bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of social capital in the labour market in China1
Authors: Knight John , Yueh Linda
Published: June 2008

Social capital is considered to play an economic role in labour markets. It may be particularly pertinent in one that is in transition from an administered to a market‐oriented system. One factor that may determine success in the underdeveloped Chinese labour market is thus guanxi, the Chinese variant of social capital. With individual‐level measures of social capital, we test for the role of guanxi using a dataset designed for this purpose, covering 7,500 urban workers and conducted in early 2000. The evidence is consistent with the basic hypothesis. Both measures of social capital – size of social network and Communist Party membership – have significant and substantial coefficients in the income functions. Social capital can have influence either in an administered system or in one subject to market forces. It appears to do so in both parts of the labour market.
Human capital externalities  Evidence from the transition economy of Russia1
Authors: Muravyev Alexander
Published: June 2008

The paper tests for the existence of human capital externalities using a micro‐level approach: the Mincerian wage regression augmented with the average level of education in cities. To solve identification problems arising from the endogeneity of average education, the study exploits a natural experiment provided by the process of economic transition: average education at the end of communism can be seen as exogenous in respect of wages prevailing after the start of transition. Our empirical results based on the RLMS data show that a 1 percentage point increase in the share of city residents with a university degree results in an increase of wages of city residents by about 1 percent.
Political patronage in Ukrainian banking1
Authors: Baum Christopher F. , Caglayan Mustafa , Schäfer Dorothea , Talavera Oleksandr
Published: June 2008

This paper empirically investigates the link between political patronage and bank performance for Ukraine during 2003Q3–2005Q2. We find significant differences between politically affiliated and non‐affiliated banks. The data suggest that affiliated banks have significantly lower interest rate margins and increase their capitalization. Furthermore, we show that the level of activity of affiliated deputies in parliament has a positive (negative) impact on banks’ capitalization ratio (interest rate margin). Our findings imply, in line with the related literature, that political affiliation has important effects on banks’ behaviour.
Treatment of disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis with topical diclofenac gel: a case series
Authors: Vlachou C , Kanelleas AI , Martin‐Clavijo A , Berth‐Jones J
Published: June 2008

Disseminated superficial actinic porokeratosis (DSAP) is the most common of the of five clinical variants of porokeratosis. These are disorders of keratinization and the distinctive pathological feature is the cornoid lamella at the margin. DSAP usually manifests in the third or fourth decades of life with a female preponderance and with multiple lesions over sun‐exposed areas. A diverse range of treatments is employed though evidence of efficacy remains largely anecdotal. We report a series of eight patients with DSAP treated with 3% diclofenac gel (Solaraze® gel).
The Impact of the Short‐Short Rule Repeal on the Timing Ability of Mutual Funds
Authors: Bae Kee‐Hong , Yi Junesuh
Published: June 2008

Abstract:  Existing empirical studies find little evidence that mutual fund managers time the market. Repealed in 1997, Internal Revenue Service Code Section 851 (b)(3), known as the ‘short‐short rule,’ requires that mutual funds derive less than 30 percent of their gross income from the sale of securities held for less than three months. Failing to comply with the rule means that the Internal Revenue Service taxes the fund's entire gain at the 35 percent corporate tax rate. The short‐short rule likely hinders mutual fund managers from timing the market, as it constrains hedging and trading strategies involving short‐term trades. In this paper we exploit the natural experiment arising from the repeal of the tax regulation. We find that the timing performance of mutual fund managers improves significantly after the short‐short rule repeal. This result suggests that the perverse timing ability documented in the previous literature is partly due to the tax regulation imposed on mutual funds.
Foraging site fidelity of lactating New Zealand sea lions
Authors: Chilvers B. L.
Published: June 2008

Ecologists often describe the foraging ecology of a species as a whole, treating conspecific individuals as ecologically equal. However, individual specialization has potentially important ecological, evolutionary and conservation implications. Foraging studies are usually based on the foraging behaviours of individuals sampled in only 1 year. In this study, the site fidelity of foraging locations of nine female New Zealand sea lions (NZ sea lions Phocarctos hookeri) from Enderby Island, Auckland Islands, were investigated by repeating their satellite tracking between 1 and 4 years after they were first tracked. Females were monitored during early lactation in the austral summers of 2001–2005. The kernel ranges of females' foraging satellite location concentrations overlapped consistently within and between years. As predicted for benthic foragers, NZ sea lions show low individual variability in foraging behaviour and greater specialization. It is important to understand the spatial and temporal limitations on an individual's foraging‐site fidelity, because they can affect a species' ability to cope with environmental changes and anthropogenic impacts. This has significant implications for NZ sea lions management and conservation.
Estimating red deer abundance in a wide range of management situations in Mediterranean habitats
Authors: Acevedo P. , Ruiz‐Fons F. , Vicente J. , Reyes‐García A. R. , Alzaga V. , Gortázar C.
Published: June 2008

