bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Prior Experience with Discriminanda on Differential Conditioning
Authors: Edwards David C.
Published: September 2011

Different amounts of reversal training: None, 4 reinforced trials to the white alley (4W+) and 4 nonreinforced trials to the black (4B−), 10W+ vs 10B−, and 30W+ vs 30B−, were given prior to differential instrumental reward conditioning, B+ vs W−. Speeds of 20 male hooded rats per group were measured on the 4 trials given per day. Both average speeds and individual Ss' discrimination scores showed that as more predifferential trials were given, more trials to discrimination were required on the reversed differentiation problem. The results were discussed in terms of some basic assumptions made by frustration theories of nonreward.
Choice Conflict and Subjective Uncertainty in Decision Making
Authors: Driscoll James M. , Tognoli Jerome J. , Lanzetta John T.
Published: September 2011

Subjective uncertainty and information search behavior were examined as a function of response uncertainty ( H), estimated from the number and relative likelihood of responses elicited by tachistoscopically presented pictures. Both subjective uncertainty and search increased with H and S's information search correlated positively with reports of subjective uncertainty. The data suggest that: (a) subjective uncertainty (S.U.) and search behavior are related to uncertainty based on the number and relative strength of the responses elicited by a choice situation; magnitude estimates of S.U. and search increased with H, the weighted uncertainty of the individual competing choice tendencies; and (b) subjective uncertainty mediates predecisional information search behavior; the greater the magnitude of S.U. elicited by a problem, the more S searches.
Comparison of Operant-Rate and Paired-Comparison Methods of Measuring Reinforcer Preferences in Monkeys
Authors: Treichler F. Robert , Hann Barbara , Donaldson Susan L.
Published: September 2011

Five rhesus monkeys were tested under two methods of meassuring reinforcer preference, one a paired-comparison and the other an operant-rate technique. Most animals failed to learn the discriminations necessary for paired-comparisons but showed significant and reliable differences in preference for the commodities evaluated by the operant-rate technique. It was concluded that either method, when appropriately designed, may yield useful results.
Studies of Fads: I. the “Hit Parade”
Authors: Jakobovits Leon A.
Published: September 2011

On the basis of certain theoretical formulations dealing with the effects of repetition in behavior and outlined in greater detail elsewhere, a number of predictions are made involving the behavior pattern of songs on the Hit Parade. According to this view, loss in popularity of songs would be mediated by semantic satiation developed as a result of massed and continued exposure. It was predicted that rate of loss in popularity would be directly proportional to the relative amount of massed exposure that accompanied a particular song during its rise in popularity. Using weekly listings of Hit Parade songs, various indices of saturation value and rate of decline were developed. Three separate analyses showed the following: (1) the predicted correlations were significant and substantial in all cases; (2) they were stable and replicable with two different samples of songs; (3) the predictions held only under the defined conditions of massed and continued repetition.
Relations and Meaning of the New MMPI Scales
Authors: Finney J. C.
Published: September 2011

The judgments that produced scales most plentiful in MMPI items were those concerned with dependency, masochism (getting disappointed and rejected by people), lack of confidence, guilt feeling, and general dissatisfaction, a group that has been labeled “the oral syndrome” or “disappointed dependency.” These scales are highly correlated with each other, with Welsh's A, and with uncorrected Pt. Evidence shows that scales of this group are related both to the criteria of cross-validated clinical judgments of behavior and personality processes and to the response set of readiness to give undesirable, sick-sounding answers. Consideration of the relationships between measures of guilt feeling and measures of self-control against antisocial action, as plotted in two dimensions, solves some problems posed by Mowrer. Scales of particular interest were those of repression or hysterical character; of orderliness, compulsiveness or reaction formation; of sadism or controllingness; and of concern with what people think. Those scales were notable for having a high portion of variance not related to Factor Scales A and R, or to the oral syndrome; and for being resistent to distortion by response sets.
Composition and Some Correlates of the American Core Culture
Authors: Gruen Walter
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire investigation into 23 so-called typical American values resulted in a stable cluster of 40 items, defining 17 values in 3 large American and 3 foreign samples. These 40 items survived 3 successive item analyses and a factor analysis in 3 large domestic samples from a much larger pool of value statements, to which S responded by checking degree of agreement. The American core culture cluster is organized around the belief in upward mobility. Strongest acceptance is found in the upper-lower class, while more privileged groups progressively diverge. This finding, the increasing diversity of scores in higher status groups, and the relationship between strong acceptance of core values and preference for mass culture indicates that higher status groups use the para-popular sources, including mental health experts, and diverge significantly from traditional values. Implications point to diversity as an increasing keynote in American life and to a new culture conflict in the schools.
Morphological Coding in Short-Term Memory
Authors: Schwartz Fred
Published: September 2011

