bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geodermatophilus

soli sp. nov. and

Geodermatophilus

terrae sp. nov., two actinobacteria isolated from grass soil
Authors: Jin Long , Lee Hyung-Gwan , Kim Hee-Sik , Ahn Chi-Yong , Oh Hee-Mock
Published: December 2012

Two strains, PB34T and PB261T, were isolated from grass soil sampled in Daejeon, Republic of Korea. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence studies showed the two bacteria to be clearly affiliated with the phylum

Actinobacteria

and most closely related to the genus

Geodermatophilus

, showing 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to the type strains of species of the genus

Geodermatophilus

of 95.0–96.3 % and sharing 98.5 % similarity between the two strains. The two strains were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacteria. The peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H0). The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) for strain PB34T and iso-C14 : 0, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 0 for strain PB261T. The G+C contents of the genomic DNA of strains PB34T and PB261T were 73.2 mol% and 74.1 mol%, respectively. Thus, based on the evidence of a polyphasic study, it is proposed that strains PB34T and PB261T represent two novel species, for which the names

Geodermatophilus

soli sp. nov. (type strain PB34T = KCTC 19880T = JCM 17785T) and

Geodermatophilus

terrae sp. nov. (type strain PB261T = KCTC 19881T = JCM 17786T) are proposed.
Overcoming resistance and resilience of an invaded community is necessary for effective restoration: a multi‐site bracken control study
Authors: Alday Josu G. , Cox Emma S. , Pakeman Robin J. , Harris Mike P. K. , LeDuc Mike G. , Marrs Rob H.
Published: December 2012

The search for appropriate management strategies to control invasive plants is an important theme in environmental management. However, the recovery of the resident community species complement does not necessarily respond predictably to restoration efforts. Increasing restoration success requires an understanding of the resistance and resilience of the invaded community and the response of the newly developing community to management. Here, we used Pteridium‐invaded heath and grass communities as a test system and investigated the effects of recommended Pteridium aquilinum control treatments on vegetation composition and diversity.

 We evaluated seven field experiments in four regions of Great Britain designed to test five Pteridium control treatments, including ‘one‐off’ (applied only at the start) and ‘repeated’ (applied regularly) treatments, against an untreated experimental control. The sites had context‐dependent restoration targets, either a Calluna heathland or acid grassland. Species cover and diversity responses (higher plants, mosses plus lichens) to these treatments were monitored annually for 10 years.

 Pteridium control treatments induced significant change in species composition compared to experimental controls in both vegetation types. On Calluna target sites, ‘repeated’ treatments overcame the resistance of the invaded community producing a gradual divergence in species composition and species diversity. In contrast, the ‘one‐off’ treatments were ineffective.

 At the acid grassland target sites, all treatments overcame the resistance of the Pteridium‐dominated state producing changes in species composition in comparison with experimental controls.

 Synthesis and applications. There are two important results for land managers: (i) where Calluna heathland is the target, ‘repeated’ treatments (cutting once or twice per year) were effective in overcoming the resistance of invaded community and moving species composition towards the target state, effectively creating an alternative state; (ii) where acid grassland is the target both ‘one‐off’ and ‘repeated’ treatments overcame the invaded community resistance (‘one‐off’ also overcame resilience) producing changes in species composition in the desired direction. The effectiveness of ‘one‐off’ treatments was site dependent and produced alternative stable states within 10 years. In contrast, ‘repeated’ treatments were site independent but took longer to work and were more expensive.
Disrupting the effects of synergies between stressors: improved water quality dampens the effects of future CO2 on a marine habitat
Authors: Falkenberg Laura J. , Connell Sean D. , Russell Bayden D.
Published: December 2012

Synergies among stressors drive unanticipated changes to alternative states, yet little has been done to assess whether alleviating one or more contributing stressors may disrupt these interactions. It would be particularly useful to understand whether the synergistic effects of global and local stressors could be alleviated, leading to slower change or faster recovery, if conditions under the control of local management alone were managed (i.e. nutrient pollution).

We utilized field‐based mesocosms to manipulate CO2 (i.e. forecasted global concentrations) and nutrients (i.e. local pollution) to test the hypothesis that, where synergies exist, reducing one contributing stressor would limit the effect of the other. In testing this hypothesis, we considered the response of turfing algae, which can displace kelp forests on urbanized coastlines.

Initial manipulations of CO2 and nutrient enrichment produced an anticipated synergistic effect on the biomass of turfing algae.

Following exposure of algal turfs to a combination of enriched nutrients and CO2, a subsequent reduction in nutrients was able to substantially slow further increases in turf growth. Despite this substantial effect, the historical legacy of previous nutrient enrichment was evident as greater turf was maintained relative to ambient conditions (i.e. ambient CO2 and nutrients). Such legacies of past stressors may be stubborn (e.g. persist as intergenerational change) where the alternative state (i.e. turf algae) has substantial resilience to restorative actions.

