bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VIRUSES, NEURODEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER AND CHILDHOOD PSYCHOSIS
Authors: Nunn K. P. , Lask B. , Cohen M.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Four cases are described of prepubertal boys in whom the convergence of neurodevelopmental disorder, viral infection and psychosis seemed more than coincidental. Review of the literature highlights the possibility that viral infection of the central nervous system may play a contributory role in childhood psychosis. Whilst it is essential to avoid a reductionist stance when investigating these difficult conditions, the emergence of potent anti‐viral treatments and sophisticated methods of identifying the presence of viral infection should encourage us to consider more carefully the relevance of viruses in childhood psychosis.
EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL‐BEING: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF 16‐YEAR‐OLD SCHOOL LEAVERS
Authors: Donovan Andrew , Oddy Michael , Pardeo Rachel , Ades Anthony
Published: December 2006

Abstract The relationship between employment status and psychological well‐being is investigated in a longitudinal study of 16‐year‐old school leavers. Significant differences between employed, unemployed and government training scheme groups on a number of measures of well‐being were found, these differences persisting after adjustment for individual differences and for other factors known to affect mental health. Implications for clinical practice and public health are considered and possible explanations for the poorer psychological health of the unemployed group are discussed.
EXTRALINGUISTIC SPEECH CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN WITH CONDUCT AND ANXIETY DISORDERS
Authors: Kotsopoulos S. , Mellor Clive
Published: December 2006

Abstract Nine children with conduct and nine with anxiety disorder participated in the study. The subjects were requested to respond to verbal tasks (counting, picture description, story telling). Disturbance of conduct was associated with short initial hesitation before speaking. It is suggested that the initial hesitation variables are measures of reflection and cognitive planning. Anxiety across subjects was associated with increased breath rate and lower output of speech per breath. It is suggested speech breath variables are reliable measures of anxiety. Implication for the diagnosis and management of child psychiatric disorders are discussed.
PARTICIPATION AND SIBSHIP SIZE IN A SKILL‐DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM: A RESEARCH NOTE
Authors: Jones Marshall B. , Offord David R.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The behavior of interest in this study was participation or non‐participation in a non‐school skill‐development program carried out in Ottawa, Ontario, for children living in a rent‐to‐income housing complex. Participant and non‐participant children differed sharply only in sibship size; the larger the sibship from which a child came the greater the probability that he or she would participate. The basis for this relationship seems to have been a strong tendency for the probability of a child's participating to increase whenever a brother or sister in the same family participated.
THE PREVALENCE OF BEHAVIOURAL PROBLEMS IN THREE TYPES OF PRESCHOOL GROUP
Authors: McGuire Jacqueline , Richman Naomi
Published: December 2006

Abstract The behaviour of 637 2–4 year olds attending three types of preschool group setting was assessed, using a screening questionnaire. Significantly more children in day nurseries than nursery classes or playgroups were identified with behavioural problems.

It was also found that boys, those with speech or severe health problems, and younger children in day nurseries, were more likely to have behaviour difficulties. There was only a limited overlap between behaviour difficulties at home and in the group setting.

The implications of the results for the training of nursery staff and the organisation of preschool services are discussed.
PARENT‐REFERRED PROBLEM THREE‐YEAR‐OLDS: FOLLOW‐UP AT SCHOOL ENTRY
Authors: Campbell Susan B. , Ewing Linda J. , Breaux Anna Marie , Szumowski Emily K.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Parent‐referred three‐year‐olds with early signs of hyperactivity and other externalizing problems were followed up at age six and compared with controls. Half the children in the problem group continued to have adjustment difficulties at home, at school, and with peers; one‐third met DSM‐III criteria for Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD). Maternal reports, teacher questionnaires, and observational measures discriminated between groups, but differences were accounted for only by youngsters showing persistent problems. Although laboratory measures obtained at age three did not differentiate improved children from those who continued to have problems, maternal ratings of initial symptom severity did.
PRESUMABLY INNATE AND ACQUIRED PROCESSES IN CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION AND/OR READING DISORDERS
Authors: Ackerman Peggy T. , Anhalt Jean M. , Holcomb Phillip J. , Dykman Roscoe A.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Innate and acquired automatic information processing was compared in non‐problem students and three groups of educationally troublesome children: two normal reading groups with Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD), one without and one with hyperactivity, and a non‐hyperactive Reading Disabled group. All groups displayed reliable, presumably innate, automatic processing in measures of temporal and frequency sensitivity, but the two ADD groups made less precise judgements than controls, all clinical groups exhibited delayed automatization in arithmetic computation, but the handicapped groups did not differ from controls on other measures of acquired automatization (speed of writing and naming).
RESEARCH NOTE: TEMPERAMENT AND BEHAVIOUR IN SIX‐YEAR‐OLDS WITH RECURRENT ABDOMINAL PAIN: A FOLLOW UP
Authors: Davison I.S. , Faull C. , Nicol A. R.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Dimensions of temperament and behaviour were measured in a group of infant school children with recurrent abdominal pain and in a control group. Children with recurrent abdominal pain were temperamentally more difficult than those without, and in particular, girls were found to have a more irregular temperamental style and boys to be more likely to withdraw in new situations. Temperamental differences were more persistent than the abdominal pain itself. There was little difference behaviouraliy between the groups. It is hypothesized that abdominal pain represents an interaction between a vulnerable temperamental style and environmental stresses.
THE DIAGNOSIS OF MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY IN PATIENTS REFERRED FOR LANGUAGE DELAY
Authors: Kaplan Lawrence C. , Osborne Prisilla , Ellas Ellen
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe diagnosis of muscular dystrophy is usually made on the basis of gait difficulties or a history of late achievement of normal motor milestones. Other well‐described delays, notably in the area of expressive language skills, can provide additional clues to this diagnosis. We present three patients referred to The Developmental Evaluation Clinic because of problems with expressive language observed in school, who ultimately were found to have muscular dystrophy. They are presented to underscore the association of expressive language delay in patients with muscular dystrophy, and to stress the importance of a thorough motor evaluation in children with speech problems.
ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY: A CRITIQUE
Authors: Prior Margot , Sanson Ann
Published: December 2006