Ss learned lists made up of morphologically distinct blocks of items. In a control condition, items were interleaved. Block presentation increased recall above the baseline. Each added block lowered recall of the preceding block but yielded a net gain. Retroactive loss was greatest on the terminal item and did not extend back more than one block. The findings were discussed in terms of three views of short-term memory (interference theory, decay theory, and a trace diffusion model).
Black Cats, Red Herrings, and Horses of Another Color
Authors: Lykken David T.
Published: September 2011

The critique by Persons and Persons, in this Journal, of the author's “Study of anxiety in the sociopathic personality” is considered with dismay.
Dogmatism and Defense Mechanisms
Authors: Byrne Donn , Blaylock Barbara , Goldberg June
Published: September 2011

Among the personality characteristics which Rokeach hypothesized to be associated with dogmatism were repressing and denying defense mechanisms. To test this hypothesis two independent studies ( Ns = 76, 138), conducted at the Universities of Texas and Illinois, employed the Repression-Sensitization (R-S) Scale and Rokeach's Dogmatism and Opinionation Scales. In each sample there was a significant positive correlation between dogmatism and repression-sensitization ( r = .36, p < .01; r = .44, p < .001). Thus, dogmatism was associated with sensitizing rather than with repressing defenses. Possible explanations for the relationship are discussed.
Some are Laughing; Some are Not—Why?
Authors: Young Richard David , Frye Margaret
Published: September 2011

Three studies explored the relative importance of various manipulations of the social environment on appreciation of humor in college males. The experimental situations included hostility-arousal, individual versus group administration, and a laughing versus non-laughing confederate (CE). Overt laughter was more responsive to manipulation than was rating of jokes; however, both responses were clearly influenced. Group administration and laughter by the CE resulted in social facilitation of responsiveness to humor, while hostility-arousal and CE's embarrassment at sex jokes markedly decreased Ss' assessed behavior.
A Bibliography on the Psychological Aspects of Smoking: January 1940 through September 1965
Authors: Fine Bernard J. , Marchesani Michael , Sweeney Donald R.
Published: September 2011

142 items concerned with psychological aspects of smoking are listed alphabetically.
Autobiographical Correlates of Achievement Motivation in Men and Women
Authors: Hill Arthur H.
Published: September 2011

Structured autobiographies were written by 352 male and 337 female entering freshmen. Separately for males and females, groups were formed of the high scorers (top 27%) and low scorers (bottom 27%) on each of the CPI variables, Achievement via Conformity (Ac) and Achievement via Independence (Ai). Chi square comparisons were made of the high and low scorers on all the variables resulting from a content analysis of the autobiographies. High-Ac male and female students perceived their parental and sibling relationships as more positive than the low-Acs. High-Ais report a less favorable perception of their mothers. During adolescence high-Ac girls apparently fare markedly better, while high-Ai boys seem significantly less happy and well adjusted during this period.
Drives, Reinforcement, and Personality
Authors: Eisenberger Robert
Published: September 2011

Experimental literature is examined to determine the extent to which the behavioral effects of the biological drives may be considered unique, with resultant implications for theories of personality. It is found, for example, that drives do not usually dominate over non-viscerogenic strivings except when deprivation is extreme and that there is no experimental evidence at present to suggest that drives are more primary in behavioral development than sensory activities. That drive and reinforcement do not provide satisfactory explanations for the ubiquity of animal motivation may indicate a need for fresh lines of theory and experimentation.
Sex Differences in Attitudes toward Leaders' Display of Authoritarian Behavior
Authors: Denmark Florence L. , Djggory James C.
Published: September 2011

Recent studies of differences in attitudes of men and women suggested that women might possess the “authoritarian” trait of ethnocentricism to a greater degree than men and might therefore exhibit and find approval for more authoritarian behavior in leadership roles than men do. Analysis of men and women non-leaders' descriptions of leaders' actual and ideal behavior fails to support this hypothesis. In general, the opposite is true. Men leaders exhibit and find approval for more authoritarian behavior than women, especially in using power to keep individual members in conformity with group norms and in controlling group goals. Women leaders exceed men in authoritarian behavior only in the more passive sense of exhibiting the correct ritual forms of group activity to the members and persuading them of a rosy future. Though high correlations were found between members' descriptions of how leaders actually behave and how they should behave, negligible relations were found between the latter two and members' descriptions of the desired personal characteristics of good leaders.
Effects of Context on Semantic Differential Ratings
Authors: Wilcox Roger C.
Published: September 2011

Heise recently gathered Semantic Differential (SD) ratings by having Ss rate the S-words in relatively “neutral” contexts. A comparison of Heise's means and standard deviations with the same measures based upon 630 S-words showed that the neutral contexts utilized by Heise engendered more extreme, polarized SD ratings and restricted variability of Ss ratings. While the reduction in variability of the SD rating is understandable, there may be as many potential SD ratings as there are possible contexts. Perhaps the classic, non-contextual format may allow for greater continuity in research based upon the Semantic Differential.
Word Associates and Meaning Conditioning
Authors: Miller A. William , Kirwan Karen
Published: September 2011

