bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mirror on the Wall: Photography, Logos, and the Problem of Writing in Ken Lum
Authors: Steiner Shepherd
Published: October 2016

This article focuses on the work of Vancouver artist Ken Lum. It argues that the motif of voice, the question of identity, and the problem of writing that surfaces in Lum’s work should be understood as integral to the early reception of Deconstruction in Canada. Through close readings of Lum’s work the author reconstructs the importance of logos, a question that is situated in turn as part of a generational dialogue Lum had with key figures of the so-called Vancouver School of photoconceptualism. With special emphasis on the Portrait-Logos, the Portrait-Repeated Texts, and the Photo-Mirrors, the article isolates Lum’s politics of voice and shows the ways in which his recurrent motifs of class, labour, micro-trauma, and mirroring exist in an uneasy relationship with the Vancouver School. Finally, the article dissects the consistent relationship between image and text that Lum’s work explores.
Kelly Cristina da Silva-Gonçalves, José Fernando A. Baumgratz & André Felippe Nunes-Freitas (2016) A new species of Bertolonia (Melastomataceae) from the Southeastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Phytotaxa 273 (2): 115–121.
Authors: SILVA-GONÇALVES KELLY CRISTINA DA , BAUMGRATZ JOSÉ FERNANDO A. , NUNES-FREITAS ANDRÉ FELIPPE
Published: October 2016

N/A
Update of the genus Leptochiton (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in Chilean deep waters: three new reports and description of two new species
Authors: SIRENKO BORIS , SELLANES JAVIER
Published: October 2016

We update the list of the bathyal chitons of the genus Leptochiton inhabiting Chilean waters. We report new records of Leptochiton belknapi and L. laurae, the first record of L. sigwartae for the area and the new species L. ibanezi sp. nov. and L. ferreirai sp. nov. With 12 species, including those described herein as new, the highest species richness of Leptochiton is found in Chilean deep waters. Taking into consideration the potential late Paleozoic origin of the genus Leptochiton, we propose that Leptochiton originated in the old Pacific Ocean and migrated to the young Atlantic Ocean. However, the genus has also been considered non-monophyletic.
Physoschistura walongensis, a new species of loach (Teleostei: Nemacheilidae) from Arunachal Pradesh, northeastern India
Authors: TAMANG LAKPA , SINHA BIKRAMJIT
Published: October 2016

Physoschistura walongensis, new species, is described from the bank of the Lohit River (upper Brahmaputra River basin) in the eastern most part of the state Arunachal Pradesh at an altitude of 1096 m above sea level. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters: an incomplete lateral line extending at least to the anal-fin origin and maximally to the tip of the adpressed anal fin, with 71–89 canal pores; a rounded suborbital flap, the posterior margin of which slightly exceeds the anterior orbital margin, occupying less orbital area; body with 11–18 irregular vertical bars on the flank, bars more irregular on the anterior portion of the body than on posterior; 1–4 bars bifurcate ventrally; 1–4 saddles along the ventrolateral side of the body; a moderately thick W-shaped basicaudal bar; a prominent axillary pelvic fin lobe; dark brown mottled markings on the head; and forked caudal fin with 9 upper + 8 lower branched rays.
Pseudochromis yamasakii, new species of dottyback fish from Japan (Teleostei: Pseudochromidae: Pseudochrominae)
Authors: GILL ANTHONY C. , SENOU HIROSHI
Published: October 2016

Gill (2004) recognised fifty-seven species in the Indo-Pacific genus Pseudochromis Rüppell (1835) but noted that the genus is undiagnosed cladistically and effectively serves as a catch-all for species that can’t be placed in other pseudochromine genera (sensu Gill 2013). Since publication of Gill’s revision, 13 additional species of Pseudochromis have been described, mostly based on recent collections from the highly diverse Coral Triangle area of the West Pacific (Gill & Allen 2004, 2011; Allen et al. 2008; Gill et al. 2009, 2012a,b; Gill & Williams 2011; Gill & Zajonz 2011; Allen & Erdmann 2012). We herein describe an additional new species, which is known on the basis of a single specimen from Kii Peninsula, Honshu, Japan, and from several photographs from the Kii Peninsula and Izu Islands, Japan.
Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) with particular reference to Kenya. Part 10. Pyrginae, Carcharodini
Authors: COCK MATTHEW J. W.
Published: October 2016

Partial life histories are presented for Spialia kituina (Karsch), S. spio (Linnaeus), S. diomus (Hopffer), S. colotes transvaaliae (Trimen), S. dromus (Plötz), S. ploetzi (Aurivillius), S. zebra bifida Higgins and Gomalia elma elma (Trimen). All feed on species of Malvaceae. An earlier record from Kenya of Melhania velutina as the food plant of S. depauperata depauperata (Strand) was based on a misidentification and there are no known records of the food plant of this subspecies. Spialia ferax (Wallengren) stat. rev. is considered a valid species rather than a subspecies of S. diomus, based on significant differences in wing patterns, the shape of the valves, a zone where neither occurs, no signs that a cline is involved, and differences in the colouring and markings of the caterpillars. The convergence of the biology of the chequered skippers of the tribes Carcharodini, Pyrgini and Celaenorrhini is discussed.
A new species of the hermit crab genus Areopaguristes Rahayu & McLaughlin (Crustacea, Decapoda, Anomura, Paguroidea, Diogenidae) from the Mexican Pacific
Authors: AYÓN-PARENTE MANUEL , HENDRICKX MICHEL E.
Published: October 2016

