bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Framing Educational Needs of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Infants and Toddlers Using the Developmental Systems Approach
Authors: Hintermair Manfred
Published: June 2020

The developmental systems approach (DSA) is a conceptual and structural framework to identify the challenges for infants and toddlers who are at risk regarding their development. It describes the fundamental dimensions to be considered when working together with families in early intervention. How children can learn at their best and how cognition and learning can be supported by caregivers are key factors in the DSA. The data presented in this chapter indicate that the DSA also provides a useful tool for deaf education. It illustrates how specific characteristics and behaviors of deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) infants and toddlers may have an impact on the family resources and on the family patterns of interaction (particularly on parent–child transactions) and how this, in turn, can influence child development. An important issue regarding DHH children’s learning processes is to be aware how parents can learn to teach their infants and toddlers informally to understand themselves and the world around them. The data presented reveal that DHH infants and toddlers and their families face challenges at all levels outlined in the DSA. The DSA also provides suggestions on how early intervention works successfully in practice for the families.
Changing Perspectives for the 21st Century
Authors: Kritzer Karen L. , Smith Chad E.
Published: June 2020

A changing perspective on education for deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) students in the 21st century must incorporate a focus on digital literacy and computational thinking. Digital literacy refers to the skills required to digitally work with information (i.e., communicate, disseminate, create, manage), to use Internet-based tools (i.e., web browsers, Internet search engines, email), and to present information clearly (e.g., using spreadsheets). Computational thinking refers to problem-solving using cognitive processes like representing and organizing data, working with algorithms, analyzing information, and generalizing solutions that can be applied to multiple areas of learning. In an era when many hearing digital natives use digital tools for complex activities at school and home, there is a noticeable void of similar behaviors by DHH students. This chapter explores issues surrounding the need for a changed perspective for the 21st century and a rationale for including digital literacy and computational thinking in deaf education classrooms.
Technology Makes Things Possible
Authors: Eden Sigal
Published: June 2020

Assistive technology may compensate for, or improve, deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children’s ability to cope with auditory deprivation, language difficulties, and other challenges that could impair their ability to acquire skills during their school years. Technology is a catalyst for learning and training processes, capable of empowering DHH children to realize their linguistic, communicative, and cognitive potential. The rapid progress of technology has had an impact on the lives of DHH children and adults. Much of this technology is designed to treat the auditory and communication needs of DHH children. Other uses include cognitive, linguistic, social, learning, and life-skills aspects. These technologies have become miniaturized, mobile, and affordable, making them ubiquitous. This chapter focuses on the use of advanced technology, such as wearable and wireless gesture control, virtual reality, augmented reality, robots, and artificial intelligence, in education for pedagogical purposes. The integration of technology in the learning processes of DHH children can potentially improve their abilities in several specific domains.
Verbal Learning and Memory Following Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Pisoni David B. , Kronenberger William G. , Harris Michael S. , Moberly Aaron C.
Published: June 2020

Over the last 50 years, results of free-recall experiments using categorized word lists have provided detailed information about how subjects encode, store, and retrieve words from memory and how they control their attentional resources and develop organizational strategies to optimize verbal learning and memory. The basic experimental methodology is now well understood and has been used to develop several clinical instruments that are routinely used by neuropsychologists to assess verbal learning and memory disorders in a range of clinical populations. This chapter summarizes three new studies that used the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) with deaf children and adults who received cochlear implants. In addition to the “primary measures” of immediate free and cued recall, the CVLT also provides several “process measures,” such as repetition learning, primacy and recency effects, proactive (PI) and retroactive interference (RI), semantic, serial and subjective clustering, short- and long-delayed free and cued recall, response intrusions, and recognition memory. The study of verbal learning and memory represents a new approach to understanding variability in speech recognition and spoken-language outcomes following implantation and provides new knowledge about the elementary cognitive processes that form the core building blocks of word recognition, lexical access, and spoken-language understanding.
User-Oriented Healthcare Translation and Communication
Authors: Ji Meng , Sørensen Kristine , Bouillon Pierrette
Published: June 2020

Healthcare translation provides a useful and powerful intervention tool to facilitate the engagement with migrants with diverse language, cultural, and health literacy backgrounds. The development of culturally effective and patient-oriented healthcare translation resources has become increasingly pressing. In this chapter, the authors explore, firstly, patient-focused and culturally effective healthcare and medical translation methodologies by integrating insights from health literacy research and corpus-based textual readability evaluation and, secondly, user-oriented criteria which can be used in the development and evaluation of new medical interpreting technologies with a view to enhancing the usability among patients from refugee, migrant, or other socioeconomically disadvantaged populations.
Sociology of the Sacred
Authors: Moebius Stephan
Published: June 2020

