bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utilização do exame físico na avaliação da funcionalidade das fístulas arteriovenosas para hemodiálise / Exame físico na avaliação das fístulas arteriovenosas physical examination for assess arteriovenous fistulas
Authors: Correia Bianca Rafaela , Ramos Vânia Pinheiro , Carvalho Denise Maria Albuquerque , Silva Diogo Luis Tabosa de Oliveira
Published: March 2021

Objetivo: Avaliar através do exame físico (EF) alterações presentes na fístula arteriovenosa (FAV) durante o período de maturação e propor um protocolo de avaliação pós-operatória que inclua esse método. Materiais e métodos: Estudo longitudinal com abordagem quantitativa. Foram acompanhados os pacientes submetidos à construção de FAV utilizando um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada, seguido por dois EF da FAV: o primeiro entre 24 a 48 horas após a cirurgia e o segundo no 15º dia do pós-operatório. Foram utilizados os Softwares SPSS 13.0 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) para Windows e o Excel 2010 para a análise dos dados. Resultados: Foram incluídos na amostra 17 pacientes, dos quais dois realizaram mais de um procedimento de construção da FAV em virtude do insucesso dos procedimentos iniciais, sendo totalizadas 20 FAV avaliadas. Houve um predomínio do sexo masculino e a idade média foi de 51,8 anos. A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica foi a doença mais prevalente (94,1%), seguida da Diabetes Mellitus (47%). O Índice de Massa Corporal mostrou-se na faixa da normalidade na maioria (64,7%) e 58,8% já encontrava-se em tratamento dialítico, 90% com cateter de curta permanência. Foram construídas sete (35%) FAV distais e 13 (65%) proximais. Em apenas seis (30%) FAV foi constatada falha precoce. Conclusão: O EF mostrou-se útil na avaliação da funcionalidade da FAV e sugere-se que o protocolo elaborado possa ser validado e utilizado na prática do serviço, aumentando a qualidade da assistência de enfermagem prestada ao portador de FAV.
Risk factors for the abandonment of tuberculosis treatment in an amazonian priority municipality / Fatores de risco para o abandono do tratamento da tuberculose em um município prioritário amazônico
Authors: Ferreira Melisane Regina Lima , Bonfim Rafaele Oliveira , Siqueira Tatiane Cabral , Orfão Nathalia Halax
Published: March 2021

Objetivo: Analisar os fatores de risco para o abandono do tratamento da tuberculose no município de Porto Velho – RO, no período de 2010 a 2015. Método: Estudo descritivo, transversal e quantitativo dos dados coletados no Sistema de Notificação de Agravos Nacional de todos os portadores de tuberculose que abandonaram o tratamento no município. Análise foi realizada através de distribuição de frequência, após atender os preceitos éticos. Resultados: Pertencer ao sexo masculino (73,6%), média de idade de 34,8 anos, cor/raça parda (70,2%), baixa escolaridade (35,1%), desemprego (8,9%), caso novo (64,3%), forma clínica pulmonar (87,4%), raio-x suspeito (75%), baciloscopia de escarro positiva (62,5%), exames de controle mensal não realizados/ em branco, aproximadamente quatro meses de tratamento e não ser acompanhado pelo regime do Tratamento Diretamente Observado, constituíram como fatores de risco para o abandono. Conclusão: Evidencia-se a necessidade de ações sobre estes fatores, para fornecer subsídios para o controle da doença.
Association between adherence to pharmacotherapy and both alcoholism and smoking habits of hospitalized elderly patients / Associação entre adesão à farmacoterapia, hábitos de etilismo e tabagismo em idosos hospitalizados
Authors: Taioba Maryellen Martins de Souza , Costa Josiane Moreira da , Malta Jéssica Soares , Martins Maria Auxiliadora Parreiras , Machado Carla Jorge , Ruas Cristina Mariano
Published: March 2021

Objetivos: Avaliar a associação entre hábitos de etilismo e tabagismo, e adesão à farmacoterapia antes da internação, em idosos hospitalizados e acompanhados por um serviço de Farmácia Clínica. Métodos: Estudo transversal, analisou prontuários de 218 pacientes do serviço de farmácia clínica em um hospital público, em Minas Gerais, entre 08/2014 e 01/2016. Os dados foram registrados em planilha do Microsoft Excel, seguido de análise Odds Ratio (OR), para avaliar associação entre a existência de problemas de adesão e hábitos de tabagismo, etilismo, ou ambos, em relação ao grupo sem esses hábitos. Resultados: Identificou-se OR 1,72 (P: 0,21) no grupo com hábitos de tabagismo, OR 2,38 (P: 0,05) em etilismo, OR 2,41 (P: 0,03) no grupo com ambos hábitos. Conclusão: Identificou-se que o grupo que relataram os dois hábitos, apresentou maior chance de problemas de adesão, quando comparado ao grupo controle. Contudo, recomenda-se realização de estudos mais amplos sobre esse tema.
Nurses consultation in the family health strategy: a cut-off in Rio de Janeiro / A consulta do enfermeiro na estratégia saúde da família: um recorte do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Amaral Isabela Barboza da Silva Tavares , Silva Ana Lúcia Abrahão da
Published: March 2021

