bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occupations and balance during the transition to motherhood with a lifetime chronic illness: A scoping review examining cystic fibrosis, asthma, and Type‐1 diabetes
Authors: Haines Alena Jane , Mackenzie Lynette , Honey Anne , Middleton Peter G.
Published: July 2023

Introduction

Throughout the transition to motherhood, changes are experienced across a woman's physical, mental, social, and occupational self. Maternal chronic illness adds the complexity of increased healthcare needs and navigating a high‐risk, medicalised pregnancy, birth, and post‐natal period. Literature concerning motherhood transitions in chronic illness generally focusses on the mother's medical health and pregnancy outcomes; little is known about the impacts on women's occupations, balance, and quality of life. Understanding these issues may help support women in a more tailored and holistic way.

Objective

This scoping review aims to gather, analyse, and synthesise existing empirical research on occupational engagement and occupational balance as they impact on wellbeing and quality of life in women with a lifetime chronic illness before and during pregnancy and in early motherhood.

Method

The review follows the nine‐stage framework described in the Joanna Briggs Institute Manual for Evidence Synthesis (2020). Five databases were searched: Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, and OT Seeker. Data were extracted and examined via content analysis, described in narrative synthesis, summarised into a conceptual framework, and tabulated.

Findings

A total of 8,655 papers were discovered on initial search. Following title and abstract screening, 220 full‐text studies were assessed for eligibility, and 46 papers were finally included. Analysis generated four major themes: The Disrupted Transition Journey; Adaptation, Compromise and Choice; Outcomes; and Drawing on What's Available. The themes were conceptualised into a framework to explain how women sought to balance motherhood and illness‐related occupations. Adequate access to information, social support, expert care, and financial resources improved both quality of life and healthcare compliance.

Conclusion

Findings of this scoping review deepen the understanding of occupational balance during the transition to motherhood in the context of lifetime chronic illness. Healthcare providers and supportive family and friends can use this knowledge to adapt their approach to assisting women with chronic illness on the motherhood journey. These findings may also inform further inquiry into the scope of occupational therapy practice with this population.
Identification and characterization of a novel pathway for aldopentose degradation in Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Alberti Lydia , König Patricia , Zeidler Sabine , Poehlein Anja , Daniel Rolf , Averhoff Beate , Müller Volker
Published: July 2023

The nosocomial pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii is well known for its extraordinary metabolic diversity. Recently, we demonstrated growth on L‐arabinose, but the pathway remained elusive. Transcriptome analyses revealed two upregulated gene clusters that code for isoenzymes catalysing oxidation of a pentonate to α‐ketoglutarate. Molecular, genetic, and biochemical experiments revealed one branch to be specific for L‐arabonate oxidation, and the other for D‐xylonate and D‐ribonate. Both clusters also encode an uptake system and a regulator that acts as activator (L‐arabonate) or repressor (D‐xylonate and D‐ribonate). Genes encoding the initial oxidation of pentose to pentonate were not part of the clusters, but our data are consistent with the hypothesis of a promiscous, pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ)‐dependent, periplasmic pentose dehydrogenase, followed by the uptake of the pentonates and their degradation by specific pathways. However, there is a cross‐talk between the two different pathways since the isoenzymes can replace each other. Growth on pentoses was found only in pathogenic Acinetobacter species but not in non‐pathogenic such as Acinetobacter baylyi. However, mutants impaired in growth on pentoses were not affected in traits important for infection, but growth on L‐arabinose was beneficial for long‐term survival and desiccation resistance in A. baumannii ATCC 19606.
Will tomorrow's mineral materials be grown?
Authors: Cosmidis Julie
Published: July 2023

Biomineralization, the capacity to form minerals, has evolved in a great diversity of bacterial lineages as an adaptation to different environmental conditions and biological functions. Microbial biominerals often display original properties (morphology, composition, structure, association with organics) that significantly differ from those of abiotically formed counterparts, altogether defining the ‘mineral phenotype’. In principle, it should be possible to take advantage of microbial biomineralization processes to design and biomanufacture advanced mineral materials for a range of technological applications. In practice, this has rarely been done so far and only for a very limited number of biomineral types. This is mainly due to our poor understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms controlling microbial biomineralization pathways, preventing us from developing bioengineering strategies aiming at improving biomineral properties for different applications. Another important challenge is the difficulty to upscale microbial biomineralization from the lab to industrial production. Addressing these challenges will require combining expertise from environmental microbiologists and geomicrobiologists, who have historically been working at the forefront of research on microbe–mineral interactions, alongside bioengineers and material scientists. Such interdisciplinary efforts may in the future allow the emergence of a mineral biomanufacturing industry, a critical tool towards the development more sustainable and circular bioeconomies.
Glycogen phosphorylase inhibition improves cognitive function of aged mice
Authors: Drulis‐Fajdasz Dominika , Krzystyniak Adam , Puścian Alicja , Pytyś Agata , Gostomska‐Pampuch Kinga , Pudełko‐Malik Natalia , Wiśniewski Jerzy Ł. , Młynarz Piotr , Miazek Arkadiusz , Wójtowicz Tomasz , Włodarczyk Jakub , Duś‐Szachniewicz Kamila , Gizak Agnieszka , Wiśniewski Jacek R. , Rakus Dariusz
Published: July 2023

