bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Structural Performance of Concrete Beams Strengthened with Carbon Fiber Sheets and No-Slump Concrete
Authors: Yoo Sunjae , Yuan Tianfeng , Hong Sehee , Yoon Youngsoo
Published: August 2020

In this study, the compression and tensile sections of existing concrete were reinforced using carbon fiber sheet (CFS) and no-slump high-strength, ductility concrete (NSHSDC) to evaluate the structural response of the reinforced concrete. From the experimental test results, the CFS showed a low energy dissipation ability when reinforced at both the compression and tensile sections. However, the NSHSDC reinforcement exhibited high energy dissipation and the lowest deflection under maximum load at both the compression and tension sections. The NSHSDC without reinforcement in the compression section, and concrete reinforced with CFS, exhibited lower load resistance and concrete compression failure. Furthermore, a linear relationship between the compression reinforcement and structural performance was observed, which demonstrated the high load resistance and excellent structural performance of the member reinforced with NSHSDC at both the compressive and tensile sections.
The transcriptional response of Arcobacter butzleri to cold shock
Authors: Zhang Xiaochen , Su Yulan , Alter Thomas , Gölz Greta
Published: August 2020

Arcobacter (A.) butzleri is an emerging zoonotic pathogen associated with gastrointestinal diseases, such as abdominal cramps and diarrhea, and is widely detected in animals, showing a high prevalence in poultry and seafood. The survival and adaptation of A. butzleri to cold temperatures remains poorly studied, although it might be of interest for food safety considerations. To address this, growth patterns of eight A. butzleri isolates were determined at 8 °C for 28 days. A. butzleri isolates showed strain‐dependent behavior: six isolates were unculturable after day 18, one exhibited declining but detectable cell counts until day 28 and one grew to the stationary phase level. Out of 13 A. butzleri cold shock‐related genes homologous to Escherichia coli, 10 were up‐regulated in response to a temperature downshift to 8 °C, as demonstrated by reverse transcription‐quantitative PCR. Additionally, we compared these data with the cold‐shock response in E. coli. Overall, we provide a deeper insight into the environmental adaptation capacities of A. butzleri, which we find shares similarities with the E. coli cold‐shock response.
Patient‐Reported Impact of Axial Spondyloarthritis on Working Life: Results From the European Map of Axial Spondyloarthritis Survey
Authors: Garrido‐Cumbrera Marco , Bundy Christine , Navarro‐Compán Victoria , Makri Souzi , Sanz‐Gómez Sergio , Christen Laura , Mahapatra Raj , Delgado‐Domínguez Carlos J. , Poddubnyy Denis
Published: August 2020

Objective

To evaluate work‐related issues (WRIs) and their determinants in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) across Europe.

Methods

The European Map of Axial Spondyloarthritis is a cross‐sectional online survey (2017–2018) of unselected patients with self‐reported axial SpA from 13 European countries. Participants were classified as active or inactive members of the labor force according to the International Labor Organization standards. Those employed reported WRIs due to axial SpA in the past 12 months. Sociodemographic characteristics and patient‐reported outcomes were compared between patients with and without WRIs. Stepwise regression analysis was conducted to identify independent determinants of WRIs.

Results

The sample comprised 2,846 patients with axial SpA, 1,653 were active members of the labor force, 1,450 were employed, and of those employed, 67.7% reported at least 1 WRI. The most frequently reported WRIs were taking sick leave (56.3%), difficulty fulfilling working hours (44.6%), and missing work for doctor’s appointments (34.6%). Of the total sample, 74.1% declared that they had faced or would face difficulties finding a job due to axial SpA. Patients with WRIs were more often female, were less likely to be married or in a relationship, and had a higher educational level, poorer patient‐reported outcomes, and a greater prevalence of anxiety and depression. Multivariable regression showed that WRIs were associated with a higher Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index score (odds ratio [OR] 1.30 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.16–1.45]) and the 12‐item General Health Questionnaire score (OR 1.15 [95% CI 1.09–1.22]), and were negatively associated with inflammatory bowel disease (OR 0.58 [95% CI 0.36–0.91]).

Conclusion

Approximately two‐thirds of employed patients experienced WRIs due to axial SpA. Association between disease activity and psychological distress with WRIs suggests the need to ensure that axial SpA patients receive the required support to cope with their working life.
Gram‐Typing Using Conjugated Oligoelectrolytes
Authors: Zhou Cheng , Ho James C. S. , Chia Geraldine W. N. , Moreland Alex S. , Ruan Lin , Liedberg Bo , Kjelleberg Staffan , Hinks Jamie , Bazan Guillermo C.
Published: August 2020

It is shown that Gram‐type differentiation, an essential tool in microbiology, can now be easily accomplished by using the chain‐elongated conjugated oligoelectrolyte COE‐S6. Specifically, COE‐S6 can be used as a fluorescent membrane probe that distinguishes between Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacteria in a single step. Confocal microscopy of labeled microorganisms and differential scanning calorimetry with phospholipid‐ and lipopolysaccharide‐containing model membranes suggest that lipopolysaccharides impede COE‐S6 membrane intercalation in Gram‐negative bacteria. Both Gram‐types within a mixture are discretely labeled by counterstaining COE‐S6 with the nonspecific and lipophilic membrane probe FM 4–64. This single‐step procedure allows for the in situ visualization of individual Gram‐types in complex polymicrobial biofilms. Given that COE‐S6 fluorescence intensity increases considerably post intercalation, it can be used for the detection of Gram‐positive bacteria by the naked eye. COE‐S6 does not inhibit bacterial growth and is simple to use, making it a promising membrane‐specific fluorescent probe.
A Multi‐Functional Implant Induces Bone Formation in a Diabetic Model
Authors: Khorsand Behnoush , Acri Timothy M. , Do Anh‐Vu , Femino John E. , Petersen Emily , Fredericks Douglas C. , Salem Aliasger K.
Published: August 2020

Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) have defective healing of bone fractures. It was previously shown that nonviral gene delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA) that independently encodes bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2) and fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2), acts synergistically to promote bone regeneration in a DM animal model. Additionally, both insulin (INS) and the hormonally active form of vitamin D3, 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1α,25(OH)2D3) (VD3) have independently been shown to play key roles in regulating bone fracture healing in DM patients. However, these individual therapies fail to adequately stimulate bone regeneration, illustrating a need for novel treatment of bone fractures in diabetic patients. Here, the ability of local delivery of INS and VD3 along with BMP‐2 and FGF‐2 genes is investigated to promote bone formation ectopically in Type‐2 diabetic rats. A composite consisting of VD3 and INS is developed that contains poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) microparticles (MPs) embedded in a fibrin gel surrounded by a collagen matrix that is permeated with polyethylenimine (PEI)‐(pBMP‐2+pFGF‐2) nanoplexes. Using a submuscular osteoinduction model, it is demonstrated that local delivery of INS, VD3, and PEI‐(pBMP‐2+pFGF‐2) significantly improves bone generation compared to other treatments, thusimplicating this approach as a method to promote bone regeneration in DM patients with bone fractures.
Colloidal Nanosurfactants for 3D Conformal Printing of 2D van der Waals Materials
Authors: Zeng Minxiang , Kuang Wenzheng , Khan Irfan , Huang Dali , Du Yipu , Saeidi‐Javash Mortaza , Zhang Lecheng , Cheng Zhengdong , Hoffman Anthony J. , Zhang Yanliang
Published: August 2020

Printing techniques using nanomaterials have emerged as a versatile tool for fast prototyping and potentially large‐scale manufacturing of functional devices. Surfactants play a significant role in many printing processes due to their ability to reduce interfacial tension between ink solvents and nanoparticles and thus improve ink colloidal stability. Here, a colloidal graphene quantum dot (GQD)‐based nanosurfactant is reported to stabilize various types of 2D materials in aqueous inks. In particular, a graphene ink with superior colloidal stability is demonstrated by GQD nanosurfactants via the π–π stacking interaction, leading to the printing of multiple high‐resolution patterns on various substrates using a single printing pass. It is found that nanosurfactants can significantly improve the mechanical stability of the printed graphene films compared with those of conventional molecular surfactant, as evidenced by 100 taping, 100 scratching, and 1000 bending cycles. Additionally, the printed composite film exhibits improved photoconductance using UV light with 400 nm wavelength, arising from excitation across the nanosurfactant bandgap. Taking advantage of the 3D conformal aerosol jet printing technique, a series of UV sensors of heterogeneous structures are directly printed on 2D flat and 3D spherical substrates, demonstrating the potential of manufacturing geometrically versatile devices based on nanosurfactant inks.
Transparent and Freestanding Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Films Synthesized Directly and Continuously via a Blown Aerosol Technique
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Zhou Weiya , Xia Xiaogang , Li Kewei , Zhang Nan , Wang Yanchun , Xiao Zhuojian , Fan Qingxia , Kauppinen Esko I. , Xie Sishen
Published: August 2020

Single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) films are promising materials as flexible transparent conductive films (TCFs). Here, inspired by the extrusion blown plastic film technique and the SWCNT synthesis approach by floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FCCVD), a novel blown aerosol chemical vapor deposition (BACVD) method is reported to directly and continuously produce freestanding SWCNT TCFs at several hundred meters per hour. The synthesis mechanism, involving blowing a stable aerosol bubble and transforming the bubble into an aerogel, is investigated, and a general phase diagram is established for this method. For the SWCNT TCFs via BACVD, both carbon conversion efficiency and SWCNT TCF yield can reach three orders of magnitude higher than those with the conventional FCCVD. The film displays a sheet resistance of 40 ohm sq−1 at 90% transmittance after being doped, representing the record performance based on large‐scale SWCNT films. Transparent, flexible, and stretchable electrodes based on BACVD films are demonstrated. Moreover, this high‐throughput method of producing SWCNT TCFs can be compatible with the roll‐to‐roll process for mass production of flexible displays, touch screens, solar cells, and solid‐state lighting, and is expected to have a broad and long‐term impact on many fields from consumer electronics to energy conversion and generation.
A survey of Australian sonographer psychomotor teaching practices
Authors: Nicholls Delwyn , Sweet Linda , Hyett Jon , Müller Amanda
Published: August 2020

Objective

To report on the findings of a survey of sonographer skill‐teaching practices in Australia using the SonoSTePs tool.

Method

A cross‐sectional survey of all qualified sonographers registered with the Australian Sonographer Accreditation Registry.

