bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orthopedic surgery related infections; study of antibiotic resistance and associated comorbidities
Authors: Popa Mihnea , Şerban Bogdan , Lupu Alexandru , Iacobescu Georgian , Cursaru Adrian
Published: August 2020

Interventions in the field of orthopedics and traumatology involve more and more the frequent use of osteosynthesis materials and prostheses. Therefore, an increasing number of patients live with these implants, having an increased risk in comparison to the general population to develop complications. Although technological developments have brought this change for the better, it must not be forgotten that these foreign materials come with certain risks, the most feared being the associated infections.

For this article, we conducted an epidemiological study on infections identified in patients treated in the Orthopedics and Traumatology Department of University Emergency Hospital in Bucharest, from 01.01.2016 to 01.06.2019. We were able to extract data about patients without neglecting their confidentiality.

The information sought, primarily involved the pathogen causing the infection and its antibiogram, but at the same time we tried to build a more accurate history of each patient in order to determine the cause of infection and the risks posed by various associated pathologies. During these 4 years we were able to identify 139 patients who suffered an infection in the musculoskeletal system. In most cases we identified unimicrobial infections, but there were 7 cases in which two pathogens were identified.
Communicating Social Impact as a New Trend in Corporate Reputation Management in the Light of Contemporary Political and Social Challenges
Authors: Ciesiołkiewicz Konrad
Published: August 2020

The tide of the 2008 economic crisis strengthened social and political movements that askabout the current form of the capitalist system and the practices of large corporations. For the latter,this means a significant reputational challenge. In facing it, companies are improving their corporatesocial responsibility (CSR), corporate citizenship (CC) and public relations (PR) policies, and deploy-ing new forms of strategic management and communication. One of them is the trend of manage-ment and social communication of companies’ social impact, bringing together the CSR, CC, PR andhumanistic management approaches
Terminological and Historical Background of Guerilla Marketing as a Marketing Communication Strategy
Authors: Balážiová Iveta
Published: August 2020

This article deals with guerilla marketing and/or guerilla marketing strategy on the backgroundof military attack strategies. The aim of this article is to grasp guerrilla marketing in a broader con-text, starting from the marketing and communication strategy, which is historically and terminologyinspired by the military strategy of guerrilla attacks and/or by military strategy in general. The theoret-ical study is a meta-analysis of five scientific publications dealing with the overlays of military strate-gies and marketing to identify useful marketing and communication strategies. Guerilla marketing asan offensive-defensive strategy present among the attack strategies and it is described as a way forsmall and weaker businesses to compete with large corporations in the existing conflict and to actas challengers in the battle. An emphasis will be put on the primary characteristic of guerrilla warfare:it is a typical competitive struggle based on a series of small intermittent attacks and withdrawals.
Development of novel Quercus rubra chloroplast genome CAPS markers for haplotype identification
Authors: Pettenkofer Tim , Finkeldey Reiner , Müller Markus , Krutovsky Konstantin V. , Vornam Barbara , Leinemann Ludger , Gailing Oliver
Published: August 2020

Our main objective was to generate cost-effective chloroplast (cp) DNA markers that are easy to apply and to score. In combination with already published cpSSR markers they should increase haplotype resolution in populations. To discover new cpDNA markers, we sequenced 87-97 % of the entire chloroplast genome (except the second inverted repeat) of 8 trees representing different regions of the Quercus rubra L. natural range with 4,030X-6,297X coverage and assembled the genome sequences using the publicly available chloroplast genome of Quercus rubra L. as a reference. In total, 118 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 107 insertions or deletions (indels) were detected, and 15 cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers were developed for Q. rubra. Using these new markers together with five chloroplast microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (cpSSR) markers, we identified 10 haplotypes in our diversity panel of 19 Q. rubra populations. Specifically, two haplotypes based only on the cpSSR markers could now be separated in five haplotypes. These markers are useful to assess haplotype diversity with high resolution and are also transferable to a closely related species, Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill.
Preface. Libertarianism from the Philosophical Perspective
Authors: Block Walter E.
Published: August 2020

This special issue of Studia Humana is devoted, and dedicated, to libertarianism; its promotion and its study. I am very grateful to the editors of this journal for inviting me to put together such a compilation. There are 16 contributions in all, covering most of the social science disciplines.
On Huemer on Ethical Veganism
Authors: Block Walter E.
Published: August 2020

Huemer [33] argues against the killing of animals. I offer a critical libertarian analysis of his claim.
Is Statism an Amoral Philosophy?
Authors: Wiśniewski Jakub Bożydar
Published: August 2020

Thick moral terms – such as theft, fraud, and counterfeiting – are terms whose very use implies a definitionally necessary moral evaluation of their content. In this paper, I shall argue that the philosophy of statism – that is, a philosophy grounded in the belief in the normative justifiability and desirability of monopolistic apparatuses of initiatory violence – is necessarily amoral insofar as it cannot apply thick moral terms in a logically consistent manner. By the same token, I shall argue that libertarianism – i.e., the view that only consensual social relations are morally acceptable – is the only general sociopolitical doctrine capable of accomplishing this task, thus, in contrast to statism, making its prescriptions susceptible to genuine moral evaluation.
Impact of Environmental, Demographical and Personal Factors on Auditors’ Ethical Decision Making in Nigeria
Authors: Fagbemi Temitope Olamide
Published: August 2020

This research introduces organization and personal dimensions to the study of ethics amid the adverse reactions of the users of the financial statements to a business fiasco. Using survey research design, a sample of one hundred and thirty-eight audit firms was taken while Probit analysis was used in testing the propositions made. Findings indicate that knowledge of the client industry and government policy are vital in shaping ethical decision making. It was concluded that environmental uncertainties and personal orientation of the auditor offers explanations to the dilemma and decision making of the auditor. Thus, it is suggested that a critical review of audit personnel characteristics and the technological environment would be a step in the right direction if the ethical dilemma is to be minimized.
Real Wage Convergence in Romania: Empirical Evidence Based on Club Converging
Authors: Neagu Olimpia
Published: August 2020

