bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Gap-Filling Radars in Mountainous Regions to Complement a National Radar Network: Improvements in Multiple-Doppler Wind Syntheses
Authors: Beck Jeffrey , Bousquet Olivier
Published: May 2013

The existing French Application Radar à la Météorologie Infrasynoptique (ARAMIS) operational radar network covers a vast majority of the country of France, yet like many national networks, gaps in coverage are present in regions of mountainous and high terrain. Many of these areas are prone to extreme, orography-induced precipitation events, and therefore expansion of national radar networks into these regions is very important. The addition of small X-band radars, strategically placed to supplement the ARAMIS network, is discussed with emphasis on the ability to expand three-dimensional wind and reflectivity field retrieval. This expanded coverage is particularly important for terrain-related precipitation in the southern Alps. Successful dual- and multiple-Doppler syntheses were conducted using the existing ARAMIS network and two new radars located in mountainous terrain, installed within the context of the Risques Hydrométéorologiques en Territoires de Montagnes et Mediterranéens (RHYTMME) program. To illustrate the coverage and advantage that gap-filling radars can add to an existing national radar network, two case studies are presented, with multiple-Doppler syntheses revealing that terrain relief and low-level atmospheric stability influence the resulting wind field. In addition to the added coverage, the RHYTMME gap-filling radars improve wind-flow retrieval and the accuracy of reflectivity measurements over extreme southeast France and into the Mediterranean Sea.
Performance of Alternative “Normals” for Tracking Climate Changes, Using Homogenized and Nonhomogenized Seasonal U.S. Surface Temperatures
Authors: Wilks Daniel S. , Livezey Robert E.
Published: May 2013

Eleven alternatives to the annually updated 30-yr average for specifying climate “normals” are considered for the purpose of projecting nonstationarity in the mean U.S. temperature climate during 2006–12. Comparisons are made for homogenized U.S. Historical Climatology Network station data, corresponding nonhomogenized station data, and spatially aggregated (“megadivision”) data. The use of homogenized station data shows clear improvement over nonhomogenized station data and spatially aggregated data in terms of mean-squared specification errors on independent data. The best single method overall was the most recent 15-yr average as implemented by the Climate Prediction Center (CPC15), consistent with previous work using nonhomogenized and spatially aggregated data, although “hinge” functions with the change point fixed at 1975 performed well for the spring and summer seasons. A hybrid normals-specification method, using one of these piecewise continuous functions when the regressions are sufficiently strong and the CPC15 otherwise, exhibits a favorable trade-off between squared error and bias that may make it an optimal choice for some users.
Multiyear Summertime Observations of Daytime Fair-Weather Cumuli at the ARM Southern Great Plains Facility
Authors: Chandra Arunchandra S. , Kollias Pavlos , Albrecht Bruce A.
Published: May 2013

A long data record (14 yr) of ground-based observations at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site is analyzed to document the macroscopic and dynamical properties of daytime fair-weather cumulus clouds during summer months. First, a fuzzy logic–based algorithm is developed to eliminate insect radar echoes in the boundary layer that hinder the ability to develop representative cloud statistics. The refined dataset is used to document the daytime composites of fair-weather cumulus clouds properties. Doppler velocities are processed for lower reflectivity thresholds that contain small cloud droplets having insignificant terminal velocities; thus, Doppler velocities are used as tracers of air motion. The algorithm is implemented to process the entire 14-yr dataset of cloud radar vertical velocity data. Composite diurnal variations of the cloud vertical velocity statistics, surface parameters, and profiles of updraft and downdraft fractions, bulk velocity of updrafts and downdrafts, and updraft and downdraft mass flux are calculated. Statistics on the cloud geometrical properties such as cloud thickness, cloud chord length, cloud spacing, and aspect ratios are calculated on the cloud scale. The present dataset provides a unique insight into the daytime evolution and statistical description of the turbulent structure inside fair-weather cumuli over land.
Implementation and Initial Evaluation of the Glimmer Community Ice Sheet Model in the Community Earth System Model
Authors: Lipscomb William H. , Fyke Jeremy G. , Vizcaíno Miren , Sacks William J. , Wolfe Jon , Vertenstein Mariana , Craig Anthony , Kluzek Erik , Lawrence David M.
Published: May 2013

