bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
You Cannot Die Alone: Dr. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross (July 8, 1926–August 24, 2004)
Authors: Kramer Kenneth
Published: May 2005

Elisabeth Kübler-Ross has accomplished much to revolutionize the way Americans view death and dying. The Swiss-born psychiatrist was one of the first professionals in the field to listen to the voice of dying patients and to give them a public forum. Her stages of responding to dying—denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance—are universally taught. In this never-published 1994 interview, she touches upon several of her theories in the field of thanatology. She speaks in succession: of four quadrants—physical, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual—and of the need to develop a mature spiritual quadrant in order to deal with the fear of death; of the associated strategy of taking care of unfinished business that keeps us from being willing to face our own mortality; of her complete disagreement with the work of Jack Kevorkian; of three stages that occur after death: 1) the separation of the soul (butterfly) from the body (cocoon); 2) a return to wholeness and awareness; and 3) being embraced by the bliss of a peace-giving light; of the innovative possibility and need for developing elder-toddler centers in which dying patients would be able to mix with and receive love from very young children; and of grief and grieving in relation to her mother's dying. Throughout the interview, Kübler-Ross emphasizes both the wisdom of children, especially dying children, and trusting a field of unconditional love that awaits us.
Computer Controlled Videodisc/Videoplayer System
Authors: Walker C. L.
Published: May 2005

Data-Design Laboratories System 110 is stand-alone, interactive-video training device. Experience in developing material for both the videodisc and videotape versions of System 110 has strongly indicated that each medium has independent interactive applications. Videotape is an excellent means of pacing and reinforcing instruction in “motion picture” presentations. Videodisc is very effective when the video segments are less interdependent or when still frames are to be employed.
The Navy CMI System: A Brief Overview
Authors: Davis John D.
Published: May 2005

Individualized training programs within the Navy have demonstrated their value in terms of reduced training time and cost to train. In order to support individualization on a large scale, the Navy has developed a Computer Managed Instruction (CMI) system which has been notably successful in meeting its design goals. An overview of the system concept, software and hardware configurations are described. Limitations and considerations from a system manager's point of view are also discussed.
The Wakeful “Type a” Student
Authors: Lucey Daniel R. , Hauri Peter , Snyder Melvin L.
Published: May 2005

Eight type A students and eight that were type B slept in the laboratory for three consecutive nights. Type As showed more fragmented sleep, i.e., more spontaneous awakenings from sleep. No difference in REM pressure between As and Bs could be demonstrated, contradicting the hypothesis that both the personality traits of type A individuals and their coronary-proneness might be explained by chronic REM deprivation of type A individuals.
Bereaved Parents and the Compassionate Friends: Affiliation and Healing
Authors: Klass Dennis
Published: May 2005

This article is an attempt to describe the Compassionate Friends (TCF), and self-help group, as an effective intervention in the severe bereavement after the death of a child. The research method is participant observation. Three decisions form the framework of the description: the decision to attend the group, the decision to affiliate, and the decision to transform oneself into a helper within the group. The decision to attend seems to be rooted in a variety of expectations, supported by a variety of experiences with professional interventions or with other self-help groups. Affiliation has, first, a cathectic dimension that entails a unity with those whose lives have also been shattered, an appropriate object on which to attach the energy formerly given to the child, and a sense of family in a supportive community. Second, affiliation has an experiential dimension that is an attempt to develop an existential stance in a problematic world based on solutions to concrete problems that are shared among the members. The decision to become a helper is key to the TCF process, for it is the concept that helping others is the best way to help the self that allows the cathectic dimension to become complete in reinvestment and allows the experiential dimension to change from using the experience of others to sharing one's own experience. As time progresses, some members move to formal organizational leadership while others tend to become less regular in attendance, though they do so with some ambivalence. The article ends with the claim that analysis of other interventions using schemas similar to those used in this study could be done.
Generational Equity and the Politics of the Welfare State
Authors: Quadagno Jill
Published: May 2005

The concept of generational equity—that the nation is squandering its wealth on entitlements to the elderly while children remain impoverished—has received considerable media attention. The author traces the source of that message to an organization, Americans for Generational Equity, which is dedicated to restructuring the Social Security system along the lines of a social assistance program: reduced benefits available at later ages only to those who qualify through means tests. The impact of this agenda would be to increase the labor force participation of older people, particularly women and minorities, those presently without private pension coverage and already heavily represented in that sector of the economy where labor shortage is developing. Defining national spending priorities in terms of intergenerational conflict obscures the fact that Social Security is the only U.S. welfare program that has been successful in reducing poverty levels.
Multiple Role Involvements and the Adjustment to Conjugal Bereavement: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Hershberger Paul J. , Walsh W. Bruce
Published: May 2005

