bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meeting the Training and Development Needs of Knowledge Workers: What We are Learning at EG&G Idaho, Inc.
Authors: Richards Robert E. , Palmer Lamar A. , Martin Sheri L.
Published: January 2012

During the last decade, many commentators have preached the need to improve the quality, productivity, and training of the American workforce. Many of the observations relative to our future competitiveness have been unsettling, if not alarming. Accordingly, prescriptions for change have included such things as doubling and tripling training budgets. Most case studies in the popular literature talk about the management and improvement of manufacturing enterprises. In contrast, this paper deals with the challenges facing knowledge workers and, specifically, those of the Nuclear Reactor Research and Technology Department (NRRT) of EG&G Idaho, Inc. where a full-blown training needs analysis was conducted. The findings, in brief, indicate that a majority of the knowledge workers, especially the scientists and engineers, had at least some training needs that were not being adequately met. Lack of emphasis, scarcity of time, and limited availability of relevant, technical, training were the primary reasons. The employees also noted that they believed the experts needed to provide the training were their colleagues already working within the Department and that on-the-job training and other individualized training methods would be most effective. The employees expressed a stong interest in the company instituting a career development program. Based on this analysis, the NRRT has taken several steps to better the training needs. These findings, which would appear to be typical for knowledge workers nation-wide, underscore the vital importance of leaders seriously assessing and responding to the needs of a vital national resource-the knowledge workers.
Individual Differences and Training Program Development
Authors: Redding Richard E.
Published: January 2012

The increasing complexity of jobs and tasks necessitates an evaluation of the skills needed to support task performance, particularly the individual differences among trainees in such skills. Individual differences in ability, motivation, and learning style are likely to impact greatly upon the performance of complex cognitive tasks, which are those increasingly requiring training today. This paper reviews individual differences in the areas of learning styles and cognitive styles, motivation, knowledge and ability, and mood states. The emphasis is upon measuring and accommodating such differences during training and how this can be accomplished through the use of computer-based instruction (CBI).
Building an Intelligent Tutoring System: Some Guidelines from a Study of Human Tutors
Authors: Galdes Deborah K. , Smith Philip J.
Published: January 2012

One reason that intelligent tutoring systems (ITSs) are rarely found outside of the research lab has to do with the guidelines available to developers of these systems. First, some of these guidelines are stated as general, abstract goals such as “adapt to the student.” What ITS developers need, however, are specific strategies and techniques which can be implemented in an ITS to accomplish those goals. Second, not all of the guidelines have an empirical basis.

One solution to both of these problems is to study human tutors. This paper demonstrates this approach, and discusses an empirical study of human tutors which was conducted to address these issues. Specifically, it discusses

1) the knowledge acquisition method which we designed to capture the appropriate empirical data,

2) how we used this method to study human tutors and students in the medical problem-solving domain of immunohematology (blood banking),

3) several guidelines which appeared to drive the tutors' behavior (e.g., “limit the number of interrupts to the student”), and

4) specific tutoring strategies which can be incorporated into an ITS to make its behavior follow these guidelines.
The Negative Difference Event-Related Brain Potential during Cross-Modality Time-Sharing
Authors: Sullivan Christopher
Published: January 2012

The effects of manual tracking and allocation policy on the “negative difference” (Nd) event-related brain potential (ERP) were investigated. Five measures of performance were analyzed—root-mean-square-error, reactions time, sensitivity, N1 and P2 amplitude and N1 and P2 latency. Two results are discussed. The first results discussed show that the “negative difference” potential is unaffected by either the manual tracking task or the priority given the Nd task. The ERP data is further corroborated by the behavioral data. Both the sensitivity measure and reaction time were unaffected by the difficulty of the manual tracking task or the priority given the auditory task. However, the auditory task affected the manual tracking task. This asymmetric pattern of interference is explained in terms of the mechanism of preemption (Wickens, 1987; Wickens & Liu, 1988). The second results discussed show that high and low tones differentially effected Nd. Nd was greater at N1 for the low tone and greater at P2 for the high tone. This result is discussed in light of the different reaction times for low and high tones.
Visual Mechanisms and Predictors of Far Field Visual Task Performance
Authors: Barber Andrew V.
Published: January 2012