The Glimmer Community Ice Sheet Model (Glimmer-CISM) has been implemented in the Community Earth System Model (CESM). Glimmer-CISM is forced by a surface mass balance (SMB) computed in multiple elevation classes in the CESM land model and downscaled to the ice sheet grid. Ice sheet evolution is governed by the shallow-ice approximation with thermomechanical coupling and basal sliding. This paper describes and evaluates the initial model implementation for the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS). The ice sheet model was spun up using the SMB from a coupled CESM simulation with preindustrial forcing. The model's sensitivity to three key ice sheet parameters was explored by running an ensemble of 100 GIS simulations to quasi equilibrium and ranking each simulation based on multiple diagnostics. With reasonable parameter choices, the steady-state GIS geometry is broadly consistent with observations. The simulated ice sheet is too thick and extensive, however, in some marginal regions where the SMB is anomalously positive. The top-ranking simulations were continued using surface forcing from CESM simulations of the twentieth century (1850–2005) and twenty-first century (2005–2100, with RCP8.5 forcing). In these simulations the GIS loses mass, with a resulting global-mean sea level rise of 16 mm during 1850–2005 and 60 mm during 2005–2100. This mass loss is caused mainly by increased ablation near the ice sheet margin, offset by reduced ice discharge to the ocean. Projected sea level rise is sensitive to the initial geometry, showing the importance of realistic geometry in the spun-up ice sheet.
Decadal Change in the Correlation Pattern between the Tibetan Plateau Winter Snow and the East Asian Summer Precipitation during 1979–2011
Authors: Si Dong , Ding Yihui
Published: May 2013

Observational evidence indicates that the correlation between Tibetan Plateau (TP) winter snow and East Asian (EA) summer precipitation changed in the late 1990s. During the period 1979–99, the positive correlation between the TP winter snow and the summer precipitation along the Yangtze River valley (YRV) and southern Japan was disrupted by the decadal climate shift. In contrast, the summer precipitation over the Huaihe River valley (HRV) and the Korean Peninsula showed a strong positive correlation with the preceding winter snow over the TP during the period 2000–11.

The radiosonde temperature measurements over the TP show a pronounced warming since the late 1990s. This warming is associated with the significant increase in surface sensible heat flux and longwave radiation into atmosphere. The latter is closely related to the decrease of surface albedo and the soil hydrological effect of melting snow due to the decadal decrease in the preceding winter and spring snow over the TP. The TP warming induced by the decrease in winter snow, together with the cooling of the sea surface temperature in the tropical central and eastern Pacific, intensifies the land–sea thermal contrast in the subsequent spring and summer over EA, thus causing a northward advance of the EA summer monsoon. Accompanying the northward migration of the summer monsoon, the summer precipitation belt over EA shifts northward. Consequently, the high summer precipitation region over EA correlating with the preceding winter snow over the TP has shifted northward from the YRV and southern Japan to the HRV and the Korean Peninsula since the late 1990s.
Assessing Future Changes in the East Asian Summer Monsoon Using CMIP5 Coupled Models
Authors: Seo Kyong-Hwan , Ok Jung , Son Jun-Hyeok , Cha Dong-Hyun
Published: May 2013

Future changes in the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) are estimated from historical and Representative Concentration Pathway 6.0 (RCP6) experiments of the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The historical runs show that, like the CMIP3 models, the CMIP5 models produce slightly smaller precipitation. A moisture budget analysis illustrates that this precipitation deficit is due to an underestimation in evaporation and ensuing moisture flux convergence. Of the two components of the moisture flux convergence (i.e., moisture convergence and horizontal moist advection), moisture convergence associated with mass convergence is underestimated to a greater degree.

Precipitation is anticipated to increase by 10%–15% toward the end of the twenty-first century over the major monsoonal front region. A statistically significant increase is predicted to occur mostly over the Baiu region and to the north and northeast of the Korean Peninsula. This increase is attributed to an increase in evaporation and moist flux convergence (with enhanced moisture convergence contributing the most) induced by the northwestward strengthening of the North Pacific subtropical high (NPSH), a characteristic feature of the future EASM that occurred in CMIP5 simulations. Along the northern and northwestern flank of the strengthened NPSH, intensified southerly or southwesterly winds lead to the increase in moist convergence, enhancing precipitation over these areas. However, future precipitation over the East China Sea is projected to decrease. In the EASM domain, a local mechanism prevails, with increased moisture and moisture convergence leading to a greater increase in moist static energy in the lower troposphere than in the upper troposphere, reducing tropospheric stability.
Surface Wave Effects on High-Frequency Currents over a Shelf Edge Bank
Authors: Wijesekera H. W. , Wang D. W. , Teague W. J. , Jarosz E. , Rogers W. E. , Fribance D. B. , Moum J. N.
Published: May 2013

Several acoustic Doppler current profilers and vertical strings of temperature, conductivity, and pressure sensors, deployed on and around the East Flower Garden Bank (EFGB), were used to examine surface wave effects on high-frequency flows over the bank and to quantify spatial and temporal characteristic of these high-frequency flows. The EFGB, about 5-km wide and 10-km long, is located about 180-km southeast of Galveston, Texas, and consists of steep slopes on southern and eastern sides that rise from water depths over 100 m to within 20 m of the surface. Three-dimensional flows with frequencies ranging from 0.2 to 2 cycles per hour (cph) were observed in the mixed layer when wind speed and Stokes drift at the surface were large. These motions were stronger over the bank than outside the perimeter. The squared vertical velocity w2 was strongest near the surface and decayed exponentially with depth, and the e-folding length of w2 was 2 times larger than that of Stokes drift. The 2-h-averaged w2 in the mixed layer, scaled by the squared friction velocity, was largest when the turbulent Langmuir number was less than unity and the mixed layer was shallow. It is suggested that Langmuir circulation is responsible for the generation of vertical flows in the mixed layer, and that the increase in kinetic energy is due to an enhancement of Stokes drift by wave focusing. The lack of agreement with open-ocean Langmuir scaling arguments is likely due to the enhanced kinetic energy by wave focusing.
The Energetics of a Collapsing Meridional Overturning Circulation
Authors: Hogg Andrew McC. , Dijkstra Henk A. , Saenz Juan A.
Published: May 2013

