bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pilot Study to Characterize Middle Cerebral Artery Dynamic Response to an Acute Bout of Moderate Intensity Exercise at 3‐ and 6‐Months Poststroke
Authors: Billinger Sandra A. , Whitaker Alicen A. , Morton Allegra , Kaufman Carolyn S. , Perdomo Sophy J. , Ward Jaimie L. , Eickmeyer Sarah M. , Bai Stephen X. , Ledbetter Luke , Abraham Michael G.
Published: January 2021

Background

The primary aim of this study was to characterize the middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) dynamic response to an acute bout of exercise in humans at 3‐ and 6‐months poststroke. As a secondary objective, we grouped individuals according to the MCAv dynamic response to the exercise bout as responder or nonresponder. We tested whether physical activity, aerobic fitness, and exercise mean arterial blood pressure differed between groups.

Methods and Results

Transcranial Doppler ultrasound measured MCAv during a 90‐second baseline followed by a 6‐minute moderate intensity exercise bout. Heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, and end‐tidal CO
2
were additional variables of interest. The MCAv dynamic response variables included the following: baseline, time delay, amplitude, and time constant. Linear mixed model revealed no significant differences in our selected outcomes between 3‐ and 6‐months poststroke. Individuals characterized as responders demonstrated a faster time delay, higher amplitude, and reported higher levels of physical activity and aerobic fitness when compared with the nonresponders. No between‐group differences were identified for baseline, time constant, or exercise mean arterial blood pressure. In the nonresponders, we observed an immediate rise in MCAv following exercise onset followed by an immediate decline to near baseline values, while the responders showed an exponential rise until steady state was reached.

Conclusions

The MCAv dynamic response profile has the potential to provide valuable information during an acute exercise bout following stroke. Individuals with a greater MCAv response to the exercise stimulus reported statin use and regular participation in exercise.
The End of Protection: The Danish ‘Paradigm Shift’ and the Law of Cessation
Authors: Tan Nikolas Feith
Published: January 2021

This contribution discusses the recent ‘paradigm shift’ in Danish refugee policy towards temporary protection and return in light of the law of the international legal standards governing when an asylum state can end the protection of refugees. The article provides an overview of the spectrum of cessation standards drawing on the 1951 Refugee Convention, complementary protection under human rights law and the concept of temporary protection, before setting out the legislative changes making up the Danish ‘paradigm shift’. The Danish case reveals a structural gap in the law of cessation as it regards to complementary protection. The lack of a comprehensive complementary protection framework in some jurisdictions leaves the law open to governments wishing to instrumentalise and minimise protection obligations. Finally, the article analyses legal and policy implications of the policy turn, discussing Denmark’s potential role as a forerunner in temporary protection and cessation, gaps in the law of cessation vis-à-vis complementary protection, and calling for increased scholarly focus on the law of cessation.
Review of Eotrogaspidia Lelej (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae: Trogaspidiini)
Authors: OKAYASU JURIYA , LELEJ ARKADY S. , WILLIAMS KEVIN A.
Published: January 2021

Ten species of Eotrogaspidia Lelej, 1996, two related species of Trogaspidia Ashmead, 1899 and one related species of Vanhartenidia Lelej in Lelej & van Harten, 2006 are revised. Before this study, Eotrogaspidia included the following four species: E. amans (André, 1909) (♂♀), E. auroguttata (Smith, 1855) (♂♀), E. ekka (Nurse, 1902) (♀) and E. oryzae (Pagden, 1934) (♂♀). In the present paper, four new species are described: E. adhabar sp. nov. (♂) (India, Nepal), E. buddha sp. nov. (♂♀) (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka), E. hauseri sp. nov. (♂) (India, Nepal) and E. melanopleura sp. nov. (♀) (China). Three species are transferred to Eotrogaspidia from Trogaspidia: E. lena (Cameron, 1899), comb. nov. (♂), E. rubripes (André, 1901), comb. nov. (♀) and E. saussurei (Lelej, 2005), comb. nov. (♂♀). Mutilla ekka Nurse, 1902 from India is transferred from Eotrogaspidia to Vanhartenidia ekka, comb. nov. The male of E. saussurei is described. New synonymies are proposed for E. auroguttata (= T. vallicola Tsuneki, 1993, syn. nov.) and Trogaspidia mackieae (Cockerell, 1928) (= T. pacifica Tsuneki, 1972, syn. nov.). Eight new country records are presented: one from China, two from Laos, one from Vietnam, two from India, one from Iran, and one from Afghanistan. Female specimens of E. buddha sp. nov. were formerly misidentified as T. acidalia (Cameron, 1897), stat. resurr. by the late B. Petersen. The lectotype of T. acidalia is designated and illustrated to clarify its identity. Diagnoses and illustrations for reviewed species and a key to all known Eotrogaspidia species and related genera are provided for males and females.
Verification of Regional Deterministic Precipitation Analysis Products Using Snow Data Assimilation for Application in Meteorological Network Assessment in Sparsely Gauged Nordic Basins
Authors: Abbasnezhadi Kian , Rousseau Alain N. , Foulon Étienne , Savary Stéphane
Published: January 2021

