bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Economic History, Part 3
Authors: Flath David
Published: September 2022

This chapter addresses the many changes in the Japanese economy introduced during the American Occupation of Japan, 1945–1962, and the famously rapid Japanese recovery from the devastations of the war. Japan still bears the stamp of laws and regulations enacted during the American Occupation under the banner of “democratization.” Land reform and zaibatsu dissolution were much touted at the time but in retrospect had few lasting effects. Other changes were more important. The Constitution, written by MacArthur’s military staff and promulgated in 1946, remains in effect without amendment. So do the labor laws enacted in 1946 and 1947, anti-monopoly laws, land use controls, regulation of the production and distribution of rice, and regulations of banking and securities. But the extensive price controls, inflation-financed government subsidies, and state control of foreign trade that bedeviled Japan’s early postwar years, thankfully, did not survive the reverse course in American policy. The Japanese miracle began the day in February 1949 that Joseph Dodge went to work dismantling government control of the Japanese economy. Once free of government restraint, Japan’s citizens set about replacing the wealth destroyed during the war. The Solow growth model is the indispensable framework needed to understand Japan’s rapid economic recovery. The chapter describes the logic of the Solow model and applies it in showing that Japan’s convergence on a steady-state growth path came about from ongoing private saving and investment in response to market incentives. Government planning and direction had nothing to do with it.
Industrial Organization
Authors: Flath David
Published: September 2022

This chapter covers business groups, competition, cartels, oligopoly, industrial concentration, antimonopoly law, and government regulation of industry in Japan—all topics drawing on the subfield of economics called “industrial organization.” The most prominent business groups in Japan are the six financial keiretsu and the 40 or so enterprise groups that each include a large firm and its related family of independent materials suppliers, customers, and distributors. The chapter describes the financial keiretsu and enterprise groups, how they came to be, and what accounts for some of their key features such as cross-shareholding among members of a same group. The focus then shifts to industrial concentration and oligopoly in Japan. If an industry is dominated by large firms in Japan, then so is its analogue in the USA. The same market forces seem to be shaping the pattern of industrial concentration in both nations. Also, economic profits are a trivial percentage of national income in Japan, as in the USA, which suggests that oligopolistic pricing has not very much distorted the allocation of resources in either nation. Antimonopoly laws in Japan entail weak penalties and are not strictly enforced, but the main impediment to cartels is cheating among their own members, not government penalties. The final part of the chapter is devoted to industrial regulation in Japan. It describes the institutions of regulation in Japan and invokes economic theories of regulation to interpret the regulation and deregulation of industries in Japan including electric power, telecommunication, railroads, trucking, taxis, and airlines.
Agents of the Marian Counter-Reformation
Authors: Smith Frederick E.
Published: September 2022

This chapter explores the significance of former émigrés for the restoration of Catholicism in Marian England. It focusses on the émigrés’ contributions to three of the most pressing issues faced by the Marian Church: the reconciliation of the realm to papal obedience, the reform of piety and spirituality and the persecution of Protestants. Overall, this chapter argues that these émigrés contributed in significant ways towards the development of a Church that was vibrant, dynamic and eclectic—a Church that drew upon the émigrés’ encounters with a diverse range of reforming ideas throughout western Europe, as well as their experiences of displacement itself. However, building upon the conclusions of the previous chapter, it also suggests that these émigrés came into conflict with some of their compatriots who had very different reform priorities as a result of their divergent experiences under Henry and Edward. The outcome was a Church more complex and more contested than historians have usually acknowledged.
Representationalism
Authors: Hill Christopher S.
Published: September 2022

Chapter 1 introduces and defends a representationalist account of perceptual experience, maintaining that experience constitutively involves representations of external phenomena. The chapter also argues for a teleosemantic theory of perceptual representation, according to which the representational contents of perceptual states are conferred directly or indirectly by natural selection (indirectly in cases in which learning mechanisms fostered by natural selection play a role in determining content). The literature on teleosemantics is roiled by controversies of various kinds, and this is sometimes seen as a reason for looking elsewhere for a theory of perceptual representation. The chapter maintains, however, that these controversies can on the whole be resolved by embracing representational pluralism, according to which there is more than one form of perceptual representation that is worthy of scientific and philosophical attention.
Perceptual Awareness of Particulars
Authors: Hill Christopher S.
Published: September 2022

