bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peanut Aflatoxin and Genomics Research in China: Progress and Perspectives
Authors: Liao Boshou , Zhuang Weijian , Tang Ronghua , Zhang Xinyou , Shan Shihua , Jiang Huifang , Huang Jiaquan
Published: April 2009

Peanut is an important oil and food crop in China with a unique role in agricultural development and food security. Aflatoxin contamination in peanut, normally more serious in southern parts of the country, is a crucial factor affecting sustainable development of the peanut industry. Extensive efforts have been made at several institutions in China for aflatoxin management and related genomics research. Several local peanut germplasm lines have been identified as resistant to seed infection by Aspergillus flavus or aflatoxin production. Two AFLP markers have been identified that are linked with resistance to seed invasion and one was converted into a SCAR marker for more efficient breeding application. Several new peanut cultivars with improved productivity and possessing resistance to aflatoxin contamination are extensively used in production. Integrated management approaches have been recommended to farmers based on agro-ecological characteristics in different regions. More recently, molecular techniques have been extensively used in genetic diversity assessment, investigation of genetic relationships among different germplasm groups, marker development, identification of interspecific genome introgression, gene cloning and function analysis, and genetic transformation of important traits concerning productivity, quality and food safety of peanut. Special emphasis has been placed on resistance to aflatoxin, bacterial wilt, foliar diseases and fatty acid desaturase. Perspectives of peanut genetic improvement and further research priorities are also discussed.
Genomics: An Evolving Science in Peanut
Authors: Stalker H. T. , Weissinger A. K. , Milla-Lewis S. , Holbrook C. C.
Published: April 2009

Genomic spcience offers new research tools to explore the function of genes and their effects on plants and animals. Arachis hypogaea is a polyploid species of relatively recent origin and molecular analyses with technologies available in the 1980s and 1990s resulted in little progress in the cultivated species because of apparent lack of molecular variation. Large numbers of polymorphisms existing in wild Arachis species led to evolutionary and gene introgression studies. High throughput genomic sequencing technologies have greatly expanded the possibilities for investigating gene function, but techniques are sufficiently expensive that most federal funding has been directed toward model species and ‘major’ crops. Peanut has lagged behind many other crops, but the number of researchers working on the species in the U.S. and internationally has greatly increased during recent years. In an effort to bring researchers who work with a number of legume crops together to discuss common goals, a national strategic planning workshop was held in 2001 which led to the U.S. Legume Crops Genomics Initiative. A second workshop was held in 2004 to develop a plan with specific objectives for cross-legume genomics research and to outline milestones for accomplishments. Specifically for peanut, a genomics strategic planning workshop was organized at Atlanta in 2004 by the American Peanut Council. A broad view of genomic science was adopted and goals were set by participants to include (a) improving the utility of genetic tools for peanut genomics research, (b) improving the efficacy of technology for gene manipulation in genomics, (c) developing a framework for assembling the peanut genetic blueprint, (d) improving knowledge of gene identification and regulation, and (e) providing bioinformatic management of peanut biological information. Teams of researchers, including molecular biologists, plant breeders, pathologists, and many other disciplines need to be developed to fully utilize the potential of genomics for peanut improvement.
Factors Influencing Market Participants Decision to Sort Groundnuts along the Marketing Chain in Ghana
Authors: Awuah R. T. , Fialor S. C. , Binns A. D. , Kagochi J. , Jolly C. M.
Published: April 2009

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important source of protein and fat in Ghana and other developing countries. However, peanut is often contaminated with aflatoxin because of poor storage conditions. One possible approach to minimizing human consumption of aflatoxin is to sort and remove contaminated nuts at various stages of marketing. Logistic regression models were used to investigate factors influencing market participants' decision to sort peanut before processing and consumption. Results show that farmers' decision to sort peanut before consumption was influenced by gender, education, age, number of dependents assisting, knowledge of health problems associated with consuming aflatoxin contaminated peanut, total revenue per hectare of peanut, and the form in which the peanut is consumed. Livestock owners' decision to sort before consumption was influenced by education and the form in which the peanut is consumed. The level of education of consumers, and the form in which the peanut is consumed influenced consumers' decision to sort peanut. Farmers' decision to sort peanut before processing into paste was influenced by the number of dependents assisting in household labor activities, the revenue from peanut and the form in which the peanut is consumed. The form in which the peanut is consumed and knowledge of the health effects of aflatoxin influenced livestock owner's, retailer's, and consumer's decision to sort peanut before processing into paste. Processors' decision to sort before conversion into paste was influenced by education, knowledge of the reasons for sorting and the form in which peanut is consumed.
Peanut Yield, Market Grade, and Economics with Two Surface Drip Lateral Spacings
Authors: Sorensen R. B. , Lamb M. C.
Published: April 2009

Surface drip irrigation laterals were spaced next to crop rows and in alternate row middles to document crop yield, market grade and gross/partial economic returns compared with non-irrigated practices. A surface drip irrigation system was installed at two sites on a Faceville (Site 1) fine sandy loam and a Greenville (Site 2) fine sandy loam with 3 and 1% slope, respectively. The cultivar Georgia Green (GG) was planted in both single and twin-row configuration while the cultivar ViruGard (VG) was planted in only a twin-row configuration. Pod yield, farmer stock grade, and partial economic returns were determined for three growing seasons (2002 to 2004). Surface drip irrigated peanut had greater yield, market grade, and gross revenue compared with non-irrigated regimes. Subtracting the cost of the drip tubing showed that laterals spaced at 0.91 m are not cost effective ($-132/ha) while those spaced at 1.83 m returned an average $120/ha compared with the non-irrigated treatment. The cultivar GG had 425 kg/ha higher pod yield compared with VG (4035 kg/ha). Within irrigated lateral treatments, peanut planted in twin-row orientation had 1% higher market grade and lower OK compared with single row orientations. Pod yield and market grade was more stable at Site 2 compared with Site 1 which was probably due to slope and aspect characteristics associated with each site and not necessarily with soil series. The use of surface drip irrigation with peanut can be economically feasible if pod yield increases by at least 675 kg/ha and growers place drip tubing in alternate row middles.
The Influence of Cultivar and Chlorimuron Application Timing on Spotted Wilt Disease and Peanut Yield
Authors: Prostko E. P. , Kemerait R. C. , Jost P. H. , Johnson W. C. , Brown S. N. , Webster T. M.
Published: April 2009

