bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early-Season Control of Chinch Bugs in Corn with Soil Insecticides, 1989
Authors: Riley Thomas J. , David Blair C. , Smith Mark S.
Published: March 2022

Pioneer 3320’ field corn was planted for Tests I—III on 6 Apr and for Test IV on 19 Apr in loessial silt loam (Gigger-Gilbert complex) at the Macon Ridge branch of the LSU Northeast Research Station. Granular insecticides were applied at planting using a 2-row John Deere Model 71 Flexi-Planter, modified to carry 1-pt jars of insecticide. Jars were inverted above funnels connected by flexible delivery tubes to either a 7-inch band or an in-furrow application. The diam of a single central fole in the lid of each jar, in combination with tractor speed, determined the rate of insecticide flow. Banded insecticides were applied in front of the press wheel and further incorporated by a drag chain attached to the rear of the planter. Liquid insecticides were applied using a carbon dioxode pressurized planter-mounted sprayer dispensing insecticide from 2-liter plastic bottles. Application pressure was 50 psi using a Tee Jet no. 11004 nozzle. Banded sprays were applied as 8-inch bands across the open seed furrow ahead of the press wheel. For in-furrow spray applications, nozzles were rotated 90° and the spray directed into the open seed furrow A drag chain behind the press wheel provided slight additional incorporation after closure of the seed furrow. Tests were conducted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications, each treatment consisting of 2, 40-ft rows spaced 36 inches apart. Efficacy of insecticide treatments against chinch bugs in corn were determined by counting the number of chinch bugs/10 randomly selected plants in each insecticide plot (5 plants/row × 2 rows/plot × 4 replications) The number of chinch bug-damaged plants per 40 row ft was also counted in each insecticide plot (2 rows/plots × 4 replications). Data are reported as mean number of chinch bugs/10 plants and mean number of damaged plants/40 row ft.
Field Corn, Wireworm Larval Control, 1990
Authors: Rouse J. R. , Oleson J. D. , Boeve P. J. , Baker D. A. , Schmidt D. H. , Tollesfon J. J.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time soil insecticides were evaluated for wireworm control in a field that required replanting. Wireworm feeding had reduced the stand in a 10-acre sandy-loam field from 25,000 to 6,000 plants/acre. Field cultivating removed the existing stand and prepared the seedbed for replanting. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to single, 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratorycalibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was constantly monitored to insure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Seed treatments were machine planted with each seed treatment assigned to its own seed hopper. Following corn emergence, stand counts were taken from 1/1000 acre/ treatment and the seeds/seedlings were carefully extracted from two 1-m sections of row and inspected for wireworm feeding damage. The untreated check rows revealed no feeding damage and the plot was not evaluated further.
Corn Rootworm Control in Field Corn, 1990
Authors: Shields E. J. , Taylor P. S. , Sher R. B.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 37 rows × 30.5 m (100 ft) were planted at Rich-a-Lu farm in East Aurora, N.Y., on 2 May with a 2-row corn planter at 77,500 seeds/ha (31,000/acre), and fertilized with 181.4 kg (400 lb) of 10-10-10 fertilizer banded at planting. Soils were silt loam with 4% organic matter. Adult beetle counts averaged between 4 and 6 beetles/plant during the 1989 oviposition period in this field. Each treatment was a single row by 30.5 m (100 ft). Thirty-seven treatments were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design. Supplimental nitrogen was provided with a preplant incorporated application of tons manure/acre. Granular insecticides were applied at planting (AP) with Noble granular applicators mounted on the planter, and at cultivation with a Noble granular applicator mounted on a 2 wheel pushcart. Cultivation treatments were applied on 20 Jun and followed by a 2 inch cultivation using a single row cultivator with C-shanked shovels. All treatments were cultivated to eliminate the effect of cultivation on the different treatments. Corn growth stage at cultivation was S-2. Stand counts were taken on 50 row ft on 20 Jun. Five plants in each row were dug and the roots washed before rating root damage using the Iowa 1—6 root rating scale on 2 Aug. Treatments were mechanically harvested on 24 Sep with a single row silage chopper (New Holland model 707), and the silage from each treatment row was collected and weighed in a weigh wagon.
Corn Rootworm Control in Field Corn, 1987
Authors: Shields E. J. , Taylor P. S. , Sher R. B.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 28 rows × 50 ft were planted in Freeville, N.Y., on 13 May with a 2-row corn planter at 24,000 seeds/acre, and fertilized with 400 lb of 10-10-10 fertilizer banded at planting. Soils were silt loam with 5% organic matter. Each treatment was 1 row by 50 ft. Twenty-eight treatments were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design. Supplemental nitrogen was provided with a preplant broadcast incorporated application of 300 lb urea/acre. Granular insecticides were applied at planting with Noble granular applicators mounted on the planter. Stand counts were taken on 40 ft of row on 15 Jun. Five plants in each row were dug and the roots washed before rating root damage using the Iowa 1-6 root rating scale of 21 Jul. Field harvested yields, in lbs of unshelled earcorn, were harvested from 20 plants/row on 15 Oct.
Corn Rootworm Control in Field Corn, 1988
Authors: Shields E. J. , Taylor P. S. , Sher R. B.
Published: March 2022

