bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The phytosociology of the southern section of Borakalalo Nature Reserve, South Africa
Authors: Brown L.R. , Bredenkamp G.J.
Published: August 2012

As part of a vegetation survey programme for conservation areas in South Africa, the plant communities of the Borakalalo Nature Reserve were investigated. A TWINSPAN classification, refined by Braun-Blanquet procedures was used for a phytosociological study. The analysis resulted in five major plant communities, one with two subcommunities and one with four subcommunities and two variants. Habitat factors associated with differences in vegetation include topography, soil form and grazing pressure. Descriptions of the plant communities include diagnostic species as well as prominent and less conspicuous species of the tree, shrub, forb and grass strata. The classification provides the necessary delimitation of homogeneous areas which are considered necessary for veld management.
The phytosociology and syntaxonomy of relatively low-altitude areas in the North-eastern Mountain Sourveld, in the eastern Transvaal escarpment region
Authors: Matthews W.S. , Bredenkamp G.J. , Van Rooyen N.
Published: August 2012

An analysis of the vegetation of the relatively low altitude regions of the North-eastern Mountain Sourveld of the eastern Transvaal escarpment is presented. Releves were compiled in 53 stratified random sample plots. ATWINSPAN-classification, refined by Braun-Blanquet procedures, revealed seven plant communities. In the hierarchical classification one class, one alliance, four associations, four subassociations and two valiants are recognised. Formal syntaxonomic descriptions of the syntaxa are given. All communities are related to specific environmental conditions, of which geology, aspect, altitude and rockiness of the soil surface are the most important.
A new species of Argulus from Kosi Bay, South Africa and distribution records of the genus
Authors: Avenant-Oldewage Annemarie
Published: August 2012

A new species of the fish ectoparasite Argulus i.e. A. kosus is described from Kosi Bay in South Africa. This species is characterised by deep antero-lateral depressions of the dorsal carapace which delimit a pronounced frontal region, scales are present on the mouth tube, varying numbers of sclerites are present on the maxillae, no flagella occur on the swimming legs nor any scales on the antennae. The shape of the respiratory areas are also typical for this species. A table of the distribution of the genus in South Africa and a map showing the localities, is also included.
Notes on the diurnal activity of early post-natal black wildebeest calves
Authors: Vrahimis S. , Kok O.B.
Published: August 2012

The diurnal activities of early post-natal black wildebeest calves Connochaetes gnou were investigated at the game farm Tussen-die-Riviere, Orange Free State. Calves younger than one month spent approximately 85 of the diurnal budget lying, alternated by 10 standing. At two and three months of age, slightly more than half of the diurnal time budget was spent lying down, with a minor peak in the early morning and a major peak in the afternoon. A progressive increase in the time spent feeding occurred from the first to the third month of life. No fixed diurnal pattern could be distinguished with respect to standing and "other" categories of activity.
The effect of severe drought on the abundance of ticks on vegetation and on scrub hares in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Spickett A.M. , Horak I.G. , Heyne Heloise , Braack L.E.O.
Published: August 2012

Free-living ixodid ticks were collected monthly from August 1988 to July 1993 from the vegetation of landscape zones 17 (Sclerocarya caffra/Acacia nigrescens Savanna) and 4 (Thickets of the Sabie and Crocodile Rivers) in the south-east and south-west of the Kruger National Park respectively, and parasitic ticks from scrub hares in the latter landscape zone. Total tick collections from the vegetation of both landscape zones were lowest in the year following the drought year of August 1991 to July 1992, while the tick burdens of the scrub hares were lowest during the drought year itself.
Seasonal activity of savanna termites during and after severe drought
Authors: Braack L.E.O.
Published: August 2012

As part of a broad programme to record the influence of severe drought on selected target populations, two taxa of termite were monitored over a 24-month period in the southern Kruger National Park, South Africa. Activity of harvester termites Hodotermes mossambicus reached highest levels during the drought, while macrotermitine Allodontermes rhodesiensis and Microtermes sp appear to favour less extreme levels of rainfall. The general impact of termites in the KNP is discussed and related to studies elsewhere in Africa.
Wildplaasbestuur
Authors: De Graaff G.
Published: August 2012

Hunting of game was a way of life in many areas, particularly in South Africa
Drought conditions and sediment transport in the Sabie River
Authors: Heritage G.L. , Van Niekerk A.W.
Published: August 2012

