bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XII
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

Pombinha leapt up and ran home. Where she had been lying, the grass was stained with blood. Her mother stood over a washtub. Calling out to her, the girl headed straight for number fifteen. Once they were both inside, she silently lifted her skirts and showed Dona Isabel the stain. “It’ s come?’ ‘ the old woman asked excitedly. The girl nodded, blushing happily. The washerwoman’ s eyes filled with tears. “Praise the Lord!” she exclaimed, falling to her knees and raising her hands and face heavenward. Then she threw her arms around Pombinha’s legs, kissing her belly again and again. She even kissed the blood-that blessed blood that opened new vistas and assured their future, that good blood that had fallen from heaven like rain upon drought-parched land.
XVI
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

Piedade de Jesus was still waiting for Jeronimo. Sitting impatiently outside her door, she had heard a clock strike eight, eight-thirty, nine, nine-thirty. “Mother of God, what could have happened?” For her husband, who was still unwell, had rushed out into the cool night air as soon as he had finished supper. What could have made him stay away so long? It was n’ t like him to act so foolish! “Ten o’ clock. 0 Lord Jesus Christ, help me!” She went to the front gate and asked if anyone had seen Jeronimo. No one had spotted him. She walked to the corner; a weary silence greeted her, like a yawning remnant of that Sunday afternoon.
Transcendentalism
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

The transcendentalist movement is generally recognized to be the first major watershed in American literary and intellectual history. Pioneered by Emerson, Thoreau, Orestes Brownson, Margaret Fuller, and Bronson Alcott (among others), Transcendentalism provided a springboard for the first distinctly American forays into intellectual culture: religion and religious reform, philosophy, literature, ecology, and spiritualism. This new collection, edited by eminent American literature scholar Joel Myerson, is the first anthology of the period to appear in over fifty years. Transcendentalism: A Reader draws together in their entirety the essential writings of the Transcendentalist group during its most active period, 1836-1844. It includes the major publications of the Dial, the writings on democratic and social reform, the early poetry, nature writings, and all of Emerson's major essays, as well as an informative introduction and annotations by Myerson.
Sampson Reed: Observations on the Growth of the Mind (1826)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

REED’s book would go through numerous editions, the last in 1889, making it one of the most valuable statements of Swedenborgianism for the period. It contains ideas about the correspondences between the heavenly and the physical worlds (the invisible and the visible), the ability of the mind to create and fix reality, education as an unfolding of innate abilities rather than being the sum of learned knowledge, the role of the poet, and biblical interpretation. It also shows how the world grows through organic means (form follows function), how language begins and is used, and how spiritualism differs from materialism. Although much of this pamphlet can be seen as a template for many of the Transcendentalist ideas that followed, Reed disassociated himself from the movement in his preface to the 1838 edition of Observations, calling it “the product of man’s own brain; and when the human mind has been compelled to relax its grip on sensualism, and the philosophy based on the senses, it may first be expected to take refuge here.”
Ralph Waldo ‘Emerson: Sermon CXXI (17 July 1831)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

I invite your attention to some considerations upon the nature of spiritual discernment, and to notice some of the mistakes into which men are prone to fall upon religious subjects, from an inattention to the truth declared by St. Paul in the text.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nature(1836)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

EMERSON’S BOOK WAS published at exactly the right time. The British Romantic poets—especially Wordsworth—had been publishing works in which they had changed the natural world from something to be observed at a distance to a force in which the poet (as representative of the reader) was a participant observer. Nature, in other words, was less a spectacle to be seen than it was a text to be read, and the ideal reader was one whose emotions were fully in sympathy with the natural world. Also, as the miracles controversy began to heat up, Emerson’s view of nature as something that was explainable and also useful as a guide became a welcome contrast to the conservative Unitarian view of inexplicable natural occurrences that could only be interpreted by credentialed ministers for the less informed and privileged masses.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Divinity School Address” (1838)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

EMERSON TOLD HIS audience at the Phi Beta Kappa Society a year earlier that Harvard College had not taught them well; now he makes the same accusation against the teachers of the graduates of the Divinity School. He speaks forcefully about how “one mind is everywhere” (or “unity in va-riety”), how evil is not an active force in the world (“Good is positive. Evil is merely privative, not absolute. It is like cold, which is the privation of heat”), and how religion can be received intuitively. He complains of the “historical Christianity” that has made a “demigod” of Christ by exaggerating His person and not paying attention to His teachings, and has ignored humankind’s “Moral Nature,” and he urges his audience to “rekindle the smouldering, nigh quenched fire on the altar” by using the Sabbath more wisely and to reinvigorate the art of preaching by making it less dependent on the memory and more about the preacher imparting his soul.
Henry Ware, Jr., The Personality of the Deity (1838)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

