bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of the intermittent Pringle manoeuvre on hepatic gene expression and ultrastructure in a randomized clinical study
Authors: Man K , Lo C-M , Liu C-L , Zhang Z-W , Lee T K-W , Ng I O-L , Fan S-T , Wong J
Published: January 2003

Background

The intermittent Pringle manoeuvre during hepatectomy results in a better clinical outcome when the accumulated ischaemia time is less than 120 min. The aim of this study was to investigate hepatic gene expression related to microcirculatory modulation and ultrastructural changes in patients having the intermittent Pringle manoeuvre.

Methods

Forty patients who underwent hepatectomy for liver tumours were randomly assigned to liver transection with intermittent Pringle manoeuvre (Pringle group, n = 20) or without the manoeuvre (control group, n = 20). The clinical data and hepatic expression of endothelin (ET) 1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) combined with liver ultrastructure were compared.

Results

The Pringle manoeuvre resulted in less blood loss (8·9 versus 12·4 ml/cm2; P = 0·034), a shorter transection time (2·7 versus 4·1 min/cm2; P = 0·015) and a lower serum bilirubin level on postoperative day 2 (26 versus 35 µm/l; P = 0·04). The hepatic messenger RNA content of ET-1 decreased by 38 per cent of the basal level in the Pringle group, whereas it increased by 28 per cent in the control group (P = 0·026). More patients in the control group showed swelling of mitochondria in hepatocytes and disruption of sinusoidal lining cells (12 of 20 patients versus three of 20 in the Pringle group; P = 0·008).

Conclusion

The intermittent Pringle manoeuvre results in less disturbance of the hepatic microcirculation and better preservation of liver sinusoids after hepatectomy.
Influence of specialization on the management and outcome of patients with pancreatic cancer
Authors: Bachmann M O , Alderson D , Peters T J , Bedford C , Edwards D , Wotton S , Harvey I M
Published: January 2003

Background

Cancer care is increasingly specialized. Relationships between pancreatic cancer care, mortality and patterns of clinical practice among the full spectrum of patients, including those with irresectable tumours, are not well understood.

Methods

A cohort of 782 patients diagnosed prospectively with pancreatic cancer in 29 acute hospitals in England and Wales over 1 year were followed for 2–3 years. The effects of doctors' and hospitals' specialization, indicated by annual patient volumes, on operative mortality rates, survival times, and test and treatment provision were studied. Multiple logistic and Cox regression models were used to control for prognostic factors and treatments, providing adjusted odds and hazard ratios associated with a higher volume of ten patients annually.

Results

Patients managed by higher-volume hospitals survived significantly longer (hazard ratio 0·88 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 0·83 to 0·93); P < 0·001). They were more likely to undergo cytological examination (odds ratio (OR) 1·21 (95 per cent c.i. 1·01 to 1·35)), resection (OR 1·44 (1·17 to 1·79)) and biliary stenting (OR 1·17 (1·02 to 1·34)), and were less likely to have bypass surgery (OR 0·66 (0·55 to 0·78)). Patients of higher-volume doctors were more likely to undergo endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (OR 1·59 (1·19 to 2·11)), percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (OR 1·50 (1·12 to 2·00)), laparoscopy (OR 1·81 (1·07 to 3·06)), resection (OR 1·84 (1·29 to 2·61)) and bypass surgery (1·71 (1·25 to 2·33)).

Conclusion

Specialization appears to improve survival and to promote more thorough investigation.
Host immune responses and intestinal permeability in patients with jaundice
Authors: Parks R W , Halliday M I , McCrory D C , Erwin P , Smye M , Diamond T , Rowlands B J
Published: January 2003

Background

Systemic endotoxaemia is implicated in the development of complications associated with obstructive jaundice. The aims of these studies were to assess the systemic immune response to intervention in patients with jaundice and to compare the effects of surgical and non-surgical biliary drainage on host immune function and gut barrier function.

Methods

In the first study, 18 jaundiced and 12 control patients were studied to assess systemic immune responses before and after intervention. In the second study, immune responses and gut barrier function were assessed following surgical and non-operative biliary decompression in 45 patients with jaundice.

Results

Endotoxin antibody concentrations fell significantly in patients with jaundice immediately after surgical intervention, but not after non-operative biliary drainage. This decrease was associated with a significant increase in serum P55 soluble tumour necrosis factor (sTNF) receptor concentration (5·3 versus 10·5 ng/ml; P < 0·001), urinary excretion of P55 TNF receptors (21·4 versus 78·8 ng/ml; P = 0·002) and intestinal permeability (lactulose : mannitol ratio 0·032 versus 0·082; P = 0·048). Intestinal permeability was significantly increased in patients with jaundice compared with controls (0·033 versus 0·015; P = 0·002).

Conclusion

These data suggest that obstructive jaundice is associated with impaired gut barrier function and activation of host immune function that is exacerbated by intervention. Surgery causes an exaggerated pathophysiological disturbance not seen with non-operative biliary drainage procedures.
Control of emboli in patients with recurrent or crescendo transient ischaemic attacks using preoperative transcranial Doppler-directed Dextran therapy
Authors: Lennard N S , Vijayasekar C , Tiivas C , Chan C W M , Higman D J , Imray C H E
Published: January 2003

Background

Transcranial Doppler (TCD)-directed Dextran 40 treatment after carotid endarterectomy reduces the rate of early postoperative thrombosis. This study assessed the efficacy of intravenous Dextran 40 at controlling symptoms and emboli before elective carotid endarterectomy in patients with recurrent or crescendo transient ischaemic attacks (TIAs).