Abstract— The DSM III category of Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity is considered within a framework of Rutter's (1977) outline of criteria for adequacy of psychiatry classification. Discussion of problems with the operationalization and deflnitiion of ‘attention deficit’ and the difficulty of using this rubric in distinguishing between ADDH and other related childhood disorders, along with the consequent failure to meet other important criteria, leads to the conclusion that the concept needs re‐appraisal.
THE AUTISTIC CHILD'S APPRAISAL OF EXPRESSIONS OF EMOTION
Authors: Hobson R. Peter
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Groups of MA‐matched autistic, normal and non‐autistic retarded children were tested for their ability to choose drawn and photographed facial expressions of emotion to “go with” a person videotaped in gestures, vocalizations and contexts indicative of four emotional states. Although both autistic and control subjects were adept in choosing drawings of non‐personal objects to correspond with videotaped cues, the autistic children were markedly impaired in selecting the appropriate faces for the videotaped expressions and contexts. Within the autistic group, the children's performance in this task of emotion recognition was related to MA. It is suggested that autistic children have difficulty in recognizing how different expressions of particular emotions are associated with each other, and that this might contribute to their failure to understand the emotional states of other people.
RESPONSIVENESS OF ISOLATED VERSUS REJECTED CHILDREN TO SOCIAL SKILLS TRAINING
Authors: Tiffen Kathryn , Spence Susan H.
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Fifty children aged from 7 to 12 yr were identified as either isolated or rejected by peers on the basis of sociometric nomination. Subjects were randomly assigned to either social skills training (SST), attention placebo control (APC) or no‐treatment control (NTC). Social skills training was not found to produce beneficial effects for either isolates or rejects over and above any changes within the APC or NTC groups. Rejected children in all experimental conditions showed minimal improvement over time whereas isolated children in a groups tended to show improvements in social competence.
ASPECTS OF SIZE, SHAPE AND TEXTURE IN TOUCH: REDUNDANCY AND INTERFERENCE IN CHILDREN'S DISCRIMINATION OF RAISED DOT PATTERNS
Authors: Millar Susanna
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Children discriminated tactual dot patterns by size or form and by texture. Adding irrelevant, easy, correlated texture cues improved size and form discrimination while orthogonzil irrelevant texture cues interfered. Facilitation and interference could be reversed by reversing dimensional difficulty, but were found also when the two dimensions were equally accurate, for both blindfolded sighted and for blind children.

The theoretical implication with regard to age effects, and practical implications for using dot numerosity and dot density differences for Braille learning were discussed.
SLEEP PROBLEMS IN HANDICAPPED CHILDREN: A PRELIMINARY STUDY
Authors: Clements J. , Wing L. , Dunn G.
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Data are reported from an exploratory study looking at the prevalence of sleep problems (broken sleep and limited hours of sleep) in a population of handicapped children. Some degree of difficulty occurred in over a third of the population. There were strong associations with age, a range of serious daytime behavioural difficulties and indices of family stress. Some support for distinct subgroups (night waking, limited hours) was obtained. The implications of these findings are discussed.
A TWIN STUDY OF GENETIC INFLUENCES ON READING AND SPELLING ABILITY AND DISABILITY
Authors: Stevenson Jim , Graham Philip , Fredman Glenda , Mcloughli Vivienne
Published: December 2006

