bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Book Review: Higher Education, Leadership and Women Vice Chancellors
Authors: Eddy Pamela L.
Published: December 2016

The paucity of women leaders in higher education continues despite advancement by women in other fronts of the educational pipeline.  Today, more women are attending and graduating from college in the United States, but something occurs en route to the top-level leadership positions in these same college settings.  The portrait of college leaders continues to consist of White men, as it has since the initial founding of universities.  Paula Burkinshaw analyzes the situation of the missing women leaders in the United Kingdom, specifically in the position of Vice Chancellor.  Burkinshaw’s long career in leadership development in university settings initially provided her with an awareness of the underrepresentation of women in top leadership positions.  As she began her doctoral studies, she had an opportunity to ask “where are the women?”  Her book builds on her dissertation research, which involved one-on-one interviews with 18 women who were vice chancellors.
Chief Editors' Introduction
Authors: Carrington Kerry , Scott John
Published: December 2016

The last edition of the journal for 2016 is truly global, with authors from Norway, United States, England, Australia, Mexico and Canada. Articles deal with issues in these countries as well as in Africa, China, Europe, South America and South Korea; many articles also have global relevance. This trend is consistent with the increasing internationalisation of knowledge that is occurring as a result of open-access free to publish and download publishing journals. While the ten articles vary greatly in focus, they fit with the journal’s emphasis on the intersections between crime, justice and social democracy.To find out more about the articles in this issue, download the PDF file here.
Two Dogmas of Moral Theory? Comments on Lisa Tessman’s Moral Failure
Authors: Kittay Eva F
Published: December 2016

In Moral Failure, Lisa Tessman argues against two principles of moral theory, that ought implies can and that normative theory must be action-guiding. Although Tessman provides a trenchant account of how we are thrust into the misfortune of moral failure, often by our very efforts to act morally, and although she shows, through a discussion well-informed by the latest theorizing in ethics, neuroethics, and psychology, how much more moral theory can do than provide action-guiding principles, I argue that the two theses of moral theory that she disputes remain indispensable for ethical theory.
The Effect of Two Factors on Interobserver Reliability for Proximal Humeral Fractures
Authors: Mellema Jos J. , Kuntz Michael T. , Guitton Thierry G. , Ring David
Published: December 2016

Introduction:

The purpose of this study was to assess whether training observers and simplifying proximal humeral fracture classifications improve interobserver reliability among a large number of orthopaedic surgeons.

Methods:

One hundred eighty-five observers were randomized to receive training or no training in a simple classification for proximal humeral fractures before evaluating preoperative radiographs of a consecutive series of 30 patients who were treated with open reduction and internal fixation.

Results:

The overall interobserver reliability of the simple proximal humeral fracture classification system was low and not significantly different between the training and the no training group (κ = 0.20 and κ = 0.18, respectively; P = 0.10). Subgroup analyses showed that training improved the agreement among surgeons who have been in independent practice ≤5 years (κ = 0.23 versus κ = 0.14; P < 0.001), surgeons from the United States (κ = 0.23 versus κ = 0.16; P = 0.002), and general orthopaedic surgeons (κ = 0.42 versus κ = 0.15; P = 0.021).

Discussion:

Simplifying classifications and training observers did not improve the interobserver reliability for the diagnosis of proximal humeral fractures. However, training observers improved interobserver reliability of a simple proximal humeral fracture classification system among surgeons from the United States and, in particular, younger and less specialized surgeons. This finding may suggest that our interpretations of radiographic information might become more fixed and immutable with experience.
Impact of change in the structure of distribution system on incurred cost
Authors: Zwolińska Bożena , Michlowicz Edward
Published: December 2016

In multi-tier distribution, in addition to suppliers and consumers there are also intermediaries who participate in the transfer of products from manufacturers to end consumers. The choice of the distribution system depends on the optimisation of the performance indicators for servicing an area, taking into account the technical capabilities of the individual logistics chain links. The paper compares two typical distribution structures in the construction sector. The choice of the structure is a function of the manufacturer’s economic and organisational determinants. The paper presents a model representing the costs of two typical distribution structures in the construction sector. The choice of the structure depends on the company’s outsourcing policy and total costs of all three major system components: the distribution network, transport network, and warehousing. Rationally built and implemented functioning models are a key element of business success in the marketplace. The choice of a suitable strategy is difficult, as it depends on many dynamically changing parameters which directly affect costs. In addition, the relations between the system elements are very complex and interdependent.
Investigation of the some problems of running safety of rolling stock on the Ukrainian railways
Authors: Domin Rostyslav , Domin Iurii , Cherniak Ganna , Mostovych Anatolii , Konstantidi Valeria , Gryndei Petro
Published: December 2016

The results of the evaluation of the running safety conditions of railway vehicles are presented by means of computer simulation. Analysis of the possible reasons for derailment by means of performance evaluation of rolling stock and track interaction are presented. The impact of the technical condition of the dampers on the running safety of passenger wagons is considered. The localization of possible damages of bearing structures of high-speed train is determined with the help of calculation of the strength characteristics and the method of non-destructive metallography. There is the information about the development of software and hardware complexes providing an instrumental assessment of the technical condition of railway vehicles. Portable device is proposed for measuring the static load of the wheels of the rolling stock units on the track. The work on creation of stationary devices for automatic wheels fault detection in order to reduce the time period from the appearance of the defect was conducted. The brainchild of the mobile system of controlling running tests and dynamic diagnostics of rolling stock was considered.
The system of IT support for logistics in the rail transport
Authors: Kisielewski Piotr
Published: December 2016

