bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metformin Vs Insulin for Treatment of Gestational Diabetes-A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Pranathi Dr.L. , Devi Dr.V. Rama
Published: January 2018

Background: The incidence of gestational diabetes is increasing day by day. It carries a risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes affecting the normal quality of life of pregnant females and babies.
Aim: To compare the maternal and neonatal outcomes in women treated with metformin versus insulin for the management of gestational diabetes mellitus.
Materials and Methods: We carried a prospective, randomized controlled trial on 80 patients with gestational diabetes at Chalmeda Anand Rao Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, Telangana State from January 2014 to June 2015. The sample was categorized randomly into Group I (n=40) who received Metformin with insulin and Group II (n=40) who received insulin. various outcome measures like birth weight of babies, maternal gain in birth weight, mode of delivery, BMI of mothers were measured and compared.
Results: The mean age of the patients was 31.35 ± 4.02 and 30.21 ± 4.14 years in metformin and insulin groups respectively, with the difference being statistically insignificant (p=0.2152). The mean gestational age of the patients at the beginning of study was 29.32±2.60 and 30.02±2.13 weeks in metformin and insulin groups respectively, with the difference being statistically insignificant (p=0.1916).
Conclusion: Patients with gestational diabetes can be safely given metformin as it shows less maternal side effects and is also preferred when compared to subcutaneous insulin by mothers.
Correlation of Pediatric Appendicitis Score (Pas) With Appendix Diameter on Children in H. Adam Malik General Hospital Medan and Network Hospital in 2016
Authors: Praja Zaki , Fikri Erjan
Published: January 2018

Acute appendicitis is one of the most abdominal acute causes that occurs in younger individuals but can also occur in any age range. Children are the most affected age by acute appendicitis. The age that most vulnerable to acute appendicitis is 10-20 years of age (Tian Y et all, 2015). In appendicitis, the severity of inflammation occurring in the appendix determines the severity of symptoms that occur in an individual who experiences it (Zarandiet all, 2014). One of the ways used to establish diagnosis of appendicitis is with PED (Pediatric Appendicitis Score). In a study by Thomas Rettenbacher, the outer diameter of the appendix ≥ 6 mm obtained on ultrasound examination may also indicate an acute appendicitis state with 100% sensitivity and a specificity of 60%. So in this study we analyzed the correlation relationship between the PAS score with the outer diameter of the appendix in the case of appendicitis.
Clinical Profile of Neonatal Sepsis With Reference to Antibiotic Resistance
Authors: Pathak Dr. Gargi , Chauhan Dr. Anuya , Nair Dr. Sruthi
Published: January 2018

Introduction : Neonatal sepsis continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates. It is 30 per 1000 live births in India. The prevalence is more in preterm neonates.
Objectives

To describe the clinical and bacteriological spectrum in early onset sepsis and late onset sepsis.
To describe the antibiotic resistance profile of bacteria causing early and late onset sepsis.
To compare the risk factors and bacteriological spectrum in early onset and late onset sepsis.

Setting:  NICU of civil hospital Ahmedabad
Study period: June 2016 to December 2016
Design: retrospective cohort study
Methods:  all neonate admitted in NICU of civil hospital Ahmedabad during the abovementioned period were assessed.
Inclusion criteria: presence of one or more of established clinical features like , (fever/hypothermia, poor feeding, poor activity, respiratory distress/apneic spells, hepatospleenomegaly, vomitting, abdominal distension, seizures, signs of either respiratory or circulatory dysfunction evidenced by tachycardia/bradycardia, capillary refill time>3 seconds,, respiratory rate>60/minute, chest indrawing and/or grunting)along with >_2 of the following laboratory criteria(total blood leukocyte count<5000 or>15000, absolute neutrophil count(ANC)<500 cells/mm3or >1500 cells/mm3,C reactive protein (CRP)>0.6microgram/ml, positive blood culture). Information assessed in a proforma. Cases were divided into early onset sepsis(EOS) (presenting in the first 72 hours) and late onset sepsis(LOS) (presenting after 72 hours). All cases were started on antibiotics and upgraded or stopped based on culture and sensitivity. Cases were followed to discharge/death.
Drug induced Stevens Johnsons Syndrome : a case report
Authors: Pathak Dr Gargi.H. , Chauhan Dr Anuya , Shukla Dr Dhriti
Published: January 2018

Stevens Johnson syndrome is an acute self limited disease presenting with  severe mucosal erosions with widespread erythematous, cutaneous macules or atypical targets .The  majority of cases are drug induced affecting oral and perioral region.
A 3 year old male child presented with chief complaints of fever, cough, cold , breathlessness and extensive rashes on the skin of face , oral mucosa, neck, abdomen, erythema of conjunctiva , ulceration of eyelid and oral cavity. The reaction was evoked after consumption of tab oxcarbamezapine   since 10  days . He was treated with corticosteroids   , antimicrobial drugs and oral topical anesthetic agents. Health care providers must be careful regarding the adverse effects of drugs especially the allergic manifestations like anaphylaxis and  Steven Johnson syndrome which are potentially fatal conditions. The most commonly and widely prescribed drug regimens should also be used judiciously and continuously monitored to prevent such a fatal adverse drug reaction.
Comparison of Urinalisis in Acute Appendicitis and Perforated Appendicitis on Children Patients in H. Adam Malik General Hospital Medan
Authors: Praja Z. , Fikri E.
Published: January 2018