Abstract The reading skills of 285 pairs of 13‐year‐old twins drawn from the general population were studied. The twins were independently tested using standardized measures of intelligence, reading and spelling ability. The genetic contribution to reading ability was assessed by examination of correlations in monozygotk: (MZ) and student‐sex dizygotic (DZ) twins, and by analysing differences bi Mccen MZ and DZ twins in concordance of reading disability rates. The results suggested that, at this age, genetic factors play only a moderate role in general reading backwardness or specific reading retardation. However, when spelling ability was investigated, a heritability of 0.53 was obtained, increasing to 0.75 when intelligence was controlled. Strong genetic influences on spelling were also found when concordance rates for spelling disability were compared for MZ and DZ pairs.
PATTERNS OF INTELLECTUAL FUNCTIONING IN NON‐RETARDED AUTISTIC AND SCHIZOPHRENIC CHILDREN
Authors: Asarnow Robert F. , Tanguay Peter E. , Bott Linda , Freeman B. J.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The WISC—R factor scores of non‐retarded children meeting DSM III criteria for autism and schizophrenia were compared. The scores of the schizophrenic children on factor 3 were significantly lower than those of the autistic children, Wow the range of normal children, and significantly lower than the scores they obtained on the verbal comprehension and perceptual organization factors. The autistic children scored in the superior range on the block design subtest and did not show gross impairments in language function as indexed by scores on the verbal comprehension factor. The only subtest autistic children were impaired on was the comprehension subtest.
HABIT REVERSAL AND DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT OF OTHER BEHAVIOUR IN THE TREATMENT OF THUMB‐SUCKING: AN ANALYSIS OF GENERALIZATION AND SIDE‐EFFECTS
Authors: Christensen Alison P. , Sanders Matthew R.
Published: December 2006

Abstract This study evaluated the generalization, maintenance, and negative side‐effects of Habit Reversal (HR) and Differential Reinforcement of Other Behaviour (DRO) in the elimination of thumb‐suking. Thirty children who sucking their thumbs or fingers excessively were randomly assigned to a HR, DRO or wait‐list control group. Observation data were collected in three observation settings. Both procedures effectively reduced thumb‐sucking in both a training setting and in two generalization settings, and initial generalization effects maintained over time. However, both procedures resulted in some temporary increases in opppsitional behaviour and produced low elimination rates. Differences between HR and DRO were not statistically significant; however parents evaluated HR somewhat more favourably than DRO.
COGNITIVE ABILITIES AND BEHAVIOURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN WITH IDIOPATHIC INFANTILE HYPERCALCAEMIA
Authors: Udwin Orlee , Yule William , Martin Neil
Published: December 2006

AbstractAn investigation of the psychological characteristics of 44 children aged 6–16 years with documented evidence of idiopathic infantile hypercalcaemia revealed cognitive abilities and behavioural patterns which distinguish these children from other menially handicapped groups, The children were all mildly to severely mentally handicapped, bin exhibited superior verbal skills compared to their visual‐spatial and motor abilities. They showed high rates of behavioural disturbance, particularly in terms of hyperactivity, social isolation, anxiety, and caning and sleeping difficulties, Other aspects of behaviour, spoken language and personality that were commonly encountered arc also described and quantified. From these observations approaches to remedial teaching arc suggested.
GROWTH RETARDATION AND DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY AMONGST INNER‐CITY CHILDREN
Authors: Dowdney L. , Skuse D. , Heptinstall E. , Puckering C. , Zur‐Szpiro S.
Published: December 2006

Abstract A whole population survey of an inner‐city health district (population 130,000) was undertaken in order to study the association between social deprivation and non‐organic growth delay in preschool children Potential cases were identified from health clinic records Cases comprised white, full‐term singletons, whose weight and height lay below tin: tenth centile at 4 yean of age. Allowance was made for parental stature. A comparison group was closely matched for socio‐economic conditions, and other salient variables. Case children were comparatively significantly delayed in all areas of their cognitive development. One‐third were seriously retarded and likely to require special education.
CHILDREN'S DEPRESSION SCALE: VALIDATION WITH CHILD PSYCHIATRIC INPATIENTS
Authors: Kazdin Alan E.
Published: December 2006

Abstract The present investigation examined the psychometric characteristics and correlates of the Children's Depression Scale (CDS) with psychiatric impatient children (n= 185; ages 7–12) and their parents (n= 154). The results revealed: high internal consistency of the CDS, significant correlations of CDS scores with other measures of depression and related constructs (hopelessness, self‐esteem) and significant difference in CDS depression and positive experience scores for children independently diagnosed as meeting Research Diagnostic Criteria for depression versus cither disorders. Parent CDS scores permitted finer diagnostic discriminations and revealed age and gender differences in childhood depression not evident from the children's scores.
CLINICAL EVALUATION OF A SELF‐RATING SCALE FOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER IN CHILDHOOD (DEPRESSION SELF‐RATING SCALE)
Authors: Birleson Peter , Hudson Irene , Buchanan Diana Gray , Wolff Sula
Published: December 2006

Abstract The many conceptual and methodological difficulties involved in evaluating depression rating scales for children arc discussed.

A clinical validation of the Depression Self Rating Scale for Children (DSRSC) is described. The instrument is easy to use and has a predictive value comparable with that of a psychiatric global rating of depressed appearance and history of depression obtained at interview. There was confirmation that the: DSRSC can tap an internal dimension of depression and that children are able lo evaluate their feeling stales. An examination of misclassified children pointed to diagnostic overlap and some unreliability of diagnosis by clinicians.
A STUDY OF THE FREQUENCY OF SUICIDAL BEHAVIOUR IN CHILDREN AGED 5 TO 14
Authors: Kienhorst C. W. M. , Wolters W. H. G. , Diekstra R. F. W. , Otte E.
Published: December 2006

