bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Motile Phenomena in Sponges
Authors: Lieberkühn N.
Published: April 2021

(Abstracted from ‘Reichert and Du Bois-Reymond’s Archiv.), 1863, p. 717).

The motile phenomena hitherto observed in sponges are connected with larger or smaller portions of the external integument and of the exhalent tubules, or with isolated cells. When the exhalent tubules of Spongilla contract, their walls become shortened and thickened, and the previously smooth surface uneven, from the presence of the spherical contracted cells, whose outlines at the same time are rendered very distinct, whilst they were before invisible, or, at most, here and there indistinctly perceptible. This contraction may proceed so far as to give the entire tubule the appearance of a mass of cells. The external membrane with which the sponge is covered exhibits its contractile property most clearly when separated to some distance from the substance of the body; on contracting, it either approaches nearer, or applies itself closely to, the subjacent parts, whilst the inhalent orifices open and close. Other motile phenomena are witnessed when a Spongilla with external membrane and exhalent canals is produced from a cut-off portion. The fragment thus cut off may be so thin as to consist of only a single layer of reticular parenchymatous fibres. The interstitial rounded, oval, or irregular spaces, under these circumstances, become for the most part closed, owing to the gradual increase in breadth of the trabeculæ; or cavities may be left when their membranes are stretched over them only from the upper and under sides of the trabeculæ, which enclose a space between them, and may become portions of the outer membrane, with exhalent canals. It cannot be determined with certainty to what extent this change of form is connected with any multiplication of cells. Lastly, movements in the individual cells have been noticed, the globular cells having been described as assuming a stellate figure, the stellate ones in turn becoming globular, but also this without any locomotion. This phenomenon occurs, not only in the cells of the uninjured substance, but also in those which have been detached. But locomotion has not as yet been described, and it is to this point that the following observations relate.
Linnean Society
Authors: Berkley M. J.
Published: April 2021

On the Spiral Markings of the Plocci in the Genus Triohia
On Hendry’s Crystals
Authors: Hendby William
Published: April 2021

The author stated that four years since, in attempting to substitute fusion by the blowpipe for cement, in fixing their glass covers to slides, he noticed masses of crystals produced in the covers after the treatment, and believing them to be unkown, he named them after himself. To obtain the cry tais he heats a thin glass cover on a piece of mica, over a spirit-lamp, holding both with forceps; then quickly turning them to the side of the flame, applies a blowpipe, withdrawing the cover to the apex of the flame for a few moments. An examination with a 1 or -inch objective will then show the crystals. Similar results were observed in a thin glass slide, after a similar treatment, when examined with th objective. Specimens were sent with the paper, and the author suggests that it would be desirable to ascertain the chemical nature of the crystals, whether a silicate of lead or soda.
Crystallization and the Microscope
Authors: Davies Thomas
Published: April 2021

In no branch of science does the microscope prove more useful than in the study of the numerous forms of the crystallization of salts. The exceeding minuteness of these forms constitutes no difficulty in their study; and where their tenuity renders them so transparent as to become literally invisible, polarized light generally lays them open to observation, with the addition of every beauty that colour can bestow. Without this aid, who would have suspected the rings and cross of nitre, or the gorgeous appearance of salicine? Even more than this may be asserted when we remember how many valuable facts there are which would still remain unknown without the aid of polarized light and the microscope.
On the Development of Tubulipora, and on some British and Northern Species of this Genus
Authors: Harmer Sidney F.
Published: April 2021

The principal object of the observations described in the present paper was to test the conclusion, at which I formerly arrived, that a process of embryonic fission is of normal occurrence in Cyclostomatous Polyzoa. The process had already been demonstrated in Crisia (15) and in Lichenopora (16), and I am now able to show that the development of Tubulipora1 takes place on essentially the same lines. In the course of these observations it became apparent that the discrimination of the British species of Tubulipora had not been characterised with sufficient precision.
Diagrams illustrating the Life-history of the Parasites of Malaria
Authors: Ross Ronald , Fielding-Ould R.
Published: April 2021

The parasitology of the red blood-corpuscle of Vertebrates was opened in 1870 by Ray Lankester’s discovery of the Drepanidium ranarum. In 1880 Laveran made the important observation that somewhat similar intra-corpus- cular organisms exist in the blood of human beings suffering from malarial fever. Since then Danielewsky, Kruse, Koch, Dionisi, and others have demonstrated allied parasites in the blood of reptiles, birds, bats, and monkeys, and Smith and Kilborne have shown that the disease of oxen called Texas cattle fever is due to an intra-corpuscular parasite of another kind. As the result of these observations we are now familiar with a considerable number of such organisms. All of them are usually classed among the Protozoa, and in the somewhat artificial order of the Sporozoa. They are generally divided into three groups, which are as follows.
Note on the Morphological Significance of the Various Phases of Hæmamœbidæ
Authors: Lankester E. Ray
Published: April 2021

