bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inhibitors of Nucleotide Biosynthesis as Candidates for a Wide Spectrum of Antiviral Chemotherapy
Authors: Sepúlveda Claudia Soledad , García Cybele Carina , Damonte Elsa Beatriz
Published: August 2022

Emerging and re-emerging viruses have been a challenge in public health in recent decades. Host-targeted antivirals (HTA) directed at cellular molecules or pathways involved in virus multiplication represent an interesting strategy to combat viruses presently lacking effective chemotherapy. HTA could provide a wide range of agents with inhibitory activity against current and future viruses that share similar host requirements and reduce the possible selection of antiviral-resistant variants. Nucleotide metabolism is one of the more exploited host metabolic pathways as a potential antiviral target for several human viruses. This review focuses on the antiviral properties of the inhibitors of pyrimidine and purine nucleotide biosynthesis, with an emphasis on the rate-limiting enzymes dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) and inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) for which there are old and new drugs active against a broad spectrum of pathogenic viruses.
Haemoplasma Prevalence and Diversity in Three Invasive Rattus Species from Gauteng Province, South Africa
Authors: Retief Liezl , Chimimba Christian T. , Oosthuizen Marinda C. , Matshotshi Asiashu , Bastos Armanda D. S.
Published: August 2022

Invasive Rattus species are carriers of haemotropic Mycoplasmas (haemoplasmas) globally, but data from Africa are lacking. Using a PCR-sequencing approach, we assessed haemoplasma prevalence and diversity in kidney and buccal swabs collected from three invasive Rattus species (Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi) in Gauteng Province, South Africa. Whilst the overall sequence-confirmed haemoplasma prevalence was 38.4%, infection rates in R. rattus (58.3%) were significantly higher (χ2 = 12.96; df = 2; n = 99 p < 0.05) than for R. tanezumi (14.3%). Differences between host sex (χ2 = 3.59 × 10−31; df = 1; n = 99; p = 1.00) and age (χ2 = 4.28; df = 2; n = 99; p = 0.12) were not significant. Whilst buccal (1.01%) and ectoparasite positivity (2.13%) were low, these results suggest that multiple transmission routes are possible. Three phylogenetically distinct lineages, consistent with global rat-associated strains described to date, were detected, namely, ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomuris subsp. Ratti’, and two Rattus-specific haemoplasmas that are yet to be formally described. These results expand the known distribution of invasive rat-associated haemoplasmas and highlight the potential for pathogen co-invasion of new territories together with invading rodent hosts.
Role of Intracellular Pulmonary Pathogens during SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the First Pandemic Wave of COVID-19: Clinical and Prognostic Significance in a Case Series of 1200 Patients
Authors: Guarino Matteo , Perna Benedetta , Cuoghi Francesca , Spampinato Michele Domenico , Cesaro Alice Eleonora , Manza Francesca , Pretula Adriana , Grilli Anastasio , Maritati Martina , Caio Giacomo , Carnevale Aldo , Flacco Maria Elena , De Giorgio Roberto , Contini Carlo
Published: August 2022

Background: Since 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic (COVID-19) has caused millions of deaths worldwide and is the second most serious pandemic after the Spanish flu. Despite SARS-CoV-2 infection having a dominant effect on morbidity and life-threatening outcomes, the role of bacterial co-infection in patients with COVID-19 is poorly understood. The present study aimed to verify the existence of bacterial co-infections and their possible role as cofactors worsening COVID-19-related clinical manifestations. Methods: All patients with suspected SARS-CoV-infection, hospitalised in COVID-19 wards at the Sant’Anna University Hospital of Ferrara, were retrospectively included in this single-centre study and their specific bacterial serologies were assessed. Univariate and logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: A total of 1204 individual records were retrieved. Among them, 959 were excluded because of a negative nasopharyngeal swab or missing data; of the eligible 245 patients, 51 were co-infected. Compared to patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection alone, those with Chlamydia pneumoniae or Mycoplasma pneumoniae co-infections had worse respiratory/radiological features and more intensive care unit admissions. However, the co-infection did not result in a higher mortality rate. Conclusions: The present study, comparing clinical, laboratory and radiological findings between patients with COVID-19 vs. those with co-infections (C. pneumoniae or M. pneumoniae) showed that, on admission, these features were worse in co-infected patients, although the mortality rate did not differ between the two groups.
Microbial Biofilms: From Molecular Mechanisms and Structure to Antimicrobial Therapy
Authors: Landini Paolo , Valle Jaione
Published: August 2022

The first published observations that microorganisms associate to form microbial communities structured as biofilms in natural environments date back to the first half of the last century [...]
Spectral Analysis of Ceres’ Main Linear Features
Authors: Longobardo Andrea , Carrozzo Filippo Giacomo , Galiano Anna , Scully Jennifer E. C. , Parekh Rutu , Palomba Ernesto , De Sanctis Maria Cristina , Ammannito Eleonora , Raponi Andrea , Tosi Federico , Ciarniello Mauro , Zambon Francesca , Rognini Edoardo , Capria Maria Teresa , Raymond Carol A. , Russell Christopher T.
Published: August 2022

