bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONDIÇÕES PSICOLÓGICAS E COMPORTAMENTOS SEXUAIS DE ADOLESCENTES
Authors: Oliveira-Monteiro Nancy Ramacciotti Ramacciotti , Ramos Rayssa Yussif Abou Nassif Menezes
Published: August 2018

O artigo apresenta um estudo sobre condições psicológicas e comportamentos sexuais de adolescentes em condição de vulnerabilidade social. Foram avaliados problemas psicológicos, competências e estados de identidade de 40 adolescentes, 12 a 18 anos, atendidos por um equipamento público de cidade da Baixada Santista (SP), voltado para desenvolvimento integral de jovens através de atividades socioculturais.Avaliação de comportamentos sexuais ocorreu com as meninas da amostra (N=33). Os instrumentos utilizados foram o YSR (Youth Self-Report for Ages 11-18), o EOMEIS-II-II (Extended Objective Measure of the Ego Identity Status) e o QSJ (Questionário de percepções e práticas sobre comportamento sexual em jovens). Resultados indicaram tendências positivas na avaliação de competências e estados de identidade. Resultados de problemas psicológicos distribuíram-se em faixas não clínicas, limítrofes e clínicas. Quase metade das meninas referiu já ter tido relação sexual, início aos 15 e 16 anos, com indicativos de conhecimentos e práticas voltadas à contracepção. Os resultados apontaram para a importância de estraté-gias de apoio cultural para desenvolvimento positivo de adolescentes inseridos em contextos socialmente deficitários.
ALIENAÇÃO E SEPARAÇÃO: IMPASSES DA RELAÇÃO MÃE E FILHA
Authors: Santos Fernanda Cristina Wandal , Radaeli Juliana
Published: August 2018

Este artigo objetiva abordar a alienação e a separação enquanto operações da relação entre mãe e filha, bem como os conflitos que a permeiam. À luz da psicanálise, utiliza-se revisão bibliográfica como metodologia para reunir conteúdos relativos à temática proposta. Analisam-se, paralelamente, fragmentos clínicos de duas pacientes para ilustrar o processo de distinção entre mãe e filha. Ademais, o conceito edipiano e o conceito de fantasia são retomados para possibilitar a interpretação dos recortes clínicos. Observa-se que o processo de singularização de mãe e filha não ocorre de maneira simples, tendo em vista que a filha recorre a uma invenção singular para lidar com o conflito de uma fantasia construída e responder à pergunta “O que o Outro materno quer de mim?”.
Current characteristics of tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus co-infection in a cohort of hospitalized patients in Medellín, Colombia
Authors: Ruiz Lina , Maya María Angélica , Rueda Zulma Vanesa , López Lucelly , Vélez Lázaro Agustín
Published: August 2018

Introducción. La tuberculosis es una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad en pacientes positivos para el HIV. Los métodos de diagnóstico molecular y una mayor disponibilidad del tratamiento antirretroviral en el país pueden haber cambiado las características de la infección concomitante. Objetivo. Describir la epidemiología, las características clínicas, el diagnóstico, los patrones de resistencia, los efectos secundarios de los medicamentos antituberculosos y la mortalidad, en pacientes con las dos infecciones.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio retrospectivo basado en la revisión de historias clínicas de adultos hospitalizados en un hospital universitario de Medellín, Colombia.Resultados. Se incluyeron 178 pacientes en el estudio. El diagnóstico de tuberculosis e infección por el HIV fue simultáneo en 49,9 %. En el momento del diagnóstico, la mediana de CD4 fue de 61 células/μL (rango de 27 a 145). La tuberculosis pulmonar ocurrió en 28 % de los pacientes, la extrapulmonar en 23% y la mixta en 48,9%. En la tuberculosis extrapulmonar, el compromiso fue principalmente linfático (55,4 %), gastrointestinal (35,9%) y del sistema nervioso central (18,7 %). La tinción de Ziehl-Neelsen fue positiva en 137 pacientes (77 %), en tanto que el cultivo para micobacterias lo fue en 121 (68 %). La reacción en cadena de la polimerasa para detectar la tuberculosis fue positiva en 85 de los pacientes a quienes se les hizo la prueba. Se detectó resistencia a la rifampicina en seis casos (4,9 %). Al iniciar el tratamiento antituberculoso, las transaminasas se elevaron en la mitad de los pacientes, pero solo 10 % cumplieron los criterios de hepatotoxicidad. La mortalidad hospitalaria fue de 11,3 %. El único factor de riesgo asociado con la mortalidad fue un conteo de CD4 menor de 50/μL (RR=3,9; IC95% 1,36-11,37; p=0,01).Conclusiones. Cuando la tuberculosis se presenta de manera oportunista, comúnmente lleva al diagnóstico de enfermedad avanzada por el HIV. Su diagnóstico en estos pacientes puede hacerse con los métodos convencionales. Es necesario vigilar la función hepática durante el tratamiento y excluir la resistencia a los medicamentos.
First report of Dioctophyma renale (Nematoda, Dioctophymatidae) in Colombia
Authors: Flórez Ángel A. , Russos James , Uribe Nelson
Published: August 2018

