bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expressive fluxes over Amazon floodplain units revealed by high resolution 2D modelling
Authors: Fassoni-Andrade Alice Cesar , Paiva Rodrigo , Wongchuig Sly , Barbosa Cláudio , Durand Fabien
Published: February 2023

Water fluxes in the Amazon River floodplain affect hydrodynamic and ecological processes from local to global scales. These fluxes remain poorly understood due to difficult access and limited data in the Amazon basin. In this study, we characterize the hydrodynamics of eight floodplain units of the central Amazon River (40'000 km2) using the 2D hydraulic model HEC-RAS. Remote sensing data, such as floodplain topography estimated by Landsat images, water surface elevation from altimetry, and surface water extent products, were used for model validation. High resolution modeling improved the representation of river and floodplain discharge, water surface elevation (77 cm accuracy) and flood extent (~80% - high water period, ~52% -low water period). The floodplain is organized in units of about 80 km with upstream inflow and downstream outflow. These gross flows are much larger than the net flows with values of up to 20% of the Amazon River discharge and a residence time around 6 days during floods (several months during low water period). Water extent does not a have strong interannual variability during floods as the volume stored in the floodplain, possibly due to topographic constrains. Significant flood extent and volume hysteresis, as well as active flow and storage zones on the floodplain, highlight the complexity of floodplain hydrodynamics. Extreme floods strongly impact the onset and duration of the flood of up to 2 months and, consequently, on the period of high connectivity with the river. These findings are important for understanding carbon and sediment fluxes, and the effects of climate change on water fluxes and riparian communities.
Development of oxy-symplectites in the oceanic lower crust at Atlantis Bank Oceanic Core Complex, Southwest Indian Ridge- manifestation of fluctuating oxidation state
Authors: Dhar Archisman , Ghosh Biswajit , Bandyopadhyay Debaditya , Morishita Tomoaki , Tamura Akihiro , Koley Manojit , Roy Sankhadeep
Published: February 2023

Symplectitic intergrowth of orthopyroxene (host) with magnetite and minor ilmenite (lamellae) are recorded from Atlantis Bank, an Oceanic Core Complex on Southwest Indian Ridge. The texture is typically developed in oxide-rich gabbros recovered from the lower crustal section in this region and formed at the expense of olivine. Usually, the intergrowth primarily occurs where the olivine is in contact with magmatic magnetite and/or ilmenite. The maximum length and width of the lamellae in thin section go up to 350 µm and 20 µm respectively. The vermicular lamellae commonly maintain orthogonal relationship to the olivine grain boundary. A significant characteristic feature of this symplectitic intergrowth is the presence of domain structure, where each domain is characterized by the different orientation of vermicular lamellae. Locally, occurrences of amphibole rim abutting the intergrowth are noted. Development of orthopyroxene + Fe-Ti oxide symplectite is linked to the olivine oxidation endorsed by the interstitial Fe-Ti oxides during the progressive evolution of the lower oceanic crust at Atlantis Bank. Consequently, the occurrence of this texture dominantly from the oxide-rich lithologies bears significance. A phase equilibria modelling adopted to better comprehend the relationship between the state of oxidation and symplectite formation at Atlantis Bank indicates that this texture can be developed at relatively lower oxidation state at lower temperature for the observed range in olivine compositions. The formation temperature of the oxy-symplectites estimated from ilmenite-magnetite pairs ranges from ~730° to 450°C over an oxygen fugacity range of -0.86 to +3.83 (FMQ buffer). We suggest that, the development of this intergrowth took place under the influence of late-stage Fe-Ti oxides at subsolidus condition, which fostered the olivine oxidation. Temperature and oxygen fugacity ranges estimated from majority of the discrete ilmenite and magnetite pairs away from the symplectites however suggest relatively higher temperature and lower oxidation state (temperature ranges from 720° to 550°C, and oxygen fugacity ranges from -1.91 to +2.77 (FMQ buffer)). Higher oxygen fugacity values recorded from the symplectites further validate the effect of oxidation.
The Impact of Biases in Precipitation and Evapotranspiration on Aridification Assessment over the Mediterranean Region
Authors: Abbasizadeh Hossein , Thakur Vishal , Rahmati Ziveh Akbar , Sanz i Gil Arnau , Hanel Martin , Rakovec Oldrich , Markonis Yannis
Published: February 2023

Aridification is one of the growing concerns in the Mediterranean region. The estimation of water availability (precipitation minus evaporation; P-E), has been widely used to assess aridification. However, the values of P and E are always associated with biases due to different methodological and observational approaches. In this study, we investigate the impact of estimation biases in assessing aridification in the Mediterranean region. To this end, we use multiple precipitation datasets (EM-Earth, GPM-IMERG, and MSWEP) and methodologies for evapotranspiration estimation. We then compare them with satellite (GRACE), reanalysis (ERA5), and hydrological simulation (mHm, Terraclimate) data products. This evaluation shows the variability in the estimated water availability corresponding to its observational counterpart and how the biases in precipitation and evaporation propagate to the value of P-E. Assessing the variance of water availability derived from different estimation methodologies and observational datasets increases our insight into assessing the aridification in the Mediterranean region.
Minerals as lenses to illustrate the relationships between Geology and colonialism
Authors: Hearth Selby , Robbins Carrie
Published: February 2023

