bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the gain factors of 5G-assisted BDS RTK positioning in urban environments
Authors: Chen Weixiang , Wang Tengfei , Yao Zheng , Lu Mingquan , Wang Yi , Li Cheng
Published: August 2024

The joint utilization of the Fifth Generation Communications Technology (5G) and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) serves as a promising solution to address the challenges associated with insufficient visible satellites and lower observation quality in urban environments. 5G allows for the angle and distance measurements, augmenting the performance of Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning. To quantify the improvement of 5G observations on RTK positioning, this paper proposes a float solution gain factor and the Ambiguity Dilution of Precision (ADOP) gain factor. Based on these gain factors, the theoretical analysis and simulation are performed. This study designs an extended Kalman filter for 5G-assisted BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) RTK positioning, employing both the Full Ambiguity Resolution (FAR) and Partial Ambiguity Resolution (PAR) modes. Our experiment verified the effectiveness of 5G-assisted BDS RTK positioning in mitigating outlier occurrences and improving the ambiguity fixing rate as well as the positioning accuracy. In the FAR and PAR modes, the Three-Dimensional (3D) spatial accuracy increased by 48% and 18.8%, respectively, and the results are consistent with theoretical analysis based on gain factors. The fixing rate of RTK increased from 11.11% to 13.93%, while it increased from 32.58% to 44.43% for the PAR mode. The assistance of 5G observations reduced the median error for the FAR mode from over 1.3m to 0.9 m, and the third quartile from 2.1m to 1.05 m. For the PAR mode, the median error decreased from 0.5m to 0.12 m, and the third and fourth quartiles decreased from 0.65m to 0.38 m.
Incidence of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a single center retrospective analysis
Authors: Poruban Tibor , Studencan Martin , Kirsch Peter , Novotny Robert
Published: August 2024

Background

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is an acute and usually reversible condition that often mimics the course of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), making it particularly challenging to differentiate, especially in the initial phases. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the incidence, clinical course, examination results, and in-hospital mortality of TTC in patients with ACS hospitalized at our cardiology center from January 2018 to October 2023.

Results

During the study period, a total of 3835 selective coronary angiograms were urgently performed at our facility, with a diagnosis of TTC established in 52 (1.35%) patients, the majority of whom were females—48 (93%), with an average age of 64.2 ± 10.2 years. Stress-induced mechanisms were identified in 36 (69%) patients. The most common symptom was chest pain (86.5%). Electrocardiographic changes primarily included ST-segment elevations (61.6%) and depressions (14%). The average left ventricular ejection fraction was 45.1 ± 8.3 (33–57%), typically with an echocardiographic pattern of apical ballooning dysfunction followed by midventricular dyskinesia. In-hospital mortality was zero.

Conclusions

TTC is a reversible condition with a low incidence of complications. Its occurrence in our patient cohort is lower compared to international registries. However, as demonstrated in this study, it is associated with significant in-hospital morbidity.
Oxaliplatin Added to Fluoropyrimidine/Bevacizumab as Initial Therapy for Unresectable Metastatic Colorectal Cancer in Older Patients: A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label Phase III Trial (JCOG1018)
Authors: Takashima Atsuo , Hamaguchi Tetsuya , Mizusawa Junki , Nagashima Fumio , Ando Masahiko , Ojima Hitoshi , Denda Tadamichi , Watanabe Jun , Shinozaki Katsunori , Baba Hideo , Asayama Masako , Hasegawa Seiji , Masuishi Toshiki , Nakata Ken , Tsukamoto Shunsuke , Katayama Hiroshi , Nakamura Kenichi , Fukuda Haruhiko , Kanemitsu Yukihide , Shimada Yasuhiro ,   on behalf of Colorectal Cancer Study Group in Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG)
Published: August 2024

PURPOSE

Doublet chemotherapy with fluoropyrimidine (FP) and oxaliplatin (OX) plus bevacizumab (BEV) is a standard regimen for unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer (MCRC). However, the efficacy of adding OX to FP plus BEV (FP + BEV) remains unclear for older patients, a population for whom FP + BEV is standard. We aimed to confirm the superiority of adding OX to FP + BEV for this population.

METHODS

This open-label, randomized, phase III trial was conducted at 42 institutions in Japan. Patients with unresectable MCRC age 70-74 years with Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG-PS) 2 and those 75 years and older with ECOG-PS 0-2 were randomly assigned (1:1) to an FP + BEV arm or an OX addition (FP + BEV + OX) arm. Fluorouracil plus levofolinate calcium or capecitabine was declared before enrollment. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). The study was registered in the Japan Registry of Clinical Trials (identifier: jRCTs031180145).

RESULTS

Between September 2012 and March 2019, 251 patients were randomly assigned to the FP + BEV arm (n = 125) and the FP + BEV + OX arm (n = 126). The median age was 80 and 79 years in the respective arm. The median PFS was 9.4 months (95% CI, 8.3 to 10.3) in the FP + BEV arm and 10.0 months (9.0 to 11.2) in the FP + BEV + OX arm (hazard ratio [HR], 0.84 [90.5% CI, 0.67 to 1.04]; one-sided
P
= .086). The median overall survival was 21.3 months (18.7 to 24.3) in the FP + BEV arm and 19.7 months (15.5 to 25.5) in the FP + BEV + OX arm (HR, 1.05 [0.81 to 1.37]). The proportion of any grade ≥3 adverse events was higher in the FP + BEV + OX arm (52%
v
69%). There was one treatment-related death in the FP + BEV arm and three in the FP + BEV + OX arm.