HENRY WARE, JR. (1794-1843) was Emerson’s predecessor at the Second Church in Boston, and his sermon shortly after Emerson’s Divinity School Address is far more measured—and typical—than is Norton’s response (which has, unfortunately, been used to characterize the general Unitarian reaction).
“Levi Blodgett” [Theodore Parker], The Previous Question between Mr. Andrews Norton and His Alumni (1840)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

IF EMERSON AND WARE engaged in civilized dialogue about their philosophical and ecclesiastical differences, then two old adversaries, Norton and Ripley, did not. As had happened with their differences over Martineau’s book in 1836, they now engaged each other over issues of authority, interpretation, and philosophy in a series of five pamphlets containing over five hundred pages of densely argued (and annotated) theological matters. Norton fired the opening salvo with his response to Emerson’s Divinity School Address, delivered, appropriately, on the same occasion as Emerson had spoken, though this time the speaker was not invited by the students, as his title makes clear: A Discourse on the Latest Form of Infidelity, Delivered at the Request of the Association of the Alumni of the Cambridge Theological School, on the 19th of July, 1839 (1839). Norton’s argument was simple: “Nothing is left that can be called Christianity, if its miraculous character be denied.”
Elizabeth Palmer Peabody, “Woman” from “The Conversations of Margaret Fuller” (Spring 1840)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

SARAH MARGARET FULLER (1810–1850) was the most important woman in the Transcendentalist movement. An intellectual, teacher, conversationalist, editor, feminist, author, translator, and social critic, she went on from Boston to New York in 1844, where she was the literary critic for the New-York Tribune, and then to Europe, ending in Italy, where she participated in the Revolution of 1848, as well as met her future husband, Giovanni Ossoli. When she returned to America in 1850 with her husband and son, their ship went aground off Fire Island, New York, and all perished. The Memoirs of Margaret Fuller Ossoli (1852), written and compiled by William Henry Channing, James Freeman Clarke, and Emerson, is a classic example of a woman’s life being refashioned for gendered reasons, as the editors created a “Margaret” who was more religiously orthodox and socially acceptable than they perceived the real Fuller to be.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Editors to the Reader” (July 1840)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

FULLER HAD DRAFTED the original introduction to the Dial, but Emerson thought it “forestalls objection; it bows, though a little haughtily, to all the company; it is not quite confirmed in its own purpose,” and he was concerned about Fuller’s “early preparation for defence & anticipation of enemies,” warning: “Don’t cry before you are hurt.” After volunteering co help revise it, along with Fuller and Ripley, he ended up writing the whole introduction himself. This essay, like nearly all the contributions to the Dial—and most other contemporary journals—was unsigned.
A. Bronson Alcott, from “Orphic Sayings” (July 1840 and other dates)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

LCOTT’S “Orphic Sayings” was the most ridiculed contribution to the Dial, and its unfortunate appearance in the first issue (and the publication of more of them in January 1841) was used by many reviewers to characterize the entire periodical through its four-year run. In addition to numerous parodies, typical comments included descriptions of them by the Boston Daily Evening Mercantile Journal as the “quintessence of folly and extravagance—affected, mystical, bombastic—and, in some instances, puerile,” and by the Boston Post as “a train of fifteen railroad cars with one passenger.”
Theodore Tarker: A Discourse of the Transient and Permanent in Christianity; Preached at the Ordination of Mr. Charles C. Shackford, in the Hawes Place Church in Boston, May 19, 1841 (1841)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

IF EMERSON’S Divinity School Address sidesteps a direct confrontation with the conservative Unitarians over the miracles question on their narrow theological grounds by preaching the doctrine of the infinitude of the individual and the need for the minister to translate spirit into action through preaching, then Parker takes up the challenge for a theological debate and approaches it directly. Both Emerson and Parker argue that the generations following Christ have come to worship the image of Christ more than they have his teachings, and that one reason for this is the increasingly repressive and hierarchical administrative structure of the church.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Transcendentalist” (23 December 1841)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

EMERSON’S LECTURE ON “The Transcendentalist,” delivered as part of his “The Times” series, is as close to an extended definition of the movement by a participant as we have. Facing an audience that has heard Transcendentalism described as an un-American fad (because of its interest in British and continental philosophy and other writings) with many odd and dangerous adherents (as witnessed by Alcott’s “Orphic Sayings” and the communal living style at Brook Farm), Emerson defuses the situation by two rhetorical strategies. First, he argues that Transcendentalism is “the very oldest of thoughts cast into the mould of these new times”; that is, the audience should not be afraid of the new dress worn by familiar ideas. Second, while he admits that many Transcendentalists “hold themselves aloof” because our “literature and spiritual history” are “in the optative mood,” nevertheless “the good and wise must learn to act, and carry salvation to the combatants and demagogues in the dusty arena below”; and he frankly admits that there will be “cant and pretension,” “subtilty and moonshine,” but these people are “of unequal strength, and do not all prosper.”
Margaret Fuller, “The Great Lawsuit. Man versus Men. Woman versus Women” (July 1843)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

