bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public and Private Interfaces in Canadian Healthcare
Authors: Marchildon Gregory P. , Allin Sara
Published: November 2022

Canada’s narrow basket of services in universal health coverage programs, its continued reliance on private providers for most of care delivery, and the segmented role of private finance pose unique challenges with maintaining quality and equity. This chapter describes the evolution of the public/private mix, highlighting major shifts over time, and their equity and quality implications. The focus is on three health service sectors: two that are universally covered with limited private finance (hospitals and acute care; physicians and medical care, including ambulatory care), and a third sector that falls outside the universal coverage program and relies on a mix of public and private ownership and delivery (long-term, facility-based care). A modified conceptual framework of the public-private finance/delivery interface is applied to characterize the developments in the public/private mix in the three selected healthcare sectors. There are a number of public-private interfaces in the Canadian health systems, some of which have been contested for years, notably at the public funding and private physician delivery interface. More recently, the COVID pandemic ravaged the long-term care sector and fueled debate about the needed reforms to address long-standing challenges with quality of care, including how to best manage, or rebalance, the public/private mix in this sector.
Australia’s Health Insurance System and Its Two-Level Hospital System—A Result of Muddled and Contested Objectives
Authors: Duckett Stephen
Published: November 2022

Australia’s health system is unique: It has an extensive private hospital system underpinned by private health insurance existing alongside a universal, publicly funded health insurance scheme that supports high-quality public hospitals. The private health insurance system is heavily subsidized and is also supported by tax penalties on middle- to higher income people who do not have insurance. Just over 40% of the population have private health insurance. The role of private health insurance in Australia is muddled and contested. This chapter explores the (lack of) logic for subsidizing private healthcare in Australia and draws attention to the inherent inequity and inefficiency that creates.
The Changing Private Sector Role in the Netherlands’ Public/Private Sector Healthcare System
Authors: Kruse Florien M. , Jeurissen Patrick
Published: November 2022

This chapter evaluates how the Dutch healthcare system currently works, focusing specifically on the public and private mix in the medical care and long-term care sector, and examines how this system scores on equity and quality of care. The Dutch healthcare system scores high on quality of care and solidarity compared to other Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development countries. The Dutch healthcare system is founded on the notion of solidarity and includes several safety net measures to address equity concerns. However, the high levels of horizontal and vertical equity in the Dutch system have witnessed some pressures in recent years. Two developments stand out from this chapter. First, commercial healthcare providers have increased their role and carved out a parallel sector. This development introduces horizontal equity concerns in the Netherlands because commercially oriented healthcare providers tend to cater to a more affluent clientele. Second, high socioeconomic groups are better equipped to maneuver and use the increasingly complex healthcare system—with respect to rules, institutions, and reliance on patient choice—to their advantage. In contrast to the high socioeconomic groups, the complexity of the system makes it harder for those from low socioeconomic groups to find timely and appropriate care. Despite these concerns, the Dutch healthcare system has not firmly addressed those vertical equity concerns.
Examining Improvements in a Mixed Healthcare System
Authors: Ballart Xavier , Fuentes Guillermo
Published: November 2022

Health reform around the world has to cope with health systems that had stratified the population since their foundation. This chapter reviews the case of Uruguay, a country that opted in 2007 for the addition of multiple schemes to reach the whole population. Comparing the situation of universalism in Uruguay before the reform and today, significant changes can be identified in the three dimensions of coverage, depth of services, and financial protection. Changes in the three dimensions have an impact on the overall equity of the system and on the quality of health services experienced by different groups of the population. Additionally discussed is the relevance of middle classes for the electoral support of the government and the role played by cross-class alliances to reach universal policies. Finally, the chapter takes into account the extent that public services were aimed at a relatively small part of the population; policies promoted private insurance and contributed to build up the economic and political power of opponents to future reforms. The case study presents a rather successful story that has the potential to be a useful example for other countries in the region and in other parts of the world.
Bound by Muscle
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: November 2022

A.V. Hill (1886–1977) and Otto Meyerhof (1884–1951) shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1922 for their complementary studies of muscle physiology that were grounded in thermodynamics. Hill was a central figure in British science for half a century. He made extensive studies of heat generation in muscle and invented the subject of exercise physiology, introducing the concept of “oxygen debt.” Meyerhof was among the first scientists to recognize the commonality of biochemical reactions across all life forms. His careful experiments uncovered many of the enzymes and reversible pathways driving metabolic processes that convert energy from foodstuff, through intermediate stages, to the production of heat. Hill and Meyerhof were contrasting figures both as men and as scientists. Hill was pragmatic, taking pride in not being an intellectual. Meyerhof impressed colleagues by his philosophical nature and love of art and poetry. The book explores their deepening friendship, begun before 1914 and strengthened by the adversity of the Nazis’ rise to power. During the 1930s, Hill became an outspoken critic of fascism and a founding member of the Tizard Committee that brought radar defense to England. In 1940, he prepared the ground for the vital Tizard Mission to the United States. Meyerhof, a non-practicing Jew, continued his laboratory work in Heidelberg, protecting his staff from Nazi sympathizers within the university; he finally made a dramatic escape from Nazi-occupied Europe in 1940. His correspondence with Hill lays bare his contempt for German academics who benefited from the Nazi period.
Nonverts
Authors: Bullivant Stephen
Published: November 2022

