bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Necessity of establishing an open source military R&D platform to promote AI development in defense
Authors: Lee Sanggeun , Jang Sangguk
Published: December 2022

Nations with advanced military capabilities are now focusing on developing AI algorithms for weapon system intellectualization development to retain their dominance. However, such endeavors are expensive in terms of time, effort, and resources, so it is necessary to develop it using open source to expand sharing and cooperation with industry–academic–government research and development collaboration. This study is aimed at elaborating the need for adoption of it and suggesting future implementation and improvement of open source SW in military despite the negative impact of security vulnerabilities when applied to the military weapon system. For this, the present study was design to investigate the benefit (intercommunity and cooperation) and harm (military sovereignty and technology vulnerability) of this open source platform through analysis of domestic and international case with defense area. The results of the study indicate that establishing an appropriate platform can help secure military sovereignty and prevent technology subordination, increase the efficiency of AI R&D, ensure collaboration and connectivity between weapons systems, and strengthen software security.
Knowledge of the National Health Act among Physicians in two Tertiary Hospitals in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Adejumo Oluseyi , Roli Cynthia , Adejumo Oludamilola Adebola , Junaid Oladimeji Adedeji , Owolade Sunday Samson
Published: December 2022

Objective: Knowledge of provisions of the National Health Act among physicians and stakeholders is pivotal to its successful implementation. This study aimed to assess the knowledge of the National Health Act (NHA) among Physicians in two tertiary hospitals in Nigeria.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in two tertiary hospitals in Southern Nigeria. The consecutively recruited eligible respondents were assessed for knowledge of NHA using a 24-item self-administered close-ended structured questionnaire. The total obtainable score was 26.  Those with <13 points had poor knowledge, 13-21 points had good knowledge and >21 points had excellent knowledge. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 software. P-value of < 0.05 was taken as significant.
Results: One hundred and ninety-five doctors with a male: female ratio of 1.9:1 participated in the study. The majority (91.8%) were ≤40 years and 129(66.2%) of the participants were ≤ 10 years post qualification. The frequency of correctly answered questions ranged between 7.7% - 89.2%. According to overall knowledge scores; 64.6% had poor knowledge; 35.4% had good knowledge and none had excellent scores. There was no statistically significant association between knowledge of NHA and gender, age, and number of years post-qualification (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed that only about a third of the participants had good knowledge of key provisions of the NHA. We strongly recommend that relevant sections of the Act should be incorporated into the medical curriculum both at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA MODEL PEMBELAJARAN KOOPERATIF DAN PENGGUNAAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN MULTIMEDIA DENGAN MINAT BELAJAR SISWA PADA PELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM
Authors: Purwanto Purwanto
Published: December 2022

Learning problems occur in Islamic Education is the students’ saturation when participating learning activities and their low interest in studying Islamic education. Other causes include monotonous learning methodologies and learning media. The study aims to determine the relationship between cooperative learning and multimedia learning media with students’ learning interest in Islamic Education. This study uses a quantitative approach with correlational research method. The techniques used in the research are observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The data were analyzed using quantitative techniques aided by Microsoft Office Excel and SPSS 20. The results showed that the correlation coefficient numerical analysis of cooperative learning model with students’ learning interest over the subject is 0.275, obtained a significant correlation and categorized as low correlation. The result of numerical analysis of correlation coefficients in multiimedia learning media with students’ learning interest to the subject is 0,308, implies significant correlation and low category. The relationship between cooperative learning model and multimedia learning media with students’ interest in Islamic Education subject altogether is 0.328, which means significant with low correlation category.
Türk Bankacılık Sektörünün Karlılığını Etkileyen İçsel Değişkenler
Authors: AKKAYNAK Bilal
Published: December 2022

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren bankaların karlılıklarını etkileyen içsel değişkenlerinin belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçla Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren 41 bankanın 2009 ve 2019 yılları arasında yer alan veri seti panel veri analizi yöntemi incelenmiştir. 41 banka çalışma prensipleri arasındaki farklılıkların gözlemlenebilmesi amacıyla kamu bankaları, kalkınma bankaları, yabancı sermayeli bankalar ve özel sermayeli bankalar olmak üzere gruplara ayrılarak analiz edilmiştir. Çalışmada ROA (Aktif Karlılık), ROE (Öz sermaye karlılığı) ve NIM (Net Faiz Marjı) değişkenleri bağımlı değişken olarak kullanılmıştır. Sermaye yeterlilik oranı, faiz dışı gelirler, faiz gelirleri, likidite, varlık yapısı, toplam varlık içindeki kredi oranı, kredilerin mevduatlara oranı, büyüklük ve personel giderleri değişkenleri bağımsız değişken olarak kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda genel olarak sermaye yeterlilik oranı, faiz gelirleri, faiz dışı gelirler, varlık yapısı ve kredilerin toplam aktiflere oranı değişkenleri finansal performans ile pozitif ilişkili olarak bulunmuştur. Büyüklük değişkeni ise finansal performans ile negatif ilişikli olarak bulunmuştur.
Antenatal anticoagulant therapy and neonatal hemorrhagic syndrome. Case report
Authors: Sagaidac Irina , Rotaru Dorina , Cernetchi Olga
Published: December 2022

Neonatal hemorrhagic syndrome, which affects several principal organs during the early neonatal period, denotes a deficiency of vitamin K and coagulation factors.

