bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Upper Extremity Fasciotomy: Sufficiency of Clinical Assessment and Relationship to Persistent Functional Deficit
Authors: Arnold Thomas E. , Lallos Christine D. , Kiev Jonathan , Kerstein Morris D.
Published: November 2007

The authors analyzed 11 upper extremity fasciotomies performed for specific clinical indications following trauma and evaluated the reliability of the clinical diagnosis and causes of postsurgical reduced functional recovery. Tissue-pressure measurements were not used in this study. Types of injury in 11 study patients included: four (36%) gunshot, three (27%) blunt, three (27%) intravascular drug injections, and one (9%) shotgun. Average time from injury to fasciotomy was 9.25 (range: 2 to 18) hours. After follow-up evaluation at 6 weeks to 3 months, four (36%) patients had full functional recovery of the limb; 7 (64%) had diminished function. Two patients required amputation: one after a shotgun injury complicated by sepsis and another in a drug-abuse patient with pressure necrosis secondary to an extended period of prehospital unconsciousness. Diagnosis of upper extremity compartment syndrome was reliably made by using specific and accepted clinical criteria. Despite early fasciotomy, significant morbidity resulted.
Conclusions of a Consensus Conference on Subfascial Endoscopy of Perforating Veins in the Medial Lower Leg
Authors: Fischer Reinhard , Schwahn-Schreiber Christine , Sattler Gerhard
Published: November 2007

On June 1, 1996, a workshop of the Association for Fasciotomy and Endoscopy (AFE) in Venous Surgery with predominantly German-speaking participants took place in Natters/Innsbruck/Austria. At present, a considerable number of endoscopes are used for subfascial endoscopic perforator vein surgery (SEPS). Five of those in most common use were discussed at the consensus meeting. These included the Hauer instrument (ETB Berlin), the Sattler and Lang instruments (Storz, Tuttlingen), the Langer instruments (Wolf Knittlingen), and laparoscopic instruments as used in Australia and the United States (Ethicon). All of these use TV endoscopic monitoring. Only the Fischer instrument (Storz, Tuttlingen) is designed for direct vision without video monitoring.

Indications for SEPS range from isolated incompetent perforating veins with or without greater saphenous system varicosities to third-degree chronic venous insufficiency (CVI), which includes venous ulceration and lipodermatosclerosis. The latter is the most important indication. The advantage of SEPS is that diagnosis of perforator incompetence and surgical obliteration of the perforators can be done simultaneously through one or more small remote incisions away from the trophic skin changes. The SEPS technique is now beginning to be used worldwide. The AFE conference was a valuable and informative meeting that provided a venue for discussion of indications, technique, and complications.
Ischemic Monomelic Neuropathy A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Greason Kevin L. , Murray Jay D. , Hemp James R. , Hatter Douglas G. , Riffenburgh Robert H.
Published: November 2007

Ischemic monomelic neuropathy is an infrequent complication associated with the creation of a hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula. The etiology is unknown but most likely includes an ischemic insult to the proximal limb that results in multiple distal axonal loss mononeuropathies. Risk factors include female sex and diabetes. Clinical presentation commonly includes motor loss, sensory loss, or rest pain developing within 24 hours of the fistula placement. These findings are not specific for ischemic monomelic neuropathy. This often results in a delay of diagnosis. Electromyographic/nerve conduction velocity studies can help substantiate the diagnosis in questionable cases. Methods of treatment vary but should include some attempt at improving distal perfusion of the limb. Ligation of the fistula has been the most commonly employed maneuver. Early treatment results in significant improvement.
A Review of Body Image Influences on Men's Fitness Goals and Supplement Use
Authors: McCreary Donald R. , Hildebrandt Thomas B. , Heinberg Leslie J. , Boroughs Michael , Thompson J. Kevin
Published: November 2007

Men's fitness goals are influenced by the lens through which they view their bodies, which is different from the way women view their bodies. Their increased focus on a muscular, hairless body means that they exercise to enhance their physical bulk and are more likely to engage in depilatory behaviors. In addition, the drive for muscularity may be associated with an increased risk anabolic-androgenic steroids and other nutritional supplements whose utility not clearly demonstrated. In the extreme, the drive for muscularity may manifest itself as a form of body dysmorphic disorder referred to as muscle dysmorphia. However, not all men focus on their muscularity. Gay men are more likely than heterosexual men to experience a desire to be thin and are at greater risk for eating and body image disorders. These issues are discussed in this article.
Particularity and Exceptions: On Jews and Animals
Authors: Benjamin Andrew
Published: November 2007

This essay presents a critical engagement with Giorgio Agamben's conception of “bare life.” Central to the argument is that bareness is produced, and therefore, that which is produced as “bare life” is always marked in advance by the process. What this means is that bareness cannot escape the mark of particularity. This has important implications for how concepts such as sovereignty are understood. The limits of Agamben's position are to be found in the ontological presuppositions that underlie it. In order to counter the inability of Agamben's position to deal with problems of practicality, a relational ontology is proposed as an alternative. The essay centers on Agamben's discussion of the animal and the Jew in the context of his books The Open and Homo Sacer.
Agamben: Aesthetics, Potentiality, and Life
Authors: Colebrook Claire
Published: November 2007

