bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DFT studies on the mechanism of Ag2CO3‐catalyzed hydroazidation of unactivated terminal alkynes with TMS‐N3: An insight into the silver(I) activation mode
Authors: Yuan Haiyan , Xiao Pin , Zheng Yiying , Zhang Jingping
Published: July 2017

Silver‐mediated hydroazidation of unactivated alkynes has been developed as a new method for the synthesis of vinyl azides. Density functional theory calculations toward this reaction reveal that terminal alkynes with TMS‐N3 participated hydroazidation proceed through HN3 formation, deprotonation and silver acetylides formation, nucleophilic addition, and protonation of terminal carbon by AgHCO3. It is also found that water molecules and activation modes of Ag (I) have a significant influence on the title reaction mechanism. Initially, catalyst Ag2CO3 coordinates preferentially with internal N atom of TMS–N3 to assist water as hydrogen source and proton‐shuttle in facilitating HN3 formation. Then, the regioselective anti‐addition of HN3 to triple bond of active silver‐acetylide or ethynyl carbinols affords product vinyl azide via Ag–C σ‐bond activation or Ag…C π‐coordination activation modes, and the former one is more favorable. The origin of the difference regioselectivity is ascribed to the electronic and orbital effects of the reactive sites. Moreover, Ag2CO3 is the critical catalyst, acting as activator, base, and stabilizer to promote the HN3 and vinyl azide formation. Water molecule plays an important role as proton shuttle to promote HN3 and key active silver acetylides formation, thus improving the yield of product. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Constructing a multidimensional free energy surface like a spider weaving a web
Authors: Chen Changjun
Published: July 2017

Complete free energy surface in the collective variable space provides important information of the reaction mechanisms of the molecules. But, sufficient sampling in the collective variable space is not easy. The space expands quickly with the number of the collective variables. To solve the problem, many methods utilize artificial biasing potentials to flatten out the original free energy surface of the molecule in the simulation. Their performances are sensitive to the definitions of the biasing potentials. Fast‐growing biasing potential accelerates the sampling speed but decreases the accuracy of the free energy result. Slow‐growing biasing potential gives an optimized result but needs more simulation time. In this article, we propose an alternative method. It adds the biasing potential to a representative point of the molecule in the collective variable space to improve the conformational sampling. And the free energy surface is calculated from the free energy gradient in the constrained simulation, not given by the negative of the biasing potential as previous methods. So the presented method does not require the biasing potential to remove all the barriers and basins on the free energy surface exactly. Practical applications show that the method in this work is able to produce the accurate free energy surfaces for different molecules in a short time period. The free energy errors are small in the cases of various biasing potentials. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Green Approach for the One‐Pot, Three‐Component Synthesis of 2‐Arylpyrroloacridin‐1(2H)‐Ones using Lactic Acid as a Bio‐based Catalyst under Solvent‐Free Conditions
Authors: Fatahpour Maryam , Hazeri Nourallah , Maghsoodlou Malek Taher , Lashkari Mojtaba
Published: July 2017

A facile and benign synthetic strategy is proposed for the synthesis of 2‐arylpyrroloacridin‐1(2H)‐ones via a lactic acid‐catalyzed three‐component reaction of dimedone, various anilines, and isatins under solvent‐free conditions. Avoidance of hazardous organic solvents, the use of a one‐pot multicomponent procedure for the synthesis of 2‐arylpyrroloacridin‐1(2H)‐ones, operational simplicity, no need for column chromatography, lactic acid utilization as a bio‐based organic compound, reusability, homogeneity, and commercial availability of the catalyst, and superior synthetic performance are some important aspects of this methodology to access a series of pyrroloacridine motifs with potentially biological scaffolds.
The Influence of Benzo‐Fusion on the Aromatic Pathways and Ring Currents of Cycl[3.2.2]azine
Authors: Mattursun Aygul , Kerim Ablikim
Published: July 2017

The effect of benzene ring fusion on the aromaticity of cycl[3.2.2]azine was studied by calculating topological resonance energy (TRE), the percentage topological resonance energy (%TRE), and magnetic resonance energy (MRE). The bond resonance energy (BRE) and circuit resonance energy (CRE) indices were used to estimate the local aromaticity. Our BRE and CRE results show that the central nitrogen atom plays a significant role both in the global and local aromaticity of the compounds in our study, and contrary to what has been reported in the literature, none of these compounds are peripheral π‐electronic systems. In the case of benzene ring‐fused derivatives, benzene ring(s) exhibit relatively larger local aromaticity and reduce the local aromaticity of the central portion of cycl[3.2.2]azine to a level comparable to a corresponding non‐benzene fused parent system. Ring current results predict that a strong diamagnetic current flows around the whole molecular perimeter. The diatropic bond current results, as computed here, are in good agreement with the observed 1H‐NMR chemical shifts of these compounds.
Development and implementation of an emergency department telephone follow‐up system
Authors: Ma O. John , Tanski Mary , Burns Beech , Spizman Elizabeth F. , Heilman James A.
Published: July 2017

