bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermally induced vibrations in an inhomogeneous fiber-reinforced thermoelastic medium with gravity
Authors: Deswal Sunita , Poonia Ravinder , Kalkal Kapil Kumar
Published: November 2020

Purpose

The present investigation is concerned with the two-dimensional deformations in an inhomogeneous fiber-reinforced thermoelastic medium under the influence of gravity in the context of Green–Lindsay theory.

Design/methodology/approach

Material properties are supposed to be graded in x-direction, and normal mode technique is adopted to obtain the exact expressions for the temperature field, displacement components and stresses.

Findings

Numerical computations have been carried out with the help of MATLAB software, and the results are depicted graphically to observe the disturbances induced in the considered medium. Comparisons made within the theory of the physical quantities are shown in figures to highlight the effects of fiber reinforcement, inhomogeneity parameter, gravity and time.

Originality/value

In the present work, we have investigated the effects of fiber reinforcement, inhomogeneity parameter, gravity and time in an inhomogeneous, fiber-reinforced thermoelastic medium under the influence of gravity. Although various investigations do exist to observe the disturbances in a thermoelastic medium under the effects of different parameters, the work in its present form i.e. thermally induced vibrations in an inhomogeneous fiber-reinforced thermoelastic material with gravity has not been studied till now. The present work is useful and valuable for analysis of problems involving thermal shock, gravity parameter, fiber reinforcement, inhomogeneous and elastic deformation.
Neighbourhood attachment and satisfaction: a Hong Kong’s case study
Authors: La Grange Adrienne , Yau Yung
Published: November 2020

Purpose

This paper aims to study neighbourhood attachment and satisfaction in a middle-class, high-density and semi-gated neighbourhood in Hong Kong.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing on the findings of survey on 356 households, a principal component analysis and hierarchical regression analysis were conducted to assess how attachment and satisfaction were manifested and whether they were manifested as separate phenomena.

Findings

Attachment and satisfaction in neighbourhoods were manifested as separate phenomena. It was further found that residents were broadly attached to and satisfied with their neighbourhood. Of the neighbourhood characteristics identified as influencing satisfaction in previous research, the support was found only for the physical environment and safety but concluded that satisfaction was also influenced by status, neighbourhood youths’ ambition and schools. Contrary to the expectation, the authors did not find support for deeper social bonds as an element of satisfaction. The hierarchical regression analysis indicated that satisfaction may lead to increased attachment.

Social implications

This study offers policymakers and housing managers’ valuable insights into the management of increasingly large and complex residential neighbourhoods. It helps us understand which initiatives are likely to lead to greater attachment.

Originality/value

Previous studies have focused on neighbourhood attachment and satisfaction in typical low/medium-density settings. This study extends previous efforts to a high-density housing estate of Hong Kong.
Women and work: film analysis of Most Beautiful Thing
Authors: Teixeira Marcella Barbosa Miranda , Galvão Laila Lidiane da Costa , Mota-Santos Carolina Maria , Carmo Luana Jéssica Oliveira
Published: November 2020

Purpose

This article aims to present aspects related to women’s personal life and work illustrated in the TV series Most Beautiful Thing (Coisa Mais Linda, in Portuguese).

Design/methodology/approach

To this end, a film analysis was carried out considering the first season of the TV series Most Beautiful Thing, and to analyze the data, qualitative content analysis was used according to Bardin (2006).

Findings

The analysis showed that women’s struggles were and are distinct. While white women are fighting for the right to work - concomitantly reconciling their roles as mother, wife and housewife -, black and poor women fight for survival and dignity. As result, the film analysis showed that women’s search for a different social position is related to an inherent cultural aspect. It is relevant to mention herein that this struggle remains up to the present; such struggle is characterized by the occultation of the social role played by women.

Research limitations/implications

As a limitation, there are few studies that address the theme of white and black women during the period reported in the series.

Originality/value

The main contribution of this article is the use of a filming product that portrays the 1950s, but bringing current discussions on the role of women in society, especially regarding the labor market, the patriarchal domination of men, prejudice, racial, and class discrimination.
Deep learning assisted well log inversion for fracture identification
Authors: Tian Miao , Li Bingtao , Xu Huaimin , Yan Dezhi , Gao Yining , Lang Xiaozheng
Published: November 2020

Manual fracture identification methods based on cores and image logging pseudo‐pictures are limited by the expense and the amount of data. In this paper, we propose an integrated workflow, which takes the fracture identification as an end‐to‐end project, to combine the boundary detection and the deep learning classification to recognize fractured zones with accurate locations and reasonable thickness. We first apply the discrete wavelet transform algorithm and a boundary detection method named changing point detection to enhance the fracture sensibility of acoustic logs and segment the whole logging interval into non‐overlapping subsections by estimating boundaries. The deep neural network based auto‐encoders and the convolutional neural network classifier are then implemented to extract the hidden information from logs and categorize the subsections as the fractured or non‐fractured zones. To validate the feasibility of this workflow, we apply it to the logging data from a real well. Compare with the benchmarks provided by the support vector machine , random forest and Adaboost model, the one‐dimensional well profile predicted by the proposed changing point detection‐deep learning classifier is more consistent with the manual identification result.
What drove income inequality in EU crisis countries during the Great Recession?
Authors: Doorley Karina , Callan Tim , Savage Michael
Published: November 2020

