bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Science Literature In Socialist States: The Contemporary Military
Authors: Bebler Anton
Published: March 2007

This article presents the most important categories of scientific and/or quasi-scientific works and sources on the contemporary military that have appeared in socialist states. In addition, it points out that major characteristics of these works stem largely from the peculiarities of the socialist political systems and their dominant ideologies. The great imbalance between the immense quantity and, on average, low scientific quality of the works published on the contemporary military is discussed, along with the relationship between this production in socialist states and Marxism.
The Renunciation of War In the Japanese Constitution
Authors: McNelly Theodore
Published: March 2007

Japan's postwar constitution renounces not only war but also military forces. It was hoped that this unique "peace constitution" would protect both the Japanese people and their peace-loving neighbors from the horrors of war. Although Japan maintains "self-defense forces," has the world's eighth-largest military budget, and permits the United States to maintain military bases on her soil, she has not been directly involved in wars since 1945. Gen. Douglas MacArthur and some Japanese pacifists have urged that all the world's nations follow Japan's lead and outlaw war and arms in their constitutions to bring about the global "abolition of war." However, no other countries have done so. Instead, wars in Asia have been more frequent and have involved many more countries (most of them newly independent) in the 40 years since 1946 than during the four decades previous.
The Intelligence Function And the Constitution
Authors: Ransom Harry Howe
Published: March 2007

Strategic intelligence is requisite to national security. But fitting an intelligence function, with its ancillary covert action and counterintelligence activities, into the U.S. constitutional framework is an enduring and perhaps unsolvable problem. Conduct of the government's clandestine operations overseas is an executive function requiring extraordinary secrecy. Yet the Constitution requires that the president share with Congress decisions about intelligence policy, organization, funding, and operations. And Congress is the principal institution for enforcing accountability. Efforts since the beginning of the contemporary intelligence establishment in 1947 to balance the conflicting requirements of executive secrecy and legislative oversight are surveyed. A foreign policy consensus on ends and means is found to be essential for the effective functioning of an intelligence system within a democratic framework. The absence of policy consensus generates a politicization of intelligence activities, inviting intelligence failures and policy disasters.
Strategic Vulnerability: A Conceptual Reassessment
Authors: Cimbala Stephen J.
Published: March 2007

Strategic vulnerability has evolved from a very simple and straightforward notion to a more complex one. Included in any meaningful discussion of vulnerability today must be strategic and decision-making issues that are incompletely conceptualized. Policymakers cannot have confidence that force exchange models or postattack firepower ratios reveal much or even most of the important components of vulnerability.
Military Women in NATO: An Update
Authors: Stanley Sandra Carson , Segal Mady Wechsler
Published: March 2007

The past few years have witnessed policy changes in several of the NATO nations toward greater reliance on female military personnel, and further movement in this direction appears likely. There is great variation among these countries in the extent to which women are included in their armed forces, ranging from those where women are excluded or involved in very limited ways to those where all or a majority of military positions are open to women. The contemporary situation is discussed as are future plans for women's military roles in Alliance nations. Besides a description of current patterns, several dimensions that characterize women's military participation are outlined. Finally, conclusions regarding women's future military roles are offered, based on history and the current situation.
Democracy and the Military in Brazil: Elite Accommodation In Cases of Torture
Authors: Zirker Daniel
Published: March 2007

Brazil returned to civilian government in 1985 after 21 years of military dictatorship, during which the armed forces directed and participated in such extreme forms of coercion as kidnapping, torture, and "liquidation." The permanence and thoroughness of the withdrawal of the military establishment from the national political process remain questionable, and the redress in cases of torture is a paramount example. The amnesty decree of 1979, which absolves torturers from prosecution, and the continued political power and institutional autonomy of the military-dominated National Information Service underscore a significant military presence in the "new republic." Senior military officers have repeatedly warned against revanchisme (taking revenge); and identifications in several key cases of military torturers-some of whom are now prominent officers-remain central, if avoided, questions, around which many of the other questions of democratization and the return to law will ultimately revolve.
Extended Deterrence And Nuclear Escalation: Options in Europe
Authors: Cimbala Stephen J.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between extended deterrence and nuclear escalation in Europe is a principal component of NATO strategy. This relationship is explained by NATO in at least two very different, and somewhat contradictory, ways. The first way is that extended deterrence is made credible by the ability of one side to dominate the process of escalation or at least to match any move made by the opponent. The second way is that extended deterrence depends upon creating an incalculable and uncontrollable risk of war. Reconciliation of these somewhat consistent and somewhat inconsistent logics may not be required to sustain policy consensus on a day-to-day basis. However, there are other potential costs inherent in this conceptual inconsistency, including a looser grasp by policymakers of the process of escalation control.
Arms Races in the Third World: Argentina and Brazil
Authors: Frederiksen Peter C. , Looney Robert E.
Published: March 2007