A well-studied example of natural climate variability is the impact of large freshwater input to the polar oceans, simulating glacial melt release or an amplification of the hydrological cycle. Such forcing can reduce, or entirely eliminate, the formation of deep water in the polar latitudes and thereby weaken the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC). This study uses a series of idealized, eddy-permitting numerical simulations to analyze the energetic constraints on the Atlantic Ocean's response to anomalous freshwater forcing. In this model, the changes in MOC are not correlated with the global input of mechanical energy: both kinetic energy and available potential energy (APE) increase with northern freshwater forcing, while the MOC decreases. However, a regional analysis of APE density supports the notion that local maxima in APE density control the response of the MOC to freshwater forcing perturbations. A coupling between APE input and changes in local density anomalies accounts for the difference in time scales between the recovery and collapse of the MOC.
An Inertial Model of the Interaction of Ekman Layers and Planetary Islands
Authors: Pedlosky Joseph
Published: May 2013

An adiabatic, inertial, and quasigeostrophic model is used to discuss the interaction of surface Ekman transport with an island. The theory extends the recent work of Spall and Pedlosky to include an analytical and nonlinear model for the interaction. The presence of an island that interrupts a uniform Ekman layer transport raises interesting questions about the resulting circulation. The consequential upwelling around the island can lead to a local intake of fluid from the geostrophic region beneath the Ekman layer or to a more complex flow around the island in which the fluid entering the Ekman layer on one portion of the island's perimeter is replaced by a flow along the island's boundary from a downwelling region located elsewhere on the island. This becomes especially pertinent when the flow is quasigeostrophic and adiabatic. The oncoming geostrophic flow that balances the offshore Ekman flux is largely diverted around the island, and the Ekman flux is fed by a transfer of fluid from the western to the eastern side of the island. As opposed to the linear, dissipative model described earlier, this transfer takes place even in the absence of a topographic skirt around the island. The principal effect of topography in the inertial model is to introduce an asymmetry between the circulation on the northern and southern sides of the island. The quasigeostrophic model allows a simple solution to the model problem with topography and yet the resulting three-dimensional circulation is surprisingly complex with streamlines connecting each side of the island.
Real-Time Upper-Ocean Temperature Observations from Aircraft during Operational Hurricane Reconnaissance Missions: AXBT Demonstration Project Year One Results
Authors: Sanabia Elizabeth R. , Barrett Bradford S. , Black Peter G. , Chen Sue , Cummings James A.
Published: May 2013

Thousands of aircraft observations of upper-ocean thermal structures have been obtained during hurricane and typhoon research field experiments in recent decades. The results from these experiments suggest a strong correlation between upper-ocean thermal variability and tropical cyclone (TC) intensity change. In response to these results, during the Office of the Federal Coordinator of Meteorology (OFCM) 2011 Interdepartmental Hurricane Conference (IHC), the Working Group for Hurricane and Winter Storms Operations and Research (WG/HWSOR) approved a 3-yr project to demonstrate the usefulness of airborne expendable bathythermographs (AXBTs) in an operational setting. The goal of this project was to initialize and validate coupled TC forecast models and was extended to improve input to statistical intensity forecast models. During the first season of the demonstration project, 109 AXBTs were deployed between 28 July and 28 August 2011. Successes included AXBT deployment from WC-130J aircraft during operational reconnaissance missions tasked by the National Hurricane Center (NHC), real-time onboard and postflight data processing, real-time data transmission to U.S. Navy and NOAA hurricane numerical prediction centers, and near-real-time assimilation of upper-ocean temperature observations into the Naval Research Laboratory Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System-Tropical Cyclones (COAMPS-TC) forecast model. Initial results showed 1) increased model accuracy in upper-ocean temperatures, 2) minor improvements in TC track forecasts, and 3) minor improvements in TC intensity forecasts in both coupled dynamical and statistical models [COAMPS-TC and the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS), respectively].
Psychometric testing of a self-report measure of engagement in productive occupations
Authors: Tjörnstrand Carina , Bejerholm Ulrika , Eklund Mona
Published: May 2013

Background

Occupational therapists working with clients in productive occupations explicitly or implicitly assess their clients’ occupational engagement.

