bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Sunflower Shells by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Jiang Guilin , Husseini Ghaleb A. , Baxter Larry L. , Linford Matthew R.
Published: April 2006

Determining the chemical structure and composition of biomass fuels using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can provide fundamental knowledge of their structures that is useful in understanding and predicting their combustion behavior. Sunflower shells are an example of an agricultural residue (byproduct of food and feed production) of potential interest for biomass combustion. The XPS spectra of sunflower shells provide both its elemental composition and indications of its bonding. Traditional fuel analyses of this fuel are also provided. These include: ultimate analysis — the elemental composition of the overall fuel (C, H, N, S, and O); chlorine analysis — reported here as part of the ultimate analysis but formally a separate procedure; proximate analysis — the proximate composition of the fuel (moisture, fixed carbon, volatiles, and ash); heating value — the specific heat of combustion; ash chemistry analysis — an elemental analysis of the ash content, expressed as oxides (which does not imply that they occur as oxides in the fuel). These data are summarized with the XPS spectra.
Analysis of Sawdust by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Jiang Guilin , Husseini Ghaleb A. , Baxter Larry L. , Linford Matthew R.
Published: April 2006

Determining the chemical structure and composition of biomass fuels using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can provide fundamental knowledge of their structures that is useful in understanding and predicting their combustion behavior. Sawdust is an example of a forest product residue (byproduct of paper and lumber production) of potential interest for biomass combustion. The XPS spectra of sawdust provide both its elemental composition and indications of its bonding. Traditional fuel analyses of this fuel are also provided. These include: ultimate analysis — the elemental composition of the overall fuel (C, H, N, S, and O); chlorine analysis — reported here as part of the ultimate analysis but formally a separate procedure; proximate analysis — the proximate composition of the fuel (moisture, fixed carbon, volatiles, and ash); heating value — the specific heat of combustion; ash chemistry analysis — an elemental analysis of the ash content, expressed as oxides (which does not imply that they occur as oxides in the fuel). These data are summarized with the XPS spectra.
A C-Terminal Domain Targets the
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Cytotoxin ExoU to the Plasma Membrane of Host Cells
Authors: Rabin Shira D. P. , Veesenmeyer Jeffrey L. , Bieging Kathryn T. , Hauser Alan R.
Published: April 2006

ExoU, a phospholipase injected into host cells by the type III secretion system of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, leads to rapid cytolytic cell death. Although the importance of ExoU in infection is well established, the mechanism by which this toxin kills host cells is less clear. To gain insight into how ExoU causes cell death, we examined its subcellular localization following transfection or type III secretion/translocation into HeLa cells. Although rapid cell lysis precluded visualization of wild-type ExoU by fluorescence microscopy, catalytically inactive toxin was readily detected at the periphery of HeLa cells. Biochemical analysis confirmed that ExoU was targeted to the membrane fraction of transfected cells. Visualization of ExoU peptides fused with green fluorescent protein indicated that the domain responsible for this targeting was in the C terminus of ExoU, between residues 550 and 687. Localization to the plasma membrane occurred within 1 h of expression, which is consistent with the kinetics of cytotoxicity. Together, these results indicate that a domain between residues 550 and 687 of ExoU targets this toxin to the plasma membrane, a process that may be important in cytotoxicity.
Maternal Immunity Provides Protection against Pertussis in Newborn Piglets
Authors: Elahi Shokrollah , Buchanan Rachelle M. , Babiuk Lorne A. , Gerdts Volker
Published: April 2006

Pertussis continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and young children worldwide. Methods to control the disease are based on vaccination with either whole-cell or acellular vaccines or treatment with antibiotics. However, despite worldwide vaccination infants are still at the highest risk for the disease. Here we used our newly developed newborn-piglet model to investigate whether transfer of maternal immunity can protect newborn piglets against infection with
Bordetella pertussis
. Pregnant sows were vaccinated with heat-inactivated
B. pertussis
or treated with saline (controls). Newborn piglets were allowed to suckle colostrum and milk for 4 to 5 days before they were challenged with 5 × 10
9
CFU of bacteria intrapulmonarily. Elevated levels of
B. pertussis
-specific secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) and IgG antibodies were found in the colostrum and serum of vaccinated sows but not in those of control sows. Subsequently, significant levels of specific IgG and S-IgA were detected in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of piglets born to vaccinated sows. Following infection with 5 × 10
9
CFU of
B. pertussis
, clinical symptoms, pathological alterations, and bacterial shedding were significantly reduced in piglets that had received passively transferred immunity. Thus, our results demonstrate that maternal immunization might represent an alternative approach to provide protection against pertussis in young infants.
Differential Expression and Transcriptional Analysis of the α-2,3-Sialyltransferase Gene in Pathogenic
Neisseria
spp
Authors: Packiam Mathanraj , Shell Dawn M. , Liu Shi V. , Liu Yao-Bin , McGee David J. , Srivastava Ranjana , Seal Samar , Rest Richard F.
Published: April 2006