The relationship between multiple role involvements and the adjustment to conjugal bereavement was examined with a sample of surviving spouses ranging in age from twenty-four to seventy-four. Data from forty-nine respondents indicated a significant, positive correlation between the number of roles reported and an adjustment score. The self-report behavioral measure of role involvements was a better predictor of adjustment to bereavement than was sex, age, elapsed time since the spouse's death, educational attainment, income level, or religiosity. Significant, positive correlations were also obtained between the number of role involvements and scores from the Purpose-in-Life test.
Reasons for Working and Their Relationship to Retirement Attitudes, Job Satisfaction and Occupational Self-Efficacy of Bridge Employees
Authors: Dendinger Veronica M. , Adams Gary A. , Jacobson Jamie D.
Published: May 2005

Although the Baby Boomers are the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population and they are quickly approaching retirement age, research has widely neglected to look at the reasons as to why many of them intend on opting for bridge employment as opposed to completely retiring. This study examined the relationships among four reasons for working (social, personal, financial, and generative) and three attitudinal responses to bridge employment (job satisfaction, retirement attitudes, and occupational self-efficacy). In a sample of 108 recent retirees holding bridge employment positions, it was found that generativity served as a reliable predictor of job satisfaction and attitudes toward retirement, whereas the social reason for work was only a reliable predictor of attitudes toward retirement.
Designing the K-12 Library Media Program to Facilitate Distance Education
Authors: Burke Michael A.
Published: May 2005

If the library media specialists are going to truly accept the challenge of the American Library Association and the Association for Educational Communication and Technology and strive to become effective instructional consultants for staff and students, what responsibilities must they accept for accessing and promoting effective use of instructional technologies? The author states that the library media specialist during the 1990s will need to broaden their knowledge of resources and teaching methodologies to include the understanding of the instructional design process and the application of telecommunication technology in elementary and secondary education.
The Sachs Report: Investing in Health for Economic Development—Or Increasing the Size of the Crumbs from the Rich Man's Table? Part II
Authors: Katz Alison
Published: May 2005

The Commission on Macroeconomics and Health report (Sachs report of 2001) has been heralded as inspiring and groundbreaking and is being adopted as the blueprint for global health policymaking. This article argues that the report is deeply conservative and unoriginal. It encourages medico-technical solutions to public health problems; it ignores macroeconomic determinants and other root causes of both poor health and poverty; it reverses public health logic and history; it is based on a set of flawed assumptions; it reflects one particular economic perspective to the exclusion of all others; and it recommends greater amounts of charity while preserving the status quo of a deeply unjust and irrational international economic order. Wishful thinking and ideology are presented as established facts to legitimize globalization, and health is conceived primarily as an input to productivity rather than as a human right. The benefits that would result from simple, macroeconomic measures directed toward social justice and the meeting of basic needs are incomparably greater than those that would result from following CMH recommendations in terms of sustainable improvements in both health and economic well-being. The ultimate source of poor health status and miserable living conditions is the extreme concentration of power, nationally and internationally, in the hands of the few.
The Timing of Death in Athens, Georgia, 1974–1980: A Research Note
Authors: Welch Charles E.
Published: May 2005

Several retrospective studies have suggested that some persons can alter the timing of their natural, biological deaths in anticipation of a ceremonial occasion, such as a birthday. This study posits that death may be such a personally relevant event in itself that variations in its daily occurrence cease to be entirely random. A hierarchical log-linear analysis of the frequency distribution of 1,961 deaths by age, sex, season of death, and time of death indicated that persons were more likely to die during the 08:01–12:00 (noon) daily time period and less likely to die during the 20:01–24:00 (midnight) time period ( p < .05). However, this apparent timing effect for dying was independent of the effects of the remaining variables. Further research on the viability of circadian (i.e., 24-hour) rhythmic variations in the patterning of human mortality is suggested.
Normative Evaluations of Suicide and Death: A Cross-Generational Study
Authors: Boldt Menno
Published: May 2005

Attitudes toward suicide and death across two intra-familial generations were investigated to gain a better understanding of possible causal factors underlying increasing suicide rates among the young. Cultural and subcultural normative evaluations of suicide and death represent important variables in an individual's decision to choose the suicidal option. Thus, the reported increase in youth suicide rates may be a function of more “accepting” attitudes by today's youth toward suicide and death.

