bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of Sustained Heat Generation from Pd-Ni-Zr Alloys in Hydrogen from the Viewpoint of Hydrogen Absorption
Authors: Sato Yuya , Oshima Kazumasa , Yamamoto Tsuyoshi , Kishida Masahiro , Uchimura Masanobu
Published: December 2024

In this work, the phenomenon of long-term heat generation from Pd-Ni-Zr (PNZ) alloy samples in hydrogen was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). As a result, we succeeded in observing sustained heat generation when the PNZ sample was maintained at temperatures in the 300–500◦C range. The fact that the DSC confirmed sustained heat generation over a short period of time is very significant. This is because repeated measurements over a short period of time provide more information about sustained heat generation. The relationship between sustained heat generation and hydrogen absorption behavior was examined in detail. No sustained heat generation occurred at temperatures at which the hydrogen was absorbed, while sustained heat generation occurred at the temperatures at which hydrogen was desorbed. The output of sustained heat generation decreased as the hydrogen pressure was increased. These results indicate that sustained heat generation is different from the heat of hydrogen storage. It was also found that sustained heat generation can be observed when the temperature is kept constant in the temperature range where hydrogen is being desorbed. In addition, the results of the alloy phase changes of PNZs when heat-treated in hydrogen suggested that the contribution of the alloy phase transition heat to sustained heat generation was small. Thus, it became clear that sustained heat generation in PNZs was not due to the heat of hydrogen storage, and it was suggested that the contribution of the alloy phase transition heat was small.
Microscopic Insights into the Anomalous Heat Effect that Unify Disparate Experimental Results
Authors: Hubler Graham K.
Published: December 2024

The anomalous heat effect (AHE) has many embodiments including hydrogen loading by electrolysis, high and low hydrogen pressure over elevated temperature nanostructures, ultrasound, and glow discharge loading. The AHE was triggered by variable charging current, temperature fluctuations, high voltage pulses, laser pulses, ultrasound, and electrolysis time. Pd materials for which the AHE has been reported include wires, cylinders, foils, and nanoparticles. Ni materials for which the AHE has been reported include constantan wires, Ni in zeolites, and Ni nanostructures. It is highly likely that the same AHE mechanism underlies all these embodiments despite their seemingly wide differences. Many investigators involved in research on the anomalous heat effect (AHE), including this author, are of the opinion that phonons in Pd and Ni play a role in generating and sustaining the AHE. Here it is hypothesized that the AHE requires a specific frequency optical phonon resonance that couples to electromagnetic radiation of the same frequency. If it can be arranged to sustain this specific, resonance, then the AHE is produced. It is demonstrated how this one assumption, coupled to several recent experimental results, can lead to useful microscopic insights that unify disparate experimental results under one umbrella and that may also be useful to guide further experiments.
Estimation of the Heat Generation of the Metal Composite Powder Absorbing the Pulsed Flow of Hydrogen Gas
Authors: Kobayashi Tomotaka , Naitoh Ken , Okada Daiki , Nakagawa Ryuki , Toba Yuta , Uchiumi Masaharu , Nakata Daisuke
Published: December 2024

Anomalous heat generation during the exposure of nickel or palladium powder to hydrogen or deuterium gas injected with pulse flow is reported here. In our previous report in ICCF23, a temperature rise of about 10 K was observed after the absorption of 0.5 MPa hydrogen gas by Pd-Ni-Zr composite powder at 244. In these tests hydrogen gas was injected slowly. In this research, we added a solenoid valve to our reaction system with a small chamber, and we conducted a hydrogen gas absorption experiment with pulsed flow generated by a solenoid valve, up to 295 and 5 MPa. As a result, a temperature rise of over 100 K was observed. We also estimated the energy generated in the experiments. As a result, the heat release rate estimated is about 30 W, for a very small reaction chamber with only 3 g of Pd-Ni-Zr composite powder, even though we have done experiments during a very short period of fewer than ten minutes for absorption. The result indicates that the pulsed flow of hydrogen gas increases the amount of heat generation.
The Nature of Cold Fusion (Cold Fusion Made Simple)
Authors: Storms Edmund
Published: December 2024

The cold fusion process is explained using a new understanding of the observed behavior that shows how many of the behaviors are related to each other and to the mechanism causing cold fusion. A mechanism is described that can guide a more reliable initiation of the nuclear process. Methods are suggested by which the model can be tested. The need for a new understanding of nuclear interaction is identified.
The Case of the Missing Tritium
Authors: Mosier-Boss Pamela A. Mosier-Boss , Forsley Lawrence P.
Published: December 2024

Pd/D co-deposition experiments conducted in low and high tritiated D2O are discussed. Four different groups, using different cathodes, electrolytes, and methodologies, performed these experiments. It was observed that when low tritiated D2O was used, tritium was produced. However, a loss of tritium occurred when highly tritiated D2O was employed. In this communication we explore the reactions and mechanisms that could explain this loss of tritium.
Understanding of MHE Power Generation Patterns by TSC Theory
Authors: Takahashi Akito , Hasegawa Masahiko , Mori Yutaka
Published: December 2024