Objetivo:  descrever as características do trabalho da Enfermeira durante a consulta de enfermagem na Estratégia Saúde da Família. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva de abordagem qualitativa cujos dados foram colhidos através de trabalho de campo em quatro unidades básicas de saúde na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, sendo utilizados para tal, os seguintes instrumentos: entrevista semi-estruturada e a observação simples. Resultados: Os resultados obtidos apontam para uma tendência à realização de abordagens verticais ao indivíduo, com foco nos programas do ministério da saúde, e no modelo biomédico- flexineriano de atenção, além de revelar uma repetição contínua de interrupções ao longo das consultas, fragmentando os encontros Enfermeiro-paciente. Conclusões: Defende-se uma reorganização do processo de trabalho de modo que o enfermeiro permita o protagonismo do usuário. Reafirma-se que a sobreposição de atendimentos traz graves prejuízos a qualidade do serviço prestado ao indivíduo no consultório, e deslegitima o trabalho do enfermeiro.
The pre-hospital care and the patient safety: contributions to the safe practice / O atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel e a segurança do paciente: contribuições para prática segura
Authors: Pereira Eric Rosa , Broca Priscilla Valladares , Rocha Ronilson Gonçalves , Máximo Thamires Vieira , Oliveira Alexandre Barbosa de , Paes Graciele Oroski
Published: March 2021

Objetivos: identificar, por meio de bases de dados, as principais evidências científicas e estratégias voltadas para a segurança do paciente no atendimento pré-hospitalar; analisar as estratégias e cuidados baseados em evidências na promoção de cuidados seguros. Método: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa nas bases de dados da Lilacs e Medline via PubMed, CINAHL e Web of Science que com recorte temporal entre 2013 a 2017. Resultados: captou-se 650 artigos, após critérios de elegibilidade, foram obtidos 15para análise. Emergiram-se duas categorias de evidências como resultados: A influência do treinamento como garantia de registro e continuidade dos cuidados com segurança ao paciente; A garantia da segurança do paciente baseada na expertise da equipe de atendimento pré-hospitalar. Conclusões: espera-se ampliar as discussões sobre a segurança do paciente no atendimento pré-hospitalar. Assim, possa-se lançar meios de garantir um cuidado livre de danos aqueles que necessitam de cuidados em saúde extra-hospitalar.
Multimorbidity and polyfarmacy in elderly residents in the community / Multimorbidade e polifarmácia em idodos residentes na comunidade
Authors: Bongiovani Lucimara Fátima Lopes de Andrade , Miotto Natália , Restelatto Márcia Terezinha da Rocha , Cetolin Sirlei Fávero , Beltrame Vilma
Published: March 2021

Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência da multimorbidade e polifarmácia em idosos. Métodos: Estudo com 100 idosos de grupos de idosos do Município de Joaçaba- SC. Os dados foram coletados em julho de 2018 por meio de questionário estruturado e apresentados por contagens, percentuais, média e desvio-padrão. Resultados: A idade variou de 60 a 90 anos, com média de 69,3 (±5,47). O sexo feminino prevaleceu com 78,0%. O total de multimorbidade variou de duas a nove condições crônicas, com prevalência de 75,0% de idosos com multimorbidade. As condições crônicas mais referidas foram Hipertensão Arterial, com 76,0% e  Diabetes Mellitus, com 46,0%. O uso de medicação continua está presente  em 86,0% dos idosos e a prevalência de polifarmácia foi de 18,0%. Conclusão: entre os idosos que possuíam multimorbidade e polifarmácia prevaleceram as mulheres pertencentes à classe  econômica  mais pobre.
Advice of nurses of basic attention on educational practices for teenagers / Discurso dos enfermeiros da atenção básica acerca das práticas educativas aos adolescentes
Authors: Fernandes Mike Douglas Lopes , Coelho Ariane Moreira , Andrade Mayara Evangelista de , Fernandes Petra Kelly Rabelo de Sousa , Fernandes Marcelo Costa
Published: March 2021

Objetivos: analisar os discursos dos enfermeiros da Atenção Básica acerca das práticas educativas voltadas para os adolescentes. Método: estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa realizado com enfermeiros das Unidades Básicas de saúde da cidade de Cajazeiras. Os dados foram obtidos através de entrevistas semiestruturadas e analisadas por meio da Análise do Discurso. Resultados: os enfermeiros discursaram a impregnação de ações voltadas para sexualidade e drogas, com métodos verticalizados, no entanto começa a emergir a necessidade de utilizar novos recursos metodológicos, capazes de desenvolver o interesse dos jovens, e observar o contexto social ao qual o sujeito está inserido, com o objetivo de educar não para controlar, mas educar para libertar. Considerações Finais: as metodologias utilizadas pelos enfermeiros na educação em saúde para os adolescentes ainda estão fincadas na utilização de palestras, deste modo torna-se necessário novas pesquisas de cunho intervencionista que apontem uma orientação adequada para práticas educativas direcionadas aos adolescentes.
The challenge of hiv among the elderly population: a qualitative analysis of the performance of primary care physicians in Porto Alegre city, Brazil / O desafio do hiv em idosos: uma análise qualitativa da atuação de médicos da atenção primária à saúde em Porto Alegre/RS
Authors: Mahmud Ibrahim Clós , Cunha Luciana de Almeida da , Behar Paulo Renato Petersen , Terra Newton Luiz
Published: March 2021

