bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are monoterpenoids and phenylpropanoids efficient inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase from stored product insect strains?
Authors: López María Dolores , Pascual‐Villalobos María Jesús
Published: October 2014

In previous papers the toxicity of the monoterpenoids linalool and carvone and the phenylpropanoids trans‐anethole and estragole, as well as the capacity to induce resistance to Sitophilus oryzae and Cryptolestes pusillus trough acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition from either susceptible or tolerant (up to the tenth generation) insect populations, was tested at different concentrations of substrate. In this study, the activity of AChE inhibited by monoterpenoids and phenylpropanoids at lower concentrations (from 0.02 to 10 mM) was measured by Ellman's method at the same concentration of substrate (1 mM). Mainly, all of the monoterpenoids and phenylpropanoids applied turned out to be weak inhibitors at low concentrations, except for linalool and estragole, which were relatively the most powerful inhibitors for S. oryzae susceptible and tolerant strains, and for carvone, but just for the tolerant strain. However, in all these cases, high concentrations of inhibitors were necessary. The compounds studied on C. pusillus turned out to be extremely weak inhibitors, with inhibition not exceeding 40%. Higher values at half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) were found for tolerant than susceptible strains in S. oryzae and C. pusillus by using linalool, indicating that esterases, or specifically AChE, could be involved in the mode of action. In addition, in relation to the types of inhibition, linalool and estragole were competitive inhibitors, whereas carvone presented a non‐competitive inhibition. This combined information should be taken into account when essential oils, monoterpenoids or phenylpropanoids are used in organic farming, because these compounds can be used as effective insecticides, although they were deficient AChE inhibitors, should this situation be acceptable for ecological agriculture. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic dissection of the Mss4 locus mediating sex‐biased cancer resistance in the rat peripheral nervous system
Authors: van den Berg Linda , Koelsch Bernd U. , Winzen‐Reichert Bettina , Fischer Christine , Kutritz Andrea , Kindler‐Röhrborn Andrea
Published: October 2014

The incidence of neural tumors is sexually dimorphic in both, humans and rodents. The identification of genetic determinants contributing to sex‐biased tumor development is an essential prerequisite for differential tumor prevention in males and females. F2 hybrids of inbred BDIV and BDIX rats, resistant and susceptible, respectively, to ethylnitrosourea‐induced malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) display a marked sex bias regarding tumor risk. Homozygous BDIV alleles at the Mss4 locus (90.9–111.2 Mb, chromosome 6) mediate MPNST resistance exclusively in female F2 rats according to a genome wide association analysis. This locus was functionally confirmed and fine mapped through MPNST induction in males and females of three congenic rat strains (BDIX.BDIV‐Mss4a, b, d). As a consequence, it could be subdivided in Mss4.1 (98.8–99.7 Mb) mediating cancer resistance, and Mss4.2 (99.7–111.2 Mb) enhancing sex specificity. Positional candidate genes were selected through DNA sequencing and expression profiling using RNAs from trigeminal nerve tissue of parental and congenic male and female animals. The transregulatory fingerprint of BDIV or BDIX alleles at Mss4.1 and/or Mss4.2, respectively, provided insight into the processes influencing cancer risk in a sex‐biased way. A group of genes, a fraction of which involved in Schwann cell differentiation, showed low, male‐biased expression in nerve tissues under the control of BDIX susceptibility alleles, but high, female‐biased transcript levels when controlled by BDIV resistance alleles at Mss4. The Esr2 gene located in Mss4.1 constitutes an interesting functional candidate together with a yet unidentified gene/enhancer in Mss4.2.
Fascin1 in carcinomas: Its regulation and prognostic value
Authors: Ma Yafeng , Machesky Laura M.
Published: October 2014

Previous cell biological studies demonstrate that the actin bundling protein fascin1 regulates cell motility, migration and invasion. Human studies demonstrate that fascin1 is upregulated in many epithelial cancers. This review gives a brief overview of the role of fascin1 in cell migration and invasion, but focuses mainly on the regulation and clinical relevance of fascin1 in epithelial cancers. Here, we propose fascin1 as a potent prognostic biomarker for breast, colorectal, esophageal cancers and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Fascin1 may also be an attractive drug target against these carcinomas in the future, but more studies are needed.
Fatty acid synthase is a metabolic marker of cell proliferation rather than malignancy in ovarian cancer and its precursor cells
Authors: Veigel Daniel , Wagner Renate , Stübiger Gerald , Wuczkowski Michael , Filipits Martin , Horvat Reinhard , Benhamú Bellinda , López‐Rodríguez María Luz , Leisser Asha , Valent Peter , Grusch Michael , Hegardt Fausto G. , García Jordi , Serra Dolors , Auersperg Nelly , Colomer Ramón , Grunt Thomas W.
Published: October 2014

