bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards a Statistical Approach to the Analysis, the Indexing, and the Semantic Search of Medical Videoconferences
Authors: Yengui Ameni , Neji Mahmoud
Published: May 2017

In this article, the authors introduce their OSSVIRI information retrieval system which composed of three modules. In the analysis module, they have proposed a statistical technique exploiting the word frequency in order to extract the simple, compound and specific terms from the documents. In the indexing module, the authors used the ontology to associate the terms with their concepts, retrieve the relations between them and disambiguate the concepts to improve the sematic content of the documents. The concepts and relations are represented as a conceptual graph. In the research module, the authors have proposed a technique of users' query reformulation based on external resources and users' profiles and a technique of pairing based on the combined expansion of the requests and the documents guided by the context of the requirement in information and the documentary contents. This system is validated using the metrics from the research information and comparisons with existing statistical approach. The authors show that their approach achieves good results.
Web-Based Bibliographic Services Offered by Top World and Indian University Libraries
Authors: Dhamdhere Sangeeta Namdev , De Smet Egbert , Lihitkar Ramdas
Published: May 2017

Bibliographical services are services related to the library collection and access to those collections, whether print or online. In modern libraries, these services are provided online through website. Many studies have been carried out to study application of web 2.0 tools and web-based services offered by the libraries. There is need to study the basic fundamental library services offered via the web or websites in modern libraries. In this paper author studied tops world and Indian libraries and prepared inventory of web-based bibliographic services offered by these libraries and analyzed the data in a quantitative way.
A Novel Bio Inspired Algorithm Based on Echolocation Mechanism of Bats for Seismic States Prediction
Authors: Rahmani Mohamed Elhadi , Amine Abdelmalek , Hamou Reda Mohamed
Published: May 2017

Bio-inspired algorithms are sort of implementation of natural solutions to solve hard problems – so called NP problems. A seismic hazard is the probability that an earthquake will occur in a given geographic area, within a given window of time, and with ground motion intensity exceeding a given threshold. Seismic hazards prediction is one of the fields where data mining plays an important role. This paper presents a new bio-inspired algorithm motivated by the echolocation behavior of bats for seismic hazard states prediction in coal mines based on previously recorded data. It is a distance calculation based approach, Results were very satisfactory in a manner that encourage us to continue working on this approach. The implementation of the algorithm touches three fields of studies, data discovery or so called data mining, bio inspired techniques, and seismic hazards predictions.
Estatus legal precario y condicionalidad en el acceso a derechos. Una aproximación a la regulación migratoria de Argentina y Canadá
Authors: Thayer Correa Luis Eduardo , Stang Fernanda , Abarca Cristóbal
Published: May 2017

Este estudio tiene por objetivo central comparar los marcos normativos vigentes que regulan la migración en Canadá y Argentina con el propósito de identificar en ellos las condiciones que inciden, ya sea para restringir o bien para retrasar el acceso a derechos. Para ello se compararon los cuerpos legales de ambos países en relación a sus fundamentos declarados, las condiciones para el acceso a los derechos, el tránsito entre categorías migratorias y la heterogeneidad de las mismas. Nuestra hipótesis de trabajo asume que los marcos normativos y los sistemas de visado/residencia más complejos, vale decir, aquellos que buscan sobrerregular las trayectorias de los migrantes, inciden en la creación de más alternativas para el retroceso en el acceso a los derechos, para la prolongación de la temporalidad y la eventual caída en la irregularidad. La pregunta que orientó este estudio buscó establecer qué consecuencias han traído para el acceso a los derechos de los migrantes los sistemas de visado/residencia vigentes en la institucionalidad migratoria de Argentina y Canadá.
El trabajo de cuidado como elemento constitutivo de las comunidades transnacionales en la migración México-EU
Authors: Hernández Lara Itzel , Baca Tavira Norma
Published: May 2017

El artículo tiene por objetivo destacar la importancia del trabajo de cuidado en las comunidades transnacionales construidas a partir de la migración México-Estados Unidos. A través de una investigación de tipo cualitativo en una comunidad oaxaqueña, se realiza un análisis de las distintas modalidades de trabajo de cuidado transnacional: cuidado cotidiano, cuidado de dependientes y cuidado en situaciones de emergencia. Este análisis permite destacar el papel del trabajo de cuidado en la circulación de personas, bienes y noticias de manera sostenida a lo largo del tiempo entre los lugares de recepción y el lugar de origen de los migrantes. Como se tratará de argumentar, se trata de un proceso complejo que entraña limitaciones y contradicciones, pero que contribuye de manera significativa y sostenida al mantenimiento de las comunidades transnacionales.
Curarsi in Europa è possibile? Come e se il decreto sull’assistenza transfrontaliera n. 38/2014 condizioni e ostacoli l’esercizio del diritto alla salute / Is it possible to care themselves in Europe? How and if the decree on cross-border healthcare no. 38/2014 affects and hinders the right to health
Authors: Posteraro Nicola
Published: May 2017