CONCLUSION

No benefit of adding OX to FP + BEV as first-line treatment was demonstrated in older patients with MCRC. FP + BEV is recommended for this population.
On Addiction
Authors: Weinberg Darin
Published: August 2024

Mainstream addiction science sees addiction either as a biomedical disease that renders one incapable of self-control or as a voluntary practice engaged in freely. In On Addiction, Darin Weinberg shows how this dynamic is deeply influenced by a series of binaries (free will/determinism, mind/body, objectivity/subjectivity) that hinder our understanding of addiction. Here, he offers a new theorization of addiction in which he breaks down these contradictions and incompatibilities, calling into question the taken-for-granted distinction between the “biological” and the “social.” To the extent that it is understood as a loss of self-control over one’s behavior, addiction, Weinberg contends, requires a supple theoretical framework that provides for movements into and out of self-control, for the social and natural processes that influence these movements, for the historical contexts within which they occur, and for the ethical ramifications of taking them seriously. To create this framework, Weinberg brings together history, ethnography, and critical theory as well as the clinical and social sciences. In this way, Weinberg takes a more holistic approach to examining the fundamental nature and ethics of addiction.
Clinical Capacity Building Through Partnerships: Boots on the Ground in Global Neurosurgery
Authors: Lippa Laura , Cadieux Magalie , Barthélemy Ernest J. , Baticulon Ronnie E. , Ghotme Kemel A. , Shlobin Nathan A. , Piquer José , Härtl Roger , Lafuente Jesus , Uche Enoch , Young Paul H. , Copeland William R. , Henderson Fraser , Sims-Williams Hugh P. , Garcia Roxanna M. , Rosseau Gail , Qureshi Mubashir Mahmood
Published: August 2024

Global neurosurgery seeks to provide quality neurosurgical health care worldwide and faces challenges because of historical, socioeconomic, and political factors. To address the shortfall of essential neurosurgical procedures worldwide, dyads between established neurosurgical and developing centers have been established. Concerns have been raised about their effectiveness and ability to sustain capacity development. Successful partnerships involve multiple stakeholders, extended timelines, and twinning programs. This article outlines current initiatives and challenges within the neurosurgical community. This narrative review aims to provide a practical tool for colleagues embarking on clinical partnerships, the Engagements and assets, Capacity, Operative autonomy, Sustainability, and scalability (ECOSystem) of care. To create the ECOSystem of care in global neurosurgery, the authors had multiple online discussions regarding important points in the practical tool. All developed tiers were expanded based on logistics, clinical, and educational aspects. An online search was performed from August to November 2023 to highlight global neurosurgery partnerships and link them to tiers of the ECOSystem. The ECOSystem of care involves 5 tiers: Tiers 0 (foundation), 1 (essential), 2 (complexity), 3 (autonomy), and 4 (final). A nonexhaustive list of 16 neurosurgical partnerships was created and serves as a reference for using the ECOSystem. Personal experiences from the authors through their partnerships were also captured. We propose a tiered approach for capacity building that provides structured guidance for establishing neurosurgical partnerships with the ECOSystem of care. Clinical partnerships in global neurosurgery aim to build autonomy, enabling independent provision of quality healthcare services.
Comparison of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Variables to Predict Adverse Events in Patients with Heart Failure
Authors: KROESEN SOPHIE H. , SNOEK JOHAN A. , VAN KIMMENADE ROLAND R. J. , MOLINGER JEROEN , ARAÚJO CLAUDIO G. , HOPMAN MARIA T. E. , EIJSVOGELS THIJS M. H. , BAKKER ESMÉE A.
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Given the rising burden of heart failure (HF), stratification of patients at increased risk for adverse events is critical. We aimed to compare the predictive value of various maximal and submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) variables for adverse events in patients with HF.

Methods

A total of 237 patients with HF (66 (58–73) yr, 30% women, 70% HF with reduced ejection fraction) completed a CPET and had 5 yr of follow-up. Baseline characteristics and clinical outcomes (all-cause mortality, major adverse cardiovascular events, and cardiovascular-related hospitalization) were extracted from electronic patient files. Receiver operating characteristics curves for maximal (e.g., peak V̇O2) and submaximal CPET variables (e.g., VE/V̇CO2 slope, cardiorespiratory optimal point (COP), V̇O2 at anaerobic threshold) were compared using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) method, whereas their calibration was assessed.

Results

One hundred three participants (43%) reached the composite endpoint, and 55 (23%) died. Percent predicted peak V̇O2 was the best predictor for adverse outcomes (AIC: 302.6) followed by COP (AIC: 304.3) and relative peak V̇O2 (mL·(kg·min)−1, AIC: 304.4). Relative peak V̇O2 (AIC: 217.1) and COP (AIC: 224.4) were also among the three best predictors for mortality, together with absolute peak V̇O2 (mL·min−1, AIC: 220.5). A good calibration between observed and predicted event rate was observed for these variables.

