bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is a meaning-based grammar of English possible?
Authors: Su Hang
Published: December 2018

Previous research on the grammar of English has led to the development of a number of useful reference books (e.g. Quirk et al., 1985; Biber et al., 1999; Huddleston & Pullum, 2002; Berry, 2012), which have substantially contributed to the teaching and learning of English language in EFL contexts. However, I found that from an (advanced) EFL learner's perspective, EFL learners are often left to our own choices when we want to express a specific meaning in spoken and/or written communication, such as acknowledgement-making for example (Hyland & Tse, 2004). One major reason for this is that these reference books have mainly focused on discussing issues such as word classes, types of clauses, tense and aspects, etc. They have not attempted to document systematically the lexicogrammatical means by which specific meanings can be expressed, though they do have selectively described some. This stimulated me to think whether it is possible to develop, what I tentatively call,a meaning-based grammar of English, i.e. a grammar which is primarily concerned with meanings and their typical lexicogrammatical realisations.
NATIVE AND NONNATIVE PROCESSING OF ACTIVE AND PASSIVE SENTENCES
Authors: Lee James F. , Doherty Stephen
Published: December 2018

The present study compares native and nonnative processing of Spanish active and passive sentences. The nonnative speakers were tested before and after receiving processing instruction on the Spanish passive. The native speakers were tested once and provide a baseline for comparisons. We measured accuracy and response time to select the correct response in a paired picture matching task. We used eye-tracking measures to capture processing behaviors on both active and passive verb forms. We measured processing using time to first fixation on the verb area of interest, mean first fixation duration, mean first pass time, and mean second pass time. The results revealed that processing passive sentences comes at a cost to both native and nonnative speakers. After instruction the nonnative speakers showed no significant differences with native speakers in accuracy and response time. Also, the nonnative speakers’ processing behaviors became more nativelike but did not reach the native speaker level.
The Sino-Russian Relationship: Fellow Travellers in the West-dominated World
Authors: Kaczmarski Marcin
Published: December 2018

A decade ago, Beijing's relations with Moscow were of marginal interest to China scholars. Topics such as growing Sino-American interdependence-cum-rivalry, engagement with East Asia or relations with the developing world overshadowed China's relationship with its northern neighbour. Scholars preoccupied with Russia's foreign policy did not pay much attention either, regarding the Kremlin's policy towards China as part and parcel of Russia's grand strategy directed towards the West. The main dividing line among those few who took a closer look ran between sceptics and alarmists. The former interpreted the post-Cold War rapprochement as superficial and envisioned an imminent clash of interests between the two states. The latter, a minority, saw the prospect of an anti-Western alliance.
Returning Archaeological Objects to Italy
Authors: Gill David W. J.
Published: December 2018

It has been more than 20 years since the raids on the premises at the Geneva Freeport were linked to Giacomo Medici. The seizure of photographic records led to a major investigation of acquisitions by museums and private collectors. This was expanded following the confiscation of archives from Robin Symes and Gianfranco Becchina. Over 350 items have been returned to Italy from North American public and private collections as well as auction houses and galleries. This article reviews the returns and identifies some of the major themes. It also notes some of the unresolved cases both in North America and in Europe and Japan.
Politics of Repatriation: Formalizing Indigenous Repatriation Policy
Authors: Breske Ashleigh
Published: December 2018

This article will show how institutions and cultural values mediate changes in the governance of repatriation policy. By examining ownership paradigms and institutional power structures and analyzing the changing discourses before and after the passage of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, it is possible to understand the ramifications of formalizing repatriation. The current binary of cultural property nationalism/cultural property internationalism in relation to Indigenous ownership claims does not represent the full scope of the conflict for Indigenous people within the Western legal interpretations of property ownership. Inclusion of a cultural property indigenism component into the established cultural property nationalism/internationalism ownership paradigm will more accurately represent Indigenous concerns for cultural property. Looking at the rules, norms, and strategies of national and international laws and museum institutions, this article will argue that there are consequences to repatriation claims that go beyond the possession of property and that a formalized process (or semi-formalized approach) can aid in addressing Indigenous rights.
LATE FORMATIVE FLOODING OF IZAPA AFTER AN ERUPTION OF TACANÁ VOLCANO
Authors: Macías José Luis , Arce José Luis , Capra Lucia , Saucedo Ricardo , Sánchez-Núñez Juan Manuel
Published: December 2018

Between the years of 30b.c.toa.d.80, during the Late Formative period, the site of Izapa was flooded by lahars associated with an explosive eruption of the San Antonio volcano (part of the Tacaná Volcanic Complex). Computer simulations suggest that hot pyroclastic flows did not impact Izapa directly, but did impact the region considerably, filling and clogging the Cahuacan and Mixcun rivers with hot debris. The material was quickly saturated by heavy rains and, as the water from the rivers overtopped the obstruction, remobilized in the form of a hot mixture of mud and water known as a lahar (or flood of volcanic origin), which flowed down through the piedmont zone along the Cahuacan, Mixcun-Suchiate, and Izapa rivers. At Izapa, the flood took the form of a 6-m catastrophic wave of mud and water that likely destroyed crops and caused many causalities, surrounding the architectural mounds at Izapa with a muddy landscape. The floods also dramatically affected the rivers downstream, undoubtedly wreaking serious damage to the transport and trade of goods along the coast.
A TOUCH OF TEOTIHUACAN AT IZAPA: THE CONTENTS OF TWO BURIALS FROM GROUP F
Authors: Clark John E. , Lee Thomas A.
Published: December 2018