Questo lavoro analizza il decreto legislativo del 4 marzo 2014, n. 38 sulle cure transfrontaliere. Le norme del decreto sembrano garantire il diritto alla salute, perché stabiliscono che non esiste l’obbligo di ottenere una autorizzazione da parte dell’amministrazione, prima di poter espatriare al fine di ottenere le cure all’estero. Esse, però, al contempo, svantaggiano i meno abbienti, perché approntano un sistema di assistenza indiretta e precisano che gli amministrati possono ottenere il rimborso delle spese sostenute solo nei limiti dei costi che la prestazione avrebbe avuto se fosse stata eseguita nel territorio di provenienza. Inoltre, quando introducono la eccezionale necessità di una previa autorizzazione, attribuiscono alla p.A. un potere fortemente discrezionale. Infine, non chiariscono alcuni aspetti relativi ai procedimenti amministrativi da attivare per ottenere il rimborso e non regolano in modo adeguato i rapporti con il regolamento CE n. 883/2004. Esiste davvero un diritto alle cure oltre lo Stato? ---------- This work analyzes the Italian Legislative Decree of 4 March 2014, n. 38, about the cross-border healthcare. The provisions seem to guarantee the right to health, because they state that the patients have not to obtain an authorization from the administration, before being able to get treatment abroad. At the same time, they disadvantage the poor, because they establish a system of indirect assistance and they specify that individuals may obtain only the reimbursement of the costs that the service would have incurred if it had been performed in the territory of origin. In addition, when introducing the exceptional need for prior authorization, they confer to the public Administration a highly discretionary power. Finally, they aren’t clear when they regulate the aspects of the administrative procedures. Is there really a right to health care over the state?
Algunas especies arbóreas de importancia ecológica en México: una revisión documental
Authors: Pompa-García Marín , Sigala Rodríguez José Á. , Jurado Enrique
Published: May 2017

Introducción: El reconocimiento de la diversidad florística que México posee a nivel mundial ha propiciado un creciente interés por documentar la importancia ecológica de sus especies.Objetivo: En este trabajo se presenta una compilación de la literatura científica en la cual se estudian especies forestales mexicanas por su valoración de importancia, dominancia y abundancia.Materiales y métodos: Se recopilaron 161 estudios publicados desde 1980 hasta 2015, mediante buscadores especializados como ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Latindex, SciELO y a través de palabras clave predefinidas. Se analizan las tendencias y se sugieren perspectivas de investigación para mejorar el estado actual del conocimiento sobre las comunidades vegetales.Resultados y discusión: De acuerdo con el análisis de los estudios, el número de publicaciones incrementó 46 % en los últimos cinco años. Las revistas mexicanas reportan la mayor cantidad de contribuciones (69 %) enfocadas principalmente en la selva baja caducifolia (19 %). Las especies predominantes corresponden a los géneros Quercus (Fagaceae), Pinus (Pinaceae), Acacia (Fabaceae) y Bursera (Burseraceae).Conclusiones: El incremento de las publicaciones durante los últimos años es evidencia del interés creciente en este ámbito; sin embargo, los trabajos realizados para especies o comunidades vegetales con alguna categoría de riesgo tienen baja frecuencia en la literatura.
Field characterization of the PM2.5 Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor: insights into the composition, sources and processes of fine particles in Eastern China
Authors: Zhang Yunjiang , Tang Lili , Croteau Philip L. , Favez Olivier , Sun Yele , Canagaratna Manjula R. , Wang Zhuang , Couvidat Florian , Albinet Alexandre , Zhang Hongliang , Sciare Jean , Prévôt André S. H. , Jayne John T. , Worsnop Douglas R.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. A PM2.5-capable aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ACSM) was deployed in urban Nanjing, China for the first time to measure in-situ non-refractory fine particle (NR-PM2.5) composition from October 20 to November 19, 2015 along with parallel measurements of submicron aerosol (PM1) species by a standard ACSM. Our results show that the NR-PM2.5 species (organics, sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) measured by the PM2.5-ACSM are highly correlated (r2 > 0.9) with those measured by a Sunset Lab OC/EC Analyzer and a Monitor for AeRosols and GAses (MARGA). The comparisons between the two ACSMs illustrated similar temporal variations in all NR species between PM1 and PM2.5, yet substantial mass fractions of aerosol species were observed in the size range of 1–2.5 μm. On average, NR-PM1–2.5 contributed 53 % of the total NR-PM2.5 with sulfate and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) being the two largest contributors (26 % and 27 %, respectively). Rapid formation and thereafter growth of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) were observed under fog processing in NH3-rich environments. Positive matrix factorization of organic aerosol showed similar temporal variations in both primary and secondary OA between PM1 and PM2.5 although the mass spectra were slightly different due to more thermal decomposition on the capture vaporizer of PM2.5-ACSM. We observed an enhancement of SOA under high relative humidity conditions, which is associated with simultaneous increases in particle surface area, gas-phase species (NO2, SO2, and NH3) concentrations and aerosol water content driven by anthropogenic SIA. These results likely indicate an enhanced reactive uptake of SOA precursors upon aqueous particles. Therefore, reducing anthropogenic NOx, SO2, and NH3 emissions might not only reduce SIA but also SOA burden during haze episodes in China.
Source apportionment of carbonaceous chemical species to fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and biogenic emissions by a coupled radiocarbon-levoglucosan marker method
Authors: Salma Imre , Németh Zoltán , Weidinger Tamás , Maenhaut Willy , Claeys Magda , Molnár Mihály , Major István , Ajtai Tibor , Utry Noémi , Bozóki Zoltán
Published: May 2017

