bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Communication strategies and responses to change around issues of sexuality in Catholic higher education
Authors: Levand Mark A.
Published: September 2021

Sometimes, change around sexuality at Catholic higher education institutions exists in the shadow culture –the values and systems that drive a culture of an institution but that differ from those openly espoused. Past studies have often focused on the creation of LGBTQ student organizations at one or at most four institutions. The present study examines qualitative data from 31 employees at 17 different Catholic colleges and universities across the USA in which employees indicate how they navigated the process of effecting change around human sexuality at their Catholic institution. Interviews were transcribed and coded with a three-phase coding procedure that was then reviewed by an expert panel. Participants experienced both supportive and resistant reactions from colleagues. Issues of human sexuality were defined broadly to include not only student groups around orientation (i.e., LGBTQ student groups) but also sexual assault policy and prevention, policy around transgender student housing or restrooms, incorporating sexuality into the curriculum, same-sex employee benefits, etc. Reasons for resistance included fear, misunderstanding, mission incongruence, and perceived scandal. Methods of navigating change consisted of data gathering, increased visibility, taking a student focus, public conversations, trainings, one-to-one education, task forces, student protests, engaging with university heritage and mission, sensitivity to language used, and more discreet methods of effecting change. These data strengthen the literature by offering a detailed description of these methods, identifying the geopolitical atmosphere as relevant to the change process, noting some methods as ineffective, and clarifying communication that occurs in the shadow culture. Beyond Catholic higher education, readers may find these themes useful in effecting change at their own higher education institutions, including institutions with much fear and anxiety around sexuality.
Mediapro: reconversión de un carrier en grupo global de comunicación
Authors: García-Santamaría José-Vicente , Alcolea-Díaz Gema
Published: September 2021

The transformation that the Spanish company Mediapro has undergone from its beginning as carrier to become a global communication group –the first in Spain by net income– is studied. Mediapro is one of the largest European producers and one of the largest broadcasters of world sports broadcasting rights. Starting from an analysis of its strengths and weaknesses and an in-depth study of its industrial diversification policies and its business results, as well as its corporate reputation, closely linked to corporate behavior, the text also investigates some of the keys to its future as a large media conglomerate, subject to an extraordinarily competitive sector and in full digital transformation. The conclusion is that in a business context in which it must compete with the world´s largest content producers, as well as with the large holders of sports broadcasting rights, this future must necessarily go through less dependence on sports rights –subject to a fierce negotiation with large global conglomerates– and, at the same time, for a clear reinforcement of its corporate reputation.

Resumen
Se estudia la transformación que ha experimentado la empresa española Mediapro desde sus inicios como carrier (transportador de señal) hasta convertirse en un grupo global de comunicación –el primero de España por ingresos netos y ebitda–, además de una de las mayores productoras europeas y uno de los mayores difusores de derechos de retransmisiones deportivas mundiales, y que opera en numerosos países. Partiendo de un análisis de las fortalezas y debilidades de Mediapro y de un estudio profundo de sus políticas de diversificación industrial y de sus resultados empresariales, así como de su reputación corporativa, íntimamente unida al comportamiento corporativo, el texto indaga también en algunas de las claves de su futuro como gran conglomerado mediático, sujeto a un sector extraordinariamente competitivo y en plena transformación digital. La conclusión es que en un contexto de negocio en el que debe competir con las mayores productoras de contenidos mundiales, así como con los grandes poseedores de los derechos de retransmisiones deportivas, este futuro debe pasar necesariamente por una menor dependencia de los derechos deportivos –sujetos a una férrea negociación con grandes conglomerados mundiales– y, al mismo tiempo, por un claro reforzamiento de su reputación corporativa.
Prediction of filtration and capacitive properties and oil saturation characteristics of complex structure carbonate reservoirs (on the example of the Northwestern part of DDB)
Authors: Oliinyk O. V. , Vyzhva S. A. , Antoniuk V. V. , Bezrodna I. M.
Published: September 2021

The world achievements of the study of carbonate reservoir rocks with secondary voids have been analyzed. An integrated approach to the study of this type of reservoir has been demonstrated on the example of reservoir rocks of the Visean strata of the South-Berestivske field in the North-Western part of the Dnipro-Donets Basin. The purpose of this article is to predict the reservoir filtration-capacitive properties, as well as oil saturation characte-ristics of complex carbonate reservoir rocks using well logging data. To solve this problem, an integrat-ed approach is used. It includes the methods of porosities balance and functional transformations (normalization) of the electrical and radioactive well logging curves (lateral logging - neutron gamma ray logging, impulse neu-tron-neutron logging - neutron gamma ray logging). As a result, the authors have identified intervals in the Visean carbonate deposits with cavernous voids and cracks. Each individual geophysical method is influenced by the structure of the void space. Due to this, when calculating the porosity coefficient for different probes, the au-thors identify intervals represented by carbonate deposits, mainly of the porous-cavernous type. However, there is an interval of 4287.6-4289.6 m of porous-cavernous-fractured type. It is established that in the selected layers the coefficients of different types of porosity are: secondary - 2.5-6%, cavernous - 1.7-5% and fracture -0.2%. The thickness of pro-ductive sediments varies within 0.8 - 2.4 m (the average value is 2 m). The authors also substantiated the choice of parameters when calculating the saturation coefficient in complex structural reservoirs. Moreover, it is noted that the reservoir properties are provided by the presence of secondary voids, namely the cavities through which the fluid is filtered, and the rock matrix is compacted, poor-porous and low-permeable.
Penentuan Penerimaan Bantuan Pangan Nontunai Dengan Metode Simple Additive Weighted
Authors: Resmi Mochzen Gito , Muttaqin Muhammad Rafi , Defriani Meriska
Published: September 2021

