bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unique observatories for sea science and particle astrophysics: The EMSO-Antares and EMSO-Western Ionian nodes in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Lefevre Dominique , Zakardkjian Bruno , Embarcio Daniele
Published: May 2019

We describe two of the nodes of the European Multi-disciplinary Seafloor and water-column Observatory (EMSO) which are closely connected to the two sites of the KM3NeT infrastructure: EMSO-Antares in the West Ligurian sea and the EMSO Western Ionian Sea Node. We present the general characteristics and objectives of both nodes and illustrate their capabilities with some illustrative results.
SEARCH AND STUDY OF EXTENSIVE AIR SHOWER EVENTS WITH THE TUS SPACE EXPERIMENT
Authors: Lavrova Maria
Published: May 2019

The TUS experiment is aimed to study the energy spectrum and arrival direction of Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays at E ~ 100 EeV from the space orbit by measuring the fluorescence yield of the Extensive Atmospheric Shower in the atmosphere. It is the first orbital telescope designed for such measurements and is taking data since May 19, 2016. The TUS apparatus structure, methods of UHECR on-line selection and off-line data analysis are described. A few UHECR EAS candidates have been found. Preliminary results of their studying are presented.
Recent results from the KASCADE-Grande data analysis
Authors: Kang D. , Apel W.D. , Arteaga-Velázquez J.C. , Bekk K. , Bertaina M. , Blümer J. , Bozdog H. , Brancus I.M. , Cantoni E. , Chiavassa A. , Cossavella F. , Daumiller K. , de Souza V. , Di Pierro F. , Doll P. , Engel R. , Fuhrmann D. , Gherghel-Lascu A. , Gils H.J. , Glasstetter R. , Grupen C. , Haungs A. , Heck D. , Hörandel J.R. , Huber D. , Huege T. , Kampert K.-H. , Klages H.O. , Link K. , Łuczak P. , Mathes H.J. , Mayer H.J. , Milke J. , Mitrica B. , Morello C. , Oehlschläger J. , Ostapchenko S. , Palmieri N. , Pierog T. , Rebel H. , Roth M. , Schieler H. , Schoo S. , Schröder F.G. , Sima O. , Toma G. , Trinchero G.C. , Ulrich H. , Weindl A. , Wochele J. , Zabierowski J.
Published: May 2019

KASCADE, together with its extension KASCADE-Grande measured individual air showers of cosmic rays in the primary energy range of 100 TeV to 1 EeV. The data collection was fully completed at the end of 2013 and the experiment was dismantled. However, the data analysis is still in progress. Recently, we published a new result on upper limits to the flux of ultra-high energy gamma rays, which set constraints on some fundamental astrophysical models. We also use the data to investigate the validity of the new hadronic interactions models like SIBYLL version 2.3c or EPOS-LHC. In addition, we updated and improved the webbased platform of the KASCADE Cosmic Ray Data Centre (KCDC), where now the data from KASCADE and KASCADE-Grande of more than 20 years measurements is available, including corresponding Monte-Carlo simulated events based on three different hadronic interaction models. In this contribution, recent results from KASCADE-Grande and the update of KCDC is briefly discussed.
Review of recent forward physics results from the CMS experiment
Authors: Ulrich Ralf
Published: May 2019

There is a rich program of forward physics measurements within the CMS Collaboration covering a wide range of topics. In many cases there is a connection to quantities and effects relevant for very high energy cosmic ray interactions. Some of the recent measurements in the fields of exclusive final states, low-pT inclusive and diffractive cross sections, underlying event, multiparton interactions, double parton scattering, final state particle correlations and minimum bias results are briefly summarized here.
LHCb: Recent results related to cosmic ray interactions
Authors: Dembinski Hans P.
Published: May 2019

The LHCb experiment is designed to study flavor physics of b and c quarks. The detector is optimized for the study of identified hadrons produced in the forward direction, which also makes LHCb very interesting for the understanding of cosmic-ray induced air showers. LHCb is analysing proton-proton, protonlead, and lead-lead collisions. As a unique feature, LHCb is also studying beam interactions with noble gases using its SMOG system. We present recent measurements of charmed mesons, which are used to obtain production cross-sections, to constrain the parton PDF, to test pomeron and multi-particle interactions, nuclear and collective effects. These mostly have an indirect impact on the modeling of hadronic interactions. Finally, we present a direct measurement of the anti-proton production in proton collisions with helium gas, which are important for the understanding of AMS-02 and PAMELA data.
Unknown structure of the Chephren pyramid
Authors: Kempa Janusz , Brylinski Wojciech , Wyszynski Oskar
Published: May 2019

The Cheops and Chephren pyramid have been in Giza for about 3500 years. Their view is enjoyed by many people around the world who ask questions: how and why were the pyramids built? Cheops and Chephren pyramids are very similar on the outside. According to what we know, however, they are diametrically different in their internal structure. In the Chephren pyramid the internal structure was not discovered while the Cheops pyramid has many internal chambers, like: The King's Chamber, the Queen's Chamber. However, according to current knowledge, the Mummies of Pharaoh and his wife were never buried there. So, why were the internal structures of this pyramid built? Were the pyramids supposed to be a visible sign of Pharaoh's power? Are there any undiscovered chambers in both pyramids, which could give us answers to many questions?
Recent results from the Pierre Auger Observatory
Authors: Petrera Sergio
Published: May 2019

