bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sovereignty in Postcolonial Aotearoa New Zealand: Ambiguities, Paradoxes, and Possibilities
Authors: Barrett Jonathan , Strongman Luke
Published: October 2015

The Treaty of Waitangi, concluded between many Māori chiefs and the British Crown in 1840, is the foundational testament of Aotearoa New Zealand. Despite the constitutional character, its status, subject matter, and terms of the treaty are disputable. Legal positivists deny the validity of the treaty; the English text, but not the Māori version, supports cession of sovereignty despite the Māori probably not sharing the European conception of sovereignty. Such ambiguities and paradoxes obstruct categorical conclusions being drawn about sovereignty and the treaty. This article destabilizes and remystifies the positivist conception of Crown (state) sovereignty, rather than establishing illusory certainties about sovereignty in Aotearoa New Zealand. Stripped of its positivist certainties, sovereignty, on a day‐to‐day basis, may be seen to concern the ways self‐determining peoples protect, preserve, and develop their cultures. Viewed in this light, sovereignty in Aotearoa New Zealand cannot plausibly be claimed by one particular culture; therefore, other solutions must be considered.
Networks for Development: Volunteer Tourism, Information and Communications Technology, and the Paradoxes of Alternative Development
Authors: McLennan Sharon
Published: October 2015

The projecthonduras network identifies itself as “an alternative concept for the development of Honduras using information and communications technology (ICT) to identify, mobilize and coordinate all the available human capital in Honduras and around the world.” These ambitious goals reflect a wider commitment to non‐traditional, non‐state‐directed alternative development that calls on a network of volunteers, encouraging them to exercise their knowledge and compassion to aid in the development of Honduras. This article analyzes the promotion of volunteerism within the projecthonduras network, and the use of internet‐enabled networking to multiply the impact of volunteers in development. This is a contested assemblage in which the promises of technological opportunities and people‐led development are confronted by critiques of neo‐colonialism and modernization in the contemporary neoliberal context. The article ethnographically documents how, despite the promises of networking and volunteerism and the humanitarian foundations of the network, strong traces of modernist principles remain within projecthonduras. It casts light on the concept of networks for development, and illuminates a central paradox of the projecthonduras.com model for development: despite its goal to be an alternative model, its rhetoric and practices build on developmentalist legacies and contributes to the neo‐liberalization of Honduras.
Codifying Consensus and Constructing Boundaries: Setting the Limits of Appellation d'origine contrôlée Protection in Bordeaux, France
Authors: Farmer Erica A.
Published: October 2015

Legal geographical indication (GI) regimes are increasingly considered a promising tool to protect cultural heritage from outside appropriation. Yet such regimes have origins in a much more specific context: the structures and practices of wine‐making in the elite wine regions of France. This article examines the relationships between different types of communities and structures involved in boundary‐making under the prototypical GI system, appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC), in its place of origin, Bordeaux. Here, legal boundaries are simultaneously reinforced, created, and defined by the values and priorities of the society that created them. In this article I consider geographical indications in Bordeaux not only as communal rights but as communal emanations, both to highlight the idiosyncrasies of AOC as a legal system and some of the problems and possibilities status suggests for the future of intellectual property rights.
Policy Analysis beyond Personal Law: Muslim Women's Rights in India
Authors: Harel‐Shalev Ayelet
Published: October 2015

Granting legal rights to groups in deeply divided societies is important and necessary, but the cost of awarding these rights—in terms of their negative impact on civil rights, and particularly on women's rights—are key issues affecting the politics and policy of diverse polities. The article explores the implications for Muslim women of applying minority autonomy in India. In parallel, it delves into India's policy of religious autonomy for minorities as viewed by the political and legal authorities, and through the eyes of different sectors of the minority community. Analyzing the complex construction of rights within a communalized polity, this article attempts to transcend the ongoing debate on the implications of Muslim Personal Law in India and suggests policy directives aimed at empowering minority women. The Indian case provides a constructive microcosm for studying these tensions comprehensively and comparatively, and holds important lessons for other multicultural societies worldwide.

Related Articles

Harel‐Shalev, Ayelet. 2009. “.” Politics & Policy 37 (): 951‐970. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00206.x/abstract

Pearson‐Merkowitz. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 258‐295. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00349.x/abstract

Sisk, Timothy D. 1992. “.” Southeatern Political Review 20 (): 1‐27. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2009.00206.x/abstract

Related Media

. 2006. “.” Government of India. http://minorityaffairs.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moma/files/pdfs/sachar_comm.pdf

Nayar, Usha. 2009. “.” Government of India, Department of Women and Child Development (DWCD). http://www.jeywin.com/wp‐content/uploads/2009/12/An‐Analytical‐Study‐of‐Education‐of‐Muslim‐Women‐and‐Girls‐in‐India.pdf
Morphometry, Morphology and Ultrastructure of Ring‐tailed Coati Sperm (Nasua nasua Linnaeus, 1766)
Authors: Silva HVR , Magalhães FF , Ribeiro LR , Souza ALP , Freitas CIA , de Oliveira MF , Silva AR , Silva LDM
Published: October 2015

