bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sex Factor in Occupational Choice
Authors: Currie Jan
Published: March 2007

This article first examines the extent to which a sex-differentiated dual labour market exists in Australia with males being concentrated in different types of occupations from those of females. Factors affecting women's occupational choices are reviewed and the article goes on to report findings on the differences between Western Australian male and female students' occupational aspirations and expectations. It shows that most male and female students clustered into occupations that are traditionally seen as sex stereotyped but there was significant overlap in the occupations chosen by both males and females. The three occupations chosen most often by females were teaching, nursing and therapy and those by males were teaching, accounting and engineering. Occupational features which females selected involved the characteristics of helping others and working with people while males more often selected features which would provide high income, prestige and freedom from close supervision. The findings suggest that although there is a slight movement away from sex stereotyped career choices by these students, the indication for the future is that a sex segregated labour market will persist in Western Australia.
Urban Squatters in Peninsular Malaysia: A Marginal Workforce or a Third World Proletariat?
Authors: Johnstone Michael
Published: March 2007

Urban squatters are amongst the most exposed social groups in the peripheral economies of Southeast Asia. The main concern of the paper is with the extent to which squatters, as a marginalised and exposed group, represent part of an emerging Third World proletariat. What has been the effect on the social order of Southeast Asian cities of the pro cesses that exclude groups of the urban poor from the benefits of devel opment yet integrate them into the same system? Using data from extensive fieldwork in nine Peninsular Malaysian squatter settlements the occupational structure and income earning patterns of squatters is analysed, focusing on the relationships between these variables, the system of social stratification and social relations of production. The data illustrate that squatters not only provide labour directly to capitalist activity but also help support and sustain such enterprise in a number of ways. The conceptual and heuristic usefulness of the notion of 'proletarian' is also examined in the Third World context, thus promoting discussion on the part played by different sections of the labour force and on inter and intra-class conflicts under conditions of contemporary Southeast Asian urbanisation.
An Introduction to Survival Analysis: Factors Influencing the Duration of Breast Feeding
Authors: Ryan Judy , Dent Owen
Published: March 2007

Life table survival analysis is a technique for examining the effect of one or more independent variables on the time lapse between an initial event such as diagnosis of a disease and a terminal event such as complete remission or death. The method is based on a prospective study design with thorough follow-up of cases but it also takes account of cases lost to follow-up. There is considerable potential for applica tion of this technique in sociology, demography and psychology. In this paper, life table survival analysis is described and an example is given of analysis of factors influencing the duration of breast feeding.
Political Tolerance in New Zealand
Authors: Roberts Nigel S. , Walsh Pat , Sullivan John
Published: March 2007

Samuel Stouffer's seminal study of political tolerance in the United States made a crucial mistake when it concentrated on the civil liberties citizens would accord left-wing groups (viz., communists, socialists, and atheists) and then came to the almost tautological conclusion that left-wing people were likely to be more tolerant than people of other political persuasions. In assessing political tolerance it is essential to measure the tolerance (or lack thereof) that people have for target groups of their own choice. Consequently, a series of survey-research studies has been undertaken in America, Israel and New Zealand that centre on the groups in politics that the individuals interviewed liked the least.

This paper reports on the results of the New Zealand study. The unpopular groups in New Zealand politics are outlined, and the ideological consistency of the survey's respondents with respect to their selection of least-liked groups assessed. The wider implications of the findings are considered in the concluding section of the paper.
Social Structure and Class Consciousness: Facts, Fictions and Fantasies
Authors: Graetz Brian
Published: March 2007

A major issue in sociological debate concerns the extent to which consciousness embodies a factual rather than ideological character. This theme is echoed by Chamberlain when he concludes that class sentiments in Australia directly reflect individual experiences and social position. The present paper uses multivariate techniques to assess how far this conclusion holds. It shows that although there is some bivariate association between class sentiments and measures of social position, the relationships weaken substantially when statistical controls are introduced. Moreover, other evidence sug gests good reasons why class consciousness may be informed by elements of belief and desire as well as fact. In sum, these results stand contrary to the view that consciousness is deeply embedded in social structure.
Individualism, Capitalism and the Dominant Culture: A Note on the Debate
Authors: Turner Bryan S.
Published: March 2007

