bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One Pot Synthesis, Characterization, DFT Studies and AIM Analyses of Ethyl-1-aryl-1H-tetrazole-5-carboxylate
Authors: Chandrakumari Sambandam , Gopalakrishnan Mannuthusamy , Sivakumar Dhanavel , Manikandan Haridoss
Published: September 2018

A new series of bis/mono ethyl-1-aryl-1H-tetrazole-5-carboxylate has been synthesized by treating respective tetrazole with ethyl chloroformate in THF and DIPEA as a catalyst. The structure of the novel molecule is characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and mass spectra. After conforming the structure, bis/mono ethyl-1-aryl-1H-tetrazole-5-carboxylate was subjected to hydrolysis under both acidic and basic conditions. The hydrolysis reaction did not occur; to know the relevant reason, we move to theoretical studies. DFT B3LYP method was used to determine the optimized structure and HOMO & LUMO energies of the title molecule. The energy was found to be from 4.23-5.31 eV. Energy gap was related to hardness and reactivity. Additionally, we provide the reason with respect to AIM analysis, which was performed for one molecule. The synthesized title molecules were characterized by IR, 1H & 13C NMR, mass and elemental analysis. Theoretical studies such as DFT and AIM analysis were also performed. All the synthesized compounds were verified by analytical data such as IR, NMR, elemental analysis, mass spectra and theoretical studies such as DFT and AIM analysis. The HOMO & LUMO energy was found to be from 4.5 eV to 5.2 eV. More energy gap results in enriched hardness in the molecule and decreased reactivity. From the AIM analysis result, we found that there is a formation of a weak bond between the oxygen of the carbonyl group and carbon of the phenyl group. Due to these reasons, the title molecule did not undergo hydrolysis reaction under both acidic and basic conditions. We report on the synthesis and characterization of bis/mono ethyl-1-aryl-1H-tetrazole-5- carboxylate. HOMO & LUMO energy were found to be 4.5 – 5.2 eV. High energy will increase the hardness of the molecule which will result in decreased reactivity of the molecule. Additionally, we provide AIM analysis done for the compound 6a and there is formation of a weak bond between the oxygen of the carbonyl group and carbon of the phenyl group. Oxygen used its lone pair of electron in the formation of a weak bond with carbon and hence oxygen become unreactive and so the hydrolysis reaction did not happen.
Simultaneous Determination of Four Iridoid Glycosides from Paederia Scandens in Rat Plasma by LC-MS/MS and its Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study
Authors: Xie Yanxiang , Jiang Ergang , Dai Tianming , Dai Renke
Published: September 2018

Background:

Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merrill, belonging to the Rubiaceae family, was
one of the Traditional Chinese Medicines that has been generally used to treat aches and pains, inflammation,
bacillary dysentery, piles and rheumatic arthritis. The four iridoid glycosides that
Paederosidic acid, Paederoside, Paederosidic acid methyl ester, and Asperuloside from Paederia
scandens are considered to be the main bioactive constituents. However, their pharmacokinetics and
action mechanisms of these iridoid glycosides still remain unknown. In this study, a method of simultaneous
determination of four iridoid glycosides components in rat plasma with LC-MS/MS has been
established and successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats, which would be favourable for
further exploration.

Methods:

In this study, a sensitive, rapid, accurate bioanalytical method of simultaneous determination
of four iridoid glycosides components from Paederia scandens extract in rat plasma with LCMS/
MS has been established. It is easy and rapid for LC-MS/MS to accurately separate and simultaneously
quantify the analytes because of its high sensitivity, selectivity and accuracy. This validated
method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in rats with intravenous and oral administrations
of Paederia scandens extract.

Results:

The resulting data are fully satisfied for the selectivity and the sensitivity. Their lower limit
of quantitation are in 0.25-0.5 ng/mL. Intra- and interday precisions were less than 15.0% with accuracy
in the range of -15.0% to 15.0%. In the stability measurements including repeated Freeze-thaw, 4
hours at 4°C, 24 hours at 4°C, and 30 days at -80°C, the variations between the measurements and the
nominated values of these compounds in plasma were detected to be less than 15.0%. The extraction
recoveries of the compounds were from 85.4% to 105.6%. The bioavailability (F) of the four iridoid
glycosides were 1.74% to 3.36%.

Conclusion:

In summary, a simple, rapid, precise, and sensitive LC-MS/MS method has been established
and validated to determine the four iridoid glycosides from Paederia scandens extract in rat
plasma, which was successfully applied to pharmacokinetic study in rats. The information obtained
from the study will facilitate further exploration on Paederosidic acid, Paederoside, Paederosidic acid
methyl ester as well as Asperuloside and these may provide valuable pharmacokinetic reference for
human applications.
Aprendizaje introductorio sobre la ciencia del suelo a través de un curso MOOC
Authors: Jiménez Álvarez Leticia Salomé , Ortiz Carlos , Maldonado Juan Carlos , Capa Mora Edwin Daniel , Fierro Jaramillo Natacha Del Cisne , Quichimbo Miguitama Pablo Geovanny
Published: September 2018