Linear features are very common on asteroid surfaces. They are generally formed after impact and provide information about asteroid evolution. This work focuses on a mineralogical and spectral analysis of the main linear features on the 1/Ceres surface, having both tectonic (Samhain Catena’s pit chains) and geomorphic origins, i.e., generated by ejecta material (Occator ejecta, Dantu’s secondary radial chains, secondary radial chains generated from the Urvara impact). The analysis is based on spectral parameters defined by the Dawn’s VIR imaging spectrometer data, as albedo and depths of the bands centered at approximately 2.7, 3.1, 3.4 and 3.9 mm. The geomorphic linear features show spectral variations with respect to the surroundings, i.e., ammoniated phyllosilicates band depth shallowing is caused by the presence of material originating in a different region or dehydration caused by impact. The Samhain Catena does not show any mineralogical variation, due to its tectonic origin. The spectral behavior of Ceres’ linear features is similar to that observed on other asteroids (Vesta, Eros) and can be diagnostic in discerning the origin of linear features. Then, we searched spectral signatures of organics in the Samhain Catena region, since they are expected to form at depth due to internal processes: the absence of such signatures indicates that either they form at a larger depth or that their subsurface distribution is uneven.
Chlorine-Deficient Analog of Taseqite from Odikhincha Massif (Russia): Genesis and Relation with Other Sr-Rich Eudialyte-Group Minerals
Authors: Zaitsev Victor A. , Chukanov Nikita V. , Aksenov Sergey M.
Published: August 2022

Eudialyte-group minerals are important accessory minerals of peralkaline rocks of nepheline-syenite massifs and alkaline–ultramafic complexes. Here, we report the complex study of a eudialyte-group mineral (EGM) from peralkaline pegmatite of the alkaline-ultrabasic Odikhincha massif (Polar Siberia). The chemical composition of the studied EGM is intermediate between those of taseqite and eudialyte, with small admixtures of other members of the eudialyte group. The crystals of EGMs were formed during the postmagmatic stage in the temperature range of 300–350 °C and partly replaced by late eudialite along cracks during the zeolite stage (~230 °C). The chemical compositions, structural features and mineral association of the studied EGM are similar to those of Sr-Nb-dominant EGM found in other nepheline-syenite massifs, such as Khibiny, Lovozero and Pilansberg. The EGM studied in this work is a Cl-deficient taseqite variety (“monochlore taseqite”), which differs from “dichlorotaseqite” (found only in the Ilimaussaq massif) by a lower amount of chlorine.
Fulvic Acid from Chestnut Forest as an Added Qualities to Spring Water: Isolation and Characterization from Fiuggi Waters
Authors: Allevato Enrica , Vinciguerra Vittorio , Stazi Silvia Rita , Carbone Francesco , Zuccaccia Cristiano , Nano Giuseppe , Marabottini Rosita
Published: August 2022

The aquifer of “mineral” water, historically known for its curative properties, is an identifying characteristic of the Anticolana valley. This area hosted a coppice chestnut forest for a long time. Under the forest, there is an important aquifer, historically renowned and widely recognized for preventing renal stone formation and or facilitating their expulsion. This mineral water pre- vents the formation of calcium oxalate and phosphate crystals in the kidney and promotes their dissolutions through soluble calcium complexes. The forest environment soil is particularly rich in humification products owing to the interaction of the rainwater–litter–soil system. The fulvic fraction is soluble in water under all pH conditions and enriches the water basin. We aimed to test these hypotheses and assess how the coppice chestnut forest is involved in fulvic acid production. Fulvic fractions isolated and purified from soil samples and mineral water (550 μg L−1) were analyzed by GC-MS, FTIR, and NMR. Data from different sources were compared, showing sufficient similarities to state that the fulvic acids isolated from the water come from the processes that take place between the stems and the chestnut litter. The chestnut forest provides enrichment to water quality, which is a distinctive piece of information in defining water enhancement strategies, establishing soil management and designating sustainable forest management.
Electrochemical Bottom-Up Synthesis of Chiral Carbon Dots from L-Proline and Their Application as Nano-Organocatalysts in a Stereoselective Aldol Reaction
Authors: Bortolami Martina , Bogles Ingrid Izabela , Bombelli Cecilia , Pandolfi Fabiana , Feroci Marta , Vetica Fabrizio
Published: August 2022

Chirality is undoubtedly a fundamental property of nature since the different interactions of optically active molecules in a chiral environment are essential for numerous applications. Thus, in the field of asymmetric synthesis, the search for efficient, sustainable, cost-effective and recyclable chiral catalysts is still the main challenge in organic chemistry. The field of carbon dots (CDs) has experienced tremendous development in the last 15 years, including their applications as achiral catalysts. Thus, understanding the implications of chirality in CDs chemistry could be of utmost importance to achieving sustainable and biocompatible chiral nanocatalysts. An efficient and cost-effective electrochemical synthetic methodology for the synthesis of L-Proline-based chiral carbon dots (CCDs) and EtOH-derived L-Proline-based chiral carbon dots (CCDs) is herein reported. The electrochemical set-up and reaction conditions have been thoroughly optimised and their effects on CCDs size, photoluminescence, as well as catalytic activity have been investigated. The obtained CCDs have been successfully employed to catalyze an asymmetric aldol reaction, showing excellent results in terms of yield, diastereo- and enantioselectivity. Moreover, the sustainable nature of the CCDs was demonstrated by recycling the catalysts for up to 3 cycles without any loss of reactivity or stereoselectivity.
Natural Plant Extracts: An Update about Novel Spraying as an Alternative of Chemical Pesticides to Extend the Postharvest Shelf Life of Fruits and Vegetables
Authors: Shahbaz Muhammad Umar , Arshad Mehwish , Mukhtar Kinza , Nabi Brera Ghulam , Goksen Gulden , Starowicz Małgorzata , Nawaz Asad , Ahmad Ishtiaq , Walayat Noman , Manzoor Muhammad Faisal , Aadil Rana Muhammad
Published: August 2022