In sociology, various attempts have been made to identify the basic features of the dominant ideology of capitalist societies. This note reviews some of the general analytical problems associated with the notion of a dominant ideology and reviews the literature on indivi dualism as an essential component of property relations in capital ism. It is argued that much of the confusion surrounding this issue can be resolved by distinguishing between the emergence of the individual in Western cultures, individualism as a doctrine of rights, individuality as an aesthetic theory of individual uniqueness and individuation as a bureaucratic process of surveillance. The connec tion between seventeenth-century individualism and the rise of capitalism was contingent. The early dominance of possessive indiv idualism declined with the emergence of corporate structures in late capitalism; this decline is associated with the regulation of modern societies by the state (individuation), the pluralisation of life-worlds and the crisis of the subject in the post-modernist culture of the intellectuals. The 'new' capitalist centres (such as Japan) appear to be developing without individualistic values and institutions, de pending instead on collectivist norms and authoritarian forms of management and organisation. In conclusion, it is argued that the relationship between individualism and capitalism is contingent and variable.
Social Movements of the Core and the Periphery
Authors: Misztal Bronislaw
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the theoretical foundations of the sociological approach to social movements as it developed in the mid-1980s. It is argued here that within a certain stream of world-system theory there is sufficient theoretical space to consider the new movements, which occur (or would occur) at different places on the globe, and which address the state. The premises, propositions and conclusions of world-system theory are distinguished and analysed in the light of their explanatory utility regarding social movements. Current criti cism of the theory is also considered, and suggestions are articulated about potentially new perspectives on social movements. Following this, theories of the state and of social movements are evaluated as to the exactness of their respective explanations. In the concluding remarks, we argue that the social movements approach, if properly amended, may detect the seeds of social change long before they actually reach the surface of society.
Return Migration to Malta: Neither Failed Immigrants nor Successful Guestworkers
Authors: Lever-Tracy Constance
Published: March 2007

Return migration from Australia back to Malta is examined in the light of Australian, Maltese and West European studies on returns.1 A survey of 114 returnee parents of high school child ren, supplemented by 33 personal accounts in interviews and letters explore the motives and experience of return of men and women. Return migration to Malta does not fit neatly into many existing models. Few of the returnees are either unsuc cessful settlers or successful 'guestworkers' coming home according to plan with the fruits of their savings. For men there has been no articulation between different modes of produc tion and little movement between wage earning and indepen dent production. The transfers can perhaps be better concep tualised as occurring within an internationality mobile component of the world urban working class. For women the contrast has been greater, with a change from a particularly restrictive wage earning status into an expanded and com munally supported role in domestic labour. Emigration and return have made available to workers a range of perspectives, an awareness of alternatives which can encourage a critical stance, contributing to currents which see Malta in a wider horizon, which are hostile to political patronage and which would seek an improvement in working conditions and an extension and formalisation of workers rights. Neither emigra tion nor return have involved clean breaks, but rather a residue of nostalgia and loss.
Rural Myths and Urban Ideologies
Authors: Kapferer Judith L.
Published: March 2007

The argument of this paper is grounded in the contention that the traditional city/bush, urban/rural distinctions made of Australian society represent a false dichotomy. Rather, it is suggested that this distinction serves an ideological purpose in opposing, for example, rural and urban workers, rural and urban owners/managers etc. The rhetoric and the reality of Australian cultural mythologies is analysed with the aim of demonstrating the ways in which images of Australia and Australians are exemplified and enacted in the daily life of country towns. To this end, the paper offers an examination of (a) mass media and (b) some 'urban' aspects of the rural economy, particularly the control of rural industries by urban and transnational interests.
The Shearing Labour Process in the 1960s
Authors: Tsokhas Kosmas
Published: March 2007

Labour process sociology has rarely considered rural industries, pre ferring to focus on changes in the manufacturing workplace. Through a case study of the shearing labour process this article sug gests a number of qualifications and elaborations of previous con clusions about the role of technological change, conflict at the point of production and the arbitration system in the organisation of work. Emphasis is placed on the functions of law, the operation of wider labour markets and the limited impact of arbitration institutions.
Remote Rural Women's Ideologies, Spaces and Networks: Country Women's Association of New South Wales, 1922-1992
Authors: Teather Elizabeth K.
Published: March 2007

The Country Women's Association is one of Australia's oldest and biggest service organisations. The Country Women's Association of New South Wales is an organisation with its origins in the remote rural parts of the State, but today a large proportion of its membership is in metropolitan areas and in the more densely settled coastal regions. This article examines the characteristics of the C.W.A. of New South Wales: its pride in past achievements, its network, and its growing recognition that it needs a revised mission. Using the C.W.A. Motto and Objects as a starting point, the ideology of the C.W.A. is examined, particularly the concept of 'countrywoman' and the C.W.A.'s 'service' role. Finally, potential new directions that could be incorporated into a revised mission are identified, in the context of the concepts of network, spaces, service and ideology, seen in the light of contemporary social change.
'Provincial Paradise'[1]: Urban Tourism and City Imaging Outside the Metropolis
Authors: Rowe David , Stevenson Deborah
Published: March 2007

