bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grid Integration of Renewable Energy: Flexibility, Innovation, and Experience
Authors: Martinot Eric
Published: October 2016

The electric power sector around the world is undergoing long-term technical, economic, and market transformations. Part of these transformations is the challenge of integrating high shares of renewable energy, particularly variable wind and solar. The concept of flexibility of a power system is key in terms of balancing these variable sources while keeping the lights on. On the supply side, flexibility arises from innovations in flexible coal and gas power plants, energy storage, and renewables. On the demand side, many distributed resources—generation, flexible demand, storage, and electric vehicles—can also contribute, and likewise transmission and distribution networks, grid operations, and market designs. Experience with measures and innovations for grid integration in all these categories is given, from several jurisdictions like Germany, Denmark, and California, where renewables already provide 20–40% shares of electricity and plans to reach 50% exist. Questions point to areas of technology, economics, planning, operations, business, and policy that need further understanding and learning from experience.
Probing Human Visual Deficits with Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Smirnakis Stelios M.
Published: October 2016

Much remains to be understood about visual system malfunction following injury. The resulting deficits range from dense, visual field scotomas to mild dysfunction of visual perception. Despite the predictive value of anatomical localization studies, much patient-to-patient variability remains regarding (a) perceptual abilities following injury and (b) the capacity of individual patients for visual rehabilitation. Visual field perimetry is used to characterize the visual field deficits that result from visual system injury. However, standard perimetry mapping does not always precisely correspond to underlying anatomical or functional deficits. Functional magnetic resonance imaging can be used to probe the function of surviving visual circuits, allowing us to classify better how the pattern of injury relates to residual visual perception. Identifying pathways that are potentially modifiable by training may guide the development of improved strategies for visual rehabilitation. This review discusses primary visual cortex lesions, which cause dense contralateral scotomas.
Spectral Gini Index for Quantifying the Depth of Consciousness
Authors: You Kyung-Jin , Noh Gyu-Jeong , Shin Hyun-Chool
Published: October 2016

We propose indices that describe the depth of consciousness (DOC) based on electroencephalograms (EEGs) acquired during anesthesia. The spectral Gini index (SpG) is a novel index utilizing the inequality in the powers of the EEG spectral components; a similar index is the binarized spectral Gini index (BSpG), which has low computational complexity. A set of EEG data from 15 subjects was obtained during the induction and recovery periods of general anesthesia with propofol. The efficacy of the indices as indicators of the DOC was demonstrated by examining Spearman’s correlation coefficients between the indices and the effect-site concentration of propofol. A higher correlation was observed for SpG and BSpG (0.633 and 0.770, resp.,p<0.001) compared to the conventional indices. These results show that the proposed indices can achieve a reliable quantification of the DOC with simplified calculations.
Isolation, Identification, and Optimization of Culture Conditions of a Bioflocculant-Producing BacteriumBacillus megateriumSP1 and Its Application in Aquaculture Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Luo Liang , Zhao Zhigang , Huang Xiaoli , Du Xue , Wang Chang’an , Li Jinnan , Wang Liansheng , Xu Qiyou
Published: October 2016

A bioflocculant-producing bacterium,Bacillus megateriumSP1, was isolated from biofloc in pond water and identified by using both 16S rDNA sequencing analysis and a Biolog GEN III MicroStation System. The optimal carbon and nitrogen sources forBacillus megateriumSP1 were 20 g L−1of glucose and 0.5 g L−1of beef extract at 30°C and pH 7. The bioflocculant produced by strain SP1 under optimal culture conditions was applied into aquaculture wastewater treatment. The removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), and suspended solids (SS) in aquaculture wastewater reached 64, 63.61, and 83.8%, respectively. The volume of biofloc (FV) increased from 4.93 to 25.97 mL L−1. The addition ofBacillus megateriumSP1 in aquaculture wastewater could effectively improve aquaculture water quality, promote the formation of biofloc, and then form an efficient and healthy aquaculture model based on biofloc technology.
Role of Nitric Oxide, Nitric Oxide Synthase, Soluble Guanylyl Cyclase, and cGMP‐Dependent Protein Kinase I in Mouse Stem Cell Cardiac Development
Authors: Spinelli Valentina , Vona Alessia , Corti Francesca , Diolaiuti Lorenzo , Zanardelli Matteo , Sartiani Laura , Failli Paola
Published: October 2016

Introduction and Aim. Nitric oxide (NO) can trigger cardiac differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), indicating a cardiogenic function of the NO synthetizing enzyme(s) (NOS). However, the involvement of the NO/NOS downstream effectors soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) and cGMP activated protein kinase I (PKG‐I) is less defined. Therefore, we assess the involvement of the entire NO/NOS/sGC/PKG‐I pathway during cardiac differentiation process. Methods. Mouse ESCs were differentiated toward cardiac lineages by hanging drop methodology for 21 days. NOS/sGC/PKG‐I pathway was studied quantifying genes, proteins, enzymatic activities, and effects of inhibition during differentiation. Percentages of beating embryoid bodies (mEBs) were evaluated as an index of cardiogenesis. Results and Discussion. Genes and protein expression of enzymes were increased during differentiation with distinctive kinetics and proteins possessed their enzymatic functions. Exogenous administered NO accelerated whereas the blockade of PKG‐I strongly slowed cardiogenesis. sGC inhibition was effective only at early stages and NOS blockade ineffective. Of NOS/sGC/PKG‐I pathway, PKG‐I seems to play the prominent role in cardiac maturation. Conclusion. We concluded that exogenous administered NO and other pharmacological strategies able to increase the activity of PKG‐I provide new tools to investigate and promote differentiation of cardiogenic precursors.
A Rare Case of Glossitis due toPasteurella multocidaafter a Cat Scratch
Authors: Niknam Negin , Doan Thien , Revere Elizabeth
Published: October 2016