Two burials excavated at Izapa in 1963 have special green obsidian artifacts made at Teotihuacan. We describe the contexts and contents of these burials and consider the significance of their contents in light of Spence's (1996) model of Teotihuacan exchange of obsidian objects. We interpret the Izapa artifacts as gifted objects indicative of the political independence of Izapa in Middle Classic times.
NEGOTIATING NARRATIVE DOMAINS: IZAPA'S PLACE IN THE DISCOURSE ON EARLY HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING
Authors: Strauss Stephanie M.
Published: December 2018

This paper aims to situate the Late Formative urban center of Izapa, Chiapas, Mexico into the greater discussion of early Mesoamerican writing systems. The elites of Izapa produced elaborate carved stone monuments in an era that bore witness to the fluorescence of three great hieroglyphic programs—the Zapotec, the Epi-Olmec, and the Maya—and, yet, only a handful of glyphs appear in Izapa's monumental corpus. In a discussion that includes Izapan iconoglyphs, possible nominal phrases, and the calendrical inscriptions on Izapa Stela 27, Stela 9, and Miscellaneous Monument 60, this study juxtaposes Izapan visual culture with representational systems to the east and west, and ultimately explores the narrative domains of greatest salience to Izapa's elite: image and cyclical time.
Can the Thought of Teilhard de Chardin Carry Us Past Current Contentious Discussions of Gene Editing Technologies?
Authors: ŠULEKOVÁ MÁRIA , FITZGERALD KEVIN T.
Published: December 2018

The advent of CRISPR-Cas9 technology has increased attention, and contention, regarding the use and regulation of genome editing technologies. Public discussions continue to give evidence of this debate falling back into the previous polarized positions of technological enthusiasts versus those who are more cautious in their approach. One response to this contentious relapse could be to view this promising and problematic new technology from a radically different perspective that embraces both the excitement of this technological advance and the prudence necessary to use it well. The thought of Teilhard de Chardin provides this desired perspective, and some insights that may help carry forward public discussions to achieve widely accepted uses and regulations.
Precision Health in Disaster Medicine and Global Public Health
Authors: Patel Ronak B.
Published: December 2018

Current debates about precision medicine take different perspectives on its relevance and value in global health. The term has not yet been applied to disaster medicine or humanitarian health, but it may hold significant value. An interpretation of the term for global public health and disaster medicine is presented here for application to vulnerable populations. Embracing the term may drive more efficient use and targeting of limited resources while encouraging innovation and adopting the new approaches advocated in current humanitarian discourse.

PatelRB.Precision health in disaster medicine and global public health.Prehosp Disaster Med.2018;33(6):565–566.
Soil moisture dynamics under Caragana korshinskii shrubs of different ages in Wuzhai County on the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: LIANG Haibin , XUE Yayong , SHI Jianwei , LI Zongshan , LIU Guohua , FU Bojie
Published: December 2018

Soil moisture is a key factor affecting vegetation growth and survival in arid and semi-arid regions. Knowledge of deep soil moisture dynamics is very important for guiding vegetation restoration and for improving land management practices on the water-limited Loess Plateau. Temporal changes and vertical variations in deep soil moisture (at soil depths of 0–600cm) combined with soil moisture availability were monitored in situ under Caragana korshinskii shrubs of different ages (named CK-10a, CK-20a and CK-35a) in the Loess hilly region during the growing season of 2013. The soil moisture content (SMC) under C. korshinskii shrubs of different ages was highly consistent with the seasonal precipitation variations and generally decreased as follows: CK-10a>CK-20a>abandoned land>CK-35a. The SMC varied greatly over time during the growing season (P<0.01), decreasing from April to May and then slowly increasing with some fluctuation from June to October. The SMC drastically decreased with depth from 0–300cm and then gradually increased with some fluctuation from 300–600cm. A critical turning point and transition zone connecting the shallow and deep soil moisture occurred at 200–300cm. Therefore, the soil profile was divided into active, secondary active and relatively steady soil layers in terms of soil moisture. The SMC fluctuated at depths of 0–100cm and 300–400cm and was relatively stable in the deeper soil layers. The amount of available soil moisture gradually decreased as the forest stand age increased, especially at CK-35a, where most of the soil moisture was unavailable for plant use. In addition, our study indicates that a large-scale restoration strategy with pure shrubland or woodland may not be suitable for soil moisture recovery in arid environments.
Eradicating war memories: Neuroscientific reality and ethical concerns
Authors: Kroes Marijn C. W. , Liivoja Rain
Published: December 2018