The current emphasis on tourism as an economic saviour has increased attention to the activities of city imaging, competitive place-making and the urban redevelopment of redundant inner city land, often into 'festival marketplaces'. This paper will analyse such economic and cultural activity in Australia with particular emphasis on the control of planning discourses by fractions of the state and capital. It will question the processes and projected outcomes of non-metropolitan city imaging and place-marketing by contending that the festival marketplace concept is outmoded and, in Australia, there is a lack of the requisite synchronisation of tiers of government. A case study of Newcastle, New South Wales will be employed to illustrate the relationship between the local and global dimensions of urban tourism.
Associative Democracy: decentralisation of societal and industrial governance? A critical discussion
Authors: Morgan David E.
Published: March 2007

The collapse of communism and the Cold War have precipitated a broad reconsideration of central principles of democracy and societal governance. This paper examines a recent contribution by Paul Hirst—a model of associ ative democracy. Drawing on principles of associationalism and rational choice, Hirst sets out a model of participatory democracy, which focuses on general principles, economic institutions and welfare provisions. Mandatory economic democracy and a bifurcated structure of political governance are proposed. Voluntary associations are presented as primary vehicles of communicative democracy and social life. It is argued that Hirst's formulations of rational choice and the decentralisation of the state are fundamentally untenable: he proposes regulation of economic relations to secure socially responsible outcomes, and the injection of market relations into state administration to maximise individual choice. It is concluded that Hirst's theoretical tools are incompatible with the nature of political governance advocated. Moreover, the fracturing of state power, in search of dubious advantages of decentralised associations, undermines the positive gains of universal state action.
State differences in burglary victimisation in Australia: a research note
Authors: Phillips Timothy , Walker John
Published: March 2007

Australian social researchers have demonstrated an ongoing interest in investig ating economic, political and cultural difference between the states. The paper reports findings from an exploratory analysis of state differences in burglary victimisation in Australia. Using data from the 1993 National Crime and Safety Survey (NCSS), we investigate the extent to which some indicators of guardian ship and social integration account for variation in burglary victimisation, both within and across the five Australian mainland states. More generally, we comment upon the utility of the NCSS data for research on victimisation.
Overview of health care and nursing informatics in the Netherlands
Authors: Goossen W.T.F.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes developments in the use of information technology (IT) in Dutch health care. Since it is impossible to cover all current initiatives in the nations' health care system, the developments are described from the viewpoint of the nursing profession. Therefore the focus centres on users, clinical systems and nursing systems. However, more 'technology driven' issues are addressed as well. After an outline of the 'history' of hospital information systems (HIS) and a brief description of several current initiatives in electronic patient records, electronic data interchange, chipcards and system integration across health institutions and agencies, the focus shifts to nursing applications. Nurses in the Netherlands use IT in clinical practice, in management and in education. Research in nursing informatics in the Netherlands is in its infancy, however, some current research will be discussed.
The association between Asian ethnicity and prescribing rates in east London general practices: a database study
Authors: Naish J. , Sturdy R. , Bobby J. , Pereira F.
Published: March 2007

There is currently a paucity of information on the relationship between patient ethnicity and prescribing and its implications for future resource allocation. The proportions of Asian patients on practice lists in east London were estimated by proportional allocation of census data and by assigning ethnicity to names; the latter method was deemed to be more appropriate. Using linear multiple regression modelling, a higher rate of prescribing was demonstrated in general practices with higher proportions of Asian patients. Practices with higher proportions of Asian patients also had higher list sizes per general practitioner (GP). Our findings confirmed that the overall drug prescribing rate was most strongly associated with the age-sex structure of the practice population. Lower prescribing rates were found in training practices and practices with fewer patients per principal. Half the variability in the overall drug prescribing rate was related to the factors included in our analysis. Higher rates of prescribing for patients of Asian origin could reflect higher morbidity, doctor behaviour or patient expectation. To date, ethnicity has not been included in the calculations for general practice Indicative Prescribing Amounts (IPAs). It is suggested that IPAs should be weighted for patient ethnicity. A higher prescribing rate could reflect a greater workload which is consistent with higher consultation rates among Asian patients. These need to be taken into account in General Medical Services (GMS) negotiations.
Bacteriological Standards for Perishable Foods
Authors: Ingram M. , Brooks J.
Published: March 2007

Consideration is given to the bacteria found in naturally-clean, dirty, and washed hens' eggs, both fresh and stored ; and to the bacteriology of the most important egg products-liquid whole egg, frozen whole egg, spray-dried whole egg, and dried egg albumen. The bacteriological tests hitherto proposed for these products are discussed. The occurrence of salmonellas, which may cause a health hazard, is described together with the results of pasteurization treatments which offer a prospect of eliminating these bacteria.
The Changing Pattern of Refuse Disposal: Its Effect On Vehicle Design
Authors: Walker Clive B.
Published: March 2007

Examination of how and why refuse-disposal methods are changing is followed by consideration of correct vehicle design for two recent consequences : bulk initial collection and bulk transport to ultimate disposal.

