bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinação de índices biometeorológicos da videira 'Niagara Rosada' (Vitis labrusca L.) poda, em diferentes épocas
Authors: Scarpare Fábio Vale , Angelocci Luiz Roberto , Scarpare Filho João Alexio , Silva Juliano Quarteroli , Rodrigues Alessandro
Published: November 2013

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os índices: biometeorológico de Primault (IB), heliotérmico de Huglin (IH), heliotérmico de Geslin (IHG) e as unidades fototérmicas (UF) da cultivar Niagara Rosada, podada em diferentes épocas, no inverno e no verão. O experimento foi realizado em Piracicaba-SP, durante três anos agrícolas, avaliando-se 24 ciclos de produção:12 com poda de inverno e 12 com poda de verão. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, sendo os tratamentos correspondentes a oito datas de poda: 20/julho, 04/agosto, 19/agosto e 03/setembro (inverno) e 01/fevereiro, 15/fevereiro, 02/março e 16/março (verão). A duração em dias e os valores dos índices IB, IH, IHG e UF foram analisados pelo teste de Tukey ao longo das datas de poda e pelo teste F para constrastes ortogonais para as épocas de poda, ambos a 5% de probabilidade. Os resultados mostraram que a inclusão do elemento meteorológico insolação ou do fator fotoperíodo à base do conceito térmico não mostrou ser eficaz na determinação de um valor médio único na previsão do ciclo de produção, para videiras podadas em diferentes épocas; nenhum dos índices biometeorológicos estudados é eficiente para a previsão da data de colheita em videiras podadas em diferentes épocas; independentemente da época em que o ciclo se inicia, a média de 120 dias pode ser usada como estimativa da data de colheita das videiras em região de clima Cwa.
Diversidade genética de clones de bananeira 'Prata-Anã' (AAB) por meio de marcadores SSR
Authors: Librelon Samira Santiago , Costa Márcia Regina , Nietsche Silvia , Pereira Marlon Cristian Toledo
Published: November 2013

Diversidade genética de 20 clones de 'Prata-Anã Gorutuba', quatro clones de 'Prata-Rio', quatro clones de 'Prata-Catarina' e as cultivares Caipira, Thap Maeo, Tropical, Maçã e Prata-Anã Comum foi avaliada por meio de marcadores moleculares Simple Sequence Repeats. De um total de 19 pares de primers SSRs utilizados, 57,8% deles amplificaram bandas polimórficas e distintas, 26,3% não produziram produtos específicos e 15,7% apresentaram falhas na amplificação de alguns indivíduos. O dendrograma indicou a formação de dois grupos. O primeiro grupo com a cultivar triploide Caipira, genoma exclusivamente A; enquanto o segundo (formado por sete subgrupos) agrupou todas as cultivares resultantes da hibridação natural ou artificial entre Musa acuminata e M. balbisiana, o subgrupo II, Tropical (AAAB) e o subgrupo III, Maçã (AAB). Os subgrupos IV, V, VI e VII foram formados, respectivamente, por: 'Prata-Catarina' clones 1 e 2; 'Prata-Rio' clones 1 e 2; 'Prata-Catarina' clone 3; 'Prata-Gorutuba' clones 12 e 17, 'Prata-Catarina' clone 4, 'Prata-Rio' clone 4, 'Thap Maeo' e 'Prata-Anã'. O subgrupo VIII foi formado exclusivamente pelos clones de' Prata-Anã Gorutuba'. Os resultados indicam a eficiência dos marcadores microssatélites na discriminação e na caracterização dos clones da 'Prata-Anã Gorutuba' da cultivar Prata-Anã.
Caracterização física e química, fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante da polpa e resíduo de gabiroba
Authors: Alves Aline Medeiros , Alves Maressa Stephanie Ovidio , Fernandes Thaís de Oliveira , Naves Ronaldo Veloso , Naves Maria Margareth Veloso
Published: November 2013

O Cerrado brasileiro possui uma riqueza de espécies frutíferas que ainda não foram suficientemente estudadas em relação às suas características físicas, químicas e funcionais. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de mensurar as características físicas de frutos de gabirobeira e analisar a composição centesimal e de minerais, o teor de compostos fenólicos totais e a atividade antioxidante da polpa e do resíduo de gabiroba. As características físicas de maior variabilidade foram massa da polpa e do fruto, destacando-se o elevado rendimento de polpa (46,24%). A polpa e o resíduo de gabiroba contêm altos teores de umidade e fibra alimentar e quantidades consideráveis de ferro. O resíduo de gabiroba apresentou maior conteúdo de compostos fenólicos (1.787,65 mg AGE.100g-1) e atividade antioxidante (197,13 µmol TE.g-1) em relação à polpa. Contudo, os valores constatados na polpa de gabiroba (1.222,59 mg AGE.100g-1 e 107,96 µmol TE.g-1, respectivamente) são superiores aos de muitos frutos consumidos tradicionalmente. O teor de fenólicos totais apresentou forte correlação (r= 0,9723) com a atividade antioxidante. Os resultados indicam perspectivas promissoras para o aproveitamento integral do fruto da gabirobeira, visto seu conteúdo apreciável de nutrientes e de compostos fenólicos, e sua elevada atividade antioxidante.
Início da produção de frutos de cagaiteira (Eugenia dysenterica DC) implantada em Goiânia, Goiás
Authors: Souza Eli Regina Barboza de , Naves Ronaldo Veloso , Oliveira Marcos Fernandes
Published: November 2013