Drought conditions in the Sabie catchment in the eastern Transvaal (now called Mpumalanga), South Africa, has had an observable effect on the sediment dynamics of the river. Sediment production within the catchment is largely unaffected by a reduction in the frequency and magnitude of rainfall events, although the rate of translocation of the weathered material from the catchment into the river channel is noticeably altered. The infrequent storm events during drought conditions generate a greater sed- iment input to the river from the catchment than a similar-magnitude event under average conditions. This sediment is also less likely to be transported through the system due to the reduced frequency of intermediate flows which act to rework in-channel sed- iment accumulations. Thus, significant accumulations of alluvial material are likely to form at specific locations, particularly where the local sediment transport capacity of the channel is low. Studies of the transport dynamics of the Sabie River, under both nor- mal and drought conditions, reveal that there are major depositional zones between Kruger Weir and Skukuza, and in the area around Lower Sabie. The 1992 drought resulted in a significant build-up of sediment in these areas, with a consequent reduc- tion in geomorphic diversity. This sediment is becoming stabilised due to the lower and less variable flows of the recent drought and associated vegetative colonisation. An increase in the magnitude and frequency of high and intermediate flows is needed to mobilise this accumulated sediment and to prevent its stabilisation by riparian vegetation.
Suspended silt concentrations in the lower Olifants River (Mpumalanga) and the impact of silt releases from the Phalaborwa Barrage on water quality and fish survival
Authors: Buermann Y. , Du Preez H.H. , Steyn G.J. , Harmse J.T. , Deacon A.
Published: August 2012

Silt loads in the Olifants and Sabie river systems inside the Kruger National Park, were monitored by collecting water samples every consecutive week for a period of 20 months. The variation in silt concentration, changes in selected physico-chemical water quality variables and fish mortalities during flushing (i.e. release of silt, by sluicing) of the Phalaborwa Barrage, were also monitored. The Olifants River inside the Kruger National Park carried high silt loads in summer; in the dry season the suspensoid load was greatly reduced. A similar pattern was observed in the Sabie River, but the silt loads were generally lower. It was apparent that silt loads released from the Phalaborwa Barrage led to large variations in the natural silt loads of the Olifants River. These increased amounts of silt (25 000 mg/1 to >70 000 mg/1) caused drastic reductions in the dissolved oxygen concentration of the water, ranging from >6 mg/1 to 0 mg/1. Depending on the severity and duration of the flushing, fish succumb to such silt loads. These findings, as well as published information, indicate that the management strategy of flushing to improve storage capacity is ecological unacceptable. It is therefore suggested that the use of the Phalaborwa Barrage as a future reservoir should be critically re-evaluated.
Experimental strain analysis of Clarens Sandstone colonised by endolithic lichens
Authors: Wessels D. , Venter D. , Wessels W. , Wessels L.
Published: August 2012

Endolithic lichens occur commonly on Clarens Sandstone in South Africa, where they significantly contribute to the weathering of sandstone by means of mechanical and chemical weathering processes. This preliminary investigation reports on the success- ful use of strain gauges in detecting strain differences between sandstone without epilithic lichens and sandstone colonised by the euendolithic lichen Lecidea aff. sarcogynoides Korb. Mechanical weathering, expressed as strain changes, in Clarens Sandstone was studied during the transition from relatively dry winter to wet summer conditions. Daily weathering of sandstone due to thermal expansion and contraction of colonised and uncolonised sandstone could be shown. Our results show that liquid water in sandstone enhances the mechanical weathering of uncolonised Clarens Sandstone while water in the gaseous phase enhances mechanical weathering of sandstone by euendolithic lichens.
Changes in number and distribution of hippoptamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) in the Sabie River, Kruger National Park, during the 1992 drought
Authors: Viljoen P.C.
Published: August 2012

The 1991/92 drought in Southern Africa and the effect of the resultant reduced flow of the Sabie River on hippopotami was investigated. Hippopotami are counted annually in the Kruger National Park's (KNP) major rivers as part of the park's monitoring pro- gramme. Two additional aerial surveys were conducted to document changes in hippopotamus population densities in the Sabie River during the drought period. The hippopotamus population decreased during the drought by 12.6 to 672 animals between July 1991 and October 1992. The highest and lowest hippopotamus densities recorded were 11.6 and 2.2 animals/km river length respectively in different river sections. Only 12 hippopotamus mortalities were recorded at the end of the 1992 dry season (October).
Surface morphology of the fish parasite Chonopeltis victori Avenant- Oldewage, 1991 and aspects of the histomorphology
Authors: Luus-Powell Wilmien J. , Avenant-Oldewage Annemarie
Published: August 2012

The ultrastructure and aspects of the histomorphology of Chonopeltis victori, parasitic on Labeo rosae, L. congoro, L. ruddi, L. cylindricus and Barbus marequensis, are described from scanning electron micrographs and transverse sections. Chonopeltis victori is characterised by sharply pointed tips of the abdomen which are directed outward. Sexual dimorphism is particularly evident from the structure of the natatory lobes on the fourth swimming legs and the accessory copulatory structures on the second, third and fourth swimming legs of males. The most striking feature on leg four of the male is the peg. The elevated peg appears tubular, but the sides are not fused. On the inner collar elliptical projections, each with a central, circular pore, are present. On the elongated outer collar small indentions occur peripherally. The dorsal surface of the peg is subterminally covered by elongated scales. The ventral surface of the thorax and swimming legs are covered with different shapes of posteriorly directed scales. Interspersed amongst these scales, as well as on the dorsal surface, eight types of setae are present in large numbers. The possible function of the peg and other structures are described.
Predation on bat-eared foxes Otocyon megalotis by Cape hunting dogs Lycaon pictus
Authors: Rasmussen G.S.A.
Published: August 2012