Fresh fruits and vegetables, being the source of important vitamins, minerals, and other plant chemicals, are of boundless importance these days. Although in agriculture, the green revolution was a milestone, it was accompanied by the intensive utilization of chemical pesticides. However, chemical pesticides have hazardous effects on human health and the environment. Therefore, increasingly stimulating toward more eco-friendly and safer alternatives to prevent postharvest losses and lead to improving the shelf life of fresh fruits and vegetables. Proposed alternatives, natural plant extracts, are very promising due to their high efficacy. The plant-based extract is from a natural source and has no or few health concerns. Many researchers have elaborated on the harmful effects of synthetic chemicals on human life. People are now much more aware of safety and health concerns than ever before. In the present review, we discussed the latest research on natural alternatives for chemical synthetic pesticides. Considering that the use of plant-based extracts from aloe vera, lemongrass, or neem is non-chemical by-products of the fruits and vegetable industry, they are proved safe for human health and may be integrated with economic strategies. Such natural plant extracts can be a good alternative to chemical pesticides and preservatives.
Anti-Obesity Evaluation of Averrhoa carambola L. Leaves and Assessment of Its Polyphenols as Potential α-Glucosidase Inhibitors
Authors: Ramadan Nehal S. , El-Sayed Nabil H. , El-Toumy Sayed A. , Mohamed Doha Abdou , Aziz Zeinab Abdel , Marzouk Mohamed Sobhy , Esatbeyoglu Tuba , Farag Mohamed A. , Shimizu Kuniyoshi
Published: August 2022

Averrhoa carambola L. is reported for its anti-obese and anti-diabetic activities. The present study aimed to investigate its aqueous methanol leaf extract (CLL) in vivo anti-obese activity along with the isolation and identification of bioactive compounds and their in vitro α-glucosidase inhibition assessment. CLL improved all obesity complications and exhibited significant activity in an obese rat model. Fourteen compounds, including four flavone glycosides (1–4) and ten dihydrochalcone glycosides (5–12), were isolated and identified using spectroscopic techniques. New compounds identified in planta included (1) apigenin 6-C-(2-deoxy-β-D-galactopyranoside)-7-O-β-D-quinovopyranoside, (8) phloretin 3′-C-(2-O-(E)-cinnamoyl-3-O-β-D-fucopyranosyl-4-O-acetyl)-β-D-fucopyranosyl-6′-O-β-D fucopyranosyl-(1/2)-α-L arabinofuranoside, (11a) phloretin3′-C-(2-O-(E)-p-coumaroyl-3-O-β-D-fucosyl-4-O-acetyl)-β-D-fucosyl-6′-O-(2-O-β-D-fucosyl)-α-L-arabinofuranoside, (11b) phloretin3′-C-(2-O-(Z)-p-coumaroyl-3-O-β-D-fucosyl-4-O-acetyl)-β-D-fucosyl-6′-O-(2-O-β-D-fucosyl)-α-L-arabinofuranoside. Carambolaside M (5), carambolaside Ia (6), carambolaside J (7), carambolaside I (9), carambolaside P (10a), carambolaside O (10b), and carambolaside Q (12), which are reported for the first time from A. carambola L. leaves, whereas luteolin 6-C-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-β-D-fucopyranoside (2), apigenin 6-C-β-D-galactopyranoside (3), and apigenin 6-C-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-β-L-fucopyranoside (4) are isolated for the first time from Family. Oxalidaceae. In vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity revealed the potential efficacy of flavone glycosides, viz., 1, 2, 3, and 4 as antidiabetic agents. In contrast, dihydrochalcone glycosides (5–11) showed weak activity, except for compound 12, which showed relatively strong activity.
Quantitative Proteomics Explore the Potential Targets and Action Mechanisms of Hydroxychloroquine
Authors: Zhao Jingxiang , Zhao Zhiqiang , Hou Wanting , Jiang Yue , Liu Guobin , Ren Xuelian , Liu Kun , Liu Hong , Chen Kaixian , Huang He
Published: August 2022

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is an autophagy inhibitor that has been used for the treatment of many diseases, such as malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and cancer. Despite the therapeutic advances in these diseases, the underlying mechanisms have not been well determined and hinder the rational use of this drug in the future. Here, we explored the possible mechanisms and identified the potential binding targets of HCQ by performing quantitative proteomics and thermal proteome profiling on MIA PaCa-2 cells. This study revealed that HCQ may exert its functions by targeting some autophagy-related proteins such as ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (NQO2) and transport protein Sec23A (SEC23A), or regulating the expression of galectin-8 (LGALS8), mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8), and so on. Furthermore, HCQ may prevent the progression of pancreatic cancer by regulating the expression of nesprin-2 (SYNE2), protein-S-isoprenylcysteine O-methyltransferase (ICMT), and cotranscriptional regulator FAM172A (FAM172A). Together, these findings not only identified potential binding targets for HCQ but also revealed the non-canonical mechanisms of HCQ that may contribute to pancreatic cancer treatment.
Yellow Twig (Nauclea orientalis) from Thailand: Strictosamide as the Key Alkaloid of This Plant Species
Authors: Songoen Weerasak , Brunmair Julia , Traxler Florian , Wieser Viktoria Chiara , Phanchai Witthawat , Pluempanupat Wanchai , Brecker Lothar , Schinnerl Johann
Published: August 2022