A new species of hermit crab, Areopaguristes espetacioni, family Diogenidae, is described and illustrated in detail, including the color pattern in live/fresh specimens. This is the fifth species of Areopaguristes reported from the eastern Pacific. Given the morphological similarity between Areopaguristes espetacioni n. sp. and A. tudgei Lemaitre & Felder, 2012, these can be considered sister species. The presence of a long rostrum, the antennal flagella with short setae, chelipeds and ambulatories legs with dense plumose setae, and telson with calcareous teeth on the posterior margin allow to separate Areopaguristes espetacioni n. sp. from all other species in the genus previously described for the region. A key for Areopaguristes species from the eastern tropical Pacific is provided.
Solar Irradiance Nowcasting Case Studies near Sacramento
Authors: Lee Jared A. , Haupt Sue Ellen , Jiménez Pedro A. , Rogers Matthew A. , Miller Steven D. , McCandless Tyler C.
Published: October 2016

The Sun4Cast solar power forecasting system, designed to predict solar irradiance and power generation at solar farms, is composed of several component models operating on both the nowcasting (0–6 h) and day-ahead forecast horizons. The different nowcasting models include a statistical forecasting model (StatCast), two satellite-based forecasting models [the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere Nowcast (CIRACast) and the Multisensor Advection-Diffusion Nowcast (MADCast)], and a numerical weather prediction model (WRF-Solar). It is important to better understand and assess the strengths and weaknesses of these short-range models to facilitate further improvements. To that end, each of these models, including four WRF-Solar configurations, was evaluated for four case days in April 2014. For each model, the 15-min average predicted global horizontal irradiance (GHI) was compared with GHI observations from a network of seven pyranometers operated by the Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD) in California. Each case day represents a canonical sky-cover regime for the SMUD region and thus represents different modeling challenges. The analysis found that each of the nowcasting models perform better or worse for particular lead times and weather situations. StatCast performs best in clear skies and for 0–1-h forecasts; CIRACast and MADCast perform reasonably well when cloud fields are not rapidly growing or dissipating; and WRF-Solar, when configured with a high-spatial-resolution aerosol climatology and a shallow cumulus parameterization, generally performs well in all situations. Further research is needed to develop an optimal dynamic blending technique that provides a single best forecast to energy utility operators.
Literature as re-representation: Calvino and the encyclopedic novel
Authors: Kubati Ron
Published: October 2016

In Calvino’s works, the best fruits of contemporary scientific and anthropological disciplines become transferred to the field of literature, and challenge existing generic conventions in different ways, thereby creating experimental hybrids between non-fiction and fiction. Clearly, Calvino’s stated preference for the short story derives from its flexibility, since it is simultaneously open to genres such as non-fiction and fiction. Furthermore, the short story does not exclude the novel. On the contrary, by using the short story the novel sews together a network of representations and possible parallel universes, thus shaping a kind of network novel. This form of network novel, consisting of real and possible worlds, seems to be the best way of sustaining an encyclopedic re-description of the world and its potentialities. Additionally for Calvino, the best representation of this interdependent multiplicity is the city; his work’s deepest impulse is a new cultural map ranging from the geographic and scientific to the economic and philosophic, instituting a re-representation of the world in the conditions of the new hyper-environment made of space and knowledge. The very idea of the network novel suggests both a map and a continuity between episodes and fragments, inhabited by a kind of a network human being who is capable of stitching together their own fragments and properly holding the multiplicity.
Social Theory and the Politics of Big Data and Method
Authors: Frade Carlos
Published: October 2016

This article is an intervention in the debate on big data. It seeks to show, first, that behind the wager to make sociology more relevant to the digital there lies a coherent if essentially unstated vision and a whole stance which are more a symptom of the current world than a resolute endeavour to think that world through; hence the conclusion that the perspective prevailing in the debate lacks both the theoretical grip and the practical impulse to initiate a much needed renewal of social theory and sociology. Second, and more importantly, the article expounds an alternative view and shows by thus doing that other possibilities of engaging the digital can be pursued. The article is therefore an invitation to widen the debate on big data and the digital and a call for a more combative social theory.
Effects of Nurses’ Perceptions of Actual and Demanded Competence on Turnover Intentions
Authors: Takase Miyuki , Yamamoto Masako , Sato Yoko , Imai Takiko , Kawamoto Mitsuko
Published: October 2016

