bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TRUST IN TAIWAN’S MEDIA ECOLOGY, AUDIENCE AND CIVIC ENGAGEMENT: 2018 TAIWANESE LOCAL ELECTIONS AND NATIONAL REFERENDA AS A CASE STUDY
Authors: Chen Pai-Lin , Cheng Yu-Chung , Fu Wen-Cheng , Lin Trisha T.C
Published: August 2020

This panel presents four papers aiming to examine the significance of the 2018 elections and referenda to Taiwan from the perspectives of instant news, social media, the relationship between online and offline behaviors of citizens, and socially mediated activism. The authors explored media ecology, trust issues toward the audience and civic engagements of these elections and referenda. The research methods of studies presented in this panel are also diverse, ranging from computational methods, national survey, to in-depth semi-structured interview.

The first paper investigates how the online news media construct “liquid reality” in the election-related contents by analyzing instant news from five major online news media outlets in Taiwan. The second paper analyzes the election-related Twitter data by topic modeling and identifies issues, in which “fake news” was in play, and how social trust influence fake news sharing on social media was further discussed. The third paper characterize how the election-related information on social media influenced the offline behavior of the political participants by conducting a nation-wide survey to examine correlation between the online political information consumption behavior and the motivation to participate in real-life political activities. The fourth paper focuses on the relationship among socially mediated activism, fake news, and trust in social media in the referenda of same-sex marriage issues. By interviewing advocacy groups, third-party fact-checking organizations, governmental authorities, and social media platforms, the response strategies to the negative influence of fake news on social activism and vulnerable groups are explored.
THE VISCERAL EMBODIMENT OF DIGITAL PLEASURES
Authors: Smith Naomi , Davis Jenny , Maddox Alexia , Patella-Rey PJ
Published: August 2020

This panel explores digital pleasures that arise through the entanglement of bodies and digital technologies. Focusing on the digital structures and affordances that facilitate seeking, receiving and giving pleasure we analyse the ways in which intimacy is not only interactive, but also profoundly embodied. Haraway’s work in particular highlights the importance of taking seriously the nexus of human bodies and technologies and attending to the ways in which technologies not only deliver and mediate pleasure, but potentially expand upon our capacity to experience it. This panel explores how mediated practices engage the body as a site of pleasure and embodied affective intensity. Within this frame, we suggest that digitally mediated pleasures, while widely consumed, still have a hint of the ‘fringe’ or ‘subversive’. As well as proposing a theoretical framework for understanding embodied digital pleasures, this panel also examines specific examples of digital pleasure from sex to drugs and sound. To date the research corpus has largely focused upon the micro-social interactions of digital intimacies. This emphasis on relational intimacy puts the body into the background of the digitally mediated encounter and limits the ways in which we can talk about embodiment, sex and pleasure online. Embodied pleasure is intrinsic to the human condition, and digital media is deeply embedded in contemporary life. How these intersect is a key piece of the puzzle of what it means to be human in contemporary society.
MAKING SENSE OF SOCIAL MEDIA PRIVACY: A FRAMING EXPERIMENT
Authors: Epstein Dmitry , Quinn Kelly
Published: August 2020

As individuals trade information to access social media products and services, privacy has become increasingly valuable. Elite discourses have tended to frame privacy in terms of its vertical or institutional dimensions, but much less attention has been given to how users individually interpret and make sense of this complex notion. How do privacy sense-making processes intersect with privacy concerns and self-efficacy? What happens to these outcomes when an individual’s ideas about privacy collide with framing by an authoritative source? This project poses a 2x2 survey-based experiment with 628 subjects to explore these questions. We examine differences in privacy concerns and self-efficacy resulting from an individual’s own conceptualization of privacy, as well as from the presentation of similar and alternative framing of the concept. Preliminary results indicate that while individual conceptualizations show no differences in outcomes, higher levels of privacy self-efficacy result from the framing of privacy in horizontal terms and lower levels of privacy concern result when framing is consistent with the individual’s conceptualization. Strategic and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
MAPPING THE MIGRANT DIGITAL SPACE, METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Authors: Kamal Ahmad , Rossi Luca
Published: August 2020

This paper, based on the ongoing research activities of the project [omitted], presents an effort to study migration-related social media resources, which we define as Migrant Digital Space (MDS), across four European countries (Greece, Germany, Denmark and Sweden). The paper will first describe the process and challenges of “mapping” MDS before proceeding to show how the collected data variously reflects critical incidents offline, thereby suggesting that the data could serve as a useful resource to study the interplay of human movement and ICTs, as well as serving to illuminate hidden aspects of Europe’s recent history of migration which, reaching a peak of influx of migrants in 2015, acts as a background for the paper.
HOUSEHOLD DIGITAL MEDIA ECOLOGIES - METHODOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS FOR FOSTERING RESEARCHER-PARTICIPANT TRUST
Authors: Kennedy Jenny , Wilken Rowan , Nansen Bjorn , Arnold Michael , Gibbs Martin
Published: August 2020