In this paper some recent results from the Pierre Auger Collaboration are presented. These are the measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays over a wide range of energies (1017.5 to above 1020 eV), studies of the cosmic-ray mass composition with the fluorescence and surface detector of the Observatory, the observation of a large-scale anisotropy in the arrival direction of cosmic rays above 8 × 1018 eV and indications of anisotropy at intermediate angular scales above 4 × 1019 eV. The astrophysical implications of the spectrum and composition results are also discussed. Finally the progress of the upgrade of the Observatory, AugerPrime is presented.
Search for ultra-high energy photons by complex data of the Yakutsk array
Authors: Knurenko Stanislav , Petrov Igor
Published: May 2019

Complex analysis of the Yakutsk array data in order to find air showers produced by photons with energy ≥1018 eV is carried out. On the basis of simulations and experimental data, selection criteria are formed and air showers with characteristics close to those criteria are selected. Using the data an upper limit of the integral photon flux in cosmic radiation of ultra-high energies is obtained.
Test of the hadronic interaction models SIBYLL2.3, EPOS-LHC and QGSJETII- 04 with Tibet EAS core data
Authors: Amenomori M. , Bi X. J. , Chen D. , Chen T. L. , Chen W. Y. , Cui S. W. , Danzengluobu  , Ding L. K. , Feng C. F. , Feng Zhaoyang , Feng Z. Y. , Gou Q. B. , Guo Y. Q. , He H. H. , He Z. T. , Hibino K. , Hotta N. , Hu Haibing , Hu H. B. , Huang J. , Jia H. Y. , Jiang L. , Kajino F. , Kasahara K. , Katayose Y. , Kato C. , Kawata K. , Kozai M. , Labaciren  , Le G. M. , Li A. F. , Li H. J. , Li W. J. , Lin Y. H. , Liu C. , Liu J. S. , Liu M. Y. , Lu H. , Meng X. R. , Miyazaki T. , Munakata K. , Nakajima T. , Nakamura Y. , Nanjo H. , Nishizawa M. , Niwa T. , Ohnishi M. , Ohta I. , Ozawa S. , Qian X. L. , Qu X. B. , Saito T. , Saito T. Y. , Sakata M. , Sako T. K. , Shao J. , Shibata M. , Shiomi A. , Shirai T. , Sugimoto H. , Takita M. , Tan Y. H. , Tateyama N. , Torii S. , Tsuchiya H. , Udo S. , Wang H. , Wu H. R. , Xue L. , Yamamoto Y. , Yamauchi K. , Yang Z. , Yuan A. F. , Zhai L. M. , Zhang H. M. , Zhang J. L. , Zhang X. Y. , Zhang Y. , Zhang Yi , Zhang Ying , Zhaxisangzhu  , Zhou X. X.
Published: May 2019

A hybrid experiment has been started by the ASγ experiment at Yangbajing (4300m a.s.l.) in Tibet since May 2009, that consists of a high-energy air-shower-core array (YAC-I) and a high-density air-shower array (Tibet-III). In this paper, we report our results to check the hadronic interaction models SIBYLL2.3, SIBYLL2.1, EPOS-LHC and QGSJETII-04 in the multi-tens TeV energy region using YAC-I+Tibet-III experimental data from May 2009 through January 2010. The effective live time is calculated as 106.05 days. The results show that the description of transverse momentum, inelastic cross-section and inelasticity for the 4 hadronic interaction models is consistent with YAC-I experimental data within 15% systematic errors range in the forward region below 100 TeV. Among them, the EPOS-LHC model is the best hadronic interaction model. Furthermore, we find that the H4a composition model is the best one below the 100 TeV energy region.
Characteristics of air showers with energy more than 1017 eV reconstructed by the Yakutsk array radio emission measurements
Authors: Knurenko Stanislav , Petrov Igor
Published: May 2019

The paper presents results on the longitudinal development of air showers of ultra-high energies obtained from radio emission measurements at the Yakutsk array. The energy, the depth of maximum development of individual showers are determined and a statistical analysis of Xmax in order to estimate the fluctuation of air shower development σ(Xmax) in the energy region 1017-1018 eV is performed. It is shown that σ(Xmax) in the energy region 1017-1018 eV is equal to 50-60 g·cm-2, which doesn’t contradict with a mixed composition of cosmic rays - protons and helium nuclei. This is also indicated by data of the Xmax value dependence on energy.
Energy spectrum of cascade showers initiated by cosmic ray muons in the Cherenkov water detector
Authors: Khokhlov S.S. , Bogdanov A.G. , Khomyakov V.A. , Kindin V.V. , Kokoulin R.P. , Petrukhin A.A. , Shutenko V.V. , Yashin I.I.
Published: May 2019

Results of analysis of experimental data on cascade showers with energies of 0.1 – 10 TeV initiated by muons in the Cherenkov water detector NEVOD are presented. The method of selection and reconstruction of cascade parameters in the volume of the detector is discussed. Experimental distributions of cascade axes in zenith angle and energy spectrum of cascades are obtained. The measured distributions are compared with results of calculations.
High-energy neutrino interaction physics with IceCube
Authors: Klein Spencer
Published: May 2019