Visual mechanisms involved in target detection, recognition, and tracking were examined. Relationships were analyzed in the context of simulated combat, focusing on the short range air defense weapon operator. Objectives were to identify visual ability interrelationships, predictors of performance, and interactions with target characteristics, directional cuing and experience. Good predictors included visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, resting focus, near focal point, and blur interpretation. Many of these abilities interacted with the independent variables, producing differential effects on performance. Visual abilities logically grouped into three principal components. Active accommodation predicted target detection and identification; passive accommodation predicted detection and acquisition; and image interpretation predicted acquisition, identification and tracking. Results supported the three visual subsystems theory, based on neurophysiological evidence of pathways in the brain corresponding to specific visual functions.
Orientation Information on Spatial Displays
Authors: Yungkurth Erika J. , Coury Bruce G.
Published: January 2012

This research concerns the use of orientation information by periscope operators. As periscopes in submarines are integrated with image processing systems and graphics workstations, the spatial information concerning the direction of the view of the periscope becomes more difficult to obtain. Consequently, the orientation of the periscope must be graphically represented on the workstation display. The major objective of this research was to determine the best way of displaying this type of information. The research was also concerned with the use of mental rotation by subjects to process the information, as well as the mediating effects of sex differences and spatial ability on performance in this type of task. The experiment tested two display types, outside-in and inside-out, each at two levels of complexity. The subjects were instructed to answer questions concerning the compass headings of submarines and periscopes, and the position of a periscope relative to a submarine. Results showed that the outside-in orientation would be the most preferable type of display representation, with the simple format producing the best performance. The results also revealed that mental rotation-type curves were evident for some combinations of question and display-type and that there were no differences between men and women in this task.
Three Dimensional Display Technology for Aerospace and Visualization
Authors: Wickens Christopher D. , Todd Steven
Published: January 2012

The similarities and contrasts between scientific visualization, and the tasks imposed on the pilot and air traffic controller are highlighted. Relevant principles for 3 dimensional display design for both of these applications are stated, and an experiment is described which contrasts four graphical formats across a number of tasks involving the interpretation of a hypothetical set of scientific data. The tasks vary in the degree to which focused attention vs. integration is involved. The graphical formats were either 2 or 3D renderings and either did or did not contain contours to emphasize objectness. The results revealed that emergent features, created either by objectness or 3 dimensionality, facilitated integration performance. However, 3 dimensionality generally slowed performance on all tasks.
Automation, Authority and Angst — Revisited
Authors: Sheridan Thomas B.
Published: January 2012

Automation of previously human-controlled systems is accelerating. Although various proposals have been made regarding the allocation of functions among human and machine components of systems, the human factors discipline is not keeping pace with automation. Using examples primarily from aviation, a number of questions are raised regarding the relative roles of people and computers.
Designing and Operating Safer Highways for Older Drivers: Present and Future Research Issues
Authors: Mast Truman
Published: January 2012

A major shift is occurring in the population age distribution resulting in a growing number of older persons with an increasing demand for mobility. For a variety of reasons, meeting the present and future mobility needs of older persons will depend primarilary on the automobile. This paper will discuss key issues related to ongoing and planned research sponsored by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) to improve the mobility and safety of older drivers and pedestrians. The scope of FHWA research activities concerns aspects of highway design and operations that involve direct user interface. For example, geometric design and traffic control device standards explicitly consider quantifiable driver characteristics such as perception-reaction time or visual acuity. Ongoing research is addressing the extent to which existing traffic control device elements accommodate drivers with age-related diminished performance capabilities. Current work is testing older driver responses to brighter and larger signs with varying legend spacing and font characteristics in order to make recommended changes to existing highway signing standards. Older driver perception-reaction time is being evaluated in a variety of intersection, stopping, and decision sight distance situations. Studies are also underway to improve pavement markings and delineation systems to enhance their utility for older drivers. Driving simulation and field methods are being used to investigate vehicle maneuvers which cause difficulties for older drivers so that improvements can be made to highway design and operations. Future studies will determine the capabilities and limitations of older pedestrians, address the visibility problems of symbol signs and changeable message signs, and investigate all aspects of intersection design and operations in light of older driver and pedestrian capabilities.
Empirical Comparisons of Knowledge Acquisition Techniques
Authors: McCloskey Brian P. , Geiwitz James , Kornell James
Published: January 2012

