bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Freeze-Thaw Resistance Test Mechanics for Dimension Stone: A Study of the Influence of Variant Wetting Procedures during Exposure Cycling on Mechanically Determined Flexural Strength of Stone
Authors: Scallorn Scott D.
Published: November 2021

This program explores test methodologies for the mechanical evaluation of thin stone cladding materials for resistance to freeze-thaw exposure cycling. The primary objectives of this study are to expand on existing trends in industry evaluation procedures for this property by investigating the effect of variant specimen wetting conditions during exposure cycling and improving the efficiency of laboratory exposure cycling procedures through automation refinement. A natural limestone with a history of successful use as a cladding material in environments subject to freeze-thaw exposure was used for this evaluation. To minimize naturally occurring variation between test specimens, all test materials were prepared from the same quarry location and block. The specimens were subjected to repeated cycles of freezing and thawing conducted in general accordance with ASTM C666, Standard Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing, (Procedure B: Freeze in Air/Thaw in Water), modified with regard to the depth of water exposure (complete vs. partial specimen immersion) during the prescribed thawing cycles. Sets of specimens were removed from exposure cycling at regular intervals for flexural strength evaluation in accordance with current industry testing protocols for dimension stone (ASTM C880, Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension Stone). Flexural strength resulting from the two exposure condition series was evaluated against the results of both the alternate exposure series and unexposed control specimens to determine the influence of the alternate wetting depth mechanics on changes in flexural performance throughout exposure cycling. The results were also evaluated against previous laboratory weathering data for a similar limestone to establish the viability of the procedures used as a potential predictor of in-service performance. This study does not directly attempt to establish performance criteria for any stone intended for use as architectural cladding but rather contributes to the establishment of a clearly defined test methodology for determining the freeze-thaw durability of natural stone to be used as a cladding material subject to such conditions.
The Contemporary Significance of the Principle of Proportionality in Tax Law
Authors: Mudrecki Artur
Published: November 2021

The principle of proportionality plays a key role in shaping the principles of the tax law system, as it is an important element in the protection of taxpayer’s rights. The interpretation directive related to the principle of proportionality has a doctrinal, normative, and jurisprudential character. It is an EU and constitutional standard and should become a rule used on a daily basis in the practice of tax authorities. As a general principle of tax law, it is addressed to the legislative, executive, and judicial authorities. The article analyses the case law of the CJEU, the Constitutional Tribunal and the Supreme Administrative Court, which leads to the following conclusions. The CJEU quite often refers to the principle of proportionality in its jurisprudence and has developed a jurisprudence doctrine based on the doctrine of law. The Constitutional Tribunal, although in a limited scope, also employs the principle of proportionality. In disputes between tax authorities and taxpayers, Polish administrative courts apply the principle of proportionality using a pro-EU and pro-constitutional interpretation.
Electronic Signature of the Taxpayer in Times of COVID-19
Authors: Goździaszek Łukasz
Published: November 2021

The aim of the article is to present the legal provisions used to identify taxpayers (and similarly other entities) using electronic communication in the times of COVID-19, in the light of the construction of public ICT systems for submitting declarations and applications. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the IT transformation, including the benefits of switching to digital tools, unless the legislator had already imposed an obligation to use electronic communication. For tax purposes, the range of possible signatures has not been limited to a qualified electronic signature, a trusted signature, a personal signature, and possibly a simple identity verification mechanism using an account in an ICT system secured only with a password. It is often used to sign the so-called “authorization data” (“tax data”). The new facilitations in the field of creating a trusted profile should translate into the popularization of the trusted signature, especially as there are more and more non-tax online services provided by public entities.
New Income Tax Reliefs for Donations Made by Taxpayers for Purposes Related to Combating the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ofiarski Zbigniew
Published: November 2021

In an effort to limit the effects of the COVID-19 epidemic determined by restrictions in economic activity and various areas of social activity, the catalogue of preventive actions was expanded by tax and legal instruments in the form of income tax reliefs inclining taxpayers to certain behaviours. The reliefs entitle taxpayers to deduct the value of donations made for the purposes of counteracting COVID-19 from the tax base. Two types of such donations have been distinguished, i.e., donations for entities participating in the treatment of infected persons and donations for educational institutions providing remote education. The aim of this article is to establish the premises justifying the claim that the tax reliefs for donations made by income tax payers are autonomous in relation to other tax preferences available to taxpayers making donations for other socially useful purposes. The hypothesis about the ad hoc and temporary nature of these tax reliefs has been verified as true, and the dominance of the motivating and stimulating function over their fiscal function has been demonstrated. Symmetrical solutions have been identified in the legal structure of the subject tax reliefs, as the donor uses a deduction from the tax base, while the recipient does not include the accepted donation in their income. The study uses the legal-dogmatic method and, in addition, the empirical analytical method to present the jurisprudence of courts in the field of applying tax reliefs due to donations made by income tax payers.
Government Fund for Local Investments – Legal Aspects of Financial Support for Local Government Investment Projects during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ofiarska Małgorzata
Published: November 2021