The study aims to explore the real wage convergence across the 42 Romanian counties from 1991 to 2016 by using the convergence algorithm developed by Phillips and Sul (2007). The process of divergence is identified in the period of 1991-2016 as well as a number of 4 convergence subgroups (clusters). Transitional curves indicate that over the long-run the real wage tends to converge. Policy implications of the paper’s findings are also provided.
The User-Preferred Optimal Flight Parameters in an Active Navigational System in a Multi-Alternative Situation
Authors: Goncharenko Andriy Viktorovich
Published: August 2020

The goal of this paper is to investigate the influence of the objectively existing effectiveness functions of an aircraft control system upon the control and managerial decision making process in the framework of the subjective entropy maximum princi-ple. The subjective analysis theory entropy paradigm makes it possible to consider the aircraft control system based upon personal preferences as an active system governed by an individual (active element of the control system) with the help of her/his individual subjective preferences optimal distributions obtained in conditions of operational multi-alternativeness and those operational alternatives the active system active element’s individual subjective preferences uncertainty. The described ap-proach takes into account the simple two-alternative operational situation in regards with the objectively existing effectiveness functions, related to the aircraft control system, in the view of a controlled parameter and a combination of it with its rate as the ratio. The obtained expressions for the objective functional extremal functions of the effectiveness and preferences, as well as the subjective entropy of the alternatives preferences, illustrated in diagrams visualize the situation and allow taking a good choice. The ideas of the required proper governing, managing, and control methods choice optimization with respect to only 2 alternative objective effectiveness functions arguments might be simple; nevertheless, increasing the number of parameters and further complication of the problem setting will not change the principle of the problem solution.
The Analysis of Safety Measures in the Košice Railway Station
Authors: Čarný Štefan
Published: August 2020

The paper analyzes the impact of work technology on the safety of traffic at the Košice railway station. The paper is divided into three parts. The first part describes the characteristics of the Košice railway station, equipment in the station, and external influences that affect the technological procedures of work in the station. The second part consists of analysis according to traffic safety. The conclusion deals with possible proposals for improving the safety of traffic in Košice.
Honamlı keçi ırkında Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus (CAEV) enfeksiyonunun araştırılması
Authors: KALE Mehmet
Published: August 2020

Bu çalışmada, Burdur ilinde halk elinde bulunan saf ırk özelliği taşıyan dişi Honamlı keçilerinde Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis Virus (CAEV) enfeksiyonunun varlığı araştırıldı. Bu amaçla 1 yaş üstü, dişi ve sağlıklı görünüme sahip 187 (yüz seksen yedi) adet keçiden kan örneklemesi yapıldı. Çalışmada Honamlı ırkı dişi keçilerin yerleşim yerlerine ve yaşlarına göre seroprevalanslarının ve enfeksiyona karşı hassasiyetlerinin ortaya konması amaçlandı. Örnekleme yapılan ağıl koşulları; Duvar, Çatı ve Zemin, Yemlik ve Suluk, Ortamın İlaçlanması, Ayrı Bölme (Keçi, Teke ve Oğlak), Karışık/Ortak Emzirme olarak 5 kriter altında değerlendirildi. Araştırmada, 5 yerleşim yerinden ve 10 ağıldan toplanan 187 keçi kan serumu, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) testi uygulanarak CAEV antikorları yönünden kontrol edildi. Test edilen 187 adet keçi kan serumunun 3 (%1.60) adedi seropozitif olarak belirlendi. Yerleşim yerlerine göre seropozitiflik oranları %0-5 arasında tespit edildi. Yaşa göre kan numunelerinde ELISA testi ile 2 yaş grubunda 1 (%1.79), 4 ve üstü yaş grubunda 2 (%8.70) seropozitiflik tespit edildi. 4 farklı yaş grubu arasında seropozitiflik açısından yapılan karşılaştırmada istatistiki önem bulundu (p=0.025, p<0.05). Ağıl durum değerlendirmesinde seropozitiflik bulunan ağıllarda; Duvar, Çatı ve Zemin, Yemlik ve Suluk’ların “Kötü”, Ortamın İlaçlanması, Ayrı Bölme (Keçi, Teke ve Oğlak)’lerin “Yok”, Karışık/Ortak Emzirme’nin “Var” olduğu görüldü.
The substance and opportunities to implement innovative import substitution in Russian regions
Authors: Golova I.M. , Sukhovei A.F.
Published: August 2020

Subject. The article addresses the innovative import substitution as a timely socio-economic policy direction of the Russian Federation. Objectives. The purpose is to reveal the essence and justify the specifics of approach to innovative import substitution in Russian regions in the face of Russia's growing technological gap and the global economic crisis triggered by the coronavirus pandemic. Methods. We employ methods of comparative analysis, statistical, economic and mathematical methods, including our own method of assessing the Russian regions based on the level of high-tech production development. Results. The study unveils the bottlenecks of the routine approach to import substitution. It underpins the need for innovative import substitution, which is built on serious technological modernization of the economy with a special emphasis on the areas crucial for security and development of the country. Based on the comparative assessment of Russian regions by the level of high-tech production development, we identified fifteen the most promising regions to implement innovative import substitution. The paper offers a set of measures aimed at successful completion of innovative import substitution, paying particular attention to the key role of science in implementing the import substitution strategy. Conclusions. It is crucial to strengthen the innovation dimension in the import substitution strategy of Russian regions. This approach will help overcome the technological backwardness of the Russian Federation by creating modern production facilities, which ensure competitive products on the global market, considering the global trends in the development of science and technology.
Developing the stress testing algorithms for companies: A metal industry case study
Authors: Kogdenko V.G.
Published: August 2020