The investigation was conducted in a medium-sized Canadian city with a sample of 114 respondents drawn equally from two intra-familial generations. The findings indicate support for the hypothesis that the youthful generation holds more “accepting” attitudes toward suicide and death than does the parental generation. The findings also suggest that the attitudes of the parental generation toward suicide and death have undergone a significant shift from the values that prevailed when they were youths.
Drug Interaction between Rifampin and Nortriptyline: A Case Report
Authors: Bebchuk Joseph M. , Stewart Donna E.
Published: May 2005

This case illustrates a pharmacokinetic interaction between the tricyclic antidepressant, nortriptyline, and the antituberculosis drug, rifampin. Higher than expected doses of nortriptyline were required to obtain a therapeutic drug level while the patient was receiving rifampin. Following the discontinuation of rifampin, the patient became drowsy and the serum nortriptyline levels rose precipitously into the toxic range. The authors suggest that patients receiving rifampin and nortriptyline, (or other psychotropic drugs) be monitored closely and that similar drug interactions be anticipated.
Spiritual Turning Points and Perceived Control over the Life Course
Authors: Fiori Katherine L. , Hays Judith C. , Meador Keith G.
Published: May 2005

Recent evidence indicates that spirituality and religion are associated with both physical and psychological health. Because a belief that rewards are largely determined by external forces tends to be detrimental to mental health, the idea that God can be equated with such an external force seems contradictory to the proven benefits of religion and spirituality. The purpose of this article is to examine changes in perceived control in the context of spiritual turning points as uncovered in the narrative histories of 30 elderly people. We propose that for many people who derive benefits from religion or spirituality, God may act as a mediator, in the sense that trusting in God provides personal control. In addition to creating a model of God-mediated control, the study's findings suggest a relationship between recall for type of control during a spiritual turning point and the interpretation of that turning point in late life.
Processing of Aesthetic Information
Authors: Ognjenovic Predrag
Published: May 2005

In a preference choice task subjects were tachistoscopically presented with aesthetic stimuli of equivalent meaning (i.e., semantics) which were modified in three different ways: (H) harmony, symmetry, (R) redundance, decoration, and (D) distant, original piece of art. In this research, a standard procedure used in experimental cognitive psychology was applied, i.e., variation of exposure duration which provided variation of depth of processing. At the shortest exposure duration subjects preferred the (H) type of stimuli. Increase of exposure duration to 500 ms shifted preference to (R) type of stimuli, while a further increase of an additional 500 ms favoured (D) type of stimuli. A model of aesthetic decision making including three consecutive stages with different operative characteristics is proposed.
Identification, Psychiatric Diagnosis, and Preconsultation Management of Medical and Surgical Patients Who Eventually Receive a Psychiatric Consultation
Authors: Schubert Daniel S. P. , Friedson William
Published: May 2005

Previous literature has raised the question as to why the identification by non-psychiatrists of psychopathology among inpatients does not lead to rapid psychiatric consultation requests. For patients who at some point received psychiatric consultation, charts from general medical (N = 62) and general surgical wards (N = 57) were examined for time of psychopathology recognition (documentation), length of hospital stay, time of psychiatric consultation, pre-consultation trial psychiatric management and psychiatric diagnosis. Of the total group, 66 per cent (N = 78) had documented recognition at admission, and of these recognized at admission, 54 per cent (N = 42) were referred early (in the first third) in their hospital stay. The combined group of patients with psychosis and neurosis were more likely to be recognized at admission, and given pre-consultation trial management, than the combined group of patients with personality disorder or transient situational disturbance. Once recognized at admission, the combined group of patients with neurosis, psychosis and personality disorder were more likely to be referred early for psychiatric consultation than patients with transient situational disturbance. Suggested reasons for consultation delay included perceived stability of psychopathology, lack of interference of psychopathology with non-psychiatric management and the view that some psychopathology does not constitute an abnormality subject to management.
Bodily Communication and Psychotherapy: A Psychosomatic Approach
Authors: Kinston Martin , Wolff Heinz
Published: May 2005

In the management of patients it is often important to combine physical and psychotherapeutic treatment methods according to the individual patient's needs. In analytically oriented psychotherapy more attention can usefully be paid to the patient's bodily attitudes and behavior than has been customary. A psychosomatic approach which can be applied to the psychotherapeutic process is described, and theoretical considerations are discussed.
The Effects of Death Education on Death Anxiety: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Maglio Christopher J. , Robinson Sharon E.
Published: May 2005

This study used meta-analytic procedures to examine sixty-two outcome research investigations of the effects of death education on death anxiety. An overall mean effect size of .287 suggests that participants who completed death education interventions reported higher death anxiety than did members of no-treatment control conditions. Didactic death education interventions were found to produce significantly greater increases in death anxiety than experiential interventions. Contrary to earlier research, death education does not appear to be an effective means of lowering death anxiety. These results provide a basis for practical recommendation in altering and shifting the focus and composition of death education.
Teaching Basic Skills through Microcomputer Assisted Instruction
Authors: Bass George , Ries Roger , Sharpe William
Published: May 2005