When the core ideas of Geology were being developed in the 19th century, geologists used colonial expeditions for transport, access, data, and -- critically -- specimens. Mineral specimens were sent from colonized and mined localities around the world to centralized collections in Europe and European settler states, forming diverse repositories of minerals, rocks, and fossils that geologists could then draw on without having to leave their home country. The accumulation of these specimens contemporaneously spurred the growth of museums and formed the collections at the heart of object-based pedagogy. As curators of these collections today, how can we use these specimens and their histories to illustrate these connections? This presentation will examine how the Bryn Mawr Mineral Collection is using mineral specimens in cataloging, display, and teaching to provoke reflection on this critical social dimension of our science. One of these strategies has been to recruit student research into mine sites and the provenance and provenience of individual specimens. Activating historical collections in this way helps make them relevant to today’s students. It also helps students recognize that geo-colonialism is not restricted to the past. Lithium, cobalt, and other rare minerals will be central to the production of batteries and anti-carbon technologies for the new “green economy” in the coming decades. It is important that mineral collections begin to use specimens to teach broader social histories of mining, extraction, and Western colonial relationships so that differential distributions of power are taken into account.
Adaptive emission reduction approach to reach any global warming target
Authors: Frölicher Thomas , Terhaar Jens , Aschwanden Mathias , Friedlingstein Pierre , Joos Fortunat
Published: February 2023

The parties of the Paris Agreement agreed to keep global warming well below 2°C and pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. A global stocktake is instituted to assess the necessary emissions reductions every 5 years. Here we present an adaptive approach to successively quantify global emissions reductions that allow reaching a temperature target within ±0.2°C, solely based on regularly updated observations of past temperatures, radiative forcing and emissions statistics, and not on climate model projections. Testing this approach using an Earth system model of intermediate complexity demonstrates that defined targets can be reached following a smooth emissions pathway. Its adaptive nature makes the approach robust against inherent uncertainties in observational records, climate sensitivity, effectiveness of emissions reduction implementations and the metric to estimate CO2 equivalent emissions. This approach allows developing emission trajectories for CO2, CH4, N2O and other agents that iteratively adapt to meet a chosen temperature target.
Landslides on São Miguel Island (Azores-Portugal) in the period 1900-2020: Analysis of the spatio-temporal distribution, triggering factors and impact based on newspapers press articles
Authors: Silva Rui Fagundes , Marques Rui , Zêzere José Luís
Published: February 2023

Since the settlement of the São Miguel Island (Azores-Portugal), in the middle of the fifteenth century, there is a record of occurrence of landslides, some with high socio-economic impact. In this work, we carried out a spatial, temporal and impact analysis of landslide events that were registered in the NATHA (Natural Hazards in Azores) database for the period 1900-2020, based on newspapers descriptions. A total of 236 landslide events (a day with one or more landslides identified) that caused human losses, damage to houses or obstruction of roads on São Miguel Island were catalogued. Based on the recorded events, it is verified that there is not a regular increment and/or pattern in the distribution of the events over time, although two main periods can be distinguished: 1900–1994 (1.0 events per year) and 1995–2020 (5.3 events per year). The events were responsible for 82 fatalities, 41 injuries, 66 houses partially or totally destroyed and 305 homeless people. The municipality of Povoação registered 76 landslide events, followed by the municipalities of Ribeira Grande (71 events), Ponta Delgada (69 events), Vila Franca do Campo (47 events), Nordeste (26 events) and Lagoa (21 events). Although there is a relative homogeneity on the distribution of landslide events in the municipalities of Povoação, Ribeira Grande and Ponta Delgada, the same does not apply to the impact caused. In the municipality of Povoação were counted 48 fatalities, 20 injuries, 17 houses destroyed and 109 homeless people, in Ponta Delgada 14 fatalities, 14 injuries, 24 houses destroyed and 173 homeless people and in Ribeira Grande 8 fatalities, 5 injuries, 16 houses destroyed and 21 homeless people. In the municipality of Vila Franca do Campo were counted 7 fatalities and 2 houses destroyed, in Nordeste 3 fatalities and 2 injuries, and in Lagoa 2 fatalities, 7 houses destroyed and 2 were homeless people. Rainfall was the triggering factor responsible for 70% of the catalogued landslide events, followed by sea erosion (8%), anthropogenic actions (4%) and earthquakes (2%). The triggering factor was not possible to identify in 16% of the landslide events. Landslides occurred mostly during the rainiest season (from November to March), which comprise about 78% of the catalogued landslide events.
Impacts of the Ocean Modes on the Surface Solar Radiation decadal variability over the western Pacific
Authors: Ferreira Correa Lucas , Folini Doris , Chtirkova Boriana , Wild Martin
Published: February 2023