La dioctofimosis es una enfermedad parasitaria zoonótica causada por Dioctophyma renale (Goeze, 1782), de amplia distribución mundial, que afecta a un gran número de mamíferos silvestres y domésticos.Se reporta el primer caso de dioctofimosis canina en Colombia. El animal fue encontrado muerto en las calles del municipio de Yondó, Antioquia. Su cadáver fue llevado al Instituto Universitario de la Paz (UNIPAZ) donde se practicó la necropsia.En el riñón derecho se encontró un parásito, el cual fue enviado al Laboratorio de Parasitología de la Universidad de Santander para su identificación. El espécimen se identificó como un macho de D. renale por la típica bursa copulatriz oval y alargada transversalmente en forma de campana, sin rayos y con una espícula. Otro factor importante para confirmar el diagnóstico fue la ubicación anatómica en el riñón. Se reporta por primera vez la presencia de D. renale en un perro mestizo callejero en Colombia.
Rhizobacterial communities of five co-occurring desert halophytes
Authors: Li Yan , Kong Yan , Teng Dexiong , Zhang Xueni , He Xuemin , Zhang Yang , Lv Guanghui
Published: August 2018

Background

Recently, researches have begun to investigate the microbial communities associated with halophytes. Both rhizobacterial community composition and the environmental drivers of community assembly have been addressed. However, few studies have explored the structure of rhizobacterial communities associated with halophytic plants that are co-occurring in arid, salinized areas.

Methods

Five halophytes were selected for study: these co-occurred in saline soils in the Ebinur Lake Nature Reserve, located at the western margin of the Gurbantunggut Desert of Northwestern China. Halophyte-associated bacterial communities were sampled, and the bacterial 16S rDNA V3–V4 region amplified and sequenced using the Illumina Miseq platform. The bacterial community diversity and structure were compared between the rhizosphere and bulk soils, as well as among the rhizosphere samples. The effects of plant species identity and soil properties on the bacterial communities were also analyzed.

Results

Significant differences were observed between the rhizosphere and bulk soil bacterial communities. Diversity was higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soils. Abundant taxonomic groups (from phylum to genus) in the rhizosphere were much more diverse than in bulk soils. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Planctomycetes were the most abundant phyla in the rhizosphere, while Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were common in bulk soils. Overall, the bacterial community composition were not significantly differentiated between the bulk soils of the five plants, but community diversity and structure differed significantly in the rhizosphere. The diversity ofHalostachys caspica,Halocnemum strobilaceumandKalidium foliatumassociated bacterial communities was lower than that ofLimonium gmeliniiandLycium ruthenicumcommunities. Furthermore, the composition of the bacterial communities ofHalostachys caspicaandHalocnemum strobilaceumwas very different from those ofLimonium gmeliniiandLycium ruthenicum. The diversity and community structure were influenced by soil EC, pH and nutrient content (TOC, SOM, TON and AP); of these, the effects of EC on bacterial community composition were less important than those of soil nutrients.

Discussion

Halophytic plant species played an important role in shaping associated rhizosphere bacterial communities. When salinity levels were constant, soil nutrients emerged as key factors structuring bacterial communities, while EC played only a minor role. Pairwise differences among the rhizobacterial communities associated with different plant species were not significant, despite some evidence of differentiation. Further studies involving more halophyte species, and individuals per species, are necessary to elucidate plant species identity effects on the rhizosphere for co-occurring halophytes.
The Na+‐coupled glucose transporter SGLT2 interacts with its accessory unit MAP17 in vitro and their expressions overlap in the renal proximal tubule
Authors: Calado Joaquim , Santos Ana Rita , Aires Inês , Lebre Firmina , Nolasco Fernando , Rueff José , Ramalho José
Published: August 2018

Na+‐glucose cotransporter 2 is the renal Na+‐coupled glucose transporter responsible for the tubular glucose reabsorption, while MAP17 was recently identified as its accessory unit. Mutations in either of the proteins’ coding genes, SLC5A2 and PDZK1IP1, lead to urinary glucose excretion. To investigate whether MAP17 interacts with SGLT2 in vitro, we engineered a V5‐tagged SGLT2 construct and evaluated HEK293T cells coexpressing it together with a HA tagged MAP17 construct. MAP17 is shown to colocalize and coimmunoprecipitate with SGLT2. Also, in human kidney sections, the expression of both proteins overlaps at the apical surface of tubular epithelia. This interaction provides the rationale behind SGLT2 activation by MAP17 as well the similarity of the SLC5A2 and PDZK1IP1 glucosuric phenotypes.
Influence of Diabetes Mellitus on the Recovery Trajectories of Function, Strength, and Self‐Report Measures After Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Cheuy Victor A. , Loyd Brian J. , Hafner Walter , Kittelson Andrew J. , Waugh Dawn , Stevens‐Lapsley Jennifer E.
Published: August 2018

Objective

As the proportion of individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) in the aging population and the number of total knee arthroplasties (TKAs) both continue to grow, understanding the outcomes for these patient populations is critical. The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients with and without DM differed in the recovery of 3 physical performance measures during the first 90 days following a TKA.

Methods

Data collected at ATI Physical Therapy from 169 patients (37 with DM, and 132 without) were available. Physical performance measures included the 4‐meter walk test, the 30‐second sit‐to‐stand test (30STS), and the timed‐up‐and‐go test (TUG). A mixed‐effects model was performed to determine differences in the rate of recovery and 90‐day postoperative scores for all measures.