Subject. The article addresses the development of stress testing algorithms for companies operating in the real economy.
Objectives. The study generalizes stress-testing algorithms and assesses the hypothesis about the resistance of steel companies to external shocks.
Methods. I employ general scientific principles and methods of research, like abstraction, generalization of approaches of domestic and foreign authors to stress testing and industry analysis.
Results. I developed methods of aggregated direct single-factor historical stress testing based on the top-down approach. The methodology includes three stages. First, I identify stress-testing parameters: stress factors, variables and constant model parameters. Revenue, which is influenced by market risk, is defined as a stress factor. At the second stage, I substantiate the algorithms for predicting stress-testing parameters, then I calculate the predictive values of variable and permanent parameters of the model, assess the volatility of the stress factor, calculate confidence intervals and justify stress-testing scenarios. At the final stage, the results of stress testing are analyzed. The methodology was tested on the investigation of data of 454 metallurgical enterprises.
Conclusions. The companies assigned to the first group (20% of companies that account for 80% of revenue) have a high degree of resilience in the short term, owing to their operational efficiency, which ensures continuity of operations. In the long term, iron and steel companies have insufficient resilience due to the high loan debt burden offsetting the aggressive dividend policy, and inadequate investment in production capacity and safety.
Demand for tax instruments encouraging capital investment by Russian organizations
Authors: Pokrovskaya N.V. , Razuvaeva A.A.
Published: August 2020

Subject. The article addresses tax incentives for capital investment in the framework of corporate income tax, and their effectiveness, estimated as the scale of application of incentive instruments.
Objectives. We explore tax instruments intended to boost the investment activity of businesses in Russia, in the context of their demand by Russian organizations.
Methods. To estimate the efficiency of tax incentives for boosting investment, we calculate absolute and relative values of reduction in the tax base, according to the data of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, the Federal Tax Service of Russia, and Rosstat, and the number of companies, using these tax instruments.
Results. The set of tax incentives and preferences focused on stimulating the investment activity within the income tax is quite wide, however, their application imposes significant restrictions on taxpayers. The effectiveness of applied tax incentives remains rather low. A relatively modest number of organizations use early depreciation mechanisms for acquired fixed assets to reduce income tax. Bonus depreciation is more common, however, it is applied by a sufficiently low number of taxpayers, although to a significant proportion of newly entered items of property, plant and equipment. Accelerated depreciation, both the declining method of depreciation and increasing coefficients, are used less frequently than bonus depreciation.
Conclusions. Prospects for expanding the investment activity of a business can be associated with investment tax deduction. Its effectiveness assessment is possible only in the medium term.
Analyzing the market capitalization and value of the world's leading public oil and gas corporations
Authors: Shimko O.V.
Published: August 2020

Subject. This article explores the market capitalization and value of the twenty five largest public oil and gas companies between 2006 and 2018.
Objectives. The article aims to define market capitalization and value of the largest public oil and gas companies, identify key trends in their changes within the study period, and identify the factors that have caused these changes.
Methods. For the study, I used comparative, and financial and economic analyses, and generalization.
Results. The article describes changes in the market capitalization and value of the world's leading public oil and gas corporations and identifies the main factors that affected these changes.
Conclusions and Relevance. The article concludes that the total market valuation of the leading public oil and gas corporations has not changed significantly over a long period. But the oil and gas industry has increased the debt load, which negatively affects the companies' market capitalization. The results of the study can be used to evaluate, forecast, and develop measures to create market cap and value of public oil and gas companies.
Using Heuristic and Branch and Bound Methods to Solve a Multi-Criteria Machine Scheduling Problem
Authors: Jawad Aseel Aboud , Ali Faez Hassan , Hasanain Wafaa Sayyid
Published: August 2020

In this paper, we investigate some methods to solve one of the multi-criteria machine scheduling problems. The discussed problem is the total completion time and the total earliness jobs  To solve this problem, some heuristic methods are proposed which provided good results. The Branch and Bound (BAB) method is applied with new suggested upper and lower bounds to solve the discussed problem, which produced exact results for  in a reasonable time.
نحو جامعات ذكية من خلال تبني معايير الحوكمة الجامعية دراسة في عينة من الجامعات الأهلية في مدينة دهوك
Authors: Sultan Hikmat R.
Published: August 2020

تهدف هذه الدراسة الى تحديد الدور الذي يمكن أن يلعبه الحوكمة الجامعية بوصفه متغيراً مستقلاً من خلال معاييره المتمثلة في (الإفصاح والشفافية والمشاركة والمساءلة وخدمة أصحاب المصالح) في تحقيق الجامعة الذكية بوصفها متغيراً تابعاً من خلال أبعاده المتمثلة في (الرؤية الاستراتيجية، الالتزام الجماعي والرغبة في التغيير، وتطوير ونشر المعرفة، والانتظام والتوافق). وفي ضوء الهدف تلخصت مشكلة الدراسة بمجموعة من التساؤلات تتمحور حول وجود علاقة ارتباط بين معايير الحوكمة وأبعاد الجامعة الذكية في الجامعات المبحوثة، فضلاً عن التأثير المعنوي لمعايير الحوكمة في أبعاد الجامعة الذكية في الجامعات المبحوثة. وتكمن اهمية الدراسة في الاضافة الجديدة لحقل المعرفة والمتجسدة في التوجه نحو الجامعة الذكية من خلال تبني معايير الحوكمة الجامعية حيث لوحظ ندرة الابحاث التي تستكشف العوامل المؤثرة في تحقيق ابعاد الجامعة الذكية. واستناداً الى التساؤلات البحثية تم وضع ثلاثة فرضيات رئيسة وتنبثق منها الفرضيات الفرعية لتحقيق اهداف الدراسة.