Inhibition of glycogen breakdown blocks memory formation in young animals, but it stimulates the maintenance of the long‐term potentiation, a cellular mechanism of memory formation, in hippocampal slices of old animals. Here, we report that a 2‐week treatment with glycogen phosphorylase inhibitor BAY U6751 alleviated memory deficits and stimulated neuroplasticity in old mice. Using the 2‐Novel Object Recognition and Novel Object Location tests, we discovered that the prolonged intraperitoneal administration of BAY U6751 improved memory formation in old mice. This was accompanied by changes in morphology of dendritic spines in hippocampal neurons, and by “rejuvenation” of hippocampal proteome. In contrast, in young animals, inhibition of glycogen degradation impaired memory formation; however, as in old mice, it did not alter significantly the morphology and density of cortical dendritic spines. Our findings provide evidence that prolonged inhibition of glycogen phosphorolysis improves memory formation of old animals. This could lead to the development of new strategies for treatment of age‐related memory deficits.
Delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol modulates pain sensitivity among persons receiving opioid agonist therapy for opioid use disorder: A within‐subject, randomized, placebo‐controlled laboratory study
Authors: De Aquino Joao P. , Meyerovich Julia , Xie Catherine Z. , Ranganathan Mohini , Compton Peggy , Pittman Brian , Rogan Michael , Sofuoglu Mehmet
Published: July 2023

The opioid and cannabinoid receptor systems are inextricably linked—overlapping at the anatomical, functional and behavioural levels. Preclinical studies have reported that cannabinoid and opioid agonists produce synergistic antinociceptive effects. Still, there are no experimental data on the effects of cannabinoid agonists among humans who receive opioid agonist therapies for opioid use disorder (OUD). We conducted an experimental study to investigate the acute effects of the delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) among persons receiving methadone therapy for OUD. Using a within‐subject, crossover, human laboratory design, 25 persons on methadone therapy for OUD (24% women) were randomly assigned to receive single oral doses of THC (10 or 20 mg, administered as dronabinol) or placebo, during three separate 5‐h test sessions. Measures of experimental and self‐reported pain sensitivity, abuse potential, cognitive performance and physiological effects were collected. Mixed‐effects models examined the main effects of THC dose and interactions between THC (10 and 20 mg) and methadone doses (low‐dose methadone defined as <90 mg/day; high dose defined as >90 mg/day). Results demonstrated that, for self‐reported rather than experimental pain sensitivity measures, 10 mg THC provided greater relief than 20 mg THC, with no substantial evidence of abuse potential, and inconsistent dose‐dependent cognitive adverse effects. There was no indication of any interaction between THC and methadone doses. Collectively, these results provide valuable insights for future studies aiming to evaluate the risk–benefit profile of cannabinoids to relieve pain among individuals receiving opioid agonist therapy for OUD, a timely endeavour amidst the opioid crisis.
What promotes production contract in Indian agriculture? Managing market risk versus profit orientation
Authors: Saroj  , Paltasingh Kirtti Ranjan
Published: July 2023

We identify factors influencing farmers’ decision‐making on various production contracts and are explicitly concerned with whether managing market risk or profit orientation promotes contract farming (CF). After controlling for potential endogeneity, the IV‐Tobit regression results indicate that farmers’ risk behavior and profit orientation are vital factors driving CF participation decisions. However, we observed that the impact of profit orientation is relatively more substantial than the risk management motive, suggesting that earning a higher profit, rather than managing market risks, is the primary objective of CF adoption. In addition, other factors such as farm size, mean contract price, education, age, and extension services play a significant role in CF participation. The major policy implications, based on results, call for enhancing the CF network and encouraging farmers to commercialize agriculture as it facilitates access to the market and higher profits. Further, agribusiness firms should share more market risks with farmers to invite risk‐averse smallholders into the fold of commercial farming.
The Fortification Dilemma: Border Control and Rebel Violence
Authors: Blair Christopher W.
Published: July 2023

Where cross‐border sanctuaries enable rebels to marshal external support, classical theories of counterinsurgency extol the strategic value of border fortification. By sealing borders, counterinsurgents can erode transnational militants’ resources, degrading the quality of rebellion. Extending resource‐centric theories of conflict, I posit a fortification dilemma inherent in this strategy. Externally supplied rebels can afford conventional attacks and civilian victimization. When border fortifications interdict their foreign logistics, insurgents compensate by cultivating greater local support. In turn, rebels prefer more irregular attacks and cooperative relations with civilians. Hence, counterinsurgent border fortification trades off reduced rebel capabilities for greater competition over local hearts and minds. I test this theory using declassified microdata on border fortification and violence in Iraq. Results highlight the central link between border control and cross‐border militancy, and show how governments can contest the transnational dimensions of civil wars, such as external rebel sponsorship.
Stigma toward mental disorders and associated factors among community mental health workers in Wuhan, China
Authors: Chen Mo , Lin Guo‐Rong , Wang Gui‐Yang , Yang Li , Lyu Na , Qian Chen , Lan Jing‐Xi , Zhou Yang , Zhong Bao‐Liang
Published: July 2023

Background

Stigma toward mental disorders (STMD) is a significant barrier to mental health service delivery. To improve the provision of mental health services for community‐dwelling residents in China, this study investigated STMD and its associated factors in community mental health workers (CMHWs) in Wuhan, China.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, a total of 3869 CMHWs (22.9% men and 37.1 ± 8.4 years old) were randomly selected through multistage sampling and invited to participate in this survey. The perceived devaluation‐discrimination scale (PDD) and the National Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire (NMHLQ) were used to assess STMD and mental health knowledge, respectively. The presence of STMD was indicated by a mean item score of 3.0 or higher on the PDD. Multiple logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with STMD.