Pasteurellais one of the zoonotic pathogens that can cause variety of serious infections in animals and humans such as bacteremia, septic shock, endocarditis, meningitis, prosthetic and native valve infections, osteomyelitis, skin and soft tissue infections, abscesses, and even pneumonia with empyema. However, there have been few reports of upper respiratory involvements like tonsillitis and epiglottitis in humans. We present a case of recurrentPasteurellaglossitis after a cat scratch which has not been reported in humans.
Neuroinflammation in Autism: Plausible Role of Maternal Inflammation, Dietary Omega 3, and Microbiota
Authors: Madore Charlotte , Leyrolle Quentin , Lacabanne Chloé , Benmamar-Badel Anouk , Joffre Corinne , Nadjar Agnes , Layé Sophie
Published: October 2016

Several genetic causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been identified. However, more recent work has highlighted that certain environmental exposures early in life may also account for some cases of autism. Environmental insults during pregnancy, such as infection or malnutrition, seem to dramatically impact brain development. Maternal viral or bacterial infections have been characterized as disruptors of brain shaping, even if their underlying mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Poor nutritional diversity, as well as nutrient deficiency, is strongly associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in children. For instance, imbalanced levels of essential fatty acids, and especially polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), are observed in patients with ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia). Interestingly, PUFAs, and specifically n-3 PUFAs, are powerful immunomodulators that exert anti-inflammatory properties. These prenatal dietary and immunologic factors not only impact the fetal brain, but also affect the microbiota. Recent work suggests that the microbiota could be the missing link between environmental insults in prenatal life and future neurodevelopmental disorders. As both nutrition and inflammation can massively affect the microbiota, we discuss here how understanding the crosstalk between these three actors could provide a promising framework to better elucidate ASD etiology.
Patient Perceptions of Open, Laparoscopic, and Robotic Gynecological Surgeries
Authors: Irani Mohamad , Prabakar Cheruba , Nematian Sepide , Julka Nitasha , Bhatt Devika , Bral Pedram
Published: October 2016

Objective. To investigate patient knowledge and attitudes toward surgical approaches in gynecology. Design. An anonymous Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved questionnaire survey. Patients/Setting. A total of 219 women seeking obstetrical and gynecological care in two offices affiliated with an academic medical center. Results. Thirty-four percent of the participants did not understand the difference between open and laparoscopic surgeries. 56% of the participants knew that laparoscopy is a better surgical approach for patients than open abdominal surgeries, while 37% thought that laparoscopy requires the surgeon to have a higher technical skill. 46% of the participants do not understand the difference between laparoscopic and robotic procedures. 67.5% of the participants did not know that the surgeon moves the robot’s arms to perform the surgery. Higher educational level and/or history of previous abdominal surgeries were associated with the highest rates of answering all the questions correctly (p<0.05), after controlling for age and race. Conclusions. A substantial percentage of patients do not understand the difference between various surgical approaches. Health care providers should not assume that their patients have an adequate understanding of their surgical options and accordingly should educate them about those options so they can make truly informed decisions.
Successful Ablation for Atrial Tachycardia Originated from Sinus Venosa with Tachycardia-Induced Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Takenaka Sou , Sato Hideaki , Yuhara Mikio , Uchiyama Takashi
Published: October 2016

A 74-year-old male suffering from congestive heart failure with atrial tachycardia (AT) with 2 : 1 atrioventricular conduction was admitted to our hospital. After the therapy with diuretics and β-blocker, his rapid AT was still sustained. He took the catheter ablation for his AT. Postpacing interval mapping from entrainment and noncontact mapping system revealed the mechanism of his AT, originated from sinus venosa. His AT was successfully terminated and eliminated by radiofrequency catheter ablation. After the successful ablation, he has been free from any AT, and his cardiac function was also improved.
Tackling Cancer Stem Cells via Inhibition of EMT Transcription Factors
Authors: Mladinich Megan , Ruan Diane , Chan Chia-Hsin
Published: October 2016

