bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seismic Safety Assessment of the “Tekyeh Amir Chakhmagh” by Simplified Kinematic Limit Analysis
Authors: Pashanejati Seyed Rohollah , Molins Climent
Published: October 2010

This paper presents an investigation about the capabilities of simplified kinematic limit analysis for the safety evaluation and for the design of strengthening of masonry historical buildings. Limit analysis allows, with a reduced number of mechanical properties and for a given ultimate condition of the structure, affordable safety analysis and design of strengthening to the practitioners.
Masonry buildings subjected to earthquake show in most cases local failure mechanisms rather than global failure mechanisms due to the lack of integrity of structure. For this reason, simplified kinematic limit analysis has been accepted as a method to design the strengthening of masonry buildings, according to the Italian Ordinance (O.P.C.M. 3431).
To validate the applicability of this method, its results had been compared with those provided by three dimensional macro block limit analysis (Bustamante, 2003) for the Via Arizzi house. It is worth noting that results of simplified kinematic limit analysis provided similar results as those achieved by 3D macro block.
Also this method was implemented to seismic safety assessment of Tekyeh Amir Chakhmagh in Iran based on the results obtained for the out of plane and in plane behaviour of walls.
Tekyeh Amir Chakhmagh is an early 19th century tiled edifice that was built to serve as grand-stand for watching religious rites and also provided an imposing entrance to Amir Chakhmagh bazaar. This stunning three-story facade of the building is one of the most recognizable and unusual buildings in Iran.
Dynamic Behavior of a Historical Building
Authors: Rinaldis Dario , Clemente Paolo , Buffarini Giacomo
Published: October 2010

Given the particular difficulty in classifying and defining the characteristics of the structural systems of historical buildings, especially when they are part of complex historical constructions, the vulnerability study efforts becomes significantly more difficult than the study of regular modern structural systems. Furthermore, old buildings may have been altered repeatedly over time, may be founded on older buildings that got buried over and could be connected one to the others. This will cause dynamic interactions with other buildings or sub-structures during an earthquake. Therefore, the particular architectural and structural history of each structure adds uncertainties in the assessment of its seismic vulnerability. In this paper the dynamic response of CEDRAV building, part of the historical centre of Cerreto di Spoleto (Italy), is analyzed, by means of the data recorded by several temporary deployments of velocimeters. The complexity in assessing seismic behavior of the historical built environments is pointed out and so the dynamic interaction with adjacent buildings.
Damage Assessment of Historic Earthen Sites after the 2007 Earthquake in Peru
Authors: Claudia N. , Cancino B.
Published: October 2010

The Pisco earthquake of August 15, 2007 resulted in 519 deaths and 1366 injured, with a total of 650,000 people affected and 80,000 dwellings damaged. Preliminary reports indicated that significant earthen sites were damaged. A few months after the earthquake a rapid assessment to better understand the failure of the affected sites was performed by a multidisciplinary team convened by the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) in response to a request from the Instituto Nacional de Cultura del Perú (INC). This paper presents the highlights of that evaluation and its implications for the future design and retrofit of earthen buildings.
On the Dynamic Behaviour of Strengthened Stone Masonry Walls
Authors: Elmenshawi Abdelsamie , Sorour Mohamed , Duchesne Don , Paquette Jocelyn , Mufti Aftab , Jaeger Leslie , Shrive Nigel
Published: October 2010

Unreinforced stone masonry is common in heritage structures worldwide. Unfortunately, these structures are susceptible to failure or severe damage when subject to dynamic or seismic loading. Conservation of historic structures is a challenge as the heritage and cultural values need to be preserved while the advent of new seismic codes may require major strengthening to be implemented. The new seismic codes demand high seismic strength and ductility for such structures, whereas neither the strength nor the ductility of an existing stone masonry building can be quantified easily. The Parliament buildings of Canada fall into this category. Therefore, an extensive experimental program was carried out to investigate the dynamic and seismic behaviours of stone walls representative of Canada’s Parliament buildings. The walls were constructed of double stone wythes with the cavity between being filled with weak mortar, shards and small stones, constituting a rubble core of the walls. The experimental program included in-plane quasi-static, free vibration and high frequency loadings, together with out-of-plane shake table tests. The tests were aimed at investigating the integrity, strength, damping, stiffness degradation, and ductility of the walls. Different potential strengthening methods were assessed, methods that would minimize structural intervention and preserve the heritage values of the building. The methods involved different metallic anchors and traditional stone interlocking to tie the two outer wythes together. Fortunately, the stone walls exhibited satisfactory performance in all cases. In addition, the test results suggested that plain un-strengthened stone walls had strength and other characteristics similar to those of the rehabilitated walls, in the range of the imposed load scenarios.
Seismic Assessment of the Superstructure of the Naghareh Khaneh Edifice after Base Isolation by Simplified Kinematic Limit Analysis
Authors: Golabchi Mahmood , Homami Peyman , Pashanejati Seyed Rohollah
Published: October 2010