اعتمدت الدراسة المنهج الاستقرائي (وصفي تحليلي)، اذ جمعت بياناتها بواسطة استبانة اشتملت على (45) سؤالاً، وتم توزيعها على عينة عشوائية من (50 ) شخصاً يمثلون القيادات الادارية (رؤساء الجامعة ومساعديهم والعمداء ومديري الوحدات والتشكيلات الرئيسية) الذين يشاركون في عملية صنع القرار في الجامعة ورسم السياسات الاستراتيجية في الجامعات المبحوثة المتمثلة بجامعتي جيهان دهوك ونوروز الاهليتين في مدينة دهوك خلال الحدود الزمانية الممتدة من (1/9/2016) ولغاية (5/1/2017)، واسترد منها (38) استبانات، بنسبة استجابة بلغت (76%). عولجت احصائياً بواسطة استخدام الاصدار الخامس عشر من برنامج الحزمة الاحصائية للعلوم الاجتماعية (SPSS: V. 15) . أعتمدت الدراسة على وسائل الأحصاء التحليلي ( التكرارات ، النسبة المئوية ، الوسط الحسابي الموزون ، الانحراف المعياري) وكذلك جرى اختتبار independent- samples t test واختبار التباين (ANOVA) للتعرف على الفروقات بين متغيرات الدراسة فيما يتعلق بالسمات الشخصية.

وقد بينت نتائج الدراسة وجود علاقة ارتباط معنوية بين معايير الحوكمة الجامعية وأبعاد الجامعة الذكية في الجامعات المبحوثة. ووجود علاقة تأثير معنوية لمعايير الحوكمة الجامعية في أبعاد الجامعة الذكية في الجامعات المبحوثة. وان آراء المبحوثين في الجامعات قيد الدراسة كانت متباينة تجاه متغير أبعاد الجامعة الذكية تبعا لاختلاف الخدمة في المركز الوظيفي الحالي.

وقدمت الدراسة عدداً من التوصيات والمقترحات أعتمدت على نتائج الدراسة منها: تقترح الدراسة أن تهتم إدارة الجامعات المبحوثة بتطبيق معايير الحوكمة من خلال تبني أساليب إدارية تتصف بالنزاهة والشفافية والعدالة عند تطبيق إجراءات الترقية والتحفيز وتقييم الأداء وعند تحديد المسؤوليات والأدوار. وتوصي الدراسة الجامعات المبحوثة ضرورة فسح المجال أمام الأطراف الأساسية من الطلبة والأساتذة للمشاركة في رسم السياسات واتخاذ القرارات المتعلقة بمصالحهم، وإبداء رأيهم عند إعداد البرامج والمقررات الدراسية بما يتلاءم مع مصالح كل الأطراف وتعظيم التحصيل العلمي. كما إن التحوّل إلى جامعة ذكية يحتاج إلى ثقافة تنظيمية مساندة تشجع على التفكير الإبداعي الذي يقود إلى التفوق والتميّز، كما تحتاج الى بيئة عمل ملائمة تتوافر فيها الموارد ونظم العمل والآليات المناسبة لإعادة توزيع مواردها بالسرعة اللازمة لمواكبة التغيرات البيئية.
Perbandingan Kejadian Reaksi Obat yang Tidak Dikehendaki Antara Kontrasepsi Suntik Tunggal dan Kombinasi di Kota Bengkulu
Authors: Putri Yona Harianti , Andrajati Retnosari , Yanuar Arry
Published: August 2020

Reaksi obat yang tidak dikehendaki (ROTD) adalah salah satu penyebab akseptor menghentikan penggunaan kontrasepsi. Penghentian kontrasepsi dapat meningkatkan kejadian kehamilan yang tidak dikehendaki. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan kejadian ROTD dari penggunaan kontrasepsi suntik tunggal (Depo Medroksi Progesteron Asetat) dan kontrasepsi suntik kombinasi (MPA/Estradiol Sipionat). Desain penelitian adalah cross sectional uji dua populasi. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 65 akseptor kontrasepsi suntik tunggal dan 62 akseptor kontrasepsi suntik kombinasi. Kejadian ROTD dianalisis menggunakan Chi-Square dan uji regresi logistik multivariat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kejadian ROTD gangguan menstruasi lebih banyak terjadi pada akseptor kontrasepsi suntik tunggal (89.2%) dibanding akseptor kontrasepsi suntik kombinasi (38.7%) dengan P-value <0.001. Kejadian ROTD mudah marah lebih banyak terjadi pada akseptor kontrasepsi suntik tunggal (67.7%) dibanding akseptor kontrasepsi suntik kombinasi (46.8%) dengan P-value 0.017. Kejadian ROTD kurang gairah seksual lebih banyak terjadi pada akseptor kontrasepsi suntik tunggal (56.9%) dibanding akseptor kontrasepsi suntik kombinasi (37.1%) dengan P-value 0.025. Kejadian ROTD sakit kepala lebih banyak terjadi pada akseptor kontrasepsi suntik tunggal (56.9%) dibanding akseptor kontrasepsi suntik kombinasi (50.0%), akan tetapi perbandingannya tidak signifikan (P-value 0.434). Kejadian ROTD gangguan menstruasi 13 kali lebih banyak terjadi pada akseptor kontrasepsi suntik tunggal dibanding kombinasi.
Deteksi Cepat Gen InvA pada Salmonella spp. Dengan Metode PCR
Authors: Muhsinin Soni , Sulastri Maria Martina , Supriadi Dadih
Published: August 2020

