bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐resolution gas‐chromatographic determination of diacylglycerols in common vegetable oils
Authors: Frega N. , Bocci F. , Lercker G.
Published: January 2007

The gas‐chromatographic determination of partial glycerides of sunflower (both high‐ and low‐oleic acid varieties), peanut and extra virgin olive oil was studied with a polar capillary column characterized by its high thermal stability. This column allows for the determination of single diacylglycerols separated as a function of the position occupied by the individual fatty acids on the glycerin backbone as well as by the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids.
Sunflower lecithin and possibilities for utilization
Authors: Holló J. , Perédi J. , Ruzics A. , Jeránek M. , Erdélyi A.
Published: January 2007

Sunflower lecithin is an important product in countries producing large amounts of sunflower oil. Due to its high phosphatidylcholine and essential fatty acid contents, it can be well utilized as an additive in food and feedstuffs. After refinement and fractionation, its utilization in food products and cosmetics can be greatly increased and further extended after appropriate modification. Utilized as an additive in the feedstuff to piglets and porklings, it results in higher bodyweight and shortened breeding and fattening periods. It is also suitable for adjusting the energy level of broiler feeds and, owing to its choline content, the use of synthetic choline chloride can be eliminated.
Catalytic synthesis ofdl‐serine and glycine from glycerol
Authors: Kimura Hiroshi , Tsuto Keiichi
Published: January 2007

dl‐serine (dl‐Ser), glycine (Gly), serinol (SerOH) and related compounds were catalytically derived from glycerol (GLY). Catalytic oxidation in the presence of ammonia of GLY, followed by hydrogen treatment over noble metals, to achieve direct synthesis of amino acids is not practical. Reductive amination over an Ru‐Pd/C catalyst of glyceric acid, one of the oxidation products of GLY, was effective fordl‐Ser synthesis. Gly was catalytically formed fromdl‐Ser by dehydrogenation and decarbonylation in hydrogen atmosphere. Catalytic oxidation of SerOH prepared by reductive amination over an Rh‐Pd/C catalyst of dihydroxyacetone, another oxidation product of GLY, was also effective fordl‐Ser synthesis. A new route fordl‐Ser and Gly from GLY is presented.dl‐alanine and γ‐aminobutyric acid also formed, depending on reaction conditions.
Polar and nonpolar lipids and their fatty acid composition of a fewFusarium species
Authors: Murali H. S. , Mohan M. S. , Manja K. S. , Sankaran R.
Published: January 2007

A few species ofFusarium have been evaluated for their potential to produce lipids. The isolates under investigation exhibited wide variation with respect to the mycelial weight, total lipid content and percentage composition of polar and nonpolar lipids in which triglycerides were the major components (81–90%). Palmitic, stearic, oleic and linoleic acids were the major fatty acids in both the fractions. The polar lipids contained higher levels of linoleic acid, whereas nonpolar lipids contained oleic acid as the predominant acid. Nonpolar lipids were more saturated than polar lipids.
Oilseed handling and preparation prior to solvent extraction
Authors: Moore N. Hunt
Published: January 2007

This paper describes cleaning of soybeans, present methods of drying soybeans to facilitate easy hull removal for the production of high protein meal, latest methods of air recirculation for energy efficiency in process drying, latest methods of handling soybeans to facilitate dust control in storage and conveying, conventional methods of dehulling with an emphasis on potential energy savings, cracking of soybeans with high capacity mills with special corrugations to give ideal particle size distribution for efficient dehulling, flaking of soybeans with high capacity mills; and latest innovations in the drying, dehulling, and conditioning of soybeans by use of the fluidbed drier and the microwave vacuum process.
Oilseed pretreatment in connection with physical refining
Authors: Kock M.
Published: January 2007

Tests have shown that the nonhydratable phosphatides (NHP) arising by the action of phospholipases are not present in significant quantities in commercial soybeans, but that they are formed predominantly only during extraction. By a moisture‐heat treatment of the soy flakes prior to the extraction, this enzyme activity can be almost completely eliminated so that, during the subsequent extraction, an enzymatic change of the oil no longer occurs. In comparison with the extraction of untreated soy flakes, the yield of soy lecithin is doubled; the lecithin has a higher content of phosphatidylchol ine; the crude, degummed soy oil has extraordinarily low NHP contents; and the soy meal tastes less bitter.
Deodorization of edible oil
Authors: Dudrow F. A.
Published: January 2007

Deodorization is a high‐temperature, high‐vacuum steam‐distillation process to remove volatile, odoriferous materials present in edible fats and oils. This paper reviews and discusses the effect of temperature vs time, vacuum vs stripping steam, the importance of air exclusion, heating media, and flavor reversion.
Hydrogenation theory: Some aspects
Authors: Larsson R.
Published: January 2007

The model of associate adsorption of olefinic groups to give the half‐hydrogenated state suggested first by Horiuti and Polanyi, gives the simplest possible description of the hydrogenation process. By adding the requirement that acisselective process is favored by preventing the free rotation around the C‐C bond of olefinic parentage, one can rationalize many observations in fat hydrogenation. Examples given in the present paper show that this prevention is achieved if two coordination sites are available for an effective locking of the diene during the hydrogenation. From this very idea, it follows that thetransselectivity must increase when the iodine value has been reduced to such a point that the proportion of dienes is very small. Another indication of the usefulness of the presented ideas is the spectroscopic observation that poisoning of the sites on a metallic surface that make two coordination places available for olefin coordination increases thetrans‐selectivity. All in all, this review emphasizes the important contributions of coordination chemistry and spectroscopy to the understanding of the mechanism of hydrogenation processes on solid metal surfaces.
Lecithin production and utilization
Authors: Szuhaj B. F.
Published: January 2007