Synthesis and applications. As stressors accumulate across global to local scales, some combine to produce synergistic effects which cause changes of disproportionate ecological magnitude. While strong synergies attract heavy scrutiny, there remains substantial merit in assessing whether their influence can be ameliorated by managing a contributing stressor. Of note, we show that by reducing a locally determined stressor (nutrients), its synergistic effects with a globally determined stressor (CO2 enrichment) on a key taxon (turf algae) may be substantially reduced. These results suggest that in the face of changing climate (e.g. ocean acidification), the management of local stressors (e.g. water pollution) may have a greater contribution in determining the dominant state than current thinking allows.
The lived experience of older adults' occupational adaptation following a stroke
Authors: Williams Shoshannah , Murray Carolyn
Published: December 2012

Background/aim

Following a stroke, individuals' abilities may not match the demands of their environment and occupations, resulting in compromised occupational performance. The process of adaptation can enable adjustment of the way occupations are performed to achieve occupational mastery. The purpose of this honours study was to investigate and describe older adults' lived experience of occupational adaptation following a stroke.

Methods

An interpretative phenomenological approach was used. Participants in the community were recruited through Domiciliary Care service co‐ordinators. In‐depth interviews were conducted with three men and two women, aged 68–78 years who had experienced a stroke up to 14 years ago. Data were analysed using the Colazzi's method to formulate themes.

Results

Experiencing a stroke is initially a ‘shock to the system’ and while ‘your whole life changes’, there are still ways to ‘get on and do your best’. The theme ‘your whole life changes’ had three subthemes: ‘apprehension and fear’, ‘problem solving’ and ‘stretching the limitations’. Resilience, motivation and effort are the required qualities for adaptive responses after stroke. Coping strategies identified to facilitate occupational mastery include the use of humour, touch, expressing anger, using self‐talk, maintaining hope, having a sense of being fortunate and supportive friends and family.

Conclusion

These findings support an empowering approach to therapy, facilitating clients to identify and utilise individually appropriate coping strategies to negotiate negative emotions and apprehension and enable the required personal qualities for occupational adaptation.
Downregulation and altered function of natural killer cells in hepatitis B virus patients treated with entecavir
Authors: Zhao Ping‐Wei , Jia Fei‐Yong , Shan Yu‐Xing , Ji Hui‐Fan , Feng Jun‐Yan , Niu Jun‐Qi , Ayana Desalegn A , Jiang Yan‐Fang
Published: December 2012

The aim of the present study was to investigate the natural killer (NK) cell phenotype and function in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) patients and to study the effects of entecavir therapy (10 mg/day, p.o.) on these responses.

Peripheral blood NK cells were collected from 18 chronic HBV patients and 14 healthy controls. The effect of entecavir therapy on the phenotype and function of NK cells in chronic HBV patients was characterized by flow cytometry analysis. Concentrations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), HBV viral loads in both groups and potential associations between the frequency of peripheral NK cell subsets and clinical measures were determined.

There was a significant reduction in the number of CD3−CD56+ NK cells in chronic HBV patients compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, there were significant increases in the percentage of CD3−CD56+NKG2D+ and CD3−CD56+NKP30+ NK activating receptors in chronic HBV patients compared with healthy individuals, who exhibited downregulated expression following entecavir treatment. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that there was a significant positive correlation between the percentage of NKG2D+ and NKP30+ NK cells and serum ALT levels. Characterization of NK cell degranulation indicated that the frequency of CD107a+ NK cells in HBV patients (in response to K562 stimulation) was significantly greater than in healthy controls but decreased following entecavir treatment.

Entecavir treatment of hepatitis B e antigen‐positive chronic HBV‐infected patients not only led to a reduction in HBV DNA loads and normalization of ALT and AST levels, but also resulted in the recovery of NK cell‐mediated immunity.
High blood pressure enhances brain stem neuronal nitric oxide synthase activity in Dahl salt‐sensitive rats
Authors: Tandai‐Hiruma Megumi , Kato Kazuo , Kemuriyama Takehito , Ohta Hiroyuki , Tashiro Akimasa , Hagisawa Kohsuke , Nishida Yasuhiro
Published: December 2012

The aims of the present study were to determine the mechanism underlying enhanced neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activity in the brain of hypertensive Dahl salt‐sensitive (DSS) rats and the consequences of enhanced nNOS activity.

Male DSS rats were fed either a regular (0.4% NaCl) or high‐salt (8% NaCl) diet, with or without 0.25% nifedipine, for 4 weeks. The effects of nifedipine, which lowers blood pressure peripherally, on central nNOS were determined by measuring nNOS activity, as well as the number of nNOS‐positive neurons in the brain stem and diencephalon. The effects of chronic (12 days) infusion of 7 μg (0.5 μL/h, i.c.v.) S‐methyl‐l‐thiocitrulline (SMTC; a stereoselective competitive nNOS inhibitor) on mean arterial pressure were assessed in conscious DSS rats using a radiotelemetry system. In addition, the number of central nNOS‐positive neurons was compared between DSS and salt‐insensitive Sprague‐Dawley rats.

Normalization of blood pressure by nifedipine attenuated the increase in nNOS activity in the brain stem of DSS rats. Chronic i.c.v. infusion of SMTC further enhanced hypertension in DSS rats. Feeding of a high‐salt diet increased nNOS‐positive neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus, rostral ventrolateral medulla and nucleus tractus solitarius of DSS compared with Sprague‐Dawley rats, whereas nNOS‐positive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus remained downregulated in DSS rats.