Sparse precipitation information can result in uncertainties in hydrological modeling practices. Precipitation observation network augmentation is one way to reduce the uncertainty. Meanwhile, in basins with snowpack-dominated hydrology, in the absence of a high-density precipitation observation network, assimilation of in situ and remotely sensed measurements of snowpack state variables can also provide the possibility to reduce flow estimation uncertainty. Similarly, assimilation of existing precipitation observations into gridded numerical precipitation products can alleviate the adverse effects of missing information in poorly instrumented basins. In Canada, the Regional Deterministic Precipitation Analysis (RDPA) data from the Canadian Precipitation Analysis (CaPA) system have been increasingly applied for flow estimation in sparsely gauged Nordic basins. Moreover, CaPA-RDPA data have also been applied to establish observational priorities for augmenting precipitation observation networks. However, the accuracy of the assimilated data should be validated before being applicable in observation network assessment. The assimilation of snowpack state variables has proven to significantly improve streamflow estimates, and therefore, it can provide the benchmark against which the impact of assimilated precipitation data on streamflow simulation can be compared. Therefore, this study introduces a parsimonious framework for performing a proxy validation of the precipitation-assimilated products through the application of snow assimilation in physically based hydrologic models. This framework is demonstrated to assess the observation networks in three boreal basins in Yukon, Canada. The results indicate that in most basins, the gridded analysis products generally enjoyed the level of accuracy required for accurate flow simulation and therefore were applied in the meteorological network assessment in those cases.
Mixing and Transformation in a Deep Western Boundary Current: A Case Study
Authors: Spingys Carl P. , Naveira Garabato Alberto C. , Legg Sonya , Polzin Kurt L. , Abrahamsen E. Povl , Buckingham Christian E. , Forryan Alexander , Frajka-Williams Eleanor E.
Published: January 2021

Water-mass transformation by turbulent mixing is a key part of the deep-ocean overturning, as it drives the upwelling of dense waters formed at high latitudes. Here, we quantify this transformation and its underpinning processes in a small Southern Ocean basin: the Orkney Deep. Observations reveal a focusing of the transport in density space as a deep western boundary current (DWBC) flows through the region, associated with lightening and densification of the current’s denser and lighter layers, respectively. These transformations are driven by vigorous turbulent mixing. Comparing this transformation with measurements of the rate of turbulent kinetic energy dissipation indicates that, within the DWBC, turbulence operates with a high mixing efficiency, characterized by a dissipation ratio of 0.6 to 1 that exceeds the common value of 0.2. This result is corroborated by estimates of the dissipation ratio from microstructure observations. The causes of the transformation are unraveled through a decomposition into contributions dependent on the gradients in density space of the: dianeutral mixing rate, isoneutral area, and stratification. The transformation is found to be primarily driven by strong turbulence acting on an abrupt transition from the weakly stratified bottom boundary layer to well-stratified off-boundary waters. The reduced boundary layer stratification is generated by a downslope Ekman flow associated with the DWBC’s flow along sloping topography, and is further regulated by submesoscale instabilities acting to restratify near-boundary waters. Our results provide observational evidence endorsing the importance of near-boundary mixing processes to deep-ocean overturning, and highlight the role of DWBCs as hot spots of dianeutral upwelling.
This Account Doesn’t Exist: Tweet Decay and the Politics of Deletion in the Brexit Debate
Authors: Bastos Marco
Published: January 2021

Literature on influence operations has identified metrics that are indicative of social media manipulation, but few studies have explored the lifecycle of low-quality information. We contribute to this literature by reconstructing nearly 3 million messages posted by 1 million users in the last days of the Brexit referendum campaign. While previous studies have found that on average only 4% of tweets disappear, we found that 33% of the tweets leading up to the referendum vote are no longer available. Only about half of the most active accounts that tweeted the referendum continue to operate publicly, and 20% of all accounts are no longer active. We tested whether partisan content was more likely to disappear and found more messages from the Leave campaign that disappeared than the entire universe of tweets affiliated with the Remain campaign. We compare these results with an assorted set of 45 hashtags posted in the same period and find that political campaigns present much higher ratios of user and tweet decay. These results are validated by inspecting 2 million Brexit-related tweets posted over a period of nearly 4 years. The article concludes with an overview of these findings and recommendations for future research.
Political Self-Censorship in Authoritarian States: The Spatial-Temporal Dimension of Trouble
Authors: Chang Charles , Manion Melanie
Published: January 2021

