bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Early Battles
Authors: Yarbrough Tinsley E
Published: October 2023

If John Harlan’s relations with his brethren were to be more harmonious and freer of intrigue than Justice Frankfurter’s, the judicial and constitutional philosophy he would advance was to be decidedly Frankfurtian, albeit with its own special character and application. Among the most fundamental elements of Harlan’s jurisprudence was the belief that the political processes and the principles of federalism and separation of powers ultimately were more significant safeguards of individual liberty than specific constitutional guarantees, as well as his corollary assertion that judicial interpretations of the latter must give due regard to the importance of the former in a free society. In a 1964 address, he would quote the provisions of the Bill of Rights, praising their “eloquent simplicity and clarity,” but then remark: While these Amendments symbolize the respect for the individual that is the cornerstone of American political concepts, it would be a grave mistake to regard them as the full measure of the bulwarks of our free society. Except for the first three Amendments they are largely procedural protections against particular kinds of arbitrary governmental action and touch the activities of relatively few people; standing alone they do not account for the broad spectrum of freedoms which the people of this Country enjoy. They were indeed not a part of the original handiwork of the Framers of the Constitution.
“More Prussian than the Prussians”: The Army League in the Liberal Southwest
Authors: Coetzee Marilyn Shevin
Published: October 2023

That a militaristic organization like the Army League should have been inaugurated in Wiirttemberg rather than in Prussia might, upon reflection, seem curious. If Prussia could conjure up vivid images of militarism, bureaucracy, and Junkerdom, Wiirttemberg suggested constitutionalism and a more liberal ethos. Politically, socially, and economically, Wiirttemberg’s development bore little resemblance to that of the Prussian state. Lacking a counterpart to Prussia’s landowning Junkers, Wiirttemberg consisted of small-to middle-sized holdings owned by peasants and noblemen alike. Thus, without substantial landholdings, the state’s nobility were unable to exert the same degree of control over the local population and regional affairs.
The Data
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M
Published: October 2023

In 1979, the Office for Improvements in the Administration of Justice (OIAJ) of the U.S. Justice Department commissioned a major study of civil litigation in the United States. The two goals of those who developed the initial plans for the study were to obtain baseline information on the civil justice process in the United States, particularly with regard to costs, and to create an information base that would be useful for understanding the civil justice system in order that proposals for reforms of the system could be rationally considered (see Rosenberg, 1980-1981; Sarat, 1981).
Winning and Losing in Litigation: Does the Lawyer Deliver?
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M
Published: October 2023

In one of the first systematic efforts to understand the outcomes of litigation, Galanter (1974) examined the question of “Why the Haves Come Out Ahead.” Galanter was responding to an analysis that defined the “winner” in a given case as simply the party that “prevailed” at judgment time.1 Unfortunately, as I will detail in this chapter, that simple definition misses much of what results from litigation. Since most litigation does not terminate through a judgment in favor of one side or the other, outcomes achieved through settlement, as well as outcomes that might have been achieved by settlement, must be taken into account to arrive at an understanding of who ultimately wins and loses from litigation.
Lawyers and Litigation: Images and Implications
Authors: Kritzer Herbert M
Published: October 2023

While Shaw never wrote a play about the legal profession, he might, if writing today, direct the preceding sentiment to lawyers rather than physicians. Al though few people would agree fully with the cynicism evidenced by this quotation, most knowledgeable observers of the legal profession would agree that there is a substantial gap between the professional ideal2 and the actual experience of lawyers and their clients. Popular scorn of lawyers is by no means a new phenomenon (see Roth and Roth, 1989; Kupferberg, 1978). Shakespeare often made lawyers the target of his scorn and wit; while the line from Henry VI (Part II, Act IV, Scene 2) may be best known (appearing on a T-shirt sold by the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C.).
Introduction: The Politics of Domesticating Culture, Then and Now
Authors: Armstrong Nancy
Published: October 2023

From the beginning, domestic fiction actively sought to disentangle the language of sexual relations from the language of politics and, in so doing, to introduce a new form of political power. This power emerged with the rise of the domestic woman and established its hold over British culture through her dominance over all those objects and practices we associate with private life. To her went authority over the household, leisure time, courtship procedures, and kinship relations, and under her jurisdiction the most basic qualities of human identity were supposed to develop.
History in the House of Culture
Authors: Armstrong Nancy
Published: October 2023

Most literary historical accounts of domestic fiction endeavor to make a continuous narrative out of material that actually proceeds in fits and starts. This chapter will argue that the gaps in any such narrative are important. They tell us when this fiction could not deal with the important issues of the day, just as its reappearance in startlingly new forms suggests that it was engaging a particular moment in history.
March 1941 The Aura of German Power
Authors: Heinrichs Waldo
Published: October 2023