The paper presents the requirements, architecture and important features of a modern IT system of logistics for rail transport. The purpose of the system is to provide logistic support of transport issues relating to the work performed in the sectors of transport and maintenance of railway enterprises. In particular, special attention was paid to optimization problems of strategic and operational planning applying modern optimization algorithms. System architecture, the basic functional modules and their relationship are presented as an example of the system used by the Polish rail operators, engaged in the transport of both passenger and freight. The system is characterized by centralized architecture, divided into an application server, a database server and a terminals server. The system takes full advantage of modern mobile technologies. The study outlines basic logistics processes implemented in the system, among others,: planning of transport using background maps and a scheme of railway network, records of vehicles and employees, allocation of transport work for individual units, planning cycles of vehicles and trains, scheduling work for vehicles, train driver crews and train attendant teams, creating work schedules, short-term and long-term dispatches, verification and accounting of the work time, accounting transport and train drivers performance.
Common Core confusion about modeling
Authors: Felton-Koestler Mathew D.
Published: December 2016

Share news about happenings in the field of elementary school mathematics education, views on matters pertaining to teaching and learning mathematics in the early childhood or elementary school years, and reactions to previously published opinion pieces or articles. Find detailed department submission guidelines at http://www.nctm.org/WriteForTCM.
Mirror, mirror
Authors: Marrie Lasater L. , Roach Andy , Fuentes Sarah Quebec
Published: December 2016

Each month, this section of the problem solvers department showcases students' in-depth thinking and discusses the classroom results of using problems presented in previous issues of Teaching Children Mathematics. In the problem from the December 2015/January 2016 issue, the task that integrates students' understanding of shapes and their properties and reflections. Students must determine which shapes can be reflected over a line so that the original shape and its reflection form specified figures.
Using Generic Examples to Make Viable Arguments
Authors: Adams Anne E. , Ely Rob , Yopp David
Published: December 2016

These fifth graders engaged in key mathematical practices by explaining and illustrating central mathematical ideas.
«Faena tenéis!». Archivos digitales y memoria oral
Authors: Vilar i Herrero Nelo , Larpenteur Cyrille
Published: December 2016

El texto sigue un itinerario desde los ciber-museos o museos-digitales, que, haciendo uso de las TIC, resultan permanentemente accesibles, a los museos especí cos de memoria oral autobiografica, que recupera los saberes populares y que se han reconocido como patrimonio cultural inmaterial por la UNESCO en 2003. En cuanto a estos museos de memoria se toma opción por un modelo que no limite su sentido a la recopilación de memoria con un enfoque etnológico, sino que muestre cada vida como un material precioso, que además refuerza activamente los vínculos comunitarios. El trabajo en archivos digitales y museos de memoria oral permite procesar las identidades colectivas y los conceptos de tradición como instituciones construidas. Con estas nuevas identidades integra el pasado histórico y etnológico con los ujos migratorios y los cambios sociales y culturales.
De viaje… captando desplazamientos corpóreos en una ciudad que educa
Authors: Moreno Gómez William , Herrera Velásquez Maria Isabel , Hincapié Bedoya Daniel , Marulanda Hoyos Santiago
Published: December 2016

El texto presenta ribetes del drama que viven los niños, niñas y adolescentes (en adelante NNA) de Medellín (Col.). Presenta la génesis y el sentido del viaje. Lo hace a través de una metodología de corte derivana que viene practicando el grupo de investigación Prácticas Corporales, Sociedad, Educación-Currículo (en adelante PES) en sus pesquisas, especialmente en los procesos de formación investigativa que adelanta su semillero desde hace ya siete años. Experiencia investigativo formativa que se interesa por la resignificación de las prácticas ludocorporales (en adelante LC) institucionalizadas y no institucionalizadas y su sentido en la configuración y reconfiguración del entramado social de la ciudad. Finalmente, documenta situaciones sociales, prácticas de ciudad captadas por la lente del viajante; obturaciones en medio de las cuales se dejan leer desplazamientos corpóreos que muestran acciones de talante lúdico, recreativo y existencial de los dependientes de la ciudad. Escapes que dejan ver la voluntad de algunos habitantes emblemáticos escribiendo ciudad; experiencias lc que suman en la cinética y el pulso de la energética urbana de una ciudad fragmentada, movilizada por cosmovisiones e intereses diversos. La ciudad tiene sonido, olor, sabor y textura; salta, ama y copula, juega, sueña, trabaja, se alimenta, baila: tiene motricidad.
Un lugar para la infancia: experimentación de nuevas prácticas de transformación urbana desde el proyecto para una escuela plural
Authors: Gomar Júlia , Pineda Julia
Published: December 2016

