bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementing the Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics: Improving, Not Standardizing, Teaching
Authors: Loewenberg Ball Deborah , Friel Susan N.
Published: October 2020

In March of this year, NCTM published the Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics (Professional Teaching Standards) (1991), a companion to the earlier Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (Curriculum and Evaluation Standards) (1989). Whereas the earlier document focuses on curriculum, the new document addresses teaching. It elaborates the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards's vision of teaching, in which mathematical reasoning, problem solving, communication, and connections are central. It addresses such questions as, What are classrooms like in which students are able to encounter, develop, and use mathematical ideas and skills in the context of genuine problem and situations? What role might a teacher play in helping students learn to use a variety of resources and tools, such as calculators and computers, and concrete and pictorial models? What is meant by engaging students in mathematical reasoning—in making conjectures, presenting arguments, constructing proofs—at various grade levels? How can adequate mathematical skill be developed in concert with mathematical reasoning? The list of questions can be extended indefinitely, for what we are trying to create is quite different from what we experienced when we were in school and even quite different from much of what we are doing now as teachers.
IDEAS
Authors: Irons Calvin , Irons Rosemary , Fennell Francis
Published: October 2020

The ideas section for this month involves students in analyzing information represented graphically. Students are asked to discuss, describe, read, and write about the graphs and the information they contain. The emphasis on using components of language is natural for students as they study graphs. Language also helps students clarify the information depicted.
How Do I Solve Thee? Let Me Count The Ways!
Authors: Kersh Mildred E. , McDonald Jacqueline
Published: October 2020

Fourth-grade teacher: I have a new problem. It comes from a test given to seventh graders, but I think you can figure out some way to solve it! Ready? “An army bus holds 36 soldiers. If 1128 soldiers are to be bused to their training site, how many buses are needed?” (NAEP 1983, 26)
One Point of View: On the Mathematical Preparation of Elementary School Teachers
Authors: Billstein Rick , Lott Johnny W.
Published: October 2020

Prospective elementary school teachers need quality experiences in mathematics at the preservice level.
Exploring, Learning, Sharing: Vignettes from the Classroom
Authors: Akaishi Amy , Saul Mark
Published: October 2020

In my fifteen years of teaching in first- and second-grade classrooms, I have frequently taken advantage of opportunities that arise throughout the school day to use mathematics. Others have sometimes considered these few moments as “stolen” from more integral parts of the written curriculum. This point of view, by its very nature, limits the development of interactive discussions and reflective abstraction.
Cemetery Mathematics
Authors: Woodward Ernest , Frost Sandra , Smith Anita
Published: October 2020

We planned and taught an eight-day graphing unit using data we collected from a local cemetery. This approach helped us make graphing concepts and procedures meaningful to students in a Chapter I mathematics program. Students in this federally funded program generally perform about one year below grade level in mathematics and are released from the classroom for forty to fifty minutes daily of remedial instruction. The unit was originally taught to Chapter I students at Burt Elementary School in Clarksville, Tennessee.
Linking Instruction and Assessment in the Mathematics Classroom
Authors: Sammons Kay B. , Kobett Beth , Heiss Joan , Fennell Francis (Skip)
Published: October 2020

Ms. Howard posed the following question to her students: “If thirty-two game cards are used by students in one class and forty-nine game cards are used by students in another class, how many cards would be used?” As she looks around the room, she observes Kenny using base-ten blocks to solve the problem. He methodically counts 3 tens and 2 ones to form 32. He then finds 4 tens and 9 ones to show 49.
More Than Testing
Authors: Badger Elizabeth
Published: October 2020

To everyone's confusion, the terms testing, assessment, and evaluation are often used interchangeably. Nevertheless, they are not synonymous. We use tests in the process of assessing students' knowledge to make judgments, or evaluations. Evaluation depends on values. When we conclude that Sam or Alice is doing well or poorly in mathematics, we are referring consciously or unconsciously to their ability to perform the kinds of mathematics that we believe are important—that we value. Tests, however, are measuring instruments like thermometers and scales. They hold no value in themselves but are one of the many possible tool that we use to assess student' progress. Unfortunately, because testing is the easiest of the three to think about and to do, we tend to focus on testing. Evaluation, however, is at the heart of teaching. Without evaluation, we
would know neither what students understand nor how successfully we have taught them.
Teaching the Three A's in Elementary Mathematics
Authors: Seeger Raymond J.
Published: October 2020

Recently i had occasion to think somewhat about the teaching of elementary arithmetic, algebra, and analysis—the three A's of mathematics. It occurred to me that some mathematics teachers might be interested in the personal reactions of a mathematical physicist, although these may well be commonplace to education experts. Let me begin with the first A—arithmetic.
Strike Up Your Arithmetic Band: The Use of Rhythm in the Teaching of Arithmetic
Authors: Neureiter Paul R.
Published: October 2020

Learning in arithmetic is composed of three distinct elements. First, certain patterns of quantity, form, and relationship have to be recognized, identified, and assimilated by the learner.1 Second, a system of spoken and written symbols has to be acquired for the purpose of working with these patterns. Third, by using the symbolized patterns corrcelly the successful learner is able to solve problems resulting from specific concrete situations.
Johnny Can Learn Arithmetic: The Report of an Arithmetic Contest
Authors: Schott Andrew F.
Published: October 2020