A cagaiteira é uma planta nativa do Cerrado, adaptada às condições impostas por este bioma, principalmente de sobreviver e produzir em solos muito pobres em nutrientes e em um regime de chuvas com um período acentuado de baixa precipitação. A planta é rústica, ornamental e com alta tolerância ao fogo. Seus frutos são apreciados ao natural e utilizados nos mais diversos tipos de alimentos processados. No entanto, pouco se conhece sobre quanto tempo esta espécie demora a entrar na fase reprodutiva. Este trabalho propõe-se a avaliar o início da produção de frutos de cagaiteiras implantadas na área experimental da Escola de Agronomia, Universidade Federal de Goiás-Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil, entre 2003 e 2008, quando as plantas apresentavam de cinco a dez anos de idade. Para a implantação do experimento, foram coletados frutos em dez áreas da região sudeste do Estado de Goiás e plantadas em um desenho de blocos casualizados, com uma planta por parcela, em quatro blocos, em espaçamento de 6,0 m x 6,0 m. As cagaiteiras apresentaram alta desuniformidade para iniciar sua produção. No quinto ano após o plantio, somente 5,2% das plantas entraram em produção e, após dez anos, 55,7% das plantas. Destas plantas, somente 6,8% conseguiram produzir em, pelo menos, quatro anos de observação. Apenas quatro plantas entraram em produção e mantiveram esta nos seis anos de observação. O número de frutos por planta é muito baixo; somente 3,4% das plantas produzem mais de 200 frutos no décimo ano. Existe uma tendência de aumento de número de frutos com a idade da planta.
Direito e inclusão da pessoa com deficiência: uma análise orientada pela teoria do reconhecimento social de Axel Honneth
Authors: Braga Mariana Moron Saes , Schumacher Aluisio Almeida
Published: November 2013

A legislação que fundamenta a inclusão da pessoa com deficiência na escola e na empresa vigora desde o final dos anos 1980. Devido à obrigatoriedade, pessoas com deficiência têm sido matriculadas nas escolas e contratadas por empresas. Esta pesquisa analisa tal processo de inclusão, sob a ótica da teoria do reconhecimento social de Honneth. Com base em seu conceito tridimensional de reconhecimento, mostramos, inicialmente, que a inclusão compreende dois processos articulados: individuação e inclusão. Em seguida, realizamos um estudo da legislação, finalidades e estratégias de consecução, mostrando que a perspectiva adotada permite interpretar a lei de modo mais generoso, desfazendo um equívoco positivista derivado de uma redação imprecisa. Por fim, desenvolvemos algumas considerações acerca da condição de escolas e empresas implementarem a legislação de maneira a efetivar a inclusão/individuação.
Soil cover plants on water erosion control in the South of Minas Gerais
Authors: Dias Adriana Cristina , Silva Marx Leandro Naves , Freitas Diego Antonio França de , Batista Pedro Velloso Gomes , Curi Nilton , Carvalho Gabriel José de
Published: November 2013

Water erosion is responsible for soil, water, carbon and nutrient losses, turning into the most important type of degradation of Brazilian soils. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of three cover plants under two tillage systems on water erosion control in an Argisol at south of Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The cover plants utilized in the study were pigeon pea, jack bean and millet, under contour seeding and downslope tillage. Experimental plots of 4 x 12 m, with 9% slope, under natural rainfall were used for the quantification of losses of soil, water, nutrients, and organic matter. One experimental plot was kept without plant cover (reference). Higher erosivity was observed in December and January, although a great quantity of erosive rainfall was detected during the whole raining period. Contour seeding provided a greater reduction of water erosion than downslope tillage, as expected. The jack bean under contour seeding revealed the lowest values of soil, water, nutrients and organic matter losses.
Spatial distribution of water erosion risk in a watershed with eucalyptus and Atlantic Forest
Authors: Avanzi Junior Cesar , Silva Marx Leandro Naves , Curi Nilton , Norton Lloyd Darrell , Beskow Samuel , Martins Sérgio Gualberto
Published: November 2013

The process of water erosion occurs in watersheds throughout the world and it is strongly affected by anthropogenic influences. Thus, the knowledge of these processes is extremely necessary for planning of conservation efforts. This study was performed in an experimental forested watershed in order to predict the average potential annual soil loss by water erosion using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and a Geographic Information System (GIS), and then compared with soil loss tolerance. All the USLE factors were generated in a distributed approach employing a GIS tool. The layers were multiplied in the GIS framework in order to predict soil erosion rates. Results showed that the average soil loss was 6.2 Mg ha-1 yr-1. Relative to soil loss tolerance, 83% of the area had an erosion rate lesser than the tolerable value. According to soil loss classes, 49% of the watershed had erosion less than 2.5 Mg ha-1 yr-1. However, about 8.7% of the watershed had erosion rates greater than 15 Mg ha-1 yr-1, being mainly related to Plinthosol soil class and roads, thus requiring special attention for the improvement of sustainable management practices for such areas. Eucalyptus cultivation was found to have soil loss greater than Atlantic Forest. Thus, an effort should be made to bring the erosion rates closer to the native forest. Implementation of the USLE model in a GIS framework was found to be a simple and useful tool for predicting the spatial variation of soil erosion risk and identifying critical areas for conservation efforts.
Blood parameters and apparent digestibility of concentrate with rice oil for horses
Authors: Garcia Helio Alberto Cumani , Furtado Carlos Eduardo , Brandi Roberta Ariboni , Soncin Mara Regina Schimmack Pedro , Balieiro Júlio Cesar de Carvalho , Souza Aline Duarte de
Published: November 2013

