bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selected Chemical Properties, Microbial Activity and Biomass of Soils Amended with Aqueous Neem Leaf Extract
Authors: Mweetwa Alice M. , Lubungo Aswell C. , Chishala Benson H. , Phiri Mirriam
Published: August 2016

With declining fertility levels of soils and the high cost of agricultural inputs, such as commercial fertilizers and pesticides, the use of organic inputs has increased in Zambia. While neem products have been shown to improve soil fertility status, several negative effects on soil organisms have also been cited. The negative effects have been attributed to several secondary metabolites produced by the neem plant. In Zambia, neem leaf extract is applied by small scale farmers to enhance soil fertility and promote crop productivity. This study reports the suitability of aqueous neem leaf extract as a soil amendment and its effect on soil microbial biomass and activity in local soils. Neem leaves were characterized before being used to prepare aqueous neem extract in the concentrations 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 % in water. The extract was characterized for selected mineral components and then applied to 5 kg of soil on a weekly basis for five weeks. Each week, for ten weeks, the effect of the extract on microbial biomass and activity were determined using the Chloroform Fumigation and Incubation (CFI) and soil respiration methods, respectively. Selected soil chemical characteristics were determined at the start and end of the experiment. Results indicated that the chemical composition of the neem leaves was comparable to that observed by others and was similar to that of other tree leaves used for preparing leaf extracts. Amending soils with neem did not significantly improve selected chemical properties but only marginally increased soil calcium levels. Neem leaf extract enhanced soil microbial activity up to 10 %, but showed inhibitory effects at 15 and 20 % concentrations. Microbial biomass was also depressed by neem leaf extract at 20 %. The reduction in both microbial activity and biomass was possibly due to the negative effects of the neem secondary metabolites in the leaf extract at these higher concentrations. Although the application of neem leaf extract at 10 % percent or higher can inhibit both microbial biomass and activity, some mineralizable components in the extracts can support growth and activity of some microorganisms in the soil. Based on these results, the application of neem leaf extract at 10 % percent or higher can inhibit both microbial biomass and activity and marginally improve soil Ca levels. The use of neem leaf extract can therefore be of benefit to soils with critically low levels of Ca.
Human Papillomavirus Genotyping Testing Practice in 2014: Results of a College of American Pathologists National Survey
Authors: Zhao Chengquan , Crothers Barbara A , Ghofrani Mohiedean , Li Zaibo , Souers Rhona J. , Hussain Mujtaba , Fan Fang , Ocal Idris Tolgay , Goodrich Kelly , Shen Rulong , Davey Diane D. ,   College of American Pathologists Cytopathology Committee
Published: August 2016

Context.—

College of American Pathologists (CAP) surveys are used to establish national benchmarks for laboratories.

Objective.—

To investigate human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping testing practice patterns in laboratories in 2014.

Design.—

Data were analyzed from the CAP HPV Genotyping Practices Supplemental Questionnaire distributed to 749 laboratories participating in the CAP Human Papillomavirus (High Risk) for Cytology Program.

Results.—

Six hundred four of 749 laboratories (80.6%) responded to the survey. More laboratories offered HPV genotyping testing and performed in-house HPV genotyping testing as compared to previous surveys. The Roche cobas HPV test was the most commonly used genotyping method (37.0%; 160 of 433), followed by Hologic Aptima HPV16 18/45 (26.1%; 113 of 433) and Hologic Cervista HPV16/18 (14.3%; 62 of 433). Most laboratories (287 of 399; 71.9%) offered HPV genotyping for high-risk HPV cases regardless of Papanicolaou (Pap) test results and patient age; this pattern was more common in laboratories using cobas. The remaining laboratories specifically offered testing to women with a negative Pap test result at age 30 years and older (65.2%, 73 of 112) or all ages (37.5%, 42 of 112). The median reporting rates of HPV16 and/or HPV18 positivity were 20.6%, 25.7%, 21.1%, and 57.4% for women with positive high-risk HPV adjunctive negative Pap results, atypical squamous cells of undermined significance, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and high-grade squamous lesion, respectively.

Conclusions.—

Human papillomavirus genotyping testing has increased. Roche cobas and Hologic Aptima genotype methods were the most common, and laboratories using cobas usually offered genotyping regardless of Pap test result and age. The data provide a baseline and trend of HPV genotyping test practices in 2014.
Low-noise terahertz-wave detection by InP/InGaAs Fermi-level managed barrier diode
Authors: Ito Hiroshi , Ishibashi Tadao
Published: August 2016

The noise performance of an InP/InGaAs Fermi-level managed barrier diode (FMB diode) in terahertz-wave detection was investigated by combining a bowtie-antenna-integrated FMB diode with a preamplifier. The fabricated quasi-optical FMB diode module demonstrated broadband signal detection at frequencies ranging from 160 GHz to 1.4 THz with a peak sensitivity of 3.2 MV/W. The lowest noise-equivalent-power of 3.0 pW/

with a wide dynamic range of more than five decades was achieved at 300 GHz.
Global and local statistics in turbulent convection at low Prandtl numbers
Authors: Scheel Janet D. , Schumacher Jörg
Published: August 2016