The degree to which a knowledge-acquisition technique (KAT) extracts useful information from a human expert varies, in large part, as a function of the type of expert system being developed. The present study employed two KATs, ARK (a structured-interview technique) and Repertory Grid (a similarity-judgment technique), to elicit knowledge from U.S. Army helicopter pilots with expertise in mission planning. The resultant knowledge bases were compared in terms of their applicability to two tasks: attack route evaluation and attack route planning. The study revealed important qualitative and quantitative differences in the knowledge bases elicited by the two KATs. The Repertory Grid method elicited dimensions with which the efficiency of attack routes could be classified and, in general, appears to be well-suited for use in development of “convergent” expert systems intended to perform tasks involving categorization or evaluation. In contrast, ARK elicited procedural information (e.g., goals, strategies, and rules) with which route planning could be performed, and appears better suited for obtaining information to be used in the development of “divergent” expert systems designed to conduct tasks involving planning or scheduling. The results have implications for the selection of KATS and the design of knowledge-elicitation sessions, and suggest that further analyses of the knowledge-acquisition process be conducted.
Using Enlarged Target Area and Constant Visual Feedback to Aid Cursor Pointing Tasks
Authors: Osga Glenn A.
Published: January 2012

The User-Interface Technology Branch is investigating a task paradigm for improving performance at future navy surface ship consoles. This paper presents partial results of a series of studies investigating cursor pointing and menu-selection tasks relevant to console use. A software aid for tactical symbol selection was created which uses constant visual feedback, reduced cursor travel requirements, and increased effective symbol size. This method was also applied to menu item selection. Significant user performance speed enhancement for symbol selection without a corresponding increase in errors was demonstrated for trackball and various touchtablet devices.
Human-Computer Cooperative Problem Solving in Satellite Ground Control
Authors: Jones Patricia M. , Mitchell Christine M.
Published: January 2012

In the supervisory control of highly automated dynamic systems, the human operator is responsible for monitoring system state and compensating for system failures. Increasingly, the human operator interacts with one or more knowledge-based (e.g., expert) systems that assume responsibility for a portion of the supervisory control task. Thus, supervisory control is shared by both human and machine agent(s). To date, however, there is little research addressing the interaction of human and knowledge-based machine agents in supervisory control. This paper describes research that explores issues in the design of the cooperative human-machine interaction in the control of a complex dynamic system. The paper presents a set of prescriptive principles that define the human-computer interaction in supervisory control systems. In addition, the paper summarizes a case study of a NASA satellite ground control system in which human operators work with an expert system. The prescriptive principles and case study results form the basis of an architecture for cooperative problem solving for real-time control of dynamic systems.
Enhancing Human-computer Interaction through Use of Embedded COGNET Models
Authors: Zachary Wayne W. , Ross Loma
Published: January 2012

Current research suggests that embedded user models would allow more intelligent and helpful human-computer interaction. However, until recently, the cognitive modeling technology capable of generating models sufficiently complete and detailed as would be needed to drive development of embedded user models has not existed. COGNET (COGnition as a Network of Tasks) is a new cognitive modeling framework focusing on real-time, multi-tasking domains, and has been successfully applied and validated in several domains. This paper describes research to explore COGNET for embedded user models. The research took an existing COGNET model and implemented it in software as an embedded user model for an intelligent human-computer interface. The HCI used the resulting embedded model to produce significantly enhanced human-computer interface functionality. Specifically, the model was used to provide attention aiding, dynamic task prioritization, context-sensitive decision structuring, and context sensitive task automation in a complex real-time vehicle monitoring task. The software used to implement the example model also proved generalizable to other domains and COGNET models. This software has been named BATON (Blackboard Architecture for Task-Oriented Networks). Similarly, the interface architecture is broadly applicable to providing these same functions in other real-time, multi-tasking domains.
Anesthesia Crisis Management and Human Error in Anesthesiology
Authors: Gaba David M.
Published: January 2012

Anesthesia is a dynamic, complex world in which decisions must be made rapidly, often with partial information and uncertainty. Previous studies of anesthesiologists' responses to adverse events have demonstrated that even experienced anesthesiologists are not optimally prepared to manage crises. A new training course which is aimed at improving the crisis management skills of anesthesiologists is described. The course borrows concepts from “Cockpit Resource Management” training in aviation and uses lectures, videotapes, and realistic simulation with expert debriefing to teach “Anesthesia Crisis Resource Management.”
Speech Analysis Techniques for Detecting Stress
Authors: Doherty E. Thomas
Published: January 2012