On saturday morning, May 12, 1956, three of the main meeting rooms of the Milwaukee Engineers' Society Building were extraordinarily quiet, extraordinarily so, because around the tables sat first, second, third, and fourth grade children listening intently.
Visual-Tactual Devices and Their Efficacy: An Experiment in Grade Eight
Authors: Anderson George R.
Published: October 2020

The increasingly technical society in which we exist places upon students of today increased demand for scientific knowledge. A basic tool of all science is mathematics. No one knows how many engineering man-hours went into the production of the Wright Brothers' airplane which made the historic flight of one hundred twenty feet at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina in 1903. We do know that it required 464,000 engineering man-hours to produce a heavy bomber used in World War II. Contrast this with the 10,320,000 engineering manhours now required to produce a modern heavy jet bomber (1). A basic part of every engineer's education is mathematics. Growth in mathematics is slow. It cannot be hurried. Teachers must attract more students to this subject and then teach those students in the most effective manner.
Selling Arithmetic to the Pupils
Authors: Lackey H. L.
Published: October 2020

Although quite happy with my subject matter assignment (eighth grade arithmetic), it was hard to keep down a feeling of discouragement at the opening of school, upon discovering that the room, in which I should work and meet my classes for the school year, was utterly devoid of the least hint that it was to be, or ever had been, an arithmetic workshop center. Immediately I began to cast about in my mind, seeking ideas for creating an arithmetic atmosphere in this room in which my pupils and I were to spend so many hours during the coming nine months.
Standards in The Methods Class, an Example
Authors: Wesson James B. , Lawhorn Cynthia
Published: October 2020

In a class on the methods of teaching mathematics in the elementary school. we were discussing meaningful rounding of decimals and decimal mixed numbers. After trying several examples with base-ten blocks, we agreed that the general “sensible” rule should be “Round to the place it's closest to.” For example. 3.658 rounded to the nearest tenth is 3.7 because it is closer to 3.7 than it is to 3.6: 24.485 rounded to the nearest whole number is 24 because it is closer to 3.7 than it is to 25.
One Point Of View: It's Time to Use Our “OOB” Detectors!
Authors: O'Daffer Phares G.
Published: October 2020

The NCTM's Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics was thoughtfully conceived and continues to influence the school mathematics curriculum. A strength oft he document eems to be that the standards trike a rea onable balance between what ought to be and what can be. Because of this, the book has stimulated our thinking and facilitated realistic, po itive changes in many schools.
Research into Practice: Place Value and Addition and Subtraction
Authors: Wearne Diana , Hiebert James
Published: October 2020

Students who get the correct answer may differ in their understanding .
Teacher As “Kimp”
Authors: Berkman Robert M.
Published: October 2020

Use seemingly stupid questions to goad students into thinking.
One Point of View: Integrating Assessment and Instruction? The Tip of the Iceberg!
Authors: Roberts Ellen S.
Published: October 2020

Walk into any classroom in America. You'll probably see a teacher who is asking students questions, spending more time with someone or on something than originally planned, and adjusting his or her actions to take advantage of a “teachable” moment. You'll see students writing notes on scratch paper, asking a question of a peer or the teacher, volunteering an answer. or shrinking from sight in the hope they won't be called on. These action, and the hundreds more that occur during the course of a normal school day, are generally the results or students' making personal judgments about their own levels of understanding and teachers' making professional judgments about how and what students are learning. These judgments are, perhaps, the most powerful forces shaping what happens in the classroom. These judgments are assessments, and they've been an integral part of the instructional process ince the first piece of chalk slid over the first slateboard. The challenge to integrate assessment with instruction, then, really isn't new. It's already happening, and it's been happening extraordinarily well for hundreds of years.
Promising Research, Programs, and Projects: Teaching and Learning Quantities and Rational Numbers
Authors: Sowder Judith , Lacampagne Carole B.
Published: October 2020

The Teaching and Learning of Quantities and Rational Numbers Working Group has a complex purpose. The goal is to investigate the changes in classroom teaching and the effects on students' learning of teachers' opportunities for in-depth study of the mathematics in grades 3 to 7.
Teacher to Teacher: Making Story Problems Relevant
Authors: Maddon Paula J.
Published: October 2020

My third-grade class struggled with understanding “story” problems—that is, mathematics problem written in sentences— until one day I decided to put problems into a familiar form, making them relevant to children's lives.
Implementing The Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics: Linking Teaching, Learning, and Assessment
Authors: Joyner Jeane M.
Published: October 2020

The sixth standard in the Professional Standards for Teaching Mathematics (NCTM 1991) focuses on analyzing and interconnecting teaching and learning. The standard calls for the analysis of teaching and learning to be ongoing by “[o]bserving, listening to, and gathering other information about students to assess what they are learning.” Teachers examine the “[e]ffects of the tasks, discourse, and learning environment on students' mathematical knowledge, skills, and dispositions.”
Note on the Teaching of “Ragged Decimals”
Authors: Benz Harry E.
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this paper is to raise certain questions regarding the almost unanimous condemnation of the teaching of the addition of decimal fractions with the aid of practice material which contains examples in which not all the addends contain the same number of digits on the right of the decimal point. Such addition examples are often referred to as “ragged decimals.” In this discussion we shall overlook the fact that it is not the numbers themselves, but the columns which are “ragged,” and we shall use the commonly accepted term to refer to such examples.
Teaching Signed Numbers in Grade 8
Authors: Calandra Alexander
Published: October 2020