FULLER’S FEMINIST MANIFESTO is a call for equality of the sexes. Rhetorically, Fuller does at lease two interesting things. First, as a woman writing in a male world, she envelops herself and her work in all of her considerable learning (hence the many allusions and citations of other writers) to demonstrate that even though she had been denied a college education, she was indeed well informed about literature, philosophy, and the ocher arts—she was, in other words, credentialed. Second, she sets forth her argument not just for the good of woman but for the good of man as well, recognizing chat self-interest may triumph where principles have failed. Her four types of marriages, like Emerson’s ascending order of chapters in Nature, go from the commonplace to the best: the “household partnership,” “mutual idolatry,” “intellectual companionship,” and the religious union, which includes the best of all the others.
William Ellery Channing, “Gifts,” “The River,” and “Sonnet XI”
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

A DROPPING shower of spray, Filled with a beam of light, — The breath of some soft day, — The groves by wan moonlight, — Some rivers flow, Some falling snow, Some bird’s swift flight; — A summer field o’erstrown With gay and laughing flowers, And shepherd’s clocks half blown, That tell the merry hours. —
John Sullivan Dwight, “Sweet is the pleasure” and “Music”
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

Sweet is the pleasure, Itself cannot spoill Is not true leisure One with true toil? Thou that wouldst taste it, Still do thy best; Use it, not waste it, Else ‘t is no rest. Wouldst behold beauty Near thee? all round? Only hath duty Such a sight found.
Frederic Henry Hedge, “Questionings”
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

Hath this world, without me wrought, Other substance than my thought? Lives it by my sense alone, Or by essence of its own? Will its life, with mine begun, Cease to be when that is done Or another consciousness With the self-same forms impress? Doth yon fireball, poised in air, Hang by my permission there? Are the clouds that wander by, But the offspring of mine eye, Born with every glance I cast, Perishing when that is past?
Ellen Sturgis Hooper, “I slept, and dreamed that life was Beauty” and “Better a sin which purposed wrong to none”
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

I slept, and dreamed that life was Beauty; I woke, and found that life was Duty. Was thy dream then a shadowy lie? Toil on, sad heart, courageously, And thou shalt find thy dream to be A noonday light and truth to thee.
Henry David Thoreau, “Inspiration,” “The Poet’s Delay,” “Rumors from an Æ lian Harp,” “Smoke,” “Haze,” “On fields oer which the reaper’s hand has passd,” “Brother where dost thou dwell?,” “Conscience is instinct bred in the house,” and “Low-anchored cloud” —
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

Always the general show of things Floats in review before my mind, And such true love and rev’rence brings That sometimes I forget that I am blind. But straight there comes unsought, unseen, Some clear divine electuary, And I who had but sensual been, Grow sensible, and as God is am wary. I hearing get, who had but ears, And sight, who had but eyes before, I moments live, who lived but years, And truth discern, who knew but learning’s lore.
Henry David Thoreau, “Resistance to Civil Government” (1849
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

THOREAU’S WORK, which appeared in the only issue of Elizabeth Peabody’s Aesthetic Papers, is arguably the most famous essay in American literature and certainly the most influential, having been cited by Mohandas Gandhi, Marcin Luther King, Jr., and others as having helped form their belief in nonviolent resistance. Although written as a lecture in response to the Mexican War, this essay has a timeless quality because it raises the question of what one should do when one feels, in opposition to the majority, that one is right, and it contextualizes the issue in an actual incident from Thoreau’s life to demonstrate that being in prison is not an embarrassment, but a privilege.
Theodore Parker, A Sermon of the Public Function of Woman (1853)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

IF MARGARET FULLER calls for equality for woman, then Parker wants to define the roles that woman may play after she has achieved her independence. This sermon, part of a series on the “Spiritual Development of the Human Race,” is in turn one of four Parker gave in that series on “Woman,” the others being on the “historical Formation of the popular Idea of Woman,” the “peculiar Characteristics and the true Idea of Woman,” and the “Ideal Domestic Function of Woman.”
Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Seventh of March Speech on the Fugitive Slave Law, 7 March 1854”
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

EMERSON’S RESPONSE to a law that requires citizens to help recapture fugitive slaves is a strong one, as are his comments on Daniel Webster, formerly highly regarded by Emerson, but now, because of his help in assisting the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law, an apostate. This law was part of the Compromise of 1850, which among other things, allowed New Mexico co be organized as a territory without restrictions on slavery and permitted California to be admitted as a free state. Webster’s defense of the package was seen by him as a way to avoid Southern secession and as part of a belief that the different soil and farming methods employed in the West would of themselves result in chose states being free states. But to have a New Englander empower the federal government co dictate chat citizens must crack down slaves was too much to bear, and Webster and the Fugitive Slave Law were roundly denounced. After the law was implemented on 18 September 1850, Emerson wrote in his journal “I will not obey it, by God.”
Henry David Thoreau, “A Plea for Captain John Brown” (30 October 1859)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

