bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy Parameter Control System of Strength Machine for Material Tests under Polyharmonic Bending and Torsion
Authors: Kasprzyczak Leszek , Macha Ewald
Published: December 2014

The paper presents strength machine control system for characterization of fatigue properties of materials based on recently defined energy fatigue damage parameter under polyharmonic bending and torsion.
The Analysis of Finishing Tooling Influence on Friction Factor Examined by T-05 Tester
Authors: Labuda Wojciech , Charchalis Adam
Published: December 2014

The article presents the research results referring to the analysis of the influence of finish treatment (finishing turning, grinding, burnishing) on the friction factor of steel applied to marine pump shafts. The research was performed on a roller 39 mm in diameter made of stainless steel 304L. The finish tooling of pump shaft pins was carried out on a universal centre lathe. The finish turning process was carried out by means of a WNMG WF 080408 Sandvik Coromant cutting tool with replaceable inserts. The grinding process was performed by grinding attachment for lathes. The 1 – 80×10×32 – 99C 80-N V grinding wheel was used for the process. The process of burnishing was done by SRMD burnishing tool by Yamato. The burnishing process could be carried out at the following technological parameters: burnishing force 1.1 kN, burnishing speed 35 m/min, feed 0.13 mm/rev [1, 2, 3]. The paper aimed at defining the influence of burnishing on service conditions by: testing electrochemical corrosion, friction wear and contact fatigue. The work presented the research results of friction factor tests of the samples after finish turning, grinding and burnishing. In addition, the influence of the burnisher passes number on the friction factor was determined. The experiment was performed on block – roll tester machine.
Design of Test Stand for Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys Samples and Representation of Obtained Results
Authors: Minorowicz Bartosz
Published: December 2014

Materials with magnetic shape memory gained recognition for their greatest elongation in a group of smart materials, which reaches 10%; another advantage is high operating frequency. Disadvantages must also be considered, these are hysteresis, temperature sensitivity, other nonlinearities and high price. High strain makes it possible to use these materials in actuators design, but it is also possible to apply MSMA in energy harvesters and sensors. This article is linkage between physico-chemical R&D work and basic design of a transducer. Design of a test stand was described, different research scenarios were presented and to sum up this work graphs with the obtained results were placed.
Evaluation of Static and Dynamic Stress Intensity Factors under Pure Mode I and Mixed Mode I/II Fracture
Authors: Gintalas Marius , Kalniņš Kaspars , Pakalnis Algis , Šadreika Petras , Žiliukas Antanas
Published: December 2014

The focus of this work is to investigate pre-cracked plate element fracture under mixed mode I/II loading. In order to look into element with inclined initial crack, the test procedure was also performed due to pure opening fracture (I mode) and in-plane shear mode (II mode). For this purpose, static and dynamic tests were performed with original testing device, in which the specimen was fixed in so called “Arcan disc”. The results showed fracture characteristics dependence under initial crack orientation angle, i.e. due opening mode, in-plane shear mode and mixed mode I/II fracture.
Analyzing the Possibility of Using Laser Ablation for Texturing Bearing Steel 100CrMn6 Considering a Tribological Aspect
Authors: Napadłek Wojciech
Published: December 2014

The publication analyzes the possibility of applying laser ablation for texturing bearing steel 100CrMn6 considering a tribological aspect. The use of different variants of laser micromachining, including pulsed radiation (λ = 1.064 μm) and the geometric texture of the surface, facilitated with obtaining the characteristic stereometry of the surface with regularly arranged micro-channels of lubrication on the surface of roller bearing steel.
Investigation of Cathodic Cleaning Processes of Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Lukauskaitė Raimonda , Valiulis Algirdas Vaclovas , Černašėjus Olegas
Published: December 2014

On covering aluminum and its alloys with coatings resistant to high-temperature corrosion and attrition, abundant technological problems arise. The key problem is a removal of the film of aluminum oxide Аl2O3 from the aluminum substrate. This permanent, chemically continuous film of oxide reduces adhesion between the substrate and the coating. For improving cohesion of the coating with the substrate, an appropriate pre-treatment of aluminum is required. In the paper, cleaning of aluminum alloy AW 5754 by electric discharge is investigated. This method is considered one of most environmentally friendly methods of surface cleaning. The impact of the parameters of aluminum alloy cathodic cleaning on the surface cleaning width, its roughness and free energy of the surface were examined. In addition, the topography, microstructure and chemical composition of the surface of cleaned aluminum alloy were estimated.
The Investigation on Destruction of the Compressor in Residue Conversion Set
Authors: Rudzinskas Vitalijus , Černašėjus Olegas
Published: December 2014

In the paper, the problems of reliability and safe exploitation of the piston compressor in a residue conversion set are discussed upon. After a long exploitation, an emergency shutdown of the above-mentioned compressor occurred. On the primary examination, a fracture of the cylinder and the hub of the compressor were found. The goal of the investigation: to identify the cause of destruction of the compressor of the naphtha residue conversion set.
The Use of Laser Texturing the Surface Layer to Modify the Friction Pair Pin-Bushing
Authors: Napadłek Wojciech , Woźniak Adam , Laber Agnieszka
Published: December 2014

