bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A combined diffusion‐weighted and electroencephalography study on age‐related differences in connectivity in the motor network during bimanual performance
Authors: Babaeeghazvini Parinaz , Rueda‐Delgado Laura Milena , Zivari Adab Hamed , Gooijers Jolien , Swinnen Stephan , Daffertshofer Andreas
Published: December 2018

We studied the relationship between age‐related differences in inter‐ and intra‐hemispheric structural and functional connectivity in the bilateral motor network. Our focus was on the correlation between connectivity and declined motor performance in older adults. Structural and functional connectivity were estimated using diffusion weighted imaging and resting‐state electro‐encephalography, respectively. A total of 48 young and older healthy participants were measured. In addition, motor performances were assessed using bimanual coordination tasks. To pre‐select regions‐of‐interest (ROIs), a neural model was adopted that accounts for intra‐hemispheric functional connectivity between dorsal premotor area (PMd) and primary motor cortex (M1) and inter‐hemispheric connections between left and right M1 (M1L and M1R). Functional connectivity was determined via the weighted phase‐lag index (wPLI) in the source‐reconstructed beta activity during rest. We quantified structural connectivity using kurtosis anisotropy (KA) values of tracts derived from diffusion tensor‐based fiber tractography between the aforementioned areas. In the group of older adults, wPLI values between M1L–M1R were negatively associated with the quality of bimanual motor performance. The additional association between wPLI values of PMdL––M1L and PMdR–M1L supports that functional connectivity with the left hemisphere mediated (bimanual) motor control in older adults. The correlational analysis between the selected structural and functional connections revealed a strong association between wPLI values in the left intra‐hemispheric PMdL–M1L pathway and KA values in M1L–M1R and PMdR–M1L pathways in the group of older adults. This suggests that weaker structural connections in older adults correlate with stronger functional connectivity and, hence, poorer motor performance.
An Inhibitor of Arginine‐Glycine‐Aspartate‐Binding Integrins Reverses Fibrosis in a Mouse Model of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
Authors: Ulmasov Barbara , Noritake Hidenao , Carmichael Peter , Oshima Kiyoko , Griggs David W. , Neuschwander‐Tetri Brent A.
Published: December 2018

The presence and stage of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is strongly associated with mortality. Thus, both preventing and reversing fibrosis are critically important approaches to prevent death or the need for liver transplantation from NASH. Recently, fibrosis in several mouse models of organ injury was shown to be prevented and reversed with the potent small molecule, arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid tripeptide (RGD)‐binding, integrin antagonist (3S)‐3‐(3‐bromo‐5‐(tert‐butyl)phenyl)‐3‐(2‐(3‐hydroxy‐5‐((5‐hydroxy‐1,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidin‐2‐yl)amino)benzamido)acetamido)propanoic acid (Center for World Health and Medicine [CWHM]‐12). We hypothesized that RGD‐binding integrins may play an important role in fibrosis progression in NASH. We assessed the efficacy of CWHM‐12 in a choline deficient, amino‐acid defined, high‐fat diet (CDAHFD) mouse model of NASH. Mice were kept on the CDAHFD or a control diet for 10 weeks, and CWHM‐12 was delivered by continuous infusion for the final 4 weeks. The parameters of NASH and liver fibrosis were evaluated before and after drug treatment. Hepatic steatosis, liver injury, and inflammation were significantly induced by the CDAHFD at week 6 and did not change by week 10. Hepatic profibrogenic gene expression was induced by the CDAHFD at week 6, further increased at week 10, and decreased by CWHM‐12. Fibrosis measured by analysis of liver collagen was reduced by CWHM‐12 to levels significantly less than found at 6 weeks, demonstrating the possibility of reversing already established fibrosis despite ongoing injury. Demonstrated mechanisms of the antifibrotic effect of CWHM‐12 included loss of activated hepatic stellate cells through apoptosis and suppression of hepatic profibrotic signal transduction by transforming growth factor β. Conclusion: RGD‐binding integrins may be critical in the development of fibrosis in NASH and may represent potential targets for treating patients with NASH to reverse advanced liver fibrosis.
Recurrent connections between CA2 pyramidal cells
Authors: Okamoto Kazuki , Ikegaya Yuji
Published: December 2018

Recurrent excitatory synapses have theoretically been shown to play roles in memory storage and associative learning and are well described to occur in the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Here, we report that the CA2 region also contains recurrent excitatory monosynaptic couplings. Using dual whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings from CA2 pyramidal cells in mouse hippocampal slices under differential interference contrast microscopic controls, we evaluated monosynaptic excitatory connections. Unitary excitatory postsynaptic potentials occurred in 1.4% of 502 cell pairs. These connected pairs were preferentially located in the superficial layer and proximal part (CA2b) of the CA2 region. These results indicate that recurrent excitatory circuits are denser in the CA2 region than in the CA1 region, as well as in the CA3 region.
Treatment of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma in elderly patients: Replacing doxorubicin with either epirubicin or etoposide (VP‐16)
Authors: Prusila Roosa Enni Inkeri , Peroja Pekka , Jantunen Esa , Turpeenniemi‐Hujanen Taina , Kuittinen Outi
Published: December 2018

Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of lymphoma. The standard therapy for DLBCL is R‐CHOP. The current 5‐year overall survival is 60% to 70% using standard frontline therapy. However, the use of doxorubicin and its cardiotoxicity is a major clinical problem and preexisting cardiac disease may prevent the use of doxorubicin. Age greater than 65 years is a significant risk factor for anthracycline‐induced cardiotoxicity, and therefore, the use of R‐CHOP is often withheld from elderly patients. The feasibility of replacing doxorubicin with either epirubicin or etoposide in patients who have risk factors for heart complications is analyzed here. Clinical data of 223 DLBCL patients were retrospectively collected from hospital records. Fifty‐five patients were treated with R‐CHOP, 105 with R‐CIOP (epirubicin instead of doxorubicin), 17 with R‐CEOP (etoposide instead of doxorubicin), and 31 with R‐CHOEP. Matched‐pair analysis was carried out between 30 patients treated with R‐CEOP and R‐CHOP. For all patients, the 2‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) was 73.6%. In patients treated with R‐CHOP, the 2‐year PFS was 84.2%, with R‐CIOP 64.4%, with R‐CEOP 87.7%, and with R‐CHOEP 83.2%. In matched‐pair analysis, the 2‐year PFS was 92.3% with R‐CHOP and 86.2% with R‐CEOP. The 2‐year disease specific survival was 100% with R‐CHOP and 86.2% with R‐CEOP. In conclusion, R‐CEOP offers reasonable PFS and disease specific survival in the treatment of DLBCL and good disease control can be achieved in elderly patients. Elderly patients with impaired cardiac function could benefit from the use of R‐CEOP instead of R‐CHOP. The results with R‐CIOP were unsatisfactory, and we do not recommend using this protocol in elderly patients with cardiac disease.
The impact of well drawdowns on the mixing process of river water and groundwater and water quality in a riverside well field, Northeast China
Authors: Zhu Yaguang , Zhai Yuanzheng , Du Qingqing , Teng Yanguo , Wang Jinsheng , Yang Guang
Published: December 2018

Riverbank filtration (RBF) has been widely used throughout the world as an effective means to regulate surface water and groundwater resources and pretreat raw water for municipal water supply. The quality of the water from a riverside well field and the mixing ratios of surface water and groundwater is primarily impacted by the hydrodynamic processes in the RBF system. The RBF system is largely controlled by the water exploiting system in addition to the natural hydrologic condition of the river–aquifer system. As one of the most important design parameters of the riverside well field, the drawdown of groundwater level greatly determines the water head differences between the river water and groundwater as well as the field flow net, which subsequently impacts the mixing of river water and groundwater and water quality significantly. This study aimed to improve the understanding of the mixing process between the surface water and groundwater and estimate the impact of the RBF on the mixing ratio of surface water–groundwater and water quality quantitatively. A set of field pumping tests with various groundwater level drawdowns were carried out independently and successively at a riverside field with a single pumping well near the Songhua River in Northeast China in August 2017. During these tests, the water levels and hydrochemical parameters of the Songhua River, the adjacent aquifer, and the pumping well were monitored. The dynamic mixing process of the river water and groundwater and water quality under various drawdown conditions were analysed systematically using analytical methods. The results obtained from Dupuit method and the Mirror Image method in conjunction with the Hydrochemical Tracing method showed that the pumping water directly from the river water reached 60% ± 10% after a steady flow net was established. The larger the proportion of the pumping water captured from the river, the better quality of the pumping water was, because the quality of the river water (only limited to some water quality parameters monitored which were minority) was better than that of the groundwater. The results also showed that total Fe, TDS, total hardness, CODMn, and K+ were relatively sensitive to the changes of groundwater drawdown, and their concentrations decreased with an increase in the groundwater drawdown. It can be concluded that both the mixing ratio of the surface water and the groundwater and the water quality of the riverside well field can be regulated through adjusting the designed drawdown of the groundwater level, which is helpful for the design and the optimization of the riverside well water intake engineering.
Chemical Synthesis of Proteins that cannot be Obtained Recombinantly
Authors: Liu Lei
Published: December 2018

Proteins are interesting but challenging targets for synthetic chemistry. Chemical synthesis of proteins that cannot be obtained recombinantly provides compounds that are needed for both basic research and development of functional molecules. In the essay, some recent examples are surveyed for the use of chemically synthesized proteins in studies on biochemistry and biophysics of protein post‐translational modification. Moreover, use of synthetic proteins for the development of peptide/mini‐protein‐based diagnostics and therapeutics is also discussed.
Forecast of Daily Reference Evapotranspiration Using a Modified Daily Thornthwaite Equation and Temperature Forecasts†
Authors: Chang Xiaomin , Wang Shaoli , Gao Zhanyi , Luo Yufeng , Chen Haorui
Published: December 2018