We theorize and measure a situational self-censorship that varies across spatial-temporal political contexts. Schelling’s insight that distinctive times and places function as focal points has generated a literature explaining how activists coordinate for protest in authoritarian states. Our population of interest is not activists but ordinary citizens, who, we assume, are risk-averse and prefer to avoid trouble. Focal points rally activists for political expression. By contrast, we theorize, ordinary citizens exercise greater than usual political self-censorship at focal points, to avoid punishment as troublemakers. We test our theory by leveraging geotagged smartphone posts of Beijing netizens on Weibo, China’s version of Twitter, to estimate precisely if, when, where, and how citizens engage in political talk. We use a difference-in-differences strategy that compares smartphone political talk at and away from focal places before and after focal times. We find netizens self-censor political talk significantly more at potentially troublesome spatial-temporal focal points.
The Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences and Gender on Developmental Trajectories of Internalizing and Externalizing Outcomes
Authors: Leban Lindsay
Published: January 2021

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are linked to problematic outcomes, but it remains unclear how ACEs affect developmental patterns of harmful behavior, and whether this varies by gender. This study examined these relationships among 868 youth participating in the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect. Group-based trajectory models identified five trajectories of internalizing and six trajectories of externalizing outcomes. Multinomial logistic regression models examined the relationships between ACEs, gender, and the interaction between the two on trajectory group membership. Higher ACEs were associated with elevated internalizing and externalizing trajectories, and boys who experienced higher ACEs were at a heightened risk of exhibiting elevated externalizing trajectories. Findings shed light on the importance of gender in developmental responses to victimization and adversity.
Controlling Schools: How School Resource Officers’ Roles Map Onto Schools’ Behavior Management Strategies
Authors: Benitez Ivan , Fisher Benjamin W. , Tolles Taylor , Wright Emily M.
Published: January 2021

School resource officer (SRO) behavior varies across schools, but little is known about what shapes their behavior. Social ecological theories state that features of communities shapes individual behavior, including police officers. This may similarly apply to SROs. This study uses the 2015 to 2016 School Survey on Crime and Safety to test the extent to which three aspects of a school’s context related to behavior management (i.e., security measures, disciplinary environment, and restorative practices) shape SROs’ involvement in three roles: law enforcement, teacher, and mentor. Using a generalized structural equation model to examine the relationships between school context and SRO roles, consistent with ecological theories, we find that school context shapes SRO roles. Implications and future research are further discussed.
To Serve and Protect Whom? Using Composite Counter-Storytelling to Explore Black and Indigenous Youth Experiences and Perceptions of the Police in Canada
Authors: Samuels-Wortley Kanika
Published: January 2021

Research based in the US and Britain have established that perceptions of the police are particularly low among youth and racialized communities. However, by contrast, little is known about racialized youth perceptions of the police within Canada. Due to formal and informal bans on the collection of race-based data, Canada maintains its international reputation as a tolerant multicultural society. Using the critical race methodology of composite counter-storytelling, this paper will highlight the perspectives of Black and Indigenous youth and explore their experiences with law enforcement. This aims to counter Canada’s international status as a multicultural utopia and demonstrate how legal criminal justice actors, such as the police, perpetuate the marginalized status of Black and Indigenous youth through the process of criminalization.
International trade and cyber conflict: Decomposing the effect of trade on state-sponsored cyber attacks
Authors: Akoto William
Published: January 2021

A state’s decision to engage in cyber operations has important implications for its trade. Successful cyber espionage could yield valuable trade secrets that could boost domestic production and spur economic growth. On the other hand, uncovered cyber operations could invite devastating sanctions that retard economic development. In spite of this, the nexus between trade and cyber attacks has received little attention in the literature. In this article, I explore how a state’s trade relations affect its propensity to engage in cyber attacks. I develop a theoretical framework that links the composition of a state’s trade to its deficit in proprietary information relative to other states. I decompose trade into its inter- and intra-industry components and show that while inter-industry trade is associated with higher incidence of state-sponsored cyber attacks, intra-industry trade has the opposite effect. I also show that these effects are non-monotonic, varying by the share of inter- or intra-industry trade in total trade. The results also show that states that have a heavy concentration of high-tech industries such as aerospace, computers, and pharmaceuticals have a higher propensity to engage in cyber espionage operations. These results are robust to a variety of controls and specifications.
Understanding propaganda: A conversation with Renee Hobbs
Authors: Heller Rafael
Published: January 2021

Renee Hobbs argues that schools must teach students how propaganda works so that they can better understand the messages they see around them. In an interview with Kappan editor Rafael Heller, she describes how propaganda — and instruction about it — has evolved over time. Although there have been periods where it was discussed extensively in schools, but the Common Core moved it to the back burner, Hobbs explains, but now teachers and young people alike are taking an interest in these subjects once again.
Empowering students for social action in social studies
Authors: Bond Laura F. , Elias Maurice J. , Nayman Samuel J.
Published: January 2021

In these challenging times, it is essential to activate student voice and prepare them for civic engagement and social action. Social-emotional learning strategies integrated into the social studies curriculum help to accomplish just that. Laura Bond, Maurice Elias, and Samuel Nayman describe the STAT program, which enables students to build both social-emotional and citizenship skills that will help them to take action on the issues they care about now and in the future.
Mechanical behavior of sealed waterproof for shield tunnel segment joint under different assembling ellipticity
Authors: Junwei Zhang , Sicen Guo , Yunyao Chen
Published: January 2021

