bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marquee in the new railway station of Malaga
Authors: Jurado Carlos
Published: October 2011

The commercial centre VIALIA and the new railway station of the AVE (high speed train) in Malaga was inaugurated in November 2006, just on the place of the former railway station. The new railway station with an investment of 134,7 million Euros occupies a surface of 51.377 m2, five times the surface of the former station. The enclosure is the biggest intermodal and commercial centre of Spain which comprises a parking of 21.000 m2 for 1300 parking places, one commercial area and a hotel with a total extension constructed of approximately 100.000 m2. The spaces of leisure contain cinemas, shops, restaurants, bowling, gymnasium, swimming pool and zones of passenger’s traffic.
Behaviour and Strengthening of Soft Storey Structure
Authors: Dutta Sekhar Chandra , Samaddar Sanjib , Dutta Indranil
Published: October 2011

In the multi-storied buildings, generally upper floors are used for office or residential purpose and the ground floor is used for car parking or shops. The apartments in the upper floors generally have brick infill walls between the main frames. Thus, the upper stories are stiff and the inter-storey drifts in upper storeys are small. On the other hand, the ground storey is soft and weak and the storey-drift here is larger. The maximum shear occurs in the ground storey load-resting elements. Hence, the strength demand on the columns in the ground storey of the buildings is very high. The majority of this type of buildings had collapsed in the past earthquakes in many countries. Such type of failure can possibly be avoided if stiffness and strength of the ground soft storey are increased. The present study proposes various alternative ways and means to achieve these objectives by a) adding bracings made of concrete and steel; b) adding shear walls at the ground storey. A quantitative estimate is arrived at for various cases to provide guidelines for choosing a scheme or system. Proposed steel bracings may be used for retrofitting the existing buildings while the other schemes may be adopted for new construction.
Influence Factor Analysis of POA based on River-Spanning Approach Bridge
Authors: Li Zhenxin , Qiang Shizhong , Wu Du
Published: October 2011

Pushover analysis (POA) has become a popular tool for evaluating the seismic behaviour of structures. But such work has hitherto focused mainly on buildings, while corresponding work on bridges has been very limited. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate influence factors of POA based on girder bridges. To three different types bridge models which are based on river- spanning approach bridge as the engineering background the elastic POA with return period about 500 years and the nonlinear POA with return period about 2500 years are carried out respectively. Then the effects of the monitoring point and lateral load pattern on the calculating accuracy of POA are studied extensively. Finally the applicable selection for monitoring point and lateral load pattern is suggested according to structural dynamic characteristic.
Vulnerability of Highway Bridges for Scour Problems
Authors: Espinoza Darío , Gómez-Soberón Consuelo , Carrillo Juan Javier
Published: October 2011

In this paper we present a study of the behavior of common types of highway bridges in response to scour of their bearing elements, when exposed to design floods. For this purpose, we considered the inherent characteristics of the substructure and assessed potential failure conditions in relation to easily measurable parameters, which associate flood characteristics with a certain level of erosion of the stream bed. To conduct this investigation, we analyzed some of the expressions proposed in the literature to determine local scour at the pier base, in order to define the most influential parameters, which will be used jointly with the forces produced by the stream pressure of the water to reproduce the process of collapse or partial failure of piers. Simplified models were constructed, with which we obtained the response for rectangular piers considering the effect of scour.
Different Techniques for the Modeling of Concrete I-Girder Bridges
Authors: Chandra Jimmy , Anwar Naveed , Rayamajhi Deepak
Published: October 2011

This paper presents a comparison between response of post-tensioned concrete I-girder bridges analyzed by using different modeling techniques. Each type of modeling technique requires a certain set of assumptions to simplify the problem and thus results obtained from these techniques vary according to the assumptions made. In this study, a typical concrete I-girder bridge is analyzed using commercially available finite element software for two analysis cases, static and modal. Static analysis is used to study the responses of the bridge for dead load, moving load and post-tensioning load cases whereas modal analysis is used to study the modal dynamic response of the bridge.

Finally, response of the bridges is compared in terms of natural time periods or frequencies, mode shapes, support reactions, deformations, internal forces, etc. The results obtained show that similar results can be achieved from different modeling techniques if proper assumptions are used.
Probabilistic Scenario Approach to Structural Design
Authors: Szyniszewski Stefan
Published: October 2011