JOHN BROWN (1800 – 1859) had a long career as an abolitionist. He had been involved with the Free Soilers in Kansas trying to keep the state free, leading a guerilla company that eventually executed a number of proslavery men. More important, he launched an attack on the Union arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia, on 16 October 1859, with less than two dozen men, both black and white, in the hope that escaped slaves would join in the rebellion. He was unsuccessful and many of his supporters were killed. Brown was tried for treason and leading a slave revolt, and was sentenced to be hanged. In the time between his trial and execution, many northerners urged clemency for Brown, and he became a martyr for the antislavery cause.
Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Thoreau” (August 1862)
Authors: Myerson Joel
Published: November 2023

EMERSON’S ESSAY ON Thoreau, who had died on 6 May, began as an oration at his funeral, then appeared as an obituary in the Boston Daily Advertiser, became a lecture, and was finally printed in the Atlantic Monthly.
Using Musical Activities
Authors: Maris Barbara English
Published: November 2023

In earlier chapters, I presented “Concepts to Consider” and “Activities to Explore” as separate categories, reflecting the usefulness of responding to two aspects of learning in two different ways. In this chapter, however, instead of clustering activities at the end, I incorporated them throughout. I have grouped musical activities into the following categories: Organizing Information, Working with Rhythms, Verbalizing, Rehearsal Strategies, Working with Pitch Patterns, Refining Dynamics, Building Special Skills, and Closing Thoughts.
1973–1974
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

“The worst season in memory” was a catchphrase that had been employed regularly by theatre commentators since the turn of the century, so few were distraught when it was used to describe 1973–1974.
1974–1975
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

After a dismal season, the most mediocre of succeeding seasons might look appealing in comparison. But 1974–1975 was much better than mediocre, and optimism ran high on Broadway. The total number of entries rose perceptibly (sixtytwo offerings, forty-seven of them non-musicals and eighteen of those new American plays), ticket prices held steady, and a few more plays showed a profit than in several previous seasons. Even troubled Off Broadway offered thirty new American plays, thanks to the various non-profit theatre companies; the commercial entries numbered only ten, none of which paid back its investors.
1975–1976
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

With the approaching Bicentennial celebration, it was not surprising to find several revivals of American classics in New York. But there must have been more than patriotism behind all the theatrical looking back this season. One half of all the entries on and off the Street were revivals, and a good number of new works were nostalgic (or anti-nostalgic) pieces.
1979–1980
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

The appellation “worst season in years” was heard often as the decade came to a close, and it was difficult to dispute such naysayers when faced with the record. Not only were the best plays not all that good, but the dreadful plays were unusually awful. One third of all the new plays that opened on Broadway in 1979–1980 closed in a week or less. More disturbing, they (with the exception of one or two) deserved to close that quickly. In a season of such dismal offerings, the claim of “worst new play of the season” became the only contest of interest.
1980–1981
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

Following such a lackluster season, the 1980–1981 offerings could only seem like an improvement, and, in truth, they were. In addition to a handful of memorable plays, attendance increased and (because of inflation) the box-office grosses jumped up to nearly $200 million on Broadway alone.
1981–1982
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

While a British import (Nicholas Nickleby)was the centerpiece of the theatre season, there were some American plays of quality to be found this year on and off the Street. Fifteen new native works (plus three transfers from Off Broadway) opened on Broadway, and forty-one appeared off Broadway, as compared to eighteen and thirtyseven the season before.
1983–1984
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

Those still maintaining the illusion that New York was the main source of new plays in the American theatre were sorely shaken this season. Not only did fewer works open on Broadway than in any season in the past century and a half, but those that did were mostly from Europe and regional theatres.
1984–1985
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

The radical drop in the number of Broadway non-musicals the previous season was only slightly corrected this season with a few more new entries and revivals to bring the total to a paltry twenty-three. Yet only four of those were British imports (two new and two revivals), so the number of new American plays climbed noticeably.
1997–1998
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

Once again box office on Broadway rose nearly 12 percent and attendance another 9 percent, but, also once again, non-musicals had little to do with it. The New Amsterdam Theatre and Ford Theatre Center, both musical houses, opened this season, so there were more seats to fill than in several decades past. Musicals provided most of the patrons while a handful of plays did nicely but hardly caused a ripple in the wave of prosperity on the Street. In reality, only five new American plays opened on Broadway this season, all commercial failures. The five foreign entries from England, Ireland, and France did better, and there were nine revivals, most of them quite noteworthy. Off Broadway, on the other hand, jumped up to thirty-four new American works and nineteen revivals (though many of those were foreign guests). Off Off Broadway provided more crossover productions than usual, and many of them were quite traditional in nature. The days when each of the three venues had a distinct character seemed to be gone.
1998–1999
Authors: Hischak Thomas S
Published: November 2023

