bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leder. Finansiell støtte til FormAkademisk
Authors: Reitan Janne Beate
Published: August 2019

FormAkademisk sender i disse dager ut brev om finansiell støtte for de kommende årene til institusjoner som i stor grad bruker tidsskriftet som publiseringskanal.

FormAkademisk er det eneste vitenskapelige tidsskriftet i Norden som publiserer artikler innen alle de fagområder som Profesjonsråd for designutdanning og Profesjonsråd for arkitektur- og landskapsarkitekturutdanning i Universitets- og høgskolerådet (UHR) dekker. I tillegg publiserer FormAkademisk artikler innen designdidaktikk fra barnehage til doktorgrad. Profesjonsråd for designutdanning sin støtte, som ble vedtatt på deres møte 13.oktober 2008 var svært viktig under etableringen av tidsskriftet og i prosessen mot vitenskapelig godkjenning på nivå 1 i 2008 og når tidsskriftet nå feirer sitt 10-års jubileum er støtten minst like viktig. FormAkademisk er også blitt nominert av Profesjonsråd for designutdanning til nivå 2 i Norsk vitenskapsindeks (NVI).
Impact of digital video analytics on accuracy of chemobehavioural phenotyping in aquatic toxicology
Authors: Henry Jason , Rodriguez Alvaro , Wlodkowic Donald
Published: August 2019

Chemobehavioural phenotypic analysis using small aquatic model organisms is becoming an important toolbox in aquatic ecotoxicology and neuroactive drug discovery. The analysis of the organisms’ behavior is usually performed by combining digital video recording with animal tracking software. This software detects the organisms in the video frames, and reconstructs their movement trajectory using image processing algorithms. In this work we investigated the impact of video file characteristics, video optimization techniques and differences in animal tracking algorithms on the accuracy of quantitative neurobehavioural endpoints. We employed larval stages of a free-swimming euryhaline crustacean Artemia franciscana,commonly used for marine ecotoxicity testing, as a proxy modelto assess the effects of video analytics on quantitative behavioural parameters. We evaluated parameters such as data processing speed, tracking precision, capability to perform high-throughput batch processing of video files. Using a model toxicant the software algorithms were also finally benchmarked against one another. Our data indicates that variability in video file parameters; such as resolution, frame rate, file containers types, codecs and compression levels, can be a source of experimental biases in behavioural analysis. Similarly, the variability in data outputs between different tracking algorithms should be taken into account when designing standardized behavioral experiments and conducting chemobehavioural phenotyping.
God Gad
Authors: Thomas Ryan
Published: August 2019

Although a Canaanite deity named Gad has long been known to have had a cultic following in the Levant, relatively little attention has been devoted to elucidating its character, status, and relationship to other major gods. The following study aims to investigate the nature of the deity by culling information from a broad analysis of West Semitic personal names carrying this theophoric as well as synthesizing the data with diverse biblical and inscriptional material. Several lines of evidence are adduced to suggest that Gad is not an independent West Semitic divinity but merely a descriptive epithet of the personal god El.
Caspian Language of Šahmirzād
Authors: Borjian Habib
Published: August 2019

Located in the Semnān area (midway between Tehran and Khorasan), the town of Šahmirzād and its neighboring villages are home to speakers of Šahmirzādi, a vernacular sharply differing from the other language types spoken in the Semnān area but closely related to the Mazandarani language spoken across the Alborz range to the north, along the Caspian coast. This article studies Šahmirzādi phonology, grammar, and vocabulary, with a look at cross-linguistic influence in the situation of language contact. The article concludes with a discussion of the possible status of Šahmirzādi as a separate language within the Caspian family.
Authority and Auspiciousness in Gaurana’s Lakṣaṇadīpikā
Authors: Jones Jamal
Published: August 2019

Moving beyond poetry’s affective and semantic powers, south Indian rubrics of poetic analysis often examined poetry’s metaphysical dimensions. The poeticians of the Telugu country developed an especially rich body of work in this field, elaborating an analysis of auspiciousness in poetry and classifying minor genres of praise poetry called cāṭuprabandha wherein auspiciousness was particularly important. This article focuses on one witness to that tradition, the Lakṣaṇadīpikā of Gaurana (fl . ca . 1375–1445 CE) . Previous scholars have cited the Lakṣaṇadīpikā as exemplifying this particular strand of thinking in poetics in Andhra and contiguous regions . This paper concentrates on the metaphysical evaluation of poetry offered in the Lakṣaṇadīpikā as a way of detailing its sources and its place in the history of Sanskrit poetics more generally. Gaurana’s work is shown here to constitute an attempt at revising and reinforcing this analytical method by linking it to wider Sanskritic traditions of scholarship and ritual, specifically tantra and astrology . Ultimately, the paper argues that Gaurana’s project was meant to support a larger social argument for brahmanical prerogatives in the domain of poetic work.
From ‘Awe-Inspiringly Beautiful’ to ‘Patterns in Conventionalized Behavior’
Authors: Bergeton Uffe
Published: August 2019