More refuse now has to be removed from more widely scattered housing, and destructor plants are expensive. Controlled tipping restores the dwindling amount of available land, but increasingly necessitates long distance hauls.

Bulk collection by the large refuse-container method applies modern mechanical handling and bulk-handling technique, effecting improved hygiene, solving labour problems and substantially cutting costs. Promising possibilities of wide application of bulk collecting vehicles and also their design are discussed.

For long distance disposal, collecting vehicle loads should be transferred to bulk transporters. Of the various methods of bulk transport by land or water, large capacity road vehicles have great advantages now that they are available, self-contained or as trailers, up to forty cubic yards capacity —this being made possible by horizontal discharge. Various types and important principles of their design are discussed. Costs are shown to be very favourable.

Thanks to co-operation between operators and specialist firms, this country leads the world in the development of these two new methods which play an important and increasing part in the pattern of future refuse disposal.
Use of repertory grid techniques in working with people with teaming disabilities
Authors: Hare D.J.
Published: March 2007

Personal construct psychology has had very little impact on work with people with learning disabilities to date, despite the recognition of its potential. In this paper research and casework to date are reviewed and a case report presented that demonstrates its use with a person with learning disabilities. A formal repertory grid technique method, as developed within Personal Construct Psychology, was employed to aid analysis of the interpersonal tensions within a small community home for people with learning disabilities. This approach was found to be useful in providing new insights into an otherwise intractable situation. From this work and the studies reviewed, recommendations for the application of personal construct approaches with people with learning disabilities are made.
Does it hurt to die? A description of bereavement work to help a group of people with learning disabilities who have suffered multiple, major losses
Authors: Persaud S. , Persaud M.
Published: March 2007

Helping people come to terms with multiple or major losses through bereavement work is described in this paper. It reports on an educational programme comprising a series of 10 workshops for eight learning disabled people. These workshops were designed to explore a wide range of issues surrounding loss. Accounts from group members are encouraging, and this seems to suggest that this approach is worthy of further study.
A brief report on the Wolverhamptom Intensive Support Service (ISS): a retrospective and prospective summary
Authors: Simpson K. , Campbell M. , Ord P. , Fairhurst A.
Published: March 2007

How managers of services respond to meeting the needs of people with learning disabilities who present with challenging behaviours is extremely problematic. This paper outlines the activities of an Intensive Support Service (ISS) for people with learning disabilities who either present significant challenges for the individual concerned and/or their carers, or whose behaviour threatens their continued access to services. This brief report traces this service from its initial development through to plans for its future. Also described are the underlying philosophy, demographic detail of caseload and the process used by the ISS. An important theme identified throughout this paper is the concept of a 'support' service, working as an integral part of existing services rather than operating as a separate entity.
Learning disability and advocacy: obstacles to client empowerment
Authors: Jackson R.
Published: March 2007

Citizen advocacy, with its aim to empower, has the potential to transform the lives of people with learning disabilities, but an inevitable consequence of client empowerment is professional disempowerment. Professional workers are unlikely to relinquish power, control and influence without some resistance. As this paper seeks to show there are a number of ways for statutory agencies to neutralize the effect of citizen advocacy. If this challenge is to be met then a number of radical changes need to be made in the way advocacy programmes operate: the volunteering principle should be abandoned; full-time advocates should be appointed; generic rather than specialist advocacy services should be established; and, in order to protect the operational independence of advocacy programmes, funding should come from central and not local government sources. If the kind of fundamental changes, proposed in this paper, are not introduced then the credibility of advocacy services will be irretrievably damaged with the result that people with learning disabilities will continue to remain disadvantaged. If people with learning disabilities are to be empowered they need strong, independent, informed and expert representation.
Rubber Strain Measurements in Bias, Belted-Bias and Radial Ply Tires
Authors: Janssen M.L. , Walter J.D.
Published: March 2007

The two-dimensional state of strain on the inner and outer surfaces of automobile tires operating under straight ahead rolling conditions was experimentally determined for bias (cross-ply), belted-bias and radial ply tires of comparable size. The strain transducer employed was fabricated by embedding a column of liquid mercury in a small billet of silicone rubber. The principle of operation of this gage is similar to that of the conventional bonded electric resistance strain gage used with metals - i.e., a change in resistance of the mercury capillary is linearly related to the strain in the direction of the column. These gages were mounted in three directions at locations from the bead to the crown and the measured strains were used to calculate the maximum tensile, compressive and shearing strains. The de formation characteristics of the different tire constructions were compared at various wheel loads and inflation pressures. The experimental results in dicate that membrane strains predominate in the inflated but otherwise un loaded tire, while bending strains predominate in the region of the contact zone of the rolling tire. The magnitude of the maximum shearing strain is, in general, greater than or equal to the maximum tensile strain. The direction of the maximum shearing strain in a plane tangent to the rubber surface, in general, coincides with the cord direction in the ply closest to the tire surface.
OXIDATION OF THPOH-NH [tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium hydroxi ammonia] FLAME RETARDANT COTTON FABRICS TO INCREASE RESISTANCE TO WEATHER-OMETER EXPOSURE AND OUTDOOR LINE DRYING
Authors: Mazzeno L.W. , Trask B.J. , Yeadon D.A. , Danna G.F.
Published: March 2007