In this paper, we describe a research methodology we have developed, based upon digital ethnography approaches, and which used mobile devices, digital ethnographic software and creative data collection activities. Our approach, refined over the course of a number of interconnected research projects, addressed these difficulties through a staged process – utilising traditional ethnographic techniques, but augmenting them with something more novel: the “domestic probe”. In essence, the domestic probe comprised a box of equipment given to the household to use in order to record and interpret their use of domestic technologies. In more recent work, we extended our participatory approach through the use of digital media, such as by using iPad minis pre-loaded with a data collection software tool, Ethnocorder. As we argue in this paper, these approaches carry three specific trust-related methodological benefits (and challenges): the foster trust in us as researchers; trust in our participants as co-researchers; and, as a result of this mutual researcher-participant trust, insight and a productive point of entry into discussing participant "domestication" of, and trust in, various household technologies.
‘MARKING THEIR OWN HOMEWORK’: TRUST AND AUDIENCE MEASUREMENT IN THE AUSTRALIAN DIGITAL ADVERTISING INDUSTRY
Authors: Kininmonth Samuel Stanley
Published: August 2020

This paper examines how the Australian advertising industry debates trust in the infrastructures of digital advertising. The advertising industry is undergoing a major change as digital advertising is increasingly dominated by new advertising technology (adtech) players and major tech companies such as Facebook and Google. These new companies which rely on automated systems of ad targeting, pricing and placement to control large amounts of digital advertising inventory and offer new more ‘efficient’ ways to micro-target advertising.

Yet these companies have garnered reputations for misrepresenting their numbers; a problem compounded by Google and Facebook’s reticence to provide independent audience verification. This has led to a high degree of mistrust from Australian advertisers. Neither Google or Facebook offers serious third-party auditing, leading many in the advertising industry to say that they are ‘marking their own homework’.

In this paper I ask, how is trust of measurement and verification infrastructures debated within the digital advertising industry? Is it fair to compare businesses that distribute advertising in very different ways? I answer these questions through qualitative analysis of submissions made to the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) as part of its current Digital Platforms Inquiry (DPI) in 2018 and 2019. I also draw on summaries of four public forums the ACCC held in 2018 as well as wide reading in the advertising industry trade press. This paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the role standards and measures play within industry and how they relate to trust during industry transformation.
TOO MANY COOKS: TRUSTING NEW VOICES IN ONLINE CULINARY ADVICE
Authors: Kirkwood Katherine
Published: August 2020

Digital technology is becoming increasingly enmeshed in the everyday practices of cooking and eating (see Lewis 2018; Kirkwood 2018). In negotiating the increasingly complex web of culinary information online users need to remain vigilant about the voices and perspectives they turn to for food and nutrition advice.

In examining which online sources are trustworthy, this paper adds to the scholarship that highlights how the growing industrialisation of food negatively impacted food literacy (Pollan 2006; Vileisis 2008). In relation to digital food media, Lewis (2018, 214) argues that “food citizens increasingly require a critical media literacy…”. This is important considering that consumers are more likely to turn to the media than nutrition professionals for advice (Contois and Day 2018, 16).

This paper builds on Lewis’ (2018) calls for greater critical media literacy Through textual analysis of online news and popular commentary, this paper examines the two Australian case studies of Australian celebrity chef Pete Evans and fraudulent wellness advocate Belle Gibson. These examples highlight risks associated with online culinary information and provide contrasting perspectives on credibility and trustworthiness. Evans leverages mainstream media exposure and experience as a chef to establish credibility for his online channels where he explores his alternative culinary views more extensively. Gibson’s reputation meanwhile was established through achieving grassroots fame online for supposedly beating cancer through shunning conventional treatments. Understanding how trustworthiness or authority is established and negotiated, and particularly how these characteristics work between legacy and online media are important in developing critical media literacy around food.
NAVIGATING THE POST-TRUTH ERA: TRUST, MISINFORMATION, AND CREDIBILITY ASSESSMENT ON ONLINE SOCIAL MEDIA
Authors: Kyza Eleni A. , Varda Christiana
Published: August 2020

As access to news is increasingly mediated through social media platforms, there are rising concerns for citizens’ ability to evaluate online information and detect potentially misleading items. While many studies have reported on how people assess the credibility of information, there are few reports on processes related to evaluating information online and people’s decision to trust and share the information with others. This paper reports on the first part of a three-phase study which aimed to gain an in-depth understanding of citizens’ practices and needs in assessing the credibility of information shared online and co-create solutions to address this problem. Data were collected from three European countries, through a survey on misinformation perceptions, focus groups, follow-up individual interviews, and co-creation activities with three stakeholder groups. The data were analyzed qualitatively, using, primarily, a grounded theory approach. Results from the citizens’ stakeholder group indicate that personal biases, emotions, time constraints, and lack of supporting technologies impacts the credibility assessment of online news. Study participants also discussed the need for increased media literacy actions, especially in youth. Based on preliminary findings we argue that we need a diversified approach to support citizens’ resilience against the spread of misinformation.
GENDERED LIVED EXPERIENCE OF DIGITAL INCLUSION IN RURAL AUSTRALIA
Authors: Marshall Amber Hope
Published: August 2020

