bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classifications of Adenomyosis and Correlation of Phenotypes in Imaging and Histopathology to Clinical Outcomes: a Review
Authors: Tellum Tina , Munro Malcolm G.
Published: February 2022

Purpose of Review

To provide an update on published classification and reporting systems for adenomyosis. There is an urgent need to standardize reporting of various phenotypes of adenomyosis into a validated and globally recognized system. This can be used to examine the nature and severity of adenomyosis symptoms and inform the design, evaluation, and implementation of appropriate treatment options.

Recent Findings

In recent years, several new proposals for adenomyosis classification have emerged. Most are MRI-based and include features such as uterine size, junctional zone thickness, size and location of the lesions, and distribution patterns. To date, none of those proposals has been validated. Only one recent classification based on transvaginal ultrasound was validated for interobserver congruence and correlated to clinical findings. However, the differentiation of diffuse and focal adenomyosis still lacks consensus. In addition, only a few authors advocated imaging-based definitions.

Summary

There is a need for one or a combination of a classification and reporting system for adenomyosis. To date, there is no widely accepted and validated system.
Scope of Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Wheel Rims for Formula Student Racecars: A Finite Element Analytical approach
Authors: Kandukuri Sai Yashwanth , Pai Anand , Manikandan M
Published: February 2022

Wheel rims are vital components critical to the safety of an automobile. Conventional wheel rims have utilized monolithic materials like aluminium and magnesium alloys in replacement to heavier steel rims. To reduce the weight of the formula car, lightweight composite wheel rims with higher stiffness are explored in the current work. Composite wheel rims are still in their nascent stage for commercial automotive applications, although they are commonly seen more in motorsports. The factors like complex design, high cost, and difficulty in fabrication are some of the demerits of composite wheel rims. Formula Manipal racing has been building race cars for Formula India events for over 13 years, on which aluminium wheel rims were standardly fitted. In the current work, the design and finite element analysis of carbon fibre wheels rims were undertaken to replace the aluminium wheel rims after a thorough consideration of other potential materials also. The modelling was carried out on CATIA3DX®, and finite element analysis was carried out using the ANSYS COMPOSITE PREP/POST (ACP)® module for laminate stackup and structural analysis tools for mechanical response. From the studies, the carbon fibre rims reduced the weight significantly by 42% while improving the factor of safety by 41% as compared to the current aluminium wheel rims while thermally outperforming magnesium and titanium alloys.
Radiographic differences observed following apexification vs revascularization in necrotic immature molars and incisors: a follow-up study of 18 teeth
Authors: Caleza-Jiménez C. , Ribas-Pérez D. , Biedma-Perea M. , Solano-Mendoza B. , Mendoza-Mendoza A.
Published: February 2022

Purpose

To evaluate the effectiveness of apexification versus revascularization in the treatment of necrotic immature teeth and determine which strategy affords the greatest radiological success rate.

Methods

An analysis was made of 18 teeth subjected to mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) apical plugging and regenerative endodontic treatment, assessing healing of the apical lesions and the changes in root dimensions.

Results

Significantly greater root growth was observed with revascularization in terms of the percentage change in length (12.75% at 6 months) and dentin thickness (34.57% at 6 months) (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the two treatments in terms of the apical healing scores after 6 months of follow-up (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Apexification with an MTA apical plug and pulp regeneration are reliable treatments for non-vital immature teeth. The radiographic outcomes are comparable between the immature teeth subjected to MTA apexification versus those subjected to revascularization. The results of the present study indicate a greater increase in root length and width with regenerative endodontic treatment.
Intrinsic metrics in ring domains
Authors: Rainio Oona
Published: February 2022

Three hyperbolic-type metrics including the triangular ratio metric, the$$j^*$$j∗-metric, and the Möbius metric are studied in an annular ring. The Euclidean midpoint rotation is introduced as a method to create upper and lower bounds for these metrics, and their sharp inequalities are found. A new Möbius-invariant lower bound is proved for the conformal capacity of a general ring domain by using a symmetric quantity defined with the Möbius metric.
Implementing Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Routine Care: Healthcare Practitioners’ Attitude and Perceived Level of Normalization After a Single Information Event
Authors: Netter Anna-Lena , Etzelmueller Anne , Kircher Tilo , Rapley Tim , Ebert David Daniel , Brakemeier Eva-Lotta
Published: February 2022

Understanding implementation-related factors and processes is key to ensuring that Internet-based interventions are embedded in practice and provide added value to the delivery of evidence-based care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the attitudes towards an Internet-based cognitive behavioural therapy (iCBT) intervention for the treatment of depression as well as its level of normalization and early implementation success (operationalized as intention to use the intervention) among German health care professionals (HCP). Data were collected following onetime information sessions on an iCBT tool using the Evidence-Based Practice Attitude Scale (EBPAS) and the Normalization Process Theory Measure (NoMAD). Influences of attitudes on normalization as well as influences of attitude and normalization on intention to use were analysed. Most participants (n = 78; 86.3% clinical psychologists, 9.6% general practitioners) intended to use the intervention in the future (82.1%) and had a moderately positive attitude towards iCBT interventions. The perceived level of normalization (i.e., the level of how well iCBT is integrated in practice) was moderate in the overall sample. High appeal, openness towards iCBT, low requirement to use it, and low perceived divergence (perceived difference between current and new practices) had a significant positive effect on normalization. This study indicates that iCBT can be implemented in German routine mental healthcare. However, implementation processes might benefit from tailored information campaigns that clearly highlight the effectiveness and benefits of iCBT interventions to foster openness towards iCBT interventions among HCPs.
Sozialpolitische Erzählungen – Ein Vergleich narrativer Strategien in der Finanzkrise und der Corona-Krise
Authors: Kuhlmann Johanna , Blum Sonja
Published: February 2022