Earlier studies of the term wén 文 in pre-Qín texts do not fully explain the relation-ship between its basic meaning ‘(decorative) pattern’ and its more abstract meanings ‘moral refinement’ and ‘tradition of conventionalized behavior’. In contrast, I argue that, when used as an epithet describing individuals in pre-Zhànguó texts, wén meant something like ‘awe-inspiringly beautiful’, rather than ‘accomplished’ or ‘cultured’ as proposed in earlier studies and translations. Wearing clothes embroidered with ‘rank indicating emblems’ (wén) and possessing ‘decorated’ (wén) accoutrements signaling authority were the prerogatives of members of the high nobility. It was not an acquired property. The meaning ‘awe-inspiringly beautiful’ derived from ‘decorative pattern’ through metaphorical extension. This analysis of wén helps us avoid the anachronistic moral interpretations (e .g ., ‘cultured’, ‘accomplished’, ‘civil’) often found in traditional commentaries and in modern translations of pre-Zhànguó texts, and improves our understanding of the role played by physical appearance in the construction of social hierarchies in the pre-Zhànguó period. In contrast, in Zhànguó-period texts such as the Zuǒzhuàn, wén was reanalyzed in moral terms, thereby giving rise to adjectival uses referring to ‘morally refined’ (wén) ‘noble men’ (jūnzǐ 君子) . In the Lúnyǔ, adjectival wén in the sense ‘morally refined’ is applied to dynasties (Lúnyǔ 3.14). Nominalized versions of adjectival wén then give rise to even more abstract uses referring to the ‘moral refinement’ of the Zhōu, that is, the ideal ‘patterns of social mores and conventionalized practices established by the former kings’, as in Lúnyǔ 9.5. Such uses of wén are often translated into English as culture. However, since the words culture and wén derive metaphorically from different basic meanings, i.e., ‘growing/cultivating’ and ‘decorating/applying an external pattern’, respectively, and since they refer to different, language- and tradition-specific concepts of ‘conventionalized behavior’ or ‘culture’, such translations are often infelicitous or misleading.
Archaeology of Bhakti II: Royal Bhakti, Local Bhakti. Edited by Emmanuel Francis and Charlotte Schmid
Authors: Selby Martha Ann
Published: August 2019

The Archaeology of Bhakti II: Royal Bhakti, Local Bhakti. Edited by Emmanuel Francis and Charlotte Schmid. Collection Indologie, no. 132. Pondicherry: Institut Français de Pondichéry; Paris: École Française d’Extrême-Orient, 2016. Pp. x + 609, illus.
Rhetorical Fabric of the Traditional Arabic Qaṣīda in Its Formative Stages: A Comparative Study of the Rhetoric in Two Traditional Poems by ʿAlqama l-Faḥl and Bashshār b. Burd. By Ali Ahmad Hussein
Authors: Key Alexander M.
Published: August 2019

The Rhetorical Fabric of the Traditional Arabic Qaṣīda in Its Formative Stages: A Comparative Study of the Rhetoric in Two Traditional Poems by ʿAlqama l-Faḥl and Bashshār b. Burd. By Ali Ahmad Hussein. Abhandlungen für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, vol. 98. Wiesbaden: Harraaaowitz, 2015. Pp. xv + 292. €78 (paper).
Polished Mirror: Storytelling and the Pursuit of Virtue in Islamic Philosophy and Sufism. By Cyrus Ali Zargar
Authors: Rustom Mohammed
Published: August 2019

The Polished Mirror: Storytelling and the Pursuit of Virtue in Islamic Philosophy and Sufism. By Cyrus Ali Zargar. London: Oneworld, 2017. Pp. 341. $30, £20 (paper).
Exlibris der Ägyptenrezeption und Ägyptomanie: Zur Sammlung des Gutenberg-Museums in Mainz. By Kirsten Konrad
Authors: Beckman Gary
Published: August 2019

Exlibris der Ägyptenrezeption und Ägyptomanie: Zur Sammlung des Gutenberg-Museums in Mainz. By Kirsten Konrad. Philippika, vol. 90. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2015. Pp. 488, illus. €78.
Viṣamapadavyākhyā: A Commentary on Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣita’s Śabdakaustubha Attributed to Nāgeśabhaṭṭa. Edited by James W. Benson
Authors: Scharf Peter M.
Published: August 2019

Viṣamapadavyākhyā: A Commentary on Bhaṭṭoji Dīkṣita’s Śabdakaustubha Attributed to Nāgeśabhaṭṭa. Edited by James W. Benson. American Oriental Series, vol. 97. New Haven: American Oriental Society, 2015. Pp. xl + 233.
Influence of Farming Practices on the Chemical Properties of Soil in Small Scale Tea Farms in Kirinyaga and Tharaka-Nithi Counties of Kenya
Authors: Mogeni I. H. , Muiru W. M. , Kimenju J. W.
Published: August 2019

Soil chemical properties are important for growth of plants as they determine the nutrient availability for their uptake. Farming practices are treatments applied to farms in efforts to maximize crop productivity. Experiments were set up in Kangaita, Kirinyaga County, and Weru, Tharaka-Nithi County using randomized complete bock design to establish the influence of farming practices on the chemical properties of soil in tea production areas. This was aimed at understanding the role of the farming practices on the availability of soil nutrients and their effect on tea productivity. Each study site was divided into three zones depending on elevation and three farming practices identified within each zone namely neglected farms, manure applied farms and chemical fertilizer (NPK) applied farm. Soil samples were collected randomly from farms in each zone and analyzed for chemical properties. Soil acidity increased from neglected farms through manure applied farms to NPK fertilizer applied (standard) farms. The soils had generally low levels of K, Mg and Zn due to rapid removal through harvesting of the young shoots and leaves. Manure application is recommended as it is less degrading to the soils.
Survey of Cultural Practices and Assessment of Some Foliar Fungi Diseases of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the Western Highlands of Cameroon
Authors: Sanyang Sylvester Fungyiang , Yaouba Aoudou , Kinge Tonjock Rosemary , Tankou Christopher Mubeteneh
Published: August 2019

Aims: To assess the different cultural activities that influence the spread of fungal diseases on common bean and record the prevalence, severity and incidence of the diseases in some localities of the Western Highlands of Cameroon.