Conclusions

Percent predicated and relative peak V̇O2 had the best predictive accuracy for adverse events and mortality, but the submaximal COP had a noninferior predictive accuracy for adverse events in patients with HF. These findings highlight the potential of submaximal exercise testing in patients with HF.
Determining Individualized Foot Progression Angle for Reduction of Knee Medial Compartment Loading during Stepping
Authors: BAGHI RAZIYEH , YIN WEI , RAMADAN AHMED , BADHYAL SUBHAM , OPPIZZI GIOVANNI , XU DALI , BOWMAN PETER , HENN FRANK , ZHANG LI-QUN
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Modifying foot progression angle (FPA), the angle between the line from the heel to the second metatarsal head and the line of progression, can reduce peak knee adduction moment (pKAM). However, determining the optimal FPA that minimizes pKAM without inducing unnatural walking patterns can be challenging. This study investigated the FPA–pKAM relationship using a robotic stepping trainer to assess the feasibility of determining the optimal FPA based on this relationship. In addition, it examined knee moments during stepping with three different FPAs, as stepping is a recommended exercise for knee osteoarthritis rehabilitation.

Methods

Twenty-six asymptomatic individuals stepped on a robotic stepping trainer, which measured six-axis footplate-reaction forces/torques and three-dimensional ankle kinematics to determine external knee moments. The robot rotated the footplates slowly (~0.5 deg·s−1) between 10°-toe-out and 10°-toe-in while participants stepped continuously, unaware of the footplate rotations. The slope of pKAM–FPA relationship during continuous stepping was determined. Peak three-dimensional knee moments were compared between the 10°-toe-in, 0°-FPA, and 10°-toe-out FPAs with repeated-measures ANOVA. Multiple linear regression determined the covariates that predicted pKAM during stepping.

Results

Eighteen participants had lower pKAM and KAM impulse with 10°-toe-in than 10°-toe-out (P < 0.001) and 0°-FPA (P < 0.001 and P = 0.008, respectively; called toe-in responders). Conversely, eight participants reduced pKAM and KAM impulse with 10°-toe-out compared with 0°-FPA (P < 0.001, P = 0.017) and 10°-toe-in (P = 0.026, P = 0.004; called toe-out responders). A linear pKAM–FPA relationship was determined for each individual, and its slope (the pKAM rate with FPA) was positive for toe-in responders (P < 0.01) and negative for toe-out responders (P = 0.02). Regression analysis revealed that smaller pKAM with toe-in, in toe-in responders, was explained by increased tibia medial tilt, tibia internal rotation, footplate-reaction lateral force, footplate-reaction anterior force, and decreased footplate-reaction internal rotation torque.

Conclusions

Individuals may exhibit different responses to FPA modification during stepping. The slope and intercept of the linear pKAM–FPA relationship can be determined for individual subjects. This allows for a targeted pKAM reduction through guided FPA positioning and potentially offers subject-specific precision knee osteoarthritis rehabilitation.
Comparative analysis of seagrass habitat structure: distinct patterns at semi-enclosed and open sites in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Mirdayanti  , Kadir Nadiarti Nurdin , La Nafie Yayu A
Published: August 2024

Habitat structure in the seagrass ecosystems are crucial for coastal biodiversity and substrate stability. The purpose of this research conducted from June to December 2021 in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia was to examine the habitat structure of seagrass beds at two sites with different levels of exposure: Puntondo (semi-enclosed bay) and Batu Kalasi (exposed). Species identification, non-metric multidimensional scaling (nMDS), Bray Curtis cluster analysis, similarity percentage (SIMPER), Particle Size Analysis (PSA), and satellite imagery were used to evaluate complexity, heterogeneity, sediment particle size, and extent. The presence of macroalgae and coral species at Batu Kalasi, likely related to substrate condition, contributed to significant differences in seagrass community composition. The nMDS and Bray Curtis cluster analyses revealed patterns of complexity, while satellite imagery revealed habitat heterogeneity. Seagrass meadow tracking showed a larger and more patchy area in Puntondo Village, measuring 164,318 m², while in Batu Kalasi Island, it only reached 136,901 m². The findings underscore the need for tailored conservation strategies for seagrass ecosystems, in particular to address the specific challenges observed at each site, emphasizing the importance of understanding and preserving diverse coastal environments.
La situación de los indefinidos no fijos en las administraciones públicas tras la reciente doctrina del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea.
Authors: Arufe Varela Alberto
Published: August 2024

: En relación con la figura del «indefinido no fijo», la más reciente jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea tiene una doble vertiente. De un lado, la relativa al «indefinido no fijo» de naturaleza jurídica laboral, respecto del que no procede su asimilación automática al trabajador fijo. De otro lado, la relativa al «indefinido no fijo» de naturaleza jurídica administrativa, un asunto que se le ha escapado definitivamente de las manos a la Sala de lo Social de nuestro Tribunal Supremo, al tener que pronunciarse definitivamente sobre el mismo la Sala de lo Contencioso-Administrativo del propio Tribunal Supremo.
La extinción del contrato por gran invalidez, incapacidad permanente absoluta o total a la luz del asunto Ca Na Negreta.
Authors: Beltran de Heredia Ruiz Ignasi
Published: August 2024