Short‐term daily reference evapotranspiration (ET0) forecasts are helpful for real‐time irrigation decision making. Using a modified daily Thornthwaite (TH) equation and temperature forecasts, a method was proposed for ET0 forecasting. Daily meteorological data were obtained from the selected representative stations located in different climate regions in China. Data were collected from 2000 to 2012 to calibrate and validate the modified TH equation against the FAO56 Penman–Monteith (FAO56‐PM) equation. Temperatures forecasts for a 7‐day forecast period in 2012–2017 were input to the calibrated TH equation to forecast ET0. The results showed that the ET0 forecasting performance with the modified TH equation and temperature forecast was further improved at all stations after month‐wise calibration. The average accuracy of forecasted ET0 ranged from 87.3 to 91.2%, the average values of root mean square error (RMSE) ranged from 0.86 to 1.01 mm day‾¹; moreover, the average of regression coefficient (b), determined coefficient (R2) and modelling efficiency (EF) are greater than 0.82, 0.87 and 0.81. Furthermore, the sensitivity analyses show that the percentage change in ET0 forecast was more sensitive to predictions of temperature during the spring–summer period than autumn–winter. The proposed method produced good results of ET0 forecasts and can be a feasible solution for short‐term forecasting of ET0. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytic atomic gradients in the fermi‐löwdin orbital self‐interaction correction
Authors: Trepte Kai , Schwalbe Sebastian , Hahn Torsten , Kortus Jens , Kao Der‐You , Yamamoto Yoh , Baruah Tunna , Zope Rajendra R. , Withanage Kushantha P. K. , Peralta Juan E. , Jackson Koblar A.
Published: December 2018

We derived, implemented, and thoroughly tested the complete analytic expression for atomic forces, consisting of the Hellmann‐Feynman term and the Pulay correction, for the Fermi‐Löwdin orbital self‐interaction correction (FLO‐SIC) method. Analytic forces are shown to be numerically accurate through an extensive comparison to forces obtained from finite differences. Using the analytic forces, equilibrium structures for a small set of molecules were obtained. This work opens the possibility of routine self‐interaction free geometrical relaxations of molecules using the FLO‐SIC method. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prospective scintillation electron detectors for S(T)EM based on garnet film scintillators
Authors: Schauer Petr , Lalinský Ondřej , Kučera Miroslav
Published: December 2018

The performance of a scintillation electron detector for a scanning electron microscope and/or a scanning transmission electron microscope (S(T)EM) based on new epitaxial garnet film scintillators was explored. The LuGAGG:Ce and LuGAGG:Ce,Mg film scintillators with chemical formula (Ce0.01Lu0.27Gd0.74)3–wMgw(Ga2.48Al2.46)O12 were prepared and their cathodoluminescence (CL) and optical properties were studied and compared with the properties of current standard bulk single crystal YAG:Ce and YAP:Ce scintillators. More specifically, CL decay characteristics, CL emission spectra, CL intensities, optical absorption coefficients, and the refractive indices of the mentioned scintillators were measured. Furthermore, electron interaction volumes with absorbed energy distributions, photomultiplier (PMT) photocathode matchings, modulation transfer functions (MTF), and the photon transport efficiencies of scintillation detectors with the mentioned scintillators were calculated. A CL decay time for the LuGAGG:Ce,Mg film scintillator as low as 28 ns with an afterglow of only 0.02% at 1 μs after the e‐beam excitation was observed. As determined from calculated MTFs, the scintillation detectors with the new film scintillators lose contrast transfer ability above 0.6 lp/pixel, while the currently commonly used YAG:Ce single crystal scintillators already do so above 0.1 lp/pixel. It was also calculated that the new studied film scintillators have an 8% higher photon transfer efficiency, even for a simple disk shape compared with the standard bulk single crystal YAG:Ce scintillator. The studied LuGAGG:Ce,Mg epitaxial garnet film scintillators were evaluated as prospective fast scintillators for electron detectors, not only in S(T)EM but also in other e‐beam devices.
Bio‐absorbable sealants for reinforcing the pancreatic stump after distal pancreatectomy are critical
Authors: Kühlbrey Christian M. , Kasper Steivan , Chikhladze Sophia , Seifert Gabriel , Hopt Ulrich T. , Fichtner‐Feigl Stefan , Wittel Uwe A.
Published: December 2018

Background

Bio‐absorbable sealants are widely used to reduce the rate and severity of postoperative pancreatic fistulas after distal pancreatectomy. However, numerous clinical trials have failed to demonstrate their clinical benefit. We therefore investigated stability and bio‐compatibility of absorbable sealants in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

In vitro, polymerized compounds were incubated in pancreatic juice before their stability was tested. In vivo, two compounds were used to seal the pancreatic stump after distal pancreatectomy in nine pigs. Burst pressure of the pancreatic stump, surgical outcome, histology of the pancreatic stump, systemic inflammation, and drain fluid was examined.

Results

Products based on fibrin or collagen were unstable in the presence of active pancreatic enzymes and completely dissolved within 2 h. Sealants using chemical cross‐linking of proteins showed improved stability for 7 days. In vivo, application of polyethylenglycol‐based sealant leads to complete closure of the pancreatic duct after 5 days, while a glutaraldehyde‐based sealant prevented physiological closure of the pancreatic main duct.