Statistical properties of turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection at low Prandtl numbers $Pr$, which are typical for liquid metals such as mercury or gallium ($Pr\simeq 0.021$) or liquid sodium ($Pr\simeq 0.005$), are investigated in high-resolution three-dimensional spectral element simulations in a closed cylindrical cell with an aspect ratio of one and are compared to previous turbulent convection simulations in air for $Pr=0.7$. We compare the scaling of global momentum and heat transfer. The scaling exponent $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ of the power law $Nu=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}Ra^{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}}$ is $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}=0.265\pm 0.01$ for $Pr=0.005$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}=0.26\pm 0.01$ for $Pr=0.021$, which are smaller than that for convection in air ($Pr=0.7$, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}=0.29\pm 0.01$). These exponents are in agreement with experiments. Mean profiles of the root-mean-square velocity as well as the thermal and kinetic energy dissipation rates have growing amplitudes with decreasing Prandtl number, which underlies a more vigorous bulk turbulence in the low-$Pr$ regime. The skin-friction coefficient displays a Reynolds number dependence that is close to that of an isothermal, intermittently turbulent velocity boundary layer. The thermal boundary layer thicknesses are larger as $Pr$ decreases and conversely the velocity boundary layer thicknesses become smaller. We investigate the scaling exponents and find a slight decrease in exponent magnitude for the thermal boundary layer thickness as $Pr$ decreases, but find the opposite case for the velocity boundary layer thickness scaling. A growing area fraction of turbulent patches close to the heating and cooling plates can be detected by exceeding a locally defined shear Reynolds number threshold. This area fraction is larger for lower $Pr$ at the same $Ra$, but the scaling exponent of its growth with Rayleigh number is reduced. Our analysis of the kurtosis of the locally defined shear Reynolds number demonstrates that the intermittency in the boundary layer is significantly increased for the lower Prandtl number and for sufficiently high Rayleigh number compared to convection in air. This complements our previous findings of enhanced bulk intermittency in low-Prandtl-number convection.
Morphology of the radiodontan Lyrarapax from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota
Authors: Cong Peiyun , Daley Allison C. , Edgecombe Gregory D. , Hou Xianguang , Chen Ailin
Published: August 2016

The recently described radiodontan Lyrarapax unguispinus Cong et al., 2014 from the Chengjiang biota (Cambrian Series 2, Stage 3) highlighted a new morphological type of frontal appendage and unique mouth structures, a functional combination reinforcing the diversification of feeding strategies of radiodontans during the early Cambrian. Here we describe Lyrarapax trilobus n. sp. from the same fossil Konservat-Lagerstätte. The new species differs from L. unguispinus in the morphology and distribution of endites on the frontal appendage and the strengthening structure of the body flaps. The two species resemble each other in body shape (pattern of flap size), neck segment number, cephalic plates, and most importantly a mouth characterized by concentric wrinkled furrows. The latter confirms that a soft mouth without sclerotized plates is a real feature of Lyrarapax and supports the idea that oral structures provide valid diagnostic characters within Radiodonta.
Supernovae and Single-Year Anomalies in the Atmospheric Radiocarbon Record
Authors: Dee Michael , Pope Benjamin , Miles Daniel , Manning Sturt , Miyake Fusa
Published: August 2016

Single-year spikes in radiocarbon production are caused by intense bursts of radiation from space. Supernovae emit both high-energy particle and electromagnetic radiation, but it is the latter that is most likely to strike the atmosphere all at once and cause a surge in14C production. In the 1990s, it was claimed that the supernova in 1006 CE produced exactly this effect. With the14C spikes in the years 775 and 994 CE now attributed to extreme solar events, attention has returned to the question of whether historical supernovae are indeed detectable using annual14C measurements. Here, we combine new and existing measurements over six documented and putative supernovae, and conclude that no such astrophysical event has yet left a distinct imprint on the past atmospheric14C record.
The Kinematics of Undercarriage Retraction
Authors: Conway H. G.
Published: August 2016

Each time a new undercarriage design is laid down by an aeroplane or undercarriage designer, the geometry of the undercarriage retraction system nas to be investigated. This often involves a review of known solutions and since the designer cannot be expected to remember all these known solutions, the following notes have been prepared to put on record most of, and possibly all, the known solutions.