The limitation of intervention in historical buildings is one of the basic challenges for choosing a strengthening method. Base isolation is one of the best methods which can satisfy such limitations. Although there is a probability to reduce base shear and have negligible drift by base isolating, but it is very important to make sure that the integrity of superstructure reliably stands against the induced acceleration.
Lack of integrity leads to local failure mechanisms rather than global failure mechanisms in masonry buildings. For this reason, simplified kinematic limit analysis has been selected as a method in earthquake safety assessment.
This paper presents an investigation about the capabilities of simplified kinematic limit analysis as a complementary method, for the seismic safety evaluation of the superstructure of a base isolated masonry historical construction. This method has been applied on the “Naghareh Khaneh” edifice. The Naghareh Khaneh is a masonry historical building in Iran which was constructed around 400 years ago. The main body of this study focuses on the vulnerability assessment of the superstructure after using isolators on the base and the efficiency of simplified kinematic limit analysis will be discussed which shall be based on the results obtained from the out of plane and in plane behaviour of walls after installing isolators and dampers on the base of the Naghareh Khaneh structure.
Numerical Simulation of the Seismic Response of a Mexican Colonial Model Temple Tested in a Shaking Table
Authors: Chavez Cano M. , Meli R.
Published: October 2010

With the main objective of providing basic information for calibration of analytical models and procedures for determining seismic response of historic stone masonry buildings, a shaking table testing program was undertaken at the Institute of Engineering of UNAM. A typical colonial temple was chosen as a prototype. The model was built at a 1:8 geometric scale. Increasing levels of seismic intensities were applied to the table. Main features of the measured response are compared in this paper to those computed though a nonlinear, finite element model; for the latter, a constitutive law corresponding to plain concrete was adopted for reproducing cracking and crushing of the irregular stone masonry, which could be considered as a conglomerate with low anisotropy. From the results of the analytical models, it was found that response is strongly governed by damping coefficient and tensile strength of masonry. Measured damping coefficients were found to significantly exceed those commonly used for modern structures. Observed damage patterns as well as measured response could be reproduced with a reasonable accuracy by the analytical simulation, except for some local vibrations, as those at the top of the bell towers.
Sensitivity of the Seismic Response of Long Medieval Walls to Earthquake and Material Uncertainty
Authors: Sextos Anastasios , Stylianidis Kosmas Athanasios , Mykoniou Konstantinos
Published: October 2010

The scope of this paper is to illustrate a strategy for assessing the seismic performance of medieval city walls with emphasis on the Byzantine Walls of the city of Thessaloniki. Despite the relatively simple structural system of such structures, their response under earthquake excitation in 3D space and in the time domain, has not yet been adequately studied primarily due to the lack of efficient numerical tools, the high computational cost associated and the uncertainty related to the spatial variation of material properties and seismic input motion characteristics. Nowadays, the advances in scientific knowledge and the increase in computational power, the ability to efficiently conduct sensitivity analyses and the deeper knowledge of earthquake engineering aspects, provides the opportunity for a more refined simulation and study; however, such approach still remains heavy enough and as such, unsuitable for all practical purposes. Along these lines, a comprehensive computational framework is established and presented herein that aims at quantifying the relative importance of the uncertainty associated with modeling parameters, structural and soil material properties, as well as the earthquake ground motion selection process and application assumptions, the latter refering to the consideration of different angles of incidence of the incoming seismic wavefield and the spatially variable nature of ground motion that excites asynchronously the particularly long historic structures. It is foressen that this detailed 3D dynamic analysis will assist in identifing the relative impact of earthquake characteristics and material properties, permit justified simplifications and facilitate the overall process undertaken by the authors to assess the seismic history of the city of Thessaloniki through a set of detailed back analyses of well-selected parts of the extended wall cirquit.
Study on Relationship between Elastic Wave Profile and Stones’ Condition in Angkor Monument
Authors: Tachino Saori , Yamada Shunsuke , Sakurai Shigeyoshi , Araya Masato , Iwasaki Yoshinori
Published: October 2010

In this paper, we purpose to assess the crack and deterioration level of composed stones in Angkor Monument, Cambodia, by an elastic wave test. The degree of deterioration and crack is generally examined by supersonic wave test, electromagnetic wave test and hardness test. However, the above general methods are difficult to be applied to the stones in Angkor Monument, because there are some problems such as damages on the surface relief and an accuracy of the test results which highly depend on the surface deterioration level. Therefore, in this paper, we suggest the method of an elastic wave test by slightly knocking on the stones. Then, we analyze the elastic wave’s profile, such as velocity, amplitude ratio and frequency etc. From the results, we examine about the relationship between the elastic wave profile and existence of crack or deterioration level of stone. The above examinations are applied to assess the structural safety of composed stones in Angkor Monument.
Hysteretic Behavior of Korean Traditional Wooden Frames
Authors: Hong Sung Gul , Hong Namhee K. , Lee Sun Young
Published: October 2010