This article presents the case of a patient who gave birth at term, had congenital heart disease and required several prior surgical interventions including corrected transposition of the great vessels via ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair, atrial septal defect (in childhood) and tricuspid valve replacement (6 years ago), mitral regurgitation (MR), grade I pulmonary regurgitation (PR), grade II mitral and tricuspid valve regurgitation, and grade II heart failure based on the New York Health Association (NYHA) classification. Throughout the pregnancy, the patient received large doses of anticoagulant, specifically acenocumarolum, until the moment she gave birth. The vaginal delivery was spontaneous, contrary to the recommendations given to the pregnant woman in a secondary healthcare institution. At birth, the newborn was in satisfactory condition, with 8/9 on the Apgar score. However, the newborn’s condition worsened over time, suspected of having neonatal hemorrhagic syndrome caused by medications received by the mother. Forty-eight hours after birth, the newborn died.

Anticoagulant therapy cannot be regarded as 100 percent risk-free during pregnancy due to the potential for hemodynamic disorders to develop in both the mother and the unborn child. Considering the high incidence of perinatal mortality in such cases (10-30%), it is advised that a multidisciplinary team work together to inform the mother about potential complications, collaboratively determine the length of treatment with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs), develop a plan for monitoring the pregnancy, and determine which institution the mother and newborn would benefit from receiving qualified medical assistance.
The Effects of Pitfall Trap Spacing on Ant Richness (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), Abundance, and Composition in Dinder National Park, Sudan
Authors: Eisawi Khalid A. E. , Shaheen Tayyab , He Hong
Published: December 2022

Ants play an important role in Sudanese biodiversity and environmental impact assessments, Although baiting is easy and cheap to implement, several considerations, such as the spacing among bait, can affect the estimation of the abundance and richness of ants species. In this study, we evaluated the effects of bait spacing on abundance and the number of ant species. We also demonstrate which distance between baits showed the best relationship between costs and the number of ant species sampled. We sampled 30 transects of 100 m with bait spacing ranging (2.5; 3.3; 5; 6.7; 10 and 20 m), spread over 1 km² into three different type of ecosystems (Wooded grass land, Riverine ecosystem and Maya ecosystem), at DNP located in Sudan. The bait spacing did not affect the ant diversity estimative. Regardless bait spacing, the number of species collected every five baits was around 8, and the average abundance was approximately 50 individuals. However, the number of species per bait was higher in transects with a larger gap between baits. Transects with bait spans of 20 and 10 m captured 50% more species per bait than transects with baits 2.5 and 3.4 m apart. Our study suggest that the most efficient sampling design using only baits in the park would be, to place 450 baits every 10 m and 20 m.
Sur les traces de Tupaia entre Tahiti, Ra’iātea et Nouvelle-Zélande. L’héritage de la navigation ‘traditionnelle’
Authors: Lattanzi Francesco
Published: December 2022

Cet article s’inscrit dans un riche cadre de réflexion théorique sur les mers et les océans et propose un itinéraire d’anthropologie des mers entre la Mer Méditerranée et l’Océan Pacifique, pour explorer des expériences nautiques différentes de celles qui se sont développées en Occident. Je vais discuter l’imaginaire contemporain de l’héritage de la navigation ‘traditionelle’ en Polynésie française, à partir des commémorations TUIA-Encounters 250, organisées en Nouvelle-Zélande pour célébrer, d’abord, le 250eme anniversaire de l’arrivée de Tahiti du Capitaine de la Marine britannique James Cook et, ensuite, la tradition des voyages transpacifiques dans un sens plus large, par la suite d’un processus de décolonisation de l’événement. Le but du texte est de revenir sur cet héritage de la navigation, métaphoriquement représenté par le retour articulé de la mémoire de Tupaia, l’opérateur rituel originaire de Ra’iātea et navigateur expert, qui avait rejoint l’équipage du navire de James Cook lors de son voyage de Tahiti à Aotearoa.
Intimità sacra e nuove appartenenze nella devozione dei Mauriziani induisti a Santa Rosalia (Palermo)
Authors: Giorgianni Eugenio
Published: December 2022

Attraverso una ricerca etnografica basata sulla partecipazione alla pratica pellegrinale dell’acchianata, l’articolo racconta la devozione a Santa Rosalia di alcuni mauriziani induisti residenti a Palermo. Il saggio integra la letteratura esistente sulla partecipazione dei gruppi migranti al culto di Santa Rosalia presentando le specificità delle pratiche rituali dei devoti induisti mauriziani a partire dalle caratteristiche del loro contesto di partenza. I soggetti della ricerca includono la santa, divinità del territorio di arrivo, nella logica e nelle dinamiche del culto alle divinità femminili induiste, sulla base delle analogie tra la tradizione cultuale palermitana e le esperienze religiose della società postcoloniale mauriziana. La Santuzza e la sua montagna sacra sono adottate come mediatrici divine dei nuovi problemi e desideri connessi alla mobilità: i soggetti migranti incorporano gesti e simboli rituali cattolici nel loro dialogo votivo con Santa Rosalia, stabiliscono una connessione affettiva e spirituale con la città di Palermo attraverso lo spazio sacro di Monte Pellegrino, e rivendicano il diritto devozionale al miracolo per facilitare processi quali l’apprendimento della lingua italiana e l’aspirazione a una maggiore mobilità sociale. Il rapporto con Santa Rosalia entra nell’intimità dei devoti, fornendo loro uno spazio creativo di costruzione di nuove forme di appartenenza transnazionale e allo stesso tempo un’interfaccia privilegiata con la nuova città e i suoi abitanti.
A experiência dos planos diretores no estado do Amapá: análise das dimensões institucionais, econômicas e ambientais
Authors: Tostes José Alberto
Published: January 2023