Bantuan Pangan Non Tunai (BPNT) merupakan bantuan pangan yang diberikan oleh pemerintah kepada masyarakat miskin yang ada di Indonesia. Bantuan tersebut bertujuan untuk mengurangi beban pengeluaran dan memberikan asupan nutrisi yang lebih baik kepada masyarakat miskin secara tepat sasaran dan tepat waktu. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, Dinas Sosial Kabupaten Purwakarta khususnya Bidang Balinsos harus mampu menentukan peserta Keluarga Penerima Manfaat (KPM) sesuai dengan peraturan yang telah ditentukan oleh Presiden tentang penyaluran bantuan sosial non tunai. Dalam melakukan proses pemilihan peserta Keluarga Penerima Manfaat (KPM) diperlukan kriteria-kriteria untuk memilih calon peserta yang akan terpilih menjadi Keluarga Penerima Manfaat (KPM) Bantuan Pangan Non Tunai. Penelitian ini mengunakan metode Simple Addtive Weighted (SAW) dan metode pengembangan sistem Waterfall. Dengan dibuatnya Sistem Pendukung Keputusan untuk menentukan peserta Keluarga Penerima Manfaat (KPM) Bantuan Pangan Non Tunai, Dinas Sosial Kabupaten Purwakarta lebih mudah dalam memberikan alternatif keputusan siapa peserta yang lebih berhak menerima. Hasil alternatif keputusan dilengkapi dengan nilai prioritas yang mengacu pada kriteria-kriteria pengambilan keputusan yang telah ditetapkan.

Kata Kunci – Simple Addtive Weighted (Saw), Sistem Pendukung Keputusan, Waterfall, Bantuan Pangan Non Tunai (BPNT).
Analisis Pemetaan Tingkat Kriminalitas di Kabupaten Karawang menggunakan Algoritma K-Means
Authors: Fahmi Resti Noor , Jajuli Mohamad , Sulistiyowati Nina
Published: September 2021

Kriminalitas merupakan salah satu permasalahan yang sering terjadi di masyarakat yang perlu diperhatikan karena merugikan dan menimbulkan dampak negatif kepada masyarakat. Dilansir dari jabar.tribunews.com Kabupaten Karawang menjadi ranking pertama tingkat kriminalitas tertinggi di Jawa Barat pada awal masa pandemi. Ini menjadi PR pemerintah dan Polres Karawang khususnya untuk dapat menangani dan mengupayakan penanggulangan kriminalitas di Karawang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode clustering dengan algoritma k-means dan dilakukan pemetaan daerah rawan kriminalitas menggunakan QGIS. Hasil pengelompokan daerah rawan kriminalitas di Karawang pada 2019 didapatkan cluster tidak rawan sebanyak 23 kecamatan, cluster rawan sebanyak 3 kecamatan dan cluster sangat banyak sebanyak 4 kecamatan. Sedangkan pada 2020 didapatkan cluster tidak rawan sebanyak 22 kecamatan, cluster rawan sebanyak 4 kecamatan, dan cluster sangat rawan sebanyak 4 kecamatan. Hasil evaluasi clustering menggunakan silhouette coefficient pada tahun 2019 yaitu sebesar 0,52 dan 0,54 pada tahun 2020, keduanya masuk dalam kategori medium strucutre dengan interpretasi penempatan klaster yang wajar
Influence of fertilization with green manure and treatment on yield, economic and energy efficiency of spring barley
Authors:   National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Karabach K.S. , Berezhniak E.M. ,   National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine
Published: September 2021

The influence of the application of fertilizers with green manure and soil treatment on the yield, economic and energy efficiency of spring barley has been studied. The aim of the work was to identify the impact of the implemented tillage systems with elements of minimization and fertilization with elements of biologization on the productivity and economic performance of spring barley. It is established that in the conditions of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine the aftereffect of application of high norms of organic and mineral fertilizers on typical chernozem has a positive effect on spring barley yield, increasing it, compared to control, by 0.55–1.10 t/ha per plowing, by 0, 65–1.35 t/ha for deep tillage and 0.55–1.30 t/ha for shallow tillage. It was found that the highest crop yield (3.85 t/ha) was obtained against after shallow tillage and aftereffects of fertilizer application with manure. The use of fertilizers helped to increase the protein content in the grain of spring barley. The influence of tillage systems on the protein content of barley was reliably noted only in the variant of fertilizers with straw & green manure. The use of shallow tillage with organic manure and fertilizer provides a decrease of 142.9 UAH/t of the cost of production, an increase of 886 UAH/ha of net profit and a 21.2% reduction in energy consumption compared to plowing.
Indonesia: why The Islamic Defenders Front was Disbanded?
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW), Drugov Aleksey Yu.
Published: September 2021