Apparent digestibility coefficients and serum parameters were measured to evaluate the effect of supplementing feed concentrates with rice bran oil in horses. Twelve horses (6 males and 6 females) with a mean age of 18 ± 4 months old and mean live weight of 306 ± 22.6 kg were used. Treatments consisted of increasing rice bran oil concentrate levels of 0, 3.5, 7.0, 10.5, 14.0 and 17.5%, considering a daily intake of 2.25% live weight on a dry matter basis. A dietary effect of supplementation on the apparent digestibility of gross energy (y = 64.55 - 0.58x) was observed (P<0.05). No effect on the other nutrients was observed (P>0.05). Supplementation did not affect serum glucose levels (P>0.05), but cholesterol was affected (P<0.01) based on the interaction of the treatment x gender parameter in females (y = 73.92 + 2.08x). However, no effect was observed in males (P>0.05). A dietary effect on the triglyceride (y = 15.73 - 0.96x + 0.0524x²) and HDL (high-density lipoprotein) (y = 45.24 + 1.0499x) parameters was observed (P<0.01). While the use of rice bran oil does affect blood parameters associated with lipid metabolism, rice bran oil levels up to 17.5% concentrate do not negatively affect the apparent digestibility of dietary nutrients.
Carcass yield and sensorial analysis of meat from broiler chicken fed with tilapia byproducts meal
Authors: Eyng Cinthia , Nunes Ricardo Vianna , Pozza Paulo Cesar , Murakami Alice Eiko , Scherer Carina , Schone Rodrigo André
Published: November 2013

There are several ingredients that can replace those commonly used in the manufacture of animal ration in order to reduce production costs, as tilapia by products meal. However, as byproducts, more studies should be done to achieve the exact effects over the final product. An experiment was carried out aiming at evaluate the effects of the inclusion of five different levels (0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%) of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) byproducts meal (TM) on poultry diets on carcass yield and sensory characteristics of broiler chicken meat. 480 one day old chicks, Cobb strain, were used to set the experiment with five treatments arranged in completely randomized design, with six replicates, and 16 birds per experimental unit. At the end of the experiment (42 days), the carcass yield parameters, breasts, drumsticks, thighs, wings, relative weight of the liver, and percent of abdominal fat were evaluated. A sensorial test of the meat was performed by 45 non-trained testers. The samples were evaluated using a structured hedonic scale, comprising nine steps to characterize the following senses: aroma, flavor, color, texture and whole quality. The addition of 8% TM to the diet fed to broiler chickens during total rearing period (1 to 42 days) is feasible without altering yield and sensorial quality of the meat.
Lugares, discursos e subjetividades nas organizações: o caso de uma prisão
Authors: Silva Clara Luísa Oliveira , Saraiva Luiz Alex Silva
Published: November 2013

Nesse artigo se procurou analisar a articulação dos elementos concretos e/ou simbólicos do(s) lugar(es) que os sujeitos ocupam na organização com os aspectos relacionados ao modo como esses sujeitos produzem sentidos sobre si mesmos e sobre suas relações sociais. De maneira geral, a pesquisa aborda a problemática da produção (e controle) da subjetividade nas organizações. A organização em análise, uma prisão, foi abordada qualitativamente mediante um estudo de caso baseado em 15 entrevistas semiestruturadas que, após serem gravadas e transcritas, foram analisadas pela análise francesa do discurso. Identificou-se que o(s) lugar(es) no lugar organização, além de referência física, se referem a uma construção social relacionada a uma condição formal, a artefatos e a significações. O regime semiaberto, por exemplo, ao converter a frágil liberdade em ameaça ao "conforto" sólido da instituição total, fortalece a organização em detrimento do sujeito. Ajustar-se ao contexto organizacional corresponde, assim, a um tipo de contrapartida pela segurança proporcionada, e algo que se deve agradecer, uma espécie de doutrinamento que aproxima as prisões das demais organizações.
Dental auxiliaries versus community health workers: similarities and contrasts
Authors: Costa Simone De Melo , Araújo Flávia Ferreira
Published: November 2013

INTRODUCTION: The dental auxiliaries and the community health workers (CHWs) are practitioners that represent an important part in the Family Health Policy in Brazil and have several tasks. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the attributes of the dental auxiliaries and of the CHWs, regarding the application of their services and their education/training, to identify the similarities and contrasts between these health care practitioners. METHODOLOGY: Quantitative and census method data collection performed on the context of the Education Program for Health Workers - PET‑Saúde, 2010‑2012. The data collection method was a semi-structured questionnaire. The analysis has a level of significance of p<0.05. RESULT: In this paper, 29 dental auxiliaries and 241 CHWs have participated in the surveys. The assignments that take place on the community context, such as home visits were more associated to the CHWs (p<0.05). On the other hand, the activities that happen on a clinical environment, such as providing assistance to graduated health professionals and performing clinical procedures, are more commonly performed by the dental assistant (p<0.05). Both categories presented similarities performing preventive health care, teamwork analysis, informative initiatives and community mobilization routines (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Similarities and contrasts were identified between these health care workers. The dental auxiliaries, despite being mostly issued to specific assignments on a clinical environment, are able to shift their praxis by taking actions on a family and community context once integrated to a family health team.
Conservative surgical-orthodontic treatment of a young patient with a dentigerous cyst
Authors: Carli Marina Lara De , Pedreira Fernanda Rafaelly De Oliveira , Guimarães Eduardo Pereira , Dias Nayara Nery De Oliveira , Pereira Alessandro Antônio Costa , Hanemann João Adolfo Costa
Published: November 2013