On March 1, 1941, leading elements of the German Twelfth Army crossed the Danube from Rumania to Bulgaria on pontoon bridges. Soon, under a warming, drying sun, German infantry, armored, mountain, and anti-aircraft troops were streaming south through Bulgaria toward the passes of the Rhodope Mountains, the Greek frontier, and the Mediterranean. Hitler, as the New York Times said, was “on the march again.” Trains from Istanbul to Belgrade experienced delays of up to a full day; even the crack Simplon Express was running hours behind schedule. The Nazi build up to seventeen divisions for Operation MARITA, the conquest of Greece, had begun. The 1941 campaigning season was under way.
April Balancing Risks
Authors: Heinrichs Waldo
Published: October 2023

As Roosevelt headed south to relax and ponder, Matsuoka Yosuke, foreign minister of Japan, journeyed westward across the Soviet Union dreaming of accomplishing a diplomatic coup by his forth-coming negotiations in Moscow and Berlin. He envisioned a four. power entente embracing the Axis powers and the Soviet Union through which Japan could adjust problems in the north and free itself to achieve self-sufficiency in resources in the south and a New Order in East Asia. As his special train traversed the unending white wastes of Siberia, the diminutive, combative diplomat passed the time drinking vodka, telling his staff “how he would make puppets of Hitler and Stalin,” writing short poems “full of subtle twists of thought,” or simply meditating while sipping tea.
June The Russian Factor
Authors: Heinrichs Waldo
Published: October 2023

In June 1941 the German ground forces coiled for the greatest onslaught in the history of warfare. Last to arrive, in May and June, were the elements whose presence was most difficult to conceal: the motorized and armored divisions that formed the three great wedges to be driven into the heart of the Soviet Union, eight in the north directed at Leningrad, sixteen in the center at Moscow, and thirteen in the south at the rich agricultural and industrial region of the Ukraine and Don basin. The primary front (excluding Finland) from the Baltic to the Black Sea stretched about. as far as from Chicago to New Orleans but would widen by half again as the armies moved deeper into Russia.
The American Cooperative Commonwealth
Authors: Buder Stanley
Published: October 2023

American radicals, like Americans in general, at the end of the nineteenth century thought their nation on the cutting edge of modern change. The influential Our Country (1885) by the Reverend Josiah Strong boldly assumed as “America goes, so goes the world.” In reforming their own na¬tion, American radicals often anticipated fulfilling its destiny as “a wonder working providence,” a nursery for social experiments. They associated Marxism with immigrant groups oflow status. As such, it held little appeal for native-born Americans, who came to radicalism with an ethical vision of Christian brotherhood and were appalled by strident rhetoric of class conflict. Cooperative and communitarian schemes long had provided the matrix for what they thought of as socialism.
The Search for Environment
Authors: Buder Stanley
Published: October 2023

Howard’s eventual success is directly related to his decision to direct Tomorrow’s message to a general audience rather than to one inclined toward communitarian experiments. To persuade the skeptical reader, Howard knew he needed to avoid any suggestion of faddism, sectarianism, and, most important, utopianism. In 1893, Howard had presented his scheme essentially as an experiment in collective land ownership and only secondarily as a planned community designed with the problems of the great city in mind. In To-morrow, this approach was reversed, and priority was given to the garden city as a novel environmental order.
Coherence and Legitimacy
Authors: Franck Thomas M
Published: October 2023

Legitimacy is the generic label we have placed on factors that affect our willingness to comply voluntarily with commands. These commands may be direct (“go on green; stop on red”) or indirect, in the sense of referring back to a more general underlying rule or principle (“each member of the U.N. is to be treated by all others in accordance with the principle of equal entitlement”). Such commands emanate from institutions and from rules. Those institutions and rules perceived to have a high degree of legitimacy generate a correspondingly high sense of obligation on the part of the persons or states to whom a command is addressed. Evidence of that sense of obligation is to be found primarily in compliant behavior. But there may be evidence of it even in cases of non-compliance.
Zionist History Reconsidered
Authors: Vital David
Published: October 2023

This is a sequel to the author’s The Origins of Zionism (Oxford: 1975) and Zionism: The Formative Years (Oxford: 1982), and as such it is welcome. Professor Vital is an accomplished writer and few can rival his literary talents. However, this time he has overreached himself. His sentences are so convoluted (some extend for no less than eight to ten lines!) and contain such a labyrinth of clauses and sub-clauses that, at times, one can hardly penetrate their inner meaning. But since Vital’s narrative is more descriptive than analytical, economy of words is not his concern.
Jefferson and the Diplomacy of the Old Regime
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