Two trials were planted in a single large field in Western N.Y. with a soil texture change between the 2 locations. Identical rates and placements of registered corn rootworm soil insecticides were used in both sites for comparison purposes. Experimental plots for the large trial, measuring 53 rows × 50 ft, and for the small trial, measuring 10 rows × 50 ft, were planted at Rich-a-Lu farm in East Aurora, N.Y., on 4 May with a 2-row corn planter at 24,000 seeds/acre. Plots were fertilized with 400 lb of 10-10-10 fertilizer banded at planting. Soils for the large trial were silt loam with 4% organic matter, and for the small trial were sandy loam. Fifty-three treatments were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design for the large trial, and 10 treatments were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design for the small trial. Supplemental nitrogen was provided with a preplant incorporated application of 40 tons manure/acre. Granular insecticides were applied at planting with Noble granular applicators mounted on the planter. Adult beetle counts averaged between 3 and 4 beetles/plant during the 1989 oviposition period throughout the entire field. Each treatment for both trials was 1 row by 50 ft. Stand counts were taken on 40 ft of row on 15 Jun. Five plants in each row were dug and the roots washed before rating root damage using the Iowa 1-6 root rating scale on 26 Jul.
Evaluation of Soil Insecticides on First Year and Continuous Corn in Ohio, 1990
Authors: Willson H. R. , Eisley J. B.
Published: March 2022

Planting-time treatments of 5 granular soil insecticide products were evaluated on conventionally tilled first year and continuous corn at the OARDC Northwestern Field Station near Hoytville, Ohio. Three of the products were evaluated at both full and reduced rates. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used. Plots were 80 ft in length and 4 rows wide at 30 inch row spacing. Treatments were applied 1 May at planting time using a John Deere 7000 planter with standard granular insecticide application equipment. No seed treatment was applied. Stand counts were taken 12 Jun on 100 ft of row. Root systems of 5 plants/plot were rated 19 Jul using the Iowa 1-6 scale. On 2 Nov, the central 2 rows of each plot were machine harvested to determine yield.
Ovicidal Activity Trials, 1990
Authors: Elzen G. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to cotton grown in small plots at Stoneville, Miss. The test was applied 16 Jul using a high-clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gal/acre at 5 mph and 40 psi using 2, TX8 nozzles/row. Plot size was 30 ft × 4 rows arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates/treatment. TB eggs were obtained from a culture maintained at the Southern Field Crop Insect Management Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Stoneville. All eggs used were laid the previous night on tulle cloth material. Eggs were not washed or subjected to chemical treatments before use and were easily removed by crumpling the material. Eggs were exposed to insecticides in 2 ways. First, eggs to be treated in the field were placed on the upper surface of the last 3—4 expanded leaves in the terminal of 4 plants in each replication by brushing a weak solution of xanthan gum and water on the leaves and sprinkling eggs on the surface. Plots were sprayed 30 min after application of the eggs. Eggs sprayed on the plant remained in the field for 2 h after treatment and were then taken to the laboratory to determine mortality. Second, treated leaves (4 from each replication) were collected at 24, 48, and 72 h after spraying in the field and taken to the laboratory where eggs were placed on them and mortality was determined over time. Eggs were sprinkled on each leaf in the field and in the laboratory in an effort to get at least 10 eggs/leaf. The number of viable eggs was counted on each leaf in the laboratory 24 h after being sprayed in the field or placed on sprayed leaves in the laboratory. The number of eggs/leaf averaged 15.0 ± 5.5 (S.D.). Leaves from all treatments were held in Petri dishes on water-moistened filter paper at 82°F. The number of unhatched eggs was determined at 72 and 96 h after eggs were applied. Eggs were considered dead when black and shriveled. Cumulative egg mortality 96 h after collection or treatment is reported. On 17 Jul, after the 24 h treated leaves were collected and prior to collection of 48 h treated leaves, 0.5 inch of rain was recorded.
Mite Control, 1990
Authors: Karner Miles , Kelley Mark , Goodson Jerry
Published: March 2022

Two tests were initated to evaluate several insecticides against late season TSSM infestations in Okla. Both tests utilized a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Test I was applied on 21 Aug in Caddo County, Okla. using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 6.3 gal finished spray per acre. Plots were 4 rows (40 inch spacing) × 25 ft. Test II was applied on 1 Sep using a Hi-Boy tractor equipped with a 8-row boom calibrated to deliver 4 gal finished spray/acre. Plots were 8 rows by 1320 ft. TSSM densities were determined 3 DAT and 7 DAT for Test I and only 3 DAT for Test II. Recording the total number of TSSM present on 10 leaves (5 terminal and 5 bottom) sampled at random from middle 2 rows. No phytotoxicity was observed.
Two Spotted Spider Mite Control, 1990
Authors: Langston William C.
Published: March 2022