The Islamic Defenders Front (IDF) was created in 1998 by conservative elements in Indonesian elite and the Army as a tool to oppose the democratic reforms. But rather soon the Front obtained independent role as a militant radical Islamic organization which became the threat to the existing political system. The leader of the Front Habib Rizieq Syihab after three years forced emigration in Saudi Arabia returned to Indonesia at the end of 2020 and called the Front supporters for moral revolution against the government. Their activity was neutralized by the Indonesian Army and Police, while HRSy was arrested and prosecuted under the pretext of violation of anti-Covid19 law The government disbanded the Front while its leaders created new organization under the name The Islamic Brotherhood Front.
Vietnamese fathers, Soviet sons: the context of the interethnic family
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW), Sokolov Anatoly A.
Published: September 2021

The article examines the impact of transnational interactions on the lives and professional choices of four Russians from Vietnamese-Russian families – writers Alexey Milkov and Eldar Sattarov, musician Vyacheslav Kovalev and film director Konstantin Fham-Malkin. The author analyzes four mixed families, in which the father is an ethnic Vietnamese, and the mother is a local resident: Russian / Tatar / Jewish. It is shown how children who grew up in such interethnic families, under the influence of various factors and circumstances, form an attitude to ethnicity – their Vietnamese origin, and make career choices.
International Scientific & Practical Conference “Russian Geographical Names on the Maps of the South Pacific”
Authors:   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW), Astafieva Ekaterina M. , Pale Sophia E. ,   Institute of oriental studies, Russian academy of sciences (MOSCOW)
Published: September 2021

The article overviews the reports presented at the International Scientific & Practical Conference “Russian Geographical Names on the Maps of the South Pacific” that took place on February 12, 2021 in the form of an online conference. The conference was organized by the Center of the South Pacific Studies of the Center of Southeast Asia, Australia and Oceania of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Committee for External Relations of the city of St. Petersburg; and Miklouho-Maclay Foundation. The conference was attended by the scientists and representatives of practical organizations from Russia and Australia.
On the use of modern methods of organizing the production system as a way to ensure the competitive advantage of an industrial enterprise
Authors: Dadalko V.
Published: September 2021

The article presents a modern approach to the organization of the production system of an industrial enterprise. Within the framework of this approach, methods are proposed that are capable of providing a high level of production organization. To implement them, the possibility of introducing the principles of the "lean" methodology and quality management system into the production system of an industrial enterprise was studied, a roadmap for their implementation developed, and the principles and tools of the proposed methods applied. The study of the works of Russian and foreign authors has shown a high interest in the problems of effective management of an industrial enterprise and the use of modern methods of organizing the production system. The authors confirm that the "lean" methodology and quality management system are the approaches that can effectively organize the production system of an industrial enterprise, and thereby allow the enterprise to reach a new level in the competition.
Adaptation of Crop Diversification to Climatic Risks and Agro-ecological Zone: Case of Under-resourced Farmers in Eastern Cape, South Africa
Authors: Kabiti Hlekani M.
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT Crop diversification can reduce the extent of losses from climate change and climate risks. This paper explains the state of crop diversification in the study area and identify significant exploitable benefits from the practise. The study employed survey data from farmers in major agro-ecological zones of the Eastern Cape Province, namely Grassland, Savannah and Karoo. Data on crop enterprises, input and output variables were processed in monetary terms and subjected to gross margin analysis. A correlation analysis was applied to examine the sensitivity of farm inputs, outputs and profitability/loss to different crop mixes and agro-climatic variation. Study findings revealed that crop-based enterprise combinations of farmers vary across agro-ecological zones. Farmers choose crops that reduces the risk of emerging climate related losses, input costs and increase output and/or revenue. The study recommends experimental research that details yield benefits and losses in responses to both biotic, abiotic factors and specific crop combinations.
Pediatric palliative care: data of the first 13 months of operation
Authors: ÖZTEK ÇELEBİ Fatma Zehra , ŞAHİN Şanlıay
Published: September 2021

Aim: Children with complex chronic conditions are main candidates for pediatric palliative care (PPC). Despite the proven advantages of palliative care for these children, the literature lacks on the adequate description of the pediatric population receiving this care. The aim of this study was to describe demographic characteristics of the patients, to examine the patient survival and the factors affecting patient survival. To our knowledge, this is the first description of the cohort of children and adolescents on PPC in Turkey.

Materials and methods: This retrospective chart review study examined patients receiving palliative care at University of Health Sciences, Dr. Sami Ulus Maternity and Children's Training and Research Hospital between 2.12.2019 and 31.12.2020. The data of demographics, underlying diagnosis, medical technology dependence, symptoms at admission, number of hospitalizations, number of emergency department (ED) admissions were collected.