This paper presents the methodology and results of laser texturing of the surface layer steel 41Cr4, applied to the manufacture of crankshafts and selected aluminum alloy used for the production of slide bearings (bearings) for internal combustion engines. Laser treatment of the surface layer of this material was carried out using Nd: YAG laser with a wavelength of pulsed laser radiation λ-1064 nm. Application of laser ablation micromachining in sensitive zones of the crankshaft and slide bearing, mainly the surface layer of the friction pair, was aimed to formation of a suitable surface texture containing oil microchannels. Applying different parameters ablative laser micromachining (power density, repetition rate, number of pulses in the same area, the overlap area microchannels), a very interesting stereometry of the surface layer steel 41Cr4 and bearing alloy was obtained. The lubricant had characteristic microchannels, very important in the tribological process of the friction pair crankshaft – slide bearing. Laboratory metallographic tests showed the high dispersion microstructure of martensitic steel 41Cr4 in the superficial zone, melted and hardened. The transition zone was found to be of martensitic-bainitic microstructure and bainite. The microstructures are formed by ultrafast phase transformations over time crystallization of alloy Fe-Cr-C from the liquid phase (microhardness in the range of 550-680 HV0.05). The microstructures appear in the adjacent area to the lubricant microchannels produced during laser texturing. The studies of laser texturing the sliding layer of slide bearing made of aluminum alloy, destined to cooperate with tribological function pin engine crankshaft are preliminary results. The positive results: high repeatability of the process texturing regular geometric shape microchannels and ease process control. In the best version, technological preliminary tests showed the following oil microchannels dimensions: depth of about 3.2 microns, width 47 microns; it is a promising result.
System for Testing the Mechanical Durability of Documents Secured with RFID Labels
Authors: Zbrowski Andrzej , Majcher Andrzej
Published: December 2014

The use of documents with RFID labels, particularly passports, is often equivalent to mechanical damage, the loss of printed data and many negative consequences stemming from them. The article presents a system for testing the mechanical durability of load damage considering such types of documents. Based on the results of the analyzed requirements, a set of testing devices has been developed in order to enable a complex assessment of the mechanical durability of electronically protected documents. The use of common solutions regarding individual testers enables the execution of both normative and programmable tests and facilitates an easy extension of the system for the modification of its individual devices.
The Effect of Deposition Parameters on the Structural and Mechanical Properties of BN Coatings Deposited onto High-Speed Steel by the PLD Method
Authors: Gocman Krzysztof , Kałdoński Tadeusz , Mróz Waldemar , Budner Bogusław
Published: December 2014

Boron nitride coatings have been deposited onto high-speed steel substrates using pulsed laser deposition technique combined with RF-discharge. In order to improve adhesion and reduce internal stresses, substrates were subjected to gas nitriding. The structure and morphology of coatings were investigated applying atomic force microscopy (AFM) and FTIR spectroscopy. Nanohardness and elastic modulus were examined employing a nanoanalyzer (CETR). On the basis of the conducted experiments, stable, crystalline, multiphase coatings have been obtained. It has been proved that morphology, structure and mechanical properties strongly depend on the parameters of the PLD process; in particular, the temperature of the substrate has a crucial influence on the properties of BN coatings.
The Physical and Numerical Modelling of Heat Treatment of Experimental Steels for Pipelines
Authors: Koczurkiewicz Bartosz , Knapiński Marcin , Dyja Henryk , Kawałek Anna
Published: December 2014

The paper presents the results of the physical and numerical modelling of heat treatment of experimental steels for pipelines. Simulation has been conducted at the Institute of Metal Forming and Safety Engineering of Częstochowa University of Technology. The numerical modelling of heat treatment has been carried using commercial program TTSteel. Based on the results of computer simulation, changes in steel microstructure during continuous cooling have been analysed, and the characteristics of temperature and the diagram of Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) have been constructed. Numerical research has been verified running the physical simulation of heat treatment of steel using dilatometer DIL805 A/D. The characteristic temperature of steel and the size of the former austenite grains have been determined. Also, the metallographic examination of the samples was conducted and Vickers hardness was tested. The obtained results have been used for building a real CCT diagram of steel.
A Quasi-Static Approach to Optimize the Motion of an UGV Depending on the Track Profile
Authors: Corral Eduardo , Aryassov Gennady , Meneses Jesús
Published: December 2014

