bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic structure, introgression, and a narrow hybrid zone between northern and California spotted owls (Strix occidentalis)
Authors: BARROWCLOUGH G. F. , GROTH J. G. , MERTZ L. A. , GUTIÉRREZ R. J.
Published: March 2005

The northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) is a threatened subspecies and the California spotted owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) is a subspecies of special concern in the western United States. Concern for their continued viability has arisen because of habitat loss caused by timber harvesting. The taxonomic status of the northern subspecies has been the subject of continuing controversy. We investigated the phylogeographical and population genetic structure of northern and California spotted owls with special reference to their region of contact. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences confirmed the existence of two well‐differentiated lineages connected by a narrow hybrid zone in a region of low population density in north central California. Maximum‐likelihood estimates indicated bidirectional gene flow between the lineages but limited introgression outside the region of contact. The lengths of both the mtDNA hybrid zone and the reduced density patch were similar and slightly exceeded estimates of natal dispersal distances. This suggests that the two subspecies were in secondary contact in a hybrid zone trapped by a population density trough. Consequently, the zone of interaction is expected to be geographically stable. We discovered a third, rare clade of haplotypes, which we interpreted to be a result of incomplete lineage sorting; those haplotypes result in a paraphyletic northern spotted owl with respect to the California spotted owl. A congeneric species, the barred owl (Strix varia), occasionally hybridizes with spotted owls; our results indicated an upper bound for the frequency of barred owl mtDNA haplotypes in northern spotted owl populations of 3%.
Vocal dialects, sex‐biased dispersal, and microsatellite population structure in the parrot Amazona auropalliata
Authors: WRIGHT TIMOTHY F. , RODRIGUEZ ANGELICA M. , FLEISCHER ROBERT C.
Published: March 2005

Geographic variation in microsatellite allele frequencies was assessed at nine sites in two regional vocal dialects of the parrot Amazona auropalliata (yellow‐naped amazon) to test for correspondence between dialects and population structure. There was no relationship between the genetic distances between individuals and their dialect membership. High rates of gene flow were estimated between vocal dialects based on genetic differentiation. In addition, 5.5% of pairs of individuals compared across the dialect boundary were estimated to be related at the level of half siblings, indicating that dispersal is ongoing. The number of effective migrants per generation between dialects estimated with the microsatellite data was roughly one‐seventh the number estimated with mitochondrial control region sequence data from the same individuals, suggesting that gene flow may be female‐biased. Together, these results suggest that the observed mosaic pattern of geographic variation in vocalizations is maintained by learning of local call types by immigrant birds after dispersal. We found no evidence that ongoing habitat fragmentation has contributed to cryptic population structure.
Population structure of wild bananas, Musa balbisiana, in China determined by SSR fingerprinting and cpDNA PCR‐RFLP
Authors: GE X. J. , LIU M. H. , WANG W. K. , SCHAAL B. A. , CHIANG T. Y.
Published: March 2005

Both demographic history and dispersal mechanisms influence the apportionment of genetic diversity among plant populations across geographical regions. In this study, phylogeography and population structure of wild banana, Musa balbisiana, one of the progenitors of cultivated bananas and plantains in China were investigated by an analysis of genetic diversity of simple sequence repeat (SSR) fingerprint markers and cpDNA PCR‐RFLP. A chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) genealogy of 21 haplotypes identified two major clades, which correspond to two geographical regions separated by the Beijiang and Xijiang rivers, suggesting a history of vicariance. Significant genetic differentiation was detected among populations with cpDNA markers, a result consistent with limited seed dispersal in wild banana mediated by foraging of rodents. Nuclear SSR data also revealed significant geographical structuring in banana populations. In western China, however, there was no detected phylogeograpahical pattern, possibly due to frequent pollen flow via fruit bats. In contrast, populations east of the Beijiang River and the population of Hainan Island, where long‐range soaring pollinators are absent, are genetically distinct. Colonization–extinction processes may have influenced the evolution of Musa populations, which have a metapopulation structure and are connected by migrating individuals. Effective gene flow via pollen, estimated from the nuclear SSR data, is 3.65 times greater than gene flow via seed, estimated from cpDNA data. Chloroplast and nuclear DNAs provide different insights into phylogeographical patterns of wild banana populations and, taken together, can inform conservation practices.
Genetic and ecological dynamics of species replacement in an arid‐land river system
Authors: MOYER G. R. , OSBORNE M. , TURNER T. F.
Published: March 2005

Museum records indicate that Hybognathus placitus was introduced into the Pecos River, New Mexico during the early 1960s. Approximately 10 years later, a congener, Hybognathus amarus, was extirpated from the system. We used microsatellite and mtDNA data, ecological data and modelling, and a computer simulation approach to reconstruct the history of invasion and species replacement. To identify the potential role of hybridization and introgression, we genetically screened H. amarus (n = 389) from the Rio Grande, New Mexico, and H. placitus (n = 424) from the Pecos River, New Mexico using four nuclear microsatellites and a partial fragment of the mtDNA ND4 gene. Assignment tests excluded hybridization as a primary factor in species replacement and suggested a role for interspecific competition. Genetic analyses showed that H. placitus were introduced into the Pecos River from at least two genetically distinct source populations in the Canadian and Red rivers, Oklahoma. Lotka–Volterra models of interspecific competition indicated that the number of founding individuals could have been as few as 20 for H. placitus to have competitively displaced H. amarus in the Pecos River in 10 to 15 generations. Observed differences of allele frequencies between source and founder populations indicated that between 32 and 115 H. placitus individuals founded the Pecos River. Genetic and ecological data suggest that interspecific competition could have led to species replacement in this arid‐land river system.
Selective sweeps and intercontinental migration in the cosmopolitan moss Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid.
Authors: McDANIEL STUART F. , SHAW A. JONATHAN
Published: March 2005

