bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of goal adjustment and caregiver burden on psychological distress among caregivers of cancer patients
Authors: Majestic Catherine , Eddington Kari M.
Published: April 2019

Objectives

Research has demonstrated that serving in the caregiver role is often associated with increased symptoms of depression, stress, and anxiety, but some people fare better than others in managing the burden of caregiving. The goal of the present study was to examine the potential moderating role of goal adjustment (the ability to disengage from unattainable goals and reengage in alterative ones) on the relation between caregiver burden and distress in family caregivers of cancer patients.

Methods

Caregivers of adult family members diagnosed with cancer in the past 3 years participated (N = 102). Participants were consented and completed online questionnaires on psychological distress, caregiver burden, and goal adjustment.

Results

The ability to disengage from unattainable goals was associated with lower anxiety and stress in the face of increasing caregiver burden. By contrast, the ability to reengage in alternative goals was associated with lower depression as burden increased.

Conclusions

The present study suggests that goal adjustment may play an important moderating role in the relationship between caregiver burden and distress. Caregivers who are better able to disengage from unattainable goals may experience less stress and anxiety, and caregivers who are better able to reengage in alternative goals experience less depressed mood. This study provides preliminary evidence that learning different ways to approach and adjust goals may reduce depression, anxiety, and stress in family caregivers.
Microsandwich Test for Equation of State (EOS) Data of Vapor‐Deposited Hexanitroazobenzene (HNAB)
Authors: O'Grady Caitlin , Knepper Robert , Marquez Michael , Tappan Alexander S.
Published: April 2019

Experiments were conducted to support development of an equation of state (EOS) of detonation products for the high explosive, hexanitroazobenzene (HNAB) using a small‐scale version of the sandwich test. The sandwich test is the 2‐dimensional analogue of the well‐known axisymmetric cylinder test. The 2‐dimensional sandwich test allows experiments to be conducted on thin layers of explosive produced by physical vapor deposition (PVD). PVD provides repeatable geometries and microstructures. HNAB films were deposited onto three different thicknesses of tantalum substrates and then assembled into a symmetrical slab configuration by joining two identical small‐scale samples to form the “microsandwich.” Velocity of the tantalum liner expansion during detonation was measured using photonic Doppler velocimetry (PDV). The experimental data could support EOS development using a shock‐physics code.
Hybrid Layer‐by‐Layer Film of Polyelectrolytes‐Embedded Catalytic CoFe2O4 Nanocrystals as Sensing Units in Capacitive Electrolyte‐Insulator‐Semiconductor Devices
Authors: Morais Paulo V. , Silva Anielle C. A. , Dantas Noelio O. , Schöning Michael J. , Siqueira José R.
Published: April 2019

Nanostructured materials have exhibited great potential applications in the field of (bio)sensing. In particular, the capacitive electrolyte‐insulator‐semiconductor (EIS) sensor is a suitable field‐effect device for integration of film‐based nanostructures as sensing units. In this study, the fabrication of a hybrid nanostructured film using the layer‐by‐layer (LbL) technique combining cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanocrystals complexed with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and embedded with a poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer is investigated. LbL films containing a PAMAM/PVP‐CoFe2O4 architecture with different bilayers are fabricated onto EIS chips of Al/p‐Si/SiO2. The morphology of the films is characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the sensing properties toward H2O2 detection are evaluated by capacitance–voltage (C/V) and constant capacitance (ConCap) measurements. By correlating the electrochemical and morphological properties of the films, the findings lead to an optimized system, in which the best performance is observed for a 3‐bilayer EIS‐(PAMAM/PVP‐CoFe2O4) sensor, exhibiting a sensitivity of ca. 26.5 mV decade−1 and limit of detection of ca. 157 × 10–6 m toward H2O2. The set‐up presents for the first time a field‐effect sensor for H2O2 detection as an alternative to conventional amperometric H2O2 sensors.
Improved heat shrinkage and mechanical performances of polyethylene trilayer blown film prepared via novel multilayer coextrusion method
Authors: Luo Yue , Chang Xiao‐dan , Qu Jin‐ping
Published: April 2019

In this work, polyethylene (PE) trilayer blown film was prepared using a self‐made rotating coextrusion blown film die (RCBD) with the aim to manufacture trilayer film with excellent comprehensive heat shrinkage and mechanical performances. Polymer resins in this unique blown film die are subjected to a complicated flow field combining both shear circulation and pressure flow. As a result, the melt shows a helix movement in our novel die. The effect of additional parameter (mandrel rotation speed) on the heat shrinkability and mechanical properties of trilayer film was investigated and compared with that of various blow‐up ratios (BURs). The shrinkage rate and shrinkage force along transverse direction (TD) were significantly improved by the mandrel rotation, rather than BUR. Similar trends were observed in tensile strength along TD. However, no considerable changes in heat shrinkability and mechanical properties of PE films along machine direction (MD) were observed. In summary, samples prepared at mandrel rotation speed of 4 rpm were obtained excellent comprehensive performances. Moreover, the morphological investigations confirmed that the formation of high ordered lamellae could be induced by mandrel rotation, and the row structure of oriented lamellae tended to incline to TD under higher rotation speed of mandrel. Besides, the crystal dimension and percent crystallinity were increased because of the mandrel rotation.
Avoidance of conflicts and trade‐offs: A challenge for the policy integration of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Wong Ryan , van der Heijden Jeroen
Published: April 2019