Contents

The ring‐tailed coati (Nasua nasua) is a procyonid whose population is in sharp decline. Therefore, studies are needed to better understand the reproduction of this animal. For this reason, this study aimed to evaluate the morphology, morphometry and sperm ultrastructure of ring‐tailed coati sperm. Four captive adult males were used for this study. Slides stained with Bengal Rose were used for the morphometric and morphologic analyses. The length and width of the head were measured, as well as the length of the midpiece and tail and the total length of the sperm. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used for the ultrastructural analyses. The most obvious morphological abnormalities observed were coiled tails (6.1 ± 8.7%) and the lack of acrosomes (5.4 ± 4.4%). Regarding the morphometry, the measurements of the head (length × width), midpiece (length) and tail (length) were (mean ± SD) 6.2 ± 0.4 × 8.1 ± 0.6 μm, 14.1 ± 0.5 and 63.9 ± 4.1 μm, respectively, and the total length of the sperm was 86.1 ± 4.3 μm. Through electron microscopy, the presence of electron‐lucent points in the nucleus and the presence of approximately 55 mitochondrial spirals in the midpiece were identified. The data obtained in this study provide detailed information on the sperm characteristics of coatis and may inform future research on germplasm conservation, both for this species and other threatened procyonids.
Olley–Pakes Productivity Decomposition: Computation and Inference
Authors: Hyytinen Ari , Ilmakunnas Pekka , Maliranta Mika
Published: October 2015

We show how a moment-based estimation procedure can be used to compute point estimates and standard errors for the two components of the widely used Olley–Pakes decomposition of aggregate (weighted average) productivity. When applied to business level microdata, the procedure allows for autocovariance and heteroscedasticity robust inference and hypothesis testing about, for example, the coevolution of the productivity components in different groups of firms. We provide an application to Finnish firm level data and find that formal statistical inference casts doubt on the conclusions that one might draw on the basis of a visual inspection of the components of the decomposition.
Dependence Estimation for High‐frequency Sampled Multivariate CARMA Models
Authors: Fasen Vicky
Published: October 2015

The paper considers high‐frequency sampled multivariate continuous‐time autoregressive moving average (MCARMA) models and derives the asymptotic behaviour of the sample autocovariance function to a normal random matrix. Moreover, we obtain the asymptotic behaviour of the cross‐covariances between different components of the model. We will see that the limit distribution of the sample autocovariance function has a similar structure in the continuous‐time and in the discrete‐time model. As a special case, we consider a CARMA (one‐dimensional MCARMA) process. For a CARMA process, we prove Bartlett's formula for the sample autocorrelation function. Bartlett's formula has the same form in both models; only the sums in the discrete‐time model are exchanged by integrals in the continuous‐time model. Finally, we present limit results for multivariate MA processes as well, which are not known in this generality in the multivariate setting yet.
Effects of acute and 2‐week administration of oral salbutamol on exercise performance and muscle strength in athletes
Authors: Hostrup M. , Kalsen A. , Auchenberg M. , Bangsbo J. , Backer V.
Published: October 2015

Our objective was to investigate effects of acute and 2‐week administration of oral salbutamol on repeated sprint ability, exercise performance, and muscle strength in elite endurance athletes. Twenty male elite athletes [VO2max: 69.4 ± 1.8 (Mean ± SE) mL/min/kg], aged 25.9 ± 1.4 years, were included in a randomized, double‐blinded and placebo‐controlled parallel study. At baseline, after acute administration, and again after 2‐week administration of the study drugs (8 mg salbutamol or placebo), subjects' maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of m. quadriceps and isometric endurance of m. deltoideus were measured, followed by three repeated Wingate tests. Exercise performance at 110% of VO2max was determined on a bike ergometer. Acute administration of salbutamol increased peak power during first Wingate test by 4.1 ± 1.7% (P < 0.05). Two‐week administration of salbutamol increased (P < 0.05) peak power during first and second Wingate test by 6.4 ± 2.0 and 4.2 ± 1.0%. Neither acute nor 2‐week administration of salbutamol had any effect on MVC, exercise performance at 110% of VO2max or on isometric endurance. No differences were observed in the placebo group. In conclusion, salbutamol benefits athletes' sprint ability. Thus, the present study supports the restriction of oral salbutamol in competitive sports.
Educating Seminarians for Convicted Civility in a Multifaith World
Authors: McConnell Douglas
Published: October 2015

Seminary education is adjusting to the global realities of inter‐religious encounter. An increasingly important element of equipping seminarians must be the ability to embrace two dimensions of mature faith; (1) deep convictions related to their own faith, and (2) genuine civility in their engagement with others. The practice of convicted civility is best learned experientially through participative assignments and close contact with people of other faiths. The article explores an approach by which students are encouraged to develop the capacity and skills to both address the faith issues that divide us and to respond to social issues that require the exercise of civility to live together peacefully. The experience of Fuller Seminary, an evangelical, multidenominational, and multiethnic institution provides a context for educating seminarians for convicted civility in a multifaith world.
Intracultural Interreligious Learning: Openings Toward Contextualization
Authors: Berling Judith , Lee Kanghack
Published: October 2015

