bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Peacebuilding Process in Postwar Liberia
Authors: Šváblová Alžběta
Published: November 2021

Who are the most important actors in the peacebuilding process in post-war Liberia? How do they interact in specific institutions on the ground and what are the factors behind the slow pace of the post-war reform process? This book, designed as a qualitative case study with a strong descriptive component, provides answers to these questions. It highlights the importance of the domestic political landscape for the ultimate fate of the reforms and the role of influential individuals in the process. Its findings indicate that despite a rich, critical academic debate, the current practice of peacebuilding remains shaped by the neo-liberal paradigm, and remains rather disconnected from the post-conflict realities and individuals on the ground.
Interessenkonflikte bei kollektiven Vermögensverwaltern und Stimmrechtsberatern
Authors: Schoch Nicholas P.
Published: November 2021

Based on the new disclosure requirements for institutional investors, asset managers and proxy advisors introduced in the course of the implementation of Directive (EU) 2017/828, the study deals with the participation-related conflicts of interest of collective asset managers and proxy advisors, their treatment under European and national law to date, and the regulatory system of the Shareholder Rights Directive. On this basis, the question is examined to what extent the area under research requires further regulation. The focus is on the systemisation of the previous as well as the new conflict-related regulatory concept and, following on from this, the channelling of future legislative revisions.
Die identitätsstiftende Wirkung national wertvoller Kulturgüter
Authors: Böhm Benita
Published: November 2021

The thesis determines under which conditions privately owned cultural objects have an identity-forming effect on Germany's culture and are to be entered in the so-called register of nationally valuable cultural goods. It then designs a checklist for the application of these undefined and ideologically connoted legal terms. According to the Cultural Property Protection Act, nationally valuable cultural goods are subject to an export ban. In this way, the state interferes with the freedom of ownership, since the sale of these cultural assets abroad is practically impossible and their value is diminished. The work is not only aimed at legal practitioners in the administration and courts, but above all at private owners of cultural property.
Application of Vermicompost Fertilizer in Aquaculture Nutrition: Review
Authors: Nzilani Musyoka Sonnia , Nairuti Rita
Published: November 2021

Semi-intensive aquaculture using ponds is among the most common practices of fish production, whose output depends highly on the ponds’ natural primary productivity. With the increased sustainability and health concerns with artificial fish feeds and chemical fertilizers, organic manure has been credited as a cheap, safe and sustainable alternative source of aquaculture nutrition. Apart from supplying nutrients to the phytoplankton, organic manures supply food directly to zooplankton and fish, provide substrate for microbes and improve water and pond sediment quality. Vermicompost fertilizer (excrete of earthworms) has been recognized as a potential pond fertilizer because it has superior nutritional quality (of up to five times), contains microbes, and is in ready-for-uptake form. Besides, the vermicompost contains humic acid, which has antibiotic properties, and promotes fish gut health, stress management, and immune systems. Nonetheless, the application of vermicompost fertilizer in aquaculture is still not a common practice. Therefore, this study reviews the concept of vermiculture vis-à-vis pond fertilization and the various utilizations of the vermicompost in fish farming. This is to enable fish farmers to make an informed decision on identifying and selecting proper biofertilizer, which can increase yields and cut costs of production, thus maximizing profits and improving resource utilization.
High-Wavenumber Raman Analysis
Authors: Yang Shan
Published: November 2021

Raman spectra are molecule specific, and their peaks in the fingerprint region (200-2000 cm−1) are often sufficient for material identification. High-wavenumber signals (> 2000 cm−1) are rare in inorganic material but rich in organic materials containing light hydrogen atoms. Reports on high-wavenumber (HW) Raman signals are far less than fingerprint signals. This could be partially attributed to the difficulty obtaining HW Raman signals, especially from biological materials containing fluorescent proteins. The development and the availability of InGaAs array and the near-infrared (NIR) laser enabled the acquisition of distinct HW Raman from bio-materials. In this chapter, we will introduce recent applications of HW Raman spectroscopy on different materials, especially on biological tissues. Raman instrumentation based on multiple lasers or multiple spectrometers will also be discussed.
Trajectories of RNA Virus Mutation Hidden by Evolutionary Alternate Reality Thermodynamic Endpoints in Transformations in Response to Abiotic Habitat Stresses
Authors: Hanna Campbell Farida
Published: November 2021

Viruses ensure the vital redistribution of nutrients to maintain sustainability in an ecosystem. This includes repair and survival, growth and evolution thanks to the efficient nutrient recycling and infectious rates of viruses throughout a stressed-ecosystem. If evolution in space–time can be defined by multiple planes which change position according to the evolution rate of the habitat, then the locations and volumes of returning chronic infectious viruses will appear in a logical predictable fashion based on the lissajous trajectory based on thermodynamic modeling.
Innovative Projects and Technology Implementation in the Hydropower Sector
Authors: Quaranta Emanuele
Published: November 2021

