bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diphthongal Stems
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

GREEK NOUNS IN -ev<; (informally, the {3aa,X.ev<; type). Prominent in this class are denominative nouns of occupation: i1r1rev<; ‘knight, horse­ man’, (i1r1ror;), <J,ovevr; ‘murderer’ (<J,ovor; ‘murder’), <J,opevr; ‘bearer’ (<J,opo<; ‘tribute, payment’, orig ,a carrying’), ‘YP0t.µµ0t.rev<; ‘secretary (‘Yp&µµa ‘letter’), xa”X.Kev<; ‘smith’ (xaX.Ko<; ‘copper’). Some are instruments rather than human agents, as Toµev<; ‘knife’ ( ...tem- ‘cut’), oxev<; ‘(carrying) strap, bar’ (“wegh- ‘carry, fetch’). The majority of these are derived from o-stem nominaactionis, and that is thought to be the original state of affairs. Nom.sg. L res is necessarily analogical-the PIE nom.sg. “reH1is un­ disturbed would have given Pltal. “reis whence L xris (57)-but the exact history of the L nom.sg. form is uncertain. It might reflect a form “reys, created on the basis of other case-forms in “rey- < “reny-. It might be based on acc. “rem (below), like the creation of dies ‘day’ after “diem acc. (327).
The Latin Fifth Declension
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The history of the L fifth declension is obscure, and has long been a topic of much discussion. There is nothing similar in the other IE languages. Lith. ie-stems (zeme ‘land’ gen.sg. zemes), which look somewhat similar, have been shown to be largely, if not wholly, rya-stems in origin. Elsewhere there are a few isolated nouns in -e which are probably verb stems used substantively, proper to compounds of the type seen in Ved. fraddh!i- ‘faith’ (a compound of root dha- ‘put’, PIE “dheHr) which inflects as an ordinary a-stem. G XP ‘necessity’ and a.1r6xp’YJ ‘sufficiency; enough’ are 3sg. verb-forms which underwent reinterpretation in such expressions as a.1r6xp’YJ n11i ‘is sufficient for someone’ > ‘enough [for someone]’. In reality, the ‘fifth declension’ is a historical accident-a collection of nouns of heterogeneous ancestry which converged (in a none too orderly fashion) on a type. This explains the difficulty of finding analogues in other languages, including, most particularly, the other Italic languages; and also the variability in morphological detail from noun to noun and from period to period.
Second Declension
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The o- and a-stems of G and L influenced one another and were both influenced by pronoun inflections. The o-stems will be taken up first, as they are more basic: the a-stems were derived from them; were more influenced by the o-stems than conversely; and have certain complexities unlike anything in o-stems. THE SINGULAR CASES OF o-STEMS (see table opposite). r. Nom.sg. PIE “-o-s, G -or;, Pital “-os, OL -os, whence usual -us (71.6). For L puer, vir, ager, see 74+ Regular syncope of the o is seen in Sab., as 0 hurz ‘garden’ (z = [ts]; cf. L hortus), bantins = L banfinus ‘of Bantia’. 2. Voc.sg. PIE -e, not an ending per se but the bare stem in the e­ grade, is seen as such in BS, G -E, and Pital. “-e, whence L -e. But L puer ‘O boy’ (puere in Plaut.), vir ‘O man’ are identical to the nom.sg. This is probably a phonological development, as short vowels seem to be especially prone to drop after r (74.6). -From words in -ius a few early forms in -ie are quotable, as fitie ‘O son’; but the form is regularly filz, Valer
Comparison Of Adjectives
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

Adjectives in PIE as discussed in 337-47 are in what is called the positive degree: they express the generic force of the adjective without semantic coloration such as emphasis, attenuation, contrast, pejoration, and so on. There were several adjective stems in PIE, however, which did qualify the force of an adjective. As the daughter languages developed, one or another of these formations evolved into the ‘comparative and superlative degrees’ of adjectives familiar from the principal languages of Europe. One such suffix was ..-yos- (349-51), an INTENSIVE marker signifying ‘very; rather; to a marked degree’. This yields the L comparative, and is one of the ingredients in the G comparative. It is also the basis of the L and G superlative. Another stem, ..-(t)ero- (355-6), was PARTICUIARIZING and by implication ANT0NYMIC: ‘the hot one (not the cold one)’; ‘our (own)’.
Possess1Ve Pronouns
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