Cancer stem cell (CSC) has become recognized for its role in both tumorigenesis and poor patient prognosis in recent years. Traditional therapeutics are unable to effectively eliminate this group of cells from the bulk population of cancer cells, allowing CSCs to persist posttreatment and thus propagate into secondary tumors. The therapeutic potential of eliminating CSCs, to decrease tumor relapse, has created a demand for identifying mechanisms that directly target and eliminate cancer stem cells. Molecular profiling has shown that cancer cells and tumors that exhibit the CSC phenotype also express genes associated with the epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) feature. Ample evidence has demonstrated that upregulation of master transcription factors (TFs) accounting for the EMT process such as Snail/Slug and Twist can reprogram cancer cells from differentiated to stem‐like status. Despite being appealing therapeutic targets for tackling CSCs, pharmacological approaches that directly target EMT‐TFs remain impossible. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in the regulation of Snail/Slug and Twist at transcriptional, translational, and posttranslational levels and discuss the clinical implication and application for EMT blockade as a promising strategy for CSC targeting.
Alendronate Can Improve Bone Alterations in Experimental Diabetes by Preventing Antiosteogenic, Antichondrogenic, and Proadipocytic Effects of AGEs on Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells
Authors: Chuguransky Sara Rocío , Cortizo Ana María , McCarthy Antonio Desmond
Published: October 2016

Bisphosphonates such as alendronate are antiosteoporotic drugs that inhibit the activity of bone-resorbing osteoclasts and secondarily promote osteoblastic function. Diabetes increases bone-matrix-associated advanced glycation end products (AGEs) that impair bone marrow progenitor cell (BMPC) osteogenic potential and decrease bone quality. Here we investigated the in vitro effect of alendronate and/or AGEs on the osteoblastogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic potential of BMPC isolated from nondiabetic untreated rats. We also evaluated the in vivo effect of alendronate (administered orally to rats with insulin-deficient Diabetes) on long-bone microarchitecture and BMPC multilineage potential. In vitro, the osteogenesis (Runx2, alkaline phosphatase, type 1 collagen, and mineralization) and chondrogenesis (glycosaminoglycan production) of BMPC were both decreased by AGEs, while coincubation with alendronate prevented these effects. The adipogenesis of BMPC (PPARγ, intracellular triglycerides, and lipase) was increased by AGEs, and this was prevented by coincubation with alendronate. In vivo, experimental Diabetes (a) decreased femoral trabecular bone area, osteocyte density, and osteoclastic TRAP activity; (b) increased bone marrow adiposity; and (c) deregulated BMPC phenotypic potential (increasing adipogenesis and decreasing osteogenesis and chondrogenesis). Orally administered alendronate prevented all these Diabetes-induced effects on bone. Thus, alendronate could improve bone alterations in diabetic rats by preventing the antiosteogenic, antichondrogenic, and proadipocytic effects of AGEs on BMPC.
A Case of Reactive Cervical Lymphadenopathy with Fat Necrosis Impinging on Adjacent Vascular Structures
Authors: Han Albert Y. , Lentz Jacob F. , Kuan Edward C. , Araya Hiwot H. , Kamgar Mohammad
Published: October 2016

A tender neck mass in adults can be a diagnostic challenge due to a wide differential diagnosis, which ranges from reactive lymphadenopathy to malignancy. In this report, we describe a case of a young female with an unusually large and tender reactive lymph node with fat necrosis. The diagnostic imaging findings alone mimicked that of scrofula and malignancy, which prompted a complete workup. Additionally, the enlarged lymph node was compressing the internal jugular vein in the setting of oral contraceptive use by the patient, raising concern for Lemierre’s syndrome or internal jugular vein thrombosis. This report shows how, in the appropriate clinical context, and especially with the involvement of adjacent respiratory or neurovascular structures, aggressive diagnostic testing can be indicated.
Ipsilesional High Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Add-On Therapy Improved Diffusion Parameters of Stroke Patients with Motor Dysfunction: A Preliminary DTI Study
Authors: Guo Zhiwei , Jin Yu , Peng Haitao , Xing Guoqiang , Liao Xiang , Wang Yunfeng , Chen Huaping , He Bin , McClure Morgan A. , Mu Qiwen
Published: October 2016

Purpose. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (HF-rTMS) on stroke patients with motor dysfunction and to investigate the underlying neural mechanism.Methods. Fifteen stroke patients were assigned to the rTMS treatment (RT) group and conventional treatment (CT) group. Patients in the RT received 10 Hz rTMS stimulation on the ipsilesional primary motor cortex for 10 days plus conventional treatment of CT, which consisted of acupuncture and antiplatelet aggregation medication. Difference in fractional anisotropy (FA) between pretreatment and posttreatment and between two groups was determined. Correlations between FA values and neurological assessments were also calculated.Results. Both groups significantly improved the neurological function after treatment. rTMS-treated patients showed better improvement in Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) score and increased FA value in motor-related white matter and gray matter cortices compared with CT-treated patients and pretreatment status. Besides, the increased FA value in the ipsilesional posterior limb of the internal capsule in RT group was significantly correlated with the improved FMA score.Significance. HF-rTMS could be a supplement therapy to CT in improving motor recovery in patients with stroke. And this benefit effect may be achieved through modulating the ipsilesional corticospinal tracts and motor-related gray matter cortices.
Integrated Yard Space Allocation and Yard Crane Deployment Problem in Resource-Limited Container Terminals
Authors: Tan Caimao , He Junliang
Published: October 2016