During the construction and assembling stages of shield tunnels, the ellipticity of segment assembly, and the angle between segments are the main reasons for joint leakage of shield tunnel. In this paper, taking Chengdu Metro shield tunnel as the research background, the relationship between assembling ellipticity and segment opening angle is obtained by geometric calculation, and the waterproof effect of gasket under different segment joint angle is studied by finite element analysis method. Results of the nonlinear numerical analyses, there is a linear positive relationship between the opening angle of segments and the ellipticity degree. Meanwhile, the different side joint opening angles of the segments have different effects on the waterproof effect of the gasket, which is manifested as the external angle is greater than the internal. Based on the above research results, this article can provide some references for the design, production, processing, and quality inspection of shield tunnel gasket in the future.
Resection of Carotid Body Tumors in Patients of Advanced Age: Experience From a Single Center
Authors: Li Lifeng , Xu Hongbo , Zhou Jing , Mydlarz Wojciech K. , Yu Zhengya , Chen Xiaohong , London Nyall R.
Published: January 2021

Introduction:

Resection of carotid body tumor (CBT) in patients of advanced ages has not been appreciated.

Objectives:

This study aims to assess the clinical characteristics and perioperative comorbidities for CBT resection in patients of advanced age and to validate the application of an “isolated island” technique for extirpation of CBT.

Methods:

Eight patients of advanced age (≥60 years) who underwent CBT resection were enrolled as the study group (SG). Another 29 patients of younger age (<45 years old) underwent CBT extirpation were assigned as the control group (CG). The perioperative issues were compared between these 2 groups.

Results:

The “isolated island” technique was successfully applied for resection of CBT in all 37 patients. The prevalence of Shamblin classification I, II, and III tumors in the SG was 12.5%, 62.5%, and 25%; whereas in the CG was 10.3%, 55.2%, and 34.5%, respectively. Bilateral CBT was observed in 7 patients of the CG and none in the SG. Vascular reconstruction was required for 1 (12.5%) patient in the SG, while it was required for 8 (27.6%) patients in the CG. Postoperative vocal cord palsy occurred in 37.5% of patients in SG, whereas the vocal cord palsy (34.5%) and dysphagia (6.9%) were commonly encountered in CG. In addition to postoperative length of stay ( P = .004), no significant difference for operative time, intraoperative blood loss, or mortality were observed between these 2 groups ( P > .05).

Conclusion:

Extirpation of CBT in patients of advanced age is rationale in appropriately selected patients. The “isolated island” technique is safe for CBT resection with seemingly low complication rates.
Surgical Experiences of Pediatric Cervical Bronchogenic Cysts: A Case Series of 6 Patients
Authors: Li Yanzhen , Wang Shengcai , Tai Jun , Zhang Jie , He Lejian , Zhang Nan , Zhang Xuexi , Liu Qiaoyin , Sun Nian , Ni Xin
Published: January 2021

Objectives:

Bronchogenic cyst is a rare congenital disease which occurs especially in the neck region. This report presents 6 cases of bronchogenic cysts and discusses the diagnosis and surgical experience of this anomaly.

Methods:

A retrospective study of 6 pediatric patients with cervical bronchogenic cysts treated in our hospital during 2016 to 2019 was performed. We recorded and analyzed the clinical data of the patients, including age, symptoms, imaging findings, surgical procedure, and complications.

Results:

All patients underwent surgical excision. The chondroid tissues were found at the base of cysts which clung to the trachea in 5 patients and completely removed by surgery without recurrence. One patient showed recurrence due to residual cartilage after the first surgery, and the second surgery was required to resect the remaining cartilage. During the surgery, the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) detector was used, which confirmed that all the RLNs clung to the side wall of cysts. All cases were cured without complications.

Conclusions:

Although rare, bronchogenic cysts should be considered in the differential diagnosis of peritracheal masses in children. Complete resection of the bronchogenic cysts, including the cartilages at the base, is vital in preventing recurrence. The RLN must be protected during the surgery.
Investigation of Serum Calcium and 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels in Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo Patients
Authors: Inan Hakkı Caner , Mertoğlu Cuma , Erdur Zülküf Burak
Published: January 2021

Objective:

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is characterized by recurrent attacks of vertigo caused by head movements. It occurs as a result of otoconia falling into the semicircular canal. Calcium and 25 hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] metabolism in the inner ear play an important role in otoconia formation and degeneration. Our aim in this study was to investigate the relationship between 25(OH)D levels and BPPV.

Methods:

This retrospective, case–controlled study included 52 patients with posterior canal BPPV and 52 controls aged 18 to 80 years. Age, sex, serum calcium, corrected calcium, and 25(OH)D levels of the BPPV and control group were compared.

