bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
61‐1: Heuristics of OLED and Micro LED Efficiencies
Authors: Ahmed Khaled
Published: June 2021

Experimental OLED display power data for commercial smartphones is analyzed using a physics‐based power model. The power efficiency for white color in lumens per Watt (lm/W) is extracted by proper normalization of the measured emission power to display size and resolution. The red, green, and blue external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) that could reproduce the extracted white power efficiency are extracted. It is found that state‐of‐the‐art red, green, and blue OLEDs used in commercial products have EQEs of ~7%, ~ 10%, and ~7%, respectively. These numbers are well below the theoretical maximum for OLEDs, which is ~20–25%. Moreover, surveys of experimental EQEs for both organic and inorganic LEDs show that inorganic LEDs excel at blue and green colors, while organic LEDs excel at red in terms of EQE. These heuristics may be useful for directing resources to close the organic and inorganic efficiency gaps.
61‐2: A Novel Micro‐LED Pixel Circuit Using n‐type LTPS TFT with Pulse Width Modulation Driving
Authors: Hong Yong-Hoo , Jung Eun Kyo , Hong Sara , Kim Yong-Sang
Published: June 2021

This paper proposes a novel micro light‐emitting diode (microLED) pixel circuit using pulse width modulation (PWM) driving for preventing wavelength shifts caused by characteristic of micro‐LED. In addition, the proposed circuit applies the internal Vth compensation method to remove external sensing structure.
62‐3: Red Perovskite Emitters for Color Conversion and LEDs
Authors: Sakai Nobuya , Wenger Bernard
Published: June 2021

Perovskites are promising light‐emitting materials for colour conversion and direct electroluminescence, with the potential to enable the most prominent advanced TV architectures. While early commercial development has focused on green, red emitters are needed for both in‐pixel and backlight film colour conversion. Here we report on the recent developments on red emitters tailored for wide‐colour gamut and power efficiency. The materials show very high colour stability and are suitable for use in films, pixels, and LEDs.
64‐3: Invited Paper: High Optical Density Quantum Dot Pixel Color Conversion Films for Displays
Authors: Etheridge Forrest S. , Chamberlin Danielle R. , Schaller Richard D. , Talapin Dmitri V. , Kambe Yu
Published: June 2021

Quantum Dot downconverters will enable high‐resolution, bright, and wide color gamut displays for all display formats. We have developed a method to directly photopattern densely packed InP/ZnS Quantum Dots that achieve an optical density of 2 at sub 10 µm thicknesses while preserving high photoluminescence quantum yield.
65‐2: Red Electroluminescence Quantum Dot Devices (EL‐QD) with Improved Efficiency and Lifetime
Authors: Park Myoungjin , Kim Heung Gyu , Kang Jin-goo , Ha Jaekook , Lee Changhee
Published: June 2021

By optimizing the interface between charge transport layer and quantum dots in EL‐QD devices based on InP QDs, 1.4‐fold improvement in the efficiency and 3‐fold increasing lifetime are obtained.
65‐4: Investigation on Blue Quantum‐Dot Light‐Emitting Diode with Positive Aging Treatment
Authors: Lin Bo-Yen , Chen Chia-Hsun , Ding Wen-Cheng , Kuo Ya-Pei , Chen Peng-Yu , Lu Hsueh-Hsing , Lee Chun-Yu , Chiu Tien-Lung , Haw Lee Jiun-
Published: June 2021

We have demonstrated a high efficiency blue quantum‐dot light‐emitting diode (QLED) with positive aging treatment. While device was statically stored 602 hrs, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) of QLED increased from 4.8% to 7.8%, which resulted from the enhancement in electron injection at quantum dot (QD)/ electron transporting layer (ETL) interface. It was confirmed by the measurement of the depth profile of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It indicated that cathode material, aluminum (Al), diffused into ETL material, zinc oxide (ZnO), leading to aluminium zinc oxide (AZO) alloy, Al doped ZnO.
65‐8: Transparent Electroluminescent QLEDs with High Brightness Double‐Side‐Emission Fabricated in Atmosphere
Authors: Yang Shuan , Lai Kuo-Yang , Sun Peng-Sheng , Yeh Chang-Wei , Ho Shih-Jung , Chen Hsueh-Shih
Published: June 2021

Quantum dots (QDs) are promising materials and have been considered for self‐emitting electroluminescent QD light‐emitting‐diodes (QLEDs). In this work, we report a transparent QLED fabricated with middle‐sized QDs, which has a emission peak with the wavelength of 520 nm and the full‐width at half maximum (FWHM) of 17 nm, and the photoluminescence quantum yield of ~ 90%. The electroluminescent QLED device, fabricated in atmosphere, exhibits brightness of 125, 400 cd/m2, current efficiency of 34.23 cd/A, external quantum efficiency of 8.7 %, and transmittance of 70%.
66‐2: Invited Paper: QD‐Based Sensors for Infrared Imaging
Authors: Malinowski Pawel E. , Lee Jiwon , Georgitzikis Epimitheas , Pejovic Vladimir , Lieberman Itai , Ke TungHuei , Li Yunlong , Verschooten Tom , Thijs Steven , Cheyns And David
Published: June 2021

