bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forest plants selection as feed sources and nesting tree of obi cuscus (Phalanger rothschildi thomas, 1898) in Obi islands, North Maluku
Authors: Farida W R
Published: May 2020

Obi cuscus (Phalanger rothschildi) is an arboreal marsupial and is an endemic animal from Obi Island, Bisa Island, and Obilatu Island part of the Obi Islands, North Maluku province. In Indonesia cuscuses are protected animals. The study with the roaming method are carried out by exploring the location where the obi cuscus is visible, collecting the forest plant as feed sources and nest tree. The potensial information of forest plants as a feed sources and nest tree for cuscus, is needed in strategy of cuscus conservation both in situ and ex situ. The objective of this study was to identify the species of forest plant that serve as feed sources and nesting tree on obi cuscus in North Maluku. The results showed 28 species of forest plants consisting of 21 families was selected by obi cuscus as their feed sources and 11 species of plants as their nesting site. Parts of the plants being consumed was fruit. The results of the analysis of nutrient content of feed plants are crude proteins ranging from 3.67% to 14.12% with an average (7.94±3.84)%, crude fiber (5.42% - 50.12%) with an average (20.52±14.43)%, NFC (35.91 - 84.72) with an average (57.00 ± 15.01)%, and gross energy content (3,269 – 4,489) cal/g with an average (3,525.5±1,241.3) cal/g.
Cultivation of Pericopsis mooniana Thw Case Study: KHDTK Malili, Luwu Timur Regency
Authors: Suhartati  , Alfaizin D
Published: May 2020

One of the local spesies of Sulawesi included in the IUCN redlist is kayu kuku (english: nedun wood) (Pericopsis mooniana Thw.). The status for this species is vulnerable of species in wildlife. This status will increase as the natural habitat of P. mooniana is threatened in the Lamedae Nature Reserve, Southeast Sulawesi. This activity aims to develop P. mooniana species by building a demonstration plot. location of activities in KHDTK Malili, Luwu Timur regency, South Sulawesi, which was held in 2017. The trial used a completely randomized design with singling and weeding treatments. The parameters observed were the height and diameter of the stem. The growth performance of the height and diameter of P. mooniana plants at the age of 24 months (2 years) showed a different response. The best increase in height was singling treatment with a mean height of 49.06 cm, while the best but not significant increase in diameter was control and weeding with a mean diameter of 4.42 and 3.64 mm. In general, P. mooniana can be developed exsitu and show potensial growth using several silvicultural treatments.
Sago pulp and rice husk as an alternative material for the cultivation of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)
Authors: Taskirawati I , Rosdiana  , Baharuddin
Published: May 2020

During this time, the wood powder is one of the primary raw materials in making mushroom cultivation media. Alternative other raw materials need to be developed to diversify the oyster mushroom cultivation media. Sago pulp waste and rice husk are chosen as the planting medium for oyster mushroom cultivation because they contain cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin needed by the fungus. This study aims to determine the composition of sago pulp and rice husk as the best growing media for the growth and development of white oyster mushrooms. The method used in this study is mixing raw materials (the cultivation media), sterilizing raw materials, inoculating, maintaining, and harvesting. There are five treatments in mixing raw materials, namely the use of 100% sago pulp waste (P1); 75% of sago pulp and 25% of husk rice powder (P2); 50% of sago pulp and 50% of husk rice powder (P3); 25% sago waste and 75% husk rice powder (P4); and 100% rice husk (P5) as a control. The use of 50% sago pulp and 50% husk rice powder (P3) and 25% sago pulp and 75% husk rice powder (P4) produces the right cultivation media. Whereby using both of these mediums, it takes 42 days from the growing media inoculated mushrooms until the oyster mushrooms are ready to be harvested. However, if the use of baglog P3 as a growth medium will get better yields because of the wet weight (60 grams) and the number of mushroom fruit bodies (16 fruits) that harvested is higher.
Effect of chemical and organic fertilizers on growth and yield of two roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) cultivars
Authors: Ibrahim E I M , AbdElbagi A A , Ahamed E H A
Published: May 2020

Chemical and organic fertilizers are limit factors of crops growth. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive summer seasons (2011 and 2012) at the Demonstration Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Omdurman Islamic University (Fitaihab). The objective of the study was to investigate on the effect of chemical and organic fertilizers on growth and yield of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Two varieties namely Bulk (V1 – local) and Omshiback (V2- improved) were used to assess their performance in respect to application of chemical and organic fertilizers. Chemical fertilizer involved 0, 40, 80 kg N/fed and 40 N + 40 kg P2O5/fed, whereas fermented organic fertilizers were 2 ton chicken manure/fed and 3 ton cattle manure/fed. The experiment was designed in a split-plot design with four replications. The findings of the study reveal that, among the two varieties, there were no significant differences between them for all studied parameters (plant height, number of nodes/plant, number of leaves/plant, leaf area, number branches/plant, plant dry weight and yield of dry calyces), except number of nodes/plant during the 1st season, when V1 significantly exceeded V2 for this parameter. Meanwhile, application of chemical and organic fertilizers significantly affected only number of leaves/plant only during the 1st season, when both F1 and F2 treatments obtained the significantly higher mean of this parameter as compared to the other treatments.
Growth and production of lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) with water management systems on the application of various combination of fertilizers and planting systems
Authors: Yassi A , Mustari K , Guricci A , Syam’un E , Riadi M , Dariati T , N Adyla S
Published: May 2020