Commercial lecithin is the most important byproduct of the edible oil processing industry because of its functionality and wide application in food systems and industrial utility. The recovery of lecithin from oil is a relatively simple process. Hydration of the phosphatides by water or steam followed by recovery by centrifuge and drying is all that is required. But in order to maximize lecithin's utility and functionality, processing conditions all the way back to the bean or seed must be carefully controlled. Bean storage and handling, crude oil storage, refining pretreats, drying processes, bleaching, chemical modification, and storage all can affect lecithin quality and performance. The effects of processing on lecithin quality and performance is one of the major focal points in this presentation. Utilization of lecithins has expanded beyond the traditional application in paints, chocolate, and margarine. Food technologists have used lecithin as a functional ingredient in many modern systems. Its multifunctional properties and its “natural” status make commercial lecithin an ideal food ingredient. The major functional properties include: emulsification, instantizing and particle wetting, release, viscosity modification and nutrition. The nutritional impact of lecithin is currently being assessed in the medical field as an important factor in improving neurochemical disorders. Other medical and health related activity areas include positive changes in cholesterol, blood chemistry and circulatory factors. Lecithin is also used in numerous industrial and nonfood applications such as pigment dispersing, mold release, and animal feeds. The major source of commercial lecithin is from the processing of soybean oil. Evaluation of lecithins from other seed crops such as cotton, corn, and rapeseed is being pursued. The growth of these sources will be a function of demand.
Oil recovery from spent bleaching earth and disposal of the extracted material
Authors: Ong John T. L.
Published: January 2007

Methods for recovering oil from spent bleaching earth are described. Blowing steam and circulating hot water through spent bleaching earth reduce its oil content to only ca. 25% and 20%, respectively. Mixing the cake with milled oilseed may spoil the fresh oil. Hexane extraction of spent earth with hexane is economically feasible for expensive and relatively stable oils only. Because of its simplicity and low cost, extraction with an aqueous solution of soda and salt is economically feasible. The problems with respect to the disposal of the extracted material are discussed.
Sunflower oil
Authors: Campbell E. J.
Published: January 2007

The paper describes sunflower oil, its fatty acid composition, analytical characteristics, uses, applications in products, and advantages and problems associated with its use. Specific processing conditions, including flow diagrams, to produce satisfactory finished products are discussed. The presentation emphasizes developments since 1976, anticipated changes in technology and a forecast of changes that may lie ahead.
Predesolventizing of soybean meal
Authors: Weber K.
Published: January 2007

Predesolventizing of meal provides opportunities for potential savings in the extraction operation. The reduction of the moisture level in meal can save considerable energy during the meal drying operation. Ways to reduce the hexane content before drying include: (a) changing seed preparation; (b) increasing drainage time; (c) mechanical pressing; (d) evaporating by indirect heating; (e) circulating metallic heat transferring units; and (f) using new technology. These options are evaluated in terms of economics and operating efficiencies.
Identification of ergosta‐6(7),8(14),25(27)‐trien‐3β‐ol and ergosta‐5(6),7(8),25(27)‐trien‐3β‐ol, two new steroidal trienes synthesized byPrototheca wickerhamii
Authors: Norton Robert A. , David Nes W.
Published: January 2007

Ergosta‐6(7),8(14),25(27)‐trien‐3β‐ol, ergosta‐5(6),7(8),25(27)‐trien‐3β‐ol, ergosterol, 25(27)‐dehydroergosterol (protothecasterol), ergosta‐7,25(27)‐dien‐3β‐ol and ergost‐7‐en‐3β‐ol have been isolated from cells ofPrototheca wickerhamii. The structures of the compounds have been determined in stereochemical detail by a series of chromatographic and spectral techniques. The results are interpreted to imply that whereasP. wickerhamii is non‐photosynthetic and yeast‐like in appearance and synthesizes ergosterol, the organism can be biochemically distinguished from yeast and considered an alga in part through the detection of other sterols described herein, notably those with Δ25(27) side chains.
The participation of soluble factors in the ω‐oxidation of fatty acids in the liver of the sheep
Authors: Hare W. Robert , Wahle Klaus W. J.
Published: January 2007

The removal of soluble components from an ovine hepatic microsomal preparation decreased the ω‐hydroxylation of dodecanoic and hexadecanoic acids. The results suggest that one or more soluble components play a role in the microsomal ω‐hydroxylation of fatty acids. The possible roles in the reaction of catalase (known to stimulate the microsomal desaturations of fatty acids and alkylglycerols) and superoxide dismutase were investigated. The addition of these enzymes to the complete (but not the washed) microsomal preparation stimulated both the initial ω‐hydroxylation reaction and the subsequent dehydrogenation reactions of the ω‐oxidation pathway. The similarity of the effects of catalase and superoxide dismutase and stimulation of two different steps of the ω‐oxidation pathway suggest that these agents are acting indirectly by removing active oxygen species rather than directly on the enzymes of microsomal fatty acid ω‐hydroxylation.
Triacylglycerol synthesis in the oleaginous yeastCandida curvata D
Authors: Holdsworth Jane E. , Ratledge Colin
Published: January 2007