Change in rated meaning of nonsense syllables which have been paired with groups of meaningful words has been explained in two ways. Staats proposed mediation by an implicit response and Bousfield hypothesized mediation by common word associates. Data obtained in this study support Bousfield's explanation and do not refute the position of Staats.
Comparison of Scores on the Revised Stanford-Binet (L), Columbia Mental Maturity Scale (CMMS) and Goodenough Draw-a-Man Test of Children with Neurological Disorders
Authors: Hirschenfang Samuel , Jaramillo Selene , Benton Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

IQs from three intelligence tests, individually administered to 15 neurologically impaired children, were analyzed for differences between tests requiring speech and non-verbal examinations. All correlations were significantly different from zero, but the Binet gave IQs unlike those from the CMMS and the DAMT. The CMMS and the DAMT yielded similar IQ estimates, suggesting that non-verbal tests of intelligence are more helpful in the examination of children with neurological disorders.
Psychological Properties of Groups and Group Learning
Authors: Ghiselli Edwin E.
Published: September 2011

20 groups of Ss were given the task of learning to operate a model railroad which required the coordinated action of the members. The results indicated that the more the group consists of self-confident decision makers, possesses one person outstanding in this quality, or consists of individuals strongly oriented to others, the poorer the initial performance. The more intelligent the members of the group are, the better is their initial performance; and the more the group consists of a person who is uncontested as a self-confident decision maker, the better is its performance at later stages in learning.
Housing Selection, Need Satisfaction and Dropout from College
Authors: Alfert Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

The study investigates the relationship of 153 students' housing arrangements to the frequency of dropping out from college. Results indicate that dropping out was related to the living situation, the highest rates occurring for Ss living in rooms, in boarding houses, and at home, the lowest for those in sororities, men's dormitories, and co-ops.
On the Assessment of Anxiety: II. By a Self-Report Inventory
Authors: McReynolds Paul , Acker Mary
Published: September 2011

A self-report inventory for the assessment of anxiety is presented. Unlike other anxiety inventories, which characteristically focus on symptoms, the present scale is directed toward the causes of anxiety. The rationale underlying the test is the assumption that felt anxiety is a function of the quantity of experiences which a person has been unable to assimilate adequately. Preliminary findings are presented on a form of the scale developed for use with hospitalized male psychiatric patients.
An Approach to Rapid Involvement of Parents in Child Guidance Therapy
Authors: Lee Wylie Howard , Gluck Martin R.
Published: September 2011

There exists a common pattern of family interaction which features mutual provocation and retaliation of parents and child. It is possible to recognize this pattern early and to use it as the focus of early therapeutic work with the parents. By helping them to re-examine the repetitive nature of the situations in which the child provokes the parents to retaliate, and to question the surprise and upset at each occurrence in spite of its repetitive nature, they may view their predicament differently. Then they may be helped to handle the provocative situations in ways which will minimize rather than encourage the recurrence. This approach not only offers the parents and the child immediate help and quickly engages the parents in the therapeutic process in a way that seems of value to them, but also puts the therapist in a position to carry out, if necessary, a long-term therapeutic program.
Effects of Approval Motivation and Varying Conditions of Verbal Reinforcement on Incidental Memory for Faces
Authors: Schill Thomas R.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to determine whether high and low n approval Ss showed differences in incidental memory for faces after these stimuli were associated with positive, negative, or no (control) verbal reinforcement. Results were that the high n approval Ss, as a group, demonstrated greater incidental memory than did the low group ( p < .01). It was also found that high n approval Ss performed best under positive reinforcement while demonstrating the least incidental memory under conditions of negative reinforcement. For low n approval Ss the reverse was true. These findings were discussed as lending support to Marlowe-Crowne's notions concerning the approval-motivated person. The fact that the two approval-motivated groups performed differently under negative reinforcement relative to their performance in the other conditions was discussed as being consistent with expectations based on the fact that a significant correlation exists between the M-C SDS and Byrne R-S Scale.
On Predicting Defection from Psychotherapy
Authors: Heilbrun Alfred B.
Published: September 2011

For 33 patients in a VA mental hygiene clinic followed over 1 yr., r between scores on Counseling-Readiness Scale and number of therapeutic interviews was .34, supporting the validity of the scale in predicting longevity of longer-term psychotherapy with non-college adults.
Learning Impairment in Rats Administered a Lipid Free Diet during Pregnancy
Authors: Caldwell Donald F. , Churchill John A.
Published: September 2011

Offspring ( N = 31) of 10 pregnant Wistar rats fed a fat free diet during pregnancy were compared with offspring ( N = 41) of 10 pregnant females fed a standard laboratory diet throughout pregnancy. The mean weight of the fat deprived offspring was less than for the controls ( p < .05) at time of birth but thereafter did not differ from the control Ss. Performance on the Lashley III maze for a food reward was significantly poorer for fat deprived Ss than for controls. The results suggest that brain maturation was irreversibly impaired by fat deprivation during prenatal life.
Cross-Validities of the MOS and DAT Batteries
Authors: Merenda Peter F. , Jacobsen Gwendolyn , Clarke Walter V.
Published: September 2011

