bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experiences of the new role of advanced practice nurses in Swedish primary health care—A qualitative study
Authors: Lindblad Emma , Hallman Elsie‐Britt , Gillsjö Catharina , Lindblad Ulf , Fagerström Lisbeth
Published: January 2010

Lindblad E, Hallman E‐B, Gillsjö C, Lindblad U, Fagerström L. International Journal of Nursing Practice 2010; 16: 69–74 Experiences of the new role of advanced practice nurses in Swedish primary health care—A qualitative study

The aim of this study was to investigate and describe the experiences of the first advanced practice nurses (APNs), a new profession for Swedish health care, and of their supervising general practitioners (GPs), regarding the new role and scope of practice of APNs in primary health care. Individual interviews were conducted with the four first APNs and one focus group interview was conducted with five supervising physicians. The material was transcribed verbatim and analysed using latent content analysis. The respondents expressed confidence and trust in the new role of APNs. Some opposition to this new role from the GPs and other colleagues was observed, but was nonetheless overcome. The experiences of the APN role indicate that the new role is clearly demarcated from the role of physicians. The APNs were considered an extra resource for both the GPs and other nurses, which contributed to an increased availability of care for patients. The APN role requires an explicit definition and demarcation in relation to responsibility and roles among colleagues. Further development of the APN role presupposes the right to prescribe medication and order treatments, as well as an evaluation of patient, organizational and inter‐professional perspectives on the matter.
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea: From pathogenesis to treatment: Current controversies and future directions
Authors: EASTWOOD Peter R. , MALHOTRA Atul , PALMER Lyle J. , KEZIRIAN Eric J. , HORNER Richard L. , IP Mary S. , THURNHEER Robert , ANTIC Nick A. , HILLMAN David R.
Published: January 2010

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a common disease, recognized as an independent risk factor for a range of clinical conditions, such as hypertension, stroke, depression and diabetes. Despite extensive research over the past two decades, the mechanistic links between OSA and other associated clinical conditions, including metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease, remain unclear. Indeed, the pathogenesis of OSA itself remains incompletely understood. This review provides opinions from a number of leading experts on issues related to OSA and its pathogenesis, interaction with anaesthesia, metabolic consequences and comorbidities, cardiovascular disease, genetics, measurement and diagnosis, surgical treatment and pharmacotherapeutic targets.
Reduced inorganic sulfur oxidation supports autotrophic and mixotrophic growth of Magnetospirillum strain J10 and Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense
Authors: Geelhoed Jeanine S. , Kleerebezem Robbert , Sorokin Dimitry Y. , Stams Alfons J. M. , Van Loosdrecht Mark C. M.
Published: January 2010

Magnetotactic bacteria are present at the oxic–anoxic transition zone where opposing gradients of oxygen and reduced sulfur and iron exist. Growth of non‐magnetotactic lithoautotrophic Magnetospirillum strain J10 and its close relative magnetotactic Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense was characterized in microaerobic continuous culture. Both strains were able to grow in mixotrophic (acetate + sulfide) and autotrophic (sulfide or thiosulfate) conditions. Autotrophically growing cells completely converted sulfide or thiosulfate to sulfate and produced 7.5 g dry weight per mol substrate at a maximum observed growth rate of 0.09 h−1 for strain J10 and 0.07 h−1 for M. gryphiswaldense. The respiratory activity for acetate was repressed in autotrophic and also in mixotrophic cultures, suggesting acetate was used as C‐source in the latter. We have estimated the proportions of substrate used for assimilatory processes and evaluated the biomass yields per mol dissimilated substrate. The yield for lithoheterotrophic growth using acetate as the C‐source was approximately twice the autotrophic growth yield and very similar to the heterotrophic yield, showing the importance of reduced sulfur compounds for growth. In the draft genome sequence of M. gryphiswaldense homologues of genes encoding a partial sulfur‐oxidizing (Sox) enzyme system and reverse dissimilatory sulfite reductase (Dsr) were identified, which may be involved in the oxidation of sulfide and thiosulfate. Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense is the first freshwater magnetotactic species for which autotrophic growth is shown.
Diel cycling of DNA staining and nifH gene regulation in the unicellular cyanobacterium Crocosphaera watsonii strain WH 8501 (Cyanophyta)
Authors: Pennebaker Kory , Mackey Katherine R. M. , Smith Rachelle M. , Williams Stanly B. , Zehr Jonathan P.
Published: January 2010