Ovarian cancer (OC) is caused by genetic aberrations in networks that control growth and survival. Importantly, aberrant cancer metabolism interacts with oncogenic signaling providing additional drug targets. Tumors overexpress the lipogenic enzyme fatty acid synthase (FASN) and are inhibited by FASN blockers, whereas normal cells are FASN‐negative and FASN‐inhibitor‐resistant. Here, we demonstrate that this holds true when ovarian/oviductal cells reside in their autochthonous tissues, whereas in culture they express FASN and are FASN‐inhibitor‐sensitive. Upon subculture, nonmalignant cells cease growth, express senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase, lose FASN and become FASN‐inhibitor‐resistant. Immortalized ovarian/oviductal epithelial cell lines—although resisting senescence—reveal distinct growth activities, which correlate with FASN levels and FASN drug sensitivities. Accordingly, ectopic FASN stimulates growth in these cells. Moreover, FASN levels and lipogenic activities affect cellular lipid composition as demonstrated by thin‐layer chromatography. Correlation between proliferation and FASN levels was finally evaluated in cancer cells such as HOC‐7, which contain subclones with variable differentiation/senescence and corresponding FASN expression/FASN drug sensitivity. Interestingly, senescent phenotypes can be induced in parental HOC‐7 by differentiating agents. In OC cells, FASN drugs induce cell cycle blockade in S and/or G2/M and stimulate apoptosis, whereas in normal cells they only cause cell cycle deceleration without apoptosis. Thus, normal cells, although growth‐inhibited, may survive and recover from FASN blockade, whereas malignant cells get extinguished. FASN expression and FASN drug sensitivity are directly linked to cell growth and correlate with transformation/differentiation/senescence only indirectly. FASN is therefore a metabolic marker of cell proliferation rather than a marker of malignancy and is a useful target for future drug development.
Solute diffusion through fibrotic tissue formed around protective cage system for implantable devices
Authors: Prihandana Gunawan Setia , Ito Hikaru , Tanimura Kohei , Yagi Hiroshi , Hori Yuki , Soykan Orhan , Sudo Ryo , Miki Norihisa
Published: October 2014

This article presents the concept of an implantable cage system that can house and protect implanted biomedical sensing and therapeutic devices in the body. Cylinder‐shaped cages made of porous polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sheets with an 80‐µm pore size and/or stainless steel meshes with 0.54‐mm openings were implanted subcutaneously in the dorsal region of rats for 5 weeks. Analysis of the explanted cages showed the formation of fibrosis tissue around the cages. PVA cages had fibrotic tissue growing mostly along the outer surface of cages, while stainless steel cages had fibrotic tissue growing into the inside surface of the cage structure, due to the larger porosity of the stainless steel meshes. As the detection of target molecules with short time lags for biosensors and mass transport with low diffusion resistance into and out of certain therapeutic devices are critical for the success of such devices, we examined whether the fibrous tissue formed around the cages were permeable to molecules of our interest. For that purpose, bath diffusion and microfluidic chamber diffusion experiments using solutions containing the target molecules were performed. Diffusion of sodium, potassium and urea through the fibrosis tissue was confirmed, thus suggesting the potential of these cylindrical cages surrounded by fibrosis tissue to successfully encase implantable sensors and therapeutic apparatus. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 1180–1187, 2015.
Production of aromatic compounds in the heavy naphtha and light cycle oil ranges: catalytic cracking of aromatics and C10 naphthenic‐aromatics
Authors: Pujro Richard , Falco Marisa , Sedran Ulises
Published: October 2014

BACKGROUND

The conversions of bicyclic compounds, both a naphthenic‐aromatic compound (tetralin) and an aromatic compound (naphthalene), as model reactants representative of the heavy gasoline and light cycle oil (LCO) cuts in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), were studied to understand the formation of C10–C20 aromatic compounds in gasoline and middle distillates cuts, in view of their impact on the properties of the cuts. A commercial FCC catalyst was used in its fresh, hydrothermally de‐aluminated and equilibrium forms, at 450 °C in a fluidized bed CREC Riser Simulator reactor in the 2–8 s reaction time range.

RESULTS

Products were C1–C14 hydrocarbons and coke. Based on the product distributions, reaction networks were proposed for both reactants. The reactions considered in the networks were hydrogen transfer, cracking, ring opening and contraction, alkylation and disproportionation.

CONCLUSION

The load of zeolite in the catalysts and their acidities have the strongest influences on reaction selectivities. In the case of tetralin, the prevalent reaction is hydrogen transfer, which becomes more important as the catalysts are less active, the hydrocarbons with highest yields being C10 aromatics. Cracking reactions predominate in naphthalene conversion over all the catalysts, a fact which favors mono‐aromatic C9− hydrocarbons. These results can help in the design of new FCC catalysts with better selectivity control. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Overview of software options for processing, analysis and interpretation of mass spectrometric proteomic data
Authors: Haga Steve. W. , Wu Hui‐Fen
Published: October 2014