This article examines whether a significant part of Argentina's military budget over a 22-year span can be attributed to an arms race with Brazil. Multiple regression equations are estimated for the period 1961 and 1982 and several subperiods, taking into account Brazil's military spending, changes in political regimes in Argentina, and also the availability of economic resources allocated to the government. The results indicate that the rivalry existed until the mid-l970s. As a result of increased economic cooperation between the two countries since then, the arms race has gradually diminished, and other factors have become more important in determining defense spending levels in Argentina.
Canadian Military Mobilization
Authors: Dawson Peter F.
Published: March 2007

While Canadians have been called an "unmilitary people," Canada has played a significant role in many wars, from South Africa to Korea, and has been able to mobilize its resources to meet the demands of war. This paper concentrates entirely on the mobilization of military personnel: the process of moving armed forces from peacetime to wartime levels. Its analysis centers on the internal and external factors that influence force requirements and availability and on the means of filling the inevitable gaps between peacetime and wartime needs. Canada's mobilization policies are currently emerging from a period of neglect and must resolve the traditional tendencies of an unmilitary people with the demands of modern conventional war.
The Army's "Be All You Can Be" Campaign
Authors: Shyles Leonard , Hocking John E.
Published: March 2007

This research examined the opinions of current soldiers regarding the most expensive campaign ever used by the U.S. Military: the Army's "Be All You Can Be" campaign. The campaign emphasizes the role of the army in providing instrumental and intrinsic rewards to soldiers. Although the campaign is aimed at potential enlistees, active duty soldiers attend to the same media channels and content and thus also receive high exposure to the advertisements. Results of focus group interviews with 87 male and 27 female soldiers indicate soldiers believe there is a wide gap between the promises of Army advertising and the actual performance of the Army in keeping its promises. This perception was expressed by many soldiers as disillusionment, frustration, and anger. The advertisements appear to damage soldier morale, commitment to the military, and reenlistment potential. For both ethical and pragmatic reasons it is suggested that future advertising should be designed with a concern for both effectiveness and honesty and that future advertisements should be concerned with increased sensitivity for the immediate and long-term effects on both the target audience of potential recruits and the unintended audience of active duty soldiers.
Stealth Bombers, Advanced Cruise Missiles, and Superpower Deterrence Stability
Authors: Sorenson David S.
Published: March 2007

Projected technical improvements in the "air-breathing" portion of the strategic force structure may work to destabilize superpower deterrence. This article examines potential threats to nuclear deterrence stability posed by the introduction of the advanced cruise missile and the advanced technology bomber, two technical improvements expected to arrive in superpower arsenals by the mid-1990s. While advanced technology bombers may not degrade strategic warning time, the advanced cruise missile does threaten to reduce warning and reaction time to the point where it increases the risks to deterrence stability.
B. H. Liddell Hart and the Creation of a Theory of War, 1919-1933
Authors: Swain Richard M.
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that Liddell Hart's continuing value as a military theorist resides in the set of general propositions upon which his specific policy prescriptions were based more than upon the adequacy of the latter to their time and circumstances. The author maintains that a proper understanding of Liddell Hart's general theory of war must be drawn from a chronological study of his writings. The paper shows that Liddell Ilart's basic conceptual structure was complete by 1933, and had evolved from consideration of small-unit infantry tactics in the World War, through speculation on the influence of mechanization and a belief in the existence of lessons in history, to a fundamental belief in the central importance of dislocation on battle outcome. In the end, Liddell Hart reminds the soldier that he is engaged in a purposeful activity and one that must be conducted with an eye on the consequences.
The State, Capitalism, and World War II: The U.S. Case
Authors: Feagin Joe R. , Riddell Kelly
Published: March 2007

In recent years interesting debates have centered on the relationship of the state to modern capitalism. This article examines the utility of two major theories of the state in interpreting the unparalleled U.S. industrial mobilization between 1939 and 1945, which involved massive state expenditures and the creation or expansion of state agencies supervising production. While aspects of the state-autonomy theory are confirmed in the data, the instrumentalist view of the state appeared to be of greatest utility in interpreting state-capital relations. Recent theoretical arguments by Theda Skocpol and Fred Block about the centrality of independent state decision makers in U.S. policymaking are contradicted by the pervasive and central role of capitalists in state policymaking about wartime economic mobilization and production. Renewed attention to the role of capitalist decision makers is warranted in light of their widespread control during this period of distinctive state bureaucratic growth and dominance.
The Royalist Army of New Spain, 1810-1821: Militarism, Praetorianism, or Protection of Interests?
Authors: Archer Christon I.
Published: March 2007