The objective of this paper is to provide basic information on structural behavior of Korea traditional wooden frames under earthquake loading. One of prototype wooden frames for this study was chosen from a designated national treasure in Korea. A series of experimental work were prepared to investigate the behavior and hysteresis characteristics of traditional wooden frames under cyclic lateral loading. Three test specimens of a full scale were performed for cyclic hysteretic behaviors based on one static test specimen as a pilot test. The experimental observation showed stiffness degradations and slips after experiencing initial yield point and the first cycle at a new larger displacement due to inherent gaps in connections between columns and connection parts of beams and a gradual indentation of interfaces under pull and push. Addition of structural components such as an upper beam and clay-filled wall to the basic beam and columns increased the initial stiffness, strength and energy dissipation than those of basic frames. The behaviors of the wooden frames were simulated by DRAIN-2DX program for the dynamic analysis of an entire wooden frame system. Comparison between analysis models and the experimental behaviors showed that the behavior of wooden frames under consideration could be represented by a combination of link and truss elements. The maximum response of a wooden frame system under three earthquakes showed a safe behavior for a potential earthquake.
Dynamic Assessment of the Iron Bridge at Paderno d’Adda (1889)
Authors: Gentile Carmelo , Saisi Antonella
Published: October 2010

The paper presents the experimental modal analysis recently carried out on the historic iron bridge at Paderno d’Adda (1889). The dynamic tests were performed in operational conditions (i.e. under traffic and wind-induced excitation) between June and October 2009 and different output-only identification techniques were used to extract the modal parameters from ambient vibration data. The described tests represent the first experimental investigation carried out on the global characteristics of the bridge, since the load reception tests of 1889 and 1892.
Numerical Investigations on the Seismic Response of Masonry Building Aggregates
Authors: Senaldi Ilaria , Magenes Guido , Penna Andrea
Published: October 2010

The work focuses on the analysis of the seismic response of masonry building aggregates for a better understanding of the vulnerability of single structural units and of their behaviour within the aggregates. Idealized representative models are developed based on the typical characteristics of the row conglomeration typology. The seismic response of the models is evaluated and discussed by means of nonlinear dynamic analyses.
Seismic Assessment of Monastery of Stoudios (Imrahor Mosque) in Istanbul
Authors: Kucukdogan Bilge , Kubin Joseph , Unay Ali Ihsan
Published: October 2010

Monastery of Stoudios, dated back to the reign of Eastern Roman Empire, is known to be the oldest surviving –albeit partially- religious building in Istanbul. During sixteen centuries, the building has been exposed to several earthquakes, fires and other minor disasters which have caused considerable damages and partial destruction in some of its sections. As a part of a general master plan for the structural condition assessment of historical buildings and monuments of Istanbul, this study aims to evaluate the seismic resistance of the monastery against future excitations. The expected failures and corresponding preventive/controlling repairs and strengthening measures will also be discussed in the article.
The Intervention of Earthen Heritage in Seismic Areas and the Conservation Charters
Authors: Vargas Neumann Julio , Blondet Marcial , Iwaki Carlos
Published: October 2010

Earthquakes are recurring natural phenomena that cause cumulative damage to earth constructions that can lead to their collapse. The discovery of earthen architectural heritage in Peru, has led to the re-exposure of adobe buildings, increasing their vulnerability to seismic activity. How can we prevent protect them from further damage their loss and
Due to their gradual and progressive destruction, earth constructions located in seismic areas constitute a critical and unique case. The structural response of stone masonry joined with mud mortar depends on the weakest of their construction materials: earth.
This paper presents the criteria for structural conservation of earthen architectural heritage and tools for seismic-resistant reinforcement developed by field experts during the last 25 years. The concepts of reinforced earth and liquid mud injection, developed by the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP) with support from the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI), are also included in this work.
The article also analyzes recent cases of the re-intervention of earth monuments initially restored during the last century and re-destroyed by more recent earthquakes; offers solutions to this situation, ranging from the safest and friendliest to the most aggressive ones. Finally, I concludes expressing the urgent need to reassess the conservation criteria accepted by the International Charters ratified by ICOMOS and UNESCO regarding earthen architectural heritage located in seismic areas.
The Vulnerability Assessment of Historical Masonry Buildings Against Earthquakes by the Modified Equivalent Frame Method
Authors: Alemi Faramarz , Homami Peyman , Golabchi Mahmood , Akbarian Mohsen
Published: October 2010

