bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Micromitriaceae: A new family of highly reduced mosses
Authors: Goffinet Bernard , Budke Jessica M. , Newman Leah C.
Published: February 2019

Morphological complexity tends to increase at a macroevolutionary scale among land plants, but reversals or loss of previously acquired complex traits occurs across various lineages and in particular in bryophytes. In mosses reduction may pertain to the leafy gametophyte and the architecture of the sporophyte, and is often considered linked to shifts in habitats. Reduction in morphological complexity may obscure the phylogenetic affinities of the taxa, in particular when multiple derived characters are lost. Ephemeraceae comprise two genera, Ephemerum and Micromitrium, growing typically on disturbed, seasonally moist soils. The hypothesis of a shared ancestry of these genera is drawn from the similarities in their highly reduced morphologies: their ephemeral gametophytes are tiny, bearing few leaves composed of typically smooth cells, and their capsules lack a differentiated lid and are nearly sessile. The family was historically included in Funariidae, but recent phylogenetic inferences revealed that Ephemeraceae likely arose within Dicranidae and may be of polyphyletic origin. Phylogenetic inferences based on eight loci confirm that both genera belong to Dicranidae, and reconstructions of the familial relationships within this subclass corroborate the independent origins of the ephemeral life history and associated character losses, with Ephemerum diverging from a pottiaceous ancestor and Micromitrium sharing a unique common ancestor with Leucobryaceae (Dicranales). Micromitrium is thus excluded from Ephemeraceae and accommodated within its own newly described family, Micromitriaceae. This study strengthens the hypothesis that homoplasy is recurrent throughout the evolutionary history of bryophytes and that phylogenetic inferences from DNA sequences are essential to test the systematic concepts based on morphological characters, and particularly in cases of taxa with the most simple architectures and life histories.
Evidence for radiations of cheilanthoid ferns in the Greater Cape Floristic Region
Authors: Eiserhardt Wolf L. , Rohwer Jens G. , Russell Stephen J. , Yesilyurt Jovita C. , Schneider Harald
Published: February 2019

The Greater Cape Floristic Region (GCFR) of southern Africa is characterised by large, endemic radiations of flowering plants, the so‐called 'Cape Clades', but it is unknown whether such radiations are also found in non‐angiosperms. We hypothesise that GCFR‐endemic lineages exist in the xeric adapted cheilanthoid ferns. To test this hypothesis with special emphasis on the alternative hypothesis of frequent colonization, the phylogenetic relations, divergence times, and ancestral areas of the cheilanthoid ferns of the GCFR and adjacent regions are investigated. The dataset includes 22 cheilanthoid fern species occurring in the GCFR. With two exceptions, all GCFR‐endemics are part of two clades that diversified in the Afro‐Madagascan region. The GCFR‐endemics are further concentrated in three high‐endemism subclades that did not originate simultaneously, but within the timeframe of angiosperm Cape Clades diversification. According to ancestral area reconstructions the ancestors of the two larger Afro‐Madagascan clades were likely GCFR‐endemic, and a substantial part of the diversification history of these clades took place in the GCFR. The high diversity of cheilanthoids in the GCFR appears to stem primarily from in situ diversification, not from immigration. This pattern resembles the numerous radiations of angiosperm clades in the GCFR, and may be caused by the same factors. We did not find evidence for rapid, synchronised radiations as documented for some, albeit not all, angiosperm Cape Clades. High diversification within and dispersal out of the GCFR has likely enriched cheilanthoid diversity in the Afro‐Madagascan region.
Molecular systematics and incongruent gene trees of Urophylleae (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Smedmark Jenny E.E. , Bremer Birgitta
Published: February 2019

The phylogeny of the Pantropical tribe Urophylleae is poorly understood. Earlier phylogenetic work has identified major evolutionary lineages within the group, each geographically restricted to a single continent, but relationships among taxa within these lineages are so far largely unresolved. This study uses parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) and nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) to resolve phylogenetic relationships within Urophylleae. The results show that there are conflicts between cpDNA and nrDNA regarding species‐level relationships within Pauridiantha, Urophyllum, and Amphidasya, which provides evidence of a complex genetic history. Different types of tests are used to explore the magnitude of the incongruence and locate the exact nodes in the two gene trees that are in conflict. This approach makes it possible to use the topology from the combined analysis, despite the separate datasets being strongly incongruent, since areas of the tree that are free from conflict can be identified. Based on the results presented in this study, Urophylleae is indicated to consist of Temnopteryx, Raritebe, Amphidasya, Urophyllum s.l., Pauridiantha s.l., and Pentaloncha. Several genera are shown to be nested inside Pauridiantha, two of which have already been included in Pauridiantha based on other data (Pamplethantha, Commitheca), and two which are included in this genus here (Poecilocalyx, Stelechantha). Likewise, three genera are shown to be ingroups in Urophyllum (Pravinaria, Maschalocorymbus, Pleiocarpidia), and are therefore subsumed under this genus. New combinations under Pauridiantha are proposed for three species in Poecilocalyx and three species in Stelechantha, as well as new combinations under Urophyllum for two species in Pravinaria and 17 species in Pleiocarpidia. For one of the latter species a new name is presented to avoid homonymy.
Phylogenetic affinities ofPolyalthiaspecies (Annonaceae) with columellar‐sulcate pollen: Enlarging the Madagascan endemic genusFenerivia
Authors: Saunders Richard M.K. , Su Yvonne C.F. , Xue Bine
Published: February 2019