Results

Of the CMHWs, 41.9% had poor mental health knowledge (NMHLQ score < 80), and 18.5% exhibited STMD. In multiple regression analysis, factors significantly associated with STMD were social workers (vs. primary care physicians, OR = 1.44, p < .001), poor self‐rated capacity to handle common mental health problems (vs. good, OR = 1.57, p < .001), and poor mental health knowledge (vs. NMHLQ score ≥ 80, OR = 1.46, p < .001).

Conclusion

STMD is common among Chinese CMHWs. To reduce STMD among CMHWs, training programs in mental health care skills and mental health education may be necessary.
Revisiting systematic reviews on deprescribing trials to better inform future practice and research
Authors: Spinewine Anne , Reeve Emily , Thompson Wade
Published: July 2023

Deprescribing aims to address the problem of medication overuse in older adults. There has been an increasing number of systematic reviews of ‘deprescribing’. We aimed to describe the categories of trials included in recent systematic reviews, and to make recommendations for future research. We categorized 122 trials included in eight recent deprescribing systematic reviews into: discontinuation, deprescribing implementation, medication optimisation (including medication initiation) and non‐initiation trials. We identified heterogeneity and inconsistency in the categories of trials included in deprescribing systematic reviews. For example, 39 trials (32.0%) involved medication initiation in addition to the deprescribing component. It is now time for international researchers to develop and validate terminology used for trials involving discontinuation/deprescribing of medications, and to provide recommendations for evidence synthesis that will better inform future research, and translation into practice and policy.
Intramuscular cabotegravir and rilpivirine concentrations after switching from efavirenz‐containing regimen
Authors: Bettonte Sara , Berton Mattia , Stader Felix , Battegay Manuel , Marzolini Catia
Published: July 2023

Aims

Intramuscular cabotegravir/rilpivirine (IM CAB/RPV) are metabolized by UGT1A1/CYP3A4. Efavirenz induces both enzymes; therefore, switching from an efavirenz‐containing regimen to IM CAB/RPV could possibly result in suboptimal levels. Due to their long dosing interval, clinical studies with IM CAB/RPV are challenging. We used physiologically based pharmacokinetics (PBPK) modelling to simulate the switch from efavirenz to IM CAB/RPV.

Methods

First, we developed the drug models and verified the performance of the PBPK model to predict the pharmacokinetics of IM cabotegravir, IM rilpivirine and efavirenz by comparing the simulations against observed clinical data. Second, we verified the ability of the model to predict the effect of residual induction with observed data for the switch from efavirenz to dolutegravir or rilpivirine. Finally, we generated a cohort of 100 virtual individuals (20–50 years, 50% female, 18.5–30 kg/m2) to simulate IM CAB/RPV concentrations after discontinuing efavirenz in extensive and slow metabolizers of efavirenz.

Results

IM CAB concentrations were predicted to decrease by 11% (95% confidence interval 7–15%), 13% (6–21%) and 8% (0–18%) at day 1, 7 and 14 after efavirenz discontinuation. CAB concentrations were predicted to remain above the minimal efficacy threshold (i.e., 664 ng/mL) throughout the switch period both in extensive and slow metabolizers of efavirenz. Similarly, IM RPV concentrations were modestly decreased with the lowest reduction being 10% (6–14%) on day 7 post last efavirenz dose.

Conclusion

Our simulations indicate that switching from an efavirenz‐containing regimen to IM CAB/RPV does not put at risk of having a time window with suboptimal drug levels.
‘An extra fight I didn't ask for’: A qualitative survey exploring the impact of calories on menus for people with experience of eating disorders
Authors: Frances Tanya , O'Neill Kel , Newman Kirsty
Published: July 2023

Objectives

The UK government made it mandatory for large restaurants and cafes in England to display calorie labels on menus. Existing evidence identifies minimal potential for benefit, but significant potential for harm to those with eating disorders. To date, only one published study has directly explored the impact of this legislation on those with eating disorders. This study explores the impact of calorie labelling on menus on adults with experience of eating disorders in England.

Design

A qualitative online survey was designed and distributed, and 399 adults with current or past experience/s of eating disorders completed the survey.

Methods

Reflexive thematic analysis was used, informed by a critical realist approach.

Results

Six themes were developed: (1) impacts on relationships, (2) exclusion and increased isolation, (3) restricted freedom, (4) dis/embodiment, (5) anger and frustration at the perpetuation of diet culture and (6) we are all responsible for ourselves. Most participants felt calorie labels on menus is detrimental to their eating disorder and/or recovery. People are navigating multiple opposing cultural narratives around health, bodies and eating disorder recovery that can put additional barriers in place to developing a relationship with food and body that they would like.