The United States is in the midst of a religious revolution. Or, perhaps it is better to say a non-religious revolution. Around a quarter of US adults now say they have no religion. The great majority of these religious “nones” also say that they used to belong to a religion but no longer do. These are the nonverts: think “converts,” but from having religion to having none. Even on the most conservative of estimates, there are currently about 59 million of them in the United States. Nonverts explores who they are and why they joined the rising tide of the ex-religious. It draws on dozens of interviews, original analysis of high-quality survey data, and a wealth of cutting-edge studies to present an entertaining and insightful exploration of America’s ex-religious landscape. While American religion is not going to die out any time soon, ex-Christian America is a growing presence in national life. America’s religious revolution is not only a religious one—it is catalyzing a profound social, cultural, moral, and political transformation.
When the Saints Go Marching Out
Authors: Bullivant Stephen
Published: November 2022

The Mormons are well known, and in many Christian circles openly envied, for their strong growth rate, successes in keeping young adults in the fold, and attaining mainstream acceptance while maintaining high levels of belief and practice. In short, they would seem to be the go-to example of a religious group somehow bucking the secularizing trends ravaging other mainstream denominations. Except that they’re not—at least, not anymore. This issue, of which LDS leaders and scholars are well aware, is fleshed out here with new interview data from ex-Saints, ranging in age from their mid-twenties to late fifties. The growing levels of disaffiliation among the LDS are interesting on their own terms. But they also highlight, in particularly sharp relief, some of the wider problems affecting many US denominations.
None Specifics
Authors: Bullivant Stephen
Published: November 2022

After an introductory discussion of survey methodologies, the chapter profiles the nones according to sex, age, race, political leanings, and religious and spiritual beliefs. It also shows the various ways in which it makes sense to think of “nonverts” as a distinctive—and large—subcategory of nones-in-general. Also important are the several ways in which America’s nonreligious population increasingly mirror the US population as a whole. Nones are becoming more like the general population for the simple reason that they are becoming an increasingly large contributor to the general population. To be a none used to be a small and often stigmatized identity; now it is, at least in many places, mainstream.
Flatline Protestants
Authors: Bullivant Stephen
Published: November 2022

The “decline of the mainline” is a well-worn topic—almost as well-worn as the question of what precisely counts as the mainline in the first place. Avoiding complicated historical definitions, for our purposes here “mainline Protestantism” is most usefully evoked by the churches where US pop culture’s two foremost “typical families” worship: the Simpsons’ First Church of Springfield, and King of the Hill’s Arlen Methodist. More than any of our case study groups, it’s the hemorrhaging of this mainline that has had the biggest effect on American culture as a whole. It’s traditionally served as the “default setting” for American religiosity, its respectable religious (and thus moral) center ground. Hence its own deep crisis of identity and purpose—witness the United Methodist Church’s recent decision to consciously uncouple from itself, for example—mirror the fracturing of mainstream American culture and values.
Nothings Come from Nothing?
Authors: Bullivant Stephen
Published: November 2022

The rate of nones in the US population suddenly started climbing in the mid-1990s and then accelerated in the mid-2000s. But why, and why then? For that matter, why hadn’t it already begun happening—as it had in many other Western democracies—several decades earlier? While appearing to have arisen ex nihilo, the sudden growth of the nones in fact makes perfect sociological and historical sense. In this chapter, the main focus of Nonverts shifts from the present and personal to consider several structural shifts in American life and culture over the past seventy or so years. Topics covered include the generational weakening of religious subcultures following World War Two, the Cold War and McCarthyism (“Christian America vs. godless communism”), the growing gulf between traditional Christian values and the wider culture from the 1960s onward, and—latterly and more directly—the rise of the internet.
The Ex Effect
Authors: Bullivant Stephen
Published: November 2022