These have already been mentioned in several places; it will be useful to gather the facts together here. ‘Possessive pronouns’ are ordinary adjectives formed from the stems of the personal pronouns by the addition of thematic inflection (-o-/-eH2-) or with the contrastive suffix “-tero-/-tereH2- (355). The contrastive function of such adjectives is obvious, but the reason for the prominence of the con­ trastive affix in the plural is not.1 1. G i:µ,or;, i:µ,for; have a mixed ancestry, continuing the old gen. ‘meme; the enclitic possessives attested as such in Hitt. (-mi-if nom., -mi-in, -ma-an acc., and so on); and yet other ingredients. See 367.2. L meus is presumably from ‘meyos elaborated from the enclitic gen.dat., but the only unambiguous attestations of such point to ‘moy, not ‘mey: OCS moj[ ‘my’, G µ,oi dat. Contamination from acc. ml with help from possessive adj. ‘tewos, ‘sewos is likelier than a special e-grade etymon.
Eventive Verbs Eventive Verb Categories
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The Eventive Verbs Of Pie were subdivided into two form/ function categories (albeit all but unmarked by formal differences), namely they were either punctual or durative. (Other terms are encountered for the same concepts.) The distinction hinges on whether the action or event is conceived of as requiring an elapse of time; the membership of a verb in one category or the other is therefore a matter of the meaning of the verb itself: ‘look for’ or ‘travel’ or ‘carve’ are inherently durative; ‘find’ or ‘arrive’ or ‘stab’ are inherently punctual. However, durative events can be conceived of as POINTS in future or past time (Alice traveled in Europe last year, punctual in contradistinction to the durative Alice was traveling in Europe when she met her husband), and punctual notions readily can be used in transferred (figurative) senses which are durative: I’m finding that Howard is possessive is an ordinary kind of sentence, whereas I’m finding a cat under the bed is so odd as to be unprocessable.1
Punctual (Aorist) Stems
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The only stem-formation which is uniquely aoristic is an athematic stem consisting of an element *-s- directly affixed to the root. Perhaps because of its distinctiveness it enjoyed considerable productivity in the daughter languages. There is little lexical agreement from one IE language to another as to which aorist stems are thus built, suggesting that the period of productivity came late in the history of PIE; and there is no certain trace of the element in Hitt. Evidence for the shape of the root in saorists is conflicting. In Indic the root vowel is in lengthened grade in the active indicative; in the middle, it is zero grade (though some roots ending in *y and *w have full grade instead). The subj. takes full grade. So to hr;- ‘fetch’, ahiirJam rsg.act., ahnata 3sg.subj.; to dif- ‘point out’, ddiita 3sg.midd. (regular from “adikf{a; the -sc of the stem is overt in forms like ddikii ISg.midd.). In G the root is normally in the same grade as the present stem, so 0EiK11vµi, eoEL a; -yp&</)w, e-ypai/;a; but there are exceptions like ri11w/ri11w ‘pay’, erELua (cf. erfoa). Land OCS evidence bears on only part of the question, as neither language builds middles to the reflexes of the aorist, but as far as it goes their evidence agrees with Indic: L veho, vexf; OCS vezp, vesu, PIE “wei,ho, “wei,h-s- ‘convey’ (cf. Ved. dvii{ 2sg. < “aviifss < “ewekss < “eweghss). Over the years the trend of scholarly
Fourth Conjugation and Tmro Conjugation Verbs in- id
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The 4th. conj. comprises primary verbs with presents of thef / class, and denominatives built with the same suffix. But the 4th conj. is not the manifestation of all such stems: as remarked in the preceding discussions, a large number of ye/ o-stem verbs-mainly secondary formations, stem enlargements, and so on-end up in the first three conjugations purely by the agency of sound laws. 3rd. conj.: capio ‘take’, facio ‘do’, iacio ‘throw’, rapio ‘seize’, sapio ‘taste’, fugio ‘flee’, fodio ‘dig’, and (con)spicio ‘see’. Less obviously, iiio (iiiio) ‘say’ < 2. DENOMINATIVES, originally from i-stems and cons.-stems (460-1), but by analogy from other stems too. Thus ftnio ‘limit’ (finis), partior ‘divide’ (pars, parti-); custodio ‘guard’ (custos, custod-); but also servio ‘serve; be subject to’ (servus, an o-stem).
The Durative Eventive Preterite (Imperfect)
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The Greek imperfect agrees with Indo-Iranian and Anatolian and reflects the PIE imperfect. This was an anterior tense marking uncompleted, continuous, or iterative action, and was formed from the present stem with generic (‘secondary’) endings (419-20), with or without the augment, which finally became fixed in G as in lndo-Iranian and Armenian. Thus G e</>Epo11 = Ved. dbharam ‘I was carrying’. In stem-types shared by the present/imperfect and the aorist paradigms, the formation itself is ambiguous. That is, what makes E</>Epo11 an imperfect and EAL’ll’OP an aorist is the relationship of the formation in question to the other forms in the paradigm- specifically, there is a present </>Epw, whereas there is no presenItxAfaw.1 A formation built to a present-only stem type, such as Eµ&110cwo11, can of course only be an imperfect to µcxv0&vw.
The Latin Perfect System
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew
Published: November 2023

The development of the L tense known as the perfect followed a course altogether unlike G. The greatest difference was manifested from the outset, namely the L tense is a conflation of the PIE aorist and stative; its function was basically aoristic/ completive. A single set of personal endings evolved, but a souvenir of the mixed ancestry of the category was the variety of stem types, partly stative and partly aorist in origin (sometimes ambiguous as to which). The commonest type, however-the vf-perfect-is a specifically L development of obscure history. OTHER TENSE AND MOOD STEMS OF THE LATIN PERFECT SYSTEM are all based upon a combination of the L perf. stem, whichever that happens to be, with an element *-is-, of wholly obscure origin but most commonly imagined to be related somehow to the s-aorist. (The impossibility of any connection with the Indic -i[- and -Si[- aorist stems is discussed in 530.2.) To this •-is- were added elements which are partly of obscure origin and are partly recognizable as modal markers which function much as they do in the pres./imperf. system
Introduction
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