The aim of this work is to improve the navigation capabilities of an off-road unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) by optimizing the angles between its legs and its body (its configuration angles), as the vehicle travels by a particular track profile. We present a numerical program based on a quasi-static half vehicle model. For a profile entered by the user, the program will be able to calculate how the angles between the legs and the body must vary along the trajectory, so that to maintain the torque on the wheels as constant as possible. Results may be helpful in vehicle control tasks, in particular when passing obstacles efficiently.First of all, some considerations concerning the nomenclature and geometry of the vehicle are presented. Then, the kinematics of the vehicle is exposed starting from the function that defines the profile. We focus on the position and/or trajectories of remarkable points to be employed later. From the kinematics, the quasi-static model is developed and the equations to calculate the forces and torques involved are presented. The algorithm basically calculates the position along the track and the angles between the legs and the body and then, by using the previous equations, finds the optimal values of those angles that satisfy a given condition (as equal to normal forces, torque constancy, minimum torque, etc.)As results, we present the configuration angles that equal to the normal forces on the wheels when the vehicle ascends a ramp, depending on the slope. We also present the optimal configuration angles variation required for the vehicle to pass over a step obstacle. And for a complex profile how the torque changes in function of the angles between the legs.
Plastometric Modelling of the E635M Zirconium Alloy Multistage Forging Process
Authors: Kawałek Anna , Gałkin Aleksandr , Dyja Henryk , Ozhmegov Kiryll , Knapiński Marcin , Koczurkiewicz Bartosz
Published: December 2014

The purpose of the process was to develop the guidelines for the new technological process of producing E635M zirconium alloy bars, including the conditions and schemes of deformations in individual open-die forging operations on a hydraulic press. The determined range of hot plastic deformation parameters (temperature, strain, strain rate) will contribute to the intensification of the plastic flow process in individual technological forging operations at a lower total energy consumption, with simultaneous homogenization of the structure in finished bars. Plastometric modeling of the process of hot forging square cross-section forging for industrial conditions and according to a newly developed scheme was carried out within the study. The examination was performed using the Pocket Jaw module of the plastometric device Gleeble 3800.
Physical Simulations of the Controlled Rolling Process of Experimental Steels with Modified Chemical Composition Allocated to Pipelines
Authors: Knapiński Marcin , Dyja Henryk , Kawałek Anna , Koczurkiewicz Bartosz , Sawicki Sylwester
Published: December 2014

The research presented in the paper was carried out for the experimental steels with modified chemical composition allocated to pipelines for 760÷1180 °C range, strain rate s–1 s–1 and different distributions of particular reductions between passes were presented. Physical modeling of the rolling process was carried out upon using the GLEEBLE 3800 simulator. The research was based on the findings of the paper [1].
Analysis of Optimization of Selection of the Tools for Turning
Authors: Marcinkevičius Andrejus Henrikas
Published: December 2014

It was shown that selection of a tool and cutting rates has strong influence on machining cost. Influences of different expense components in a machining company are analyzed and it is shown how all of them influence of production cost and the smallest cost is searched. It is shown that adequate selection of tools for machining and rates of cutting can markedly decrease the machining costs.
Monitoring the FSW Processes with Use of Thermal Imaging
Authors: Mężyk Jordan , Kowieski Szymon
Published: December 2014

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a recently developed method for making a rigid joint of materials that are otherwise hard to weld. It uses a rotating tool for softening the materials without reaching the melting point, and while the tool is moved along the joint line the plasticised material from the joined materials is mixed and hardened producing the solid phase bond. The article presents the authors’ method for monitoring the Friction Stir Welding (FSW) processes with use of thermal imaging camera.FSW method is a new method and there are only few tools to assess the quality of the process, especially on-line, that is in the making of the weld. The authors propose a method for monitoring the FSW process using hybrid vision methods that is acquisition of the image of the weld with the use of a thermal imaging camera and visual band camera. The paper presents selected results of research performed using infrared imaging channel.The recorded thermograms allow identifying the weld defects and non-compliances during the process and using a thermal imaging camera, also allow detecting subsurface defects. The obtained results indicate its potential practical application but still the described application is to be further developed to become a part of a hybrid system for monitoring the FSW processes.
The Application of the Pulsed Electromagnetic Field for Joining Powder Parts
Authors: Mironovs Viktors , Boiko Irina , Kolbe Matthias
Published: December 2014

The paper is devoted to the permanent joining of powder parts by the pulsed electromagnetic field. The possibility of such joining was proved experimentally and testing the obtained samples. The method of permanent joining of powder parts employing technologies of the pulsed electromagnetic field is the most effective for joining powder parts with relatively high copper content (more than 10%) and when the thickness of powder parts is in the range from 2 to 10 mm. Using a concentrator of the electromagnetic field allows increasing pressure in a relatively small zone up to 2...3 times, which significantly increases the deformation of the material of joined parts and, consequently, the reliability of joints.
The Influence of the Interstand Tension of the Band on Roll Wear during the Continuous Groove-Rolling Process
Authors: Szota Piotr , Mróz Sebastian , Stefanik Andrzej , Dyja Henryk
Published: December 2014

Numerical modelling of the round bar rolling process, while considering the wear of passes depending on their shape, was carried out within the present work. The analysis of the rolling process was conducted thus analysing the influence of interstand tension on roll wear. For the theoretical study of the rolling process, Forge2011® was employed, which is finite element method-relying software that enables the thermo-mechanical simulation of rolling processes in a triaxial state of strain. The wear model implemented in Forge2011® permits no quantitative evaluation, but only a comparative analysis of the wear of rolls. In order to use the results of simulation employing the simplified Archard model for the quantitative evaluation of roll wear, it is necessary to define the factor of wear and the hardness of the tool as a function of temperature.
The Detection of Battery Screwdriver’s Optimal Working Modes when Assembling Fixed Threaded Joint Considering Allowable Tightening Torque in Case of Equal Screw Length
Authors: Grinevich Ivans , Mozga Natalija , Strautmanis Guntis
Published: December 2014