North West Queensland (NWQ) is one of Australia’s least digitally included regions (Thomas et. al. 2018). This research investigated the lived experience of digital inclusion – comprised of internet access, affordability and digital ability – in NWQ’s rural farming households. A qualitative approach was employed to illuminate factors that underlie particularly low levels of digital inclusion among ‘farmers and farm managers’. By talking to cattle farmers at rural events and remote property visits in the Northern Gulf region, the researcher explored the specific opportunities for, and barriers to, getting connected and using digital technologies in life and business for both men and women. The findings revealed a paradox in women’s lived experience of digital inclusion. While internet access is often limited and sometimes out of their control, rural women are thrust into undertaking computer-based tasks and managing data scarcity, which are often seen as ‘women’s work’. Ironically, many of these women develop a thirst for further digital skills and connections, which can be difficult to obtain in the absence of digital ability programs in rural areas.
TRUSTED COMMONS: WHY “OLD” SOCIAL MEDIA MATTER
Authors: Maxigas . , Latzko-Toth Guillaume
Published: August 2020

Internet Studies scholarship tends to focus on new and hegemonic digital media, overlooking persistent uses of “older”, non-proprietary protocols and applications by some social groups who are key to configuring the nexus between technology and society. In response, we examine the contemporary political significance of using “old” social media through the empirical case of Internet Relay Chat (IRC) use. We advance a critique of platforms (closed, centralised, hegemonic social media) that we contrast with co-constructed devices that deeply involve users in their technological design and social construction. As a contemporary but long used online chat protocol, IRC serves as an important source for the critique of the currently hegemonic — but increasingly distrusted — infrastructures of computer-mediated communication. Drawing on Boltanski and Chiapello’s theory of critique and recuperation, we contrast the uses and underlying social norms of IRC with those of currently mainstream social media platforms. We claim that certain technical limitations that actors of IRC development did not feel necessary to address have kept it from incorporation into regimes of capital accumulation and social control, but also hindered its mass adoption. Ultimately, IRC continues to serve social groups key to the collaborative production of software, hardware and politics. While the general history of digital innovations illustrates the logic of critique and recuperation, our case study highlights the possibilities and pitfalls of resistance to it.
VIDEOGAME ENGINES AND THE POLITICS OF 'DEMOCRATISED' SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Nicoll Benjamin
Published: August 2020

A videogame engine is a software tool that enables interactive digital content to be built, and a code framework that enables that content to run on different platforms, including consoles, smartphones, and virtual reality devices. Today, game engines form the backbone of videogame development and, increasingly, software development more broadly. The Unity engine — a key player in this industry, and the main case study of this paper — aims to ‘democratise game development’ through an accessible editing interface, a flexible licensing structure, and a toolset that is interoperable with a range of different design tools, middleware software, programming languages, and production workflows. This paper evaluates the core claim made by and about Unity — that it is has democratised game development — through a framework that analyses the engine’s ‘articulations’ in multiple areas of software culture: design, workflow, education, identity, political economy, and governance. These contexts form a 'circuit of cultural software' wherein the discourse of democratisation functions as a governing logic. Drawing on semi-structured interviews with 24 Australian developers, students, and educators, as well as participant observation and ethnographic fieldwork, this paper argues that people feel empowered by Unity not only because of the tools it provides, but also because of its capacity to create what Angela McRobbie (2016) calls a ‘creativity dispositif’ — an affective space where developers are granted a degree of social security to explore possibilities for self-entrepreneurship in what would otherwise be a career path fraught with risk and uncertainty.
GENERATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN SOCIAL MEDIA USE, GENDER IDENTITY, AND SEXUALITY AMONG YOUNG LGBTIQ+ PEOPLE IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Robards Brady , Churchill Brendan , Vivienne Son , Hanckel Benjamin , Byron Paul
Published: August 2020

For LGBTIQ+ people, the internet and social media are key channels for communicating and connecting with queer peers, and learning about queer life and queer experiences. While digital social spaces have evolved over the past 20 to 30 years, many of the motivations for using these platforms remain the same. This paper draws on data from the Scrolling Beyond Binaries study, centred on a national Australian survey of 1,304 young LGBTIQ+ people. We present key findings from the study examining generational differences across our four age cohorts of our young respondents: 16–20, 21–25, 26–30 and 30–35. Even among this group of young people, we find stark differences by age in self-identification related to gender and sexuality, and also patterns of difference in the social media platforms they use. Our younger respondents identify with much more fluid forms of gender and sexuality, and also tend to favour dating and hook-up apps that are more inclusive. We seek to foreground the ways in which the internet continues to be significant for our respondents for social connection and learning. We also add to our understandings of the complex and evolving ways in which young LGBTIQ+ people use and thus (re)produce digital social spaces, returning to Nina Wakeford’s (2000 [1997]) consideration of ‘cyberqueer spaces’.
FROM KNOWLEDGE CATHEDRALS TO NETWORKED CO-CREATION: PUBLIC LIBRARIES, TRUST AND THE KNOWLEDGE ECONOMY
Authors: Wyatt Danielle Ray , Leorke Dale
Published: August 2020