Throughout his philosophical, political, exegetical, and aesthetic writings, Giorgio Agamben refers ceaselessly to the concept of potentiality. Only if we understand this concept, and the peculiar status it has for the definition of the human, will we be able to forge a new politics. It is through humanity's potential not to realize its proper being—evidenced both in the horrors of the death camp and in the fall of art from its proper essence—that we also understand what humanity ought to be. This essay argues that Agamben's appeal to potentiality harbors a normative and gendered image of life.
Detection of Treponema pallidum sp pallidum DNA in latent syphilis
Authors: Castro R , Prieto E , Águas M J , Manata M J , Botas J , Santo I , Azevedo J , Pereira F L H
Published: November 2007

In this study, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were used to detect Treponema pallidum DNA in samples from patients with latent syphilis. Sixty-nine patients with latent syphilis and 18 with treated syphilis were included. Whole blood, plasma, sera and ear scrapings, totalling 235 samples from patients with latent syphilis, were obtained. Three PCR assays (47-PCR, polA-PCR and M-PCR assays) were performed. The 47-PCR yielded the highest number of positive samples –92/235 (39.1%), followed by M-PCR –90/235 (38.3%) and polA-PCR –73/235 (31.1%). Ear scrapings presented the highest number of positives (47/84 –56%), followed by plasma samples (36/84 –42.9%), whole blood (32/84 –38.1%) and sera (21/84 –25%). In conclusion, we have confirmed that T. pallidum can be found in blood of patients with latent syphilis. The 47-PCR technique was found to be the most sensitive, whereas ear lobe scrapings seem to be the best specimen for detection of T. pallidum DNA in latent syphilis.
Eosinophilic Substance is “Not Amyloid” in the Mouse Nasal Septum
Authors: Doi T. , Kotani Y. , Kokoshima H. , Kanno T. , Wako Y. , Tsuchitani M.
Published: November 2007

An eosinophilic substance (ES) is usually observed in the mouse nasal septum and increases in volume with aging. It has been described as amyloid in textbooks and one report. However, it has been described as “not amyloid” in other reports because there was a negative reaction to Congo red. In this study, the ES was investigated histopathologically and electron microscopically to determine whether it was amyloid or not. The ES was only observed at the interstitium of clear HE-stained nasal glands in the septum, in which 2 kinds of glands were present (dark and clear stained by HE). The volume of the ES was small in young mice and large in older ones. Neither nasal gland degeneration nor inflammation resulted, even if a large amount of the ES was observed. The ES reacted negatively to Congo red but was strongly positive to periodic acid–Schiff reaction with prior diastase treatment. In the electron microscope observation, the ES consisted of amorphous material and collagen, but no nonbranching fibrils. Similar amorphous material was also observed in the nasal gland epithelial cells and was connected to the material in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The above-mentioned findings indicated that the ES was not amyloid and suggested the ES might consist of not only collagen but also complex carbohydrate, which was produced by the nasal gland epithelial cells.
Tenascin-C in Chronic Canine Hepatitis: Immunohistochemical Localization and Correlation with Necro-Inflammatory Activity, Fibrotic Stage, and Expression of Alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin, Cytokeratin 7, and CD3+ Cells
Authors: Mekonnen G. A. , Ijzer J. , Nederbragt H.
Published: November 2007

During fibrosis, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is continuously remodeled and increases in volume due to the production of various proteins. We studied the distribution of tenascin-C (TN-C) and the correlation of TN-C with the necro-inflammatory activity and expression of alpha–smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), cytokeratin 7 (CK7), and CD3+ T-lymphocytes in canine chronic hepatitis. This was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and semiquantitative scoring. We used 3 groups ( n = 19) of dogs: group 1 ( n = 5) with neonatal hepatitis/lobular dissecting hepatitis (NH/LDH), group 2 ( n = 8) with chronic hepatitis/cirrhosis (CH/CIRR), and group 3 ( n = 6) consisting of healthy animals. In normal livers, TN-C was localized in Disse's space and around bile ducts and blood vessels. In CH/CIRR livers, TN-C was localized at the periphery of the regenerating nodules and was conspicuous in the bridging fibrous bands. In NH/LDH, TN-C was diffusely distributed along the reticular fibers that dissected between single cells or groups of hepatocytes. α-SMA in the normal hepatic parenchyma showed an irregular distribution along the perisinusoidal linings. In other groups, α-SMA was increased in fibrotic septa and perisinusoidal linings. In normal livers, CK7 was positive in bile ducts. In other groups, CK7-expressing cells were conspicuous in the portal-parenchymal interface, the periphery of the regenerative nodules, and the degenerated parenchyma. The pattern of CD3+ lymphocytes was inversely proportional to that of TN-C. These results also showed that TN-C is strongly correlated with increased fibrotic stage, inflammatory activity, and expression of CK7 and α-SMA. TN-C, CK7, and CD3 expression did not differ between diagnostic groups.
Congenital Unilateral Absence of the Corticospinal Tract in a Siamese Cat
Authors: Palmer A. C. , Jeffery N. D. , Franklin R. J. M.
Published: November 2007

A Siamese kitten presented with mild gait dysfunction associated with periodic circling. Pathologic investigation revealed unilateral (right-sided) absence of the corticospinal (pyramidal) tract throughout its normal course. Although an infectious cause cannot be completely ruled out a genetic etiology was suspected.
Early British Printing Meets the Electronic Age: A Large-Scale Digitization Case Study
Authors: McLean Austin J.
Published: November 2007

Imagine having at your desktop page images of books printed in English from the dawn of British hand-printing in 1475 through the English Renaissance, the tumultuous years of the English Civil War, the Interregnum, and the Restoration to 1700. Picture yourself typing in a keyword such as an author's or printer's name and having the entire work, be it a one page broadside or a thousand page Bible, appear on the screen and be available to read or print. This project, perhaps the most ambitious microfilm-to-digital conversion attempted thus far, digitized over 22 million page images from ProQuest Information and Learning's
Drosophila Biology in the Genomic Age
Authors: Markow Therese Ann , O'Grady Patrick M
Published: November 2007

Over the course of the past century, flies in the family Drosophilidae have been important models for understanding genetic, developmental, cellular, ecological, and evolutionary processes. Full genome sequences from a total of 12 species promise to extend this work by facilitating comparative studies of gene expression, of molecules such as proteins, of developmental mechanisms, and of ecological adaptation. Here we review basic biological and ecological information of the species whose genomes have recently been completely sequenced in the context of current research.
The effect of salt concentration and pH on the heat resistance of Escherichia coli in typtic soy both
Authors: Oulkheir S. , Ounine Khadija , Elhaloui N. , Douira A. , Ikko Latifa , Bricha Saadia , Attarassi B.
Published: November 2007

The effect of the acid and the osmotic stress on the heat resistance of
Escherichia coli
(EC
1
and EC
2
) was studied at 63 °C in tryptic soy broth adjusted to various pHs (2.5, 4.5 and 6) and various NaCl concentrations (2, 4 and 8%). In the second study, the effect of pretreatment on thermotolerance of
E. coli
cells was determined.The heat resistance of both strains was low at pH 2.5, but strain EC1 was more resistant than strain EC
2
. On the contrary, the heat resistance increased with increasing the pH values. Addition of NaCl (2%) to TSB medium, was involved in the protection of cells against heat inactivation, this protective effect was, however, not observed by increasing the NaCl concentration up to 8%.The combined effect of the pH and NaCl on the thermal resistance of both strains was significantly lower at pH 2.5 and NaCl 8%, the number of viable cells decreased from approximately 10
8
CFU/ml to an undetectable number within 20 min for strain EC
1
and 15 min for strain EC
2
, respectively.This study indicates that heat resistance of strain EC1 was enhanced after acid or thermal adaptation. Heat resistance of strain EC2 was, however, enhanced only after thermal adaptation. For both strains no relationship was found between salt adaptation and the ability to resist thermal stress.
Non-Linear Effects in the Formation of DNA Damage in Medaka Fish Fibroblast Cells Caused by Combined Action of Cadmium and Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Grygoryev Dmytro , Moskalenko Oleksandr , Zimbrick John D.
Published: November 2007

Ionizing radiation-induced formation of genomic DNA damage can be modulated by nearby chemical species such as heavy metal ions, which can lead to non-linear dose response. To investigate this phenomenon, we studied cell survival and formation of 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OHG) base modifications and double strand breaks (DSB) caused by combined action of cadmium (Cd) and gamma radiation in cultured medaka fish ( Oryzias latipes) fibroblast cells. Our data show that the introduction of Cd leads to a significant decrease in the fraction of surviving cells and to increased sensitivity of cells to ionizing radiation (IR). Cd also appears to cause non-linear increases in radiation-induced yields of 8-OHG and DSB as dose-yield plots of these lesions exhibit non-linear S-shaped curves with a sharp increase in the yields of lesions in the 10–20 μM range of Cd concentrations. The combined action of ionizing radiation and Cd leads to increased DNA damage formation compared to the effects of the individual stressors. These results are consistent with a hypothesis that the presence of Cd modulates the efficiency of DNA repair systems thus causing increases in radiation-induced DNA damage formation and decreases in cell survival.
Development of a Nutrition Counselling Care MapFor Dyslipidemia
Authors: Brauer Paula M. , Hanning Rhona M. , Arocha Jose F. , Royall Dawna , Grant Andrew , Dietrich Linda , Martino Roselle
Published: November 2007

Purpose: Care maps or clinical pathways for nutrition therapy of dyslipidemia could add to current practice guidelines, by providing templates for feasible and recommended diet counselling processes. A care map was therefore developed by engaging expert and generalist dietitians and external experts from across Canada in a multi-stage consensus process.

Methods: First, a qualitative study was undertaken with a convenience sample of 12 practitioners to identify possible diet care options, using hypothetical client scenarios and cognitive analysis. Second, these care options were rated for five case scenarios considered typical (overweight clients, with or without clinical cardiovascular disease and other comorbidities, potentially motivated to change, consuming high-fat diets, and facing various major barriers to eating behaviour change). The rating was conducted through a survey of participants. Highly appropriate, recommended, and feasible options for counselling were ranked through a two-round modified Delphi process, with teleconference discussions between rounds.

Results: Forty-nine professionals started the consensus process; 39 (80%) completed all aspects. Numerous care processes were appropriate for all clients, with additional focus on barriers for low-income clients, sodium intake for clients with hypertension, and smoking cessation in smokers.

Conclusions: The resulting care map, “Dietitians’ Quick Reference Guide for Clinical Nutrition Therapy for Overweight Clients with Dyslipidemia,” provides a basis for current practice and new effectiveness studies.
La sémantique de la négation en français
Authors: Ritz Marie-Ève
Published: November 2007

4. M.-E. Ritz, « The semantics of negation in French »

This paper shows how the use of a metalanguage consisting of primitives allows one to clarify some of the problems raised by negation in French. The latter is envisaged not from a static point of view, but, within the psychomecanic tradition, as a cinetism moving from more to less, from plus to minus. The author deals first with fuzziness in negation as achieved by the use of hedges, then looks at the « redundant » ne wich occasionally occurs in the language.
Métrique arabe : une alternative au modèle xalilien
Authors: Bohas Georges , Paoli Bruno
Published: November 2007

G. Bohas & B. Paoli

This article is an attempt to provide some new insights in the analysis of Classical Arabic metrics and to bring to light some arguments against al-Xalîl's theory of circles, by eliminating one of its fundamental elements, the minimal unit (watid mafrûq, <- >). This theory prevented from discovering important generalizations, which imply the reorganization of the metrical system.
"Les mots ne sont pas des fromages" : la dichotomie saussurienne diachronie/synchronie et la distribution du couple an/année en français actuel
Authors: Halmoy Odile
Published: November 2007

Jane-Odile Halmøy : « Les mots ne sont pas des fromages » : la dichotomie saussurienne diachronie/synchronie et la distribution du couple an/année en français actuel

The distribution of the quasi-synonymous pair an/année in modern French presents a real problem for foreigners who only have one term to express the same notion in their native language. The author, analyzing Halmøy 79, Berthonneau 89, and Danell 90, among others, concludes that this is a typical case of linguistic stratification, i.e. a case of « temporary integration in a given structure of a previous system » (« un cas d'intégration momentanée à une structure donnée d'un système partiel antérieur ». Flydal 1951 : 240).

Modern French presents a consistent synchronic system as far as syntax is concerned. The « residual » use of an, as in bon an, mal an, or s'en moquer comme de l'an quarante, etc., can be traced back to an earlier stage of the language.
Statut linguistique et gestion de la variation graphique
Authors: Honvault Renée
Published: November 2007

R. Honvault : The Linguistic Status and the Management of Orthographical Variation

What makes language unique is the fact that, despite the heterogeneous nature of its realised forms, its structures remain fundamentally homogeneous. The status of variation is to be found in all sectors of the language, both spoken and written. There are phonetic and phonemic variants, lexical and syntactic variants, grammatical variants, variants of speech register, orthographical and typographical variants. In written language, variation is linked to the principles that underlie writing systems in general, and to the notion of invariants. It can be found at various functional levels : I. In the use of writing principles ; II. Graphemic and morphonographic variation ; III. Functional variation linked to the polyvalent nature of certain graphemes ; IV. Variation and Page Layout (especially in dictionaries). Variation appears just as much in total as in partial homonymy. It is a factor that encourages flexibility and progress, because it helps the management of language development.
Les variations graphiques du français : système et arbitraire dans la synchronie contemporaine
Authors: Gruaz Claude
Published: November 2007

C. Gruaz : Orthographical Variations in French : System and Arbitrariness in Modern Synchrony

French orthography cannot be enclosed in a norm that would hinder its evolution, but its arbitrariness is no more acceptable. The norm must be distinguished from the system. The latter can be apprehended through a certain number of formalisable regularities. We intend to show that the same underlying regularities are to be found in the analysis of the graphemes ph, th and ch on the one hand, eau on the other hand.
À propos des variations orthographiques des mots d'origine exotique
Authors: Masson Michel
Published: November 2007

M. Masson : Spelling Variants in exotic words

The graphic integration of words borrowed from languages written in the latin alphabet can be done in a simple way. But, when they come from languages written in different scripts, an adaptation is necessary. We would like : 1. to examine in view of what principles — or what whims — such an adaptation has been realised. 2. to propose some possible adjustments.
De l'aménagement de la graphie des mots en langue générale et des termes en langue technique au Québec
Authors: Vachon-L'Heureux Pierrette
Published: November 2007

P. Vachon-L'Heureux : About graphic improvement in general language and technical words

From whatever point of view one observes the fantastically complex reality of language, it becomes obvious that the counterpart of the variation tendency present everywhere, essential basis for the constant renewal, the adaptability to change and the necessary evolution of the system that is tongue, is that the standardization. The intrinsic standardization operates discreetly upon the psychosemiological system underlying the mecanism allowing for the construction of discourse, of meaning, and in the end of the verbal communication. Our reflection deals with the material aspect of the linguistic sign. The long history of spelling reforms exemplifies in a striking fashion the real need for standardization of both the graphic system as such, and the larger sphere of writing practices. Graphic variation is of course submitted to the semantic variation, that of the lexical elements which vary from one linguistic community to another. In Québec French, the graphic variation is specifically distinct in reference to the word borrowing process from the English language and the relatively restricted weight of its community within the French entity, the francophonia. evolution of the system that is tongue, is that the standardization. The intrinsic standardization operates discreetly upon the psychosemiological system underlying the mecanism allowing for the construction of discourse, of meaning, and in the end of the verbal communication. Our reflection deals with the material aspect of the linguistic sign. The long history of spelling reforms exemplifies in a striking fashion the real need for standardization of both the graphic system as such, and the larger sphere of writing practices. Graphic variation is of course submitted to the semantic variation, that of the lexical elements which vary from one linguistic community to another. In Québec French, the graphic variation is specifically distinct in reference to the word borrowing process from the English language and the relatively restricted weight of its community within the French entity, the francophonia.
Le traitement des exemples dans les grands dictionnaires de la seconde partie du XIXe siècle (Littré, Dictionnaire Universel de P. Larousse, Dictionnaire général)
Authors: Delesalle Simone
Published: November 2007

Simone Delesalle : The treatment of examples in the large dictionaries of the second half of the 19th century (Littré, Larousse, Hatzfeld and Darmesteter)

This study deals with the treatment of examples at a time dominated by what Littré calls « the desire of history », thus bringing out its relations with the aims pursued by the dictionaries' authors and with the microstructure of the articles. It attempts to specify the status of the examples in each work : the tools for glorifying the language, the illustration of the rules of its semantic evolution, etc. The comparison of these dictionaries reveals simultaneously the different facets of the language's relation to the texts, to the world and to the description of meaning.
Le statut de l'exemple dans les Synonymes françois de l'abbé Girard
Authors: Berlan Françoise
Published: November 2007

Françoise Berlan : The status of the example in Abbé Girard's Synonymes françois.

The articles in abbé Girard's Synonymes françois (1736) reveal constant characteristics of the microstructure of a dictionary : the order of succession definition /example, the paired statements in opposition, and the italics reserved for the key-words, all constitute a stable organisation. Nevertheless, the unique enunciative source at times weakens the frontier between usage and mention, explication of meaning and discourse about the world. Definition and example are in fact in close cooperation : the example, heuristic and differentiating, although coming after in the article, is at the source of the gloss that has the status of definition.
Les vers blancs sont-ils toujours blancs ?
Authors: Lemaire Rémi
Published: November 2007

Rémi Lemaire : Is blank verse always blank ?

An analysis of a poem by Paul Eluard set in 12-syllable lines without rhyme. We show that the metrical structure creates a number of « rhyme effects » in various salient positions.
Descriptions multiples et catégorisations : le journal dans tous ses états
Authors: Conein Bernard
Published: November 2007

B. Conein : Multiple descriptions and object categorization

Little research has yet been done, except in theory of perception, on the multiple ways physical objects are represented when they are used. By showing how the same object affords several various descriptions that capture diverse components of its use, Marr shed light on the semantic role of intermediary representations. This analysis shows when an object is used, visual properties are represented in a specific way without requiring object recognition and object naming.
Introduire à la linguistique : le point de vue de Narcisse
Authors: Soutet Olivier
Published: November 2007

Olivier Soutet, Introduire à la linguistique: le point de vue de Narcisse

Throughout this article, the author goes back to his recently published book, Linguistique, in order to emphasize the most original features of it, at least in his eyes. Without neglecting the closely complementary nature of linguistics and grammar — which ought to lead to go back over the mutual debarments of the 60' and 70' and, consequently, to reconsider the exact part of history in linguistic studies- the author stresses what seemes to him as strictly new for a beginner

— from a material point of view: sociolinguistics, neurolinguistics, etc.

— from a conceptual point of view; the author enlarges on two concepts, which are typical of the poststructural linguistics, the concept of constructing operation and this of continuum.
La linguistique comme discipline en France de 1981 à 1997
Authors: Grunig Blanche-Noëlle
Published: November 2007

Blanche-Noëlle Grunig, La linguistique comme discipline en France de 1981 à 1997

Blanche-Noëlle Grunig tries to estimate the influence of French institutions upon linguistics in recent years (1981-1997). She also notices the weight of material cares and social requirements. They all act upon the evolution of linguistics, either directly or indirectly through the representations built by searchers, teachers and students.
Théorie et pratique de la segmentation graphique dans les textes français du premier tiers du XVIe siècle
Authors: Baddeley Susan
Published: November 2007

S. Baddeley: « Theory and practice of graphic segmentation in the 16th Century »

This article sets out to examine the practices of printers in the early 16th Century, concerning the writing of elements which were elided orally, and which could either be written as two separate elements (e.g. le homme) or as a single graphic form (lhomme). The choice of one or the other form appears to have depended on various factors : the grammatical category of the terms in question (some groups, such as article + noun, are more frequently written as a single form than others), the « graphic environment » (use of capitals, of aspirate/non-aspirate h, positional variants...), or on the type of text : in texts in verse, more care was taken to use spellings closer to the spoken language. The treatment of elisions also depends to a large extent on the printer, and on his experience of the French language. Many of these features had already been pointed out by the grammarian Palsgrave, to whose 1530 grammar we refer.
La dimension cataphorique du démonstratif. Etude de constructions à relative
Authors: Gary-Prieur Marie-Noëlle
Published: November 2007

Marie Noëlle Gary-Prieur : The cataphoric value of demonstratives.

This article deals with some noun phrases built on a [demonstrative / noun / relative clause] structure. Such phrases require indeed two different analyses, whether they refer to a general or a specific object. In both cases though, these phrases always display a reader or listener-oriented discourse.
Valeurs représentative et énonciative du « présentatif » c'est et marquage du point de vue
Authors: Rabatel Alain
Published: November 2007

Alain Rabatel : C'est as a point of view marker in fictional narratives

C'est has a double representational value in narratives: firstly because it signals the introduction a new object, secondly because it implies a perceiving or thinking "subject of consciousness" that validates the first representational value. This is why c'est is enough to introduce by itself a light point of view effect in the narrative and may become a full point of view marker, when coming along with a perfective to imperfective tense shift. All this is obviously of highest importance in the reading of narratives, since such linguistic devices strengthen the readers's referential illusion and identification with the character or narrator, hence legitimize possible interpretative inferences. effect in the narrative and may become a full point of view marker, when coming along with a perfective to imperfective tense shift. All this is obviously of highest importance in the reading of narratives, since such linguistic devices strengthen the readers's referential illusion and identification with the character or narrator, hence legitimize possible interpretative inferences.
Le mot clé. Variations sémantiques et régularité des fonctionnements
Authors: Peroz Pierre
Published: November 2007

Pierre Péroz : Le mot clé. Variations sémantiques et régularité des fonctionnements

Taking the example of the French word « clé », the author argues that such a word is neither concrete nor abstract, massive or countable in itself, and should not be analysed through a reference to an object of the world. The function of a name is to allow, through its different uses, various types of embodiment of a notion, which remains in itself inaccessible. The author accounts for the variation of the word within the framework of a theory of the construction of occurrences of a notion.
À l’emporte-pièce : de la métaphore à l'outil
Authors: Thuillier François
Published: November 2007

François Thuillier : À l'emporte-pièce : de la métaphore à l'outil

This article is based on the hypothesis that the meaning of à l'emporte-pièce can be accounted for through an examination of the different lexical units it is made of. We therefore start with defining what makes up the identity of each word contained in the expression. Then we show that the global semantic features of à l'emporte-pièce result from the interaction between its components. The purpose of our paper is to question the traditional views according to which the meaning of a set expression is, as such, not liable to be analysed.
L'adjectif personnel : anaphore ou prédicat de relation ?
Authors: Giry-Schneider Jacqueline
Published: November 2007

Jacqueline Giry-Schneider : Is the adjective personnel an anaphora or a relational predicate?

We investigate the syntactic and semantic properties of the adjective personnel. Strange as they are, we intend to show that this adjective belongs to a certain class named here "prédicats de relation", these relations may be temporal, spatial or logic; the specific meanings of the adjective personnel and of the noun person are systematically described and compared. Even when an adjective is constructed absolutely, it takes what we define a subjective, "qualificative" meaning which we suppose being derived of the "relative" one. Therefore, it may be concluded that traditional dichotomy (qualificative and relational adjectives) is irrelevant.
Les différentes interprétations de pareil ou comment un adjectif relationnel devient un marqueur anaphorique
Authors: Van Peteghem Marleen
Published: November 2007

Marleen Van Peteghem : Interpreting pareil or how a relational adjective becomes an anaphoric device Pareil is a relational adjective, which expresses a relation of identity between two or more entities. Unlike même and différent, it does not give rise to referentially dependent interpretations. Nevertheless the arguments of the relation can be expressed in various ways, which allows us to distinguish three different uses of pareil: (i) pareil used with an overt item of comparison, taking the form of a PP introduced by the preposition à; (ii) an anaphorical use of pareil, in which one of the arguments of the relation is expressed in the preceding context, and finally (iii) an internal or reciprocal use of pareil, in which the different arguments are expressed by the plural NP pareil is predicated of. The aim of this contribution is to study the factors that bring about the latter two interpretations. It is shown that the anaphorical reading is the most frequent one and that it is the only one possible whenever pareil is used attributively preceding the noun. In these uses, pareil is very close to tel: both adjectives establish what could be called a generic anaphora. As for the reciprocal interpretation, it is made possible by the presence of a quantifier, which focalises the part structure of the referent of the NP. This quantifying element can be a determiner, a floating quantifier, an adverbial or even a durative copular verb such as rester. interpretations. It is shown that the anaphorical reading is the most frequent one and that it is the only one possible whenever pareil is used attributively preceding the noun. In these uses, pareil is very close to tel: both adjectives establish what could be called a generic anaphora. As for the reciprocal interpretation, it is made possible by the presence of a quantifier, which focalises the part structure of the referent of the NP. This quantifying element can be a determiner, a floating quantifier, an adverbial or even a durative copular verb such as rester.
Productivité morphologique, représentativité et complexité de la base : le système MoQuête
Authors: Namer Fiammetta
Published: November 2007

Fiammetta Namer : Morphologic productivity, representativity and base complexity: the MoQuête system

In this paper we propose to describe a corpus processor that can be used to prepare and create lexical databases for French, and whose exploitation is more particularly oriented towards morphological parsing. This processor, called MoQuête (Morphology & Queries), applies on a lexical database (LDB) whose realization is the results of the following steps: recover online corpora, tag them, lemmatize them, and submit them to derivational morphological parsing. Starting from the experiment described for dutch in (Krott & ah, 1999), we illustrate the MoQuête behavior with the presentation of a série of measures, performed from a 27 millions tokens LDB obtained from newspapers online corpora, and meant to evaluate the link between the quantitative morphologic productivity and the representativity of morphologic rules, in the frame of complex lexical units with a complex base.
Le passé simple subjectivisé
Authors: Nølke Henning , Olsen Michel
Published: November 2007

Henning Nølke et Michel Olsen: The french passé simple subjectivized

Since Emile Benveniste, the French passé simple has largely been considered as a purely objective tense as opposed to the subjective imparfait. A study of literary examples reveals however that this form is likely to generate subjective interpretations in contexts where another mind (a guide person) is already present. A linguistic polyphonic description shows that this is what should be expected from this tense's linguistic properties. Our combined literary and linguistic analysis is outlined on a text from Madame Bovary.
Qui, que, quoi dans les dictionnaires français au tournant du XVIIIe siècle
Authors: Wionet Chantal
Published: November 2007

Chantai Wionet, « Qui, que, quoi in French dictionaries at the turn of the 18th century ».

The objective of this article is to offer a presentation of the articles QUI, QUE and QUOI in the Dictionnaire françois of Richelet (1680), the Dictionnaire Universel of Antoine Furetière (1690), and the Dictionnaire de l'Académie françoise (1694). In the second part of the paper, the author describes some grammatical lexical units (PARTICULE, PRONOM, POSSESSIF, RELATIF, etc.). This part focuses on the status of grammatical units in the dictionaries, and shows how the lexicographers' work is part of the "grammatisation" of the French language.
Elle s'aime autrement qu'il ne le croit
Authors: Casamitjana Eric
Published: November 2007

Groups of men and women give very different answers to the cue directing them to disambiguate the phrase elle(s) s'aime(nt) (she loves herself/they [f.] love themselves/each other). Men rarely imagine that women can love themselves for reasons other than those linked to their appearance. Women, on the contrary, talk more about esteem and friendship, and condemn the narcissistic love of self. Communication between the sexes demands that these misunderstandings be corrected through the recognition of differences.
La schizophrénie, une maladie d'amour?
Authors: Bouguereau Jean-Luc
Published: November 2007

Apart from delirium and from the absence of denial, male and female schizophrenics use the same discourse as so-called normal subjects regarding sexed relations. Semiotic analysis reveals a feminine desire-to-be-with-the-other and a masculine power-to-have-the-other, both failures. The expression in language of belonging to one's gender could open the way to new nosological interpretations, and indeed to new therapeutic methods.
Synonymie et comparabilité interlinguistique dans une étude de langages masculin et féminin
Authors: Surridge Marie E
Published: November 2007

The responses obtained in Canadian English to a cue that plays on synonymy confirm the differences between the linguictic choices or habits of male and female subjects, notably those analyzed in Sexes et genres à travers les langues. Certain divergent findings in relation to previous work on this subject seem to be due to the nature of the male test group (students at a military school) or to the context of the administering of the test (just after the Gulf War). An « ancillary » analysis was done and proposals for a larger study have been made.
Bilinguisme et différences langagières des sexes
Authors: Fleig-Hamm Christiane
Published: November 2007

The same cues--« Make a sentence using the word parenté/relations and sexualité/sexuality-- were proposed to a mixed group of bilingual Canadian subjects. Apart from the differences noted between the responses of the women and the men, differences between the responses obtained in French and in English are considered. Certain methodological questions are raised with an expanded study in mind.
Observations sur la pragmatique des temps
Authors: Smith Neilson Voyne
Published: November 2007

The aim of this paper is to show how the use of Relevance Theory can simplify traditional analyses of a range of temporal phenomena. First, it is argued that logical descriptions of the past which treats it as ambiguous can be replaced by a pragmatic analysis which treats the past as univocal. Second, it is shown that the temporal progression characteristic of the so- called narrative past falls out from relevance-theoretic considerations, without the need for logical stipulation. Third, it is argued that a partial explanation for the interpretation of present tense sentences containing dynamic verbs can be derived from the exploitation of the idea of « interpretive use ».
« Ce matin, il pleuvait », ou la référence à l'épreuve du temps
Authors: Gaiffe Bertrand , Romary Laurent
Published: November 2007

This paper is about the cooccurrence of deictic markers and past tenses in narratives within the framework of a theory of fiction which distinguishes two main configurations : the restricted configuration, in which the temporal reference point is movable and coincides with the related events, and the extended configuration, in which the temporal reference point is fixed, exterior to the fiction, and corresponds by convention to the date of publication of the narrative.
Prépositions et rôles
Authors: Rauh Gisa
Published: November 2007

G. Rauh, Préposition et rôles : pointe de vue syntaxique et sémantique

The present article is concerned with a description of the relation between prepositions and thematic roles, a relation which has been described nonuniformly in the literature. It is claimed — and demonstrated — that the nonuniformity is due to the fact that on the one hand prepositions form a heterogeneous class, and on the other there are different views on thematic relations. It is finally argued that a unique definition of thematic roles as grammatical features with specific licensing effects provides a basis for an explicit description of prepositional variants, at the same time explaining the heterogeneity of the relation between prepositions and roles.
La mémoire linguistique de l'Europe
Authors: Weinrich Harald
Published: November 2007

Harald Weinrich : The European Linguistic Memory

This text was first delivered and published as the opening lesson of Professor Weinrich's teaching at the College de France. It takes place in a global project of redefining certain aspects of contemporary linguistics — especially textual linguistics — from the viewpoint of memory. This contribution also outlines a cultural history of memory in Europe. Language sciences are conceived here as the meeting point of different disciplinary approaches of the question of memory.
Un débat sans mémoire : la querelle de l'orthographe en France (1893-1991)
Authors: Arrivé Michel
Published: November 2007

Michel Arrive : A Controversy without Memory : the French Struggle over Spelling (1893-1991)

Michel Arrive 's article surveys over a hundred years various episodes of the French interminable feud over spelling reforms. It stresses the paradoxical nature of the controversy, as far as the question of collective memory is concerned : this debate about memory is a debate with no memory. And indeed the same antagonistic arguments are being used again and again over the years in a sort of endless repetition. This contribution shows how this attachment to spelling is an essential part of the French collective linguistic memory.
Variations énonciatives. Aspects de la genèse du style de l'Étranger
Authors: Adam Jean-Michel , Noël Mireille
Published: November 2007

Jean-Michel Adam et Mireille Noël : Enunciative variations : The genesis of style in « L'Etranger »

As a consequence of the systematic use of the French « passe compose », the style of Albert Camus's best-known novel deviates from the traditional French novel. But it is indeed the basic function of tenses and time adverbs which is deconstructed : actions and events can no longer be located relatively to the time of utterance. The stylistic innovation of the novel cannot be separated from the enunciative choices. The article examines how Albert Camus goes from « La Mort heureuse » (a novel written in the third-person and the French « passe simple » which he never published) to a novel which is a landmark in French fiction. The stylistic choices are studied through a comparison of the opening pages of the two novels and in a fragment of « La Mort heureuse » which Camus takes up again almost literally in « L'Etranger ».
Quantification et anaphore discursive : la référence aux complémentaires
Authors: Corblin Francis
Published: November 2007

F. Corblijn, Université Rennes 2 et URA 1028 CNRS : « Quantification et anaphore discursive : la reference aux complémentaires »

In this paper, it is argued that there is no need to assume that plural pronouns can refer to the complement (А П -i B) of a set introduced by a quantified sentence of form Q A B. It is argued instead that apparent references to this set are in fact references to the A set. A way of dealing with the accessibility of the set A is provided, and the preference of some quantifiers (e.g.yew, less than, etc.) for a reference to the A set is assumed to be trigerred by a smallness implicature carried by those quantifiers.
Synonymie abstraite et synonymie concrète en syntaxe
Authors: Balibar-Mrabti Antoinette
Published: November 2007

Classification of free sentences brings into play a form of synonymy we call "abstract" synonymy. In contrast, frozen sentences bring into play "concrete" synonymy. Metaphoric uses of verbs, which are relatively fixed, request treatments that are intermediary between these two forms of synonymy.
Lexique et langue nationale. Éléments d'histoire de la lexicographie au Brésil
Authors: Horta Nunes José
Published: November 2007

In this article, we consider the production of a lexicographic knowledge in Brazil as it is linked to the constitution of a national language. The corpus is made up of accounts by travellers, bilingual dictionaries (Portuguese-Tupi, Tupi-Portuguese) and monolingual dictionaries of Portuguese, written between 16th and 19th centuries. The dictionaries are considered as tools which are introduced into Brazilian space-and-time and produce successive transformations in the linguistic body. They also are discourses, and we study their entry-words, the structure and certain forms of their definitions. The article shows how, in the 19th century, the notion of "Brazilianism" plays an important role in the production of a lexicographic discourse.