Chapter 4 defends perceptual existentialism, the view that experience does not function like linguistic demonstratives, picking out particular objects directly, but is rather more like linguistic descriptions, in that it picks out particulars by enumerating their properties. This can be expressed by saying that the representational contents of perceptual experiences can be captured by existential claims of the form there is an object at such and such (egocentric) location with such and such properties. The chapter offers an account of how existential contents of this form, even when somewhat erroneous, can combine with causal relations to uniquely determine external objects—objects that then become available to serve as the referents of perceptual demonstratives. It also examines and rejects the doctrine that perceptual objects are defined by a weak set of conditions involving only such general features as cohesion of parts and spatio-temporal continuity. Perceptual objects are best seen as members of familiar natural kinds.
Perceptual Consciousness
Authors: Hill Christopher S.
Published: September 2022

Chapter 7 discusses three forms of consciousness that perceptual experience is said to possess—introspective consciousness, access consciousness, and phenomenal consciousness. Introspective consciousness is the form of consciousness that mental states possess when they are objects of introspective awareness. Access consciousness is the form that mental states possess when they are available for use by high-level cognitive faculties that are responsible for tasks planning and evaluating. It is widely acknowledged that perceptual experiences possess these two forms of consciousness, but the nature of phenomenal consciousness and its relation to perceptual experience is controversial. One of the main themes of the chapter is that there is perceptual phenomenology that is too “faint” to support either introspective consciousness or access consciousness. Another is that phenomenal consciousness is best seen as an especially “robust” form of phenomenology—robust enough to serve as a categorical base for the other two forms of consciousness.
Scandinavia and the Pharmaceutical Revolution
Authors: Sogner Knut
Published: September 2022

This chapter discusses the contradictory forces characterizing Nyegaard & Co.’s situation. On the one hand the tremendous influence of the penicillin breakthrough during the Second World War and the optimism about the possibilities of finding new drugs, which also included a highly inspiring breakthrough in British Glaxo and US Merck that built on Nyegaard & Co.’s pre-war research. Nyegaard & Co. invested in young scientists that were sent to Britain’s best chemists. On the other hand, the Norwegian regulatory authorities were skeptical of the privately owned pharmaceutical companies and their profit seeking and kept strict control of drug prices at a time of rising costs. Nyegaard & Co., a family company with a solid economy from before the war, chose to invest as much in shipping as in pharmaceuticals, most notably stopping a penicillin project. While Norwegian drug policies hardly caught up with the times, shipping was prioritized by the new Labour government.
The Profits and Problems of Success
Authors: Sogner Knut
Published: September 2022

The period from the mid-1970s and just into the 1980s represented a formidable commercial success for the new product Amipaque. Amipaque succeeded not only as a new and fabulous niche myelographic medium, but it was also priced much higher than previous remedies. This new price level survived when it was transferred to the much larger mainstream market for vascular products (the blood system). Nyegaard thereby literally opened up an extremely attractive new market, and competing companies developed their own non-ionic contrast media at the same time as Nyegaard struggled in research. The small research team was fully able to make the right new molecules, but only by bringing in its large marketing partners Sterling Drug and Schering AG did the necessary product development processes commence. The family that owned the company and had helped steer it in the right directions realized that cut-throat global competition was not for them and sold the company to a larger, established Norwegian stock-listed company.
Nature Prose
Authors: Head Dominic
Published: September 2022

This book seeks to explain the popularity and appeal of contemporary writing about nature. The argument is that nature writing, in its various formats, contains formal effects of a complexity that is not sufficiently recognized, and that these paradoxical or antithetical effects encapsulate our current ecological dilemma, and offer a fresh resource for critical thinking. Such literary effects become more easily discernible when the distinctions between fictional and nonfictional writing are (partly) set aside, so that ‘nature writing’ is set within the broader conception of ‘nature prose’. The book’s range is international, with particular emphasis on writers from Britain and the US. The treatment and construction of ‘nature’ in contemporary imaginative prose reveals some significant paradoxes beneath its dominant moods—moods which are usually earnest, sometimes celebratory, sometimes prophetic or cautionary. It is in these paradoxical or antithetical moments that the contemporary ecological predicament is formally encoded, in a progressive development of ecological consciousness from the late 1950s (or even earlier), but which is primarily illustrated in this work from texts published from the 1990s onwards. The ambiguity in the subtitle of this book—‘Writing in Ecological Crisis’—is intended to capture a mode of writing that is both contemporaneous with a defining time of crisis for humanity and formally fashioned by that context: this is writing that emerges in a time of crisis but which is also, in some ways, in crisis itself.
Introduction
Authors: Head Dominic
Published: September 2022