El propósito de esta investigación es describir los recursos utilizados en el diseño de un curso MOOC introductorio de las Ciencias del Suelo y, evaluar el efecto de los recursos obligatorios en el rendimiento de los estudiantes. El curso fue estructurado para seis semanas, aquí se incluyó diferentes recursos educativos, con actividades calificadas y opcionales. Los datos recolectados fueron de 1020 estudiantes de diferentes carreras o disciplinas, de los cuales se realizó el respectivo análisis descriptivo del rendimiento; además se realizó una evaluación cualitativa y cuantitativa del curso. Los resultados indican que las estrategias utilizadas influyen en el rendimiento de los estudiantes y la evaluación indica que la interacción estudiante – docente es clave para el éxito del MOOC. Estos resultados de esta investigación permitirán mejorar o implementar nuevas estrategias para el aprendizaje del recurso suelo a través de cursos online.
Respuesta de la naranja Valencia (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) a diversos niveles de fertilización en la altillanura plana de Colombia durante nueve años
Authors: Rodriguez Javier Orduz , Hernandez Arredondo Juan David , Leyva Edna Ivonne , Ramirez Pisco Ramiro
Published: September 2018

La Altillanura colombiana se ha venido posicionando como una de las regiones con mayor desarrollo agrícola de Colombia. No existe información sobre el potencial frutícola de este bioma; ni para el manejo de cítricos en suelos ácidos. Con el propósito de obtener recomendaciones para la fertilización de la naranja Valencia se estableció un experimento en el año 2003, y se llevó durante 7 años. Los tratamientos correspondieron a cinco dosis crecientes del fertilizante comercial (17-5-18-2) con formula: 3:1:3:0,1. Se evaluó el crecimiento y componentes del rendimiento a través de un análisis de medidas repetidas en el tiempo, aleatorizado con base en un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con cuatro repeticiones. Las diferencias fueron declaradas significativas si p<0,05; prueba de Tukey. No se detectaron diferencias significativas para las variables de crecimiento, mientras que la producción presentó un incremento significativo en el número de frutos por árbol y en el peso promedio de un fruto, cuando la cantidad de fertilizante adicionado correspondió a las dosis 1,25 y 1,5 veces la recomendada para la zona de estudio.  Los datos obtenidos del número de frutos cosechados por árbol indican que dicho componente de rendimiento es el que mejor responde al aumento en las dosis de fertilizantes. Finalmente, la información obtenida proporciona recomendaciones tecnológicas para el establecimiento y manejo del cultivo de naranja en esta nueva frontera agrícola del país.
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES OF PAVETTA CRASSICAULIS BREMEK. LEAF AND FLOWER CRUDE EXTRACTS AND ITS PURE COMPOUNDS COLLECTED FROM WESTERN GHATS, KARNATAKA, INDIA
Authors: R Ashwathanarayana , Naika Raja
Published: September 2018

Objective: Pavetta crassicaulis Bremek. (F: Rubiaceae) plant extracts were subjected to anti-inflammatory experiment by using carrageenin-induced rat hind paw edema method.Methods: Groups of 5 rats of both sexes (pregnant females excluded) were given a dose of the extract. After 1 h, 0.1 ml, 1% carrageenan suspension in 0.9% NaCl solution was injected into the subplantar tissue of the right hind paw. Paw volume was measured plethysmometrically at 0 h and 3 h after carrageenin injection.Results: Anti-inflammatory experiments revealed that, the leaf and flower ethanolic extract of the P. crassicaulis Bremek. plant shown excellent anti-inflammatory and its extracted pure compounds, 2-tert-butyl-4,6-bis(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)phenol and 4H-pyran-4-one,2,3-dihydro3,5- dihydroxy-6-methyl- is a pure compound isolated from the Pavetta crassicaulis flower extract. showed excellent anti-inflammatory activity compared with the standard.Conclusion: P. crassicaulis Bremek. leaf and flower could be exploited as a valuable source of anti-inflammatory agent for the pharmaceutical industry.
LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY–MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS OF FRUITS OF AN ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT PLANT SCHISANDRA CHINENSIS BAIL. FROM CHINA AND EAST RUSSIA
Authors: An Luferov , Nv Kartashova , Av Strelyaeva , Rm Kuznetcov
Published: September 2018

Objective: The study was carried out with an objective to characterize the possible bioactive phytochemical constituents from fruits of Schisandra chinensis Bail. by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis.Methods: Plant material was collected from Schisandra chinensis during August–October. The dried plant fruits were extracted with solvents using ethanol 95% extractor. The results of chromatography–MS analysis performed on the instrument Agilent Technologies established the presence of major and minor components. It was conducted a qualitative and quantitative comparison of infusions using software ChemStationE 02.00 and full library of mass spectra NIST 05.
IMMUNOGLOBULINS AND LIPID PROFILE OF CHILDREN WITH SICKLE CELL ANEMIA IN EKITI STATE, NIGERIA
Authors: O Oyeyemi A , G Oyebanji O
Published: September 2018

Objective: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hereditary blood disorder characterized by an abnormality in the oxygen-carrying hemoglobin and associated with some acute and chronic health problems such as severe infections, severe pain (sickle cell crisis), and stroke. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of immunoglobulins (Ig) and the lipid profile in children with SCD in Ekiti state, Nigeria.Methods: Samples of 200 children (120 sickle celled and 80 healthy children) between the ages of 1–8 years old were collected from Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti and Federal Medical Centre, Ido Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Plasma Ig (IgM and IgG) and lipid profile (total cholesterol [TC], high-density lipoprotein [HDL], low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very LDL (VLDL), and triacylglycerol [TG]) were evaluated in patients’ blood sample using standard established methods. The results obtained were subjected to statistical analysis (P<0.05).Results: Sickle-celled children showed a significant reduction in the levels of Ig (IgM and IgG). Furthermore, TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, and TG showed significant higher value whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly reduced in sickle-celled patients compared with nonsickle-celled patients.Conclusion: It is understood that sickle cell is detrimental to immunoglobins and metabolic profile. These biochemical makers determined were implicated in children with sickle cell anemia.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF ULTRAVIOLET-SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF FEBUXOSTAT FOR CONDUCTING IN-VITRO QUALITY CONTROL TESTS IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS
Authors: Kaur Jaspreet , Kaur Daljit , Singh Sukhmeet
Published: September 2018