INTRODUCTION: The dentigerous cyst is a developmental odontogenic cyst, whose therapeutic approach depends on the size of the lesion. This paper describes the treatment performed on a 14-year-old male patient who presented with a large dentigerous cyst on the permanent mandibular left second molar. CASE REPORT: The permanent mandibular left first molar was extracted, and the lesion was decompressed and marsupialized by excision of the overlying mucosa, opening a window into the cystic cavity and suturing an acrylic resin drain to the oral mucosa. The specimen removed during surgery confirmed the diagnosis of a dentigerous cyst. Within ninety days of surgery, there was a significant reduction in lesion size. Orthodontic treatment was then started, and included traction of the impacted tooth and opening of adequate space with a fixed appliance, providing favorable tooth alignment and leveling. CONCLUSION: Marsupialization and orthodontic traction should be considered when planning the treatment of a dentigerous cyst, mainly in young patients with large lesions, to avoid damage to the surrounding structures.
Bignoniaceae Juss. no Parque Nacional Vale do Catimbau, Pernambuco
Authors: Santos Lucilene Lima dos , Santos Leidiana Lima dos , Alves Andrêsa Suana Argemiro , Oliveira Luciana dos Santos Dias de , Sales Margareth Ferreira de
Published: November 2013

O Parque Nacional Vale do Catimbau está localizado entre o agreste e o sertão pernambucano e apresenta grande diversidade florística. O tratamento taxonômico das espécies de Bignoniaceae foi realizado através da análise morfológica de materiais coletados e herborizados. Dez espécies foram reconhecidas e distribuídas em oito gêneros: Anemopaegma Mart. ex Meisn., Cuspidaria DC., Fridericia Mart., Handroanthus Mattos, Jacaranda Juss., Mansoa DC., Pyrostegia C. Presl e Tabebuia Gomes ex DC. As espécies distribuem-se, principalmente, em áreas de Caatinga, sendo P. venusta encontrada também em floresta úmida. Chave de identificação, ilustrações e comentários sobre as espécies são apresentados.
Xyris riopretensis (Xyridaceae): uma nova espécie para Minas Gerais, Brasil
Authors: Mota Nara F.O. , Wanderley Maria G.L.
Published: November 2013

Xyris é um gênero com ca. 400 espécies, distribuídas predominantemente na região tropical, podendo chegar em áreas temperadas das Américas e Austrália. A Cadeia do Espinhaço concentra grande riqueza de espécies de Xyris, gênero que figura entre os mais ricos dentre as monocotiledôneas ocorrentes nessa cadeia montanhosa. Este trabalho apresenta uma nova espécie de Xyris em homenagem à sua localidade tipo, o Parque Estadual do Rio Preto, localizado no extremo nordeste do Planalto de Diamantina, na Cadeia do Espinhaço (Minas Gerais). São fornecidas ilustrações dos caracteres diagnósticos, comparação com espécies morfologicamente relacionadas, assim como informações sobre ecologia e fenologia da nova espécie.
New goats on the island?
Authors: Carvalho-Silva Micheline , Amorim Paulo R.F. , Câmara Paulo E.A.S.
Published: November 2013

Trindade is an oceanic island located ca. 1200 km east of the Brazilian coast with only 65% of its original vegetation cover remaining. Devastation was mainly caused by the presence of goats for a long time. Since goats were eliminated in 2005 the island vegetation is going through a recovering process. However during a visit to the island in 2012 another threat to the vegetation was noted: a Leguminosae species is spreading and killing part of the endemic herbaceous vegetation of Cyperus atlanticus.
Sebastiania singularis (Euphorbiaceae): um novo sinônimo para Phyllanthus chacoensis (Phyllanthaceae)
Authors: Melo André Laurênio de , Silva Marcos José da , Sales Margareth Ferreira de
Published: November 2013

É proposta a transferência de Sebastiania singularis Rizzini para o gênero Phyllanthus sob o binônimo P.chacoensis Morong.
Reliability of Partial‐Mouth Recording Systems to Determine Periodontal Status: A Pilot Study in an Adult Portuguese Population
Authors: Relvas Marta , Tomás Inmaculada , Salazar Filomena , Velazco Corsina , Blanco Juan , Diz Pedro
Published: November 2013

Background: The efficacy of various partial‐mouth recording (PMR) systems is analyzed in the evaluation of periodontal status, using index teeth and different combinations of quadrants.

Methods: The study group was formed of 108 adults aged 25 to 65 years old. A full‐mouth examination (FME) was performed in all participants to determine the periodontal probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) at six sites per tooth. The results of PMR using the Ramfjord teeth, the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs teeth, and the four quadrants individually and combined in pairs were compared to the results obtained with FME.

Results: Concordance with FME in terms of the prevalence of patients with PD ≥4 mm, CAL ≥2 mm, and CAL ≥4 mm was lowest with examination of single quadrants and highest with combinations that included one superior and one inferior quadrant.