The genusPolyalthia(Annonaceae) has been demonstrated to be polyphyletic, with the Asian species with columellar‐sulcate pollen recently segregated to form a new genus,Maasia. The phylogenetic affinities of the otherPolyalthiaspecies with columellar‐sulcate pollen, which occur in Madagascar, are investigated using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of three chloroplast DNA markers (trnL‐F, matK, rbcL). The species are shown to form a well‐supported clade which warrants taxonomic recognition as a distinct genus. The nameFeneriviais adopted, considerably expanding the application of this formerly monotypic name, with nine new nomenclatural combinations validated. The genus is hypothesised to have undergone a homeotic mutation in which the outermost whorl of stamens develop as inner petals (presumed andropetals), and the calyx is reduced to a vestigial flange.
Next–generation sequencing and systematics: What can a billion base pairs of DNA sequence data do for you?
Authors: Harrison Nicola , Kidner Catherine Anne
Published: February 2019

The increasing speed and decreasing cost of generating DNA sequence data has transformed experimental approaches in many fields of biology. In this review we describe some of the new technologies commercially available and in development, and discuss how plant taxonomy could benefit from the possible data generated. These benefits include better resolved phylogenies, potential for dealing with the difficulties posed by polyploidy and hybridisation, and new options for studying species boundaries and species relationships in recent radiations.
Incongruence among morphological species circumscriptions and two molecular datasets in Sarmentypnum (Bryophyta: Calliergonaceae)
Authors: Hedenäs Lars
Published: February 2019

Relationships among species in Sarmentypnum, and Warnstorfia, are investigated based on the nuclear ITS and the chloroplast markers trnL–trnF, rpl16, and tRNA–Gly of up to 237 specimens. Six specimens in which morphology agrees with ITS sequences have chloroplast markers belonging to other species, whereas in two specimens morphology agrees with the chloroplast markers but have ITS sequences belonging to other species. Although hybridization has been recorded in Sarmentypnum, such incongruence could also be a result of other processes, including rapid morphological differentiation and incomplete lineage sorting. ITS and the chloroplast markers partly agree with the morphological species, although some of the latter appear to be polyphyletic or paraphyletic. Sarmentypnum exannulatum consists of two to three haplotype groups that are connected to S. sarmentosum, but not with each other. Sarmentypnum sarmentosum haplotypes are connected with haplotypes of most other species and may have played a central role in the genus' diversification. The trnL–trnF spacer inversion shows patterns congruent with other chloroplast information; it is therefore clearly informative. The incongruence among mainly non–coding molecular datasets and partial disagreement with morphological species could possibly be attributable to the special history of the boreal to arctic environments where Sarmentypnum is predominantly found. The species must be young in terms of number of generations and have experienced large–scale climatic oscillations during the Pleistocene. Incomplete lineage sorting in combination with rapid morphological evolution that is not reflected in the non–coding markers and an unknown frequency of hybridization most likely explains the observed incongruence.
Phylogeny of Polygoneae (Polygonaceae: Polygonoideae)
Authors: Schuster Tanja M. , Reveal James L. , Kron Kathleen A.
Published: February 2019

Genera included in Polygoneae such as Atraphaxis, Duma, Fallopia, Muehlenbeckia, Polygonella, Polygonum, Oxygonum, and Reynoutria are investigated using a molecular framework. Previous morphological studies had indicated that Polygonum is composed of sections Duravia, Polygonum, and Pseudomollia with the genus Polygonella included as a subsection of Polygonum sect. Duravia. One nuclear (nrITS) and three chloroplast (matK, ndhF, trnL–trnF) regions were analyzed with Maximum Parsimony and Maximum Likelihood methods to address evolutionary relationships within the tribe. The results show that Polygoneae is composed of three main clades: Knorringia as sister to all other taxa within Polygoneae, a clade of Reynoutria and Fallopia+Muehlenbeckia, and their sister clade of Atraphaxis, Duma, and Polygonum. The currently accepted sections within Polygonum are recovered and Polygonum sect. Duravia is sister to sections Polygonum and Pseudomollia. With Polygonella included in Polygonum, the appropriate new combinations and names are proposed. In addition, a few species of Polygonum are transferred to Atraphaxis. Oxygonum is not supported as a member of Polygoneae and its exact position awaits additional data.
Phylogenetics of Piptatherum s.l. (Poaceae: Stipeae): Evidence for a new genus, Piptatheropsis, and resurrection of Patis
Authors: Romaschenko Konstantin , Peterson Paul M. , Soreng Robert J. , Futorna Oksana , Susanna Alfonso
Published: February 2019

Historically, there has been taxonomic confusion among agrostologists regarding the short–spikeleted Stipeae. We refer to these as the Oryzopsis/Piptatherum complex which consists of short–spikeleted species with coriaceous to cartilaginous and often caducous–awned lemmas, and florets with a blunt callus. We conducted a phylogenetic analysis of 53 species that have been associated with this complex using four plastid regions (ndhF, rpl32–trnL, rps16–trnK, rps16 intron) in combination with lemma micromorphology to infer evolutionary relationships. Piptatherum as currently circumscribed is polyphyletic and is found in five strongly supported clades in our maximum likelihood tree. Based on our phylogenetic and morphological evidence we recognize a Eurasian Piptatherum s.str., propose a new genus, Piptatheropsis, to include five North American species, and resurrect the genus Patis to include three species, two from Eurasia and one from North America. We provide morphological descriptions of Patis, Piptatherum, and Piptatheropsis, and provide keys to the genera and species of the Oryzopsis/Piptatherum complex. The following new combinations are made: Patis obtusa, Patis racemosa, Piptatheropsis canadensis, Piptatheropsis exigua, Piptatheropsis micrantha, Piptatheropsis pungens, Piptatheropsis shoshoneana, Piptatherum brachycladum, and Piptatherum kopetdagense.
Formate-removing inoculum dominated by Methanobacterium congolense supports succinate production from crude glycerol fermentation
Authors: Kim Nam Yeun , Lee Chung Min , Kim So Young , Kim Ok Bin
Published: February 2019