Conclusions

Many compounds used clinically to reinforce the pancreatic stump after distal pancreatectomy are inadequate due to instability in the presence of pancreatic enzymes. While selected bio‐absorbable sealants inhibited the natural healing of the pancreatic stump, polyethylenglycol‐based sealants should be tested in further clinical trials.
A comparison of different investigative interviewing techniques in generating differential recall enhancement and detecting deception
Authors: De Rosa Jacob , Hiscock‐Anisman Cheryl , Blythe Adam , Bogaard Glynis , Hally Ashley , Colwell Kevin
Published: December 2018

This study compared the Stepwise Interview, Cognitive Interview, and Reality Interview in detecting deception with inmates. The dependent measures were the amount of unique details provided during the free narrative and mnemonics and the number of words provided during the free narrative and mnemonics of each interview. The Stepwise Interview generated 58.3% accuracy, the Cognitive Interview generated 70.0% accuracy, and the Reality Interview generated 93.3% accuracy. The different tasks of these interviews increased the differences between honest and deceptive statements and therefore, increased the accuracy in detection of deception. Differential recall enhancement is used to explain the findings.
Description of epithelial granular cell in catshark spiral intestine: Immunohistochemistry and ultrastructure
Authors: Sayyaf Dezfuli Bahram , Manera Maurizio , Bosi Giampaolo , Merella Paolo , DePasquale Joseph A. , Giari Luisa
Published: December 2018

We evaluated the histology of the spiral intestine of the blackmouth catshark (Galeus melastomus), a small shark distributed in the eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea basin. Entire digestive tracts of 10 G. melastomus were studied using histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural methods. Our studies identified a unique, large granular cell type in the intestinal epithelium. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the epithelial granular cell type made intimate contact, by means of junctional complexes, with adjacent epithelial and mucous cells. Several histochemical staining methods showed that the cytoplasmic granules were strongly eosinophilic. Immunostaining of intestinal sections revealed immunoreactivity of the granular cell to tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) antibody. However, no reactivity to inducible‐nitric oxide synthase (i‐NOS), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin IL‐1β, lysozyme, serotonin 5‐HT antibodies was detected.
Probing structure of normal and malignant prostate tissue before and after radiation therapy with luminal water fraction and diffusion‐weighted MRI
Authors: Carlin Dominic , Orton Matthew R. , Collins David , deSouza Nandita M.
Published: December 2018

Background

Interpretation of diffusion in conjunction with T2‐weighted MRI is essential for assessing prostate cancer; however, the combination of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) with quantitative T2 mapping remains unexplored.

Purpose

To document the T2 components and ADC of untreated and irradiated nonmalignant prostate tissue as a measure of their glandular luminal and cellular compartments and to compare values with those of tumor.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

Twenty‐four men with prostate cancer (14 untreated; 10 with biochemical recurrence following radiation therapy).

Field Strength/Sequences

Endorectal 3 T MRI including a 32‐echo gradient echo and spin echo (GRASE) and an 8 b‐value diffusion‐weighted sequence.

Assessment

Regions of interest were drawn on ADC maps and T2‐weighted images around focal lesions in areas of biopsy‐positive prostate cancer and in nonmalignant areas of untreated and irradiated peripheral zone (PZ), and untreated transitional zone (TZ). Multiecho T2 data were fitted with mono‐/biexponential decay and nonnegative least squares functions. The luminal water fraction (LWF) was derived.

Statistical Tests

The preference between mono‐ and biexponential decay was assessed using the Bayesian information criterion. Differences in fitted parameters between tissue types were compared (paired t‐test within groups, Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon rank‐sum test between groups) and correlations between ADC and T2 components assessed (Spearman rank correlation test).

Results

LWF in tumor (0.09) was significantly lower than in PZ or TZ (0.27 and 0.18, P < 0.01, respectively), but tumor values were comparable to nonmalignant irradiated prostate (0.08). The short T2 relaxation rate was lower in tumor than in nonmalignant untreated or irradiated tissue (significant compared with TZ, P = 0.01). There was a strong correlation between LWF and ADC in normal untreated tissue (r = 0.88, P < 0.001). This relationship was absent in nonmalignant irradiated prostrate (r = –0.35, P = 0.42) and in tumor (r = –0.04, P = 0.88).

Data Conclusion

T2 components in conjunction with ADC can be used to characterize untreated and irradiated nonmalignant prostate and tumor. LWF is most useful at discriminating tumor in the untreated prostate.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:619–627.
Gamma Distribution Model in the Evaluation of Breast Cancer Through Diffusion‐Weighted MRI: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Borlinhas Filipa , Loução Ricardo , C. Conceição Raquel , Ferreira Hugo A.
Published: December 2018

Background

The gamma distribution (GD) model is based on the statistical distribution of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) parameter. The GD model is expected to reflect the probability of the distribution of water molecule mobility in different regions of tissue, but also the intra‐ and extracellular diffusion and perfusion components (f1, f2, f3 fractions).

Purpose

To assess the GD model in the characterization and diagnostic performance of breast lesions.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

In all, 48 females with 24 benign and 33 malignant breast lesions.

Field Strength/Sequence

A diffusion‐weighted sequence (b = 0–3000 s/mm2) with a 3 T scanner.

