bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive simulation of C-N-P cycles under different water table depths, fertilization regimes and soil tillage
Authors: Longo Matteo , Izaurralde Roberto César , Jones Curtis Dinneen , Cabrera Miguel Lorenzo , Morari Francesco
Published: February 2023

Mechanistic models have been recognized as cost-effective tools for impact assessment of agricultural managements and policy option analysis. However, models are often used to simulate limited dynamics (e.g., solely organic carbon or nitrogen leaching), lacking comprehensive predictions of the C-N-P cycles even under large areas investigation. In our study, the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model was used to thoroughly reproduce soil processes experimentally measured on an extensive interaction of agronomic management systems and water table depths. Experiment was carried out in NE Italy on 18 lysimeters and spanned 10 years, including three different N fertilization regimes in the 2011-2015 period and three tillage systems (conventional agriculture, conservation agriculture and cover cropping) in the 2016-2020 period. Furthermore, the interacting effects of water table at 120 and 60 cm depth, WT120 and WT60, and free drainage conditions, FD, were investigated in the whole period. Observed fluxes included daily soil surface GHG emissions (CO2 and N2O), leaching (organic C, NO3, NO2, and PO4), plant N-P uptakes, and soil organic carbon dynamics. A sensitivity analysis using the Morris method was carried out for selecting the parameters to be modified. Following, an automated algorithm was used for identifying the most suitable set of parameters to reproduce the 2011-2015 dynamics. The model was validated on the 2016-2020 years, well reproducing the cycle components, in particular for N2O, CO2 and plant uptakes. However, a unique set of parameters was not able to reproduce the dynamics under both WT120-WT60 and FD and two different calibrations were performed for simulating the cycles associated with the presence or absence of the water table. Parameters related to the microbial growth under anaerobic conditions were crucial for explaining the different denitrification and C mineralization dynamics. On the other hand, the transition from 2011-2015 to 2016-2020 treatments was satisfactorily captured by the model. This study highlights the strength of current models for holistic applications despite their limitations for concurrently reproducing different bottom boundary conditions.
Uncertainty Quantification in Global Simulations: Solar Wind Propagation Effects
Authors: Al Shidi Qusai , Pulkkinen Tuija , Welling Daniel
Published: February 2023

We created a database of over 100 simulations of geomagnetic storms from the time interval from 2010 to 2019, using the Geospace configuration of the Space Weather Modeling Framework. With this data set, we explore and quantify the errors that arise from the uncertainties of the input solar wind data set that comes from the OMNI database, using global magnetic indices such as SYM-H, AL and Cross Polar Cap Potential as measures of the model output that can be directly compared with observations. Our results show that the method of propagation of the solar wind data from the spacecraft location near L1 to the bow shock nose causes errors that are much smaller than those arising from the limitations in modeling the solar wind – magnetosphere – ionosphere coupling processes during strong solar wind driving. We devise a method to quantify these uncertainties, which may become useful in understanding the output of global simulations. These results will be useful as well for research investigations of magnetospheric processes as well as for forecasting space weather.
Application of Urban Inundation Model in Flood Mitigation of Detention Pond
Authors: Wu Meng-Hsuan , Lo Wei-Cheng
Published: February 2023

The causes of inundation in urban areas were numerous and complex. Even though there were flood mitigation facilities, once the rainfall intensity and the downstream tidal level were exceedingly high, the flood in drainage could not be drained in time or even overflow. Detention pond was an important flood mitigation facility in recent years. However, the detention efficiency might be affected by the timing of the operation. The harmful runoff that cannot be drained caused flooding in the urban areas. In order to avoid the problem of flooding in the local area caused by the superposition of runoff, it was necessary to analyze the surface runoff of the urban areas caused by the storm events on the basis of the current flood mitigation facilities.The establishment of the PHD model was carried out to test the calculus of Typhoon Nesat in 2017, extremely heavy rainfall events 0823 in 2018 and 0813 in 2019 as a verification case. The water level between the simulated and measured results of the typhoon and rainfall events was compared. These results shows a good agreement in the peak value of water level, and the PHD model can reasonably calculate the runoff.Analyze the optimal conditions of the detention facilities. Based on two consecutive 10-year heavy rain events (with an interval of 12 hours), and start pumping at different delays, calculate the water depth to analyze the flood reduction effect of the detention facilities. Analysis of the flood reduction effect based on the average reduction of water depth, the results show that when the pumping is started about 4 hours after the flood peak, the effect of lowering the water level of the detention pond can be better.
Possibilities of Carbon Sequestration in Austrian Soils
Authors: Baumgarten Andreas , Haslmayr Hans-Peter , Schwarz Michael , Schwarz Marcel , Jandl Robert , Maier Philipp , Formayer Herbert
Published: February 2023