We developed a formate-removing methanogenic inoculum (FRI) to facilitate succinate production from crude glycerol by Escherichia coli. FRI converted formate to methane, thereby enabling glycerol fermentation without additional electron acceptors under neutral pH. FRI was selectively enriched from sludge from the anaerobic digester of the Seonam sewage treatment plant (Seoul); this process was assessed via Illumina sequencing and scanning electron microscopy imaging. Methanobacterium congolense species occupied only 0.3% of the archaea community in the sludge and was enriched to 99.5% in complete FRI, wherein succinate-degrading bacteria were successfully eliminated. Co-culture with FRI improved glycerol fermentation and yielded 7.3 mM succinate from 28.7 mM crude glycerol, whereby FRI completely converted formate into methane. This study is the first to demonstrate methane production by M. congolense species, using formate. M. congolense-dominated FRI can serve as a renewable facilitator of waste feedstock fermentation and enable the production of commercially important compounds.
Assessing allegations of child sex abuse in custody disputes
Authors: Schindeler Emily
Published: February 2019

Risk assessments by expert witnesses appointed by the Family Court of Australia (FCA), and as informed by findings of any investigations by police and child protection agencies, play a critical role in the adjudication of custody disputes involving allegations of child sex abuse. This study focuses on the contribution made by these independent advisors as documented in the FCA trial transcripts of a sample of 62 such cases in the period 2012–2016. Analysis reveals that those responsible for assessing risk shared a concern for an emerging pattern of applicant responsibility for systems abuse, in conjunction with emotional abuse, as a significant child protection issue. It also raises issues for the Court when there are multiple risk assessments coming from experts who bring different disciplinary and organisational perspectives. As an exploratory study, the implications of these findings need to be viewed through the lens of protecting the best interests of the child.
Burden of healthcare-associated infections at six tertiary-care hospitals in Saudi Arabia: A point prevalence survey
Authors: Alshamrani Majid M. , El-Saed Aiman , Alsaedi Asim , El Gammal Ayman , Al Nasser Wafa , Nazeer Syed , Balkhy Hanan H.
Published: February 2019

A point prevalence survey was conducted on May 11, 2017, among inpatients at 6 hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The overall point prevalence was 6.8% (114 of 1,666). The most common types of infections were pneumonia (27.2%), urinary tract infections (20.2%), and bloodstream infections (10.5%). Approximately 19.2% of healthcare-associated infections were device associated.
Impact of discontinuation of contact precautions on central-line associated bloodstream infections in an academic children’s hospital
Authors: Godbout Emily J. , Rittmann Barry J. , Fleming Michele , Albert Heather , Major Yvette , Nguyen Huong Jane , Noda Andrew J. , Cooper Kaila , Doll Michelle , Stevens Michael P. , Bearman Gonzalo
Published: February 2019

We investigated the impact of discontinuation of contact precautions for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus infected or colonized patients on central-line associated bloodstream infection rates at an academic children’s hospital. Discontinuation of contact precautions with a bundled horizontal infection prevention platform resulted in no adverse impact on CLABSI rates.
The human microbiota and infection prevention
Authors: Araos R. , D’Agata Erika M.C.
Published: February 2019

The human microbiome participates in numerous aspects of human physiology and disease states. Recently, studies have begun to explore the role of the microbiome in colonization, infection and transmission of pathogens. This review provides a summary of the methodological principles used in microbiome studies and the published evidence of the impact of microbiome dysbiosis in infection prevention.
Testing the Validity of Automatic Speech Recognition for Political Text Analysis
Authors: Proksch Sven-Oliver , Wratil Christopher , Wäckerle Jens
Published: February 2019

The analysis of political texts from parliamentary speeches, party manifestos, social media, or press releases forms the basis of major and growing fields in political science, not least since advances in “text-as-data” methods have rendered the analysis of large text corpora straightforward. However, a lot of sources of political speech are not regularly transcribed, and their on-demand transcription by humans is prohibitively expensive for research purposes. This class includes political speech in certain legislatures, during political party conferences as well as television interviews and talk shows. We showcase how scholars can use automatic speech recognition systems to analyze such speech with quantitative text analysis models of the “bag-of-words” variety. To probe results for robustness to transcription error, we present an original “word error rate simulation” (WERSIM) procedure implemented in$R$. We demonstrate the potential of automatic speech recognition to address open questions in political science with two substantive applications and discuss its limitations and practical challenges.
Local News and National Politics
Authors: MARTIN GREGORY J. , McCRAIN JOSHUA
Published: February 2019

