bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Volatile components of cured and uncured pork: The role of nitrite and the formation of nitrogen compounds
Authors: Mottram Donald S. , Croft Susan E. , Patterson Ronald L. S.
Published: October 2006

A slice‐curing method was used to prepare bacon and nitrite‐free salt pork. Headspace volatiles from the cooked products, and from cooked untreated pork, were entrained on Tenax GC and analysed by combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Aliphatic alcohols and aldehydes dominated the volatiles of all samples; small amounts of ketones, alkybenzenes, pyrazines, pyridines, thiazoles and furans were also present. Untreated pork and salt pork contained essentially the same volatiles, while the bacon showed a number of qualitative differences: several unsaturated and aromatic aldehydes were only present in nitrite free samples and benzonitrile, phenylacetonitrile and four alkyl nitrates were found only in bacon volatiles. The possible origins of these nitrogen‐compounds from the reaction of nitrite with flavour precursors are discussed.
Trimethylamine taint in eggs: The occurrence of the causative metabolic defect in commercial hybrids and pure breeds in relation to shell colour
Authors: Butler Edward J. , Pearson Arthur W. , Greenwood Neil M.
Published: October 2006

Six commercial foundation flocks (Rhode Island Red, New Hampshire Red and White Leghorn hybrids) and four pure breeds (Rhode Island Red, Light Sussex, White and Brown Leghorns) were included in a survey which was carried out to facilitate the elimination of the tainting defect from commercial stock by selective breeding. The defect results from an inherited inability to synthesise adequate amounts of trimethylamine (TMA) oxidase, and was detected by estimating the activity of the enzyme in the livers of young chickens, or by measuring the amount of [14C]‐TMA oxide in the plasma after the injection of [14C]‐TMA. It was present in two of the brown‐egg breeds (Rhode Island Red and Light Sussex) and in one of the white‐egg breeds (Brown Leghorn), and therefore was not associated with shell colour. There was no significant correlation between depth of shell colour and TMA oxidase activity in a commercial Rhode Island Red flock.
Natural plant enzyme inhibitors: A comparative study of the action of legume inhibitors on human and bovine pancreatic proteinases
Authors: Prabhu K. Sudhakar , Saldanha Kenneth , Pattabiraman Thillaisthanam N.
Published: October 2006

Inhibition of total proteolytic (caseinolytic), tryptic (by hydrolysis of benzoyl arginine p‐nitroanilide) and chymotrypic (by hydrolysis of acetyl tryosine ethyl ester) activities by ten species of legume seeds on human and bovine pancreatic proteases were compared. Sword bean extract had a negligible action on human enzymes, but could completely inhibit bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin. Indian red wood seed extract was more active on human than on bovine enzymes, whereas soya bean, field bean, kidney bean and bengal gram were more active on the bovine counterparts. While acacia seed extracts displayed more pronounced action on human trypsins and chymotrypsins, it was more effective in inhibiting the total proteolytic activity of the bovine system. Cowpea and red gram were more effective in inhibiting the human chymotrypsins. The relative contributions of trypsins plus chymotrypsins, elastases and carboxypeptidases to the total proteolytic activity of human pancreatic preparation were found to be 50, 25 and 25% whereas in the bovine system the values were 75, 20 and 5%.
Suitability of four blackcurrant cultivars for industrial syrup production
Authors: Blom Hans , Skrede Grete
Published: October 2006

The four blackcurrant cultivars Øjebyn, Ben Nevis, Ben Lomond and Silvergieter have been evaluated with reference to their suitability for syrup production. The examination was based on sensory and physico‐chemical characterisation, and was performed on the berries themselves and the syrup. The results show that Øjebyn is less suitable for syrup production, while Ben Nevis and Ben Lomond differ insignificantly in most qualities from the reference cultivar, Silvergieter. Criteria for the evaluation of cultivars for industrial suitability are discussed.
Volatile flavour components of Allium grayi regal
Authors: Hashimoto Seiji , Miyazawa Mistuo , Kameoka Hiromu
Published: October 2006

The volatile flavour components of Allium grayi Regal have been investigated by a combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Among the more than 90 component peaks observed by capillary gas chromatography of the oil obtained by ether extraction of the steam distillate, 47 compounds were positively identified. They included 11 sulphur compounds, 5 alcohols, 7 aldehydes, 3 ketones, 2 furanones and 19 miscellaneous compounds.
Quantitative analysis of styrene monomer in foods. A limited East Australian Survey
Authors: Flanjak Johann , Sharrad Julian
Published: October 2006

The levels of styrene monomer in foods packaged in polystyrene containers were determined by a headspace gas chromatography (g.c.) method and two reversed phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (h.p.l.c.) methods. A total of 146 samples were analysed from Victoria and New South Wales which included yoghurt, cream, cheese, dessert, ice cream, egg white, onion dip and margarine. The highest level of styrene found was 0.1 mg kg−1 in yoghurt. About 85% of all yoghurt samples were found to have values less than 0.05 mg kg−1. The lowest values of styrene obtained were for margarine samples, of which more than 90% contained less than 0.010 mg kg−1. The estimated limits of detection of the h.p.l.c. methods for all products except margarine were 0.005 mg kg−1. The h.p.l.c. detection limit for margarine and the g.c. method for yoghurt were estimated to be 0.01 mg kg−1.
Glycoalkaloid content of potatoes and potato products sold in the UK
Authors: Davies Anthony M. C. , Blincow Philip J.
Published: October 2006