Purpose

To investigate the psychometric properties of the Profiles of Occupational Engagement in People with Severe Mental Illness: Productive Occupations (POES-P) in terms of internal consistency, initial construct validation, and floor and ceiling effects.

Method

Participants ( n = 93) from six day centres completed the data collection. Correlations between the POES-P and instruments measuring similar and dissimilar attributes, such as satisfaction, psychosocial functioning, and unmet needs, were studied.

Findings

A moderate relationship was found between the POES-P and occupational satisfaction ( rs = 0.43) and a weak one with psychosocial functioning ( rs = 0.22). The association with researcher-assessed participant engagement was slightly higher ( rs = 0.37), and the relationship with unmet needs was nonsignificant ( rs = –0.15). Internal consistency of the POES-P (alpha = 0.85) was good, but the distribution of responses indicated a ceiling effect.

Implications

The POES-P seems promising for assessing engagement in work-like occupations but would benefit from further development.
Rising to the occasion: Disaster social work in China
Authors: Sim Timothy , Yuen-Tsang Woon Ki Angelina , Quen Chen Hui , Dong Qi Hua
Published: May 2013

The fifth year since the deadly Wenchuan earthquake that killed more than 87,000 people will be commemorated in 2013. This article critically reviews the development and charts the direction of disaster social work in China, since the fateful 2008 Wenchuan earthquake jump-started it dramatically. While disaster social work publications, social work projects and organizations surged, young Chinese social workers felt challenged by poor professional recognition, harsh working conditions and limited prospects and support. However, they have been spurred onwards by the resilience and growth of their clients and professional fulfilment in the daunting process of recovery and reconstruction.
Social Bonds Under Supervision
Authors: Lamet Willemijn , Dirkzwager Anja , Denkers Adriaan , Van Der Laan Peter
Published: May 2013

Little is known about the role of social bonds and criminal bonds in relation to probation supervision failure. This study examined probation supervision failure in a sample of 13,091 discharged adult probationers in the Netherlands. We examined the relationship between supervision failure and probationers’ demographic and criminal history factors, social bonds, and criminal bonds. As was hypothesized, probationers with weak conventional social bonds were more likely to fail their probation supervision program than probationers with strong social bonds. Probationers with strong criminal bonds or weak criminal bonds did not differ significantly with respect to their supervision outcome. However, probationers with weak involvement in conventional ties (e.g., work, school) and with strong criminal ties were particularly at risk of failing their supervision. These findings advance current knowledge on factors associated with probation supervision failure and may have important implications for probation practice.
Enhancing Homework Compliance in Correctional Psychotherapy
Authors: McDonald Brendan R. , Morgan Robert D.
Published: May 2013

This study investigated the effects of three homework compliance enhancement strategies (task option, task modeling, and public commitment) on a sample of probationers’ compliance with therapeutic homework tasks during the course of a multiphasic correctional treatment program. The study featured a within-subjects, counterbalanced, experimental design. Homework compliance was measured on the basis of therapists’ record of probationers’ homework completion (i.e., “yes/no” tally), as well as probationers’ scores on the Homework Rating Scale–II Client and Therapist rater versions. Results were mixed but suggested that public commitment and task modeling are potentially useful strategies in enhancing probationers’ beliefs about, expectations of, and compliance with therapeutic homework tasks. Furthermore, results provided preliminary support for the reliability of the Homework Rating Scale–II within correctional populations. Implications for correctional service delivery, treatment programming, and treatment outcome are discussed, as is the need for further research in this area.
Social Resilience in Times of Protracted Crises
Authors: Gal Reuven
Published: May 2013

This article starts with a broad discussion related to theoretical and conceptual aspects comprising the concept Social Resilience at the national level, as well as its multiple definitions, dimensions and measurements. This is followed by a unique case study – a longitudinal study conducted in Israel, during the critical period (with over 1000 terrorism-related deaths) of the Second/ Al-Aqsa Intifada (2000-2004), showing some unexpected findings related to community resilience, at the national, mass-behavioral level. These findings comprise both public behavioral indices as well as attitudinal measures. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time such measures are used to assess social resilience. A critical discussion follows, in which the author presents several theoretical and practical challenges to students of the Social Resilience paradigm.
Instantiations of POSDCORB
Authors: Chalekian Paul M.
Published: May 2013

Challenges have been made to validate “classical” forms of management. This study facilitates suggestions to view organizational theory from a design perspective. Affirming how Luther Gulick explored design, tests of a construct were used to substantiate POSDCORB as a framework. Integrated within are elements of linguistics and Alexandrian patterns. An instrument development model was used to approximate POSDCORB as it demonstrated acceptable content validity, as well as construct validity and reliability. Having explored a proxy, models were established using multivariate data. The study provides framework-theory-model scenarios, evidence to indicate the adoption of institutions, and element support.
The Impact of Diabetes Counseling and Education
Authors: Sullivan Sean D. , Dalal Mehul R. , Burke James P.
Published: May 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine outcomes in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who received diabetes counseling and education (C/E) services compared with those who did not.