In presented paper, the screwdriver’s electric power consumption studies depending on the corresponding fixed threaded joint’s assembly time are carried out. So far there are no recommendations from the tool manufactures for screwdriver’s optimal operating modes (the conclusion is made on the base of the attached instructions which provide instrument manufacturers), when evaluating this aspect upon taking into account the electrical power consumption and assembly time for different types of fixed threaded joints (wood, metal, plastic, etc.) and also taking into account obtainable tightening moments. In the examined literature sources which deal with the opportunities concerning the optimization of the automated assembly processes of fixed threaded joints, not enough attention is paid to the reduction of the instrument’s energy consumption which is one of the main tasks in the industrial process because it directly impacts production costs.
Reverse Engineering of Stamping Die Punch – A Case Study
Authors: Wróbel Ireneusz
Published: December 2014

The paper presents a methodology developed by the author for reconstructing surfaces of shaping the punch which is an element of the stamping die. It describes the entire process of the punch reconstruction i.e. 3D scanning, modeling, FEM analysis and processing. This process was implemented by the stamping press cooperating with the authors. Conclusions have been formulated.
Selection of the Nozzle for Metal Surface Cleaning Using Cavitating Pulsing Fluid Flow
Authors: Ralys Aurimas , Striška Vytautas , Mokšin Vadim
Published: December 2014

The aim of the research was to define an appropriate design of the nozzle which could be used to cavitate microbubbles and direct the cavitating water flow on the cleaning metal surface. Three different nozzles were evaluated. SolidWorks 2011 Flow Simulation software was used for calculations. Volume of vacuum bubbles in the flowing part of the nozzle was established. The water pressure at the inlet was varied from 4 to 10 MPa. Calculations show that in all nozzle structures amount of bubbles change slightly while pressure is varied from 4 to 10 MPa, so the optimal pressure of the water flow can be considered as 4 MPa.
Low-Speed Hydraulic Pump as a Tool for Setting and Measuring Torque
Authors: Banaś Michał
Published: December 2014

The paper presents a low-speed hydraulic pump which is used in a hydraulic load unit for testing mechanical devices. The control system of the unit reduces an impact of any other hydraulic and mechanical parameters, including temperature and rotational speed, on the torque. The hydraulic load unit with the low-speed pump was used in the tests of the cycloid gearbox.
Engineering Education Based on Engineering Change
Authors: Maceika Augustinas , Jančiauskas Bronius
Published: December 2014

The authors of the article carried out the analysis of the teaching need for the subject of engineering change at Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. The conducted investigation was based on evaluating the situation of the engineering change process and on innovative knowledge in the field. The examination of literature sources and the results of expert evaluation pointed out a number of activities to support the engineering change process. The activities must be provided with relevant innovative knowledge. Recent engineering changes are related to product and process innovations when the new functions and purposes of product development can be, in many cases, achieved through designing mechatronic systems and introducing new materials to improve the product. Engineering change management is important for designing and producing products. For this reason, the modules of study programmes in this particular field give more knowledge and abilities for the students.
RNA therapeutics - Function, design and delivery
Authors: Redi Carlo Alberto
Published: December 2014

RNA therapeutics - Function, design and delivery
Refraction seismic velocity analyses from multichannel seismic data acquired during Expedition ARA04C on the IBRV Araon in the Beaufort Sea
Authors: Riedel M , Hong J K , Jin Y K , Kim H S
Published: December 2014

Expedition ARA04C (conducted from September 10 - September 26, 2013 in Canadian waters) on the Korean icebreaker IBRV Araon was laid out to investigate the Beaufort Sea shelf and slope region and collect geo-scientific data for various aspects relevant to the
GSC's mandated regional geo-hazard assessment of the offshore Beaufort region. A critical element of the geohazards is the distribution of permafrost across the submerged shelf. To address this question and to verify data from earlier attempts made by the GSC in the mid 1980ies, a set of
multichannel seismic (MCS) lines were collected across and along the shelf edge. Refracted arrivals were picked on all MCS lines acquired and velocities for the first and where occurring, second and even third refractions were determined. The depth to the first refractor was determined using simple
ray-path geometry for a refracted, planar 2 layer case, with a fixed velocity of the upper layer (ocean water) of 1450 m/s determined from measurements of physical properties in the water column using a standard Conductivity-Temperature-Depth (CTD) tool. Using this velocity value creates a fully
flat direct arrival when the shot-gather is reduced by this velocity value, confirming that this value is appropriate. Depths to 2nd or 3rd refractor where not determined in this study. Arrivals from deeper refractions are often masked by the occurrence of refractions generated by multiples and from
strong linear noise occurring along the streamer. The results from the refraction velocity analysis allow verification of major boundaries of permafrost or icebearing sediment occurrences from previous work, but also define several critical corrections, especially near the shelf edge zone.
Correlation of the MCS refraction data and the coincident 3.5 kHz sub-bottom profiler data reveal that a regional unconformity (~5 to ~15 meter below seafloor) often is the source of the first detectable refraction instead of the seafloor.
African Primary Care Research: Current situation, priorities and capacity building
Authors: Mash Robert , Essuman Akye , Ratansi Riaz , Goodyear-Smith Felicity , Von Pressentin Klaus , Malan Zelra , Van Lancker Marianne , De Maeseneer Jan
Published: December 2014