Conclusions

Calorie labelling on menus is likely to adversely impact those with eating disorders. Menus with calories should be available separately but should not be the first or only one provided. People with experience of eating disorders should be directly involved in the development of public health legislation and policy that is likely to affect them.
A pilot study of an organised population‐based testing programme for prostate cancer
Authors: Alterbeck Max , Thimansson Erik , Bengtsson Johan , Baubeta Erik , Zackrisson Sophia , Bolejko Anetta , Sandeman Kevin , Carlsson Sigrid , Jiborn Thomas , Bjartell Anders
Published: July 2023

Objective

To determine the feasibility of a digitally automated population‐based programme for organised prostate cancer testing (OPT) in Southern Sweden.

Patients and Methods

A pilot project for a regional OPT was conducted between September 2020 and February 2021, inviting 999 randomly selected men aged 50, 56, or 62 years. Risk stratification was based on prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, PSA density (PSAD), and bi‐parametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Men with a PSA level of 3–99 ng/mL had an MRI, and men with elevated PSA level (≥3 ng/mL) had a urological check‐up, including a digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS). Indications for targeted and/or systematic transrectal prostate biopsies were suspicious lesions on MRI (Prostate Imaging‐Reporting and Data System [PI‐RADS] 4–5) and/or PSAD > 0.15 ng/mL/mL. Additional indications for prostate biopsies were palpable tumours, PSA ratio < 0.1, or cancer suspicion on TRUS. Patient selection, mail correspondence, data collection, and algorithm processing were performed by an automated digital management system. Feasibility is reported descriptively.

Results

A total of 418 men had a PSA test (42%), with increasing participation rates by age (50 years, 38%; 56 years, 44%; and 62 years, 45%). Among these, 35 men (8%) had elevated PSA levels (≥3 ng/mL: one of 139, aged 50 years; 10/143, aged 56 years; and 24/146, aged 62 years). On MRI, 16 men (48%) had a negative scan (PI‐RADS < 3), seven men (21%) had PI‐RADS 3, nine men (27%) had PI‐RADS 4, and one man (3%) had PI‐RADS 5. All men with PI‐RADS 4 or 5 underwent prostate biopsies, as well as two men with PI‐RADS 3 due to PSAD > 0.15 ng/mL/mL or a suspicious finding on TRUS. Prostate cancer was diagnosed in 10 men. Six men underwent active treatment, whereas four men were assigned to active surveillance.

Conclusion

Our OPT model is feasible from an operational point of view, but due to the limited scale of this study no conclusions can be made regarding the efficacy of the diagnostic model or outcome.
Use of Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I‐745 as therapeutic strategy for prevention of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug‐induced intestinal injury
Authors: D'Antongiovanni Vanessa , Antonioli Luca , Benvenuti Laura , Pellegrini Carolina , Di Salvo Clelia , Calvigioni Marco , Panattoni Adelaide , Ryskalin Larisa , Natale Gianfranco , Banni Sebastiano , Carta Gianfranca , Ghelardi Emilia , Fornai Matteo
Published: July 2023

Background and Purpose

Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be associated with severe adverse digestive effects. This study examined the protective effects of the probiotic Saccharomyces boulardii CNCM I‐745 in a rat model of diclofenac‐induced enteropathy.

Experimental Approach

Enteropathy was induced in 40‐week‐old male rats by intragastric diclofenac (4 mg·kg−1 BID for 14 days). S. boulardii CNCM I‐745 (3 g·kg−1 BID by oral gavage) was administered starting 14 days before (preventive protocol) or along with (curative protocol) diclofenac administration. Ileal damage, inflammation, barrier integrity, gut microbiota composition and toll‐like receptors (TLRs)–nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) pathway were evaluated.

Key Results

Diclofenac elicited intestinal damage, along with increments of myeloperoxidase, malondialdehyde, tumour necrosis factor and interleukin‐1β, overexpression of TLR2/4, myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (Myd88) and NF‐κB p65, increased faecal calprotectin and butyrate levels, and decreased blood haemoglobin levels, occludin and butyrate transporter monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) expression. In addition, diclofenac provoked a shift of bacterial taxa in both faecal and ileal samples. Treatment with S. boulardii CNCM I‐745, in both preventive and curative protocols, counteracted the majority of these deleterious changes. Only preventive administration of the probiotic counteracted NSAID‐induced decreased expression of MCT1 and increase in faecal butyrate levels. Occludin expression, after probiotic treatment, did not significantly change.

Conclusions and Implications

Treatment with S. boulardii CNCM I‐745 prevents diclofenac‐induced enteropathy through anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Such effects are likely to be related to increased tissue butyrate bioavailability, through an improvement of butyrate uptake by the enteric mucosa.
Neuroprotective potential of saroglitazar in 6‐OHDA induced Parkinson's disease in rats
Authors: Bhatt Rohit , Vaishnav Devendra , Airao Vishal , Sharma Tejas , Rachamalla Mahesh , Mani Shalini , Gupta Ashish Kumar , Upadhye Vijay , Jha Saurabh Kumar , Jha Niraj Kumar , Parmar Sachin
Published: July 2023