This article analyzes three key stages in the development of the sociology of the sacred: the Durkheim school, the Collège de Sociologie, and the work of Hans Joas. First, it shows that the Collège de Sociologie was deeply influenced by the Durkheimians’ studies on religion and the gift but interpreted them in a very specific way. Whereas the Collège and the Durkheim school agree on the importance of the sacred for social cohesion, they disagree on other important theoretical, methodological, and political issues. Second, it compares Hans Joas’s studies on sacralization processes to the Durkheimian sociology of religion and the sacred sociology of the Collège. It argues that Joas’s analyses, even though they are inspired by Durkheim, in particular go beyond the Durkheim school and the Collège in three respects: (a) they provide an account of the articulation of the experience of the sacred; (b) they ground sacralization processes in a theory of action; and (c) they contextualize sacralization processes in terms of a sociology of institutions and power.
The Role of Lawyers in Education Reform
Authors: Parisi Chiara , Edley Christopher
Published: June 2020

Lawyers make significant contributions to education reform efforts, as do community members and professionals from various other fields. This chapter outlines and distinguishes both the venues in which and ways that lawyers add value to education reform. First, it lays out the education reform landscape and highlights the policy-influencing occupations that lawyers can have within it. Because lawyers are found both outside and within the government system at the federal, state, and local levels and in the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, they have wide-ranging potential for impact. Second, the chapter explains the unique way a lawyer’s skills and way of thought influence and improve education reform. When lawyers are involved, an education reform initiative is likely to thoughtfully consider all perspectives, bridge expertise to the law, choose the right legal path, and engage in strategic communications and public support efforts.
The Right to Avoid Procreation and the Regulation of Pregnancy
Authors: Herrmann Janne Rothmar
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses the right to avoid procreation and the regulation of pregnancy from a European perspective. The legal basis for a right to avoid procreation can be said to fall within the scope of several provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), an instrument that is binding for all European countries. Here, Article 12 of the ECHR gives men and women of marriageable age the right to marry and found a family in accordance with the national laws governing this right. However, Article 12 protects some elements of the right not to procreate, but for couples only. The lack of common European consensus in this area highlights how matters relating to the right to decide on the number and spacing of children touch on aspects that differ from country to country even in what could appear to be a homogenous region. In fact, the cultural, moral, and historical milieus that surround these rights differ considerably with diverse national perceptions of the role of the family, gender equality, religious and moral obligations, and so on.
The Energy Politics of South Africa
Authors: Baker Lucy , Burton Jesse , Trollip Hilton
Published: June 2020

This chapter explores key processes within South Africa’s electricity sector that evolved under the presidency of Jacob Zuma from his inauguration in 2009 until he was forced out of office in early 2018. These processes include the introduction of a national planning process for electricity; the implementation of a procurement program for privately generated renewable electricity; and a highly controversial nuclear procurement program, since scrapped following Zuma’s departure. The chapter’s exploration takes place within the context of a decade of “state capture” and corruption. Drawing from a wide range of literature on South Africa’s energy policy, it advances perspectives of the “minerals-energy complex” (Fine and Rustomjee 1996), which has been a dominant framework for the analysis of the country’s political economy and its electricity sector. The chapter concludes with a research agenda that brings together the literature on sociotechnical transitions with that of analyses of the nature of the state.
Intellectual Disability in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Yerys Benjamin E.
Published: June 2020

Intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are two neurodevelopmental disorders noted to have a high degree of overlap and co-occurrence. Historically, symptoms of ID were reported to co-occur in approximately 70% or more of those with ASD; however, the rate of co-occurrence is now believed to be around 30%. As the perceptions and diagnostic conceptualization of each condition by itself have changed over time, our knowledge of the overlap and the relationship between ID and ASD has similarly changed. This chapter provides a brief overview of the relationship between ID and ASD and focuses more on the complexities and nuances pertaining to etiology, diagnosis, and assessment of symptoms that may covary or may differentially occur. Finally, the chapter provides a summary of current evidence-based interventions for use in those who have ASD and co-occurring ID, as well as a look toward future directions for investigation.
Psychosexual Problems, Sexual Deviance, and Promoting Sexual Health in Autistic Adolescents and Adults
Authors: Strang John F. , Rofey Dana L. , Sadikova Eleonora
Published: June 2020

Although the research base is scarce, clinical practice shows that some autistic individuals demonstrate and experience atypical or deviant sexual behaviors, feelings, and/or thoughts. Moreover, family members and involved professionals are often hesitant to discuss the topic of sexuality, which can cover up or escalate the problems. Therefore, this chapter discusses the relevant background literature, methods to assess psychosexual problems in autistic people, and methods to promote communication about psychosexual health issues and ultimately psychosexual health. Case examples are used to illustrate assessment and intervention. Future directions for research and clinical practice are discussed.
Self-Injurious Behavior in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Pugliese Cara E. , Wallace Gregory L. , Anthony Laura Gutermuth , Kenworthy Lauren
Published: June 2020