Crocosphaera watsonii WH 8501 is a marine unicellular cyanobacterium that fixes nitrogen primarily during the dark phase of a light–dark (LD) cycle. Circadian clocks modulate gene transcription and cellular activity in many, if not all, cyanobacteria. A model for circadian control has been proposed in cyanobacteria, called the oscilloid model, which is based on topological changes of nucleoid DNA which in turn regulates gene transcription. In this study, the marine unicellular diazotrophic cyanobacteria C. watsonii WH 8501 and Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 were found to have daily fluctuations in DNA staining using Hoechst 33342 and SYBR I Green fluorescent dyes. Up to 20‐fold decreases in DNA fluorescence of Hoechst‐stained cells were observed during the dark phase when cultures were grown with a 12:12 LD cycle or under continuous light (LL). The variation in DNA staining was consistent with changes in DNA topology proposed in the oscilloid model. The abundance of nifH transcripts in C. watsonii WH 8501 was rhythmic under LD and LL cycles, consistent with a circadian rhythm. Cycles of DNA fluorescence and photosynthetic efficiency were disrupted when cultures were shifted into an early dark phase; however, nifH transcripts predictably increased in abundance following the premature transition from light to darkness. Thus, nifH gene expression in C. watsonii WH 8501 appears to be influenced by both circadian and environmental factors.
THE PERCEPTION OF MAN AND THE CONCEPTION OF SOCIETY: TWO APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING SOCIETY
Authors: BRUNNER KARL
Published: January 2010

The social sciences offer two distinct approaches to understanding society. One originated with the Scottish moral philosophers and shaped the discipline of economics. The other emerged from the French enlightenment and influenced the study of sociology. The two approaches are based on radically different perceptions of man and man's relation to society. This paper explores these alternative hypotheses and examines some major implications. It concludes that the hypothesis reaching back to the Scottish philosophers provides the basis for a unified approach in the social sciences.
ARE MALE/FEMALE EARNINGS DIFFERENTIALS RELATED TO LIFE‐EXPECTANCY‐CAUSED PENSION COST DIFFERENCES?
Authors: MOORE ROBERT L.
Published: January 2010

This paper argues that employers using defined‐benefit pension plans are forced by competitive conditions to lower females' earnings to account for more costly pension liabilities resulting from longer life expectancy. A newly constructed data set containing employee salary histories and pension plan descriptions from five firms is used to calculate how much more it costs to employ a female vs. a male worker, identical except for life expectancy. It is demonstrated that each dollar of increased pension liabilities results in a reduction in females' salaries by fifty‐five cents. Implications of these findings for the 1983 Supreme Court ruling involving sex‐linked pension benefits are discussed.
DRINKING AGE LAWS AND HIGHWAY MORTALITY RATES: CAUSE AND EFFECT
Authors: SAFFER HENRY , GROSSMAN MICHAEL
Published: January 2010

This paper presents estimates of the effects of the drinking age and beer taxes on youth motor vehicle mortality. A simultaneous equation model is used and the results show that the drinking age is a function of mortality rates. The results also show that for eighteen‐ to twenty‐year‐old drivers an increase in the drinking age to twenty‐one, which is approximately 8 percent, would reduce mortality by approximately 18 percent. Also a 100 percent increase in the real beer tax, which is approximately $1.50 per case, would reduce highway mortality by about 27 percent.
INSTITUTIONS, TRANSACTION COSTS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Authors: NORTH DOUGLASS C.
Published: January 2010

This essay develops a theoretical framework which explores the historical obstacles to economic growth. These obstacles are examined in the context of the political/economic institutional framework of economies in history and consequent transaction costs that determine economic performance and growth. The essay concludes with specific suggestions for the study of economic growth.
WHY CORPORATIONS INSURE
Authors: ALESSI LOUIS DE
Published: January 2010

Corporations insure to reduce the shirking‐information problem of joint production. Insurance encourages specialization in ownership, increasing the returns to monitoring and lowering shareholders' demand for a more diversified portfolio; it enhances the credibility of specific capital as a performance bond; and it lowers the cost to shareholders of compensating other members of the team for investing in firm‐specific assets. Tax and other factors may further encourage individual corporations to insure.
THE WELFARE COSTS OF DEFICIT FINANCE
Authors: HANSSON INGEMAR , STUART CHARLES
Published: January 2010