Comprehensive phytochemical examination from different perspectives using preparative and analytical chromatographic techniques combined with spectroscopic/spectrometric methods of the so-called “yellow twig” Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. (Rubiaceae) led to the identification of 13 tryptamine-derived (=monoterpene-indole) alkaloids. The identified alkaloids comprise strictosamide and four of its glucosidic derivatives, three oxindole derivatives, and five yellow-colored angustine-type aglycones. Qualitative and quantitative HPLC analyses showed the enrichment of strictosamide in all studied organs. Based on these results, we performed metabolomic analyses of monoterpene-indole alkaloids and made a 1H NMR in vitro monitoring of enzymatic deglucosylation of strictosamide. A comparison of the stability of strictosamide and its enantiomer vincoside lactam by theoretical calculations was also performed revealing a slightly higher stability of vincoside lactam. Additionally, we conducted two different anti-feedant assays of strictosamide using larvae of the polyphageous moth Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval. The obtained results indicate that generally two different biosynthetic pathways are most likely responsible for the overall alkaloid composition in this plant. Strictosamide is the key compound in the broader pathway and most likely the source of the identified angustine-type aglycones, which may contribute significantly to the yellow color of the wood. Its cross-organ accumulation makes it likely that strictosamide is not only important as a reservoir for the further biosynthesis, but also acts in the plants’ defense strategy.
Swelling of Thermo-Responsive Gels in Aqueous Solutions of Salts: A Predictive Model
Authors: Drozdov A. D. , deClaville Christiansen J.
Published: August 2022

The equilibrium degree of swelling of thermo-responsive (TR) gels is strongly affected by the presence of ions in an aqueous solution. This phenomenon plays an important role in (i) the synthesis of multi-stimuli-responsive gels for soft robotics, where extraordinary strength and toughness are reached by soaking of a gel in solutions of multivalent ions, and (ii) the preparation of hybrid gels with interpenetrating networks formed by covalently cross-linked synthetic chains and ionically cross-linked biopolymer chains. A model is developed for equilibrium swelling of a TR gel in aqueous solutions of salts at various temperatures T below and above the critical temperature at which collapse of the gel occurs. An advantage of the model is that it involves a a small (compared with conventional relations) number of material constants and allows the critical temperature to be determined explicitly. Its ability (i) to describe equilibrium swelling diagrams on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) gels in aqueous solutions of mono- and multivalent salts and (ii) to predict the influence of volume fraction of salt on the critical temperature is confirmed by comparison of observations with results of numerical simulation.
Investigating Tungsten Sulfide as a Counter Electrode Material in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Mathur Saket Chand , Rashidi Soheil , Wei Wei
Published: August 2022

With the recent interest in renewable energy sources, dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have received a great deal of attention as a cheaper and more sustainable alternative to silicon-based solar cells. In a DSSC, the counter electrode performs the catalytic reduction of the electrolyte and electron collection. To perform this function adequately, platinum is the preferred material currently. To reduce the dependence of the DSSC on such an expensive material, alternatives such as activated carbon (AC) and two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides, and more specifically, tungsten sulfide (WS2), were considered. AC has shown great potential as a material for counter electrodes, whereas WS2 has unique physiochemical properties which warrant its exploration as an energy material. In this article, we synthesized and evaluated the performance of DSSCs with AC, WS2, and AC/WS2 composite counter electrodes. It was demonstrated that the performance of the WS2/AC composite counter electrode with a 1:2 ratio of WS2 to AC shows the highest performance with an efficiency of 6.25%.
Antagonistic Skin Toxicity of Co-Exposure to Physical Sunscreen Ingredients Zinc Oxide and Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Liang Yan , Simaiti Aili , Xu Mingxuan , Lv Shenchong , Jiang Hui , He Xiaoxiang , Fan Yang , Zhu Shaoxiong , Du Binyang , Yang Wei , Li Xiaolin , Yu Peilin
Published: August 2022

Being the main components of physical sunscreens, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) are often used together in different brands of sunscreen products with different proportions. With the broad use of cosmetics containing these nanoparticles (NPs), concerns regarding their joint skin toxicity are becoming more and more prominent. In this study, the co-exposure of these two NPs in human-derived keratinocytes (HaCaT) and the in vitro reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) model EpiSkin was performed to verify their joint skin effect. The results showed that ZnO NPs significantly inhibited cell proliferation and caused deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage in a dose-dependent manner to HaCaT cells, which could be rescued with co-exposure to TiO2 NPs. Further mechanism studies revealed that TiO2 NPs restricted the cellular uptake of both aggregated ZnO NPs and non-aggregated ZnO NPs and meanwhile decreased the dissociation of Zn2+ from ZnO NPs. The reduced intracellular Zn2+ ultimately made TiO2 NPs perform an antagonistic effect on the cytotoxicity caused by ZnO NPs. Furthermore, these joint skin effects induced by NP mixtures were validated on the epidermal model EpiSkin. Taken together, the results of the current research contribute new insights for understanding the dermal toxicity produced by co-exposure of different NPs and provide a valuable reference for the development of formulas for the secure application of ZnO NPs and TiO2 NPs in sunscreen products.
Pool-Boiling Performance on Thin Metal Foils with Graphene-Oxide-Nanoflake Deposit
Authors: Bregar Tadej , Vodopivec Matevž , Pečnik Tim , Zupančič Matevž , Golobič Iztok
Published: August 2022