Appendicitis in children is a frequent diagnosis of surgical interventions in children in the emergency department, but it is often difficult in establishing diagnosis in children because children are often less cooperative. Delay in diagnosis of appendicitis can cause perforation and peritonitis. Therefore, another method of diagnosis of appendicitis in addition to anamnesis is needed. In a study by Chen Yu, he stated that urinalysis examination can also be used in emergency room to diagnose life-threatening conditions such as appendicitis. So in this study, we analyzed the Nitrates, Ketones, erytrocyte and Leucocyte present in the urinalysis and looked at their correlation with the state of appendicitis in children.
Blood Glucose Profile Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft in Rsup H. Adam Malik Medan
Authors: Syarif Farhan , . Marshal , Pohan Doddy Prabisma
Published: January 2018

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is widely used for systemic and oxygenated systemic settings during open heart surgery. (Simon L, 2004) To date there is yet to be found a definitive biochemical marker that can be considered prognostic in patients who subside. using a CPB machine. Hyperglycemia is defined as a glucose level above the normal physiological range. Normal blood glucose level is 70-120 mg and levels > 120 mg/dL is a diagnostic level for diabetes. During CPB and coronary artery bypass off-pump (OPCAB), most patients tend to have elevated blood glucose levels despite no previous diabetes medical history.
This study uses a descriptive study design study with a retrospective approach.
The study was conducted in the Division of Cardiac and Cardiac Surgery of the Department of Surgery of the Faculty of Medicine USU/ RSUP H. Adam Malik Medan. The study was conducted after the proposal was approved. The population in this study were patients who performed Coronary Artery ByPass Graft surgery using Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CBP) at RSUP H. Adam Malik Medan in 2016 (01 January - 31 December 2016).
The study involved patients who performed Coronary Artery ByPass Graft surgery using a CPB machine in RS. Haji Adam Malik Medan. The number of research subjects was 41 people. . Based on sex it is seen that more men (84.3%) than women. The mean of postoperative KGD H + 3 was the highest KGD that was 218,28 + 23,5 mg / dL. The use of Humulin R is most commonly used in insulin therapy with patients with postoperative CPB hyperglycemia. Based on the ANOVA test there was a significant difference in the value of KGD in H + 1 post CPB operation compared to H + 2 post CPB operation (p = 0.013, p <0.05).
Catskills Composition by Thomas Cole
Authors: Bosko Natalia
Published: January 2018

The popularity of landscape painting in the United States grew during the 1830s due to the interest in exploration of native resources. American wilderness became a symbol of this country counterposed to the tamed nature of the Old World. Transcendentalist writings propagating the concept of divine presence in the creation supported the fashion for scenery.
An Application of the Decision Support Model to Louisiana’s Exports
Authors: Oluwade Bukola B.
Published: January 2018

Recognizing the relevance of exportation to the development and growth of many nations, government and business entities- mainly in the Louisiana State, the policymakers and other key stakeholders should be devoting more time to expand its export opportunities for more revenue generation. This current study revolved around the Export Decision Support Model (EDSM) propounded by Viviers and Cuyvers (2012).  The time series data was sourced from the United States Census Bureau (2016) survey on State exports from Louisiana. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the modification of the EDSM for the development of the Louisiana State Exportation. The EDSM is designed and modified purposely for the State of Louisiana to enable it identifies the various export opportunities. The study used a time-series data across a variety of export commodities and import countries available in the State of Louisiana from 2013 to 2016. Based on the data from the U.S. Census Bureau and the International trade data between 2013 and 2016, it was underscored that the State’s gross export accounted for 80.4% , while the net export estimated around 8.8% of the Louisiana’s GDP in 2016 with a strong focus across Asia, and Europe. The study recommend that policymakers should pay more attention to the prioritize export commodities outline in the study.
The Analysis of Students’ Critical Thinking Skills in Solving the Generalization Problem of Mathematics Series
Authors: Filah Alfia Nur , . Dafik , . Kusno
Published: January 2018

Critical thinking is one of the most important thinking skills for students in solving mathematical problems. Hence, students will be able to compete on a global scale when they have the thinking skills; one of them is critical thinking skill. In solving the series of generalization problem, the researcherss divided the problem solving process into three levels of process solutions made by them. This descriptive research employed qualitative approach. The results of students’ work were analyzed to determine the level of students’ critical thinking skills. Based on the findings, students who had high mathematics skills were classified at critical level (TKBK 3). It indicated that the students were able to find generalization of series. On the other hand, students who had medium mathematics skills were classified at the critical level (TKBK 1). It indicated that they were only able to find the formula Sn to each series, whereas low skills students were at the uncritical level (TKBK 0). It indicated that they were only able to sort out what was known and asked questions.
Thomas Hardy Reception and Reputaion in China
Authors: Zhen Chen
Published: January 2018