Since the mid-nineteenth century, public libraries have been trusted sites of information. They have retained this public trust even as the networked society and digital technologies have profoundly changed the status and function of information in social and economic life. Information super-abundance, ‘platform capitalism’ and the rise of ‘big data’ have made information a currency within increasingly intersecting processes of commercial exchange, governance, surveillance and self-expression. Libraries are not on the sidelines of this shift. As media centres and information managers, they have supported users to navigate how information is distributed and accessed. They are also actively shaping how information is put-to-use, reconfiguring their service delivery around user-centred models emphasising participation and co-creation, user experience, pleasure, innovation, and peer-to-peer learning. This paper explores the tensions at the heart of the library’s continued status as a site of trusted information. Using a theoretically contextualized ethnographic methodology, the paper discusses how libraries perform as infrastructures of trust in the knowledge economy. Part one contextualises the library’s altered relation to information within its physical transformation as an institution. Part two draws upon interviews with Australian library professionals to drill down into the range of ways libraries perform informational trust at a time of systemic mistrust. Our findings reveal that many of these institutional performances of trust are non-equivalent, suggesting that we need to develop new thinking around the trust infrastructures we need in an information-abundant, entrepreneurialist culture.
“I PREFER TO BUILD TRUST” – EXAMINING PARENTAL CONFIDENCE IN CHILDREN’S DIGITAL SKILLS
Authors: Savic Milovan
Published: August 2020

Digital and social media has become deeply intertwined into children’s mundane daily routines. Considered to be digital natives, young people are often assumed to be experts in using digital and social media. As they are indeed enthusiastic users of new devices and social media platforms, children might be quick in picking up on platform’s features and affordances. However, their ability for a strategic understanding of risks and opportunities is often questioned. Parental anxiety about children’s engagement with digital and social media stems from their lack of confidence in children’s ability to navigate online risk. While academic research attempted to identify and measure digital skills, less is known how these skills are negotiated in the family.

Drawing on separate home-based interviews with children and parents, this paper looks at the approaches parents use to govern children’s digital and social media use. It discusses how confidence in children’s abilities – or varying degrees of it – affects the parental approach and success in working with their children on developing safe digital practices. Three dominant parental approaches identified across the sample are practices where parents act as *watchdog*, *chaperon* and/or *collaborator*. Central to each of these approaches are varying degrees of trust in children’s ability to engage in safe practices online.
BRIDGING, COACHING, AND BOUNDARY SPANNING: BROKERAGE AND INTERMEDIATION IN THE PHILIPPINE ONLINE PLATFORM LABOR ECONOMY
Authors: Soriano Cheryll , Cabalquinto Earvin
Published: August 2020

The increasing networked connectivity and affordability of technology facilitated the rise of digitally-mediated service work. Workers, mostly located in the Global South, can now directly obtain ‘gigs’ through online labor platforms and microwork intermediaries such as Upwork and Onlinejobs.ph. Within the Philippine digital labor economy, we see an emerging category of digital labor intermediaries—locally called peer mentors and coaches-- who are playing a significant role in the expansion and continued uptake of digital platform labor in the country. Building on and drawing connections between earlier works on the influencer economy (Abidin, 2015; Senft, 2013; and Marwick, 2013) and on labor migration brokerage literature (Shreshta & Yeoh, 2018; Lin, Lindquist, Xiang, & Yeoh, 2017), the paper conceptualizes digital labor brokerage arising within various ‘spaces of (labor) intermediation.’ Drawing from participant observation in online freelancing Facebook groups and interviews with these brokers and digital workers, we examine the transactional nature underlying the ‘producer-audience’ relationship of digital labor brokerage, the activation of trust and influence through mediated encounters, and the power dynamic underlying the digitally mediated symbolic and material power taking place between them and their respective teams. The paper seeks to contribute to the digital labor literature in two ways: 1) by characterizing the emergence of digital labor brokers in a digital labor supplying country in the global South, the role they play in the digital platform labor economy and the interventions that they engage; and 2) analyzing the structural conditions that facilitate the emergence of digital labor brokerage.
THE ETHICS OF EMOTION IN AI SYSTEMS
Authors: Stark Luke , Hoey Jesse
Published: August 2020

Computational analyses of data pertaining to human emotional expression have a surprisingly long history and an increasingly critical role in social machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) applications. Contemporary, quotidian, narrow AI/ML technologies are most frequently used by social media platforms for modeling and predicting human emotional expression as signals of interpersonal interaction and personal preference. Yet while the ethical and social impacts of ML/AI systems have of late become major topics of both public discussion and academic debate , the ethical dimensions of AI/ML analytics for emotional expression have been under-theorized in these conversations. In this paper, we connect contemporary technical methods for analyzing emotional expression via AI/ML with extant problems in the ethics of AI discourse, in doing so highlighting tensions within that broader discourse and implications for the application of emotion analysis in practice.
INTERNET SAFETY EDUCATION: HOW WE EDUCATE OUR GIRLS TO BEWARE OF OTHERS, AND OUR BOYS TO BEWARE OF THEMSELVES
Authors: Steinfeld Nili
Published: August 2020