Methods

In a prospective study, patients with more than 70 per cent internal carotid artery stenosis who had two or more symptomatic episodes within 30 days and TCD-detected microemboli were studied. Dextran 40 was commenced at 20 ml/h and TCD was repeated to reassess the rate of embolization. The infusion was increased in 20-ml/h increments until symptoms and emboli were controlled. The patient then had carotid surgery on the next elective list.

Results

Nineteen patients with internal carotid stenosis greater than 70 per cent, recurrent symptoms and TCD-detected emboli were studied. All patients had symptoms and emboli controlled with Dextran 40. One patient with both unstable angina (awaiting urgent operation) and crescendo TIAs died from a myocardial infarct before undergoing operation. Of the 18 patients who had an operation, one suffered a non-disabling stroke on the third postoperative day.

Conclusion

TCD-directed Dextran 40 offers a safe approach to high-risk patients before elective carotid endarterectomy, and warrants further study.
Mapping sentinel nodes in patients with early-stage gastric carcinoma
Authors: Miwa K , Kinami S , Taniguchi K , Fushida S , Fujimura T , Nonomura A
Published: January 2003

Background

Nodal status in gastric carcinoma is related not only to prognosis but also to the extent of nodal dissection. However, a method for accurate assessment of nodal status during operation has not been established. This study aimed to map the sentinel nodes of gastric carcinoma and to estimate the clinical usefulness of sentinel node biopsy.

Methods

Following laparotomy, a vital dye (0·2 ml 2 per cent patent blue) was injected through a gastroscope into the submucosal layer at four sites around a clinical T1 gastric carcinoma. The dye immediately appeared at the serosal surface and stained lymphatic vessels and nodes. The stained nodes were removed and examined by frozen sectioning.

Results

The assay was successful in mapping the lymphatic basins in 203 (96·2 per cent) of 211 patients. The dye stained one or more metastatic nodes in 31 patients, but failed to indicate a metastatic node in four patients with a large involved node. Meticulous postoperative examination of all resected nodes in the standard paraffin slices revealed no new metastases. The accuracy of the assay was 98·0 per cent.

Conclusion

The method was accurate in predicting nodal status in patients with early-stage gastric carcinoma.
Pancreatic leak after left pancreatectomy is reduced following main pancreatic duct ligation
Authors: Bilimoria M M , Cormier J N , Mun Y , Lee J E , Evans D B , Pisters P W T
Published: January 2003

Background

Although much is known about the long-term outcome of patients undergoing left (distal) pancreatectomy for malignancy, comparatively little is known about the optimal management strategy for the residual transected pancreatic parenchyma and the divided pancreatic duct. Clinicopathological and operative factors that may contribute to postoperative pancreatic leak were evaluated.

Methods

A retrospective review of the medical records of 126 patients who underwent left pancreatectomy between June 1990 and December 1999 at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center was performed.

Results

Indications for left pancreatectomy included pancreatic neoplasms (n = 42; 33·3 per cent), en bloc resection for management of retroperitoneal sarcoma (n = 21; 16·7 per cent), gastric adenocarcinoma (n = 14; 11·1 per cent), renal cell carcinoma (n = 11; 8·7 per cent) and other tumours or benign conditions (n = 38; 30·2 per cent). Pancreatic parenchymal closure was accomplished by a hand-sewn technique, mechanical stapling, or a combination of the two in 83, 20 and 15 patients respectively. No form of parenchymal closure was used in eight patients. Identification of the pancreatic duct and suture ligation was performed in 73 patients (57·9 per cent). Twenty-five patients (19·8 per cent) developed a pancreatic leak. For subgroups having duct ligation or no duct ligation, pancreatic leak rates were 9·6 per cent (seven of 73 patients) and 34·0 per cent (18 of 53 patients) respectively (P < 0·001). Multivariate analysis including clinicopathological and operative factors indicated that failure to ligate the pancreatic duct was the only feature associated with an increased risk for pancreatic leak (odds ratio 5·0 (95 per cent confidence interval 2·0 to 10·0); P = 0·001).

Conclusion

Pancreatic leak remains a common complication after left pancreatectomy. The incidence of leak is reduced significantly when the pancreatic duct is identified and directly ligated during left pancreatectomy.
Factors and consequences of conversion in laparoscopic sigmoidectomy for diverticular disease
Authors: Le Moine M-C , Fabre J-M , Vacher C , Navarro F , Picot M-C , Domergue J
Published: January 2003

Background

The disadvantages of laparoscopic elective sigmoidectomy for diverticular disease include the risk of conversion to open operation and longer operative time. The aim of this study was to analyse the causes and consequences of conversion in 168 consecutive patients who underwent a laparoscopically assisted colectomy between January 1994 and June 2001.

Methods

Data were collected prospectively to analyse the causes and consequences of conversion to open surgery in terms of postoperative morbidity and patient recovery.