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) agenda compels nations to face challenges, especially interministerial conflicts, in policy integration. This article seeks to understand whether and how conflict avoidance may hamper the implementation of the SDG agenda. Building on 56 interviews with policymakers and bureaucrats in Finland, Germany, and the Czech Republic, we explore how avoidance behaviours preclude the conflicts that are necessary for achieving integration. The findings suggest that avoided conflicts tend to be long‐standing issues related to environmental protection. We identify four factors that contribute to conflict avoidance: The issues for deliberation are too political, the actors know too little or too much about the issues, the deliberation is too abstract, and the bar for consensus is too high. These factors filter out many impactful conflicts for deliberation, which partly explains why integration regimes have not produced transformational changes.
Ferrocenium Ion Confinement in Polyelectrolyte for Electrochemical Nitric Oxide Sensor
Authors: Mathi Selvam , Gupta Prashant Kumar , Kumar Rudra , Nagarale Rajaram K. , Sharma Ashutosh
Published: April 2019

Manuscript reports on ferrocenium ion entangled in polyelectrolyte matrix as a redox platform for oxidative and reductive sensing of nitric oxide (NO). It was prepared by oxidation of ferrocene in diethyl ether followed by extraction with polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSS) and Nafion® solution. The presence of stable ferrocenium cation was confirmed by FT‐IR, UV‐visible spectra, 1HNMR and XRD. It results into a stable cyclic voltammogram in 100 mM Phosphate buffer, pH 7 solution with Ag/AgCl reference and Pt wire counter electrodes. The electrode sensitivity towards NO was confirmed through the increase in oxidative current at +750 mV and reductive current at −800 mV by the addition of 100 μL saturated NO solution. The chronoamperometric response for NO oxidation followed linearity in the concentration range of 200 nM to 3.5 μM. The lower detection limit and sensitivity were found to be 200 nM and be 33.29 μA/μM/cm2 respectively. The reductive response also followed a linear trend in the concentration range of 100 μM to 1.2 mM with 15.15 μA/μM/cm2 sensitivity and 100 μM detection limit. It indicates ferrocenium ion entanglement within polyelectrolyte matrix and its viability as a redox platform for oxidative as well as reductive sensing of nitric oxide.
1D Helical Single‐Crystal to 3D Lonsdaleite Single‐Crystal Transformation of Copper(II)‐Based Coordination Polymer: Acetone Fluorescence Sensing and CO2 Gas Separation
Authors: Sasikala Vadivel , Sundar Jeyaperumal Kalyana , Lakshmi Muppudathi Anna
Published: April 2019

The temperature‐driven 1D helical single‐crystal (1) to 3D lonsdaleite (2) single‐crystal transformation of copper‐based coordination polymer has been investigated. Powder X‐ray diffraction experiments showed that the phase transitions described for single crystals also occur in the powder samples. The thermal stability of the compounds were studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) and thermal gravimetric (TG) analyses indicates, there is no coordination water molecules were present in the 2 also thermal stability increased. In UV‐Vis absorption spectra, compound 2 has blue shift compared to 1 due to partial decrease in the number of electrons surrounding Cu2+ ion and the geometry around Cu2+ center after loss of H2O. Interestingly both compounds showed the tremendous luminescent enhancement for acetone in the visible region and detection limit of 2 was 4.04x10−9M is much better than its threshold limit recommended by WHO. Porous natures of the compounds were analyzed by theoretical and experimentally. BET sorption analyze indicated both crystal phases selectively adsorb CO2 over N2. Therefore, this compounds, promising material for acetone sensor, selective sorption, separation of CO2 from industrial flue gas or the removal of CO2 from natural gas.
Synthesis and Characterization of Copper Sulfide‐Manganese Sulfide Nanoparticles with Chestnut Morphology and Study on the Semiconducting Properties
Authors: Gupta Kanika , Singh Maninder , Mohan Priyank , Mott Derrick , Maenosono Shinya
Published: April 2019

Heterostructured nanoparticles composed of copper sulfide and manganese sulfide were synthesized by using a bottom up, wet‐chemical approach. This thermolysis based technique leads to chestnut shapes with a complex structure which is elucidated by using scanning transmission electron microscopy and elemental mapping. The particles semiconducting properties were then studied including electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and Seebeck coefficient. The results reveal insight and challenges in the design and implementation of heterostructured chalcogenide type nanoparticles for semiconducting applications.
Sr2Gd8(SiO4)6O2:Ce3+/Mn2+: A Single‐Component White‐Light‐Emitting Phosphor for UV W‐LEDs
Authors: Sun Qi , Liu Wei , Zou Haifeng , Dong Rujia , Zhang Xiangting , An Zhengce , Shi Zhan , Song Yanhua
Published: April 2019

