bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bisphenol S Impaired In Vitro Ovine Early Developmental Oocyte Competence
Authors: Desmarchais Alice , Téteau Ophélie , Papillier Pascal , Jaubert Manon , Druart Xavier , Binet Aurélien , Maillard Virginie , Elis Sebastien
Published: February 2020

Introduction: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a widespread compound in the plastic industry that is especially used to produce baby bottles, food packaging and metal cans. BPA, an endocrine disruptor, leads to alterations in reproductive function and therefore has been banned from the food industry. Unregulated BPA analogues, particularly Bisphenol S (BPS), have emerged and are now used in the plastic industry. Thus, this study aimed to examine the acute effects of low and environmental doses of BPS on ewe oocyte quality and developmental competence, and its mechanism of action, during in vitro maturation. Methods: Ewe cumulus-oocyte complexes underwent in vitro maturation in the presence or absence of BPS (1 nM, 10 nM, 100 nM, 1 µM or 10 µM). Oocytes were then subjected to in vitro fertilisation and development. Results: 1 µM BPS induced a 12.7% decrease in the cleavage rate (p = 0.004) and a 42.6% decrease in the blastocyst rate (p = 0.017) compared to control. The blastocyst rate reduction was also observed with 10 nM BPS. Furthermore, 10 µM BPS reduced the oocyte maturation rate, and 1 µM BPS decreased cumulus cell progesterone secretion. PR and AMH gene expression were reduced in cumulus cells. BPS induced a 5-fold increase in MAPK 3/1 activation (p = 0.04). Conclusions: BPS impaired ewe oocyte developmental competence. The data suggest that BPS might not be a safe BPA analogue. Further studies are required to elucidate its detailed mechanism of action.
IL-33/IL-31 Axis in Osteoporosis
Authors: De Martinis Massimo , Sirufo Maria Maddalena , Suppa Mariano , Ginaldi Lia
Published: February 2020

The study of the immunoskeletal interface has led to the discovery of numerous cytokines involved in the regulation of bone remodeling, providing valuable information on the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. The role of inflammatory cytokines of the Th1 and Th17 profile in osteoporosis is well known. Here we focus on two newly discovered Th2 cytokines, IL-31 and IL-33, whose implications in osteoporosis are recently emerging. Clinical and experimental observations suggest an important role of the IL-33/IL-31 axis in osteoporosis. IL-33 induces IL-31 secretion by Th2 cells and inhibits RANKL-dependent osteoclastogenesis, thus counteracting bone loss. IL-31 influences Th1/Th17 osteoclastogenetic inflammation and limits Th2 osteoprotective processes, thus favoring osteoporosis. Better knowledge of the role of IL-31 and IL-33 and their receptor complexes in osteoporosis could provide an interesting perspective for the development of new and more effective therapies, possibly with less side effects.
Downregulation of S1P Lyase Improves Barrier Function in Human Cerebral Microvascular Endothelial Cells Following an Inflammatory Challenge
Authors: Stepanovska Bisera , Lange Antonia I. , Schwalm Stephanie , Pfeilschifter Josef , Coldewey Sina M. , Huwiler Andrea
Published: February 2020

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a key bioactive lipid that regulates a myriad of physiological and pathophysiological processes, including endothelial barrier function, vascular tone, vascular inflammation, and angiogenesis. Various S1P receptor subtypes have been suggested to be involved in the regulation of these processes, whereas the contribution of intracellular S1P (iS1P) through intracellular targets is little explored. In this study, we used the human cerebral microvascular endothelial cell line HCMEC/D3 to stably downregulate the S1P lyase (SPL-kd) and evaluate the consequences on endothelial barrier function and on the molecular factors that regulate barrier tightness under normal and inflammatory conditions. The results show that in SPL-kd cells, transendothelial electrical resistance, as a measure of barrier integrity, was regulated in a dual manner. SPL-kd cells had a delayed barrier build up, a shorter interval of a stable barrier, and, thereafter, a continuous breakdown. Contrariwise, a protection was seen from the rapid proinflammatory cytokine-mediated barrier breakdown. On the molecular level, SPL-kd caused an increased basal protein expression of the adherens junction molecules PECAM-1, VE-cadherin, and β-catenin, increased activity of the signaling kinases protein kinase C, AMP-dependent kinase, and p38-MAPK, but reduced protein expression of the transcription factor c-Jun. However, the only factors that were significantly reduced in TNFα/SPL-kd compared to TNFα/control cells, which could explain the observed protection, were VCAM-1, IL-6, MCP-1, and c-Jun. Furthermore, lipid profiling revealed that dihydro-S1P and S1P were strongly enhanced in TNFα-treated SPL-kd cells. In summary, our data suggest that SPL inhibition is a valid approach to dampenan inflammatory response and augmente barrier integrity during an inflammatory challenge.
Cisplatin-Induced Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction: Mechanisms and Counteracting Therapeutic Strategies
Authors: Conte Elena , Bresciani Elena , Rizzi Laura , Cappellari Ornella , De Luca Annamaria , Torsello Antonio , Liantonio Antonella
Published: February 2020