Although they are best known for studying astrophysical neutrinos, neutrino telescopes like IceCube can study neutrino interactions, at energies far above those that are accessible at accelerators. In this writeup, I present two IceCube analyses of neutrino interactions at energies far above 1 TeV. The first measures neutrino absorption in the Earth, and, from that determines the neutrino-nucleon cross-section at energies between 6.3 and 980 TeV. We find that the cross-sections are 1.30 +0.21 -0.19 (stat.) +0.39 -0.43 (syst.) times the Standard Model crosssection. We also present a measurement of neutrino inelasticity, using νμ charged-current interactions that occur within IceCube. We have measured the average inelasticity at energies from 1 TeV to above 100 TeV, and found that it is in agreement with the Standard Model expectations. We have also performed a series of fits to this track sample and a matching cascade sample, to probe aspects of the astrophysical neutrino flux, particularly the flavor ratio.
SOME STORIES OF BRASIL-JAPAN COLLABORATION AND CHACALTAYA MOUNTAIN
Authors: BARROSO S.L.C. , BEGGIO P.C. , GOMEZ G. L.F. , MANGANOTE E.J.T. , MARIANO A. , MENON M.J. , SHIBUYA E.H.
Published: May 2019

An international cooperation, named Brasil-Japan Collaboration of Chacaltaya Emulsion Chamber Experiment (B-J Collaboration) exposed 2.35 × 108 m2.s, during the period 15thJun, 1962 till 10thMay, 1988. It corresponds to 22 'runs' on Cosmic Rays and in this figure are not included photosensitive material set in the lower part of the two-storied emulsion chamber. Although 3 more 'runs' occurred after 1988, they were not included either, because they were not yet properly measured and because they contain mixed Japanese and Russian films. Chacaltaya Mountain was firstly used in 1947 for 2 meson observations and π - μ decays. It was a wise choice not only for these observations but also for the B-J Collaboration and for the Alpaca Project, running at neighbouring sites. The main results observed by the B-J Collaboration are presented.
The hadronic interaction model Sibyll 2.3c and muon production in extensive air-showers
Authors: Riehn Felix , Engel Ralph , Fedynitch Anatoli , Gaisser Thomas K. , Stanev Todor
Published: May 2019

One of the applications of the hadronic interaction model Sibyll is the simulation of extensive air showers of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. In recent years it has become more and more clear that simulations do not agree with measurements when it comes to observables related to muons in air showers. We discuss the processes in Sibyll that are directly related to muon production in extensive air showers and describe their relation to shower observables.
Small-x saturation in forward hadronic interactions
Authors: Fujii Hirotsugu
Published: May 2019

After a brief introduction of parton saturation in hadrons at small Bjorken's x, we recapitulate its phenomenological implications in high-energy particle production, such as longitudinal correlation, particle mulctiplicity, limiting fragmentation and charm quark production, which may have relevance to study of highenergy cosmic ray physics.
High-energy gamma- and cosmic-ray observations with future space-based GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope
Authors: Topchiev N.P. , Galper A.M. , Arkhangelskaja I.V. , Arkhangelskiy A.I. , Bakaldin A.V. , Chernysheva I.V. , Dalkarov O.D. , Egorov A.E. , Gusakov Yu.V. , Kheymits M.D. , Leonov A.A. , Naumov P.Yu. , Pappe N.Yu. , Runtso M.F. , Stozhkov Yu.I. , Suchkov S.I. , Yurkin Yu.T. , Zverev V.G.
Published: May 2019

The future space-based GAMMA-400 gamma-ray telescope will be installed on the Navigator platform of the Russian Astrophysical Observatory. A highly elliptical orbit will provide observations for 7-10 years of many regions of the celestial sphere continuously for a long time (~ 100 days). GAMMA-400 will measure gamma-ray fluxes in the energy range from ~ 20 MeV to several TeV and electron + positron fluxes up to ~ 20 TeV. GAMMA-400 will have an excellent separation of gamma rays from the background of cosmic rays and electrons + positrons from protons and an unprecedented angular (~ 0.01° at Eγ = 100 GeV) and energy (~ 1% at Eγ = 100 GeV) resolutions better than for Fermi-LAT, as well as ground-based facilities, by a factor of 5-10. Observations of GAMMA-400 will provide new fundamental data on discrete sources and spectra of gamma-ray emission and electrons + positrons, as well as the nature of dark matter.
Future ground arrays for ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays: recent updates and perspectives
Authors: Fujii Toshihiro
Published: May 2019

The origin and nature of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) are one of the most intriguing mysteries in particle astrophysics and astronomy. The two largest observatories, the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array Experiment, are steadily observing UHECRs in both hemispheres in order to better understand their origin and associated acceleration mechanisms at the highest energies. We highlight their latest results including on-going upgrades, AugerPrime and TA×4, and then address the requirements for a next-generation observatory. We share recent updates and perspectives for a future ground array of fluorescence detectors, addressing the requirements for a large-area, low-cost detector suitable for measuring the properties of the highest energy cosmic rays with an unprecedented aperture.
An Efficient Solution Towards Secure Homomorphic Symmetric Encryption Algorithms
Authors: Hariss Khalil , Noura Hassan , Samhat Abed Ellatif , Chamoun Maroun
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we consider Homomorphic Encryption (HE) to process over encrypted data in order to achieve user privacy. We present a framework solution to provide a high level of security for the symmetric HE algorithms. The proposed solution introduces a dynamic structure and dynamic diffusion’s primitives that enhance existing symmetric HE algorithms and overcome their weaknesses. We apply this solution to a well known symmetric homomorphic approach, the PORE (Polynomial Operation for Randomization and Encryption) approach. The security analysis of the proposed solution shows that it ensures a high level of security without performance degradation. It is also evaluated against different attacks. This leads to secure and efficient HE Algorithms for practical implementations.
A novel approach to safety stock management in an integrated supply chain with controllable lead time and ordering cost reduction using present value
Authors: Tharani S. , Uthayakumar R.
Published: May 2019