Sr2Gd8(SiO4)6O2:Ce3+/Mn2+, an oxyapatite structure phosphor, was prepared through a high temperature solid state reaction method. The crystal structure, luminescence properties, and energy transfer mechanism of the samples were investigated in detail. Under the irradiation of 330 nm, tunable colors from blue to yellow, including white can be realized through the energy transfer from Ce3+ to Mn2+ ions. The energy transfer mechanism of Ce3+ → Mn2+ was discussed and demonstrated to be a dipole‐dipole interaction according to the results of the emission spectra and decay curves of the phosphors. Moreover, the thermal stability of the Ce3+ and Mn2+ co‐doped Sr2Gd8(SiO4)6O2 phosphors were studied through the temperature‐dependent emission spectra. The results suggest that Sr2Gd8(SiO4)6O2:Ce3+/Mn2+ maybe used as color tunable phosphors in white‐light‐emitting diodes (WLEDs) .
A Novel Ferrocene‐Based Calix[4]arene as an Efficient Optical and Electrochemical Sensor for Highly Selective Fluoride Recognition
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Rahman , Maliji Farzaneh , Golchoubian Hamid , Bekhradnia Ahmadreza
Published: April 2019

A new tetra ferrocene‐triazole‐amide functionalized calix[4]arene as an effective optical and electrochemical anion sensor was successfully synthesized in high yield. The structure of the resulted compound ( 5,11,17,23‐tetra(ferrocenyl‐1H‐triazolo‐acetamido)‐25,26,27,28‐ tetrabutyloxycalix[4]arene, 6) was characterized with NMR spectra and elemental analysis. The anion binding properties of the compound in the presence of different anions were studied by various techniques (UV‐Vis, fluorescence, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and 1H NMR titration), which showed high selectivity and remarkable sensitivity toward fluoride ion (F−). The association constant (Ka) and the limit of detection (LOD) were determined to be 5.35×10+8 M−2 and 2.98×10−6 M, respectively. The results indicate this compound could act as an efficient sensor for fluoride anion in the presence of other common anions.
A Semiconducting Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Metal Halide [(C6H15ClNO)2CdBr4] with Switchable Dielectric and Large Phase Transition Thermal Hysteresis
Authors: Sui Yan , Zhang Gui‐Xin , Wang Wen‐Qian , Hu Fan , Liu Cui‐Lian , Luo Dan , Liu Dong‐Sheng
Published: April 2019

A semiconducting organic‐inorganic hybrid compound [(C6H15ClNO)2CdBr4] (1), which displays excellent switchable dielectric, has been successfully synthesized. Systematic characterizations including variable‐temperature structural analyses, DSC, TG, variable‐temperature dielectric measurements, solid‐state UV/Vis diffuse reflectance and photoluminescence were performed. DSC curve shows a couple of reversible heat anomaly peaks at 363/322 K on the heating/cooling process with a very large thermal hysteresis of ∼41 K, indicating the first‐order type of phase transition. Obvious dielectric switching occurs at about 364 K and 314 K also with a large thermal hysteresis of ∼50 K in the heating and cooling process, respectively. The large phase transition thermal hysteresis makes 1 a potential latent heat based thermal energy storage materials which can maintain the system over a wide temperature range. Variable‐temperature structural analyses show that the rotating or orientating movement of anion clusters is the mainly attribution for the phase transition of 1.
A New Type of Capping Agent in Nanoscience: Metal Cations
Authors: Liu Jiawei , Wang Shaoyan , Cai Kai , Li Yefei , Liu Zhipan , Liu Lingmei , Han Yu , Wang Hong , Han Heyou , Chen Hongyu
Published: April 2019

Capping agents are the essential factor in nanoscience and nanotechnology. However, the types of capping agents are greatly limited. Defying conventional beliefs, here is shown that metal cations can also be considered as capping agents for oxide nanoparticles, particularly in maintaining their colloidal stability and controlling their facets. Here the general stabilizing effects of multivalent cations for oxide nanoparticles, and the facet controlling role of Al3+ ions in the growth and ripening of Cu2O octahedra, are demonstrated. This discovery broadens the view of capping agent and opens doors for nanosynthesis, surface treatment, and beyond.
Does Generation Matter to Entrepreneurship? Four Generations of Entrepreneurs
Authors: Zhang Ting , Acs Zoltan
Published: April 2019

This study for the first time addresses generation effects on eight entrepreneur types across four U.S. generations: Traditionalists, Boomers, Gen‐Xers, and Millennials. It adopts hierarchical age‐period‐cohort (HAPC) models using multilevel mixed‐effects logistic regression models with random period effect controls and the same‐age comparison between two neighboring generations. The empirical study relies on monthly Current Population Survey data across 11 years (2006–2016). When controlling for age, period, path dependency, seasonality, and other demographic and socioeconomic factors, no generational differences are identified for workers' entrepreneur propensity, mirroring entrepreneurs' misfits; for entrepreneur‐type propensities, limited generation differences are identified: the odds for Gen‐Xers to be novice (vs. non‐novice) entrepreneurs are 10% higher than Boomers for the ages of 44 and 51; the odds for Boomers to be opportunity (vs. necessity) entrepreneurs are 2.3 times higher than Traditionalists for the ages 63–70. The limited generational difference is consistent with prior literature using HAPC.
Recent Advances in Controlled Synthesis of Upconversion Nanoparticles and Semiconductor Heterostructures
Authors: Wang Wanni , Zhao Mengli , Zhang Chenyang , Qian Haisheng
Published: April 2019