Quantum dots (QD) have seen a rapid uptake in display applications, especially as photoluminescent color conversion layers. In parallel, QD absorbers promise efficient photodetector components, with absorption peak tunability and monolithic integration. In this paper, we describe QD stack integration into infrared imagers, enabling accessible sensors for various display interfaces.
66‐5: Invited Paper: Colloidal Quantum Dots: A Material Platform for Highly Sensitive Photodetectors and High Quantum Efficiency Light Emitters in the SWIR
Authors: Konstantatos Gerasimos
Published: June 2021

Photodetection and light emission in the short‐wave infrared is of paramount importance for a large spectrum of applications including night vision, surveillance, automotive imaging in adverse conditions, spectroscopy for food quality and process monitoring just to name a few. To address this large consumer market volume the necessity for low‐cost CMOS‐compatible infrared photodetectors and light emitters is therefore indispensable. We present recent research efforts at ICFO on the development of highly sensitive CMOS compatible photodetectors based on hybrid 2D and QD materials delivering performance on par with costly epitaxial counterparts and present some applications employing those detectors in imaging and health monitoring. We further discuss progress on the development of highly efficient SWIR light emitters tunable from 1.3–1.7 um with quantum efficiency of 8% and improved droop and stability.
71‐2: Enabling Processes and Designs for Tight‐Pitch Micro‐LED based Stretchable Display
Authors: Kang Jiahao , Luo Haojun , Tang Weihuang , Zhao Jigang , Wang Yu-Min , Tsong Tina , Lu Ping , Gupta Amit , Zeng Lu , Zhang Zhao , Zhou Jinjie , Wang Shaowen , Ma Rui , Chen Xin , Lee Bong-Geum , Yuan Ze , Wei Peng , Yu Xiaojun
Published: June 2021

This work presents a stretchable micro‐LED display technology which is scalable and compatible with industrial manufacturing processes. The enabling processes and design methods are introduced. Utilizing 90×150‐µm RGB LEDs, a 2.7‐inch 42‐PPL stretchable display panel is demonstrated.
P‐2: High‐Performance LTPO TFT‐LCD Using Metal as Hydrogen Barrier Layer
Authors: Luo Chengzhi , Yin Guoheng , Shu Zhaowei , Liu Guanghui , Ai Fei
Published: June 2021

Low‐Temperature Poly‐Si and Oxide (LTPO) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) have been successfully manufactured and adapted to 6.3 inch liquid crystal display (LCD) panels. To avoid the introducing of hydrogen (H) to oxide TFTs when passivating the Poly‐Si TFTs, the metal barriers are used to prevent the diffusion of hydrogen from the bottom layers. It is shown that those oxide TFTs built with metal barriers exhibit improved intrinsic resistance against hydrogen‐induced degradation. The optimum processes conditions have been used on the 6.3 inch LTPO LCD with ultra‐wide frame rate from 1 to 120 Hz. Further, the specifications of the prototype displays for 409‐ppi LCD with low power consumptions and superior flicker under 1‐Hz frame‐rate driving are reported.
P‐14: Student Poster: Optical Sensor with New Driving Method Using Amorphous Silicon Thin‐Film Transistors to Increase Three Types of Sensed Light for Large Interactive Displays
Authors: Lee Chia-Lun , Liu Chih-I , Kuo Chia-Wei , Lin Chih-Lung
Published: June 2021

This paper presents optical sensors with a new driving method based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin‐film transistors (a‐Si:H TFTs) covered with the color filters to increase three types of sensed light. The measurement results indicate that the differences of output voltage are all above 16.5 V, proving that the proposed sensors are suitable for integrating large interactive display.
P‐17: Design of AMOLED Pixel Circuit Using LTPO TFTs with Enhanced Reliability
Authors: Fu Jia , An Junjun , Liao Congwei , Liang Jian , Dai Chao , Zhang Xin , Zhang Shengdong
Published: June 2021

In this paper, pixel circuit design method using low‐temperature poly‐silicon and oxides (LTPO) thin film transistors (TFTs) for active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode (AMOLED) are derived in detail. Through calculation and SPICE simulation of a typical 7TFT‐1C LTPO pixel circuit, the optimum value for the capacitor is selected as 0.1 pF for accurate VTH compensation and high resolution above 490 pixels per inch (PPI). Moreover, to reduce the relative current error rate to 3 %, the maximum allowable threshold voltage shift is limited within −0.98 V and 0.44 V for IGZO TFT, and within −0.3 V to 0.31 V for the driving TFT (LTPS). This research provides guidelines for AMOLED display development using LTPO TFTs.
P‐22: Flexible La Doped ZnO TFTs and Circuits on Polyimide Substrate for Foldable Display
Authors: Bukke Ravindra Naik , Mude Narendra Naik , Saha Jewel Kumer , Lee Suhui , Jang Jin
Published: June 2021

We have developed a high performance of flexible lanthanum‐zinc‐oxide (LaZnO) thin‐film transistor (TFT) and high gain inverter by spray pyrolysis. The flexible LaZnO TFT on polyimide (PI) substrate exhibits the mobility of 20.08 cm2V−1s−1 and zero hysteresis voltage, which is robust under 30k cycles out‐folding.
P‐24: Evaluation Method of SMV Crosstalk Based on Human Visual Characteristics
Authors: Ma Sen , Hong Tao , Zhu Jinye , Zhou Chunmiao
Published: June 2021