The moss Ceratodon purpureus has long been used as a model system in plant development and physiology. However, the molecular population genetics of the species remains virtually unexplored. In this study, we used population genetic analyses of DNA sequence data from three unlinked loci (atpB‐rbcL spacer, adk, and phy2) to examine biogeographical patterns in a global sample of this species. The three loci differed significantly in mutation frequency spectra and implied population structure. Pairs of haplotypes from single populations were frequently more divergent than haplotypes sampled from widely disjunct populations. In the atpB‐rbcL spacer and adk samples, Australasian haplotypes were more closely related to Northern Hemisphere haplotypes than to haplotypes found in the equatorial regions. In contrast, the phy2 sample showed that the north and south temperate regions were genetically divergent, with the equatorial regions intermediate. Maximum‐likelihood estimates (MLE) of the rates of migration between the two hemispheres were significantly different for the two nuclear genes. The frequency spectra of mutations indicated that differences in implied population structure among the three loci resulted from directional selection on the chloroplast genome and on the chromosomal segment containing adk. Collectively, these data suggest that long‐distance migration within the Northern Hemisphere and Australasian regions is common (relative to the mutation rate) and that migration between these two regions, potentially via equatorial populations, is more frequent than migration among equatorial populations.
BAS1 and SOB7 act redundantly to modulate Arabidopsis photomorphogenesis via unique brassinosteroid inactivation mechanisms
Authors: Turk Edward M. , Fujioka Shozo , Seto Hideharu , Shimada Yukihisa , Takatsuto Suguru , Yoshida Shigeo , Wang Huachun , Torres Quetzal I. , Ward Jason M. , Murthy Girish , Zhang Jingyu , Walker John C. , Neff Michael M.
Published: March 2005

Active brassinosteroids (BRs), such as brassinolide (BL) and castasterone (CS), are growth‐promoting plant hormones. An Arabidopsis cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP734A1, formerly CYP72B1), encoded by the BAS1 gene, inactivates BRs and modulates photomorphogenesis. BAS1 was identified as the overexpressed gene responsible for a dominant, BR‐deficient mutant, bas1‐D. This mutant was isolated in an activation‐tagged screen designed to identify redundant genes that might not be identified in classic loss‐of‐function screens. Here we report the isolation of a second activation‐tagged mutant with a BR‐deficient phenotype. The mutant phenotype is caused by the overexpression of SOB7 (CYP72C1), a homolog of BAS1. We generated single and double null‐mutants of BAS1 and SOB7 to test the hypothesis that these two genes act redundantly to modulate photomorphogenesis. BAS1 and SOB7 act redundantly with respect to light promotion of cotyledon expansion, repression of hypocotyl elongation and flowering time in addition to other phenotypes not regulated by light. We also provide biochemical evidence to suggest that BAS1 and SOB7 act redundantly to reduce the level of active BRs, but have unique mechanisms. Overexpression of SOB7 results in a dramatic reduction in endogenous CS levels, and although single null‐mutants of BAS1 and SOB7 have the same level of CS as the wild type, the double null‐mutant has twice the amount. Application of BL to overexpression lines of BAS1 or SOB7 results in enhanced metabolism of BL, though only BAS1 overexpression lines confer enhanced conversion to 26‐OHBL, suggesting that SOB7 and BAS1 convert BL and CS into unique products.
Comparative Study on Calretinin Immunoreactivity in Gerbil and Rat Retina
Authors: Hwang I. K. , Yoo K.‐Y. , Kim D. S. , Jung J. Y. , Shin M. C. , Seo K. , Kim K.‐S. , Kang T.‐C. , Won M. H.
Published: March 2005

Expression of calretinin in retina has been ascribed to multiple biological and functional aspects in the visual system. In this study, we examined the distribution patterns of calretinin immunoreactivity in gerbil and rat retina. In the gerbil, calretinin immunoreactivity was present in bipolar and amacrine cells of the inner nuclear layer and in neurones of the ganglion cell layer. In the rat, amacrine and ganglion cells showed calretinin immunoreactivity, but bipolar cells did not contain calretinin immunoreactivity. In both species, calretinin immunoreactivity was absent in cones, cone bipolars, and horizontal cells. In conclusion, gerbil as well as rat has a rod‐dominant retina. The differences in calretinin expression between rat and gerbil require further investigations under various functional and developmental conditions.
Immunohistochemical Demonstration of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Innervation in the Dog
Authors: Willenegger S. , Friess A. E. , Lang J. , Stoffel M. H.
Published: March 2005