It's of great importance for construction of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs)/semiconductor heterostructures activated by near infrared light, which have gained worldwide research interests owing to important applications in photocatalysis, solar cells, nanomedicine, and etc. In this review, we highlight the synthetic strategies developed to fabricate upconversion nanoparticles based heterostructures, such as chemical epitaxial growth method, electrospinning technique, self‐assembly method, hydrothermal method, and etc. Numerous examples are given concerning the use of the strategies to fabricate various microstructures/nanostructures incorporated with UCNPs and semiconductors materials. The latest advances and perspectives in the synthetic strategies and preparation of this kind of composite nanostructures are made.
Chameleon: A generalized, connectivity altering software for tackling properties of realistic polymer systems
Authors: Alexiadis Orestis , Cheimarios Nikolaos , Peristeras Loukas D. , Bick Andreas , Mavrantzas Vlasis G. , Theodorou Doros N. , Hill Jörg‐Rüdiger , Krokidis Xenophon
Published: April 2019

Chameleon, a generalized Monte Carlo software for the phase space analysis of complex, realistic polymer systems is presented. Chameleon implements the so‐called connectivity altering technique applied on polymer chains through Monte Carlo moves that do not mimic actual dynamics. These moves enable an accurate and fast sampling of configuration space and produce a robust environment for the prediction of the polymer's properties. Chameleon's capabilities are presented through a series of computations on well‐studied systems, namely polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in the melt state. PE, PS and PVC are described via a united atom, coarse grained and all atom representation, respectively. The computed structural and volumetric properties of these systems are compared to experimental data and previous computational works, and found to be in excellent agreement. Finally, the shared memory parallel capabilities of Chameleon are presented and quantified in terms of speedup.

This article is categorized under:

Software > Simulation Methods

Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science

Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Statistical Mechanics
Developmental origins and oncogenic pathways in malignant brain tumors
Authors: Lu Q. Richard , Qian Lily , Zhou Xianyao
Published: April 2019

Brain tumors such as adult glioblastomas and pediatric high‐grade gliomas or medulloblastomas are among the leading causes of cancer‐related deaths, exhibiting poor prognoses with little improvement in outcomes in the past several decades. These tumors are heterogeneous and can be initiated from various neural cell types, contributing to therapy resistance. How such heterogeneity arises is linked to the tumor cell of origin and their genetic alterations. Brain tumorigenesis and progression recapitulate key features associated with normal neurogenesis; however, the underlying mechanisms are quite dysregulated as tumor cells grow and divide in an uncontrolled manner. Recent comprehensive genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic studies at single‐cell resolution have shed new light onto diverse tumor‐driving events, cellular heterogeneity, and cells of origin in different brain tumors. Primary and secondary glioblastomas develop through different genetic alterations and pathways, such as EGFR amplification and IDH1/2 or TP53 mutation, respectively. Mutations such as histone H3K27M impacting epigenetic modifications define a distinct group of pediatric high‐grade gliomas such as diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. The identification of distinct genetic, epigenomic profiles and cellular heterogeneity has led to new classifications of adult and pediatric brain tumor subtypes, affording insights into molecular and lineage‐specific vulnerabilities for treatment stratification. This review discusses our current understanding of tumor cells of origin, heterogeneity, recurring genetic and epigenetic alterations, oncogenic drivers and signaling pathways for adult glioblastomas, pediatric high‐grade gliomas, and medulloblastomas, the genetically heterogeneous groups of malignant brain tumors.

This article is categorized under:

Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Gene Networks and Genomics

Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cell Differentiation and Reversion

Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling
Evaluation of log‐of‐power extremum seeking control for wind turbines using large eddy simulations
Authors: Ciri Umberto , Leonardi Stefano , Rotea Mario A.
Published: April 2019

The extremum seeking control (ESC) algorithm has been proposed to determine operating parameters that maximize power production below rated wind speeds (region II). This is usually done by measuring the turbine's power signal to determine optimal values for parameters of the control law or actuator settings. This paper shows that the standard ESC with power feedback is quite sensitive to variations in mean wind speed, with long convergence time at low wind speeds and aggressive transient response, possibly unstable, at high wind speeds. The paper also evaluates the performance, as measured by the dynamic and steady state response, of the ESC with feedback of the logarithm of the power signal (LP‐ESC). Large eddy simulations (LES) demonstrate that the LP‐ESC, calibrated at a given wind speed, exhibits consistent robust performance at all wind speeds in a typical region II. The LP‐ESC is able to achieve the optimal set‐point within a prescribed settling time, despite variations in the mean wind speed, turbulence, and shear. The LES have been conducted using realistic wind input profiles with shear and turbulence. The ESC and LP‐ESC are implemented in the LES without assuming the availability of analytical gradients.
Optimality of the relaxed polar factors by a characterization of the set of real square roots of real symmetric matrices
Authors: Borisov Lev , Fischle Andreas , Neff Patrizio
Published: April 2019

We consider the problem to determine the optimal rotations which minimize
urn:x-wiley:00442267:media:zamm201800120:zamm201800120-math-0002for a given diagonal matrix with positive entries . The objective function W is the reduced form of the Cosserat shear‐stretch energy, which, in its general form, is a contribution in any geometrically nonlinear, isotropic, and quadratic Cosserat micropolar (extended) continuum model. We characterize the critical points of the energy , determine the global minimizers and compute the global minimum. This proves the correctness of previously obtained formulae for the optimal Cosserat rotations in dimensions two and three. The key to the proof is the result that every real matrix whose square is symmetric can be written in some orthonormal basis as a block‐diagonal matrix with blocks of size at most two.
Constraining four-fermion operators using rare top decays
Authors: Chala Mikael , Santiago Jose , Spannowsky Michael
Published: April 2019