Abstract 433 medical and menial health institutions in the Netherlands took part in an investigation into the incidence of suicide and suicide attempts in children. The investigation is also concerned with the form that suicidal behaviour takes and an attempt is made to identify demographic and social characteristics of the children involved. The results show that suicide attempts do nut constitute a very large problem in children aged 5–14; attempts hardly occur at all in children under the age of 11, but the incidence increases with age. It is also clear that children who make suicide attempts live in a problematic background situation.
RESEARCH NOTE: SLEEP PROBLEMS OF NORMAL CHINESE ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Yang Lingling , Zuo Chenyeh , Eaton Louise F.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Eight hundred and forty‐six Chinese adolescents were surveyed concerning sleep behaviours including Insomnia, nightmares, somniloquism, somnambulism, bruxism, and enurcsis. Bruxism was reported most frequently (22%) followed by somniloquism (17%) and insomnia (14.9%). Subjects were compared by sex, age, and rearing by parents or parent surrogates. Crass cultural comparisons and the possible significance of findings are discussed.
EVALUATING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MINIMAL BRAIN DYSFUNCTION—RESULTS OF AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY
Authors: Schmidt M. H. , Esser G. , Allehoff W. , Geisel B. , Laught M. , Woerner W.
Published: December 2006

Abstract An epidemiological field investigation of 399 8‐yr‐old children was unable to support basic assumptions of the clinical MBD concept (existence of a homogeneous syndrome, specific psychopatholgy, evidence of increased perinatal risks). Using a multi‐level case definition procedure and factor‐analytic data aggregation, nearly complete independence was found among the diagnostical levels of neurophysiology, neuropsychology and specific skills. Main results were replicated after the application of several alternative models of case definition and were further confirmed by data from a clinical sample. Present findings emphasize the necessity to reconsider the concept of MBD and its practical consequences.
VOICES IN UNISON: STRESSFUL EVENTS IN THE LIVES OF CHILDREN IN SIX COUNTRIES
Authors: Yamamoto Kaoru , Soliman Abdalla , Parsons Jmes , Davies O. L.
Published: December 2006

Abstract A 20‐event, 7‐point scale on the stressfulness of selected unpleasant experiences was administered to 1814 children in Australia, Canada, Egypt. Japan, the Philippines, and the U.S.A. (two groups). Responses indicated the, among these 3rd through 9th graders, there is a remarkable degree of agreement not only in the stress ratings but also in the reported incidences of life events. Granted certain cultural contrasts. the overall findings gave credence to the presence of widespread, common perceptions and attitudes among children. The worlds of the young and of the grown‐ups may overlap with each other much less than usually believed.
THE INFLUENCE OF DOWN'S SYNDROME ON SIBLING INTERACTION
Authors: Abramovitch Rona , Stanhope Linda , Pepler Debra , Corter Carl
Published: December 2006

Abstract Home observations were done on sibling interactions in 31 families with a child having Down's syndrome and a non‐handicapped sibling The siblings with Down's syndrome initiated less prosocial and agonistic behaviour, but imitated more frequently than their non‐handicapped siblings. These effects were found regardless of birth order. There were no effects of gender. Higher levels of prosocial behaviours among large interval dyads and in dyads with a second‐born Down's syndrome child were primarily due to the age of the non‐handicapped sibling. Results were similar to those in previous “normative” studies of sibling interactions.
WHOLE BLOOD SEROTONIN IN AUTISTIC AND NORMAL SUBJECTS
Authors: Anderson George M. , Freedman Daniel X. , Cohen Donald J. , Volkmar Fred R. , Hoder E. Lawrence , McPhedran Peter , Minderaa Ruud B. , Hansen Carl R. , Young J. Gerald
Published: December 2006

Abstract Whole blood serotonin and tryptophan were measured in 87 normal subjects and in 40 autistic subjects. Whole blood serotonin concentration (mean ± SE) were significantly higher in drug‐free (N= 21) autistics (205 ± 16 ng/ml) that in normal (136 ± 5.4 ng/ml) The Gaussian distribution of serotonin level of the unmidicated autistic group suggests the elevation was not due to a subgroup of autistic subject Autistics medicated with medicated with anticonvulsants or neuroleptics had significantly lower serortonin levels than did drug‐free autistic subjects Whole blood trytophan levels and platelet counts were similar in the autistic and normal groups. The possible cause of the hyerserotonemia of autism are discussed
PARENT AND CHILD REPORTS OF DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN CHILDREN AT LOW AND HIGH RISK OF DEPRESSION
Authors: Angold Adrian , Weissman Myrna M. , John Karen , Merikancas Kathleen R. , Prusoff Brigitte A. , Wickramaratne Priya , Gammon G. Davis , Warner Virgina
Published: December 2006

Abstract The K‐SADS‐K psychiatric interview was administered to children and parents from families containing proband parent's who had previously been depressed or who were normal Agreement between parents and their children about depressive symptoms in the symptoms in the children was significant but low Boy's reports agreed more highly with their parents reports about them than did girls' reports Overall, the children reported more depressive symptoms than their parents reports about them and the overall pattern suggests that parents are relatively insensitive to their children's depressive symptomatology. but their reports show high specificity The implications of research findings for research and clinical work are discussed.
THE IMPACT OF MATERNAL DEPRESSION IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Authors: Cox A. D. , Puckering C. , Pound A. , Mills M.
Published: December 2006