Thomas Hardy has been one of the best-loved novelists to Chinese readers for nearly a century, which is an uncanny phenomenon in the circle of literature reception and circulation in China. It seems that Hardy has some magic power to have kept attracting Chinese literature lovers with his keen insight into nature, profound reflection on humanity and whole-hearted concern about human fate in the vast universe. Hardy’s works saturated with nostalgic sentiments for the traditional way of rural life exert unusual resonance in Chinese readers in terms of receptional aesthetic. There is no denial that Hardy is rather loved and admired by generation upon generation of Chinese literates, which can find expression in his exceeding popularity among readers from all trades and walks, from all levels, which ranges from middle school students to professors. In China, his prestige ranks only after Shakespeare among English persons of letters.
A poesia incógnita: elementos para um estudo da poética do Spleen de Paris
Authors: Veras Eduardo Horta Nassif
Published: January 2018

Este artigo propõe uma leitura do Spleen de Paris, de Baudelaire, como um organismo poético significativo, a despeito de seu caráter fragmentado e das manipulações editoriais a que o livro foi submetido em sua publicação póstuma. Após uma análise dos principais problemas editoriais que permeiam o livro, proponho uma interpretação do conjunto a partir da imagem do poeta incógnito, desdobrando-a na imagem daquilo que nomeio a "poesia incógnita", isto é, uma poesia que se disfarça para frequentar o espaço comum dos jornais, sem, contudo, abrir mão de seu pontencial crítico.
Optimum Design of Curved Surface Sliders for Minimum Structural Acceleration and Its Sensitivity
Authors: Weber Felix , Meier Leopold , Distl Johann , Braun Christian
Published: January 2018

The design of curved surface sliders (CSS) based on the elastic response spectrum is done by iteration to find the combination of friction coefficient and displacement capacity which satisfies the condition that the maximum horizontal CSS force is equal to the horizontal force of the structure. Although this CSS design is valid it does not necessarily minimize structural acceleration. This paper therefore describes the optimum CSS design for minimum structural acceleration. All valid CSS designs and the optimum CSS design are represented by their associated trajectory in the elastic response spectrum plane which visualizes the optimization problem. The results demonstrate that the optimum CSS design is not obtained at maximum tolerated effective damping ratio. The subsequent sensitivity analysis describes how much the structural acceleration increases if the actual friction coefficient of the real CSS deviates from its optimum design value. The analysis points out that the increase in structural acceleration is approximately one order of magnitude smaller than the deviation in friction. The sensitivity data may be used by structural engineer to determine tolerable deviations in friction coefficient which still results in acceptable structural accelerations.
Eksplorasi dan Pengaruh Cendawan Endofit yang Berasal dari Akar Tanaman Cabai Terhadap Pertumbuhan Benih Cabai Merah
Authors: Irawati Anna Feronika Cindra , Mutaqin Kikin Hamzah , Suhartono Maggy Tenawidjaja , Sastro Yudi , Sulastri NFN , Widodo NFN
Published: January 2018

Cendawan endofit diketahui memiliki kemampuan dalam menghasilkan metabolit sekunder yang sering berdampak terhadap pertumbuhan inangnya, seperti meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman terhadap kondisi cekaman biotik dan abiotik, maupun meningkatkan pertumbuhannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi dan mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi cendawan endofit yang diperoleh dari akar tanaman cabai terhadap pertumbuhan bibit tanaman cabai besar (Capsicum annuum L.). Kegiatan penelitian dilakukan di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi dan Rumah Kaca BPTP Jakarta, sejak September 2012 hingga Agustus 2013. Penelitian terdiri dari eksplorasi, uji patogenisitas, dan uji efikasi terhadap cendawan endofit. Eksplorasi cendawan endofit dilakukan terhadap sampel akar tanaman cabai sehat dari daerah Garut (Jawa Barat), yang sering digunakan untuk budidaya tanaman cabai dan Cipayung (Jakarta Timur), yang merupakan daerah baru untuk budidaya tanaman cabai. Seleksi awal terhadap isolat cendawan dilakukan dengan uji patogenisitas secara in vitro. Uji efikasi cendawan secara in vivo pada bibit cabai berfungsi untuk mengetahui efek aplikasi cendawan terpilih (46 isolat non patogenik dan 16 isolat potensial patogenik) terhadap pertumbuhan bibit. Hasil eksplorasi menunjukkan bahwa isolat cendawan yang diperoleh dari akar tanaman cabai daerah Garut, secara makroskopis memiliki keragaman lebih tinggi dibanding dengan keragaman isolat dari daerah Cipayung. Uji patogenisitas menunjukkan bahwa isolat cendawan yang diuji cenderung didominasi oleh cendawan yang bersifat patogenik dan potensial patogenik. Uji efikasi cendawan endofit terpilih dalam mempengaruhi pertumbuhan vegetatif bibit, menunjukkan bahwa 74,19% isolat yang diuji memiliki kemampuan memicu pertumbuhan bibit pada kondisi media tanam steril. sebanyak 34 isolat dari isolat-isolat tersebut diketahui merupakan isolat yang sejak awal bersifat nonpatogenik dan 12 isolat yang awalnya bersifat potensial patogenik.
Karakterisasi Morfologi dan Isoenzim Aksesi Pamelo [Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.] Berbiji dan Tidak Berbiji
Authors: Rahayu Arifah , Susanto Slamet , Purwoko Bambang Sapto , Dewi Iswari Saraswati
Published: January 2018