Because musicals were scarce (and unimpressive) this season, plays seemed to dominate the theatre scene. It was not just an illusion. More plays (sixteen new works) opened on Broadway than in the previous season, and a good number of them stayed for noteworthy, if not always profitable, 1999–2000 439 Joe as the culprit. Joe is cleared by way of a blood test, Frank puts the stolen money away for Joe’s college education, and Ray heads to Chicago, where he writes a philosophy book no one will read—but, as Ray says, “that was the point.” Most reviews were favorable, if not “money” notices, and the drama ran two months.
Knowledge and Action
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

Nothing was certain about the crown—of—thorns in the early 1970s. Were infestations occurring more or less simultaneously throughout the Inda—Pacific? Were they natural, or induced by human activities? How extensive were they? How soon would recovery occur? Did Acanthaster predation normally enhance coral diversity? All the evidence could be given alternative interpretations and all the hard facts made fluid.
Crossroads
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

The world was faced with a mass of urgent environmental problems by the late 1980s: global climatic change, acid rain, overfishing, destruction of tropical forests, effluent and pollution of all sorts, resistance of pests and pathogens, epidemics of new diseases. Ecologists were anxious because the public in general, and decision—makers in particular, still seemed to regard them “as fuzzy remnants of flower power, not really relevant to day.”1 Yet one of the results of studying community ecology, ecologists argued, was that one could have prior understanding of the likely environmental risks in a particular situation.
Animal Patienthood
Authors: Bernstein Mark H
Published: November 2023

To be considered a moral patient, an individual who has interests, is diametrically opposed to being considered a resource. Resources, or amoral patients, have no inherent value. The only value that they have is instrumental, value in the service of other individuals who themselves have value. In virtue of their nature, resources are not items toward which we can act morally correctly or incorrectly. Precisely unlike moral patients, they are not morally enfranchiseable. Although there may be moral limits regarding our dealings with resources, these boundaries are not prescribed by any inherent properties of the resource itself. Rather, behaviors concerning resources are restricted only by our moral relationships with (other) moral patients.
Building Choral Excellence
Authors: Demorest Steven M
Published: November 2023

Designed for both the practicing choral director and the choral methods student, this is a compact and comprehensive overview of the many teaching methods, strategies, materials, and assessments available for choral sight-singing instruction. Sight-singing is an important, if sometimes neglected, facet of choral music education that often inspires fear and uncertainty in student and teacher alike. Written in an accessible style, this book takes the mystery out of teaching music reading Topics covered include the history of sight-singing pedagogy and research, prominent methods and materials, and practical strategies for teaching and assessment. This is the only book to provide such a wealth of information under one cover and will become an essential part of every choral conductor’s library.
Systems and Methods of Instruction
Authors: Demorest Steven M
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents an overview of systems and methods for teaching music reading along with some background on each. One often hears the terms method and system used interchangeably to describe sight-singing instruction, but in fact those terms can have very different meanings. For the purposes of this chapter, the terms will be defined as follows: method refers to a complete set of guidelines for teaching music reading that specifies sequence, content, and particular techniques; system refers to the means by which pitch or rhythm relationships are represented. For example, fixed “do” and movable “do” are two prevalent melody-reading systems and counting on numbers and reading syllables (e.g., ta-ti) are two popular rhythm-reading systems.
The War between Otho and Vitellius (March and April)
Authors: Morgan Gwyn
Published: November 2023

Once Caecina emerged from the Alps toward the end of March, he swiftly overran much of the western half of the Transpadana, that part of Italy north of the River Po. He already had four good bases in the region, Eporedia, Vercellae, Novaria, and Mediolanum. Tacitus adds that the local inhabitants felt no loyalty to Otho or Vitellius and did not care who won the war, because a century of peace had schooled them to bow to superior force, no matter who applied it. The comment loses much of its sting as soon as we ask what else they could have done. Besides, Caecina took care not to alienate them. He kept his column on a tight rein as he moved south. And surprise appears to have been the tactic used by his advance forces, the auxiliaries sent on ahead, as they neutralized Othonian units in the area. Tacitus reports that a cohort of Pannonians was taken prisoner near Cremona, while 100 cavalry and 1,000 marines (drawn perhaps from the Ravenna fleet, perhaps from the squadron stationed earlier at Forum Julii) were captured as they made their way from Placentia on the southern bank to Ticinum (Pavia) on the northern. Tacitus does not say that Caecina’s advance guard occupied Cremona when they rounded up the Pannonians there. But if they did not, their activity was probably enough to persuade the inhabitants to open the gates as soon as Caecina himself appeared. Either way, Tacitus seems to have taken it for granted that his readers would know that Cremona and Placentia were the keys to north Italy. They had been founded in 219 B.C., the former on the northern bank of the Po and the latter on the southern, as bulwarks against invasions out of the Alps, and the Romans still viewed them as such in 69.
Diplomats and Reformers
Authors: Musto David F
Published: November 2023