El propósito de este trabajo es analizar la fundamentación de la STJUE 18 de enero 2024 (C-631/22), Ca Na Negreta, y su impacto en la regulación de la extinción del contrato por incapacidad permanente prevista en el art. 49.1.e ET y las primeras reacciones jurisdiccionales aplicando esta doctrina, así como la propuesta de reforma de este precepto incorporando la necesidad de adoptar ajustes razonables anunciada por el Gobierno.
Sharp Waiting-Time Bounds for Multiserver Jobs
Authors: Hong Yige , Wang Weina
Published: August 2024

Multiserver jobs, which are jobs that occupy multiple servers simultaneously during service, are prevalent in today’s computing clusters. But, little is known about the delay performance of systems with multiserver jobs. We consider queueing models for multiserver jobs in scaling regimes where the system load becomes heavy and meanwhile, the total number of servers in the system and the number of servers that a job needs become large. Prior work has derived upper bounds on the queueing probability in this scaling regime. However, without proper lower bounds, the existing results cannot be used to differentiate between policies. In this paper, we study the delay performance by establishing sharp bounds on the steady-state mean waiting time of multiserver jobs, where the waiting time of a job is the time spent in queueing rather than in service. We first characterize the exact order of the mean waiting time under the first come, first serve (FCFS) policy. Then, we prove a lower bound on the mean waiting time of all policies, which has an order gap with the mean waiting time under FCFS. We show that the lower bound is achievable by a priority policy that we call smallest need first (SNF).

Funding: This research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation [Grant ECCS-2145713].

Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/stsy.2023.0006 .
Is saving the arts as simple as it seems?
Authors: Baker Charlotte
Published: August 2024

Dr Charlotte Baker, associate lecturer at Derby University, responds to a recent article in The Guardian, asking different practitioners how the points it raises connect to early years everyday practices, and the experiences of the creative arts had by the children in their care.
High-speed 2D materials inspection using a microscopic dynamic spectroscopic imaging ellipsometer
Authors: Choi Sukhyun , Woo Chae Young , Hwang Gukhyeon , Kheiryzadehkhanghah Saeid , Choi Inho , Cho Yong Jai , Lee Hyung Woo , Chegal Won , Kim Daesuk
Published: August 2024

We describe a high-speed two-dimensional (2D) materials inspection method by using a microscopic dynamic spectroscopic imaging ellipsometer. This system employs a high-numerical-aperture (NA) objective telecentric lens module. Unlike conventional spectroscopic imaging ellipsometers, which require relatively long acquisition times due to rotating polarization elements, our proposed system uses a monolithic polarizing interferometric module. This allows it to extract a spatio-spectral ellipsometric phase map Δ(λ,x) of 2D materials like graphene. It achieves a spatial resolution of a few microns at a speed of a few tens of milliseconds. In this study, we demonstrate that the proposed microscopic dynamic spectroscopic imaging ellipsometer can provide spectroscopic ellipsometric phase data Δ(λ) with 165 spectral bands in the visible range. It inspects a monolayer graphene flake area of 2.5mm∗1.65mm in just 1 min, which is the fastest 2D materials inspection capability ever reported, to our knowledge.
Multi-component gas sensing and signal reception principles using a Raman spectroscopy fiber-optic sensor based on free-space optical coupling
Authors: Cheng Mengen , Nie Qilu , Yu Haihu , Liu Zhixiong , Pei Shilong , Yang Dexun , Cheng Cheng , Yang Minghong , Guo Donglai
Published: August 2024

Raman spectroscopy has demonstrated widespread applicability across diverse medical, environmental, and industrial sectors. This paper introduces a Raman spectroscopy fiber-optic sensor based on free-space optical coupling. Its simplified structure and high tolerance to alignment render it highly adaptable to various complex environments, thereby significantly expanding the on-site utility of Raman spectroscopy technology. Through a detailed analysis of Raman signal reception system principles, we have discovered the relationship between signal intensity and the diameter of the optical fiber responsible for signal reception. Leveraging this insight, we have implemented a fiber bundle to boost the system’s signal intensity by a factor of 2.5. This enhancement has enabled us to achieve a methane detection limit of 18 ppm with an exposure time of 60 s. These findings validate the enhanced performance of our Raman spectroscopy fiber-optic sensor probe and highlight its potential for various practical applications.
Comparison of automated and manual intracellular particle tracking using quantitative phase imaging
Authors: Harpring Alyssa L. , Pradeep Soorya , Zangle Thomas A.
Published: August 2024

Transport within cells is commonly studied using particle tracking methods. However, these typically require either labeling or identification of specific organelles that can be identified and tracked from label-free imaging modalities, limiting application of this approach. Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) provides dynamic data on the redistribution of mass within live cells, potentially enabling broader application of particle tracking methods. In previous work, we developed quantitative phase velocimetry (QPV) to automatically track the motion of subcellular control volumes from QPI data. However, the relationship of QPV to traditional particle tracking methods has not been established. Here, we directly compare QPV to manual particle tracking across multiple drug treatment conditions. We find that QPV effective diffusivity is correlated with diffusivity measured from manual particle tracking. The differences between QPV and manual tracking are explained by the difference in effective size of particles tracked by QPV. Overall, these data indicate that automated tracking of the motion of cellular mass from QPI data can effectively be used to characterize effective diffusivity within living cells.
Ancilla-free scheme for the photon-addition operation and its application to squeezing and coherence manipulation
Authors: Idrees Muhammad , Zhang Shengli
Published: August 2024