Traumatic memories of war can result in mental disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD is characterized by intrusive trauma memories and severe stress responses with devastating personal and societal consequences. Current treatments teach patients to regulate trauma memories, but many experience a return of symptoms even after initially successful treatment. Neuroscience is discovering ways to permanently modify trauma memories and prevent the return of symptoms. Such memory modification techniques (MMTs) have great clinical potential but also important ethical, legal and social implications. In this article, the authors describe PTSD, the role of memory in PTSD, its effects on the brain, and the limitations of current treatment methods. Then, the state of the art of the neuroscience of MMTs is presented. Within this realistic scientific framework the authors will discuss the ethical, legal and social implications of MMTs for the treatment of war-induced PTSD, especially in a military population. Three major sets of issues will be focused on: safety and social justice concerns, concerns about threats to authenticity and identity, and the possible legal and moral duties to retain certain memories. Finally, the article concludes that within scientific reality, concerns are limited and do not outweigh the potential benefits of developing treatments for patients.
Attitudes toward Immigrants, Beliefs about Causes of Poverty and Effects of Perspective-Taking
Authors: Buraschi Daniel , Bustillos Antonio , Huici Carmen
Published: December 2018

The present work presents three studies that investigate the relationship between causal attributions of poverty in Africa, attitudes towards African immigrants and perspective-taking. The objective of preliminary study (N = 54) was to collect information to adapt the Perceived Causes of Third World Poverty Scale (Hine & Montiel, 1999), in the Spanish adaptation by Betancor et al. (2002) to Spanish adolescents. The Study 1 (N = 102) explores the factorial structure of the teenager questionnaire adaptation and to test the relationship with Modern Racism Scale (McConahay, 1986). Correlational analysis reflects the existence of a central element in the new forms of racism: Victim blaming through Personal Attributions of Poverty. The objective of Study 2 (N = 62) was to determine whether empathic induction through empathic perspective-taking (Batson et al., 1997) can ameliorate the individual’s attributions of poverty concerning African immigrants among majority group members. However, the opposite effect was found, empathy induction increased Personal Attributions of poverty (η2 = .10). This effect was moderated by Modern Racism, simple slope test indicates t(52) = 2.49, p < .01, higher prejudiced participants increased Personal Attribution of poverty after empathic induction, blaming the victims for their situation.
Interventionen zur Regulation von Food Craving: Eine Übersicht
Authors: Nannt Julia , Wolz Ines , Svaldi Jennifer
Published: December 2018

Zusammenfassung. Food Craving ist ein Kernmerkmal verschiedener Essstörungen und hängt mit Übergewicht, Adipositas und patho­logischem Essverhalten zusammen. Ziel dieses Überblicksartikels ist es daher, den aktuellen Forschungsstand zu empirisch überprüften ­Interventionen zur Reduktion von Food Craving bei gesunden Personen sowie bei Personen mit klinischer oder subklinischer Essstörung dar­zustellen. Dabei wurden kognitive Regulationsstrategien, Trainings zur Modifikation von exekutiven Funktionen, expositionsorientierte ­Interventionen, Imagina­tionsverfahren, Bio- und Neurofeedback sowie Achtsamkeitstrainings berücksichtigt. Es zeigten sich unterschiedliche Effekte bezüglich der Wirksamkeit dieser Interventionen zur Reduktion des Cravings. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, dass einige der Interventionen Ansatzpunkte zur ­Behandlung von Personen mit Essstörungen bieten, allerdings sollten die Limitationen der jeweiligen Studien sowie die ­Vorläufigkeit der Ergebnisse berücksichtigt werden.
Enhanced Firn Densification in High‐Accumulation Shear Margins of the NE Greenland Ice Stream
Authors: Riverman K. L. , Alley R. B. , Anandakrishnan S. , Christianson K. , Holschuh N. D. , Medley B. , Muto A. , Peters L. E.
Published: December 2018

Firn thickness across the NE Greenland Ice Stream is a function of accumulated strain, with thinner firn in the high‐strain margins of the ice stream. We present a novel technique for extracting firn density from previously collected seismic reflection profiles and apply this technique across both shear margins of NE Greenland Ice Stream. Firn is up to 30 m thinner in the vicinity of the ice stream shear margins. Snow accumulation rates across the ice stream were calculated from airborne ice‐penetrating radar data, calibrated with ground‐based firn density measurements from a shallow core. We find that accumulation is ~20% higher in the shear margins compared to the surroundings. The higher density firn adjacent to shear margins is due to high along‐flow stresses that accelerate firn densification and develops despite the higher accumulation rate favoring lower density. These firn density variations influence subglacial hydropotential by changing the ice surface slope and overburden pressure and may influence subglacial water flow. These results demonstrate the importance of high‐resolution firn surveys in studies of shear‐margin dynamics.
Ocean Surface Wave‐Current Signatures From Satellite Altimeter Measurements
Authors: Quilfen Y. , Chapron B.
Published: December 2018

Ocean currents can strongly impact the propagation of swell systems. Satellite altimetry routinely provides measurements of ocean surface significant wave heights (Hs). A self‐consistent space‐scale decomposition is applied to Hs measurements obtained from different altimeters. This method helps reveal overlooked statistical properties at scales less than 100 km, where mesoscale and submesoscale upper ocean circulation drives a significant part of the variability in the coupled ocean‐atmosphere system. In particular, systematic signatures related to wave‐current interactions are clear at global and regional scales. In the Agulhas current system, the proposed space‐scale decomposition further reveals organized and persistent patterns. To leading order, the redistribution of swell energy follows the cumulative impact of the large‐scale current vorticity field on wave train kinematics. This relationship causes significant swell ray deflection and localized trapping phenomena, which are adequately captured by altimeter measurements.
Magnetic Topology Response to the 2003 Halloween ICME Event at Mars
Authors: Xu Shaosui , Curry Shannon M. , Mitchell David L. , Luhmann Janet G. , Lillis Robert J. , Dong Chuanfei
Published: December 2018