This test was designed to compare ABG-6277A to Kelthane for control of two-spotted spider mite. Delta Pine 50 was planted 8 May in plots 8 rows × 40 ft long. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The plots were infested with TSSM by placing one infested bean plant every 3 steps along the center 2 rows of each plot on 29 Jun. Mite predators were reduced by weekly sprayings of Asana 0.025 lb (AI)/acre beginning on 28 Jun. Treatments were applied 11 and 18 Jul with a Hi Boy sprayer with tips every 20 inches delivering 10 gpa. The percent mite infested leaves in the 5th and 6th position from the terminal was determined by examining 25 leaves on the center 2 rows of each plot. Sampling dates were 18 and 24 Jul and 1 and 7 Aug. Yield was not measured because of leaf blight which partially defoliated plots.
Evaluation of Microencapsulated Curacron for Controlling Tobacco Budworm, 1990
Authors: Latheef M. A.
Published: March 2022

A microencapsulated formulation of Curacron 4 CS (CS = capsule suspension) was compared with Curacron 8 EC against TBW larvae on cotton. Test insects were obtained from a colony of susceptible TBW maintained at the Southern Field Crop Insect Management Laboratory, Stoneville, Miss. Treatments were applied to 2-mo-old cotton plants under a spray table using 2 nozzles (650033 and 8002E) which respectively delivered 1.12 and 2.28 gal/acre. The AI was 0.25 lb/acre. The volume median diam of droplets in the selected plumes of the 650033 and 8002E nozzles averaged 200 and 300 microns in diam, respectively. Ten TBW larvae prefed on cotton plants for 48 h were placed with a camel hair brush on terminal leaves and on leaves in close proximity to the terminal of plants, 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after spraying with Curacron. Untreated plants were used for each treatment. Mortality of the larvae was determined 5 d after exposure to Curacron. The experimental units were assembled in a split-split-plot design with 3 replications. Nozzles comprised the main plot, formulation was the sub-plot, and the days posttreatment were randomly assigned as sub-sub-plots. Each experiment was repeated 4 times and conducted on 21 Jun, 20 Jul, 2 and 3 Aug. Data were pooled over each date and analyzed as a repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Ovo-Larvidical Activity of Selected Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Long D. W.
Published: March 2022

A small plot insecticide trial was conducted on the Northeast Research Station (Macon Ridge Branch) near Winnsboro, La., to compare the ovicidal activity and residual toxicity of selected insecticides against tobacco budworm and bollworm on cotton. Cotton was planted on 11 Jun in plots 4 rows (40-inch centers) × 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied on 14 Aug with a compressed air delivery system and tractor mounted boom calibrated to deliver 5 gal total spray solution/acre through Teejet X-6 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 44 psi. No insecticides had been applied on those plots prior to the initiation of this trial. Eggs were collected 4 and 48 h posttreatment from the center 2 rows of each plot. Samples of freshly laid white eggs (10/plot) and a small piece of foliage to which the eggs were attached were removed from the plants and transported to the laboratory. Eggs were individually placed into 1 oz plastic cups partially filled with artificial diet for rearing tobacco budworm and bollworm. Mortality to eggs and larvae were determined 96 h after each field collection. The surviving cohort of larvae in the control treatments were reared to adults and the species composition was found to be 100% tobacco budworm. No rainfall occurred during this test.
Control of Tobacco Budworm and Bollworm in Late August with Post Optimal Application Timing, 1990
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted 16 Jun in 4 row plots on 40-inch centers × 50 ft on the Northeast Research Station (Macon Ridge Branch) near Winnsboro, La. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied on 19 and 24 Aug. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gal total spray/acre through TX-5 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 40 psi. Treatments were evaluated by examining 50 cotton fruit (squares and bolls) for evidence of damage and the presence of larvae. No foliar insecticides had been applied to the plots prior to this test. The test plots received 1.6-inch rainfall on 20 Aug.
Early Season Insect Control with Foliar Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Long D. W.
Published: March 2022

Cotton was planted 25 Apr in 4 row plots on 40-inch centers × 50- ft at the Northeast Research Station (Macon Ridge Branch) near Winnsboro, La. The test field was not treated with an in-furrow insecticide at planting, but Terraclor Super × (10 lb form./acre) was applied to control seedling diseases. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a tractor mounted boom equipped with a compressed air delivery system calibrated to deliver 5 gal total spray/ acre through TX-4 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 44 psi. Plots were treated on 29 May and sampled on 31 May (2 DAT) and 5 Jun (7 DAT). Treatments were evluated by randomly collecting 10 plants each plot and processing samples with whole plant washing procedures. Thrips and aphids were washed from the plant foliage onto 300 mesh wire sieves, backwashed onto ruled filter paper (7 cm) and counted using a binocular dissecting scope. The test plots received 2.3-inch rainfall on 31 May and a trace amount of rainfall on 3 Jun.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides for Plant Bug Control, 1990
Authors: Micinski S. , Kirby M. L. , Graves J. B.
Published: March 2022