Although the army of New Spain exhibited few if any signs of praetorianism or militarism prior to the independence wars, 1810-1821, many observers in the decades following national independence described the military as one of the negative impediments to progress in the young Mexican republic. Clearly, the decade of insurgency, guerrilla warfare, and fragmentation of the old polity caused dramatic changes in the attitudes and behavior of army officers. The present article analyzes the impact of the war on the royalist army, which in 1821 largely transformed itself to declare for independence. To develop effective counterinsurgency programs, officers assumed active political and administrative roles. After years of exercising power, they did not wish to return to their barracks.
Congress and the Politics of Military Reform
Authors: Wirls Daniel
Published: March 2007

This essay offers a history and analysis of the politics of military reform during the Reagan presidency. Under the leadership of a diverse coalition within Congress, military reform briefly eclipsed both the Reagan buildup and nuclear arms control as the dominant defense policy agenda in the mid-1980s. Congressional sponsorship of military reform in the last decade was a product not only of the decentralization and democratization of the defense policy process in the House and Senate, but also of the domestic political conditions that made a particular military reform agenda attractive to many members of Congress. Military reform became the singular congressional programmatic contribution to the defense policy process in the 1980s, as well as a rare example of congressional innovation in any policy arena.
Enlistment Motivations of Army Reservists: Money, Self-Improvement, or Patriotism?
Authors: Gorman Linda , Thomas George W.
Published: March 2007

Although a number of researchers have examined active-force enlistment at both the aggregate and individual levels, relatively little work has been done on reserve enlistment motivations at the individual level. This study uses a log-linear model to profile the self-reported motivations of male U.S. Army Reserve recruits as a function of age, educational attainment, mental category, and plans to transfer to the active Army. The empirical results suggest that there are several differently motivated subgroups of Army Reserve recruits and that the Army Reserve may play a significant role in active-Army recruiting.
Occupational Segregation: Comparing the Civilian and Military Work Force
Authors: Firestone Juanita M.
Published: March 2007

This article compares the differential location of women and men across occupations in the civilian labor force to the distribution of women and men in military occupations. Findings indicate that, although the U.S. military as a whole is extremely male-intensive, the distribution of women and men in the military, across occupational categories, is more representative than the representation of women and men across civilian occupational categories. This holds true across all services and for both the enlisted force and the officer corps. Results further suggest the need for continuing to support affirmative action programs and increasing efforts to recruit women and promote them into high-level officer and noncommissioned officer grades.
Health Status of Women in the Armed Forces
Authors: Hoiberg Anne , White Jack F.
Published: March 2007

This article examines a study of the health status and attrition rates of three 5-year cohorts of U.S. Navy women (n = 119,167) who enlisted between 1973 and 1987. Comparisons also were conducted with women's data from other branches of the military. Results show that pregnancy-related conditions, primarily childbirth, were the leading reasons for a hospitalization, followed by genitourinary conditions and mental disorders. The most frequently occurring reasons for a premature separation were for pregnancy/parenthood and unsuitability. The time interval of greatest vulnerability for a hospitalization or separation tended to be after the first year of active duty. Such findings support the need for further research on the psychosocial correlates of early active-duty pregnancies as well as for the implementation of such training programs as planned parenthood.
Explaining Weapons Procurement: Matching Operational Performance and National Security Needs
Authors: Holland Lauren
Published: March 2007

The central concern of this paper is with what factors give momentum to the chain of decisions which result in a weapon that goes against the standards of performance. The defense policy literature suggests that the variations in the performance of American military hardware are tied to the government's difficulties in resolving fundamental disagreements on strategic and doctrinal matters, variations in the technological demands of military projects, and the need for bargaining and coalition building. These relationships yield three hypotheses which are tested using simple bivariate analysis. With the caveats appropriate to a small sample of cases, the hypotheses are stated as relations between conditions rather than as correlations, and the findings are suggestive. The data support all three of the primary hypotheses. The study concludes with reform recommendations.
Militarization in Sudan: Trends and Determinants
Authors: Mohammed Nadir A.L.
Published: March 2007

