bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Straightening out the screw­pines: A first step in understanding phylogenetic relationships within Pandanaceae
Authors: Buerki Sven , Callmander Martin W. , Devey Dion S. , Chappell Lauren , Gallaher Timothy , Munzinger Jérôme , Haevermans Thomas , Forest Félix
Published: February 2019

The Paleotropical monocot family Pandanaceae includes ca. 700 species assigned to four genera: Pandanus (ca. 500 spp.), Freycinetia (ca. 200 spp.), Martellidendron (6 spp.) and Sararanga (2 spp.). The most speciose genus, Pandanus, was classically subdivided into eight subgenera. Previous cladistic analyses revealed that several key morphological characters might have evolved independently several times, thus highlighting the need for a robust molecular phylogenetic framework to elucidate phylogenetic relationships and infrafamilial and infrageneric classification within this group. In this study, three plastid DNA regions (matK, trnQ­rps16, trnL­trnF) and 200 individuals (representing 134 species and 609 newly produced sequences)—spanning the taxonomic and biogeographic diversity of the family—are analyzed to test the monophyly at the familial and generic levels, and to infer phylogenetic relationships within the family. Particular emphasis is devoted to Pandanus with the aim of recognizing key morphological characters that reflect the evolutionary history of the genus. Phylogenetic inferences support the monophyly of Pandanaceae and establish Sararanga as sister to the rest of the family, with Freycinetia as sister to the Pandanus­Martellidendron pair. Although relationships are not well­resolved within the latter clade, three supported lineages are retrieved: (1) the Acrostigma clade comprising taxa of P. subg. Acrostigma, (2) the Martellidendron clade including taxa assigned to the genus Martellidendron and (3) the core Pandanus clade including taxa of all other subgenera of Pandanus. Morphological and biogeographic evidence supporting clade definitions are discussed in detail. This study provides the first phylogenetic backbone for Pandanaceae, which is sufficiently robust to serve as a springboard for future research into the evolutionary history of this neglected family.
Pruning the polyphyletic genusPolyalthia(Annonaceae) and resurrecting the genusMonoon
Authors: Xue Bine , Su Yvonne C.F. , Thomas Daniel C. , Saunders Richard M.K.
Published: February 2019

The highly polyphyletic status of the species­rich genusPolyalthia(Annonaceae) remains one of the most significant impediments to revisionary and floristic taxonomic research in the family. AlthoughPolyalthiahas recently been reduced in taxonomic scope, the remaining species in the genus still form a phylogenetically disparate and morphologically heterogeneous assemblage. We use maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic reconstructions based on chloroplast DNA sequence data(matK, rbcL, trnL­F)to show that the remainingPolyalthiaspecies segregate into three clades: a clade sister toMiliusa;a clade that also includes allEnicosanthumandWoodiellanthaspecies sampled, sister toNeo­uvaria;and a clade that also includes allHaplostichanthusspecies sampled, inferred (based on previous research) to be sister toPopowia.Diagnostic morphological and anatomical characters are evaluated for the latter two clades, and diagnostic leaf and seed characters identified. Based on these results, the generic nameMonoonis resurrected for the clade that includesEnicosanthumandWoodiellantha,following the transfer of 37 species fromPolyalthias.l., 18 species fromEnicosanthumand the singleWoodiellanthaspecies. The generic nameHaplostichanthusis furthermore synonymised withPolyalthias.str., necessitating nine nomenclatural changes, including six new combinations and three replacement names.
The phylogenetic position of Pterocephalidium and the new African genus Pterothamnus within an improved classification of Dipsacaceae
Authors: Mayer Veronika , Ehrendorfer Friedrich
Published: February 2019

New data on fruit anatomy, floral characters and pollen morphology are reported for three species of Pterocephalus s.l. in its traditional circumscription: the annual W–Mediterranean Pterocephalus diandrus (now Pterocephalidium diandrum), the shrubby SE African P. centennii, and the E African P. frutescens. For comparison and augmentation of taxonomically relevant data, a few selected taxa of Cephalaria, Dipsacus, Knautia, Succisa, and Succisella were also studied. Important apomorphic differences between P. diandrus, P. centennii and the African P. frutescens as a typical representative of Pterocephalus s.str., support generic status for P. diandrus (as Pterocephalidium diandrum) and also strongly suggest separation of P. centennii from Pterocephalus s.str. as the new monotypic genus Pterothamnus, endemic to Africa (Mozambique). Pterocephalidium and Pterothamnus share several features (presence of floral bracts, 4–merous flowers, epicalyx anatomy, peculiar pollen morphology) and are placed into the new tribe Pterocephalidieae, which is clearly separated from Pterocephalus s.str. Available morphological, anatomical and palynological data support recent DNA–analytical evidence that Pterocephalidieae are related to the former tribes Dipsaceae (including Dipsacus, Cephalaria and possibly Simenia) and Knautieae (only Knautia), plus the new tribes Succiseae (Succisa and Succisella) and Pseudoscabioseae (Pseudoscabiosa). These four tribes constitute the “Dipknautid clade” sensu Carlson & al. and are here united under subfamily Dipsacoideae. Phylogenetically, this is sister to but quite distinct from subfamily Scabiosoideae, which includes the tribes Scabioseae s.str. (Scabiosa s.str., Sixalix, Pterocephalus s.str.) and the new Lomelosieae (Lomelosia, Pycnocomon). The position of the relic E Asian genus Bassecoia (incl. Pterocephalodes) is uncertain. Whereas DNA evidence places it at the base of Dipsacaceae and sister to the rest of the family, morphological characters strongly demonstrate closer affinities to Pseudoscabioseae. As a compromise, Bassecoia is made a separate tribe Bassecoieae, sister to Pseudoscabioseae within Dipsacoideae. This improved classification of Dipsacaceae shows unequivocally that multiplied and plumose calyx teeth, formerly considered exclusive for Pterocephalus, constitute a homoplastic and taxonomically misleading character that has evolved at least six times independently in Dipsacaceae.
Effects of damper winding, eddy current, and leakage flux on magnetic field distortion and stator electrical quantity research of nuclear power turbo‐generator under external asymmetry
Authors: Pin Lv , Zidian Xie , Hongsen Zhao , Baojun Ge
Published: February 2019