Alongside its many advantages, the Internet presents a variety of challenges and risks to adolescents. From a perspective focusing on information flow processes, this study distinguishes between risks resulting from _exposure to information_, i.e. exposure of adolescents to inappropriate content: Harmful, sexual or violent, and risks resulting from _exposure of information_, i.e. disclosure of personal information online, privacy harms inflicted by the user or others, misuse of personal information which can result in identity theft, physical and sexual assault. The study examines gender differences in perceptions regarding adolescents’ online uses, habits and risks, and whether these lead to differences in emphasis of educational messages delivered by parents and teachers to adolescents. Based on a mixed-method study combining survey conducted among 513 adolescents and 50 semi-structured interviews with educators and adolescents, the findings illustrate how a common perception that girls share more personal information online and are (consequently) more vulnerable to online predators leads to more emphasis given on implications of personal information disclosure in messages delivered to girls. On the other hand, boys are considered naughty and nosy, searching for “forbidden”, mainly sexual, content, and emphasis is given on limiting and monitoring their searches and video consumption. Apparently, although parents, teachers and adolescents proclaim to be aware of the similar risks to boys and girls online, there is a message interwoven in internet safety education discourse: Girls are to be aware of others looking to harm them, and boys are to be aware of themselves, their curiosity and evil inclination.
TRUSTED MACHINES? MACHINE LEARNING, MORE-THAN-HUMAN SPEED AND DEAD LABOR IN PLATFORM CAPITALISM
Authors: Taffel Sy
Published: August 2020

Decision making machines are today ‘trusted’ to perform or assist with a rapidly expanding array of tasks. Indeed, many contemporary industries could not now function without them. Nevertheless, this trust in and reliance upon digital automation is far from unproblematic. This paper combines insights drawn from qualitative research with creative industries professionals, with approaches derived from software studies and media archaeology to critically interrogate three ways that digital automation is currently employed and accompanying questions that relate to trust. Firstly, digital automation is examined as a way of saving time and/or reducing human labor, such as when programmers use automated build tools or graphical user interfaces. Secondly, automation enables new types of behavior by operating at more-than-human speeds, as exemplified by high-frequency trading algorithms. Finally, the mode of digital automation associated with machine learning attempts to both predict and influence human behaviors, as epitomized by personalization algorithms within social media and search engines.

While creative machines are increasingly trusted to underpin industries, culture and society, we should at least query the desirability of increasing dependence on these technologies as they are currently employed. These for-profit, corporate-controlled tools performatively reproduce a neoliberal worldview. Discussing misplaced trust in digital automation frequently conjures an imagined binary opposition between humans and machines, however, this reductive fantasy conceals the far more concrete conflict between differing technocultural assemblages composed of humans and machines. Across the examples explored in this talk, what emerges are numerous ways in which creative machines are used to perpetuate social inequalities.
#METOO AND INTERSECTIONALISM: "RADICAL COMMUNITY HEALING" OR "VOYEURISTIC TRAUMA PORN?"
Authors: Trott Verity
Published: August 2020

In October 2017, millions of people reflected on their experiences of sexual abuse and harassment, publicly sharing their testimonials in an expression of global vulnerability using the hashtag #MeToo. Many of the tweets portrayed the angst and distress individuals experienced in their decision to participate, indicating the psychological costs of engaging with #MeToo. Further, some tweets expressed frustration at the re-appropriated nature of the campaign and the collective feeling of an “intersectional betrayal” by white women and feminists who dominated the mainstream media reporting of the movement. This research foregrounds the intersectional concerns that result from the scale and reach of the millions of testimonials suspended online that constitute the #MeToo movement. It highlights how the many stories that have circulated the online sphere obscure the absence and recognition of marginalised women and those who are already more vulnerable in regards to experiencing sexual assault. The paper adopts an intersectional framework, as conceptualised by Crenshaw (1991), to further an understanding of how race, class, and gender collide and how subordination can be reproduced within feminist protests. Drawing on a large data set of tweets, this research combines content, discourse and social network analysis to examine the narratives related to participation. The paper highlights the experiences and reflections of users who self-identified as queer, disabled, or a person of colour within their tweets. A social network analysis is also used to visualise a snapshot of the affective publics that arose at the beginning and to illustrate how systems of oppression converge.
CENTRAL AMERICAN MIGRATION: TRUSTING THE MOBILE PHONE TO CROSS BORDERS
Authors: Ferris-Dobles Michele Francis
Published: August 2020

Mobile phones have become ubiquitous tools for hundreds of thousands of Central American migrants in their transit from their home countries towards the United States (U.S). These communication technologies are not only changing traditional patterns of migration, they are also enabling and inducing migration by providing feelings of trust, closeness, and safety (Barros, 2017). By applying the methods of historical qualitative research and using a media archeological approach, I employ Durham Peters (2009) theory of _infrastructuralism_ to investigate, which are the major infrastructural transitions that have allowed contemporary Central American migrants to use the same mobile phone and plan and to have Internet coverage across multiple national borders during their journey? How have these shifts enabled, induced, changed, and determined new ways and patterns of migration? I conclude that these infrastructural shifts have not only allowed mobile phones to change the traditional migratory patterns, but they are also creating a profitable business for a few private transnational telecommunications corporations. My conclusion presents a central paradox which is, that at the same time that the global capital promotes and enables a “borderless” world through the use of communication technologies which in turn promote emotions of trust, safety, and closeness, the nation-state borders are becoming more harsh, surveilled, and rigid for the migrants who are constantly harassed, detained, and persecuted.
La formetría aplicada a las deformidades de la columna.
Authors: Pedro J.A. de , Blanco J. , Pérez Ochagavia F. , Sánchez F. , González Orus Y.A.
Published: August 2020