The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the form of a reduction in the own revenue of local government units and the corresponding reduction in their expenditure, including asset expenditure, were the determining factor for the introduction of extraordinary and temporary mechanisms to minimise this negative phenomenon from 2020. One of such solutions is the Government Fund for Local Investments, separated within the state special-purpose fund - the COVID-19 Counteracting Fund. The aim of this study is to establish the legal status of the Government Fund for Local Investments (Rządowy Fundusz Inwestycji Lokalnych - RFIL). The hypothesis about the temporary nature of this fund and its close relations with the COVID-19 Counteracting Fund has been verified as being true. It has been established that the RFIL does not have its own sources of revenue, and its financial resources are the result of separating a certain amount of funds accumulated in the account of the COVID-19 Counteracting Fund, which means it is, in fact, its sub-fund with clearly defined tasks to be performed. The RFIL-provided support is non-returnable, and its only beneficiaries are local government units. The resources transferred from this fund may only be used for the implementation of investment projects or for meeting asset expenses. The study uses the legal-dogmatic method and, additionally, the statistical analytical method, to present specific numerical values reflecting the importance of the RFIL support in relation to the own revenue of local government units.
Legal Instruments to Support Borrowers (Consumers and Entrepreneurs) in Connection with the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland, and Vietnam
Authors: Rutkowska-Tomaszewska Edyta , Stanisławska Marta , Trinh Hien Thuc
Published: November 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic restrictions introduced in 2020 in many countries on economic activity and gainful employment have in many cases, reduced the incomes of individual households. As a result, the actual ability to meet credit obligations has declined, particularly for those who have lost their jobs or livelihoods. The COVID-19 pandemic has become a significant challenge for economies, national authorities, and entrepreneurs, including borrowers. This article aims to analyse the legal regulations in Poland, and Vietnam, introducing instruments to support borrowers, consumers, and entrepreneurs, in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors will present the legal basis for the instruments to support borrowers provided in the studied countries, indicate their legal nature, forms, and conditions of using them. They also compare legal solutions introduced in connection with the pandemic aimed at mitigating its adverse effects on borrowers in Poland, and Vietnam, to indicate whether cultural differences and differences in legal systems, as well as individual approaches to the domestic credit market, affected the choice of legal instruments for supporting borrowers in connection with the COVID-19 pandemic, or not.
Sustainable Rural Tourism Meaning for Community Livelihood
Authors: Dewi Santy Paulla , Ristianti Novia Sari
Published: November 2021

The Sangiran is a national tourism strategic area as well as the most important ancient site established by UNESCO. Hence, its existence can contribute to the community livelihood which is dominated as poor. Meanwhile, having World Heritage Sites (WHS) status gives many restrictions to the local community such as restriction to soil excavation. Focusing on the agricultural sector as their main job was relatively difficult because of the physical aspect. The community chose the possible way to gain income that the job did not relate with tourism activity. Therefore, this study examines the meaning of sustainable rural tourism for community livelihood using the sustainable livelihood approach. Two rounds of Focus Group Discussions and interviews with some experts were conducted to find out issues in the development of Sangiran tourism and stakeholder perceptions. The community considered that they could not rely on the tourism sector so that they adjusted to the situation by doing another job. Indeed, the WHS status of Sangiran had not given impacts on the community; they prefer to conduct their previous activities. The development of rural tourism was not sustained; the community was still vulnerable that pointed out by their low economic capacity
The Pattern of Settlement Distribution in Disaster Prone Areas of Semarang City
Authors: Tsabit N Chindy Dhia , Pigawati Bitta
Published: November 2021

The increase in population in Semarang City affects the trends in land use. Limited availability of land in contrast to the increasing demand for land has prompted residents to choose a place to live in a location not following its designation. Several settlements in Semarang City have developed in disaster-prone locations. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of settlements in disaster-prone areas, including aspects of land use, levels of vulnerability to natural hazards, and settlement distribution patterns. The research is a descriptive quantitative study with a spatial approach and utilizes images from remote sensing and Geographic Information systems (GIS). The results show that the settlements covering an area of 5,577 hectares or 33.5% of the total settlement area of Semarang City are in disaster-prone areas. Most disaster-prone areas have a moderate level of vulnerability. There are three patterns of settlement distribution in the study area, namely clustered, random, and dispersed patterns. Most districts in Semarang City have a random pattern of disaster-prone settlements. The settlement distribution pattern reflects the characteristics of each disaster-prone area.
Utilization of Soybeans as Bio-Catalyst in Calcite Precipitation Method for Repairing Cracks in Concrete
Authors: Rahmawan Rama Zaky , Fauzan Muhammad , Putra Heriansyah
Published: November 2021