Efferson is the great exemplar, along with Woodrow Wil­ son, of the national conviction-so persistent and profound -that we have rejected an ancient reason of state, that we stand for something new under the sun, and that our destiny as a .nation is to lead the world from the old to the new. No one gave more fervent and eloquent expression to this conviction than Wilson, and at a time when the nation’s star, though already very high, was still rising. But the same conviction was apparent from the outset, as Jefferson testifies, though the circumstances attending it were quite modest.
Toward the Republican Triumph of 1800
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

Few episodes in American history have the intrinsic drama of the great crisis that afflicted the country as it approached the dawn of a new century. The European war had unleashed tremendous passions and dreadful energies: nations disappeared, gigantic projects were afoot.
War and Alliancein Republican Diplomacy
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

On september 28, 1801, the Secretary of State forwarded a letter of instructions to the newly appointed Minister to France, then awaiting passage to Bordeaux.37 The minister’s attention was directed to the information that a “transaction” had likely been concluded between France and Spain involving “the mouth of the Mississippi, with certain portions of adjacent territory.”
The Gambit for West Florida
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

A though the acquisition of Louisiana was a triumph of all fi but incalculable proportion, it was not without blemish. However great a bargain the purchase undoubtedly was, the wrong thing had been bought. The aim of Jefferson’s diplomacy had been the acquisition of New Orleans and the Floridas.
Lessons of the Louisiana Purchase
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

0ne consequence of the Louisiana purchase was a determination to possess the Floridas. A related consequence of the cession was the conviction that possession of the Floridas would prove to be a simple matter. From the outset, Jefferson was confident that the addition of the Floridas to the Union was both inevitable and imminent.
The Nature of Jefferson’s Failure
Authors: Tucker Robert W , Hendrickson David C
Published: October 2023

At the outset of his second administration, Jefferson stood fiat the height of his popularity, rivaling Washington as an object of popular adoration. The triumphs of his first term had isolated the Federalists and disproved on every tangible measure their forecasts of inevitable ruin.
Introduction
Authors: Mills Richard M
Published: October 2023

When I’m taking books to an American exhibit I don’t take books Americans wouldn’t like. In our books, we look at American politics the way we look at it, but we have never taken these books to the United States. Truth be told, Tankred Golenpolsky’s remarks are overly critical.1 Too many Soviet books on American politics do substantiate his forebodings, but some are not as offensive as he thinks. Yet even the better books would be alien to American sensibilities insofar as they reflect the typical Soviet mindset at work trying to fathom the internal political dynamics of the Western superpower.
American Political Institutions and Processes: Soviet Evaluations
Authors: Mills Richard M
Published: October 2023

The concept of an information-patterning system is particularly significant to the Soviets’ treatment of institutions and processes. The Soviet “learning net” willed two things, first that American politics be analyzed from ideological perspectives, and second that increasing amounts of hard data about American politics be incorporated. In either case, or in combination, over the decades so many Soviets have presented their materials on elections, political parties, the president, Congress, and the Supreme Court in such a scattered way that it is difficult to reorganize them under these conventional headings. There have been rare exceptions to this scattering effect, but the Soviets have not yet written the kinds of systematic, general, critical studies of American politics produced in the United States by Mintz and Cohen (1971), Dye and Zeigler (1970-1987), Greenberg (1989), Parenti (1980), and many others. The earliest major American attempt to systematize the widely dispersed elements of information was Frederick Barghoorn’s The Soviet Image of the United States: A Study in Distortion (1950). The book’s title and content were very faithful to the unrelievedly negative and abusive spirit in the Soviet materials of the mid- and late 1940s.
Conclusions
Authors: Mills Richard M
Published: October 2023

Three conclusions emerge from the foregoing analysis. First, with respect to the study of American politics and society the Soviet mindset has doggedly persisted in its essentials. Second, the changes that have occurred have been incremental. Third, the mindset has recently become potentially susceptible to substantial modification-but within the limits permitted by Gorbachev’s vision of socialism, or within whatever other parameters the rough and-tumble of Soviet politics may create in the future. Just how far and in what directions will these changes go at the level of practice, theory, and foreign policy, especially Soviet-American relations? The mindset is composed of at least seven elements: individuals, groups, institutions, processes, values, traditions or practices, and the vast body of patterned information that incorporates or reflects all these and is the data base for this book. In each of these areas, and in varying combinations of them, change takes place at different times, in different ways, at different speeds, and to different degrees.
Molecular Genetics of the Human and Mouse Y-Chromosome
Authors: Sinclair Andrew H , Palmer Mark S , Berta Philippe , Ellis, Nathan A , Goodfellow Peter N
Published: October 2023