Potatoes and potato products were collected from six areas of the UK. Composite samples of potatoes, determined by variety, collection area and collection date, and composite samples of similar potato products were prepared. The glycoalkaloid content of the samples was determined and only two samples out of 133 analysed exceeded the recommended maximum level of 20 mg 100 g−1 fresh weight. The mean values were: main crop 10.4mg 100g−1, UK earlies 11.3mg 100g−1 and imported earlies 12.3 mg 100 g−1 Potato products, when calculated on an equivalent fresh weight basis, all contained less than 10mg 100g−1.
Effect of heating at deep‐fat frying temperature on the sterol content of soya bean oil
Authors: Ghavami Mehrdad , Morton Ian D.
Published: October 2006

Preliminary studies by gas chromatography of phytosterols naturally present and added to soya bean oil, indicated that large quantities of these sterols were lost when soya bean oil was exposed to high temperature for a long period. The products which might have been produced as the result of sterol oxidation were not found as members of the nonsaponifiable fraction when this fraction was examined by thin layer and gas chromatography.
Selenium speciation in the soil solution and its relevance to plant uptake
Authors: Van Dorst Sheila H. , Peterson Peter J.
Published: October 2006

The relationship between soil and plant selenium has been investigated using two 75SeO3 spiked silt loam soils from the Hoosfield series with long‐term equilibration pH values of 4.5 and 7. Lolium perenne plants were grown in the soils over a 15‐week period, and seven harvests were made. Plant samples and soil solutions were assayed for radioactivity, and selenium compounds found in the soil solutions separated by high voltage paper electrophoresis. Throughout the 15‐week experimental period selenium speciation was observed to change in soil solution. Samples collected at day 2 from pH 4.5 soil revealed that selenate accounted for 71% and selenite 8% of the soluble selenium compounds present, whereas for the pH 7 soil the relative percentages were 51 and 23% respectively. After 105 days selenate accounted for 22% and selenite 20% at pH 4.5, and 12 and 22% respectively at pH 7. The occurrence of selenoglutathione was noted in the soil solution and its concentration increased significantly with time. Statistically significant correlations (r=0.82) were found between the concentration of selenium in Lolium perenne at harvest and selenate selenium removed from the soil solution.
Optimisation of conditions for the degradation of mimosine in Leucaena leucocephala leaf
Authors: Tangendjaja Budi , Lowry J. Brian , Wills Ron B. H.
Published: October 2006

A study was made of the rate of degradation of mimosine to 3‐hydroxy‐4(1H)‐pyridone in harvested leucaena leaf under various conditions. Optimum rates of degradation of an aqueous leucaena slurry were at pH 8.0 and 45°C with virtual total loss of mimosine in 10 min. Heating the intact leaf also reduced the mimosine content with the maximum rate of degradation at 70°C. The results have implications for reducing the toxicity of leucaena used for stock feed.
The lipid composition of the adrenals of non‐pregnant, pregnant and foetal sheep
Authors: Christie W. W. , Noble R. C.
Published: October 2006

Lipids were isolated from the adrenals of non‐pregnant, pregnant and foetal sheep (ca 30 days pre‐parturition). The lipid content of the adrenals from the pregnant sheep was higher than that of the other groups, and most of this was accounted for by triacylglycerols. Little difference was observed in the fatty acid compositions of the various lipid classes between the pregnant and non‐pregnant animals. All the lipids of the foetal adrenals contained substantial amounts of the 20:3(n–9) fatty acid, which is often associated with essential fatty acid deficiency, but only the cholesterol ester fraction contained a higher level of polyunsaturated fatty acids than was present in the adult groups. The adrenals of the pregnant sheep contained significant levels of glycerolether diesters and neutral plasmalogens, which were fully characterised, and four unknown components that were tentatively identified as steroidal esters. These components were present at barely detectable levels in the adrenals of non‐pregnant sheep. The triacylglycerols, glycerolether diesters and phosphatidylcholines from each group were, where possible, subjected to stereospecific analysis. The triacylglycerols were distinctive and resembled those of plasma and lymph in structure. The results are discussed in terms of a putative direct role for cholesterol esters in corticosteroidogenesis.
Effects of pH and phosphate status of a silty clay loam on manganese, zinc and copper concentrations in soil fractions and in clover
Authors: El‐Kherbawy Mohamedy I. , Roger Sanders J.
Published: October 2006

The field pH of a silty clay loam soil affected manganese, zinc and copper concentrations in the fraction extracted by DTPA; lower pH soils had higher metal concentrations. The soil pH also affected manganese and zinc but not copper concentrations in the soil solution, and in shoots of clover grown in pots. Metal concentrations in soil fractions were not affected by soil phosphate status, but zinc and copper concentrations in clover shoots were significantly lower when plants were grown on soils of high phosphate status. Manganese and zinc levels in shoots were predicted slightly more accurately by using soil solution data than by using concentrations extracted by DTPA.
The effect of systemic insecticides and nitrogen on oil‐filling in developing seeds of toria (Brassica campestris cv. toria)
Authors: Sukhija Pritam S. , Dhillon Karaj S. , Sanadi Sujay , Munshi Satish K.
Published: October 2006