Wohlfahrtsstaaten gleichen ökonomische Ungleichheiten nicht nur aus: Sie schaffen diese auch, indem sie stratifizierend wirken und verschiedenen Bevölkerungsgruppen unterschiedliche soziale Rechte gewähren. Durch Reformen werden neue soziale Rechte geschaffen oder bestehende modifiziert; es werden Gruppen neue soziale Rechte gewährt oder soziale Rechte entzogen. Für die Legitimierung sozialpolitischer Reformen – und damit einhergehend: die Reduzierung oder Schaffung ökonomischer Ungleichheiten – spielen Narrative eine zentrale Rolle. Sie transportieren eine bestimmte und in der Regel vereinfachte Situationsbeschreibung, und zeichnen sich durch spezifische Strukturmerkmale aus. Von zentraler Bedeutung ist, wie dieZielgruppender sozialpolitischen Reformen in diesen Narrativen konstruiert werden. Insbesondere bauen entsprechende Konstruktionen auf einer Unterscheidung von „verdienten“ und „unverdienten“ Gruppen auf, die dementsprechend mit höherer/niedrigerer Wahrscheinlichkeit durch sozialpolitischen Aus- oder Rückbau adressiert werden. Der Beitrag untersucht, wie sozialpolitische Reformen in Zeiten akuter Krisen über Narrative kommuniziert werden, und wie die zentralen Zielgruppen in diesen Narrativen konstruiert werden. Mit der Kurzarbeit und dem Elterngeld werden dabei zwei Policies untersucht, die sowohl in der Finanzkrise 2008/2009 als auch in der Corona-Krise prominent wurden.
Biological function and regulation of histone 4 lysine 20 methylation in DNA damage response
Authors: Kohi Sara Moghaddam , Feng Tingting , Tian Yuan , Zhu Wei-Guo
Published: February 2022

Cells are often under attack from various DNA-damaging agents. Accurate repair is required to protect cells from the genome instability induced by DNA lesions. DNA damage response (DDR) signaling involves sensitizing, transmitting, and repairing different types of damage within chromatin complexes. Chromatin is a highly ordered complex packed with repeating units of nucleosomes and linker DNA sequences. Chromatin structure, gene transcription, and various biological processes are regulated by histone post-translational modifications (PTMs), including acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitylation. Of these, the involvement of lysine methylation, regulated by numerous lysine methyltransferases and demethylases, in the DDR has been extensively explored. In particular, histone 4 lysine 20 methylation is one of the most essential histone PTMs for biological processes and ensures genome integrity. In this review, we summarize the dynamics and modulations of histone lysine methylation during the DDR. We also comprehensively describe the functions, mechanisms, and regulation of H4K20 methylation and its modifying enzymes in response to DNA damage.
The role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in mental health
Authors: Barichello Tatiana
Published: February 2022

One hundred and thirty years after lymphoid and myeloid cells were discovered, in 2008, the researchers presented to the scientific community the population of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) identified in humans and mice. Human ILC subsets were first identified in secondary lymphoid tissues and subsequently reported in the intestine, lung, liver, skin, and meninges. ILCs (ILC1, ILC2, ILC3, and ILCreg) subgroups present plastic properties concerning cytokines, chemokines, and other mediators present in the microenvironment. ILC1s were characterized by their ability to produce interferon (IFN)-γ. ILC2s have a function in innate and adaptive type 2 inflammation by producing effector cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13. Meningeal ILC2s were activated in an IL-33-dependent mechanism releasing type-2 cytokines and demonstrating that ILC2s proliferate in reaction to IL-33 activation. ILC3s have been discovered as a significant contribution to the homeostasis of the gut barrier and as a source of IL-22. IL-22 presents a pleiotropic activity reinforcing the gut barrier immunity by stimulating anti-microbial peptide synthesis and promoting microbial regulation. Additionally, ILCs can have a pathogenic or protective effect on many disorders, and further research is needed to determine what elements influence the nature of their actions in diverse situations. The narrative review summarizes the role of the ILCs in mental health.
Fundamentality and Grounding
Authors: McKenzie Kerry
Published: February 2022