This article surveys the recent trends of various militarization indicators in the Sudan. It shows that the Sudanese army has played appreciable roles in the national movement and in the postindependence period. The military establishment has also played different roles and witnessed big changes under the consequent national governments. However, the variations in the size of the armed forces, arms imports and total military expenditure were significantly influenced by the nature of the government, threat perceptions and, foremost, by the civil war in Southern Sudan. Economic conditions did not play any systematic role in determining military allocations in the 1963-1985 period. Considerable resources could be released to developmental and economic growth projects if the country can achieve peace and political instability.
Shaping the New World Order: America's Post-Gulf War Agenda in the Middle East
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood , Zolty Thaddeus C.
Published: March 2007

In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, the U.S. postwar agenda entails some predictable elements of the Gulf area's changed political landscape. While pressure on the United States to address the problems which distributed the status-quo ante will be undeniably high, a drastic departure from conventional policy postures does not seem in the offing. In addition, the revival of Pax Americana is likely to bring along new difficulties at a time when the United States is in a state of relative economic decline. New security arrangements are certain to develop and a new balance of power will determine the configuration of the forces in the area. The far-reaching implications of the Persian Gulf crisis should be understood in the context of a "new world order," an order which looms at this juncture only partially novel and visible.
Melding War and Politics in Namibia: South Africa's Counterinsurgency Campaign, 1966-1989
Authors: Dale Richard
Published: March 2007

Namibia was the last League of Nations mandated territory to receive independence because the South African Government not only refused to place it under the United Nations trusteeship system but also refused to acknowledge the legitimacy of any trans-tribal African nationalism in the territory which they termed South West Africa. Following the 1966 decision of the International Court of Justice to uphold the South African position on Namibia, African nationalists under the banner of the South West African People's Organization (SWAPO of Namibia) undertook a lengthy insurgency campaign involving military operations by the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN). The brunt of the South African counterinsurgency campaign was waged by the South African Defense Force (SADF) in conjunction with the local police units. This article considers the conflict between the SADF and the PLAN in terms of small unit warfare, imported and localized counterinsurgency doctrine, the efficacy and application of civic action by SADF units, allegations of torture made by both sides, the recruitment of SADF and local territorial forces, and the international political ramifications of this lengthy, near-intractable war.
The Transformation of the American Defense Industry: Corporate Perceptions and Preferences
Authors: Mandel Robert
Published: March 2007

In the last few years, the end of the Cold War and the increasing emphasis on economic rather than military competitiveness have significantly eroded the special position the American defense industry has played in the U.S. government's pursuit of national security. In response, this industry has initiated controversial moves to diversify into nondefense production and to expand into foreign markets. Using data from annual reports and survey questionnaires, this article analyzes these moves and the corporate perceptions and preferences associated with them, providing one of the first systematic and comprehensive looks at the defense industry's adjustment to the changing context of national security.
Public Opinion and Foreign Threats: Eisenhower's Response to Sputnik
Authors: Payne Rodger A.
Published: March 2007

Renewed attention to the role of public opinion on foreign policy outcomes in quantitative correlational studies indicates that opinion influences foreign policy. However, authors of these studies note that their conclusions could be flawed if elites simply manipulate public opinion, rather than responding to it. Both realist and neorealist perspectives on public opinion are consistent with a manipulation perspective.

As urged by those using quantitative data, this article examines a case using declassified archival information in order to examine responsiveness in a situation ripe for manipulation. Specifically, U.S. reactions to Soviet Sputnik launches are scrutinized. President Eisenhower was much less concerned about Soviet actions than was the general public but nonetheless substantially altered many defense programs in order to meet perceived public demands. The President acknowledged privately that at least two-thirds of a spending supplement was used to meet public fears, not real security needs. This finding is inconsistent with prevailing realist theories and standard historical interpretations.
The Army's War against Malaria: Collaboration in Drug Research during World War II
Authors: Condon-Rall Mary Ellen
Published: March 2007

During the second half of World War II, U.S. and Allied military and civilian scientists cooperated in helping the armed forces combat malaria. They worked through the Offices of the Surgeon General of the U.S. Army and the U.S. Navy, the National Research Council, the Board for the Coordination of Malarial Studies, the Office of Scientific Research and Development, the Australian Military Mission, and the British Medical Research Council, all in Washington, D.C. The Board for the Coordination of Malarial Studies, which the National Research Council established in November 1943 to guide research expansion and coordinate joint efforts, became the focal point for collaboration on research. These alliances produced hundreds of malaria studies and thousands of new compounds, some of which tested superior to traditional antimalarial drugs. This cooperative effort improved chemotherapy for the prevention and treatment of malaria after years of neglect in the development of antimalarial drugs.