Nonversion often has a different texture, a different “feel” from one religious group to another. Becoming an ex-Catholic is, often enough, a very different thing to becoming either an ex-Episcopalian or an ex-Pentecostal. All three are different again to becoming a former Muslim, Buddhist, or Jehovah’s Witness. Furthermore, to reiterate a theme discussed throughout the book, these differences are not purely of the past. Furthermore, we should expect ex-religious nones of all types to differ, in general terms, from those cradle nones who were brought up as such. This is critical to considering how the nature of American “none-ness” might change in the coming decades. Currently, over two-thirds of US nones are nonverts. Though they’re not religious now, they used to be. So it’s not surprising if they carry with them all the hang-ups and baggage, knowledge and understanding, anger and hurt, memories and affections of “Exes” everywhere.
Critical Philosophy of Race
Authors: Bernasconi Robert
Published: November 2022

The opening chapter provides a broad survey of the contributions to critical philosophy of race that have been made by continental philosophy in general and phenomenology and existentialism in particular. Whereas Sartre and Fanon initially explored the insights to be won from a focus on the lived experience of anti-Semitism and racism, as a result of the struggle against colonialism their focus shifted toward racism as a system. Once systemic racism is highlighted, the importance of historical investigations quickly becomes apparent: the groundbreaking work of Hannah Arendt and Michel Foucault is highlighted.
The Challenge of Fossil Fuel and Climate Change
Authors: Perera Frederica
Published: November 2022

Chapter 1 reviews the dramatic increases in global fossil fuel consumption, global temperature, and greenhouse gases emissions since the 1950s; the rise in air pollution in much of the world; the major sources of greenhouse gases and air pollution; and the growth of the natural gas and petrochemical industries as major emitters of greenhouse gases. It describes the decimation of forests and the warming of oceans, reducing their ability to store carbon and causing extensive loss of biodiversity. It presents the sharp increase in climate-related severe floods, storms, fires, and drought. The chapter ends with a review of potential tipping points that could cause an irreversible change in the climate system and start positive feedback loops that amplify the effect of greenhouse gases: an example is the disappearance of Arctic sea ice leading through a feedback loop to the rapid melting of the Artic permafrost and resulting in the release of vast amounts of carbon. The chapter is a loud call for action on solutions described in Chapter 6 and Chapter 7.
Success Stories
Authors: Perera Frederica
Published: November 2022

Chapter 6 provides examples of policies on fossil fuel–related air pollution and climate change that have worked to the benefit of public health and the economy. It presents estimates of the avoided cases of illness and impairment in children and adults from policies implemented at different levels of government as well as the associated economic gains. It briefly reviews the benefits of policy changes in China, the European Union, and Sweden, and then presents case studies at the level of the city (London, Krakow, New York City), region (the US Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative), and state (the California Climate Program). The chapter notes that, in cases where cost benefit analyses have been done, the benefits clearly outweigh the costs. It emphasizes that the policies are not static but continually evolve based on experience and input from environmental justice and other stakeholders.
Introduction—U21 Global Survey
Authors: Rouse Stella M. , McDonald Jared , Engstrom Richard N. , Hanmer Michael J. , González Roberto , Lay Siugmin , Miranda Daniel
Published: November 2022

As the largest adult generation, Millennials now influence every aspect of civic life around the world. Political activism surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic and the struggle for racial justice, organized online and through social media, has been driven largely by a younger global citizenry. This chapter argues that global events during Millennials’ formative years, coupled with the proliferation of the internet and smartphones, led to the creation of a Millennial “core persona.” This core persona is more cosmopolitan, with Millennials seeing themselves as sharing common values across the globe in ways that older generations do not. This chapter provides an overview of the Global Millennial Survey and explains why understanding Millennials matters to the broader global landscape. Finally, it places the book in the context of the debate about the importance of identity and the benefit of the generational identity lens to understand factors that influence attitudes and engagement.
The Absolutely Indispensable Man
Authors: Raustiala Kal
Published: November 2022

Nobel Laureate, UN Under Secretary General, and American diplomat, Ralph Bunche was present at the creation of the postwar international order. Yet even before that order was launched Bunche championed one of the most consequential, but often unsung, transformations of the twentieth century: the end of colonialism and the transition, for much of Africa and Asia, from empire to sovereignty. As a scholar in the 1930s, Bunche studied the colonial system. As a mediator in postcolonial Palestine, he won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to bring peace to the new state of Israel and its Arab neighbors. As a rare Black man in the very white world of diplomacy, Bunche fought to ensure that new states were welcomed—and guided—into the international community. Once “the most honored African American in America,” Ralph Bunche is largely forgotten today; remembered by some as a master of international diplomacy, by others as an icon of racial equality, yet little known to the public at large. Bunche merits recognition both for his extraordinary American life and for the lens he provides on two significant features of the 20th century—the creation of the postwar international order and the struggle for racial equality—that are rarely joined but deserve to be, and that he himself married in the realm of ideas and in his own person. Bunche saw no dissonance in this pairing of diplomacy and civil rights. He sought to make both America and the world more just, more free, and more fair. During his lifetime—and in part due to his efforts—nearly a billion people of color gained independence from foreign rule. The titanic global conflicts of the 20th century, from the Great War to the Cold War, are rarely viewed today through the lens of race and rights. Yet for much of the 20th century race was arguably the central principle in international relations. To Bunche racial justice was a global, not merely national, issue, and empire was one of racism’s most potent and perilous guises. Colonialism was an oppressive form of governance, and the fight to end empire provided a throughline to his stellar—and fascinating—career.
San Francisco
Authors: Raustiala Kal
Published: November 2022