A parameter of definition was proposed to evaluate the crosstalk of super‐multi‐view (SMV) 3D display, which could indicate the contrast decline of the different spatial frequencies at the different display depths perceived by human eyes. Two calculation methods for the definition was presented. One was indirectly calculated by the single‐view‐luminance‐curve (SVLC) with the faster calculation speed. The other was directly measured when the screen displayed the test images, while the measurement result was easily understandable but need more complex image processing. The results obtained by the two methods were in good agreement.
P‐111: Halo guides the design of backlight partition in Mini‐LED Display
Authors: Li Jiaxin , Liu Hui , Liu Lijie , Li Donglei , Yu Honghao , Jia Lili , Hao Yutao , Sun Haiwei
Published: June 2021

Applying high dynamic range(HDR) to mini‐LED backlight is the current research interest of display. The partition control technology for backlight of mini LED is adopted to improve image contrast, however it can not avoid the introduction of halo, which affects the image quality and needs to be solved. Therefore, this article firstly proposes a method to evaluate halo; Then we studied the brightness distribution of the halo from the perspective of the backlight and the module. We also put forward some factors that affect the size of the halo. It is hoped that the design of backlight partitions can be guided through the study of halo.
P‐28: Dynamic Information Fusion System with Anti‐Diffraction Backplane Design for Mobile Application
Authors: Tsai Yu-Hsiang , Liou Ying-Ting , Chen Wei-Chung , Chen Kuan-Ting , Chen Glory , Ho Jia-Chong
Published: June 2021

In this research, we have developed dynamic information fusion system with an anti‐diffraction backplane design and applicate in the mobile field. On the backplane design, the results indicate the panel with intensity of the diffracted light about 0.2% compared with traditional pixel design by anti‐diffraction design. The transparent micro LED display with anti‐diffraction pixel design also shows clearer background image than traditional transparent display. The dynamic information fusion system integral three main technologies: gaze tracking, object identification, and display coordinate calculation for virtual image mapping. By integrating those technologies to achieve an AR‐based interactive system on anti‐diffraction direct view transparent display. Such a system can provide passengers with clear interactive information of virtual and real integration in the mobile field.
P‐30: High‐Color‐Consistency High‐PPI AMOLED
Authors: Wang Tsang-Hong , Huang Hsin-Wei , Yuan Man , Zhu Guixiang , Liang Yao , Wang Jiayi , Cheng Gang , Kao Shan-Chen
Published: June 2021

High performance displays require high PPI and high aperture ratio. For high PPI, the gap between two different colors need to be reduced. However, the smaller gap also results in lateral current leakage, brightness shortage and color shift. In this paper, a method is proposed to improve brightness shortage and color shift and results in high color consistency and good color detail, especially at low gray.
P‐33: A PWM Driving Scheme for Freeform Displays with Multilayer Display Media
Authors: Tseng Shih-Hsien , Lu Chih-Wen , Cheng Co-Ting , Yang Lee
Published: June 2021

A pulse width modulation (PWM) driving scheme for freeform displays with multi‐layer display media is proposed. The freeform display is constructed by a self‐luminous display medium such as OLEDs and one/two non‐self‐luminous display medium/media such as LCDs to achieve a wider color gamut and a higher contrast ratio. The proposed PWM driving scheme is used to control the brightness of the self‐luminous display medium and the transmittances of the non‐self‐luminous display medium/media to generate the gray level.
P‐34: Study on the Properties of Silicon‐Nitride Thin Films Deposited by PECVD
Authors: Long Shiyu , Song Dewei , Song Jiyue , Gong Fan , Ai Fei
Published: June 2021

We have deposited silicon nitride (SiNx) film by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition at 230°C. The high‐quality SiNx with low hydrogen content, high compactness and low stress was achieved successfully by adjusting the pressure and silane‐ammonia gas flow ratio. The Refractive index, thickness and stress were tested by ellipsometer. The chemical bonding including Si‐N, Si‐H and N‐H in those films was analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. The compactness was characterized by the etch rate of the film under plasma etching gas SF6 and O2.
P‐43: Correlation Between LC Bubbles and Product Design
Authors: Bai Bai , Song Yanjun , Hsieh Chung-Ching , Xiao Juncheng , Zhao Bin
Published: June 2021

LC bubble issue in corners happens easily in super‐narrow‐border LCD products. This paper studied the relationship of LC bubble issue with LCD panel design, which includes LC drop pattern, flatten layer material and panel chip layout design in mother glass. Also tried to analysis the basic factors which can be used to improve the bubble issue.
P‐108: Development of Photomask Quality‐Assurance System Using Aerial Image Analysis
Authors: Chang Jaehyuk , Park Seungho , Lee Kunwon , Lim Si-Kyung , Heo Jungchul , Kim Taejoon , Park Jeongmin
Published: June 2021

According as phase‐shift layer and OPC techniques are applied to photomasks for novel display with a resolution of higher than 1000ppi, it is indispensable to qualify photomask printability of area of interest‐ especially the area where the photomask repair processes were performed ‐ before the photomask is used in panel manufacturing line[1]. For this photomask qualification, new imaging system to emulate photo exposure process was developed; which enables to assess the printability of photomask by analyzing the aerial image. To verify the results from the imaging system, simulation and analytical solution were performed with various optical parameters such as NA and coherence. As an application of the imaging system, how to quantify the pattern abnormality using process window analysis and to measure in maskshop the mask error enhancement factor in aerial image was introduced.
P‐51: Student Poster: Color Contrast Enhanced Rendering for Optical See‐Through Head‐Mounted Displays with Optimized Display Power
Authors: Zhang Yunjin , Peng Yifan (Evan) , Wang Rui , Hua Wei , Li Haifeng , Bao Hujun
Published: June 2021