While attempts to assess the level of stress present in an individual by analyzing his speech have shown some success, current methodology is best described as being capable of determining whether a talker is presently experiencing either minimum or maximum stress. For example, Jones (1990) found that, for those extremes of stress, both the increase in speaking fundamental frequency and the decrease in vocal jitter were statistically significant. Neither measure, however, was capable of distinguishing any intervening levels. Researchers continue searching for acoustic measures that might more precisely indicate ongoing changes in stress to establish a metric capable of more than simply differentiating between the two extremes. The objective is to distinguish among several levels of stress or to furnish a continuous, concurrent estimate of the talker's state. Two main components are considered for improving the estimation of a talker's actual stress level: 1) refinements in the acquisition of signals and their processing; and 2) proposals concerning the choice of acoustic parameters. The first objective is intended to maintain signal fidelity which should enhance the potential to detect changes in the speaker's voice. For acquisition of the acoustic signal, direct sampling and storing to a computer is highly recommended, thus eliminating the potential distortion that is inherent in tape recording. During the analog-to-digital conversion phase, the highest sample rates attainable in the face of storage limitations and the finer amplitude resolution provided by 16 bit converters should also be beneficial. Concerning the selection of acoustic parameters, in addition to speaking fundamental frequency and jitter, certain variations in the waveform (spectrum) might be exploited. The maximum rate of change in amplitude during a pitch period or the ratio of the energy in various segments of the spectrum, after each has been appropriately normalized, might not only indicate stress levels but also be independent of speaker variability.
A Novel Approach to Clarifying Organizational Roles
Authors: Caplan Stanley , Rodgers Suzanne , Rosenfeld Harry
Published: January 2012

This paper focuses on the process used to define role responsibilities during an organizational analysis of a leading U.S. orchestra's management. The study's objective was to clarify organizational roles to facilitate orderly and effective utilization of the resources of the orchestra's Board and staff. The analysis process, which is generalizable to other types of organizations, results in the clear definition of organizational functions and responsibilities. It combines the use of tools from Value Engineering and Organizational Analysis into an approach that can be carried to the level of writing position descriptions for key positions and committees. A major benefit is individuals' understanding and acceptance of their new responsibilities because of participating in the process.
Individual and Team Communication in a Dynamic Task
Authors: Terranova Michele , Hartley Diane , Coury Bruce G. , Hooper Kevin N.
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this paper is to report the results of an experiment designed to study communication and its role in performance on a task shared between two human operators. Specifically, the experiment addressed the effects of system representations and communication on individual and team performance. As individuals, the operators had independent access to a computer interface that represented system information either in a graphic or an alphanumeric format. In the second phase of the research, operators were paired into teams to supervise the system. Two operators supervised the simulated fluid flow process, coordinating system control and failure detection responsibilities through their voice-mediated communication. Teams were comprised of operators using graphic, alphanumeric, or a combination of both graphic and alphanumeric information. Protocol analysis, specifically a think aloud methodology, was used in order to study the cognitive strategies used by individual operators to supervise the system, and to identify the types of communication that lead to the best performance. Performance comparisons were made between operators performing as individuals and in teams. Team communication was analyzed and related to system performance. Both the amount of communication and content of the communication was related to effective individual and team performance. Discussion focused on the application of these results to the design of advanced controls, operator interfaces, and operator communication.
Adequacy of Responses to Warning Terms
Authors: Leonard S. David , Creel Elisabeth , Karnes Edward W.
Published: January 2012

Previous research has indicated that many persons have difficulty in describing the seriousness of hazards that are associated with some terms frequently used in warnings. Alternative explanations for this failure could be lack of understanding or simply inability to express their knowledge. Two studies were conducted in an effort to get more definitive information about what the general public knows about these terms. The obtained evidence suggested that many terms commonly used alone in warnings are not adequate to inform users of the extent of the hazards associated with those warnings. These results are discussed in terms of the need for completeness in warnings.
What Makes a Warning Label Salient?
Authors: Rodriguez Michael A.
Published: January 2012

Existing research indicates warning labels are generally ineffective due to users ignoring them. One goal of the present experiment was to illustrate the importance that warning labels be as salient as possible. Features of salience examined in past research are size of the label, location, bold print, etc. The present study tests the effectiveness of warning label color and shape in terms of subject compliance, retention of label details, and perception of danger level. Results indicated that a written label surrounded by a shape resulted in higher compliance than a label with no surrounding shape. Color had significant effects only when used in conjunction with shape. A red label elicited a higher rating of potential danger, with green next, and black and white the lowest. A red octagon was significantly more effective than other combinations in terms of invoking a greater retention of label detail and also drawing higher ratings of perceived danger. A neutral shape elicited both lower subject compliance and fewer compliance points.
Development of Child-Resistant Latches to Prevent Child Access to Home Swimming Pools
Authors: Ratté Donna , Lerner Neil , Huey Richard
Published: January 2012