Introdução: A transição demográfica que ocorre no território brasileiro traz para discussão o processo de transição epidemiológica. Objetivo: descrever a atuação dos médicos de família e comunidade e dos generalistas na prevenção primária e secundária em relação à infecção pelo HIV na população idosa atendida pela Atenção Primária à Saúde de Porto Alegre. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo transversal. Resultados: os 38 participantes tinham entre 26 e 67 anos de idade, com uma média de 42±10 anos, apresentando entre 1 a 30 anos de atuação na atenção básica.  Conclusões:  evidenciou-se que os médicos da rede básica de saúde não realizam prevenção primária e secundária para a infecção pelo HIV em idosos de forma rotineira, não são todos os médicos que se sentem capacitados para indicação de TARV e ainda, demonstram em suas falas que a sexualidade no idoso representa um “tabu” para os profissionais.
Boosted Responsivity and Tunable Spectral Response in B‐Site Substituted 2D Ca2Nb3−xTaxO10 Perovskite Photodetectors
Authors: Liu Xinya , Li Siyuan , Li Ziqing , Zhang Yong , Yang Wei , Li Ziliang , Liu Hui , Shtansky Dmitry V. , Fang Xiaosheng
Published: March 2021

2D Dion‐Jacobson perovskite oxides, featuring fascinating optical and electric properties, exhibit great potential in optoelectronic devices. However, the device sensitivity and spectral selectivity are limited. Herein, B‐site substituted calcium niobate Ca2Nb3−xTaxO10 (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5) nanosheets are prepared by liquid exfoliation. The photodetectors (PDs) based on these nanosheets exhibit tunable spectral response by tailoring the band gap of the nanosheets. All the Ta‐substituted PDs show increased photocurrent and enhanced responsivity, among which the Ca2Nb2.5Ta0.5O10 PD exhibits the optimal performance with a photocurrent of 31.4 µA, a high on–off ratio of 5.6 × 104 and a boosted responsivity of 469.5 A W−1 at 1.0 V toward 295 nm, which is over 7000‐fold higher than that of pristine Ca2Nb3O10 PD. It is proposed that the significantly optimized responsivity is ascribed to the enhanced photoconductive gain that mainly originates from the introduction of the trap states by the B‐site substitution. Nevertheless, excess substitution is detrimental to the responsivity and the response speed. This work demonstrates that the rational control of B‐site substitution tailors the band gap and modulates the charge‐carrier behaviors in 2D perovskite oxides, which provides an effective avenue for achieving high‐performance PDs with tunable spectral response and excellent responsivity.
Responsive Hydrogel Microcarrier‐Integrated Microneedles for Versatile and Controllable Drug Delivery
Authors: Fan Lu , Zhang Xiaoxuan , Liu Xiaoyu , Sun Bo , Li Ling , Zhao Yuanjin
Published: March 2021

Stratagems of drug delivery are important for disease treatment and other biomedical areas. In this study, a novel stratagem is presented for versatile and controllable drug delivery by integrating photoresponsive drug delivery microspheres (PDDMs) into pyramid microneedle (MN) arrays. The PDDMs, containing black‐phosphorus (BP) and poly (N‐isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM), are generated by a flexible capillary microfluidic method. Benefiting from the high water content of the pNIPAM hydrogel, various bioactive substances can be loaded and maintain biological activity. Furthermore, due to the near‐infrared (NIR) absorption and conversion capabilities of the contained BP, the PDDMs can increase temperature, shrink volume, and release their encapsulated bioactives under the trigger of biocompatible NIR. In addition, as the PDDMs are stuffed into the solid MN arrays of porous ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA), the composited PDDMs–MNs system has enough mechanical strength to penetrate into the skin and can deliver drugs underneath the skin uniformly. Based on the resultant PDDMs–MNs, it is demonstrated that insulin can be controllably released to adjust blood glucose levels of streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic mice. Thus, it is believed that the PDDMs–MNs can act as an excellent drugs delivery system and will find many practical values in clinical medicine.
Recent Advances in Silicon‐Based Electrodes: From Fundamental Research toward Practical Applications
Authors: Ge Mingzheng , Cao Chunyan , Biesold Gill M. , Sewell Christopher D. , Hao Shu‐Meng , Huang Jianying , Zhang Wei , Lai Yuekun , Lin Zhiqun
Published: March 2021

The increasing demand for higher‐energy‐density batteries driven by advancements in electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and portable electronic devices necessitates the development of alternative anode materials with a specific capacity beyond that of traditional graphite anodes. Here, the state‐of‐the‐art developments made in the rational design of Si‐based electrodes and their progression toward practical application are presented. First, a comprehensive overview of fundamental electrochemistry and selected critical challenges is given, including their large volume expansion, unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) growth, low initial Coulombic efficiency, low areal capacity, and safety issues. Second, the principles of potential solutions including nanoarchitectured construction, surface/interface engineering, novel binder and electrolyte design, and designing the whole electrode for stability are discussed in detail. Third, applications for Si‐based anodes beyond LIBs are highlighted, specifically noting their promise in configurations of Li–S batteries and all‐solid‐state batteries. Fourth, the electrochemical reaction process, structural evolution, and degradation mechanisms are systematically investigated by advanced in situ and operando characterizations. Finally, the future trends and perspectives with an emphasis on commercialization of Si‐based electrodes are provided. Si‐based anode materials will be key in helping keep up with the demands for higher energy density in the coming decades.
Boosting Wide‐Range Tunable Long‐Afterglow in 1D Metal–Organic Halide Micro/Nanocrystals for Space/Time‐Resolved Information Photonics
Authors: Zhou Bo , Xiao Guowei , Yan Dongpeng
Published: March 2021