The potential for carbon sequestration (CSP) in soils is limited by several factors like the geological provenience, the climatic conditions and the land management. Based on the methodology provided by FAO, a national map has been developed for Austria. Additionally to the climatic and topographic data provided by FAO, more detailed data sources have been used to increase the accuracy of the map.To model the CSP, scenarios with increasing carbon inputs have been used: Business as Usual (BAU),  plus 5% (low), 10% (medium) and 20% (high) carbon input, projected to 2038 and 2040.  The Austrian Soil Organic Carbon (ASOC) map was used as the starting point for the Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) stocks of the soil in the model.The carbon stocks of Austria's agricultural soils range for the most part between 43 and 103 tC/ha in the BAU scenario, between 43 and 104 tC/ha in the "Low" scenario, between 44 and 105 tC/ha in the "Medium" scenario and between 45 and 108 tC/ha in the "High" scenario. The modelling based on the detailed Austrian data showed the smallest increases in each case (BAU: 43 - 70 tC/ha; Low: 43 - 71 tC/ha; Medium: 44 - 72 tC/ha; High: 45 - 74 tC/ha). The differences between the individual scenarios were also not very pronounced.An evaluation of the results at the regional level allows a basic interpretation of the sequestration potential based on soil and climatic conditions and can be used as a basis for estimating the possible effect of measures that either stabilise or increase the humus content.
Small Scales Space-Time Variability of Wind Fields: Simulations with Vector Fields and Transfer to Turbine Torque Computation
Authors: García Gago Ángel , Gires Auguste , Veers Paul , Tchiguirinskaia Ioulia , Schertzer Daniel
Published: February 2023

Wind fields are extremely variable in space and time over a wide range of scales. This extreme variability is transferred to the wind turbine torque and ultimately to wind energy production. The Universal Multifractal (UM) framework is a powerful tool that allows to characterise and simulate the extreme variability of geophysical fields across scales with the help of only three parameters (α, C1 and H) with physical interpretation; while the 4th, the power a of a conservative flux, is absorbed by the empirical estimation of the mean singularity over a non-conservative field.The main challenge is to simulate over 2D space plus time vector fields which realistically reproduce observed spatial and temporal variability of wind fields. The outer scale of the simulated fields should basically correspond to the size of the wind turbine in space and ten minutes in time. To achieve that, we combine two broad classes of stochastic processes: stable Levy processes and Clifford algebra. We use as input characteristic parameters obtained from the multifractal analysis of the data collected by two high-resolution 3D anemometers with approx. 33 m vertical distance on a meteorological mast. The data is collected as part of the RW-Turb measurement campaign (https://hmco.enpc.fr/portfolio-archive/rw-turb/), supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR-19-CE05-0022). The expected behaviour of the simulated field is confirmed by multifractal analysis. In the second step, we investigate the effect of small-scale wind variability on the wind turbine torque computation by imputing the simulated vector fields to three modelling chains with increasing complexity. The first one only considers the temporal variability, averaging the wind field and considering it at hub height. The second one is based on the angular moment definition and allows us to consider both spatial and temporal variability by computing the torque at each blade point and integrating it along the radius for each time step. Finally, the third one uses the realistic software OpenFAST developed by the US National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). To analyse and physically interpret wind variability's effect, we compared the torque obtained by the three modelling chains focused on the small scales. As we expected, we found pronounced differences on small scales with stronger fluctuations exhibited in the second modelling chain, followed by OpenFAST and the first one. 
Application of the large-scale flux chamber for quantification of methane release rate at Transylvanian gas fields.
Authors: Jagoda Paweł , Nęcki Jarosław , Bartyzel Jakub , Radovici Andrei , Mereuta Alexandru , Roeckmann Thomas , Figura Aleksandra
Published: February 2023

The oil and gas (O&G) sector contributes significantly to the anthropogenic part of the methane cycle in the atmosphere while having the most effective opportunities for emission mitigation with technically feasible and cost-effective options. Romania is a key O&G producer within the EU Region of Transylvania with its active gas fields being in the focus of the second measurement campaign in the ROMEO project. Teams from European collaborations were deploying various techniques (GPM, OTM-33A, High Flow Sampler, Tracer release) for quantifications of the methane emission rates. In June of 2021, AGH deployed the large-scale flux chamber with help of scientists from  UBB, Romania,  and in cooperation with local O&G operator – Rom-Gas. Construction was designed and built to be used in the case of small gas installations like the single Christmas tree and was tested intensively during this campaign. A hemispheric structure with a diameter of 6 meters and volume of approximately 55 m3 was used to check the tightness of different gas wells in suitable conditions (size, terrain, meteorology). The methane concentration increase was measured by the OA-ICOS technique. We used an LGR MGGA-918 analyser while additional airflow and air mixing inside the chamber were provided with additional ventilators. In this presentation, methane emission rates calculations based on deployments of large-scale flux chambers in Transylvania will be compared to other techniques. Verification of the chamber was developed using controlled release tests of methane and acetylene. Moreover, the estimated uncertainty of the measurement technique will be presented. Finally, the potential for use of a large-scale flux chamber as a direct ground based measurement technique and complementary to other direct and indirect techniques will be discussed. The research results presented in this paper have been developed with the use of equipment financed from the funds of the "Excellence Initiative - Research University" program at AGH University of Science and Technology. The authors thank all the members of the ROMEO campaign, in particular, Thomas Roeckmann for providing an opportunity to be part of this measurement campaign.
Hydrogeologic and microseismic monitoring as a tool to evaluate fault criticality in karstic regions
Authors: Perrochet Léa , Preisig Giona , Valley Benoît
Published: February 2023