Low rates of triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis were observed in cell‐free extracts ofCandida curvata, but rates were increased up to 10‐fold by adding either α‐ or β‐cyclodextrins. Spheroplasts, whole or gently disrupted, had higher rates of incorporation of both [U‐14C]glycerol 3‐phosphate or [1‐14C]oleate into triacylglycerol and the intermediates of its biosynthesis: lysophosphatic acid, phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol. Fatty acyl‐CoA synthetase was highest with palmitate, oleate and linoleate but was some 6‐ to 8‐fold lower with stearate. Stearate and stearoyl‐CoA were poorly incorporated into lipids. Subcellular fractionation of the spheroplasts into mitochondrial, microsomal, lipid bodies and supernatant fractions diminished the rates of14C incorporation of oleate into triacylglycerol. By comparing the relative specific activities for each activity in each fraction, the fatty acyl‐CoA synthetase activity appeared mainly in the lipid bodies, and that for phosphatidic acid formation was mainly in the mitochondrion; other activities were too weak and too dispersed for accurate assessment of their location. Recombining all the subcellular fractions restored triacylglycerol synthesizing activity. Omitting any single fraction from the mixture did not result in restoration of triacylglycerol synthesizing activity. Starvation of the yeast, which leads to utilization of the endogenous lipid reserves, stimulated fatty acyl‐CoA synthetase activity, but diminished phosphatidic acid and triacylglycerol biosynthesis indicating probable induction of β‐oxidation in the peroxisomes and repression of lipid biosynthesis.
Change in bile salt dependent lipase in human breast milk during extended lactation
Authors: Dupuy Patricia , Frédéric Saunière J. , Vis Henry L. , Leclaire Michèle , Lombardo Dominique
Published: January 2007

Two hundred eighty‐one milk samples collected from Zaïrian nonprivileged, undernourished mothers, in series of nine groups from 1 month to 18 months after parturition, and 66 milk samples collected from French privileged mothers in series of four groups from 2 days to 16 monthspostpartum, were analyzed for their lactose, lipid and protein contents. In addition, the activity of bile salt‐dependent lipase (esterase), which may play an important role in the newborn infant's lipids digestion, was measured. After the first monthpostpartum, independent of the nutritional state of the mother, sugar and protein concentrations were identical. Lipid content of French mother's milk was lower in transitional milk, but appeared constant in mature milk with an average value of 29.1±5.8 mg/mL of milk. In Zarärian mother's milk, the lipid content of mature milk plateaued at around 50–55 mg/mL independent of the stage of lactation. Bile salt‐dependent lipase showed constant esterase activity within the lactation stage in privileged mother's milk, but decreased by almost 80–90% during the first four months of lactation in undernourished mothers. The data suggest that milk from nonprivileged mothers may lose some of its ability of hydrolyze milk lipid esters, which could also be of consequence to the infant's normal growth in view of its effect on the esters of the lipid‐soluble vitamins A, E and D.
Cholesterol ester hydrolase activity in mammary tissue of the lactating rat
Authors: West D. W. , Shand J. H.
Published: January 2007

Cholesterol ester hydrolase activity has been studied in mammary glands of rats. Subcellular fractionation of the glands obtained in mid‐lactation indicated that around 80% of the recovered activity was associated with particulate fractions. Two distinct cholesterol ester hydrolase activities were identified, one with an optimum pH of 7.5–9.0 and the second (approximately 5% of the total activity) with a more acidic pH optimum. Although the neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase had some properties in common with the lipoprotein lipase in mammary tissue, it was shown to be a separate entity by several criteria. Its activity could be increased following treatment with Mg‐ATP and cAMP‐dependent protein kinase, suggesting identity with the hormone sensitive lipase of adipose tissue. The cholesterol ester hydrolase activity in mammary glands just after parturition was greater than in glands obtained either from late‐pregnant or midlactating animals. The subcellular distribution of the neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase suggested that it may have a different function to the neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase of adrenals and other tissues. Nevertheless the fact that the activity of the enzyme can be modulated by cAMP‐dependent protein kinase suggests the possibility that hormonal control of this enzyme may be involved in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the mammary gland.
Possible essentiality of docosahexaenoic acid in Japanese monkey neonates: Occurrence in colostrum and low biosynthetic capacity in neonate brains
Authors: Kanazawa Ayako , Miyazawa Teruo , Hirono Haruko , Yayashi Motoharu , Fujimoto Kenshiro
Published: January 2007

The importance of mother's milk as a source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in Japanese monkey neonates was investigated. The DHA content in monkey colostrum total lipids was 2.2%, similar to or slightly higher than in humans. A comparison of the biosynthetic capacity of brain microsomes from monkeys of different age (up to 10 years) showed that chain elongation/desaturation of linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in neonates was significantly less pronounced than in adults. In particular, the formation of DHA, which is the product of Δ4 desaturase, was negligible. These results suggest that milk is an important source of DHA in Japanese monkey neonates.
Vitamin E and the susceptibility of erythrocytes and reconstituted liposomes to oxidative stress in aged diabetics
Authors: Urano Shiro , Hoshi‐Hashizume Midori , Tochigi Noriko , Matsuo Mitsuyoshi , Shiraki Masataka , Ito Hideki
Published: January 2007