The systemic insecticides Metasystox and Temik reduced the oil content and increased the free fatty acid and phospholipid contents of the oil of toria seeds at early stages of their development. The oil level was, however, restored when the seeds were sown in soil supplied with nitrogen. At a later developmental stage (30 days after fertilisation), Temik increased, and Metasystox decreased the triacylglycerol content in the oil. Both insecticides increased the relative proportion of erucic acid in the oil, however this increase levelled off in the developing seeds when the toria crop was supplied with nitrogen fertiliser. In in‐vivo studies, Metasystox at 10 μg ml−1 was sufficient to lower the rate of [1‐14C]acetate incorporation into lipids of developing seeds. The effect of Temik on lipid biosynthesis was not as pronounced as that of Metasystox.
The effects of processing of rapeseed upon its anti‐thyroid activity and the utilisation of its protein
Authors: Eyre Michael D. , Smithard Ronald R.
Published: October 2006

The effects of crusning and of heat‐treatment of high‐glucosinolate rapeseed (cv. Jet Neuf) by infrared, microwave or hot‐air oven upon the utilisation of protein and upon the anti‐thyroid activity, measured in terms of thyroid weight and plasma tri‐iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) concentrations, were studied and comparisons made with crushed and untreated low glucosinolate rapeseed (Canola) and also with extruded soya bean. All treatments of Jet Neuf reduced net protein utilisation; crushing Jet Neuf produced the most severe deterioration. Jet Neuf also had greater anti‐thyroid activity. However, anti‐thyroid activity and protein utilisation were not highly correlated. None of the treatments applied to Jet Neuf produced improvements in protein utilisation or diminished anti‐thyroid activity.
The behaviour and blood profile of bulls which produce dark cutting meat
Authors: Warriss Paul D.
Published: October 2006

Thirty British Friesian bulls (12 months old), in groups of 6 or 12, were mixed with unfamiliar animals for 16 h preslaughter. Before and during mixing, blood samples were collected and behaviour was monitored. The ultimate pH (pHu) was measured in the m. Longissimus dorsi (LD) 24 h after slaughter. Thirteen carcasses were dark cutting (DC, pHu≧6) and 17 were normal (pHu<6). DC carcasses came from animals which exhibited over twice the total number of agonistic interactions (P<0.001) and showed more dominant behaviour (P<0.001) than animals producing normal carcasses. There was no difference in the blood profile of DC and normal bulls before mixing. However, DC bulls had higher levels of creatine phosphokinase (P<0.001), free fatty acids (P<0.001) and β‐hydroxybutyrate (P<0.01) in the blood samples collected after mixing. Overall, pHu was correlated with total activity (r=0.71, P<0.001) and dominance scores (r=0.70, P<0.001). The conclusion is that the cause of DC in mixed groups of bulls is primarily behavioural. Muscle glycogen stores are depleted when blood‐borne metabolites are inadequate to fuel the intense or prolonged muscular activity associated with agonistic behaviour.
Evaluation of an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for beef blood serum to determine indirectly the apparent beef content of beef joints and model mixtures
Authors: Griffiths Neil M. , Billington Melvyn J.
Published: October 2006

Evaluation of an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the indirect quantification of beef using antibodies to blood serum is described. Results obtained using model mixtures of known composition agreed well with their calculated beef contents. Other meats, rusk and soya flour displayed negligible interference. Apparent percentages of beef based on blood sera levels were determined on 24 different joints of beef using a leg of beef as the standard reference material. A wide variation in the apparent percentage of beef was observed (54.4 to 175.7%) from one joint to another. The results suggest that a quantitative determination of beef in meat products using this particular antisera is not possible, unless the actual cut of beef used is known. The variation in the quantity of blood serum from one joint to another together with deterioration of the blood serum appear to be major problems. Although the method does not appear to be applicable to the quantification of beef it seems to provide a good qualitative test for beef.
The replacement value of triticale for barley in layer diets with or without rice pollard
Authors: Karunajeewa Hector , Tham Sing H.
Published: October 2006

In a factorial experiment, the laying performance of White Leghorn hens given diets in which triticale replaced 100, 50 or 0% of barley either in the presence or absence of 210 g kg−1 rice pollard and with two levels (2.5 and 3.5 g kg−1) of methionine was examined. The replacement of barley with triticale had no significant effect on egg production, egg weight or feed conversion efficiency. The inclusion of 210 g kg−1 rice pollard increased the weight (P < 0.01) and reduced the yolk colour (P<0.01) of eggs. Neither triticale nor barley had a significant effect on liver weight and lipid content. Triticale increased the palmitoleic acid content but had no significant effect on the content of other fatty acids in the liver and yolk lipids. Rice pollard increased the concentration of linoleic and arachidonic acids in liver and yolk lipids while the concentrations of myristic, palmitoleic and oleic acids were decreased. Increasing the level of methionine from 2.5 to 3.5 g kg−1 in diets with either triticale or barley or rice pollard had no significant effect on any of the egg production characteristics.
Large‐scale purification and characterisation of pea globulins
Authors: Gueguen Jacques , Vu Anh T. , Schaeffer François
Published: October 2006

Pea globulins, vicilin and legumin were isolated by chromatography on DEAE Sepharose and Ultrogel ACA 34. The procedure was carried out on a preparative scale and used to purify about 5 g of each globulin for a separation cycle. The purity of the vicilin and legumin was verified by immunoelectrophoretic and ultracentrifuge analysis.
Composition and nutritive value of cormels of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott
Authors: Hussain Muhammed , Norton Grenville , Neale Roger J.
Published: October 2006