In this chapter, some innovative case studies in the hydropower sector are discussed, highlighting how novel technologies and operational practices can make it more efficient, sustainable and cost-effective. Some practices to reduce hydropeaking effects, improving fish habitat, and turbines with higher survival rate, allowing to bring fish survival >98%, are discussed. The retrofitting of non-powered barriers can help to minimize the environmental impacts, reducing costs by more than 20%. New turbines are described focusing on their advantages with respect to standard ones, in particular, water wheels in irrigation canals to promote the valorization of watermills and old weirs, the very low head (VLH) turbine in navigation locks (reducing overall cost by more than 20%), the vortex turbine, and the Deriaz turbine with adjustable runner blades to improve the efficiency curve, especially at part load. Digitalization can help in preventing damages and failures increasing the overall efficiency and energy generation by more than 1%.
Types of Skin Grafts
Authors: Olvera-Cortés Verónica
Published: November 2021

Skin grafting is a useful technique that has been used for a very long time for achieving closure of wounds when it cannot occure in a natural conventional manner. There are different types of grafts according to their origin, thickness and form. There are 3 main types of graftsthat are used to cover wounds: Split-thickness skin grafts, full-thickness skin grafts and composite grafts. Each of them has specific indication and has a unique technique for harvesting. If the graft is not taken care of properly its survival can be compromised and necrosis of the graft can occur. Even though complications may present, skin grafting is still considered a practical approach to repair many type of wounds.
Variations in First Union Dissolution Patterns among the Lebou, Peuhl, Sereer, Toucouleur, and Wolof in Senegal
Authors: Dansou Justin
Published: November 2021

Major changes have been observed in recent decades both in the mode of union formation and in the stability of conjugal unions in Sub-Saharan Africa. Although these changes are known to vary in intensity across countries, variations across ethnical groups within countries are still not well studied. The present study investigates ethnic variations in the dissolution of first union in Senegal, focusing on five ethnic groups: Lebou, Peuhl, Sereer, Toucouleur and Wolof. It attempts to examine the specific effect of ethnicity and to identify underlying mechanisms of action of ethnic variations in union dissolution among men and women. The study uses data from a biographical survey on “vulnerabilities and chronic poverty” in Senegal (2008-2009) and event history analysis techniques. Kaplan-Meier survivor functions were used to explore bivariate relationships and Cox semi-parametric hazard model for multivariate analysis. Results showed that ethnic differences in the hazard of union dissolution become apparent only after controlling for the effects of cumulated fertility, education and birth cohort highlighting the persistence of cultural differences between ethnic groups that cannot be explained by only standard sociological and demographic variables. Ethnicity practices continue to shape marital outcomes in Senegal, especially after controlling for other covariates. This study suggests the need for large-scale and more detailed data covering all Senegalese ethnic groups for a better understanding of the complexity and the persistence of domestic and matrimonial customs and traditions in matrimonial relationships.
Small-Size Biogas Technology Applications for Rural Areas in the Context of Developing Countries
Authors: Pilloni Martina , Abu Hamed Tareq
Published: November 2021

The world’s rural population surpasses the three billion people mainly located in Africa and Asia; roughly half the global population lives in the countryside. Access to modern fuels is a challenge for rural people compared to their urban counterparts, which can easily access infrastructures and commercial energy. In developing countries rural populations commonly depend on traditional biomass for cooking and heating. A key strategy in tackling the energy needs of those rural populations is to advance their energy ladder from the inefficient, traditional domestic burn of biomass, organic waste, and animal manure. Governments and non-governmental institutions have supported small biogas digesters in rural areas, mainly in Asia, South America, and Africa, over the last 50 years. This chapter reviews the literature to offer an overview of experimental and theoretical evidence regarding the characteristics of design, construction material, feedstock, and operation parameters that made anaerobic digestion in small digesters a valuable source. Small-scale rural biogas digesters can generate environmental, health, and social benefits to rural areas with a net positive impact on energy access. Remarkable improvement in living standards was achieved with small inputs of the methane, produced via anaerobic digestion; however, challenges associated with lack of technical skills, awareness, and education remain and obstruct biogas’ full potential in rural areas, mainly in developing countries.
Demographic Transition in Sub-Saharan Africa: From Grassroots to Ivory Towers
Authors: Melkizedeck Leshabari Kelvin
Published: November 2021

The concept of demographic transition has been evident to European, North American and Japanese population since the early 1960’s. It loosely followed natural patterns that were postulated as far back as 1795. However, scientists and policy makers, still erroneously consider demographic transition to be absent in sub-Saharan Africa. The aim of this chapter is to uncover the hidden truth behind population censa in sub-Sahara African countries using Statistical tools. The chapter analyses philosophical basis of sub-Saharan Africa demographic dividends from 1960 to 2000. It then cautiously highlights how demographic transition is emerging in sub-Saharan Africa. Specifically, it endeavours to highlight how different African countries are in different stages of demographic transition. The chapter also contrasts some of the prevalent misconceptions about Africans, especially the delusional idea of Africans as a homogenous population group on genetic basis. Lastly, it offers solution, to the current demographic chaos, and their relationship to future matured demographic transition in sub-Saharan Africa.
A universidade como ambiente de inovação social em tempos de pandemia
Authors: Farias Lana Rodrigues da Costa , Pampeu Randal Martins , Marquesan Fábio Freitas Schilling , Holanda Marcus Mauricius
Published: November 2021