The level of journalistic resources dedicated to coverage of local politics is in a long-term decline in the US news media, with readership shifting to national outlets. We investigate whether this trend is demand- or supply-driven, exploiting a recent wave of local television station acquisitions by a conglomerate owner. Using extensive data on local news programming and viewership, we find that the ownership change led to (1) substantial increases in coverage of national politics at the expense of local politics, (2) a significant rightward shift in the ideological slant of coverage, and (3) a small decrease in viewership, all relative to the changes at other news programs airing in the same media markets. These results suggest a substantial supply-side role in the trends toward nationalization and polarization of politics news, with negative implications for accountability of local elected officials and mass polarization.
SECOND LANGUAGE ANXIETY AND ACHIEVEMENT
Authors: Teimouri Yasser , Goetze Julia , Plonsky Luke
Published: February 2019

Second language (L2) anxiety has been the object of constant empirical and theoretical attention for several decades. As a matter of both theoretical and practical interest, much of the research in this domain has examined the relationship between anxiety and L2 achievement. The present study meta-analyzes this body of research. Following a comprehensive search, a sample of 97 reports were identified, contributing a total of 105 independent samples (N = 19,933) from 23 countries. In the aggregate, the 216 effect sizes (i.e., correlations) reported in the primary studies yielded a mean of r = −.36 for the relationship between L2 anxiety and language achievement. Moderator analyses revealed effects sizes to vary across different types of language achievement measures, educational levels, target languages, and anxiety types. Overall, this study provides firm evidence for both the negative role of L2 anxiety in L2 learning and the moderating effects of a number of (non)linguistic variables. We discuss the findings in the context of theoretical and practical concerns, and we provide direction for future research.
Molecular detection of rabies virus strain with N-gene that clustered with China lineage 2 co-circulating with Africa lineages in Monrovia, Liberia: first reported case in Africa
Authors: Olarinmoye A. O. , Kamara V. , Jomah N. D. , Olugasa B. O. , Ishola O. O. , Kamara A. , Luka P. D.
Published: February 2019

Despite a long history of dog-transmitted human rabies outbreaks in Liberia, West Africa, no reports exist of molecular characterisation of the causative lyssaviruses. This study investigatedRabies lyssavirus(RABV) strains isolated at the dog–human interface in Monrovia, Liberia 2016 and 2017, by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, using primers specific for the nucleoprotein (N) gene. Out of 20 specimens (19 dog brain samples and one human saliva) tested as suspected rabies cases, three (15%) were positive. Purified amplicons from all three positive specimens were sequenced in both forward and reverse directions. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted in MEGA7 and PhyML3 to determine their relationship with RABV sequences accessioned in NCBI GenBank. The first of three RABV strains detected clustered with China lineage 2 RABVs of dogs (99% homology to KU963489 and DQ666322). The second strain segregated with Africa lineage 2 RABVs also of dog origin, and the third strain segregated with Africa lineage 3 RABVs of Southern Africa viverrids. Our results show a transcontinental strain of rabies virus co-circulating with Africa lineages in post-conflict Liberia. This finding should stimulate more effective sub-regional planning and execution of one-health actions, towards stepwise surveillance and elimination of rabies in West Africa by 2030.
The prevalence, temporal trends, and geographical distribution of HIV-1 subtypes among men who have sex with men in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Yin Yueqi , Liu Yuxiang , Zhu Jing , Hong Xiang , Yuan Rui , Fu Gengfeng , Zhou Ying , Wang Bei
Published: February 2019

The aim of this meta-analysis was to provide a comprehensive overview of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 subtypes and to investigate temporal and geographical trends of the HIV-1 epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. Chinese and English articles published between January 2007 and December 2017 were systematically searched. Pooled HIV-1 prevalence was calculated, and its stability was analysed using sensitivity analysis. Subgroups were based on study time period, sampling area and prevalence. Publication bias was measured using Funnel plot and Egger's test. A total of 68 independent studies that included HIV-1 molecular investigations were eligible for meta-analysis. Circulating recombinant form (CRF) 01_AE (57.36%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 53.76–60.92) was confirmed as the most prevalent HIV-1 subtype among MSM in China. Subgroup analysis for time period found that CRF01_AE steadily increased prior to 2012 but decreased during 2012–2016. Further whereas CRF07_BC increased over time, B/B′ decreased over time. CRF55_01B has increased in recent years, with higher pooled estimated rate in Guangdong (12.22%, 95% CI 10.34–13.17) and Fujian (8.65%, 95% CI 4.98–13.17) provinces. The distribution of HIV-1 subtypes among MSM in China has changed across different regions and periods. HIV-1 strains in MSM are becoming more complex. Long-term molecular monitoring in this population remains necessary for HIV-1 epidemic control and prevention.
Translations and dislocations of architectural media at the Fabric of St Peter's, the Vatican
Authors: Goffi Federica
Published: February 2019

Despite drawing being the first-hand work of the architect, there has not been enough discussion about where architectural drawings and models belong, and the ways in which they move and develop between sites of production, storage, and revision. It is often assumed that the mobility of drawings in the Renaissance period implied the possibility of action at a distance, allowing the architect to be absent from the fabrication site. Earlier Medieval practices of incised stone drawings and plaster drawings traced on floors determined the immobility of drawings, which made them integral parts of the building and assured the presence of the architect. However, an alternate reading is possible, which is that immovable drawings and the presence of models freed the architect, because the tools that guide construction were, in fact, in situ.
RAMSEY GROWTH IN SOME NIP STRUCTURES
Authors: Chernikov Artem , Starchenko Sergei , Thomas Margaret E. M.
Published: February 2019

