bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of implant casts generated with splinted and non‐splinted impression techniques for edentulous patients: an optical scanning study
Authors: Papaspyridakos Panos , Benic Goran I. , Hogsett Virginia Lea , White George Shelby , Lal Kunal , Gallucci German O.
Published: June 2011

Background: The accuracy of implant casts generated with various impression techniques was mainly investigated in vitro resulting in limited clinical data.

Purpose: (1) To compare the three‐dimensional (3‐D) accuracy of splinted and non‐splinted impression techniques to the control casts (verification jigs) that had been used for actual patient treatment; and (2) to determine the maximum level of clinically undetectable misfit. The null hypothesis was that there would be no significant difference in the accuracy of casts generated with different impression techniques.

Materials and methods: The implant casts used for the prosthetic rehabilitation of 12 edentulous jaws with CAD/CAM zirconia, implant‐fixed complete dental prosthesis (IFCDP) were included in this study. Intraoral acrylic jigs were used to fabricate index casts. Splinted and non‐splinted, open‐tray techniques were used to generate two casts. Optical scanning acquisition of the x‐coordinates, y‐coordinates and z‐coordinates of the implant positions for each individual cast was performed. The “best fit” algorithm was used with computer software to superimpose the scanning datasets. Group I (n=12) included casts from the splinted impression technique vs. acrylic jig casts, and group II (n=12) included casts from non‐splinted technique vs. jig casts.

Results: The paired t‐test and Wilcoxon's signed ranks test were used to compare the 3‐D discrepancies within and between groups I (splinted vs. jig) and II (non‐splinted vs. jig), respectively. Significant difference was found at the x‐axis, y‐axis and 3‐D between groups I and II (P<0.05), but not in the vertical z‐axis (P>0.05). Within subject, global 3‐D discrepancies between groups I and II were significantly different (P<0.05), corroborated by in vivo observations of clinical fit. Implant position in the arch affected the 3‐D accuracy of casts for both anterior and posterior implants (P<0.05).

Conclusion: The splinted technique generated more accurate master casts than the non‐splinted technique for one‐piece IFCDPs in edentulous jaws and the null hypothesis was rejected. These clinical implications demonstrate improved accuracy of splinted impression techniques compared with the non‐splinted technique. For the external connection, the implant system used in this study, a 3‐D misfit ranging from 59 to 72 μm, may be considered the maximum discrepancy resulting in an acceptable clinical fit with one‐piece IFCDPs.
EAO summer camp: a facilitated sharing experience
Authors:   The EAO Junior Committee members, Jung Ronald E. , Kapos Theodoros , Nicol Ailsa , Nisand David , Palarie Victor , Payer Michael , Rocchietta Isabella , Schwarz Frank
Published: June 2011

Aim: The purpose of the EAO summer camp was to create visions and ideas for future developments in the field of implant dentistry. An additional goal was the installation of a young, strong and enduring network for scientific exchange among participants.

Summer camp activity: Forty participants younger than 40 years of age, from 16 different European countries, discussed potential future developments of implant dentistry in a professionally moderated workshop. Participants worked in a competitive manner over 3 days in small teams on four topics: future teaching and education, surgery in 2030, prosthetics in 2030 and futuristic tissue development related to the field of implantology. Various innovative conference and moderation techniques were applied to achieve a maximum output from the creative potential present.

Results: Plenum consensus was obtained for several key factors potentially influencing future development in implant dentistry. In particular, teaching and education will be improved by the establishment of curriculum standards and novel teaching technologies. Surgery in 2030 will benefit from an improved cost‐effectiveness of new technologies and biomaterials. A more comprehensive knowledge on host susceptibility will have an impact on treatment planning and the predictability of implant therapy. A virtual patient concept and tissue engineering will influence Prosthodontics in 2030. Futuristic tissue development will set a “platinum standard” for tissue regeneration.

Summary: Visions on all four topics were generated and discussed intensively during the conference. “Future teaching and education” was voted unanimously as the winning team based on the presented ideas and the special interest this topic generated.

The EAO Junior Committee members, Jung RE, Kapos T, Nicol A, Nisand D, Palarie V, Payer M, Rocchietta I, Schwarz F. EAO Summer Camp: a Facilitated sharing experience.  Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 257–260.  doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02221.x
Does bone mineral density influence the primary stability of dental implants? A systematic review
Authors: Marquezan Mariana , Osório Amanda , Sant'Anna Eduardo , Souza Margareth Maria , Maia Lucianne
Published: June 2011

Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to investigate the influence of bone mineral density on the primary stability of dental implants.

Material and methods: A search of health science databases (Cochrane Library, MEDLINE‐PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, EMBASE, LILACS) and grey literature was performed, including papers published until January 2011. The main key words used were “bone density” (MeSH/DeCS), “dental implant” (MeSH/DeCS), “implant stability”, “implant stability quotient”, “ISQ”, “resonance frequency analysis”, “RFA”, “Osstell”, “Periotest value”, “PTV”, “Periostest”, “insertion torque”, “placement torque”, “cutting torque”. The inclusion criteria comprised observational clinical studies performed in patients who received dental implants for rehabilitation; studies that evaluated the association between bone mineral density and implant primary stability; bone density assessment performed by measurement of Hounsfield units using cone beam computed tomography; and dental implant primary stability evaluated by ISQ value, PTV value or insertion torque measurement. The articles selected were carefully read and classified as low, moderate and high methodological quality, and data of interest were tabulated.