Understanding how the Mars plasma environment responds to space weather events provides insights into the early Sun‐Mars interaction and helps constrain the extrapolation of atmospheric loss back in time. The 2003 Halloween interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) event is one of the most extreme space weather events encountered by Mars during the last two decades. Mars Global Surveyor's circular orbit at ∼400 km allows us to observationally study the magnetic topology response to this extreme event globally for the first time. We analyze the suprathermal electron data and magnetic field measurements from Mars Global Surveyor to infer magnetic topology before, during, and after this ICME event and quantify the variation of the topology over both weak and strong crustal regions and correlate the variation with the upstream dynamic pressure. Over weak crustal regions, more draped field lines and fewer closed field lines are observed under high dynamic pressures, implying a deeper interplanetary magnetic field penetration during the ICME event. Over dayside strong crustal regions, the dominant magnetic topology switches from closed field lines during quiet periods to open field lines during disturbed periods, suggesting more reconnection occurring between the crustal magnetic fields and interplanetary magnetic field. This mixed magnetic topological response is consistent with predictions from magnetohydrodynamic simulations for ICME events in previous studies.
How Magmatic Storage Regions Attract and Repel Propagating Dikes
Authors: Pansino Stephen , Taisne Benoit
Published: December 2018

We investigate the effect of magmatic reservoir pressure on the propagation of dikes that approach from below, using analogue experiments. We injected oil into gelatin and observed how dike propagation responded to the stress field around a pressurized, spherical reservoir, filled with water. The reservoir was modeled using two different setups: one simply using an inflatable rubber balloon and the other by constructing a liquid‐filled cavity. We find that the dike's response is dependent on the sign of the reservoir pressure (i.e., inflated/overpressurized and deflated/underpressurized) as well as on the dike's initial orientation (i.e., if its strike is radially, circumferentially, or obliquely oriented to the reservoir). Dikes that are initially strike radial respond, respectively, by propagating toward or away from overpressurized or underpressurized reservoirs, taking advantage of the reservoir's hoop stresses. Otherwise‐oriented dikes respond by changing orientation, twisting and curling into a form dictated by the principal stresses in the medium. For overpressurized reservoirs, they are coaxed to propagate radially to, and therefore approach, the reservoir. For underpressurized reservoirs, they generally reorient to propagate tangentially, which causes them to avoid the reservoir. The magnitude of reservoir pressure controls at which distance dikes can be affected, and, at natural scales, we estimate that this occurs within a radius of a few tens of kilometers. This diminishes with time, due to viscous stress relaxation of the crust, which will occur on a timescale of hundreds of years.
Improving Forecast Accuracy With Tsunami Data Assimilation: The 2009 Dusky Sound, New Zealand, Tsunami
Authors: Sheehan Anne F. , Gusman Aditya R. , Satake Kenji
Published: December 2018

We use tsunami waveforms recorded on deep water absolute pressure gauges (Deep‐ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis), coastal tide gauges, and a temporary array of seafloor differential pressure gauges (DPG) to study the tsunami generated by the 15 July 2009 magnitude 7.8 Dusky Sound, New Zealand, earthquake. We first use tsunami waveform inversion applied to Deep‐ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis seafloor pressure gauge and coastal tide gauge data to estimate the fault slip distribution of the Dusky Sound earthquake. This fault slip estimate is then used to generate synthetic tsunami waveforms at each of the DPG sites. DPG instruments are unfortunately not well calibrated, but comparison of the synthetic tsunami waveforms to those observed at each DPG site allows us to determine an appropriate amplitude scaling to apply. We next use progressive data assimilation of the amplitude‐scaled DPG observations to retrospectively forecast the Dusky Sound tsunami wavefields and find a good match between forecast and observed tsunami wavefields at the Charleston tide gauge station on the west coast of New Zealand's South Island. While an advantage of the data assimilation method is that no initial condition is needed, we find that our forecast is improved by merging tsunami forward modeling from a rapid W‐phase earthquake source solution with the data assimilation method.
Regional Patterns of Extreme Precipitation and Urban Signatures in Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Zhang Yongyong , Pang Xuan , Xia Jun , Shao Quanxi , Yu Entao , Zhao Tongtiegang , She Dunxian , Sun Jianqi , Yu Jingjie , Pan Xinyao , Zhai Xiaoyan
Published: December 2018