The main MHE power generation pattern can be explained by the nuclear energy release of 4H/TSC WS fusion events at T-sites of Ni nano-cores. The release occurs when dynamic 4H cluster formations of 4 protons move from O-sites under phonon excitations in GMPW (global mesoscopic potential well) of Ni-nano-islands. This is the major process of power (about 20 W in our runs). In addition, minor excess power (about 4 W) is considered to be continuously released by 4H/TSC WS fusion events at SNHs (sub-nano-holes) on surfaces of Ni-nano-cores. This minor process remains after the H/Ni ratio is saturated. We found a method of MHE power re-activation by the RCV (reaction chamber valve) close-to-open method after H/Ni loading ratio becomes nearer to saturation. When RCV is opened, pulse thermal power generation occurs from 4H/TSC WS fusions at SNHs, which induces H-gas desorption-bursts from T-sites of Ni-nano-cores. This trigger event produces empty T-sites in Ni-nano-cores and slow H-loading to T-sites restarts with relatively large generation of 4H/TSC WS fusion power (10-15 W) for a considerably long time (about one day in our trigger-trial runs). This re-activation/trigger process can be repeated in-situ. We were able to trigger pulse thermal power more than ten times. The prediction by the TSC theory seems to be working very well. Some brief historical aspects of “cold fusion” or MHE research evolution are described in a portion of the Introduction.
Measurements of Excess Power Effects In Pd/D2O Systems Using a New Isoperibolic Calorimeter
Authors: Miles M. H. , Fleischmann M.
Published: December 2024

Relatively inexpensive isoperibolic calorimeters have been designed and constructed with the goal of obtaining a constant heat transfer coefficient that is insensitive to normal changes in the electrolyte level during electrolysis. Four prototypes were constructed from copper tubing and used different insulating materials. Preliminary tests on two of these new calorimeters show excellent stability for the cell temperature measurements, stable heat transfer coefficients during electrolysis, and precise power measurements. Initial applications include nitrate electrolytes and co-deposition systems. There was no evidence for any shuttle reactions in these experiments.
Studies on Anomalous Phenomena of D/Pd Systems using a Gas-loading Process – A Stride Towards Neutrino Detection
Authors: Dong Zhan M. , Liang Chang L. , Liu Bin , Wei Qing M. , Tian Jian , Zheng Shu X. , Yu Jin Z. , Li Xing Z.
Published: December 2024

A brief review of 20 years of experiments at Tsinghua University confirms anomalous phenomena during gas loading in D/Pd systems. A scale-up of the experiment would make it feasible to test the hypothesis that neutrinos are emitted during these phenomena (the “neutrino conjecture”).
Generalization of the Lossy Spin–Boson Model to Donor and Receiver Systems
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L. , Chaudhary Irfan U.
Published: December 2024

Energy in the Fleischmann–Pons experiment is produced without commensurate energetic particles, and 4He is seen in amounts proportional to the energy produced (with a ratio of energy to number near 24 MeV). Correspondingly we focus on the D2/4He transition as a two-level system coupled to an oscillator, in order to make a connection with the lossy spin–boson model considered in previous work. Because of the strong Coulomb repulsion between the deuterons, the associated coupling matrix element is very small, and there is no possibility of converting the transition energy to oscillator quanta within a simple lossy spin–boson model. This motivates us to generalize to more complicated model that includes a set of (donor) two-level systems for the D2 / 4 He transition, and a set of (receiver) two-level systems that are strongly coupled to the oscillator. We analyze the resulting model in the limit that the receiver system is very strongly coupled. Within this formulation, the associated dynamics can be interpreted in terms of a transition from D2 to 4He with direct conversion (and fractionation) of the large energy quantum to the oscillator, once the coupling with the receiver system is sufficiently strong.
Lochon-mediated Low-energy Nuclear Reactions
Authors: Sinha K. P. , Meulenberg A
Published: December 2024

In heavily hydrogenated (deuterated) palladium crystals, the crystallinity is degraded. This non-uniformity results in phonon modes that are localized and of higher frequency than for unloaded lattices. These modes create dynamic electrostatic fields that couple strongly with both bound and free electrons and the hydrogen (H and D) sub-lattice. A consequent potential inversion leads to the formation of “lochons” (local-charged bosons–electron pairs in the singlet state) and results in H− or D− ions in the sub-lattice. The nuclear-Coulomb repulsion between colliding D+ D− ion pairs in the sub-lattice is considerably reduced by the resultant “strong screening” and “lochon-drag” effects. Furthermore, work is done, by the bound lochon in a D− ion attracting an adjacent D+ ion. This results in reductions: of the deuteron’s electron-orbital radii, as the ion pair approaches; of the mass deficit between the deuteron pair and a 4He atom (or a proton pair and a 2He/2H atom); and finally of the Coulomb repulsion between nuclear protons in a helium nucleus. Thus, the end product of such a deuteron-pair fusion is an excited-helium nucleus (4He*) with lower energy relative to that resulting from energetic deuteron collisions. This reduced energy of the excited nucleus may be lower than its new fragmentation levels. The effect of lochon mediation, to alter the nuclear potential-well and fragmentation energies, allows decay to the 4He ground states to be free of particulate radiation. This decay process, of “neutral” 2He (from p+p) or 4He excited nuclei, is also a basis for observed transmutation.
Cryogenic Calorimetry of “Exploding” PdDx Wires
Authors: Tanzella F. L. , Bao J. , McKubre M. C. H.
Published: December 2024