Natural groundwater level fluctuation in karstic networks resulting from significant recharge (precipitation and/or seasonal snowmelt) can potentially induce seismicity. Triggering is often considered to be the result of pore pressure diffusion front migrating from the surface to focal depth, assuming a homogeneous crust. Although this assumption can be acceptable in some cases (e.g. homogeneously fractured basement) it is hardly justified in known karstic area. Considering the specific features of karst and data of three case studies, we elaborate a conceptual model of rain-triggered seismicity in karstic regions by identifying potential triggering mechanisms and, using simplified analytical solutions, quantifying their impact on fault stability. Results of this analysis indicate that a direct hydrogeological connection between karstic conduits and the hypocenter can lead to pore pressure variation of the order of MPa, potentially initiating a rupture. To test the conceptual model, field investigations are carried out in the Jura Mountains, a well-known karstic area with low to moderate seismicity. Data acquisition consists in monitoring the natural microseismicity and the flowrate at karstic springs, used as a direct proxy for groundwater level fluctuations.Combining both data sets allows to identify events that are potentially rain-triggered and to acquire a quantitative knowledge on what pressure change, inferred from the hydraulic head increase, is affecting the fault’s stability, a valuable information when planning underground projects.
Triple jeopardy: The Tonga tsunami, a storm surge, and a meteotsunami simultaneously hit the US East Coast on 16-17 January 2022
Authors: Sepic Jadranka , Rabinovich Alexander B. , Medvedev Igor , Thomson Richard E.
Published: February 2023

The eruption of the Tonga–Hunga underwater volcano in the Central Pacific on 15 January 2022 generated pronounced atmospheric pressure waves that circumvented the globe several times during the next five days. Propagating with a sound speed of ~10 spherical degrees/hour, the pressure waves forced substantial tsunami waves in the Atlantic Ocean that impacted the East Coast of the United States. Almost simultaneously, on 16-17 January 2022, a deep midlatitude cyclone crossed the East Coast. The cyclone, which formed over the northern part of the Gulf of Mexico, began to rapidly intensify as it moved northward. When it reached 40° N, the system produced a pressure change of 36 hPa/24 hours, classifying the cyclone as a “bomb cyclone”. Strong high-frequency (period <4 h) atmospheric pressure disturbances accompanied the cyclone. Both the large-scale atmospheric low and the markedly enhanced pressure disturbance reached their full strengths during the early morning of 17 January 2022 in the proximity of Atlantic City. As a consequence, three hazardous events - storm surge caused by the midlatitude cyclone, a tsunami caused by the Tonga air pressure waves and a meteotsunami caused by the HF atmospheric pressure disturbance struck the US East Coast on 16-17 January 2022, producing cumulative devastating effects in the coastal zone. Severe coastal flooding affected the Atlantic City region, where sea level heights were increased by as much as 150 cm. This unique joint event is examined in detail and the properties of the atmospheric processes and associated sea level response are thoroughly analysed. The contributions from the various sea level components are assessed and their interaction evaluated.
Delineating microstructural features of deformation and recrystallization of Ca-rich amphibole from naturally deformed amphibolites
Authors: Meher Bhupesh , Boneh Yuval
Published: February 2023

Amphibole is a hydrous mineral form under metamorphic conditions of the lower crust and in subduction zones. Despite its abundance and ubiquitous texture, the deformation mechanisms of amphiboles are not well understood. We characterize the microstructure of three amphibolites with a high modal fraction of hornblende or actinolite (≥70%) that were deformed under different conditions of pressures and temperatures. We investigated three natural amphibole samples from different localities in India: amphibolite from the Chitradurga shear zone (CSZ) with P-T conditions of ~5 kb and ~600 ºC, hornblendite from the Mayodiya Ophiolite Complex (MOC) from NE Himalaya, with P-T conditions of 7.8-8.2 kb, and 770-820 ºC, and hornblendite from the Koraput Alkaline Complex (KAC) with P-T conditions of 7.6-8.4 kb, and 860-883 °C. To depict the deformation and recrystallization mechanism/s we used electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) to analyze the grains’ shape, orientation, and the small, intragrain misorientations. The CSZ exhibits elongated actinolite grains with sharp boundaries, tabular shape, and areas of localized deformation illustrated by high-amplitude ‘V-shaped’ kinking of the actinolite grains. The MOC hornblendite exhibits wedge-like elongated grains with crosscutting relations and twinning in the hornblende grains. The KAC hornblendite exhibits very large grains (several mm) with smaller grains at their periphery and highly lobate grain boundaries. MOC and KAC hornblendites show large porphyroblast grains with high intragrain misorientations surrounded by smaller matrix grains and low intragrain misorientations, consistent with a recrystallization fabric. In addition, in the MOC sample, the orientation of grains away from the porphyroblasts shows the continuous spread of their orientation compared with the porphyroblast. Relying on the microstructural observations, we interpret that the CSZ sample was deformed under brittle kinking and the MOC and KAC samples (with elevated P-T conditions) were deformed and recrystallized under temperature-dependent mechanism (e.g., dislocation creep, diffusional processes). Interestingly, although the apparent difference in deformation mechanism, all samples show the same [001] alignment of their intragrain misorientation axis, which does not fit with the common (100)[001] slip system for amphiboles. The different deformation mechanisms will be discussed in light of the microstructural observations and the ability to use the intragrain misorientation axis as a proxy for assessing the deformation mechanism and/or slip system.
Enabling agency: trade-offs between regional and European design flexibility in renewable energy systems
Authors: van Greevenbroek Koen , Grochowicz Aleksander
Published: February 2023