A remarkable increase in the permeability of erythrocyte ghosts and liposomal membranes composed of erythrocyte lipids from aged diabetics was revealed by measuring [14C]glucose leakage. There were no significant differences in the contents of free cholesterol or phospholipids, or in the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio between diabetic and normal erythrocyte membranes, but significantly higher amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were observed in the erythrocyte membranes of diabetics. Reconstituted liposomes prepared from aged diabetic erythrocyte lipids were highly susceptible to superoxide‐induced oxidative stress. Vitamin E was highly effective in suppressing the peroxidative lysis of liposomes composed of diabetic erythrocyte lipids. The effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD) on the inhibition of peroxidation of unsaturated lipids within liposomal membranes was less than that of vitamin E.
Triolein‐phosphatidylcholine‐cholesterol emulsions as substrates for lipoprotein and hepatic lipases
Authors: Clark Susanne Bennett , Laboda Henry L.
Published: January 2007

Lipolysis of emulsified glycerol tri[9,10‐3H]oleate by lipoprotein lipase purified from bovine milk (E.C. 3.1.1.34) and by hepatic lipase purified from rat liver perfusate was studied as a function of the phosphatidylcholine molecular species and the cholesterol content of the emulsions. Overall, the activities of the two enzymes were similar on a molar basis. Lipoprotein lipase initial lipolysis rates also were comparable for emulsions made with egg phosphatidylcholine or with saturated (dimyristoyl, dipalmitoyl and distearoyl) phosphatidylcholines when cholesterol was low. Increasing the cholesterol content of the emulsion from 2–3 mole percent to 7–14 mole percent reduced triolein lipolysis by lipoprotein lipase in emulsions made with saturated phosphatidylcholines. Rat hepatic lipase was more sensitive to increased cholesterol in emulsions made with saturated phosphatidylcholines than was lipoprotein lipase. The ability to maintain triolein lipolysis during longer incubations differed strikingly among the emulsions and for the two enzymes. Lymph chylomicrons were better substrates for both enzymes than any of the emulsions.
A procedure for the simultaneous determination of lipid and protein in biomembranes and other biological samples
Authors: Rodríguez‐Vico Felipe , Martínez‐Cayuela Marina , Zafra M. Flor , Garcia‐Peregrin Eduardo , Ramírez Hilario
Published: January 2007

Very small sample sizes frequently become the limiting factor in biochemical and biomembrane studies in which routine quantification of protein and bulk lipids are required. The procedure described here allows the simultaneous determination of protein and lipid without initial, multiple aliquots. The method is based on the quantitative precipitation of proteins from a defined hexane/isopropanol mixture. The liquid phase resulting after decanting and concentrating to dryness can then be used to assay the lipid content directly. Quantitative assay of protein can be achieved after resuspension of the pelleted material by addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.1%) and deoxycholate (1%). The method is also applicable to other types of lipid‐ and protein‐containing samples with a broad range of protein/lipid ratios and lipid compositions, as they occur, for example, in serum lipoproteins.
In vitro incorporation of elongated fatty acyl products into lipid classes in the housefly,Musca domestica L. and the American cockroach,Periplaneta americana (L.)
Authors: Vaz Apollo H. , Wong Alvin G. , Reitz Ronald C.
Published: January 2007

Thein vitro incorporation of elongated fatty acyl products into various lipid classes was studied in the American cockroach,Periplaneta americana (L.) and the houseflyMusca domestica L. Stearoyl‐CoA (18∶0‐CoA) and linoleoyl‐CoA (18∶2‐CoA) were each elongated in microsomal preparations from abdominal epidermal tissue of the adult cockroach. Incorporation of radioactive tracer into different lipid classes was determined by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). In the American cockroach, 40–45% of the total radioactive label was incorporated into the free fatty acid fraction, with smaller amounts in the triglyceride (12–31%) and phospholipid (12–19%) fractions. Of the elongated products analyzed by radio‐high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 53–60% was found in the free fatty acid fraction. In the housefly, the substrates 18∶0‐CoA and 18∶1‐CoA were used to determine into which lipids the elongated products would become incorporated. The saturated fatty acyl elongated products were found mainly in the free fatty acid (41%), triglyceride (23%), and acyl‐CoA (17%) fractions. The monounsaturated fatty acyl elongated products were found in the triglyceride (44%), free fatty acid (11%), acyl‐CoA (35%) and phospholipid (10%) fractions in three‐day‐old males. In three‐day‐old females, the elongated products were found in the triglyceride (45%), free fatty acid (28%), acyl‐CoA (11%) and phospholipid (15%) fractions. From these data, it is not possible to determine the identity of the substrate for the conversion of the elongated fatty acyl products to the corresponding hydrocarbon (Hy). In the cockroach, incubations with 18∶0‐CoA and with 18∶2‐CoA resulted in small incorporations into 25∶0 Hy and into 27∶2 Hy, respectively. In the housefly, incubations with 18∶1‐CoA resulted in a very small production of 27∶1 Hy in mature males and 23∶1 Hy in mature female houseflies. These data support the idea that the preparation of subcellular fractions results in an uncoupling of fatty acid chain elongation from the conversion of the fatty acid to the corresponding hydrocarbon in both insects.
Effects of triton WR 1339 and heparin on the transfer of surface lipids from triglyceride‐rich emulsions to high density lipoproteins in rats
Authors: Maranhão Raul C. , Roland Ivete A. , Hirata Mário H.
Published: January 2007

