bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ninety Years in the World of Work in America
Authors: DeBell Camille
Published: December 2011

Parsons's tripartite model suggests that gaining information about the world of work is a critical factor in vocational decision making. This article compares and contrasts data from around 1909, when F. Parsons's Choosing a Vocation was published, with contemporary data on the workplace and the American worker. Data on other contextual factors, such as demographic trends, are also presented. There are surprising similarities between Parsons's time and the present, and also obvious differences. The author suggests that having information about occupations is still an essential component of career counseling, and ideas are presented for updating knowledge about the increasingly complex world of work.
Career Development of Women of Color and White Women: Assumptions, Conceptualization, and Interventions From an Ecological Perspective
Authors: Cook Ellen P. , Heppner Mary J. , O'Brien Karen M.
Published: December 2011

Current career counseling practices are based on certain assumptions about clients and their career development, and these assumptions implicitly reflect male, western European experiences and worldviews. These assumptions may not reflect the general life priorities and specific role commitments of many women of color and White women. An ecological perspective on career counseling is proposed to conceptualize the dynamic interaction between the person and the environment. This perspective holds promise for assisting career counselors in their work with women of color and White women.
Sexual Harassment and Dual‐Career Issues: The Case of Megan
Authors: Perrone Kristin M.
Published: December 2011

In this article, the ecological model of career development (E. P. Cook, M. J. Heppner, & K. M. O'Brien, 2002) is applied to a case example. The individual described in the case example faces issues of sexual harassment in the workplace as well as challenges related to being part of a dual‐career marriage. The author suggests career counseling strategies and discusses potential barriers to effective counseling.
Explicating an Ecological Approach to the Career Development of Women
Authors: Betz Nancy E.
Published: December 2011

In this response, the author highlights the contributions of E. P. Cook, M. J. Heppner, and K. M. O'Brien's (2002) ecological approach to women's career development and reviews the ways that the case studies in this special section illustrate that model. Although this model may enrich and improve career theories and counseling, the author urges caution in assuming that the emphases of an ecological model apply to all women. The concept of individual differences within, as well as between, the genders must remain paramount in career theory and counseling approaches. The author urges further attention to research and counseling interventions that help explicate the utility of the ecological model.
Career Choice Anxiety, Coping, and Perceived Control
Authors: Weinstein Faye M. , Healy Charles C. , Ender Philip B.
Published: December 2011

Extrapolating from D. H. Barlow (2000), the authors explored whether perceived control moderated the relation between coping with career indecision and choice anxiety among 126 women in low‐level jobs. Analyses of the women's career indecision, coping, perceived control, and career choice anxiety scores through regression identified the moderator effect. Perceived control interacted with problem‐focused coping to increase accountable variance in choice anxiety (p < .05). Women perceiving high control and doing more problem‐focused coping reported lower anxiety than did women doing comparable coping but perceiving lower control. Implications are discussed for interventions with women in low‐level jobs.
Hidden Resources and Barriers in Career Learning Assessment With Adolescents Vulnerable to Discrimination
Authors: Jackson Margo A. , Nutini Christian D.
Published: December 2011

The authors maintain that the social learning theory of career development and counseling has not been applied to diverse populations. To address this gap in the literature, the authors conducted a qualitative analysis of interviews with 21 middle school students in a low‐income, culturally diverse, inner‐city public school. Four themes emerged, reflecting the influence of discrimination on participants' career learning: contextual barriers and resources for learning, and psychological barriers and resources for learning. The authors provide a conceptual framework for assessing resources and barriers and a rationale for why these aspects often remain hidden or unexamined in career assessment with clients who are vulnerable to discrimination.
Practice and Research in Career Counseling and Development—2001
Authors: Whiston Susan C. , Brecheisen Briana K.
Published: December 2011

This article is a summary of the literature published in 2001 related to career counseling and career development. The review is designed to provide information to both career practitioners and researchers, with the focus on integration of practice and research. This summary of literature is organized around 5 primary areas: (a) career development, (b) career and vocational theories, (c) career interventions, (d) career assessment, and (e) professional issues. Within the framework of this review, attention is also given to contextual factors including gender, race or ethnicity, sexual orientation, and nationality.
Issues of Anger in the Workplace: Do Gender and Gender Role Matter?
Authors: Gianakos Irene
Published: December 2011

To examine the influence of gender and gender role on anger experiences in the workplace, 257 adult students completed narratives describing their anger‐provoking issues and anger expression. Seven issues were identified: work performance of coworkers, work performance of supervisors, relationships with coworkers, relationships with supervisors, dealing with the public, work performance of subordinates, and work context issues. Analyses revealed that gender did not influence the types of issues cited or workers' anger expressions. Although gender role did not influence anger expression, androgynous and feminine persons were more likely to cite relationships with coworkers as anger provoking than were undifferentiated persons.
Challenges for Creating Community Career Partnerships: Perspectives From Practitioners
Authors: Lapan Richard T. , Osana Helena P. , Tucker Bradley , Kosciulek John F.
Published: December 2011