Abstract. An intensive aerosol measurement and sample collection campaign was conducted in central Budapest in a mild winter for two weeks. The on-line instruments included a FDMS-TEOM, Aethalometer, photoacoustic spectrometer, RT-OC/EC analyser, DMPS, gas pollutant analysers and meteorological sensors. The aerosol samples were collected on quartz fibre filters by a low-volume sampler using the tandem filter method. Elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), levoglucosan, mannosan, galactosan, arabitol and mannitol were determined, and radiocarbon analysis was performed on the aerosol samples. Median atmospheric concentrations of EC, OC and PM2.5 mass were 0.97, 4.9 and 25 microg m–3, respectively. The EC and organic matter (1.6 x OC) accounted for 4.8 % and 37 %, respectively of the PM2.5 mass. Fossil fuel (FF) combustion represented 36 % of the total carbon (TC = EC + OC) in the PM2.5 size fraction. Biomass burning (BB) was a major source (40 %) for the OC in the PM2.5 size fraction, and a substantial source (11 %) for the PM10 mass. We proposed and applied here a novel, straightforward, coupled radiocarbon-levoglucosan marker method for source apportionment of the major carbonaceous chemical species. The contributions of EC and OC from FF combustion (ECFF and OCFF) to the TC were 11.0 % and 25 %, respectively, EC and OC from BB (ECBB and OCBB) were responsible for 5.8 % and 34 %, respectively of the TC, while the OC from biogenic sources (OCBIO) made up 24 % of the TC. Evaluation of the apportioned atmospheric concentrations revealed some of their important properties and relationships among them. ECFF and OCFF were associated with different FF combustion sources. Most ECFF was emitted by vehicular road traffic, while the contribution of non-vehicular sources such as domestic and industrial heating or cooking using gas, oil or coal to OCFF was substantial. The mean contribution of BB to soot particles was smaller by a factor of approximately 2 than of road traffic. The main formation processes of OCFF, OCBB and OCBIO from volatile organic compounds were jointly influenced by a common factor, which is most likely the atmospheric photochemistry, while primary organic emissions can be also important. Technological improvements and control measures for various BB appliances, together with efficient enlightenment of their users, in particular on the admissible fuel types offer important potentials for improving the air quality in Budapest, and likely in other cities in general.
Use of electrochemical sensors for measurement of air pollution: correcting interference response and validating measurements
Authors: Cross Eben S. , Lewis David K. , Williams Leah R. , Magoon Gregory R. , Kaminsky Michael L. , Worsnop Douglas R. , Jayne John T.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The environments in which we live, work, breathe, and play are subject to enormous variability in air pollutant concentrations. To adequately characterize air quality, measurements must be fast (real-time), scalable, and reliable (with known accuracy, precision, and stability over time). Low-cost AQ sensor technologies offer new opportunities for fast and distributed measurements, but a persistent characterization gap remains when it comes to evaluating sensor performance under realistic environmental sampling conditions. This limits our ability to inform stakeholders about pollution sources and inspire policy makers to address environmental justice air quality issues. In this paper, initial results obtained with a recently developed low-cost air quality sensor system are reported. In this project, data were acquired with the ARISense integrated sensor package over a 4-month time interval during which the sensor system was co-located with a state-operated (Massachusetts, USA) air quality monitoring station equipped with reference instrumentation measuring the same pollutant species. This paper focuses on validating electrochemical sensor measurements of CO, NO, NO2, and O3. Through the use of High Dimensional Model Representation (HDMR), we show that interference effects derived from changing environmental conditions and the ambient-gas concentration mix encountered at an urban neighborhood site can be effectively modelled for the Alphasense CO-B4, NO-B4, NO2-B43F, and Ox-B421 sensors, improving the credibility of air pollutant measurements made with these sensors.
Detecting climatically driven phylogenetic and morphological divergence among spruce (Picea) species worldwide
Authors: Wang Guo-Hong , Li He , Zhao Hai-Wei , Zhang Wei-Kang
Published: May 2017

Abstract. This study aimed to elucidate the relationship between climate and the phylogenetic and morphological divergence of spruces (Picea) worldwide. Climatic and georeferenced data were collected from a total of 3388 sites distributed within the global domain of spruce species. A phylogenetic tree and a morphological tree for the global spruces were reconstructed based on DNA sequences and morphological characteristics. Spatial evolutionary and ecological vicariance analysis (SEEVA) was used to detect the ecological divergence among spruces. A divergence index (D) with (0, 1) scaling was calculated for each climatic factor at each node for both trees. The annual mean values, extreme values and annual range of the climatic variables were among the major determinants for spruce divergence. The ecological divergence was significant (P < 0. 001) for 185 of the 279 comparisons at 31 nodes in the phylogenetic tree, as well as for 196 of the 288 comparisons at 32 nodes in the morphological tree. Temperature parameters and precipitation parameters tended to be the main driving factors for the primary divergences of spruce phylogeny and morphology, respectively. Generally, the maximum D of the climatic variables was smaller in the basal nodes than in the remaining nodes. Notably, the primary divergence of morphology and phylogeny among the investigated spruces tended to be driven by different selective pressures. Given the climate scenario of severe and widespread drought over land areas in the next 30–90 years, our findings shed light on the prediction of spruce distribution under future climate change.
Variable reactivity of particulate organic matter in a global ocean biogeochemical model
Authors: Aumont Olivier , van Hulten Marco , Roy-Barman Matthieu , Dutay Jean-Claude , Éthé Christian , Gehlen Marion
Published: May 2017