The authors developed and co‐taught a course on Korean indigenous spiritualities designed primarily for Korean Christians to reflect on whether such spiritualities might hold resources for their religious lives. Engaging students directly with the spiritual practices, texts, and representatives of the traditions, the course encouraged students to voice their understandings of these traditions on their own terms, and the extent to which they might hold resources for Korean Christianity. Starting each class session with pair discussions (in Korean, if desired), and then sharing the pair responses with the larger class for fuller discussion gradually developed intracultural interreligious openness to the Korean indigenous heritage. Two non‐Korean students brought “outsider” questions and responses to the conversation. Students reported that the learning experience was successful and valuable.
Staying Put: Local Context as Classroom for Multifaith Education
Authors: Yuskaev Timur R.
Published: October 2015

This essay argues that multifaith concerns must become central components of curricula across theological education. It outlines a methodology for such incorporation in a course and for an audience that, at first glance, appears not to lend itself to such an approach, a Hartford Seminary course on Muslim public speaking for Islamic Chaplaincy students. This methodology is based on the model of educational programs developed by the Interfaith Center of New York for local religious leaders and professionals who work with and within religiously diverse settings, such as school teachers, court officials, health care professionals, and social workers. This model of practical multifaith education is based on the local realities of religious diversity that constitutes the context for the work of graduates of theological schools.
An enhanced plant lipidomics method based on multiplexed liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry reveals additional insights into cold‐ and drought‐induced membrane remodeling
Authors: Tarazona Pablo , Feussner Kirstin , Feussner Ivo
Published: October 2015

Within the lipidome of plants a few bulk molecular species hamper the detection of the rest, which are present at relatively low levels. In addition, low‐abundance species are often masked by numerous isobaric interferences, such as those caused by isoelemental species and isotopologues. This scenario not only means that minor species are underrepresented, but also leads to potential misidentifications and limits the structural information gathered by lipidomics approaches. In order to overcome these limitations we have developed a multiplexed liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry lipidomics platform able to achieve an enhanced coverage of plant lipidomes. The platform is based on a single extraction step followed by a series of ultra‐performance liquid chromatography separations. Post‐column flow is then directed to both a triple quadrupole analyzer for targeted profiling and a time‐of‐flight analyzer for accurate mass analysis. As a proof of concept, plants were subjected to cold or drought, which are known to trigger widespread remodeling events in plant cell membranes. Analysis of the leaf lipidome yielded 393 molecular species within 23 different lipid classes. This enhanced coverage allowed us to identify lipid molecular species and even classes that are altered upon stress, allowing hypotheses on role of glycosylinositolphosphoceramides (GIPC), steryl glycosides (SG) and acylated steryl glycosides (ASG) in drought stress to be addressed and confirming the findings from numerous previous studies with a single, wide‐ranging lipidomics approach. This extended our knowledge on membrane remodeling during the drought response, integrating sphingolipids and sterol lipids into the current glycerolipid‐based model.
Evaluation of the relationship between clinical variables and thromboelastographic findings in dogs with protein‐losing nephropathy
Authors: White Carrie R. , Langston Cathy , Hohenhaus Ann E. , Lamb Kenneth , Hackner Susan , Fox Philip R.
Published: October 2015

Objective

To determine whether hypercoagulability in proteinuric dogs, defined by thromboelastography (TEG), is related to the degree of proteinuria, presence of systemic arterial hypertension, presence of hypoalbuminemia, or reduced antithrombin activity.

Design

Prospective study of client‐owned dogs. Data collected from each patient included signalment, body weight, urine protein‐to‐creatinine ratio (UPC), serum albumin concentration, TEG values, noninvasive arterial blood pressure, and AT activity. Hypercoagulability was diagnosed by TEG and odds ratios for other measurements were assessed by univariate logistic regression.

Setting

Urban referral center and teaching hospital.

Animals

Seventy‐six dogs with protein‐losing nephropathy (PLN) based on UPC, diagnosed between Oct 2009 and Oct 2012.

Interventions

None.

Measurements and Main Results

The prevalence of hypercoagulability was 89%. No statistically significant associations were detected between hypercoagulability and UPC, serum albumin, noninvasive blood pressure, or AT activity (all P > 0.05). The prevalence of thromboembolism was 6.6%.