α-2,3-Sialyltransferase (Lst) is expressed on the outer membrane of
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
and
Neisseria meningitidis
and sialylates surface lipooligosaccharide (LOS), facilitating resistance to complement-mediated killing. The enzyme is constitutively expressed from a single gene (
lst
) and does not undergo antigenic or phase variation. We observed that Triton X-100 extracts of
N. gonorrhoeae
strain F62 contain about fivefold more sialyltransferase (Stase) activity than extracts of
N. meningitidis
strain MC58 ⊄3 a serogroup B acapsulate mutant. We confirmed and expanded upon this observation by showing that extracts of 16 random
N. gonorrhoeae
isolates contain various amounts of Stase activity, but, on average, 2.2-fold-more Stase activity than extracts of 16
N. meningitidis
clinical isolates, representing several serogroups and nongroupable strains. Northern and real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis of
lst
transcript levels in
N. gonorrhoeae
and
N. meningitidis
revealed that
N. gonorrhoeae
strains express more
lst
transcript than
N. meningitidis
strains. Although transcript levels correlate with average Stase activity observed in the two species, there was not a direct correlation between
lst
transcript levels and Stase activity among individual isolates of each species. Comparison of
lst
upstream (5′
lst
) regions of
N. gonorrhoeae
and
N. meningitidis
revealed striking sequence differences characteristic of the two pathogens.
N. gonorrhoeae
5′
lst
regions possess 30-bp and 13-bp elements present as single elements or as tandem repeats that exist only as single elements in the 5′
lst
regions of
N. meningitidis
isolates. In addition, the 5′
lst
regions of
N. meningitidis
strains have 105-bp transposon-like Correia elements which are absent in
N. gonorrhoeae
. Chromosomal
N. gonorrhoeae
5′
lst
::
lacZ
translational fusions expressed 4.75 ± 0.09-fold (
n
= 4) higher β-galactosidase (β-gal) activity than
N. meningitidis
5′
lst
::
lacZ
fusions in a host-independent manner, indicating differential expression is governed at least in part by sequence variations in the 5′
lst
regions. Reporter fusion assays and promoter-mapping analysis revealed that
N. gonorrhoeae
and
N. meningitidis
use different promoters with different strengths to transcribe
lst
. In
N. gonorrhoeae
, a strong sigma 70 promoter 80 bp upstream of the translational start site is used to transcribe
lst
, whereas this promoter is inactive in
N. meningitidis
. In
N. meningitidis
, a weak sigma 70 promoter at the 3′ terminus of a 105-bp Correia repeat-enclosed element 99 bp upstream of the translational start site is used to transcribe
lst
. We conclude that differential Stase expression between
N. gonorrhoeae
and
N. meningitidis
is due at least in part to differential
lst
gene transcription.
Accessory Gene Regulator Locus of
Staphylococcus intermedius
Authors: Sung Julia M. L. , Chantler Peter D. , Lloyd David H.
Published: April 2006

The accessory gene regulator (
agr
) locus, a candidate system for
the regulation of the production of virulence factors in
Staphylococcus intermedius
, has been
characterized. Using PCR-based genome walking, we have
obtained the first complete sequence (3,436 bp) of the accessory gene
regulator (
agr
) gene in this organism. Sequence analysis of
the
agr
gene has identified five open reading frames (ORFs),
agrB
,
agrD
,
agrC
,
agrA
, and
hld
. The translated ORF contained amino acid motifs
characteristic of the response regulator and histidine protein kinase
signal transducer of the classic two-component regulatory system.
Sequencing of the
agrD
PCR products amplified from DNA from 20
different isolates has facilitated detection of genetic variation in
the putative autoinducing peptide (AIP) within the
agr
gene of
S. intermedius
, revealing the presence of at least
three
agr
specificity groups within this species.
Classification of the
agr
gene from
S
.
intermedius
was supported by phylogenetic analysis. Real-time
PCR also revealed that the effector molecule of the
agr
system, RNAIII, was regulated in an autocrine manner in
S. intermedius
and demonstrated positive correlation
with the temporal gene expression patterns of
luk
and
entC
. Transcription of RNAIII was also dependent on self
secreted cues. Cyclic self and nonself peptides were synthesized on the
basis of the novel AIPs produced by
S. intermedius
,
which lack the cysteine necessary to form the thiolactone ring in
analogous peptides from
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Staphylococcus epidermidis
. Experiments with these
synthetic cyclic peptides indicated that self peptides led to
up-regulation of RNAIII—findings in support of the assumption
that activation of the
agr
gene is initiated by growth- and
species-specific factors generated during bacterial
growth.
In Vivo Selection for
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Opacity Protein Expression in the Absence of Human Carcinoembryonic Antigen Cell Adhesion Molecules
Authors: Simms Amy N. , Jerse Ann E.
Published: April 2006