Abstract. The marine biological carbon pump is dominated by the vertical transfer of particulate organic carbon (POC) from the surface ocean to its interior. The efficiency of this transfer plays an important role in controlling the amount of atmospheric carbon that is sequestered in the ocean. Furthermore, the abundance and composition of POC is critical for the removal of numerous trace elements by scavenging, a number of which, such as iron, are essential for the growth of marine organisms, including phytoplankton. Observations and laboratory experiments have shown that POC is composed of numerous organic compounds that can have very different reactivities. However, this variable reactivity of POC has never been extensively considered, especially in modelling studies. Here, we introduced in the global ocean biogeochemical model NEMO-PISCES a description of the variable composition of POC based on the theoretical reactivity continuum model proposed by Boudreau and Ruddick (1991). Our model experiments show that accounting for a variable lability of POC increases POC concentrations in the ocean's interior by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude. This increase is mainly the consequence of a better preservation of small particles that sink slowly from the surface. Comparison with observations is significantly improved both in abundance and in size distribution. Furthermore, the amount of carbon that reaches the sediments is increased by more than a factor of 2, which is in better agreement with global estimates of the sediment oxygen demand. The impact on the major macronutrients (nitrate and phosphate) remains modest. However, iron (Fe) distribution is strongly altered, especially in the upper mesopelagic zone as a result of more intense scavenging: vertical gradients in Fe are milder in the upper ocean, which appears to be closer to observations. Thus, our study shows that the variable lability of POC can play a critical role in the marine biogeochemical cycles which advocates for more dedicated in situ and laboratory experiments.
Phosphorus limitation and heat stress decrease calcification in Emiliania huxleyi
Authors: Gerecht Andrea C. , Šupraha Luka , Langer Gerald , Henderiks Jorijntje
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Calcifying haptophytes (coccolithophores) sequester carbon in the form of organic and inorganic cellular components (coccoliths). We examined the effect of phosphorus (P) limitation and heat stress on particulate organic and inorganic carbon (calcite) production in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. Both environmental stressors are related to rising CO2 levels and affect carbon production in marine microalgae, which in turn impacts biogeochemical cycling. Using semi-continuous cultures, we show that P-limitation and heat stress decrease the calcification rate in E. huxleyi. This could lessen the ballasting effect of coccoliths and weaken carbon export out of the photic zone. However, using batch cultures, we show that different culturing approaches (batch versus semi-continuous) induce different physiologies. This affects the ratio of inorganic (PIC) to organic (POC) carbon and complicates general predictions on the effect of P-limitation on the PIC / POC ratio. Furthermore, heat stress increases P-requirements in E. huxleyi, possibly leading to lower standing stocks in a warmer ocean, especially if this is linked to lower nutrient input. In summary, the predicted rise in global temperature and resulting decrease in nutrient availability may first of all decrease CO2 sequestration by coccolithophores through lower overall carbon production. Secondly, the export of carbon may be diminished by a decrease in calcification and a weaker coccolith ballasting effect.
Field data to benchmark the carbon-cycle models for tropical forests
Authors: Clark Deborah A. , Asao Shinichi , Fisher Rosie , Reed Sasha , Reich Peter B. , Ryan Michael G. , Wood Tana E. , Yang Xiaojuan
Published: May 2017