Among the severe side effects induced by cisplatin chemotherapy, muscle wasting is the most relevant one. This effect is a major cause for a clinical decline of cancer patients, since it is a negative predictor of treatment outcome and associated to increased mortality. However, despite its toxicity even at low doses, cisplatin remains the first-line therapy for several types of solid tumors. Thus, effective pharmacological treatments counteracting or minimizing cisplatin-induced muscle wasting are urgently needed. The dissection of the molecular pathways responsible for cisplatin-induced muscle dysfunction gives the possibility to identify novel promising therapeutic targets. In this context, the use of animal model of cisplatin-induced cachexia is very useful. Here, we report an update of the most relevant researches on the mechanisms underlying cisplatin-induced muscle wasting and on the most promising potential therapeutic options to preserve muscle mass and function.
X-ray Diffraction Studies on the Structural Origin of Dynamic Tension Recovery Following Ramp-Shaped Releases in High-Ca Rigor Muscle Fibers
Authors: Sugi Haruo , Yamaguchi Maki , Ohno Tetsuo , Okuyama Hiroshi , Yagi Naoto
Published: February 2020

It is generally believed that during muscle contraction, myosin heads (M) extending from myosin filament attaches to actin filaments (A) to perform power stroke, associated with the reaction, A-M-ADP-Pi → A-M + ADP + Pi, so that myosin heads pass through the state of A-M, i.e., rigor A-M complex. We have, however, recently found that: (1) an antibody to myosin head, completely covering actin-binding sites in myosin head, has no effect on Ca2+-activated tension in skinned muscle fibers; (2) skinned fibers exhibit distinct tension recovery following ramp-shaped releases (amplitude, 0.5% of Lo; complete in 5 ms); and (3) EDTA, chelating Mg ions, eliminate the tension recovery in low-Ca rigor fibers but not in high-Ca rigor fibers. These results suggest that A-M-ADP myosin heads in high-Ca rigor fibers have dynamic properties to produce the tension recovery following ramp-shaped releases, and that myosin heads do not pass through rigor A-M complex configuration during muscle contraction. To obtain information about the structural changes in A-M-ADP myosin heads during the tension recovery, we performed X-ray diffraction studies on high-Ca rigor skinned fibers subjected to ramp-shaped releases. X-ray diffraction patterns of the fibers were recorded before and after application of ramp-shaped releases. The results obtained indicate that during the initial drop in rigor tension coincident with the applied release, rigor myosin heads take up applied displacement by tilting from oblique to perpendicular configuration to myofilaments, and after the release myosin heads appear to rotate around the helical structure of actin filaments to produce the tension recovery.
Transcriptomic Analysis of Ficus carica Peels with a Focus on the Key Genes for Anthocyanin Biosynthesis
Authors: Li Jing , An Yuyan , Wang Liangju
Published: February 2020

Fig (Ficus carica L.), a deciduous fruit tree of the Moraceae, provides ingredients for human health such as anthocyanins. However, little information is available on its molecular structure. In this study, the fig peels in the yellow (Y) and red (R) stages were used for transcriptomic analyses. Comparing the R with the Y stage, we obtained 6224 differentially expressed genes, specifically, anthocyanin-related genes including five CHS, three CHI, three DFR, three ANS, two UFGT and seven R2R3-MYB genes. Furthermore, three anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, i.e., FcCHS1, FcCHI1 and FcDFR1, and two R2R3-MYB genes, i.e., FcMYB21 and FcMYB123, were cloned; sequences analysis and their molecular characteristics indicated their important roles in fig anthocyanin biosynthesis. Heterologous expression of FcMYB21 and FcMYB123 significantly promoted anthocyanin accumulation in both apple fruits and calli, further suggesting their regulatory roles in fig coloration. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms behind fig anthocyanin biosynthesis and coloration, facilitating the genetic improvement of high-anthocyanin cultivars and other horticultural traits in fig fruits.
NCAPG Dynamically Coordinates the Myogenesis of Fetal Bovine Tissue by Adjusting Chromatin Accessibility
Authors: Hu Xin , Xing Yishen , Fu Xing , Yang Qiyuan , Ren Ling , Wang Yahui , Li Qian , Li Junya , Zhang Lupei
Published: February 2020

NCAPG is a subunit of condensin I that plays a crucial role in chromatin condensation during mitosis. NCAPG has been demonstrated to be associated with farm animal growth traits. However, its role in regulating myoblast differentiation is still unclear. We used myoblasts derived from fetal bovine tissue as an in vitro model and found that NCAPG was expressed during myogenic differentiation in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Silencing NCAPG prolonged the mitosis and impaired the differentiation due to increased myoblast apoptosis. After 1.5 days of differentiation, silencing NCAPG enhanced muscle-specific gene expression. An assay for transposase-accessible chromatin- high throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) revealed that silencing NCAPG altered chromatin accessibility to activating protein 1 (AP-1) and its subunits. Knocking down the expression of the AP-1 subunits fos-related antigen 2 (FOSL2) or junB proto-oncogene (JUNB) enhanced part of the muscle-specific gene expression. In conclusion, our data provide valuable evidence about NCAPG’s function in myogenesis, as well as its potential role in gene expression.
Healthy Effects of Plant Polyphenols: Molecular Mechanisms
Authors: Leri Manuela , Scuto Maria , Ontario Maria Laura , Calabrese Vittorio , Calabrese Edward J. , Bucciantini Monica , Stefani Massimo
Published: February 2020