La forma de la espalda es un factor importante en la evaluación clínica de varias afecciones

de la columna, en particular de la escoliosis. Se describe un método de análisis de la forma de la

superficie de la espalda que fue ideado para conocer la mayoría de los parámetros necesarios para

evaluar el progreso de la enfermedad en tanto afecte a la forma del cuerpo. La medición de la forma

de la superficie de la espalda y de las marcas anatómicas manuales se analizan a través de un

sistema de ordenador-monitor en el que se escanea el plano de luz incidente sobre la espalda y

desde topografía moiré. Las marcas anatómicas se llevan a cabo para definir los planos de referencia

desde los cuales se comparan sucesivos análisis. Este método se emplea para estimar los ángulos

de las vértebras límites y los ángulos de Cobb. Las secciones laterales muestran la cifosis y

lordosis. Para los resultados se han llevado a cabo correlaciones de la asimetría lateral de la forma

de la superficie con el ángulo de Cobb medido mediante radiografía. Las mediciones se llevaron a

cabo en tres grupos de pacientes (47 pacientes en total). El rango osciló entre r=0.66 a r=0.88,

para una p<0.001. El análisis de los resultados podría reducir en un futuro los exámenes con rayos

X en el evolutivo, por lo evidenciado cuantitativamente y con inocuidad total tanto en la asimetría

lateral como en la deformidad en el plano transverso.
Resistencia mecánica del pericardio de ternera utilizado en la construcción de bioprótesis cardíacas tratadas con dodecil sulfato sódico
Authors: García Páez J.M. , Jorge Herrero Eduardo M. , Carrera Sanmartín A. , García Sestafé José Vicente , Millán I. , Cordón A. , Martín Maestro M. , Calero P. , Rocha A. , Castillo-Olivares J.L.
Published: August 2020

Para mitigar la calcificación de las bioprótesis cardiacas fabricadas con pericardio de ternera

o válvulas porcinas se aplican tratamientos químicos posteriores al entrecruzamiento con

glutaraldehído.

Uno de los tratamientos ensayados ha sido el surfactante dodecil sulfato sódico(DSS). Este

detergente inhibe, en modelos experimentales,en pequeños animales, la calcificación del pericardio

de ternera utilizado en la construcción de bioprótesis cardiacas.

Estudiamos el comportamiento mecánico del pericardio tratado, con este detergente, comparándolo

con un tratamiento control con glutaraldehído (GA) 0.625% durante 24 horas.

Se ensayaron al esfuerzo de tracción muestras pareadas, es decir, cortadas de forma contigua y

en la misma dirección del corte, tratadas respectivamente con glutaraldehído (grupo de control) y

con dodecil sulfato sódico (DSS). El tejido tratado con DSS fue a su vez incubado con dos tiempos

diferentes 2 o 24 horas respectivamente y posteriormente tratados con glutaraldehído (GA). En las

muestras tratadas dos horas con DSS,se observó un estrés de rotura similar al de las parejas que

recibieron el tratamiento de control.Los valores estuvieron comprendidos entre 8.42 y 15.81 MPa.

Las muestras tratadas con DSS, 24 horas perdieron su resistencia mecánica. El estrés de rotura

medio osciló entre 1.77 y 1.95 MPa, existiendo diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0.001),

cuando se las comparaba con el grupo control tratado con GA.

Por otra parte cuando se analizó la elasticidad, las series tratadas con DSS y dos horas de

incubación presentaron en la región elástica, módulos de elasticidad menores, cuando se comparan

con valores similares de las series de control, dejando patente la mayor elasticidad del

biomaterial tratado con DSS.

Desde el punto de vista de investigación aplicada la buena correlación obtenida, cuando se

comparan mediante mínimos cuadrados las muestras pareadas, permite predecir el comportamiento

mecánico de una muestra, conocido el comportamiento de la muestra adyacente o pareja.
Morfotipo del futbolista profesional de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid. Composición corporal
Authors: Herrero de Lucas A. , Cabañas Armesilla M.D. , Maestre López I.
Published: August 2020

La composición corporal es dentro del estudio cineantropométrico de la población de atletas la

que se utiliza con mayor frecuencia, ya que permite de manera inmediata tener una visión global del

morfotipo del futbolista sobre el cual se puede actuar modificándolo fácilmente por medio de una

adecuada preparación física. Se estudiaron 56 jugadores de fútbol profesional que desarrollan su

actividad física en la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid, de manera voluntaria, obteniéndose el consentimiento

informado previo de cada uno de ellos de acuerdo a la legislación vigente. La composición

corporal se realizó mediante la segmentación del cuerpo humano en cuatro componentes. El

análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando el programa de software compatible con PC SPSS 11.5. La

edad media de los jugadores estudiados es de 26.087 (edad decimal) ± 3.48 años, la talla media es de