The MOS and the DAT batteries have been shown previously to possess equal validity for predicting final marks in 10th grade English, Mathematics and Science. Using the multiple regression equations derived in an earlier study, predictions were made of final grades to be attained at the end of the sophomore year of 88 male and 65 female students drawn from an independent sample. Cross-validity coefficients determined by correlating the actual and predicted final marks support the original findings and attest to the greater relative efficiency of the MOS battery.
On the Assessment of Anxiety: IV. By Measures of Basal Conductance and Palmar Sweat
Authors: McReynolds Paul , Acker Mary , Brackbill Glen
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the extent to which subjective and autonomic measures of anxiety vary concomitantly over periods of weeks in the same individuals. Ss were 23 psychiatric patients in good contact. The subjective measures were a self-rating and an anxiety inventory, and the autonomic measures were basal conductance and palmar sweat. The results did not support the hypothesis of a positive relationship between the subjective and autonomic indices.
Effect on Commonality of Word-Associations of Instruction to Give Popular Responses
Authors: Van Der Made-Van Bekkum Ida J. , Van Der Kam Piet
Published: September 2011

Commonality scores under instructions to give popular responses are not significantly changed in size by preceding free-association instructions.
Staff and Patient Criteria for Judgments of Improvement in Mental Health
Authors: Dietze Doris
Published: September 2011

This study concerned the behavioral basis for judgments of improvement in mental health of hospitalized psychiatric patients as these judgments are made by various kinds of psychiatric staff and by the patients themselves. The probability that patients' conceptions about the behaviors indicating improvement affect their own responses to the hospital regimen and that these conceptions are gained in part from communications from staff dictates the necessity for evaluating the characteristics of these conceptions and patterns of communication. Considerable variance in ideation was found between staff groups depending on their kinds of responsibilities for patient care. Similarly, variance among patient groups appears to depend on experience in the hospital.
Sustaining Behavior with Conditioned Reinforcement as the Only Response-Produced Consequence
Authors: Zimmerman Joseph , Hanford Peter V.
Published: September 2011

Food was intermittently presented to pigeons on a response-independent basis. Concurrently, pecking at a key was intermittently reinforced with the presentation of stimuli which accompanied the food presentation, but not the food. Under these conditions, key-pecking was maintained indefinitely at moderate rates and control procedures demonstrated that the results could only be accounted for on the basis of conditioned reinforcement.
Response Latency in Simian Learning Set Performance
Authors: Behar Isaac
Published: September 2011

Response latency was examined during learning set performance of eight highly sophisticated monkeys. Latency was relatively very long on Trial 1 of each problem and uniformly short during Trials 2 to 6. There was no difference in latency on Trial 2 following correct (response to A+) and incorrect (response to B−) Trial 1 responses. For the second block of problems, where performance was stable, the correlation coefficient between per cent correct responses and latency on Trials 2 to 6 for the eight Ss was 0.86.
Conflict and Reaction Time: Reply to Kiesler
Authors: Berlyne D. E.
Published: September 2011

Questions are raised concerning the conditions under which reaction time increases with conflict and the definition of conflict. Consistencies in Kiesler's data with Berlyne's predictions are noted.
Identification of Suicidal Behavior by Means of the MMPI
Authors: Devries A. G.
Published: September 2011

In both an original and a replication study, groups of threatened, attempted, and those who sometimes threatened and sometimes attempted suicide could be differentiated from neuropsychiatric nonsuicidal Ss by means of an MMPI item analysis. The three types of suicidal groups could not be distinguished from each other. An analysis of the differentiating items showed the existence of various patterns. Some items were common to all suicidal groups, some to the threat and attempt groups, some to the attempt and threat/attempt groups, and some to the threat and threat/attempt groups. No items were found to differentiate only one type of suicidal group.
An Attempt to Condition an Eyeblink Response to Verbal Deception
Authors: Jaffee Cabot L. , Millman Edward , Gorman Bernard
Published: September 2011

An attempt to condition an eyeblink response to verbal deception was accomplished by using an air-puff following deceptions on a series of questionnaires. The rapid extinction of the response presented the most serious problem in utilizing this approach for an extended period of time.
Therapeutic Effectiveness of Minimal Activity in an Aged Population
Authors: Kaiman Bernard D. , Desroches Harry F. , Ballard H. Ted
Published: September 2011

The effectiveness of minimal activity (most often 1 hr. per week) on anxiety was studied by comparing veterans who regularly attended and those who irregularly attended an activity on a measure of anxiety taken before and after 6 wk. participation on various history measures. Veterans who regularly attended their activity assignments showed significant decline in anxiety or improvement in adjustment; veterans who irregularly attended their activity assignments showed no change in anxiety or adjustment. With the exception of changes in anxiety, and the possibility that the irregular group had a higher percentage of people hospitalized for nervousness, the two groups were similar in every characteristic studied, including their anxiety prior to activity assignment.
Influence of Learning on Taste Preferences
Authors: Young Paul Thomas
Published: September 2011