One phase overload or lightload condition is a very common condition in nuclear power turbo‐generators, and magnetic field distortion and current asymmetrical degree concern the safe operation of turbo‐generators. Damper and wedge windings are the special parts that distinguish the nuclear power generators from other smaller generators. Therefore, it is extremely important to investigate magnetic field distortion and stator electrical quantity. At the beginning, taking saturation and slot effects into account, the finite element model of a 1400MVA nuclear power generator is built up. And through comparison between the finite element simulation and the experimental results of no‐load characteristics and short‐circuit characteristics, the effectiveness of the finite element model was fully tested. Then, with or without damper and wedge windings, and leakage flux, the negative sequence equivalent circuit is employed to explain the law of magnetic field distortion under stator negative current, which is also verified by finite element simulation. Based on a novel theory proposed in this article, the law of the stator positive and negative sequence current, and the current asymmetrical degree with alteration of one‐phase load under steady state are given in detail. Additionally, the finite element method is developed to test the correctness of the novel theory. The influence of damper and wedge windings, leakage flux at coil ends, and eddy current on the solid magnetic‐pole of rotors on stator electrical quantity is also discussed in detail. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Identification and genomic characterization of the first isolate of bluetongue virus serotype 5 detected in Australia
Authors: White John R. , Williams David T. , Wang Jianning , Chen Honglei , Melville Lorna F. , Davis Steven S. , Weir Richard P. , Certoma Andrea , Di Rubbo Antonio , Harvey Gemma , Lunt Ross A. , Eagles Debbie
Published: February 2019

Bluetongue virus (BTV), transmitted by midges (Culicoides sp), is distributed worldwide and causes disease in ruminants. In particular, BT can be a debilitating disease in sheep causing serious trade and socio‐economic consequences at both local and global levels. Across Australia, a sentinel cattle herd surveillance program monitors the BTV activity. Prior to 2014, BTV‐1, ‐2, ‐3, ‐7, ‐9, ‐15, ‐16, ‐20, ‐21 and ‐23 had been isolated in Australia, but no bluetongue disease has occurred in a commercial Australian flock. We routinely use a combination of serology, virus isolation, RT‐PCR and next generation and conventional nucleotide sequencing technologies to detect and phylogenetically characterize incursions of novel BTV strains into Australia. Screening of Northern Territory virus isolates in 2015 revealed BTV‐5, a serotype new to Australia. We derived the complete genome of this isolate and determined its phylogenetic relationship with exotic BTV‐5 isolates. Gene segments 2, 6, 7 and 10 exhibited a close relationship with the South African prototype isolate RSArrrr/5. This was the first Australian isolation of a Western topotype of segment 10. Serological surveillance data highlighted the antigenic cross‐reactivity between BTV‐5 and BTV‐9. Phylogenetic investigation of segments 2 and 6 of these serotypes confirmed their unconventional relationships within the BTV serogroup. Our results further highlighted a need for a revision of the current serologically based system for BTV strain differentiation and importantly, implied a potential for genome segments of pathogenic Western BTV strains to rapidly enter Southeast Asia. This emphasized a need for continued high‐level surveillance of vectors and viruses at strategic locations in the north of Australia The expansion of routine characterization and classification of BTV to a whole genome approach is recommended, to better monitor the presence and level of establishment of novel Western topotype segments within the Australian episystem.
Enhancement of Photocatalytic Activity of Sodium Bismuth Titanate by Doping with Copper, Silver, and Tin Ions
Authors: Kurra Sreenu , Venkataswamy Perala , Ravi Gundeboina , Sudhakar Reddy Chandhiri , Jaganmohan Reddy Boggu , Vithal Muga
Published: February 2019