Results

The 528 responses showed the use of a two‐step skill‐teaching approach to teach scanning skills and the incorporation of additional instructional practices to support a learner's initial acquisition of scanning skills, which include: providing coaching and guidance as the skill is practised; performing physical guidance; providing immediate error correction; and providing end‐task feedback. Based on our findings, sonographer skill‐teaching practices fall short of best pedagogical approaches.

Conclusion

There is a pressing need to identify the optimal pedagogical approaches to teach complex psychomotor scanning skills. Research is required to ensure that the scanning skills are taught efficiently and that the pedagogical approaches to teach scanning skills foster the learner's long‐term retention of the skill. There is also an accompanying need for sonographers involved in teaching scanning skills to have knowledge of the motor‐learning theories and principles related to teaching a complex psychomotor skill.
2‐Methoxyhydroquinone from Vanillin for Aqueous Redox‐Flow Batteries
Authors: Schlemmer Werner , Nothdurft Philipp , Petzold Alina , Riess Gisbert , Frühwirt Philipp , Schmallegger Max , Gescheidt‐Demner Georg , Fischer Roland , Freunberger Stefan A. , Kern Wolfgang , Spirk Stefan
Published: August 2020

We show the synthesis of a redox‐active quinone, 2‐methoxy‐1,4‐hydroquinone (MHQ), from a bio‐based feedstock and its suitability as electrolyte in aqueous redox flow batteries. We identified semiquinone intermediates at insufficiently low pH and quinoid radicals as responsible for decomposition of MHQ under electrochemical conditions. Both can be avoided and/or stabilized, respectively, using H3PO4 electrolyte, allowing for reversible cycling in a redox flow battery for hundreds of cycles.
Ambient Temperature Graphitization Based on Mechanochemical Synthesis
Authors: Yuan Yating , Wang Tao , Chen Hao , Mahurin Shannon M. , Luo Huimin , Veith Gabriel M. , Yang Zhenzhen , Dai Sheng
Published: August 2020

Graphite has become a critical material because of its high supply risk and essential applications in energy industries. Its present synthesis still relies on an energy‐intensive thermal treatment pathway (Acheson process) at about 3000 °C. Herein, a mechanochemical approach is demonstrated to afford highly crystalline graphite nanosheets at ambient temperature. The key to the success of our methodology lies in the successive decomposition and rearrangement of a carbon nitride framework driven by a denitriding reaction in the presence of magnesium. The afforded graphite features high crystallinity, a high degree of graphitization, a thin nanosheet architecture, and a small flake size, which endow it with superior efficiency in lithium‐ion batteries as an anode material in terms of rate capacity and cycle stability. The mild and cost‐effective pathway used in this study could be a promising alternative for graphite production.
Template‐Directed Quantitative One‐Pot Synthesis of Homochiral Helical Receptors Enabling Enantioselective Binding
Authors: Kim Kyung Mog , Song Geunmoo , Lee Seungwon , Jeon Hae‐Geun , Chae Woojeong , Jeong Kyu‐Sung
Published: August 2020

Template‐directed synthesis and dynamic covalent chemistry were implemented to achieve quantitative one‐pot syntheses of homochiral helical cavities inside aromatic foldamers. One‐handed helical receptors P‐1, M‐1, P‐2 and M‐2 were assembled from their precursors in the presence of appropriate templates (d‐ and l‐tartaric acid, and d‐ and l‐sorbitol, respectively) via three sequential steps in one pot: imine‐linked chain elongation, template‐induced folding and [4+2] cycloaddition between helical turns. These helical receptors were proven to enantioselectively bind chiral guests used as the templates, and the differences between the association constants of enantiomeric guests were up to more than two orders of magnitude. The structures and binding modes of the receptors were fully characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Mathematical model of thermal storage catalytic combustion process of ethyl acetate on platinum/palladium molecular sieve support reaction system
Authors: Jiang Haichao , Kang Yaping , Chen Huan , Chen Yiqing , Wang Wenbo , Zhang Xiangjing , Qiao Shanlin , Hu Yongqi
Published: August 2020

This work focused on the mathematical model establishment and accurately forecast the conditions of thermal storage catalytic combustion about ethyl acetate, using platinum/palladium molecular sieve support reaction system. According to the physical properties of ethyl acetate and the mass transfer and continuity equations, a mathematical model was established using FORTRAN programming. The mathematical model was used to calculate the removal rate of ethyl acetate at switching time and processing flow rate. Under the same conditions, the model and experiment proved that the removal rate of ethyl acetate was above 98%, indicating that the model provides a valid data for a deeper understanding of the thermal storage catalytic combustion. The accuracy of the model is verified by the experimentally measured bed temperature when compared with the calculated. This work can provide a valuable tool to prevent the reactor from ‘over temperature' or ‘flaming out' in thermal storage catalytic combustion process.
The copper ion reduction and oxidation cycle during the cathodic process of gold thiosulfate leaching
Authors: Zhang Canyu , Wang Qiang , Nie Yanhe , Han Zhiguo , Su Yifan
Published: August 2020