When human interventions interfere with the natural regulation of wildlife populations by favouring some species, overabundance can emerge. We evaluated different methods of estimating red deer abundance in a wide range of population densities from southern Spain. Distance sampling estimates were used as the reference method across 22 localities and were compared with two kilometric abundance indices (KAIs), four indices based on pellet group counts and two browsing indices (BWIs). The average red deer density estimated by distance sampling was 19.51±3.19 deer per 100 ha, showing a wide range across the study area (0.04–66.77). Distance sampling estimates correlated with the KAIs, pellet group‐based index and the BWI. The agreement with distance sampling improved when groups were used instead of individuals in the KAIs, when the minimum pellet group size was fixed at 20 pellets in the dropping counts, and when only highly palatable species were used in the BWI. Thus, several direct and indirect methods can estimate red deer abundance in Mediterranean habitats from Southern Spain with appropriate modifications.
Female within‐nest spawning‐site preference in a paternal brooding blenny and its effect on the female mate choice
Authors: Matsumoto Y. , Takegaki T. , Tawa A. , Natsukari Y.
Published: June 2008

Female spawning‐site preference within a nest and its effect on the female mate choice in a paternal brooding blenny Rhabdoblennius ellipes, were examined in rocky intertidal pools using artificial nests. The number of eggs deposited at the nest entrance site was lower than the number deposited at the center and at deep sites. Moreover, the within‐nest difference in the egg developmental stage indicated that eggs at the nest entrance site were deposited after those at the center and deep sites. These results indicated that females prefer to spawn eggs in the center and deep sites rather than at the entrance site. Owing to the higher egg mortality rate at the entrance site, females may avoid spawning at such sites. An analysis of the nests in the study area suggested that the within‐nest site preference affects female mate choice that is females avoided nests where only the entrance site was available for spawning and instead spawned in nests where the center and deep sites were available.
Home range and habitat selection of pampas deer
Authors: Vila A. R. , Beade M. S. , Barrios Lamunière D.
Published: June 2008

The southernmost subspecies of pampas deerOzotocerus bezoarticus celeris an endemic and endangered cervid of the Argentine Pampas. The aim of our study was to describe the habitat use of this deer on the coast of Samborombón Bay. Twelve adult pampas deer (seven female and five male) were radiotracked and their home‐range sizes and habitat selection studied from 1995 to 2001. The mean home‐range size was 898±181 ha, and the core area was concentrated in 22% of their range. The home‐range size of males was three times larger than that of females (1422 vs. 523 ha). Deer home ranges overlapped extensively. No sex differences were found regarding habitat selection.Celtis talaforests andSpartina densifloragrasslands were used more than expected by their availability, while wetlands, coastal grasslands andSalicornia ambiguabeaches were avoided. Their habitat selection was affected by cattle presence, suggesting avoidance: they tended to use areas free of cattle, and their home ranges were larger when cattle were absent. An action plan for this endangered population of pampas deer should include initiatives involving private landowners in pampas deer conservation, the use of fire and cattle grazing management tools to improve deer habitat, and studies to provide biological and health data related to pampas deer coexistence with cattle.
Applications of stable isotope analyses to avian ecology
Authors: INGER RICHARD , BEARHOP STUART
Published: June 2008

In the past 20 years the use of stable isotope analysis has become increasingly common in ecological studies. In fact, in some instances these techniques have yielded remarkable insights into the foraging preferences and migrations of birds. Despite these advances and the potential of the approach, it is possibly still not as widely used as might be expected. In this paper we aim to illustrate the potential of the approach in the hope of encouraging more avian ecologists to think again about how these techniques might provide insights in the systems on which they work. We discuss some of the principles behind the approach, and review some of the more recent ornithological studies that have used stable isotope techniques to trace trophic pathways or infer migratory origins. We follow this by discussing some of the latest ideas on how stable isotopes may be used to generate community metrics and close by detailing the important assumptions and caveats that should be considered before undertaking any studies using this technique.
Valsalva Maneuver as Migraine Inducer: A Case Report of a Woman With Patent Foramen Ovale and an Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Artto Ville , Anttila Verneri , Rantanen Kirsi , Kallela Mikko , Färkkilä Markus
Published: June 2008

The association between patent foramen ovale, ischemic stroke, and migraine with aura is well known. It is, however, complicated and generates a considerable debate about the features and clinical consequences of the phenomenon. We report a case of a woman for whom patent foramen ovale has possibly acted as an inducer of both migraine attacks and ischemic stroke.
A Case With Prepontine (Clival) Arachnoid Cyst Manifested as Trigeminal Neuralgia
Authors: Genc Emine , Dogan Ebru Apaydin , Kocaogullar Yalcın , Emlik Dilek
Published: June 2008

Most cases of “idiopathic” trigeminal neuralgia are thought to originate from vascular compression of the trigeminal root entry zone. In this case, we describe a young man presenting with the symptoms of trigeminal neuralgia associated with a prepontine (clival) arachnoid cyst.
Risk Analysis Modeling of Production Costs and Occupational Health Exposure of Single‐Wall Carbon Nanotube Manufacturing
Authors: Ok Zeynep D. , Benneyan James C. , Isaacs Jacqueline A.
Published: June 2008