This article focuses on the establishment of the Board for the Coordination of Malarial Studies, the development of new antimalarial drugs, and collaboration with allies on drug research. The latter produced special U.S.-Australian and U.S.-Britain relationships.
G.I. Phone Home: The Use of Telecommunications by the Soldiers of Operation Just Cause
Authors: Ender Morten G.
Published: March 2007

This article is based on a secondary analysis of post combat debriefing interviews conducted by the Department of Military Psychiatry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, with 811 active duty U.S. Army service men and women who participated in Operation Just Cause, the invasion of Panama, in December 1989. The data offer a unique and unprecedented perspective on the use of telecommunications, and this study sought to illustrate the use of telephones and television by the soldiers involved in the invasion and its aftermath. As was found in previous research, the telephone in combat proved to be primarily positive at the level of the soldier, although it did introduce new challenges for leaders. Television technology was both useful and a distraction for soldiers. Overall, one-way and real-time, two-way telecommunication devices have come to have an important impact on the experience of soldiers and their family members during war.
Was Vietnam a Class War?
Authors: Mazur Allan
Published: March 2007

A random sample of Army veterans who served during the Vietnam War was collected by the Centers for Disease Control. Its distributions by race and education are similar to those of the general American population of similar age.
Science and the Magic Eye: Innovations in the Selection of Canadian Army Officers, 1939-1945
Authors: Hayes Geoffrey
Published: March 2007

"What is all this that I hear about psychiatrists choosing officers. Pray enquire." Many Canadians shared Winston Churchill's skepticism when British officer candidates were first exposed to psychological testing in 1942. Yet these concerns were soon muffled as the need increased to find faster and better ways to identify military leaders. Canada faced similar demand, and scientific selection methods offered much promise, including a chance for a wider body of men to receive the King's Commission. Yet imposing challenges emerged soon after the first Officers Selection and Appraisal Centres opened in Canada in March 1943. Just how young, enthusiastic, but essentially untrained personnel could determine an individual's leadership potential was a concern shared by our Allies, particularly the British and Americans. No such problem confronted the German Wehrmacht, whose scientists perhaps better understood the value and limitations of psychological testing: Science-or pseudo-science-could replace neither battle experience, nor the seasoned judgment of a commanding officer as a measure of commissioned rank.
Political Violence and Time in ower
Authors: Whitten Guy D. , Bienen Henry S.
Published: March 2007

With this article we hope to add something new to explanations for violence within polities. We examine the consequences of time in power for political violence. We are interested in the length of time a leader is in power and the time when political violence occurs. We start with a simple hypothesis: the longer a leader is in power, the less likely it is that there will be occurrences of large-scale political violence. We are not aware of any theories of violence that have taken account of leadership duration.

We do not argue below that leadership duration and the timing of violence explain all variation in violent political outcomes. Rather, it is our assertion that theories of violence have ignored an important factor: the length of time that a leader has been in power.

Throughout the analyses presented in this article we have found a relationship between the number of years a leader has been in power and the probability and volume of political violence that the nation that they are governing is likely to experience. As the length of a leader's time in power increases, the probability of political violence declines. This relationship has been demonstrated to be significant in both statistical and substantive terms in a number of different statistical settings that make a variety of assumptions about the quality of the data we are working with and the underlying relationships we are investigating.
Investment or Overkill: Should Military Child Development Centers Be Accredted?
Authors: Zellman Gail L. , Johansen Anne S.
Published: March 2007

This study examines whether accreditation of military child development centers (CDCs) pays off in a context of rigorous quality standards and aggressive compliance monitoring under the Military Child Care Act (MCCA) of 1989. To collect information about the value of accreditation, we reviewed accreditation standards and inspection documents, fielded a military-wide survey of child development directors, and conducted one-on-one interviews at four Major Commands and on 17 installations with Command, Morale, Welfare, and Recreation (MWR), child development, and youth activities staff. We found that while the four annual unannounced inspections that the MCCA requires of each CDC have substantially improved staffing, facility quality, and health and safety procedures, the inspection process focuses on compliance with largely structural standards that are relatively easily monitored. In contrast, the accreditation process focuses on interactive aspects of caregiving and actively engages caregivers in self-evaluation designed to improve their caregiving behavior.