A field evaluation of 12 insecticides was conducted at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, La., to determine the efficacy of the selected materials against plant bugs/fleahoppers on cotton. Cotton was planted 1 May on 1.02-m centers. Experimental plots were 8 rows × 30.5 m and were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 19 Jun with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 11.4 liters of finished spray solution/acre at 60 psi with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart. A 24-h pretreatment count was made on 18 Jun. Posttreatment counts were made at 4 h, 48 h, and 5 d. All counts were made by sweeping each plot (25 sweeps/plot) with a standard sweep net (38.1-cm diam).
White Apple Leafhopper Control in Large Blocks, 1990
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in an 11-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with pretreatment counts as the blocking factor. There were three 0.09 ha replicates/treatment. Treatments were applied twice during the season, once during each of the two peak populations of nymphs using an airblast sprayer applying about 400 gal/ acre. Dates of applications were 2-3 May (first generation) and 14 Aug (second generation). Distribution of nymphal instars on spray dates were as follows: lst-3rd 87%, 4th-5th 13% (first generation); lst-3rd 70%, 4th-5fh 30%. Leafhopper nymph densities were determined by counting the 20 randomly selected leaves/tree on 6 tagged trees/plot (360 leaves/treatment). Counts were taken at about 1-wk intervals when nymphs were present.
Jojoba Thrips Control, 1989
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticide treatments, 4 citrus oil treatments and a water treatment were applied 24 Mar to a 6-yr-old plantation of jojoba located near Tacna, Ariz. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots consisted of 25 ft of row. Treatments were applied with a backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 13.2 gal/acre at 30 psi with a T-Jet 8004 nozzle. Two passes, one on each side of the row, were made to spray the plots. Plants were approximately 5.5 ft tall when treated. Samples were taken 25 and 31 Mar (1 and 7 DAT). Plots were sampled by beating terminal foliage over a screened 5.5 × 7 × 1 inch deep black wooded box and counting thrips. Six samples/plot were taken the first sample date and 4 samples/plot on 31 Mar. Only 3 replications were sampled on 25 Mar due to a rainstorm that disrupted sampling. Only female plants were sampled on both dates.
Evaluation of Granular Insecticides for Control of Lesser Cornstalk Borer in Irrigated and Unirrigated Tropical Corn, and in Two Levels of Soil Ph in Peanuts, 1990
Authors: Backman C. B. , Miller M. K. , Mack T. P. , Prescott S. A.
Published: March 2022

Granular treatments were applied to conventionally tilled and planted fields of tropical corn and peanuts in sandy loam soil at the Wiregrass Experiment Substation at Headland, Ala. Four replicates of 3 treatments and an untreated control were planted in a randomized complete block design for tropical corn, and 4 replicates of 4 treatments and an untreated control were planted in a randomized complete block design for peanuts. Treatments were applied to fields with a single-row, small-plot, granular applicator in a 7-inch band over the row. A liquid methyl parathion treatment was applied to the foliage in peanuts weekly for 4 consecutive wk using a boom sprayer with 1 hollow cone nozzle per row at 40 psi and delivering 8 gal/acre. Tropical corn plots were 12 rows wide (36-inch row spacing) × 60 ft long, and treatments were applied to both fields at emergence (13 Jun). One field was irrigated on 2 Jun (pre-planting) and at 15 and 47 DAT with a center pivot irrigation system. The other field was not irrigated. Granular treatments were applied to peanuts at flowering (27 Jun) on the two fields with differing pH. Plots were 6 rows wide (36-inch row spacing) and 50 ft long. A soil sample was taken at 0, 6, 13, 20, 34 and 50 DAT from tropical corn plots and at 0, 6, 13, 28 and 43 DAT in peanuts. Each soil sample (12-inch wide × 4-inch long × 1-inch deep) consisted of 3 subsamples from within each plot, and sampled areas were flagged to prevent resampling. Soil samples were returned to the laboratory and refrigerated until processed. Soil from each treatment was air dried to <1.0% moisture and placed in 1-oz plastic cups to a depth of 0.5 inch. Larvae were placed in cups and artificial insect diet was provided as a food source. Efficacy of pesticides was evaluated by exposing 27 first-instar lesser cornstalk borer larvae (3 replicates times 3 cups per replicate times 3 larvae per cup) to each treatment. At the end of 72 h exposure, living and dead insects were counted.
Southern Corn Rootworm Control in Peanuts, North Carolina, 1990
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