Study Design:  Structured questionnaire, Field survey, Laboratory identification of fungal diseases.

Place and Duration of Study: Some subdivisions of the Western Highlands of Cameroon and Departments of Crop Protection University of Dschang and Catholic University of Cameroon Bamenda from May 2016 –December 2017.

Methodology: Field inspection formats were developed in the form of structured questionnaire and interview guide to record data related to farmer’s agronomic practices. A total of two hundred and eighty farmers and other stakeholders were interviewed on various aspects of agronomic practices. The survey of foliar fungal diseases was done in 2017 second cropping season (August to December) following the main roads and accessible routes in each surveyed area. Stops were made randomly every 1-2km intervals depending on the proximity of farm field to one another. Three sampling sites per farm were assessed for disease prevalence, incidence and severity using the CIAT evaluation scale of 1-9. Leaf samples were culture in PDA.

Results: Majority of farmers practiced shifting cultivation and mixed cropping. The organic fertilizer poultry manure is widely used closely followed by pig, cow and goat dung. As regards mineral fertilizers, 59.7% of farmers indicated the application of different inorganic fertilizers on their farms. The results indicated that the highest observed diseases in the various localities were angular leaf spot, rust, anthracnose, white mould, leaf yellowing, floury leaf spot and Ascochyta leaf spot in that descending order in terms of  prevalence, incidence and severity.

Conclusion: From the assessment, angular leaf spot is a serious threat to common bean production in these localities. Its spread and that of the other fungal diseases is greatly influenced by the various cultural practices. Proper agronomic practices and information on disease monitoring are key to the improvement of bean cultivation.
CONSERVAÇÃO DE ÁGUA EM EDIFICAÇÕES UNIVERSITÁRIAS. FATORES QUE INFLUENCIAM O CONSUMO E CRITÉRIOS PARA SUA AVALIAÇÃO: COMPARAÇÃO DE TRÊS UNIDADES DA UFBA.
Authors: Cazaes Tainá Rosário Santana , Cruz Raynara Guimarães , First Asher Kiperstok , Gonçalves Maria do Socorro
Published: August 2019

Programas de conservação de água em universidades esbarram em diversas dificuldades, que vão desde a avaliação do desempenho destas até a implementação de medidas necessárias para a sua melhoria. Tal avaliação se refere às características das edificações e das comunidades usuárias, bem como à qualidade da gestão, as quais agregam uma grande quantidade de variáveis que dificultam a comparação do desempenho dessas instituições, seja entre elas, seja entre as Unidades que as conformam. Este trabalho procura contribuir para o esclarecimento dos fatores que concorrem para interpretar o consumo de água de prédios universitários, a partir de estudos desenvolvidos na Universidade Federal da Bahia. As Unidades acadêmicas praticam consumos específicos bastante díspares, que precisam ser melhor entendidos para que se possam orientar ações de conservação de água. A percepção do consumo de água por parte da comunidade usuária é apontada como um dos principais fatores que definem o desempenho de uma edificação. Neste trabalho, se compara o consumo de três Unidades, considerando-se alguns fatores, como a adoção de medidas que permitem uma melhor percepção do consumo, assim como as semelhanças e diferenças entre elas. Observaram-se consumos per capita entre 9 e 16 L/hab.dia, o que em si já aponta para a necessidade de uma reflexão sobre os tradicionais parâmetros de consumo utilizados no projeto destes tipos de edificações.
AUTOMATIZAÇÃO DO SISTEMA DE ABASTECIMENTO DE ÁGUA DE UM INFILTRÔMETRO DE ANÉIS CONCÊNTRICOS PARA UTILIZAÇÃO EM SOLOS COM ALTA CAPACIDADE DE INFILTRAÇÃO
Authors: Silva Juremá Ariana Oliveira , Sateles Jhames Passos , Teixeira Anderson Galindo , Cunha Filho Inaldo Nóbrega da , Amaral Luís Gustavo Henriques do
Published: August 2019

Apesar da facilidade de manejo do infiltrômetro de anéis concêntricos, o seu abastecimento de água exige um trabalho considerável para medição da velocidade de infiltração da água no solo. Para evitar um rebaixamento excessivo da lâmina d’água, é necessário repor constantemente a água no interior dos anéis. Ademais, o acesso à régua linimétrica é desconfortável e pode acarretar erros de medição. Objetivou-se com este trabalho desenvolver um protótipo de um infiltrômetro de anéis concêntricos com funcionamento automatizado, que permita a manutenção de uma carga hidráulica constante no interior dos anéis, quando utilizado em solos com alta capacidade de infiltração. Com base em testes preliminares, foram determinados os parâmetros do projeto do sistema de alimentação de água nos anéis. Por meio da confecção de reservatórios para abastecimento dos anéis e da sua associação com válvulas de boia, manteve-se constante o nível de água no interior dos anéis, mesmo para altas taxas de infiltração, acima de 500 mm h-1.
A 3D Printable and Bioactive Hydrogel Scaffold to Treat Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Che Lingbin , Lei Zhouyue , Wu Peiyi , Song Dianwen
Published: August 2019