Concrete is a material that has high compressive strength. However, concrete has a lower tensile strength than its compressive strength. As a result, the concrete often cracks and allows the entry of harmful substances such as  dan   causing corrosion of the reinforcement. Therefore, the repair method began to shift from the conventional way to the concept of self-healing concrete which involves the deposition of CaCO3. Precipitation can be done by the enzymatically – induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) method through a combination of urease, urea, and CaCl2 into a solution. This research used soybean extract as a substitute for pure urease enzyme. Variations in the concentration of soybean flour used as injection solution were variations in the content of soybean flour 15 g/L because it produced an optimum calcite mass of 2.62 grams. As a result, there was an increase in the compressive strength of BI against BR. In addition, there was a decreased value of permeability and porosity and the number of injections carried out. The increase in compressive strength, decrease in permeability, and decrease in porosity in concrete is due to CaCO3 deposition in the concrete which can cover the pores and cracks in the concrete.
Optimization Analysis of The Strength Capacity and The Economic Value Comparison of Castellated Steel Beam and Its Equivalent IWF Beam
Authors: Budi Listiyono , Widodo Aris , Haryadi Bambang , Endroyo Bambang , Wicaksono Dimas , Subagio Triono
Published: November 2021

The research is aimed to figure out the comparison of the strength capacity and economic value comparison of castellated steel beam to its equivalent IWF beam. The profile of the castellated steel beam in this study included all profiles of castellated steel beam on the market based on the products catalog of the castellated steel beam from PT. Gunung Garuda. The finite element method was used in this study with the aid from Abaqus program to get a comparison of the strength capacity of castellated steel beam to its equivalent IWF beam. The next stage next involved the calculation of a comparison of the economic value of the castellated steel beam with hexagonal holes with to its equivalent IWF beam. The results of the study showed that the castellated steel beam experienced an increase in the strength capacity of 1,189 up to 2,330 times compared to its equivalent IWF beam. The comparison of the strength capacity between the castellated steel beam and its equivalent IWF beam is at 1,010 up to 1,539. Based on the combination between the comparison of strength capacity and the economic value, there are 14 (58.33%) profiles of the castellated steel beam which is categorized as efficient in terms of the design of the structure and cost, there are four (16.67%) profiles of the castellated steel beam which is categorized as efficient in terms of the design of the structure but not efficient in terms of cost, and there are 6 (25.00%) profiles of the castellated steel beam which is categorized as inefficient in terms of the design of the structure and cost. The results of this study indicate that the castellated steel beam can replace its equivalent IWF beam. Selection of profile of the castellated steel beam is appropriate to provide efficiency in terms of weight of the structure between 58.5% to 15.1% and can provide efficiency in terms of cost of between 48.4% to 0.9%.
Analysis of Effective Location of Shear Wall for High Rise Building with U – Configuration
Authors: Mentari Sekar , Nursani Rosi
Published: November 2021

Indonesia is one of the countries that is prone to earthquakes. In addition to the dead loads, superimposed dead loads, and live loads, the design of buildings in Indonesia must be concerned with earthquake loads. Installing shear walls in the building structure as the Special Moment Frame Dual System is one of a solution to withstand earthquake loads. However, the location of shear walls must be considered, especially in buildings with horizontal irregularities. This study aims to determine the optimum location of the shear walls in a 10-storey building that has U-configuration with dynamic earthquake loads. This research is a numerical simulation ran by modelling the structure with software. To know the effect of the shear wall’s location on a building, several variations of the shear wall configuration with different positions have been conducted. It can be seen the lateral displacement of each floor and the shear force are the response structure to withstand the dynamic earthquake loads. Shear walls that are located close to the center of mass of the building are the optimum variation because the position of the shear wall is the closest to the core area of the building, which is the rotational axis of the building.
Associations of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes with ophthalmic diseases in a population sample over 55 years old
Authors: Direev A. O. , Munts I. V. , Mazurenko E. S. , Shapkina M. Yu. , Ryabikov A. N. , Bobak M. , Malyutina S. K.
Published: November 2021

Aim. To study associations of cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes (T2D) with ophthalmic diseases in a population sample of men and women from middle to old age (Novosibirsk).

Material and methods. The population cohort was initially studied in 2003-2005 (n=9360, 45-69 years old, Novosibirsk, the Health, Alcohol and Psychosocial factors in Eastern Europe (HAPIEE) project). At the second survey (2015-2017) in a random subsample (n=1011), the following ophthalmic diseases were identified: hypertensive retinopathy (HR), diabetic retinopathy (DR), cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), optic disc abnormalities, etc.

Results. The prevalence of HR signs in persons with and without hypertension (HTN) was 81 and 46%, respectively (p<0,001). This association persisted regardless of other factors (odds ratio, 2,27 (95% confidence interval: 1,78-4,17). The prevalence of AMD, cataract and DR increased in HTN, but associations were largely explained by metabolic factors in multivariate models. People with T2D more often than without T2D had signs of DR (9,3 vs 0,4%, p<0,001), AMD (22 vs 17%, p=0,042) and glaucoma (14 vs 7%, p=0,001). Associations of T2D with DR and glaucoma persisted regardless of other factors. Individuals with carotid atherosclerosis (CA) were 1,6 times more likely to have HR than those without CA when adjusted for sex, age, and smoking (p=0,013).

Conclusion. In the surveyed population sample of mainly elderly people, a number of associations between cardiometabolic and common ophthalmic diseases were revealed. The identified comorbidities may have important therapeutic and prophylactic applications in an aging population.
Cardiovascular toxicity of antitumor therapy: effect on myocardial and vascular remodeling
Authors: Kirichenko Yu. Yu. , Ilgisonis I. S. , Ivanova T. V. , Zolotukhina A. S. , Khabarova N. V. , Privalova E. V. , Belenkov Yu. N.
Published: November 2021

Aim. To study the effect of multiagent chemotherapy on structural and functional vascular, electrophysiological parameters and cardiac hemodynamics in patients with stomach cancer.