The copper ion reduction and oxidation cycle during the cathodic process of gold thiosulfate leaching was studied using a rotating disc electrode and cyclic voltammetry, and the dynamic characteristics of the system were discussed. In a copper ammonium solution, the redox reactions of
were reversible and controlled by substance diffusion. The rotating disc electrode and the reduction method with a constant potential showed that the
generated during the reduction process was easily oxidized by O2 to
. In the copper ammonium and thiosulfate system, the reversibility of the redox reactions of
became worse, and the reduction process was still controlled by material diffusion and had a higher diffusion coefficient than that in the copper ammonium solution. However, under this condition, the oxidation reaction of the generated Cu(I) species was complicated. The reduction method with a constant potential showed that the rate‐determining step for the cathodic process was the oxidation step of the Cu(I) species. In addition, some amount of Cu(I) species in solution could not be oxidized in time under the experimental conditions. This part of Cu(I) species may be included during the oxidation decomposition of thiosulfate, thus affecting the dissolution of gold.
The effect on ash deposition by blending high‐calcium Zhundong coal with vermiculite: Focusing on minerals transformations
Authors: Yang Haoran , Jin Jing , Liu Dunyu , Hou Fengxiao , Hang Yixuan
Published: August 2020

To solve the ash deposition problem caused by burning high‐calcium Zhundong coal (ZDC), the addition of vermiculite is a promising solution. However, complete mechanisms of vermiculite addition reducing ash deposition are still unknown. In this paper, the effect of vermiculite on sodium emission, ash fusion characteristics, and mineral transformation is investigated. The results show that although vermiculite, with limited Na capture capacity, lowers the ash fusion temperatures (AFTs), it can greatly reduce ash deposition. In the combustion of ZDC, calcium‐bearing minerals will react with clay minerals and then convert to molten glassy phase. Those molten minerals will take high melting point minerals, Ca2Al2SiO7 and CaMgSi2O6, as bone, showing slagging phenomenon with high AFTs. When vermiculite is introduced, the main reaction products are Ca2MgSi2O7 and Mg2SiO4 and that reduces the extent of molten minerals formation. The main ash product transforming from Ca2Al2SiO7 to Ca2MgSi2O7 leads to the decrease of AFTs. The initial ash deposition with Ca2Al2SiO7 still happens; however, vermiculite addition makes it hard for ash to grow on the existing ash deposit. The results of FactSage software agree with the experimental ones, and the proportion of slag decreases by 36% with vermiculite at 1250°C.
Ultra‐extensible solvent‐free elastomers based on nanocomposite poly(2‐methoxyethylacrylate)/clay xerogels
Authors: Strachota Beata , Strachota Adam , Steinhart Miloš , Šlouf Miroslav , Hodan Jiří
Published: August 2020

Physically cross‐linked solvent‐free supramolecularly assembled nanocomposite elastomers were prepared, which displayed exceptionally high extensibility (up to 6000%), besides generally high mechanical properties (G' in rubber region between 1.5 and 40 MPa). The nanocomposites are based on linear poly(2‐methoxyethylacrylate) (polyMEA) and montmorillonite clay (physical cross‐linker), and were obtained via free‐radical polymerization of the monomer in the presence of the exfoliated nanofiller dispersed in water. The mechanical properties of the studied products were varied in a very wide range by changing the concentrations of the radical redox co‐initiator pair, at given constant nanofiller loadings. The latter in turn also strongly altered the product properties. This applied synthesis approach, aimed at obtaining longer elastic chains, made possible to increase the elongation at break up to six times, and also to tremendously and simultaneously increase the toughness (effect of entanglements), as well as to shift the tensile curves between “plastic‐like elastomer” and “simple elastomer.” In all cases, however, the nanocomposite samples displayed a highly efficient recovery, even after very high deformations. The structure–property relationships were deeper elucidated by thermo‐mechanical analysis (DMTA), TGA (thermal stability, elastic chains' immobilization), TEM and X‐ray diffraction.
Evolutionary adaptations in the flexor digitorum profundus muscle in Tamandua mexicana (Xenarthra, Myrmecophagidae)
Authors: Vélez‐García Juan Fernando , Arbeláez‐Quiñones Aura Cristina , Montealegre‐Hurtado Karoll Dayanna
Published: August 2020

The northern tamandua (Tamandua mexicana) is a neotropical mammal of the order Pilosa, suborder Vermilingua, and family Myrmecophagidae. This species has anatomical and functional adaptations in its forelimb for semiarboreal quadrupedal locomotion. Several studies have reported that the medial head of the triceps brachii and flexor digitorum profundus muscles are fused in species belonging to the family Myrmecophagidae. However, there is no reference to the innervation in these. The triceps brachii muscle is commonly innervated by the radial nerve and the flexor digitorum profundus muscle by the ulnar and median nerves. This study aims to describe the gross anatomy of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle in Tamandua mexicana with respect to the shape, origin, insertion, innervation, and arterial supply. Both forelimbs of nine specimens were used, which were dissected from superficial to deep layers. The formalin‐fixed caudomedial forearm muscles were weighed, and the weight percentages of individual forearm muscle specimens were calculated. The flexor digitorum profundus had the highest weight among the forearm muscles and consisted of five heads (three humerals, one radial, and one ulnar). These heads were innervated by median and ulnar nerves; therefore, based on the innervation pattern, we concluded that the medial head of the triceps brachii muscle is not fused with the flexor digitorum profundus. Therefore, the flexor digitorum profundus muscle is highly developed in Tamandua and occupies the caudal part of the arm and forearm, which is an evolutionary adaptation that could have occurred during evolution from the common ancestor of Tamandua and Myrmecophaga.
Parent‐implemented multiple schedules
Authors: Campos Claudia , Bloom Sarah E. , Weyman Jennifer R. , Garcia Anna R.
Published: August 2020

