bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SYNTHESIS OF POLYETHYLENE OXIDE (PEO)–CHITOSAN HYDROGEL PREPARED BY GAMMA RADIATION TECHNIQUE
Authors: Erizal Erizal , Wikanta Thamrin
Published: January 2019

Crosslinked PEO hydrogel containing chitosan for wound dressing has been prepared by gamma radiation technique. Chitosan solutions with different concentration (0.5-2% w/v) have been blended with 5% aqueous solution of PEO and irradiated at the doses 20-40 kGy by gamma rays. The copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy and their physico-chemical properties of hydrogels were evaluated in terms of gel fraction, swelling ratio, elongation at break and antimicrobial activities. It was found that under maximum condition of incorporation 1% chitosan with irradiation dose of 20 kGy, PEO-chitosan hydrogels with high gel fraction (85%), swelling ratio (10 g/g) and elongation at break (145%) were obtained. The examination of the microbe penetration shows that the prepared hydrogels can be considered as a good barrier against microbes. Thus, PEO-chitosan hydrogel showed satisfactory properties for use as a wound dressing.
EFFECT OF AGING TIME TOWARD CRYSTALLINITY OF PRODUCTS IN SYNTHESIS OF MESOPOROUS SILICATES MCM-41
Authors: Suyanta Suyanta , Narsito Narsito , Wahyuni Endang Tri , Triyono Triyono , Sutarno Sutarno
Published: January 2019

Researches about the effects of aging time toward crystallinity of products in the synthesis of mesoporous silicates MCM-41 have been done. MCM-41 was synthesized by hydrothermal treatment to the mixture of sodium silicate, sodium hydroxide, cetyltrimetylammoniumbromide (CTMAB) and aquadest in the molar ratio of 8Na2SiO3 : CTMAB : NaOH : 400H2O. Hydrothermal treatment was carried out at 110 °C in a teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave heated in the oven, with variation of aging time, i.e.: 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h respectively. The solid phase were filtered, then washed with deionised water, and dried in the oven at 100 °C for 2 h. The surfactant CTMAB was removed by calcinations at 550 °C for 10 h with heating rate 2 °C/min. The as-synthesized and calcined powders were characterized by using FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction method. The relative crystallinity of products was evaluated based on the intensity of d100 peaks. The best product was characterized by using N2 physisorption method in order to determine the specific surface area, mean pore diameter, lattice parameter, and pore walls thickness. It was concluded that the relative crystallinity of the products was sensitively influenced by the aging time. The highest relative crystallinity was achieved when used 36 h of aging time in hydrothermal treatment. In this optimum condition the product has 946.607 m2g-1 of specific surface area, 3.357 nm of mean pore diameter, 4.533 nm of lattice parameter, and 1.176 nm of pore walls thickness.
SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATION OF DIATOMACEOUS EARTH – 4,4-DIAMINODIPHENYLETHER-O-HYDROXYBENZALDEHYDE AS AN ADSORBENT OF Ag(I) METAL ION
Authors: Fatoni Ahmad , Koesnarpadi Soerja , Hidayati Nurlisa
Published: January 2019

Synthesis, characterization and application of Diatomaceous Earth-4,4-Diamino diphenylether-O-Hydroxybenzaldehyde (diatomaceous earth-DDE-O-Hb) as an adsorbent of Ag(I) metal ion has been done. The aim of the purification of natural diatomaceous earth with KMnO4, H2SO4 and HCl were to obtain pure diatomaceous earth, remove the other compounds and de-alumination, respectively. The adsorbent of diatomaceous earth-DDE-O-Hb was synthesized by reacting pure diatomaceous earth with 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane, 4,4-diaminodiphenylether (DDE) and O-hydroxybenzaldehyde (O-Hb). The FTIR spectroscopy was used to identify Schiff base group in diatomaceous earth-DDE-O-Hb adsorbent. The diatomaceous earth-DDE-O-Hb was applied as adsorbent in the adsorption of Ag(I) metal ion. Parameters influencing the interaction such as time, pH and concentration were optimized. The result showed that diatomaceous earth-DDE-O-Hb adsorbent have Schiff base group. The interaction time of 90 min showed that 70.79% of Ag(I) metal ions at the concentration of 100 ppm can be adsorbed by diatomaceous earth-DDE-O-Hb adsorbent. At the pH solution between 2 to 7, the concentration of 100 ppm of Ag(I) metal ion that can adsorbed by diatomaceous earth-DDE-O-Hb adsorbent was up to 98% and at the concentration of 25 ppm Ag(I) metal ion, the adsorption of Ag(I) by diatomaceous earth-DDE-O-Hb adsorbent was near 91%.
STRUCTURE OF IRIDIUM(III) HYDRATION BASED ON AB INITIO QUANTUM MECHANICAL CHARGE FIELD MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS
Authors: Iswanto Ponco , Armunanto Ria , Pranowo Harno D.
Published: January 2019

Structural properties of Iridium(III) hydration have been studied based on an ab initio Quantum Mechanical Charge Field (QMCF) Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulations. The most chemical-relevant region was treated by ab initio calculation at Hartree-Fock level. For the remaining region was calculated by Molecular Mechanics method. LANL2DZ ECP and DZP Dunning basis sets were applied to Ir3+ ion and water, respectively. The average distance of Ir-O in the first hydration shell is 2.03 Å. The QMCF MD Simulation can detect only one complex structure with coordination number of 6 in the first hydration shell. Bond angle analysis shows that Ir3+ ion hydration in the first hydration shell has octahedral structure.
POLYMORPHIC TRANSFORMATION OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE CAUSED BY HEAT TREATMENT OF PROTONIC LEPIDOCROCITE TITANATE
Authors: Sutrisno Hari , Sunarto Sunarto
Published: January 2019