This paper presents a novel approach to safety stock management and investigates the impact of lead time reduction within an integrated vendor–buyer supply chain framework using present value where lead time and ordering cost reductions act dependently. In particular, the cost of the safety stock is determined by adopting a logistic approximation to the standard normal cumulative distribution. The service level is formulated in relation to the dimension of the single shipment, to the average demand of the buyer and to the number of admissible stockouts. We first discuss the case where the lead time and ordering cost reductions with linear function, and then consider the logarithmic functional relationship. Numerical examples including the sensitivity analysis with some managerial insights of system parameters is provided to validate the results of the supply chain models. The main contribution of this paper is introducing various types of ordering cost reduction in Bragliaet al.(Appl. Stoc. Mod. Bus. Ind.32(2016) 99–112) by handling a new approach.
Strategic sourcing under recall loss sharing and product quality investment
Authors: Dong Binwei , Tang Wansheng , Zhou Chi
Published: May 2019

Product recall has been a widespread practical operation risk in the production outsourcing. To remit even avoid product recall risk, this paper considers a two-echelon supply chain where the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) orders a critical component from one or two contract manufacturers (CMs) and uses it to produce finished product with potential quality defect. The CMs can decide investment level to reduce defect possibility and share recall loss with the OEM once product recall is implemented. When the recall loss sharing rate is fixed, the OEM may adopt the single sourcing strategy or the dual sourcing strategy which depends on the recall loss sharing rate. Moreover, if the sharing rate is relatively small, the single sourcing strategy is an optimal choice for the OEM. However, when the recall loss sharing rate is determined by the OEM, she prefers to adopt the dual sourcing strategy. Meanwhile, an increase of the recall loss sharing rate may not force the CM to improve product quality. By the numerical analysis, if the marginal recall loss is large or the wholesale price is relatively small, the OEM and the CMs can reach a win-win scenario. Finally, we examine an extension in which the CMs have pricing ability on wholesale price, and the result shows that the OEM can not obtain a cost-reduction benefit under the dual sourcing strategy.
Lipid Peroxidation, Protein Oxidation, Gelatinases, and Their Inhibitors in a Group of Adults with Obesity
Authors: Caimi Gregorio , Canino Baldassare , Montana Maria , Urso Caterina , Calandrino Vincenzo , Presti Rosalia Lo , Hopps Eugenia
Published: May 2019

The association between obesity and cardiovascular diseases has a multifactorial pathogenesis, including the synthesis of inflammatory molecules, the increase in oxidative stress and the dysregulation of the matrix metalloprotease (MMP) concentration and activity. In a group of adults with obesity, divided in 2 subgroups according to the body mass index (BMI), we examined lipid peroxidation, expressed as thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), protein oxidation, expressed as protein carbonyl groups (PCs), plasma gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9), and their tissue inhibitors (TIMP-1 and TIMP-2). In the whole group, as well as in the 2 subgroups (with BMI 30–35 or BMI>35) of obese subjects, we observed an increase in TBARS, PCs, MMP-2, and MMP-9, and also TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 in comparison with the control group. A positive correlation between TBARS and PCs emerged in obese subjects and persisted after dividing obese subjects according to BMI. The correlation between MMP-2 and TIMP-2 was not statistically significant, while a significant correlation was present between MMP-9 and TIMP-1. The correlations between the markers of oxidative stress (TBARS and PCs) and those of the MMP/TIMP profile indicated a more marked influence of protein oxidation on MMPs and TIMPs in comparison with TBARS. The innovative aspect of our study was the simultaneous evaluation of oxidative stress markers and MMP/TIMP profile in adult obese subjects. We observed significant alterations and correlations that may negatively influence the clinical course of the disease.
Analysis of Immediate versus Delayed Sternal Reconstruction with Pectoralis Major Advancement Versus Turnover Muscle Flaps
Authors: Kamel George N. , Jacobson Joshua , Rizzo Amanda M. , Kinkhabwala Corin , Lalezar Frank , Draper Lawrence , Tepper Oren M. , Garfein Evan S. , Weichman Katie E.
Published: May 2019

Background The pectoralis major muscle flap is a versatile reconstructive option for deep sternal wound infections (DSWI). The timing and surgical technique of bilateral pectoralis major muscle advancement flaps versus unilateral pectoralis major muscle turnover and unilateral pectoralis major muscle advancement flap on patient outcomes remain to be elucidated. The purpose of this investigation was to compare timing, immediate versus delayed reconstruction, and the surgical technique in patients with deep sternal wounds infections on patient outcomes.

Methods A retrospective review of patients who underwent sternal reconstruction with pectoralis major muscle was conducted. Patients diagnosed with DSWI after undergoing cardiac surgery were included for analysis. Patients were divided by flap timing and flap type for analyses. Bivariate tests were performed to compare patient clinical characteristics. Outcomes of interest were rates of postoperative complications, same admission mortality, reoperation, readmission, operating room time, and length of stay.

Results A total of 88 patients were included for analyses (n = 57 bilateral advancement, n = 31 unilateral advancement with unilateral turnover; n = 62 immediate, and n = 26 delayed). Baseline characteristics did not differ between groups of flap type or timing. When postoperative complication rates were compared, the rate of tissue necrosis was significantly greater in patients with unilateral advancement with unilateral turnover flaps (n = 6 [19.4%]) compared with bilateral advancement flaps (n = 2 [3.5%]; p = 0.021). Mortality during admission did not differ with respect to flap type but differed significantly with respect to flap timing (immediate n = 7 [11.3%], delayed n = 9 [34.6%]; p = 0.015). Length of stay differed significantly by both type and timing (type: bilateral advancement = 26.9 ± 22.6 days, unilateral turnover = 38.0 ± 26.7 days, p = 0.042; timing: immediate = 26.8 ± 22.1 days, delayed = 40.2 ± 27.8, p = 0.019).