O presente artigo analisa em perspectiva comparada nas dimensões institucional, econômica e ambiental os seis planos diretores no estado do Amapá produzidos entre 2004 e 2020. Tais planos são referenciais importantes que auxiliam a compreensão sobre o uso do território urbano. A metodologia utilizada está baseada no acervo dos planos diretores e nos documentos oficiais publicados que evidenciam a realidade amapaense. A discussão teórica foi ancorada na visão sobre o planejamento urbano. Como conclusões relevantes, os planos contribuíram para o avanço de todo o espaço territorial do município, porém as potencialidades que poderiam alavancar o desenvolvimento urbano e rural ficaram restritas por ausência de estratégias de planejamento e gestão.
Da tropodifusão à fibra óptica: os desafios geográficos para a formação do território tecnológico do Amapá, Brasil
Authors: Silva Marco Antônio Leal da , Ferreira José Francisco de Carvalho
Published: January 2023

Este texto apresenta a configuração do território tecnológico do Amapá (Brasil) a partir da contextualização histórica da dispersão das redes de telecomunicações no espaço brasileiro e da constatação dos desafios geográficos e suas implicações ao desenvolvimento tecnológico do território no extremo norte do Brasil. Metodologicamente, trata-se de um conjunto de imagens comentadas pela sua relevância sobre o tema, uma vez que a discussão sobre território tecnológico está no seu início, sendo parcos os estudos sobre a formação das redes tecnológicas no Amapá que conectaram a região à rede global. Os resultados assinalam que a formação das redes tecnológicas amapaenses está ligada a iniciativas políticas do governo nacional e a esforços de atores locais, que iniciaram um processo de modernização, em virtude da precariedade histórica vivenciada por essa região periférica.
Integração regional fronteiriça entre Argentina e Brasil: atores educacionais, políticas territoriais e governança
Authors: Pinto Muriel , Colvero Ronaldo , Azevedo Domingos Sávio Campos de
Published: January 2023

Este estudo centrou-se em analisar como vem ocorrendo a governança da integração fronteiriça entre Brasil e Argentina a partir das redes educacionais regionais. Como recorte espacial de análise foram escolhidas as cidades gêmeas de São Borja-Brasil/ Santo Tomé-Argentina. Durante muitas décadas as relações fronteiriças foram paradiplomáticas na região, mas com a formalização de diversas leis e Comitês de Integração (CIF’s) as relações passaram a ser diplomáticas. Para tanto foi realizada uma revisão de literatura, assim como foram testados os conhecimentos a partir de um estudo de caso. Como resultados da investigação destaca-se que os mecanismos de integração regional estão amparados nas Lei 26.523/2009 (Argentina) e Decreto 8636/ 2016 (Brasil), onde os processos estão vinculados ao CIF e em suas comissões setoriais, que atuam através de três processos estratégicos: levantamento de demandas e encaminhamentos; ações diplomáticas e paradiplomáticas; e instâncias decisórias e de poder (sensibilização de atores eleitos). Neste processo observa-se que as Universidades assumem papel central no desenvolvimento territorial regional.
El libro de notas de la Administración de la Comisaría del Chubut (1880-1886. Tensiones entre colonos galeses y funcionarios del Estado
Authors: Larreburo Mario Emanuel
Published: January 2023

Inaugurado el 4 de diciembre de 1995, el Museo y Archivo Histórico Policial de la provincia del Chubut se encuentra en Rawson, la ciudad capital, y contiene numerosos documentos sobre diferentes momentos de la historia policial de la provincia. En este artículo nos proponemos presentar el libro de notas de la Administración de la Comisaría del Chubut correspondiente a los años 1880-1886. Consideramos que constituye una de las fuentes representativas de los primeros años de la colonia galesa de Chubut, debido a que nos permite estudiar las primeras relaciones y conflictos que se dieron entre los colonos y las autoridades nacionales asignadas al territorio, vinculándolos con el debate parlamentario de 1863 en el que se discutió el proyecto para establecer la colonia en Patagonia. Haremos una breve referencia a los temas que se registraron en ese libro, para analizar luego un enfrentamiento entre el comisario Juan Finoquetto y uno de los líderes galeses, Lewis Jones.
Robert H. Barlow y sus estudiantes: memorias andantes de un archivo vital sobre la formación antropológica en México
Authors: Battcock Clementina , Zavala Jhonnatan
Published: January 2023