To fulfil the Paris agreement, European countries have set out decarbonisation targets for 2050 and to reach them plan to massively expand the deployment of renewable energy technologies. Within the European Union, the member states are responsible for mapping out national strategies that meet the overarching EU objectives, including those of the recent REPowerEU plan. At the same time, the European electricity network is highly integrated with many interdependencies such that national policy decisions already have cross borders effects.We study trade-offs between design flexibility on a regional level and in the entire network, and whether decisions by some actors (i.e. countries, regions or the EU) can enable or restrict the choices of others. This is done using the open sector-coupled energy system optimisation model PyPSA-Eur-Sec at a high spatial and temporal resolution, aiming at carbon-neutral scenarios for 2050. We define design flexibility in the context of near-optimal feasible spaces ---  using recent advances we are able to approximate the joint near-optimal feasible space for both a particular region and the rest of the system. By intersecting near-optimal spaces for different scenarios, we make this approach robust to uncertainties including weather variability and technology costs. For a number of selected regions in Europe, we thus look for both regional and European investment decisions which enable or restrict agency by enlarging or shrinking the space of solutions compatible with the decarbonisation targets for 2050.
A workflow to generate DAS based earthquake catalog, applied to an offshore telecommunication cable in central Chile
Authors: Baillet Marie , Trabattoni Alister , Van Den Ende Martijn , Vernet Clara , Rivet Diane
Published: February 2023

Fiber-optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) is of critical value for the expansion of seismological networks, particularly in regions that are hard to instrument. The work presented here is part of the 5-year ERC ABYSS project, which aims at building a permanent seafloor observatory to increase our ability to capture low magnitude seismic signals from the subduction fault zone in the DAS data recorded by offshore telecommunication cables along the central coast of Chile.In preparation for this project, a first experiment named POST was conducted from October to December 2021 on a submarine fiber-optic cable connecting the city of Concón to La Serena. DAS data were recorded continuously for 38 days over a distance of 150 km from Concón, constituting more than 36700 virtual sensors sampling at 125 Hz. This experiment provided an opportunity to anticipate what will be recorded over the next 5 years of the project, and to allow us to develop routines that will be applied later for real-time data processing.As a first step, we developed an automated routine for generating a preliminary earthquake catalog, comprising various conventional signal processing steps, including data denoising, change-point detection, and separating seismic events from transient instrumental noise making use of the two-dimensional character of the DAS data. Over a span of 38 days (worth 72 TB of data), our pipeline detected more than 900 local, regional, and teleseismic events with local magnitudes down to ML < 2 (based on the Centro Sismológico Nacional (CSN) public catalog). The size of our catalog, enriched with numerous off-shore events, is a significant improvement over the current CSN catalog, which may aid future studies into the Chilean margin subduction zone seismicity.
Numerical simulation of slush avalanches at Mt. Fuji, Japan by Cellular Automaton (CA) and Multi-Agent System (MA) method
Authors: Goto Satoshi , Kitazume Takashi
Published: February 2023

The freezing of scoria and snowing on the slopes are common in winter at Mt.Fuji, Japan． From early winter to late spring， slush avalanches often occur due to the rise of atmospheric temperature and the event of heavy rainfall． Shallow surface erosion and transportation of scoria, trees and so on with ice and water sometimes trigger a series of slush avalanche‐slush flow‐slush lahar， which has been called “Yukishiro” in Japanese. Yukishiro often devastated villages on the flank of Mt.Fuji. We will show the methods and the results for the simulation of these slush avalanches and sediment movement phenomena using Cellular Automaton (CA) and Multi-Agent System (MA) methods. For slush avalanches simulation, a lightweight and high-speed simulation tool based on this CA/MA simulation method were used. The CA/MA simulation tool used here is suitable for evaluating the risk of slush avalanches and debris flow arrival areas in a large-scale region. The CA/MA method does not require matrix calculations because it is an explicit method. Hence, parallel processing is easy, which will significantly reduce the calculation time. The probabilistic evaluation of sediment disasters is a possibility by studying many parameters. In future, we are going to carry out improvement of the local rule by carrying out a lot of reproduction analysis of real disasters.
Assimilation of gridded neutral and electron densities into TIE-GCM
Authors: Corbin Armin , Vielberg Kristin , Schmidt Michael , Kusche Jürgen
Published: February 2023