Results

Both groups had similar baseline values for all measures. Patients with DM demonstrated a slower rate of recovery for the 4‐meter walk test, and worse scores for the 4‐meter walk test, 30STS, and TUG at the end of 90 days when accounting for significant covariates.

Conclusion

Our findings show a negative relationship between the presence of DM and the recovery trajectories of all physical performance measures. Clinicians should closely monitor patients with DM, knowing that they are at higher risk for sustained functional deficits and early complications.
Manufacturing and Characterization of Twin‐Roll Cast Aluminum‐Steel Clad Strips
Authors: Stolbchenko Mykhailo , Grydin Olexandr , Schaper Mirko
Published: August 2018

The manufacturing of clad strips by means of twin‐roll casting is a prospective trend regarding the production of lightweight materials. This study is dedicated to an analysis of bond formation conditions during the twin‐roll casting of clad strips of aluminum EN AW‐1070 and an austenitic stainless steel 1.4301. The procedures of steel substrate preparation and their influence on the diffusion bond are investigated. These include surface pre‐treatment of the steel substrate by means of mechanical grinding and laser irradiation as well as its pre‐heating. Using the different sets of process parameters, the clad strips with a thickness of 2.5 mm are manufactured and characterized. Light and electron microscopy are used to characterize the microstructure of the aluminum layer and the bond zone and to investigate the mechanism of bond formation. The evaluation of the strips’ properties is carried out by means of adhesive tensile tests, peeling tests, uniaxial tensile tests, and fatigue tests. The influence of each of the substrate preparation methods as well as post heat treatment on the parameters of bond zone and the mechanical properties of the clad strip is investigated. The implementation of the investigated manufacturing method allows producing thin clad strips with excellent characteristics.
In Situ Doping Boron Atoms into Porous Carbon Nanoparticles with Increased Oxygen Graft Enhances both Affinity and Durability toward Electrolyte for Greatly Improved Supercapacitive Performance
Authors: Sun Fei , Qu Zhibin , Gao Jihui , Wu Hao Bin , Liu Fang , Han Rui , Wang Lijie , Pei Tong , Zhao Guangbo , Lu Yunfeng
Published: August 2018

Supercapacitors represent an important energy storage system for high power applications with carbon electrodes acting as the key component. Design and synthesis of advanced carbon materials with supercapacitive activity (capacitance and rate capability) and stability have been the focus of supercapacitor developments. This study reports a high‐performance carbon electrode by in situ doping boron atoms into nanoporous carbon particles, which is achieved by a continuous spraying assisted coassembly process. Boron doping leads to extra oxygen graft into carbon surface, enabling both enhanced wettability and durability for the fabricated carbon electrodes. Density functional theory calculations further suggest that boron doping enhances electrolyte ion penetration and interactions with carbon surface, leading to the improved capacitances and rate capability. The constructed symmetric aqueous supercapacitor exhibits all‐round performance improvements including high energy density (9.1 Wh kg−1) and power density (24.1 kW kg−1) as well as ultralong cycling life (100 000 cycles). This work for the first time provides insights into the role of boron doping in enhancing both supercapacitive activity and stability of carbon materials for high‐performance supercapacitors.
Injectable 3D Porous Micro‐Scaffolds with a Bio‐Engine for Cell Transplantation and Tissue Regeneration
Authors: Luo Zuyuan , Pan Jijia , Sun Yuhua , Zhang Siqi , Yang Yue , Liu Hao , Li Yan , Xu Xiao , Sui Yi , Wei Shicheng
Published: August 2018

Bio‐scaffolds designed to mimic endogenous niches have been used extensively in stem cell therapy and tissue regeneration. However, limited entry of nutrients and cells inside the scaffold can lead to poor cell survival and proliferation, and scaffold implantation can require an invasive surgical approach. Here, a noninvasive method using injectable 3D porous micro‐scaffolds with a bio‐engine is developed for cell transplantation and tissue regeneration. A liquid nitrogen flash‐frozen and immediately smashed method is developed to prepare 3D porous nanocarriers‐alginate composite micro‐scaffolds (NAC/MS). Compared to common scaffolds, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) grown in NAC/MS show high survival and proliferation rates; this is due to the small size of the micro‐scaffolds, which allows access to nutrients. Bio‐factors are loaded into nanocarriers to produce a bio‐engine that can initiate and promote stem cells differentiation in a bionic manner, behaving like an engine. Transplanted hMSCs show significantly enhanced expansion and mineralization in vivo. Furthermore, NAC/MS can promote in situ regeneration of bone in cranial defects in dogs. The biomimetic NAC/MS provide an injectable niche to cell survival, proliferation, and fate control during tissue regeneration or cell therapy, which are critical for developing organoid culture devices and cells local delivery vehicles.
A Bifunctional Aggregation‐Induced Emission Luminogen for Monitoring and Killing of Multidrug‐Resistant Bacteria
Authors: Li Ying , Zhao Zheng , Zhang Jiangjiang , Kwok Ryan T. K. , Xie Sheng , Tang Rongbing , Jia Yuexiao , Yang Junchuan , Wang Le , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Zheng Wenfu , Jiang Xingyu , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: August 2018