Results

Postoperative mortality, morbidity, conversion and reoperation rates were zero, 21·4 per cent (n = 36), 14·3 per cent (n = 24) and 3·0 per cent (n = 5) respectively. The reasons for conversion were presence of intraperitoneal adhesions and/or inflammatory pseudotumour (n = 21), an intraoperative diagnosis of sigmoid cancer (n = 1), hypercapnia (n = 1) and abdominal bleeding (n = 1). Three preoperative factors were associated with a significant higher risk of conversion: surgical expertise, the presence of sigmoid stenosis or fistula, and the severity of diverticulitis on pathological examination. Morbidity was no different between laparoscopic sigmoidectomy (30 of 144; 20·8 per cent) and converted procedures (six of 24; 25·0 per cent). Open conversion was associated with a longer operative time and significantly delayed patient recovery and hospital discharge.

Conclusion

Surgical experience and severe diverticular disease are predictive factors for conversion in laparoscopic elective sigmoidectomy. Even if necessary, conversion does not increase the morbidity rate.
Calcitonin precursors in the prediction of severity of acute pancreatitis on the day of admission
Authors: Ammori B J , Becker K L , Kite P , Snider R H , Nylén E S , White J C , Larvin M , McMahon M J
Published: January 2003

Background

Calcitonin precursors are sensitive markers of inflammation and infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of plasma calcitonin precursor levels on the day of admission in the prediction of severity of acute pancreatitis, and to compare this with the Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scoring system.

Methods

Plasma concentrations of calcitonin precursors were determined on admission in 69 patients with acute pancreatitis. APACHE II scores were calculated on admission. Attacks were classified as mild (n = 55) or severe (n = 14) according to the Atlanta criteria. Plasma calcitonin precursor levels were determined with a sensitive radioimmunoassay.

Results

On the day of hospital admission, plasma levels of calcitonin precursors were significantly greater in patients with a severe attack compared with levels in those with a mild attack of pancreatitis (median 64 versus 25 fmol/ml; P = 0·014), but the APACHE II scores were no different (median 9 versus 8; P = 0·2). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values, and accuracy for the prediction of severe acute pancreatitis were 67, 89, 57, 93 and 85 per cent respectively for plasma calcitonin precursor levels higher than 48 fmol/ml, and 69, 45, 23, 86 and 50 per cent respectively for an APACHE II score greater than 7. Differences in the specificity and accuracy of the two prognostic indicators were significant (P < 0·001 and P = 0·001 respectively). A plasma calcitonin precursor concentration of more than 160 fmol/ml on admission was highly accurate (94 per cent) in predicting the development of septic complications and death.

Conclusion

The assay of plasma calcitonin precursors on the day of admission to hospital has the potential to provide a more accurate prediction of the severity of acute pancreatitis than the APACHE II scoring system.
Systemic inflammatory response predicts survival following curative resection of colorectal cancer
Authors: McMillan D C , Canna K , McArdle C S
Published: January 2003

Background

Some studies have shown that the presence of a systemic inflammatory response, as evidenced by raised circulating concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), predicted recurrence and overall survival in patients with colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between the inflammatory response and overall and cancer-specific survival in patients undergoing potentially curative resection for colorectal cancer.

Methods

A total of 174 patients considered to have undergone curative resection were studied. Circulating CRP concentrations were measured before and/or after operation.

Results

The majority of patients were aged 65 years or more, had colonic tumours and Dukes' stage B lesions. During follow-up, 47 patients (27 per cent) developed recurrence and 59 (34 per cent) died. On univariate analysis, age (P < 0·01), Dukes' stage (P < 0·001), and CRP levels before (P < 0·01) and after (P < 0·01) operation were significantly associated with overall and cancer-specific survival. On multivariate analysis of patients in whom preoperative CRP concentration was measured, age (P < 0·01), Dukes' stage (P < 0·05) and CRP concentration (P < 0·01) were independently associated with both overall and cancer-specific survival.

Conclusion

In patients who have undergone potentially curative resection for colorectal cancer, the presence of a systemic inflammatory response predicts a poor outcome.
Extrasphincteric rectal fistulas treated successfully by Soave's procedure despite marked local sepsis
Authors: Maxwell-Armstrong C A , Phillips R K S
Published: January 2003

Useful technique in pelvic sepsis
The Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (POSSUM)
Authors: Neary W D , Heather B P , Earnshaw J J
Published: January 2003

Background and methods

The development of the Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity (POSSUM) is described and its methods of analysis and value in a modern surgical practice are reviewed. A computerized search of all published data in Medline, the Cochrane Library and Embase was made for the last 12 years. Relevant articles were then searched manually for further papers on risk analysis, case-mix comparison and POSSUM methodology.

Results and conclusion

POSSUM has been evaluated extensively in both general and specialist surgery. While there are problems with both data collection and analysis, when used correctly POSSUM can usefully compare outcomes between surgeons and between hospitals. In specialist surgery, individual regression equations may be needed for each index procedure.
Prospective randomized study of bacteraemia in diathermyand stapled haemorrhoidectomy
Authors: Maw A , Concepcion R , Eu K W , Seow-Choen F , Heah S M , Tang C L , Tan A L
Published: January 2003

Background

The incidence and consequences of bacteraemia associated with diathermy and stapled haemorrhoidectomy have not been studied previously.