Being aware that the battery life of optical see‐through HMDs is critical, we propose an energy‐efficient rendering scheme for laser‐beam‐scanning‐typed optical see‐through HMDs with color contrast enhancement. Experiments show that our design improves the distinction between virtual objects and the surrounding background and noticeably saves display power consumption.
P‐52: Realization of Transparent LCD with Field Sequence
Authors: Long Feng , Zhong Peng , Zhang Yehao , Xie Zizheng , Sun Yaxin , Chen Xiuyun , Sun Lingyu , Wang Guangquan , Liang Fei , Zhao Chaoyue , Xiao Yongkang , Huang Yadong , Shi Meng , Zhao Jian , Liang Dapeng , Zhao Jing , Guo Shuwei , Huang Chao , Feng Yeyu
Published: June 2021

A 2.6‐inch Transparent LCD prototype has been developed by using network polymer liquid crystal PNLC (Polymer Network Liquid Crystal) combined with field‐sequential color display technology. Moreover, the display principle of transparent LCD with field sequence was expounded and a contrast ratio enhancement algorithm has been developed to improve the image CR in this paper. As there is an intrinsic problem for the transparent LCD with field sequence that uniformity of brightness is not excellent enough caused by the panel polymer and the side‐in backlight, a novel light‐guiding structure has been developed to provide the uniform surface light source, the picture shows better effect than the traditional processing method which achieved high efficiency light emission (83%) and uniformity (64%). The simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the contrast ratio enhancement algorithm and the novel light‐guiding structure.
P‐54: Student Poster: Collimation and Homogenization of Light for High Illuminous LED Based System
Authors: Li An-Ran , Mukherjee Souptik , Yu Xin-Yi , Srivastava Abhishek K.
Published: June 2021

To replicate the sunlight, some groups have used a mini lens array as an optical element to attain homogenization of light. However, the collimation of the light beam in compact settings is still a challenge. A light collimation and homogenization LED system is proposed using a parabolic mirror and mini lens array. The parabolic mirror ensures the collimation of the light beam, while the mini lens array secures the homogenization. We assembled and tested the results of the 2×2 array and 8×8 array models, which show a small divergence (6.72°) and good uniformity (uniformity coefficient is 67.4% and 45.7% respectively).
P‐57: Student Poster: Design of Random Depolarization Film with Random Retardation for Real‐Color Displays
Authors: Sasaki Shizuki , Udono Mariko , Koike Yasuhiro
Published: June 2021

Our proposal, the random depolarization film (RDF) is highly efficient in preventing color change problem of LCD and OLED displays. We designed the RDF that realizes real‐color displays by considering the retardation. The RDF with random retardation above 600 nm achieved much lower color change that human eyes cannot recognize.
P‐64: Improvement in Inkjet Printed Green QLED Efficiency
Authors: Jia Siqi , Ma Jingrui , Liu Pai , Wu Zhenghui , Xu Bing , Tang Jing , Li Guangyu , Wang Kai , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: June 2021

There is no doubt that TFB as HTL layer in QLED show predominance in presuming long lifetime devices, however, it is negatively affected by QD solvent in ink jet printing. Herein a thin layer of Tris(4‐carbazoyl‐9‐ylphenyl) amine (TCTA) was deposited between the QD and HTL to prevent QD solvent permeating into the TFB layer. The TCTA successfully improve the hole injection by provide a deeper highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level, the external quantum efficiency has been significantly increased from 5.1% to 7.2%.
P‐106: An Electromechanical Integration Design Method with Strain Analysis Correlation for Flexible Hybrid Electronics
Authors: Chiang I-Hung , Ko Hung-Hsien , Cheng Wei-Yuan , Huang Ying-Chia , Yang Chen-Tsai
Published: June 2021

By friction correlation of CLO 3D simulation with 3D DIC strain map, the simulation errors in two areas are reduced from 16.7% and 11.6% to 10% and 4.3%, respectively. Second, three low‐stress (~26% compared to original design, on the front thigh) bike pants have been designed and sampled.
P‐75: Large‐Area Optical Fingerprint for OLED based on LTPS Technology
Authors: Wu Xiaoxiao , Chen Binbin , Li Zuoyin , Wu Jing , Chen Yingping , Bai Meiyan , Liu Bingping , Chen Guozhao , Li Junyi
Published: June 2021

With the development of the full screen, the fingerprint under screen technology has become a necessary technology for mobile phones. It is cost‐effective to prepare large area fingerprint sensor by LTPS process. In this paper, we discuss the performance of photodiodes, fingerprint circuit design and optical design to realize large area optical fingerprint for OLED based on LTPS image sensor (LIS).
P‐88: Properties of Liquid‐Crystal Mixtures Containing Methoxy‐Bridge Polar Monomers and Olefinic‐Chain Polar Monomers
Authors: Miao Jie , Ren Gui-Ning , Zhao Guo , Song Yan-Jun , Hsieh Chung-Ching , Xiao Jun-Cheng , Zhao Bin
Published: June 2021