Material and methods. The study included 3 groups of 25 people: healthy volunteers, those with established cardiac disease (hypertension + coronary artery disease), gastric adenocarcinoma (fluoropyrimidine/platinum-based chemotherapy). Cancer patients before and after chemotherapy courses underwent non-invasive assessment of vascular wall and endothelial dysfunction (videocapillaroscopy, digital photoplethysmography), as well as electrocardiography and echocardiography. Healthy volunteers and cardiac patients were examined once.

Results. In cancer patients, even before chemotherapy courses, endothelial dysfunction (ED) (occlusal index, 1,7 (1,4; 1,9), normal values >1,8) and structural vascular disorders (stiffness index, 8,9 m/s (7,7; 9,7), normal values <8 m/s; refractive index, 32,4% (27,5; 37,7), normal values <30%). All above-mentioned parameters significantly worsened after multiagent chemotherapy (progression of ED and vascular wall remodeling: occlusal index, 1,3 (1,2; 1,5) (p<0,0002); stiffness index, 10,3 m/s (9,5; 11,2) (p<0,0001); reflection index, 40,2% (35,5; 43,6) (p<0,001) Decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction and diastolic function was detected. The number of supraventricular and ventricular premature beats during chemotherapy increased 9 and 10 times, respectively (p<0,05).

Conclusion. The study for the first time assessed the effect of multiagent chemotherapy on ED, vascular stiffness and cardiac hemodynamics in patients with gastric cancer. A significant aggravation of all endothelial function parameters after treatment has been proven, which requires further study in order to develop criteria for early cardiovascular toxicity.
Association of COVID-19 lockdown measures with changes in physical activity of the adult population of Russia
Authors: Mukaneeva D. K. , Kontsevaya A. V. , Antsiferova A. A. , Khalfiev I. N. , Seledtsov A. A. , Stolyarova E. A. , Solovieva A. V. , Popovich M. V. , Drozdova L. Yu. , Drapkina O. M.
Published: November 2021

Aim. To assess the impact of lockdown measures during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on physical activity (PA) of the adult population in Russia.

Material and methods. The online survey was conducted during the period of strict restrictions in Russia from April 26, 2020 to June 6, 2020. The survey involved respondents aged ≥18 years. Participants reported the frequency and duration of moderate to high-intensity PA, as well as walking and other types of exercise, before the pandemic and during the last seven days during the survey period.

Results. In the country as a whole, there was a decrease in all types of PA during the pandemic. The proportion of participants who met the World Health Organization recommendations for any type of PA decreased from 68 to 49% (p<0,001). Proportion of those who followed the World Health Organization recommendations for strength training for ≥2 days per week decreased from 53 to 45% (p<0,001).

Conclusion. The results of the study are the evidence base to substantiate the feasibility of measures aimed at correcting the lifestyle of the population in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection as a marker of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia: a case report
Authors: Khovaeva Ya. B. , Korovin A. L. , Sychugov Ya. A. , Ermachkova L. V. , Moiseenko N. P.
Published: November 2021

The article presents a case report of spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) in the young woman with signs of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (UCTD). The patient was admitted urgently with a clinical and electrocardiographic signs of acute ST-segment elevation coronary syndrome. The patient underwent a coronary angiography, which revealed a type D linear intimal dissection. The decision was made to perform balloon vasodilation with the placement of a drug-eluting stent. With multicomponent therapy, the patient’s condition improved. Physical examination revealed external markers of UCTD. Therefore, it was quantified by systems and organs. The patient had no other cardiovascular diseases, previous infection, or other trigger factors. She was discharged with recommendations to continue the prescribed therapy. This case report demonstrates SCAD as a rare cause of acute myocardial infarction in a young patient. The background for SCAD development in this case was UCTD. Algorithms for managing patients with SCAD against the background of UCTD have not been defined and require further study.
Skin microcirculation in patients with heart failure with different left ventricular systolic dysfunction
Authors: Podzolkov V. I. , Dragomiretskaya N. A. , Beliaev Yu. G. , Rusinov I. S.
Published: November 2021

Aim. To study the relationship of mechanisms of microcirculation regulation and intracardiac hemodynamics in patients with heart failure (HF).

Material and methods. In eighty patients with NYHA class II-IV HF, microcirculation was assessed by laser Doppler flowmetry and intracardiac hemodynamics — by echocardiography.

Results. The patients were divided into 3 groups depending on HF type: with preserved ejection fraction (CHpEF) (>50%) — 27 patients, mid-range EF (CHmrEF) (40-50%) — 25 patients, reduced EF (CHrEF) (<40%)  — 28 patients. Comparative analysis revealed a significant decrease in the coefficient of variation (CV) in all groups without microcirculation differences. The greatest number of significant correlations was found between the myogenic component of microcirculation frequency range and the following echocardiographic parameters: left ventricular EF (r=0,351, p<0,05); end-diastolic dimension (r=-0,492, p<0,05), end-systolic dimension (r=-0,474, p<0,05), end-diastolic volume (r=-0,544, p<0,05), end-systolic volume (r=-0,449, p<0,05), etc.