The effects of chlorimuron application timing on the development of spotted wilt disease of peanut caused by tomato spotted wilt tospovirus was studied in fifteen field trials in Georgia from 2000 through 2007. Chlorimuron at 9 g ai/ha was applied to new peanut cultivars at various intervals ranging from 60 to 105 days after emergence (DAE) under weed-free conditions. When averaged over chlorimuron application timings, AP-3, and Georgia-02C had less spotted wilt incidence than Georgia Green but only AP-3 produced yields equivalent to Georgia Green. AT-201 had significantly higher levels of spotted wilt and 44% lower yields when compared to Georgia Green. Spotted wilt incidence of Georgia-03L did not differ from Georgia Green but the yields of GA-03L were 24% lower than Georgia Green. Differential tolerance of peanut cultivars to chlorimuron was not observed. When averaged over cultivars, chlorimuron applied at 60–69 DAE, 70–79 DAE, or 90–99 DAE increased the incidence of spotted wilt by 6–9%. However, peanut yields were not reduced by any application of chlorimuron.
Modifications to the subtemporal selective amygdalohippocampectomy using a minimal-access technique: seizure and neuropsychological outcomes
Authors: Little Andrew S. , Smith Kris A. , Kirlin Kristin , Baxter Leslie C. , Chung Steve , Maganti Rama , Treiman David M.
Published: April 2009

Object

The authors introduce a minimal-access subtemporal approach for selective resection of the amygdala and hippocampus in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and describe seizure and neuropsychological outcomes.

Methods

Between October 2003 and April 2007, 41 consecutive patients with intractable unilateral nonlesional temporal lobe epilepsy underwent image-guided subtemporal amygdalohippocampectomy. Baseline characteristics, preoperative evaluations, and seizure outcomes were assessed. Eighteen patients underwent pre- and postoperative neuropsychological testing for cognitive functioning, executive functioning, verbal and visual memory, and mood.

Results

Important aspects of the subtemporal approach include a low temporal keyhole craniotomy, use of image guidance, preservation of the tentorium, incision in the fusiform gyrus, and subpial, en bloc resection of the hippocampus. There were no deaths and no cases of significant postoperative morbidity. At 1 year, 29 of 36 patients (81%) were without seizures or auras. At 2 years, 17 of 23 (74%) patients were seizure- and aura-free. Detailed neuropsychological testing of language, memory, cognitive functioning, and executive functioning suggested that most patients exhibited either stability or improvement in their scores, regardless of language lateralization.

Conclusions

A minimal-access subtemporal approach for amygdalohippocampectomy is an effective treatment for temporal lobe epilepsy yielding encouraging preliminary seizure and neuropsychological outcomes.
Classification of trigeminal neuralgia: clinical, therapeutic, and prognostic implications in a series of 144 patients undergoing microvascular decompression
Authors: Miller Jonathan P. , Acar Feridun , Burchiel Kim J.
Published: April 2009

Object

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) presents a diagnostic challenge because of the variety of symptoms, findings during microvascular decompression (MVD), and postsurgical outcomes observed among patients who suffer from this disorder. Recently, a new paradigm for classification of TN was proposed, based on the quality of pain. This study represents the first clinical analysis of this paradigm.

Methods

The authors analyzed 144 consecutive cases involving patients who underwent MVD for TN. Preoperative symptoms were classified into 1 of 2 categories based on the preponderance of shocklike (Type 1 TN) or constant (Type 2 TN) pain. Analysis of clinical characteristics, neurovascular pathology, and postoperative outcome was performed.

Results

Compared with Type 2 TN, Type 1 TN patients were older, were more likely to have right-sided symptoms, and reported a shorter duration of symptoms prior to evaluation. Previous treatment by percutaneous or radiosurgical procedures was not a predictor of symptoms, surgical findings, or outcome (p = 0.48). Type 1 TN was significantly more likely to be associated with arterial compression. Venous or no compression was more common among Type 2 TN patients (p < 0.01). Type 1 TN patients were also more likely to be pain-free immediately after surgery, and less likely to have a recurrence of pain within 2 years (p < 0.05). Although a subset of patients progressed from Type 1 to Type 2 TN over time, their pathological and prognostic profiles nevertheless resembled those of Type 1 TN.

Conclusions

Type 1 and Type 2 TN represent distinct clinical, pathological, and prognostic entities. Classification of patients according to this paradigm should be helpful to determine how best to treat patients with this disorder.
Management guided by brain tissue oxygen monitoring and outcome following severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Martini Ross P. , Deem Steven , Yanez N. David , Chesnut Randall M. , Weiss Noel S. , Daniel Stephen , Souter Michael , Treggiari Miriam M.
Published: April 2009

Object

The authors sought to describe changes in clinical management associated with brain tissue oxygen (PbO2) monitoring and how these changes affected outcomes and resource utilization.

Methods

The cohort study comprised 629 patients admitted to a Level I trauma center with a diagnosis of severe traumatic brain injury over a period of 3 years. Hospital mortality rate, neurological outcome, and resource utilization of 123 patients who underwent both PbO2 and intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring were compared with the same measures in 506 patients who underwent ICP monitoring only. The main outcomes were hospital mortality rate, functional independence at hospital discharge, duration of mechanical ventilation, hospital length of stay, and hospital cost. Multivariable regression with robust variance was used to estimate the adjusted differences in the main outcome measures between patient groups. The models were adjusted for patient age, severity of injury, and pathological features seen on head CT scan at admission.