In previous research, flame retardant finishes were found to be deteriorated by sunlight during line drying and the soluble degradation products removed during subsequent laundering. However, oxidation in creased the durability of the finish. In this study, cotton fabrics treated with THPOH-NH3 were oxidized and then exposed to UV in the Weather- Ometer or during line drying after laundering. Vertical flame tests and changes in content of phosphorus and nitrogen were used to evaluate the treated fabrics. The effects of time, temperature, and type and concentra tion of reagent were assessed. Hydrogen peroxide and sodium perborate treatments improved resistance to UV, but sodium hypochlorite was in effective.
Patronage, Markets and Collegiality: Reflections on the Allocation of Finance in Secondary Schools
Authors: Simkins Tim
Published: March 2007

Managerial issues affecting the allocation of cash resources within schools are explored in this paper. A threefold typology of allocation processes is identified and developed.
Appraisal and Evaluation: Chimera, Fantasy, or Practicality?
Authors: Marland Michael
Published: March 2007

Nerve-wracking for teachers, and a contentious point in pay negotiations - but appraisal can contribute to teachers' development of themselves and their schools. So argues this review of the principles. The article discusses the range of methods which can be helpful.
Curriculum 11-16: A Northern Ireland Policy
Authors: O'Shea A.T.
Published: March 2007

T he purpose of this paper is to indicate some of the ways in which decisions were arrived at by policy makers in the Northern Ireland Department of Education to initiate a province-wide programme of Curriculum Review and Development in 1984.
Role Perceptions of Female Deputy Heads
Authors: McBurney Elinor G. , Hough Jim
Published: March 2007

A small-scale study of female deputy heads suggests that fewer women are being confined to stereotyped roles within senior management teams in comparison with a decade ago. However, it argues that only by being selective as to which posts to apply for can women overcome role stereotypes. The research was undertaken as part of an MA dissertation in the Department of Education, Loughborough University, where Dr Hough is Dean of Education and Humanities.
Educational Management: An Agenda for the 1990s
Authors: Bell Les
Published: March 2007

In the first of what the Editors hope will be an on-going series of papers on this theme, Les Bell of the University of Warwick sets out to distinguish the contemporary issues which could and should concern those in educational management who consider themselves as scholars and those who might think of themselves as practitioners. Like others who have attempted this, the author finds this no easy task but is nevertheless able to identify an agenda of three such issues for scholars and six for practitioners.
School Governor Training in Hampshire: An Evaluation
Authors: Turner Glenn , Mountford Brenda , Morris Brian
Published: March 2007

Recent legislation has recast the role of the school governor In response many LEAs have implemented elaborate training and support systems for governors. In this paper members of the Assessment and Evaluation Unit in the School of Ediccation at the University of Southampton report upon an evaluation of governor training in Hampshire. In doing so they raise issues of general relevance to the evaluation of such training and support programmes including, notably, the identification of criteria of effective governing bodies.
Local Management of Schools: Aims, Scope and Impact
Authors: Levačić Rosalind
Published: March 2007

In this paper Rosalind Levačić offers an interim review and assessment of progress on the implementation of the Local Management of Schools (LMS) initiative. In doing so she draws upon recent data from LMS schemes and Section 42 statements, the existing literature and the first stages of an ESRC-funded study of the impact of formula funding in one LEA which is currently being undertaken at the Open University. The paper opens with a brief statement of the aims of LMS as seen by the government and then proceeds to examine what might be meant by LMS seen as an organisational form. A model for LMS as a coherent and comprehensive organisational form termed 'decentralised management' is advanced and applied critically in order to seek an understanding of aspects of the restructuring currently taking place within the British educational system.
Primary School Size and Pupil Attitudes: Small Is Happy?
Authors: Francis Leslie J.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, Leslie Francis, Mansel Jones Fellow of Trinity College, Carmarthen, reports on the findings of a study which explores the attitudes of pupils to schools of different size.