A suite of questions concerning fundamentality lies at the heart of contemporary metaphysics. The relation of grounding, thought to connect the more to the less fundamental, sits at the heart of those debates in turn. Since most contemporary metaphysicians embrace the doctrine of physicalism and thus hold that reality is fundamentally physical, a natural question is how physics can inform the current debates over fundamentality and grounding. This Element introduces the reader to the concept of grounding and some of the key issues that animate contemporary debates around it, such as the question of whether grounding is 'unified' or 'plural' and whether there exists a fundamental level of reality. It moves on to show how resources from physics can help point the way towards their answers - thus furthering the case for a naturalistic approach to even the most fundamental of questions in metaphysics.
Monotheism, Biblical Traditions, and Race Relations
Authors: Kim Yung Suk
Published: February 2022

In the Hebrew Bible, various aspects of theism exist though monotheistic faith stands out, and the New Testament largely continues with Jewish monotheism. This Element examines diverse aspects of monotheism in the Hebrew Bible and their implications to others or race relations. Also, it investigates monotheistic faith in the New Testament writings and its impact on race relations, including the work of Jesus and Paul's apostolic mission. While inclusive monotheism fosters race relations, exclusive monotheism harms race relations. This Element also engages contemporary biblical interpretations about the Bible, monotheistic faith, and race/ethnicity.
A New Radiocarbon Database for the Lower 48 States
Authors: Kelly Robert L. , Mackie Madeline E. , Robinson Erick , Meyer Jack , Berry Michael , Boulanger Matthew , Codding Brian F. , Freeman Jacob , Garland Carey James , Gingerich Joseph , Hard Robert , Haug James , Martindale Andrew , Meeks Scott , Miller Myles , Miller Shane , Perttula Timothy , Railey Jim A. , Reid Ken , Scharlotta Ian , Spangler Jerry , Thomas David Hurst , Thompson Victor , White Andrew
Published: February 2022

From 2014 to 2020, we compiled radiocarbon ages from the lower 48 states, creating a database of more than 100,000 archaeological, geological, and paleontological ages that will be freely available to researchers through the Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database. Here, we discuss the process used to compile ages, general characteristics of the database, and lessons learned from this exercise in “big data” compilation.
The role of simulation-based training in healthcare-associated infection (HAI) prevention
Authors: Kang Minji , Nagaraj Madhuri B. , Campbell Krystle K. , Nazareno Ian A. , Scott Daniel J. , Arocha Doramarie , Trivedi Julie B.
Published: February 2022

Objectives:

To perform a review of the literature on the role of simulation-based training (SBT) in healthcare-associated infection (HAI) prevention and to highlight the importance of SBT as an educational tool in infection prevention.

Methods:

We reviewed English language publications from PubMed to select original articles that utilized SBT as the primary mode of education for infection prevention efforts in acute-care hospitals.

Results:

Overall, 27 publications utilized SBT as primary mode of education for HAI prevention in acute-care hospitals. Training included the following: hand hygiene in 3 studies (11%), standard precaution in 1 study (4%), disaster preparedness in 4 studies (15%), central-line–associated blood stream infection (CLABSI) prevention in 14 studies (52%), catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) prevention in 2 studies (7%), surgical site infection prevention in 2 studies (7%), and ventilatory associated pneumonia prevention in 1 study (4%). SBT improved learner’s sense of competence and confidence, increased knowledge and compliance in infection prevention measures, decreased HAI rates, and reduced healthcare costs.

Conclusion:

SBT can function as a teaching tool in day-to-day infection prevention efforts as well as in disaster preparedness. SBT is underutilized in infection prevention but can serve as a crucial educational tool.
The Myth of Oxford and Black Counter-Narratives
Authors: Coetzee Carli
Published: February 2022

The myth of Oxford, which echoes and replicates the ideology of an unchanging world of privileged white youth, is a common trope in many films and literary works. This vision is, however, overlaid and underlaid with counter-traditions that decenter Oxford and instead insert Oxford upside down into other epistemologies, geographies, and networks. Some attempts at the transformation of elite institutions such as Oxford inadvertently serve to continue the centering of these same institutions. Coetzee argues that, instead of focusing on the histories of ascendant Black/black excellence and achievement at Oxford University, a more powerful way to relativize and decenter the institution is to document and emphasize histories and accounts of Black marginalization, failure, and disconnection.
Radiation Emergency Medical Preparedness in Japan: A Survey of Nuclear Emergency Core Hospitals
Authors: Nagata Takashi , Arishima Takuro , Yamaguchi Yoshihiro , Hirohashi Nobuyuki , Usa Toshiro , Hasegawa Arifumi , Hanada Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Naoyuki , Okamoto Tadashi , Akahoshi Tomohiko , Hamada Masahiko , Abe Takeru , Kikukawa Makoto , Nakao Hiroyuki , Yamamura Hitoshi , Sakamoto Tetsuya , Akashi Makoto , Hagihara Akihito
Published: February 2022

Objective:

Based on experiences following the Great East Japan Earthquake and nuclear power plant accident in 2011, Nuclear Emergency Core Hospitals (NECHs) were designated as centers for radiation disaster management in Japan. This study aimed to investigate their current status and identify areas for improvement.

Methods:

This cross-sectional study was conducted in October 2018. Demographic data were collected by a questionnaire with free text responses about attitudes toward NECHs. Considerations regarding risk communications during a radiation disaster were analyzed using qualitative text mining analysis.