The pool-boiling performance of water on thin metal foils with graphene-oxide deposition was studied. The boiling performance was evaluated both on fully coated surfaces, achieved by spin-coating, and surfaces with a laser-textured nucleation site, into which graphene oxide was added via drop-casting. During the experiments, a high-speed IR camera was used to obtain the transient temperature and heat-flux distribution. At the same time, a high-speed video camera was used to acquire synchronized bubble-growth recordings. In addition, a surface-wettability analysis was conducted for all the samples. In the case of fully coated samples, graphene-oxide deposition resulted in an increased number of active nucleation sites and an increase in the nucleation temperature, leading to a lowered nucleation frequency. Meanwhile, samples with a single laser-textured nucleation site enabled the analysis of isolated vapor bubbles, confirming that graphene-oxide deposition leads to a higher nucleation temperature, consequently resulting in a larger bubble-departure diameter and longer growth time. Two explanations for the results are proposed: the wettability of graphene-oxide deposition and the filling of surface microcavities with graphene-oxide nanoflakes.
Enhanced Electrical Performance and Stability of Solution-Processed Thin-Film Transistors with In2O3/In2O3:Gd Heterojunction Channel Layer
Authors: Li Shasha , Zhang Xinan , Zhang Penglin , Song Guoxiang , Yuan Li
Published: August 2022

The use of the semiconductor heterojunction channel layer has been explored as a method for improving the performance of metal oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs). The excellent electrical performance and stability of heterojunction TFTs is easy for vacuum-based techniques, but difficult for the solution process. Here, we fabricated In2O3/In2O3:Gd (In2O3/InGdO) heterojunction TFTs using a solution process and compared the electrical properties with single-layer In2O3 TFTs and In2O3:Gd (InGdO) TFTs. The In2O3/InGdO TFT consisted of a highly conductive In2O3 film as the primary transmission layer and a subconductive InGdO film as the buffer layer, and exhibited excellent electrical performance. Furthermore, by altering the Gd dopant concentration, we obtained an optimal In2O3/InGdO TFT with a higher saturation mobility (µ) of 4.34 cm2V−1s−1, a near-zero threshold voltage (Vth), a small off-state current (Ioff) of 1.24×10−9 A, a large on/off current ratio (Ion/Ioff) of 3.18×105, a small subthreshold swing (SS), and an appropriate positive bias stability (PBS). Finally, an aging test was performed after three months, indicating that In2O3/InGdO TFTs enable long-term air stability while retaining a high-mobility optimal switching property. This study suggests that the role of a high-performance In2O3/InGdO heterojunction channel layer fabricated by the solution process in the TFT is underlined, which further explores a broad pathway for the development of high-performance, low-cost, and large-area oxide electronics.
Spin-Wave Channeling in Magnetization-Graded Nanostrips
Authors: Gallardo Rodolfo A. , Alvarado-Seguel Pablo , Brevis Felipe , Roldán-Molina Alejandro , Lenz Kilian , Lindner Jürgen , Landeros Pedro
Published: August 2022

Magnetization-graded ferromagnetic nanostrips are proposed as potential prospects to channel spin waves. Here, a controlled reduction of the saturation magnetization enables the localization of the propagating magnetic excitations in the same way that light is controlled in an optical fiber with a varying refraction index. The theoretical approach is based on the dynamic matrix method, where the magnetic nanostrip is divided into small sub-strips. The dipolar and exchange interactions between sub-strips have been considered to reproduce the spin-wave dynamics of the magnonic fiber. The transition from one strip to an infinite thin film is presented for the Damon-Eshbach geometry, where the nature of the spin-wave modes is discussed. An in-depth analysis of the spin-wave transport as a function of the saturation magnetization profile is provided. It is predicted that it is feasible to induce a remarkable channeling of the spin waves along the zones with a reduced saturation magnetization, even when such a reduction is tiny. The results are compared with micromagnetic simulations, where a good agreement is observed between both methods. The findings have relevance for envisioned future spin-wave-based magnonic devices operating at the nanometer scale.
Nanofiber-Enhanced “Lucky-Bag” Triboelectric Nanogenerator for Efficient Wave Energy Harvesting by Soft-Contact Structure
Authors: Luo Yuanzheng , Li Buyin , Mo Lianghao , Ye Zhicheng , Shen Haonan , Lu Yuan , Li Shufa
Published: August 2022

Developing clean and renewable ocean wave energy is a top priority and an effective way to achieve carbon neutrality. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have emerged as promising green and clean energy-harvesting devices. To harvest low-frequency wave energy efficiently, much effort has been made on the modification of the contact surface, which leads to a higher fabrication cost. In this work, we designed a novel “Lucky-Bag” core (LBC) for spherical TENGs with a low-cost and easy fabricating process. The nanofiber/silicone hybrid porous outer layer of the LBC can switch freely from plane to surface and improve the output performance of both the plane and spherical TENGs. Several factors, such as the input frequency, direction, and resistive load, together with the thickness were systematically investigated; the unique porous soft-contact structure increased the triboelectric contact area, and the working mechanism was studied by using the COMSOL software. The experimental results showed that the peak-to-peak open-circuit voltage (Voc) and short-circuit current (Isc) could reach 580 V and 23.5 μA at 1.5 Hz, even under 2D linear motion. Besides, the maximum output power of the spherical TENGs reached 9.10 mW, which can fully power electronic devices such as capacitors and LEDs under water wave triggering. These findings provide useful guidance for optimizing the performance of spherical TENGs for practical applications in harvesting water wave energy.
Microbiogeochemical Traits to Identify Nitrogen Hotspots in Permafrost Regions
Authors: Fiencke Claudia , Marushchak Maija E. , Sanders Tina , Wegner Rica , Beer Christian
Published: August 2022