Conclusion Patients who underwent pectoralis major muscle advancement flaps had lower incidence of tissue necrosis. Furthermore, the timing of immediate sternal reconstruction was associated with a decreased hospital length of stay.
A fucosyltransferase inhibition assay using image-analysis and digital microfluidics
Authors: Leclerc Laura M. Y. , Soffer Guy , Kwan David H. , Shih Steve C. C.
Published: May 2019

Sialyl-LewisX and LewisX are cell-surface glycans that influence cell-cell adhesion behaviors. These glycans are assembled by α(1,3)-fucosyltransferase enzymes. Their increased expression plays a role in inflammatory disease, viral and microbial infections, and cancer. Efficient screens for specific glycan modifications such as those catalyzed by fucosyltransferases are tended toward costly materials and large instrumentation. We demonstrate for the first time a fucosylation inhibition assay on a digital microfluidic system with the integration of image-based techniques. Specifically, we report a novel lab-on-a-chip approach to perform a fluorescence-based inhibition assay for the fucosylation of a labeled synthetic disaccharide, 4-methylumbelliferyl β-N-acetyllactosaminide. As a proof-of-concept, guanosine 5′-diphosphate has been used to inhibit Helicobacter pylori α(1,3)-fucosyltransferase. An electrode shape (termed “skewed wave”) is designed to minimize electrode density and improve droplet movement compared to conventional square-based electrodes. The device is used to generate a 10 000-fold serial dilution of the inhibitor and to perform fucosylation reactions in aqueous droplets surrounded by an oil shell. Using an image-based method of calculating dilutions, referred to as “pixel count,” inhibition curves along with IC50 values are obtained on-device. We propose the combination of integrating image analysis and digital microfluidics is suitable for automating a wide range of enzymatic assays.
A wide-beam, circularly polarized, three-staged, stepped-impedance, spiral antenna for direct matching to rectifier circuits
Authors: Sabhan Deborah , Nesamoni Victor Jaya , Thangappan Jayanthy
Published: May 2019

This paper presents a novel antenna element with varying complex input impedances from 203 to 303 Ω for the real part and 360 to 127 Ω for the imaginary part and a wide circular polarized (CP) beam that could be used for high efficiency rectenna applications. The efficiency of the antenna is about 88%. Tuning the real and imaginary parts of the antenna impedances to the desired values directly matches the complex conjugate to the rectifier impedance. The antenna element is designed with an artificial magnetic conductor at the back of a spiral antenna operating at a center frequency of 2.5 GHz with a CP beam width of 179° and a bandwidth of 400 MHz. This prototype antenna overcomes the low polarization losses and the need for a matching network, which is useful for high efficiency rectenna applications.
On the suppression and distortion of non-equilibrium fluctuations by transpiration
Authors: Ladiges Daniel R. , Nonaka Andrew J. , Bell John B. , Garcia Alejandro L.
Published: May 2019

A fluid in a nonequilibrium state exhibits long-ranged correlations of its hydrodynamic fluctuations. In this article, we examine the effect of a transpiration interface on these correlations—specifically, we consider a dilute gas in a domain bisected by the interface. The system is held in a nonequilibrium steady state by using isothermal walls to impose a temperature gradient. The gas is simulated using both direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) and fluctuating hydrodynamics (FHD). For the FHD simulations, two models are developed for the interface based on master equation and Langevin approaches. For appropriate simulation parameters, good agreement is observed between DSMC and FHD results with the latter showing a significant advantage in computational speed. For each approach, we quantify the effects of transpiration on long-ranged correlations in the hydrodynamic variables. The principal effect of transpiration is a suppression of the correlations, an outcome largely explained by a reduction in the temperature gradient due to the interface. We also observe a distortion of the temperature correlations, specifically the appearance of a new peak located near the interface.
Deep trap spectra of Sn-doped α-Ga2O3 grown by halide vapor phase epitaxy on sapphire
Authors: Polyakov A. Y. , Smirnov N. B. , Shchemerov I. V. , Yakimov E. B. , Nikolaev V. I. , Stepanov S. I. , Pechnikov A. I. , Chernykh A. V. , Shcherbachev K. D. , Shikoh A. S. , Kochkova A. , Vasilev A. A. , Pearton S. J.
Published: May 2019

Epitaxial layers of α-Ga2O3 with different Sn doping levels were grown by halide vapor phase epitaxy on sapphire. The films had shallow donor concentrations ranging from 1017 to 4.8 × 1019 cm−3. Deep level transient spectroscopy of the lowest doped samples revealed dominant A traps with level Ec − 0.6 eV and B traps near Ec − 1.1 eV. With increasing shallow donor concentration, the density of the A traps increased, and new traps C (Ec − 0.85 eV) and D (Ec − 0.23 eV) emerged. Photocapacitance spectra showed the presence of deep traps with optical ionization energy of ∼2 and 2.7 eV and prominent persistent photocapacitance at low temperature, surviving heating to temperatures above room temperature. The diffusion length of nonequilibrium charge carriers was 0.15 µm, and microcathodoluminescence spectra showed peaks in the range 339–540 nm, but no band-edge emission.
Precisely monitoring and tailoring 2D nanostructures at the atomic scale
Authors: Xu Tao , Shen Yuting , Yin Kuibo , Sun Litao
Published: May 2019