This study aimed to determine the growth and production of rice in various water management systems, the application of a combination of fertilization and planting systems. The research was carried out from June to September 2016 in Ponrangae Village, Sidrap Regency. The trial used a split-split plot design with water management system set as main plot, a combination of nitrogen fertilizer as subplot and planting system as sub-sub plot. Two water management system applied were stagnant and intermittent management systems. Three fertilization packages were used by applying different combination of inorganic and organic fertilizers. The sub-subplot consisted of three planting system namely tiled planting system, 2:1 and 4:1 legowo planting systems, respectively. The results show that the interaction of intermittent water management system with the application of 50 kg ha−1 Urea + 250 kg ha−1 NPK + 2.5 L ha−1 liquid organic fertilizer resulted in the highest number of productive tillers. Interaction of intermittent water management with the application of 50 kg ha−1 Urea + 250 kg ha−1 NPK + 2.5 L ha−1 liquid organic fertilizer and 4:1 legowo planting system produced highest weight of 1,000 grains. Application of 50 kg ha−1 Urea + 250 kg ha−1 NPK + 2.5 L ha−1 organic fertilizer with the 4:1 legowo planting system showed the highest harvested and milled dry grain.
Response of Soybean (Glycine max L.) to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) applied with organic liquid fertilizer
Authors: Ridwan I , Musa Y , Khadijah S , Farid M , Sjahril R , Ulfa F , Ritabulan
Published: May 2020

This study aimed to obtain the best dose of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and the best concentration of liquid organic fertilizer made from overripe fruits for the growth and production of soybean plants. The trial was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, South Sulawesi, from June to August 2017. The research was carried out in the form of a 2-factor factorial experiment using a Randomized Blocked Design (RBD) as environmental design. The first factor was the AMF dose with three levels, namely control (0 g polybag−1), 10 g polybag−1, and 15 g polybag−1. The second factor was the concentration of liquid organic fertilizer with three levels, namely control (0 ml L−1), 15 ml L−1, and 20 ml L−1. The experimental results show that the application of the mycorrhizal fungi on the soybean plants did not have a significant effect on several growth and production components, but it has a very significant effect on the number of branches parameter. Application of AMF of 10 g polybag−1 gave the best result on parameters of flowering age, number of pods, dry seed production and weight of 100 seeds. The concentration of liquid fertilizer of 15 ml L−1 resulted in the best result on parameters of plant height, number of leaves, and flowering age.
Response of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) to bioslurry fertilization and enrichment of Trichoderma asperellum on planting media
Authors: Kaimuddin  , Dermawan R , Rahman A R , Syam’un E , Dungga N E , Yanti C W B , Mulawarman A
Published: May 2020

This study aimed to determine the response of chili plants (Capsicum annuum L.) to the treatment of bioslurry fertilizer and enrichment of Trichoderma asperellum on planting media. The study was conducted from October 2017 to January 2018 and set based on randomized block design (RBD). The treatment of Trichoderma asperellum as the first factor consisted of five levels, namely: 0 g plant−1 (control), 5, 10, 15, and 20 g plant−1. The second factor was bioslurry fertilization treatment consisted of five levels, namely: 0 mL L−1 (control), 100, 200, 200, and 400 mL L−1 per application. The results show that the application of Trichoderma asperellum 10 g plant−1 gave the highest fruit length of 12.03 cm. The interaction between Trichoderma asperellum 10 g plant−1 and 100 mL L−1 bioslurry per application showed the best results on the highest number of productive branches (45.17 stems), the highest number of harvested fruit (12.17 fruits), and the heaviest fruit weight (129.82 g).
Growth and production of three rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) in saline stress condition following halopriming and hydropriming treatment
Authors: Riadi M , Sjahril R , Maryati  , Syam’un E , Kasim N , Rafiuddin  , Dewi S
Published: May 2020

Research to study the growth and production of three rice varieties treated with halopriming and hydropriming in saline stress condition has been carried out. This study aimed to determine the growth of three rice varieties on salinity stress by applying seed priming technology using halopriming agents. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Seed Sciences, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and on the Rice Research and Demonstration Field Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar. This study employed a split plot design with varieties as the main plot and halopriming agent as subplot; each repeated three times. The results show that the Membramo variety compared to Banyuasin and Inpari 7 varieties, showed the best results on length of panicle (23.16 cm), number of grain per panicle (140.88 grains), and weight of 100 seeds (3.94 g), production per plant (10.42 g) and production per hectare (3.45 tons ha−1). The use of NaCl as halopriming agent showed the best effect on the number of grain per panicle (131.31 grains). Whereas table salt used as halopriming agent resulted in the best effect on the production per plant (10.27 grams).
Effectiveness of soil tillage and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi inoculation on fruit development of the cocoa plant (Theobroma cacao L.)
Authors: Nasaruddin  , Syaiful S A , M Farid BDR , Ridwan I , Mantja K , Utami W
Published: May 2020