Implementing a telephone follow‐up system after a patient's emergency department (ED) visit is challenging, but it may improve patient safety and care. This study's objective was to describe the development and implementation of a comprehensive ED telephone follow‐up system over a 9‐year period. Discharged patients who received a follow‐up telephone call within 48 hours of their ED visit included all pediatric patients, those who left without being seen by a provider, and any adult patient with a “high‐risk chief complaint,” which was defined as a headache, visual problem, chest pain, dyspnea, abdominal pain, syncope, trauma, and neurological‐related problems. There were 127 524 cases that met criteria to receive a follow‐up call, with 138 331 attempted calls being made and 46 114 (36.2%) cases successfully followed up. Forty‐two percent of pediatric cases and 16% of patients who left without being seen were successfully contacted with a follow‐up call; 1.6% of cases were referred to the CQI Committee. In the 9 years prior and after implementation of this follow‐up system, there were 3.5 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.1–5.9) and 2.5 (95% CI = 1.3–4.5) medical malpractice lawsuits per 100 000 ED patient visits, respectively; this represented a 28.6% reduction. A comprehensive telephone follow‐up program can be developed and implemented utilizing available resources.
The influence of the Asian summer monsoon onset on the northward movement of the South Asian high towards the Tibetan Plateau and its thermodynamic mechanism
Authors: Ge Jing , You Qinglong , Zhang Yuqing
Published: July 2017

The influence of the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) onset on the northward movement of the South Asian high (SAH) in the upper troposphere towards the Tibetan Plateau (TP) in early summer and its thermodynamic mechanism are studied using ERA‐Interim reanalysis data for the period 1979–2014. Results show that the SAH shifts northward from the southern slope of the TP and moves onto the TP on the 33rd pentad with strengthened intensity. As the SAH moves northward towards the TP, divergence at upper troposphere over the TP region, ascending motions and diabatic heating over South Asia and the southern slope of the TP increase significantly. The onset dates of the ASM, including the summer monsoon over the eastern Bay of Bengal, South China Sea, and Indian Peninsula, are earlier than the mean date of the SAH shifting onto the TP. Accompanied by the ASM onset occurring over South Asia from May to June, much condensation heating is released to the atmosphere. The diabatic heating related to ASM rainfall is the major reason for warming over the southern slope of the TP, leading to the northward movement of the temperature ridgeline towards the TP. Consequently, the meridional temperature gradient in the mid‐upper troposphere over the southern slope of the TP reverses. According to the thermal wind relationship, the sign in the vertical shear of the zonal wind changes, implying that the SAH moves onto the TP. After the SAH shifts onto the TP, the divergence pumping effect caused by the enhancement of the SAH over the TP is favourable for the further prevalence of the summer monsoon over South Asia and East Asia.
T2‐prepared balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) for quantifying whole‐blood oxygen saturation at 1.5T
Authors: Rodríguez‐Soto Ana E. , Abdulmalik Osheiza , Langham Michael C. , Schwartz Nadav , Lee Hyunyeol , Wehrli Felix W.
Published: July 2017

Purpose

To establish a calibration equation to convert human blood T2 to the full range of oxygen saturation levels (HbO2) and physiologic hematocrit (Hct) values using a T2‐prepared balanced steady‐state free precession sequence (T2‐SSFP) at 1.5T.

Methods

Blood drawn from 10 healthy donors (29.1 ± 3.9 years old) was prepared into samples of varying HbO2 and Hct (n = 79), and imaged using T2‐SSFP sequence at 37°C and interrefocusing interval τ180 = 12 ms. The relationship between blood T2, HbO2, and Hct was established based on the model
. Measured R2 and HbO2 levels were fit by the model yielding values of
,
, and k. T2‐SSFP and the established calibration equation were applied to extract HbO2 at the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) in vivo and were compared with susceptometry‐based oximetry.

Results

Constants derived from the fit were: k = 74.2 [s−1],
 = 1.5 [s−1],
 = 11.6 [s−1], the R2 of the fit was 0.95. Average HbO2 at the SSS in seven healthy volunteers was 65% ± 7% and 66% ± 7% via T2‐ and susceptometry‐based oximetry, respectively. Bland‐Altman analysis indicated agreement between the two oximetric methods with no significant bias.

Conclusion

The calibration constants presented here should ensure improved accuracy for whole‐blood oximetry based on T2‐SSFP at 1.5T. Magn Reson Med 79:1893–1900, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
A system for providing load‐aware virtual network service in a software‐defined data center network
Authors: Khosravi Habib Allah , Khayyambashi Mohammad Reza
Published: July 2017

Virtual networks may be used in a cloud data center to provide personalized networking services for the applications running in the cloud. As the virtual networks come to the data center and leave it, the data center network load may become unbalanced where some parts of the data center has accommodated many virtual networks while a few virtual networks are mapped to other parts of the data center. This situation may lead to packet loss and service level agreement violations in an oversubscribed data center. This unbalanced state of the load in data center can be resolved by migration of virtual networks from overloaded parts of the data center to places where the load is in a lower level.