Results: Ten articles met the inclusion criteria, but only seven were included because of overlapping patients. They were classified as low or moderate methodological quality and control of bias, and presented positive association between primary stability and bone density.

Conclusions: There is a positive association between implant primary stability and bone mineral density of the receptor site. However, the methodological quality and control of bias of the studies should be improved to produce stronger evidences.

To cite this article: Marquezan M, Osório A, Sant'Anna E, Souza MM, Maia L, Does bone mineral density influence the primary stability of dental implants? A systematic review. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 767–774. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02228.x
Serious Extravagance: Romance Writing in Seventeenth‐Century England
Authors: Zurcher Amelia
Published: June 2011

Although little recognized as such, the 17th century was a period of great energy and experimentation in British prose fiction, particularly romance. After a brief review of the criticism that has shaped our understanding of romance in the last few decades, this article considers some of the particular problems and tensions defining prose romance in its last great heyday, the Civil War and early Restoration period. French and English romance writers attributed to romance the capacity to be a more flexible and persuasive mode of historical writing than history itself, a storehouse of ‘examples’ both fictional and historical with which readers could devise a course through uncharted political and ethical terrain. At the same time, at this historical crisis point British writers conceded and sometimes took refuge in romance’s tendency (even as roman à clef) to work against figuration, resisting closure and interpretation.
The Use of Legal Concepts in A Cure for a Cuckold
Authors: Pettegree Jane
Published: June 2011

Recent research into the relationship between law and literature in early modern England has offered fresh insights into the ways in which legal culture helped to shape fictional narratives and representative strategies. Often combining fruitfully with gender criticism, this scholarship has produced readings of John Webster’s great tragedies, ‘The Duchess of Malfi’ and ‘The White Devil’, which have highlighted how the law might inhibit women’s freedom to act. In contrast, the comedy A Cure for a Cuckold (1624), which Webster co‐authored with William Rowley, sees men, women and children benefiting from legal tricks. This article discusses how legally informed criticism can make this play accessible to modern audiences, moving from earlier historicist explication of topical legal references to recent formalist investigations of the relationship between forensic narrative and theatrical representation. It is argued that even more attention should be paid to the historical conditions that shaped this play’s rich comic manoeuvres. In 1624, Parliament passed new legislation on usury and infanticide of relevance to themes of ‘using’ and child care featured in this play. Also in that year, the renewal of hostility with Spain led to renewed sympathy for maritime privateers. A Cure for a Cuckold shows how the law may be ‘redeemed’, transforming conventional legal approaches to piracy, usury and illegitimacy into fortuitous investment opportunities.
Physiological and psychological responses induced by expressing empathy with others
Authors: ONO Makiko , FUJITA Mizuho , YAMADA Shigeyuki
Published: June 2011

Aim:  To assess the physical and mental burdens associated with expressing empathy with another person's stress.

Methods:  Nine female subjects listened to their partner's negative emotions aroused by a stress task (Stroop color‐word test) under two conditions. In the first, the subject reacted empathetically to their partner (“with empathy”); in the second, the subject offered no response (control). Electroencephalograms and skin temperature of the second finger were recorded during the test. Subjective stress was estimated using a visual analog scale, whereas the level of cognition was expressed on a five‐point ranking. Responses during and after expressions of empathy were examined by comparisons with control or by correlation.

Results:  Sympathetic nerve tone increased under both conditions (i.e. the skin temperature of the second finger fell). Subjective stress was not recognized by the subject while listening “with empathy”, although it did increase significantly after the subject has listened “with empathy”. Subjective stress was not felt under the control conditions. Right temporal activity while listening showed a significantly positive correlation with the level of cognition of feeling the same emotion as the stressed partner, whereas bilateral frontal activity after listening was significantly negative correlated with the level of cognition of understanding the emotions of the stressed partner.

Conclusion:  Expressing empathy with another person's negative emotion led to increased physiological activity and subjective stress. Physiological responses to empathy depended on cognition of the different subjective factors. Cognition of sharing negative emotions activated the right temporal region of the brain, whereas cognition of understanding negative emotions inhibited bilateral frontal activities.
Development Trajectories in the Biotechnology Industry: China versus Leading Countries
Authors: Chen Yantai , Luo Laijun , Zhang Yaguang
Published: June 2011