Assessment

For each group of benign, malignant, invasive, and in situ breast lesions, the ADC was obtained. Also, θ and k parameters (scale and shape of the statistic distribution, respectively), f1, f2, and f3 fractions were obtained from fitting the GD model to diffusion data.

Statistical Tests

Lesion types were compared regarding diffusion parameters using nonparametric statistics and receiver operating characteristic curve diagnostic performance.

Results

The majority of GD parameters (k, f1, f2, f3 fractions) showed significant differences between benign and malignant lesions, and between in situ and invasive lesions (f1, f2, f3 fractions) (P ≤ 0.001). The best diagnostic performances were obtained with ADC and f1 fraction in benign vs. malignant lesions (area under curve [AUC] = 0.923 and 0.913, sensitivity = 93.9% and 81.8%, specificity = 79.2% and 91.7%, accuracy = 87.7% and 86.0%, respectively). In invasive lesions vs. in situ lesions, the best diagnostic performance was obtained with f1 fraction, which outperformed ADC results (AUC = 0.978 and 0.941, and sensitivity = 91.3% for both parameters, specificity = 100.0% and 90.0%, accuracy = 93.9% and 90.9%, respectively).

Data Conclusion

This work shows that the GD model provides information in addition to the ADC parameter, suggesting its potential in the diagnosis of breast lesions.

Level of Evidence 2: Technical Efficacy Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:230–238.
“I feel your pain”: A critical review of organizational research on empathy
Authors: Clark Malissa A. , Robertson Melissa M. , Young Stephen
Published: December 2018

Empathy, a multidimensional construct comprised of cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions, has been advanced as a critical predictor of prosocial behavior and effectiveness in the workplace. However, despite organizational interest in empathy, there is a lack of consensus on what empathy is, how empathy should be measured, and how empathy research can meaningfully contribute to our understanding of organizational behavior. This paper aims to provide a roadmap for researchers and practitioners interested in empathy in the workplace. We first provide an updated overview of the state of the broader multidisciplinary literature on empathy. On the basis of this literature, we outline the three dimensions of empathy, discuss the distinctions between state/trait and observer/judged empathy, and compare empathy with related constructs. This integrated multidimensional conceptualization provides the basis for our critical review and recommendations. We review the organizational research on empathy (1983–2018), identifying critical issues with how empathy has been conceptualized, measured, and designed, and offer practical recommendations for the advancement of organizational research on empathy. We conclude by highlighting two fundamental questions: (a) is empathy associated with important outcomes of interest to organizations and employees, and (b) can empathy be changed, and if so, how?
Complete genome sequence unveiled cellulose degradation enzymes and secondary metabolic potentials in Streptomyces sp. CC0208
Authors: Zhang Hongyu , Dong Shirui , Lou Tingting , Wang Suying
Published: December 2018

Marine Streptomyces sp. CC0208 isolated from the Bohai Bay showed high efficiency of cellulose degradation under optimized fermentation parameters. Also, as one of the bioinformatics‐based approaches for the discovery of novel natural product and enzyme effectively, genome mining has been developed and applied widely. Herein, we reported the complete genome sequence of Streptomyces sp. CC0208.Whole‐genome sequencing analysis revealed a genome size of 9,325,981 bp with a linear chromosome, GC content of 70.59% and 8487 protein‐coding genes. Abundant genes have predicted functions in antibiotic metabolism and enzymes. A 20 enzymes closely associated with cellulose degradation were discovered. A total of 25 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of secondary metabolites were identified, including diverse classes of natural products. The availability of genome sequence of Streptomyces sp. CC0208 not only will assist in cracking the mechanism of cellulose degradation but also will provide the insights into the significant secondary metabolic potentials for the production of diverse compound classes based on rational strategies.
Statistical properties of methods based on the Q‐statistic for constructing a confidence interval for the between‐study variance in meta‐analysis
Authors: van Aert Robbie C.M , van Assen Marcel A.L.M. , Viechtbauer Wolfgang
Published: December 2018

The effect sizes of studies included in a meta‐analysis do often not share a common true effect size due to differences in for instance the design of the studies. Estimates of this so‐called between‐study variance are usually imprecise. Hence, reporting a confidence interval together with a point estimate of the amount of between‐study variance facilitates interpretation of the meta‐analytic results. Two methods that are recommended to be used for creating such a confidence interval are the Q‐profile and generalized Q‐statistic method that both make use of the Q‐statistic. These methods are exact if the assumptions underlying the random‐effects model hold, but these assumptions are usually violated in practice such that confidence intervals of the methods are approximate rather than exact confidence intervals. We illustrate by means of two Monte‐Carlo simulation studies with odds ratio as effect size measure that coverage probabilities of both methods can be substantially below the nominal coverage rate in situations that are representative for meta‐analyses in practice. We also show that these too low coverage probabilities are caused by violations of the assumptions of the random‐effects model (ie, normal sampling distributions of the effect size measure and known sampling variances) and are especially prevalent if the sample sizes in the primary studies are small.
A history of meta‐regression: Technical, conceptual, and practical developments between 1974 and 2018
Authors: Tipton Elizabeth , Pustejovsky James E. , Ahmadi Hedyeh
Published: December 2018