Salmonella spp. merupakan penyebab infeksi utama pada manusia melalui rute oral dengan cara mengkontaminasi makanan dan minuman. Penyakit yang disebabkan oleh Salmonella spp. disebut salmonellosis. Salmonella spp. memiliki gen invA yang menyebabkan patogen pada manusia. Deteksi gen InvA dapat dilakukan dengan metode PCR. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk pengembangan metode deteksi cepat Gen InvA pada Salmonella spp. dengan metode PCR. Tahapan metode penelitian dimulai dari kultur Salmonella ATCC, Isolasi DNA Salmonella ATCC, Analisis Kuantitatif DNA Salmonella ATCC, Desain primer spesifik untuk deteksi gen InvA, Karakterisasi primer, Optimasi komponen PCR. Hasil isolasi DNA Salmonella ATCC yang didapat dengan konsentrasi DNA sebesar 4,5 ng/ul dengan kemurnian DNA 1,66. Primer PCR yang telah didesain untuk deteksi gen InvA terdiri dari satu pasang primer, yaitu InvA-F: 5’ TCGTCATTCCATTACCTACC 3’dan InvA-R: 5’ AAACGTTGAAAAACTGAGGA 3’ yang menghasilkan produk PCR gen InvA sepanjang 119 bp. Gen InvA dapat dideteksi dengan cepat menggunakan metode PCR yang telah dioptimasi komponen PCR.
Karakterisasi dan Uji Sitotoksik Daun Jeruju (Acanthus illicifolius)
Authors: Suryati Suryati , Husni Elidahanum , Astuti Winda , Ranura Nasty
Published: August 2020

Tumbuhan Jeruju (Acanthus illicifolius) merupakan salah satu tumbuhan mangrove yang banyak ditemukan di daerah tepi pantai di Sumatera Barat. Masyarakat  di daerah Ketaping dan Pariaman Sumatera Barat mengkonsumsi buahnya untuk mengobati kanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk  melakukan karakterisasi dan menentukan, aktivitas sitotoksik ekstrak etanol dan fraksi jeruju (Acanthus illicifolius) dengan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). Daun dimaserasi dengan etanol 70% selama 3 hari, kemudian difraksinasi dengan n-heksana, etil asetat dan butanol. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan susut pengeringan simplisia 12,78%, kadar abu total 10,05%, kadar abu tidak larut asam 1,01%, sari larut air 17,76%, sari larut etanol 7,1%. Rendemen ekstrak etanol diperoleh 2,6%. Kadar air 25,4%, kadar abu total 15,6% dan kadar abu tidak larut asam 0,74%. Skrining fitokimia ekstrak menunjukkan ekstrak mengandung senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, fenolik dan saponin. Fraksi heksana menunjukkan aktivitas sitotoksik dengan nilai LC50 242,25 ppm. Sedangkan, ekstrak etanol dan fraksi etil asetat dan butanol dari daun jeruju tidak menunjukkan efek sitotoksik dengan nilai LC50 lebih dari 1000 ppm.
Karakterisasi dan Uji Disolusi Aspirin Hasil Rekristalisasi Penguap Pelarut
Authors: Indra Indra , Fauzi Ahmad , Aryani Ratih
Published: August 2020

Aspirin merupakan obat analgetik dan antipiretik yang termasuk dalam kelompok Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) kelas II dengan kelarutan rendah dan absorpsi tinggi. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan modifikasi kristal aspirin untuk meningkatkan laju disolusi dengan menggunakan metode rekristaliasi penguapan 3 jenis pelarut yaitu methanol (AMP), tetrahidrofuran (ATP) dan kloroform (AKP). Karakteristik sifat fisikokimia hasil rekristalisasi aspirin dilakukan menggunakan mikroskop polarisasi, X-Ray difraktometer serbuk, Spektrofotometer IR, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) dan thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) dan evaluasi terakhir dilakukan pengujian kelarutan dan disolusi. Kristal aspirin yang dihasilkan dari metode penguapan pelarut methanol (AMP), tetrahidrofuran (ATP), dan kloroform (AKP) menghasilkan bentuk kristal jarum dengan ujung yang runcing. Kristal aspirin murni (AS) memiliki bentuk yang sama yaitu prismatik. Hasil pengamatan pada spectrum IR dan termogram DSC menunjukkan tidak terjadinya perubahan yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kristal murni (AS). Hasil analisis pola difraktogram PXRD untuk Kristal AMP memperlihatkan adanya perbedaan pola puncak pada posisi 2θ yang berbeda. Berdasarkan hasil ini dapat diketahui bahwa rekristaliasi aspirin dengan methanol (AMP) merupakan senyawa kimia yang sama dengan internal struktur kristal yang berbeda (polimorf). Hasil uji disolusi menggunakan tipe dayung dengan medium disolusi HCl 0,1 N diketahui bahwa kristal AMP, ATP, dan AKP memiliki laju disolusi yang lebih baik dibandingkan kristal AS.
Studi In Silico, Sintesis, dan Uji Sitotoksik Senyawa P-Metoksi Kalkon terhadap Sel Kanker Payudara MCF-7
Authors: Dona Rahma , Frimayanti Neni , Ikhtiarudin Ihsan , Iskandar Benni , Maulana Fikri , Silalahi Nova Tantri
Published: August 2020

Kalkon (1,3-difenil-2-propene-1-on) adalah salah satu senyawa golongan flavonoid yang memiliki beragam aktivitas biologis diantaranya sebagai antikanker. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui  efek sitotoksik analog kalkon (E)-3-(4-metoksifenil)-1-fenilprop-2-en-1-on dengan menggunakan teknik komputerisasi (docking), senyawa analog kalkon tersebut disintesis menggunakan reaksi kondensasi Claisen-Schmidt dengan katalis basa secara metode iradiasi gelombang mikro. Studi in silico ini dilakukan antara senyawa kalkon dengan  protein dengan kode PDB ID P521 dengan menggunakan program AutoDock Vina, sedangkan uji aktivitas sitotoksik senyawa kalkon dilakukan terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF-7 menggunakan metode WST-8. Berdasarkan hasil docking, senyawa kalkon (E)-3-(4-metoksifenil)-1-fenilprop-2-en-1-on memiliki potensi sebagai penghambat aktif terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF-7 ditandai dengan senyawa ini memiliki nilai energi bebas ikatan yang lebih kecil dibandingkan doxorubicin sebagai pembanding; memiliki 4 persamaan asam amino dengan doxorubicin dimana interaksi yang terbentuk terdiri dari 4 jenis ikatan yaitu ikatan hidrogen, ikatan van der Waals, ikatan pi-sigma dan ikatan pi –alkil.  Dari hasil uji sitotoksik antara sel kanker MCF-7 dan senyawa kalkon diperoleh nilai IC50 sebesar 48,18 µg/mL. Dari penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa senyawa analog kalkon (E)-3-(4-metoksifenil)-1-fenilprop-2-en-1-on dapat berpotensi sebagai inhibitor terhadap sel kanker payudara MCF-7
Penentuan Kadar Fenolat Total, Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dan Antibakteri dari Ekstrak dan Fraksi Kulit Batang Bintangor (Calophyllum soulattri Burm. F)
Authors: Husni Elidahanum , Dachriyanus Dachriyanus , Saputri Veny Wahyu
Published: August 2020