A semantic differentiated scale of attitude towards school was completed by 4,746 pupils from 192 primary or junior schools. Those attending schools of 60 or fewer pupils were found to be significantly more positive in their attitudes than those attending larger schools.
Schools and Honeypot Management: The Impact of Project Funding Mechanisms on the Implementation of Educational Innovation
Authors: Ouston Janet , McMeeking Susan , Higgins Paul
Published: March 2007

In this article Janet Ouston and Susan McMeeking of the Institute of Education, University of London and Paul Higgins of the LEA in Sefton explore the impact of different funding mechanisms on the implementation of innovation in secondary schools with examples drawn from the experience of the first Education 2000 Project in Hertfordshire. In doing so they review the models of funding identified by Brian Knight and consider the consequences of each of the models for the Project.
Sakon Zaburō (Sakon Zaburō, the Hunter)
Authors: Auerback Micah
Published: March 2007

This examination and translation of Sakon ZaburÅ, the Hunter, offers observations on the textual and performance histories of the play, including remarks on a previous English translation by A. L. Sadler. It discusses one practice from medieval Japanese religion that the play citesâthe "Suwa phrase." Further, it considers Zen and related religious phenomena in Sakon ZaburÅ, and ends with speculations on the play's authorship.
Shimizu (Spring Water): Translating Shimizu for a Western Audience
Authors: Doi Yuriko , Valls Lluis , Moore Jubilith
Published: March 2007

This translation of Shimizu (Spring Water) pays attention to issues of haru (stretching) and osaeru (holding down) in the delivery of text. Shimizu is a complex piece. It works best as part of a longer program where the audience can become conversant with kyÅgen conventions. Though it initially seems a standard play featuring TarÅ Kaja as a trickster, his impersonation of a demon to frighten his master and other aspects make it more appropriate as the third play in a full program.
KyÅgen in the Postwar Era
Authors: Kobayashi Seki , Kagaya Shinko
Published: March 2007

The kyÅgen world has undergone an amazing transformation since the end of World War II. This translation has been adapted from Seki Kobayashi's extensive (140-page) chapter "KyÅgen," in Yokomichi Mario and Seki Kobayashi's Nihon koten geinÅ to gendai: NÅ kyÅgen (Japanese Traditional Performing Arts and Today: NÅ and KyÅgen, 1996).
As Depressing as It Was Predictable? Lung Cancer, Clinical Trials, and the Medical Research Council in Postwar Britain
Authors: Timmermann Carsten
Published: March 2007

In recent years lung cancer specialists have complained that due to stigma resulting from the association of the disease with smoking, theirs is a neglected field. This paper demonstrates that in the 1950s and 1960s, when the British Medical Research Council (MRC) started to organize clinical trials for various forms of cancer, this was not the case. Rather, the organizers of these trials saw lung cancer as a particularly promising object of research, for much was known about the disease. The cancer trials were part of a strategy to use the Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) technology to cement the role of the MRC as the dominant body overseeing medical research in Britain. The organization of the trials, however, turned out to be very difficult, due to ethical problems and the dominance of one form of therapy, surgery. The trial results were deeply disappointing. I argue that these frustrating results contributed to the notion of hopelessness that has come to surround lung cancer, and to the shift of focus from cure to prevention that was triggered by epidemiologic studies identifying tobacco smoke as the main cause of the disease. The paper deals with an important episode in the history of clinical cancer research in postwar Britain, illustrating the ethical and practical problems faced by the organizers.
The Fire Ritual of the Iguvine Tables: Facing a Central Problem in the Study of Ritual Language
Authors: Nagy Gregory
Published: March 2007

Italic rituals of purification by fire are attested in the Iguvine Tables, a repertoire of sacred texts managed by the "Atiedian Brethren" of the Umbrian city of Iguvium. These rituals can be understood in greater depth in light of the actual language of ritual. This paper reviews earlier work on the sacral language of the Tables and considers anew the syntax of the fire ritual as it plays out in the prescriptive formulations written in the Latin and the native Umbrian alphabets.
Using Morphophonology in Elementary Ancient Greek
Authors: Wallace Rex
Published: March 2007

Most elementary ancient Greek textbooks do not employ much in the way of linguistic theory or practice in the presentation of the Greek grammatical system. This is unfortunate because insights made by linguists can be pedagogically beneficial to classics students, particularly when it comes to understanding changes affecting stems in inflectional morphology. In this paper one particularly venerable analytic procedure is discussed, namely, morphophonemic analysis, a form of analysis that has been part of the arsenal of linguistic methodology since Hermann Grassmann's publication on aspirated consonants in Sanskrit and Greek in 1863. The paper also provides illustrative examples of ways in which this method of analysis can be profitably employed in the classroom as a tool for exploring the structure of Greek noun and verb paradigms.
Student Organizations as Venues for Black Identity Expression and Development among African American Male Student Leaders
Authors: Harper Shaun R , Quaye Stephen John
Published: March 2007