Multiple schedules are compound schedules that alternate, and each schedule corresponds with a stimulus. They are effective at establishing stimulus control over behavior. Thus, they are sometimes implemented as schedule thinning procedures within the context of functional communication training (FCT) to reduce high rates of appropriate responses while maintaining problem behavior at low rates. To date, researchers have continued to evaluate the practicality of multiple schedules in clinical cases. However, there is a paucity of research on the generalization of treatment effects across settings and implementers. Thus, the purpose of this study was to (1) extend previous research by experimentally evaluating caregiver training on the implementation of multiple schedules within the context of FCT as a treatment for their children's problem behavior in their homes, and (2) assess the social validity of the multiple schedule with the parents. Three parent–child dyads participated in the study. All parents successfully learned to implement the multiple schedules in their home with their children. In addition, all parents reported that the treatment was highly acceptable.
Synthesis, characterization, and photoluminescence property of Nd–TUD‐1
Authors: Hamdy Mohamed S. , Al‐Shehri Badria M. , Al‐Namshah Khadijah S. , Shkir Mohd
Published: August 2020

Here, five different samples of neodymium (Nd) incorporated 3D‐mesoporous siliceous materials were fabricated using a single‐step hydrothermal technique. Typically, all samples were subjected to several qualitative elemental and quantitative analyses such as X‐ray diffraction, N2‐adsorption/desorption, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray, mapping, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, diffuse reflectance ultraviolet–visible, and Raman spectroscopy. The characterization results showed that at small loading of Nd (i.e. Si/Nd < 20), only isolated centres of trivalent neodymium ions were tetrahedrally coordinated in the TUD‐1 matrix. However, with increasing neodymium loading, additional nanoparticles of neodymium oxide with size 10–20 nm were embedded into silica host pores. Detailed photoluminescence (PL) analysis of all samples was carried out by recording the emission profiles at two diverse excitation wavelengths, 333 and 343 nm, to understand the effect of the Nd3+ environment on the PL emission spectra with special attention to the area between 400 and 600 nm. Most importantly, different peaks of the emission spectrum of each sample exhibited a distinct shape based on the Nd3+ environment. This performance was superior evidence that PL can be applied as a simple and efficient characterization tool to understand the nature of Nd3+ ion linkage with a silica matrix.
Optimization and validation of a GC–MS quantitative method for the determination of an extended estrogenic profile in human urine: Variability intervals in a population of healthy women
Authors: Alladio Eugenio , Amante Eleonora , Bozzolino Cristina , Vaglio Sara , Guzzetti Giusy , Gerace Enrico , Salomone Alberto , Vincenti Marco
Published: August 2020

An analytical method based on GC–MS was developed for the determination of a wide panel of urinary estrogens, together with their principal metabolites. Because of the low concentration of estrogens in urine, an efficient sample pre‐treatment was optimized by a design of experiment (DoE) procedure to achieve satisfactory sensitivity. A second DoE was built for the optimization of the chromatographic run, with the purpose of reaching the most efficient separation of analytes with potentially interfering ions and similar chromatographic properties. The method was fully validated using a rigorous calibration strategy: from several replicate analyses of blank urine samples spiked with the analytes, calibration models were built with particular attention to the study of heteroscedasticity and quadraticity. Other validation parameters, including the limit of detection, intra‐assay precision and accuracy, repeatability, selectivity, specificity, and carry‐over, were obtained using the same set of data. Further experiments were performed to evaluate matrix effect and extraction recovery. Then the urinary estrogen profiles of 138 post‐menopausal healthy women were determined. These profiles provide a representation of physiological concentration ranges, which, in forthcoming studies, will be matched on the base of multivariate statistics with the urinary estrogenic profile of women with breast or ovarian cancer.
Lamotrigine‐Induced Gingival Enlargement: An Older Problem Due to a Newer Drug ‒ A Rare Case Report
Authors: Rajendran Poornima
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Gingival enlargement (GE) due to anti‐epileptic drugs (AEDs) shows a high prevalence rate. However, lamotrigine, a newer AED, has not shown to induce GE. The present case report describes a rare case of GE in a patient with epilepsy under lamotrigine therapy for the past 3 years.

Case Presentation

In this report, successful management of lamotrigine‐influenced GE in a 24‐year‐old patient with epilepsy by gingivectomy followed by stringent oral hygiene protocol is presented.