Sea Surface Temperature (SST) plays a major role in the unforced variability of the climate system on decadal scales via the interplay between ocean and atmosphere, and associated changes in cloud cover and water vapor. The ocean modes, such as El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO), are major coherent manifestations of SST variability. This means that the impacts of the ocean modes might be reflected in several components of the climate system, such as the energy budget. At the surface, this can be observed in the decadal trends in surface solar radiation (SSR). In this study we investigated the impacts of IPO and ENSO and associated cloud cover and water vapor variability on the decadal trends in SSR at 6 island stations scattered in the western Pacific (two stations in Fiji, one in New Caledonia, Nauru, Papua New Guinea and Marshall Islands). We combined between 15 and 40 years of daily SSR observations (depending on the station) with cloud cover from ERA5 reanalysis, aerosol optical depth (AOD) from CAMS reanalysis, and time series of IPO and ENSO. The comparison between clear-sky and all-sky SSR trends show that the all-sky trends strongly dominate in 5 out of the 6 stations. The exception is New Caledonia, where the clear-sky seems to also play an important role in the overall trend. This is the least cloudy station, and also the closest station to eastern Australia, an important source of aerosols in the region. Maps of cloud cover trends show two distinct regions which can be approximately separated by the average climatological position of the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ): one where cloud cover trends follow the phase of the IPO (positive IPO phase = positive cloud cover trend; N-NE of the SPCZ) and one where the opposite happens (positive IPO phase = negative cloud cover trend; S-SW of the SPCZ). The direct comparison between annual time series of all-sky SSR and IPO shows correlations stronger than 0.5 at two stations in Fiji and the one in New Caledonia (SW of the SPCZ). At the station in Nauru (North of the SPCZ) there is a negative correlation stronger than -0.5. When comparing annual all-sky SSR to the ENSO index, significant negative correlations are found at Momote-Papua New Guinea (-0.41) and at Nauru (-0.96), both located in the Western Pacific Warm Pool, near the Equator. In all cases strong negative correlations (<-0.7) between SSR and cloud cover using both annual and 11-year moving means time series support the hypothesis of strong cloud control over SSR interannual and decadal variability. The results indicate that IPO and ENSO play a major role in the SSR variability over the Western Pacific by controlling different cloud cover regimes in the region. This reveals a real world case of the importance of unforced internal variability to the SSR decadal and sub decadal changes.
Temporal scaling properties of extreme rainfall and intensity-duration-frequency curves in the UK
Authors: Wang Zijie , Wilby Rob , Yu Dapeng
Published: February 2023

Rainfall estimation in ungauged areas is becoming one of the research hotspots recently. From a case study in the UK, this study builds a sub-daily rainfall estimation model based on more widely available daily series data from 151 gauges. In this study, we stratify the scaling properties of UK rainfall into homogenous rainfall zones, geophysical factors, seasons, and air masses to investigate how these scaling properties change temporally and spatially. We use temporal scaling techniques to extract the scaling relationship between sub-daily rainfall intensity and annual maximum series along with all possible factors introduced above. The estimated rainfall is validated with observed rainfall data and shows a higher degree of agreement. Finally, we compare the IDF (Intensity-Duration-Frequency) curves for both estimated and observed data. Such scaling relationships can support scientists and governments to estimate extreme rainfall at a specific duration and return period in ungauged regions. This method can also generate design rainfall time series for flood simulation models to evaluate present and future pluvial flood risks in urban areas.
An Integrated Hydrogeological Modelling Approach to Evaluate Groundwater Resources of Sarmatian Hydrostructure from the Moldavian Platform, Romania
Authors: Iojă Andreea Aurelia , Scrădeanu Daniel
Published: February 2023

Ignored until now for their hydrogeological potential, in the conditions of current climate changes, the Sarmatian deposits in the Moldavian Platform, Romania attract the attention of researchers aiming at the objectives of Romania's long-term security strategy. Vital resource, underground water, significantly affected by global climate changes, calls for regional management strategies that must be based on detailed hydrogeological research of storage, recharge and protection conditions under the impact of natural and anthropogenic factors.Integration of contaminant migration is the current, highly effective approach for evaluation of groundwater resources used as the source of tapping groundwater supplies for a large part of urban and rural agglomerations.The Sarmatian hydrostructures from the Moldavian Platform, with a high level of vulnerability to pollution, are the subject of our integrated hydrogeological modelling, in which the vadose zone is the main complex objective. Using our Integrated Hydrogeological Modelling we achieved the coupling of the contamination migration from the soil, the vadose zone and the phreatic Sarmatian hydrostructure in several areas (Huși, Vaslui, Botoșani).The quantitative evaluations carried out on the conceptual 3D models of the SARMATIAN hydrostructures were carried out using the classic tools: ROCKWORKS, SESOIL, VS2DT, MODFLOW.
Visibility as a proxy for air quality in Nigeria from 1950 to 202
Authors: Pope Francis , Nwokorie Vitalis
Published: February 2023