The discovery of true sexual zygosis in unicellular organisms1 has so great an importance that I have thought it desirable to add a few words to the valuable account given by Messrs. Ross and Fielding-Ould, and to place before the reader some woodcuts illustrating the recent discovery of microgametes and macrogametes in the life-history of Coccidiidæ, which serve to emphasise and confirm the discovery of MacCallum of sexual zygosis in the Hæmamœbæ. A very interesting and significant fact is that the microgametes of these Protozoa are neither more nor less than spermatozoa— agreeing with the spermatozoa of higher organisms in form and appearance and in mode of development. It is less remarkable, though significant, that the macrogamete is identical in character with the egg-cell or ovum of higher forms.
Dolichorhynchus indiens, n. g., n. sp. A New Acraniate
Authors: Willey Arthur
Published: April 2021

In the collection of Polychæta made during the voyages of H.M.S. Investigator,” in the Indian Ocean, under the direction of Dr. Alcock, there is a tube containing several specimens of an Amphioxus, which on inspection has proved to be the type of a new sub-genus of the genus Bran-chiostoma.
Heteropleuron hectori, the New Zealand Lancelet
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland
Published: April 2021

By the kindness of Sir James Hector I have been able to examine a couple of specimens of an “Amphioxus” that have been for some years past in the Colonial Museum at Wellington, N.Z. The specimens are referred to by Captain Hutton in his ‘Catalogue of the Fishes of New Zealand,’ published by the Colonial Museum and Geological Survey Department in 1872.
Studies in the Retina: Rods and Cones in the Frog and in some other Amphibia
Authors: Bernard H. M.
Published: April 2021

The first part of this paper was devoted to showing that the structures called “cones” in the amphibian retina were the earlier stages in the development of the new rods required by growth, and that they force their way in wherever there is room for them between already existing rods. The forms of these elements with the positions of their nuclei2 were alone dealt with. In this paper it is proposed to give some account of the intimate structure of the amphibian rod. The minute details to be described will necessitate some discussion of the physiological processes which, so far as I have been able to interpret them, underlie their forms.
On Two New Species1 Of Onychophora From The Siamese Malay States.
Authors: Evans Richard
Published: April 2021

Peripatus, although found in the islands of the Malay and Melanesian Archipelagos, in Sumatra and New Britain, has not been hitherto discovered on the mainland of the Asiatic continent. Dr. R. Horst (8) recorded a specimen from Sumatra in 1886. The specimen in question was subsequently named P. sumatranus by Sedgwick (15). Several years (1898) afterwards Dr. Arthur Willey described a species which he himself collected in New Britain (17, 18).
The Cœlomic Fluid In Acanthodrilids
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland
Published: April 2021

The corpusculated fluid contained, in the coelom of European earthworms belonging to the family Lumbricidæ has been the subject of a memoir by Dr. Rosa—from whose careful studies we have learnt that, in certain species of the genus Allolobophora, the corpuscles are of a varied character—differing somewhat in different species; and, moreover, that the commonly accepted account of the formed elements of the fluid is not only very incomplete, but more or less erroneous. The usual description refers to this fluid as “a colourless fluid with numerous amoeboid corpuscles.” This is an imperfect truth, for, in addition to “amœbocytes,” there are, in the commoner species of Allolobophora, numerous “Eleocyte” cells containing refringent oily globules, which are, however, absent in species of the genus Lumbricus, where, it seems, their place is taken by “vacuolated lymphocytes,” which are not endowed with amoeboid movement.
Review of Mr. Iwaji Ikeda’s Observations on the Development, Structure, and Metamorphosis of Actinotrocha1
Authors: Masterman A. J.
Published: April 2021

Zoologists are indebted to this publication of the Tokyo University for an account of many valuable zoological researches, and by nu means the least important is contained in the volume now lying before us. Mr. Ikeda has been enabled to study the living larva and the embryonic stages at the Misaki marine station. The newly described species, Phoronis ijimai, Oka, furnished the embryonic stages, and for the structure of the larva no less than four species (?) were examined. Of these perhaps the most remarkable is type D, which is a large larva about 5 mm. in length and with about forty-eight tentacles.
On the Teeth of Petromyzon and Myxine
Authors: Warren Ernest
Published: April 2021

Those observers who regard the Cyclostomata as a degenerate offshoot from a gnathostome ancestor would naturally desire to look upon the horny teeth as degenerate structures, and they would endeavour to find in them remains of parts homologous to those of an ordinary vertebrate tooth.
Artificial Parthenogenesis and Fertilisation: A Review
Authors: Bryce Thomas H.
Published: April 2021

This article is an effort to gather together, in so far as they relate to the phenomena of fertilisation in the sea-urchin egg, the results obtained by experiments. It does not pretend to consider the problem of fertilisation as a whole, nor the phenomena save in Echinoderms, and no attempt will be made to establish comparisons with other forms in which the details may to some extent differ. The limitation to one form is in so far appropriate, that practically all the experiments have been made on Echinoderm eggs.
Trypanosoma in Birds in India
Authors: Hanna W.
Published: April 2021