The present paper examines China's biotechnology industry from a global perspective and explores how its development trajectory differs from that of countries that are leaders in biotechnology. We draw on diverse data to demonstrate the unique development trajectory of the industry in China. China has benefited through targeted spin‐offs of R&D‐oriented foreign direct investment from developed countries driven by the effects of globalization, government‐encouraged collaboration between the domestic academia and industry, and the input of overseas returnees. Together with an increasing focus of the government and domestic enterprises on independent innovation, such developments have enabled China to catch up with the global biotechnology industry. However, its small scale and low capacity for commercializing innovations under China's current regulations and other barriers pose challenges for the development of the industry. Suggestions for the sustainable development of China's biotechnology industry are presented in this study.
Gonadal Stage and Sex Steroid Correlations in Siberian Sturgeon, Acipenser baeri, Habituated to a Semitropical Environment
Authors: Hamlin Heather J. , Milnes Matthew R. , Beaulaton Constance M. , Albergotti Lori C. , Guillette Louis J.
Published: June 2011

Stages of gonadal development, in association with plasma concentrations of the sex steroids 17β‐estradiol (E2), progesterone (P4), testosterone (T), and 11‐ketotestosterone (11‐KT), were investigated for a single time point during a natural breeding season in 7‐yr‐old Siberian sturgeon, Acipenser baeri Brandt, exposed lifelong to a warmwater environment. Among females, examination of gonadal tissue showed variation in ovarian stage, with 12.5, 47.5, 22.5, and 17.5% of females found at Stages 2 (previtellogenic), 3 (early vitellogenic), 4 (mid‐vitellogenic), and 5 (migratory nucleus), respectively. Although patterns varied among the hormones, plasma concentrations of E2, T, and 11‐KT became increasingly elevated in females as maturation progressed. On the basis of histological criteria, males were classified as either premeiotic (quiescent) or meiotic and 50% of the males sampled were found at each stage. Significant elevations in circulating concentrations of plasma E2 and T were observed in meiotic versus premeiotic males, and there was a rise in plasma 11‐KT concentration that approached significance (P = 0.056).
Effect of Three Probiotics Administered Through Live Feed on Digestive Enzyme Activity in California Halibut, Paralichthys californicus, Larvae
Authors: Zacarias‐Soto Magali , Lazo Juan Pablo , Viana Maria Teresa
Published: June 2011

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of probiotics as digestive system maturation promoters in larvae of the California halibut, Paralichthys californicus, during ontogeny. Three commercial probiotics: Levucell®, Bactocell®, and live yeast, were supplied at a concentration of 50 mg/L, using enriched rotifers and Artemia nauplii as vectors. Total and specific activities of trypsin, leucine‐aminopeptidase (LAP), lipase, chymotrypsin, and pepsin were assessed throughout the development. Growth in terms of length was not significantly different between treatments. Total pepsin and chymotrypsin activity were significantly higher at the end of the experiment, 46‐d posthatch (dph) in larvae supplied with Bactocell. However, no significant effect of the probiotic was detected for trypsin, lipase, and LAP. On the basis of the results, California halibut larvae seemed to have adequate alkaline proteolytic activity early in development, whereas acid proteolytic activity was not detected until the complete formation of a functional stomach. The feeding protocol and probiotics evaluated were unable to improve the morphological development of digestive system or the digestive enzyme activity early on. Nevertheless, the increase in activity of pepsin and chymotrypsin observed at 46 dph suggests a potential use of these probiotics once the metamorphosis is completed, and thus warrants further evaluation.
Effects of Organic Carbon Addition in Controlling Inorganic Nitrogen Concentrations in a Biofloc System
Authors: Nootong Kasidit , Pavasant Prasert , Powtongsook Sorawit
Published: June 2011

The daily addition of tilapia feed and tapioca starch at the C : N weight ratio of 16:1 was conducted to examine the effectiveness of biofloc‐mediated assimilation and nitrification in the zero‐water exchange tilapia cultivation tanks. Inorganic nitrogen concentrations in treatment tanks receiving feed and tapioca starch indicated profiles, which resembled the start‐up of biofilters. Assimilation was essential for the control of inorganic nitrogen concentrations prior to the occurrence of complete nitrification as confirmed by an increase in suspended solids concentration from 52 to 1180 mg SS/L, a slower rate of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and nitrite accumulation, and lower concentrations of TAN and nitrite relative to those in control tanks receiving only feed addition. Effective control of inorganic nitrogen concentrations (i.e., TAN and NO2‐N <1.0 mg N/L) was observed in both systems when complete nitrification was established after approximately 6–7 wk regardless of starch supplementation. Results from the nitrogen mass balance suggested that nitrification and, to a lesser extent, assimilation were responsible for inorganic nitrogen control in treatment tanks.
First Evidence for Hybrid Breakdown in the Backcross of Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, and Summer Flounder, Paralichthys dentatus
Authors: Xu Dongdong , You Feng , Li Jun , Wu Zhihao , Xiao Zhizhong , Zhang Peijung , Xu Yongli , Wang Bo
Published: June 2011