Drowning is the third leading cause of accidental death for U.S. children under 5 years of age, and the majority of childhood drownings occur in home swimming pools. Self-latching devices on pool gates and house doors represent an environmental strategy for preventing unauthorized access to the pool area. However, operation of most currently available self-latching devices is believed to be within the capabilities of many children in the at-risk age group, and the human factors requirements of a latch that must be inoperable by young children yet operable by intended users have not been explored. This paper describes the development and testing of self-latching devices that are more child-resistant than existing products. Functional requirements of latches were based on the following considerations: epidemiological data on residential swimming pool drownings; anthropometric, motor, and cognitive characteristics relevant to latch operation by both intended and unintended users; user acceptance of prevention efforts; and codes addressing egress requirements for exit doors. After the target age group for child-resistance and the minimum intended user age were defined, functional requirements were identified. A multidisciplinary project team developed and evaluated a wide range of potential designs, and, from these, five promising latch treatments were selected and developed into prototypes. Testing of the latch designs indicates that they are highly effective in preventing access through doors or gates by children in the peak age risk group.
The Role of Work Practices in Occupational Accidents
Authors: Feyer Anne-Marie , Williamson Ann M.
Published: January 2012

A comprehensive classification system was applied to the analysis of the information surrounding the occurrence of all traumatic work-related fatalities in Australia over the years 1982–1984. The information coded included factors immediately antecedent to the accident as well as factors removed in time which contributed to the occurrence of the accident. The results indicated that the relationships between human and other factors, among human factors, and between factors immediately preceding the accident and those removed in time from the accident all provide important insights about the causes of occupational accidents and their prevention.
HSYS: A Computerized Methodology for Analyzing Human Performance in Complex Operational Settings
Authors: Byers James C. , Harbour Jerry L. , Wilhelmsen Cheryl A.
Published: January 2012

This demonstration presents HSYS, a computerized methodology for analyzing human performance in complex operational settings. HSYS was developed in an attempt to better understand the interactional relationship between humans and operational systems (Hill, Harbour, Sullivan, and Hallbert, 1990) and to examine the many factors which influence Human- SYStem interactions. HSYS focuses on system interactions from the human's perspective and is built around a linear model of human performance, termed the Input-Action Model. The HSYS program automates much of the process of investigating human performance using Flowcharts based on the Input-Action Model. So far, HSYS has been designed and used primarily as an incident investigation tool. It is conceived, however, that HSYS might be useful as an analytical development tool where the Flowcharts would be used to examine whether all aspects that may influence human performance have been considered.
The Soldier System — The Army's Future Vision
Authors: Simpson Jane A. , Symington Lawrence E.
Published: January 2012

The U.S. Army Natick Research, Development and Engineering Center has undertaken the work of treating the soldier as an entire system, commensurate with the treatment received by other major weapon systems in the military. The ultimate objective is to enhance the effectiveness of the soldier on the battlefield by integrating the identified domains of the Soldier System concept. This concept has been developed cooperatively through workshops with participants, who themselves are soldiers and/or who have a direct effect on soldier performance by virtue of their research and development of soldier items. The individual Soldier System is defined as a battlefield system which maximizes the warfighting capabilities of lethality, command and control, protection, sustainment and mobility through the integration of the individual soldier with doctrine, training, leader development, organization, and materiel to counter the threat/environment. This paper introduces the concept of the Soldier System, describes the process used to develop the concept and presents the arguments for its necessity.
Crewcut - a Tool for Modeling the Effects of High Workload on Human Performance
Authors: Hahler Beth , Dahl Susan , Laughery Ron , Lockett John , Thein Brenda
Published: January 2012

The underlying problem that this work addresses is the incidence of high crew workload in modern systems. The specific problem is that the analysis and prediction of workload during system or procedure design currently involves either 1) the use of human subjects that is very resource consuming or 2) the use of subjective evaluations that are of questionable validity. The innovation we propose is to use computer modeling to predict crew workload. Techniques and supporting technologies are being developed by NASA and the U.S. Department of Defense that are applicable to many types of systems. The tools we will discuss address this problem by providing a sophisticated environment for the analysis of crew workload as well as evaluating the effects of high workload on ensuing human performance.
Integrating Micro Saint, HOS, and Anthropometric Models a New Tool
Authors: Dahl Susan , Hood Lori , Laughery K. Ronald , Kaplan Dr. Jonathan
Published: January 2012