The predatory habits of the Cape hunting dog Lycaon pictus have been well documented, and have been found to include almost exclusively mammalian herbivores (Childes 1988). The prey species chosen varies from area to area according to availability, with wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus and Thompson's gazelle, Gazella thomsonii being recorded as preferred prey in East Africa (Malcolm & Van Lawick 1975), whereas impala Aepyceros melampus, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros and duiker Sylvicapra grimmia are predominantly selected in southern Africa (Fuller & Kat 1990). This paper documents a case of a pack of Cape hunting dogs preying specifically on bat-eared foxes.
The major vegetation communities of the Augrabies Falls National Park, Northern Cape. 1. The southern section
Authors: Bezuidenhout H.
Published: August 2012

Classification, description and mapping of the vegetation of the Augrabies Falls National Park, Northern Cape, were initiated. The classification is intended to serve as a basis for the establishment of an efficient wildlife management programme as well as conservation policies for the Augrabies Falls National Park. Using the BBPC suite, according to Braun-Blanquet procedures to classify the vegetation of the southern section of the Augrabies Falls National Park, six major plant communities are recognised. A hierarchical plant community classification, description, ecological interpretation and a vegetation map are presented.
The plant communities and species richness of the Alepidea longifolia- Monocymbium ceresiiforme High-altitude Grassland of northern KwaZulu-Natal
Authors: Eckhardt H.C. , Van Rooyen N. , Bredenkamp G.J.
Published: August 2012

As part of a vegetation survey of the grasslands of northern KwaZulu-Natal, this survey was conducted within the Alepidea longifolia-Monocymbium ceresiiforme grassland of high altitudes. Releves were compiled in 156 stratified random sample plots. The data set was classified using TWINSPAN. Subsequent refinement by Braun-Blanquet procedures produced 15 plant communities. Species richness was determined for each community. According to naturalness and species richness two communities were selected as being of conservation importance. An ordination algorithm (DECORANA) was also applied to describe the relationships between the vegetation units and the physical environment.
Distribution of benthic invertebrates at different depths in a shallow reservoir in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands
Authors: Samways M.J. , Osborn R. , Van Heerden I.
Published: August 2012

The bottom of a freshwater reservoir in the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands was sampled for macro-invertebrates and macrophytes at depths of 0.5 m, 1 m, 2 m, and 3 m. The water plants Elodea spp. which did not occur much beyond 1 m appeared to be a major deter-minant for the presence of invertebrates. At 2 m and 3 m, when temperature and light decreased greatly, it was replaced by the algae Chara spp. Over 98 of the macroinvertebrate individuals in 21 species and 14 families occurred in water 1 m or less in depth. At 2 m and deeper, there was a rapid decline of species, with only one, a snail, occurring at 3 m. Odonata species occurred only in water 1 m or less in depth. Among the Ephemeroptera, Caenis sp. was abundant at 0.5 m and the most dominant species of all. At 1 m, the most dominant species was Cleon palidulosum of the Baetidae. Both in terms of food for waterfowl and trout, and as a reserve for aquatic macroin vertebrates, the shallow fringe of the reservoir was playing by far the major role compared with the deeper, open water. It is recommended both for biotic conservation and fishing that reservoirs have a shallow rim and constant water levels.
A scanning electron microscopic study of impala (Aepyceros melampus) sperm from the Kruger National Park
Authors: Ackerman D.J. , Reinecke A.J. , Els H.J.
Published: August 2012

Since knowledge of sperm morphological characteristics can play an important role in semen evaluation and fertilisation, baseline data on sperm ultrastructure are required. Live spermatozoa were collected from the cauda epididymis from 64 impala rams in the Kruger National Park and 5082 spermatozoa from 40 of these impala were studied by scanning electron microscopy. The mean length of impala sperm was 59.23 @ 2.7 um. The morphology of normal sperm as well as the occurrence of abnormalities were documented. The morphology of impala sperm were compared with those of other mammals. New findings on appendages of the cytoplasmic droplet are described and interpreted.
Biotic and abiotic correlates of small mammal community structure in the Groendal Wilderness Area, Eastern Cape, South Africa
Authors: Els L.M. , Kerley G.I.H.
Published: August 2012

We investigated the relations between environmental features (biotic and abiotic) and small mammal communities in the Groendal Wilderness Area, South Africa. Habitat architecture (expressed as both horizontal and vertical foliage density) and total plant canopy cover (especially shrub canopy cover) are the most important correlates of small mammal community structure at this site. The mechanisms for these relationships are complex, probably involving physiological, social and anti-predator effects as well as reflecting nutritional resources. Furthermore, man and fire influence small mammal community structure. These effects are as a result of altered plant community composition and structure by plantation and pasture establishment and burning. In order to maintain a diversity of small mammal communities, management should ensure a mosaic of diverse vegetation communities.
Waar die Van Rensburgtrek in 1836 vermoor is
Authors: Punt Dr. W. H. J.
Published: August 2012

Waar die Van Rensburgtrek in 1836 vermoor is
'N uitbraak van Miltsiekte onder wild in die Nasionale Krugerwildtuin 28.9.50 tot 20.11.59.
Authors: Pienaar Ph.D., U. De V.
Published: August 2012