We analyze the welfare consequences of deficit finance in a general equilibrium model fit to the US. economy. Current spending may be financed with current and/or future distortionary taxes. The economy is open to international capital flows. The welfare costs of financing marginal current spending are substantial and are sensitive to the timing of the required taxes; postponing a tax on labor income is advantageous but postponing a tax on asset income is not. Ricardian equivalence poorly approximates the economy we consider.
RULES AND DISCRETION WITH NONCOORDINATED MONETARY AND FISCAL POLICIES
Authors: ALESINA ALBERTO , TABELLINI GUIDO
Published: January 2010

The time inconsistency of optimal monetary policy is due to the effects of tax distortions. Thus the issue of how to improve upon the time‐consistent suboptimal monetary policy is related to that of the coordination of monetary and fiscal policy. We present a model with three players (the central bark, the fiscal authority, and wage setters) in which distortionary taxes are explicitly modelled. We show that binding commitments to monetary rules are not necessarily welfare improving if monetary and fiscal policy are not coordinated. We also examine the effects of different degrees of independence of the central bank.
BARRIERS TO ENTRY IN THE MARKET FOR STUD SERVICES: GOVERNMENT AND “NON‐PROFIT” INSTITUTIONS IN COLLUSION
Authors: COELHO PHILIP R. P. , McCLURE JAMES E.
Published: January 2010

Modern technologies are banned in the breeding of Thoroughbred horses. These practices have been banned by the states defining a Thoroughbred as a horse registered by the Jockey Club of New York, and by the Club refusing to register horses bred “unnaturally.” Modern technologies would vastly increase the number of high quality foals and lead to a decline in industry prices and profits. The breeding restrictions protect the wealth of owners at the expense of consumers, potential input suppliers, and new breeders. Because of the distribution of costs and benefits in the political process, we foresee no end to legislatively mandated stagnation.
PARTY POLITICS AND THE PRICE OF PAYOLA
Authors: Lindsay Cotton M. , Maloney Michael T.
Published: January 2010

The literature contains two competing views of the role of political parties: parties are treated either as associations of interest groups supported to the degree that they offer electoral support in the lawmaker's district, or as expressions of the personal ideologies of the lawmakers. In this paper parties are treated as bargaining agents for groups of lawmakers in their dealings with interest groups. Interest groups are depicted buying votes on proposals where those votes are cheapest. Parties are combinations of consistently low‐price vote suppliers. The theory has empirical power that discriminates between it and the two competing models.
DEMAND INDUCEMENT AND THE PHYSICIAN/PATIENT RELATIONSHIP
Authors: Dranove David
Published: January 2010

The physician/patient relationship is a paradigm for any expert/client relationship. The physician both diagnoses the patient's illness and recommends a treatment. This dual role gives the physician incentive to recommend treatments whose costs outweigh their medical benefits. These socially inefficient treatments correspond to the notion of “physician‐induced demand.” The level of inducement chosen by the physician is shown to depend on the price and potential medical benefits of treatment and the relative diagnostic skills of physician and patient. This model offers several testable hypotheses, some of which are confirmed by related studies.
PENSION SURVIVORS INSURANCE FOR WIDOWS
Authors: Turner John A.
Published: January 2010

Men frequently do not provide pension survivors insurance for their wives. To analyze why, a demand‐supply model of survivors insurance is presented. Using the Survey of Private Pension Benefit Amounts, Tobit estimates are calculated for a sample of married male pensioners. Social security reduces the survivors insurance provided through private pensions, partially foiling governmental attempts to reduce poverty among widows. The decline in inflation and the Supreme Court's unisex pension decisions have increased the selection of pension survivors insurance so that an increase could not necessarily be attributed to the passage of the Retirement Equity Act.
ANTITRUST and COMPETITION, HISTORICALLY CONSIDERED
Authors: Dilorenzo Thomas J. , High Jack C.
Published: January 2010