Yard storage space and yard crane equipment are the core resources in the container terminal yard area. This paper studies the integrated yard space allocation (outbound container space) and yard crane deployment problem in resource-limited container terminals where yard space and yard cranes are extremely scarce. Two corresponding counterstrategies are introduced, respectively, and the integrated problem is solved as mixed integer programming. The model this paper formulated considers the container volume fluctuation of the service line, and the objective is a trade-off between yard sharing space and terminal operation cost. In numerical experiments, this paper tries to reveal the management meaning in practical operation of container terminal and provides decision support for terminal managers; therefore a series of scenarios are presented to analyze the relations among the yard sharing space, the number of yard cranes, the size of yard subblock, and the cost of terminal operation.
Monitoring Minimal Residual Disease in the Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Current Applications and Emerging Approaches
Authors: Haslam Karl , Langabeer Stephen E.
Published: October 2016

The presence of acquired mutations within theJAK2,CALR,andMPLgenes in the majority of patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) affords the opportunity to utilise these mutations as markers of minimal residual disease (MRD). Reduction of the mutated allele burden has been reported in response to a number of therapeutic modalities including interferon, JAK inhibitors, and allogeneic stem cell transplantation; novel therapies in development will also require assessment of efficacy. Real-time quantitative PCR has been widely adopted for recurrent point mutations with assays demonstrating the specificity, sensitivity, and reproducibility required for clinical utility. More recently, approaches such as digital PCR have demonstrated comparable, if not improved, assay characteristics and are likely to play an increasing role in MRD monitoring. While next-generation sequencing is increasingly valuable as a tool for diagnosis of MPN, its role in the assessment of MRD requires further evaluation.
Multiproduct Multiperiod Newsvendor Problem with Dynamic Market Efforts
Authors: Shi Jianmai , Bao Yiping
Published: October 2016

We study a multiperiod multiproduct production planning problem where the production capacity and the marketing effort on demand are both considered. The accumulative impact of marketing effort on demand is captured by the Nerlove and Arrow (N-A) advertising model. The problem is formulated as a discrete-time, finite-horizon dynamic optimization problem, which can be viewed as an extension to the classic newsvendor problem by integrating with the N-A model. A Lagrangian relaxation based solution approach is developed to solve the problem, in which the subgradient algorithm is used to find an upper bound of the solution and a feasibility heuristic algorithm is proposed to search for a feasible lower bound. Twelve kinds of instances with different problem size involving up to 50 products and 15 planning periods are randomly generated and used to test the Lagrangian heuristic algorithm. Computational results show that the proposed approach can obtain near optimal solutions for all the instances in very short CPU time, which is less than 90 seconds even for the largest instance.
Optimal Preview Control for a Class of Linear Continuous Stochastic Control Systems in the Infinite Horizon
Authors: Wu Jiang , Liao Fucheng , Deng Jiamei
Published: October 2016

This paper discusses the optimal preview control problem for a class of linear continuous stochastic control systems in the infinite horizon, based on the augmented error system method. Firstly, an assistant system is designed and the state equation is translated to the assistant system. Then, an integrator is introduced to construct a stochastic augmented error system. As a result, the tracking problem is converted to a regulation problem. Secondly, the optimal regulator is solved based on dynamic programming principle for the stochastic system, and the optimal preview controller of the original system is obtained. Compared with the finite horizon, we simplify the performance index. We also study the stability of the stochastic augmented error system and design the observer for the original stochastic system. Finally, the simulation example shows the effectiveness of the conclusion in this paper.
Enhanced Oncolytic Activities of the Telomerase-Specific Replication-Competent Adenovirus Expressing Short-Hairpin RNA against Dicer
Authors: Machitani Mitsuhiro , Sakurai Fuminori , Wakabayashi Keisaku , Tachibana Masashi , Fujiwara Toshiyoshi , Mizuguchi Hiroyuki
Published: October 2016

Oncolytic viruses have been receiving much attention as potential agents for cancer treatment. Among the various types of oncolytic viruses, the telomerase-specific replication-competent adenovirus (TRAD), which carries the tumor-specific promoter-driven E1 gene expression cassette, exhibits efficient antitumor effects. The development of a novel TRAD that shows higher replication efficiency and antitumor activity would be highly beneficial for safer and more efficient cancer therapy. We recently demonstrated that the endoribonuclease Dicer significantly inhibits the replication of wild-type adenovirus (Ad) via the processing of viral-associated (VA)-RNAs, which are Ad-encoded small noncoding RNAs, and that the knockdown of Dicer leads to enhanced VA-RNA expression and Ad replication after infection with wild-type Ad. Based on these findings, we herein developed a novel TRAD expressing short-hairpin RNA against Dicer (shDicer; TRAD-shDicer). After infection, TRAD-shDicer efficiently induced the knockdown of Dicer. TRAD-shDicer showed significantly higher replication efficiency and tumor cell lysis activity compared with the conventional TRAD in tumor cells. The Dicer expression levels and viabilities of normal cells were not altered by infection with TRAD-shDicer. These results indicate that TRAD-shDicer is a potent antitumor reagent by virtue of its enhanced oncolytic activity. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(1); 251–9. ©2016 AACR.
Intra- and Inter-Rater Agreement of Anterior Lamina Cribrosa Depth Measurements Using Enhanced-Depth Imaging Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Leal Inês , Sousa David Cordeiro , Pinto Filomena , Marques-Neves Carlos , Abegão Pinto Luís
Published: October 2016

