bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A computational model for dynamic strain localization in unsaturated elasto‐viscoplastic soils
Authors: Oka Fusao , Shahbodagh Babak , Kimoto Sayuri
Published: October 2018

Strain localization has been the subject of extensive theoretical and numerical studies over the last four decades. The static and dynamic strain localization in both dry and water‐saturated geomaterials has widely been investigated numerically. However, studies on unsaturated geomaterials have been insufficient. This paper presents a computational model for nonlinear dynamic analysis of strain localization in multiphase geomaterials. The discretization of the governing equations is achieved using the finite element method in the finite deformation regime with the updated Lagrangian description. An elasto‐viscoplastic model extended to include the effect of suction on the behavior of partially saturated clay is used in the formulation. The nonlinear kinematic hardening rule and softening due to the structural degradation of soil particles are taken into account in the model. The inception and progression of localization in fully saturated and unsaturated clay under dynamic compressive loading are investigated. In the unsaturated case, the strain localization becomes more pronounced and much clearer shear bands are formed. More brittleness is observed in the unsaturated case due to the collapse of suction force caused by shearing. This demonstrates that even though suction improves the mechanical properties of soil, ie, increasing the stiffness and shear strength, the hypothesis of fully saturation is not at all on the side of safety due to the drastic loss of strength associated with the collapse of suction which may cause a strong strain localization.
Existential distress in cancer: Alleviating suffering from fundamental loss and change
Authors: Vehling Sigrun , Kissane David W.
Published: October 2018

A severe life threatening illness can challenge fundamental expectations about security, interrelatedness with others, justness, controllability, certainty, and hope for a long and fruitful life. That distress and suffering but also growth and mastery may arise from confrontation with an existentially threatening stressor is a long‐standing idea. But only recently have researchers studied existential distress more rigorously and begun to identify its distinct impact on health care outcomes. Operationalizations of existential distress have included fear of cancer recurrence, death anxiety, demoralization, hopelessness, dignity‐related distress, and the desire for hastened death. These focus in varying emphasis on fear of death, concern about autonomy, suffering, or being a burden to others; a sense of profound loneliness, pointlessness or hopelessness; grief, regret, or embitterment about what has been missed in life; and shame if dignity is lost or expectations about coping are not met. We provide an overview of conceptual issues, diagnostic approaches, and treatments to alleviate existential distress. Although the two meta‐analyses featured in this special issue indicate the progress that has been made, many questions remain unresolved. We suggest how the field may move forward through defining a threshold for clinically significant existential distress, investigating its comorbidity with other psychiatric conditions, and inquiring into adjustment processes and mechanisms underlying change in existential interventions. We hope that this special issue may inspire progress in this promising area of research to improve recognition and management of a central psychological state in cancer care.
Back Cover: Cover Image, Volume 74, Issue 11
Authors: Cheng Xuan , Hoffmann Ary A , Maino James L , Umina Paul A
Published: October 2018

The back‐cover image is based on the Research Article A cryptic diapause strategy in Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (Trombidiformes: Penthaleidae) induced by multiple cues by Xuan Cheng et al., DOI: 10.1002/ps.5053.

image
Radix Salviae miltiorrhizae improves bone microstructure and strength through Wnt/β‐catenin and osteoprotegerin/receptor activator for nuclear factor‐κB ligand/cathepsin K signaling in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Liu Haixia , Zhu Ruyuan , Wang Lili , Liu Chenyue , Ma Rufeng , Qi Bowen , Chen Beibei , Li Lin , Guo Yubo , Shi Shepo , Jia Qiangqiang , Niu Jianzhao , Zhao Dandan , Mo Fangfang , Gao Sihua , Zhang Dongwei
Published: October 2018

Although radix Salviae miltiorrhizae (RSM) is reported to exhibit the antiosteoporotic effect in preclinical study, the underlying mechanism is unclear. To this end, ovariectomized (OVX) rats were employed with administration of RSM (5 g/kg) for 14 weeks. The disturbed serum levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteoprotegerin (OPG), tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase, and receptor activator of nuclear factor‐κB ligand (RANKL) in OVX rats were improved by RSM treatment. Furthermore, supplement of RSM to OVX rats resulted in an increase in femoral bone mineral density and bone strength as well as an improvement in bone microstructures. Moreover, the decreased expression of phosphor (p)‐LRP6, insulin‐like growth factor‐1(IGF‐1), ALP, and OPG, as well as increased expression of RANKL and cathepsin K in the tibias and femurs of OVX rats were shifted by RSM treatment. Additionally, RSM reversed the decreased ratio of p‐glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) to GSK3β and increased ratio of p‐β‐catenin to β‐catenin in OVX rats. Altogether, it is suggestive that RSM improves bone quantity and quality by favoring Wnt/β‐catenin and OPG/RANKL/cathepsin K signaling pathways in OVX rats thereby suggesting the potential of this herb to be a novel source of antiosteoporosis drugs.
The impact of diperfluorophenyl and thienyl substituents on the electronic structures and charge transport properties of the fused thiophene semiconductors
Authors: Wang Lijuan , Dai Jianhong , Song Yan
Published: October 2018