The research was conducted in the form of an experiment, aimed to determine the effect of soil tillage and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) inoculation on the development of cocoa fruits. This research was carried out in Barang Village, Liliriaja District, Soppeng Regency, from March to September 2017. The factorial experiment was set based on a randomized group design pattern. The first factor was soil tillage consisted of four levels, namely without soil tillage (control); application of organic mulch of cocoa leaves and from the remaining of pruning; soil tillage without organic mulch; and soil tillage with organic mulch. The second factor was AMF inoculation which consisted of four levels, namely without AMF, AMF 7.5 g plant−1, AMF 15 g plant−1, and AMF 22.5 g plant−1. The results show that the interaction between soil tillage with organic mulch and AMF inoculation of 22.5 g plant−1 produced the highest number of seeds per 100 grams of dried cocoa beans (8% moisture content). The treatment of soil tillage with the use of organic mulch can increase the number of fruits formed, the number of seeds of cocoa.
Response of tomato plant on various concentrations and application frequency of gibberellin
Authors: Kasim N , Syam’un E , Taufik N , Haring F , Dermawan R , Widiayani N , Indhasari F
Published: May 2020

This study aimed to determine the production of tomato plants with the application of gibberellin growth regulators. This research was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin from May to September 2017. The study was conducted in the form of an experiment using a Randomized Block Design as an environmental design and repeated three times. The first factor in this study was gibberellin consisted of four levels, namely 0 mg L−1, 15 mg L−1, 30 mg L−1, and 45 mg L−1, the second factor was the frequency of gibberellins application consisted of three levels, namely once, twice, and three times during the growth of the tomato plant. The results showed that the concentration of gibberellin of 45 mg L−1 applied once produced the fastest fruiting age of 48.92 days after planting (DAP), concentration of 45 mg L−1 gibberellin applied three times during growth showed the lowest number of seeds (21.73 seeds), while the concentration of 30 mg L−1 applied three times resulted in earliest fruit ripe (86.17 DAP).
Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus (AMF) improves the growth of single-bud sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) seedlings from different bud location
Authors: Musa Y , Ridwan I , Ponto H , Ala A , M Farid BDR , Widiayani N , Yayank A R
Published: May 2020

This study aimed to study the effect of different doses of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth of sugarcane seedlings (Saccharum officinarum L.) planted through a single-bud method with different buds location. The study was conducted at the Faculty of Agriculture’s Experimental Garden, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar, South Sulawesi. The study was carried out from July to November 2018 and set using a Randomized Block Design. Four doses of AMF were used i.e. 2, 4, 6, and 8 g/polybag, respectively and three sugar cane seedling buds location namely apical, median and basal end were used. The results show that the use of single buds from the upper buds showed better growth of shoots at the beginning of growth up to 4 weeks after planting (WAP), which was shown by shoot height parameters. In addition, the location of the upper bud also produced highest number of leaves and number of bud segments. The application of AMF with a dose of 8 g/polybag on the single-bud seedling of upper shoot showed the biggest stem diameter parameter values.
Enrichment of organic complex compounds of coconut water and mungbean extract in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morfolium L.) tissue culture media
Authors: Mollah A , Kaimuddin  , Hamdi E , Haring F , Ulfa F , Ridwan I , Sarif M
Published: May 2020

A study was conducted aimed to determine the most effective concentration of mungbean sprouts extract and coconut water in chrysanthemum tissue culture to promote growth of chrysanthemum plantlet. The trial was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Horticulture Seed Center, Bonto-Bonto District, Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi Province from August to December 2017 using a Randomized Block Design. Seven combination of Murashige and Skooge (MS) culture media added with mungbean sprouts extract and coconut water were used as treatments consisted of the addition of 1 ppm BAP synthetic hormone, coconut water (50, 75, and 100 ml/L, respectively) and mungbean sprout extract (20, 40, and 60 ml/L, respectively). The results show that the addition of coconut water and mungbean sprout extracts in the culture media had a significant effect on the parameters of time of shoots emergence, plantlet height, number of leaves, number of roots and root length. The addition of coconut water as much as 75 ml/L showed the best results based on the parameters of the time of shoots emergence. While the addition of mungbean sprout extract with a concentration of 40 ml/L showed the best results based on the parameters of plantlet height, number of leaves and root length.
Analysis of nutrient-carrying minerals from Tempe Lake sediment
Authors: Ahmad A , Lantera A , Jayadi M
Published: May 2020

This study aims to determine the fertility of sediment in Tempe Lake from nutrient-carrying minerals. This study used transect method with sediment sampling from northern, southern, and eastern part of Tempe Lake. Analysis of minerals used X-Ray Diffractometer. The results show that nutrient-carrying minerals from eastern of Tempe Lake has biotite (35.6%), anorthite (7.1%), and olivine (6.8%), from northern has biotite (29.2%), olivine (20.7%) and pyroxene (9.1%), and from southern has pyroxene (88.6%), and amphibole (3.4%). The percentage of nutrient-carrying mineral content in the southern part of Tempe Lake is higher than the percentage of the total amount in the North and East parts, so that it is potentially used as ameliorant material for infertile soils.
Production of Indol-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) by fungal isolates of taro (Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum) rhizosphere
Authors: Wisdawati E , Kuswinanti T , Rosmana A , Nasruddin A
Published: May 2020