Methoxy‐bridge polar monomer has high dielectric anisotropy, which can reduce the driving voltage of the panel and save energy; olefinic‐chain monomer can effectively reduce the rotational viscosity and improve the response speed of the panel, while the polar alkene monomer has both low rotational viscosity and high dielectric anisotropy, which has a good application prospect. At present, the industry does not have too much verification and analysis of the collocation about the collocation of two monomers. In this paper, the reliability of liquid crystal materials containing polar methoxide monomers and polar alkene monomer was tested. The results showed that VHR (Voltage Holding Ratio) performance was worse in the experimental group with the two monomers. And with the extension of UV irradiation time, the difference between the experimental group and the control group was more obvious. A further test of IS (Image Sticking) was conducted on a 32‐inch display platform. The results showed that the liquid crystal containing both two monomers was tested NG, while the control group was OK.
P‐93: Research on Module Stacking Optimization of Foldable AMOLED Based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
Authors: Wang Yanxin , Wang Qingsong , Wang Yaming , Chen Liqiang , He Xiangfei , Bao Jiandong , Shi Shiming , Zhou Weifeng , Wang Dawei
Published: June 2021

In this Study, the effects of thickness and elastic modulus of the OCA were studied by response surface method (RSM) and finite element simulation, and we got the effect law of thickness and elastic modulus of the optical clear adhesive (OCA) on the strain of each functional layers efficiently and cheaply. Moreover, the mathematical model obtained by the RSM can accurately predict the strain of each functional layer when the thickness and elastic modulus of OCA are changed, so the productivity of subsequent layer stacks optimization is greatly improved. And we also verified the research results by experiments in this work. It should be noted that this method can also be applied to other layer stacks optimization work such as functional layer selection and internal stress adjustment.
P‐98: Digital Simulation and Design Rule for Avoiding Metal‐Reflection Mura in OLED FMLOC Products
Authors: Sun Xuefei , You Jaegeon , Wang Xinxing , Liu Liyan , Wang Yingtao , Jia Qian , Lin Honghui , Peng Kuanjun , Chen Xiaochuan , Yuan Guangcai
Published: June 2021

This paper analyzes the mechanism of the production and improvement of the mura of metal reflection in OLED FMLOC products. We qualify test indicators according to the benchmark of what human eyes could actually see and develop the simulation software, through which we can simulate the intuitive mura images matching well with the actual phenomenon. We also set up the design rule, divide the touch unit into 3 areas: bulk, boundary and bridge by a specific cut map, thus producing a device which the human can not identify mura.
P‐101: Degradation Analysis of OLED Panels by Laser Desorption/Ionization Time‐of‐Flight Mass Spectrometry with Fine‐Focused Imaging System
Authors: Kim Min Gee , Oh Yoonseok , Shin Dongjin , Kang Heesung , Oh Jooyeon , Lee Sung Jun
Published: June 2021

Degradation of the organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) panels was analyzed utilizing laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LDI‐TOF‐MS). 349‐nm‐long UV laser with beam diameter of 5 µm was directly irradiated on the OLED panels to evaluate the change of mass spectra after thermal degradation. The mass to charge ratio was visualized by utilizing our imaging system with measurement speed of 30 µm2/s. The imaging technique helps us intuitively understand the change of material properties with area dependence on the panels.
Angular distribution of particles sputtered from a copper target by 5‐keV Kr ions: Experiment and simulation study
Authors: Afkir Ahmed , Ait El Fqih Mohammed , Jadoual Lamia , Shulga Vladimir , Kaddouri Abdelilah
Published: June 2021

Angular distributions of atoms sputtered from a copper target under 5‐keV Kr+ bombardment at normal incidence were simultaneously and independently studied by experiments and computer simulation. The sputtered particles are collected on a Mylar™ foil placed around the target. Deposited particles on the substrate were analyzed by optical transmission spectroscopy. The surface roughness of the irradiated target was studied by atomic force microscopy, surface profilometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results were compared with the simulated angular distributions (programs OKSANA, SDTrimSP, and SRIM) and were found to be in reasonable agreement. In all cases, the angular distribution of sputtered particles showed an over‐cosine shape, which may be associated with noncompensated scattering of ejected particles by surface atoms when exiting the target. The results obtained are compared with the data from the literature.
Observation of the compatibility of stimulated Raman histology with pathology workflow and genome sequencing
Authors: Sarri Barbara , Appay Romain , Heuke Sandro , Poizat Flora , Franchi Florence , Boissonneau Sébastien , Caillol Fabrice , Dufour Henry , Figarella‐Branger Dominique , Giovaninni Marc , Rigneault Hervé
Published: June 2021

We show that human samples imaged with stimulated Raman histology (SRH) can be successfully used in a typical pathology workflow including hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE), immunohistochemistry, and genome sequencing. We provide a morphological comparison of SRH images with the gold standard HE and HES (HE and saffron) staining over three normal tissues from various organs (liver, kidney, and ileum) and two tumoral brain samples (metastatic adenocarcinoma and glioblastoma). Most importantly, we show that a sample imaged with SRH has a comparable microscopic appearance as a control sample (that was not imaged by SRH) including protein expression evaluated by immunohistochemistry as well as similar genetic alterations evaluated by genome sequencing. This suggests that SRH can provide a direct diagnosis without material preparation nor consumption.
Improved Auto Disturbance Rejection Control Based on Moth Flame Optimization for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
Authors: Wang Longda , Wang Xingcheng , Liu Gang , Li Yan
Published: June 2021