Methods

Two hundred and five healthy patients randomized to stapled haemorrhoidectomy or diathermy haemorrhoidectomy had perioperative blood cultures taken. The clinical sequelae of bacteraemia and complications of surgery were assessed prospectively.

Results

Six patients were excluded for protocol violations. Eleven (11 per cent) of 101 patients with stapled and five (5 per cent) of 98 who had diathermy haemorrhoidectomy had positive blood cultures for organisms after haemorrhoidectomy, predominantly anaerobes commonly found within the bacterial flora of the anorectum (P = 0·19). Transient postoperative pyrexia in several patients did not correlate with detected bacteraemia and settled spontaneously without treatment. There were no serious complications from either operative technique, and no clinical consequences from proven bacteraemia.

Conclusion

Transient bacteraemia may complicate surgical haemorrhoidectomy but has no serious clinical consequences for healthy adults.
Best practice in groin hernia repair
Authors: Macintyre I M C
Published: January 2003

Worth of randomized clinical trials acknowledged
Female fecundity before and after operation for familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: Olsen K Ø , Juul S , Bülow S , Järvinen H J , Bakka A , Björk J , Öresland T , Laurberg S
Published: January 2003

Background

Knowledge about the fertility of women suffering from familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is scarce and inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to investigate the fecundity of women with FAP before and after operation, and to compare the findings with those of a general population database and women with ulcerative colitis.

Methods

A questionnaire concerning reproductive experiences and waiting times to pregnancy was sent to all 230 women on the polyposis registers in Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Norway in whom primary surgery had consisted of ileorectal anastomosis or ileal pouch–anal anastomosis. Data on the general population and women with ulcerative colitis came from an existing database. Cox regression and Kaplan–Meier plots were used for analysis.

Results

The fecundity of women with FAP before operation and after colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis was similar to that of the general population. However, fecundity dropped to 54 per cent (P = 0·015) following proctocolectomy with ileal pouch–anal anastomosis, although it was greater than the postoperative fecundity of women with ulcerative colitis.

Conclusion

The significant reduction in female fecundity after ileal pouch–anal anastomosis should be communicated to young women with FAP before it is decided which surgical option to follow.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of acute rejection after liver transplantation
Authors: Kwekkeboom J , Zondervan P E , Kuijpers M A , Tilanus H W , Metselaar H J
Published: January 2003

May detect subclinical rejection
Relationship between neointimal regrowth and mechanism of acute lumen gain during the treatment of in‐stent restenosis with or without supplementary intravascular radiation
Authors: Morino Yoshihiro , Limpijankit Thosaphol , Honda Yasuhiro , Somrantin Manoon , Waksman Ron , Bonneau Heidi N. , Yock Paul G. , Mintz Gary S. , Fitzgerald Peter J.
Published: January 2003

We investigated whether neointimal regrowth is related to the mechanism of acute lumen gain during the treatment of in‐stent restenosis (ISR) lesions both with and without adjunct intravascular brachytherapy. From the WRIST (Washington Radiation for In‐Stent Restenosis Trial) cohort, 54 ISR patients (192Ir, 29; placebo, 25) were treated with nonrepeat stenting percutaneous interventions (excimer laser, rotational atherectomy, and/or balloon angioplasty) prior to 192Ir or placebo therapy. Using Simpson's method, serial volumetric intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) analyses (pre‐ and posttreatment and 6‐month follow‐up) were analyzed to obtain stent, lumen, and intimal hyperplasia (IH) volumes that were then adjusted for stent length to create stent, lumen, and IH volume indexes. In the placebo group, the acute reduction of neointima (1.6 ± 1.4 mm3/mm) was counteracted by intimal regrowth (2.1 ± 1.7 mm3/mm). The amount of intimal regrowth correlated directly with the intimal reduction due to the intervention (r = 0.76; P < 0.001), but not with the amount of additional stent expansion. In the 192Ir‐treated group, intimal regrowth was significantly less than in the placebo group (−0.3 ± 0.1 vs. 2.1 ± 1.7 mm3/mm; P < 0.001) despite a similar initial intimal reduction (1.3 ± 0.9 vs. 1.6 ± 1.4 mm3/mm; P = NS). No correlation was found between intimal reduction at the time of the procedure and intimal regrowth in the 192Ir group. In this study, neointimal regrowth following treatment of ISR lesions correlates directly with the extent of acute intimal volume reduction, but not with the extent of additional stent expansion. This relation is not seen in ISR segments treated with radiation, where intimal regrowth is substantially inhibited. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:162–167. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of aorta‐to‐right atrial fistula following closure of secundum atrial septal defect using the Amplatzer septal occluder
Authors: Chun David S. , Turrentine Mark W. , Moustapha Ahmad , Hoyer Mark H.
Published: January 2003

An aorta‐to‐right atrial fistula developed within 3 months after closure of an atrial septal defect using the Amplatzer septal occluder. Surgical correction was required. The cause of this complication appears to be erosion into the aorta by the right atrial disk. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:246–251. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Compression of right ventricular out‐flow due to localized hematoma after coronary perforation during PCI
Authors: Kawase Yoshiaki , Hayase Motoya , Ito Shigenori , Ojio Shinsuke , Tahara Hiroyuki , Ehara Mariko , Kondo Hiroaki , Ito Yoshihisa , Suzuki Yoriyasu , Ishihara Yoshiyuki , Suzuki Takahiko
Published: January 2003