The priest had told the story of 1392 many times and had even written it down in a chronicle, but this time he was entertaining a diverse audience of children and servants who had gathered in his brother’s house in Cheapside on St. Nicholas’s Day to await the visit of the “boy bishop.” “King Richard,” he explained, “was no longer the dear boy-prince he was at his coronation. Those were the good old days, fifteen years ago. Most of you weren’t alive then. He turned into a spoiled tyrant and moved his law courts to York to punish London. But neither he nor London could make a profit from the legal business way up there. And, of course, he could not afford to have a conspiracy arising in London while he was at York. So in a show of contrition, the mayor, aldermen, sheriffs, and all the worthy city dressed out in their ceremonial best and went to meet the king and queen.” Here the chronicler recited the glories of the welcomers’ livery-the colors of bright red and black, the gold and silver ornaments, the hats with their badges, the fine and spirited horses.1 These were not simply merchants going out to welcome their prince; they were nobles by virtue of their wealth, if not their lineage. When these grand men had escorted the king and queen to London Bridge, they showed their magnificence by presenting the king with a milk-white steed saddled and bridled and trapped with white cloth of gold and red parted together, and the queen had a palfrey
The Fragile Years of Childhood
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

Once baptized, the child had crossed the threshold from a state of limbo, as Dante described the circle of hell in which the unbaptized resided, and moved into the struggle for survival within the network of family and community. Evidence about these first years of life is hard to find in historical records, and most of what we know presents a grim picture overshadowed by high rates of mortality. The chief records for studying childhood in London are the wardship cases that appear in the Letter Books. Thus we know the most about those children who lost at least one parent, usually the father. This sort of source., combined with wills and coroners’ inquests, points toward childhood experiences dominated by the Grim Reaper. Considering the filth of London streets and the marginal cleanliness of even the best houses, survival was not assured. Demographers estimate that infant mortality was 30 to 50 percent in the premodern world. Since we .. do not have parish registers for the Middle Ages, we cannot arrive at an accurate estimate of the number of children who died. But London’s practice of providing mayoral supervision for citizens’ orphans does give some information on the mortality of the better-fed class.
Life on the Threshold of Adolescence
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

The Western tradition of recognizing the change from childhood to puberty is one with deep roots. In the ancient physicians’ and philosophers’ division of life into four stages, adolescence was conceived of as hot and dry, as are summer and fire, and its humor was red choler. Youths, according to Bede, are “lean (even though they eat heartily), swift-footed, bold, irritable, and active.” Those who divided the life cycle into six stages according to the planets envisioned youth as Venus, which “implants an impulse toward the embrace of love.”1 The folkloric traditions, as well, included good descriptions of the transition period. “The Mirror of the Periods of Man’s Life” is primarily a vehicle for moralizing, but it also divides life into stages according to years and qualities. In the fourteenth year (puberty), “know liche of manhode he wynnes,” and throughout his early twenties the youth is a battleground for the struggle between the seven virtues and the seven sins. Reason dictates an education at Oxford or at the law, but lust has other ideas:
Entering into Apprenticeship
Authors: Hanawalt Barbara A
Published: November 2023

Apprenticeship marked a decisive break from the status of child. In this formative life stage, which could occupy almost a quarter of their lives,1 young people learned not only a craft but the characteristics of the role they would eventually play as adults. Apprentices moved out of their natal home into that of their master, becoming part of his familial environment. They slept in the shop or the house, shared meals with the family and other apprentices, received their clothing from their master, and endured his discipline. Their lives also changed in that they began to form an identity with their masters’ guilds and with the city of London, of which they would become citizens when they completed apprenticeship. Daily activities also altered radically from the routine of school or household, for apprentices spent most of their day in the shop learning their craft. The gradual learning of a trade or craft was regarded as an initiation into its mysteries, and, indeed, an alternative name for the guild was a “mistery.” Entering apprenticeship at fourteen to eighteen years old, youths spent seven to ten or more years in this stage between childhood and adulthood.
Gnosticism Within the Orthodox Faith
Authors: Lee Philip J
Published: November 2023

Critics of orthodox Christianity are quick to point out that a great deal of what we have referred to as gnosticism has existed within the Church throughout its history. The world-denying, escapist, elitist themes have had their advocates in every Christian era. Are we not all aware of the Church’s image of promoting otherworldliness, mortification of the flesh and denial of sexual pleasure, not to mention the Marxist taunt, “Pie in the sky by and by when you die”? No one could deny that there is more than ample evidence to support such a critique. The Church has indeed sheltered gnostic individuals; it has, in some generations, been greatly influenced by them. The Church has, to a degree, been gnosticized as, in turn, it has been hellenized, Platonized, stoicized and romanticized. The definitive. question in heresy, however, is precisely this matter of degree. For heresy always involves a truth being carried to an illogical or dangerous degree. Heresy implies a lack of dialectical tension: speaking of good without speaking of evil or speaking of evil without speaking of good. In the case of gnosticism, it involves some of the oversimplifications we have examined: other world without this world, soul without body, self without Church, spirit without matter.
Elitism:From the Many to the Few
Authors: Lee Philip J
Published: November 2023

