bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute kidney injury in acute Q fever
Authors: Stewart Adam G. , Broom Jennifer , Sowden David , Hollett Peter
Published: October 2019

Coxiella burnetii infection is not known to involve directly the kidneys. Kidney injury associated with Q fever usually manifests in the setting of chronic infection or endocarditis with development of immune complex deposition. Acute kidney injury (AKI) in the context of acute Q fever infection may be more pathologically heterogeneous. We describe two cases of severe AKI secondary to acute Q fever infection, each with marked differences in pathological characteristics, and clinical course.
Microbiota characterization of sheep milk and its association with somatic cell count using 16s rRNA gene sequencing
Authors: Esteban‐Blanco Cristina , Gutiérrez‐Gil Beatriz , Puente‐Sánchez Fernando , Marina Héctor , Tamames Javier , Acedo Alberto , Arranz Juan José
Published: October 2019

This work aimed to use 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing with the Illumina MiSeq platform to describe the milk microbiota from 50 healthy Assaf ewes. The global observed microbial community for clinically healthy milk samples analysed was complex and showed a vast diversity. The core microbiota of the sheep milk includes five genera: Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, Corynebacterium, Streptococcus and Escherichia/Shigella. Although there are some differences, some of these genera are common with the microbiota core pattern of milk from other species, especially with dairy cows. The microbial composition of the studied samples, based on the definition of amplicon sequence variants, was analysed through a correlation network. A preliminary analysis by grouping the milk samples based on their somatic cell count (SCC), which is considered an indicator of subclinical mastitis (SM), showed certain differences for the core of the samples identified as SM. The differences in the microbiota diversity pattern among samples might also suggest that subclinical mastitis would be associated with the significant increase in some genera that are inhabitants of the mammary gland and a remarkable concomitant reduction in the microbial diversity. Additionally, we have also presented here a preliminary analysis to assess the impact of the sheep milk microbiome on SCC, as an indicator of subclinical mastitis. The results here reported provide a first characterization of the sheep milk microbiota and settle the basis for future studies in this field.
The Invisible Side of Managing Sustainability in Global Supply Chains: Evidence from Multitier Apparel Suppliers
Authors: Nath Shobod D. , Eweje Gabriel , Bathurst Ralph
Published: October 2019

Supply chain scholars, industry leaders, and policy makers have begun to recognize the importance of managing sustainability in global extended supply chains. However, scant attention has been paid to investigating the implementation of sustainable supply management practices from the perspective of multitier suppliers located in challenging institutional contexts. Drawing on institutional theory, this qualitative study examines how institutional pressures, mechanisms, and challenges influence the sustainability implementation of a developing country’s multitier apparel suppliers. The study not only captures the viewpoints of 46 owner–managers across 33 multitier suppliers, but also provides complementary evidence from a wide range of institutional actors. The findings show that first‐tier and second‐tier suppliers experience more collective coercive pressures than mimetic and normative pressures toward sustainability implementation. However, only coercive pressure from second‐tier suppliers influences third‐tier suppliers’ sustainability implementation. The identified key collective coercive pressures were stemming from the selection and assessment requirements of direct buyers, followed by third‐party auditors, governments, and newly emerged collective buyers’ consortia. Finally, building on empirical findings, this study presents a framework and research propositions for understanding the diffusion of sustainability to multitier suppliers.
The Effect of Taxes on the Location of Property‐Casualty Insurance Firms
Authors: Grace Martin F. , Sjoquist David L.
Published: October 2019

States levy insurance premium taxes, which are essentially gross receipt taxes on premiums. An unusual characteristic of insurance premium taxes is that in each state in which an insurance company writes premiums, the firm pays the higher of the tax rate in the state in which the company is domiciled and the state in which the policy is written. Thus, the choice of location has a significant effect on the firm's tax liability. Using firm‐level data for the property‐casualty (P‐C) insurance industry, we calculate the firm‐specific tax rate for each P‐C firm for every possible state of domicile. We estimate conditional logistic models to analyze the effect of insurance premium taxes on the choice of the state of domicile of existing and relocated firms. We find robust evidence of a small, negative, and statistically significant effect of these taxes on the choice of the state of domicile.
Rurality and Risk of Perinatal Depression Among Women in the United States
Authors: Nidey Nichole , Tabb Karen M. , Carter Knute D. , Bao Wei , Strathearn Lane , Rohlman Diane S. , Wehby George , Ryckman Kelli
Published: October 2019

Objective

Rural populations may experience more frequent and intense risk factors for perinatal depression than their urban counterparts. However, research has yet to examine rural versus urban differences in a population‐based study in the United States. Therefore, this study examined differences in risk of perinatal depression between women living in rural versus urban areas in the United States.

Method

Using 2016 data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, we examined the association between rural‐urban status and the risk of depression during the perinatal time period. The total analytical sample included 17,229 women from 14 states. The association between rural‐urban status and risk of perinatal depression was estimated using logistic regression, adjusting for race/ethnicity, maternal age, and state of residence. A second model adjusted for maternal education, health insurance status, and Women, Infants, and Children Special Supplemental Nutrition Program (WIC).