Recently, the interests in proteomics have been intensively increased, and the proteomic methods have been widely applied to many problems in cell biology. If the age of 1990s is considered to be a decade of genomics, we can claim that the following years of the new century is a decade of proteomics. The rapid evolution of proteomics has continued through these years, with a series of innovations in separation techniques and the core technologies of two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and MS. Both technologies are fueled by automation and high throughput computation for profiling of proteins from biological systems. As Patterson ever mentioned, ‘data analysis is the Achilles heel of proteomics and our ability to generate data now outstrips our ability to analyze it’. The development of automatic and high throughput technologies for rapid identification of proteins is essential for large‐scale proteome projects and automatic protein identification and characterization is essential for high throughput proteomics. This review provides a snap shot of the tools and applications that are available for mass spectrometric high throughput biocomputation. The review starts with a brief introduction of proteomics and MS. Computational tools that can be employed at various stages of analysis are presented, including that for data processing, identification, quantification, and the understanding of the biological functions of individual proteins and their dynamic interactions. The challenges of computation software development and its future trends in MS‐based proteomics have also been speculated. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of analytical performance and reliability of direct nanoLC‐nanoESI‐high resolution mass spectrometry for profiling the (xeno)metabolome
Authors: Chetwynd Andrew J. , David Arthur , Hill Elizabeth M. , Abdul‐Sada Alaa
Published: October 2014

Mass spectrometry (MS) profiling techniques are used for analysing metabolites and xenobiotics in biofluids; however, detection of low abundance compounds using conventional MS techniques is poor. To counter this, nanoflow ultra‐high‐pressure liquid chromatography‐nanoelectrospray ionization‐time‐of‐flight MS (nUHPLC‐nESI‐TOFMS), which has been used primarily for proteomics, offers an innovative prospect for profiling small molecules. Compared to conventional UHPLC‐ESI‐TOFMS, nUHPLC‐nESI‐TOFMS enhanced detection limits of a variety of (xeno)metabolites by between 2 and 2000‐fold. In addition, this study demonstrates for the first time excellent repeatability and reproducibility for analysis of urine and plasma samples using nUHPLC‐nESI‐TOFMS, supporting implementation of this platform as a novel approach for high‐throughput (xeno)metabolomics. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying the pollen of an extinct spruce species in the Late Quaternary sediments of the Tunica Hills region, south‐eastern United States
Authors: MANDER L. , RODRIGUEZ J. , MUELLER P. G. , JACKSON S. T. , PUNYASENA S. W.
Published: October 2014

Late Quaternary fluvial deposits in the Tunica Hills region of Louisiana and Mississippi are rich in spruce macrofossils of the extinct species Picea critchfieldii, the one recognized plant extinction of the Late Quaternary. However, the morphology of P. critchfieldii pollen is unknown, presenting a barrier to the interpretation of pollen spectra from the last glacial of North America. To address this issue, we undertook a morphometric study of Picea pollen from Tunica Hills. Morphometric data, together with qualitative observations of pollen morphology using Apotome fluorescence microscopy, indicate that Picea pollen from Tunica Hills is morphologically distinct from the pollen of P. glauca, P. mariana and P. rubens. Measurements of grain length, corpus width and corpus height indicate that Picea pollen from Tunica Hills is larger than the pollen of P. mariana and P. rubens, and is slightly larger than P. glauca pollen. We argue that the morphologically distinctive Tunica Hills Picea pollen was probably produced by the extinct spruce species P. critchfieldii. These morphological differences could be used to identify P. critchfieldii in existing and newly collected pollen records, which would refine its paleoecologic and biogeographic history and clarify the nature and timing of its extinction in the Late Quaternary.
Clinicopathological features and prognosis of gastric cardia adenocarcinoma: A multi‐institutional U.S. study
Authors: Amini Neda , Spolverato Gaya , Kim Yuhree , Squires Malcolm H. , Poultsides George A. , Fields Ryan , Schmidt Carl , Weber Sharon M. , Votanopoulos Konstantinos , Maithel Shishir K. , Pawlik Timothy M.
Published: October 2014

Background and Objectives

Potential differences in presentation and outcome of patients with gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) and non‐cardia adenocarcinoma may exist. The aim of the present study was to compare the clinicopathological characteristics and the prognosis of GCA versus non‐cardia adenocarcinoma.

Method

Patients with gastric adenocarcinoma who underwent gastric resection between 2000–2012 were identified. Clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes were analyzed based on tumor site using a 1:2 matched‐control, as well as a multivariable Cox model.

Results

Among 743 patients, 80 (10.7%) patients were diagnosed with GCA. Patients with GCA were more likely to have intestinal tumor type (GCA: 80.4% versus non‐cardia: 64.2%, P = 0.04) or advanced AJCC T stage tumors (GCA 71.8% versus non‐cardia 59.2%, P = 0.03). GCA patients more likely underwent a total gastrectomy (GCA: 85.7% vs. non‐cardia: 39.8%) and had a longer length‐of‐stay (GCA: 10 days vs. non‐cardia: 8 days) (both P < 0.05). Outcomes in early stage I patients were worse among GCA (disease‐free survival, 44.2%; overall survival, 42.3%) versus non‐GCA (disease‐free survival, 60.8%; overall survival, 63.0%) patients(both P < 0.05).