The increasing extension in life expectancy of human beings in developed countries is accompanied by a progressively greater rate of degenerative diseases associated with lifestyle and aging, most of which are still waiting for effective, not merely symptomatic, therapies. Accordingly, at present, the recommendations aimed at reducing the prevalence of these conditions in the population are limited to a safer lifestyle including physical/mental exercise, a reduced caloric intake, and a proper diet in a convivial environment. The claimed health benefits of the Mediterranean and Asian diets have been confirmed in many clinical trials and epidemiological surveys. These diets are characterized by several features, including low meat consumption, the intake of oils instead of fats as lipid sources, moderate amounts of red wine, and significant amounts of fresh fruit and vegetables. In particular, the latter have attracted popular and scientific attention for their content, though in reduced amounts, of a number of molecules increasingly investigated for their healthy properties. Among the latter, plant polyphenols have raised remarkable interest in the scientific community; in fact, several clinical trials have confirmed that many health benefits of the Mediterranean/Asian diets can be traced back to the presence of significant amounts of these molecules, even though, in some cases, contradictory results have been reported, which highlights the need for further investigation. In light of the results of these trials, recent research has sought to provide information on the biochemical, molecular, epigenetic, and cell biology modifications by plant polyphenols in cell, organismal, animal, and human models of cancer, metabolic, and neurodegenerative pathologies, notably Alzheimer’s and Parkinson disease. The findings reported in the last decade are starting to help to decipher the complex relations between plant polyphenols and cell homeostatic systems including metabolic and redox equilibrium, proteostasis, and the inflammatory response, establishing an increasingly solid molecular basis for the healthy effects of these molecules. Taken together, the data currently available, though still incomplete, are providing a rationale for the possible use of natural polyphenols, or their molecular scaffolds, as nutraceuticals to contrast aging and to combat many associated pathologies.
Involvement of Satellite Cell Activation via Nitric Oxide Signaling in Ectopic Orofacial Hypersensitivity
Authors: Lee Jun , Ohara Kinuyo , Shinoda Masamichi , Hayashi Yoshinori , Kubo Asako , Sugawara Shiori , Asano Sayaka , Soma Kumi , Kanno Kohei , Ando Masatoshi , Koyama Ryo , Kimura Yuki , Sakanashi Kousuke , Iinuma Toshimitsu , Iwata Koichi
Published: February 2020

The mechanical head-withdrawal threshold (MHWT) was significantly reduced following inferior alveolar nerve transection (IANX) in rats. Nitrate and nitrite synthesis was dramatically increased in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) at 6 h after the IANX. The relative number of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-immunoreactive (IR) cells was significantly higher in IANX rats compared to sham-operated and N-propyl-L-arginine (NPLA)-treated IANX rats. On day 3 after NPLA administration, the MHWT recovered considerably in IANX rats. Following L-arginine injection into the TG, the MHWT was significantly reduced within 15 min, and the mean number of TG cells encircled by glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-IR cells was substantially higher. The relative number of nNOS-IR cells encircled by GFAP-IR cells was significantly increased in IANX rats. In contrast, after NPLA injection into the TG, the relative number of GFAP-IR cells was considerably reduced in IANX rats. Fluorocitrate administration into the TG significantly reduced the number of GFAP-IR cells and prevented the MHWT reduction in IANX rats. The present findings suggest that following IANX, satellite glial cells are activated via nitric oxide (NO) signaling from TG neurons. The spreading satellite glial cell activation within the TG results in mechanical hypersensitivity of face regions not directly associated with the trigeminal nerve injury.
Crosstalk between MicroRNA and Oxidative Stress in Physiology and Pathology
Authors: Fioravanti Antonella , Pirtoli Luigi , Giordano Antonio , Dotta Francesco
Published: February 2020

MicroRNAs (miRNA), are short regulatory RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by binding specific sequences within target messenger RNA (mRNA) [...]
Triadic Automata and Machines as Information Transformers
Authors: Burgin Mark
Published: February 2020

Algorithms and abstract automata (abstract machines) are used to describe, model, explore and improve computers, cell phones, computer networks, such as the Internet, and processes in them. Traditional models of information processing systems—abstract automata—are aimed at performing transformations of data. These transformations are performed by their hardware (abstract devices) and controlled by their software (programs)—both of which stay unchanged during the whole computational process. However, in physical computers, their software is also changing by special tools such as interpreters, compilers, optimizers and translators. In addition, people change the hardware of their computers by extending the external memory. Moreover, the hardware of computer networks is incessantly altering—new computers and other devices are added while other computers and other devices are disconnected. To better represent these peculiarities of computers and computer networks, we introduce and study a more complete model of computations, which is called a triadic automaton or machine. In contrast to traditional models of computations, triadic automata (machine) perform computational processes transforming not only data but also hardware and programs, which control data transformation. In addition, we further develop taxonomy of classes of automata and machines as well as of individual automata and machines according to information they produce.
Fashion between Inspiration and Appropriation
Authors: Pozzo Barbara
Published: February 2020