Concern about rising inequality in advanced economies increased with the advent of the Great Recession in 2007. Rising unemployment and fiscal consolidation were expected to lead to greater inequality. We examine how the distribution of income in the EU countries that were hardest hit during the recession evolved over this time. We decompose the overall change in income inequality in Portugal, Ireland, Italy, Greece and Spain into parts attributable to changes in employment and wages, demographic changes, discretionary tax–benefit policy and automatic stabilisation effects. We implement this approach using the microsimulation model, EUROMOD, linked to EU‐SILC survey data. Employment and wages were the main drivers of market income inequality increases. Automatic stabilisation effects, particularly through benefits, are found to play an important role in reducing inequality in all of the crisis countries. Their role is less important if we focus on the working‐age population only, due to the limited nature of working‐age benefits in southern European welfare systems. Discretionary policy changes also contributed to reductions in inequality, but to a much lesser extent.
Recommendations for capturing signatures digitally to optimize their suitability for forensic handwriting examination
Authors: Geistová Čakovská Barbora , Kalantzis Nikolaos , Dziedzic Tomasz , Fernandes Carina , Zimmer Jan , Branco Maria João , Heckeroth Jonathan , Spjuth Kristofer Axelsson , Kupferschmid Erich , Vaccarone Paolo , Kerkoff Axel
Published: November 2020

The use of digitally captured signatures in everyday course of business increases annually and, compared to pen and paper signatures, provides various advantages concerning the administration of documents. These signatures may also become subjects of a forensic handwriting examination and, therefore, in order to optimize their suitability for this purpose, they should satisfy several requirements. This paper presents recommendations drawn up by forensic handwriting examiners associated with ENFHEX (ENFSI) in a project aimed at defining best practices in forensic examination of digitally captured signatures. The paper is dedicated mainly to hardware and software developers, providers, and user institutions of digitally captured signature technologies to improve their practice to a level optimized for forensic handwriting examination. The most important requirements outlined in this paper concern digitally captured signature data, hardware, and software used to acquire these data, as well as optimized signing conditions. Following these requirements ensures the suitability of signature data for forensic handwriting examination and, consequently, increases the reliability of the associated electronic documents. In spite of rapidly evolving technology, they can serve as a solid basis for understanding and consideration of the optimal use of digitally captured signatures for signing electronic documents.
Beyond the eternal criminal record: Public support for expungement
Authors: Burton Alexander L. , Cullen Francis T. , Pickett Justin T. , Burton, Velmer S. , Thielo Angela J.
Published: November 2020

Research Summary

In The Eternal Criminal Record, James Jacobs detailed how it has become increasingly difficult to escape the mark of a criminal record. One way to “wipe the slate clean” is through the official expungement of criminal records. We assess public views toward this policy using a national sample of American adults (N = 1,000). Public support for expungement is high for persons convicted of property and substance‐related offenses, who stay crime free for 7–10 years, and who “signal” their reform through stable employment and completion of a rehabilitation program. Members of the public are also concerned about unfettered public access to criminal records and want to ensure that any available criminal record information is accurate. The strongest predictor of support for expungement is a belief in redeemability.

Policy Implications

There is a growing movement in the United States that seeks to curtail the effects of criminal records through their expungement. In recent years, most states have enacted bills creating, expanding, or streamlining criminal record relief. Public opinion is important in this context, because it can motivate or constrain reform efforts. Our findings show that, when the risk to public safety appears low, the American public favors providing second chances by using expungement to wipe clean the record of a criminal offense committed years previously. Further, knowledge about the public's belief in redeemability may be key to understanding and promoting reform efforts that seek to reintigrate offenders back into society.
A Solution to the Systemic Issues with the Australian Retirement System
Authors: Evans John R. , Razeed Abdul
Published: November 2020

The Australian retirement system is likely to produce variable outcomes for retirees, with a high probability of delivering retirement standards of living below acceptable levels, and due to wage offsets, pre‐retirement standards of living could fall below acceptable levels if contributions were increased. To overcome the shortcomings, we consider the effect of introducing a fully funded Age Pension to replace the Superannuation Guarantee Levy (SGL) component of the retirement system. The results indicate the alternative fully funded Age Pension would deliver more reliable results for most retirees but with possible increased net costs to Government of the Age Pension.
Glutathione Protects the Developing Heart from Defects and Global DNA Hypomethylation Induced by Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Authors: Jawaid Safdar , Strainic James P. , Kim Jun , Ford Matthew R. , Thrane Lars , Karunamuni Ganga H. , Sheehan Megan M. , Chowdhury Amrin , Gillespie Caitlyn A. , Rollins Andrew M. , Jenkins Michael W. , Watanabe Michiko , Ford Stephanie M
Published: November 2020