Chapter 6 describes the San Francisco conference of 1945 that finalized the UN Charter; Bunche’s work on the trusteeship provisions; and the development of the concept of “non-self-governing” territories.
The Struggle over Trusteeship
Authors: Raustiala Kal
Published: November 2022

Chapter 8 examines Bunche’s continuing work at the UN on trusteeship; the organization of the Trusteeship Council; the decision to site the UN in New York; and the rising pressures of European states to grant colonies independence.
Katanga
Authors: Raustiala Kal
Published: November 2022

Chapter 18 continues the story of the Congo Crisis; the attempted secession of Katanga; Bunche’s work in creating the UN peacekeeping force in Congo; and the CIA’s interest in Lumumba.
Kennedy and Johnson
Authors: Raustiala Kal
Published: November 2022

Chapter 21 explores Bunche’s reengagement with civil rights in America; Kennedy’s assassination; and Bunche’s encounters with Lyndon Johnson and the growing crisis in Vietnam.
Complexation Reactions and Metal Ion Speciation
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A.
Published: November 2022

This chapter deals with the second associative reaction type in ionic equilibria: complexation. After presenting definitions, the chapter describes ways to express equilibria of complexes and their components: metal ions and ligands. The chemical and ecological significance of complexes is summarized, along with the two types of complexes—inner and outer sphere. Factors affecting binding strengths of complexes are described, with attention to predictive relationships. Methods to solve and display complexation equilibria are explained, including simple examples solvable manually and computer methods for complicated situations in many natural waters. The roles of inorganic and organic ligands in metal ion speciation are described using examples ranging from soft to hard waters and high-ionic-strength seawater. The kinetics of complex formation and dissociation is treated. Although most formation reactions are fast, dissociation can be slow for strong complexes. Some metal-ligand exchange processes are slow enough to maintain non-equilibrium conditions for extended periods.
Aqueous Geochemistry II
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A.
Published: November 2022

This chapter presents a more quantitative understanding of the sources and controls on the chemical composition of natural waters than provided in Chapter 2. Much of this understanding has been gained using various modeling approaches. After a perspective gained from observational data, the chapter considers a simple relationship developed more than 50 years ago to explain trends in major ion distributions in natural waters. The chapter then examines stoichiometric and reactor-based models for more quantitative analyses. Silicate minerals are the ultimate source of most inorganic ions in natural waters, and the authors examine the kinetics and mechanisms of mineral weathering. Finally, the chapter considers the types of inferences and understanding of the factors that control the chemical composition of natural waters that we can learn from stable isotope abundances in solutes and from studies using large data sets covering broad spatial scales and various ranges of temporal scales.
The Minor Elements
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A.
Published: November 2022

This chapter applies the equilibrium and kinetic concepts and tools developed in earlier chapters to analyze the behavior of three important metals—Fe, Mn, and Al—in natural waters. Although their aquatic concentrations usually are lower than those of the seven major ions described in Chapter 2, these elements have very rich chemistries involving acid-base, complexation, solubility, sorption, and, for Fe and Mn, redox processes. They greatly influence the chemical status and biochemical quality of aquatic systems, and they have practical interest to environmental engineers because of their important roles in water treatment.
Dissolved Oxygen
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A.
Published: November 2022

This chapter discusses the chemistry of dissolved oxygen (DO), which plays a critical role in regulating the redox chemistry of natural waters. DO concentrations are controlled by a range of chemical and biological redox processes and by physical factors that affect O2 solubility and transfer rates across the air-water interface. The importance of biological processes in controlling DO conditions in aquatic systems is indicative of a link to nutrient cycle processes described in Chapter 19. Spatial and temporal patterns of DO concentrations in lakes and rivers, and the widespread phenomenon of hypoxia in coastal waters, are explained in the context of major driving forces: solubility, gas-transfer kinetics, and nutrient inputs from land. Analysis of DO by the classic Winkler titration is described as an archetypal redox titration. Chemical principles underlying DO analysis by now more widely used instrumental methods (electrodes and optodes) also are explained.
Natural Organic Matter
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A.
Published: November 2022