Although antitrust laws enjoy wide support among economists, there was almost no such support during the early years of the Sherman Act. One reason for this transformation is a change in the theory of competition. Until the 1920s most economists viewed competition as a dynamic, rivalrous process that would be stifled by antitrust laws. Once the perfect competition model–which largely ignores rivalry–was accepted, economists' opinions of antitrust grew more favorable. To the extent that antitrust interferes with rivalry and enterprise, the competitive model has very likely misdirected the profession, at least as far as antitrust policy is concerned.
THE NONPROFIT FIRM: A POTENTIAL SOLUTION TO INHERENT MARKET FAILURES
Authors: Preston Anne E.
Published: January 2010

This article analyzes the differences in products offered by nonprofit and for‐profit firms in a monopolistically competitive industry where goods are differentiated both by product attributes and by the degree to which benefits are public. Because nonprofit firms receive donations, they provide a Pareto improvement of the equilibrium product set: nonprofit firms will be less biased against goods with a high social good component than will their for‐profit counterparts, hi addition, the optimal donations function which equates the nonprofit equilibrium product set to the set which maximizes societal welfare is derived.
WINNING GAMES VERSUS WINNING CHAMPIONSHIPS: THE ECONOMICS OF FAN INTEREST AND TEAM PERFORMANCE
Authors: Whitney James D.
Published: January 2010

Championship prospects, as distinct from game‐winning prospects, may contribute to a fan's interest in a particular sports team. If so, then both season length and the structure of championship playoffs help determine the equilibrium allocation of playing skills across the teams of a league. Evidence from a regression analysis of team attendance in baseball indicates that ticket demand depends in part on perceived flag‐winning prospects. Several patterns in the winning percentages of league leaders in the major U.S. team sports are consistent with the perspective that championship considerations influence the allocation of playing skills.
PRICE DIFFERENTIALS and PRICE DISCRIMINATION: REPLY and EXTENSIONS
Authors: Liebowitz S. J.
Published: January 2010

Precise definitions of price discrimination are analyzed in this paper as part of a reply to one of my earlier papers on a related topic. The main conclusion is that the two definitions used most frequently are appropriate only in special circumstances not recognized previously. No definition exists to cover all real‐world situations.
ADDICTION, COMPULSION, AND THE TECHNOLOGY OF CONSUMPTION
Authors: MICHAELS ROBERT J.
Published: January 2010

The consumption technology model of Lancaster and Becker is extended to include addictive activities. Assuming a utility function in which the individual places a premium on maintenance of self‐esteem, the model generates empirically verified patterns of habituation, withdrawal, and the compulsive restarting of an abandoned habit. It is then applied to the analysis of public policies toward drug abuse. Their frequent ineffectiveness is shown to result from an unwarranted emphasis on deterring the addictive activity rather than on encouraging atceptable behavior.
PRESSURE GROUPS AND PUBLIC EXPENDITURES: THE FLYPAPER EFFECT RECONSIDERED
Authors: DOUGAN WILLIAM R. , KENYON DAPHNE A.
Published: January 2010

A model of government budgeting is developed in which lobbying by interest groups can divert the allocation of funds away from the one preferred by the median voter. The model is applied to state and local governments to show that the “flypaper effect”–the tendency for lump‐sum grants to increase public expenditures by more than an equivalent increase in the community's pretax income–can be explained without the customary assumption of voter fiscal illusion. Furthermore, the model predicts variation in the extent of the flypaper effect among expenditure categories, as found in previous empirical studies.
DO PRICES LEAD MONEY? A REEXAMINATION OF THE NEUTRALITY HYPOTHESIS
Authors: THOMAS MARK A.
Published: January 2010

In one class of theoretical models, real epects occur only if changes in money growth are expected to occur in some future period, if expected in the current period, they are neutral. Some empirical models examine the neutrality of expected current money growth and therefore do not directly address the neutrality of expected future growth. This paper develops an empirical model that explicitly incorporates expected future changes in money growth. A reexamination of the rationality, neutrality, and macro‐rational expectations hypotheses over a sample of four countries suggests that the use of expected future money growth results in strong rejections of the neutrality hypothesis.
INVESTMENT IN SISTER'S CHILDREN AS BEHAVIOR TOWARDS RISK
Authors: Diamond ARTHUR M. , Locay LUIS
Published: January 2010