Conclusion. In patients, regardless of left ventricular EF, satisfactory perfusion was obtained, which is achieved due to inhibition of active mechanisms and compensatory activation of passive mechanisms of microcirculation regulation. The relationship between the development of myocardial remodeling and microcirculatory dysfunction is noted.
Lifetime prevention of cardiovascular disease. Part III: young, middle, elderly and senile age
Authors: Kopylova O. V. , Ershova A. I. , Meshkov A. N. , Kontsevaya A. V. , Drapkina O. M.
Published: November 2021

Intensive investigation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors (RFs), both traditional (smoking, dyslipidemia, diabetes, etc.) and non-traditional, which are a component of the so-called exposome, as well as their non-drug and drug correction provide wide prospects for effective cardiovascular prevention. Prevention becomes the dominant trend in cardiology and in medicine in general. The aim of the article was to describe cardiovascular prevention in young, middle, elderly and senile age. Due to the multifaceted nature of cardiovascular RFs, an integrated biopsychosocial approach, individual and population-based prevention, cumulative risk assessment of all CVDs, intersectoral collaboration and the involvement of decision-makers, are key to the success and effectiveness of prevention measures. It is important to note that, on the one hand, preventive measures should be started as early as possible due to cumulative effect of RFs, on the other hand, most of the preventive interventions for CVD are extremely relevant at all life stages.
Basic principles of combination therapy: focus on drug-drug interaction
Authors: Martsevich S. Yu. , Lukina Yu. V. , Drapkina O. M.
Published: November 2021

The article is devoted to the issue of drug interactions in the combination regimens. Today, when drug therapy is the first-line approach for patients with noncommunicable diseases, and the world population ageing leads to an increase in the number of patients with severe comorbidity and polypharmacy, the problem of drug-drug interaction is especially relevant. The article discusses the main types of drug interactions  — pharmacokinetic (related to absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs) and pharmacodynamic ones, leading to synergy or antagonism of the pharmacological effects. The consequences of drug interactions can be desirable and undesirable, while the latter are much more common. Attention should be directed precisely to preventing such interactions. Also, using data from special scales and lists (Beers criteria, STOPP/START criteria), the options for various adverse drugdrug interactions are briefly described. In addition, the article provides a number of Internet resources that allow assessing the drug interaction risk when prescribing combination therapy.
Heart failure in coronary artery disease: review of medical certificates of cause of death
Authors: Drapkina O. M. , Samorodskaya I. V. , Chernyavskaya T. K. , Kakorina E. P.
Published: November 2021

The role of heart failure (HF) in mortality rates is ambiguous, and much depends on assessment criteria and accounting potential.

Aim. Using medical certificates of cause of death (MCCD), to assess rates of HF, taking into account different types of coronary artery disease (CAD), sex, age and place of death.

Material and methods. Data on deceased persons for 2020 were obtained from the electronic database of the Main Department of Civil Registry Office of Moscow Oblast, using the 4-digit codes of the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10). All deaths with CAD codes (I20-25) were selected. A total of 23193 deaths were included in the analysis. The codes and verbal descriptions of complications were assessed and 3 groups were formed: without indication of heart failure (HF), with indication of HF (without chronic HF) and CHF in MCCD. Comparison of the average age of deceased, the proportion of women and men, the detection rates of certain CAD types and the place of death was carried out. Using logistic regression, the probability of chronic HF/HF as a death cause was determined, taking into account other factors.

Results. Any HF was indicated in 78,9% of the MCCD (acute CAD  — 44,5%, chronic CAD — in 89,1%). Chronic HF was indicated in 27% of the MCCD (men, 30,9%; women, 22,9%; p<0,0001). The highest values were obtained in heart aneurysm — 47%; in other chronic CAD forms — slightly more than a third of the MCCD. HF was not indicated in men in 23,3% of deaths, in women — in 19%; maximum — 90% in “other acute CADs”; minimum — 11% in heart aneurysm. Average age of deceased was 73,6±12,5 years (men, 68,8±10,5; women, 78,4±12,5) (p<0,0001). In all CAD forms, the average age of deceased was significantly higher in subgroups with chronic HF than in groups with (not chronic HF) or without HF. Age, sex, CAD type, place of death (in-hospital deaths were ~2 times less common).

Conclusion. According to the MCCD data, chronic HF is not the dominant complication leading to death. The results obtained require clarification in studies based on primary medical documentation.
Enhanced risk stratification scale for predicting death and non-fatal cardiovascular events in patients of the PROGNOZ IBS registry
Authors: Tolpygina S. N. , Martsevich S. Yu. , Deev A. D.
Published: November 2021

Aim. To develop a risk stratification scale for predicting cardiovascular events (CVEs) in patients with chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) based on the data from the PROGNOZ IBS registry.