Methods

A matched, retrospective cohort study of 17 483 C/E recipients and 17 470 non-C/E controls was followed for up to 12 months. Outcomes included glycemic control (glycosylated hemoglobin A1C levels <7.0%), hypoglycemic events, and health care utilization and costs.

Results

Compared with the non-C/E group, patients in the C/E group had significantly lower A1C (7.7% vs 7.2%) and were more likely to achieve glycemic control at 6 months’ follow-up; they were also more likely to have a hypoglycemic event. During the 1-year period following the index date, C/E recipients had more inpatient visits (0.21 vs 0.20 visits per patient) and ambulatory visits (21.5 vs 18.6 visits per patient) compared with non-C/E controls. The increased use of health care services in the C/E groups was associated with $2388 higher annual overall costs and $827 higher diabetes-related costs.

Conclusions

Diabetes C/E is associated with improved glycemic control, albeit with a slight increase in the risk of hypoglycemia. C/E was associated with higher health care costs across 12 months. Further analyses are needed to evaluate long-term cost-effectiveness of diabetes counseling and education.
The Roles of Livestock Inheritance and Formal Education in Intergenerational Wealth Transmission among Pastoralists in Samburu District, Kenya
Authors: Lesorogol Carolyn , Chowa Gina , Ansong David
Published: May 2013

Samburu pastoralists often express the belief that formal education may be an alternative route out of poverty for poor pastoralists. The roles of parental wealth, livestock inheritance, and education in household wealth and income are investigated for two communities. Parental wealth and primary education, but not amount of livestock inherited, are positively associated with household wealth. Educational attainment is not statistically significantly associated with income. While livestock inheritance does not translate directly into greater wealth, there are structural advantages to membership in a wealthier family. The trade-off between investments in inheritance and herd growth versus formal education is discussed.
Economic Development and the Developmental State
Authors: Dadzie Richard B.
Published: May 2013

This article presents evidence on the divergent development experiences of Ghana and Malaysia. Various demographic, social, and development indicators are carefully analyzed. Factors that explain Malaysia’s development miracle are discussed. The state’s capacity to engineer economic transformation is discussed using literature on the developmental state paradigm. Malaysia’s industrial and agricultural transformation is presented as examples of the developmental state in action. It is argued that for sub-Saharan African countries such as Ghana to develop, they must carefully study the experiences of countries like Malaysia. Instead of demonizing the state’s activities, they must reassess the role of the state, its capacity to reclaim policy space, and the extent to which the state can embed itself in society to achieve developmental goals. The relevance of the Malaysian experience for Ghana is discussed.
Patrons, Temples and Pilgrimages: The Jain Community in Medieval India
Authors: Jain Shalin
Published: May 2013

This article argues that in medieval India processes of identity formation and hierarchies within the Jain community were drawn upon temple consecration and pilgrimages. The various events described in the Jain sources include pilgrimages, installation of idols, building and renovation of temples and interaction of the Jain pontiffs with the rulers. The presence of inscriptions and the writing of religious texts in Rajasthan and Gujarat on a very large scale clearly establish that this region was the hub of Jain religious activities, even when the sultanate and later-day Mughal forces made successful military campaigns to this region. The acumen of the Jain monastic community and the laity, rather than so-called spiritual superiority or charismatic powers, played a defining role in gaining concessions for the community. The religious symbols were used as forms of social manipulation. The Jain religious sangha was not a break with the lay society. The community formed itself by the efforts of individual elites who allied themselves through various symbolic acts and religious activities. Philanthropy was a part of a well-structured community organization. The relative independence of an ascetic institution was used as an agency by the Jain laity to ensure social dominance. The objective of this article is to set out certain areas for future research, as the range of the period under consideration is broad. Sources such as inscriptions, memoirs, historical narratives and hagiographical accounts substantiate the basic arguments as a prelude to deeper research on this theme.
Myth and Reality of the Khap Panchayats: A Historical Analysis of the Panchayat and Khap Panchayat*
Authors: Bharadwaj Suraj Bhan
Published: May 2013

During the past few years, marriages within ‘gotra’ (clan) of the Jat community have come into the limelight. Frequently, those couples who have eloped have been brutally murdered by the diktats of the elders—these are known as ‘honour killings’. Many such incidents have occurred in Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and the rural belt of Delhi. These areas have reaped the fruits of modernization and access to various facilities such as educational institutions, health centres, modernized roads and multinational business establishments that have encouraged foreign investment. There exists a vast gulf between this modernization and the almost feudal mind sets of people like the ‘Khap Panchayats’ who force couples who have entered intra-gotra marriages to return to the community fold, even to the extent of forcing the couples to live like siblings. A large number of such wedded couples have even lost their lives. Thus, as per their gotra affinity, the Khap Panchayats consider them as brother and sister. The Khap Panchayats try to legitimize their actions by quoting historical antecedents of uncertain origin to support their practices. They are of the opinion that the Khap Panchayat is an age old institution, having its foundation in the early medieval period.
Was the Bombay Plan a Capitalist Plot?
Authors: Lockwood David
Published: May 2013