'N uitbraak van Miltsiekte onder wild in die Nasionale Krugerwildtuin 28.9.50 tot 20.11.59.
The candelabra tree (Euphorbia ingens): a source of water for black rhinoceros in Liwonde National Park, Malawi
Authors: Dudley C.O.
Published: August 2012

The introduction of two rhinoceros into a 15 km2 fenced sanctuary within Liwonde National Park provided an opportunity for close observation of the animals feeding on the toxic succulent Euphorbia ingens. Feeding invariably caused the death of the plant and for plants with basal diameters between 5-17 cm, mortality ranged from 40-90 . During the severe drought of 1994 rhinoceros did not drink from the artificial waterhole from approximately 15 July to at least 23 September. As this waterhole was the only source of free water it is believed that the rhinoceros obtained their water from browsing on E. ingens.
Refinements to the burning strategy in the Etosha National Park, Namibia
Authors: Du Plessis W.P.
Published: August 2012

Until 1980, official policy forbade intentional veld- burning within the boundaries of the Etosha National Park. It was only in 1981 that fire was recognised by management and research as playing a fundamental role in the development and maintenance of the cur- rent vegetation communities. An objective approach to intentional veld-burning is presented simulating the incidence of lightning fires, and the subjectivity in choosing areas to burn is reduced. The selection of areas to burn depends on the mean seasonal rainfall in each burning block, the time since it last burnt and the accumulation of herbaceous fuel. Additional factors considered are the moribundness in grasses, the game pressure and the cover of green vegetation derived from satellite data.
The influence of the Shire River on Liwonde National Park, Malawi, with special reference to elephant movements
Authors: Bhima R. , Dudley C.O.
Published: August 2012

Liwonde National Park (538 km2), Malawi, is a riverine-lacustrine park. The only outlet of Lake Malawi is the Shire River along the western boundary of the park. Although elephants spend many long hours in the floodplain on the eastern bank, they never crossed the river until 1991/92 during the worst southern African drought in living memory. This study investigated the impact of the river on the floodplain and inferred the influence on elephant movements. Waterflow of the Shire River at Liwonde since 1972 was reviewed and influences of water level variations were inferred from aerial photographs and geomorphic maps. Elephants crossing the river were also observed. The period 1972-1975 had low waterflow, reaching a minimum of 180 cumecs. Elephants did not cross then, probably because the population was small (below 200) and therefore had no incentive to do so. In contrast, the period 1976-1990 was characterised by high river waterflow of up to 1050 cumecs, leading to extensive flooding. This provided water and good forage. During the drought between 1991 and 1995 little flooding occurred. The elephants over-utilised the eastern floodplain. Some crossed the river for better forage. The population had then increased to 400.
The vegetation types and management units of Goedverwacht farm in the mixed bushveld of the Northern Province, South Africa
Authors: Breebaart L. , Deutschlander M.
Published: August 2012

An analysis of the vegetation of Goedverwacht farm in the mixed bushveld of the Northern Province is presented. Releves were compiled in 33 stratified random sample plots. Eight distinct plant communities were identified by means ofBraun-Blanquet pro-cedures. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) was applied to the floristic data set using the computer programme DECORANA (Detrended Correspondence Analysis) to determine a probable environmental gradient and to facilitate in the identification of management units. The computer programme CANOCO (Canonical Correspondence Analysis) was used to apply canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) to the floristic data set. Two management units were determined by means of vegetation ordinations and soil data. A classification, description and ecological interpretation of the plant communities as well as a description of the management units are presented.
Popups on Moon Rock, Augrabies Falls National Park
Authors: Plug C. , Plug L.
Published: August 2012

Naturally occuring popups (or A-tents) occur mainly on outcrops of horizontally compressed, sheeted granite. They consist of two slabs of surface rock pushed up to form a tent-like structure, or a surface sheet pushed up into an arc. Although popups have been studied in several countries, none have so far been described in South Africa. A survey of Moon Rock, a granite dome in the Augrabies Falls National Park, led to the discovery of 14 of these structures, including both angular and arched forms. The dimensions and orientations of the high, angular forms support the hypothesis that they constitute a stress release phenomenon, but the characteristics of the low, thin plated forms suggest that these are erosional features. The structures are eventually destroyed by the movements, as yet largely unexplained, of surrounding rock slabs, and by the gradual abrasion of the edges of the popped up slabs as a result of slight movements caused by daily heating and cooling of the surface sheet.
Lions and Leopards as Game Ranch Animals
Authors: Braack Leo
Published: August 2012

Ecotourism is a major and burgeoning industry in southern Africa, near the top of the list as an attractant of foreign revenue and crucial in the economics of several countries.
A re-evaluation of the occurrence of freshwater molluscs in the Kruger National Park
Authors: De Kock K.N. , Wolmarans C.T.
Published: August 2012