Fashion is considered an element of “cultural identity”. At the same time, it has always been a dynamic phenomenon in which different styles, designs and models converged, acting both as a source of attraction for designers as well as a source of inspiration to draw and depart from in an attempt at innovation. Influences were reciprocal, with the phenomenon of Orientalism going hand in hand with that of Occidentalism. Today’s discussion focuses on the vindication by various ethnic groups of ways to protect their own folklore as expression of their own cultural identity. The questions that arise are manifold. This contribution aims at framing the problem in the nowadays fashion industry as well as investigating the various possibilities of protecting folklore while preserving cultural identity. The discussion will deal with recent studies that have analyzed the various aspects of cultural appropriation. Intellectual property will be taken into consideration as a way to protect folklore. Nevertheless, this article suggests that other options for achieving protection of cultural heritage and folklore emerge in the field of Private Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility that will offer new opportunities to tackle the problem of cultural appropriation in the fashion world.
Influence of Vanadium Microalloying on Microstructure and Property of Laser-Cladded Martensitic Stainless Steel Coating
Authors: Hu Wenfeng , Zhu Hongmei , Hu Jipeng , Li Baichun , Qiu Changjun
Published: February 2020

Martensitic stainless steel (MSS) coatings with different vanadium (V) contents (0–1.0 wt%) by microalloying have been successfully fabricated utilizing a unique laser cladding technique. The microstructure and properties of the resulting MSS coatings, with and without element V addition, have been carefully investigated by various advanced techniques, including XRD, SEM, TEM, microhardness tester, universal material testing machine, and electrochemical workstation. It was found that the V-free coating was mainly composed of martensite (M) and ferrite (F), trace M23C6 and M2N, while the V-bearing coatings consisted of M, F, M23C6, and VN nano-precipitates, and their number density increased with the increase of V content. The V microalloying can produce a significant impact on the mechanical properties of the resulting MSS laser-cladded specimens. As the V content increased, the elongation of the specimen increased, while the tensile strength and microhardness increased firstly and then decreased. Specifically, the striking comprehensive performance can be optimized by microalloying 0.5 wt% V in the MSS coating, with microhardness, tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation of 500.1 HV, 1756 MPa, 1375 MPa, and 11.9%, respectively. However, the corrosion resistance of the specimens decreased successively with increasing V content. The microstructure mechanisms accounting for the property changes have been discussed in detail.
Transition Metal Oxodiperoxo Complex Modified Metal-Organic Frameworks as Catalysts for the Selective Oxidation of Cyclohexane
Authors: Hong Yuechao , Peng Jie , Sun Zhichao , Yu Zhiquan , Wang Anjie , Wang Yao , Liu Ying-Ya , Xu Fen , Sun Li-Xian
Published: February 2020

In this work, a series of modified metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been prepared by pre- and post-treatment with transition metal oxodiperoxo complexes (MoO(O2)2, WO(O2)2, and KVO(O2)2). The obtained materials are characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), as well as by N2 adsorption/desorption measurement. The characterization results show that transition metal oxodiperoxo complexes are uniformly incorporated into the MOF materials without changing the basic structures. The performance of cyclohexane oxidation on metal oxodiperoxo complex modified MOFs are evaluated. UiO-67-KVO(O2)2 shows the best performance for cyclohexane oxidation, with 78% selectivity to KA oil (KA oil refers to a cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone mixture) at 9.4% conversion. The KA selectivity is found to depend on reaction time, while hot-filtration experiments indicates that the catalytic process is heterogeneous with no leaching of metal species.
A Prediction Model of the Concrete Cracking Induced by the Non-Uniform Corrosion of the Steel Reinforcement
Authors: ZHU Wenjun , YU Kequan , XU Yude , ZHANG Kai , CAI Xiaopei
Published: February 2020

This paper investigates the influence of non-uniform corrosion in the transversal direction of the steel reinforcement on the cracking propagation of the concrete cover. An analytical model is proposed for the prediction of the corrosion-induced cracking performance. Both the thick cylinder theory of the concrete and the effect of transversal non-uniform corrosion of the steel reinforcement are involved by considering the corrosion layer of the corrosion products and a layer of concrete with the corrosion products filled with the pores. A three-stage corrosion-induced cracking of the concrete is proposed: corrosion without expansive stress to the concrete, corrosion with expansive stress to the adjacent concrete, as well as the corrosion-induced cracking of the concrete. By considering the non-uniform corrosion of the steel reinforcement and the tensile stress induced by the volumetric expansion of the corrosion products, the cracking initiation resulting from the non-uniform corrosion was involved in the prediction model. The models were also validated by the experimental results from both the corroded specimens and the existing literature, which would be helpful for the evaluation of the existing reinforced concrete constructions in the marine environment.
Biodegradable Blends of Grafted Dextrin with PLGA-block-PEG Copolymer as a Carrier for Controlled Release of Herbicides into Soil
Authors: Lewicka Kamila , Rychter Piotr , Pastusiak Małgorzata , Janeczek Henryk , Dobrzynski Piotr
Published: February 2020