The comparatively recent discovery of the presence of trypanosoma in man as a cause of disease by Dutton, Castellani, and others has opened up a field of interesting research. In view of the help which has been afforded in the investigation of the malaria parasite in man by the study of similar protozoan infections in animals, chiefly birds, it might be of service to record the presence of trypanosoma parasites in the blood of birds in India. The life history of these Protozoa will very probably be first elucidated and worked out in the lower animals. From the cases recorded by Dutton and Manson, and the possible relationship of these parasites to sleeping sickness, they have now become more than pathological curiosities.
On the Branchial Vessels of Sternaspis
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S.
Published: April 2021

Some years ago, when studying the interesting worm Sternaspis thalassemoides, Otto, at the Zoological Station at Naples, for the purpose of describing the structure of its excretory and reproductive organs (2), I examined the very remarkable and beautiful vascular apparatus which supplies the gill filaments at the hind end of the body. Finding that the branchial organs of Sternaspis did not appear to agree in the details of their organisation with any of the descriptions hitherto given, I determined to work out their minute anatomy. But owing to their very small size, to the presence of a tough cuticle, and to an external layer of sandy particles, it is very difficult indeed to make out the exact relation of the various blood-vessels to the gill filaments, either by dissection or by serial sections. It is, therefore, only after repeated failures, that it is at last possible for me to present what is, I believe, a correct account of their structure.
The Middle Ear and Columella of Birds
Authors: Smith Geoffrey
Published: April 2021

It may seem a supererogatory task to add to the pile of literature which deals with the ear-bone homologies a straightforward account of those anatomical and embryological facts which may be ascertained by the examination of such familiar types as the fowl and pigeon; but after a painstaking research into the literature of the Sauropsidau middle ear I have unwillingly concluded that such a course was desirable. Although this literature is voluminous there is no single description of any Suuropsidan type which from a modern standpoint can be considered at all complete ; that is to say, there is no account which describes in any one type— 1.The development and transformation of the auditory ossicles from the earliest procartilage stage up-war ds;2.The relations of the seventh nerve and chorda tympani to the ossicles at different stages of development.
Notes on Sporozoa
Authors: Woodcock H. M.
Published: April 2021

Smith and Johnson (1) recently described a new Coccidian parasitic in the kidneys of the mouse (Mus musculus). The seat of the infection is the renal epithelium of the convoluted tubules of the cortex and of the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsules. The enormously hypertrophied parasitecontaining cells swell out into and completely occlude the lumen of the tubule, causing entire disorganisation of the affected tissue.
On the Existence of an Anterior Rudimentary Gill in Astacus fluviatilis, Fabr
Authors: Moseley Margery
Published: April 2021

The theoretical gill formula for the Decapod Crustacea is four on each side of each somite, corresponding to the three maxillipeds and the five legs—that is, Somites VII to XIV, counting the ophthalmic somite as No. 1.
Notes on the Anatomy of Gazelletta
Authors: Fowler G. Herbert
Published: April 2021

In a recent paper I described, as completely as the state of preservation of the material would permit, the anatomy of Planktonetta atlantica, Borgert,1 a remarkable type of Phæodarian Radiolarian. Associated with this species were some specimens of Gazelletta, probably G. fragilis, named by Dr. Borgert from broken material obtained by the National.2 I am obliged to him for permission to publish a short note upon the main points in which it differs from Planktonetta. As, however, this organism is even more fragile, and therefore worse preserved than the former, and as my specimens were fewer in number, the only excuse for so incomplete an account lies in the structural novelty of the interesting family (Medusettida) to which it belongs.
The Lime-forming Layer of the Madreporarian Polyp
Authors: Ogilvie Gorden Maria M.
Published: April 2021

Having just received Mr. Duerden’s new and valuable work on ‘The Coral Siderastrea Radians audits Post-larval Development,’ 1 I wish to draw attention to one or two of the points in which his work covers the same field of investigation as my work on ‘Madreporarian Types of Corals,’2 published in 1896. My work in no sense professed to be a study of the histology of Madreporarian corals ; it explicitly dealt with the coral skeleton, and it set forth, for the first time, the exquisitely fine lamellar structure of the skeletal parts. My microscopic observations of skeletal structures have been verified by many students since the work appeared, but zoologists generally have regarded my view that the crystalline deposit took origin within organic tissue as quite wrong. Mr. Duerden, who approaches this subject from the histological standpoint, arrives at results which, in this very important feature, corroborate my view.
Studies in Spicule Formation.: IV.—The Scleroblastic Development of the Spicules in Cucuma-riidæ ; with a Note relating to the Plate-and-Anchor Spicules of Synapta Inhserens
Authors: Woodland W.
Published: April 2021