This chapter focuses on the composition and behavior of natural organic matter (NOM) in aquatic systems. The chemical, ecological, and engineering significance of these substances is described, along with the terminology associated with NOM and its dissolved fraction (DOM). Emphasis is given to DOM and its colored component, known as CDOM, which is closely related to aquatic humic matter (AHM)—fulvic and humic acids. CDOM represents the bulk of DOM in many surface waters. The chapter describes methods to isolate and chemically characterize DOM and CDOM (AHM) by NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry and other modern methods. A historical perspective illustrates changing views on the chemical structure of AHM over time, and the chemical composition of DOM associated with major types of natural and anthropogenic water bodies is described. The spectral, redox, acid-base, and metal-binding properties of DOM are explained, and current metal-binding models, WHAM and NICA-Donnan, are described.
There Shall No Evil Befall Thee?
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2022

The Enlightenment severely undermined ideas of supernatural guidance of everyday human affairs, as was expressed so confidently in Psalm 91. Theologians and biblical critics struggled to reconcile those ancient ideas with modern perceptions, and to historicize the Psalm and its intentions. They had to reconcile its promises and blessings with what some called “the facts of life”—namely, that the righteous would indeed suffer and die. In that case, it was almost insulting to pray to God for material blessings, such as defense against a plague. As a seemingly archaic and irrelevant text, the psalm now became a popular theme for writers of Gothic and horror fiction. However, older interpretations of the Psalm also continued forcefully, for instance among soldiers, who relied on the text for defense on battle. Well into the twentieth century, many people still turned to it for defense against disease. A large body of mythology and folklore asserted the continued value of the text.
Under His Wings Shalt Thou Trust
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2022

Psalm 91 has found many enthusiastic believers among the new and rapidly expanding churches of Africa, Asia, and Latin America. It is a central part of Christian popular culture in many of those countries, and is often the subject of musical treatment by gospel, rock and rap artists. It also features heavily in street signs and graffiti. So popular is the psalm that it even played a role in the Philippine Revolution of 1986, a story that forms part of its ever expanding mythology. Although most such usage in strictly mainstream and respectable, the psalm has a special appeal for criminals, gangs, and convicts. Some of the psalm’s uses in Global South nations do veer into superstition and magic. As in the global North, the psalm was especially popular as a source of aid during the coronavirus pandemic.
Your Future on the Faculty
Authors: Schimel Joshua
Published: November 2022

Succeeding and thriving as an academic requires more than just producing scholarship and teaching classes. It requires working effectively within our human and institutional structures: our departments, universities, societies, and professional communities. This calls for wider, “non-academic,” insights and skills into how these operate and how to operate effectively within them. This book focuses on these human dimensions of being an academic beginning with discussing our personal trajectory and then moving out to consider wider systems, from our institutions to our global communities. Section 1 is about navigating the career transitions from Ph.D. past tenure, including a chapter emphasizing the challenges facing women and minoritized faculty. Section 2 is about working with our university systems and support staff team members. Section 3 is about integrating teaching and mentoring into an academic career—how to teach well but without having it consume your life, and how to deal with challenges in mentoring. Section 4 is about larger systems—publishers and professional societies—and how to be an effective member of our larger professional networks. It discusses being part of the peer review system and supporting our academic communities.
Rhythm and Meter
Authors: Rothstein William
Published: November 2022

The rhythmic and metric structures of nineteenth-century Italian opera differ from those described by American theorists for German music of the same period. The rhythms of Italian verse must be taken into account. The best contemporary guide is Bonifazio Asioli, whose concept of ritmo armonico is extended to the metric four-cycle. In the music of certain Italian composers, especially Paisiello and Verdi, melodic phrases usually end on the strongest beat of a metric four-cycle. Harmonic and melodic accents often fail to coincide, but they may reach an equilibrium that makes it difficult to distinguish strong from weak measures.
Influenza
Authors: Li Jie Jack
Published: November 2022

Influenza is a perennial killer for mankind. The 1918 Spanish flu pandemic was the deadliest pandemic before COVID-19. The influenza A virus was discovered in 1933 using ferrets as the animal model. This chapter talks about the influenza virus, influenza vaccines, small-molecule antiviral drugs used to treat influenza. They include M2 inhibitors and neuraminidase inhibitors. The discovery of neuraminidase inhibitors Relenza and Tamiflu greatly benefited from our knowledge of the protein target’s crystal structure and our knowledge of structure-based drug design.
The non-moral view of perpetrator disgust
Authors: Munch-Jurisic Ditte Marie
Published: November 2022