Abstract An urban working class sample of depressed mother with two‐yr‐old children was compared with a control group of non‐depressed mothers using maternal interviews, home observation of mother/child interaction, and developmental assessment of the children Measures were repealed after six months. Children of depressed mother showed more emotional and behavioural disturbance and delay in expressive language development. Depressed mothers had more past and current adverse experiences, particularly in close relationships. In general depressed mothers were less responsive to their Children and less able to sustain social interaction: their children were mare often distressed, but there was a big variation in quality of mother/child interaction within the depressed group.
RETARDED CHILDREN AND THEIR SIBLINGS
Authors: Gath A. , Gumlev D.
Published: December 2006

Abstract One hundred and eighty‐three retarded children and their nearest‐in‐age siblings were investigated. Ninety‐five of the retarded children had Down's syndrome and 88 were retarded for other reasons. Interviews with the parents were carried out at home. Questionnaires on behaviour and educational attainment were completed for the retarded child, the sibling and a classroom control for the sibling. The retarded children had more behaviour problems than their siblings, as expected. The behaviour problems in the sibling were more often found if the retarded child had much‐disturbed behaviour, especially when the retarded child had Down's syndrome. The siblings in the non‐Down's group had more reading problems and more behaviour disturbance in school than either the controls or the siblings of Down's syndrome group.
EFFECTS OF VIEWING AGGRESSIVE CARTOONS ON THE BEHAVIOR OF LEARNING DISABLED CHILDREN
Authors: Sprafkin Joyce , Gadow Kenneth D. , Grayson Patricia
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Forty‐six learning disabled children (M = 7.6 years) were exposed to six aggressive and six control cartoons in school. Treatment effects were assessed using direct observations of five categories of social behavior. There were no main effects for condition, and neither initial aggressiveness nor gender interacted significantly with condition for any of the behaviors. There was a significant interaction of condition with IQ; the low IQ group became significantly more physically aggressive following control compared with aggressive cartoons. The results from the present study are compared with the findings from other field experiments, and their clinical relevance is discussed.
THE INFLUENCE OF CHILDHOOD DISCIPLINARY EXPERIENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ALCOHOLISM AND DEPRESSION
Authors: Holmes S. J. , Robins L. N.
Published: December 2006

Abstract— In this case‐control study, respondents from the general population with a lifetime diagnosis of major depressive disorder, alcohol abuse and/or dependence, or the absence of any psychiatric disorder ascertained by the St. Louis Epidemiological Catchment Area Study were reinterviewed about their early home environments during the period when they were 6 to 13 years of age. Two discipline scales were developed through factor analysis, and logistic regression was used to build a model using all the predictors. Unfair, inconsistent and harsh discipline by parents predicted both alcohol and depressive disorders independently of the influence of parental psychiatric history, the respondent's sex, and childhood behavior problems.
FAMILY INTERVENTION WITH BEREAVED CHILDREN
Authors: Black D. , Urbanowicz M. A.
Published: December 2006

Abstract— This paper describes an intervention study carried out with 45 families (83 children) where one of the parents died, leaving a child or children under 16 years of age. The families were randonily assigned to treatment and control groups, the treatment group being seen by a family therapist for approximately six sessions within 3–5 months of bereavement. All the families were contacted approximately 1 year after and again 2 years after the bereavement and a structured interview was carried out, covering parental health and psychiatric state, the children's health and behaviour, and the death and events surrounding it. At follow‐up, there was some indication that the treatment group had benefited from the brief intervention. The implications for practice are discussed.
BEHAVIOUR PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN WITH DIABETES AS A FUNCTION OF SEX AND AGE OF ONSET OF DISEASE
Authors: Rovet J. , Ehrlich R. , Hoppe M.
Published: December 2006

Abstract— Twenty‐seven children with early onset (≤3 years) diabetes (EOD), 24 with late onset (≥4 years) diabetes (LOD) and 30 sibling controls were compared on measures of psychosocial adjustment. These included parent rating scales of behaviour problems and temperament; direct measures of self‐esteem, body image and school achievement; and indices of diabetic control. Results indicated that LOD boys showed increased incidence of behaviour problems, 83% of whom could be assigned a diagnostic classification and more distortions of body image. The results were not related to any indices of diabetic control.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATTENTION PROBLEMS IN CHILDHOOD AND ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR EIGHT YEARS LATER
Authors: Wallander Jan L.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Danish longitudinal population data indicated there was a significant, though weak, relationship between teacher ratings of attention problems in males at ages 10–13 and their cumulative arrest frequency eight years later. However, the child's IQ and maternal reports of his father's problems controlling alcohol intake moderated this relationship; once the variance in antisocial behavior due to these factors was removed, childhood attention problems did not account for any additional variance. These results raise the concern that previous findings of a relationship between clinically diagnosed attention deficit disorder‐hyperactivity and later delinquency may be due in part to one or more third variables.
INTRAPERSONAL AND INTERPERSONAL DISCREPANCY AMONG DELINQUENT AND NONDELIQUENT GIRLS: A RESEARCH NOTE
Authors: Campbell Anne
Published: December 2006