Permafrost-affected tundra soils are large carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) reservoirs. However, N is largely bound in soil organic matter (SOM), and ecosystems generally have low N availability. Therefore, microbial induced N-cycling processes and N losses were considered negligible. Recent studies show that microbial N processing rates, inorganic N availability, and lateral N losses from thawing permafrost increase when vegetation cover is disturbed, resulting in reduced N uptake or increased N input from thawing permafrost. In this review, we describe currently known N hotspots, particularly bare patches in permafrost peatland or permafrost soils affected by thermokarst, and their microbiogeochemical characteristics, and present evidence for previously unrecorded N hotspots in the tundra. We summarize the current understanding of microbial N cycling processes that promote the release of the potent greenhouse gas (GHG) nitrous oxide (N2O) and the translocation of inorganic N from terrestrial into aquatic ecosystems. We suggest that certain soil characteristics and microbial traits can be used as indicators of N availability and N losses. Identifying N hotspots in permafrost soils is key to assessing the potential for N release from permafrost-affected soils under global warming, as well as the impact of increased N availability on emissions of carbon-containing GHGs.
Fetal Brain Damage during Maternal COVID-19: Emerging Hypothesis, Mechanism, and Possible Mitigation through Maternal-Targeted Nutritional Supplementation
Authors: Germano Chiara , Messina Alessandro , Tavella Elena , Vitale Raffaele , Avellis Vincenzo , Barboni Martina , Attini Rossella , Revelli Alberto , Zola Paolo , Manzoni Paolo , Masturzo Bianca
Published: August 2022

The recent outbreak of the novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2 or CoV-2) pandemic in 2019 and the risk of CoV-2 infection during pregnancy led the scientific community to investigate the potential negative effects of Coronavirus infection on pregnancy outcomes and fetal development. In particular, as CoV-2 neurotropism has been demonstrated in adults, recent studies suggested a possible risk of fetal brain damage and fetal brain development impairment, with consequent psychiatric manifestations in offspring of mothers affected by COronaVIrus Disease (COVID) during pregnancy. Through the understanding of CoV-2’s pathogenesis and the pathways responsible for cell damage, along with the available data about neurotropic virus attitudes, different strategies have been suggested to lower the risk of neurologic disease in newborns. In this regard, the role of nutrition in mitigating fetal damages related to oxidative stress and the inflammatory environment during viral infection has been investigated, and arginine, n3PUFA, vitamins B1 and B9, choline, and flavonoids were found to be promising in and out of pregnancy. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the mechanism of fetal brain damage and the impact of nutrition in reducing inflammation related to worse neurological outcomes in the context of CoV-2 infections during pregnancy.
Higher Ultra-Processed Food Consumption Is Associated with Greater High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Concentration in Adults: Cross-Sectional Results from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study
Authors: Lane Melissa M. , Lotfaliany Mojtaba , Forbes Malcolm , Loughman Amy , Rocks Tetyana , O’Neil Adrienne , Machado Priscila , Jacka Felice N. , Hodge Allison , Marx Wolfgang
Published: August 2022

Background: Few studies have examined associations between ultra-processed food intake and biomarkers of inflammation, and inconsistent results have been reported in the small number of studies that do exist. As such, further investigation is required. Methods: Cross-sectional baseline data from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS) were analysed (n = 2018). We applied the NOVA food classification system to data from a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to determine ultra-processed food intake (g/day). The outcome was high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentration (hsCRP; mg/L). We fitted unadjusted and adjusted linear regression analyses, with sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle- and health-related behaviours as covariates. Supplementary analyses further adjusted for body mass index (kg/m2). Sex was assessed as a possible effect modifier. Ultra-processed food intake was modelled as 100 g increments and the magnitude of associations expressed as estimated relative change in hsCRP concentration with accompanying 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). Results: After adjustment, every 100 g increase in ultra-processed food intake was associated with a 4.0% increase in hsCRP concentration (95%CIs: 2.1–5.9%, p < 0.001). Supplementary analyses showed that part of this association was independent of body mass index (estimated relative change in hsCRP: 2.5%; 95%CIs: 0.8–4.3%, p = 0.004). No interaction was observed between sex and ultra-processed food intake. Conclusion: Higher ultra-processed food intake was cross-sectionally associated with elevated hsCRP, which appeared to occur independent of body mass index. Future prospective and intervention studies are necessary to confirm directionality and whether the observed association is causal.
COVID-19 and Virtual Nutrition: A Pilot Study of Integrating Digital Food Models for Interactive Portion Size Education
Authors: Ho Dang Khanh Ngan , Lee Yu-Chieh , Chiu Wan-Chun , Shen Yi-Ta , Yao Chih-Yuan , Chu Hung-Kuo , Chu Wei-Ta , Le Nguyen Quoc Khanh , Nguyen Hung Trong , Su Hsiu-Yueh , Chang Jung-Su
Published: August 2022