No abstract available.
Pear PIP1 gene is regulated during fruit development and is invovled in response to salicylic acid and ethylene
Authors: Shi Haiyan , Wang Yanhui , Zhang Diansheng , Chen Liang , Zhang Yuxing
Published: December 2014

Shi, H., Wang, Y., Zhang, D., Chen, L. and Zhang, Y. 2015. Pear PIP1 gene is regulated during fruit development and is invovled in response to salicylic acid and ethylene. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 77–85. Plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs), a subfamily of aquaporins, are widely implicated in plant growth and development. A gene encoding a plasma membrane intrinsic protein and designated PpPIP1 was isolated from pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). Using PCR amplification techniques, the genomic clone corresponding to PpPIP1 was isolated and shown to contain three introns with typical GT/AG boundaries defining the splice junctions. The deduced PpPIP1 protein contains the conserved features of PIPs: six transmembrane α-helices, a major intrinsic protein domain, and a conserved asparagine–proline–alanine (NPA) signature sequence. Phylogenetic analyses clearly demonstrated that PpPIP1 has the highest homology with apple (Malus×domestica) MdPIP1a and Malus hupehensis MhPIP1-1. PpPIP1 transcripts were mainly detected in young leaves, shoots, petals and mesocarp of fruit, but a relatively low expression signal was detected in anthers. In particular, expression of PpPIP1 was developmentally regulated in fruit. Further study demonstrated that PpPIP1 expression in pear fruit was down-regulated by salicylic acid (SA) and up-regulated by ethylene. These data suggest that PpPIP1 may be involved in the response to SA and ethylene during fruit development, which would provide valuable information for water permeability studies in pear.
AAC 26-15 soybean
Authors: Yu K. , Woodrow L. , Poysa V.
Published: December 2014

Yu, K., Woodrow, L. and Poysa, V. 2015. AAC 26-15 soybean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 441–443. AAC 26-15 is a high-yielding, high-protein, SCN resistant, food grade soybean cultivar with yellow hila and acceptable processing quality for foreign and domestic tofu and soymilk markets. It was developed at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Greenhouse and Processing Crops Research Centre (GPCRC), Harrow, Ontario. AAC 26-15 is adapted to areas of southwest Ontario with 3100 or more crop heat units and has a relative maturity of 2.3 (MG 2.3).
Malignant Myoepithelial Carcinoma Expleomorphic Adenoma of the Hard Palate: An Aggressive Tumor with Diagnostic Dilemma
Authors: Naik Sudhir , Halkud Rajshekar , Siddappa KT , Shivappa Akshay , Biswas Siddharth , Shenoy Ashok M , Sunil KC , Samskruthi M , Sarvadyna Jagdish , Chavan Purshottam
Published: December 2014

Background/Objectives

Myoepithelial carcinomas are uncommon neoplasms that account for about 10% of all myoepitheliomas. The invasiveness varies from a locally aggressive to highly metastatic tumor which may arise de novo or in a pleomorphic adenoma. Myoepitheliomas arise from myoepithelial cells lacking ductal differentiation which exhibit both epithelial and smooth muscle cell elements.

Case report

We report a case of palatal swelling excised 4 years back, as pleomorphic adenoma, which later recurred as malignant myoepithelial carcinoma expleomorphic adenoma of the palate. CECT of the paranasal air sinuses did not show any bony invasion of the hard palate. So he was given radical radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy but after 3 years developed recurnce and metastasis to the skin and the lungs. The patient was referred to oral chemotherapy on a palliative basis.

Conclusion

Malignant myoepithelial carcinoma expleomorphic adenoma of the hard palate is a highly aggressive rare tumor of the hard palate. Radical management with surgery and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy improves survival in these patients. Followup with metastatic workup should be accurate as the tumor is highly aggressive with poor prognosis.

How to cite this article

Shenoy AM, Halkud R, Shivappa A, Chavan p, Sunil KC, Sarvadyna J, Samskruthi M, Siddappa KT, Biswas S, Naik SM. Malignant Myoepithelial Carcinoma Expleomorphic Adenoma of the Hard palate: An Aggressive Tumor with Diagnostic Dilemma. Int J Head Neck Surg 2014;5(2):72-77.
Targeting Angiogenesis
Authors: Kaur Mandeep
Published: December 2014

Blood vessels constitute the first organ in the embryo and form the largest network in the body, but sadly are often deadly. Angiogenesis is the process of generating new capillary blood vessels. Vasculogenesis is the term used for spontaneous bloodvessel formation, and intussusception is the term for new blood vessel formation by splitting off existing ones. Angiogenesis is a normal and vital process in growth and development, as well as in wound healing and in granulation tissue. It is also a fundamental step in the transition of tumors from a dormant state to a malignant one, leading to the use of angiogenesis inhibitors. Angiogenesis may be a target for combating diseases characterized by either poor vascularization or abnormal vasculature. Application of specific compounds that may inhibit or induce the creation of new blood vessels in the body may help combat such diseases. In this review, we will present an overview of the knowledge gained in studies related to the identification and characterization of different inhibitors and regulators of angiogenesis and also to highlight briefly the pathological and physiological angiogenesis.