Abstract

New physics can manifest itself by an appreciable increase of the decay rate of top quarks in rare flavour-changing final states. Exploiting the large top quark production rate at the LHC, we bound four-fermion operators contributing to non-resonant t → ℓ
+
ℓ
−
j using different signal regions of the latest LHC searches for t → Zj. We also provide prospects for the high-luminosity LHC to test these as well as four-fermion operators contributing to

$$ t\to b\overline{b}j $$

t
→
b

b
¯

j

, based on improved analysis strategies of existing searches. We single out all weakly-coupled ultraviolet completions inducing such contact interactions at tree level and translate the previous bounds to the parameter space of specific complete models. Being above the TeV, LHC bounds from rare top decays improve over those from flavour physics, electroweak precision data and other LHC searches in several cases.
Hunting for vectorlike quarks
Authors: Dermíšek Radovan , Lunghi Enrico , Shin Seodong
Published: April 2019

Abstract

We analyze decays of vectorlike quarks in extensions of the standard model and a two Higgs doublet model. We identify several typical patterns of branching ratios of the lightest new up-type quark, t
4, and down-type quark, b
4, depending on the structure of Yukawa couplings that mix the vectorlike and standard model quarks (we assume only mixing with the third generation) and also on their doublet or singlet nature. We find that decays into heavy neutral or charged Higgs bosons, when kinematically open, can easily dominate and even be close to 100%: b
4 → Hb at medium to large tan β, t
4 → Ht at small tan β and b
4 → H
±
t, t
4 → H
±
b at both large and small tan β. The pair production of vectorlike quarks leads to 6t, 4t2b, 2t4b and 6b final states. The decay modes into W, Z and h follow the pattern expected from the Goldstone boson equivalence limit that we generalize to scenarios with all possible couplings. We also discuss in detail the structure of Yukawa couplings required to significantly deviate from the pattern characteristic of the Goldstone boson equivalence limit that can result in essentially arbitrary branching ratios.
Holographic excited states in AdS black holes
Authors: Botta-Cantcheff Marcelo , Martínez Pedro J. , Silva Guillermo A.
Published: April 2019

Abstract

We have recently presented a geometry dual to a Schwinger-Keldysh closed time contour, with two equal β/2 length Euclidean sections, which can be thought of as dual to the Thermo Field Dynamics formulation of the boundary CFT. In this work we study non-perturbative holographic excitations of the thermal vacuum by turning on asymptotic Euclidean sources. In the large-N approximation the states are found to be thermal coherent states and we manage to compute its eigenvalues. We pay special attention to the high temperature regime where the manifold is built from pieces of Euclidean and Lorentzian black hole geometries. In this case, the real time segments of the Schwinger-Keldysh contour get connected by an Einstein-Rosen wormhole through the bulk, which we identify as the exterior of a single maximally extended black hole. The Thermal-AdS case is also considered but, the Lorentzian regions become disconnected, its results mostly follows from the zero temperature case.
Decay of I-ball/oscillon in classical field theory
Authors: Ibe Masahiro , Kawasaki Masahiro , Nakano Wakutaka , Sonomoto Eisuke
Published: April 2019

Abstract

I-balls/oscillons are long-lived and spatially localized solutions of real scalar fields. They are produced in various contexts of the early universe in, such as, the inflaton evolution and the axion evolution. However, their decay process has long been unclear. In this paper, we derive an analytic formula of the decay rate of the I-balls/oscillons within the classical field theory. In our approach, we calculate the Poynting vector of the perturbation around the I-ball/oscillon profile by solving a relativistic field equation, with which the decay rate of the I-ball/oscillon is obtained. We also perform a classical lattice simulation and confirm the validity of our analytical formula of the decay rate numerically.
Race Matters: Income Shares, Income Inequality, and Income Mobility for All U.S. Races
Authors: Akee Randall , Jones Maggie R. , Porter Sonya R.
Published: April 2019

Using unique linked data, we examine income inequality and mobility across racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Our data encompass the universe of income tax filers in the United States for the period 2000–2014, matched with individual-level race and ethnicity information from multiple censuses and American Community Survey data. We document both income inequality and mobility trends over the period. We find significant stratification in terms of average incomes by racial/ethnic group and distinct differences in within-group income inequality. The groups with the highest incomes—whites and Asians—also have the highest levels of within-group inequality and the lowest levels of within-group mobility. The reverse is true for the lowest-income groups: blacks, American Indians, and Hispanics have lower within-group inequality and immobility. On the other hand, low-income groups are also highly immobile in terms of overall, rather than within-group, mobility. These same groups also have a higher probability of experiencing downward mobility compared with whites and Asians. We also find that within-group income inequality increased for all groups between 2000 and 2014, and the increase was especially large for whites. The picture that emerges from our analysis is of a rigid income structure, with mainly whites and Asians positioned at the top and blacks, American Indians, and Hispanics confined to the bottom.
(MIS)READING THE GNAT: TRUTH AND DECEPTION IN THE PSEUDO-VIRGILIANCVLEX
Authors: Kearey Talitha
Published: April 2019