Community career partnerships can draw into working alignment the critical aspects of career development for students (K‐16) and the key social contexts that either promote or inhibit growth. The authors, using a qualitative research methodology, describe challenges faced by practitioners when attempting to create and implement a community career partnership. Implications for practice, theory, and public policies are discussed.
Coincidence, Happenstance, Serendipity, Fate, or the Hand of God: Case Studies in Synchronicity
Authors: Guindon Mary H. , Hanna Fred J.
Published: December 2011

Many counselors are aware that synchronicity—unpredictable instances of meaningful coincidence—can play a significant role in career opportunities, yet the phenomenon of synchronicity in the career literature is underrepresented. The purpose of this article is to discuss the occurrence of synchronicity in the career development process. A philosophical context is presented and provides a framework for understanding synchronicity. Through the presentation of 3 case studies, synchronistic themes are explored. Using various career counseling processes, each client developed an authentic identity and found meaningful work through an experience with synchronicity. Implications for counselors are discussed.
The Past, Present, and Future of Career Counseling in Taiwan
Authors: Chang Doris H. F.
Published: December 2011

The development of career counseling in Taiwan during the last 40 years suggests priorities for future development. Although many of the basic constructs of career counseling are used in Taiwan, cultural differences are also apparent. At the earliest stage of career development in Taiwan (1960–1980), career guidance was managed through vocational centers and government agencies. The focus was almost exclusively on school‐aged youth seeking employment. At the middle stage (1980–1990), the terms for career counseling were being translated into Chinese, and trained Career Counselors were returning from study abroad. The emphasis was primarily on educational systems. At the present stage (1990‐present), career counseling was provided to adults outside the school setting and corporations were organizing their own career counseling services. The future presents many conflicts between Western and Asian values, traditional or modern demands, and self or family interests. Technological advances in testing and information sciences provide opportunities and problems for career counselors.
Family Ties and Peso Signs: Challenges for Career Counseling in the Philippines
Authors: Salazar‐Clemeña Rose Marie
Published: December 2011

The article's 1st section provides an overview of the historical development of career counseling in the Philippines from an economic‐political perspective. The 2nd section raises current challenges and concerns, highlighting the need for a career counseling model that would address, among other things, Filipinos' valued characteristics of close family ties and desire for economic progress.
Career Guidance in Singapore Schools
Authors: Tan Esther
Published: December 2011

Career guidance in Singapore schools went through 3 stages of development. The focus in the 1st stage was on information‐giving. A curriculum approach was adopted in the 2nd stage when career education became part and parcel of the school curriculum. The 3rd stage saw the integration of career guidance with information technology and the shift of the role of the career teachers from “expert” to “facilitator.” To meet the challenges of the new millennium, there is a need to train professional career counselors, develop indigenous resource materials, and promote a new concept of career development among students.
Continuity in Life‐Span Career Development: Career Exploration as a Precursor to Career Establishment
Authors: Jepsen David A. , Dickson Ginger L.
Published: December 2011

The authors examined continuity in career development from adolescence to middle adulthood by testing the proposition that early developmental task‐coping activity predicts later task‐coping activity. One hundred forty‐six rural high school graduates reported career exploratory activity in 9th grade and 12th grade, occupational choice clarity in 12th grade, and occupational establishment activity 25 years later. Controlling for gender, school grades, and verbosity, occupational choice clarity predicted midcareer establishment activity. The prediction models were somewhat different by gender.
An Assertiveness Training Program for Indecisive Students Attending an Italian University
Authors: Nota Laura , Soresi Salvatore
Published: December 2011

Indecisive students often present with social skills problems, which may make academic and vocational decision‐making tasks difficult and complex for them. Moreover, choices regarding one's future require the ability to gather information, to search for help and support, to stave off intrusiveness and pressures, and to communicate one's decisions. Social competencies, particularly, play a significant role in vocational guidance activities. This article presents a training program devised to augment assertive competencies in indecisive students choosing a university course of study. Intended aims and the analyses to assess the efficacy of the intervention through self‐evaluation and role‐play assessment are described.
Depth‐Oriented Values Extraction
Authors: Colozzi Edward Anthony
Published: December 2011

The author examines the role of values in the career decision‐making process and describes Depth‐Oriented Values Extraction (DOVE) as a process that translates various types of psychological data (e.g., Holland‐type themes) into values‐based terms and language that facilitate career decision making. The author presents a case study to demonstrate the implications of DOVE for career counseling and makes suggestions for counselors.
The Relationship Between Race and Students' Identified Career Role Models and Perceived Role Model Influence
Authors: Karunanayake Danesh , Nauta Margaret M.
Published: December 2011