Although coronary perforation can cause tamponade during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), this is unusual for patients previously undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) due to pericardial adhesions. We report here on a rare case of right ventricular out‐flow obstruction complicating PCI in a patient with a previous CABG. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2003;58:202–206. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age‐related differences in neural correlates of face recognition during the toddler and preschool years
Authors: Carver Leslie J. , Dawson Geraldine , Panagiotides Heracles , Meltzoff Andrew N. , McPartland James , Gray Jonathan , Munson Jeff
Published: January 2003

Research on the development of face recognition in infancy has shown that infants respond to faces as if they are special and recognize familiar faces early in development. Infants also show recognition and differential attachment to familiar people very early in development. We tested the hypothesis that infants' responses to familiar and unfamiliar faces differ at different ages. Specifically, we present data showing age‐related changes in infants' brain responses to mother's face versus a stranger's face in children between 18 and 54 months of age. We propose that these changes are based on age‐related differences in the perceived salience of the face of the primary caregiver versus strangers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 148–159, 2003
Maternal effects in infant and adult phenotypes of 5HT1A and 5HT1B receptor knockout mice
Authors: Weller Aron , Leguisamo Ana Christina , Towns Lorraine , Ramboz Silvie , Bagiella Emilia , Hofer Myron , Hen Rene , Brunner Dani
Published: January 2003

The influence of the pre‐ and postweaning maternal environment on the offspring's phenotype was examined in 5‐HT1A and 5‐HT1B receptor knockout mice (KO1A and KO1B, respectively). We have previously shown that, when born to and raised by homozygous dams of the same genotype, adult KO1A are more anxious than wild‐type (WT) mice, and adult KO1B are hyperactive and slightly less anxious than WT mice. We extend our studies here to the behavioral results of the offspring's own genotype, when the dam's genotype is constant, and the effects of the dam's genotype when the offspring's genotype is constant. In Experiments 1 and 2, KO1A−/− pups produced less ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) than controls in an isolation test on postnatal Day 7 when born to and reared by KO1A dams, either −/− or +/−. Heterozygous F1 pups reared by KO1A−/− dams produced more USV and were less anxious in the plus‐maze at 2 to 3 months of age than F1 pups born to and reared by WT dams (Experiment 3). F1 pups reared by KO1B−/− dams produced less USV and were more anxious in the plus‐maze than F1 pups reared by WT dams (Experiment 4). The results support a role for maternal effects that may comprise direct effects such as the dam's behavior and nutritional care of the pup, and possibly more complex indirect effects through the establishment of idiosyncratic dam–pup dyadic interactions. We recommend that breeding techniques that rely on same genotype (mutant–mutant or WT–WT) breeding pairs not be used to generate offspring when the focus of research is the study of gene function, but rather when familial effects need to be studied. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 194–205, 2003
Ontogenetic differences in the expression of conditioned visual aversions
Authors: Jagielo Joyce A. , Miller James S. , Spear Smith Jennifer , Spear Norman E.
Published: January 2003

We examined ontogenetic differences in the expression of conditioned visual aversions. Sprague‐Dawley‐derived rats, 16 or 21 days of age, were conditioned with either an element (brightness) or compound (brightness/odor) CS+ and tested for their aversion to the common element (brightness). Aversions to the brightness cue were assessed by either a traditional test of preference between the CS+ brightness and a contrasting brightness or by assessment of freezing in the presence of either brightness cue. The results indicated that strength of conditioning as well as the expression of overshadowing/potentiation was dependent on the age of the animal and on the technique used to assess conditioning. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 123–130, 2003
Effects of prenatal cocaine exposure and maternal separation on heart rate, orienting response habituation, and retention
Authors: Spear Linda , Snyder Kristyn , Krantova Yevgeniya , Campbell James
Published: January 2003

Effects of the presence or absence of the dam during testing and the retention interval on pretone heart rate (HR) and habituation and retention of an HR orienting response to tone were examined in prenatally cocaine‐exposed and nontreated Sprague Dawley rat pups in two experiments. On postnatal day 16, each pup received two test sessions, separated by a 4‐hr retention interval during which pups were either isolated or placed with their dam and siblings. For testing, each pup was placed in the test apparatus in the presence or absence of an anesthetized dam where, after a 15‐min adaptation period, 10 tone presentations were given, each separated by a 65‐s intertrial interval, with HR measured during a 5‐s pretone period and throughout the 10‐s tone for each trial. Experiment 1 used offspring from the regular breeding colony and observed the typical HR lowering effect of maternal presence during testing, an effect that was surprisingly potentiated, however, following the retention interval in animals that were isolated during this interval. This apparent potentiation by prior isolation of the HR lowering effect of the dam was confirmed in Experiment 2 in nontreated offspring, but did not emerge convincingly in offspring of either dams subcutaneously injected with 40 mg/kg of cocaine HCl daily from gestational days 8 to 20 (C40) or dams injected with saline and pair‐fed 4 days (PF4) to mimic the acute anorexic effects of cocaine administration. Consistent with prior work, C40 offspring also were found to exhibit better retention of the habituated orienting response than offspring of NT dams and to some extent PF4 dams as well, a retention effect that was not significantly influenced, however, by social context during the retention interval. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 160–170, 2003
Olfactory experience mediates response to pain in preterm newborns
Authors: Goubet Nathalie , Rattaz Cécile , Pierrat Véronique , Bullinger André , Lequien Pierre
Published: January 2003