The early stages in the form-development of the perforated-plate and stool spicules of Cucumariidæ and other holothurians have been described and figured by many previous observers, as e. g. by Théel (10) in 1882, by Hérouard (4) in 1890, by Mortenson (7) and Kishinouye (5) in 1894, by Gerould (2) in 1896, and others, but in no case has the morphogenesis of the spicule been systematically studied in relation to the disposition of the scleroblasts or cells concerned in the deposition of the spicule. It is true that Hérouard (4) has provided a very detailed account of this very subject—as to the manner in which the direction of growth of the holothurian plate spicule is due to the number and disposition of the formative cells,—but since he does not provide any figures in confirmation of his statements, and since my own observations tell a very different tale, I see no reason to qualify the assertion I have just made.
On the Maturation of the Unfertilised Egg, and the Fate of the Polar Bodies, in the Tenthredinidæ (Sawflies)
Authors: Doncaster L.
Published: April 2021

The work described in this paper was undertaken to determine, if possible, what is the function of the polar bodies, and whether they are connected with the origin of the germ-cells, in a parthenogenetic insect. It has been maintained by Petrunkewitsch (9, 10) that in the unfertilised egg of the honey bee, which gives rise to a drone, the second polar body unites with one half of the 6rst, and that the “copulation-nucleus “so formed gives rise to the testes of the bee. Castle (1) has further taken the facts given in the papers of Petrunkewitsch and used them in formulating a suggestive hypothesis as to the heredity and determination of sex on Mendelian principles. It seemed, therefore, desirable that the matter should be investigated in other cases, and the sawflies were chosen as a likely group in which to work at the problem.
The Role of Mucus in Corals
Authors: Ducrden J. E.
Published: April 2021

Within recent years much advance has been made in our knowledge of the physiology of actinian polyps by investigators such as Nagel, Loeb, Parker, Carlgren, and Torrey. Comparatively little, however, is yet known of the living activities of the closely-related niadreporarian polyps. As regards actinians several contributions have appeared giving the results of observations and experiments upon ciliary activity and its significance in the feeding of the polyps, and it was while carrying out similar studies upon the madre-porarians that it became evident that mucus likewise holds a place of much importance in the ingestion of food. The present account deals in the main with only this factor in the physiological processes of corals, namely the part played by mucus. The observations and experiments were carried out in the Hawaiian Islands, mostly upon the living mushroom coral Fungia, and the compound astraeid Favia.1 The work has been assisted by an appropriation from the Carnegie Institution.
The Metamorphoses of Man and the Lower Animals
Authors: de Quatrefages A. , Lawson Henry
Published: April 2021

M. de Quatrefaoes stands unquestionably in the first rank of French naturalists. His researches on the embryology of mollusca, on the anatomy of Annelida and numerous other contributions to zoological science have gained for him a wide reputation. In the small octavo volume before us he has under the title of ‘the Metamorphoses of Man and the Lower Animals,’ grouped together the latest researches and conclusions of comparative anatomists on the various phenomena of reproduction and development ; from these he draws his own deductions and generalisations ; the whole being treated in a most pleasant and readable style, and in a manner which, considering the abstruse though interesting nature of the facts dealt with, should ensure the popularity of the work among scientific readers.
Entozoa.—An Introduction to the Study of Helminthology, with Reference more Particularly to the Internal Parasites of Man
Authors: Cobbold T. Spencer
Published: April 2021

Of all possible subjects, perhaps the last that one would expect to see treated in a book having the appearance of being “got up “more to lie on the table in the drawingroom than in the study, is that of Helminthology. However unjust its claims, it cannot be denied that the study of the life-history of internal parasitic animals is by no means one which offers attractions to the popular mind, which is always so prone to content itself with the contemplation of the outsides of things, and, moreover, so apt to be disgusted with any reference to what may be taking place in the interior of the animal body.
Kryptogamen Flora von Sachsen, der ober Laüsitz, Thuringen, und Nordböhmen
Authors: Rabenhorst L.
Published: April 2021

Beitrage zur näheren Kenntniss und verbreitung der Algen. Dr. L. Rabenhorst. 1863
On Microscopical Research in Relation to Pharmacy
Authors: Deane Henry , Brady Henry B.
Published: April 2021

On Microscopical Research in Relation to Pharmacy
Royal Society, May, 18, 1864
Authors: Deane Henry , Brady Henry B.
Published: April 2021

After alluding to the observations of Axel Key, whose results accord with his own more closely than those of any other observer, the author refers particularly to the drawings of Hartmann, the latest writer upon the structure of the papillæ. According to the author, Dr. Hartmann, owing to the defective method of preparation he employed, has failed to observe points which had been seen by others who had written before him, and which may now be most positively demonstrated. Hartmann’s process consisted in soaking the tissue for three days in solution of bichromate of potash, and afterwards adding solution of caustic soda. It can be shown by experiment that many structures which can be most clearly demonstrated by other modes of investigation, are rendered quite invisible by this process. Hartmann’s observations, like those of the author, have been made upon the papillæ of the tongue of the little green tree-frog (Hyla arborea).
ROYAL SOCIETY
Authors: Beale Lionel S.
Published: April 2021