Traumatic brain injury accompanied by intracranial hypertension remains one of the most fatal injuries worldwide. Usually, patients must undergo two surgeries, craniectomy and cranioplasty, to reduce the intracranial pressure and then repair the skull. Traditional biomaterials, such as autologous bones and titanium meshes, which have poor stretchability and very high Young's modulus values up to hundreds of GPa, tend to constrain intracranial tissue and cannot be implanted directly after craniectomy. Thus far, finding elastic and degradable biomaterials to be immediately implanted after a craniectomy has remained a great challenge, which should not only repair cranial defects but also avoid secondary surgery and reduce the risk of complications, has remained a great challenge. Herein, a 3D printable bioactive hydrogel scaffold with high elasticity that can protect brain tissue, adapt to intracranial pressure changes, allow for the transport of nutrients and the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells is presented. As indicated by in vivo experiments, the hydrogel scaffold helps to treat traumatic brain injury within 8 weeks and degrades safely. With these advantages, this material shows the potential to open up new horizons for cranioplasty and to help patients survive traumatic brain injury.
Highly Stable Two‐Dimensional Tin(II) Iodide Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskite Based on Stilbene Derivative
Authors: Park In‐Hyeok , Chu Leiqiang , Leng Kai , Choy Yu Fong , Liu Wei , Abdelwahab Ibrahim , Zhu Ziyu , Ma Zhirui , Chen Wei , Xu Qing‐Hua , Eda Goki , Loh Kian Ping
Published: August 2019

Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites have recently emerged as potential disruptive photovoltaic technology. However, the toxicity of lead used in state‐of‐the‐art hybrid perovskites solar cell prevents large‐scale commercialization, which calls for lead‐free alternatives. Sn‐based perovskites have been considered as alternatives but they are limited by rapid oxidation and decomposition in ambient air. Here, an Sn‐based two‐dimensional hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites [A2B(n‐1)SnnI(3n+1)] (n = 1 and 2) are reported with improved air stability, using bulky stilbene derivatives as the organic cations (2‐(4‐(3‐fluoro)stilbenyl)ethanammonium iodide (FSAI)). The moisture stability of the [(FSA)2SnI4] perovskites is attributed to the hydrophobic properties of fluorine‐functionalized organic chains (FSA), as well as the strong cohesive bonding in the organic chains provided by H bonds, CH···X type H bonds, weak interlayer F···F interaction, and weak face‐to‐face type π‐π interactions. The photodetector device fabricated on exfoliated single crystal flake of [(FSA)2SnI4] exhibits fast and stable photoconductor response.
Self‐Healable Materials for Underwater Applications
Authors: Huynh Tan‐Phat , Khatib Muhammad , Haick Hossam
Published: August 2019

The development of new advanced materials with self‐healing ability targeting underwater applications is reviewed. This challenging task requires a particular approach of water‐insensitive dynamic chemistries. Among them, the nature‐inspired group of catechol‐based functional materials is widely utilized due to the proof of the success of the mussel byssus on underwater self‐healing and adhesion. Interestingly, self‐healing can be manipulated on demand by incorporating active materials such as redox species or magnetic particles into the matrix of the self‐healing polymer. Finally, the underwater applications of these self‐healing materials, as a proof of concept of some electrochemical and electronic devices are relatively novel at the moment. However, these materials are expected to make a large impact on technologies in the near future.
A One‐Step Process Using a Modified Electrohydrodynamic Process for Fabricating a Nano/Microscale Hybrid Cellulose Scaffold
Authors: Choe YoungEun , Kim Minseong , Kim GeunHyung
Published: August 2019

Hybrid scaffolds are widely applied in hard tissue regeneration because they provide combinational micro/nanostructure to overcome the disadvantages of single structure with another structure. However, there are still problems to be solved in the hybrid scaffold, too complex process using two or more processes and low level of structure controllability in the scaffold to transport cell migration and growth to thickness direction. To overcome the problems, a modified technology using an electrohydrodynamic jet printing to obtain a micro/nanoscale 3D scaffold with a controllable macropore is proposed using a cellulose biomaterial. To show the feasibility of the structure as a medical scaffold, in vitro cellular activities including osteogenic activities using preosteoblasts and physical properties are characterized. As results, significantly higher cell infiltration, cell‐growth, and osteoblastic genes are observed in the hybrid scaffold compared to a control. The results indicate that the proposed method to obtain the hierarchical scaffold is a practicable improved method and the fabricated cellulose hybrid scaffold could be one of highly potential biomaterials to induce successful hard tissue regeneration.
A Highly Sensitive and Cost‐Effective Flexible Pressure Sensor with Micropillar Arrays Fabricated by Novel Metal‐Assisted Chemical Etching for Wearable Electronics
Authors: Zhang Xinyu , Hu Yougen , Gu Han , Zhu Pengli , Jiang Wenlong , Zhang Gang , Sun Rong , Wong Ching‐Ping
Published: August 2019

As one of the most significant constituent parts of wearable electronic systems, flexible pressure sensors can accommodate irregular surfaces and perform spatial mapping when subjected to external pressure or strain stimuli. Herein, a wearable flexible pressure sensor integrated with two interlocked micropillar arrays is demonstrated by a facile and cost‐effective metal‐assisted chemical etching (MaCE) method with the assistance of polymer microspheres lithography technique. The flexible sensor, with micropillars of 2.6 µm in diameter, 6.6 µm in height, and 3 µm in pitch, exhibits superior sensitivity of −4.48 kPa−1 (0–100 Pa), rapid response and relaxation time of 52 and 40 ms, respectively, low detection limit of <1 Pa, and outstanding working stability over 5000 cycles of pressure loading/unloading. The prepared sensors are successfully demonstrated in detecting finger motions and monitoring human pulse signals, paving the promising route for its function in wearable electronic skins, soft robotics, and healthcare monitoring devices, etc.
Excited‐State Modulation for Controlling Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Pathways toward White‐Light Emission
Authors: Feng Changfu , Li Shuai , Xiao Xiaoxiao , Lei Yilong , Geng Hua , Liao Yi , Liao Qing , Yao Jiannian , Wu Yishi , Fu Hongbing
Published: August 2019