With the growing focus on continuous professional development, demands placed on nurses to uphold nursing competence have been increasing. This study examined how nurses with different lengths of clinical experience perceived the relationship between their actual competence and the competence they felt was demanded of them, and how this relationship was related to their turnover intentions. Survey questionnaires were distributed to 1,377 nurses, of whom 765 returned usable completed forms. The results showed that across all the groups of clinical experience, nurses perceived the demanded competence levels to be higher than their actual competence levels. However, turnover intentions were not related to nurses’ perceptions of demanded competence and were negatively related to perceptions of actual competence. The levels of competence demanded should not be considered as threats for nurses. Improving nurses’ competence may reduce their turnover intentions.
Association between ATG16L1 gene polymorphism and the risk of Crohn’s disease
Authors: Zhang Bei-Bei , Liang Yu , Yang Bo , Tan Ying-Jun
Published: October 2016

Objective

To perform a meta-analysis to evaluate studies investigating the association between ATG16L1 gene polymorphism and Crohn’s disease.

Methods

PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched for all studies focusing on the association of ATG16L1 and Crohn’s disease. Combined odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for four genetic models (allelic model: G allele versus A allele; additive model: GG versus AA; dominant model: GA + GG versus AA; recessive model: GG versus GA + AA) using either a random effects or fixed effects model.

Results

A total of 47 case–control studies involving 18 638 cases and 30 181 controls were included in the final meta-analysis. There was a significant association between ATG16L1 and Crohn’s disease for all four genetic models. Significant associations were also shown in subgroup analyses when stratified by study design (population- or hospital-based).

Conclusion

In this meta-analysis, the ATG16L1 genotype was significantly associated with the risk of developing Crohn’s disease.
Community engineering: Raising awareness, skills and knowledge to contribute towards sustainable development
Authors: Shekar A , Drain A
Published: October 2016

Traditional approaches in engineering product development are not suited to resource-constrained rural villages, as these contexts are complex and very different. There are language barriers, social and cultural differences, lack of infrastructure and limited access to electricity and other basic amenities. This led us to explore a number of engineering projects undertaken for these under-served markets. Our results indicate that a new approach that is more collaborative and one that is community-based is required.
Occipital nerve stimulation improves the quality of life in medically-intractable chronic cluster headache: Results of an observational prospective study
Authors: Fontaine Denys , Blond Serge , Lucas Christian , Regis Jean , Donnet Anne , Derrey Stéphane , Guegan-Massardier Evelyne , Jarraya Bechir , Dang-Vu Bich , Bourdain Frederic , Valade Dominique , Roos Caroline , Creach Christèle , Chabardes Stéphan , Giraud Pierric , Voirin Jimmy , Bloch Jocelyne , Rocca Alda , Colnat-Coulbois Sophie , Caire Francois , Roger Coralie , Romettino Sylvie , Lanteri-Minet Michel
Published: October 2016

Background

Occipital nerve stimulation (ONS) has been proposed to treat chronic medically-intractable cluster headache (iCCH) in small series of cases without evaluation of its functional and emotional impacts.

Methods

We report the multidimensional outcome of a large observational study of iCCH patients, treated by ONS within a nationwide multidisciplinary network ( https://clinicaltrials.gov NCT01842763), with a one-year follow-up. Prospective evaluation was performed before surgery, then three and 12 months after.

Results

One year after ONS, the attack frequency per week was decreased >30% in 64% and >50% in 59% of the 44 patients. Mean (Standard Deviation) weekly attack frequency decreased from 21.5 (16.3) to 10.7 (13.8) ( p = 0.0002). About 70% of the patients responded to ONS, 47.8% being excellent responders. Prophylactic treatments could be decreased in 40% of patients. Functional (HIT-6 and MIDAS scales) and emotional (HAD scale) impacts were significantly improved, as well as the health-related quality of life (EQ-5D). The mean (SD) EQ-5D visual analogic scale score increased from 35.2 (23.6) to 51.9 (25.7) ( p = 0.0037). Surgical minor complications were observed in 33% of the patients.

Conclusion

ONS significantly reduced the attack frequency per week, as well as the functional and emotional headache impacts in iCCH patients, and dramatically improved the health-related quality of life of responders.
Gender Differences in Depressive Symptoms Among HIV-Positive Concordant and Discordant Heterosexual Couples in China
Authors: Li Li , Liang Li-Jung , Lin Chunqing , Ji Guoping , Xiao Yongkang
Published: October 2016

HIV seropositive individuals and their heterosexual partners/spouses, either seropositive or seronegative, are facing several mental health challenges. The objective of this study was to examine gender differences in depressive symptoms among HIV-positive concordant and HIV-discordant couples. We identified heterosexual couples from participants of a randomized controlled trial conducted in Anhui province, China. A total of 265 couples, comprising 129 HIV+ male/HIV− female couples, 98 HIV− male/HIV+ female couples, and 38 HIV-positive concordant couples, were included in the analyses. We collected data using the computer-assisted personal interview method. We used a linear mixed-effects regression model to assess whether gender differences in depressive symptoms varied across couple types. HIV-positive women reported a significantly higher level of depressive symptoms than their partners/spouses. HIV-positive women with HIV-positive partners had higher depressive symptoms than those with HIV-negative partners, whereas HIV-positive men reported similar levels of depressive symptoms regardless of their partners’ serostatus. Among the concordant couples, those with the highest annual family income showed the greatest gender differences in depressive symptoms. We suggest that family interventions should be gender- and couple-type specific and that mental health counseling is warranted not only for HIV-positive women but also for HIV-negative women in an HIV-affected relationship.
A Conceptual Content Analysis of 75 Years of Diversity Research in Public Administration
Authors: Sabharwal Meghna , Levine Helisse , D’Agostino Maria
Published: October 2016