Results:

Twenty-three of the patients were male (44.2%) and 29 were female (55.8%). The average age was 55.6 years. The 25(OH)D level was 15.3 ng/mL in the BPPV group and 20.2 ng/mL in controls. There was no significant difference in 25(OH)D and albumin-corrected calcium values ( P = .394; P = .084, respectively). In 80.7% of the BPPV group and 61.5% of the controls, 25(OH)D levels were 20 ng/mL and below. 25 hydroxyvitamin D deficiency was found statistically significantly more frequently in patients with BPPV ( P = .030).

Conclusion:

In our study, serum 25(OH)D levels were found to be lower in patients with BPPV, and the rate of vitamin D deficiency was higher in these patients. Based on these results, it is recommended to examine the 25(OH)D levels of patients with BPPV at the time of diagnosis.
Association of Pediatric Hearing Loss and Head Injury in a Population‐Based Study
Authors: Kozin Elliott D. , Knoll Renata M. , Bhattacharyya Neil
Published: January 2021

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of acquired long‐term disability during childhood, and it may result in wide range of negative developmental consequences. Auditory dysfunction is generally recognized to be a possible sequela of pediatric TBI. Unfortunately, few contemporary studies have quantified the association between head injury and hearing loss in the pediatric population. The National Survey of Children’s Health (NSCH) for the combined years 2017‐2018 was used to determine the association of hearing loss with TBI. Deafness or problems with hearing were more commonly reported in children with a history or current brain injury/concussion compared to those without any such history (3.2% [70,000] and 1.2% [830,000] children, respectively; odds ratio, 2.67; P <. 001). Findings suggest a notable association between TBI and hearing loss. Children with a history of TBI are 2.67 times more likely to have concurrent hearing complaints.

Level of Evidence: IV
Characterization of high-grade pineal region lesions: the usefulness of apparent diffusion coefficient volumetric values
Authors: Calandrelli Rosalinda , Pilato Fabio , Massimi Luca , Gessi Marco , Panfili Marco , Colosimo Cesare
Published: January 2021

Background

High-grade pineal region tumors are rare and heterogeneous types of primary central nervous system neoplasms; radiological differential diagnosis is challenging but it is important because it has a therapeutic relevance.

Purpose

To discriminate among high-grade pineal region tumors by combining apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) volumetric values and qualitative features in order to predict their histology.

Material and Methods

Twenty-two patients with high-grade pineal region tumors were assessed by qualitative and quantitative analysis. Margins, T2-weighted signal intensity, contrast enhancement, hemorrhage, calcifications, different volumetric ADC fractions (ADCmean, ADCmax, ADCmin) were evaluated and were compared to the histopathologic findings (cell count and proliferation index).

Results

Our qualitative imaging data showed that only margins were different among different tumors and each tumor type showed peculiar age onset. ADCmean was found the best quantitative value to discriminate high-grade tumors of the pineal region. ADCmean correlated with proliferation index but not with cell count. ADCmean values were lower in tumors with higher proliferation rate and a significant difference in ADCmean values were found between germinomas and pineoblastomas, between germinomas and papillary tumors and between papillary tumors and pineoblastomas. Moreover, the cut-off value of 0.865 × 10–3 mm2/s for ADCmean (ADC mean threshold value) could differentiate germinoma from pineoblastomas with the best combination of sensitivity and specificity.

Conclusion

The ADCmean value measured on the whole tumor, reflecting tumor proliferative activity, may be a practical and non-invasive marker for predicting tumor histology in high-grade pineal region lesions and might be useful in preoperative assessment.
Baptised by fire: an interview with Suresh Grover
Authors: Nijjar Jasbinder S.
Published: January 2021

In this contribution to narrating the black British history of struggle, one of the leading lights of community-based anti-racism, who has worked over four decades from Southall, west of London and one of the first post-war settlements of ‘New Commonwealth’ Asian workers, is interviewed. He records some of the milestone struggles of The Monitoring Group from the street campaigning against lethal racist violence in the 1970s to the nationally important watershed government-commissioned report by Macpherson acknowledging institutional racism in 1999. Suresh Grover explains the impetus for organising, and the ways of building an anti-racist, anti-imperialist, anti-patriarchal movement around and beyond family campaigns against state injustices – changing over time to meet new circumstances.
Time, torture and Manus Island: an interview with Behrouz Boochani and Omid Tofighian
Authors: Bhatia Monish , Bruce-Jones Eddie
Published: January 2021

Former asylum seeker detainee and journalist Behrouz Boochani (author of No Friend but the Mountains) and his collaborator Omid Tofighian speak about the experience of indefinite incarceration on Australia’s Manus Island and the psychological toll of waiting. They compare this form of detention to prison and the existential impact to torture. This Kyriarchal System, they argue, strips the individual of identity and humanity and they explain how such a system can perhaps be questioned better through the poetic fiction that Boochani has used in his path-breaking narrative than through appeal to dry rational facts and figures.
Policing in Europe: disability justice and abolitionist intersectional care
Authors: Thompson Vanessa E.
Published: January 2021