This paper presents implementation details of the prototype of a system that provides virtual networking service in a cloud data center and focuses primarily on virtual network migration as a means for controlling the state of load in data center. Experimental results show that the system has an acceptable performance in reducing the packet loss ratio and keeping the load in a balanced state.
Impact of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms on Plasma Concentrations of Efavirenz and Lopinavir/Ritonavir in Chinese Children Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Liu Xia , Ma Qing , Zhao Yan , Mu Weiwei , Sun Xin , Cheng Yuewu , Zhang Huiping , Ma Ye , Zhang Fujie
Published: July 2017

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes that encode the cytochrome P450 (CYP) drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters have been reported to influence antiretroviral drug pharmacokinetics. Although primarily metabolized by CYP2B6 and ‐3A, efavirenz (EFV) and lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) are substrates of P‐glycoprotein and the solute carrier organic (SLCO) anion transporter, respectively. We investigated the association between SNPs and efavirenz (EFV) or lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) concentrations in Chinese children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Genotyping was performed on CYP2B6 516G→T, ‐1459C→T, and ‐983T→C, ABCB1 3435C→T, and SLCO1B1 521T→C in 229 HIV‐infected Chinese pediatric patients (age range 4.0 to 17.5 yrs). Plasma concentrations of EFV and LPV/r were measured using validated high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with the mass spectrum method among 39 and 69 children who received EFV‐ and LPV/r‐containing regimens, respectively. The frequencies of CYP2B6 516G→T in the study participants were 71%, 25%, and 4% for the G/G, G/T, and T/T genotypes, respectively. Among the children under therapeutic drug monitoring, 21% and 39% experienced EFV and LPV concentrations, respectively, above the upper threshold of the therapeutic window. CYP2B6 516G→T was significantly associated with EFV concentrations (p<0.001). Older children (older than 10 yrs) were more likely to have significantly higher EFV concentrations than the younger ones (p=0.0314). CYP2B6 genotyping and EFV concentration monitoring may help optimize antiretroviral therapy in pediatric patients who initiate an EFV‐based regimen.
Measurement and Modelling of Pyrotechnic Time Delay Burning Rates: Application and Prediction of a Fast Burning Delay Composition
Authors: Montgomery Yolandi C. , Focke Walter W. , Kelly Cheryl
Published: July 2017

A predictive numerical model was implemented for a time delay based on the Si+Pb3O4 system. The reaction kinetic parameters were estimated by comparing predicted surface temperature profiles with experimental data acquired with an infrared camera. Fair agreement between the modelled and measured burning rates was achieved. The burning rate is predicted to increase by 9.4 % for every 50 °C increase in ambient temperature. The core diameter was found to have a slightly larger impact on the burning rate than the wall thickness. The effect of using different wall thickness materials was evaluated and indicated that the burning rate is significantly influenced by the wall material when the thermal conductivity is increased and the volumetric heat capacity is reduced. The shape of the combustion front was found to widen with a long tail for materials with a low thermal conductivity and a narrower combustion front with a short tail for materials with high thermal conductivity. Preheating occurred for pyrolytic graphite‐ and diamond‐based elements but no radial combustion was observed. The external heat transfer parameters (convection and radiation) did not affect the burning rate of the fast delay composition. It is concluded that the ambient temperature, volume fraction solids, molar heat of reaction, core and outer diameter are the factors that most significantly influence the burning rate of the Si+Pb3O4 composition in long cylindrical elements.
Highly Acidic, Thermal Stable NbPO4@Fullerene Catalyst for Dehydration of Cyclohexanol
Authors: Shah Sneha , Tiwari Nidhi , Kumar Yogesh , Jha S. N. , Auroux Aline , Pandey Jai K. , Chowdhury Biswajit
Published: July 2017

A highly acidic fullerene containing niobium phosphate catalyst demonstrating high thermal stability is synthesized by one pot Sol‐Gel EISA method. The ratio of niobium, phosphorous and surfactant plays a key role for the in‐situ fullerene generation. A thorough study of elemental, textural and chemical properties using different experimental techniques and an extensive catalytic investigation has been done using a series of catalysts synthesized by varying different parameters. The high conversion and selectivity for cyclohexanol and ethanol dehydration reaction and also five regeneration upto fine five consecutive cycle could be useful for conversion of biomass to fine chemicals.
Using a Battery to Synthesize New Vanadium Oxides
Authors: Guignard Marie , Delmas Claude
Published: July 2017

Sodium electrochemical deintercalation in a battery was used as a route to synthesize new vanadium oxides. Sodium layered oxides were used as positive electrode materials in batteries and sodium was electrochemically deintercalated up to a precise composition resulting in the discovery of a new phase Na1/2VO2. As for many vanadium oxides, this compound presents a magnetic transition, slightly above room temperature, around 325 K, as well as a structural transition involving displacements of vanadium ions. The discovery of this new vanadium oxide and the study of its unique electronic properties have only been possible because the battery permits the synthesis of this new phase at room temperature. This shows that many more new systems could be explored using electrochemical (de)intercalation in a battery and new materials that would be impossible to synthesize by classical solid state reaction could be obtained.
Desert Beetle‐Inspired Superwettable Patterned Surfaces for Water Harvesting
Authors: Yu Zhenwei , Yun Frank F. , Wang Yanqin , Yao Li , Dou Shixue , Liu Kesong , Jiang Lei , Wang Xiaolin
Published: July 2017