We assessed the effects of a familiar odor during routine blood draws in healthy preterm newborns. Infants were observed as they were undergoing either a capillary puncture on the heel (heelstick) or a venous puncture on the hand. During the procedure, one third of the infants were presented with an odor they had been familiarized with prior to the procedure, one third of the infants were presented with an odor, they had not been previously exposed to, and one third were presented with no odor. Heelsticks elicited more behavioral distress than venipunctures. Infants who were presented with a familiar odor during venipuncture showed no significant increase in crying and grimacing during the procedure compared to baseline levels. By comparison, infants presented with an unfamiliar odor or with no odor either during the heelstick or the venipuncture had a significant increase in crying and grimacing. When the pain was milder, i.e., during a venipuncture, and a familiar odor was presented, infants showed little to no crying. These results are consistent with a body of evidence on early memory and olfactory competence in fetuses and newborns. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 171–180, 2003
Social, thermal, and temporal influences on isolation‐induced and maternally potentiated ultrasonic vocalizations of rat pups
Authors: Shair Harry N. , Brunelli Susan A. , Masmela Jenny R. , Boone Emilie , Hofer Myron A.
Published: January 2003

Sensory and temporal factors have been demonstrated to be involved in the regulation of isolation‐induced ultrasonic vocalizations (USV) of young rats. Sensory cues include thermal, olfactory, and tactile modalities. Temporal factors include the time spent in isolation. The goal of the present research was to examine the interaction of these factors in both isolation‐induced and maternally potentiated USV. Maternal potentiation of USV occurs when a brief interaction with the dam, even a passive (anesthetized) dam, elicits an augmented vocal response to a subsequent isolation, with rates of USV in rat pups well above those emitted in standard isolation tests. We found that passive maternal potentiation of USV did occur under all conditions tested. Neither a 30‐min prior isolation nor high ambient temperature prevented an increase in USV rate over the rate of the original isolation. After 30‐min isolation at warm temperatures when the rate of USV had fallen to zero, the pups increased vocalization in the presence of the dam as well as in the subsequent isolation. Temporal and thermal factors also interacted significantly in regulating the level of the USV emitted by the pups during the first isolation, in the presence of the anesthetized dam, and during the second isolation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 206–222, 2003
Analgesia induced by local plantar injections of opiates in the formalin test in infant rats
Authors: Barr Gordon A. , Limon Estevan , Luthmann Richard A. , Barr Gordon A. , Cheng Jianxin , Wang Shaoning
Published: January 2003

Morphine injected locally to the paw of an adult or an infant rat is analgesic. Opiates specific to μ and κ opioid receptors, and less consistently to δ opioid receptors, given locally to the site of injury in adult animals are also analgesic in a variety of models of inflammatory pain. To determine which opioid receptor(s) are involved in local analgesia in the immature animal, agonists specific for μ, κ, and δ opioid receptors were injected into the intraplantar pad in infant rats and the resultant nociceptive behavior and Fos expression assayed in the formalin test. The κ opioid receptor agonist U50,488 reduced nociceptive behavior in both phases of the formalin test and reduced Fos expression in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord, at 3 and 21 days of age. Morphiceptin (μ opioid agonist) was analgesic in the 21‐day‐old pups, but not the 3‐day‐old pups, measured behaviorally or by Fos expression. DPDPE (δ opioid agonist) was not analgesic at either age. We also tested the effects of opioid receptor antagonists on morphine's local analgesic action. Naltrexone, and to a lesser extent the μ opioid antagonist CTOP, antagonized morphine's analgesic effect. Kappa and δ opioid receptor blockers were inactive. The results demonstrate the ability of the κ opioid system to mediate analgesia in the neonate at the site of injury in acute and chronic pain models, that the μ opioid agonists are active later in development, but that morphine is analgesic in part through μ opioid receptors. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 111–122, 2003
Responses of weaned lambs to fear‐eliciting situations: Origin of individual differences
Authors: Viérin Manon , Bouissou Marie‐France
Published: January 2003

The aims of this study were 1) to develop methods of objectively measuring fear in weaned lambs, and 2) to evaluate the effects of age, sex, breed, and rearing conditions on fear reactions. Four hundred forty‐one lambs, aged 3 to 6 months, were submitted to three fear‐eliciting situations (isolation, surprise effect, and human presence). Factor analysis revealed a first factor, interpreted in terms of fear, that accounted for 40% of total variance in the three tests. As in adult sheep, the main signs of fear were inhibition of feeding, long distance from the frightening stimulus, frequent immobilizations, and numerous high‐pitch bleats. Behavior was also influenced by differences in general locomotor activity and exploratory motivation. Fear reactions were influenced by age (3‐ to 4‐month‐old lambs more fearful than 5‐ to 6‐month‐old), sex (females more fearful than males), breed (Romanov more fearful than Ile‐de‐France), and rearing conditions (artificial vs. maternal: almost no influence in males and influence in females depending on age). These results with sheep provide interesting theoretical and practical perspectives to the study of fearfulness. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 131–147, 2003
Classical conditioning in the rat fetus. III. Retention, extinction, and re‐activation of the conditioned response (CR)
Authors: Smotherman William P.
Published: January 2003