Although the caudate nerve-vesicles, or cells existing in the spinal cord, medulla oblongata, and in many parts of the brain, have been described by the most distinguished modern anatomists, there yet remains much to be ascertained with reference to their internal structure, connections, and mode of development. In this paper I propose to describe some points of interest in connection with their structure. In the first place, however, I would remark that there are neither “cells ‘‘nor “vesicles “in the ordinary acceptation of these words, for there is no proper investing membrane, neither are there “cell-contents “ as distinguished from the membrane or capsule ; in fact, the so-called cell consists of soft solid matter throughout. The nerve-fibres are not prolonged from the nucleus or from the outer part of the cell, but they are continuous with the very material of which the substance of the “cell “itself is composed, and they are, chemically speaking, of the same nature. So that in these caudate cells we have but to recognise the so-called “nucléus” (germinal matter) and matter around this (formed material) which passes into the “fibres,” which diverge in various directions from the cell (see Plate VIII, Vol. IV, N. S., fig-1)
Notes on Bacillaria Cursorta
Authors: Barkas T. P.
Published: April 2021

It may not be uninteresting to some of your readers to know that B. cursoria is to be had in great abundance and very frequently on the Northumberland coast. Within the last few years I have made scores of gatherings from the sea-beach and rock-pools extending from the mouth of the Tyne to Cullercoats, a distance of about one and a half mile, and at least one half of those gatherings contained the curious frustules of B. cursoria. There is a large pool at the mouth of the river Tyne which is left shallowly filled with water at every tide, and is situate near the high-tide mark, from which pool I have obtained frequent gatherings of Diatomaceæ, and it is remarkable to observe how the leading species on each occasion continue to change. In a gathering made on the 18th April I found several Actinoptychus, varieties of Coscinodiscus, &c.; and on the 8th May last I obtained almost pure, and in great abundance, Nav. pseudo- libellus, n. sp., discovered by Mr. Atthey, and described by Mr. T. West in the ‘Trans, of the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club,’ vol. iv, p. 321. On the 16th of May I took another gathering from the same pool, and found it consisted, for the most part, of varieties of Pleurosigma, with only an occasional frustule of Nav. pseudo-libellus. On June 5th another gathering from the same locality contained almost exclusively B. cursoria so abundantly that, when viewed upon a slide, the field of the microscope presented the appearance of a racecourse with rows of frustules pushing and running in all directions. Specimens of this beautiful diatom I forwarded, living, to Mr. Norman, of Hull; Mr. Baker, of Liverpool, and Dr. Donkin, of Newcastle, the latter gentleman being the discoverer and describer of the variety. (See ‘Quart. Jour. Mic. Sei.’ Vol. VI, New Series, p. 16.)
Rust, Smut, Mildew, and Mould: an Introduction to the Study of Microscopic Fungi
Authors: Cooke M. C.
Published: April 2021

There are few persons possessing a microscope who have not examined more or less attentively the various forms of common moulds which attack our cheese, pears, grapes, and almost every eatable thing. A very superficial examination of these objects will show that they possess a great variety of structure, and are fully deserving patient investigation. It has not, however, been an easy thing to get to know what has been done with regard to the structure and functions of microscopic fungi. Most botanists have been aware of the laborious researches of the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, and his descriptions of all forms of British fungi in the last volumes of Sir W. Hooper’s ‘British Flora.’ But these were not accompanied with plates. The researches of Mr. Currey, the Secretary of the Linnean Society, on microscopic fungi, are also well known; but then he has published no systematic work, to which the student of the microscopic forms of fungi could appeal. Under these circumstances nothing could be more welcome than an attempt to give such an account of the more common forms of these fungi than has been done by Mr. M. C. Cooke, in the pages of our excellently conducted contemporary, the ‘Popular Science Review.’ An account of these fungi, embracing all the families which are strictly microscopic, has appeared from time to time, with very clear and easily understood illustrations; and they have now been collected together, so as to form an introduction to the study of microscopic fungi.
Contributions to our Knowledge of the Anatomy of Notoryctes typhlops, Stirling
Authors: Sweet Georgina
Published: April 2021

The work, of which this paper records a part, has been done in the Biological Laboratory of the University of Melbourne, for the use of which I am indebted to Professor Baldwin Spencer. To his kindness I owe all the material used, together with much criticism and advice, and assistance in obtaining literature, without reference to which this research would have been incomplete. I wish also to thank Mrs. H. R. Elvins, who had commenced this work on the eye, but was prevented from proceeding with it, for the use of her series of sections and sketches.
The Modification of the Sexual Characters of the Hermit Crab caused by the Parasite Peltogaster (castration parasitaire of Giard)1
Authors: Potts F. A.
Published: April 2021

The discovery of the fact that an alteration in the sexual characters, both primary and secondary, of an organism may be brought about by parasitic infection, and the demonstration of the widespread occurrence of this phenomenon in the animal kingdom, we owe to Professor Alfred Griard. Admirable summaries of the work done in this department up till the date of writing, are to be found in two papers of Giard’s cited below (1 and 3). Most of the cases are drawn from the observations of Giard himself among the Crustacea, which group affords particularly favourable opportunities for study, on account of the well-marked secondary sexual differences and the frequent ecdyses, allowing the modifying influence of the parasite on the secondary sexual characters to be clearly demonstrated. But that in cases of this phenomenon the parasite and the host may belong to any phylum is shown by such varied instances as the brittle-star Amphiura parasitised by Orthonectidsand a copepod crustacean, the Hymenopteran insect Andrena infected by the parasitic strepsipteran Stylops, the mollusc Lymnæa by Trematodes, and the crab Inachus by the gregarine Aggregata.1
Studies on the Structure and Classification of the Digenetic Trematodes
Authors: Nicoll William
Published: April 2021