Low achieving students in grades 4–6 were given supplementary microcomputer assisted instruction in reading and mathematics. Students' performance was assessed with a pretest/posttest nonequivalent control group design using standardized achievement and affective tests. Although all microcomputer experimental groups showed statistically significant pretest/posttest gains in reading and mathematics, the control groups using conventional instructional methods also showed similar gains. Analysis of covariance of achievement gains revealed only one experimental group, sixth grade reading, to be statistically superior to the control groups' performance. No significant changes in students' attitudes toward schooling or sense of control over their own performance were detected. Implications of this study's design and findings are discussed with respect to past CAI research and present CAI school practices.
Alcohol Use and Attitudes: A Comparison of College Athletes and Nonathletes
Authors: Overman Steven J. , Terry Toni
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare patterns of use and attitudes toward alcohol by college athletes and nonathletes. One hundred forty-six college students from colleges in the Jackson, Mississippi area were compared on athletic participation, sex, and race as these variables affected alcohol use and attitudes toward use. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire administered by the investigators. Chi squares and t-tests for differences between means were utilized to assess differences among subgroups on dependent variables. Analysis of data indicated that minimal differences existed in drinking behaviors of athletes and nonathletes. Athletic participation exerted a slight influence upon the drink of choice and patterns of drinking. Some significant racial and gender-related differences were found in drinking behaviors. The more negative attitudes of athletes toward alcohol consumption did not result in drinking behaviors distinct from nonathletes.
Bringing Out the Dead: Gender and Historical Cycles of Spiritualism
Authors: Scheitle Christopher P.
Published: May 2005

Interest in the spirit world has blossomed since the 1990s. Four in 10 Americans claim to have been in touch with the dead. Mainstream movies featuring ghosts have made millions, television shows featuring mediums are broadcast throughout the country, books concerning the spirit world have made the New York Times bestsellers list, and the deceased have been increasingly put to work by Madison Avenue. Developed here is a theory of the relations between historical cycles of spiritualism, women's interest in that movement, and how that is related to women's visibility and power within society. It is argued that women have historically had a fairly constant interest in the spirit world. Spiritualism's current popularity is a result of women having more power and visibility, giving the spirit world a prominence in society that it previous only had during spiritualism “boom” periods when men became interested.
The Dark Side of Taiwan's Globalization Success Story
Authors: Sass Robert
Published: May 2005

Government regulators and researchers in Taiwan (Republic of China) express optimism about their country's economic success in its transition from a traditional society to a first world, industrialized nation. But this economic success, as measured by the standards and ideology of globalization, also has a dark side for many ordinary workers, especially Taiwan's 300,000 foreign workers. The promise of growth and future prosperity is conditional upon global economic practices and an adherence to a science-technology ideological perspective that shapes political content. Multiple centers of opposition and critical thinking have no public presence in Taiwan; nor do organizational defiance and resistance by trade unions. Instead, individuals and small human rights groups seek to reveal areas of human degradation and suffering in a response to poverty and the American dream. Meanwhile, the dominant ideological perspective as articulated by globalism seeps into and directs all public policy on the work environment so that it is coherent with the neoliberal political agenda of multinational corporations. This direction is being questioned by students of the work environment and by labor activists in North America, who report the deterioration of working conditions and worsening of government regulatory instruments for protecting workers from physical, mental, and social risk and harm in the workplace.
Controversies at International Organizations over Asbestos Industry Influence
Authors: Castleman Barry I.
Published: May 2005

International scientific organizations have been subject to repeated efforts by Canadian government officials and representatives of the asbestos industry to issue reports that would be favorable to the industry on questions of asbestos use and public health implications. In recent years these efforts have been met with international opposition from scientists, governments, unions, and environmental groups, and a pattern of improprieties, often involving the same individuals and tactics, has emerged. This has been a serious threat to scientific objectivity at the most respected international scientific bodies in the world. The manipulation of these international organizations takes on unprecedented significance in this age of the World Trade Organization.
The 21st Century Classroom-Scholarship Environment: What Will it Be Like?
Authors: Graziadei William D. , McCombs Gillian M.
Published: May 2005

The convergence of computing, communications, and traditional educational technologies enables us to discuss, plan, create, and implement fundamentally unique strategies for providing access to people and information. The scientific process is used as an approach to teaching-learning through discovery. Over the last several years, SUNY Plattsburgh, like many universities across the world, has created a technology environment on campus which provides ubiquitous access to both on- and off-campus information resources for faculty and students. The article describes the development of a teaching-learning module in biology which makes creative use of the Internet and other communications and computing media. This example is placed in the context of strategies which must be employed—both locally and globally—in order to realize the authors' vision of the 21st century classroom-scholarship environment.
Locus of Control-Levels of Death Anxiety Relationships
Authors: Hayslip Bert , Stewart-Bussey Duke
Published: May 2005