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisar as ações de responsabilidade social da Universidade de Fortaleza, bem como a maneira como essas iniciativas se configuram como inovações sociais. Para atingir tal objetivo foi realizado um estudo de caso da Escola de Aplicação Yolanda Queiroz. A presente pesquisa enquadra-se como qualitativa e quantitativa, de caráter exploratório e descritivo, conduzida como estudo de caso único. Foi utilizada uma amostra não probabilística de conveniência de 378 participantes, selecionados pela técnica snowball, que responderam ao questionário pelo formulário submetido na plataforma do Google Forms. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio de estatística descritiva. Os resultados mostraram que a instituição examinada foi base de atuação na inovação social, transformando a realidade da comunidade assistida. Evidenciou-se uma experiência representativa em inovação social da Universidade de Fortaleza, como uma visão para atender às necessidades sociais.
À luz do candeeiro e o constructo do ‘eu’ fonte: educação pela arte, ciência e política
Authors: Souza Edilson Fernandes de
Published: November 2021

Esta tese de natureza autobiográfica intenta responder ao seguinte questionamento: Qual é a percepção que tenho da minha trajetória de vida desde as séries iniciais à universidade, em relação aos campos artístico e acadêmico-científico e as disposições políticas decorrentes entre 1975 e 2020? Para tanto, a temporalidade autobiográfica corresponde ao início do processo de escolarização numa instituição pública, Escola Municipal de 1º Grau Marechal Arthur da Costa Silva, na cidade de Jaboatão dos Guararapes/PE, com o fechamento correspondendo a um ciclo político experimentado na Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE - e o processo de ritual de passagem para o estágio mais elevado na carreira docente no Brasil: o de professor titular, motivação central deste estudo. A trajetória é demarcada por campos que envolvem a educação, a arte, o ambiente acadêmico, a ciência e a política, cuja hipótese diz respeito a minha transmigração do campo artístico ao acadêmico-científico. Para confirmação dessa hipótese, estabeleci três objetivos, sendo: 1) contribuir com o debate acerca do método (auto)biográfico enquanto instrumento de pesquisa e seu impacto em memoriais discursivos; 2) construir e analisar a autonarrativa, focando nas ações que perpassaram a minha ambientação escolar, artística, acadêmico-científica e política e 3) levantar e analisar diferentes tipologias de fontes que evidenciam a minha mudança de trajetória e a imersão nas atividades científicas e participação na política institucional. Considerando o método (auto)biográfico, em momentos diferentes, gravei 5h20min. de áudio, mediante roteiro por mim previamente estabelecido, e utilizei da entrevista que havia concedido anteriormente ao Laboratório de História Oral e da Imagem, em 2009, com tempo aproximado de 2h14min. Além disso, trouxe para análise massa documental e iconográfica do arquivo pessoal e de diferentes acervos institucionais - escolas, universidades, plataforma do CNPq/currículo Lattes, blogs e jornais online -, bem como a minha produção acadêmica: livros, capítulos de livros, artigos em periódicos científicos e anais de congressos. A análise foi realizada a partir dos seguintes marcos conceituais: configuração, sublimação, campo de produção, habitus, individualização, outsider, estratégia e tática, objetivação e subjetivação; que corroboraram a autonarrativa, cujo resultado é o diagrama constructo do ‘eu’ fonte desenvolvido por meio da linguagem científica na transmigração que consegui realizar no itinerário entre a escola, a arte e a vida acadêmica.
A (des)igualdade de conhecimento intraescolar
Authors: Lima Naira Da Costa Muylaert
Published: November 2021

Neste texto apresenta-se resultado de trabalho que teve como objetivo investigar a (re)produção de desigualdades de aprendizagem no interior de uma escola pública do Estado do Espírito Santo. Com base numa abordagem metodológica quanti-quali, o estudo investigou a variação das médias de desempenho em Língua Portuguesa no Paebes-Alfa das turmas da escola Tulipa. Identificou-se que, dentre as quatros turmas, uma ficou com desempenho significativamente menor que as outras três, revelando desigualdades de conhecimento intraescolar. Esse desempenho inferior pode ser explicado por algumas características observadas na turma como, por exemplo, o não cumprimento do currículo planejado, a alocação de uma professora com pouca experiência e com vínculo empregatício instável e a concentração de alunos com algum tipo de deficiência.
Remote education in times of pandemic: the experience of the Colégio La Salle Carmo de Caxias do Sul/RS
Authors: Ramos Roberto Carlos , Mincato Marina Camargo , Boek Kassiana
Published: November 2021

Neste texto apresenta-se uma análise do ensino remoto desenvolvido pela equipe de professores e coordenação pedagógica do Colégio La Salle Carmo de Caxias do Sul/RS, durante a pandemia do Covid-19, no ano de 2020. A metodologia utilizada foi a abordagem qualitativa, exploratória, com base num estudo de caso. Os principais resultados foram observados a partir de mudanças no pensar, agir e aprender dos professores ao longo do ano letivo. Concluiu-se que é possível manter um modelo de ensino remoto e híbrido - novas formas de ensinar, gestão de processos e pessoas, uso de metodologias ativas no ensino remoto, ambientes digitais atraentes - se a escola contar com equipe disponível e flexível às mudanças e a trabalhar juntos aos estudantes, desafiando-os a serem autônomos e protagonistas de uma aprendizagem rica e estimulante.
The Cultural Production of Racial Narratives About Asian Americans in Mathematics
Authors: Wu Shelley Yijung , Battey Dan
Published: November 2021