The influence of lipolytic mechanisms on the transfer of phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol from artificial emulsions, serving as chylomicron models to other plasma lipoproteins, mainly high density lipoproteins (HDL) were testedin vivo. The emulsions labeled with radioactive lipids were injected into the bloodstream of rats (controls) and the results were compared with those obtained from rats that had previously been treated with Triton WR 1339 or heparin. Plasma clearance and the distribution of cholesteryl esters, phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol in the different plasma lipoprotein fractions were then determined. Whereas virtually no cholesteryl esters were found in d>1.006 g/mL density fraction of the three experimental groups, 2.8±1.3% of the injected phospholipids were in the 1.063–1.210 g/L density fraction of the Triton treated rats, and 12.6±5.4% of the heparin treated rats, as compared to 10.1±1.7% in controls. This indicates that lipolysis directly influences phospholipid transfer to HDL. In contrast, free‐cholesterol transfer to HDL, besides being less pronounced than phospholipid transfer, was enhanced by Triton and diminished by heparin, indicating that lipolytic mechanisms were not important determinants in this process.
Regulation of squalene synthetase and squalene epoxidase activities insaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: M'Baya Bonaventure , Fegueur Marc , Servouse Madeleine , Karst Francis
Published: January 2007

Squalene synthetase (EC 2.5.1.21) and squalene epoxidase (EC 1.14 99.7) activities have been measured in cell‐free extracts of wild type yeast grown in aerobic and semianaerobic conditions as well as in sterol‐auxotrophic mutant strains grown aerobically. The results show that both enzymes are induced resulting in an almost two‐ to five‐fold increase in enzymatic activities in mutant strains containing limited sterol amounts and are repressed in the wild type strain cultured in anaerobiosis in excess of sterol. The results show also that squalene epoxidase is repressed by lanosterol, and that the mevalonic acid pool may regulate squalene synthetase levels.

The large change in the activities of the two enzymes, depending on the sterol needs of the cells, as well as their low specific activities in comparison with those of the enzymes involved in the early stages of sterol synthesis strongly suggests that squalene synthetase and squalene epoxidase are of importance in regulating the amount of sterol synthesized by yeast.
Separation and concentration of natural antioxidants from the rape of olives
Authors: Sheabar Fayad Z. , Neeman Ishak
Published: January 2007

Polyphenols were extracted from the rape of Israeli olive oil using hexane, acetone and ethanol in a simple sequential procedure yielding three fractions (A,B,C). Fraction A (extracted with hexane) contained few polyphenols (0.05%), while Fraction B (extracted with acetone) and Fraction C (extracted with ethanol) contained about 5% polyphenols each. Fractions B and C were also found to contain the highest ortho‐di‐phenol concentration (about 3%). The addition of purified Fraction B at a level of 100 ppm to refined olive or soybean oils partially inhibited the oxidative deterioration when the oils were stored in the dark at 100 C.
Polyoxyethylene oligomer distribution of nonionic surfactants
Authors: Sato Takatoshi , Saito Yoshihiro , Anazawa Ichiro
Published: January 2007

Thin layer chromatography with a flame ionization detection (TLC‐FID) technique was applied to the separation and determination of nonionic surfactants containing oxyethylene (OE) chains. The OE adducts with an average number of 4.2, 6.0 and 8.0 oxyethylene units were separated on Chromarod S‐II (Silica gel‐coated rods) with double development using benzene:ethyl acetate (6:4) and ethyl acetate:acetic acid:water (8:1:1). OE adducts of nonionic surfactants were well separated by the TLC‐FID method using simple and standard techniques that eliminate the need for any chemical modification.
Recent advances in detergency theory
Authors: Schwartz Anthony M.
Published: January 2007

Practical detersive systems are inherently complicated, involving multiphase multicomponent soils adherent to a substrate, immersed in a multicomponent bath. Detergency is therefore not a simple colloidal effect, but the result of a large number of colloidal effects occurring simultaneously, each at its characteristic rate. To consider such systems meaningfully they are first resolved into a series of simpler model systems, each of which can usually be arranged to consist of three homogenous phases. Cleaning is the net result of the transitions of these model systems between the agglomerated (adherent) and the dispersed (separated) states. These transitions can be described and predicted in terms of well established, generally accepted concepts of modern colloid science. The resolution of typical detersive systems into their simple constituent models and the mechanisms of soil separation in these models are illustrated and discussed.
Chemical investigation of the seed‐oil ofLeucaena Glauca, Benth.
Authors: Farooq M. O. , Siddiqui M. Saleem
Published: January 2007