A single paired presentation of an artificial nipple (conditioned stimulus, CS) and milk (unconditioned stimulus, US) resulted in classical conditioning. When re‐exposed to the artificial nipple CS after conditioning, fetuses showed fewer oral grasp responses compared to control fetuses exposed to the milk (US) and artificial nipple (CS) in an unpaired fashion. The reduction in oral grasping was evident when the test of oral grasping was administered 18 min after conditioning but not 21 to 30 min after conditioning (Experiments 1a and 1b). Experiments 2a and 2b confirmed that nine or more exposures to the CS after conditioning, without a milk infusion, resulted in experimental extinction of the conditioned reduction in oral grasping. One re‐exposure to milk during the period after classical conditioning was sufficient to re‐activate memory for the association between artificial nipple CS and milk US (Experiment 3a). Fetuses exposed to one or two re‐activation treatments that comprised an intraoral infusion of milk showed evidence of the conditioned reduction in oral grasping when tested after a delay sufficient to produce forgetting. Experiment 3b showed that the orosensory properties of milk were sufficient to re‐activate fetal memory for the association between artificial nipple and milk. Experiment 3c indicated that central injection of 10 ng of dynorphin A 1‐13 re‐activated fetal memory for the classically conditioned association. Experiments 3b and 3c suggested that the orosensory properties of milk activated a kappa opioid system in the fetal brain that reduced oral grasping of the artificial nipple during the test for oral grasping. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 42: 181–193, 2003
Derivation of the analytical solution of the fundamental equations for a rectilinearly channeled negative surface discharge
Authors: Iri Masao , Endo Masao , Segawa Shinichi
Published: January 2003

There have been quite a number of theoretical as well as experimental studies concerning discharge phenomena, but the results (or partial results) are complicated mathematically as well as physically.

The main subject of the present paper is traced back nearly 20 years when the second author began experiments with an exquisite mechanism he devised [1, 2]. The discharge phenomenon was like the famous Stephan problem, where two different phases of one and the same substance—ice and water—coexist at a free moving boundary between them [3]. But, unlike the Stephan problem, which is linear, the mathematical model of the discharge problem consists of a diffusion‐type nonlinear partial differential equation with initial and boundary conditions. In particular, one of the boundaries is given a fixed condition, whereas the other is moving with a little subtle physical assumption on the speed of the propagation of discharge. Therefore, the nonlinear diffusion equation is difficult to solve by usual methods. Assuming that the applied voltage is constant and that there exists a unique solution, the original initial‐ and boundary‐value problem is reduced to the initial‐value problem of an ordinary differential equation. This latter problem allows us to define a one‐parameter family of novel functions.

Details of the derivation of the solution of the fundamental equations and the physical meaning of the propagation condition and the analytical solution for a rectilinearly channeled negative surface discharge are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 143(1): 8–14, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10112
Design and analysis of a mass spectrometer with superimposed magnetic and rotating electric fields
Authors: Murai Akira , Tahara Norio , Yabunouchi Teruyuki
Published: January 2003

We planned to develop a small and inexpensive measurement device for determination of molecular concentration. The analysis process operates by superimposing a rotating electric field on a magnetic field. When the strength and frequency of the rotating electric field and the mass and speed of the ion are predetermined, the circular radius of the ion's trajectory is fixed. We designed a computer program to simulate ion movement in the electric field and magnetic field.

It is possible to calculate the circular movement of the ion in the rotating electric field, and then calculate the circular movement in the superimposed state of the rotating electric field and magnetic field.

The magnitude of the mass spectrometer conventionally determines resolution ability. Our definition of resolution is the fraction equal to the distance of separation divided by the distance of the attainment point. The resolution increases gradually at first, and then rises suddenly and dramatically to over 20 times the resolution of that of a spectrometer which does not use a superimposed field. We believe that the theory of ion movement in the rotating electric field and magnetic field could lead to the development of a small and inexpensive analysis machine. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 143(1): 15–26, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10113
Experimental studies of optical Raman amplifiers for 1.3‐µm wavelength band and its application to 20 Gbit/s × 2 WDM transmission
Authors: Yamashita Ikuo , Inoguchi Masaji , Seikai Shigeyuki
Published: January 2003

Configurations of a Raman amplifier suitable for a 1.3‐µm wavelength band are discussed and their properties are experimentally investigated. Pump light with a wavelength of 1.23 µm that is necessary for the Raman amplification in the 1.3‐µm wavelength band is obtained using a 1.06‐µm fiber laser and Raman laser technique. Concerning the Raman laser, wavelength conversion from 1.06 µm to 1.23 µm is effectively achieved using a cavity configuration including fiber Bragg gratings and a dispersion‐shifted fiber. On the other hand, a conventional dispersion compensation fiber which has an essential property of high nonlinearity is applied in order to obtain large gain at 1.3 µm. Net gain of 35 dB and output power of 15 dBm are achieved. To confirm the applicability of the Raman amplifiers to high‐speed optical transmissions, experiments of 20 Gbit/s × 2 WDM repeaterless transmission through a 80‐km conventional single‐mode fiber are carried out. The 1.3‐µm signal should be degraded due to the dispersion caused by the dispersion compensation fiber in the Raman amplifier; However, bit error rate of less than 10 to 12 is obtained at both wavelengths, which is sufficient performance for practical uses. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 143(1): 58–65, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10137
Improving the preparation and implementation of integrated natural resource management plans (INRMPs)
Authors: Boice L. Peter
Published: January 2003