Objective: A simple, accurate, and selective ultraviolet-spectrophotometric method has been developed for the estimation of febuxostat in the bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms.Method: The method was developed and validated according to International Conference on Harmonization (ICH Q2 R1) guidelines. The developed method was validated statistically with respect to linearity, range, precision, accuracy, ruggedness, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantitation (LOQ), and recovery. Specificity of the method was demonstrated by applying different stressed conditions to drug samples such as acid hydrolysis, alkaline hydrolysis, oxidative, photolytic, and thermal degradation.Results: The study was conducted using phosphate buffer pH 6.8 and λmax was found to be 312 nm. Standard plot having a concentration range of 1–10 μg/ml showed a good linear relationship with R2=0.999. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.118 μg/ml and 0.595 μg/ml, respectively. Recovery and percentage relative standard deviations were found to be 100.157±0.332% and <2%, respectively.Conclusion: Proposed method was successfully applicable to the pharmaceutical formulations containing febuxostat. Thus, the developed method is found to be simple, sensitive, accurate, precise, reproducible, and economical for the determination of febuxostat in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
EFFECTIVENESS OF LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION ON WEIGHTLOSS AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN OBESE WOMEN WITH POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME
Authors: Patil Vinaya Rajendra , Thangavelu Poovishnu Devi , Jagtap Vaishali Krishnat
Published: September 2018

Objectives: (1) The objectives of this study were to determine the effectiveness of lifestyle modification on weight loss and the quality of life in obese women with the polycystic ovarian syndrome and (2) to determine the effectiveness of conventional physiotherapy on weight loss and the quality of life in obese women with polycystic ovarian syndrome.Methods: Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Committee. A total of 40 obese women with the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) were selected and divided into two groups, Group A (N=17) received conventional physiotherapy alone, and Group B (n=15) received lifestyle modification along with conventional physiotherapy. The preassessment of body weight is measured by body mass index (BMI); the waist-hip ratio (W-H ratio) and body fat percentage and the quality of life were scored as per the PCOS questionnaire (PCOSQ); and postinterventional assessment was taken for the same after 9 months.Result: Intergroup statistical analysis for BMI revealed extremely significant in postintervention for Group B (P<0.0001). W-H ratio and PCOSQ were extremely significant for Group B (P<0.0001). While postintervention analysis showed extremely significant difference between Group A and Group B (P<0.0001). Group B treated with lifestyle modification, and conventional physiotherapy was extremely significant.Conclusion: Lifestyle modification with conventional physiotherapy helped in reducing weight and showed the increased quality of life in women with PCOS.
STUDY THE EFFICACY OF CHRONIC INTERMITTENT INTRAVENOUS INSULIN INFUSION THERAPY OVER AND ABOVE CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT IN PATIENTS OF DIABETIC AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY
Authors: Pk Maheshwari , Agrawal Prabhat , Prakash Prashant , Ak Singh , Bansal Saurabh , Purohit Deepak , Agarwal Shweta
Published: September 2018

Objective: This study aims to emphasize the importance of chronic intermittent intravenous insulin infusion therapy (CIIIT) over and above conventional treatment in patients with diabetic autonomic neuropathy.Methods: In our study, we had 50 patients; most of the patients were in the age group of 30–50 years and sex ratio for male:female was 3:2. The patients were divided into two groups. One group which received monthly CIIIT for 8 h per month for 6 months (Group-1) whereas other group did not receive it (Group-2). However, both groups continued their old treatment (oral hypoglycemic or subcutaneous insulin).Results: On 12-month follow-up, in Group-1, palpitation improved in 16 of 17 (94.1%), giddiness improved in 12 of 20 (60.0%), constipation improved in 7 of 12 (58.3%), diarrhea improved in 7 of 8 (87.5%), erectile dysfunction improved in 3 of 5 (60.0%), abdominal fullness improved in 12 of 17 (70.5%), and abnormal sweating improved in 6 of 20 (30%). In comparison to this, in Group 2, palpitation improved in 6 of 19 (31.5%), giddiness improved in 2 of 15 (13.3%), constipation improved in 3 of 13 (23.0%), diarrhea improved in 3 of 7 (42.8%), erectile dysfunction improved in 3 of 5 (20.0%), abdominal fullness improved in 4 of 13 (13.7%), and abnormal sweating improved in 5 of 17 (29.4%).Conclusion: At the conclusion of our study, we found that patients, who were previously refractory to conventional pharmacotherapy, showed a considerable response to CIIIT with most patients giving a history of improvement in their symptoms after therapy and during follow-up. Therefore, it is recommended that patients presenting with complaints of diabetic autonomic neuropathy should be managed by CIIIT rather than the conventional pharmacological therapies.
STUDY OF DRUG-DRUG INTERACTION IN THE INPATIENTS OF A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL AT CALICUT
Authors: George Greeshma K , Sundaran Siraj , Cp Ashar Ali , Km Mubeena , Ph Thansiya , G Babu , Gopalakrishnan Arun
Published: September 2018

