bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Image of the Ilioupersis in Aischylos’ Agamemnon
Authors: Anderson Michael J
Published: November 2023

Aischylos’ Oresteia trilogy begins with the nostos of Agamemnon, with the ill-omened homecoming which follows the king’s long awaited victory over the Trojans. And as in the epic tradition of Troy’s fall, where the Ilioupersis launches the Achaians on their disastrous homeward journeys, so too in Aischylos’ Agamemnon the Ilioupersis opens the final chapter in the life of an Achaian hero. Over the first 800 lines of the play, while awaiting the imminent arrival of the victorious king on stage, we repeatedly hear reflections and recollections of his recent victory--from the chorus a memory of a distant omen, from Klytaimestra a provocative vision of distant events, a first eyewitness account from the messenger, and finally a report from the conqueror himself. Through these varied and sometimes contradictory recollections Aischylos projects a mysterious, haunting image of Troy’s destruction into the drama of events at Argos.
Ilioupersis Paradigms in Euripides’ Andromache
Authors: Anderson Michael J
Published: November 2023

Judged from the perspective of generations of critics, Euripides’ Andromache would appear to be a bizarre play, a perplexing series of twists and turns which repeatedly raise and lower our emotions. Such criticism certainly draws attention to the rapid pace and the density of events packed into this drama, but it will also naturally provoke defenders, who wish to find in Euripides a master craftsman of rhetorical argumentation, composing plots with a logic analogous to that of his agonistic characters. I believe that a new analysis, sensitive to the perspective of the designing dramatist, will bring to light the exceedingly, perhaps excessively, rational structure upon which the drama rests. In the following pages I offer a partial outline of the logic of the drama, and at the same time I argue that the play’s structure rests to a greater or lesser extent upon a set of fundamental paradigms borrowed from the Ilioupersis.
Euripides’ Troades
Authors: Anderson Michael J
Published: November 2023

From dramas which incorporate Ilioupersis themes we turn to a dramatization of the Ilioupersis itself, or as close to such as any Athenian playwright could come. Set in the immediate aftermath of the capture, as the captive women await departure and the city awaits final destruction, Euripides’ Troades presents a panorama of lamented suffering comparable in scope to an epic Ilioupersis. Without dramatizing the traditional highlights of the capture itself-an impossibility on the Athenian stage-Euripides nevertheless reproduced the composite spirit of the epic accounts by including a wide cast of characters engaged in a varied sequence of complementary actions.
A View To a Kill-Lucan’s Amphitheatrical Audience
Authors: Leigh Matthew
Published: November 2023

In the previous two chapters, different modes of spectacle have been investigated—modes which traditionally serve to communicate a shared and stable ideology but which civil war leaves fractured and dysfunctional. Whether the issue is the collection of scars, battle under the eyes of the general, or the exemplary display of virtus. Lucan’s Scaeva scene has a central position.
A Roman Political Year
Authors: Lintott Andrew
Published: November 2023

Livy’ s narrative ebbs and flows between politics at Rome and war or diplomacy overseas. Towards the end of a Roman year, which until the last day of December 154 BC ran from the Ides of March to 14 March following, the tide flowed in the direction of Rome. So at the beginning of the winter of 190/89 two proconsuls made their way to Rome, Manius Acilius Glabrio, fresh from his victories in Greece, and Quintus Minucius Thermus from Liguria.
The Story of the Origin of the Constitution
Authors: Lintott Andrew
Published: November 2023

Polybius’ ideas, in particular the notions that the Roman republican constitution was the product of a natural growth and that it drew its strength from conflict and co-operation between rival forces, were based not only on contemporary politics at Rome but on the portrayal of the early history of Rome, which he summarized in a now missing part of Book 6. This in turn must have been based on the earliest Roman annalists, no doubt supplemented by the comments of his Roman friends. Though the texts of the earliest annals are almost entirely lost, we can disentangle with some plausibility the outlines of the tradition which we possess in a greatly elaborated form in the work of Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus.
Tribunes, Aediles, and Minor Magistrates
Authors: Lintott Andrew
Published: November 2023

The origin of the tribunes of the plebs is the cornerstone of the story of the Conflict of the Orders, which was the chief domestic theme in the annals of the early Republic. In the course of their first secession in 494 the plebs elected tribunes as their spokesmen in negotiations with the patricians and swore an oath to take vengeance on anyone who did violence to the persons of the tribunes, declaring them sacrosanct (Chap. IV above with nn. 24-5).
The Republic Remembered
Authors: Lintott Andrew
Published: November 2023

In 28-7 BC Augustus restored the res publica to the senate and Roman people and brought back constitutional rule after twenty years of civil war and dictatorship. But under the name of princeps, his imperium was dominant. Within a few years the powers conferred first on him and later on Agrippa by the assembly (Chap. V, n. 2) made any return to a republican balance unthinkable.
Greek Oratory
Authors: Usher Stephen
Published: November 2023