Multidrug‐resistant (MDR) bacteria pose serious threats to public health as there is currently a lack of effective and biocompatible drugs to kill MDR bacteria. Here, a bifunctional aggregation‐induced emission luminogen (AIEgen), triphenylethylene‐naphthalimide triazole (TriPE‐NT), is reported, which is capable of both staining and killing Gram‐positive (G+) and Gram‐negative (G−) bacteria. The intrinsic fluorescence generating ability of the TriPE unit enables TriPE‐NT to monitor the drug–bacteria interactions, meanwhile, the NT unit renders TriPE‐NT the antibacterial activity. Furthermore, TriPE‐NT can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) under light irradiation and drastically enhance its antibacterial efficacy by photodynamic therapy against wild bacteria and clinical isolated MDR bacteria with a very low toxicity to mammalian cells. Moreover, the efficiency of TriPE‐NT staining on bacteria closely correlates with its antibacterial efficacy. As an example of application, TriPE‐NT is utilized in curing Escherichia coli‐ (E. coli), MDR E. coli‐, Staphylococcus epidermidis‐ (S. epidermidis), and MDR S. epidermidis‐ infected wounds on rats with high efficacy and high safety. Thus, TriPE‐NT can be used not only as a powerful antibiotic agent for treating MDR bacteria‐infected diseases but also as a potential fluorescent agent for monitoring the bacterial infections and further exploring the related antibacterial mechanism.
An Additive to PMMA Bone Cement Enables Postimplantation Drug Refilling, Broadens Range of Compatible Antibiotics, and Prolongs Antimicrobial Therapy
Authors: Cyphert Erika L. , Learn Greg D. , Hurley Sara K. , Lu Chao‐yi , von Recum Horst A.
Published: August 2018

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement is used in several biomedical applications including as antibiotic‐filled beads, temporary skeletal spacers, and cement for orthopedic implant fixation. To mitigate infection following surgery, antibiotics are often mixed into bone cement to achieve local delivery. However, since implanted cement is often structural, incorporated antibiotics must not compromise mechanical properties; this limits the selection of compatible antibiotics. Furthermore, antibiotics cannot be added to resolve future infections once cement is implanted. Finally, delivery from cement is suboptimal as incorporated antibiotics exhibit early burst release with most of  the drug remaining permanently trapped. This prolonged subtherapeutic dosage drives pathogen antibiotic resistance. To overcome these limitations of antibiotic‐laden bone cement, insoluble cyclodextrin (CD) microparticles are incorporated into PMMA to provide more sustained delivery of a broader range of drugs, without impacting mechanics. PMMA formulations with and without CD microparticles are synthesized and filled with one of three antibiotics and evaluated using zone of inhibition, drug release, and compression studies. Additionally, the ability of PMMA with microparticles to serve as a refillable antibiotic delivery depot is explored. Findings suggest that addition of CD microparticles to cement promotes postimplantation antibiotic refilling and enables incorporation of previously incompatible antibiotics while preserving favorable mechanical properties.
Hollow Structures Based on Prussian Blue and Its Analogs for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion
Authors: Nai Jianwei , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: August 2018

Due to their special structural characteristics, hollow structures grant fascinating physicochemical properties and widespread applications, especially in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. Recently, the research of Prussian blue (PB) and its analog (PBA) related nanomaterials has emerged and has drawn considerable attention because of their low cost, facile preparation, intrinsic open framework, and tunable composition. Here, the recent progress in the study of PB‐ and PBA‐based hollow structures for electrochemical energy storage and conversion are summarized and discussed. First, some remarkable examples in the synthesis of hollow structures from PB‐ and PBA‐based materials are illustrated in terms of the structural architectures, i.e., closed single‐shelled hollow structures, open hollow structures, and complex hollow structures. Thereafter, their applications as potential electrode materials for lithium‐/sodium‐ion batteries, hybrid supercapacitors, and electrocatalysis are demonstrated. Finally, the current achievements in this field together with the limits and urgent challenges are summarized. Some perspectives on the potential solutions and possible future trends are also provided.
Scalable Manufacturing of Nanogaps
Authors: Dubois Valentin , Bleiker Simon J. , Stemme Göran , Niklaus Frank
Published: August 2018

The ability to manufacture a nanogap in between two electrodes has proven a powerful catalyst for scientific discoveries in nanoscience and molecular electronics. A wide range of bottom‐up and top‐down methodologies are now available to fabricate nanogaps that are less than 10 nm wide. However, most available techniques involve time‐consuming serial processes that are not compatible with large‐scale manufacturing of nanogap devices. The scalable manufacturing of sub‐10 nm gaps remains a great technological challenge that currently hinders both experimental nanoscience and the prospects for commercial exploitation of nanogap devices. Here, available nanogap fabrication methodologies are reviewed and a detailed comparison of their merits is provided, with special focus on large‐scale and reproducible manufacturing of nanogaps. The most promising approaches that could achieve a breakthrough in research and commercial applications are identified. Emerging scalable nanogap manufacturing methodologies will ultimately enable applications with high scientific and societal impact, including high‐speed whole genome sequencing, electromechanical computing, and molecular electronics using nanogap electrodes.
Nature‐Inspired Emerging Chiral Liquid Crystal Nanostructures: From Molecular Self‐Assembly to DNA Mesophase and Nanocolloids
Authors: Wang Ling , Urbas Augustine M. , Li Quan
Published: August 2018