177.87 ± 6.78 cm., el peso medio es de 77.24 ± 5.60 Kg., el porcentaje de grasa medio es de un 10.42

± 0.70%, el porcentaje muscular es de un 50,04 ± 0.79%, el porcentaje óseo es de un 15.44 ± 0.73%

y el peso residual de un 24.10%.
Clavos intramedulares vs. placas de osteosíntesis para fracturas de fémur. Análisis por elementos finitos
Authors: Charles-Harris M. , Lacroix Damien Jerome , Proubasta I. , Planell Estany Josep Anton
Published: August 2020

La estabilización interna de fracturas de la diáfisis femoral se realiza mediante la implantación de clavos intramedulares o placas de osteosíntesis. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar una comparación biomecánica por elementos finitos de ambos implantes y así desarrollar una herramienta preclínica para guiar a los cirujanos en la elección del método de estabilización más adecuado para cada fractura.

Se malló un fémur entero en el cual se practicó una fractura de 1mm ó 3mm en la diáfisis. Los modelos de placa y clavo se mallaron a partir de la geometría de los implantes, para el clavo se realizaron dos modelos con diámetros distintos (11 y 13 mm). El estudio incluye simulaciones en dos etapas de regeneración de la fractura (con modulo de elasticidad en la fractura de 1 MPa ó 10 MPa), con implantes de acero inoxidable y titanio. Las cargas aplicadas simulan el apoyo monopodal e incluyen la actuación de la cadera, y los músculos abductores, psoas ilíaco e iliotibial.

Los resultados muestran que la tensión en los implantes aumenta con el tamaño de la fractura y disminuye con su módulo. Los clavos tienden a inducir más deformación en la fractura que las placas. El diámetro de los clavos influye en la tensión inducida en el hueso y en la deformación en la fractura, los resultados de los clavos más anchos tienden a los resultados de las placas.
Estimación del grado de desarrollo de la composición corporal en deportistas púberes y prepúberes
Authors: Cabañas Armesilla M. D. , Maestre López M.I. , Herrero de Lucas A.
Published: August 2020

Un valioso elemento en la vigilancia de la salud pediátrica es la gráfica de recimiento, que relaciona en curvas de percentil la edad con el peso y la talla. Bastante útiles en edades preescolares, son poco representativas de los cambios producidos en etapas adolescentes en las que se añade al crecimiento normal, los cambios fisiológicos propios del desarrollo puberal y factores

ambientales tales como la practica de actividades deportivas, que pueden inducir un desarrollo diferente de cada componente corporal.

Aplicando el método antropométrico se calcula la composición corporal de 300 escolares

entre 10 y 15 años, estudiando el fraccionamiento del peso corporal en 4 componentes. Los objetivos

del presente estudio son: conocer cómo cambian los distintos componentes corporales durante

las etapas preadolescente y adolescente de los individuos que realizan deporte

extraescolar y obtener gráficas de crecimiento para cada componente similares a las existentes

para la correlación edad/peso, edad/talla, peso/talla aceptadas por la OMS y de idéntico manejo,

que muestren las variables en percentiles por edad, no en términos de proporción del peso

total, sino en valor absoluto para cada componente, de modo que permitan monitorizar el desarrollo

de cada individuo, resultando así de utilidad en la práctica clínica diaria.Los resultados

de la artroplastia de codo han mejorado sustancialmente coincidiendo con el mejor conocimiento

de la biomecánica del codo. El diseño y los resultados clínicos de las prótesis de codo se basan

en un conocimiento preciso de la cinemática, los estabilizadores y las fuerzas que atraviesan

esta articulación.

A valuable element in the vigilance of the pediatric health is the graph of growth which relates in curves of percentile the age with the weight and the height. Very useful in preschool ages, they are not very representative in the changes of the adolescent stages in which, to the normal growth, it adds the physiologic changes characteristic of the development puberal and environmental factors just as practice of sport activities that can induce a different development in each corporal component.

Applying the anthropometric method, the body composition of 300 scholars, between 10 and

15 years old, is calculated, studying the division of the corporal mass according to four

compartment model. The objectives of the present study are: to know the change of the different

corporal components during the preadolescent and adolescent stages of the people whom

practice extra-school sport and to obtain graphics of growth for each component similar to the

existent ones for the correlation age/weight, age/height, weight/height accepted by the WHO and

of identical handling that show the variables in percentiles for age, not in terms of proportion of

the total weight, but in absolute value for each component, so they allow to monitor the

development of each person, being that utility in the everyday clinical practice.
Propagación del desgarro de tejido biológico empleado en la construcción de bioprótesis cardíacas en función de la forma y el tipo de sutura
Authors: García Páez J. M. , Jorge Herrero E. , Carrera A. , MILLÁN I. , Cordón A.
Published: August 2020

En este trabajo hemos estudiado la fuerza necesaria para propagar un desgarro en un tejido de pericardio de avestruz, tejido alternativo y en estudio para la fabricación de bioprótesis cardiacas. Se analiza la influencia de dos de las suturas más empleadas en cirugía cardiovascular: Prolene® y Gore-Tex®, en este comportamiento mecánico. El tejido se suturó de dos formas distintas borde-borde y en solapa. Para los ensayos se utilizó un péndulo Elmendorf capaz de medir, la fuerza necesaria para propagar el desgarro de un tejido.