Conclusions: PMR systems, particularly with combinations of a superior plus an inferior quadrant, could be useful to evaluate periodontal status based on PD and CAL. This tool could be useful for epidemiologic surveys on periodontal status.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Hypertension Prevalence: Reconsidering the Role of Chronic Stress
Authors: Hicken Margaret T. , Lee Hedwig , Morenoff Jeffrey , House James S. , Williams David R.
Published: November 2013

Objectives. We investigated the association between anticipatory stress, also known as racism-related vigilance, and hypertension prevalence in Black, Hispanic, and White adults.

Methods. We used data from the Chicago Community Adult Health Study, a population-representative sample of adults (n = 3105) surveyed in 2001 to 2003, to regress hypertension prevalence on the interaction between race/ethnicity and vigilance in logit models.

Results. Blacks reported the highest vigilance levels. For Blacks, each unit increase in vigilance (range = 0–12) was associated with a 4% increase in the odds of hypertension (odds ratio [OR] = 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00, 1.09). Hispanics showed a similar but nonsignificant association (OR = 1.05; 95% CI = 0.99, 1.12), and Whites showed no association (OR = 0.95; 95% CI = 0.87, 1.03).

Conclusions. Vigilance may represent an important and unique source of chronic stress that contributes to the well-documented higher prevalence of hypertension among Blacks than Whites; it is a possible contributor to hypertension among Hispanics but not Whites.
Estimating Wisconsin Asthma Prevalence Using Clinical Electronic Health Records and Public Health Data
Authors: Tomasallo Carrie D. , Hanrahan Lawrence P. , Tandias Aman , Chang Timothy S. , Cowan Kelly J. , Guilbert Theresa W.
Published: November 2013

Objectives. We compared a statewide telephone health survey with electronic health record (EHR) data from a large Wisconsin health system to estimate asthma prevalence in Wisconsin.

Methods. We developed frequency tables and logistic regression models using Wisconsin Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and University of Wisconsin primary care clinic data. We compared adjusted odds ratios (AORs) from each model.

Results. Between 2007 and 2009, the EHR database contained 376 000 patients (30 000 with asthma), and 23 000 (1850 with asthma) responded to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System telephone survey. AORs for asthma were similar in magnitude and direction for the majority of covariates, including gender, age, and race/ethnicity, between survey and EHR models. The EHR data had greater statistical power to detect associations than did survey data, especially in pediatric and ethnic populations, because of larger sample sizes.

Conclusions. EHRs can be used to estimate asthma prevalence in Wisconsin adults and children. EHR data may improve public health chronic disease surveillance using high-quality data at the local level to better identify areas of disparity and risk factors and guide education and health care interventions.
Overcoming Inertia: Increasing Public Health Departments’ Access to Evidence-Based Information and Promoting Usage to Inform Practice
Authors: LaPelle Nancy R. , Dahlen Karen , Gabella Barbara A. , Juhl Ashley L. , Martin, DA Elaine
Published: November 2013

In 2010, the New England Region–National Network of Libraries of Medicine at University of Massachusetts Medical School received funding to improve information access for public health departments in 6 New England states and Colorado. Public health departments were provided with desktop digital access to licensed e-resources available through special pricing. In January through mid-April 2012, we evaluated the effectiveness of providing access to and training for using e-resources to public health department staff to motivate usage in practice. We found that additional strategies are needed to accomplish this.
Network Exposure and Homicide Victimization in an African American Community
Authors: Papachristos Andrew V. , Wildeman Christopher
Published: November 2013

Objectives. We estimated the association of an individual’s exposure to homicide in a social network and the risk of individual homicide victimization across a high-crime African American community.

Methods. Combining 5 years of homicide and police records, we analyzed a network of 3718 high-risk individuals that was created by instances of co-offending. We used logistic regression to model the odds of being a gunshot homicide victim by individual characteristics, network position, and indirect exposure to homicide.

Results. Forty-one percent of all gun homicides occurred within a network component containing less than 4% of the neighborhood’s population. Network-level indicators reduced the association between individual risk factors and homicide victimization and improved the overall prediction of individual victimization. Network exposure to homicide was strongly associated with victimization: the closer one is to a homicide victim, the greater the risk of victimization. Regression models show that exposure diminished with social distance: each social tie removed from a homicide victim decreased one’s odds of being a homicide victim by 57%.

Conclusions. Risk of homicide in urban areas is even more highly concentrated than previously thought. We found that most of the risk of gun violence was concentrated in networks of identifiable individuals. Understanding these networks may improve prediction of individual homicide victimization within disadvantaged communities.
Evidence, Power, and Policy Change in Community-Based Participatory Research
Authors: Freudenberg Nicholas , Tsui Emma
Published: November 2013

Meaningful improvements in health require modifying the social determinants of health. As policies are often underlying causes of the living conditions that shape health, policy change becomes a health goal.

This focus on policy has led to increasing interest in expanding the focus of community-based participatory research (CBPR) to change not only communities but also policies. To best realize this potential, the relationship between evidence and power in policy change must be more fully explored.