Purpose: To determine intra- and inter-rater agreement of anterior lamina cribrosa depth (ALCD) manual measurements using enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Methods: Observational study. EDI-OCT of the optic nerve head was performed in healthy subjects. ALCD was defined as the perpendicular distance between the line connecting both edges of Bruch's membrane opening and the anterior border of the lamina cribrosa (LC), at the maximum depth point. Two experienced operators performed manual ALCD measurements of the LC independently, and one of the observers performed the same measurements twice. Intra- and inter-rater agreement was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and concordance correlation coefficients (CCC) for the right eye vertical (REV) and horizontal (REH) scans and left eye vertical (LEV) and horizontal (LEH) scans. Results: 120 eyes of 61 subjects, with a mean age of 62.1 ± 15.0 years. The mean REV, REH, LEV and LEH ALCD were 456.2 ± 84.3, 444.5 ± 92.2, 436.7 ± 81.6, 427.6 ± 82.7 μm, respectively. ALCD intra- and inter-rater ICC and intra- and inter-rater CCC varied between 0.85-0.95, 0.84-0.93, 0.85-0.95 and 0.84-0.93, respectively. Conclusions: ALCD manual intra- and inter-rater measurements with EDI-OCT showed high agreement. EDI-OCT is a reliable tool for ALCD measurement, which can provide potentially useful information for integrated glaucoma management.
Driving Characteristics of Older Drivers and Their Relationship to the Useful Field of View Test
Authors: Dukic Willstrand Tania , Broberg Thomas , Selander Helena
Published: October 2016

Background: To maintain the mobility of older people in later life, it is essential to sustain their autonomy; however, driving is a complex task, requiring a large range of visual, psychomotor and cognitive abilities. Subsequently, a key issue is to measure and evaluate the fitness to drive of older drivers. Several methods have been proposed, among them the useful field of view (UFOV) test. Objective: The present study aimed to identify driving characteristics in older drivers and the relationship between the UFOV test and the on-road driving results. Method: A total of 80 drivers aged 70 years or older performed both the UFOV test and the on-road driving assessment. The ‘B On-Road' (Behaviour On-Road) protocol was used for the fitness-to-drive assessment. Results: ‘Driving too fast' was the item reported most often during the on-road assessment, followed by problems with the manual gearbox and ‘attention to signs, road lines and traffic lights'. Overall, the results showed that the older the driver, the more errors were reported during the on-road driving assessment, as well as the slower the performance on the UFOV test. A significant relationship between the total number of on-road errors, as measured by the B On-Road protocol, and the UFOV 3, which stresses the capacity of selective attention, was found. Conclusion: The recommendation is still to use on-road driving assessment to fully assess fitness to drive for older drivers whose ability to drive requires assessment. However, to supplement this, the UFOV test, in particular the UFOV 3, is a valuable complement in selecting those drivers requiring to be assessed.
Effects of the Sympathetic Nervous System on Regulatory T Cell and T Helper 1 Chemokine Expression in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Tian Xiuqing , Guo Rui , Zhang Yujiao , Xu Lingling , Liu Xianbing , Hou Yinglong
Published: October 2016

Objective: To observe the effects of sympathetic overactivity on the immune system involved in the imbalance of T helper (Th) lymphocytes, we investigated the correlation between autonomic dysregulation and the generation of regulatory T (Treg) and Th1 chemokines in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: Blood samples obtained from patients with coronary artery disease and controls were analyzed for levels of Th1 and Treg cells and their associated cytokines by flow cytometry. In addition, the activity of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), the levels of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI) and serum cytokines, and the activity of protein kinase A (PKA) were analyzed by Western blot, radioimmunoassay, high-performance liquid chromatography and enzyme-linked immunoassay, respectively. All subjects were evaluated for heart rate variability (HRV). Results: Levels of Th1 cells and T-bet (a T-box transcription factor), NE, EPI, cAMP and PKA significantly increased (all p < 0.01) whereas HRV and levels of Treg cells and STAT5 decreased (all p < 0.01) in ACS patients compared to patients with stable angina and controls. The disorder of Th1 and Treg cells is closely related to the activation of cAMP-PKA induced by hyperactivity of the sympathetic system. Conclusions: This study showed that the abnormalities in specific subsets of CD4+ T cells are associated with sympathetic hyperactivity in ACS patients. It may provide surprising insights into the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis, involving the regulation of the sympathetic nervous system on immune inflammation.
Donepezil Enhances Frontal Functional Connectivity in Alzheimer's Disease: A Pilot Study
Authors: Griffanti Ludovica , Wilcock Gordon K. , Voets Natalie , Bonifacio Guendalina , Mackay Clare E. , Jenkinson Mark , Zamboni Giovanna
Published: October 2016