The nutritional quality of the cormels of Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott cultivar ‘Guavir’ was determined chemically and biologically in feeding experiments with weanling rats. The contents of starch and unavailable carbohydrates (cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin) were 54 and 15% of the dry matter respectively. Lipid accounted for less than 1% of the dry matter. Palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids were the main fatty acids in the lipids, with linoleic acid predominating. The content and fatty acid composition of the individual lipids was examined. Crude protein amounted to 10.4% of the dry matter. This protein was low in the sulphurcontaining amino acids and tryptophan, but contained adequate levels of the other essential amino acids. Diets containing raw cormel meal gave severely depressed net protein utilisation (NPU) and total nitrogen and carbohydrate digestibility when fed ad libitum to weanling rats. Both NPU and nitrogen and carbohydrate digestibility improved when the cormel meal was cooked prior to inclusion in the diets but such diets still did not support growth in weanling rats.
Specific weight and wheat quality
Authors: Hook Simon C. W.
Published: October 2006

UK winter and spring wheats were studied to establish correlations between specific weight and flour yield. In general, correlations were poor and could not be used for predicting flour yield from specific weight. Specific weight/flour yield relationships are influenced by year, growing site, variety and endosperm texture. The moisture content and moisture history of wheat influences its specific weight, and no universal factor can be applied to correct specific weight results to a fixed moisture basis. Individual wheats exhibit their own correction factors and these are different for wheats that have been dried or damped. 1000 kernel weight was not found to be a suitable alternative to specific weight for flour yield prediction.
The distribution of calcium in apples with watercore
Authors: Perring Michael A. , Pearson Keith , Martin Kenneth J.
Published: October 2006

The transverse distribution of calcium across median slices of Cox's Orange Pippin apples affected by watercore was compared with that in slices from the remaining bulked sound fruit in samples at harvest. Concentrations of calcium were lower in all zones of apples with watercore. In affected apples, proportions of calcium were higher in the outer zones and much lower in the core zones.
Some effects of fibre and starch on the determination of protein quality
Authors: Eyre Michael D.
Published: October 2006

An assessment was carried out of the effects of an increase in the amount of fibre, as cellulose, and of a replacement of maize starch by potato starch in diets containing egg albumen as the sole protein, on the determination of true digestibility (TD) and biological value (BV). An increase in the fibre content of the diet at the expense of maize starch led to a rise in both fascal and urinary N excretion, with diets containing either 20 or 80 g egg albumen kg−1. However, the response of the rats to increasing fibre concentration in the diet was different for the two levels of protein probably due to differences in dry matter intake (DMI). It was found that the conventional method of estimating metabolic faecal nitrogen (MFN) was not adequate for diets of decreasing digestibility; TD decreased by 0.35% for a rise of 1% cellulose in the diet. A more accurate method of estimating MFN was derived from a relationship between the N in the faeces and the digestibility of the diet. The increase in urinary N excretion led to a decrease of 0.41% in BV for a 1% rise in the cellulose concentration of the diet. It appears, therefore, that the ratio of digestible to indigestible matter in the diet affects the determination of protein quality. The replacement of maize starch by potato starch in the diet caused an increase in faecal N excretion and a decrease in urinary N excretion until a level of 200 g potato starch kg‐1 was reached. This affected the determination of TD and BV accordingly. An increase in the size of the caecum of the rats fed potato starch indicated that increased fermentation may have resulted in production of additional bacterial cells to be excreted in the faeces. Thus, both the amount of fibre and the type of starch in the diet affect the determination of protein quality.
Determination of starch and lipid in pea flour by near infrared reflectance analysis. the effect of pea genotype on starch and lipid content
Authors: Davies Anthony M. C. , Coxon David T. , Gavrel Gillian M. , Wright David J.
Published: October 2006

Equations were derived for predicting starch and lipid content of pea varieties from near infrared data measured on a filter instrument (Technicon InfraAlyzer 400). The accuracy of the predictions were tested against separate data sets and were found to be better than ±2.6% for starch (range 20–45%) and ±0.3% for lipid (range 1.4–3.3%). Together with the previous work on the near infrared determination of protein it is possible to analyse rapidly for three components important to a plant breeding programme. The study has also demonstrated a clear‐cut delineation between round and wrinkled pea genotypes.
The physiological responses to fighting in pigs and the consequences for meat quality
Authors: Warriss Paul D. , Brown Steven N.
Published: October 2006

Eighty commercial hybrid pigs (55 kg) consisting of equal numbers of boars and castrates were slaughtered after a 24 h fast, having been transported 48 km to the abattoir and laired for 1 h. During transport and lairage, pigs from different rearing pens were mixed and some fought. Photographs of each carcass were scored for the degree of fighting damage. The greater the damage the higher were the concentrations of cortisol (P<0.001), glucose (P<0.01) and lactate (P<0.001) in blood collected from the pigs at slaughter. The amount of ascorbic acid was lower (P<0.05) in the adrenal glands from pigs which showed most evidence of fighting. The pH45 in the m.longissimus dorsi, its colour and the loss of drip during storage were not significantly related to the amount of fighting but the pHu in both the m.semimembranosus and m.adductor was higher (P<0.05) in the carcasses showing greatest damage. There was a tendency for boars to show more carcass damage but there were no significant differences between the sexes in the measures of meat quality.
Some physical and chemical characteristics of Sri Lankan nutmeg oil
Authors: Sarath‐Kumara Subaddarage J. , Jansz Errol R. , Dharmadasa Hearath M.
Published: October 2006