The charge transport properties of 3 fused thiophene semiconductors, end‐capped with diperfluorophenylthien‐2‐yl (DFPT) groups (DFPT‐thieno[2′, 3′:4, 5]thieno[3, 2‐b]thieno[2, 3‐d]thiophene (TTA), DFPT‐dithieno[2, 3‐b:3′, 2′‐d]thiophenes (DTT), and DFPT‐thieno[3, 2‐b]thiophene (TT)), are explored via density functional theory (DFT). To gain a better understanding of the impact of diperfluorophenyl and thienyl substituents on the electronic structures and charge transport properties of these molecules, the geometric structures, reorganization energy, frontier molecular orbitals, molecular ionization potentials and electron affinities, absorption spectra of the corresponding molecules including diperfluorophenyl (DFP)‐TTA, DFP‐DTT, DFP‐TT, dithienyl (DT)‐TTA, DT‐DTT, DT‐TT as well as their parent molecules (TTA, DTT and TT) are investigated for comparison. The calculated results show that introducing perfluorophenyl groups to the fused thiophenes could be a good strategy to promote electron transport, while the insertion of additional thiophene rings to DFP‐end‐capped derivatives could further extend the π‐conjugation and enhance the charge transport properties of DFPT‐end‐capped analogs.
Self‐Adaptive Electrode with SWCNT Bundles as Elastic Substrate for High‐Rate and Long‐Cycle‐Life Lithium/Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Yaxiong , Ren Jing , Gao Xiang , Zhang Wenjun , Duan Huiping , Wang Min , Shui Jianglan , Xu Ming
Published: October 2018

Massive volume change of active materials in lithium/sodium ion batteries (LIB/SIB) causes severe structural collapse of electrodes and fast capacity decay of batteries. Here, a coaxial composite of single‐wall carbon nanotube bundle (SWCNTB/SnO2) nanoparticles (NPs)/N‐doped carbon shell (SWCNTB@SnO2@C) is constructed, where SWCNTBs with exceptional elasticity are explored as a self‐adaptive substrate to supply a highly resilient conductive network. Within the confinement of hard carbon shells, SWCNTB can produce radially elastic deformation to accommodate the volume change of SnO2 during Li+/Na+ insertion/extraction. This overcomes the problem of strain fracturing of the outer carbon shell, as well as maintains close electrical contact between SnO2 and the conductive network. The LIB/SIB with the self‐adaptive SWCNTB@SnO2@C electrode presents a series of superior battery performances, for example, a high specific capacity of 608 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1 and 600 cycles in LIB without capacity decay.
Manipulating Depletion Region of Aqueous‐Processed Nanocrystals Solar Cells with Widened Fermi Level Offset
Authors: Wang Lijing , Chen Nannan , Jin Gan , Feng Tanglue , Du Xiaohang , Liu Fangyuan , Sun Henan , Yang Bai , Sun Haizhu
Published: October 2018

Water soluble nanocrystals (NCs) are promising materials in aqueous‐processed solar cells because of their high extinction coefficient, low‐cost, and favorable photoelectric characteristics. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the present aqueous‐processed NC solar cells is restricted by the short depletion region of the active layer and limited Fermi level offset between NCs and the electron transport layer. Herein, these issues are effectively addressed by preparing CdxZn1–xTe NCs capped with 2‐aminoethanethiol hydrochloride. The introduction of Zn2+ into CdTe NCs widens the Fermi level offset from 0.68 to 0.74 eV, lengthens the depletion region from 130 to 137 nm, and hence brings obvious improvement in the open circuit voltage (Voc) and fill factor. Especially, the depletion region is successfully tuned from 137 to 171 nm, and even lengthened to a record thickness of 200 nm based on aqueous‐processed solar cells. As a result, a champion thickness ratio (74%) of depletion region to active layer (200/270 nm) is achieved. A champion PCE of 5.96% and short‐circuit current (Jsc) of 21.2 mA cm−2 are achieved among aqueous‐processed NC solar cells. This work provides a simple way to prepare polynary NCs and highlights a prospective method to develop more efficient and cost‐effective solution‐processed environment friendly solar cells.
Highly Fluorescent and Stable Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots in Water
Authors: Long Liyuan , Niu Xianghong , Yan Kun , Zhou Gang , Wang Jinlan , Wu Xinglong , Chu Paul K.
Published: October 2018

Although 2D black phosphorus (BP) shows excellent optical and electronic properties, there are few reports on the photoluminescence (PL) properties of BP nanostructures because of the low yield of mechanical exfoliation, instability in water, and relatively weak emission. Herein, liquid exfoliation is combined with surface passivation to produce fluorescent BP quantum dots (BPQDs) with a high yield. The BPQDs exhibit strong PL in both ethanol and water and the absolute fluorescent quantum yield in water reaches 70%. Moreover, the BPQD solution exhibits stable PL for 150 d under ambient conditions and better photostability than conventional organic dyes and heavy‐metal semiconducting nanostructures with intense fluorescence. The experiments and theoretical calculation reveal that the intense and stable PL originates from the intrinsic band‐to‐band excitation states and two surface states related to the POH and POCH2CH3 bonding structures introduced by passivation. The polar water molecules remove many nonradiative centers and simultaneously increase the P‐related fluorescent groups on the surface of BPQDs. Therefore, PL from the BPQDs in water is enhanced largely. The excellent fluorescent properties of BPQDs in an aqueous solution bode well for bioimaging and the negligible biotoxicity and distinct cell images suggest large potential in the biomedical and display fields.
Tool for materializing OWL ontologies in a column‐oriented database
Authors: Reyes‐Álvarez Liudmila , Roldán‐García María del Mar , Aldana‐Montes José F.
Published: October 2018