Results

Odds of perinatal depression risk were higher by 21% among rural versus urban women (OR = 1.21, 95% CI: 1.05‐1.41) adjusted for race, ethnicity, and maternal age. This risk difference became smaller and not significant when adding maternal education, health insurance coverage, and WIC participation.

Conclusion

Findings suggest a rural‐urban inequality in perinatal depression risk. Reducing this inequality may require improving socioeconomic conditions and reducing associated risk factors among rural women.
Suppression of abscisic acid biosynthesis at the early infection stage of Verticillium longisporum in oilseed rape (Brassica napus)
Authors: Behrens Falk H. , Schenke Dirk , Hossain Roxana , Ye Wanzhi , Schemmel Markus , Bergmann Thomas , Häder Claudia , Zhao Yan , Ladewig Lena , Zhu Wenxuan , Cai Daguang
Published: October 2019

Verticillium longisporum infects oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and Arabidopsis thaliana. To investigate the early response of oilseed rape to the fungal infection, we determined transcriptomic changes in oilseed rape roots at 6 days post‐inoculation (dpi) by RNA‐Seq analysis, in which non‐infected roots served as a control. Strikingly, a subset of genes involved in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis was found to be down‐regulated and the ABA level was accordingly attenuated in 6 dpi oilseed rape as compared with the control. Gene expression analysis revealed that this was mainly attributed to the suppression of BnNCED3‐mediated ABA biosynthesis, involving, for example, BnWRKY57. However, this down‐regulation of ABA biosynthesis could not be observed in infected Arabidopsis roots. Arabidopsis ABA‐ defective mutants nced3 and aao3 displayed pronounced tolerance to the fungal infection with delayed and impeded symptom development, even though fungal colonization was not affected in both mutants. These data suggest that ABA appears to be required for full susceptibility of Arabidopsis to the fungal infection. Furthermore, we found that in both 6 dpi oilseed rape and the Arabidopsis nced3 mutant, the salicylic acid (SA) signalling pathway was induced while the jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET) signalling pathway was concomitantly mitigated. Following these data, we conclude that in oilseed rape the V. longisporum infection triggers a host‐specific suppression of the NCED3‐mediated ABA biosynthesis, consequently increasing plant tolerance to the fungal infection. We believe that this might be part of the virulence strategy of V. longisporum to initiate/establish a long‐lasting compatible interaction with oilseed rape (coexistence), which appears to be different from the infection process in Arabidopsis.
Gene expression analysis of Cyanophora paradoxa reveals conserved abiotic stress responses between basal algae and flowering plants
Authors: Ferrari Camilla , Mutwil Marek
Published: October 2019

The glaucophyte Cyanophora paradoxa represents the most basal member of the kingdom Archaeplastida, but the function and expression of most of its genes are unknown. This information is needed to uncover how functional gene modules, that is groups of genes performing a given function, evolved in the plant kingdom.

We have generated a gene expression atlas capturing responses of Cyanophora to various abiotic stresses. The data were included in the CoNekT‐Plants database, enabling comparative transcriptomic analyses across two algae and six land plants.

We demonstrate how the database can be used to study gene expression, co‐expression networks and gene function in Cyanophora, and how conserved transcriptional programs can be identified. We identified gene modules involved in phycobilisome biosynthesis, response to high light and cell division. While we observed no correlation between the number of differentially expressed genes and the impact on growth of Cyanophora, we found that the response to stress involves a conserved, kingdom‐wide transcriptional reprogramming, which is activated upon most stresses in algae and land plants.

The Cyanophora stress gene expression atlas and the tools found in the https://conekt.plant.tools/ database thus provide a useful resource to reveal functionally related genes and stress responses in the plant kingdom.
Inner ear morphology of diadectomorphs and seymouriamorphs (Tetrapoda) uncovered by high‐resolution x‐ray microcomputed tomography, and the origin of the amniote crown group
Authors: Klembara Jozef , Hain Miroslav , Ruta Marcello , Berman David S , Pierce Stephanie E. , Henrici Amy C.
Published: October 2019

The origin of amniotes was a key event in vertebrate evolution, enabling tetrapods to break their ties with water and invade terrestrial environments. Two pivotal clades of early tetrapods, the diadectomorphs and the seymouriamorphs, have played an unsurpassed role in debates about the ancestry of amniotes for over a century, but their skeletal morphology has provided conflicting evidence for their affinities. Using high‐resolution X‐ray microcomputed tomography, we reveal the three‐dimensional architecture of the well preserved endosseous labyrinth of the inner ear in representative species belonging to both groups. Data from the inner ear are coded in a new cladistic matrix of stem and primitive crown amniotes. Both maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference analyses retrieve seymouriamorphs as derived non‐crown amniotes and diadectomorphs as sister group to synapsids. If confirmed, this sister group relationship invites re‐examination of character polarity near the roots of the crown amniote radiation. Major changes in the endosseous labyrinth and adjacent braincase regions are mapped across the transition from non‐amniote to amniote tetrapods and include: a ventral shift of the cochlear recess relative to the vestibule and the semicircular canals; cochlear recess (primitively housed exclusively within the opisthotic) accommodated within both the prootic and the opisthotic; development of a distinct fossa subarcuata. The inner ear of seymouriamorphs foreshadows conditions of more derived groups, whereas that of diadectomorphs shows a mosaic of plesiomorphic and apomorphic traits, some of which are unambiguously amniote‐like, including a distinct and pyramid‐like cochlear recess.
Genetic patterns and changes in availability of suitable habitat support a colonisation history of a North American perennial plant
Authors: De la Rosa‐Conroy L. , Gasca‐Pineda J. , Bello‐Bedoy R. , Eguiarte L. E. , Arteaga M. C.
Published: October 2019