The presented work aimed to test influence of poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide)-block-poly (ethylene oxide) copolymer modification by blending with grafted dextrin or maltodextrin on the course of degradation in soil and the usefulness of such material as a matrix in the controlled release of herbicides. The modification should be to obtain homogenous blends with better susceptibility to enzymatic degradation. Among all tested blends, which were proposed as a carrier for potential use in the controlled release of plant protection agents, PLGA-block-PEG copolymer blended with grafted dextrin yielded very promising results for their future applications, and what is very importantly proposed formulations provide herbicides in unchanged form into soil within few months of release. The modification PLAGA/PEG copolymer by blending with modificated dextrins affects the improvement of the release profile. The weekly release rates for both selected herbicides (metazachlor and pendimethalin) were constant for a period of 12 weeks. Enzymatic degradation of modified dextrin combined with leaching of the degradation products into medium caused significant erosion of the polymer matrix, thereby leading to acceleration of water diffusion into the polymer matrix and allowing for easier leaching of herbicides outside the matrix.
Microstructure and Residual Stresses of AA2519 Friction Stir Welded Joints under Different Heat Treatment Conditions
Authors: Śnieżek Lucjan , Kosturek Robert , Wachowski Marcin , Kania Bogusz
Published: February 2020

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of different heat treatment conditions of AA2519 friction stir welded joints on their microstructure and residual stresses. The following welding parameters have been used: 500 rpm tool rotation speed, 150 mm/min tool traverse speed, tool tilt angle 2°, pressure force 17 kN. The welded material was investigated in three different configurations: HT0, HT1, and HT2. The first type of weld (HT-0) was made using AA2519 alloy in non-precipitation hardened state and examined in such condition. The second type of weld (HT-1) has been performed on AA2519-T62, that corresponds to precipitation hardening condition. The last type of weld (HT2) was performed on annealed AA2519 and the obtained welds were subjected to the post-weld precipitation hardening process. The heat treatment was carried out in two stages: solution heat treatment (530 °C/2 h + cooling in cold water) and aging (165 °C/1 0 h). Residual stresses were measured using X-Ray diffraction patterns obtained from Bruker D8 Discover X-ray diffractometer utilizing the concepts of Euler cradle and polycapillary primary beam optics. The conducted research indicates that the best material properties: homogenous microstructure and uniform distribution of microhardness and compressive state of residual stresses were obtained for the HT-2 series samples subjected to heat treatment after the friction stir welding (FSW) process.
Investigation into the Effect of Thermal Treatment on the Obtaining of Magnetic Phases: Fe5Y, Fe23B6, Y2Fe14B and αFe within the Amorphous Matrix of Rapidly-Quenched Fe61+xCo10−xW1Y8B20 Alloys (Where x = 0, 1 or 2)
Authors: Vizureanu Petrica , Nabiałek Marcin , Sandu Andrei Victor , Jeż Bartłomiej
Published: February 2020

The paper presents the results of research on the structure and magnetic properties of Fe61+xCo10−xW1Y8B20 alloys (where x = 0, 1 or 2). The alloys were produced using two production methods with similar cooling rates: Injection casting and suction casting. The alloy samples produced were subjected to isothermal annealing at 940 K for 10 min. The structure of the materials was examined using X-ray diffraction. Isothermal annealing has led to the formation of various crystallization products depending on the chemical composition of the alloy and the structure of the alloy in a solidified state. In two cases, the product of crystallization was the hard magnetic phase Y2Fe14B. However, the mechanism of this phase formation was different in both cases. The magnetic properties of alloys were tested using a vibrating sample magnetometer and a Faraday magnetic balance. It is found that the grain crystallite size of the crystalline phases have a decisive influence on the value of the coercive field (especially in the case of hard magnetic phases). It has been shown that privileged areas can already be created during the production process. Their presence determines the crystallization process.
Enhancing the Corrosion Resistance Performance of Mg-1.8Zn-1.74Gd-0.5Y-0.4Zr Biomaterial via Solution Treatment Process
Authors: Liu Ya , Wen Jiuba , Yao Huai , He Junguang , Li Huan
Published: February 2020

Microstructure and corrosion behavior of the solution-treated Mg-1.8Zn-1.74Gd-0.5Y-0.4Zr (wt%) alloy were studied. The results of microstructure indicated that the second phases of as-cast alloy was mainly comprised of Mg12Zn(Gd,Y) phase, Mg3Zn3(Gd,Y)2 phase and (Mg,Zn)3(Gd,Y) phase. After solution treatment process, the second phase gradually dissolved into the matrix, and the grain size increased. The effect of microgalvanic corrosion between α-Mg matrix and second phase was also improved. At the range of 470~510 °C solution treatment temperature, the corrosion resistance of the samples increases at first and then decreases slightly at 510 °C. All the solution-treated Mg-Zn-Gd-Y-Zr samples exhibit better corrosion resistance in comparison with as-cast sample. The existence form of the remaining phase affects the morphology of the corroded surface that relatively complete dissolution with homogeneous microstructure makes the sample more effective to obtain uniform corrosion form. The optimum temperature for solution treatment is 490 °C, which shows a much better corrosion resistance and uniform corrosion form after soaking for a long time.
Experimental and Numerical Simulation to Study the Reduction of Welding Residual Stress by Ultrasonic Impact Treatment
Authors: Chen Jianfei , Chu Jingyu , Jiang Wenchun , Yao Bin , Zhou Fan , Wang Zhenbo , Zhao Pengcheng
Published: February 2020