Nigeria is the largest country in Africa by population. Currently, the population is estimated to be 219 million making it the 7th largest country worldwide. Demographic trends suggest that rapid population growth will lead to a population of approximately 400 million by 2050, which would make it the 3rd largest country worldwide. Air quality in Nigeria is routinely reported to be poor due to both natural and anthropogenic sources of air pollution.  There are a limited number of air monitoring stations within Nigeria, and a corresponding lack of long-term air quality data, with which to assess its long-term trends. With the advent of low-cost monitoring, there has been a recent upsurge in measurements in Nigeria, but these measurement campaigns tend to short term and difficult to discern long term trends from. Nonetheless, these measurements show clearly that particulate matter (PM) air pollution regularly exceeds the WHO guidelines for both PM10 and PM2.5 size fractions, and hence PM places a high health burden upon the population.This study uses visibility readings in Nigeria, measured since the 1950s, to study and understand historical and contemporary levels of air pollution. Visibility is related to the atmospheric extinction coefficient that is largely determined by the amount of PM in the atmosphere. New machine learning calibration techniques allow for PM2.5 mass concentrations to be estimated directed from visibility and other meteorological measurements.  This presentation will discuss the visibility derived PM findings for the different regions of Nigeria. It will highlight trends in both regional scale and more localized sources of PM.  The implications of population growth and other socio-economic factors upon potential air quality scenarios for Nigeria will also be discussed.
Can citizen science ambient dose rate data (Safecast) be used for predicting indoor radon?
Authors: Bossew Peter , Cinelli Giorgia , Elío Javier , Petermann Eric
Published: February 2023

Radium-226, part of the 238U decay chain, which is ubiquitous in the ground, generates a terrestrial gamma ray field which can be detected above ground, through its strongly gamma radiating progeny 214Bi and 214Pb and to minor degree through 226Ra itself. The measurand is ambient dose equivalent rate, ADER, nSv/h, that also includes contribution from cosmic rays and other terrestrial radionuclides (i.e. 40K and 232Th decay chain). On the other hand, its decay produces 222Rn (here shortly Rn) which can migrate through the ground and lead to measurable Rn concentration (Bq/m³) in ambient media, namely soil, ground water and the indoor and outdoor atmosphere. One can therefore expect that originating from the same source, ADER and Rn are statistically related and ADER may serve as predictor of Rn related quantities, such as mean Rn concentration over an area, its probability to exceed a level or the status of an area as radon priority area. However, as the pathway from Ra in the ground to ambient Rn is complex, and as measured ADER has also other contributions than Ra, the relation must be expected to be blurred by nuisance factors, which pose a challenge to analysis.A large and ever increasing dataset of ADER is freely available from the Citizen Science project Safecast [1], founded in Japan after the Fukushima accident 2011. It has since spread over the entire world (with measurements in regionally very different density, though) and by late 2022, the dataset comprised 180M measurements, of which about 50M in Europe. The measurements were performed with a standard instrument called bGeigie nano, of which several 1000 circulate around the globe, used by voluntary citizen scientists who send their data to Safecast. On the other hand, in Europe a good indoor Rn concentration (IRC) database is available, based on about 1.2M individual measurements [2], as well as an interpolated European IRC map [3].Thus, we relate ADER (Safecast) with IRC and derived quantities, both aggregated on a common 10 km × 10 km grid. Raw ADER is reduced by cosmic dose rate (related to altitude a.s.l., accessible from digital elevation database) and mean internal detector background. Since it can be assumed that ADER on a point depends on its urbanization status (due to the influence of building materials which also contain gamma radiating nuclides), this factor is also investigated. First results are promising and will be shown in the presentation. [1] https://safecast.org/[2] European Commission, Joint Research Centre – Cinelli, G., De Cort, M. & Tollefsen, T. (Eds.), European Atlas of Natural Radiation, https://remon.jrc.ec.europa.eu/About/Atlas-of-Natural-Radiation/Download-page[3] Elío J., et al. (2019): The ﬁrst version of the Pan-European Indoor Radon Map. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 19, 2451–2464, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-2451-2019
Abrupt Agricultural Flash Drought: Investigating Flash Drought Events over Agricultural Regions of the United States
Authors: Fellman Benjamin , Basara Jeffrey , Christian Jordan , Tye Mari
Published: February 2023

Flash droughts are a highly impactful, subseasonal to seasonal phenomenon that pose serious risk to several groups of stakeholders, including agricultural producers. One major example includes the 2012 flash drought event over the United States, which resulted in tens of billions of dollars of crop loss and caused longer-lasting effects to the overall US economy. This study aims to quantify impactful flash drought events that have occurred over two agricultural regions of the central United States over a 40 year period from 1981 to 2020. These two regions, referred to as the Southern Great Plains and Midwest, were selected as they are agriculturally-dense areas that are located spatially close to one another, yet are in distinctively unique climate regions. Using the standardized evaporative stress ratio (SESR) for flash drought identification, events are selected based on several factors, including spatial coverage and spontaneous nature of onset and spread across the region. Given the sudden nature of rapid drought intensification with these events, there is less time for farmers to implement mitigation strategies and remain resilient to the droughts. We define these events as abrupt agricultural flash droughts (AAFDs). Initial results show changes to the timing and frequency of AAFD events over the Southern Great Plains and Midwest. More specifically, over the last 20 years, AAFDs have increased in frequency by 100-200% across critical regions of agricultural growth, suggesting these events are likely to pose increased risk to agricultural producers in the near future.
Foresight – Global Change Analytics: Communicating complex science through interactive dashboards
Authors: Khan Zarrar , Vernon Chris , Zhao Mengqi , Waite Taryn , Niazi Hassan
Published: February 2023