Insufficient ductility and lack of integrity have caused extensive damages and undesirable responses in masonry buildings in past earthquakes. These types of structures are distributed all over Iran and the vulnerability assessment of such structure is one of the main concerns between structural engineers. Developing an advance finite element model to simulate the behaviour of a masonry structure is a very complicated procedure which may not be practical and applicable in most cases, so many attempts have been performed to find simple methods for analysing these structures. The Equivalent Frame Method is one of the well-known methods which is rather simple and could be used for vulnerability assessment of some historical structures like Iranian caravanserais. The architectural configurations of Iranian caravanserais were regular and symmetric. When the arrangement of walls and openings are modular it is convenient to model the piers and spandrels as a frame type columns and beams. The simplicity of the conventional Equivalent Frame Method sometime leads to an inaccuracy of the assessment, therefore some modification for the upgrading of this method has been proposed. Using the shell elements beside the frame elements in a modelling procedure may eliminate some disadvantages of the conventional Equivalent Frame Method.
In this study a modification has been proposed to improve the upgraded Equivalent Frame Method ability in predicting the failure modes of the masonry walls such as, toe crashing. The proposed modification has been used in the static nonlinear analysing of a masonry structure by the Equivalent Frame Method. The given results have acceptable reconciliation with practical reality and it seems to be useful, especially in a rapid assessments.
Rehabilitation of Timber Structures and Seismic Vulnerability: A Case Study
Authors: Parisi Maria Adelaide , Riggio Mariapaola , Tardini Chiara , Piazza Maurizio
Published: October 2010

Synthetic methods for the diagnosis of structures and particularly for their vulnerability assessment rely on simplified calculations and visual inspection. Their effectiveness strongly depends on an accurate calibration of the procedure by which data are collected. A recent methodology for the seismic vulnerability assessment of timber roofs in historical buildings has been applied to the Thun Castle during a study for its rehabilitation. The purpose was twofold: testing and calibrating the procedure on a heritage structure and estimating the capability of the roof structure to resist seismic action, as required in a zone of low but not negligible seismicity.
Non Linear Response of Masonry Wall Structures Subjected to Cyclic and Dynamic Loading
Authors: Sima Fernando , Roca Pere , Molins Climent
Published: October 2010

A method for non-linear dynamic analysis of wall masonry structures is presented. The method takes advantage of a Generalized Matrix Formulation (GMF) for the serviceability and ultimate analysis of structures composed of arches and/or masonry walls, in which open and solid walls are described as equivalent frame systems. This formulation has been complemented with a cyclic constitutive model and an algorithm for the integration of the equation of motion, resulting in a numerically efficient method for non-linear analysis in time domain of complex masonry systems.
Seismic Analysis for the Structural Retrofit of “Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana” in Rome EUR, Italy
Authors: Trombetti Tomaso , Ceccoli Claudio , Gasparini Giada , Silvestri Stefano
Published: October 2010

The “Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana” is a monumental building characterized by a reinforced concrete structure composed of parallel (cast in situ) portal frames and composite (reinforced concrete + hollow bricks floors which spans between adjacent portals: a common construction technique in Italy. The floors being characterised by a large span of about 10.0 meters. The construction took place between 1939 and 1943, most likely according to the Italian building code published in 1939. The authors have coordinated a comprehensive experimental campaign aimed at (a) the identification of the characteristics of the structural materials and members, and (b) the identification of eventual damages. Based upon the experimental results a number of analytical and numerical investigations have been developed in order to assess the structural reliability of the “Palazzo” which up to date still is remains in its “original” configuration, as no substantial intervention of structural retrofit or rehabilitation have been implemented so far. These analysis allowed to identify two major reliability issues: (i) the load bearing capacities of the floors do not allow the intended use, and (ii) the seismic vulnerability of the building does not satisfy the reliability standards required by current codes. On the basis of all data acquired and investigations performed, a simple (non invasive) structural retrofit solution capable of bringing the “Palazzo” to the level of structural safety required by current codes is identified.
Seismic Vulnerability of the Concordia Temple
Authors: Caddemi Salvatore , Caliò Ivo , Cannizzaro Francesco , Marletta Massimo , Pantò B.
Published: October 2010

This work focuses on the seismic risk evaluation of the Concordia temple, situated in the Valley of the Temples in Agrigento (Italy). In the paper a general methodology to assess the seismic vulnerability, to be applied also to any kind of structures composed of stone blocks, is proposed. The vulnerability assessment has been conducted by means of equivalent nonlinear static analyses along the principal directions of the structure and the subsequent identification of equivalent single degree of freedom systems. Furthermore, the seismic vulnerability has been expressed both in a deterministic and a probabilistic context by evaluating the severe damage probability.
Seismic Vulnerability of Historical Structures: Damage State of the Abruzzo (Italy) Churches in the Sequence of the April 2009 Earthquake
Authors: Silva B. , Costa Catarina Q. , Da Porto Francesca , Valluzzi Maria Rosa , Modena Claudio
Published: October 2010