Atmospheric drag acceleration is the largest non gravitational acceleration acting on low Earth orbiting satellites. Precise models of the drag acceleration are needed for precise orbit determination of satellites that are not equipped with accelerometers. This applies to many Earth observation satellites such as altimeter satellites. The drag acceleration mainly depends on the density of the atmosphere. Both empirical and physical models of the upper atmosphere often fail to provide sufficient estimates of the density. Therefore, we use an ensemble Kalman filter to improve the density estimation of a physical model (TIE-GCM). In previous experiments, we showed that by assimilating accelerometer derived densities from the CHAMP satellite, using a two-step approach, we were able to significantly improve drag predictions for the GRACE satellites. We first calibrated an empirical model using the accelerometer derived densities, evaluated the calibrated model on a regular global grid and then assimilated the gridded densities. The two-step approach enables us to update the state of the atmosphere globally without relying on a correct representation of long-range correlations in the ensemble. Here, we aim to assimilate electron densities in a similar way. The electron densities are computed from a 4D model based on GNSS and satellite altimetry data as well as radio occultation measurements.
Validating manual measurements of snow water equivalent against a reference standard
Authors: Radlherr Alexander , Winkler Michael
Published: February 2023

The snowpack is a key component in several fields like climatology, hydrology, or natural hazards research and mitigation, not least in mountainous regions. One of the most considerable snowpack features is the snow water equivalent (SWE), representing the mass of water stored in the snowpack and – in another perspective – the weight straining objects the snow is settling on (snow load). In comparison to snow depth, measuring SWE is rather complex and prone to errors. Consecutive observations of SWE do not have a long tradition in many regions.Despite various recent developments in measuring SWE by means of remote sensing or other noninvasive methods, e.g. with scales, GNSS reflectometry, signal attenuation and time delay techniques, cosmic-ray neutron sensing, etc. the standard measuring technique still are snow tubes or gauging cylinders, often in combination with digging pits. Tubing-technique is commonly used as reference for the validation of named modern methods, although studies addressing its accuracy, precision and repeatability are very rare.This contribution provides results from comparing different types of SWE measurement tubes with reference standard oberservation. Several field tests were executed at different sites in the Austrian Alps covering a great variety of snow conditions (e.g. dry and wet), snow depths and SWEs. For the reference observation 3x4 m rectangular fields were dug snow-free and the respective snow masses have been weighted stepwise using ca. 50-liter-buckets. Due to the large total mass of snow of typically around two tons per rectangular, relative uncertainties are extremely small and the results highly accurate. Additionally, different snow tubes were compared to each other. The cylinder or tube designs vary a lot: from meters long metal coring tubes of typical inner diameters of ca. 4-7 cm (without the need of pits) or PVC cylinders with typical lengths of 0.5 to 1.5 m and diameters ranging from about 5-20 cm to small aluminum tubes holding a maximum of 0.5 liter of snow.  Many statistical measures like variance and bias vary quite a lot primarily depending on the equipment used, but also on the different snow conditions. A synopsis on the suitability of the various methods depending on the questioning or objective of the observation is provided.
Mapping the mantle transition zone beneath the Ibero-Maghrebian region with P-wave receiver functions
Authors: Parera-Portell Joan Antoni , Mancilla Flor de Lis , Morales José
Published: February 2023

Thermal and compositional anomalies are known to drive changes in the thickness of the mantle transition zone (MTZ), as they modify the P-T conditions under which phase transitions occur. Typically, the phase changes defining the upper and lower boundaries of the MTZ take place at 410 km and 660 km respectively, thus yielding a standard MTZ thickness of 250 km. These phase transitions have opposite Clapeyron slopes, so while a cold temperature anomaly makes the 410 discontinuity shallower and the 660 deeper, a hot anomaly has the contrary effect. In this ongoing study we use P-wave receiver functions to map the MTZ discontinuities below southern Iberia and northwestern Africa and identify anomalous regions that can be linked to regional structures in the mantle. In this area, convergence of the African and Eurasian plates led to the subduction of the ancient Tethys oceanic lithosphere, from which a remnant slab is stalled below the Gibraltar arc, introducing thermal and chemical heterogeneities that alter the MTZ.Roughly 33000 receiver functions were obtained from 501 seismic stations, from both permanent and temporary deployments, including four seismic profiles with high density of stations (interstation distances from 2 to 10 km). We constructed a grid of N-S and W-E sections with a spacing of 0.25x0.25 degrees by depth-migrating and projecting the receiver functions with a phase-weighted common conversion point stacking method. An algorithm for the automatic detection of the MTZ discontinuities was then used, and the results allowed us to obtain preliminary 2D and 3D maps containing the depth, width and number of peaks of the pulses attributed to the 410 and 660 discontinuities. Overall, the MTZ reaches its maximum thickness under the Alboran basin (290 km), but the region with anomalous thickness extends well into southeastern Iberia. This feature is attributable to a cold temperature anomaly and matches the position where tomographic studies locate the stalled Tethys slab. Two small areas in the Gulf of Cadiz also stand out for displaying a MTZ thickness of 290 km, coinciding with a region where the 410 discontinuity splits in two pulses. On the contrary, the MTZ is generally thinner than usual towards the south and west of the Alboran basin, especially in sections of the Rif and the Strait of Gibraltar where it can reach 205 km. Our results show, though, that while changes in the 410 discontinuity can be correlated with the tectonic configuration of the region and known anomalies in the mantle such as the Tethys slab, the 660 displays a much more unpredictable pattern.
Soil moisture manipulation in a semi-arid pine forest demonstrates large changes in carbon turnover time with no change in soil carbon stock
Authors: Yalin David , Qubaja Rafat , Tatarinov Fedor , Rotenberg Eyal , Yakir Dan
Published: February 2023