The polymorphic phases of titanium dioxide were successfully prepared by heat treatments of protonic lepidocrocite titanate, H0.54Ti1.8650.135O4·0.5H2O at various temperatures. The prepared powders were characterized with EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-rays Diffractometer (XRD), Raman Spectroscopy, and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). The effect of calcination temperature on the phase structure and morphology of the heated samples was investigated. The research indicated that the protonic titanate, H0.54Ti1.8650.135O4·0.5H2O ( = vacancy), lost the interlayer water by being heated up to 200 °C to produce a dehydrated phase, H0.54Ti1.8650.135O4. Above 300 °C, the dehydrated phase, H0.54Ti1.8650.135O4, completely transformed to TiO2(B) and anatase was obtained as pure phase at 600 °C. The phase transformed as the following process: H0.54Ti1.8650.135O4·0.5H2O ®  H0.54Ti1.8650.135O4·0.25H2  ®  H0.54Ti1.8650.135O4 ®  TiO2(B) ®  TiO2-anatase.   Keywords: layered compound, titanium dioxide, lepidocrocite, phase transformation, heat treatment
DEVELOPMENT OF FLOW INJECTION METHOD FOR ONLINE DETERMINATION OF THIOCYANATE BASED ON OXIDATION BY PERMANGANATE
Authors: Sulistyarti Hermin , Kolev Spas D. , Lim Stephanie
Published: January 2019

The importance of developing method for thiocyanate becomes obvious, because thiocyanate can inhibit iodine uptake of thyroid gland leading to mumps disease. In this work, thiocyanate is oxidized by permanganate in the acid donor stream to cyanide, which is directly converted to hydrogen cyanide. Then, hydrogen cyanide diffuses through a Teflon membrane into acceptor stream containing nickel(II) in ammoniacal buffer to form tetracyanonickelate(II) which is detected spectrophotometrically at 267 nm. Analytical figures of merit were linear up to 50 mg L-1 for thiocyanate, with RSD of 1.34%, and detection limit of 0.07 mg L-1, respectively. Interfering anions were eliminated under stoichiometric amount of permanganate and sample throughput was 20 h-1. The method was validated for determining thiocyanate samples from synthetic and gold process waters with satisfactory results.   Keywords: Thiocyanate, flow injection, permanganate, spectrophotometry
UGONIN J FLAVONOID FROM TUNJUK LANGIT (Helminthostachys zeylanica Linn.) ROOT EXTRACT
Authors: Fitrya Fitrya , Anwar Lenny , Eliza Eliza , Muharni Muharni
Published: January 2019

A flavonoid compound was isolated from dried rihzomes of tunjuk langit (Helminthostachis zaylanica Lin), a traditional medicine from South Sumatera, Indonesia. Extraction was done by maceration methode and separation of isolated compound was conducted by chromatographic technique. The structure of this compound was determined base on spectroscopic data such as including UV, IR, 1-D, 2-D NMR, and comparison with the reported data. Based on spectral data analysis, concluded that isolated compound was Ugonin J (5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-6-(6,6-dimethyil-2-methylenecyclo-hexylmethyl)flavone).   Keywords: Flavonoid, Ugonin J, Helmintohostacys zaylanica
ANTICANCER ACTIVITY OF CALANONE ON HeLa CELL LINE
Authors: Ekowati Heny , Astuti Indwiani , Mustofa Mustofa
Published: January 2019

Calanone (coumarin derivate compound), isolated from Calophyllum sp. had been shown to have cytotoxic activity on leukemia L1210 cell line with IC50 = 59.40 mg/mL. Calanone presumed have anticancer activity on HeLa cervical carcinoma cell. This study was conducted to investigate the cytotoxic and apoptotic activity of calanone and its effect to p53 and p21 expression on HeLa cervical carcinoma cell. Cytotoxic assay of calanone was performed on HeLa cell line, using MTT assay. Apoptotic assay was performed on HeLa cell line incubated with calanone for 24 h, by immunofluororescence method, using fluorochromes ethidium bromide and acridine orange. Expression of p53 was examined on HeLa cell line, by PCR with p53 wild-type primer. Expression of p21 was examined on HeLa cell line, by immunohistochemistry method. 5-fluorourasil was used as positive control in cytotoxic, apoptotic assay, and p53 expression. The result showed that calanone has cytotoxic activity on HeLa cell line, with IC50 = 22.887 mg/mL, caused cytotoxicity through apoptotic mechanism, increase p53 tumor suppressor gene expression, while the p21 expression test showed a negative result.   Keywords: Calanone, cytotoxic, HeLa cell line
MUTATION ON WD DIPEPTIDE MOTIFS OF THE p48 SUBUNIT OF CHROMATIN ASSEMBLY FACTOR-1 CAUSING VIABILITY AND GROWTH OF DT40 CHICKEN B CELL LINE
Authors: Ahmad Ahyar , Karim Harningsih
Published: January 2019

Chromatin assembly factor-1 (CAF-1), a protein complex consisting of three subunits, p150, p60, and p48, is highly conserved from yeast to humans and facilitated nucleosome assembly of newly replicated DNA. The p48 subunit, CAF-1p48 (p48), with seven WD (Trp-Asp) repeat motifs, is a member of the WD protein family. The immunoprecipitation experiment revealed that ß-propeller structure of p48 was less stringent for it's binding to HDAC-1, but more stringent for its binding to both histones H4 and CAF-1p60 but not to ASF-1, indicating that the proper ß-propeller structure of p48 is essential for the binding to these two proteins histone H4 and CAF-1p60. Complementation experiments, involving missense and truncated mutants of FLAG-tagged p48, revealed that mutations of every of seven WD dipeptide motifs, like both the N-terminal and C-terminal truncated mutations, could not rescue for the tet-induced lethality. These results indicate not only that p48 is essential for the viability of vertebrate cells, although the yeast p48 homolog is nonessential, but also that all the seven WD dipeptide motifs are necessary for the maintenance of the proper structure of p48 that is fundamentally important for cell viability.   Keywords: Chromatin assembly factor-1, complementation experiments, viability
INTEGRATED GAS-LIQUID SEPARATOR-REACTOR FOR DETERMINATION Sn(II) AT TRACE LEVELS IN SOLUTION
Authors: Panggabean A. Sentosa , Amran M. Bachri , Buchari Buchari , Pasaribu Subur P.
Published: January 2019