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other intellectual and neurodevelopmental disabilities are at increased risk for engaging in one or more types of problem behavior (e.g., aggression, property destruction, self-injury). Self-injurious behavior (SIB), the focus of the current chapter, refers to behaviors that produce (or could produce) physical injury to an individual’s own body and is common among individuals with ASD. SIB poses immediate and long-term risks for the individuals and their caregivers. This chapter summarizes the prevalence and developmental course of SIB in individuals with ASD, as well as research on the etiology, diagnosis, assessment, and evidence-based treatments for SIB. Case examples and suggestions for future research are provided.
A Model for Addressing Crisis Behavior in Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorder Within a Functional and Contextual Framework
Authors: King Bryan H. , Rynkiewicz Agnieszka , Janas-Kozik Małgorzata , Tyszkiewicz-Nwafor Marta
Published: June 2020

This chapter provides a model that extends the current resources available for crisis behavior assessment and intervention for youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and co-occurring psychiatric conditions who are in crisis stabilization settings. Visual diagrams and intervention materials incorporated into this chapter illustrate the use of both preventative and responsive behavior management strategies that can be implemented in a time of crisis to stabilize and treat the psychiatric patient with ASD. The chapter begins with a review of a contextual method for evaluating and understanding the function of the presenting crisis behavior by considering the multiple issues that can underlie the crisis presentation. Working from this contextual model, the chapter then provides a blueprint for implementing intervention strategies to address crisis behaviors. This includes a table illustrating key elements to consider when developing a behavior intervention plan for dissemination and generalization.
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-Occurring Addiction
Authors: Foss-Feig Jennifer H. , Lurie Stacey , Hubert Maya F.
Published: June 2020

For many professionals, patients, and relatives of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the co-occurrence with addiction to alcohol or drugs seems unimaginable. How could autism be hidden behind addiction and how could someone diagnosed with autism as a child become addicted in adolescence or adulthood? In this chapter, evidence is presented that this comorbidity is far more frequent in high-functioning adolescents and adults with ASD than is often appreciated. Two different perspectives are considered. First, both conditions are related to the neurotransmitter dopamine. Second, individuals with ASD may become addicted when they try and cope with their social difficulties by taking substances that help them overcome their initial shyness and social anxiety, or they do so to soothe their high levels of arousal and/or hypersensitivity to internal or external stimuli. There are established clinical guidelines for both conditions but none for managing the combination of these two disorders. Thus, the clinician, along with being acutely aware of the possible co-occurrence, should manage individual cases by tailoring an individual approach based on the evidence from both fields. This is illustrated by two clinical cases.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Related Disruptive Behaviors in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Kerns Connor M. , Puhy Chandler , Day Chelsea M. , Berkowitz Steven J.
Published: June 2020

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition characterizes oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) as reflecting pervasive patterns of irritable mood, defiant behavior, and/or vindictiveness. Youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit high rates of disruptive behaviors commonly associated with ODD, such as noncompliance, irritability, temper tantrums, and mood dysregulation. This chapter reviews the presentation of ODD in individuals with ASD, including current prevalence estimates, proposed etiology, validated assessment methods, and emerging best practices designed to treat challenging behaviors. Although there is a robust literature describing assessment and treatment procedures for disruptive behaviors in individuals with ASD, conceptualizing these hallmark behaviors within the framework of ODD is relatively novel and not without controversy. Discussion thus includes challenges around the applicability of the diagnostic criteria in this population and future research directions that may provide clarity on this issue.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Bearss Karen , Kaat Aaron J.
Published: June 2020

This chapter will review the available evidence on individuals with co-occurring diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This chapter contends that children diagnosed with both disorders (ASD+ADHD) are a subset of the ASD population that is at risk for delayed recognition of their ASD diagnosis, poor treatment response, and poorer functional outcomes compared to those with ASD without ADHD. Specifically, the chapter highlights the best estimates of the prevalence of the comorbidity, the developmental trajectory of people with co-occurring ASD and ADHD, how ADHD symptoms change across development, overlapping genetic and neurobiological risk factors, psychometrics of ADHD diagnostic instruments in an ASD population, neuropsychological and functional impairments associated with co-occurring ASD and ADHD, and the current state of evidence-based treatment for both ASD and ADHD symptoms. Finally, the chapter discusses fruitful avenues of research for improving understanding of this high-risk comorbidity so that mechanism-to-treatment pathways for ADHD in children with ASD can be better developed.
Sexual Stratification and Sexual Agency Among Low-Income Girls in an Andean City
Authors: Yon Leau Carmen
Published: June 2020

This article analyzes the results of ethnographic research into the ways in which sexuality and social hierarchies and inequalities interact in the experiences of low-income female youth who participated in a sexual and reproductive rights project in poor neighborhoods in Ayacucho, Peru. Following Gayle Rubin, it studies sexuality as a structure that organizes relationships with their own particularities and forms of oppression, a structure that in turn interacts with those of gender, age, social class, and ethnicity. The study also explores forms of gender agency, as well as female teenagers’ cultural logics related to sexual risks and sexual rights. It follows conceptual orientations of practice theory, seeking to contribute to discussions of female youth agency.
The Rise and Retreat of the Armed Forces
Authors: Pérez Orlando J. , Pestana Randy
Published: June 2020