Speakers address audiences in the earliest Greek literature, but oratory became a distinct genre in the late fifth century and reached its maturity in the fourth. This book traces the development of its techniques by examining the contribution made by each orator. Dr Usher makes the speeches come alive for the reader through an in-depth analysis of the problems of composition and the likely responses of contemporary audiences. His study differs from previous books in its recognition of the richness of the early tradition which made innovation difficult, however, the orators are revealed as men of remarkable talent, versatility, and resource. Antiphon's pioneering role, Lysias' achievement of balance between the parts of the speech, the establishment of oratory as a medium of political thought by Demosthenes and Isocrates, and the individual characteristics of other orators - Andocides, Isaeus, Lycurgus, Hyperides, Dinarchus and Apollodorus - together make a fascinating study in evolution; while the illustrative texts of the orators (which are translated into English) include some of the liveliest and most moving passages in Greek literature.
Lycurgus
Authors: Usher Stephen
Published: November 2023

The most august of the Attic orators, scion of a priestly family which claimed descent from Erechtheus, Lycurgus was Demosthenes’ senior by a few years, and shared his hostility to the ambitions of Philip II. He came into individual prominence after the defeat at Chaeronea, as he assumed charge of Athenian finances for the exceptional period of twelve years (338–326); and the unusually full account of his work in the pseudo-Plutarchian Life shows how charge of the treasury, earned through his reputation for probity, gave him wide powers to legislate. It is perhaps to this reputation that he owed his administrative success. Aided by continuity, he was able, among other measures, to provide 400 triremes for the fleet and carry out extensive building projects in the city. Money for this seems to have come, in part, from private subscription: a source on which the state had always drawn, but never to greater effect than under the administration of Lycurgus, surely because wealthy citizens believed that he would put it to good use. Another source of revenue, though probably not the greatest,2 was successful prosecution leading to confiscations, and this introduces the side of Lycurgus’ career that concerns the present discussion. He equipped himself as an orator by attending the school of lsocrates, and his training will have enabled him to present his policies persuasively to the Assembly. But all his extant oratory is forensic and most of the speeches are prosecutions which, if successful, would have led to confiscation of property.
The Idea of Ancient Literary Criticism
Authors: Too Yun Lee
Published: November 2023

Yun Lee Too offers a sustained reading of the social function of the body of texts we identify as 'ancient literary criticism' with major implications for how we understand this discourse and also modern criticism and literary theory. The author argues that when Greek and Roman authors discuss what and how to read in works, they are attempting to create and maintain the political community and its identity by regulating the languages available to it. Literary criticism is a process of discrimination between competing discourses, serving as a strategy by which certain forms of speech or writing may be pronounced legitimate at the expense of others. The volume traces ancient criticism from its origins in archaic Greek poetry through to the early Christian era. As well as reading the familiar texts of ancient criticism - Plato's Republic, Aristotle's Poetics, [Longinus] On the Sublime, amongst others - it shows how ancient law, history, and rhetoric participate in the critical process.
Antichrist among Jews and Gentiles
Authors: Horbury William
Published: November 2023

Antichrist seems as native to Christianity as the devil with horns and a tail. This impression receives learned support in much recent scholarship. Thus G. C. Jenks, C. E. Hill, and L. J. Lietaert Peerbolte all contend that the figure of Antichrist is a Christian development. In earlier years, by contrast, it had been considered originally Jewish by Wilhelm Bousset, Moritz Friedlander, Louis Ginzberg, and Israel Levi. Then, however, Paul Billerbeck (1926), concisely summarizing a wealth of material, urged that, despite appearances, there was virtually no contact in substance between ancient Jewish literature and the New Testament on Antichrist; in Jewish sources the messiah had political opponents, but the Christian Antichrist was a religious figure. More recently Stefan Heid, in a book finished in I 990, accepted that Bousset was fundamentally right. A contrast between Christian and Jewish sources, in some ways recalling that drawn by Billerbeck, has nevertheless returned to prominence.
Synagogue Leadership: The Case of the Archisynagogue
Authors: Levine Lee
Published: November 2023

The cadre of synagogue leadership that determined synagogue policy and directed its affairs as well as the titles and types of offices involved are important issues in the study of the ancient synagogue, but have been only sporadically investigated over the last century. In recent decades, however, with the dramatic increase in the publication of epigraphical material, interest in this area has been revitalized.
Dissonance and Misunderstanding in Jewish-Roman Relations
Authors: Stern Sacha
Published: November 2023

It is to be expected that Jews and Romans will not always have understood each other, either because of their linguistic, cultural and religious differences, or because of the intrinsically different perspectives of ruler and of ruled. This paper is concerned, however, not with misunderstanding itself, but rather with its social and political consequences: i.e.
Empire of Honour
Authors: Lendon J E
Published: November 2023

Jon Lendon offers a new interpretation of how the Roman empire worked in the first four centuries AD. A despotism rooted in force and fear enjoyed widespread support among the ruling classes of the provinces on the basis of an aristocratic culture of honour shared by rulers and ruled. The competitive Roman and Greek aristocrats of the empire conceived of their relative standing in terms of public esteem or honour, and conceived of their cities - towards which they felt a warm patriotism - as entities locked in a parallel struggle for primacy in honour over rivals. Emperors and provincial governors exploited these rivalries to gain the indispensable co-operation of local magnates by granting honours to individuals and their cities. Since rulers strove for honour as well, their subjects manipulated them with honours in their turn. Honour - whose workings are also traced in the Roman army - served as a way of talking and thinking about Roman government: it was both a species of power, and a way - connived in by rulers and ruled - of concealing the terrible realities of imperial rule.
AbhandlungenForm And Meaning In The Melian Dialogue
Authors: Macleod Colin
Published: November 2023

The analysis of a Thucydidean speech is a complex task of which at least three different aspects could be distinguished.