Abstract Delinquent and nondelinquent girls were compared to examine the relationship between delinquency and masculine self‐concept. Ratings of self and ideal self were obtained to compute self‐ideal discrepancy indices on (a) stereotypically sex‐related traits and (b) traits which each subject selected as salient to making interpersonal judgements of women. Ratings were also made of best friend and mother to examine interpersonal as well as intra‐personal discrepancy indices. For stereotypic sex‐role traits, discrepancy indices for the three comparisons (self‐ideal, self‐mother, self‐best friend) revealed no differences between delinquents and nondelinquents. For personally selected traits, significant differences did appear for self‐mother and self‐best friend discrepancies.
PSYCHIATRIC ADJUSTMENT IN CHILDREN WITH CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
Authors: Garralda M. E. , Jameson R. A. , Reynolds J. M. , Postlethwaite R. J.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Problems in psychiatric adjustment were found to be more common in children and adolescents with chronic renal failure (22 subjects on hospital haemodialysis and 22 with less severe renal failure) than in healthy matched controls. There was a trend towards more definite and marked psychological difficulties in patients with more severe renal condition. However, the less severely physically ill children tended to have increased difficulties in school adjustment and they reported more feelings of loneliness. The findings have implications on the management of children with chronic renal failure.
EFFECTS OF CARTOONS ON EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED CHILDREN'S SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IN SCHOOL SETTINGS
Authors: Sprafkin Joyce , Gadow Kenneth D. , Grayson Patricia
Published: December 2006

Abstract Four classes of emotionally disturbed (ED) children (20 boys and 6 girls, age: M= 8.1 yr) were exposed to six aggressive and six control cartoons. Treatment effects were assessed using direct observations of five categories of behavior during lunch and recess for baseline and the two cartoon conditions. The results revealed significantly more nonphysical aggression following the control cartoons than during baseline across setting and more physical aggression following the control cartoons relative to the aggressive cartoon and baseline conditions in the recess setting. The findings are discussed with regard to their clinical implications and comparability with other field experiments.
CONNERS' TEACHER RATING SCALE IN CHINESE CHILDREN IN HONG KONG
Authors: Luk S. L. , Leung P. W. L. , Lee P. L. M.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Conners' Teacher's Rating Scale (CTRS) was applied to 914 children, a representative sample of the total population of normal primary school children (age 6–12) in Hong Kong. Both interrater and test‐retest reliability were satisfactory. On all the subscales, the scores lay on the high side when compared to results of western countries. When factor analysis was carried out, the main difference from other studies was that the conduct problem factor and hyperactivity factor were combined. There was a very significant sex effect with boys having much higher total and subscales scores of conduct problem, inattention and hyperactivity whereas the girls were rated significantly higher on the subscales of anxiety‐tension.
PARENT‐CHILD CORRESPONDENCE IN IDENTIFICATION OF FIRESETTING AMONG CHILD PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS
Authors: Kolko David J. , Kazdin Alan E.
Published: December 2006

Abstract This study examined parent‐child correspondence in assessing characteristics and correlates of the child's firesetting. Two‐hundred and ninety‐seven families (164 outpatients and 133 inpatients) were independently interviewed using questions modified from the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School‐age Children. Parent‐child correspondence for the presence or absence of individual behaviors and firesetting correlates was generally moderate‐to‐high for both samples, with outpatient families showing higher parent‐child agreement in classifying the child's firesetting status. Few differences in correspondence due to child age or sex were found. The results are discussed in terms of the clinical assessment of firesetting and other antisocial behaviors and the role of child reports in case identification.
DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF AN ATTENTIONAL TEST FOR HEAD INJURED CHILDREN—1. INFORMATION PROCESSING CAPACITY IN A NORMAL SAMPLE
Authors: Johnson David A. , Roethig‐Johnston Karen , Middleton Judith
Published: December 2006

Abstract The Children's Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (CHIPASAT) was developed to assess the capacity and rate of information processing in children. This basic aspect of attention underlies many abilities, and is impaired following head injury in adults. Similar impairment may occur in children after head injury or other CNS dysfunction.

A sample (N= 315) of normal school children was assessed with the CHIPASAT to establish normative data, and relationships between age, arithmetic ability, general intellectual (g) ability and information processing capacity. The results suggest that the age and, to a lesser extent, the arithmetic ability of a child have a significant influence on information processing capacity. The children's general intellectual ability (g) and sex were unrelated to CHIPASAT performance.
TODDLERS' CONCENTRATION: DOES MATERNAL DEPRESSION MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
Authors: Breznitz Zvia , Friedman Sarah L.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Twenty‐five mother‐toddler dyads with depressed mothers were compared with 25 dyads with well mothers on measures of attention during 20 min of spontaneous play in a home‐like setting. Children of depressed women focused attention on more objects for shorter durations. Group differences could be accounted for by mothers' involvement in their children's play. Depressed women initiated and terminated more instances of attention to objects than well mothers. Correlations between maternal behaviors and children's attention were statistically significant. Results support the hypothesis that poorer attention of children of depressed women is at least in part mediated by inculcation.
ACQUISITION OF ATTENTION SKILL IN PERVASIVELY HYPERACTIVE CHILDREN
Authors: van der Meere Jaap , Sergeant Joseph
Published: December 2006