Perovskite type oxides, sodium bismuth titanate (Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3), and Ag+, Cu2+, and Sn2+ doped Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 were prepared by pechini and ion exchange methods, respectively. Photocatalytic activities of these catalysts were tested by decomposition of methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation. Results showed that the photocatalytic activity of metal ion doped Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 was higher than undoped Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3. Relatively high photocatalytic performance of Ag+‐doped Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 is mainly ascribed to the efficient separation of electron‐hole (e–, h+) pairs, lower bandgap energy and the creation of active hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Further, the Ag+‐doped Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 catalyst showed good reusability up to four cycles. A possible mechanism for the enhanced photocatalytic performance was proposed. The synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDS, XPS, FT‐IR, and UV/Vis DRS techniques.
Improving the Mechanical Properties of Glycidyl Azide Polymeric Matrix Used in Composite Solid Rocket Propellant by Adding Advanced Cross‐Linker
Authors: Boshra Islam K. , Elbeih Ahmed , Mostafa Hosam E.
Published: February 2019

Glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) based binders have poor mechanical characteristics in comparison with hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) binders. In this study, advanced cross‐linker was used to improve the mechanical properties of GAP binder. GAP was prepared and characterized in comparison with HTPB prepolymer. Density, characteristics groups, nitrogen content, humidity, viscosity, and milligram equivalent of (OH) per binders were determined. A cross‐linker consists of trimethylol propane (TMP) and curing catalyst, dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL), was used as an additive to GAP polymeric matrix to enhance its functionality. Polymeric matrices based on GAP and HTPB were prepared with different curing ratio (NCO/OH) ranging from 0.7 to 1.5. Different weight percentages of cross‐linker were added to study its effect on the mechanical properties of GAP matrix. Five samples based on HTPB polymer and twenty samples based on GAP polymer were prepared. A LLOYD testing machine was used to determine the stress‐strain curves of all the studied samples. It was concluded that the cross‐linker used has significant influence on the characteristics of GAP polymeric matrix. Also the addition of 5 wt % of cross‐linker to GAP matrix at curing ratio = 1 produced optimum mechanical characteristics very close to that of HTPB matrix used in composite solid rocket propellants (CSRP). The optimum GAP polymeric matrix is candidate to replace the traditional HTPB binder in advanced CSRP.
Yang-Baxter deformations of the AdS5 × S5 pure spinor superstring
Authors: Benítez Héctor A. , Rivelles Victor O.
Published: February 2019

Abstract

We present integrable Yang-Baxter deformations of the AdS5 × S
5 pure spinor superstring theory which were obtained by using homological perturbation theory. Its equations of motion and BRST symmetry are discussed and its Lax connection is derived. We also show that its target space background is the same generalized supergravity background found for Yang-Baxter deformations of the Green-Schwarz superstring in AdS5 × S
5.
How to build the thermofield double state
Authors: Cottrell William , Freivogel Ben , Hofman Diego M. , Lokhande Sagar F.
Published: February 2019

Abstract

Given two copies of any quantum mechanical system, one may want to prepare them in the thermofield double state for the purpose of studying thermal physics or black holes. However, the thermofield double is a unique entangled pure state and may be difficult to prepare. We propose a local interacting Hamiltonian for the combined system whose ground state is approximately the thermofield double. The energy gap for this Hamiltonian is of order the temperature. Our construction works for any quantum system satisfying the Eigenvalue Thermalization Hypothesis.
Piloting a Telephone Based Health Coaching Program for Pregnant Women: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Rissel Chris , Khanal Santosh , Raymond Jane , Clements Vanessa , Leung Kit , Nicholl Michael
Published: February 2019

Objectives Get Healthy in Pregnancy (GHiP) is a telephone based lifestyle coaching service for pregnant women, in New South Wales, Australia. GHiP had two service options; a telephone-based health coaching program consisting of up to 10 calls and information only (including one call). This study sought to compare the outcomes of the two GHiP options, to determine the characteristics of women likely to use the service and to explore the feedback from women and health professionals. Methods A pragmatic stratified clustered randomised controlled trial was conducted. Two metro and three rural hospitals were randomised into health coaching or information only arms. Self-reported measures of height and weight and health behaviours (dietary and physical activity) were collected at baseline and 36 weeks gestation. Process evaluation included descriptive analysis of routine program data, and semi-structured interviews with participants and health professionals. Results Of 3736 women screened, 1589 (42.5%) were eligible to participate, and of those eligible, 923 (58.1%) were recruited. More women in the health coaching arm gained weight within the target range for their BMI at 36 weeks gestation (42.9%) compared with information only (31.9%). Women found GHiP to be useful and supportive and midwives and doctors said that it facilitated conversations about weight with pregnant women. Conclusions for Practice Telephone-based lifestyle programs integrated with routine clinical care show promise in helping pregnant women achieve healthy gestational weight gain, but in this case was not significantly different from one information telephone call. Strong positive feedback suggests that scaled-up service delivery would be well received.