Conclusions

Hypercoagulability was prevalent in dogs with PLN but could not be predicted based upon the presence or degree of proteinuria, systemic arterial hypertension, hypoalbuminemia, or low AT activity. The prevalance of thromboembolism was low in this population with PLN.
The Balance of Payment of the KSA and Its Main Determinants Financial Economic Time Series Analysis from 1981 to 2007
Authors: Mohamed Ghada Gomaa A. , Al-Banawi Nisreen Ismail M.
Published: October 2015

This paper addresses the impact of different factors that are theoretically believed to have significant impact on the status of the balance of payment. The paper applies those theoretical concepts on the status of the balance of payment of Saudi Arabia from 1981 to 2007. The paper gives interesting implications in that regard for decision makers so they can address different implications on the status of the balance of payment of the country by incorporating endogenously different macro-variables addressed by the current paper while they take decisions regarding the improvement of the status of the balance of payment economically.
Understanding the Mediating Role of Symptoms of Stress on the Perceived Access to Training and Job Satisfaction Relationship
Authors: Chowhan James , Zeytinoglu Isik U. , Denton Margaret , Plenderleith Jennifer
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this study is to examine the mediating role of symptoms of stress on the relationship between perceived access to training and job satisfaction.  The changing nature of work (i.e. workplace and job complexity) has implications for stress and job satisfaction outcomes.  Concerns about stress and job satisfaction levels and their link to performance have created interest in training interventions to improve the adequacy of knowledge and skills.  A cross-sectional questionnaire survey of 1396 nurses was collected from three large teaching hospitals.  The positive relationship between employees’ perceived access to training and job satisfaction is increased by the partial mediation of symptoms of stress.  Based on the evidence of this study, we recommend human resource staff and managers focus on training as a factor enhancing job satisfaction and mitigating stress.
What do we really know about newborn infant pain?
Authors: Fitzgerald Maria
Published: October 2015

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?

Pain in infancy.

What advances does it highlight?

New neurophysiological research on pain processing in the human infant brain.

Increased awareness of pain in the newborn has led to the development of numerous assessment tools for use in neonatal intensive care units. Here, I argue that we still know too little about the neurophysiological basis for infant pain to interpret data from clinical observational measures. With increased understanding of how the neural activity and CNS connections that underlie pain behaviour and perception develop in the newborn will come better measurement and treatment of their pain. This review focuses upon two interconnected nociceptive circuits, the spinal cord dorsal horn and the somatosensory cortex in the brain, to highlight what we know and what we do not know about infant pain. The effectiveness of oral sucrose, widely used in clinical practice to relieve infant pain, is discussed as a specific example of what we do not know. This ‘hot topic review’ highlights the importance of new laboratory‐based neurophysiological research for the treatment of newborn infant pain.
Shear Effects on Energy Dissipation From an Elastic Beam on a Rigid Foundation
Authors: Brink Adam R. , Dane Quinn D.
Published: October 2015

This work describes the energy dissipation arising from microslip for an elastic shell incorporating shear and longitudinal deformation resting on a rough-rigid foundation. This phenomenon is investigated using finite element (FE) analysis and nonlinear geometrically exact shell theory. Both approaches illustrate the effect of shear within the shell and observe a reduction in the energy dissipated from microslip as compared to a similar system neglecting shear deformation. In particular, it is found that the shear deformation allows for load to be transmitted beyond the region of slip so that the entire interface contributes to the load carrying capability of the shell. The energy dissipation resulting from the shell model is shown to agree well with that arising from the FE model, and this representation can be used as a basis for reduced order models that capture the microslip phenomenon.
Untangling the Effect of Head Acceleration on Brain Responses to Blast Waves
Authors: Mao Haojie , Unnikrishnan Ginu , Rakesh Vineet , Reifman Jaques
Published: October 2015

Multiple injury-causing mechanisms, such as wave propagation, skull flexure, cavitation, and head acceleration, have been proposed to explain blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI). An accurate, quantitative description of the individual contribution of each of these mechanisms may be necessary to develop preventive strategies against bTBI. However, to date, despite numerous experimental and computational studies of bTBI, this question remains elusive. In this study, using a two-dimensional (2D) rat head model, we quantified the contribution of head acceleration to the biomechanical response of brain tissues when exposed to blast waves in a shock tube. We compared brain pressure at the coup, middle, and contre-coup regions between a 2D rat head model capable of simulating all mechanisms (i.e., the all-effects model) and an acceleration-only model. From our simulations, we determined that head acceleration contributed 36–45% of the maximum brain pressure at the coup region, had a negligible effect on the pressure at the middle region, and was responsible for the low pressure at the contre-coup region. Our findings also demonstrate that the current practice of measuring rat brain pressures close to the center of the brain would record only two-thirds of the maximum pressure observed at the coup region. Therefore, to accurately capture the effects of acceleration in experiments, we recommend placing a pressure sensor near the coup region, especially when investigating the acceleration mechanism using different experimental setups.
Reversal of the asymmetry in a cylindrical coaxial capacitively coupled Ar/Cl2 plasma
Authors: Upadhyay Janardan , Im Do , Popović Svetozar , Vušković Leposava , Valente-Feliciano Anne-Marie , Phillips Larry
Published: October 2015