Cuál es el camino a seguir en la construcción de la ciudad es uno de los debates de actualidad en la disciplina arquitectónica, pues implica una reformulación de la propia disciplina para poder enfrentarse al hecho proyectual. El presente artículo ilustra una serie de estrategias posibles, apoyadas en una concepción de la ciudad a través de la relación individuo-espacio, mediante el desarrollo de una propuesta de «escuela plural» en el marco de proyecto final de carrera en la Escuela de Arquitectura de Valencia.
La influència de l’escola i les cultures juvenils en la generació de l’ensenyament en valencià
Authors: Sarrià i Batlle Xavier
Published: December 2016

La generació de valencians nascuda durant els anys setanta i principis dels vuitanta presenta característiques pròpies que la converteixen en un interessant objecte d’estudi. El nous contextos socials i culturals generats pel procés globalitzador així com el nou paradigma polític espanyol i valencià sorgit en la Transició democràtica significaren un escenari del tot inèdit en què destaca la fita històrica de la regularització de l'ensenyament en català assolida l’any 1983. Mitjançant la interrelació de disciplines i la contextualització dels antecedents, aquest article recull les idees centrals d’un estudi previ en què explorem les identitats i estratègies culturals d’aquesta generació en el procés de redreçament cultural al País Valencià. En aquest article sondegem com afectà la novetat històrica de l’ensenyament en català així com les noves cultures juvenils en la creació de la identitat així com en l’acció cultural d’aquesta generació.
Damping constant in a free layer in nanoscale CoFeB/MgO magnetic tunnel junctions investigated by homodyne-detected ferromagnetic resonance
Authors: Shinozaki Motoya , Hirayama Eriko , Kanai Shun , Sato Hideo , Matsukura Fumihiro , Ohno Hideo
Published: December 2016

We investigate the damping constant of a free layer with a perpendicular magnetic easy axis in nanoscale CoFeB/MgO magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with a reference layer with an in-plane easy direction. The built-in noncollinear magnetization configuration in the MTJs allows us to measure homodyne-detected ferromagnetic resonance without tilting the magnetization direction of the free layer from the device normal. The damping constants determined from the spectral linewidths after the subtraction of the inhomogeneous broadening are nearly independent of the device diameter ranging from 70 to 100 nm, and take values similar to those reported for blanket CoFeB films.
Design and Analysis of Novel Fractal Linear and Planar Array Antennas for Satellite Applications
Authors: Sankar V. A. , Jayasree P. V. Y.
Published: December 2016

This article proposed a new geometric design methodology for the systematic expansion of fractal linear and planar array antennas. Using this proposed geometric design methodology any deterministic polygon shape can be constructed. In this article, two element fractal linear and triangular array antennas are examined using proposed methodology up to four iterations of two expansion factors. Due to the repetitive nature of the proposed geometric design methodology, both linear and planar fractal arrays shows multi-beam behavior with excellent array factor properties. The behavior of the proposed arrays shows better performance than linear and planar fractal array antennas generated by concentric circular ring sub array geometric generator. Triangular planar fractal array of expansion factor two at fourth iteration achieved a single valued beam width of 3.80 with -31.6 side lobe level. The suggested fractal arrays are analyzed and simulated by MATLAB-13 programming.
Engineering of giant magnetoimpedance effect of amorphous and nanocrystalline microwires
Authors: Zhukova V. , Talaat A. , Ipatov M. , Granovsky A. , Zhukov A.
Published: December 2016

We present our studies of the factors affecting soft magnetic properties and giant magnetoimpedance effect in thin amorphous and nanocrystalline microwires. We showed that the magnetoelastic anisotropy is one of the most important parameters that determine magnetic softness and GMI effect of glass-coated microwires  and annealing can be very effective for manipulation the magnetic properties of amorphous ferromagnetic glass-coated microwires. Considerable magnetic softening and increasing of the GMI effect is observed in Fe-rich nanocrystalline FINEMET-type glass-coated microwires after the nanocrystallization.
Development of olfactory epithelium and associated structures in the green iguana,Iguana iguana—light and scanning electron microscopic study
Authors: Sapoznikov Olga , Cizek Petr , Tichy Frantisek
Published: December 2016

The ontogenesis of the nasal cavity has been described in many mammalian species. The situation is different with reptiles, despite the fact that they have become relatively common as pets. In this study we focused on the ontogenesis of the olfactory epithelium, as well as other types of epithelia in the nasal cavity of pre-hatched green iguanas (Iguana iguana). Collection of samples began from day 67 of incubation and continued every four days until hatching. Microscopic examination revealed that significant morphological changes in the nasal cavity began approximately at day 91 of ontogenesis. Approximately at this same stage, the nasal cavity epithelium began to differentiate. The cavity was divided into two compartments by a cartilaginous disc. The ventral compartment bulged rostrally and eventually opened up into the external environment. Three clearly demarcated areas of epithelium in the nasal cavity were visible at day 107.
On the intrinsic sterility of 3D printing
Authors: Neches Russell Y. , Flynn Kaitlin J. , Zaman Luis , Tung Emily , Pudlo Nicholas
Published: December 2016

3D printers that build objects using extruded thermoplastic are quickly becoming commonplace tools in laboratories. We demonstrate that with appropriate handling, these devices are capable of producing sterile components from a non-sterile feedstock of thermoplastic without any treatment after fabrication. The fabrication process itself results in sterilization of the material. The resulting 3D printed components are suitable for a wide variety of applications, including experiments with bacteria and cell culture.
Effects of titanomagnetite reordering processes on thermal demagnetization and paleointensity experiments
Authors: Bowles Julie A. , Jackson Mike J.
Published: December 2016