Trial Registration

ACTRN12615000397516 (retrospectively registered).
Integrative Materials Design of Three-Phase Mo-Si-B Alloys
Authors: Brindley K. A. , Priddy M. W. , Neu R. W.
Published: February 2019

Mo-Si-B alloys can offer higher temperature capability than Ni-base superalloys with proper balancing of the creep, ductility, and oxidation resistance through microstructure optimization. Mo-Si-B alloys are heterogeneous, containing both brittle and ductile phases and interfaces. Therefore, the phase fractions, their distributions, and their constitutive properties over the range of room temperature to maximum use temperature must be considered. This work addresses the optimization of mechanical properties for three-phase Mo-Si-B alloys. Three modeling tools are employed: microstructure generators to re-create statistically realistic microstructures, crystal viscoplasticity constitutive equations implemented for use with finite element solvers to capture microplasticity, and reduced-order models for evaluating important mechanical properties. In particular, the effects of microstructure on elastic modulus, yield strength, fatigue resistance, and susceptibility to brittle microcracking are considered. A novel reduced-order model is introduced for the evaluation of susceptibility to microcracking at phase interfaces. It is found that the Si content of the α-Mo phase is much more significant to the alloy’s balance of mechanical properties than the α-Mo volume fraction.
Illness representations among parents of children and adults with serious mental disorders: A systematic review and theoretical model
Authors: Hasson-Ohayon Ilanit , Goldzweig Gil , Lavi-Rotenberg Adi , Roe David , Hendrika Maria Pijnenborge Gerdina
Published: February 2019

Objective:

Cognitive representations of an illness have an important impact on psychological outcomes. The current systematic review explored 1) the characteristics of illness representations held by parents of children and adults with serious mental illness (SMI), and 2) the associations of these representations with both parents’ and patients’ psychological outcomes.

Method:

PSYINFO and PUBMED were screened for eligible studies published between January 2000 and August 2018. Selection was based on PRISMA guidelines. Reference lists of these papers were checked for additional references. Two independent coders extracted all relevant data.

Results:

The search resulted in 31 relevant studies, which were divided, by type of methodology, into three sections: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed quantitative-qualitative. In each section, findings were divided in accordance with the two research questions.

Conclusion:

Parents struggle to make meaning of their child’s illness, often holding stigmatizing ideas about the illness and blaming themselves for its existence. More longitudinal studies that include both of the child’s parents, as well as interventional studies, are needed to expand our knowledge of ways to help parents construct more beneficial representations of their children’s illnesses.
On the heat transport mechanism and entropy generation in a nozzle of liquid rocket engine using ferrofluid: A computational framework
Authors: Acharya Nilankush , Das Kalidas , Kundu Prabir Kumar
Published: February 2019

An investigation has been carried out to demonstrate the performance of heat transfer and entropy generation in a regenerative cooling channel of a rocket engine. The Nanofluid flow in composition with ferrous nanoparticles has been utilized. Foremost equations are reduced to its non-dimensional shape using similarity renovation and sketched out using variational iterative method (VIM). Impression of the pertinent factors on hydrothermal performance has been brought forwarded via tables and graphs. Favourable comparison originates the basis of our present work. Result communicates that non-dimensional entropy generation amplifies in response to the parameter R and Bejan number intensifies for the parameter N. Significance or application of the present literature is to provide kerosene based ferrofluid as a coolant of rocket engine and how pertinent factors affect the entropy inside the system. Parametric study of this investigation will aid aerospace engineers to design the regenerative equipment in an effective way.

Highlights Heat transfer and entropy generation in a nozzle of liquid rocket engine has been studied. Ferrous nanoparticles (CoFe2O4) with kerosene as base fluid have been used. Resulting equations has been solved using VIM. Non-dimensional entropy generation amplifies in response to the parameter R. Influence of ϕ reduces the Nusselt number.
Hierarchical Item Response Models for Analyzing Public Opinion
Authors: Zhou Xiang
Published: February 2019

Opinion surveys often employ multiple items to measure the respondent’s underlying value, belief, or attitude. To analyze such types of data, researchers have often followed a two-step approach by first constructing a composite measure and then using it in subsequent analysis. This paper presents a class of hierarchical item response models that help integrate measurement and analysis. In this approach, individual responses to multiple items stem from a latent preference, of which both the mean and variance may depend on observed covariates. Compared with the two-step approach, the hierarchical approach reduces bias, increases efficiency, and facilitates direct comparison across surveys covering different sets of items. Moreover, it enables us to investigate not only how preferences differ among groups, vary across regions, and evolve over time, but also levels, patterns, and trends of attitude polarization and ideological constraint. An open-source R package, hIRT, is available for fitting the proposed models.
Nasal coarticulation in Bininj Kunwok: An aerodynamic analysis
Authors: Stoakes Hywel M. , Fletcher Janet M. , Butcher Andrew R.
Published: February 2019