At the close of the nineteenth century, the Far East beckoned as a market for American investors. According to enthusiastic calculation, a pair of shoes sold to each Chinese would keep American shoe factories busy for years. American financial leaders coming out of the depression of 1893 believed that expanding markets were the key to future prosperity, blaming bad times on saturation of the home market.
The Federal Assault on Addiction Maintenance
Authors: Musto David F
Published: November 2023

The Harrison Act became effective on 1 March 1915. Enforcement was assigned to the Bureau of Internal Revenue within the Treasury Department. The revenue agents had had long experience with smuggling, evasion of tax stamps, and so on, by manufacturers and retailers and were thus prepared to regulate physicians and the drug trades. By 30 June 1916, 124,000 physicians, 47,000 retail druggists, 37,000 dentists, 11,000 veterinarians, and 1,6oo manufacturers, importers, and wholesalers had been registered. The accumulation of information from records was large, and any systematic attempt to scrutinize the records was impossible. When violations came to the attention of the revenue agents, they moved in. After evidence had been gathered, a federal district attorney took charge of the cases and sought indictments.
Rationality and Rules
Authors: McClennen Edward F
Published: November 2023

I propose to explore to what extent one can provide a grounding within a theory of individual, rational, instrumental choice for a commitment to being guided by the rules that define a practice. The approach I shall take - already signalled by the use of the term “instrumental” - is Humean, rather than Kantian, in spirit. That is, my concern is to determine to what extent a commitment to such rules can be defended by appeal to what is perhaps the least problematic sense of rationality - that which is effectively instrumental with respect to the objectives that one has deliberatively adopted.
Evolutionary Models of Co-operative Mechanisms: Artificial Morality and Genetic Programming
Authors: Danielson Peter A
Published: November 2023

Social dilemmas, modeled by the Prisoner’s Dilemma shown below, contrast rationality and morality. The moral appeal of C is obvious, as joint co-operation is mutually beneficial. But D (defection) is the rational choice because each does better by defecting.
Objectivity And Practical Reason
Authors: Davidson Donald
Published: November 2023

One part of the brain, the amygdala, is responsible for emotional or evaluative responses to perceived facts. Another part of the brain, the hippocampus, as signs to those same facts a degree of belief or subjective probability. In other words, beliefs and desires, the main explainers of action and intention, employ quite different bits of gray matter. So striking is the effect that if the amygdala of a human adult is severely damaged, the emotive response to normally disagreeable stimuli (say a sudden loud noise) is suppressed, though the existence of the stimulus is accurately noted, while an adult whose hippocampus is damaged displays the appropriate emotion in response to the same stimulus, but fails to record its cause. It is somewhat surprising that a person can respond positively or negatively to a stimulus he or she apparently does not know to be present; it is more surprising that a person can know he or she is experiencing a normally painful stimulus and yet fail to respond appropriately. But however separable they may be as responses, the onset of belief and the onset of desire in such cases have a common cause, the stimulus itself. Furthermore, both beliefs and desires are, as we like to say, propositional. that is, they have the sort of content we attribute to declarative sentences. We desire it to be true that the loud sound stops (without necessarily believing there is a loud sound); we believe that there is a loud sound (without necessarily wanting it to stop).
When Practical Reason Plays Dice
Authors: Heyd David
Published: November 2023

God, said Einstein, does not play dice with the universe. For metaphysical reasons, one may add that he should not or even cannot engage in such activity. Being omniscient, He knows in advance the way the dice will fall; being omnipotent, He can effect whatever outcome he wills. Human beings, however, neither know all nor enjoy full control over what happens in the world. Endowed with theoretical reason, they may strive to attain as much knowledge about the world as they can; but being aware of the frequent failure of cognition, they often have rational grounds for suspending judgment. Equipped with practical reason, human beings plan their behavior in the world; yet faced with the limitations of this power, they cannot always resort to a similar move of suspension. Action is more urgent than judgment, and deferment in the exercise of practical reason is often irrational in a way that avoidance of theoretical judgment is not.
Bartók’s Odyssey in Slovak Folk Music
Authors: Suchoff Benjamin
Published: November 2023

In the discarded preface to the first volume of Bartók’s Rumanian Folk Music, the woeful tone of his draft opens with “Habent sua fata libelli” (Books have their own destiny), followed by this remark:
Organic Expansion and Classical Structure in Bartók’s Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott
Published: November 2023