Background and aims: Digital food viewing is a vital skill for connecting dieticians to e-health. The aim of this study was to integrate a novel pedagogical framework that combines interactive three- (3-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) food models into a formal dietetic training course. The level of agreement between the digital food models (first semester) and the effectiveness of educational integration of digital food models during the school closure due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) (second semester) were evaluated. Method: In total, 65 second-year undergraduate dietetic students were enrolled in a nutritional practicum course at the School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University (Taipei, Taiwan). A 3-D food model was created using Agisoft Metashape. Students’ digital food viewing skills and receptiveness towards integrating digital food models were evaluated. Results: In the first semester, no statistical differences were observed between 2-D and 3-D food viewing skills in food identification (2-D: 89% vs. 3-D: 85%) and quantification (within ±10% difference in total calories) (2-D: 19.4% vs. 3-D: 19.3%). A Spearman correlation analysis showed moderate to strong correlations of estimated total calories (0.69~0.93; all p values < 0.05) between the 3-D and 2-D models. Further analysis showed that students who struggled to master both 2-D and 3-D food viewing skills had lower estimation accuracies than those who did not (equal performers: 28% vs. unequal performers:16%, p = 0.041), and interactive 3-D models may help them perform better than 2-D models. In the second semester, the digital food viewing skills significantly improved (food identification: 91.5% and quantification: 42.9%) even for those students who struggled to perform digital food viewing skills equally in the first semester (equal performers: 44% vs. unequal performers: 40%). Conclusion: Although repeated training greatly enhanced students’ digital food viewing skills, a tailored training program may be needed to master 2-D and 3-D digital food viewing skills. Future study is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of digital food models for future “eHealth” care.
Disparities in Obesity Rates among Adults: Analysis of 514 Districts in Indonesia
Authors: Ayuningtyas Dumilah , Kusuma Dian , Amir Vilda , Tjandrarini Dwi Hapsari , Andarwati Pramita
Published: August 2022

Background: Globally, it was estimated that over 650 million adults 18 years old and older were obese in 2016. It is an increasing global health challenge with a significant health and economic impact. Thus, understanding geographic and socioeconomic disparities in obesity among adults is crucial. Methods: We combined geospatial and quantitative analyses to assess the disparity in obesity across 514 districts in Indonesia. We used the Basic Health Survey (Riskesdas) 2018 for obesity data and the World Bank database for socioeconomic data. Dependent variables included obesity prevalence among all adults (18+ years), males, females, young adults (18–24 years), adults (25–59 years), and older adults (60+ years). Results: We found significant geographic and socioeconomic disparities in adult obesity in Indonesia. In terms of region, districts in Java and Bali had a significantly higher prevalence of obesity than those in Papua, Maluku, and Nusa Tenggara. Districts in Java had 29%, 32%, 60%, and 28% higher prevalence of obesity among all adults, female adults, young adults, and adults. By income, compared to the poorest ones, most affluent districts had a significantly higher prevalence of obesity; they had a 36%, 39%, 34%, 42%, 33%, and 73% higher prevalence of obesity among all adults, males, females, young adults, adults, and older adults. Similarly, by education, compared to the least educated ones, the most educated districts had a significantly higher prevalence of obesity; they had a 34%, 42%, 29%, 36%, and 80% higher prevalence of obesity among all adults, males, females, adults, and older adults. Conclusions: There are significant disparities in adult obesity among 514 districts in Indonesia. Efforts by policymakers and stakeholders are needed to reduce obesity among adults, especially within districts with high prevalence.
The Pathogenetic Role of Melatonin in Migraine and Its Theoretic Implications for Pharmacotherapy: A Brief Overview of the Research
Authors: Zduńska Anna , Cegielska Joanna , Domitrz Izabela
Published: August 2022

Migraine is a chronic disease of global concern, regardless of socio-economic and cultural background. It most often and intensely affects young adults, especially women. Numerous mechanisms of a migraine attack have been identified (disturbances in the reaction of vessels, functions of neurotransmitters, cortical neurons, ion channels, receptors, the process of neurogenic inflammation), and many of its symptoms can be explained by activation of the hypothalamus and disturbances in its communication with other brain regions (including the brainstem). Numerous neuropeptides and neurochemical systems also play a role in migraine. One of them is melatonin, a hormone that allows the body to adapt to cyclically changing environmental and food conditions. In this article, we present the pathophysiological basis of melatonin release from the pineal gland and other tissues (including the intestines) under the influence of various stimuli (including light and food), and its role in stimulating the brain structures responsible for triggering a migraine attack. We analyze publications concerning research on the role of melatonin in various headaches, in various stages of migraine, and in various phases of the menstrual cycle in women with migraine, and its impact on the occurrence and severity of migraine attacks. Melatonin as an internally secreted substance, but also present naturally in many foods. It is possible to supplement melatonin in the form of pharmaceutical preparations, and it seems, to be a good complementary therapy (due to the lack of significant side effects and pharmacological interactions) in the treatment of migraine, especially: in women of childbearing age, in people taking multiple medications for other diseases, as well as those sensitive to pharmacotherapy.
Legionella pneumophila Infection of Human Macrophages Retains Golgi Structure but Reduces O-Glycans
Authors: Fu Yanlin , Macwan Vinitha , Heineman Rebecca Emily-Sue , Terebiznik Mauricio R. , Harrison Rene E.
Published: August 2022