In mammals, sex is determined by chromosomal constitution: males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome; females have two X chromosomes (reviewed by Good fellow and Darling, 1988). Analysis of individuals with unusual sex chromosome combinations has shown that the presence of the Y chromosome is crucial for male sex determination and absence of the Y chromosome results in female development (Ford et al., 1959; Welshons and Russell, 1959; Jacobs and Strong, 1959). The Y chromosome acts by inducing the undifferentiated fetal gonads to become testes and subsequent male sexual differentiation is controlled by testicular hormones (Jost et al., 1973; Josso et al., 1977). The Y chromosome gene, or genes, responsible for inducing testis development have been named testis determining factor (TDF) in humans and testis determining-Y chromosome (Tdy) in mouse.
Mullerian Inhibiting Substance
Authors: Lee Mary M , Kuroda, T atsuo , Donahoe Patricia K
Published: October 2023

Mullerian inhibiting substance is a testicular hormone that causes involution of the mullerian ducts in male fetuses during normal genital tract differentiation (reviewed in Josso et al., 1977; Donahoe et al., 1982, 1987; Josso and Picard, 1986; Cate et al., 1990). In early fetal development, the gonads are bipotential and the mullerian and wolffian ducts are both present in the urogenital ridge: the former are the anlagen of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and the upper third of the vagina, and the latter are the embryologic precursors of the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles. During normal female reproductive tract development, the mullerian ducts develop spontaneously, and the wolffian ducts atrophy in the absence of testosterone. In males, the wolffian ducts are stimulated to differentiate by testosterone, and the mullerian ducts regress under the influence of another hormone secreted by Sertoli cells. This hormone, termed mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), has been identified as a 140 kDa glycoprotein composed of two identical 70 kDa subunits. The MIS gene, which has been cloned and sequenced (Cate et al., 1986a), is a member of the transforming growth factor-/3 (TGF-/3) family of proteins that are all involved in growth and differentiation (Sporn et al., 1987; Massague, 1990). The purification and characterization of MIS, including its gene regulation, posttranslational modification, and mechanism of action are reviewed in this chapter. Current and potential areas of MIS re-search, including newly discovered functions of the hormone, are discussed.
Sperm Cell Surface Proteins of Testicular Origin: Expression and Localization in the Testis and Beyond
Authors: Myles Diana G
Published: October 2023

Spermatogenesis is an example of cell differentiation that involves dramatic alterations in all aspects of the cell. In early stages, the germ cell divides mitotically to bring about a total reorganization of the genome. During the later stage of spermatogenesis (spermiogenesis) there is a complete transformation of the spermatid to make it capable of carrying out the vital function of conveying the male genome to the egg. The sperm surface is an integral part of this cellular differentiation. Throughout spermatogenesis in the testes and also in subsequent steps of sperm maturation in the male and female reproductive tracts, the cell surface is being transformed, both in its overall composition and in the localization of surface molecules.
U.S. Banks in International Finance
Authors: Carosso Vincent P , Sylla Richard
Published: October 2023

In the United States of America banks and bankers were players in a drama of international finance before 1914, but their roles were small ones compared to those of British, French, and German bankers. Because the U.S. economy by 1914 was approximately as large as those of the other three nations combined, the bit parts allotted to U.S. bankers may seem surprising. Our investigation points to the regulatory environment in which U.S. banks operated as the primary factor that undermined a larger international role for American banks.
The Case of the French Banks
Authors: Bonin Hubert
Published: October 2023

The present state of research does not yet permit a definitive synthesis of the history of the French banking system or of its internationalization for this period. Although historians have scrutinized the activities of French banks abroad, the archives have scarcely been consulted in order to reconstitute their operations in France at the tum of the century, except for the Credit Lyonnais. The field of investigation is virgin territory.
Belgium
Authors: Wee Herman Van der , Goossens Martine
Published: October 2023

During the period between 1870 and 1914 Belgium played an active role in the internationalization of banking activities and industrial finance. In 1913 Belgium was one of the five major creditor nations of the world. Its foreign interests at that time were estimated at 7.5 billion pre-1914 francs.
Japan
Authors: Ishii Kanji
Published: October 2023

Economic development of modern Japan. The growth rate of real GNP of Japan from 1887 to 1913 was once estimated at 3.6 percent per annum, one of the highest rates in the world at that time,1 but a new estimate by Kazushi Ohkawa in 1974 reduced it to 2.4 percent,2 which led to a hot controversy about the correct rate. For lack of reliable data, we can only say that the rate was around 3 percent, which was not the highest rate but a fairly high one at that time.
Banking and Financial Relations between Russia and the United States
Authors: Roosa Ruth AmEnde
Published: October 2023

The crucial role of capital in the industrial development of Russia before 1914 is recognized by scholars both in the Soviet Union and in the Western world. Indeed, its critical importance was emphasized by Russia’s most advanced economic leaders long before 1914, albeit not without opposition from agrarian interests. Although the state had generally sought to play a positive role in initiating industrial development, its economic policies had been subject to alternating change through both the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Foreign Capital in the Italian Banking Sector
Authors: Hertner Peter
Published: October 2023