Results

On average, patients who underwent ICP/PbO2 monitoring were younger and had more severe injuries than patients who received ICP monitoring alone. Relatively more patients treated with PbO2 monitoring received osmotic therapy, vasopressors, and prolonged sedation. After adjustment for baseline characteristics, the hospital mortality rate was, if anything, slightly higher in patients undergoing PbO2-guided management than in patients monitored with ICP only (adjusted mortality difference 4.4%, 95% CI −3.9 to 13%). Patients who underwent PbO2-guided management also had lower adjusted functional independence scores at hospital discharge (adjusted score difference −0.75, 95% CI −1.41 to −0.09). There was a 27% relative increase (95% CI 6–53%) in the median hospital length of stay when the PbO2 group was compared with the ICP-only group.

Conclusions

The mortality rate in patients with traumatic brain injury whose clinical management was guided by PbO2 monitoring was not reduced in comparison with that in patients who received ICP monitoring alone. Brain tissue oxygen monitoring was associated with worse neurological outcome and increased hospital resource utilization.
Sensitivity of high-resolution three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography and three-dimensional spoiled-gradient recalled imaging in the prediction of neurovascular compression in patients with hemifacial spasm
Authors: Raslan Ahmed M. , DeJesus Reynaldo , Berk Caglar , Zacest Andrew , Anderson Jim C. , Burchiel Kim J.
Published: April 2009

Object

Hemifacial spasm is a clinical syndrome caused by vascular compression of the facial nerve in the cerebellopontine angle, which can be relieved by surgical intervention. Advances in medical imaging technology allow for direct visualization of the offending blood vessels in hemifacial spasm and similar conditions (such as trigeminal neuralgia). The utility of high resolution 3D MR angiography and 3D spoiled-gradient recalled (SPGR) imaging sequences for surgical decision-making in hemifacial spasm, as measured by sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values, has not been previously determined.

Methods

A retrospective review was undertaken of 23 patients with hemifacial spasm who underwent operations between January 2001 and December 2006 at Oregon Health & Science University. All patients underwent preoperative high-resolution 3D MR angiography and 3D SPGR imaging. The sensitivity of the SPGR imaging/MR angiography interpretation of neurovascular compression (NVC) by both a neurosurgeon and 2 neuroradiologists was determined in relation to the presence of actual NVC during surgery.

Results

All patients were found to have NVC at surgery. After review by a neurosurgeon and 2 neuroradiologists, imaging data from 19 of the 23 patients were evaluated. The neurosurgeon's interpretation had a sensitivity of 79% and a positive predictive value (PPV) of 100%. The first neuroradiologist's interpretation had a sensitivity of 21% with a PPV of 100%. Further interpretation by a blinded second neuroradiologist with expertise in MR imaging of hemifacial spasm and trigeminal neuralgia was conducted, and sensitivity was 59% and PPV was 100%. Specificity was not determined because there were no true negative cases. The negative predictive value was 0% for both the neurosurgeon's and neuroradiologists' evaluations.

Conclusions

Although high-resolution 3D MR angiography and 3D SPGR imaging was helpful in providing information about the anatomical relationship of cranial nerve VII and surrounding blood vessels, the authors determined that in the case of hemifacial spasm these types of imaging did not influence preoperative surgical decisionmaking.
Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging of Quantum Dot Labeled DNA Microarrays
Authors: Giraud Gerard , Schulze Holger , Bachmann Till T. , Campbell Colin J. , Mount Andrew R. , Ghazal Peter , Khondoker Mizanur R. , Ross Alan J. , Ember Stuart W. J. , Ciani Ilenia , Tlili Chaker , Walton Anthony J. , Terry Jonathan G. , Crain Jason
Published: April 2009

Quantum dot (QD) labeling combined with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy is proposed as a powerful transduction technique for the detection of DNA hybridization events. Fluorescence lifetime analysis of DNA microarray spots of hybridized QD labeled target indicated a characteristic lifetime value of 18.8 ns, compared to 13.3 ns obtained for spots of free QD solution, revealing that QD labels are sensitive to the spot microenvironment. Additionally, time gated detection was shown to improve the microarray image contrast ratio by 1.8, achieving femtomolar target sensitivity. Finally, lifetime multiplexing based on Qdot525 and Alexa430 was demonstrated using a single excitation-detection readout channel.
Spectroscopic Investigations of the Binding Interaction of a New Indanedione Derivative with Human and Bovine Serum Albumins
Authors: Stan Dana , Matei Iulia , Mihailescu Carmen , Savin Mihaela , Matache Mihaela , Hillebrand Mihaela , Baciu Ion
Published: April 2009

Binding of a newly synthesized indanedione derivative, 2-(2-hydroxy-3-ethoxybenzylidene)-1,3-indanedione (HEBID), to human and bovine serum albumins (HSA and BSA), under simulated physiological conditions was monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy. The binding parameters (binding constants and number of binding sites) and quenching constants were determined according to literature models. The quenching mechanism was assigned to a Förster non-radiative energy transfer due to the HEBID-SA complex formation. A slightly increased affinity of HEBID for HSA was found, while the number of binding sites is approximately one for both albumins. The molecular distance between donor (albumin) and acceptor (HEBID) and the energy transfer efficiency were estimated, in the view of Förster’s theory. The effect of HEBID on the protein conformation was investigated using circular dichroism and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopies. The results revealed partial unfolding in the albumins upon interaction, as well as changes in the local polarity around the tryptophan residues
Protective Effects of Celery Juice in Treatments with Doxorubicin
Authors: Kolarovic Jovanka , Popovic Mira , Mikov Momir , Mitic Radoslav , Gvozdenovic Ljiljana
Published: April 2009