Hybrid and parental backcross experiments were performed using olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, and their female F1 hybrids to examine hybrid fitness in the backcross. Fertilization rate, hatching rate, and combined fitness measure (CFM, product of fertilization rate and hatching rate) were detected and the results showed that the CFM of hybrid and backcross generations was reduced significantly compared to pure olive flounder crosses. Genomic inheritance from parents to backcross progeny was also detected by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). Almost all AFLP bands observed in parents were presented in backcross progeny (backcross1, 218/227; backcross2, 265/282), although 9 and 17 parental bands were missing in backcross1 and backcross2, respectively. Novel bands (absent in parents) also occurred in progeny at the frequencies of 5.63% (13/231) in backcross1 and 3.28% (9/274) in backcross2. Additionally, 27.40 and 31.18% of AFLP markers deviated from expected Mendelian ratio in backcross1 and backcross2, respectively. The present study suggests that genetic incompatibilities may exist between olive flounder and summer flounder. Furthermore, possible implications of segregation distortion for reduced hybrid fitness in backcross generations are discussed.
A Method for In vivo Propagation of the Necrotizing Hepatopancreatitis Bacterium (NHPB) in Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Dustin Loy J. , Turney Harris Isabel , Hank Harris D. L. , Janke Bruce H.
Published: June 2011

The necrotizing hepatopancreatitis bacterium (NHPB) is difficult to preserve and has not been propagated in vitro. NHPB can be maintained continuously by simply adding specific pathogen free (SPF) shrimp to tanks containing NHPB‐infected shrimp. However, obtaining large amounts of highly concentrated infectious material free of contaminating bacterial flora for repeating challenge experiments was found to be exceedingly difficult using the current published methods. Therefore, a system was implemented using visible implant elastomer (VIE) tags to identify animals within a propagation tank by introduction group. Utilizing this method allowed for continuous reproduction of NHP within propagation tanks and provided researchers with access to infectious material allowing for consistent replication of challenge experiments and concentrated material for preservation.
Digestibility Characteristics of Selected Feed Ingredients for Developing Bespoke Diets for Nile Tilapia Culture in Europe and North America
Authors: Davies Simon J. , Abdel‐Warith Abdel A. , Gouveia António
Published: June 2011

The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter (ADC DM), protein (ADCp), essential amino acids (ADC EAA), and energy (ADCe) for Nile tilapia of a selected range of animal and plant feed ingredients found in Western European and North American markets were determined. The investigation was able to provide useful data and information as a prelude for effective diet formulation for this fish species. A reference diet was used for the basis of assessing hydrolyzed fish protein concentrate (CPSP), full‐fat soybean meal (FFSBM), solvent‐extracted soybean meal (SESBM), maize gluten meal (MGM), poultry meat meal (PMM), hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM), and spray‐dried hemoglobin meal (SDHM) by substitution. For each major commercial test ingredient, the ADC were as follows: for plant proteins – FFSBM (ADCp 86.99% and ADCe 74.84%), SESBM (ADCp 93.46% and ADCe 82.16), and MGM which was also utilized well by Nile tilapia (ADCp 83.03% and ADCe 82.36%); for animal proteins – PMM (ADCp 69.30% and ADCe 73.47%), HFM (ADCp 45.53% and ADCe 49.11%), and SDHM was highly digested (ADCp 85.79% and ADCe 75.96%). The ADC EAA reflected the same trends as ADCp, and these varied from >87% on average for the EEA in fish meal, >88% for CPSP, >84% for FFSBM, >63% for SESBM, >83% for MGM, and only 61% for PMM, >63% for HFM, and >77% for SDHM. Highest ADC were obtained with SDHM and SESBM among the animal and plant by‐products tested, respectively. These are discussed in the context of practical diets for tilapia.
Effects of Water pH and Hardness on Infection of Silver Catfish, Rhamdia quelen, Fingerlings by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Authors: Garcia Luciano de O. , Becker Alexssandro G. , Cunha Mauro A. , Baldisserotto Bernardo , Copatti Carlos E. , Kochhann Daiani
Published: June 2011

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of (1) different pH levels (5, 6, 7, 8, and 9) with water hardness 20 mg/L CaCO3 and (2) pH 5 and 7 with varying water hardnesses (20, 60, and 120 mg/L CaCO3) on the intensity of infection by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in fingerlings of the silver catfish, Rhamdia quelen. In Experiment 1, the lowest and highest mortality rates were observed in fingerlings exposed to pH 5 and 9, respectively; in Experiment 2, fish kept at pH 5 and 7 with hardness 20 mg/L CaCO3 showed significantly lowest and highest cumulative mortality, respectively, than those maintained in other conditions. The lowest intensity of trophonts/fingerling was observed at pH 5 and hardness 20 mg/L CaCO3 in both experiments. We conclude that infection by I. multifiliis is less severe in silver catfish maintained at pH 5 and hardness 20 mg/L CaCO3. High water hardness led to an increased intensity of trophonts and decreased survival in silver catfish kept at pH 5, but decreased intensity of trophonts and improved survival when the fish were kept at pH 7.
Abraham in Islamic and Jewish Exegesis
Authors: Lowin Shari L.
Published: June 2011