El proyecto mexicano de educación profesional antropológica tuvo un proceso formativo crucial a finales del gobierno posrevolucionario presidido por Lázaro Cárdenas del Río (1934-1940), pues estaba enmarcado por el programa político denominado Educación Socialista. Dicho programa dio cobijo a la fundación del Instituto Politécnico Nacional que tuvo en sus inicios un Departamento de Antropología, el cual fue transferido al Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) en 1942, recibiendo el nombre de Escuela Nacional de Antropología (ENA). Aunque estos movimientos institucionales parecieran solo reacomodos administrativos, dentro de ellos se modelaron interesantes perspectivas de trabajo antropológico e histórico, las cuales posicionaron a sus estudiantes en puestos clave de instituciones científicas, artísticas y gubernamentales que resultan elementales para la comprensión de las inquietudes y debates de la academia americana en las disciplinas antropo-históricas para las décadas venideras. Bajo tal contexto, este artículo identifica la potencialidad del proceso de formación académica y científica en la ENA a través de indicios contenidos en la documentación docente de Robert H. Barlow, profesor viajero estadounidense que, después de ser estudiante temporal, laboró en esta escuela entre 1945 y 1951. Consideramos sus registros como parte de un archivo vital, disperso en varias instituciones, que nos permiten rastrear algunos detalles sobre las personas que se encontraron en sus aulas durante este proceso de formación institucional de la ENA, contextualizándoles dentro del proyecto estatal de la profesionalización disciplinar, pero también en los inquietantes silencios que rodean las dispersas memorias andantes de este profesor migrante.
Conquista de “tierra adentro”, un diamante en bruto: el objetivo minero detrás de las campañas militares de 1833 y 1846 del Gobierno mendocino sobre territorios indígenas de la frontera sur
Authors: Vilariño Martín R.
Published: January 2023

El presente trabajo aborda de forma introductoria la exploración y explotación minera en la región de Cuyo y el norte neuquino durante las primeras décadas del siglo XIX. Para esto se analizarán las campañas militares de José Félix Aldao y Pedro Pascual Segura hacia “tierra adentro” y sus vínculos tanto con el contexto político y económico de Mendoza como con la situación de las relaciones interétnicas en la frontera sur de dicha provincia. La hipótesis de la que parte el trabajo es que la crisis económica vivida en Mendoza —la cual estuvo acrecentada por los conflictos político y el deterioro de las relaciones diplomáticas con los principales líderes indígenas— llevó a que se impulsen ambas campañas militares con el fin tanto de eliminar a las parcialidades que no eran aliadas como de explorar y adquirir nuevos recursos económicos, entre ellos nuevos yacimientos mineros situados en territorios indígenas. Metodológicamente, se parte principalmente del análisis de fuentes documentales éditas, de las cuales se obtuvieron los datos con los cuales se llevó adelante el presente estudio.
Reims/Durocortorum, ville gauloise ? Hypothèses pour une nouvelle problématique des origines de l’agglomération
Authors: Neiss Robert
Published: December 2022

La récapitulation de toutes les données et des indices archéologiques disponibles ainsi que leur réinterprétation à la lumière des acquis des fouilles récentes nous permettent de renouveler l’image de l’agglomération protohistorique de Reims/Durocortorum (Marne) et sa chronologie, tant pour le grand rempart qui dessine le contour d’un site de grande envergure que pour l’étoile routière impressionnante qui s’y concentre. Et l’on découvre que la ville augustéenne et ses grandes voies de communication se sont probablement fondues sans modifications importantes dans le moule spatial façonné depuis des siècles sur ce site central et atypique du territoire des Rèmes.
Shackle’s Enquiry Into Choice
Authors: Bianchi Marina , Nisticò Sergio
Published: January 2023

Despite the several attempts to rework on his ideas, using non-mainstream approaches, George L. Shackle has remained an outsider in the economic discipline. Shackle, however, if we take seriously what he thought of economics, as a discipline concerned with a subject that is not self-contained but open-ended and impermanent, is not a man alone. Starting from an assessment of Shackle’s understanding of choice as originative and creative, the paper argues that Shackle should be rescued from the role of a nihilist where he is often relegated. In this perspective, a fundamental key to assessing the originality and anticipatory character of Shackle’s contribution can be found in the recent developments of several “friendly” disciplines such as the psychology of motivations and of self-rewarding actions, narrative as the “science” of the possible and the role of calendar time in choice theory. In fact, all these novel rethinkings can contribute to the understanding of Shackle’s main point, that human (and therefore economic) agents are active, creative enterprisers, who cut the deterministic thread by injecting the new in history to come, in making a difference in the future courses of action.
La radio et le défi de la mobilisation contre la COVID-19 : exemple des personnes déplacées internes à Kaya, Pissila et Kongoussi au Burkina Faso
Authors: Yaméogo Lassané , Heywood Emma
Published: December 2022

S’appuyant sur une enquête qualitative et quantitative réalisée sur trois sites abritant des personnes déplacées internes (PDI) au Nord du Burkina Faso, cet article montre que la radio de proximité joue un rôle important en situation d’urgence comme la COVID-19. Non seulement elle est la principale source d’information des communautés affectées, mais aussi elle reste un média de confiance. Elle devient d’une part, pendant ces moments de peur, d’inquiétude et d’angoisse, un indicateur de survie et une instance de dialogue social et de solidarité entre les populations affectées et non-affectées et, d’autre part, un canal de voyage immobile entre les populations déplacées et leurs proches restés au village, participant ainsi à une déterritorialisation et au maintien des liens sociaux.
Les fondements des relations entre les Haïtiens de la diaspora et Haïti : transnationalisme et participation au débat radiophonique
Authors: Panier Wisnique
Published: December 2022

Cette étude analyse les fondements des relations entre les Haïtiens de la diaspora et les radios haïtiennes à l’ère du numérique. Il s’agit d’une analyse qualitative qui révèle un renforcement des relations entre Haïti et la diaspora. Cette dernière devient un acteur concret et légitime de l’espace radiophonique haïtien grâce aux outils numériques.
Le journalisme de paix en République Démocratique du Congo : entre fonction de journalisme et médiateur de paix, le cas de la radio Okapi
Authors: Koffi-Kra Armande Désirée
Published: December 2022