Low back pain is a common ailment in dogs, particularly in specific breeds such as the German shepherd dog. A number of structures such as facet joint capsules, ligaments, dorsal root ganglia, periosteum, vertebral endplates and meninges have been associated with this condition. Yet, in spite of all diagnostic efforts, the origin of pain remains obscure in a substantial proportion of all cases. A further structure often being involved in vertebral column disorders is the intervertebral disc. The presence of nerves, however, is a precondition for pain sensation and, consequently, structures lacking innervation can be left out of consideration as a cause for low back pain. Nerve fibres have been demonstrated at the periphery of the intervertebral disc in man, rabbit and rat. With regard to the dog, however, the extent of intervertebral disc innervation is still being disputed. The goal of the present study, therefore, was to substantiate and expand current knowledge of intervertebral disc innervation. Protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 was used for immunohistochemical examination of serial transversal and sagittal paraffin sections of lumbar discs from adult dogs. This general marker revealed nerve fibres to be confined to the periphery of the intervertebral discs. These results indicate that even limited pathological processes affecting the outer layers of the intervertebral disc are prone to cause low back pain.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission among high school students in Greece
Authors: Hadjichristodoulou Christos , VAsilogiannakopoulos Antonis , Spala Georgia , Mavrou Irini , Kolonia Virginia , Marinis Evangelos , Syriopoulou Vasiliki , Theodoridou Maria
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
: The aim of this study was to investigate the requirements and practical steps for screening of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) transmission among high school student populations in two regional high schools of central Greece. Case‐matched control populations from other regional schools were included.

Methods
: Case study of two indexed cases, 61 close contacts, 212 casual contacts and 369 controls were investigated. Detailed questionnaires, tuberculin‐skin test (PPD test), chest radiography, medical evaluation and DNA fingerprinting of sputum isolates were used.

Results
: In case A, three (1.97%) of 152 close and casual contacts developed tuberculosis, and a further 25 (16.4%) were classified as infected. In contrast, none of the 121 close or casual contacts investigated for Case B developed tuberculosis or were classified as infected. None of the control populations contained infected individuals. Contacts of case A had a much higher risk (3.08 < RR = 22.29 < 161.69, P < 0.001) of being infected than contacts of case B. Two different strains of MTB were found responsible for these outbreaks.

Conclusion
: There was a considerable difference in the infectivity of the two cases presumably due to environmental and clinical factors, although two different MTB strains were responsible. It is proposed that the extent of case investigation should be individualized with particular emphasis placed among close contacts.
Prevalence of obesity, binge eating, and night eating in a cross‐sectional field survey of 6‐year‐old children and their parents in a German urban population
Authors: Lamerz Andreas , Kuepper‐Nybelen Jutta , Bruning Nicole , Wehle Christine , Trost‐Brinkhues Gabriele , Brenner Hermann , Hebebrand Johannes , Herpertz‐Dahlmann Beate
Published: March 2005

Background:  To assess the prevalence of obesity, obesity‐related binge eating, non‐obesity‐related binge eating, and night eating in five‐ to six‐year‐old children and to examine the impact of parental eating disturbances.

Methods:  When 2020 children attended their obligatory health exam prior to school entry in the city of Aachen, Germany, 1979 parents (97.9%) filled out a questionnaire on their child's eating habits and weight development in a cross‐sectional survey. Anthropometric measurements were collected for all children in a standardized form.

Results:  Episodes of binge eating were found in 2.0% of the children surveyed and night eating in 1.1%. There was a significant relationship between binge eating and obesity but not between night eating and the child's weight. Children's binge eating and night eating were strongly associated with eating disturbances on the part of their mothers (adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence intervals]: 6.1 [2.7–13.5] and 7.8 [2.1–29.4], respectively) and with a non‐German native language (adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence intervals]: 2.6 [1.2–5.5] and 11.6 [3.5–38.7], respectively).

Conclusions:  In concurrence with studies on adulthood, binge eating is linked to obesity already in early childhood. Children of mothers with eating disorders and children of mothers with a non‐German native language are at increased risk of developing eating disorders themselves. Future studies should focus on obesity and eating disorders in early childhood; prevention programs should seek to target young children at risk as early as possible.
Practitioner Review: Cognitive rehabilitation for children with acquired brain injury
Authors: Limond Jenny , Leeke Rachel
Published: March 2005

Background: The need to address acquired cognitive impairments is increasing in child populations seen across a range of settings. However, current clinical practice following brain injury in children does not necessarily incorporate the use of cognitive rehabilitation models or techniques. The aim of this paper is to review the literature in this area.

Methods: All published interventions targeting the cognitive domains of attention, memory and/or executive function that could be identified were reviewed. Different cognitive rehabilitation techniques are briefly described and the clinical and research implications of the findings are discussed.

Results: Eleven papers, involving 54 children and adolescents receiving intervention, were identified. This literature describes generalised cognitive rehabilitation programmes as well as more specific strategies targeting focal deficits.