Climatic fluctuations during the Pleistocene influenced the geographical distribution of plant species across the southern region of California. Following an integrative approach, we combined genetic data analysis with Environmental Niche Models (ENMs) to assess the historical range expansion of Yucca schidigera, a long‐lived desert perennial native of the Baja California Peninsula.

We genotyped 240 individuals with seven nuclear microsatellite to investigate genetic diversity distribution across 13 populations. Indeed, we used Environmental Niche Models to examine the changes on the distribution of suitable climatic conditions for this species during the LIG (~120 ka), LGM (~22 ka) and Mid Holocene (~6 ka).

We detected high genetic diversity across Y. schidigera populations (AR = 9.94 ± 0.38 SE; Hexp = 0.791 ± 0.011 SE) with genetic variation decreasing significantly with latitude (allelic richness: R 2 = 0.38, P = 0.023; expected heterocigosity: R2 = 0.32, P = 0.042). We observed low, but significant genetic differentiation (FST = 0.0678; P < 0.001) which was consistent with the parapatric distribution of the three genetic groupings detected by the Bayesian clustering algorithm. The ENMs suggest that suitable habitat for this species increased since the LGM.

Our results support a range expansion of Y. schidigera across northwestern Baja California during the late Quaternary. Genetic data suggest that colonization of the current distribution followed a southward directionality as suitable climatic conditions became widely available in this region. High genetic variation across our sample suggests large historic effective population sizes for this section of the geographical range.
Climate change and community resilience in Samoa
Authors: Latai‐Niusulu Anita , Binns Tony , Nel Etienne
Published: October 2019

Being resilient in the face of climate change seems especially important for island societies, which face the effects of rising temperatures, unpredictable rainfall, changing wind patterns and sea level rise. To date, most studies of adaptation and resilience among Pacific island communities have used indicators and methods rooted in Western science and neo‐classical economics. These have been criticized as being locally irrelevant and inadequate to appreciate the dynamic nature and social structures of island communities and their capacity to adapt. This paper challenges the paradigm that defines resilience as a return to equilibrium, by using a non‐equilibrium, cultural ecological lens. The non‐equilibrium view of resilience sees the social systems of island nations as highly dynamic and undergoing persistent adaptation in the face of changing environmental factors. Field‐based research undertaken in eight villages in Samoa found that, through constant exposure to environmental change over extended periods of time, communities have become resilient and are in a position to adapt to future changes. In developing future policy in relation to climate change, Pacific island governments need to develop a more nuanced understanding of islanders’ perceptions and historical actions in the context of both their physical locations and their dynamic socio‐cultural systems.
Association of donor age, body mass index, hemoglobin, and smoking status with in‐hospital mortality and length of stay among red blood cell–transfused recipients
Authors: Roubinian Nareg H. , Westlake Matt , St. Lezin Elizabeth M. , Edgren Gustaf , Brambilla Don J. , Lee Catherine , Bruhn Roberta , Cable Ritchard G. , Triulzi Darrell J. , Glynn Simone A. , Kleinman Steve , Murphy Edward L. ,   for the NHLBI Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study‐III (REDS‐III)
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Recent publications have reported conflicting findings regarding associations of blood donor demographics and mortality of transfused patients. We hypothesized that the analysis of additional donor characteristics and consideration of alternative outcomes might provide insight into these disparate results.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

We analyzed data from a retrospective cohort of transfused patients from the Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study‐III (REDS‐III). We used stratified Cox regression models to estimate associations between blood donor characteristics and hospital mortality and posttransfusion length of stay among patients transfused red blood cell (RBC) units. Donor characteristics evaluated included age, body mass index, hemoglobin levels, and smoking status. The statistical analyses were adjusted for recipient factors, including total number of transfusions.

RESULTS

We studied 93,726 patients in 130,381 hospitalizations during which 428,461 RBC units were transfused. There were no associations between blood donor characteristics and hospital mortality. Receipt of RBC units from donors less than 20 years of age was associated with a shorter hospital length of stay (hazard ratio for discharge per transfused unit, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.02‐1.04; p < 0.001) but not for other donor characteristics.

CONCLUSION

We found no evidence of associations between blood donor factors and in‐hospital mortality. Our finding of shorter hospital length of stay in patients transfused RBCs from younger donors is intriguing but requires confirmation. Future collaborations are needed to develop a framework of appropriate methodologic approaches to be used in linked analyses across large cohorts.
Interventions and experience after complicated total cystectomy in a dog with transitional cell carcinoma
Authors: Skinner Owen T. , Boston Sarah E. , Maxwell Paige L.
Published: October 2019

Objective

To report surgical and postoperative management of complicated total cystectomy in a dog with transitional cell carcinoma (TCC).