Liquid crystals (LCs) are omnipresent in living matter, whose chirality is an elegant and distinct feature in certain plant tissues, the cuticles of crabs, beetles, arthropods, and beyond. Taking inspiration from nature, researchers have recently devoted extensive efforts toward developing chiral liquid crystalline materials with self‐organized nanostructures and exploring their potential applications in diverse fields ranging from dynamic photonics to energy and safety issues. In this review, an account on the state of the art of emerging chiral liquid crystalline nanostructured materials and their technological applications is provided. First, an overview on the significance of chiral liquid crystalline architectures in various living systems is given. Then, the recent significant progress in different chiral liquid crystalline systems including thermotropic LCs (cholesteric LCs, cubic blue phases, achiral bent‐core LCs, etc.) and lyotropic LCs (DNA LCs, nanocellulose LCs, and graphene oxide LCs) is showcased. The review concludes with a perspective on the future scope, opportunities, and challenges in these truly advanced functional soft materials and their promising applications.
Perovskites for Light Emission
Authors: Quan Li Na , García de Arquer F. Pelayo , Sabatini Randy P. , Sargent Edward H.
Published: August 2018

Next‐generation displays require efficient light sources that combine high brightness, color purity, stability, compatibility with flexible substrates, and transparency. Metal halide perovskites are a promising platform for these applications, especially in light of their excellent charge transport and bandgap tunability. Low‐dimensional perovskites, which possess perovskite domains spatially confined at the nanoscale, have further extended the degree of tunability and functionality of this materials platform. Herein, the advances in perovskite materials for light‐emission applications are reviewed. Connections among materials properties, photophysical and electrooptic spectroscopic properties, and device performance are established. It is discussed how incompletely solved problems in these materials can be tackled, including the need for increased stability, efficient blue emission, and efficient infrared emission. In conclusion, an outlook on the technologies that can be realized using this material platform is presented.
Differentiating Polymorphs in Molybdenum Disulfide via Electron Microscopy
Authors: Zhao Xiaoxu , Ning Shoucong , Fu Wei , Pennycook Stephen J. , Loh Kian Ping
Published: August 2018

The presence of rich polymorphs and stacking polytypes in molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) endows it with a diverse range of electrical, catalytic, optical, and magnetic properties. This has stimulated a lot of interest in the unique properties associated with each polymorph. Most techniques used for polymorph identification in MoS2 are macroscopic techniques that sample averaged properties due to their limited spatial resolution. A reliable way of differentiating the atomic structure of different polymorphs is needed in order to understand their growth dynamics and establish the correlation between structure and properties. Herein, the use of electron microscopy for identifying the atomic structures of several important polymorphs in MoS2, some of which are the subjects of mistaken assignment in the literature, is discussed. In particular, scanning transmission electron microscopy‐annular dark field imaging has emerged as the most effective and reliable approach for identifying the different phases in MoS2 and other 2D materials because its images can be directly correlated to the atomic structures. Examples of the identification of polymorphs grown under different conditions in molecular beam epitaxy or chemical vapor deposition, for example, 3R, 1T, 1T′‐phases, and 1T′‐edges, are presented, including their atomic structures, fascinating properties, growth methods, and corresponding thermodynamic stabilities.
A Real‐Time Wearable UV‐Radiation Monitor based on a High‐Performance p‐CuZnS/n‐TiO2 Photodetector
Authors: Xu Xiaojie , Chen Jiaxin , Cai Sa , Long Zhenghao , Zhang Yong , Su Longxing , He Sisi , Tang Chengqiang , Liu Peng , Peng Huisheng , Fang Xiaosheng
Published: August 2018

Solar radiation, especially ultraviolet (UV) light, is a major hazard for most skin‐related cancers. The growing needs for wearable health monitoring systems call for a high‐performance real‐time UV sensor to prevent skin diseases caused by excess UV exposure. To this end, here a novel self‐powered p‐CuZnS/n‐TiO2 UV photodetector (PD) with high performance is successfully developed (responsivity of 2.54 mA W−1 at 0 V toward 300 nm). Moreover, by effectively replacing the Ti foil with a thin Ti wire for the anodization process, the conventional planar rigid device is artfully turned into a fiber‐shaped flexible and wearable one. The fiber‐shaped device shows an outstanding responsivity of 640 A W−1, external quantum efficiency of 2.3 × 105%, and photocurrent of ≈4 mA at 3 V, exceeding those of most current UV PDs. Its ultrahigh photocurrent enables it to be easily integrated with commercial electronics to function as a real‐time monitor system. Thus, the first real‐time wearable UV radiation sensor that reads out ambient UV power density and transmits data to smart phones via wifi is demonstrated. This work not only presents a promising wearable health monitor, but also provides a general strategy for designing and fabricating smart wearable electronic devices.
Direct‐Write Freeform Colloidal Assembly
Authors: Tan Alvin T. L. , Beroz Justin , Kolle Mathias , Hart A. John
Published: August 2018