Molecular afterglow materials with ultralong‐lived excited states have attracted considerable interest owing to their promise for light‐emitting devices, optical imaging, and anti‐counterfeiting applications. However, the realization of ultralong afterglow emission in low‐dimensional micro/nanostructures has remained an open challenge, limiting progress toward new‐generation photonic applications. In this work, new types of mono/binuclear metal–organic halide micro/nanocrystals with tunable afterglow properties, made possibly by the rational control over both ultralong‐lived room‐temperature phosphorescence and thermally activated delayed fluorescence, are developed. Interestingly, the mono/binuclear coordination complexes present excitation‐dependent luminescence across a wide range (wavelength > 150 nm) with broad emission color differences from blue to yellow owing to the multiple long‐lived excited states. The 1D binuclear metal–organic microrods further exhibit excitation‐dependent optical waveguide and space/time dual‐resolved afterglow emission properties, endowing them with great potential in wavelength‐division multiplexing information photonics and logic gates. Therefore, this work not only communicates the first example of wide‐range tunable ultralong afterglow of low‐dimensional metal–organic micro/nanocrystals under ambient conditions but also provides a new route to achieve optical communications and photonic logic compilation at the micro/nanoscale.
Stable Unbiased Photo‐Electrochemical Overall Water Splitting Exceeding 3% Efficiency via Covalent Triazine Framework/Metal Oxide Hybrid Photoelectrodes
Authors: Zhang Ying , Lv Haifeng , Zhang Zhen , Wang Lei , Wu Xiaojun , Xu Hangxun
Published: March 2021

Photo‐electrochemical (PEC) water splitting systems using oxide‐based photoelectrodes are highly attractive for solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion. However, despite decades‐long efforts, it is still challenging to develop efficient and stable photoelectrodes for practical applications. Here, thin layers of covalent triazine frameworks (CTF‐BTh) containing a bithiophene moiety are conformably deposited onto the surfaces of a Cu2O photocathode and a Mo‐doped BiVO4 photoanode via electropolymerization to construct new hybrid photoelectrodes, successfully addressing the efficiency and stability issues. The CTF‐BTh possesses a suitable band structure to form favorable band edge alignment with each metal oxide, creating a p–n junction and a staggered type‐II heterojunction with Cu2O and Mo‐doped BiVO4, respectively. Thus, the as‐fabricated hybrid photoelectrodes exhibit substantially increased PEC performances. Meanwhile, the CTF‐BTh film also serves as an effective corrosion‐resistant overlayer for both photoelectrodes to inhibit photocorrosion and enable long‐term operation for 150 h with only ≈10% loss in photocurrent densities. Furthermore, a stand‐alone unbiased PEC tandem device comprising CTF‐BTh‐coated photoelectrodes exhibits 3.70% solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion efficiency. Even after continuous operation for 120 h, the efficiency can still retain at 3.24%.
Bulk and Short‐Circuit Anion Diffusion in Epitaxial Fe2O3 Films Quantified Using Buried Isotopic Tracer Layers
Authors: Kaspar Tiffany C. , Taylor Sandra D. , Yano Kayla H. , Lach Timothy G. , Zhou Yadong , Zhu Zihua , Kohnert Aaron A. , Still Evan K. , Hosemann Peter , Spurgeon Steven R. , Schreiber Daniel K.
Published: March 2021

Self‐diffusion is a fundamental physical process that, in solid materials, is intimately correlated with both microstructure and functional properties. Local transport behavior is critical to the performance of functional ionic materials for energy generation and storage, and drives fundamental oxidation, corrosion, and segregation phenomena in materials science, geosciences, and nuclear science. Here, an adaptable approach is presented to precisely characterize self‐diffusion in solids by isotopically enriching component elements at specific locations within an epitaxial film stack, and measuring their redistribution at high spatial resolution in 3D with atom probe tomography. Nanoscale anion diffusivity is quantified in a‐Fe2O3 thin films deposited by molecular beam epitaxy with a thin (10 nm) buried tracer layer highly enriched in 18O. The isotopic sensitivity of the atom probe allows precise measurement of the initial sharp layer interfaces and subsequent redistribution of 18O after annealing. Short‐circuit anion diffusion through 1D and 2D structural defects in Fe2O3 is also directly visualized in 3D. This versatile approach to study precisely tailored thin film samples at high spatial and mass fidelity will facilitate a deeper understanding of atomic‐scale diffusion phenomena.
Enhanced Photostability and Photoluminescence of PbI2 via Constructing Type‐I Heterostructure with ZnO
Authors: Li Jixiu , Li Yuanzheng , Liu Weizhen , Feng Qiushi , Huang Rui , Zhu Xiaonan , Liu Xiuling , Zhang Cen , Xu Haiyang , Liu Yichun
Published: March 2021