In this paper, an improved auto disturbance rejection controller (ADRC) is applied to permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) speed control system. Specifically, the improved ADRC is proposed to solve the defect that the nonlinear function of traditional ADRC is not differentiable at the piecewise point. In addition, considering that there are numerous parameters to be optimized in ADRC, an improved moth‐flame optimization (MFO) is proposed to obtain ADRC parameters, and adaptive inertia weight coefficient and optimization mechanism based on the fusion of refraction operation and chaotic search are proposed to improve the convergence speed and optimization accuracy for MFO. Simulation and experimental results show that the improvement strategies proposed in this paper can increase the optimization performance for MFO algorithm effectively so that obtained more appropriative ADRC parameters. The improved ADRC can effectively improve the tracking control performance of PMSM speed control system. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
A stability control way of bus voltage in DC microgrid with constant power load
Authors: Wang Lihua , Liu Xiaona , Ni Xue , Jiang Shaojie , Liu Siyuan
Published: June 2021

During the operation of the independent DC microgrid, the bus voltage will fluctuate with the random changes of the load and source. To maintain the stability of the bus voltage, a control strategy needs to be introduced in the DC microgrid. According to the bus voltage change of DC microgrid, this paper establishes a large‐signal mathematical model of DC microgrid with constant power load. Taking the bidirectional DC‐DC converter as the control object, a sliding mode variable structure controller based on the washout filter is introduced, and the bus voltage is stabilized at the desired voltage value through the selection of control parameters. The simulation experiment results show that the control strategy proposed in this paper can effectively restrain the fluctuation of the bus voltage under the condition of random changes of the load and source and has strong robustness. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Predicted N‐terminal N‐linked glycosylation sites may underlie membrane protein expression patterns in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Karki Rashmi , Rimal Swechha , Rieth Monica D.
Published: June 2021

N‐linked glycosylation is one type of posttranslational modification that proteins undergo during expression. The following describes the effects of N‐linked glycosylation on high‐level membrane protein expression in yeast with an emphasis on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. N‐linked glycosylation is highlighted here as an important consideration when preparing membrane protein gene constructs for expression in S. cerevisiae, which continues to be used as a workhorse in both research and industrial applications. Non‐native N‐linked glycosylation commonly occurs during the heterologous expression of mammalian proteins in many yeast species which can have important immunological consequences when used in the production of biotherapeutic proteins or peptides. Further, non‐native N‐linked glycosylation can lead to improper protein folding and premature degradation, which can impede high‐level expression yields and hinder downstream analysis. Multiple strategies are presented in this article, which suggest different methods that can be implemented to circumvent the unwanted consequences of N‐linked glycosylation during the expression process. These considerations may have long‐term benefits for high‐level protein production in S. cerevisiae across a broad spectrum of expression targets with special emphasis placed on G‐protein coupled receptors, one of the largest families of membrane proteins.
Development of a method for heat shock stress assessment in yeast based on transcription of specific genes
Authors: Meza Eugenio , Muñoz‐Arellano Ana Joyce , Johansson Magnus , Chen Xin , Petranovic Dina
Published: June 2021

All living cells, including yeast cells, are challenged by different types of stresses in their environments and must cope with challenges such as heat, chemical stress, or oxidative damage. By reversibly adjusting the physiology while maintaining structural and genetic integrity, cells can achieve a competitive advantage and adapt environmental fluctuations. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been extensively used as a model for study of stress responses due to the strong conservation of many essential cellular processes between yeast and human cells. We focused here on developing a tool to detect and quantify early responses using specific transcriptional responses. We analyzed the published transcriptional data on S. cerevisiae DBY strain responses to 10 different stresses in different time points. The principal component analysis (PCA) and the Pearson analysis were used to assess the stress response genes that are highly expressed in each individual stress condition. Except for these stress response genes, we also identified the reference genes in each stress condition, which would not be induced under stress condition and show stable transcriptional expression over time. We then tested our candidates experimentally in the CEN.PK strain. After data analysis, we identified two stress response genes (UBI4 and RRP) and two reference genes (MEX67 and SSY1) under heat shock (HS) condition. These genes were further verified by real‐time PCR at mild (42°C), severe (46°C), to lethal temperature (50°C), respectively.
Creative Coding as Compost(ing)
Authors: Dufva Tomi Slotte
Published: June 2021

This chapter focuses on creative coding practices within a university-level art education context. Drawing from earlier literature and combining it with current research, the chapter takes a feminist approach to creative coding and examines the importance and possibilities of different code-related art educational practice in the post-digital world(ing)s. The chapter discusses how post-digital takes place and uses compost as a metaphor to look at post-digital art education practices. More specifically, it introduces three examples from courses taught at Aalto University that together form the digital compost: humus, care, and waste. The chapter closes with the discussion on further feminist approaches within post-digital within art education.
Post-digital, Post-internet: Propositions for Art Education in the Context of Digital Cultures
Authors: Klein Kristin
Published: June 2021

Concepts such as Post-Digital and Post-Internet act as symptomatic descriptors of digitally permeated cultures. Starting from a broad understanding of digitality in its societal and cultural-historical interdependencies, both terms are first introduced and afterward extended through the discussion of four theses, with a particular emphasis on aesthetic aspects. Elaborating on (1) distributed artworks, (2) hybrid subjects, (3) fluid materiality, and (4) blind spots, each thesis leads to a proposition for art education dealing with digital cultures. The chapter concludes by highlighting art education’s potential in reflecting on digital cultures and in developing new models and methods for practical application.
A Meditation on the Post-digital and Post-internet Condition: Screen Culture, Digitalization, and Networked Art
Authors: jagodzinski jan
Published: June 2021