Further discussion of the Schnorr and Brookshire study of the preference between distilled water and tap water, with comments and suggestions.
Psychology of the Scientist: XVII. Research has a Place in Private Practice
Authors: Meltzer H.
Published: September 2011

“How Does a Fee Dependent Psychologist Continue his Scientific and Professional Growth?” was the title of a symposium at a recent APA convention. The purpose of the present article is to illustrate how it was done in a period of 18 yr. from 1934–1952 by one psychologist. Facts concerning money, motivation, and productivity are presented here. Documentary evidence includes a description of the extent and nature of productivity by way of publications as well as a picture of growth as a business enterprise considered financially. This material is preceded by a presentation of data concerning productivity in the Industrial Division since 1927, in the Clinical Division since 1947, followed by a consideration of patterns of professional values and 10 suggestions for improving the situation.
Stimulus-Change Effects of Forcing in Alternation Behavior
Authors: Hughes R. N.
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesis that forcing left or right in a T-maze produces more alternation because of the stimulus-change resulting from subsequent removal of the arm barrier, rats were given free-choice trials and forced trials with a wooden barrier (favouring a high degree of change) and with a transparent barrier (favouring a lower degree of change). Although alternation was unaffected by the three conditions, the percentage of first investigatory responses directed toward the alternate arm on Trial 2 was highest following forcing with the wooden barrier. It was concluded that a stimulus-change explanation for the effects of forcing was acceptable if these first investigatory responses were acknowledged as indices of initial attraction of attention by an arm.
Conditioning Response Variability
Authors: Schoenfeld W. N. , Harris Alan H. , Farmer John
Published: September 2011

Variability of performance was conditioned in three rats by making reinforcement contingent upon two successive inter-response times or post-reinforcement pauses falling into different temporal class intervals. Class intervals were systematically varied over a range of 1.0 to 20.0 sec. Inter-response time and post-reinforcement pause-time distributions, in terms of absolute frequency, were obtained at each interval value. All rats met the variability-of-performance requirement by regular alternation between short and long pauses.
Psychology of the Scientist: XVIII. The Factualizing Game: A Sickness of Psychological Research
Authors: Ryder Robert G.
Published: September 2011

Factualizing is representing value judgments as descriptive facts. It is criticized as a pervasive and serious flaw in psychological (and other social science) research. A number of instances are cited.
Operant Conditioning of the GSR Using Partial Reinforcement
Authors: Greene William A.
Published: September 2011

This study was designed to determine the influence of partial reinforcement upon the rate of emission of unelicited GSRs. 90 college students were divided into 2 groups with respect to delivery of visual reinforcement, Contingent (C) and Noncontingent (NC). The Contingent group was divided further into 3 subgroups, each of which received a different schedule of partial reinforcement; each contingent group had a yoked Noncontingent control. The over-all rate of responding was greater during Contingent reinforcement than Noncontingent reinforcement. Among the Contingent groups the effect of partial reinforcement was maximal during the initial minute of acquisition and the initial minutes of extinction. During the extinction period the Contingent and the Noncontingent groups tended to converge. A no-stimulation control group showed fairly steady responding during the last 32 min.
A DRL Schedule with Temporal Adjustment
Authors: Wolff Peter C. , Ulrich Roger E.
Published: September 2011

Rats under 48-hr. water deprivation were placed on a DRL schedule that required IRTs of 30 sec. or 60 sec. for the first component and longer IRTs of 120 sec., 150 sec., 180 sec., 240 sec., or 300 sec. for the second component. Ss were switched back and forth between components on the basis of their IRTs. These two-component DRL schedules utilizing various time requirements quickly produced rates of response as low as 20 per hour and still maintained responding over a 4-hr. session. When Ss were changed from the initial two-component DRL schedules to another, shifts in response rates occurred during the first session after a change and remained steady over several additional sessions.
Acquisition of a Foreign Language Vocabulary as Influenced by Meaning (m) and Reinforcement
Authors: Greenfeld Norman , Prindle Anthony
Published: September 2011

Preliminary work with 40 Ss showed meaning ( m) and reinforcement were influential in the acquisition of Spanish vocabulary items.
Laboratory Maintenance and Learning of Alligator Mississippiensis
Authors: Davidson Robert S.
Published: September 2011

Procedures for both obtaining and maintaining American alligators are described in this report. Several animals were housed in a group living space with access to a swimming tank. Weekly feedings of several hundred live minnows sufficed to maintain eight American alligators for some 2 yr. Force-feeding was described and recommended for young animals which did not eat spontaneously. Several studies using a two-choice alley maze were outlined. After several procedures failed to obtain stable responding, aversive heat escape conditioning was effective in generating stable response and running times. Approaches to asymptotic baselines were again revealed following two discrimination reversals. Running times were relatively constant, while errors and pauses appeared to contribute to the longer response times.
Party Switching, Authoritarianism, and Dogmatism in the 1964 Election
Authors: Zippel Bert , Norman Ralph D.
Published: September 2011