Background

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is caused by prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), the intake of ethanol (C2H5OH) during pregnancy. Features of FASD cover a range of structural and functional defects including congenital heart defects (CHDs). Folic acid and choline, contributors of methyl groups to one‐carbon metabolism (OCM), prevent CHDs in humans. Using our avian model of FASD, we have previously reported that betaine, another methyl donor downstream of choline, prevents CHDs. The CHD preventions are substantial but incomplete. Ethanol causes oxidative stress as well as depleting methyl groups for OCM to support DNA methylation and other epigenetic alterations. To identify more compounds that can safely and effectively prevent CHDs and other effects of PAE, we tested glutathione (GSH), a compound that regulates OCM and is known as a “master antioxidant.”

Methods/Results

Quail embryos injected with a single dose of ethanol at gastrulation exhibited congenital defects including CHDs similar to those identified in FASD individuals. GSH injected simultaneously with ethanol not only prevented CHDs, but also improved survival and prevented other PAE‐induced defects. Assays of hearts at 8 days (HH stage 34) of quail development, when the heart normally has developed 4‐chambers, showed that this single dose of PAE reduced global DNA methylation. GSH supplementation concurrent with PAE normalized global DNA methylation levels. The same assays performed on quail hearts at 3 days (HH stage 19‐20) of development, showed no difference in global DNA methylation between controls, ethanol‐treated, GSH alone, and GSH plus ethanol‐treated cohorts.

Conclusions

GSH supplementation shows promise to inhibit effects of PAE by improving survival, reducing the incidence of morphological defects including CHDs, and preventing global hypomethylation of DNA in heart tissues.
The “Why” of Drinking Matters: A Meta‐Analysis of the Association Between Drinking Motives and Drinking Outcomes
Authors: Bresin Konrad , Mekawi Yara
Published: November 2020

Background

Knowledge of how drinking motives are differentially associated with alcohol use (e.g., frequency, quantity) and drinking problems is critical in understanding risky drinking and the development of alcohol use disorder. The purpose of this paper was to use meta‐analytic techniques to answer 2 overarching questions: (a) Which types of drinking motives (i.e., enhancement, coping, social, conformity) are most strongly associated with alcohol use and drinking problems? and (b) What are the most likely mechanisms (alcohol use or drinking problems) through which motives may be indirectly associated with outcomes?

Method

A comprehensive literature search identified 229 studies that met inclusion criteria (254 samples; N = 130,705) with a subset containing longitudinal data (k = 5; N = 6283). Data were analyzed using 2‐stage meta‐analytic structural equation modeling.

Results

Results showed that both enhancement and coping motives were the strongest predictors of drinking problems, but only enhancement motives were the strongest predictor of alcohol use. Enhancement and social motives were indirectly associated with alcohol use through drinking problems and with drinking problems through alcohol use, whereas coping motives were only indirectly associated with alcohol use through drinking problems, although the results differed for cross‐sectional and longitudinal data.

Conclusion

Overall, findings from this meta‐analysis provide evidence that drinking motives differentially predict alcohol use outcomes through unique direct and indirect pathways.
Vegetation and soil recovery following Eucalyptus grandis removal in Limpopo Province, South Africa
Authors: Ruwanza Sheunesu
Published: November 2020

South African terrestrial ecosystems are invaded by hundreds of alien plant species, and large‐scale clearing based on the passive restoration assumption that cleared areas will recover unaided is underway. This study assessed the recovery of vegetation and soil properties, three years following Eucalyptus grandis clearing using fell‐and‐removal and fell‐and‐stackburn methods at Zvakanaka Farm in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The main aim was to ascertain the extent of vegetation and soil recovery, as well as determining which clearing methods facilitate passive vegetation and soil restoration. Results indicate significantly (p < 0.001) lower native species diversity, cover and composition in cleared than in uninvaded sites. However, the recorded low species diversity and composition in cleared sites were more pronounced in the fell‐and‐stackburn than in the fell‐and‐removal sites. Measured soil physical properties varied, with compaction being higher in fell‐and‐removal, whereas soils were more repellent in fell‐and‐stackburn sites. The study concludes that vegetation and soil recovery, following E. grandis clearing, is complex and involves several interacting factors, which are linked to invasion history and intensity. Therefore, for vegetation and soil properties to recover, following E. grandis removal, the clearing programme should consider active restoration techniques, for example soil manipulation and native plant seeding.
Outpatient surgical management of non‐melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck in a regional centre: an analysis of costs and outcomes
Authors: Nightingale James , Travers Liam , Campbell Jakob , Huang Johnson , Green Megan , Warren Tim , Fitzgerald Garret
Published: November 2020

Background

Non‐melanoma skin cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in Australia. Lesions of the head and neck are often outside the scope of primary care providers. The challenges of cancer care in regional Australia necessitate careful resource planning. This study presents an outpatient model that minimizes health service cost with local general practitioner follow‐up.