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects 2%–3% of the population worldwide. Clinical presentation of PD includes motor and non‐motor symptoms. The interplay between pathogenic factors such as increased oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis are responsible for neurodegeneration in PD. Intrastriatal administration of 6‐hydroxy dopamine (6‐OHDA) in rat brain provoked oxidative and nitrosative stress by decreasing endogenous antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Consequently, interleukin‐6, tumour necrosis‐α, interferon‐γ and cyclooxygenase‐2 mediated neuroinflammation leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, involving inhibition of complex‐II and IV activities, followed by apoptosis and degeneration of striatal dopaminergic neurons. Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons resulted in reduced dopamine turnover, consequently induced behavioural abnormalities in rats. Activation of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) have protective role in PD by modulating response of antioxidant enzymes, neuroinflammation and apoptosis in various animal models of PD. Saroglitazar (SG) being dual PPAR‐α/γ agonist activates both PPAR‐α and PPAR‐γ receptors and provide neuroprotection by reducing oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis of dopaminergic cells in 6‐OHDA induced PD in rats. Thereby, SG restored striatal histopathological damage and dopamine concentration in rat striatum, and behavioural alterations in rats. Thus, SG proved neuroprotective effects in rat model of PD. Potential benefits of SG in rat model of PD advocates to consider it for further preclinical and clinical evaluation.
Microbiota associated with peri‐implantitis—A systematic review with meta‐analyses
Authors: Carvalho Érika B. S. , Romandini Mario , Sadilina Sofya , Sant'Ana Adriana C. P. , Sanz Mariano
Published: July 2023

Aim

To answer the following PECO question: “In systemically healthy human subjects (P), which are the differences between peri‐implantitis (E) and peri‐implant health/mucositis (C) in terms of bacterial presence/count (O)?”

Materials and Methods

Cross‐sectional studies fulfilling specific inclusion criteria established to answer the PECO question were included. Two review authors independently searched for studies, screened the titles and abstracts, did full‐text analysis, extracted the data from the included reports, and performed the risk of bias assessment through an adaptation of the Newcastle/Ottawa tool for cross‐sectional studies and of the JBI critical appraisal checklist. In case of disagreement, a third reviewer author took the final decision. Study results were summarized using random effects meta‐analyses.

Results

A total of 12 studies were included, involving 1233 participants and 1513 implants. Peri‐implantitis was associated with the presence of S. epidermidis (Odds ratio, OR = 10.28 [95% Confidence interval, CI: 1.26–83.98]), F. nucleatum (OR = 7.83 [95% CI: 2.24–27.36]), T. denticola (OR = 6.11 [95% CI: 2.72–13.76]), T. forsythia (OR = 4.25 [95% CI: 1.71–10.57]), P. intermedia (OR = 3.79 [95% CI: 1.07–13.35]), and P. gingivalis (OR = 2.46 [95% CI: 1.21–5.00]). Conversely, the presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans (OR = 3.82 [95% CI: 0.59–24.68]), S. aureus (OR = 1.05 [95% CI: 0.06–17.08]), and C. rectus (OR = 1.48 [95% CI: 0.69–3.17]) was not associated with peri‐implantitis.

Conclusions

Peri‐implantitis is associated with the presence of S. epidermidis and specific periodontopathogens (P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T. denticola, F. nucleatum, and P. intermedia). (CRD42021254589)
Leveling the playing field: The distributional impact of maximum‐ and minimum‐level contracts on player compensation
Authors: Kaplan Scott M.
Published: July 2023

How does the presence of maximum‐ and minimum‐level contract restrictions impact (i) superstar compensation and (ii) the distribution of compensation across an industry? Using ticket price and observed player talent data from the National Basketball Association (NBA), I estimate expected salaries for each player as well as their value to the NBA as a whole. I find the ratio of actual to expected salary is 2.8%–56.9% for the most talented players, resulting in subsidization to less talented players. The findings also suggest the most talented players generate significantly more value to the NBA than their actual and expected salaries.
Retrospective evaluation of LCP‐tacrolimus (Envarsus XR) dosing in de novo kidney transplant
Authors: Alzahrani Mohammed , Belcher Rachel M. , Benken Jamie , Valdepenas Benito , Di Cocco Pierpaolo , Kajavathanan Mathula , Benken Scott T.
Published: July 2023

Introduction

Tacrolimus is known to exhibit significant inter‐ and intra‐patient pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) variability regarding therapeutic response. LCP‐tacrolimus (LCPT—Envarsus XR) was approved in 2018 for use as a de novo immunosuppressive agent in kidney transplants, but there is limited evidence to guide de novo dosing of LCPT in patients with obesity. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different calculated weight‐based de novo LCPT dosing on early transplant outcomes.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of patients with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) who received a kidney transplant at the University of Illinois Hospital and Health System (UIH), between March 2019 and March 2021. Subjects were included if were age 18 years or older and received de novo LCPT throughout index hospitalization. The primary endpoint of this study was to compare correlations between the first tacrolimus trough level and dosing weight strategy (e.g., TBW, AdjBW, IBW).

Results

There was a statistically significant, though modest, correlation between all three dosing strategies and the first tacrolimus trough level (TBW correlation coefficient = .431, p < .001; AdjBW correlation coefficient = .455, p < .001; IBW correlation coefficient = .465; p < .001). In regression modeling for supratherapeutic levels each additional .01 mg/kg increase in dose by TBW, AdjBW, and IBW increased the odds of a supratherapeutic level by 1.46, 1.34, and 1.24, respectively (p < .001).