Conclusion

In general, disease‐free survival and overall survival were similar between patients with GCA versus non‐cardia adenocarcinoma. However, long‐term outcome was worse among patients with GCA and early stage disease. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015 111:285–292. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Affinity capillary electrophoresis to evaluate the complex formation between poliovirus and nanobodies
Authors: Halewyck Hadewych , Schotte Lise , Oita Iuliana , Thys Bert , Van Eeckhaut Ann , Heyden Yvan Vander , Rombaut Bart
Published: October 2014

It was demonstrated that nanobodies with an in vitro neutralizing activity against poliovirus type 1 interact with native virions. Here, the use of capillary electrophoresis was investigated as an alternative technique for the evaluation of the formation of nanobody–poliovirus complexes, and therefore predicting the in vitro neutralizing activity of the nanobodies. The macromolecules are preincubated offline in a specific nanobody‐to‐virus ratio and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis with UV detection. At low nanobody‐to‐virus ratios, a clear shift in migration time of the viral peak was observed. A broad peak was obtained, indicating the presence of a heterogeneous population of nanobody–virion complexes, caused by the binding of different numbers of nanobodies to the virus particle. At elevated nanobody‐to‐virus ratios, a cluster of peaks appeared, showing an additional increase in migration times. It was shown that, at these high molar excesses, aggregates were formed. The developed capillary electrophoresis method can be used as a rapid, qualitative screening for the affinity between poliovirus and nanobodies, based on a clearly visible and measurable shift in migration time. The advantages of this technique include that there is no need for antigen immobilization as in enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays or surface plasmon resonance for the use of radiolabeled virus or for the performance of labor‐ and time‐intensive plaque‐forming neutralization assays.
Message Reframing in Advertising
Authors: Neudecker Niels , Esch Franz‐Rudolf , Schaefers Tobias , Valussi Sandro
Published: October 2014

Various communication techniques such as humor or two‐sided argumentation are frequently used in advertising. One technique that is common but has not been conceptualized is the deliberate change of perspective of specific product or brand attributes. Based on the reframing method used in neuro‐linguistic programming (NLP) this technique is conceptualized as message reframing, defined as a communication technique that changes the conceptual and/or emotional setting or viewpoint in relation to how a brand is experienced by placing it in a different frame that fits the same brand equally well or better. The effects of message reframing in contrast to conventional advertisements as well as in contrast to humor and two‐sided argumentation are hypothesized and tested in an experimental study. The results reveal that message reframing outplays traditional advertising techniques regarding attention toward the ad, perceived novelty, attitude toward the ad, and attitude toward the brand. Moreover, message reframing does not show the deterioration of source credibility commonly observed in humorous messages, and leads to higher attention, perceived novelty, and attitude toward the ad than two‐sided messages.
Regulatory Focus Intensity and Evaluations of Retail Experiences
Authors: Arnold Mark J. , Reynolds Kristy E. , Jones Michael A. , Tugut Meltem , Gabler Colin B.
Published: October 2014

Previous research indicates that consumers differ in their evaluation of and response to similar retail experiences. Reporting results from three studies, the current research proposes consumers’ regulatory focus intensity as one possible source of this variation. Study 1 examines how consumers’ regulatory focus intensity influences their in‐store behavioral intentions following good and bad shopping experiences. Study 2 illustrates how consumers’ regulatory focus intensity impacts their future loyalty intentions after satisfactory retail experiences. In Study 3, the researchers explore how retailers can employ regulatory framing in their communication messages to increase the future loyalty intentions of those chronically less loyal consumers. Lastly, theoretical and managerial implications as well as limitations of this research are discussed.
Mistic's membrane association and its assistance in overexpression of a human GPCR are independent processes
Authors: Marino Jacopo , Bordag Natalie , Keller Sandro , Zerbe Oliver
Published: October 2014

The interaction of the Bacillus subtilis protein Mistic with the bacterial membrane and its role in promoting the overexpression of other membrane proteins are still matters of debate. In this study, we aimed to determine whether individual helical fragments of Mistic are sufficient for its interaction with membranes in vivo and in vitro. To this end, fragments encompassing each of Mistic's helical segments and combinations of them were produced as GFP‐fusions, and their cellular localization was studied in Escherichia coli. Furthermore, peptides corresponding to the four helical fragments were synthesized by solid‐phase peptide synthesis, and their ability to acquire secondary structure in a variety of lipids and detergents was studied by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Both types of experiments demonstrate that the third helical fragment of Mistic interacts only with LDAO micelles but does not partition into lipid bilayers. Interestingly, the other three helices interact with membranes in vivo and in vitro. Nevertheless, all of these short sequences can replace full‐length Mistic as N‐terminal fusions to achieve overexpression of a human G‐protein‐coupled receptor in E. coli, although with different effects on quantity and quality of the protein produced. A bioinformatic analysis of the Mistic family expanded the number of homologs from 4 to 20, including proteins outside the genus Bacillus. This information allowed us to discover a highly conserved Shine‐Dalgarno sequence in the operon mstX‐yugO that is important for downstream translation of the potassium ion channel yugO.
Production of recombinant proteins in Mycobacterium smegmatis for structural and functional studies
Authors: Bashiri Ghader , Baker Edward N.
Published: October 2014