Recent advances in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) have made it possible to monitor the structural evolution in two dimensional (2D) materials at the level of individual atoms. Electron beam irradiation inside a TEM can also provide a way to tailor 2D materials when the interaction between the electron beam and the specimen is precisely controlled. In this paper, we discuss several types of structural defects and their dynamics in a few representative 2D materials under electron beam irradiation. The use of electron beams for manipulation of defects and novel nanostructures in a controllable manner are also discussed. The results discussed in this paper indicate that TEM not only monitors structural evolution at the atomic scale but also provides opportunities to modify the structure with subnanometer precision.
Infrared photodissociation spectroscopic and theoretical study of [Co(CO2)n]+ clusters
Authors: Yang Dong , Su Ming-zhi , Zheng Hui-jun , Zhao Zhi , Li Gang , Kong Xiang-tao , Xie Hua , Fan Hong-jun , Zhang Wei-qing , Jiang Ling
Published: May 2019

The mass-selected infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectroscopy was utilized to investigate the interactions of cationic cobalt with carbon dioxide molecules. Quantum chemical calculations were performed on the [Co(CO2)n]+ clusters to identify the structures of the low-lying isomers and to assign the observed spectral features. All the [Co(CO2)n]+ (n=2−6) clusters studied here show resonances near the CO2 asymmetric stretch of free CO2 molecule. Experimental and calculated results indicate that the CO2 molecules are weakly bound to the Co+ cations in an end-on configuration via a charge-quadrupole electrostatic interaction. The present IRPD spectra of [Co(CO2)n]+ clusters have been compared to those of Ar-tagged species ([Co(CO2)n]+-Ar), which would provide insights into the tagging effect of rare gas on the weakly-bounded clusters.
Reproductive biology and estimates of length and age at maturity of longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol) in Australian waters based on histological assessment
Authors: Griffiths Shane P. , Zischke Mitchell T. , van der Velde Tonya , Fry Gary C.
Published: May 2019

The annual global catch of longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol) has almost tripled in the past 20 years. In the Indian Ocean tuna fishery, longtail tuna catches now exceed those of some principle target species (e.g. bigeye and albacore tuna), resulting in numerous stock assessments concluding the species has been subject to overfishing and overfished for several years. Stock assessment is currently hindered by unreliable biological and catch data, which provided the impetus to study and describe the reproductive dynamics of longtail tuna in Australian waters using histology. Mean (95% confidence interval) length and age at 50% maturity were 535mm (463–570mm) and 2.51 years (2.14–2.79 years). Spawning occurred between October and February, when females produced a mean (±s.d.) of 1516680±743980 oocytes per spawning. Three spawning locations were confirmed based on the presence of postovulatory follicles in a small number of ovaries, although major spawning areas may be located offshore. The present study provides reliable maturity and fecundity ogives that may improve future assessment of longtail tuna stocks throughout the Indo-Pacific region.
Low cycle fatigue behaviour of 15-15Ti at 20 and 550°C under vacuum
Authors: Xu Jie , Chen Jianwei , Zhai Xiangwei , Luo Lin , Wu Qingsheng , Song Yong
Published: May 2019

15-15Ti is one of the potential candidate materials for fuel rod cladding of lead-based reactors, and its fatigue properties have been investigated. Low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests of 15-15Ti have been carried out under total strain amplitudes ranging from ±0.3% to ±0.9% at 20 and 550°C in vacuum. The results show the LCF life decreases with the increase of temperature. Crack propagates more tortuously and the fatigue crack propagation (FCP) rate is lower when it is tested at 20°C compared to 550°C. In addition, the effect of twin boundaries (TBs) and stacking fault energy (SFE) on FCP rate is discussed in this paper.
Human TRPA1 activation by terpenes derived from the essential oil of daidai, Citrus aurantium L. var. daidai Makino
Authors: Terada Yuko , Yamashita Rie , Ihara Nozomi , Yamazaki-Ito Toyomi , Takahashi Yuma , Masuda Haruka , Sakuragawa Satoshi , Ito Sohei , Ito Keisuke , Watanabe Tatsuo
Published: May 2019

Daidai (bitter orange, Citrus aurantium) is characterized by its fresh citrus scent. In Japanese cuisine, its juice is an important ingredient. As tons of industrial waste is obtained while processing the daidai juice, additional utilization of this waste has great social value. In our study, we prepared the essential oil from the waste obtained during daidai juice processing and demonstrated that the oil activates human TRPA1 (hTRPA1). This oil contains 10 types of terpenes, all of which activated hTRPA1 with an EC50 value of 6–167 µM. To our knowledge, this study is the first to show a hTRPA1 activation by five terpenes: linalyl acetate, geranyl acetate, osthole, geranyl propionate, and neryl acetate. Because physiological benefits of TRPA1 agonists, such as enhancement of energy metabolism and promotion of skin barrier recovery, have been reported, the oil could be a promising ingredient for anti-obesity food products and cosmetics.
Single‐leg cycling increases limb‐specific blood flow without concurrent increases in normalised power output when compared with double‐leg cycling in healthy middle‐aged adults
Authors: Gordon Nicole , Abbiss Chris R. , Maiorana Andrew J. , Peiffer Jeremiah J.
Published: May 2019