Most of the previous records of the freshwater molluscs from the Kruger National Park date back prior to and up to 1966. On account of several droughts between 1966 and 1995 it was decided to do a survey of the freshwater mollusc population in 1995 to evaluate the effect of these droughts. The traditional mollusc intermediate hosts were also screened for trematode parasites to establish whether or not they were infected. No infected molluscs were found. Eight of the 19 species reported up to 1966 were not found during the 1995 survey. Three new mollusc species were collected in 1995. The consequences of the drought are clearly visible when the species diversity found in the dams in the 1995 survey, is compared to what was previously recorded.
Response of herbaceous species to a degradation gradient in the western region of Etosha National Park, Namibia
Authors: Du plessis W.P. , Bredenkamp G.J. , Trollope W.S.W.
Published: August 2012

The degradation status of 88 sample plots situated in two plant communities in the western region of Etosha National Park was determined. Herbaceous species frequency was correlated by means of an ordination technique with utilisation intensities. Species were categorised in ecological categories (Decreasers and Increasers) according to their abundance along a degradation gradient. This more objective approach is compared with an initial subjective grouping of species. The dangers of blindly following the ordinated results are discussed, and it is concluded that ordination results need to be verified by careful ecological interpretation.
Development of a technique for assessing veld condition in Etosha National Park, Namibia, using key herbaceous species
Authors: Du Plessis W.P. , Bredenkamp G.J. , Trollope W.S.W.
Published: August 2012

A technique based on the potential of key herbaceous species to produce acceptable herbaceous forage for consumption by herbivores, and fuels for veld burning, was developed in the Etosha National Park, Namibia. Twenty seven key species were selected out of a total of 108 recorded. Forbs and bare ground were treated as two individual "species". The key species selected for each plant community included at least five species, of which at least one Decreaser and one Increaser species had to be present. Multiple regression models, which were developed using these key species, are used to accurately estimate the forage and fuel potential of the veld, and also indicate trends in the condition of the grass sward.
The winter diet of elephant in Eastern Cape Subtropical Thicket, Addo Elephant National Park
Authors: Paley R.G.T. , Kerley G.I.H.
Published: August 2012

Direct observational methods were used to establish the winter diet of elephants in Eastern Cape Subtropical Thicket in the Addo Elephant National Park, thereby determining which plant species were most at risk from elephant herbivory. A total of 70 species were identified as food plants for elephants, with the grass Cynodon dactylon and the succulents Portulacaria afra and Platythyra haeckeliana dominating, both in terms of frequency of feeding events and volume consumed. In view of the fact that elephants represent 78 of the herbivore biomass in the park, it appears likely that elephant feeding restricts the availability of forage for other browsers. Due to the limited time frame of this study, further research is needed to provide a comprehensive record of the elephant diet for all seasons of the year.
An integrated management plan for the control of Opuntia stricta (Cactaceae) in the Kruger National Park, South Africa
Authors: Lotter W.D. , Hoffmann J.H.
Published: August 2012

Opuntia stricta is the most problematic alien plant species in the Kruger National Park (KNP) where 30000 ha around Skukuza have been invaded by the weed. Control of 0. stricta is expensive and time consuming and there are insufficient resources available for the task at present. Biological control using the moth Cactoblastis cactorum has only been partially successful and herbicidal control remains the main method for tackling the problem. In order to optimise the control operation against 0. stricta, a management plan has been developed for the KNP. The infested region of the park has been divided into 18 management units, each of which will be treated in turn. During the first three years the control operations will clear 0. stricta from the peripheral units, to prevent the spread of the weed into other areas of the KNP, after which the central units will be tackled. The objective is to destroy all mature fruiting plants and those nearing maturity to curb long-range (seed) dispersal of the weed. The small juvenile plants, which are difficult to detect, will be suppressed by C. cactorum. After five years the problem should be contained to the extent that an ongoing 'holding' programme will be sufficient to keep the weed in check. The success of the plan will depend on increased resources being committed to alien plant control in the Kruger National Park.
Classification of the natural vegetation of Mtendere Game Ranch in the Chibombo District of the Central Province, Zambia
Authors: Cauldwell A.E. , Zieger U. , Bingham M.G. , Bredenkamp G.J.
Published: August 2012

A phytosociological analysis of the physical environment and the natural plant communities of Mtendere Game Ranch in the Chibombo District of the Central Province of Zambia is presented. A TWINSPAN classification and DECORANA ordination based upon 69 releves revealed three vegetation types, grassland, woodland and thicket, that are subdivided into the following plant communities: Dambo, Munga Woodland, Miombo Woodland, Termitaria and Deciduous Thicket. The natural vegetation of Mtendere Game Ranch is separated into fire management units on the basis of the vegetation types.
Distributional patterns and conservation status of mammals of Swaziland, southern Africa
Authors: Monadjem A.
Published: August 2012