The development of the Italian banking sector in the years between the unification of Italy and the outbreak of World War I has been described by Jon Cohen in Banking and Economic Development, by Antonio Confalonieri in his monumental contribution, Banca e industria in Italia (beginning in the 1880s), and by the present author in a few essays published since 1978. The following notes concentrate on the specific role of foreign investment in Italian banking between 1860 and 1914 and on the way these foreign investments may have contributed to Italian economic development.
The Banking System and Foreign Capital in Brazil
Authors: Levy Maria Bárbara
Published: October 2023

In Brazil the year 1870 saw the beginning of a substantial transformation of productive infrastructure with the progressive extinction of slavery and the spread of free labor. We aim in this chapter to show the various ways in which the Brazilian economy related to the world economy, the British in particular, through international finance.
European Banks in the Middle East
Authors: Thobie Jacques
Published: October 2023

The basic approach of this chapter rests on an ascertainable fact: The intervention of European banks in the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and Persia involved necessarily and intimately two processes, one of financial and economic technique, the other of politics. The emergence and development of the purely financial activity of British, French, Belgian, Swiss, Dutch, then Austrian, German, Italian and Russian banks, occurred at a time when banking institutions in Europe strove to adapt themselves to the changing requirements of the development of industrial capitalism.
The Expansion of the World Cable Network, 1866–1895
Authors: Headrick Daniel R
Published: October 2023

By 1866 telegraph engineers and entrepreneurs had learned much from two decades of experimentation and failure. They were ready to build a system that would dominate international communications for half a century. Until World War I the technology of telegraphs settled into a comfortable maturity, not yet challenged by long-distance telephony, radio, or airmail. Once cables could be made reliable and efficient, the network expanded until it reached almost every part of the world. Submarine cables, which totalled forty-six kilometers in 1852, stretched over 300,000 kilometers by 1895 (see Table 3.1 and Figure 2). Meanwhile, the world’s land lines had grown to over a million kilometers.
The Beginnings of Radio, 1895-1914
Authors: Headrick Daniel R
Published: October 2023

The telegraph, appearing in an era of peace, was long thought to be peaceful by nature; it did not become an object of dissension until the turn of the century, when nations turned antagonistic for other reasons. The radio, in contrast, was born into a world of jittery jingoism and started life as a weapon in the commercial and military rivalries of the great powers. Thus do humans unfairly project their own virtues and vices upon the machines they create. Two characteristics of radiotelegraphy (or wireless as it was then known) were apparent from the start. It could communicate with ships and other vehicles that had been incommunicado in the age of the telegraph, and it sprayed its messages in all directions and crossed national boundaries with impunity, making it far less secure than cables.
Victims of a Macroeconomic Policy Shift?
Authors: Mattey Joe P
Published: October 2023

There is a substantial amount of prima facie evidence that timber contract buyers were victims of an unanticipated shift in macro¬ economic policy. It is easy to see how timber contract buyers could have been fooled-macroeconomic conditions were very different in the early 1980s from those in the late 1970s. In an attempt to restore credibility as an inflation fighter, in October 1979 the Federal Reserve announced a shift to new operating procedures and pursued a contractionary monetary policy. The ensuing contraction was sharp, increasing the potential disruption to individuals who failed to respond to the monetary policy shift. The decline in demand for coastal lumber that undermined timber values was not idiosyncratic to that regional industry; nationwide, there was a decrease in housing construction.
Psychology of the Market
Authors: Mattey Joe P
Published: October 2023

This chapter discusses the psychology of the timber market during the period of highest overbids, 1979 through 1981. Specific consideration is given to the possibility that decisions of the timber buyers were quasirational, in the sense that the buyers chose actions that fitted their beliefs, but they held false beliefs.1 Although the buyers’ beliefs about future economic conditions cannot be known exactly, some clues to the way they made predictions can be culled from their testimony before Congress. Thus timber buyers’ approach to fore¬ casting is described on the basis of this testimony and of the properties of forecasting models that appear to have influenced their expectations.
Technological Change
Authors: Joekes Susan P
Published: October 2023

International technology transactions have increased greatly over the past forty years. A broad crosssectoral range of institutions and in struments of transfer now exists, and many new product and process technologies have emerged and been widely diffused internationally, some of them ofrevolutionary character. While this has made available a great variety of technological options, the criteria governing their choice has, in practice, proved difficult to determine, particularly for the developing countries. Sometimes the attempt to choose, adopt, and adapt technologies that have proved successful in the more developed countries has been accompanied by many problems heretofore unseen. At the same time, the cost of developing “appropriate” technology is far from negligible.
Services
Authors: Joekes Susan P
Published: October 2023