The determination of Sn(II) ion at trace levels using integrated gas-liquid separator-reactor with hydride generation-quartz furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer (HG-QFAAS) has been done. This modified gas-liquid separator at various sizes was able to increase sensitivity in the determination of Sn(II) in solution. The acid reagent mixing techniques, sample and reductant optimally occurs in a coil reaction before they are going to the gas-liquid separators. The optimum conditions of parameter measurement in the determination of Sn ion with HG method are influenced by type and concentration of acid, and the concentration of reductant has been evaluated. This optimum parameters can increase of analytical performance simultantly, which is shown by detection limit 3.74 mg L-1 for 100 mL injection volume (3.74 pg Sn). The accuracy of measurement shown by the % recovery of the Sn determination in natural water sample at > 95%, indicate this technique is good to be applied for tin analysis at picogram level.   Keywords: Sn, hydride generation, gas-liquid reactor separator, QFAAS
OXIDATION KINETICS AND QUANTIFICATION METHOD OF CHOLESTEROL USING CHOLESTEROL OXIDASE ENZYME CATALYST
Authors: Falah Iip Izul , Ritmaleni Ritmaleni , Yahya M. Utoro
Published: January 2019

In view of health, cholesterol is believed as one of many sources can raise several diseases. Hence, both of research in quantification and developing simple, rapid and accurate analysis method of cholesterol in a sample is very important. Aim of this research was to investigate cholesterol oxidation kinetics and its quantification method based on oxidation of cholesterol and formation complex compound of hexathiocyanato ferat(III), {Fe(SCN)6}-3. The kinetics analysis and quantification, involved cholesterol oxidation in 0.1 M and pH 7.0 phosphate buffer solution to produce cholest-4-en-3-one and hydrogen peroxide, in the presence of cholesterol oxidase enzyme. The formed hydrogen peroxide was used to oxidize iron(II) ion, which was reacted furthermore with thiocyanate ion to raise the red-brown complex compound. Results of the study showed that the complex was stable at 10-120 min since the reaction was started, with maximum wavelength of 530-540 nm. While the kinetics analysis gave first order oxidation reaction with a reaction rate constant, kapp = 5.22 x 10-2 min-1. Based on this kinetics data, cholesterol analysis method could be developed i.e. by oxidizing cholesterol within 1.5 h using cholesterol oxidase as a catalyst, and then reacted with Fe2+, in a solution containing thiocyanate ion. Absorbencies of solutions of the complex compound, measured at wavelength of 535 nm, were linearly proportional to their cholesterol concentrations, in the range of 50-450 ppm.   Keywords: cholesterol, quantification, kinetics, hexathiocyanato ferat(III)
CONFORMATIONAL STUDIES OF LIGNANS FROM Durio oxleyanus Griff. (<i.Bombacaceae)
Authors: Rudiyansyah Rudiyansyah , Lambert Lynette K , Garson Mary J
Published: January 2019

Searching for secondary metabolites from the wood bark of Durio oxleyanus has afforded two new lignans, namely threo-carolignan Y (1) and erythro-carolignan Y (2) together with three other known lignans erythro-carolignan X (3), boehmenan X (4) and boehmenan (5). The relative configurations of compounds 1 and 2 were established by J-based configurational analysis and 2D NOESY studies.   Keywords: carolignan, threo, erythro, Durio, Bombacaceae
THE EFFECT OF FORMALDEHYDE EXPOSURE AND YOGURT SUPPLEMENTATION ON PROFILE AND CHARACTER OF HEPAR TISSUE PROTEIN OF RATS (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Mahdi Chanif , Aulaniam Aulaniam
Published: January 2019

Formaldehyde is a simplest organic compound of aldehyde or alkanal group. Formaldehyde is a toxic and carcinogenic substance. Formaldehyde contamination through food or feeding diet continuously is very dangerous for the body, especially for bodies organ for instances likes hepar and kidney. Because formaldehyde is sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals substances for the body. This purpose of the study is to know the effect of formaldehyde exposure and yogurt supplementation on profile and characters of rats (Rattus norvegicus) protein hepar tissues. The research methods is laboratory methods. The protein profiles determined by electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) methods. The character of hepar protein tissue determined by ELISA, Dot Blot and Western Blot methods. The result showed that formaldehyde exposure through the feeding diet of rats affect on profile of hepar protein tissue, that characterized by appear of new band of specific protein with molecule weigh is 29.6 kDa (PSForm 29.6). Yogurt supplementation on rat that exposure by formaldehyde through the feeding diet of rat, that characterized by expressing of new band of specific protein with relative molecule weight 24.8 kDa (PSYogh 24.8 kDa), and followed by depressed or dispear of protein specific band of 29.6 kDa(PSForm 29.6 kDa). The result showed that isolated protein PSForm 29.6 kDa have a antigenecity character.   Keywords: Formaldehyde exposure, yogurt, ROS, profile and protein character
SEPARATION OF PENICILLIN G FROM FERMENTATION BROTH BY EMULSION LIQUID MEMBRANE TECHNIQUE
Authors: Santoso Imam , Amran Bachri , Fitri Apriliana Laily
Published: January 2019

The separation of penicillin G from fermentation broth can be done by emulsion liquid membrane technique. The aim of this research is to establish the optimal conditions for the extraction and separation of penicillin G using emulsion liquid membrane technique. The optimal conditions were found to be at ratio of internal phase volume to membrane phase volume of 1:1 ; time of making emulsion, 1 min ; emulsion contact rate, 300 rpm; rate of stirring of emulsion, 2000 rpm ; rest time of emulsion, 13 min; concentration of  penicillin G as external phase, 375 ppm; and concentration of surfactant, 5% (v/v). pH of internal phase is 8; pH of external phase 5; ratio of emulsion phase volume to external phase volume, 1:2 and concentration of carrier 2 mM. The concentration of penicillin G and phenylacetic acid from fermentation results were 24771 mg/L and 32675 mg/L. Extraction by emulsion liquid membrane technique gave the percentage of penicillin G 53.38% and phenylacetic acid 60.41%. The percentage phenylacetic acid which is still higher (60.41%) indicated that the penicillin G could not completely be separated from phenylacetic acid by emulsion liquid membrane technique.   Keywords: penicillin G, fermentation, emulsion liquid membrane technique
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF HDPE PLASTIC FILM FOR HERBICIDE CONTAINER USING FLY ASH CLASS F AS FILLER
Authors: Ni’mah Yatim Lailun , Atmaja Lukman , Juwono Hendro
Published: January 2019