Methods

A retrospective review of 105 patients with 122 skin lesions in a dedicated Facial Lesion Assessment Management and Excision clinic was performed from July 2018 to 2019. Clinical outcomes, patient travel and cost analysis/comparison were recorded.

Results

There were 85 malignant cases with 59 basal cell carcinomas and 25 squamous cell carcinomas. For basal cell carcinoma, clear margins (≥3 mm), close margins (<3 mm) and positive margins were achieved in 24 (48%), 23 (46%) and three (6%) cases, respectively. For squamous cell carcinoma, clear margins (≥5 mm), close margins (<5 mm) and positive margins were achieved in seven (38.8%), 11 (61.1%) and none (0%) of the cases, respectively. Complications included one haematoma and two wound infections. For 37% of patients living >100 km from the department, 72.3% had local general practitioner follow‐up. Inpatient cost was $2870, $5697 and $9300 for primary closure, local flap and full‐thickness skin graft, respectively, and outpatient cost was $746 for a single facial lesion.

Conclusion

This study presents a cost‐effective model for the management of non‐melanoma skin cancers with improved departmental efficiency and streamlined patient care in an outpatient skin cancer management model in a regional centre.
Laparoscopic enucleation of pancreatic tumours: a single‐institution experience of 66 cases
Authors: Xu Jianwei , Li Feng , Zhan Hanxiang , Liu Han , Wu Dong , Hu Sanyuan , Wang Lei
Published: November 2020

Background

Laparoscopic enucleation of pancreatic tumours is seemingly a simple procedure, but challenging as the tumour is deeply embedded in the pancreatic parenchyma. Our study reports a single‐centre experience for these cases.

Methods

Cases with a tumour underwent laparoscopic enucleation from January 2014 to March 2020 in our hospital were collected and analysed.

Results

Sixty‐six cases were enrolled, including 21 men and 45 women with an average age of 43.6 ± 16.7 years old. The mean size of tumours was 2.7 ± 1.8 cm. The tumours were mainly located at the pancreatic head and neck (63.6%). The most common pathological diagnoses were insulinomas, followed by solid pseudopapillary tumours. Incidences of overall complications and pancreatic fistula (PF, Grade B) were 24.2% and 19.7%, respectively. No patient developed PF (Grade C) or died. Cases were divided into two groups according to whether the tumour was deeply embedded in the pancreas. Compared to the group with a superficial tumour (n = 36), the group with an embedded tumour (n = 30) had a longer operation time and drainage duration and a smaller tumour size (P < 0.05), but did not increase the incidence of complications and PF (Grade B/C).

Conclusion

Laparoscopic enucleation of tumours that were deeply embedded in the pancreas was technically feasible and safe.
Case report and systematic review suggest that children may experience similar long‐term effects to adults after clinical COVID‐19
Authors: Ludvigsson Jonas F.
Published: November 2020

Aim

Persistent symptoms in adults after COVID‐19 are emerging and the term long COVID is increasingly appearing in the literature. However, paediatric data are scarce.

Methods

This paper contains a case report of five Swedish children and the long‐term symptoms reported by their parents. It also includes a systematic literature review of the MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science databases and the medRxiv/bioRxiv pre‐print servers up to 2 November 2020.

Results

The five children with potential long COVID had a median age of 12 years (range 9–15) and four were girls. They had symptoms for 6–8 months after their clinical diagnoses of COVID‐19. None were hospitalised at diagnosis, but one was later admitted for peri‐myocarditis. All five children had fatigue, dyspnoea, heart palpitations or chest pain, and four had headaches, difficulties concentrating, muscle weakness, dizziness and sore throats. Some had improved after 6–8 months, but they all suffered from fatigue and none had fully returned to school. The systematic review identified 179 publications and 19 of these were deemed relevant and read in detail. None contained any information on long COVID in children.

Conclusion

Children may experience similar long COVID symptoms to adults and females may be more affected.
When experts feel threatened: Strategies of depoliticisation in participatory river restoration projects
Authors: Buletti Mitchell Nora , Ejderyan Olivier
Published: November 2020

This paper explores how experts involved in river management projects in Switzerland consider public participation. It reflects on the consequences that these considerations have on the potential for participation to become a political space. Public participation has become a standard practice in river management at the European level since the 1990s. In Switzerland, the federal government incentivises public participation in river‐work projects through guidelines and additional subsidies for projects planned in a participatory way, with the goal of avoiding costly conflicts. Based on an analysis of expert discourses, we examine how experts activate three different arguments to depoliticise participation: that participation should be implemented to ensure acceptance of the project; that the exclusion of some actors is justified based on assumptions about the type of knowledge required for participation; and that disagreement should not be expressed within participatory processes but through representative politics. We conclude that the consistent motivation of experts to depoliticise also indicates a potential for participation to become political, which is worth exploring with new perspectives for engaging the public.
Suicide prevention in Bangladesh: The current state and the way forward
Authors: Khan Anisur Rahman , Arendse Najuwa , Ratele Kopano
Published: November 2020