Ways in which membership in student organizations, both predominantly Black and mainstream, provide space for Black identity expression and development were explored in this study. Based on individual interviews conducted with African American male student leaders at six predominantly White universities, findings reveal a nexus between Black identity status, the selection of venues for out-of-class engagement, and the use of student organizations as platforms for racial uplift and the advocacy of racial/ethnic minority student interests. Moreover, the acquisition of cross-cultural communication skills, the development of care for other disenfranchised groups, and the pursuit of social justice via leadership and student organization membership were reported by the participants and are connected to racial identity development theories in this article.
The Influence of Academic and Environmental Factors on Hispanic College Degree Attainment
Authors: Arbona Consuelo , Nora Amaury
Published: March 2007

This study used the NELS 88‑2000 data base to examine among Hispanic students precollege, college, and environmental predictors of (a) college first enrolled in (two‑year versus four‑year) and (b) undergraduate degree attainment for students who first enrolled in a two‑year or four‑year college. Hispanic students who attended a four-year college right after high school were much more likely to obtain a bachelor's degree than their peers who first attended a community college. Furthermore, precollege variables were more salient in predicting bachelor degree attainment for students who started in two‑year colleges, while college-related variables were more salient for students who started in four‑year colleges.
Theatrical Temporality and Historical Consciousness in The Famous Victories of Henry V
Authors: Walsh Brian
Published: March 2007

The anonymously authored The Famous Victories of Henry V (c. 1587) was the first English history play on the popular stage in the Elizabethan era. This work has long been recognized for its influence on Shakespeare. It has received less attention for its innovative meditation on the relationship between historical representation and theatrical form. My analysis puts The Famous Victories in dialogue with shifts in early modern English culture by focusing on its representation of the temporality of historical knowledge, an effect the play achieves through the performance of the famous Elizabethan clown Richard Tarleton.
Mid-Infrared Emission from Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
Authors: Yang Clayton S.-C. , Brown Ei E. , Hommerich Uwe H. , Trivedi Sudhir B. , Samuels Alan C. , Snyder A. Peter
Published: March 2007

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a powerful analytical technique for detecting and identifying trace elemental contaminants by monitoring the visible atomic emission from small plasmas. However, mid-infrared (MIR), generally referring to the wavelength range between 2.5 to 25 μm, molecular vibrational and rotational emissions generated by a sample during a LIBS event has not been reported. The LIBS investigations reported in the literature largely involve spectral analysis in the ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared (UV-VIS-NIR) region (less than 1 μm) to probe elemental composition and profiles. Measurements were made to probe the MIR emission from a LIBS event between 3 and 5.75 μm. Oxidation of the sputtered carbon atoms and/or carbon-containing fragments from the sample and atmospheric oxygen produced CO2 and CO vibrational emission features from 4.2 to 4.8 μm. The LIBS MIR emission has the potential to augment the conventional UV-VIS electronic emission information with that in the MIR region.
Investigation of Spermatozoa and Seminal Plasma by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Barčot O. , Balarin M. , Gamulin O. , Ježek D. , Romac P. , Brnjas-Kraljević J.
Published: March 2007

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra of human spermatozoa and seminal plasma were recorded and analyzed. The procedure that was established for sample preparation enabled acquisition of reproducible spectra. The parameter I1087/ I966 for controlling spectra reproducibility was defined. The assignment of bands was carried out using an empirical approach and the origin of the “sperm specific doublet”, the bands at 968 cm−1 and 981 cm−1, was determined. The principal component regression (PCR) algorithm was used to define the specific spectral regions correlating to characteristics of spermatozoa, such as concentration, straight-line velocity (VSL), and beat cross frequency (BCF). Then, simple spectral parameters, such as band intensities and band ratios, were tested to determine which one best correlates to characteristics of spermatozoa. The region of the amide I band, between 1700 cm−1 and 1590 cm−1, was defined as a specific spectral region that correlates to the concentration of spermatozoa. The parameter that gave the linear dependence to the concentration of spermatozoa was the intensity of the amide I band. For VSL, the bands between 1119 cm−1 and 943 cm−1 were defined as the specific spectral region. The relative amount of nucleic acids with respect to proteins showed linear dependence on the straight-line velocity of spermatozoa. BCF showed the best correlation to the bands between 3678 cm−1 and 2749 cm−1, which largely represent lipids and proteins. These results suggest that FT-IR spectroscopy can serve as an adjunct to conventional histopathology studies.
Use of Chemometrics and Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy for Quantitative Analysis of Major and Minor Elements in Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Doucet François R. , Belliveau Thomas F. , Fortier Jean-Luc , Hubert Joseph
Published: March 2007