In 1944, a group of Indian businessmen issued A Plan of Economic Development for India. This came to be known as the Bombay Plan. The attitude of Indian industrialists to the economic structure of independent India was encapsulated in the Plan. The views of the bourgeoisie were, by this stage, closely aligned with those of the Indian National Congress. The Plan therefore contained a strong endorsement of state economic intervention and planning. The motives of the bourgeoisie in this endeavour are the subject of this article.1 Rejecting claims that the Indian bourgeoisie put forward the Plan as a ruse, the author concludes that the bourgeoisie’s self-interest at the time demanded state economic intervention—as did the interests of the nation.
Book Review: The Making of the Goddess: Korravai–Durga in the Tamil Traditions
Authors: Venkatasubramanian T.K.
Published: May 2013

R. Mahalakshmi, The Making of the Goddess: Korravai–Durga in the Tamil Traditions, Penguin Books, New Delhi, 2011, pp. 409, ₹499.
Book Review: Tagore and China
Authors: Basu Aparna
Published: May 2013

Tan Chung, Amiya Dev, Wang Bangwei and Wei Liming (eds), Tagore and China, New Delhi, California, London, Singapor pp. 370. Sage, 2011.
Book Review: Mapping Citizenship in India
Authors: Dey Ishita
Published: May 2013

Anupama Roy, Mapping Citizenship in India, OUP, New Delhi, 2010, pp. 226, ₹645.
Perceptions of staff on embedding speech and language therapy within a youth offending team
Authors: Bryan Karen , Gregory Juliette
Published: May 2013

The purpose of this research was to ascertain the views of staff and managers within a youth offending team on their experiences of working with a speech and language therapist (SLT). The model of therapy provision was similar to the whole-systems approach used in schools. The impact of the service on language outcomes is reported elsewhere (Gregory and Bryan, 2011). A questionnaire was sent to all staff asking about their experiences related to working with a speech and language therapist. Eight telephone interviews were then conducted to explore the questionnaire findings further and to gain a management perspective on speech and language therapy within a youth offending service (YOS) team. Staff were largely positive about their experience of working with a SLT. Understanding the nature of the presenting communication difficulties and having strategies to manage these were linked to improvements in wider working practices, which managers linked to culture change. The whole-systems model of service delivery appeared to have potential application to youth justice contexts. Direct access to the SLT to support communication aspects of their work was particularly important to the YOS staff. Further research is needed to examine the optimum model of speech and language therapy in youth justice settings, and the potential contribution to criminal justice outcomes such as prevention of re-offending.
Popliteal venous aneurysms and iliac vein compression: a possible association
Authors: Gaweesh Ahmed S , Kayed Mohamed H , Gaweesh Tamer Y , Shata Aly
Published: May 2013

Popliteal venous aneurysms have always been linked to death from pulmonary embolism. Incidental finding of an asymptomatic popliteal venous aneurysm during duplex scan performed for patients with chronic venous disease is increasingly diagnosed but the relation between popliteal venous aneurysms and chronic venous disease remains unknown. We report the incidental finding of three asymptomatic popliteal venous aneurysms associated with iliac vein compression in patients with chronic venous disease who had undergone computed tomography venography with direct pedal contrast injection. An association between popliteal venous aneurysms and iliac vein compression is postulated.
Meeting Report
Authors: Boyle M. C. , Boyle M. H. ,   the Sixth Rodent Pathology Course Committee
Published: May 2013

Urinary system toxicity is a significant concern to pathologists in the hazard identification, drug and chemical safety evaluation, and diagnostic service industries worldwide. There are myriad known human and animal urinary system toxicants, and investigatory renal toxicology and pathology is continually evolving. The system-specific Research Triangle Park (RTP) Rodent Pathology Course biennially serves to update scientists on the latest research, laboratory techniques, and debates. The Sixth RTP Rodent Pathology Course, Urinary Pathology, featured experts from the government, pharmaceutical, academic, and diagnostic arenas sharing the state of the science in urinary pathology. Speakers presented on a wide range of topics including background lesions, treatment-related non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions, transgenic rodent models of human disease, diagnostic imaging, biomarkers, and molecular analyses. These seminars were accompanied by case presentation sessions focused on usual and unusual lesions, grading schemes, and tumors.
Mental Health Diagnoses and Recidivism in Paroled Offenders
Authors: Abracen Jeffrey , Langton Calvin M. , Looman Jan , Gallo Alessandra , Ferguson Meaghan , Axford Marsha , Dickey R.
Published: May 2013