Observations show that metropolitan areas throughout China, which are experiencing rapid urbanization, may have enhanced extreme precipitation. However, the underlying urban‐induced mechanism is poorly understood, particularly for entire characteristics of extreme precipitation. Focusing on the Beijing metropolitan area, we investigate regional patterns of extreme precipitation characterized by magnitude, frequency, duration, and timing metrics according to daily observations from 1975 to 2015 at 20 weather stations. Urbanization effects are explored by physical metrics of urbanization, including area, complexity, fragmentation, and dominance deduced from five periods of land use maps. Results show that the magnitudes and frequencies of extreme precipitation have decreased over time, the consecutive precipitation days have been extended, and the Julian date of maximum precipitation has been delayed. Temporal trends at ~40% of weather stations are significant. According to precipitation metrics and geographical features, three representative regions are identified: the central urban region, the windward slope of topographic area, and the mountainous region. Compared with the metrics in mountainous region, the magnitudes of windward slope and central urban region are 24.3–60.6% and 5.9–47.3% greater, respectively; the frequencies are increased by 1.17 and 1.10 days, respectively; and the average date of maximum precipitation values are delayed by 7.0 and 4.0 days, respectively. The magnitudes and frequencies are enhanced by expansion of urban area, complexity, fragmentation, dominance, and heat islands. The durations are positive for urban area and dominance but negative for urban complexity, fragmentation, and heat islands. Furthermore, the effects in central urban region are more significant due to high urbanization rates.
The Influence of Sediment‐Derived Dissolved Organic Matter in the Vistula River Estuary/Gulf of Gdansk
Authors: Reader Heather E. , Thoms Franziska , Voss Maren , Stedmon Colin A.
Published: December 2018

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) concentrations in sediment porewaters are often orders of magnitude higher than in the overlying water column resulting in a diffusive flux of DOM from sediments. The intensity and fate of this DOM flux is poorly understood. The Gulf of Gdansk in the Southern Baltic Sea is dominated by the Vistula River, one of the largest and most anthropogenically impacted rivers in the Baltic Sea catchment. The sediment characteristics of the region are varied, from mixed sandy conditions near shore to mud sediments in the Gdansk Deep. We investigated the significance of sediment‐derived DOM in the Gulf of Gdansk in comparison to that supplied by the river. Sediment‐derived DOM in the region was found to have an organic matter fluorescence signature distinct from the DOM in the water column. The visible wavelength fluorescence could be used to distinguish organic matter from near shore sediments influenced by riverine sources and organic matter from deeper offshore sediments, influenced by more pelagic sources. Ultraviolet‐A wavelength fluorescence dominated the sediment flux but was rapidly removed in bottom waters suggesting that it may contribute to bottom water oxygen consumption. While there is potential for DOM fluxes from sediments in the Gulf of Gdansk, the high background pelagic concentration of DOM in these waters and the much stronger influence of the Vistula River can mask the contributions from sediments.
Water Mass Versus Sea Level Effects on Benthic Foraminiferal Oxygen Isotope Ratios in the Atlantic Ocean During the LGM
Authors: Völpel R. , Mulitza S. , Paul A. , Lynch‐Stieglitz J. , Schulz M.
Published: December 2018

Depth transects of benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotopes from the Atlantic Ocean show that glacial‐interglacial changes are larger at deep (> ~2,000 m) than at intermediate water levels. Our model results suggest that the smaller changes in the upper 1,000 m of the water column are a result of the glacial sea level lowering of about 120 m, leading to warmer temperatures of around 1 °C and hence a smaller glacial‐interglacial stable oxygen isotope difference. In contrast, a shoaling of the water mass boundary to ~2,000‐m water depth between the northern and southern source waters is caused by the expansion of a cold (close to the freezing point) southern source water in the abyssal ocean, increasing the oxygen isotope values of benthic foraminifera from the Last Glacial Maximum in the deep Atlantic. These two effects explain the different amplitudes of glacial‐interglacial stable oxygen isotope differences in the upper and deeper water column of the Atlantic Ocean.
Investigation of prevention of mother to child HIV transmission program from 2011 to 2017 in Suzhou, China
Authors: Gong Tian , Wang Huiying , He Xiuyu , Liu Juning , Wu Qianlan , Wang Jing
Published: December 2018

The vertical transmission of HIV, from mother to child remains one of the biggest challenges all over the world. This study evaluated the implementation and effectiveness of the prevention of mother to child HIV transmission (PMTCT) program from 2011 to 2017 in Suzhou. A total of 107 HIV positive women were enrolled in the program, of which 11 were diagnosed through premarital examination, and 96 women were diagnosed through prenatal examination. Among the 96 pregnant women, 67 gave birth to 68 live neonates. Only one infant was diagnosed HIV infected because the HIV positive mother did not enter the PMTCT program until delivery. The HIV prevalence in Suzhou city showed a low-level tendency. To increase the prenatal health utility and antiretroviral medication compliance of the migrant population in Suzhou, there are improvements to make in order to achieve the 90-90-90 targets.
2,6-Bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridines as more electron-rich and sterically accessible alternatives to 2,6-bis(imino)pyridine for group 13 coordination chemistry
Authors: Swidan Ala'aeddeen , Binder Justin F. , Onge Blake J. St. , Suter Riccardo , Burford Neil , Macdonald Charles L. B.
Published: December 2018

2,6-bis(benzimidazol-2-yl)pyridines are more electron-rich yet more sterically open ligands for monovalent and trivalent group 13 elements than bis(imino)pyridines.
Evaluating environmental risk assessment models for nanomaterials according to requirements along the product innovation Stage-Gate process
Authors: Sørensen Sara Nørgaard , Baun Anders , Burkard Michael , Dal Maso Miikka , Foss Hansen Steffen , Harrison Samuel , Hjorth Rune , Lofts Stephen , Matzke Marianne , Nowack Bernd , Peijnenburg Willie , Poikkimäki Mikko , Quik Joris T. K. , Schirmer Kristin , Verschoor Anja , Wigger Henning , Spurgeon David J.
Published: December 2018