In this study, the effects of ultrasonic impact treatment (UIT) on the residual stress in a repair welding joint are investigated by experimental and finite element methods. A three-dimensional numerical analysis approach including a thermomechanical-coupled welding simulation and dynamic elastic-plastic UIT simulation is developed, which has been validated by X-ray diffraction measurement and indentation strain method. The results show that longitudinal residual stresses basically turned into the small tensile stress state from the large tensile stress state, and transverse residual stresses have mainly turned into compressive stresses from large tensile stress after the UIT. In the thickness direction, the average decrease of longitudinal residual stress is 259.9 MPa, which is larger than the 149.1 MPa of transverse residual stress. The calculated residual stress distribution after the UIT of the thin plate is compared with that of the thick plate in the literature, with the results showing the stress accumulation layer inside the thick plate. The simulation results show that the elastic strains are decreased slightly and the equivalent plastic strain is increased markedly after UIT, which explains the mechanism of residual stress relaxation.
Bio-Based Polymer Electrolytes for Electrochemical Devices: Insight into the Ionic Conductivity Performance
Authors: Rayung Marwah , Aung Min Min , Azhar Shah Christirani , Abdullah Luqman Chuah , Su’ait Mohd Sukor , Ahmad Azizan , Jamil Siti Nurul Ain Md
Published: February 2020

With the continuing efforts to explore alternatives to petrochemical-based polymers and the escalating demand to minimize environmental impact, bio-based polymers have gained a massive amount of attention over the last few decades. The potential uses of these bio-based polymers are varied, from household goods to high end and advanced applications. To some extent, they can solve the depletion and sustainability issues of conventional polymers. As such, this article reviews the trends and developments of bio-based polymers for the preparation of polymer electrolytes that are intended for use in electrochemical device applications. A range of bio-based polymers are presented by focusing on the source, the general method of preparation, and the properties of the polymer electrolyte system, specifically with reference to the ionic conductivity. Some major applications of bio-based polymer electrolytes are discussed. This review examines the past studies and future prospects of these materials in the polymer electrolyte field.
Superhydrophobic Methylated Silica Sol for Effective Oil–Water Separation
Authors: Li Jiao , Ding Hao , Zhang Heqiang , Guo Chunlin , Hong Xiaoyan , Sun Luyi , Ding Fuchuan
Published: February 2020

Superhydrophobic methylated silica with a core–shell structure was successfully fabricated by a sol-gel process. First, a pristine silica gel with an average particle size of ca. 110 nm was prepared, using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as a precursor, ethanol as a solvent, and NH4OH as a catalyst. Then, the superhydrophobic methylated silica sol was prepared by introducing methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS), to graft the surface of the pristine silica gel with methyl groups. The structure and morphology of the methylated silica sol were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The characterization results showed that methyl groups were successfully grafted onto the surface of the pristine silica, and the diameter of the methylated silica was increased by 5–10 nm. Various superhydrophobic surfaces on glass, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric, cotton, open-cell polyurethane (PU) foam, and polypropylene (PP) filter cloth were successfully constructed by coating the above substrates with the methylated silica sol and reached with a maximum static water contact angle and slide angle of 161° and 3°, respectively. In particular, the superhydrophobic PP filter cloth exhibited promising application in oil–water separation. The separation efficiency of different oil–water mixtures was higher than 96% and could be repeated at least 15 times.
Microstructure Evolution and Properties Tailoring of Rheo-Extruded Al-Sc-Zr-Fe Conductor via Thermo-Mechanical Treatment
Authors: Tie Di , Wang Yu , Wang Xiang , Guan Renguo , Yan Lufei , Zhang Jin , Cai Zhihui , Zhao Yang , Gao Fei , Liu Haifeng
Published: February 2020

Low-cost heat-resistant Al-Sc-Zr-Fe conductor wires were successfully manufactured by continuous rheo-extrusion process, and the mechanical and conductive properties of the materials were analyzed and compared after three different thermo-mechanical treatment methods. The coarse plate-shape Al3Fe phase transformed to small sized rod-like phase after solid solution treatment at 630 °C for 21 h. Direct aging treatment at 300 °C for 24 h led to the refinement and spheroidization of Al3Fe phase with a diameter of 200 nm. After the subsequent aging treatment at 300 °C for 24 h, the tensile strength and conductivity of the alloy wire significantly increased due to the homogeneous precipitation of the coherent spherical Al3(Sc, Zr) phase with an average size of 15 nm. The tensile strength, elongation, and conductivity of the alloy conductor wire after optimized thermo-mechanical treatment reached 165.7 MPa, 7.3%, and 60.26% International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS), respectively. The thermal resistance of the present alloy wire was superior to that of standard AT1 type alloy conductor according to IEC international standard.
The Magnetisation Process of Bulk Amorphous Alloys: Fe36+xCo36−xY8B20, Where: x = 0, 3, 7, or 12
Authors: Błoch Katarzyna , Nabiałek Marcin , Postawa Przemysław , Sandu Andrei Victor , Śliwa Agata , Jeż Bartłomiej
Published: February 2020