First, justice must be done to the speech’s rhetoric. It is obvious that Thucydides is well-versed in rhetorical theory and practice,2 and his speeches make use of them in a sophisticated and self-conscious way.
Reason And Necessity:1 Thucydides Iii 9-14, 37-48
Authors: Macleod Colin
Published: November 2023

The speeches concerning the Mytilenean revolt in Thucydides III present three speakers trying to justify or commend a decision: they are, in Aristotelian terms, examples of symbuleutic oratory. The purpose of such oratory is naturally to identify the right course of action, to achieve €u{ But Thucydides is writing about facts; he is also intensely aware of human nature, a force more powerful than reason. So his characters cannot be simply models of wisdom. They are human beings, and they feel the pressure of war or empire. Thus the rhetoric which they employ to convince their hearers is for the historian a way of discovering to his readers the limits, or the failures, as well as the powers, of reasoning; and in this exposure of human weakness Thucydides ‘ work is both rationalistic and tragic, an analysis of human error, be it corrigible or otherwise. If, then, he puts into his speakers ‘ mouths the arguments he himself thought they should have
Thucydides On Faction (3.82-83)
Authors: Macleod Colin
Published: November 2023

Thucydides ‘ account of faction in the Peloponnesian War (3.82-83) is perhaps more often admired than appreciated; and indeed its structure and wording have not always satisfied commentators. Two kinds of question raised by the passage may be identified:

What does it say and what is it about? We need to examine it as a coherent train of thought, and at the same time - for it is plainly not a mere digression or show-piece - as an essential part of Thucydides ‘ whole work. Both the historian ‘s practice and his programme suggest that the reader should do this. For in putting his thoughts in so highly generalized a form, he invites us to apply them widely. Even when they occur in speeches, where a fallible or even dishonest orator is trying to persuade an audience, general statements may be thus widely applicable;2 how much more when they come directly from the historian. We should also be ready to consider whether what are presented as remarks on stasis may not apply beyond situations of stasis. For war and faction as twin causes of violent death are closely connected in the proem to Thucydides ‘ whole work (1.23.2); and 3.82.1-2, which echo the proem (l.22.4), bring out that the growth of stasis was a natural consequence of war and that in stasis, as in war, human nature is revealed.
Thucydides and Tragedy
Authors: Macleod Colin
Published: November 2023

‘Who could be called more wretched? Who share the same disasters, the same sufferings. . .

‘You will not find another man more unhappy than me.’

‘Alas! what woman was ever so unfortunate?’—‘None, not even Fortune herself.’
A Use Of Myth In Ancient Poetry
Authors: Macleod Colin
Published: November 2023

IT is perhaps unnecessary to defend the principle that mythical exempla in ancient poetry are not merely decorative, but serve in the expression of ‘significant emotion ‘ ; it would still be welcome to see it more frequently and more coherently applied. This paper tries to isolate one characteristic use of myth in four poems from Hellenistic and Roman authors ; the last section summarizes its conclusions and briefly sets them in a context of literary history.
Parody And Personalities In Catullus
Authors: Macleod Colin
Published: November 2023

The reader of Catullus ‘ fiftieth poem can hardly fail to be struck by the poet ‘s use of erotic language to his friend Calvus. Sleeplessness and lack of appetite are symptoms of love, and the threat of Nemesis is commonly used against a haughty beloved;3 miserum (line 9),4  incensus (line 8), and indomitus furore (line 11)5 are words to describe a lover, and ocelle (line 19), as Kroll observes, is naturally addressed to a beloved. Even ut tecum loquerer simulque ut essem (line 13)6 suggests a lover ‘s yearning, if we recall how Plato in erotic contexts stresses the desire to have company and conversation with the beloved (Symp. 211 d 6-8; Phdr. 255 b 2). It is strange then that Kroll should comment on preces in line 18 that their content is not clear. For once the whole is characterized as a declaration oflove,7 it becomes superfluous to ask what precisely Catullus ‘ prayers are for; it is enough to say they are the prayers of a lover.
Catullus 1161
Authors: Macleod Colin
Published: November 2023