With the impacts of climate change and impending crisis of clean drinking water, designing functional materials for water harvesting from fog with large water capacity has received much attention in recent years. Nature has evolved different strategies for surviving dry, arid, and xeric conditions. Nature is a school for human beings. In this contribution, inspired by the Stenocara beetle, superhydrophilic/superhydrophobic patterned surfaces are fabricated on the silica poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)‐coated superhydrophobic surfaces using a pulsed laser deposition approach with masks. The resultant samples with patterned wettability demonstrate water‐harvesting efficiency in comparison with the silica PDMS‐coated superhydrophobic surface and the Pt nanoparticles‐coated superhydrophilic surface. The maximum water‐harvesting efficiency can reach about 5.3 g cm−2 h−1. Both the size and the percentage of the Pt‐coated superhydrophilic square regions on the patterned surface affect the condensation and coalescence of the water droplet, as well as the final water‐harvesting efficiency. The present water‐harvesting strategy should provide an avenue to alleviate the water crisis facing mankind in certain arid regions of the world.
Previous notice of robotic motion using breathing system
Authors: Watanabe Ryugaku , Matsumoto Mitsuharu
Published: July 2017

This letter describes the previous notice of robotic motion using the breathing system. It is expected that users can perceive the danger from the system. The purpose of this study is to investigate the change of an examinee's fear when the breathing system is used. The proposed system has the potential not only to decrease the examinee's fear but also to enhance some emotional effects different from the main purpose throughout the experiments. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Grounding and the Objection from Accidental Generalizations
Authors: McDaniel Brannon ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2017

Monistic grounding says that there is one fundamental ground, while pluralistic grounding says that there are many such grounds. Grounding necessitarianism says that grounding entails, but is not reducible to, necessitation, while grounding contingentism says that there are at least some cases where grounding does not entail necessitation. Pluralistic grounding necessitarianism is a very popular position, but accidental generalizations, such as ‘all solid gold spheres are less than one mile in diameter’, pose well-known problems for this view: the many fundamental grounds of such generalizations do not necessitate them. Though there is a straightforward response to this objection, I argue that it fails. Thus the objection from accidental generalizations stands, and proponents of pluralistic grounding necessitarianism face the following dilemma: either give up pluralistic grounding, or give up necessitarianism.
Data mining in distributed environment: a survey
Authors: Gan Wensheng , Lin Jerry Chun‐Wei , Chao Han‐Chieh , Zhan Justin
Published: July 2017

Due to the rapid growth of resource sharing, distributed systems are developed, which can be used to utilize the computations. Data mining (DM) provides powerful techniques for finding meaningful and useful information from a very large amount of data, and has a wide range of real‐world applications. However, traditional DM algorithms assume that the data is centrally collected, memory‐resident, and static. It is challenging to manage the large‐scale data and process them with very limited resources. For example, large amounts of data are quickly produced and stored at multiple locations. It becomes increasingly expensive to centralize them in a single place. Moreover, traditional DM algorithms generally have some problems and challenges, such as memory limits, low processing ability, and inadequate hard disk, and so on. To solve the above problems, DM on distributed computing environment [also called distributed data mining (DDM)] has been emerging as a valuable alternative in many applications. In this study, a survey of state‐of‐the‐art DDM techniques is provided, including distributed frequent itemset mining, distributed frequent sequence mining, distributed frequent graph mining, distributed clustering, and privacy preserving of distributed data mining. We finally summarize the opportunities of data mining tasks in distributed environment. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2017, 7:e1216. doi: 10.1002/widm.1216

This article is categorized under:

Application Areas > Business and Industry

Fundamental Concepts of Data and Knowledge > Motivation and Emergence of Data Mining

Technologies > Computer Architectures for Data Mining
Task Shifting: The Use of Laypersons for Acquisition of Vital Signs Data for Clinical Decision Making in the Emergency Room Following Traumatic Injury
Authors: Haac Bryce E. , Gallaher Jared R. , Mabedi Charles , Geyer Andrew J. , Charles Anthony G.
Published: July 2017

Importance

In resource‐limited settings, identification of successful and sustainable task‐shifting interventions is important for improving care.

Objective

To determine whether the training of lay people to take vital signs as trauma clerks is an effective and sustainable method to increase availability of vital signs in the initial evaluation of trauma patients.

Design

We conducted a quasi‐experimental study of patients presenting with traumatic injury pre‐ and post‐intervention.

Setting

The study was conducted at Kamuzu Central Hospital, a tertiary care referral hospital, in Lilongwe, Malawi.

Participants

All adult (age ≥ 18 years) trauma patients presenting to emergency department over a six‐month period from January to June prior to intervention (2011), immediately post‐intervention (2012), 1 year post‐intervention (2013) and 2 years post‐intervention (2014).

Intervention

Lay people were trained to take and record vital signs.

Main outcomes and measures

The number of patients with recorded vital signs pre‐ and post‐intervention and sustainability of the intervention as determined by time‐series analysis.