Although considerable literature illustrates how students’ experiences and identities are racialized in mathematics education, little attention has been given to Asian American students. Employing ethnographic methods, this study followed 10 immigrant Chinese-heritage families to explore how the racial narrative of the model minority myth was locally produced in mathematics education. We draw on constructs of racial narratives and cultural production to identify the local production of the narrative Asians are smart and good at math during K–12 schooling. Specifically, the Asian American students (re)produced racial narratives related to three cultural resources: (a) Their immigrant parents’ narratives about the U.S. elementary school mathematics curriculum; (b) the school mathematics student tracking system; and (c) students’ locally generated racial narratives about what being Asian means.
The international and domestic fabrics of an ideological illusion: the Socialist MPLA
Authors: Vidal Nuno de Fragoso
Published: November 2021

The political-ideological characterization and analysis of Angolan nationalist movements and the conflicts between them, has always been subject of major and passionate political-academic discussion, which became an important component of the nationalist movements’ international and domestic characterization and definition. The MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola) rapidly acquired the epithet of leftist, Socialist and Marxist since the anti-colonial struggle through the independence and afterwards. However, during the so-called founding period of an officially proclaimed Socialist MPLA, in an apparent contradiction, the MPLA’s governing practice went objectively in an opposite direction, while still reinforcing that unquestioned epithet of Socialist. It is here argued that foreign attributed classifications (political and academic), influenced by the passionate political-idological struggles of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s, the civil war and the Cold War, ended up diplomatically-politically assumed (instrumentalised) by the movement itself, whereby an illusive characterization/identification prevailed, hampering a more objective analysis of the post-independence political practice. Our paper will focus on the contrast between the academic discussion on the political-ideological characterization of the MPLA (part I) and the governing practice of the party during the administration of the first President of the Republic, which was the founding period of the MPLA as a so-called Marxist-Leninist Socialist party (part II).
Keywords: Angola; MPLA; Socialism; Agostinho Neto administration; political orientation.
Indicators of prenatal care received by Family Health Strategy users in cities of the State of Paraíba
Authors: Pedraza Dixis Figueroa , Silva Alberdânnya Jarbelly Morais da
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Prenatal care benefits maternal and neonatal health. Objective: To evaluate indicators of prenatal care of users from Family Health Strategy in cities of the State of Paraíba, Brazil, and to investigate differences according to the social context and the health team. Methods: Cross-sectional study based on the questionnaire application to 897 individuals. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to verify the association between social characteristics and type of health team with indicators of the prenatal care (time of beginning, number of consultations for gestational age at delivery, use of ferrous sulfate, vaccination against tetanus before or during the gestation), treated as dependent variables. Results: Among interviewees, 81.0% began prenatal care in the first quarter of pregnancy and 83.0% had at least six consultations. Ferrous sulfate use and tetanus immunization were reported by respectively 94.9% and 88.8% of the interviewed women. Participants living with a partner, with higher socioeconomic level, and not participating in the Bolsa Família Program were more likely to have adequate beginning time of prenatal care, number of consultations and supplementation with ferrous sulfate. Beginning of prenatal care in the first quarter and having at least six consultations were associated with low food insecurity, while maternal work outside the home, high social support, family functionality and attendance by teams from Programa Mais Médicos favored the prenatal beginning time. Conclusion: The study showed satisfactory indicators of prenatal care, influenced by the socioeconomic characteristics and the social support of the pregnant woman.
Impact of equine assisted therapy on the cardiovascular parameters of the elderly
Authors: Mello Edneia Correa , Diniz Lunna Honorato , Lage Janaina Brandão , Monteiro Valéria Silva , Ribeiro Mariane Fernandes , Rosa Rodrigo César , Bevilacqua Junior Domingos Emanuel , Cardoso Fabrízio Antônio Gomide , Teixeira Vicente de Paula Antunes , Espindula Ana Paula
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Physical activity programs in the elderly aim to prevent and/or reduce the functional decline resulting from the senescence process. Several studies provide evidence that Equine Assisted Therapy (EAT) is an effective means of improving health. However, studies addressing the effects of EATon the cardiovascular system are scarce. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Equine Assisted Therapyon the cardiovascular responses of participants divided into two groups: normotensive and hypertensive. Methods: Twenty individuals participated, aged between 60 and 79 years, divided into three groups: Normotensive Group (n=14), Hypertensive Group (n=6) and all participants, Total Group (n=20). The Omron® HEM 742 blood pressure monitor was used to measure blood pressure and the Gerathem® portable finger oximeter to measure heart rate and blood oxygen saturation. Ten visits were made once a week, lasting 30 minutes. Results: Between the first and tenth interventions, there was a reduction in blood pressure and heart rate, with statistical significance of systolic blood pressure for the Hypertensive Group (p=0.0478), the Total Group (p=0.0201) and diastolic pressure for the Total Group (p=0.0421). There was also a statistically significant difference in systolic blood pressure and heart rate during some visits. Blood oxygen saturation increased after the intervention, but without statistical significance. Conclusion: Equine Assisted Therapy can promote a reduction in blood pressure in the elderly, especially hypertensive individuals.
Analysis of anthropometric indicators used in the nutritional assessment of active elderly in the city of Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Botelho Laís Vargas , Lourenço Ana Eliza Port , Monteiro Luana Silva , Oliveira Renata Borba de Amorim
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Body composition changes related to aging alter the capacity of predicting risk through anthropometric parameters. Objective: To discuss methodological aspects of anthropometry in active elderly based on associations between Body Mass Index (BMI) and other nutritional indicators. Methods: Cross-sectional study with active elderly from Macaé, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2014/2015). Nutritional status was described according to the BMI (Nutritional Screening Initiative, 1994). Linear regression analysis was performed: the outcome variable was BMI and the dependent ones were circumferences of waist, hip, neck, calf, arm and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Results: We assessed 173 people (55.5% female; median 71 years old). Calf and neck circumferences and WHR presented low R2 value. Among women, hip (R2=0.825) and waist circumferences (R2=0.729) individually explained much of the variation in BMI; and among men, waist (R2=0.759) and arm circumferences (R2=0.741) performed better. The cut-off points for waist circumference corresponding to the critical BMI value (27 kg/m2) were 87.9 and 96.8 cm, respectively for women and men. In multiple analysis, the association of waist, hip and arm circumferences with BMI remained significant. Conclusion: Circumferences traditionally used to assess adults had higher linear association with BMI than specific indicators for elderly people. The body composition of active elderly can be more similar to adults’ than that of elderly with other profiles. The waist circumference cut-off points established for adults may not be suitable for elderly populations. We suggest testing the cut-off points obtained by this study on other groups of active elderly.
Cryo-EM structures of CTP synthase filaments reveal mechanism of pH-sensitive assembly during budding yeast starvation
Authors: Hansen Jesse M , Horowitz Avital , Lynch Eric M , Farrell Daniel P , Quispe Joel , DiMaio Frank , Kollman Justin M
Published: November 2021