Bintangor (Calophyllum soulatri Burm. F) merupakan tumbuhan dari familia Clusiaceae. Beberapa bagian dari tumbuhan ini seperti kulit batangnya telah lama digunakan sebagai obat tradisional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar fenolat total, aktivitas antioksidan dan antibakteri dari kulit batang bintangor dalam bentuk ekstrak dan fraksi. Ekstrak kulit batang bintangor dibuat dengan teknik maserasi dengna pelarut etanol, sedangkan fraksinasi dilakukan dengan pelarut n-heksan, etil asetat dan butanol. Kadar fenolat total dari ekstrak dan fraksi ditentukan menggunakan metode Folin-Ciaocalteau. Aktivitas antioksidan ditentukan dengan metode Ferric Reducing Antioxidan Power, sedangkan aktivitas antibakteri dievaluasi dengan metode difusi agar terhadap bakteri patogen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar fenolat total tertinggi diperoleh dari ekstrak etanol (60,481 g/100 g), demikian juga dengan aktivitas antioksidan tertinggi (4,29 mmol Fe(II)/100 g). Aktivitas antibakteri paling baik diperlihatkan oleh ekstrak etanol dengan konsentrasi hambat minimum 0,8%, menghasilkan diameter hambat 6,96 mm, diikuti oleh fraksi n-heksan (konsentrasi 0,9%, menghasilkan diameter hambat 6,63 mm), fraksi etil asetat (konsentrasi 0,625%, menghasilkan diameter hambat 6,28 mm), dan fraksi butanol (konsentrasi 0,5%, menghasilkan diameter hambat 6,03 mm).
Spinal Manipulation and Electrical Dry Needling in Patients With Subacromial Pain Syndrome: A Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Dunning James , Butts Raymond , Fernández-de-las-Peñas César , Walsh Suzanne , Goult Christopher , Gillett Brandon , Arias-Buría José L. , Garcia Jodan , Young Ian A.
Published: August 2020

Objectives

To compare the effects of spinal thrust manipulation and electrical dry needling (TMEDN group) to those of nonthrust peripheral joint/soft tissue mobilization, exercise, and interferential current (NTMEX group) on pain and disability in patients with subacromial pain syndrome (SAPS).

Design

Randomized, single-blinded, multicenter parallel-group trial.

Methods

Patients with SAPS were randomized into the TMEDN group (n = 73) or the NTMEX group (n = 72). Primary outcomes included the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index and the numeric pain-rating scale. Secondary outcomes included the global rating of change scale (GROC) and medication intake. The treatment period was 6 weeks, with follow-ups at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 3 months.

Results

At 3 months, the TMEDN group experienced greater reductions in shoulder pain and disability (P<.001) compared to the NTMEX group. Effect sizes were large in favor of the TMEDN group. At 3 months, a greater proportion of patients within the TMEDN group achieved a successful outcome (GROC score of 5 or greater) and stopped taking medication (P<.001).

Conclusion

Cervicothoracic and upper-rib thrust manipulation combined with electrical dry needling resulted in greater reductions in pain, disability, and medication intake than nonthrust peripheral joint/soft tissue mobilization, exercise, and interferential current in patients with SAPS. The effects were maintained at 3 months. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2021;51(2):72–81. Epub 28 Aug 2020. doi:10.2519/jospt.2021.9785
Soroprevalência de doenças infecciosas em doadores de sangue em um município do Amazonas
Authors: Rocha Lucelia Barata da , Mariño Josiane Montanho , Reis Marcelo Henrique da Silva , Portugal Jéssica Karoline Alves , Barão Évelyn Janaína da Silva , Freitas Duã Louise Aires de , Guimarães Ramanda Sena , Junior José Carlos Ferreira Pinheiro
Published: August 2020

Objetivo: Analisar a soroprevalência de doenças infecciosas nos doadores de sangue em um município do Amazonas. Métodos: Estudo transversal, descritivo, de análise quantitativa, realizado em um município no interior do Amazonas. Os dados foram obtidos através de consulta aos prontuários dos candidatos à doação no período de janeiro de 2014 a dezembro de 2016, e posteriormente tabulados e analisados com o auxílio do programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences - SPSS. Resultados: Foram analisados 1.590 prontuários de doadores de sangue no período do estudo.  Destes, 147 (9,25%) dos candidatos foram considerados inaptos para a doação. Quanto ao perfil epidemiológico dos inaptos, houve uma predominância do sexo masculino 117 (79,6%). A média de idade encontrada foi de 42,52 anos (DP=10,04). Dentre as doenças pesquisadas, houve a seguinte distribuição: 126 (85,7%) hepatite B (HBc), seguido dos respectivos marcadores: Coinfecção, onde ocorre a infecção por 2 ou mais patógenos, foram encontrados 9 casos (6,1%), Sífilis (VDRL)  6 (4,1%),  Anti-HCV 3 (2,0%), doença de Chagas 2 (1,4%) e HBsAG 1 (0,06%). Conclusão: A pesquisa demonstrou que a triagem sorológica é essencial entre doadores de sangue, visto que ela pode identificar a presença de infecções e posteriormente evitar que ocorra a contaminação de outras pessoas.
Inducing Open-shell Character in Porphyrins through Surface-assisted Phenalenyl π−Extension
Authors: Sun Qiang , Robles Roberto , Lorente Nicolas , Bottari Giovanni , Torres Tomás , Fasel Roman , Ruffieux Pascal , Mateos Luis M.
Published: August 2020