Reports in the literature have shown that thin PdDx structures have yielded anomalous effects (heat and nuclear products) when stimulated by different forms of electro diffusion. We have designed, constructed, and operated a calorimeter operating at 77 K with a minimum detectability of less than 0.1 J and an accuracy of less than 0.06 J, which utilizes an “exploding wire” technique to examine the effect of a destructive electro-diffusion on a highly loaded PdDx wire. We have shown, using a very thin Pd wire cathode and a thin Pt wire anode, that highly loaded PdDx wires can be formed using high-voltage electrolysis of very high-purity D2O. Highly loaded PdDx wires can disintegrate (“explode”) to form microscopic particles when subjected to high current density pulses at 77 K. Under certain conditions PdDx wires can yield excess energy when subjected to high-current density pulses at 77 K.
Bird’s Eye View of Phonon Models for Excess Heat in the Fleischmann–Pons Experiment
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L.
Published: December 2024

Over the past several years, we have been developing models relevant to excess heat in the Fleischmann–Pons experiment. Here we review some of the key issues, and give an account of some of the progress that we have made. The excess heat effect is prodigious, and 4He seems to be correlated with the energy, but there are no energetic particles seen in amounts commensurate with the energy. This motivated us to seek models which fractionate a large energy quantum, and the lossy spin–boson model appears to do the job. Coherent energy exchange in the fractionation limit and excitation transfer are the mechanisms required which allow us to describe a new set of reactions and associated models which seem to be relevant to the experiments. The resulting models allow us to develop interpretations for numerous experimental observations.
Transmutation of Elements in Low-energy Glow Discharge and the Associated Processes
Authors: Savvatimova I. B.
Published: December 2024

The review of the main transmutation results in palladium and tungsten after the exposure to deuterium Glow Discharge (GD) measured by different Mass Spectrometry (MS) and Gamma-Spectrometry (GS) methods is given. The registered structure and isotopic ratio change alongside with formation of additional elements were accompanied by gamma and X-ray emission. The registered isotopic ratio change ranged within 2–1000 times, the quantity of additional elements undetected before varying within one tenth to dozens percents in Pd and Pd alloys. The isotopes with masses less than and exceeding those of the cathode material were measured in most of the experiments. The MS revealed that the tungsten isotopes transmutated into elements lighter than tungsten, higher post-experimental intensity of mass numbers 169, 170, 171, 178 and 180 being observed. The mass spectra peaks magnituded for isotopes lighter than W isotopes increased by factors ranging from 5 to 400. The registered increase varied from 5–50 cps in the original foils to 100–20 000 cps after the exposure to deuterium GD. Lighter isotopes in tungsten and tantalum foils placed on the GD cathode after deuterium GD exposure were identified using high resolution gamma/X-ray spectrometry. The comparison of thermal ionization mass-spectrometry (TIMS) data and data of gamma-spectra energy peaks allowed to assume that the peaks series observed in gamma spectra belong to the following isotopes: 169Yb, 170Hf , 171mYb, 172Hf and 178Yb. Correlation 70 72 70 72 70 of TIMS and Gamma spectrometry data leads to the assumption that the appearance of light isotopes in tungsten resulted from the low-energy decay process initiation caused by deuterium GD.
Priority in Nuclear Reactions in the Cold
Authors: Bockris John O'M
Published: December 2024

Fleischman, Pons and Hawkins [1] have been thought to have published the first invitro (but unknown) nuclear reaction in the cold in March 23, 1989. Bockris and Mallove [2] published in 1999 a survey of earlier nuclear reactions in the cold (later condensed matter nuclear reactions). Included in their list was a publication by two Italian engineers Speri and Zorzi [3] which came out in 1989. Drawn by this latter fact, in 2011, I investigated further the Speri and Zorzi paper which Mallove and I had mentioned with only a publication date. I found the paper in an obscure medium and discovered upon being able to read it that Speri and Zorzi had been awarded an Italian patent in 1978. The patent was awarded for the discovery of the fusion of hydrogen isotopes to form helium. The original work was carried out in 1974.
Quantum-correlated Fluctuations, Phonon-induced Bond Polarization, Enhanced Tunneling, and Low-energy Nuclear Reactions in Condensed Matter
Authors: Sinha K. P. , Meulenberg A.
Published: December 2024