Conclusions: There is an absence of randomised controlled trials and a very limited number of studies using other methodological approaches, providing at this time no conclusive evidence for the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation for children with acquired brain injury, but a clear need to address a range of methodological difficulties in this field of enquiry.
Digital close range photogrammetry for measurement of soil erosion
Authors: Rieke‐Zapp Dirk H. , Nearing Mark A.
Published: March 2005

Many of the processes involved in soil erosion have dimensions on the millimetre scale. Modelling and quantification of such processes require information on soil surface topography with adequate resolution. The purpose of this study was to generate digital elevation models (DEMs) from soil surfaces with high spatial and temporal resolution. Digital photogrammetry was applied for measuring erosion rates on complex‐shaped soil surfaces under laboratory rainfall conditions. A total of 60 DEMs were generated, covering a planimetric area of 16 m2. The DEMs had a grid resolution of 3 mm. A vertical precision of approximately 1 mm was desired for DEM analysis. A consumer‐grade digital camera was used for image acquisition. The camera was calibrated using BLUH software. Homologous points in overlapping images were identified with least squares matching software. Irregularly spaced object coordinates were interpolated to a regular grid in a geographic information system. The resulting DEMs represented the soil surface well. A precision of 1·26 mm in the vertical was attained. The precision of DEM production was limited to camera calibration. Improvements of the setup presented could include the use of better control points and more advanced image matching strategies for identification of homologous points. The DEMs allowed for detailed analysis of soil surface evolution.
XXth International Congress of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing: part II
Authors: Aplin Paul
Published: March 2005

Reports from the XXth International Congress of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, held at the Istanbul Convention and Exhibition Centre (ICEC), Turkey, from 12th to 23rd July 2004, continue here with Technical Commission VII activities, including the formation for 2004–8 of two new Commissions concerned with remote sensing, TCs VII and VIII. Papers from the Congress are published in Volume XXXV of the International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences.
Floral Morphogenesis of Anemone rivularis Buch.‐Ham. ex DC. var. flore‐minore Maxim. (Ranunculaceae) with Special Emphasis on Androecium Developmental Sequence
Authors: CHANG Hong‐Li , REN Yi , LU An‐Min
Published: March 2005

Abstract: The floral morphogenesis and androecium developmental sequence of Anemone rivularis Buch.‐Ham. ex DC. var. flore‐minore Maxim. were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and by means of histological methods in order to expand our knowledge of the morphogenesis and development of the floral organs of the Ranunculaceae. The initiation of the floral elements is a centripetal spiral and the direction of the spiral is clockwise or anti‐clockwise. However, the development of the androecium is highly unusual: in a longitudinal series of four stamens, the second stamen develops first from the inner to outer, then the third one, the fourth one and the first one in turn. The microsporogenesis and anther maturation follows the same developmental sequence. The tepals are different from the bracts and the stamens in both shape and size in the early developmental stage, but there is no difference between the stamens and carpels in the early developmental stage. Therefore, we established a spatio‐temporal process of the floral morphogenesis of A. rivularis var. flore‐minore and offer another meaning of the floral diversity patterns attributed to the level of the genus.

(Managing editor: Wei WANG)
Effects of co‐supplementation of vitamins E and C on gentamicin‐induced nephrotoxicity in rat
Authors: Kadkhodaee Mehri , Khastar Hossein , Faghihi Mahdieh , Ghaznavi Rana , Zahmatkesh Maryam
Published: March 2005

Gentamicin (GM) is an effective antibiotic against severe gram‐negative infections. However it can produce nephrotoxicity in human. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been proposed as the causative factors of the renal side effects the drug. This study was performed to investigate the protective role of antioxidant vitamins against GM‐mediated nephropathy in an in situ model of isolated rat kidney. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of the following groups of seven rats: group 1 (Control) was perfused with Tyrode solution; group 2 (GM), 200 μg ml−1 GM was added to the perfusate; group 3 (GM + Vit C), as group 2 with vitamin C added to the drinking water for 3 days (200 mg l−1) and to the perfusate (100 mg l−1); group 4 (GM + Vit E), as group 2 with vitamin E (100 mg (100 g body weight)−1, i.m.) injected 12 h before the start of the experiment; group 5 (GM + Vit C + Vit E) as group 2 with vitamin E and C co‐administered (concentrations and conditions as in groups 3 and 4). To compare the groups, urinary lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), N‐acetyle‐β‐d‐glucosaminidase (NAG) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, inulin clearance (glomerular filtration rate, GFR) and renal tissue glutathione (GSH) content were measured. GM caused a significant nephrotoxicity demonstrated by an increase in urinary LDH, NAG and ALP activities. Reduction in GSH content and a marked decrease in GFR were observed compared to controls. Vitamin C inhibited the GM‐induced increase in urinary enzyme activities but did not show a significant effect on the GSH content or GFR. Vitamin E prevented the GM‐induced reduction in GSH lelvel without a significant improvement in GFR. Co‐administration of vitamins C and E significantly prevented the GM‐induced nephrotoxicity demonstrating by preservation of GFR and GSH levels and prevention of increase in urinary enzyme activities. We conclude that co‐administration of moderate doses of vitamins C and E has beneficial effects on renal preservation in GM‐induced nephrotoxicity.
Connections Between Stability, Convexity of Internal Energy, and the Second Law for Compressible Newtonian Fluids
Authors: Bechtel Stephen E. , Rooney Francis J. , Forest M. Gregory
Published: March 2005