The following work was commenced about the middle of 1907 at the Gatty Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, under the Carnegie Trust Research Scheme. The greater part of it was done privately in the Pathological Laboratory, University College, Dundee, and it was concluded at the Marine Biological Laboratory, Millport, under a Government (Royal Society) Grant.
On the Anaspidacea, Living and Fossil
Authors: Smith Geoffrey
Published: April 2021

The first members of the Anaspidacea to be discovered and described were certain fossil forms occurring in the Permian and Carboniferous strata of Europe and North America, and it was not until long afterwards that a living representative was found in the fresh waters of Tasmania and recognised as the near relative of these very ancient fossils.
On the Anatomy and Systematic Position of Incisura (Scissurella) lytteltonensis
Authors: Bourne Gilbert C.
Published: April 2021

WHEN Mr. Geoffrey W. Smith was in Tasmania in 1907-08 I asked him to collect for me any rare or remarkable specimens of gastropod molluscs and preserve them in a form suitable for anatomical and histological examination. Among other forms Mr. Smith obtained for me, through the kind offices of Mr. C. Hedley, of the Australian Museum, Sidney, a number of specimens of the little gastropod which is the subject of the present memoir. They were preserved in Perenyi’s fluid, which of course dissolved the shells, but except for the difficulty of staining always resulting from a prolonged immersion in this reagent, the histological condition of the specimens leaves little to be desired.
Some Observations on a Flagellate of the Genus Cercomonas
Authors: Wenyon M.
Published: April 2021

In the present paper I shall describe a flagellate of the genus Cercomonas, a genus first created by Dujardin, in his Historie Naturelle des Zoophytes Infusoires,’ published in 1841. Since Dujardin’s original description numerous flagellates have incorrectly been attributed to this genus, so much so that Klebs, in his ‘Flagellatenstndien ‘(1893), says that this genus has not been defined with sufficient accuracy, that it has been confused with Heteromila and Bodo by the overlooking of the tail flagellum, and that the genus Cercomonas must be rejected. It is undoubtedly true that the genus Cercomonas is very confused, and this confusion has been considerably heightened by the description of Cercomonas from the intestine of man and other animals. Davaine (1854) was the first to record the presence of Cercomonas in the evacuations of a man suffering from cholera. Without going into the question of the correctness or otherwise of Davaine’s conclusions, it is undoubtedly a fact that many observers, noting the presence of active flagellates in the intestinal contents, have attributed them at once to the genus Cerco-inonas, and as a result of this various species of Trichomonas, Lamblia, and possibly other flagellates have been included in this genus. In the present instance the flagellate to be described was found in the fæces of a patient in the Albert Dock Hospital at the London School of Tropical Medicine. This patient was infected with Entamœba coli, andin order to observe changes in the encysted forms of this amœba some of the fæces were placed in a clean glass-stoppered bottle. In the course of a few days it was noticed that large numbers of flagellates were present. It is probable they had developed from cysts which must have been present in the fæces. On first examination it was seen that these flagellates corresponded very closely with the original description of Dujardin for the genus Cercomonas, and for this 1 took them to be. On more careful examination I found that the tapering posterior end was in reality a second flagellum, and that this could be traced along the surface of the body to which it was attached as far as the insertion of the long anterior flagellum. The presence of this posterior flagellum and its attachment to the body required very careful observation to make out, for it can only be clearly seen in certain portions of the animal, and it is quite conceivable, as Klebs maintains, that Dujardin overlooked this posterior flagellum. Dujardin’s original description of the genus is as follows :
Studies in the Experimental Analysis of Sex
Authors: Smith Gcoilrey
Published: April 2021

In the ‘Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine/vol. i, “Patnology,” p. 153, 1907-8, Dr. 0. E. Walker describes an experiment in which he injected two adult hens with extract of cock’s testis for a certain period, with the apparent result that the combs grew very rapidly to quite twice their original area. On ceasing the injections they shrank gradually until they nearly reassumed their original size. A further experiment is alluded to in which several young hens of two months’ age were treated in the same manner, and it is stated that, though the results differed somewhat from the first experiment, they were entirely satisfactory, but no further details, as far as I am aware, have been given.
On Some Stages in the Life-History of Leptomonas muscæ domesticæ, with some remarks on the Relationships of the Flagellate Parasites of Insects
Authors: Dunkerly J. S.
Published: April 2021