The neisserial opacity (Opa) proteins are phase-variable, antigenically distinct outer membrane proteins that mediate adherence to and invasion of human cells. We previously reported that
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Opa protein expression appeared to be selected for or induced during experimental murine genital tract infection. Here we further defined the kinetics of recovery of Opa variants from the lower genital tracts of female mice and investigated the basis for this initial observation. We found that the recovery of different Opa phenotypes from mice appears cyclical. Three phases of infection were defined. Following intravaginal inoculation with primarily Opa
−
gonococci, the majority of isolates recovered were Opa
+
(early phase). A subsequent decline in the percentage of Opa
+
isolates occurred in a majority of mice (middle phase) and was followed by a reemergence of Opa
+
variants in mice that were infected for longer than 8 days (late phase). We showed the early phase was due to selection for preexisting Opa
+
variants in the inoculum by constructing a chloramphenicol-resistant (Cm
r
) strain and following Cm
r
Opa
+
populations mixed with a higher percentage of Opa
−
variants of the wild-type (Cm
s
) strain. Reciprocal experiments (Opa
−
Cm
r
gonococci spiked with Opa
+
Cm
s
bacteria) were consistent with selection of Opa
+
variants. Based on the absence in mice of human carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecules, the major class of Opa protein adherence receptors, we conclude the observed selection for Opa
+
variants early in infection is not likely due to a specific adherence advantage and may be due to Opa-mediated evasion of innate defenses.
Role of σDin Regulating Genes and Signals duringMyxococcus xanthusDevelopment
Authors: Viswanathan Poorna , Singer Mitchell , Kroos Lee
Published: April 2006

Starvation-induced development ofMyxococcus xanthusis an excellent model for biofilm formation because it involves cell-cell signaling to coordinate formation of multicellular mounds, gene expression, and cellular differentiation into spores. The role of σD, an alternative σ factor important for viability in stationary phase and for stress responses, was investigated during development by measuring signal production, gene expression, and sporulation of asigDnull mutant alone and upon codevelopment with wild-type cells or signaling mutants. ThesigDmutant responded to starvation by inducing (p)ppGpp synthesis normally but was impaired for production of A-signal, an early cell density signal, and for production of the morphogenetic C-signal. Induction of early developmental genes was greatly reduced, and expression of those that depend on A-signal was not restored by codevelopment with wild-type cells, indicating that σDis needed for cellular responses to A-signal. Despite these early developmental defects, thesigDmutant responded to C-signal supplied by codeveloping wild-type cells by inducing a subset of late developmental genes. σDRNA polymerase is dispensable for transcription of this subset, but a distinct regulatory class, which includes genes essential for sporulation, requires σDRNA polymerase or a gene under its control, cell autonomously. The level ofsigDtranscript in arelAmutant during growth is much lower than in wild-type cells, suggesting that (p)ppGpp positively regulatessigDtranscription in growing cells. ThesigDtranscript level drops in wild-type cells after 20 min of starvation and remains low after 40 min but rises in arelAmutant after 40 min, suggesting that (p)ppGpp negatively regulatessigDtranscription early in development. We conclude that σDsynthesized during growth occupies a position near the top of a regulatory hierarchy governingM. xanthusdevelopment, analogous to σ factors that control biofilm formation of other bacteria.
SUGGESTION OF EXPLICIT FIELD TRANSFORMATIONS UNDERLYING MISALIGNED SUPERSYMMETRY
Authors: FRAMPTON PAUL H.
Published: April 2006

In order that nonsupersymmetric quiver gauge theories can satisfy naturalness requirements to all orders of perturbation theory, one expects a global symmetry similar to, but different from, supersymmetry. Consistent with the generalized no-go theorem published by Haag et al. in 1975, we suggest a generalization of supersymmetry to a misaligned supersymmetry where fermionic generators do not commute with gauge transformations. An explicit form for the corresponding field transformations is suggested.
ORIGIN OF CURIE–WEISS LAW IN GINZBURG–LANDAU FUNCTIONAL
Authors: KOO JE HUAN , CHO GUANGSUP
Published: April 2006

We investigate the Ginzburg–Landau (GL) functional to infinite orders. The GL functional can be substituted for a renormalized infinite series method (RISM). The Curie–Weiss law happens only if the GL functioal has a divergence using an adjustable infinite series. It is shown that the superconducting gap is not contributed by phase fluctuations in cuprate superconductors using the RISM. The results by the RISM applied to ferroelectric materials are similar to those by the GL theory. For ferromagnetic materials, the RISM is equivalent to the GL theory, and is applied to functionals to show a Curie–Weiss type susceptibility, χ.
BLOCH'S THEOREM IN NANOARCHITECTURES
Authors: MATTIS D. C. , SJOSTROM T.
Published: April 2006

We identify and characterize mini-Bloch-sub-bands that condense out of the low-lying states in a semiconductor's conduction band due to repetitive patterns (as in an "antidot lattice"). We discuss limits on the validity of the tight-binding approximation. One appendix touches upon the complications (actually, simplification, in the case of silicon) when the dispersion is given by a set of anisotropic mass tensors, another treats the effects of cross-sectional shape on threshhold energy level of a conduit.
Non–Transferrin-Bound Iron and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: van der A Daphne L. , Marx Joannes J.M. , Grobbee Diederick E. , Kamphuis Marjolein H. , Georgiou Niki A. , van Kats-Renaud J. Henny , Breuer William , Cabantchik Z. Ioav , Roest Mark , Voorbij Hieronymus A.M. , van der Schouw Yvonne T.
Published: April 2006

Background—

Epidemiological studies aimed at correlating coronary heart disease (CHD) with serum ferritin levels have thus far yielded inconsistent results. We hypothesized that a labile iron component associated with non–transferrin-bound iron (NTBI) that appears in individuals with overt or cryptic iron overload might be more suitable for establishing correlations with CHD.