Approximately 80 samples of Sri Lankan nutmeg oil (both industrially produced and laboratory distilled) were examined for relative density, optical rotation and refractive index and also analysed by gas chromatography. Results showed that although the oil resembled the West Indies type nutmeg oil rather than the East Indies type it had distinguishing features. Results of studies on industrially produced samples were as follows: relative density (30°/30°C). 0.8690±0.0085; optical rotation (30°C), 31.7±2.7°; refractive index (30°C). 1.4726±0.0024; sabinene content, 38.9±12.7%; myristicin content, 2.3% (mean); and elemicin content, 1.2% (mean). On the basis of these studies there appears to be a strong case for revising the Sri Lanka Standard for nutmeg oil, Sri Lanka, which at the present time lays down specifications similar to that of the East Indies oil.
The effect of dietary starch on the digestion by sheep of cell wall monosaccharide residues in maize silage
Authors: Ben‐Ghedalia Daniel , Rubinstein Aharon
Published: October 2006

The digestibility of individual cell wall monosaccharide residues from maize silage (MS) and from maize silage + concentrate (MS+con) diets, was examined in sheep equipped with rumen and duodenal cannulas. Dry matter digestibility was 73.8 and 86.6% in the MS and MS+con treatments, respectively. The overall digestibility of cell walls (CW) and CW monosaccharide residues was not depressed in the MS+con treatment. The values for total CW, CW glucose, CW uronic acid and for total xylose were 68.3, 77.0, 71.6 and 65.2 for MS and 69.4, 80.3, 75.3 and 63.7 for MS+con, respectively. However, the digestion of CW and CW monosaccharide residues in the rumen of the MS+con sheep was reduced and the contribution of the lower tract to the digestion of the potentially digestible CW‐sugar residues was in the range of 15 to 20%. Digestibility of the soluble uronic acid was adversely affected by the concentrate, its digestibility being reduced from 88.6% in the MS to 68.7% in the MS+con treatment. Based on compositional considerations, it is envisaged that the CW structural unit of the ensiled maize plant is made of cellulose fibres enveloped by a thin, poorly lignified and penetrable matrix. The degree of branching of the matrix polysaccharides is low compared with other forage plants. It is suggested that the above mentioned properties significantly contribute to the high quality of the ensiled maize plant.
Physiological deterioration of cassava roots
Authors: Rickard June E.
Published: October 2006

Rapid post‐harvest physiological deterioration of cassava roots (Manihot esculenta Crantz) appears to be due essentially to wound responses, comparable to those observed in other plant storage organs. The wound responses observed include: increased activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase, an enzyme associated with phenol biosynthesis; increased activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase; formation of phenols/polyphenols including leucoanthocyanidins, catechins, sco‐poletin and condensed tannins, and often the formation of a wound periderm. In cassava, the responses did not remain localised at wound surfaces in roots when held at low storage humidity but spread through the roots causing a discolouration of the vascular tissue and storage parenchyma. Roots stored at high humidity showed a more typical wound response with localised production of phenols and periderm formation.
Purification of a lipase from the hepatopancreas of oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps linnaeus) and its characteristics and properties
Authors: Mukundan M. K. , Gopakumar K. , Nair M. R.
Published: October 2006

Lipase has been purified from the hepatopancreas of oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) by defatting, water extraction, ammonium sulphate fractionation and chromatography on DEAE Sephadex and Sephadex G‐100. The preparation was homogeneous on polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis and on gel filtration through Sephacryl S‐200. The enzyme showed a molecular weight of 54000±57000 with 6.1% of carbohydrate. The pH and temperature optima of purified sardine lipase were 8 and 37°C respectively. Sardine lipase remained stable up to 45°C (15 min) and in the pH range 5 to 9.5. The Km values obtained for the substrates tributyrin and triacetin were 4 × 10−2 and 30 × 10−2, respectively. The effect of halogens and various metal ions on sardine lipase activity, substrate specificity, amino acid and carbohydrate composition are also reported.
A comparison of the aromas of six coffees characterised by conventional profiling, free‐choice profiling and similarity scaling methods
Authors: Williams Anthony A. , Arnold Gillian M.
Published: October 2006

A selected panel, trained in sensory procedures, used a previously developed vocabulary to profile the aromas of six ground coffees. The same coffees were also examined by a different panel of assessors not familiar with coffees, using free‐choice profiling and, on a separate occasion, similarity scaling procedures. The data from the three experiments were independently subjected to the appropriate statistical techniques to produce two‐dimensional diagrams showing the interrelationships of the samples. All three procedures produced similar information both in respect to the way the coffees grouped and differed from one another. The paper concludes by discussing the assessor variation associated with each of the procedures and shows that free choice profiling compares very favourably with the other two.
Esterases as genetic markers in finger millet
Authors: Upadhya Aravinda , Govardhan Lakshmi K. , Veerabhadrappa Patnagere S.
Published: October 2006