Despite the World Health Organization's (WHO) call to adopt a national action plan on suicide, Bangladesh is yet to respond proactively to prevent this serious public health problem. The existing government and non‐government prevention interventions are very limited, segmented and almost invisible. Suicide (including attempted suicide) is currently a criminal offense under the Bangladeshi legal framework. The aim of this paper is to propose a framing toward a national suicide prevention action plan in Bangladesh based on a situational analysis of local existing suicide prevention interventions. International policy documents, empirical and review works, and legal documents that speak to suicide interventions were reviewed. Critical analysis of these interventions suggests that Bangladesh should prioritize the adoption of a multi‐sectoral suicide prevention action plan. The issue of decriminalization suicide should be carefully considered and policies harmonized before adopting the plan. Obtaining commitment from the policymakers to launch such intervention may be challenging. Considering the seriousness of the problem, Bangladeshi policymakers should be proactive in adopting a suicide prevention action plan. Neighboring countries provide useful lessons of the implementation measures that may assist with developing a suicide prevention action plan.
Fifteen years of NaV1.7 channels as an analgesic target: Why has excellent in vitro pharmacology not translated into in vivo analgesic efficacy?
Authors: Eagles David A. , Chow Chun Yuen , King Glenn F.
Published: November 2020

In 2006, humans with a congenital insensitivity to pain (CIP) were found to lack functional NaV1.7 channels. In the subsequent 15 years there was a rush to develop selective inhibitors of NaV1.7 channels with the goal of producing broadly effective analgesics without the problems of addiction and tolerance associated with opioids. Pharmacologically, this mission has been highly successful, leading to a number of highly potent and selective inhibitors of NaV1.7 channels. However, there are very few examples where these inhibitors have yielded effective analgesia in preclinical pain models or human clinical trials. In this review, we summarise the role of the NaV1.7 channel in nociception, its history as a therapeutic target and the quest to develop potent inhibitors of this channel. Finally, we discuss possible reasons why the pain‐free state seen in humans with CIP has been so difficult to replicate pharmacologically.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed issue on Structure Guided Pharmacology of Membrane Proteins (BJP 75th Anniversary). To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v179.14/issuetoc
What is the status of metabolic theory one century afterPütter invented the vonBertalanffy growth curve?
Authors: Kearney Michael R.
Published: November 2020

Metabolic theory aims to tackle ecological and evolutionary problems by explicitly including physical principles of energy and mass exchange, thereby increasing generality and deductive power. Individual growth models (IGMs) are the fundamental basis of metabolic theory because they represent the organisational level at which energy and mass exchange processes are most tightly integrated and from which scaling patterns emerge. Unfortunately, IGMs remain a topic of great confusion and controversy about the origins of the ideas, their domain and breadth of application, their logical consistency and whether they can sufficiently capture reality. It is now 100 years since the first theoretical model of individual growth was put forward by Pütter. His insights were deep, but his model ended up being attributed to von Bertalanffy and his ideas largely forgotten. Here I review Pütter's ideas and trace their influence on existing theoretical models for growth and other aspects of metabolism, including those of von Bertalanffy, the Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory, the Gill‐Oxygen Limitation Theory (GOLT) and the Ontogenetic Growth Model (OGM). I show that the von Bertalanffy and GOLT models are minor modifications of Pütter's original model. I then synthesise, compare and critique the ideas of the two most‐developed theories, DEB theory and the OGM, in relation to Pütter's original ideas. I formulate the Pütter, DEB and OGM models in the same structure and with the same notation to illustrate the major similarities and differences among them. I trace the confusion and controversy regarding these theories to the notions of anabolism, catabolism, assimilation and maintenance, the connections to respiration rate, and the number of parameters and state variables their models require. The OGM model has significant inconsistencies that stem from the interpretation of growth as the difference between anabolism and maintenance, and these issues seriously challenge its ability to incorporate development, reproduction and assimilation. The DEB theory is a direct extension of Pütter's ideas but with growth being the difference between assimilation and maintenance rather than anabolism and catabolism. The DEB theory makes the dynamics of Pütter's ‘nutritive material’ explicit as well as extending the scheme to include reproduction and development. I discuss how these three major theories for individual growth have been used to explain ‘macrometabolic’ patterns including the scaling of respiration, the temperature–size rule (first modelled by Pütter), and the connection to life history. Future research on the connections between theory and data in these macrometabolic topics have the greatest potential to advance the status of metabolic theory and its value for pure and applied problems in ecology and evolution.
Indications for, and outcomes of, end ileostomy revision procedures
Authors: Gilshtein Hayim , Ghuman Amandeep , Dawoud Mirelle , Yellinek Shlomo , Kent Ilan , Sharp Stephen P. , Wexner Steven D.
Published: November 2020

Aim

Ileostomy complications have been reported in >70% of cases. Older studies have shown ileostomy revision to be required in 23%–38% of patients over a 5–10 year period. There is a paucity of recent data addressing ileostomy revision surgery. We aimed to review end ileostomy revisions in a tertiary centre and analyse indications, procedures performed, outcomes and risks for such surgery.