Postulating that primary group identification is stronger than ideology, it was predicted that there would be no differences on the California F Scale or the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale between supporters of Goldwater and Johnson or a great amount of party switching and that those who switched would have higher mean scores on both scales than those who did not switch on the grounds that ideology must be intense to overcome primary group loyalty. All hypotheses were confirmed.
Reversal and Nonreversal Shift Learning in Children as a Function of Two Types of Pretraining
Authors: Cobb Nancy J. , Price Louis E.
Published: September 2011

Nursery school children were given one of two types of pretraining prior to learning either a reversal shift, a nonreversal shift, or a control shift. Relevant pretraining required learning verbal labels for one or both of the stimulus dimensions in the discrimination tasks. An irrelevant pretraining control required learning labels for one or two stimulus dimensions other than those present in the discriminations. Pretraining had no effect on later shift learning. Furthermore, there were no differences in ease of learning the three types of shift. Comparisons were made with the results of other studies which also indicated a failure of young children to use available labels as mediators of their choice behavior.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: II. Philippe Pinel: The Man and His Time
Authors: Mackler Bernard , Bernstein Elinor
Published: September 2011

This historical study conveys the social, political, and intellectual background of Philippe Pinel, world renowned for his psychiatric reforms, his scientific analysis, and observational methods of patients and his humane, innovative, “moral” treatment programs. His psychiatric reforms are studied, not only from Pinel's perspective but also as to how the pre- and post-revolutionary era of France aided and stunted social reforms.
Note on Guttman Unidimensional Scaling
Authors: Kirsch Arthur D.
Published: September 2011

This paper reviews the concept of Guttman cumulative or unidimensional scaling and presents an added requirement that such scales must have a completely positive matrix of item intercorrelation. 1
Resistance to Extinction as a Function of the Interaction between Training and Extinction Delays
Authors: Tombaugh Tom N.
Published: September 2011

Four delay conditions (0, 5, 10, and 20 sec.) were used in the acquisition of a runway response. Performance was a decreasing function of the duration of the delay interval. In extinction, with half of the Ss from each group extinguished under the same goalbox delay which they experienced in acquisition (nonshifted groups) and half extinguished under a different condition (shifted groups), the following results obtained: (1) resistance to extinction was a decreasing function of acquisition delay for the nonshifted groups, (2) there were no differences between the nonshifted groups when the terminal training levels were statistically equated, (3) resistance to extinction was a nonmonotonic function of acquisition delay for the groups shifted to 0-sec. delay, and (4) resistance to extinction was a monotonic increasing function of delay for these groups when the terminal acquisition levels were controlled. It was concluded that in delay studies resistance must be interpreted with respect to both acquisition and extinction conditions.
Weight Loss Time as a Function of Constantly Maintained Percentage Body Weight
Authors: Ehrenfreund David
Published: September 2011

17 white rats were maintained in weight-control devices which continuously and automatically maintain body weight within 1%. Temporal distributions of weight loss times were aperiodic and failed to correlate with ad lib. or absolute weight.
An Attempt to Modify the Rewarding Characteristics of Hypothalamic Stimulation
Authors: Weinberg Harold , Yu Li-Na
Published: September 2011

7 rats with chronically implanted electrodes in the lateral hypothalamus were allowed to self-stimulate in a Skinner box until they stabilized. Ss were then given avoidance training in a jumping apparatus. The discriminative stimulus for avoidance was reinforcing brain stimulation. All Ss were returned to the Skinner box after avoidance training and were allowed to self-stimulate. No differences were found in lever-pressing as the result of previous avoidance training.
Affect Levels in a Company of Basic Trainees
Authors: Datel William E. , Engle Elizabeth O. , Barba Melvln A.
Published: September 2011

Previous study of affect Levels in basic training platoons (Datel, et al., 1966; Datel & Engle, 1966) was extended to an entire company of recruits ( N = 140). Five platoons with 28 Ss each were repeatedly administered the weekly form of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (W-MAACL) throughout the basic combat training (BCT) process. An analysis of variance suitable for repeated measures on multiple groups was performed on transformed scores from the Anxiety, Depression, and Hostility scales obtained on 9 testing occasions. Scales, Occasions, and Scales × Occasions were statistically significant ( p < .001). There was no main or interaction effect of platoons. The findings suggest that reliable affect changes do occur in basic training and that these changes occur similarly across platoons. An attempt was made to formulate tentative inferences concerning affect measurement of basic training stress from the empirical data collected in the three Fort Dix studies.