Many metabolic enzymes self-assemble into micron-scale filaments to organize and regulate metabolism. The appearance of these assemblies often coincides with large metabolic changes as in development, cancer, and stress. Yeast undergo cytoplasmic acidification upon starvation, triggering the assembly of many metabolic enzymes into filaments. However, it is unclear how these filaments assemble at the molecular level and what their role is in the yeast starvation response. CTP Synthase (CTPS) assembles into metabolic filaments across many species. Here, we characterize in vitro polymerization and investigate in vivo consequences of CTPS assembly in yeast. Cryo-EM structures reveal a pH-sensitive assembly mechanism and highly ordered filament bundles that stabilize an inactive state of the enzyme, features unique to yeast CTPS. Disruption of filaments in cells with non-assembly or pH-insensitive mutations decreases growth rate, reflecting the importance of regulated CTPS filament assembly in homeotstasis.
Improvement of nuclear facilities DNP3 protocol data transmission security using super encryption BRC4 in SCADA systems
Authors: Riyadi Eko Hadiyono , Putra Agfianto Eko , Priyambodo Tri Kuntoro
Published: November 2021

Background

Data transmissions using the DNP3 protocol over the internet in SCADA systems are vulnerable to interruption, interception, fabrication, and modification through man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks. This research aims to improve the security of DNP3 data transmissions and protect them from MITM attacks.

Methods

This research describes a proposed new method of improving DNP3 security by introducing BRC4 encryption. This combines Beaufort encryption, in which plain text is encrypted by applying a poly-alphabetic substitution code based on the Beaufort table by subtracting keys in plain text, and RC4 encryption, a stream cipher with a variable-length key algorithm. This research contributes to improving the security of data transmission and accelerating key generation.

Results

Tests are carried out by key space analysis, correlation coefficient analysis, information entropy analysis, visual analysis, and time complexity analysis.The results show that to secure encryption processes from brute force attacks, a key of at least 16 characters is necessary. IL data correlation values were IL1 = −0.010, IL2 = 0.006, and IL3 = 0.001, respectively, indicating that the proposed method (BRC4) is better than the Beaufort or RC4 methods in isolation. Meanwhile, the information entropy values from IL data are IL1 = 7.84, IL2 = 7.98, and IL3 = 7.99, respectively, likewise indicating that the proposed method is better than the Beaufort or RC4 methods in isolation. Both results also show that the proposed method is secure from MITM attacks. Visual analysis, using a histogram, shows that ciphertext is more significantly distributed than plaintext, and thus secure from MITM attacks. The time complexity analysis results show that the proposed method algorithm is categorized as linear complexity.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN REWARD DAN CONSEQUENCES TERHADAP MOTIVASI BELAJAR MURID KELAS IV DALAM KERANGKA PENDIDIKAN KRISTEN
Authors: Widyastuti Dian Kusuma , Subekti Iman
Published: November 2021

penghargaan dan consequences atau konsekuensi kepada murid-muridnya. Guru hanya terfokus pada pemberian nilai atau skor ketika murid telah menyelesaikan penilaiannya. Pemberian reward dan consequences memiliki peranan yang sangat penting dalam proses pembelajaran para murid sehingga alangkah baiknya jika pemberian reward dan consequences dilakukan oleh guru dalam setiap interaksi selama berada di sekolah khususnya pada saat pembelajaran di kelas.