Aprivate, anti-Church view of Christianity of necessity correlates with religious elitism. When the self effectively becomes the center of God’s activity in the world, then the self must be seen as holy, set apart from all common, unworthy selves. When the self is thought to have attained special knowledge, then the self must be distinguished from those quite different others which have not attained special knowledge. “ ‘Knowledge’ fgnosis] puffs up, but love [agape] builds up,” writes the Apostle Paul. Already, the New Testament had found itself having to oppose gnostic elitism. The early Church Fathers continued to resist any elitist attempts to separate the pneumatics from the psychics or the gnostikoi from the ordinary Christians. Although the gnostic Gospel of Philip was concerned that many baptizands “go down into the water and come up without having received anything,” orthodoxy maintained that all those who had received baptism, confessed the creed, participated in the Eucharist and agreed to obey the Church were Christians. As Elaine Pagels has observed, “To become truly catholic-universalthe church rejected all forms of elitism, attempting to include as many as possible within its embrace. “
The Degnosticizing of Protestantism: The Renewal of Hope
Authors: Lee Philip J
Published: November 2023

As THE familiar hymn expresses it, the Church is always “by heresies distressed.” This work has attempted to state what it is that is particularly distressing about a revitalized gnostic heresy in our own day. It would be a serious mistake, however, to conclude that the problems confronting contemporary Protestantism are overwhelming or insoluble. Every generation of the Church has been threatened in one way or another by a teaching counter to biblical truth. Often the counter-teaching has been so attractive that it has almost captured the Church itself. Gnosticism in its various guises has on several occasions been especially powerful and apparently close to victory. “Mani,” as Runciman reminds us, “began his preaching at Ctesiphon in Mesopotamia in A.D. 242 ... [and] within a century of his death ... it seemed not unlikely that Mani’s faith would dominate the world.” Valentinus, often considered the ablest theologian among the ancient heresiarchs, was in the running for and perhaps almost achieved the bishopric of Rome. The extent of gnostic appeal in the fourth century is evident in the fact that the young Ambrose had been a Marcionite and Augustine a Manichee. If those spiritual sojourners could find their way out of the alluring mists of gnostic thought into the clear atmosphere of orthodox faith, indeed to become teaching doctors of that faith, surely there is hope for us.
The Changing Social Portrait of Families
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: November 2023

I must confess to you today that not long after talking about the dream, I started seeing it turn into a nightmare as I moved through the ghettos of the nation and saw my black brothers and sisters perishing on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity.
Electra
Authors: lembke Janet , Reckford kenneth J
Published: November 2023

FARMER Age-old valley of my shining land, how yciur rivers gleamed as they saw war launched in a thousand ships when Lord Agamemnon sailed against Troy. And after he’d killed Troy’s ruler, Priam, and burnt and leveled that famous city, he came back to Argos to hang many spoils seized from those barbarians high on our temple walls. Away from home he found good luck, but in his own house he was killed by Clytemnestra’s treachery and the hand of Thyestes’ son Aigisthos. A long line of kingship was broken when he died. Now Aigisthos wears the country’s crown and holds both Agamemnon’s scepter and his wife. When the king sailed for Troy, he left at home the baby Orestes and his little girl, Electra. Orestes would have died by Aigisthos’ hand, but his father’s old tutor smuggled him away and gave him to Strophios in the north for protection. Electra stayed in her father’s house. When her youth reached its flower, the foremost young men of Greece came courting. But, terrified that she’d bear princely sons to avenge Agamemnon, he held her under house arrest, Aigisthos did, and denied her any marriage. Yet, when he planned to kill her out of great fear that she might take a highborn lover in secret and bear him sons, her mother-a savage woman did save her from Aigisthos’ hand. Reason is, Clytemnestra had excuses for her husband’s death but dreaded blame for murdering her children.
Preliminaries
Authors: Watkins Calvert
Published: November 2023

One or more myths about a god or hero killing a dragon or other reptilian adversary, usually just called ‘snake, serpent’, is found in a vast number of cultures around the world; it may be a quasi-universal. We cannot speak of an exclusively Indo-European dragon; our task rather is to sort out the Indo-European modalities of the myth as a verbal message and to underline the peculiarities which characterize the Indo-European version and which allow us to assert that it existed.
Musical Life in the Central European Jewish Village
Authors: Bohlman Philip V
Published: November 2023