Colloidal assembly is an attractive means to control material properties via hierarchy of particle composition, size, ordering, and macroscopic form. However, despite well‐established methods for assembling colloidal crystals as films and patterns on substrates, and within microscale confinements such as droplets or microwells, it has not been possible to build freeform colloidal crystal structures. Direct‐write colloidal assembly, a process combining the bottom‐up principle of colloidal self‐assembly with the versatility of direct‐write 3D printing, is introduced in the present study. By this method, centimeter‐scale, free‐standing colloidal structures are built from a variety of materials. A scaling law that governs the rate of assembly is derived; macroscale structural color is tailored via the size and crystalline ordering of polystyrene particles, and several freestanding structures are built from silica and gold particles. Owing to the diversity of colloidal building blocks and the means to control their interactions, direct‐write colloidal assembly could therefore enable novel composites, photonics, electronics, and other materials and devices.
3D Printed Polymer Photodetectors
Authors: Park Sung Hyun , Su Ruitao , Jeong Jaewoo , Guo Shuang‐Zhuang , Qiu Kaiyan , Joung Daeha , Meng Fanben , McAlpine Michael C.
Published: August 2018

Extrusion‐based 3D printing, an emerging technology, has been previously used in the comprehensive fabrication of light‐emitting diodes using various functional inks, without cleanrooms or conventional microfabrication techniques. Here, polymer‐based photodetectors exhibiting high performance are fully 3D printed and thoroughly characterized. A semiconducting polymer ink is printed and optimized for the active layer of the photodetector, achieving an external quantum efficiency of 25.3%, which is comparable to that of microfabricated counterparts and yet created solely via a one‐pot custom built 3D‐printing tool housed under ambient conditions. The devices are integrated into image sensing arrays with high sensitivity and wide field of view, by 3D printing interconnected photodetectors directly on flexible substrates and hemispherical surfaces. This approach is further extended to create integrated multifunctional devices consisting of optically coupled photodetectors and light‐emitting diodes, demonstrating for the first time the multifunctional integration of multiple semiconducting device types which are fully 3D printed on a single platform. The 3D‐printed optoelectronic devices are made without conventional microfabrication facilities, allowing for flexibility in the design and manufacturing of next‐generation wearable and 3D‐structured optoelectronics, and validating the potential of 3D printing to achieve high‐performance integrated active electronic materials and devices.
Efficient and Layer‐Dependent Exciton Pumping across Atomically Thin Organic–Inorganic Type‐I Heterostructures
Authors: Zhang Linglong , Sharma Ankur , Zhu Yi , Zhang Yuhan , Wang Bowen , Dong Miheng , Nguyen Hieu T. , Wang Zhu , Wen Bo , Cao Yujie , Liu Boqing , Sun Xueqian , Yang Jiong , Li Ziyuan , Kar Arara , Shi Yi , Macdonald Daniel , Yu Zongfu , Wang Xinran , Lu Yuerui
Published: August 2018

The fundamental light–matter interactions in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides might be significantly engineered by hybridization with their organic counterparts, enabling intriguing optoelectronic applications. Here, atomically thin organic–inorganic (O–I) heterostructures, comprising monolayer MoSe2 and mono‐/few‐layer single‐crystal pentacene samples, are fabricated. These heterostructures show type‐I band alignments, allowing efficient and layer‐dependent exciton pumping across the O–I interfaces. The interfacial exciton pumping has much higher efficiency (>86 times) than the photoexcitation process in MoSe2, although the pentacene layer has much lower optical absorption than MoSe2. This highly enhanced pumping efficiency is attributed to the high quantum yield in pentacene and the ultrafast energy transfer between the O–I interface. Furthermore, those organic counterparts significantly modulate the bindings of charged excitons in monolayer MoSe2 via their precise dielectric environment engineering. The results open new avenues for exploring fundamental phenomena and novel optoelectronic applications using atomically thin O–I heterostructures.
Stereodiversified Modular Synthesis of Non‐planar Five‐Membered Cyclic N‐Hydroxylamidines: Reactivity Study and Application to the Synthesis of Cyclic Amidines
Authors: Prieto‐Ramírez Mary Cruz , Fernández Israel , da Silva Ivan , González‐Platas Javier , de Armas Pedro , García‐Tellado Fernando
Published: August 2018

A modular, stereodiversified and scalable synthesis of 5‐membered cyclic N‐hydroxylamidines endowed with three contiguous stereogenic centres is reported. The synthesis utilizes 2‐cyano‐3‐aryl‐4‐nitro‐alkynoates as key building blocks, which are provided by a novel 3‐component Knoevenagel ‐Michael addition manifold carried out as an aqueous emulsion (on water). The key building blocks are obtained as separable mixtures of two series of diastereomers: 2,3,4‐syn,syn and 2,3,4‐syn,anti. Both series were separately transformed into the corresponding 5‐membered 3,4,5‐trisubstituted N‐hydroxylamidines by a tandem hydrogenation cyclization reaction (stereodiversification phase). These N‐hydroxylamidines are functionalized at C3‐methinic position of the ring (alpha to the amidine function) by a robust and unprecedented N‐amidinoxyl radical‐mediated auto‐oxidation process (hydroxylation), or by a diastereoselective enamine‐based C−C bond forming manifold (creation of an all‐carbon quaternary centre). The outcome of the latter is biased by the relative disposition of substituents in the ring, affording C3‐quaternized 5‐membered cyclic N‐hydroxylamidines or 2,9‐diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non‐1‐en motives. Finally, the Ti(III)‐reduction of these quaternized N‐hydroxylamidines generates the corresponding amidines in excellent yields.