The basic linkage from which nearly all solutions are derived is the well-known fourbar linkage, as illustrated in Fig. 1. Links A and C rotate, link B is “floating,” while the airframe forms the fourth link.
The Aerodynamics of the Gas Turbine
Authors: Howell A. R.
Published: August 2016

Aerodynamics is naturally associated with the external air flow past aircraft, but with the advent of the gas turbine it has also become of the greatest importance for the internal flow through such engines. The efficiency and bulk of the compressor and turbine components in gas turbines are largely an aerodynamic matter, and their design is determined by a knowledge of the lift coefficients, drag coefficients, Mach numbers, and so on that can be used. The same fundamental laws, if they were fully known, would apply to both internal and external flows, but there are at present considerable differences in practice between the data obtained, and the detail methods used, for the two categories of flow. This lecture attempts to cover in a general way the internal aerodynamic flow through gas turbines.
Flight Simulators
Authors: Ringham G. B. , Cutler A. E.
Published: August 2016

The 893rd Lecture to be given before the Royal Aeronautical Society was held under the auspices of the Belfast Branch on 10th December 1953. Rear Admiral M. S. Slattery, C.B., President of the Belfast Branch, presided, and welcomed the visitors. He expressed the regrets of the Branch that the President of the Society, Sir William Farren, C.B., M.B.E., M.A., F.R.S., F.R.Ae.S., was unable to be present, but welcomed the Secretary, Dr. A. M. Ballantyne.

The Branch President, introducing the lecturers, said: —Mr. Ringham is the Manager and Chief Engineer of the Flight Similator Division of Redifon Ltd. He has been connected with the design and development of communication and electronic equipment for over 25 years. He joined Rediffusion (now Redifon Ltd.) in 1939, and worked extensively on the development of navigational training aids during the war years.

His co-lecturer is Dr. Cutler, Chief Designer of the Flight Simulator Division of Redifon Ltd. He worked on naval navigational aids with the Admiralty Signal Establishment during the war, returning to the development laboratories in Haslemere at the close of the war in Europe. He re-entered Nottingham University later and obtained his B.Sc, Special Physics, and then did research work and was granted his Ph.D. in 1952.

Following the Lecture Rear Admiral Slattery said that it was the practice in the Belfast Branch to present a small memento to lecturers who did them the honour of coming to Belfast and he had much pleasure in presenting the lecturers with a small memento each of Irish linen.

The Lecturers presented their paper and then showed a film depicting sections of a simulated flight from Rome to London.
The Development of 4,000 lb./in.2 Hydraulic Systems
Authors: Orloff G.
Published: August 2016

Looking back to the early days of aircraft hydraulic systems, a steady upward trend in the operating pressures used can be observed.

One of the reasons for this increase is weight saving, which has become of particular importance in recent years on account of the increased complexity and power demand of the modern hydraulic systems.

The trend in the direction of higher pressures has been necessarily gradual because of the lack of knowledge and experience in this field, and prudence has precluded the adoption of large steps.

Another step has been achieved in Great Britain by successfully raising the working pressure to 4,000 lb./in.2 on several modern aircraft.
Terminal Delay Problems of the 130/150 Seater Jet Transport
Authors: Courtenay William
Published: August 2016

The largest air transport at present operating on air routes is the Douglas Globemaster which is able to lift up to 130 passengers and a considerable load of mail and freight. Experience of flying Globemasters many times on the military route between Seoul City Airport (Korea) and Tashekawa Air Force Base (near Tokyo) suggests the following observations. They may be of value to those aircraft manufacturers in Great Britain now building 130/150 seater jet air liners and to British Overseas Airways Corporation and other air lines who will be concerned with operating them, possibly by 1960.
Ad Astra
Authors: Brabazon Lord
Published: August 2016

I want first of all to pay my very sincere thanks to the Council of the Royal Aeronautical Society for having invited me to give the Wilbur Wright Memorial Lecture. It is a high honour to be chosen, and I have derived pleasure and instruction from listening to, I think, nearly all of them.
The Design of Trusses and its Influence on Weight and Stiffness
Authors: Drymael Jean
Published: August 2016

It is shown that weight can be saved, and stiffness gained by a proper choice of the design, that is the type of frame of any truss. A method is developed first to choose the best among several statically determinate designs. It is then demonstrated that, when a redundant truss has to carry one set of loads, it is always possible, by the removal of some bars, to get a statically determinate truss which is lighter, for the same ultimate stress. But the redundancy keeps its advantages when the structure has to carry several sets of loads in turn.
Estimation of Static Longitudinal Stability
Authors: Archbold E. J. N.
Published: August 2016

This paper discusses the static longitudinal stability of an aircraft in the simple case when the aerodynamic derivatives are independent of speed. An outline of the basic theory of static stability is given, accompanied by a working document, giving suitable forms for the estimation of neutral points from wind tunnel tests. A worked example is included for a typical case. No attempt is made to interpret the results, but the conclusions include a note on the C.G. margin. Loss of stability stick free, and scale effect are commented on briefly in the appendices.
Deformations and Stresses in Symmetrically Loaded Circular Plates of Varying Thickness
Authors: Boston D. C.
Published: August 2016

The problem of symmetrically loaded circular plates of constant thickness is covered adequately in several of the standard textbooks on the strength of materials. Formulae are derived enabling the deflections and stresses to be readily calculated in any portion of the plate. The problem is complicated by the introduction of a variable thickness and by a variation of material properties due to a temperature gradient down the radius of the plate; conditions such as are encountered in gas turbine wheels, bearing support diaphragms and flexible disc couplings. Methods exist whereby the plate can be solved if the thickness is a simple function of the plate radius, but in practice this is not always so, the profile often being complicated by flanges and spigots.
International Airworthiness Standards
Authors: Tymms Frederick
Published: August 2016