The fixed oil from the seeds ofLeucaena glauca, Benth. (N. O. Leguminosae) has been studied for its component acids. The fatty acid composition, as determined by the ester‐fractionation analysis, was found to be palmitic (12.74%), stearic (5.01%), behenic (3.64%), lignoceric (0.67%), oleic (23.63%), and linoleic (54.31%). The latter unsaturated acids are the major components.
Conjugation of polyunsaturated fats: Activity of some group VIII metal compounds
Authors: DeJarlais W. J. , Gast L. E.
Published: January 2007

abstract

Conjugation of methyl linoleate was studied by treatment with RHC3 orcisCl2[(C6H5)3]P2PtSnCl2. PdCl2 appeared as effective as RhCl3 in hot alcohols in conjugating linolenate but PdCl2 decomposed to metal. Both RhCl3 and the Pt‐eomplex catalyzed transesterification in alcohols, especially the latter. When the conjugation is carried out in methanol at 180 C, the Pt‐complex yielded as much as 64% conjugated dienes from linoleate in 24 hr. However, typical results inn‐butyl carbitol at 150 and 180 C were only 25–35% conjugated dienes as methyl esters with either RhCl3 or the Pt‐complex.
Reactions of peroxides: II. Reaction of carboxylic acids with iodine and peroxides
Authors: Silbert Leonard S.
Published: January 2007

Aroyl peroxides andt‐butylperoxy isopropyl carbonate decarboxylate aliphatic carboxylic acids in the presence of iodine to form iodides in high yields. The aroyl peroxides also abstract carboxylic acid hydrogen from aromatic and perfluorocarbon acids. A proposed scheme is presented for the reaction of aroyl peroxides with carboxylic acids illustrating homolytic decarboxylation as taking place in an equilibrium between a pair of acyloxy radicals. These radicals are derived from the peroxide and acid and maintained in association by hydrogen bonding and iodine complexation.
Conditions and techniques for thin layer chromatography of aflatoxins
Authors: Nesheim Stanley
Published: January 2007

Satisfactory resolution of the four common aflatoxins, B1, B2, G1 and G2, on thin layer chromatograms has been a recurring problem. The most frequently observed cause of poor resolution and tailing of spots in the chromatograms was the variable properties of the commercial silica gel‐calcium sulfate adsorbent preparations. Variations in quality were observed even from one container to the next within single lots produced by individual manufacturers. Other variables which affected the chromatography to some degree included adsorbent particle size, concentration and nature of the calcium sulfate binder, silica gel layer thickness and moisture content, vapor phase composition in the developing chamber and the solvent used for development.
An automated method for determining tocopherol in deodorized soybean oil
Authors: Honnold Dennis D. , Brobst Kenneth M. , Tai Han
Published: January 2007

A method has been developed, utilizing the Technicon AutoAnalyzer, to determine the tocopherol content of deodorized oil. The chemistry of the Emmerie‐Engel method, based upon the reduction of ferric chloride, is utilized in the development of this automated method. The tocopherol content of soybean oil is measured relative to a standard sample of d‐α‐tocopherol. The tocopherol content as measured by this method will include any other reducing substances present in the sample to be analyzed. The standard deviation, as derived from a pooling of the variances of four deodorized soybean oil samples is ± 0.0023% at the 0.1% level.
Composition of corn oil
Authors: Beadle J. B. , Just D. E. , Morgan R. E. , Reiners R. A.
Published: January 2007

The composition of commercial corn oil from USA corn is remarkably constant. A total of 103 samples of refined corn oil produced over a period of 2.5 years were analyzed by the alkali isomerization procedure. Nearly 86% of the samples had an iodine value (I.V.) within one unit of the average value, 123.6. Linoleic content on a fatty acid basis, averaged 55.5%; 93% of the values were within two units of this value. All samples contained small amts of linolenic acid. This uniformity undoubtedly results from the system of corn marketing and buying which brings grain from the entire corn belt to the processing plants.

A number of corn oils were analyzed by GLC. The average linoleic acid content by this method was ca. 2.5 units higher than that found by the isomerization method. This difference may occur because GLC responds to all C‐18 dienes equally while the alkali isomerization method responds only to conjugatable dienes. Possible sources of error in both methods of fatty acid analysis are discussed.

Corn oil samples taken over a 16‐month period were analyzed by GLC.

Although much of our experience has been with the alkali isomerization method, the GLC technique is preferred because it is simpler and yields more information on fatty acid composition. Another important advantage is that determination of the I.V. of the oil serves as a check on GLC results. The I.V. calculated from the GLC results, making allowance for 1.25% unsaponifiables in the case of corn oil, should be within a few units of the Wijs value.

Oils derived commercially from corns grown in other countries are generally more saturated than those from USA corn. The I.V. of the samples examined varied from 107舑125, the linoleic acid contents from 42舑56%. The relationship between I.V. and linoleic acid content established by others from hybrid corns holds fairly well for these samples.
Driers based on tall oil舒A review
Authors: Fischer Alfred , Hanan S. E.
Published: January 2007

The metal soaps of tall oil were introduced as paint driers during World War II. Paint industry experience reveals that these oxidation‐polymerization catalysts are generally equivalent in performance to naphthenate driers. Physical properties, manufacturing procedures and application of tallate driers in typical paint systems are reviewed.
Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) willd. The effect of storage on the epoxy content of the seed oil and trivernolin
Authors: Scott W. E. , Krewson C. F.
Published: January 2007

Accessions ofVernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. seed from India and Pakistan varied somewhat in the amt of oil that they contained, but the oils did not vary significantly in their epoxy content. Storage of the whole seed for periods up to three years did not affect the quality of the oil, but the activity of the seed enzyme system seemed to increase with time. The data also show a rapid development of free fatty acid once the seed is ground. The epoxy content of low FFAVernonia oil and trivernolin changed only slightly when these products were stored at room temp for six months. However, the viscosity of the samples that were exposed to light increased greatly indicating changes in the physical nature of the products. Similar behavior was exhibited by both products when they were stored under nitrogen at 100C and by trivernolin at 4C.
Determination of refining loss in oil of pistacia seeds
Authors: Marcopoulos C. ‐A.
Published: January 2007

The laboratory refining loss and the neutral oil content of the crude oil of Pistacia seeds are determined by the Wesson, acetone‐insoluble and chromatographic methods and the results are compared.