Results: 70 male and 66 female patients were admitted 259 times during the observation period. The median length of hospital stay was 7 days. Median age at referral was 44 months (range:2.7-215). Fifty-one patients (37.5%) were younger than 2 years of age. Neurological diseases were the most prevalent disease group. 56 of our patients (41%) had a tracheostomy. 82 patients (60.3%) needed respiratory support. Fifty of them were ventilated through home-type mechanical ventilator. Only 28 patients (20.6%) could be fed through oral route. Nasogastric tube (n=84, 61.8%) was the main device used by children who needed nutritional support. 52% of patients were referred from ED. Most prevalent symptoms of the patients at admission were dyspnea and tachypnea. 151 of the patients (58.3%) were diagnosed with infection, the most common infection was lower respiratory tract infection (n=103, 39.8%). Of 259 PPC center admissions 224 (86.5%) were discharged to home. Twenty-seven children (20%) died during study period. Nineteen of deceased patients died in intensive care unit (70%). The 1-year survival rate of the patients was 78.1%. In logistic regression analysis the risk of death was 3.4 times higher in patients ≤2 years of age (CI: 1.4-8.8, p=0.01) and in patients with respiratory support (CI: 1.1-11.0, p=0.04).

Conclusion: Describing the cohort of patients on PPC provides important information on the complexity of their disease process, types of their illnesses, medical technology dependence, re-admission rates, mortality status and factors affecting mortality. Important research has been done but pediatric palliative care is still in infancy in Turkey. Future prospective research is needed to understand the unique challenges of PPC.
Factors Associated with Consumer Knowledge of Garlic Health Properties, Garlic Preparation Knowledge and Garlic Intake
Authors: Jensen Katherine , Goto Keiko , Giampaoli Joan , Holland Julie
Published: September 2021

Background: Garlic has been shown to provide numerous health benefits attributed to its innate compound allicin. However, this compound is highly unstable when exposed to various cooking methods as it is affected by temperature and pH changes. There is limited information about health and preparation knowledge of garlic among consumers with various nutrition education levels including future nutrition professionals such as registered dietitian nutritionists. Purpose: To determine if consumer garlic health knowledge and perceptions were associated with garlic intake and if nutrition education level was associated with garlic health and preparation knowledge. Methods: An online survey was conducted to examine garlic health and preparation knowledge, garlic health perceptions, garlic intake, and garlic cooking methods among undergraduate students with and without a major. Results: There was a significant moderate positive correlation between garlic health knowledge and garlic intake (rs=.421, p<.001). Those with a nutrition major had significantly greater garlic health knowledge than non-majors (p<0.001), while there was no difference between nutrition majors and non-majors on cooking methodology knowledge. Conclusion: Knowledge of the health benefits of garlic appears to be associated with its intake. Nutrition education should focus more on appropriate garlic preparation in relation to its health benefits.
The analysis of complex phonetic elements in Bura and the syllable
Authors: Maddieson Ian
Published: September 2021

This paper examines those complex phonetic elements in Bura (and related languages such as Margi) which have been described by earlier scholars as unitary segments having a labial-alveolar double articulation. Several kinds of observations at the phonetic level show that this description is incorrect. Instead these segments are shown to be composed of a phonetic sequence of a labial articulation and an alveolar one. The analysis of the "labial-alveolars" as a sequence of phonological elements is also shown to be appropriate. If they are viewed as unitary segments represented by a single matrix of features there are problems with selecting correct feature values. If they are represented as two feature matrices linked to a single segmental position an invalid distinction is introduced between this representation and the same two matrices linked to separate segmental positions. On the other hand, representation as two independent segments accounts for vowel length adjustments and for resyllabification. Although unusual syllable-initial consonant clusters are posited in this analysis, these clusters are heterosyllabic when an appropriate environment occurs and violations of the universal syllable canon are minimized.
Pragmatic roles in central Somali narrative discourse
Authors: Biber Douglas
Published: September 2021

This paper compares the marking of pragmatic roles in Central Somali oral narrative discourse and elicited question-answer pairs to illustrate the claim that information structure must be studied within the context of particular discourse genres. The study of pragmatic roles in Central Somali is especially interesting because clause-level focus is explicitly marked through the particle yaa. The functions of this particle in elicitation question-answer pairs and narrative discourse are compared, and it is shown that elicitation data exhibit only a few of the possible functions of yaa, viz. as a marker of assertive and contrastive focus. In contrast, narrative discourse provides examples of yaa as a marker of both event-clause focus and discourse topic. This result is discussed within the context of discourse coherence and is shown to be not as surprising as it first appears. In addition, narrative focus constructions (defined as the most salient section of new information in a narrative text) are shown to be formally well-defined and functionally important in giving coherence to a narrative, although no counterpart has been found in elicitation data. In conclusion, it is noted that pragmatic roles should be studied in a broad range of discourse genres in addition to elicited question-answer data, since each genre may illustrate different functions of the same constructions.
The interation of segmental and tonal levels the case of w in Temne
Authors: Nemer Julie F. , Mountford Keith Wm.
Published: September 2021