Titanomagnetite (Fe3‐xTixO4, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1) is a common, naturally occurring magnetic mineral critical to many paleomagnetic studies. Underlying most interpretations is the assumption that, lacking chemical alteration, Curie temperature (Tc) remains constant. However, recent work has demonstrated that Tc of many natural titanomagnetites varies strongly as a function of thermal history, independent of chemical alteration. This is inferred to arise from reordering of cations and/or vacancies in the crystal structure, and changes occur at temperatures and times relevant to standard paleomagnetic thermal treatments. Because changes take place at T < Tc, they have the potential to dramatically affect thermal remanence acquisition or demagnetization, impacting interpretation of paleomagnetic results. Here we have modeled the effects of reordering on standard thermal demagnetization and paleointensity experiments. Results suggest that Tc changes during laboratory heating make it impossible to accurately measure the unblocking temperature spectrum without modifying it. Samples with a starting Tc0 less than the closure temperature (Tclose) for the reordering process will develop a high‐temperature “tail” that did not exist prior to heating. Samples with a starting Tc0 > Tclose will have their original Tb spectrum truncated at T ≈ Tclose. Predicted behavior during Thellier‐type paleointensity experiments results in only modest deviations in NRM‐lost or pTRM*‐gained from the nonreordering case. Much larger deviations are predicted for pTRM checks. Compared to paleointensity results from titanomagnetite‐bearing pyroclastic deposits, modeled nonideal behavior occurs in the same temperature intervals, but is much more systematic. Reordering is likely one contributing factor to failure of paleointensity experiments.
Timing of optical maturation of recently exposed material on Ceres
Authors: Schmedemann Nico , Kneissl T. , Neesemann A. , Stephan K. , Jaumann R. , Krohn K. , Michael G. G. , Matz K. D. , Otto K. A. , Raymond C. A. , Russell C. T.
Published: December 2016

On Ceres, multispectral imaging data from the Dawn spacecraft show a distinct bluish characteristic for recently exposed material from the subsurface in, for example, crater ejecta. Ejecta blankets of presumably old craters show a more reddish spectrum. We selected areas in which fresh material from the Cerean subsurface was exposed at a specific time in the past, and no later geologic process is expected to have changed its surface composition or its cratering record. For each area, we determined two color ratios and the crater retention age. The measured color ratios show an exponential diminishment of the bluish characteristic over time. Although the cause of the color change remains uncertain, the time‐dependent change in spectral properties is evident, which could help identify the process.
Liquid freshwater transport estimates from the East Greenland Current based on continuous measurements north of Denmark Strait
Authors: de Steur L. , Pickart R. S. , Macrander A. , Våge K. , Harden B. , Jónsson S. , Østerhus S. , Valdimarsson H.
Published: December 2016

Liquid freshwater transports of the shelfbreak East Greenland Current (EGC) and the separated EGC are determined from mooring records from the Kögur section north of Denmark Strait between August 2011 and July 2012. The 11 month mean freshwater transport (FWT), relative to a salinity of 34.8, was 65 ± 11 mSv to the south. Approximately 70% of this was associated with the shelfbreak EGC and the remaining 30% with the separated EGC. Very large southward FWT ranging from 160 mSv to 120 mSv was observed from September to mid‐October 2011 and was foremost due to anomalously low upper‐layer salinities. The FWT may, however, be underestimated by approximately 5 mSv due to sampling biases in the upper ocean. The FWT on the Greenland shelf was estimated using additional inshore moorings deployed from 2012 to 2014. While the annual mean ranged from nearly zero during the first year to 18 mSv to the south during the second year, synoptically the FWT on the shelf can be significant. Furthermore, an anomalous event in autumn 2011 caused the shelfbreak EGC to reverse, leading to a large reduction in FWT. This reversed circulation was due to the passage of a large, 100 km wide anticyclone originating upstream from the shelfbreak. The late summer FWT of −131 mSv is 150% larger than earlier estimates based on sections in the late‐1990s and early‐2000s. This increase is likely the result of enhanced freshwater flux from the Arctic Ocean to the Nordic Seas during the early 2010s.
A case study of long gravity wave crests in noctilucent clouds and their origin in the upper tropospheric jet stream
Authors: Dalin P. , Gavrilov N. , Pertsev N. , Perminov V. , Pogoreltsev A. , Shevchuk N. , Dubietis A. , Völger P. , Zalcik M. , Ling A. , Kulikov S. , Zadorozhny A. , Salakhutdinov G. , Grigoryeva I.
Published: December 2016

Atmospheric gravity waves with very long crests (of 450–500 km length) and short horizontal wavelengths of about 20 km were observed in noctilucent clouds and were studied in detail for the first time. The gravity waves were slowly moving in opposite direction to the background wind indicating their forced generation outside the mesopause region. A ray‐tracing analysis using meteorological reanalysis and empirical atmospheric model data shows that a source of such peculiar gravity waves observed in noctilucent clouds was located near the tropopause and could be associated with the jet stream at altitudes 8–10 km. Two considered examples of very long wave crests confirm a significant role of the upper tropospheric jet stream as a source of gravity waves and reveal that these waves could propagate without critical levels to the mesopause in summertime.
Reply to comment by E. Bard et al. on “Younger Dryas sea level and meltwater pulse 1B recorded in Barbados reef crest coral Acropora palmata” by N. A. Abdul et al.
Authors: Mortlock Richard A. , Abdul Nicole A. , Wright James D. , Fairbanks Richard G.
Published: December 2016