Diversity is an important facet of public administration, thus it is important to take stock and examine how the discipline has evolved in response to questions of representative democracy, social equity, and diversity. This article assesses the state-of-the-field by addressing the following question: How has research on diversity in the field of public administration progressed over time? Specifically, we seek to examine how the focus of diversity has transformed over time and the way the field has responded to half a century of legislation and policies aimed at both promoting equality and embracing difference. We utilize a conceptual content analysis approach to examine articles published on diversity in seven key public administration journals since 1940. The implications of this study are of great importance given that diversity in the workplace is a central issue for modern public management.
Mycobacterium haemophilum infection in a juvenile leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea)
Authors: Donnelly Kyle , Waltzek Thomas B. , Wellehan James F. X. , Stacy Nicole I. , Chadam Maria , Stacy Brian A.
Published: October 2016

Mycobacteriosis is infrequently reported in free-ranging sea turtles. Nontuberculous Mycobacterium haemophilum was identified as the causative agent of disseminated mycobacteriosis in a juvenile leatherback turtle ( Dermochelys coriacea) that was found stranded on the Atlantic coast of Florida. Disseminated granulomatous inflammation was identified histologically, most notably affecting the nervous system. Identification of mycobacterial infection was based on cytologic, molecular, histologic, and microbiologic methods. Among stranded sea turtles received for diagnostic evaluation from the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the United States between 2004 and 2015, the diagnosis of mycobacteriosis was overrepresented in stranded oceanic-phase juveniles compared with larger size classes, which suggests potential differences in susceptibility or exposure among different life phases in this region. We describe M. haemophilum in a sea turtle, which contributes to the knowledge of diseases of small juvenile sea turtles, an especially cryptic life phase of the leatherback turtle.
Evaluation of a PCR assay on overgrown environmental samples cultured for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Arango-Sabogal Juan C. , Labrecque Olivia , Paré Julie , Fairbrother Julie-Hélène , Roy Jean-Philippe , Wellemans Vincent , Fecteau Gilles
Published: October 2016

Culture of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the definitive antemortem test method for paratuberculosis. Microbial overgrowth is a challenge for MAP culture, as it complicates, delays, and increases the cost of the process. Additionally, herd status determination is impeded when noninterpretable (NI) results are obtained. The performance of PCR is comparable to fecal culture, thus it may be a complementary detection tool to classify NI samples. Our study aimed to determine if MAP DNA can be identified by PCR performed on NI environmental samples and to evaluate the performance of PCR before and after the culture of these samples in liquid media. A total of 154 environmental samples (62 NI, 62 negative, and 30 positive) were analyzed by PCR before being incubated in an automated system. Growth was confirmed by acid-fast bacilli stain and then the same PCR method was again applied on incubated samples, regardless of culture and stain results. Change in MAP DNA after incubation was assessed by converting the PCR quantification cycle (Cq) values into fold change using the 2−ΔCq method (ΔCq = Cq after culture − Cq before culture). A total of 1.6% (standard error [SE] = 1.6) of the NI environmental samples had detectable MAP DNA. The PCR had a significantly better performance when applied after culture than before culture ( p = 0.004). After culture, a 66-fold change (SE = 17.1) in MAP DNA was observed on average. Performing a PCR on NI samples improves MAP culturing. The PCR method used in our study is a reliable and consistent method to classify NI environmental samples.
Assessing the Effectiveness of a School-Based Dental Clinic on the Oral Health of Children Who Lack Access to Dental Care
Authors: Carpino Rachel , Walker Mary P. , Liu Ying , Simmer-Beck Melanie
Published: October 2016

This program evaluation examines the effectiveness of a school-based dental clinic. A repeated-measures design was used to longitudinally examine secondary data from participants ( N = 293). Encounter intensity was developed to normalize data. Multivariate analysis of variance and Kruskal–Wallis test were used to investigate the effect of encounter intensity on the change in decay, restorations, and treatment urgency. A Pearson’s correlation was used to measure the strengths of association. Encounter intensity had a statistically significant effect on change in decay ( p = .005), restorations ( p = .000), and treatment urgency ( p = .001). As encounter intensity increased, there was a significant association with the decrease in decay (−.167), increase in restorations (.221), and reduction in referral urgency (−.188). Incorporating dental care into a school-based health center resulted in improved oral health in underserved children while overcoming barriers that typically restrict access. The collaboration of school nurses with the school-based dental clinic was an important element for maximizing student access to dental care.
From the Constituent’s Eye
Authors: Winburn Jonathan , Henderson Michael , Dowling Conor M.
Published: October 2016