Abstract The hypothesis that pervasively hyperactive children have disturbed attention and fail to acquire learning skills is tested. Attention and learning skills are defined here in terms of the controlled versus automatic processing distinction. In this report 12 pervasively hyperactive children and 12 controls were compared for their ability to develop automatic information processing during a memory recognition task. It was predicted that, if hyperactive children failed to adopt task‐appropriate cognitive sets, automatic processing would either fail or develop more slowly than in controls. The data indicated that the groups differed in task efficiency: hyperactive children were slower, within‐subject variance of reaction time was greater, and errors occurred more frequently than in controls. However, group differences could not be explained in terms of an attention dysfunction or an inability to develop automatic processing in the hyperactive child.
BEHAVIOURAL AND CARDIOVASCULAR CHANGES IN CHILDREN MOVING FROM KINDERGARTEN TO PRIMARY SCHOOL
Authors: Soussignan Robert , Koch Patrice , Montagner Hubert
Published: December 2006

Abstract The effect of changing school environment from kindergarten to primary school and of the degree of structure of school tasks was examined in relation to behavioural and cardiovascular (heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure) patterns. Changing school environment was associated with an increase in the duration of stereotyped behaviours. The accompanying psychophysiological variables, which in kindergarten follow the simple motor activity/arousal model, are reversed in primary school where less motor activity is accompanied by higher states of physiological arousal. The results suggest that children develop cardiovascular responses as part of an adjustment to cope with changes in the environment.
SUICIDE IN CHILDREN IN ENGLAND AND WALES
Authors: McClure G. M. G.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Reported suicide rates for children aged 10–14 yrs in England and Wales remain at low levels. There has been a decrease in rate for males in this age group between the 1940's and the 1980's and an increase for females, so that both sexes now have similar suicide rates. The increase in suicide by poisoning with solids and liquids (including “overdosing”) which occurred up until the 1970's has not continued into the 1980's.
AN ASSESSMENT OF VIOLENCE IN A YOUNG MAN WITH ASPERGER'S SYNDROME
Authors: Baron‐Cohen Simon
Published: December 2006

Abstract Asperger's Syndrome is assumed to be closely related to autism. A case of a 21‐yr‐old man with Asperger's Syndrome who is frequently violent to his 71‐yr‐old girlfriend is presented. According to a social‐cognitive model of autism, this man is predicted to be markedly impoverished in his appreciation of his victim's thoughts and feelings. Interview‐based assessments confirm this deficit, and this is discussed as an important factor in the maintenance of his violence.
SIX WEEKS TO TWENTY‐ONE YEARS OLD: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF CHILDREN WITH DOWN'S SYNDROME AND THEIR FAMILIES
Authors: Carr Janet
Published: December 2006

Abstract A cohort of children with Down's syndrome, and their families, have been seen at intervals from six weeks old. Some follow‐up data to 21 yrs are reported here. Until 21 yrs when one mother withdrew her son there have been no losses to the study apart from those caused by death. Mean IQs rose slightly from 11 to 21; scores on language and academic tests favoured the home‐reared, females, and middle‐class young people even when IQ was allowed for. Some of the effects on the family of having a handicapped member were explored; although adverse effects are fewer than might have been expected many parents, especially mothers, carry significant burdens.
DOSAGE EFFECTS AND INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIVITY TO METHYLPHENIDATE IN ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER
Authors: Douglas V. I. , Barr R. G. , Amin K. , O'Neill M. E. , Britton B. G.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Effects of three dosages of methylphenidate (0.15, 0.30 and 0.60 mg/kg) were assessed in 19 ADD‐H children on a variety of cognitive, academic and behavioral measures in the laboratory and the classroom. A predominant linear pattern of improvement was found across almost all measures. A slight decrease between 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg on one cognitive task leaves open the possibility that higher dosages reduce stimulant effectiveness or cause decrements on some kinds of “high‐level/high load” tasks. Response patterns of individual children varied considerably across measures. All children improved on at least several measures. Results were interpreted as evidence for stimulant activation of self‐regulatory processes.
ANGER, PERCEIVED CONTROL AND SCHOOL BEHAVIOR AMONG STUDENTS WITH LEARNING PROBLEMS
Authors: Smith Douglas C. , Adelman Howard S. , Nelson Perry , Taylor Linda
Published: December 2006

Abstract With regard to students with learning problems, findings indicate that the more severe the learning problem, the greater the tendency toward anger in response to conflicts at school. The relationship between learning problem severity and perceptions of control at school was not significant, but anger was negatively correlated to perceived control. None of the variables were significantly related to misbehavior. A stepwise regression analysis indicated perceived control as the most potent single variable accounting for the variance in anger scores. Overall, findings highlight implications for work focused on reactions to learning problems and factors associated with their cause and correction.
SYMPTOM DEVELOPMENT IN CHILDHOOD ONSET SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Watkins John M. , Asarnow Robert F. , Tanguay Peter E.
Published: December 2006