Study design

Case report.

Animals

One male neutered Shetland sheepdog.

Methods

The dog was presented after a 1‐month history of stranguria, unresponsive to oral antibiotic therapy. A craniodorsal bladder mass was identified by computed tomography (CT), and partial cystectomy was performed with 1‐cm gross lateral margins (day 1). Results of histopathology provided evidence for a diagnosis of TCC, and the dog was treated with adjuvant mitoxantrone. The dog presented with uroperitoneum on day 67 after recurrence and spontaneous perforation. Total cystectomy and ureterourethral anastomosis were performed. Ureteral obstruction developed after removal of catheters that had been placed intraoperatively. Surgical revision included resection of the anastomosis site, bilateral ureteral stenting, and transection and reorientation of the distal urethra to facilitate tension‐free closure. Postoperative leakage was managed with bilateral percutaneous nephrostomy tube placement.

Results

The dog was discharged on day 88. Adjuvant treatment with vinblastine was pursued. Local recurrence was noted at day 154. Subcutaneous ureteral bypass was performed on day 247 to manage repeat obstruction. Repeated urinary tract infections were subsequently encountered. The dog was euthanized on day 368 because of abdominal discomfort and inappetence, with evidence of progressive urethral, ureteric, and abdominal wall TCC.

Conclusion

Complicated cystectomy can be managed to provide survival comparable to previous reports regarding total cystectomy.

Clinical significance

Nephrostomy tube placement, ureteral stenting, and subcutaneous ureteral bypass may be considered to manage complicated cystectomy. Preemptive stenting or urinary diversion may help prevent complications.
Examination of laryngeal function of healthy dogs by using sedation protocols with dexmedetomidine
Authors: DeGroot Whitney D. , Tobias Karen M. , Browning Danielle C. , Zhu Xiaojuan
Published: October 2019

Objective

To determine the ability to evaluate laryngeal function under sedation with dexmedetomidine alone or in combination with opioids.

Study design

Randomized, crossover, blinded study.

Animals

Eight adult research hounds weighing 8 to 22.5 kg.

Methods

Dogs were sedated with propofol, dexmedetomidine, dexmedetomidine and butorphanol, or dexmedetomidine and hydromorphone. Digital images were collected with video laryngoscopy before and after doxapram administration. Maximal inspiratory normalized glottal gap (GGAn) and laryngeal motion were compared between and within protocols before and after doxapram by using a difference of least squares mean.

Results

Normal laryngeal function was confirmed in all dogs with all protocols except propofol, which resulted in two false positive results. No difference between protocols was detected for predoxapram GGAn. Postdoxapram GGAn was greater than predoxapram GGAn for all four sedation protocols (P ≤ .0030). Compared with propofol, postdoxapram GGAn was greater for all three dexmedetomidine protocols (P ≤ .0420).

Conclusion

Dexmedetomidine alone or in combination with opioids was an effective sedation protocol for laryngeal examination, producing sufficient immobilization to prevent jaw motion and without affecting arytenoid abduction.

Clinical significance

Dexmedetomidine sedation does not inhibit normal laryngeal motion. Laryngeal examination with propofol alone can produce false positive results.
Ageing augments nicotinic and adenosine triphosphate‐induced, but not muscarinic, cutaneous vasodilatation in women
Authors: Fujii Naoto , McGarr Gregory W. , Sigal Ronald J. , Boulay Pierre , Nishiyasu Takeshi , Kenny Glen P.
Published: October 2019

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Does ageing augment muscarinic, nicotinic and/or ATP‐mediated cutaneous vasodilatation in women?

What is the main finding and its importance?

Ageing augments nicotinic and ATP‐induced, but not muscarinic, cutaneous vasodilatation in women. This will stimulate future studies assessing the pathophysiological significance of the augmented microvascular responsiveness in older women compared to their young counterparts.

We previously reported that ageing attenuates adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐induced, but not muscarinic and nicotinic, cutaneous vasodilatation in men, and that ageing may augment cutaneous vascular responses in women. In the present study, we evaluated the hypothesis that ageing augments muscarinic, nicotinic and/or ATP‐mediated cutaneous vasodilatation in healthy women. In 11 young (23 ± 5 years) and 11 older (60 ± 8 years) women, cutaneous vascular conductance was evaluated at three forearm skin sites that were perfused with (1) methacholine (muscarinic receptor agonist, 5 doses: 0.0125, 0.25, 5, 100, 2000 mm), (2) nicotine (nicotinic receptor agonist, 5 doses: 1.2, 3.6, 11, 33, 100 mm), or (3) ATP (purinergic receptor agonist, 5 doses: 0.03, 0.3, 3, 30, 300 mm). Each agonist was administered for 25 min per dose. Methacholine‐induced increases in cutaneous vascular conductance were not different between groups at all doses (all P > 0.05). However, a nicotine‐induced elevation in cutaneous vascular conductance at the lowest concentration (1.2 mm) was greater in older vs. young women (43 ± 15 vs. 26 ± 10%max, P = 0.04). ATP‐induced increases in cutaneous vascular conductance at moderate and high doses (3 and 30 mm) were also greater in older relative to young women (3 mm, 44 ± 11 vs. 28 ± 10%max, P = 0.02; 30 mm, 83 ± 14 vs. 64 ± 17%max, P = 0.05). Therefore, ageing augments nicotinic and ATP‐induced, but not muscarinic, cutaneous vasodilatation in women.
Steady-State Availability Estimation of Semitransparent Photovoltaic System
Authors: Beniwal Ruby , Beniwal N. S. , Tiwari G. N. , Gupta H. O.
Published: October 2019