Taking a tip from Kümmerly and Frey’s Strassen-Atlas Deutsch/and-Europa (1982), with its bright yellow emphasis on sehenswerte Orte (sites worth seeing), one enters Sulzburg in the southwestern part of the German state of Baden-Württemberg expecting to find a village that is both picturesque and rich in history. The village, whose population today consists of only a few thousand, has a fairly unpretentious location, straddling a small stream as it falls from the Hochschwarzwald into the flood plain of the Rhine. There are no signs leading to the “sites worth seeing,” though the flow of traffic through the village pulls one first through the town gate-a quaint medieval portal now looking rather baroque-along the one main street suitable for motorized traffic, briefly across the stream to the chapel of St. Cyriac, a Carolingian monastery church from the early Middle Ages, and then back to the main thoroughfare, which leads up through a valley to Bad Sulzburg, which at 1414 meters is the eventual goal of most who pass this way.
Jews and Hungarians in Modem Hungarian Musical Culture
Authors: Frigyesi Judit
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1990, an article by Gyorgy Domokos entitled “Minority and Dictatorship” appeared in the Hungarian daily paper Népszabadság. It struck a clearly antisemitic tone, the author claiming that Hungarian Jews in the postwar era were engaged in a struggle for dictatorial power over their fellow Hungarians. The publication of Domokos’s article caused much anxiety among Hungarian Jews; it was widely interpreted abroad as illustrative of the growing ethnic intolerance in the post-Communist East European countries. The broader context of this article, however, did not receive such extensive coverage, although it was no less significant. “Minority and Dictatorship” was one of several dozen articles on the Jewish question in Hungary, written both by Jews and non-Jews, and published as a series in the same newspaper. The great majority of these articles were pro-Jewish, and they explained in detail-often with remarkable insight-the nature of the “symbiosis” of the Hungarian and Jewish intelligentsia. Ivan Vitányi’s article, quoted above, was part of this series.
New Directions in the Music of the Sephardic Jews Edwin Seroussi (bar-ilan university)
Authors: Seroussi Edwin
Published: November 2023

The redefinition of meaning and content in a musical tradition exposed to radical new circumstances does not necessarily imply the extinction of its identity but rather its power to revitalize itself. In discussing the social and cultural transformations affecting the Sephardic Jews since the mid-nineteenth century, several authors have raised the likelihood of the eventual disappearance of vital portions of their musical traditions.1 As indicated in its title, this article takes an alternative point of view. The phrase “new directions” assumes a departure from established patterns of musical creativity and behavior, not necessarily confined to the renewal of musical materials (e.g., new melodies added to the repertory), but also including changes in music appreciation, aesthetic values, performance practices and the social functions of music. Such changes, however, may be seen as part of a dynamic process in which music rooted in traditional repertories continues to be one of the most salient features contributing to the maintenance of a worldwide Sephardic Jewish identity.
The Eretz Israeli Song and the Jewish National Fund
Authors: Shahar Natan
Published: November 2023

Keren Kayemet Leyisrael, or the Jewish National Fund (JNF), was established by the Fifth Zionist Congress in Basel in December 1901 for the purpose of raising funds to purchase land in Palestine.1 Operating on the principle that even small sums eventually added up, the JNF introduced a number of fund-raising staples-the JNF stamp, the blue-and-white collection box and the Golden Book-that soon became commonplace throughout the Jewish world. Within a relatively short period of time a consensus emerged that contributing to the JNF was tantamount to redeeming Jewish land. Thanks to this consensus, the JNF was able to function freely in a wide range of communities, coordinating its efforts through a number of national bureaus staffed in the main by volunteers. Operating for the most part in an autonomous manner, these bureaus collected and transferred money to JNF headquarters, which was located for the first twenty years of its existence outside Palestine, first in Vienna, then in Cologne and then in the Hague. In 1922, the JNF relocated to Jerusalem; in the following year, Menahem Ussishkin took over as chairman.
Music of Holy Argument: The Ethnomusicology of a Talmud Study Session
Authors: Wolberger Lionel
Published: November 2023

The dynamic nature of Ashkenazic Jewish talmudic study is obvious to anyone who would compare, say, a library and a beis medresh (study hall).2 In the former, books are silently read and activity-even moving the lips-is considered an impediment to the process. In the latter, to murmur while reading is a minimum requirement, and there is a hustle, hubbub and roar of voices as people read, chant, hum melodies, gesticulate and debate. As the quotations above illustrate, the resulting scene often described with musical vocabulary, and there is in fact a small body of talmudic sources and modem research that articulates the musical dimensions of study. By and large, however, scholastic inquiry has been focused on issues of text and language, and little effort has been made to analyze the ways in which music and movement form a coherent communication that accompanies the learning of Talmud.
Memory and Political Culture: Israeli Society and the Holocaust
Authors: Don-Yehiya Eliezer
Published: November 2023

The philosopher Emil Fackenheim has defined the Holocaust as an “epoch-making event,” one that leaves an imprint on the history and development of society.
Education for Jewish Girls in the East: A Portrait of the Galata School in Istanbul, 1879-1912
Authors: Benbassa Esther
Published: November 2023