Peanuts grown under standard production practices were used to evaluate several rootworm control measures on the Nevis Leary farm in Washington County. Soil humic matter was 0.8% and pH was 6.0. Temik was applied in the seed furrow at 1 lb Al/acre by the cooperator. Four plots were treated with Thimet at-plant for a subsequent Thimet at-pegging combination. Plots were 4 rows × 20 ft (36 inch centers) with 4 replicates/treatment and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block. Most treatments were applied at pegging time; however, some insecticides had other application timings. The at-flower treatments were applied on 20 Jun using a bicycle-wheel granular applicator with a Noble metering unit to apply a 12 inch wide band. The at-pegging treatments were applied on 11 Jul using the same applicator. A delayed treatment of Lorsban and 1 of Mocap was applied 5 Aug. In addition, 2 treatments (Karate and Larvin) consisted of foliar sprays applied on 18, 31 Jul, and 16 Aug. Growing conditions were somewhat dry until late Jul. Peanuts were sampled for rootworm damage on 15 Sep by collecting 100 pods at random from plants in the two left hand rows of the plots. Pods were placed in plastic bags and returned to the laboratory and examined for rootworm damage. Peanuts were dug 1 Oct and harvested 10 Oct. Yield was determined by harvesting and weighing all pods in the 2 right-hand rows of the plots. Harvest moisture was 13.97%. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test. All data were transformed X + 0.5 prior to analysis, but actual means are reported.
Control of Twospotted Spider Mite in Peanut, 1990
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Selected pesticides were evaluated for control of TSSM in cv. NC-11C virginiatype peanut in Isle of Wight County, Va. Peanuts were planted 5 May using a 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were applied on 30 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14.5 gal formulation per acre at 50 psi through three, D2-13 disc-core cone spray nozzles per row, 1 over the top and 1 on each side. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows × 40 ft. Treatments were evaluated 3 h before and 2, 4, 8 and 14 DAT by comparing the number of live mites in a 1.5 cm diam area on 2 randomly selected leaflets/plot. Mite counts were made in the field using 10 × magnification lenses.
Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Peanut, 1990
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

Selected insecticides were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury in cv. NC 10C Virginia-type peanut in Isle of Wight County, Va. Peanuts were planted on 3 May using a 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were applied at pegging time (5 Jul) in a 14-inch band over the row using an electrically driven, tractor-mounted Noble metering unit, then lightly soil incorporated with cultivator sweeps in row middles. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Pod injury was determined on 20 Sep from 100 randomly selected pods per plot, taken from 5 plants/plot (20 pods/plant). Yield was based on digging, combining (15 Oct), drying and weighting peanuts from the 2 center rows of each plot.
Rice Water Weevil vs. Cycloprothrin, 1990
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont and was arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 13 × 6 ft, broadcast sown on 2 May to dry soil at 100 lb seed/acre, and fertilized on the same date with urea at 110 lb N/acre. Plots were flush irrigated (flooded for 24 to 48 h then drained) 3, 8, 11, 18, and 26 May. Seedlings emerged through soil on 13 May and propanil, thiobencarb, and bentazon were applied 30 May at 3, 2, and 0.25 lb (AI)/acre, respectively. Metal barriers were placed around the plots to prevent interplot contamination followed by application of the permanent flood on 3 Jun (21 d after seedling emergence through soil). All treatments were applied with a handheld shaker at times and rates specified in the table. On 21 Jun (between 2 and 3 wk after application of treatments) 5, 4 inch diam × 4 inch deep, soil cores were removed from each plot. Each core contained approximately 1 plant with associated roots. Cores were washed and inspected for immature RWW. On 27 Jun plots were treated with bensulfuron methyl at 1.0 oz (AI)/acre. On 6 Jul (panicle differentiation) plots were fertilized with urea at 60 lb N/acre. Plots were harvested with a small combine on 21 Aug. Grain was air dried to 12% moisture and milled.
Velvetbean Caterpillar and Soybean Looper Control, 1990
Authors: Layton Blake , Hamer Jim , Rector Terry , Ingram David
Published: March 2022

Two efficacy trials were conducted against velvetbean caterpillar (VBC) and soybean looper (SBL) in commercial soybeans. In both trials treatments were applied using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 9.9 gal of finished spray/acre through 8001 flat-fan nozzle tips at 40 psi. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and were sampled using a 15-inch-diam sweep net. Trial I was initiated on 5 Sep in Warren County, Miss., in soybeans planted on 20 inch rows. Trial II was initiated on 8 Sep in Hinds County in Pioneer 9641 soybeans planted on 36 inch rows. No rain fell in either trial prior to the 2 DAT counts, but 0.7 inches fell in Trial I between 2 and 7 DAT and 3.3 inches fell in Trial II between 2 and 9 DAT. Pretreatment counts were 13 SBL and 7 VBC per 25 sweeps in Trial I and 12 SBL and 110 VBC per 25 sweeps in Trial II.
Control of Soybean Loopers in Central Louisiana, 1990
Authors: Wier Alan T. , Boethel David J. , Mink Jeffrey S.
Published: March 2022

Two small plot insecticide trials were conducted at Hamburg, La., to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides for control of the soybean looper. Plots measuring 60 ft (Test I) and 50 ft (Test II) × 8 rows (30 inch spacing) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 15 gal/acre at 40 psi through 8002 flat fan nozzles. Treatments were applied on 30 Aug (Test I) and 1 Sep (Test II) to Delta Pine 105 soybeans in the R6 growth stage. Posttreatment counts were taken at 2 and 7 d (Test I) and 2 and 5 d (Test II) using two, 25 sweep samples (15 inch diam sweep net) per plot. On Sep 5, 0.4 inch of rainfall was measured.
Sugarbeet Root Aphid Control in Southern Minnesota, 1990
Authors: Campbell Christopher D. , Hutchison William D.
Published: March 2022