From the earliest days, it has been an accepted article of faith that every aircraft flying outside its own country should carry some guarantee of its safety, conforming to an international standard, if not controlled internationally. No aim has been more assiduously pursued. But, after nearly forty years of the international regulation of aviation, there is no international standard of airworthiness with which aircraft are compelled to comply. The questions that now arise are whether the objective is ever likely to be achieved, and whether, in fact, international standards are necessary to safety.
The Compression of Circular Rings
Authors: Johnson W.
Published: August 2016

Assuming the formation of plastic hinges at the quarter points of a ring subject to a diametral compressive force, a comparison is made between experimental collapse loads and those predicted by use of a simple expression based on the use of plastic rectangular stress blocks, for some common materials; good correlation is obtained with aluminium.

A member may be said to fail when it yields completely at several positions and so allows collapse as a mechanism to occur. The smallest load at which this happens marks the end of useful life of the member. In the case of very thin rings loaded at the ends of a diameter in compression, as shown in Fig. 1, it is obvious that the sections of greatest bending moment are at A, B, C and D. These moments will continue to increase with increasing diametral load.
A Note on the China-Film Technique for Boundary Layer Indication
Authors: Stalker R. J.
Published: August 2016

The “ China-Film ” technique was developed by Murphy and Phinney from the “ China Clay” technique for indicating transition originated by Richards and Burstall. It consists in applying a suspension of china clay in a volatile liquid to a surface subsequently subjected to air flow. Not only is transition indicated, but when all the liquid has evaporated, the china clay remains deposited on the surface in patterns which may be interpreted to yield information on the direction of air flow near the surface and the incidence of shocks thereon.

Experiments were carried out, at supersonic and subsonic air speeds, to determine the process by which the patterns form and to establish the aerodynamic meaning of the “ flow lines ” of the pattern. The influence of the viscosity of the carrier liquid was also studied. Indications of flow direction were found to be unreliable near a trailing edge, on a vertical surface at low speeds and in regions where the surface shear stress is only of the same order of magnitude as the product of pressure gradient and film thickness.
Further Note on the Treatment of Structural Discontinuities
Authors: Goodey W. J.
Published: August 2016

A procedure was discussed in Ref. 1 for dealing with structural discontinuities by making the strain energy of the structure a minimum, subject to the conditions that the members to be cut out are entirely free from load, and the proof was based on the well-known method of Lagrangian Multipliers. Here is another proof.
The Estimation of the Lift due to Full and Part Span Controls
Authors: Simmons J. C. , Dunsby J. A.
Published: August 2016

This note describes an investigation of experimental and theoretical data on the lift increment due to the deflection of full and part span controls. For full span controls, existing Data Sheets in the Royal Aeronautical Society Aerodynamics series are found to be inadequate for some of the plan forms currently in use, but the investigation shows that with one additional set of curves the sheets may be applied to almost any plan form. For part span conversion factors, a revision also is proposed.
Stresses in Shock Absorbers
Authors: Durant N. J.
Published: August 2016

This investigation is concerned with the stresses in a hollow circular cylinder of constant wall thickness, and closed by flexible plates, also of constant thickness. The cylinder is subjected to the combined action of an internal pressure and an axial force, both of which are statically applied. Although the particular case envisaged is that of a shock absorber, there are other engineering elements to which the analysis is applicable. Any closed circular cylinder of constant wall thickness subjected to an internal pressure is within the category. In a paper, Dr. D. M. A. Leggett investigated the case of an oleopneumatic shock absorber with rigid end plates, and what follows is an extension of his paper. As would be expected, the flexibility of the end plates causes a reduction in the flexural stress.
On Running a Machine through its Resonant Frequency
Authors: Ellington J. P. , McCallion H.
Published: August 2016

A solution, in terms of known integrals, is obtained for the motion from rest of a machine, idealised as an undamped linear mass-spring system, when subjected to an exciting force whose frequency varies at a constant rate.

In many installations of modern high speed machinery the running speed of the machine is in excess of the resonant or natural frequency of the system, and consequently starting up or stopping the machine could result in vibrations of large amplitude. The problem of assessing the magnitude and duration of these vibrations is very complicated and has been solved analytically only for the case of a single degree of freedom system excited by an oscillating force whose frequency varies linearly with time. However, even this solution is not easy to evaluate, the integrals involved demanding either graphical construction and numerical integration or summation of series.
Ejection from High Speed Aircraft
Authors: Martin James
Published: August 2016