Results

Availability of vital signs on initial evaluation of trauma patients increased significantly post‐intervention. The percentage of patients with at least one vital sign recorded increased from 23.5 to 92.1%, and the percentage of patients with all vital signs recorded increased from 4.1 to 91.4%. Availability of Glasgow Coma Scale also increased from 40.3 to 88.6%. Increased documentation of vital signs continued at 1 year and 2 years post‐intervention. However, the percentage of documented vital signs did decrease slightly after the US‐trained medical student and surgeon who trained the trauma clerks were no longer available in country, except for Glasgow Coma Scale. Patients who died during emergency department evaluation were significantly less likely to have vital signs recorded.

Conclusions and relevance

The training of lay people to collect vital signs and Glasgow Coma Scale is an effective and sustainable method of task shifting in a resource‐limited setting.
The big chill: quantifying the effect of the 2014 North American cold wave on hemlock woolly adelgid populations in the central Appalachian Mountains
Authors: Tobin Patrick C. , Turcotte Richard M. , Blackburn Laura M. , Juracko John A. , Simpson Brian T.
Published: July 2017

The ability to survive winter temperatures is a key determinant of insect distributional ranges and population dynamics in temperate ecosystems. Although many insects overwinter in a state of diapause, the hemlock woolly adelgid [Adelges tsugae (Annand)] is an exception and instead develops during winter. We studied a low density population of A. tsugae, which undergoes two generations per year, in a forested area in which its only available host plant, eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), was patchy and scarce. In January 2014, this area also experienced an exceptionally cold winter due to a southward shift in the North Polar Vortex. We used 3 years of systematic sampling prior to the 2014 cold wave, and 1 year following, to quantify the effect of the 2014 cold wave on A. tsugae population dynamics. We observed a strong negative correlation between the number of days below sub‐zero temperature thresholds and A. tsugae, and estimated that the 2014 cold wave resulted in at least a 238% decrease in its population growth rate. However, we also observed that the detrimental effect of the 2014 cold wave to A. tsugae was short‐lived, as populations measured in the late summer of 2014 rebounded to pre‐2014 cold wave densities. This study highlights the effect that cold winter weather events can have on a winter active insect species, and the speed at which populations can recover from stochastic mortality events.
To Be Free and French
Authors: Semley Lorelle
Published: July 2017

The Haitian Revolution may have galvanized subjects of French empire in the Americas and Africa struggling to define freedom and 'Frenchness' for themselves, but Lorelle Semley reveals that this event was just one moment in a longer struggle of women and men of colour for rights under the French colonial regime. Through political activism ranging from armed struggle to literary expression, these colonial subjects challenged and exploited promises in French Republican rhetoric that should have contradicted the continued use of slavery in the Americas and the introduction of exploitative labour in the colonisation of Africa. They defined an alternative French citizenship, which recognised difference, particularly race, as part of a 'universal' French identity. Spanning Atlantic port cities in Haiti, Senegal, Martinique, Benin, and France, this book is a major contribution to scholarship on citizenship, race, empire, and gender, and it sheds new light on debates around human rights and immigration in contemporary France.
Acts of the Apostles and the Rhetoric of Roman Imperialism
Authors: Billings Drew W.
Published: July 2017

Acts of the Apostles is normally understood as a historical report of events of the early Church and serves as the organizing centerpiece of the New Testament canon. In this book, Drew Billings demonstrates that Acts was written in conformity with broader representational trends and standards found on imperial monuments and in the epigraphic record of the early second century. Bringing an interdisciplinary approach to a text of critical importance, he compares the methods of representation in Acts with visual and verbal representations that were common during the reign of the Roman Emperor Trajan. Billings argues that Acts adopts the rhetoric of Roman imperialism found on imperial monuments and in the epigraphic record of the early second century. His study bridges the fields of classics, art history, gender studies, Jewish studies and New Testament studies in exploring how Early Christian texts relate to wider patterns in the cultural production of the Roman Empire.
Scale effects on conventional and intercooled turbofan engine performance-CORRIGENDUM
Authors: Rolt A. , Sethi V. , Jacob F. , Sebastiampillai J. , Xisto C. , Grönstedt T. , Raffaelli L.
Published: July 2017

In the article by Rolt(1), there was an error in Equation (2). The correct equation is republished here.
2$$\begin{equation}
{W_c} = \ \frac{{{W_{\it cref}}\left( {{T_{\it grel}} - {T_{\it cref}}} \right){{({W_4}/{W_{\it 4ref}})}^{0.65}}}}{{\left( {{T_{\it gref}} - {T_c}} \right)}}\ \ \ \ \ \ \
\end{equation}$$
A study of the asymmetric shock reflection configurations in steady flows
Authors: Tao Yuan , Liu Weidong , Fan Xiaoqiang , Xiong Bin , Yu Jiangfei , Sun Mingbo
Published: July 2017