IF Catullus ‘ poems as we have them faithfully reproduce their order in the original roll or rolls, and if that order reflects a design of the poet ‘s, then the last piece in our manuscripts naturally merits close attention. But even one who has vigorously upheld these hypotheses writes : ‘it is tempting to suppose that the poem is a spurious addition, attached after the publication of the collection; Catullus may indeed have written it, but not wanted to include so illepidus a piece of versification in his published works ‘ (Wiseman, Catullan Questions [Leicester, 1969], 27). Nor has the poem attracted much interest in its own right; it seems to be generally considered just another slice of biography, and as such hardly susceptible of a poetic meaning. The remarks which follow try to show that it has one, and perhaps also a significant position.
The Artistry of Catullus 67
Authors: Macleod Colin
Published: November 2023

It is still a matter of controversy what the situation underlying Catullus 67 is. This paper is not designed to swell the ample literature on that topic, but to further a little the interpretation of the poem as such. However, since some account of the ‘story ‘ must be presupposed here, I begin by indicating, so far as is essential, what it is. It is not necessary to answer all the questions which might be raised about this story: it is enough that it be conceivable. Indeed, not all the Brixian gossip, or the door ‘s version of it, need be taken to be true. It should, however, be possible to discern the elements of a tale. That is what we should expect in a poem which no doubt, like Catullus ‘ other poems of provincial scandal (e.g. 17 or 59),2 was written mainly for an urban readership. My main purpose, then, is to show some reasons why it might appeal to such readers, to whom the personalities would have meant nothing and its style and art would be everything.
Propertius 2.261
Authors: Macleod C w.
Published: November 2023

Propertius 2.26 appears in the manuscripts as a single piece of 58 lines. But van Lennep and then Burman decided a new poem should begin at line 21, and nearly all editors since have agreed: only Hertzberg, followed by Paley and Phillimore, protested against the division. This brief paper tries to vindicate the unity of the poem with some fresh arguments.
39-68)
Authors: Macleod Colin
Published: November 2023

The old poet Callimachus hopes to cast off age as a snake does its outworn skin:1 the young poet Lollius is to cast off his aged and crabbed Muse. Callimachus ‘ Muses do not put away their friends in old age: Lollius is to abandon his Muse who is herself disagreeable as old age is. Callimachus prays to become like an animal, the cicada: Lollius ‘ Muse is not human either, but because she is the opposite of what poetry normally represents, humanitas. Callimachus hopes to feed on dew: Lollius will want to tuck into a proper dinner. The word empta sheds a sidelight on the text, or textual history, of Callimachus.
Horace And The Sibyl (Epode 16.2)
Authors: Macleod Colin
Published: November 2023

It seems clear that Virgil, Horace, and Tibullus knew, if not the third Sibylline Oracle itself, prophecies like it. An unnoticed parallel between that work and Horace may confirm this conclusion and afford a small insight into the Latin poet ‘s art.
Ethics And Poetry In Horace ‘s ODES
Authors: Macleod C W
Published: November 2023

A generally recognized achievement of Horace is his working into Latin lyric poetry the moral teachings of Greek philosophy. But it is still worth while to ask how deeply he absorbed, and how significantly he shaped them. This question demands not a sweeping answer based on a mere set of references, but patient examination of individual odes; for as a poet, Horace naturally couches his thought in poems, which are, as it happens, highly elaborate works of art. This paper takes two pieces for such consideration and suggests that the coherence of their argument and the particulars of their diction may be better appreciated if they are read in relation to Epicurean ethics. My method is tentative and cumulative: there is no reason to presuppose the justice of such a reading, and it is justified only if it illumines the whole poem in detail (as it surely does 3.29). The purpose of this paper, then, is not to attach a scholastic label to Odes 1.20 and 2.3, but to bring out their meaning and coherence.
Ethics And Poetry In Horace ‘S Odes: II (1.7; 2.9)
Authors: Macleod C W
Published: November 2023

In a previous paper (Greece & Rome 26 (1979), 21-31) I began to consider how Horace in the Odes gives poetic shape to moral philosophy, or reflections on how to live. This article tries to take the same topic a little further. The poems considered there were close to the teachings of Epicurus; the ones treated here are less markedly so. But Horace ‘s ethics, like his poetic imitatio as a whole, are not a slavish reproduction, but a re-creation. They are, moreover, as is proper, related to his life and work as a poet: Odes 1.31 is the most overt expression of this, but by no means the only one. It is strikingly true of Odes 1.7 and 2.9 because both echo in a significant and original way the aesthetic programme of Callimachus, giving it, as Horace often does, an ethical dimension.1
Horatian Imitatio And Odes 2.5
Authors: Macleod C W
Published: November 2023

Horace ‘s ambition in the Odes as he states it at the end of the first poem is to have himself ranked with the lyric writers of ancient Greece. To join them, he had to imitate them. Imitation can have many levels; and the relation Horace indicates to the reader between his own work and the Greek lyrists ‘ covers a wide variety of connections. Most obvious of these is the reproduction of lyricmetres, above all the Sapphic and Alcaic stanzas. Likewise obvious are verbal echoes, especially those which begin a poem: thus in Odes 1.18 or 1.37 the first words translate the first words of poems of Alcaeus; or the description of winter and the invitation to drink which begin Odes 1.9 contain elements taken from another Alcaean opening. We can count on it that Odes which start in this way develop very differently from the Greek poem they allude to; but it is not only in such divergences that Horace shows himself original. For imitation itself can be conceived as a form of originality. This is in Horace ‘s case partly because to imitate Sappho and Alcaeus is a novel thing to do:
The Poet, The Critic, And The Moralist: Horace,Epistles 1.19
Authors: Macleod Colin
Published: November 2023