The results of the present study suggest that hypertension, rather than a high‐salt diet, increases central nNOS activity in hypertensive DSS rats to buffer high blood pressure. However, this compensatory response may be insufficient to relieve salt‐induced hypertension.
An Analysis of George Galloway's Oratorical and Rhetorical Impact
Authors: Crines Andrew S.
Published: December 2012

This article analyses George Galloway's methods of communicating with the electorate through the anti-political establishment party ‘Respect’. The article evaluates Galloway's use of emotive rhetoric and performance-based oratory, arguing that these are likely to appeal to a particular segment of the electorate, specifically those disaffected with the mainstream parties. To do this, the article evaluates a selection of indicative speeches that highlight his style of communicating. The article concludes that Galloway's impact can be attributed to his emotive style of rhetoric, and performance style of oratory.
How ‘Little’ Outsourcing Creates A Large Skill Premium: A Model of North‐to‐South Manufacturing Outsourcing
Authors: Tang Xiang
Published: December 2012

This paper develops a general equilibrium model that shows that a small volume of North–South trade (i.e. 2% of Northern GDP) could have caused the observed rise in the skill premium, thus resolving the ‘small trade volume paradox’ in the skill premium debate. We apply the concept of ‘trade in tasks’ of Grossman and Rossi‐Hansberg to analyze the nature of North‐to‐South manufacturing outsourcing. As a conceptual innovation, we carefully distinguish two different implicit assumptions of the Heckscher–Ohlin model: ‘factor immobility’ versus ‘task inseparability’. We show that outsourcing, as a form of trade in tasks, essentially attains ‘task separability’ while apparently retaining factor immobility, thus rendering the traditional Heckscher–Ohlin framework obsolete for analyzing current North–South trade. We argue that this change in the nature of trade calls for new thinking in economics and public policy‐making.
Footloose Capital and Comparative Advantage
Authors: Matsuoka Yuji , Kikuchi Toru
Published: December 2012

We investigate the effect of country size differentials and Ricardian technology differences on firms’ location decisions using a two‐country, two‐good (homogeneous agricultural good and differentiated manufacturing products), two‐factor (labour and footloose capital) simple new economic geography model. We found that manufacturing firms may agglomerate in a country where the manufacturing sector has a comparative disadvantage. In addition, when country size differentials and Ricardian technology differences exist between two countries, the key factor influencing firms’ location decisions changes according to the level of trade liberalization, from being market size‐dependent to becoming technology‐dependent.
Review article: Clinical impact of non‐cardiologist‐performed transthoracic echocardiography in emergency medicine, intensive care medicine and anaesthesia
Authors: Haji Darsim L , Royse Alistair , Royse Colin F
Published: December 2012

There is increased realisation of the emerging role of point‐of‐care transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) as ‘ultrasound‐assisted examination’, given the low sensitivity of clinical examination for cardiovascular pathologies and the time‐critical nature of these pathologies. There is evidence that point‐of‐care TTE provides higher accuracy in patient assessment and management, with potential prognostic impact by assessing the severity of cardiac dysfunction and response to treatment. Point‐of‐care TTE is increasingly used by non‐cardiologists, as a diagnostic, screening or monitoring tool. The literature shows that TTE identifies new clinical findings, and conversely can accurately rule out clinically important pathologies. Recent reports have examined more advanced ultrasound devices and patients in the critical care settings of emergency medicine, intensive care and anaesthesia. The diagnostic capability of new portable devices is improving rapidly and outdating its predecessors, thereby improving confidence in echocardiography findings.
Abundance and distribution of diverse membrane‐bound monooxygenase (Cu‐MMO) genes within the Costa Rica oxygen minimum zone
Authors: Tavormina Patricia L. , Ussler William , Steele Joshua A. , Connon Stephanie A. , Klotz Martin G. , Orphan Victoria J.
Published: December 2012

Diverse copper‐containing membrane‐bound monooxygenase‐encoding sequences (Cu‐MMOs) have recently been described from the marine environment, suggesting widespread potential for oxidation of reduced substrates. Here, we used the well‐defined oxygen and methane gradients associated with the Costa Rican oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) to gain insight into the physico‐chemical parameters influencing the distribution and abundance of Cu‐MMO‐encoding marine microorganisms. Two Methylococcales‐related Cu‐MMO‐encoding lineages, termed groups OPU1 and OPU3, demonstrated differences in their relative abundance, with both pmoA and candidate 16S rRNA genes correlating significantly with reduced environmental oxygen concentrations and depth. In contrast, a newly identified Cu‐MMO‐encoding lineage, Group C, was primarily associated with the oxygenated euphotic zone. An updated phylogenetic analysis including these sequences, a marine pxmABC gene cluster, ethylene‐utilizing Cu‐MMO‐encoding lineages and previously reported planktonic Cu‐MMOs (Groups W, X, Z and O) demonstrates the breadth of diversity of Cu‐MMO‐encoding marine microorganisms. Groups C and X affiliated phylogenetically with ethane‐ and ethylene‐oxidizing Cu‐MMOs, Groups W and O affiliated phylogenetically with the recently described Cu‐MMO ‘pXMO’, and Group Z clustered with Cu‐MMOs recovered from soils. Collectively, these data demonstrate widespread genetic potential in ocean waters for the oxidation of small, reduced molecules and advance our understanding of the microorganisms involved in methane cycling in the OMZ environment.
Local Changes in Neurosteroid Levels in the Substantia Nigra Reticulata and the Ventral Tegmental Area Alter Chronic Ethanol Withdrawal Severity in Male Withdrawal Seizure‐Prone Mice
Authors: Tanchuck Michelle A. , Cozzoli Debra K. , He Ingrid , Kaufman Katherine R. , Snelling Christopher , Crabbe John C. , Mark Gregory P. , Finn Deborah A.
Published: December 2012