Amorphous Fe- and Co-based alloys possess so-called soft magnetic properties. Due to the high sensitivity of the magnetisation vector to any inhomogeneities occurring in these alloys, it is possible to assess indirectly structural defects. This paper presents the results of research on the structure and magnetic properties of bulk amorphous alloys with a high content of Fe and Co. The magnetic properties of the produced alloys were tested using a Faraday magnetic balance and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Analysis of the magnetisation process in the region known as the approach to ferromagnetic saturation was carried out in accordance with Kronmüller’s theorem. Magnetisation in magnetic fields of greater than the effective anisotropy field (Holstein-Primakoff para-process) was also studied. For the studied alloys, it was found that an increase in Fe content causesan increase in saturation magnetisation, and decreases in the values of the coercive field and thespin-wave stiffness parameter, Dspf. A relationship was observed between the width of the amorphous halo and the value of the coercive field. However, no significant links were found between either the presence of structural defects and the properties of these materials, or between the Co content and the value of the coercive field.
The Interaction of Biofoulants and Calcareous Deposits on Corrosion Performance of Q235 in Seawater
Authors: Zhang Jie , Yu Zhenhua , Zhao Xia , Lan Xiao , Wang Jiangwei , Lv Xianzi , Zhang Chao , Duan Jizhou , Hou Baorong
Published: February 2020

An understanding of the interaction of calcareous deposits and biofoulants on the corrosion performance of steel during the fouling stage is both interesting and necessary. So, the effects of these factors on Q235 carbon steel were investigated and discussed for 20 weeks under real ocean conditions. The results indicate that calcareous deposits are favorable for the attachment of marine microorganisms. However, macroorganisms prefer adhering directly to the substrate. The generations of calcareous deposits have priority over the biofilm attachment under the condition of cathodic protection. Calcareous deposits can prevent steel against corrosion for four weeks without cathodic protection.
Hydro-Mechanical Behaviour of an Unbound Granular Base Course Material Used in Low Traffic Pavements
Authors: Jing Peng , Chazallon Cyrille
Published: February 2020

This paper deals with the mechanical behaviour, especially the permanent deformation and resilient deformation of an unbound granular material (UGM) from Bréfauchet quarry which is used as base layer material in low traffic pavements for full-scale tests at IFSTTAR in France. Medium-scale repeated load triaxial tests (RLTT) are carried out at different water contents and the results show that both permanent and resilient deformations increase with water content. Besides, two techniques of fixing the sensors in materials with large particles for RLTTs are proposed and compared with each other. The results suggest that the tube method is more suitable for the UGM for an accurate measurement and a good adaptability is obtained during the RLTT. Based on the test results of UGM Bréfauchet, the modelling work is performed with improved models used previously for a sandy material. It appears that both the permanent and resilient behaviours of different unbound granular materials can be well captured by the proposed equations considering the effects of water content and anisotropy. This study is helpful to understand the evolution of permanent and resilient deformation in different granular layers, especially for the base layer, in low traffic pavements. The verified models can be used for other similar granular materials and this will lead to reducing the number of tests required to predict the deformation behaviour of granular materials.
Under-Etched Plasmonic Disks on Indium Tin Oxide for Enhanced Refractive Index Sensing on a Combined Electrochemical and Optical Platform
Authors: Dyrnesli Hans , Klös Gunnar , Sutherland Duncan S.
Published: February 2020

A simple approach to enhance the refractive index sensitivity of gold nanodisks immobilized on electrically conducting indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates has been demonstrated. A two-fold increase in sensitivity to bulk refractive index change was achieved by substrate under-etching of gold nanodisks on ITO in 50 mM sulfuric acid. The influence of an intermediate titanium adhesion layer was investigated and was found to markedly influence the etching pattern and time. Etching with an adhesion layer resulted in enhanced refractive index sensitivity on disk-on-pin like structures after long etching times, whereas etching of disks deposited directly on ITO resulted in a disk-on-pincushion like configuration and similarly enhanced sensitivity already at shorter times. The gold disks remained electrically connected to the ITO substrate throughout etching and allowed site-specific electrodeposition of poly(3-aminophenol) at the nanodisks, showing enhanced thin-film refractive index sensitivity. This work demonstrates a simple method for enhancing refractive index sensitivity of nanostructures on ITO substrates for combined electrochemical and optical platforms, and subsequently a method to modify the surface of the electrically connected nanostructures, which has potential application in biosensing.
Electrospun Carbon Nanofibers with Embedded Co-Ceria Nanoparticles for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution and Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Woo Seongwon , Lee Jooyoung , Lee Dong Sub , Kim Jung Kyu , Lim Byungkwon
Published: February 2020

In this study, simple electrospinning combined with pyrolysis were used to fabricate transition-metal-based-nanoparticle-incorporated carbon nanofiber (CNF) electrocatalysts for a high-efficiency hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and overall water splitting. Co-CeO2 nanoparticle-incorporated carbon nanofibers (Co-CeO2@CNF) exhibit an outstanding electrocatalytic HER performance with an overpotential and Tafel slope of 92 mV and 54 mV/dec, respectively. For the counterpart, electrolysis, we incorporate the widely used Ni2Fe catalyst with a high oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity into the carbon nanofiber (Ni2Fe@CNF). To evaluate their electrochemical properties for the overall water splitting, Co-CeO2@CNF and Ni2Fe@CNF were used as the HER and OER electrocatalysts in an alkaline electrolyzer. With the paired Co-CeO2@CNF and Ni2Fe@CNF electrodes, an overall water splitting current density of 10 mA/cm2 was achieved by applying 1.587 V across the electrodes with a remarkably lower overpotential of 257 mV compared to that of an electrolyzer comprised of Pt/C and IrO2 electrodes (400 mV). Owing to the conformal incorporation of nanoparticles into the CNF, the electrocatalysts exhibit significant long-term durability over 70 h of overall water splitting. This study provides rational designs of catalysts with high electrochemical catalytic activity and durability to achieve overall water splitting.
A Comparative Study on the Effects of Three Nano-Materials on the Properties of Cement-Based Composites
Authors: Fu Chao , Xie Chunyan , Liu Jing , Wei Xiuli , Wu Dake
Published: February 2020