Although we could not directly assess the impact of accreditation on children's outcomes, there was near-consensus that improvements in caregiving precipitated by the accreditation process benefit children. Given minimal incremental costs, we conclude that universal accreditation is desirable and achievable.
Once Burned, Twice Cautious: Explaining the Weinberger-Powell Doctrine
Authors: Campbell Kenneth J.
Published: March 2007

The Pentagon's reluctance to use force in recent conflicts in Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, and Rwanda stems ultimately from the organizational trauma the U.S. military suffered in Vietnam. The near total disintegration of the military in the early 1970s created an organizational survival imperative that produced the military's lessons of Vietnam and its doctrine on the proper use of force. This Weinberger-Powell Doctrine, despite frequent criticism, has steadily gained legitimacy over the years since Vietnam and is preeminent today in the American foreign policy community. Military leaders, by applying the doctrine, have succeeded in avoiding new Vietnam-type quagmires by constraining the imperial impulses of the presidency, but the inherent ambiguity of international conflict in the post-Cold War era will make it more difficult for the promulgators of this doctrine to continue to negotiate the fine line between quagmires and appeasement in the twenty-first century.
Persistent Collective Violence and Early Warning Systems: The Case of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Benini Aldo A. , Minnaar Anthony V. , Pretorius Sam
Published: March 2007

One of the little known specifics of the democratic transition in South Africa during 1990-1994 is its system of early warning about political violence. The strong role that grassroots organizations played in monitoring affected communities and suspected perpetrators set it apart from systems that are driven primarily by academics, although academics were important for the analysis of the violence reports collected by the popular movement and for formulating warnings on trends and hot zones that the transitional government as well as the media actively demanded. This article describes the mechanisms of early warning and analyzes data from the province of KwaZulu-Natal, where high levels of political violence continued for much longer than in the rest of the country. Using regression techniques, we show that the violent behavior of the main political antagonists changed significantly after the April 1994 national elections. Also, the violence followed different causative patterns in the various subregions. Profiles derived in 1994 and 1995 informed the government's decision to postpone regional elections in KwaZulu-Natal three times before they could be held in June 1996 in a climate of relative tranquillity.
Air Force Pilot Retention: Evaluating the Results of Alternative Models
Authors: Stone Brice , Wiggins Vince , Turner-Holland Kathryn , Looper Larry T.
Published: March 2007

This study developed two alternative models of the relationship between Air Force pilot retention decisions and demographic, educational, economic, and Air Force institutional factors. A particular focus of the study was an evaluation of the effects of a bonus on pilot retention. A neural network model helped identify several variable nonlinearities and interactions that were incorporated into a logit model estimated using data from 1980 to 1988. The logit results showed over 80 percent (45 out of 56) of the explanatory variables (including relative military to civilian compensation, airline hiring, and Air Force pilot manning) to be significant (p ≤0.10). Results from the logit analysis revealed that Air Force pilot continuation behavior, since the 1989 introduction of the pilot retention bonus, is highly elastic, compared to the prior nine-year period (2.335 vs. 0.529). Elimination or reduction of the bonus would seriously affect future Air Force pilot force management.
Civil Armies, Civil Societies, and NATO's Enlargement
Authors: Nelson Daniel N.
Published: March 2007

As NATO's membership and function widen, it transits from a "latent war community" to something akin to an international regime aimed at collective security. During and after such a process, successful integration into the "new" alliance will have little to do with a state's military contribution or strategic advantage. Instead, principal emphasis will be placed on how a state and its army behave. This discussion concerns the behavioral standards of a "civil army"—an ideal type to which no system can lay claim, but which allows comparative assessments. In a brief survey of east-central and southeast Europe, attention is given to signs of criminality, procurement fraud, limited civilian roles in defense, diminished public image of armies, low compliance of high commands, and other evidence that building civil armies requires further effort. Concluding comments note policy alternatives for U. S. and NATO efforts to accelerate civil-military transitions.
Correlations of Collaborative School Cultures with Student Achievement
Authors: Gruenert Steve
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the salience of collaborative cultures relative to student achievement. School culture data was collected from the faculties of 81 schools in Indiana during the spring semester of the 2002-03 school year using survey methodology. The data from these schools provided scores on six factors found in the survey. These six factors were then correlated with student achievement to determine whether features of collaborative cultures tend to exist where high test scores were reported.
The Effects of Block Scheduling on High School Academic Achievement
Authors: Lewis Chance W. , Dugan James J. , Winokur Marc A. , Cobb R. Brian
Published: March 2007