Objective: The study was conducted to monitor the potential drug-drug interactions in the prescriptions of inpatients in a tertiary care hospital based on the mechanism and severity.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted by collecting the prescriptions containing two or more drugs. The interactions were checked using an interaction checker and were categorized into pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions on the basis of mechanism of action and severity based on the risks or consequences of the interactions.Result: Among 150 randomly collected prescriptions, 123 (82%) prescriptions had 396 drug-drug interactions. The pharmacodynamic drug interactions (77.27%) were more common when compared to pharmacokinetic drug interactions (22.73%). There was high prevalence of drug-drug interactions among the patients above the age of 60 years (56.09%). The moderate drug-drug interactions (81.81%) were found to be more when compared to the major (10.61%) and minor (7.58%) interactions. The neurology department prescriptions were observed to have more number of drug-drug interactions (26.01%).Conclusion: A systematic approach and close monitoring of the medication chart is necessary to identify the potential drug-drug interactions. The clinicians and other health-care professionals at the study site require an awareness program in regard to identification and management of drug-drug interactions. Clinical pharmacist can play an important role in the monitoring and management of drug-drug interactions.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF RED PALM OLEIN NANOEMULSION
Authors: Sari Febia , Sinaga Kasmirul Ramlan , Siahaan Donald
Published: September 2018

Objective: The objective of this study is to formulate and evaluate the red palm olein (RPO) nanoemulsion using spontaneous emulsification method.Methods: Nanoemulsion formulated by spontaneous emulsification method using the comparison of surfactant (tween 80) and cosurfactant (sorbitol) concentration with the variation of RPO concentration. Evaluation of the stability of the nanoemulsion preparation includes centrifugation test, viscosity, pH, organoleptic observation (odor, color, clarity, and phase separation), and particle size measurement during 12 weeks storage at room temperature.Result: The results showed that all nanoemulsion preparations were transparent yellow, characteristic odor, type weights 1.0166–1.0641 g/ml, and stable for 12 weeks storage at room temperature. The smallest particle size was produced by the nanoemulsion preparation in a formula of the concentration of 5%, which was 67, 64 nm.Conclusion: RPO can be formulated as a nanoemulsion by spontaneous emulsification method. RPO with a 5% concentration is very stable for 12 weeks storage.
EFFECTIVENESS OF THE COMBINED USE OF ROBOTIC KINESIOTHERAPY AND BOTULINUM THERAPY IN THE COMPLEX REHABILITATION OF CHILDREN WITH CEREBRAL PALSY
Authors: Maira Balgayeva , Sholpan Bulekbayeva
Published: September 2018

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of combined use of robotic kinesiotherapy and botulinum therapy in the complex rehabilitation of children with spastic diplegia.Methods: In the research, 162 children were participated in the age from 4 to 6 years with spastic diplegia. The main group was carried out using robotic kinesiotherapy with the help of the Lokomat complex and intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin type A (BtA), as a part of complex rehabilitation. Children from the control group received rehabilitative treatment with traditional methods.Results: During the comparative study of groups, higher results were obtained in the main group, where average according to Gross Motor Function Measure 88 increased from 69.99 to 76.41 with a difference of 6.42 points (p=0.0001). In the control group, this indicator increased from 67.01 to 69.41 with a difference of 2.4 points. In the main group, a moderate coupling was noticed between overall motor activity improvement and muscle tone improvement (rs=0.411, p=0.001). Herewith, the correlation was pronounced more with children of the III level in Gross Motor Function Classification System (rs=0.483, p=0.002) in comparison with the II development level (rs=0.304, p=0.042).Conclusion: Research results indicated that the children with spastic diplegia have significant improvement in motor characteristics when the combined applying of robotic walking and botulinum therapy compared with conventional therapy. In our opinion, the data obtained allow to recommend this method as one of the perspective methods of rehabilitation treatment for children with spastic forms of cerebral palsy.
DRUG UTILIZATION STUDY IN THE ORTHOPEDICS OUTPATIENT DEPARTMENT OF A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN MAHARASHTRA
Authors: Kulkarni Madhuri , Patil Anant
Published: September 2018

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the pattern of drug utilization in outpatients of orthopedics department from a tertiary care hospital.Material and Methods: In this retrospective study, prescriptions of randomly selected patients attending orthopedics clinic were screened to analyze a number of medicines per prescription. Number and percentages of prescribed medicines were calculated.Results: In this study, 512 patients (male 260 [50.8%] and females 252 [49.2%]) were included in the study. The total number of prescribed medicines was 1562, accounting for 3.1 medicines per patient. A total number of oral, parenteral, and topical medicines were 1375 (88%), 176 (11.3%), and 11 (0.7%), respectively. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs), antacid/anti-ulcerants, and antimicrobial agents were 641 (41%), 371 (23.8%), and 102 (6.5%), respectively. A total of 54 (52.9%), 29 (28.4%), 9 (8.8%), 6 (5.9%), 3 (2.9%), and 1 (1%) patients were prescribed fluoroquinolones, beta-lactam antibiotics, metronidazole, trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole, macrolides, and doxycycline, respectively. For 371 (23.8%) patients, anti-ulcerant and antiulcer were prescribed, among which ranitidine was the most common prescription [353 (95.1%)]Conclusion: Number of medicines prescribed per patient in orthopedic clinic was 3.1. NSAIDs and antacid/anti-ulcerants were the most commonly prescribed medicines.
PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PORTULACA OLERACEA AND PORTULACA QUADRIFIDA EXTRACTS USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY–MASS SPECTROMETRY
Authors: Durgawale Trupti P , Khanwelkar Chitra C , Durgawale Pratik P
Published: September 2018