This study examined the acute performance, cardiovascular and local muscular responses to perceived exertion‐based high‐intensity interval exercise using either double‐ or single‐leg cycling. Fifteen healthy middle‐aged adults completed, on separate occasions, ten 30‐s double‐leg intervals interspersed with 60 s passive recovery and twenty (ten with each leg) 30‐s single‐leg intervals interspersed with 60 s passive recovery. Impedance cardiography, blood pressure, muscle oxygenation and total haemoglobin content (near‐infrared spectroscopy), oxygen consumption and power output were measured throughout each session. Normalised to the lean mass used during each trial, single‐leg cycling resulted in lower power output (single‐leg: 8.92 ± 1.74 W kg−1 and double‐leg: 10.41 ± 3.22 W kg−1; p < 0.05) but greater oxygen consumption (single‐leg: 103 ± 11 mL kg−1 min−1 and double‐leg: 84 ± 21 mL kg−1 min−1; p < 0.01) and cardiac output (single‐leg: 1407 ± 334 mL kg−1 min−1 and double‐leg: 850 ± 222 mL kg−1 min−1; p < 0.01), compared with double‐leg cycling. Mean arterial pressure (double‐leg: 108 ± 11 mmHg and single‐leg: 102 ± 10 mmHg), change in total haemoglobin content (double‐leg: 8.76 ± 10.65 µM cm s−1 and single‐leg: 13.42 ± 4.10 µM cm s−1) and change in tissue oxygenation index (double‐leg: −4.51 ± 3.56% and single‐leg: −3.97 ± 3.91%) were not different between double‐leg and single‐leg cycling. When compared to double‐leg cycling, single‐leg cycling elicited a higher cardiac output relative to the lean mass, but this did not result in greater power output. The dissociation between blood availability and power output is consistent with an ageing model characterised by a decrease in local oxygen delivery and distribution capability.
Implementation of Full Spin-State Interferometer*
Authors: Tang Peng-Ju , Peng Peng , Dong Xiang-Yu , Chen Xu-Zong , Zhou Xiao-Ji
Published: May 2019

Matter-wave interferometers with spin quantum states are attractive in quantum manipulation and precision measurements. Here, five spatial interference patterns corresponding to the full spin states are observed in each run of the experiment, by the combination of the Majorana transition according to the exponential modulation of the magnetic field pulse decline curve and radio frequency coupling among multiple magnetic sub-states. Compared to the realization of two Majorana transitions, the interference fringe for the magnetic field insensitive state also has a higher contrast. After spatially overlapping the full magnetic sub-state interference patterns dozens of times in consecutive experimental measurements, clear fringes are still observed, indicating the great stability of the relative phases of different components. This indicates the potential to achieve an interferometer with multiple spin clocks.
Simulated dynamics of a plasma-sheath-liquid interface*
Authors: Holgate J T , Coppins M , Allen J E
Published: May 2019

The discovery of a highly-charged sheath region at the boundary between a plasma and a surface is one of the earliest and most important discoveries in plasma science. However sheath physics has almost always been omitted from studies of the dynamics of plasma-facing liquid surfaces which are rapidly assuming a pivotal role in numerous industrial and fusion applications. This paper presents full simulations of the plasma-sheath-liquid interface and finds good agreement with theoretical stability limits and experimental observations of cone formation and pulsed droplet ejection. Consideration of sheath physics is strongly encouraged in all future studies of plasma–liquid interactions.
The Energy Sources of Superluminous Supernovae
Authors: Wang Shan-Qin , Wang Ling-Jun , Dai Zi-Gao
Published: May 2019

Supernovae (SNe) are the most brilliant optical stellar-class explosions. Over the past two decades, several optical transient survey projects discovered more than ∼ 100 so-called superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) whose peak luminosities and radiated energy are ≳ 7 × 1043 erg s−1 and ≳ 1051 erg respectively, at least an order of magnitude larger than those of normal SNe. According to their optical spectra features, SLSNe have been split into two broad categories of type I that are hydrogen-deficient and type II that are hydrogen-rich. Investigating and determining the energy sources of SLSNe would be of outstanding importance for understanding their stellar evolution and explosion mechanisms. The energy sources of SLSNe can be determined by analyzing their light curves (LCs) and spectra. The most prevailing models accounting for the SLSN LCs are the 56Ni cascade decay model, the magnetar spin-down model, the ejecta-circumstellar medium interaction model and the jet-ejecta interaction model. In this review, we present several energy-source models and their different combinations.
More than two hundred and fifty thousand spectroscopic binary or variable star candidates discovered by LAMOST
Authors: Qian Sheng-Bang , Shi Xiang-Dong , Zhu Li-Ying , Li Lin-Jia , Zhang Jia , Zhao Er-Gang , Han Zhong-Tao , Zhou Xiao , Fang Xiao-Hui , Liao Wen-Ping
Published: May 2019

About 786.4 thousand stars were observed by LAMOST twice or more during the first stage of its spectroscopic survey. The radial velocity differences for about 256 thousand targets are larger than 10 km s−1 and they are possible spectroscopic binary or variable candidates (SBVCs). It is shown that most SBVCs are slightly metal poorer than the Sun. There are two peaks in the temperature distribution of SBVCs around 5760 K and 4870 K, while there are three peaks in the distribution of the gravitational acceleration at 2.461, 4.171 and 4.621 cm s−2. The locations of SBVCs on the [Fe/H]-T, [Fe/H]-log g, log g-T and H-R diagrams are investigated. It is found that the detected SBVCs could be classified into four groups. The first group has higher log g ∼4.621 and lower T ∼ 4870 K which are mainly cool red dwarf binaries. The second group of SBVCs has log g around 4.171 cm s−2 that includes binaries and pulsating stars such as δ Sct and γ Dor variables. The gravitational accelerations of the third group of SBVCs are higher and some of them are below the zero-age main sequence. They may be contact binaries in which the primary components are losing energy to the secondaries in the common envelopes and are at a special stellar evolutionary stage. The last group is composed of giants or supergiants with log g around 2.461 cm s−2 that may be evolved pulsating stars. One target (C134624.29+333921.2) is confirmed as an eclipsing binary with a period of 0.65 days. A preliminary analysis suggests that it is a detached binary with a mass ratio of 0.46. The primary fills its critical Roche lobe by about 89%, indicating that mass transfer will occur between the two components.
C/2015 O1: A long-period comet with photometric observations⋆
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Liu Jin-Zhong , Wang Ya-Hui , Lu Li-Na
Published: May 2019