Methods

This was a retrospective review in a single institution colorectal referral practice. All patients aged >17 years who underwent a revision of an ileostomy at our institution from 2008 to 2019 were included. Indication for ileostomy revision, operative technique (parastomal vs. intra‐abdominal) and outcomes including length of stay, readmission rates, wound complications, medical complications and rate of stoma re‐revision were assessed.

Results

Fifty‐three patients who underwent 72 end ileostomy revision procedures were included; 20 (27.8%) were re‐revision procedures. The majority (76.4%) had their original ileostomy created for inflammatory bowel disease. Indications for ileostomy revision were stoma retraction (36.1%), prolapse (22.2%), stenosis (18.1%) and parastomal hernia (29.2%). Of stoma revisions, 55.6% were performed by a parastomal approach vs. 44.4% by an intra‐abdominal approach. Procedures were a combination of laparotomy, laparoscopy or both. The average length of stay was statistically significantly lower in the parastomal approach revision group (2.3 days) compared to the intra‐abdominal approach revision group (10.3 days) (P < 0.001). Readmission and wound complication rates were 6.9% and 15.3%, respectively, in the intra‐abdominal approach group alone. Medical complication rates were 20.8%.

Conclusions

End ileostomy complications are common and surgical treatment may result in significant morbidity, readmission and reoperation. Patients should be counselled about these possibilities.
Sampling to learn words: Adults and children sample words that reduce referential ambiguity
Authors: Zettersten Martin , Saffran Jenny R.
Published: November 2020

How do learners gather new information during word learning? One possibility is that learners selectively sample items that help them reduce uncertainty about new word meanings. In a series of cross‐situational word learning tasks with adults and children, we manipulated the referential ambiguity of label‐object pairs experienced during training and subsequently investigated which words participants chose to sample additional information about. In the first experiment, adult learners chose to receive additional training on object‐label associations that reduce referential ambiguity during cross‐situational word learning. This ambiguity‐reduction strategy was related to improved test performance. In two subsequent experiments, we found that, at least in some contexts, children (3–8 years of age) show a similar preference to seek information about words experienced in ambiguous word learning situations. In Experiment 2, children did not preferentially select object‐label associations that remained ambiguous during cross‐situational word learning. However, in a third experiment that increased the relative ambiguity of two sets of novel object‐label associations, we found evidence that children preferentially make selections that reduce ambiguity about novel word meanings. These results carry implications for understanding how children actively contribute to their own language development by seeking information that supports learning.
Concurrent validity of the Warner Initial Developmental Evaluation of Adaptive and Functional Skills and the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition
Authors: Peyton Colleen , Msall Michael E , Wroblewski Kristen , Rogers Elizabeth E , Kohn Michael , Glass Hannah C
Published: November 2020

Aim

To determine the concurrent validity of the Warner Initial Developmental Evaluation of Adaptive and Functional Skills (WIDEA‐FS), a criterion‐specified questionnaire that assesses a child's adaptive skills in everyday contexts, and the Bayley Infant and Toddler Scales of Development, Third Edition (Bayley‐III).

Method

In a prospective cohort study, 431 WIDEA‐FS and Bayley‐III assessments were completed among 341 children, aged 10 to 36 months corrected age (158 females, 183 males; median [interquartile range] gestational age at birth 32wks [29–38]), monitored in a high‐risk neonatal intensive care unit follow‐up clinic.

Results

WIDEA‐FS scores were significantly associated with Bayley‐III scores in all domains. Lower scores on the WIDEA‐FS were significantly associated with an increased risk of adverse developmental performance on all Bayley‐III scales. The association was strongest for motor and language Bayley‐III scores when tested at <30 months of age, and for cognitive Bayley‐III scores when tested at ≥30 months of age.

Interpretation

The WIDEA‐FS has concurrent validity with the Bayley‐III and may be a useful tool in high‐risk follow‐up settings.

What this paper adds

WIDEA‐FS mobility, communication, and social cognition domains are concurrently valid in infants at high‐risk for neurodevelopmental disability.

Bayley‐III motor, language, and cognitive composite scores are concurrently valid in the same group.