High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) plastic plays an important role in various applications, for example, it can be used as a container (bottle). Petrokimia Kayaku Company, a branch of Petrokimia Company of Gresik, produces herbicides using HDPE plastic bottles as their container. Those plastic bottles undergo degradation (kempot) for certain period of time. The aim of this research is to characterize and to synthesize the HDPE plastic film with class F fly ash as filler. The results expected from this research are producing the plastic with a better properties and durability. This research was initiated by taking the sample of HDPE plastic bottle and herbicides (containing Gramakuat, on active material parakuat dichloride) at Petrokimia Kayaku Company. Both the initial HDPE and the degraded bottles was analyzed their tensile strength and Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FTIR) spectral. The next step was to synthesize the HDPE plastic film using class F fly ash as filler and a coupling agent. The filler concentrations were 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20wt %. The best result was 5% filler concentration with tensile strength of 27.7 lbs. This HDPE film was then subjected to degradation test using pyridine solution with various concentrations (1%, 3% and 5%) for two weeks, thermal degradation at 100 °C for two weeks and chemical resistance by xylene with soak time variation of 24 h, 98 h and 168 h. The result of degradations test show that the value of tensile strength was decreased with the increase of filler consentration. The chemical resistance, however, was increased.   Keywords: degradation, filler, fly ash, HDPE, Herbicide
SYNTHESIS OF COPPER OXIDE NANO PARTICLES BY USING Phormidium cyanobacterium
Authors: Rahman Abdul , Ismail Amri , Jumbianti Desi , Magdalena Stella , Sudrajat Hanggara
Published: January 2019

In this paper, we report a suitable method for extracellular synthesis of copper oxide nano particles by using Phormidium cyanobacterium. We hypothesize that synthesis of copper oxide nano particles is believed to occur by extracellular hydrolysis of the cationic copper by certain metal chelating anionic proteins/reductase secreted by bacteria under simple experimental conditions like aerobic environment, neutral pH and room temperature. Proteins not only reduce Cu (II) into copper oxide nano particles (CONPs) but also plays significant role in stabilization of formed nanoparticles at room temperature. Further TEM, SEM, XRD and FTIR analysis have confirmed the synthesis of nano particles through microbial route. Extracellular induction of metal chelating proteins/reductase was analyzed by SDS-PAGE.   Keywords: Synthesis, copper oxide nano particles, Phormidium cyanobacterium
PREPARATION, CHARACTERIZATION, ACTIVITY, DEACTIVATION, AND REGENERATION TESTS OF CoO-MoO/ZnO AND CoO-MoO/ZnO-ACTIVATED ZEOLITE CATALYSTS FOR THE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM FUSEL OIL
Authors: Trisunaryanti Wega , Emmanuel Ignatius
Published: January 2019

Preparation, characterization, activation, deactivation, and regeneration tests of CoO-MoO/ZnO and CoO-MoO/ZnO-Activated Zeolite (AZ) catalysts for the hydrogen production using steam reforming of alcohols in fusel oil have been conducted. Both catalysts were prepared by impregnation of Co and Mo onto ZnO or ZnO-AZ powder then followed by calcination at 400 °C for 5 h under N2 stream. The BET method and pyridine adsorption were used for catalysts characterization. The study of activation, deactivation, and regeneration of catalysts were conducted by using steam reforming method in the semi flow reactor. The reaction condition were: weight ratio of catalysts/feed = 0.1, temperature: 450 °C, duration: 45 min. The gas product was trapped in a 250 mL vacuum pyrex bottle filled with 50 mL of 4 M NaOH solution and analyzed by GC with TCD system to determine H2 existance and HCl titration to determine CO2 produced during the process that was dissolved in NaOH solution. The results showed that CoO-MoO/ZnO-AZ catalyst produced higher gas conversion than CoO-MoO/ZnO catalyst. However, it had short catalyst lifetime due to its high amount of coke deposited during the process. The regeneration test could enhance the catalyst activity. The gas product consisted of H2 (14.70%) and CO2 (24.41%).   Keywords: fusel oil, steam reforming, deactivation, regeneration, hydrogen production.
SCREENING OF THERMOPHYLIC MICROORGANISM FROM IJEN CRATER BANYUWANGI AS PHYTASE ENZYME PRODUCER
Authors: Kusumadjaja Aline Puspita , Budiati Tutuk , Puspaningsih Ni Nyoman Tri , Sajidan Sajidan
Published: January 2019

Phytase is enzyme which hydrolysis phytic acid to anorganic phosphate and myo-inositol pentakis-, tetrakis-, tris-, bis-, and monophosphate. The use of phytase in feed industry can overcome environment and nutrition problems which were arisen from unmetabolism phytic acid or its salt by poultry, swine and fish. The feed industry needs a thermostable enzyme due to the need of high temperature in pelleting process, i.e. 81 °C. By using thermostabile phytase, the pelleting process will not affect the enzyme activity. Thermostabile phytase can be isolated from microorganism live in hot spring water or volcano crater. In this study, the screening of thermophylic microorganism having thermostabile phytase activity in Ijen Crater, Banyuwangi, has been done. From this process, it was obtained 33 isolates that produce phytase enzyme. Isolate was code by AP-17 yields highest phytase activity, that is 0.0296 U/mL, so this isolate was choosen for further study. The activity of crude phytase enzyme was measured based on the amount of anorganic phosphate that was produced in enzymatic reaction using UV-VIS spectrophotometer at 392 nm. Based on morphology test to identify the gram type of microorganism, isolate AP-17 has a bacill cell type and identified as positive gram bacteria. This isolate was assumed as Bacillus type.   Keywords: Phytase, thermophilic microorganism, phytase activity
PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF THE PETROLEUM ETHER EXTRACT OF THE LEAVES OF Lagerstroemia speciosa Linn
Authors: Rahman S.M. Mizanur , Pervin Shayla , Quader Md. Abdul , Hossain M. Amzad
Published: January 2019