The Galata School in Istanbul belonged to the educational network set up by the Alliance Israélite Universelle during the years 1862-1914. The express purpose of these schools was to promote both the emancipation of the Jews and their moral, intellectual and material improvement. In principle, Alliance institutions were open to all regardless of religion, nationality, sex or socioeconomic background. Except for its being restricted to girls, this was true of the Galata establishment.
Judaism and Jewishness
Authors: Mendelsohn Jonathan Frankel Peter Y Medding Ezra
Published: November 2023

Many of the authors of the books and contributors to the anthologies under review address themselves to the debate on the present condition and future of American Jewry following on the works of the so-called “revisionists”: Charles E. Silberman’s A Certain People (1985), Calvin Goldscheider’s and Alan S. Zuckerman’s The Transformation of the Jews (1984) and Steven Cohen’s earlier work American Modernity and Jewish Identity (1983). The revisionists presented an optimistic counter perspective to the pessimistic view that the assimilation of American Jewry was proceeding at such an accelerated pace that the community’s survival beyond a few more generations was in doubt. The revisionists argued that the pessimistic view was based on faulty calculations and assumptions and that, when the evidence was analyzed in a sophisticated manner, it was evident that American Jewry was not only surviving but was in a most healthy state. The majority may have abandoned the social and cultural features that had suited segregated and antisemitic societies, but they were replacing them with new patterns that were adaptive to an open and tolerant society.
The Case of the Kovno Ghetto
Authors: Mendelsohn Jonathan Frankel Peter Y Medding Ezra
Published: November 2023

The Kovno ghetto diary of Avraham Tory has been translated twice so far: once from Yiddish into Hebrew by David Shlomi, and then from Hebrew, with use of the original Yiddish text, into English. But this English version is not only a translation. The book has been edited by the well-known historian and writer Martin Gilbert and includes Dina Porat’s helpful textual and historical annotations. While in the Hebrew edition the diary was separated from the documents collected by Tory during the war years, here the documents are interspersed with the diary text in chronological order, making the work an organic literary entity.
Penelope as Moral Agent
Authors: Foley Helene P
Published: November 2023

In his Poetics, Aristotle defines tragic character in relation to tragic choice. Character, Aristotle argues, reveals a prohairesis or a process of undertaking moral commitment in which a person chooses to act or to abstain from action in circumstances where the choice is not obvious (Poetics 1450b8-10).1 The central moral decision on which the action of the Odyssey turns is Penelope’s.
Les Femmes Fatales: Skylla and the Sirens in Greek Art
Authors: Neils lenifer
Published: November 2023

Homer’s Odyssey contains many femmes fatales, irresistible women who attempt to detain Odysseus on his homeward journey. The “lovely haired” goddesses Kirke and Kalypso are the most obvious temptresses, and the bulk of the hero’s ten-year odyssey is spent in their thrall. In a more subtle way, even young, innocent Nausikaa, “like the immortal goddesses in form and size” (6.16), plots, through her parents’ offer of marriage, to keep him forever on her isle. But surely the most fatal of all the females in the Odyssey are the creatures that Odysseus and his men encounter in Book 12: the Sirens, Skylla, and Charybdis.
The Intimate Act of Footwashing: Odyssey 19
Authors: Havelock Christine Mitchell
Published: November 2023

Sophokles wrote a play, Niptra, which no longer survives, about Odysseus’ return home, and it has been conjectured that theatrical performances of this drama may be the source for the depictions of Eurykleia washing the feet of Odysseus in Classical art.
Moods as Barometers of Well-Being
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

Our energy level tells us a great deal about our body’s overall well being. Tension level also is important. And the combination of energy and tension, together with the thoughts they influence, produce what most people call moods. In fact, our moods are infallible indicators, or barometers, of our most basic functions at any given moment. For example, our feelings about how energetic or how tired we are convey vital information about our physical and psychological health, as well ac our readiness for action or our need for rest and recuperation. Tension and calmness, on the other hand, are signals indicating how safe or threatened we feel, both consciously and un consciously.
The Evolutionary Biology of Moods
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

Humans have evolved over millions of years, with virtually every complex system of the body having developed through natural selection. We are resilient because we have retained those characteristics that enabled our ancestors to survive and pass on their genes. This is not an inconsequential fact; indeed, it is quite an optimistic point. Be cause of the test of survival, we are not weak and vulnerable creatures. In a sense, we are designed to survive under the harshest conditions because we have inherited the bodies of the survivors, not the weak ones.
The Physiology and Anatomy of Mood
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

So far, we have looked at the physiology and psychology of moods, without carefully examining the complex physiological concepts. Now I will be more explicit. Some years ago, I set up a psychophysiological laboratory to study how a variety of physiological processes correlate with conscious awareness. The main problem with which my students and I were concerned was the wider relationships among different physiological and psychological systems of the body. We wished to know how closely these systems were related to one another.
The Practical Psychology of Self-Regulation
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

So far, I have not offered practical applications for the concepts about mood that I have described. Yet many of these concepts can be helpful in understanding everyday moods and behaviors. When I teach courses on mood, my students repeatedly request practical information. So each semester in my Psychology of Mood class I devote a small portion of time to this1•
Overcoming Tense-Tiredness by Increasing Energy
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