Performance of granular insecticides and granular plus liquid insecticide combinations against SRA were evaluated in small plot trials near Maynard, Minn. Sugar beets were planted on 23 Apr in a field planted the previous year with sugar beets. Each treatment consisted of four 50-ft rows on 22-inch centers, with plants thinned to 8 inches. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications; 1 untreated row bordered treatments on either side. Granular insecticides were applied on 9 and 10 Jul in a 7-inch band on both sides to the base of plants using a Noble applicator. Liquid insecticides were applied 30 Aug in a directed spray at the base of the plants using a CO2 backpack sprayer delivering 27 gal/A. Five plants from each replication (20/treatment) were dug on 6 Aug and 11 Sep and 10 plants from each replication (40/treatment) on 4 Oct at harvest. SRA colonies on the beet surface and surrounding soil within 2 inches of the beet surface were collected and total aphids counted.
Late Season Tobacco Budworm and Tobacco Hornworm Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1990
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Mintarsih T. , Donohue J.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Ga., on 26 Mar. Plots 4 rows wide (36 in. apart) × 20 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by single untreated border rows and blocks were separated by 5 ft vacant alleys. Five insecticide treatments were applied on 6 Aug on tobacco that had regrown from plants that had been cropped in early Jul. The treatments were applied with a CO2- powered backpack sprayer, designed with 3, TX-12 nozzles directed over the row, delivering 23.6 gal/acre of formulation at 35 psi. The no. of live budworms and hornworms/5 plants was recorded 3, 7, 11, and 14 DAT.
Tobacco Aphid and Tobacco Flea Beetle Control with Chemicals Applied to the Soil Before Transplanting 1990
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , David Reed T. , Barnes Martha L.
Published: March 2022

Various combinations of soil insecticides, herbicides and fungicides were tested for their effects on aphid populations and flea beetle feeding injury to tobacco grown on a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil near Blackstone, Va. Treatments were applied to plots 40 ft long (24 plants) × 8 ft (2 rows wide. Treatment plots were set up in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were separated by single border rows on each side and blocks were separated by 5 or 10 ft vacant alleys. Broadcast treatments were applied on 2 May using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 25 gal/acre at 30 psi through 8003 flat-fan tips spaced 20 inches apart on the boom. Treatments were incorporated immediately after application by double disking. Temik was applied in a 12-inch band using a Gandy granular applicator mounted on a pushcart and incorporated immediately by bedding on 3 May. Tobacco was transplanted into test plots on 15 May. Every 7-12 d throughout the test, aphid population estimates were made on 4 upper leaves at least 6 inches long on 10 plants/plot. Flea beetle feeding holes were also counted on the most damaged leaf of 10 plants/plot on 30 May and 11 Jun. Data were transformed to Log10(X + 1) before analysis. Actual means are presented.
Aphid Control on Burley Tabocco, 1990
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Litton James
Published: March 2022