The authors examined whether college students' race was related to the modal race of their identified career role models, the number of identified career role models, and their perceived influence from such models. Consistent with A. Bandura's (1977, 1986) social learning theory, students tended to have role models whose race was the same as their own, and this finding held among career role models who were not members of students' families. Caucasian and racial minority students did not differ respecting overall number of, and perceived influence from, career role models. Career intervention and research implications are discussed.
Predictors of Student and Career Decision‐Making Self‐Efficacy Among Nontraditional College Women
Authors: Quimby Julie L. , O'Brien Karen M.
Published: December 2011

A study of 354 nontraditional college women found robust levels of confidence in their ability to manage the student role and pursue career‐related tasks. Findings indicated that perceived career barriers and social support accounted for variance in student and career decision‐making self‐efficacy for nontraditional college women with and without children. Social support added to the prediction of self‐efficacy over and above the contribution of perceived barriers. The discussion focuses on recommendations for career counseling interventions to facilitate educational and vocational success among nontraditional college women.
Racial/Ethnic Minority Vocational Research: A Content and Trend Analysis Across 36 Years
Authors: Flores Lisa Y. , Berkel LaVerne A. , Nilsson Johanna E. , Ojeda Lizette , Jordan Shiloh E. , Lynn Ginger L. , Leal Veronica M.
Published: December 2011

The authors examined 281 racial/ethnic minority (REM) career‐related studies published in the Journal of Vocational Behavior, The Career Development Quarterly (CDQ), the Journal of Career Assessment (JCA), and the Journal of Career Development between 1969 and 2004. Publication trends, article content and type, samples, and leading author and institutional contributors are reported. CDQ published the largest percentage of these articles (33.5%, n = 94), whereas JCA had the largest percentage (13%) of REM career articles relative to other articles it published during this time frame. There was an increase in the number of REM career articles being published across the years.
Anticipated Work‐Family Conflict: Effects of Gender, Self‐Efficacy, and Family Background
Authors: Cinamon Rachel Gali
Published: December 2011

Anticipated levels of 2 types of work‐family conflict (WFC) were studied among 358 students from 2 universities. The study examined the contribution of gender, parental models of child care and housework, and self‐efficacy to the variance in anticipated WFC. Findings demonstrated that the bidirectionality of the relations between work and family life also exists in anticipated conflicts. A number of gender‐related differences emerged: Women anticipated higher levels of work interfering with family and family interfering with work and demonstrated lower efficacy in managing these conflicts than did men. Exposure to an egalitarian child care model correlated with lower anticipated levels of work interfering with family. Self‐efficacy correlated negatively with both types of conflict. Implications for further research and career programs are discussed.
Men in Traditional and Nontraditional Careers: Gender Role Attitudes, Gender Role Conflict, and Job Satisfaction
Authors: Dodson Thomas A. , Di Borders L. Anne
Published: December 2011

Men established in traditional (mechanical engineering, n = 100) and nontraditional (elementary school counseling, n = 100) careers were compared on their career compromise choices (sex type vs. prestige), adherence to masculinity ideology, gender role conflict, and job satisfaction. The engineers tended to choose sex type over prestige; the school counselors indicated a clear preference for prestige. The engineers reported more traditional gender role attitudes. The gender role variables had little predictive value for the career compromise choices. The Gender Role Conflict Scale (J. M. O'Neil, B. J. Helms, R. K. Gable, L. David, & L. S. Wrightsman, 1986) Conflict Between Work and Family Relations subscale predicted job satisfaction for both groups.
Psychology as a Profession: An Effective Career Exploration and Orientation Course for Undergraduate Psychology Majors
Authors: Macera Michelle Heffner , Cohen Stanley H.
Published: December 2011

The authors describe an undergraduate psychology course that covers academic advising and career planning. Lectures included choosing a major, job opportunities with a bachelor's degree, applying to graduate school, and guest lectures from professionals in psychology‐related careers. Students completed a plan of study, a résumé, and a career exploration paper. Students evaluated the course and assignments as being moderately high in value and recommended that the course continue to be required for psychology majors. Nearly all students (93%) either changed their career plans or felt more confident about their plans after taking the course. Recommendations for implementing a similar course are provided.
Development of a Culturally Specific Career Exploration Group for Urban Chinese Immigrant Youth
Authors: Shea Munyi , Ma Pei‐Wen Winnie , Yeh Christine J.
Published: December 2011