Much evidence indicates that tense-tiredness helps create the most undesirable moods and probably underlies depression, low self esteem, negative thoughts of all sorts, and many kinds of dysfunctional behavior, including the use of drugs and alcohol to alter mood. When we say we are in a bad mood, chances are that it is some form of tense-tiredness. This mood probably has a clear biological function: It signals the need for rest and recuperation, together with caution we sense potential danger, and tension is the result.
Reducing Tension to Overcome Tense-Tiredness
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

As we have seen in previous chapters, tense-tiredness is the mood that brings with it undesirable feelings as well as negative thoughts. We found in our research, and the research of others, that this mood can be counteracted by enhancing energy and that some of the most effective methods include the various forms of exercise that I de scribed in the last chapter. Because tense-tiredness represents a dynamic balance between energy and tension, this negative state also may be eliminated by reducing tension and related states such as anxiety and nervousness.
Systematic Self-Observation: The First Step in Mood Change
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

Most of us can improve our daily moods if we have accurate information about why they occur. Knowing what to look for is often the most difficult part of obtaining this information. But with a few basic variables to monitor, self-study yields immediate information about how to make changes in our daily life that can lead to a better mood, more energy, and less tension. Moreover, your behavior is most likely to remain changed if insights about it are discovered in your own self-analyses.
Framing the Margins of Philodemus and Poetry
Authors: Clay Diskin
Published: November 2023

Socrates alludes to an ancient quarrel between poetry and philosophy in his sustained assault on the cognitive status and ethical dangers of poetry in Book 10 of the Republic (607B). Plato knew well of what Socrates spoke, for according to one tradition Plato began his career as a poet, and the voice of poetry can be heard in almost every one of the dramatic dialogues Plato wrote. Nevertheless, he banished poetry from his heavenly city, since he heard no voice raised in her defense. But Aristotle soon appeared as the advocate of exiled poetry, and, by the end of the fourth century B.c., the quarrel between poetry and philosophy seems to have spent some of the energies that had fed it on the side of philosophy. Aristotle, who was himself a poet, turned his serious and sympathetic attention to the study of poets and poetry, and led poetry back into the city of philosophy after her brief banishment. But the situation becomes complicated once again with the emergence towards the middle of the first century B.c. of a poet who was also a philosopher. So far as we know, none of his contemporaries was shocked by Lucretius’ decision to write poetry, but the students of Epicureanism in the twentieth century have discovered an antinomy in the precept and example of Lucretius’ “master,” Epicurus, and his powerful Latin hexameter poem of six books, On the Nature of Things.
Epicurean Poetics
Authors: Asmis Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

If one were to ask people to rank the contributions made by the Epicureans to philosophy, I would not be surprised if poetic theory were near the bottom of most people’s lists, or altogether missing, whereas poetry itself might well be at the top. The ancient quarrel between philosophy and poetry seems to have played itself out in an extreme paradox in Epicureanism. Epicurus has the reputation of being the most hostile to poetry of any Greek philosopher. But some of his later followers were clearly devoted to poetry, and one of them, Lucretius, achieved a remarkable reconciliation between philosophy and poetry.
The Impossibility of Metathesis: Philodemus and Lucretius on Form and Content in Poetry
Authors: Armstrong David
Published: November 2023

All of us know well enough that the stars and the elements once had magical and divine qualities ascribed to them, and the sober sciences of “astronomy” and “chemistry” were difficult for any but the most determinedly scientific minds to separate from astrology and alchemy. That the mere elements of literacy, the letters of the alphabet themselves, were once equally involved with magic in the popular mind is not so familiar a thought. But, if we think of it, most of us have smiled at the derivation of the word “glamour” by which the medieval Scots expressed their awe at the magical science of grammata, and can remember, if we think of it, that “abracadabra” expresses the belief that the letters of the alphabet read in order cast a spell.
Framing Disputes in the Movement Against Capital Punishment
Authors: Haines Herbert H
Published: November 2023

Disagreements occur within all social movements over the best way to present issues or the best strategies to employ. For instance, labor activists once fell into two broad categories: those who demanded worker control of the means of production and those who sought only the right to bargain with their employers for better wages and working conditions. In the 1960s, the civil rights movement was torn by questions of whether racial integration or selfdetermination was the proper objective of African Americans and whether violent tactics were ever justified. Some environmentalists portray the natural environment as “natural resources” to be “conserved”; for others, it is a separate realm over which humankind has no claim of proprietorship. At times, disputes such as these have broken movements apart, whereas in other cases such disagreement has been downplayed in order to preserve at least a modicum of unity.