Temne is a West Atlantic Mel language, spoken in northern Sierra Leone, which has both phonemic and morphological tone. This paper explores the interaction between tonal and segmental levels through the investigation of segmental rules of insertion and deletion and through verbal inflections and derivations. The paper shows that tonal patterns on Temne verbs are not additive, unlike the segmental portions of the verbs, and that the tones on verbs must be viewed as almost totally independent of the component morphemes of the verb. In the process, the paper argues for the analysis of an underlying vowel and for the analysis of pronouns as noncliticized morphemes, which means that Temne has redundant subject markers in certain types of sentences. Both of these are issues which various authors have taken opposing stances on in the literature.
The relation between the middle tone and empty category principle violations in Krio
Authors: Nylander Dudley K.
Published: September 2021

An examination of monosyllabic words in Krio reveals the existence of three distinct tones: high. mid and low. words of more than one syllable. However, only two tones are attested: high and low. The mid tone is, in fact, found only in monosyllabic forms in two very specific contexts: citation forms and sentence final forms. In other contexts. the mid tone ia replaced by the high tone. This suggests that the mid tone is merely a phonetic variant of the high tone. The interaction of tones and syntax is considered.
Hausa vowels and dipthongs
Authors: Lindau-Webb Mona
Published: September 2021

Acoustic properties of Hausa vowels and diphthongs from several speakers are investigated. The results show that Hausa is best described as having a five vowel system, where the five basic vowels have the qualities of the long vowels. Long vowels are derived as double basic vowels. The qualities of the short vowels are significantly different from those of the long vowels, but these quality differences can be accounted for by an undershoot mechanism in the speech production. The diphthong /au/ is modeled, using the formant frequencies of /a/ and /u/ with an interpolation in accordance with a trinomial equation. The diphthong /ai/ is mostly realized as a long [e:] phonetically.
The lexicostatistical base of Bennett & Sterks reclassification of Niger-Congo with particular reference to the cohesion of Bantu
Authors: Schadeberg Thilo C.
Published: September 2021

In 1977, Bennett and Sterk published a reclassification of the Niger-Congo languages which has been highly influential. In this paper I try to discover their lexicostatistic method (section 1), then use their published data to do a conventional lexicostatistic subgrouping (section 2), and finally look at their evidence for denying the genetic unity of Narrow Bantu (section 3).
Object agreement and topicality hierarchies in Kiyaka
Authors: Kidima Lukowa
Published: September 2021

This investigation of object agreement in .Kiyaka raises a theoretical question common to Bantu but which has been answered only partially in previous studies: what accounts for the control and sequential order of object agreement markers (OAMs) in languages where the verb complex can take more than one such marker? Individual parameters of topicality hierarchies (TH) have been shown to be responsible for the behaviour of the OAMs, especially in constructions where single hierarchies are active. For TH to account for conflicting predictions by different individual hierarchies, I propose a Trans-Hierarchical Constraint (THCC) that can be claimed to be cross-Bantu at least. This constraint predicts that OAMs can be determined by a single hierarchy (the predominant in the language), or by two hierarchies, one of which must be the semantic one. It follows from the nature of the THCC that there are two types of languages in terms of the strategies they use to resolve conflicting cases: (1) those where the semantic hierarchy is always active and (2) those where the semantic hierarchy is sometimes inactive. The study also predicts that ambiguity resulting from multiple agreement occurs only when the semantic hierarchy is inactive.
The Margi vowel system and labiocoronals
Authors: Maddieson Ian
Published: September 2021

The vowel system of Margi, described by Hoffman [1963] as containing three high vowels and one low vowel, is reinterpreted as a two-vowel system with underlying contrast only of high versus low. A pervasive contrast of secondary articulations on consonants spreads features of rounding and backness to contiguous vowels, giving rise to the different high vowel qualities recognized by Hoffman. A morphological role for the secondary articulations can be identified. Given this new understanding of the vowel system, the claim that "labio-coronal" elements in Margi are single complex segments requires reevaluation. Arguments advanced by Sagey [1986] are shown to proceed from a wrong interpretation of a syncope process and an assumed underlying contrast between high vowels. Phonetic data and the absence of phonological arguments to the contrary suggest that the labiocoronal elements are consonant sequences. 1.
A typological anomaly in some Surma languages
Authors: Unseth Peter
Published: September 2021

This paper presents evidence that at least three languages in the Surma group (and possibly also Proto-Surma) are exceptions to the proposed typological "universal" that languages with basic VSO word order do not have post-positions [Greenberg 1963:78]. There is no attempt made here to hypothesize how this came about, only to call attention to the fact that these three languages are typologically anomalous.
Majang nominal plurals with comparative notes
Authors: Unseth Peter
Published: September 2021