How to cite this article

Kaur M. Targeting Angiogenesis. Int J Head Neck Surg 2014;5(2):78-86.
Thyroidea Ima Artery: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Jayaraju Rijo M , Mohiyuddin Azeem , Merchant Shuaib , Raj Sagaya , Sasidharan Beauty
Published: December 2014

Thyroidea ima is a rare anomalous artery supplying the thyroid gland apart from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries. It is of surgical importance in thyroid, parathyroid and tracheal surgeries.

Our study aims to highlight two cases of thyroidea ima artery found during thyroidectomy:

• Case 1: Thyroidea ima artery was seen arising from the medial surface of the right common carotid artery in a female patient, who underwent total thyroidectomy.

• Case 2: Thyroidea ima artery was seen arising from the anterior surface of the right innominate artery, in a female patient, who underwent right hemithyroidectomy.

Conclusion

Thyroidea ima artery, although a rare arterial variation, a thorough regional anatomic knowledge and meticulous dissection will not only help us in identifying such a vascular variation, also help us in preventing an accidental injury.

How to cite this article

Raj S, Mohiyuddin A, Merchant S, Jayaraju RM, Sasidharan B. Thyroidea Ima Artery: A Report of Two Cases. Int J Head Neck Surg 2014;5(2):89-90.
Vertical Cricoid Lamina Ossification: A Rare Pitfall in the Diagnosis of Extraluminal Foreign Body
Authors: Divya GM , Muhammad Hasif , Ramachandran KC , Shiji K
Published: December 2014

Ossification of airway cartilages on plain X-ray film may masquerade as a foreign body in the digestive tract in some patients with a history of foreign body ingestion. This process may cause confusion to the clinician, who then has to rely on other investigations and explorative surgery to exclude the possibility of an impacted or extraluminally migrated foreign body. Here we present a pitfall in the diagnosis of extraluminal foreign body impaction secondary to vertical ossification of cricoid lamina, which resulted in an explorative surgery.

How to cite this article

Divya GM, Muhammad H, Ramachandran KC, Shiji K. Vertical Cricoid Lamina Ossification: A Rare Pitfall in the Diagnosis of Extraluminal Foreign Body. Int J Head Neck Surg 2014;5(2):91-93.
Valores individuais e comprometimento organizacional: um estudo com o corpo docente de instituição de ensino superior
Authors: Martins Saulo Henrique Brito Matos , Sant'Anna Anderson de Souza
Published: December 2014