A focus of the Introduction is to show that, rather than peddling unexamined holier-than-thou messages, much nature writing reveals a vision of paradox, contradiction, and uncertainty, a vision that captures the contemporary human predicament of seeking to make reparation for the ecological destruction we have caused (and continue to cause) as a species: it encodes our dilemma, the search for solutions from a position of undeniable culpability. This chapter contests the ways that imaginative writing about nature has frequently been seen as naïve by prominent ecocritics: it engages with some of the important critiques, especially concerning the ways in which the construction of nature may be seen as a hidden component, left unpacked in the haste to establish an (impossible) immediacy of affect. Instead, contemporary nature prose is shown to re-present the paradoxes and contradictions that some nature writing has been accused of fostering unintentionally. This new brand of nature prose combines knowledge drawn from natural history with a range of literary effects, and a distinctively new form of ecomimesis emerges from this synthesis, which is attuned to the cultural mediation of nature, and not unaware of it, as is often assumed.
Abundance
Authors: Head Dominic
Published: September 2022

Creative reflections on nature often present images of abundance; but it is always a troubling topic. Abundance in nature can be evoked to inspire joy and reverence; but, at the same time, abundance now always brings with it the spectre of scarcity, in a more literal apprehension of the global predicament, and the travesty of the unequal distribution of resources. The extremity of these contrasting reflections stretches the principle of paradox in nature prose, the means through which apparently contradictory impulses and meanings are brought together in a layered mode of apprehension: nature prose treating of abundance is, potentially, a self-defeating form of ecomimesis, where the textual resonance leads inevitably back to a bleak comprehension of the world. Abundance, however, also connotes knowledge and understanding by association with the spiritual enlightenment of the elect in biblical parable. For the secular purposes of nature prose in the Western tradition, this association produces rich effects, in which cultural knowledge (rather than spiritual certitude) is assigned the a priori position of bestowing enlightenment, a dynamic that privileges knowledge as our resource of hope in otherwise complex and enigmatic moments of deliberation.
Introduction
Authors: Renevey Denis
Published: September 2022

The Introduction begins with a brief reference to Henry Burton’s Jesu-vvorship Confuted, written in 1660, which denounces bowing at hearing the name ‘Jesus’ as an idolatrous practice. Reference to this early modern tract helps understand more broadly what is at stake in the effects of praising the Name of Jesus in the periods that precede it. The analytic overview discusses The Divine Names by Pseudo-Dionysius, which addresses both the power of naming and the ineffable quality of the divine experience. It continues by contextualizing the practice of the devotion to the Name within the larger religious culture of the late medieval period, from an English and pan-European perspective. Before offering an overview of each chapter, it situates the book within the larger scholarly contributions of the last decades.
The Book of Margery Kempe, Eleanor Hull’s Meditation, and Fifteenth-Century Devotion to the Name
Authors: Renevey Denis
Published: September 2022

The devotion to the Name of Jesus attracted interest on the part of women. By making extensive, but brief references to the Name, The Book of Margery Kempe attests to the way the devotion has been absorbed by both Margery and her scribes with reference to significant events of her life. The Book is extant in only one manuscript, British Library, MS Additional 61823. The fourth annotator of The Book, most probably a Carthusian monk, responds to some passages of the text by writing down the Jesus monogram in red in the margins of the manuscript. Eleanor Hull, fifteenth-century translator and compiler of the penitential psalms, translates from French a meditation on the Name as part of her meditations on the seven days of the week. The meditation shows the interest in the devotion to the Name of Jesus by a fifteenth-century lay public. A few decades later, Lady Margaret Beaufort acts as patron of the new feast devoted to the Name in England. Together with Thomas Rotherham, she contributes to the officialization of the feast to the Name in late medieval England. The sermons to the Holy Name may have been composed for their use in the context of the new feast.
Afterword
Authors: Renevey Denis
Published: September 2022

After offering a brief recapitulation of the evidence about the practice of the devotion to the Name of Jesus in late medieval England, the afterword broadens the book’s perspective by making brief references to manifestations of the devotion in Italy, with Bernardine of Siena, and in the Germanophone world, with Henry Suso. It also points to the importance of material culture as a further area of investigation for our understanding of the practice of the devotion in the late medieval period. There is also strong interest in the power of the Name of Jesus within current Christian denominations. For example, some of the texts used by Pentecostal preachers echo the wording of some of the lyrics and prose texts from the medieval tradition.
Movement data provides insight into feedbacks and heterogeneities in host–parasite interactions
Authors: Spiegel Orr , Anglister Nili , Crafton Miranda M.
Published: September 2022