Chapter 2 presents a non-moral view of perpetrator disgust, articulated by genocide scholars who reject the notion that moral significance can be attributed to the phenomenon. From their perspective, the perpetrator’s reaction reflects a merely aesthetic revulsion. In the same vein, a growing number of skeptical voices in philosophy and psychology argue that feelings of disgust and distress are non-moral, irrelevant to, and sometimes inherently distortive of moral judgments. While not denying the role of empathic distress or empathy in ethical and prosocial behavior, or that disgust responses can reflect moral convictions, such views hold that emotions contain no pre-determined moral direction. Their moral meaning or motivation is determined by their use and contextual setting. Torturers do not mute their capacity for empathy, for example; they apply the capacity to devise suffering in their victims.
The moral limits of gut feelings
Authors: Munch-Jurisic Ditte Marie
Published: November 2022

Chapter 4 presents a contextual view of emotions, arguing that gut feelings do not reveal our true self or grant us insight into human nature, and that our emotions speak to the social facts of our time and place. Building on insights from the latest research in the scientific and philosophical study of emotion, the chapter highlights two dimensions that bear influence on emotional affect: (i) the external context, pointing to both the concrete situation in which an emotion is experienced and the broader environment of an agent that shapes their affective, physiological responses; (ii) the internal context, pointing to an agent’s hermeneutic equipment and epistemic resources to interpret and make sense of their emotional states, both in the actual moment of experience and after the fact.
2° = 9° Theoricus Covariant
Authors: Ó Maoilearca John
Published: November 2022

This section is the book’s first engagement with “new materialism” in the person of “material vitalist” Jane Bennett. It covers the place of “spirit” in her writings, especially her antipathy to it, despite her own acknowledged debt to Henri Bergson. Her charge that Bergson espoused a hylomorphic approach to matter is criticized, while her own use of material vitality and “thing power” is explored, leading to a realization that her antipathy toward spirit is, in part, both localized and political at source (concerning US religious movements). This leads to the conclusion that, alongside her many insights, there remains a blindness concerning both Bergson and the place of spirit—a disregard that is articulated in terms of the meaning of the occult (occultus—“hidden from sight”) and theory (theoricus—“beholder, spectator”) and a conceptual tension between the two.
Identity Theory
Authors: Burke Peter J. , Stets Jan E.
Published: November 2022

All people derive their identities from the groups and social categories to which they belong in society, the roles they play out, and their personal characteristics they claim. Introduced more than fifty years ago, identity theory has become a central theoretical perspective in sociological social psychology. Now in a greatly expanded second edition, Identity Theory attempts to explain identities, their processes of operation, and their sources in and consequences for interaction and society. This book describes the origins of identity theory, its development, the research that supports it, and its future direction. It covers the central roles of meaning and resources in human interaction and purpose. It provides a detailed analysis of the nature and operation of identities. A central aspect of identities, identity verification, is discussed in terms of how it works, and its consequences for individuals. In addition, the book discusses the different bases of identities, and the multiple identities that individuals hold from their multiple positions in society. It also covers the way identities offer both stability and change to individuals. Coauthored by the originators of the theory, this book accessibly presents decades of research in a single volume, making the full range of this powerful theory understandable to readers at all levels.
The Characteristics of Identities
Authors: Burke Peter J. , Stets Jan E.
Published: November 2022

Four main characteristics of identities are described in this chapter. These include identity prominence, identity salience, identity commitment, and identity dispersion. Identity prominence, salience, and commitment are discussed in new ways compared to past theorizing on them. Identity prominence is now understood as the sharing of meanings across identities. The more sharing of meanings with other identities, the more important is the identity. Identity salience is the amount of time an identity is activated with more time associated with greater salience. Identity commitment is tied more closely to mutual identity verification with greater mutual verification increasing identity commitment. Finally, identity dispersion, a new characteristic, is the set of meanings that vary around a single point on any dimension of meaning for an identity.
Identity Change
Authors: Burke Peter J. , Stets Jan E.
Published: November 2022

Identity change refers to change in the meanings of the identity standard. It also may refer to changes in the characteristics of identities, that is, changes in identity prominence, salience, commitment, and dispersion. The hierarchical arrangement of identities within a person means that the meanings in an identity standard are a function of the errors of one or more identities higher in the hierarchy. Four sources of identity change are discussed. These include changes in the meanings in the situation that cannot be counteracted by an identity, identity conflict when two identities have different standards, behavior that contradicts the meanings of the identity standard, and adaptive changes in identity meanings when interacting with others in a mutual verification context.
Editor’s Introduction
Authors: Stuhr John J.
Published: November 2022