In the earlier days of flying, when aircraft speeds were low, it was a relatively easy matter to resort to a parachute to escape from an aircraft in trouble but, as aircraft speeds increased, escape by means of a parachute was more a matter of good fortune than of personal effort. Early in 1944, with the introduction of jet aircraft into the Royal Air Force, it became apparent that some assisted means of escape would have to be provided to enable air crews to escape from fast jet aircraft in an emergency. It was early in 1944, therefore, that I was invited by the Ministry of Aircraft Production to investigate the practicability of providing, in fighter aircraft, a means of safe escape for the pilot in abandoning the aircraft.
Notes on a Family of Similar Flying Boats
Authors: Dornier C.
Published: August 2016

The importance of the flying boat was first generally recognised in England, and no other country can look back on so long continuous and systematic development of building flying boats. For this reason I feel it a special distinction that the Royal Aeronautical Society has asked me to give a lecture here, and I meet their wishes with pleasure.
The Relative Merits of Centrifugal and Axial Compressors for Aircraft Gas Turbines
Authors: Moult E. S. , Pearson H.
Published: August 2016

The suitability of a piece of mechanism for a given job depended both on the nature of the job and on the solution offered. In aviation they had to consider performance, time of development, cost in production and serviceability in its widest sense. It was proposed to review these different aspects as they applied to the compressors for aircraft gas turbines.
L’unique et le double : la répétition et la joie dans l’œuvre de Clément Rosset
Authors: BRETON ROXANNE
Published: August 2016

Cette étude de l’œuvre de Clément Rosset prend pour point central le concept de répétition, qu’elle applique aux notions de duplication, d’unique, de tragique et de joie. Au moyen d’une explication sur la manière dont Clément Rosset organise sa pensée autour d’une conception du tragique aboutissant à une forme de béatitude, se laissent notamment apercevoir l’originalité de son interprétation de la pensée de Nietzsche et les points de contact et de friction entre sa pensée et celle de Gilles Deleuze.
Status Deficits and War
Authors: Renshon Jonathan
Published: August 2016

Despite widespread agreement that status matters, there is relatively little in the way of focused research onhowandwhenit matters. Relying on the assumption that it “matters” has provided few extant theories of variation in states’ concern for status and little understanding of its specific implications for international conflict. I introduce a theory of status dissatisfaction (SD) that clarifies who forms the basis for status comparisons in world politics, when status concerns should be paramount, and how they are linked to international conflict. I demonstrate the viability of conflict as a strategy for status enhancement: both initiation and victory bring substantial status benefits over both five- and ten-year periods. Using a new, network-based measure of international status, I demonstrate that status deficits are significantly associated with an increased probability of war and militarized interstate dispute (MID) initiation. Even internationally, status is local: I use “community detection” algorithms to recover status communities and show that deficits within those communities are particularly salient for states and leaders.
The woodlands of Ireland circa 1600
Authors: McCracken Eileen
Published: August 2016

In the general descriptions of Ireland written in Elizabethan and early Stuart times there are constant, although casual, references to the woodlands, Moryson, Perrott, Bagenal, Speede and Boate all allude to areas which were wooded or carried woody scrub on bog. Their descriptions are too general to be of use in assessing the probable extent of the woodland that remained at the end of the sixteenth-century, but they are pointers to the distribution. The same is true of contemporary maps although they are rather more helpful in that, in spite of their distortion of distance and configuration, they may indicate the position of a wood relative to physical features such as hills, rivers or bays.
XIV. The Scientific Investigation of the Potato Blight in 1845–6
Authors: Bourke P.M. Austin
Published: August 2016

The assessment of the contribution of Garrett Hugh FitzGerald to the search for an antidote to potato blight, as put forward by Mr T. P. O’Neill in his article on the scientific investigation of the potato failure of 1845—6, needs to be revised, if only to do justice to Robert Kane.

FitzGerald wrote to a local newspaper on 9 March 1846, suggesting, as a result of experiments he had made in search of a cure for potato blight, that seed potatoes should be steeped before planting in a solution of bluestone (copper sulphate). In February and March of the same year he wrote two letters on the subject to the chief secretary for Ireland. These letters were forwarded for consideration to the relief commission, of which Robert Kane was the scientific member.
XXI: Mortality in Magherafelt, County Derry, in the early eighteenth century reappraised
Authors: Macafee William , Morgan Valerie
Published: August 2016

The study of Irish historical demography has long been an area of complexity and controversy; and the further back into the past the search for patterns and trends is pushed, the more the problems multiply. Much of the difficulty stems from the inadequacy and/or variability of the available sources. Hearth-tax returns, enumeration lists of various types, estate records and registers of baptisms, marriages and burials, all pose problems of interpretation and in addition, for any single area, they are likely to provide only fragmentary and discontinuous evidence. $$Largely because of these difficulties, only a limited number of detailed analyses of population patterns in specific areas as far back as the late seventeenth century and early eighteenth century have been attempted. Yet at the same time the work which has been done has made it apparent both that this is a crucial period in terms of demographic history and that only detailed case studies can provide the evidence necessary to enlarge upon our current very general understanding.
Robert Dudley Edwards (1909–88)
Authors: Clarke Aidan
Published: August 2016