Herein, we present a simple and straightforward method for the synthesis of phenalenyl-fused Pors (Por A0, PorA2 and PorA4) through readily available molecular precursors. While PorA0 was prepared by “wet” synthesis, the two- and four-fold phenalenyl-fused Por derivatives PorA2 and PorA4 were fabricated through a surface-assisted cyclodehydrogenation reaction from meso-2,6-dimethylphenyl(dmp) substituted precursors Por(dmp)2 and Por(dmp)4, respectively. In a systemat-ic way, we examined the structural and electronic properties of three surface-supported Pors.
A Double Bond with Weak σ- and Strong π-Interactions Is Still a Double Bond
Authors: Foroutan-Nejad Cina
Published: August 2020

A critical analysis of single π-Interactions
Investigation of Co3Mo and Co6Mo7 Binary Alloys as Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Acidic Media
Authors: sun youyi , Ganin Alexey
Published: August 2020

Metal alloys have become ubiquitous choice as catalysts for electrochemical hydrogen evolution in alkaline media. However, scarce and expensive Pt remains the key electrocatalyst in acidic electrolytes making the search for earth-abundant and cheaper alternatives appealing. Herein, we present a facile and efficient synthetic route towards polycrystalline Co3Mo and Co6Mo7 metal alloys that achieve competitively low overpotentials of 115 mV and 160 mV at 10 mA cm–2 in 0.5 M H2SO4. Both alloys outperform Co and Mo metals which showed significantly higher overpotentials and lower current densities when tested under identical conditions. However, the low overpotential in Co3Mo comes at the price of stability. It rapidly becomes inactive when tested under applied potential bias. On the other hand, Co7Mo6 retains the current density over time without the evidence of current decay. The findings demonstrate that even in free-standing form and without nanostructuring polycrystalline bimetallic electrocatalysts could challenge the dominance of Pt in the acidic media if the ways for improving their stability were found.
Persistent Protein Motions in a Rugged Energy Landscape Revealed by Normal Mode Ensemble Analysis
Authors: Romo Tod D. , Grossfield Alan , Markelz Andrea
Published: August 2020

Testing the premise of evolutionarily optimized protein dynamics has remained an experimental challenge. Most measurements fail to isolate specific structural motions. Our simulations show that the structural variation of a single protein in time results in variation in the vibrations leading to the observed broad and featureless optical absorption. However, when the thermal population of a protein’s configurations are considered, vibrations with functional displacements are concentrated in specific frequency bands. These emergent dynamics are apparent in anisotropic optical absorbance, indicating an experimental avenue for measuring these motions and their impact on biological function.
An Agricultural Perspective for Combating Antibiotic Resistance: A Literature Review
Authors: Karimi Arian , Shulman Cole , Tchoudnovski Dennis , Tobis Matthew
Published: August 2020

Introduction: The overuse of antibiotics has led to a surge of antibiotic resistant bacteria in recent decades. Animal agriculture has proven to be a significant contributor to this overuse. The investigation of potential alternatives to antibiotics in animal agriculture is thus warranted.
Methods: We conducted a literature review exploring four alternatives for antibiotic use in an animal agricultural setting: phytochemicals, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics, and bacteriophages.
Results: Four different types of antibiotic alternatives were evaluated. The first one is phytochemicals, a broad group consisting of five subtypes: alkaloids, carotenoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, and organosulfur compounds. Many of these display antibacterial properties such as interacting with the cytoplasmic membrane, immunomodulatory activities, inhibiting specific components of DNA replication, and even inactivating specific enzymes vital for the survival of bacteria. All these subtypes displayed various antibacterial properties in animal studies surrounding poultry and livestock. The second alternative is antimicrobial peptides, which have shown to be effective in treating conditions such as post-weaning stress and necrotic enteritis in various animals. The third alternative is probiotics, which have demonstrated both growth promotion and disease prevention properties. One study also concluded that probiotics provide financial benefits to farmers. The fourth antibiotic alternative is bacteriophages, a class of viruses that infect bacteria. Phages have shown disease prevention and growth promotion properties; they also can prevent the transmission of zoonotic diseases.
Discussion: Phytochemicals, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics, and bacteriophages all demonstrate the capability of acting as antibiotic alternatives. Each of these alternatives are unique with their own advantages and disadvantages; hence, the applicability is broad.
Conclusion: Four antibiotic alternatives (phytochemicals, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics, and bacteriophages) were researched for disease prevention and growth promotion properties, inherent functions of antibiotics. The applicability of such options in livestock and poultry is vast. Therefore, given more funding for research studies and policy changes, many of these options can be implemented if not already.
Pengenalan Pola Sinyal Electromyography (EMG) pada Gerakan Jari Tangan Kanan
Authors: MULDAYANI WAHYU , IMRON ARIZAL MUJIBTAMALA NANDA , ANAM KHAIRUL , SUMARDI SUMARDI , WIDJONARKO WIDJONARKO , FITRI ZILVANHISNA EMKA
Published: August 2020