Abdul et al. (2016) presented a detailed record of sea level at Barbados (13.9–9 kyr B.P.) tightly constraining the timing and amplitude during the Younger Dryas and Meltwater Pulse 1B (MWP‐1B) based on U‐Th dated reef crest coral species Acropora palmata. The Younger Dryas slow stand and the large (14 m) rapid sea level jump are not resolved in the Tahiti record. Tahiti sea level estimates are remarkably close to the Barbados sea level curve between 13.9 and 11.6 kyr but fall below the Barbados sea level curve for a few thousand years following MWP‐1B. By 9 kyr the Tahiti sea level estimates again converge with the Barbados sea level curve. Abdul et al. (2016) concluded that Tahiti reefs at the core sites did not keep up with intervals of rapidly rising sea level during MWP‐1B. We counter Bard et al. (2016) by showing (1) that there is no evidence for a hypothetical fault in Oistins Bay affecting one of the Barbados coring locations, (2) that the authors confuse the rare occurrences of A. palmata at depths >5 m with the “thickets” of A. palmata fronds representing the reef‐crest facies, and (3) that uncertainties in depth habitat proxies largely account for differences in Barbados and Tahiti sea level differences curves with A. palmata providing the most faithful proxy. Given the range in Tahiti paleodepth uncertainties at the cored sites, the most parsimonious explanation remains that Tahiti coralgal ridges did not keep up with the sea level rise of MWP‐1B.
Modeling the Human Scarred Heart In Vitro: Toward New Tissue Engineered Models
Authors: Deddens Janine C. , Sadeghi Amir Hossein , Hjortnaes Jesper , van Laake Linda W. , Buijsrogge Marc , Doevendans Pieter A. , Khademhosseini Ali , Sluijter Joost P. G.
Published: December 2016

Cardiac remodeling is critical for effective tissue healing, however, excessive production and deposition of extracellular matrix components contribute to scarring and failing of the heart. Despite the fact that novel therapies have emerged, there are still no lifelong solutions for this problem. An urgent need exists to improve the understanding of adverse cardiac remodeling in order to develop new therapeutic interventions that will prevent, reverse, or regenerate the fibrotic changes in the failing heart. With recent advances in both disease biology and cardiac tissue engineering, the translation of fundamental laboratory research toward the treatment of chronic heart failure patients becomes a more realistic option. Here, the current understanding of cardiac fibrosis and the great potential of tissue engineering are presented. Approaches using hydrogel‐based tissue engineered heart constructs are discussed to contemplate key challenges for modeling tissue engineered cardiac fibrosis and to provide a future outlook for preclinical and clinical applications.
Single Nozzle Electrospinning Synthesized MoO2@C Core Shell Nanofibers with High Capacity and Long‐Term Stability for Lithium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Chen Zhi , Yang Ting , Shi Huimin , Wang Taihong , Zhang Ming , Cao Guozhong
Published: December 2016

MoO2@C core shell nanofibers are synthesized via a simple electrospinning method with a single nozzle. The formation mechanism of MoO2@C core shell nanofibers is investigated in detail and it is discovered that the phase‐segregation phenomenon may be the main driving force of thermodynamics to form MoO2@C core shell nanofibers, and the high temperature as the dynamic factor can accelerate the formation of these core shell nanofibers. The carbon shell of the MoO2@C core shell nanofibers acts as both conductive bond to increase electrical conductivity and structural skeleton to maintain the integrity of MoO2 during Li+ insertion/extraction to achieve both high specific capacity and good cyclic stability. So as an anode for lithium‐ion batteries, the MoO2@C core shell nanofiber electrode exhibits high specific capacity and extraordinary lifetime even at a large current density. Their reversible capacities are 665 mA h g−1 in the 600th cycle at 0.5 A g−1. Even at a high current density of 1 A g−1, a capacity of 537 mA h g−1 is obtained after 600 cycles. The present work may provide a facile and broadly applicable way for the fabrication and utilization of metal oxide/carbon core shell composites in fields of batteries, catalysts, and fuel cells.
Propellanes—From a Chemical Curiosity to “Explosive” Materials and Natural Products
Authors: Dilmaç Alicia M. , Spuling Eduard , de Meijere Armin , Bräse Stefan
Published: December 2016

Propellanes are a unique class of compounds currently consisting of well over 10 000 representatives, all featuring two more or less inverted tetrahedral carbon atoms that are common to three bridging rings. The central single bond between the two bridgeheads is significantly weakened in the smaller entities, which leads to unusual reactivities of these structurally interesting propeller‐like molecules. This Review highlights the synthesis of such propellanes and their occurrence in material sciences, natural products, and medicinal chemistry. The conversion of [1.1.1]propellane into bridgehead derivatives of bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane, including oligomers and polymers with bicyclo[1.1.1]penta‐1,3‐diyl repeat units, is also featured. A selection of natural products with larger propellane subunits are discussed in detail. Heteropropellanes and inorganic propellanes are also addressed. The historical background is touched in brief to show the pioneering work of David Ginsburg, Günther Snatzke, Kenneth B. Wiberg, Günter Szeimies, and others.
Modern Synthetic Avenues for the Preparation of Functional Fluorophores
Authors: de Moliner Fabio , Kielland Nicola , Lavilla Rodolfo , Vendrell Marc
Published: December 2016