Methods and Results—

We investigated the relation of NTBI, serum iron, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin with risk of CHD and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The cohort used comprised a population-based sample of 11 471 postmenopausal women aged 49 to 70 years at enrollment in 1993 to 1997. During a median follow-up of 4.3 years (quartile limits Q1 to Q3: 3.3 to 5.4), 185 CHD events were identified, including 66 AMI events. We conducted a case-cohort study using all CHD cases and a random sample from the baseline cohort (n=1134). A weighted Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate hazard ratios for tertiles of iron variables in relation to CHD and AMI. Adjusted hazard ratios of women in the highest NTBI tertile (range 0.38 to 3.51) compared with the lowest (range −2.06 to −0.32) were 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.61 to 1.16) for CHD and 0.47 (95% confidence interval 0.31 to 0.71) for AMI. The results were similar for serum iron, transferrin saturation, and serum ferritin.

Conclusions—

Our results show no excess risk of CHD or AMI within the highest NTBI tertile compared with the lowest but rather seem to demonstrate a decreased risk. Additional studies are warranted to confirm our findings.
Localization of automorphisms of some unbounded Levi degenerate algebraic hypersurfaces in ℂ
n
Authors: Dini G. , Primicerio A. Selvaggi
Published: April 2006

Let D(n, s, k) = {z∈ ℂ
n
: ( –|z
1|2 + |z
2|2)
k
+ ∑
i
s

=3 |zi
|2 – ∑
i
n

=

s

+1 |zi
|2 < 1}, where k ∈ ℤ+, 3 ≤ s ≤ n, and let M(n, s, k) = ∂D(n, s, k). We determine for any values of n, s and k the biholomorphic automorphisms of D(n, s, k), identifying, in suitable cases, the germs of biholomorphisms that map M(n, s, k) and D(n, s, k) respectively in themselves. It turns out that, if k is even and s = n, any such germ extends to a biholomorphic automorphism of D(n, s, k), while, in other cases, it is a branch of an algebraic correspondence.
Accelerated learning without semantic similarity: indirect objects
Authors: Ninio Anat
Published: April 2006

The hypothesis was tested that transfer and
facilitation of learning in early syntactic development does not rely on
semantic analogy among the items. The study focused on the verb-indirect object
(VI) construction. Longitudinal naturalistic speech corpora of 14
Hebrew-speaking children (1;04–2;08) were analyzed, 9 females and 5 males, White
and predominantly middle class. There was facilitation of learning among the
first 10 verbs in the VI pattern, as evidenced by the accelerating growth
curves. However, there was much semantic variability among the 10 indirect
objects, and most had no semantically similar antecedents in the same
construction. The results indicate that facilitation of learning of early syntax
is most probably not mediated by semantic similarity.
Editorial
Authors: Spranger Tade Matthias
Published: April 2006

JIBL’s issue 4 starts with an extension of its Editorial Board. It is my pleasure to welcome Professor
Editorial
Authors: Spranger Tade Matthias
Published: April 2006

Since the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety came into force, the establishment of national regulatory schemes became one of the most important biosafety issues.
International Regulation of Biotechnology: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Blay Sam
Published: April 2006

Introduction

Of the issues that confront modern science and the imperatives for development and human progress today, none is more controversial than biotechnology. As one author notes, within ‘a few short decades, the powerful means of biotechnology have revolutionized medicine, agriculture and environmental protection’. The potential implications of biotechnology transcend science and the environment and impact directly on the liberalisation of international trade, the protection of intellectual property rights, the right of self determination of indigenous populations and as custodians and owners of centres of biodiversity, and indeed on international relations generally. Advocates of biotechnology argue that the modification of the genetic make-up of living organisms is nothing new and that biotechnology has been part of human agricultural practices for centuries.
James Joyce and narrative territory: The distinct functions of lost time in “An Encounter” and “The Sisters”
Authors: Murphy Terence Patrick
Published: April 2006

In this paper, I explore the notion of lost time in critical accounts of narrative fiction. The paper begins by briefly exploring the work of the representative New Critics Brooks and Warren on the description of past time. I then move to consider the story/sequence distinction in the work of narratologists such as Genette, Chatman and Bal. As a bridge to the major discussion, I introduce Michael Toolan's Narrative (2001 [1988]) which attempts to explore how aspects of the narrative are revealed through key lexicogrammatical choices. I attempt to build on Toolan's basic insight about the importance of thematically marked sentences in a brief re-reading of the narrative discourse of Joyce's “Eveline”. In order to resolve a central difficulty in Toolan's analysis, I put forward a theory of narrative territory – the creation within the narrative discourse of a differentiated spatiotemporal continuum for the story events. Within the conceptual framework provided by the concept of the narrative territory, I then contrast the distinct functions of lost time in James Joyce's unmarked order fiction “An Encounter” and his marked order narrative “The Sisters”.
Serial form as entertainment and interpretative framework: Probability and the ‘black box’ of past experience
Authors: Betancourt Michael
Published: April 2006