Objective: The two plant species Portulaca oleracea and Portulaca quadrifida are commonly known as purslane and chickweed, respectively. They are typically consumed as salad or pickle. Traditional systems of medicine from Africa and China have described these plants belonging to family Portulacaceae as remedies against a host of diseases. Recent pharmacological investigations have revealed the importance of these plants as sources of antioxidants, essential fatty acids, and even antimicrobial agents. The objective of this study was phytochemical analysis and comparison of ethanolic extracts of these two species of Portulaca.Methods: The ethanolic extracts of both the species were prepared using Soxhlet extraction and were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Furthermore, the ethanolic extracts of fresh and dried whole plant of P. oleracea and seed of P. oleracea were studied.Results: The phytochemical constituents of ethanolic extracts of P. oleracea and P. quarifida were found to be quite different from one another and contained beneficial polyunsaturated fatty acids, alkaloids among other beneficial chemical species.Conclusion: The results of the study could be further used by researchers to assess the beneficial properties of both these species for in vitro and in vivo experiments.
MICRO RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS ON BLOOD SERUM SAMPLES OF DUCTAL CARCINOMA PATIENTS
Authors: Varghese Sanoj , Reveendran Ambili , Kumar V.senthil , Tm Karthikeyan , Ranganathan Venkiteshan
Published: September 2018

Objective: Identification of biochemical changes in ductal cancer patient’s serum samples using micro Raman spectroscopy.Methods: Micro Raman spectroscopy was used for the identification of Raman shift bands. Data analysis was done using K-means clustering.Results: Micro Raman spectroscopic analysis of human breast cancer patient’s serum samples was done. Biochemicals present in the samples were identified from the peak evaluations. K-means clustering analysis was used to differentiate the biochemicals present in the samples.Conclusion: From the study, we conclude that Raman spectroscopy has the potential to differentiate the biochemical changes occurring in the human body, and the differentiation can be done using K-means clustering.
THE NEPHROTOXICITY OF CONCURRENT USE OF ENALAPRIL AND GENTAMICIN IN RATS
Authors: Al-ani Imad M , Algantri Khaleed R , Nafie Emad M , Al-mahmood Sinan Mohammed Abdullah
Published: September 2018

Objective: The present study was aimed to assess the concurrent administration of Enalapril (ENAL) and Gentamicin (GM) in the kidney of rats.Methods: Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 4 main groups (n=15) according to the administered dose. Each main group was further subdivided into three subgroups according to the day of sacrificing (n=5). Group (C) was administered daily with normal saline as control, Group (E) was treated with oral ENAL (2 mg/kg/day), Group (G) was treated with GM (75 mg/kg/day), and Group (EG) was treated ENAL (2 mg/kg/day) and GM (75 mg/kg/day). The handling of the experiment persisted daily for 15 days, and the investigational examination carried out on days 5, 10, and 15.Results: The result showed that GM nephrotoxicity augmented with the period of the experimental study, there was rising in the levels of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen on the 10th day and persisted in rising significantly during the period on the 15th day of the experiment. Administration of ENAL showed no significant alteration from those of controls. While the concurrent administration of ENAL and GM showed that ENAL gradually increased GM nephrotoxicity, these physiological retrogressions were accompanied with intensive renal histopathological deteriorations.Conclusion: The present study has revealed that the concurrent administration of ENAL enormously aggravated the functional and histological nephrotoxicity of GM in rats.
A REVIEW ON MEDICAL ADVANTAGES AND CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS OF CARICA PAPAYA LINN.
Authors: Gv Anjana , D Priya , R Srimathi , B Shantha Kumar
Published: September 2018

Papaya is an evergreen blossoming plant having rich characteristic thing; it is recognized to offer different therapeutic purposes of premium. The normal item is sound and delicious. The entire plant parts such as root, bark, peel, seeds, blooms, leaves, and squash are known to have helpful properties. It is utilized for the treatment of a various infections such as dengue fever, warts, corns, sinuses, skin inflammation, against diabetic, glandular tumors, blood pressure, digestive disorders, constipation, antibacterial, antifertility, anti-HIV, expel worms, invigorate regenerative organs and many, as needs be it can be seen as a nutraceutical. The present review focuses on salient features of nutritional composition, health benefits, medical advantages, and synthetic constituents of papaya.
METABOLIC ACTIVATION OF 2,6-DIMETHYLANILINE: MUTATIONAL SPECIFICITY IN THE GPT GENE OF AS52 CELLS
Authors: Moon Seo Hyun , Kim Min Young
Published: September 2018