We investigate bounds in Ramsey’s theorem for relations definable in NIP structures. Applying model-theoretic methods to finitary combinatorics, we generalize a theorem of Bukh and Matousek (Duke Mathematical Journal163(12) (2014), 2243–2270) from the semialgebraic case to arbitrary polynomially bounded $o$-minimal expansions of $\mathbb{R}$, and show that it does not hold in $\mathbb{R}_{\exp }$. This provides a new combinatorial characterization of polynomial boundedness for $o$-minimal structures. We also prove an analog for relations definable in $P$-minimal structures, in particular for the field of the $p$-adics. Generalizing Conlon et al. (Transactions of the American Mathematical Society366(9) (2014), 5043–5065), we show that in distal structures the upper bound for $k$-ary definable relations is given by the exponential tower of height $k-1$.
The Effect of Outcome Probability on Generalization in Predictive	Learning
Authors: Ram Hadar , Struyf Dieter , Vervliet Bram , Menahem Gal , Liberman Nira
Published: February 2019

Abstract. People apply what they learn from experience not only to the experienced stimuli, but also to novel stimuli. But what determines how widely people generalize what they have learned? Using a predictive learning paradigm, we examined the hypothesis that a low (vs. high) probability of an outcome following a predicting stimulus would widen generalization. In three experiments, participants learned which stimulus predicted an outcome (S+) and which stimulus did not (S−) and then indicated how much they expected the outcome after each of eight novel stimuli ranging in perceptual similarity to S+ and S−. The stimuli were rings of different sizes and the outcome was a picture of a lightning bolt. As hypothesized, a lower probability of the outcome widened generalization. That is, novel stimuli that were similar to S+ (but not to S−) produced expectations for the outcome that were as high as those associated with S+.
Affective Influence on Context-Specific Proportion Congruent (CSPC)	Effect
Authors: Zhang Jinhui , Kiesel Andrea , Dignath David
Published: February 2019

Abstract. Congruency effects diminish in contexts associated with mostly incongruent trials compared with contexts associated with mostly congruent trials. Here, we aimed to assess affective influences on this context-specific proportion congruent (CSPC) effect. We presented either neutral or affective faces as context stimuli in a Flanker task and associated mostly incongruent trials with male/female faces for a neutral-context group and with angry/happy faces for a affective-context group. To assess general influences of affective valence, we compared CSPC effects between the neutral-context group and the affective-context group. To assess valence-specific influences, we compared the size of CSPC effects – for the affective-context group only – between participants for whom mostly incongruent trials were associated with angry faces and participants for whom mostly incongruent trials were associated with happy faces. However, the modulating influence on the CSPC effect from affective versus neutral contexts or from valence-proportion mappings was not statistically significant.
An Arctic‐Tibetan Connection on Subseasonal to Seasonal Time Scale
Authors: Zhang Yang , Zou Tao , Xue Yongkang
Published: February 2019

Recent research indicates the great potentials of springtime land surface temperature (LST) as a new source of predictability to improve the subseasonal to seasonal climate prediction. In this study, we explore the initial cause of the springtime large‐scale LST in Tibetan Plateau (TP) and disentangle its close connection with the February wave activities from the Arctic region. Our Maximum Covariance Analysis show that the spring LST in TP is significantly coupled with the regional snow cover in the preceding months. The latter is further strongly coupled with the February atmospheric circulation and wave activities in mid‐to‐high latitudes. When the atmospheric circulation is in a combined pattern of Arctic Oscillation and West Pacific teleconnection pattern, wave trains from the Arctic can propagate and reach the TP through northern and southern pathways. This brings dynamical and moisture conditions for the TP snowfall and builds a bridge for Arctic‐Tibetan connection.
Controls of Basement Fabric on the Linkage of Rift Segments
Authors: Heilman Erin , Kolawole Folarin , Atekwana Estella A. , Mayle Micah
Published: February 2019

The Rukwa and North Malawi Rift Segments (RNMRS) both define a major rift‐oblique segment of the East African Rift System and are often regarded as discrete rifts due to the presence of the uplifted Mbozi block between them. Here we investigate the influence of basement fabrics on the coupling and linkage of border faults across an interrift transfer zone between discrete juvenile rift segments. We utilized satellite digital elevation model to investigate the morphological architecture of the rift domains and aeromagnetic data to assess the relationships (plan view) between the rift structures and the prerift basement fabrics. Our results show that the present‐day morphology of the RNMRS is characterized by along‐rift alternation of rift shoulder polarity, characteristic of coupled rift segments. Interpretation of filtered aeromagnetic maps along the boundaries of the RNMRS reveals striking alignment of the rift‐bounding faults with colinear NW‐SE trending preexisting basement fabrics. We find that rift coupling along the NE boundary of the Mbozi transfer zone is accommodated by fault‐assisted magma plumbing, whereas coupling along the SW boundary is accommodated by strike‐slip and oblique‐normal faulting that reactivated the Proterozoic Mughese shear zone, within the collisional boundary between the Tanzania craton and the Bangweulu cratonic block. Further, we show how the configuration of the basement fabrics may influence the formation of rift bifurcation across inter‐rift transfer zones. We suggest that the structural connectivity of the boundary faults along the RNMRS and their alignment with colinear basement fabrics demonstrate the influence of structural inheritance on the amalgamation of approaching rift segments.
Reverse signaling via PD-L1 supports malignant cell growth and survival in classical Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Jalali Shahrzad , Price-Troska Tammy , Bothun Cole , Villasboas Jose , Kim Hyo-Jin , Yang Zhi-Zhang , Novak Anne J. , Dong Haidong , Ansell Stephen M.
Published: February 2019