Conclusions

The use of LCPT in kidney transplant recipients with obesity dosed using TBW demonstrated the strongest correlation with initial supratherapeutic tacrolimus levels. Larger prospective studies are needed to investigate the further impact of body weight on dosing regimens in the obese population.
Some uncommon cystic lesions in the anterior head and neck region: Pitfalls to be avoided on cytology
Authors: Policardo Federica , Tralongo Pietro , Vegni Federica , Feraco Angela , De Stefano Ilenia , Carlino Angela , Ferraro Giulia , Navarra Elena , Mulè Antonino , Rossi Esther Diana
Published: July 2023

Cystic lesions of the anterior head and neck region are a challenging and frequent finding on cytological smears. The scant amount of cellular material in cystic slides poses the greatest difficulty to interpretation, so that frequently they are diagnosed as inadequate or with minimal cellular component. Despite the majority of cystic lesions being benign, a minor portion consist of malignant cystic entities. In these latter cases, the evidence of very scant malignant cells can be misdiagnosed and/or underestimated, leading to a false negative diagnosis. Many papers have already described and detailed the range of possible benign and malignant cystic lesions in head and neck. In the current review we have focused on the less common entities that often lead to serious misinterpretation.
Current status of quality control in screening esophagogastroduodenoscopy and the emerging role of artificial intelligence
Authors: Zhang Lihui , Yao Liwen , Lu Zihua , Yu Honggang
Published: July 2023

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) screening is being implemented in countries with a high incidence of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancer. High‐quality EGD screening ensures the yield of early diagnosis and prevents suffering from advanced UGI cancer and minimal operational‐related discomfort. However, performance varied dramatically among endoscopists, and quality control for EGD screening remains suboptimal. Guidelines have recommended potential measures for endoscopy quality improvement and research has been conducted for evidence. Moreover, artificial intelligence offers a promising solution for computer‐aided diagnosis and quality control during EGD examinations. In this review, we summarized the key points for quality assurance in EGD screening based on current guidelines and evidence. We also outline the latest evidence, limitations, and future prospects of the emerging role of artificial intelligence in EGD quality control, aiming to provide a foundation for improving the quality of EGD screening.
Partially covered versus uncovered pyloro‐duodenal stents for unresectable malignant gastric outlet obstruction: Randomized controlled study
Authors: Teoh Anthony Yuen Bun , Lakhtakia Sundeep , Tan Damien Meng Yew , Crinò Stefano Francesco , Dhir Vinay , Kunda Rastislav , Ang Tiing Leong , Ho Khek Yu , Aerts Maridi , Memon Sana Fathima , Chan Shannon Melissa , Chiu Philip Wai Yan , Conti Bellocchi Maria Cristina , Messaoudi Nouredin , Ng Stephen Ka Kei , Yip Hon Chi , Gabbrielli Armando , Khor Christopher Jen Lock , Ramchandani Mohan , Ng Enders Kwok Wai
Published: July 2023

Objectives

The aim of the current study was to compare the efficacy of partially covered duodenal stent (PCDS) vs. uncovered duodenal stent (UCDS) in patients suffering from unresectable primary malignant gastric outlet obstruction (GOO).

Methods

This was a prospective international randomized controlled study conducted in 10 high‐volume institutions. Consecutive patients suffering from malignant GOO were recruited. The primary outcome measurement was the reintervention rate. Secondary outcomes included technical and clinical success, 30‐day adverse events, 30‐day mortality, causes of stent dysfunction, and the duration of stent patency.

Results

Between March 2017 and October 2020, 115 patients (59 PCDS, 56 UCDS) were recruited. The 1‐year reintervention was not significantly different (PCDS vs. UDCS = 12/59, 20.3% vs. 14/56, 25%, P = 0.84). There was a trend to fewer patients with tumor ingrowth in the PCDS group (6/59 [10.2%]) vs. 13/56 [23.2%], P = 0.07). There were no significant differences in the technical success (100% vs. 100%, P = 1), clinical success (91.5% vs. 98.2%, P = 0.21), procedural time (21.5 [interquartile range [IQR] 17–30] vs. 20.0 [IQR 15–34.75], P = 0.62), hospital stay (4 [IQR 3–12] vs. 5 [IQR 3–8] days, P = 0.81), 30‐day adverse events (18.6% vs. 14.3%, P = 0.62), or 30‐day mortality (6.8% vs. 5.2%, P = 1.00).

Conclusion

The use of PCDS was associated with a lower risk of tumor ingrowth but did not improve on reintervention rates or stent patency. Both kinds of stents could be used in this group of patients.
Estrogen‐based hormonal therapy and the risk of thrombosis in COVID‐19 patients
Authors: LaVasseur Corinne , Mathews Rick , Wang Jenny S. H. , Martens Kylee , McMurry Hannah Stowe , Peress Shira , Sabile Jean , Kartika Thomas , Oleson Ileisa , Lo Jamie O. , DeLoughery Thomas G. , McCarty Owen J. T. , Shatzel Joseph J.
Published: July 2023

Objective

Estrogen‐containing contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy are used commonly, however, the risks of venous and arterial thrombosis imparted by such medications during COVID‐19 infection or other similar viral infections remain undescribed.

Methods

To assess the risk of venous and arterial thrombosis in patients receiving oral estrogen‐containing therapy (ECT) with COVID‐19 as compared to those receiving non‐estrogen‐based hormonal therapy, we conducted a multicenter cohort study of 991 patients with confirmed COVID‐19 infection, 466 receiving estrogen‐containing hormonal therapy, and 525 receiving progestin‐only or topical therapy.