Distributional patterns (mapped at the quarter-degree square scale) of species richness of 121 species of mammals recorded from Swaziland were examined in relation to the distribution of protected areas (reserves), privately-owned ranches and six vegetation types. The richness of mammal species was highest in the NE and NW, and lowest in the SW areas of Swaziland. Total mammal species richness was positively and highly significantly correlated with the presence of reserves. Similar patterns were shown by artiodactyls, rodents and carnivores. Total mammal species richness, as well as for most mammalian orders, was positively correlated with moist grassveld and moist savanna vegetation types but negatively correlated with dry grassveld. Mammal species richness, especially for the larger species, was very low on Swazi Nation Land, which covers about 60 of the country. The mammalian fauna of the high-lying areas (Highveld) was distinct from that of the low-lying areas (Lowveld). The Middleveld region supported elements of both Highveld and Lowveld species. A large proportion (87.6 ) of Swaziland's mammal species have been recorded from reserves. Two species {Alcelaphus lichtensteini and Lycaon pictus) no longer occur in Swaziland. For effective conservation of Swaziland's mammals, the issue of how to maintain viable populations on Swazi Nation Land will have to be addressed.
Association of three succulent plant species with woody canopy in the mixed bushveld, South Africa
Authors: Thrash I.
Published: August 2012

Succulents are an important component of the mixed bushveld. Although the nurse plant syndrome is known from arid areas, association of succulents with woody canopy has ot been studied in non-arid areas. The study was done in two phases, the first being to confirm the existence of an association and the second being to investigate a possible cause of the association. The three species studied were all significantly associated with woody canopy. All of the relatively small (0-1 m) Euphorbia ingens plants and most of the relatively small (0-0.5m) Aloe marlothii and Opuntia vulgaris plants encountered were beneath woody canopy. There was a very strong significant association between being damaged by fire and growing between woody canopies for all three species. Fires are likely to be lethal to any plants of the study species that are shorter than about 1 m. In any area where fires are frequent there are likely to be fewer young plants of the study species between woody canopies than there will be within the protection of a bush clump.
A historical-archaeological investigation of an Anglo-Boer War British outpost in the Kruger National Park
Authors: Van Vollenhoven Anton C. , Pelser Anton J. , Van den Bos Jan W.
Published: August 2012

During the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) a voluntary British military unit called Steinaecker's Horse, operated in the Lowveld and Swaziland. The commander of the unit, colonel Ludwig von Steinaecker, was an important historical figure in this area. The unit established a number of outposts in an area today known as the Kruger National Park. One of these outposts was archaeologically investigated in order to recover any remains that may be associated with this unit and to form some idea of their lifestyle. Although no historical information on this particular outpost was found, the archaeological excavations revealed some interesting evidence. The disturbance of the site and the number of visible cultural material, indicated that it was used in recent times. The large refuse middens show that a reasonably large number of people occupied the site. Most of the artifacts found can be linked to the diet and articles of everyday use of the inhabitants. The conclusion is that the site was probably occupied by both a garrison of the Steinaecker's Horse military unit and some troops of the Native Police unit. Based on the distribution of different types of artifacts on the site a social differ- entiation between the members of these two units is assumed.
Urban nature conservation: vegetation of natural areas in the Potchefstroom municipal area, North West Province, South Africa
Authors: Cilliers S.S. , Van Wyk E. , Bredenkamp G.J.
Published: August 2012

This study on the natural and degraded natural vegetation of natural areas in the Potchefstroom Municipal Area, forms part of a research programme on spontaneous vegetation in urban open spaces in the North West Province, South Africa. Using a numerical classification technique (TWINSPAN) as a first approximation, the classification was refined by applying Braun-Blanquet procedures. The result is a phytosociological table from which 6 plant communities were recognised, which are subdivided in sub-communities and variants, resulting in 18 vegetation units. Some of these vegetation units are similar to communities described previously in natural areas. The presence of degraded natural communities suggests huge anthropogenic influences in certain areas. An ordination (DECORANA) scatter diagram shows the distribution of the plant communities along gradients which could be related to vegetation structure, altitude, soil depth, rockiness of soil surface, wetness or dryness of the habitat and number of introduced species. This study contributes to the compilation of a guideline for a conservation orientated management plan for the area, but also created a wealth of new knowledge of the reaction of indigenous plant species under disturbed conditions.
A key to the Soricidae, Macroscelididae, Gliridae and Muridae of Gauteng, North West Province, Mpumalanga and the Northern Province, South Africa
Authors: Newbery Christia H.
Published: August 2012

A practical key to the shrews, elephant-shrews, dormice, rats and mice based on external field characteristics is presented. Size, tail features and lengths, dorsal and ventral body colour, etc. are the important characteristics, while habitat and distribution are also incorporated. The small mammals included in the key are from Gauteng, North West Province, Mpumalanga and the Northern Province.
Eland browsing of Grewia occidentalis in semi-arid shrubland: the influence of bush clumps
Authors: Watson L.H.
Published: August 2012