In this paper the asymmetric shock reflection configurations in two-dimensional steady flows have been studied theoretically. For an overall Mach reflection, it is found that the horizontal distance between both triple points in the Mach stem is related to the angles of two slip streams. Based on the features of the converging stream tube, several assumptions are put forward to perform better the wave configurations near the slip streams. Therefore, we present an analytical model here to describe the asymmetric overall Mach reflection configurations which agrees well with the computational and experimental results.
Multiple possible inaccuracies cast doubt on a recent report suggesting selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to be toxic and ineffective
Authors: Hieronymus Fredrik , Lisinski Alexander , Näslund Jakob , Eriksson Elias
Published: July 2017

According to a systematic review on the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in adult depression that was recently published in BMC Psychiatry, the results of which have been widely disseminated in lay media, these drugs increase the risk for serious adverse events (SAEs) while exerting poor antidepressant efficacy. A cursory analysis, however, suggests the analysis of SAEs conducted by the authors to be marred by both methodological inaccuracies and blatant errors. After having corrected for these apparent mistakes, we conducted a sensitivity analysis in which we also accounted for a possible moderating effect of age; while this suggests SSRIs to be safe drugs in the non-elderly, they do confirm what is already known, that is, that they may enhance the risk for SAEs in the old. Given the loose definition of SAE, including also innocuous phenomena, the possible clinical significance of the latter observation, however, remains unclear until the nature and actual impact of the SAEs in question have been clarified. Moreover, with respect to efficacy, we find the paper in BMC Psychiatry misleading: first, the authors seem unaware of the well-established shortcomings associated with the conventional efficacy parameter on which their analysis is based, second, they have included suboptimal SSRI doses and third, they have missed some pivotal trials. Unless there are explanations for the many peculiarities in this paper that have escaped us, and which may be satisfactorily clarified by the authors, it seems important that the conclusions presented in this paper be publicly rectified.
Cosmogenic10Be dating of raised shorelines constrains the timing of lake levels in the eastern Lake Agassiz-Ojibway basin
Authors: Godbout Pierre-Marc , Roy Martin , Veillette Jean J. , Schaefer Joerg M.
Published: July 2017

Surface exposure dating was applied to erosional shorelines associated with the Angliers lake level that marks an important stage of Lake Ojibway. The distribution of 1510Be ages from five sites shows a main group (10 samples) of coherent10Be ages yielding a mean age of 9.9±0.7 ka that assigns the development of this lake level to the early part of the Lake Ojibway history. A smaller group (3 samples) is part of a more scattered distribution of older10Be ages (with 2 outliers) that points to an inheritance of cosmogenic isotopes from a previous exposure, revealing an apparent mean age of 15.8±0.9 ka that is incompatible with the Ojibway inundation and the regional deglaciation. Our results provide the first direct10Be chronology on the sequence of lake levels in the Ojibway basin, which includes the lake stage presumably associated with the confluence and subsequent drainage of Lakes Agassiz and Ojibway. This study demonstrates the potential of this approach to date glacial lake shorelines and underlies the importance of obtaining additional chronological constraints on the Agassiz-Ojibway shoreline sequence to confidently assign a particular lake stage and/or lake-level drawdown to a specific time interval of the deglaciation.
The Uniform Commercial Code—Commercial Paper: An Outsider's View, Part II
Authors: Barak Aharon
Published: July 2017

Continental systems generally permit a possessor to acquire rights against the signatories of a bill or note despite a forged indorsement, it being sufficient that the sequence of indorsement on the instrument leads to the possessor. On general principles, the Anglo-American law differs in this respect. As early as the eighteenth century, it was held, in Mead v. Young (1790) that the possessor of a bill to order containing a forged indorsement has no right to the bill and is not entitled to demand payment from the parties whose signatures preceded the forgery. This approach was followed by the English Act and the N.I.L. The U.C.C. follows this principle in laying down that a forged signature is inoperative as that of the person whose name is signed. A person who acquires a bill to order on which there is a forged indorsement is therefore not a holder of the bill nor in legal possession of it, nor an owner. He consequently has no right under the bill against parties whose signatures preceded the forgery.
The Problem of Jewish Law in a Jewish State
Authors: Englard Izhak
Published: July 2017

Introduction: With the increasing tendency in Israel to replace the old Ottoman civil law, thefamiliar question of the reception of Jewish (talmudic) law has once again become the subject of lively discussion. In his policy speech in the Knesset the then new Minister of Justice, Mr. Y. S. Shapiro, declared as his objective the gradual severance of Israel law from the present pervasive influence of the English legal system. He was too cautious to take a definite stand on the question of the reception of Jewish law (or any other specific system) to replace the present law, but aspirations towards this goal have recently been expressed on various occasions by representatives of different parties. The forceful demand “to base the laws of the State on the Halacha” comes especially from die religious parties. But representatives of the non-religious parties also recommend the reception of Jewish law in those areas of private law where no decisions on ideological grounds need to be made.