Behavioral feedbacks in host–parasite interactions have received growing attention in recent years, emphasizing how host behavior (e.g., movement and social connections) is simultaneously affecting—and affected by—parasite transmission and infection. This conceptual development highlights the need to obtain longitudinal data on individuals, their movements, and their social interactions. Conveniently, parallel developments in collecting and analyzing animal tracking data offer an opportunity to better integrate movement ecology into host–parasite dynamics. Tracking devices like miniaturized Global Positioning System (GPS) tags and complementary sensors such as accelerometers provide data on the effects of host movement on their potential to transmit parasites (e.g., how far, when, where, and to whom can parasites be transmitted). Tracking can also demonstrate the influence of parasites on host behavior and movement (e.g., via indirect physiological illness effects, or through direct manipulation of the hosts internal state). This chapter discusses the potential of movement data to bridge knowledge gaps in behavioral feedbacks of host–parasite dynamics and to account for the variation among individual hosts and across heterogeneous environments. It outlines the diverse pathways of mutual influence between host movement and parasite dynamics and the insights that can be gained from collecting movement data. It also provides basic guidance on the relevant tracking methods required for achieving these goals, and for parameterizing modern modeling approaches that include social network analyses and individual-based models.
Shared biochemical pathways for ornamentation and immune function: Rethinking the mechanisms underlying honest signaling of parasite resistance
Authors: Koch Rebecca E. , Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: September 2022

Biologists have long considered the potential for individuals to assess mating displays of prospective mates as a source of information about parasite load and the potential to resist future infection. For decades, resource trade-offs were proposed to be the mechanism that would create an uncheatable connection between immune defenses and the production of the display. However, new theory emphasizes signaling based on shared biochemical pathways that are required for both immune defense and display production. Because shared pathways at the subcellular level may underlie variation in both immune performance and behavior, biologists are increasingly looking to mitochondrial function for explanations as to why links between parasite resistance and mating displays might be fundamental.
Mistake of Law at the International Criminal Court and Other International Criminal Tribunals
Authors: Coco Antonio
Published: September 2022

The version of mistake of law adopted by the International Criminal Court (ICC) Statute is the ‘denial of mens rea’ one, due to a precise drafting choice. The concept of mistake of law as an excuse was deliberately excluded from the Statute. The language adopted in the ICC Elements of Crimes restricts resort to mistake of law even further. Thus, the ICC Statute allows punishment of defendants who did not know—and sometimes could not have known—the relevant law. However, the ICC approach towards mistake of law is more lenient than the approach of other international criminal tribunals. Several offences under the ICC jurisdiction, including war crimes and crimes against humanity, contain legal elements about which the defendant must have knowledge: an honest mistake on those elements would exclude responsibility. Moreover, Article 33 expands the range of exonerating mistakes by introducing the possibility of invoking the defence of superior orders.
The Message of Rules on Mistake of Law
Authors: Coco Antonio
Published: September 2022

Based on the findings of previous chapters, this final one asks—adopting expressivist lenses—what message do the rules on mistake of law applicable before international criminal tribunals send about punishment imposed by such tribunals. It clarifies the purpose of punishing individuals who are mistaken about the law applicable by international criminal tribunals, focusing on the traditional purposes of retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, and positive general prevention. The chapter also questions what factors may influence the legitimacy of punishing—before international criminal tribunals—individuals who are mistaken about the law, focusing on the fairness of international criminal tribunals’ rules and procedures and on the expectation of punishment which the crimes’ gravity engenders.
Introduction
Authors: Knight Alison
Published: September 2022

The Introduction explores the primary grounds on which textual difficulties in scripture were formulated in early modern England, charting early modern theories of and approaches to interpretive difficulty. It explores how Catholic–Protestant and intra-Protestant polemic framed biblical difficulty in English culture. Such polemic sets the stage for English literary encounters with scripture’s textual concerns and highlights key textual and hermeneutic arguments. In their seminal debate during the early years of the Reformation, Martin Luther and Erasmus discussed not whether scripture or the Church was the authoritative basis of faith, nor scripture’s inerrancy, but whether it was difficult. The Dark Bible opens with this polemic and its English offspring, in particular that of William Tyndale and Sir Thomas More, and William Fulke and Gregory Martin.
Disorder
Authors: Knight Alison
Published: September 2022

Scripture does not always proceed in an orderly fashion. Protestant guidance for determining meaning emphasized the need to consider passages as continued discourses, but the progression of passages could seem frighteningly incoherent at times. What were readers to do when the words of scripture seemed discontinuous, disorganized, out of joint? Chapter 4 considers early modern concepts of biblical narrative—how passages ‘hung together’—and how these concepts conflicted with concepts of biblical history and chronology. It explores how writers and commentators defended nonlinear narrative in scripture, and how they found means of bringing disjointed passages into harmony, paying particular attention to biblical harmonies (such as the Little Gidding gospel harmonies) and a paraphrase of Job by Richard Humfrey.
Contesting the Scale at Which Inequalities Policies Should Be Solved
Authors: Cairney Paul , Keating Michael , Kippin Sean , Denny Emily St.
Published: September 2022