Sustainability of infrastructure depends on the ability of designers to foresee future interactions between the building and its environment. Whereas representing these interactions as dead and live loads leads to satisfactory designs, additional consideration of specific events in the probabilistic space and application of advanced simulation techniques exhibits the potential to facilitate better and more sustainable design. To illustrate the event based analysis, scenario of localized failure due to malicious human activity is presented in this paper. Probability of building occupant survival is introduced as a measure to compare effectiveness of alternative designs. Since there are numerous possibilities of local failures, number of feasible scenarios were selected and analyzed using the Monte Carlo sampling. For localized failure, interaction between the building and its environment was characterized as a sudden removal of a key structural member. Such analysis is at the forefront of civil engineering modeling because it involves material nonlinearities, large deflections, finite strains, and certainly requires dynamic analysis. The modeling aspects (e.g. retrieving reliable structural information, probabilistic geometric inaccuracies, and material model) are presented. For each scenario, conditional probability of survival was calculated. Consecutively the theorem of total probability was used to evaluate the global probability of occupant survival for the considered array of events. Calculated scalar measure provides an opportunity to employ optimization algorithms to produce the safest structural design and save human lives in the case of abnormal loadings and/or unexpected hazards. In the proposed scenario based analysis, not only structural integrity after completion of construction is achieved, but also other specific objectives (e.g. high survivability in

the case of abnormal loading). Presented methodology can be extrapolated to analyze fire resistance, flooding, truck impact, etc., in order to achieve desirable building characteristics and sustainable infrastructure.
Time-variant reliability analysis utilizing results from non-destructive testing
Authors: Bucher Christian
Published: October 2011

Structures undergoing deterioration and damage due to corrosive actions and severe loads may eventually become unsafe. In order to prevent this, monitoring can be implemented. Since structural monitoring essentially has to be non-destructive, direct information about the current strength or resistance of the structure is not available. Hence, resistance data must be inferred from observable or measurable data such as vibration characteristics or stiffness values. This introduces uncertainty into the process, which can be modeled in terms of probability density functions. The paper presents a computational approach to combine Monte-Carlo simulation with analytical probabilistic models to assess the influence of observed stiffness values on the strength distribution model and on the prediction of expected failure rates for the future life time of the structure..
Stabilizing Measures of the BGFL Bridge during Construction by TMD
Authors: Kim Young-Min , Kwak Young-Hak , Kim Dae-Young , Joo Seok-Jun , Kim Yun-Seok
Published: October 2011

In general, the stabilizing measures by temporary tied-down cables during typhoon are used to the free cantilever construction for a cable stayed bridge. However, it needs temporary concrete blocks or pile foundations to rest on 30m deep sea in the Busan~Goeje fixed link (BGFL) site. Thus it is a very expensive temporary method and could cause an environmental pollution problem to dredge the ground in the sea. Moreover, it could disturb the route of the ships or induce ship collisions.

A TMD (Tuned Mass Damper) is proposed to the three-pylon cable stayed bridge during construction to suppress the wind-induced vibrations and ensure the aerodynamic stability. The stabilizing measures by TMD do not need any foundations. Thus it could solve the environmental problem and avoid the risk of the ship collisions induced by the temporary cables. In addition, it is more economical in comparison with the temporary tied-down cables.
Design Concept of the Twin River Bridges in Chongqing
Authors: Tang Man-Chung
Published: October 2011

The Dongshuimen Bridge over the Yangtze River and the Qianximen Bridge over the Jialing River in Chongqing are located at the tip of the Yuzhong Peninsula. Together, they are called the Twin River Bridges. Both are double deck structures carrying four lanes of traffic on their upper decks and two transit tracks on their lower decks. The girders are steel truss structures with orthotropic plates and the towers are made of concrete. Aesthetics were carefully considered for the design of these bridges because of their visibility in the city and their neighboring landmarks.
The Zhoushan Mainland-Island Linking Project Consisting of Five Sea Crossing Bridges
Authors: Wang Changjiang
Published: October 2011

This paper introduces the construction and provides general information on the Zhoushan Mainland-Island Linking Project, which includes five sea-crossing bridges. The primary focus is on the Xihoumen Bridge and the Jintang Bridge.
From Bridges across Great Belt and Oresund towards a Femern Belt Bridge
Authors: Gimsing Niels J.
Published: October 2011

In Denmark the construction of three major bridges was initiated in the 1990s: Storebrelt Bridge (Great Belt Bridge), 0resund Bridge and Femem Belt Bridge. The first two were completed in 1998 and 2000, respectively, and the third is expected to be constructed during the second decade of the 21 st century. In both design and construction procedures a number of innovative features have been introduced.
Major Bridge Projects – A multi-disciplinary approach
Authors: Ostenfeld Klaus H. , Andersen Erik Y.
Published: October 2011

Modem bridge building is much more than concrete, steel and money. The overall socioeconomic impact, influence on people migration, traffic, use of primary materials , safety of construction impact on the environment, energy, risk scenarios , health, and most relevant now : climate and CO2 emissions , are amongst the parameters which enter into the decision process at the overall holistic conceptual level , the more detailed level of selection of bridge sites , and selection of bridge types as well as construction methods and selection of materials and products.