I begin by quoting from two valuable recent works on Horace. Professor Brink in his Horace on Poetry (1964) writes: ‘The centre of the short piece lies in lines 21-34. Readers, among them critics and poets, had denied one aspect of the Odes which was surely above criticism-the striking originality of these poems.
The Poetry Of Ethics: Horace, Epistles 1
Authors: Macleod By C W
Published: November 2023

What Horace des1;fibes in this context, at the very beginning of the book, is a kind of conversion to philosophy;1 and so the reader is at once drawn to ask what philosophy means to the poet, Before considering this question by scrutiny of the poems, two more general ones should be raised: first, what are the dominant features of ancient ethics as a whole and how far does it differ from modern ethical systems or moral thinking?2 Second, what part did moral philosophy play in the life of Romans in Horace ‘s time? The answers I shall give to these very large questions are pragmatic and limited: they are meant simply as preparation for considering Horace ‘s Epistles.
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λvais: a Study in Ancient Mysticism, with a note on Origen, Contra Celsum 7. 42
Authors: Macleod Colin
Published: November 2023

The mystic ‘s aspiration is often conceived as a search for the timeless, an escape from ‘the trailing consequence of further days and hours ‘ to a ‘still centre ‘; and this is no less true in antiquity than thereafter. It is also characteristic of ancient mysticism to appear in a philosophical guise. This paper is designed to illustrate some forms of that universal aspiration and some of the reasoning which underlies it in antiquity. I begin and end with Gregory of Nyssa: this is because, standing both in close connection and in sharp contrast with the body of ancient mysticism, he provides a standpoint from which to survey and delineate it; and his own doctrines, which likewise have a rational foundation, laid in the polemic against the Arians, represent a distinctive and peculiarly Christian account of man ‘s relation to timeless or infinite being.
Antiochus of Ascalon
Authors: Barnes* Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Antiochus of Ascalon was a very great man indeed. Scholarch of the Athenian Academy and intimate of Roman senators, he determined the course of philosophy and influenced the history of nations. His writings are lost; but they can be read at one remove in numerous texts whose authors were too coy to mention his name—in the pages of Cicero and Sextus, in the essays of Arius Didymus and Albinus, in the letters of Seneca, in the miscellanies of Clement of Alexandria, in the late Greek commentaries on Aristotle. As an historian of philosophy, Antioch us fixed the character and form of his subject. As a philosopher, he revived Platonism and thus prepared the way for the dominant philosophy of the later Imperial period.
Draco’s Law and the Killer’s Intent
Authors: Carawan Edwin
Published: November 2023

The extant fragment of Draco’s law refers to the killer’s intentions three times in the first ten lines, but it gives no clear indication of how those intentions were to be weighed. Scholars have readily supposed that the trial judges were called upon to decide precisely this question of whether the killing was intentional or not, and because our fragment seems to apply only to unintentional homicide, intentional murder must have been treated elsewhere. But those who maintain this theory have had to treat as late intrusions any terminology that seems out of place in an archaic law for unintentional killing. This chapter is largely devoted to these matters, intentionality in Draco’s law and the authenticity of the relevant provisions. In the first section we shall re-examine the key volitional terms describing the killer’s involvement and state of mind (§1). The following sections take up the reconstruction of procedure with particular regard to questions of malice (§§2-3). As we shall see in the chapters ahead, this aspect of the primitive procedure greatly affected the division of jurisdiction—how murder and other homicides were divided among the several courts—and the weighing of probable intentions ultimately offered the greatest scope for rhetorical art.
Preliminaries, Out-of-Court Remedies, and Trial
Authors: Carawan Edwin
Published: November 2023

The questions at issue in homicide trials were largely defined by the division of jurisdiction among the three major courts in the generations after Draco’s law. At trial the judges were asked to decide for the plaintiff or for the defendant on one of three issues: whether the killer acted with malice aforethought; whether one who acted without malice was none the less responsible for the fatality; or whether some threat or compelling circumstance recognized by law was seen to cause and justify an intentional act of lethal force. We have no evidence that a question of the killer’s identity, for instance, was ever a principal issue until the late fifth century, and then it was treated as highly exceptional and paradoxical; special procedural devices were employed to bring this question in (Chs. 5 § 1 and 9 § 1). We now turn to examine the procedural rules that shaped the arguments, rules governing the preliminaries, the trial, and the consequences. These rules first of all enabled the basileus to determine the admissibility of the charges and the plea, and thus to decide which court would hear the case. There were rules regarding the oaths and evidence to be submitted in preliminary hearings, and these, too, put some constraints on the arguments offered at trial. The aim of this chapter will be to discover the general parameters of this process.
Iphigenia and the Glorious Revolution
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona
Published: November 2023