Each earthquake represents a particular moment in the history of the affected region. The seismicity in Italy reaches frequently high values, what makes it a country particularly affected by this kind of natural disasters. Historical constructions (in particular masonry ones) are structures that show a high vulnerability to the type of loads introduced in the sequence of a seismic event.
This paper focus on the effects of the 6th of April 2009 earthquake, that affected the region of Abruzzo (Italy), over the historical buildings of the region, in particular churches, by establishing a set of different objectives directed to the understanding of their structural behavior and to the assessment of the extent of post seismic damage in this structures.
During the emergency period that followed the earthquake, many churches and other historical constructions (towers, walls, palaces, etc…) were surveyed, according to the official 1st level damage survey forms for Cultural Heritage (C.H.), by the workgroup of the University of Padova (UNIPD). The information collected from these surveys was later inserted and organized in a database. A statistical work is presented, illustrating the referred information and focusing on the data related with the damage assessment of the considered monuments. This work presents an intuitive overview of the seismic effects over the surveyed churches, allowing not only to better understand the response of these structures to this particular action, but also correlating the earthquake data with its effects on the churches.
The Behaviour of S. Agostino Church during 6th April 2009 Earthquake in L’Aquila: Vulnerability and Damage Assessment
Authors: Calderini Chiara , Lagomarsino Sergio
Published: October 2010

The church of S.Agostino in L’Aquila was built at the beginning of XVIII century, replacing an older church collapsed during the strong earthquake of 1703. The building has a central layout. During April 6th earthquake, it suffered many damage. The lantern collapsed. Severe cracks concerned the hall-drum-dome elliptical system, the apse and the bell tower. Moreover, the façade was subjected to an overturning mechanism. The elliptical layout of the building induced a mainly longitudinal seismic response. In the paper, a extensive description of the damage is provided. Moreover, the seismic behavior of the church is discussed on the basis of observation of damage and vulnerability features of the structure. A correlation between damage, vulnerability and seismic actions is finally proposed.
Seismic Assessment by Numerical Analyses and Shaking Table Tests for Complex Masonry Structures: The Hagia Irene Case Study
Authors: Croci Giorgio , Viskovic A. , Herzalla A. , Erdik M. , Akdoğan M. , de Canio Gerardo , Antonelli L.
Published: October 2010

The document concerns with the design and study of a large masonry model of Hagia Irene in Istanbul. The goals of experimentation were to acquire a deeper structural behaviour knowledge than that possible to acquire with numerical models only and to assess the effectiveness of the consolidation works foreseen on Hagia Irene. The scale factor chosen is equal to 1:10. The tests were arranged into two different phases: for not reinforced and reinforced scale model .The displacements of the markers placed on the structure were registered by an innovative monitoring technique measuring 3D motion time histories.
Investigation on Seismic Properties of Load-Bearing Masonry Walls in Chinese Historical Buildings
Authors: Peng Bin , Liu Wei Dong , Yang Wei Bo
Published: October 2010

Masonry walls resist most of the lateral loads in some Chinese historical architecture. To investigate the seismic properties of these load-bearing masonry walls, blocks in a typical Chinese old building undergoing retrofit are reserved. Compressive test specimens and wall panel specimens are constructed using these blocks and lime mortar. Mixing of the lime mortar is similar to that used in the old building. Material tests and pseudo-static tests are then performed. The damage modes and hysteretic curves of the wall panel specimens are studied. The test results are expanded through computer simulation. Some characteristics of the load-bearing masonry walls are summarized based on the test and simulation results. The proposed methodology and results can be referred to in further researches on seismic properties of historical masonry architectures.
Seismic Vulnerability of the Dey’s Palace (Algiers, Algeria)
Authors: Abdessemed-Foufa Amina , Bendjedia Hayet
Published: October 2010

The Palace of the Dey at Algiers is located inside the Citadel of Algiers which was built in the 16th century (1516) by ‘Arrudj (Barbarous). The citadel is located at the higher part of the city and was the first military building at that time. The citadel was the janissary barracks and initially contained a powder keg, a walk, Janissaries residence places and their mosque. Starting from the 18th century appear new constructive strata. In 1716 some part of this military edifice was destroyed by an earthquake. In 1783 the Spanish bombarded Algiers and a bomb fell into the first storey of the palace. The architectural transformations took place in 1817 when the Dey ‘Ali Khūdja lived at the janissary’s barracks. Thereafter and during 12 years several buildings were added to this whole defensive structure as the second and the third floors of the palace, the Dey’s mosque, the bath, the Bey’s palace and the winter garden. During the French colonization, the palace undergoes other transformations as the destruction of most of the rampart of the city contiguous to the palace which caused its instability and which until today accentuates its vulnerability. The lack of maintains, the abandonment and the bad restoration which took place during the 20th century increased this vulnerability. This work based on a visual screening will present the various aspects of vulnerability due to static weaknesses of the angles and absence of wind-bracing of this palace.
Seismic and Wind Performance of Five-Storied Pagoda of Timber Heritage Structure
Authors: Hanazato Toshikazu , Minowa Chikahiro , Niitsu Yasushi , Nitto Kazuhiko , Kawai Naohito , Maekawa Hideyuki , Morii Masayuki
Published: October 2010