Treatment with programmed death-1 (PD-1) blocking antibodies results in high overall response rates in refractory and relapsed classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) patients, indicating that PD-1/PD-1 ligand interactions are integral to progression of this disease. Given the genetically driven increased PD-L1/2 expression in HL, we hypothesized that reverse signaling through PD-1 ligands may be a potential mechanism contributing to the growth and survival of Hodgkin Reed–Sternberg (HRS) cells in cHL. Our data show that engagement of PD-L1 using an agonistic monoclonal antibody increases cell survival and proliferation and reduces apoptosis in HL cell lines. We show that HL patients have significantly higher serum levels of soluble PD-1 than healthy controls, and find that both membrane-bound and soluble forms of PD-1 are able to induce PD-L1 reverse signaling in HL cell lines. PD-L1 signaling, which is associated with activation of the MAPK pathway and increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption, is reversed by PD-1 blockade. In summary, our data identify inhibition of reverse signaling through PD-L1 as an additional mechanism that accounts for clinical responses to PD-1 blockade in cHL.
Strain-engineering Mott-insulating La2CuO4
Authors: Ivashko O. , Horio M. , Wan W. , Christensen N. B. , McNally D. E. , Paris E. , Tseng Y. , Shaik N. E. , Rønnow H. M. , Wei H. I. , Adamo C. , Lichtensteiger C. , Gibert M. , Beasley M. R. , Shen K. M. , Tomczak J. M. , Schmitt T. , Chang J.
Published: February 2019

The transition temperature Tc of unconventional superconductivity is often tunable. For a monolayer of FeSe, for example, the sweet spot is uniquely bound to titanium-oxide substrates. By contrast for La2−xSrxCuO4 thin films, such substrates are sub-optimal and the highest Tc is instead obtained using LaSrAlO4. An outstanding challenge is thus to understand the optimal conditions for superconductivity in thin films: which microscopic parameters drive the change in Tc and how can we tune them? Here we demonstrate, by a combination of x-ray absorption and resonant inelastic x-ray scattering spectroscopy, how the Coulomb and magnetic-exchange interaction of La2CuO4 thin films can be enhanced by compressive strain. Our experiments and theoretical calculations establish that the substrate producing the largest Tc under doping also generates the largest nearest neighbour hopping integral, Coulomb and magnetic-exchange interaction. We hence suggest optimising the parent Mott state as a strategy for enhancing the superconducting transition temperature in cuprates.
Publisher Correction: Investigation of F-BAR domain PACSIN proteins uncovers membrane tubulation function in cilia assembly and transport
Authors: Insinna Christine , Lu Quanlong , Teixeira Isabella , Harned Adam , Semler Elizabeth M. , Stauffer Jim , Magidson Valentin , Tiwari Ajit , Kenworthy Anne K. , Narayan Kedar , Westlake Christopher J.
Published: February 2019

In the original version of this Article, the fifth sentence of the abstract incorrectly read ‘Remarkably, we show that PACSIN1 and EHD1 assemble membrane t7ubules from the developing intracellular cilium that attach to the plasma membrane, creating an extracellular membrane channel (EMC) to the outside of the cell.’, and should have read ‘Remarkably, we show that PACSIN1 and EHD1 assemble membrane tubules from the developing intracellular cilium that attach to the plasma membrane, creating an extracellular membrane channel (EMC) to the outside of the cell.’. This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Fasciola hepatica GST downregulates NF-κB pathway effectors and inflammatory cytokines while promoting survival in a mouse septic shock model
Authors: Aguayo Vasti , Valdés Fernandez Bianca N. , Rodríguez-Valentín Madeline , Ruiz-Jiménez Caleb , Ramos-Benítez Marcos J. , Méndez Loyda B. , Espino Ana M.
Published: February 2019

Parasitic helminths and helminth-derived molecules have demonstrated to possess powerful anti-inflammatory properties and confirmed therapeutic effects on inflammatory diseases. The helminthFasciola hepaticahas been reported to suppress specific Th1 specific immune responses induced by concurrent bacterial infections, thus demonstrating its anti-inflammatory abilityin vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that nativeF.hepaticaglutathione S-transferase (nFhGST), a major parasite excretory-secretory antigen, majorly comprised of Mu-class GST isoforms, significantly suppresses the LPS-induced TNFα and IL1β of mouse bone-marrow derived macrophagesin vitroand the pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine storm within C57BL/6 mice exposed to lethal doses of LPS increasing their survival rate by more than 85%. Using THP1-Blue CD14 cells, a human monocyte cell line, we also demonstrate that nFhGST suppresses NF-κB activation in response to multiple TLR-ligands, including whole bacteria clinical isolates and this suppression was found to be dose-dependent and independent of the timing of exposure. Moreover, the suppressive effect of nFhGST on NF-κB activation was shown to be independent of enzyme activity or secondary structure of protein. As part of its anti-inflammatory effect nFhGST target multiple proteins of the canonic and non-canonic NF-κB signaling pathway as well as also JAK/STAT pathway. Overall, our results demonstrate the potent anti-inflammatory properties of nFhGST and its therapeutic potential as an anti-inflammatory agent.
Comparative genomics sheds light on the predatory lifestyle of accipitrids and owls
Authors: Zhou Chuang , Jin Jiazheng , Peng Changjun , Wen Qinchao , Wang Guannan , Wei Weideng , Jiang Xue , Price Megan , Cui Kai , Meng Yang , Song Zhaobin , Li Jing , Zhang Xiuyue , Fan Zhenxin , Yue Bisong
Published: February 2019