This paper presents an approach for computing the long duration availability of semitransparent photovoltaic system by steady-state analysis. This method employs the Markov process with constant transition rates and different degradation states for similar components and fixed configuration. In this research, average output power from modules is presented, which is considered in the same state with respect to the constant transient transition rate and variable repair rate. The output energy for 20 years with transition and absorbing time of single semitransparent photovoltaic module has been estimated for steady-state condition. This method includes all possibilities of failures associated with the operation of the semitransparent photovoltaic system.
Energy and Thermal Performance of Social Housing: Analysis of Heat Flow Through the Envelope and Comparison With International Schemes
Authors: Romero-Perez Claudia K. , Rodriguez-Muñoz Norma A. , Borbon-Almada Ana C. , Alpuche-Cruz M. Guadalupe , Martin-Dominguez Ignacio R.
Published: October 2019

Some of the greatest potentials for improving building energy efficiency are found in the residential sector. Social housing, in particular, has drawn heavy research interest because it affects the welfare of large populations, is the source of significant energy consumption, and has outsize importance in the construction and regulatory sectors. Energy regulation in Mexico focuses on reducing the energy needed to cool buildings down, neglecting the importance of heating buildings built in the colder regions of the country. To address this gap, the present work focuses on the thermal behavior of social housing in the regions of Mexico with cold semi-arid climate. We found that thermal discomfort inside houses is primarily driven by low temperatures. We calculated annual heat flows in houses, visualizing heat gains and losses through each part of the building envelopes, and found that the highest heat flows occur through the floor. We also found that windows have the greatest heat transfer per unit area of all construction elements. We estimated the energy that each building would require if heating and air conditioning were used throughout the year to bring indoor temperatures within the range of thermal comfort. Finally, we used evaluation schemas from several countries to evaluate the energy demand per unit area (kWh/m2) of several local houses in a typical year. The houses analyzed here presented low scores under these schemas.
Modeling and Control of a Planetary Compound System Under External Magnetic Load
Authors: Candelino Nicholas , Jalili Nader , Jiang Nianyu , Brassitos Elias
Published: October 2019

Many experimental setups that are used in characterizing gear and rotor dynamics employ noncontact hysteresis brakes to control the load torque as opposed to employing a clutch-type brake mechanism. Although hysteresis brakes are highly reliable maintenance-free torque resisting instruments, the presence of minor cogging torques within the brake is shown to physically mask the gear dynamics by causing a bistable region in the speed response function that is otherwise nonexistent. This paper investigates the dynamic characteristics of this experimental arrangement in detail and lays out a simulation-based tuning method for employing robust-adaptive sliding mode control (RASMC) to improve the speed response function of the gear drive. A global dynamic model is constructed from a set of piecewise-affine models that are experimentally validated over their applicable dynamic ranges. A proportional–integral (PI) controller is further developed and numerically tuned based on the global dynamics and is shown to compare well with the RASMC performance, testifying to the high fidelity of affine experimental models under limited information of the underlying analytical dynamics.
Characterization of electron-beam deposited SnS films: Processing, properties, and ohmic contacts
Authors: Hajzus Jenifer R. , Porter Lisa M.
Published: October 2019

Nanocrystalline tin sulfide (SnS) thin films were deposited by electron-beam evaporation at growth temperatures ranging from room temperature to 300 °C and characterized prior to and after annealing at 300 °C in high vacuum. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy results indicated that SnS films deposited at 100 and 200 °C contained predominately a mixture of orthorhombic α-SnS and cubic π-SnS phases, whereas only α-SnS was detected in SnS films deposited at 300 °C. Contacts with a range of work functions were deposited onto p-type α-SnS films. All of the contacts investigated (Ti/Au, Ru/Au, Ni/Au, and Au) were ohmic as-deposited and yielded average specific contact resistance values that decreased with increasing metal work function, suggesting that the barrier height has at least a partial dependence on the work functions of the metals. Annealing at 350 °C for 5 min in Ar reduced the specific contact resistance value for Ru/Au contacts, resulting in the lowest value (1.9 × 10−3 Ω cm2) of contacts investigated to SnS thin films.
Characterizing the seabed in the Straits of Florida by using acoustic noise interferometry and time warping
Authors: Tan Tsu Wei , Godin Oleg A. , Brown Michael G. , Zabotin Nikolay A.
Published: October 2019