Cet article s’inscrit dans le prolongement des travaux portant sur le rôle des médias et des journalistes durant les conflits. De manière spécifique, il porte sur les médias dédiés à la paix et leur capacité à rendre effectif un journalisme de paix. En général, ces médias sont mis en place dans des pays en crise pour aider à pacifier les climats de tension. En étudiant la question du journalisme de paix à partir de la radio Okapi, nous nous inscrivons également dans un champ de recherche qui s’intéresse à la dynamique «  médias et construction de la paix  » (Howard, 2004 : 15).
Radio Libertaire dans la mobilisation contre la première guerre du Golfe en 1990 – 1991
Authors: Patiès Félix
Published: December 2022

En 1991, les membres de la Fédération anarchiste s’opposent à la guerre du Golfe. Ils utilisent alors Radio Libertaire, leur radio en FM à Paris, afin de casser la mainmise des États-majors sur les principaux médias nationaux. Ils relayent alors les propos de nombreux opposants à cette guerre et organisent sur leur antenne une contre-information documentée pour soutenir un point de vue antimilitariste, antiétatique, anticapitaliste et pacifiste. Ils débattent, ils répondent et interagissent avec les auditeurs par téléphone, ils retransmettent des assemblées générales des comités contre la guerre, ils couvrent les manifestations et enfin ils programment des chansons antimilitaristes et pacifistes. Dans cette mobilisation, ils se confrontent à des questions concernant le Moyen Orient sur lesquelles ils n’avaient jusque-là jamais eu à prendre position. Enfin, de ces rencontres faites au gré de la lutte contre cette guerre, les anarchistes espèrent consolider durablement leur programmation sur les questions internationales et fidéliser un nouvel auditoire issu de l’immigration en France.
Nurses’ Perceptions of a Novel Rooming-in Program for Infants With Critical Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Shackleford Jenna , Nelson Jennifer , Brasher Susan
Published: January 2023

Background

The transition to home for infants who require complex care can be overwhelming for caregivers. Infants with critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) require advanced care management, so their caregivers must acquire extensive training before the infants are discharged home. Rooming-in programs have improved patient outcomes in other settings, such as the postpartum period. However, little research has examined a rooming-in program in a pediatric cardiac acute care setting.

Objective

To describe nurses’ perceptions of a novel rooming-in program implemented in a pediatric cardiac acute care unit.

Methods

A qualitative descriptive research design was used to describe nurses’ perceptions of the rooming-in program for infants with CCHD. Three focus groups were conducted with a convenience sample of 13 registered nurses who cared for infants with CCHD during the rooming-in program. Four trained independent coders performed qualitative thematic analysis.

Results

Nurses provided critical insight into the rooming-in program. Three themes were identified: improved nursing and family outcomes, leading the way through collaboration, and room for improvement.

Conclusions

Infants with CCHD have complex needs, and caregivers must acquire advanced skills to adequately care for these infants. This study is the first to explore nurses’ perceptions of a rooming-in program for infants with CCHD. The findings could improve rooming-in programs in the pediatric acute care setting, which can translate to better patient outcomes.
Effect of Irradiation and Appendicostomy on Appendix Structure and Responses of Appendix Cells to Mitogens
Authors: Blythman Hildur E. , Waksman Byron H.
Published: December 2022

A quantitative morphologic analysis was made of changes in the appendix nodule in rabbits receiving sublethal whole body irradiation and in others after ligation of the base of the appendix, appendicostomy and sterilization of the appendix lumen. After 450 r, the dome, the thymus-dependent area (TDA), and the follicle (thymus-independent area) all decreased rapidly in size to a minimal value at 7 days, and then began to regenerate. The follicle shrank more rapidly and to a greater extent than the TDA. After appendicostomy, the dome maintained its volume for 10 days, then slowly decreased in size. The TDA and follicle began to shrink immediately and in parallel, diminishing by 10 to 14 days to a size comparable to that in irradiated rabbits. If irradiation were superimposed on appendicostomy, these tissue elements diminished still further. The dome showed partial regeneration. These data support the hypothesis that the dome may serve as a mammalian bursa-equivalent (B) and that both TDA and B cell areas depend for their proliferative stimulus on microorganisms or other materials coming from the lumen.

When cultured 7 days after irradiation, cells of the appendix, sacculus rotundus, and draining mesenteric lymph node (but not the Peyer's patches or spleen) showed an elevation in response to Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), presumably reflecting a relative decrease in B cells and increase in radioresistant T cells. This had largely disappeared by 14 days. After appendicostomy and lumen sterilization, the PHA response of appendix cells began to increase at 7 days together with that of cells from the mesenteric node, and became quite elevated at 14 days, while cells of the sacculus, Peyer's patches and spleen showed no change. After appendicostomy and irradiation, the response of appendix cells to PHA remained relatively elevated. Concanavalin A (ConA) responses in general paralleled response to PHA. Cells of the gut-associated lymphoid organs showed a much lower ratio of responses to ConA and PHA than did lymph node cells, and this ratio was less than 1.0 in the acute phase (3 and 7 days) of irradiation injury. Endotoxin produced little stimulation at any time.
Receptor for Native C3 on Human Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines
Authors: Bokisch V. A. , Theofilopoulos A. N.
Published: December 2022