Biomedical research relies on the fast and accurate profiling of specific biomolecules and cells in a non‐invasive manner. Functional fluorophores are powerful tools for such studies. As these sophisticated structures are often difficult to access through conventional synthetic strategies, new chemical processes have been developed in the past few years. In this Minireview, we describe the most recent advances in the design, preparation, and fine‐tuning of fluorophores by means of multicomponent reactions, C−H activation processes, cycloadditions, and biomolecule‐based chemical transformations.
Finding a New Crystalline Sponge from a Crystallographic Database
Authors: Inokuma Yasuhide , Matsumura Kazuki , Yoshioka Shota , Fujita Makoto
Published: December 2016

Empirical searching conditions were adopted to identify suitable candidates from the Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) for crystalline sponge hosts for X‐ray crystallographic analysis of incoming guest compounds. After optimization of the solvent and soaking conditions, one of the candidates was used as a crystalline sponge for the structure determination of an aromatic guest.
High pretransplant hepcidin levels are associated with poor overall survival and delayed platelet engraftment after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Sakamoto Soichiro , Kawabata Hiroshi , Kanda Junya , Uchiyama Tatsuki , Mizumoto Chisaki , Kitano Toshiyuki , Kondo Tadakazu , Hishizawa Masakatsu , Tomosugi Naohisa , Takaori‐Kondo Akifumi
Published: December 2016

Iron overload is considered a risk factor for mortality in patients with hematopoietic malignancies. Hepcidin is a key regulator of systemic iron balance. We previously reported dynamic changes of serum hepcidin‐25 levels in patients with hematologic malignancies after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo‐HSCT). In this study, we retrospectively analyzed the association of pretransplant hepcidin‐25 levels with overall survival (OS), engraftment, and other clinical outcomes of allo‐HSCT in patients with hematologic malignancies. A total of 166 patients were divided into two groups depending on their pretransplant serum hepcidin‐25 levels; their median age was 49.5 years, and the median follow‐up time was 46.8 months. At 3 years, the patients in the high‐hepcidin group had a significantly lower OS than those in the low‐hepcidin group (49.2 vs. 69.0%, respectively; P = 0.006). Multivariate analysis revealed that pretransplant serum hepcidin‐25 level, sex, and disease status were independently associated with OS. The incidence of platelet engraftment was significantly lower in the high‐hepcidin group than in the low‐hepcidin group, whereas no significant differences were observed in neutrophil and reticulocyte engraftments between these groups. Hence, pretransplant serum hepcidin levels can be a marker for predicting delayed platelet recovery after allo‐HSCT.
Fungal Glycolipid Hydrolase Inhibitors and Their Effect on Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Santana Andres G. , Tysoe Christina , Hu Guanggan , Kronstad James , Goddard‐Borger Ethan D. , Withers Stephen G.
Published: December 2016

Pathogenic fungi kill an estimated 1.3 million people each year. This number is predicted to rise as drug resistance spreads, thus antifungal drugs with novel modes of action are urgently required. Fungal endoglycoceramidase‐related proteins 1 and 2 (EGCrP‐1 and ‐2), which hydrolyse glucosylceramide and ergosteryl β‐glucoside, respectively, are important for fungal cell growth and have been identified as potential targets for drug development. A library of iminosugar derivatives was screened against EGCrP‐1 and ‐2, and a number of competitive inhibitors with nanomolar affinities were identified. In addition, a mechanism‐based inhibitor was shown to form a covalent derivative with EGCrP‐2. Nine of the inhibitors were evaluated against Cryptococcus neoformans. Several showed growth inhibitory activity, but only against a C. neoformans strain lacking the outer fungal polysaccharide capsule; this implies that penetration into the cell is a significant handicap for these inhibitors. Pro‐drug versions of these inhibitors could address this issue.
Three‐Dimensional Super‐Branched PdCu Nanoarchitectures Exposed on Controlled Crystal Facets
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad , Li Cuiling , Kim Jung Ho , Alshehri Saad M. , Nakayama Tsuruo , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: December 2016

Despite the great success of controlled synthesis of metal nanocrystals with various sizes and morphologies, an efficient one‐pot approach to preparing well‐organized three‐dimensional (3D) structures with unique facets exposed remains a great challenge. Herein, we report a unique 3D nanoarchitecture for PdCu alloy, created by a simple chemical reduction method, in which nanosized octahedral PdCu nanocrystals are directly assembled into 3D super‐branched structures. Detailed investigations of its electrocatalytic performance demonstrate that the as‐prepared facet‐controlled PdCu super‐branched nanostructures possess higher activity towards the formic acid oxidation reaction in comparison to the commercially available Pd black catalyst.
The Fractional Occupation Number Weighted Density as a Versatile Analysis Tool for Molecules with a Complicated Electronic Structure
Authors: Bauer Christoph Alexander , Hansen Andreas , Grimme Stefan
Published: December 2016