Results:

A total of 36 hospitals participated in this study. Only 31% of NECHs anticipated a radiation disaster. The importance of business continuity plans and risk communications was shown. Text analysis identified 7 important categories for health care workers during a radiation disaster, including media response, communications to hospital staff, risk communications, radiation effects on children, planning for a radiation disaster in the region, rumors, and the role in the region.

Conclusion:

The radiation disaster medical system and NECHs in Japan were surveyed. The importance of risk communications, planning for a radiation disaster in each region, and the role in the region are identified as issues that need to be addressed.
Stringy invariants and toric Artin stacks
Authors: Satriano Matthew , Usatine Jeremy
Published: February 2022

We propose a conjectural framework for computing Gorenstein measures and stringy Hodge numbers in terms of motivic integration over arcs of smooth Artin stacks, and we verify this framework in the case of fantastacks, which are certain toric Artin stacks that provide (nonseparated) resolutions of singularities for toric varieties. Specifically, let

$\mathcal {X}$

be a smooth Artin stack admitting a good moduli space

$\pi : \mathcal {X} \to X$

, and assume that X is a variety with log-terminal singularities,

$\pi $

induces an isomorphism over a nonempty open subset of X and the exceptional locus of

$\pi $

has codimension at least

$2$

. We conjecture a change-of-variables formula relating the motivic measure for

$\mathcal {X}$

to the Gorenstein measure for X and functions measuring the degree to which

$\pi $

is nonseparated. We also conjecture that if the stabilisers of

$\mathcal {X}$

are special groups in the sense of Serre, then almost all arcs of X lift to arcs of

$\mathcal {X}$

, and we explain how in this case (assuming a finiteness hypothesis satisfied by fantastacks) our conjectures imply a formula for the stringy Hodge numbers of X in terms of a certain motivic integral over the arcs of

$\mathcal {X}$

. We prove these conjectures in the case where

$\mathcal {X}$

is a fantastack.
Lee–Yang zeros and the complexity of the ferromagnetic Ising model on bounded-degree graphs
Authors: Buys Pjotr , Galanis Andreas , Patel Viresh , Regts Guus
Published: February 2022

We study the computational complexity of approximating the partition function of the ferromagnetic Ising model with the external field parameter

$\lambda $

on the unit circle in the complex plane. Complex-valued parameters for the Ising model are relevant for quantum circuit computations and phase transitions in statistical physics but have also been key in the recent deterministic approximation scheme for all

$|\lambda |\neq 1$

by Liu, Sinclair and Srivastava. Here, we focus on the unresolved complexity picture on the unit circle and on the tantalising question of what happens around

$\lambda =1$

, where, on one hand, the classical algorithm of Jerrum and Sinclair gives a randomised approximation scheme on the real axis suggesting tractability and, on the other hand, the presence of Lee–Yang zeros alludes to computational hardness. Our main result establishes a sharp computational transition at the point

$\lambda =1$

and, more generally, on the entire unit circle. For an integer

$\Delta \geq 3$

and edge interaction parameter

$b\in (0,1)$

, we show

$\mathsf {\#P}$

-hardness for approximating the partition function on graphs of maximum degree

$\Delta $

on the arc of the unit circle where the Lee–Yang zeros are dense. This result contrasts with known approximation algorithms when

$|\lambda |\neq 1$

or when

$\lambda $

is in the complementary arc around

$1$

of the unit circle. Our work thus gives a direct connection between the presence/absence of Lee–Yang zeros and the tractability of efficiently approximating the partition function on bounded-degree graphs.
“Arm the Schoolmistress!” Loneliness, Male Violence, and the Work and Living Conditions of Early Twentieth-Century Female Teachers in Sweden
Authors: Prytz Sara Backman , Westberg Johannes
Published: February 2022

Starting in the late nineteenth century, the teaching profession became increasingly feminized. This article examines the results of this process, exploring the working and living conditions of rural female primary school teachers with a focus on the experiences of loneliness, harassment, and violence that they suffered in early twentieth-century Sweden. By investigating the public debate on these issues 1900–1940, we found that two main threats to the well-being of female teachers were identified: isolation and the threat of male violence. Male politicians as well as female authors and teachers acknowledged that female teachers faced loneliness, anxiety, and possible threats from violent men. The consequences of these threats were both emotional and practical, but the debate focused to a large extent on practical solutions such as providing the teachers with telephones, guard dogs, or weapons.
The unsteady aerodynamics of insect wings with rotational stroke accelerations, a systematic numerical study
Authors: van Veen Wouter G. , van Leeuwen Johan L. , van Oudheusden Bas W. , Muijres Florian T.
Published: February 2022