This paper describes the complex Majang system of noun plural formation. Majang uses singulative suffixes, plural suffixes, and suppletive plural stems to mark number on nouns. Majang is seen to exemplify in many ways the *N/*K pattern of singular and plural marking as described by Bryan [1968] for many Nilo-Saharan languages. Tiersma's [1982] theory of "Local Markedness" is shown to provide an explanation for singulative marking on some nouns in Majang and other Surma languages. A comparison of Majang noun plurals with plural forms in other Surma languages allows the reconstruction of some number marking for Proto-Surma.
Distinctive nasality in Kwawu a prosodic account
Authors: Bat-El Outi
Published: September 2021

Nasality in Kwawu is distinctive in vowels but predictable in consonants. This uncommon distribution is interpreted here in prosodic terms. It is claimed that the feature [+nasal] is represented on morae rather than on individual segments. The assignment of the feature [+nasal] is integrated with syllabification rules, which explains the prosodic characteristics of nasality. Further evidence is drawn from the distribution of nasality in reduplicated forms; the moraic representation of the feature [+nasal] is crucial for the analysis of reduplicated CV stems.
Some Yoruba quantifier words and semantic interpretation a critique
Authors: Adewole L. O.
Published: September 2021

This work takes a close look at the Yoruba quantifiers, pUpQ, QpQ, and QpQ1QpQ 'many', and concludes that, contrary to Lawal's [1986] claim, it is difficult to differentiate semantically between them.
Reanalyse des tons du Bambara des tons du nom a l'organisation general du systeme
Authors: Railland Annie , Badjime Mamadou
Published: September 2021

A partir de l'etude des noms, il est apparu progressivement (1) que Ie bambara, comme.le mende, possedait des schemes tonals de mot; (2) qu'a ces schemes s'ajoutait un ton haut flottant, que nous avons appele "ton haut de liaison"; (3) que l'association des tons pouvait etre posee en bambara comme fondamentalement postlexicale. Considerant ensuite d'autres constituants et Ie comportement du "ton haut de liaison" a diverses frontieres, nous avons precise Ie role de ce ton haut qui participe de la nature de l'accent. Cet article presente donc une conception nouvelle de l'organisation d'ensemble du systeme tonal bambara.
Interaction of tone, syntax and semantics in the acquistion of chichewa negation.pdf
Authors: Chimombo Moira , Mtenje Al
Published: September 2021

The data for three children learning Chichewa as their first language between the ages of 1.0 and 2.6 were analyzed to identify and describe the patterns of development of tone, morpho-syntax and semantics in the acquisition of negation. Not one of the subcategories of negation was completely mastered by 2.6; in four subcategories the tone patterns were acquired, with incomplete morphology; in no case was the morpho-syntax acquired without the tone. The results for first langauge acquisition are compared with previous results for bilingual and second language acquisition of Chichewa. The implications of these data for the identification of universals in language acquisition are discussed, as are the implications for phonological theory.
Silence and ritual response in Igbo discourse
Authors: Okolo Bertram A.
Published: September 2021

This study discusses silence and ritual response as behavioural acts that are communicatively significant among the Igbos of Nigeria. Using actual discourse samples, the appropriate and inappropriate uses of these acts as well as their functions are highlighted.
Phonological processes in the noun class system of lama.
Authors: Ourso Meterwa A.
Published: September 2021

The purpose of this paper is to account for the phonological processes taking place within noun classes and across noun classes in Lama, particularly when some class suffixes are attached to noun stems. This study is therefore an overview of the noun class phonology. After an introduction to the phonology and to the noun class system, we will examine specific phonological problems. It will be shown that when some root final sounds are in contact with some suffixes, they undergo structural changes, namely, assimilation, vowel truncation, and root controlled vowel harmony.
A propos de l'harmonie vocalique en ɔkpɛ
Authors: Herault G.
Published: September 2021

Inspiree par l'article de Pulleyblank [1986] paru dans Studies in African Linguistics, l'etude presentee ici tente d'integrer les faits d'hannonie A TR dans une conception ou les evenements phonologiques resultent de l'interaction d'un nombre limite de principes universels et de choix parametriques individuellement determines pour chaque langue. Dans cene perspective, on montrera que des faits tels que l'absence, pour s, de partenaire a la fois ouvert et [+ATR], ou la formation ou non de diphtongues legeres lors de l'adjonction de suffixes vocaliques deviennent previsibles si on les integre dans une theorie qui tienne compte du "channe" des segments concernes et des gouvemements caracteristiques du plan structurel qui les regit L'enjeu n'est pas negligeable: il s'agit, a terme, d'expliquer sans recourir a des "regles".
Low tone raising in Hausa a critical assessment
Authors: Newman Paul , Jaggar Philip J.
Published: September 2021

Low tone raising (LTR) refers to a phonological rule postulated for Hausa by Leben [1971], whereby word-final Low-Low sequences change to Low-High if the final vowel is long. In the first part of the paper, we show that counterexamples to the rule are considerably more numerous and more varied than previously thought. In the second part, we demonstrate that the morphotonemic alternations that served to justify LTR can all be explained by other, better means. We conclude that LTR does not constitute an active, synchronically functioning tone rule in Hausa.
Yoruba pe and ki verbs or complementizers
Authors: Lawal Adenike
Published: September 2021