Penelitian ini berfokus pada pemberian reward dan consequences dalam kerangka Pendidikan Kristen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian reward terhadap motivasi belajar, pemberian consequences terhadap motivasi belajar, serta pengaruh pemberian reward dan consequences secara bersamaan terhadap motivasi belajar dan seberapa besar pengaruhnya.

Hasil analisis data berdasarkan uji pengaruh menunjukkan adanya pengaruh pada pemberian reward terhadap motivasi belajar murid yaitu sebesar 21,2%. Pengaruh pemberian consequences terhadap motivasi belajar murid sebesar 23,9%. Sedangkan ketika pemberian reward dan consequences diberikan secara bersama-sama kepada murid maka pengaruhnya terhadap motivasi belajar murid sebesar 30,3% dengan persamaan regresinya Y = 21,737 + 0,272 X1 + 0,345 X2 yang berarti bahwa jika reward dan consequences naik satu-satuan maka masing-masing naik sebesar 0,272 dan 0,345. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah pemberian reward dan consequences  secara bersama-sama berpengaruh terhadap motivasi belajar murid dan pengaruhnya lebih besar.
Cluster Fragments in Amorphous Phosphorus and their Evolution under Pressure
Authors: Zhou Yuxing , Kirkpatrick William , Deringer Volker L.
Published: November 2021

Amorphous phosphorus (a‐P) has long attracted interest because of its complex atomic structure, and more recently as an anode material for batteries. However, accurately describing and understanding a‐P at the atomistic level remains a challenge. Here, it is shown that large‐scale molecular‐dynamics simulations, enabled by a machine‐learning (ML)‐based interatomic potential for phosphorus, can give new insights into the atomic structure of a‐P and how this structure changes under pressure. The structural model so obtained contains abundant five‐membered rings, as well as more complex seven‐ and eight‐atom clusters. Changes in the simulated first sharp diffraction peak during compression and decompression indicate a hysteresis in the recovery of medium‐range order. An analysis of cluster fragments, large rings, and voids suggests that moderate pressure (up to about 5 GPa) does not break the connectivity of clusters, but higher pressure does. The work provides a starting point for further computational studies of the structure and properties of a‐P, and more generally it exemplifies how ML‐driven modeling can accelerate the understanding of disordered functional materials.
Chiral Iron Complexes in Asymmetric Organic Transformations
Authors: Fusi Giovanni Maria , Gazzola Silvia , Piarulli Umberto
Published: November 2021

Transition metal chiral catalysts can feature metal stereocenters in different coordination geometries. In the case of iron, both octahedral and tetrahedral geometries possessing a chirotopic iron atom have been synthesized and tested in stereoselective organic transformations. The configurational stability of these complexes, which in some cases is hampered by decomplexation and recomplexation of labile ligands, is achieved by the use of multidentate ligands in octahedral complexes, and of cyclopentadienyl anions (half sandwich complexes) in the case of tetrahedral structures. The use of octahedral iron complexes featuring configurationally stable iron stereocenters is reviewed in highly enantioselective reductions (hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation of ketones) and oxidations (cis‐dihydroxylation of alkenes, epoxidation, sulfoxidation), while the use tetradentate iron complexes is described in C−C bond‐forming reactions and reductions.

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Spatial and temporal patterns of consumption of animal‐source foods in Tanzania
Authors: Wang Ping , Tran Nhuong , Enahoro Dolapo , Chan Chin Yee , Shikuku Kelvin Mashisia , Rich Karl M. , Byrd Kendra , Thilsted Shakuntala H.
Published: November 2021

Animal‐source foods (ASF) are an important source of nutrients in many developing countries. However, there is limited information on the demand for ASF and the factors influencing their consumption. This study assessed spatial and temporal patterns of ASF consumption in Tanzania using data from a nationally representative household survey. Price and expenditure elasticities of ASF demand were estimated by applying a censored Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model. Results showed a 30% increase in weekly household expenditure on ASF from USD 3.02 in 2008 to USD 3.94 in 2014. The likelihood of a household purchasing ASF was 4.5 percentage points higher in urban compared to rural areas. With the exception of dried fish, the expenditure elasticity of ASF demand was positive and statistically significant. Expenditure and own‐price elasticities were largest for chicken and lowest for dried fish. The responsiveness of ASF demand to own‐price changes was higher in rural than urban areas in all cases. The findings imply that public policies that either raise household incomes or lower ASF prices have the potential to increase the consumption of ASF and consequently improve food and nutrition security in Tanzania. [EconLit Citations: C33, D12, Q18].
A review of the conservation status of seasonal Nothobranchius fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes), a genus with a high level of threat, inhabiting ephemeral wetland habitats in Africa
Authors: Nagy Béla , Watters Brian R.
Published: November 2021

The small and colourful Nothobranchius fishes inhabit ephemeral habitats in freshwater wetlands of Africa and have extreme life‐history adaptations that allow their eggs to survive the periodic drying up of the seasonal natural habitats. They are subject to high levels of threat, with 72% of the 94 assessed species falling into one of the threatened Red List categories, as a consequence of habitat degradation of seasonal wetlands. There is, therefore, a need to conserve ephemeral waters for species that rely on the seasonality of habitats.