States have increasingly taken the process of redistricting out of the hands of elected legislators and placed it with the public. The shift is in part driven by a concern that legislators are motivated to partition districts to advantage their own and their political party’s electoral prospects, whereas citizens are not. We know little, however, about the preferences of the public when it comes to redistricting. One party-based argument is that individuals should prefer to share a district with as many like-minded partisans as possible to maximize their legislative representation, whereas other arguments suggest that nonpartisan factors, such as sharing a district with their community, may be more important. Using a novel experimental design, we find that for most participants, the draw to share a district with copartisans is stronger than a preference for preserving a community (county) within the district even when participants are specifically instructed to attend to local jurisdictional boundaries.
Influence of a spanning liquid film on the stability and buckling of a circular loop with intrinsic curvature or intrinsic twist density
Authors: Hoang Tuan , Fried Eliot
Published: October 2016

A variational model is used to study the behavior of a flexible but inextensible loop spanned by a liquid film, with the objective of explaining the stability and buckling of flat circular configurations. Loops made from filaments with intrinsic curvature and/or intrinsic twist density are considered, but attention is restricted to filaments with circular cross sections and uniform mechanical properties. Loops made with intrinsic curvature but no intrinsic twist density exhibit in-plane and out-of-plane buckling modes corresponding to stable solution branches that bifurcate from the branch of flat circular solutions and out-of-plane buckling occurs at a lower value of the dimensionless surface tension of the liquid film than does in-plane buckling. Additionally, however, the destabilizing influence of the intrinsic curvature can be countered by increasing the torsional rigidity relative to the flexural rigidity. For a loop with both intrinsic curvature and intrinsic twist density, only one branch of stable solutions bifurcates from the flat circular solution branch, the in-plane and out-of-plane buckling modes are intertwined, and bifurcation occurs at a value of the dimensionless surface tension less than that governing the behavior of loops made from filaments that are intrinsically rectilinear. Moreover, increasing the torsional rigidity relative to the flexural rigidity has no or little stabilizing effect if the loop is either too short or too long and, in contrast to what occurs for loops with only intrinsic curvature, if the intrinsic twist density is sufficiently large then the destabilizing influence of the intrinsic curvature cannot be countered by increasing the torsional rigidity relative to the flexural rigidity, regardless of the length of the loop.
A Contextual Factors Framework to Inform Implementation and Evaluation of Public Health Initiatives
Authors: Vanderkruik Rachel , McPherson Marianne E.
Published: October 2016

Evaluating initiatives implemented across multiple settings can elucidate how various contextual factors may influence both implementation and outcomes. Understanding context is especially critical when the same program has varying levels of success across settings. We present a framework for evaluating contextual factors affecting an initiative at multiple phases of its life cycle, including design, implementation, scale-up, spread, and sustainability. After providing a brief overview of related frameworks from the fields of improvement science and implementation science and of the methods by which we drew from this literature to develop the current framework, we present how this framework was customized and applied to three national public health initiatives. We close with implications for how evaluators can apply the framework to facilitate a deeper understanding of a program’s implementation and success, collaborate with project stakeholders, and facilitate sustainability, spread, and scale-up of public health initiatives.
What makes human–animal relations ‘organizational’? The de-scription of anthrozootechnical agencements
Authors: Doré Antoine , Michalon Jérôme
Published: October 2016

Questions concerning animals’ role in society have received little attention from Organization Studies. This article develops and tests some theoretical and methodological propositions aimed at contributing to the elaboration of an analytical framework for interpreting our organized relations with animals and furthering our understanding of what makes human–animal relations ‘organizational’. First, examining the role of animals in the ‘non-human turn’ that has been emerging, especially with the Actor–Network Theory and the Symmetrical Anthropology project, it adresses the limits of the ‘non-human’ category to analyze situations of coordination of collective action involving animals. It then develops the concept of anthrozootechnical agencement to envisage the role of animals in the course of action through the lens of their relational properties and applies the notion of script to propose an operational formulation of the specifically organizational trials to which these particular agencements are subjected. Based on three case studies (the role of the leash in the organization of human–dog relations, the management of wolves’ return to France, and the production of milk on a dairy farm), this article shows that two main types of operation make human–animal relations ‘organizational’: first, the organization of anthrozootechnical relations is constituted by and constitutive of the combination of three types of specifically organizational test to which these particular agencements are subjected (the performance test, the coherence test, and the dimensioning test); second, the work of organizing anthrozootechnical relations then consists in elaborating, executing, and transforming heterogeneous scripts that are never strictly indexed on the nature (human, animal, technique) of the entities they concern.
In vivo detection of connectivity between cortical and white matter lesions in early MS
Authors: Tillema Jan-Mendelt , Weigand Stephen D , Mandrekar Jay , Shu Yunhong , Lucchinetti Claudia F , Pirko Istvan , Port John D
Published: October 2016

Background:

The relationship between cortical lesions (CLs) and white matter lesions (WMLs) in multiple sclerosis (MS) is poorly understood. Pathological studies support a topographical association between CLs and underlying subcortical WMLs and suggest CLs may play a role in both disease initiation and progression. We hypothesized that cortical MS lesions are physically connected to white matter MS lesions via axonal connections.