To generate aerodynamic forces required for flight, two-winged insects (Diptera) move their wings back and forth at high wing-beat frequencies. This results in exceptionally high wing-stroke accelerations, and consequently relatively high acceleration-dependent fluid forces. Quasi-steady fluid force models have reasonable success in relating the generated aerodynamic forces to the instantaneous wing motion kinematics. However, existing approaches model the stroke-rate and stroke-acceleration effects independently from each other, which might be too simplified for capturing the complex unsteady aerodynamics of accelerating wings. Here, we use computational-fluid-dynamics simulations to systematically explore how aerodynamic forces and flow dynamics depend on wing-stroke rate, wing-stroke acceleration and wing-planform geometry. Based on this, we developed and calibrated a novel unsteady aerodynamic force model for insect wings with stroke accelerations. This includes improved versions of the translational-force model and the added-mass force model, and we identify a third novel component generated by the interaction of the two. This term reflects the delay in bound-circulation build-up as the wing accelerates. The physical interpretation of this effect is analogous to the Wagner effect experienced by a wing starting from rest. Here, we show that this effect can be modelled in the context of flapping wings as a stroke-acceleration-dependent correction on the translational-force model. Our revised added-mass model includes a viscous force component, which is relatively small but not negligible. We subsequently applied our new model to realistic wing-beat kinematics of hovering Dipteran insects, in a quasi-steady approach. This revealed that stroke-acceleration-related aerodynamic forces contribute substantially to lift and drag production, particularly for high-frequency flapping mosquito wings.
Accelerated decay of a Lamb–Oseen vortex tube laden with inertial particles in Eulerian–Lagrangian simulations
Authors: Shuai Shuai , Kasbaoui M. Houssem
Published: February 2022

We investigate the effect of inertial particles on the stability and decay of a prototypical vortex tube, represented by a two-dimensional Lamb–Oseen vortex. In the absence of particles, the strong stability of this flow makes it resilient to perturbations, whereby vorticity and enstrophy decay at a slow rate controlled by viscosity. Using Eulerian–Lagrangian simulations, we show that the dispersion of semidilute inertial particles accelerates the decay of the vortex tube by orders of magnitude. In this work, mass loading is unity, ensuring that the fluid and particle phases are tightly coupled. Particle inertia and vortex strength are varied to yield Stokes numbers 0.1–0.4 and circulation Reynolds numbers 800–5000. Preferential concentration causes these inertial particles to be ejected from the vortex core forming a ring-shaped cluster and a void fraction bubble that expand outwards. The outward migration of the particles causes a flattening of the vorticity distribution, which enhances the decay of the vortex. The latter is further accelerated by small-scale clustering that causes enstrophy to grow, in contrast with the monotonic decay of enstrophy in single-phase two-dimensional vortices. These dynamics unfold on a time scale that is set by preferential concentration and is two orders of magnitude lower than the viscous time scale. Increasing particle inertia causes a faster decay of the vortex. This work shows that the injection of inertial particles could provide an effective strategy for the control and suppression of resilient vortex tubes.
Depleted dedication, lowered organisation citizenship behaviours, and illegitimate tasks in police officers
Authors: Fein Erich C. , McKenna Bernard
Published: February 2022

This study builds on the relatively limited work examining police officer identity, dedication, and organisation citizenship behaviours (OCB), by connecting illegitimate tasks to these outcomes. From the textual analysis of focus group responses by members of an Australian state police service, a clear social identity of ‘copper’ emerged among constables, and when this copper identity was threatened, the constables' dedication and levels of OCB depleted. The most serious threat to that identity was the need to perform illegitimate tasks based on perceived time-wasting activities. However, a new negative phenomenon, tasks reducing professional discretion, emerged as a third type of illegitimate task. The study also indicates that future studies of police dedication and OCB depletion need to consider the negative socio-political aspects of managerialism.
Negative Partisanship in Latin America
Authors: Haime Agustina , Cantú Francisco
Published: February 2022

The literature on comparative partisanship has demonstrated the low rates of party identification in Latin America. Such low rates are commonly interpreted as a sign of citizens’ disengagement with parties and democracy in the region. This article revisits this interpretation by considering voters’ adverse affection toward a party, or negative partisanship. It shows that examining the negative side of partisanship can help us develop a clearer perspective on the partisan linkages in the electorate. To support this claim, this study analyzes an original conjoint experiment in Argentina and Mexico, as well as two other public opinion surveys fielded in Brazil, Chile, and Ecuador. The study presents empirical evidence indicating that negative partisanship helps voters without an attachment to a party to distinguish themselves from nonpartisans, is independent of positive partisanship, and is different from a general distrust of the democratic system.
Political exclusion and support for democratic innovations: evidence from a conjoint experiment on participatory budgeting
Authors: van der Does Ramon , Kantorowicz Jaroslaw
Published: February 2022

Citizens that tend to experience political exclusion are often more supportive of direct and participatory forms of decision-making. We empirically verify two competing explanatory logics for such high support: the “anti-establishment” logic, which expects politically excluded citizens to unconditionally express more support than their fellow citizens for democratic innovations (DIs); and the “instrumental” logic, which expects politically excluded citizens to only express more support for DIs than other citizens when these innovations offer procedural control and favorable outcomes. Based on a conjoint analysis of Dutch citizens' preferences for participatory budgeting, we find no support for the anti-establishment logic and partial support for the instrumental logic. We show how measures of citizens' own feelings of exclusion help to explain the results.
Parental Freedom in the Context of Risk to the Child: Citizens’ Views of Child Protection and the State in the US and Norway
Authors: BERRICK JILL D. , SKIVENES MARIT , ROSCOE JOSEPH N.
Published: February 2022