This essay presents and discusses the ways that prior
experience constitutes a logical black box in Umberto Eco’s discussion of serial
forms in ‘Interpreting Serials’ by using the complex adaptive system model for
how complexity arises and is sustained over time, as proposed by John Holland.
In exploring how Holland’s model can account for some aspects of Eco’s past
experience, it becomes evident that a modification of both theories to
accommodate multiple, contradictory potentials simultaneously suggests we
consider meaning as a range of potentials rather than as a singular choice. Even
though the model proposed here is incomplete and tentative, it is suggestive of
possible strategies for justifying interpretations without precluding their
rejection or revision at a later time. Individual interpretations are justified
not by comparison to an external truth but by the existence of other possible
interpretations with shared characteristics that nevertheless contradict each
other.
Le statut de la pulsion dans la sémiotique narrative morphodynamique
Authors: Álvares Cristina
Published: April 2006

L’article examine la question des racines
pulsionnelles du narratif en analysant le statut et la fonction du concept
métapyschologique de pulsion dans les thèses sémiotiques de Jean Petitot
(Morphogenèse du sens [1985] et Physique du sens [1992]). Cette question est
d’ordre épistémologique et concerne la présence de thèses lacaniennes dans une
théorie sémiotique qui affirme la morphogenèse du sens à partir d’un
substrat naturel.

L’article explique comment les critiques que Petitot
adresse au structuralisme lacanien en 1981 s’insèrent dans une réinterprétation
bioanthropologique et naturaliste de la métapsychologie freudienne et comment
cette réinterprétation précède et prépare la refondation morphodynamique de la
sémiotique greimassienne. Après avoir discuté les arguments que Petitot présente
pour faire de Lacan un précurseur du ‘tournant morphodynamique,’ l’article se
centre sur la redéfinition de pulsion comme prégnance sémique. Il expose les
avantages théoriques de cette notion, mais aborde également l’antinomie qu’elle
contient. La conclusion en est que la redéfinition de la pulsion comme prégnance
sémique escamote la nature sexuelle de la libido et projette sur la sémiotique
morphodynamique l’ombre de ‘l’illusion archaïque.’
Crossing borders: Towards a cognitive aesthetic approach to Caravaggio and Beckett
Authors: Degan Dario Del
Published: April 2006

When conducting interart studies, difficulty arises
comparing art forms due to differences in discourse between genres. The problem
becomes compounded when certain art works extend their mode of communication
beyond the boundaries of their genre. Interpreting such works tends to result in
subjectivist readings that cannot be justified according to any predetermined
analytical model. Rather than negating the subjective response, this article
proposes that an artwork is realized within the mind. In examining critical
responses to Caravaggio’s painting ‘Beheading of St. John the Baptist’ and
Beckett’s play ‘Not I’ according to a cognitive aesthetic, one discovers a
rationale for considering the painting as stimulating a feeling of motion while
the play evokes a feeling of stasis, contrary to their respective
genres.
Theory and method in grammaticalization [Theorie und Methode in der Grammatikalisierung]
Authors: Lehmann Christian
Published: April 2006

This paper reviews a couple of theoretical and methodological issues in grammaticalization research, including in particular the relationship of grammaticalization to the synchrony/diachrony contrast, unidirectionality and degrammaticalization, lexicalization, analogy, reanalysis and lateral conversion. There are misunderstandings, both in the grammaticalization and in the anti-grammaticalization literature, of each of these issues. Grammaticalization, if construed appropriately, comprises a homogeneous set of phenomena and therefore remains a unified field of research and a worthy object of a linguistic theory.
The Whole Is More Than the Sum of Its Parts: Modeling Community‐Level Effects of UVR in Marine Ecosystems
Authors: Momo Fernando , Ferrero Emma , Eöry Matías , Esusy Marisol , Iribarren Julia , Ferreyra Gustavo , Schloss Irene , Mostajir Behzad , Demers Serge
Published: April 2006

The effect of UVB radiation (UVBR, 290–320 nm) on the dynamics of the lower levels of the marine plankton community was modeled. The model was built using differential equations and shows a good fit to experimental data collected in mesocosms (defined as large enclosures of 1500 L filled with natural marine waters). Some unexpected results appear to be possible by indirect effects in prey (bacteria, phytoplankton and heterotrophic flagellates). In particular, apparent competition appears between small phytoplankton and bacteria. This effect is caused by a shared predator (ciliates). Another remarkable effect is an increase in bacteria and flagellates populations due to enhanced UVBR. This effect is similar to that observed under mesocosm experimental conditions and is related to the decrease of predation due to the direct damage to predators (ciliates) by UVBR. The effect of UVBR changing interaction coefficients may be dramatic on the community structure, producing big changes in equilibrium populations, as demonstrated by sensitivity analysis of the model. In order to generalize these results to field conditions it will be necessary to increase model complexity and include extra organic mater sources, mixing and sinking effects and predation by large zooplankton. This work shows that UVBR may produce community global responses that are consequence of both direct and indirect effects among populations.
What Is the Real Measure of Gas-Well Deliverability Potential?
Authors: Kabir C. S.
Published: April 2006

This paper probes the usefulness of establishing the traditional time-variant, absolute-open-flow potential (AOFP) on a given well. Our contention is that a well's AOFP is not a measure of its future potential in a volumetric system owing to ever-declining reservoir pressure. To circumvent this reality, we suggest a two-step approach. First, conduct a multirate test to establish reservoir parameters, such as permeability, mechanical and non-Darcy skin, and average pressure. Second, with these known parameters, use an analytic tool to describe the deliverability potential for a well or a group of wells, including reservoir uncertainty and/or operational constraints.