In an endeavour to examine the biflagellate character of Herpetomonas as described by Prowazek (20), I have dissected and examined a number of house-flies. At’ first Musca domestica was investigated, as I had supposed that this was the animal indicated by the word “Stubenfliege.” In this country, however, M. domestica does not seem to be commonly infected, as I was unable to find the parasite in it, and Hewitt (6), who examined a good number of these flies, was similarly unsuccessful. In the smaller house-fly, Homalomyia canicularis, flagellate parasites were found to be present, but Hewitt had confined himself to M. domestica. Still, the infections were very rare. I examined these flies taken in three distinct localities: Chelsea and Wandsworth in London, and Benfleet in Essex. Parasites were found in flies from each place, but always in a low percentage, about 4 per cent., of the flies examined. Other species of flies1 have been examined, but not in large numbers, so that it is not surprising that no Herpetomonads have been met with in them as yet.
Observations on the Trypanosome of the Little Owl (Athene noctua), with Remarks on the other Protozoan Blood-parasites occurring in this Bird.
Authors: Minchin E. A. , Woodcock H. M.
Published: April 2021

The observations to be recorded in this and in a subsequent paper are the result of a study of the protozoan blood-parasites of the little owl, which was undertaken by us at Rovigno, Istria, the actual place where Schaudinn’s celebrated investigation (16) on the same parasites was carried out. A. re-investigation of these parasites has long been considered urgent, and stress has been laid by many people upon the importance of the work being done at Rovigno itself. The different views which have been taken with regard to the correctness or otherwise of Schaudinn’s account are now well known, aud it is scarcely necessary to recapitulate them here, more especially since they have been recently discussed by one of us in the first memoir of this series (18).
The Problem of Sex Determination, in Dinophilus gyrociliatus: Part 1.—The Sexual Cycle
Authors: Shearer Cresswell
Published: April 2021

The problem of sex-determination in Dinophilus gyro-ciliatus is concerned, first, with the investigation of the factors involved in sex-determination in the sexual or fertilised egg; and secondly, with those involved in sex-determination of the parthenogenetic egg. In these two conditions the factors seem different, and for this reason are perhaps better considered separately. In the present paper only those concerned in sex-determination in the sexual egg are dealt with; while those involved in the parthenogenetic cycle, if it really exists, are left for a future paper.
Studies in the Experimental Analysis of Sex
Authors: Smith Geoffrey , Schuster Edgar
Published: April 2021

Part 8.—On the Effects of the Removal and Transplantation of the Gonad in the Frog (Rana fusca).
Notes on Sporozoa. Nos. II, III, and IV.
Authors: Woodcock H. M.
Published: April 2021

While working at Rovigno during April and May, 1909, Iexamined a few of the common wall-lizards (Lacerta mural is), which occurred abundantly on the neighbouring islet of Figarola, as in the time when Prowazek studied the intestinal flagellates of this reptile (26). My object was really to sec if a Trypanosome also occurred in it, Prowazek not having stated whether he examined the blood for that purpose or not; but Idid not succeed in finding any Trypanosomes. In the blood-smears made from two individuals, however, a Hæmogregaiine was found to be fairly plentiful. This Hæmogregaiiue is the same as that first described by] canilewsky (6) under the name Hæmogregarina lacertæ, and again later by Labbe (13), who placed it in a distinct genus, Karyolysus. Iwas too much occupied with other work at the time to undertake a study of this parasite, so that Ionly made a few smears and cover-slip preparations from the blood.
On the Morphology of the Leishmania of Italian Kala-Azar: Third Communication1: Cytological Researches on Leishmania in Cultures
Authors: Visentini Arrigo
Published: April 2021

Researches on the minute structure of Protozoa, although initiated in comparatively recent times, have already contributed to science a considerable number of facts of great interest, especially from the point of view of general cytology. But while observations conducted with the most delicate methods of cytological technique are feasible up to a certain point when dealing with Protozoa of a certain size, they meet with no slight difficulties when dealing with microorganisms which, like the species of Leishmania, are of the smallest dimensions. When, more than a year ago, I made successful cultures of Leishmania on the medium of Novy, McNeal and Nicolle, by means of splenic juice obtained by puncture of the spleen of a young kala-azar patient of Bovalino Calabro, my teacher, Prof. Grassi, repeatedly recommended me to undertake the present investigations with the special object of studying the little-known structure of the blepharoplast and the rhizoplast, with regard to which Grassi, in collaboration with Foa, has described a whole complicated system of organellas in Jœnia, Trichonympha, and other Protozoan parasites of Termites.
The Transmission of Leishmaniosis by means of Cultures, and the Mechanism of the Natural Immunity in Rats and Guinea-pigs
Authors: Viscntini Arrigo
Published: April 2021

Attempts to transmit to animals the infection of Leishmania by means of cultural forms have not always had constant results up to the present.
The Effects of Hypertonic Solutions upon the Fertilised Eggs of Echinus (E. esculentus and E. acutus)
Authors: Gray J.
Published: April 2021