… humours turn with climes …

Pope, Moral Essays
Comparison of Background Stimulation and Handling as Forms of Infantile Stimulation
Authors: Denenberg Victor H. , Schell Stephen F. , Karas George G. , Haltmeyer Gary C.
Published: September 2011

Between birth and weaning rats ( N = 92) were housed in the laboratory maternity room or in a separate quiet room; half were handled, the other half not disturbed; after weaning half were reared in the laboratory colony room while half were put into the quiet room. Weaning weight was significantly reduced by handling and by being reared in the quiet room; adult weight was an interactive function of handling and the preweaning environment. Handled Ss and those reared in the quiet room postweaning were significantly more active in the open field. Open-field defecation was significantly reduced if S spent at least some time in a quiet environment. The data refute the hypothesis that stimulus input from the surrounding environment during infancy has the same functional effects as does handling. However, the ambient environment does play a dynamic role in the shaping of future biological and behavioral processes.
Some Norms for the Dogmatism Scale
Authors: Alter Richard D. , White B. Jack
Published: September 2011

Norms for the Dogmatism scale are reported for 37 samples of various populations. Women scored consistently lower than men, and the difference seems due to a few items. Wide variations in the means reported indicate that the Dogmatism scale is probably highly sensitive to subcultural differences, in turn indicating that local norms for large samples should be obtained before using the Dogmatism scale as an independent variable.
Early Memories as Indicators of Ego Functioning
Authors: Tolor Alexander , Fazzone Roger A.
Published: September 2011

Three of the earliest memories were obtained from 58 male college students who had been selected on the basis of their grade point placement in the top and bottom 10% of their class. Memories were rated employing the classification system developed by Levy. There was no support for the hypothesized relationship between structural features of early memories and academic performance in college.
Repeated Exposure to Programmed Instruction and Student Attitude
Authors: Kazmier Leonard J.
Published: September 2011

Analysis of responses to a 6-item questionnaire from 40 students enrolled in business statistics following the use of programmed instructional material indicated generally positive attitudes, in agreement with previous studies. Additionally, the number of previous exposures to programmed instruction in other courses increased the probability of a positive attitude, suggesting that repeated exposure results in dissipation of negative reactions.
Retention of a Successive Discrimination Problem by Hippocampectomized and Neodecorticate Rats
Authors: Isaacson Robert L. , Schmaltz Leonard W. , Douglas Robert J.
Published: September 2011

An experiment and its replication are reported in which the postoperative retention of a successive discrimination problem was studied following destruction of the hippocampus and overlying cortex or of the neocortical areas only. Animals with lesions of the posterolateral neocortex showed severe deficits in performance of the problem. Hippocampectomized Ss were also impaired but their deficit was marked by consistent responding to one arm of the maze, i.e., response fixation.
Verbal Interactions in Group Psychotherapy between Patients with Similar and with Dissimilar Personalities
Authors: Stern Herbert , Grosz Hanus J.
Published: September 2011

The study explored the relationship in group psychotherapy of the patients' frequency of verbal interactions to their scores on the personality dimensions of Extraversion, Neuroticism, and External Control. On the dimensions of Neuroticism and Extraversion low scorers interacted more with other low scorers and high scorers interacted more with other high scorers. An opposite trend obtained on the External Control dimension.
Effect of Shock Intensity on Escape and Avoidance Learning in Rats Trained under Bilateral Spreading Depression
Authors: Delprato Dennis J. , Thompson Richard W.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments investigated the effect of shock intensity on escape learning in a straight alley (Exp. I) or avoidance learning in a one-way shuttle box (Exp. II) in operated control (OC) rats or rats under bilateral spreading depression (BSD). Results of Exp. I using 0.6-, 1.2-, and 2.4-ma. shock indicated no interaction of shock level with cortical treatment and that BSD Ss were inferior to OC Ss. A low level of shock resulted in poorer performance than intense shock. Results of Exp. II using 0.4- and 2.0-ma. shock indicated a shock by cortical treatment interaction. 0.4-ma. BSD Ss were inferior in latency to 2.0-ma. BSD Ss and 0.4-ma. OC Ss.
Cross-Validation of the Aaronson MF Index with a College Population
Authors: Maine Richard F. , Goodstein Leonard D.
Published: September 2011

The present study attempted to cross-validate the Aaronson Mf Index, which is based upon four of the MMPI clinical scales, with a college population and, further, to test the fakabiliry of this index under instructions to take the MMPI as a member of the opposite sex. In two samples of college students taking the MMPI under standard instructions, the Mf Index failed to discriminate biological males from females, although the traditional Mf scale did. While the Mf scale was highly fakable under the dissimulation instructions and the Mf Index was not, the failure of the latter to differentiate the sexes raises a serious question about its usefulness with college students.
Self-Ratings of Personality Development
Authors: Mason Russell E.
Published: September 2011

Intercorrelations for subscales of four new self-rating, personality inventory scales support the generally accepted psychological emphasis on the importance of positive attitudes in personality development. A somewhat unique finding suggests importance in relatedness and identification with persons of the opposite sex.
Volunteer Subjects and the Results of Opinion Change Studies
Authors: Rosnow Ralph L. , Rosenthal Robert
Published: September 2011