Over the last few years, the intersections between mental health and punitive violence have gained more attention within scholarship and activism around race and policing. Disability justice and intersectional approaches have argued that the discourses around and categorisations of various forms of disability are deeply rooted in projects of colonialism and enslavement, and their legacies. These discourses are strongly enacted in contemporary logics and practices of policing, as racialised people who identify or are categorised as mad, neurodiverse, mentally ill, psychiatric survivors and disabled are particularly vulnerable to police harassment and violence. This article discusses how policing is deeply intertwined with discourses around saneism – institutional and systemic oppression of people who identify, have been diagnosed as, or are perceived to be, mentally ill, which has implications for abolitionist intersectional thought and practice. Foregrounding a black feminist abolitionist analysis, in dialogue with intersectional disability justice and mad studies, the author argues that an accountable engagement with the mad analytics of policing of black lives has important implications for intersectional and abolitionist thought and activism as forms of care/ing for black lives.
Effect of undergraduate research on students’ learning and engagement
Authors: Seifan Mostafa , Lal Neha , Berenjian Aydin
Published: January 2021

Effective engineering undergraduate programs should be well-structured to respond to the needs of students and prepare them for the workforce or further studies. Undoubtedly, the teaching and learning process should be student-centred to promote problem-solving skills and facilitate the generation of new knowledge by students. A capstone research project is one of the practices that aim to enable students to successfully move into either employment or graduate studies. In this study, a survey containing different categories was prepared to assess the usefulness of a capstone research project in achieving various outcomes, including personal, learning, and research perceptions, as well as other aspects such as supervision, career aspirations, safety matters, and hands-on experience . The survey was sent out to honours students who were carrying out an engineering capstone research project. The results suggested that an undergraduate research program can be an efficient tool in the teaching and learning process. Interestingly, the results showed that undergraduate research was unable to prompt students to choose their future career pathway or encourage them to pursue postgraduate studies. Defining projects that reflect the industry's needs with focusing on the society’s demands could present a possible solution to this issue.
A survey of self-reported use of cricoid pressure amongst Australian and New Zealand anaesthetists: Attitudes and practice
Authors: Mistry Ravi , Frei Daniel R , Badenhorst Chris , Broadbent James
Published: January 2021

We conducted a survey of Australian and New Zealand anaesthetists designed to quantify self-reported use of cricoid pressure (CP) in patients presumed to be at risk of gastric regurgitation, and to ascertain the underlying justifications used to support individual practice. We aimed to identify the perceived benefits and harms associated with the use of CP and to explore the potential impact of medicolegal concerns on clinical decision-making. We also sought to ascertain the views of Australian and New Zealand anaesthetists on whether recommendations relating to CP should be included in airway management guidelines. We designed an electronic survey comprised of 15 questions that was emailed to 981 randomly selected Fellows of the Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists (ANZCA) by the ANZCA Clinical Trials Network on behalf of the investigators. We received responses from 348 invitees (response rate 35.5%). Of the 348 respondents, 267 (76.9%) indicated that they would routinely use CP for patients determined to be at increased risk of gastric regurgitation. When asked whether participants believed the use of CP reduces the risk of gastric regurgitation, 39.8% indicated yes, 23.8% believed no and 36.3% were unsure. Of the respondents who indicated that they routinely performed CP, 159/267 (60%) indicated that concerns over the potential medicolegal consequences of omitting CP in a patient who subsequently aspirates was one of the main reasons for using CP. The majority (224/337; 66%) of respondents believed that recommendations about the use of CP in airway management guidelines should include individual practitioner judgement, while only 55/337 (16%) respondents believed that routine CP should be advocated in contemporary emergency airway management guidelines.
Protective effect of chondroitin sulfate nano-selenium on chondrocyte of patients with Kashin-Beck disease
Authors: Qiao Lichun , Amhare Abebe F , Deng Huan , Lv Yizhen , Zhao Yan , Liu Jiaxin , Lei Jian , Wang Liyun , Chilufya Mumba M , Han Jing
Published: January 2021

Objective

To investigate the protective effect of chondroitin sulfate nano-selenium (SeCS) on chondrocyte of Kashin-Beck disease (KBD).