As scientific models continue to grow in complexity and the level of detail they capture, so too does the size and complexity of the data outputs. Managing the overwhelming amounts of data and curating it into key insights and messages following FAIR (findability, accessibility, interoperability, and reusability) data principles can promote effective communications among scientific teams. This talk presents the ongoing development of “Foresight”, an online platform to visualize and interact with data outputs from the Global Change Intersectoral Modeling System (GCIMS) eco-system of human-Earth system models. The presentation discusses the challenges of managing data storage, selecting and curating key visualizations, as well as the balance between providing simplified digestible results while still ensuring transparency and access to reproducible and detailed results.
Can rifts alter ocean dynamics beneath ice shelves?
Authors: Poinelli Mattia , Schodlok Michael , Larour Eric , Vizcaino Miren , Riva Riccardo
Published: February 2023

The ongoing ablation of Antarctic ice shelves - to a large extent due to enhanced melting at the grounding line - is known to accelerate the outflow of upstream glaciers into the world oceans, rising the global sea level. A better understanding of ocean heat intrusion under the ice base is therefore essential to accurately estimate basal melt and the consequent impact on ice sheet dynamics. Observations also show that most ice shelves are crossed by full-thickness ice rifts. Nevertheless, their impact on ocean circulation around and below ice shelves has been largely unexplored as ocean models are commonly characterized by resolutions that are too coarse to resolve km-sized features in the ice draft. In this work, we investigate ocean circulation under rifted ice-shelves using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ocean general circulation model. We find that the rift presence modulates oceanic heat transport toward the grounding line with potential repercussion in the dynamics of the most vulnerable portions of the ice shelf.
Journalists, Communication and Volcanic Risk Managment in Spain
Authors: Rodríguez-Pérez Claudia , Pérez Nemesio M. , Rodríguez Fátima , Solana Carmen
Published: February 2023

An effective volcanic risk management is a collective responsibility for all individuals and groups who work or live in areas with volcanic activity. This includes scientists, authorities, civil protection specialists, communication professionals, sociologists, psychologists, health specialists, urban and territorial planners, economists, educators, and the general public. While some may have more specific roles and responsibilities in this effort, communication professionals can make a significant contribution to volcanic risk management efforts.Journalists and the media have the ability to impact the success of volcanic risk management efforts and can potentially save lives by accurately reporting on and informing the public about volcanic hazards. In order to fulfill this role effectively, media professionals should be knowledgeable about the unique characteristics of volcanoes and the methods used to volcanic risk management. However, it is important to note that the media also has a responsibility to critically evaluate and report on the effectiveness of risk management efforts. This dual role of the media can be complex, but it is essential for ensuring transparency and accountability.This research aims to assess the level of understanding and interest that media professionals have about volcanoes and volcanic risk managment in Spain, and to examine the potential and desired role of the media in enhancing the effectiveness of volcanic risk management efforts. In order to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of journalists regarding volcanoes, volcanic risk management, and communication in Spain, we developed an online questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of approximately 25 questions and can be completed in about 15 minutes. Approximately 24% of the questionnaire consists of general questions such as residence, gender, age, education level, etc. Questions and comments related to volcanoes and volcanic risk management make up approximately 42% of the questionnaire, while the remaining 32% focus on communication and the role of the media in volcanic risk management in Spain. The questionnaire was released on December 26 and by the end of the year 2022, a total of 105 journalists had completed it. Here we present some preliminary results obtained including qualitative data on needs and sentiment towards volcanic risk.  
How a Short Prescribed Fire Affects Soil Physical and Hydraulic Properties, Soil Water Balance, and Emergent Vegetation in a Grassland
Authors: Zumr David , Li Tailin , Jeřábek Jakub , Winkler Jan , Vaverková Magdalena
Published: February 2023