Bininj Kunwok (BKw), a language spoken in Northern Australia, restricts the degree of anticipatory nasalization, as suggested by previous aerodynamic and acoustic analyses (Butcher 1999). The current study uses aerodynamic measurements of speech to investigate patterns of nasalization and nasal articulation in Bininj Kunwok to compare with Australian languages more generally. The role of nasal coarticulation in ensuring language compre-hensibility a key question in phonetics research today is explored. Nasal aerodynamics is measured in intervocalic, word-medial nasals in the speech of five female speakers of BKw and data are analyzed using Smoothing Spline Analysis of Variance (SSANOVA) and Functional Data Analysis averaging techniques. Results show that in a VNV sequence there is very little anticipatory vowel nasalization with no restriction on carryover nasalization for a following vowel. The maximum peak nasal flow is delayed until the oral release of a nasal for coronal articulations, indicating a delayed velum opening gesture. Patterns of anticipatory nasalization appears similar to nasal airflow in French non-nasalized vowels in oral vowel plus nasal environments (Delvaux et al. 2008). Findings show that Bininj Kunwok speakers use language specific strategies in order to limit anticipatory nasalization, enhancing place of articulation cues at a site of intonational prominence which also is also the location of the majority of place of articulation contrasts within the language. Patterns of airflow suggest enhancement and coarticulatory resistance in prosodically prominent VN and VNC sequences which we interpret as evidence of speakers maintaining a phonological contrast to enhance place of articulation cues.
Nutrient–nutrient interactions: competition, bioavailability, mechanism and function in health and diseases
Authors: Combet Emilie , Gray Stuart R.
Published: February 2019

The Nutrition Society Spring Conference 2018, held in Glasgow, brought together experts focusing on the interaction between different nutrients and how this impacts absorption, metabolism and health from biochemical and physiological perspectives. This cross-cutting theme was examined from a range of perspectives, bringing together experts on topics ranging from food processing to the impact of inflammation on nutrient status. Two plenary lectures provided a food landscape and lifecourse background to the proceedings, with on the first day a focus on processed/ultra-processed foods and their nutrient composition and, on the second day, a plenary lecture exploring the role that nutrient–nutrient interactions within the maternal diet have for the lifelong health of the offspring. The meeting was framed around three symposia, examining the competition and bioavailability of dietary components, nutrient–nutrient interactions and their role in protection from chronic diseases and the mechanisms of nutrient–nutrient interactions. The meeting ended with a round table, and an overall conclusion highlighting the opportunities to derive further understanding of the short- and long-term implications of diets through the study of nutrient–nutrient interactions.
Increased amygdala-visual cortex connectivity in youth with persecutory ideation
Authors: DeCross Stephanie N. , Farabaugh Amy H. , Holmes Avram J. , Ward Maeve , Boeke Emily A. , Wolthusen Rick P. F. , Coombs Garth , Nyer Maren , Fava Maurizio , Buckner Randy L. , Holt Daphne J.
Published: February 2019

Background

Subclinical delusional ideas, including persecutory beliefs, in otherwise healthy individuals are heritable symptoms associated with increased risk for psychotic illness, possibly representing an expression of one end of a continuum of psychosis severity. The identification of variation in brain function associated with these symptoms may provide insights about the neurobiology of delusions in clinical psychosis.

Methods

A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scan was collected from 131 young adults with a wide range of severity of subclinical delusional beliefs, including persecutory ideas. Because of evidence for a key role of the amygdala in fear and paranoia, resting-state functional connectivity of the amygdala was measured.

Results

Connectivity between the amygdala and early visual cortical areas, including striate cortex (V1), was found to be significantly greater in participants with high (n= 43)v.low (n= 44) numbers of delusional beliefs, particularly in those who showed persistence of those beliefs. Similarly, across the full sample, the number of and distress associated with delusional beliefs were positively correlated with the strength of amygdala-visual cortex connectivity. Moreover, further analyses revealed that these effects were driven by those who endorsed persecutory beliefs.

Conclusions

These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that aberrant assignments of threat to sensory stimuli may lead to the downstream development of delusional ideas. Taken together with prior findings of disrupted sensory-limbic coupling in psychosis, these results suggest that altered amygdala-visual cortex connectivity could represent a marker of psychosis-related pathophysiology across a continuum of symptom severity.
Machine learning in mental health: a scoping review of methods and applications
Authors: Shatte Adrian B. R. , Hutchinson Delyse M. , Teague Samantha J.
Published: February 2019

Background

This paper aims to synthesise the literature on machine learning (ML) and big data applications for mental health, highlighting current research and applications in practice.

Methods

We employed a scoping review methodology to rapidly map the field of ML in mental health. Eight health and information technology research databases were searched for papers covering this domain. Articles were assessed by two reviewers, and data were extracted on the article's mental health application, ML technique, data type, and study results. Articles were then synthesised via narrative review.

Results

Three hundred papers focusing on the application of ML to mental health were identified. Four main application domains emerged in the literature, including: (i) detection and diagnosis; (ii) prognosis, treatment and support; (iii) public health, and; (iv) research and clinical administration. The most common mental health conditions addressed included depression, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease. ML techniques used included support vector machines, decision trees, neural networks, latent Dirichlet allocation, and clustering.