Results

The use of estrogen‐containing therapy was found to significantly increase the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) following COVID‐19 diagnosis after controlling for age (HR 5.46 [95% CI 1.12–26.7, p = .036]). This risk was highest in patients over age 50, with 8.6% of patients receiving estrogen‐containing therapy diagnosed with VTE compared to 0.9% of those receiving non‐estrogen‐based therapies (p = .026). The risk of arterial thrombosis was not significantly associated with oral estrogen use.

Conclusions

These results suggest that estrogen‐containing therapy is associated with a significantly increased risk of VTE in COVID‐19 patients, especially in older individuals. These findings may guide provider counseling and management of patients with COVID‐19 on estrogen‐containing therapy.
Maize straw is more effective than maize straw biochar at improving soil N availability and gross N transformation rate
Authors: Liu Zunqi , Xu Na , Cao Ting , An Zhengfeng , Yang Xu , He Tianyi , Yang Tingting , Meng Jun
Published: July 2023

Soil nitrogen (N) transformation is vital in determining farmland N availability. Although many studies have investigated the effect of biochar on N retention and loss via leaching and gaseous emissions, few have determined the dynamics of gross N transformation during crop growth in long‐term biochar‐amended soils and compared the effect of the biochar with that of its feedstock. In this study, we conducted a five‐time field measurement of soil gross N turnover rates via 15N isotope pool dilution during maize growth in 2021. Three treatments were employed, including no amendment, biochar and straw applied annually at rates of 2.63 and 7.50 t ha−1, respectively, since 2013. The results showed that biochar did not change the rate of gross N mineralisation when compared with no amendment, but straw increased it by 139% in August, resulting in significantly higher cumulative gross N mineralisation than biochar and no amendment (701 vs 489 and 499 mg kg−1 in 200 d). The inconsistent influence was attributed to the fact that inherent biochar‐N was recalcitrant and could not be mineralized like the straw. The gross nitrification rate was decreased by 72.9% and 77.4% by biochar and straw application, respectively, in June relative to no amendment, but then it increased from July to August in the straw treatment as a result of the elevated gross N mineralisation rate. The decreased nitrification in the biochar treatment was an outcome of the synergetic effect of a low ammonium pool (−59.4%) and a high gross ammonium immobilisation rate (+263%), which was likely due to excessive fertilizer N loss and abiotic adsorption to biochar. Meanwhile, biochar amendment inhibited bacterial 16S and fungal ITS genes, as well as ureC and bacterial and archaea‐amoA gene copies. In conclusion, straw is more effective than biochar at improving soil N transformation and availability in the long term.
Experimental warming and drying act independently on developmental responses for two amphibian species
Authors: Shadle Elizabeth J. , Hopkins William A. , Belden Lisa K. , Hallmark Mackenzi A. , Mims Meryl C.
Published: July 2023

Climate change is affecting freshwater habitats worldwide through multiple, interacting pressures that influence the survival, distribution, and persistence of freshwater organisms. Temporary freshwater habitats, or those that dry seasonally, can exhibit wide‐ranging variability in temperature and drying regimes. Aquatic organisms with complex life cycles (e.g., aquatic and terrestrial life stages) often rely on temporary freshwaters to complete their life cycles and have specific adaptations to cope with these dynamic environments. However, climate change is altering the temperature and drying regime of many temporary freshwater habitats worldwide, often resulting in warmer habitats available for shorter durations of time. The ways in which climate‐mediated changes to temporary freshwaters affect development and life history of aquatic organisms, particularly those with complex life cycles, remains poorly understood.

We investigated larval development, growth, survival, and relationships among them for two amphibian species, wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) and spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer), in response to warming and drying in a mesocosm experiment. Over 13 weeks in the spring and summer of 2019, we manipulated temperature and water levels in 48 outdoor pond mesocosms to produce four treatments: control (ambient conditions), drying alone, warming alone, and drying + warming. We predicted reduced survival, body size, and time to metamorphosis for both species in response to warming and drying, with the effect being stronger on wood frogs due to their more specialised habitat use and shorter breeding period.

Warming treatments were on average 2°C higher than controls, and drying treatments decreased water depth by 2.5 cm each week. We found that warming temperature shortened larval time to metamorphosis, and drying decreased body size at metamorphosis. Surprisingly, we also found that, across all treatment groups, individuals with early metamorphosis tended to be larger in size and from mesocosms with generally higher survival.