A rapid increase in the number of Chinese immigrants and the specific challenges faced by low‐income Chinese immigrant youth attending urban schools warrant culturally sensitive school‐based interventions and services. However, research and services are limited for this population because of cultural biases in traditional career theories and the “model minority” myth suggesting that Asian students are excelling. The authors developed and implemented a culturally specific career exploration group for low‐income Chinese immigrant youth to address their career concerns with respect to multiple social and cultural factors and to provide social support. Implications for future program development and research are provided.
Perceptions of the Ways of Mattering by People With Mental Illness
Authors: Corbière Marc , Amundson Norman E.
Published: December 2011

The Ways of Mattering questionnaire (N. E. Amundson, 1993, 2003) was developed to evaluate clients' perceptions of a counseling relationship. This study reports the construct and convergent validities of the Ways of Mattering as well as the internal consistency of each of its subscales for people with mental illness who were registered in supported employment programs. The questionnaire demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability with this population. The instrument could be useful for identifying the basic and positive elements required to establish a solid foundation for developing a working alliance between the counselor and the client.
Types of Workplace Social Support in the Prediction of Job Satisfaction
Authors: Harris J. Irene , Winskowski Ann Marie , Engdahl Brian E.
Published: December 2011

Research on social support and job satisfaction has yielded mixed results, partly because studies have rarely examined different types of workplace social support, such as collegial support, task support, coaching, and career mentoring. This study identified the relative contributions of different types of social support to job satisfaction and explored the relationship between social support and job tenure. Overall, social support accounted for approximately 17% of the variance in job satisfaction and 9% of the variance in job tenure. Career mentoring and task support were the types of social support most predictive of job satisfaction. Coaching and task support were the types of social support most predictive of job tenure.
Relationships Between Parental Attachment, Work and Family Roles, and Life Satisfaction
Authors: Perrone Kristin M. , Webb L. Kay , Jackson Z. Vance
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between parental attachment and satisfaction with work and family roles, as well as the relationship of these variables to life satisfaction. Results from a multiple regression analysis indicated that satisfaction with work and marriage, but not parenting satisfaction or parental attachment, was significantly related to life satisfaction. Responses to open‐ended questions indicated that parental attachment relationships affected participants' career, marriage, parenting, and life satisfaction in varied and complex ways. Implications for counselors and directions for future research are discussed.
Career Specialty Preferences Among Psychology Majors: Cognitive Processing Styles Associated With Scientist and Practitioner Interests
Authors: Leong Frederick T. L. , Zachar Peter , Conant Lisa , Tolliver Dwight
Published: December 2011

The authors investigated cognitive processing styles associated with interests in scientist and practitioner activities among a sample of undergraduate psychology majors who planned to attend graduate school. Results indicated that interests in scientist activities were associated with a greater motivation to engage in effortful processing (i.e., need for cognition). Interests in practitioner activities were not correlated with need for cognition. Contrary to theoretical expectations, neither interests in scientist activities nor in practitioner activities were related to ambiguity intolerance (i.e., preference for clear‐cut solutions to problems).
The Work Values of First‐Year College Students: Exploring Group Differences
Authors: Duffy Ryan D. , Sedlacek William E.
Published: December 2011

A sample of 3,570 first‐year college students were surveyed regarding the factors they deemed most important to their long‐term career choice. Students as a whole identified intrinsic interest, high salary, contributions to society, and prestige as their 4 most important work values. Additional analyses found men more likely to espouse extrinsic values, women more likely to espouse social values, and students from median parental‐income groups more likely to espouse intrinsic values. In light of these results, counselors are encouraged to place a greater emphasis on the role of work values in the decision‐making process.
Employment Day: Forty Years of Transitioning High School Seniors Into the Workforce
Authors: Despres Joseph A.
Published: December 2011

The author describes an innovative career development event that has endured for nearly 40 years: Employment Day. This is a consummate collaborative undertaking of school professionals, higher education participants, and the community of employers in the Greater Suffolk County, Long Island, New York, region. It embodies the principles of the American School Counselor Association (ASCA; 2000) national standards, the ASCA (2003) National Model, and the New York State Comprehensive Model (New York State School Counselor Association, 2004) as a culminating activity. Employment Day is an event worth replicating by professional counseling associations.
Practice and Research in Career Counseling and Development—2007
Authors: Chope Robert C.
Published: December 2011

This annual review of the research and practice literature related to career counseling and development during 2007 is presented in 9 areas: professional issues, career assessment, career development, career theory and concepts, career interventions, advances in technology, personnel selection and job placement, international perspectives, and book reviews. Professional issues of a multicultural, multiethnic, and diversified workforce have become among the most frequently enumerated themes of the 2007 career development literature. The author summarizes and discusses the implications of the findings in this literature for the practice of career counseling.
A Head of Its Time: Career Counseling's Roots in Phrenology
Authors: Hershenson David B.
Published: December 2011