Protein production using recombinant DNA technology has a fundamental impact on our understanding of biology through providing proteins for structural and functional studies. Escherichia coli (E. coli) has been traditionally used as the default expression host to over‐express and purify proteins from many different organisms. E. coli does, however, have known shortcomings for obtaining soluble, properly folded proteins suitable for downstream studies. These shortcomings are even more pronounced for the mycobacterial pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, with typically only one third of proteins expressed in E. coli produced as soluble proteins. Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis) is a closely related and non‐pathogenic species that has been successfully used as an expression host for production of proteins from various mycobacterial species. In this review, we describe the early attempts to produce mycobacterial proteins in alternative expression hosts and then focus on available expression systems in M. smegmatis. The advantages of using M. smegmatis as an expression host, its application in structural biology and some practical aspects of protein production are also discussed. M. smegmatis provides an effective expression platform for enhanced understanding of mycobacterial biology and pathogenesis and for developing novel and better therapeutics and diagnostics.
Carbohydrate binding module recognition of xyloglucan defined by polar contacts with branching xyloses and CH‐Π interactions
Authors: von Schantz Laura , Håkansson Maria , Logan Derek T. , Nordberg‐Karlsson Eva , Ohlin Mats
Published: October 2014

Engineering of novel carbohydrate‐binding proteins that can be utilized in various biochemical and biotechnical applications would benefit from a deeper understanding of the biochemical interactions that determine protein‐carbohydrate specificity. In an effort to understand further the basis for specificity we present the crystal structure of the multi‐specific carbohydrate‐binding module (CBM) X‐2 L110F bound to a branched oligomer of xyloglucan (XXXG). X‐2 L110F is an engineered CBM that can recognize xyloglucan, xylans and β‐glucans. The structural observations of the present study compared with previously reported structures of X‐2 L110F in complex with linear oligomers, show that the π‐surface of a phenylalanine, F110, allows for interactions with hydrogen atoms on both linear (xylopentaose and cellopentaose) and branched ligands (XXXG). Furthermore, X‐2 L110F is shown to have a relatively flexible binding cleft, as illustrated in binding to XXXG. This branched ligand requires a set of reorientations of protein side chains Q72, N31, and R142, although these residues have previously been determined as important for binding to xylose oligomers by mediating polar contacts. The loss of these polar contacts is compensated for in binding to XXXG by polar interactions mediated by other protein residues, T74, R115, and Y149, which interact mainly with the branching xyloses of the xyloglucan oligomer. Taken together, the present study illustrates in structural detail how CH‐π interactions can influence binding specificity and that flexibility is a key feature for the multi‐specificity displayed by X‐2 L110F, allowing for the accommodation of branched ligands. Proteins 2014; 82:3466–3475. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Automated high‐capacity on‐line extraction and bioanalysis of dried blood spot samples using liquid chromatography/high‐resolution accurate mass spectrometry
Authors: Oliveira Regina V. , Henion Jack , Wickremsinhe Enaksha R.
Published: October 2014

RATIONALE

Pharmacokinetic data to support clinical development of pharmaceuticals are routinely obtained from liquid plasma samples. The plasma samples require frozen shipment and storage and are extracted off‐line from the liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) systems. In contrast, the use of dried blood spot (DBS) sampling is an attractive alternative in part due to its benefits in microsampling as well as simpler sample storage and transport. However, from a practical aspect, sample extraction from DBS cards can be challenging as currently performed. The goal of this report was to integrate automated serial extraction of large numbers of DBS cards with on‐line liquid chromatography/high‐resolution accurate mass spectrometry (LC/HRAMS) bioanalysis.

METHODS

An automated system for direct DBS extraction coupled to a LC/HRAMS was employed for the quantification of midazolam (MDZ) and α‐hydroxymidazolam (α‐OHMDZ) in human blood. The target analytes were directly extracted from the DBS cards onto an on‐line chromatographic guard column followed by HRAMS detection. No additional sample treatment was required. The automated DBS LC/HRAMS method was developed and validated, based on the measurement at the accurate mass‐to‐charge ratio of the target analytes to ensure specificity for the assay.

RESULTS

The automated DBS LC/HRAMS method analyzed a DBS sample within 2 min without the need for punching or additional off‐line sample treatment. The fully automated analytical method was shown to be sensitive and selective over the concentration range of 5 to 2000 ng/mL. Intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy was less than 15% (less than 20% at the LLOQ). The validated method was successfully applied to measure MDZ and α‐OHMDZ in an incurred human sample after a single 7.5 mg dose of MDZ.

CONCLUSIONS

The direct DBS LC/HRAMS method demonstrated successful implementation of automated DBS extraction and bioanalysis for MDZ and α‐OHMDZ. This approach has the potential to promote workload reduction and sample throughput increase. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of four forms of vitamin B12 and other B vitamins in seawater by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Heal Katherine R. , Carlson Laura Truxal , Devol Allan H. , Armbrust E. Virginia , Moffett James W. , Stahl David A. , Ingalls Anitra E.
Published: October 2014

RATIONALE

Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient for more than half of surveyed marine algae species, but methods for directly measuring this important cofactor in seawater are limited. Current mass spectrometry methods do not quantify all forms of B12, potentially missing a significant portion of the B12 pool.