During the past year the writer had the opportunity of experimenting with the teaching of a course involving both science and mathmatics at the elementary school level. One of the experimental techniques which turned out to be very helpful was the introduction of a different notation for signed numbers. The method used is recommended to teachers who teach some algebra at the eighth grade level.
Divisibility by Seven and Thirteen
Authors: Mueller Francis J.
Published: October 2020

IN HIS ARTICLE Divisibility and Prime Numbers in the March 1958 issue of THE ARITHMETIC TEACHER, Mr. Paul Yearout states: “The only number less than twelve for which there is no simple rule [of divisibility] is 7. For seven (and also thirteen) there are rules, but they are complicated and take almost as much time as long division.”
Rounding Numbers
Authors: Hibbard Wilbur
Published: October 2020

In the normal sequence of arithmetic we study whole numbers, common fractions and decimal fractions in this order. After pupils have gained some facility with decimals, we direct them to round their answers to the nearest thousandth or other decimal. This rounding is difficult for two reasons. First, the meaning of the term nearest thousandth and in the second place we have the mathematical immaturity of the pupil.
Sources of Articles Published in the Arithmetic Teacher
Authors: Gunderson Agnes G.
Published: October 2020

In reading the Report of the Membership Committee by Mary C. Rogers which appear periodically in THE ARITHMETIC TEACHER, one is impressed with the membership growth in the various regions or our country. The question arises: To what extent are the different geographical regions contributing articles to THE ARITHMETIC TEACHER?
Subtraction from Left to Right
Authors: Erligh David
Published: October 2020

The conventional method of subtraction presents certain difficulties connected with the “borrowing” process. Either corrections in the minuend must be made on paper or a burden is thrown on the memory. Of course, the farther over one reaches for the “borrowed” figure, the more confusing the situation may become. The student may err through failing to make compensatory changes or through making changes wrongly.
Meeting Individual Differences in Arithmetic
Authors: Flournoy Frances
Published: October 2020

That children in the regular eleentary classroom at every grade level vary widely in their interest and achievement in arithmetic is a well-known and accepted fact. It is also recognized that a variety of factors influence pupil interest and achievement in arithmetic and these factors must be taken into consideration in planning ways of helping each individual to progress in arithmetic in accordance with his ability. Everyone recognizes that there is no quick and easy, sure “formula” that can be applied to “clean-up” the problem that every elementary teacher in the regular classroom faces in meeting individual differences. Assuming that each teacher can identify the various factors related to pupil interest and achievement in arithmetic, there still remains the problem of deciding on appropriate variations in learning time needed, in content, in materials, and in methods of teaching. In addition, a type of class organization must be selected which will facilitate the carrying out of variations judged appropriate to meet the varying needs of individuals in the classroom. Presently, the research evidence regarding ways of meeting individual differences in the regular classroom with heterogeneously composed groups of children is inadequate. Teachers and faculty groups might well explore ways of differentiating instruction in arithmetic in the regular classroom situation.**
University students' comprehension of arithmetical concepts
Authors: Dutton Wilbur H.
Published: October 2020

Teachers' understanding of basic arithmetical concepts is closely associated with the ability to present these concepts in classrooms. Numerous studies have been made to show the amount of understanding of arithmetic possessed by elementaryschool teachers and students preparing to become teachers. Relatively little study has been made of changes made in students' understanding of arithmetical concepts as they progress through the courses designed to teach these processes. This study deals with measuring students' changes in understanding arithmetical concepts before and after completing a lower division mathematics course for elementary teachers.
In the classroom: Independent work in arithmetic
Authors: Deans Edwina
Published: October 2020

Elementary teachers find it necessary to work with a small group of children during a portion of the time devoted to arithmetic instruction. When the teacher is working directly with one group, there is a need for others in the class to be profitably engaged in some type of work in arithmetic. Independent work, to be of value, must be challenging and must provide practice on skills and abilities which have been well taught and thoroughly understood. It should provide maximum practice for children with a minimum expenditure of time for the teacher.
Report of the Nominating Committee
Authors: Eugene Ferguson W. , Donahoe Mike , Fawcett Harold , Herbert Agnes , Hunter Lottchen , John Lenora , Lowry William C. , Sauble Irene , Schaaf Oscar , Sobel Max A.
Published: October 2020

The Committee on Nominations and Elections presents its nominees for offices to be filled in the 1962 election. The term of office for the president and the two vicepresidents is two years. Three directors are to be elected for terms of three years
Editorial comments: As we read
Authors: Hamilton E. W.
Published: October 2020

Professional articles fall into several categories. First, there are articles on aspects of the curriculum. Second, articles advocating methods of approach are always in order. Third, reports on the effect of administrative policy are needed. And then there are reports of experiments and investigations at several levels of sophistication. It is this last category that concerns me this time. If the reader distinguishes between those reports which state an opinion or point to a suspected trend and those which profess to record the results of controlled experiments with approved statistical procedures, no harm will be done. However, if the reader is not discriminating, false impressions may be created.
Number patterns: a ferreting process
Authors: Fielder William R. , Robert Houston W.
Published: October 2020