Background

Allopregnanolone (ALLO) is a potent positive modulator of γ‐aminobutyric acidA receptors (GABAARs) that affects ethanol (EtOH) withdrawal. Finasteride (FIN), a 5α‐reductase inhibitor that blocks the formation of ALLO and other GABAergic neurosteroids, alters EtOH sensitivity. Recently, we found that Withdrawal Seizure‐Prone mice from the first genetic replicate (WSP‐1) exhibited behavioral tolerance to the anticonvulsant effect of intrahippocampal ALLO during EtOH withdrawal and that intrahippocampal FIN significantly increased EtOH withdrawal severity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether neurosteroid manipulations in the substantia nigra reticulata (SNR) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) produced effects during EtOH withdrawal comparable to those seen with intrahippocampal ALLO and FIN.

Methods

Male WSP‐1 mice were surgically implanted with bilateral guide cannulae aimed at the SNR or VTA at 2 weeks prior to EtOH vapor or air exposure for 72 hours. Initial studies examined the anticonvulsant effect of a single ALLO infusion (0, 100, or 400 ng/side) at a time corresponding to peak withdrawal in the air‐ and EtOH‐exposed mice. Separate studies examined the effect of 4 FIN infusions (0 or 10 μg/side/d) during the development of physical dependence on the expression of EtOH withdrawal.

Results

ALLO infusion exerted a potent anticonvulsant effect in EtOH‐naïve mice, but a diminished anticonvulsant effect during EtOH withdrawal. Administration of FIN into the SNR exerted a delayed proconvulsant effect in EtOH‐naïve mice, whereas infusion into the VTA increased EtOH withdrawal duration.

Conclusions

Activation of local GABAARs in the SNR and VTA via ALLO infusion is sufficient to exert an anticonvulsant effect in naïve mice and to produce behavioral tolerance to the anticonvulsant effect of ALLO infusion during EtOH withdrawal. Thus, EtOH withdrawal reduced sensitivity of GABAARs to GABAergic neurosteroids in 2 neuroanatomical substrates within the basal ganglia in WSP‐1 male mice.
A randomized study of cellphone technology to reinforce alcohol abstinence in the natural environment
Authors: Alessi Sheila M. , Petry Nancy M.
Published: December 2012

Aims

Contingency management (CM) uses tangible incentives to systematically reinforce abstinence and is among the most efficacious psychosocial substance abuse treatments. This study assessed the feasibility and initial efficacy of a portable CM procedure designed to address technical limitations for detecting drinking that have prevented using CM for alcohol problems.

Design

Participants received a cellphone, breathalyzer and training on video‐recording alcohol breath tests (BrACs) and texting results. For 4 weeks, staff texted participants one to three times daily indicating that a breath alcohol concentration test (BrAC) was due within the hour. Participants were randomized to (1) modest compensation for submitting dated time‐stamped BrAC videos regardless of results or (2) the same plus CM with escalating vouchers for on‐time alcohol‐negative tests (n‐BrAC; <02 g/dl). ‘Thank‐you’ texts were sent, with CM patients also informed of results‐based earnings.

Setting

Participants' natural environment.

Participants

Adults (n = 30; ≥ 21 years) who drank frequently but were not physiologically dependent.

Measurements

Drinking and related problems were assessed at intake and week 4. BrACs and self‐reports of drinking were collected throughout. The primary outcome was the percentage of n‐BrACs. Other outcomes were the longest duration of consecutive n‐BrACs (longest duration of abstinence) and self‐reports of drinking.

Findings

On average, 88.6% (10.4%) of BrACs were submitted on time, without group differences (P = 0.18). The percentage of n‐BrACs and LDA were greater with CM, and there was an interaction effect on drinking frequency and negative consequences, with decreases over time with CM (P = 0.00; effect sizes d = 0.52–0.62).