Two new compounds, normal alcohol containing of higher carbons and isomer of β-sitosterol were isolated for the first time from the petroleum extract of the leaves of Lagerstroemia speciosa. The structure of the compound has been established on the basis of UV, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectra and identified as nonanol and isomer of β-sitosterol.   Keywords: Lagerstroemia speciosa, petroleum ether extracts, isolation, 1-nonanol, 2 β-sitostero, spectral analyses.
ANTI DIABETIC FLAVANONE COMPOUND FROM THE LEAVES OF Artocarpus communis
Authors: Lotulung Puspa D.N. , Fajriah Sofa , Sundowo Andini , Filaila Euis
Published: January 2019

The Flavanone compound with anti diabetic activity was isolated from ethyl acetate extract of Artocarpus communis leaves using column chromatography techniques. The structure of the flavanone compound was elucidated on the basic of spectroscopic evidence and comparison to published values. This compound, 8-geranyl-4,5,7-trihydroxyflavone, showed strong anti diabetic activity on α-glucosidase inhibition assay with IC50 18.120 µg mL-1.   Keywords: Artocarpus communis, 8-geranyl-4,5,7-trihydroxyflavone, anti diabetic activity
PREPARATION AND CATALYTIC ACTIVITY FOR ISOPROPYL BENZENE CRACKING OF Co, Mo AND Co/Mo-Al2O3-PILLARED MONTMORILLONITE CATALYSTS
Authors: Hasanudin Hasanudin , Wijaya Karna , Santoso Budi
Published: January 2019

It has been prepared Co, Mo and Co/Mo-Al2O3-pillared montmorillonite catalysts using montmorillonite clay  as raw material. The structure and porosity of the catalysts were determined using N2 adsorption-desorption and FT-IR spectroscopy analysis methods. Isopropyl benzene cracking using these catalysts were used to test the catalytic activity and performance of Co, Mo and Co/Mo-Al2O3-pillared montmorillonites.  Characterization results showed that pillarization resulted in the increase of the total pore volume and specific surface area of the clay. Meanwhile, transition metals (Co, Mo and Co/Mo) loaded on Al2O3-pillared monmorillonites could increase the catalytic activity of the catalysts for isopropyl benzene cracking significantly.   Keywords: pillared monmorillonite, isopropyl benzene  and cracking catalyst
APPLICATION OF NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS IN CHARACTERIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SRM SAMPLES
Authors: Lestiani Diah Dwiana , Muhayatun Muhayatun , Adventini Natalia
Published: January 2019

Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a nuclear technique that is excellent, multi-elemental, sensitive and has limit detection up to nanogram level. The application of NAA in analysis of Standard Reference Material (SRM) National Institute of Standard Technology (NIST) 1633b Coal Fly Ash and SRM NIST 1646a Estuarine Sediment was carried out for NAA laboratory inter-comparison program. The samples were distributed by Technology Centre for Nuclear Industry Material, National Nuclear Energy Agency as a coordinator of the inter-comparison program. The samples were irradiated in rabbit facility of G.A. Siwabessy reactor with neutron flux ~ 1013 n.cm-2.s-1, and counted with HPGe spectrometry gamma detector. Several trace elements in these samples were detected. The concentration of Al, Mg, K, Na and Ti in SRM NIST 1633b were 15.11, 7.35, 2.09, 0.192 and 0.756% respectively and the concentration of As, Cr, Mn, Se, V, Sb, Co, Cs, La, Sc and Sm were 137.0, 195.6, 129.4, 9.61, 305.8, 5.45, 56.2, 11.18, 83.73, 41.1 and 19.13 mg/kg respectively. The analysis result in SRM NIST 1646a of the concentration of Al and Na were 2.15 and 0.70% and the concentration of As, Cr, Co, La and Sc were 5.75, 36.3, 4.58, 15.67 and 4.00 mg/kg respectively. These results analysis had relative bias and u-test ranged from 0.4-11.3% and 0.15-2.25. The accuracy and precision evaluation based on International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) criteria was also applied. The result showed that NAA technique is applicable for the environmental samples analysis, and it also showed that the NAA laboratory in BATAN Bandung has a good performance.   Keywords: NAA, inter-comparison, estuarine sediment, coal fly ash, environmental samples
ESTIMATION OF MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY IN THE DETERMINATION OF Fe CONTENT IN POWDERED TONIC FOOD DRINK USING GRAPHITE FURNACE ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
Authors: Budiman Harry , Sri H Fransiska , Krismastuti Krismastuti , Nuryatini Nuryatini
Published: January 2019

The evaluation of uncertainty measurement in the determination of Fe content in powdered tonic food drink using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry was carried out. The specification of measurand, source of uncertainty, standard uncertainty, combined uncertainty and expanded uncertainty from this measurement were evaluated and accounted. The measurement result showed that the Fe content in powdered tonic food drink sample was 569.32 µg/5g, with the expanded uncertainty measurement ± 178.20 µg/5g (coverage factor, k = 2, at confidende level 95%). The calibration curve gave the major contribution to the uncertainty of the final results.   Keywords: uncertainty, powdered tonic food drink, iron (Fe), graphite furnace AAS
DETERMINATION OF TRACE NITRITE AS 4-(4-NITROBENZENAZO)- 1-AMINONAPHTHALENE COMPLEX BY EXTRACTION-SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
Authors: Amri Choirul , Siswanta Dwi , Mudasir Mudasir
Published: January 2019

A study of extraction-spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace nitrite as 4-(4-nitrobenzenazo)-1-aminonaphthalene complex using n-amylalcohol and chloroform as organic solvents has been done. Results of the study showed that extraction-spectrophotometric determination of nitrite using n-amylalcohol or chloroform was very sensitive and had low limit of detection. Extraction-spectrophotometric method of nitrite using n-amylalcohol gave range of linear concentration 0.000-0.054 mg/L NO2--N, detection limit of 2.09x10-4 mg/L NO2--N, and sensitivity of 34.514 ± 0.398 absorbance unit per mg/L of NO2--N. Meanwhile, extraction-spectrophotometric of nitrite using chloroform had range of linear concentration of 0.000-0.100 mg/L NO2--N, detection limit of 8.99x10-4 mg/L NO2--N, and sensitivity of 18.353 ± 0.456 absorbance unit per mg/L NO2--N.   Keywords: Nitrite Trace, 4-(4-Nitrobenzenazo)-1-Aminonaphthalene, Extraction-Spectrophotometry
TRANSFORMATION OF RICINOLEIC OF CASTOR OIL INTO LINOLEIC (OMEGA-6) AND CONJUGATED LINOLEIC ACID BY DEHYDRATION
Authors: Sitorus Marham , Ibrahim S. , Nurdin H. , Darwis D.
Published: January 2019