In Japan, there exist a total of 22 five-storied timber pagodas constructed before the middle of 19 centuries. All of those pagodas are registered as the important cultural heritages by Japanese Government, while some of them are listed in World Cultural Heritages such as Horyu-ji Temple’s Pagoda that was built in the end of 7th century. As those timber pagodas in seismic areas have survived against earthquakes during their long histories, their earthquake resistant capacity has been studied for a century. However, the actual dynamic behaviors of timber pagodas subjected to large earthquakes should be recorded to understand the seismic performance. Furthermore, an interesting structural issue has recently risen of wind resistant capacity of traditional five-storied timber pagodas, as such tall timber structures may be severely affected by strong wind. In order to record the actual dynamic behaviors during not only earthquakes but also typhoons, we have been conducting earthquake and wind monitoring at Hokekyou-ji Temple in Ichikawa City, next to Tokyo, which has survived for 4 centuries against not only large earthquakes but also severe typhoons. Hence, while the earthquake monitoring has been done by the conventional method utilizing accelerometers, the dynamic displacement of the structural response to wind has been directly measured by a new technique employing an image process system using LED makers and CCD camera, because the wind response includes much longer period component in general, therefore, it must be difficult to measure accurately the wind response by accelerometers. The scope of the present paper are 1) to review the past studies to understand the excellent earthquake resistance of five-storied timber pagodas, as well as, to introduce our research project of seismic and wind monitoring that has been successfully conducted since 2007, 2) to interpret those monitoring records which would be useful for understanding seismic and wind performance of the heritage timber pagodas that have survived for many centuries with describing the simulation analysis of seismic response, and 3) to show the long term monitoring records of the horizontal displacement of the heritage structure.
Shake Table Test on Rammed Earth Wall Panels
Authors: Hu Rong Rong , Dong Yu Jiang
Published: October 2010

Traditional Rammed earth houses, which possess people traditional cultures, are still widespread in rural areas of western China. However, the earth houses damage is usually serious due to its poor seismic resistance. A simple and low-cost method to reinforce the rammed earth wall is put forward in the paper. In order to test the reinforcement effectiveness, shake table testing for both the wall panels with and without structural reinforcements have been carried out. The performances of the wall panels during dynamic testing are presented and discussed briefly. The result of the test demonstrated the effectiveness of the reinforcement method on improving the seismic capacity of the rammed earth wall. The reinforcement can restrain the crack development and increase the structural integrity of the wall panels. The method can be applied to both existing and new building rammed earth houses.
Seismic Behavior of some Basilica Churches after L’Aquila 2009 Earthquake
Authors: Lucibello Giuseppe , Brandonisio Giuseppe , Mele Elena , De Luca Antonello
Published: October 2010

In this paper the seismic response of four church buildings in the l’Aquila April 2009 earthquake is analyzed. The buildings are: St. Giusta church, St. Maria di Collemaggio Basilica, St. Silvestro church and St. Pietro di Coppito church. The analyses are carried out by employing a “two-step” procedure suggested by the authors and already applied to similar case studies. The first step consists in three-dimensional linear analysis, while in the second step, two-dimensional non-linear analyses of macro-elements are carried out. The results coming from the two-steps, allow for understanding the observed damage and for approximately assessing the seismic level of the building.
On Overturning of the Façade in Churches with Single Nave: Some Case Studies from L’Aquila, Italy, 2009 Earthquake
Authors: de Felice Gianmarco , Mauro Alberto
Published: October 2010

The recent earthquakes have shown the high vulnerability of the façades of churches, which detached from the longitudinal walls and failed by overturning. While being well known, this collapse mechanism is still under study as regards the contribution provided by the connections with longitudinal walls as well as the influence of masonry morphology. Three churches with single nave, which have suffered the abovementioned damage during the April 2009 earthquake in L’Aquila, Italy, are considered in the present paper. The seismic behavior of the churches is analyzed taking into account the effective morphology of masonry, by means of 2D Distinct Element analyses under both increasing static forces and dynamic acceleration pulses. The resulting capacity curve is then evaluated and compared to the case of a rigid body overturning showing to what extent the latter model provides a reliable estimate of the seismic behavior of the façade.
Safety Risk Management in the Reformation of Bracket Girder and Cut Column for an Existing Industrial Single-Storey Building
Authors: Zhao Ting Sheng , Ding Li Ping , Tang Jing Jing , Xu Fu Quan , Li Dong Bing
Published: October 2010