Conclusions

Overall, the application of ML to mental health has demonstrated a range of benefits across the areas of diagnosis, treatment and support, research, and clinical administration. With the majority of studies identified focusing on the detection and diagnosis of mental health conditions, it is evident that there is significant room for the application of ML to other areas of psychology and mental health. The challenges of using ML techniques are discussed, as well as opportunities to improve and advance the field.
Nudging in Neonatology: Practical Wisdom and Accountability for Reasonableness
Authors: Stanak Michal
Published: February 2019

Objectives

The way choice is presented has an impact on decision-making. This is the case also in the context of neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), particularly in the challenging cases that concern the limit of viability. The objective of this article is to examine the role of nudging in the shared decision-making in neonatology and elaborate on the respective moral challenges.

Results

Nudging is not morally neutral. There are two key sources of ethical issues at the heart of nudging. The first one concerns the lack of transparency, while the second concerns the background value judgments that are imminent whenever nudging is used for achieving a particular end. To solve the underlying conflict, a virtue ethics approach combined with the accountability for reasonableness framework is suggested to guide the use of the tool of nudging.

Conclusions

NICU professionals ought to use the tool of nudging transparently in line with their act of profession and their practically wise judgment.
Archdeacons and the Law
Authors: Steen Jane
Published: February 2019

Previous studies of archdeacons in this Journal defended their pastoral hearts in a ministry dominated by law. This article sees the archdeacon's pastoral and priestly ministry as created and enabled by law. It looks at the canonical description of the archdeacon's office before turning to the work of an archdeacon in such areas as visitations, parish and diocesan governance, faculty jurisdiction, care and discipline of clergy, conflict resolution and creative innovation. The article draws on relevant legislative instruments, including Acts, Measures and Codes of Practice; on case law; and on quasi-legislation such as diocesan handbooks. Its conclusions are based not only upon what is set down in these, but also upon what archdeacons actually do. Archdeacons across the Church of England and the Church in Wales, and a Channel Islands dean, responded to a short survey looking at archdeacons’ work in relation to the stipulations of the law. The article concludes that archdeacons occupy a pivotal position in dioceses, both because of what the law requires and because of what it does not prohibit. They play a key role in shaping the church and its ministry. With bishops and others, they delight in its beauty and rejoice in its well-being.
Robert Owen (1820–1902)
Authors: Doe Norman
Published: February 2019

This journal has published two distinguished series on the lives and careers of individual jurists in the history of English church law, from the mediaeval period to the late nineteenth century: one by Professor Sir John Baker on ‘famous English canonists’ (1988–1997); and the other by Professor Richard Helmholz on ‘notable ecclesiastical lawyers’ (2013–2017). Most prepared for their professional careers with the study of civil law at Oxford or Cambridge (and before the Reformation also of canon law). Many practised as judges, advocates and proctors in the church courts (until statute ended much of their jurisdiction in the 1850s). Some wrote treatises on church law. A small number were also priests, but less so as the centuries unfolded. While these professional canonists and civilians may have had a monopoly in practising church law, they did not have a monopoly in thinking or writing about it. The clergy, who never trained or practised as lawyers, also had things to say about church law. But the clerical profession has been somewhat neglected by scholarship as a class contributing to the history of church law and jurisprudence. From diocesan bishops through parish priests to clerical scholars in the universities, their books, pamphlets, sermons, letters and other materials often deal with the nature, sources and subjects of church law. Their aims vary: from the educational through the historical or theological to the practical and polemical. These priest-jurists – fathers-in-law, they might quip – contributed much to the intellectual development of church law. One is Robert Owen, a Welsh scholar cleric whose books include Institutes of Canon Law (1884). No scholar has to date unveiled Owen as a notable Anglican priest-jurist – strangely, he has been lost to scholarship as among those whom he himself chided as ‘eminent Canonists’ who ‘hide themselves’ and remain ‘veiled Prophets’.
Towards the Centre: Early Neoliberals in the Netherlands and the Rise of the Welfare State, 1945–1958
Authors: Mellink Bram
Published: February 2019

Although scholars have recently taken an increased interest in the history of neoliberalism, the ‘breakthrough’ of neoliberalism under Thatcher and Reagan still captures most of their attention. Consequently, the neoliberal project is primarily taken as Anglo-American, while its early history is mostly studied to explain the political shift of the 1980s. This article focuses on the early neoliberal movement in the Netherlands (1945–58) to highlight the continental European roots of neoliberal thought, trace the remarkably wide dissemination of neoliberal ideas in Dutch socio-economic debates and highlight the key role of these ideas in the conceptualisation of the Western European welfare state.
Treatment exposures stratify need for echocardiographic screening in asymptomatic long-term survivors of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Rotz Seth J. , Powell Adam , Myers Kasiani C. , Taylor Michael D. , Jefferies John L. , Lane Adam , El-Bietar Javier A. , Davies Stella M. , Dandoy Christopher E. , Ryan Thomas D.
Published: February 2019