Robert Benford (1993) has devised a useful vocabulary for understanding internal divisions within movements. Based on the frame alignment perspective, he conceptualized such disagreements as “frame disputes,” and identified three major forms they may take. Diagnostic disputes are disagreements over the correct way of perceiving the problem that a movement is addressing. The nuclear disarmament groups Benford studied, for example, clashed over whether to focus on nuclear weapons alone or to address factors that increased the threat of military conflict between nations. Prognostic disputes have to do with either the solutions a movement endorses or the strategies and tactics it employs. Some of Benford’s antinuclear organizations wanted to endorse a moratorium on the installation of medium-range ballistic missiles in Europe, whereas more radical activists saw this as a sellout.
Monte Carlo Modeling for Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis
Authors: Joy David C
Published: November 2023

This book describes how Monte Carlo modeling methods can be applied to Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis. Computer programs for two basic types of Monte carlo simulation are developed from physical models of the electron scattering process; a Single Scattering program capable of high accuracy but requiring long computation times, and a Plural Scattering program which is less accurate but much more rapid. The programs are optimised for use on personal computers and provide a real time graphical display of the interaction. These programs are then used as the starting point for the development of programs aimed at studying particular effects in the electron microscope including backscattering, secondary electron production, EBIC and cathodo- luminescence imaging, and X- ray microanalysis. The computer code is given in a fully annotated format so that it may be readily be modified for use in specific problems. Many examples of the applications of these methods are provided, together with a complete bibliography.
The Plural Scattering Model
Authors: Joy David C
Published: November 2023

We will develop in this chapter a second Monte Carlo simulation of the interactions of an electron with a solid. This new model is based on the same physical principles as the single scattering approach discussed above but makes certain simplifying assumptions that greatly reduce the computation time required. Thus, whereas the single scattering model discussed in Chap. 3 attempts to take into account every elastic scattering event encountered by the incident electron, the “plural scattering” model described here tries only to compute the net effect produced by a number of successive scattering events. In addition, we average and pre calculate other parameters of the trajectory with the object of minimizing the amount of computation required during the simulation. Although these simplifications have some effect on the resultant accuracy of the model, the errors are, when the model is correctly applied, insignificant, while the saving of time is considerable. This model is, therefore, widely used, especially for problems where the incident beam is traveling into a bulk (i.e., not thin and so not electron-transparent) specimen. We saw at the end of Chap. 3 that the single scattering model, while certainly appropriate to the task of modeling electron interactions in a bulk solid, is rather slow because a great number of steps in the trajectory are required to advance the electron a small distance as its energy decreases. Consequently, in applications where the majority of electrons deposit all of their energy in the target, a single scattering Monte Carlo simulation is, for many users, too slow to be either enjoyable or very useful. The procedure that we describe here follows the outline of a method that was first described by Curgenven and Duncumb (1971), and which was specifically designed to produce good data in short computing times on small computers.
The Trinity, Language, and Modern Thought
Authors: Thompson John
Published: November 2023

The Trinity is a divine mystery, yet we must seek as far as possible to interpret it in human language. It may be about God in heaven but theology, as Karl Barth reminded us, is done in Basel, or wherever—that is, on earth. What, therefore, the theology of the church seeks continually to do is to articulate conceptually faith in the triune God in a manner that corresponds as closely as possible to its truth claims and eliminates erroneous conceptions. We do so in the modern age, post-Enlightenment. Speaking of one important aspect of this enterprise—the basic concept of person in the Trinity—Walter Kasper writes, “At issue in this question is … the correct conception of the centre and basic structure of the Christian message in the context of modern thought. The issue is the Christian answer to the situation of atheism that has been brought about by Christian theism.”1 This gives us the twin themes of our chapter: first, the most acceptable concepts and language to employ when speaking of the Trinity, and second, the Trinity in relation to the present age, especially the practical issues of atheism and theism.
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Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

Da Derga’s Hostel. [11 “The Destruction of Da Derga’s Hostel” is one of the most popular tales of a king ignoring the prophecy of his fate. A hostel by the River Dodder owned by a Leinster chieftain, it is the place to which Conaire Mor, the High King, travels in spite of warnings of impending doom on the way. He contrives to break all his taboos (geis). The hostel is besieged by Conaire’s enemies. Although Conaire and his men wreak great destruction before perishing, he is slain.
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Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

Gabalgline. [I] The ancient blind seer of Clan Dedad who was consulted by Ailill and Medb about the prophecy connected with the debility of the men of Ulster.
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Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

Labraid Loinseach. [I] See Moen. Labraid Luatblam ar Cleb. [I] “Labra Swift Hand on the Sword.” Ruler of Magh Mell and husband of Lf Ban, whom he sent to Cuchulainn with a promise to send the goddess Fand to him in exchange for one day’s fighting against three champions whom he could not overcome himself.
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Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

Ragallach. [I] A king of Connacht whose death at the hands of his own child is foretold. Ragallach attempts to avoid his fate by destroying his only child, a daughter. The child is saved and raised by a swineherd. She grows into a beautiful maiden and Ragallach makes her his concubine. She fulfils the prophecy.
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Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford
Published: November 2023

Sacra. A name anciently applied to Ireland, mentioned by Rufus Festus Avienius (ca. fourth century A.o.) in an account of the voyage of Himilco the Phoenician in 510 B.c. Sacrifices. In Celtic literature there is little evidence of human sacrifice being practised except in a story in the Dinnsenchas tract (Book of Leinster), which speaks of children being sacrificed to Cromm Cruach, an idol set up by Tighernmas on Magh Slecht. The story is put forward as an aberration rather than a norm. Cromm Cruach was qickly overthrown.