Big data technologies enable people to store, analyze, and utilize large amounts of complex data effectively. In this context, NoSQL (Not only Structured Query Language) databases have emerged as the most commonly used infrastructure for handling big Resource Description Framework data. In this paper, we present our proposal to materialize classified OWL (Web Ontology Language) ontologies in a NoSQL database. This materialization process enables the distributed storage of Resource Description Framework data by exploiting the inherent distribution of the NoSQL database nodes. Furthermore, this approach supposes the first step toward a novel approach to scalable OWL reasoning, which enables scalable Linked Data reasoning. To validate our proposal, we developed a prototype for a tool that stores an OWL ontology in a Cassandra database following our approach. Finally, we introduce our reasoning strategy to compute the ontology closure using this Cassandra database.
Climate change vulnerability assessment of species
Authors: Foden Wendy B. , Young Bruce E. , Akçakaya H. Resit , Garcia Raquel A. , Hoffmann Ary A. , Stein Bruce A. , Thomas Chris D. , Wheatley Christopher J. , Bickford David , Carr Jamie A. , Hole David G. , Martin Tara G. , Pacifici Michela , Pearce‐Higgins James W. , Platts Philip J. , Visconti Piero , Watson James E. M. , Huntley Brian
Published: October 2018

Assessing species' vulnerability to climate change is a prerequisite for developing effective strategies to conserve them. The last three decades have seen exponential growth in the number of studies evaluating how, how much, why, when, and where species will be impacted by climate change. We provide an overview of the rapidly developing field of climate change vulnerability assessment (CCVA) and describe key concepts, terms, steps and considerations. We stress the importance of identifying the full range of pressures, impacts and their associated mechanisms that species face and using this as a basis for selecting the appropriate assessment approaches for quantifying vulnerability. We outline four CCVA assessment approaches, namely trait‐based, correlative, mechanistic and combined approaches and discuss their use. Since any assessment can deliver unreliable or even misleading results when incorrect data and parameters are applied, we discuss finding, selecting, and applying input data and provide examples of open‐access resources. Because rare, small‐range, and declining‐range species are often of particular conservation concern while also posing significant challenges for CCVA, we describe alternative ways to assess them. We also describe how CCVAs can be used to inform IUCN Red List assessments of extinction risk. Finally, we suggest future directions in this field and propose areas where research efforts may be particularly valuable.

This article is categorized under:

Climate, Ecology, and Conservation > Extinction Risk
Automated mutual induction proof in separation logic
Authors: Ta Quang-Trung , Le Ton Chanh , Khoo Siau-Cheng , Chin Wei-Ngan
Published: October 2018

We present a deductive proof system to automatically prove separation logic entailments by mathematical induction. Our technique is called the
mutual induction proof
. It is an instance of the well-founded induction, a.k.a., Noetherian induction. More specifically, we propose a novel induction principle based on a well-founded relation of separation logic models. We implement this principle explicitly as inference rules so that it can be easily integrated into a deductive proof system. Our induction principle allows a goal entailment and other entailments derived during the proof search to be used as hypotheses to mutually prove each other. This feature increases the success chance of proving the goal entailment. We have implemented this mutual induction proof technique in a prototype prover and evaluated it on two entailment benchmarks collected from the literature as well as a synthetic benchmark. The experimental results are promising since our prover can prove most of the valid entailments in these benchmarks, and achieves a better performance than other state-of-the-art separation logic provers.
Genetik der allgemeinen kognitiven Fähigkeit
Authors: Reis André , Spinath Frank M.
Published: October 2018

Intelligenz ist eines der bestuntersuchten Konstrukte der empirischen Verhaltenswissenschaften und stellt eine allgemeine geistige Kapazität dar, die unter anderem die Fähigkeit zum schlussfolgernden Denken, zum Lösen neuartiger Probleme, zum abstrakten Denken sowie zum schnellen Lernen umfasst. Diese kognitiven Fähigkeiten spielen eine große Rolle in der Erklärung und Vorhersage individueller Unterschiede in zentralen Bereichen des gesellschaftlichen Lebens, wie Schul- und Bildungserfolg, Berufserfolg, sozioökonomischer Status und Gesundheitsverhalten. Verhaltensgenetische Studien zeigen konsistent, dass genetische Einflüsse einen substanziellen Beitrag zur Erklärung individueller Unterschiede leisten, die über 60 % der Intelligenzunterschiede im Erwachsenenalter erklären. In den letzten Jahren konnten in großen genomweiten Assoziationsstudien mit häufigen genetischen Varianten Hunderte mit Intelligenz assoziierte Loci identifiziert werden sowie über 1300 assoziierte Gene mit differentieller Expression überwiegend im Gehirn. Mehrere Signalwege waren angereichert, vor allen für Neurogenese, Regulation der Entwicklung des Nervensystems sowie der synaptischen Struktur und Aktivität. Die Mehrzahl der assoziierten Loci betraf regulatorische Regionen und interessanterweise lag die Hälfte intronisch. Von den über 1300 Genen überlappen nur 9,2 % mit solchen, die mit monogenen neurokognitiven Störungen assoziiert sind. Insgesamt bestätigen die Befunde ein polygenes Modell Tausender additiver Faktoren, wobei die einzelnen Loci eine sehr geringe Effektstärke aufweisen. Insgesamt erklären die jetzigen Befunde ca. 10 % der Gesamtvarianz des Merkmals. Diese Ergebnisse sind ein wichtiger Ausgangspunkt für zukünftige Forschung sowohl in der Genetik als auch den Verhaltenswissenschaften.
Recovery of Salt Marsh Invertebrates Following Habitat Restoration: Implications for Marsh Restoration in the Northern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Baumann Matthew S. , Fricano Gail F. , Fedeli Katie , Schlemme Claire E. , Christman Mary C. , Carle Melissa Vernon
Published: October 2018