TheCulex—the earliest and best attested of the purported minor works of Virgil, and the most outright in gesturing towards Virgilian authorship—poses a problem for modern classical scholarship. Since at least the seventeenth century scholars have been preoccupied with the poem's authenticity. Is it a piece of early Virgilianiuuenilia, as the ancient testimonies and mediaeval transmission of the text seem to assert, or a later production? If a later production, should we see it as a deliberate forgery, or as a poem severed in the course of transmission from its original author and helplessly swept up in Virgil's train? The authenticity problem has proven persistent: as recently as the 1970s, scholars tried to claim theCulexfor Virgil. Even among those who think it non-Virgilian, the apparent consensus of anonymous late-Tiberian authorship has been contested by Otto Zwierlein's suggestion of M. Julius Montanus and Jean-Yves Maleuvre's, even more unlikely, of Augustus.
Testing the analytical performance of handheld XRF using marine sediments of IODP Expedition 355
Authors: Hahn A. , Bowen M. G. , Clift P. D. , Kulhanek D. K. , Lyle M. W.
Published: April 2019

Obtaining geochemical profiles using X-ray fluorescent (XRF) techniques has become a standard procedure in many sediment core studies. The resulting datasets are not only important tools for palaeoclimatic and palaeoceanographic reconstructions, but also for stratigraphic correlation. The International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) has therefore recently introduced shipboard application of a handheld XRF device, making geochemical data directly available to the science party. In all XRF scanning techniques, the physical properties of wet core halves cause substantial analytical deviations. In order to obtain estimates of element concentrations (e.g. for quantitative analyses of fluxes or mass-balance calculations), a calibration of the scanning data is required. We test whether results from the handheld XRF analysis on discrete samples are suitable for calibrating scanning data. Log-ratios with Ca as a common denominator were calculated. The comparison between the handheld device and conventional measurements show that the latter provide high-quality data describing Al, Si, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Zn, Rb and Sr content (R2 compared with conventional measurements: ln(Al/Ca) = 0.99, ln(Si/Ca) = 0.98, ln(K/Ca) = 0.99, ln(Ti/Ca) = 0.99, ln(Mn/Ca) = 0.99, ln(Fe/Ca) = 0.99, ln(Zn/Ca) = 0.99 and ln(Sr/Ca) = 0.99). Our results imply that discrete measurements using the shipboard handheld analyser are suitable for the calibration of XRF scanning data. Our test was performed on downcore sediments from IODP Expedition 355 that display a wide variety of lithologies of both terrestrial and marine origin. The implication is that our findings are valid on a general scale and that shipboard handheld XRF analysis on discrete samples should be used for calibrating XRF scanning data.
Collisional alpha transport in a weakly rippled magnetic field
Authors: Catto Peter J.
Published: April 2019

To properly treat the collisional transport of alpha particles due to a weakly rippled tokamak magnetic field the tangential magnetic drift due to its gradient (the $\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}B$ drift) and pitch angle scatter must be retained. Their combination gives rise to a narrow boundary layer in which collisions are able to match the finite trapped response to the ripple to the vanishing passing response of the alphas. Away from this boundary layer collisions are ineffective. There the $\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}B$ drift of the alphas balances the small radial drift of the trapped alphas caused by the ripple. A narrow collisional boundary layer is necessary since this balance does not allow the perturbed trapped alpha distribution function to vanish at the trapped–passing boundary. The solution of this boundary layer problem allows the alpha transport fluxes to be evaluated in a self-consistent manner to obtain meaningful constraints on the ripple allowable in a tokamak fusion reactor. A key result of the analysis is that collisional alpha losses are insensitive to the ripple near the equatorial plane on the outboard side where the ripple is high. As the high field side ripple is normally very small, collisional $\sqrt{\unicode[STIX]{x1D708}}$ ripple transport is unlikely to be a serious issue.
The Accidental Particle Accelerator Orbiting Mars
Authors: Zastrow Mark
Published: April 2019

The radar aboard the Mars Express spacecraft can generate ion beams arcing through space above the planet, which could lead to a new way of studying the plasma surrounding it.
Weather-Induced Tsunami Waves Regularly Roll Up on U.S. Shores
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: April 2019

Roughly 25 meteotsunamis strike coastlines between Maine and Puerto Rico each year, tide gauge data reveal.
Efficient electron transfer across hydrogen bond interfaces by proton-coupled and -uncoupled pathways
Authors: Cheng Tao , Shen Dong Xue , Meng Miao , Mallick Suman , Cao Lijiu , Patmore Nathan J. , Zhang Hong Li , Zou Shan Feng , Chen Huo Wen , Qin Yi , Wu Yi Yang , Liu Chun Y.
Published: April 2019

Thermal electron transfer through hydrogen bonds remains largely unexplored. Here we report the study of electron transfer through amide-amide hydrogen bonded interfaces in mixed-valence complexes with covalently bonded Mo2units as the electron donor and acceptor. The rate constants for electron transfer through the dual hydrogen bonds across a distance of 12.5 Å are on the order of ∼ 1010 s−1, as determined by optical analysis based on Marcus–Hush theory and simulation of ν(NH) vibrational band broadening, with the electron transfer efficiencies comparable to that of π conjugated bridges. This work demonstrates that electron transfer across a hydrogen bond may proceed via the known proton-coupled pathway, as well as an overlooked proton-uncoupled pathway that does not involve proton transfer. A mechanistic switch between the two pathways can be achieved by manipulation of the strengths of electronic coupling and hydrogen bonding. The knowledge of the non-proton coupled pathway has shed light on charge and energy transport in biological systems.
Dynamics of genome reorganization during human cardiogenesis reveal an RBM20-dependent splicing factory
Authors: Bertero Alessandro , Fields Paul A. , Ramani Vijay , Bonora Giancarlo , Yardimci Galip G. , Reinecke Hans , Pabon Lil , Noble William S. , Shendure Jay , Murry Charles E.
Published: April 2019