Different varieties of finger millet (Eleusine coracana Gaertn.) were screened for esterase activity colorimetrically and electrophoretically using 1‐naphthyl acetate and acetylthiocholine chloride as substrates. The Indian brown seed coat variety (Purna), the Indian white seed coat variety (Hamsa), hybrids of these designated as HPB (brown) and HPW (white), African varieties (brown) and Indian‐African hybrid varieties (brown) all exhibited 1‐naphthyl acetate hydrolysing activity and showed 6,5,6,5,8 and 8 esterolytic bands respectively on gel electrophoresis. The white seed coat varieties, both parental (Hamsa) and hybrid (HPW), did not possess any acetylthiocholine chloride hydrolysing activity while all the brown seed coat varieties did, the African varieties having greater activities than Indian brown seed coat varieties. Thus, the demonstrable variation in esterase isozymic pattern and cholinester hydrolysing activity with the varieties tested provides a useful genetic marker for identifying different varieties of finger millet.
Effect of tertiarybutylhydroquinone on lipid oxidation in fish crackers
Authors: Ahmad Shamsuddin , Augustin M. A.
Published: October 2006

The effect of tertiarybutylhydroquinone (TBHQ) in retarding lipid oxidation in fish crackers fried in refined, bleached and deodorised palm olein (RBD olein) during storage was evaluated. The indices of lipid oxidation used were the peroxide and p‐anisidine values and u.v. absorbances at 232 and 268 nm of oil extracted from fish crackers stored at 60°C. Two methods for TBHQ incorporation into the fish crackers were used. Fish crackers that were prepared by frying of fish chips in RBD olein containing TBHQ were more stable towards oxidative rancidity than control fish crackers prepared with RBD olein without TBHQ. The rate of lipid oxidation in fish crackers prepared from fish chips that were made with TBHQ in the dough formulation and fried in RBD olein without TBHQ was slightly higher than in control fish crackers. A storage study carried out at room temperature (30°C) showed the same trend in relative rates of lipid oxidation. The study showed that the incorporation of TBHQ into the frying medium was an effective means of retarding the onset of rancidity in fried fish crackers while the incorporation of TBHQ into the dough mixture made the fish cracker slightly more susceptible towards lipid oxidative reactions.
Automated analytical method for the determination of individual sugars in mixtures of glucose, fructose and sucrose
Authors: Tawfik Ahmed M. , Mardon Christopher J.
Published: October 2006

An automated colorimetric method, using p‐hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide and 2‐thiobarbituric acid as colour reagents for the determination of total reducing sugars and fructose respectively, is described. The normal measurement range of reducing sugars is 50–1500 mg litre−1, but with a simple modification of the autoanalyser arrangement it can be reduced to 1–30 mg litre−1 or increased to 500–6000 mg litre−1 without affecting the linearity of the calibration curve. Recovery of sugars by the known addition technique using this method range from 97 to 104%. The method is applicable for the joint determination of glucose, fructose and sucrose in fruits, vegetables and fermentation liquors.
Microbial dynamics during aerobic deterioration of silages
Authors: Lindgren Sven , Pettersson Kjell , Kaspersson Anders , Jonsson Anders , Lingvall Per
Published: October 2006

Factors affecting microbial dynamics during aerobic deterioration of silages were evaluated in laboratory, pilot‐scale and full‐scale experiments. Yeasts usually caused the initial deterioration but in some samples with fairly good storage stability (>10 days) the activity was associated with the growth of moulds and bacteria. At a later stage, and especially at higher temperatures (>40°C), the activity was caused by bacilli. The increase in pH as a result of lactate metabolism permitted the growth of Enterobacteria. Evaluation of storage stability in samples from different levels in a bunker silo indicated low stability in surface samples and fairly good stability in samples from 160cm depth. The surface samples contained higher numbers (100–1000 times) of yeasts but the pH levels were similar.

The establishment of yeasts during storage is probably due to diffusion of oxygen by leakage through the plastic cover. Compared with a plastic cover (0.1mm polythene), a rubber seal improved storage stability in laboratory silage (pH4.0) inoculated with lactic acid bacteria and infected with Candida albicans. An increase in acid content and a reduction in pH (3.7) by means of an efficient inoculant did not seem to increase the storage potential under the conditions described above. The content of adenosine triphosphate has been used as a measure of microbial activity during aerobic deterioration of silages. The main activity was concentrated at the surface (0–5cm). At 20°C, the activity was about ten times higher at the surface than at a depth of 30cm; above 30°C it was about 100 times higher.
β‐gliadin proteins from Maris Widgeon wheat
Authors: Khan Ahmed S. , Waldron Norman M. , Thiang Lek C.
Published: October 2006

Four β‐gliadins have been isolated from the English wheat, Maris Widgeon by Sephadex SP C25 ion‐exchange chromatography of the gliadin mixture followed by G‐75 or G‐100 gel‐filtration of either the native or reduced and alkylated proteins. Amino acid analyses of the proteins indicate similar compositions of β2‐ and β4‐gliadins and also of β3‐ and β5‐gliadins. Minimal molecular weights from amino acid analysis for all four proteins lie within the range 28000 to 30000.
Isolation of the acidic and basic lectins from winged bean seed (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC)
Authors: Kortt Alexander A. , Caldwell J. Bruce
Published: October 2006