This paper discusses the Yoruba items Pe and K£. These items have sometimes been analyzed as verbs and sometimes as complementizers. Thus their status has not been clearly established. In this paper, we look at the various structures in which these items occur and at their behaviour and proceed to reanalyze them. In this re-examination attention is paid to the distributional criteria of both verbs and complementizers. The paper concludes that pe and k£ are complementizers not verbs.
Vowel harmony in Igede
Authors: Abiodun Michael
Published: September 2021

Igede is a language that operates a nine vowel system. It displays harmony system constraint by pharyngeal constriction. Vowels fall into two harmonic sets of [+ATR] and [-ATR] with no overlap. Where we have disharmonic morphemes, our analysis shows that the harmony constraint remains unviolated.
Color terms and lexical classes in Krahn Wobe
Authors: Bing Janet Mueller
Published: September 2021

Many West African languages lack a separate category of adjectives; Krahn and Wore are also said to lack this lexical class. However, an examination of color terms in the Gborbo dialect of Liberian Krahn reveals a class of words which are neither nouns or verbs After describing the syntactic behavior of nouns and verbs and color nouns and verbs, it is shown that a third class of color words must be considered adjectives. The data supports proposals by Givon and Dixon that, universally, lexical categories are semantically based.
The consonant inventory of Proto-Eastern Cushitic
Authors: Ehret Christopher
Published: September 2021

Hans-Jiirgen Sasse established a solid initial reconstruction of the proto-Eastern Cushitic (PEC) consonants. This initial system had about 20 to 23 consonants. Further work by Linda Arvanites indicated the existence of several additional consonants. The current work rounds out the PEC consonant system and shows it to consist of 30 consonants in all. These for a moderately well-balanced system of voiced stops, voiced implosives in four different positions of articulation, and voiceless stops and ejective stops in three different positions of articuation. PEC also had five non-laryngeal fricatives, the full array of laryngeals that one has come to expect from Afroasiatic languages, l, r, w, y, and most interestingly, four different nasals, includingp and 1), this latter distinction not widely recognized as a feature of Afroasiatic. A side effect of this reconstruction is a first provisional history of the reflexes in Eastern Cushitic languages of PEC geminates. Along with this history, an explanation is proposed for the derivation of the Yaaku 7 -vowel system from the PEC system of 5 vowels, long and short.
On the syntax of possessor raising in Swahili
Authors: Keach Camillia N. , Rochemont Michael
Published: September 2021

Traditionally Possessor Raising (PR) in Swahili is included with a variety of sentence types as an instance of the Nominal Construction and more recently defended as a member of that class. This study has two major goals: fIrst, it demonstrates that PR has syntactic distributional patterns which argue against its inclusion in the Nominal Construction. Secondly, it addresses a central question: what features of an explicit grammar explain the syntactic properties associated with PR? After showing that the inferentially based proposals in Hinnebusch and Kirsner [1980] and in Scotton [1981] do not adequately characterize PR nor accommodate its syntax, semantics or interpretation, we present a Government Binding treatment ofPR's syntax. Finally, we provide a summary of our cross-linguistic research on PR's interpretation.
Agreement and Fula pronouns
Authors: Culy Christopher
Published: September 2021

This paper is concerned with agreement patterns exhibited by pronouns in five varieties of Fula. It is argued that some pronouns show agreement in pronominality, which is an unusual type of agreement, but nonetheless extremely robust in Fula. Other types of agreement are also presented, and the consequences of the Fula data for theories of agreement is discussed.
A whole lotta focusin' goin' on information packaging in Somali texts
Authors: Tosco Mauro
Published: September 2021

The article deals with the pragmatics of focus marking in Somali written texts. The use of the nominal focus markers baa and ayaa, of clefts, of noun incor-poration and of the particle waa is analyzed. Concerning the latter, it is argued that the verbal-focus effect often associated with it is more the result of the absence of nominal focus than an inherent property of this particle, thereby confirming Saeed's analysis of waa as a "declarative classifier". A few text-building uses of the focus particles are discussed, namely, the use of subject focus in text-initial thetic sentences, the topic-shifting value of nominal focus, and the use of focus on a clausal or nominal adverbial as an action-enhancing device. In light of these considerations, it is argued that the nominal focus particles are perhaps better considered as generic "foregrouding particles".
Dynamics of interacting populations language contact in the Lwoo languages of Bahr el-Ghazal
Authors: Storch Anne
Published: September 2021