Many taros (Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum) grow in Sulawesi due to their large scale acceptability and high return per unit area, but their productivity is still low. In this study, fungi producing indol-3-acetic acid (IAA) were selected and characterized from the taro rhizosphere with the aim that it can be applied in stimulating the growth and production of this plant. By analyzing the content of IAA in the medium of fungi isolated, 12 fungal isolates were found producing this compound. The highest level of IAA is provided by isolate ETR 33 (8.89 ppm), ETR 29 (8.21 ppm), and ETR 5 (7.82 ppm). These isolates were identified as Fusarium, Trichoderma, and Aspergillus, respectively. These data that three strains of fungi were identified and characterized as the producer of IAA and potentially be used to develop a bio-fertilizer to increase the productivity of taro.
The use of organic plus materials on the growth of sugarcane “Bulu Lawang” variety
Authors: Taufik M , Yusuf D N , Gusnawaty H S , Asniah  , Rakian T C , Rahayu M , Botek M
Published: May 2020

Sugarcane is one of the biggest sugar-producing commodities in Indonesia and has been established by the government in a national sugar self-sufficiency program. Increasing sugar productivity is one of the keys to achieving sugar self-sufficiency. The use of organic material mixed with Trichoderma sp. believed to be able to increase the productivity of sugar cane, especially those planted in the marginal fields with low fertility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth response of Bulu Lawang (BL) sugarcane variety to the application of organic plus material. The design of the experiment used a split plot design. The main plot was anorganic fertilizer with 4 levels while organic matter was added as a subplot with 3 levels. Based on the results of the study, there was no interaction between the main plot and the experimental subplot. Independently, the application of inorganic fertilizer 100% of the recommendations triggers a better sugarcane stem length. The application of organic rice straw plus endophytic and non-endophytic T. asperellum encourages better leaf number, stem height, segment length and sugarcane stem diameter.
Growth response of pepper (Piper nigrum L.) on application Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and the shallot filtrate
Authors: Sahur A , Nasaruddin  , Muthmainnah
Published: May 2020

This study aimed to determine the effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF) and shallot filtrate on the growth of pepper plant. The study was conducted in the district of Tompobulu, Bantaeng Regency, South Sulawesi Province from November 2018 to March 2019. The trial was conducted in the form of two factors factorial experiment (F2F) based on randomized block design (RBD) with AMF as the first factor consisted of 4 levels: 0, 2, 4, and 6 g/polybag and shallot filtrate as second factor consisted of 4 levels of 0, 10, 20, 30%. The experimental results show that the interaction of AMF 2 g/polybag + 10% of shallot filtrate resulted in the highest average plant height (60.19 cm) at 18 weeks after planting. Treatment of AMF 6 g/polybag + shallot filtrate of 10% produced the highest chlorophyll b (390.41 μmol.m−2), total chlorophyll (818.64 μmol.m−2), and stomatal density (24.63 mm2). Application of AMF 4 g/polybag + 30% of shallot filtrate resulted in the largest stomatal aperture area (26.28 mm2). AMF 6 g resulted in the highest average of root length (31.17 cm) and percentage of root infected with mycorrhizal (7.82%).
Biochar interventions enriched with alginate-producing bacteria support the growth of maize in degraded soils
Authors: Sukmawati  , Ala A , Baharuddin  , Gusli S
Published: May 2020

Biochar enriched with alginate-producing bacteria increases the ability of the soil to retain air so that it is available for the growth and production of maize in dry land. Pot experiments with mixed clay media with three types of biochar from oil palm shells, oil palm empty fruit bunches and corncob were conducted to study the interaction of biochar and alginate-producing bacteria (alginate production, phosphate solvent and nitrogen fixation) water (100%, 80% and 60%) on the growth of corn plants. Experimental results prove biochar factors, alginate-producing bacterial isolates and field capacity differ significantly from the vegetative phase of corn. Biochar interaction of corncobs with water at 100% lands capacity produces the best crops, but produces leaf area at 80% field capacity. While the interaction of corncob biochar with N-binding bacterial isolates produced the highest number of leaves. Correlation between variables that use role, biochar on the efficiency of water use for maize growth, where plant height, leaf number, leaf number and dry weight are negatively correlated with KAKL. This study provides the latest synthesis to discuss the use of biochar and bacteria as a strategy to increase support for food production of dry land that increases degradation.
The potential of water availability in Maros Watershed using Thornthwaite-Mather water balance method
Authors: Lias S A , Irmayani  , Laban S
Published: May 2020

The consumption of water grows continuously along with the increasing the amount of population. The watershed as a reservoir is being the main hope for maintaining the availability of water sources. Estimating the potential of water availability can be done by using the Thornthwaite-Mather water balance method. This study was conducted to determine the potential of water availability in the Maros watershed. The Thornthwaite-Mather method uses a surplus and deficit approach through water balance equation. Potential evapotranspiration (Etp) was calculated using daily temperature average data while we assumed that the actual evapotranspiration (Eta) value is equal to ETp value if wet month, and in dry month equal to rainfall minus ?ST. The water storage to the ground (?ST) was computed from the value of water holding capacity (WHC) based on land area, vegetation type and soil type. The results of the analysis show that the average rainfall in the last five years (2014-2018) is 3005.7 mm year−1, while ETp, ETa, and ?ST are 1834.3 mm year−1, 1480.1 mm year−1 and 360 mm year−1, respectively. The water surplus in the Maros watershed reached 1678.1 mm year−1 with a deficit of 354.3 mm year−1.
Performance of local rice varieties under various organic soil fertility strategies in Toraja, Indonesia
Authors: Stöber Silke , Yassi Amir , Kaimuddin  , Kurniawan Ade , Mollah Abdul , Ridwan Ifayanti , Iswoyo Hari , Dermawan Rahmansyah , Ramba Tandu
Published: May 2020