In heavily (deuterated or hydrogenated) palladium, some of the crystallinity is lost. As a consequence, the localized phonon modes of the crystal/damaged-region interface have a much higher frequency than the host. These high-frequency modes create electrostatic fields that interact strongly with electrons of the local atoms. A resulting instantaneous potential inversion, from polarization, leads to the formation of lochons (local charged bosons–electron pairs in the singlet state, perhaps isolated from the Pd d-orbital energy levels) and of an associated H+ or D+ ion (with its two shared electrons instantaneously isolated into the adjacent Pd d-levels). The Coulomb repulsion between the nuclei of these pairs is greatly reduced by strong screening from the lochons that can even generate an attractive polarization potential. Furthermore, the mutual tunneling penetration probability of the Coulomb barrier is enhanced by correlatedfluctuations. Thisarisesfromthegeneralizeduncertaintyrelations,􏰂x􏰂px,􏰂E􏰂t ≥(n+1/2)h/(1−ρ2)0.5,where n may be on the order of 10–100 and where results from two models are combined. The integer n values represent excitations in the phonon modes of the H or D sub-lattice and ρ is the correlation coefficient with 0 < ρ < 1. Higher values of nand ρ, for a particle in a potential well, imply less localization and greater uncertainties in location (i.e., extending its probability distribution further into the barrier). These periodic fluctuations into the barrier are an interference effect similar to that of beat frequencies.
Are Ni + H Nuclear Reactions Possible?
Authors: Takahashi Akito
Published: December 2024

Various cases of possible orthodox nuclear reaction processes, including newly proposed 4H/TSC fusion by simultaneous weak and strong interactions, 4H/TSC + Ni induced fission products, Ni + p reactions and reaction by deuteron impurity, are comparatively discussed for feasibility. (1) Ni + p nuclear reaction is impossibly difficult to make the Coulomb-field penetration of proton through so many inner electron shells (K, L, M), usually non-active in chemical reactions, of Ni-atom. Also the proton capture with Ni-nucleus, if any with kW level power, should emit lethal prompt gamma-rays which have never been observed. So, this type of nuclear reactions is unlikely. (2) Deuteron impurity (1/6700 in H2 gas usually) may induce (3H+D)/TSC fusion to be considered. Conditioning of 3-dimensional symmetry of QM-wave function for TSC is however of problem to condense into microscopic neutral entity small enough for causing any strong interactions. (3) Thenewlyproposed4H/TSCWS(weak–stronginteractionsimultaneously)fusionisaplausiblescenariotohavecleanproducts (3He and proton, or deuterons) with significantly enhanced reaction rates in Ni nano-particles, for rare-conditioned (as discussed) visible heat generation with very weak secondary neutrons (10−13 order of 3He primary product) and gamma-rays (10−11 order of 3He primary product). Degrees of the generation rate of 4H/TSC (t = 0) transient clusters in Ni–H nano-particles and the life-time elongation of 4H/TSC-minimum state are speculatively studied. The auto-recovery capability of Ni nano-catalyst is considered as the key. (4) The 4H/TSC + Ni-isotope capture-and-fission process, previously proposed in our paper of JCMNS 1 (2007) 86–96 is another plausible scenario, to result in generation of clean fission products in A < 60 mass region. More enhanced 4p + Ni to fission rates than the previous prediction is expected due to the possible elongation of 4H/TSC-minimum-state life time without complete nuclear break-up of the symmetric cluster under dynamic condensation.
Electron Mass Enhancement and the Widom–Larsen Model
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L.
Published: December 2024

Widom and Larsen have put forth a model to describe excess heat and transmutation in LENR experiments. This model is the single most successful theoretical model that the field has seen since it started; it has served as the theoretical justification for a program at NASA; and it has accumulated an enormous number of supporters both within and outside of the condensed matter nuclear science community. The first step in the model involves the proposed accumulation of mass by electrons through Coulomb interactions with electrons and ions in highly-excited coupled plasmon and optical phonon modes. Historically for us this mass increase has been hard to understand, so we were motivated in this study to understand better how this comes about. To study it, we consider simple classical models which show the effect, from which we see that the mass increase can be associated with the electron kinetic energy. The basic results of the simple classical model carry over to the quantum problem in the case of simple wave packet solutions. Since there are no quantum fluctuations of the longitudinal field in the Coulomb gauge, the resulting problem is conventional, and we find no reason to expect MeV electron kinetic energy in a conventional consideration of electrons in metals. We consider the numerical example outlined in a primer on the Widom–Larsen model, and find that multiple GW/cm2 would be required to support the level of vibrational excitation assumed in the surface layer; this very large power per unit area falls short by orders of magnitude the power level needed to make up the expected energy loss of the mass-enhanced electrons. We note that the mass enhancement of an electron in a transverse field is connected to acceleration, so that the electron radiates. A similar effect is expected in the longitudinal case, and a very large amount of easily detected X-ray radiation would be expected if an MeV-level mass enhancement were present even in a modest number of electrons.
Cu–Ni–Mn Alloy Wires, with Improved Sub-micrometric Surfaces, Used as LENR Device by New Transparent, Dissipation-type Calorimeter
Authors: Celani Francesco , Marano E. F. , Ortenzi B. , Pella S. , Bartalucci S. , Micciulla F. , Bellucci S. , Spallone A. , Nuvoli A. , Purchi E. , Nakamura N. , Righi E. , Trenta G. , Zangari G. L. , Ovidi A.
Published: December 2024