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi karakter morfologi dan biokimia dengan isoenzim aksesi pamelo berbiji dan tidak berbiji asal Sumedang, Kudus, Pati dan Magetan. Karakter morfologi yang berperan dalam pengelompokan aksesi pamelo adalah tebal epikarp, pinggiran helai daun, panjang kantong jus, warna kulit buah masak, lebar sayap daun dan bentuk buah, sedangkan karakter isoenzim adalah MDH (Rf 0.11 dan 0.14) dan ACP (Rf 0.24 dan 0.33). Pita ACP Rf 0.24 dapat dijadikan penanda untuk membedakan aksesi berbiji dan tidak berbiji.  Dendrogram berdasarkan karakter morfologi memisahkan kelompok aksesi berbiji dan tidak berbiji pada koefisien kemiripan 0.63, dan berdasarkan isoenzim pada koefisien kemiripan 0.49. Dendrogram berdasarkan karakter morfologi dan isoenzim dapat membedakan antara aksesi berbiji, potensial tidak berbiji dan tidak berbiji. Hasil pemetaan komponen utama kongruen dengan dendrogram, yaitu dapat memisahkan aksesi berbiji maupun tidak berbiji, berdasarkan karakter morfologi, isoenzim maupun kombinasinya.
Competition, bank fragility, and financial crisis
Authors: Hanggraeni Dewi
Published: January 2018

This paper examines how competition affects bank fragility and how this relation varies in normal times and during a financial crisis using the data from Indonesian commercial banking industry. The author finds significant evidence, both statistically and economically, that more competition reduces bank fragility. In particular, the author finds that a decrease in Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) of deposits by 100 points leads to an increase in bank Z-score by 14.22 percent from its mean. Similarly, a decrease in HHI of loans by 100 points leads to an increase in Z36 by 20.44 percent. This finding is consistent across different kinds of robustness tests, including endogeneity, as well as alternative bank fragility and competition measures. However, this competition-stability nexus holds only in normal times and is reversed during a financial crisis. This suggests that the impact of competition on bank fragility is conditional on the economic condition.
Management practices and corruption risks in water service delivery in Kenya and Ghana
Authors: Bellaubi Francesc , Boehm Frederic
Published: January 2018

Water sector reform has brought considerable changes in organizations in Kenya and Ghana while the overall water service delivery (WSD) performance has remained low. The changes have also brought a shift in the balance of power between the different actors involved in WSD as well as a number of integrity issues at an institutional level in terms of corruption risks. The paper analyzes the power distribution between the main actors involved in WSD in terms of principals and agents, in relation to identified corruption risks and organizational structures at policy and regulatory, provision, and consumption WSD levels. The results identify different water control domains that are compared to management situations described in the literature but, according to the opinion of the authors, are considered insufficient to reflect on the empirical observations found in the three case studies in Kenya and two in Ghana. Furthermore, the authors suggest complementing management practice definitions with the findings of this research.
Domestic wastewater treatment by forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) integrated system
Authors: Li Jie , Hou Deyin , Li Kuiling , Zhang Yong , Wang Jun , Zhang Xiwang
Published: January 2018

In this study, real domestic wastewater treatment by forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) integrated system was investigated in laboratory scale. The integrated membrane system presented a good separation performance and the removal efficiency of most contaminants in the domestic wastewater was higher than 90%. High molecular weight contaminants were completely removed, while a few low molecular weight contaminants permeated through the membrane. The FO membrane fouling layer mainly consisted of organic substances like polysaccharides and proteins, and was very loose and could be effectively removed by rinsing the membrane surface with tap water. By comparison, the MD membrane fouling was mainly induced by inorganic salts and was not as severe as that of the FO membrane. During 120 h continuous operation, the FO-MD integrated system exhibited satisfying performance stability and maintained a high water yield and high product water quality. The results indicated the potential of the FO-MD integrated system for municipal wastewater treatment in coastal cities, water purification and desalination.
Influencia de las mezclas diesel biodiesel en el comportamiento de los parámetros efectivos y medioambientales de un motor de combustión interna diesel de 6,11 kw
Authors: Mejía R. Antonio , Lastra E. Luis
Published: January 2018

Este trabajo de investigación se realizó en el Instituto de Motores de Combustión Interna de la Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica de la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería en la ciudad de Lima, con la finalidad de evaluar la influencia de las mezclas Diésel biodiesel B10, B20 y B30 en el comportamiento de los parámetros efectivos y medioambientales de un motor de combustión interna Diésel de 6,11 kW. Los resultados obtenidos con las mezclas Diésel biodiesel y el combustible comercial B5, luego de las mediciones realizadas en el motor, permiten obtener y graficar las características de velocidad y las características de carga del motor utilizado en la investigación, mostrando la variación de los parámetros efectivos y de opacidad, de esta manera permite contrastar las hipótesis establecidas y presentar las respectivas conclusiones.
Mejorar el rendimiento del desarrollo de aplicaciones web basada en modelo base de datos orientado a objetos
Authors: Vega Fajardo Adolfo Hans
Published: January 2018