Bartók’s Sonata for Two Pianos and Percussion, composed in 1937, is an exemplar of the composer’s lifelong evolution toward synthesis of divergent folk and art music sources. While this trend toward synthesis reached its most intensive stage in Bartók’s piano works and string quartets of the mid-1920s, the Sonata marks yet another stage of development in his aesthetic approach. The Sonata contains the same remarkable musical energy of his most dissonant and intense works of the 1920s, but now, in the 1930s, a greater Classical concern is manifested in the meticulous design of his complex structures and in the clarity, distinction, and balance of the formal components on all levels of the music. The result is a new sense of rigorous structural control over the enormous dynamic energy concentrated within the compositional framework. It is in such works as the Sonata that we can observe an ideal relation between the highly synthesized musical language that Bartók had begun to evolve from the first decades of the century and the Classical forms that were being revitalized during the more conservative era of the 1930s and 1940s.
Background and Analysis of Bartók’s Romanian Christmas Carols for Piano (1915)
Authors: Yeomans David
Published: November 2023

For Béla Bartók the years that preceded World War I were personally and professionally unsettling. Within less than a year of its founding by Bartók and Kodaly in 1911, the New Hungarian Musical Society disbanded because of public disfavor and apathy. In 1912, Bartók admitted that his compositional efforts were at a standstill for the same reasons. Although he continued to teach at the Academy of Music in Budapest, Bartók abandoned activity as a concert pianist and withdrew from public musical life, again for the same reasons.
Principles for Decision-making under Moral Uncertainty
Authors: Lockhart Ted
Published: November 2023

In chapter 1, we saw that in the real world the urgent practical problem for decision-makers is how to choose among action alternatives the moral rightness or wrongness of which they are uncertain. The problem is especially serious when moral considerations are paramount. No attempt to avoid or finesse the problem can succeed. However. so far we have said little about what in general we should do, all things considered. when we find ourselves in such situations. It will be our task in this chapter to discover and defend a principle or set of principles that we can apply to the vast array of moral decisions that we face.
Speciation
Authors: Goodenough Ursula
Published: November 2023

Eukaryotic sex has given rise to the evolution of nurturing, the evolution of love, and the evolution of multicellularity and death. Here we consider a final manifestation: Sexual eukaryotes came to adopt the evolutionary pattern known as speciation, which segregates organisms into those that will and will not mate with one another. Such segregation allows each species to develop distinctive traits, and has come to generate much of our biodiversity.
Hector Berlioz
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

The Requiem was commissioned in March 1837 by Comte Adrien de Aspirin, Minister of the Interior, for a ceremony honoring the 1830 Revolution and those who lost their lives in that cause. Berlioz completed the score on 29 June 1837, but it incorporates ideas that go back as far as 1824. The first performance, with François-Antoine Habeneck conducting a massive ensemble of 210 singers and 190 players, took place in the Chapel of Saint Louis at the Invalides, Paris, on 5 December 1837. The tenor soloist was Gilbert-Louis Duprez.
Benjamin Britten
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

The War Requiem, commissioned to celebrate the consecration of Saint Michael’s Cathedral, Coventry, was composed in 1961, completed on 20 December that year, and first performed in that cathedral on 30 May 1962. The soloists were Heather Harper, Peter Pears, and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, who were joined by the Coventry Festival Chorus; the boys’ choruses of Holy Trinity, Leamington, and Holy Trinity, Stratford; the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra; and the Melos Ensemble. The chorus and full orchestra were conducted by Meredith Davies; the composer conducted the chamber orchestra. That division of conductorial duties came about because Britten was in frail health just then, but it was obviously desirable to have him take part in the premiere in some way. Some performances still use two conductors, but most are handled by just one.
Antoín Dvořák
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Dvorák sketched his Stabat Mater between 19 February and 7 May 1876 and worked out the score in full in the autumn of the following year, completing it on 13 November 1877. The first performance took place in Prague on 23 December 1880 at a concert of the Association of Musical Artists, and the score is dedicated to that group. Adolf Čech conducted, and the soloists were Eleanora Ehrenberg, Betty Fibich, Antoín Vávra, and Karel Čech. Dvořák called the Stabat Mater his Opus 28, but Simrock, his German publisher, sometimes liked to assign higher opus numbers to the composer’s scores so as to create the impression that they represented more recent and more mature work.
Zoltán Kodály
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Kodály composed the Psalmus hungaricus in 1923 for a concert to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the union of the cities of Buda, buda, and Pest as Budapest. The text is Psalm 55, translated into Hungarian by the sixteenth-century poet and preacher Mihály Vég of Kecskemét. With Ferenc Székelyhidy as tenor soloist, Ernö Dohnányi conducted the first performance in Budapest on 19 November 1923. Dohnányi’s own Festive Overture and Béla Bartók’s Dance Suite were introduced on the same occasion.
Franz Schmidt
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Schmidt began work on The Book with Seven Seals in May or June 1935 and completed the score on 23 February 1937. On 15 June 1938, Oswald Kabasta conducted the first performance in Vienna with the Chorus of the Society of the Friends of Music and the Vienna Symphony Orchestra, the organist Franz Schütz, the tenor Rudolf Gerlach as Saint John, and a solo quartet consisting of Erika Rokyta, Enid Szantho, Anton Dermota, and Josef von Manowarda.
Moral Relativism: A Statement of the Doctrine
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