This paper presents a simple methodology for establishing reservoir parameters and predicting a well's future deliverability potential. Field examples show that computing reservoir parameters from buildup and drawdown data and establishing the deliverability relation instills confidence in analysis. We also show that the traditional log-log graphing of the backpressure equation is no longer required because we avoid the notion of a stabilized deliverability concept.

An analytic reservoir simulator was developed to handle well location in various drainage shapes using the pressure-transient analog for rate computation. Material-balance calculations form the backbone when depletion sets in. This simulator is also capable of handling the uncertainty of various input variables and performs full-factorial design calculations for a three-level design (that is, P10, P50, and P90). This feature facilitates capturing uncertainty of drainage area and/or any other variables while predicting future rates.
Herrschaft und Gemeinschaft im Westsudan
Authors: von Werder Peter
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Die historische Wirklichkeit der Völker erlaubt uns, im Hintergrund ihres sozialen Prozesses als letztlich bestimmende Richtlinien zwei Strukturprinzipien zu erkennen. Dies sind die in den beiden Begriffen Gemeinschaft und Herrschaft festgelegten Moglichkeiten sozialer Ordnung, die als Sozialsysteme aufgefasst werden müssen. Mit ihrer Hilfe können wir zu einem vertieften Verständnis der sozialhistorischen Entwicklung und zu einer Erkenntnis der einzelnen Phasen ihres Verlaufes in einem Volk oder Stamm gelangen.
The Image of Janus in African Sculpture
Authors: von Sydow Eckart
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

Among the vast range of subjects found in African sculpture, the representations of Janus occupy an important position, primarily for purely artistic reasons. On the whole, African sculptors chiefly excel in their treatment of single figures, be they masks or statues. Each piece of work which is more than one figure is in itself a notable advance on the usual African style. Now there are Janus masks which in their formal structure are chefs-d'œvre of African sculpture and, indeed, of all primitive art. A number of these come from the Cross River district. It is not only, however, because of their artistic form and powerful expression that these masks are interesting. Again and again men have racked their brains in order to solve the problem of their inner meaning, and have risked the most daring hypotheses, as is shown in the book by R. Karutz, Das Rätsel des Janus (1927, Basle): I shall discuss this critically at the end of this article.
European and Bantu Languages in South Africa
Authors: Doke C. M.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The future of the Bantu languages in South Africa is a question often discussed both by Europeans interested in them and by thinking Natives who use them. The ideas and views expressed on this question are extremely varied, for the subject has its economic and political aspects as well as its natural and cultural aspects, and to-day there is a tendency, particularly among the educated and semi-educated Natives, to stress the economic and political at the expense of the other aspects.
Ethnology and the Study of Culture Change
Authors: Krause Fritz
Published: April 2006

The ‘Five Year Plan of Research’ of the Institute described in this Journal, vol. v, no. 1, aims at a scientific study of the change in the cultural life of African peoples which, like an inevitable destiny, takes place under the influence of Western civilization. The object of the study is to provide a sound basis for dealing with practical questions of administration and education. Such an investigation must be based on an intensive knowledge of the original culture of the people to be studied; it must ascertain the foreign influences effecting the change, as well as the way in which they affect the culture of the people; and it has to study the changes being brought about by them in the culture. In order to start with concrete phenomena the investigation should, in the first instance, be confined to the changes that are being brought about by world economic conditions in the traditional social order of selected African communities, and in particular to the changes in the economic organization of native society. The study of changes in economic conditions must, however, inevitably lead to an examination of the way in which these affect the family, tribal organization, religious beliefs and sanctions, and the whole social organization. Regarded from the scientific point of view, this is a task which touches upon the most important problems of culture. Ethnology, as the most comprehensive and the most fundamental of the culturesciences, is to an especially high degree interested in this problem and in this investigation. Being myself a student of ethnology as a culturescience, I am venturing to discuss here the questions of principle involved, especially since the principles of culture-science underlying the ‘five year plan’ coincide to a large extent with my own conceptions.
A Reader in the Vernacular for West Africa
Authors: Wiegräbe Paul
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The North German Mission has for several decades had a series of readers in the vernacular for the school-children of the Ewe people (of Togo) among whom it works. The series comprises a primer and four readers of 80-180 pages, containing material suitable for seven consecutive classes. According to the opinion of experts these books are among the best of their kind for their time. However, it is fortunate that the introduction of the new orthography has compelled the issue of a new edition. This gives an opportunity of adapting the books to the demands of modern educational methods. The principles on which the work is being undertaken are here set forth briefly in the hope that they will not only help others, but will also provoke a fruitful discussion on the weighty problem of the creation of African readers.
On the Food and Nutrition of African Natives
Authors: Worthington E. B.
Published: April 2006