Interferometry of ambient and shipping noise in the ocean provides a way to estimate physical parameters of the seafloor and the water column in an environmentally friendly manner without employing any controlled sound sources. With noise interferometry, two-point cross-correlation functions of noise serve as the probing signals and replace the Green's function measured in active acoustic remote sensing. The amount of environmental information that can be obtained with passive remote sensing and the robustness of the estimates of the seafloor parameters increase when contributions of individual normal modes are resolved in the noise cross-correlation function. Using the data obtained in the 2012 noise-interferometry experiment in the Straits of Florida, dispersion curves of the first four normal modes are obtained in this paper by application of the time-warping transform to noise cross correlations. The passively measured dispersion curves are inverted for unknown geoacoustic properties of the seabed. Resulting thickness of the sediment layer and sound speed are consistent with the geoacoustic models obtained earlier by other means.
Ultrasound assessment of translation of microbubbles driven by acoustic radiation force in a channel filled with stationary fluid
Authors: Yoshida Kenji , Saito Katsuya , Omura Masaaki , Tamura Kazuki , Yamaguchi Tadashi
Published: October 2019

In this report, a method is proposed to quantify the translation of ultrasound contrast agent (UCA) microbubbles driven by acoustic radiation for the detection of channels filled with stationary fluid. The authors subjected UCA microbubbles in a channel with diameters of 0.1 and 0.5 mm to ultrasound pulses with a center frequency of 14.4 MHz. The translational velocity of the UCA microbubbles increased with the sound pressure and pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of the transmitted ultrasound. The mean translational velocity reached 0.75 mm/s at a negative peak sound pressure of 2.76 MPa and a PRF of 2 kHz. This trend agreed with the theoretical prediction, which indicated that the translational velocity was proportional to the square of the sound pressure and the PRF. Furthermore, an experiment was carried out with a phantom that mimics tissue and found that the proposed method aided in detection of the channel, even in the case of a low contrast-echo to tissue-echo ratio. The authors expect to develop the proposed method into a technique for detecting lymph vessels.
Resistance Training and the Effect of Load Blinding in Multiple Repetition Maximum Tests
Authors: Grandolfi Kamila , Sosciarelli Vandre , Polito Marcos
Published: October 2019

Purpose: To compare performance in successive 1-repetition maximum (1RM) tests with the load known or unknown. Methods: Thirty-two resistance-trained men were randomly divided into 2 groups: load blinding (BLI; n = 16; age 28.1 [6.9] y, body mass 83.1 [11.5] kg, height 175.3 [5.8] cm) and load nonblinding (nBLI; n = 16; age 27.7 [4.1] y, body mass 83.2 [12.8] kg, height 178.7 [7.3] cm). The groups performed a 1RM test during 4 days (with an interval of 24–48 h) in the horizontal bench press with free weight. Results: In the BLI, there were no significant changes throughout the tests, with a difference of 1.6% between the first and fourth 1RM tests. In the nBLI, there was a significant interaction with time, and the values of the second (P = .03), third (P = .02), and fourth (P = .01) tests were higher than the first test; in addition, the fourth test was significantly higher than the second test (P = .02). The percentage difference between the last and first 1RM tests was 7.1%. The comparison between the groups demonstrated differences in the third (P = .04) and fourth (P = .02) tests with higher values in the nBLI. The intraclass correlation coefficient between the first and fourth 1RM tests was .93 for the BLI and .91 for the nBLI. Conclusion: BLI does not influence 1RM testing in the bench press exercise.
Understanding Emotional Labor in Relation to Physical Educators’ Perceived Organizational Support, Affective Commitment, and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Richards K. Andrew R. , Washburn Nicholas , Lee Ye Hoon
Published: October 2019

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to test a conceptual model that specified relationships among perceived organizational support (POS), emotional labor, job satisfaction, and affective commitment.Methods:The participants included 297 physical educators who completed an online survey. The data were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling.Results:After verifying the factor structure, the results of structural equation modeling supported the conceptual model, χ2(157) = 225.09,p < .001; χ2/df = 1.43; root mean square error of approximation = .055 (90% confidence interval [0.045, 0.064],p < .001); standardized root mean square residual = .042; nonnormed fit index = .984; comparative fit index = .987. POS related negatively to surface acting and positively to deep acting and genuine expression. Affective commitment related positively to POS, deep acting, and genuine expression, and negatively to surface acting. Job satisfaction related positively to POS and negatively to surface acting.Discussion/Conclusion:The findings are discussed within the framework of affective events theory, and recommendations are made for helping in-service and preservice physical educators to develop emotional labor strategies.
Antiretroviral Penetration across Three Preclinical Animal Models and Humans in Eight Putative HIV Viral Reservoirs
Authors: Devanathan Aaron S. , Pirone Jason R. , Akkina Ramesh , Remling-Mulder Leila , Luciw Paul , Adamson Lourdes , Garcia J. Victor , Kovarova Martina , White Nicole R. , Schauer Amanda P. , Blake Kimberly , Sykes Craig , Burgunder Erin M. , Srinivas Nithya , Rosen Elias P. , Kashuba Angela D. M.
Published: October 2019