Objective:

To assess the presence of CL-WML connectivity utilizing novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methodology.

Methods:

In all, 28 relapsing-remitting MS patients and 25 controls received 3 T MRI scans, including double inversion recovery (DIR) for CL detection coupled with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). CL and WML maps were created, and DTI was used to calculate inter-lesional connectivity and volumetric connectivity indices.

Results:

All patients showed inter-lesional WML connectivity (median 76% of WMLs connected to another WML; interquartile range (IQR), 58%–88%). On average, 52% of detected CLs per patient were connected to at least one WML (IQR, 42%–71%). Volumetric connectivity analysis showed significantly elevated cortical lesion ratios in MS patients (median, 2.3; IQR, 1.6–3.3) compared to null MS and healthy control datasets ( p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

These findings provide strong evidence of inter-lesional connectivity between CLs and WMLs, supporting our hypothesis of intrinsic CL-WML connectivity.
Proliferation of crime causation theories in an era of fragmentation: Reflections on the current state of criminological theory
Authors: Bruinsma Gerben
Published: October 2016

In this presidential address I reflect on the theme of the 2015 annual European Society of Criminology meeting by addressing and discussing the issue of the overwhelming number of crime causation theories in criminology, as well as providing a brief assessment of their quality. The discipline possesses a mixture of hundreds of perspectives, definitions, ideas, sketches, multiple factors, theories and single hypotheses that are partly true and partly untrue, and none are completely true or untrue. It will be argued that, among other factors, criminologists in fact apply hardly any rule to distinguish between true and untrue theories. I sketch the evolution of the discipline and some of its features that led to the current state of affairs. With these issues in mind I raise the question of whether this situation is good or bad for criminology. A future challenge for the discipline will be a stronger commitment by criminological researchers to design more epistemological and methodological studies to limit further proliferation of criminological theories and improve their quality. To reach that reduction, three strategies will be discussed.
Midlife Awakening
Authors: Lear Glenna
Published: October 2016

This article explores women’s midlife learning as an awakening of the self in the process of being in the world and interacting with others and uses the author’s personal experience of transformation as a developmental change with the emergence of personal growth and self-realization of a more complete, balanced, and fulfilled self. In the process, the women developed new identities and flourished with the realization of their potential. The women learned implicitly and incidentally from experience and through their bodily senses and emotions from being in the lived world and engaging with others. They appeared to practice mindfulness intuitively and used their inner resources, imaginations, and creativity to adapt to change and find new challenges and opportunities to take them into the next stage of life. The author uses personal construct theory to theorize how the women were able to initiate their own change and growth with minimal outside intervention.
What Factors Influence the Outcome of Surgically Treated Soft Tissue Sarcomas of the Hand and Wrist?
Authors: Houdek Matthew T. , Walczak Brian E. , Wilke Benjamin K. , Kakar Sanjeev , Rose Peter S. , Shin Alexander Y.
Published: October 2016

Background: Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) of the hand are exceedingly rare. The aim of this study was to review our institution’s experience with STS of the hand to identify factors affecting outcomes and survivorship. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 46 hand STS treated with definitive surgery at our institution between 1992 and 2013. Pertinent demographics as well as information regarding the surgical procedure, and disease status at latest follow-up were reviewed. Mean age at diagnosis was 38 years with a mean follow-up of 5 years. Results: The most common tumor subtypes were epithelioid (n = 10) and synovial sarcoma (n = 8). Sixty-one percent were superficial in location. Thirty-three patients had had a nononcologic resection prior to definitive surgical treatment at our institution. Ultimately, negative margins were obtained in all cases. Local recurrence was observed in 5 patients and distant metastases in 14 patients. Tumor sizes ≥2 cm, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) grade, and depth of the tumor were found to adversely affect the outcome in terms of disease-free and overall survival. Reexcision of an inadvertently excised tumor at an outside institution did not adversely affect the outcome. The 10-year overall and disease-free survival was 72% and 63%. Conclusions: Local recurrence after a wide excision was observed infrequently; however, distant disease was relatively common. Tumors with a size ≥2 cm were associated with a worse disease-free and overall survival, highlighting the aggressive nature of these tumors.
Monsters and Madwomen? Neurosis, Ambition and Mothering in Women Lawyers in Film
Authors: Schulz Jennifer L. , Youn JiHyun
Published: October 2016