The acidic and basic lectins of the winged bean were isolated from seed extracts by affinity chromatography on lactose‐Sepharose 6B and melibiose Bio‐Gel P150, respectively. The lectins isolated from six varieties of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, collected from different regions of south‐east Asia, showed no significant differences in their properties; their subunit Mr and amino acid compositions were the same as those of the acidic and basic lectins isolated by non‐affinity methods. On isoelectric focusing the affinity purified acidic lectins showed two major protein components (isolectins) while the affinity purified basic lectins had four protein components. The acidic lectins showed a preference for β‐D‐galactosides and they agglutinated trypsinised human type A, B and O erythrocytes but not trypsinised rabbit erythrocytes. The basic lectins showed a preference for α‐D‐galactosides and they agglutinated trypsinised rabbit and human type A and B erythrocytes but not trypsinised human type O erythrocytes.
Metabolisable energy values for growing chicks of some feedstuffs from Sri Lanka
Authors: Rajaguru Sundara B. , Ravindra Velmurugu
Published: October 2006

Seven chick bioassays were conducted with 600 one‐week‐old White Leghorn cockerels to determine the zero nitrogen‐corrected metabolisable energy (MEn) values of twenty‐three Sri Lankan‐produced feedstuffs. The MEn values (MJ kg−1 dry matter) of the feedstuffs were: maize 14.28, sorghum 14.42, broken rice 12.35, rough rice 9.21, rice bran grade I 14.28, rice bran grade II 9.30, wheat feed flour 9.31, wheat bran 7.66, undetoxified cassava root meal 13.38, detoxified cassava root meal 15.92, coconut oil meal 7.46, sesame oil meal 11.48, rubber seed meal 11.25, kapok seed meal 8.75, urd bean 12.68, cassava leaf meal 7.82, local fish meal 11.97, skim milk powder 10.41, meat and bone meal 8.02, sugar filter‐press mud 8.85, cocoa husk meal 7.46, Mango seed kernel meal 10.84, and tea refuse 6.02. The difference between the MEn values of undetoxified and detoxified cassava root meal indicate that hydrocyanic acid interferes with energy utilisation in poultry.
Identification of some wheat varieties by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Bertrand Dominique , Robert Paul , Loisel William
Published: October 2006

Variety identification by electrophoresis is not applicable to routine control in industry. In the present work, the feasibility of near infrared reflectance (n.i.r.) analysis was investigated. Two hundred and two wheat samples including 66 samples of six known varieties were collected and their n.i.r. spectra were recorded. Spectral data were mathematically corrected in order to reduce the effect of granularity on n.i.r. spectra, then Principal Component Analysis and Multiple Discriminant Analysis (MDA) were applied to the corrected data. MDA allowed an efficient identification of the genetic origin of unknown samples: on a prediction set, 87% of samples were correctly identified. The computerised identification procedure needed less than 20 records for one sample. Further studies are necessary before recommending n.i.r. as a routine screening method.
Induction of favism‐like symptoms in the rat: Effects of vicine and divicine in normal and buthionine sulphoximine‐treated rats
Authors: Yannai Shmuel , Marquardt Ronald R.
Published: October 2006

Rats were fed an adequate or a deficient diet and offered water or buthionine sulphoximine (BSO) solution for 2 weeks, and then the same diets with vicine for another week in experiment 1. BSO in combination with the deficient diet caused a marked decrease in blood glutathione (GSH) and growth retardation but failed to show any effects resulting from supplementation with vicine. In experiment 2 the rats were given an adequate diet and BSO as before, and injected intravenously with divicine (DV). Here again, BSO depressed rat growth, and so did DV. Each of the insults also caused haematological changes, especially a fall in GSH, but the most severe changes appeared in the group treated with both BSO and DV. A decrease in haematocrit and increases in adrenal and spleen weight were also noted. In experiment 3 the rats were injected with different doses of DV, without pretreatment with BSO. The main effect was a drop in blood GSH and haematocrit, and an increase in adrenal and spleen weights, all of which were dose‐related. Administration of the higher doses of DV resulted in a severe cyanosis followed by death within a relatively short period of time.
The effect of monensin supplementation of dried grass or barley diets on aspects of propionate metabolism, insulin secretion and lipogenesis in the sheep
Authors: Wahle Klaus W. J. , Livesey Chris T.
Published: October 2006

The effects of 33 mg kg −1 monensin supplementation (+M) of barley (HC) or dried grass (HF) diets on aspects of propionate metabolism, insulin secretion, rumen vitamin B12 synthesis and lipogenesis in sheep were investigated. Monensin had no significant effect on the estimated metabolisable energy intake, or the liveweight gain, but increased the proportion of propionate in rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA), P<0.01 and P<0.05 for HC and HF diets respectively, and increased rumen ammonia concentration, P<0.01 for both diets. Plasma propionate concentrations were increased (P<0.01) with the HC+M diet. Significant increases in adipose tissue and liver‐propionyl‐CoA carboxylase (P<0.001), a non‐significant trend toward increases in fatty acid synthetase and significant increases in malic enzyme (P<0.01), indicated an induction of the pathways of propionate metabolism and lipogenesis; this was also supported by a trend toward increases, or significant increases, in total propionate derived fatty acids (PDFA), branchedchain fatty acids (BCFA) (P<0.01) and 18:1/18:0 ratio (P<0.02) in adipose tissue triacylglycerols of sheep fed the HC+M diet. Dietary monensin did not influence plasma glucose but reduced plasma insulin concentrations with both diets, P<0.001 and P<0.05 for HC and HF diets respectively, possibly due to a direct effect of monensin on insulin secretion. Monensin supplementation led to significant increases (P<0.02) or a trend toward increases in serum vitamin B12, for HC and HF diets respectively, and to significant increases in liver vitamin B12 (P<0.02) for the HF diet.
Changes during growth in anatomical and chemical composition and in‐vitro degradability of lucerne
Authors: Nordkvist Erik , Åman Per
Published: October 2006