Grewia occidentalis plants in the study area generally occurred in bush clumps with other shrub species. Grewia occidentalis commonly occurred with Diospyros austro-africana, Rhus longispina and Rhus pollens (nurse shrubs), but seldom with Acacia kar-roo and Lycium cinereum (non-nurse shrubs). Eland browsed G. occidentalis plants at higher levels than other shrub species, but browsing was not evenly spread across all plants. Grewia occidentalis plants associated with nurse shrubs had lower levels of browsing than those growing alone and those growing with non-nurse shrubs, while G. occidentalis plants in the centre of nurse shrubs experienced the lowest levels of browsing. The latter group of plants also produced the most fruit. Eland browsing is consid-ered an important factor determining the distribution of G. occidentalis plants in the study area, while the presence of nurse shrubs is considered essential for the establishment and maintenance of the G. occidentalis population in the study area.
A new policy for the management of the Kruger National Park's elephant population
Authors: Whyte I.J. , Biggs H.C. , Gaylard A. , Braack L.E.O.
Published: August 2012

Arising from public debate held in Midrand on 4 May 1995, the South African National Parks undertook to review its policy for the management of elephant in the Kruger National Park. The new policy focuses on the extent and intensity of elephant impacts on biodiversity rather than on numbers of elephants per se, and is based on four fundamental principles: a) That ecosystems are not static; fluctuations of conditions and population responses are an inherent attribute of ecosystems and contribute to biodiversity. A range of elephant impacts in different areas at different times, is thus also natural and desirable; b) That elephants are important agents of habitat modification and thus contribute to biodiversity (intermediate disturbance hypothesis); c) That elephant populations which are confined will increase in number until negative impacts on the system's biodiversity will ultimately result; d) That elephants should not be viewed in isolation, but as one component of a broader, integrated system, and their impacts should be managed in conjunction with other ecosystem process (such as fire) to promote biodiversity in its broadest sense. The new policy proposes that the Kruger National Park be divided into six zones@two botanical reserves, two high-elephant-impact zones (no population reduction) and two low-elephant-impact zones (where numbers will be actively reduced). A history of the elephant population is given, and a resume of previous poli-cies.
Importance of vegetation analysis in the conservation management of the endangered butterfly Aloeides dentatis dentatis (Swierstra) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae)
Authors: Deutschlander M.S. , Bredenkamp G.J.
Published: August 2012

The study of the vegetation of the Ruimsig Entomological Reserve, Gauteng, South Africa revealed four plant communities one of which could be subdivided into two subcommunities and variants. The extensive climax stage of the vegetation represented by the Themeda triandra - Trachypogon spicatus grassland was found to be too dense and tall to support the butterfly Aloeides dentatis dentatis and the host ant Lepisiota capensis (Mayr). A degraded phase caused by succession in an area where pipes have been laid was found to be ideal habitat for both ant and butterfly. This vegetation also contained adequate numbers of the food plant Hermannia depressa. A serai community with tall- growing Hyparrhenia hirta was also found to be an unsuitable habitat for the butterfly. The identification of the preferred ideal habitat for the host ant and butterfly resulted in the compilation of a conservation management strategy that ensured the survival of the rare and endangered butterfly.
Types and type localities of ungulates named from southern Africa
Authors: Grubb Peter
Published: August 2012

Sixty names given to southern African ungulates are critically reviewed. All original descriptions have been examined. An attempt is made to resolve apparently contradictory statements in the literature relating to authorship, dates of publication, localities from which types were obtained, and the nature of the types themselves. Where they do not appear to be generally known, syntypes, holotypes, lectotypes and type localities are identified as far as possible. Specimens regarded as types after the original description was published are designated as lectotypes where their status is not entirely clear. In some cases lectotypes are chosen from among syntypes where these belong to more than one biological species, so as to ensure stability in nomenclature. Type localities for 22 nominal species have been identified, clarified, corrected or restricted with respect to those cited by Meester et al. (1986). Type material applying to about 22 names probably survives. Some types may still exist unnoticed in the Paris museum and other insti-tutions.
Morphological aspects and composition of African elephant (Loxodonta africana) ivory
Authors: Raubenheimer E.J.
Published: August 2012

This study was aimed at determining the origin of the diamond shaped pattern and composition of ivory of the African elephant. Fragments of ivory and tusks were obtained through the National Parks Board from the Kruger Park, Addo Elephant Park, Kaokoveld, Caprivi, Etosha, Kavango and Tembe Elephant Park. Polished surfaces were prepared in different planes and examined with light and electron microscopical techniques. Analyses of the inorganic composition were performed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, ion selective electrodes and inductively coupled optical emission spectroscopy. The total amino acid composition was determined with the aid of an amino acid analyser. Morphological investigations showed the distinctive diamond shaped pattern of ivory to be caused by the sinusoidal surface to pulpal course followed by odontoblastic tubules. This course is the result of pressure which builds up between tightly packed odontoblasts on their centripetal course along an ever decreasing pulpal circumference during formation of ivory. A total of 17 elements were detected in the inorganic fraction of ivory, some in concentrations as low as 0.25 ^g/g. The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, fluoride, cobalt and zinc showed statistically significant differences (P < 0.007) between selected regions and may prove valuable in distinguishing chemically between ivory from different geographical locations. The organic content of ivory showed 17 amino acids in varying concentrations. The possible causes of these variations are discussed.
Flowering plant biodiversity of Augrabies Falls National Park: a comparison between Augrabies Falls National Park, Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, Vaalbos National Park and Goegap Nature Reserve
Authors: Zietsman P.C. , Bezuidenhout H.
Published: August 2012