For a variety of samples with a different free fatty acid content, the refining loss by the chromatographic method is determined and an expression for the relationship between laboratory refining loss and free fatty acid content of Pistacia oil is proposed.
Composition of jojoba seed during development
Authors: Yermanos D. M.
Published: January 2007

Data were taken on developing jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis [Link] Schneider) seed to determine what differences should be expected in quantity and quality of wax and meal when seed is harvested before complete maturation. Analyses were carried out for seed wt; moisture, protein, and wax contents; fatty acid and alcohol composition of the wax; and amino acid composition of the meal of seed samples collected from a natural population in Aguanga, Calif., at weekly intervals from June 20 to maturity on August 15. Wax content of the seed increased rapidly during the first 4 weeks from 13.5–40.5% and slower later, from 43.6–49.4%. Protein content of the meal increased at a slow steady rate during the entire period from 22.3–32.6%. Seed harvested 20 days prior to full maturity had essentially the same wax and protein contents as mature seed; it had lower seed wt and excessively high moisture though. The amino acid content of the meal increased considerably between the first and last sampling from 13.40–26.18% by wt. Certain amino acids increased at a faster rate than others. Whereas major changes occurred in the fatty acid composition of the wax, the alcohol composition remained unchanged throughout the sampling period.
An apparatus for the measurement of lipoxygenase activity and pentane production
Authors: Johns Elizabeth B. , Singleton John A. , Pattee Harold E. , Usda Ars
Published: January 2007

The enzyme lipoxygenase has been demonstrated to produce pentane. However, until now no apparatus has been available to measure the pentane concomitantly with the lipoxygenase activity. Such an apparatus is described by this paper. The apparatus consists of a reaction vessel which can be sealed with a rubber septum to allow sampling for pentane production and an oxygen measuring device to determine the oxygen level of the system. The apparatus is being used to conduct in‐depth studies of the lipoxygenase enzyme and its possible role in food quality.
Copolymerizations of esters and glycerides of unsaturated C18 fatty acids with ethyl acrylate and acrylonitrile
Authors: Mayo Frank R. , Gould Constance Willard
Published: January 2007

This work was undertaken to assay the possibilities of making useful copolymers from linseed and similar oils. Methyl esters of linoleic, conjugated linoleic, linolenic, and alkali‐cyclized linolenic acid have been copolymerized with ethyl acrylate at 60C and monomer reactivity ratios have been determined. In comparison with benzene or methyl stearate as inert diluents, all of these esters and several glycerides with conjugated or unconjugated unsaturation, and also 3,5,7‐decatriene as a model compound, retard the polymerization of ethyl acrylate. Methyl eleostearate and the decatriene are unusually strong retarders of polymerizations of styrene, acrylonitrile, and ethyl acrylate, increasing retardation in the order given. Several experiments on copolymerizations of acrylonitrile with linseed oil at 60‐130C show that the copolymerizations which incorporate much oil in the copolymer are slow but that the isolated copolymers have good drying and film‐forming properties.
Characterization of the nonvolatile compounds formed during the thermal oxidation of corn oil. II. Phthalate esters
Authors: Perkins E. G.
Published: January 2007

Twenty compounds with molecular weights ranging from 390 to 970 have been isolated from thermally oxidized corn oil with the aid of countercurrent distribution, column, and thin‐layer chromatography. The structure of one compound was shown to be a phthalic acid esterified with an eight carbon normal and branched chain alcohol in both carboxyl groups. A similar compound was found in the products resulting from the oxidation of 2‐oleyl‐1,3‐distearin and 1‐palmityl‐2,3 diolein as well as in a fat obtained from a local drive‐in restaurant.
Lecithins and lysolecithins of wheat flour
Authors: McKillican Mary E.
Published: January 2007

Lecithin and lysolecithin from the bound lipid of Thatcher wheat endosperm were separated and purified by column and thin‐layer silicic acid chromatography. Lecithin was hydrolyzed with phospholipaseA (Crotalus adamanteus) and the products isolated and purified by silicic acid chromatography. The fatty acid composition of the original lecithin and lysolecithin and of the hydrolysis products was determined by gas‐liquid chromatography.