Improving the stability of lead iodide (PbI2), especially photostability, is in crucial demand for the realization of application‐level optoelectronic devices. In this regard, deposition of organic polymers on PbI2 as a protective layer is a common strategy to improve its stability, but polymers with low thermal conductivity generally cannot produce the desired effect. Herein, a novel strategy is proposed for improving the photostability of PbI2 at different excitation wavelengths, including 320, 405, and 532 nm, via constructing type‐I heterostructure with ZnO with high thermal conductivity. In addition, due to the type‐I band alignment between PbI2 and ZnO, the photogenerated carriers in ZnO can be transferred to PbI2, resulting in a nearly eightfold photoluminescence enhancement of PbI2 under 320 nm laser excitation. The ZnO as a protective layer forming type‐I heterostructure is evidenced as a feasible strategy for enhancing the photostability and photoluminescence of PbI2, facilitating the development of practical applications.
Antiresonance in Transmission through a Heterojunction Formed by Topological Nodal‐Line Semimetals
Authors: Zhang Di , Li Xue‐Si , Zhang Lian‐Lian , Xu Tong‐Tong , Chu Hao , Gong Wei‐Jiang
Published: March 2021

Quantum transmission through a heterojunction formed by two types of nodal‐line semimetals is investigated. Results show that the initial energy and energy range of the quantum transmission can be modulated efficiently when the barrier region demonstrates its different energy‐band properties. Antiresonance points can also appear in the transmission function spectra. Moreover, if the barrier is parallel to the basal planes of the nodal‐line semimetals, one gap appears in the transmission function spectrum instead of the normal antiresonance point. In addition, the Klein tunneling displays new characteristics in such a heterojunction. All these results provide useful information for adjusting the transmission behaviors in the heterojunctions of nodal‐line semimetals.
Oncological outcomes of dose reductions in cisplatin due to renal dysfunction for patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Murakami Tetsushi , Kikuchi Eiji , Ide Hiroki , Umezawa Yuta , Takahashi Takayuki , Izawa Mizuki , Hakozaki Kyohei , Shigeta Keisuke , Ogihara Koichiro , Kobayashi Hiroaki , Kanai Kunimitsu , Maeda Takahiro , Yoshimine Shunsuke , Mizuno Ryuichi , Nishimoto Koshiro , Oya Mototsugu
Published: March 2021

Objective

To investigate whether dose reductions in cisplatin due to renal dysfunction were associated with worse clinical outcomes in metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC) patients.

Patients and methods

One hundred and fifty one metastatic UC patients who received first‐line gemcitabine plus cisplatin (GC) salvage chemotherapy without a previous history of peri‐surgical chemotherapy were included in this retrospective study. Patients with endogenous creatinine clearance of 60 mL/min or more were treated with a full dose of cisplatin, while those with 45‐59 and 30‐44 mL/min were treated with 75% and 50% doses, respectively. Patients were divided into three groups based on the average administered dose of cisplatin of 100% (Group A, N = 43), 99%‐75% (Group B, N = 59), and less than 75% (Group C, N = 49), and therapeutic responses and the toxicity of GC were compared.

Results

Complete response rates were 9.3%, 13.6%, and 14.3% in groups A, B, and C, respectively. One‐year progression‐free survival rates were 22.9%, 31.1%, and 36.7% in groups A, B, and C with no significant differences. One‐year cancer‐specific survival rates were 56.1%, 71.1%, and 68.3% in groups A, B, and C with no significant differences. A multivariate Cox's regression analysis showed that the dose of cisplatin was not an independent prognostic factor for disease progression and cancer death. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the incidence of severe adverse events.

Conclusions

Dose reductions in cisplatin due to renal dysfunction did not worsen clinical outcomes for metastatic UC.
Norm avoiders: The effect of optional descriptive norms on charitable donations
Authors: Andersson Per A. , Erlandsson Arvid , Västfjäll Daniel
Published: March 2021

Knowing the descriptive norm concerning others' prosociality could affect your behavior, but would you seek out or avoid such knowledge? This high‐powered preregistered experiment explores the effect of both forced and optionally revealed descriptive norms on real monetary donations. These norms were established by learning the proportion of previous participants who had donated to a charitable organization that the respondent now was asked to donate to. For those learning about a norm, participants were more likely to donate if they were shown that a majority donates, compared with if they were shown that a minority donates. For the participants who were asked if they wanted to reveal the norm or not, we found that about half choose to reveal the norm. Those who avoided revealing the norm donated less frequently; both compared with revealers and with those who were forced to view the norm. However, these norm avoiders also donate a higher mean amount. Taken together, this hints at norm avoiders being composed of both altruistic and non‐altruistic people, with fewer of those who are undecided. This type of norm avoidance may be more related to information avoidance motives rather than mere curiosity or reactance. The present findings can inspire further research into the motives of norm avoidance.
Cox regression analysis for distorted covariates with an unknown distortion function
Authors: Liu Yanyan , Wu Yuanshan , Zhang Jing , Zhou Haibo
Published: March 2021

We study inference for censored survival data where some covariates are distorted by some unknown functions of an observable confounding variable in a multiplicative form. An example of this kind of data in medical studies is normalizing some important observed exposure variables by patients' body mass index , weight, or age. Such a phenomenon also appears frequently in environmental studies where an ambient measure is used for normalization and in genomic studies where the library size needs to be normalized for the next generation sequencing of data. We propose a new covariate‐adjusted Cox proportional hazards regression model and utilize the kernel smoothing method to estimate the distorting function, then employ an estimated maximum likelihood method to derive the estimator for the regression parameters. We establish the large sample properties of the proposed estimator. Extensive simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed estimator performs well in correcting the bias arising from distortion. A real dataset from the National Wilms' Tumor Study is used to illustrate the proposed approach.
A sensitive turn‐off–on fluorometric sensor based on S,N co‐doped carbon dots for environmental analysis of Hg(II) ion
Authors: Abolghasemi‐Fakhri Zahra , Hallaj Tooba , Amjadi Mohammad
Published: March 2021