Methods

Chondrocyte samples were isolated from the cartilage of three male KBD patients (54–57 years old). The chondrocytes were respectively divided into four groups: (a) control group, (b) SeCS supplement group (100 ng/mL SeCS), (c) T-2 + SeCS supplement group (20 ng/mL T-2 + 100 ng/mL SeCS), and (d) T-2 group (20 ng/mL T-2). Live/dead staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to observe cell viability and ultrastructural changes in chondrocytes respectively. Expressions of Caspase-9, cytochrome C (Cyt-C), and chondroitin sulfate (CS) structure-modifying sulfotransferases including carbohydrate sulfotransferase 3, 15 (CHST-3, CHST-15), and uronyl 2-O-sulfotransferase (UST) were examined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results

After one- or three-days intervention, the number of living chondrocytes in the SeCS supplement group was higher than that in the control group, while it is opposite in the T-2 + SeCS supplement group and T-2 group. The cellular villi number in the surface increased in the SeCS supplement group compared with the control group. Mitochondrial morphology density was improved in the T-2 + SeCS supplement group compared with the T-2 group. Expressions of CHST-3, CHST-15, UST, Caspase-9, and Cyt-C on the mRNA level significantly increased in the T-2 + SeCS supplement group and T-2 group compared with the control group.

Conclusions

SeCS supplement increased the number of living chondrocytes, improved the ultrastructure, and altered the expressions of CS structure-modifying sulfotransferases, Caspase-9, and Cyt-C.
Families under Pressure: The Costs of Vocational Calling, and What Can Be Done about Them
Authors: Anastasiadis Stephanos , Zeyen Anica
Published: January 2021

This conceptual article extends the literature on the disadvantages of calling. The article makes four main contributions. First, it argues that some of the burden of calling is shouldered not by called individuals or their employers, but rather by close family members. Second, it argues that calling influences work–life ideology, limiting a called person’s ability to exercise choice and self-manage their work–life boundary. Third, it introduces the novel notion of the sacrifice-reliant organisation, which relies on calling to achieve organisational goals. Fourth, the article argues normatively that organisations with called members have an enhanced duty of care towards families of its members that is commensurate with the extent to which they rely on calling to achieve their goals. Using ethics of care, it also develops guidelines on the extent and components of such an enhanced duty of care.
Development of an autonomous robotic system for beard shaving assistance of disabled people based on an adaptive force tracking impedance control
Authors: Ajani Oladayo S , Assal Samy FM
Published: January 2021

Recently, people with upper arm disabilities due to neurological disorders, stroke or old age are receiving robotic assistance to perform several activities such as shaving, eating, brushing and drinking. Although the full potential of robotic assistance lies in the use of fully autonomous robotic systems, these systems are limited in design due to the complexities and the associated risks. Hence, rather than the shared controlled or active robotic systems used for such tasks around the head, an adaptive compliance control scheme-based autonomous robotic system for beard shaving assistance is proposed. The system includes an autonomous online face detection and tracking as well as selected geometrical features-based beard region estimation using the Kinect RGB-D camera. Online trajectory planning for achieving the shaving task is enabled; with the capability of online re-planning trajectories in case of unintended head pose movement and occlusion. Based on the dynamics of the UR-10 6-DOF manipulator using ADAMS and MATLAB, an adaptive force tracking impedance controller whose parameters are tuned using Genetic Algorithm (GA) with force/torque constraints is developed. This controller can regulate the contact force under head pose changing and varying shaving region stiffness by adjusting the target stiffness of the controller. Simulation results demonstrate the system capability to achieve beard shaving autonomously with varying environmental parameters that can be extended for achieving other tasks around the head such as feeding, drinking and brushing.
Viscoelastic nanofluid motion for Homann stagnation-region with thermal radiation characteristics
Authors: Khan Masood , Sarfraz Mahnoor , Ahmed Jawad , Ahmad Latif , Ahmed Awais
Published: January 2021

The problem of Jeffrey’s nanofluid for a modification of Homann’s exterior potential flow in the stagnation region is modeled over a cylindrical disk. The characteristic of electrically conducting nanofluid flow with a time-independent free stream is noted as well. Due to this, a new family of asymmetric flows is created, which mainly depends on the viscoelastic parameter [Formula: see text] magnetic parameter [Formula: see text] and the stress-to strain rate ratio, i.e., [Formula: see text] By deploying Buongiorno’s model and Rosseland’s approximation, the outcomes of the Brownian diffusion, thermophoresis, and solar radiation on the mass and thermal boundary layer are also scrutinized. The conservation laws are remodeled by a similarity transformation, and the governing equations are solved by a builtin program bvp4c in Matlab. Furthermore, a comparison is made between the numerical outcomes and their large- γ asymptotics for wall stresses and displacement thicknesses. It is discovered that due to the impact of Jeffrey’s material parameters and magnetic field, when [Formula: see text] reaches infinity, along the x-axis the two-dimensional displacement thickness and the coefficient of skin friction are closer to their asymptotic values; however, along the y-axis, they exhibit opposite trend. Moreover, the thermal and mass transport is enhanced due to significant contributions of nanofluid conductivity.
Certification marks for Australian native foods: A proposal for Indigenous ownership of intellectual property
Authors: Jefferson David J
Published: January 2021