Extinction risk factors for all species of the genus were entirely reworked with IUCN Red List assessments, whereas first‐time assessments were established for species that had previously not been evaluated. These fishes complete their seasonal life cycle in ephemeral natural habitats and this makes them highly vulnerable, as such wetland habitats are often degraded owing to multiple interacting human‐induced stressors and threats, including cultivation of wetlands for agriculture, abstraction of water, expansion of urban areas and pollution load.

A fine‐scale classification scheme based on habitat type was used for each site to identify ecological characteristics and the pattern of threats. The classification scheme is based on a primary subdivision of natural habitats compared with those modified by human activities, with further subdivision within the two fundamental groupings. Out of the 478 analysed habitat site observations by the authors, 46% were affected by human activities.

Recommended conservation actions include: conducting surveys to better understand habitat trends and threats; establishing protected areas and effectively allocating resources to preserve wetland habitats; managing protection of the structural integrity of the habitats throughout the seasonal phases of wet and dry seasons; and raising awareness of the importance of healthy wetland systems and the value of the unique seasonal freshwater biodiversity.
Solvent‐Assisted Synthesis of Supramolecular‐Assembled Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Visible Light Induced Hydrogen Evolution – A Review
Authors: Dolai Susmita , Bhunia Susanta Kumar , Kluson Petr , Stavarek Petr , Pittermannova Anna
Published: November 2021

Many graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4)‐based photocatalysts have attracted a significant interest because of the unique arrangement of carbon and nitrogen atoms. Changeable morphologies with tunable bandgap of g‐C3N4 materials were used in many applications including batteries, photovoltaics, photocatalysts, sensors, etc. This review focuses on the recent progress in the solvent assisted supramolecular‐assembled carbon nitride preparation for visible light induced hydrogen evolution from water. The synthesis involves tailoring the supramolecular assembly from different monomers followed by calcination. Different types of non‐covalent interactions between the monomers have been explained. In addition, the crucial role of solvent has been re‐counted in terms of the alteration of the structural morphology of assemblies. The mechanistic pathways of interaction in the formation of supramolecular assemblies have been also documented by molecular dynamics simulation. Finally, visible light triggered hydrogen evolution has been demonstrated along with discussion on challenges and future research direction.
Improved hard fusion methods for enhancing detection and energy efficiency in cognitive radio networks
Authors: Murugan Suganthi Sumi , Ramaswamy Shunmugavel Ganesh
Published: November 2021

Cognitive radio (CR) is a smart innovation in wireless industry, to resolve the issues of spectrum scarcity and underutilization. In this article, detection performance of majority rule is improved further by modifying the minimum number of justifiable local decisions required. A weight based improved hard fusion technique is proposed to enhance the detection performance. A weight factor is provided to the sensed results of the secondary users (SUs) based on their position from primary user (PU) and signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) value. A pipelined frame structure is proposed for combining sensing and reporting durations of users, nearer to PU. This increases duration of data transmission. Finally, a relay assistance method is proposed. Users with low residual energy are provided relay assistance with relay users (RUs), to prevent from running out of energy. With improved Majority fusion, 86.93% increase in detection is obtained at SNR of (−10 to −1) dB for false alarm of 0.2. There is about 24.30%, 38.10%, and 79.56% increase in detection for weight based AND, OR, and majority fusion respectively at false alarm of 0.2. In addition to detection performance, energy consumption, and throughput analysis of the proposed methods are performed to determine the achieved energy efficiency (EE).
Repurposing hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated channels as a novel therapy for breast cancer
Authors: Mok Ka‐Chun , Tsoi Ho , Man Ellen PS , Leung Man‐Hong , Chau Ka Man , Wong Lai‐San , Chan Wing‐Lok , Chan Sum‐Yin , Luk Mai‐Yee , Chan Jessie Y.W. , Leung Jackie K.M. , Chan Yolanda H.Y. , Batalha Sellma , Lau Virginia , Siu David C.W. , Lee Terence K.W. , Gong Chun , Khoo Ui‐Soon
Published: November 2021

Hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated (HCN) channels are members of the voltage‐gated cation channel family known to be expressed in the heart and central nervous system. Ivabradine, a small molecule HCN channel‐blocker, is FDA‐approved for clinical use as a heart rate‐reducing agent. We found that HCN2 and HCN3 are overexpressed in breast cancer cells compared with normal breast epithelia, and the high expression of HCN2 and HCN3 is associated with poorer survival in breast cancer patients. Inhibition of HCN by Ivabradine or by RNAi, aborted breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro and suppressed tumour growth in patient‐derived tumour xenograft models established from triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) tissues, with no evident side‐effects on the mice. Transcriptome‐wide analysis showed enrichment for cholesterol metabolism and biosynthesis as well as lipid metabolism pathways associated with ER‐stress following Ivabradine treatment. Mechanistic studies confirmed that HCN inhibition leads to ER‐stress, in part due to disturbed Ca2+ homeostasis, which subsequently triggered the apoptosis cascade. More importantly, we investigated the synergistic effect of Ivabradine and paclitaxel on TNBC and confirmed that both drugs acted synergistically in vitro through ER‐stress to amplify signals for caspase activation. Combination therapy could suppress tumour growth of xenografts at much lower doses for both drugs. In summary, our study identified a new molecular target with potential for being developed into targeted therapy, providing scientific grounds for initiating clinical trials for a new treatment regimen of combining HCN inhibition with chemotherapy.
Micro‐CT reconstruction reveals the colony pattern regulations of four dominant reef‐building corals
Authors: Li Yixin , Liao Xin , Bi Kun , Han Tingyu , Chen Junyuan , Lu Jing , He Chunpeng , Lu Zuhong
Published: November 2021

Colonies are the basic geometric building blocks of coral reefs. However, the forming regulations of both colonies and reefs are still not understood adequately. Therefore, in this study, we reconstructed 25 samples using high‐resolution micro‐computed tomography to investigate coral growth patterns and parameters. Our skeleton and canal reconstructions revealed the characteristics of different coral species, and we further visualized the growth axes and growth rings to understand the coral growth directions. We drew a skeleton grayscale map and calculated the coral skeleton void ratios to ascertain the skeletal diversity, devising a method to quantify coral growth. On the basis of the three‐dimensional (3D) reconstructions and growth parameters, we investigated the growth strategies of different coral species. This research increases the breadth of knowledge on how reef‐building corals grow their colonies, providing information on reef‐forming regulations. The data in this paper contain a large amount of coral growth information, which can be used in further research on reef‐forming patterns under different conditions. The method used in this study can also be applied to animals with porous skeletons.
Cardiovascular outcomes after cardiac resynchronization therapy in cardiac amyloidosis
Authors: Fischer Kilian , Lellouche Nicolas , Damy Thibaud , Martins Raphaël , Clementy Nicolas , Bisson Arnaud , Lesaffre François , Espinosa Madeline , Garcia Rodrigue , Degand Bruno , Serzian Guillaume , Jourda François , Huttin Olivier , Guichard Jean‐Baptiste , Devilliers Hervé , Eicher Jean‐Christophe , Laurent Gabriel , Guenancia Charles
Published: November 2021

Aims

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is highly effective in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients with impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left bundle block branch. In cardiac amyloidosis (CA) patients, left ventricular dysfunction and conduction defects are common, but the potential of CRT to improve cardiac remodelling and survival in this particular setting remains undefined. We investigated cardiovascular outcomes in CA patients after CRT implantation in terms of CRT echocardiographic response and major cardiovascular events (MACEs).

Methods and results

Our retrospective study included 47 CA patients implanted with CRT devices from January 2012 to February 2020, in nine French university hospitals (77 ± 6 years old, baseline LVEF 30 ± 8%) compared with propensity‐matched (1:1 for age, LVEF at implantation, and CRT indication) DCM patients with a CRT device. CA patients had lower rates of CRT response (absolute delta LVEF ≥ 10%) compared with DCM patients (36% vs. 70%, P = 0.002). After multivariate Cox analysis, CA was independently associated with MACE (hospitalization for heart failure/cardiovascular death) [hazard ratio (HR) 3.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.85–7.54, P < 0.001], along with the absence of CRT response (HR 3.01, 95% CI 1.56–5.79, P = 0.001). The presence of echocardiographic CRT response (absolute delta LVEF ≥ 10%) was the only predictive factor of MACE‐free survival in CA patients (HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.15–0.86, P = 0.002).

Conclusion

Compared with a matched cohort of DCM patients, CA patients had a lower rate of CRT response and consequently a worse cardiovascular prognosis after CRT implantation. However, CRT could be beneficial even in CA patients given that CRT response was associated with better cardiac outcomes in this population.
Organocalcium Complex‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Coupling of Hydrosilanes with Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Liu Ruixin , Liu Xiaojuan , Cheng Tanyu , Chen Yaofeng
Published: November 2021

Alkynylsilanes are an important class of organic compounds and dehydrogenative coupling of hydrosilanes with terminal alkynes provides a convenient and simple route to alkynylsilanes. On the other hand, calcium is an abundant, biocompatible, and environmentally friendly element and using organocalcium complexes as catalytic reagents in organic synthesis recently attracted increasing attentions. Here we report an organocalcium complex‐catalyzed dehydrogenative coupling of hydrosilanes with terminal alkynes. With a calcium alkyl complex [LCaCH2SiMe3] (L=[MeC(NDipp)CHC(tBu)NCH2CH2N(Me)CH2CH2NMe2]−, Dipp=2,6‐(iPr)2C6H3) as the catalyst, the reactions of n‐HexSiH3 with terminal alkynes provide trialkynylsilanes and those of Et2SiH2 with terminal alkynes give monoalkynylsilanes efficiently.