The ricinoleic of Castor Oil was dehydrated by various dehydrator agent (P2O5, K2CO3, H3PO4, NaHSO4, Al2O3, molecular sieve and activated bentonite at 450 °C - HCl) on the same condition (150 °C, mol ratio 1:1 and 2 hours ). The compositions of Refined Ricinus Castor Oil as starting material were : 0.92% palmitic , 5.56% linoleic , 4.07% octadecanoic , 1.22% stearic and 85.06% ricinoleic. The spesific wave number of IR was bandwith 3411 cm-1 caused of hydroxyl (-OH) group of ricinoleic at C-12 as main component. The product was Dehydrated Castor Oil (DCO) mixed of linoleic (omega 6) [C18 : 2 (9,12)] and Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) [C18: 2 (9,11)]. The best dehydrator was P2O5 based on three parameters were : Free Fatty Acid (FFA) nearly the same (1.855% of Castor oil and 2.139% of DCO), the most increased of Iodium value (49.860 mg/g of Castor oil in to 63.090 mg/g of DCO), and the most decresed of hydroxyl number (28.27 mg of Castor oil in to 17.75 mg/g of DCO). To optimized the dehydration was done by various number of P2O5 (3g, 5g and 7g), tempereture (room, 100 °C and 150 °C) and time (2h, 2.5h, 3h, and 3.5h). The optimal conditon of dehydration was not found yet. Some of sugestted or idea for dehydration were: dehydration must be done by base or netral, non oxydator dehydrator, mol ratio 1:1, temperature (100-150 °C) and 2-3.5 h. Based on GC-MS the best DCO (7g P2O5, 150 °C and 3.5 h) were showed that the decrease of ricinoleic 14.13% (85.08% of Castor Oil in to 70.93% of DCO), increased linoleic 2.09% (5.56 of Castor oil in to 7.65% of DCO) and conducted of 9.09% CLA. Some new peaks between linoleic and ricinoleic are maybe isomer's of linoleic and CLA. The wave number of cunjugated alkene (C=C) (1666.3 cm-1) of IR spectra of DCO together with GC-MS chromatogram's to indicated that linoleic and CLA were conducted.   Keywords: castor oil, risinoleic, dehydration, omega 6 dan CLA
MOLECULAR INTERACTION BETWEEN BENZONITRILE AND HEXAMETHYLPHOSPHORIC TRIAMIDE BY 13C NMR T1 RELAXATION TIME STUDIES AND AB INITIO QM CALCULATIONS: EXTENDED INVESTIGATION
Authors: Siahaan Parsaoran , Radiman Cynthia L. , Rahayu Susanto Imam , Martoprawiro Muhamad A. , Ziessow Dieter
Published: January 2019

It has been obtained the anisotropy ratio a = T1(ortho-,meta-13C)/T1(para-13C) of dilute solutions of bn change from 1.7 in fa solution and 1.5 in neat bn to 1.0 in HMPT. Thus the anisotropy ratio comes out to be a = 1. In HMPT, obviously, solvent molecules cluster around Ph-CºN in such a way, that non-covalent interactions lead to isotropic reorientational motion like a spherical molecule. To conform with the T1 times, a layer arrangement with at least two HMPT molecules per Ph-CºN seems to be likely. From computational quantum calculations of non-covalent intermolecular interactions and Mie potential analysis, the solute-solvent molecular pairs in  bnּּּHMPT have almost equal interaction energies for the ortho, meta, and para configuration and the layered configurations are energetically permitted    Keywords: 13C T1 spin-lattice relaxation times, ab initio quantum chemistry calculations, intermolecular interactions,  isotropic and anisotropic rotational motion
QUERCETIN DERIVATIVES DOCKING BASED ON STUDY OF FLAVONOIDS INTERACTION TO CYCLOOXYGENASE-2
Authors: Kartasasmita Rahmana Emran , Herowati Rina , Harmastuti Nuraini , Gusdinar Tutus
Published: January 2019

Due to their ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), certain flavonoids show anti-inflammatory effects. Quercetin is a flavonoid suitable to be chosen as the lead compound for development of safe anti-inflammatory agent, because in addition to its anti-inflammatory effect, quercetin shows also protective effect in gastrointestinal track. The objective of this research is to study the binding modes of certain flavonoids and predict the quercetin derivatives inhibiton activity on COX-2 by means of docking method using ArgusLab 4.0.1 software. Some flavonoids (7-hydroxyflavone, apigenin, galangin, kaempferol, quercetin, naringenin and daidzein) and quercetin derivatives were used as ligands for docking study. The COX-2 structure was obtained from Brookhaven protein databank. After assigning hydrogen atoms and charges, computational docking was performed. The docking results were evaluated based on the binding energy and hydrogen bonding of  the ligands on binding site of COX-2. A curve constructed by plotting binding energy versus logarithm of IC50 of flavonoids shows a good correlation with a regression equation of log IC50 = 0.8069 ΔGbind + 9.4456 (r = 0.9226; P
COMPUTATIONAL INVESTIGATION ON THE STRUCTURE AND NMR CHEMICAL SHIFTS OF ENDO-CONE [CS2(p-METHYLCALIX[4]ARENE)] COMPLEX
Authors: Sudrajat Hanggara , Saefullah Muhammad S. , Sriwijaya Danis , Putri Mirta A. , Armunanto Ria
Published: January 2019