Conclusion

Cellphone technology may be useful for extending contingency management to treatment for alcohol problems.
Availability of hollow‐bearing trees and their utilization by small animals in Cawston ranch, Zimbabwe
Authors: Beaven Utete , Tongayi Mwedzi
Published: December 2012

The objective of this study was to characterize hollows found in selected tree species (in Cawston Ranch in Zimbabwe) as a potential habitat for small mammals because cavities are important as resources for wildlife: for foraging, shelter, roosting and nesting purposes. Four vegetation types were chosen for analysis: Baikiaea plurijuga, Colophospermum mopane, Combretum molle and Commiphora mollis according to abundance and dominance in the plots they occurred. Transect sampling was done to collect vegetation data. The total number of living trees and stags were recorded in each plot. Trees in a plot were thoroughly inspected for hollows. The following dimensions were measured on cavity trees: hollow size (diameter), hollow location and diameter at breast height. The results indicate that the rate of hollow formation and utilization is significantly dependent on tree species. There was a significant difference in the provision of hollows in stem and crown of a tree in each of the vegetation classes analysed. B. plurijuga hollows had the highest utilization whilst C. molle had the least utilization. Hollows are utilized irrespective of their location as long as the animal finds a niche, and stags at advanced stages of decay are not important in providing habitats for animals.
High‐frequency dominant depression of peripheral vagal control of heart rate in rats with chronic heart failure
Authors: Kawada T. , Li M. , Shimizu S. , Kamiya A. , Uemura K. , Turner M. J. , Mizuno M. , Sugimachi M.
Published: December 2012

Aim

To examine whether dynamic characteristics of the peripheral vagal control of heart rate (HR) are altered in chronic heart failure (CHF).

Methods

The right vagal nerve was electrically stimulated according to a binary white noise signal, and the transfer function from vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) to HR was estimated in the frequency range from 0.01 to 1 Hz in five control rats and five CHF rats under anaesthetized conditions. The rate of VNS was changed among 10, 20 and 40 Hz.

Results

A multiple linear regression analysis indicated that the increase in the VNS rate augmented the ratio of the high‐frequency (HF) gain to the steady‐state gain in the control group but not in the CHF group. As a result, the dynamic gain of the transfer function in the frequencies near 1 Hz decreased more in the CHF group than in the control group.

Conclusion

Changes in the dynamic characteristics of the peripheral vagal control of HR may contribute to the manifestation of decreased HF components of HR variability observed in CHF.
Propionibacterium acnes activates caspase‐1 in human neutrophils
Authors: Sahdo Berolla , Särndahl Eva , Elgh Fredrik , Söderquist Bo
Published: December 2012

Propionibacterium acnes is a Gram‐positive, slow‐growing, anaerobic bacillus, predominantly found as a commensal on the skin and mucous membranes of adults. It is, however, also considered an opportunistic pathogen; mostly associated with acne vulgaris, but rarely also with severe infections such as infective endocarditis, prosthetic joint infections, and deep sternal wound infections following cardiothoracic surgery. In addition, P. acnes has recently been found in high frequency in prostate tissue from patients with prostatitis and prostate cancer. The NOD‐like receptors (NLR) act as intracellular sensors of microbial components, and a number of various bacteria have been found to induce assembling and activation of NLR‐inflammasomes; leading to a pro‐inflammatory response. The inflammasome‐mediated formation of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and IL‐18 involves the auto‐proteolytic maturation of caspase‐1. This study investigated if P. acnes activates inflammasomes. Propionibacterium acnes isolates (n = 29) with diverse origin were used as stimuli for peripheral leukocytes obtained from blood donors (BDs). The activity of inflammasomes was determined by measuring caspase‐1 by flow cytometry and cytokine production by ELISA. A significant amount of caspase‐1 was found in neutrophils upon P. acnes stimulation, whereas only a modest activation was seen in monocytes. The activation was mainly produced by components of the bacterial cell and no exo‐products, because heat‐killed and live bacteria caused high activation of caspase‐1 as well as cytokine production, whereas the bacterial supernatant elicited minor effect. The response among different BDs varied significantly, almost fivefold. In addition, P. acnes of various origins showed considerable variation, however, the commensal isolates showed a stronger response compared with the invasive. In conclusion, although regarded as a harmless commensal of the skin, P. acnes strongly activates the inflammasome of human peripheral neutrophils.
Meta‐analysis: recurrence and survival following the use of sirolimus in liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Menon K. V. , Hakeem A. R. , Heaton N. D.
Published: December 2012

Background

The use of sirolimus (SRL)‐based immunosuppression protocols have been reported to reduce recurrence rates following liver transplantation (LT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although this is still a matter for debate.

Aim

To undertake a systematic review and meta‐analysis of available literature on the usage of SRL as an immunosuppressive agent following LT for HCC, with a view to comparing cancer outcomes with the commonly used calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs).

Methods

Systematic review and meta‐analysis carried out in line with the Meta‐analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Primary outcomes of interest were tumour recurrence rate and recurrence‐free survival (RFS). Secondary outcomes were recurrence‐related mortality and overall survival (OS).

Results

In all, 5 studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 474). The recurrence rate was lower in SRL group (4.9–12.9%) in comparison with CNIs (17.3–38.7%). The 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐year RFS was 93–96%, 82–86% and 79–80% for SRL group, which was much better in comparison with the CNIs 70–78%, 64–65% and 54–60% respectively. Similarly, 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐year OS was much better for SRL group (94–95%, 85% and 80%) in comparison with CNIs (79–83%, 66% and 59–62%) respectively. Meta‐analysis demonstrated lower recurrence (OR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.16–0.55, P < 0.001), lower recurrence‐related mortality (OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.12–0.70, P = 0.005) and lower overall mortality (OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.20–0.61, P < 0.001) for SRL group.