Nine treatments were evaluated for control of the tobacco aphid on burley tobacco at the Southwest Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, Glade Spring, Va. Tobacco was transplanted on 1 Jun in plots 30 ft (16 plants) × 8 ft (2 rows). A randomized complete block design was utilized and treatments were replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by single untreated border rows and blocks were separated by vacant 5 ft alleys. Immediately after transplanting, 8 fl oz of Orthene transplant water solution (340 gal/acre) was applied to each plant in designated plots using a measuring cup. Foliar treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 24 gal/acre through 3, TX-lO hollow cone nozzles/row at 60 psi. Foliar treatments were applied on 17 Jul, except for one Orthene treatment which was applied on 1 Aug. When treatments were applied on 17 Jul, the weather conditions were hazy, wind calm and the temperature ranged from 75°80°F. There was no measurable rainfall for 2 DAT. Aphid infestations on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot were rated on a scale of 0-7, where 0 = 0 aphids; 1 = 1-10 aphids; 2 = 11-50 aphids; 3 = 51-100 aphids; 4 = 101-500 aphids; 5 = 500-1,000 aphids; 6 = 1,001-5,000 aphids and 7 = more than 5,000 aphids. Counts were made immediately before application of foliar treatments on 17 Jul, and at 7, 15, 23 and 30 DAT.
Tobacco Insect Control with Systemic Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , David Reed T. , Barnes Martha L.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Experiment Station, Blackstone, Va., to test various soil, transplant water and foliar treatments for TA and TFB control on tobacco. Tobacco was transplanted into Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil on 9 May. Experimental plots were 40 ft (24 plants) × 8 ft (2 rows) and separated by single untreated border rows. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was utilized to evaluate the treatments. Blocks were separated by 5 or 10 ft vacant alleys. Telone II was applied broadcast at 15 gal/acre on 13 Apr to reduce the impact of tobacco cyst nematodes (Globodera tabacum solanacearum [Miller & Gray] Behrens) on the tobacco. Liquid soil treatments were applied on 2 May using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 25.2 gal/ acre through 8003 flat-fan nozzles at 30 psi. Temik was applied in 12- and 24-inch bands using a Gandy granular applicator mounted on a pushcart and incorporated immediately by bedding. Orthene was applied as a transplant water treatment at 200 gal of solution/acre (116 ml/plant). Foliar applications of Orthene were applied on 6 and 27 Jul using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 25 gal/acre of finished spray through 3, TX-10 hollow cone nozzles/row at 60 psi. TFB feeding holes on the most damaged leaf were counted on 10 plants/plot. TA numbers were estimated for the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot. TA data were transformed to Log10(X + 1) before analysis. Actual means are presented.
Evaluation of Conventional and Experimental Formulations to Control Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Mifflin County, PA., 1990
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid, WP, and SP formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (30 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 88°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 78°F; RH, 40%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 36.8% sand, 44.0% silt, 19.2% sand; soil moisture (oven baked), 20.5%; organic matter, 5.0%; water pH, 7.0; and soil pH, 5.2. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 26 d later (25 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Conventional Formulations and Entomogenous Nematodes on a Golf Course Fairway in Mifflin County, PA., 1990
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (6 Sep), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 84°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 74°F; RH, 50%; amount of thatch, 0.125- 0.25 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 40.8% sand, 42.0% silt, 17.2% sand; organic matter, 3.1%; water pH, 7.0; and soil pH, 5.4. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 27 d later (Oct 3). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Cotoneaster, Control of Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Wooster, Ohio, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Cotoneaster growing in 1-gal (3.9 1) containers in a greenhouse at the main OARDC campus were used to evaluate efficacy of selected pesticides against two-spotted spider mites. A CO2 compression sprayer at 20 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply treatments to runoff. Infested plants were selected at random and placed in groups of 3 replicates/treatment. The first application was applied to all plants 25 Sep; the second application to selected plants 2 Oct. Plants were hand-watered every Mon, Wed, and Fri throughout the test period. Treatments were evaluated 1, 2, 4, and 8 wk after the second application by removing five, 10-13 cm long branch tips from each of the 3 replicates/treatment. Samples were placed in plastic bags and transported, in coolers, to the laboratory. All samples were processed by passing them through a mite brusher 6 times to dislodge mites to a rotating glass plate coated with Tween-20. Dislodged mites were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope.
Cotoneaster, Control of Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Lake County, Ohio, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Cotoneaster growing in 1-gal (3.91) containers at a nursery in Lake County were used to evaluate efficacy of selected pesticides against two-spotted spider mites. A C02 compression sprayer at 20 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply treatments to runoff. Infested plants were selected at random and placed in groups of 6 replicates/ treatment. The first application was applied to all plants 24 Jul when conditions were sunny, 30°C, with 8-16 kph winds; second applications were made to selected plants 3 Aug with conditions sunny, 30°C, and 16-24 kph winds. Treatments were evaluated 1, 2, and 3 wk after second application by removing five, 10-13 cm long branch tips from each of the 6 replicates/treatment. Samples were placed in plastic bags and transported, in coolers, to the laboratory. All samples were processed by passing them through a mite brusher 6 times to dislodge mites to a rotating glass plate coated with Tween-20. Dislodged mites were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope.
Greenhouse Whitefly Control on Marigold, Michigan, 1990
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Stevens C. A.
Published: March 2022

Thirty-six greenhouse grown 8-wk-old (6 inch) marigold plants were used for this experiment. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. Precounts of 3 leaves/plant were completed on 9 Jul. Spray applications were made 3 times on 9, 19, and 30 Jul. Insecticides were applied with an R&D C02 Sprayer with a 8003 nozzle at 50 psi until runoff. A postcount sample of 5 leaves/plant was taken on 6 Aug. The number of whiteflies reported for all sample dates is the total number of whitefly larvae and pupae counted on leaf samples. Three flowers/plant were submerged in 70% EtOH to extract and count flower thrips on 6 Aug.
Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly on Poinsettia Under Laboratory Conditions, Summer 1989
Authors: Bethke James A. , Paine Timothy D.
Published: March 2022

Poinsettias (‘Annette Hegg, Brilliant Diamond’) were obtained as rooted cuttings, potted in 15 cm pots in a greenhouse at the UCR and allowed 4 wk growth before use. Twenty sweetpotato whiteflies were confined to 2 fully expanded leaves/plant on 25 plants for a 24 h period by clip cages. To obtain both eggs and nymphs for testing, plant exposures to whiteflies were made to one set of plants on 25 May and to another on 1 Jun. Numbers of eggs and nymphs were counted 10 d after the earlier exposure. Leaves were assigned to treatments at this time. Leaves were then dipped for 10 s into treatments prepared in quart glass jars. Treated plants were held on raised benches in the greenhouse at 26.7°C for the remainder of the trial. Post-treatment counts of nymphs and eggs were made 4 and 12 DAT respectively.
Insecticide Induced Lifestage Specific Mortality on the Sweetpotato Whitefly in the Greenhouse, Summer 1989
Authors: Schuster David J. , Price J. F.
Published: March 2022