Chapter 4 identifies three questions to explore key developments in spatial politics and policymaking rescaling in EU member states and regions. First, should nation states take primary responsibility for population welfare and solving inequalities? Second, if regions can develop their own models within that national context, what should be the role of regions in addressing inequalities? Third, what kinds of regional policymaking are possible? We explore the distinctiveness of regional party politics, territorial policy communities, and other contributors to regional policy capacity. These factors are used to construct competing narratives of regionalism and inequalities, in which there may be a race to the bottom to compete with each other economically, or a race to the top to establish more equal and/or popular welfare regimes.
Strategies to Reduce Health Inequalities
Authors: Cairney Paul , Keating Michael , Kippin Sean , Denny Emily St.
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines how governments define and pursue health equity, focusing on the global health promotion strategy Health in All Policies (HiAP) and its use in the EU. HiAP describes health as a human right, identifies the ‘social determinants’ of health inequalities, and seeks collaboration across and outside of government to address an epidemic of ‘non-communicable diseases’ (NCDs) such as cancer and heart disease. This chapter examines three key aspects. First, how health equity policy compares conceptually with ‘neoliberal’ approaches and new agendas on territorial cohesion. Second, what countries and regions can learn from countries with well-established HiAP strategies. Third, key spatial dimensions of health equity policy, including the relationship between centralized and decentralized approaches, the role of ‘healthy cities’ and regional government autonomy, and the idea of ‘postcode lotteries’ of health and access to healthcare.
Strategies to Reduce Gender Inequalities
Authors: Cairney Paul , Keating Michael , Kippin Sean , Denny Emily St.
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines how governments define and pursue gender equality. There is a strong consensus, both nationally and internationally, that reducing gender inequality is the right thing to do and has wider economic and other benefits. However, what gender equality means, what it should look like, and the means to achieve it, remain contested. In this context, feminist civil society and policy actors have helped generate new visions to improve gender equality policy and policymaking for the purpose of reducing inequalities. ‘Gender mainstreaming’ (GM) in particular has gained global prominence as a way to redirect the policy process to systematically produce outputs compatible with gender equality goals. Nevertheless, policy efforts in this area, including those associated with GM, remain plagued by an ‘implementation gap’ caused by inevitable trade-offs that often remain invisible to policy actors, many of whom do not grasp the structural nature of gender relations and therefore cannot adequately address the inequalities they (re)produce.
Introduction
Authors: Johnston Katherine
Published: September 2022

The Introduction offers an overview of the argument of the book and situates it in the wider literature. One of the book’s central arguments is that people with an interest in African slavery in the Americas created and disseminated a rhetoric about climate, race, and labor despite their experiences, not because of them. To make this argument, the book examines the transition to a majority enslaved Black labor force in the Caribbean and parts of the American South; ideas about bodily health as they related to both climate and environment during the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries; and notions of bodily difference from the seventeenth through the nineteenth century. It also shows how a particular claim about race, labor, and climate developed and solidified during this period.
History and Mystery
Authors: Erickson Christina L.
Published: September 2022

The history of children and how spanking was influenced by historical perspectives on children reveal seeds of spanking justifications. Historical events, gathered from newspapers and journals of the time, provide the backdrop to understand the changing views of children and perspectives on discipline. The transition from using an object such as a whip or a branch to the hand is highlighted along with the change in perception on what is abusive discipline and what is not. The growth of experts, from newspaper columnists to medical doctors, is highlighted as the historical spanking record takes us from our earliest recordings of the lives of children to the growth of differing opinions on the right kind of spanking.
In Praise of Skepticism
Authors: Norris Pippa
Published: September 2022

To summarize, the understanding of trust and trustworthiness developed throughout this book seeks to challenge many conventional normative suppositions dominating much social-psychological and cultural research, as well as assumption pervasive in popular narratives and media commentary. To consider these issues, Section I in this chapter revisits some of the leading scholarship in the extensive literature emphasizing the positive consequences of trust—including the benefits thought to flow from generalized trust among people, confidence in political institutions, and trust among countries. Section II summarizes the alternative interpretation based on the theory presented throughout this book, where it is suggested that what matters normatively is not high or low levels of trust per se, but rather skeptical forms of trustworthy judgments which accurately mirror performance by agents, avoiding undue cynicism and credulity. Section III summarizes the main findings and considers their broader implications, including for democratic backsliding and the legitimacy crisis facing liberal democracies.
Introduction
Authors: Herman Rebecca
Published: September 2022