Starting in February 2011, we studied the feasibility of new nickel-based alloys that are able to absorb significant amounts of hydrogen (H2) and/or deuterium (D2) and might, in principle, possibly generate anomalous thermal effects at temperatures >100◦C. The interest in Ni alloys comes in part because there is the possibility to use H2 instead of expensive D2. Moreover, a cross- comparison of results using H2 instead of D2 can be made and could help the understanding of the phenomena involved (and the possible nuclear origin).
Anomalous Metals in Electrified Vacuum
Authors: Esko Edward Esko Edward
Published: December 2024

Independent analysis of Quantum Rabbit (QR) vacuum arc test samples from an experiment conducted on Sept. 27, 2011 revealed the anomalous appearance of potassium (K) and gold (Au). These anomalies appeared in a prior QR vacuum arc test and raise the possibility of low energy transmutation.
Pressurized Plasma Electrolysis Experiments
Authors: Biberian Jean-Paul , Valat Mathieu , Sigaut Walter , Clauzon Pierre , Fauvarque Jean-François
Published: December 2024

We have performed a plasma electrolysis experiment for the first time at a pressure of 5 × 105 Pa in a specially designed calorimeter. The cathode was a 2 mm tungsten rod, and the anode was a stainless-steel foil. The electrolyte was 0.6 mol K2CO3 in light water. In one instance, we observed excess heat of 20 W for 90 min.
Explaining Cold Fusion
Authors: Storms Edmund
Published: December 2024

Five assumptions are identified that apply to all theories. These assumptions and several others are used to create a new explanation of low energy nuclear reactions (cold fusion) based on formation of a novel active environment within a variety of materials. The method to form this environment and the nuclear consequences are described. The fusion process is proposed to occur when a form of metallic hydrogen is created in nano-cracks. Methods to test the model are provided. Engineering variables are identified and used to show how the process can be controlled and amplified. These assumptions can also be used to evaluate other proposed explanations.
In the Spirit of John Bockris
Authors: Storms Edmund
Published: December 2024

The life of Prof. John Bockris provides a reminder of how good science should be undertaken and the harm a scientist and all of science suffer when these expectations are ignored.
Empirical Models for Octahedral and Tetrahedral Occupation in PdH and in PdD at High Loading
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L.
Published: December 2024

High D/Pd loading is known to be a requirement for producing excess heat in the Fleischmann–Pons experiment, and much work has in recent years been focused on electrochemical protocols and cathode processing in order to achieve D/Pd loadings approaching unity routinely. However, we know very little about PdD at a loading near unity, and almost nothing about what happens when the loading exceeds unity. It may be that when the octahedral sites are fully occupied, additional interstitial deuterium atoms occupy tetrahedral sites, a proposal which at this point has little experimental support. It is nevertheless possible to construct an empirical model for this scenario, and to make use of available experimental data to fit the associated model parameters. We worked with empirical models for both PdD and PdH that assume an O-site energy quadratic in loading, and an O-site to T-site excitation which is either constant in loading, or else taken as an empirical function fit to estimates inferred from the analysis of experimental data. There are two empirical models, each with four or more free parameters; and insufficient experimental data from which to choose each parameter or function independently. We add supplementary constraints that presume the models for PdH and PdD must be very similar, which reduces the number of degrees of freedom within the models. This allows data from PdH to be used to construct a model for PdD, and vice versa. The models which result are interesting; they suggest these complicated systems might be understood based on a simple underlying picture; they indicate that there is more T-site occupation than has been appreciated previously in the literature; they indicate that the resistance ratio calibrations for PdH and PdD are inconsistent; and finally, measurements of the chemical potential at high loading have the potential to provide information about the O-site to T-site excitation energy.
Seeking X-rays and Charge Emission from a Copper Foil Driven at MHz Frequencies
Authors: Tanzella F.L. , Bao J. , McKubre M.C.H. , Hagelstein P.L.
Published: December 2024

The absence of energetic nuclear particles in the Fleischmann–Pons experiment has been interpreted as indicating that a large nuclear quantum can be down-converted into a great many low energy vibrational quanta. Models that describe this also suggest that low energy vibrational quanta can be up-converted to produce nuclear excitation. Karabut’s collimated X-ray emission has been interpreted as being due to the up-conversion of vibrational energy in a small cathode to produce excitation in 201Hg. To test this, we developed a new experiment to vibrate a copper foil with and without surface Hg, and we looked for X-ray emission and charge emission from the surface. Signals were observed in the detectors in both cases; however, the signals in the X-ray detector did not respect the absorption edge of the Be window and are artifacts; and the large current signals associated with charge emission did not charge a capacitor in a simple configuration. We conclude that both are artifacts. The absence of collimated X-ray emission in this case is interpreted as due to the absence of strong low energy nuclear transitions in the copper, and also as ruling out a candidate theoretical model involving up-conversion due to interactions with negative energy transitions. A new interpretation of the Karabut experiment focuses now on lower frequency vibrations in the massive steel cathode holder and vacuum chamber as responsible for the up-conversion, and transfer of the up-converted energy to surface 201Hg to produce the collimated X-ray emission.
The Launch of a New Plan on Condensed Matter Nuclear Science at Tohoku University
Authors: Iwamura Yasuhiro , Kasagi Jirohta , Kikunaga Hidetoshi , Yoshino Hideki , Itoh Takehiko , Hattori Masanao , Mizuno Tadahiko
Published: December 2024