Recovery following salt marsh restoration in the northern Gulf of Mexico is investigated using meta-analysis for two salt marsh indicator invertebrates, the periwinkle snail (Littoraria irrorata) and amphipod crustaceans (Amphipoda). These invertebrates serve key marsh ecosystem functions including facilitating nutrient cycling and serving as prey for larger ecologically and economically important species. Recovery of periwinkles in restored marshes compared to reference sites is quantified by progression in population density and, because the species is long-lived (~ 10 years), in terms of biomass added per unit area each year following restoration. Amphipods are shorter-lived with high annual turnover; thus, recovery through time is estimated by the density of individuals rather than by biomass. The results of the analyses indicate progressive periwinkle recovery to equivalence with reference systems by year 4 in terms of density and year 6 with respect to annual biomass addition, while amphipod densities do not fully recover in the first 20 years following restoration. Although periwinkle recovery in terms of annual biomass addition reaches equivalence by year 6, the development of an age class structure characteristic of reference marshes would likely take longer because of the relatively long lifespan for this species. In addition to providing insight into the benefits of salt marsh restoration in the northern Gulf of Mexico, the approach described can be applied more generally to restoration scaling in a natural resource damage assessment context.
Editorial, Applied Practices: Perspectives From the Field Section Within the Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools
Authors: Colmar Susan
Published: October 2018

I am pleased to introduce two practitioner papers for this issue of the Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools.

1.

School camp refusal and reluctance: The role of the school psychologist. Mary Woods and John Burns.

2.

Understanding trauma in the refugee context. Kimberley De Deckker.
The development of the tidal basins in the Dutch Wadden Sea until 2100: the impact of accelerated sea-level rise and subsidence on their sediment budget – a synthesis
Authors: van der Spek Ad J.F.
Published: October 2018

Climate change is very likely to cause a global acceleration in sea-level rise (SLR). The projected acceleration of SLR will also affect the Wadden Sea. In addition to an accelerated SLR, gas and salt extraction will cause subsidence that adds to an increase in water depth in the tidal basins. This will have consequences for the sediment budget of the Wadden Sea and especially for the intertidal flats that have a high ecological value. This synthesis presents projections of the future state of the Dutch Wadden Sea for the years 2030, 2050 and 2100.

The projected changes in mean sea level by 2100 for Den Helder and Delfzijl are above the global mean projections, mainly due to the above-average ocean dynamics and glacio-isostatic adjustment contributions in the regional projections. The projected rise in mean sea level for 2100 with relation to 2018 in these locations is 0.41m, 0.52m and 0.76m for, respectively, the RCP2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios.

When we combine the presented SLR scenarios with the subsidence estimates and compare these rates to the critical rates for ‘drowning’ of intertidal flats that were calculated for the individual tidal basins, we can determine the moment that the maximum imported sediment volume can no longer compensate the increase in accommodation space in a basin and the intertidal flats will start to diminish in surface area and/or height. In the RCP2.6 scenario, the projected rates of relative SLR will be below the critical rate for drowning of the inlet systems in the Dutch Wadden Sea. For the RCP4.5 scenario, the critical SLR rate will be exceeded for Vlie Inlet in 2030, and for the RCP8.5 scenario the critical SLR rate will be exceeded for Vlie Inlet in 2030, Texel Inlet in 2050 and Ameland Inlet in 2100. For the other basins the critical rate will not be exceeded until 2100 or later.

The way the intertidal flats in a basin will react to ‘drowning’ is not clear beforehand. It is highly possible that erosion of flats in one place will produce the sediment to maintain flats in other places. Tidal flats close to the sediment-delivering tidal inlet are not likely to disappear, because there the balance between supply and erosion is not likely to change.
Editorial
Authors: van der Spek Ad J.F. , van den Berg Niels
Published: October 2018

The Wadden Sea region spans a distance of nearly 500km along the North Sea coast from the Netherlands to Denmark. It consists of a chain of barrier islands which shelter an area of extensive intertidal flats and salt marshes that are dissected by tidal channels and creeks. Moreover, several estuaries are part of this area which is known for its intriguing morphodynamics. The natural process of continuous erosion, transport and deposition of sediment shapes the morphology of the area, which has a high ecological value, especially the intertidal morphology that supports a wide range of wildlife.
Machine learning multivariate pattern analysis predicts classification of posttraumatic stress disorder and its dissociative subtype: a multimodal neuroimaging approach
Authors: Nicholson Andrew A. , Densmore Maria , McKinnon Margaret C. , Neufeld Richard W.J. , Frewen Paul A. , Théberge Jean , Jetly Rakesh , Richardson J. Donald , Lanius Ruth A.
Published: October 2018

Background

The field of psychiatry would benefit significantly from developing objective biomarkers that could facilitate the early identification of heterogeneous subtypes of illness. Critically, although machine learning pattern recognition methods have been applied recently to predict many psychiatric disorders, these techniques have not been utilized to predict subtypes of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including the dissociative subtype of PTSD (PTSD + DS).