Effective action to promote policies that improve population health requires a deeper understanding of the roles of scientific evidence and political power in bringing about policy change; the appropriate scales for policy change, from community to global; and the participatory processes that best acknowledge the interplay between power and evidence.
Important Considerations When Analyzing Health Survey Data Collected Using a Complex Sample Design
Authors: Sakshaug Joseph W. , West Brady T.
Published: November 2013

Researchers often use survey data to answer important public health policy questions. Examples of common data sources used in public health research include the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the National Health Interview Survey, the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, and the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. All these surveys employ a complex sample design to recruit participants into the survey. When performing secondary analyses of complex sample survey data, it is necessary to remind ourselves of the key features of these designs that must be taken into account to produce valid statistical estimates.
Tobacco Use Screening and Treatment by Outpatient Psychiatrists Before and After Release of the American Psychiatric Association Treatment Guidelines for Nicotine Dependence
Authors: Rogers Erin , Sherman Scott
Published: November 2013

Objectives. We examined tobacco use screening and treatment by US psychiatrists before and after release of the 1996 American Psychiatric Association (APA) nicotine dependence treatment guidelines.

Methods. We used data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to identify rates of tobacco screening and treatment by psychiatrists before the release of the guidelines (1993–1996) and during 2 postguidelines periods: 2001–2005 and 2006–2010. Multiple logistic regression was used to compare preguidelines and postguidelines rates.

Results. Psychiatrists screened for tobacco use during 77% of visits from 1993 to 1996, 69% of visits from 2001 to 2005 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64, 0.75), and 60% of visits from 2006 to 2010 (OR = 0.46; 95% CI = 0.43, 0.50). Psychiatrists provided cessation counseling to 12% of smokers from 1993 to 1996, 11% from 2001 to 2005 (OR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.74, 1.26), and 23% from 2006 to 2010 (OR = 2.23; 95% CI = 1.74, 2.86). Psychiatrists prescribed nicotine replacement therapy to fewer than 1% of smokers during all 3 time periods.

Conclusions. Psychiatrists are screening for tobacco use at declining rates, and the proportion of smokers provided with treatment remains low.
Statewide Pandemic Influenza Vaccination Reminders for Children with Chronic Conditions
Authors: Dombkowski Kevin J. , Cowan Anne E. , Potter Rachel C. , Dong Shiming , Kolasa Maureen , Clark Sarah J.
Published: November 2013

Objectives. We evaluated the use of a statewide immunization information system (IIS) to target influenza vaccine reminders to high-risk children during a pandemic.

Methods. We used Michigan’s IIS to identify high-risk children (i.e., those with ≥ 1 chronic condition) aged 6 months to 18 years with no record of pH1N1 vaccination among children currently or previously enrolled in Medicaid (n = 202 133). Reminders were mailed on December 7, 2009. We retrospectively assessed children’s eligibility for evaluation and compared influenza vaccination rates across 3 groups on the basis of their high-risk and reminder status.

Results. Of the children sent reminders, 53 516 were ineligible. Of the remaining 148 617 children, vaccination rates were higher among the 142 383 high-risk children receiving reminders than among the 6234 high-risk children with undeliverable reminders and the 142 383 control group children without chronic conditions who were not sent reminders.

Conclusions. Midseason reminders to parents of unvaccinated high-risk children with current or past Medicaid enrollment were associated with increased pH1N1 and seasonal influenza vaccination rates. Future initiatives should consider strategies to expand targeting of high-risk groups and improve IIS reporting during pandemic events.
Root Water Uptake: From Three‐Dimensional Biophysical Processes to Macroscopic Modeling Approaches
Authors: Javaux Mathieu , Couvreur Valentin , Vanderborght Jan , Vereecken Harry
Published: November 2013

The process description of plant transpiration and soil water uptake in macroscopic root water uptake models is often based on simplifying assumptions that no longer reflect, or even contradict, the current status of knowledge in plant biology. The sink term in the Richards equation for root water uptake generally comprises four terms: (i) a root resistance function, (ii) a soil resistance function, (iii) a stress function, and (iv) a compensation function. Here we propose to use a detailed three‐dimensional model, which integrates current knowledge of soil and root water flow equations, to deduct a one‐dimensional effective behavior at the plant scale and to propose improvements for the four functions used in the macroscopic sink term. We show that (i) root hydraulic resistance may be well defined by the root length density but only for homogeneous lateral conductances and no limiting xylem conductance—in other cases a new function depending on the root hydraulic architecture should be used; (ii) soil resistance cannot be neglected, in particular in the rhizosphere where specific processes may occur that alter the soil hydraulic properties and therefore affect uptake; (iii) stress and compensation are two different processes, which should not be linked explicitly; (iv) there is a need for a clear definition of compensatory root water uptake independent of water stress; (v) stress functions should be defined as a maximal actual transpiration in function of an integrated root–soil interface water head rather than in terms of local bulk water heads; and (vi) nonlinearity in the stress function is expected to arise if root hydraulic resistances depend on soil matric head or when it is defined as a function of the bulk soil water head.
Backfill Impacts on Moisture Measurements in Fractured Rock
Authors: Salve Rohit , Rempe Daniella
Published: November 2013