When Burkitt lymphoma (RaJi) cells are incubated in fresh human serum in the presence of 0.01 M EDTA, C3 can be detected on the surface of all cells with fluoresceinated anti-C3 antiserum. Only 5 to 10% of cells of line 8866 and none of line Wil2, two human lymphoblastoid cell lines, showed C3 uptake under the same experimental conditions. When RaJi cells were treated with aged human serum containing only the fragments C3c and C3d, no uptake was observed. Serum was not required for the binding of C3 since isolated C3 and C3b could bind to RaJi cells. Binding of C3 and C3b by RaJi cells occurs at 4°C, however, is greatly enhanced at 37°C. Agglutination of C3 and C3b bearing RaJi cells with anti-C3 indicates a high binding affinity of the receptor toward C3 and C3b. Uptake experiments with radiolabeled C3 and C3b revealed a greater affinity of the receptor toward C3 than C3b.
Immunoglobulin Expression of Cells from Human Lymphoblastoid Lines
Authors: Litwin Stephen D. , Hütteroth Thomas H. , Lin Por K. , Kennard Janis , Cleve Hartwig
Published: December 2022

The interrelationship among surface, cellular, and secreted Ig in eight human lymphoblastoid lines was studied. Qualitative and quantitative data for cellular and secreted Ig paralleled each other. No “secretory block,” i.e., failure of an individual line to secrete cell-associated Ig, was observed. In contrast to the close relationship observed between cellular and secreted Ig, two lines showed a dissociation between the expression of surface, and that of cellular/secreted Ig.

Previous data have raised the possibility of similarities between lymphoblastoid cells and immature B lymphocytes. The different patterns of Ig expression with respect to surface, cellular, and secreted Ig were consistent with a theoretical model for development of B lymphocytes. The significance of these observations was discussed.
Subcellular Representation of Murine Thymus-Leukemia (TL) Antigens in Phenotypically TL+ and TL- Cells
Authors: Smith Sidney R. , Lamm Michael E. , Powers Mary Lou , Boyse Edward A.
Published: December 2022

The subcellular representation of thymus-leukemia (TL) antigens in murine cells was studied by inhibition of cytotoxic antiserum. By differential centrifugation, subcellular fractions were obtained from 6 sources: thymocytes of B6 mice (TL-); thymocytes of a congenic mouse line (B6-TL+) differing from B6 at the Tla locus; a TL+ B6 leukemia (ERLD); a TL-B6 leukemia (E♂ G2); and liver cells from B6 and B6-TL+ mice. Only fractions obtained from the phenotypically TL+ sources, i.e., B6-TL+ thymocytes or ERLD leukemia cells contained TL antigen. Plasma membranes were most active, followed by mitochondria and microsomes. Nuclear and cytosol fractions contained no intrinsic activity. These results suggest that the phenotypic expression of TL antigens is not a question of selective expression at the cell surface but reflects instead repression vs derepression at the level of the genome.
Studies on the Nature of the Abnormality of B Cell Differentiation in Avian Lymphoid Leukosis: Production of Heterogeneous IgM by Tumor Cells
Authors: Cooper Max D. , Purchase H. Graham , Bockman Dale E. , Gathings William E.
Published: December 2022

In chickens with lymphoid leukosis, immunoglobulin production, the distribution of immunoglobulin in tumor cells, the morphology of tumor cells, and the distribution of viruses were examined. Regardless of their location, virtually all of the lymphoma cells had detectable surface IgM; the prevalent distribution pattern produced by the bivalent fluorescein-labeled antibodies to IgM determinants was one of global patching. Variable amounts of cytoplasmic IgM were often detected in tumor cells. Release of IgM from tumor cells was indicated by the finding of high levels of serum IgM in birds with widespread lymphomas. Both high molecular weight and low molecular weight IgM were present in serum from tumorous birds, and both forms were electrophoretically heterogeneous. Lymphomatous birds had elevated titers of agglutinating antibodies to sheep and human erythrocytes but had normal levels of antibodies to Salmonella typhi flagellar antigens and leukosis virus neutralizing antibodies. None of the tumor cells contained or carried on their surface IgG or IgA heavy chain determinants; IgG levels were normal in tumor-bearing birds, but IgA levels were usually elevated.

Multiple bursal follicles were involved by the tumor process. The tumor nodules in the bursa and in other organs of individual birds often differed in the size, cytoplasmic RNA content, and amount of cytoplasmic IgM that were characteristic of their constituent cells. Most of the tumor cells appeared not to achieve normal maturation; mature plasma cells were usually sparsely distributed around tumor nodules. The tumor cells were found by electron microscopy to contain an abundance of cytoplasmic ribosomes in clusters and scattered strands of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Virus particles budding from cell membranes of tumor cells were occasionally seen, but cell-associated viruses were much more abundant in a variety of non-tumorous cell types.

These observations are interpreted to suggest that the avian leukosis viruses exert their lymphomagenic effect by interrupting the switch from IgM to IgG gene expression that normally occurs within clones of bursal lymphocytes.
Surface and Intracellular Markers of Mouse Mesenteric and Peripheral Lymph Node and Peyer's Patch Cells
Authors: McWilliams Michael , Lamm Michael E. , Phillips-Quagliata Julia M.
Published: December 2022