We must now try to formulate a positive account of the relativists’ version of morality, for we have thus far been concerned only to understand their reasons for opposing absolutism and have made no attempt to say what account relativists would put in its place.
Some Obvious Instances of the Projection Error
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

Let us recall what the Projection Error consists of. It occurs when, having witnessed (or perhaps read about) certain actions of an alien people, one misconstrues their actions because of the following circumstances: (a) one is ignorant of the actual motivation of those people, and (b) their actions appear similar in some way to actions of a sort that might occur in-or that one is familiar with from-one’s own culture. These are the circumstances in which it is possible to commit the Projection Error.
Islandia and Despond
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

In order to identify those features of our culture that relativists have seized upon and exaggerated in their picture of morality, I will sketch two imaginary cultures, which I shall call “Islandia” and “Despond.”1 Both sketches will be made up chiefly of features borrowed from our own culture, or from the lives of certain members of our culture, but only in my second culture, Despond, do we find anything that fits the relativist’s picture of morality.
Introduction: Reviving the Question of Subjectivity
Authors: Carr David
Published: November 2023

My title is taken from Edmund Husserl’s last work, The Crisis of European Sciences. Paragraph 5 3 of that posthumous and fragmentary text bears the heading: “The paradox of human subjectivity: being a subject for the world and at the same time being an object in the world”(CR 178). This phrase expresses perfectly the topic to which the following study is devoted.
Species Duration and the Tempo of Diversification
Authors: Levin Donald A
Published: November 2023

All species, regardless of their attributes or the character of the environment, will follow the passage from inception through expansion, differentiation, and demise. A multitude of plant species has completed this journey; and all extant species are now en route. Most contemporary species are either in the expansion or the differentiation phase. Before the massive impact of humans, the number of recent species probably exceeded the number in decline. Now the opposite may be the case.
Events as Dividuals
Authors: Verkuyl Henk J
Published: November 2023

Someone criticising event semantics is not bound to reject or evade the notion of event. The question is whether or not representations containing expressions like ∃e(… e …) have explanatory value for the linguistic analysis at hand. In Verkuyl (1993) I have argued that the use of event variables may have this value, for example, in the study of discourse structure, as in Hinrichs (1981, 1986a, 1986b). However, for the study of what I call inner aspectuality—roughly, the domain of the verb and its arguments—there turn out to be severe problems with Davidson’s (1967) claim that the notion of event is primitive.
Word Order and Quantification over Times
Authors: Delfitto Denis , Bertinetto Pier Marco
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we consider some consequences of the assumption that verbs are endowed with an event and a time argument and that adverbs are crucially related, in ways that have to be carefully studied, with the realisation of these two arguments. The view developed here represents an extension of the hypothesis that verbal predicates are associated with an event argument and that this event argument plays a crucial role in establishing the semantics of theta-roles and adverbials (Davidson 1967; Parsons 1990; Schein 1993).
Nonvascular Abnormalities
Authors: Weir Bryce
Published: November 2023

In the first cooperative aneurysm study of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), the diagnosis was based on the presence of lumbar puncture, autopsy, or sufficient clinical evidence to be acceptable to the individual participating centers. In the era before CT scanning, 2492 patients (43% of the total) had SAH from a cause other than aneurysm or arteriovenous malformation (AVM); 11% of this group had autopsies performed. Among these 266 patients, 2 had primary brain tumor and 4 had metastatic brain tumor. No spinal tumors were diagnosed. In the “other SAH” group as a whole, patients had 14 primary brain tumors, 12 cerebral metastases, and 4 possible metastases. The primary brain tumors found consisted of three glioblastomas, three unspecified tumors, and one each of meningioma, choroid plexus papilloma, hemangiosarcoma, pituitary adenoma, and ependymoblastoma. Of the metastatic tumors associated with hemorrhage, five were melanoma, four were cancer of the lung, and one each were metastatic hepatoma, atrial myxoma, and unknown. The suspected metastatic cases included cancers of the breast, colon, and cervix. Individual case reports include SAH from lung cancer and metastatic chorionepithelioma. Probably any type of metastasis can cause SAH.
Physical and Biological Setting
Authors: Felger Richard Stephen , Johnson Matthew Brian , Wilson Michael Francis
Published: November 2023

Trees are the corner stone life form in the vegetation of Sonora.They are the species that affect and influence the survival of other species in the eco system. whether plants, animals, or people. Trees grow virtually everywhere in the state except in the extremely arid desert bordering the Rio Colorado. Across the deserts and the grosslands.