Luminescence originated from singlet (S1) and triplet (T1) states is categorized as fluorescence and phosphorescence, respectively. Modulation of fluorescence and phosphorescence pathways plays a central role in developing organic luminescent materials, but remains difficult because of the lack of control ways. Here, luminescence of cocrystals of 1,7‐phenanthroline (PR) and 1,4‐diiodotetrafluorobenzene (DITFB) can be switched by adjusting their stoichiometry, from bluish fluorescence for 1:0 pure PR crystal (P1D0) to yellowish phosphorescence for 1:1 PR:DITFB cocrystal (P1D1). More importantly, 2:1 PR:DITFB cocrystal (P2D1) is found to exhibit dual fluorescence and phosphorescence simultaneously, thus giving rise to white‐light emission. Experimental and time‐dependent density‐function‐theory results reveal that although the S1 and T1 energies keep invariable, high‐lying Tn states introduced in cocrystals decreases the S1–Tn energy gap, meanwhile multiple intermolecular halogen bonding enhances the spin‐orbital coupling. As a result, the S1 → Tn intersystem crossing rate (kISC) is accelerated by 2 orders of magnitude, making kISC comparable and faster than the fluorescence decay rate kFl for P1D0 (fluorescence), P2D1 (dual emissions), and P1D1 (phosphorescence), respectively. The results provide not only a quantum‐mechanical understanding but also a novel strategy to modulate the excited‐state dynamics toward fluorescence and/or phosphorescence emissions for luminescent materials.
Room‐Temperature Fabrication of High‐Quality Lanthanum Oxide High‐κ  Dielectric Films by a Solution Process for Low‐Power Soft Electronics
Authors: Zhao Kai , Gong Yanfen , Yan Longsen , He Waner , Wang Dao , Wang Jiali , Zou Zhengmiao , Luo Chunlai , Zhang Aihua , Fan Zhen , Gao Jinwei , Ning Honglong , Zhou Guofu , Lu Xubing , Liu Junming
Published: August 2019

High‐quality dielectric films are indispensable for field‐effect electronic devices to provide high electrical performance. However, deposition of high‐quality dielectric films on flexible substrate remains a challenging task, which greatly limits the electrical performance of flexible or organic field‐effect devices. A room‐temperature deep ultraviolet (DUV) irradiation process is proposed for densification of solution‐processed La2O3 films. It is found that room‐temperature DUV‐La2O3 films not only exhibit leakage and dielectric properties that are comparable to those of high‐temperature annealed‐La2O3 films, but also have very smooth and clean surfaces and excellent bending strain tolerance. The fabricated La2O3 films exhibit a wide band gap (5.78 eV), high dielectric constant (12.68), low leakage density (8.8 × 10−7 A cm−2 at 2 MV cm−1), and high breakdown field strength (3.5 MV cm−1). Organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs) based on high‐quality solution‐processed La2O3 gate dielectrics show a low operation voltage (≤3 V), low gate leakage current (<10−9 A), and high Ion/Ioff ratio (>105). Based on these room‐temperature‐fabricated high‐performance OTFTs, low‐voltage complementary integrated circuits are successfully fabricated, including complementary inverters and NAND gate circuits. The results demonstrate that room‐temperature DUV‐processed La2O3 films are ideal gate dielectric materials for future flexible and low‐power‐consumption electronic devices.
Ultrafine Defective RuO2 Electrocatayst Integrated on Carbon Cloth for Robust Water Oxidation in Acidic Media
Authors: Ge Ruixiang , Li Lei , Su Jianwei , Lin Yichao , Tian Ziqi , Chen Liang
Published: August 2019

Developing efficient and durable electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic media is attractive but still challenging. In this study, ultrafine defective RuO2 nanoparticles are successfully prepared on carbon cloth by means of dip‐coating, annealing, and acid etching. As a self‐supported electrocatalyst, it exhibits an ultralow overpotential of 179 mV in 0.5 m H2SO4. More importantly, the high activity can be well maintained for 20 h. The density functional calculations revealed that the defect can not only increase the number of active sites but also improve the intrinsic OER activity.
Behind the Scenes of Successful Research in Emergency Medicine: Nine Tips for Junior Investigators
Authors: Probst Marc A. , Caputo Nicholas D. , Chang Bernard P.
Published: August 2019

Narrative Abstract

Education related to clinical research often focuses on methodology, statistics, ethics, and study design. While knowledge of these conventional skills is essential to the operationalization of research, many “soft” skills related to leadership, communication, and team management are critical to the successful conduct research in the real world.