Conclusion

The review showed lower recurrence rate, longer recurrence‐free survival and overall survival and lower recurrence‐related mortality in sirolimus‐treated patients in comparison with the calcineurin inhibitor‐treated patients following liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma.
Laparoscopic completion cholecystectomy: A retrospective study of 40 cases
Authors: Parmar Amit Kumar , Khandelwal Radha Govind , Mathew Mittu John , Reddy Prasanna Kumar
Published: December 2012

Introduction

Throughout the world, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a widely accepted surgical treatment for both acute and chronic cholecystitis. It provides total relief of pre‐surgical symptoms in up to 85% of patients. However, about 5% of patients may experience severe episodes of upper abdominal pain similar to those that they had prior to cholecystectomy; this is known as post‐cholecystectomy syndrome. Gallbladder remnant with calculi is one of the causative factors. However, there have been only a few case series related to this reported in literature to date. Herein, we present our experience with laparoscopic management of gallbladder remnant with calculi in 40 cases.

Methods

A retrospective study of 40 cases was carried out in our institution. All patients underwent open cholecystectomy at other centres, and their cases were managed by laparoscopic completion cholecystectomy.

Results

The mean operating time was 102.4 min (range, 60–120 min). The duration of hospital stay was 2–4 days. Two cases were converted to open surgery because of extensive dense adhesions. One case had minor a common bile duct injury, and another had port‐site infection. There were no cases of mortality.

Conclusion

Gallbladder remnant containing stones may be the cause of otherwise unexplained postcholecystectomy pain. Completion cholecystectomy offers a definitive treatment for any residual gallbladder remnant and can be performed laparoscopically.
The impact of using visual images of the body within a personalized health risk assessment: An experimental study
Authors: Hollands Gareth J. , Marteau Theresa M.
Published: December 2012

Objective

To examine the motivational impact of the addition of a visual image to a personalized health risk assessment and the underlying cognitive and emotional mechanisms.

Design and methods

An online experimental study in which participants (n = 901; mean age = 27.2 years; 61.5% female) received an assessment and information focusing on the health implications of internal body fat and highlighting the protective benefits of physical activity. Participants were randomized to receive this in either (a) solely text form (control arm) or (b) text plus a visual image of predicted internal body fat (image arm). Participants received information representing one of three levels of health threat, determined by how physically active they were: high, moderate or benign. Main outcome measures were physical activity intentions (assessed pre‐ and post‐intervention), worry, coherence and believability of the information.

Results

Intentions to undertake recommended levels of physical activity were significantly higher in the image arm, but only amongst those participants who received a high‐threat communication. Believability of the results received was greater in the image arm and mediated the intervention effect on intentions.

Conclusions

The addition of a visual image to a risk assessment led to small but significant increases in intentions to undertake recommended levels of physical activity in those at increased health risk. Limitations of the study and implications for future research are discussed.

Statement of Contribution

What is already known on this subject? Health risk information that is personalized to the individual may more strongly motivate risk‐reducing behaviour change. Little prior research attention has been paid specifically to the motivational impact of personalized visual images and underlying mechanisms.

What does this study add?

In an experimental design, it is shown that receipt of visual images increases intentions to engage in risk‐reducing behaviour, although only when a significant level of threat is presented.

The study suggests that images increase the believability of health risk information and this may underlie motivational impact.
Arginine Vasopressin Immunoreactivity is Decreased in the Hypothalamic Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of Subjects with Suprasellar Tumors
Authors: Borgers Anke J. , Fliers Eric , Siljee Jacqueline E. , Swaab Dick F. , Van Someren Eus J. W. , Bisschop Peter H. , Alkemade Anneke
Published: December 2012

Suprasellar tumors with compression of the optic chiasm are associated with an impaired sleep–wake rhythm. We hypothesized that this reflects a disorder of the biological clock of the human brain, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is located just above the optic chiasm. In order to test this hypothesis, we investigated the expression of two key neuropeptides of the SCN, that is, arginine vasopressin (AVP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), as assessed by quantitative immunocytochemistry in post‐mortem hypothalamic tissue of patients with a suprasellar tumor inducing permanent visual field defects. Post‐mortem hypothalamic tissue of 5 patients with a suprasellar tumor inducing permanent visual field defects (acromegaly n = 2, nonfunctioning macro‐adenoma n = 1, macroprolactinoma n = 1, infundibular metastasis of a colorectal adenocarcinoma n = 1) and 15 age‐ and gender‐matched controls was obtained from the Netherlands Brain Bank. Total AVP immunoreactivity in the SCN was lower in patients with a suprasellar tumor than in controls (P = 0.03). By contrast, total VIP immunoreactivity was not different between patients and controls (P = 0.44). Suprasellar tumors leading to permanent visual field defects are associated with reduced AVP, but not VIP immunoreactivity, in the SCN. These findings raise the possibility that selective impairment of the SCN contributes to sleep–wake disturbances in these patients.
Core concepts of spatial prioritisation in systematic conservation planning
Authors: Kukkala Aija S. , Moilanen Atte
Published: December 2012

Systematic conservation planning (SCP) is a field of conservation biology concerned with delivering on‐the‐ground actions that achieve conservation goals. It describes a set of operational models that cover both design and implementation of conservation, with a strong focus on mobilising the collective action typically required to implement conservation.SCP, as it was originally described, was composed of six different stages: collection of data, identification of conservation goals, evaluation of the existing protected area network, design of expansions, implementation of conservation action, and long‐term maintenance of biodiversity in the network. Since then, the operational model has been expanded into several different variants. Conservation actions applied insideSCPinclude establishment and expansion of reserve networks and allocation of habitat restoration and management.