Considerable uncertainty exists about occupational risks, future environmental health and safety (EHS) standards, and associated production and compliance costs for single‐wall carbon nanotube (SWNT) manufacturing processes. We propose and illustrate the use of risk analysis Monte Carlo (MC) models to assess cost and exposure trade‐offs of the high‐pressure carbon monoxide (HiPco) SWNT manufacturing process given these uncertainties. Assumptions regarding the timing, frequency, magnitude, and expense of EHS standards are modeled as stochastic events and examined for their impact on the expected values, variances, and probability distributions of total production costs and occupational exposure. With a better understanding of associated risks, these models can help policy makers and manufacturers explore potential EHS benefits, consequences, and trade‐offs. For example, results suggest that voluntary implementation of a low level of protection (rather than none at all) can lead to reduced cost and exposure uncertainty with insignificant increases in production costs, as well as lowering total manufacturing and liability costs, depending on the assumptions made. Conversely, slower implementation rates of higher standards produce greater uncertainty in long‐term costs and exposure. More generally, the results of this study underscore three important observations: (1) Expected costs alone are insufficient for informed decision making; (2) the best level of standards, overall cost, and optimal voluntary standards are highly dependent on uncertain health effects; and (3) the resultant amount of uncertainty in total costs and exposure can be extreme.
Nonparametric Association Analysis of Exchangeable Clustered Competing Risks Data
Authors: Cheng Yu , Fine Jason P. , Kosorok Michael R.
Published: June 2008

Summary The work is motivated by the Cache County Study of Aging, a population‐based study in Utah, in which sibship associations in dementia onset are of interest. Complications arise because only a fraction of the population ever develops dementia, with the majority dying without dementia. The application of standard dependence analyses for independently right‐censored data may not be appropriate with such multivariate competing risks data, where death may violate the independent censoring assumption. Nonparametric estimators of the bivariate cumulative hazard function and the bivariate cumulative incidence function are adapted from the simple nonexchangeable bivariate setup to exchangeable clustered data, as needed with the large sibships in the Cache County Study. Time‐dependent association measures are evaluated using these estimators. Large sample inferences are studied rigorously using empirical process techniques. The practical utility of the methodology is demonstrated with realistic samples both via simulations and via an application to the Cache County Study, where dementia onset clustering among siblings varies strongly by age.
Effect of Two Types of Control Questions and Two Question Formats on the Outcomes of Polygraph Examinations*
Authors: Horvath Frank , Palmatier John J.
Published: June 2008

Abstract:  Two major variations of polygraph “Control Question” testing, the Zone Comparison (ZoC) and the Modified General Question Test (MGQT) were evaluated. Within each, the type of control question, Exclusive or “time bar” (e.g., “Before you were 21, did you ever...”) and Nonexclusive or “no time bar”(e.g., “Did you ever….?”) was manipulated in a mock theft scenario, with 80 male and 40 female subjects randomly assigned to be either innocent or guilty. Polygraphic data collected by experienced field examiners were numerically scored by an evaluator blind to all aspects of the study. Decision accuracy was not related to the type of procedure (ZoC/MGQT) used or the subject’s sex. Accuracy was significantly related to the type of control question [χ2(2) = 11.46, p = 0.003; τc = 0.29]. Nonexclusive control questions produced greater accuracy than Exclusive control questions on both innocent and guilty subjects. These results and subjects’ self‐reports support the general “theory” on which control question (CQ) testing is based. The need for better empirical support of accepted dogma and current field practices is strongly indicated by these findings.
Evolution of host avoidance in a leafmining fly, Amauromyza flavifrons
Authors: Uesugi Akane
Published: June 2008

Herbivorous insects are characterized by a great diversity of host plant associations, yet, the processes driving host range evolution are not fully understood. When herbivores encounter a novel host, local selection pressures are expected to shape traits that mediate plant–insect interactions. I show that a leafmining fly, Amauromyza flavifrons (Meigen) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), suffers a profound fitness cost by ovipositing on a novel host, Beta vulgaris L. (sugar beet) (Chenopodiaceae). Leafminers from a sugar beet‐free population readily oviposit on B. vulgaris leaves, whereas those collected from a population near sugar beet farms discriminate against B. vulgaris. This finding suggests that oviposition specificity in A. flavifrons populations may have evolved in response to the presence of the novel host, and represents the first evidence of host‐avoidance evolution in the wild. Because this study compared only one pair of populations and thus lacks replication, future studies will test whether parallel evolution has occurred at B. vulgaris farm locales across North America.
Terpenoid lactones with the p‐menthane system as feeding deterrents to the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus
Authors: Szczepanik Maryla , Dams Iwona , Wawrzeńczyk Czesław
Published: June 2008