This research aims at studying production parameters of two local varieties of Tana Toraja rice and one introduced variety with the application of several types of organic fertilizers. The field research was conducted from May to September 2018 in Bua’tarrung village, Rembong District, Tana Toraja Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The trial was arranged as two-factor split plot design experiment. The varieties Pare Ambo, Barri Rarang, and Inpago Unsoed 1 were the main plots, while organic fertilizer types as sub plots consisted of three types of composts, namely: farmer compost, Tithonia compost, and Azolla compost. The fertilizer treatments did not show significant differences for any of the varieties. The best productivity was in the local variety Barri Rarang, achieving 4.87 tons per hectare with the local compost fertilizer treatment.
The study of urban waste management through the role of youth as an effort to protect Sinjai area, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia
Authors: Waris A , Rashid A , Rahim I R
Published: May 2020

This study aims to determine the potential and new models and motivation of youth in urban waste management. This research method conducted using descriptive data collection using a questionnaire in the form of Google Form and interviews with the Department of Environment and Forestry and the determination of waste management models using SWOT analysis (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threats). The number of the questioner is 150 with the characteristics of respondents aged 16-30 years. The results showed that the attitude of the youth in waste management in Sinjai has the lowest rank, especially in waste management and utilization of waste generated. It is shown by the scale of 100% is obtained 63% of youth do not perform sorting of waste and 64% of youth do not perform using waste.
Endophytic seed with Beauveria bassiana and liquid compost: control of pest stem borer of corn, Ostrinia furnacalis and increase yield resilient in marginal land?
Authors: Daud I D , Junaid Muhammad , Tuwo M
Published: May 2020

Corn is an important crop after rice. Tompobulu sub-district, Maros, South Sulawesi has a wide marginal land expected to contribute to corn development. One of main pests is Ostrinia furnacalis. Beauveria bassiana Vuill is an effective biological control agent as it can be associated with part of plants as endophyte. The study focused on the effect of seed submersion mixed with liquid compost into marginal land. Corn seeds were planted in each plot with a depth of 5 cm and each hole was planted with 1 seed with a spacing of 75 x 20 cm. The fungal isolation was obtained from inoculum cadaver larvae of O. furnacalis purified on initial agar medium and propagated on corn medium. The trials were designed with a randomized block design (RBD) consisting of 6 trials (Bisi-2 seeds soaked in aquades (A); Srikandi seeds soaked in aquades (B); Bisi-2 seeds soaked in B. bassiana 106 spore/ml suspension for 24 hours (C); Srikandi seeds soaked in B. bassiana suspension 106 spores/ml for 24 hours (D); Seeds of Bisi-2 soaked in suspension B. bassiana 106 spores/ml for 24 hours + liquid fertilizer (E); and Srikandi seeds soaked in B. bassiana 106 spore/ml suspension for 24 hours + liquid fertilizer (F). The highest population of larvae and pupae of O. furnacalis in treatment B was 8.35 and the lowest population in treatment E was 3.05. There were no larvae infected by B. bassiana fungus in the treatment of seeds soaked with distilled water. However, larvae infected with B. bassiana fungus was found in the treatment of seeds soaked in B. bassiana suspension 106 spores/ml or added with watering liquid fertilizer. The highest weight of seed weight in Bisi-2 seeds soaked with suspension B. bassiana 106 spores/ml.
Population dynamics of melon fly Zeugodacus cucurbitae Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae) and damage level of fruits based on phenology and altitude
Authors: Sulaeha S , Ratna E S , Purwantiningsih  , Rauf A
Published: May 2020

The Melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae), is one of the important pests on vegetables and fruits of Cucurbitaceae family. This study aims to observe population dynamics of fruit fly in three kinds of fruits based on altitude and the phenology of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), angled luffa (Luffa acutangula) and cucumber (Cucumber sativus). The observation was carried out through a transect line method at every five meters. Fruit sampling was taken every week. Population dynamics of Z. cucurbitae was significantly affected by altitude (< 250 m asl midland) and phenological fruits. With elevation < 250 m asl, the vast majority of Z. cucurbitae population was found in angled luffa fruit (237 ± 45.51) and the least was in cucumber (35.76 ± 17.95). In contrast, in midland or elevation 250-417 m asl, the most populated insect of interest was found in bitter gourd (222 ± 89.15). Fruit with 17-18 days maturation (scale 3) was the most visited by insect.
Wilt disease of banana (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense): Grouping of isolates in their physiological races
Authors: Djohan A , Kuswinanti T , Baharuddin  , Melina M
Published: May 2020

Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) is a major disease on banana plants in the world and causes huge losses. The pathogen is very difficult to control, because the complexity of the pathogen that consisting in many races and can persist over 40 years without its host plant. This study was aimed to determine the physiological races and grouping of Foc isolates from several banana plantation areas in South Sulawesi. The study consisted of collection of F. oxysporum f.sp. cubense isolates and inoculation test onto plants with a concentration of 106 spores/ml. Barangan, Ambon and Kepok variety obtained from the tissue culture and Heliconia were used as test plants. Fusarium oxysporum fsp. cubense suspension was applied by spraying on banana plant roots. Observation was conducted in the form of first symptoms appearance, leaf symptom development and observation of symptom in rhizome four weeks after inoculation. All of Foc isolates caused severe symptom on banana varieties tested and Heliconia. Based on this finding, it concluded that all isolates of Foc from Makassar, Bantaeng and Gowa district were classified into race IV.
Testing cutinase produced by native Trichoderma isolate and its persistence in pod and flower surfaces on cocoa tree in South Sulawesi
Authors: Junaid Muhammad , Rosmana A , Firman
Published: May 2020

Trichoderma species is a powerful biocontrol agent against the agents of cocoa diseases. Although it is a typical soil fungus, it is associated with plant tissue as a symbiont. Trichoderma species has associated with cocoa as a living plant symbiont but understanding the main factor to help Trichoderma isolates in retaining in the plant cuticle is still scarce. While it is critical to understand its role in tissue surface, the study will reveal the ability of Trichoderma isolates obtained from South Sulawesi to produce cutinase in order to help spore’s persistence in pod and flower surfaces before penetrating to control cocoa diseases.
Virulence and genetic diversity of Phytophthora isolates associated with cocoa pod rot
Authors: Kuswinanti T , Junaid Muhammad , Baharuddin  , Melina M
Published: May 2020

Phytophthora palmivora is an important pathogen of cocoa in the world and it has a widest host-range. High adaptability to host plants and changes in environmental conditions forms a new evolutionary strain among P. palmivora populations. The purpose of this study was to analyze the virulence and genetic diversity of the isolates associated with cocoa pod rot symptoms. The isolates (infected cocoa pods) collected from Bone, Bulukumba and Pinrang regencies were characterize morphologically and molecularly. For morphological identification, Phytophthora black pod disease was determined by hyphal growth on juice V8 agar medium and for genetical and virulent identification, pathogen was tested with primer pairs of ITS4 and ITS5 and the diversity was then analyzed with the BOXA1R primer. The Hyphae of isolates were found to have stellate pattern, ovoid sporangium, smooth globose oogonium and oospores. Of 21 isolates, 14 isolates were obtained from Bone, 6 isolates from Bulukumba and 3 isolates from Pinrang respectively and testing virulence of the isolates after reinoculated onto the pod layer shown that seventeen (17) isolates expressed a much higher virulent level and only four (4) isolates performed moderately level. DNA fragments of isolates were amplified at 900 bp and the highest genetic diversity among isolates were 67% level.
Arthropoda diversity in organic cocoa farming in Bantaeng District
Authors: Dewi V S , A Nurariaty A , Sulastria  , Tuwo M
Published: May 2020

Cocoa is an important commodity boosting national economy especially as a provider of employment, a source of income and foreign exchange. Organic cocoa cultivation can reduce production costs and benefit farmers. Farmers do not need to use inorganic fertilizers and pesticides. One of the problems faced in cocoa cultivation includes pest attacks that play a role in causing a decrease in productivity of cocoa plantations. Types of natural enemies such as insects can also play a role as biological control (a predator for other insects) that is able to suppress plant insect pest populations. The study aims to determine the type and number of arthropods found in cocoa plants that are managed organically and inorganically. The study was conducted in cocoa plantation area of Gantarang Keke Sub-district, Bantaeng District. Area of organic and inorganic cocoa plantations is ± 1 Ha. Determination of sample plants was carried out randomly using diagonal method, which was 5 replications and in each replication were 5 cocoa plants. Sampling technique is done by net method for plants that are around the plant and Pitfall traps for soil arthropods. Arthropods that were caught were then identified. Data analysis uses statistical t-test. The results showed that in organic cocoa plants, total arthropods population was 50% higher compared to inorganic cocoa farms. Arthropods that are active at soil surface are more commonly found in organic farms, namely order Hymenoptera, Formicidae family which acts as a predator.
The role of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in rice field
Authors: Abdullah T , Aminah S N , Kuswinanti T , Nurariaty A , Gassa A , Nasruddin A , Fatahuddin F
Published: May 2020

The purpose of the research is to determine the role of ant population and their activities consuming food provided in rice field. Experimental research was held in Tanasitolo village, Wajo district, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Based the observation and identification we find four ant species as predator of insect pests at rice field namely: Pheidologeiton diversus, Anoplolepis gracilipes, Solenopsis geminata and Dolichoderus thoracicus. The different species of ant in rice field representing their survival ability. The result of research is very useful information for management S. geminata as potential predator for improving rice harvest especially in Tanasitolo village.
Impact of pesticide application in high frequency on stomatal number at local shallot in Palu Valley
Authors: Ratnawati  , Sjam S , Rosmana A , Tresnaputra U S , Jaya K
Published: May 2020