Number inflection systems in Western Nilotic languages appear highly complex and diverse. Comparative work on Nilotic and other Nilo-Saharan families has shown that these languages have a morphologically tripartite system with marked plurals and a bare root singular, marked singulatives constructed from unmarked collectives, and a replacement pattern with morphologically marked singulars and plurals. Historical comparison of the formatives used to construct the different number categories has proven difficult. A number of little-explored Western Nilotic languages of Bahr el-Ghazal have been in contact with Niger-Congo (predominantly Ubangi) languages and have undergone typological as well as specific grammatical changes. An investigation into the historical and present contact situations is needed in order to shed light on how the number inflection systems of these languages were created historically. Sprachbund phenomena include the diffusion of a ka- plural prefix into the Belanda languages, while a convergence phenomenon whose origin is probably more recent is the gradual loss of suffixing singulatives in the Lwoo languages that are in contact with Niger-Congo, which itself does not use singulatives. Retentions and innovations within the system of, number inflection of certain Lwoo languages of Bahr el-Ghazal are discussed and analysed in terms of the history of these languages. This paper argues that crucial changes and differences within Western Nilotic noun morphology cannot be understood without taking into account the long and complicated contact history of these languages.
The S-Aux-O-V-Other syntagm in Atlantic
Authors: Childs G. Tucker
Published: September 2021

As the largest language phylum in the world and the most geographically widespread (Williamson & Blench 2000), Niger-Congo understandably exhibits some variation at all grammatical levels. Basic word order stands as no exception to this generalization, and there have been partisans for both an SOV and an SVO reconstructed word order. Gensler 1994 attempts to reconcile the two by claiming that neither proposal is correct; he suggests that both SOY and SVO are derived from Proto-Niger-Congo *S-AUX-O-V-Other. Because of the pattern's "quirkiness" (being found virtually nowhere else in the world) and because it is so widely attested in geographically widely separated Niger-Congo languages, the pattern should be reconstructed for all of Niger-Congo. One crucial piece of evidence for this claim comes from the Southern Atlantic language Kisi. This paper explores Kisi' s facts in further detail to show how central the structure is to the language. It then expands the investigation to other languages of Atlantic, finding that the pattern is much more widely attested than was previously realized, albeit in an attenuated form. The paper concludes by discussing the significance of the Atlantic facts to Niger-Congo in general.
Phonological reflexes of emphasis in Kwa languages of Cote d'Ivoire
Authors: Leben William R. , Ahoua Firmin
Published: September 2021

No abstract is available for SAL supplements.
Encoding topography and direction in the verbal systems of Lamang and Hdi (Central Chadic)
Authors: Wolff H. Ekkehard
Published: September 2021

No abstract is available for SAL supplements.
On Emai VBI phrases
Authors: Schaefer Ronald P. , Egbokhare Francis O.
Published: September 2021

We examine the distribution of Emai prepositional phrases and their NP complements relative to intransitive verbs. In canonical order constructions, vbi phrases follow a matrix verb as optional or obligatory constituents, or they follow the verb za in series before another matrix verb. In non-canonical order constructions, focused NP complements give rise to the verb za in series with only a subclass of intransitive verbs. Through lexical entry formats, we relate these distributional facts to distinct semantic roles and specific grammatical relations. Some vbi phrases show a complement relation for source and goal, but remaining phrases reflect inner locative complements or outer locative adjuncts, the latter signaled in focus constructions by za. We also comment on vbi prohibition outside the verb phrase and on its relationship to construal of affected object.
The borrowing of aspects as lexical tone classes Y-intial Tuareg verbs in Tasawaq
Authors: Kossmann Maarten
Published: September 2021

In Tasawaq, a Northern Songhay language of Niger, there exists a lexical tone class distinction between stative and active verbs. This tone class distinction only exists in one class of verbs borrowed from Tuareg, verbs with an initial y-. In this article, I argue that the tone class distinction reflects the Tuareg difference between a Short Perfective aspect, used in active contexts, and a Long Perfective aspect, which is mainly found in stative contexts. In Tasawaq, this aspectual distinction has been reinterpreted as a difference in lexical class.
Morpho-phonological levels and grammaticalization in Karimojong: A review of the evidence
Authors: Lesley-Neuman Diane Lesley-
Published: September 2021

An analysis of the affixation processes and the phonological rules governing [ATR] harmony in Karimojong verbs permits the organization of derivational processes into three levels. On each level specific groups of morphemes are affixed and the resultant derived words undergo defined sets of phonological processes. On Level 1 a feature filling [±ATR] harmony rule applies, in which the [ATR] feature spreads bi-directionally from the principal root vowel across the root and all Level 1 affixes. However, there are also localized disharmonic domains created by phonologized co-articulation effects of consonants and dissimilation rules for vowels. On Level 2, suffixation of Tense-Mood-Aspect (TMA) markers at the right edge of the verbal complex triggers [+ATR] feature spreading leftward across the derived word. On Level 3 affixation does not trigger [ATR] harmony processes, and both affix vowels and the derivational complexes to which they are added retain their [ATR] features. Some Karimojong affixes exhibit behaviors characteristic of two different levels, depending on context; these affixes are proposed to be in transition between levels. The three levels are proposed to result from diachronic evolution, and their relative chronological development can be established by (1) correspondences to landmarks within the cross-linguistically attested agreement system grammaticalization cline, which groups affixes according to ordering universals, and (2) the existence of successive evolutionary cycles of frequentive morphology. A model of the morphology-phonology interface is proposed in which linguistic structure internal to the morpheme channels the spread of [ATR] features. The model provides an explanation for surface irregularities that originated at the time of areal vowel mergers in Nilotic languages (Dimmendaal, 2002).