A controlled burn was conducted on a grassland in Řisuty, Czech Republic, to study the effects of a short prescribed fire on soil physical and hydraulic properties, soil water balance and emergent vegetation. The grassland was newly established on arable soil three years prior to the study. The experimental site contained a weather station and sensors to measure soil temperature and soil moisture at three different depths. The soil, a loamy Cambisol, was not water repellent. A 5 x 5 m plot covered with sun-dried grass was burnt. The fire reached a temperature of about 700 °C over a period of 15 minutes. The subsequent hydrological regime of the soil was compared with that of a nearby unburned reference plot. Immediately after the fire and at weekly to monthly intervals thereafter, soil samples were taken to determine organic carbon content, soil structure stability, hydraulic conductivity, bulk density and soil texture. The results showed that temporary burning improved the hydraulic properties of the topsoil, with the infiltration capacity and water content of the soil in the burnt plot increasing throughout the year compared to the control plot. This provided a suitable habitat for the colonising vegetation. The findings suggest that small-scale controlled biomass burning can have a positive impact on the soil ecosystem and a temporary improvement in the hydraulic properties of the upper soil layer. The contribution is a result of a INTER‐COST project of the Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech republic, grant no. LTC20001.
What does IASI see during the Asian Summer Monsoon over the west Pacific?
Authors: Boynard Anne , Viatte Camille , Sinnathamby Selviga , Safieddine Sarah , Pan Laura , Honomichl Shawn , Smith Warren , Liang Qing , Clerbaux Cathy
Published: February 2023

Several studies have found that the summertime Asian Summer Monsoon (ASM) anticyclone is linked to a persistent enhancement of carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations in the Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere (UTLS).In this study, more than 15 years (2008-2022) of satellite observations from Eumetsat’s Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) are used to investigate the interannual, seasonal and sub-seasonal variability of CO in the UTLS during the ASM. To assess the ability of IASI CO data to characterize the UTLS monsoon circulation, we focus on the Asian Summer Monsoon Chemical & CLimate Impact Project (ACCLIP) campaign that took place in summer 2022 in Korea. Several case studies associated with the presence of eddy shedding features are presented. Simulations from the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) model performed during the ACCLIP campaign period are also used to support the IASI data analysis and interpretation.
The origin of hydrous amphibole in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the Southern Alps of New Zealand
Authors: Cooper Nadine , Scott James , Brenna Marco , Palmer Marshall , Reid Malcolm , Stirling Claudine , le Roux Petrus
Published: February 2023

Peridotite xenoliths provide valuable insight into lithospheric mantle conditions, composition, and evolution. The origin of amphibole in the lithospheric mantle and whether amphibole melts to produce alkaline intraplate magmas is a highly debated topic. Large areas of the lithospheric mantle forming Earth’s youngest continent, Zealandia, have chemical compositions comparable to Archean mantle lithosphere but Re-Os isotope and bulk rock data indicate that lithosphere stabilisation occurred in the Mesozoic. Some areas of this refractory lithospheric mantle have been metasomatized, with one of the clearest occurrences being MARID-like veins in xenoliths in alkaline intraplate magmas in the Southern Alps of New Zealand. These xenoliths contain abundant veinlets composed of amphibole, phlogopite, clinopyroxene and apatite in rocks that have average olivine compositions exceeding Mg# 92 and spinel Cr# 70. The latter indicates that these peridotites have undergone >25% partial melting prior to metasomatism.Using a combination of quantitative scanning electron beam methods, trace element and in-situ laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis, and conventional 87Sr/86Sr isotope analysis by solution, we seek to establish the origin of hydrous phases in this mantle lithosphere. The benefit of inspecting formerly highly depleted peridotites is that the chemistry of the metasomatic agent, which is typically enriched in incompatible elements, is less diluted than in the cases where melts infiltrate fertile lithosphere. Although minor Fe-diffusion has occurred within the studied host rock, the bulk compositions of the veins are picro-basaltic. The mica separates, measured by solution chemistry, are today more radiogenic than the in-situ diopside and amphibole analyses, however, we find that the age-corrected ~25 Ma, 87Sr/86Sr initials fall in a tight cluster of very depleted mantle-like ratios from 0.7027 to 0.7056. Although the fluids appear to have sub-alkaline bulk compositions, the amphibole trace elements are enriched in HFSE and lack depleted Nb components.The data suggests that these basaltic veins are not arc-related and do not derive from melting of subducted sediment, but also have no direct genetic link to the host alkaline melts. If this latter interpretation is correct, then the injection of hydrous veins was not part of a continuous process that resulted in alkaline magmatism, although they may have been subsequently melted to give rise to alkaline magmas with depleted mantle-like isotopic characters. 
Consistent modelling of transport processes and travel times – coupling hydrologic processes with StorAge Selection functions
Authors: Schwemmle Robin , Weiler Markus
Published: February 2023