This chapter attempts to provide a broad understanding of post-digital and post-Internet problematic drawing on the state of screen culture, digitalization, and networked art. It calls on the theories of Paul Virilio and Bernard Stiegler to highlight some of the difficulties and malaise they have articulated related to the speed of technologies and their proletarianization. Throughout this chapter, voices of Deleuze and Guattari are also heard and summoned. It concludes by examining several networked art installations as exemplars of resistance to answer their concerns. The chapter ends on a question mark as to where to turn to next.
Educating the Commons and Commoning Education: Thinking Radical Education with Radical Technology
Authors: Rousseau Grégoire , Sternfeld Nora
Published: June 2021

All over the world, education—which could be understood as a universal right and public good—is facing processes of economization and privatization. Technology—which could be understood as a common means of production, collaboratively developed—is taken away from the public and put into corporate hands. This article is designed as a conversation investigating the question of shared and common knowledge from the perspectives of an educator and an engineer, respectively. The dialogue explores necessary convergences in radical practices of commoning, and possible future strategies for education and Open Technology. It asks how new models can challenge the neoliberal agenda and move away from established policies, and how a collective re-appropriation of the means of production could emerge within a post-digital society.
A New Sujet/Subject for Art Education
Authors: Meyer Torsten
Published: June 2021

For some years now, fundamental ideas of newer theoretical trends in the context of Actor Network Theory have been leaking into the minds of that generation of (post-internet) artists who no longer regard the radical change in the socio-technical conditions of digital media cultures as something special or new. These trends are also leaking into the theories of the subject and thus also into the theory(s) of art education. This coincides with the assumption that the humanistic conception of the human individual as a subject, and the associated understanding of education in modernity, no longer matches neither with the artistic practices based on collaborative networked socio-technical processes that can be observed in the post-internet culture. Therefore, changing mediality leads to changing subjectivity.
New Intimates
Authors: Kommoss Paula
Published: June 2021

Contemporary digital technology is dramatically changing the ways in which intimacy is perceived. To be able to stay in touch, one is dependent on virtual forms of communication through computers and smartphones. These modes of online communication are increasingly generating the paradox of physical anonymity and virtual intimacy. The increasing touch-responsiveness of tablets responds to the current concern that through a constant touching of the screen, one may argue, that the human touch becomes redundant. Nevertheless the notion of touch will remain relevant, allowing for a critical investigation of the use of physical tactility within contemporary art, by examining a range of artistic approaches to bodily closeness in the post-digital age.
Technik, Pflegeinnovation und Implementierungsbedingungen
Authors: Zerth Jürgen , Jaensch Peter , Müller Sebastian
Published: June 2021

Pflegeinnovationen liegen in technischer Hinsicht in mannigfaltiger Weise vor, finden aber nur sehr unzureichend Umsetzung in die Pflegepraxis. Dabei greifen Pflegetechnologien in vielfältiger Hinsicht an den Sorgebeziehungen Pflege an. Die Auswahl und Implementierung von Pflegetechnologien verändert das soziotechnische System Pflege, d. h. es gilt der Blick sowohl auf die handelnden Akteure als auch auf die begleitenden Strukturen sowie die durch Technik veränderten Auf- und Ablaufprozesse zu nehmen. Erfolgreiche Implementierungen können vom Wissen der Akteure und der Einrichtungen über gelingende Adoptionsbedingungen profitieren. Gleichwohl gilt es festzuhalten, dass im Pflegebereich, insbesondere im organisierten Bereich, den verschiedenen Handlungsrollen zwischen Nutzern, Nutznießern und Nachfragern Rechnung getragen werden muss. Die Frage der Verbreitung von Technologien im Sinne einer Diffusion benötigt jedoch neben einer gelungenen Adoptierbarkeit in einem pflegerischen Setting belastbare Hinweise zur Transferierbarkeit in ähnliche Pflegekontexte. Hier systematisches Pflegewissen institutionell zu fördern, auch als Teil einer Reformulierung von Infrastrukturen, kann zur effektiveren und effizienteren Nutzung von Technologien für die und mit der Pflege führen.
Gerechte Priorisierungen?
Authors: Lob-Hüdepohl Andreas
Published: June 2021

Die Sars-CoV-2-Pandemie hat von Anfang an Priorisierungen erforderlich gemacht. Oberstes Ziel war und ist die Verhinderung schwerster und letaler Krankheitsverläufe sowie eines Kollapses der Gesundheitssystems. Die dazu erforderliche umfassende Strategie der körperlichen Distanz hat zu erheblichen Schäden geführt, die auch die gesundheitliche Versorgung vieler erkrankter und pflegebedürftiger Menschen betraf. Priorisierungen sind der Versuch, Bevorzugungen und die damit unweigerlich verbundenen Hintanstellungen von Personen durch eine nachvollziehbare, kriteriengeleitete Güterabwägung moralisch zu begründen. Oberstes und als einziges absolut geltendes Kriterium ist die Menschenwürde. Sie steht für die Selbstzwecklichkeit jedes Menschen und seinen Anspruch auf Zugehörigkeit zur menschlichen Gemeinschaft. Gerade im Bereich der Pflege wird die Zugehörigkeit über leibliche Berührungen zwischen den Pflegebedürftigen und ihren An- und Zugehörigen sowie den Pflegefachkräften erfahrbar. Genau diese Taktilität wird durch die soziale Isolation unterbunden. Und selbst die medizinische Triage wirkt sich bis in die Pflege aus.
Weak gravity bounds in asymptotic string compactifications
Authors: Bastian Brice , Grimm Thomas W. , van de Heisteeg Damian
Published: June 2021