Methods

Using Multiclass Gaussian Process Classification within PRoNTo, we examined the classification accuracy of: (i) the mean amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (mALFF; reflecting spontaneous neural activity during rest); and (ii) seed-based amygdala complex functional connectivity within 181 participants [PTSD (n = 81); PTSD + DS (n = 49); and age-matched healthy trauma-unexposed controls (n = 51)]. We also computed mass-univariate analyses in order to observe regional group differences [false-discovery-rate (FDR)-cluster corrected p < 0.05, k = 20].

Results

We found that extracted features could predict accurately the classification of PTSD, PTSD + DS, and healthy controls, using both resting-state mALFF (91.63% balanced accuracy, p < 0.001) and amygdala complex connectivity maps (85.00% balanced accuracy, p < 0.001). These results were replicated using independent machine learning algorithms/cross-validation procedures. Moreover, areas weighted as being most important for group classification also displayed significant group differences at the univariate level. Here, whereas the PTSD + DS group displayed increased activation within emotion regulation regions, the PTSD group showed increased activation within the amygdala, globus pallidus, and motor/somatosensory regions.

Conclusion

The current study has significant implications for advancing machine learning applications within the field of psychiatry, as well as for developing objective biomarkers indicative of diagnostic heterogeneity.
The fierceness of fronted /s/: Linguistic rhematization through visual transformation
Authors: Calder Jeremy
Published: October 2018

This article explores the roles that language and the body play in the iconization of cross-modal personae (see Agha 2003, 2004). Focusing on a community of radical drag queens in San Francisco, I analyze the interplay of visual presentation and acoustic dimensions of /s/ in the construction of the fierce queen persona, which embodies an extreme, larger-than-life, and anti-normative type of femininity. Taking data from transformations—conversations during which queens visually transform from male-presenting into their feminine drag personae—I explore the effect of fluid visual presentation on linguistic production, and argue that changes in both the linguistic and visual streams increasingly invoke qualia (see Gal 2013; Harkness 2015) projecting ‘harshness’ and ‘sharpness’ in the construction of fierce femininity. I argue that personae like the fierce queen become iconized through rhematization (see Gal 2013), a process in which qualic congruences are construed and constructed across multiple semiotic modalities. (Iconization, rhematization, qualia, sociophonetics, gender, personae, drag queens)*
Sequences, modular forms and cellular integrals
Authors: McCARTHY DERMOT , OSBURN ROBERT , STRAUB ARMIN
Published: October 2018

It is well-known that the Apéry sequences which arise in the irrationality proofs for ζ(2) and ζ(3) satisfy many intriguing arithmetic properties and are related to the pth Fourier coefficients of modular forms. In this paper, we prove that the connection to modular forms persists for sequences associated to Brown's cellular integrals and state a general conjecture concerning supercongruences.
Management of Optic Chiasmatic/ Hypothalamic Astrocytomas in Children
Authors: Steinbok Paul , Hentschel Stephen , Almqvist Per , Cochrane D. Douglas , Poskitt Kenneth
Published: October 2018

Objective:

The management of optic chiasmatic gliomas is controversial, partly related to failure to separate out those tumors involving the optic chiasm only (chiasmatic tumors) from those also involving the hypothalamus (chiasmatic/hypothalamic tumors). The purpose of this study was: (i) to analyze the outcomes of chiasmatic and chiasmatic/hypothalamic tumors separately; and (ii) to determine the appropriateness of recommending radical surgical resection for the chiasmatic/hypothalamic tumors.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review of all newly diagnosed tumors involving the optic chiasm from 1982-1996 at British Columbia’s Children’s Hospital was performed.

Results:

There were 32 patients less than 16 years of age, 14 with chiasmatic and 18 with chiasmatic/hypothalamic astrocytomas, with an average duration of follow-up of 5.8 years and 6.3 years, respectively. Ten of the patients with chiasmatic tumors and none with chiasmatic/hypothalamic tumors had neurofibromatosis I. Thirteen of the 14 chiasmatic tumors were managed with observation only, and none had progression requiring active intervention. For the chiasmatic/hypothalamic tumors, eight patients had subtotal resections (>95% resection), six had partial resections (50-95%), three had limited resections (<50%), and one had no surgery. There were fewer complications associated with the limited resections, especially with respect to hypothalamic dysfunction. There was no correlation between the extent of resection (subtotal, partial, or limited) and the time to tumor progression (average 18 months).

Conclusions:

In conclusion, chiasmatic and chiasmatic/hypothalamic tumors are different entities, which should be separated out for the purposes of any study. For the chiasmatic/hypothalamic tumors, there was more morbidity and no prolongation of time to progression when radical resections were compared to more limited resections. Therefore, if surgery is performed, it may be appropriate to do a surgical procedure that strives only to provide a tissue diagnosis and to decompress the optic apparatus and/or ventricular system.
Food insufficiency is associated with depression among street-involved youth in a Canadian setting
Authors: Goldman-Hasbun Julia , Nosova Ekaterina , DeBeck Kora , Dahlby Lucia , Kerr Thomas
Published: October 2018

Objective

Food insufficiency, defined by the experience of hunger, is known to be prevalent and a source of health-related harm among-street involved youth, but little is known about its relationship with depression in this population. Therefore, we sought to assess the association between food insufficiency and symptoms of depression among a cohort of street-involved youth.

Design

Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between food insufficiency, defined as being hungry but not having enough money to buy food, and depression as measured by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scale.

Setting

Data from April 2006 to November 2013 were derived from the At-Risk Youth Study (ARYS), a prospective cohort of street-involved youth who use illicit drugs in Vancouver, Canada.