Functional changes in spatial genome organization during human development are poorly understood. Here we report a comprehensive profile of nuclear dynamics during human cardiogenesis from pluripotent stem cells by integrating Hi-C, RNA-seq and ATAC-seq. While chromatin accessibility and gene expression show complex on/off dynamics, large-scale genome architecture changes are mostly unidirectional. Many large cardiac genes transition from a repressive to an active compartment during differentiation, coincident with upregulation. We identify a network of such gene loci that increase their association inter-chromosomally, and are targets of the muscle-specific splicing factor RBM20. Genome editing studies show that TTN pre-mRNA, the main RBM20-regulated transcript in the heart, nucleates RBM20 foci that drive spatial proximity between the TTN locus and other inter-chromosomal RBM20 targets such as CACNA1C and CAMK2D. This mechanism promotes RBM20-dependent alternative splicing of the resulting transcripts, indicating the existence of a cardiac-specific trans-interacting chromatin domain (TID) functioning as a splicing factory.
Enhanced carbon dioxide electrolysis at redox manipulated interfaces
Authors: Wang Wenyuan , Gan Lizhen , Lemmon John P. , Chen Fanglin , Irvine John T. S. , Xie Kui
Published: April 2019

Utilization of carbon dioxide from industrial waste streams offers significant reductions in global carbon dioxide emissions. Solid oxide electrolysis is a highly efficient, high temperature approach that reduces polarization losses and best utilizes process heat; however, the technology is relatively unrefined for currently carbon dioxide electrolysis. In most electrochemical systems, the interface between active components are usually of great importance in determining the performance and lifetime of any energy materials application. Here we report a generic approach of interface engineering to achieve active interfaces at nanoscale by a synergistic control of materials functions and interface architectures. We show that the redox-manipulated interfaces facilitate the atomic oxygen transfer from adsorbed carbon dioxide molecules to the cathode lattice that determines carbon dioxide electrolysis at elevated temperatures. The composite cathodes with in situ grown interfaces demonstrate significantly enhanced carbon dioxide electrolysis and improved durability.
Free radical sensors based on inner-cutting graphene field-effect transistors
Authors: Wang Zhen , Yi Kongyang , Lin Qiuyuan , Yang Lei , Chen Xiaosong , Chen Hui , Liu Yunqi , Wei Dacheng
Published: April 2019

Due to ultra-high reactivity, direct determination of free radicals, especially hydroxyl radical (•OH) with ultra-short lifetime, by field-effect transistor (FET) sensors remains a challenge, which hampers evaluating the role that free radical plays in physiological and pathological processes. Here, we develop a •OH FET sensor with a graphene channel functionalized by metal ion indicators. At the electrolyte/graphene interface, highly reactive •OH cuts the cysteamine to release the metal ions, resulting in surface charge de-doping and a current response. By this inner-cutting strategy, the •OH is selectively detected with a concentration down to 10−9 M. Quantitative metal ion doping enables modulation of the device sensitivity and a quasi-quantitative detection of •OH generated in aqueous solution or from living cells. Owing to its high sensitivity, selectivity, real-time label-free response, capability for quasi-quantitative detection and user-friendly portable feature, it is valuable in biological research, human health, environmental monitoring, etc.
Surface chromium on Terracotta Army bronze weapons is neither an ancient anti-rust treatment nor the reason for their good preservation
Authors: Martinón-Torres Marcos , Li Xiuzhen , Xia Yin , Benzonelli Agnese , Bevan Andrew , Ma Shengtao , Huang Jianhua , Wang Liang , Lan Desheng , Liu Jiangwei , Liu Siran , Zhao Zhen , Zhao Kun , Rehren Thilo
Published: April 2019

For forty years, there has been a widely held belief that over 2,000 years ago the Chinese Qin developed an advanced chromate conversion coating technology (CCC) to prevent metal corrosion. This belief was based on the detection of chromium traces on the surface of bronze weapons buried with the Chinese Terracotta Army, and the same weapons’ very good preservation. We analysed weapons, lacquer and soils from the site, and conducted experimental replications of CCC and accelerated ageing. Our results show that surface chromium presence is correlated with artefact typology and uncorrelated with bronze preservation. Furthermore we show that the lacquer used to cover warriors and certain parts of weapons is rich in chromium, and we demonstrate that chromium on the metals is contamination from nearby lacquer after burial. The chromium anti-rust treatment theory should therefore be abandoned. The good metal preservation probably results from the moderately alkaline pH and very small particle size of the burial soil, in addition to bronze composition.
A novel generic dictionary-based denoising method for improving noisy and densely packed nuclei segmentation in 3D time-lapse fluorescence microscopy images
Authors: Nasser Lamees , Boudier Thomas
Published: April 2019

Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy is an essential technique for quantifying various characteristics of cellular processes, i.e. cell survival, migration, and differentiation. To perform high-throughput quantification of cellular processes, nuclei segmentation and tracking should be performed in an automated manner. Nevertheless, nuclei segmentation and tracking are challenging tasks due to embedded noise, intensity inhomogeneity, shape variation as well as a weak boundary of nuclei. Although several nuclei segmentation approaches have been reported in the literature, dealing with embedded noise remains the most challenging part of any segmentation algorithm. We propose a novel denoising algorithm, based on sparse coding, that can both enhance very faint and noisy nuclei signal but simultaneously detect nuclei position accurately. Furthermore our method is based on a limited number of parameters, with only one being critical, which is the approximate size of the objects of interest. We also show that our denoising method coupled with classical segmentation method works properly in the context of the most challenging cases. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, we tested our method on two datasets from the cell tracking challenge. Across all datasets, the proposed method achieved satisfactory results with 96:96% recall for the C. elegans dataset. Besides, in the Drosophila dataset, our method achieved very high recall (99:3%).
Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) Resistance and β-cell Dysfunction Contribute to Hyperglycaemia in Acromegaly
Authors: Shekhawat Vikram Singh , Bhansali Shobhit , Dutta Pinaki , Mukherjee Kanchan Kumar , Vaiphei Kim , Kochhar Rakesh , Sinha Saroj K. , Sachdeva Naresh , Kurpad Anura V. , Bhat Kishor , Mudaliar Sunder , Bhansali Anil
Published: April 2019

Impaired insulin sensitivity (IS) and β-cell dysfunction result in hyperglycaemia in patients of acromegaly. However, alterations in incretins and their impact on glucose-insulin homeostasis in these patients still remain elusive. Twenty patients of active acromegaly (10 each, with and without diabetes) underwent hyperinsulinemic euglycaemic clamp and mixed meal test, before and after surgery, to measure indices of IS, β-cell function, GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon response. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for GIP and GLP-1 was also done on intestinal biopsies of all acromegalics and healthy controls. Patients of acromegaly, irrespective of presence or absence of hyperglycaemia, had similar degree of insulin resistance, however patients with diabetes exhibited hyperglucagonemia, and compromised β-cell function despite significantly higher GIP levels. After surgery, indices of IS improved, GIP and glucagon levels decreased significantly in both the groups, while there was no significant change in indices of β-cell function in those with hyperglycaemia. IHC positivity for GIP, but not GLP-1, staining cells in duodenum and colon was significantly lower in acromegalics with diabetes as compared to healthy controls possibly because of high K-cell turnover. Chronic GH excess induces an equipoise insulin resistance in patients of acromegaly irrespective of their glycaemic status. Dysglycaemia in these patients is an outcome of β-cell dysfunction consequent to GIP resistance and hyperglucagonemia.
Synthesis and Optimization of Ti/Li/Al Ternary Layered Double Hydroxides for Efficient Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to CH4
Authors: Kong Ting-Ting , Huang Jian , Jia Xin-Gang , Wang Wen-Zhen , Zhou Yong
Published: April 2019

A series of Ti/Li/Al ternary layered double hydroxides (TiLiAl-LDHs) with different Ti:Li:Al molar ratios were prepared by a coprecipitation method for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. It was demonstrated that the contents of anions between the layers of Ti/Li/Al-LDHs greatly determined the photocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction. With Ti:Li:Al molar ratios optimized to be 1:3:2, the largest contents of $${{\bf{CO}}}_{{\bf{3}}}^{{\bf{2}}}$$

CO

3

2

− anion and hydroxyl group were obtained for the Ti1Li3Al2-LDHs sample, which exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction, with CH4 production rate achieving 1.33 mmol h−1 g−1. Moreover, the theoretical calculations show that Ti1Li3Al2-LDHs is a p-type semiconductor with the narrowest band gap among all the obtained TiLiAl-LDHs. After calcined at high temperatures such as 700 °C, and the obtained TiLiAl-700 sample showed much increased photocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction, with CH4 production rate reaching about 1.59 mmol h−1 g−1. This calcination induced photocatalytic enhancement should be related to the cystal structure transformation from hydrotalcite to mixed oxides containing high reactive oxygen species for more efficient CO2 reduction.
Cell cycle genes are downregulated after adipogenic triggering in human adipose tissue-derived stem cells by regulation of mRNA abundance
Authors: Marcon Bruna H. , Shigunov Patrícia , Spangenberg Lucia , Pereira Isabela Tiemy , de Aguiar Alessandra Melo , Amorín Rocío , Rebelatto Carmen K. , Correa Alejandro , Dallagiovanna Bruno
Published: April 2019

The adipogenic process is characterized by the expression of adipocyte differentiation markers that lead to changes in cell metabolism and to the accumulation of lipid droplets. Moreover, during early adipogenesis, cells undergo a strong downregulation of translational activity with a decrease in cell size, proliferation and migration. In the present study, we identified that after 24 hours of adipogenic induction, human adipose tissue-derived stem cells (hASCs) undergo a G1-cell cycle arrest consistent with reduced proliferation, and this effect was correlated with a shift in polysome profile with an enrichment of the monosomal fraction and a reduction of the polysomal fraction. Polysome profiling analysis also revealed that this change in the monosomal/polysomal ratio was related to a strong downregulation of cell cycle and proliferation genes, such as cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Comparing total and polysome-associated mRNA sequencing, we also observed that this downregulation was mostly due to a reduction of cell cycle and proliferation transcripts via control of total mRNA abundance, rather than by translational control.