The photon-addition operation is the inverse of the photon-subtraction operation and has many important applications in research on photon number statistics in quantum optics. In this study, we propose a scheme for a photon-addition operation with ancilla-free photonic manipulation. This is in strong contrast to conventional photon-addition operations in which a single-photon ancilla is an indispensable resource for photon addition. Moreover, our scheme helps break the exponential decay trend in the probability of success for photon addition operating in large Fock states. Thus, our scheme can be considered as a useful tool for manipulating the photon number of a bright coherent state or a strongly squeezed state in the near future. To be precise, we used the SU(1,1) beamsplitter to replace the conventional beamsplitter, and our work can be considered another important application of the SU(1,1) beamsplitter. The photon-addition operation is applied to both single- and two-mode quantum entangled states, and our results show that SU(1,1)-based photon addition is more powerful and efficient in terms of the fidelity and success probability of the photon-addition operation.
Repetition rate optimized 2  µm gain-switched diode pumped MIR supercontinuum
Authors: Smith C. R. , Yeh D. H. , Montague P. B. , Petersen C. R. , Bang O.
Published: August 2024

Mid-infrared supercontinuum (SC) sources can benefit from low-cost pumps with center wavelength longer than the zero-dispersion wavelength of fluoride fibers (∼1600nm). This makes thulium-doped lasers an attractive technology, but their relative intensity noise (RIN) is typically not characterized. Furthermore, is low pump noise even a requirement for SC applications? With focus on low cost, we have developed a three-stage amplified 1946 nm gain-switched diode (GSD) demonstrating 12% RIN and flexible repetition rate control, which crucially allows the user to optimize SC performance specific to the application. We demonstrate a maximum −10dB bandwidth of 1873–3986 nm at 2 MHz and a minimum RIN of 6.1% at 1900 nm, 10.4% at 2300 nm, and 16.6% at 3250 nm at 1 MHz. We define a figure of merit for operation between the 3000 and 3500 nm region and demonstrate that it is maximized at 3 MHz, showcasing the power of this control in optimizing specific performance metrics. This performance is compared with a SC spanning 1900–3796 nm, pumped by an amplified thulium-doped mode-locked fiber laser operating at 5.8 MHz with <0.11% RIN. Despite the vastly superior pump noise, comparative SC RIN values of 2.0% at 1900 nm, 9.5% at 2300 nm, and 8.5% at 3250 nm were obtained, indicating that the modulational instability driven SC generation process dominates noise performance, thereby reducing the need for low pump noise.
Inverse-designed integrated all-optical nonlinear activators for optical computing
Authors: Yang Zhan , He Jiajing , Yan Zhouyuan , Hu Yibiao , Li Xiaobo , Dong Ningning , Wang Jun
Published: August 2024

Optical neural networks (ONNs) have been considered as an alternative solution to overcome the arithmetic and energy bottlenecks of electronic neural networks. However, the widespread implementation of ONNs is hindered by their lack of optical nonlinearity. In this work, three ultra-compact all-optical nonlinear activators are inverse-designed by combining the adjoint method and Kerr nonlinearity. The nonlinear response is mainly generated by the Kerr and the thermo-optic (TO) effect associated with the nonlinear refractive index. Transmission-as-computation and structure-as-function are realized, with a minimum activation threshold of 2.34 mW. In addition, we validated the feasibility and capability of the proposed method against benchmark machine learning tasks, in which the addition of nonlinear activation functions significantly improved the expressive power of the ONN, increasing the testing accuracy obtained from the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) task from 88.15% to 93.25%. The proposed ONN framework with our nonlinear activators exhibited good robustness against phase errors in the network topology. We believe that this study contributes to the future development of large-scale chip-level ONNs.
Hyper-NLOS: hyperspectral passive non-line-of-sight imaging
Authors: Chen Mingyang , Liu Hao , Jin Shaohui , Liu Mengge , Xu Ziqin , Jiang Xiaoheng , xu Ming Liang
Published: August 2024

Passive non-line-of-sight (NLOS) imaging has potential applications in autonomous driving and search and rescue, but current deep learning approaches often produce suboptimal images due to sparse and homogeneous projection features, leading to an ill-posed reconstruction process. To address this, we propose the Hyperspectral Fusion NLOS imaging technique (HFN-Net), which first leverages high-dimensional features from multiple spectra and incorporates spatial-spectral attention from a hyperspectral full-color auto-encoder. This method improves color fidelity and structural details by fully utilizing the limited information and increasing feature diversity. Additionally, we developed the Hyperspectral NLOS dataset (HS-NLOS) for training and evaluation. Experimental results show that HFN-Net offers performance improvements over traditional passive NLOS 2D imaging techniques, emphasizing the importance of multi-spectral information.
Characterizing strong-field tunneling ionization with a phase-dependent THz polarization spectrum
Authors: Gan Ziyang , Chen Ahai , Guo Jiahui , Chen Yange , Yan Tian-Min , Zhang Yizhu , Jiang Yuhai
Published: August 2024