Objective: The purpose of the current work was to characterize the mechanisms of cytotoxicity and mutagenesis of a potential human bladder carcinogen 2,6-dimethylaniline (2,6-DMA).Methods: Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) AS52 cells were exposed to either human S9 activated 2,6-DMA for 6 h or its N-hydroxylamine and aminophenol metabolites for 1 h in serum-free medium. Cell survival was determined by trypan blue exclusion 24 h after treatment, and 6-thioguanine-resistant mutants at the xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (gpt) gene locus were assessed with doses, of which relative survival is 30% or more. Nested polymerase chain reaction-based deletion analysis was also performed.Results: AS52 cells exhibited a dose-dependent increase in cytotoxicity and mutant fraction on treatment of 2,6-DMA and its metabolites but show a considerable variation in potency with aminophenol metabolites having the highest potency and parent compound at least; at the highest 2,6-dimethylaminophenol dose (10 μM), the mutant fraction in AS52 cells was 8-fold (13.2×10−5) greater than the spontaneous fraction of 1.62×10−5. Total deletion of the gpt gene sequences was found in 1 (4%) spontaneous and 2 (6%) the 6-thioguanine mutants generated by N-hydroxy-2,6-DMA.Conclusions: These findings indicate the mutagenicity of 2,6-DMA at the gpt gene, which is mediated through hydroxylamine and aminophenol metabolites, and contribute to the elucidation of mechanisms through which 2,6-DMA may exert its effects in vivo.
GENOTOXICITY OF N-HYDROXY AND AMINOPHENOL METABOLITES OF 2,6- AND 3,5-DIMETHYLANILINE AT THE HYPOXANTHINEGUANINE PHOSPHORIBOSYLTRANSFERASE LOCUS IN TK6 CELLS
Authors: Moon Seo Hyun , Kim Min Young
Published: September 2018

Objective: The objective of this study as to characterize the genotoxicity of reactive metabolites of 2,6-dimethylaniline (2,6-DMA) and 3,5-DMA in the hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene of human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells.Methods: Cultures were exposed to N-hydroxylamine and aminophenol metabolites of 2,6- and 3,5-DMA for 1 h in serum-free medium. Cell survival 24 h after exposure was determined by trypan blue exclusion. Cells were then subcultured for 7–10 days to allow to phenotypic expression of HPRT mutants. After the expression period, cells were plated in the presence of 2 μg/ml 6-thioguanine for the selection of HPRT mutants. Plating efficiency was determined and mutant fraction calculated. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was also used to determine whether 3,5- dimethylaminophenol (DMAP) produced reactive oxygen species (ROS).Results: All of the metabolites tested were cytotoxic to these cells but exhibited a considerable variation in potency. The aminophenol metabolites of 2,6- and 3,5-DMA were considerably more toxic than the corresponding N-hydroxylamines. Furthermore, each metabolite of 3,5-DMA was more toxic than its 2,6-DMA counterpart; N-OH-3,5-DMA and 3,5-DMAP were clearly mutagenic at a level of 50 μM. EPR studies showed intracellular oxidative stress induced under 3,5-DMAP treatment.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that genotoxic responses of 2,6- and 3,5-DMA are mediated through the generation of ROS by hydroxylamine and/ or aminophenol metabolites.
ASSESSMENT OF SERUM AND URINE URIC ACID LEVEL IN RELATION WITH ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICES IN OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE UNIVERSITY UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS
Authors: Onwubuya Emmanuel Ikechukwu , Ukibe Nkiruka Rose , Kalu Ofia Anya , Ukibe Solomon Nwabueze , Osuagwu Obinwanne Chikamnario
Published: September 2018

Objectives: Elevated uric acid level is related to a variety of adverse metabolic conditions including gout, obesity, and risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. This prospective study designed to assess the serum and urine uric acid level in relation with anthropometric indices in overweight and obese undergraduate students at NAU, Nnewi, Nigeria.Methods: A total of 302 undergraduate students aged between 18 and 40 years were randomly recruited for the present study. They were grouped based on their body mass index (BMI) as overweight, obese, and control participants. 132 participants were males, of which 21 were obese, 34 were overweight while 77 were normal (control) males. 170 participants were females, of which 56 were obese, 62 were overweight while the remaining 52 were normal (control) females. Fasting blood and 24 h urine sample were aseptically collected from all the participants for determination of serum and urine uric acid.Results: The study observed significantly higher serum uric acid level in obese and overweight males than female and control counterparts (p=0.000, respectively). Urine uric acid level was significantly higher in obese males and females than in their overweight and control counterparts (p=0.000). This shows increase production and accumulation of monosodium urate with decreased uric acid excretion which may result in hyperuricemia and hyperuricosuria which may result in gout. Serum and urine uric acid levels were significantly higher among age range (26–32) and (33–40) years compared with those among age range (18–25) (p<0.05) signifying that uric acid level increases with age. Serum and urine uric acid were significantly positively correlated with BMI, waist circumference, and waist hip ratio (p<0.05).Conclusions: High serum uric acid is a prerequisite for gout and also associated with the metabolic syndrome and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Proper awareness of the implication of hyperuricemia among undergraduate students is necessary.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF TELMISARTAN SOLID DISPERSIONS USING ENTADA SCANDENS SEED STARCH AND POLOXAMER-188 AS SUPERDISINTEGRANTS
Authors: Mannem Venkatarao , Suryadevara Vidyadhara , Doppalapudi Sandeep
Published: September 2018