In an effort to more fully understand locus of control-death fear relationships, fifty-nine individuals were administered the Levenson Locus of Control scale, the Collett-Lester and Templer scales measuring overt death fear, and a sentence completion task assessing dimensions of covert fear. Correlational analysis suggested interactions among aspects of locus of control and aspects of death fear varying along the death/dying, self/other, and overt/covert continua. These data are felt to enable one to more completely understand the role that perceived controllability of life events play in determining individual reactions to one's own or another's death.
Why Do Levels of Human Welfare Vary among Nations?
Authors: Gough Ian , Thomas Theo
Published: May 2005

This article investigates what factors explain the wide differences in human welfare among nations. Applying the theory of human need developed by Doyal and Gough, the authors construct a series of indicators of need satisfaction and use these to map contemporary national levels of welfare. They criticize past cross-national studies of welfare outcomes for using a single index of welfare, usually the Physical Quality of Life Index. A comprehensive model of national differences in need satisfaction is then developed. Seven theories are deployed and are tested against the evidence using path analysis, which permits different causal patterns to be simultaneously considered. The authors conclude that per capita incomes are only one of several factors explaining cross-national variations in need satisfaction: the degree of economic and political independence, the extent of democracy and human rights, the capacity and dispositions of the state, and relative gender equality all positively and independently affect a nation's level of welfare. Economic development alone cannot guarantee social development.
How Cheap is a Life?
Authors: Berman Daniel M.
Published: May 2005

The owners of capital in the United States have successfully transferred most of the costs of industrial casualties onto the working class and the public at large. This has been accomplished by the creation of the privately owned workers' compensation insurance system and the corporate-dominated safety establishment.

This “compensation-safety establishment” has been able to take over most of the federal apparatus created by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Nevertheless, workers and unions and their allies have begun to challenge the establishment's hegemony over job health and safety policy for the first time in seventy years.
The Perth Amboy Community Partnership for Youth: Assessing its Effects at the Environmental and Individual Levels of Analysis
Authors: Aguirre-Molina Marilyn , Gorman D. M.
Published: May 2005

This article describes the Perth Amboy Community Partnership for Youth (PACPY), a comprehensive community-based intervention designed to reduce risk factors for alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use among Latino youth. The intervention is grounded in the principles of community empowerment and participatory education, and attempts to facilitate within the community a broad understanding of the societal factors that increase risk of drug use and related problems among young people. PACPY attempts to bring about change at both the individual level and the environmental level within the domains of the school, the family, and the community. The present article describes the types of interventions introduced through PACPY within each of these domains, and examines their impact on individual and environmental changes in the use and availability of tobacco products. We conclude with a discussion of some of the methodological issues that have arisen over the course of the evaluation, and outline the changes that have occurred in our underlying conceptual framework.
Occurrence of Altered States of Consciousness: An Overview
Authors: Kokoszka Andrzej
Published: May 2005

The article presents a comprehensive review of literature on the occurrence of altered states of consciousness. Only few studies directly aim at the estimation of occurrences of altered states of consciousness, therefore indirect studies are also included. They present data on the frequency, in normal populations, of such phenomena as: hallucinations, peak experiences, mystical states, hypnotic-like experiences, out-of-the-body experiences. In general, presented frequencies suggest that such phenomena are rather common. However, the author emphasizes the lack of any other clear conclusions from the existing data and expresses the need for further empirical research.
A Case for the Computer: A History and a Projection
Authors: Knox E. G.
Published: May 2005

The growth of numerical methods in medicine is traced in this article. Many developments have been both profitable and acceptable but others have resulted in emotive confrontations with traditional points of view. The historic sequence of the latter group begins with the application of randomized clinical trials, passes through the development of error–measuring techniques, and attains the current level of turmoil arising from proposals for regular numerate studies of the effectiveness of health services organizations and systems of delivery of all kinds. Computers arrived on the scene during this period of adjustment and their own emotion–provoking properties have compounded the difficulties, first by facilitating these still controversial techniques, second by threatening to replace medical functions. In fact this is probably not a serious immediate threat and the main applications of computers in medicine, certainly in the short and intermediate terms, are to those functions which were sufficiently formalized to be delegated, and to new functions, previously not carried out at all in any explicit matter, especially in the area of simulation.
Does Antidepressant Adherence Have an Effect on Glycemic Control among Diabetic Antidepressant Users?
Authors: Bambauer Kara Z. , Soumerai Stephen B. , Adams Alyce S. , Mah Connie , Zhang Fang , McLaughlin Thomas J.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To examine the relationship between adherence to antidepressant medications and HbA1c levels among patients with diabetes in a managed care setting.