The reduction of the asymmetry in the plasma sheath voltages of a cylindrical coaxial capacitively coupled discharge is crucial for efficient surface modification of the inner surfaces of concave three-dimensional structures, including superconducting radio frequency cavities. One critical asymmetry effect is the negative dc self-bias, formed across the inner electrode plasma sheath due to its lower surface area compared to the outer electrode. The effect on the self-bias potential with the surface enhancement by geometric modification on the inner electrode structure is studied. The shapes of the inner electrodes are chosen as cylindrical tube, large and small pitch bellows, and disk-loaded corrugated structure (DLCS). The dc self-bias measurements for all these shapes were taken at different process parameters in Ar/Cl2 discharge. The reversal of the negative dc self-bias potential to become positive for a DLCS inner electrode was observed and the best etch rate is achieved due to the reduction in plasma asymmetry.
Dependence of reverse bias leakage on depletion width and V-pit size in InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes grown on silicon
Authors: Kum Hyun , Kim Mihyun , Lee Dong-gun , Tak Youngjo , Maeng Jongsun , Kim Joosung , Gu Gilho , Kim Joong Jung , Kim Yongil , Kim Jun-Youn , Park Youngsoo
Published: October 2015

The reverse bias leakage characteristics of InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) grown on Si (111) were investigated as a function of two factors: (1) bulk depletion width and (2) V-pit size. The reverse leakage current showed a decreasing trend with an increase in V-pit size, given a fixed depletion width. Atomic probe tomography was used to verify that a reduction in electric field near the vicinity of threading dislocations suppresses field-assisted carrier emission, reducing reverse leakage. Calculations using the appropriate theory show a reasonable agreement with the experimental results. These findings further elucidate the role of V-pits as passivation for reverse leakage paths and may be useful for not only LEDs but GaN-based power devices as well.
Can epigenetics explain homosexuality puzzle?
Authors: Balter Michael
Published: October 2015

Study in twin brothers finds link between DNA methylation and sexual orientation.
The domain of disciplines
Undisciplining Knowledge Interdisciplinarity in the Twentieth Century
Harvey J. Graff
Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015. 341 pp.
Authors: Peled Yael
Published: October 2015

Historical case studies offer insights into the future of interdisciplinary scholarship
Large Cohort Study of Central Venous Catheter Thrombosis during Intravenous Antibiotic Therapy
Authors: Guillet Stéphanie , Zeller Valérie , Dubée Vincent , Ducroquet Françoise , Desplaces Nicole , Horellou Marie Hélène , Marmor Simon , Ziza Jean Marc
Published: October 2015

The frequency and risk factors for central venous catheter-related thrombosis (CRT) during prolonged intravenous (i.v.) antibiotic therapy have rarely been reported. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency, incidence, and risk factors for CRT among patients being treated with prolonged i.v. antibiotic therapy. The secondary objective was to describe the clinical manifestations, diagnostic evaluation, and clinical management. This cohort study was conducted between August 2004 and May 2010 in a French referral center for osteoarticular infections. All patients treated for bone and joint infections with i.v. antimicrobial therapy through a central venous catheter (CVC) for ≥2 weeks were included. Risk factors were identified using nonparametric tests and logistic regression. A case-control study investigated the role of vancomycin and catheter malposition. A total of 892 patients matched the inclusion criteria. CRT developed in 16 infections occurring in 16 patients (incidence, 0.39/1,000 catheter days). The median time to a CRT was 29 days (range, 12 to 48 days). Local clinical signs, fever, and secondary complications of CRT were present in 15, 8, and 4 patients, respectively. The median C-reactive protein level was 95 mg/liter. The treatment combined catheter removal and a median of 3 months (1.5 to 6 months) of anticoagulation therapy. The outcome was good in all patients, with no recurrence of CRT. Three risk factors were identified by multivariate analysis: male sex (odds ratio [OR], 5.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1 to 26.6), catheter malposition (OR, 5.3; 95% CI, 1.6 to 17.9), and use of vancomycin (OR, 22.9; 95% CI, 2.8 to 188). Catheter-related thrombosis is a rare but severe complication in patients treated with prolonged antimicrobial therapy. Vancomycin use was the most important risk factor identified.
Development of a Multiantigen Panel for Improved Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi Infection in Early Lyme Disease
Authors: Lahey Lauren J. , Panas Michael W. , Mao Rong , Delanoy Michelle , Flanagan John J. , Binder Steven R. , Rebman Alison W. , Montoya Jose G. , Soloski Mark J. , Steere Allen C. , Dattwyler Raymond J. , Arnaboldi Paul M. , Aucott John N. , Robinson William H.
Published: October 2015