Abstract. For more accurate projections of both the global carbon (C) cycle and the changing climate, a critical current need is to improve the representation of tropical forests in Earth system models. Tropical forests exchange more C, energy, and water with the atmosphere than any other class of land ecosystems. Further, tropical-forest C cycling is likely responding to the rapid global warming, intensifying water-stress, and increasing atmospheric CO2 levels. Projections of the future C balance of the tropics vary widely among global models. A current effort of the modeling community, ILAMB (the International Land Model Benchmarking Project), is to compile robust observations that can be used to improve the accuracy and realism of the land models for all major biomes. Our goal with this paper is to identify field observations of tropical-forest ecosystem C stocks and fluxes that can support this effort. We propose criteria for reference-level field data from this biome and present a set of documented examples from old-growth lowland tropical forests. We offer these as a starting point towards the goal of a regularly updated consensus set of benchmark field observations of C-cycling in tropical forests.
weather@home 2: validation of an improved global–regional climate modelling system
Authors: Guillod Benoit P. , Jones Richard G. , Bowery Andy , Haustein Karsten , Massey Neil R. , Mitchell Daniel M. , Otto Friederike E. L. , Sparrow Sarah N. , Uhe Peter , Wallom David C. H. , Wilson Simon , Allen Myles R.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Extreme weather events can have large impacts on society and, in many regions, are expected to change in frequency and intensity with climate change. Owing to the relatively short observational record, climate models are useful tools as they allow for generation of a larger sample of extreme events, to attribute recent events to anthropogenic climate change, and to project changes in such events into the future. The modelling system known as weather@home, consisting of a global climate model (GCM) with a nested regional climate model (RCM) and driven by sea surface temperatures, allows one to generate a very large ensemble with the help of volunteer distributed computing. This is a key tool to understanding many aspects of extreme events. Here, a new version of the weather@home system (weather@home 2) with a higher-resolution RCM over Europe is documented and a broad validation of the climate is performed. The new model includes a more recent land-surface scheme in both GCM and RCM, where subgrid-scale land-surface heterogeneity is newly represented using tiles, and an increase in RCM resolution from 50 to 25 km. The GCM performs similarly to the previous version, with some improvements in the representation of mean climate. The European RCM temperature biases are overall reduced, in particular the warm bias over eastern Europe, but large biases remain. Precipitation is improved over the Alps in summer, with mixed changes in other regions and seasons. The model is shown to represent the main classes of regional extreme events reasonably well and shows a good sensitivity to its drivers. In particular, given the improvements in this version of the weather@home system, it is likely that more reliable statements can be made with regards to impact statements, especially at more localized scales.
Representing winter wheat in the Community Land Model (version 4.5)
Authors: Lu Yaqiong , Williams Ian N. , Bagley Justin E. , Torn Margaret S. , Kueppers Lara M.
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Winter wheat is a staple crop for global food security, and is the dominant vegetation cover for a significant fraction of Earth's croplands. As such, it plays an important role in carbon cycling and land–atmosphere interactions in these key regions. Accurate simulation of winter wheat growth is not only crucial for future yield prediction under a changing climate, but also for accurately predicting the energy and water cycles for winter wheat dominated regions. We modified the winter wheat model in the Community Land Model (CLM) to better simulate winter wheat leaf area index, latent heat flux, net ecosystem exchange of CO2, and grain yield. These included schemes to represent vernalization as well as frost tolerance and damage. We calibrated three key parameters (minimum planting temperature, maximum crop growth days, and initial value of leaf carbon allocation coefficient) and modified the grain carbon allocation algorithm for simulations at the US Southern Great Plains ARM site (US-ARM), and validated the model performance at eight additional sites across North America. We found that the new winter wheat model improved the prediction of monthly variation in leaf area index, reduced latent heat flux, and net ecosystem exchange root mean square error (RMSE) by 41 and 35 % during the spring growing season. The model accurately simulated the interannual variation in yield at the US-ARM site, but underestimated yield at sites and in regions (northwestern and southeastern US) with historically greater yields by 35 %.
Flood risk reduction and flow buffering as ecosystem services – Part 1: Theory on flow persistence, flashiness and base flow
Authors: van Noordwijk Meine , Tanika Lisa , Lusiana Betha
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Flood damage reflects insufficient adaptation of human presence and activity to location and variability of river flow in a given climate. Flood risk increases when landscapes degrade, counteracted or aggravated by engineering solutions. Efforts to maintain and restore buffering as an ecosystem function may help adaptation to climate change, but this require quantification of effectiveness in their specific social-ecological context. However, the specific role of forests, trees, soil and drainage pathways in flow buffering, given geology, land form and climate, remains controversial. When complementing the scarce heavily instrumented catchments with reliable long-term data, especially in the tropics, there is a need for metrics for data-sparse conditions. We present and discuss a flow persistence metric that relates transmission to river flow of peak rainfall events to the base-flow component of the water balance. The dimensionless flow persistence parameter Fp is defined in a recursive flow model and can be estimated from limited time series of observed daily flow, without requiring knowledge of spatially distributed rainfall upstream. The Fp metric (or its change over time from what appears to be the local norm) matches local knowledge concepts. Inter-annual variation in the Fp metric in sample watersheds correlates with variation in the flashiness index used in existing watershed health monitoring programmes, but the relationship between these metrics varies with context. Inter-annual variation in Fp also correlates with common base-flow indicators, but again in a way that varies between watersheds. Further exploration of the responsiveness of Fp in watersheds with different characteristics to the interaction of land cover and the specific realisation of space–time patterns of rainfall in a limited observation period is needed to evaluate interpretation of Fp as an indicator of anthropogenic changes in watershed conditions.
La experiencia totalitaria en Europa después de la IIGM. Voces de mujer: exilio, denuncia y escritura en lengua francesa. Oana Orlea y Rouja Lazarova
Authors: Alfaro Amieiro Margarita
Published: May 2017