Recently we observed a student teacher helping a group of fourth graders ferret out number patterns in a “sevens” times table.
Individualized arithmetic—an idea to improve the traditional arithmetic program
Authors: Whitaker Walter L.
Published: October 2020

Many new ideas and practices are being suggested to improve the elementaryarithmetic program. The following program of individual teaching has been tried and proved successful in an elementary school in Culver City, California. The basic philosophy behind this program is discussed at length in THE ARITHMETIC TEACHER of December, 1960 and in The Education Digest of April, 1961.
Experimental projects and research: Newsletter: a means of mathematics communication
Authors: Kavett Hyman
Published: October 2020

The South Orange-Maplewood, New Jersey, school system has written courses of study for arithmetic and science in the elementary grades. Like many courses of study, they broadly outline the basic skills to be taught at any particular grade level while emphasizing the need for individualized instruction based on the needs and interests of the child. Along with sequential skill building in both arithmetic and science, the teachers are encouraged to enrich their programs. This leads to a varied, rich curriculum which follows a definite instructional pattern and yet reflects the interests of the children and teacher. Enrichment activities taking place in individual classrooms are made known throughout the school system by means of a newsletter. This publication, edited by Mr. W. Edward Young, Tuscan School principal, is distributed to all the principals and teachers. It permits an exchange of information among the teachers, an interschool exchange of equipment, and it serves as an excellent forum for the exhibition of interests, activities, and skills.
Kronik
Authors: Philipson Lotte
Published: October 2020

Indhold: Det nationale Fotomuseum; Foredrag; Udlån til udstillinger; Erhvervelser; Besøg; Personalia
Kronik og Publikationer
Authors: Philipson Lotte
Published: October 2020

Indhold: Publikationer; Erhvervelser; Musikarrangementer; Foredrag; Udstillinger; Det Kongelige Bibliotek på nettet; Det Kongelige Bibliotek og Google Scholar; En stor del af Det Kongelige Biblioteks ressourcer i REX og ELEKTRA er søgbare i Google Scholar; Bøger og bibliotek; I REX kan nu bestilles bøger til afhentning på Fakultetsbibliotek for Natur- og Sundhedsvidenskab (Nørre Allè); § 20 - spørgsmål og svar om Jydske Lov og Det Kongelige Bibliotek;
Kronik og publikationer
Authors: Philipson Lotte
Published: October 2020

Indhold: Bøger og bibliotek ;KUBIS - ny biblioteksorganisation på Københavns Universitet (KU); Mange flere besøger det hybride bibliotek; Det Kongelige Bibliotek på nettet ; Udstillinger; Foredrag; Musik, Erhvervelser; Publikationer;
"Vi lever og aander i Valg". Med DNSAP til valg i Vendsyssel 1935
Authors: Schreiber Pedersen Lars
Published: October 2020

Umiddelbart kan det synes som lidt af et paradoks for et parti, hvis hedeste ønske det var at komme parlamentarismen og demokratiet til livs, men ikke desto mindre: Danmarks Nationalsocialistiske Arbejderparti (DNSAP) deltog i samtlige valg, partiet kunne blive opstillet til.
Kronik
Authors: Meile Jakob Kyril
Published: October 2020

KRONIKKEN fortæller om det forgangne kvartal på Det Kongelige Bibliotek: Begivenheder, foredrag, udstillinger, koncerter, erhvervelser m.m. Indhold: Bogforum 2013; Bogseminar 2013; Steen Bille Larsen, Pernille Drost; Guaman Poma-konference; Udstillinger; Churchill’s Finest Hour; Nordic Bookbinding 2013; Foredrag; International Forfatterscene; Ordscenen; Hanne-Vibeke Holst; Koncerter; DiamantEnsemblet 10 år; Fyraftenskoncerter; Kulturnat; Carl Nielsen Prisen; Erhvervelser;
Sagaer i samtiden: Arne Magnussons storslåede arv
Authors: Lassen Annette
Published: October 2020

I november 2013 fejredes den store islandske håndskriftsamler, grundlæggeren af Den Arnamagnæanske Samling, professor Arne Magnussons 350-års fødselsdag både i Island og i Danmark. I den anledning holdt forfatteren til denne artikel jubilæumsforelæsning på Islands Universitet d. 12. november 2013 og igen ved Den Arnamagnæanske Kommissions fejring af jubilæet på Københavns Universitet d. 22. november 2013. Forelæsningen bringes her som artikel. Den behandler på baggrund af en oversigt over tidligere oversættelser og udgaver af de islandske sager i Norden to store igangværende projekter, hvoraf det ene afsluttes i 2014, og hvori forfatteren er hovedaktør.
Brødrene Grimm – og deres danske bekendtskaber
Authors: Fenger Kirsten
Published: October 2020

De eventyrlige, tyske brødre havde et stort netværk blandt samtidens europæiske forfattere og sprogforskere, og de korresponderede flittigt med både H.C. Andersen og videnskabsmændene Chr. Molbech, Rasmus Rask og C.C. Rafn – blandt mange andre.
Kronik
Authors: Meile Jakob Kyril
Published: October 2020