The terahertz radiation emitted by asymmetrically ionized wavepackets in two-color strong-field tunneling ionization is essential for detecting the system's associated electron dynamics and structural properties. We propose to characterize and control tunneling ionization using a phase-dependent terahertz polarization (PTP) spectrum, analyzed through a combination of the classical trajectory Monte Carlo method, an analytical model based on the virial theorem, and the rigorous solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation as a benchmark. Our results demonstrate that the PTP spectrum offers a high-precision measure of the Coulomb effect through the relative phase of the two-color laser. Comparisons of PTP results calculated using different methods suggest how the electron can be manipulated by controlling the relative phase and laser intensity. In particular, the PTP spectrum can be used to calibrate the relative phase and provides a convenient and robust reconstruction of the time-averaging of tunneling positions with high precision using the analytical model. These insights reveal that the PTP spectrum as a whole can be a new and useful tool for the all-optical characterization of ultrafast atomic and molecular ionization.
Light funneling into localized acoustic graphene plasmons for extreme infrared and terahertz field enhancement and confinement
Authors: Tang Linlong , Jia Yu , Yang Shan , Wen Xinhao , Dong Jiduo , Luo Peng , Wei Wei , Shi Haofei
Published: August 2024

Enhancing light-matter interaction through deep subwavelength-scale confinement is crucial for numerous applications like molecular sensing, optoelectronic devices, and non-linear optics. Here, we report the excitation of localized acoustic graphene plasmons (LAGPs) confined in a sub-micro- wide, nanometer-thick layer using a metal slit antenna. This approach enables light funneling in the infrared and terahertz regimes, leading to strong field enhancement and confinement. LAGPs exhibit broad-band excitation characteristics, with the number of excited modes adjustable via the symmetry of the relative positioning between graphene and the metal slit. Detailed analysis indicates that the local field intensities of LAGPs are critically influenced by both the periodicity of the device structure and the electron relaxation time of graphene. These findings are effectively elucidated using temporal coupled mode theory. In comparison to conventional non-localized acoustic graphene plasmons, LAGPs demonstrate significantly improved field confinement and enhancement attributed to the funneling effect. Our study presents a promising avenue for achieving robust light-matter interaction and holds potential for various applications in the infrared and terahertz domains.
Enhanced intrinsic chiroptical response of resonant metallic metasurfaces
Authors: Wang Yiyuan , Qin Chunhua , Hu Hui , Liu Jianlong , Guan Chunying , Kivshar Yuri , Koshelev Kirill , Shi Jinhui
Published: August 2024

The physics of resonant metasurfaces underpins many electromagnetic functionalities with enhanced performance by virtue of resonant excitations. Resonances originating from bound states in the continuum (BICs) were recently recognized in photonics for their superior optical properties, strong local field enhancement, and suppression of radiative losses. Very recently, a concept of intrinsically chiral dielectric BIC metasurfaces was proposed that combines strong narrowband resonant features with the polarization control of scattered light. Here, we design a resonant chiral metallic metasurface supporting a BIC resonance in the microwave wavelength range. In our structure, the metasurface units (meta-atoms) are characterized with rotational and mirror spatial symmetries. We numerically characterize metasurface mode properties in eigenmode calculations and scattering spectra for linearly polarized excitation under oblique incidence. Then, we investigate intrinsic chiroptical effects for transmission of normally propagating excitation beams by breaking the meta-atom in-plane mirror symmetries. We predict that the intrinsic circular dichroism in such structures may exceed 0.74.
Polarization-dependent gain in bismuth-doped phospho- and germanosilicate fiber amplifiers
Authors: Elopov Alexander V. , Riumkin Konstantin E. , Afanasiev Fedor V. , Alyshev Sergey V. , Kharakhordin Alexander V. , Khegai Aleksandr M. , Firstova Elena G. , Firstov Sergei V. , Melkumov Mikhail A.
Published: August 2024

Polarization-dependent gain (PDG) effect was studied in a conventional core-pumping configuration of bismuth-doped fiber amplifiers (BDFAs) based on PANDA-type phospho- and germanosilicate core fibers. The PDG value was determined as the gain difference between the orthogonal signal polarizations, which was found to be in range of 2.5–3 dB at total gain of >20 dB in such BDFAs. This effect is more pronounced for BDFA with a germanosilicate fiber. The experimental results are in a good agreement with the calculated data derived from the simulation model, relying on the anisotropy parameter of bismuth active centers (BACs) obtained from the degree of luminescence polarization, which ranges between 9 and 12% for BACs-Si and 18 and 22% for BACs-P. The obtained data can be useful for the optimization of performance of BDFAs and studying structural peculiarities of BACs.
Optimization of the FPM iterative process based on bright-field spectral overlap rate analysis
Authors: Qiong Ma , Jufeng Zhao , Guangmang Cui
Published: August 2024

Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) reconstructs high-resolution images through multiple iterations on a large number of sub-images at different angles, a process that is time-consuming. For a long time, various methods for optimizing the efficiency of FPM based on the acquisition process and algorithms have been proposed. However, there has been no specific analysis of the impact that the sub-images involved in the reconstruction have on the final result. In this Letter, we conduct the first, to our knowledge, analysis of the impact of a single sub-image on the reconstruction result of a high-resolution image in different numbers of iterations and obtain a curve depicting the change in image quality after the sub-images are involved in the reconstruction in different cycles. By analyzing this curve, the sub-images that exert a negative impact on the resulting image are exported along with their corresponding LED positions. On this basis, we propose the concept of bright-field spectral overlap ratio to distinguish whether the sub-images have a positive impact on the reconstruction results under different acquisition conditions and remove the sub-images that have a negative impact on the results during the iterative process. Both simulation and real experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm can reduce the reconstruction time while maintaining image quality. Moreover, it can be combined with other methods to improve reconstruction efficiency.
Single-pixel phase imaging via a complex-valued Zernike basis
Authors: Lu Yuxin , Zhao Wenjing , Zhai Aiping , Liu Nuo , Wang Dong
Published: August 2024

Single-pixel phase imaging (SPPI) utilizes a single-pixel detector combined with interferometry to capture phase information of an unknown field. However, to reconstruct an M × N image, normally M × N modulations and detections are required, leading to a long imaging time for SPPI. Here, a complex-valued Zernike basis SPPI (Zernike-SPPI) is proposed to achieve phase reconstruction at as high quality as possible with a very low sampling ratio. Simulations and experiments demonstrate that Zernike-SPPI achieves better imaging quality at a sampling ratio of less than 10% compared to the state-of-the-art SPPI techniques based on Hadamard basis. This means Zernike-SPPI can obtain a high-quality phase image with less imaging time. This work offers a solution to achieve fast SPPI while guaranteeing quality phase reconstruction as high as possible.
The pattern of rpoB gene mutation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and predictors of rifampicin resistance detected by GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay in Tanzania
Authors: Torokaa Peter Richard , Majigo Mtebe V. , Kileo Heledy , Urio Loveness , Mbwana Mariam R. , Monah Mariam C. , Ntibabara Sephord Saul , Kimambo Jasper , Seleman Paschal , Franklin Collins , Balama Robert , Kisonga Riziki M. , Joachim Agricola
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Antimicrobial resistance inMycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) poses asignificant challenge to tuberculosis (TB) management worldwide. Rifampicin resistance (RR) has been associated with therpoBgene mutation. No study was conducted in Tanzania to determine the commonest mutation. The inconsistent findings from various studies support the need to determine whether reported mutation patterns are applicable in our setting. We determined the frequency ofrpoBgene mutation and factors associated with RR, which were detected using GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study involving data from the National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program database from 2020 to 2022 for cases investigated using GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay. Descriptive analysis was performed to determine the frequency of categorical variables. The chi-square test and logistic regression analysis assessed the relationship between the independent variables and outcome. The 95% confidence interval and a significance level of p<0.05 were used to assess the strength of association.

Results

A total of 56,004 participants had a status of MTB and RR, where 38,705/56,004 (69.11%) were males. Probe E mutation (codon 529–533), 89/219 (40.64%) was predominant. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients had a higher gene mutation, 134/10601 (1.26%) than HIV-negative, 306/45016 (0.68%) (p<0.001). Patients with both pulmonary and extra-pulmonary TB had about four times greater odds of developing rifampicin resistance (AOR 3.88, 95%CI: 1.80–8.32). RR was nearly nine times higher in previously treated patients than new patients (AOR 8.66, 95% CI: 6.97–10.76). HIV-positive individuals had nearly twice the odds of developing RR than HIV-negative individuals (AOR 1.91, 95%CI: 1.51–2.42).

Conclusion

The rate of RR was lower compared to other studies in Tanzania, with probe E mutations the most prevalent. Patients with disseminated TB, HIV co-infection and those with prior exposure to anti-TB had more risk of RR. The findings highlight the need to strengthen surveillance of multidrug-resistant TB among high risk patients.
Microbiomes of three coral species in the Mexican Caribbean and their shifts associated with the Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease
Authors: Arriaga-Piñón Zita P. , Aguayo-Leyva J. Eduardo , Álvarez-Filip Lorenzo , Banaszak Anastazia T. , Aguirre-Macedo Ma. Leopoldina , Paz-García David A. , García-Maldonado José Q.
Published: August 2024

Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD) has caused widespread coral mortality in the Caribbean Region. However, how the disease presence alters the microbiome community, their structure, composition, and metabolic functionality is still poorly understood. In this study, we characterized the microbial communities of the tissues of apparently healthy and diseased SCTLD colonies of the species Siderastrea siderea, Orbicella faveolata, and Montastraea cavernosa to explore putative changes related to the presence of SCTLD. Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Bacteroidia were the best represented classes in the healthy tissues of all coral species, and alpha diversity did not show significant differences among the species. The microbial community structure between coral species was significantly different (PERMANOVA: F = 3.46, p = 0.001), and enriched genera were detected for each species: Vibrio and Photobacterium in S. siderea, Spirochaeta2 and Marivivens in O. faveolata and SAR202_clade and Nitrospira in M. cavernosa. Evidence of SCTLD in the microbial communities was more substantial in S. siderea, where differences in alpha diversity, beta diversity, and functional profiles were observed. In O. faveolata, differences were detected only in the community structure, while M. cavernosa samples showed no significant difference. Several microbial groups were found to have enriched abundances in tissue from SCTLD lesions from S. siderea and O. faveolata, but no dominant bacterial group was detected. Our results contribute to understanding microbial diversity associated with three scleractinian coral species and the shifts in their microbiomes associated with SCTLD in the Mexican Caribbean.
Prediction of future customer needs using machine learning across multiple product categories
Authors: Kilroy David , Healy Graham , Caton Simon
Published: August 2024

In recent years, computational approaches for extracting customer needs from user generated content have been proposed. However, there is a lack of studies that focus on extracting unmet needs for future popular products. Therefore, this study presents a supervised keyphrase classification model which predicts needs that will become popular in real products in the marketplace. To do this, we utilize Trending Customer Needs (TCN)—a monthly dataset of trending keyphrase customer needs occurring in new products during 2011-2021 across multiple categories of Consumer Packaged Goods e.g. toothpaste, eyeliner, beer, etc. We are the first study to use this specific dataset and employ it by training a time series algorithm to learn the relationship between features we generate for each candidate keyphrase on Reddit to the ones in the dataset 1-3 years in the future. We show that our approach outperforms a baseline in the literature and through Multi-Task Learning can accurately predict needs for a category it wasn’t trained on e.g. train on toothpaste, cereal, and beer products yet still predict for shampoo products. The findings from this research could provide many advantages to businesses such as gaining early access into markets.
A local community on a global collective intelligence platform: A case study of individual preferences and collective bias in ecological citizen science
Authors: Arazy Ofer , Kaplan-Mintz Keren , Malkinson Dan , Nagar Yiftach
Published: August 2024

The collective intelligence of crowds could potentially be harnessed to address global challenges, such as biodiversity loss and species’ extinction. For wisdom to emerge from the crowd, certain conditions are required. Importantly, the crowd should be diverse and people’s contributions should be independent of one another. Here we investigate a global citizen-science platform—iNaturalist—on which citizens report on wildlife observations, collectively producing maps of species’ spatiotemporal distribution. The organization of global platforms such as iNaturalist around local projects compromises the assumption of diversity and independence, and thus raises concerns regarding the quality of such collectively-generated data. We spent four years closely immersing ourselves in a local community of citizen scientists who reported their wildlife sightings on iNaturalist. Our ethnographic study involved the use of questionnaires, interviews, and analysis of archival materials. Our analysis revealed observers’ nuanced considerations as they chose where, when, and what type of species to monitor, and which observations to report. Following a thematic analysis of the data, we organized observers’ preferences and constraints into four main categories: recordability, community value, personal preferences, and convenience. We show that while some individual partialities can “cancel each other out”, others are commonly shared among members of the community, potentially biasing the aggregate database of observations. Our discussion draws attention to the way in which widely-shared individual preferences might manifest as spatial, temporal, and crucially, taxonomic biases in the collectively-created database. We offer avenues for continued research that will help better understand—and tackle—individual preferences, with the goal of attenuating collective bias in data, and facilitating the generation of reliable state-of-nature reports. Finally, we offer insights into the broader literature on biases in collective intelligence systems.
Expanding the repertoire of Antibody Drug Conjugate (ADC) targets with improved tumor selectivity and range of potent payloads through in-silico analysis
Authors: Kathad Umesh , Biyani Neha , Peru y Colón De Portugal Raniero L. , Zhou Jianli , Kochat Harry , Bhatia Kishor
Published: August 2024

Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as a promising class of targeted cancer therapeutics. Further refinements are essential to unlock their full potential, which is currently limited by a lack of validated targets and payloads. Essential aspects of developing effective ADCs involve the identification of surface antigens, ideally distinguishing target tumor cells from healthy types, uniformly expressed, accompanied by a high potency payload capable of selective targeting. In this study, we integrated transcriptomics, proteomics, immunohistochemistry and cell surface membrane datasets from Human Protein Atlas, Xenabrowser and Gene Expression Omnibus utilizing Lantern Pharma’s proprietary AI platform Response Algorithm for Drug positioning and Rescue (RADR®). We used this in combination with evidence based filtering to identify ADC targets with improved tumor selectivity. Our analysis identified a set of 82 targets and a total of 290 target indication combinations for effective tumor targeting. We evaluated the impact of tumor mutations on target expression levels by querying 416 genes in the TCGA mutation database against 22 tumor subtypes. Additionally, we assembled a catalog of compounds to identify potential payloads using the NCI-Developmental Therapeutics Program. Our payload mining strategy classified 729 compounds into three subclasses based on GI50 values spanning from pM to 10 nM range, in combination with sensitivity patterns across 9 different cancer indications. Our results identified a diverse range of both targets and payloads, that can serve to facilitate multiple choices for precise ADC targeting. We propose an initial approach to identify suitable target-indication-payload combinations, serving as a valuable starting point for development of future ADC candidates.