As the scope of hillslope‐hydrology investigations extend deeper, there will likely be an increase in the use of backfill to facilitate sensor installations, particularly in fractured rock. Because of the disparity in hydrologic properties of backfill and the native rock being monitored, discrepancies in measured values are imminent. In this study, we assessed the impact of different types of backfill that can be used to provide hydraulic continuity between sensors and the “measured” environment. During a period of 4 yr, the hydrologic response to seasonal wetting and drying was monitored with identical time domain reflectometry (TDR) sensors embedded in native rock, fracture infill, augured native rock, and silica powder. We found that while all backfills responded to wetting and drying events, there were differences in the response to individual rainfall events and in the amount of moisture measured. Our observations show that the use of any type of backfill for monitoring fractured rock hydrology will result in distorted measurements; however, our analysis suggests that simple calibrations between native rock and backfill measurements allow moisture content changes in the native rock to be quantified using backfill measurements. Backfill that is finer textured than native rock provides the best estimate of water content during long‐term, uninterrupted drying events when the backfill measurements are calibrated to native rock conditions. Irrespective of calibration, backfill materials coarser than the native rock provide the best detection of the timing and duration of the hydrologic response to precipitation.
Biophysics of the Vadose Zone: From Reality to Model Systems and Back Again
Authors: Hallett Paul D. , Karim Kamal H. , Glyn Bengough A. , Otten Wilfred
Published: November 2013

Biological and physical interactions in unsaturated soil, the vadose zone, have received a surge of research interest over the past several years. This article reviews recent research, focusing on the limitations imposed by the complexity of soil, the use of model systems to understand processes, new technologies, and the understanding of how biology changes soil structure. Research using model systems to mimic natural structure, such as rough planar surfaces or packed columns, has made it possible to demonstrate and quantify microbial interactions at very small spatial scales, including the coexistence of competing microbes and the invasion of soil pores by organisms that should be too large to fit. It is now possible to see inside soil at micrometer resolution in three dimensions, either by the use of noninvasive imaging techniques on intact soils or a model transparent soil with the same refractive index as water. Soil biology also changes soil structure. Techniques from engineering such as fracture mechanics and rheology have measured enhanced particle bonding, dispersion, and aggregation caused by root and microbial derived exudates. Models of soil structure dynamics are beginning to use these data. Concurrent research on naturally structured soil is essential, but using model systems that allow for the application of material science approaches or the detection and modeling of specific processes will enable the building of complexity by piecing together simpler systems. A major challenge for future research is gaining a quantitative understanding of how soil biology changes structure and incorporating this knowledge with studies of soil biodiversity, microbial functions, and root–soil interactions. Upscaling from microbial processes at micrometer resolution to the whole plant, field or catchment presents an even greater challenge.
Genetic background of conformation defects in polish black-and-white Holstein-Friesian bulls – analysis of phenotypic distribution
Authors: Topolski Piotr , Jagusiak Wojciech
Published: November 2013

Phenotypic distribution of 22 routinely evaluated conformation defects was analysed in a population of Polish Black-and-White Holstein-Friesian bulls, sired by different males. Some variation was observed in mean frequency of different morphological defects and in their severity. Large differences were found in frequency of conformation defects and in their number between groups of half-brothers. The most common defects in the bull population analysed were two types of leg defects: wide interdigital space and soft pasterns, which occurred in 199 and 70 animals, respectively. Wide interdigital space was most frequent in 4 groups of half-brothers, in which this defect affected more than 25% of the bulls. The least common defects were the defects of external genitalia, which were found in single animals. The only defect that did not occur was that of testes. The statistical significance of the phenotypic distributions obtained for bull conformation defects was confirmed using the chi-square test of independence and the Fisher-Yates exact test.
Verification of regression equations for estimating pork carcass meatiness using CMG, IM-03, fat-o-meat’er ii and ultrafom 300 devices
Authors: Lisiak Dariusz , Borzuta Karol , Janiszewski Piotr , Magda Fabian , Grześkowiak Eugenia , Strzelecki Jerzy , Powałowski Krzysztof , Lisiak Beata
Published: November 2013

Four manual classification devices for estimating pork carcass meat content, i.e. CGM, Fat-OMeat’er II, IM-03 and UltraFom 300 were tested. The experiment was carried out with properly selected raw material (n=141 pigs) from current deliveries for pig slaughter at the Meat Plant SKIBA S.A. in Chojnice. Pork raw material was derived from three different Polish regions and represented different types of fatness, different carcass weights (from 60 to 120 kg) and different sexes (half were gilts and half were barrows). The applied testing procedure was consistent with European Union regulations. The research resulted in the development of regression equations for estimating pork carcass meat content in Poland. These equations are of rectilinear type and use four (in the case of UltraFom 300) or two (in the case of other devices) measurements of backfat and longissimus dorsi muscle thickness located at a distance of 6 cm (CGM, IM-03) or 7 cm (Fat-OMeat’er II, UltraFom 300) from the backfat edge at the section between 3rd and 4th rib, counting ribs from the end (CGM, IM-03, Fat-O-Meat’er II) and also at the height of the last rib section (UltraFom 300). The prediction error does not exceed the termination value of 2.50% established by EU regulations and amounts to 2.16% for CGM, 2.18% for Fat-O-Meat’er II, 1.89% for IM-03 and 2.07% for UltraFom 300. New regression equations have been applied in the meat industry since 12 December 2011.
VARIABILITY AND CHARACTER ASSOCIATION FOR REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS IN ONION (Allium cepa L)
Authors: Akter M. S. , Ivy N. A. , Mian M. A. K. , Hoque M. M.
Published: November 2013