The WIDEA‐FS mobility and communication domains may be most clinically useful in children <30 months.
Laminins and interaction partners in the architecture of the basement membrane at the dermal‐epidermal junction
Authors: Aumailley Monique
Published: November 2020

The basement membrane at the dermal‐epidermal junction keeps the epidermis attached to the dermis. This anatomical barrier is made up of four categories of extracellular matrix proteins: collagen IV, laminin, nidogen and perlecan. These proteins are precisely arranged in a well‐defined architecture through specific interactions between the structural domains of the individual components. Some of the molecular constituents are provided by both fibroblasts and keratinocytes, while others are synthesized exclusively by fibroblasts or keratinocytes. It remains to be determined how the components from the fibroblasts are targeted to the dermal‐epidermal junction and correctly organized and integrated with the proteins from the adjacent keratinocytes to form the basement membrane.
The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for integumentary wound management
Authors: Weigelt Maximillian A. , Sivamani Raja , Lev‐Tov Hadar
Published: November 2020

The increasing legalization of Cannabis for recreational and medicinal purposes in the United States has spurred renewed interest in the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids (CBs) for human disease. The skin has its own endocannabinoid system (eCS) which is a key regulator of various homeostatic processes, including those necessary for normal physiologic wound healing. Data on the use of CBs for wound healing are scarce. Compelling pre‐clinical evidence supporting the therapeutic potential of CBs to improve wound healing by modulating key molecular pathways is herein reviewed. These findings merit further exploration in basic science, translational and clinical studies.
Association between frailty and changes in lifestyle and physical or psychological conditions among older adults affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 countermeasures in Japan
Authors: Shinohara Tomoyuki , Saida Kosuke , Tanaka Shigeya , Murayama Akihiko
Published: November 2020

Aim

This study aimed to clarify the association between frailty and changes in lifestyle and physical or psychological conditions among community‐dwelling older adults affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 countermeasures in Japan.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study was carried out between 8 May and 12 June 2020 in Japan. Self‐reported questionnaires were distributed among 1353 older adults. To assess frailty, we used the frailty screening index. To assess changes in lifestyle and physical or psychological conditions, we developed the Questionnaire for Change of Life (QCL), which comprised five items related to frailty. Cronbach's α was calculated as a measure of internal consistency of QCL. We compared the score for each item in the QCL between the frailty and non‐frailty groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to show the factors that affect frailty status.

Results

In total, 856 older adults (63.3%) were analyzed. A total of 83 participants (9.7%) had frailty, and 755 participants (90.3%) had non‐frailty. Cronbach's α for QCL was 0.552. We observed a significant decrease in daily movement, leg muscle strength and meal size among older adults with frailty compared with non‐frailty (P < 0.001). Subjective leg muscle strength (odds ratio 3.257, 95% confidence interval 2.236–4.746) was negatively correlated with frailty.

Conclusions

We suggest that each individual QCL item should be used in analyses involving the QCL. This report showed that subjective lifestyle changes affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 countermeasures were associated with frailty status. In particular, as older adults were aware of a decrease in their leg muscle strength, they were significantly more frail. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 39–42.
Introduction to domestic violence, abuse, and coercive control for counselors: An evaluation of the impact of training
Authors: Rodriguez Leonor , Power Elizabeth , Glynn Evelyn
Published: November 2020

In the context of a global pandemic which has witnessed a significant increase in domestic violence, and therefore has also increased the demand for support provision; this article is reporting on the impact of a domestic violence, abuse and coercive control training targeted at counselors. This nonexperimental pre/post/follow‐up comparison provides evidence for the capacity of training programs to equip counselors with the knowledge and skills to increase awareness and work effectively with clients experiencing domestic violence and their families. Organizational and personal characteristics support the work of practitioners in this field; however, challenges identified still need to be addressed.
Incidence of pacing‐induced cardiomyopathy in pacemaker‐dependent patients is lower with leadless pacemakers compared to transvenous pacemakers
Authors: Sanchez Reynaldo , Nadkarni Anish , Buck Benjamin , Daoud Georges , Koppert Tanner , Okabe Toshimasa , Houmsse Mahmoud , Weiss Raul , Augostini Ralph , Hummel John D. , Kalbfleisch Steven , Daoud Emile G. , Afzal Muhammad R.
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Frequent right AQ4ventricular pacing (≥40%) with a transvenous pacemaker (TVP) is associated with the risk of pacing‐induced cardiomyopathy (PICM). Leadless pacemakers (LPs) have distinct physical and mechanical differences from TVP. The risk of PICM with LP is not known. To identify incidence, predictors, and long‐term outcomes of PICM in LP and TVP patients.

Methods

The study comprised all pacemaker‐dependent patients with LP or TVP who had left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≥50 from 2014 to 2019. The incidence of PICM (≥10% LVEF drop) was assessed with an echocardiogram. Predictors for PICM were identified using multivariate analysis. Long‐term outcomes after cardiac resynchronization (CRT) were assessed in both groups.