Method:

The analysis included measures of HbA1c levels before, during, and after initial antidepressant use among 568 patients with diabetes enrolled in the Harvard Pilgrim Health Care insurance plan from 1991–1995. Adherence was defined as four refills in a six-month period after the first antidepressant prescription. General linear models using SAS PROC MIXED were used to estimate the effects of covariates including antidepressant adherence on HbA1c levels over time, comparing patients who were adherent to antidepressant medications to those patients who were non-adherent to antidepressant medications.

Results:

Adherence to antidepressant treatment was not significantly associated with HbA1c levels among diabetic patients who are antidepressant users. Younger age, use of insulin and oral medications, and female gender were all significantly associated with HbA1c levels over time.

Conclusions:

Although we did not observe any association between level of adherence to antidepressant therapy among diabetic patients and levels of glucose control, our results confirm previously established associations between patient characteristics and glycemic control. Further research is needed to disentangle the complex relationship among antidepressant treatment adherence and diabetes outcomes.
Grief Reactions to the Death of a Divorced Spouse Revisited
Authors: Scott Shirley
Published: May 2005

This research report shows grief following the death of a divorced spouse to be a common event which frequently is not understood, acknowledged, and/or accepted by society, family members, and friends. With the divorce rate still hovering near 50 percent and people living longer, there will be an increasing number who may suffer this grief experience. This article focuses on why people often grieve for an ex-spouse, the unique factors which influence their grief response, the importance of developing ways to assist survivors manage their grief, and the necessity of educating the helping professions, and society in general, to recognize and validate survivor's emotional needs.
The Psychophysiological Differentiation of Actual, Imagined, and Recollected Mirth
Authors: Foster Paul S. , Webster Daniel G. , Williamson John
Published: May 2005

Heart rate and galvanic skin response measures were recorded from 23 participants (10 men and 13 women) while mirth was elicited through use of imagination (Imagined Mirth), through recollection (Recollected Mirth), or through an experimental manipulation (Actual Mirth). An analysis of variance indicated significant differences for heart rate, F(2, 22) = 4.716, p = .0210, and for galvanic skin response, F(2, 22) = 4.779, p = .0201 among the three methods. Consistent with the hypotheses forwarded, both Imagined and Recollected Mirth generated significantly greater changes in psychophysiology than Actual Mirth. However, there were no significant differences found between Imagined and Recollected Mirth. The implications of these findings on current and future research are discussed.
The Process/Outcome Evaluation Model: A Conceptual Framework for Assessment
Authors: Kovalik Cindy L. , Dalton David W.
Published: May 2005

The adoption of alternative pedagogical philosophies in the classroom has led to an increased use of technology to expand and enhance authentic, contextual learning environments. Correspondingly these new approaches have also led to a growing dissatisfaction with existing evaluation methodologies to evaluate knowledge. In this article the Process/Outcome Evaluation Model (POEM) is proposed to guide in the development of more holistic evaluations of both the learning process and the resultant outcomes of that process. POEM consists of four components that employ multiple evaluation techniques and strategies resulting in a composite assessment of the totality of a learning experience.
Historical and Chemical Traces of an Ozark Cemetery for Enslaved African-Americans: A Study of Silhouette Burials in Benton County, Arkansas
Authors: Beard Lorna , Hilliard Jerry , Akridge Glen
Published: May 2005

The identification of human graves in situations where there is little or no evidence of skeletal material or coffins has been a problem for archaeologists. In the spring of 1998, the Arkansas Archaeological Survey was hired to find the location of the “lost” Anderson family slave cemetery on property slated for a new airport. Field methods included front end loader blading and hand excavated units. The location of the slave cemetery on a low knoll in an agricultural floodplain was only identifiable by three features of disturbed soil thought to be grave-fill and the chemical remains of human burials. One feature contained a light colored stain identified as the archaeological phenomenon referred to variously as a ghost, silhouette, shadow, or degraded burial. In an attempt to confirm human burial by soil analysis, chemical tests were run on a limited number of samples for total digestion and exchangeable levels of elements present in human bodies. This study examines several elements that previous investigators have suggested as reliable indicators for silhouette burials. Because of frequent inundation and the addition of phosphorus to the field as a fertilizer, only the ratio of Zn/Cu is indicative of possible human burial. Zn/Cu ratios show clearly elevated levels at burial depth in the suspected cemetery features relative to control samples.
Third World Experiences in Health Planning
Authors: Molina-Guzman Gustavo
Published: May 2005