The paper illustrates these dilemmas and illustrates by specific examples how this complicated decision process can be managed and structured in order to arrive at an overall satisfactory solution for design, construction and maintenance throughout the lifetime ( life cycle) to these sometimes contradictory parameters and requirements.
Recent Major Bridges in Korea
Authors: Koh Hyun-Moo , Choo Jinkyo F.
Published: October 2011

During a relatively short period, bridge technology in Korea has recognized outstanding development. Owing to the governmental policy aiming to achieve balanced regional development, unprecedented bridge construction activities are conducted in the peninsula, especially in the southwestem coast to link some of the 3 000 islands with the mainland. Korean bridge engineers are now designing and constructing bridges using domestic technology , which has today reached a level enabling to realize the erection of numerous sea-crossing bridges counting among the longest in the world like lncheon cable-stayed bridge ( main span 800 m) and Gwangyang suspension bridge ( main span 1 545 m) . This paper reviews the evolution of modem bridge construction in Korea and presents major bridges recently erected or to be built. R&D programs dedicated to the advancement of bridge technology are also introduced.
Different Environments, Different Requirements, Different Ideas - Design Concepts of Three Chongqing Bridges
Authors: Liu Xueshan , Yin Delan , Li Yue , Ren Guolei , Jiang Zhonggui , Liu Anshuang
Published: October 2011

Each bridge is unique. The environment is unique, the constraints are umque and the expectations of the stake holders are unique. Consequently, each bridge shall be conceptualized in a unique manner. This article describes the conceptual design of three major bridges in the City of Chongqing-Caiyuanba Bridge, Shibanpo Bridge and Jiayue Bridge.
A Study on the Development of Seismic Fragility Function for Construction of Earthquake Damage Assessment System in Korea
Authors: Jung WooYoung , Park Byung-Cheol , Lee Jung-Han
Published: October 2011

A study on earthquake damage assessment is very important for the government to manage the disaster, in particular to rapidly respond and judge the situation systematically according to damage scale. Thus the National Emergency Management Agency in Korea is building the Earthquake Disaster Management System. In so doing, the National Institute for Disaster Prevention in Korea has made the related research on seismic fragility functions since 2005. Since the earthquake damage is evaluated in large region, this paper classified each structure according to the status and characteristics of structures, developed fragility functions on the classified structures, and applied the functions to the system. Fragility functions for bridges and railroad systems and others have been developed so far. Also, various methods such as capacity spectrum analysis and inelastic dynamic analysis are used in development of applicable fragility functions to Korea.
Flexural Strength and Drying Shrinkage Cracking of Concrete Mixed with Hwang-toh
Authors: Kim Jang Ho Jay , Kim Sung Bae , Kim Hyun Young , Lee Keun Sung , Lim Yun Mook , Jung Kwang Hoe
Published: October 2011

Recently, public interest in eco-friendly structure has been increasing and many Hwang-toh researches are being actively performed. Hwang-toh is one of traditional environment friendly construction materials used as a construction and plastering material. Also, Ondol, traditional Korean under floor heating system, used in Korean style house uses Hwang-toh as its main construction material for duct and floor system due to its favorable heat absorbing capacity. Hwang- toh has many advantages as construction material due to its high heat storage capacity, auto- purification, antibiotic ability, and infrared ray emission characteristic. But, currently it is not been developed and used in modern construction due of its low strength and dry shrinkage cracking prone characteristics. According to the recent researches and study results, Hwang-toh can be used as a natural pozzolanic material such as fly-ash or pozzolan. The possibility of using Hwang-toh as a construction material became favorable after the research findings showed that its chemical and mineralogical proportions are like Metakaolin and Kaolinite. In this study, drying shrinkage and structural flexure behavior experiments of slag and Hwang-toh added concrete are carried out. The variables in this study were the replacement ratios of Hwang-toh and slag. The test results showed that drying shrinkage of concrete mixed with Hwang-toh has relatively higher drying shrinkage than OPC concrete, but has similar RC flexural strength.
Performance of Sidr affected a Few Typical Non-engineered Buildings at the Ganges Delta
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Parthasarathi , Dutta Sekhar Chandra
Published: October 2011

A tropical cyclone of velocity more than the Basic Wind Speed recommended by the Indian Wind Code, slammed the Bangladesh coast around 100km east of the Sagar Islands, India in the evening of 15th November 2007, affecting the lives of millions of people. The vulnerability of the Ganges Delta to large storm surges, due to its minimal topography was demonstrated after the passage of the Cyclone Sidr. Such devastations give one a rare scope to study their impact, especially on the non-engineered building elements, which constitute shelter for major segment of the population.