The fractional occupation number weighted density (FOD) analysis is explored as a general theoretical diagnostic for complicated electronic structures. Its main feature is to provide robustly and quickly the information on the localization of “hot” (strongly correlated and chemically active) electrons in a molecule. We demonstrate its usage in four different prototypical applications: 1) As a new and fast measure of the biradical character of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 2) for the selection of active orbital spaces in multiconfigurational or complete active space self consistent field (MCSCF/CASSCF) treatments, 3) as a possibility to describe molecular‐energy landscapes consistently in regions with varying biradical character, as exemplified by partial double‐bond torsions, and 4) as a powerful visualization method for static electron correlation effects in large biomolecules in connection with an efficient semi‐empirical tight‐binding molecular orbital scheme. The last application opens a full quantum‐mechanical, unbiased route to the automatic detection of errors in experimental protein X‐ray structures, such as false protonation states or misplaced atoms. In the first example, the complete (unfragmented) quantum‐chemical calculation of the FOD for an entire metalloprotein with more than 7500 atoms is described.
Influence of Alcohol β‐Fluorination on Hydrogen‐Bond Acidity of Conformationally Flexible Substrates
Authors: Graton Jerome , Compain Guillaume , Besseau Francois , Bogdan Elena , Watts Joseph M. , Mtashobya Lewis , Wang Zhong , Weymouth‐Wilson Alex , Galland Nicolas , Le Questel Jean‐Yves , Linclau Bruno
Published: December 2016

Rational modulations of molecular interactions are of significant importance in compound properties optimization. We have previously shown that fluorination of conformationally rigid cyclohexanols leads to attenuation of their hydrogen‐bond (H‐bond) donating capacity (designated by pKAHY) when OH⋅⋅⋅F intramolecular hydrogen‐bond (IMHB) interactions occur, as opposed to an increase in pKAHY due to the fluorine electronegativity. This work has now been extended to a wider range of aliphatic β‐fluorohydrins with increasing degrees of conformational flexibility. We show that the observed differences in pKAHY between closely related diastereomers can be fully rationalized by subtle variations in populations of conformers able to engage in OH⋅⋅⋅F IMHB, as well as by the strength of these IMHBs. We also show that the Kenny theoretical Vα(r) descriptor of H‐bond acidity accurately reflects the observed variations and a calibration equation extended to fluorohydrins is proposed. This work clearly underlines the importance of the weak OH⋅⋅⋅F IMHB in the modulation of alcohol H‐bond donating capacity.
Platinum Complex Assemblies as Luminescent Probes and Tags for Drugs and Toxins in Water
Authors: Sinn Stephan , Biedermann Frank , De Cola Luisa
Published: December 2016

A reactive phosphorescent probe for aza‐heterocyclic drugs and toxins was developed, affording a supramolecular emission‐switch‐on chemosensor in water. Complex formation of the heterocycles with a platinum(II) precursor proceeds readily at ambient conditions, allowing for facile analyte screening. Fifty‐two structurally diverse compounds were tested, out of which 23 pyridines, imidazoles, and triazoles formed strongly emissive complex aggregates. Importantly, they all can be clearly distinguished from each other through a principal component analysis, but often also by simple visual inspection, for example, by their emission color differences (large shifts from blue to red). Also, kinetic reaction profiles and time‐resolved emission features can provide valuable information for analyte distinction. The PtII complexes can be applied as emissive labels for drugs and biomolecules, owing to their advantageous photophysical properties and chemical stability in biological media such as blood.
Autologous stem cell transplantation for adult acute myelocytic leukemia in first remission—Better outcomes after busulfan and melphalan compared with busulfan and cyclophosphamide: A retrospective study from the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT)
Authors: Gorin Norbert‐Claude , Labopin Myriam , Czerw Tomasz , Pabst Thomas , Blaise Didier , Dumas Pierre‐Yves , Nemet Damir , Arcese William , Trisolini Silvia Maria , Wu Depei , Huynh Anne , Zuckerman Tsila , Meijer Ellen , Cagirgan Seckin , Cornelissen Jan , Houhou Mohamed , Polge Emmanuelle , Mohty Mohamad , Nagler Arnon
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND

Autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for adult acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a valid therapeutic option for patients with good‐risk and intermediate‐risk disease. The authors used the registry of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation to compare combined busulfan and melphalan (BUMEL) with combined busulfan and cyclophosphamide (BUCY) before transplantation.

METHODS

From 2005 to 2013, 853 patients with available cytogenetics underwent ASCT in first remission, including 257 after receiving BUMEL and 596 after receiving BUCY. The proportion of patients with good‐risk AML was lower in those who received BUMEL (14% vs 20%; P = .02). More patients who received BUMEL underwent autograft in molecular remission (89% vs 78%; P = .02). Three years after transplantation, the relapse incidence (RI) was 48.7%, the leukemia‐free survival (LFS) rate was 47.7%, the overall survival (OS) rate was 66.2%, and the nonrelapse mortality (NRM) rate was 3.6%.