We sought to define the prevalence of echocardiographic abnormalities in long-term survivors of paediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and determine the utility of screening in asymptomatic patients. We analysed echocardiograms performed on survivors who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from 1982 to 2006. A total of 389 patients were alive in 2017, with 114 having an echocardiogram obtained ⩾5 years post-infusion. A total of 95 patients had echocardiogram performed for routine surveillance. The mean time post-hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was 13 years. Of 95 patients, 77 (82.1%) had ejection fraction measured, and 10/77 (13.0%) had ejection fraction z-scores ⩽−2.0, which is abnormally low. Those patients with abnormal ejection fraction were significantly more likely to have been exposed to anthracyclines or total body irradiation. Among individuals who received neither anthracyclines nor total body irradiation, only 1/31 (3.2%) was found to have an abnormal ejection fraction of 51.4%, z-score −2.73. In the cohort of 77 patients, the negative predictive value of having a normal ejection fraction given no exposure to total body irradiation or anthracyclines was 96.7% at 95% confidence interval (83.3–99.8%). Systolic dysfunction is relatively common in long-term survivors of paediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation who have received anthracyclines or total body irradiation. Survivors who are asymptomatic and did not receive radiation or anthracyclines likely do not require surveillance echocardiograms, unless otherwise indicated.
Evolution of economic scenario generators: a report by the Extreme Events Working Party members
Authors: Jakhria P. , Frankland R. , Sharp S. , Smith A. , Rowe A. , Wilkins T.
Published: February 2019

Some UK insurers have been using real-world economic scenarios for more than 30 years. Popular approaches have included random walks, time series models, arbitrage-free models with added risk premiums or 1-year Value at Risk distribution fits. Based on interviews with experienced practitioners as well as historical documents and meeting minutes, this paper traces historical model evolution in the United Kingdom and abroad. We examine the possible catalysts for changes in modelling practice with a particular emphasis on regulatory and socio-cultural influences. We apply past lessons to provide some guidance to the direction of capital market modelling in future, which has been key for business and strategy decisions.
Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them
Authors: Monteiro Carlos A , Cannon Geoffrey , Levy Renata B , Moubarac Jean-Claude , Louzada Maria LC , Rauber Fernanda , Khandpur Neha , Cediel Gustavo , Neri Daniela , Martinez-Steele Euridice , Baraldi Larissa G , Jaime Patricia C
Published: February 2019

The present commentary contains a clear and simple guide designed to identify ultra-processed foods. It responds to the growing interest in ultra-processed foods among policy makers, academic researchers, health professionals, journalists and consumers concerned to devise policies, investigate dietary patterns, advise people, prepare media coverage, and when buying food and checking labels in shops or at home. Ultra-processed foods are defined within the NOVA classification system, which groups foods according to the extent and purpose of industrial processing. Processes enabling the manufacture of ultra-processed foods include the fractioning of whole foods into substances, chemical modifications of these substances, assembly of unmodified and modified food substances, frequent use of cosmetic additives and sophisticated packaging. Processes and ingredients used to manufacture ultra-processed foods are designed to create highly profitable (low-cost ingredients, long shelf-life, emphatic branding), convenient (ready-to-consume), hyper-palatable products liable to displace all other NOVA food groups, notably unprocessed or minimally processed foods. A practical way to identify an ultra-processed product is to check to see if its list of ingredients contains at least one item characteristic of the NOVA ultra-processed food group, which is to say, either food substances never or rarely used in kitchens (such as high-fructose corn syrup, hydrogenated or interesterified oils, and hydrolysed proteins), or classes of additives designed to make the final product palatable or more appealing (such as flavours, flavour enhancers, colours, emulsifiers, emulsifying salts, sweeteners, thickeners, and anti-foaming, bulking, carbonating, foaming, gelling and glazing agents).
Food-based dietary guidelines of Arabic-speaking countries: a culturally congruent profile
Authors: Coats Laura , Bernstein Joshua , Dodge Elizabeth , Bechard Lori , Aboul-Enein Basil H
Published: February 2019

Objective

Dietary guidelines for food groups, types and portion sizes are common practice at the national level. As the relationship between nutrition and disease and the influence of cultural identity on individual behaviour become clearer, dietary guidelines necessarily evolve. Today, the Arabic-speaking region is experiencing a dual burden of undernutrition and increasing rates of overweight and obesity. Cultural congruency among dietary guidelines in the Arabic-speaking region and how they affect health education, health promotion, and nutrition programme planning or individual dietary behaviours have yet to be examined. The present work provides dietitians and public health professionals a narrative review of proposed food guidelines for the Arabic-speaking region.

Design

The current review examined five established dietary guidelines within the Arabic-speaking region, namely the Arab Food Dome (Arab Gulf states), the Healthy Food Palm (Saudi Arabia), the Lebanese Dietary Guidelines, the Omani Guide to Healthy Eating and the Qatar Dietary Guidelines, and compared findings with the regional Eastern Mediterranean guidelines developed by the WHO. Individual guideline recommendations are tabled for comparative review.