First the paper deals with the legacy of broad social teaching resulting from the years of international collaboration from the time of Franklin D. Roosevelt to that of Richard Nixon. Public health problems, whether new or old, are essentially social in character and can only be solved in terms of social policy. Attention is directed to the current mistake of placing the emphasis on individual behavior, divorced from its social base, in the work of health professionals serving in Third World countries. The value and limitation of indicators are discussed against this background. The weakness of national average values and the consequent need of measuring the differentials between social groups and classes are widely illustrated. Finally, positive and negative lessons learned by experimenting with health technology consistent with the expected development of countries are examined as a basis for a genuinely emancipatory approach to the health problems in the Third World.
The Old-Age Style and its Artists
Authors: Lindauer Martin S.
Published: May 2005

The old-age style is well-known among art historians, but has rarely been recognized by psychologists despite its bearing on late-life creativity. Untrained subjects' ability to perceive an old-age style, and indirectly, the identification of its artists, were investigated in five separate studies. One hundred subjects judged twenty-four pairs of young-old art on five aspects of the old-age style. Fifteen pairs (63%) differed from one another across the tasks, and suggested that the following historical artists have an old-age style: Bellows, Cole, Eakins, Goya, Guardi, Innes, Kirchner, Klee, Mondrian, Monet, Picasso, Pissaro, Reynolds, Sargent, and Tobey. In contrast, young-old pairs by nine artists did not sufficiently differ, suggesting they did not have an old-age style: Copley, Corinth, Hoffman, Kline, Leger, Manet, Marin, Stuart, and Tiepolo. Several other measures on which young-old art were compared, except for canvas size, did not differentiate the pairs. The applicability of the old-age style to non-artists, whether creative or not, and to late-life cognitive development in general, were discussed.
An Historical Sketch of the American Population Control Movement
Authors: Mass Bonnie
Published: May 2005

This paper critically examines the fundamental premises and historical background of the American population control movement and shows how the theories of Thomas Malthus became interwoven with those of the eugenics movement during the first four decades of this century. After World War II, the concern of eugenicists with “race betterment” and with halting multiplication of the “unfit” was replaced by claims that the world was gravely menaced by a “population explosion.” This thematic shift was consistent with the economic and political aims of American financiers and industrialists after 1945, and many of them, as indicated in this paper, became leading figures of the Population Establishment.

The author has proceeded with the belief that a rationally planned economy based upon collective ownership of wealth by the working class can furnish goods and services in abundance, while eradicating unemployment, starvation, and oppression. An end to economic exploitation would greatly expand health care facilities and educational opportunities, and demographic problems could be studied and solved within the context of constructing a society that served, rather than pillaged, its members. Today, the goal of intelligent planning of births, at both the family level and the collective level, is blocked by the continuing existence of capitalism. For that reason, exposition of scientific alternatives to present-day world population control plans is preceded by the urgent task of analyzing the complex interplay between those plans and the present system of exploitation and oppression.

In her conclusion, the author briefly reappraises the theories of Malthus, which have consistently shaped the decisions made by the Population Establishment. Like Malthus' assertions at the dawn of the industrial era, contemporary neo-Malthusian pronouncements ultimately rest upon assumptions that economic and social irrationalities are invincible and eternal. As the author indicates, neither capitalist society nor plans of action that seek to prolong its existence can offer solutions for today's pressing problems of famine and impoverishment.
Hypnotic Hallucinations as “Unmonitored” Images: An Empirical Study
Authors: Kunzendorf Robert G.
Published: May 2005

In studying waking images and hypnotic hallucinations, most psychologists have implicitly adopted Hume's sensory continuum theory: that perceived sensations and imaged sensations differ only inasmuch as the latter tend to be less vivid. The current research contrasts sensory continuum theory with an alternative theory: that the central innervation of waking images, especially vivid images, is neurally monitored and tacitly known. To the extent that vivid images demand a greater amount of central innervation, the image-monitoring process should register them more quickly than faint images, even though vivid images are closer to percepts on the sensory continuum. Consistent with image-monitoring theory and contrary to sensory continuum theory, waking subjects discriminated percepts more quickly from vivid images than from faint images. In contrast, deeply hypnotized subjects did not discriminate percepts most quickly from vivid images. The latter result suggests that deep hypnosis attenuates the monitoring process and, thereby, turns “centrally innervated” images into “unmonitored” hallucinations – the most vivid of which tend to be least distinguishable from hypnotic percepts.
Fear of Death in Widows: Effects of Age at Widowhood and Suddenness of Death
Authors: Straub Sandra H. , Roberts Jeanne M.
Published: May 2005