The armed forces of Central America predate the development of the modern nation-state. It is difficult to understand the political and social history of the region without examining the role of the military. Strong men leading local armed militias emerged out of the ashes of the Spanish Empire to rule the newly independent nations. As military institutions developed, an alliance between the armed forces and powerful economic elites sought to govern the nation-states by suppressing and exploiting popular sectors often through brutal repression. Authoritarianism and economic underdevelopment led to multiple uprisings which helped shape the nature of politics and democratic governance in contemporary Central America. In explaining this we explore the evolution of the armed forces, focusing particular attention on the political influence of the military in the development of the modern nation-state, and on the process of democratization in the late twentieth century. We then examine the role the United States has played in promoting and sustaining military rule. Finally, we analyze the consequences of late-twentieth-century peace processes on the retreat of military power and on the building of democracy.
El Salvador
Authors: Ching Erik
Published: June 2020

El Salvador stands out as exceptional in the history of modern Latin America for some tragic reasons: its duration of military rule (1931–1979), the scale of its government-ordered mass execution of citizens (1932), and its distinctly brutal civil conflict (1980–1992). These episodes, and many others like them, are the consequence of modern El Salvador’s history as a deeply divided society. This division has its origins in a racially charged ethnic differentiation coming out of the colonial era, which then survived into the twentieth century as conflict between ethnically homogenous classes. Consequently, shared concepts of the public good have been all too rare. Instead, rivaling stakeholders have defined politics as a zero-sum game, such that any sacrifice on one group’s part is seen inherently as an advantage for a rival. In general, El Salvador has been a place where authoritarian conservatives have won the day, meaning the people who wish to maintain their privilege and preserve the status quo have successfully done so, but not without facing significant challenges and having to grant some concessions along the way.
Glorifying God’s Word
Authors: Blair Sheila S.
Published: June 2020

This chapter discusses how an oral revelation was transformed into a written document and how the form of that written document changed to meet the varying needs of the expanding Muslim community. It also considers the methodologies appropriate to study these diverse documents, the questions raised by them, and the ways that this information has been and can be used. It opens with some general considerations about scope, methodology, and the like. Given the vast nature of the material, the many changes to it over time, and the goal of placing these physical changes in their historical and social contexts, the chapter then adopts a chronological framework, dividing the past millennium and a half of production into four major blocks.
Islamic Origins and the Qur’an
Authors: Berg Herbert
Published: June 2020

The identification of Islamic origins with the Qur’an and the Qur’an with Islamic origins not only suggests a confusion of origins with authenticity and originality, but also suffers from a genetic fallacy. The nature of the sources is also problematic, with some scholars largely accepting the origins as portrayed in Muslim tradition (i.e. they maintain that both the Qur’an and the sīra are historically reliable) and with scholars who do not accept the historical claim of one or both of the texts. The more judicious use of social theory, which requires us to explain individuals and texts rather than simply posit them as the ground of our explanations, could obviate these theoretical and methodological problems.
Rhetorical Devices and Stylistic Features of Qur’anic Grammar
Authors: Haleem Muhammad Abdel
Published: June 2020

The language and style of the Qur’an have attracted a large amount of work by Western scholars. Yet there are two neglected areas: balāgha in Arabic (rhetoric), and certain aspects of Qur’anic style. This chapter sheds some light on both. Balāgha was developed to understand the finest aspects of Qur’anic Arabic. It is important in Arabic education, even in secondary schools, but not in the Western tradition of teaching Arabic. ʿIlm al-maʿanī (the study of meanings) is the most neglected part of balāgha. A summary is given here of its main topics, which may help to remedy some serious misunderstandings of the language and effect of the Qur’an. Whereas Western works on style have largely concentrated on figurative language, jinās, sajʿ, etc., other aspects of style are discussed that are more informative of the way the Qur’an presents its message and makes it effective.
Philosophical Commentaries
Authors: Janssens Jules
Published: June 2020

Among the ideological purposes against which classical Qur’anic exegesis was described one finds philosophy. Al-Kindī and Ibn Sīnā have integrated the Qur’an in the development of their very philosophical system, even if the former did so only in a preliminary way—one has to wait for Ibn Sīnā for a systematic philosophical comment. As to Ibn Rushd, his main purpose was to show that the Qur’an justifies the practice of philosophy. In the later Islamic world, elements of this philosophical Qur’anic exegesis were included in different major currents of thought: kalām (al-Ghazālī, Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī), taṣawwuf (Muḥyī al-Dīn ibn ʿArabī), and the Ishrāqī school (Shihāb al-Dīn Suhrawardī, Mullā Ṣadrā Shirāzī).
The Arabian Context of the Qur’an
Authors: Munt Harry
Published: June 2020