Soil carbon turnover time (tSOC), the ratio between soil organic carbon stocks (SOC), and soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh), is a critical factor in determining soil carbon storage and a key parameter in terrestrial carbon models. While tSOC is generally expected to increase with drying conditions, its interactions with the carbon fluxes and soil moisture are still poorly constrained. Our study centered on a five-year manipulation experiment in the Yatir semi-arid pine forest in Israel, where supplement irrigation eliminated the summer drought. Soil CO2 fluxes (Fs) and soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks were measured under trees and in open areas in a "control" forest plot (CTRL) and an 0.1 ha “irrigated” plot (IRRI). During the dry period (May-November), daily average Fs in the open areas was near zero in the CTRL but significant in the IRRI plots (0.06 and 2.02 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 respectively, with a similar trend under the trees). Annual-scale fluxes in the open areas were 82 and 321 g C m-2 yr-1 in the CTRL and IRRI plots, respectively (with similar trends under trees). Using published results from the same site enabled us to partition Fs and estimate Rh, which indicated that under the drought conditions (CTRL) tSOC was x5 longer in the open area (and x2 longer under trees) compared with the non-droughted (IRRI) plot. However, no significant changes in the SOC stock down to 40 cm (the typical soil depth at this site) were observed.  Furthermore, there were no differences between treatments in regard to the ratio between the stable mineral-associated organic carbon fraction and the particulate organic carbon fraction. The stability of SOC stocks, despite the large changes in tSOC suggests that carbon inputs must have increased proportionally to match the changes in carbon outputs and provided the main source for the increased Fs. The results indicate that changes in the intensity of the seasonal drought can result in large changes in fluxes and tSOC values with little impact on soil carbon storage and its stability.
Atmospheric and Oceanic Responses to Surface Current Coupling near the Kuroshio Current
Authors: Cho Ajin , Song Hajoon , Seo Hyodae
Published: February 2023

The so-called frontal-scale air-sea interaction describing the atmospheric responses to oceanic fronts has been mainly discussed in the context of interactions between sea surface temperature and surface winds. The ocean current also influences the surface winds, which can significantly affect the atmosphere, especially in regions of energetic ocean currents and mesoscale activities as in the western boundary current systems. This study uses an atmosphere-ocean coupled model to analyze how the Kuroshio Current affects the momentum and turbulent heat fluxes and the atmospheric boundary layer and how these responses feed back to the ocean and atmosphere in this region. The ocean current coupling influences the path of Kuroshio extension and the eddy activities by mechanical and thermal current feedbacks. Mechanical current feedback reduces momentum flux and damps eddy kinetic energy (EKE) by reducing wind work as expected. On the other hand, the thermal current feedback associated with turbulent heat fluxes injects EKE by baroclinic energy conversion. Overall, the shift of Kuroshio Current and the change of eddy activities impact the region of strong turbulent heat release to the atmosphere, which can eventually trigger changes in weather systems.
A systemic framework based on the One Health approach to assess the performance of Nature-based Solutions in urban areas
Authors: Toulou Aurore , Merlier Lucie , Kaufmann Bernard , Harpet Claire , Lefèvre Frédéric
Published: February 2023

Nature-based Solutions (NbS) in urban areas can be solutions that simultaneously enable adaptation to climate change, preserve biodiversity, and ensure human health and well-being. Since NbS are open systems, their behavior is highly dependent on their interactions with the environment, which are particularly complex and diverse in the urban ecosystem. The dynamics of the urban socio-ecosystem are driven by humans who create new flows, new interactions and further redefine natural ecological processes.  Urban NbS have the potential to deliver multiple benefits, such as cooling air, regulating the water cycle, capturing pollutants, producing biomass, contributing to the creation of ecological corridors, providing spaces for socialization and recreational activities, and improving quality of life. However, in the literature, their effectiveness is mainly assessed through siloed approaches, making it fragmented and unnuanced, with the outcomes rarely studied together. Following this, we develop a systemic framework, based on the “One Health” approach, to assess NbS as complex systems having interactions with biodiversity, microclimate, and humans. A well-performing NbS is assumed to be a solution in which biodiversity and humans are healthy in a mitigated microclimate. Through this systemic analysis, several outcomes of a NbS are studied together and links can be identified between the underlying processes, as synergies or antagonisms.This work presents the One Health assessment framework. It is based on semantic work to define the system and conceptualize the One Health approach. It was supplemented by a literature review of studies developing other systemic frameworks and studies on the impacts of NbS. In addition, the framework was first developed for a particular type of urban NbS, green spaces, in order to focus on solutions based on the same objects – lawn, shrub, and tree –, and therefore, with mostly identical ecological functions.This work was supported by the LabEx IMU (ANR-10-LABX-0088) of Université de Lyon, within the «Plan France 2030» operated by the French National Research Agency (ANR), and the French Agency for Ecological Transition (ADEME).
Pliocene Antarctic ice sheet model ensembles with joint constraints from reconstructed sea level and margin retreat
Authors: ONeill James , Edwards tamsin , Gregoire Lauren
Published: February 2023