In this work, we report the observations of the long-period comet C/2015 O1 performed on 2018 January 29–30 and April 13 with the Nanshan 1-meter wide-field telescope operated by Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory. We obtain the morphological features of C/2015 O1 using an image enhancement method, and calculate the dust-activity parameter A f ρ and the coma color based on photometric analysis. An obvious fan-shaped structure was observed at different observation times. We find that the activity of C/2015 O1 gradually decreases as the comet advances toward perihelion and the observed B − V and V − R colors are consistent with those of other comets.
Retrieving volume FeO and TiO2 abundances of lunar regolith with CE-2 CELMS data using BPNN method*
Authors: Liu Cai , Sun Hong-Yan , Meng Zhi-Guo , Zheng Yong-Chun , Lu Yu , Cai Zhan-Chuan , Ping Jin-Song , Gusev Alexander , Hu Shuo
Published: May 2019

The volume FeO and TiO2 abundances (FTAs) of lunar regolith can be more important for understanding the geological evolution of the Moon compared to the optical and gamma-ray results. In this paper, the volume FTAs are retrieved with microwave sounder (CELMS) data from the Chang’E-2 satellite using the back propagation neural network (BPNN) method. Firstly, a three-layered BPNN network with five-dimensional input is constructed by taking nonlinearity into account. Then, the brightness temperature (TB
) and surface slope are set as the inputs and the volume FTAs are set as the outputs of the BPNN network. Thereafter, the BPNN network is trained with the corresponding parameters collected from Apollo, Luna, and Surveyor missions. Finally, the volume FTAs are retrieved with the trained BPNN network using the four-channel TB
derived from the CELMS data and the surface slope estimated from Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) data. The rationality of the retrieved FTAs is verified by comparing with the Clementine UV-VIS results and Lunar Prospector (LP) GRS results. The retrieved volume FTAs enable us to re-evaluate the geological features of the lunar surface. Several important results are as follows. Firstly, very-low-Ti (<1.5 wt.%) basalts are the most spatially abundant, and the surfaces with TiO2 > 5 wt.% constitute less than 10% of the maria. Also, two linear relationships occur between the FeO abundance (FA) and the TiO2 abundance before and after the threshold, 16 wt.% for FA. Secondly, a new perspective on mare volcanism is derived with the volume FTAs in several important mare basins, although this conclusion should be verified with more sources of data. Thirdly, FTAs in the lunar regolith change with depth to the uppermost surface, and the change is complex over the lunar surface. Finally, the distribution of volume FTAs hints that the highlands crust is probably homogeneous, at least in terms of the microwave thermophysical parameters.
Transition-region explosive events produced by plasmoid instability
Authors: Li Dong
Published: May 2019

Magnetic reconnection is thought to be a key process in most solar eruptions. Thanks to highresolution observations and simulations, the studied scale of the reconnection process has become smaller and smaller. Spectroscopic observations show that the reconnection site can be very small, which always exhibits a bright core and two extended wings with fast speeds, i.e., transition-region explosive events. In this paper, using the PLUTO code, we perform a 2-D magnetohydrodynamic simulation to investigate small-scale reconnection in double current sheets. Based on our simulation results, such as the line-of-sight velocity, number density and plasma temperature, we can synthesize the line profile of Si IV 1402.77 Å which is a well known emission line used to study transition-region explosive events on the Sun. The synthetic line profile of Si IV 1402.77 Å is complex with a bright core and two broad wings which can extend to nearly 200 km s−1. Our simulation results suggest that the transition-region explosive events on the Sun are produced by plasmoid instability during small-scale magnetic reconnection.
Magnetic flux participation in solar surface magnetism during solar cycle 24
Authors: Jin Chun-Lan , Wang Jing-Xiu
Published: May 2019

This study aims at investigating surface magnetic flux participation among different types of magnetic features during solar cycle 24. State-of-the-art observations from SDO/HMI and Hinode/SOT are combined to form a unique database in the interval from April 2010 to October 2015. Unlike previous studies, the statistics presented in this paper are feature-detection-based. More than 20 million magnetic features with relatively large scale, such as sunspot/pore, enhanced and quiet networks, are automatically detected and categorized from HMI observations, and the internetwork features are identified from SOT/SP observations. The total flux from these magnetic features reaches 5.9×1022 Mx during solar minimum and 2.4×1023 Mx in solar maximum. Flux occupation from the sunspot/pore region is 29% in solar maximum. Enhanced and quiet networks contribute 18% and 21% flux during the solar minimum, and 50% and 9% flux in the solar maximum respectively. The internetwork field contributes over 55% of flux in the solar minimum, and its flux contribution exceeds that of sunspot/pore features in the solar maximum. During the solar active condition, the sunspot field increases its area but keeps constant flux density of about 150G, while the enhanced network follows the sunspot number variation showing increasing flux density and area, but the quiet network displays decreasing area and somewhat increasing flux density of about 6%. The origin of the quiet network is not known exactly, but is suggestive of representing the interplay between mean-field and local dynamos. The source, magnitude and possible importance of ‘hidden flux’ are discussed in some detail.