The incidence of surface and internal T and B cell markers in mouse mesenteric and peripheral node and Peyer's patch lymphocytes is unique to each population. BALB/c Peyer's patches show a high frequency of cells with complement receptors, surface and internal κ-chain determinants, and surface and internal α-chain determinants, and a low frequency of Thy-1-positive cells. Peripheral and mesenteric lymph nodes show an intermediate frequency of cells with complement receptors, external and internal κ-chains, and Thy-1 antigen. Mesenteric node cells can be distinguished from peripheral node cells by a higher frequency of cells with µ-chain on their surface, and by the presence, in a frequency comparable to that of Peyer's patch cells, of cells with surface and internal α-chains. Discrepancies, particularly marked for the internal determinants of Peyer's patch lymphocytes, between the sum of frequencies for µ, γ, and α heavy chains vs the incidence of κ-determinants, suggest either unbalanced synthesis of heavy and light chains, or a large proportion of cells containing an unidentified immunoglobulin class.
Evidence That Cobra Venom Factor (CoF) Is Cobra C3
Authors: Alper C. A. , Balavitch D.
Published: December 2022

The presence in cobra venom of an anticomplementary activity has been known for over 80 years. More recent studies have demonstrated that purified CoF incubated with mammalian sera results in an alternative pathway mediated attack on C3. Lachmann and Nicol have pointed out that CoF is “C3b-like” in its ability to activate C3 and later components. The present studies strongly suggest that CoF is, in fact, altered cobra C3. Potent rabbit antiserum to CoF cross-reacts with human C3. On immunofixation of cobra serum after prolonged agarose gel electrophoresis, a single reactive band was found in the β1-region. Multiple slower bands were found in cobra venom or purified CoF, suggesting that CoF is an altered form of the serum molecule. When cobra serum was incubated at 37°C, slow conversion to a more rapidly migrating form was observed in immunoelectrophoresis. Much more rapid conversion occurred when cobra serum was incubated with endotoxin at 37°C.
Characterization of Suppressor Cells in Mice Bearing Syngeneic Mastocytoma
Authors: Takei Fumio , Levy Julia G. , Kilburn Douglas G.
Published: December 2022

Suppressor cells from syngeneic P815 mastocytoma-bearing DBA/2 mice that inhibit in vitro generation of specific anti-tumor cytotoxicity were characterized. Suppressive activity was almost completely eliminated by treating suppressive spleen cells with anti-θ serum and complement. Treatment with anti-mouse Ig serum and complement or with carbonyl iron did not affect their suppressive activity. When suppressive thymocytes from P815 tumor-bearing DBA/2 mice were tested for their capacity to inhibit the generation of cytotoxicity against L1210 cells, a leukemia line in DBA/2 mice, they did not affect the activity, indicating that the suppressor cells in the thymocytes of P815 tumor-bearing mice are specific to the tumor.

When Ficoll-Hypaque density cell separation was carried out with cytotoxic spleen cells and suppressive spleen cells from P815 tumor-bearing mice, the dense fraction was enriched for killer cells whereas the suppressive activity was mainly recovered in the light fraction. Therefore, killer cells and suppressor cells in P815 tumor-bearing mice are thought to be distinct populations.
Isolation and Characterization of Immunoregulatory Factors from Normal Human Serum
Authors: Voorting-Hawking Madeliene , Michael J. Gabriel
Published: December 2022

Normal human serum was shown to inhibit the mitogenic effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide and Con A on mouse spleen lymphocytes and reduce the in vitro antibody response to SRBC by these cells. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that immune suppression occurred without loss of lymphocyte viability.

Fractionation of normal human serum resulted in isolation of several immunoenhancing and immunoinhibitory fractions. Electrophoretic analysis of the immunoinhibitory fractions revealed a complex array of serum proteins. The most prominent proteins on polyacrylamide electrophoresis stained for both proteins and carbohydrate. The heterogeneity of immunoinhibitory fractions were further substantiated by their differential susceptibility to trypsin, periodate, and 2-mercaptoethanol treatment.

Heterogeneity of the fractions was also shown to be related to difference in their biologic activity as expressed in their effects on mitogenicity and immunogenicity of LPS in mouse splenic cultures.

This study lends evidence to the consideration that normal human serum contains several immunoregulatory factors with differing biochemical characteristics and cellular sites of action.
Primary in Vitro Antibody Response from Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: Delfraissy Jean-François , Galanaud Pierre , Dormont Jean , Wallon Christine
Published: December 2022

A method for the induction of a primary in vitro antibody response from human peripheral blood lymphocytes is presented. Upon cultivation with trinitrophenyl conjugated polyacrylamide beads (TNP-PAA), an anti-TNP response can be obtained as indicated by the appearance of direct plaque-forming cells from day 5 of culture, with a reproducible peak on day 8. These plaques correspond to cells actively producing antibody of the IgM type, as shown by their inhibition by cycloheximide and by anti-human IgM serum, but not by anti-human Fc γ serum. Their specificity for the TNP hapten can be demonstrated by the effector cell blockade phenomenon, with highly substituted TNP-human IgG. Although the anti-TNP response induced by TNP-PAA in mouse spleen cell cultures appears T independent the same response in human PBL may involve in addition the participation of T cells, since E-RFC depletion before culture led to a markedly decreased number of plaque-forming cells. A significant response could be obtained from the PBL of all of the 30 normal individuals tested. Importantly, the response was reproducible in its magnitude in the six individuals tested in at least three different experiments. Thus, the in vitro stimulation of human PBL by TNP-PAA can be proposed as a reliable test for the study of human B cell function in a specific primary antibody response.
Anisakis and Eosinophil
Authors: Tanaka Jiro , Torisu Motomichi
Published: December 2022

Studies were undertaken in order to determine if Anisakis larva itself has the ability to attract eosinophils. Extracts from Anisakis larvae were examined for both neutrophil and eosinophil chemotactic activities with both in vitro and in vitro assay systems.