At the beginning of the development of meta‐analysis, understanding the role of moderators was given the highest priority, with meta‐regression provided as a method for achieving this goal. Yet in current practice, meta‐regression is not as commonly used as anticipated. This paper seeks to understand this mismatch by reviewing the history of meta‐regression methods over the past 40 years. We divide this time span into four periods and examine three types of methodological developments within each period: technical, conceptual, and practical. Our focus is broad and includes development of methods in the fields of education, psychology, and medicine. We conclude the paper with a discussion of five consensus points, as well as open questions and areas of research for the future.
Ultrasound‐Guided Release of the Tibial Nerve and Its Distal Branches: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Iborra Álvaro , Villanueva‐Martínez Manuel , Barrett Stephen L. , Rodríguez‐Collazo Edgardo R. , Sanz‐Ruiz Pablo
Published: December 2018

Objectives

The purpose of the study was to determine whether ultrasound (US)‐guided surgery is a viable type of surgery for performing an effective release/decompression of the constricting structures that are responsible for focal nerve compression in tarsal tunnel syndrome.

Methods

Ultrasound guidance was used on cadaveric specimens to delineate the anatomic course of the nerves and vessels in the medial ankle that comprise the structures involved in tarsal tunnel syndrome. Ultrasound guidance was used on cadaveric specimens and assisted in delineating a safe surgical zone to adequately and effectively release these constrictive structures of the proximal and distal tarsal tunnels. The US‐guided tarsal tunnel release/decompression was performed through 2 small 1‐ to 2‐mm portals. After US‐guided release, anatomic dissection was used to check the efficacy (release of the flexor retinaculum and deep abductor hallucis muscle) and safety (absence of neurovascular or tendon injury) of the procedure.

Results

In 12 fresh cadaveric specimens, US‐guided release of the tibial nerve (proximal tarsal tunnel) and its branches (distal tarsal tunnel) at the medial ankle was effective in all 12 specimens (100% release rate), without any signs of compromise or injury into the neurovascular structures.

Conclusions

Ultrasound‐guided tarsal tunnel release is a feasible surgical procedure that can be safe and effective with the proper training, although further investigation is warranted. This type of surgery may promote faster recovery with less postoperative morbidity, including pain, but this will be the subject of a further investigation.
Laryngeal Botulinum Toxin Injection for Vocal Tremor: Utility of Concurrent Strap Muscle Injection
Authors: Nelson Rebecca Chota , Silva Merea Valeria , Tierney William S. , Milstein Claudio , Benninger Michael S. , Bryson Paul C.
Published: December 2018

Objectives/Hypothesis

Vocal tremor is a neurologic disorder that can be treated with laryngeal botulinum toxin injections (LBTX). We sought to describe our experience with thyroarytenoid and concurrent strap muscle injection.

Study Design

Retrospective chart review.

Methods

A chart review was performed of all patients with a primary diagnosis of vocal tremor treated with LBTX from 2012 through 2017.

Results

Twenty‐one patients were included (mean age 69 years, 100% female). Thirteen patients (62%) had a minor component of spasmodic dysphonia in addition to their tremor. Fourteen patients had vertical and horizontal components to their tremor, and two had horizontal tremor alone. The remaining five patients did not have clear characterization of their tremor. A total of 49 injections were reviewed (25 thyroarytenoid [TA], 24 thyroarytenoid and strap muscle [TA+S]), and patients reported subjective voice benefit with 48 (96%) of these (92% TA, 100% TA+S). When available, the postprocedural change from baseline Voice Handicap Index‐10 and Consensus Auditory Perceptual Evaluation of Voice scores were calculated (mean overall: −1.9, −7.8; TA: −2.7, −3.5; TA+S: −1.4, −10.3, respectively). Subjective patient improvement ratings (scale 0%–100%) were obtained for 46 injections, with a mean of 70% improvement per injection. Of patients with both horizontal and vertical tremor, outcomes were improved with TA+S injection versus TA alone (mean improvement 74% vs. 35%, P < .005).

Conclusions

There is utility in the characterization of vertical and horizontal components of vocal tremor. Patients with both appear to have increased benefit with injection of strap muscles in addition to thyroarytenoid muscles.

Level of Evidence

4

Laryngoscope, 129:1433–1437, 2019
Tracheal replacement revisited: Use of a vascularized tracheal transplant in a porcine model
Authors: Jacobson Adam S. , Roden Dylan F. , Lee Eric Q. , Most Allison , Meyers Adrienne , Liu Cheng , Levine Jamie
Published: December 2018

Objectives/Hypothesis

To determine if a long segment of trachea can be transplanted as a vascularized organ and to determine if a tracheal transplant is a potential surgical option for a long‐segment circumferential tracheal defect.

Study Design

Animal model.

Methods

Four (two donors and two recipients) adult domestic Yorkshire swine were used. Two sets of transplants were performed from a donor to recipient pig. The transplant was placed heterotopically (not in continuity with the airway), and the recipient animals were monitored for 14 days to ensure the transplants were well vascularized. Immunosuppressive therapies included methylprednisolone, cyclosporine, and azathioprine. Gross as well as histological examination of multiple tissues types including mucosa, cartilage, muscle, and blood vessels were performed postsacrifice on day 14.