Material and methods. The PROGNOZ IBS registry included 641 patients (men, 500; women, 141) living in Moscow and the Moscow Region, who were routinely admitted to the National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2007 with a preliminary diagnosis of CAD. All included participants underwent coronary angiography during hospitalization. The diagnosis of CAD was verified in 84% of patients. The vital status was established in 551 (86%) patients in 2010 and 583 (92%) in 2014. The follow-up period was 7 years. A multivariate statistical analysis of the predictive value of data obtained during primary hospitalization was carried out.

Results. The enhanced risk stratification scale included factors with the highest predictive value for developing CVEs. The presence of NYHA class III-IV heart failure increased the relative risk of CVEs by 5,4 times (3 points), atherosclerotic aortic stenosis by 2,8 times (2 points), stroke by 2,3 times (3 points), a confirmed diagnosis of CAD by 1,7 times (1  point), the presence of dyspnea by 1,4 times (1 point), unstable CAD course in the last 3 months by 1,4 times (1 point), taking diuretics before hospitalization by 1,9 times (1 point), left ventricular ejection fraction of 40-60% and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction according to echocardiography by 1,9 and 2 times (1 point each), respectively, an increase in the heart rate according resting electrocardiography >90 bpm by 1,7 times (1 point), the presence of chronic lung disease or renal failure by 1,5 times (1 point). Seven-year risk of fatal and nonfatal CVEs in patients with CAD in case of score of 0-3 is considered low, score of 4-5 points — moderate (increase in CVE risk by 3 times), score of ≥6 — high (increase in CVE risk by 9 times).

Conclusion. The enhanced risk stratification scale allows predicting the risk of fatal and non-fatal CVC in patients with suspected and confirmed CAD and may be used for widespread use due to informative value, simplicity and availability.
Clinical and anamnestic characteristics of patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction after COVID-19
Authors: Chashchin M. G. , Gorshkov A. Yu. , Drapkina O. M. , Kositsyna I. V. , Golubev A. V. , Chaus N. I. , Perekhodov S. N.
Published: November 2021

Aim. To study clinical, medical history and paraclinical characteristics of patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Material and methods. The study included 209 patients with NSTEMI who were admitted to the Demikhov City Clinical Hospital (Moscow). The patients were divided into 2 groups: the experimental one (n=104)  — those after COVID-19, the control one (n=105)  — those without history of COVID-19. All patients underwent routine diagnostic investigations in accordance with current standards and clinical guidelines.

Results. The mean age of patients in the experimental group was 61,8±12,2 years, while in the control one — 69,0±13,0 years (p<0,0001). Myocardial infarction developed 49 days [34.0; 82.0] after COVID-19. Prior exertional angina was observed in 76,9% of patients in the experimental group and in 88,6% in the control one (χ2 =4,97; p=0,0258). The level of C-reactive protein in the experimental group was 19,2 mg/l [4,9; 53,0], and in the control one — 5,6 mg/l [0,4; 21,8] (p=0,0007). The average troponin I level in the experimental group was 2,7 ng/ml [1,3; 8,0], while in the control one — 1,8 ng/ml [0,8; 3,5] (p=0,0091).

Conclusion. Patients with NSTEMI after COVID-19 were significantly younger compared to patients without a history of COVID-19. They had less common exertional angina prior to MI, while C-reactive protein and troponin I levels were significantly higher than in the control group. In addition, in NSTEMI patients after COVID-19, the estimated pulmonary artery systolic pressure was significantly higher compared to patients without a history of COVID-19.
Association of railway industry occupations with hypertension
Authors: Zhidkova E. A. , Pankova V. B. , Vilk M. F. , Gurevich K. G. , Drapkina O. M.
Published: November 2021

The review considers the issues of the association of railway industry occupations with the hypertension (HTN) risk. There is a number of reviews have been published earlier, where the high prevalence of HTN in railway workers was mentioned. Scientific literature was studied using the following keywords: “railway” and “hypertension” both in Russian and in English. A large spread in HTN prevalence among footplate staff was revealed according to different sources — from 7 to 60%. When recalculating the literature data on HTN prevalence among footplate staff in the CIS unites, it turned out to be no higher than that obtained for working-age men according to the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Diseases and their Risk Factors in Regions of Russian Federation (ESSE-RF). A number of studies indicate that HTN is developing faster for locomotive drivers than for people not working in the railway industry. In our opinion, scientific work on the high frequency of HTN among railway workers can only be considered preliminary. Probably, the development of HTN could be influenced not only by occupational, but also by the major risk factors, such as metabolic ones, obesity, etc.
In-hospital outcomes of treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome using distal radial access
Authors: Mikheeva Yu. V. , Kurtasov D. S. , Ogurtsov P. P. , Koledinskii A. G.
Published: November 2021

Endovascular methods are leading in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Transradial access (TRA) is traditionally used, but there are some disadvantages. Distal transradial access (dTRA) is an alternative to conventional TRA, but its outcomes in patients with ACS are controversial.

Aim. To evaluate the safety and efficacy of vascular accesses, as well as in-hospital outcomes of treatment of patients with ACS using conventional TRA versus dTRA.

Material and methods. This single-center, prospective, randomized study included 264 patients with ACS, which were divided into 2 groups: group 1 (n=132) — dTRA, group 2 (n=132) — TRA. The groups were comparable in the initial clinical, laboratory and angiographic characteristics.