The warm Pliocene was a period of comparable atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations to modern, but with sea levels up to ~20 m higher. High Pliocene sea level implies collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet, and mass loss from East Antarctica. Modelling studies have sought to reproduce Pliocene deglaciation, and use sea level reconstructions as a constraint on future projections, despite their large uncertainties. We simulated the Pliocene Antarctic ice sheet under warm Pliocene climate with the BISICLES ice sheet model, capturing grounding line and ice stream dynamics down to 4 km resolution. Our perturbed parameter ensemble approach explores uncertainties in basal sliding, surface mass balance processes, bedrock-ice sheet interactions, ice shelf basal melt sensitivity to ocean forcing and choice of climate model. We simulated a mean Antarctic sea level contribution of 1.85 m and a range of -15.90 to 28.27 m, largely driven by uncertainty in the perturbed basal sliding parameter. We applied a joint calibration, combining a Pliocene Antarctic sea level contribution range and a comparison of regional grounding line with reconstructed Pliocene retreat. This reduced the mean to 1.46 m. The calibration reduced the simulated range by a factor of ~4, and was more effective in reducing uncertainty than comparing to sea level reconstructions alone. Further ensembles explored initial condition uncertainty, and the impact of perturbing the control. The Pliocene initial condition was tested for a subset of main ensemble simulations (mean = -2.35 m), increasing the mean contribution by 11.45 m with all simulations passing the joint calibration. We perturbed the control simulation for the same subset of ensemble members. This increased the mean Antarctic contribution by 7.78 m, and by 8.45 m in combination with the two Pliocene data constraints. We demonstrate a modelling framework that captures important interactions between the ice sheet and other components of the Earth system, whilst being efficient for ensemble studies. Moreover, we used two Pliocene data constraints to rule out ensemble members. This Pliocene-calibrated modelling framework can be run under future climate scenarios, to reduce uncertainty in projections of Antarctica’s long-term contribution to sea level under anthropogenic climate change.
A conceptual 3D fold-and-thrust database for seismic hazard, seismotectonic and geodynamic purposes - a first release from eastern Central Italy
Authors: Pandolfi Claudia , de Nardis Rita , Carducci Andrea , Akinci Aybige , Lavecchia Giusy
Published: February 2023

We present SEISC-3D, an ArcGIS geodatabase for 3D SEIsmic Source Characterization. It integrates multi-scale and multi-depth geological and seismological information in a compressional environment to build a detailed regional-scale, geometric and kinematic, 3D curvilinear fault model suitable for seismic hazard modelers and seismotectonic purposes and geodynamic modeling. This first release focuses on the late Pliocene-to-Quaternary arcuate and eastward convex fold-and-thrust belt still active along the Outer front of the Italian Apennines in eastern Central Italy. The near-surfaces, onshore, and offshore thrust faults represent the hanging-wall structures of a potentially seismogenic regional shear zone, known as Adriatic Basal Thrust, which develops from near-surface to MOHO depths (about 35 km).Three hierarchic levels of structural maps are provided with decreasing details moving from fold-and-thrusts traces, enveloping thrust, and regional thrust alignments.Different datasets (points, lines, surfaces) are unified, compiled, and held in a common ArcGIS file system folder and linked on the basis of relational models.SEISC is composed of:one dataset consisting of fold hinges traces (syncline and anticlines)
one dataset consisting of individual fold-related thrust
one dataset consisting of enveloping thrusts organized in hierarchic orders
one dataset consisting of interconnected curvilinear fault surfaces built along the down-dip projection of the enveloping thrusts, segmented along-strike and along-dip
one structural data set containing geometric and kinematic point data (attitude, dip-angle, slip-vector, rake, sense of movement) for the node of each triangulated mesh of each fault surface.
A crucial point when dealing with compressional structures is the difficulty in adopting segmentation criteria suitable for a realistic earthquake-fault association. In our methodological approach, the along-strike segmentation is strongly driven by the en-echelon distribution of the fold-related thrusts and by sharp variation in strikes and bending of the enveloping thrusts. On the other hand, the down-dip segmentation is controlled by the mechanical crustal layering derived from earthquake distributions and the rheological investigation.
Mass transfer between serpentinites and metapelites in a paleo-subduction interface: a case study from the Yuli belt, eastern Taiwan
Authors: Dewangga Dominikus Deka , Tsai Chin-Ho , Lee Hao-Yang , Lo Wen-Han , Iizuka Yoshiyuki , Lee Chi-Yu
Published: February 2023