Conducting clinical research in the emergency department is generally a challenging endeavor. Based on our prior experience as clinical researchers and a narrative review of the published literature, we offer nine practical strategies to help junior investigators conduct research. To successfully execute a research study, investigators must know how to motivate their team, create a brand around their study, communicate effectively, maximize clinician and patient engagement, and celebrate victory, among other skills. These skills and strategies are often missing from the formal research education and in peer‐reviewed manuscripts but are, in fact, invaluable to the successful development of junior investigators. Thus, we offer the “story behind the study” in an effort to contribute to research education with material that is not typically covered in formal curricula.
Mortality of older construction and craft workers employed at department of energy nuclear sites: Follow‐up through 2016
Authors: Ringen Knut , Dement John , Hines Stella , Quinn Patricia , Chen Anna , Haas Scott
Published: August 2019

Background

To determine if construction and trades workers employed at U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) nuclear sites facilities are at significant risk for diseases associated with occupational exposures, we compared the mortality experience of participants in the Building Trades National Medical Screening Program (BTMed) to that of the US population.

Methods

The cohort includes 24,086 BTMed participants enrolled between 1998 and 2016 and 5203 deaths. Cause‐specific standardized mortality ratios were calculated based on US death rates.

Results

Mortality was elevated for all causes, all cancers, cancers of the trachea, bronchus, and lung and lymphatic and hematopoietic system, mesothelioma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asbestosis, transportation injuries, and other injuries, particularly those caused by accidental poisoning, suggesting a possible effect of the opioid epidemic.

Conclusions

Apart from other injuries, mortality patterns were very similar to those reported in the past in this population. Construction workers employed at DOE sites have a significantly increased risk for occupational illnesses. Risks are associated with employment during all time periods covered including possibly after 1990. The cancer risks closely match the cancers identified for DOE compensation from radiation exposures. The high risk of lung cancer supports the value of early lung cancer detection. Continued medical surveillance is important.
Assessing the impact of health and safety training: Increased behavioral change and organizational performance
Authors: Ruttenberg Ruth , Rice Carol
Published: August 2019

Background

Annual health and safety refresher training is mandated for workers in a number of employment sectors and also is used to maintain and enhance skills when not legally required.

Methods

One year following training, hazardous waste worker training participants were asked if the training had been applied at their work or in the community, corresponding to Kirkpatrick levels of training evaluation. Likely response themes were drafted by the authors using qualitative data coding.

Results

Of the 1,726 refresher participants, 1,094 (63%) provided an entry. Eight theme categories were adapted from the originals, spanning the activities trainees reported as applications of their training: events, actions, awareness, emergency response, equipment, planning and standard operating procedures, training, and use of written resources.

Conclusions

Asking participants to reflect on how training has been applied provides an opportunity to describe workplace changes made during the past year. Participants documented that training resulted in actions to protect them from hazardous exposures. Specific events where training was used and where actions were taken to improve health and safety represent Kirkpatrick Levels III and IV applications of training. Collecting similar data may be useful to others wishing to identify impacts of training and can be integrated into routine program assessment.
Occupation and risk of female breast cancer: A case‐control study in Morocco
Authors: Khalis Mohamed , El Rhazi Karima , Fort Emmanuel , Chajès Véronique , Charaka Hafida , Huybrechts Inge , Moskal Aurélie , Biessy Carine , Romieu Isabelle , Abbass Fouad , El Marnissi Boujemaa , Mellas Nawfel , Nejjari Chakib , Soliman Amr S. , Charbotel Barbara
Published: August 2019

Background

Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer among Moroccan women. Environmental and occupational factors may play a role in breast cancer etiology. This study aimed to investigate the association between occupation, industry, and breast cancer risk among Moroccan women.

Methods

A total of 300 breast cancer cases and 300 controls (matched by age and area of residence) were included in this study. Full occupational history was collected, with a detailed description of each job held for at least 6 months. Occupations were coded according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO 08) and the Moroccan Analytical Classification of Professions (2001). Industries were coded according to the Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (2008). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for potential confounders were estimated by using conditional logistic regression.

Results

An overall decreased risk of breast cancer was observed among women doing only household work (OR = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.18‐0.55). An increased risk of breast cancer was observed among women in agricultural occupations, particularly those employed as agricultural laborers (ISCO 08 code: 921; OR = 2.91; 95% CI = 1.51‐5.60) and the risk increased with duration of employment (P trend = .01). Analyses by industry corroborated these findings.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that occupational exposures may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer among female agricultural workers in this population. Further investigations, with advanced methods of occupational exposure assessment, are warranted to clarify the role of chemicals involved in this high‐risk occupation and to suggest preventive actions and screening.
Defying Inertia: How Rotating Superconductors Generate Magnetic Fields
Authors: Hirsch J. E.
Published: August 2019

I discuss the process of magnetic field generation in rotating superconductors in simply connected and multiply connected geometries. In cooling a normal metal into the superconducting state while it is rotating, electrons slow down or speed up depending on the geometry and their location in the sample, apparently defying inertia. I argue that the conventional theory of superconductivity does not explain these processes. Instead, the theory of hole superconductivity does. Its predictions agree with experimental observations of Hendricks, King and Rohrschach for solid and hollow cylinders.
Precise Underwater Distance Measurement by Dual Acoustic Frequency Combs
Authors: Wu Hanzhong , Qian Zhiwen , Zhang Haoyun , Xu Xinyang , Xue Bin , Zhai Jingsheng
Published: August 2019