A simple and sensitive fluorescence turn‐off‐on sensor was established by means of S,N co‐doped carbon dots (S,N‐CDs) and Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) for the determination of Hg2+. For this purpose, blue emissive S,N‐CDs were hydrothermally synthesized and characterized using transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. We observed that the fluorescence intensity of the as‐prepared S,N‐CDs was impressively quenched by AgNPs. The quenching mechanism was studied and attributed to nanosurface energy transfer and the inner filter effect between S,N‐CDs and AgNPs. Furthermore, by adding Hg2+, the fluorescence intensity of S,N‐CDs/AgNPs was restored as a result of aggregation of AgNPs in the presence of Hg2+. Based on these facts, S,N‐CDs and AgNPs were exploited to design a sensitive turn‐off–on sensor for analysis of Hg2+. The recovered fluorescence signal was proportional to the concentration of Hg2+ in the range 1.5–2000 nM with a detection limit of 0.51 nM. The established sensor was used with satisfactory results for measurement of Hg2+ in environmental water samples.
Symmetrized Normal Mode Analysis of the Spin–Lattice Relaxation in Solid Calcium Borohydride
Authors: Kim Chul
Published: March 2021

The symmetrized normal mode analysis presented in a previous paper was used to analyze the 11B spin–lattice relaxation of solid calcium borohydride. From the analytical results, the quadrupolar and the dipolar spectral densities and reorientational correlation times of various relaxation interactions were evaluated. Based on the spectral densities, the quadrupolar contribution to the spin–lattice relaxation of 11B nucleus was calculated. As expected from the QCC value of 11B nucleus in solid calcium borohydride, the ratio of the quadrupolar contribution to the dipole–dipole contribution in the 11B spin–lattice relaxation was proved to be higher than 30% at 100°C. The symmetrized normal mode could be a useful method for the interpretation of AX4 spin system containing a quadrupolar nucleus, and thus the determination of the motional parameters of BH4 unit in solid calcium borohydride.
Christmas, acute ischemic stroke and stroke‐related mortality in Hungary
Authors: Folyovich András , Mátis Réka , Al‐Muhanna Nadim , Jarecsny Tamás , Dudás Eszter , Jánoska Dorottya , Pálosi Mihály , Béres‐Molnár Anna K. , Toldi Gergely
Published: March 2021

Objectives

Risk factors for stroke include psychological effects, such as depression. Festive occasions (such as Christmas in Hungary) may carry a significant emotional impact and may therefore contribute to increased cardiovascular risk. Thrombolytic treatment of acute ischemic stroke has a narrow time window and allows for the precise assessment of stroke incidence.

Materials & Methods

We analyzed anonymized national data of the number of thrombolytic treatments for acute ischemic stroke and the number of stroke‐related deaths between 1 January 2007 and 31 December 2016 in Hungary within 2‐day, 5‐day, and 1‐month periods preceding and following 24 December each year. Analysis of subgroups based on age (below and over 65 years) and sex was also performed.

Results

The number of thrombolytic treatments was higher in all three periods preceding Christmas compared to the corresponding period that follows the feast. This increase was particularly prominent in men below 65 years of age. While overall stroke‐associated mortality was increased 1 month after Christmas, the death rate was higher a month before rather than after Christmas in men below 65 years of age and in women both below and over 65 years of age 5 days before Christmas.

Conclusions

These findings may predominantly relate to emotional and psychological factors. In case of women, the anxiety secondary to festive preparations, while in men below 65 years, the increased psychological stress of providing financial security for the celebration may play an important role.
External stakeholder engagement: Complementary and substitutive effects on firms' eco‐innovation
Authors: Acebo Enrique , Miguel‐Dávila José‐Ángel , Nieto Mariano
Published: March 2021

In this paper, we investigate whether firms' engagements in collaboration agreements with different types of external stakeholders produce complementary effects on the likelihood of eco‐innovation. Although collaboration network and open eco‐innovation theories affirm that the combination of external partners such as scientific partners, suppliers and customers produces complementary effects on the firm's likelihood of eco‐innovation, several empirical studies found the existence of substitutive effects between them. To bridge this gap in the literature, we shape the nature of the interaction between different external partners, analysing an unbalanced panel sample of 10,918 innovative Spanish firms, covering the period 2008–2016. Consequently, we can show how firms benefit the most from collaboration with external partners. Our results show that firms that simultaneously collaborate with scientific partners, suppliers and customers generate partial complementary effects, which increase the firm's likelihood to eco‐innovate the most, and that the combination of customer‐collaboration with scientific partners, or supplier‐collaboration, produces partial substitutive effects. Taking this in account, our results also confirm that engaging with scientific partners, suppliers or customers, independent of one another, increases firms' likelihood of eco‐innovation more than noncollaboration. These results have important implications for managers, researchers and policy designers. For managers, this study provides a correct understanding of the benefits that they can expect to obtain from multi‐partner external collaboration. For researchers, it introduces the marginal analysis to estimate interaction on nonlinear models. Finally, for policy designers, it shows the need for sponsored R&D collaboration to encourage coordinated ecosystems in which sustainability goals are pursued together.
Asparaginyl Ligases: New Enzymes for the Protein Engineer's Toolbox
Authors: Rehm Fabian B. H. , Tyler Tristan J. , Xie Jing , Yap Kuok , Durek Thomas , Craik David J.
Published: March 2021