In the present work, quantitative analysis of major and minor elements in aluminum alloys is investigated using chemometrics and laser-induced plasma spectroscopy with a commercially available laser-induced breakdown (LIBS) spectrometer. Multivariate calibrations use the entire signal matrix for all elements in a single multivariate regression model. This enables accounting for the correlation between variables often referred to as matrix effects in conventional univariate modeling. Modeling the entire signal matrix improves robustness over traditional univariate calibration since it can compensate for matrix effects. Several nonlinear data pretreatment methods have been used to correct for nonlinear behaviors of the analytical signals prior to performing the multivariate calibration. The use of multivariate calibration in combination with cubic implicit nonlinear data pretreatment showed the most accurate results. The accuracy reported with the developed multivariate calibration is better than 5% for the major alloying elements. Based on the results obtained, the use of chemometrics and laser-induced plasma spectroscopy have been successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of major and minor alloying elements in aluminum.
Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy to Investigate Water Uptake and Phase Transitions in Atmospherically Relevant Particles
Authors: Schuttlefield Jennifer , Al-Hosney Hashim , Zachariah Ann , Grassian Vicki H.
Published: March 2007

In this study, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopy is used to investigate water uptake and phase transitions for atmospherically relevant particles. Changes in the ATR-FT-IR spectra of NaCl, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, Ca(NO3)2, and SiO2 as a function of relative humidity (RH) are presented and discussed. For these various particles, water can (1) become adsorbed on the particle surface; and/or (2) become absorbed in the particle structure to form a hydrate salt; and/or (3) become absorbed by the particle to form a liquid solution. Spectral features and analyses that distinguish these various processes are discussed. For the salts that do undergo a solid to liquid phase transition (deliquescence), excellent agreement is found between the measurements made here with ATR-FT-IR spectroscopy, a relatively simple, inexpensive, and readily available analytical tool, compared to more expensive, elaborate aerosol flow reactor systems using tandem differential mobility analyzers. In addition, for particles that adsorb water, we show here the utility of coupling ATR-FT-IR measurements with simultaneous quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements. This coupling allows for the quantification of the amount of water associated with the particle as a function of relative humidity ( f(RH)) along with the spectroscopic data.
Attenuated Total Reflection Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption Microspectroscopy for Identification of Small Thin Layers on Material Surfaces
Authors: Sudo Eiichi , Esaki Yasuo , Sugiura Motoyasu , Murase Atsushi
Published: March 2007

Attenuated total reflection surface-enhanced infrared absorption microspectroscopy (micro-ATR-SEIRA) was developed for the identification of sub-mm size and nm-thick layers on material surfaces by using gold island films deposited on the surface of micro-ATR crystals. A thin layer of triphenyl phosphate (TPP) on a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) membrane filter was used to evaluate the enhancement of the absorption bands. Three types of crystals: diamond, silicon, and germanium, were evaluated. Diamond gave the greatest enhancement with a 12 nm thick gold island film. The enhancement factor was 200 times compared to bare diamond crystal, whereas it was 10 times for germanium crystal. This variation of enhancement factor according to crystal types was presumed to be due to the morphology of the gold films on the crystals. We also obtained an enhanced ATR map over an area of approximately 2 × 6 mm for a thin layer (approximately 1 nm thick) of di-2-ethylhexylphthalate on PTFE using gold-coated hexagonal silicon micro-ATR crystals. This micro-ATR-SEIRA technique has major potential for analyzing small and thin substances on material surfaces.
The Characterization and Differentiation of Higher Plants by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Gorgulu Sevgi Turker , Dogan Musa , Severcan Feride
Published: March 2007

Several techniques have been used to identify and classify plants. We proposed Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, together with hierarchical cluster analysis, as a rapid and noninvasive technique to differentiate plants based on their leaf fragments. We applied this technique to three different genera, namely, Ranunculus (Ranunculaceae), Acantholimon (Plumbaginaceae), and Astragalus (Leguminoseae). All of these genera are angiosperms and include a large number of species in Turkey. Ranunculus and Acantholimon have ornamental importance, while Astragalus is an important pharmaceutical genus. The FT-IR spectra revealed dramatic differences, which indicated the variations in lipid metabolism, carbohydrate composition, and protein conformation of the genera. Moreover, cell wall polysaccharides including diverse groups could be identified for each genus. Acantholimon was found to have the highest hydrogen capacity in its polysaccharide and proteins. A higher lignin content and a lower occurrence of decarboxylation and pectin esterification reactions were appointed for Ranunculus and Astragalus compared to Acantholimon. All these results suggested that FT-IR spectroscopy can be successfully applied to differentiate genera, as demonstrated here with Ranunculus, Astragalus, and Acantholimon. In addition, we used this technique to identify the same species from different geographical regions. In conclusion, the current FT-IR study presents a novel method for rapid and accurate molecular characterization and identification of plants based on the compositional and structural differences in their macromolecules.