The aim of this work was to investigate possible protective effect of celery juice in doxorubicin treatment. The following biochemical parameters were determined: content of reduced glutathione, activities of catalase, xanthine oxidase, glutathione peroxidase, peroxidase, and lipid peroxidation intensity in liver homogenate and blood hemolysate. We examined influence of diluted pure celery leaves and roots juices and their combinations with doxorubicine on analyzed biochemical parameters. Celery roots and leaves juices influenced the examined biochemical parameters and showed protective effects when applied with doxorubicine.
Comparision of the Cytotoxic Effects of Birch Bark Extract, Betulin and Betulinic Acid Towards Human Gastric Carcinoma and Pancreatic Carcinoma Drug-sensitive and Drug-Resistant Cell Lines
Authors: Drag Marcin , Surowiak Pawel , Drag-Zalesinska Malgorzata , Dietel Manfred , Lage Hermann , Oleksyszyn Józef
Published: April 2009

Betulin and betulinic acid are naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpenes showing cytotoxicity towards a number of cancer cell lines. These compounds can be found in the bark of the many plants. In this report we have compared the cytotoxic activity of crude birch bark extract and purified betulin and betulinic acid towards human gastric carcinoma (EPG85-257) and human pancreatic carcinoma (EPP85-181) drug-sensitive and drug-resistant (daunorubicin and mitoxantrone) cell lines. Our results show significant differences in sensitivity between cell lines depending on the compound used, and suggest that both betulin and betulinic acid can be considered as a promising leads in the treatment of cancer.
Networked Estimation for Event-Based Sampling Systems with Packet Dropouts
Authors: Nguyen Vinh Hao , Suh Young Soo
Published: April 2009

This paper is concerned with a networked estimation problem in which sensor data are transmitted over the network. In the event-based sampling scheme known as level-crossing or send-on-delta (SOD), sensor data are transmitted to the estimator node if the difference between the current sensor value and the last transmitted one is greater than a given threshold. Event-based sampling has been shown to be more efficient than the time-triggered one in some situations, especially in network bandwidth improvement. However, it cannot detect packet dropout situations because data transmission and reception do not use a periodical time-stamp mechanism as found in time-triggered sampling systems. Motivated by this issue, we propose a modified event-based sampling scheme called modified SOD in which sensor data are sent when either the change of sensor output exceeds a given threshold or the time elapses more than a given interval. Through simulation results, we show that the proposed modified SOD sampling significantly improves estimation performance when packet dropouts happen.
Simulation of EO-1 Hyperion Data from ALI Multispectral Data Based on the Spectral Reconstruction Approach
Authors: Liu Bo , Zhang Lifu , Zhang Xia , Zhang Bing , Tong Qingxi
Published: April 2009

Data simulation is widely used in remote sensing to produce imagery for a new sensor in the design stage, for scale issues of some special applications, or for testing of novel algorithms. Hyperspectral data could provide more abundant information than traditional multispectral data and thus greatly extend the range of remote sensing applications. Unfortunately, hyperspectral data are much more difficult and expensive to acquire and were not available prior to the development of operational hyperspectral instruments, while large amounts of accumulated multispectral data have been collected around the world over the past several decades. Therefore, it is reasonable to examine means of using these multispectral data to simulate or construct hyperspectral data, especially in situations where hyperspectral data are necessary but hard to acquire. Here, a method based on spectral reconstruction is proposed to simulate hyperspectral data (Hyperion data) from multispectral Advanced Land Imager data (ALI data). This method involves extraction of the inherent information of source data and reassignment to newly simulated data. A total of 106 bands of Hyperion data were simulated from ALI data covering the same area. To evaluate this method, we compare the simulated and original Hyperion data by visual interpretation, statistical comparison, and classification. The results generally showed good performance of this method and indicated that most bands were well simulated, and the information both preserved and presented well. This makes it possible to simulate hyperspectral data from multispectral data for testing the performance of algorithms, extend the use of multispectral data and help the design of a virtual sensor.
Overview of Electrochemical DNA Biosensors: New Approaches to Detect the Expression of Life
Authors: Cagnin Stefano , Caraballo Marcelo , Guiducci Carlotta , Martini Paolo , Ross Marty , SantaAna Mark , Danley David , West Todd , Lanfranchi Gerolamo
Published: April 2009

DNA microarrays are an important tool with a variety of applications in gene expression studies, genotyping, pharmacogenomics, pathogen classification, drug discovery, sequencing and molecular diagnostics. They are having a strong impact in medical diagnostics for cancer, toxicology and infectious disease applications. A series of papers have been published describing DNA biochips as alternative to conventional microarray platforms to facilitate and ameliorate the signal readout. In this review, we will consider the different methods proposed for biochip construction, focusing on electrochemical detection of DNA. We also introduce a novel single-stranded DNA platform performing high-throughput SNP detection and gene expression profiling.
Assessment centres: Unlocking potential for growth
Authors: Ngidi Sane
Published: April 2009

Written with the South African context in mind, Assessment centres: Unlocking potential for growth provides a clear and detailed account of assessment centres (ACs). This text is ideal for those with a limited knowledge of ACs or those with a desire to learn more about them. The author targets scholars, practitioners and service providers.
Preparation of Optically Active (

R

,

R

)‐Hydrobenzoin from Benzoin or Benzil
Authors: Ikariya Takao , Hashiguchi Shohei , Murata Kunihiko , Noyori Ryoji
Published: April 2009

Formic acid

Triethylamine

Rac
‐Benzoin

Ruthenium benzene [N‐[1S,2S)‐2‐amino‐κ‐N)‐1,2‐diphenylethyl‐4‐methyl‐benzenesulfonamidato‐κ‐N]chloro[(1,2,3,4,5,6‐η)‐1‐methyl‐4‐(1‐methylethyl)benzene]

Benzil

Propanol
2,2‐Diethoxy‐1‐Isocyanoethane
Authors: Amato Francesco , Marcaccini Stefano
Published: April 2009