In1749thenotorious Elizabeth Chudleigh, a maid of honour at the court of the Princess of Wales, appeared at a masquerade almost bare-breasted in the role of Iphigenia. ‘So naked was she’, wrote Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, ‘that the high priest might easily inspect the entrails of the victim’; Horace Walpole thought she might just as well have appeared, entirely unclothed, as Andromeda. Although the apparel of Greek and Roman goddesses and heroines was common currency at masked balls, this particular costume exceeded all conventional bounds of decency; several semi-pornographic prints of Miss Chudleigh’s exploit entered circulation (see Fig. 2.1).
Medea and Mid-Victorian Marriage Legislation
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona
Published: November 2023

Euripides’ Medea has penetrated to parts of modernity most mythical figures have not reached. Since she first rolled off the printing presses half a millennium ago, she has inspired hundreds of performances, plays, paintings, and operas. Medea has murdered her way into a privileged place in the history of the imagination of the West, and can today command huge audiences in the commercial theatre. Yet in Britain, at least, her popularity on the stage is a relatively recent phenomenon. Medea has transcended history partly because she enacts a primal terror universal to human beings: that the mother-figure should intentionally destroy her own children. Yet this dimension of the ancient tragedy was until the twentieth century found so disturbing as largely to prevent unadapted performances. On the British stage it was not until 1907 that Euripides’ Medea was performed, without alteration, in English translation (see Ch. 17).
Prayer and the Cult of the Dead
Authors: Pulleyn Simon
Published: November 2023

So far we have been discussing prayers addressed to gods. In this chapter, we shall look at the vast subject of the cult of deceased human beings and the prayers that were made to them.1 It is important at the outset to look at the question of how far there is any significant difference between the cult of the ordinary dead and the cult of heroes. In principle, any dead person could receive offerings and be expected to confer benefits in return.2 There are two main differences between heroes and the ordinary dead. The first is that heroes are, so to speak, public property. Anybody can appeal to them. The ordinary dead, however, are purely within the care of their own descendants. It is not anybody else‘s business to visit their graves.3 As Rohde concludes, ‘The cult paid by the family to the spirits of their ancestors is hardly distinguished, except by the greater limitation of the circle of worshippers, from the worship of underworld deities and heroes.4 The second difference is that heroes are thought of as a more constant presence.
Calling First Principles into Question
Authors: Pereiro James
Published: November 2023

Manning was able to appreciate the Catholic elements present in the Church of Rome and sadly missing in the English Church, the virtues of the one and the deficiencies of the other; a contrast which was to be raised to fever pitch by the younger Tractarianism. Many thought that the furore created by the publication of Tract go called for a period of prudence and consolidation; Catholic principles and practices needed a trouble-free time to settle in the minds and hearts of people. The British Critic of Ward and Oakley would not hear that advice of prudence, and its tone of almost unqualified praise for the Roman elements and system often went hand in hand with repeated criticisms of the Church of England.
The First Vatican Council
Authors: Pereiro James
Published: November 2023

The Council was solemnly opened by Pius TX on 8 December 1869, the feast of the Immaculate Conception. The first General Congregation took place two days later, and in it were announced the names of those Council Fathers appointed by the Pope to the congregation De Postulates. Their task, according to the Regalement of the Council, was to consider the bishops’ proposals on new topics to be introduced in the Council, and to report them, with their opinion, to the Pope, on whom the final decision rested. The congregation had an all-important role to play, given that, as decided during the preparatory work of the Council, the introduction of the subject of the Pope’s infallibility had been left to the initiative of the Council Fathers. The actual list of twenty-six members of the congregation included a wide spectrum of shades of opinion on the infallibility of the Roman Pontiff as represented in the Council. Among their number were three. of the main promoters of the definition: Archbishop Victor Decamps of Malines, Arch-bishop Manning, and Conrad Martin, Bishop of Paderborn.
‘Lies Resembling Truth’
Authors: Finkelberg Margalit
Published: November 2023

In so far as the song is understood as a truthful account of events that really happened, and in so far as a catalogue-like sequence seems to be the form in which Homer conceived of a truthful account, any arrangement of events differing from the point-bypoint sequence would be precluded in the ‘poetics of truth’. At the same time, it is not difficult to discern that the lilad and the Odyssey themselves can hardly be envisaged as forming the point-by-point narrative sequence presupposed by Homer’s own poetics. Both compositlonal unity and narrative diversity, the two signal characteristics of the Homeric epics, would make it impossible to account for them in such terms.
Towards Fiction
Authors: Finkelberg Margalit
Published: November 2023

Generally speaking, it is doubtful whether the traditional idiom of the Muses as attested in Homer and Hesiod can be fully applicable to the sort of poetry which flourished in the seventh and sixth centuries BC and which is conventionally labelled as ‘lyric’. We saw that the Muses of the epic tradition were essentially eyewitnesses of past events, who transferred their knowledge of these events to the poet and thus guaranteed the truthfulness of his account. Now in so far as most Greek ‘lyric’ poetry, both sung and recited, was, perhaps with the exception of Stesichorus’, presumably first person poetry dealing with the here and now rather than the historical past, we may well wonder for what particular purpose the ‘lyric’ poets would have needed the Muses’ help at all. Examination of the Muses’ role in each separate genre of ‘lyric’ poetry gives us the answer.
Introduction: Familia and Families
Authors: Gardner Jane F
Published: November 2023