Understanding the transport processes and travel times of pollutants such as nitrate or pesticides in the subsurface is crucial for an effective management of drinking water resources. Transport processes and hydrologic processes, like infiltration, percolation, root water uptake or runoff generation processes, are inherently linked to each other. In order to account for this link, we couple the process-based hydrologic model RoGeR (including infiltration in the soil matrix, macropores and cracks) with StorAge Selection (SAS) functions. We assign to each hydrological process a specific SAS function (e.g. beta-type distribution or power distribution). To represent different transport mechanisms, we combined a specific set of SAS functions into four transport model structures: complete-mixing, piston flow, advection-dispersion and advection-dispersion with time-variant parameters. In this contribution, we quantify and illustrate the results of our modelling experiments at the Rietholzbach lysimeter, Switzerland. We compare our simulations to the measured hydrologic variables (percolation and evapotranspiration fluxes and soil water storage dynamics) and the measured water stable isotope signal (18O) in the lysimeter seepage for a period of ten years (1997-2007). An additional artificial bromide tracer experiment was used to benchmark the models. Additionally, we carried out a sensitivity analysis and provide Sobol’ indices. Our results show that the advection-dispersion transport model with time-variant parameters produces the best results. And thus, advective-dispersive transport processes play a dominant role at Rietholzbach lysimeter. Our modelling approach provides the capability to test hypotheses of different transport mechanisms and to improve process understanding and predictions of transport processes. Overall, the combined model allows a very effective simulation of combined flux and transport processes at various temporal and spatial scales.
Emerging Opportunities and Challenges of Anticipatory Actions for Disaster Preparedness
Authors: Block Paul , Southard Kylie , Lee Donghoon , Bazo Juan
Published: February 2023

Disasters and their associated physical and social risks pose challenges for local, national, and international relief agencies and disaster management organizations globally.  Novel approaches are desperately needed for vulnerable communities.  Combining season-ahead predictions, proactive management strategies, and communication efforts in disaster planning represents an emerging field in disaster management, particularly when paired with short-term early warnings and post-disaster response.  However, these long-lead action protocols are still in their infancy as only a few have been activated - triggering and financing preparedness actions.  While these protocols have generally been rigorously established, a holistic evaluation of the framework, including interactions, feedbacks, and dynamic components, is urgently warranted.  Open questions across both physical and social aspects remain, including agreeable triggers for action, clarity of roles and responsibilities, and sufficiency of funding.  The large number of disparate actors involved and the highly interdisciplinary nature lead to a complex decision-making setting.  Further, most protocols are static plans, yet disasters, impacts, infrastructure, communities, and vulnerability states are all dynamic, changing in time; how can protocols better reflect a changing world?  Surveys of disaster agencies and communities help to highlight how decision-makers perceive flood-related risk and vulnerability, and how these perceptions impact disaster preparedness and risk communication. These insights, paired with additional holistic analysis for hazard planning and management, are critical for developing proactive preparation and response strategies.  We will discuss the current state of anticipatory actions related to disaster management, followed by current barriers and potential opportunities toward reduction of disaster impacts and community vulnerability.
CO2 fracturing simulation and reservoir simulation case study in the Liard Basin of Canada
Authors: Lee Taehun , Ahn Taewoong
Published: February 2023

Hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling technology had contributed to the commercial shale gas production. However, hydraulic fracturing requires a water for the drilling fluids. Many countries have shale gas fields and are water stress country such as China. CO2 fracturing have many advantages than water fracturing. One is that CO2 gas is a greenhouse gas. The other is that SRV of the CO2 fracturing is much larger than that of the  water fracturing due to the low viscosity of CO2 gas. Devonian age Besa River shale gas play in the Liard Basin of northeastern BC with net estimated sales gas of 48 TCF over an area of 430,000 acres. We have conducted many case studies about CO2 fracturing simulation and reservoir simulation in the shale gas of Liard basin. In order to study, mechanical earth model was constructed. From this case study, we designed optimum fracturing pattern and development plan.
Ambient Noise Tomography of the Lipari Volcanic Island (Southern Italy) from a Dense Nodal Array
Authors: Calò Marco , Di Luccio Francesca , Persaud Patricia , Ventura Guido , Palano Mimmo
Published: February 2023

We applied ambient noise tomography to continuous data recorded by a dense seismic array deployed on the volcanic island of Lipari in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea. Since most of Lipari’s seismicity occurs offshore and is not evenly distributed, this technique allowed us to obtain the first high-resolution images beneath the island down to ~2.5 km depth. Results show a complex seismic structure related to the various ages and compositions of the volcanic products characteristic of the different regions of the island. High shear wave velocities are found in western Lipari where active hydrothermal vents and N-S faults are mapped. Low wave speeds are revealed beneath southern and north-eastern Lipari, where more recent volcanic activity developed along N-S dike-like structures that are aligned with rhyolitic vents. We suggest these dikes likely represent the probable pathways of future volcanic eruptions. Work funded by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, sezione di Roma 1 and the Department of Geology and Geophysics of Louisiana State University and partially supported by the “Pianeta Dinamico” all, 2023-2025 CAVEAT Project. M.C. was supported by UNAM PASPA – DGAPA. 
Measuring the Effects of Nature-based Solutions for Climate Resilience in Informal Settlements in the Asia-Pacific
Authors: Wolff Erich , Hamel Perrine
Published: February 2023