This paper reports some of the major and prominent findings of two reconnaissance based vulnerability and damage surveys undertaken at the Sagar Islands, India and the Khulna and Barisal Divisions of Bangladesh.
Creep Influence on Reliability and Stability of Concrete Structures
Authors: Sossou Gnida
Published: October 2011

Precast and prestressed concrete slabs and beams have been investigated. For structural and crack predictions, the virtual work principles have been successfully used to estimate specifically for the slabs (a) transient bi-directional strains due to the concrete creep and shrinkage, (b) the resulting time-dependent bi-directional stress redistribution, as well as (c) bi-directional displacement variations in the slabs and finally (d) bi-directional prestressing losses in the prestressed tendons. A series of test experiments with once evaluated strength parameters has been successfully used to provide encouraging support for the numerical evaluations said at above points (a) - (d) in addition to (e) calibrating the parameters likely to enable the estimation of the above said losses, (f) predicting the beams and slabs sections’ stiffness and hence, (g) devising a definition for durability and integrity, with regards to the concrete stress-strain relationship under prolonged service loads.
A Study on Behavior of Continuous Steel Box Girder Bridges Constructed by Applying Up-Down Construction Method
Authors: Thang Do Dai , Min-Se Koo , Young-Do Jeong
Published: October 2011

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the behaviour of steel box girder bridge during up-down construction method. The steel box girder with open-trapezoidal cross section, partial prefabricated concrete slab and double composite section by cast-in-place bottom concrete slab is considered in this study. The three-dimensional finite element (FE) models, considering construction sequence in modelling, have been used to carry out the analysis. A parametric analytic study is used to investigate the effects of some structural characteristic on the behaviour of steel box girder. These parameters include the variation of lifting upward and lowering downward height, the length and depth of bottom concrete slab and the length of partial pre-fabricated concrete slab. An overview of the effect of lifting upward and lowering downward method to the stability design such as web buckling and top lateral bracing are also given. Results of the study with potential design recommendations are outlined.
Recent Applications and Practices of Large-Span Steel Structure in China
Authors: Ding Jiemin , Zhang Zheng , Hong Wei
Published: October 2011

A number of outstanding buildings featuring aesthetic look and reasonable structure have emerged in recent years as China witnessed multiple waves of rapid development of large-span steel structure. This paper introduces the application of large-span steel structure in certain fields and attaches importance to describe the system selection and design analysis and similar aspects of large-span steel structure in the hope of revealing the application and development of large-span steel structure to readers to certain extent.
An Integrated Multidisciplinary Approach to Design of Major Fixed Links
Authors: Ostenfeld Klaus H.
Published: October 2011

The decision process at current time for planning, design and construction of major fixed links is in many ways considerably more complex than previously. The ultimate challenge has shifted from the pure design and proof of structural adequacy, to become much more multidisciplinary because of two trends: The methods of analysis and check of various structural configurations have improved immensely because of modern computer software and high capacity computers capable of analysing the most complex structure, even including higher order effects. Society, however, require much more comprehensive documentation and justification with high transparency as a basis for debate and dialogue in connection with the decision process.

These trends shift the focus of the leadership from the specialised bridge engineer towards a more comprehensive approach with other investigations to be performed by other disciplines, i.e. climate- and environmental engineers, resource experts, economists, risk managers, planners, biologists, energy experts, logistics experts, architects and many other disciplines. On top of this, employment and currency aspects import/export as well as political aspects enter the complicated decision complex.

Based on a.o. northern european experience an integrated approach is proposed to respond to these future challenges as well as the need for future development in materials and bridge systems.
Probability-based Vulnerability Assessment of Cable-stayed Bridges
Authors: Yan Dong
Published: October 2011

Vulnerability of a structure under terrorist attack can be regarded as the study of its behavior against
blast-induced loads. In this study, a vulnerability assessment framework is proposed for cablestayed bridges in the probabilistic domain. The framework consists of two stages: determining the probability of direct damage due to blast loads and assessing the subsequent probability of collapse due to component damage. In the first stage assessment, damage of the bridge component is defined as the exceedance of a predefined limit state such as displacement or yielding. The second stage
assessment further calculates the probability of collapse due to direct damage of some component
via an event tree approach. It is seen that the proposed methods provide a quantitative tool for
analyzing the vulnerability performance of cable-stayed bridges under terrorist attack.
Experimental research on debonding in concrete-filled steel tubes columns subjected to eccentric loading
Authors: Xue Junqing , Chen Baochun , Briseghella Bruno
Published: October 2011