A risk‐averse man will invest in his sister's children if he cares about his genetic relatedness to future generations and if he is unsure about being the father of his wife's children. The model in this paper is an advance over the earlier expected‐relatedness models in that it permits mixed investment in both sister's and wife's children and also permits investment in sister's children at higher levels of paternity probability. Estimates from ordered logits suggest that paternity probability is an important determinant of investment in sister's children and that some investment in sister's children occurs even at high levels of paternity probability.
U.S. MILITARY EXPENDITURE AND THE DOLLAR
Authors: Grilli VITTORIO , Beltratti ANDREA
Published: January 2010

This paper examines the connection between U.S. military expenditure and the dollar‐mark real exchange rate. Quarterly data for the period 1951.1–1986.3 are used to show that there exists a significant relationship linking real exchange rate, real military spending, and real GNP. The conclusion is based on evidence that these three variables are cointegrated.
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS: GRADING SOFTWARE PROGRAMS ACCOMPANYING SELECTED PRINCIPLES TEXTS
Authors: WALBERT MARK S.
Published: January 2010

An increasing number of non‐statistical software packages are being written as supplementary instructional material for economics Principles texts. This paper reviews the software programs currently available as ancillary material to eight major Principles texts. To avoid simply listing what the programs do, a detailed framework for economic software evaluation was created and applied to each program. This evaluation instrument gives the reviewer a total of 31 questions, in jive different categories, to guide the software review. A summary table is presented which allows direct comparison of each package across each of the five evaluation categories.
TAXATION, AGGREGATE ACTIVITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: CROSS‐COUNTRY EVIDENCE ON SOME SUPPLY‐SIDE HYPOTHESES
Authors: KOESTER REINHARD B. , KORMENDI ROGER C.
Published: January 2010

Data from sixty‐three countries are used to examine the impact of average and marginal tax rates on the level and growth of economic activity. Apparent negative effects of tax rates on growth disappear upon controlling for (1) potential endogeneity of average tax rates to per capita income and (2) the relation between economic growth and per capita income. However, controlling for average tax rates, increases in marginal tax rates have negative effects on the level of economic activity. This evidence supports the hypothesis that reductions in the “progressivity” of tax rates induce a parallel shift upward in the growth path.
PRODUCTION EXTERNALITIES AND LONG‐RUN EQUILIBRIA: BARGAINING AND PIGOVIAN TAXATION
Authors: HAMILTON JONATHAN H. , SHESHINSKI EYTAN , SLUTSKY STEVEN M.
Published: January 2010

This paper analyzes bargaining and Pigovian taxation solutions to inefficiencies from production externalities with free entry. The Coase Theorem fails in a decentralized context but remains valid if the property rights holder can act like a command economy planner. A less powerful price‐taking rights holder's objective function is nonconcave, causing an inefficient bargaining outcome. Bargaining complicates Pigovian taxes with a nonlinear tax scheme required to sustain the optimum. Polluting firms pay a franchise tax whose revenue is given lump sum to consumers and face a marginal charge only on excess output, which thus raises no revenue in equilibrium.
SUPPLY SHOCKS AND THE INTEREST RATE
Authors: DENSLOW DAVE , RUSH MARK
Published: January 2010

The classic example of a temporary supply shock is a failed agricultural harvest. Theoretically, adverse temporary supply shocks are predicted to raise the ex ante real interest rate; that is, a below‐normal harvest raises the interest rate. Apparently, however, no one has tested this conclusion using agriculture as the supply shock. This paper examines nineteenth century French data and confirms the hypothesis that deviations from the “average” harvest have an inverse effect on the interest rate. It also finds that temporary fluctuations in government spending affect the interest rate: higher than normal government spending raises the interest rate.
AN EQUILIBRIUM POLITICO‐ECONOMIC MODEL
Authors: ELLIS CHRISTOPHER J.
Published: January 2010

A politico‐economic model is developed in which rationally formed forecasts are available to all traders. Systematic government policy is neutral, but a large majority of the electorate, those who adopt rationally formed forecasts but do not know the model, hold the government responsible for the economy's performance. Real and political shocks generate novel feedback effects due to anticipated regime changes. These feedback effects may amplify or dampen the initial shocks; this depends on whether the government follows a high or low monetary growth rate rule and whether inflation or unemployment is the main concern of the electorate.
CAPITAL GAINS AND THE RATE OF RETURN ON A STRADIVARIUS
Authors: ROSS MYRON H. , ZONDERVAN SCOTT
Published: January 2010