A quantitative approach to matching existing environmental assessment models to the needs of stakeholders at different stages during innovation of nanomaterials and nano-enabled products.
Eighteen functional monolayer metal oxides: wide bandgap semiconductors with superior oxidation resistance and ultrahigh carrier mobility
Authors: Guo Yu , Ma Liang , Mao Keke , Ju Minggang , Bai Yizhen , Zhao Jijun , Zeng Xiao Cheng
Published: December 2018

18 monolayer metals have superior oxidation resistance, wide bandgap, high carrier mobility and notable absorption in the ultraviolet region.
Synthesis of A-ring quinolones, nine-membered oxolactams and spiroindoles by oxidative transformations of 2,3-indolotriterpenoids
Authors: Khusnutdinova Elmira F. , Kazakova Oxana B. , Lobov Alexander N. , Kukovinets Olga S. , Suponitsky Kyrill Yu. , Meyers Craig B. , Prichard Mark N.
Published: December 2018

An access to new antiviral A-ring quinolones, oxolactams and spiroindoles by oxidation of 2,3-indolo-triterpenoids with ozone and dimethyldioxirane is reported.
Design and synthesis ofN1,N8-diacetylspermidine analogues having a linker with desired functional groups
Authors: Ohta Reiya , Oguro Akihiro , Nishimura Kazuhiro , Murai Kenichi , Fujioka Hiromichi , Arisawa Mitsuhiro
Published: December 2018

The synthesis of newN1,N8-diacetylspermidine (DiAcSpd) analogues having a linker with desired functional groups in the methylene skeleton, which have been designed by theoretical calculations, is described.
Fiber plucking by molecular motors yields large emergent contractility in stiff biopolymer networks
Authors: Ronceray Pierre , Broedersz Chase P. , Lenz Martin
Published: December 2018

Molecular motors generate tension in the cell cortex by exerting forces on actin filaments. Here we demonstrate that when applied perpendicularly to the filament (left schematic), these forces can be dramatically enhanced by a simple geometrical effect: fiber plucking. This can result in strong stress amplification at moderate force, but only in stiff networks of flexible fibers.
Dynamics and structure of colloidal aggregates under microchannel flow
Authors: Han Ming , Whitmer Jonathan K. , Luijten Erik
Published: December 2018

Nonuniform shear of a microchannel flow drives the crystallization of attractive colloids via a Plateau–Rayleigh instability.
Flexo-electricity of the dowser texture
Authors: Pieranski Pawel , Godinho Maria Helena
Published: December 2018

In electric fieldE, the dowser texture unveils its polarisationPparallel to the two-fold symmetry axis C2.
Spatiotemporal compression‐transmission strategies for energy‐harvesting wireless sensor networks
Authors: Li Chengtie , Wang Jinkuan , Li Mingwei
Published: December 2018

In energy‐harvesting wireless sensor networks (EHWSNs), sensors perform many functions such as sensing, compression, and transmission. It is known that the sensing and transmission processes consume most of the energy by the sensors. The maximisation of the lifetime by balancing energy acquisition and consumption has been the focus of many research activities. This study focuses on the data compression‐transmission optimisation problem of the EHWSNs in the presence of energy input and output processes, wherein compressive sensing is employed as the compression scheme for data transmission. Both transmission and energy dynamics are modelled, and the Markov process of data transmission is assumed. The jointly optimised compression and transmission strategies are formulated using the spatial‐temporal feature via a Lagrangian relaxation approach, and the theoretical results of the optimal modelling structure are derived. Finally, extensive simulations are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in comparison with existing algorithms.
Analysis of factors influencing the parameters of electromagnetic environment
Authors: Yu Zhanqing , Wang Xiaorui , Zeng Rong , Fu Yin , Liu Lei , Li Min
Published: December 2018

Electromagnetic environment (EME) is one of the key issues during the ultra‐high voltage direct current power transmission projects. There are many factors affecting the parameters of the EME, which are mainly divided into line structure parameters and meteorological parameters. In this study, the concept of variable selection is used to analyse the influence of different factors on the EME parameters and to determine the factors which have greater influence. By comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the subset selection method and the compression estimation method, the more reliable results are determined. Then physical model and linear fitting method are used to analyse the influential factors of corona loss, audible noise, and radio interference.
New equivalent circuit model of UHVDC converter transformer winding for surge propagation investigation
Authors: He Shuang , Liu Yuhao , Zhao Zheng , Li Chenjie , Wang Yifeng , Ren Ziyuan , Qian Hai , Deng Jun
Published: December 2018