A new division devoted to Condensed Matter Nuclear Reaction (CMNR) was established at the Research Center for Electron Photon Science of Tohoku University in April 2015. This division consist of researchers from Tohoku University, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Clean Planet Inc., who have been actively engaged in the field of CMNR. In this division, fundamental research on condensed matter nuclear reaction, R&D on energy generation and nuclear waste decontamination will be performed.
Nature of the Deep-Dirac Levels
Authors: Meulenberg Andrew , Paillet Jean-Luc
Published: December 2024

Maly and Va’vra (M&V) in 1993 and 1995 presented a computational evaluation of the Dirac equations that included the ‘anoma- lous’ solution. The regular solutions of these equations are the basis for modern quantum mechanical predictions for comparison with the experimental values of atomic-electron orbital energies. The other solution, discussed in the literature for over 55 years, is relativistic and considered anomalous because its predicted levels are very deep (up to 511 keV) and have never been observed. Nevertheless, the existence of these deep levels provides a ready explanation of the mechanism for penetration of the Coulomb bar- rier and the means of D–D fusion below the 4He fragmentation levels. Since these levels also provide the basis for all of the other cold fusion observations (both PdD and NiH systems), it is important that arguments for and against the Dirac model be examined. The theoretical support for this anomalous solution is provided in a companion paper in this conference. This presentation seeks: to update the deep-orbit information provided in a poster at ICCF-17, to describe the nature of these deep–Dirac levels (DDLs), to report on additional, but unpublished, results presented by Va’vra in 1998, and to correct some interpretations of the model that Va’vra has provided in 2013. There are some unusual properties of the DDLs relative to those of the known atomic orbitals. In- terpretation of the DDL properties, based on the non-relativistic solutions, leads to misunderstandings and further rejection of the concept of the deep levels. We hope to clarify this situation and indicate the importance of the calculations for cold fusion models. Cold fusion results provide a basis for understanding the DDLs and the proposed new fields of femto-physics and femto-chemistry.
Heat Production and RF Detection during Cathodic Polarization of Palladium in 0.1 M LiOD
Authors: Violante Vittorio , Castagna E. , Lecci S. , Pagano G. , M. Sansovini and M. Sansovini and , F. Sarto F. Sarto
Published: December 2024

The study of the Fleischmann–Pons Effect (FPE), i.e. the production of excess power production during electrochemical loading of deuterium in palladium (in the past labeled cold fusion) has had a notably multidisciplinary character, involving solid state and nuclear physics, material science, electrochemistry and other fields. Correlations between the material status and the occurrence of the effect as well as some changes in the electrochemical interface status have been observed. Although during the last two decades, in several calorimetric experiments the effect was observed to be well above the measurement uncertainty, the mechanism producing the excess power is not completely understood. So far, the lack of reproducibility has been responsible for the absence of a clear explanation of the phenomenon based on experimental apparatus designed to enhance the spectrum of information required to define the effect. Recently, In order to improve this aspect of this research, specific work has been carried out to investigate whether the excess power was produced concurrently with the emission of Radio Frequency from the active cathode. Suitable probes and triggering included in the RF experimental system revealed RF signal emission during electrochemical loading of palladium samples, and a correlation between the heat production, in active samples, and RF signal emission was found. The preliminary results highlight the importance of performing studies on the electrodynamic effects that may be involved in the phenomenon, and the importance of the design of appropriate instruments designed to investigate unexplored regions of metal hydrogen systems.
Attempted Replication of Excess Heat in the Letts Dual-laser Experiment
Authors: Guffey Mason J. , Tang Yang , King P.J.
Published: December 2024

By attempting a nearly exact replication of prior published work, we test the claim that release of non-chemical excess heat from loaded palladium deuteride (PdD) can be triggered by the application of two laser beams with wavelengths selected at specific difference frequencies around 8, 15 and 20 THz. No significant excess heat events were observed in 231 laser triggered trials across 9 cathode runs. The average excess heat rate observed from all runs was 6.1 ± 21.6 mW with ⇠10 W of input electrical power. We found no evidence of excess heat on the order of 100 mW reported by Letts. Calorimetry artifacts stemming from apparatus design issues often exceeded 100 mW and contributed to larger-than-desired uncertainties on individual excess heat measurements.
Relativity and Electron Deep Orbits of the Hydrogen Atom
Authors: Paillet Jean-Luc , Meulenberg A.
Published: December 2024