Although the issue of mental illness among offender populations has received attention in the last number of years, there are a number of issues related to mental illness among such groups that require more study. One such topic relates to the association between mental illness, actuarially assessed risk of recidivism, and observed rates of reoffending. In the present investigation, file information was reviewed to determine the presence of a variety of mental health conditions. Actuarially based risk assessment data were also collected for participants as well as information regarding suspension, new charges, and convictions. A sample of 136 offenders housed in a halfway house operated by Correctional Service of Canada was included in the present investigation. Results indicated very high rates of serious mental illness in this high-risk population. Offenders with borderline personality disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder were significantly more likely to recidivate or be suspended. Suspensions refer to administrative decisions to place an offender in jail due to problematic behaviour (typically involving a breach of his release conditions or new charges/convictions). Offenders with a diagnosis of paraphilic disorder were significantly less likely to recidivate or be suspended. Results are discussed in light of the available literature.
Enviromental impact of a hospital waste incineration plant in Krakow (Poland)
Authors: Gielar Agnieszka , Helios-Rybicka Edeltrauda
Published: May 2013

The environmental impact of a hospital waste incineration plant in Krakow was investigated. The objective of this study was to assess the degree of environmental effect of the secondary solid waste generated during the incineration process of medical waste. The analysis of pollution of the air emissions and leaching test of ashes and slag were carried out. The obtained results allowed us to conclude that (i) the hospital waste incineration plant significantly solves the problems of medical waste treatment in Krakow; (ii) the detected contaminant concentrations were generally lower than the permissible values; (iii) the generated ashes and slag contained considerable concentrations of heavy metals, mainly zinc, and chloride and sulfate anions. Ashes and slag constituted 10–15% of the mass of incinerated wastes; they are more harmful for the environment when compared with untreated waste, and after solidification they can be deposited in the hazardous waste disposal.
Pain and Use of Alcohol in Later Life
Authors: Brennan Penny L. , SooHoo Sonya
Published: May 2013

Objective: To determine whether (a) late-life pain predicts growth in older adults’ use of alcohol, and elevated risk of drinking problems; and (b) sociodemographic characteristics moderate these relationships. Method: Five times over an 8-year interval, N = 5,446 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) participants provided information about their pain and alcohol use. Two-part latent growth modeling and logistic regression were used to analyze these data. Results: Participants with more pain at baseline had lower initial levels and a faster rate of decline over the next 8 years in alcohol consumption, but they also were at elevated risk of having drinking problems. Income and African American background interacted with pain to predict 8-year change in alcohol consumption and presence of drinking problems. Discussion: Late-life pain does not predict growth in older adults’ alcohol consumption, but is nonetheless linked to elevated risk of drinking problems, especially among African Americans.
Knowing one’s future preferences: A correlated agent model with Bayesian updating
Authors: Bas Muhammet A , Signorino Curtis S , Whang Taehee
Published: May 2013

We generalize two classes of statistical sequential incomplete information games: (1) those resembling typical signaling games, in which a single agent represents each player, allowing for information to be revealed about future play; and (2) those in which each player is represented by a set of independent agents, where moves do not reveal private information. The generalized model we develop, the Correlated Agent Model, relies on a parameter, ρ, which denotes the correlation between two agents’ private information, i.e. the extent to which a player knows the future private component of her preferences. The independent agent and single agent models are special cases, where ρ=0 and ρ=1, respectively. The model also allows 0 < ρ < 1, a class of games which have not yet been considered. We apply the model to crisis bargaining and demonstrate how to estimate ρ, as well as parameters associated with utilities.
A global sliding mode controller for missile electromechanical actuator servo system
Authors: Liu Xiaodong , Wu Yunjie , Deng Yong , Xiao Song
Published: May 2013

A global sliding mode controller (GSMC) is proposed for the missile electromechanical actuator (EA) servo system, where exists high uncertainties, such as parameter variations and external disturbances. By the design of an optimal integral switching function based on optimal linear quadratic regulator (LQR) theory, the initial state of system is set on the switching surface, and the optimal sliding mode motion is produced. The proposed GSMC is composed of an optimal linear state feedback controller (OLSFC), and a fuzzy nonlinear robust controller (FNRC), which can be designed respectively. The OLSFC, generated by the designed switching function, intends to minimise a quadratic performance index, and then improves the dynamic performance of system. Meanwhile, the FNRC employs a fuzzy decision maker (FDM), which estimates the upper bound of uncertainties as FNRC’s gain adaptively, and then makes GSMC robust and control input smooth. With the computer simulations on an EA experiment plant, it presents that the proposed scheme possesses good tracking precision, effective suppression against chattering at control input, and strong robustness against system uncertainties.
Flow patterns and characteristics of two tandem wing-blades at low Reynolds numbers
Authors: San Kuo C , Hung Sheng C , Yen Shun C
Published: May 2013