An accurate computational model of transformer winding for potential distribution analysis under impulse voltage is very important for the design of transformer inter‐turn insulation, especially for large capacity transformers such as ultrahigh‐voltage DC (UHVDC) converter transformer. Quite a lot of equivalent circuit models for transformer winding have been proposed assuming that the influence of magnetic core is negligible at frequencies >10 kHz, which is not always valid in practice. Lightning impulse or very fast transient overvoltage waveforms usually contain abundant frequency components >10 kHz. To obtain a more accurate model, here, a new equivalent circuit representation of UHVDC converter transformer winding is given taking into consideration of comprehensive frequency characteristic of core lamination stack. Taking account of the skin effect, the equivalent relative permeability of lamination stack are investigated and implemented in the calculation of frequency‐dependent parameters such as resistance, self‐inductance, and mutual inductance. The equivalent circuit model is realised in ATP and the surge propagation process in the winding; the winding potential distribution under transient overvoltage is studied carefully. The representation of the iron core loss in the equivalent circuit is discussed. The new proposed model may provide more accurate winding potential distribution prediction for transformer inter‐turn insulation design.
Coordination control strategy for LLCL‐filter based grid‐tied inverter with indirect sliding mode power control and virtual impedance
Authors: Wu Lizhen , Liu Tengfei , Hao Xiaohong
Published: December 2018

The LLCL filter is widely used in grid‐tied inverter systems due to its small size, low cost and good attenuation for high‐frequency harmonics. However, the LLCL filter resonance phenomenon and the wide range of impedance may compromise the system stability. In order to solve these problems, a coordination control strategy for LLCL‐filter‐based grid‐tied inverter with indirect sliding mode power control and virtual impedance was presented. The LLCL filter design parameter has been carefully adjusted to ensure the system stable operation under a wide range of grid impedance variations. Comparing with the traditional proportional integral control system through simulation experiment, the output current harmonics of grid‐tied inverter are analysed. The proposed strategy is feasible with good control accuracy and tracking performance.
Optimal planning of renewable energy source and energy storage in a medium‐ and low‐voltage distributed AC/DC system in China
Authors: Huang Lei , Chen Zexin , Cui Qiong , Zhang Jiyuan , Wang Hao , Shu Jie
Published: December 2018

As the quantity of DC load and distributed generation system increases in China, AC/DC distribution system is arousing more and more research interest for its high‐efficiency distribution ability. In this study, the optimal size and location of renewable energy source (RES) and energy storage in a medium‐ and low‐voltage distributed AC/DC system is studied. A modelling method for the optimisation of such hybrid AC/DC system is developed. The objective of the proposed optimisation method is to minimise the life cycle cost of the system with consideration of the life span of RES. The planning method is based on energy balances and constraints of system operation. The utility requirements and subsidy in China for such system are also considered in the planning process. The method is demonstrated in a 10 kV and low‐voltage distributed AC/DC system considering installing photovoltaic system, wind turbines, and electric storage system. The provided results indicate that the method is effective and applicable for the optimisation of the size and location of RES in distributed AC/DC system. The life cycle cost of such system is significantly reduced with the subsidy of the Chinese government compared with the system without RES.
Photoionization models for extreme Lyα λ1216 and Hell λ1640 line ratios in quasar halos, and PopIII vs. AGN diagnostics
Authors: Humphrey A. , Villar-Martín M. , Binette L. , Raj R.
Published: December 2018

Aims. We explore potential mechanisms to produce extremely high Lyα/HeII flux ratios, or to enhance the observed number of Lyα photons per incident ionizing photon, in extended active galactic nucleus (AGN) photoionized nebulae at high-redshift.

Methods. We computed models to simulate, in the low density regime, photoionization of interstellar gas by the radiation field of a luminous AGN. We have explored the impact of ionization parameter, gas metallicity, ionizing spectrum, electron energy distribution, and cloud viewing angle on the relative fluxes of Lyα, HeII and other lines, and on the observed number of Lyα photons per incident ionizing photon. We have compared our model results with recent observations of quasar Lyα halos at z ∼ 3.5.

Results. Low ionization parameter, a relatively soft or filtered ionizing spectrum, low gas metallicity, κ-distributed electron energies, or reflection of Lyα photons by neutral hydrogen can all result in significantly enhanced Lyα relative to other lines (≥10%), with log Lyα/HeII reaching values of up to 4.6. In the cases of low gas metallicity, reflection by HI, or a hard or filtered ionizing spectrum, the observed number of Lyα photons per incident ionizing photon is itself significantly enhanced above the nominal Case B value of 0.66 due to collisional excitation, reaching values as high as 5.3 in an “extreme case” model which combines several of these effects. We find that at low gas metallicity (e.g. Z/Z⊙ = 0.1) the production of Lyα photons is predominantly via collisional excitation rather than by recombination. In addition, we find that the collisional excitation of Lyα becomes much more efficient if the ionizing continuum spectrum has been pre-filtered through an optically thin screen of gas closer to the AGN (e.g. by a wide-angle, feedback-driven outflow). We also show that the Lyα and HeII emission line ratios of a sample of previously studied quasars at z ∼ 3.5 are consistent with AGN-photoionization of gas with moderate to low metallicity and/or low ionization parameter, without requiring exotic ionization or excitation mechanisms such as strong line-transfer effects. In addition, we present a set of UV-optical diagnostic diagrams to distinguish between photoionization by Pop III stars and photoionization by an AGN.
Remnants and ejecta of thermonuclear electron-capture supernovae
Authors: Jones S. , Röpke F. K. , Fryer C. , Ruiter A. J. , Seitenzahl I. R. , Nittler L. R. , Ohlmann S. T. , Reifarth R. , Pignatari M. , Belczynski K.
Published: December 2018