En la actualidad los sistemas de información tienen dificultades para conseguir el éxito deseado, debido que una de los sus componentes que es el desarrollo de aplicación web tienen dificultades para ser ejecutado, esto es debido que se requiere un tiempo para la creación de la programación y otro tiempo por separado para la creación del modelo de datos, no existe una técnica que integre ambos aspectos. Estudios recientes ha demostrado que existen varias técnicas de programación tales como programación orientación a objetos, programación orientada a aspectos y programación orientado agentes, y en la creación del modelo de datos también existen técnicas tales como base de datos orientado a objetos y entidad relación, El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo formular una técnica de desarrollo web basada en modelado de base de datos orientado a objeto haciendo uso de un modelo entidad relación. En consecuencia este estudio propone dos medidas para validar el rendimiento del desarrollo de aplicación web, empleando el análisis de varianza ANOVA, primero la cantidad de líneas de programas creados y el segundo tiempo de respuesta de la base de datos, dirigido a grupo de estudiantes del curso de programación web de la Escuela de Ingeniería de Sistemas de la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniera UNI. Con los resultados obtenidos se espera alcanzar, que los profesionales de software tengan un medio para reforzar sus conocimientos en el desarrollo de aplicación web, así mismo que los proyectos de sistemas de información en la etapa de desarrollo de la programación, tenga el éxito deseado.
Ostensible Authority in Public Law
Authors: Campbell Enid
Published: January 2018

In public administration many decisions made in purported exercise of statutory powers are, as a matter of practical necessity, made not by the officer or body in whom the power has been reposed by statute but by persons purporting to act as delegates or agents of the repository of the power. Nowadays the empowering statute will often contain a provision which expressly authorises delegations of power or the appointment of authorised officers who, by virtue of their appointment, will be invested with specified powers. The statute may limit the powers which may be delegated. It may restrict the classes of persons who may be selected to act as delegates. It may stipulate that delegations be effected by instruments in writing or by some other procedure.
Life without Salomon
Authors: McQueen Rob
Published: January 2018

Life (at least for company lawyers) without Salomon's case seems inconceivable. It is generally seen as a landmark decision. Every British and Australian company law textbook refers to it as a key case in the development of company law. The story of Salomon's case is, in fact, so well ingrained in our sensibilities that we all “know” (or at least think we do) the story of the unravelling of modern company law and the crucial role the decision by the House of Lords in Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd plays in that story. We know the script so well that questioning the iconic status of Salomon's case would seem to be a ludicrous exercise. Despite the seeming futility of such an exercise it is the intention of this paper to suggest that re-examining some of our unquestioned assumptions may lead to some useful insights into the development of “modern” company law, and by inference, into a number of the problems (both theoretical and practical) facing contemporary corporations law academics and practitioners.
Judging Salomon: Corporate Personality and the Growth of British Capitalism in a Comparative Perspective
Authors: Ville Simon P
Published: January 2018

British business in the second half of the nineteenth century was characterised by the continued predominance of small private firms at a time when competing nations such as Germany and the United States were more commonly embracing large corporations. Alfred Chandler has contrasted personal capitalism in Britain with competitive managerial capitalism in America and attributes the alleged poor performance of British business and, through it, national rates of economic growth to the uncompetitive small family firm. Applying internalisation and transaction cost analysis he argues that such firms failed to achieve economies of scale and scope or to develop sophisticated administrative hierarchies managed by tiers of professional executives, features increasingly common in America by the end of the nineteenth century. An alternative tradition has used the economics of information and the networks paradigm to argue for the benefits of small-scale cooperative capitalism in both Britain and Japan.
The Birds, the Beasts, and the Bat: Developing a Constitutionalist Theory of Corporate Regulation
Authors: Bottomley Stephen
Published: January 2018

One of Aesop's fables tells the story of a war between the Birds and the Beasts, and the problems which this posed for the Bat. Whilst sharing characteristics in common with each set of protagonists, the Bat nevertheless did not belong to either side. Unfortunately this subtlety was not noticed by the warring parties'who each dismissed the Bat as an enemy. This image of the Bat's difficult position captures what I am attempting to do in this article. I examine the debate (“war” is too strong a word for it) between the two dominant justificatory theories of corporate governance and regulation in Australian corporate jurisprudence—the concession theory and the contract-based theories. I argue that although this debate has offered some important insights, ultimately it has proved to be either too simplistic (offering one-dimensional pictures of corporate life) or too restrictive (limiting our conception of how corporate governance and regulation might be improved). I sketch out an alternative justificatory theory which I call “corporate constitutionalism”.
Constitutional Interpretation and a Theory of Evolutionary Originalism
Authors: Kirk Jeremy
Published: January 2018

A Constitution cannot be applied without employing some theory of interpretation. An adequate theory—that is, a coherent method or approach—must address two fundamental, connected questions. In what sense are words in the text to be understood? How is ambiguity or uncertainty to be resolved? Resolution of these matters is logically prior to the determination of particular controversies.

Of necessity, judges have provided some answers to these foundational questions. But the issues have only begun to attract significant express attention in recent times, particularly in light of developments relating to implied rights. This new-found concern is not surprising, for the further one moves from considering clear and direct stipulations of particular text, the more important one's interpretational approach becomes. The theory of constitutional interpretation employed affects both one's readiness to recognise implications, and the nature and age of the sources to which reference is made in so doing.
Continuidad y cambios en las actividades turísticas de Tijuana, 1920-1949
Authors: Gómez Estrada José Alfredo , Villa Josefina Elizabeth
Published: January 2018