What is the return on a Stradivarius? The return equals the capital gain. The return on specific violin sales averages 2.17 percent. The best Stradivariuses were made in the “Golden Period.” Prices were significantly higher for Golden Period violins than for the other three periods examined. However, the rate of return was not significantly different for the four periods, with an overall return of 2.18 percent. When other factors (insurance, taxation and user benefits) were taken into account the rate of return varied between 4.7 and 1.2 percent.
STATISTICAL MODELS OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR WITH HETEROGENEOUS VALUES AND CONSTRAINTS
Authors: Suen WING
Published: January 2010

In a market with heterogeneous individuals, the fact that a particular group of individuals are the consumers of a particular product already indicates that there exist systematic differences between them and the average person. Simple tools from statistical theory are used here to analyze the implications of consumer diversity. It is argued that an increase in consumer diversity will increase the gains from trade, and that there is a “shadow price of heterogeneity” associated with product quality. Throughout the discussion, the significance of consumer self‐selection and the distinction between “average” and “marginal” will be emphasized.
LONG‐RUN EQUILIBRIUM IN THE EMPIRICAL STUDY OF MONOPOLY AND COMPETITION
Authors: Glick MARK , Ehrbar HANS
Published: January 2010

A long‐run tendency of industry profit rate to converge to a single competitive level has been a fundamental tenet of the industrial organization approach to the study of competitiveness in a market economy. This paper shows that for the post World War II period a weak equalization can be econometrically identified with different reaction speeds by industry. However, persistent profit rate differences endure. Finally, a portfolio theory of risk is considered as an explanation of these differentials.
FURTHER ANALYSIS OF THE THEORY OF ECONOMIC REGULATION: THE CASE OF THE 1969 COAL MINE HEALTH AND SFNETY ACT
Authors: Fuess SCOTT M. , Loewenstein MARK A.
Published: January 2010

How does government regulation influence the structure of industries? In the coal mining industry increased sfnety can be provided with personal protection devices or with engineering controls; but the type of sfnety standard imposed is important because larger producers have a comparative advantage complying with engineering controls. Time series evidence indicates that the 1969 Coal Mine Health and Sfnety Act, by imposing engineering controls, drove out smaller, less sfne mines, thereby shifting production toward larger mines.
PRICE PREDICTION ERRORS AND REAL ACTIVITY: A REASSESSMENT
Authors: GRAY JO ANNA , SPENCER DAVID E.
Published: January 2010

Rational expectations, natural‐rate macro‐models in which aggregate demand disturbances affect the real sector through price prediction errors, while powerful and tractable analytical tools, are often perceived to be of questionable empirical relevance. This paper reexamines the empirical role of price prediction errors in determining the level of real aggregate activity. The approach is distinguished by accounting for aggregate supply‐side disturbances and by more careful treatment of natural rates. Contrary to some previous studies, we find considerable empirical support for the hypothesis that demand‐driven price level surprises are positively and significantly correlated with aggregate real economic activity.
ELECTORAL POLITICS, INTEREST GROUPS, AND THE SIZE OF GOVERNMENT
Authors: COUGHLIN PETER J. , MUELLER DENNIS C. , MURRELL PETER
Published: January 2010

This paper considers how government size responds to a change in the influence of interest groups. First, an election model is developed that has an equilibrium and in which interest groups have unequal influence. The authors then show that an increase in a group's influence per se does not cause government size to increase but does cause its size to increase when the government (1) cannot change tax shares or (2) provides a good benefiting one (untaxed) group, whose sole interest is in maximizing its consumption of the good. The paper concludes with a discussion of some of the normative implications.
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE THEORY OF DEPLETABLE RESOURCE SCARCITY AND ITS MEASURES
Authors: CAIRNS ROBERT D.
Published: January 2010