Abstract

We study the charge-to-mass ratios of BPS states in four-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 supergravities arising from Calabi-Yau threefold compactifications of Type IIB string theory. We present a formula for the asymptotic charge-to-mass ratio valid for all limits in complex structure moduli space. This is achieved by using the sl(2)-structure that emerges in any such limit as described by asymptotic Hodge theory. The asymptotic charge-to-mass formula applies for sl(2)-elementary states that couple to the graviphoton asymptotically. Using this formula, we determine the radii of the ellipsoid that forms the extremality region of electric BPS black holes, which provides us with a general asymptotic bound on the charge-to-mass ratio for these theories. Finally, we comment on how these bounds for the Weak Gravity Conjecture relate to their counterparts in the asymptotic de Sitter Conjecture and Swampland Distance Conjecture.
Clifford Spinors and Root System Induction: $$H_4$$ and the Grand Antiprism
Authors: Dechant Pierre-Philippe
Published: June 2021

Recent work has shown that every 3D root system allows the construction of a corresponding 4D root system via an ‘induction theorem’. In this paper, we look at the icosahedral case of $$H_3\rightarrow H_4$$

H
3

→

H
4

in detail and perform the calculations explicitly. Clifford algebra is used to perform group theoretic calculations based on the versor theorem and the Cartan–Dieudonné theorem, giving a simple construction of the $${\mathrm {Pin}}$$
Pin
and $${\mathrm {Spin}}$$
Spin
covers. Using this connection with $$H_3$$

H
3

via the induction theorem sheds light on geometric aspects of the $$H_4$$

H
4

root system (the 600-cell) as well as other related polytopes and their symmetries, such as the famous Grand Antiprism and the snub 24-cell. The uniform construction of root systems from 3D and the uniform procedure of splitting root systems with respect to subrootsystems into separate invariant sets allows further systematic insight into the underlying geometry. All calculations are performed in the even subalgebra of $${\mathrm {Cl}}(3)$$

Cl
(
3
)

, including the construction of the Coxeter plane, which is used for visualising the complementary pairs of invariant polytopes, and are shared as supplementary computational work sheets. This approach therefore constitutes a more systematic and general way of performing calculations concerning groups, in particular reflection groups and root systems, in a Clifford algebraic framework.
Detecting Karst Voids Based on Dominant Frequencies of Seismic Profiles
Authors: Rao Ying , Guo Yongxin , Xu Duo
Published: June 2021

The presence of near-surface karst voids is an extremely difficult issue in the construction of a high-speed rail (HSR) foundation. Seismic constant-offset profile (COP) method is one of the shallow geophysics technologies which may be used for the detection of karst voids. Although a COP image does not directly reveal the characters related to the anomalies in a karst terrain, the dominant frequency of the COP image in a karst terrain is significantly lower than the dominant frequency over the background without karstification or voids. This dominant-frequency anomaly is due to the strong attenuation effect when seismic waves propagate through any karst voids. Thus, we propose using the dominant-frequency anomalies of the COP image to directly detect near-surface karst voids in a karst terrain. First, we generate a high-resolution time–frequency spectrum for each COP trace, using the modified Wigner-Ville distribution (WVD) algorithm which combines WVD with a multichannel maximum entropy method. Second, we estimate a high-precision dominant-frequency function which varies along the reflection time, based on the corresponding high-resolution time–frequency spectrum. Finally, we detect the geological anomalies by analyzing low-frequency distributions in the dominant-frequency image for all traces. We demonstrate this procedure with a case study for the detection of karst voids within the high-speed rail foundation in a karst terrain, and verify the interpretation of hidden voids, cavities, clays and peats directly with drilling cores.
Sheaves of maximal intersection and multiplicities of stable log maps
Authors: Choi Jinwon , van Garrel Michel , Katz Sheldon , Takahashi Nobuyoshi
Published: June 2021

A great number of theoretical results are known about log Gromov–Witten invariants (Abramovich and Chen in Asian J Math 18:465–488, 2014; Chen in Ann Math (2) 180:455–521, 2014; Gross and Siebert J Am Math Soc 26: 451–510, 2013), but few calculations are worked out. In this paper we restrict to surfaces and to genus 0 stable log maps of maximal tangency. We ask how various natural components of the moduli space contribute to the log Gromov–Witten invariants. The first such calculation (Gross et al. in Duke Math J 153:297–362, 2010, Proposition 6.1) by Gross–Pandharipande–Siebert deals with multiple covers over rigid curves in the log Calabi–Yau setting. As a natural continuation, in this paper we compute the contributions of non-rigid irreducible curves in the log Calabi–Yau setting and that of the union of two rigid curves in general position. For the former, we construct and study a moduli space of “logarithmic” 1-dimensional sheaves and compare the resulting multiplicity with tropical multiplicity. For the latter, we explicitly describe the components of the moduli space and work out the logarithmic deformation theory in full, which we then compare with the deformation theory of the analogous relative stable maps.