This chapter introduces the history of wartime basing as a useful episode for thinking critically about the complicated relationship between international cooperation and national sovereignty in a region shaped by vast asymmetries of power. As they negotiated the terms of US basing, Latin American leaders guarded against any stipulations that might openly diminish their nations’ integrity. Questions of legal jurisdiction and governance were especially problematic, as they transparently threatened that most sacred principle of territorial sovereignty, and diplomats often sidestepped such questions entirely in formal agreements. But on the ground near the bases, the practical details of governing could not be politely ignored. Moving between the local, national, and international arena in which the wartime basing project unfolded, the book considers how a diverse cast of characters—from foreign ministers to construction workers—sought to reconcile the competing impulses of sovereignty and cooperation in the manner that best suited their interests.
High Politics and Horse-Trading
Authors: Herman Rebecca
Published: September 2022

Chapter 2 departs the multilateral realm to explore how leaders in Brazil, Cuba, and Panama deftly engaged US appeals for basing rights. Arnulfo Arias and Ricardo de la Guardia in Panama, Getúlio Vargas in Brazil, and Fulgencio Batista in Cuba each navigated the prospect of a wartime alliance with the United States, mindful of the constraints posed by the particular political contests ongoing around them and careful to calculate what forms of cooperation with the United States might bolster their power and what forms might diminish it. Leaders of all three countries sought to place firm constraints on the US military presence while soliciting quid pro quo military and development aid in return for the bases, with varying degrees of success.
FDR's Gambit
Authors: Kalman Laura
Published: September 2022

After winning the greatest victory ever in 1936, Franklin Roosevelt stunned the country the following year. He proposed adding up to six new justices to the Supreme Court for every justice who reached the age of seventy and did not retire. He did so under the stated guise of assisting elderly justices. His real reason was that they blocked his program. Six of the court’s members were over seventy. Five of the six were conservatives who struck down New Deal legislation, often by razor-thin margins. A firestorm exploded. FDR was accused of “court packing,” dictatorial ambitions, political trickery, undermining the rule of law, and undercutting judicial independence. The overwhelmingly Democratic Senate recommitted his bill by seventy to twenty. The magnitude of his defeat made his remedy seem absurd. And indeed, scholars have portrayed the court bill as the ill-fated brainchild of a hubristic president made overbold by victory. Consequently, in the eighty-five years since, court packing has become unthinkable, and the court’s current size, an entrenched norm. Based on extensive archival research, this book challenges the conventional wisdom by telling the story as it unfolded, without the distortions of hindsight. It argues that acumen, not arrogance, accounted for Roosevelt’s actions. Far from erring tragically from the beginning, he came very close to getting additional justices, and the court itself changed course. In fact, the episode suggests that proposing a change in the court might give the justices reason to consider whether their present course is endangering the institution and its vital role in a liberal democracy. But whether or not it is the right remedy for today’s troubles, court packing does not deserve to be recalled as one fated for failure in 1937.
A Foundation in News
Authors: Chang Alicia
Published: September 2022

Alicia Chang, an award-winning health, science, and environment editor at the Associated Press, explores the challenges and rewards of daily news reporting in this brisk and energizing chapter. As she notes, a reporter’s commitment to cover the day’s news, whether it’s a discovery or disaster, with rigor, precision, and compassion, is essential. They must be up front with what they know and, more importantly, what they don’t know and still need to learn. Because science encompasses such a range of topics, from black holes to animal cognition, the bottomless buffet of options can make reporting on short deadlines challenging: How does a person become an instant expert no matter the medium? Chang offers tips, tricks, and advice on how to get the story right on short notice. As she notes, a person need not be an expert in everything, but should question everything. Even with the clock ticking, stories should carry different voices and be representative of society.
The Public Information Machine
Authors: Glanz James
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, veteran New York Times reporter and former physicist James Glanz discusses the difficulty of gaining direct access to researchers and scientists and the public information infrastructure that has grown over time to manage, monitor, and control the flow of information to the public. He also discusses the embargo system, a set of rules, typically imposed by a research journal ahead of publication of a new study, governing precisely when a journalist can report on the findings: The journal and the scientists will give you and your colleagues an advance look at select details in exchange for your agreement not to publish on the topic until a date and time they establish.
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Branswell Helen
Published: September 2022