Recently, interest in ‘bush tucker’ foods has surged. Indigenous Australians should be empowered to determine how their knowledge is used when these products are commercialised. To exercise control over the development of the native foods industry, Indigenous Australians could establish a certification regime to ensure that their knowledge is appropriately converted into commercial products. This could be done through the strategic use of intellectual property, specifically through certification trade marks. Creating a certification mark for native foods could represent an important part of a decolonial policy agenda aimed at reimagining the regulation of native biodiversity and cultural knowledge in Australia.
Three-dimensional formulation of a strain-based geometrically nonlinear piezoelectric beam for energy harvesting
Authors: Beltramo Emmanuel , Balachandran Balakumar , Preidikman Sergio
Published: January 2021

In this paper, the authors introduce a model of a strain-based geometrically nonlinear piezoelectric beam for modeling energy harvesters. A nonlinear shear-underfomable 3-D Rayleigh’s beam theory is used to model the displacement fields and can be considered as an interesting alternative to linear and highly nonlinear models commonly presented in the literature. The nonlinearities are introduced to reproduce the behavior of the flexible structure, since moderate to large displacements can occur in response of external loading conditions. The finite element method is used to model the piezolaminated bimorph configuration. Each finite element consists of two piezoelectric energy harvesters embedded or perfectly bonded to an elastic substrate. The electromechanical coupling includes axial and flexural effects as well as additional term that comes from the nonlinearity incorporated into the strain tensor. Additionally, the authors explore briefly two topics for linear harvesters: the influence of the electric domain on the structural properties and, the performance of the harvester near resonance in term of electric power output of a purely resistive network. As a validation case, a cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvester under base excitation is modeled. Alongside, the response to gust of a harvester embedded in a wing structure is analyzed.
Sculpting the landscape of affordances
Authors: McGann Marek
Published: January 2021

The work of Rietveld and his colleagues offers an engaging and valuable framework for considering the relationship between art, technology, culture and habit, and challenges us to consider our ethical perspective on these things.
How Feedback From an Online Video Game Teaches Argument Writing for Environmental Action
Authors: Lawrence Anne M. , Sherry Michael B.
Published: January 2021

Literacy researchers have explored how video games might be used as supplementary texts in secondary English language arts (ELA) classrooms to support reading instruction. However, less attention has been focused on how video games, particularly online educational games designed to teach argumentation, might enhance secondary ELA students’ writing development. In this article, we describe how the pedagogical feedback provided by one such game, Quandary, influenced two seventh graders’ written arguments in advocacy letters addressed to the state governor regarding a local environmental disaster. We compare these two embedded cases to data from 10 focal students, as well as patterns from 114 seventh graders (in five ELA classes). Based on our analysis of screen-capture video of students’ gameplay, drafts of their advocacy letters, and video-stimulated recall interviews, we conclude that game feedback rewarding or penalizing predetermined right or wrong player moves may encourage students to develop argumentation strategies that are less effective in more complex rhetorical situations and may foster a false sense of competence.
Wildlife Use of Drainage Structures Under 2 Sections of Federal Highway 2 in the Sky Island Region of Northeastern Sonora, Mexico
Authors: Manteca-Rodríguez Mirna , Félix-Burruel Ricardo E , Aguilar-Morales Cecilia , Bravo Juan Carlos , Traphagen Myles , Larios Eugenio
Published: January 2021

Roads and highways are 1 of the most significant obstacles affecting wildlife movement by fragmenting habitat, altering wildlife migration and use of habitat, while also being a danger to wildlife and humans caused by wildlife-vehicle interactions. To mitigate wildlife mortality on highway sections and to minimize death and injury to motorists as well, road ecologists have proposed structures adapted for the safe passage of wildlife across roads. In this study, photographic sampling was conducted using trail cameras to quantify wildlife activity and use of existing culverts, bridges, and drainages within 2 separate sections of Mexico Federal Highway 2 where previous field assessment had observed high levels of activity. These sections are important areas for the conservation of wildlife, and they are known to be biological corridors for rare species of concern such as jaguar, black bear, and ocelot. The trail cameras were operated for 1 year to document the annual cycle of wildlife movement through the area. With the photographs obtained, a database was created containing the information from each wildlife-culvert interaction. Prior to sampling, an inventory of existing culverts was conducted that measured height, width, volume, and surrounding habitat to assign a hypothesized use quality index. After testing for significant differences in use index among culverts, we recognized that all culverts were equally important for moving wildlife, and that there were no significant differences in the use of culverts by the quality index.
The potency of digital media: group chats and mediated scandals in the Philippines
Authors: Lorenzana Jozon A
Published: January 2021

With widespread use of digital media, public figures and ordinary people easily become involved in scandals. Social media leaks and mobs illustrate how digital media figure into scandals in the context of everyday politics. The occurrence of scandals on digital media prompts questions on emerging dynamics and potentials of digital communication. Using case studies from the Philippines, this study identifies and examines digital media affordances and how they enable mediated scandals. Findings indicate that digital media facilitate the process and intensify the impact of scandals, particularly the effects of public condemnation. However, under certain conditions, digital media enable parties to counter allegations and mobilise support. The article reflects on the possibilities and potency of digital media in everyday politics of reputation.