The application of antifeedants, often in combination with other methods within integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, has proven to be a good way to control insect pests. Little is known about compounds that have antifeedant activity against the lesser mealworm, Alphitobius diaperinus Panzer (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The antifeedant properties of optically pure isomers of pulegone and isopulegol and some enantiomeric pairs of bicyclic terpenoid lactones with the p‐menthane system, derived from these isomeric starting compounds, were studied in choice and no‐choice tests with the lesser mealworm. The original monoterpenes and γ‐spirolactones were weak feeding deterrents to larvae and adults of A. diaperinus. The δ‐hydroxy‐γ‐spirolactones showed significant activity against adults, but substituting the hydroxy group with a ketone group considerably reduced the deterrent activity of the resulting δ‐keto‐γ‐spirolactones. The bicyclic γ‐hydroxy‐δ‐lactones with condensed rings and with the (1S,6R,8R)‐(+) and (1R,6S,8S)‐(–) configuration of the chiral centres, and δ‐hydroxy‐γ‐lactone (1S,4S,6S)‐(+) were very strong antifeedants to both larvae and adults. The hydroxy groups and the configuration of the chiral centres of the molecules were very important features for determining the antifeedant activity of the lactones tested. Generally, the compounds studied were better antifeedants to adults than to larvae.
Deterrent effect of a guild of extrafloral nectary‐visiting ant species onRaphidopalpa foveicollis, a major insect pest of sponge gourd,Luffa cylindrica
Authors: Agarwal Vivek M. , Rastogi Neelkamal
Published: June 2008

Among the 10 ant species visiting the extrafloral nectaries of sponge gourd plants [Luffa cylindricaL. (Cucurbitaceae)],Camponotus compressus(Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) appears to be the ecologically dominant species, due to its abundance and the high frequency of deterrent encounters with the major insect herbivore,Raphidopalpa foveicollisLucas (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). A significant positive linear correlation was found between the number of extrafloral nectaries per leaf, calyx, bract, and bracteole and the patrolling time ofC. compressus,Camponotus paria(Emery),Pheidolespec., andTetramoriumspec. (all Hymenoptera: Formicidae) at the corresponding plant parts. Many one‐to‐one deterrent interactions between the ant visitors and adultR. foveicolliswere recorded, withC. compressusbeing involved in most encounters on the calyx and bracts,Pheidolespec. on the leaves, andPachycondyla tesserinoda(Emery) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on the bracteoles.Tapinoma melanocephalum(Fabr.) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) exhibited significant deterrent effects on adult herbivores on the corolla when in groups larger than 15 ants. Ant exclusion and inclusion experiments revealed a significant reduction in the residence time, as well as dose‐ and time‐dependent reduction in the frequency of visits of the herbivore on crop plants withC. compressus,C. paria,Pheidolespec., andT. melanocephalumants, compared to the control. Results support the optimal defence hypothesis, as the plant structures most closely linked to plant fitness bear the extrafloral nectaries and are defended by the visiting ant species. This is a valuable, indirect plant‐protection strategy of an annual crop plant.
The effects of host race, gender, and host plant distribution on alighting behavior, mating, and oviposition in Eurosta solidaginis
Authors: Horner John D. , Craig Timothy P. , Itami Joanne K.
Published: June 2008

Eurosta solidaginis Fitch (Diptera: Tephritidae) has formed host races on Solidago altissima L. and Solidago gigantea Ait. (Asteraceae), and reproductive isolation between these host races is brought about in part by host‐associated assortative mating. Any non‐assortative mating creates the potential for gene flow between the populations, and we investigated the conditions that favored non‐assortative mating. We hypothesized that the frequency of non‐assortative mating would be influenced by differences in the behaviors of the host races and sexes and by the presence and pattern of distribution of the two host species. To test these hypotheses, we caged flies on four combinations of 32 potted host plants: all S. altissima, all S. gigantea, and cages with both host species arranged in either two pure species blocks or randomly dispersed. We recorded the number of flies of each host race that alighted on each host species and the frequency of mating within and between the host races. Males of both host races were observed on plants more frequently than females. Flies of the host race from S. gigantea (gig flies) were observed on plants in greater absolute numbers, and they mated more frequently than flies of the host race from S. altissima (alt flies). In all treatments, gig flies of both sexes were found on non‐natal host plants significantly more frequently than alt flies, and gig females showed a weaker preference for their host species than did gig males or alt flies of either gender for their respective natal hosts. Assortative mating predominated in all treatments, and flies from each host race mated more frequently in cages containing their own host plant. The frequency of non‐assortative mating varied among treatments, with the matings between alt ♀ × gig ♂ being more common in the pure S. altissima treatment and the gig ♀ × alt ♂ being more frequent in the pure S. gigantea and random treatments. Matings between gig ♂ × alt ♀ were more common overall than the reciprocal mating, because gig males were more active in pursuing matings and in alighting on the non‐natal host plant than alt flies. Non‐assortative matings were more frequent in the random than in the block treatments, but this difference was not significant. Because of strong selection against oviposition into the alternate host, we hypothesized that host plant distribution would not affect oviposition preference. We tested this hypothesis by examining the oviposition behavior of naïve, mated females in two treatments in which both host species were present: either arranged in blocks or randomly dispersed. Females oviposited only into their natal host, regardless of host plant distribution.
Is selection of host plants by Plagiodera versicolora based on plant‐related performance?
Authors: Egusa Sawako , Nishida Takayoshi , Sawada Hiroichi , Fujisaki Kenji
Published: June 2008