In this chapter, Helen Branswell, a Polk Award–winning medical journalist and the senior writer on infectious diseases and global health at STAT, provides a detailed and fascinating explanation of covering pandemics, including that of Covid-19, and other essential work by journalists who follow this particular beat. No one wishes for another severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or Covid-19 (caused by a cousin virus, SARS-CoV-2) on the world, she points out. But these and many lesser disease outbreaks are going to happen. As ghoulish as it sounds, covering these events is one of the best jobs science writing has to offer. To do this type of reporting right, the reporter needs to learn the basics—from recognizing a potential outbreak to doing thorough homework—keep an open mind, and speak to the right people. Dive in as deeply as possible. And be skeptical when someone claims to have found a silver bullet, she warns.
Public Health
Authors: Belluz Julia
Published: September 2022

Covering public health takes both nuance and skepticism, notes senior health reporter for Vox, Julia Belluz. In this chapter, she offers ways to cultivate both—particularly on a beat with such high stakes and with such contentious political overtones. From translating the insights of doctors and researchers into plain language and sniffing out rampant conflicts of interest, to understanding the predictive limits of epidemiological research, the vagaries of population-level health data, and the importance of context when reporting on public health policies and their outcomes, Belluz offers lessons on how journalists can present readers with an accurate view of things while avoiding tripping over the beat’s many potential land mines.
Climate
Authors: Kaplan Sarah
Published: September 2022

Sarah Kaplan, an award-winning climate change reporter for the Washington Post, offers a guide to covering one of most critical issues in science and doing so in a way that resonates with authority, grim determination—and also a flicker of hope. As she puts it, climate is a beast of a beat, replete with technical science, complicated politics, and sheer heartbreak. But these qualities are exactly what make it such a rich subject to cover. Reporting could take a writer from the nation’s top laboratories, to a remote wilderness, to the halls of Congress, or to a hurricane survivor’s flooded home. These stories could break news, expose malfeasance, or convey a compelling narrative. No matter what, a reporter will be doing some of the most consequential work in media. If journalists are responsible for writing the first rough draft of history, climate journalists are the only ones whose final story will be inscribed in the geologic record.
New Models for Science Media
Authors: Lin Thomas
Published: September 2022

In the chapter New Models for Science Media, Thomas Lin, the founder and editor-in-chief of award-winning Quanta magazine, surveys the new digital landscape of science journalism and provides a bounty of advice for the journalists who are attempting to navigate it. In the chapter, Lin ponders the rise of “philanthrojournalism,” touts the successes of upstart digital publications that are carving out specialized niches within science journalism, and offers tips for up-and-coming journalists who are looking to find their place in this new media ecosystem. No matter which corner of the new media landscape a reader calls home, the wisdom and insights of this chapter will give them tools for success.
Building Trust and Navigating Mistrust
Authors: Mandavilli Apoorva
Published: September 2022

Misinformation about science is as old as science itself, and with social media, antivaccination propaganda, and even politicians fanning the flames, just about every aspect of science reporting is fertile ground for contentious and very often bad-faith debate. In this morass of mistrust, how is a science journalist to gain readers’ confidence? This is what New York Times reporter Apoorva Mandavilli sets out to explore in this chapter. Along the way, she offers up useful and concrete strategies for maintaining healthy skepticism, acknowledging legitimate scientific controversies, and cultivating a journalistic reputation for transparency and accountability—all in the service of gaining reader trust.
Defend Our Island
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D.
Published: September 2022

The idea of a “special relationship” between Britain and the United States was articulated by Churchill after World War Two had ended, but for most of its history, the relations between the two nations were as often distrustful as they were friendly. This chapter begins by briefly describing the evolution of that relationship from the War of American Independence until the outbreak of World War Two. It shows that Britain, which was strongly allied with France against Nazi Germany, did not initially believe it needed American help. The fall of France and the British evacuation at Dunkirk completely changed the calculus, and pushed Churchill to actively seek assistance from, and alliance with, America.
Fight on the Landing Grounds
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D.
Published: September 2022

Getting bombers and their escorting fighters to their targets over Europe was only half the battle; those aircraft still had to return through heavy weather to their home bases in Britain, and not be shot down by friendly forces in doing so. This chapter begins by describing how the Allies developed a new system, called Identification Friend or Foe (IFF), which allowed radar operators to distinguish Allied aircraft from enemy planes. It then describes a series of navigation and landing devices that permitted Allied aircraft to operate more securely at night and in heavy overcast. It then describes how a jointly developed radio beacon, named Eureka/Rebecca, became crucial for dropping special operations agents, commandos, and paratroopers behind enemy lines.
Fight in France
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D.
Published: September 2022