For HIV cure strategies like “kick and kill” to succeed, antiretroviral (ARV) drugs must reach effective concentrations in putative viral reservoirs. We characterize penetration of six ARVs in three preclinical animal models and humans. We found that standard dosing strategies in preclinical species closely mimicked tissue concentrations in humans for some, but not all, ARVs.
Emergence of an NDM-5-Producing Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae Sequence Type 35 Strain with Chromosomal Integration of an Integrative and Conjugative Element, ICE
Kp1
Authors: Shen Zhen , Gao Qianqian , Qin Juanxiu , Liu Yao , Li Min
Published: October 2019

Here, we report an NDM-5-producing sequence type 35 (ST35) hypervirulent
Klebsiella pneumoniae
strain, isolated from the blood of a male patient. It showed a remarkable resistance to serum killing and neutrophil phagocytosis and high virulence in a mouse peritonitis infection model.
Limited Intrahost Diversity and Background Evolution Accompany 40 Years of Canine Parvovirus Host Adaptation and Spread
Authors: Voorhees Ian E. H. , Lee Hyunwook , Allison Andrew B. , Lopez-Astacio Robert , Goodman Laura B. , Oyesola Oyebola O. , Omobowale Olutayo , Fagbohun Olusegun , Dubovi Edward J. , Hafenstein Susan L. , Holmes Edward C. , Parrish Colin R.
Published: October 2019

Rapid mutation rates and correspondingly high levels of intra- and interhost diversity are often cited as key features of viruses with the capacity for emergence and sustained transmission in a new host species. However, most of this information comes from studies of RNA viruses, with relatively little known about evolutionary processes in viruses with single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) genomes. Here, we provide a unique model of virus evolution, integrating both long-term global-scale and short-term intrahost evolutionary processes of an ssDNA virus that emerged to cause a pandemic in a new host animal. Our analysis reveals that successful host jumping and sustained transmission does not necessarily depend on a high level of intrahost diversity nor result in the continued accumulation of high levels of long-term evolution change. These findings indicate that all aspects of the biology and ecology of a virus are relevant when considering their adaptability.
Pre-Mississippian stratigraphy and provenance of the North Slope of Arctic Alaska II: Basinal rocks of the northeastern Brooks Range and their significance in circum-Arctic evolution
Authors: Strauss Justin V. , Johnson Benjamin G. , Colpron Maurice , Nelson Lyle L. , Perez Joshua L. , Benowitz Jeff A. , Ward William P. , McClelland William C.
Published: October 2019

The Neoproterozoic–Early Devonian(?) northeast Brooks Range basinal succession of northern Alaska and Yukon represents a peri-Laurentian deep-marine carbonate and siliciclastic succession within the composite Arctic Alaska–Chukotka microplate. The basal Firth River Group consists of a mixed siliciclastic and carbonate succession that is divided into the informal Redwacke Creek, Malcolm River, and Fish Creek formations. New U-Pb detrital zircon geochronology and δ13Ccarb and 87Sr/86Sr isotopic data from these strata, in combination with previously reported and new trace fossil discoveries, suggest the Firth River Group is Cryogenian(?)–middle(?) Cambrian in age. These strata interfinger with or are depositionally overlain by the siliciclastic-dominated lower Cambrian–Middle Ordovician(?) Neruokpuk and Leffingwell (new name) formations, which potentially record a distal expression of Cambrian extension and condensed passive margin sedimentation along the northern margin of Laurentia. All of these units are unconformably overlain by the synorogenic Clarence River Group, which is divided into the informal Aichilik and Buckland Hills formations. New U-Pb detrital zircon geochronology and previous macrofossil collections suggest the Clarence River Group is Late Ordovician-Early Devonian(?) in age. Here, we present new sedimentological observations, stratigraphic subdivisions, detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology and Lu-Hf isotope geochemistry, detrital muscovite 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, and carbonate δ13Ccarb and 87Sr/86Sr isotope geochemistry from the basinal succession that revise previous tectono-stratigraphic models for this part of Arctic Alaska and support correlations with age-equivalent strata in the Franklinian basin of the Canadian Arctic Islands and Greenland.
Rerouting water: Understanding and managing urban hydrology in historic Charleston
Authors: Guinn Wallover C. , Callahan Timothy J. , Scaroni Amy E. , Counts Morganello Kimberly
Published: October 2019

The built environment of peninsular Charleston, South Carolina, has been strongly influenced by the ethos of architectural preservation. However, increased frequency of storm and tide-related flooding has been affecting property and public services, and threatens human and environmental health. Management processes for excess water in this urban area must adapt to the challenges resulting from historic development including the fill of tidal creek systems, sea-level rise, and the influence of large storm events on drainage infrastructure. The City of Charleston has adopted several strategies to manage flooding and encourage progressive development. Large-scale drainage improvement projects capitalize on a geologic framework that provides for deep tunnel excavation and drainage system construction. Novel approaches in zoning codes provide some incentives for land owners to use lower impact design techniques in return for more flexible design standards. This field tour will guide participants through this historic city, and will provide a glimpse of the geologic setting, development history, and environmental pressures that have compelled the city’s proactive stormwater management.
Neoichnology of Edisto Island, South Carolina: Eat, prey, love, burrow
Authors: Martin Anthony J. , Kelley Patricia H.
Published: October 2019