A list of flowering plants has been compiled for the Augrabies Falls National Park, which occupies an area of approximately 18 600 ha. This list of 364 species represents 210 genera and 74 families. The Monocotyledonae are represented by 76 species (20.9 of the total number of species) and the Dicotyledonae by 288 (79.1 ). Approximately 54 of these species occur only in the Augrabies Falls National Park and not in one of the other conservation areas with which it was compared. According to the life form spectrum, the Augrabies Falls National Park is a therophyte-hemicryp- tophyte area. Five of these spesies are endemic to the Southern African floristic region. One of them is a rare species.
Peripheral development: position paper for the Directorate of the South African National Parks
Authors: Novellie P. , Biggs H. , Braack L. , Hanekom N. , Knight M. , Macgregor M. , Randall R. , Russell I. , Venter F.
Published: August 2012

The principle of peripheral development and its relevance to South African National Parks has been a recurring subject for debate. One viewpoint is that the principle should be applied as a general rule, and that in future all major developments of infrastructure should be on the periphery rather than the interior of national parks. The Scientific Services units of South African National Parks were asked to provide their views, and this note is the result. The consensus was that, although there is much to be said in general for the principle, there are circumstances in which developments on the periphery of a park could be deleterious. Hence, the principle does not merit the status of a rule.
Patch-mosaic burning: a new paradigm for savanna fire management in protected areas?
Authors: Parr C.L. , Brockett B.H.
Published: August 2012

The shift in ecological thinking, from equilibrium to non-equilibrium processes has been accompanied by a move to encourage heterogeneity rather than homogeneity in landscapes. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity is thought to be a major source of biotic diversity, and disturbances such as fire, producing heterogeneity are now recognised as being important. A patch-mosaic system of burning is based on the premise that fire pattern is a surrogate for diversity, and produces a range of patches in the landscape with unique patch characteristics and fire histories. A patch-mosaic system of burning is supported historically and empirically through field studies. However, there is a need for more research into the effects of various aspects of patch and fire variables on biotic diversity, especially in savannas where our understanding is particularly poor. Landscape-scale experiments, like those to be established in the Kruger National Park, South Africa are necessary to test different burning regimes. Challenges to patch- mosaic burning include determining the 'natural' range of variation for fire parameters, implementing random ignitions, and cost-effective fire scar mapping at the appropriate resolution. An adaptive management approach should be adopted to deal with the ignorance and uncertainties that characterise the management of savanna ecosystems. This should be applied with both modelling and monitoring as key elements in this process.
Natural History Note:Some notes on the occurrence and conservation status of Manis temminckii, the pangolin, in Maputaland, Kwazulu/Natal
Authors: Kyle R.
Published: August 2012

Kyle, R. 2000. Some notes on the occurrence and conservation status of Manis temminckii, the pangolin, in Maputaland, Kwazulu/Natal. Koedoe 43(1): 00-00. Pretoria.
Natural History Note: Some interesting information from tagging returns for the riverbream, Acanthopagrus berda, in the Kosi lakes, Kwazulu/Natal
Authors: Kyle R.
Published: August 2012

Kyle, R. 2000. Some interesting information from tagging returns for the riverbream, Acanthopagrus berda, in the Kosi lakes, Kwazulu/Natal. Koedoe 43(1): 00-00. Pretoria.
A check list of the pseudoscorpions of South Africa (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones)
Authors: Dippenaar-Schoeman A.S. , Harvey M.S.
Published: August 2012

A check list of the Pseudoscorpiones of the class Arachnida of South Africa is presented. A total of 135 species and 10 subspecies of pseudoscorpions are known from South Africa, represented by seven superfamilies, 15 families and 65 genera. This represents about 4.4 of the world fauna. Of the 135 species, 97 species (73 ) are known only from South Africa, 33 species have a wider distribution pattern throughout the Afrotropical Region and three are cosmopolitan. This study forms part of the South African National Survey of Arachnida (SANSA).
A reconnaissance botanical survey of the Lower Orange River (Blouputs to Onseepkans) in the Northern Cape, South Africa
Authors: Bezuidenhout H. , Jardine Christine L.
Published: August 2012

In the past, the alluvial floodplains of the Orange River were covered with riverine shrubland and woodland. However, there are indications that this has changed and that this vegetation and habitat has been influenced by a number of factors, namely: expansion of irrigated crop farming; grazing pressure; and upstream dam construction. A botanical assessment was carried out along the Orange River between Blouputs and Onseepkans, in the Northern Cape to determine the nature and extent of the changes to the riverine vegetation, as well as to investigate the distribution of Combretum erythrophyllum and Rhus lancea. Only two specimens of Combretum erythrophyllum were noted whereas no Rhus lancea specimens were noted. There are indications that both the expansion of irrigated crop farming and grazing pressure has affected the vegetation of the plain and riverine area along the Orange River. Downstream from the farm Raap-en-Skraap (2819DA Skuitdrif), the natural vegetation of the riverbanks and islands is being replaced by alien plant species.