The D-Day assault on June 6, 1944, was the culmination of years of planning and preparation. This chapter describes how the Allies developed their amphibious assault doctrine and tactics during operations in North Africa, Sicily, and Italy. It shows how training exercises intensified in the early months of 1944, some of which resulted in tragic accidents that nevertheless provided valuable lessons for the invasion. The chapter then details how British-American innovations such as the LST, DD tanks, chaff, radio beacons, and navigation instruments were successfully employed to establish a beachhead in Normandy, allowing the Allies to begin the drive toward Germany.
Pop Culture, Politics, and the News
Authors: Penney Joel
Published: September 2022

From controversies over Hollywood’s on-screen portrayals and behind-the-scenes diversity to the latest outrage over a celebrity’s public statements or private behavior, the world of pop culture now serves as the basis for political news and commentary across a wide range of outlets and from both left and right perspectives. Drawing on dozens of interviews with entertainment journalists who produce politically minded coverage as well as testimonials from audiences who share it on social media, this book argues for the importance of reframing our understanding of impactful journalism and persuasive political communication at a time when issues of identity and “culture war” have moved to the center of US public discourse. Yet although entertainment journalism must be taken seriously as a form of political communication even though it may sometimes appear frivolous on the surface, the day-to-day economic pressures of the digital news landscape can also complicate its public value. By squaring journalists’ accounts of industrial practice with critiques of hyper-commercialism, “clickbait,” and the lure of social media virality, the book highlights both the potential dangers and the potential benefits of channeling political discourse through the attention-grabbing lens of pop culture and celebrity news. In addition, it examines how audiences engage with this highly accessible and emotionally resonant form of journalism on social media and use it as a resource for political expression and discussion, raising important questions about how it may serve as a bridge to public issue engagement as well as a potential distraction from on-the-ground political concerns.
Trending Outrage
Authors: Penney Joel
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines how journalists who cover pop culture and politics use social media monitoring to aid in their professional work while also contending with the heated online responses they receive from a fractured public. It begins by exploring how they track social media for story ideas and mine user posts for content and trend analysis, with particular attention to the “social media outrage cycles” that catalyze coverage in digital news outlets. The discussion further examines how these journalists assess the online responses to their work, which range from positive affirmations to more hostile and even hateful reactions that can actively discourage future coverage. The disturbing accounts of online harassment and death threats that journalists receive when criticizing beloved pop culture on political grounds offer a sobering look into the toxic and fraught landscape that news professionals face when challenging polarized audiences who can speak back directly via social media.
Assessing the Public Value of Journalism at the Pop Culture–Politics Nexus
Authors: Penney Joel
Published: September 2022

While affirming that entertainment journalism can provide significant value to the public, particularly when elevating voices that have been historically marginalized in political news discourse, this concluding chapter interrogates how such value is challenged by hyper-commercialism and hyper-partisanship. The discussion explores how polarized news media business models risk obscuring on-the-ground political realities in favor of coverage that indulges “culture war” audience appetites in potentially manipulative fashion. Furthermore, the use of pop culture discourse for political advocacy also poses risks to the integrity of the cultural journalism field, whose members often resist being reduced to pundits or propagandists and seek to secure a space for complex cultural conversation that does not conform to simplified partisan categories. To address these issues, the chapter argues for the importance of committing institutional resources to professional roles and expertise in entertainment journalism and building closer relationships to the academic fields of media and cultural studies.
The Torture Puzzle
Authors: Kamm F.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines torture in relation to rescuing potential victims of crime, preventing crime, and punishment of criminals, beginning with a discussion of what torture is and the differences among various legal and philosophical conceptions of it. It analyzes the conceptions of torture proposed by the U.N. Convention against Torture, by the U.S. Torture Statute, and by Henry Shue and David Sussman. The chapter considers hypothetical cases that address whether torture of a criminal perpetrator could be morally permissible when it involves officials who know the perpetrator and expect what he would do. It also explores whether it could be morally permissible to torture other categories of people aside from a criminal perpetrator whose being tortured will save only his own victim from the harm he would cause.
Rights and Aggregation in a Pandemic
Authors: Kamm F.M.
Published: September 2022

This chapter first deals with what libertarian and libertarian-like views (held by some ordinary U.S. citizens) about individual rights imply for a moral duty to wear masks that prevent transmission of COVID-19, for the legitimacy of government mandates about this, and for the permissibility of self-defensive actions. The chapter then examines the policy of lockdowns to prevent transmission of the COVID-19 virus. It considers different ways of weighing the costs and benefits of such a policy by examining different approaches to interpersonal aggregation. It ultimately connects libertarian and libertarian-like views about moral duties not to harm others, discussed in the first part of the chapter, with theories of aggregation to reach a conclusion about the moral status of lockdowns.