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Copper(II) Acetate‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Phosphorylated Pyridines via Denitrogenative C−P Coupling between Pyridotriazoles and P(O)H Compounds
Authors: Shen Ruwei , Dong Chao , Yang Jianlin , Han Li‐Biao
Published: August 2018

A new inexpensive copper‐catalyzed denitrogenative C−P coupling reaction of pyridotriazoles with P(O)H compounds has been developed. The reaction proceeds via a process of copper‐catalyzed P(O)−H insertion into the pyridyl carbene intermediates generated in situ from pyridotriazoles. This reaction provides a new and effective method for the synthesis of a variety of 2‐picolylphosphoryl compounds.

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Modulating BET Bromodomain Inhibitor ZEN‐3694 and Enzalutamide Combination Dosing in a Metastatic Prostate Cancer Patient Using CURATE.AI, an Artificial Intelligence Platform
Authors: Pantuck Allan J. , Lee Dong‐Keun , Kee Theodore , Wang Peter , Lakhotia Sanjay , Silverman Michael H. , Mathis Colleen , Drakaki Alexandra , Belldegrun Arie S. , Ho Chih‐Ming , Ho Dean
Published: August 2018

Combination chemotherapy is a cornerstone of cancer treatment. Optimizing its effectiveness requires dose‐ and time‐dependent regulation of drug synergy. In this report, CURATE.AI, an artificial intelligence platform, is used to prospectively guide the dosing of a bromodomain inhibitor (ZEN‐3694) and enzalutamide administered in combination to a patient with metastatic castration‐resistant prostate cancer to reduce serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels. CURATE.AI successfully identifies substantial ZEN‐3694 and enzalutamide dose adjustments, increasing both treatment efficacy and tolerance. CURATE.AI analysis also confirms that the patient's durable response is mediated by ZEN‐3694 inclusion in the regimen. Due to CURATE.AI‐enhanced efficacy and safety, the patient was able to continue with the combination regimen, resulting in a durable response and no disease progression based on CURATE.AI‐sustained control over PSA levels and reduced lesion size.
The endoscopic ultrasound diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma with cystic degeneration
Authors: Lai Jian‐Han , Lin Ching‐Chung , Liu Chia‐Yuan
Published: August 2018

Here, we present the case of an 87‐year‐old man who had dull upper abdominal pain for a month. Abdominal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated a cystic tumor in the pancreatic tail. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) showed a solid tumor with cystic degeneration, and fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) confirmed it was a pancreatic adenocarcinoma with tumor hemorrhage. The patient underwent a laparoscopic distal partial pancreatectomy and splenectomy. In this report, we emphasize that tumor hemorrhage‐related cystic degeneration is an uncommon manifestation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and EUS with FNA may be more suitable for differential diagnosis than computed tomography or MRI.
Gold‐Catalyzed Site‐Selective C−H Bond Functionalization with Diazo Compounds
Authors: Ma Ben , Liu Lu , Zhang Junliang
Published: August 2018

C−H bond functionalization has been one of most important subject in chemistry. The carbene transfer reaction is one of the most straightforward and efficient approaches for site‐selective C−H bond functionalization in the presence of transition‐metals. Gold catalysts, which are different with the common‐used transition‐metals (such as Rh, Cu, Ru, Fe), displayed their unique catalytic activity in carbene transfer reactions, especially for C−H bond functionalization. In this focus review, we summarized recent progress of C−H bond functionalization via the decomposition of diazo compounds catalyzed by gold complexes. We also highlighted the specificity and provided the mechanistic rationale to understand these reactions.
Reevaluating cases of trait‐dependent diversification in primates
Authors: Scott Jeremiah E.
Published: August 2018

Objectives

Previous investigations have identified several ecological traits that may have shaped differences in species richness among primate clades by influencing speciation and extinction probabilities. In this study, I reevaluate these cases in light of concerns about high false‐positive rates of the methods used to detect trait‐dependent diversification.

Materials and methods

Data for six traits were taken from the literature: activity pattern, sociality, mating system, terrestriality, frugivory, and mutualistic interactions with angiosperms (i.e., seed dispersal and pollination). These traits were treated as binary variables and analyzed in a phylogenetic framework using likelihood‐based and nonparametric methods for estimating trait‐specific diversification rates.

Results

Of the traits analyzed here, only activity pattern was found by all methods to be correlated with diversification: diurnal primates diversify at higher rates than nocturnal primates. Solitary foragers have a lower rate of diversification than group‐living primates, but this link is driven by the association between solitariness and nocturnality.

Discussion

These results indicate that ecological traits have had a more limited influence on primate diversification than suggested by previous studies. The false positives detected here can be linked with heterogeneity in diversification caused by sources other than the focal traits. One of these sources is the very high rate of diversification in Cercopithecoidea found in previous investigations. Another is the correlation between activity patterns and diversification. The underlying causal mechanism for the contrast in diversification dynamics between diurnal and nocturnal primates is unclear, but this correlation highlights the important role of activity pattern in shaping primate evolutionary history.
Long bone diaphyseal shape follows different ontogenetic trajectories in captive and wild gorillas
Authors: Canington Stephanie L. , Sylvester Adam D. , Burgess M. Loring , Junno Juho‐Antti , Ruff Christopher B.
Published: August 2018

Objectives

A number of studies have demonstrated the ontogenetic plasticity of long bone diaphyseal structure in response to mechanical loading. Captivity should affect mechanical loading of the limbs, but whether captive apes grow differently than wild apes has been debated. Here, we compare captive and wild juvenile and adult Gorilla to ascertain whether growth trajectories in cross‐sectional diaphyseal shape are similar in the two environments.