Results

A total of 131 patients with TVP and 67 with LP comprised the study. All patients in the TVP group and the majority in the LP group underwent atrioventricular node ablation. The mean follow‐up duration in TVP and LP groups was 592 ± 549 and 817 ± 600 days, respectively. A total of 18 (13.7%) patients in TVP and 2 (3%) in LP developed PICM after a median duration of 254 (interquartile range: 470) days. The incidence of PICM was significantly higher with TVP compared with LP (p = .02). TVP as pacing modality was a positive (odds ratio [OR]: 1.07) while age was negative (OR: 0.94) predictor for PICM on multivariable analysis. Both patients in LP and all except two in the TVP group responded to CRT.

Conclusion

Incidence of PICM is significantly lower with LP compared with TVP in pacemaker‐dependent patients. Age and TVP as pacing modality were predictors for PICM.
Catheter ablation of atrial arrhythmias following lung transplant: Electrophysiological findings and outcomes
Authors: Mariani Marco V. , Pothineni Naga Venkata K. , Arkles Jeffrey , Deo Rajat , Frankel David S , Supple Gregory , Garcia Fermin , Lin David , Hyman Matthew C. , Kumareswaran Ramanan , Riley Michael , Nazarian Saman , Schaller Robert D. , Epstein Andrew E. , Bermudez Christian , Dixit Sanjay , Callans David , Marchlinski Francis E. , Santangeli Pasquale
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Data on the mechanisms of atrial arrhythmias (AAs) and outcomes of catheter ablation (CA) in lung transplantation (LT) patients are insufficient. We evaluated the electrophysiologic features and outcomes of CA of AAs in LT patients.

Methods and Results

We conducted a retrospective study of all the LT patients who underwent CA for AAs at our institution between 2004 and 2019. A total of 15 patients (43% males, age: 61 ± 10 years) with a history of LT (60% bilateral and 40% unilateral) were identified. All patients had documented organized AA on surface electrocardiogram and seven patients also had atrial fibrillation (AF; 47% with >1 clinical arrhythmia). At electrophysiological study, 19 organized AAs were documented (48% focal and 52% macro‐re‐entrant). Focal atrial tachycardias/flutters were targeted along the pulmonary vein (PV) anastomotic site at the left inferior PV (n = 2), ridge and carina of the left superior PV (n = 2), left atrium (LA) posterior wall (n = 3), LA roof (n = 1), and tricuspid annulus (n = 1). Macro‐re‐entrant AAs included cavotricuspid isthmus‐dependent flutter (n = 2), incisional LA flutter (n = 4), LA roof‐dependent flutter (n = 1), and mitral annular flutter (n = 3). In patients with LA mapping (n = 13), PV reconnection on the side of the LT was found in six patients (40%, all with clinically documented AF), with a mean of 2.1 ± 0.9 PVs reconnected per patient. Patients with AF underwent successful PV isolation. After a median follow‐up of 19 months (range: 6–86 months), 75% of patients remained free from recurrent AAs. No procedural major complications occurred.

Conclusion

In patients with prior LT, recurrent AAs are typically associated with substrate surrounding the surgical anastomotic lines and/or chronically reconnected PVs. CA of AAs in this population is safe and effective to achieve long‐term arrhythmia control.
Cardiovascular events and mortality in people with and without type 2 diabetes: An observational study in a contemporary multi‐ethnic population
Authors: Coles Briana , Zaccardi Francesco , Ling Suping , Davies Melanie J , Samani Nilesh J , Khunti Kamlesh
Published: November 2020

Aims/Introduction

The aim of this study was to examine ethnicity‐specific associations between type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of a cardiovascular disease (CVD) event as well as risk of specific CVD phenotypes in England.

Methods

We obtained data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink for adults with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosed 2000–2006. The outcome was the first CVD event during 2007–2017 and the following components: aortic aneurysm, cerebrovascular accidents, heart failure, myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease and other CVD‐related conditions. Flexible parametric survival models were used to estimate ethnicity‐specific adjusted hazard ratios.

Results

A total of 734,543 people with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (29,847; 4.1%) were included; most were of white ethnicity (93.0% with and 92.3% without type 2 diabetes mellitus) followed by South Asian (3.2 and 4.6%). During a median follow‐up period of 11.0 years, 67,218 events occurred (6,156 in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus). Type 2 diabetes mellitus was associated with a small increase in CVD events (adjusted hazard ratio 1.06, 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.09) in individuals of white ethnicity; whereas the adjusted hazard ratios were considerably higher in individuals of South Asian ethnicity (1.28, 95% confidence interval 1.09–1.51), primarily due to an increased risk of myocardial infarction (1.53, 95% confidence interval 1.08–2.18).

Conclusions

Despite universal access to healthcare, there are large disparities in CVD outcomes in people with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Other non‐traditional risk factors might play a role in the higher CVD risk associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in individuals of South Asian ethnicity.