The current standard for laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease in the United States is serologic detection of antibodies against
Borrelia burgdorferi
. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends a two-tiered testing algorithm; however, this scheme has limited sensitivity for detecting early Lyme disease. Thus, there is a need to improve diagnostics for Lyme disease at the early stage, when antibiotic treatment is highly efficacious. We examined novel and established antigen markers to develop a multiplex panel that identifies early infection using the combined sensitivity of multiple markers while simultaneously maintaining high specificity by requiring positive results for two markers to designate a positive test. Ten markers were selected from our initial analysis of 62
B. burgdorferi
surface proteins and synthetic peptides by assessing binding of IgG and IgM to each in a training set of Lyme disease patient samples and controls. In a validation set, this 10-antigen panel identified a higher proportion of early-Lyme-disease patients as positive at the baseline or posttreatment visit than two-tiered testing (87.5% and 67.5%, respectively;
P
< 0.05). Equivalent specificities of 100% were observed in 26 healthy controls. Upon further analysis, positivity on the novel 10-antigen panel was associated with longer illness duration and multiple erythema migrans. The improved sensitivity and comparable specificity of our 10-antigen panel compared to two-tiered testing in detecting early
B. burgdorferi
infection indicates that multiplex analysis, featuring the next generation of markers, could advance diagnostic technology to better aid clinicians in diagnosing and treating early Lyme disease.
Genome-Wide Gene Expression Analysis Identifies the Proto-oncogene Tyrosine-Protein Kinase Src as a Crucial Virulence Determinant of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus in Chicken Cells
Authors: Li Hai , Wang Fengjie , Han Zongxi , Gao Qi , Li Huixin , Shao Yuhao , Sun Nana , Liu Shengwang
Published: October 2015

Given the side effects of vaccination against infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT), novel strategies for ILT control and therapy are urgently needed. The modulation of host-virus interactions is a promising strategy to combat the virus; however, the interactions between the host and avian ILT herpesvirus (ILTV) are unclear. Using genome-wide transcriptome studies in combination with a bioinformatic analysis, we identified proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src (Src) to be an important modulator of ILTV infection. Src controls the virulence of ILTV and is phosphorylated upon ILTV infection. Functional studies revealed that Src prolongs the survival of host cells by increasing the threshold of virus-induced cell death. Therefore, Src is essential for viral replication
in vitro
and
in ovo
but is not required for ILTV-induced cell death. Furthermore, our results identify a positive-feedback loop between Src and the tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which is necessary for the phosphorylation of either Src or FAK and is required for Src to modulate ILTV infection. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to identify a key host regulator controlling host-ILTV interactions. We believe that our findings have revealed a new potential therapeutic target for ILT control and therapy.

IMPORTANCE
Despite the extensive administration of live attenuated vaccines starting from the mid-20th century and the administration of recombinant vaccines in recent years, infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) outbreaks due to avian ILT herpesvirus (ILTV) occur worldwide annually. Presently, there are no drugs or control strategies that effectively treat ILT. Targeting of host-virus interactions is considered to be a promising strategy for controlling ILTV infections. However, little is known about the mechanisms governing host-ILTV interactions. The results from our study advance our understanding of host-ILTV interactions on a molecular level and provide experimental evidence that it is possible to control ILT via the manipulation of host-virus interactions.
Preconception counselling resource for women with diabetes
Authors: Gough Aisling , McCance David , Alderdice Fiona , Harper Roy , Holmes Valerie
Published: October 2015

Women with diabetes need to plan for pregnancy if they are to reduce their risk of poor pregnancy outcome. While care providers have focused on setting up specialist pre-pregnancy planning clinics to help women prepare for pregnancy, the majority of women do not attend, entering pregnancy unprepared. A major barrier to accessing this care, and a consequence of poor preconception counselling, is a lack of knowledge as to the need to plan and the reasons why. This project addressed an urgent need to raise awareness of the importance of planning for pregnancy among women with diabetes and among the healthcare professionals (HCPs) caring for them. Focus groups with the target groups informed the development of a preconception counselling resource for women with diabetes. Originally produced as a DVD (Diabetes UK funding), this resource has been embedded in routine care in Northern Ireland (NI) since 2010. A subsequent service evaluation of pregnancy planning indicators undertaken across all five antenatal-metabolic clinics in NI indicated that women who viewed the resource were better prepared for pregnancy. In order to increase the positive impact of the resource and to ensure longer term sustainability the DVD was converted to a website,www.womenwithdiabetes.net(Public Health Agency NI funding). The evaluation also highlighted that women with type 2 diabetes were a hard to reach group. As these women are often cared for outside of specialist clinics, it is pertinent that all HCPs caring for women with diabetes are aware of the importance of preconception counselling. Funding also supported the development of an e-learning continuing professional development (CPD) resource within the website. The e-learning resource has since been embedded into existing CPD programmes and is an important tool to ensure that all HCPs caring for women with diabetes are empowered to provide preconception counselling at every opportunity.
A novel housing-based socioeconomic measure predicts hospitalisation and multiple chronic conditions in a community population
Authors: Takahashi Paul Y , Ryu Euijung , Hathcock Matthew A , Olson Janet E , Bielinski Suzette J , Cerhan James R , Rand-Weaver Jennifer , Juhn Young J
Published: October 2015

Background

Socioeconomic status (SES) is an important predictor for outcomes of chronic diseases. However, it is often unavailable in clinical data. We sought to determine whether an individual housing-based SES index termedHOUSEScan influence the likelihood of multiple chronic conditions (MCC) and hospitalisation in a community population.