The experiment was conducted with the objective to study the variability and the character association for reproductive traits in exotic and local onion genotypes. Ten genotypes of onion (Allium cepa L) collected from different sources, namely; Indian medium (G1), Indian medium (G2), Indian small (G3), Taherpuri (G4), Patnai pink (G5), Patnai small (G6), Big single bulb (G7), Big double bulb (G8), Small single bulb (G9), Small double bulb (G10) were included in the study. Significant variations were observed among the genotypes for all the characters at 1% level except umbel diameter. This indicates that there is a wide genotypic variation among the genotypes for all the characters studied except umbel diameter. Considering genetic parameters, high GCV values were observed for days to 100% sprouting, number of unfilled seeds per umbel, number of filled seeds per umbel, number of flowers per umbel, number of seeds per umbel, number of seeds per plant and seed yield per umbel (gm). High heritability values with high genetic advances in percent of mean were obtained for days to 100% sprouting, days to 50% bolting, number of unfilled seeds per umbel and seed yield per umbel (gm). Correlation analysis indicated significant positive genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficient of number of seeds per plant, 100 seed weight (gm), number of seeds per umbel and number of unfilled seeds per umbel with seed yield per umbel (gm). Number of flowers per umbel and number of filled seeds per umbel had the highest positive direct effect on seed yield (gm). Days to 100% sprouting, umbel diameter and number of seeds per plant had direct negative effect on seed yield. Path analysis exhibited that highly significant positive correlation with positive direct effect showed for number of filled seeds per umbel (1.87), number of flowers per umbel (1.52) and 100seed weight (0.74g). Days to 50% bolting, number of seeds per plant, number of flowers per umbel, number of filled seeds per umbel, number of unfilled seeds per umbel and seed yield per umbel could be selected as yield contributing characters in onion.
COMBINING ABILITY FOR INHERITANCE OF ECONOMIC TRAITS IN OPIUM POPPY (Papaver somniferum L.)
Authors: Kumar B. , Patra N. K.
Published: November 2013

Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is an important medicinal plant produces more than 80 alkaloids obtained from the capsules and straw of the plant. The estimate of combining ability gives an indication of the genetic behaviour of the parental material. It is therefore, desirable to select the parents for hybridization on the basis of their per se performance and combining ability effects. The F1, F2 and their reciprocals of an eight parent diallel cross in opium poppy were studied for combining ability of seven economic traits. The mean sum of squares due to GCA, SCA and reciprocals were significant for all the traits. The magnitude of GCA variances were invariably higher than those of SCA and thus indicating the preponderance of non-additive genetic variances, which was further affirmed by the measure of average degree of dominance i.e. ?(?2s/? 2g).  Among the parents VN35I for plant height, Sanchita and VG26 for capsules per plant, VN23, VN35I and Vivek for capsule index, VG26 and Sanchita for seed and straw yield per plant, and VN35I and VG20 for morphine content were found good general combiners. Earliness being a desired trait, parent VG20 having significant negative GCA estimates coupled with per se performance can be considered as good general combiner for early flowering. Inclusion of good general combiners in a multiple crossing program or an inter-mating population involving all possible crosses among them subjected to bi-parental mating may be expected to offer maximum promise in breeding for economic traits.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v24i2.17000
GENETIC VARIABILITY FOR GRAIN QUALITY TRAITS IN AROMATIC RICE (Oryza sativa L)
Authors: Fatema Kaniz , Rasul M. G. , Mian M. A. K. , Rahman M. M.
Published: November 2013

Forty five aromatic rice genotypes were evaluated to assess the genetic variability and diversity on the basis of nine characters. Significant variations were observed among the genotypes for all the characters (grain breadth (mm), grain length (mm), grain L/B ratio, gelatinization temperature (score), gel consistency (mm), amylose content (%), protein content (%), 1000 grain weight (g) and grain yield per plant (g)) studied. High GCV, PCV, heritability and GA as observed in amylose content, grain length average and L/B ratio suggested that these three characters could be transmitted to the progeny. Multivariate analysis revealed that 45 genotypes were grouped into six clusters. There were marked variations in intra-cluster distances, which ranged from 0.482 to 7.851. The highest intra cluster mean for five traits (amylose content, width average, L/B ratio, length average, 1000 grain weight) was obtained from cluster I constituted 10 genotypes. Thousand grain weight and amylose content have been found to contribute maximum towards genetic diversity in 45 genotypes of aromatic rice.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v24i2.17002
GENETIC DIVERSITY ANALYSIS IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Chakma S. P. , Huq H. , Mahmud F. , Husna A.
Published: November 2013

The experiment was conducted under the agro-ecological zone of Modhupur Tract (AEZ-28) to determine the genetic diversity among 39 rice genotypes, collected from Bangladesh Rice Research Institute, Lal Teer Seed Ltd. and Chittagong Hill Tracts. The genotypes were grouped into six clusters based on Mahalanobiss D2 statistics and Canonical Variate Analysis. Cluster I consisted with the highest number of (11) genotypes from different origin, whereas cluster IV consisted with the lowest number of (3) genotypes. Cluster III consisted of BRRI dhan 28, BRRI dhan 45, Gold, Tia, Dowel and Moyna showed maximum mean yield. Maximum inter cluster distance was recorded between cluster II and cluster III. The highest inter genotypic distance was observed between Tharak dhan and BRRI dhan 45. Cluster III had the highest mean values for grain yield, harvest index, 1000-grain weight and number of effective tillers per hill and cluster V for number of primary branches per panicle and cluster VI for number of filled grains per panicle that had significant positive correlation with grain yield. Number of unfilled grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight and grain yield showed maximum contribution towards genetic divergence. The genotypes from these clusters with desirable characters may be used as potential donor for future hybridization program to develop high yielders.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjpbg.v25i1.17010