Edisto Island, South Carolina, offers a wide range of coastal environments, including maritime forests, back-dune meadows, primary dunes, berms, intertidal beaches, salt marshes, tidal creeks, and storm-washover fans. Each environment is characterized by a different suite of invertebrate and vertebrate traces. Trace assemblages also differ among undeveloped, moderately developed, and overdeveloped shorelines. Field-trip participants will observe tracks, burrows, borings, predation traces, and other traces in sediments, shells, and wood, and learn how modern traces can inform interpretations of trace fossils. We will also consider how ongoing anthropogenic change may limit applications of neoichnology to trace fossils by affecting trace distribution, diversity, and abundance.
Northern segment of the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer
Authors: Jones Ian C.
Published: October 2019

The northern segment of the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer is an important source of water for municipalities, industry, and landowners in central Texas. Rapid population growth in this part of Texas has increased interest in the north segment of the aquifer and heightened concerns about groundwater availability. The aquifer consists of Cretaceous limestone stratigraphic units that crop out along its western margin and dip toward the east. Groundwater primarily flows from the aquifer outcrop recharge zones toward discharge zones along perennial rivers and streams in the outcrop area and to a lesser extent toward deeper parts of the aquifer, eventually discharging by cross-formational flow to overlying stratigraphic units, such as the Del Rio Clay, Buda Limestone, and Austin Chalk. Groundwater isotope compositions in the aquifer indicate that groundwater flow is most active in the unconfined parts of the aquifer and that most recharge occurs during late fall and winter months, even though highest monthly precipitation occurs during the spring.

Pumping from the northern segment of the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer is ~6.8 × 107 L/d, having peaked at ~1.0 × 108 L/d in 2004, but still up from ~3.4 × 107 L/d in the 1980s. Most of this pumping (~90%) is for municipal uses. However, in the rural northern and heavily urbanized southern parts of the aquifer, domestic and manufacturing uses, respectively, account for a significant portion of total pumping.
The Washita Prairie segment of the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer
Authors: Yelderman Joe C.
Published: October 2019

The Washita Prairie segment of the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer is a shallow unconfined aquifer that supports several historical springs, perennial streamflow to Lake Waco, and water for rural households and livestock. Secondary porosity in the aquifer is from neotectonic fractures and epikarst in the Georgetown and Edwards Formations. The fractures produce an “effective” porosity of ~1%. Thin soils allow rapid recharge, as indicated by water-level responses in wells within 24 h of rainfall events. Discharge is generally along second-order streams; topography is the dominant influence on groundwater flow direction. The interbedded clays in the Georgetown Formation create a preferred horizontal to vertical anisotropy. The fractured nature of the aquifer produces local heterogeneity, but regionally, the aquifer acts as a diffuse rather than conduit flow system. Weathering results in a layered flow system with greater effective porosity and permeability in an upper zone compared to the deeper zone. Washita Prairie springs are perennial, with discharges generally <0.05 m3/s. The groundwater is calcium bicarbonate facies with total dissolved solids (TDS) <500 mg/L in most springs and shallow-zone wells. Water quality in deeper wells is more variable, as these encounter the deeper flow system with slower circulation and higher TDS. The shallow water table and rapid recharge through fractures allow surface activities to impact water quality, and nitrate levels appear to be elevated above average background values in places. The Washita Prairie segment of the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer may be able to supply over 50,000,000 m3 of sustainable water on an annual basis with continued study and proper management.
Climate variability, climate change, and Edwards Aquifer water fluxes
Authors: Loáiciga* Hugo A. , Schofield* Madeline
Published: October 2019

The Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer is a high-yield aquifer that provides water for municipal, military, irrigation, domestic, and livestock uses in south-central Texas, and it discharges to several springs that support groundwater ecosystems. Natural water cycling in the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer is driven by recharge, which depends on precipitation and runoff over the catchment area and recharge zone of the aquifer. This chapter analyzes the water fluxes in the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer and how they vary with climatic variability and might vary with modern-age climatic change. This work also evaluates the safe yield of the Edwards (Balcones Fault Zone) Aquifer under historic climatic conditions, which is ~400 thousand acre · feet, or 493 × 106 m3, annually. These results have implications for aquifer groundwater extraction and human and environmental water requirements, such that future groundwater extraction must be adaptive to precipitation and recharge fluctuations to preserve groundwater ecosystems.
How can we meet the health needs of child refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants?
Authors: Stevens Amy Jane
Published: October 2019

The numbers of people forcibly displaced from their homes because of conflict, persecution, natural disasters and famine is increasing globally, reaching 68.5 million at the end of 2017. Over half of the world’s refugees are children. Child refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants are exposed to multiple risk factors for poor physical and mental health throughout their migration experience. International treaties and national legislation recognise child migrants’ ‘right to health’ and equitable access to healthcare, yet restrictive immigration policies, health system challenges and service provider barriers to care impede translation into practice. This review explores how the experiences of child refugees, asylum seekers and undocumented migrants in England impacts on their health and presents recommendations as to how their health needs can be met.