La experiencia totalitaria en Europa después de la IIGM deja una larga estela de consecuencias que se caracterizan, desde la perspectiva artística y literaria, por la opresión y la falta de libertad de expresión. La vivencia del exilio a partir de los años 80 en Francia abre la posibilidad a muchos escritores de denunciar lo vivido por medio de la expresión literaria en lengua francesa. Nuestro análisis se centra en el estudio del universo narrativo de las autoras Oana Orlea (1935), de origen rumano, y Rouja Lazarova (1968), de origen búlgaro, exiliadas en Francia en 1980 y 1991, respectivamente. Ambas autoras, en el marco de la ficción, introducen voces de mujer y proyectan su experiencia autobiográfica antes y después del exilio y adoptan la palabra para denunciar los abusos del régimen totalitario.
odessa in fiamme: reflejos cinematográficos de la guerra en el Frente Oriental
Authors: Burcea Carmen
Published: May 2017

Odessa in fiamme es la película ganadora del Gran Premio del Festival de Venecia en 1942. Censurada por los comunistas después de 1945 y recuperada de los archivos de Cinecittà en 2002, la película relata algunos episodios de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en el Frente Oriental: desde la invasión de Besarabia por el Ejército Rojo (1940) hasta su rescate y la caída de Odessa (1941). Si bien considerada como una expresión más de la política cultural totalitaria, Odessa in fiamme es una película de referencia en el debate sobre los reflejos de la guerra en las artes.
Algunos reflejos literarios y periodísticos de la Primavera de Praga en España (1968-1978)
Authors: Hermida de Blas Alejandro
Published: May 2017

la Primavera de Praga fue la culminación de un proceso de apertura cultural, económica y política que, pese a su decepcionante final, supuso un punto de inflexión en la Guerra Fría y cuestionó la Europa de Yalta, al poner en evidencia las contradicciones dentro del bloque soviético y recordar a la opinión pública internacional la existencia de un espacio geopolítico y cultural centroeuropeo que reclamaba la recuperación de dinámicas propias respecto a las directrices de la URSS. la abundante literatura periodística y de ficción a que dio lugar la Primavera de Praga llegó a España en forma de una gran cantidad de traducciones de autores checos y eslovacos. Además, el suceso generó unas pocas obras originales de narradores y periodistas españoles. de aquellas y de estas se ocupa este artículo.
la nave blanca (Roberto Rossellini, 1941) que sana las camisas negras
Authors: LonghI Ludovico
Published: May 2017

1941, a medida que los bombardeos norteamericanos causan destrucción y muerte, la población se da cuenta de que el gobierno fascista había trágicamente mentido: no existe una guerra rápida y sin pena alguna. Tras el frenesí propagandístico de los documentales de exaltación militar Ali fasciste (Fernando Cerchio, 1941), directores y trabajadores de Cinecittà frenan su apoyo a la agresiva política militar. El ministro de Cultura Popular Alessandro Pavolini aprueba de inmediato la financiación de una serie de películas que infundan una visión de la guerra como una condición serenamente aceptada por los soldados. Se entiende proponer una nueva forma de heroísmo que aleja las actitudes beligerantes y premia la solidaridad, la abnegación y el sacrificio. El presente trabajo quiere analizar cómo en este nuevo curso, y particularmente a partir de La nave bianca (1941, primer largometraje de Rossellini), se introducen los primeros gérmenes de la estética neorrealista.
Un viaje lejos de la guerra: una temporada en venecia, de Wlodzimierz Odojewski
Authors: Peñalta Catalán Rocío
Published: May 2017

Una temporada en Venecia es una novela corta del escritor polaco Wlodzimierz Odojewski (1930), publicada en 2000 y traducida al español en 2009. la novela narra las experiencias de Marek, un niño de diez años que sueña con viajar a Venecia, tal y como le habían prometido sus padres. la inminencia de la Segunda Guerra Mundial obliga a los adultos a cambiar de planes y trasladarse a la casa de campo familiar, donde permanecen refugiados, lejos de la ciudad. Marek, ajeno a lo que sucede a su alrededor, ve truncado su proyecto de viajar a la ciudad de los canales; sin embargo, una fuga de agua en el sótano de la casa, que queda completamente inundado, le permite recrear una Venecia en miniatura que, de escenario para los juegos infantiles, acaba convirtiéndose en una vía de escape para toda la familia en medio de la tensión de la guerra.
La necesaria invención del sentido: de Si esto es un hombre a El hijo de Saúl
Authors: Aznar Pérez Mario
Published: May 2017

Este artículo plantea un estudio crítico del problema de la representación del horror extremo y, particularmente, del Holocausto nazi. El propósito de este análisis es ahondar en el tema –ya clásico aunque quizá hoy más vigente que nunca– de la inefabilidad del horror desde una perspectiva comparada e interdisciplinar, prestando especial atención a las posibilidades de transgredir el interdicto representativo de la Shoah y a las causas que animan esa hipotética necesidad de transgresión. Para ello nos hemos detenido en el análisis comparado de la obra Si esto es un hombre (1947), del escritor italiano Primo Levi, y del film El hijo de Saúl (2015), del director húngaro Lázsló Nemes.
Speaking about Marriage: Notes from the 1744 Married Choir Conferences
Authors: Petterson Christina , Faull Katherine M.
Published: May 2017