Within the broader context ofSCP, there is a fundamental biogeographic‐economic analysis frequently called spatial conservation prioritisation or conservation assessment, which is used for identifying where important areas for biodiversity are and how conservation goals might be achieved efficiently. Here, we review the usage and meaning of the 12 biogeographic‐economic core concepts ofSCP: adequacy, complementarity, comprehensiveness, effectiveness, efficiency, flexibility, irreplaceability, replacement cost, representation, representativeness, threat, and vulnerability. Some of the concepts have clear definitions whereas others may have alternative and possibly conflicting definitions. With a comprehensive literature review literature, we elucidate the historical backgrounds of these concepts, the first definitions and usages, alternative later definitions, key applications, and prior reviews. This review reduces linguistic uncertainty in the application ofSCP. SinceSCPis a global activity with a multitude of different stakeholders involved, it is vital that those involved can speak the same language. Through these concepts, this review serves as a source of information about the historical development ofSCP. It provides a comprehensive review for anyone wishing to understand the key concepts of spatial prioritisation withinSCP.
Differential Associations Between Domains of Sibling Conflict and Adolescent Emotional Adjustment
Authors: Campione‐Barr Nicole , Greer Kelly Bassett , Kruse Anna
Published: December 2012

Issues of equality and fairness and invasion of the personal domain, 2 previously identified topic areas of adolescent sibling conflict (N. Campione‐Barr & J. G. Smetana, 2010), were examined in 145 dyads (Mfirst‐born = 14.97, SD = 1.69 years; Msecond‐born = 12.20, SD = 1.90 years) for their differential effects on youths' emotional adjustment over 1 year. The impact of internalizing symptoms on later sibling conflicts also was tested. Invasion of the personal domain conflicts were associated with higher levels of anxiety and lower self‐esteem 1 year later, whereas Equality and Fairness issues were associated with greater depressed mood. Conversely, greater internalizing symptomatology and lower self‐esteem predicted more of both types of conflict. Moderating influences of gender and ordinal position were also examined.
Predicting Long‐Term Growth in Students' Mathematics Achievement: The Unique Contributions of Motivation and Cognitive Strategies
Authors: Murayama Kou , Pekrun Reinhard , Lichtenfeld Stephanie , vom Hofe Rudolf
Published: December 2012

This research examined how motivation (perceived control, intrinsic motivation, and extrinsic motivation), cognitive learning strategies (deep and surface strategies), and intelligence jointly predict long‐term growth in students' mathematics achievement over 5 years. Using longitudinal data from six annual waves (Grades 5 through 10;Mage = 11.7 years at baseline;N = 3,530), latent growth curve modeling was employed to analyze growth in achievement. Results showed that the initial level of achievement was strongly related to intelligence, with motivation and cognitive strategies explaining additional variance. In contrast, intelligence had no relation with the growth of achievement over years, whereas motivation and learning strategies were predictors of growth. These findings highlight the importance of motivation and learning strategies in facilitating adolescents' development of mathematical competencies.
Shell technique using a rigid resorbable barrier system for localized alveolar ridge augmentation
Authors: Iglhaut Gerhard , Schwarz Frank , Gründel Marcel , Mihatovic Ilja , Becker Jürgen , Schliephake Henning
Published: December 2012

Objectives

To assess the safety and efficacy of a rigid synthetic barrier system in a shell technique for localized alveolar ridge augmentation.

Materials and methods

Saddle‐type defects (n = 4 each) were prepared in the lower jaws of six fox hounds. At two defects, the outer contours were reconstructed using polylactic acid (D and L isomers) (PDDL) pins welded to PDDL plates by ultrasound vibration and the defect area filled using either a natural bone mineral (NBM) or NBM + autogenous bone (AB) and covered by a native collagen membrane (CM). While the third defect was augmented using NBM+AB+CM, the fourth site was left untreated. At 14 weeks, dissected blocks were processed for histomorphometrical analysis [e.g., augmented area (AA)].

Results

AA values (median in mm2) were significantly increased in all guided bone regeneration (GBR) groups [NBM+PDDL+CM (19.74) > NBM+AB+PDDL+CM (16.98) > NBM+AB+CM (16.66)] when compared with the untreated control sites (7.34). Histological analysis has pointed, in the absence of any foreign‐body reactions, to biodegradation of both PDDL plates/pins and CM.