Background: We have previously shown that increased resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)-based functional connectivity (FC) within the frontal resting-state networks in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients reflects residual, possibly compensatory, function. This suggests that symptomatic treatments should aim to enhance FC specifically in these networks. Methods: 18 patients with probable AD underwent brain MRI and neuropsychological assessment at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment with donepezil. We tested if changes in cognitive performance after treatment correlated with changes in FC in resting-state networks known to be altered in AD. Results: We found increases in FC in the orbitofrontal network that correlated with cognitive improvement after treatment. The increased FC was greatest in patients who responded most to treatment. Conclusion: This ‘proof of concept' study suggests that changes in network-specific FC might be a biomarker of pharmacological intervention efficacy in AD.
Mixed-Up Sex Chromosomes: Identification of Sex Chromosomes in the X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y System of the Legless Lizards of the Genus Lialis (Squamata: Gekkota: Pygopodidae)
Authors: Rovatsos Michail , Johnson Pokorná Martina , Altmanová Marie , Kratochvíl Lukáš
Published: October 2016

Geckos in general show extensive variability in sex determining systems, but only male heterogamety has been demonstrated in the members of their legless family Pygopodidae. In the pioneering study published more than 45 years ago, multiple sex chromosomes of the type X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y were described in Burton's legless lizard (Lialisburtonis) based on conventional cytogenetic techniques. We conducted cytogenetic analyses including comparative genomic hybridization and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with selected cytogenetic markers in this species and the previously cytogenetically unstudied Papua snake lizard (Lialis jicari) to better understand the nature of these sex chromosomes and their differentiation. Both species possess male heterogamety with an X1X1X2X2/X1X2Y sex chromosome system; however, the Y and one of the X chromosomes are not small chromosomes as previously reported in L. burtonis, but the largest macrochromosomal pair in the karyotype. The Y chromosomes in both species have large heterochromatic blocks with extensive accumulations of GATA and AC microsatellite motifs. FISH with telomeric probe revealed an exclusively terminal position of telomeric sequences in L. jicari (2n = 42 chromosomes in females), but extensive interstitial signals, potentially remnants of chromosomal fusions, in L.burtonis (2n = 34 in females). Our study shows that even largely differentiated and heteromorphic sex chromosomes might be misidentified by conventional cytogenetic analyses and that the application of more sensitive cytogenetic techniques for the identification of sex chromosomes is beneficial even in the classical examples of multiple sex chromosomes.
The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology: Proposed Modifications and Updates for the Second Edition from an International Panel
Authors: Pusztaszeri Marc , Rossi Esther Diana , Auger Manon , Baloch Zubair , Bishop Justin , Bongiovanni Massimo , Chandra Ashish , Cochand-Priollet Beatrix , Fadda Guido , Hirokawa Mitsuyoshi , Hong SoonWon , Kakudo Kennichi , Krane Jeffrey F. , Nayar Ritu , Parangi Sareh , Schmitt Fernando , Faquin William C.
Published: October 2016

The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytology (TBSRTC) was proposed in 2007 at the National Cancer Institute Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration State of the Art and Science Conference held in Bethesda, Maryland. The aim was to address the inconsistent and sometimes confusing reporting terminologies used for thyroid FNA throughout the world. The TBSRTC consists of 6 diagnostic categories, each associated with an implied risk of malignancy that translates directly into a clinical management algorithm. Since the publication of the TBSRTC cytology Atlas in January 2010, considerable experience has been gained regarding its application in cytology practice, clinical impact, and limitations. In conjunction with the International Academy of Cytology (IAC), an international panel composed of sixteen cytopathologists and an endocrinologist with special interest in thyroid cytology, including several co-authors of the 2010 TBSRTC Atlas, was created to: (1) analyze the current worldwide impact of TBSRTC, (2) report on the current state of TBSRTC based upon a review of the published literature, and (3) provide possible recommendations for a future update of TBSRTC. Herein, we summarize the panel's deliberations and key recommendations that our panel hopes will be useful during the preparation of the second edition of TBSRTC.
A Case of “en bloc” Excision of a Chest Wall Leiomyosarcoma and Closure of the Defect with Non-Cross-Linked Collagen Matrix (Egis®)
Authors: Rastrelli Marco , Tropea Saveria , Spina Romina , Costa Alessandra , Stramare Roberto , Mocellin Simone , Bonavina Maria Giuseppina , Rossi Carlo Riccardo
Published: October 2016

Sarcomas arising from the chest wall account for less than 20% of all soft tissue sarcomas, and at this site, primitive tumors are the most frequent to occur. Leiomyosarcoma is a malignant smooth muscle tumor and the best outcomes are achieved with wide surgical excision. Although advancements have been made in treatment protocols, leiomyosarcoma remains one of the more difficult soft tissue sarcoma to treat. Currently, general local control is obtained with surgical treatment with wide negative margins. We describe the case of a 50-year-old man who underwent a chest wall resection involving a wide portion of the pectoralis major and minor muscle, the serratus and part of the second, third and fourth ribs of the left side. The full-thickness chest wall defect of 10 × 8 cm was closed using a non-cross-linked acellular dermal matrix (Egis®) placed in two layers, beneath the rib plane and over it. A successful repair was achieved with no incisional herniation and with complete tissue regeneration, allowing natural respiratory movements. No complications were observed in the postoperative course. Biological non-cross-linked matrix, derived from porcine dermis, behaves like a scaffold supporting tissue regeneration; it can be successfully used as an alternative to synthetic mesh for chest wall reconstruction.
Decreased platelet reactivity in patients with cancer is associated with high risk of venous thromboembolism and poor prognosis
Authors: Riedl Julia , Kaider Alexandra , Marosi Christine , Prager Gerald W. , Eichelberger Beate , Assinger Alice , Pabinger Ingrid , Panzer Simon , Ay Cihan
Published: October 2016