The services sector is heterogeneous in the types of economic ac tivities it covers and in its relation to the international economy. It includes large modern sector enterprises, such as tourism, and small black market enterprises, many so hidden that they escape any form of statistical record; one-to-one personal health and educational services as well as services to organizations; directly traded activities and others for purely local consumption; national scale traders, including wholesalers as well as neighborhood suppliers, such as small local shopkeepers and itinerant street hawkers; and all forms of transport and communications. It is impossible to find systematic economic causes of the overall growth of such a mixed bag of activities. But, nevertheless, the individual activities can be sorted into those that bear a direct or indirect relationship to international markets and those that have only the most tenuous connection, and some generalizations about the impact of changes in the international environment can be made on that basis.
Emerging Trends in the International Economy as Related to Women: Summary of Findings
Authors: Joekes Susan P
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this study has been to assess the extent to which the emergence of a modern international economy has contributed to de velopment needs relating to the economic position of women. Only by identifying the trends at work and their effects is it possible to suggest the appropriate directions for policy. Beneficial market tendencies should be reinforced; measures to realize their potential benefit should be introduced; harmful policy measures or market tendencies should be modified by introducing effective countervailing measures, and tendencies that are to the advantage of one set of countries but that have specifically deleterious social consequences, in this case for women, should be compensated.
Geisel: Toward Abertura
Authors: Skidmore Thomas E
Published: October 2023

Ernesto Geisel reached the presidency as the climax to a carefully orches trated campaign. The castelistas, having lost control of the Pianalto in 1967 and having suffered through the presidencies of Costa e Silva and Medici, had fought their way back into power. They had done their homework; the military consensus behind the new general-president, once nominated, was solid.1 The presidential succession came off more smoothly than any since 1964.
Educating the Eloquent Speaker
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

The early efforts of the classical world’s greatest orator were derided for their “strange and uncouth style, which was cumbered with long sentences and tortured with formal arguments to a most harsh and disagreeable excess.” To complicate his problems, he had “a weakness in his voice, a perplexed and indistinct utterance and a shortness of breath, which, by breaking and disjointing his sentences much obscured the sense and meaning of what he spoke.” So, “in the end, being quite disheartened, he forsook the assembly.”
Incapacitating the Eloquent Speaker
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

“Nothing succeeds like success” may be true in business but, for the speaker, success carries with it a deadly tendency to transplant what worked well in the past into a new and sometimes unsympathetic environment. Success can undercut speakers by limiting their ability to choose the best from among the available means of persuasion. The eloquent person sees new occasions on their own terms not as repeats of past occasions. Reflexively resurrecting arguments, evidence, and types of discourse that worked before can cripple a speaker. In the first chapter we examined the ways in which eloquent individuals can increase their awareness of the available means of persuasion. We also noted how they can refine their ability to choose the best from among those means. Here we examine factors that blind the speaker and encourage the choice of inappropriate styles and strategies.
Dramatizing and Storytelling
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

Ronald, Reagan’s adversaries, allies, and admirers agree that he is an effective communicator. Yet few consider him eloquent. Nowhere in the Reagan corpus is there a speech to rival FDR’s first inaugural, Kennedy’s speech in Berlin, or Johnson’s speech to the Congress on civil rights. Nor are there passages that have come to speak his presidency as “nothing to fear but fear” and “Ask not what your country can do for you ...” defined the presidencies of Roosevelt and Kennedy.
Conversation and Self-Revelation
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: October 2023

Ironic though it may seem, the first inaugural address of the modern presidency’s most conservative politician was a revolutionary act. Accused by his opponents of wanting to lead the country headlong into the eighteenth century, Reagan nonetheless defied the patterns of discourse deified in the age of print; in their place, he innovatively inaugurated both his presidency and a new era in presidential communication by delivering a televisual speech. More than four decades after the first televised presidential address, the oldest man ever to be elected to the office demonstrated the power of a prime-time presidency.
First Tour in the Soviet Union
Authors: Mayers David
Published: October 2023

Kennan ’s tour of duty in the USSR during the 1930s can be divided for purposes of review into three categories.1 First, there was his direct encounter, intellectual as well as personal, with the Soviet Union. His assessment of the relative importance of that country ’s official ideology and the influence of the prerevolutionary past on the communist experiment was perceptive. He understood more clearly than many Westerners of the day that the weight of Russian political traditions and practice foredoomed the Bolshevik experiment of creating a new, humane communist order; the method of Stalin ’s despotism and the unrestrained activity of the police organs were perfectly in keeping with the worst autocratic rulers and habits that governed Russia before 1917.
Criticisms and Recommendations
Authors: Mayers David
Published: October 2023

Kennan ’s assignment to the State Department ’s Soviet desk in late 1937 ended a decade of work abroad that had taken him to Berlin, Tallinn, Riga, Vienna, and Moscow. One of the effects of his peripatetic career was that he, like many American diplomats posted abroad for years at a time, felt in various ways unrelated to his native country. His sense of domestic impermanency was heightened by his tour in Washington, DC, where he discovered that outside of the State Department he lived in “that peculiar loneliness of the returned exile who has not forgotten his own country but who has been pretty thoroughly forgotten by most of the people he ever knew in it.”
Soviet War Aims and the Grand Alliance
Authors: Mayers David
Published: October 2023