Jewish and Muslim exegetical narratives on the shared forefathers (known as midrash aggadah and al‐anbiyā ’/isrā’iliyyāt) have long been recognized as a meeting point of Judaism and Islam. Early studies of the forefathers, Abraham in particular, strove to ‘prove’ that much of what appeared in the Islamic exegetical materials derived from the traditions that predated Islam, mainly Judaism. More recent scholarship has abandoned such a reductionist approach for a more moderated view. Studies of the Jewish and Muslim exegetical material on Abraham show that while scholars continue to trace the historical development of the Muslim exegetical narratives, they also look to uncover the inner meaning of the narratives themselves. This article traces the shift from the purely reductionist treatment of the Muslim and Jewish exegetical narratives to the more nuanced approach, especially as it applies to Abraham. Four categories of Abrahamic motifs are singled out here: Abraham and his sacrifice of his son, Abraham and his relationship with Sarah, Abraham and his later visit to Ishmael, and narratives relating to Abraham’s birth and early life.
Universalism in Hinduism
Authors: Long Jeffery D
Published: June 2011

One of the distinctive features of Hinduism, especially modern Hinduism, is its emphasis on universalism. Also known as religious pluralism—and sometimes perennialism or the perennial philosophy—universalism can be defined maximally as the idea that all (and minimally as the idea that many) religions contain at least some measure of truth and lead their practitioners to God‐realization—that is, liberation or salvation as conceived in Hindu traditions. Known in contemporary Hindu thought as ‘the harmony of religions’ or ‘the equality of religions’ and prominently associated with the teachings of Ramakrishna and Mahatma Gandhi, universalism is controversial. This article will explore the following dimensions of this doctrine and the controversies associated with it: Its conceptual and social foundations in ancient Hindu scriptures, philosophies, and practices; the process by which its modern formulations both emerge from and influence liberal Christian thought in dialog with Hinduism; criticisms of this doctrine by both Christians and Hindus; and recent attempts to reformulate this doctrine taking these criticisms and into account.
The Grammar of Eating and Drinking Verbs
Authors: Næss Åshild
Published: June 2011

Verbs referring to acts of eating and drinking show a crosslinguistic tendency to behave in ways which distinguish them from other verbs in a language. Specifically, they tend to pattern like intransitive verbs in certain respects, even though they appear to conform to the definition of ‘prototypical transitive verbs’. The explanations which have been suggested for this behaviour fall into two main categories: those referring to telicity or Aktionsart, and those referring to the fact that such verbs describe acts which have ‘affected agents’, i.e. they have an effect on their agent as well as on their patient participant. The latter observation has further led to reexaminations of the notion of transitivity in general.
A Survey of Computational Semantics: Representation, Inference and Knowledge in Wide‐Coverage Text Understanding
Authors: Bos Johan
Published: June 2011

The aim of computational semantics is to capture the meaning of natural language expressions in representations suitable for performing inferences, in the service of understanding human language in written or spoken form. First‐order logic is a good starting point, both from the representation and inference point of view. But even if one makes the choice of first‐order logic as representation language, this is not enough: the computational semanticist needs to make further decisions on how to model events, tense, modal contexts, anaphora and plural entities. Semantic representations are usually built on top of a syntactic analysis, using unification, techniques from the lambda‐calculus or linear logic, to do the book‐keeping of variable naming. Inference has many potential applications in computational semantics. One way to implement inference is using algorithms from automated deduction dedicated to first‐order logic, such as theorem proving and model building. Theorem proving can help in finding contradictions or checking for new information. Finite model building can be seen as a complementary inference task to theorem proving, and it often makes sense to use both procedures in parallel. The models produced by model generators for texts not only show that the text is contradiction‐free; they also can be used for disambiguation tasks and linking interpretation with the real world. To make interesting inferences, often additional background knowledge is required (not expressed in the analysed text or speech parts). This can be derived (and turned into first‐order logic) from raw text, semi‐structured databases or large‐scale lexical databases such as WordNet. Promising future research directions of computational semantics are investigating alternative representation and inference methods (using weaker variants of first‐order logic, reasoning with defaults), and developing evaluation methods measuring the semantic adequacy of systems and formalisms.
Quality Comparison of Continuous Steam Sterilization Segmented‐Flow Aseptic Processing versus Conventional Canning of Whole and Sliced Mushrooms
Authors: Anderson N.M. , Walker P.N.
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  This study was carried out to investigate segmented‐flow aseptic processing of particle foods. A pilot‐scale continuous steam sterilization unit capable of producing shelf stable aseptically processed whole and sliced mushrooms was developed. The system utilized pressurized steam as the heating medium to achieve high temperature‐short time processing conditions with high and uniform heat transfer that will enable static temperature penetration studies for process development. Segmented‐flow technology produced a narrower residence time distribution than pipe‐flow aseptic processing; thus, whole and sliced mushrooms were processed only as long as needed to achieve the target Fo = 7.0 min and were not overcooked. Continuous steam sterilization segmented‐flow aseptic processing produced shelf stable aseptically processed mushrooms of superior quality to conventionally canned mushrooms. When compared to conventionally canned mushrooms, aseptically processed yield (weight basis) increased 6.1% (SD = 2.9%) and 6.6% (SD = 2.2%), whiteness (L) improved 3.1% (SD = 1.9%) and 4.7% (SD = 0.7%), color difference (ΔE) improved 6.0% (SD = 1.3%) and 8.5% (SD = 1.5%), and texture improved 3.9% (SD = 1.7%) and 4.6% (SD = 4.2%), for whole and sliced mushrooms, respectively. Segmented‐flow aseptic processing eliminated a separate blanching step, eliminated the unnecessary packaging of water and promoted the use of bag‐in‐box and other versatile aseptic packaging methods.