In the ‘Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society,’ vol. xvi, part v, 1911, a preliminary account was given of the cytology of the eggs from which the various hybrids obtained from the three species of Echinus—E. esculentus, E. acutus, and E. miliaris, have been reared by Shearer, De Morgan and Fuchs (15).
On Methods of Producing Artificial Parthenogenesis in Echinus esculentus and the Rearing of the Parthenogenetic plutei through Metamorphosis
Authors: Cresswell Shearer , Jordan Lloyd Dorothy
Published: April 2021

During the last seven or eight years extensive experiments have been carried on in the laboratory of the Marine Biological Association in rearing various marine larvae. In particular, attention has been directed to perfecting means for bringing the delicate plutei of Echinoderms through metamorphosis. As the result of considerable investigation a method has been found by which these larvæ can be reared with considerable ease and certainty. We have already successfully raised at Plymouth several species of sea-urchins and their hybrid crosses to the adult condition.
On some Queensland Trematodes, with Anatomical Observations and Descriptions of New Species and Genera.
Authors: Johnston S. J.
Published: April 2021

The Trematodes comprising the subject-matter of the present work were collected by officers of the Institute and forwarded to me from time to time by the director, Dr. Anton Breinl, together with notes on the location of the parasites in their hosts and on the methods of preservation employed. The specimens were fixed for the most part in hot 70 per cent, alcohol, or in sublimate acetic, hot or cold; and, in cases where the form of the worm seemed to require it, some were fixed under slight pressure. The specimens converted into whole mounts I have generally stained in Ehrlich’s or Delafield’s haematoxylin and cleared in clove oil; all the forms except two, which were represented by single specimens, were studied by means of serial sections as well as in whole mounts.
On Raphides as Natural Characters in the British Flora
Authors: Gulliver George
Published: April 2021

It has been well remarked by Dr. Lankester, that “the biography of our British plants has yet to be written, microscope in hand; and it is not till the minute details of the cell-life of each plant have been recorded that we shall be in a position to arrive at the laws which govern the life of the vegetable kingdom.” And, it maybe added, until due attention has been paid to this important subject, we shall never be able to comprehend and realise all the mysterious plans and specifications by which nature has marked, for our instruction, her own affinities and contrasts among allied groups of that kingdom.
On the Development and Fat-corpuscles of the Marine Polyzoa
Authors: Smitt F. A.
Published: April 2021

Under the above title we have to welcome the appearance of an extremely interesting communication on the subject of the development and several points in the life-history of the Polyzoa, or as the author terms them the marine Bryozoa.
Note on the Relation of Spermatozoa to Electrolytes and its bearing on the Problem of Fertilization.
Authors: Gray James
Published: April 2021

In June 1913, a number of large male Luidia were obtained at Plymouth, and to all external appearances the gonads appeared to be perfectly ripe ; when, however, the spermatic fluid in sea-water was examined under the microscope, the spermatozoa were found to be quite motionless, and repeated experiments showed them to be quite incapable of fertilising ripe eggs of the same species. It was found, how-ever, that the addition of a few drops of N10NaOH to a suspension of sperm in sea-water immediately caused active movement. When such “activated “sperm was added to eggs from the same female as before, every egg was quickly fertilised and large numbers of healthy larvæ were obtained from the culture.1
Studies on the Turbellaria: Part III.—Didymorchis
Authors: Haswell W. A.
Published: April 2021

Of the many and varied inhabitants of the branchial cavities of Australasian crayfishes the Rhabdocœles are not the least remarkable. They are very minute colourless forms, which only occur in association with the crayfishes, and present certain adaptations to their special mode of life. They are able to adhere tenaciously by means of an apparatus having the function of a sucker to the filaments of the gills or to the walls of the branchial chamber, and are thus not liable to be swept out by the respiratory current or dislodged by the movements of the podobranchs ; and, with cilia only developed ventrally, they glide along in close contact with the substratum, so that they can instantaneously anchor themselves when any movement takes place that might displace them.
On the Corpora lutea and Interstitial Tissue of the Ovary in the Marsupialia
Authors: O’Donoghue Chas. H.
Published: April 2021

It is becoming increasingly evident that the secretions of the ductless glands play a very important part in determining the functions and even the structure of an animal. Not least among these are the secretions of the sexual organs, and in particular the ovary. In the mammal interest is added by the fact that ovarian secretions appear to control two very characteristic mammalian activities, namely, the preparation of the uterine wall for the attachment of the embryo, and the growth of the mammary glands (28, 29, 30).
The Chromosome Complex of Culex pipiens-Part II.—Fertilisation
Authors: Taylor Monica
Published: April 2021

The egg-rafts of Culex pipiens are laid most copiously between hours 10.30 p.m. and 12 p.m. They are also laid between 4 a.m. and 6 a.m. Fertilisation in Culex pipiens is normal. Segmentation begins in less than an hour after the deposition of the last egg. The chromosome number in the segmenting nuclei is six. A tendency to parasyndesis is exhibited by the segmenting nuclei. Parasyndesis probably effects the condition of the chromosomes in the nuclei of larva, pupa, and imago, i.e. is responsible for the presence of the apparently “haploid “character of the nuclei in the somatic cells.