Food and nutrition together provide a subject with many ramifications, and yet one on which but little direct research has been attempted in Africa. To gain an all-round view one must digress on the one hand into subjects such as agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries, economics and sociology, in order to understand what food supplies exist for the native, and how they are being or might be used; while on the other hand there are involved medical and physiological studies on the native himself in health and disease, in order to estimate the results of nutrition whether good or bad.
A Dietary Study in North-Eastern Rhodesia
Authors: Richards A. I. , Widdowson E. M.
Published: April 2006

The biochemist and the anthropologist look at native food problems from very different points of view, but it seems clear that research on African diets will be of scientific value only if there is co-operation between the two. Without chemical analysis it is impossible to know the composition of any particular native diet. Without a knowledge of the customs and language of any tribal area the necessary facts cannot be collected. The present article describes an attempt at co-operation along these lines, based on a study of the diet of a Northern Rhodesian tribe.
Food in the Domestic Economy of the Tallensi
Authors: Fortes M. , Fortes S. L.
Published: April 2006

The hinterland of the Gold Coast north of the 10th parallel N. Latitude is a land of sparse forestation lying within the Sudanese Zone. The continuous plains, the monotony of which is, in the dry season, broken only by scattered trees, occasional patches of low bush or a low range of hills, have been described as belonging to an ‘Orchard bush’ type of country. The Tale settlements occupy an area of some 200 square miles, immediately north of the White Volta river, and have a population density of over 170 to the square mile in the settled parts. Agriculture is the basic industry of the Tallensi and their neighbours, but their farms yield only a bare living to the majority of the populace. Unduly late rains or a visitation of locusts spells food deficiency bordering on famine for thousands.
Some Conclusions concerning the Bantu Conception of the Soul
Authors: Willoughby W. C.
Published: April 2006

Bantu ancestor-worship varies from one tribal area to another in much the same way as Bantu language, though to a lesser extent. It is not an organized or systematic religion: it has no sacred books, no pontificial standards of belief or practice, nor even past-masters of cult whose deliverances carry the general consent of the faithful. So far as I know, no Bantu ancestor-worshipper has ever written a reasoned exposition of the faith that is in him. We have, therefore, to rely upon first-hand reports from aliens scattered over a field of very wide scope, who peer into the gloom from their own little coigns of vantage and tell us what they partly see and partly infer; and there is unfortunately no known method of accurately assessing the allowance that ought to be made for each observer's astigmatism or slowness in noting phenomena. The best that can be done, perhaps, is to notice an observer's attitude towards religion, especially the non-Christian expressions of it, compare his findings on well-known points with those that seem to lie nearest the truth, and then make a rough guess at his personal equation. All writers on this subject, whether field-workers or synthetists, are therefore purveyors of opinion, not of unclad truth—enlightened opinion, perhaps, but still opinion; and their opinions are unwittingly coloured by their prepossessions.
Languages used in the Congo Basin. A Linguistic Survey
Authors: Laman K. E.
Published: April 2006

In the following pages an attempt will be made to give a survey of those languages in the Congo basin which are most important and of special value for educational and literary work.

As I left the Congo several years ago I have communicated with the Roman Catholic and Protestant missions working there with regard to this subject and I am very grateful for all the replies received.

We cannot yet master the facts. The difficulties are many. Several of the important languages are not yet known. The policy of the French, Belgian, and Portuguese governments is at present very divergent in regard to languages and educational and literary work.
Quelques Observations sur La Langue Mandingue
Authors: Labouret Henri , Ward Ida C.
Published: April 2006

La langue mandé ou mandingue est une des plus importantes de l'Afrique Occidentale Française. Les estimations faites il y a dix ans permettent de penser qu'elle était alors parlée comme idiome maternel par environ trois millions de Soudanais, tandis que deux millions d'autres s'en servaient comme de seconde langue. II est probable qu'une révision sérieuse de ces chiffres accuserait une augmentation assez forte des Nègres qui en usent, car elle a une tendance marquée à s'imposer, sous l'influence de la circulation commerciale, dans des régions qui étaient encore fermées au trafic il y a peu d'années, comme par exemple le pays des Bobo au Soudan Français et en Haute Volta, celui des Agni ou des Bété à la Côte d'lvoire.
Marriage and Child-birth among the Kanuri
Authors: Ellison R. E.
Published: April 2006

It would be an impertinence for any one writing about the Kanuri not to acknowledge his great debt to the immense work of investigation undertaken by Sir H. Richmond Palmer. In his Sudanese Memoirs particularly, he has written much about their origin and history which no one interested in the Kanuri should fail to read. Much also was written about the condition of Bornu in the nineteenth century by the travellers Denham, Barth, and Nachtigal. All these men visited Kukawa, the new capital of the Shehus; Denham, with Oudney and Clapperton, in 1823, Barth in 1851, and Nachtigal in 1870, and all wrote detailed accounts of their travels and experiences which are of absorbing interest to-day. No attempt is made here to give even a brief summary of the history of the Kanuri, but before dealing with certain present-day customs it will be advantageous to refer to two events of primary importance, one at the beginning, the other at the end of the nineteenth century, in order to appreciate the present political and social condition of Bornu.
Dichtung der Haussa
Authors: Prietze Rudolf
Published: April 2006