The Qur’an is the most important surviving Arabic prose text from mid-seventh-century Arabia. It is, however, a text with numerous well-known problems regarding its context and usefulness as a historical source. This chapter introduces the Qur’an’s own view of history alongside some of the ways in which modern scholars have made use of the text of the Qur’an as a source for the history of Arabia—and especially of the Ḥijāz—in the early-to-mid seventh century. It ends by making some further suggestions for how the text might be used in the future by historians of late antique and early Islamic Arabia.
Early Medieval Tafsīr (Third/Ninth to the Fifth/Eleventh Century)
Authors: Mårtensson Ulrika
Published: June 2020

The period 800–1000 coincides with the systematization of the Islamic disciplines. The entry surveys research debates on the developme\nt and dating of tafsīr with special focus on its relationship with linguistics and legal hermeneutics (uṣūl al-fiqh), and the expression of this relationship in the literary genres and methodologies of tafsīr works. The development is illustrated by the exegetes al-Ṣanʿānī (d. 211/827), Yaḥyā b. Sallām (d. 200/815), Ibn Abī Zamanīn (324/936–399/1009), al- Ṭabarī (d. 310/923), Makkī b. Abī Ṭālib (d. 437/1030), and al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī (d. early 5 ah/early 11 ce).
Popular Culture and the Qur’an
Authors: Lawrence Bruce
Published: June 2020

Assessing the multiple ways the temporal and spatial boundaries of the Qur’an have been expanded through the interaction with culture, this chapter sets out to probe the reciprocal but also ambiguous relationship between the Qur’an and popular culture. It attempts to address the central question of how does a bound book in period-specific Arabic become a universal source of mercy in multiple dialects of Arabic but also in multiple non-Arabic languages, as also for oral cultures, semi-literate populations, and non-elite groups, all of whom draw upon and relate to its divine aura? Issues of language access/privilege, literacy in multiple registers, and the post-Enlightenment, colonial triad of reason/belief/magic—all have to be examined with attention to the central role of the Qur’an as both vehicle and transformer of popular culture, for Muslims and non-Muslims, from West Africa to South-East Asia.
A History of Printed Editions of the Qur’an
Authors: Rezvan Efim A.
Published: June 2020

The Qur’an is one of the most published books in the world. Centuries have passed since the appearance of the very first printed Qur’anic copies. Since then mankind has endured a multitude of ideological shifts and cultural revolutions, philosophical conceptions and schools becoming popular only to be forgotten as cultural orientations and priorities have changed. In one fashion or another, the history of the Qur’anic text editions found its expression in major events, shaking the world. The author presents the key editions that influenced the history of publishing of the Qur’an and concentrates on the complete Arabic Qur’an produced by means of movable type or lithography, as well as on certain facsimile editions.
Academic Scholarship and the Qur’an
Authors: Rippin Andrew
Published: June 2020

Charting key turning points in the history of the academic study of the Qur’an, this chapter offers a survey of the debates and arguments which dominate discussions. Exploring what is meant by academic scholarship, the chapter assesses the profound influence of the work of figures such as Theodore Nöldeke, Abraham Geiger, Gustav Weil, and indeed Ignaz Goldziher; and it reviews developments in more recent approaches to the Qur’an, including the work of Rudi Paret, Montgomery Watt, John Wansbrough, Fazlur Rahman, Toshihiko Izutsu, Michel Cuypers, and Angelika Neuwirth. Also examined are key preliminary questions such as ‘the technical parameters of academic scholarship of the Qur’an’; ‘insider-outsider’ perspectives; ‘non-confessional’ and ‘confessional’ approaches; claims about ‘truth value’ statements; and the ‘intrusion of polemical discourses’.
The Western Literary Tradition and the Qur’an
Authors: Einboden Jeffrey
Published: June 2020

From medieval European verse to contemporary American fiction, the Qur’an has consistently impacted Western literatures, influencing poets and prose writers from the middle ages to postmodernity. Sketching a chronology of the Qur’an and ‘the canon’, this chapter situates Muslim scripture as a literary precedent in Europe, Britain, and America, attending to Qur’anic echoes that emerge in diverse works penned by literati from Ludovico Ariosto to Washington Irving, from Dante Alighieri to Don DeLillo. Identifying not only oppositions, but unexpected overlaps, between Islam’s holy writ and Western artistry, this chapter suggests the topical subjects and stylistic techniques which ensure the Qur’an’s enduring significance for both literary creativity and literary criticism in the West.
The Corpora of Isrāʾīliyyāt
Authors: Tottoli Roberto
Published: June 2020

Narrative enlargements and exegetical explanations are usually considered at the origin of the so-called isrāʾīliyyāt. With this name early literature recalls traditions and material about biblical stories and Jewish and Christian sacred history, ranging from the creation of Adam to Jesus. Hadith criticism and opinions emerging with Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn Kathīr, and from the end of the nineteenth century onwards have raised doubts upon this material and its circulation in Islamic literature. The significance of these reports, spread all over Islamic literary genres, has also prompted discussion relating to their origin and continues to attract studies on the developments of isrāʾīliyyāt throughout medieval times. Along with this, its exegetical relation with the contents of the Qur’an on patriarchs and prophets has attracted attention by Muslim exegetes and Western scholars.
Ismāʿīlī Scholarship on Tafsīr
Authors: Poonawala Ismail
Published: June 2020