This paper discusses a US Army project to develop an advanced human performance modeling tool by combining the strengths of several well-known existing techniques. The first step is to integrate the human performance features of HOS (Human Operator Simulator) with Micro Saint, a task network modeling tool. The resulting tool, Micro Saint/HOS), will provide human factors and ergonomics professionals with a powerful tool that can be used to quantify and assess the impact of workstation design on the performance of the human operator and the ultimate performance of the system. What MS HOS will lack is the sophisticated graphical capabilities available in today's anthropometric modeling tools. The next step will be to link the dynamic models of human performance and graphically-based anthropometric models of the human.
Recognition Measurement: Computer-Based and Paper-Based Methods
Authors: Federico Pat-Anthony
Published: January 2012

According to a within-subjects design, 83 naval pilots and flight officers were administered computer-based and paper-based tests to assess recognition of aircraft silhouettes in order to determine the relative reliabilities and validities of these two measurement modes. Estimates of internal consistencies, equivalences, and discriminative validities were computed for multiple performance measures. It was established that the relative reliabilities and validities derived for these two assessment schemes were contingent upon the employed multivariate measurement criteria, i.e., percentage correct responses, average response latency, and average degree of confidence in recognition judgments, as well as the statistical criteria used to ascertain the comparative quality of these two modes of testing.
How to Make T&E Results Usable and Truly Useful
Authors: Christ Richard E.
Published: January 2012

The rationale for a discipline of test and evaluation (T&E) is that systems are developed to achieve certain purposes. This is true whether the systems in question are purely hardware, software, training, socio-political, or some combination of these or still other system types. The major objectives of test and evaluation are to determine whether the systems achieve their purposes and, if they do not, to determine how they can be improved. The human factors results of this effort must be both usable and useful if the T&E practitioner is to have credibility.

The usability of T&E results is a function of the adequacy of the methods used for collecting and analyzing data in the context of real-world constraints, a world in which there may be frequent departures from an ideal test and evaluation environment. The measurement problems inevitably encountered include those associated with the disparity between the engineering and behavioral science disciplines, the complexities of experimental control in operational situations and operational fidelity in non-operational settings, and the absence of direct translations between human performance and the performance of the larger system of which the human is a part.

The usefulness of T&E results is a function of how relevant they are to the decision makers who are managing the system development program, as well as those other individuals who are designing, developing, operating, maintaining, or using the outputs of the system. Unlike the human factors specialist, the T&E “customer” is generally not concerned with a search for the truth. Rather, the customer frequently needs only that information necessary to answer very specific questions. We will fail in our responsibility as human factors professionals if we do not provide the type of information, in the proper format, that will influence the decisions and behavior of the user of that information.

Both the usability and the usefulness of human factors test and evaluation efforts must be properly addressed by T&E researchers and practitioners. This is true if for no other reason than for the sheer pragmatic need to get continuing support and funding for our discipline.

The first two papers in this symposium will emphasize the usability of results in the real-world context of the T&E environment and the last two will emphasize the usefulness of the results to the sponsor or user. The participants have had multiple opportunities to reconcile and more clearly address differences in the positions they espouse through exchanges and critiques of their respective papers.
Networked Simulation for Team Training of Space Station Astronauts, Ground Controllers, and Scientists: A Training and Development Environment
Authors: Hajare Ankur R. , Wick Daniel T. , Bovenzi James J.
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this paper is to describe plans for the Space Station Training Facility (SSTF) which has been designed to meet the envisioned training needs for Space Station Freedom. To meet these needs, the SSTF will integrate networked simulators with real-world systems in five training modes: Stand-Alone, Combined, Joint-Combined, Integrated, and Joint-Integrated. This paper describes the five training modes within the context of three training scenarios. In addition, this paper describes an authoring system which will support the rapid integration of new real-world system changes in the Space Station Freedom Program.
The Perception of Flicker in Various Ambient Light Conditions and at User Adjustable Screen Brightness Levels
Authors: Akagi Kenichi , Kelly Barbara
Published: January 2012

The forgoing experiment was designed to observe and measure users' perception of flicker, also referred to as Critical Fusion Frequency (CFF) at a variety of controlled ambient light levels in a setting that was designed to approximate a range of realistic user environments. The goal of the study was to determine the phosphor type and refresh rate required to eliminate flicker perception for the majority of our sample of forty-eight (48) participants.
Enhancement of 3-D Video Displays by Means of Superimposed Stereo-Graphics
Authors: Milgram Paul , Drascic David , Grodski Julius J.
Published: January 2012