This work continues our previous works on electron deep orbits of the hydrogen atom. An introduction shows the importance of the deep orbits of hydrogen (H or D) for research in the LENR domain, and gives some general considerations on the Electron Deep Orbits (EDOs). In a first part we quickly recall the known criticism against the EDO and how we face it. In particular, a solution to fix all problems is to consider a modified Coulomb potential with finite value inside the nucleus. For this reason, we deeply analyzed the specific work of Maly and Va’vra on deep orbits as solutions of the Dirac equation, with such a modified Coulomb potential without singular point. Then, by using a more complete ansatz, we made numerous computations on the wavefunctions of these EDOs, allowing to confirm the approximate size of the mean radii ⟨r⟩ of orbits and to find further properties. Moreover, we observed that the essential element for obtaining deep orbits solutions is special relativity. At a first glance, this fact results from an obvious algebraic property of the expression of energy levels obtained by the relativistic equations. Now, a comparative analysis of the relativistic and of the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation allows us to affirm that Special Relativity leads to the existence of EDOs because of the non-linear form of the relativistic expression for the total energy, which implies a relativistic non-linear correction to the Coulomb potential.
Electron Deep Orbits of the Hydrogen Atom
Authors: Pailet J. L. , Meulenberg A.
Published: December 2024

his work continues our previous works, on electron deep orbits of the hydrogen atom. An introduction shows the importance of the deep orbits of hydrogen (H or D) for research in the LENR domain, and gives some general considerations on the Electron Deep Orbits (EDO) and on other works about deep orbits. A first part recalls the known criticism against the EDO and how we face it. At this occasion we highlight the difference of resolution of these problems between the relativistic Schrödinger equation and the Dirac equation, which leads for this latter, to consider a modified Coulomb potential with finite value inside the nucleus. In the second part, we consider the specific work of Maly and Va’vra on deep orbits as solutions of the Dirac equation, the so-called Deep Dirac Levels (DDLs). As a result of some criticism about the matching conditions at the boundary, we verified their computation, but by using a more complete ansatz for the “inside” solution. We can confirm the approximate size of the mean radii ⟨r⟩ of DDL orbits and that ⟨r⟩ decreases when the Dirac angular quantum number k increases. This latter finding is a self-consistent result since (as distinct from the atomic-electron orbitals) the binding energy of the DDL electron increases (in absolute value) with k. We observe that the essential element for obtaining deep orbits solutions is special relativity.
Increased PdD anti-Stokes Peaks are Correlated with Excess Heat Mode
Authors: Swartz Mitchell R. , Hagelstein Peter L.
Published: December 2024

Volume-enhanced Coherent Multi-wavelength Optical Reflection Electric-driven (CMORE) spectroscopy successfully differenti- ates active states in LANR nanomaterials. All the anti-Stokes peaks are relatively missing in the undriven mode for all of the nanostructured materials. Weak anti-Stokes peaks are elicited from Pd (and Ni and their alloy) nanostructured material in ZrO2. But when NANOR􏰫-type components are electrically driven, there is diversity in outcome. When driven in the avalanche mode, the anti-Stokes peaks differ considerably from those which appear during the excess heat (XSH)-producing or desired mode. The anti-Stokes peak(s) differ in energy, amount, and in what stimulates their appearance. However, normal anti-Stokes peaks return when the electrical drive creates “avalanche mode” characterized by higher electrical current at decreasing voltage. The avalanche anti-Stokes peaks are many, and they are lower energy than the XSH mode produced anti-Stokes peak (described main text). By contrast, successful cold fusion is heralded by a large increase in the anti-Stokes to Stokes (aS/S) ratio, and the generated anti-Stokes peak for the desired and XSH-producing state is very different from the avalanche-generated multiple anti-Stokes peaks. That XSH- related peak is singular and at higher energy. This distinguishing, higher energy, single, anti-Stokes peak is also not seen in the “off” state or the avalanche (undesirable) mode. Our analysis finds that the excess-heat produced anti-Stokes peak is matched to the Stokes line of PdD. We also find that the several lower energy anti-Stokes in avalanche mode (unsuccessful regarding CF/LANR) are matched to the many Stokes peaks for zirconia. In the desired electric-driven XSH-producing mode, the two-terminal deu- terided NANOR􏰫-type CF/LANR component has a measured Boltzmann Stokes ratio ∼1.3. Analysis of the phonon gain heralds ∼7±0 15 acoustic phonons assisting nuclear reactions and a core peak calculated
Helium Measurements From Target Foils, LANL and PNNL, 1994
Authors: Stringham Roger Sherman
Published: December 2024

The alphas formed in Ti and Pd target foils were measured as 4He in a mass spectrum, MS, analysis at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, PNNL, a lab that specializes in 3He and 4He measurements. The exposed bcc crystal lattice Ti target foil, TF, measured an average of 39 × 1012 ± 1.4 trapped 4He atoms. The fcc crystal lattices of Pd, Ag, Ni, and Cu target foils, particularly the two measured fcc Pd TF lattices produced ∼ 0.35 × 1012 trapped 4He atoms. This helium level was just above its background level, and 1/100 that of the bcc Ti TF. In the fcc palladium TF, SEM crater volume measurements show that most of the alphas are ejected into the circulating D2O, where they were measured in the gas phase. In 1994 the samples were run at LANL and measured at PNNL. The helium was measured by melting small TF pieces cut from the active center zone. Then each piece was placed in a crucible, and melted under vacuum, releasing all gases including background helium. These collected gases from one piece were pretreated; then were measured. The data was converted to total 4He atoms trapped in the active zone of the TF lattice. A total of 24 measurements for 3He and 4He on three TFs found no 3He but 4He in all 12 measurements. SEM photos of single ejecta sites were combined with calculations of old data that used knowledge gained from 23 years of cavitation experience that enhances the old data.
Binuclear Atoms: A Model to Explain Low Energy Nuclear Reactions
Authors: Accomazzi Paolo
Published: December 2024