Concrete core subjected to confinement effect from steel tube is the main advantage of concrete- filled steel tubular (CFST) column under compression. However, the debonding of concrete to steel tube, which is a common phenomenon in real structures, will have an unfavorable effect on the confinement. In this paper, the influence of debonding on CFST stub columns subjected to eccentric loading was investigated experimentally. The debonding gap was formed by inserting galvanized sheet in the steel tube before the concrete fill and by pulling them out after 5~6 hours. From the test, it was verified that the method to form the debonding gap of specimen is valid. The parameters in the test included the debonding arc-length ratio and steel ratio. All the specimens failed in flexural mode, which indicated that the debonding has no influence on the failure modes. The ultimate load capacity and the ductility of the specimens were significantly decreased with the increased debonding arc-length ratio, while this unfavorable influence would decrease with the steel ratio increase.
Soft Infrastructure in the Urban Estuary / Palisade Bay
Authors: Nordenson Guy J. P. , Seavitt Catherine , Yarinsky Adam , Tantala Michael W.
Published: October 2011

The movement of water along a vertical scale draws attention to the subtle realities of topography and the consequential horizontal extent of flooding. During a flood, the section gives rise to new configurations and understandings of the city. Today, flooding has become synonymous with the impact of global sea level rise, and the threat of rising waters has taken on a new sense of urgency. Studying the planar transformation that takes place during a time of high water is an opportunity to reinvent and redesign the 21st-century city, and to consider new notions of urban and ecological development. We are particularly interested in questioning both the notion and the effectiveness of “hard infrastructure,” exemplified by seawalls and storm surge barriers. These reduce the zone of floodwater absorption to a singular line in plan and a singular wall in section. We propose the development of a new strategic approach toward flooding that we call “soft infrastructure”— multiple and iterative strategies that buffer or absorb flooding. These strategies operate at the merged surface of the land’s topography and the water’s bathymetry, or in the shallow flats below the water. We envision the water’s edge as a fluid and temporal limit between the water and the land. Our analyses include computational hydrodynamic and hazard models to predict flooding and their consequences in the New York and New Jersey harbor region.
Lateral Arch Vibrations of a Steel Bowstring Bridge due to Traffic Loads
Authors: Bittermann Thomas , Latz Kersten , Lühr Stefan
Published: October 2011

Steel bowstring bridges or tied-arch bridges are common structures in contemporary bridge building. For architectural reasons and to achieve a preferably slender visual impression, bowstring bridges are often designed without lateral bracing and with free standing arches. Therefore the arches are likely to be exited by the impact of traffic loads which are passing the end crossbeam. Most commonly, the resultant lateral arch vibrations poses fatigue problems related to a decreased service life of the bridge.

Experimental investigations and numerical simulations of the dynamic behavior of a bowstring bridge with free standing arches will be presented in this paper. The experimental results of the measurements using a test vehicle with different velocities are introduced first. Afterwards these results are used to develop and validate a numerical model of the bridge. Based on this model parameter studies are carried out taking into account the fatigue load model given in European Bridge Code and different crossing velocities.

It will be shown that the simplified fatigue check given in European Bridge Code may not be sufficient if applied to bridges that are susceptible to vibrations as the number of stress cycles is much higher.

Using the example of a new-built road bridge, the results of simulations by using tuned mass dampers to reduce the lateral arch vibrations, to avoid fatigue problems and to increase the service life of the bridge are put forward at the end.
Exploring Issues of Aesthetics in a Railway Environment: the Infrastructure of Stratford City, London
Authors: Knight Martin , Wilson Ian
Published: October 2011

Stratford, in the east of London, is undergoing major redevelopment to become the main venue for the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games and to create Stratford City: a 73-hectare mixed-use new city quarter including retail, residential and commercial uses.

The area includes multiple railway lines providing local, national and international passenger and 24-hour freight services. There are rigorous planning controls to create high quality new infrastructure combined with strict rail safety and approval requirements.

Engineering criteria vary considerably across the site and between different bridges and structures. The design of the bridges and structures covered in the paper reflects their diverse engineering requirements while the architectural appearance of them shows a high aesthetic quality and a coordinated family resemblance, based on the careful use of pattern and materials.
Composite Beam: Non-Linear Analytical Exact Fully-Developed Model
Authors: Foraboschi Paolo
Published: October 2011

This two-page short version of the paper presents the application of the model to two steel-concrete composite beams, while the model is synthesized in the full version of the paper.
Systematization of structures and forms of truss systems
Authors: Kubota Yoshiaki
Published: October 2011

Many types of trusses have been developed thus far, including the Pratt, Warren, Howe, Fink, K, lenticular, lattice, and Baltimore trusses etc. Although these are all truss systems, each one is usually considered to be different and is dealt with individually. However, from the viewpoint of structure and form, interesting relationships can be found between these trusses.

In this paper, the relationships between the structures and forms of general bridge types are first outlined. Then, the relationships between the various truss systems are discussed. Finally, the various truss systems are systematized with the methods for operations on structures and forms.
Ship Impact Studies for the Forth Replacement Crossing
Authors: Carter Matt , Kite Steve , Hussain Naeem
Published: October 2011

The Forth Replacement Crossing (FRC) is a EUR 2.2 B project to construct a 2.6 km cable stayed bridge together with associated network connections. The Firth of Forth, which the bridge crosses, is a navigable waterway with tankers, ferries and container vessels up to 45,000 tonnes displacement passing under the bridge. Marine risk and ship impact loads are important design considerations.