Se analizaron 106 ensayos, tras aplicar criterios de selección morfológica habituales en estos ensayos y que homogenizaron las muestras por su espesor y las hicieron comparables.

La serie de control, no suturada, necesitó 24 N, como valor medio, para propagar el desgarro en 1 cm, mientras que las series suturadas borde con borde, con Gore-Tex® y con Prolene®, necesitaron, para la misma propagación del d-esga-rro, 12.69 N (p=0.001) y 16.18 N respectivamente. Esta pérdida de resistencia no se observó en las series suturadas con solape de 1 cm de longitud, 29.73 N, como valor medio, en la serie suturada con Gore-Tex® y 42.56 N, como valor medio, en la serie suturada con Prolene® (p=0.000). La sutura de Prolene® mostró una mayor resistencia a la propagación del desgarro que la sutura de Gore-Tex®.

Una sutura protegida, mediante una zona previa no rasgada, dificulta la propagación del desgarro y puede tener interés desde un punto de vista constructivo en el diseño de las formas de sutura de implantes o bioprótesis.
Desarrollo de una herramienta de análisis de movimiento para brazo humano
Authors: Rodríguez Carlos F. , Quintero Hugo A. , Gutiérrez Diana E. , Ashner Helena
Published: August 2020

Este artículo presenta una metodología de evaluación de la funcionalidad del movimiento del brazo humano. La metodología incluye la definición de un modelo físico del brazo, la adquisición del movimiento, análisis cinemáticos, cinéticos y de activación muscular. Estas herramientas pueden ser utilizadas en el diagnóstico de patologías del miembro superior, como apoyo para estudios ergonómicos y en el análisis de gestos deportivos.
Cambios de la proporcionalidad corporal durante el crecimiento en edades adolescentes
Authors: Maestre López M.I. , Cabañas Armesilla M.D. , Herrero de Lucas A.
Published: August 2020

La adolescencia es una etapa crítica de la ontogenia caracterizada por importantes cambios en la velocidad de crecimiento de los tejidos que afectan al tamaño, forma y composición corporal, lo que origina profundas diferencias alométricas entre los individuos según el sexo y estadío madurativo. El presente estudio aborda la valoración del grado de madurez, como índice de salud del adolescente, en función de los índices Z del modelo estándar de proporcionalidad corporal conocido como «Phantom», que representa al promedio poblacional adulto. Aplicando el método antropométrico, se analiza una muestra de 360 adolescentes, entre 10 y 15 años y se encuentra que hacia edades más avanzadas los índices Z de las distintas variables antropométricas se aproximan mejor a los valores del Phantom, hallándose diferencias en la progresión de dichos índices según el sexo, por lo que se debate la adecuación de éste modelo a la interpretación de la realidad cambiante del cuerpo humano.
Influencia de un programa de electroestimulación sobre el rendimiento en el salto vertical en jugadores de baloncesto
Authors: Zueco Almenara R. , García Fojeda A.
Published: August 2020

Este trabajo muestra los resultados obtenidos de las variables rendimiento, pico máximo de fuerza normalizado con el peso corporal, y altura de vuelo del CdG de dos grupos de jugadores de baloncesto de categoría cadete y junior, que han sido sometidos a un entrenamiento de fuerza explosiva del tren inferior con ejercicios de alta transferencia al salto, y además uno de estos grupos ha estado sometido a un entrenamiento adicional con electo estimulación (EMM). La duración total del programa de entrenamiento fue de 12 semanas. Para evaluar la fuerza y la altura del salto se utilizó una plataforma de fuerzas extensométrica Dinascan. Después de finalizar la fase experimental, los resultados nos indican que no han existido mejoras estadísticamente significativas, en ninguna de las variables estudiadas, en ningún de los dos grupos estudiados. Se sugiere para futuros trabajos el control de la motivación en los tests, y el estudio de fase de la temporada más apropiada para realizar este tipo de trabajo.
Riesgos ocupacionales en músicos profesionales. Síndrome cervical
Authors: Navia P. , Arráez L.A. , Alvárez P.
Published: August 2020

Los músicos profesionales son susceptibles de padecer una amplia variedad de patologías discapacitantes debido a la complejidad neuromuscular de su actividad, que deben ser reconocidas y tratadas precozmente por el médico especialista para evitar su cronicidad. Se realizó un test de 23 preguntas que se distribuyó a los componentes de dos orquestas nacionales profesionales, con un diseño que permitía desglosar los resultados en tres partes: la primera, las preguntas destinadas a la identificación, tiempo y tipo de práctica musical; una serie de preguntas dirigidas a la percepción, reconocimiento y tratamiento del síndrome cervical; y, por último, las relacionadas con la prevención de riesgos ocupacionales. Los resultados se analizaron posteriormente mediante el método de Rasch.