Methods

Participants were residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota, aged >18 years, who were enrolled in Mayo Clinic Biobank on 31 December 2010, with follow-up until 31 December 2011. Primary outcome was all-cause hospitalisation over 1 calendar-year. Secondary outcome was MCC determined through a Minnesota Medical Tiering score. A logistic regression model was used to assess the association of HOUSES with the Minnesota tiering score. With adjustment for age, sex and MCC, the association of HOUSES with hospitalisation risk was tested using the Cox proportional hazards model.

Results

Eligible patients totalled 6402 persons (median age, 57 years; 25th–75th quartiles, 45–68 years). The lowest quartile of HOUSES was associated with a higher Minnesota tiering score after adjustment for age and sex (OR (95% CI) 2.4 (2.0 to 3.1)) when compared with the highest HOUSES quartile. Patients in the lowest HOUSES quartile had higher risk of all-cause hospitalisation (age, sex, MCC-adjusted HR (95% CI) 1.53 (1.18 to 1.98)) compared with those in the highest quartile.

Conclusions

Low SES, as assessed by HOUSES, was associated with increased risk of hospitalisation and greater MCC health burden. HOUSES may be a clinically useful surrogate for SES to assess risk stratification for patient care and clinical research.
Enucleation in equids with and without the use of an orbital suture meshwork implant: a retrospective study of 37 cases
Authors: Maninchedda U. , Nottrott K. , Gangl M.
Published: October 2015

This retrospective study on 37 horses was conducted to assess long‐term complications, scarring, cosmetic appearance and owner satisfaction of horses that underwent transpalpebral enucleation with (n=26) or without (n=11) non‐absorbable sutured meshwork prosthesis between 2006 and 2013. Postoperative complications related to the surgery were wound infection, discharge and dehiscence, and no significant difference between groups was found. In one horse, the meshwork had to be removed in order to treat a chronic fistula. Horses with infection or inflammation before surgery were more likely to encounter postoperative complications, whether or not a meshwork was used. Most owners were satisfied by the surgical technique for scarring, but contrary to the present hypothesis, most horses with a meshwork implant had a poor sunken‐in appearance, and 26 per cent of owners would like to attempt other techniques to improve the cosmetic result. Also, a further 44 per cent of owners would prefer a better cosmetic result if the technique does not increase complication risk or cost. Meshwork implant prosthesis after transpalpebral enucleation was safe. However, in order to achieve a better cosmetic result, further improvements of the technique will be required.
Second‐year student diary
Authors: Perrett Rosie
Published: October 2015

After a three‐month summer break, during which she gained experience working in a livery yard, a dairy farm and a mixed practice, Rosie Perrett is back at Liverpool vet school and continuing to share her experiences with Vet Record Careers.
Non-equilibrium energy transport and entropy production due to laser short-pulse irradiation
Authors: Ali H. , Yilbas B.S. , Al-Dweik A.Y.
Published: October 2015

Laser short-pulse heating of a nano-size wire is considered and entropy generation rate is predicted during the heating pulse. The analytical solution of the heat equation is obtained using the Lie point symmetry for the laser short-pulse heating. The nano-size wire is assumed to be symmetric along its y-axis. Laser pulse intensity is considered to be Gaussian at the irradiated surface while the exponential decay of the laser pulse is incorporated in the time domain. It is found that surface temperature variation in the lattice subsystem almost follows the laser pulse intensity distribution at the surface. Entropy generation rate attains low values along the symmetry axis and it increases considerably in the region of the nano-size wire edges. This behavior is associated with the temperature gradient, which attains high values in the region close to the nano-size wire edge.
Morphological change and phenotypic plasticity in response to water velocity in three species of Centrarchidae
Authors: Istead A.E. , Yavno S. , Fox M.G.
Published: October 2015

Morphological responses to flowing water have been documented in many fishes, but rarely reported in species with gibbose body types, despite their use of riffles in rivers and streams. In this study, we compared morphological responses to water flow in three gibbose centrarchids: bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque, 1819), pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus (L., 1758)), and rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris (Rafinesque, 1817)). Flow-through plexiglass units, set to either a sustained flow or static conditions, were used to rear juveniles from each species for an 80-day period. All three species developed more streamlined body forms, longer and thinner caudal peduncles, and longer pectoral fins when reared in sustained current. Pumpkinseed exhibited the highest level of phenotypic plasticity in response to water flow, followed closely by bluegill; rock bass was the least plastic species. Rock bass developed longer predorsal and prepectoral lengths, which differ from the morphological changes observed in bluegill and pumpkinseed. The findings not only suggest that some gibbose fishes are capable of exhibiting strong phenotypic responses to water flow, but that many morphological changes are species specific, even within the same taxonomic family. Lastly, all three species developed shorter dorsal fin base lengths when reared under flowing condition, which differs from some previously documented work on fusiform fishes. The results of this study provide a better understanding of how morphology in three closely related species varies in response to environmental conditions.
Calycosin Rebalances Advanced Glycation End Products-Induced Glucose Uptake Dysfunction of HepatocyteIn Vitro
Authors: Xu Youhua , Xiong Jianfeng , Zhao Yonghua , He Bao , Zheng Zhaoguang , Chu Gejin , Zhu Quan
Published: October 2015