It is an indisputable but conveniently overlooked fact that trait‐and‐factor career counseling was widely practiced in the United States at least 35 years before Frank Parsons provided this service and that the practitioners were phrenologists. This article proposes the reasons why career counseling arose in phrenology at that time and argues that the eminent phrenologist Nelson Sizer, rather than Frank Parsons, is the real founder of the field.
Probabilities and Possibilities: The Strategic Counseling Implications of the Chaos Theory of Careers
Authors: Pryor Robert G. L. , Amundson Norman E. , Bright Jim E. H.
Published: December 2011

The chaos theory of careers emphasizes both stability and change in its account of career development. This article outlines counseling strategies derived from this emphasis in terms of convergent or probability thinking and emergent or possibility thinking. These 2 perspectives are characterized, and practical counseling strategy implications are provided. In addition, an illustrative technique example is described. The authors conclude that the challenges of modern career development demand the complementary and the interactive use of both probability and possibility thinking strategies.
Applying a Constructive‐Developmental Approach to Issues of Sexual Orientation and Religion in Career Counseling
Authors: Paul Parrish L.
Published: December 2011

An individual's constructive development, or system of meaning making, is relevant to the process of career counseling. A description of constructive‐developmental theory and how that theory may be integrated in career counseling is provided, focusing on a case study that addresses issues of sexual orientation and religious identity. Methods for assessing constructive development are explored, and literature relating to the effectiveness of this approach is discussed.
The Interdependent Family‐Centric Career: Career Perspective of the Overseas Chinese in Indonesia
Authors: Pekerti Andre A.
Published: December 2011

This theoretical article presents an interdisciplinary approach to extend the scope of current career theories and their application to the overseas Chinese (OC) in Indonesia. Using an ecological model to analyze culture and an emic perspective, the article discusses several factors that affect careers of OC Indonesians. Factors such as culture, discrimination, subjective careers, Confucian values, and family business structure are discussed as variables that create a bounded career perspective. This conceptual view is used as a foundation to discuss the needs for future research and the development of a cross‐cultural career model that is applicable in bounded career environments.
From Childhood to Adulthood: A 15‐Year Longitudinal Career Development Study
Authors: Helwig Andrew A.
Published: December 2011

In 1987, 208 second graders were interviewed about their occupational aspirations and expectations, school likes and dislikes, educational plans, and other variables. They were reinterviewed every 2 years through senior year in high school. A 5‐year post‐high school follow‐up was conducted, and 35 young adults (23 years old) from the original sample completed a detailed questionnaire. Young adults reported significantly less career direction and preparation in high school than they did as seniors in high school. Comparisons between 3 generations within the same families were conducted on educational and occupational achievement. The importance of teachers and parents in children's career development is discussed.
Issues of Stability and Change in Interest Development
Authors: Tracey Terence J. G. , Sodano Sandro M.
Published: December 2011

Interest development is not an easily studied process. There are at least 4 methods for examining the process of stability and change over time: relative stability, absolute stability, profile stability, and structural stability. A program of research that focuses on examining these 4 types of stability is summarized relative to the issues pertinent to the development of vocational interests in children and adolescents.
John Holland's Contributions: A Theory‐Ridden Approach to Career Assistance
Authors: Gottfredson Gary D. , Johnstun Marissa L.
Published: December 2011

Holland influenced practice and research in career development by contributing a clear theory useful in organizing information about individuals and career alternatives and for understanding individuals' entry and persistence in occupational and other environments. His theory was repeatedly revised in response to evidence. As Holland's own career unfolded in a succession of organizational environments, he used the research opportunities these environments afforded to conduct large‐sample tests of his ideas and assessment tools. J. L. Holland's (1970) Self‐Directed Search is intended to be a career intervention, and Holland developed it and tested it as such. In outlining Holland's contributions to career counseling, a précis of his theory and some biographical context are provided.
Kenneth B. Hoyt—Visionary, Statesperson, Leader, Activist
Authors: Herr Edwin L.
Published: December 2011

Kenneth B. Hoyt passed away on August 27, 2008. He leaves a comprehensive legacy of insights and initiatives about the relationship of education and work, the importance of career development as a mission of schools, and the role of school counselors in these important processes. This article reviews Dr. Hoyt's 50‐year‐long body of work.
Practice and Research in Career Counseling and Development—2008
Authors: Patton Wendy , McIlveen Peter
Published: December 2011

The career development literature published in 2008 is summarized and presented thematically: (a) professional issues, (b) career assessment, (c) career development, (d) career theory and concepts, (e) career interventions, (f) advances in technology, (g) employment, (h) international perspectives, and (i) research design and methodology. Traditional and emerging theories and practices are robust and vibrant.
An Examination of the Relationship Between Career Thoughts and Communication Apprehension
Authors: Meyer‐Griffith Katie , Reardon Robert C. , Hartley Sarah Lucas
Published: December 2011