In this note we provide proofs of the following statements for a compressible Newtonian fluid: (i) internal energy being a convex function of entropy and specific volume is equivalent to nonnegativity of both specific heat at constant volume and isothermal bulk modulus; (ii) convexity of internal energy together with the second law of thermodynamics imply linear stability of the rest state; and (iii) linear stability of the rest state together with the second law imply convexity of internal energy.
Dynamic Steady-State Stress Field in a Web During Slitting
Authors: Liu C. , Lu H. , Huang Y.
Published: March 2005

Based on a dynamic fracture mechanics analysis, the stress field in a continuous film (called a web) during slitting (or cutting) is investigated. For a homogeneous, isotropic and linearly elastic web, the steady-state dynamic stress field surrounding the slitter blade can be related to the interacting traction between the moving web and the blade, and to the far-field tension that is parallel to the slitting direction. The interaction between the moving web and the blade also includes friction that is considered to be a Coulomb type. By solving an integral equation, the normal traction between the web and the blade can be expressed as a function of the blade profile and the web speed. Numerical calculations are performed for an ideal razor blade with the wedge shape. The analysis presented in this study indicates that the contact between the moving web and the blade does not start at the tip of the blade but rather starts at some distance behind the blade tip. Moreover, it is found that the distance from the point where the web begins to separate to the point where the blade and the web start to have contact, is controlled by the toughness of the web material and also by the web speed. Some characteristic nature of the dynamic stress field surrounding the slitter blade is investigated based on the dynamic fracture mechanics analysis results.
Energy Extraction From a Porous Media Reciprocal Flow Burner With Embedded Heat Exchangers
Authors: Contarin Fabiano , Barcellos William M. , Saveliev Alexi V. , Lawrence A. Kennedy
Published: March 2005

Superadiabatic combustion in porous media allows a stable burning of ultralean methane/air mixtures, far below flammability limits. The intrinsic heat regeneration process of the porous matrix and the low degree of thermal nonequilibrium between the gas and the solid phases maintain temperatures of less than 1600 K resulting in extremely low levels of CO and NOx production. Due to the transient nature of this phenomenon, a method to confine the combustion into a practical burner has been engineered. The Reciprocal Flow Burner (RFB) is an effective and simple system to achieve this result by arranging the reaction zone to travel back and forth along the length of the burner. This ultimately results in a relatively uniform temperature profile over the central zone of the reactor. Embedding heat exchangers into the ends of the bed makes it an appealing alternative for high-efficiency, low-emission heat generation. In the present work, experimental results are presented and compared to an earlier numerical model to provide a better understanding of heat extraction from a RFB.
Optimization of Loads in Piping Systems by the Realistic Calculation Method Applying Fluid-Structure-Interaction (FSI) and Dynamic Friction
Authors: Diesselhorst Tilman , Neumann Ulrich
Published: March 2005

To reduce costs and to extend the lifetime of piping systems their design loads due to valve action have to be optimized. To get the best effect the results of the fluiddynamic and structural calculations should be realistic as far as possible. Therefore, the calculation programs were coupled to consider the fluid structure interaction and the effect of dynamic fluid friction was introduced to get realistic results of oscillations due to pressure surges. Detailed modeling of check valve behavior allows minimizing the pressure surge loading by improving the valve function and adapting it to the system behavior. The method was validated at measurements of load cases in power plant piping systems. Results with different load cases show the effectiveness of reducing the fluid forces on piping. Examples are given to prove the reduction of supports.
Stresses Within Compound Tubes Comprising a Steel Liner and an External Carbon-Fiber Wrapped Laminate
Authors: Parker Anthony P. , Troiano Edward , Underwood John H.
Published: March 2005

There is increasing interest in techniques that permit weight reduction of thick cylinders, particularly gun barrels. The method examined within this paper involves the external wrapping of a carbon fiber-based laminate jacket around a steel liner. Various design options are examined, e.g., prior autofrettage of a steel liner followed by external tension wrapping and benign wrapping of a stress-free steel liner followed by autofrettage of the assembly. Outcomes include optimum overstrain and machining of the steel liner, identification of a potential “crushing” failure mode due to radial compressive stresses and techniques for application of tension wrapping which optimize hoop stress within the composite jacket. Finally, possible combinations of fiber orientations are discussed.
The Effect of Reduced Design Margin on the Fire Survivability of ASME Code Propane Tanks
Authors: Birk A. M.
Published: March 2005

In the 1999 addenda to the 1998 ASME pressure vessel code, Section VIII, Div. 1 there was a change in design margin for unfired pressure vessels from 4.0 to 3.5. This has resulted in the manufacture of propane and LPG tanks with thinner walls. For example, the author has purchased some new 500 gallon ASME code propane tanks for testing purposes. These tanks had the wall thickness reduced from 7.7 mm in 2000 to 7.1 mm in 2002 and now to 6.5 mm in 2004. These changes were partly due to the code change and partly due to other factors such as steel plate availability. In any case, the changes in wall thickness significantly affects the fire survivability of these tanks. This paper presents both experimental and computational results that show the effect of wall thickness on tank survivability to fire impingement. The results show that for the same dank diameter, tank material, and pressure relief valve setting, the thinner wall tanks are more likely to fail in a given fire situation. In severe fires, the thinner walled tanks will fail earlier. An earlier failure usually means the tank will fail with a higher fill level, because the pressure relief system has had less time to vent material from the tank. A higher liquid fill level at failure also means more energy is in the tank and this means the failure will be more violent. The worst failure scenario is known as a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion and this mode of failure is also more likely with the thinner walled tanks. The results of this work suggest that certain applications of pressure vessels such as propane transport and storage may require higher design margins than required by Section VIII ASME code.
THE Ext-FUNCTOR FOR THE CATEGORY OF COMPLETELY BOUNDED COMODULES
Authors: NG CHI-KEUNG
Published: March 2005