Enzyme‐catalysed site‐specific protein modifications enable the precision manufacture of conjugates for the study of protein function and/or for therapeutic or diagnostic applications. Asparaginyl ligases are a class of highly efficient transpeptidases with the capacity to modify proteins bearing only a tripeptide recognition motif. Herein, we review the types of protein modification that are accessible using these enzymes, including N‐ and C‐terminal protein labelling, head‐to‐tail cyclisation, and protein‐protein conjugation. We describe the progress that has been made to engineer highly efficient ligases as well as efforts to chemically manipulate the enzyme reaction to favour product formation. These enzymes are powerful additions to the protein engineer‘s toolbox.
Parental separation for immigrant families: Where are we 3 years later?
Authors: Walters Anne S.
Published: March 2021

In September 2018, Marge Paccione, Ph.D., wrote a guest commentary on the effects of the separation of parents and children at the US border. Her commentary was a reaction to the establishment of a zero‐tolerance policy by the US government, which resulted in more than 2,300 children being separated from their parents at the US‐Mexico border between April and September of that year.
Pd‐Nanocomposites Formed by Calcination of [Pd(2‐pymo)2]n Framework as Catalysts of Phenylacetylene Semihydrogenation in Water
Authors: Augustyniak Adam W. , Trzeciak Anna M.
Published: March 2021

The novel Pd‐nanocomposites, fabricated via calcination of the MOF [Pd(2‐pymo)2]n (2‐pymo=2‐pyrimidinolate), were used for the first time in the transfer hydrogenation of phenylacetylene with NaBH4. The presence of Pd NPs or PdO in the studied materials was evidenced by XPRD, Raman spectroscopy, XPS and HR‐TEM. Under mild reaction conditions, in water as a solvent, Pd‐nanocomposites, Pd/CPYMO and PdO/Pd/CPYMO, provided better catalytic results than the pristine [Pd(2‐pymo)2]n, producing styrene with good selectivity. These two catalysts showed also good durability in subsequent reuses, while the productivity of PdO/CPYMO decreased after the second run.
Pt/C Electrocatalyst Durability Enhancement by Inhibition of Pt Nanoparticle Growth Through Microwave Pretreatment of Carbon Support
Authors: Sharma Raghunandan , Gyergyek Sašo , Chamier Jessica , Morgen Per , Andersen Shuang M.
Published: March 2021

Durability enhancement of Pt supported on carbon (Pt/C) electrocatalysts through a simple microwave (MW) pretreatment of the carbon support has been studied. Vulcan XC 72 carbon (either in suspension or dry state) was subjected to MW irritation for a short period of time (∼5 min) prior to synthesis of the Pt/C electrocatalysts (20 wt.% Pt) through a polyol route. Platinum deposited onto MW‐pretreated and unmodified carbons demonstrated similar initial Pt particle size distributions (average particle size ∼3.3 nm) and electrochemical surface area (ECSA). However, ECSA evolution based on an accelerated stress test (AST) in acidic conditions suggested a clear durability enhancement of the MW‐pretreated Pt/C samples over the unmodified equivalent. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images of the post‐AST samples reveal spherical and nanorod morphologies of the Pt nanoparticles for the untreated and the MW–pretreated carbon supports, respectively. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) evidences presence of surface active sites (C−O*) on the carbon support generated from the MW irradiation. Those active sites turned out to be suitable nucleation sites for redeposition of the dissolved Pt species to form new Pt nanoparticles during AST. The mechanism reduces the rate of Pt nanoparticle active surface area loss, and thus provides increased durability. The proposed concept opens a new territory for a scalable process to further advance the electrocatalyst.
Outcomes of in‐hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation for cardiac arrest in adult patients with metastatic solid cancers: A Nationwide Inpatient Sample database analysis from 2012 to 2014
Authors: Malapati Sindhu , Singh Sunny R. K. , Kumar Rohit , Hadid Tarik
Published: March 2021

Background

Cardiopulmonary arrest is known to have a poor prognosis, further worsened by preexisting comorbidities. With improved treatment, the prevalence of metastatic cancers is rapidly increasing; however, the outcomes of in‐hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ICPR) remain to be well described. This study examines the epidemiology, associations, and outcomes of ICPR in these patients.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort analysis of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database (2012‐2014) including patients aged ≥18 years with metastatic cancers. Primary outcome was inpatient mortality following ICPR. Factors associated with the primary outcome were analyzed using univariate/multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results

Among all admissions with metastatic cancers (n = 5,500,684), 0.47% (n = 26,070) received ICPR. Inpatient mortality was 81.77% (n = 8905) versus 68.90% among those without metastatic solid cancers and receiving ICPR. Inpatient palliative care encounter was documented in 18.95% of patients with metastatic cancer who received ICPR. On multivariate logistic regression, some of the notable factors associated with higher mortality included being of African American or Hispanic race and hospital admission over the weekend. Factors associated with lower mortality included female sex, elective admission, and head and neck as the primary site. Admissions with ICPR were associated with higher mean total charge of hospitalization (by $48,670) compared with admissions without ICPR. Of those who survived ICPR, 43.82% were transferred to another facility after discharge.