The structure and NMR chemical shifts of endo-cone [CS2(p-methylcalix[4]arene)] complex have been computationally investigated using BIO+ force fields, semi-empirical (PM3) and ab initio (RHF/6-311G++(d,p)) calculations. The first comparison of ab initio NMR chemical shift calculations for a calix[4]arene inclusion complex with solid-state 13C NMR chemical shifts based on the 1:1 complex of p-methylcalix[4]arenes with carbon disulfide in endo-cone complexation mode has been reported. The results showed that ab initio (RHF/6-311G++(d,p)) NMR calculations of the host-guest [CS2(p-methylcalix[4]arene)] complex are in good agreement with experimental solid-state NMR data.    Keywords: computational investigation, structure, NMR chemical shifts, [CS2(p-methylcalix[4]arene)].
CONTROLLING FACTOR IN ALUMINA PILLARED SAPONITE AND ALUMINA PILLARED MONTMORILLONITE SYNTHESIS
Authors: Fatimah Is , Narsito Narsito , Wijaya Karna
Published: January 2019

The effect of synthesis parameters to the physical properties of pillared saponite and pillared montmorillonite was examined. Mol ratio of Al to clay mass in the range 1.0 - 5.0 and two different calcination methods; conventional calcination and microwave irradiation method are evaluated as controlling factors to evolution of basal spacing d001 , surface acidity, specific surface area, pore distribution and catalytic activity in phenol hydroxylation reaction. XRD, FTIR, and N2-adsorption/desorption analysis were used to characterize the materials. Results showed that pillarization produced higher basal spacing d001 and surface acidity and crystalinity of materials in all Al/clay ratio and in both of the calcination methods. In general, Al to clay mass ratio and calcination method remarkably influence to the basal spacing d001, surface acidity and material crystallinity, but the effect of these factors to catalyst activity in phenol hydroxylation depends on nature of clay. It is concluded that the activity as catalyst is affected by the presence of ionic species and surface acidity in the minerals.     Keywords: Pillared smectite, surface acidity, calcination
TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINATION OF SURFACE FRACTAL DIMENSION AND MORPHOLOGY OF MESOPOROUS TITANIA USING DYNAMIC FLOW ADSORPTION AND ITS CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: Tursiloadi Silvester
Published: January 2019

A technique to determine the surface fractal dimension of mesoporous TiO­2 using a dynamic flow adsorption instrument is described. Fractal dimension is an additional technique to characterize surface morphology. Surface fractal dimension, a quantitative measurement of surface ruggedness, can be determined by adsorbing a homologous series of adsorbates onto an adsorbent sample of mesoporous TiO­2. Titania wet gel prepared by hydrolysis of Ti-alkoxide was immersed in the flow of supercritical CO2 at 60 °C and the solvent was extracted.  Mesoporous TiO­2 consists of anatase nano-particles, about 5nm in diameter, have been obtained. After calcination at 600 °C, the average pore size of the extracted gel, about 20nm in diameter, and the pore volume, about 0.35cm3g-1, and the specific surface area, about 58 m2g-1. Using the N2 adsorption isotherm, the surface fractal dimension, DS, has been estimated according to the Frenkel-Halsey-Hill (FHH) theory. The N2 adsorption isotherm for the as-extracted aerogel indicates the mesoporous structure. Two linear regions are found for the FHH plot of the as-extracted aerogel. The estimated surface fractal dimensions are about 2.49 and 2.68. Both of the DS  values indicate rather complex surface morphology. The TEM observation shows that there are amorphous and crystalline particles. Two values of DS may be attributed to these two kinds of particles. The two regions are in near length scales, and the smaller DS, DS =2.49, for the smaller region. This result indicates that there are two kinds of particles, probably amorphous and anatase particles as shown by the TEM observation.     Keywords: surface fractal dimensions, CO2 supercritically extraction, sol-gel, aerogel, titania
THE ISOMERIZATION AND OXIDATION OF CAROTENOID COMPOUNDS IN THE OIL PALM FRUIT DURING PRODUCTIONS OF CPO
Authors: Kusumaningtyas Reni Subawati , Limantara Leenawaty
Published: January 2019

Isomerization and oxidation have been known as the major factors of the degradation of carotenoid compounds. Results showed that the isomerization of the carotenoid in the oil palm fruit, during the sterilization process, promotes the decrease of the concentration of trans a- and trans b-carotene approximately 21and 8%. The decrements have continued on the fruit digestion, pressing, and clarification processes. The isomerization is also indicated by the decreasing of the main peak spectra absorption intensity of a- and b-carotene about ±10,4%. The spectra  showed hypsocromic shift by ±3 nm. On the other hand, the oxidation of carotenoid has occurred in all steps of crude palm oil (CPO) production. The oxidation of a-carotene has caused the increasing amount of lutein: 49% of fruit after sterilization proces (BSt), 57% of crude oil after pressing (MSK), 17% of oil expurifier (MPF), and 5% of CPO product. The oxidation of b-carotene will increase the amount of zeaxantin: 53% of fruit after sterilization proces (BSt), 9% of crude oil after pressing (MSK), and 4% of oil expurifier (MPF).   Keywords: Isomerization Carotenoid, oxidation Carotenoid, oil palm
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND SPEED OF STIRRER TO BIODIESEL CONVERSION FROM COCONUT OIL WITH THE USE OF PALM EMPTY FRUIT BUNCHES AS A HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST
Authors: Pratama Luthfi , Yoeswono Yoeswono , Triyono Triyono , Tahir Iqmal
Published: January 2019

Biodiesel synthesis by transesterification reaction of coconut oil with methanol by using ash of palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) as base catalyst has been conducted. Sample of ash was prepared through heating, screening, reashing, and finally determining of potassium content. Sample of coconut oil was analyzed by GC-MS. A certain amount of ash was extracted in methanol with mixing for about 1 h at room temperature and a result was used for reaction of transesterification. The studied variables were effect of temperature and speed of stirrer. The composition of the methyl esters (biodiesel) was analyzed using GC-MS and 1H NMR, whereas characters of biodiesel were analyzed using ASTM methods. The results showed that potassium content in ash of EFB could be extracted by methanol and it could be used as base catalyst in the biodiesel synthesis. The value increasing of both variables enhanced the biodiesel conversion. The properties of biodiesel were relatively conformed to specification of biodiesel.   Keywords: biodiesel, coconut oil, base catalyst, temperature, stirring
SYNTHESIS OF MENTHOL FROM PULEGOL CATALYZED BY Ni/-Al2O3
Authors: Anshori Jamaludin Al , Muchalal Muchalal , Sutarno Sutarno
Published: January 2019