The Yuli belt in eastern Taiwan attests to tectonic evolution involving subduction metamorphism because two metamélange units contain high-pressure (HP) blocks or layers of metaigneous rocks and serpentinites enclosed in metasedimentary schists. Metasomatic reaction zones occur locally along the contact between serpentinite (SP) and pelitic schist (PS). In the Tsunkuanshan area, we recognized five metasomatic zones. From PS to SP, the dominant minerals in each zone are: (I) albite, chlorite, phengite; (II) albite, amphibole, biotite, stilpnomelane; (III) chlorite, phengite, albite, epidote; (IV) epidote, chlorite, albite; and (V) talc, chlorite. Minor garnet and glaucophane are present in zone I and II, respectively. Field and petrographic observations combined with whole-rock major elements data suggest that this rock association was formed by diffusive exchanges between the PS and SP. Zones I - IV and PS samples show identical rare earth element (REE) patterns, indicating that these zones are of PS protolith. Hence, the original boundary between the PS and SP is likely in the zone IV and V. The isocon method was applied to quantify the mass balance among the metasomatic zones. The result shows mass changes in zones: I: +12%; II: -4%; III: +50%; IV: +56%. Enrichment of Ca is present in the entire reaction zones, especially the zone IV (up to 91%), whereas Na is only enriched within the zone I (~80%) and II (~89%). These enrichments are likely due to the involvement of external fluids. The formation of these metasomatic rocks was not only controlled by diffusive exchanges between PS and SP, but also by the Na and Ca rich fluid infiltrations. The existence of glaucophane within the zone II indicates that the metasomatism occurred under HP metamorphic conditions in a paleo-subduction interface.Keywords: Fluid-rock interactions, isocon method, Na and Ca rich fluids, high-pressure, Yuli belt.
Observational constraints on the water group torus in the orbit of Jupiter moon Europa
Authors: Roth Lorenz , Smith H. Todd , Yoshioka Kazuo , Becker Tracy , Blöcker Aljona , Cunningham Nathaniel , Ivchenko Nickolay , Retherford Kurt , Velez Michael , Saur Joachim , Tsuchiya Fuminori
Published: February 2023

Europa is the innermost of Jupiter's three large icy moons. The existence of a torus of neutral gas in Europa's orbit has been inferred from in-situ plasma measurements as well as remote mapping of energetic neutral atoms around Jupiter. Simulations suggest that such a neutral gas torus can be sustained by escape from Europa’s global atmosphere and consists primarily of molecular hydrogen. Recently, the Juno spacecraft confirmed the torus through measurements of H2+ ions.  However, the neutrals in this torus have never been observed more directly. Here we present observations by the highly sensitive Cosmic Origins Spectrograph of the Hubble Space Telescope (HST/COS) from 2020 and 2021. COS scanned the equatorial plane of the Jupiter system across the orbital distance of Europa between 8 and 10 planetary radii west of the planet . We report constraints from the COS high-resolution spectra on the primary neutral gasses (H2, H, O, and O2) near Europa's orbit and compare them to simulation results from the neutral torus model developed by Smith et al. (2019).
Piloting Simulated GNSS in Underground Spaces
Authors: Magyar Marton , Puputti Julia , Kotavaara Ossi , Joutsenvaara Jari , Ariel Eli , Koivurova Tuomas
Published: February 2023

Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)-based navigation services are widely used above ground in open-pit mining operations for safety management, process optimalization and fleet management. Extending these location-based services (LBS) to underground operations may increase efficiency and safety in mining, underground research and development, as well as, in mine reuse projects. Numerous different methods and technologies have been proposed and utilized for positioning and navigation in indoor areas and underground tunnels. Depending on the detection technology, there have been four main categories of LBS with varying levels of complexity and accuracy: 1) inertial navigation systems, 2) radio frequency (RF) based positioning, 3) multi-sensor (hybrid) navigation and 4) pseudolite-based positioning. The main motivation for deploying GNSS technology in underground conditions is to utilize the already existing, robust infrastructure, with simple off-the-shelf receiver devices. The tested system has high potential to enable high accuracy positioning in traditional GNSS-denied areas. 

The simulated underground GNSS approach is tested in a 400-meter-deep tunnel section in the Pyhäsalmi mine located in Northern Finland. At the test site, 17 signal emulators have been installed in a 200-meter-long mine tunnel to provide GNSS access. The goal is to test the simulated underground GNSS and its ability to support a wide range of common above-ground GNSS end-user devices and services. These may include applications for worker safety, mine environment monitoring and operational efficiency. The accuracy, reliability and coverage of the tested system will affect its usability significantly. In this paper, we measure positioning accuracy in different underground conditions and environments, assess applicability of a hybrid positioning approach using WLAN supported services, and test functionality of the system with common GNSS devices. The collected positioning data is analyzed with spatial analyses and statistics in geographic information systems. Results of the study will indicate how GNSS emulation techniques could be adopted to deep underground spaces and what are the possible development needs of the technology. 

This project received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 innovation programme under grant agreement number: 839398.