Mortality of adults, eggs (and the crawlers hatching from them), small and large nymphs, and pupae were evaluated following insecticide treatments. All tests were conducted using two-leafed plants. To evaluate toxicity to adults, plants were sprayed with the insecticidal preparations. When the sprays had dried, leaves were excised and placed individually in water-filled vials in 34 oz screen-ventilated plastic containers. Twenty five adults were caged on each of 4 leaves for each treatment and mortality was evaluated after the containers had been held 2 d in a room at 27°C. To evaluate toxicity to the immature stages, plants were exposed 24 h to adults. Two 2-leaved plants with 25 eggs/leaf were sprayed for each treatment the same day that adults were removed. The numbers of crawlers that died as they exited the eggs or that died in close proximity to the eggs were recorded 1 wk later. The small amount of mortality that was observed in the egg stage was added to crawler mortality. Other plants were held until either small nymphs, large nymphs or pupae were present. Two 2-leaved plants with 25 individuals of the desired lifestage/leaf were sprayed for each treatment. When the individuals on the check had developed to the next lifestage, mortality of the treated lifestage was evaluated.
Japanese Beetle Larvae Control, Michigan, 1990
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Stevens C. A. , Thomas C. C.
Published: March 2022

A grid of 3 × 3 ft plots separated by 2 ft wide buffer strips was established in irrigated rough adjacent to a fairway at Rochester Golf Club in Rochester. Six replications of each treatment were applied on 31 Aug. Temperature at application was 81°F with sunny weather conditions. Liquid products were applied with an R&D sprayer at 50 psi with an 8003 nozzle. Insecticides were mixed in water and applied at a rate of 4 gal/1000 ft2. Granular insecticides were applied with custom-made hand held shakers. The experiment was evaluated on 28 Sep by digging a 294 inch2 (six 7 × 7 inch squares) section from the center of each plot and examining thatch, roots, and soil for live grubs. This test was on Kentucky bluegrass with 1/4 inch thick thatch layer and sandy loam soil. Irrigation was run for 30 min prior to application. The pH of the irrigation water was 7.2. All liquid and nematode treatments were irrigated with 1/4 inch water applied through a watering can immediately after application.
Control of the Periodical Cicada on Mountain-Ash, 1990
Authors: Miller Fredric
Published: March 2022

Control of the periodical cicada was evaluated in a planting of mountainash trees (2-3 m) located in a heavy cicada emergence area. Treatments were randomly applied at the onset of egg laying activity and repeated twice at 7 d intervals. Five trees were sprayed/treatment with each tree serving as a single replication. The trees were sprayed until run-off including the trunk, foliage, and all branches using a Solo°8 liter hand pressure sprayer. Temperature at time of application was 27°C and wind velocity was less than 5 mph. Field evaluation of insecticidal efficacy for prevention of ovipositional damage was conducted 14 DAT when all cicada activity had ceased. Due to differing growth habits of the study trees, a standard insecticidal efficacy variable of mean number of wounds/branch was identified and defined as the quotient of the total number of ovipositional wounds/tree over the total number of branches/tree greater than 4 mm in diam.
Birch Leaf Miner Control, Michigan, 1990
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: March 2022

Plots consisting of clumps of birch trees were established at a 40-yr-old abandoned tree farm at Section 4, Carmel Township in Eaton Co. The trees were in clumps of 2-5 stems (1-3 inches) in diam and were 12-20 ft high. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. NTN 33893 2.5 G was applied on 27 Apr. For each 1 inch of trunk diam at breast height, a Yi inch hole was drilled into the ground around the teee. NTN 33893 5 G was poured into the holes at a depth of 14 inches below the surface. The Metasystox-R treatment was injected into the soil on 27 Apr with a converted Ross root feeder at 50 psi. The chemical for each tree was mixed in 300 ml and injected at 6 locations around the tree. The NTN 0.005 C and Orthene 75 S were applied on 6 May with a single nozzle hand-held COa sprayer. The application was made at 50 psi through an 8003 nozzle. Test trees were evaluated on 5 Jun by observing 30 terminals/tree and recording the number of mines.
Bagworm Control on Eastern Red Cedar, 1990
Authors: Doss Mik. , Pinkston Ke.
Published: March 2022

SAN 839 I was evaluated for efficacy in control of bagworms on eastern red cedar. The performance of this product was compared with a standard treatment of Orthene and untreated checks. Treatments were applied on 10 Jul to trees 10- 20 ft high. The trees were sprayed until runoff using a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.2 gal/min at 75 psi. Temperature and wind velocity at the time of treatment were 75°F and 0—5 mph, respectively. Larval cases ranged in length from 0.75 to 1.5 inches. Treatments were replicated 7 times in a completely randomized design. Mortality was determined by examining 10 larvae from each replication at 3, 7 and 14 DAT.