METHODS

We present a method to measure vitamins B1, B2, B6, B7 and four forms of B12 dissolved in seawater. The method entails solid‐phase extraction, separation by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography, and detection by triple‐quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry using stable‐isotope‐labeled internal standards. We demonstrated the use of this method in the environment by analyzing B12 concentrations at different depths in the Hood Canal, part of the Puget Sound estuarine system in Washington State.

RESULTS

Recovery of vitamin B12 forms during the preconcentration steps was >71% and the limits of detection were <0.275 pM in seawater. Standard addition calibration curves in three different seawater matrices were used to determine analytical response and to quantify samples from the environment. Hydroxocobalamin was the main form of B12 in seawater at our field site.

CONCLUSIONS

We developed a method for quantifying four forms of B12 in seawater by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with the option of simultaneous analysis of vitamins B1, B2, B6, and B7. We validated the method and demonstrated its application in the field. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid species identification of Sonoran pronghorn from fecal pellet DNA
Authors: Woodruff Susannah P. , Adams Jennifer R. , Johnson Timothy R. , Waits Lisette P.
Published: October 2014

The Sonoran pronghorn (Antilocapra americana sonoriensis) is a subspecies of pronghorn found exclusively in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona (USA) and Mexico. Sonoran pronghorn persist at low densities and are geographically isolated from other pronghorn populations. Numbers have declined in recent decades, but the population has rebounded from a low of fewer than 50 animals in 2003 to an estimated 159 individuals in 2012; however, little is known about population demographics beyond abundance estimates. We developed a species identification test that uses mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) species‐specific primers to distinguish between sympatric Sonoran pronghorn and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) using DNA extracted from fecal pellets. We accurately identified each species in 100% of the blood and tissue reference samples. We also evaluate the rate of DNA degradation in pronghorn fecal samples ranging from 1 day to 124 days old and document that mtDNA species identification success rates were 100% through day 14. Success rates dropped to 95% by day 21, 50% on day 60, and 10% by day 124. This new test will be a valuable tool for documenting the presence of Sonoran pronghorn across their current range and can also be used for other pronghorn populations. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.
Pathology of Bone and Joint Disorders
Authors: McCarthy Edward F. , Frassica Frank J.
Published: October 2014

This practical book covers all aspects of diseases of bones and joints in one easily readable volume. Richly illustrated in color with abundant photographs and diagrams, each disease category includes a short introduction, discussion of clinical, radiographic and pathologic features, and treatment suggestions. Fully updated throughout, this new edition discusses the molecular genetics of orthopedic diseases and new imaging modalities such as the PET scan. Newly clarified entities are included, such as failure of metal-on-metal hip prostheses, osteonecrosis of the jaw, atypical femoral fractures, and rapidly destructive hip arthrosis. Drawing on their extensive experience as clinicians and teachers, the authors' accessible narrative style enables easy comprehension. Written by a bone pathologist and an orthopedic surgeon, the book emphasizes a team approach to diagnosis and treatment. This is an essential resource for residents in pathology, orthopedic surgery and radiology, and also serves as a valuable handbook for senior practitioners in these specialties. The book is packaged with a password, giving the user online access to all the text and images.
K-groups of reciprocity functors for and abelian varieties
Authors: Rülling Kay , Yamazaki Takao
Published: October 2014

We prove that the K-group of reciprocity functors, defined by F. Ivorra and the first author, vanishes over a perfect field as soon as one of the reciprocity functors is and one is an abelian variety.
Electrohydrodynamic linear stability analysis of dielectric liquids subjected to unipolar injection in a rectangular enclosure with rigid sidewalls
Authors: Pérez A. T. , Vázquez P. A. , Wu Jian , Traoré P.
Published: October 2014

We investigate the linear stability threshold of a dielectric liquid subjected to unipolar injection in a two-dimensional rectangular enclosure with rigid boundaries. A finite element formulation transforms the set of linear partial differential equations that governs the system into a set of algebraic equations. The resulting system poses an eigenvalue problem. We calculate the linear stability threshold, as well as the velocity field and charge density distribution, as a function of the aspect ratio of the domain. The stability parameter as a function of the aspect ratio describes paths of symmetry-breaking bifurcation. The symmetry properties of the different linear modes determine whether these paths cross each other or not. The resulting structure has important consequences in the nonlinear behaviour of the system after the bifurcation points.
Issue Yield: A Model of Party Strategy in Multidimensional Space
Authors: DE SIO LORENZO , WEBER TILL
Published: October 2014