Robert Dudley Edwards died on 5 June 1988 in Dublin, where he had been born seventy-nine years and one day before. In later life, at least, he would have approved of that exact, spare sentence, because in later life he resolved the conflict between his undisciplined temperament and the discipline of his profession by reducing his role as historian to the task of record keeping. I said as much in a review of his Ireland under the Tudors in 1978, and some weeks later was alarmed to see him making purposefully towards me through a reception crowd, telltale large Paddy held protectively on high. ‘I liked your review’, he shouted across the heads; ‘you were exactly right’. Reaching me, he added in an undertone, ‘they were hoping that I was going to make a scene’. They were, of course, and it was typical of Dudley that he extracted as much satisfaction from disappointing the expectation as he might have done from fulfilling it. Others have told me that he became cantankerous with age, and the evidence is conclusive, but I never experienced anything but generosity from him from beginning to end.
Anglo-Norman verse on New Ross and its founders
Authors: Sayers William
Published: August 2016

Literary evidence for political and social developments in medieval Ireland comes down to us in a variety of languages: Latin; a rich and — by European standards — early production in the Irish vernacular; Old Norse; Middle English; with sparser reference in Old English, Welsh and other nearby linguistic communities. Some of this evidence, tightly circumscribed in time, is also in Anglo-Norman French, and reflects a very different Ireland from that of Arthurian romance. These Anglo-Norman works, composed in Ireland or in Britain on the basis of eye-witness testimony, constitute a unique body of material, though their value as historical evidence is constricted in two ways: firstly, they are limited to three preserved texts; secondly, they are rigorously selective in their criteria of historiographical relevancy and in their treatment of the native Irish population, culture and political presence.
The Irish Protestants and James II, 1688–90
Authors: Gillespie Raymond
Published: August 2016

Modern historical writing on the events of 1688 to 1691 in Ireland has been characterised by a sense that the two sides in that conflict were acting out predetermined roles. There is in the writing no doubt that Protestants would rally to the cause of William III and that Catholics would be the loyal supporters of the deposed James II. Roy Foster has characterised the ‘war of the two kings’ as a clash of two cultures: ‘one Catholic, French-connected, romantically Jacobite … and temperamentally Gaelic’, and the other that of the Protestant ‘Ascendancy’ created by ‘the traumatic events of James’s short reign and its aftermath’. For J. G. Simms political advantage was the key to the events of 1688–90: Catholics naturally supported James since to do so offered ‘an unusually favourable prospect of establishing their predominance’; and in the Protestant mind, since ‘William was lawful king of England, he was automatically king of Ireland … [and] would not abandon the English stake in Ireland’. Put more starkly by J. C. Beckett, ‘the struggle which reached its climax at the Boyne and ended at Limerick ran a clear course from the accession of James II’. Modern historians were not the only ones to make the assumption that Irish Protestants would support William and Catholics James. Many contemporaries outside Ireland made a similar equation. The English Jacobite John Stevens seems to have believed there was a definite link between religion and political loyalty when he arrived in Ireland in 1689 to serve James. On his arrival at Naas he was allocated a billet by the sovereign of the town, but the innkeeper refused to admit him. ‘The man being an Irishman and a Catholic’, Stevens noted, ‘made his ill carriage towards us appear more strange but his religion and country he thought would bear him out’. Arriving at Dublin he approached his prominent Jacobite friends, but ‘friendship was grown so rare in Ireland as loyalty in England’. He was relieved from apparent destitution by ‘the hands I least expected it from’, a New English Protestant who lent him £10.
Michael Collins and the assassination of Sir Henry Wilson
Authors: Hart Peter
Published: August 2016

On the morning of 22 June 1922 Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson left his home in London to unveil a war memorial at Liverpool Street railway station. When he returned at 2.30 that afternoon, two young men, Reginald Dunne and Joseph O’Sullivan, were waiting for him. What happened next is best described in Reggie Dunne’s own words:

Joe went in a straight line while I determined to intercept him [Wilson] from entering the door. Joe deliberately levelled his weapon at four yards range and fired twice. Wilson made for the door as best he could and actually reached the doorway when I encountered him at a range of seven or eight feet. I fired three shots rapidly, the last one from the hip, as I took a step forward. Wilson was now uttering short cries and in a doubled up position staggered towards the edge of the pavement. At this point Joe fired once again and the last I saw of him he [Wilson] had collapsed.