Platelets are suggested to play a crucial role in cancer progression and the prothrombotic state of cancer patients. Here, we aimed to examine the activation status of platelets in cancer patients and investigate their association with risk of death and occurrence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in a prospective observational cohort study. We measured platelet surface P-selectin, activated glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa and monocyte-platelet aggregate (MPA) formation in vivo and platelet response to ex vivo stimulation with agonists of protease-activated receptor (PAR) −1, −4, and GPVI, by whole blood flow cytometry, before beginning of chemotherapy and repeatedly during the first six months thereafter (total number of samples analysed: 230). Endpoints of the study were occurrence of death or VTE during a two-year follow-up, respectively. Of 62 patients (median age [interquartile range, IQR]: 63 [54–70] years, 48 % female), 32 (51.6 %) died and nine (14.5 %) developed VTE. Association with a higher risk of death was found for lower platelet surface expression of P-selectin and activated GPIIb/IIIa in vivo and in response to PAR-1, −4 and GPVI activation, but not for MPA formation. Furthermore, reduced platelet responsiveness to PAR-1 and GPVI agonists was associated with higher risk of VTE (hazard ratio per decile increase of percentage P-selectin positive platelets: 0.73 [0.56–0.92, p=0.007] and 0.77 [0.59–0.98, p=0.034], respectively). In conclusion, cancer patients with a poor prognosis showed decreased platelet reactivity, presumably as a consequence of continuous activation. Our data suggest that decreased platelet reactivity is associated with increased mortality and VTE in cancer.

Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.
Derivation of Human Chromatic Discrimination Ability from an Information-Theoretical Notion of Distance in Color Space
Authors: da Fonseca María , Samengo Inés
Published: October 2016

The accuracy with which humans detect chromatic differences varies throughout color space. For example, we are far more precise when discriminating two similar orange stimuli than two similar green stimuli. In order for two colors to be perceived as different, the neurons representing chromatic information must respond differently, and the difference must be larger than the trial-to-trial variability of the response to each separate color. Photoreceptors constitute the first stage in the processing of color information; many more stages are required before humans can consciously report whether two stimuli are perceived as chromatically distinguishable. Therefore, although photoreceptor absorption curves are expected to influence the accuracy of conscious discriminability, there is no reason to believe that they should suffice to explain it. Here we develop information-theoretical tools based on the Fisher metric that demonstrate that photoreceptor absorption properties explain about 87% of the variance of human color discrimination ability, as tested by previous behavioral experiments. In the context of this theory, the bottleneck in chromatic information processing is determined by photoreceptor absorption characteristics. Subsequent encoding stages modify only marginally the chromatic discriminability at the photoreceptor level.
German Historiography on the February Revolution of 1917 since the Demise of the Soviet Union
Authors: Häfner Lutz
Published: October 2016

This article analyzes German-language publications on Russia’s February Revolution of 1917 published after the demise of the Soviet Union. As most Anglophone publications ignore their German counterparts, this piece aims to bring both historiographies together. It starts with a general outline of the German historiography on February 1917 and then discusses key topics such as society and politics, the local perspective, culture, and violence in more detail.
Personal and political networks in 1917: Vladimir Zenzinov and the Socialist Revolutionary Party
Authors: Badcock Sarah
Published: October 2016

This article explores the place of individuals, ideologies and personal and political networks in shaping the larger political landscape in revolutionary Russia. The shape and culture of the Socialist Revolutionary Party (psr) will be at the heart of my analysis of coalition politics. I focus particularly on the personal and political networks surrounding Vladimir Mikhailovich Zenzinov during 1917. This analysis suggests that the shape of coalition politics in 1917 was defined in part by pre-revolutionary social and political networks, and that these to some extent transcended party political affiliations. While the nature of coalition politics necessitated this political fluidity, it is nevertheless worth emphasizing, because the discourse around 1917 is often framed along explicitly party political lines.
“The First Woman in Russia”: Countess Sofia Panina and Women’s Political Participation in the Revolutions of 1917
Authors: Lindenmeyr Adele
Published: October 2016

The unique political career of philanthropist Countess Sofia Panina in 1917 provides insight into the problem of women’s political participation in the Revolution. Panina could be found in almost all of Petrograd’s major power centers: the Kadet Central Committee, the Petrograd Duma, and the Provisional Government, where she was the only female assistant minister. Yet her political involvement before October was mainly limited to the feminine sphere of education and social service. After the Bolshevik takeover she turned the connections and status she had achieved through government and party service into a leading role in the anti-Bolshevik opposition movement.
Rethinking the Power of Soviets: Krasnoiarsk, March–October 1917
Authors: Dickins Alistair
Published: October 2016