In this article we engage with the writings of feminist scholars Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, whose landmark work The Madwoman in the Attic critiques the image of the female madwoman or monster. We use Gilbert and Gubar’s thesis of the female monster as the primary analytical framework for excavating three variants of female madness as depicted in three films: madness as neurosis using Laws of Attraction; monstrosity as ambition using Michael Clayton; and madness/monstrosity as failed motherhood using I Am Sam. Our goals for this article are to explore the ways in which popular films featuring female lawyers channel the “madwoman/monster” metaphor; trace those characters in terms of neuroses, ambition, and motherhood; and argue for the possibility of reconfiguring the notion of “madwoman” as a valid and meaningful mode of female subjectivity that expands the field of possibilities for women lawyers.
Why do transient ischemic attack patients have higher early stroke recurrence risk than those with ischemic stroke? Influence of patient behavior and other risk factors in the North Dublin Population Stroke Study
Authors: Akijian Layan , Ní Chróinín Danielle , Callaly Elizabeth , Hannon Niamh , Marnane Michael , Merwick Áine , Sheehan Órla , Hayden Derek , Horgan Gillian , Duggan Joseph , Kyne Lorraine , O’Rourke Killian , Murphy Sean , Dolan Eamon , Williams David , Kelly Peter J
Published: October 2016

Background

Few studies have directly compared stroke recurrence rates after stroke and transient ischemic attack, and the risk factors underlying early recurrence are poorly understood. We aimed to investigate risk factors for recurrent stroke after first stroke and transient ischemic attack in a population-based study.

Methods

The North Dublin Population Stroke Study applied multiple overlapping hot and cold pursuit methods, to ascertain hospital- and community-treated stroke and transient ischemic attack patients over a 12-month period. Inclusion criteria were: (1) Stroke-physician confirmed transient ischemic attack/ischemic stroke; (2) first-stroke/transient ischemic attack event within the ascertainment period. Patients were prospectively followed at 72 h, 7, 28 and 90 days.

Results

A total of 584 patients met eligibility criteria (172 transient ischemic attack, 412 stroke). More transient ischemic attack than stroke patients presented to medical attention with recurrent stroke (8.24% vs. 0.24%, p = 0.0002). Recurrent stroke was more common after transient ischemic attack than index stroke at each time-interval (at 72 h, 4.07% vs. 1.23%, p = 0.03; at 90 days, 13.45% vs. 5.72%, p = 0.002). Stroke recurrence at 90 days was also associated with delay seeking medical attention after the index event (OR 3.2, p = 0.001), delayed anti-platelet (OR 2.8, p = 0.001) and statin (OR 2.4, p = 0.009) treatment, carotid stenosis/occlusion (OR 2.4, p = 0.008). On multivariable analysis, transient ischemic attack as index event (adjusted OR 2.3, p = 0.02), delayed statin treatment (OR 2.5, p = 0.02), and carotid stenosis/occlusion (OR 2.4, p = 0.02) were independent predictors of 90-day recurrent stroke.

Conclusion

A combination of pathophysiological and behavioral factors was associated with early stroke recurrence risk. Improved public awareness to reduce delays to self-referral for transient ischemic attack symptoms is needed.
Reproductive Phenology of Central Amazon Pioneer Trees
Authors: Bentos Tony V. , Mesquita Rita C. G. , Williamson G. Bruce
Published: October 2016

This study characterizes the flowering and fruiting phenology of the 13 most common pioneer tree species in early successional forests of the Central Amazon. For each species, 30 individuals, 10 each in three secondary forests, were monitored monthly for four years at the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, north of Manaus. Five species showed nearly continuous flowering and fruiting throughout the study, indicating that resources were available to pollinators and dispersers on a regular basis. The other eight species showed stronger seasonality in reproduction, seven of them annually, and one supra-annually. Overall, flowering was concentrated in the transition from the dry to the rainy season and fruiting was concentrated in the rainy season. There was no relationship between reproductive phenology and tree pollinator type or dispersal mode. Reproductive phenology was remarkably consistent year to year. The pioneer community showed a variety of phenological patterns but as a whole tended to be characterized by annual flowering and fruiting, either continuously or seasonally, thereby fitting generalizations of pioneer species relative to mature forest species.
The Potentials for Co-Management Approaches in Western Serengeti, Tanzania
Authors: Kideghesho Jafari R , Mtoni Paul E
Published: October 2016

Co-management arrangements are increasingly gaining popularity as an intervention to overcome the shortcomings of centralized management that impede harmonization of conflicting interests among the diverse stakeholder groups. The success of these arrangements depends, among other things, upon capitalizing on potentials existing in the area where they are intended to be implemented. This study was conducted in the western part of Serengeti National Park to analyze some potential for adopting the co-management approaches. We employed local communities' opinions, experience, knowledge, and attitudes to analyze these factors. The paper is framed around the premises that, among other things, co-management arrangements have the potential to work if: (i) the local communities have an outstanding level of awareness on the rationale of, and legal aspects pertaining to, wildlife conservation; (ii) the traditional institutions for management of natural resources exist and local communities have the ability to evaluate their performance, establish causes for inadequate performance and propose some workable solutions; (iii) local communities have the ability to evaluate different options for resource ownership and give valid reasons for opposing or supporting them. In conclusion we underscore the need for co-management approaches as an alternative intervention and a complement for current resource management approaches. We recommend promotion of local awareness on legal aspects of resource management, strengthening of traditional institutions for resource management and honoring people's choices of the types of resource ownership or rectifying the situations making them unpopular.
Conservation of Neotropical Herpetofauna: Research Trends and Challenges
Authors: Urbina-Cardona J. Nicolás
Published: October 2016