In this article, we will give the definition of the Ext-functor for the category ℳS of (completely bounded) counital right S-comodules (where S is a counital Hopf C*-algebra that is either unital or nuclear) using the derived functor approach. Moreover, we will give a brief discussion on the injective objects in ℳS.
p-ADIC FATOU–BIEBERBACH MAPPINGS
Authors: KHOAI HA HUY
Published: March 2005

We construct a p-adic analogue of the Fatou–Bieberbach example.
MEASURING LIFETIME OF THE PIONIUM ATOM WITH THE DIRAC EXPERIMENT
Authors:   FOR THE DIRAC COLLABORATION, GOLDIN DANIEL
Published: March 2005

The DIRAC experiment at CERN has been measuring the lifetime of the pionium atom, a bound state of a π+ and π- meson. The isospin 0 and 2 scattering length difference will be determined unambiguously once the value of the lifetime is known. In what follows we describe the experimental goals and the first results.
STRUCTURE AROUND THE ππ THRESHOLD IN pp→ppγγ AND ITS POSSIBLE INTERPRETATION AS "σ"→γγ
Authors:   FOR THE CELSIUS-WASA COLLABORATION., BASHKANOV M. , CLEMENT H. , DOROSHKEVICH E. , KASKULOV M. , MEIER R. , SKORODKO T. , WAGNER G. J.
Published: March 2005

The pp→ppγγ reaction has been measured at CELSIUS using the WASA 4π-detector with hydrogen pellet target. At the current status of analyses of measurements regarding beam energies between Tp=1.20 and 1.36 GeV a narrow structure is observed around the ππ threshold in the invariant γγ mass spectrum Mγγ. The angular dependence of this structure is compatible with a radiative decay originating from the σ channel.
ANTIPROTON PHYSICS AT GSI WITH PANDA
Authors: SMYRSKI JERZY
Published: March 2005

Detector PANDA was proposed for studies of the interaction of antiprotons with nucleons and nuclei at the future GSI accelerator facility. Selected topics of physics program at PANDA including studies of the interaction of charmed hadrons in matter, production of double Λ-hypernuclei, CP-violation in the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] system as well as studies of electromagnetic form factors of proton are presented.
OBSERVATION OF η→π+π-e+e- DECAY WITH WASA AT CELSIUS
Authors:   FOR THE CELSIUS/WASA COLLABORATION., STEPANIAK JOANNA
Published: March 2005

We present preliminary results on the observation of the η→π+π-e+e- decay in the CELSIUS/WASA experiment. The η mesons were produced from proton-proton interactions at 1360 MeV incident proton energy.
TOWARDS THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE MESON SPECTRA
Authors: VIJANDE J. , FERNÁNDEZ F. , VALCARCE A.
Published: March 2005

We present a quark-quark interaction for the complete study of the meson spectra, from the light to the heavy sector. We compare the quark model predictions against well-established [Formula: see text] experimental data. This allows to identify discrepancies between quark model results and experiment that may signal physics beyond conventional hadron spectroscopy.
EVIDENCE FOR A NARROW BARYON STATE WITH |S|=1 AT THE HERMES EXPERIMENT
Authors:   ON BEHALF OF THE HERMES COLLABORATION., RUBÁČEK LUKÁŠ
Published: March 2005

A narrow baryon state has been found in the channel [Formula: see text] of quasi-real photoproduction on a deuterium target at the HERMES experiment. Its mass is 1528±2.6±2.1 MeV and its width is somewhat larger than the experimental resolution of 4.3-6.2 MeV. This state may be interpreted as the predicted S=+1 exotic Θ+ pentaquark baryon. No signal for a hypothetical Θ++ baryon was observed, indicating that the Θ+ is an isoscalar particle.
FIRST OBSERVATION OF KS→π0e+e- AND KS→π0μ+μ- AT NA48/1
Authors:   FOR THE NA48/1 COLLABORATION., LÓPEZ SYLVIA GOY
Published: March 2005

Using data taken on 2002 at the CERN SPS accelerator, the NA48/1 collaboration has made the first observation of the rare decays KS→π0e+e- and KS→π0μ+μ-. Seven events were found in the electron channel with an estimated background of [Formula: see text]. For the muon channel 6 events were observed with a background of [Formula: see text]. Using vector a matrix element with unity form factor the resulting branching ratios are: [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text].
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE $D_s^+\pi^0-DK-D_s^+\eta$ COUPLED CHANNEL DYNAMICS
Authors: SASSEN F. P. , KREWALD S.
Published: March 2005