According to Roman law, Roman society was made up offamiliae; in real life, the Romans belonged to families. The two might sometimes coincide in composition, but only to a limited extent and for limited periods of time, since whereas theJamilia, being a legal construct, had a universal and unchanging, clearly defined structure and a fixed membership, with only a few variables, there were almost infinite possibilities of variation in the make-up of individual family groups, and these could also undergo considerable alterations, from the point of view of an individual, within his or her lifetime. Another difference was that thefamilia was self-contained; it not only had a very restricted membership but it was entirely separate and discrete from all other familiae. Families, on the other hand, overlapped with each other, and were constantly creating new overlaps, through the usual means of marital couplings and births. The main thing that the familia and families had in common was biological connection between the persons each contained. This was real for ‘real’, i.e. natural, families, while for the familia there was a presumption that those free persons under the control of its legal head, the paterfamilias, were biologically descended from him-although such descent could also be fictitiously created by the legal mechanism of adoption.
General Introduction
Authors: Whitehead David
Published: November 2023

knew of seventy-seven speeches attributed to H, fifty-two of which were reckoned genuine (gnēsioi); and when F. Blass compiled a list of cited titles plus the Euxenippos, which is nowhere expressly cited for Die attische Beredsamkeit, it ran to somewhere between sixty-three and seventy-one items.
Commentary
Authors: Whitehead David
Published: November 2023

Dorjahn/Fairchild 63 seek to characterize both passages as examples of ‘simulated’ (as opposed to ‘genuine’) improvisation, but since the published text is all we have this does not seem a useful distinction to make.
Commentary
Authors: Whitehead David
Published: November 2023

The fragments which precede the continuous section of the speech cannot be placed in a clearly determinable order. This is emphasized by even an editor like Colin (87, 95, 100) so bold in restoring and/or interpreting them individually. The general thrust of at least some of them brings out a theme plainly enough nonetheless: H is seeking to underline the disreputability of those now honoured and rewarded in Athens”Macedonians and their supporters by recalling honorands of former days.
Introduction
Authors: Whitehead David
Published: November 2023

Another relevant consideration, not explicitly mentioned by Babington, is H’s authorship of both of the other speeches known to have been committed to the Harris–Arden papyrus: see the Introductions to Lyk. and Dem. Thus, ‘putting all circumstances together, we cannot doubt that the genuineness of this Oration is satisfactorily established’ (Babington, Lyk./Eux. ed. pr., p. xv).
Introduction
Authors: Whitehead David
Published: November 2023

‘Although a friend of Demosthenes and Lysikles and Lykourgos and their associates, he did not remain so to the end; but when Lysikles and Lykourgos were dead, and Demosthenes was on trial for taking bribes from Harpalos, he prosecuted him, having been chosen from all to do so because he alone stayed unbribed.’
The Seleukid past in Asia Minor (281-223 BC)
Authors: Ma John
Published: November 2023

On 23 Dystros, year 103 SE (2rn/9), Antiochos III, on theeve of his eastern expedition, sent a 7rpoa:;ayµ,a to Zeuxis, the governor of cis-Tauric Asia. The king appointed his chamberlain, Nikanor, ‘high-priest of all the shrines in all the land beyond the Taurus’, at Nikanor’s own request. In addition, ‘we thought necessary that Nikanor should be in charge of the sanctuaries, and that their revenues and the other matters should be administered by him, just as under our grandfather by Dion’; furthermore, Nikanor was to be mentioned ‘in the contracts and the other documents for which it is usual’.1 Zeuxis duly passed on the instructions: a copy was found in northern Mysia; Nikanor is named as ‘high-priest’ in documents from Amyzon and Xanthos.2 The prostagma apparently belongs to ‘the continuing administrative work ... that the king routinely dealt with, while on major campaigns, to keep the empire ticking over’.3 But in spite of its mundane appearance, the prostagma on Nikanor deserves closer attention, for it is based on arresting Seleukid assumptions about the geography and history of Asia Minor.
Myth, Memory, and the Chorus: ‘Tragic Rationality’
Authors: Gould John
Published: November 2023

Despite my title this paper is not a reply to Moses Finley’s classic paper of 1965.My concern here is with the deployment of myth in Greek tragedy: that is, with an aspect of the fictionality of tragic theatre. I shall use the deployment of myth in tragedy, and its variable use by both chorus and heroic characters, to try to illuminate the distinction between ‘myth’ and ‘logos’ which is the starting point and focus of all our discussions in this volume.
Mythology: Reflections from a Chinese Perspective
Authors: Lloyd Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