The Neotropics harbor between 30−50% of the world's herpetofauna. However, little is known about the ecology and natural history of many species, making conservation strategies difficult to plan. After reviewing published papers on world herpetofauna conservation, it was shown that conservation biology has a low impact factor in scientific journals in comparison with other related disciplines such as evolutionary biology and ecology. Moreover, herpetology has one of the lowest impact factors within the biological sciences journals. The number of publications on amphibian and reptile conservation has increased in recent years; however, only 31% of the papers on herpetofaunal conservation have been published in high impact journals. There are many challenges to overcome in the conservation of the Neotropical herpetofauna. Uniform and stable taxonomic nomenclature is critical to avoid overestimation of species richness and diversity for conservation assessments, and in the context of legal proceedings. Herpetofaunal research needs to be conducted within the appropriate socio-political and economic framework, in order to effectively implement conservation area networks. It is important to reevaluate the role of protected area systems in ensuring the persistence of communities and populations, and to identify strategies and future conservation priorities, based on climate-change scenarios. Population and community studies at different spatial and temporal scales are necessary to understand herpetofauna responses to anthropogenic disturbances, habitat loss and fragmentation, edge and matrix effects, and their synergy with micro-climatic gradients, emergent diseases and shifting patterns of genetic diversity. One of the biggest challenges for herpetofaunal conservation science in the neotropics is to control habitat loss and increase landscape connectivity along altitudinal gradients, while at the same time control species invasion that alter native species' interactions and spread emergent diseases (e.g. Chytridiomycosis) facilitated by climate change.
Applying Niche-Based Models to Predict Endangered-Hylid Potential Distributions: Are Neotropical Protected Areas Effective Enough?
Authors: Urbina-Cardona J. Nicolás , Loyola Rafael D.
Published: October 2016

Tropical amphibians face a severe decline crisis with ca. 35% of species being currently threatened in the Neotropics. We selected 16 endangered-hylid species and used species records to model their potential geographical distribution for the continental Neotropics. We found that there is a strong influence of slope in hylid geographical distribution that interacts synergistically with maximum rainfall and temperature changes over the year. We identified some intersecting areas of species overprediction along southern Neotropics, which could be important for future biological surveys searching for undescribed microendemic hylid species. Nine of the 16 studied hylids have small geographic ranges with only 25% of its potential distribution being currently protected in the Neotropics. The remaining seven species are still in need of additional conservation areas to ensure the protection of at least 25% of its original distribution range in Mesoamerica. Most Neotropical endangered hylids have only the periphery of their distribution protected with its core distribution outside protected areas. These species may be especially threatened because they now occur in small, isolated subpopulations due to habitat fragmentation and loss. We suggest that conservation efforts for Neotropical hylids should be focused on restricted-range species and in the establishment of additional conservation area networks in Mesoamerica. Remaining habitats for threatened hylids need to be managed as a coordinate network including site-scale and landscape-scale actions to buffer the extinction-driven process caused by inbreeding, genetic drift, and demographic stochasticity.
Relative Densities of Mammals in Response to Different Levels of Bushmeat Hunting in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania
Authors: Topp-Jørgensen Elmer , Nielsen Martin Reinhardt , Marshall Andrew R. , Pedersen Ulrik
Published: October 2016

Bushmeat hunting constitutes the most immediate threat to wildlife populations in the Udzungwa Mountains of the Eastern Afromontane biodiversity hotspot. This study assesses the impact of hunting by comparing densities of mammalian species between the little hunted West Kilombero Scarp Forest Reserve (WKSFR), the medium-hunted Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve (USFR) and the intensively hunted New Dabaga Ulongambi Forest Reserve (NDUFR). Of the 22 species recorded, 20 were present in WKSFR, 17 in USFR and 12 in NDUFR. Most large species (>40 kg.) were absent from hunted areas, while medium-sized species were reduced more than smaller species. Few traces of Abbott's duiker were observed in hunted areas and bush pig was reduced by more than 85% in hunted areas. Hunting appears to have little effect on relative abundance of primates, blue duiker, Harvey's duiker, aardvark, eastern tree hyrax, and giant pouched rat in USFR, at least for those areas surveyed. In NDUFR relative abundance of most mammals are reduced compared to the less hunted reserves. The exception is red colobus which were no less abundant than USFR. However in NDUFR, transects were placed in the best quality habitat for these habitat-sensitive monkeys, thus emphasising the additional role of habitat degradation. The effect of hunting appears to be proportional to the size of the species and the intensity of hunting, although effects of life history strategy, forest fragment size, isolation, and previous logging cannot be excluded. Reduction of hunting levels are paramount to the survival of large bodied species in USFR and for the continued presence of most species in NDUFR. This study furthermore constitutes an important baseline for monitoring the effect of current efforts to implement joint forest management in the Udzungwa Mountains.