Materials and methods

A sample of young juvenile (n = 4) and adult (n = 10) captive Gorilla gorilla gorilla specimens, with known life histories, were compared with age‐matched wild G.g. gorilla (n = 62) and G. beringei beringei (n = 75) in relative anteroposterior to mediolateral bending strength of the femur, tibia, and humerus. Cross sections were obtained using peripheral quantitative CT.

Results

Captive and wild adult G.g. gorilla differed in bending strength ratios for all three bones, but these differences were not present in young juvenile G.g. gorilla. In comparisons across taxa, captive juvenile G.g. gorilla were more similar to wild G.g. gorilla than to G.b. beringei, while captive adult G.g. gorilla were more similar in shape to G.b. beringei in the hind limb.

Discussion

Captive and wild G. gorilla follow different ontogenetic trajectories in long bone diaphyseal shape, corresponding to environmental differences and subsequent modified locomotor behaviors. Differences related to phylogeny are most evident early in development.
Consequences of colonialism: A microbial perspective to contemporary Indigenous health
Authors: Skelly Emily , Kapellas Kostas , Cooper Alan , Weyrich Laura S.
Published: August 2018

Nearly all Indigenous populations today suffer from worse health than their non‐Indigenous counterparts, and despite interventions against known factors, this health “gap” has not improved. The human microbiome—the beneficial, diverse microbial communities that live on and within the human body—is a crucial component in developing and maintaining normal physiological health. Disrupting this ecosystem has repercussions for microbial functionality, and thus, human health. In this article, we propose that modern‐day Indigenous population health may suffer from disrupted microbial ecosystems as a consequence of historical colonialism. Colonialism may have interrupted the established relationships between the environment, traditional lifeways, and microbiomes, altering the Indigenous microbiome with detrimental health consequences.
Transhumance pastoralism of Roccapelago (Modena, Italy) early‐modern individuals: Inferences from Sr isotopes of hair strands
Authors: Lugli Federico , Cipriani Anna , Tavaglione Valentina , Traversari Mirko , Benazzi Stefano
Published: August 2018

Objectives

In this work, we use Sr isotopes to analyze human hair and determine short‐term movements of a contemporary human traveler and of early‐modern individuals from an archaeological site (Roccapelago, Modena, Italy, 16th–18th century).

Materials and methods

Analyses were performed using a Neptune MC–ICP–MS. We first set up and tested the procedure on scalp hair of a contemporary human, who spent some time between Brazil and Italy. We then analyzed the 87Sr/86Sr ratios of eight exceptionally well‐preserved archaeological hair specimens associated with human mummies from Roccapelago. Trace elements were analyzed by LA‐ICP‐MS on single‐hair specimens to check the preservation of the archaeological samples.

Results

The strontium isotope composition of modern human hair varies from 0.7087 to 0.7093. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of the Roccapelago hair strands range from 0.7082 to 0.7137, with an average of 0.7093 ± 0.0031 (2σ), revealing also intra‐individual differences in isotopic composition along the length of the hair shaft. Data were compared with local archaeological rodent bones and teeth and with published isotopic values of water and outcropping rocks. Trace element abundances of archaeological and modern human hair are similarly low in terms of Rare Earth Element (REE) and metal contents, in particular after HNO3 leaching.

Discussion

The variable modern human hair 87Sr/86Sr ratios show that high‐resolution hair sampling tracks the movements of this individual between the two continents. The Sr isotope composition of the mummy hair is consistent with sub‐annual human movements from Roccapelago to an area with different 87Sr/86Sr ratios. Historical sources indicate that individuals from Roccapelago travelled with their herds to Tuscany for transhumance pastoralism practices. The high radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr ratios (>0.71) found in some of the hair are possibly consistent with the Tuscan Magmatic Province and the Tuscan Metamorphic Complex isotope signature. To our knowledge, this is the first study in an archaeological context where the Sr isotope evidence of mobility is corroborated by historical documents.
Evidence of variability in carbohydrate consumption in prehistoric fisher‐hunter‐gatherers of Southeastern Brazil: Spatiotemporal trends of oral health markers
Authors: Pezo‐Lanfranco Luis
Published: August 2018

Objectives

In this study, we evaluate the role of plants in the diet of fisher‐hunter gatherers adapted to highly productive coastal environments. Oral health markers were used to track spatiotemporal variations (regional and diachronic) in the composition of carbohydrate in the diets of prehistoric shell mound builders (sambaqui) from the Southeast of Brazil. Our main objective is to test the supposed stability in the dietary habits of sambaqui populations and identify modulating effects of chronological, cultural, and/or ecological factors.

Methods

Eighteen oral health markers (divided into three categories: caries, periodontal disease, and dental wear) were applied in 233 individuals from 7 sambaquis (dated between 4800 and 1100 BP) from 5 geographic regions.

Results

Our results reveal variable oral health patterns among sites. Despite that, we found a number of common features, such as dental wear and associated pulp lesions. Some oral health patterns are compatible with cariogenic diets and high carbohydrate consumption.

Conclusions

Our analyses suggest that plant resource management is plausible at some sites and support the emerging evidence that plant consumption among sambaqui populations was driven more by ecologic factors than chronological or cultural ones. A comprehensive record of oral health markers shows promise as a methodology to differentiate between otherwise extremely similar diets.