Flow pattern, aerodynamic performance, vortex-shedding frequency and turbulence intensity were compared between a single wing-blade and two tandem wing-blades for various Reynolds numbers ( Re), gap ratios ( g*) and angles of attack ( α). The wing-blade profile was NACA 0012 which was fabricated from stainless steel. The effects of α comprised the effect of the angle of attack of the front wing-blade ( α1) and that of the rear wing-blade ( α2). Flow behaviors and flow patterns were visualized using the smoke-wire method. The vortex-shedding frequency and turbulence intensity were measured using a hot-wire anemometer. The smoke-streak flow pattern around the single wing-blade was categorized as five characteristic flow patterns, which are attached surface flow, instability wave in wake, vortical wake, separation from near-leading-edge and bluff-body wake. The smoke-streak flow patterns around the two tandem wing-blades (changing α1 and g*) were classified as attached flow, separation, turbulent flow and vortex street for α2 = 0°. The flow patterns for α1 = 0° (with varying α2 and g*) were attached flow, vortical wake, bluff-body wake and bi-vortex street As α1, α2 and g* changed, the flow patterns were classified as attached flow, vortical wake, bluff-body wake and turbulent flow. The characteristics of St1, St2, I1 and I2 parameters (measured around the tandem wing-blades) were compared with StS and IS (detected around the single wing-blade). The aerodynamic performance was measured using a six-force balancer. For α2 ≥ 30°, the maximum lift coefficient ( CL) was reached at g* = 0 because of the equivalent flap effect that was caused from the existence of rear wing-blade.
Defending the ‘Negro race’: Lamine Senghor and black internationalism in interwar France
Authors: Murphy David
Published: May 2013

This article examines the career of Lamine Senghor, a Senegalese veteran of the First World War, who emerged in the mid 1920s as the most influential black anti-colonial activist of the period. Senghor combined a communist-inspired critique of empire with an attempt to forge a transnational sense of black identity. Many of the questions facing Senghor remain relevant today: should the black community seek equality through its own independent pressure groups or through strategic alliances with mainstream political parties? And how does one engage with issues of racial (or religious) equality within the terms of the purportedly colour-blind and secular Republic?
‘A miracle. Madonna!’: Irony in the representation of Alitalia’s privatization by the Italian, British and American press
Authors: Fusari Sabrina
Published: May 2013

This article focuses on irony in the representation of the privatization of the Italian airline, Alitalia, in the Italian, British and American press. We rely on a previous study (Fusari, 2010, 2011a) of the metaphors found in three electronic corpora containing all the articles published on this event by Repubblica and Corriere della Sera in Italian, The Guardian, The Times and the Financial Times in British English, and The New York Times and the Washington Post in American English, during the six months (August 2008–January 2009) that led to Alitalia’s acquisition by Compagnia Aerea Italiana (CAI), a private consortium of Italian investors. The analysis also focuses on the Italian translation of a Financial Times article which appeared in Corriere della Sera. Through the use of undertranslation, which involves the elimination of a crucial metonymy, the criticism of the Financial Times’s irony is considerably reduced in Italian.
The rhetoric of remembrance: Presidential Memorial Day speeches
Authors: Slavíčková Tess
Published: May 2013

This article aims to provide a diachronic rhetorical profile of the annual American Memorial Day presidential speech as an example of epideixis, focusing on four sample texts selected from a corpus of 27 speeches and using the discourse historical approach as the primary mode of analysis. The function of epideixis in rhetoric is primarily aesthetic and affective, but this predominance can obfuscate ideological content in texts. Despite some variations between presidents, the article shows that, as a sub-category of the commemorative genre, Memorial Day speeches are relatively homogeneous in structure and style. The analysis locates the discursive role of the speech as a ‘field of action’ within the wider context of American political communication. Despite being thought of as a genre that is free of overtly political content, the Memorial Day corpus offers discrete snapshots of a nation’s self-image over time, but can also be viewed holistically.
Climate Change Education for Mitigation and Adaptation
Authors: Anderson Allison
Published: May 2013

This article makes the case for the education sector an untapped opportunity to combat climate change. It sets forth a definition of Climate Change Education for Sustainable Development that is comprehensive and multidisciplinary and asserts that it must not only include relevant content knowledge on climate change, environmental and social issues, disaster risk reduction, and sustainable consumption and lifestyles, but also a focus on the institutional environment in which that content is learned to ensure that schools and education systems themselves are climate-proofed and resilient as well as sustainable and green. The article presents evidence-based findings on the factors that influence skills, attitude and behaviour change the most, in order to determine what works for formal and non-formal climate change education content, including environmental education, climate change and scientific literacy, and education for sustainable lifestyles and consumption. The evidence shows that educational interventions are most successful when they focus on local, tangible, and actionable aspects of sustainable development, climate change and environmental education, especially those that can be addressed by individual behaviour. Finally, given that the majority of evidence that exists is anecdotal, often in case study format without monitoring and evaluation processes in place that could lead to quantitative as well as qualitative data, the article highlights remaining questions and areas of research that need to be investigated in order to guide effective climate change education policy and practice.