This study examined relationships among dysfunctional career thoughts and levels of communication apprehension. Undergraduate students, 88 women and 87 men, completed the Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI; J. P. Sampson, G. W. Peterson, J. G. Lenz, R. C. Reardon, & D. E. Saunders, 1996) and the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA‐24; J. C. McCroskey, 1984b). Analysis of correlation coefficients found significant mild‐to‐moderate correlations among scales of the CTI and the PRCA‐24. The results indicated that individuals with average and high levels of communication apprehension had greater decision‐making confusion, commitment anxiety, and external conflict than persons with low levels of communication apprehension. Implications for counseling and further research are discussed in light of these results.
The Role of Career Barriers in High School Students' Career Choice Behavior in Taiwan
Authors: Tien Hsiu‐Lan Shelley , Wang Ying‐Fen , Liu Ling‐Chun
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of career barriers in social cognitive career theory (R. W. Lent, S. D. Brown, & G. Hackett, 1994). The participants were 584 high school students in Taiwan, Republic of China. The gender differences in perceived career barriers and career self‐efficacy were significant. Results of hierarchical regression analyses indicated that some of the perceived career barriers were significant in predicting individuals' career choice behavior after controlling for career self‐efficacy in certain career types.
Adaptable Careers: Maximizing Less and Exploring More
Authors: van Vianen Annelies E. M. , De Pater Irene E. , Preenen Paul T. Y.
Published: December 2011

Today, young adults are expected to decide between educational, vocational, and job options and to make the best choice possible. Career literatures emphasize the importance of young adults' career decision making but also acknowledge the problems related to making these decisions. The authors argue that career counselors could support clients' intuitive processing of career information and help their clients to develop a positive and flexible view of the self and the environment while diminishing concerns about accountability for and irreversibility of career decisions. The authors argue that career adaptability rather than decision making should become the focal concept of career theory and practice.
Context and Models for the Analysis of Individual and Group Needs
Authors: Patton Wendy , McIlveen Peter
Published: December 2011

This article summarizes the papers presented in the discussion group focused on the theme “Models for the Analysis of Individual and Group Needs” at the joint symposium of the International Association for Educational and Vocational Guidance, Society for Vocational Psychology, and National Career Development Association held in Padua, Italy, in September 2007 titled Vocational Psychology and Career Guidance Practice: An International Partnership. The predominant theme that emerged from papers and discussion was that theory and practice need to be positioned within their proximal and distal contexts, ranging from personal to societal contexts.
Culture and Assessment: Nomothetic and Idiographic Considerations
Authors: Diemer Matthew A. , Gore Paul A.
Published: December 2011

This article summarizes presentations on career assessment delivered at the 2007 joint symposium of the International Association for Educational and Vocational Guidance, Society for Vocational Psychology, and National Career Development Association. Notable among the many themes that emerged from this discussion group were the concepts of culture and assessment and the mutually beneficial outcomes of idiographic and nomothetic approaches to career assessment. Brief reviews of each presentation highlight these recurring themes.
Beyond the Self: External Influences in the Career Development Process
Authors: Duffy Ryan D. , Dik Bryan J.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this article is to explore the wide spectrum of external influences that affect career decision making across the life span and, in particular, how these factors may directly or indirectly alter one's career trajectory and the extent of one's work volition. Career development practitioners are encouraged to respect externally oriented frameworks, explore the social influence of career choice alternatives faced by clients, encourage clients to voice their emotional responses to external constraints, and use career decision‐making strategies that seek an optimal balance of internal and external influences.
The Constructivist Résumé: Promoting the Career Adaptability of Graduate Students in Counseling Programs
Authors: Scholl Mark B. , Cascone Jason
Published: December 2011

The authors present the constructivist résumé, an original approach developed to promote professional identity development and career adaptability (i.e., concern, curiosity, confidence, and control) in students completing graduate‐level counselor training programs. The authors discuss underlying theories, including Super's (1990; Super, Savickas, & Super, 1996) life span, life space theory and Peavy's (1998) SocioDynamic Counseling Model, and their applications to career counseling. They also provide a detailed case illustration, make practical recommendations, and note the advantages and limitations of the approach.
Responding to Hard Times in the “Big Easy”: Meeting the Vocational Needs of Low‐Income African American New Orleans Residents
Authors: Lyons Heather Z.
Published: December 2011

The already limited vocational prospects of low‐income African Americans in New Orleans were further devastated by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill added to the devastation, highlighting the continued vulnerability of New Orleanians seeking employment. As a result, opportunities persist for vocational practitioners to lend their expertise. In this article, the post‐Katrina vocational situation of low‐income African American residents is conceptualized using Bronfenbrenner's (1977) ecological model. Furthermore, needed interventions are described at each level of this ecological model.
The Lived Experience of Work and Career: Women Whose Parents Lack Postsecondary Education
Authors: Gibbons Melinda M. , Woodside Marianne , Hannon Christine , Sweeney Jeffrey R. , Davison John
Published: December 2011