Small farmers typically produce shallot with a high frequency of pesticide application and its habit poses several ecological and environmental consequences. In this research, we evaluated the effect of pesticide application in different frequency (high, moderate and low) on shallot stomatal number and opening in Palu Valley, Central Sulawesi. By comparing in the low application, the moderate frequency with less than ten applications increased stomatal number about 1.9% and high rate with more than ten applications per two months of shallot plantation period augmented about 18.7%. While the length of stomatal opening increased about 18.2% with moderate and decreased about 32.6% with the high rate of application. Then, the width of the stomatal opening decreased about 0.6% and 17.5%, respectively. This data indicated that the application of pesticide, especially in high - frequency increase stomatal number and decrease stomatal opening area with potential for inhibiting shallot growth.
First report of vascular streak dieback symptom of cocoa caused by Ceratobasidium theobromae in Barru District, South Sulawesi
Authors: Junaid Muhammad , Purwantara A , Guest D
Published: May 2020

The cause of vascular streak dieback disease, Ceratobasidium theobromae is an economic important cocoa pathogen wherever it attacks and therefore its spread poses a high attention to develop cocoa industry. One of National Islands facing the disease constraint is Sulawesi that many cocoa areas are infected by the pathogen. Understanding a source of pathogen infection in the cocoa farm by investigating specific signs of green chlorotic lesion followed by necrotic leaf and brown streaking within vascular layer is a common method. However, this method is not fully correct since the co-infection phenomenon, secondary fungal pathogens associated with the symptom, has occurred in the field and therefore, the need for detecting accurately by a molecular approach is a highly recommended. This paper will reveal the presence of VSD symptom and pathogen in the new cocoa areas, Barru district before suggestion way of limiting pathogen distribution to new areas was undertaken. Testing the presence of VSD disease pathogen was confirmed with PCR analysis using a pair of specific primers for C. theobromae; Than_ITS1 (forward) and Than_ITS2 (revers). The finding suggests that the signs of VSD disease symptom and pathogen were found to spread in nine villages in Barru district.
Diversity of fungal community associated with cacao (Theobromae cacao L.) top clones from Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Asman A , Baharuddin  , Rosmana A , Ariska
Published: May 2020

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), one of the most significant smallholder commodities in Indonesia, is mainly planted in the Sulawesi island of Indonesia. The new paradigm approach for improving plant health is the use of indigenous microbes which associates with cocoa tree. One of microbial communities is endophytic fungi. The research aimed to identify of fungal endophyte of cocoa top clones Sulawesi. A total of 27 isolates of fungi was isolated from two clones and three areas; 11 isolates from East Luwu area (MCC-02 Clone was six; Sulawesi-2 (S-2) was five), seven isolates from North Luwu area (MCC-02 clone was four; Sulawesi-2 (S-2) was three), Nine isolates from Bantaeng area (MCC-02 was three; Sulawesi-2 (S-2) was six). The isolates belonged to genera Penicillium (two isolates), Aspergillus (five isolates), Geotrichum (two isolates), Sordaria, Lasiodiplodia, Myrothecium, Monilia, Colletotrichum, dan and five isolates that have not been identified as not showing conidia on media of PDA. The result revealed that fungi associated with cacao was diverse and every clone and cocoa producing area shows different diversity of fungi. The endophytic fungi were potential to be biological control for controlling cacao diseases.
Population of Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophydae) and damage of the coconut fruit in South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Salim  , Nurariaty A , Melina M
Published: May 2020

Coconut mite Aceria guerreronis Keifer (Acari: Eriophydae) as important pest in coconut plantation around the world. The population density of A. guerreronis has many impacts to coconut fruit damage. The purpose of research is to study population density of A. guerreronis, the coconut fruit damage and correlation population density in different coconut plantation at South Sulawesi. The information about presence of A. guerreronis is very useful to manage A. guerreronis for the development coconut plantation in South Sulawesi. The research was conducted in coconut plantation near the beach at three regencies of South Sulawesi namely Jeneponto, Wajo and Luwu. The observation of A. guerreronis population was held in laboratory at Plant Pest and Disease Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Hasanuddin Makassar from July to October 2019. Population of coconut mite A. guerreronis observed with washing twice all of coconut petals. First washing (P1) and second washing (P2) used 30 mL detergent solution. 1 mL of the washing water was collected observed used binocular microscope. The coconut petals after washing process observed under stereo microscope. The results show that the average damage of coconut fruit at Jeneponto was 20.35%, Wajo 14.6% and Luwu 10.6%. Population of adult and eggs of A. guerreronis at Jeneponto (2,566.45 individual and 828.95 eggs), Wajo (1,548 individual and 452.8 eggs) and Luwu (1,078.7 individual and 360.3 eggs). Findings of research show that there was a very strong correlation between population with damage level with R value at Jeneponto (0.919), Wajo (0.954) and Luwu (0.975).
Gamma and neutron source term calculation for irradiated TRIGA Mark II fuel using ORIGEN2
Authors: Bahri Nurlaila Syamsul , Zainal Jasman , Jalal Bayar Abi Muttaqin , Rabir Mohamad Hairie
Published: May 2020