Raptors are carnivorous birds including accipitrids (Accipitridae, Accipitriformes) and owls (Strigiformes), which are diurnal and nocturnal, respectively. To examine the evolutionary basis of adaptations to different light cycles and hunting behavior between accipitrids and owls, we de novo assembled besra (Accipiter virgatus, Accipitridae, Accipitriformes) and oriental scops owl (Otus sunia, Strigidae, Strigiformes) draft genomes. Comparative genomics demonstrated four PSGs (positively selected genes) (XRCC5, PRIMPOL, MDM2, and SIRT1) related to the response to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in accipitrids, and one PSG (ALCAM) associated with retina development in owls, which was consistent with their respective diurnal/nocturnal predatory lifestyles. We identified five accipitrid-specific and two owl-specific missense mutations and most of which were predicted to affect the protein function by PolyPhen-2. Genome comparison showed the diversification of raptor olfactory receptor repertoires, which may reflect an important role of olfaction in their predatory lifestyle. Comparison of TAS2R gene (i.e. linked to tasting bitterness) number in birds with different dietary lifestyles suggested that dietary toxins were a major selective force shaping the diversity of TAS2R repertoires. Fewer TAS2R genes in raptors reflected their carnivorous diet, since animal tissues are less likely to contain toxins than plant material. Our data and findings provide valuable genomic resources for studying the genetic mechanisms of raptors’ environmental adaptation, particularly olfaction, nocturnality and response to UV radiation.
Mammoth ivory was the most suitable osseous raw material for the production of Late Pleistocene big game projectile points
Authors: Pfeifer Sebastian J. , Hartramph Wolfram L. , Kahlke Ralf-Dietrich , Müller Frank A.
Published: February 2019

Late Pleistocene societies throughout the northern hemisphere used mammoth and mastodon ivory not only for art and adornment, but also for tools, in particular projectile points. A comparative analysis of the mechanical properties of tusk dentine from woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) and African elephant (Loxodonta africana) reveals similar longitudinal stiffness values that are comparable to those of cervid antler compacta. The longitudinal bending strength and work of fracture of proboscidean ivory are very high owing to its substantial collagen content and specific microstructure. In permafrost, these properties can be fully retained for thousands of years. Owing to the unique combination of stiffness, toughness and size, ivory was obviously the most suitable osseous raw material for massive projectile points used in big game hunting.
Irradiation-Dependent Helium Gas Bubble Superlattice in Tungsten
Authors: Sprouster D. J. , Sun C. , Zhang Y. , Chodankar S. N. , Gan J. , Ecker L. E.
Published: February 2019

The implantation of noble gas atoms into metals at high gas concentrations can lead to the self-organization of nanobubbles into superlattices with symmetry similar to the metal host matrix. Here, we examine the influence of implantation parameters on the formation and structure of helium gas bubble superlattices within a tungsten host matrix to uncover mechanistic insight into the formation process. The determination of the size and symmetry of the gas bubbles was performed using a combination of small angle x-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The former was demonstrated to be particularly useful in determining size and structure of the gas bubble superlattice as a function of irradiation conditions. Prior to the formation of a superlattice, we observe a persistent substructure characterized by inter-bubble spacings similar to those observable when the gas bubble superlattice has formed with very large ordering parameters. As the implantation fluence increases, the inter-bubble ordering parameter decreases, indicating improved ordering, until a superlattice is formed. Multiple implantation-specific differences were observed, including a temperature-dependent superlattice parameter that increases with increasing temperature and a flux-dependent superlattice parameter that decreases with increasing flux. The trends quantified here are in excellent agreement with our recent theoretical predictions for gas bubble superlattice formation and highlight that superlattice formation is strongly dependent on the diffusion of vacancy and implanted He atoms.
Hexanuclear 3d–4f complexes as efficient catalysts for converting CO2 into cyclic carbonates
Authors: Gao Guoshu , Wang Li , Zhang Ruilian , Xu Cong , Yang Huan , Liu Weisheng
Published: February 2019

A series of hexanuclear 3d–4f complexes with unique structures as catalysts for CO2 fixation into cyclic carbonates under mild conditions.
Effects of substrate shock on release of AHL signals in ANAMMOX granules and properties of granules
Authors: Zhang Jing , Zhang Ya-chao , Wang Xiu-jie , Li Jun , Zhou Rong-xuan , Wei Jia , Liang Dong-bo , Zhang Kai
Published: February 2019

This study investigated the effects of substrate shock on the release ofN-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) in ANAMMOX granules and the relationship between AHL release, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) excretion and the properties of granules.
Granular fermentation enables high rate caproic acid production from solid-free thin stillage
Authors: Carvajal-Arroyo José M. , Candry Pieter , Andersen Stephen J. , Props Ruben , Seviour Thomas , Ganigué Ramon , Rabaey Korneel
Published: February 2019

Disc shaped microbial aggregates enriched in Ruminococcaceae and lactic acid bacteria produced caproic acid from solid-free thin stillage.
The research status and challenges of shape memory polymer-based flexible electronics
Authors: Gao Hui , Li Jinrong , Zhang Fenghua , Liu Yanju , Leng Jinsong
Published: February 2019