Conclusion

The present case report suggests that, even this newer AED can cause GE and the oral hygiene status of the patients could be an important triggering factor.
Explant culture: A relevant tool for the study of telocytes
Authors: Sanches Bruno D. A. , Maldarine Juliana D. S. , Tamarindo Guilherme H. , Da Silva Alana D. T. , Lima Maria L. D. , Rahal Paula , Góes Rejane M. , Taboga Sebastião R. , Carvalho Hernandes F.
Published: August 2020

Telocytes are cells present in the stroma of various tissues including the prostate. The detection of telocytes is still very much dependent on obtaining ultrastructural data that show the presence of telopodes, which are cytoplasmic projections that alternate between dilated regions, the podoms, and thin segments, the podomers. These structures are the distinctive characteristics of the telocytes. Thus, in vitro assays are important for the study of telocytes, which are more easily identified in culture, which also enables the experimental manipulation of these cells. The isolation of telocytes per se does not allow the analysis of the behavior of these cells in relation to other cell types in a given organ. In this sense, in the prostate, explants could be a useful tool for the study of telocytes. The present study obtained prostatic explants and evaluated the influence of recombinant proteins, scattering factor (SCF) and stromal‐derived factor 1 (SDF‐1), which could impact on the migration of CD34‐positive cells. Telocytes migrate out of explants and SDF‐1 stimulates the proliferation and formation of telocyte networks in vitro. Telocytes are not smooth muscle cell progenitors in the prostate; on the contrary, they are CD90‐ and CD44‐negative cells and, hence, have limited progenitor capacity. The present study demonstrated that explants are useful tools to elucidate the nature of telocytes and their functions.
An effective method of isolating microvascular endothelial cells from the human dermis
Authors: Hou Hui , Li Jiao , Zhou Ling , Liang Jiannan , Wang Juanjuan , Li Junqin , Hou Ruixia , Li Juan , Yang Xiaohong , Zhang Kaiming
Published: August 2020

Dermal microvascular endothelial cells (DMECs) play central roles in inflammation and angiogenesis and have become important cell models for studying various skin diseases. However, primary DMECs are difficult to culture and often contaminated by mesenchymal stem cells, fibroblasts, and other stromal cells. Surgically removed superfluous foreskin was first cut into pieces, digested with two types of enzymes, and dispersed into single cells. Cells obtained from the dermis were then subjected to Percoll density gradient centrifugation and cells located between densities 1.033 and 1.047 g/ml were further purified with endothelial growth medium containing decreasing concentrations of puromycin. Obtained HDMECs were identified by microscopy, flow cytometry, quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blot analysis, and immunofluorescent staining. The expression of CD31 (PECAM‐1), CD34, VEGFR2, VWF (Von Willebrand Factor), VE‐Cadherin (CD144), and NOS was positive. HDMECs were found to have abilities of angiogenesis and uptake of acetylated low‐density lipoprotein. Growth curves and cell viability were analyzed, and a growth pattern consisting of the “latency phase‐logarithmic growth phase‐stagnation phase” was determined. In this study, a simple, rapid, effective, and low‐cost method is established to isolate HDMECs from the foreskin with a purity of over 91% and high viability. The method showed good repeatability and allowed a stable passage. This study provides technical support and theoretical guidance for studying the physiological characteristics of HDMECs, the pathogenesis of the skin associated, and other microvascular diseases.
Photochemical Functionalization of Heterocycles with EBX Reagents: C−H Alkynylation versus Deconstructive Ring Cleavage**
Authors: Voutyritsa Errika , Garreau Marion , Kokotou Maroula G. , Triandafillidi Ierasia , Waser Jérôme , Kokotos Christoforos G.
Published: August 2020

The development of novel methodologies for the functionalization of saturated heterocycles is highly desirable. Herein, we report a cheap and efficient photochemical method for the C−H functionalization of saturated O‐heterocycles, as well as the deconstructive ring‐cleavage of S‐heterocycles, employing hypervalent iodine alkynylation reagents (ethynylbenziodoxolones, EBX). This photochemical alkynylation is performed utilizing phenylglyoxylic acid as the photoinitiator, leading to the corresponding products in good to high yields, under household fluorescent light bulb irradiation. When O‐heterocycles were employed, the expected α‐C−H alkynylation took place. In contrast, oxidative ring‐opening to form a thioalkyne and an aldehyde was observed with S‐heterocycles. Preliminary mechanistic experiments are presented to give first insights into this puzzling divergent reactivity.
Electron‐Deficient Conjugated Materials via p–π* Conjugation with Boron: Extending Monomers to Oligomers, Macrocycles, and Polymers
Authors: Yin Xiaodong , Liu Jun , Jäkle Frieder
Published: August 2020

The extension of conjugated organoboranes from monomeric species to oligomers, macrocycles, and polymers offers access to a plethora of fascinating new materials. The p–π* conjugation between empty orbitals on boron and the conjugated linkers not only affects the electronic structure and optical properties, but also enables mutual interactions between electron‐deficient boron centers. The unique properties of these electron‐deficient π‐conjugated systems are exploited in highly luminescent materials, organic optoelectronic devices, and sensing applications.
Synthesis of β‐Diamine Building Blocks by Photocatalytic Hydroamination of Enecarbamates with Amines, Ammonia and N−H Heterocycles
Authors: Francis Daniel , Nelson Adam , Marsden Stephen P.
Published: August 2020

3‐Amino‐substituted saturated nitrogen heterocycles are an important subclass of β‐diamines, appearing in a number of clinical agents. Herein, we report a unified approach to these products based upon the regioselective photoredox‐mediated hydroamination of enecarbamates. The amine coupling partner can encompass diverse amine types under a single set of reaction conditions, including primary alkyl amines, ammonia, aryl and heteroaryl amines, and N−H heterocycles. The method enables the synthesis of a wide range of pharmaceutically relevant building blocks.
Geodesic‐Planar Conjugates: Substituted Buckybowls—Synthesis, Photoluminescence and Electrochemistry
Authors: Bayer Johannes , Herberger Jan , Holz Lukas , Winter Rainer F. , Huhn Thomas
Published: August 2020