A quantitative marine collision risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis was carried out in accordance with the As Low As Reasonably Practical (ALARP) principle to determine the required impact resistances of the piers. Unique aspects of the methodology were the development of a semi- holistic model for collision probability and an explicit function for probability of collapse.
Failure Prediction of Full Scale Bridge Pier on 3D Shaking Table Test
Authors: Anabuki Takuya , Tanaka Koichi , Yonezawa Kenji
Published: October 2011

This analytical study was programmed to predict the dynamic response of a full scale reinforced concrete (RC) bridge pier model in shaking table test. The results of dynamic finite element analysis (FE analysis) using ‘FINAL’ well agreed with the results of the test about the dynamic response and the failure time of the model with rebar cut-off sections. The data about bond slip of longitudinal bar and strain of hoop were insufficient to predict the brittle failure time of the pier quantitatively. In this study, it was obtained that the criterion focusing on the increment of softening concrete element number is useful to predict the brittle failure time.
Test of Wind Parameters and Cable Vibration of Shenzhen Bay Bridge
Authors: Liang Zhu , Feng Liangpin , Li Na
Published: October 2011

Based on the structural health monitoring system of Shenzhen Bay Bridge, the wind parameters and cable vibration properties are acquired by analyzing the test data during the two typhoons period in 2007. The result shows that the horizontal fluctuating wind power spectrum is consistent with the SIMIU spectrum and the vertical fluctuating wind power spectrum is basically consistent with the PANOFSKY spectrum. Moreover, the side span cables appeared a significant rain-wind induced vibration, while the vibration amplitude of long cables in the main span has been effectively controlled because of the installation of cable dampers. The short cable in bridges similar to Shenzhen Bay Bridge should be considered to take additional damping device or auxiliary cables.
CMS4SI Structural Identification Approach for Interpreting Measurements
Authors: Goulet James-A. , Smith Ian
Published: October 2011

The ageing of existing structures and new innovative designs are increasing the necessity for a greater understanding of structural behaviour. A better understanding would improve effectiveness of activities such as assessing reserve capacity, evaluating load increases and replacement decision making. Identification methodologies are needed to indicate the right behaviour using indirect measurements and behaviour models.

This paper proposes a methodology that is able to accommodate multiple explanations while overcoming limitations of other SI approaches. The algorithm is called Candidate Model Search for System Identification (CMS4SI). Metrology guidelines are extended for use in the field of system identification while systematically including uncertainties and their correlations. The CMS4SI approach provides the necessary robustness and simplicity to support decisions related to the identification and understanding of structural behaviour. The approach is evaluated by full scale- testing of the Langensand Bridge. A critical aspect for meaningful identification is the uncertainty associated with model simplifications. The adaptation of clustering techniques and the use of radar plots allow for a convenient visualisation of results involving several parameters. Finally, models that are identified can be used to perform predictions of unmeasured behaviour, thereby supporting infrastructure management.
German railway bridges – new paths of conceptual design
Authors: Schlaich Jörg , Keil Andreas , Fackler Thomas , Weißbach Matthias , Goldack Arndt
Published: October 2011

Railway bridges were a symbol of technical progress and innovative engineering at all times. As an important piece of our infrastructure they dominate our natural and urban environment for very long periods. Therefore, railway bridges have to meet high requirements of aesthetic and design value in addition to the basic demands of safety, functionality and economics.

Designing engineers have to take reasonable care to the safety and the comfort of the users of railway bridges and similarly to the environmental impact of the bridge and their social consequences for the people, who live in the surrounding area.
Design methods for buckling of steel tied arch bridges
Authors: Outtier Amelie , De Backer Hans , Schotte Ken , Stael Dries , Van Bogaert Philippe
Published: October 2011

Determining for the structural behaviour of steel tied arch bridges is the introduction of a large compressive force in the arch section. As a consequence, slender steel arches are highly sensitive to not only in-plane but especially out-of-plane buckling. At present, no specific buckling curves for out-of-plane buckling exist for non-linear or curved elements in international codes and calculation methods. Hence, the buckling curves for straight columns, as determined by ECCS, are used, which can leads to some inaccuracy in the assessment of the critical buckling load for arch bridges, resulting in heavier cross sections.

This manuscript presents two practical calculation methods to design for the buckling behaviour of slender steel tied arch bridges. The first one follows the empirical calculation method as proposed in the Eurocodes. However, an alternative definition of the buckling factor is necessary. This allows for a better representation of the out-of-plane stiffness of the arch cross section and of the influence of the wind bracings between both arches.