Child protection is considered an appropriate government responsibility, but interventions into the family are also some of the most consequential for states. This study examines the normative basis for limiting parents’ freedom by exploring public attitudes about a child’s safety in the context of increasing risk. Using a randomized survey, we test the causal relationship between levels of risk and parental restrictions on representative samples in Norway and CA, US (n = 2148) – different welfare state and child protection models. Findings suggest that the public supports restricting parental freedom under conditions of risk and that severity of risk is taken into consideration. A majority favour restricting parental freedom under conditions of risk to the child; a minority resist restricting freedom, regardless of risk, and about one-third to one-half of respondents favour temporarily suspending parents’ rights by separating children to foster care. Residents of Norway are half as likely to support unrestricted parenting, regardless of risk, and are 1.5 as likely to endorse restricted parenting. Norwegians are also 20% less likely to support separating a child from his parent compared to US respondents. The study has implications for system design based on popular notions about parents’ freedom and family privacy.
Valuing vulnerable Asian options with liquidity risk under Lévy processes
Authors: Cai Chengyou , Wang Xingchun
Published: February 2022

In this paper, we study the pricing of vulnerable Asian options with liquidity risk. We employ general Lévy processes to capture the changes in the liquidity discount factors and the information processes of all assets. In the proposed pricing model, we obtain the closed-form pricing formula of vulnerable Asian options using the Fourier transform methods. Finally, the derived pricing formula is used to illustrate the effects of asymmetric jump risk, and the effects are relatively stable on (vulnerable) Asian options with different moneynesses.
‘Unearthly Music’, ‘Howling Idiots’, and ‘Orgies of Amusement’: The Soundscapes of Shell Shock at Edinburgh's Craiglockhart War Hospital, 1917–18
Authors: Meinhart Michelle
Published: February 2022

Military hospitals in Britain during the First World War cultivated a variety of activities that promoted healing for soldiers, of which music was central. This music was documented by soldiers in hospital-sponsored magazines such as The Hydra at Craiglockhart, an officers’ hospital in Edinburgh that specialized in treatment of shell shock. There, this article argues, music and sound were associated with a curative physicality and sensoriality, revealing the aural and tactile to be aligned within the ideology of the magazine and trauma therapies prescribed.

Music's role in trauma narratives in The Hydra reflects the two approaches to shell shock treatment at the hospital. First, reviews identified weekly musical entertainments, which included singing, playing instruments and listening, as part Captain Arthur Brock's ‘cure by functioning’ regime. Second, narratives in literary contents that reference music in depicting memory and dreams reflect the Freudian psychotherapy used by Dr W. H. R. Rivers, a narrativizing process that I connect to the concept of ‘testimony’ in trauma studies. While the two approaches and their use of music are tied to social class, in both – as I show in drawing upon theories of Jean-Martin Charcot, Pierre Janet and Bessel van der Kolk – music is therapeutic because it is visceral – its curative properties lie in its ability to ultimately move the body and mind. Finally, drawing upon theories of cultural trauma by Jeffrey Alexander, this article posits that these narratives evince a self-fashioning of this shell-shocked community that has over time (amplified by the legacies of the hospital's most famous patients, Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon) become central to the dominant British cultural memory of the war. This article establishes music's role in narratives about trauma in First World War Britain, illuminating music's place in testimonies about not only hospital life and community formation, but also alienation, trauma and recovery; memory and mourning; and sacrifice and resilience.
A trans-diagnostic cognitive behavioural conceptualisation of the positive and negative roles of social media use in adolescents’ mental health and wellbeing
Authors: Tibber Marc S. , Silver Emma
Published: February 2022

Whilst research into the association between social media and mental health is growing, clinical interest in the field has been dominated by a lack of theoretical integration and a focus on pathological patterns of use. Here we present a trans-diagnostic cognitive behavioural conceptualisation of the positive and negative roles of social media use in adolescence, with a focus on how it interacts with common mental health difficulties. Drawing on clinical experience and an integration of relevant theory/literature, the model proposes that particular patterns of social media use be judged as helpful/unhelpful to the extent that they help/hinder the adolescent from satisfying core needs, particularly those relating to acceptance and belonging. Furthermore, it introduces several key interacting processes, including purposeful/habitual modes of engagement, approach/avoidance behaviours, as well as the potential for social media to exacerbate/ameliorate cognitive biases. The purpose of the model is to act as an aide for therapists to collaboratively formulate the role of social media in young people’s lives, with a view to informing treatment, and ultimately, supporting the development of interventions to help young people use social media in the service of their needs and values.

Key learning aims

(1)

To gain an understanding of a trans-diagnostic conceptualisation of social media use and its interaction with common mental health difficulties in adolescence.

(2)

To gain an understanding of relevant research and theory underpinning the conceptualisation.

(3)

To gain an understanding of core processes and dimensions of social media use, and their interaction with common mental health difficulties in this age group, for the purpose of assessment and formulation.

(4)

To stimulate ideas about how to include adolescent service users’ online world(s) in treatment (where indicated), both with respect to potential risks to ameliorate and benefits to capitalise upon.