This article examines the basis of power of the Krasnoiarsk Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies in 1917. It challenges the still-commonplace ‘dual power’ paradigm, using Krasnoiarsk as an example to counter the contention that soviets seized outright power in particular localities. As the Krasnoiarsk Soviet became active in state affairs, it increasingly engaged other local organisations in the processes of power. The article draws on previously unexamined archival materials from Krasnoiarsk, including administrative records of the Soviet and other local organisations involved in delivering state functions.
Crime, Police, and Samosudy in Petrograd in the Russian Revolution and Sociological Theories of Anomie
Authors: Hasegawa Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2016

This article attempts to assess the importance of social breakdown in the Russian Revolution. It argues that Petrograd experienced an unprecedented rise in violent crime from March to October, which reduced the society to a state of anomie. The article introduces the sociological concepts of anomie developed by Emile Durkheim and Robert Merton. Introducing Durkheim’s theory that anomie results from the breakdown of “organic solidarity” that assures cohesion in an advanced society, and Merton’s theory that anomie arises when the cultural structures and the social structures break down, the article attempts to examine how these theories can be applicable to the reality of Petrograd during the revolution. Durkheim argues that when “organic solidarity” fails, “mechanical solidarity,” characterized by collective conscious, emotion, and violence, takes over. In this article this theory is applied to explain the violence in samosudy. The article further attempts to identify those who committed crime, who participated in samosudy, and where crime and samosudy took place. It argues that crime and samosudy took place in the central and southern districts of Petrograd with a mixed population of predominantly urban poor and the lower rung of the middle class, rather than in the working-class neighborhoods. It argues that samosudy were reflections of the frustrations of the urban poor, who achieved momentary empowerment by exerting violence against petty criminals. Popular violence committed by criminal acts and by samosudy provided an important background for the Bolshevik assumption of power.
Whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha, Aleyrodidae) colonising ferns (Pteridophyta: Filicopsida), with descriptions of two new Trialeurodes and one new Metabemisia species from south-east Asia
Authors: MARTIN JON H. , CAMUS JOSEPHINE M.
Published: October 2016

Three new whitefly species, Trialeurodes rex Martin sp. nov., T. bruneiensis Martin sp. nov. and Metabemisia palawana Martin sp. nov. are described from fern hosts in Sulawesi, Borneo and Palawan, respectively. An annotated check list of whiteflies feeding on pteridophyte hosts worldwide is presented, including host records and geographical distribution. A table is presented, comparing the names of fern hosts from literature with their current status.
Using 3D Laser Scanning Technology to Create Digital Models of Hailstones
Authors: Giammanco Ian M. , Maiden Benjamin R. , Estes Heather E. , Brown-Giammanco Tanya M.
Published: October 2016

The emergence of 3D scanning technologies has provided a new opportunity to explore the shape characteristics of hailstones in great detail. The ability to effectively map the shape of hailstones will improve assessments of hailstone aerodynamic properties, how their density relates to their strength, and how radar energy is scattered. Ultimately, 3D scanning of hailstones will contribute toward research in hail detection, forecasting, and damage mitigation of severe hail, which accounts for well over $1 billion in annual insured losses.

The use of a handheld 3D laser scanner in a field setting was explored during field campaigns in 2015 and 2016. Hailstones were collected following thunderstorm passages and were measured, weighed, and scanned. The system was successful in capturing 3D models of more than 40 hailstones. A full scan takes approximately 3 minutes to complete, and data can be captured at a resolution of 0.008 cm. It is believed this is the first time such a system has been used to produce 3D digital hailstone models. Analysis of the model data has shown that hailstones depart from spherical shapes as they increase in diameter, and that bulk density and strength show little correlation. While the dataset presented here is small, the use of 3D scanners in the field is a practical method to obtain detailed datasets on hailstone characteristics. In addition, these data could be used to 3D-print hailstones to explore their aerodynamics, to produce cavity molds for ice impact tests, and for modeling radar scattering properties of natural hailstone shapes.
Faster Arctic Sea Ice Retreat in CMIP5 than in CMIP3 due to Volcanoes
Authors: Rosenblum Erica , Eisenman Ian
Published: October 2016

The downward trend in Arctic sea ice extent is one of the most dramatic signals of climate change during recent decades. Comprehensive climate models have struggled to reproduce this trend, typically simulating a slower rate of sea ice retreat than has been observed. However, this bias has been widely noted to have decreased in models participating in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) compared with the previous generation of models (CMIP3). Here simulations are examined from both CMIP3 and CMIP5. It is found that simulated historical sea ice trends are influenced by volcanic forcing, which was included in all of the CMIP5 models but in only about half of the CMIP3 models. The volcanic forcing causes temporary simulated cooling in the 1980s and 1990s, which contributes to raising the simulated 1979–2013 global-mean surface temperature trends to values substantially larger than observed. It is shown that this warming bias is accompanied by an enhanced rate of Arctic sea ice retreat and hence a simulated sea ice trend that is closer to the observed value, which is consistent with previous findings of an approximately linear relationship between sea ice extent and global-mean surface temperature. Both generations of climate models are found to simulate Arctic sea ice that is substantially less sensitive to global warming than has been observed. The results imply that much of the difference in Arctic sea ice trends between CMIP3 and CMIP5 occurred because of the inclusion of volcanic forcing, rather than improved sea ice physics or model resolution.