KRONIKKEN fortæller om det forgangne kvartal på Det Kongelige Bibliotek: Begivenheder, foredrag, udstillinger, koncerter, erhvervelser m.m. Indhold: Kulturnatten – “At reise er at leve”; Boghistorisk seminar, Bogforum 2015.; Forskningsbevillinger:  Foto & kunst, Boghistorie; Ny Boghistorie; Det Kongelige Bibliotek på nettet: Danmarks første kunstfotograf digitalt – Fra pionerens værksted ZDanmarks første kunstfotograf digitalt– Fra pionerens værksted, egen Mediekanal, Katalog over franske smædeskrifter; Erhvervelser; Seminarer: Hanns Eisler-konference; Udstillinger: Vejen til den tyske genforening, Pessoas Træ, Lokale fællesskaber, International Forfatterscene; Koncerter
Brahe vs. Ursus: Videnskabelig uredelighed i renæssancen
Authors: Schlichtkrull Torsten
Published: October 2020

I efteråret 1584 havde Tycho Brahe besøg på af sin slægtning Erik Lange – og han komikke alene: Med i følget var en ung, selvlært matematiker, Nicolaus Ursus, som underbesøget på Hven blev taget i at snuse lige lovlig meget i Tychos papirer.Det var netop på den tid, Tycho arbejdede på sit verdenssystem, som han udgav i1588 – samme år, som bemeldte Ursus også udgav et verdenssystem, som til forvekslinglignede Tychos. Tycho var overbevist om, at Ursus havde stjålet hans system og villehave ham retsforfulgt for det intellektuelle tyveri. Men var Ursus overhovedet skyldig?
Kronik
Authors: Philipson Lotte
Published: October 2020

Indhold: Fotografiet fejres; Ole Vig Jensen får overrakt Kongelig Hoffotograf Peter Elfelt af førstebibliotekar Ib Rønne Kejlbo, Kort- og Billedafdelingen; Erland Kolding Nielsen; Det hebraiske sprog og dets genoplivelse; Joseph Roth, 1894 – 1939; Rabindranath Tagore på Amager; Guitarmusik og –udstilling; Dansk Juridisk Bibliografi nu helt ajour; One small step .... One giant leap ....; Erhvervelser; Erhvervelser; Forskningsbibliotekernes fælles montrepulje - retningslinjer for administration;
Kronik
Authors: Philipson Lotte
Published: October 2020

Indhold: Originalmanuskriptet til Pelle Erobreren tilbage i Danmark; Europa og Babylon; Danmark i luftfotos; Sanaa må du til...; Gæsteforelæsere; Erhvervelser; Personalia;
Kronik
Authors: Philipson Lotte
Published: October 2020

Udstillinger på Det kongelige Bibliotek Slotsholmen; Ottekanten i Forhallen; Bogen i Danmark i 1700-tallet; Byggeprojektsekretariatet; Erhvervelser; Besøg; Udlån til udstillinger; Personalia;
Kronik
Authors: Philipson Lotte
Published: October 2020

Indhold: 1793 • 200 år som offentligt bibliotek • 1993; Viden om... Udstilling i Rundetårn 15. nov. 1993 - 2. jan. 1994; Hendes Majestæt Dronningen; Erland Kolding Nielsen; Glimt fra avisens historie • En pressehistorisk udstilling; Kongeligt og Kostbart. Klenodier fra Kongernes Bibliotek; Forhallens ottekantede montre; Udlån til udstillinger; Besøg; Bogmesse i Forum; Erhvervelser; Personalia;
Anisograptus mojotorensis sp. nov. EN EL TREMADOCIANO TEMPRANO DEL NORTE ARGENTINO
Authors: Monteros Julio A , Moya M Cristina
Published: October 2020

Se da a conocer Anisograptus mojotorensis sp. nov., nueva especie de anisográptido trirradiado, que en posición horizontal tiene simetría pseudo-cuadrirradiada. El material fósil procede de la Formación Floresta (Tremadociano), expuesta en la sierra de Mojotoro, extremo sudoriental de la Cordillera Oriental argentina. La Formación Floresta es un espeso cuerpo de lutita, en el que se desarrollan las zonas de Anisograptus, de Adelograptus y de Bryograptus kjerulfi. La nueva especie se registra en la Zona de Anisograptus y define la Subzona de Anisograptus mojotorensis, la cual precede a la Subzona de Anisograptus matanensis.. La simetría pseudo-cuadrirradiada de los rabdosomas de A. mojotorensis sp. nov., se debe a que la estipe 1 de primer orden se bifurca inmediatamente después de su origen. Se discuten similitudes y diferencias de A. mojotorensis sp. nov., con otras especies del género Anisograptus y se postula que la nueva especie podría ubicarse en la transición evolutiva entre el grupo de Staurograptus dichotomus y el grupo de A. matanensis. La Subzona de A. mojotorensis se correlacionaría por un lado, con el intervalo más temprano de la Zona global de A. matanensis y por otro, con el estadio más tardío de la Zona de Iapetognatus, pudiendo alcanzar el lapso más temprano de la Zona de Cordylodus angulatu
MERISTELOIDEOS DEL DEVÓNICO INFERIOR DE LA COR-DILLERA CANTÁBRICA (N DE ESPAÑA)
Authors: García-Alcalde Jenaro L.
Published: October 2020