Este estudo foi desenvolvido junto a instituição de ensino superior (IES). Nesse contexto, decidiu-se por realizar esta pesquisa, que teve como objetivo principal identificar relações entre os construtos valores individuais e comprometimento organizacional dos professores da IES pesquisada. Foram aplicados 550 questionários, sendo que dos 189 devolvidos, 157 foram considerados válidos.  Os resultados quanto aos valores individuais revelaram que os valores mais presentes na equipe foram referentes aos tipos motivacionais benevolência, conformidade e autodeterminação. Quanto ao nível de comprometimento, identificou-se que o afetivo foi o mais presente no grupo pesquisado, seguido pelo normativo e, por último, o instrumental. Para verificar possíveis relações entre os valores individuais e o comprometimento organizacional, utilizou-se a análise de correlação de Pearson. Os resultados apuraram correlação positiva e significativa entre comprometimento e os tipos motivacionais hedonismo e segurança. O comprometimento normativo apresentou correlação positiva e significativa com os tipos motivacionais benevolência, conformidade, realização e segurança.
Performance of high-resolution X-band weather radar networks – the PATTERN example
Authors: Lengfeld K. , Clemens M. , Münster H. , Ament F.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. This publication intends to prove that a network of low-cost local area weather radars (LAWR) is a reliable and scientifically valuable complement to nationwide radar networks. A network of four LAWRs has been installed in northern Germany within the framework of the Precipitation and Attenuation Estimates from a High-Resolution Weather Radar Network (PATTERN) project observing precipitation with a temporal resolution of 30 s, a range resolution of 60 m and a sampling resolution of 1° in the azimuthal direction. The network covers an area of 60 km × 80 km. In this paper, algorithms used to obtain undisturbed precipitation fields from raw reflectivity data are described, and their performance is analysed. In order to correct operationally for background noise in reflectivity measurements, noise level estimates from the measured reflectivity field are combined with noise levels from the last 10 time steps. For detection of non-meteorological echoes, two different kinds of clutter algorithms are applied: single-radar algorithms and network-based algorithms. Besides well-established algorithms based on the texture of the logarithmic reflectivity field (TDBZ) or sign changes in the reflectivity gradient (SPIN), the advantage of the unique features of the high temporal and spatial resolution of the network is used for clutter detection. Overall, the network-based clutter algorithm works best with a detection rate of up to 70%, followed by the classic TDBZ filter using the texture of the logarithmic reflectivity field. A comparison of a reflectivity field from the PATTERN network with the product from a C-band radar operated by the German Meteorological Service indicates high spatial accordance of both systems in the geographical position of the rain event as well as reflectivity maxima. Long-term statistics from May to September 2013 prove very good accordance of the X-band radar of the network with C-band radar, but, especially at the border of precipitation events, higher-resolved X-band radar measurements provide more detailed information on precipitation structure because the 1 km range gate of C-band radars is only partially covered with rain. The standard deviation within a range gate of the C-band radar with a range resolution of 1 km is up to 3 dBZ at the borders of rain events. The probability of detection is at least 90%, the false alarm ratio less than 10% for both systems. Therefore, a network of high-resolution low-cost LAWRs can give valuable information on the small-scale structure of rain events in areas of special interest, e.g. urban regions, in addition to the nationwide radar networks.
Level 0 to 1 processing of the imaging Fourier transform spectrometer GLORIA: generation of radiometrically and spectrally calibrated spectra
Authors: Kleinert A. , Friedl-Vallon F. , Guggenmoser T. , Höpfner M. , Neubert T. , Ribalda R. , Sha M. K. , Ungermann J. , Blank J. , Ebersoldt A. , Kretschmer E. , Latzko T. , Oelhaf H. , Olschewski F. , Preusse P.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The Gimballed Limb Observer for Radiance Imaging of the Atmosphere (GLORIA) is an imaging Fourier transform spectrometer that is capable of operating on various high-altitude research aircraft. It measures the atmospheric emission in the thermal infrared spectral region in limb and nadir geometry. GLORIA consists of a classical Michelson interferometer combined with an infrared camera. The infrared detector has a usable area of 128 × 128 pixels, measuring up to 16 384 interferograms simultaneously. Imaging Fourier transform spectrometers impose a number of challenges with respect to instrument calibration and algorithm development. The optical setup with extremely high optical throughput requires the development of new methods and algorithms for spectral and radiometric calibration. Due to the vast amount of data there is a high demand for scientifically intelligent optimisation of the data processing. This paper outlines the characterisation and processing steps required for the generation of radiometrically and spectrally calibrated spectra. Methods for performance optimisation of the processing algorithm are presented. The performance of the data processing and the quality of the calibrated spectra are demonstrated for measurements collected during the first deployments of GLORIA on aircraft.
Oceanic N2O emissions in the 21st century
Authors: Martinez-Rey J. , Bopp L. , Gehlen M. , Tagliabue A. , Gruber N.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The ocean is a substantial source of nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere, but little is known on how this flux might change in the future. Here, we investigate the potential evolution of marine N2O emissions in the 21st century in response to anthropogenic climate change using the global ocean biogeochemical model NEMO-PISCES. We implemented two different parameterizations of N2O production, which differ primarily at low oxygen (O2) conditions. When forced with output from a climate model simulation run under the business-as-usual high CO2 concentration scenario (RCP8.5), our simulations suggest a decrease of 4 to 12% in N2O emissions from 2005 to 2100, i.e., a reduction from 4.03/3.71 to 3.54/3.56 Tg N yr−1 depending on the parameterization. The emissions decrease strongly in the western basins of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, while they tend to increase above the Oxygen Minimum Zones (OMZs), i.e., in the Eastern Tropical Pacific and in the northern Indian Ocean. The reduction in N2O emissions is caused on the one hand by weakened nitrification as a consequence of reduced primary and export production, and on the other hand by stronger vertical stratification, which reduces the transport of N2O from the ocean interior to the ocean surface. The higher emissions over the OMZ are linked to an expansion of these zones under global warming, which leads to increased N2O production associated primarily with denitrification. From the perspective of a global climate system, the averaged feedback strength associated with the projected decrease in oceanic N2O emissions amounts to around −0.009 W m−2 K−1, which is comparable to the potential increase from terrestrial N2O sources. However, the assesment for a compensation between the terrestrial and marine feedbacks calls for an improved representation of N2O production terms in fully coupled next generation of Earth System Models.