Objective: The current research focuses on solubility enhancement of poorly water-soluble drug telmisartan, using novel superdisintegrants such as Entada scandens seed starch and Poloxamer-188. Starches yielded from plants are pharmaceutically useful as binders, diluents, disintegrants, and lubricants.Methods: Starches were extracted from E. scandens seed powder using alkali method (sodium hydroxide at 0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5% concentrations) and water. These starches were subjected for the evaluation of various physicochemical properties and phytochemical tests.Results: The phytochemical tests revealed the presence of only starch in all the extracts. Of all the starches, the starch prepared from 0.5% sodium hydroxide (ESS4) showed best physicochemical properties. Solid dispersions were prepared using telmisartan, poloxamer-188, and starch (ESS4) in various concentrations using fusion technique. Various pre-formulation parameters were evaluated. From in vitro dissolution studies, it was observed that the solid dispersion formulation TP7 containing telmisartan and poloxamer-188 in 1:4 ratios showed better dissolution rate. Solid dispersion TPS7 containing TP7 formulation and 15% w/w of alkali extracted starch showed faster disintegration and enhanced dissolution rate than the solid dispersions prepared alone with poloxamer-188. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetric studies for optimized formulations revealed that there were no major interactions between the drug and excipients. X-ray diffraction studies revealed the crystalline and amorphous nature of formulations.Conclusion: Thus, the solid dispersions prepared using E. scandens seed starch revealed the superdisintegrant property of starch.
PROTECTING OUTCOME OF ETHYL ACETATE FRACTION OF AQUEOUS-METHANOL: 40:60 EXTRACT OF SEED OF MYRISTICA FRAGRANS HOUTT. IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RAT: A DOSE DEPENDENT STUDY
Authors: Dey Ankita , Tripathy Adrija , Ghosh Debidas
Published: September 2018

Objective: The investigation has been conducted to find out the threshold dose of ethyl acetate fraction prepared from aqueous-methanol (40:60) extract of seed of Myristica fragrans (Houtt.) from the dose dependent experiment by noting the remedial effects of the said fraction on different complications developed in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat.Methods: Diabetic condition was made by single intramascular injection of streptozotocin at a dose of 4 mg/0.1 ml citrate buffer/100 g body weight. Treatment was conducted at different doses for 28 d on diabetic rat. Efficacy of the fraction on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and serum insulin levels, activities of key carbohydrate metabolic enzymes such as hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydogenase, glucose-6-phosphatase of hepatic and skeletomuscular tissue as well as antioxidative enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) in connection with the levels of oxidative stress end products such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), conjugated diene (CD) in hepatic and renal tissue and gene expression of hexokinase-1, SOD, Bax, Bcl-2 in hepatic tissue were assessed.Results: After different doses of fraction treatment to the diabetic animals; FBG, serum insulin levels and activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes i.e. hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphatase were rectified towards the control at the level of p<0.05. There is a significant (p<0.05) recovery in the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and SOD in respect to the vehicle treated diabetic group. Oxidative stress end products such as CD and TBARS levels were increased significantly (p<0.05) in vehicle treated diabetic rats and was rectified significantly (p<0.05) after fraction treatment at the dose of 10 mg or 20 mg or 40 mg fraction treated group. Gene expression of hexokinase-1, superoxide dismutase, bax and bcl-2 was rectified towards vehicle treated control significantly at the level of p<0.05 after treatment of different doses of fractions to the diabetic animals.Conclusion: The study indicates that the seeds of Myristica fragrans at the dose of 20 mg/100 g body weight possess most effective outcome to manage diabetic disorders in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.
IDENTIFICATION OF SILDENAFIL CITRATE AS AN ADULTERANT IN HERBAL PRODUCTS USING HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH PHOTODIODE ARRAY DETECTOR
Authors: Al-amin Mohammad , Sultana Gazi Nurun Nahar , Hossain Chowdhury Faiz
Published: September 2018

Objective: Investigation of sildenafil citrate as an adulterant in the traditional liquid herbal products of the local market in Bangladesh.Methods: A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with photodiode array (PDA) detector system has been developed and validated for investigating the presence of synthetic phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE-5) enzyme inhibitor as an adulterant in the traditional herbal products. Nine of the liquid preparations (syrup), Balarista (A), Jinsant (B), Jernide (C), Bolarist (D), Sree Gopal Oil (E), Menostroge (F), Enerton (G), Ginseng (H) and Ginsin Plus (I), of six companies form local market of Bangladesh were investigated.Results: All the products (A–I) were found to contain sildenafil citrate as an adulterant. HPLC peak of the adulterant was confirmed by comparing retention time, UV spectra generated by PDA detector and peak spiking with the authentic sample of sildenafil citrate. The quantity of sildenafil citrate in A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H and I syrups were found to be 17, 22, 26, 25, 10, 24, 29, 22 and 17 mg/100 ml, respectively.Conclusion: The study indicated that all tested liquid herbal products contain sildenafil citrate as an adulterant. As PDE-5 inhibitors have severe side effects, possess drug-drug interaction and highly recommended to prescribe by registered physicians, the regulatory agency of Bangladesh should take necessary action to minimize the risk of patients.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL, PHYTOCHEMICALS AND ANTIOXIDANT EVALUATION OF GUAZUMA ULMIFOLIA FRUIT
Authors: Duraiswamy Bhavani , Singanan Malairajan , Varadarajan Vanitha
Published: September 2018

Objective: The present study was designed to evaluate the physicochemical, qualitative, quantitative analysis and antioxidant activity of ethanol fruit extract of Guazuma ulmifolia. Studies were carried out to detect the bioactive component.Methods: The physiochemical properties such as loss on drying, extractive value for ethyl acetate, acetone, ethanol, total ash, acid insoluble ash, water-soluble ash and PH values; the phytochemical such as tannins, phenol, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponin, quinones, cardiac glycosides, coumarin, steroids and acids were found using standard methods. The total phenol and flavonoid content were estimated by Folinciocalteu and Aluminium chloride by colorimetric method. In vitro antioxidants, properties were evaluated by DPPH and FRAP assay.Results: Phytochemical analysis reveals the availability of secondary metabolites like tannins, phenol, terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarin, steroids, and cardiac glycosides in the different extract. The quantitative analysis for ethanolic fruit extract was done for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC). An ethanolic extract found to have high TPC [27.2797±0.1756] than TFC. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH assay (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl-hydrate) and FRAP (ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma).Conclusion: On the basis of this study, it was found that the Guazuma ulmifolia fruits have potential to act as a source of useful drugs due to the presence of various active phytochemical constituent, which will be helpful in preventing various diseases caused by the oxidative stress.
ASSESSMENT OF PHARMACIST MEDIATED EDUCATION ON MEDICATION ADHERENCE BEHAVIOR IN TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS IN SOUTH INDIAN RURAL POPULATION
Authors: Adepu Sai Pawan Ramesh , Sam Steny , Omanakuttan Cuckoo , K V Ramanatha , Yashaswini Yegurla
Published: September 2018