Practical Application:  Segmented‐flow aseptic processing is capable of producing shelf stable aseptically processed particle foods of superior quality to a conventionally canned product. This unique continuous steam sterilization process eliminates the need for a separate blanching step, reduces or eliminates the need for a liquid carrier, and promotes the use of bag‐in‐box and other versatile aseptic packaging methods.
Acid Resistance and Verocytotoxin Productivity of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 Exposed to Microwave
Authors: Tsuji Makiko , Yokoigawa Kumio
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  We examined the acid resistance and verocytotoxin (VT) productivity of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 irradiated by microwave with a domestic microwave oven and a commercial microwave radiator equipped with a thermo‐regulator. When the cell suspension (5 mL) chilled at 0 °C was treated with a domestic microwave oven at weak power (2.45 GHz, 100 W) for 60 s, the living cell number was reduced by 2 orders (final temperature, about 65 °C). The surviving cells showed lower acid resistance and VT productivity than nonirradiated cells. To examine the nonthermal effect of microwave on acid resistance and VT productivity, the cells in Luria‐Bertani medium were intermittently irradiated to keep the culture temperature at 37 °C with the microwave radiator (2.45 GHz, 0.6 W/mL). The intermittent radiation slightly reduced the acid resistance, but clearly suppressed the VT productivity. Microwave oven is probably useful for reducing not only the living cell number but also the acid resistance and VT productivity of EHEC O157:H7.
Hepatobiliary disorders and complications of inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: VENKATESH Preethi GK , NAVANEETHAN Udayakumar , SHEN Bo
Published: June 2011

One of typical examples of liver‐gut cross talk is the interaction and impact of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and hepatobiliary (HB) abnormalities on each other's disease course. There are several layers of association between IBD and HB diseases: (i) HB diseases and IBD share pathogenetic mechanisms; (ii) HB diseases parallel structural and pathophysiological changes seen with IBD; and (iii) hepatic toxicity is associated with medical therapy for IBD. Interdisciplinary approach, involving gastroenterologists, hepatologists and, in advanced cases, general, colorectal, and liver transplant surgeons, is advocated.
Comparison of intestinal metaplasia in gastric cardia and Barrett's esophagus
Authors: MIAO Qi , PENG Yan Shen , CAI Gan Hui , CHEN Xiao Yu
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE:  To evaluate and compare the pathological features and immunostaining pattern (cytokeratin 7 (CK‐7), mucin core peptide 1 (Muc‐1)) in Barrett's esophagus (BE) and cardiac intestinal metaplasia (CIM).

METHODS:  According to endoscopic diagnosis, patients with gastric cardiac inflammation and BE were selected from March 2008 to February 2009 in Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine. Those patients who had histological findings of intestinal metaplasia (82 cases of CIM and 64 special type BE) were enrolled in our study. Hematoxylin–eosin, periodic acid‐Schiff and Alcian blue staining and an immunohistochemical examination (CK‐7, Muc‐1) were undertaken in all of them.

RESULTS:  Squamous mucosa overlying the columnar crypts with intestinal metaplasia, also called buried metaplasia, was often found in the BE group (56.2%), mainly as an incomplete type (85.9%). Inflammation in the gastric antrum was more severe in the CIM group (45.1% vs 26.6%), in contrast, esophagitis was more severe in the BE group (53.1% vs 35.4%). CK‐7 was highly expressed in the BE group (84.4%) in contrast to the CIM group (37.8%). There was no difference in the expression of Muc‐1 in these two kinds of intestinal metaplasia (14.1% vs 19.5%).

CONCLUSIONS:  Buried intestinal metaplasia, mainly as an incomplete type, is the major predominant type of BE. The degree of inflammation in the gastric antrum and esophagus can differentiate BE from CIM to some extent. CK‐7 immunohistochemical staining can help identify BE and CIM but Muc‐1 cannot.
Preliminary experimental research on the mechanism of liver bile secretion stimulated by peppermint oil
Authors: ZONG Lei , QU Ying , LUO Di Xiang , ZHU Zhi Yong , ZHANG Sheng , SU Zhi , SHAN Jian Cheng , GAO Xiao Ping , LU Lun Gen
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE:  To investigate the choleretic effect and molecular mechanisms of action of peppermint oil (PO), the main component of Danshu capsules (Sichuan Jishengtang Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Pengzhou, Sichuan Province, China).

METHODS:  Bile secretion was measured by biliary drainage in rats. Total bile acids, total cholesterol and bilirubin in bile were determined. Cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase (CYP7A1), and farnesoid X receptor (FXR) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels were assessed in HepG2 cells (a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).

RESULTS:  PO significantly promoted bile and bile acid secretion in rats. It also increased bile acid efflux and decreased cholesterol levels (P < 0.01) in bile. In HepG2 cells the mRNA levels of CYP7A1 and FXR were significantly upregulated after treatment with PO.