2,2‐Diethoxy‐1‐isocyanoethane

Aminoacetaldehyde diethyl acetal

Propyl formate

Tetrachlormethane

Triphenylphosphine

Triphenylphosphine oxide

Triethylamine
Preparation of
Hexakis
(4‐Bromophenyl)Benzene (
HBB
)
Authors: Rathore Rajendra , Burns Carrie L.
Published: April 2009

Hexaphenylbenzene

Hexakis
(4‐Bromophenyl)benzene

Sodium bisulfite

Bromine
Preparation of 1‐Methoxy‐2‐(4‐Methoxyphenoxy)Benzene
Authors: Buck Elizabeth , Song Zhiguo J.
Published: April 2009

4‐Methoxyphenol

1‐Methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone

Cesium carbonate

2‐Bromoanisole

2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylheptane

Copper(I) chloride

Methyl‐
t‐
butyl ether
D
‐Ribonolactone and 2,3‐Isopropylidene(
D
‐Ribonolactone)
Authors: Williams John D. , Kamath Vivekanand P. , Morris Philip E. , Townsend Leroy B.
Published: April 2009

D
‐Ribose

Sodium bicarbonate

Bromine

Sodium bisulfite

D
‐Ribonolactone

2,2‐Dimethoxypropane

Silver carbonate
(

R

)‐(+)‐3,4‐Dimethylcyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one
Authors: White James D. , Grether Uwe M. , Lee Chang‐Sun
Published: April 2009

(2
R
,5
R
)‐(+)‐
trans
‐Dihydrocarvone

Copper(II) acetate monohydrate

Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate

R‐(+)‐6‐Methoxycyclo‐2‐en‐1‐one

Methyllithium‐lithium bromide

(6
R
)‐(+)‐1,6‐Dimethylcyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐ol

Pyridinium chlorochromate
A Practical and Safe Preparation of 3,5‐Bis(trifluoromethyl)acetophenone
Authors: Leazer Johnnie L. , Cvetovich Raymond
Published: April 2009

3,5‐Bis(trifluoromethyl)bromobenzene

3,5‐Bis(trifluoromethyl)‐acetophenone

Isopropylmagnesium chloride

Acetic anhydride
Iridium‐CatalyzedC‐HBorylation of Arenes and Heteroarenes: 1‐Chloro‐3‐iodo‐5‐(4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl)benzene and 2‐(4,4,5,5,‐Tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolan‐2‐yl)indole
Authors: Ishiyama Tatsuo , Takagi Jun , Nobuta Yusuke , Miyaura Norio
Published: April 2009

Bis(η4‐1,5‐cyclooctadiene)‐di μ‐methoxy‐diiridium(1)

4,4′‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine

Bis(pinacolato)diboron

1‐Chloro‐3‐iodobenzene

Pinacolborane

Indole
Asymmetric Rearrangement of Allylic Trichloroacetimidates: Preparation of (

S

)‐2,2,2‐Trichloro‐

N

‐(1‐propylallyl)acetamide
Authors: Anderson Carolyn E. , Overman Larry E. , Watson Mary P.
Published: April 2009

Trans
‐2‐hexen‐1‐ol

1,8‐Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene

Trichloroacetonitrile

(E)
‐2,2,2‐Trichloracetimidic acid hex‐2‐enyl ester

(S)
‐COP‐Cl
A Xanthate‐Transfer Approach to α‐Trifluoromethylamines [2‐(
N
‐Acetylamino)‐4,4‐Dimethoxy‐1,1,1‐Trifluorobutane]
Authors: Gagosz Fabien , Zard Samir Z.
Published: April 2009

2,2,2‐Trifluoro‐1‐methoxyethanol

Acetamide

N
‐(2,2,2‐Trifluoro‐1‐hudroxyethyl)acetamide

Thionyl chloride

N
‐1‐(Chloro‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl)acetamide

Potassium
O
‐ethyl xanathate

S
‐(1‐Acetylamino‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl)
O
‐ethyl dithiocarbonate

Lauroyl peroxide

Vinyl acetate

3‐Acetylamino‐1‐ethoxythiocarbonysulfanyl‐4,4,4‐trifluorobutyl acetate

(+/−)‐10‐Camphorsulfonic acid

N
‐(3,3‐Dimethoxy‐1‐trifluoromethyl‐propyl)‐acetamide
Thionation:
Glc
NAc
‐Thiazoline Triacetate {(3
a

R

,5

R

,6

S

,7

R

,7
a

R

)‐5‐Acetoxymethyl‐6,7‐Diacetoxy‐2‐Methyl‐5,6,7,7
a
‐Tetrahydro‐3
a

H

‐Pyrano[3,2‐

d

]Thiazole}
Authors: Knapp Spencer , Huhn Richard A. , Amorelli Benjamin
Published: April 2009

Acetic anhydride

N
‐Acetyl‐D‐glucosamine

2‐Acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐1,3,4,6‐tetra‐
O
‐acetyl‐beta‐D‐glucopyranose

Phosphorus pentasulfide

GlcNAc‐thiazole triacetate

Hexamethyldisiloxane
Synthesis of Alpha‐Halo Ethers from Symmetric Acetals and
in Situ
Methoxymethylation of an Alcohol
Authors: Berliner Martin , Belecki Katherine
Published: April 2009

Dimethoxymethane

Zinc bromide

Acetyl chloride

Chloromethyl methyl ether

Alpha‐Phenethyl alcohol

Diisopropylethylamine

1‐Methoxy‐1‐phenylethane
Preparation of the
COP
Catalysts: [(

S

)‐
COP
‐
OAc
]
2
, [(
S
)‐
COP
‐
Cl
]
2
, and (

S

)‐
COP
‐
hfacac
Authors: Anderson Carolyn E. , Kirsch Stefan F. , Overman Larry E. , Richards Christopher J. , Watson Mary P.
Published: April 2009

(eta5‐(
S
)‐2‐(4‐Methylethyl)oxazolinylcyclopentadieny)‐(eta4‐tetraphenylcyclobutadiene)cobalt