Nachdem gewichtige Stimmen auf höchst beachtenswerte Spuren bildender Kunst in dem zu lange unterschätzten schwarzen Erdteil aufmerksam gemacht haben, richtet sich die Frage auf das, was Afrika in der Dichtung geleistet hat. Märchen als die verbreitetste epische Spielart sind in grossem Umfange gesammelt worden, doch mit Lücken, die einen Gesamtüberblick noch nicht zulassen, und noch weniger gewährt ihn, was bisher an Lyrik, also gebundener Rede, zu Tage gefördert wurde. So mag ein Versuch, das Augenmerk auf ein Feld zu lenken, das sich durch die Fülle seiner Früchte vor andern hervortut und immer weiter ausdehnt, der Mühe wert erscheinen.
The Distribution of Native Population over East Africa
Authors: Baker S. J. K.
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph

The region with which this study is concerned comprises the political units of Uganda, Kenya, Zanzibar, Tanganyika Territory, and the Belgian mandate of Ruanda and Urundi. (See Map I.) Its total area is some 727,000 square miles, i.e. more than eight times as large as that of Great Britain, though of this total area about 40,000 square miles consists of water surface. In 1931 the native African population totalled about 14,600,000, whilst the figure for the European population stood at 28,223. The European element is thus outnumbered in the proportion of more than 500 to 1, and even the total non-native population, including Europeans, Indians, Goans, and Arabs, is outnumbered in the ratio of 80 to 1. The native population constitutes a vastly preponderant element in the whole, and it is on the salient features of its distribution that the attention of this paper is wholly focused.
The Development of the Military Organization in Swaziland
Authors: Beemer Hilda
Published: April 2006

When Europeans came into contact with the Swazi, it was inevitable that, since the two cultures had not the same institutions, beliefs and practices, one and the same situation was criticized from different social viewpoints and judged from different standards of value. Even when certain actions were similarly classified, each milieu gave them its own distinct emphasis or pattern, while similar values were embodied in and maintained by very different institutions. Immediate practical considerations and the political theory varying with place and time determined to what extent the dominant culture controlled the development of the traditional African life. I have chosen to analyse the way in which the military organization of the, Swazi, one of the basic factors in the traditional culture, has reacted under that small arc of Western civilization which has impinged on the lives of the natives in the Protectorate.
The Study of Culture Contact as a Practical Problem
Authors: Mair L. P.
Published: April 2006

The special branch of social anthropology which deals with peoples whose culture is undergoing rapid change as the result of contact with more highly developed societies is of interest from a number of different points of view. On the one hand there is the purely theoretic approach, which is concerned to discover rules governing this process—to find reasons for the assimilation of some elements of the alien culture and the rejection of others, or explanations of the fact that the dominant civilization has sometimes succeeded in imposing changes in social organization which analysis shows to be patently disadvantageous, while in other directions it may be powerless; perhaps to trace the basic human motives which come sharply into prominence when liberated by the breakdown of traditional standards of conduct and values. On the other hand this study has a severely and urgently practical importance. A recent American writer has suggested that in British colonies these problems are only considered relevant in their bearing on the maintenance of the labour supply. Such a view would appear to conflict with the fact that, as far as Africa is concerned, it is mainly in colonies governed under the system of Indirect Rule, where the economic policy is to encourage independent native production, that the study of social anthropology receives official encouragement. Actually it is being more and more clearly recognized by administrators directly concerned in moulding the development of the African peoples that this ‘sacred trust’ cannot be executed until the bases of a sound development are laid down; until it is known in each separate case how far the native social organization has been already rendered obsolete by changed conditions, how far it is capable of readjustment, what are the existing foundations on which the new institutions that the new needs require can be securely built. Experience is constantly bringing home to the man on the spot the need for some more practical criterion of policy than that inherent desirability of everything ‘civilized’, which the facts so plainly contradict.
Some Mεnde Proverbs
Authors: Senior M. Mary
Published: April 2006

The frequent use of proverbs appears to be one sign of respect for tradition and authority, for a proverb enshrines the wisdom of one's ancestors and the use of a proverb may be construed as respect for the wisdom of the past. The apt use of a proverb tends to close an argument triumphantly or move the previous question. Mende is very rich in proverbs. The number current must run into thousands. Yet until recently, when the Bunumbu Press, Sierra Leone, published two untranslated collections for use in connexion with literacy campaigns, very few had been recorded. In A View of Sierra Leone Migeod noted a number which were revised by E. Harnetty in Sierra Leone Studies No. IX. In Sierra Leone School Notes No. 6, September 1941, the Rev. E. Avery lists some twenty-four. These are the only publications known to me which provide any translation, literal or otherwise, or any comment. Yet it was comparatively easy to compile a list of three hundred Mεnde proverbs and to illustrate by a representative selection.