Parties in pluralist democracies face numerous contentious issues, but most models of electoral competition assume a simple, often one-dimensional structure. We develop a new, inherently multidimensional model of party strategy in which parties compete by emphasizing policy issues. Issue emphasis is informed by two distinct goals: mobilizing the party's core voters and broadening the support base. Accommodating these goals dissolves the position-valence dichotomy through a focus on policies that unite the party internally while also attracting support from the electorate at large. We define issue yield as the capacity of an issue to reconcile these criteria, and then operationalize it as a simple index. Results of multilevel regressions combining population survey data and party manifesto scores from the 2009 European Election Study demonstrate that issue yield governs party strategy across different political contexts.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Aksakal Mustafa
Published: October 2014

Scholars of the Middle East and North Africa are only too familiar with the momentous changes set in motion by the events of World War I. Given the number of new states and political movements that emerged in the war's aftermath, it seems only fair to describe it as “the single most important political event in the history of the modern Middle East.” Elizabeth F. Thompson recently likened the war's impact on the Middle East to that of the Civil War in the United States. To be sure, the passing of a century hardly proved sufficient for coming to terms with the legacy of either war. In fact, analyses and discussions of World War I in the Middle East have remained highly politicized, in school curricula, in academia, and in popular culture and the arena of public memory. History and historical interpretations are always contested, of course, and there is little reason to believe that accounts of World War I in the Middle East and North Africa will become less so anytime soon.
Bodies and Needs: Lessons from Palestine
Authors: Seikaly Sherene
Published: October 2014

We have come to understand developmental indices such as growth, standard of living, and the calorie as “universal.” Such indices promise an objective means of erasing developmental differences. They promise sameness. However, what happens when we shift our focus away from inclusion and exclusion in the process of development, and instead look at when and how these categories themselves were constituted?
“Human Telephone Lines”: Flag Post Mail Relay Runners in British Southern Cameroon (1916–1955) and the Establishment of a Modern Communications Network
Authors: Gam Nkwi Walter , de Bruijn Mirjam
Published: October 2014

The flag post mail relay runners, a communications system established in Cameroon during British colonial rule, laid the foundations for the communications structure of this colonial state. They were a remnant of a pre-colonial communications system and, with the advancement of “modern” communications structures such as roads, telephone lines, and post houses, the flag post runner gradually disappeared. This article explores the role of the runners for the colonial administration in Cameroon and is based mostly on archival research. It describes the runners’ system and how it influenced the colonial communications landscape. In addition, the questions of how these runners were involved in the colonial state and what forms of resistance emerged among runners are analysed. Finally, the article discusses the degree to which the subsequent construction of roads, telegraphic communications, and postal networks reflected the role played by mail runners in the British colonial period up to the 1950s.
Free and Unfree Labour and Ethnic Conflicts in the Brazilian Transport Industry: Rio de Janeiro in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Terra Paulo Cruz
Published: October 2014

Over the course of the nineteenth century, major changes transformed the transport of people and freight in Rio de Janeiro, the capital of Brazil during this period. These transformations involved both technological change, as transport evolved first from carriages and carts to horse-drawn trams and then to electric trams, as well as economic developments, such as the establishment of the first tram companies, many of which became important vehicles for foreign capital to enter Brazil. Although there has been extensive research from various angles into the changes undergone by the city's transport sector, there remains, however, a significant lacuna in the existing literature: the workers involved in that sector. The aim of this article is to analyse the workforce of the urban transport sector in Rio de Janeiro in the nineteenth century, and to understand the labour that these workers provided, how they were affected by the transformations in the sector, and, at the same time, how they responded to those transformations. During this period, issues such as the connections between free and unfree labour, ethnic conflicts, and work regulation were very important in transport work in Rio de Janeiro, and they are explored in the text.
Numerical methods for plasma physics in collisional regimes
Authors: Dimarco G. , Li Q. , Pareschi L. , Yan B.
Published: October 2014

We consider the development of accurate and efficient numerical methods for the solution of the Vlasov–Landau equation describing a collisional plasma. The methods combine a Lagrangian approach for the Vlasov solver with a fast spectral method for the solution of the Landau operator. To this goal, new modified spectral methods for the Landau integral which are capable to capture correctly the Maxwellian steady state are introduced. A particular care is devoted to the construction of Implicit–Explicit and Exponential Runge–Kutta methods that permit to achieve high-order and efficient time integration of the collisional step. Several numerical tests are reported which show the high accuracy of the numerical schemes here presented.
Realism and religious experience
Authors: BROWN DAVID
Published: October 2014

In this article three types of objection to a realist account of religious experience are explored: (1) the unusual character of its object; (2) its unusual accompanying conditions; and (3) the conflicting content. In response to (1) it is noted that despite divine freedom not all types of encounter preclude predictability, while parallels are drawn with perception of other complex objects such as persons. At the same time the whole notion of simple perceptions is challenged. In response to (2) parallels to the affective element are found not only in moral and aesthetic experience but more widely. Finally, in response to (3) apparent irreconcilable conflicts are lessened by observing how all such experiences take place within the context of traditions whose surface incompatibility does not necessarily indicate deep divisions.
Durham House and the Chapels Royal: their liturgical impact on the Church of Scotland
Authors: Spinks Bryan
Published: October 2014