ABSTRAKSinyal EMG merupakan salah satu sinyal yang dapat digunakan untuk memberikan perintah pada kursi roda listrik. Sinyal EMG yang digunakan diambil dari sinyal otot fleksor dan ekstensor yang berada di tangan kanan. Sinyal tersebut diambil menggunakan sensor Myo Armband. Klasifikasi sinyal EMG diambil dari pergerakan jari yang mewakili perintah gerak yaitu jari kelingking untuk bergerak maju, jari manis untuk berhenti, jari tengah untuk belok kanan dan jari telunjuk untuk belok kiri. Setiap sinyal EMG diekstraksi fitur untuk menentukan karakteristik sinyal sehingga fitur yang diperoleh adalah Average Absolute Value, Root Mean Square, Simple Integral Square, EMG Simple Variant and Integrated EMG. Kemudian fitur tersebut digunakan sebagai input dari metode klasifikasi Artificial Neural Network Backpropagation. Jumlah data latih yang digunakan adalah 800 data sedangkan data uji yang digunakan adalah 200 data. Tingkat keberhasilan proses klasifikasi ini sebesar 93%.Kata kunci: electromyogram, artificial neural network, klasifikasi sinyal, tangan kanan, Myo Armband. ABSTRACTEMG signal is one of the signals that can be used to give orders to electric wheelchairs. The EMG signal used is taken from the flexor and extensor muscle signals in the right hand. The signal is taken using the Myo Armband sensor. The EMG signal classification is taken from the movement of the finger which represents the command of motion ie the little finger to move forward, ring finger to stop, middle finger to turn right and index finger to turn left. Each EMG signal is extracted features to determine the signal characteristics so that the features obtained are Average Absolute Value, Root Mean Square, Simple Integral Square, EMG Simple Variant and Integrated EMG. Then the feature is used as input from the Backpropagation classification method. The amount of training data used is 800 data while the test data used is 200 data. The success rate of this classification process is 93%.Keywords: electromyogram, artificial neural network, signal classification, right hand, Myo Armband.
Effect of Burning Temperature on The Quality of Alternatife Bio-energy from Coffee Waste
Authors: PRATIWI VIBIANTI DWI
Published: August 2020

ABSTRAKSumber daya energi terbarukan alternatif, seperti biobriket dari biomassa atau limbah organik, dapat menjadi solusi untuk masalah ini. Limbah kopi merupakan limbah yang dihasilkan dalam proses produksi, limbah biomassa ini berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan biobriket karena memiliki nilai kalor yang cukup tinggi. Briket arang bio adalah arang gumpalan atau batang yang dibuat dari limbah organik yang telah dicetak sedemikian rupa dengan kekuatan tekanan tertentu dan dicampur dengan bahan perekat seperti tepung tapioka. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu pirolisis dalam produksi briket dari limbah kopi. Suhu pirolisis yang akan digunakan: 200oC, 250oC, 300oC, 400oC dan 500oC. Selain itu, briket akan terdeteksi kadar air, kadar abu, dan nilai kalor. Briket terbaik dari ampas kopi ditemukan pada suhu pembakaran 300oC tanpa perekat dengan nilai kalor 7549,42 kal/gram dan dapat menghasilkan daya listrik sebesar 292,49 W. Namun, briket ini menghasilkan kadar abu tak terduga sebesar 3,7% yang masih di bawah standar SNI 01-6235-2000.Kata kunci: Bahan Bakar Alternatif, Ampas Kopi, Briket, Pirolisis ABSTRACTAlternative renewable energy resources, such as biobriquette from biomass or organic wastes, can be a solution for this problem. Coffee waste is a waste generated in the production process, this biomass waste is potential to be used as raw material for making biobriquette because it has a high enough calorific value. Bio charcoal briquettes are clots or rods charcoal that made from organic wastes which has been molded in such a way with a certain force of pressure and mixed with adhesive materials such as tapioca starch. The purpose of the study is to determine the effect of pyrolysis temperature in the production of briquettes from coffee waste. Based on several literature studies, the pyrolysis temperatures which are going to be used: 200oC, 250oC, 300oC,  400oC and 500oC. In addition, the briquette will be detected the water content, ash content, and caloric value. The best briquettes from coffee grounds are found at a combustion temperature of 300oC without adhesive with a heating value of 7549.42 cal/gram and can produce electrical power of 292,49 W. However, this briquette produces unexpected ash content of 3.7% which is still below to SNI 01-6235-2000 standards.Keywords: Alternative Energy, Biofuel, Briquettes, Coffee Waste, Pyrolysis
Deep Learning untuk Klasifikasi Diabetic Retinopathy menggunakan Model EfficientNet
Authors: RIZAL SYAMSUL , IBRAHIM NUR , PRATIWI NOR KUMALASARI CAESAR , SAIDAH SOFIA , FU’ADAH RADEN YUNENDAH NUR
Published: August 2020

ABSTRAKDiabetic Retinopathy merupakan penyakit yang dapat mengakibatkan kebutaan mata yang disebabkan oleh adanya komplikasi penyakit diabetes melitus. Oleh karena itu mendeteksi secara dini sangat diperlukan untuk mencegah bertambah parahnya penyakit tersebut. Penelitian ini merancang sebuah sistem yang dapat mendeteksi Diabetic Retinopathy berbasis Deep Learning dengan menggunakan Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). EfficientNet model digunakan untuk melatih dataset yang telah di pre-prosesing sebelumnya. Hasil dari penelitian tersebut didapatkan akurasi sebesar 79.8% yang dapat mengklasifikasi 5 level penyakit Diabetic Retinopathy.Kata kunci: Diabetic Retinopathy, Deep Learning, CNN, EfficientNet, Diabetic Classification ABSTRACTDiabetic Retinopathy is a diseases which can cause blindness in the eyes because of the complications of diabetes mellitus. Therefore, an early detection for this diseases is very important to prevent the diseases become severe. This research builds the system which can detect the Diabetic Retinopathy based on Deep Learning by using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). EfficientNet model is used to trained the dataset which have been pre-prossed. The result shows that the system can clasiffy the 5 level of Diabetic Retinopathy with accuracy 79.8%. Keywords: Diabetic Retinopathy, Deep Learning, CNN, EfficientNet, Diabetic Classification