In this paper we show that the helium-like hydrogen spectra obtained by Randell L. Mills and ultra-dense hydrogen obtained by Holmlid can be interpreted as experimental evidence of Binuclear Atoms. The hydrogen Binuclear Atom, a model proposed 25 years ago, is a metastable configuration in which the two nuclei are held together at a very short distance in an atom-like configuration. This should be a distinctive configuration of the hydrogen molecule where nuclei are characterized by a high kinetic energy, and nuclear motion is coupled with electronic motion. This is a completely different model from the usual Born–Oppenheimer picture of atoms and molecules we are used to, where nuclei oscillate about their equilibrium positions and electronic motion is decoupled from the nuclear one. The identification of helium-like hydrogen spectra and ultra-dense hydrogen as Binuclear Atoms has a strong impact on one of the main objections to Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR): the overcoming of the Coulomb barrier thus identifying a sound mechanism for the occurrence of LENR. This work is not conclusive. The only goal of this work is to focus the attention of people interested in LENR mechanism on this subject, and encourage them to take this hypothesis more seriously.
Increase of an Anti-Stokes Peak at the Cathode of an Electrically Driven, Active Aqueous Nickel/H2O/Pt System
Authors: Swartz Mitchell R.
Published: December 2024

Coherent Multiwavelength Optical Reflection Electric-driven (CMORE) spectroscopy offers investigators of condensed matter nu- clear science a new diagnostic – in addition to calorimetry and detection of classic emissions. The fact that these discerning spectra occur at the beginning of an experimental run before the temperature and calorimetry can respond in both nanomaterials, and now aqueous systems as reported here, is of tremendous potential value to experimentalists because it may enable avoiding inactive modes and undesired quenching reactions.
Nuclear Transmutations and Stabilization of Unstable Nuclei in the Cold Fusion Phenomenon∗
Authors: Kozima Hideo
Published: December 2024

We summarize the nuclear transmutations observed in the cold fusion phenomenon (CFP) putting a weight on the biotransmutation, i.e. nuclear transmutations in biological systems. The CF materials, i.e. materials where occurs the CFP, are classified into three groups: (1) the metallic material includes transition-metal hydrides (e.g. NiHx, AuHx) and deuterides (e.g. PdDx, TiDx), (2) the carbonic material includes hydrogen graphite (HCx) and cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) and (3) the biological material includes microorganisms, microbial cultures and biological tissues or organs. We explain these characteristics briefly in this paper. The stabilization of unstable nuclei, including the decay-time shortening of radioactive nuclei, in the nuclear transmutation is especially interesting from the applicatory point of view in relation to the treatment of the hazardous nuclear waste accompanied to the nuclear power plant. A characteristic of biological systems where occurs selective adsorption of specific ions seems especially useful for the application. If we have a microorganism or microbial culture absorbing an ion of a radioactive element selectively, we can remediate the radioactivity by the biotransmutation.
Light Hydrogen LENR in Copper Alloys
Authors: McCarthy William H.
Published: December 2024

An example of Low Energy Nuclear Reaction (LENR) is demonstrated. A cell containing copper-boron alloy electrodes, infused with hydrogen at high temperature and moderate pressure, was tested. Calorimetry showing assumed nuclear energy well in excess of standard statistical requirements is reported. Equipment to detect far infrared emissions produced by these cells was built and is described. An electronic resonance method to reduce input is being developed to greatly improve efficiency. This should lead to a commercially viable energy source, with little or no environmental consequences. Some theoretical discussion is also given.
Building and Testing a High Temperature Seebeck Calorimeter
Authors: Letts Dennis G. , Cravens Dennis J.
Published: December 2024

A high temperature Seebeck calorimeter capable of operating at 200–300◦C was built and tested. The testing used a glow discharge tube containing plated palladium on the side walls and a molybdenum central anode. Running with deuterium gas and high voltages demonstrated excess thermal power at levels of 5–10 W but no excess power was observed when natural abundance hydrogen was used. In addition to the normal Seebeck measurements, excess power was also observed using back-off power measurements of the enclosure heater containing the Seebeck. A resistive control heater was used to verify the system.
Alternatives to Calorimetry
Authors: David Fabrice , Giles John
Published: December 2024

Since the first publication of Martin Fleischman and Stanley Pons in 1989, the majority of articles in the LENR field have focused on calorimetry. Many calorimetry experiments are masterpieces of science. Nevertheless, despite the experimental evidence, the results indicating excessive heat have not convinced the scientific community. For this purpose, we propose three relatively simple techniques: The “Fusion Diode” effect, the Reifenschweiler effect and a new postulated effect, not yet observed: the magnetic alignment of the tritium pairs.