Results. During percutaneous coronary intervention, 240 drug-eluting stents were implanted in 184 patients. In 10 patients, access was converted: from dTRA to TRA in 2,3% (n=3), from dTRA to femoral  — 3,0% (n=4), from dTRA to femoral in 2,3% (n=3). The mean puncture time was 125,1±11,9 s in group 1 and 58,8±8,2 s in group 2 (p<0,00005). There was no difference in the total intervention duration as follows: 30,5±7,1 min and 29,4±4,6 min (p=0,1428), respectively. The time to hemostasis was significantly higher in the TRA group: 354,2±28,1 vs 125,4±15,3 min in group 1 (p<0,00005). When using dTRA, a lower incidence of hematomas (0,8 (n=1) vs 7,0% (n=9) (p=0,019)), spasm (5,6 (n=7) vs 13,2% (n=17) (p=0,039)) and radial artery occlusion (0,8 (n=1) vs 6,2% (n=8) (p=0,036)). The number of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in both groups was comparable: 10,4% (n=13) and 10,1% (n=13) in group 1 and 2, respectively (p=0,932).

Conclusion. The use of dTRA does not increase the total procedure duration compared to conventional TRA. The complication rate was comparable in both study groups. When dTRA was used, the incidence of local complications was significantly lower compared to conventional TRA. Thus, dTRA can be an alternative to conventional TRA, but large randomized trials are required for final conclusions.
Natriuretic peptides: new challenges — new solutions
Authors: Drapkina O. M. , Shepel R. N. , Dzhioeva O. N.
Published: November 2021

Natriuretic peptides (NPs) are one of the most significant biomarkers, the practical use of which increases, and their diagnostic and prognostic value in patients with various chronic noncommunicable diseases is beyond doubt. Since the discovery of these markers, research has been actively carried out to study the biological and pathophysiological roles of NPs in a wide range of diseases, including hypertension and heart failure (HF). These studies showed that A-type and B-type NPs are hormones secreted by the heart in response to pre- or afterload, which prevent high blood pressure and fluid retention. In addition, C-type NPs are produced by the vascular endothelium and act as a local a  mediator with angioprotective properties. Since the NP system is a natural antagonist of the sympathoadrenal and renin-angiotensinaldosterone systems, it is interesting to study novel strategies to use new drug classes for hypertension. These drugs are neprilysin inhibitors, which destroys NPs; their action is to enhance the synthesis of endogenous peptides. Dual angiotensin receptor and neprilysin inhibition is widespread in clinical practice in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Neprilysin inhibition has also been shown to be an effective strategy for hypertensive patients. The article discusses the role and value of NP system in  the dia - gnosis of heart failure and blood pressure regulation, and also considers new promising directions for neprilysin inhibition and activation of endogenous NP synthesis.
Is there a genetic basis for spontaneous coronary artery dissection?
Authors: Mazaev V. P.
Published: November 2021

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Heat setting system development of bridge floor surface using low temperature geothermal energy
Authors: Kostenko Sergey , Piskunov Aleksandr , Ganin Nikita
Published: November 2021

Multilevel transport interchanges play a decisive role in the road infrastructure both throughout the world and in Russia. Significant problems of the safe operation of multi-level highways in the general metropolitan traffic system and the country territory, in general, are associated with the need to thoroughly clear them of snow and ice during winter and off-season periods. The simplest, most obvious, and historically proven non-mechanical ice control method is using the chemical reagents mixtures. Despite the fact that the quality of the original anti-ice chemical products is constantly being improved, the reagents composition is updating, the target operation remains unchanged — a decrease in the ice and snow melting temperature point. Unfortunately, in the process of melting with heavy snowfall, the concentration and, accordingly, the brine viscosity increases, leading to «oiling» of the asphalt pavement, thereby worsening the already difficult situation on the road. One of the attractive ways to keep the roadway in proper condition is to heat it to get rid of ice. Direct heating methods such as central heating or electric heating are too costly and economically unfeasible. It seems promising to use low-temperature geothermal energy, which will significantly reduce energy costs and increase the transport projects’ economic attractiveness. This work is devoted to the study of the practical applicability of the bridge floor surface heat setting technology using low-temperature geothermal energy as part of the «Best available technologies» concept implementation in accordance with GOST R 56828.15-2016 in terms of infrastructure facilities energy efficiency. Based on the work results, the authors provide the study results and numerical modeling, as well as their comparison. The results presented in this article are a part of the dissertation research «New technological solutions development for the bridge floor surface at transport interchanges» Kostenko S.А.
SURİYE KRİZİNİN ARDINDAN TÜRKİYE’DE MEYDANA GELEN DÜZENSİZ GÖÇ VE COVİD-19 SALGINININ DÜZENSİZ GÖÇ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ
Authors: OCAKLI Leyla , AVANER Tekin
Published: November 2021