Female volunteers and nonvolunteers for a (fictitious) perception experiment participated in a study of opinion change. Opinions about college fraternities were measured before and after the receipt of pro-fraternity, anti-fraternity, or no (control) communication. Volunteers reacted differently from nonvolunteers to pro- and to anti-fraternity communications. In addition, volunteers' opinions were significantly less reliable than the opinions of nonvolunteers, i.e., volunteers were more heterogeneous in their opinion-change behavior. The present results taken together with earlier findings raise the possibility that volunteers more than nonvolunteers may more often confirm what they perceive to be E's hypothesis. Therefore, the volunteer status of the subject sample might well be specified routinely in research reports.
Consistency in Motivational Patterns of Undergraduate and Graduate Business Students
Authors: Kazmier Leonard J.
Published: September 2011

The expressed motives of 33 undergraduate business students were compared with those of 18 graduate students who averaged 5.2 years of post-degree work experience. The forced-choice inventory used differentiates a total of twelve motive areas related to three dimensions: the physical, social, and ideological. Only two of the twelve pairs of means differed at the 5% level of significance, indicating that immediate post-degree work experience does not significantly influence the expressed work motives of business students.
Childrearing Practices, Birth Order and the Development of Achievement-Related Motives
Authors: Bartlett Edward W. , Smith Charles P.
Published: September 2011

The influence of parental demands and sanctions on the achievement-related motives of 31 boys (ages 8 to 10) is examined. The findings of an earlier study by Winterbottom were not replicated. However, boys with high as compared with low Need for Achievement were more often first-born ( p < .005); their mothers more often expressed disappointment with unsatisfactory behavior ( p < .03), less often told them how much they loved them as a reward ( p < .05), and reported making fewer demands for achievement and independence ( p < .05). Age of demands was unrelated to Need for Achievement. Boys with high as compared with low test anxiety had lower IQs ( p < .01), lower grades ( p < .05), later birth order ( p < .05), and higher teacher-ratings of dependence ( p < .05). Their mothers tended to make later demands for independence ( p < .10) and to praise their sons' behavior less often ( p < .10).
Effect of a Single ECS on Extinction of a Bar-Press
Authors: Greenough William T. , Schwitzgebel Robert L.
Published: September 2011

36 rats were trained to press a bar for food and were subsequently extinguished on this task. During extinction, an electroconvulsive shock (ECS) was administered. ECS animals responded at a higher rate in a delayed test than did controls. This supports the view that ECS interferes with memory storage processes rather than results in a general inhibition of responding.
The Place of Psychology in Some Finer Liberal Arts Colleges
Authors: Very Philip S.
Published: September 2011

Analysis of responses from 20 chairmen of Departments of Psychology in liberal arts colleges indicated the schools fall into three groups: pure liberal arts program, radically changing program, and one integrated program in which bounds of departments are eliminated.
Retrograde Amnesia in Two Strains of Mice
Authors: Sprott Richard L.
Published: September 2011

The administration of electroconvulsive shock after foot shock in a passive avoidance learning situation produced retrograde amnesia if electroconvulsive shock occurred within 20 sec. of the foot shock. If the time interval between foot shock and electroconvulsive shock was 20 sec. or longer, retrograde amnesia was not observed. No behavioral differences were observed between two inbred strains of mice, the DBA/2J and the C57BL/6J.
Reliability of Selected Tests of Flexibility in Cognitive Processes
Authors: Edwards Allen Jack
Published: September 2011

Reliability coefficients were computed on two measures of flexibility in thinking (Associations IV and Object Naming) for a total sample of 113 Ss. Estimated reliabilities for test-retest were .746 for Associations IV and .611 for Object Naming. Split-half reliabilities were .707 and .717 for two separate administrations of Associations IV while for Object Naming the estimated reliabilities were .382 and .441. Intra-scorer coefficients were in the .90s while inter-scorer rs ranged from .801 to .942.
Responses to Death and Sex Stimulus Materials as a Function of Repression-Sensitization
Authors: Paris Joyce , Goodstein Leonard D.
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that sensitizers would express more anxiety to literary material dealing with both sex and death than would repressers. Further, it was hypothesized that there would be more anxiety verbalized to both sets of experimental materials than there would be for control materials. From a larger subject pool, 36 male repressers and 30 female repressers plus equal numbers of male and female sensitizers were chosen on the basis of their scores on the Repression-Sensitization (R-S) Scale. One third of the Ss were given a series of highly erotic literary materials to read, one third were given a similar set of materials dealing with death, and one third were given the neutral control set of materials. Self ratings on six different five-point rating scales were obtained immediately afterwards. While sexual arousal was significantly higher for all groups having the sexual materials to read, there were no consistent differences in ratings of anxiety either as a function of R-S or of the materials. Thus neither of the two hypotheses under study was supported. There was some evidence of sex differences in the study, suggesting that women respond more strongly to the death material and also that they may sexualize these materials.