El estudio sistemático del turismo en Baja California en la primera mitad del siglo XX es todavía una tarea por hacer. Este trabajo, basado en análisis documental, es un primer acercamiento al tema, aunque enfocado en Tijuana. La novedad es la utilización de la prensa estadounidense y mexicana como fuente principal, que se complementa con documentos históricos. Se establecen las características generales de las actividades turísticas en la localidad, se describe y se explica la continuidad y los cambios más importantes ocurridos en el turismo entre 1920 y 1949. Se demuestra que los turistas llegaron en masa y que las apuestas y los juegos de azar atrajeron multitudes. También se documentan los cambios relevantes en el perfil del turista estadounidense y la ampliación de la demanda de servicios sexuales en la década de 1940.
Metodología para la clasificación de industrias culturales/creativas en una ciudad media: Culiacán, Sinaloa, México
Authors: Canizalez Ramírez Paola Marbella , Avilés Ochoa Ezequiel
Published: January 2018

Este análisis está encaminado a esquematizar una propuesta metodológica para clasificar las industrias culturales/creativas en Culiacán, y determinar su contribución a la dinámica productiva, a partir del Sistema de Clasificación Industrial de América del Norte, de 2013, y la Classification Guide for the Canadian Framework for Culture Statistics, de 2011. Ante la limitada construcción empírica sobre el tema en México, el propósito es realizar una clasificación útil para unificar las ocupaciones involucradas en la creación, producción y distribución, a través de dominios para concretar un ordenamiento que precise la operatividad de nueve industrias en esta ciudad, a partir del cotejo estadístico por ramas económicas de los sectores secundario y terciario. Se concluye que el volumen y el crecimiento de actividades, firmas y empleo detectados delimitan las industrias culturales/creativas, aptas para promover la capacidad del sistema de producción en un cluster económico local. La clasificación es flexible y no exceptúa omisiones, más bien puede resultar concebible en otras ciudades.
O desenvolvimento nuclear no Brasil e na Índia uma comparação dos programas nacionais desses países
Authors: de Oliveira Andrade Israel , Montez Carpes Mariana , Werneck Leite Alixandro
Published: January 2018

O presente artigo parte das similaridades históricas e atuais existentes entre Brasil e Índia quanto aos usos não bélicos da energia nuclear. Frente às informações destacadas na análise da trajetória de cada um, o estudo investiga, então, se o Brasil poderia aprender com a experiência indiana e, se sim, quais lições seriam essas. Após a análise dos casos, a conclusão a que se chega é a de que, dadas as enormes diferenças entre os atuais programas nucleares do Brasil e da Índia, a adequação brasileira a um possível “modelo indiano” não parece exequível. Das diferenças identificadas, destaca-se a divergência referente ao interesse político em priorizar a energia nuclear, algo que a Índia faz. Sem o devido destaque de um tópico na agenda política de um país, não é possível conceber políticas públicas para o setor. No caso da agenda nuclear, a falta de tratamento do tema como uma política de Estado tem implicações profundas, já que, em última análise, compromete a formação de capital humano e o avanço tecnológico.
Defesa sob a ótica das teorias econômicas e de inovação
Authors: Torreão Serrão Nathalie
Published: January 2018

Neste artigo são contextualizados estudos empíricos sobre os efeitos de gastos militares e investimento em P&D militar no crescimento econômico, no desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico e no desempenho industrial à luz das teorias econômicas. Os pressupostos teóricos das abordagens clássicas, neoclássicas e heterodoxas são apresentados, ressaltando-se o papel central adquirido pela inovação, para então esboçar os efeitos dos gastos militares levantados na literatura. Segue-se à análise de modelos econométricos sobre o tema, oferecendo-se, por fim, uma nova classificação que explicita a relação dos mesmos com os paradigmas econômicos que os embasam a fim de auxiliar na interpretação dos seus resultados.
Zastosowanie modelu logitowego do analizy czynników wpływających na bezrobocie wśród ludności wiejskiej
Authors: Kmieć Dorota
Published: January 2018

W pracy podjęto próbę określenia przyczyn bezrobocia wśród ludności wiejskiej. W celu określenia wielkości wpływu czynników objaśniających sytuację badanych na rynku pracy zastosowano model logitowy. Oprócz cech społeczno- demograficznych jako potencjalne predykatory rozważono: posiadanie gospodarstwa rolnego, doświadczenie zawodowe, dochód w gospodarstwie domowym, podnoszenie swoich kwalifikacji poprzez dokształcanie się, posiadane kompetencje.
Efektywność działania wybranych banków spółdzielczych (na przykładzie województwa mazowieckiego)
Authors: Siudek Tomasz , Drabarczyk Katarzyna
Published: January 2018

Celem pracy było określenie poziomu efektywności wybranych banków spółdzielczych z województwa mazowieckiego. Efektywność wyrażono wskaźnikami ROA i ROE. Badania przeprowadzono na 30 bankach spółdzielczych wybranych losowo. Z uzyskanych danych wynika, że wskaźnik ROA w badanych BS-ach w latach 2009–2010 był wyższy niż w sektorze banków komercyjnych i w sektorze banków spółdzielczych, a w latach 2011–2012 sytuacja była odwrotna. Z kolei wskaźnik ROE we wszystkich analizowanych latach w badanych bankach spółdzielczych był wyższy niż w sektorze banków komercyjnych i w sektorze banków spółdzielczych. Wielkość aktywów ogółem i kapitałów własnych banków spółdzielczych nie miała statystycznie istotnego wpływu na poziom ich efektywności ROA i ROE, co świadczy, że hipotezę pierwszą odrzucamy. Rodzaj zrzeszenia banków spółdzielczych nie wpływał statystycznie istotnie na poziom ich efektywności ROA i ROE, co oznacza, że hipotezę drugą odrzucamy.
Molecular identification of Trichogramma egg parasitoids of Ostrinia nubilalis in northeastern Serbia
Authors: Ivezic Aleksandar , Rugman-Jones Paul , Stouthamer Richard , Ignjatovic-Cupina Aleksandra
Published: January 2018