This paper describes a number of aspects of a display technology under development, which involves the integration of stereoscopic computer graphics and stereoscopic video displays. The background and justification for this development are discussed, based on the need of operators of remotely controlled vehicles and/or manipulators to estimate absolute sizes and locations of objects at a remotely viewed site. The basic technology involves superimposing an interactively controllable computer-generated stereographic cursor onto a stereoscopically viewed video image. Absolute measurements can be made with this system, based on relative comparison of cursor position with target object location. Experimental results are presented in which the ability of subjects to perform such tasks was investigated. In general, results were promising; subjects were able to align virtual pointers with real targets essentially as well as they were able to manipulate real objects. A number of implications of this technology for the enhancement of three dimensional video displays are discussed.
Performance Feedback and the Optimum-Maximum Procedure
Authors: Goettl Barry P. , Joseph Jane
Published: January 2012

The present experiment examines the effects of on-line feedback in the optimum-maximum procedure proposed by Navon (1985). Twenty Clemson University students performed a dual-task consisting of two compensatory tracking tasks. Subjects performed three different dual-task combinations in which the tracking dynamics of the two tasks was varied. Each tracking task was optimized at three levels. One group received on-line feedback on both tasks, the other group did not. Results indicated modest performance trade-offs between tracking tasks. The performance trade-offs appeared to be stronger when on-line feedback was used. These data demonstrate the effects of on-line feedback on dual-task performance and suggest that conclusion concerning resource trade-offs may depend on whether performance feedback is provided.
Effectiveness of Coding Schemes in Rapid Communication Displays
Authors: Swierenga Sarah J. , Boff Kenneth R. , Donovan Rebecca S.
Published: January 2012

An important issue in implementing Rapid Communication (RAPCOM) display technology is the manner in which information is coded within a given display sequence. This study compared performance on a search task for four single coding strategies as well as four redundant code combinations at five presentation rates. Results indicated significant differences in accuracy and reaction time for task performance using single and redundant codes at various frame durations. These findings helped to identify several potential coding formats that can be utilized in real-world settings.
Effects of Response Symmetry upon Bi-Manual Rapid Aiming
Authors: Kantowitz Barry H.
Published: January 2012

This experiment investigated effects of response symmetry in a two-handed aiming task. A first-order system with isometric controllers was used to present the task. The Motor Program hypothesis predicts better performance in a symmetric condition because only one set of parameters is required to control both hands. The Divided Attention hypothesis predicts better performance in an asymmetric condition because attention can be more readily switched between hands. Results supported the Divided Attention hypothesis because (1) accuracy was better for the asymmetric condition, and (2) the relative advantage of the asymmetric condition increased as targets became more difficult.
Visibility of Head up Display (HUD) for Automobiles
Authors: Inuzuka Yasuhiro , Osumi Yoshimasa , Shinkai Hiroaki
Published: January 2012

The human factors benefits of the Head Up Display (HUD) for automobile applications are improved visibility, and prevention of view-obstruction when collecting driving information. We evaluated several HUD's considering such factors as location (in-plane location and distance), character size, brightness and color through investigations of view-point distribution, measurement of recognition time and subjective evaluation. The results made clear an appropriate range for each factor. It was also confirmed that the HUD recognition time is significantly shorter than that of the conventional instrument panel display by more than 0.1 second.
Concepts for Improving the Flight Crews Work Environment within the Esa's Attached Lab
Authors: Muccio Jim , Gibson Edward , Ockels Wubbo , Allen Michelle
Published: January 2012

Man's presence in space has proved to be an extremely valuable asset. During the past thirty years of manned space flight there have been numerous instances where man's ingenuity, fortitude, ability to deal with the unexpected, weigh risks, anticipate potential problems, and propose potential solutions have been largely responsible for the success of the mission. Nevertheless, the value of man in space is limited; for it is largely determined by how much he can produce; his productivity, in turn, is determined not only by the intrinsic abilities that he brings to the job, but also by the work environment provided him. In short, it is the intent of this paper to discuss some of the concepts and recommendations under consideration by the Columbus Program's Crew Activities Office for improving the productivity of the flight crews' work environment; where gains in productivity are defined in terms of increased crew efficiency, decreased crew error, and decreased crew training requirements. In doing so, this paper will address such areas as the flight crews' activity planning, their workstation design, and their on-board training. This paper will draw heavily from past space experiences, from Skylab, Shuttle Spacelab, and Solyut missions. The concepts and recommendations proposed are the result of: (1) direct hands-on experience from former NASA, ESA, and Russian astronauts; (2) a time and motion study of a past Spacelab mission (performed to better understand where and how crews spend their time); or (3) multiple crew workstation and neutral buoyancy simulations.
The Use of Personal Computer-Based Training Devices in Teaching Instrument Flying: A Comparative Study
Authors: Moroney William F. , Hampton Steven , Biers David W. , Kirton Thomas
Published: January 2012