Los meristeloideos (Superfamilia Meristelloidea Waagen, 1883) constituyen un grupo relativamente diverso de braquiópodos articulados que existieron del Ordovícico al Carbonífero, con escasa ornamentación externa y aparato yugal con espiralio y yugo más o menos complejos. Los representantes del grupo en el Devónico de Espa-ña recibieron poca atención por parte de los especialistas, probablemente por su escasa diferenciación externa, involucrando numerosas homeomorfías entre los taxones del grupo y entre ellos y otros de grupos alejados (terebratúlidos, por ejemplo), y por su compleja estructura interna. En este trabajo se describen varias formas del Devónico Inferior de la Cordillera Cantábrica (N de España). Saberaia n.gen., comprende sólo la especie-tipo, S. truyolsae n.sp, un homeomorfo externo del terebratúlido Terebratula Bordini Verneuil, en Prado & Verneuil, 1850. Meristella esbelta n.sp. y Camarium collensis n.sp. son las primeras especies de ambos géneros conoci-das hasta ahora en España. Triathyris mucronata (Verneuil, en Prado & Verneuil, 1850) es la especie-tipo (por designación posterior de Le Maître, 1954) del género Triathyris. Se analiza en detalle la historia del género y los problemas taxonómicos relacionados. Se redescribe la especie-tipo, T. mucronata, a partir de abundante material topotípico y numerosas secciones seriadas que muestran la indudable naturaleza meristelina del braquidio.
RECESION. Bryozoan fauna and microfacies from a Middle Devonian reef complex (Western Sahara, Morocco)
Authors: Suárez-Andrés Juan Luis
Published: October 2020

El Dr. Andrej Ernst, del Institut für Geowissenschaften (Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel) es actualmente uno de los investigadores más activos en todo el mundo en el estudio de los briozoos paleozoicos. En los últimos años ha centrado su atención en las faunas devónicas, habiendo producido ya numerosos artículos de carácter eminentemente sistemático y paleobiogeográfico en este campo. El Dr. Peter Köningshof, del Senckenberg Forschunginstitut und Naturmusem (Frankfurt am Main) viene desarrollando diversas líneas de investigación, entre las que se encuentra la sedimentología y paleoecología de ambientes arrecifales devónicos, y ha analizado recientemente las formaciones arrecifales del Devónico del Sáhara desde el punto de vista paleoecológico y de puesta en valor como patrimonio paleontológico. Ambos autores han vuelto a coordinar sus esfuerzos para llevar a cabo un estudio de la fauna de briozoos presente en Sabkhat Lafayrina, un complejo arrecifal del Devónico Medio en la Cuenca del Tindouf, en el Sáhara Occidental (Marruecos), así como la distribución de estos organismos en los diferentes depósitos que integran dicho complejo.
Charcoalified wood from the cenomanian of gard (Southern France): An insight into early angiosperm palaeoecology
Authors: Girard Vincent , Philippe Marc , Bamford Marion , Gómez Bernard , Ferry Serge
Published: October 2020

The discovery in the Cenomanian (early Late Cretaceous) of Southern France of several localities with abundant charcoal has brought to light several angiosperm wood types. This is the oldest angiosperm wood assemblage discovered yet for Europe. Here we analyse this assemblage, with emphasis on features recognized to be of particular palaeoecological and climatic significance for the Cainozoic according to earlier studies and comparing the inferred results to those from other independent lines of evidence (sedimentology, palynology, isotopic geochemistry, etc.). Vessel diameter and distribution, perforation plates, abundance of vascular tracheids and of septate fibres, presence of diffuse axial parenchyma perhaps should not be used as palaeoecological proxies for the Cretaceous because they do not seem to clearly correlate with other lines of evidence that indicate warm tropical conditions. The abundance of fibre-tracheids fits with the other sources of data, but our results are probably biased by preservation problems. On the contrary, the occurrence of growth-rings, porosity, vessel density, occurrence of vessel groups, occurrence of vasicentric tracheids and of some paratracheal to vasicentric and banded axial parenchyma correlate well with other palaeoclimate indicators. These results show that these features can be used for palaeoclimatological inferences during the early Late Cretaceous
The record of Avetoichnus luisaeuchman & Ratazzi, 2011 in the Iberian Peninsula: facies relations and palaeoenvironmental implications
Authors: Rodríguez-Tovar Francisco J , Uchman Alfred
Published: October 2020

Recently, the new ichnogenus Avetoichnus and the corresponding type ichnospecies Avetoichnus luisae Uchman & Ratazzi, 2011 were defined mainly based on Cenozoic specimens from deep-sea sediments from the Alpine realm (Italy and Poland). Avetoichnus luisae is a complex trace fossil, horizontal or subhorizontal, with a helical spiral string around a simple, straight or slightly curved core. The structure is interpreted as a non-graphoglyptid agrichnion generated probably by polychaetes, and less probably by enteropneusts. Here, complementary occurrences in Palaeocene and Eocene sediments from the North of Spain (Zumaia and Gorrondatxe sections), representing the record of this ichnoespecies in the Iberian Peninsula, are described. The studied specimens reveal a narrow relationship with deep-sea settings, characterized by moderately oligotrophic conditions, during relatively high sea-levels, inducing a microbial gardening behaviour of the producer. Obtained data and interpretations corroborate and complement the characterization and interpretation of the recently defined ichnotaxa
The carnivoran-like insectivore Butselia Biveri Quinet & Misonne, 1965 (Mammalia, Plesiosoricidae) from the lowermost Oligocene of Europe
Authors: Smith Richard , Smith Thierry
Published: October 2020