The Ismāʿīlīs did not cultivate the science of tafsīr. That is to say that, unlike Sunni Muslims and the Shīʿī branches of the Zaydīs and Imāmīs (Twelvers), they did not produce Qur’anic commentaries wherein the text of the Scripture was explicated or interpreted verse by verse and chapter by chapter, from beginning to end. Ismāʿīlī literature is, however, very rich in taʾwīl (the esoteric and allegorical interpretation) of Qur’anic verses. Indeed, Ismāʿīlīs assiduously cultivated the discipline of taʾwīl, elaborated hermeneutical principles, and applied them systematically not only to certain key verses but also to a number of short and long chapters of the Qur’an and the stories of ancient prophets. It is no exaggeration to state that all books of Ismāʿīlī doctrine, including works on cosmology and the ultimate philosophical system called al-ḥaqāʾiq (the true reality of being; based on Neoplatonism and Neopythagoreanism), are replete with Qurʾānic citations as proof-texts, with appropriate taʾwīl to justify their doctrines.
Classical Qur’anic Hermeneutics
Authors: Pink Johanna
Published: June 2020

This chapter gives an overview of the state of scholarship on classical Qur’anic hermeneutics with an emphasis on applied hermeneutics as evidenced in Qur’anic commentaries (tafsīr); it focuses on a period that roughly starts in the fourth/tenth century and that continues to be relevant until today although major shifts started to occur from the eighth/fourteenth century onwards. Beginning with an outline of the specificities and constraints of the genre of tafsīr, the chapter then proceeds to deal with the importance of external structures like hadith, theological dogma, and philology, discussing the place of tafsīr in a wider disciplinary context. It also asks about the role of piety in Qur’anic exegesis and its relevance for Qur’anic hermeneutics.
Sunnī Hermeneutical Literature
Authors: Nguyen Martin
Published: June 2020

The Sunni tradition developed an array of strategies for interpreting the Qur’an, which were discussed and refined across a number of genres of hermeneutical literature. This chapter focuses on ʿulūm al-Qurʾān or the ‘sciences of the Qur’an’. Special attention is paid to the historically significant ʿulūm al-Qurʾān treatises composed by Abū’l-Qāsim Ibn Ḥabīb (d.406/1016), al-Zarkashī (d. 794/1392), and al-Suyūṭī (d. 911/1505). The other genres of relevant literature and scriptural issues covered herein include the arrangement and chronology of the Qur’an, occasions of revelation (asbāb al-nuzūl), abrogation (naskh), lexicography, and variant readings (qiraʾāt).
Whole-exome sequencing in a patient with synchronous triple primary malignancies involving lung cancer: a case report
Authors: Li Dan , Yu Min , Zhou Ping , Yang Jie , Wang Yongsheng
Published: June 2020

The incidence of multiple primary malignancies (MPMs) has been increasing rapidly in recent years, however, the genetic pathogenesis is largely unknown on account of rare cases, especially for those patients who are diagnosed with three or more tumors. Under these circumstances, whole-exome sequencing (WES) may help to provide more comprehensive genomic information and guidance to proper therapeutic strategies. Here, we presented a rare case of a 66-year-old Chinese male patient who was diagnosed with synchronous triple primary malignancies: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), lung adenocarcinoma (LA), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Tumors were surgically removed within 3 months. WES was performed when the patient suffered from cancer recurrence and tumor-specific neoantigens were predicted. Each tumor displayed a distinct somatic mutation profile, providing direct evidence of independent origins. No shared driver gene mutation or neoantigen was detected among the three tumors. Two germline alterations of cancer susceptibility genes—SPINK1 c.194 + 2T>C and JAK3 c.425G>A were identified. This case is the first report of synchronous primary triple cancers covering the esophagus, lung, and liver. Our findings highlight the complexities of MPMs that even when under identical germline genetic backgrounds, the occurrence of MPMs can be a random event and driven by distinct somatic gene mutations. Synchronous multiple primary cancers that originated from different organs may not have common therapeutic gene targets, and it can be difficult to find a treatment to cover all the tumors.
UNWEIGHTED DONALDSON–THOMAS THEORY OF THE BANANA 3-FOLD WITH SECTION CLASSES
Authors: Leigh Oliver
Published: June 2020