The application of nano-materials to modify construction materials has become a research hotspot in recent years, but often different scholars use different research methods and reach different conclusions about the same material, which is not conducive to the performance comparison between different materials. In this paper, nano-SiO2, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) were used as raw materials to prepare cement-based composites to compare the effects of the three nanomaterials on the mechanical and water absorption properties under the same experimental conditions, and their principles were investigated via The scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and other microscopic analysis testing methods. At the same time, strength benefit indexes are introduced to comprehensively evaluate the economics of the strength improvement provided by the three kinds of nanomaterial. The results show that doping with nano-SiO2, CNTs and NCC can promote the hydration process of cement effectively. The composite material exhibits excellent mechanical properties at the macro level because of the nucleation and filling effect of nano-SiO2, and the bridging and strengthening effects of CNTs and NCC. The compressive strength increased by 45.13%, 28.31% and 44.19% at 7d, and 23.09%, 18.40% and 23.40% at 28d. The flexural strength of 7d increased by 31.00%, 36.22 and 54.81%, and 14.91%, 22.23% and 30.46% at 28d. The water absorption is SiO2 < NCC < CNTs, and the nano-SiO2 is lower than the other two materials at least 15.54%. CNTs group has the lowest compressive strength benefit, which is 16.91 yuan/m3, and the lowest flexural strength benefit is NCC, which is 3.59 yuan/m3.
Thermal History Dependent Al Distribution in Aluminum Substituted Strontium Hexaferrite
Authors: Häßner Manuel , Vinnik Denis A. , Niewa Rainer
Published: February 2020

Single crystals of aluminum substituted strontium hexaferrite SrFe12–xAlxO19 were grown from sodium oxide based flux. The substitution level aimed for was x = 1.2. Annealing experiments performed on single crystals show that the Al distribution on the five iron sites of the hexaferrite structure depends on the annealing time at 900 °C. Single crystal X-ray diffractometry shows that annealing a crystal after the initial synthesis has an impact on the Al content on the octahedrally and tetrahedrally coordinated sites. Furthermore, it was found that heating in a corundum crucible increases the overall Al content. Magnetic measurements show that annealing in a platinum or corundum crucible decreases coercivity and remanence while the saturation magnetization is hardly influenced.
Antitumor Activity of Asperphenin A, a Lipopeptidyl Benzophenone from Marine-Derived Aspergillus sp. Fungus, by Inhibiting Tubulin Polymerization in Colon Cancer Cells
Authors: Bae Song Yi , Liao Lijuan , Park So Hyun , Kim Won Kyung , Shin Jongheon , Lee Sang Kook
Published: February 2020

Marine-derived microorganisms are a valuable source of novel bioactive natural products. Asperphenin A is a lipopeptidyl benzophenone metabolite isolated from large-scale cultivation of marine-derived Aspergillus sp. fungus. The compound has shown potent antiproliferative activity against various cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanism of action remained to be elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated the antitumor activity and molecular mechanism of asperphenin A in human colon cancer cells for the first time. Asperphenin A inhibited the growth of colon cancer cells through G2/M cell cycle arrest followed by apoptosis. We further discovered that asperphenin A can trigger microtubule disassembly. In addition to its effect on cell cycle, asperphenin A-induced reactive oxygen species. The compound suppressed the growth of tumors in a colon cancer xenograft model without any overt toxicity and exhibited a combination effect with irinotecan, a topoisomerase I inhibitor. Moreover, we identified the aryl ketone as a key component in the molecular structure responsible for the biological activity of asperphenin A using its synthetic derivatives. Collectively, this study has revealed the antiproliferative and antitumor mechanism of asperphenin A and suggested its possibility as a chemotherapeutic agent and lead compound with a novel structure.
Immunological Effects of a Single Hemodialysis Treatment
Authors: Angeletti Andrea , Zappulo Fulvia , Donadei Chiara , Cappuccilli Maria , Di Certo Giulia , Conte Diletta , Comai Giorgia , Donati Gabriele , La Manna Gaetano
Published: February 2020

Immune disorders, involving both innate and adaptive response, are common in patients with end-stage renal disease under chronic hemodialysis. Endogenous and exogenous factors, such as uremic toxins and the extracorporeal treatment itself, alter the immune balance, leading to chronic inflammation and higher risk of cardiovascular events. Several studies have previously described the immune effects of chronic hemodialysis and the possibility to modulate inflammation through more biocompatible dialyzers and innovative techniques. On the other hand, very limited data are available on the possible immunological effects of a single hemodialysis treatment. In spite of the lacking information about the immunological reactivity related to a single session, there is evidence to indicate that mediators of innate and adaptive response, above all complement cascade and T cells, are implicated in immune system modulation during hemodialysis treatment. Expanding our understanding of these modulations represents a necessary basis to develop pro-tolerogenic strategies in specific conditions, like hemodialysis in septic patients or the last session prior to kidney transplant in candidates for receiving a graft.