Plesiosoricidae is a small extinct family of soricomorphan insectivores distributed from the Early Eocene to the Late Miocene on the three continents of the Northern Hemisphere. One of two known plesiosoricid subfamilies is represented by the particular Eurasian subfamily Butseliinae. Here we describe new dental and postcranial elements of Butselia biveri, the type-species of the genus Butselia from the lowermost Oligocene of Belgium. The specialized anterior dentition shows a strong caniniform i2 while the upper and lower molars show a remarkable convergent evolution with early carnivorans, especially the small Early Eocene miacids. Tarsal bones of Butselia biveri are also identified and described, suggesting a closely relationship with Nyctitheriidae but also indicating some convergent features with small scansorial carnivorans.
Untrained versus specialized palaeontological systematics: A phylogenetic validity test using morphostructural conspicuity as character weight
Authors: Buckley David , Sanchiz Borja
Published: October 2020

We performed a comparative osteological analysis of middle trunk vertebrae (represented by V6) of representative species of all living genera of Salamandridae (Amphibia, Caudata). The qualitative morphological characters used were adapted from the traditional palaeontological literature; using this data set we inferred a phylogenetic hypothesis for the family. The same morphological matrix was then re-analysed using a weighting scheme for the characters derived from the answers of a psychological test taken by an international group of graduate students unfamiliar with palaeoherpetology. We compared the phylogenetic results of both groups with the currently accepted evolutionary model for this family, which is based on mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. The ranking of the relative (and subjective) conspicuity of vertebral structural units (prezygapophyses, neurapophyses, etc.) collectively made by the inexpert group, presumably, directly derives from a general (human) capability to recognise shapes. The same perceptive pattern also seems to be involved in the character set developed by the specialists, and both matrices obtained similar results in the quality of their respective phylogenetic inferences. Defining characters is the most important step in systematics and, therefore, we stress the importance of developing new tools and approaches for exploring new quantitative and qualitative characters in palaeontological research
Neuronal octopamine signaling regulates mating-induced germline stem cell increase in female Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Yoshinari Yuto , Ameku Tomotsune , Kondo Shu , Tanimoto Hiromu , Kuraishi Takayuki , Shimada-Niwa Yuko , Niwa Ryusuke
Published: October 2020

Stem cells fuel the development and maintenance of tissues. Many studies have addressed how local signals from neighboring niche cells regulate stem cell identity and their proliferative potential. However, the regulation of stem cells by tissue-extrinsic signals in response to environmental cues remains poorly understood. Here we report that efferent octopaminergic neurons projecting to the ovary are essential for germline stem cell (GSC) increase in response to mating in femaleDrosophila. The neuronal activity of the octopaminergic neurons is required for mating-induced GSC increase as they relay the mating signal from sex peptide receptor-positive cholinergic neurons. Octopamine and its receptor Oamb are also required for mating-induced GSC increase via intracellular Ca2+signaling. Moreover, we identified Matrix metalloproteinase-2 as a downstream component of the octopamine-Ca2+signaling to induce GSC increase. Our study provides a mechanism describing how neuronal system couples stem cell behavior to environmental cues through stem cell niche signaling.
Virtual Prototype of Innovative Ka-Band Power Amplifier Based on Waveguide Polarizer
Authors: Fantauzzi S. , Valletti L. , Di Paolo F.
Published: October 2020

This paper outlines an innovative approach to design a spatial power-combining structure based on waveguide polarizers. It presents the 3D CAD model of the new structure with the transversal probes and considerations in positioning and optimization of them. Exploiting the transformation of the dominant input mode TE10 into an elliptically polarized wave, provided by the polarizer, it has been possible to achieve a division of power by eight, completely carried out in space. With the insertion of the transversal probes made by microstrips, the RF signal can be sent to the MMIC solid state power amplifiers, and then recombined in the output section. Thanks to the large number of power divisions made in the waveguide section, the insertion loss of the power divider/combiner is less than 0.5 dB across the 32-34 GHz band, achieving a great power density as well. At the Author’s best knowledge, this is the first work where a waveguide polarizer is used in Spatial Power Combining technology.
Isolation and evolutionary analyses of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in Asia
Authors: Liang Wan , Zhou Danna , Geng Chao , Yang Keli , Duan Zhengying , Guo Rui , Liu Wei , Yuan Fangyan , Liu Zewen , Gao Ting , Zhao Ling , Yoo Dongwan , Tian Yongxiang
Published: October 2020