Synthesis of menthol using Ni/g-Al2O3 15% has been carried out started from pulegol as precursor. Structure elucidation of the products was achieved by GC-FID, GC-MS, FTIR, and 1H-NMR evidences. Isomers identification and their stability were determined by computational simulation. All experimental results were compared to the available literature. Ni/g-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by wet impregnation with precursor of Ni(NO3)2, followed by calcinations and reduction respectively. Characterization of the catalyst was performed by XRD and AAS. Synthesis was started by mixing pulegols with catalyst and then swirled it with hydrogen gas. Reaction temperature and duration were varied in order to obtain high yield with good selectivity. The results showed that the optimum condition of Ni/g-Al2O3 catalytic hydrogenation of pulegol was achieved at 180 °C for 8 hours. The conversion of pulegol to menthol was 89% with stereo selectivity of 71% to (-)-menthol.   Keywords: menthol, pulegol, hydrogenation, Ni/g-Al2O3, impregnation
BIOSURFACTANTS PRODUCTION BY Pseudomonas aeruginosa USING SOYBEAN OIL AS SUBSTRATE
Authors: Suryanti Venty , Hastuti Sri , Wahyuningsih Tutik Dwi , Mudasir Mudasir , Muliawati Dina Ika
Published: January 2019

Optimization condition of the biosurfactants production by P. aeruginosa using soybean oil as substrate has been examined. The media containing 10% v/v of the soybean oil and 6 days of the fermentation time was the optimum condition for the biosurfactants production. The extraction technique using different solvent polarity (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and buthanol, respectively) was applied for the isolation of the biosurfactants. The biosurfactant was found in the extract chloroform of the crude biospasoy (biosurfactants obtained from soybean oil as substrate) which then is called chlo-biospasoy. The chlo-biospasoy was identified as rhamnolipids which had oil in water (o/w) emulsion type, had the CMC of 860 mg/L and could reduced the surface tension of the water from 72 mN/m to 52 mN/m. The chlo-biospasoy could be used as an emulsifier to form emulsion between water and hydrocarbon such as palm oil, benzene, premium or toluene with various stability. The results indicated that chlo-biospasoy could be used as an emulsifying and emulsion-stabilizing agent.     Keywords: Biosurfactants, P. aeruginosa, Soybean Oil, Emulsifier
HIGH PERFORMANCE THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF CAFFEIC ACID AND ROSMARINIC ACID FROM THE LEAVES OF Orthosiphon stamineus
Authors: Hossain M. Amzad , Ismail Zhari
Published: January 2019

This paper presents the studies performed on extraction of Orthosiphon stamineus, Benth by using different solvent for the identification and quantification of the caffeic acid derivatives such as caffeic acid  and rosmarinic acid which confers to the leaves of this plant with remarkable pharmaceutical properties. High performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC) allows the identification and the quantification of more than 20 samples in the same chromatographic run. The analysis of the samples requires 15-30 min compared with more than 2 h using a typical HPLC method. Using the techniques of the HPTLC and the UV-VIS spectra we have found that the extraction of this herb plant contain, the caffeic acid and rosmarinic acid ranging between 0.029% up to 0.506% and up to 0.24% to 2.24% respectively.     Keywords: Caffice acid derivatives, quantification, Malaysian Orthosiphon stamineus, HPTLC
INHIBITORY POTENTIAL OF SOME SYNTHETIC CINNAMIC ACID DERIVATIVES TOWARDS TYROSINASE ENZYME
Authors: Hartanti Lanny , Setiawan Henry Kurnia
Published: January 2019

Cinnamic acid is one of known tyrosinase inhibitors. This study investigated the inhibition of tyrosinase activity of some cinnamic acid derivatives, i.e. 4-buthoxy-cinnamic acid, 4-n-butylcinnamic acid and 4-phenylcinnamic acid. Each inhibitor used in this research had the same type of inhibition towards enzymatic activity, i.e. mixed type inhibition of competitive and non competitive type. The potential sequence of tyrosinase inhibition based on the ratio of its IC50 compared to cinnamic acid, from the lowest to the highest were 4-buthoxycinnamic acid, 4-phenylcinnamic acid and 4-n-butylcinnamic acid. Based on the obtained results of this research, it was disclosed that n-butyl substituent on para position did not increase the inhibition effect of cinnamic acid towards tyrosinase enzymatic reaction. But in the other hand, buthoxy and phenyl substituent on para position could increase the inhibition effect of cinnamic acid towards tyrosinase enzymatic reaction because buthoxy substituent increased the similarity of its structure with the substrate of enzymatic reaction while phenyl susbtituent blocked the substrate-enzyme reaction.   Keywords: tyrosinase; L-DOPA; inhibition kinetics; IC50, cinnamic acid
PREPARATION OF CHITOSAN-GOLD NANOPARTICLES: PART 2. THE ROLE OF CHITOSAN
Authors: Adlim Adlim , Bakar Mohamad Abu
Published: January 2019

Colloidal gold nanoparticles prepared by employing chitosan as the stabilizer in solvent of methanol-acetic acid solution were stable for months without precipitation. The mole ratio of chitosan-gold ions of 5:1 - 30:1 gave dispersed and fine gold particles in range of 9.4-10.4 nm. Gold reduction in chitosan matrix was faster at higher chitosan concentration, and molar ratio of chi : Au, from 5:1 to 40:1. Higher acidity of acetic acid (pH 2-6) led to faster reduction of gold ions. The intensity of gold metal colloid plasmon band increased at higher concentration of acetic acid. Chitosan functioned both as a stabilizer and a reducing agent for gold ions. Gold colloidal particles immobilized on chitosan coated TiO2 as the solid support gave more dispersed and smaller particles (4.6 nm) compared with gold particles supported on TiO2 without chitosan coating.   Keywords: gold nanoparticles, chitosan, chitosan coated TiO2