The European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner, 1796) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is a major pest of corn (Zea mays Linnaeus, 1753) in Serbia. Regular monitoring of O. nubilalis in the region of Kikinda (province of Vojvodina, Serbia) demonstrated a high percentage of parasitized eggs of this pest. Preliminary identification of the egg parasitoids based on morphological traits revealed that they belong to the genus Trichogramma Westwood, 1833 (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae). The objective of this study was to identify the autochthonous Trichogramma species present in the region of Kikinda by using sequences of ribosomal DNA. Specimens of Trichogramma were reared from parasitized eggs of O. nubilalis collected at different localities in the region of Kikinda. The ITS2 gene was sequenced and subjected to BLAST searches of GenBank NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information). The majority of collected specimens were identified as Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko, 1968, and a single specimen as T. evanescens Westwood, 1833. Intraspecific variation of T. brassicae was assessed by amplifying the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene. Wasps were also tested for the presence of the endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia Hertig, 1936 using Wolbachia-specific 16S and wsp primers as a preliminary test for evidence of thelytoky. Understanding of the diversity and biology of autochthonous Trichogramma species is a key step in the potential commercial implementation of these egg parasitoid wasps in the protection of corn fields in Serbia.
Taxes and Peer Effects
Authors: Bird Andrew , Edwards Alexander , Ruchti Thomas G.
Published: January 2018

A growing literature examines how a firm's behavior impacts the behavior of its peers. In this paper, we examine how changes in tax paying, and the associated financial reporting, impact a firm's peers. Changes to tax paying and reporting behavior at other firms within a peer group can be affected by many of the same factors, such as industry-level tax policy changes or audit risk, so we make use of exogenous—to the peer firms—shocks to tax behavior. Following the methodology of Dyreng, Hanlon, and Maydew (2010), we estimate managerial tax avoidance fixed effects and use these to identify tax rate shocks associated with executive turnover. We find that peer firms respond to these shocks by changing their GAAP tax rates in the same direction. The magnitude of the effect corresponds to an approximately 10 percent response to the average change in peer group GAAP ETR. Our evidence suggests that these peer effects occur only for book (i.e., financial reporting), rather than cash (i.e., real effects), ETR and are concentrated in firms with potentially greater discretion in reporting taxes on foreign earnings.

JEL Classifications: H25; M41.

Data Availability: Data used in this study are available from public sources identified in the paper.
Headline Salience, Managerial Opportunism, and Over- and Underreactions to Earnings
Authors: Huang Xuan , Nekrasov Alexander , Teoh Siew Hong
Published: January 2018

Limited attention theory predicts that higher salience of earnings news implies a stronger immediate market reaction to earnings news and a weaker post-earnings announcement drift (PEAD) or reversal (PEAR). Using a new measure, SALIENCE, defined as the number of quantitative items in an earnings press release headline, we find strong evidence consistent with salience effects. Higher SALIENCE is associated with stronger announcement reaction and subsequent PEAR. Managers are more likely to choose higher SALIENCE before selling shares in the post-announcement period and when earnings are high, but less persistent, and to choose lower SALIENCE before stock option grants. The results are robust to using residual salience and an extended set of control variables. The findings are consistent with managers opportunistically headlining positive financial information in the earnings press release to incite over-optimism in investors with limited attention.
Determinants of Auditor Going Concern Reporting in the Banking Industry
Authors: Masli Adi , Porter Christine , Scholz Susan
Published: January 2018

We develop and test a model of the determinants of going concern reporting for banks. Banks are an essential component of the economy, but most audit market studies exclude them because they have significant differences from other companies. Our model draws on banking literature and industry sources to identify bank-specific risk factors, including measures of capital adequacy, asset quality, liquidity, and regulatory concern. We find that regulatory sanctions are a significant determinant of going concern opinions along with low capitalization, poor loan quality, and declining customer deposits and that these are incremental to characteristics drawn from studies of other industries. Also, going concern reports anticipate bank failures and provide descriptive evidence regarding Type I and Type II errors. We shed light on the audit market for banks and add to the going concern literature by providing evidence on going concern reporting in this unique industry.
ELOVL4-Mediated Production of Very Long-Chain Ceramides Stabilizes Tight Junctions and Prevents Diabetes-Induced Retinal Vascular Permeability
Authors: Kady Nermin M. , Liu Xuwen , Lydic Todd A. , Syed Meesum H. , Navitskaya Svetlana , Wang Qi , Hammer Sandra S. , O’Reilly Sandra , Huang Chao , Seregin Sergey S. , Amalfitano Andrea , Chiodo Vince A. , Boye Sanford L. , Hauswirth William W. , Antonetti David A. , Busik Julia V.
Published: January 2018