Results

Recipient animal weights ranged from 40 to 42 kilograms. Both recipient pigs survived the full 14 days of study and exhibited normal activity and appetite. Ischemia time of transplanted grafts ranged from 63 to 72 minutes. Transplanted tracheas included a minimum of 15 cartilaginous rings and measured greater than 10 cm in length. Both grafts maintained a robust blood supply throughout the duration of study.

Conclusions

The entire visceral compartment can be reliably transplanted, either as a single component (trachea) or as a chimeric flap with multiple components (trachea, esophagus, larynx, and pharynx). Further studies in the swine model should be considered to study the effects of transplanting the trachea orthotopically into the native airway. Further studies are needed into the reliability of this technique of transplantation in humans.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 128:S1–S9, 2018
Safe use of systemic bevacizumab for respiratory recurrent papillomatosis in two children
Authors: Carnevale Claudio , Ferrán‐De la Cierva Luis , Til‐Pérez Guillermo , Peña‐Zarza José Antonio , Osona‐Rodriguez Borja , Martinez‐Lozano Joaquina , Sarría‐Echegaray Pedro , Arancibia‐Tagle Diego , Tomás‐Barberán Manuel
Published: December 2018

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis can be a devastating condition for a child, with severe consequences. Currently, there is no proven successful medical treatment. We describe the use of systemic bevacizumab to treat two children affected by aggressive recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Respiratory symptoms and quality of life improved dramatically in both patients, without observing any toxicity. The only complication was mild proteinuria. Systemic bevacizumab is a promising adjuvant treatment in aggressive recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in children. It is effective and well tolerated. Further studies are needed to establish the optimal dosing frequency and duration of therapy. Laryngoscope, 129:1001–1004, 2019
MgF2/MgO composite coating on porous magnesium surface and its biocorrosion resistance
Authors: Chen Hukui , Kang Fang , Luo Zhuxi , Liu Jianrui
Published: December 2018

MgF2/MgO composite coatings were prepared on the surface of porous magnesium by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques in a mixed atmosphere of argon and 1,1,1,2‐tetrafluoroethane (HFC‐134a). The morphology, elemental composition and phase composition of the composite coatings were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and the biocorrosion resistance of the coatings in simulated body fluid (SBF) was investigated by immersion and electrochemical tests. The characterization analysis showed that a dense MgF2/MgO composite coating with some small pores was formed. The content of MgF2 in the coating increased with the increase of HFC‐134a concentration in the mixed atmosphere, reaction time and temperature. The content of MgO decreased with the increase of the concentration of HFC‐134a and reaction time. Immersion tests indicated that MgF2/MgO composite coatings obviously reduced the degradation rate of porous magnesium in simulated body fluid, and the higher the fluorine content in the coating, the smaller the degradation rate of porous magnesium. Electrochemical test demonstrated that MgO/MgF2 coated porous magnesium exhibited a higher biocorrosion resistance than porous magnesium. These results suggest that the MgF2/MgO coated porous magnesium possesses suitable corrosion behavior for the application as biodegradable implant material.
Polyurethane Synthetic Papers Based on Different Inorganic Fillers with Water and Fire Resistance
Authors: Zhou Hu , Wang Xiaohong , Wang Taofen , Jian Jian , Zhou Zhihua , Zeng Jianxian , Zeng Lingwei , Liu Guoqing
Published: December 2018

Polyurethane synthetic papers based on different inorganic fillers are prepared via wet phase inversion process and inorganic mineral filling modification technique. The surface and cross‐section morphology, tensile strength and elongation at break, fire resistance, water and oil adsorption, ink contact angle, writing and printing effects, and water resistance of synthetic paper are investigated, respectively. A large number of pores are present on the surface and in the interior of the synthetic papers and provide huge space for ink molecules. The synthetic paper with transparent powder filled exhibits the optimal performance in tensile strength and elongation at break. Moreover, the fire resistance of polyurethane is improved by inorganic particles, and the highest limit oxygen index value of synthetic paper reaches up to 31.8%, which meets the standard of flame retardant. Meanwhile, filled synthetic papers exhibit high water and oil adsorption capacity, good ink‐affinity, excellent writing and printing effects. In addition, filled synthetic papers perform well in water resistance when written and printed synthetic papers are immersed in water. This work may provide a new idea to design a novel, greener, and multifunctional synthetic paper for its broad applications.
Reprocessable and Recyclable Crosslinked Polyethylene with Triple Shape Memory Effect
Authors: Ji Fance , Liu Xiangdong , Lin Changhong , Zhou Yan , Dong Li , Xu Shaobin , Sheng Dekun , Yang Yuming
Published: December 2018