I Shall start from two positions, both of which have a certain prima-facie plausibility, but which seem to be in conflict with one another. The first is the idea that every society has its myths. Maybe a particular society will not have myths of a particular kind, say cosmogonic myths or myths to do with technological inventions or myths involving monstrous beasts. Maybe also whatever distinctions we ourselves choose to draw between myths, legends, sacred tales, and folk tales, may, in certain cultures, be eroded or difficult to apply.
Decline and Fall of the Roman City
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G
Published: November 2023

This book discusses the changes which occurred in the cities of the Roman world in the period AD 400- 750. The cities of the Middle Ages, both in the East and Western parts of the old Roman Empire, differed from classical cities in fundamental ways. Professor Liebeschuetz concludes that this suggests a decline and fall in the Roman cities. At the centre of this book is an account of the decline of cities as political organizations: the replacement of government in accordance with constitutional rules by a looser and much more informal kind of oligarchical control which was paralleled by the rise of the bishop. Professor Liebeschuetz argues that among the factors that transformed and undermined the Roman city the most conspicuous were related to the state of the Empire, economic developments which were consequences of the breaking up of the imperial structure, as well as more localized regional circumstances. The decline and fall of the Roman city was accompanied by very great changes in life style which can be summarized as simplification and localization. Further he concludes that Christianity by teaching people to despise the things of this world helped them to come to terms with the deterioration of their worldly circumstances.
Post-curial Civic Government
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G
Published: November 2023

The legislation in Justinian’s Code affecting cities still includes an abundance of laws whose object is to stop the drain of men and property from the city councils into the imperial service or the Church. In fact the imperial government’s struggle to keep men and wealth in the councils continued beyond the publication of the Justinianic Code into the subsequent Novels. This might suggest that councils continued to play a vital role in the administration of their cities, and indeed the functioning of the Empire. That impression is misleading. Other evidence, including legislative evidence, tells a different story, that of the decline and fall of curial government.
The Transformation of Literary Culture in the West under the Influence of Christianity
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G
Published: November 2023

From the end of the fourth century the histories of East and West were very different. The West experienced barbarian settlement and the establishment of barbarian kingdoms while the Empire carried on much as before in the East. One consequence was that the decline of the traditional secular education based on classical and pagan authors began in the West long before it did in the East, so that the full range of instruction, elementary, grammatical, and rhetorical was offered in fewer and fewer places.
The Decline of Classical Citizenship and the Rise of Ethnic Solidarity in the West
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G
Published: November 2023

This chapter has as its subject the breakdown of imperial cohesion, and the creation of new collective identities in the West. Inasmuch as it is concerned with division and increased diversity, it corresponds to Chapter 8 dealing with the growth of disorder in the East. The Eastern chapter was to a considerable extent concerned with urban disturbances, not least riots involving the factions. Urban disorder was not a major problem in the West in later Late Antiquity, since most cities had ceased to have large urban populations. In the West the scene was from the early fifth century dominated by the disintegration of the Empire and the establishment of barbarian kingdoms in its provinces. This was in the first place a military and political development, but the military and political events occurred against a background of changing attitudes to the Roman Empire, and to the duties and loyalties associated with being a Roman citizen. Something like this change of mentality happened in the East too, even though in this book it is only discussed with Western examples.
Introduction
Authors: Athanassiadi Polymnia , Frede Michael
Published: November 2023

The six chapters in this volume owe their origin to a seminar on ‘pagan forms of monotheism in late antiquity ‘, held at Oxford in Hilary Term 1996. The interest shown in the subject matter of the seminar by colleagues from a variety of disciplines and the lively discussions which ensued confirmed us in the idea that we were pursuing an important topic which gave rise to questions of more general significance. Hence we decided to publish revised versions of the papers in the hope of involving a larger audience in a discussion of the issues raised.
Introduction
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

The Iliad and the Odyssey are remarkable works. The scope and grandeur of the poems and their persuasive depiction of a largely imagined heroic world have engaged and absorbed audiences through the centuries. But they are remarkable, also, as poems which were composed and performed without the aid of writing. Epic tales about the quarrel of Achilleus and Agamemnon and about the adventures of Odysseus were told and retold for audiences in the Aegean world in the period which followed the collapse of the Mycenaean world of the Late Bronze Age; they were passed from generation to generation by singers, or bards; and at some late point in the life of this oral tradition they were performed on a grand scale, as two monumental songs, by the singer Whom we know as Homer. Homer's tales were in the course of time recorded, so that it is possible for us, more than two thousand years later, to read a version of each of those great performances.
Similes 1n Homer: Image, Mind ‘s Eye, and Memory
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I examine from a cognitive perspective a typical if not a defining feature of the epics: the simile. My purpose is to draw into this discussion, which in the past has been for the most part descriptive or taxonomic, some evidence of a different kind. My principal preoccupations will be the interactive relationship between imagery, which is at the heart of the simile, and memory the way in which memory prompts an image, the way in which imagery and memory guide the expression of the simile, and the way in which imagery promotes recall-and the working out of this relationship in the Homeric simile. In short, we shall observe how a storyteller who is performing before a listening audience works with the resources of memory to generate this kind of comparative material, which draws on both imagery and language.