Economists commonly use rent and unit costs as measures of non‐renewable resource scarcity and identify the types of scarcity as Malthusian or Ricardian. Malthus and Ricardo, however, concerned themselves mainly with renewable agricultural land; Mill and Jevons provided major insights into non‐renewable resource scarcity. A simple model of mining brings out the contributions of major classical and other writers and shows that unit costs and rent are not necessarily useful indicators of scarcity. Exhaustibility of the deposit and choice of capital stock appear more pertinent to firms' intertemporal decisions than exhaustibility of world reserves.
THE VOLUNTARY PROVISION OF PUBLIC GOODS? THE TURNPIKE COMPANIES OF EARLY AMERICA
Authors: KLEIN DANIEL B.
Published: January 2010

The turnpike companies of early America (roughly 1795–1840) were very unprofitable but conferred vast benefits to communities served. Purchasing stock was like paying for the road since such purchases were necessary to complete the road and unprofitability was foreseen. Thus the turnpikes would appear to have been public goods. Yet hundreds of turnpikes were provided through voluntary association. The free rider problem was overcome by an almost vigilant impulse to participate and to see that your neighbor did likewise.
EXPROPRIATION OF MULTINATIONAL FIRMS: THE ROLE OF DOMESTIC MARKET CONDITIONS AND DOMESTIC RIVALRIES
Authors: MOHTADI HAMID
Published: January 2010

The causes of expropriation of Multinational Firms (MNFs) by their host governments are investigated, based on social welfare analysis and also on public choice theory. A key feature is the presence of Cournot‐Nash rivalry with domestic firms. Thus, the likelihood of expropriation differs according to whether or not a domestic rival exists. The likelihood also depends on the MNF's initial technological superiority over domestic technology, the host country's demand structure, the type of control to be exercised over the expropriated firm (private vs. state) and the strategic behavior of the MNF, ex anti, when under threat of expropriation.
THE NEAR OPTIMALITY OF MARK‐UP PRICING
Authors: Naish Howard F.
Published: January 2010

Mark‐up pricing policies result in a loss of profits compared to marginal pricing behavior. These losses, however, are often very small, even for large changes in the money supply. But by adopting a simple pricing rule the firm does not have to forecast the future, and avoids the informational and computational costs required to determine the profit maximizing price each period. Thus, even if these costs are small, mark‐up pricing policies may be optimal, or approximately so, at least for some firms. In a macro model this is likely to imply large monetary non‐neutralities.
IS THE BUDGET DEFICIT “TOO LARGE?”
Authors: HAKKIO CRAIG S. , RUSH MARK
Published: January 2010

Yes. Specifically, we find that recent spending and taxing policies of the government–if continued–violate the government's intertemporal budget constraint. As a result, government spending must be reduced and/or tax revenues must be increased. These conclusions are based on tests of whether government spending and revenue are cointegrated. In addition to examining real spending and revenue, we also normalize these variables by real GNP and population. For a growing economy, these normalized measures are perhaps more pertinent. We also test and find support for the hypothesis that deficits have become a problem only in recent years.
SOLVENCY REGULATION AND THE PROPERTY‐LIABILITY “INSURANCE CYCLE”
Authors: WINTER RALPH A.
Published: January 2010

Fluctuations in the supply of property‐liability insurance may be exacerbated by regulation. To limit insolvencies, regulators constrain insurers against writing an excessive quantity of insurance relative to net worth. Revenue is used as a measure of aggregate quantity. In a competitive market with inelastic demand, a constraint on the ratio of revenue to net worth yields a catastrophe process for price dynamics. Indirect evidence supports the argument that the current form of solvency regulation is destabilizing.
THE SOCIAL ROLE OF NOT‐FOR‐PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS: HOSPITAL PROVISION OF CHARITY CARE
Authors: THORPE KENNETH E. , PHELPS CHARLES E.
Published: January 2010

During the 1980s the State of New York shifted from a straight block grant to a matching grant method for reimbursing hospitals, with the matching rate varying from 0 to 75 percent across years. These changes allow estimation of pure “income” and “price” effects for hospitals' supply of uncompensated care (charity and bad debts). The price efrect is positive and significant, but no income effect was found. Hospitals in more concentrated markets provide more charity care, as do teaching hospitals, and the presence of public hospitals in a market reduces private hospitals' provision of charity care.
THE 1920‐21 DEFLATION: THE ROLE OF AGGREGATE SUPPLY
Authors: VERNON J. R.
Published: January 2010