Plant‐related performance may be one of the most important factors in the selection of host plants by insect herbivores. We investigated the importance of plant‐related performance in host selection by the willow leaf beetle, Plagiodera versicolora (Laicharting) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), on four willow species: Salix chaenomeloides Kimura, Salix eriocarpa Fr. et Sav., Salix integra Thunb., and Salix serissaefolia Kimura (Salicaceae). Bagging experiments in the field revealed that the performance of P. versicolora adults and larvae differed significantly among willow species under enemy‐free conditions and at constant densities. Egg clutch and larval abundance were positively related to adult abundance. Plagiodera versicolora adults did not discriminate strongly among willow species for feeding and oviposition. Larval performance did not differ among willow species in the presence of natural enemies, suggesting that interspecific differences in host quality were overridden by mortality from natural enemies. Adult and egg clutch abundance of P. versicolora changed seasonally despite the temporal stability of adult and larval performance under enemy‐free field conditions. Thus, plant‐related performance of P. versicolora adults and larvae may contribute little to population growth and temporal dynamics of host use in P. versicolora. Potential factors that reduce discrimination of P. versicolora among host willow species are discussed.
Photoreceptor atrophy in acute zonal occult outer retinopathy
Authors: Zibrandtsen Nathalie , Munch Inger Christine , Klemp Kristian , Jørgensen Thomas Martini , Sander Birgit , Larsen Michael
Published: June 2008

Purpose:  To assess retinal morphology in acute zonal occult outer retinopathy (AZOOR) without ophthalmoscopically visible fundus changes.

Methods:  Retrospective case series. Two consecutive patients with bilateral AZOOR with photopsia corresponding to areas of visual field loss and a normal fundus appearance were examined using optical coherence tomography (OCT), automated perimetry and electroretinography (ERG).

Results:  Both patients demonstrated photoreceptor atrophy corresponding to partial or complete scotomata with reduced or extinct electroretinographic responses. Attenuation or complete loss of all the segments composing the photoreceptor layer was found by OCT. Full‐field ERG revealed affection of the 30 Hz flicker responses and subnormal photopic responses in both patients and subnormal scotopic responses in case 1. Multifocal electroretinography (mERG) revealed localized outer retinal dysfunction. The field loss was more extensive than the area of photoreceptor loss.

Conclusion:  Photoreceptor atrophy can be demonstrated in AZOOR without ophthalmoscopically visible fundus lesions.
Differential expression of S100 protein subtypes in malignant melanoma, and benign and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors
Authors: Nonaka Daisuke , Chiriboga Luis , Rubin Brian P.
Published: June 2008

Background:  Desmoplastic melanoma (DM) may simulate various benign and malignant lesions, including benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors (BPNSTs) and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs). The latter case is diagnostically challenging because DM generally show only S100 protein expression but no reaction to melanocytic markers. S100 family of proteins consists of over 20 members. We report on S100 subtypes in malignant melanomas (MMs), and BPNSTs and MPNSTs to investigate differential expression.

Design:  S100A1, S100A2, S100A4, S100A6 and S100B immunostains were performed on 80 MMs including conventional and desmoplastic types, 86 BPNSTs and 77 MPNSTs.

Results:  S100A1 expression was seen in > 91% of MMs in a diffuse reaction, whereas BPNSTs showed focal or no reaction. Sixteen percent of MPNSTs focally expressed S100A1 except for one case with diffuse reaction. S100A2 staining was negative or focal in all three groups whereas S100A4 reaction was variable in all three. S100A6 was diffusely expressed in MMs, BPNSTs and MPNSTs. S100B was stained diffusely in MMs and BPNSTs, but its reaction was observed in 30% of MPNSTs in a focal fashion.

Conclusion:  S100A1 expression was diffuse in most of MMs but absent or focal in BPNSTs and MPNSTs. This may be helpful to distinguish between the two entities.
Hypopigmented Reed nevus
Authors: Requena Celia , Requena Luis , Sánchez‐Yus Evaristo , Kutzner Heinz , Llombart Beatriz , Sanmartín Onofre , Botella‐Estrada Rafael , Nagore Eduardo , Serra Carlos , Guillén Carlos
Published: June 2008

Reed nevus, also named pigmented spindle cell nevus, is a peculiar melanocytic nevus, now regarded as a variant of Spitz nevus by the majority of authors. It is characterized by spindle‐shaped melanocytes disposed in nests located in epidermis and papillary dermis. It is usually heavily pigmented, and many melanophages may also be present. Hypopigmented Reed nevus shows all the typical features of conventional pigmented spindle cell nevus, but it does not contain abundant melanin. This variant of Reed nevus is poorly described in literature, so we report five cases of hypopigmented Reed nevus and discuss its clinical and histopathological features.
Self‐esteem in children with attention and/or learning deficits: the importance of gender
Authors: Ek Ulla , Westerlund Joakim , Holmberg Kirsten , Fernell Elisabeth
Published: June 2008

Objective: Our objective was to analyze self‐esteem in children within a spectrum of attention disorders, that is, besides attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), also children with subthreshold ADHD and even milder attention deficits and/or learning problems.