Subjects

There were 1066 street-involved youth enrolled in the study, including 340 (31·9 %) females.

Results

Of 1066 youth enrolled in the study, 724 (67·9 %) reported some food insufficiency and 565 (53·0 %) met criteria for depression. Compared with youth who did not report food insufficiency, those who reported often experiencing food insufficiency had a higher likelihood of reporting depression (adjusted OR=2·52; 95 % CI 1·74, 3·67), as did those who reported sometimes experiencing food insufficiency (adjusted OR=1·99; 95 % CI 1·47, 2·70).

Conclusions

Food insufficiency was prevalent and associated in a dose-dependent trend with symptoms of depression among street-involved youth in our setting. Findings highlight the need to address the nutritional and mental health needs of youth and identify pathways by which food insufficiency may contribute to depression among vulnerable populations.
Strategies to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and increase water access and intake among young children: perspectives from expert stakeholders
Authors: Vercammen Kelsey A , Frelier Johannah M , Lowery Caitlin M , Moran Alyssa J , Bleich Sara N
Published: October 2018

Objectives

To summarize stakeholder recommendations and ratings of strategies to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption and increase water access and intake among young children (0–5 years).

Design

Two online surveys: survey 1 asked respondents to recommend novel and innovative strategies to promote healthy beverage behaviour; survey 2 asked respondents to rank each of these strategies on five domains (overall importance, feasibility, effectiveness, reach, health equity). Open-ended questions were coded and analysed for thematic content.

Setting

Using a snowball sampling approach, respondents were invited to complete the survey through an email invitation or an anonymous listserv link. Of the individuals who received a private email invitation, 24 % completed survey 1 and 29 % completed survey 2.

Subjects

Survey 1 (n 276) and survey 2 (n 182) included expert stakeholders who work on issues related to SSB and water consumption.

Results

Six overarching strategies emerged to change beverage consumption behaviours (survey 1): education; campaigns and contests; marketing and advertising; price changes; physical access; and improving the capacity of settings to promote healthy beverages. Labelling and sugar reduction (e.g. reformulation) were recommended as strategies to reduce SSB consumption, while water testing and remediation emerged as a strategy to promote water intake. Stakeholders most frequently recommended (survey 1) and provided higher ratings (survey 2) to strategies that used policy, systems and/or environmental changes.

Conclusions

The present study is the first to assess stakeholder opinions on strategies to promote healthy beverage consumption. This knowledge is key for understanding where stakeholders believe resources can be best utilized.
Data Preparation for Quantitative High-Resolution Electron Microscopy
Authors: Campbell Geoffrey H. , Cohen Dov , King Wayne E.
Published: October 2018

Abstract: A method is described to prepare a high-resolution electron micrograph for quantitative comparison with a simulated high-resolution image. The experimental data are converted from the darkening of film used to acquire the image to units of electrons per incident electron, the same units used in the simulation. Also, distortions in the image arising from distortions in the image-forming lenses of the electron microscope are removed to improve the quality of the data. Finally, an alignment procedure is described which gives precise, pixel-by-pixel alignment of the experimental image with the simulated image. Examples of the procedure are shown to illustrate how actual data are prepared for quantitative analysis.
Updated Diversity and Inclusion Plan Open for Member Comment
Authors: Williams Billy
Published: October 2018

AGU has revised its strategy to enrich discovery and innovation by building a diverse and inclusive Earth and space science workforce, and it aims to set an example for other organizations.
Caenorhabditis elegans sperm carry a histone-based epigenetic memory of both spermatogenesis and oogenesis
Authors: Tabuchi Tomoko M. , Rechtsteiner Andreas , Jeffers Tess E. , Egelhofer Thea A. , Murphy Coleen T. , Strome Susan
Published: October 2018

Paternal contributions to epigenetic inheritance are not well understood. Paternal contributions via marked nucleosomes are particularly understudied, in part because sperm in some organisms replace the majority of nucleosome packaging with protamine packaging. Here we report that in Caenorhabditis elegans sperm, the genome is packaged in nucleosomes and carries a histone-based epigenetic memory of genes expressed during spermatogenesis, which unexpectedly include genes well known for their expression during oogenesis. In sperm, genes with spermatogenesis-restricted expression are uniquely marked with both active and repressive marks, which may reflect a sperm-specific chromatin signature. We further demonstrate that epigenetic information provided by sperm is important and in fact sufficient to guide proper germ cell development in offspring. This study establishes one mode of paternal epigenetic inheritance and offers a potential mechanism for how the life experiences of fathers may impact the development and health of their descendants.
Integrated extracellular microRNA profiling for ovarian cancer screening
Authors: Yokoi Akira , Matsuzaki Juntaro , Yamamoto Yusuke , Yoneoka Yutaka , Takahashi Kenta , Shimizu Hanako , Uehara Takashi , Ishikawa Mitsuya , Ikeda Shun-ichi , Sonoda Takumi , Kawauchi Junpei , Takizawa Satoko , Aoki Yoshiaki , Niida Shumpei , Sakamoto Hiromi , Kato Ken , Kato Tomoyasu , Ochiya Takahiro
Published: October 2018