We further the study of the Donaldson–Thomas theory of the banana 3-folds which were recently discovered and studied by Bryan [3]. These are smooth proper Calabi–Yau 3-folds which are fibred by Abelian surfaces such that the singular locus of a singular fibre is a non-normal toric curve known as a ‘banana configuration’. In [3], the Donaldson–Thomas partition function for the rank 3 sub-lattice generated by the banana configurations is calculated. In this article, we provide calculations with a view towards the rank 4 sub-lattice generated by a section and the banana configurations. We relate the findings to the Pandharipande–Thomas theory for a rational elliptic surface and present new Gopakumar–Vafa invariants for the banana 3-fold.
CHARACTERIZATION OF EXPOSURE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC EMISSIONS FROM PUBLIC MOBILE SYSTEMS USING THE TIME-AVERAGED AND INTEGRAL-BASED MEASURE
Authors: Šuka Darko , Pejović Predrag , Simić-Pejović Mirjana
Published: June 2020

Since radio frequency (RF) signals from public mobile systems are stochastic and exhibit large temporal variations, the results of measurements, typically E field measurements, are time dependent and highly variable. Therefore, any 6-min measurements and 6-min averaged results to obtain the mean level strength at a given place may not be so reliable when it comes to determine long-term exposure levels. Specifically, the results of such short-term exposure assessments can be both under- or overestimated depending on whether the extreme value is caught during the measurement time. Because the RF range is active 24 h a day, the authors suggest that the monitoring process should cover the same time period. To evaluate the variability of measurement results, the analysis in this paper was conducted through descriptive statistics of the 24-h instantaneous, time-averaged and integral-based values. By applying the 24-h time-averaged and integral-based measure on a 24-h data set of measurements, the variability of daily exposure could be reduced to ±20% of the mean week value obtained either with the time-averaged or integral-based measure.
The Effects of Early Mobilization on Patients Requiring Extended Mechanical Ventilation Across Multiple ICUs
Authors: Escalon Miguel X. , Lichtenstein Ann H. , Posner Elliot , Spielman Lisa , Delgado Andrew , Kolakowsky-Hayner Stephanie A.
Published: June 2020

Objectives:

1) To successfully implement early mobilization of individuals with prolonged mechanical ventilation in multiple ICUs at a tertiary care hospital and 2) to reduce length of stay and improve quality of care to individuals in the ICUs.

Design:

Comparative effectiveness cohort study based on a quality improvement project.

Setting:

Five ICUs at a tertiary care hospital.

Patients:

A total of 541 mechanically ventilated patients over a 2-year period (2014–2015): 280 and 261, respectively. Age ranged from 19 to 94 years (mean, 63.84; sd, 14.96).

Interventions:

A hospital-based initiative spurred development of a multidisciplinary team, tasked with establishing early mobilization in ICUs.

Measurements and Main Results:

Early mobilization in the ICUs was evaluated by the number of physical therapy consults, length of stay, individual treatment sessions utilizing functional outcomes, and follow-up visits. Implementation of an early mobilization protocol across all ICUs led to a significant increase in the number of physical therapy consults, a significant decrease in ICU and overall lengths of stay, significantly shorter days to implement physical therapy, and a significantly higher physical therapy follow-up rate.

Conclusions:

Mobilizing individuals in an intensive care setting decreases length of stay and hospital costs. With an interdisciplinary team to plan, implement, and evaluate stages of the program, a successful early mobilization program can be implemented across all ICUs simultaneously and affect change in patients who will require prolonged mechanical ventilation.
Conversion methods for modified Jaffe reaction assays of serum creatinine
Authors: Laszczyńska Olga , Azevedo Ana , Ferreira-Almeida Manuel , Guimarães João T. , Severo Milton
Published: June 2020

Background:

Modifications in Jaffe serum creatinine (sCr) assays question the suitability of the results for direct comparison.

Methods:

sCr in adult in-patients was routinely measured either by SRM 909-standardized/noncompensated (method A) or isotope dilution mass spectrometry traceable/compensated method (reference). We converted values by method A into values by the reference using a formula provided by the manufacturer [Beckman Coulter (BC)] and traditional equating methods.

Results:

The BC-based conversion and linear equating resulted in underestimated sCr values, whereas equipercentile equating (EE) provided sCr with not significantly different distribution from the reference values. Proportions of patients with renal impairment did not differ between the reference and EE-converted sCr, as opposed to BC-recalculated values. Three percent of patients were classified into better renal function category when applying BC versus EE conversion.

Conclusions:

Equipercentile equation was a more accurate method for recalculation of sCr obtained from different Jaffe reaction assays than the linear equating or the BC linear formula. This study emphasizes the importance of the derivation sample specificity when applying research results to other real-world populations.
Myosin XVA: dancing at the tips of the stereocilia
Authors: Du Haibo , Li Nana , Xu Zhigang
Published: June 2020