The fatty acids in the beta position of the lecithin were found to be almost entirely unsaturated, whereas those in the alpha position were saturated and unsaturated in nearly equal amounts. The differences between the fatty acid composition of the original lysolecithin and that of the lysolecithin obtained by hydrolysis of lecithin with phospholipaseA suggested the presence of both alpha and beta acyl species in the naturally occurring lysolecithin.
A multiple‐variable approach to study corn oil oxidation
Authors: Toro‐Vazquez J. F. , Castillo‐M A. A. , Hernández‐C R.
Published: January 2007

The induction time for oxidation (Γi) and the rate constant for bimolecular peroxide decomposition (k2) were determined in refined corn oil with (CW) and without (CWO) antioxidant (ter‐butil hydroxy‐quinolein 0.0014%, citric acid 0.0012%), and their magnitude and variability were described through multiple regression. Γi in both CW and CWO was mainly described (R2 > 0.93) through linear and quadratic interactions between the temperature (T°) and the initial peroxide concentration. Although the antioxidant increased Γi, carbonyls were produced in earlier stages (i.e., <Γi) and lower T° than in CWO. These carbonyls were produced through a bimolecular peroxide decomposition. The equations for k2 (R2 > 0.96) indicated a faster decomposition of peroxide in CWO than in CW; nevertheless, as a function of T°, k2 increased at a slower rate in CWO than in CW.
Oxidative stability of sardine and mackerel lipids with reference to synergism between phospholipids and α‐tocopherol
Authors: Ohshima Toshiaki , Fujita Yasuo , Koizumi Chiaki
Published: January 2007

Relationships between oxidative stability and the compositions of sardine and mackerel lipids were investigated in view of possible synergism between phospholipids andα‐tocopherol (α‐Toc). The total lipids extracted from viscera were highly susceptible to autoxidation, compared with lipids of white and red muscles and of skin. This seemed to be due to lower concentrations ofα‐Toc and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the tissue, but not to the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The synergistic effect of PE withα‐Toc seemed to be slightly affected by the degree of unsaturation of its fatty acyl chains. The synergistic ability ofO‐phosphoethanolamine, the base moiety of PE, was higher than that ofO‐phosphoserine.O‐Phosphocholine was only slightly effective. During the induction period of autoxidation, theα‐Toc level decreased rapidly, and rapid lipid oxidation began only afterα‐Toc was almost exhausted.
Enzymatic interesterification of tallow‐sunflower oil mixtures
Authors: Foglia Thomas A. , Petruso Kimberly , Feairheller Stephen H.
Published: January 2007

In an effort to improve the physical and/or thermal characteristics of solid fats, the enzymatic interesterification of tallow and butterfat with high‐oleic sunflower oil and soybean oil was investigated. The two simultaneously occurring reactions, interesterification and hydrolysis, were followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography of altered glycerides and by gas‐liquid chromatography of liberated free fatty acids. The enzymes used in these studies were immobilized lipases that included either a 1,3‐acyl‐selective lipase or acis‐9‐C18‐selective lipase. The degree of hydrolysis of the fat/oil mixtures was dependent upon the initial water content of the reaction medium. The extent of the interesterification reaction was dependent on the amount of enzyme employed but not on the reaction temperature over the range of 50–70°C. Changes in melting characteristics of the interesterified glyceride mixtures were followed by differential scanning calorimetry of the residual mixed glycerides after removal of free fatty acids. Interesterification of the glyceride mixes with the two types of enzymes allowed for either a decrease or increase in the solid fat content of the initial glyceride mix.
Adsorption isotherms of sesame oil in a concentrated miscella system
Authors: Toro‐Vazquez J. F. , Rocha‐Uribe Alejandro
Published: January 2007

The adsorption of peroxides, unsaturated carbonyls, free fatty acids and carotenoids from unrefined sesame oil on vegetable carbon (5%, w/w) in a miscella system was studied. Three different solvent conditions (hexane/ethanol, 100:0, 95:5 and 75:25, vol/vol), combined in a factorial design with five levels of solvent (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%, w/w), were used to develop the miscella. Equilibrium adsorption was not achieved during the 100 min of adsorption, mainly because the oil components were involved in oxidation reactions during the adsorption process. However, for a given solvent concentration, adsorption of the oil components showed a significant linear regression on their respective initial concentration in the miscella (Ci). Peroxides and carbonyls showed, at all solvent levels investigated, an affinity for the carbon more independent of their Ci than free fatty acids and carotenoids. In general, at the same Ci, a higher adsorption was achieved as solvent concentration increased. The results indicated that free fatty acid adsorption may depend on competitive adsorption based on molecule hydrophobicity. However, in spite of the higher hydrophobicity of carotenoids, compared with free fatty acids, they might not be competing for the same adsorbing sites. Ethanol showed a prooxidant effect that increased peroxide production during adsorption but did not affect the reaction involved in carbonyl production.
Thermal gelation of the 12S canola globulin
Authors: Léger Lori W. , Arntfield Susan D.
Published: January 2007

The nature of intermolecular forces responsible for thermal gelation of the 12S canola globulin was determined by preparing gels under a variety of environmental influences. The effects of pH, sodium salts and denaturing agents were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, small amplitude oscillatory rheology and transmission light microscopy. Gels prepared with 6% protein at alkaline pH values were superior to gels prepared under acidic conditions. Sodium salts, which promoted protein stability, had an adverse effect on gelation. The addition of guanidine hydrochloride and dithiothreitol to protein dispersions prior to heating produced inferior gels. Hydrophobic forces and electrostatic interactions were responsible for the establishment of canola gel networks. Gel stabilization and strengthening were attributed to disulfide bonding, electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding.