bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology and Resistance Levels of Enterobacteriaceae Isolates from Urinary Tract Infections Expressed as Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Indices
Authors: Gajdács Márió
Published: August 2019

Aims: To assess the epidemiology of UTIs affecting inpatients and outpatients and the antibiotic resistance levels, expressed as multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) indices from the isolated species at a tertiary-care hospital in Hungary, during a 10-year study period.

Study Design: Retrospective microbiological study.

Place and Duration of Study: 1st of January 2008 - 31st of December 2017 at the University of Szeged, which is affiliated with the Albert Szent-Györgyi Clinical Center, a primary- and tertiary-care teaching hospital in the Southern Great Plain of Hungary.

Methodology: Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed using disk diffusion method and when appropriate, E-tests on Mueller–Hinton agar (MHA) plates. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of the isolates was determined.

Results: During the 10-year study period, the Institute of Clinical Microbiology received 21,150 urine samples from outpatient clinics and 19,325 samples from inpatient departments that turned out to be positive for a significant urinary pathogen. Out of the positive urine samples, E. coli represented the overwhelming majority of all positive urine samples. The resistance levels in inpatient isolates were higher than in the outpatient isolates (average MAR indices: 0.347 vs. 0.410, 0.267 vs. 0.435 and 0.318 vs. 0.473 for the E. coli/Klebsiella, CES and Proteae group, respectively).

Conclusion: As the therapeutic options are becoming increasingly limited in the current antibiotic resistance climate, more effort should be put into the prudent use of antibiotics and the development of novel antimicrobial agents.
Evidence for indirect loss of significance effects on violent extremism: The potential mediating role of anomia
Authors: Troian Jais , Baidada Ouissam , Arciszewski Thomas , Apostolidis Themistoklis , Celebi Elif , Yurtbakan Taylan
Published: August 2019

Psychological research suggests that violent extremism (e.g., terrorism) stems partly from existential motives, such as individuals’ need to achieve significance in life after experiencing failure, ostracism, or humiliation (Significance Quest Theory; SQT). Parallel investigations from sociology and criminology established similar findings by linking anomia—a syndrome including feelings of meaninglessness, powerlessness, isolation, self‐estrangement, and normlessness—with violent behavior. In line with SQT, this contribution tested if anomia could mediate Loss of Significance effects on violent extremism. Accordingly, three studies conducted in France highlight indirect effects of exposure to discrimination on legitimation of political violence (Study 1, cross‐sectional, minority population sample, N = 110), violent behavioral intentions (Study 2, experimental, undergraduate sample, N = 249), and support for ISIS fighters (Study 3, experimental, undergraduate sample, N = 221) through anomia. A subsequent study shows this indirect effect to be robust when controlled for Social Dominance Orientation and Political Extremism (Study 4, cross‐sectional, undergraduate sample, N = 279). A final investigation re‐analyzing data collected in Turkey highlights a reverse effect when the independent variable tapped into social inclusion (rather than exclusion; Study 5, cross‐sectional, undergraduate sample, N = 321). This indirect effect was also robust to Political Extremism and Intolerance as control variables. These results support the usefulness of considering anomia as a proximal predictor of violent extremism in a SQT perspective.
A modern mold room: Meshing 3D surface scanning, digital design, and 3D printing with bolus fabrication
Authors: Sasaki David Kiyoshi , McGeachy Philip , Alpuche Aviles Jorge E. , McCurdy Boyd , Koul Rashmi , Dubey Arbind
Published: August 2019

Purpose

This case series represents an initial experience with implementing 3‐dimensional (3D) surface scanning, digital design, and 3D printing for bolus fabrication for patients with complex surface anatomy where traditional approaches are challenging.

Methods and Materials

For 10 patients requiring bolus in regions with complex contours, bolus was designed digitally from 3D surface scanning data or computed tomography (CT) images using either a treatment planning system or mesh editing software. Boluses were printed using a fused deposition modeling printer with polylactic acid. Quality assurance tests were performed for each printed bolus to verify density and shape.

Results

For 9 of 10 patients, digitally designed boluses were used for treatment with no issues. In 1 case, the bolus was not used because dosimetric requirements were met without the bolus. QA tests revealed that the bulk density was within 3% of the reference value for 9 of 12 prints, and with more judicious selection of print settings this could be increased. For these 9 prints, density uniformity was as good as or better than our traditional sheet bolus material. The average shape error of the pieces was less than 0.5 mm, and no issues with fit or comfort were encountered during use.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that new technologies such as 3D surface scanning, digital design and 3D printing can be safely and effectively used to modernize bolus fabrication.
Almost surely asymptotic synchronization for stochastic neural networks of neutral type with Markovian jumping parameters
Authors: Wu Tao , Xiong Lianglin , Cao Jinde , Xie Xueqin
Published: August 2019

This paper studies the problem of the almost surely asymptotic synchronization for a class of stochastic neural networks of neutral type with both Markovian jumping parameters and mixed time delays. Based on the stochastic analysis theory, LaSalle‐type invariance principle, and delayed state‐feedback control technique, some novel delay‐dependent sufficient criteria to guarantee the almost surely asymptotic synchronization are given. These criteria are expressed as the linear matrix inequalities, which can be easily checked by MATLAB LMI Control Toolbox. Finally, four numerical examples and their simulations are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Bioelectricity, Its Fundamentals, Characterization Methodology, and Applications in Nano‐Bioprobing and Cancer Diagnosis
Authors: Wang Yilong , Han Xiao , Cui Zheng , Shi Donglu
Published: August 2019

Bioelectricity is an essential characteristic of a biological system that has played an important role in medical diagnosis particularly in cancer liquid biopsy. However, its biophysical origin and measurements have presented great challenges in experimental methodologies. For instance, in dynamic cell processes, bioelectricity cannot be accurately determined as a static electrical potential via electrophoresis. Cancer cells fundamentally differ from normal cells by having a much higher rate of glycolysis resulting in net negative charges on cell surfaces. The most recent investigations on cancer cell surface charge that is the direct bio‐electrical manifestation of the “Warburg Effect,” which can be directly monitored by specially designed nanoprobes, has been provided. The most up‐to‐date research results from charge‐mediated cell targeting are reviewed. Correlations between the cell surface charge and cancer cell metabolism are established based on cell/probe electrostatic interactions. Bioelectricity is utilized not only as an analyte for investigation of the metabolic state of the cancer cells, but also applied in electrostatically and magnetically capturing of the circulating tumor cells from whole blood. Also reviewed is on the isolation of Candida albicans via bioelectricity‐driven nanoparticle binding on fungus with surface charges.
Functional Nanomaterials on 2D Surfaces and in 3D Nanocomposite Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Tutar Rumeysa , Motealleh Andisheh , Khademhosseini Ali , Kehr Nermin Seda
Published: August 2019

An emerging approach to improve the physicobiochemical properties and the multifunctionality of biomaterials is to incorporate functional nanomaterials (NMs) onto 2D surfaces and into 3D hydrogel networks. This approach is starting to generate promising advanced functional materials such as self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) and nanocomposite (NC) hydrogels of NMs with remarkable properties and tailored functionalities that are beneficial for a variety of biomedical applications, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, and developing biosensors. A wide range of NMs, such as carbon‐, metal‐, and silica‐based NMs, can be integrated into 2D and 3D biomaterial formulations due to their unique characteristics, such as magnetic properties, electrical properties, stimuli responsiveness, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, and chemical composition. The highly ordered nano‐ or microscale assemblies of NMs on surfaces alter the original properties of the NMs and add enhanced and/or synergetic and novel features to the final SAMs of the NM constructs. Furthermore, the incorporation of NMs into polymeric hydrogel networks reinforces the (soft) polymer matrix such that the formed NC hydrogels show extraordinary mechanical properties with superior biological properties.
Simultaneous Cationic and Anionic Redox Reactions Mechanism Enabling High‐Rate Long‐Life Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Battery
Authors: Fang Guozhao , Liang Shuquan , Chen Zixian , Cui Peixin , Zheng Xusheng , Pan Anqiang , Lu Bingan , Lu Xihong , Zhou Jiang
Published: August 2019

Rechargeable aqueous zinc‐ion batteries hold great promise for potential applications in large‐scale energy storage, but the reversible insertion of bivalent Zn2+ and fast reaction kinetics remain elusive goals. Hence, a highly reversible Zn/VNx
Oy battery is developed, which combines the insertion/extraction reaction and pseudo‐capacitance‐liked surface redox reaction mechanism. The energy storage is induced by a simultaneous reversible cationic (V3+ ↔ V2+) and anionic (N3− ↔ N2−) redox reaction, which are mainly responsible for the high reversibility and no structural degradation of VNxOy. As expected, a superior rate capability of 200 mA h g−1 at 30 A g−1 and high cycling stability up to 2000 cycles are achieved. This finding opens new opportunities for the design of high‐performance cathodes with fast Zn2+ reaction kinetics for advanced aqueous zinc‐ion batteries.
Development of a Shape‐Memory Tube to Prevent Vascular Stenosis
Authors: Shin Yong Cheol , Lee Jung Bok , Kim Dae‐Hyun , Kim Taeyoung , Alexander Grant , Shin Young Min , Park Ju Young , Baek Sewoom , Yoon Jeong‐Kee , Lee Yong Jae , Seon Gyeung Mi , Lee Mi Hee , Kang Mi‐Lan , Jang Woo Soon , Park Jong‐Chul , Jun Ho‐Wook , Kim YongTae , Sung Hak‐Joon
Published: August 2019

Inserting a graft into vessels with different diameters frequently causes severe damage to the host vessels. Poor flow patency is an unresolved issue in grafts, particularly those with diameters less than 6 mm, because of vessel occlusion caused by disturbed blood flow following fast clotting. Herein, successful patency in the deployment of an ≈2 mm diameter graft into a porcine vessel is reported. A new library of property‐tunable shape‐memory polymers that prevent vessel damage by expanding the graft diameter circumferentially upon implantation is presented. The polymers undergo seven consecutive cycles of strain energy‐preserved shape programming. Moreover, the new graft tube, which features a diffuser shape, minimizes disturbed flow formation and prevents thrombosis because its surface is coated with nitric‐oxide‐releasing peptides. Improved patency in a porcine vessel for 18 d is demonstrated while occlusive vascular remodeling occurs. These insights will help advance vascular graft design.
Selective Oxidation of WS2 Defect Domain with Sub‐Monolayer Thickness Leads to Multifold Enhancement in Photoluminescence
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Biswas Jayeeta , Pandey Juhi , Thakar Kartikey , Soni Ajay , Lodha Saurabh , Balakrishnan Viswanath
Published: August 2019

Stabilizing defective domains of sub‐monolayer thickness in 2D materials plays a significant role in tuning the electronic and optical properties. The chemical vapor deposition growth of WS2 monolayers with control over phase and uniformly nucleated defect domains is reported. Multifold photoluminescence (PL) enhancement (≈20‐fold) is achieved by stabilizing defect‐dominated domains toward design of nanoscale optical devices. While the observed luminescence variation in the form of alternating triangles arises from planar heterostructure (1H–1T′) formation, defect domain present at the center of WS2 heterophase monolayer causes 20‐fold enhancement in photoluminescence. The observed luminescence enhancement is correlated with sulfur defects and confirmed by site‐specific spatial X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy and in situ PL measurements at cryogenic temperatures. Detailed microstructural and spectroscopic observations indicate the partial stripping of monolayers by removal of sulfur and incorporation of oxygen leading to increased excitonic emissions. The demonstrated atomic‐scale manipulation to stabilize defect domains over large area with enhanced luminescence behavior is relevant for developing next‐generation nanoscale photonic devices.
On the Schwarzschild Effect in 3D Two‐Photon Laser Lithography
Authors: Yang Liang , Münchinger Alexander , Kadic Muamer , Hahn Vincent , Mayer Frederik , Blasco Eva , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher , Wegener Martin
Published: August 2019

The two‐photon Schwarzschild effect in photoresists suitable for 3D laser lithography is revisited. The study ranges over seven orders of magnitude in exposure time (from 1 µs to 10 s) and investigates a wide variety of different photoresist compositions. For short exposure times (“regime I”), the laser power at the polymerization threshold can scale with the inverse square root of the exposure time, as naively to be expected for two‐photon absorption. Substantial deviations occur, however, for low photoinitiator concentrations. For intermediate exposure times (“regime II”), a Schwarzschild‐type of behavior is found, as discussed previously. For very long exposure times (“regime III”), an unexpected deviation from regime II is found. By presenting numerical solutions of the coupled 3D reaction–diffusion equations, this behavior is explained in terms of the diffusion of oxygen and photoinitiator molecules, respectively.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Deaminative Vinylation of Alkylamines
Authors: Hu Jiefeng , Cheng Bo , Yang Xianyu , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: August 2019

The amino group is one of the most fundamental structural motifs in natural products and synthetic chemicals. However, amines potential as effective alkylating agents in organic synthesis is still problematic. A unified strategy has been established for deaminative vinylation of the alkylamines with vinyl boronic acids by C−N bond activation under catalyst‐free conditions. The key to the high reactivity is the utilization of pyridinium salt‐activated alkylamines, with a base as a promoter. The transformation exhibits good functional group compatibility, and includes inexpensive primary amine feedstocks and amino acids. The proposed method can serve as a powerful synthetic method for late‐stage modification of complex compounds. Mechanistic experiments suggest that free radical processes are involved in this system.

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Rhenium Diselenide (ReSe2) Near‐Infrared Photodetector: Performance Enhancement by Selective p‐Doping Technique
Authors: Kim Jinok , Heo Keun , Kang Dong‐Ho , Shin Changhwan , Lee Sungjoo , Yu Hyun‐Yong , Park Jin‐Hong
Published: August 2019

In this study, a near‐infrared photodetector featuring a high photoresponsivity and a short photoresponse time is demonstrated, which is fabricated on rhenium diselenide (ReSe2) with a relatively narrow bandgap (0.9–1.0 eV) compared to conventional transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). The excellent photo and temporal responses, which generally show a trade‐off relation, are achieved simultaneously by applying a p‐doping technique based on hydrochloric acid (HCl) to a selected ReSe2 region. Because the p‐doping of ReSe2 originates from the charge transfer from un‐ionized Cl molecules in the HCl to the ReSe2 surface, by adjusting the concentration of the HCl solution from 0.1 to 10 m, the doping concentration of the ReSe2 is controlled between 3.64 × 1010 and 3.61 × 1011 cm−2. Especially, the application of the selective HCl doping technique to the ReSe2 photodetector increases the photoresponsivity from 79.99 to 1.93 × 103 A W−1, and it also enhances the rise and decay times from 10.5 to 1.4 ms and from 291 to 3.1 ms, respectively, compared with the undoped ReSe2 device. The proposed selective p‐doping technique and its fundamental analysis will provide a scientific foundation for implementing high‐performance TMD‐based electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Right Cu2−xS@MnS Core–Shell Nanoparticles as a Photo/H2O2‐Responsive Platform for Effective Cancer Theranostics
Authors: Huang Xiaojuan , Deng Guoying , Han Yong , Yang Guizhu , Zou Rujia , Zhang Zhiyuan , Sun Shuyang , Hu Junqing
Published: August 2019

Stimuli‐responsive nanomedicines have become a recent research focus as a candidate for cancer treatment because of their effectiveness, sensibility, and minimal invasiveness. In this work, a novel nanosystem is developed based on Cu2−xS@MnS core–shell nanoparticles (CSNPs) in which the Cu2−xS core serves as a photosensitizer to generate hyperthermia and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the MnS shell is used in H2O2‐responsive O2 production. Cu2−xS@MnS CSNPs with an independent core and shell ratio are synthesized by a controllable hot‐injection method, resulting in an optimal photothermal (PT) effect with a PT conversion efficiency of up to 47.9%. An enhanced photodynamic (PD) effect also occurs in an H2O2 environment. More significantly, in vivo experiments demonstrate that Cu2−xS@MnS CSNPs can mediate tumor shrinkage in both HeLa tumor cell line‐derived xenograft (CDX) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) models, with the capability of being used as a T1‐enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent. These results suggest the great potential of as‐prepared Cu2−xS@MnS CSNPs as photo/H2O2‐responsive therapeutic‐agents against tumors, even in a complicated and heterogeneous environment, thus promoting the clinical translation of nanomedicine.
Organic Field‐Effect Transistor Nonvolatile Memories with Hydroxyl‐Rich Polymer Materials as Functional Gate Dielectrics
Authors: Xu Ting , Zou Jiawei , Guo Shuxu , Qi Weihao , Li Shizhang , Xu Meili , Xie Wenfa , Cui Zhanchen , Wang Wei
Published: August 2019

Organic field‐effect transistor‐ (OFET‐) based nonvolatile memories (NVMs) are becoming more important as a core component in flexible and wearable electronics. New polymer materials containing abundant hydroxyl groups are synthesized and employed as the functional gate dielectric for OFET‐NVM devices. The dependence of the memory performances on the hydroxyl content of the polymers is investigated. A variety of gate dielectric structures are proposed to verify that the memory mechanism originates from the reversible remnant polarization of hydroxyl groups in the polymers and to improve the retention capability of the OFET‐NVM devices by preventing the charge trapping in the polymers at the reading state. As a result, good memory performance is achieved with a large memory window of 33.7 V and memory on/off ratio of 1.1 × 104 on average, long retention properties with clearly distinguishable binary states over 10 000 s, and reliable writing/erasing switching endurance over 200 cycles in the optimal OFET‐NVM device, in which the polymer with the most hydroxyl content is sandwiched by two insulator films. Good strategies for the design of the polarizable polymers as the functional gate dielectrics and for improvement of OFET‐NVM device performance are demonstrated.
Tailoring Triple‐Anion Perovskite Material for Indoor Light Harvesting with Restrained Halide Segregation and Record High Efficiency Beyond 36%
Authors: Cheng Rui , Chung Chih‐Chun , Zhang Hong , Liu Fangzhou , Wang Wei‐Ting , Zhou Zhiwen , Wang Sijia , Djurišić Aleksandra B. , Feng Shien‐Ping
Published: August 2019

Indoor photovoltaics are promising to enable self‐powered electronic devices for the Internet of Things. Here, reported is a triple‐anion CH3NH3PbI2−xBrClx perovskite film, of which the bandgap is specially designed for indoor light harvesting to achieve a record high efficiency of 36.2% with distinctive high open circuit voltage (Voc) of 1.028 V under standard 1000 lux fluorescent light. The involvement of both bromide and chloride suppresses the trap‐states and nonradiative recombination loss, exhibiting a remarkable ideality factor of 1.097. The introduction of chloride successfully restrains the halide segregation of iodide and bromide, stabilizing the triple‐anion perovskite film. The devices show an excellent long‐term performance, sustaining over 95% of original efficiency under continuous light soaking over 2000 h. These findings show the importance and potential of I/Br/Cl triple‐anion perovskite with tailored bandgap and suppressed trap‐states in stable and efficient indoor light recycling.
Incorporating Sex and Gender‐based Medical Education Into Residency Curricula
Authors: McGregor Alyson J. , Greenberg Marna Rayl , Barron Rebecca , Walter Lauren A. , Wolfe Jeannette , Deutsch Ashley L. , Johnson Steven A. , Robinett Derek A. , Beauchamp Gillian A.
Published: August 2019

Background

Emergency medicine (EM) residents do not generally receive sex‐ and gender‐specific education. There will be increasing attention to this gap as undergraduate medical education integrates it within their curriculum.

Methodology

Members of the Sex and Gender in Emergency Medicine (SGEM) Interest Group set out to develop a SGEM toolkit and pilot integrating developed components at multiple residency sites. The curriculum initiative involved a pre‐ and posttraining assessment that included basic demographics and queries regarding previous training in sex‐/gender‐based medicine (SGBM). It was administered to PGY‐1 to ‐4 residents who participated in a 3‐hour training session that included one small group case‐based discussion, two oral board cases, and one simulation and group debriefing.

Analysis

Components of the developed toolkit (https://www.sexandgenderhealth.org) were implemented at four unique SGEM Interest Group member residency programs. Residents (n = 82/174, 47%) participated; 64% (n = 49) were male and 36% (n = 28) were female. Twenty‐six percent (n = 21) of the residents reported that they had less than 1 hour of training in this domain during residency; 59% (n = 48) reported they had 1 to 6 hours and 16% (n = 13) reported they had >6 hours. The average preassessment score was 61% and postassessment was 88%. After training, 74% (n = 60) felt that their current practice would have benefited from further training in sex‐/gender‐based topics in medicine during medical school and 83% (n = 67) felt their clinical practice would have benefited from further training in this domain during residency.

Implications

The majority of EM residents who participated in this training program reported that they had limited instruction in this domain in medical school or residency. This initiative demonstrated a method that can be emulated for the incorporation of SGBM educational components into an EM residency training educational day. After training, the majority of residents who participated felt that their current practice would have benefited from further training in sex‐ and gender‐based topics in residency.
Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita definition: Update using an international consensus‐based approach
Authors: Cachecho Sarah , Elfassy Caroline , Hamdy Reggie , Rosenbaum Peter , Dahan‐Oliel Noémi
Published: August 2019

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (AMC) has been described and defined in thousands of articles, but the terminology used has been inconsistent. Some have described it as a diagnosis or syndrome, others as a term or clinical finding. This lack of common language can lead to confusion in clinical and research communities. The aim of this study was to develop a consensus‐based definition for AMC using international expert opinion. A consensus‐based definition will help harmonize research and clinical endeavors and will facilitate communication among families, clinicians, and researchers. This article describes the methodology used leading to a proposed definition of AMC. First, a literature review was conducted to identify AMC definitions used in included studies. The most commonly used words in the definitions were extracted. Second, a group of eight experts in AMC was selected to identify elements considered critically important to the definition of AMC. Third, based on these critical elements and the literature review, a definition was drafted by the research team. Fourth, a modified Delphi consensus process was conducted using electronic surveys with 25 experts in the field of AMC from eight countries. Survey results were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively and drafts were modified accordingly. Three rounds of surveys were completed until consensus was reached on a definition of AMC. An annotation of this definition, developed by a panel of international experts, is provided in a separate manuscript in this special issue.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Trifluoromethylation of Quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐Ones under Photocatalyst‐Free Conditions
Authors: Wang Jiayang , Sun Bin , Zhang Liang , Xu Tengwei , Xie Yuanyuan , Jin Can
Published: August 2019

C−H trifluoromethylation of quinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones with commercially available sodium trifluoromethanesulfinate (CF3SO2Na) under visible light irradiation without any external photocatalyst has been developed, providing a variety of 3‐trifluoromethylquinoxalin‐2(1H)‐ones in moderate to excellent yield. Mechanistic studies have shown that 1O2 coexists with O2.− through the energy transfer and single‐electron transfer processes during the photoredox reaction.
SnS Nanosheets for 105th Harmonic Soliton Molecule Generation
Authors: Feng Jiangjiang , Li Xiaohui , Qyyum Abdual , Zhang Ying , Zheng Chuang , Wang Yamin , Liu Jie , Lu Jiangbo , Zhu Gangqiang
Published: August 2019

As a member of the 2D group IV monochalcogenides (MX; M = Sn, Ge; X = S, Se), SnS has attracted great interest due to its outstanding optical, electrical, and optoelectronic properties. Especially, SnS nanosheets material have a large absorption coefficient and high photoelectric conversion efficiency, it can be potentially used in optical modulators, saturable absorbers, solar cells, supercapacitors, and other optical devices. However, the nonlinear optical properties of SnS nanosheets and their applications in ultrafast photonics are seldom studied. In this paper, the nonlinear optical properties of SnS nanosheets have been characterized through a dual‐balance detection system, whose modulation depth is 5.8%. More importantly, 105th harmonic soliton molecule based on SnS saturable absorbers has been realized for the first time to the authors’ knowledge. A compact mode‐locked fiber laser with a pulse duration of 1.02 ps and a repetition rate of 459 MHz is realized near 1.5 µm. It is demonstrated that SnS nanosheets have outstanding nonlinear properties and play an extremely important role in the field of ultrafast photonics.
Discovery of the Hedgehog Pathway Inhibitor Pipinib that Targets PI4KIIIß
Authors: Kremer Lea , Hennes Elisabeth , Brause Alexandra , Ursu Andrei , Robke Lucas , Matsubayashi Hideaki T. , Nihongaki Yuta , Flegel Jana , Mejdrová Ivana , Eickhoff Jan , Baumann Matthias , Nencka Radim , Janning Petra , Kordes Susanne , Schöler Hans R. , Sterneckert Jared , Inoue Takanari , Ziegler Slava , Waldmann Herbert
Published: August 2019

The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is crucial for vertebrate embryonic development, tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Hh signaling is upregulated in basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma and Hh pathway inhibitors targeting the Smoothened (SMO) protein are in clinical use. However, the signaling cascade is incompletely understood and novel druggable proteins in the pathway are in high demand. We describe the discovery of the Hh‐pathway modulator Pipinib by means of cell‐based screening. Target identification and validation revealed that Pipinib selectively inhibits phosphatidylinositol 4‐kinase IIIβ (PI4KB) and suppresses GLI‐mediated transcription and Hh target gene expression by impairing SMO translocation to the cilium. Therefore, inhibition of PI4KB and, consequently, reduction in phosphatidyl‐4‐phosphate levels may be considered an alternative approach to inhibit SMO function and thus, Hedgehog signaling.
Mechanomagnetics in Elastic Crystals: Insights from [Cu(acac)2]
Authors: Kenny Elise P. , Jacko Anthony C. , Powell Ben J.
Published: August 2019

We predict that the magnetic properties of [Cu(acac)2], an elastically flexible crystal, change drastically when the crystal is bent. It is found that unbent [Cu(acac)2] is an almost perfect Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid. Broken‐symmetry density‐functional calculations reveal that the magnetic exchange interactions along the chains are an order of magnitude larger than the interchain exchange. The geometrically frustrated interchain interactions cannot magnetically order the material at any experimentally accessible temperature. The ordering temperature (TN), calculated from the chain‐random‐phase approximation, increases by 24 orders of magnitude when the material is bent. We demonstrate that geometric frustration both suppresses TN and enhances the sensitivity of TN to bending. In [Cu(acac)2], TN is extremely sensitive to bending but remains too low for practical applications, even when bent. Partially frustrated materials could achieve the balance of high TN and good sensitivity to bending required for practical applications of mechanomagnetic elastic crystals.
Exploring Lead‐Free Hybrid Double Perovskite Crystals of (BA)2CsAgBiBr7 with Large Mobility‐Lifetime Product toward X‐Ray Detection
Authors: Xu Zhiyun , Liu Xin , Li Yaobin , Liu Xitao , Yang Tao , Ji Chengmin , Han Shiguo , Xu Yadong , Luo Junhua , Sun Zhihua
Published: August 2019

Halide double perovskites have recently bloomed as the green candidates for optoelectronic applications, such as X‐ray detection. Despite great efforts, the exploration of promising organic–inorganic hybrid double perovskites toward X‐ray detection remains unsuccessful. Now, single crystals of the lead‐free hybrid double perovskite, (BA)2CsAgBiBr7 (BA+ is n‐butylammonium), featuring the unique 2D multilayered quantum‐confined motif, enable quite large μτ (mobility‐lifetime) product up to 1.21×10−3 cm2 V−1. This figure‐of‐merit realized in 2D hybrid double perovskites is unprecedented and comparable with that of CH3NH3PbI3 wafers. (BA)2CsAgBiBr7 crystals also exhibit other intriguing attributes for X‐ray detection, including high bulk resistivity, low density of defects and traps, and large X‐ray attenuation coefficient. Consequently, a vertical‐structure crystal device under X‐ray source yields a superior sensitivity of 4.2 μC Gyair−1 cm−2.
Photoelectrochemical CO2 Reduction with a Rhenium Organometallic Redox Mediator at Semiconductor/Aqueous Liquid Junction Interfaces
Authors: Chae Sang Youn , Choi Ja Youn , Kim Yoolim , Le Tri Nguyen Dang , Joo Oh‐Shim
Published: August 2019

Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical CO2 reductions were carried out with Re(bh‐bipy)(CO)3(OH2) cocatalysts in aqueous electrolytes. Competition between hydrogen evolution and CO2 reduction was observed under (photo)electrochemical conditions for both glassy carbon and CuInS2 electrodes. The partial current density for CO generation is limited even though the additional potential is applied. However, electrochemical hydrogen evolution was suppressed under photoelectrochemical conditions, and the selectivity and partial current density for CO were considerably increased when compared to the electrochemical reduction in an identical electrode/electrolyte system. This finding may provide insights into using semiconductor/liquid junctions for solar fuel devices to overcome the limitations of electrolysis systems with an external bias.
Intercalated Iridium Diselenide Electrocatalysts for Efficient pH‐Universal Water Splitting
Authors: Zheng Tingting , Shang Chunyan , He Zhihai , Wang Xinyi , Cao Cong , Li Hongliang , Si Rui , Pan Bicai , Zhou Shiming , Zeng Jie
Published: August 2019

Developing bifunctional catalysts for both hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions is a promising approach to the practical implementation of electrocatalytic water splitting. However, most of the reported bifunctional catalysts are only applicable to alkaline electrolyzer, although a few are effective in acidic or neutral media that appeals more to industrial applications. Here, a lithium‐intercalated iridium diselenide (Li‐IrSe2) is developed that outperformed other reported catalysts toward overall water splitting in both acidic and neutral environments. Li intercalation activated the inert pristine IrSe2 via bringing high porosities and abundant Se vacancies for efficient hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. When Li‐IrSe2 was assembled into two‐electrode electrolyzers for overall water splitting, the cell voltages at 10 mA cm−2 were 1.44 and 1.50 V under pH 0 and 7, respectively, being record‐low values in both conditions.
Dinuclear Metal‐ProPhenol Catalysts: Development and Synthetic Applications
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Hung Chao‐I (Joey) , Mata Guillaume
Published: August 2019

The ProPhenol ligand is a member of the chiral aza‐crown family that spontaneously forms a bimetallic complex upon treatment with alkyl metal reagents, such as Et2Zn and Bu2Mg. The resulting complex features Lewis acidic and Brønsted basic sites, enabling simultaneous activation of both nucleophile and electrophile in the same chiral environment. Since the initial report in 2000, metal‐ProPhenol catalysts have been used to facilitate a broad range of asymmetric transformations, including aldol, Mannich, and Henry reactions, as well as alkynylations and conjugation additions. By promoting such a diverse array of reactions, these complexes provide rapid and atom‐economical access to valuable complex building blocks. In this Review, we describe in detail the development and synthetic applications of these versatile catalysts with a special focus on recent efforts to improve reactivity and selectivity through ligand design and structural modification.
Bis‐aroylhydrazone based on 2,2′‐bis substituted diphenylamine for synthesis of new binuclear organotin (IV) complexes: Spectroscopic characterization, crystal structures, in vitro DNA‐binding, plasmid DNA cleavage, PCR and cytotoxicity against MCF7 cell line
Authors: Yousefi Maryam , Sedaghat Tahereh , Simpson Jim , Shafiei Mohammad
Published: August 2019

New dinuclear organotin (IV) complexes, Me4Sn2L, Ph4Sn2L and Bu4Sn2L, have been synthesized from reaction of R2SnCl2 (R = Me, Ph and Bu) with a 2,2′‐bis‐substituted diphenylamine arοylidene hydrazone, H4L. The synthesized compounds were investigated by elemental analysis and infrared, 1H‐NMR and 119Sn‐NMR spectroscopy. The structures of H4L, Me4Sn2L and Bu4Sn2L were also confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. H4L molecules adopt (E)‐configuration and keto‐tautomeric form in the solid state. In all complexes, the bis‐hydrazone acts as a tetra‐anionic ligand with two contiguous ONO tridentate domains that coordinate the two R2Sn moieties in the enolate form. The coordination environments of both tin centers are five‐coordinate. DNA‐binding studies were performed by UV–Vis spectroscopy, and the results indicate that the synthesized compounds significantly interact with calf thymus‐DNA in the intercalative mode. The results of polymerase chain reaction assay show that all the compounds affect on amplification of DNA, and complexes are more effective than ligands. The in vitro cytotoxicity against the human breast cancer line (MCF7) was determined using the MTT assay, and H4L and the dibutytin complex showed higher activity.
Pd–Schiff base complex supported on Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles: A new and highly efficient reusable catalyst for C–C bond formation in water
Authors: Lei Lei
Published: August 2019

A protocol is introduced for the preparation of a new cage‐like Pd–Schiff base organometallic complex supported on Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Schiff‐base‐Pd). The structure of the nanomagnetic catalyst was comprehensively characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray mapping, thermogravimetric analysis, vibrating sample magnetometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. In the second stage, the catalytic activity of this catalyst was studied in the Suzuki and Heck cross‐coupling reactions in water as a green solvent. In this sense, simple preparation of the catalyst from commercially available materials, high catalytic activity, simple operation, short reaction times, high yields and use of green solvent are some advantages of this protocol. Finally, the nanocatalyst was easily recovered, using an external magnet, and reused several times without significant loss of its catalytic efficiency. In addition, the stability of the catalyst after recycling was confirmed using SEM, XRD and FT‐IR techniques.
Ultra‐low‐loading palladium nanoparticles stabilized on nanocrystalline Polyaniline (Pd@PANI): A efficient, green, and recyclable catalyst for the reduction of nitroarenes
Authors: Wang Gang , Yuan Shuo , Wu Zhiqiang , Liu Wanyi , Zhan Haijuan , Liang Yanping , Chen Xiaoyan , Ma Baojun , Bi Shuxian
Published: August 2019

Ultra‐low‐loading Pd@PANI nanocomposites (0.048 w.t% Pd) were synthesized via a method that combined interfacial polymerization and in situ composite with camphor sulfonic acid ((+)‐CSA) as a dopant. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were performed to characterize the structures. It can be used as an efficient catalyst for the reduction of nitroarenes in aqueous solution by using a smaller amount of NaBH4 (2.5 equiv.) at room temperature with high activity (TON = 3.4 × 103), good stability (cycled eight times), as well as wide applicability (27 substrates). The catalyst also showed a marvelous activity in the gram‐level reaction (yield = 92%). UV–Visible spectrophotometry was used to investigate the reaction kinetics for the reduction of 4‐nitrophenol to 4‐aminophenol, and the results reconfirmed the excellent performance of the catalyst. The unique properties and superior performance of the prepared ultra‐low‐loading Pd@PANI nanocomposites lead it be an attractive alternative catalyst for conventional organic catalytic applications.
Taxonomic and geographical representation of freshwater environmental DNA research in aquatic conservation
Authors: Belle Christina C. , Stoeckle Bernhard C. , Geist Juergen
Published: August 2019

Freshwater macro‐organismic environmental DNA (eDNA) is gaining increasing popularity in detecting invasive species, assessing community assemblages, and in mapping the distribution of taxa that are rare or otherwise difficult to monitor. The objectives of this article are to review the targets of published freshwater eDNA research in relation to aquatic conservation with a focus on geographic regions covered, as well as the habitats and species investigated.

The analysis of 272 peer‐reviewed articles published between 2005 and 2018 revealed that 57% of the 238 primary research papers have a focus on conservation science, mostly addressing invasive and endangered species, followed by 23% papers investigating methodological developments and 11% biodiversity surveys also using eDNA metabarcoding. A strong geographical pattern emerged, with Africa, South America, and the tropics being under‐represented. Taxonomic coverage was dominated by 123 fish species, followed by 29 amphibian and 28 mollusc species. Freshwater arthropods (27 taxa) were under‐represented in relation to their estimated species richness.

Taxonomic bias towards certain species such as fishes observed in freshwater eDNA research is pervasive in biodiversity research and conservation sciences, and thus is not surprising. Geographical representation was biased, with a few industrialized countries from the Northern Hemisphere contributing 72% of the studies. Both findings parallel biases known from other research areas, such as marine eDNA analysis, taxonomy, or invasion biology.

The application of eDNA in freshwater conservation will benefit from the development of general standards and guidelines that are necessary to integrate freshwater macrobial eDNA techniques in existing monitoring frameworks. To aid future freshwater conservation, our suggestions are to harmonize eDNA methods for comparable and easier implementation worldwide, and to increase international cooperation and funding for under‐represented geographical regions and neglected taxa. This is especially crucial for the known biodiversity hotspots in developing countries where rapid changes occur to freshwater habitats and biodiversity.
Developing molecular diagnostics for detection of red imported fire ants using two genes, Sinv11108 and Sinv11977
Authors: Kim Ji‐Hye , Park Youngjin , Kim Woo Jin , Kim A‐Young , Nguyen Phuong , Lyu Dong Pyo , Lee Heung Sik , Koh Young Ho
Published: August 2019

Aggressive red imported fire ants (RIFAs) are expanding their habitat due to active international trade and global warming. To prevent infestation and settlement, RIFAs must be removed during the quarantine process. Because RIFAs are social insects and have different morphological characteristics depending on their castes, non‐ant taxonomists have difficulty confirming RIFAs based on their morphological characteristics alone. The disadvantages of previously reported RIFA molecular diagnostics are that they require additional steps, such as restriction enzyme digestion followed by agarose gel electrophoresis separation or DNA sequence verification for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐amplified products. To overcome these drawbacks, two RIFA‐specific genes were selected and used to develop diverse PCR‐based RIFA molecular diagnostic techniques. We found that RIFAs could be confirmed by conventional PCR targeting of two RIFA‐specific genes followed by agarose electrophoresis separation. In addition, TaqMan probe real‐time PCR methods had the advantage of confirming RIFAs immediately after the reactions were completed by observing fluorescence indexes. Finally, multiplex PCRs enhanced RIFA specificity and sensitivity. The new molecular diagnostic methods developed in this study had the advantages of reducing false positive and negative results together with high specificity and sensitivity for RIFAs.
Beyond outcomes: How regulatory focus motivates consumer goal pursuit processes
Authors: Higgins E. Tory , Nakkawita Emily , Cornwell James F. M.
Published: August 2019

This article reviews the current state of the regulatory focus literature as it relates to consumer behavior, with a special emphasis on the goal pursuit processes that naturally align with the promotion and prevention systems. Because most research on such processes has taken place within the framework of regulatory fit theory, we highlight regulatory fit findings. We also suggest practical implications of these goal pursuit processes for marketing and branding. We then shift our attention to the standards that people use to evaluate their goal pursuit processes and examine how these standards and their use might differ with respect to regulatory focus. Finally, we share a new line of work on regulatory focus‐specific goal pursuit processes and describe avenues for future research.
The effects of a compressive velocity pulse on a collapsing turbulent clump
Authors: Arreaga‐García Guillermo
Published: August 2019

High‐resolution hydrodynamical simulations are presented to follow the gravitational collapse of a uniform turbulent clump, upon which a purely radial compressive velocity pulse is activated in the midst of the evolution of the clump, when its turbulent state has been fully developed. The shape of the velocity pulse is determined basically by two free parameters: the velocity V0 and the initial radial position r0. In the present paper, models are considered in which the velocity V0 takes the values 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 times the speed of sound of the clump c0, while r0 is fixed for all the models. The collapse of the model with 2 c0 goes faster as a consequence of the velocity pulse, while the cluster formed in the central region of the isolated clump mainly stays the same. In the models with greater velocity V0, the evolution of the isolated clump has significantly changed, so a dense shell of gas forms around r0 and moves radially inward. The radial profile of the density and velocity and the mass contained in the dense shell of gas are calculated, and it is found that (a) the higher the velocity V0, the less mass is contained in the shell, and (b) there is a critical velocity of the pulse, around 10 c0, such that, for shock models with a lower velocity, there will be a well‐defined dense central region in the shocked clump surrounded by the shell.
Docosahexaenoic acid and hydroxytyrosol co‐administration fully prevents liver steatosis and related parameters in mice subjected to high‐fat diet: A molecular approach
Authors: Soto‐Alarcón Sandra A. , Ortiz Macarena , Orellana Paula , Echeverría Francisca , Bustamante Andrés , Espinosa Alejandra , Illesca Paola , Gonzalez‐Mañán Daniel , Valenzuela Rodrigo , Videla Luis A.
Published: August 2019

Attenuation of high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced liver steatosis is accomplished by different nutritional interventions. Considering that the n‐3 PUFA docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) modulates lipid metabolism and the antioxidant hydroxytyrosol (HT) diminishes oxidative stress underlying fatty liver, it is hypothesized that HFD‐induced steatosis is suppressed by DHA and HT co‐administration. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a control diet (CD; 10% fat, 20% protein, 70% carbohydrates) or a HFD (60% fat, 20% protein, 20% carbohydrates) for 12 weeks, without and with supplementation of DHA (50 mg/kg/day), HT (5 mg/kg/day) or both. The combined DHA + HT protocol fully prevented liver steatosis and the concomitant pro‐inflammatory state induced by HFD, with suppression of lipogenic and oxidative stress signaling, recovery of fatty acid oxidation capacity and enhancement in resolvin availability affording higher inflammation resolution capability. Abrogation of HFD‐induced hepatic steatosis by DHA and HT co‐administration represents a crucial therapeutic strategy eluding disease progression into stages lacking efficacious handling at present time.