C−C cross coupling products of bowl‐shaped as‐indaceno[3,2,1,8,7,6‐pqrstuv]picene (Idpc) and different planar arenes and ethynyl‐arenes were synthesized. Photoluminescence as well as electrochemical properties of all products were investigated and complemented by time‐dependent quantum chemical calculations. UV/Vis spectroelectrochemistry investigations of the directly linked (Idpc)2 indicated the absence of any intramolecular charge‐transfer transition of intermittently formed (Idpc)2.−. All coupling products showed fluorescence. Ferrocene‐1‐yl‐Idpc was structurally characterized by X‐ray diffraction and is a rare example of a ferrocene‐containing buckybowl exhibiting luminescence.
Supramolecular Paradigm for Capture and Co‐Precipitation of Gold(III) Coordination Complexes
Authors: Shaffer Cassandra C. , Liu Wenqi , Oliver Allen G. , Smith Bradley D.
Published: August 2020

A new supramolecular paradigm is presented for reliable capture and co‐precipitation of haloauric acids (HAuX4) from organic solvents or water. Two classes of acyclic organic compounds act as complementary receptors (tectons) by forming two sets of directional non‐covalent interactions, (a) hydrogen bonding between amide (or amidinium) NH residues and the electronegative X ligands on the AuX4−, and (b) electrostatic stacking of the electron deficient Au center against the face of an aromatic surface. X‐ray diffraction analysis of four co‐crystal structures reveals the additional common feature of proton bridged carbonyls as a new and predictable supramolecular design element that creates one‐dimensional polymers linked by very short hydrogen bonds (CO⋅⋅⋅OC distance <2.5 Å). Two other co‐crystal structures show that the amidinium‐π⋅⋅⋅XAu interaction will reliably engage AuX4− with high directionality. These acyclic compounds are very attractive as co‐precipitation agents within new “green” gold recovery processes. They also have high potential as tectons for controlled self‐assembly or co‐crystal engineering of haloaurate composites. More generally, the supramolecular paradigm will facilitate the design of next‐generation receptors or tectons with high affinity for precious metal square planar coordination complexes for use in advanced materials, nanotechnology, or medicine.
Spectrum of histiocytic neoplasms associated with diverse haematological malignancies bearing the same oncogenic mutation
Authors: Kemps Paul G , Hebeda Konnie M , Pals Steven T , Verdijk Robert M , Lam King H , Bruggink Annette H , de Lil Heleen S , Ruiterkamp Bart , de Heer Koen , van Laar Jan AM , Valk Peter JM , Mutsaers Pim , Levin Mark‐David , Hogendoorn Pancras CW , van Halteren Astrid GS
Published: August 2020

Histiocytic disorders are a spectrum of rare diseases characterised by the accumulation of macrophage‐, dendritic cell‐, or monocyte‐differentiated cells in various tissues and organs. The discovery of recurrent genetic alterations in many of these histiocytoses has led to their recognition as clonal neoplastic diseases. Moreover, the identification of the same somatic mutation in histiocytic lesions and peripheral blood and/or bone marrow cells from histiocytosis patients has provided evidence for systemic histiocytic neoplasms to originate from haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs). Here, we investigated associations between histiocytic disorders and additional haematological malignancies bearing the same genetic alteration(s) using the nationwide Dutch Pathology Registry. By searching on pathologist‐assigned diagnostic terms for the various histiocytic disorders, we identified 4602 patients with a putative histopathological diagnosis of a histiocytic disorder between 1971 and 2019. Histiocytosis‐affected tissue samples of 187 patients had been analysed for genetic alterations as part of routine molecular diagnostics, including from nine patients with an additional haematological malignancy. Among these patients, we discovered three cases with different histiocytic neoplasms and additional haematological malignancies bearing identical oncogenic mutations, including one patient with concomitantKRASp.A59E mutated histiocytic sarcoma and chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML), one patient with synchronousNRASp.G12V mutated indeterminate cell histiocytosis and CMML, and one patient with subsequentNRASp.Q61R mutated Erdheim–Chester disease and acute myeloid leukaemia. These cases support the existence of a common haematopoietic cell‐of‐origin in at least a proportion of patients with a histiocytic neoplasm and additional haematological malignancy. In addition, they suggest that driver mutations in particular genes (e.g.N/KRAS) may specifically predispose to the development of an additional clonally related haematological malignancy or secondary histiocytic neoplasm. Finally, the putative existence of derailed multipotent HSPCs in these patients emphasises the importance of adequate (bone marrow) staging, molecular analysis and long‐term follow‐up of all histiocytosis patients.
Synthesis of 5‐Cyanomethyluridine (cnm5U) and 5‐Cyanouridine (cn5U) Phosphoramidites and Their Incorporation into RNA Oligonucleotides
Authors: Mao Song , Tsai Hsu‐Chun , Sheng Jia
Published: August 2020