The document presented in this essay is a transcription and translation of the minutes of a series of “speakings” held with married couples in Herrnhut and Berthelsdorf during the year 1744. The original was found in the Unity Archives in Herrnhut, Germany, where it survived despite repeated attempts by eighteenth-century archivists to destroy anything considered too confidential. The text offers a rare insight into the intimate realm of married couples and into the reception of Zinzendorf's ideas on marriage among common church members.
A Touchable God
Authors: Classen Constance
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues that the cosmology of the Middle Ages was tactile. Heaven may have seemed to be all light and music and fragrance, but the primordial qualities of the universe were held to be the contrasting forces of hot, cold, moist, and dry. All of these qualities could only be experienced through touch, making touch the only sense open to the fundamental nature of reality. As such, this chapter explores first explores the Biblical narratives of touch, particularly through the person of Jesus Christ. It then turns to another aspect of touch in religion—embodied practice through ritual gestures. Another form of religious touch explored here are the objects of touch themselves, the physical relics that bring one in direct physical contact with holiness, to say nothing of the Eucharist, which involves the actual body of Christ. To close, the chapter explores conferring of the sacred via heat.
Tactile Arts
Authors: Classen Constance
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the ways in which the sense of touch was evoked in art, as well as the tactile components embedded in medieval aesthetics. Medieval literature in particular evidences a keen appreciation of the tactile world, although the chapter looks beyond that to other forms of visual art, before turning to other methods of conveying physical sensation beyond the visual medium of paintings, tapestries, and so forth. The chapter then turns to craft work; such as embroidery, interior decoration, or other home crafts—particularly those associated with women. The chapter concludes with a section on the role the sense of touch plays in early museums and other collection settings.
Odorous Others
Authors: Reinarz Jonathan
Published: May 2017

This chapter turns to the identities conferred by smell. Each community or commodity possesses its own peculiar scent, and it is through these that they are often distinguished. Due to the meanings associated with smells, one can also speak of osmologies—what cultural anthropologists have termed the systems that utilize smells to classify people and objects in ways that define their relations to one another and their relative values within a particular culture. Thus this chapter charts how the “other” has been defined as smelling different and, almost invariably, unpleasant. In an attempt to balance these crude accounts, it includes more recent work by historians and anthropologists who have charted the rich olfactory cultures beyond the Global North.
Lars von Trier
Authors: Badley Linda
Published: May 2017

Scandinavia's foremost living auteur and the catalyst of the Dogme 95 movement, Lars von Trier is arguably world cinema's most confrontational and polarizing figure. Willfully devastating audiences, he takes risks few filmmakers would conceive, mounting projects that somehow transcend the grand follies they narrowly miss becoming. Challenging conventional limitations and imposing his own rules, he restlessly reinvents the film language. He has cultivated an insistently transnational cinema, taking inspiration from sources that range from the European avant-garde to American genre films. This book provides a stimulating overview of Trier's career while focusing on his more recent work, including the controversial Gold Heart Trilogy (Breaking the Waves, The Idiots, and Dancer in the Dark), the as-yet unfinished USA Trilogy (Dogville and Manderlay), and individual projects such as the comedy The Boss of It All and the incendiary horror psychodrama Antichrist.Closely analyzing the films and their contexts, the book draws on a range of cultural references and critical approaches, including genre, gender, and cultural studies, performance theory, and trauma culture. Two revealing interviews that Trier granted during crucial stages of Antichrist's development are also included.
“Journalism on Trial”: Confidentiality and the Plame Leak Case
Authors: Carlson Matt
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the fallout caused by Robert Novak's July 2003 column revealing Valerie Plame, wife of Bush administration critic Joseph Wilson, to be a CIA operative. The potential illegality of the leak prompted an inquiry that escalated into a grand jury investigation by a special prosecutor to uncover Novak's two unnamed administration sources. When journalists were subpoenaed to testify before the grand jury, Matt Cooper of Time and Judith Miller of the Times resisted vocally and litigiously. Legendary Post reporter Bob Woodward also faced criticism for failing to reveal his knowledge of the Plame leak. The Plame leak case culminated in a parade of elite journalists testifying about their relationships with official sources in the trial of vice presidential aide Scooter Libby.
Rethinking Anonymity: Problems and Solutions
Authors: Carlson Matt
Published: May 2017

This chapter draws together major themes that persist across the previous chapters. Journalists responded to the struggle over unnamed sources as victims of structural hindrances they encountered in their work. While contemporary journalism does face complex problems, the chapter argues that we cannot account for controversies over unnamed sources solely through this frame. Such a perspective ignores the relationship between unnamed sources and the status needs of elite journalists and their news outlets. This combination of media structure and individual action complicates efforts to repair journalism. The culture of unnamed sources as it exists benefits sources and journalists—while often ignoring the public interest.
The Fabric of Desire
Authors: Schilt Thibaut
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents a commentary on François Ozon's entire film career to date. It suggests that despite tremendous diversity in terms of cinematic choices (on generic, formal, and thematic levels), Ozon's oeuvre is decidedly consistent in its desire to blur the traditional frontiers between the masculine and the feminine, gay and straight, reality and fantasy, auteur and commercial cinema. The moving fabrics mentioned above are a leitmotif that visually represents the permeability of those frontiers. The chapter begins by exploring the director's own path to filmmaking before considering the colorful cast of characters in the short films that Ozon wrote and directed between 1988 and 1998. It then moves on to an analysis of his feature films: Sitcom (1998), Les amants criminels (1999), 8 femmes (2002), Sous le sable (2000), Swimming Pool (2003), Le temps qui reste (2005), Gouttes d'eau sur pierres brûlantes (2000), 5x2 (2004), and Ricky (2009).
The Roots of Rough Justice
Authors: Pfeifer Michael J.
Published: May 2017