Tight junctions (TJs) involve close apposition of transmembrane proteins between cells. Although TJ proteins have been studied in detail, the role of lipids is largely unknown. We addressed the role of very long-chain (VLC ≥26) ceramides in TJs using diabetes-induced loss of the blood-retinal barrier as a model. VLC fatty acids that incorporate into VLC ceramides are produced by elongase elongation of very long-chain fatty acids protein 4 (ELOVL4). ELOVL4 is significantly reduced in the diabetic retina. Overexpression of ELOVL4 significantly decreased basal permeability, inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)– and interleukin-1β–induced permeability, and prevented VEGF-induced decrease in occludin expression and border staining of TJ proteins ZO-1 and claudin-5. Intravitreal delivery of AAV2-hELOVL4 reduced diabetes-induced increase in vascular permeability. Ultrastructure and lipidomic analysis revealed that ω-linked acyl-VLC ceramides colocalize with TJ complexes. Overall, normalization of retinal ELOVL4 expression could prevent blood-retinal barrier dysregulation in diabetic retinopathy through an increase in VLC ceramides and stabilization of TJs.
Exosomes: from biology to clinics
Authors: Samoylova E. M , Kalsin V. A , Bespalova V. A , Devichensky V. M , Baklaushev V. P
Published: January 2018

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with the diameter of 30-120 nm, originating from early endosomes. Exosomes have been actively studied in the last decade, and a great amount of data has appeared on their nature and role in the intercellular transport and signaling both in the normal and pathological conditions. A particular interest to exosomes in the clinical practice emerged after the separation of their circulating fraction from the blood and the study of tumor genetic markers in them became possible (so called “liquid biopsy”). The objective of this review is to familiarize clinical specialists with the fundamentals of exosomes' biology and physiology and with the main achievements on their practical application in the medicine, as a natural drug delivery system, as well as for high-precision, early non-invasive differential diagnostics of diseases.
Desenvolvimento, alternativas de/ao desenvolvimento e a questão ambiental
Authors: Coradin Cristiane
Published: January 2018

O desenvolvimento como crescimento econômico tem sido promovido por países ditos “desenvolvidos” como uma utopia a ser alcançada pelos países do sul, jamais alcançado. A questão ambiental emerge em contextos de crise desse modelo socioeconômico hegemônico e mediante tendências ao esgotamento dos recursos naturais em idos de 1970. As propostas apresentadas e assimiladas pela ONU e pela perspectiva hegemônica de desenvolvimento tem se mostrado insuficientes, mediante contextos de ampliação de desigualdades sociais, econômicas, culturais e políticas, e da criação de novos imperialismos, baseados em economias neoextrativistas, notadamente desde o sul. Esses contextos tem propiciado a emergência de teses alternativas de e ao desenvolvimento, envolvendo também a questão ambiental.  O presente artigo é um estudo teórico, realizado através de revisão de literatura, e tem como objetivo discorrer e dialogar com as principais teses de desenvolvimento presentes na América Latina, contextualizando o modelo hegemônico, suas insuficiências, bem como dialogar com as propostas alternativas que foram e vem sendo construídas e assimiladas ao longo desse tempo, principalmente aquelas provindas desde olhares epistêmicos do sul, problematizando esse tema com a emergência e capacidade de resposta desses horizontes alternativos à questão ambiental.
Mídia, poder e controle de subjetividade: a distorção da tentativa de golpe de 2002 na Venezuela
Authors: Boff Ricardo Bruno , Sutil da Rocha Adriela
Published: January 2018

A mídia consiste em um instrumento estratégico formulador e propagador de opiniões, saberes e valores, capaz de exercer o que Aníbal Quijano denomina “controle da subjetividade”. Partindo dessa premissa, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo geral demonstrar como, no âmbito das relações internacionais, a mídia compõe o arsenal de ferramentas de exercício de poder das potências Ocidentais, especialmente dos Estados Unidos, constituindo-se em um dos alicerces contemporâneos da manutenção da liderança hegemônica deste país. O trabalho utilizará como conceito-base a “colonialidade do poder”, também de Quijano, cuja abordagem destaca a face da dominação cognitiva inerente à modernidade eurocêntrica. Assim, será demonstrado como a mídia, ao promover o controle de subjetividade a favor das grandes potências Ocidentais, se insere na continuidade desse padrão moderno de dominação. Para exemplificar o modus operandi dos conglomerados midiáticos Ocidentais, será destacado o caso da cobertura da tentativa de golpe contra o Presidente Hugo Chávez, da Venezuela, em 2002, com base em reportagens e documentários que relevam a distorção midiática do evento, padrão que se repete na cobertura dos governos bolivarianos deste país.
Migrações e Deslocamentos Humanos: reflexão à luz do contexto sul brasileiro
Authors: Wenczenovicz Thaís Janaina , Scalon Saionara Tais , Da Silva Ismael Pereira
Published: January 2018

O presente estudo tem por objetivo refletir sobre os deslocamentos humanos ocorridos no início do século XXI ao Sul do Brasil tendo por motivação os desastres ambientais, especialmente os haitianos. Os homens imigram e migram de longa data, motivados por questões endógenas e exógenas. Muitos são os países da América Latina que vem recebendo essa categoria de (i)migrações impulsionadas pelo desemprego, fome, enfermidades, num conjunto que resulta em vulnerabilidade completa do ser humano. Enquanto procedimento metodológico utiliza-se do método bibliográfico-investigativo, associado ao uso de história oral temática (entrevistas).