Conclusions

Among adult patients with metastatic solid cancers having ICPR, 81.8% died within the same hospital admission. Race and admission type predicted mortality. Despite known poor prognosis, only a minority had palliative care.

Lay Summary

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation during hospitalization for patients who have metastatic cancer has a very poor outcome with a mortality rate of 81.77%.

Inpatient cardiopulmonary resuscitation in these patients is also associated with a significantly higher cost of care, longer length of stay, and high rate of transfer to a different health care facility upon discharge.

Knowledge of these outcomes is helpful in discussing the pros and cons of pursuing aggressive resuscitative interventions with patients and families.
Silky entanglements in Chinese color‐naming and its diachronic change: A new materialism perspective
Authors: Dai Xin‐Yue
Published: March 2021

This work seeks to explore the silk‐shaped Chinese color lexicon from the Bronze Age to the present, drawing upon a new materialism perspective that recognizes the force of matter and challenges the privileged position of humans in the historical progress. Rejecting the dichotomy of material and immaterial—established by structuralism and empiricism—this approach explores the complex interactions between language, matter (silk), environment, climate, social transformation, ideology, and culture by assessing Chinese color‐naming and its semantic changes. The article traced the diachronic changes of 13 terms and found that the materiality of silk and its color attribute was generally entangled in one character in the Bronze Age, conforming with the object‐attribute entangled word‐creation habits and general cognitive patterns in Chinese. The natural environment and economic transformation led to the predominance of silk‐color entangled terms than other object‐color entangled terms to denote colors. The strict association between identity and color in the hierarchical ideology caused improvements in dyeing techniques, which enhanced human color cognition and expanded the silk‐color entangled lexicon. After the fourth century AD, the introduction of cotton reduced the social and cultural influence of silk. This, along with the internal adjustment in the language system, reduced the significance of silk in the semantics of silk‐color entangled terms. It is believed that silk‐color entangled terms may go through six stages or stop at any of them: from silk‐color entanglement to silk‐color differentiation, and then to the shedding of silk meaning. According to the stages that they have went through, silk‐color entangled terms and object‐color entangled terms are classified into three types: semantic color terms, pragmatic color terms, and occasional pragmatic color terms. This study indicates that the current color lexicon was co‐shaped due to the interaction and dynamic assemblage of multiple material and non‐material factors.
Congestion control in high‐speed networks using the probabilistic estimation approach
Authors: Jamali Shahram , Talebi Mir Mahmoud , Fotohi Reza
Published: March 2021

Nowadays, the bulk of Internet traffic uses Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) for reliable transmission. But the standard TCP's performance is very poor in high‐speed networks (HSNs), and hence, the core gigabytes links are usually underutilization. This problem has roots in conservative nature of TCP, especially in its Additive Increase Multiplicative Decrease (AIMD) phase. In other words, since TCP cannot figure out precisely the congestion status of the network, it follows a conservative strategy to keep the network from overwhelming. We believe that precisely congestion estimation in the network can solve this problem by avoiding unnecessary conservation. To this end, this paper proposes an algorithm, which considers packet loss and delay information jointly and employs a probabilistic approach to accurately estimation of congestion status in the network. To examine the proposed scheme performance, extensive simulations have been performed in the NS‐2 environment. Simulation results reveal that the proposed algorithm has better performance than existing algorithms in terms of bottleneck utilization, stability, throughput, and fairness.
Calcium sensing receptor hyperactivation through viral envelop protein E of SARS CoV2: A novel target for cardio‐renal damage in COVID‐19 infection
Authors: Singh Yogendra , Ali Haider , Alharbi Khalid Saad , Almalki Waleed Hassan , Kazmi Imran , Al‐Abbasi Fahad A. , Anand Krishnan , Dureja Harish , Singh Sachin K. , Thangavelu Lakshmi , Chellappan Dinesh Kumar , Dua Kamal , Gupta Gaurav
Published: March 2021

Over the recent decades, a number of new pathogens have emerged within specific and diverse populations across the globe, namely, the Nipah virus, the Ebola virus, the Zika virus, and coronaviruses (CoVs) to name a few. Recently, a new form of coronavirus was identified in the city of Wuhan, China. Interestingly, the genomic architecture of the virus did not match with any of the existing genomic sequencing data of previously sequenced CoVs. This had led scientists to confirm the emergence of a new CoV strain. Originally, named as 2019‐nCoV, the strain is now called as SARS‐CoV‐2. High serum levels of proinflammatory mediators, namely, interleukin‐12 (IL‐12), IL‐1β, IL‐6, interferon‐gamma (IFNγ), chemoattractant protein‐1, and IFN‐inducible protein, have been repeatedly observed in subjects who were infected with this virus. In addition, the virus demonstrated strong coagulation activation properties, leading to further the understanding on the SARS‐CoV2. To our understanding, these findings are unique to the published literature. Numerous studies have reported anomalies, namely, decline in the number of lymphocytes, platelets and albumins; and a rise in neutrophil count, aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, troponins, creatinine, complete bilirubin, D‐dimers, and procalcitonin. Supplementation of calcium during the SARS CoV‐2 associated hyperactive stage of calcium‐sensing receptors (CaSR) may be harmful to the cardio‐renal system. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of CaSR may prevent the increase in the levels of intracellular calcium, oxidative, inflammatory stress, and cardio‐renal cellular apoptosis induced by high cytokines level in COVID‐19 infection.