In point of fact, the unanimity with regard to the reception of Jewish law is based on two outlooks differing in origin. Non-religious circles view Jewish law as a cultural creation of national significance, comparable to the revival of the Hebrew language. The firm establishment of Israel law on Jewish legal principles is advocated as an expression of spiritual independence, stressing the historical continuity of the people residing in Zion.
Psolus rufus, a new species of sea cucumber (Holothuroidea: Psolidae) from northern Spain (Bay of Biscay)
Authors: Fernández-Rodríguez Irene , Arias Andrés , Borrell Yaisel J. , Anadón Nuria , Massin Claude , Acuña José Luis
Published: July 2017

A new species of holothurian of the genusPsolusOken, 1815 is described.Psolus rufussp. nov. was found in the central Cantabrian slope (Bay of Biscay) at 1500 m depth. The new species is characterized by having: ovoid body, reddish colourin vivo; dorsal area enclosed in a complete test composed of imbricating scales; 10 triangular plates of the same size surrounding mouth; 10 oral tentacles; no dorsal papillae; tube feet in two rows in the ventrolateral radii but one single row in the medial third or the body; ossicles are big dorsal plates and small plates in the sole, which are smooth, irregular and perforated. The molecular study of the COI gene supports the morphological results, groupingP. rufussp. nov. together with other members of the genus. However, the new species is genetically distinct from the two groups (Antarctic and Canadian) of the available sequencedPsolusspecies. Furthermore, a key to thePsolusspecies of the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean is provided.
A structured literature review on the role of mindfulness, mindful eating and intuitive eating in changing eating behaviours: effectiveness and associated potential mechanisms
Authors: Warren Janet M. , Smith Nicola , Ashwell Margaret
Published: July 2017

The role of mindfulness, mindful eating and a newer concept of intuitive eating in modulating eating habits is an area of increasing interest. In this structured literature review, a summary of the current evidence is presented, together with details of interventions undertaken and the tools to measure outcomes. It is broad in scope given the emerging evidence base in this area. The review yielded sixty-eight publications: twenty-three interventions in obese/overweight populations; twenty-nine interventions in normal-weight populations; sixteen observational studies, three of which were carried out in overweight/obese populations. Mindfulness-based approaches appear most effective in addressing binge eating, emotional eating and eating in response to external cues. There is a lack of compelling evidence for the effectiveness of mindfulness and mindful eating in weight management. Mindfulness-based approaches may prevent weight gain. Reduced food intake was seen in some of the studies in overweight and obese populations, but this was less apparent in the studies in normal-weight populations. The evidence base for intuitive eating is limited to date and further research is needed to examine its potential in altering eating behaviours. Mindfulness appears to work by an increased awareness of internal, rather than external, cues to eat. Mindfulness and mindful eating have the potential to address problematic eating behaviours and the challenges many face with controlling their food intake. Encouraging a mindful eating approach would seem to be a positive message to be included in general weight management advice to the public.
Can nutritional information modify purchase of ultra-processed products? Results from a simulated online shopping experiment
Authors: Machín Leandro , Arrúa Alejandra , Giménez Ana , Curutchet María Rosa , Martínez Joseline , Ares Gastón
Published: July 2017

Objective

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the influence of two front-of-pack nutrition information schemes (traffic-light system and Chilean warning system) on consumer purchase of ultra-processed foods in a simulated online grocery store.

Design

Following a between-subjects design, participants completed a simulated weekly food purchase in an online grocery store under one of three experimental conditions: (i) a control condition with no nutrition information, (ii) a traffic-light system and (iii) the Chilean warning system. Information about energy (calories), sugar, saturated fats and salt content was included in the nutrition information schemes.

Setting

Participants were recruited from a consumer database and a Facebook advertisement.

Subjects

People from Montevideo (Uruguay), aged 18–77 years (n437; 75 % female), participated in the study. All participants were in charge of food purchase in the household, at least occasionally.

Results

No significant differences between experimental conditions were found in the mean share of ultra-processed foods purchased by participants, both in terms of number of products and expenditure, or in the mean energy, sugar, saturated fat and salt content of the purchased items. However, the Chilean warning system decreased intended purchase of sweets and desserts.

Conclusions

Results from this online simulation provided little evidence to suggest that the traffic-light system or the Chilean warning system in isolation could be effective in reducing purchase of ultra-processed foods or improving the nutritional composition of the purchased products.
Intended outcome expands in time
Authors: Makwana Mukesh , Srinivasan Narayanan
Published: July 2017

Intentional agents desire specific outcomes and perform actions to obtain those outcomes. However, whether getting such desired (intended) outcomes change our subjective experience of the duration of that outcome is unknown. Using a temporal bisection task, we investigated the changes in temporal perception of the outcome as a function of whether it was intended or not. Before each trial, participants intended to see one of two possible outcomes but received the intended outcome only in half of the trials. Results showed that intended outcomes were perceived as longer than unintended outcomes. Interestingly, this temporal expansion was present only when the intended outcome appeared after short action-outcome delays (250 ms-Exp 1 and 500 ms-Exp 2), but not when it appeared after long action-outcome delay (1000 ms-Exp 3). The effect was absent when participants did not intend and performed instruction-based action (Exp 4). Finally, Exp 5 (verbal estimation task) revealed that intention induced temporal expansion occurs via altering the gating or switch mechanism and not the pacemaker speed. Results are explained based on intention-induced pre-activation resulting in extended temporal experience. Our study not only suggests inclusion of intention as a potential factor influencing time perception but also indicates a close link between intentional binding and the intention induced temporal expansion of its outcome.
Absence of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP4) ameliorates high fat diet-induced obesity in mice due to defective lipid absorption
Authors: Sakamuri Siva S. V. P. , Watts Russell , Takawale Abhijit , Wang Xiuhua , Hernandez-Anzaldo Samuel , Bahitham Wesam , Fernandez-Patron Carlos , Lehner Richard , Kassiri Zamaneh
Published: July 2017