Our study indicates that warming and drying may act independently on different developmental responses for amphibians. Our results echo recent calls for a better understanding of the nuanced, often unpredictable, relationships among climate‐mediated environmental pressures and the developmental traits they influence, particularly for organisms with complex life cycles that depend upon dynamic habitat for growth and survival. Understanding these relationships and the mechanisms that drive them will be key to predicting the response of freshwater organisms to climate change.
Cover crop root morphology rather than quality controls the fate of root and rhizodeposition C into distinct soil C pools
Authors: Engedal Tine , Magid Jakob , Hansen Veronika , Rasmussen Jim , Sørensen Helle , Stoumann Jensen Lars
Published: July 2023

Cover crops increase carbon (C) inputs to agricultural soils, and thus have the potential to mitigate climate change through enhanced soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. However, few studies have explored the fate of belowground C inputs associated with varying root traits into the distinct SOC pools of mineral‐associated organic carbon (MAOC) particulate organic carbon (POC). Therefore, a packed 0.5 m column trial was established with 0.25 m topsoil and 0.25 m subsoil with four cover crops species (winter rye, oilseed radish, chicory, and hairy vetch) known to differ in C:N ratio and root morphology. Cover crops were 14CO2‐labeled for 3 months, and then, half of the columns were sampled to quantify root and rhizodeposition C. In the remaining columns, plant shoots were harvested and the undisturbed soil and roots were left for incubation. Bulk soil from both sampling times was subjected to a simple fractionation scheme, where 14C in the <50 and >50 μm fraction was assumed to represent MAOC and POC, respectively. The fast‐growing rye and radish produced the highest root C. The percentage loss of C via rhizodeposition (%ClvR) showed a distinct pattern, with 22% for the more branched roots (rye and vetch) and 6%–8% for the less branched roots (radish and chicory). This suggests that root morphology plays a key role in determining rhizodeposition C. After 1 year of incubation at room temperature, the remaining MAOC and POC were positively correlated with belowground inputs in absolute terms. However, topsoil MAOC formation efficiencies (cover crop‐derived MAOC remaining as a share of belowground inputs) were higher for vetch and rye (21% and 15%, respectively) than for chicory and radish (9% and 10%, respectively), suggesting a greater importance of rhizodeposition (or indirectly, root morphology) than solely substrate C:N ratio for longer term C stabilization.
Developing a Women's Thought Collective methodology for health research: The roles and responsibilities of researchers in the reflexive co‐production of knowledge
Authors: Foley Kristen , Lunnay Belinda , Kevin Catherine , Ward Paul R.
Published: July 2023

Background

Co‐produced research holds enormous value within the health sciences. Yet, there can be a heavy focus on what research participants think, do and know; while the researcher's responsibility to explore and re/work their own knowledge or praxis tends to escape from view. This is reflected in the limited use of co‐production to explore broad structural distributions of health and risk(s). We argue this missed opportunity has the potential to unfold as what Berlant calls a ‘cruel optimism’, where something desirable becomes an obstacle to flourishing and/or produces harm. We explore challenges to involving lay populations meaningfully in health research amidst a neoliberal cultural landscape that tends to responsibilise people with problems they cannot solve.

Methods and Findings

Drawing together principles from hermeneutic and feminist philosophy, we develop a novel methodology for co‐producing research about determinants of health and health risk (using a case study of alcohol consumption as an example) that centres on what researchers do, know and think during research: Women's Thought Collectives.

Discussion

Keeping the constructed nature of social systems—because they shape ideas of value, expertise and knowledge—in view during co‐produced research illuminates the potential for cruel optimisms within it. Such reflexive awareness carves out starting points for researchers to engage with how social hierarchies might (tacitly) operate during the co‐production of knowledge. Our work has broad utility for diverse population groups and provides important considerations around the roles and responsibilities for reflexive co‐production of knowledge at all levels of health systems.

Patient or Public Contribution

The development of these ideas was sparked by working with lay participants during the Women's Thought Collectives for Kristen Foley's doctoral research 2021–2023, but undertaken without their direct involvement—in accordance with the responsibilities of researchers in the reflexive co‐production of knowledge. Forthcoming publications will address the outcomes and processes of this work.
Fusion transcriptome profiling defines the monoclonal origin of multifocal epithelioid haemangioma of bone
Authors: Errani Costantino , De Benedictis Ilaria , Righi Alberto , Valenti Beatrice , Del Savio Elisa , Baldazzi Davide , Benini Stefania , Sbaraglia Marta , Vega Jimenez Brayan , Vanel Daniel , Donati Davide Maria , Dei Tos Angelo Paolo , Maestro Roberta
Published: July 2023

Aims

Epithelioid haemangioma (EH) of bone remains a highly controversial entity. Indeed, the WHO classifies EHs of soft tissues as benign tumours, whereas bone EHs are considered intermediate–locally aggressive tumours due to common multifocal presentation and local destructive growth. To gain insights into the clinical behaviour and biology of EH of bone we retrospectively analysed 42 patients treated in a single institution from 1978 to 2021.

Methods and results

Multifocal presentation was detected in 17 of 42 patients (40%) primarily as synchronous lesions. Patients were treated with curettage (57%), resection (29%) or biopsy, followed by radiotherapy or embolisation (14%). Follow‐up (minimum 24 months) was available for 38 patients, with only five local recurrences (13%) and no death of disease. To clarify whether the synchronous bone lesions in multifocal EH represent multicentric disease or clonal dissemination, four cases were profiled by RNA‐sequencing. Separate lesions from the same patient, which showed a similar transcriptional profile, expressed the same fusion transcript (involving FOS or FOSB) with identical gene breakpoints.

Conclusions

These results indicate that, in EH of bone, multifocal lesions are clonally related and therefore represent the spread of a same neoplastic clone rather than simultaneous independent tumours. This finding is in apparent contradiction with the benign clinical course of the disease, and suggests that tumour dissemination in bone EH probably reflects a phenomenon of passive spreading, with tumour cells colonising distal sites while maintaining their benign biological nature.