A major obstacle to improving prognoses in ovarian cancer is the lack of effective screening methods for early detection. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) have been recognized as promising biomarkers that could lead to clinical applications. Here, to develop an optimal detection method, we use microarrays to obtain comprehensive miRNA profiles from 4046 serum samples, including 428 patients with ovarian tumors. A diagnostic model based on expression levels of ten miRNAs is constructed in the discovery set. Validation in an independent cohort reveals that the model is very accurate (sensitivity, 0.99; specificity, 1.00), and the diagnostic accuracy is maintained even in early-stage ovarian cancers. Furthermore, we construct two additional models, each using 9–10 serum miRNAs, aimed at discriminating ovarian cancers from the other types of solid tumors or benign ovarian tumors. Our findings provide robust evidence that the serum miRNA profile represents a promising diagnostic biomarker for ovarian cancer.
Fundamental limits and non-reciprocal approaches in non-Hermitian quantum sensing
Authors: Lau Hoi-Kwan , Clerk Aashish A.
Published: October 2018

Unconventional properties of non-Hermitian systems, such as the existence of exceptional points, have recently been suggested as a resource for sensing. The impact of noise and utility in quantum regimes however remains unclear. In this work, we analyze the parametric-sensing properties of linear coupled-mode systems that are described by effective non-Hermitian Hamiltonians. Our analysis fully accounts for noise effects in both classical and quantum regimes, and also fully treats a realistic and optimal measurement protocol based on coherent driving and homodyne detection. Focusing on two-mode devices, we derive fundamental bounds on the signal power and signal-to-noise ratio for any such sensor. We use these to demonstrate that enhanced signal power requires gain, but not necessarily any proximity to an exceptional point. Further, when noise is included, we show that nonreciprocity is a powerful resource for sensing: it allows one to exceed the fundamental bounds constraining any conventional, reciprocal sensor.
A hardware Markov chain algorithm realized in a single device for machine learning
Authors: Tian He , Wang Xue-Feng , Mohammad Mohammad Ali , Gou Guang-Yang , Wu Fan , Yang Yi , Ren Tian-Ling
Published: October 2018

There is a growing need for developing machine learning applications. However, implementation of the machine learning algorithm consumes a huge number of transistors or memory devices on-chip. Developing a machine learning capability in a single device has so far remained elusive. Here, we build a Markov chain algorithm in a single device based on the native oxide of two dimensional multilayer tin selenide. After probing the electrical transport in vertical tin oxide/tin selenide/tin oxide heterostructures, two sudden current jumps are observed during the set and reset processes. Furthermore, five filament states are observed. After classifying five filament states into three states of the Markov chain, the probabilities between each states show convergence values after multiple testing cycles. Based on this device, we demo a fixed-probability random number generator within 5% error rate. This work sheds light on a single device as one hardware core with Markov chain algorithm.
Recruitment of the mitotic exit network to yeast centrosomes couples septin displacement to actomyosin constriction
Authors: Tamborrini Davide , Juanes Maria Angeles , Ibanes Sandy , Rancati Giulia , Piatti Simonetta
Published: October 2018

In many eukaryotic organisms cytokinesis is driven by a contractile actomyosin ring (CAR) that guides membrane invagination. What triggers CAR constriction at a precise time of the cell cycle is a fundamental question. In budding yeast CAR is assembled via a septin scaffold at the division site. A Hippo-like kinase cascade, the Mitotic Exit Network (MEN), promotes mitotic exit and cytokinesis, but whether and how these two processes are independently controlled by MEN is poorly understood. Here we show that a critical function of MEN is to promote displacement of the septin ring from the division site, which in turn is essential for CAR constriction. This is independent of MEN control over mitotic exit and involves recruitment of MEN components to the spindle pole body (SPB). Ubiquitination of the SPB scaffold Nud1 inhibits MEN signaling at the end of mitosis and prevents septin ring splitting, thus silencing the cytokinetic machinery.
Photo-induced semimetallic states realised in electron–hole coupled insulators
Authors: Okazaki Kozo , Ogawa Yu , Suzuki Takeshi , Yamamoto Takashi , Someya Takashi , Michimae Shoya , Watanabe Mari , Lu Yangfan , Nohara Minoru , Takagi Hidenori , Katayama Naoyuki , Sawa Hiroshi , Fujisawa Masami , Kanai Teruto , Ishii Nobuhisa , Itatani Jiro , Mizokawa Takashi , Shin Shik
Published: October 2018

Using light to manipulate materials into desired states is one of the goals in condensed matter physics, since light control can provide ultrafast and environmentally friendly photonics devices. However, it is generally difficult to realise a photo-induced phase which is not merely a higher entropy phase corresponding to a high-temperature phase at equilibrium. Here, we report realisation of photo-induced insulator-to-metal transitions in Ta2Ni(Se1−xSx)5 including the excitonic insulator phase using time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy. From the dynamic properties of the system, we determine that screening of excitonic correlations plays a key role in the timescale of the transition to the metallic phase, which supports the existence of an excitonic insulator phase at equilibrium. The non-equilibrium metallic state observed unexpectedly in the direct-gap excitonic insulator opens up a new avenue to optical band engineering in electron–hole coupled systems.
Superresolution mapping of energy landscape for single charge carriers in plastic semiconductors
Authors: Jiang Yifei , McNeill Jason
Published: October 2018