Conclusions

(i) All GBR procedures investigated equally supported bone regeneration, (ii) the application of PDDL+CM may be associated with increased mineralized tissue MT and subsequently AA values than CM alone, and (iii) AB may not improve healing at NBM+PDDL+CM‐treated sites.
Clinical outcomes of magnesium‐incorporated oxidised implants: a randomised double‐blind clinical trial
Authors: Pang Kang‐Mi , Lee Jung‐Woo , Lee Jin‐Yong , Lee Jai‐Bong , Kim Soung‐Min , Kim Myung‐Jin , Lee Jong‐Ho
Published: December 2012

Objectives

This study evaluated implant stability and clinical outcomes obtained with magnesium‐incorporated oxidised implants (Mg titanate) and compared them to those blasted magnesium‐incorporated oxidised implants (blasted Mg titanate).

Patients and methods

Mg titanate was manufactured using the microarc oxidation (MAO) process. To obtain blasted Mg titanate, the MAO process was performed after blasting with TiO2 particles. The 15‐month, randomised, double ‐blind clinical trial was conducted on 54 implants in 40 patients (Mg titanate, 27 implants in 18 subjects; blasted Mg titanate, 27 implants in 22 subjects), in whom 4.0 mm × 10 mm implants were placed to restore the unilateral loss of one or two molars in the mandible. The final prosthesis was attached 3 months postoperatively. Implant stability was measured by the implant stability quotient (ISQ) and periotest value (PTV) at the time of implant insertion, and 2, 3, and 15 months postoperatively. Marginal bone loss was evaluated at 2, 6, and 15 months postoperatively. Soft tissue analysis was performed at 15 months postoperatively.

Results

Both implant systems showed high stability at all time points (>71). Mean marginal bone loss was 0.71 ± 0.65 mm and 0.75 ± 0.73 after 15 months in Mg titanate and blasted Mg titanate, respectively. There were no significant differences between the two implant surfaces with respect to ISQ(P = 0.988), PTV(P = 0.935), and marginal bone loss(P = 0.807) after 15 months.

Conclusion

The success rate after 1 year of follow‐up was 100% for both magnesium‐incorporated oxidised implants. There were no significant differences in the clinical outcomes between the two surfaces at 15 months follow‐up.
Diammonium Glycyrrhizinate Attenuates Aβ1–42‐Induced Neuroinflammation and Regulates MAPK and NF‐κB Pathways In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Zhao Hui , Wang Su‐Lei , Qian Lai , Jin Jia‐Li , Li Hui , Xu Yun , Zhu Xiao‐Lei
Published: December 2012

Background and purpose

Beta‐amyloid (Aβ)‐mediated inflammation contributes to the progression and chronicity of Alzheimer's disease (AD), although the exact mechanism remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether diammonium glycyrrhizinate (DG) could inhibit Aβ‐induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo and to explore the underlying mechanisms.

Methods

Aβ1–42 was injected to bilateral hippocampus of mice to make the AD models in vivo. The levels of mRNA and protein of inflammatory cytokines were measured by real‐time PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The viability of SH‐SY5Y and HT‐22 cells was determined by MTT. NF‐κB p65 translocation was analyzed by Western blotting and immunostaining. Phosphorylation of ERK, p38, and JNK was tested by Western blotting.

Results

DG suppressed Aβ1–42‐induced activation of microglia and inflammation in vitro and in vivo. The media from Aβ1–42‐activated microglia decreased the viability of SH‐SY5Y and HT‐22 cells, but it was rescued when pretreated with DG. DG could inhibit the activation of MAPK and NF‐κB signaling pathways and attenuate the memory deficits in Aβ1–42‐induced AD mice.

Conclusions

DG protects Aβ1–42‐induced AD models in vitro and in vivo through reducing activation of microglia and inflammation, which may be involved in MAPK and NF‐κB pathways.
Efficient p53 gene targeting by homologous recombination in rat‐induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Li G. , Chunxu Y. , Guisheng L.
Published: December 2012

Objectives

To generate rat induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using the PiggyBac (PB) transposon system, and to explore whether these iPSCs would be amenable to genetic manipulation.

Materials and methods

The PB transposon system was used to reprogramme rat embryonic fibroblasts (EF) to become iPSCs. Cells were identified with regard to pluripotency and differentiation capacity in vitro and in vivo, population growth characteristics and gene expression; furthermore, targeting vector was electroporated into them. Correct recombination colonies were acquired by positive and negative selection, and then phenotype confirmed by Southern blotting.

Results

The rat EF cells were reprogrammed into iPSCs successfully, using the PB transposon system. Cell morphology was found to display characteristics of rat embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and results of immunofluorescence staining and PCR indicated that they expressed pluripotency markers. In vivo and in vitro differentiation experiments proved that the cells could differentiate into all phenotypes from three germ layers, and to form chimaeras with high rat iPSC contribution. After electroporation with p53 targeting vector, approximately (5.44 ± 0.74) × 10−6 colonies tolerated selection. Southern blotting confirmed that p53 gene was targeted successfully in the colonies.

Conclusion

The PB transposon system proved to be an effective method for reprogramming of rat EF cells into iPSCs. The rat iPSCs were amenable to gene targeting mediated by routine homologous recombination.