(5)

To stimulate and provide a framework for clinically relevant research in the field and the development of interventions to support young people to flourish online.
Dielectric resonator-based two-port filtennas with pattern and space diversity for 5G IoT applications
Authors: Sharma Darshika , Katiyar Rishika , Dwivedi Ajay Kumar , Nagesh K.N. , Sharma Anand , Ranjan Pinku
Published: February 2022

This paper describes a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antenna for low millimeter (mm)-wave applications based on dielectric resonators. This is the first time that a filtering response is used in conjunction with an MIMO antenna operating at a low mm-wave frequency. The antenna is simulated using an asymmetrical U-shaped aperture and a microstrip line feed. The suggested filtenna has two distinguishing characteristics: (i) the diversity parameters of the proposed MIMO are increased by including pattern and spatial diversity, and (ii) the proposed feed mechanism of a dielectric resonator provides the filtering response. Between the two ports, a metallic plate tilts the radiation pattern by 45°. The anti-parallel locations of the ports increase the isolation value by >30 dB. To validate the performance of the suggested antenna, the proposed filtenna was built and confirmed. The proposed antenna operates between the frequencies 27.9 and 28.5 GHz. Within the operating frequency range, the observed gain is ~4.5 dBi. On the contrary, the gain suppression level beyond the operational frequency range is ~15 dB. The stable radiation properties and high diversity parameter values of the suggested filtenna make it an effective solution for 5G Internet of Things sensing applications.
Did Ohio’s Vaccine Lottery Increase Vaccination Rates? A Pre-Registered, Synthetic Control Study
Authors: Lang David , Esbenshade Lief , Willer Robb
Published: February 2022

Overcoming vaccine hesitancy is critical to containing the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. To increase vaccination rates, the State of Ohio launched a million dollar lottery in May 2021. Following a pre-registered analysis, we estimate the effects of Ohio’s lottery programVax-a-Millionon COVID-19 vaccination rates by comparing it to a “synthetic control” composed of eight other states. We find a statistically insignificant 1.3% decrease in the full vaccination rate in Ohio at the end of the lottery period. We investigate the robustness of our conclusion to model specifications through a multiverse analysis of 216 possible models, including longer time periods and alternative vaccination measures. The majority (88%) find small negative effects in line with the results of our pre-registered model. While our results are most consistent with a decrease in vaccination rate, they do not allow a firm conclusion on whether the lottery increased or decreased vaccine uptake.
Effects of Oil and Sediment Properties and Mixing States on the Formation and Settling of Oil‐Particle Aggregates
Authors: Yu Yue , Xiong Deqi , Qi Zhixin , Li Wenxin , Sun Ruiyang , Fu Sinan
Published: February 2022

Understanding the interaction of oil droplets with suspended particulate matter is important not only for sunken oil modeling but also for emergency response. In this study, the effects of mixing time and energy, oil type, and sediment concentration and size on the oil content, morphology, and density of oil‐particle aggregates (OPAs) were investigated through a series of wave tank experiments and sedimentation tests. The results showed that loads of oil and particles in OPAs are high under high mixing energy. Under turbulent hydrodynamics, moderately viscous oils form OPAs more easily and sink rapidly to the seabed. Moreover, an increase in the density and oil capacity of OPAs is observed at a higher sediment concentration. More oil is captured by finer sediments. However, the corresponding oil‐sediment aggregates generally show lower density compared with those formed by larger sediments. The oil‐seawater interfacial tension (IFTow) diminishes with the addition of sediments, further promoting oil dispersion. The increasing duration and mixing energy produce more flake OPAs and multiple‐droplet OPAs. Oil droplets tend to be surrounded by several small particles but attach to the surface of large particles. Regardless of oil type and sediment concentration, the structure of OPAs does not change significantly.
Projected Changes in Socioeconomic Exposure to Heatwaves in South Asia Under Changing Climate
Authors: Ullah Irfan , Saleem Farhan , Iyakaremye Vedaste , Yin Jun , Ma Xieyao , Syed Sidra , Hina Saadia , Asfaw Temesgen Gebremariam , Omer Abubaker
Published: February 2022

The risk of heatwave events and their persistence has intensified in recent past and is expected to increase faster in future. However, the anticipated changes in socioeconomic exposure to heatwaves are still unexplored. Here, we investigate the projected heat stress and associated socioeconomic exposure across South Asia (SA) and its subregions using the newly released ensemble mean of 23 global climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), population, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) projections. We used two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs), namely SSP2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5, and three‐time periods, that is, near‐term, midterm, and long‐term relative to the base period (1985–2005). We found that SA region has the potential for widespread changes to Wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) of 6.5°C, which can exceed the theoretical limits of human tolerance by the mid of 21st century. The SA population's exposure significantly increases during midterm and long‐term periods by ∼ person‐hours under the SSP5‐8.5 scenario. The GDP exposure is the greatest for the same period's up to dollar‐hours under the SSP2‐4.5. Moreover, the foothills Himalayans and northern parts of Pakistan are presently unaffected by WBGT during midterm and long‐term periods under both scenarios. Among subregions (hereafter R1, R2, R3, and R4), the frequency of subdaily WBGT is projected to increase in the region R2 and R4 by ∼70% and ∼90% under the SSP2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5 scenarios relative to the base period. The highest upsurge in exposure is anticipated for R2, including southern Pakistan and southwestern India, followed by R1 and R3. Notably, the climate effect is more dominant than the population, whereas changes in GDP effect contribute to the total change in GDP exposure.
Was Warming Amplified Under Drought Conditions Across China in Observations and Future Projections?
Authors: Wang Lei , Wang Wen J. , Du Haibo , Shen Xiangjin , Wu Zhengfang , Ma Shuang , Liu Zhihua , Jiang Ming
Published: February 2022