Ever since the laying of the foundation stone of the present Norman building, Durham Cathedral has had an ambiguous relationship with Scotland – some good (the huge contribution of Dean William Whittingham through liturgy, metrical psalms and the Geneva Bible) and some extremely negative (the cathedral served as the prison for the Scottish prisoners after the battle of Dunbar). Amongst the more negative are the liturgical ideals and practices of the Durham House group, more commonly though inaccurately known as ‘Laudians’. The members of the group, which did include William Laud, were the protégés of the bishop of Durham, Richard Neile, and they met in his house in London. He promoted many as prebendaries at Durham Cathedral, and there they developed their liturgical ideals and practices. These ideals were ones which Neile shared with his contemporaries and close friends, Bishops Lancelot Andrewes and John Buckeridge. This article argues that the origin and precedent for these practices were the Chapels Royal with which most of the ‘players’ had affiliation in some way or other. Elizabeth I insisted on liturgical ceremonial and furnishings that supported or matched the grandeur of court ceremonial. It was a style which she hoped would also be adopted in English cathedrals. It was a style of worship which also appealed to James VI and through the Chapels Royal in Scotland he attempted to introduce a similar liturgical style. He also sought to conform the Church of Scotland to the Church of England, both in polity and liturgical text. The policy was continued by Charles I, who attempted to extend it to the Scottish cathedrals. Opponents of this court liturgical style and ‘Englishing’ of the liturgy found it convenient to blame the bishops who were given the task of implementing the liturgical changes rather than attack the source, namely the monarchy. The ultimate outcome was that, rather than the Church of Scotland adopting the 1637 Book of Common Prayer and Durham House ceremonial, it eventually even lost the liturgy which Scottish tradition had ascribed to John Knox, but the lion's share of which was more probably the work of Dean William Whittingham. Instead the Church of Scotland accepted the Directory of Public Worship, itself mainly the work of English divines. It became one of the few Reformed churches that did not have a set form for its public worship.
Newton, Einstein and Barth on time and eternity
Authors: Qu Li
Published: October 2014

For two hundred years after 1687, Newton's notion of absolute time dominated the world of physics. However, Newtonian metaphysical absolute time is so ideal that it may only be realised and actualised by God. In the early twentieth century, Einstein breaks this dominant understanding of time fundamentally by his Special Theory of Relativity and General Theory of Relativity. In the Einsteinian paradigm, we are forced to think no longer of space and time but rather to look at a four-dimensional space-time continuum, in which time appears to be more space-like than temporal. The Newtonian theory implies that there is an absolute, dominant point from which the universe can be observed, whereas Einstein argues for the opposite: there can be no vantage perspective and no universal present by which God can divide past and future.

Barth takes a trinitarian approach to interpret the concept of time. For Barth, the Father is coeternal with the Son and the Holy Spirit. The eternal immanent Trinity acts concretely as the temporal economic Trinity, thus the triune God is pre-, supra- and post- to us. In actual temporality, the Father, Son and Holy Spirit transcend time concretely in our history and penetrate time absolutely from divine eternity. God's eternity is both transcendent and immanent to human time.

Such a trinitarian temporality might serve as a ‘dynamic privileged perspective’ since time, energy and movement are all created by God from eternity. On the one hand, the triune Creator transcends his creature and its creaturely form – time absolutely; on the other hand, even when God enters time and moves together with the time ‘uniformly’ in the Son and the Holy Spirit, he becomes concretely simultaneous with all time. Also the Barthian perspective might provide something which is lacking in Einstein's relative time, i.e. the direction of time from the past to the future. Since every historical event in Einsteinian four-dimensional continuum is posited as a static space-time slice and Einstein equations are time-reversible, there is no ontological difference between time dimensions at all. However, in Barth's trinitarian opinion, such extraordinary events as the creation, resurrection and Pentecost are ontologically superior to other events in human history because they do change our temporality in an absolute way. Penetrated by the trinitarian eternity, those discrete space-time slices also become communicable and hence take genuine temporal characteristics, i.e. the past, present and future.
NONPARAMETRIC TRANSFORMATION REGRESSION WITH NONSTATIONARY DATA
Authors: Linton Oliver , Wang Qiying
Published: October 2014

We examine a kernel regression estimator for time series that takes account of the error correlation structure as proposed by Xiao et al. (2003, Journal of the American Statistical Association 98, 980–992). We show that this method continues to improve estimation in the case where the regressor is a unit root or a near unit root process.
The New Testament, Mosaic Law and Ecclesiastical Law Today
Authors: Bash Anthony
Published: October 2014

This article explores the New Testament's critique of Old Testament law, a genus of positive law. It looks at the applicability of that critique to modern ecclesiastical law: The article identifies three common misconceptions about the view of the New Testament concerning Old Testament law, and then sets out what the New Testament does say about Old Testament law, principally from the writings of St Paul. The principles underlying the New Testament's critique are established. The critique is made not on natural law grounds but on pragmatic and utilitarian grounds. The grounds of the critique are (i) the efficacy of the law to achieve its true intent; and (ii) the extent to which human beings exaggerate the usefulness of Old Testament law.