We investigate the dynamics of the coupled channel system consisting of the [Formula: see text]-, DK-, and [Formula: see text]-channels. We find that in the isoscalar channel a DK-molecule is formed due to the attraction of the t-channel meson exchange potentials. This may explain the observations by BaBar, Cleo, Belle and others of a narrow DsJ state at 2317 MeV. We thoroughly investigate the influence of isospin breaking via mass differences, ρω- and πη-mixing on this molecule since within our model only isospin violating processes contribute to the width of the molecule. If the DsJ(2317) is assumed to be a pure molecule we predict a width much smaller than the current experimental upper limit.
ON THE POSITIVENESS OF A FUNCTIONAL SYMMETRIC MATRIX USED IN DIGITAL FILTER DESIGN
Authors: WU YAN
Published: March 2005

This paper gives a simple proof for the positiveness of two important symmetric Toeplitz matrices used in communication and signal processing. It utilizes the shifting property of a so-called Uniformly Band-Restricted (UBR) function, which is the generating function for a generic functional symmetric matrix. It is shown that the functional symmetric matrix is positive definite if the UBR function is evaluated at a sequence of distinct real numbers.
A TUNABLE HETERODYNE FILTER DESIGN ON RECONFIGURABLE FABRIC
Authors: SHARMA SANJAY , CHAUHAN R. C. , ATTRI SANJAY
Published: March 2005

This paper presents the design of tunable heterodyne filter that can be used very effectively in the elimination of narrowband interference in wide-band communications. The filter makes use of the heterodyne process to create a tunable notch filter from a fixed coefficient high-pass filter. It has been shown that it is possible to generate a signal that can be used to set the heterodyne frequency to match the tunable heterodyne notch filter to the center of the detected interference through the use of a simple second order IIR band-pass filter to detect the narrowband interference. Moreover various options have been illustrated for the implementation of heterodyne filters using Xilinx Virtex field programable gate arrays (FPGAs).
AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH FOR OBTAINING 2D DISCRETE FILTERS BY CASCADING SECTIONS EACH HAVING UNITY DEGREE IN EACH VARIABLE
Authors: GARGOUR C. S. , RAMACHANDRAN V. , RAMACHANDRAN RAVI P.
Published: March 2005

The properties of a 2D discrete transfer function with degree of each variable being unity are discussed. The coefficients of the denominator polynomial contain a parameter k (having real values) whose bounds are determined by stability considerations. These bounds are obtained by testing the overall polynomial at only four points z1=±1 and z2=±1. Suitable numerator polynomial can be associated to get the overall transfer function. Such structures can be cascaded so that the overall magnitude response can be changed by altering the response of one or more sections.
WHEN AND WHY DELAUNAY REFINEMENT ALGORITHMS WORK
Authors: MILLER GARY L. , PAV STEVEN E. , WALKINGTON NOEL J.
Published: March 2005

An "adaptive" variant of Ruppert's Algorithm for producing quality triangular planar meshes is introduced. The algorithm terminates for arbitrary Planar Straight Line Graph (PSLG) input. The algorithm outputs a Delaunay mesh where no triangle has minimum angle smaller than about 26.45° except "across" from small angles of the input. No angle of the output mesh is smaller than arctan [(sin θ*)/(2-cos θ*)] where θ* is the minimum input angle. Moreover no angle of the mesh is larger than about 137°, independent of small input angles. The adaptive variant is unnecessary when θ* is larger than 36.53°, and thus Ruppert's Algorithm (with concentric shell splitting) can accept input with minimum angle as small as 36.53°. An argument is made for why Ruppert's Algorithm can terminate when the minimum output angle is as large as 30°.
EOWA AND EOWG OPERATORS FOR AGGREGATING LINGUISTIC LABELS BASED ON LINGUISTIC PREFERENCE RELATIONS
Authors: XU Z. S.
Published: March 2005

In this paper, we define two types of linguistic preference relations (multiplicative linguistic preference relation and additive linguistic preference relation), and study some of their desirable properties. We introduce the extended geometric mean (EGM) operator, extended arithmetical averaging (EAA) operator, extended ordered weighted averaging (EOWA) operator and extended ordered weighted geometric (EOWG) operator. An approach based on the EGM and EOWG operators and multiplicative linguistic preference relations and an approach based on the EAA and EOWA operators and additive linguistic preference relations are proposed to ranking the alternatives in the group decision-making problems. Finally, we give a numerical example to illustrate the developed approaches.
LAWS OF LARGE NUMBERS FOR WEIGHTED SUMS OF FUZZY SET-VALUED RANDOM VARIABLES
Authors: GUAN LI , LI SHOUMEI
Published: March 2005

In this paper, we shall present weak and strong laws of large numbers (WLLN's and SLLN's) for weighted sums of independent (not necessarily identically distributed) fuzzy set-valued random variables in the sense of the extended Hausdorff metric [Formula: see text], based on the result of set-valued random variable obtained by Taylor and Inoue32,33. This work is a continuation of Li and Ogura20.
HOW NEUTROPHILS KILL MICROBES
Authors: Segal Anthony W.
Published: March 2005