RESULTS

Patients who underwent an autograft after receiving BUMEL fared better than those who underwent an autograft after receiving BUCY with a lower RI (39.5% vs 52.2%; hazard ratio [HR], 0.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.49‐0.87; P = .003) a better LFS (55.4% vs 44.6%; HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.53‐0.89; P = .005), and a better OS (73.8% vs 63%; HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.47‐0.82; P = .0007). There was no difference in the NRM rate (BUMEL vs BUCY, 4.5% vs 3.2%, respectively). Among 74 patients in the BUMEL group and 187 in the BUCY group who underwent autograft in molecular remission, the RI was 30% versus 51%, respectively (univariate analysis; P = .01), and the LFS rate was 66% versus 47%, respectively (univariate analysis; P = .03).

CONCLUSIONS

In patients with AML in first complete remission who undergo ASCT, the BUMEL combination is a better preparative regimen. Cancer 2017;123:824–31. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Differential mutation frequencies in metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas versus primary tumors
Authors: Yilmaz Ayse Selen , Ozer Hatice Gulcin , Gillespie Jessica L. , Allain Dawn C. , Bernhardt Madison N. , Furlan Karina Colossi , Castro Leticia T. F. , Peters Sara B. , Nagarajan Priyadharsini , Kang Stephen Y. , Iwenofu O. Hans , Olencki Thomas , Teknos Theodoros N. , Toland Amanda Ewart
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND

Exome and targeted sequencing studies have identified potential driver mutations for a variety of tumor types. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is one of the most highly mutated cancers but typically is associated with low rates of metastasis and high survival rates. Nevertheless, metastatic cSCC is a significant health threat; up to 8800 individuals die each year of this disease.

METHODS

Because it is difficult to predict which cSCCs are more likely to metastasize, and because to the best of the authors' knowledge there are no targeted therapies specifically designated for patients with metastatic cSCC, exome and/or targeted sequencing of 18 metastatic and 10 primary cSCCs was performed to identify mutations that were more frequent in metastatic tumors and might be targeted for therapeutic benefit. The authors compared their results with published sequencing results of an additional 223 primary tumors and 68 metastatic cSCCs.

RESULTS

The authors identified genes demonstrating higher mutation frequencies in metastatic cSCC compared with primary tumors, including the chromatin remodeling gene lysine methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D) and the classic skin tumor suppressor tumor protein p53 (TP53), which was found to be mutated in 54% of primary tumors compared with 85% of metastatic tumors (P<.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

These studies appear to uncover potential pathways that are important in metastatic cSCC and that broaden understanding of the biology contributing to aggressive tumor behavior. These results may lead to new therapeutic strategies. Cancer 2017;123:1184–1193. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Insights from the PLCO trial about prostate cancer screening
Authors: Gulati Roman , Albertsen Peter C.
Published: December 2016

Updated results from the US‐based Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial show durability of earlier findings demonstrating that up to 6 rounds of annual prostate‐specific antigen testing does not reduce prostate cancer mortality in comparison with historical screening practice. Although trials in Europe have estimated that certain screening programs can reduce prostate cancer mortality in comparison with no screening, the PLCO Cancer Screening Trial demonstrates that there are limits to the benefit that can be achieved.

See also pages 592‐9.
A randomized controlled trial of a multicomponent, targeted, low‐literacy educational intervention compared with a nontargeted intervention to boost colorectal cancer screening with fecal immunochemical testing in community clinics
Authors: Davis Stacy N. , Christy Shannon M. , Chavarria Enmanuel A. , Abdulla Rania , Sutton Steven K. , Schmidt Alyssa R. , Vadaparampil Susan T. , Quinn Gwendolyn P. , Simmons Vani N. , Ufondu Chukwudi B. , Ravindra Chitra , Schultz Ida , Roetzheim Richard G. , Shibata David , Meade Cathy D. , Gwede Clement K.
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND

The objective of the current study was to improve colorectal cancer (CRC) screening uptake with the fecal immunochemical test (FIT). The current study investigated the differential impact of a multicomponent, targeted, low‐literacy educational intervention compared with a standard, nontargeted educational intervention.

METHODS

Patients aged 50 to 75 years who were of average CRC risk and not up‐to‐date with CRC screening were recruited from either a federally qualified health center or a primary care community health clinic. Patients were randomized to the intervention condition (targeted photonovella booklet/DVD plus FIT kit) or comparison condition (standard Centers for Disease Control and Prevention brochure plus FIT kit). The main outcome was screening with FIT within 180 days of delivery of the intervention.

RESULTS

Of the 416 participants, 54% were female; the participants were racially and ethnically diverse (66% white, 10% Hispanic, and 28% African American), predominantly of low income, and insured (the majority had county health insurance). Overall, the FIT completion rate was 81%, with 78.1% of participants in the intervention versus 83.5% of those in the comparison condition completing FIT (P =  .17). In multivariate analysis, having health insurance was found to be the primary factor predicting a lack of FIT screening (adjusted odds ratio, 2.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.04‐4.26 [P =  .04]).

CONCLUSIONS

The multicomponent, targeted, low‐literacy materials were not found to be significantly different or more effective in increasing FIT uptake compared with the nontargeted materials. Provision of a FIT test plus education may provide a key impetus to improve the completion of CRC screening. The type of educational material (targeted vs nontargeted) may matter less. The findings of the current study provide a unique opportunity for clinics to adopt FIT and to choose the type of patient education materials based on clinic, provider, and patient preferences. Cancer 2017;123:1390–1400. © 2016 American Cancer Society.