The in-flight performance of aviation students trained on PC-Based Training (TDs), using “Elite” and “IFT” software packages, was compared to the in—flight performance of students trained in a FAA approved generic training device (the Frasca 141). Seventy-nine students enrolled in a Instrument Flight Training Course were trained on one of the three TDs and then flew in a Mooney 20J. Instructors/ evaluators used a form, based on criteria specified in FAA's Performance Test Standards (PTS) for an Instrument Rating, to evaluate student performance on six maneuvers and two categories of general flight skills. Student performance was evaluated by course instructors and independent “Stage Check Pilots” during both the ground-based and in-flight portion of the course.

For the factors evaluated, no significant difference was noted among those studnets taught in any of the TDs in either the number of trials per task or hours to instrument flight proficiency in the aircraft. However, compared to students trained on the Frasca, students trained on the PC-Based TDs required significantly fewer hours and trials per task, to reach the overall PTSs in the TDs. Additionally, training received in the PC-Based TD cost 46% less than training received in the Frasca. Finally, the cost of the PC-Based TDs, associated hardware and Software was 7.6% of the $60,000 cost of the Frasca. The authors recommend that steps be initiated to qualify PC-Based TDs as Flight Training Devices, in which instrument rating training credit can be accrued.
A Study of Life Expectancy for a Sample of Retired Airline Pilots
Authors: Besco Robert O. , Sangal Satya P. , Nesthus Thomas E. , Veronneau Stephen J. H.
Published: January 2012

There is a popular belief in the aviation industry that retired pilots die at a younger age than their counterparts in the general population. If this is true, research into factors associated with this career would be of interest to the FAA as indicators of possible health factors to be monitored in the pilot population. A sample of 1494 pilots who retired at age 60 from a major U.S. airline between the study dates of April 1968 to July 1993 were surveyed. The Life Table Method was chosen as the most suitable approach to analyze the pattern of mortality for this data set. Comparisons were made with the U.S. general population of 60 year-old white males in 1980. A difference in life expectancy of more than 5 years longer was found for our sample of retired airline pilots. Half of the pilots in this sample retiring at age 60 were expected to live past 83.8 years of age, compared to 77.4 years for the general population of 60 year-old white males in 1980. The authors concluded that the question of lowered life expectancy for airline cockpit crews was not supported by the results of these data.
The Development of a Touch Screen Based Communications Terminal
Authors: Thomas Bruce , McClelland Ian
Published: January 2012

This paper discusses the design of a communications terminal for professional applications. The development work included visits to sites to capture requirements through interview and observation of working practices, and to get insight into typical communication tasks. A clear task focus was maintained during the design phase by using a dialogue description tool developed in-house to support the integration of the dialogue specification, the graphic design and the software design. Customer and operator feedback on the design was obtained. The success of the design can be attributed to a direct involvement of users in the development process and to the integration of different specialists in the development team.
Human Factors Issues on the Information Highway
Authors: Lund Arnold M. , Angiolillo Joel S. , Boggs George J. , Sorce James F.
Published: January 2012

This past year has been unique as planning and construction of the infrastructure to bring interactive video services to homes, schools, and businesses has begun in earnest. Ground breaking activity on new applications that use this evolving infrastructure will be intense well into the next century. It is appropriate, therefore, to examine the human factors issues that are being identified in these early stages. The problems are large, and years of research will be required before they are resolved. This panel will bring together people working on the “information highway” to discuss the issues they have been facing during these early stages, as the forms the new applications and interfaces are going to take just begin to appear.
Experimental Validation of Navigation Workload Metrics
Authors: Schryver Jack C.
Published: January 2012

Advanced computer interfaces in the control room provide limited display area, and information is represented in large-scale display networks. Display navigation may generate disorienting effects, require additional resources for window management, and increase memory and data integration requirements. An experiment was conducted using an elementary Safety Parameter Display System for Pressurized Water Reactors to validate fourteen proposed metrics of navigation workload. Participants were asked to monitor one or two parameters, and answer questions after navigating a prescribed distance in the network. Analyses of variance of a modified task load index and subscales (confidence, disorientation, effort) supported the claim that navigation of large-scale display networks can impose additional mental load. Eye-gaze and other objective metrics were not validated, indicating needs for more refined probes and data reduction algorithms.