Methods: From a population‐based group of 10–11‐year‐old children in a Swedish municipality those with ADHD/subthreshold ADHD (n = 30) and those with milder attention and/or learning problems (n = 64) were targeted for the study. The children completed the ‘I think I am’ scale, reflecting physical appearance, scholastic competence, mental well‐being, relationships to parents and to others and global self‐esteem. Data from boys and girls were compared and related to the parents' and teachers' ratings on the two dimensions of the Conners' 10‐item questionnaire (impulsive‐restless behaviour and emotional lability) and to the children's cognitive levels.

Results: Significant gender differences were found, girls reporting lower self‐esteem concerning mental well‐being and poorer relationships with parents and peers. However, children with ADHD/subthreshold ADHD did not report significantly lower global self‐esteem when compared to a reference population.

Conclusion: Self‐esteem in children with attention, behaviour and/or learning problems has to be carefully evaluated, especially in girls, and measures are needed to prevent a trajectory towards adolescent psychopathology.
Expression and purification of orphan cytochrome P450 4X1 and oxidation of anandamide
Authors: Stark Katarina , Dostalek Miroslav , Guengerich F. P.
Published: June 2008

Cytochrome P450 (P450) 4X1 is one of the so‐called ‘orphan’ P450s without an assigned biological function. Codon‐optimized P450 4X1 and a number of N‐terminal modified sequences were expressed inEscherichia coli. Native P450 4X1 showed a characteristic P450 spectrum but low expression inE. coliDH5α cells (< 100 nmol P450·L−1). The highest level of expression (300–450 nmol P450·L−1culture) was achieved with a bicistronic P450 4X1 construct (N‐terminal MAKKTSSKGKL, change of E2A, amino acids 3‐44 truncated). Anandamide (arachidonoyl ethanolamide) has emerged as an important signaling molecule in the neurovascular cascade. Recombinant P450 4X1 protein, co‐expressed with human NADPH–P450 reductase inE. coli, was found to convert the natural endocannabinoid anandamide to a single monooxygenated product, 14,15‐epoxyeicosatrienoic (EET) ethanolamide. A stable anandamide analog (CD‐25) was also converted to a monooxygenated product. Arachidonic acid was oxidized more slowly to 14,15‐ and 8,9‐EETs but only in the presence of cytochrome b5. Other fatty acids were investigated as putative substrates but showed only little or minor oxidation. Real‐time PCR analysis demonstrated extrahepatic mRNA expression, including several human brain structures (cerebellum, amygdala and basal ganglia), in addition to expression in human heart, liver, prostate and breast. The highest mRNA expression levels were detected in amygdala and skin. The ability of P450 4X1 to generate anandamide derivatives and the mRNA distribution pattern suggest a potential role for P450 4X1 in anandamide signaling in the brain.
Internet-Based Psychological and Oral Medical Treatment Compared to Psychological Treatment Alone for ED
Authors: McCabe Marita , Price Emily
Published: June 2008

Introduction

Sexual function through pregnancy and the postpartum period is an important aspect of quality of life. Despite this, prospective studies are limited, and the impact of body image on sexual function has not been explored.

Aims

The current study reports on a pilot study that evaluated the effectiveness of a combined Internet-based psychological treatment program and oral medication compared to an Internet-based psychological program.

Methods

Twelve men with ED participated in the study.

Main Outcome Measures

Assessments were made pre and postintervention on ED, relationship satisfaction, sexual satisfaction, self-esteem, and quality of life.

Results

Multivariate analyses of variance demonstrated that both treatment conditions showed improvements from pretest to posttest in sexual functioning, relationships, and personal well-being.

Conclusion

This study indicates the importance of targeting psychological and relationship variables in the treatment of ED. Further research with larger numbers of participants is necessary for a more rigorous evaluation of treatment programs that combine psychological and medication interventions for ED.
Expression and Activity of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Artificially Induced Low-Flow Priapism in Rat Penile Tissues
Authors: Jin Yong Chun , Gam Sung Chul , Jung Jae Hun , Hyun Jung Suk , Chang Ki Churl , Hyun Jae Seog
Published: June 2008

Introduction

The inducible isoform of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 regulates the vascular smooth muscle tone and responds to hypoxia.

Aim

To investigate the role of HO-1 in a low-flow priapism.

Materials and Methods

Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups of six rats each. Each group of rats was sacrificed at 0 hour (group 1, control), 4 hours (group 2), 8 hours (group 3), 12 hours (group 4), and 24 hours (group 5) after inducing an artificial veno-occlusive priapism. The changes of the expression and activity of HO-1, and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate in the penis were examined in a low-flow priapism. In addition, the HO-1 expression level in the aortas from each group was simultaneously measured to determine whether the changes in HO-1 were systemic.

Main Outcome Measures

The expression and activity of HO-1 was examined in artificially induced veno-occlusive priapism in rat penile tissues.