The performance of conjugated polymer devices is largely dictated by charge transport processes. However, it is difficult to obtain a clear relationship between conjugated polymer structures and charge transport properties, due to the complexity of the structure and the dispersive nature of charge transport in conjugated polymers. Here, we develop a method to map the energy landscape for charge transport in conjugated polymers based on simultaneous, correlated charge carrier tracking and single-particle fluorescence spectroscopy. In nanoparticles of the conjugated polymer poly[9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-1,4-benzo-{2,1′-3}-thiadiazole)], two dominant chain conformations were observed, a blue-emitting phase (λmax = 550 nm) and a red-emitting phase (λmax = 595 nm). Hole polarons were trapped within the red phase, only occasionally escaping into the blue phase. Polaron hopping between the red-emitting traps was observed, with transition time ranging from tens of milliseconds to several seconds. These results provide unprecedented nanoscale detail about charge transport at the single carrier level.
Targeting SPINK1 in the damaged tumour microenvironment alleviates therapeutic resistance
Authors: Chen Fei , Long Qilai , Fu Da , Zhu Dexiang , Ji Yan , Han Liu , Zhang Boyi , Xu Qixia , Liu Bingjie , Li Yan , Wu Shanshan , Yang Chen , Qian Min , Xu Jianmin , Liu Suling , Cao Liu , Chin Y. Eugene , Lam Eric W.-F. , Coppé Jean-Philippe , Sun Yu
Published: October 2018

Chemotherapy and radiation not only trigger cancer cell apoptosis but also damage stromal cells in the tumour microenvironment (TME), inducing a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) characterized by chronic secretion of diverse soluble factors. Here we report serine protease inhibitor Kazal type I (SPINK1), a SASP factor produced in human stromal cells after genotoxic treatment. DNA damage causes SPINK1 expression by engaging NF-κB and C/EBP, while paracrine SPINK1 promotes cancer cell aggressiveness particularly chemoresistance. Strikingly, SPINK1 reprograms the expression profile of cancer cells, causing prominent epithelial-endothelial transition (EET), a phenotypic switch mediated by EGFR signaling but hitherto rarely reported for a SASP factor. In vivo, SPINK1 is expressed in the stroma of solid tumours and is routinely detectable in peripheral blood of cancer patients after chemotherapy. Our study substantiates SPINK1 as both a targetable SASP factor and a novel noninvasive biomarker of therapeutically damaged TME for disease control and clinical surveillance.
Author Correction: Synthetic CRISPR-Cas gene activators for transcriptional reprogramming in bacteria
Authors: Dong Chen , Fontana Jason , Patel Anika , Carothers James M. , Zalatan Jesse G.
Published: October 2018

In the original version of the Supplementary Information file associated with this Article, the sequence ‘1x MS2 scRNA.b2’ was incorrectly given as ‘GAAGATCCGGCCTGCAGCCAGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCGCACATGAGGATCACCCATGTGCTTTTTT’ and should have read ‘GAAGATCCGGCCTGCAGCCAGTTTTAGAGCTAGAAATAGCAAGTTAAAATAAGGCTAGTCCGTTATCAACTTGAAAAAGTGGCACATGAGGATCACCCATGTGCTTTTTTT’. The error has now been fixed and the corrected version of the Supplementary Information PDF is available to download from the HTML version of the Article.
Author Correction: Topographic precision in sensory and motor corticostriatal projections varies across cell type and cortical area
Authors: Hooks Bryan M. , Papale Andrew E. , Paletzki Ronald F. , Feroze Muhammad W. , Eastwood Brian S. , Couey Jonathan J. , Winnubst Johan , Chandrashekar Jayaram , Gerfen Charles R.
Published: October 2018

In the original version of this Article, support provided during initiation of the project was not fully acknowledged. The PDF and HTML versions of the Article have now been corrected to include support from Karel Svoboda, members of the Svoboda lab, and members of Janelia’s Vivarium staff.
Effect of Carbon Nanotube-Metal Hybrid Particle Exposure to Freshwater Algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Intrchom Worawit , Thakkar Megha , Hamilton Raymond F. , Holian Andrij , Mitra Somenath
Published: October 2018

We demonstrate for the first time the toxicity of carbon nanotube (CNT) metal hybrids on freshwater algae. Carbon nanotube-silver (CNT-Ag) and platinum hybrids (CNT-Pt) were synthesized and exposed to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (C. reinhardtii), and their toxicity was compared to the pure metal salts. Interactions between CNT-metal and algae were studied using electron microscopy and it was observed that while outer membrane of the algal cell was damaged as a result of Ag+ toxicity from pure Ag, the CNT-Ag only caused the distortion of the cell wall. It was also observed that the CNT-Ag particles could be internalized and enclosed in internal vesicles in the algal cells. Long-term exposure of the CNT-metals showed delay in algal growth. CNT-Ag at a concentration of 5.0 mg/L showed 90% growth inhibition and also showed a significant effect on photosynthetic yield with a 21% drop compared to the control. It was observed that pure silver was more toxic compared with CNT-Ag for both growth and photosynthesis in the 96-hour exposure. In general, CNT-Pt showed significantly less toxic effects on the algae than CNT-Ag. Based on this study, it is postulated that the CNT suppressed the release of Ag+ from CNT-Ag hybrids, thus reducing overall toxicity.
Near-field infrared nanospectroscopy and super-resolution fluorescence microscopy enable complementary nanoscale analyses of lymphocyte nuclei
Authors: Ajaezi Godwin C. , Eisele Max , Contu Fabio , Lal Sadhana , Rangel-Pozzo Aline , Mai Sabine , Gough Kathleen M.
Published: October 2018

First near-field infrared spectroscopy and imaging of lymphocyte nucleus at 30 nm spatial resolution reveals spectrochemically distinct regions in nuclear organization.