The adaptability is important in the technological reformation of industrial building. Bracket girder and cut column (BGCC), are widely used to expand the space and to increase the inner working room of the buildings. Reformation of the exiting industrial building is limited to the continuous and non-stop working and (must be) in service and the reformation is required to be non-stop. Industrial buildings, especially the industrial single-storey workshops mostly belong to static determinate and low-order static indeterminate structures and many risks may be faced during the BGCC reformation under the complicated working conditions, such as variable structure risk, structural failure caused by overload, injuries of workers resulted from the unsafe construction, injuries of the production workers due to construction operation, etc. Research on the safety risk management of the industrial building BGCC reformation is of great significance for ensuring the technological transformation of industrial enterprises and controlling the risks from the reformation of adaptability of industrial buildings in China. Consequently, based on the approaches of risk identifying on work decomposition structure(WBS) and the questionnaire, the whole process design and construction management methods are proposed to control the risks in the reformation of the exiting industrial buildings, and the total management of construction process can be used to reduce injury risks of engineering staffs. In this paper, the technological key points of the whole process design control and construction management are discussed in details based on examples of BGCC reformation of exiting industrial single-storey buildings and the corresponding injury risk management methods are suggested.
Investigation of Earthquake Behavior of the Church of St. Sergius and Bacchus in Istanbul/Turkey
Authors: Koçak A. , Köksal T.
Published: October 2010

In this study The Church of St. Sergius and Bacchus was modeled by Finite Element Method and was put through various tests to determine its structural system, earthquake behavior and structural performance. The geometry of the structure, its material resistance and ground conditions isn’t enough to model a historical structure. Additionally, you need to calculate the dynamic charac-teristics of the structure with an experimental approach to come up with a more realistic and reliable model of the structure. Therefore, a measured drawing of the structure was acquired after detailed studies, material test-ing were made both at summer and winter to examine the seasonal changes and soil conditions were determined by bore holes and exploratory wells dug around the structure. On the other hand, vibra-tion tests were made at The Church of St. Sergius and Bacchus to analyze the structural characteris-tics and earthquake behavior of the building. Structural modeling of the building, modeled by the Finite Element Method, was outlined by determining its free vibration analysis in compliance with experimental periods. Vertical and earthquake loads of the structure were determined by this model. Keywords: Finite element method, earthquake behavior, church
Experimental and Computational Validation of Dissipative Prototype for the Seismic Protection of Heritage Buildings
Authors: Paganoni Sara , D’Ayala Dina
Published: October 2010

Since earthquakes such as Northbridge (1994) and Kobe (1995) gave the impetuous for the development of performance-based design methods, engineers have been strenuously working to the improvement of the seismic behaviour of structures; in fact, high ductility frames, as well as damping and isolation systems, are nowadays common practice in seismic prone areas. Heritage buildings constitute an odd case: many historic centres are still considerably affected by seismic events (L’Aquila, 2009) due to the lack of a methodical retrofit and this, where applied, is still largely based on the increase of stiffness and capacity, without the due care for precious finishings. In order to address the lack of specific passive systems for heritage buildings, the authors have developed two typologies of dissipative devices that can be integrated in traditional steel anchors and installed within the masonry at the joints of perpendicular walls, where out-of-plane mechanisms are likely to form due to poor quality connections. Both prototypes, one based on the plasticity of steel, the other relying on friction, were tested as isolated elements in pseudo-static regime for proofing and fine tuning, and in a dynamic range typical of the seismic frequency content to validate the stability of dissipative loops. The paper focuses on pull-out tests aimed to analyse the behaviour of the hysteretic prototype in respect to traditional steel anchors in masonry panels with low shear capacity. Finite Element (FE) models were also developed and calibrated applying the data from tests. Experimental and computational results are discussed in the following; the need for further theoretical work concludes the paper.
Efficiency of CFRP Strengthening of Arches Tested by Failure of Historical Building after the Inappropriate Repair Intervention
Authors: Flaga Kazimierz , Kwiecień Arkadiusz
Published: October 2010

This paper should be treated as continuation of considerations placed in the paper (Ciesielski et. al. 2004), where a strengthening of cracked masonry arches, based on CFRP laminates anchored in the brick walls, was presented. The efficiency of CFRP strengthening was tested by a sudden failure of the building caused by inappropriate repair intervention in fundaments and supported soil. Work of the arches strengthening survived the structure from catastrophic consequences. In the paper the failure process is reported and measurements of settlement and cracks width changes are presented. The rescue intervention in the cracked building is also described.
Seismic Risk Mitigation of Historical Masonry Towers by Means of Prestressing Devices
Authors: Quiroz Adolfo Preciado , Sperbeck Silvio T. , Budelmann Harald , Bartoli Gianni , Bazrafshan Elham
Published: October 2010

This work presents the investigation of the efficiency of different prestressing devices as a rehabilitation measure for the seismic risk mitigation of historical masonry towers. As a first phase, the seismic vulnerability of theoretical masonry towers was assessed by means of numerical models validated with information from the literature, observed damage and behavior of these structures due to passed earthquakes (crack pattern and failure mechanisms), and mainly taking into account the engineering experience. Afterwards, the validated models were rehabilitated with different prestressing devices; analyzing the results and concluding which device or the combination of them improved in a better way the seismic performance of the masonry towers. Finally, the methodology will be applied in two historical masonry towers located in seismic areas; the medieval tower “Torre Grossa” of San Gimignano, Italy, and one of the bell towers of the Cathedral of Colima, Mexico.
Innovative Strengthening Solution Based on Textile Reinforced Mortar for Stone Masonry Arches
Authors: Garmendia Leire , San-José José Tomás , García David , Larrinaga Pello , Díez Jesús
Published: October 2010