Objective: To assess the influence of pharmacist mediated education on medication adherence behavior (MMAS-8) in rural patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.Methods: This is a prospective, randomized interventional study approved by the institutional ethics committee. Eligible type 2 diabetic patients with written informed consent were enrolled and randomized into control and test group. The MMAS-8 questionnaire was administered to all patients at baseline and three subsequent follow-ups. Patients in the test group received structured education at every follow-up, whereas the control group patients received education only at the final follow up. SPSS software was used to evaluate the data.Results: Among the 72 patients enrolled, 35 were randomized into a control group and 37 into the test group. Majority of the study patients (65.2%) were males with an age range of 30 to 72 y and were from agriculture profession (34.72%) with school education (59.7%). The mean body mass index (BMI) of the study patients was 25.01. At baseline, the mean glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) value of patients was 6.48±1.39% in the control group and 6.23±1.16% in the test group. During the last follow-up, a significant (p<0.05) improvement was observed in MMAS-8 scores in test group patients compared to control group patients which were supported by statistically significant (p<0.05) improvement in capillary blood glucose (CBG) values.Conclusion: Pharmacist mediated structured education has shown a positive impact on medication adherence behavior of test group patients towards their disease management.
As políticas para expansão e democratização do acesso à Educação Superior no cenário brasileiro
Authors: De Bastiani Sherlon Cristina , Arbage Lucas Andres
Published: September 2018

As políticas para a expansão e democratização do acesso à educação superior no Brasil constituem a temática central deste estudo. Objetiva-se amparar-se na literatura para apreender entendimentos acerca dos conceitos de expansão e democratização do acesso ao ensino superior, buscar as principais políticas que favoreceram estes processos e, refletir sobre a importância desta temática no contexto brasileiro. Para tanto, este estudo caracteriza-se como bibliográfico e documental. Considera-se a década de 1990 como marco para o avanço nas políticas de expansão e democratização do acesso ao ensino superior. Apresentamos uma breve revisão teórica cerceando os conceitos de expansão e democratização do acesso ao ensino superior. Por fim, destaca-se a importância das políticas de fomento a estes dois processos, no cenário brasileiro, haja vista o histórico de como a educação superior se desenvolve no país.Palavras-chave: Política de educação. Educação Superior. Expansão. Democratização.
Modelos didáticos como estratégia investigativa e colaborativa para o ensino de Botânica
Authors: Corte Viviana Borges , Saraiva Fernanda Guimarães , Perin Idalina Tereza De Almeida Leite
Published: September 2018

A desmotivação dos alunos é frequentemente tida pelos professores de Biologia como causa do insucesso escolar. Para superar tal dificuldade, um projeto de pesquisa foi realizado, liderado pelos estudantes de uma escola pública de ensino médio no município de Vitória-ES. Em atividade investigativa acerca das principais dificuldades na aprendizagem de biologia, os conceitos de Botânica mostraram-se prioritários. Modelos didáticos para aulas de botânica foram elaborados pelos alunos de forma coletiva e colaborativa, e utilizados em aulas mais tarde, com o objetivo de tornar as aulas mais interessantes. Uma avaliação dos modelos foi realizada pelos professores de biologia e pelos alunos. A utilização dos modelos didáticos e a liderança dos alunos autores do projeto, mostram-se importantes estratégias motivadora, tendo tornado as aulas mais participativas, as relações mais horizontais entre alunos e professores e, assim, facilitou a aprendizagem de conceitos relacionados à botânica entre muitas outras habilidades.
As espécies ameaçadas e a educação ambiental: conhecimento de estudantes sobre o papagaio-de-peito-roxo
Authors: Kroth Nádia , Cassol Angélica Soligo , Muller Eliara Solange
Published: September 2018

A escola tem papel fundamental na divulgação científica do conhecimento sobre as espécies, principalmente nas disciplinas de Ciências e Biologia e através da inserção de ações de educação ambiental. Para que estas ações sejam efetivas é fundamental perceber como os indivíduos conhecem e percebem o mundo natural que os rodeia. Visando entender se o contato com a natureza interfere no conhecimento de estudantes, investigamos o conhecimento dos mesmos sobre a espécie Amazona vinacea (papagaio-de-peito-roxo). Aplicamos um questionário para 63 estudantes do 9° ano do ensino fundamental, avaliamos o ambiente escolar e questionamos as professoras de ciências sobre suas aulas na natureza. O contato mais frequente com a natureza influenciou o conhecimento sobre a espécie. Diante disso, ressaltamos a importância de identificar o conhecimento prévio dos estudantes antes de serem trabalhadas ações na educação ambiental.
Educación Religiosa en Latinoamerica
Authors: Cecchetti Elcio , Méndez Méndez Jose Mario
Published: September 2018

Editorial