In addition, a second calculation method is proposed, based on the use of simplified finite element models to determine the relative slenderness of the bridge structure. Both methods are validated using results from much more detailed three dimensional finite element models of several tied arch bridges. These models include variations of the bridge length, dimensions of the arch cross-section, boundary condition, load type, etc.

Comparing the results of both methods with realistic simulation, it becomes quite clear that a higher buckling curve can be used than proposed by the Eurocode, thus resulting in a more economic and aesthetic bridge design.
Nuremberg Metro Line U3 Northwest Extension Stations and Tracks in Inner-City Areas
Authors: Seitz Peter , Reitberger Robert , Schöppler Jörg
Published: October 2011

When building a metro in a medieval city like Nuremberg the challenges are not limited to the actual tunnelling. The limited amount of space available and various construction management issues have to be considered in planning just as much and just as carefully. This report describes the problems that ensued in the design and construction of the 1,1 km long track between two stations, which methods were used to solve them and how this was achieved.

Detailed descriptions of the construction methods are given as well as the reasons behind the special constructive solutions that were used. The floating slab system used in the Nuremberg metro system is also explained and how it increases comfort and reduces noise pollution.
Estimation of Extreme Climatic Thermal Actions in Concrete Structures
Authors: Larsson Oskar
Published: October 2011

The temperature distribution in concrete structures varies due to annual and daily climate variations. Solar radiation, air temperature, wind speed and long-wave radiation affect the temperature in the structure and may cause longitudinal and transversal movements. If these movements are restrained, stresses and strains can be induced which may contribute to cracking. To be able to predict the

long-term effects and extreme thermal actions a finite element model has been developed. The model is used with global meteorological data to predict annual maxima of temperature gradients. The results show that the values in the Eurocode concerning the investigated region are underestimated for positive linear gradients. Values with a return period of 5 years are above the design values from Eurocode with a 50 year return period. The type of paving used has a significant effect on the results
Structural Performance of Large Timber King Post Truss Highway Bridge
Authors: Honda Hideyuki
Published: October 2011

The bridge (Karikobozu Bridge) objected in this study is glulam timber king post truss highway bridge constructed in 2003, and is largest scale in the world. The main design geometry is as, span length: 48.2 m, truss height: 24.1 m, clear width: 7.0 m, and stress glulam slab: 0.33 m. The bridge length is 140 m (truss: 25m + truss: 50m + truss: 50m + girder: 15m). For the purpose such as (1) inspection of design factors and safety, (2) evaluation of structural rigidity, (3) investigation of environmental vibration problems under traffic loading and (4) store of initial data for maintenance, the static and dynamic field tests of the bridge with two dump trucks were done in July of 2003. The structural characteristics and performances on static and dynamic behaviours were investigated in the terms such as deflection, response vibration, dynamic characteristics, dynamic increment factor and vibration serviceability. Furthermore, three dimensional static and eigenvalue analyses of the bridge were also done by FEM of MSC/NASTRAN. This study investigates the structural characteristics and performances based on the field tests and the analyses.
Textile Reinforced Ceramic Composites for Structural Infill Slab Applications
Authors: Tassew Samson , Lubell Adam
Published: October 2011

This paper reports on a proof-of-concept study to develop an innovative structural infill slab system using textile reinforced ceramic composites. A magnesium-phosphate binder is used in combination with various aggregates and the resulting composites are produced and tested. Several mixes were optimized based on criteria including unit cost, density, strength and workability. The mechanical properties of the resulting composites were determined. Using candidate ceramic composites and flexible fiberglass reinforcing fabrics, structural panels were produced and evaluated for strength and stiffness. Panel configurations represented full-depth precast structural elements as well as partial-depth precast panels suitable for use as a stay-in-place formwork solution. The structural panels achieved the desired strength and stiffness prior to flexural cracking and considerable deformation capacity in the post-cracked region. However, the results indicate the need to alter the fabric reinforcement properties to achieve the required post-cracking strength.
Crossing the Funder Valley Using the Patented Match-Cast Incremental Launching Method
Authors: Hauser Holger , Seitz Peter , Von Scholten Christian , Hansen Claus Nødgaard
Published: October 2011

With a total length of 724 m Funder Bridge is the longest existing bridge in Denmark located entirely on land. The twin hollow box girder bridge was erected using the known incremental launching method using temporary piers. Generally, it is only possible to launch curved girders if they have a constant radius. The challenge here consisted of finding a solution to launch a girder which begins with a constant radius of curvature but ends on a spiral curve (using the patented "match-cast" incremental launching method). Erection also required innovative auxiliary works such as an A-Frame spanning the Funder valley as no temporary piers were allowed inside this nature reserve or a double sector launching port which allowed for faster production of the segments.
An Evaluation of the Prediction of Flat Slab Deflections
Authors: Wium Jan A. , Eigelaar Esteé M.
Published: October 2011