Results

The expression of the HO-1 protein and the HO-1 enzyme activities in the penile tissues were gradually increased as time increased from 0 to 24 hours (P < 0.01). HO-1 immunoreactivities were localized in the endothelial layer of the cavernosal sinusoids. The expression of iNOS were also increased at 12 and 24 hours. The cyclic guanosine monophosphate level was also significantly increased at 24 hours (P < 0.05). However, the expression of the eNOS protein showed no statistically significant change with time, and the expression of the HO-1 protein in the aorta also showed no significant change with time.

Conclusion

A higher induction of HO-1 with time was observed in artificially induced veno-occlusive priapism, which might play a protective role against hypoxic injury. However, this may also play an important role in the vicious circle observed in a low-flow priapism.
A two-zone synchrotron model for the knots in the M87 jet
Authors: Sahayanathan S.
Published: June 2008

The flux and the spectral index in the X-ray energy band from the knots of the M87 jet as observed by Chandra indicate a possible synchrotron origin but cannot be explained by simple one-zone models with continuous injection of non-thermal electrons. In this Letter we propose a two-zone model to explain the observed spectra of the knots of the M87 jet. We consider the synchrotron emission from a region with a tangled magnetic field where relativistic non-thermal electrons are continuously injected in from an associated acceleration region. The acceleration region is assumed to be a compact zone possibly around a shock front. A power-law distribution of electrons is injected into the acceleration region and accelerated to a maximum energy determined by the acceleration time-scale and the loss processes. With the present model we are able to explain the overall broad-band features of the knots of the M87 jet. Also the present model predicts a change in spectral index at ultraviolet energies, and future observations at these energies, can be used to constrain the parameters involved in the model.
Bulk Compton motion in the luminous quasar 4C04.42?
Authors: De Rosa A. , Bassani L. , Ubertini P. , Malizia A. , Dean A. J.
Published: June 2008

We present the broadband analysis of the powerful quasar 4C04.42 (z= 0.965) observed by XMM–Newton and INTEGRAL. The 0.2–200 keV spectrum is well reproduced with a hard power-law component (Γ∼ 1.2), augmented by a soft component below 2 keV (observer frame), which is described by a thermal blackbody with temperature kT ⋍ 0.15 keV. Alternatively, a broken power law with Ebreak= 2 keV and ΔΓ= 0.4 can equally well describe the data. Using archival data we compile the not-simultaneous spectral energy distribution (SED) of the source from radio to gamma-ray frequencies. The SED shows two main components: the low frequency one produced by Synchrotron radiation from the electrons moving in the jet and the high-energy one produced through external Compton scattering of the electrons with the photon field of the broad line region. Within this scenario the excess emission in the soft X-ray band can be interpreted as due to bulk Compton radiation of cold electrons. However, some other processes, briefly discussed in the text, can also reproduce the observed bump.
Application of Tabu Search Algorithm With a Coupled AnnAGNPS‐CCHE1D Model to Optimize Agricultural Land Use1
Authors: Qi Honghai , Altinakar Mustafa S. , Vieira Dalmo A.N. , Alidaee Bahram
Published: June 2008

Abstract: A principal contributor to soil erosion and nonpoint source pollution, agricultural activities have a major influence on the environmental quality of a watershed. Impact of agricultural activities on the quality of water resources can be minimized by implementing suitable agriculture land‐use types. Currently, land uses are designed (location, type, and operational schedule) based on field study results, and do not involve a science‐based approach to ensure their efficiency under particular regional, climatic, geological, and economical conditions. At present, there is a real need for new methodologies that can optimize the selection, design, and operation of agricultural land uses at the watershed scale by taking into account environmental, technical, and economical considerations, based on realistic simulations of watershed response. In this respect, the present study proposes a new approach, which integrates computational modeling of watershed processes, fluvial processes in the drainage network, and modern heuristic optimization techniques to design cost effective land‐use plans. The watershed model AnnAGNPS and the channel network model CCHE1D are linked together to simulate the sediment and pollutant transport processes. Based on the computational results, a multi‐objective function is set up to minimize soil losses, nutrient yields, and total associated costs, while the production profits from agriculture are maximized. The selected iterative optimization algorithm uses adaptive Tabu Search heuristic to flip (switching from one alternative to another) land‐change variables. USDA’s Goodwin Creek experimental watershed, located in Northern Mississippi, is used to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach. The results show that the optimized land‐use design with BMPs using an integrated approach at the watershed level can provide efficient and cost‐effective conservation of the environmental quality by taking into account both productivity and profitability.
Human papillomavirus infection in oral squamous cell carcinomas: correlation with histologic variables and survival outcome in a high risk population
Authors: Ali S.M.A. , Awan M.S. , Ghaffar S. , Salahuddin I. , Khan S. , Mehraj V. , Pervez S.
Published: June 2008

Aim:  Cancer of the oral cavity is extremely prevalent in Pakistan. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been shown to play a role in the development of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and may even improve overall and disease‐free survival. The purpose of this study was to determine prevalence and types of HPV in a high risk population and its correlation with overall and disease‐free survival, chewing habits and histologic variables.