This introduction to Philosophy and Human Flourishing explains how it is easy to consider any concern with flourishing to be an obscene and out of touch luxury in a world marked by dramatic climate change, viral pandemics, ongoing violence, hate, racism, sexism, poverty, and war; and rising authoritarian and totalitarian challenges to self-government. In such a world—the actual world—the conditions and resources necessary for well-being are the private possessions of only a fortunate few people. In such a world, it is not flourishing but, rather, just staying alive and getting by that command attention for many. However, attention to the pressing problems of daily life is not at odds with reflection on the meaning of flourishing lives and attention to the conditions necessary to obtain them. These things—attention to ideas and attention to realities—are not mutually exclusive. A notion of human flourishing, this introduction argues, is an activist ideal, and it is a project taken up in the chapters that follow.
Pragmatic Stories of Selves and Their Flourishing
Authors: Wahman Jessica
Published: November 2022

An important aspect of human flourishing is the sense of empowerment—the human ability to direct one’s own paths and to make some positive difference in the world. Narratives about individual trajectories and the general stories told about human nature can shape this sense of agency. Specifically, mechanistic models of human behavior can promote a narrative that alienates conscious subjects from their own material organism, making them passive observers in their own life story. As a means of reconstructing the narrative, this chapter turns to pragmatic psychology, where the self is conceived as a system of habits. The chapter shows that identifying the self with the entire organism—one which is not merely a mechanism and of which consciousness is an integral part—allows for a different kind of agency, one that better recognizes both human choices and limitations and that identifies concrete possibilities for increasing freedom and happiness.
Well-Being
Authors: Haybron Daniel M.
Published: November 2022

This chapter argues that accounts of well-being or flourishing need to be responsive to our best understanding of the self, so that self-fulfillment must constitute at least part of human well-being. Following on earlier work, two new arguments are offered for this conclusion. The convergence argument suggests that many accounts of well-being implicitly converge on a self-fulfillment view. Taking three popular theories, the chapter argues that the most compelling insights of each militate for a move toward a self-fulfillment view. Second, the piggybacking argument starts from the reliance on notions of the self in other philosophical realms, suggesting there is independent reason to posit substantive views about the self. And once one has committed to an account of the self, it would be unreasonable to set that view aside when thinking about what it is for one to flourish, as if what’s good for people could be independent of who they are.
Well-Being, Value Fulfillment, and Valuing Capacities
Authors: Tiberius Valerie
Published: November 2022

A central debate about well-being in analytic philosophy concerns whether there are objective constraints on what it is to flourish or whether well-being is entirely subjective. This chapter argues that the battle lines in this debate have been drawn too starkly and recommends considering a hybrid theory. To date, hybrid theories of well-being in the literature have given more ground to objectivism. The chapter explores a hybrid version of a subjective theory. According to this version of value fulfillment theory, what is good for a person who has values is to have those values fulfilled, and what is good for a person who currently lacks values is to gain the capacities to form and pursue values.
The Allure of the “All”
Authors: Lachs John
Published: November 2022

This chapter sketches an account of flourishing that resists the allure of overgeneralization and universal pronouncements. It does justice to the staggering variety of human lives and satisfactions. Because there is no one human endeavor or satisfaction that constitutes the essence of human life, any successful account of flourishing must be radically pluralistic and relational. Aristotle and Mill provided the most plausible accounts of well-being, but even their views are overly narrow. An effective philosophy of flourishing must be committed to letting people pursue their fulfillments in their own ways. In this undertaking, a broad-minded philosophy can be an effective antidote to smug self-certainty, effective resistance against exclusive occupation with the past, and a site of large fulfillments and expanded meanings.
Flourishing
Authors: Stuhr John J.
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT: I identify ten important pitfalls that must be avoided for a concept of flourishing to have both practical, operational meaning and critical, normative use. I next set forth a multivalent, five-dimensional, pluralistic account of flourishing to provide this clarity and critical force. The upshot is pragmatic: We should stop asking which concept of flourishing is really correct and instead ask how and why any particular one is illuminating and useful. Finally, I stress the place of habits in a flourishing life in an always changing world. Flourishing is thus a life of creative and flexible habits—including imagining, perceiving, thinking, and acting on the unhabitual—an undertaking William James termed “genius.” This sort of life—one for which philosophy provides many skills and insights--is marked by fluidity and ease but also by self-interruption and discomfort and its hopes.
Navigating Irreconcilable Conflicts
Authors: Gallegos Lori
Published: November 2022

If the growth of popular self-care movements is any indicator, individuals are often viewed as largely responsible for cultivating and protecting their own flourishing. This view is often helpful, but it risks generating unrealistic and harmful expectations about individual agency. This chapter pushes back against these expectations. Wellbeing has many dimensions, including the material, the personal, and the interpersonal. As a result, the pursuit of wellbeing in any one dimension of life can conflict with the pursuit of wellbeing in other areas of life. These conflicts are the inevitable result of our human finitude, but they are also exacerbated by oppressive social conditions. The chapter investigates how philosophical thinking might be useful in light of the recognition that wellbeing often depends not merely on one’s personal psychological management, but also on the transformation of oppressive social conditions.
Relational Insensitivity and the Interdependence of Flourishing and Withering
Authors: Medina José
Published: November 2022