CONCLUSIONS:  PO stimulates bile fluid secretion and thus has a choleretic effect. PO might play a role in upregulating CYP7A1 and FXR mRNA levels, suggesting that the molecular mechanisms are related to gene expression involved in bile acid synthesis.
Interpersonal Goals and Close Relationship Processes: Potential Links to Health
Authors: Canevello Amy , Crocker Jennifer
Published: June 2011

A substantial body of empirical evidence suggests that social relationships buffer people from poor health. We review a program of research demonstrating how interpersonal goals create relationship processes that shape the quality of close relationships, which we argue may have consequences for own and others’ health. Self‐image goals to construct, maintain, and defend desired images of the self create negative interpersonal dynamics that undermine close relationships and mental health, while compassionate goals to support others’ well‐being create positive interpersonal dynamics that promote close relationships and mental health. We discuss the potential implications of social goals and close relationship processes for health. Finally, we suggest that exploring the independent benefits of giving and receiving in close relationships may inform how social relationships affect health and well‐being.
A summary of the 2010 Dunning Symposium: the practice of dentistry for the 21st century
Authors: Lamster Ira B. , Formicola Allan
Published: June 2011

The 15th Dunning Symposium was held on November 29 and 30, 2010 in conjunction with the Greater New York Dental meeting in New York City. Since the first symposium in 1981, the symposia have addressed major issues in the field of dentistry that impact on the oral health of the public. The theme for this symposium dealt with how the practice of dentistry would emerge given healthcare reform legislation, opportunities for dentists to become more engaged in the primary care of patients, trends in dental education, and the addition of a mid‐level practitioner. The audience, consisting of dental school deans and leaders in state and national dental associations, completed a pre‐symposium questionnaire to gauge their opinions on key issues and then, after the presentations, participated in breakout sessions that discussed the implications of the presentations. This paper is a summary of the Dunning Symposium.
Dentists provide effective supervision of Alaska's dental health aide therapists in a variety of settings
Authors: Williard Mary E. , Fauteux Nicole
Published: June 2011

Objectives: This paper examines the supervisory relationships between Alaska's dental health aide therapists (DHATs) and their supervising dentists to gain insight into how DHATs are being deployed and supervised to increase access while ensuring safety and quality.

Methods: Telephone interviews were conducted with four DHATs, their supervising dentists, and the dental directors at three health corporations in geographically distinct areas of Alaska. Follow‐up questions were submitted and responded to via e‐mail.

Results: This article profiles three DHATs and their supervising dentists, and offers observations on how dentists supervise and work in a team format with DHATs.

Conclusions: DHATs practice as part of a care team, with dentists providing direct, indirect, and general supervision. Both DHAT training, with its mandatory preceptorship, and the group practice model are designed to assure that DHATs provide safe, competent, and appropriate care within their limited scope of practice. The presence of DHATs allows dentists on the care team to play roles commensurate with the full extent of their training. Tribal health organizations in Alaska are deploying these providers safely and effectively in a variety of roles, according to regional needs and preferences. This suggests the model's potential adaptability to settings outside Alaska.
Training new dental health providers in the United States
Authors: Edelstein Burton L.
Published: June 2011

Objectives: Introduction of dental therapists in the United States involves a wide range of issues including permissive governmental policymaking; determinations of their education, supervision, and deployment; their acceptance by dentists and the public; financing of their services; and, most fundamentally, their training. This contribution re‐releases and updates the executive summary of an extensive report comparing therapists' training across five industrialized countries and comparing therapists' training to that of conventional U.S. dental providers.

Methods: Literature reviews, web searches, key informant interviews, and program document reviews.

Results: Internationally, three‐year training programs that dually qualify trainees as hygienists and therapists dominate. There are marked differences between non‐US and US‐based therapist training programs and between US‐based programs. Reported goals of establishing dental therapists include expanding the availability of basic dental services to underserved disadvantaged subpopulations; potentially reducing costs of basic care; and enhancing the roles of dentists in providing the most sophisticated care, serving the most complex patients, and managing an expanded dental team. Criteria for establishing training programs include program length, supervisory arrangements, recruitment and incentives, deployment, educational costs, curriculum, oversight, and accreditation.

Conclusion: International experiences can well inform US policy on training of dental therapists.
A simple and accurate method to sex savannah, forest and asian elephants using noninvasive sampling techniques
Authors: AHLERING MARISSA A. , HAILER FRANK , ROBERTS MELISSA T. , FOLEY CHARLES
Published: June 2011

We report the development of a reliable and efficient method for molecular sexing of all extant elephant taxa. We developed primers that amplify two short Y‐specific fragments (SRY1 and AMELY2) and one longer X‐specific fragment (PLP1), developed from elephant sequences in one multiplex PCR. All fragments were designed to be short (<200 basepairs) for use with degraded DNA and to be 50 basepairs apart to optimize visualization on agarose gels or as electropherograms. The multiplex PCR method matched sexes for at least 97.9% of the noninvasive savannah elephant samples and produced the expected female/male banding patterns for 14 African forest and 11 Asian elephant samples. We found this method to be more robust, efficient and less prone to contamination than previously developed sexing methods for elephants.
Comparing and combining distance‐based and character‐based approaches for barcoding turtles
Authors: REID B. N. , LE M. , McCORD W. P. , IVERSON J. B. , GEORGES A. , BERGMANN T. , AMATO G. , DESALLE R. , NARO‐MACIEL E.
Published: June 2011