Material and methods:  A total of 140 patients of OSCC, having a long‐term follow‐up, were included in this study. HPV‐general and type‐specific 16 and 18 infection were investigated by means of polymerase chain reaction.

Results:  Out of 140 patients, HPV was detected in 95 (68%) patients, out of whom, 85 (90%) contained HPV16. HPV positive patients had comparatively prolonged overall survival when compared with HPV‐negative patients, but this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.97). HPV presence was also not found to correlate significantly with disease‐free survival (P = 0.58). The male were significantly correlated [odds ratio (OR) = 2.34; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13–4.84] with the HPV infection. Betel quid chewer were comparatively more prone to HPV positivity (OR = 2; 95% CI = 1.1–4.31).

Conclusion:  Our study found a high prevalence of HPV16 in OSCC of Pakistani patients with male sex showing significant correlation with HPV infection. However, we did not find a statistically significant favourable association between HPV, survival and histologic variables. Borderline significance of HPV positivity was also seen with betel quid chewing (P = 0.049).
Alcohol and violence: the prime suspects in the aetiology of facial trauma
Authors: Goodall C.A. , McCluskey K.
Published: June 2008

This article describes the risk factors for injury and facial injury. It focuses on the roles of alcohol and interpersonal violence in the causation of injury and outlines some ways in which these problems may be addressed in the oral surgery setting.
Accidental displacement of a mandibular third molar crown into the parapharyngeal space during extraction
Authors: Kamburoğlu K. , İlker Cebeci A.R. , Erdem E.
Published: June 2008

An unusual accidental displacement of a mandibular third molar crown into the parapharayngeal space in an adult female patient is reported. In combination with clinical examination, conventional and advanced radiographic techniques were utilised in order to locate the crown for retrieval surgery. Under general anaesthesia, an incision starting from buccal sulcus towards distobuccal angle of the second molar at gingival margin was extended to the coronoid process. The dislodged crown was found by means of blunt dissection and grasped with a pair of artery forceps and removed.
Temporomandibular disorders (TMD): an overview
Authors: Durham J.
Published: June 2008

This article discusses the aetiology, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, psychological factors and management of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). It highlights the difficulty of evidence‐based practice with respect to TMD.
Comparative study of fracture torque for orthodontic mini‐implants of different trademarks
Authors: Pithon M. , Nojima L. , Nojima M. , Ruellas A.C.
Published: June 2008

Objective:  To assess the maximum fracture torque of orthodontic mini‐implants of different trade marks.

Materials and methods:  Seventy‐five orthodontic mini‐implants were divided into five groups (n = 15) according to their respective manufacturers, namely, groups M, N, S, I and T. The mini‐implants were inserted into the swine femoral cortical bone with approximately 8 mm in thickness and a digital torque gauge was perpendicularly positioned to the bone surface. The values obtained from the experiment were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey's test.

Results:  Group S had the highest values for fracture torque (mean = 99.15 N/cm2), whereas Group N had the lowest ones (mean = 49.6 N/cm2). No statistically significant differences were found between groups M and N (P = 0.904), M and T (P = 0.810), and I and T (P = 0.990).

Conclusions:  The mini‐implants of Group S were found to be the most resistant to fracture compared with other groups. The resistance to fracture is directly related to the mini‐implant format, which helps distributing the force between the head and active part of the mini‐implant.
Long‐term biomechanical properties of rabbit cornea after photodynamic collagen crosslinking
Authors: Wollensak Gregor , Iomdina Elena
Published: June 2008

Purpose:  Photodynamic riboflavin/ultraviolet‐A (UVA)‐induced collagen cross‐linking, which increases the biomechanical stiffness of the human cornea by about 300%, has been introduced recently as a possible treatment for progressive keratoconus. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the longterm biomechanical effects of this new cross‐linking treatment as a necessary prerequisite to its clinical success.

Methods:  The corneas of the left eyes of nine male rabbits were cross‐linked. The contralateral eyes served as controls. After removal of the central 7 mm of the epithelium, the corneas were treated with the photosensitizer riboflavin and UVA irradiation for 30 mins with an irradiance of 3 mW/cm2 using a 370‐nm UVA double diode. Groups of three animals were killed immediately after treatment and at 3 and 8 months, respectively. Biomechanical stress–strain measurements were performed using a microcomputer‐controlled biomaterial tester on 4 × 10‐mm corneal strips.

Results:  Corneal thickness in the treated rabbit cornea was 408 ± 20 μm. A constant and significant increase in ultimate stress (of 69.7–106.0%), Young’s modulus of elasticity (of 78.4–87.4%) and a decrease in ultimate strain (of 0.57–78.4%) were found over a time period of up to 8 months after cross‐linking treatment.

Conclusions:  Riboflavin/UVA‐induced collagen cross‐linking leads to a longterm increase in biomechanical rigidity which remains stable over time. These data support our previous longterm clinical observations and give hope that this new treatment will halt progressive keratoconus definitively.