Setting

The Arabic-speaking region.

Participants

Respective Arabic-speaking populations.

Results

Health educators, community health practitioners and nutrition professionals can benefit from the cultural contexts associated with dietary guidelines in this region.

Conclusions

Community-level policy and individual behaviour change will benefit from cultural sensitivity; health communication and behaviour change programming require cultural competence provided in the present review; and programme evaluation efforts (prior to and after implementation) should include a detailed understanding of how culture shapes regional policy and individual nutrition behaviours.
A Gill Histopathology Study in two Native Fish Species from the Hydrographic Douro Basin
Authors: Santos Dércia , Luzio Ana , Coimbra Ana M. , Varandas Simone , Fontaínhas-Fernandes António , Monteiro Sandra M.
Published: February 2019

Gill histopathology is a valuable tool to evaluate ecosystems health, because the gill is a key site of waterborne pollutant uptake and the first target organ to their toxicity. Consequently, this makes it important in biomonitoring programs. This study aims to evaluate gill histopathological differences in Douro basin native fish species and determine possible associations with water quality and the ecological status classifications. Two native fish species (Pseudochondrostoma duriense and Luciobarbus bocagei) were sampled in four points of the Douro basin: two reference points, Ameixiosa (Paiva River) and Covelas (Bestança River), both classified with an excellent ecological status; and two disturbed points, Castro Daire (Paiva River) and Alvações do Corgo (Corgo River), categorized with a good and a moderate ecological status, respectively. Gill histopathological differences were qualitative and quantitatively analyzed. The histological analysis showed that, in all sampling locations, both species presented some degree of gill differences, such as epithelial lifting, lamellar fusion, and/or necrosis. The histopathological differences evaluation emphasized some variances in the responses between the two species. In nase, the filament and lamellar epithelium proliferation were the histopathological differences that better reflected the river ecological status classification, proving their usefulness in biomonitoring programs.
Introduction: Basic Income in European Welfare States: Opportunities and Constraints
Authors: De Wispelaere Jurgen , Haagh Louise
Published: February 2019

In the space of a mere five years, basic income has become something of a global policy phenomenon. The proposal to grant all permanent residents of a political territory a regular cash transfer on an individual basis, without means-test or work requirement (Van Parijs and Vanderborght, 2017) is actively discussed at the highest levels of policy-making across the world, including by international institutions such as OECD, IMF or the World Bank. At the same time, several country surveys indicate the basic income idea is gaining considerable traction amongst the general public, with support for basic income in the latest wave of the European Social Survey (ESS) averaging slightly above 50 per cent (Lee, 2018). This suggests basic income has now firmly moved away from a mere ‘philosophical pipe dream’ to being considered as a serious alternative to conditional income assistance (Van Parijs, 2013; Haagh, 2017).
JUSTIFYING A LARGE PART OF PHILOSOPHY
Authors: Frances Bryan
Published: February 2019

I explain why research in non-applied, non-interdisciplinary, non-historical philosophy is worthwhile. The key move in the explanation is the realization that many philosophical problems can be put in the form of a set of highly plausible yet apparently jointly inconsistent claims regarding a fundamental notion.
READINESS FOR DEATH: SYBIL SPEAKS
Authors: Shand John
Published: February 2019

While life has been increasing in length an increasing proportion of that life is in a state of poor health and decrepitude. Indeed, an increasing proportion of life is in that poor state because of its increased length. Medicine always fails to catch up, and increasingly so in providing a life of good health overall set by the end point of inevitable death. This requires a change in attitude from the zealous concentration on medical interventions whose chief aim is to increase the length of life, and a move to being able to consider more readily refusing some medical treatments, along with a more resigned attitude to our death, which must come anyway.
Permaculture farmers consistently cultivate perennials, crop diversity, landscape heterogeneity and nature conservation
Authors: Hirschfeld Sarah , Van Acker Rene
Published: February 2019

Permaculture is an international sustainability movement and agroecological design system. Using ecological management practices and locally-adapted solutions, permaculture claims to benefit several ecosystem services including provisioning of diverse crop yields, regulating hydrological cycles and soil quality, supporting wildlife conservation, and biocontrol of pests, weeds and diseases. Despite limited attention by the academic community, grassroots permaculture adoption has been reported in at least 45 countries worldwide thus creating a unique opportunity for in-situ research. This study characterized plant communities on ten applied permaculture farms and found that independent adopters consistently implemented predominately perennial species (73% of species richness), polycultures (mean 42 crop species per site), and zone design. These practices resulted in commercial farms characterized by perennialization, crop diversification, landscape heterogeneity and nature conservation. Grassroots adopters were remarkably consistent in their interpretation and application of an unregulated agricultural model suggesting that such movements may exert considerable influence over local agroecological transitions. While this characterization does not provide an exhaustive depiction of applied permaculture, it is recommended that future research acknowledge these traits as a minimum for study designs investigating the effects of permaculture management on ecosystem function.