People’s lives and pursuits are interconnected and interdependent. People may seek to flourish in mutually supportive ways or at the cost of others. In individualistic societies, agents, groups, and institutions typically have a blind spot for how the flourishing they pursue in their own paths of development may be entangled with the differential flourishing possibilities and even the withering of others. This chapter argues that this blind spot is in fact a cultivated insensitivity or active ignorance, what this chapter calls relational insensitivity. Relational insensitivity reflects the failure of an epistemic responsibility: the responsibility of being attuned to the interdependence of ways of flourishing and withering entangled with our own flourishing and withering. Drawing from feminist theory and critical race theory and critically engaging with William James, the chapter shows that there is a Will-Not-to-Know that is at the core of American individualism and has been at the service of imperialistic and neo-colonial attitudes and practices. The first section exploits the convergence between pragmatism and feminist standpoint theory to give an account of the critical attentiveness to lived experiences needed for relational sensitivity, that is, attunement to the interdependence between one’s flourishing/withering and that of others. The second section supplements this account in conversation with critical race theory and epistemologies of ignorance through an elucidation of relational insensitivity and its roots in practices of social deadening. The final section sketches a proposal for resisting relational insensitivity through epistemic activism, illustrated by the work of the Colombian visual artist Doris Salcedo.
Introduction to Cinema, Media, and Human Flourishing
Authors: Corrigan Timothy
Published: November 2022

Tales of happiness, well-being, and human flourishing might seem only an occasional part of a film and media history characterized by troubled melodramas, violent crime and action films, and tragic historical epics. Yet movie history features numerous films and genres in which cinematic narratives about human fulfillment stand out as remarkable and defining achievements. These films have celebrated the personal and social resiliencies and triumphs of people pursuing meaningful social and personal lives, along the way often dramatizing the abilities of individuals and groups to overcome social, psychological, and physical setbacks as they pursue and often achieve different kinds of personal fulfillment. In the majority of these films, various psychological and social crises and impediments both enrich and complicate these pursuits, suggesting that even in films in which the characters’ implicit or explicit goals are to achieve certain values, relationships, and achievements, these films often require a narrative drama of conflict out of which the possibility a personal and social well-being might eventually emerge.
Human Relationship as Human Value in Studio-Era Hollywood
Authors: Polan Dana
Published: November 2022

Studio-era Hollywood proffers models of humanness and human relationship within a value system I term oneness, twoness, and many-ness. Oneness concerns characters living for or by themselves, and ultimately suffering from that isolation. On the one hand is the hedonist (e.g., gangster Rocky Sullivan in Angels with Dirty Faces [1938]) leading a high life of empty thrills. On the other hand, the cynic, wounded by human relationship and wallowing in self-lacerating isolation (e.g., Rick in Casablanca [1942]). To live solely for oneself, Hollywood films suggest, is to live incompletely. In one narrative solution the monadic hero goes it alone but only insofar as separation from society becomes a way to help that society: the individualistic sacrifice of maternal melodramas like Stella Dallas, but also narratives of sacrificial conversion, like Angels with Dirty Faces itself, in which Rocky feigns cowardice to turn delinquent boys against the gangster life they so wanted to emulate. Yet Hollywood films have difficulty imagining collectivity as a space of flourishing, worrying instead that people act through collective hysteria (e.g., Fritz Lang’s first U.S. film Fury, in which everyday American citizens readily turn into a lynch mob). Between stunted individuals and mindless mobs, many Hollywood films offer the romantic couple as an ideal so strong it sets itself up as extra-social (e.g., the 1939 adaptation of Wuthering Heights pointedly leaves out the next generation to concentrate on Heathcliff and Cathy turning their back [literally so] on polite but conventional British society).
Learning to Adapt From Pathology to Splendor
Authors: Corrigan Timothy
Published: November 2022

Interdisciplinary projects devoted to “human flourishing” often map and evaluate the activities of immersion, embeddedness, socialization, and reflectiveness, positions entirely relevant to the cinematic. Here, however, I will refocus those broader categories on a particular activity associated with cinematic adaptation and its implicit pedagogical lesson of “learning to adapt.” My focus on adaptive values as a source of individual and social growth concerns specifically the spectatorial dynamics of negotiating film adaptations as an emotional, cognitive, social, and even corporeal exercise in changing mobilities. My touchstone for the pedagogy of these adaptive mobilities will be the 2003 film American Splendor, a movie ostensibly about the pathologically misfit cartoonist Harvey Pekar but that is in fact about the flexibility, delights, and value of shifting representational identities.