This deeply researched prequel to the author's 2006 study Rough Justice: Lynching and American Society, 1874–1947, analyzes the foundations of lynching in American social history. Scrutinizing the vigilante movements and lynching violence that occurred in the middle decades of the nineteenth century on the Southern, Midwestern, and far Western frontiers, this book offers new insights into collective violence in the pre-Civil War era. The book examines the antecedents of American lynching in an early modern Anglo-European folk and legal heritage. This is the first book to consider the crucial emergence of the practice of lynching slaves in antebellum America, and it also leads the way in analyzing the history of American lynching in a global context. Arguing that the origins of lynching cannot be restricted to any particular region, the book shows how the national and transatlantic context is essential for understanding how whites used mob violence to enforce the racial and class hierarchies across the United States.
The Civil War and Reconstruction and the Remaking of American Lynching
Authors: Pfeifer Michael J.
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces the pivotal transformation of racial lynching across the United States in the era of the Civil War and Reconstruction. It begins with an analysis of lynchings of African Americans in the early to mid-1860s in Wisconsin, New York State, and Michigan, highlighting the role northern whites played in forging a national practice of racial lynching during the Civil War and Reconstruction. The chapter ends by examining the emancipation of the slaves and the transition in legal and social arrangements in Louisiana in the Reconstruction era, identifying within emerging patterns of collective violence and shifts in legal institutions the advent of the ritualized racial violence that would plague the South in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Trends in the Heartland
Authors: Steinberg Ellen F. , Prost Jack H.
Published: May 2017

Authentic and healthy, traditional plus tasty, these are phrases that are used over and over to describe today's Jewish foods. This chapter presents examples of dishes, both Ashkenazic-based and Sephardic-inspired, meeting those criteria. These recipes of Jewish foods shared by Etheldoris Grais and Joseph Israel use Midwestern ingredients; they are also versatile, and grounded in Jewish food traditions, insofar as “Jewish foods” are often simply foods Jews eat wherever they live. These include Etheldoris' “Clear Wild Rice Soup,” Cold “Raspberry Cream Soup,” “Chinese Style Steamed Fish” and Joseph' “Zucchini Soup.”
Labor
Authors: Reed Christopher Robert
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides insight into the status of labor from which the foundation of consumerism emanated. The halcyon days that were seen in the business sphere failed to materialize into a comparable experience for the bulk of the black laboring class during the 1920s. The end of war brought a series of negative experiences and ones all too familiar to the black worker in America. Demobilization of the armed forces and the servicemen's return into the labor force produced a glut of workers. With the Chicago Urban League reporting that unemployment had reached serious proportions, this decade beginning with such gloomy prospects of continuous postwar recession and with unemployment rampant, its conclusion inauspiciously produced a similar scenario in place. The recognized features of economic depression in the 1930s then easily came as no surprise to the African American worker in and outside of industry.
Conclusion and Legacy
Authors: Reed Christopher Robert
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses the impact of the Great Depression on the dream of the Black Metropolis. Unfortunately, this dream foundered on the rocks of the Great Depression in which its black banking giants failed, as did one of the three community insurance giants and its real estate empire, along with so many smaller businesses. The Depression also affected black politics, and major race advancement and protest organizations. The Chicago Urban League suffered financially, faced the threat of its possible demise, and consequently changed the direction of its program. The Chicago NAACP transformed itself into an organization that could perform effectively in the economic arena under diverse leadership. The Communist Party seemingly thrived as it rallied behind a banner of protest and because of the apparent collapse of the American economic system that it vehemently opposed. It was, nonetheless, relatively ineffective in its attempts to control, first, a stagnant Republican-dominated milieu and then a progressive Democratic one.
Demanding Child Care
Authors: Fousekis Natalie M.
Published: May 2017

At the end of World War II, the federal government announced plans to terminate its public child care programs that had been established during the war for working mothers. In response, women in California protested and lobbied to keep their centers open, even as these programs rapidly vanished in other states. Analyzing the informal networks of cross-class and cross-race reformers, policymakers, and educators, this book traces the rapidly changing alliances among these groups. During the early stages of the childcare movement, feminists, Communists, and labor activists banded together, only to have these alliances dissolve by the 1950s as the movement welcomed new leadership composed of working-class mothers and early childhood educators. In the 1960s, when federal policymakers earmarked child care funds for children of women on welfare and children described as culturally deprived, it expanded child care services available to these groups but eventually eliminated public child care for the working poor. Deftly exploring the structural forces impeding government support for broadly distributed child care as well as the possibilities for partnership and the limitations among key parties such as feminists, Communists, labor activists, working-class mothers, and early childhood educators, the book helps to explain the barriers to a publicly funded comprehensive child care program in the United States.