This study investigated how widows' fears of death are affected by their age at widowhood and suddenness of death. Researchers administered the Collett-Lester Fear of Death Scale to 423 participants, categorized according to age (50 and 51) and suddenness of death (expected, unexpected, and non-widowed). No significant differences in fears of the dying process were found among groups. Fears of death of others and death of self were influenced by a significant effect of age: younger women expressed greater fears than older women. A significant interaction between age and suddenness of death was found regarding fear of death of others. Results are discussed and implications for research and practice are suggested.
Fluoxetine's Effects on Cognitive Performance in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Horsfield Stefanie A. , Rosse Richard B. , Tomasino Vincent , Schwartz Barbara L. , Mastropaolo John , Deutsch Stephen I.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

There are preclinical data showing that fluoxetine stimulated expression of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and its specific tyrosine kinase receptor, and caused neuritic elongation and increased dendritic branching density of CA3 hippocampal pyramidal cell neurons in rodents. The latter effect of fluoxetine has been referred to as neuronal remodeling. In view of this preclinical data, we wondered if specific cognitive measures could serve as novel therapeutic targets for fluoxetine in head-injured patients. Theoretically, fluoxetine-induced “neuronal remodeling” might improve cognition, independently of a primary effect on mood.

Method:

In an open-label pilot investigation, fluoxetine hydrochloride (Prozac; 20–60 mg/day) was administered to a heterogeneous group of five head-injured patients with either no or moderate depression for a period of eight months. These patients had no histories of prior treatment with antidepressant medications. They were administered cognitive and memory tests at baseline and after eight months of treatment on fluoxetine.

Results:

The preliminary results showed that fluoxetine improved mood, in addition to improving performance on the Trail Making Test Part A, an attentional-motor speed task, and the letter-number sequencing subtest of the WAIS-III, a measure reflecting “working memory.”

Conclusions:

Although fluoxetine had beneficial effects on some measures of cognition, more work is needed to connect these improvements with neuronal remodeling.
Public Executions in England in the Late Middle Ages: The Indignity and Dignity of Death
Authors: Jankofsky Klaus P.
Published: May 2005

Medieval historians evaluated the deaths of individuals in moral terms and often interpreted them as divine intervention. They discerned two types of death: a good, even beautiful death in terms of the “Art of Dying,” and a bad, shameful death, particularly when inflicted in a public execution. However, the indignity of a public death could lead to greater admiration for and a positive judgment about the executed because of the way in which he met his end. While such a “legal death” contained obvious elements of retribution, deterrence, and atonement in a sacral sense, the spectacle of a public execution could provide a very subtle interplay of learning and teaching how to die on the part of the executed and the spectators alike.
Depressive Illness and Placebo Response
Authors: Sato Takao L. , Turnbull Craig D. , Davidson Jonathan R. T. , Madakasira Sudhakar
Published: May 2005

Fifty-three depressed inpatients received placebo treatment as part of a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled study of an investigational antidepressant, bupropion. Groups of placebo responders and nonresponders were identified based on percentage change on the Hamilton Depression Scale and validated against the Clinical Global Impression Scale. Although the diagnostic and demographic features of responders and nonresponders were generally similar, some differences emerged. Placebo nonresponders were more often associated with male gender, lack of college education, diagnosis of manic-depressive illness and greater lack of insight at baseline. Placebo responders largely consisted of females with a diagnosis of depressive neurosis. When the individual symptoms as measured by the Hamilton Depression Scale were examined, the nonresponders showed improvement only in psychological symptoms (i.e., lack of interest, guilt, and suicide). The responders showed consistent improvement in most symptoms except middle insomnia, loss of weight, and diurnal mood change. These results suggest that depressions of an endogenous nature are unlikely to respond to placebo and when they do respond, the vegetative symptoms are least likely to improve.
Developing a Decision Support System for Enrollment Forecasting
Authors: Lin Binshan , Austin John A.
Published: May 2005

The objectives of this article are: 1) to illustrate the strategic forecasting approach for the administrators; and 2) to lay the foundations toward a decision support system (DSS) that would achieve a high degree of enrollment forecasting accuracy and decision flexibility at both college and department levels. A strategic framework of the DSS for enrollment forecasting is presented. Administration issues are also addressed.
Health Promotion and the Use of Appropriateness Review
Authors: Coombs Jeanne A. , Mandel Mark D.
Published: May 2005

This paper reviews research regarding institutional sponsorship of health education programs and makes a case for mobilizing planning agency review powers to support health promotion goals. Specifically, the paper urges that institutions be reviewed for appropriateness in terms of their efforts to promote health. The processes of developing review criteria and reviewing institutions to facilitate change are discussed; sample review criteria for health education are included.