The deflection calculation of slender, lightly reinforced, concrete members is investigated. It is observed that the different available calculation methods produce different deflection results. The reasons for the irregular results are investigated. The various deflection prediction methods include empirical hand calculation methods as presented in SABS 0100-1, the Eurocode2, and the ACI 318. Comparisons are also made with the finite element method using a commercial software package. It is shown that deflection calculations do not consider construction and post construction conditions, often resulting in non durable and non sustainable structures.
The Instrumentation and monitoring of the Vårby Bridge
Authors: Nilsson Mattias , Eriksson Kjell , James Gerard , Collin Peter
Published: October 2011

Numerous cracks have been discovered in the Vårby Bridge near Stockholm, Sweden. All cracks are found at the junctions between the cross girders and the main girders, more specifically, at the welds connecting the vertical web stiffeners to the top flanges of the main girders. The cracks might possibly be causing serious problems if they are allowed to propagate through the entire length of the weld, thereby permitting out-of-plane bending of the main girder web. In order to identify the reason for the observed cracks, an ongoing investigation under the commision of the bridge owner was started in the spring of 2009. One conclusion so far, is that the observed cracks conclusively are a result of fatigue

As a part of a master thesis, FEM-modelling is currently under way. As the fatigue process is distortional, the propagation phase of the observed cracks might slow down or even stop. One task will be to determine the stress intensity factor versus crack length relationship in order to model a growing crack. The final chosen method of refurbishment will be based upon the results of the study and will be implemented in cooperation with the bridge owner.
Sustainable Bridges – Results from a European Integrated Research Project
Authors: Paulsson Björn , Olofsson Jan , Hedlund Hans , Bell Brian , Täljsten Björn , Elfgren Lennart
Published: October 2011

In the paper reflections on the efficiency and dissemination of a European project on Sustainable Railway Bridges are given as well as examples of results and how they now are implemented. Four guidelines and 35 background documents are now publicly available at the project home page.
Evaluation of time history of design wind speeds using typhoon model and empirical wind characteristics
Authors: Matsui Masahiro , Ohkuma Takeshi , Tamura Yukio
Published: October 2011

A method is proposed for calculating the temporal variation of wind speeds during a typhoon to estimate wind load effects on energy-consuming structural devices and cumulative fatigue damage under an extreme typhoon event. This method is based on the concept of scenario-based design wind speed. It utilizes parameter scaling, and consists of selecting a seed typhoon that has affected the target site, identifying its parameters, modifying them and calculating the temporal change of wind speeds of a virtual typhoon. Some calculation examples are shown. The calculated temporal wind speeds give the same wind speeds as the design wind speeds and realistic temporal variations based on meteorological considerations.
Improvement of damage equivalence λ-factors for railway steel bridges
Authors: Croce Pietro
Published: October 2011

For fatigue assessments of railway bridges improved load spectra are given in EN1991-2. This could have relevant consequences on design of new bridges as well as on the evaluation of residual fatigue life of existing bridges. As known, beside explicit damage calculations, fatigue can be assessed using the so-calledλmethod. In the study, the accuracy of damage equivalence factorsλgiven in EN1993-2 for railway steel bridges is discussed, pointing out that their values need some refinement, also in view of future improvements of the EN1993-2 itself.
Uplifting Slide Bearing (4)－ Application for a 3-Span Steel Girder
Authors: Kato Yoshihisa , Igarashi Akira , Adachi Yukio , Uno Hiroshige , Sato Tomoaki , Shinohara Masatsugu
Published: October 2011

Uplifting Slide Bearing is a composed support structure consisting of a horizontal sliding bearing and a couple of inclined sliding bearings. The horizontally placed sliding bearing carries vertical loads under normal conditions, and a built-in isolation mechanism allows the horizontal surfaces to slide so that no loads other than the friction force act on the bridge piers. The inclined sliding bearings carry inertia force during an earthquake, dissipating the seismic energy over the entire bridge as gravitational potential energy. Resistance of the inclined sliding surfaces contributes to forming a virtually multi-point fixed structure temporarily so that horizontal displacement of the girder is restricted. Seismic energy is also converted momentarily into potential energy as the girder displaces in the direction against gravity; which has a peak-cut effect on the horizontal load applied to the bridge piers.

This study investigated the influences of the inclined angle of the uplift sliding bearing on the seismic response of a bridge for possible application to a 3-span continuous non-composite steel girder. Installation of the uplift sliding bearing was proven to be effective in restricting horizontal displacement of the superstructure, and response ductility ratio of a bridge pier was found to be larger with the increase in the inclined angle of the bearing. Section force in the superstructure was found to reach a peak when the inclined angle was about 15 to 20 degrees under the conditions of the bridge examined in this study.