Legionella pneumophila is an accidental pathogen that replicates intracellularly within the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV) in macrophages. Within an hour of infection, L. pneumophila secretes effectors to manipulate Rab1 and intercept ER-derived vesicles to the LCV. The downstream consequences of interrupted ER trafficking on the Golgi of macrophages are not clear. We examined the Golgi structure and function in L. pneumophila-infected human U937 macrophages. Intriguingly, the size of the Golgi in infected macrophages remained similar to uninfected macrophages. Furthermore, TEM analysis also did not reveal any significant changes in the ultrastructure of the Golgi in L. pneumophila-infected cells. Drug-induced Golgi disruption impacted bacterial replication in human macrophages, suggesting that an intact organelle is important for bacteria growth. To probe for Golgi functionality after L. pneumophila infection, we assayed glycosylation levels using fluorescent lectins. Golgi O-glycosylation levels, visualized by the fluorescent cis-Golgi lectin, Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA), significantly decreased over time as infection progressed, compared to control cells. N-glycosylation levels in the Golgi, as measured by L-PHA lectin staining, were not impacted by L. pneumophila infection. To understand the mechanism of reduced O-glycans in the Golgi we monitored UDP-GalNAc transporter levels in infected macrophages. The solute carrier family 35 membrane A2 (SLC35A2) protein levels were significantly reduced in L. pneumophila-infected U937 and HeLa cells and L. pneumophila growth in human macrophages benefitted from GalNAc supplementation. The pronounced reduction in Golgi HPA levels was dependent on the translocation apparatus DotA expression in bacteria and occurred in a ubiquitin-independent manner. Thus, L. pneumophila infection of human macrophages maintains and requires an intact host Golgi ultrastructure despite known interference of ER–Golgi trafficking. Finally, L. pneumophila infection blocks the formation of O-linked glycans and reduces SLC35A2 protein levels in infected human macrophages.
Improving Aqueous Solubility and In Vitro Pharmacokinetic Properties of the 3-Nitroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Antileishmanial Pharmacophore
Authors: Paoli-Lombardo Romain , Primas Nicolas , Bourgeade-Delmas Sandra , Hutter Sébastien , Sournia-Saquet Alix , Boudot Clotilde , Brenot Emilie , Castera-Ducros Caroline , Corvaisier Sophie , Since Marc , Malzert-Fréon Aurélie , Courtioux Bertrand , Valentin Alexis , Verhaeghe Pierre , Azas Nadine , Rathelot Pascal , Vanelle Patrice
Published: August 2022

An antileishmanial structure–activity relationship (SAR) study focused on positions 2 and 8 of the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ring was conducted through the synthesis of 22 new derivatives. After being screened on the promatigote and axenic amastigote stages of Leishmania donovani and L. infantum, the best compounds were tested against the intracellular amastigote stage of L. infantum and evaluated regarding their in vitro physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties, leading to the discovery of a new antileishmanial6-chloro-3-nitro-8-(pyridin-4-yl)-2-[(3,3,3-trifluoropropylsulfonyl)methyl]imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine hit. It displayed low cytotoxicities on both HepG2 and THP1 cell lines (CC50 > 100 µM) associated with a good activity against the intracellular amastigote stage of L. infantum (EC50 = 3.7 µM versus 0.4 and 15.9 µM for miltefosine and fexinidazole, used as antileishmanial drug references). Moreover, in comparison with previously reported derivatives in the studied series, this compound displayed greatly improved aqueous solubility, good mouse microsomal stability (T1/2 > 40 min) and high gastrointestinal permeability in a PAMPA model, making it an ideal candidate for further in vivo studies on an infectious mouse model.
From Automated Synthesis to In Vivo Application in Multiple Types of Cancer—Clinical Results with [68Ga]Ga-DATA5m.SA.FAPi
Authors: Greifenstein Lukas , Kramer Carsten S. , Moon Euy Sung , Rösch Frank , Klega Andre , Landvogt Christian , Müller Corinna , Baum Richard P.
Published: August 2022

Radiolabeled FAPI (fibroblast activation protein inhibitors) recently gained attention as widely applicable imaging and potential therapeutic compounds targeting CAF (cancer-associated fibroblasts) or DAF (disease-associated fibroblasts in benign disorders). Moreover, the use of FAPI has distinct advantages compared to FDG (e.g., increased sensitivity in regions with high glucose metabolism, no need for fasting, and rapid imaging). In this study, we wanted to evaluate the radiochemical synthesis and the clinical properties of the new CAF-targeting tracer [68Ga]Ga-DATA5m.SA.FAPi. The compound consists of a (radio)chemically easy to use hybrid chelate DATA.SA, which can be labeled at low temperatures, making it an interesting molecule for ‘instant kit-type’ labeling, and a squaric acid moiety that provides distinct advantages for synthesis and radiolabeling. Our work demonstrates that automatic synthesis of the FAP inhibitor [68Ga]Ga-DATA5m.SA.FAPi is feasible and reproducible, providing convenient access to this new hybrid chelator-based tracer. Our studies demonstrated the diagnostic usability of [68Ga]Ga-DATA5m.SA.FAPi for the unambiguous detection of cancer-associated fibroblasts of various carcinomas and their metastases (NSCLC, liposarcoma, parotid tumors, prostate cancer, and pancreas adenocarcinoma), while physiological uptake in brain, liver, intestine, bone, and lungs was very low.