Myosins comprise a large superfamily of adenosine triphosphatases (ATPases) that interact with actin filaments to generate motility or force. Unconventional myosins are implicated in diverse cellular processes including organelle trafficking, F-actin organization and cell movement. The unconventional myosin, myosin XVA (MYO15A), is localized at the tips of stereocilia in the inner ear hair cells and plays important roles in the development and maintenance of stereocilia. Mutations in
MYO15A
/
Myo15a
genes are responsible for hearing loss
DFNB3
and
shaker-2
in human and mice, respectively. In the present review, we will discuss the expression and alternative splicing of the
MYO15A
gene, the biochemical properties of the MYO15A protein and the association of
MYO15A
mutations with hearing loss. We will also discuss the recent investigations into the mechanism of how MYO15A regulates stereocilia development and maintenance. At present we are just beginning to appreciate the important roles of MYO15A in stereocilia, and further investigations are warranted to fully understand them.
Outcomes Following LSVT BIG in a Person With Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus: A Case Report
Authors: Fillmore Shannon , Cavalier Gianna , Franke Holly , Hajec Marissa , Thomas Anthony , Moriello Gabriele
Published: June 2020

Background and Purpose:

There is no literature exploring physical therapy interventions for individuals with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). There are parallels between symptoms of iNPH and Parkinson disease (PD), suggesting that similar interventions may be beneficial. An approach that promotes recalibration of movements to produce bigger motions (Lee Silverman Voice Treatment BIG [LSVT BIG]) is an evidence-based intervention for individuals with PD, which could potentially improve function in individuals with iNPH. This case report documents functional outcomes of LSVT BIG in an individual with iNPH.

Case Description:

The participant was a 62-year-old man with a 16-year history of iNPH. He demonstrated hypokinesia, impaired balance, and cognitive deficits. These resulted in frequent falls and limited community ambulation.

Intervention:

The participant completed the standardized 4-week LSVT BIG program in addition to 5 tune-up sessions 7 months later. Outcome measures included the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Timed Up and Go (TUG), TUG cognitive and manual, Activities-Specific Balance and Confidence (ABC) scale, Five Times Sit to Stand (5TSTS) test, and a timed floor transfer.

Outcomes:

Improvements, exceeding minimal detectable change values, were noted on the BBS and the ABC scale immediately following intervention. Scores declined at 4-month follow-up, but BBS scores increased again after the tune-up sessions. Quicker floor transfer times were also noted. There were no changes in TUG, TUG cognitive and manual, or 5TSTS times.

Discussion:

Therapists may wish to consider the use of the LSVT BIG program in persons with iNPH; however, a longer program and/or regular tune-up sessions may be necessary for best outcomes.

Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see the Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A315).
Improving Serious Illness Care for Surgical Patients
Authors: Lee Katherine C. , Walling Anne M. , Senglaub Steven S. , Bernacki Rachelle , Fleisher Lee A. , Russell Marcia M. , Wenger Neil S. , Cooper Zara
Published: June 2020

Objective:

Develop quality indicators that measure access to and the quality of primary PC delivered to seriously ill surgical patients

Summary of Background Data:

PC for seriously ill surgical patients, including aligning treatments with patients’ goals and managing symptoms, is associated with improved patient-oriented outcomes and decreased healthcare utilization. However, efforts to integrate PC alongside restorative surgical care are limited by a lack of surgical quality indicators to evaluate primary PC delivery.

Methods:

We developed a set of 27 preliminary indicators that measured palliative processes of care across the surgical episode, including goals of care, decision-making, symptom assessment, and issues related to palliative surgery. Then using the RAND-UCLA Appropriateness method, a 12-member expert advisory panel rated the validity (primary outcome) and feasibility of each indicator twice: (1) remotely and (2) after an in-person moderated discussion

Results:

After 2 rounds of rating, 24 indicators were rated as valid, covering the preoperative evaluation (9 indicators), immediate preoperative readiness (2 indicators), intraoperative (1 indicator), postoperative (8 indicators), and end of life (4 indicators) phases of surgical care.

Conclusions:

This set of quality indicators provides a comprehensive set of process measures that possess the potential to measure high quality PC for seriously ill surgical patients throughout the surgical episode
Nano short peptide nutrition intervention on the prognosis of patients with COVID-19
Authors: Zhang Zelin , Yang Lin , Zhang Tianping
Published: June 2020

Background

The continuous outbreak of COVID-19 poses a devastating threat to the global public health, and there’s no special therapeutic drugs. This paper is to explore the effect of high fiber whey short peptide enteral nutrition on the prognosis of patients with COVID-19, to find ways to prevent patients from progressing to severe illness, and to reduce the harm of epidemic situation to human beings.

Methods

The course of fighting against COVID-19 in our hospital for 49 days was reviewed. Three nutritional interventions including five-step nutrition treatment, 46early intervention of whole protein, and high fiber whey short peptide intervention were conducted consecutively.The effect of high fiber whey short peptide on nutrition, immune function and prognosis of patients with COVID-19 was compared with that of whole protein intervention.

Results

High fiber whey short peptide group when compared with whey protein group, can significantly improve prealbumin in patients with covid-19, improve the negative nitrogen balance of patients, and reduce the average period of turning negative by 39.06%.

Conclusion

High fiber whey short peptide can significantly improve the recovery speed of patients with covid-19.

Funding

none