During most of his tenure in Moscow, 1944-1946, Kennan was a disaffected diplomat who lived temperamentally outside of the passions of war and was on the verge of resigning from the Foreign Service. Although respected by his professional colleagues, he was otherwise unknown to officialdom in Washington. The president knew nothing of Kennan ’s analyses of Soviet policy during the war and probably would have discounted them in any event because they varied sharply with the administration ’s line about continued Allied collaboration and postwar universalism and collective security (i.e., the United Nations).
Cold War in Europe
Authors: Mayers David
Published: October 2023

Kennan ’s ideas of 1947-1949 about waging the Cold War in Europe met with mixed results. He did succeed in helping to shape the Marshall Plan in three distinctive ways: the West Europeans assumed the major responsibility for devising a program of economic relief; the Soviets bore the embarrassment of refusing an offer of apparent American generosity and had to accept much of the onus for the partitioning of Europe; West Germany ’s economic and political rehabilitation was achieved within a framework of general European recovery. In Kennan ’s view, the Marshall Plan was, overall, the single most important step taken by the United States to promote a stable balance of power in posthostilities Europe.
Far Eastern Dilemmas
Authors: Mayers David
Published: October 2023

By most any standard of evaluation, US policy toward Europe in the late 1940s was a triumph; after 1948 the Soviet Union was unable to expand its zone of influence west of the German Democratic Republic; thanks to the Marshall Plan the West European economies were reviving, and the French, British, German, and Italian societies were beginning to recover their cohesion and political confidence. However, unlike the Truman administration ’s European policy-preventing communist expansion and providing the resources and incentives for recovery-the Far Eastern record was ambiguous and eminently open to criticism.
Cold War Critic
Authors: Mayers David
Published: October 2023

Kennan ’s major contribution to scholarship during the 1950s was his two-volume study of Soviet-American relations, 1917-1920, which remains to this day the definitive and most elegant treatment of its kind.1 By the end of 1960, he had also published three volumes of lectures about past and current Soviet-US problems and a short, useful documentary history of Russian diplomacy from the Decree on Peace to the nonaggression pact with Nazi Germany. In his career as historian and master of belles-lettres Kennan won acclaim abroad as well as in the United States.
America and the Third World
Authors: Mayers David
Published: October 2023

On the subject of the Third World, Kennan has been at his least generous and most skeptical. His views, moreover, have remained basically unchanged ever since the late 1940s and 1950s when the United States first deployed various economic and political inducements to gain support, or at least benign neutrality, among the emergent states of Asia and Africa. He has worried that Washington ’s newfound interest in regions traditionally of secondary or tertiary importance to the United States would distract from vital matters-concerning Europe and Japan-and drain precisely those limited resources required for the successful waging of Cold War.
War and Protest
Authors: Mayers David
Published: October 2023

Kennan and the Policy Planning Staff urged Truman ’s administration in 1949 to press France in the direction of granting meaningful concessions to nationalism in Indochina and eventually to confer independence upon the area. As did virtually all of the Southeast Asian area specialists in the State Department, Kennan deemed French attempts to recover its Indochinese empire as futile-explainable only in terms of “Gallic mystique”-and that the so-called Bao Dai solution was a deception that could not possibly satisfy the demands of nationalists or capture any of the popular support then accruing to Ho Chi Minh and the communist insurgents; only by aligning itself unequivocally with the forces of noncommunist nationalism could the United States expect to retain Indochina over the long term for Western economic purposes (as a supplier of natural resources and foods) and political ends.
Community Law: J.P.s, Police, and Rough Music
Authors: Conley Carolyn A
Published: October 2023

One of the distinguishing features of the English criminal justice system is the extent to which the definition and treatment of crime depend on the active participation of amateurs, both as jurors and as J.P.s. Bruce Lenman and Geoffrey Parker have described the displacement of community law by state law as a “judicial revolution.” Under community law based on Germanic traditions, a crime was an offense between men. Justice obligated offenders to compensate their victims. The community supported the victim in his demand for restitution, and ostracized offenders who failed to meet their obligations or who had committed acts so heinous that compensation was impossible. While crime and the appropriate compensation might be defined institutionally, the role of the government was limited to that of arbiter. State law, based on the Roman system, emphasized punitive justice. A crime was an offense against the law to be punished by the state.’ State law came to England with the Norman Conquest if not before, but the jury system and the considerable powers of the J.P.s have preserved the element of community input. No matter what the state might say, a particular action was a crime only if a jury pronounced it one.
Violence: Fair Fights and Brutal Cowardice
Authors: Conley Carolyn A
Published: October 2023