The explosion mechanism of electron-capture supernovae (ECSNe) remains equivocal: it is not completely clear whether these events are implosions in which neutron stars are formed, or incomplete thermonuclear explosions that leave behind bound ONeFe white dwarf remnants. Furthermore, the frequency of occurrence of ECSNe is not known, though it has been estimated to be of the order of a few per cent of all core-collapse supernovae. We attempt to constrain the explosion mechanism (neutron-star-forming implosion or thermonuclear explosion) and the frequency of occurrence of ECSNe using nucleosynthesis simulations of the latter scenario, population synthesis, the solar abundance distribution, pre-solar meteoritic oxide grain isotopic ratio measurements and the white dwarf mass–radius relation. Tracer particles from the 3d hydrodynamic simulations were post-processed with a large nuclear reaction network in order to determine the complete compositional state of the bound ONeFe remnant and the ejecta, and population synthesis simulations were performed in order to estimate the ECSN rate with respect to the CCSN rate. The 3d deflagration simulations drastically overproduce the neutron-rich isotopes 48Ca, 50Ti, 54Cr , 60Fe and several of the Zn isotopes relative to their solar abundances. Using the solar abundance distribution as our constraint, we place an upper limit on the frequency of thermonuclear ECSNe as 1−3% the frequency at which core-collapse supernovae (FeCCSNe) occur. This is on par with or 1 dex lower than the estimates for ECSNe from single stars. The upper limit from the yields is also in relatively good agreement with the predictions from our population synthesis simulations. The 54Cr/52Cr and 50Ti/48Ti isotopic ratios in the ejecta are a near-perfect match with recent measurements of extreme pre-solar meteoritc oxide grains, and 53Cr/52Cr can also be matched if the ejecta condenses before mixing with the interstellar medium. The composition of the ejecta of our simulations implies that ECSNe, including accretion-induced collapse of oxygen-neon white dwarfs, could actually be partial thermonuclear explosions and not implosions that form neutron stars. There is still much work to do to improve the hydrodynamic simulations of such phenomena, but it is encouraging that our results are consistent with the predictions from stellar evolution modelling and population synthesis simulations, and can explain several key isotopic ratios in a sub-set of pre-solar oxide meteoritic grains. Theoretical mass–radius relations for the bound ONeFe WD remnants of these explosions are apparently consistent with several observational WD candidates. The composition of the remnants in our simulations can reproduce several, but not all, of the spectroscopically-determined elemental abundances from one such candidate WD.
Der Helfer aus den Anden
Authors: Vigl Sebastian
Published: December 2018

Ratanhia ist zum Beispiel bei Entzündungen im Mundraum, bei Hämorrhoiden und bei Durchfällen ein geschätztes Mittel. Ein spanischer Botaniker hat die Pflanze wurde im heutigen Peru entdeckt, wo sie vor allem als Zahnerhaltungsmittel verwendet wurde. Die Pflanze ist ein Halbschmarotzer und bildet weitläufige Wurzeln aus. Diese werden therapeutisch verwendet.
Wer darf was?
Authors: Oberhauser Anette
Published: December 2018

Würde man das Zahnheilkundegesetz im Wortlaut interpretieren, bräuchten Zahnärzte für naturheilkundliche Behandlungen im Mundbereich eine Heilpraktikerzulassung. Heilpraktiker wiederum dürften diverse Behandlungen im Mundbereich durchführen, zum Beispiel Zahnstörfelder neuraltherapeutisch unterspritzen. Die Rechtsprechung ignoriert eine streng wörtliche Auslegung des Zahnheilkundegesetzes unter anderem aus Gründen der Patientensicherheit.
Unresponsive Wakefulness Syndrome in Children after Near-Drowning: Long-Term Outcome and Impact on the Families
Authors: Kirsch Andreas , Hessenauer Melanie , Aust Holger , Berweck Steffen , Sperl Wolfgang , Betzler Cornelia , von Stülpnagel-Steinbeis Celina , Staudt Martin , Kluger Gerhard
Published: December 2018

Among 131 children admitted to our institution for early phase rehabilitation after freshwater near-drowning (ND) between the year 1986 and 2000, 87 were in unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) for at least 4 weeks after the accidents. An anonymous questionnaire was sent to the families after 0.5 to 15.0 years (median: 4.6) and 48 mothers and 51 fathers of 55 of these 87 children were interviewed after 6.6 to 23.8 years (median: 13.8) of ND. At the time of the interviews, 8/55 children were able to perform daily living activities independently, 36/55 children were not able to do so (many of them suffered from chronic medical conditions like spasticity or disorders of swallowing), and 11/55 children had died. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was, however, similar to the normal population for mothers, and even higher for fathers. Furthermore, the ND accident had apparently not lead to a higher rate of separations of parents but had increased their likelihood to have further children. Feelings of guilt were highly prevalent (23/47 mothers, 20/47 fathers), and correlated with lower HRQoL of the respective parent. We found correlations between duty of supervision and feelings of guilt and between outcome and HRQoL for only the fathers. In conclusion, we found that after 4 weeks in UWS, the long-term neurological outcome of pediatric ND victims is often but not always poor. Despite often severe disabilities or death of the child during long-term care, parents surprisingly report little impact on their HRQoL, on the stability of their partnership or on their wish to have further children. Our findings may help parents and physicians to choose the best treatment for a child in UWS due to different etiologies striking the balance between rehabilitation and palliative care.