This review summarizes the advances and challenges of shape memory polymer-based flexible electronic devices.
Metal–organic framework-derived hierarchical Co3O4@MnCo2O4.5 nanocubes with enhanced electrocatalytic activity for Na–O2 batteries
Authors: Liu Yunzhao , Chi Xiaowei , Han Qi , Du Yuexiu , Huang Jiaqi , Lin Xinghao , Liu Yu
Published: February 2019

The Na–O2 battery system is attracting increasing attention due to its superiority in specific capacity and cost.
Structure optimization of perovskite quantum dot light-emitting diodes
Authors: Khan Qasim , Subramanian Alagesan , Yu Guannan , Maaz Khan , Li Delong , Sagar Rizwan Ur Rehman , Chen Keqiang , Lei Wei , Shabbir Babar , Zhang Yupeng
Published: February 2019

Although all-inorganic perovskite light emitting diodes (PeLED) have satisfactory stability under an ambient atmosphere, producing devices with high performance is challenging.
Flexible vanadium-doped Ni2P nanosheet arrays grown on carbon cloth for an efficient hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Wen Lulu , Yu Jie , Xing Changchang , Liu Dilong , Lyu Xianjun , Cai Weiping , Li Xinyang
Published: February 2019

Vanadium-doped Ni2P nanosheet arrays grown on carbon cloth as a highly efficient electrode for the hydrogen evolution reaction.
Synthesis and antitubercular activity of 1- and 3-substituted benzo[g]isoquinoline-5,10-diones
Authors: Smets Robert J. , Torfs Eveline , Lemière Filip , Cos Paul , Cappoen Davie , Abbaspour Tehrani Kourosch
Published: February 2019

The synthesis of a new class of 1- and 3-substituted benzo[g]isoquinoline-5,10-diones and their anti-mycobacterial activities againstMycobacterium tuberculosisH37Rv is reported.
Catalytic enantioselective iodolactonization reactions
Authors: Kristianslund Renate , Tungen Jørn Eivind , Hansen Trond Vidar
Published: February 2019

The recent advances of catalytic enantioselective iodolactonizations of γ- or δ-substituted alkenoic carboxylic acids have been reviewed. The different catalysts and substrates are highlighted.
Why the thin film form of a photocatalyst is better than the particulate form for direct solar-to-hydrogen conversion: a poor man's approach
Authors: Nalajala Naresh , Patra Kshirodra Kumar , Bharad Pradnya A. , Gopinath Chinnakonda S.
Published: February 2019

Maximizing light absorption throughout the thin film and effective charge carrier utilization helped improve H2 yield by an order of magnitude.
β-Ga2O3 nanorod arrays with high light-to-electron conversion for solar-blind deep ultraviolet photodetection
Authors: Wang Shunli , Chen Kai , Zhao Hailin , He Chenran , Wu Chao , Guo Daoyou , Zhao Nie , Ungar Goran , Shen Jingqin , Chu Xulong , Li Peigang , Tang Weihua
Published: February 2019

Vertically aligned β-Ga2O3 nanorod arrays with high light coupling and rapid electron transport were assembled for solar-blind deep UV detection.
Copper-catalyzed 1,4-alkylarylation of 1,3-enynes with masked alkyl electrophiles
Authors: Ye Changqing , Li Yajun , Zhu Xiaotao , Hu Shengmin , Yuan Daqiang , Bao Hongli
Published: February 2019

A copper-catalyzed 1,4-alkylarylation of 1,3-enynes with alkyl diacyl peroxides as masked alkyl electrophiles and aryl boronic acids as nucleophiles, selectively affording structurally diversified tetrasubstituted allenes under mild conditions is reported.
A simple mechanical agitation method to fabricate chitin nanogels directly from chitin solution and subsequent surface modification
Authors: Zhang Jianwei , Wu Ping , Zhao Yanan , Xue Shuai , Zhu Xinyi , Tong Jun , Zheng Si , Chen Yun , Shi Xiaowen , Deng Hongbing
Published: February 2019

Chitin nanogels (20–30 nm) with easy surface modification were prepared by high speed stirring of chitin solution in NaOH/urea solvent.
Paclitaxel-loaded pH responsive hydrogel based on self-assembled peptides for tumor targeting
Authors: Raza Faisal , Zhu Ying , Chen Li , You Xinru , Zhang Jiayuan , Khan Asifullah , Khan Muhammad Waseem , Hasnat Muhammad , Zafar Hajra , Wu Jun , Ge Liang
Published: February 2019

Intratumoral delivery of chemotherapeutic agents may permit the localization of drugs in tumors, decrease nonspecific targeting and increase efficacy.
Correction: From white to beige adipocytes: therapeutic potential of dietary molecules against obesity and their molecular mechanisms
Authors: Wang Siyu , Pan Min-Hsiung , Hung Wei-Lun , Tung Yen-Chen , Ho Chi-Tang
Published: February 2019

Correction for ‘From white to beige adipocytes: therapeutic potential of dietary molecules against obesity and their molecular mechanisms’ by Siyu Wang et al., Food Funct., 2019, DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02154f.
Influence of hydrogen incorporation on conductivity and work function of VO2 nanowires
Authors: Kim Jae-Eun , Shin Jung Yeol , Jang Hyun-Seok , Jeon Jun Woo , Hong Won G. , Kim Hae Jin , Choi Junhee , Kim Gyu-Tae , Kim Byung Hoon , Park Jonghyurk , Choi Young Jin , Park Jeong Young
Published: February 2019

Effect of non-catalytic hydrogenation on the work function and charge transport properties of VO2 nanowires (NWs) was investigated.