Boron incorporation in the foraminifer Amphistegina lessonii under a decoupled carbonate chemistry
Authors: Kaczmarek K. , Langer G. , Nehrke G. , Horn I. , Misra S. , Janse M. , Bijma J.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. A number of studies have shown that the boron isotopic composition (δ11B) and the B/Ca ratio of biogenic carbonates (mostly foraminifers) can serve as proxies for two parameters of the ocean's carbonate chemistry, rendering it possible to calculate the entire carbonate system. However, the B incorporation mechanism into marine carbonates is still not fully understood and analyses of field samples show species specific and hydrographic effects on the B proxies complicating their application. Identifying the carbonate system parameter influencing boron incorporation is difficult due to the co-variation of pH, CO32-, and B(OH)4-. To shed light on the question which parameter of the carbonate system is related to the boron incorporation, we performed culture experiments with the benthic symbiont-bearing foraminifer Amphistegina lessonii using a decoupled pH–CO32- chemistry. The determination of the boron isotopic composition and B/Ca ratios was performed simultaneously by means of a new in situ technique combining optical emission spectroscopy and laser ablation MC-ICP-MS. The boron isotopic composition in the tests gets heavier with increasing pH and B/Ca increases with increasing BOH4-/HCO3- of the culture media. The latter indicates that boron uptake of A. lessonii features a competition between B(OH)4- and HCO3-. Furthermore, the simultaneous determination of B/Ca and δ11B on single specimens allows for assessing the relative variability of these parameters. Among different treatments the B/Ca shows an increasing variability with increasing boron concentration in the test whereas the variability in the isotope distribution is constant.
Distribution of black carbon in Ponderosa pine litter and soils following the High Park wildfire
Authors: Boot C. M. , Haddix M. , Paustian K. , Cotrufo M. F.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Black carbon (BC), the heterogeneous product of burned biomass, is a critical component in the global carbon cycle, yet timescales and mechanisms for incorporation into the soil profile are not well understood. The High Park Fire, which took place in northwestern Colorado in the summer of 2012, provided an opportunity to study the effects of both fire intenstiy and geomorphology on properties of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and BC in the Cache La Poudre River drainage. We sampled montane Ponderosa pine litter, 0–5 cm soils, and 5–15 cm soils four months post-fire in order to examine the effects of slope and burn intensity on %C, C stocks, %N and black carbon (g kg−1 C, and g m−2). We developed and implemented the benzene polycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method for quantifying BC. With regard to slope, we found that steeper slopes had higher C : N than shallow slopes, but that there was no difference in black carbon content or stocks. BC content was greatest in the litter in burned sites (19 g kg−1 C), while BC stocks were greatest in the 5–15 cm subsurface soils (23 g m−2). At the time of sampling, none of the BC deposited on the land surface post-fire had been incorporated into to either the 0–5 cm or 5–15 cm soil layers. The ratio of B5CA : B6CA (less condensed to more condensed BC) indicated there was significantly more older, more processed BC at depth. Total BC soil stocks were relatively low compared to other fire-prone grassland and boreal forest systems, indicating most of the BC produced in this system is likely transported off the surface through erosion events. Future work examining mechanisms for BC transport will be required for understanding the role BC plays in the global carbon cycle.
Post Chernobyl surveys of radiocaesium in soil, vegetation, wildlife and fungi in Great Britain
Authors: Chaplow J. S. , Beresford N. A. , Barnett C. L.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The dataset "Post Chernobyl surveys of radiocaesium in soil, vegetation, wildlife and fungi in Great Britain" was developed to enable data collected by the Natural Environment Research Council after the Chernobyl accident to be made publicly available. Data for samples collected between May 1986 (immediately after Chernobyl) to spring 1997 are presented. Additional data to radiocaesium concentrations are presented where available. The data have value in trying to assess the contribution of new sources of radiocaesium in the environment, providing baseline data for future planned releases and to aid the development and testing of models. The data are freely available for non-commercial use under Open Government Licence terms and conditions. doi:10.5285/7a5cfd3e-0247-4228-873d-5be563c4ee3b
The North American Carbon Program Multi-scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project – Part 2: Environmental driver data
Authors: Wei Y. , Liu S. , Huntzinger D. N. , Michalak A. M. , Viovy N. , Post W. M. , Schwalm C. R. , Schaefer K. , Jacobson A. R. , Lu C. , Tian H. , Ricciuto D. M. , Cook R. B. , Mao J. , Shi X.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Ecosystems are important and dynamic components of the global carbon cycle, and terrestrial biospheric models (TBMs) are crucial tools in further understanding of how terrestrial carbon is stored and exchanged with the atmosphere across a variety of spatial and temporal scales. Improving TBM skills, and quantifying and reducing their estimation uncertainties, pose significant challenges. The Multi-scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP) is a formal multi-scale and multi-model intercomparison effort set up to tackle these challenges. The MsTMIP protocol prescribes standardized environmental driver data that are shared among model teams to facilitate model–model and model–observation comparisons. This paper describes the global and North American environmental driver data sets prepared for the MsTMIP activity to both support their use in MsTMIP and make these data, along with the processes used in selecting/processing these data, accessible to a broader audience. Based on project needs and lessons learned from past model intercomparison activities, we compiled climate, atmospheric CO2 concentrations, nitrogen deposition, land use and land cover change (LULCC), C3 / C4 grasses fractions, major crops, phenology and soil data into a standard format for global (0.5° × 0.5° resolution) and regional (North American: 0.25° × 0.25° resolution) simulations. In order to meet the needs of MsTMIP, improvements were made to several of the original environmental data sets, by improving the quality, and/or changing their spatial and temporal coverage, and resolution. The resulting standardized model driver data sets are being used by over 20 different models participating in MsTMIP. The data are archived at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center (ORNL DAAC, http://daac.ornl.gov) to provide long-term data management and distribution.