This article contains detailed synthetic protocols for preparation of 5‐cyanomethyluridine (cnm5U) and 5‐cyanouridine (cn5U) phosphoramidites. The synthesis of the cnm5U phosphoramidite building block starts with commercially available 5‐methyluridine (m5C), followed by bromination of the 5‐methyl group to install the cyano moiety using TMSCN/TBAF. The cn5U phosphoramidite is obtained by regular Vorbrüggen glycosylation of the protected ribofuranose with silylated 5‐cyanouracil. These two modified phosphoramidites are suitable for synthesis of RNA oligonucleotides on solid phase using conventional amidite chemistry. Our protocol provides access to two novel building blocks for constructing RNA‐based therapeutics. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Preparation of cnm5U and cn5U phosphoramidites

Basic Protocol 2: Synthesis, purification, and characterization of cnm5U‐ and cn5U‐modified RNA oligonucleotides
OXTR DNA methylation moderates the developmental calibration of neural reward sensitivity
Authors: Gonzalez Marlen Z. , Wroblewski Kelly L. , Allen Joseph P. , Coan James A. , Connelly Jessica J.
Published: August 2020

The Adaptive Calibration Model of Stress Responsivity (ACM) suggests that developmental experiences predictably tune biological systems to meet the demands of the environment. Particularly important is the calibration of reward systems. Using a longitudinal sample (N = 184) followed since adolescence, this study models the dimensions of early life stress and their effects on epigenetic modification of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) and individual differences in neural response to reward anticipation. We first created a latent variable model of developmental context using measures collected when participants were 13 years old. As adults, two subsets of participants completed a reward anticipation fMRI paradigm (N = 82) and agreed to have their blood assayed for (OXTR) DNA methylation (N = 112) at two CpG sites. Three latent constructs of developmental context emerged: Neighborhood Harshness, Family Harshness, and Abuse and Disorder. Greater OXTR DNA methylation at CpG sites −924 and −934 blunted the association between greater Neighborhood Harshness and increased neural activation in caudate in anticipation of rewards. Interaction effects were also found outside of reward‐related areas for all three latent constructs. Results indicate an epigenetically derived differential susceptibility model whereby high methylation coincides with decreased association between developmental environment and neural reward anticipation.
Effects of plant functional group removal on CO2 fluxes and belowground C stocks across contrasting ecosystems
Authors: Grau‐Andrés Roger , Wardle David A. , Gundale Michael J. , Foster Claire N. , Kardol Paul
Published: August 2020

Changes in plant communities can have large effects on ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics and long‐term C stocks. However, how these effects are mediated by environmental context or vary among ecosystems is not well understood. To study this, we used a long‐term plant removal experiment set up across 30 forested lake islands in northern Sweden that collectively represent a strong gradient of soil fertility and ecosystem productivity. We measured forest floor CO2 exchange and aboveground and belowground C stocks for a 22‐yr experiment involving factorial removal of the two dominant functional groups of the boreal forest understory, namely ericaceous dwarf shrubs and feather mosses, on each of the 30 islands. We found that long‐term shrub and moss removal increased forest floor net CO2 loss and decreased belowground C stocks consistently across the islands irrespective of their productivity or soil fertility. However, we did see context‐dependent responses of respiration to shrub removals because removals only increased respiration on islands of intermediate productivity. Both CO2 exchange and C stocks responded more strongly to shrub removal than to moss removal. Shrub removal reduced gross primary productivity of the forest floor consistently across the island gradient, but it had no effect on respiration, which suggests that loss of belowground C caused by the removals was driven by reduced litter inputs. Across the island gradient, shrub removal consistently depleted C stocks in the soil organic horizon by 0.8 kg C/m2. Our results show that the effect of plant functional group diversity on C dynamics can be relatively consistent across contrasting ecosystems that vary greatly in productivity and soil fertility. These findings underline the key role of understory vegetation in forest C cycling, and suggest that global change leading to changes in the relative abundance of both shrubs and mosses could impact on the capacity of boreal forests to store C.
Early snowmelt and warmer, drier summers shrink postflowering transition times in subalpine wildflowers
Authors: Sethi Meera Lee , Theobald Elli J. , Breckheimer Ian , Hille Ris Lambers Janneke
Published: August 2020

Plant reproductive phenology—the timing of reproduction—is shifting rapidly with global climate change. Many studies focus on flowering responses to climate, but few investigate how postflowering processes, such as how quickly plants develop from flowering to seed dispersal, respond to environmental factors. We examined the climatic drivers of postflowering phenology in 28 species of western North American subalpine meadow plants over large spatial and temporal climate gradients. We took a Bayesian hierarchical approach to address whether and how climate influences the time it takes for wildflower populations to transition from flower to seed. Our previous work on the same species demonstrated that the initiation of flowering depends on snowmelt timing, with warmer temperatures and soil moisture also playing a role. Here, we found that for the majority of the flowering community, the same climate drivers also affected the time it takes to move from flowering to seed dispersal. Climate‐sensitive species shortened flower–seed transitions when snow melted earlier, temperatures were warmer, and/or soil dried down more quickly—conditions we expect with higher frequency under climate change. Our work underscores the fact that predicting the impact of climate change on plant reproductive phenology demands empirical data on phases beyond flowering. Additionally, it suggests that some species face a future in which multiple environmental factors will push them towards more rapid transitions from flowering to postflowering phases, with potential effects on plants themselves and the many animal associates that rely on them, including frugivores and seed predators.