Diabetes mellitus (DM) often accompanies liver dysfunction. Astragali Radix is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that is widely administrated to ameliorate the symptoms of diabetes as well as liver dysfunction, but its acting mechanism is still not yet fully recognized. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play a key role in promoting diabetic organ dysfunction. Both hyperglycemia and AGEs can induce insulin resistance, hepatocyte damage and liver dysfunction. We designed this study to explore the effects of the phytoestrogen Calycosin, a major active component of Astragali Radix, on AGEs-induced glucose uptake dysfunction in the hepatocyte cell line and relevant mechanisms. MTT and BrdU methods were applied to evaluate cell viability. 2-NBDG was used to observe glucose uptake by a live cell imaging system. Immunofluorescence method was carried out to investigate GLUT1, GLUT4, and RAGE protein expressions on cell membrane. cAMP content was determined by an EIA method. We found Calycosin concentration-dependently ameliorated AGEs-induced hepatocyte viability damage. AGEs dramatically reduced basal glucose uptake in hepatocytes, and this reduction could be reversed by Calycosin administration. By immunofluorescence detection, we observed that Calycosin could inhibit AGEs-induced GLUT1 expression down-regulation via estrogen receptor (ER). Furthermore, Calycosin decreased AGEs-promoted RAGE and cAMP elevation in hepatocytes. These findings strongly suggest that Calycosin can ameliorate AGEs-promoted glucose uptake dysfunction in hepatocytes; the protection of cell viability and ER-RAGE and GLUT1 pathways play a significant role in this modulation.
Revisiting University Spinoffs: Conceptual Advancements and Theoretical Underpinnings
Authors: Pattnaik Pinaki Nandan , Pandey Satyendra C.
Published: October 2015

University spinoffs (USOs) have remarkably strengthened the linkage between universities and the industry. Number of technology patents and spinoffs coming out of university research has a significant impact on regional economic and social development. To further highlight the importance of university spinoffs the aim of this paper is to review the scholarly literature on university spinoff and present a comprehensive overview of what is a university spinoff, why is it important, what makes it significant and how university spinoffs are created/can be created. Besides reviewing the existing models of university spinoff creation, authors have also attempted to develop a stage model of university spinoff creation.
Does model misspecification matter for hedging? A computational finance experiment based approach
Authors: Sun Youfa , Yuan George , Guo Shimin , Liu Jianguo , Yuan Steven
Published: October 2015

To assess whether the model misspecification matters for hedging accuracy, we carefully select six increasingly complicated asset models, i.e., the Black–Scholes (BS) model, the Merton (M) model, the Heston (H) model, the Heston jump-diffusion (HJ) model, the double Heston (dbH) model and the double Heston jump-diffusion (dbHJ) model, and then impartially evaluate their performances in mitigating the risk of an option, under a controllable experimental market. In experiments, the ℙ measure asset paths are piecewisely simulated by a hybrid-model (including the Black–Scholes-type and the (double) Heston-type, with or without jump-diffusion term) with randomly given properly defined parameters. We access the hedging accuracy of six models within the operational dynamic hedging framework proposed by sun (2015), and apply the Fourier-COS-expansion method (i.e., the COS formula, Fang and Oosterlee (2008) to price options and to calculate the Greeks). Extensive numerical results indicate that the model misspecification shows no significant impact on hedging accuracy, but the market fit does matter critically for hedging.
FDP-E induces adipocyte inflammation and suppresses insulin-stimulated glucose disposal: effect of inflammation and obesity on fibrinogen Bβ mRNA
Authors: Kang Minsung , Vaughan Roger A. , Paton Chad M.
Published: October 2015

Obesity is associated with increased fibrinogen production and fibrin formation, which produces fibrin degradation products (FDP-E and FDP-D). Fibrin and FDPs both contribute to inflammation, which would be expected to suppress glucose uptake and insulin signaling in adipose tissue, yet the effect of FDP-E and FDP-D on adipocyte function and glucose disposal is completely unknown. We tested the effects of FDPs on inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and primary macrophages and adipocyte glucose uptake in vitro. High-fat-fed mice increased hepatic fibrinogen mRNA expression ninefold over chow-fed mice, with concomitant increases in plasma fibrinogen protein levels. Obese mice also displayed increased fibrinogen content of epididymal fat pads. We treated cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes and primary macrophages with FDP-E, FDP-D, or fibrinogen degradation products (FgnDP-E). FDP-D and FgnDP-E had no effect on inflammation or glucose uptake. Cytokine mRNA expression in RAW264.7 macrophage-like cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with FDP-E induced inflammation with maximal effects at 100 nM and 6 h. Insulin-stimulated 2-deoxy-d-[3H]glucose uptake was reduced by 71% in adipocytes treated with FDP-E. FDP-E, but not FDP-D or FgnDP-E, induces inflammation in macrophages and adipocytes and decreases glucose uptake in vitro. FDP-E may contribute toward obesity-associated acute inflammation and glucose intolerance, although its chronic role in obesity remains to be elucidated.