Thermosetting polymers, such as epoxy resins, have found widespread applications because of their excellent thermomechanical and solvent resistance properties. However, the recycling of thermosets remains a challenge, due to the irreversible covalent crosslinking bonds in the network. The exchangeable covalent bonds in vitrimers open opportunities in the way that materials can be dynamically repaired. However, in the case of polyolefins, the strategy of exchangeable vitrimers is still underexplored. Herein, a simple way is reported to prepare a high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) vitrimer with a triple shape memory effect, where exchangeable esters are introduced into the network of covalently crosslinked HDPE. With the incorporation of polyethers or polyesters into the crosslinked network, the two obtained vitrimers show outstanding recyclability and a good triple shape memory effect. This new strategy of preparing an HDPE vitrimer might allow the high‐value utilization of crosslinked polyolefins.
Developing Multi Stimuli‐Responsive Core/Shell Microcapsules to Control the Release of Volatile Compounds
Authors: Paret Nicolas , Trachsel Alain , Berthier Damien L. , Herrmann Andreas
Published: December 2018

Encapsulation of 2‐oxoacetates into poly(urea‐urethane) core/shell microcapsules allows the light‐induced controlled release of volatile compounds such as fragrances, plant volatiles, pheromones, or other semiochemicals. On exposure to UVA light, 2‐oxoacetates decompose to form a carbonyl compound together with CO2or CO, which can build overpressure inside the capsules that expands and/or cleaves the capsule wall to release its content. The influence of the structure and ratio of the polyisocyanates and diamines used for interfacial polymerization, as well as the composition of the capsule wall and the oil phase, are investigated by dynamic headspace analysis of the released volatile compounds to optimize the performance of the delivery system. The combination of a light‐induced release with the mechanical cleavage of the capsule gives access to multi stimuli‐responsive systems that selectively respond to the different triggers applied. Furthermore, the concept outlined in the present work is generally applicable to other photolabile precursors that generate a gas inside the capsules and thus release co‐encapsulated active molecules as a direct response to light.
Cost‐Effectiveness of Magnetic Resonance‐Guided Focused Ultrasound for Essential Tremor
Authors: Li Chunmei , Gajic‐Veljanoski Olga , Schaink Alexis K. , Higgins Caroline , Fasano Alfonso , Sikich Nancy , Dhalla Irfan , Ng Vivian
Published: December 2018

Background

Radiofrequency thalamotomy and deep brain stimulation are current treatments for moderate to severe medication‐refractory essential tremor. However, they are invasive and thus carry risks. Magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound is a new, less invasive surgical option. The objective of the present study was to determine the cost‐effectiveness of magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound compared with standard treatments in Canada.

Methods

We conducted a cost‐utility analysis using a Markov cohort model. We compared magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound with no surgery in people ineligible for invasive neurosurgery and with radiofrequency thalamotomy and deep brain stimulation in people eligible for invasive neurosurgery. In the reference case analysis, we used a 5‐year time horizon and a public payer perspective and discounted costs and benefits at 1.5% per year.

Results

Compared with no surgery in people ineligible for invasive neurosurgery, magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound cost $21,438 more but yielded 0.47 additional quality‐adjusted life years, producing an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of $45,817 per quality‐adjusted life year gained. In people eligible for invasive neurosurgery, magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound was slightly less effective but much less expensive compared with the current standard of care, deep brain stimulation. The results were sensitive to assumptions regarding the time horizon, cost of magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound, and probability of recurrence.

Conclusions

In people ineligible for invasive neurosurgery, the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound versus no surgery is comparable to many other tests and treatments that are widely adopted in high‐income countries. In people eligible for invasive neurosurgery, magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound is also a reasonable option. © 2018 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
A note on the discrete Cauchy‐Kovalevskaya extension
Authors: Faustino Nelson
Published: December 2018

In this paper, we exploit the umbral calculus framework to reformulate the so‐called discrete Cauchy‐Kovalevskaya extension in the scope of hypercomplex variables. The key idea is to consider not only formal power series representation for the underlying solution, but also integral representations for the Chebyshev polynomials of first and second kind by means of its Cauchy principal values. It turns out that the resulting integral representation associated to our toy problem is a space‐time Fourier type inversion formula. Moreover, with the aid of some Laplace transform identities involving the generalized Mittag‐Leffler function, we are able to establish a link with a Cauchy problem of differential‐difference type.
The families of explicit solutions for the Hirota equation
Authors: Su Ting , Wang Jia
Published: December 2018

The well‐known shallow wave equation can be reduced to the Hirota equation with the aid of corresponding transformation. We discuss its explicit solutions, including dark soliton solution, multiple soliton solution, multiple singular solution, and periodic solutions.
Fiber anemometer for simultaneously measuring wind speed and wind direction
Authors: Cheng Jui‐Nan , Chang Hung‐Ying , Fu Ming‐Yue , Liu Wen‐Fung
Published: December 2018

In this paper, we proposed a novel anemometer for simultaneously and conveniently monitoring wind speed and wind direction by using a pair of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). The anemometer comprises a plastic ball, a stainless steel rod, and two FBGs. The gratings are glued to the surface of the stainless steel rod with a location separation of 90°. In the operation mechanism, the bend in the stainless‐steel‐rod caused by the wind force drives the FBGs, thereby leading to a grating wavelength shift for the measurement both of wind speed and wind direction This fiber anemometer is experimentally demonstrated in real time with a sensitivity of 0.02 nm/(m/s) and a resolution of 0.49 m/s for wind speed measurement, with a wind speed error of less than 2.38%, and a wind direction angle error of approximately 0.69%.