Palladium(II) acetate

(
S
)‐COP‐OAc

(
S
)‐COP‐Cl

Sodium hexafluoracetylacetonate

(
S
)‐COP‐hfacac
Preparation of a Carbazole‐Based Macrocycle Via Precipitation‐Driven Alkyne Metathesis
Authors: Zhang Wei , Cho Hyeon Mo , Moore Jeffrey S.
Published: April 2009

Carbazole

1‐Bromotetradecane

Sodium hydride

N
‐Iodosuccinimide

Copper(I) iodide

Dichlorobis(triphenylphsophine)palladium(II)

Piperidine

1‐Trimethylsilylacetylene

Tris(dibenzylidieneacetone)palladium(0)

Triphenylphosphine

4‐Benzoyl‐4′‐bromophenyl

Trisamidomolybdenum(VI) propylidyne

p
‐Nitrophenol

9‐Tetradecylcarbazole

3,6‐Diiodo‐9‐tetradecylcarbazole

3,6‐Bis[(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl]‐9‐tetradecylcarbazole

3,6‐Diethynyl‐9‐tetradecylcarbazole

3,6‐Bis(benzobiphenyl)ethynyl‐9‐tetradecylcarbazole

Carbazole‐based tetrakismacrocycle
Highly Efficient Addition of Activated Methylene Compounds to Alkenes Catalyzed by Gold and Silver
Authors: Li Chao‐Jun , Yao Xiaoquan
Published: April 2009

Dibenzoylmethane

Styrene

Gold(III) chloride

Silver trifluoromethanesulfonate

1,3‐Diphenyl‐2‐(1‐phenylethyl)propane‐1,3‐dione
Preparation of Benzocyclobutenone Derivatives Based on an Efficient Generation of Benzynes
Authors: Tsujiyama Shin‐ichiro , Suzuki Keisuke
Published: April 2009

Resorcinol

Iodine

2‐Iodoresorcinol

N,N
‐Diisopropylethylamine

Trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride

2‐Iodoresorcinol bis(trifluoromethanesulfonate)

Cesium carbonate

3‐Hydroxy‐2‐iodophenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate

Benzyl bromide

Diethylamine

3‐Benzyloxy‐2‐iodophenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate

1‐(
tert
‐Butyldimethylsilyloxy)‐1‐methoxyethene

n
‐Butyllithium

Hydrofluoric acid

5‐Benzyloxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa‐1,3,5‐triene‐7‐one
1‐(4‐Acetylphenyl)‐2‐Phenylethane from Potassium 2‐Phenethylthyltrifluoroborate and 4‐Bromoacetophenone
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Petrillo Daniel E.
Published: April 2009

Trimethyl borate

Phenethylmagnesium chloride

Potassium hydrogen fluoride

Potassium 2‐phenetrifluoroborate

4‐Bromoacetophenone

Triphenylphosphine

Palladium acetate
Kinetically Controlled Synthesis of Hexagonally Close‐Packed Cobalt Nanorods with High Magnetic Coercivity
Authors: Soumare Yaghoub , Garcia Cécile , Maurer Thomas , Chaboussant Grégory , Ott Frédéric , Fiévet Fernand , Piquemal Jean‐Yves , Viau Guillaume
Published: April 2009

High‐quality monodisperse metallic cobalt nanorods are obtained by the reduction of carboxylate salts of CoII in 1,2‐butanediol using a rapid, simple, and solid‐template‐free procedure. In this polyol process, particle shape can be controlled via the growth rate, which depends on three parameters: i) the nature of the cobalt carboxylate, ii) the temperature ramp, and iii) the basicity of the medium. Cobalt in the hexagonally close‐packed phase favored the growth of anisotropic particles. Magnetic measurements of the cobalt nanorods indicate they are ferromagnetic at room temperature. They have a very high coercivity of 9.0 kOe at 140 K, much higher than that observed for wires prepared with solid templates. This can be attributed to their small mean diameter and high crystallinity.
Self‐Assembled Robust Dipeptide Nanotubes and Fabrication of Dipeptide‐Capped Gold Nanoparticles on the Surface of these Nanotubes
Authors: Guha Samit , Banerjee Arindam
Published: April 2009

Three water‐soluble dipeptides containing N‐terminally located β‐alanine residue and C‐terminally located α‐amino acid residues (β‐Ala‐L‐Xaa, Xaa = Val/Ile/Phe) form robust crystalline nanotubes. These dipeptide nanotubes contain a common motif, a hybrid of β,α‐amino acids, which are stable against heat up to 80 °C, a wide range of pH (2–10), and proteolytic degradation. These robust crystalline dipeptide nanotubes are used as a template for fabricating dipeptide‐capped gold nanoparticles on their outer surfaces. This is an easy way to develop nanotube/nanoparticle hybrid materials under mild conditions.
Conducting‐Polymer Nanomaterials for High‐Performance Sensor Applications: Issues and Challenges
Authors: Yoon Hyeonseok , Jang Jyongsik
Published: April 2009

Owing to their promising applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices, conducting polymers have been continuously studied during the past few decades. Nevertheless, only limited progress had been made in conducting‐polymer‐based sensors until nanostructured conducting polymers were demonstrated for high‐performance signal transducers. Significant advances in the synthesis of conducting‐polymer nanomaterials have been recently reported, with enhanced sensitivity relative to their bulk counterparts. Today, conducting‐polymer nanomaterials rival metal and inorganic semiconductor nanomaterials in sensing capability. However, there are still several technological challenges to be solved for practical sensor applications of conducting‐polymer nanomaterials. Here, the key issues on conducting‐polymer nanomaterials in the development of state‐of‐the‐art sensors are discussed. Furthermore, a perspective on next‐generation sensor technology from a materials point of view is also given.
High Mobility and Luminescent Efficiency in Organic Single‐Crystal Light‐Emitting Transistors
Authors: Bisri Satria Zulkarnaen , Takenobu Taishi , Yomogida Yohei , Shimotani Hidekazu , Yamao Takeshi , Hotta Shu , Iwasa Yoshihiro
Published: April 2009