Dunne and O’Sullivan subsequently shot three pursuers (two policemen and a civilian) in their attempt to escape, but, fatally slowed by Joe O’Sullivan’s wooden leg, they were caught shortly afterwards. They were tried, convicted and, on 10 August, hanged in Wandsworth Prison.
Lawyers and the law in later seventeenth-century Ireland
Authors: Barnard T.C.
Published: August 2016

In seventeenth-century Ireland the law increasingly defined and regulated relationships: between government and governed; between landlord and tenant; between master and servant; among the propertied; and even, by the end of the century, between Catholics and Protestants. This situation, similar to that throughout western Europe, signalled — at least superficially — England’s success in assimilating Ireland. The system of courts, centred on Dublin, and, through regular assizes and quarter sessions, borough, sheriffs’, church and manorial courts, reaching deep into the localities, was celebrated as a prime benefit, as well as the principal means, of anglicisation. The English policies which had progressively dismantled indigenous institutions, including the brehon law of Gaelic and gaelicised society, and replaced older Catholic with new Protestant élites, rested on statute, proclamation and judicial decree or process. Sincethe law was essential to England’s rule in Ireland, its opponents countered through the courts and legal argument: as a result, the functioning of the law, especially the quasi-judicial commissions which redistributed land, was politicised. Not only did the law accomplish, it also reflected these changes; for, bit by bit, Catholics were edged from the judicial bench and then disqualified from practising as barristers and attorneys. By the early eighteenth century the courts — publicly at least — were manned by and run for the burgeoning Protestant interest in Ireland.
Anglo–Norman change and continuity: the castle of Telach Cail in Delbna
Authors: Flanagan Marie Therese
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this note is to identify the place-name Telach Cail as Castletown Delvin, County Westmeath, and to demonstrate the continued use of the site from the pre-Norman into the post-Norman period. While archaeologists have identified a number of earthwork sites which had a continuous use from the pre-Norman into the post-Norman period, documentary sources may also provide valuable evidence. A combination of near-contemporary pre-Norman and Anglo-Norman documentary evidence indicates that the pre-Norman royal site of Telach Cail in Delbna was chosen for the location of an Anglo-Norman motte.
Charles II’s Irish cavaliers: the 1649 Officers and the Restoration land settlement
Authors: Mc Kenny Kevin
Published: August 2016

In November 1660 the newly restored king published a declaration for the settlement of Ireland. The substance of this document was that the ‘adventurers’ of the 1640s and the Cromwellian soldiers were to keep what they had got; the Irish Protestants who had actively supported the royalist cause (especially between 1648 and 1650) and who had not yet obtained compensation for this service were to receive their arrears of pay; Irish Catholics who had been deprived of their lands merely on the grounds of their religion were to be restored to what they had lost. From the clash of these interest groups came the moulding forces behind what is known as the ‘Restoration settlement’. (That settlement was based on two acts: the Act of Settlement, 1663, and the Act of Explanation, 1666. The former set out who were to receive lands and where; the latter explained and clarified the many conflicting clauses in the former.)
Providence and exile in early seventeenth-century Ireland
Authors: Caball Marc
Published: August 2016

The depth of change which the country experienced in the reign of James I has become an axiom of early modern Irish historiography. The extension of crown government throughout the island, the flight of the northern earls, the subsequent plantation in Ulster and the putative religious reformation of the indigenous inhabitants contributed to a climate of flux and tension. The burgeoning scholarly interest in this phase of Irish history has resulted in a more detailed understanding of administrative, political, regional and religious trends in the period. Progress has also been made in the study of contemporary mentalities. An interesting development has been the use of sources in the Irish language for the reconstruction of previously obscure intellectual currents amongst the Gaelic élite. The recent appearance of Michelle O Riordan’s monograph on the Gaelic reaction to the collapse of traditional society represents the fullest exposition yet of an interpretation which has characterised the early modern Gaelic ideological response to conquest and social change as fundamentally passive and backward-looking. O Riordan has, in effect, elaborated upon the conclusions of preceding commentators, notably Tom Dunne and Bernadette Cunningham, in portraying the Gaelic understanding of socio-political transformation as lacking in critical perception. This essay is intended as a further contribution to the elucidation of the mental climate of the time. More particularly, it will focus on two themes which figured prominently in the separate, but in this instance similar, communal reactions of the Gaelic Irish and the New English settlers to their respective political and social environments.
The Fitzwilliam episode, 1795: a reinterpretation of the role of the duke of Portland
Authors: Wilkinson David
Published: August 2016

This doggerel vindication of Fitzwilliam’s Irish viceroyalty of 1795 gave one contemporary interpretation of this controversial episode. Such a favourable verdict was far from universal at the time and subsequently has been seriously questioned by historians. In one respect, however, this verse succinctly highlighted one of the most striking features of the Fitzwilliam episode. It appeared that the lord lieutenant had been recalled before ‘he scarcely could explain himself’. The English minister principally responsible for initiating the swift recall was the home secretary, the duke of Portland. Since Portland was a close friend and longstanding political ally of Fitzwilliam, this seeming betrayal excited widespread comment and, in certain circles, gave rise to heartsearching consternation. Yet Portland’s motives have never been satisfactorily explained by historians. Attention has repeatedly been paid to the motives of Fitzwilliam himself, and the conduct of the prime minister, the Younger Pitt, has been carefully scrutinised. Explanations of Portland’s behaviour have been left rather on the sidelines. He is usually portrayed as a weak-minded dupe and traitor to his own avowed principles. A re-examination of the evidence permits a more rounded characterisation. Portland’s attitude was complex but coherent. Instead of the conventional picture of a weak man with weak views, Portland emerges as a man with strong views and some failings.
Select documents XLV: Lord Oranmore’s journal, 1913–27
Authors: Butler John
Published: August 2016