Abstract Symptom development from birth to 12 years of age was examined in 18 children who met DSM‐III criteria for schizophrenia with onset before 10 years of age. Using a follow‐back design, symptom development was rated at each of four age levels using a DSM‐III Symptom Rating Scale and the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist. Results revealed a gradual developmental unfolding of a broad spectrum of symptoms affecting social, cognitive, sensory and motor functioning and beginning many years before the appearance of schizophrenic symptoms–usually in early infancy. Prior to 6 years of age, severe language deficits and motor development problems were each found in 72% of the sample and symptoms of infantile autism were found in 39% of the sample. Onset of schizophrenia occurred at an earlier age for children with a history of autistic symptoms during infancy than for other children in the sample. Schizophrenia as defined by DSM‐III was entirely absent before 6 years of age.
DIMENSIONS OF FOSTER AND RESIDENTIAL CARE PRACTICE
Authors: Colton Matthew
Published: December 2006

Abstract– In reporting a comparative study of foster and residential care practices, this paper examines four aspects of care: the management of recurrent (mainly daily) social events; children's community contacts; the provision of physical amenities; and the controls and sanctions employed by foster parents and staff vis a vis children. Care practice in foster homes was generally found to be significantly more child‐oriented than in Children's Homes on each dimension of care. Very little overlap was observed between the results obtained for the foster homes and Children's Homes. Thus, differences between the two forms of provision were more or less uniform.
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AND READING ACHIEVEMENT IN PERVASIVE‐ADD, SITUATIONAL‐ADD AND CONTROL CHILDREN
Authors: Boudreault Maurice , Thivierge Jacques , Côté Robert , Boutin Pierrette , Julien Yves , Bergeron Suzanne
Published: December 2006

Abstract– Studies on hyperactivity have shown the importance of distinguishing hyperactive children according to the pervasiveness of their symptoms. To verify the meaningfulness of this distinction in Attention Deficit Disorders, an epidemiological study was undertaken. Sixteen pervasive‐ADD, nine situational‐ADD and 28 non‐ADD children selected from a general population were compared using different measures. The results show that pervasive‐ADD differ from non‐ADD children on verbal IQ and reading difficulties and support the distinction of ADD according to the pervasiveness of the symptoms.
COMMUNICATION BEHAVIORS IN AUTISM AND DEVELOPMENTAL LANGUAGE DELAY
Authors: Landry Susan H. , Loveland Katherine A.
Published: December 2006

Abstract– The communicative behavior of autistic and developmental language delay (DLD) children matched for nonverbal mental age and mean length of utterance (MLU) was compared to that of normally‐developing (ND) 2‐yr‐olds. Autistic children were less able than other children to respond correctly to language or gestures used to direct their attention, used attention directing (pointing, showing) less frequently, and produced more echolalic speech when making requests. DLD and ND children differed only in number of pronouns used while requesting. Attention‐directing gestures were associated with receptive and expressive language abilities for autistic, DLD and normal children.
SEX‐ROLE ATTRIBUTES, PERCEIVED COMPETENCE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEPRESSION IN ADOLESCENCE
Authors: Wilson Ronnie , Cairns Ed
Published: December 2006

Abstract– Studies are described which investigated the relationship of sex‐role traits to age trends and sex differences in depression in adolescents. Psychological masculinity was negatively related to the level of depression in males and females, and evidence which indicates that this relationship is mediated by a link between masculinity and perceived competence is presented. The level of masculinity was stable across the age ranges studied, but was related to an increasingly higher rate of depression in females than males. It is therefore argued that a sex difference in masculinity arises prior to adolescence, but interacts with other factors which influence vulnerability to depression during the teenage years, thus bringing about the sex difference in depression.
Effects of Preschool Environments on Nonverbal Social Behavior: Toddlers' Interpersonal Distances to Teachers and Classmates Change With Environmental Density, Classroom Design, and Parent–Child Interactions
Authors: Burgess J. Wesley , Fordyce W. Kyle
Published: December 2006

Abstract Toddlers' interpersonal spacing patterns were studied in environments of different density and design. Results showed that an apparently spacious (74 m2) classroom may produce behavioral changes reminiscent of crowding in young children. When more spate (864 m2) was available: (I) children increased interpersonal distances overall; (2) children aggregated more with classmates and teachers, fragmenting into subgroups which were separated from the class overall. With visual dividers added to the classroom Facilitate subgrouping toddlers formed larger subgroups with teachers. Parent/child behavior during separation also affected distances: longer hand‐holding and verbalization were found in children who stayed further others.
Severity of Early Separation and Later Abusive Mothering in Monkeys: What is the Pathogenic Threshold?
Authors: Troisi Alfonso , Aureli Filippo , Piovesan Paola , D'Amato Francesca R.
Published: December 2006

Abstract This study reports on a nonexperimentally induced case of infant abuse by a macaque mother living in a stable social group. The cast is of particular interest because of the early experience of the abusive mother: she had been abandoned right after birth by her biological mother, adopted and reared by an adoptive mother who provided adequate maternal care. The abusive mother alternated violent abuse and attentive maternal care and was shown to have a very possessive relationship with her infant. This study raises questions about etiology of primate infant abuse and supports the view that maternal anxiety may play a role in precipitating abuse.