A high‐performance ambipolar light‐emitting transistor (LET) that has high hole and electron mobilities and excellent luminescence characteristics is described. By using this device, a conspicuous light‐confined edge emission and current‐density‐dependent spectral evolution are observed. These findings will result in broader utilization of device potential and they provide a promising route for realizing electrically driven organic lasers.
Phenotypic effects of a bipolar liability gene among individuals with major depressive disorder
Authors: Casamassima Francesco , Huang Jie , Fava Maurizio , Sachs Gary S. , Smoller Jordan W. , Cassano Giovanni B. , Lattanzi Lorenzo , Fagerness Jes , Stange Jonathan P. , Perlis Roy H.
Published: April 2009

Variations in voltage‐dependent calcium channel L‐type, alpha 1C subunit (CACNA1C) gene have been associated with bipolar disorder in a recent meta‐analysis of genome‐wide association studies [Ferreira et al., 2008]. The impact of these variations on other psychiatric disorders has not been yet investigated. Caucasian non‐Hispanic participants in the STAR*D study of treatment for depression for whom DNA was available (N = 1213) were genotyped at two single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs10848635 and rs1006737) in the CACNA1C gene. We examined putative phenotypic indicators of bipolarity among patients with major depression and elements of longitudinal course suggestive of latent bipolarity. We also considered remission and depression severity following citalopram treatment. The rs10848635 risk allele was significantly associated with lower levels of baseline agitation (P = 0.03; β = −0.09). The rs1006737 risk allele was significantly associated with lesser baseline depression severity (P = 0.04; β = −0.4) and decreased likelihood of insomnia (P = 0.047; β = −0.22). Both markers were associated with an increased risk of citalopram‐emergent suicidality (rs10848635: OR = 1.29, P = 0.04; rs1006737: OR = 1.34, P = 0.02). In this exploratory analysis, treatment‐emergent suicidality was associated with two risk alleles in a putative bipolar liability gene. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Highly Sensitive Fluorescence Probe for Fast Thiol‐Quantification Assay of Glutathione Reductase
Authors: Yi Long , Li Heyang , Sun Lu , Liu Liangliang , Zhang Caihong , Xi Zhen
Published: April 2009

Die schnelle Detektion zellulärer Thiole in wässrigem Medium gelingt mithilfe einer neuen Fluoreszenzsonde (siehe Bild). Ein Hochdurchsatz‐Fluoreszenzassay für Glutathion‐Reduktase auf Basis dieser Sonde wurde entwickelt.

magnified image
Stable Cyclohexyl–Phenyl Recognition in the Center of a DNA Duplex
Authors: Kaufmann Marco , Gisler Michael , Leumann Christian J.
Published: April 2009

Sogar gesättigte Kohlenwasserstoffcyclen sind mit einer Watson‐Crick‐Paarung kompatibel, wie der Einbau von Phenylcyclohexyl‐C‐Nucleosidpaaren in das Zentrum einer DNA‐Doppelhelix belegt (siehe Bild). Die höhere Duplexstabilität ist eine Folge von Cyclohexyl‐CH/Phenyl‐π‐Wechselwirkungen. Damit ist das System ein interessantes Gerüst, um hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen zu untersuchen, und ermöglicht den Einbau weiterer Bausteine in die Doppelhelix.

magnified image
In Situ Enamine Activation in Aqueous Salt Solutions: Highly Efficient Asymmetric Organocatalytic Diels–Alder Reaction of Cyclohexenones with Nitroolefins
Authors: Xu Dan‐Qian , Xia Ai‐Bao , Luo Shu‐Ping , Tang Jie , Zhang Shuai , Jiang Jun‐Rong , Xu Zhen‐Yuan
Published: April 2009

Tiefsee‐Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion: Die asymmetrische organokatalytische Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion zwischen Cyclohexenonen und aromatischen Nitroolefinen gelingt in Meerwasser und gesättigter Kochsalzlösung. Die Reaktion verläuft als säurekatalysierte Enaminaktivierung über eine einstufige konzertierte Addition (siehe Schema).

magnified image
Total Synthesis of (+)‐Dibromophakellin
Authors: Imaoka Takuya , Iwamoto Osamu , Noguchi Kei‐ichi , Nagasawa Kazuo
Published: April 2009

Two members of a family of pyrrole–imidazole marine alkaloids, (+)‐dibromophakellin and the nonnatural congener (+)‐phakellin, were synthesized enantioselectively from 4‐hydroxy‐L‐proline. The chiral aminal at C10 was constructed efficiently by means of an Overman‐type [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of an enamide (see scheme).

magnified image
Light Harvesting by a Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica Chromophore
Authors: Inagaki Shinji , Ohtani Osamu , Goto Yasutomo , Okamoto Kentaro , Ikai Masamichi , Yamanaka Ken‐ichi , Tani Takao , Okada Tadashi
Published: April 2009

Light aqueduct: Periodic mesoporous organosilica exhibits strong light absorption due to densely packed organic chromophores within the pore walls. Light energy absorbed by 125 biphenyl groups in the pore walls is funneled into a single coumarin 1 molecule in the mesochannels with almost 100 % quantum efficiency, and results in significant enhancement of emission from the coumarin 1 dye.

magnified image
An Aqueous Route to Multicolor Photoluminescent Carbon Dots Using Silica Spheres as Carriers
Authors: Liu Ruili , Wu Dongqing , Liu Shuhua , Koynov Kaloian , Knoll Wolfgang , Li Qin
Published: April 2009

Carbon lights up: A facile chemical method yields multicolor photoluminescent carbon dots derived from polymer/silica nanocomposites, which were prepared using surfactant‐modified silica spheres as carriers and resols (phenol/formaldehyde resins) as carbon precursor (see picture). The surface‐passivated carbon dots show good biocompatibility as potential bioimaging agents offering nanometer‐scale resolution.