The effect of block scheduling on high school student achievement in mathematics and reading was investigated in this study through the use of an ex postfacto, longitudinal research design. Specifically, student scores from 9thand 11th-grade standardized tests were matched and sorted by junior high and high school attended. Outcome measures consisted of Levels tests and ACT exams in mathematics and reading. Statistical analyses of student gain scores included main effects of scheduling type, gender, and ethnicity as well as interaction effects for these independent variables. Results indicate that students in 4 X 4 block scheduling had greater gain scores in reading and mathematics than did students in both traditional scheduling and A/B block scheduling.
Video Recruitment of Non-English-Speaking Participants
Authors: Hendrickson Sherry Garrett
Published: March 2007

Recruitment of underserved participants begins to close the disparity gap evident within disadvantaged communities, and innovative approaches to recruitment support this effort. Literacy, communication, and credibility barriers distance potential research participants. The literature search from 1975 to 2005 included the Cochrane Review, MEDLINE, EBSCO, PsycINFO, Google Scholar, and CINAHL for the terms video recruitment, videotaped, minority recruitment, and research subject recruitment with no documented use of videotape recruitment of non-English-speaking (NES) participants. Based on this review, an innovative recruitment video was developed and targeted to monolingual Hispanic mothers to explain a study using home safety visits. Community assistants collaborated on the script. In 4 minutes, potential participants, some illiterate, saw what they could not read, and also whom they should expect at their door if they decided to participate. A total of 82 women were recruited, and with a retention rate of 95%. Classic minority recruitment barriers are reducible with this approach.
Self-Reported Exercise Behavior and Interpretations of Exercise in Older Adults
Authors: Ruppar Todd M. , Schneider Joanne Kraenzle
Published: March 2007

Prior exercise experiences may influence interpretations of exercise, ultimately affecting exercise behavior. This study examines differences in interpretations of exercise in older adults based on prior exercise behavior. Older adults who report more exercise behavior were hypothesized to score more positively on measures of interpretations of exercise than older adults reporting less exercise behavior. Two hundred fifteen older adults reported prior-year exercise behavior, and within a 2-week exercise training program reported their episode-specific and general interpretations of exercise. High exercisers reported higher perceptions of energy ( p = .021), life enhancement ( p = .023), and overall psychological outlook ( p = .003) than low exercisers. Several gender differences were also noted. These results support earlier findings that older adults’ beliefs and interpretations of exercise activity influence exercise behavior.
Stability of situational non-compliance in ADHD children in two school classroom settings
Authors: Beck R. J. , Kotkin R. A. , Swanson J. M. , Miller F.
Published: March 2007

In an elementary school behavior modification program in a child development center, an observational study was conducted of 27 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive children's non-compliant behavior in two school classroom settings during a 1-month period. Non-compliant behavior was recorded when children failed to follow a teacher's direction or correction. Both the daily frequencies of teachers' directions/corrections that created opportunities for non-compliance (p < .001) and the frequencies of children's non-compliance (p < .001) were significantly correlated in the two environments. Opportunities for non-compliance (p <.03) and incidents of non-compliance (p <.005) were significantly higher in the social skills classroom than in the academic classroom. It was concluded that non-compliance is a stable behavior, and this conclusion has implications for the design and assessment of social skills training programs that target compliance.
The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): Confirmatory factor analysis in a pediatric ADHD sample
Authors: March J. S. , Conners C. , Arnold G. , Epstein J. , Parker J. , Hinshaw S. , Abikoff H. , Molina B. , Wells K. , Newcorn J. , Schuck S. , Pelham W. E. , Hoza B.
Published: March 2007

While considerable attention has been paid to discriminating attention-deficit/hyperactivity and anxiety disorders, there are as yet no published confirmatory factor analytic studies of any self-report anxiety scale in ADHD youth. The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) is a 39-item, 4-point Likert self-report scale that robustly represents the factor structure of anxiety in children aged 8 to 18 years. Using confirmatory factor analytic methods, the present paper reports a replication of the four-factor measurement model for the MASC in a large sample of ADHD youth aged 7 to 10 years. The fit indices proved to be comparable to those obtained in the MASC clinical and non-clinical (normative) samples. Clinically, therefore, this report strengthens confidence that the MASC is a valid measure of anxiety in diverse populations. With respect to research, it provides supporting evidence that results obtained using the MASC in the MTA and other research studies reflect valid estimates of anxiety in those samples.
Rationale for Intervention to Reduce the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease: The Pharmacists' Perspective
Authors: Prevost Rebecca R.
Published: March 2007

The pharmacist can aid individuals using lifestyle strategies for coronary risk reduction. Some of the key methods used by pharmacists include counseling on medication benefits versus risks and compliance. Pharmacists can also assist individuals with lifestyle product selection, which includes a wide variety of items, ranging from appropriate use of nutritional supplements to blood pressure machines, pedometers, or weight loss products.
Lifestyle Medicine Strategies for Risk Factor Reduction, Prevention, and Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease: Part II
Authors: Rippe James M. , Angelopoulos Theodore J. , Zukley Linda
Published: March 2007