TRIGA Mark II has served as nuclear research reactor for decades, which is to provide research facility towards nuclear development as well as for trainings in the aspect of education and industry. Standard TRIGA fuel, UZrH1.6 is used in this reactor which can be found in two types; aluminium or stainless steel cladding. In this study, stainless steel cladded fuel used in Reactor TRIGA PUSPATI (RTP) that consists of fissile U-235 with 19.9% enrichment and 20% weight of Uranium is used as reference for input data. The irradiated fuel inventories and fuel burnup were determined using ORIGEN2 code by referring to PWR data library, consists of gamma and neutron source term comes from activation products, actinides and fission products after 18 years of irradiation and 5 years of cooling period with 200 days of time step. The outcomes from this study can be concluded with the inventories from fission products to be the highest in all categories, in which the U-235 depleted up to 52.9%. The results from this simulation is crucial as it is then carried forward for radiation shielding for interim storage facility.
Electron range after titanium foil window from low energy electron accelerator
Authors: Md Chulan Mohd Rizal , Mohd Zin Mohd Faiz , Wah Leo Kwee , Mokhtar Mukhlis , Ahmad Mohd Azhar , Baijan Abd Halim , Sabri Rokiah Mohd , Malik Khaidawaton Abd
Published: May 2020

Currently, the low energy electron accelerator machine in Malaysian Nuclear Agency is at the commissioning stage. Various parameters are tested and studied. One of the parameters is the electron range in the air through titanium foil window. This parameter is important for the process of sample irradiation. There are two methods to determine this parameter. The first is through manual calculations and second is through Monte Carlo code simulations using PHITS. This paper describes the results of both methods and attempts to make comparisons between them.
Determination of the combined effect of boron and gadolinia on the reactivity and safety parameters of (U, Th)O2 fuel
Authors: Uguru E H , Sani S F A , Khandaker M U , Rabir M H , Karim J A
Published: May 2020

This study investigated the combined effect of boron in light water moderator and gadolinia in fuel on the neutronic properties of (U, Th)O2 fuel in Westinghouse small modular reactor. The reactivity control of boron and gadolinia, and the potential of gadolinia in increasing thermal conductivity of its mixed fuel pellet motivated this study. Monte Carlo N-particle code integrated with CINDER90 was used for the calculations. Four fuel assemblies were used: one without boron and gadolinia, one with borated water only while the other two contained borated water plus 16 and 24 gadolinia fuel rods in each of the FAs. The BOC safety parameters was calculated at hot zero power (293.6 K) and hot full power (600 K). The results showed that the moderator temperature coefficient of reactivity was highest in FA without boron and gadolinia and smallest in FA containing boron plus 24 gadolinia fuel rods, while a reverse phenomenon was observed for the fuel temperature coefficient of reactivity. The effective delayed neutron fraction was slightly larger in FA without neutron absorber. The results show that boron and gadolinia decreased significantly the MTC but increased FTC slightly in addition to their initial neutron multiplication suppression role.
Adsorption of Radioactive Element by Clay: A Review
Authors: Md Yusof Muhamad Yusmadi , Idris Mohd Idzat , Mohamed Faizal , Nor Marlida Md
Published: May 2020

Clay is one of the most important industrial minerals that have been used to improve the quality of product and economize the production cost. Clay and their minerals, both in its natural and modified forms, have the ability to absorb various radioactive materials from aqueous solution, such as Uranium, Thorium and Caesium as discussed extensively in this review. This article presented an overview of properties and classifications of clay, current research literature on using clay minerals as an absorber, and a descriptive analysis of their adsorption behaviour. Three type of clay are the focused in this review namely Bentonite, Kaolin and Zeolites due to their excellent qualification in absorbing radioactive materials such as Uranium, Thorium and Caesium.
Application of fuzzy logic for power change rate constraint in core power control at Reaktor TRIGA PUSPATI
Authors: Minhat Mohd Sabri , Mohd Subha Nurul Adilla , Hassan Fazilah , Ahmad Anita
Published: May 2020

The 1MWth Reaktor TRIGA PUSPATI (RTP) in Malaysia Nuclear Agency has been in operation more than 37 years. The existing core power control uses a conventional controller known as Feedback Control Algorithm (FCA). It is technically challenging to keep the core power output stable and operate within the acceptable error bands for the safety demand of the RTP. At present, the power tracking performance of the system could be considered unsatisfactory where constant gains of power change rate constraint and control rod speed constraint are used. Hence, a study of a new power change rate constraint design to achieve safe control rod speed range is conducted to improve the current performance. In this paper, a new power change rate constraint (PCRC) method using fuzzy logic is proposed to control the core power. The Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) type Fuzzy model is chosen due to its capability to work well with linear controller and making the computational control algorithm efficient. The model for core power control consists of mathematical models of the reactor core, FCA, and control rods selection algorithm. The mathematical models of the reactor core are based on point kinetics model, thermal-hydraulic models and reactivity models. The performance of power tracking and actuation signal for control rod drive input are compared between the conventional PCRC (cPCRC) and Fuzzy PCRC using MATLAB. In conclusion, the proposed Fuzzy PCRC has satisfactory performance in core power tracking for controlling the nuclear reactor with high reliability and safety.