Molecular barcoding can serve as a powerful tool in wildlife forensics and may prove to be a vital aid in conserving organisms that are threatened by illegal wildlife trade, such as turtles (Order Testudines). We produced cytochrome oxidase subunit one (COI) sequences (650 bp) for 174 turtle species and combined these with publicly available sequences for 50 species to produce a data set representative of the breadth of the order. Variability within the barcode region was assessed, and the utility of both distance‐based and character‐based methods for species identification was evaluated. For species in which genetic material from more than one individual was available (n = 69), intraspecific divergences were 1.3% on average, although divergences greater than the customary 2% barcode threshold occurred within 15 species. High intraspecific divergences could indicate species with a high degree of internal genetic structure or possibly even cryptic species, although introgression is also probable in some of these taxa. Divergences between species of the same genus were 6.4% on average; however, 49 species were <2% divergent from congeners. Low levels of interspecific divergence could be caused by recent evolutionary radiations coupled with the low rates of mtDNA evolution previously observed in turtles. Complementing distance‐based barcoding with character‐based methods for identifying diagnostic sets of nucleotides provided better resolution in several cases where distance‐based methods failed to distinguish species. An online identification engine was created to provide character‐based identifications. This study constitutes the first comprehensive barcoding effort for this seriously threatened order.
Phylogeny and species delimitation of the C‐genome diploid species in Oryza
Authors: ZANG Li‐Li , ZOU Xin‐Hui , ZHANG Fu‐Min , YANG Ziheng , GE Song
Published: June 2011

Abstract  The diploid Oryza species with C‐genome type possesses abundant genes useful for rice improvement and provides parental donors of many tetraploid species with the C‐genome (BBCC, CCDD). Despite extensive studies, the phylogenetic relationship among the C‐genome species and the taxonomic status of some taxa remain controversial. In this study, we reconstructed the phylogeny of three diploid species with C‐genome (Oryza officinalis, O. rhizomatis, and O. eichingeri) based on sequences of 68 nuclear single‐copy genes. We obtained a fully resolved phylogenetic tree, clearly indicating the sister relationship of O. officinalis and O. rhizomatis, with O. eichingeri being the more divergent lineage. Incongruent phylogenies of the C‐genome species found in previous studies might result from lineage sorting, introgression/hybridization and limited number of genetic markers used. We further applied a recently developed Bayesian species delimitation method to investigate the species status of the Sri Lankan and African O. eichingeri. Analyses of two datasets (68 genes with a single sample, and 10 genes with multiple samples) support the distinct species status of the Sri Lankan and African O. eichingeri. In addition, we evaluated the impact of the number of sampled individuals and loci on species delimitation. Our simulation suggests that sampling multiple individuals is critically important for species delimitation, particularly for closely related species.
Guidelines for estimating repeatability
Authors: Wolak Matthew E. , Fairbairn Daphne J. , Paulsen Yale R.
Published: June 2011

1. Researchers frequently take repeated measurements of individuals in a sample with the goal of quantifying the proportion of the total variation that can be attributed to variation among individuals vs. variation among measurements within individuals. The proportion of the variation attributed to variation among individuals is known as repeatability and is most frequently estimated as the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The goal of our study is to provide guidelines for determining the sample size (number of individuals and number of measurements per individual) required to accurately estimate the ICC.

2. We report a range of ICCs from the literature and estimate 95% confidence intervals for these estimates. We introduce a predictive equation derived by Bonett (2002), and we test the assumptions of this equation through simulation. Finally, we create an R statistical package for the planning of experiments and estimation of ICCs.

3. Repeatability estimates were reported in 1·5% of the articles published in the journals surveyed. Repeatabilities tended to be highest when the ICC was used to estimate measurement error and lowest when it was used to estimate repeatability of behavioural and physiological traits. Few authors report confidence intervals, but our estimated 95% confidence intervals for published ICCs generally indicated a low level of precision associated with these estimates. This survey demonstrates the need for a protocol to estimate repeatability.

4. Analysis of the predictions from Bonett’s equation over a range of sample sizes, expected repeatabilities and desired confidence interval widths yields both analytical and intuitive guidelines for designing experiments to estimate repeatability. However, we find a tendency for the confidence interval to be underestimated by the equation when ICCs are high and overestimated when ICCs and the number of measurements per individual are low.

5. The sample size to use when estimating repeatability is a question pitting investigator effort against expected precision of the estimate. We offer guidelines that apply over a wide variety of ecological and evolutionary studies estimating repeatability, measurement error or heritability. Additionally, we provide the R package, icc, to facilitate analyses and determine the most economic use of resources when planning experiments to estimate repeatability.