Lucerne (alfalfa) was harvested at different stages of maturity and the plants classified according to a phenological scale. The main class was separated into anatomical parts and analysed for content of extractives and crude protein and in‐vitro degradability. Whole crop samples were also analysed for polysaccharide residues, Klason lignin and in‐vitro degradability of crude protein and polysaccharide residues. The composition of the plant changed during maturation with an increase of the stem fraction from 18.5% to 50.7% of dry matter and a corresponding decrease in the leaf fraction from 72.9% to 18.4% of dry matter. The leaf fraction changed least in content of extractives and crude protein and in‐vitro degradability while in the stems all these paramaters decreased radically. Chemical analysis of residues after incubation with rumen liquor in vitro of whole crop samples revealed that the degradability of crude protein declined from about 90% to about 80% and of non‐starch polysaccharides from about 90% to about 60% during maturation. Xylose was the least degradable polysaccharide residue at all harvests. Xylose residues also showed the greatest decrease in degradability during growth. A comparison showed that stage of development and harvest date were of practically equal value as predictor of crude protein content in lucerne.
Choice of leaf for estimation of K status by analysis of petiole sap
Authors: Burns Ian G. , Hutsby Wendy
Published: October 2006

Glasshouse experiments were carried out to examine the way in which potassium was redistributed within lettuce plants during development and alleviation of K deficiency, with a view to providing a more objective method of selecting the best leaf for sap analysis. The changes in distribution of K between leaves were measured by analysis of samples of petiole sap and were compared with the corresponding changes in overall K status of the plants determined by analysis of the total shoot dry matter. Young expanding leaves were most sensitive to alterations in external K supply: their sap concentrations changed more quickly than in any of the older leaves, but because of the inherently lower concentrations in these immature leaves, the overall size of these changes was ultimately less than in fully developed ones. Statistical analyses also showed that measurements of K in the sap from young expanding leaves were more precise than from mature ones. Relative changes in K concentration in the sap of these expanding leaves also occurred initially more quickly than in the total shoot dry matter, but measurements on the latter were considerably more precise. It was concluded that for sap K analysis the best results were obtained using an immature leaf.
Studies on chinese rock sugar: Analysis and taste
Authors: Chan S. T. , Lee C. K. , Leong Y. H. , Tan S. Y. , Teng H. S. , Teo K. G. , Wee E. H.
Published: October 2006

The principles of Chinese dietetic and Chinese medicine may seem vague, archaic and superstitious to anyone who is unacquainted with Chinese culture. The preference for rock sugar or bing tang over ordinary sugar in certain Chinese dishes is well known. The composition and taste of several samples of rock sugar manufactured in China and in Singapore have been investigated in a search for clues to explain widespread belief among the Chinese that it is nutritionally superior to ordinary sugar and tastes better. There appears to be very little difference between the proximate composition and that of refined sugar. Taste panel tests also showed no significant difference in the sweetness and the quality of taste from those of refined sugar.
Nitrogen extractability and buffer capacity of defatted linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) flour
Authors: Dev Dipak K. , Quensel Erika , Hansen Rudolf
Published: October 2006

Defatted linseed flour was prepared from cold‐pressed seed meal via hexane extraction of the residual oil, followed by removal of the major portion of the hulls through grinding and sieving (sieve size 0.25 mm). The resulting flour had 50% protein on a dry basis compared with 40% contained by the whole seed on an oil‐free dry basis. Nitrogen extractability of the defatted flour in water was not influenced by the length of the extraction period but an increased extraction was observed at higher solid:liquid ratios up to the studied limit of 1:40. The smallest amount of nitrogen (20%) was extracted in the pH range 4.0–4.6 and the greatest (80%) at pH 12.0. Addition of NaCl (0.1–1.0 M) broadened the pH range of minimum nitrogen extractability and shifted it towards lower pH region. At higher concentrations (0.6 and 1.0 M) NaCl markedly increased nitrogen extractability in the pH range of 4.0 to 8.0. Precipitation of protein from an extract at pH 10.0 was maximum (77%) at pH 4.1. A higher buffer capacity of the flour was observed in the acidic medium (0.204 mmol HCl g−1 flour) than in the alkaline medium (0.096 mmol NaOH g−1 flour).
Abscisic acid in straw residues from autumn‐sown wheat
Authors: Hall Keith C. , Chapman Stephen J. , Christian Dudley G. , Jackson Michael B.
Published: October 2006

Wheat straw collected from the soil surface 9 weeks after the 1983 grain harvest contained the plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA). A 10 cm3leachate from 1 g of straw is calculated to have contained sufficient ABA (1.5x10−4mol m−3) to retard seedling root extension. In contrast, straw incorporated into surface soil shortly after harvest contained no detectable ABA 9 weeks after harvest. The concentration of ABA in the flag leaf increased during the 2 weeks before grain harvest in 1984. In this particularly wet autumn, ABA in surface straw decreased steadily to below the level of detection 7 weeks after grain harvest. Sephadex chromato‐graphed fractions of aqueous extracts of fresh straw judged to contain ABA inhibited root extension of barley seedlings. These findings indicate causes of poor growth of cereal seedlings drilled into seed‐beds with surface straw residues from the preceding crop.