Systems such as green roofs, constructed wetlands and green open spaces can play important roles in adapting to climate change. While it is generally accepted that these systems increase our resilience to heatwaves and floods, more research is necessary to identify context-appropriate indicators to monitor the short- and long-term benefits of nature-based solutions. This is particularly important in the context of informal settlements, areas characterised by a reduced access to infrastructure and resources, and often more vulnerable and exposed to environmental hazards. In order to assess the effects of nature-based solutions in informal settlements, we review and select indicators of resilience from the literature of ecosystem services and apply them to two case studies of climate resilience-building projects in Bangkok (Thailand) and in Honiara (Solomon Islands). The projects include community gardens, tree planting and riverine vegetation restoration initiatives. Based on interviews with the implementers, we interrogate how each project selected and implemented nature-based solutions and infer a series of indicators that can be used to measure the process of using nature-based solutions to strengthen resilience. We identify, for each of the cases, indicators that assess (i) the physical extent of nature-based solutions, (ii) the provision of resilience-related ecosystem services and (iii) the benefits of these services to the community. Based on the indicators, we propose a monitoring framework for each of the projects to evaluate if and how the interventions improved climate resilience in the long term. Drawing on the lessons from these two case studies, we stress the importance of monitoring and assessing the effects of nature-based solutions using context-appropriate indicators of ecosystem services and resilience. Furthermore, we highlight challenges for monitoring of community gardens and riparian revegetation initiatives, given that such systems often affect multiple social, economic and environmental aspects of resilience. These findings contribute to a growing body of knowledge of examples of how nature-based solutions can be assessed, monitored and modified to better respond to the effects of climate change in the Asia-Pacific region.
A novel hyperspectral remote sensing technique for horizontal distribution of atmospheric gaseous pollutant: to fill the spatio-temporal resolution limitations of satellite and in-situ observations
Authors: Li Qihua , Lu Chuan , Xing Chengzhi , Hu Qihou , Tan Wei , Li Hua , Li Jinan , Zhang Zhiguo , Chang Bowen , Liu Cheng
Published: February 2023

High spatial-temporal resolution distribution of atmospheric gaseous pollutant is an important basis for tracing its emission, transport and transformation. At present, methods commonly used to obtain the regional horizontal distribution of trace gas are based on satellite remote sensing or numerous in-situ observation. However, typical trace gas monitoring satellites only have a few fixed overpassing times with a spatial resolution limited to several kilometers, which make it hard to locate minor emission sources. Limited in-situ observations have limited coverage, and can only obtain trace gas concentration information near the observation point. In this study, we propose a method for the long-term detection of the horizontal distribution of trace gas. The spatial resolution in the direction of rotation was up to 0.1°, and the spatial resolution in the optical path direction, reached the kilometer level. Meanwhile, the temporal resolution of the results reached the hourly level during the daytime. The obtained trace gas horizontal distribution was consistent with the in-situ and mobile measurements. Compared with satellite remote sensing, this method achieved horizontal distribution results with higher spatial and temporal resolutions, and located several small high-value areas in Hefei, China. The satellite NO2 vertical column density (VCD) distribution results were evaluated via the NO2 horizontal distribution obtained from the hyperspectral NO2 horizontal distribution at 13:30 (local time) (UTC+8:00) on April 2, 2022. The Tropospheric NO2 VCD results of the satellite at transit time (13:30) were consistent with the hyperspectral NO2 horizontal distribution results at 13:00–14:00 on the same day but were not consistent with the daily average NO2 results. The hourly NO2 concentration in each area was 10–40% lower than the daytime average obtained by the hyperspectral remote sensing result. Based on these results, we approximated the errors associated with the calculation of NO2 emissions based on the satellite results, with a maximum bias of approximately 69.45–83.34%.
Efficiently Estimating Patterns in Wildfire Burn Probability
Authors: Radford Douglas , Maier Holger , van Delden Hedwig , Zecchin Aaron , Jeanneau Amelie
Published: February 2023

Wildfires can be dangerous phenomena, creating risks for communities that are likely to be exposed to wildfire. The likelihood of community exposure to a wildfire is influenced by the interaction of fire behaviour factors (weather, fuel and topography) across multiple spatial scales.Our objective is to develop an index that measures the connectivity of our communities to the multi-scaled interactions of fire behaviour factors in a computationally efficient manner. The index serves as a proxy for relative wildfire likelihood and represents temporally and spatially variable patterns in wildfire likelihood. The index will support wildfire risk assessments, including exploring problems such as optimising landscape treatment placements.Here, we introduce the connectivity index as a multi-scaled, process-informed spatial aggregation of wildfire hazard properties across a landscape. We use a case study landscape to compare the connectivity index against simulated burn probability and historical burnt areas. Using a historically-informed parameterisation, we find a high correlation (0.83) to simulated burn probability with a fraction of the computational effort (0.3% of the runtime). The connectivity index also demonstrates an improved ability to explain historical burnt areas. We identify opportunities to further improve performance by incorporating the index into data-driven model structures.Our findings demonstrate that the connectivity index captures structural patterns in wildfire likelihood, as influenced by the interaction of fire behaviour factors across multiple scales. By achieving this in a computationally efficient manner, we believe that the connectivity index can work alongside other measures of wildfire likelihood to inform and plan wildfire risk reduction activities, including in large-scale analysis.