This paper aims to present the design, strengthening and testing of full scale masonry walls and arches. The preservation of our cultural heritage is a really important topic. Majority of masonry structures are deteriorated because of ageing effects, load increments, movements at their foundations, etc. Because of this, retrofitting is needed. In order to afford this problem, a compatible and minimally invasive strengthening technique based on Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) is developed. The experimental campaign consists of the characterisation of the constitutive materials of the stone structures and the strengthening textile and mortar (TRM has been characterised by pure tensile tests). Furthermore, the influence of the different arrangements of the masonry and mortar type has been analysed by testing 24 masonry prisms. Finally, 12 full-scale stone arches have been erected, strengthened and tested. The purpose is to compare the mechanical behaviour up to failure of both unstrengthened and strengthened structures. During the tests the effectiveness of the technique has been proved being the ultimate load up to 21 times higher.
Strengthening Layout Using FRP in Industrial Masonry Chimneys under Earthquake Load
Authors: Pallaré S.F.J. , Ivorra S. , Pallarés L. , Adam J.
Published: October 2010

Industrial masonry chimneys usually are considered as historical heritage since they remind the industrial revolution that took placed by the XIX century, shaping a particular landscape in many cities, what led many Town Halls to protect them as cultural heritage. In this work an assessment of the seismic vulnerability is performed to check the structural integrity according to a return period of 500 years. Detailed geometrical investigations took place and dynamic tests performed with the goal to obtain natural frequencies and structural damping using four seismic accelerometers at different heights and orientations. From the experimental results a numerical model has been calibrated adjusting numerical frequencies to match those experimentally obtained. Artificial accelerograms were generated specialized for the city of Valencia and the crack pattern was obtained corresponding to a return period of 500 years. After these analyses the model of the chimney was strengthened using strips of FRP and the calculations repeated to obtain the reinforced achieved regarding seismic vulnerability. Conclusions related to these calculations are outlined.
The Grange of S. Anna in Montauro: The Employment of a Particular Steel-Concrete Structure in a Borderline Case of Conservation and Restoration for High Seismic Area
Authors: Candela Michele , Fonti Roberta
Published: October 2010

For at least five hundred years, the majestic grange of St. Anne in Montauro (CZ) has been overlooking the wonderful gulf of Squillace, placed at the core of Calabrian Ionic Coast. Masonry ramparts size (more than 7 metres high and 1,60 wide at the basis) together with the massive presence of four angular towers immediately hit even an inattentive beholder. Unfortunately, the predominant presence of grange results damaged by a clearly visible crack outline, which turned a great part of surrounding wall into a perpendicular heap of huge masonry portions. They appear disconnected and sheer, so that some panel systems are already collapsed on the north-east side of the building, included many internal constructions such as the church. The serious damage is not only due to repeated seismic events of high magnitude, that systematically run over this zone of Calabria. This article will describe in detail the methodologies and techniques of its making safe, considering the seismic and geological risk of the zone.
Improving Hurricane Survivability of Heritage Structures
Authors: Sparks Patrick S.
Published: October 2010

Worldwide, hurricanes or tropical cyclones cause immense damage and loss of life, yet we do not have a clear set of guidelines for improving the survivability of heritage structures. This paper synthesizes lessons learned in practice regarding appropriate assessment with discussion of vulnerability indicators, wind and storm surge forces and retrofit approaches
Structural Evaluation and Strengthening of Zeynelbey Tomb in Hasankeyf, Turkey
Authors: Turer Ahmet
Published: October 2010

Hasankeyf historic settlement area is one the most important sites in southeastern Anatolia which dates back to the 15th century. Zeynelbey Tomb is a distinct cylindrical structure has a height of 9.6 m and with double domes extending to an overall height of 16.5m; however, the outer dome suffers from multiple and large vertical tension cracks threatening the overall structural stability and safety of the structure. A preliminary visual inspection and structural evaluation using analytical modeling was carried out. The tension zones developing at the outer dome was determined using analytical simulations and causes of vertical tension cracks were elaborated. A general remedy of strengthening was developed to surround the dome using vertical ribs and horizontal post tensioning strands that are placed in three vertical layers. The deterministic analytical simulations using the horizontal post-tensioning have allowed finding the necessary amount of tension force in each horizontal strand to diminish the tensile stresses inside the dome and put the structure in a stable compression state. This paper describes the steps carried out for the assessment, evaluation, and retrofit studies, which might set an example to similar historic structures with comparable structural problems in the dome.