Coronary heart disease remains the leading killer of men and women in the United States. Coronary heart disease also represents one of the quintessential lifestyle-related diseases. Many of the major risk factors for coronary heart disease, including elevated cholesterol, high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, an inactive lifestyle, and obesity, have very significant lifestyle-related components. In part I of this review, the authors discussed the rationale for using lifestyle medicine strategies as part of a comprehensive approach to preventing, reducing the risk, or treating coronary heart disease. In part II, the authors focus on practical strategies for incorporating lifestyle medicine techniques into clinical practice. The overall framework is based on the American College of Cardiology's Bethesda Conference, which places risk factors into 4 categories depending on the likelihood that modifying a particular risk factor will result in lowering the risk of coronary heart disease. The authors have similarly grouped lifestyle medicine strategies to explore how these interventions can be employed in each of the classes of interventions defined by the American College of Cardiology. Although the authors recognize that individual clinicians have time constraints which affect utilization of lifestyle medicine strategies, the best outcomes can be achieved by combining these interventions with more traditional modalities for reducing the risk, preventing, or treating coronary heart disease.
Ligand density dramatically affects integrin αIIbβ3-mediated platelet signaling and spreading
Authors: Jiroušková Markéta , Jaiswal Jyoti K. , Coller Barry S.
Published: March 2007

The impact of ligand density on integrin-mediated cell adhesion and outside-in signaling is not well understood. Using total internal reflection fluorescent microscopy, conformation-specific antibodies, and Ca2+ flux measurements, we found that the surface density of fibrinogen affects αIIbβ3-mediated platelet signaling, adhesion, and spreading. Adhesion to fibrinogen immobilized at low density leads to rapid increases in cytosolic Ca2+ and sequential formation of filopodia and lamellipodia. In contrast, adhesion to high-density fibrinogen results in transient or no increases in Ca2+ and simultaneous formation of filopodia and lamellipodia. αIIbβ3 receptors at the basal surface of platelets engage fibrinogen in a ringlike pattern at the cell edges under both conditions. This engagement is, however, more dynamic and easily reversed on high-density fibrinogen. Src and Rac activity and actin polymerization are important for adhesion to low-density fibrinogen, whereas PKC/PI3 kinases contribute to platelet spreading on high-density fibrinogen. We conclude that 2 fundamentally different signaling mechanisms can be initiated by a single integrin receptor interacting with the same ligand when it is immobilized at different densities.
Gossypin, a pentahydroxy glucosyl flavone, inhibits the transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase-1-mediated NF-κB activation pathway, leading to potentiation of apoptosis, suppression of invasion, and abrogation of osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Kunnumakkara Ajaikumar B. , Nair Asha S. , Ahn Kwang Seok , Pandey Manoj K. , Yi Zhengfang , Liu Mingyao , Aggarwal Bharat B.
Published: March 2007

Gossypin, a flavone originally isolated from Hibiscus vitifolius, has been shown to suppress angiogenesis, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. The mechanisms of these activities, however, are unknown. Because nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is associated with inflammation, carcinogenesis, hyperproliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis, we hypothesized that gossypin mediates its effects through modulation of NF-κB activation. In the present study, we demonstrate that gossypin (and not gossypetin, an aglycone analog) inhibited NF-κB activation induced by inflammatory stimuli and carcinogens. Constitutive NF-κB activation in tumor cells was also inhibited by this flavone. Inhibition of IκBα kinase by gossypin led to the suppression of IκBα phosphorylation and degradation, p65 nuclear translocation, and NF-κB-regulated gene expression. This, in turn, led to the down-regulation of gene products involved in cell survival (IAP2, XIAP, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, survivin, and antiFas-associated death domain–like interleukin-1β–converting enzyme-inhibitory protein), proliferation (c-myc, cyclin D1, and cyclooxygenase-2), angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor), and invasion (matrix metalloprotease-9). Suppression of these gene products by gossypin enhanced apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor and chemotherapeutic agents, suppressed tumor necrosis factor–induced cellular invasion, abrogated receptor activator of NF-κB ligand–induced osteoclastogenesis, and vascular endothelial growth factor–induced migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Overall, our results demonstrate that gossypin inhibits the NF-κB activation pathway, which may explain its role in the suppression of inflammation, carcinogenesis, and angiogenesis.