Concurrent hot extremes and droughts undoubtedly aggravate the impacts of droughts on agriculture, natural environment, and human society. Recent studies mainly focus on the trends and changes in frequency and severity of compound drought and hot extreme events. However, relatively little attention has been paid to the changes in mean temperature during drought conditions. In this study, we investigated the mean temperature changes during droughts in observed and projected periods across China on a century time‐scale and explored the possible contributions of land surface‐atmosphere interactions or atmospheric moisture conditions to these changes. China experienced reduced rather than amplified warming under droughts both in observations and future projections. A drier condition or a higher emission scenario was projected to result in a larger range of mean temperature changes under droughts in the future. We attributed the reduced mean temperatures under droughts to increasing winter droughts and higher atmospheric moisture conditions. This study provides a reference for water resource management, drought risk reduction, as well as mitigation of agricultural crop loss and public health damage.
Estimation of Spatial Distribution and Fluid Fraction of a Potential Supercritical Geothermal Reservoir by Magnetotelluric Data: A Case Study From Yuzawa Geothermal Field, NE Japan
Authors: Ishizu Keiichi , Ogawa Yasuo , Nunohara Keishi , Tsuchiya Noriyoshi , Ichiki Masahiro , Hase Hideaki , Kanda Wataru , Sakanaka Shinya , Honkura Yoshimori , Hino Yuta , Seki Kaori , Tseng Kuo Hsuan , Yamaya Yusuke , Mogi Toru
Published: February 2022

Fluids within the Earth's crust may exist under supercritical conditions (i.e., >374°C and >22.1 MPa for pure water). Supercritical geothermal reservoirs at depths of 2–10 km below the surface in northeastern (NE) Japan mainly consist of magmatic fluids that exsolved from the melt during the course of fractional crystallization. Supercritical geothermal reservoirs have received attention as next‐generation geothermal resources because they can offer significantly more energy than that obtained from conventional geothermal reservoirs found at temperatures <350°C. However, the spatial distribution and fluid fraction of supercritical geothermal reservoirs, which are required for their resource assessment, are poorly understood. Here, the magnetotelluric (MT) method with electrical resistivity imaging is used in the Yuzawa geothermal field, NE Japan, to collect data on the fluid fraction and spatial distribution of a supercritical geothermal reservoir. The collected MT data reveal a potential supercritical geothermal reservoir (>400°C) with dimensions of 3 km (width) × 5 km (length) at a depth of 2.5–6.0 km below the surface. The estimated fluid fraction of the reservoir is 0.1%–4.2% with salinity values of 5–10 wt%. The melt is also imaged below the reservoir, and based on the resistivity model; we develop a mechanism for the evolution of the supercritical geothermal reservoir, wherein upwelling supercritical fluids supplied from the melt are trapped under less permeable silica sealing and accumulate there.
Moho Complexity in Southern California Revealed by Local PmP and Teleseismic Ps Waves
Authors: Li Tianjue , Yao Jiayuan , Wu Shucheng , Xu Mijian , Tong Ping
Published: February 2022

The Moho discontinuity plays an important role in crustal growth and evolution. In this study, we delineate the Moho geometry in southern California by jointly using local Moho‐reflected waves PmP and teleseismic Moho‐converted waves Ps. To well constrain the Moho geometry, we have developed a two‐stage process to pick PmP waves and have created a reliable PmP travel time data set with a total of 10,192 picks. We have also extracted 38,648 high‐quality P‐wave receiver functions (RFs). The Moho depth is initially estimated via the common conversion point (CCP) stacking of RFs and then refined by inverting the PmP travel time data in a community velocity model (CVM‐H, version 15.1.1). The newly built Moho geometry is generally consistent with the California Moho Model version 1.0 (CMM‐1.0), that is, a shallow Moho beneath the Salton Trough (23 km), a uniformly shallow Moho beneath the Mojave Desert and the Basin and Range (<29 km), and a sliver of deep Moho under the western Peninsular Ranges, the eastern Transverse Ranges, and the western Sierra Nevada (>34 km). However, our Moho model reveals some new features different from the CMM–1.0, such as a deep Moho (∼34 km) beneath the northern end of the central and western Transverse Ranges, consistent with the observation of deep seismicities due to a thick brittle crust there. We also find a gradual transition from the lower crust to the uppermost mantle beneath the western Peninsular Ranges, leading to the rareness of pickable PmP waves as well as weak Moho‐converted signals there.