Underwater acoustics is of fundamental importance for marine science and technology. However, acoustic waves transmitted by state‐of‐the‐art underwater acoustic systems are not inherently phase locked, which hinders the development of underwater acoustic technology. For example, the precision of underwater distance measurement can only achieve centimeter level. As a versatile tool, optical frequency combs have enabled revolutionary progress in optical metrology and precision measurement. In parallel with optical frequency combs, here, the generation of fully stabilized, underwater acoustic frequency combs is reported, in which equidistant acoustic modes are produced via a hydroacoustic transducer. The precision of each individual acoustic mode is measured to be 10−9 at 1 s and 10−12 at 1000 s averaging times. Underwater distance measurements are carried out in an anechoic pool using a dual‐comb scheme. Comparison with reference values shows consistency within 50 µm (7 × 10−6 in relative). The relatively long‐duration experiments at 7 m distance yield an Allan deviation of 1.8 µm (2.6 × 10−7 in relative) at 1 s and further 480 nm (6.8 × 10−8 in relative) at 40 s averaging times. The approach to acoustic frequency comb generation offers a promising and powerful platform for future underwater distance measurement, positioning, and navigation.
Quadrupolar Cyclopenta[hi]aceanthrylene‐Based Electron Donor‐Acceptor‐Donor Conjugates: Charge Transfer versus Charge Separation
Authors: Schierl Christoph , Alex Wiebke , Mateo Luis M. , Ballesteros Beatriz , Shimizu Daiki , Osuka Atsuhiro , Torres Tomas , Guldi Dirk M. , Bottari Giovanni
Published: August 2019

Cyclopenta[hi]aceanthrylenes (CPAs) have been functionalized at two of the peripheral positions with electronically inert trimethylsilylethynyl (1), as well as with electron‐donating 4‐ethynyl‐N,N‐dimethylaniline (2), ethynyl ZnIIphthalocyanine (3), and ethynyl ZnIIporphyrin (4) units. Consistent with X‐ray crystal structures of 2 and 4, analyses of absorption and fluorescence of 2–4 point to strong electronic communication between the CPA and the peripheral units, affording quadrupolar electron donor‐acceptor‐donor charge‐transfer conjugates. By virtue of their quadrupolar/dipolar charge‐transfer characters in the excited state, 2–4 exhibit fluoro‐solvatochromism. Transient absorption spectroscopy confirmed delocalized quadrupolar ground states and formation of weakly solvent stabilized quadrupolar singlet excited states. The latter transform into strongly stabilized dipolar excited states before deactivating to the ground state in 2 and give rise to a fully charge separated state in 3 and 4.
Individual‐Molecule Perspective Analysis of Chemical Reaction Networks: The Case of a Light‐Driven Supramolecular Pump
Authors: Sabatino Andrea , Penocchio Emanuele , Ragazzon Giulio , Credi Alberto , Frezzato Diego
Published: August 2019

The first study in which stochastic simulations of a two‐component molecular machine are performed in the mass‐action regime is presented. This system is an autonomous molecular pump consisting of a photoactive axle that creates a directed flow of rings through it by exploiting light energy away from equilibrium. The investigation demonstrates that the pump can operate in two regimes, both experimentally accessible, in which light‐driven steps can be rate‐determining or not. The number of photons exploited by an individual molecular pump, as well as the precision of cycling and the overall efficiency, critically rely on the operating regime of the machine. This approach provides useful information not only to guide the chemical design of a self‐assembling molecular device with desired features, but also to elucidate the effect of the environment on its performance, thus facilitating its experimental investigation.
Titanium‐Mediated Synthesis of Spirocyclic NH‐Azetidines from Oxime Ethers
Authors: Behnke Nicole Erin , Lovato Kaitlyn , Yousufuddin Muhammed , Kürti László
Published: August 2019

The TiIV‐mediated synthesis of spirocyclic NH‐azetidines from oxime ethers using either an alkyl Grignard reagent or terminal olefin ligand exchange coupling partner is described. Through a proposed Kulinkovich‐type mechanism, a titanacyclopropane intermediate forms and serves as a 1,2‐aliphatic dianion equivalent, inserting into the 1,2‐dielectrophilc oxime ether to ultimately give rise to the desired N‐heterocyclic four‐membered ring. This transformation proceeds in moderate yield to furnish previously unreported and structurally diverse NH‐azetidines in a single step.
Sorbents for the Direct Capture of CO2 from Ambient Air
Authors: Shi Xiaoyang , Xiao Hang , Azarabadi Habib , Song Juzheng , Wu Xiaolong , Chen Xi , Lackner Klaus S.
Published: August 2019

The urgency to address global climate change induced by greenhouse gas emissions is increasing. In particular, the rise in atmospheric CO2 levels is generating alarm. Technologies to remove CO2 from ambient air, or “direct air capture” (DAC), have recently demonstrated that they can contribute to “negative carbon emission.” Recent advances in surface chemistry and material synthesis have resulted in new generations of CO2 sorbents, which may drive the future of DAC and its large‐scale deployment. This Review describes major types of sorbents designed to capture CO2 from ambient air and they are categorized by the sorption mechanism: physisorption, chemisorption, and moisture‐swing sorption.
Development of Ubiquitin‐Based Probe for Metalloprotease Deubiquitinases
Authors: Hameed Dharjath S. , Sapmaz Aysegul , Burggraaff Lindsey , Amore Alessia , Slingerland Cornelis J. , van Westen Gerard J. P. , Ovaa Huib
Published: August 2019

Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are a family of enzymes that regulate the ubiquitin signaling cascade by removing ubiquitin from specific proteins in response to distinct signals. DUBs that belong to the metalloprotease family (metalloDUBs) contain Zn2+ in their active sites and are an integral part of distinct cellular protein complexes. Little is known about these enzymes because of the lack of specific probes. Described here is a Ub‐based probe that contains a ubiquitin moiety modified at its C‐terminus with a Zn2+ chelating group based on 8‐mercaptoquinoline, and a modification at the N‐terminus with either a fluorescent tag or a pull‐down tag. The probe is validated using Rpn11, a metalloDUB found in the 26S proteasome complex. This probe binds to metalloDUBs and efficiently pulled down overexpressed metalloDUBs from a HeLa cell lysate. Such probes may be used to study the mechanism of metalloDUBs in detail and allow better understanding of their biochemical processes.
Construction of CoO/Co‐Cu‐S Hierarchical Tubular Heterostructures for Hybrid Supercapacitors
Authors: Lu Wen , Shen Junling , Zhang Peng , Zhong Yijun , Hu Yong , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: August 2019

Hierarchical hollow structures for electrode materials of supercapacitors could enlarge the surface area, accelerate the transport of ions and electrons, and accommodate volume expansion during cycling. Besides, construction of heterostructures would enhance the internal electric fields to regulate the electronic structures. All these features of hierarchical hollow heterostructures are beneficial for promoting the electrochemical properties and stability of electrode materials for high‐performance supercapacitors. Herein, CoO/Co‐Cu‐S hierarchical tubular heterostructures (HTHSs) composed of nanoneedles are prepared by an efficient multi‐step approach. The optimized sample exhibits a high specific capacity of 320 mAh g−1 (2300 F g−1) at 2.0 A g−1 and outstanding cycling stability with 96.5 % of the initial capacity retained after 5000 cycles at 10 A g−1. Moreover, an all‐solid‐state hybrid supercapacitor (HSC) constructed with the CoO/Co‐Cu‐S and actived carbon shows a stable and high energy density of 90.7 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 800 W kg−1.
In situ compatibilization of a polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene ternary blend through Friedel–Crafts alkylation
Authors: Carvalho Vinícius L. , Safieddine Camila , Demarquette Nicole R. , Pinheiro Luís A.
Published: August 2019

The Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction has been applied to reactively compatibilize a ternary blend of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS). The reactions were carried out in an internal mixer using varying catalyst concentrations. The resulting compatibilizer was quantified after Soxhlet extraction. In addition, p‐substitution due to the grafting of alkyl groups onto the PS benzene ring was identified via nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The size of the PS domain in the reactive compositions is decreased by 80%. Moreover, the phase in which PS droplets were dispersed varied, that is, in the nonreactive blends they were found in the PP phase and in the reactive blends they shifted toward the HDPE phase. The effect of the compatibilizing agent was to improve the mechanical properties of the blend. Even with the lowest catalyst content, the properties of elongation‐at‐break, tensile strength, toughness, and elastic modulus showed improvements. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48295.
Influence of temperature during overmolding on the tensile modulus of self‐reinforced poly(ethylene terephthalate) insert
Authors: Jerpdal Lars , Schuette Philipp , Ståhlberg Daniel , åkermo Malin
Published: August 2019

Self‐reinforced polymer composites are thermoplastic materials for design of recyclable lightweight components. The combination of sheet forming and subsequent overmolding from these materials allows an efficient manufacturing process with function integration. This article investigates how temperature exposure during an overmolding cycle influences the tensile modulus, shrinkage, and warpage for an insert made from self‐reinforced poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) when it is overmolded with polycarbonate (PC)/PET material. The temperature gradient that is induced by overmolding is simulated, and the results are validated through experiments. The results show that the insert reaches a temperature above the glass‐transition temperature for the matrix material in the main part of the insert, which leads to relaxation of residual stresses and thereby a reduction of the tensile modulus up to 18% for the insert after overmolding. Even though overmolding is an efficient process, it requires thorough knowledge of how temperature influences the material when applied to self‐reinforced composite materials. The study shows very interesting results, which can lead to new areas of applications for self‐reinforced PET. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48334.
Association of Inflammation With Pronociceptive Brain Connections in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients With Concomitant Fibromyalgia
Authors: Kaplan Chelsea M. , Schrepf Andrew , Ichesco Eric , Larkin Tony , Harte Steven E. , Harris Richard E. , Murray Alison D. , Waiter Gordon D. , Clauw Daniel J. , Basu Neil
Published: August 2019

Objective

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with concomitant fibromyalgia (FM) exhibit alterations in brain connectivity synonymous with central sensitization. This study was undertaken to investigate how peripheral inflammation, the principal nociceptive stimulus in RA, interacts with brain connectivity in RA patients with FM.

Methods

RA patients with concomitant FM and those without FM (FM+ and FM−, respectively; n = 27 per group) underwent functional connectivity magnetic resonance imaging. Seed‐to–whole‐brain functional connectivity analyses were conducted using seeds from the left mid/posterior insula and left inferior parietal lobule (IPL), which are regions that have been previously linked to FM symptoms and inflammation, respectively. The association between functional connectivity and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was assessed in each group separately, followed by post hoc analyses to test for interaction effects. Cluster‐level, family‐wise error (FWE) rates were considered significant if the P value was less than 0.05.

Results

The group of RA patients with FM and those without FM did not differ by age, sex, or ESR (P > 0.2). In FM+ RA patients, increased functional connectivity of the insula–left IPL, left IPL–dorsal anterior cingulate, and left IPL–medial prefrontal cortex regions correlated with higher levels of ESR (all FWE‐corrected P < 0.05). Post hoc interaction analyses largely confirmed the relationship between ESR and connectivity changes as FM scores increased.

Conclusion

We report the first neurobiologic evidence that FM in RA may be linked to peripheral inflammation via pronociceptive patterns of brain connectivity. In patients with such “bottom‐up” pain centralization, concomitant symptoms may partially respond to antiinflammatory treatments.