magnified image
Multistep Synthesis Using Modular Flow Reactors: Bestmann–Ohira Reagent for the Formation of Alkynes and Triazoles
Authors: Baxendale Ian R. , Ley Steven V. , Mansfield Andrew C. , Smith Christopher D.
Published: April 2009

Multistep in flow: The Seyferth–Gilbert reagent 1 has been applied in a flow system to rapidly synthesize terminal alkynes. The system has been further applied to synthesize triazole 3 from alcohol 2 in a three‐step oxidation/homologation/copper(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition sequence without isolation of intermediates (see scheme).

magnified image
Content‐based and algorithmic classifications of journals: Perspectives on the dynamics of scientific communication and indexer effects
Authors: Rafols Ismael , Leydesdorff Loet
Published: April 2009

The aggregated journal‐journal citation matrix—based on the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) of the Science Citation Index—can be decomposed by indexers or algorithmically. In this study, we test the results of two recently available algorithms for the decomposition of large matrices against two content‐based classifications of journals: the ISI Subject Categories and the field/subfield classification of Glänzel and Schubert (2003). The content‐based schemes allow for the attribution of more than a single category to a journal, whereas the algorithms maximize the ratio of within‐category citations over between‐category citations in the aggregated category‐category citation matrix. By adding categories, indexers generate between‐category citations, which may enrich the database, for example, in the case of inter‐disciplinary developments. Algorithmic decompositions, on the other hand, are more heavily skewed towards a relatively small number of categories, while this is deliberately counter‐acted upon in the case of content‐based classifications. Because of the indexer effects, science policy studies and the sociology of science should be careful when using content‐based classifications, which are made for bibliographic disclosure, and not for the purpose of analyzing latent structures in scientific communications. Despite the large differences among them, the four classification schemes enable us to generate surprisingly similar maps of science at the global level. Erroneous classifications are cancelled as noise at the aggregate level, but may disturb the evaluation locally.
NERA: Named Entity Recognition for Arabic
Authors: Shaalan Khaled , Raza Hafsa
Published: April 2009

Name identification has been worked on quite intensively for the past few years, and has been incorporated into several products revolving around natural language processing tasks. Many researchers have attacked the name identification problem in a variety of languages, but only a few limited research efforts have focused on named entity recognition for Arabic script. This is due to the lack of resources for Arabic named entities and the limited amount of progress made in Arabic natural language processing in general. In this article, we present the results of our attempt at the recognition and extraction of the 10 most important categories of named entities in Arabic script: the person name, location, company, date, time, price, measurement, phone number, ISBN, and file name. We developed the system Named Entity Recognition for Arabic (NERA) using a rule‐based approach. The resources created are: a Whitelist representing a dictionary of names, and a grammar, in the form of regular expressions, which are responsible for recognizing the named entities. A filtration mechanism is used that serves two different purposes: (a) revision of the results from a named entity extractor by using metadata, in terms of a Blacklist or rejecter, about ill‐formed named entities and (b) disambiguation of identical or overlapping textual matches returned by different name entity extractors to get the correct choice. In NERA, we addressed major challenges posed by NER in the Arabic language arising due to the complexity of the language, peculiarities in the Arabic orthographic system, nonstandardization of the written text, ambiguity, and lack of resources. NERA has been effectively evaluated using our own tagged corpus; it achieved satisfactory results in terms of precision, recall, and F‐measure.
Selective recognition of thymidine homopolymer (poly T) oligonucleotide with cobalt(II)–4‐[(5‐chloro‐2‐pyridyl)azo]‐1,3‐diaminobenzene complex
Authors: Guo Feng Ling , Li Yuan Fang , Huang Cheng Zhi
Published: April 2009

The interactions of cobalt(II)–4‐[(5‐chloro‐2‐pyridyl)azo]‐1,3‐diaminobenzene (5‐Cl‐PADAB) complex with different kinds of homopolymer oligonucleotides in basic medium were investigated based on the measurements of resonance light scattering, UV–vis, circular dichroism spectra and dark field light‐scattering imaging. Experiments showed that only thymidine homopolymer (poly T) oligonucleotides with the length in the range of poly T6 to poly T18 could interact with the Co(II)–5‐Cl‐PADAB complex in alkaline conditions and cause evident color and spectral change. Thus, the binary complex of Co(II)–5‐Cl‐PADAB could be employed as a visual probe for selectively recognizing the poly T oligonucleotides. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalysed Intramolecular [2+2+2] Cyclotrimerisations of 15‐, 20‐ and 25‐Membered Azamacrocycles: Experimental and Theoretical Mechanistic Studies
Authors: Dachs Anna , Torrent Anna , Roglans Anna , Parella Teodor , Osuna Sílvia , Solà Miquel
Published: April 2009

Number of members makes a difference: The [2+2+2] intramolecular cyclotrimerisation of a new series of 20‐ and 25‐membered azamacrocycles catalysed by the Wilkinson's catalyst are reported (see scheme). The 20‐ and 25‐membered azamacrocycles show different reactivity. Why? Theoretical calculations give insight into the reactivity differences observed for the 20‐ and 25‐membered macrocycles.

magnified image

A new series of 20‐ and 25‐membered polyacetylenic azamacrocycles have been satisfactorily prepared and completely characterised by spectroscopic methods. Various [2+2+2] cyclotrimerisation processes catalysed by the Wilkinson’s catalyst, [RhCl(PPh3)3], were tested in the above‐mentioned macrocycles. The 25‐membered azamacrocycle (like the previously synthesised 15‐membered azamacrocyle) led to the expected cyclotrimerised compound in contrast to the 20‐membered macrocycle, which is characterised by its lack of reactivity. The difference in reactivity of the 15‐, 20‐ and 25‐membered macrocycles has been rationalised through density functional theory calculations.