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a leading cause of diarrhea in pigs worldwide. Virus isolation and genetic evolutionary analysis allow investigations into the prevalence of epidemic strains and provide data for the clinical diagnosis and vaccine development. In this study, we investigated the genetic characteristics of PEDV circulation in Asia through virus isolation and comparative genomics analysis. APEDV strain designated HB2018 was isolated from a pig in a farm experiencing a diarrhea outbreak. The complete genome sequence of HB2018 was 28,138 bp in length. Phylogenetic analysis of HB2018 and 207 PEDVs in Asia showed that most PEDV strains circulating in Asia after 2010 belong to genotype GII, particularly GII-a. The PEDV vaccine strain CV777 belonged to GI, and thus, unmatched genotypes between CV777 and GII-a variants might partially explain incomplete protection by the CV777-derived vaccine against PEDV variants in China. In addition, we found the S protein of variant strains contained numerous mutations compared to the S protein of CV777, and these mutations occurred in the N-terminal domain of the S protein. These mutations may influence the antigenicity, pathogenicity, and neutralization properties of the variant strains.
DNMSO; an ontology for representing de novo sequencing results from Tandem-MS data
Authors: Takan Savaş , Allmer Jens
Published: October 2020

For the identification and sequencing of proteins, mass spectrometry (MS) has become the tool of choice and, as such, drives proteomics. MS/MS spectra need to be assigned a peptide sequence for which two strategies exist. Either database search or de novo sequencing can be employed to establish peptide spectrum matches. For database search, mzIdentML is the current community standard for data representation. There is no community standard for representing de novo sequencing results, but we previously proposed the de novo markup language (DNML). At the moment, each de novo sequencing solution uses different data representation, complicating downstream data integration, which is crucial since ensemble predictions may be more useful than predictions of a single tool. We here propose the de novo MS Ontology (DNMSO), which can, for example, provide many-to-many mappings between spectra and peptide predictions. Additionally, an application programming interface (API) that supports any file operation necessary for de novo sequencing from spectra input to reading, writing, creating, of the DNMSO format, as well as conversion from many other file formats, has been implemented. This API removes all overhead from the production of de novo sequencing tools and allows developers to concentrate on algorithm development completely. We make the API and formal descriptions of the format freely available at https://github.com/savastakan/dnmso.
High microphone signal-to-noise ratio enhances acoustic sampling of wildlife
Authors: Darras Kevin F.A. , Deppe Franziska , Fabian Yvonne , Kartono Agus P. , Angulo Andres , Kolbrek Bjørn , Mulyani Yeni A. , Prawiradilaga Dewi M.
Published: October 2020

Background

Automated sound recorders are a popular sampling tool in ecology. However, the microphones themselves received little attention so far, and specifications that determine the recordings’ sound quality are seldom mentioned. Here, we demonstrate the importance of microphone signal-to-noise ratio for sampling sonant animals.

Methods

We tested 12 different microphone models in the field and measured their signal-to-noise ratios and detection ranges. We also measured the vocalisation activity of birds and bats that they recorded, the bird species richness, the bat call types richness, as well as the performance of automated detection of bird and bat calls. We tested the relationship of each one of these measures with signal-to-noise ratio in statistical models.

Results

Microphone signal-to-noise ratio positively affects the sound detection space areas, which increased by a factor of 1.7 for audible sound, and 10 for ultrasound, from the lowest to the highest signal-to-noise ratio microphone. Consequently, the sampled vocalisation activity increased by a factor of 1.6 for birds, and 9.7 for bats. Correspondingly, the species pool of birds and bats could not be completely detected by the microphones with lower signal-to-noise ratio. The performance of automated detection of bird and bat calls, as measured by its precision and recall, increased significantly with microphone signal-to-noise ratio.

Discussion

Microphone signal-to-noise ratio is a crucial characteristic of a sound recording system, positively affecting the acoustic sampling performance of birds and bats. It should be maximised by choosing appropriate microphones, and be quantified independently, especially in the ultrasound range.
High Proportion of School Aged Children Susceptible to Mumps Virus Infections in the City of Mwanza, Tanzania: Should It be Included in the National Immunization Programme?
Authors: Rakiru Ruth B. , Msanga Delfina R. , Laisser Rose , Kamori Doreen , Majigo Mtebe , Mshana Stephen E. , Mirambo Mariam M. , Mahamba Dina
Published: October 2020

Aim: This study for the first time in Mwanza, Tanzania aimed at determining seropositivity of mumps virus in school aged children who are targeted for vaccination.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of the Study: This study was conducted in the city of Mwanza from July to September 2018.

Despite being common with reported associated complications in many resource limited countries, there is scarcity of information on its epidemiology in Tanzania.

Methodology: We enrolled 440 school children aged 6-12 years. Data was collected using a pre-tested structured data collection tool. Blood samples were collected, and sera were used for detection of mumps virus antibodies by indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Data was analyzed using STATA version 13, 2013.

Results: The median age of enrolled children was 9(IQR: 8-11) years. The seropositivity of mumps IgG antibodies was found to be 94(21.4%, 95% CI: 17.5-25.1) while that of IgM was 1 (0.23%, 95% CI: 0.02-0.6). By multivariable logistic regression analysis, residing in rural areas (OR: 2.28, 95% 1.42-3.36, P=0.001) and age >10 years (OR: 1.67, 95% CI: 1.03-2.7, P=0.036) independently predicted mumps IgG seropositivity.

Conclusion: A significant proportion of young children in urban areas of the city of Mwanza are susceptible to mumps virus infection indicating the need to generate more data across the country so as to institute appropriate control measures including measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination programme.