When the soluble extract was injected intradermally into normal guinea pigs, a profound accumulation of eosinophils was observed at the injection site. The cells started to accumulate at the site within 1 hr and the number of eosinophils at the site reached its peak at 8 hr after the injection of the extract. Such eosinophilic accumulation was enhanced in a dose-response fashion over the range of 0.5 to 50 µg protein. The strong chemotactic activity of the Anisakis extract for eosinophils was confirmed when in vitro chemotaxis assays were performed with Boyden chemotactic chambers. Interestingly, no chemotactic activity for neutrophils was found at those concentrations of the extract with which the eosinophil effect was observed.

These results indicate that the factor described here, in addition to the various known immunologic factors, may play an important role in the development of eosinophilia in anisakiasis.
Ir Gene Regulation at the Single Cell Level
Authors: Pierce S. K. , Klinman N. R.
Published: December 2022

Extensive genetic, cellular and molecular studies have suggested that I region cell surface gene products of the MHC play an important role in cell-cell recognition during T-dependent humoral immune responses. Our own studies have demonstrated that sharing of genes in the Ir-1A or Ir-1B subregions of the I region (as defined by the B10.A(5R) and B10.A(4R) combination) between collaborating T and B lymphocytes is essential for primary B-cell stimulation to IgG1 antibody synthesis in response to DNP-Hy. We have utilized the I region genetically controlled responses to the polymer GLϕ to better define the precise nature of recognition restrictions in T cell-B cell interactions in antibody responses to DNP-GLϕ in the splenic fragment culture system. In this system syngeneic and allogeneic T cell-B cell collaborations can be discriminated by virtue of the Ig heavy chain isotope of the antibody which is synthesized as a result of the cell-cell interaction.
Conjugate Formation by Primary and Secondary Populations of Murine Immune T Lymphocytes
Authors: Glasebrook Andrew L.
Published: December 2022

Primary (1°) and secondary (2°) murine immune T lymphocyte populations generated in vivo and in vitro exhibit differences in the rate of target cell-specific conjugate formation. Populations containing secondary CTL reached maximum conjugate formation after 10 to 15 min when mixed with target cells (1:1) and centrifuged at 4°C followed by incubation at 37°C, whereas primary alloimmune T lymphocytes required 20 to 30 min of incubation. Cytolytic activity was measured concurently during the incubation period by a 51Cr release-EDTA assay. Although populations of 1° and 2° immune T lymphocytes reached similar levels of maximum conjugate formation during incubation, cytolytic activity at the time of maximum conjugate formation was insignificant compared to that obtained after 3.5 hr of incubation. Also, long-term 1° MLC cells that exhibit very little cytolytic activity formed specific conjugates, as did all effector cell populations in the presence of EGTA, a Ca++ chelating agent that inhibited cytotoxicity 100%. This suggests that the expression of T lymphocyte alloantigen-specific membrane receptors and the binding of immune T cells to target cells are necessary but not sufficient for cytolysis. Repetitive killing of target cells by 2° CTL was suggested by the cytolytic activity after 3.5 hr when compared with the observed levels of maximum conjugate formation. Variations in the number, distribution, or affinity of alloantigen-specific receptors between 1° and 2° immune T lymphocyte populations may account for the observed differences in rates of conjugate formation.
Radiosensitivity of the Helper Cell Function
Authors: Agarossi Giovanna , Pozzi Laura , Mancini Camillo , Doria Gino
Published: December 2022

The helper function of T cells primed and irradiated in vivo was tested in vitro by the Mishell-Dutton technique. Spleen cells from mice carrier-primed with HRBC and exposed to 50 to 2000 rads of x-radiation were assayed for their ability to help syngeneic normal spleen cells to mount an in vitro anti-hapten antibody response after stimulation with the conjugate TNP-HRBC. The anti-TNP response was evaluated by the Jerne technique. The helper activity was titrated by adding graded numbers of carrier-primed spleen cells to a constant number of normal spleen cells. The slope of the initial linear portion of the response-cell dose titration curve was taken as an estimate of the helper activity and found to decrease with increasing the x-ray dose. The curve describing the remaining helper activity as a function of the radiation dose shows the presence of two components, one radiosensitive, the other, radioresistant. This suggests the existence either of helper cells at different stages of activation or of two cell subpopulations participating in the helper function.
Antigen-Induced Murine B Cell Lymphomas
Authors: Lynes Michael A. , Lanier Lewis L. , Babcock George F. , Wettstein Peter J. , Haughton Geoffrey
Published: December 2022

Two unusual murine lymphomas, designated CH1 and CH2, were produced in the newly developed double congenic strain of mice, B10 H-2a H-4bp/Wts. Both tumors lack the T cell-specific antigen (thy-1), but express cell surface immunoglobulin and the H-2K, H-2D, and Ia specificities determined by the H-2a haplotype. Further studies have demonstrated that these tumors represent “early” B cells in that they express surface IgM (µ heavy and λ light chains), but do not bear surface δ, γ, or α heavy chains. CH1 and CH2 lack surface C3 receptors and results from assays for Fc receptors have proven variable. A competition radioimmunoassay directed against the gp71 group-specific antigen of Friend leukemia virus has shown that there is a murine leukemia virus associated with these tumors, however, we have been unable to establish a causal relationship between the virus and this malignancy. A comparison of the surface characteristics of these tumors with other mammalian B cell lymphomas is presented.