Tarih boyunca pek çok göç hareketine sahne olan Anadolu, 2011 Suriye kriziyle birlikte bölgeden yoğun kitlesel göç almaktadır. Yaşanan siyasi karışıklıklar ve onun neden olduğu otorite boşluğu nedeniyle meydana gelen terör olayları, başta Suriye olmak üzere bölge ülkelerden insanların hayati tehlikeden kaçmak için ülkelerini terk etmelerine neden olmuştur. Bu noktada Türkiye, tehlikeden kaçan insanların sığındığı ve en çok sığınmacı barındıran bir ülke konumunda bulunmaktadır. Sayıları milyonları bulan düzensiz göçmenlere ev sahipliği yapan Türkiye, düzensiz göçü yönetmek için pek çok alanda yenilikler ve düzenlemeler yapmıştır.2020 yılında tüm Dünya’ya yayılmaya başlayan Covid-19 pandemisi, Türkiye’de düzensiz göçü de etkilemiş, meydana gelen düzensiz göçte önemli bir düşüş yaşanmıştır. Böylece, 2020 yılında bir önceki yıla göre Ege denizi üzerinden Yunanistan’a geçen düzensiz göçmen sayısı %84 oranında, Yunanistan’a geçmeye teşebbüs eden düzensiz göçmen sayısı ise %66 oranında azalmıştır. Covid-19 salgınının Türkiye’de görülmesiyle beraber düzensiz göçte meydana gelen bu keskin düşüşte, Türkiye’nin salgın nedeniyle uyguladığı sokak ve seyahat kısıtlamalarının yanı sıra, ülkelerin göç politikalarının etkisinin büyük olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de son dönemde yaşanan düzensiz göç ve 2020 yılında tüm dünyayı etkileyen Covid-19 salgınının Türkiye’de düzensiz göç üzerindeki etkileri açıklanacaktır.
NON-PHARMACEUTICAL INTERVENTIONS AND THEIR ECONOMIC EFFECTS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: GÜNERİ Barbaros
Published: November 2021

This paper evaluates the relationship between economic activity and non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic for 29 countries for the period between March 2020 and November 2020. Using industrial production as a proxy for economic activity and employing a dynamic panel data methodology to deal with the possible endogeneity problem, the empirical results suggest that non-pharmaceutical interventions negatively affect economic activity. Furthermore, this paper also contributes to the literature by analyzing the link between economic support provided by governments and economic activity during the pandemic. The findings indicate that governments can stabilize the decline in economic activity stemmed from non-pharmaceutical interventions by increasing the amount of economic support to households.
Maternal mortality in north-western region of russia: causes and ways of decreasing
Authors: Ailamazyan Eduard K. , Repina Margarita A. , Tarasova Marina A. , Kogan Igor Юрьевич
Published: November 2021

The article presents the analysis of structure and causes maternal mortality in North-Western region of Russia. The rate of maternal mortality is 8,962,7 per 100 000 lifebom infants. The main cors of maternal mortality in areas with high rate of maternal mortality are artifical abortion and bleeding. The ways of decreasing maternal mortality are discussed in this article.
Adenomyosis as an optional risk factor for uterine cancer
Authors: Kostyuchek D. F. , Anichkov N. M. , Pechenikova V. А.
Published: November 2021

The problem of adenomyosis malignization is controversial and insufficiently explored. Rate of the malignant transformation of adenomyosis varies from O.l to 24 per cent; as a rule, malignization of the stromal component of adenomyosis is described, works containing cancerous transformation description are isolated ones. Comparative clinical and morphological and immunohistochemical investigation of the cancerous transformation of adenomyosis (6 observations), endometrium cancer in combination with adenomyosis (16 observations), and typical adenomyosis (9 observations) is carried out. Obtained data indicate the precancerous optional significance of adenomyosis, risk of which increases in senior age groups. Endometrial adenocarcinoma does not exhibit a tendency to invasive growth into adenomyosis nidi; combined independent development of endometrium cancer and adenomyosis malignization with exo- and endophyte growth is possible, which determines the hypodiagnostics of malignizated adenomyosis. Morphological verification of malignizated adenomyosis demands comprehensive clinical and morphological investigation with broad study of operating material and with taking into consideration the stages of cancerous transformation morphogenesis established during the work. Late diagnostics and inadequate surgical treatment diagnose the unfavorable prognosis.
Replacement hormonal therapy for rehabilitation of patients with endometrial carcinoma after radical treatment
Authors: Mikhailyuk Galina I. , Urmancheeva Adilia F. , Ulrich Elena А.
Published: November 2021

The possibility of using replacement hormonal therapy for rehabilitation of patients suffering from postovariectomic syndrome in consequence of radical treatment of endometrial carcinoma was considered. Data of the own investigation to appraise the admissibility and efficiency of various RHT preparations aimed at correction of postovariectomic syndrome in patients with endometrial carcinoma are presented.
Hormone replacement therapy in prophylactics and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis
Authors: Zazerskaya I. E. , Kuznetcova L. V.
Published: November 2021

The article reviews the recent data (from 01.01.2002- 30.07.2004) concerning the role of HRT in prevention of postmenopausal bone loss and fractures. All the articles, that are included from Medline and Pub Med have been checked up in Cochran Controlled Register. The role of HRT remains great in treatment osteopenia. The effectiveness of HRT and depends on the length of duration, doses of estrogens, age of the patient.