▪ Abstract  Neutrophils provide the first line of defense of the innate immune system by phagocytosing, killing, and digesting bacteria and fungi. Killing was previously believed to be accomplished by oxygen free radicals and other reactive oxygen species generated by the NADPH oxidase, and by oxidized halides produced by myeloperoxidase. We now know this is incorrect. The oxidase pumps electrons into the phagocytic vacuole, thereby inducing a charge across the membrane that must be compensated. The movement of compensating ions produces conditions in the vacuole conducive to microbial killing and digestion by enzymes released into the vacuole from the cytoplasmic granules.
Resistance training increases total daily energy expenditure in disabled older women with coronary heart disease
Authors: Ades Philip A. , Savage Patrick D. , Brochu Martin , Tischler Marc D. , Lee N. Melinda , Poehlman Eric T.
Published: March 2005

Physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) is a determinant of prognosis and fitness in older patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). PAEE and total energy expenditure (TEE) are closely related to fatness, physical function, and metabolic risk in older individuals. The goal of this study was to assess effects of resistance training on PAEE, TEE, and fitness in older women with chronic CHD and physical activity limitations ( N = 51, mean age: 72 + 5 yr). The study intervention consisted of a progressive, 6-mo program of resistance training vs. a control group condition of low-intensity yoga and deep breathing. The study interventions were completed by 42 of the 51 participants. The intervention group manifested a 177 ± 213 kcal/day (+9%) increase in TEE, pre- to posttraining, measured by the doubly labeled water technique during a nonexercise 10-day period ( P < 0.03 vs. controls). This was due to a 50 ± 74 kcal/day (4%) increase in resting metabolic rate measured by indirect calorimetry ( P < 0.01, P < 0.05 vs. controls) and a 123 ± 214 kcal/day (9%) increase in PAEE ( P < 0.03, P = 0.12 vs. controls). Resistance training was associated with significant increases in upper and lower body strength, but no change in fat-free mass, measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry, or left ventricular function, measured by echocardiography and Doppler. Women in the control group showed no alterations in TEE or its determinants. There were no changes between groups in body composition, aerobic capacity, or measures of mental depression. These results demonstrate that resistance training of 6-mo duration leads to an increase in TEE and PAEE in older women with chronic CHD.
Measurement of the CO2apneic threshold in newborn infants: possible relevance for periodic breathing and apnea
Authors: Khan Akram , Qurashi Mansour , Kwiatkowski Kim , Cates Don , Rigatto Henrique
Published: March 2005

We measured the Pco2apneic threshold in preterm and term infants. We hypothesized that, compared with adult subjects, the Pco2apneic threshold in neonates is very close to the eupneic Pco2, likely facilitating the appearance of periodic breathing and apnea. In contrast with adults, who need to be artificially hyperventilated to switch from regular to periodic breathing, neonates do this spontaneously. We therefore measured the apneic threshold as the average alveolar Pco2(PaCO2) of the last three breaths of regular breathing preceding the first apnea of an epoch of periodic breathing. We also measured the PaCO2of the first three breaths of regular breathing after the last apnea of the same periodic breathing epoch. In preterm infants, eupneic PaCO2was 38.6 ± 1.4 Torr, the preperiodic PaCO2apneic threshold was 37.3 ± 1.4 Torr, and the postperiodic PaCO2was 37.2 ± 1.4 Torr. In term infants, the eupneic PaCO2was 39.7 ± 1.1 Torr, the preperiodic PaCO2apneic threshold was 38.7 ± 1.0 Torr, and the postperiodic value was 37.9 ± 1.2 Torr. This means that the PaCO2apneic thresholds were 1.3 ± 0.1 and 1.0 ± 0.2 Torr below eupneic PaCO2in preterm and term infants, respectively. The transition from eupneic PaCO2to PaCO2apneic threshold preceding periodic breathing was accompanied by a minor and nonsignificant increase in ventilation, primarily related to a slight increase in frequency. The findings suggest that neonates breathe very close to their Pco2apneic threshold, the overall average eupneic Pco2being only 1.15 ± 0.2 Torr (0.95–1.79, 95% confidence interval) above the apneic threshold. This value is much lower than that reported for adult subjects (3.5 ± 0.4 Torr). We speculate that this closeness of eupneic and apneic Pco2thresholds confers great vulnerability to the respiratory control system in neonates, because minor oscillations in breathing may bring eupneic Pco2below threshold, causing apnea.
Relationship of physical fitness, hormone replacement therapy, and hemostatic risk factors in postmenopausal women
Authors: Szymanski Linda M. , Kessler Craig M. , Fernhall Bo
Published: March 2005

This cross-sectional study evaluated the relationship of physical fitness, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and hemostatic profiles at rest and after an acute bout of maximal exercise in 48 healthy postmenopausal women. Subjects were categorized by fitness and HRT user status into four groups: unfit nonusers, fit nonusers, unfit users, and fit users. Fibrinolytic variables tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity, and antigen and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2, a molecular marker of in vivo thrombin generation, were measured before and after maximal exercise. Fibrinogen was also measured at rest. Higher tPA and lower PAI-1 activities ( P < 0.05) were seen in HRT users and fit groups. tPA and PAI-1 antigens were lower in HRT and fit groups ( P < 0.05) but not after correction for body mass index. Prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 was lower in the fit groups regardless of HRT status ( P < 0.05). Fibrinogen was similar in all groups. Favorable hemostatic profiles were observed in physically fit compared with unfit women, especially in HRT nonusers. Thus fitness is more strongly related to these hemostatic risk factors compared with HRT since HRT did not affect these hemostatic variables in fit postmenopausal women.