Geoffrey Henry Browne, third Baron Oranmore and Browne, K.P., P.C., cannot have had publication in mind when he penned his journal; many entries are too personal. He chronicled the progress of his children, Dominick, Kathleen and Geoffrey, detailing their childhood ailments without even drawing a veil over a tonsillectomy on the kitchen table. Of recurrent concern was the health of his wife, Onie. It is a private document, written with evident candour. Much of it properly concerns only the Browne family. However, there is a seam, rich in Anglo-Irish politics, which runs throughout the journal and which merits a wider audience. In selecting passages for publication, I have attempted to mine this seam faithfully if concisely, retaining a limited measure of anecdote and human interest in order to illuminate Oranmore’s attitudes as a southern Unionist, for this apella-tion can have the resonance of an oxymoron to modern ears.
King Carson: an essay on the invention of leadership
Authors: Gailey Andrew
Published: August 2016

For Ulster Protestants, riven by division since the fall of Terence O’Neill as prime minister of Northern Ireland in 1969, the recent troubles have seen their future steadily being conceded by default. Where there was certainty, there is now confusion; where there was once leadership, there are now only leaders. Not surprisingly, there have been wistful glances back to the mythical heroes of the past, in particular to Sir Edward Carson, who had steered them through the home rule crisis of 1912–14 to the promised land of Northern Ireland. Carson not only mobilised all Ulster Protestants, but also organised a largely successful rebellion and in time squared the circle to become one of the few rebels in English history to go on to be a law lord. Moreover, he was also a British leader, being four times in office, twice in the cabinet, and for twenty years one of the dominating figures in Tory politics. It is this duality that made Carson’s position exceptional in Anglo-Irish relations and contributed to the immense authority he periodically enjoyed. Indeed, in Ulster before the Great War his sway assumed near-charismatic proportions. Viewed as a case study in leadership, therefore, his career was, in terms of British politics, unique.
XVII. The siege of Carrickfergus Castle, 1315-16
Authors: Sayles G.O.
Published: August 2016

On 26 May 1315 an expeditionary force from Scotland landed on the north-east coast of Ireland, not very far from Larne, under the command of Edward Bruce, who was intent on gaining by the sword a kingdom for himself in Ireland after the fashion in which his brother, Robert, had recently won a crown in Scotland. By September 10 he had overthrown the too confident ‘Red Earl’, Richard de Burgh, and was lording it over the east of Ulster save at one point: the royal castle of Carrickfergus, placed impregnably on a rocky headland jutting out into Belfast Lough. The town itself could not, of course, resist, but the castle defied assault for a whole year before it found it wise to surrender on terms.

We have little information about what happened during the siege and are almost wholly dependent upon a few chroniclers and annalists, who are often merely repetitive and are usually writing long after the events they record. Their evidence can be briefly summarised.
Richard Boyle and the making of an Irish fortune, 1588—1614
Authors: Ranger Terence O.
Published: August 2016

This paper deals with the obscure adventures of a minor official and petty landowner of unremarkable birth and little influence. The details of these adventures, which have for so long been forgotten, and which were once so assiduously concealed, may seem hardly worth the labour of investigation. And yet many statesmen of the seventeenth century attempted such an investigation, including Wentworth himself. Indeed it is no overstatement to say that this examination was a major pre-occupation of the great deputy in the first two years of his appointment.

By Wentworth’s time, Richard Boyle, the minor official in question, had become earl of Cork and lord treasurer of Ireland. He had been one of the lords justices who ruled Ireland before Wentworth’s arrival and had come close to achieving the deputyship itself. He was also the leader of the planter party and enjoyed a rent-roll of £20,000 a year to give reality to his authority. In short he towered over his rivals and enjoyed an influence, founded on both position and wealth, which permeated every part of Irish society.
The donor of the Book of Kells
Authors: O’Sullivan William
Published: August 2016

Since the publication of Rev. Professor Aubrey Gwynn’s study of the later history of the Book of Kells the name of the donor of the book to Trinity College has come to light. He was Henry Jones (1605-82), eldest son of Lewis Jones, bishop of Killaloe, and was successively bishop of Clogher (1645), scoutmaster general to Cromwell’s army, and bishop of Meath (1661). In 1646 he was appointed vice-chancellor of the University of Dublin, a position he seems to have continued to hold under the commonwealth. He was already known as a benefactor of Trinity College Library. The two handsome oak staircases from the old library which now lead to the Long Room gallery were traditionally associated with him. He was remembered as the donor of the Book of Durrow but it was strangely forgotten that he had also given Trinity the Book of Kells, which is in our eyes so much more striking a volume because so much more lavishly illuminated. Perhaps it was the silver shrine in which Durrow was still preserved that touched the imagination of his contemporaries.