The Sikes Act Improvement Act (SAIA) of 1997 for the first time mandated the military to prepare and
implement integrated natural resource management plans (INRMPs), and to do so in cooperation with the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, appropriate state fish and wildlife agencies, and other stakeholders. The
Department of Defense issued updated guidance for consistently implementing SAIA requirements throughout the
Department on October 10, 2002. This article describes why this new guidance will significantly improve how
military installations prepare, coordinate, and implement their INRMPs. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
LPS‐induced expression of a novel chemokine receptor (L‐CCR) in mouse glial cells in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Zuurman Mike W. , Heeroma Joost , Brouwer Nieske , Boddeke Hendrikus W.G.M. , Biber Knut
Published: January 2003

There is increasing evidence that chemokines, specialized regulators of the peripheral immune system, are also involved in the physiology and pathology of the CNS. It is known that glial cells (astrocytes and microglia) express various chemokine receptors like CCR1, ‐3, ‐5, and CXCR4. We have investigated the possible expression of the known CC chemokine receptors (CCR1–8 and D6) in murine glial cells. In addition, we examined possible glial expression of the orphan CC chemokine receptor L‐CCR that has been identified previously in murine macrophages. We report here expression of L‐CCR mRNA in murine astrocytes and microglia. Furthermore, L‐CCR mRNA expression was strongly induced after application of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), both in vitro and in vivo. Functional studies and binding experiments using biotinylated monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1 (CCL2) indicate that CCL2 could be a candidate chemokine ligand for glial L‐CCR. Based on the data presented, it is suggested that L‐CCR is a functional glial chemokine receptor that is important in neuroimmunology. GLIA 41:327–336, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of a membrane‐bound form of the ferroxidase ceruloplasmin by leptomeningeal cells
Authors: Mittal Bina , Doroudchi Mohammad M. , Jeong Suh Young , Patel Bharatkumar N. , David Samuel
Published: January 2003

Ceruloplasmin is a key enzyme involved in detoxifying ferrous iron, which can generate free radicals. The secreted form of ceruloplasmin is produced by the liver and is abundant in serum. We have previously identified a membrane‐bound glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored form of ceruloplasmin (GPI‐Cp) that is expressed by astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) (Patel and David. 1997. J Biol Chem 272:20185–20190). We now provide direct evidence that rat leptomeningeal cells, which cover the surface of the brain, also express GPI‐Cp. The expression of GPI‐Cp on the surface of these cells increases with postnatal development and is regulated in vitro by cell density, time in culture, and various extracellular matrix molecules. The expression of GPI‐Cp also appears to be regulated differently in astrocytes and leptomeningeal cells in vitro. The abundant expression of GPI‐Cp on the surface of leptomeningeal cells suggests that these cells play a role in antioxidant defense along the surface of the postnatal CNS possibly by detoxifying the cerebrospinal fluid. GLIA 41:337–346, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of voltage‐gated Ca2+ channel subtypes in cultured astrocytes
Authors: Latour Isabelle , Hamid Jawed , Beedle Aaron M. , Zamponi Gerald W. , Macvicar Brian A.
Published: January 2003

Transient intracellular [Ca2+] increases in astrocytes from influx and/or release from internal stores can release glutamate and thereby modulate synaptic transmission in adjacent neurons. Electrophysiological studies have shown that cultured astrocytes express voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels but their molecular identities have remained unexplored. We therefore performed RT‐PCR analysis with primers directed to different voltage‐gated Ca2+ channel α1 subunits. In primary cultures of astrocytes, we detected mRNA transcripts for the α1B (N‐type), α1C (L‐type), α1D (L‐type), α1E (R‐type), and α1G (T‐type), but not α1A (P/Q‐type), voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels. We then used antibodies against all of the Ca2+ channel subunits to confirm protein expression, via Western blots, and localization by means of immunocytochemistry. In Western blot analysis, we observed immunoreactive bands corresponding to the appropriate α1 subunit proteins. Western blots showed an expression pattern similar to PCR results in that we detected proteins for the α1B (N‐type), α1C (L‐type), α1D (L‐type), α1E (R‐type), and α1G (T‐type), but not α1A (P/Q‐type). Using immunocytochemistry, we observed Ca2+ channel expression for these subunits in punctate clusters on plasmamembrane of GFAP‐expressing astrocytes. These results confirm that cultured astrocytes express corresponding proteins to several high‐ and low‐threshold Ca2+ channels but not α1A (P/Q‐type). Overall, our data indicate that astrocytes express multiple types of voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels, hinting at a complex regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis in glial cells. GLIA 41:347–353, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.