There is a dearth of research exploring the career and work development of adults and the influence of family of origin on that development. In this qualitative study, the authors used a phenomenological approach to examine the career and work experiences of women whose parents have no education beyond high school and the influences of family on these experiences. Findings revealed 5 invariant themes, or constituents, that shaped the experiences of these women: being a daughter/woman, support and encouragement, what matters, why I chose, and limits and options. Perseverance was found to be a related underlying component, or essence. Authors present implications for counselors working with adult women whose parents lack postsecondary education.
Effects of Career Choice Intervention on Components of Career Preparation
Authors: Koivisto Petri , Vinokur Amiram D. , Vuori Jukka
Published: December 2011

This randomized experimental study (N = 1,034) examines both the direct and the indirect effects of the Towards Working Life intervention on 2 components of adolescents' career preparation: preparedness for career choice and attitude toward career planning. The intervention comprised a 1—week workshop program, the proximal goals of which were to enhance 9th graders' career choice preparedness and attitude toward career planning. Participants were assessed at baseline and immediately after the intervention. The results showed that the intervention had directly improved the students' career choice preparedness, which in turn increased positive attitude toward career planning. Implications for both theory and practice are discussed.
Adolescent Occupational Aspirations: Test of Gottfredson's Theory of Circumscription and Compromise
Authors: Cochran Daria B. , Wang Eugene W. , Stevenson Sarah J. , Johnson Leah E. , Crews Charles
Published: December 2011

The authors investigated the relationship between adolescent occupational aspirations and midlife career success. The model for adolescent occupational aspirations was derived from Gottfredson's (1981) theory of circumscription and compromise. The authors hypothesized that parental socioeconomic status (SES), ability, and gender predict adolescent occupational aspirations and influence career achievement in later life. Gottfredson's model was a good fit for the data. SES and ability influenced the formation of occupational aspirations, and ability and gender predicted career achievement in later life. Additionally, occupational aspirations predicted career achievement in later life. Adolescent girls achieved less career success in midlife than did adolescent boys.
FATHER CONNELL ANSWERS MORAL QUESTIONS
Authors: Luke Brother C.
Published: December 2011

Very Rev. Francis J. Connell, C.SS.R. edited by Rev. Eugene J. Weitzel
Transcendance and Immanence
Authors: HARROW JUDITH S.
Published: December 2011

A Review of: Fortunato, John E. Embracing the Exile: Healing Journeys of Gay Christians.
Proposed Values for Guiding and Evaluating Counseling and Psychotherapy
Authors: BERGIN ALLEN E.
Published: December 2011

A survey of published and private opinions of mental health professionals revealed a previously hidden consensus concerning certain values that enhance mental health. These values concern Freedom, Love, Identity, Truth, Universals, Symptom Management, and Work. There was disagreement about the effect of many other values on mental health. It is my contention that values permeate counseling and psychotherapy, that the values of conselors and therapists should be more explicit, and that values should be openly used to guide and evaluate treatment.
The Counselor and Change: Counseling for Cultural Transition
Authors: PETERSON JAMES A.
Published: December 2011

Cultural analysts have indicated that American culture is going through a significant transition in values. The views of three of these analysts are reviewed and implications are drawn for counselors.
From the Story of Jesus to the Faith of the Readers
Authors: CASSEL JAY
Published: December 2011

The author analyzes the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke regarding the stories that tell of the death and resurrection of Jesus to determine how these works attempt to deal with such issues as unmerited suffering and the relationships among faith, knowledge, and experience. The author shows that the Gospels use different literary strategies in their discussions of these issues even as they try to encourage their readers toward faith and the corresponding behavior required by that faith.
Moral Development and Counselor Trainee Empathy
Authors: BOWMAN JAMES T. , ALLEN BONNIE R.
Published: December 2011

A high moral development group was superior to a low moral development group in the demonstration of empathy on a counseling tape.
Existential Confrontation and Religiosity
Authors: WATSON P.J. , HOOD RALPH W. , MORRIS RONALD J.
Published: December 2011

Recent research suggests that religious intrinsicness should predict a failure to confront existential problems whereas an interactional orientation should promote the opposite influence. This study, however, demonstrated that intrinsicness is associated only with traditional religious resolutions of such difficulties and that the interactional approach is essentially unrelated to confrontation with existential realities. These data therefore failed to support claims that orthodox, intrinsic individuals are rigid in their approach to the basic existential questions of life; the data also illustrated the importance of differentiating thought content from thought process in analyzing religious influences on psychological functioning.
Counselor Effectiveness and Family‐of‐Origin Experiences: A Significant Relationship?
Authors: WILCOXON S. ALLEN , WALKER MICHAEL R. , HOVESTADT ALAN J.
Published: December 2011

In this article, the authors investigate the relationship between family‐of‐origin experiences and counseling effectiveness of counselors in training.
Marriage Counseling: A Christian Approach to Counseling Couples
Authors: WORTHINGTON EVERETT L.
Published: December 2011

An approach to marriage counseling aimed at Christian couples is described. The theoretical bases of the approach are cognitive behavioral therapy and structural and strategic marital therapies. Techniques are drawn from various schools of marriage therapy. Shared Christian values between counselor and clients are used to promote increased marital commitment, marital satisfaction, and personal spiritual growth. Marital satisfaction might be increased through helping the couple increase their intimacy, enhance their communication, improve their conflict management, and forgive each other for past and present hurts.
How Do Fundamental Christians Deal With Depression?
Authors: SPINNEY DOUGLAS HARVEY
Published: December 2011

Drawing from published sources and my own experience as a pastoral counselor with more recent specialization in spousal abuse and anger management, this article gives an explanation of developmental dynamics in the experience of fundamental Christians that provoke reactive depression. Depressant retardant defenses against depression that have been observed in the Christian fundamentalist subculture are described. Four interventions conclude this article.
Characteristics of the Self‐Actualized Person: Visions From the East and West
Authors: CHANG RAYLENE , PAGE RICHARD C.
Published: December 2011

This article compares and contrasts the ways that Chinese Taoism and Zen Buddhism view the development of human potential with the ways that the self‐actualization theories of Rogers and Maslow describe the human potential movement. Many similarities exist between the ways that Taoism, Zen Buddhism, and the self‐actualization theories of Rogers and Maslow describe the characteristics of the optimally functioning person.
Unraveling Religious Disaffiliation: The Meaning and Significance of Falling From the Faith in Contemporary Society
Authors: BROMLEY DAVID G.
Published: December 2011

This article calls for placing what are termed affiliation and disaffiliation on equal footing in the study of religious expression. Recent developments suggest the importance of understanding disaffiliation as well as affiliation. Among the most important issues that must be addressed are adequately conceptualizing disaffiliation and developing a useful way of modeling the disaffiliation process. This article reviews and synthesizes existing research as a means of formulating an agenda for further work in this area.
Transitional Faith: A Developmental Step Toward Religious Maturity
Authors: GENIA VICKY
Published: December 2011

Nonjudgmental exploration of religious concerns may be a vital component of psychotherapy with religiously oriented clients. This article summarizes a recent stage model of psycho‐religious functioning that was developed to help psychotherapists work with religious material in clinical practice. Following this introduction a case study is presented that illustrates my clinical work with a young woman in the transitional stage of development. The presentation depicts the entanglement of her spiritual struggles with her emotional and interpersonal conflicts. Because transitional faith is a pivotal point in the developmental spectrum, counselors and therapists working with clients in this stage can play a key role in promoting clients' spiritual development.
COUNSELING AND PSYCHOTHERAPY AS MORAL AND SPIRITUAL PRACTICE: FACING A MAJOR PARADIGM SHIFT
Authors: Blakeney Ronnie Ann , Blakeney Charles David , Ivey Allen E. , Rigazio‐DiGilio Sandra A.
Published: December 2011

Blakeney and Blakeney offer a metatheoretical perspective for counseling and therapy that gives primacy to developmental issues and to understanding the worldview of the client. Their thinking adds to the growing paradigm shift currently occurring in the counseling field. This article further demonstrates the holistic and integrative nature and potential of the Blakeney framework, using Developmental Counseling and Therapy (DCT) as a method of translation. The authors offer a framework that challenges the notion of “higher” forms of knowledge, emphasizing instead multiperspctive thought and life‐span cognitive‐developmental processes.
Exploring the Counselor's Role in “Right to Die” Decisions
Authors: FARRUGIA DAVID
Published: December 2011

Issues related to the “right to die” are explored in this article. A case is made for counselors to assist clients and families with concerns related to refusal or withdrawal of medical treatment in cases of terminal illness, or in cases where the quality of life is severely impaired such as a permanent comatose state. Historical, ethical, and legal perspectives are presented. Considerations regarding the role of the counselor are discussed.
McCandless's Response to “Soul Healing: A Model of Feminist Therapy”
Authors: Berliner Patricia M. , McCandless J. Bardarah
Published: December 2011

The term soul healing captures the reader's imagination by intimating that therapy may do more than just focus on the healing of emotional pain. The author of “Soul Healing: A Model of Feminist Therapy,” Patricia M. Berliner, a psychologist, therapist, and sister of St. Joseph (Brentwood, New York) is to be applauded for recognizing the need for a model of therapy that consciously intends to address the concerns of women “who value the spiritual dimension in their lives” (p. 2).