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteases (TIMPs) are inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) that regulate tissue extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover. TIMP4 is highly expressed in adipose tissue, its levels are further elevated following high-fat diet, but its role in obesity is unknown. Eight-week old wild-type (WT) and Timp4-knockout (Timp4−/−) mice received chow or high fat diet (HFD) for twelve weeks. Timp4−/− mice exhibited a higher food intake but lower body fat gain. Adipose tissue of Timp4
−/–
-HFD mice showed reduced hypertrophy and fibrosis compared to WT-HFD mice. Timp4
−/–
-HFD mice were also protected from HFD-induced liver and skeletal muscle triglyceride accumulation and dyslipidemia. Timp4−/−-HFD mice exhibited reduced basic metabolic rate and energy expenditure, but increased respiratory exchange ratio. Increased free fatty acid excretion was detected in Timp4−/−-HFD compared to WT-HFD mice. CD36 protein, the major fatty acid transporter in the small intestine, increased with HFD in WT but not in Timp4−/− mice, despite a similar rise in Cd36 mRNA in both genotypes. Consistently, HFD increased enterocyte lipid content only in WT but not in Timp4−/− mice. Our study reveals that absence of TIMP4 can impair lipid absorption and the high fat diet-induced obesity in mice possibly by regulating the proteolytic processing of CD36 protein in the intestinal enterocytes.
Identification of putative unique immunogenic ZIKV and DENV1-4 peptides for diagnostic cellular based tests
Authors: Oom Aaron L. , Smith Davey , Akrami Kevan
Published: July 2017

Since the re-emergence of Zika virus in 2014 and subsequent association with microcephaly, much work has focused on the development of a vaccine to halt its spread throughout the world. The mosquito vector that transmits this virus is widespread and responsible for the spread of other arboviridae including Dengue. Current diagnostic methods rely on serologic testing that are complicated by cross reactivity and therefore unable to distinguish Zika from Dengue infection in the absence of virus isolation. We performed an in silico analysis to identify potential epitopes that may stimulate a unique T-lymphocyte response to distinguish prior infection with Zika or Dengue. From this analysis, we not only identified epitopes unique to Zika and Dengue, but also identified epitopes unique to each Dengue serotype. These peptides contribute to a pool of peptides identified for vaccine development that can be tested in vitro to confirm immunogenicity, absence of homology and global population coverage. The current lack of accurate diagnostic testing hampers our ability to understand the scope of the epidemic, implications for vaccine implementation and complications related to monoinfection and co-infection with these two closely related viruses.
Bayesian Network analysis of piglet scours
Authors: McCormick Benjamin J. J. , Van Breda Lechelle K. , Ward Michael P.
Published: July 2017

Diarrhoeal disease (scours) in piglets, often associated with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), is a substantial financial burden to the pig industry worldwide. Previous research has not explicitly examined the relationships between farm, pen and microbiological factors. Here we present a state of the art analysis to reveal empirical indirect – as well as direct – associations between management factors as putative risks for scours in pre- and post-weaned piglets. A Bayesian Network is constructed to identify the optimal structural model describing the relationships between risk factors. An additive model is then built to estimate more epidemiologically familiar odds ratios. Farm-level variance dominates the model, making many pen-level associations null. However, there is evidence that pre-weaning scours are less likely on farms with <400 sows (0.14, 0.03–0.50). Our results strongly suggest that smaller production units (piglets/pen) could reduce the incidence of scours in piglets. There is also some evidence that ownership of other livestock is a potential risk factor for pre-weaning scours, although this was observed only at one farm. Future research should be directed at better understanding the role of herd size and investigating the relationship between managing other livestock and the occurrence of scours in pig herds.
Anomalous random telegraph noise in nanoscale transistors as direct evidence of two metastable states of oxide traps
Authors: Guo Shaofeng , Wang Runsheng , Mao Dongyuan , Wang Yangyuan , Huang Ru
Published: July 2017

In this paper, a new pattern of anomalous random telegraph noise (RTN), named “reversal RTN” (rRTN) induced by single oxide trap, is observed in the drain current of nanoscale metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) with high-k gate dielectrics. Under each gate voltage, the rRTN data exhibit two zones with identical amplitudes but reversal time constants. This abnormal switching behavior can be explained by the theory of complete 4-state trap model (with two stable states and two metastable states), rather than the simple 2-state or improved 3-state trap model. The results provide a direct experimental evidence of the existence of two metastable states in a single oxide trap, contributing to the comprehensive understanding of trap-related reliability and variability issues in nanoscale transistors.