Whatever may be its intrinsic value human life should be highly prized by the law, and popular feelings should be directed the same way. But do not let us put it at one rate for one purpose and at another for another purpose. Life is daily sacrificed in this country for purposes of profit. Hundreds of lives are lost yearly in mining, in shipping and otherwise. I am aware that in such cases the life is taken by misfortune, it is not intended to take it. In one sense it is not but in another it is. If the facts show that on the average in such and such a work so many lives are lost; those who make that work purposely do an act the consequence of which is the loss of so many lives. Now it seems strange that life should be plentifully taken for purpose of profit but should not be touched for the purpose of saving a life.
Class and Respectability
Authors: Conley Carolyn A
Published: October 2023

It was impossible for a gentleman like Mr. Russell to be guilty of such an offense. I Defense attorney for a wealthy farmer accused of assaulting the police Victorian justice was shaped by three of the central concerns of Victorian society: respectability, public order, and class. Although not synonymous, the three were intimately connected; each was measured on a scale determined by the other two. References to respectability are ubiquitous in the comments of attorneys, defendants, judges, policemen, and journalists. Persons identified as respectable were accused and sometimes even convicted of murders, rapes, robberies, theft, vandalism, riot, public drunkenness, and assault. Despite the belief that crimes were committed by criminals, many of the persons accused of breaking the law were not from the outlaw classes. According to the judicial statistics, 39 percent of the persons convicted of summary offenses and 18 percent of those indicted for serious crimes were of previous good character.
To Criticize the Critics
Authors: Sultan Stanley
Published: October 2023

These last thirty years have been, I think, a brilliant period in literary criticism in both Britain and America. It may even come to seem, in retrospect, too brilliant. Who knows? So Eliot concluded “The Frontiers of Criticism “ in 1956 before his large Minneapolis audience. Each in a different way, the next and final chapters will explore the relations of “Prufrock “ and Ulysses to “literary criticism in both Britain and America. “ This chapter directly prepares for my attempt to demonstrate the function of “Prufrock “ for criticism in the next; and it constitutes the general formulation behind the discussion of Ulysses in our world that follows.
The Function of “Prufrock” for Criticism
Authors: Sultan Stanley
Published: October 2023

It was pointed out in the second chapter (pp. 39-40) that only one of Eliot’s early poems is a direct verbal enactment of the process itself of consciousness, and that the poem rendering J. Alfred Prufrock’s uninterrupted thought anticipated the most sensational, and famous, instance of the use of a special narrative method to represent the events of psychological reality. In both “Prufrock “ and Molly’s soliloquy, the verbal “stream “ portrays an inner conflict, and in both cases, the conflict is crucial-because its issue is fundamental to the character’s destiny. Finally, as in most persuasive attempts to represent consciousness, in both cases the process of the character’s consciousness is associational.
The Adventures of Ulysses in Our World
Authors: Sultan Stanley
Published: October 2023

It was pointed out in the second chapter (pp. 39-40) that only one of Eliot’s early poems is a direct verbal enactment of the process itself of consciousness, and that the poem rendering J. Alfred Prufrock’s uninterrupted thought anticipated the most sensational, and famous, instance of the use of a special narrative method to represent the events of psychological reality. In both “Prufrock “ and Molly’s soliloquy, the verbal “stream “ portrays an inner conflict, and in both cases, the conflict is crucial-because its issue is fundamental to the character’s destiny. Finally, as in most persuasive attempts to represent consciousness, in both cases the process of the character’s consciousness is associational.
Religion and Blackness in Rural Georgia: 1899-1908
Authors: Harris Michael W
Published: October 2023

Daniel Alexander Payne, the sixth bishop of the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, was so disturbed by the presence and behavior of “Praying and Singing Bands” that he devoted over four pages of his Recollections to criticizing these groups as the “strange delusion that many ignorant but well-meaning people labor under”: About this time I attended a “bush meeting,” where 1 went to please the pastor whose circuit I was visiting.
Labor Market Turbulence and the Labor Market Experience of Young Adults
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael
Published: October 2023

The 1980s has been a unique period of social, industrial, and demographic change in postwar U.S. economic history. Assessing the impacts of these changes on the overall well-being of the American worker becomes a formidable task because some groups have reaped sizable economic gains while others have lost important ground. This chapter focuses on the labor market experiences of young adults, ages 18 to 29. It concentrates on male workers because the effects of labor market turbulence (as opposed to labor market discrimination) are more clearly revealed in the data on males. For example, male workers have faced a serious deterioration in their earnings prospects as a result of the changes taking place in U.S. labor markets, whereas female workers, for complicated reasons, have not.1 Nevertheless, the implications of this analysis for workforce preparedness policy apply with equal force to all young adults.