World War I was followed by an extremely sharp deflation in 1920–1921. Most treatments have attributed this deflation to a decline in aggregate demand. This paper, noting that the deflation was not only large, but large relative to the accompanying decline in real product, argues that it was caused by a decline in aggregate demand combined with an increase in aggregate supply.
REAL WAGE AND EMPLOYMENT UNCERTAINTY AND THE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION DECISIONS OF MARRIED WOMEN
Authors: BLAU FRANCINE D. , GROSSBERG ADAM J.
Published: January 2010

This paper argues that an important factor in a married woman's decision to enter the labor force is the degree of uncertainty associated with expectations offuture wages and (husband's) income, and that high levels of uncertainty during the 1970s may have contributed substantially to the growth in participation in that decade. We apply a model of autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity to aggregate time series data to measure the level of uncertainty in each period. Our estimates support our hypothesis that the level of uncertainty is an important determinant of labor force participation for married women.
THE TERMS OF TRADE AND THE INTERNATIONAL COORDINATION OF FISCAL POLICY
Authors: DEVEREUX MICHAEL B.
Published: January 2010

This paper develops an example of a noncooperative game between fiscal authorities in two countries. The key strategic link between countries is the terms of trade. An equilibrium without cooperation is characterized by excessive tax rates and public spending levels in each country. The outcome is analogous to the Nash equilibrium of the static optimal tarif game in trade theory. But in this model there is also a dynamic distortion caused by noncooperative behaviour. This dynamic distortion depresses capital accumulation and reduces the equilibrium capital stock in each country. Numerical examples suggest a significant welfare benefit of cooperation.
SPECULATIVE INTENSITY AND SPOT AND FUTURES PRICE VARIABILITY
Authors: DRISKILL ROBERT , MCCAFFERTY STEPHEN , SHEFFRIN STEVEN M.
Published: January 2010

This paper develops a simultaneous stochastic rational‐expectations model of futures‐ and spot‐price determination. Using the model, we find that increases in what we term speculative intensity increase spot‐price variability arising from storage‐cost shocks, but decrease spot‐price variability arising from demand shocks. In contrast, increases in speculative intensity unambiguously decrease futures‐price variability, regardless of the underlying source of disturbances. We are able to develop these comparative‐static results because the model has a unique equilibrium.
THE COMPOSITION AND CONSTRUCTION OF MONETARY AGGREGATES
Authors: SWOFFORD JAMES L. , WHITNEY GERALD A.
Published: January 2010

An economic monetary aggregate is composed from a set of monetary goods that are at least weakly separable from other goods in the optimizing agent's utility function. We construct such an aggregate using a Divisia index number. We demonstrate that through the middle of the 1980s forecasts of the inflation rate based on our economic monetary aggregate are superior to forecasts based on the simple sum monetary aggregates M1 or M2.
A GUIDE TO THE PITFALLS OF IDENTIFYING PRICE DISCRIMINATION
Authors: Lott John R. , Roberts Russell D.
Published: January 2010

This paper demonstrates that plausible cost‐based explanations exist for what are commonly perceived to be cases of price discrimination. We explain such commonly discussed problems as the price spreads of retail gasoline products, the “high” price of dinners at restaurants, the “high” price of popcorn at movie theaters, and the fact that airline ticket prices vary with how long the ticket is purchased before the flight's departure. Our explanations benefit from not relying on consumer ignorance or implicit collusion among numerous sellers.
POLICY INFERENCE USING VAR MODELS
Authors: Hafer R. W. , Sheehan Richard G.
Published: January 2010

There has been relatively little systematic investigation of the sensitivity of policy inferences derived from VAR models to changes in the lag structure. We investigate this issue using a simple macro model consisting of output, prices, money and interest rates. Using six different lag length selection criteria that vary the bias‐efficiency tradeoff, we compare the policy inferences derived from the different estimations of our VAR model. The evidence shows that policy recommendations are quite sensitive to changes in the lag structure.
THE IMPACT OF R&D INVESTMENT ON PRODUCTIVITY–NEW EVIDENCE USING LINKED R&D–LRD DATA
Authors: Lichtenberg Frank R. , Siegel Donald
Published: January 2010

This paper uses confidential Census longitudinal microdata to examine the association between R&D and productivity for the period 1972–1985. These data allow for significant improvements in measurement and model specification, yielding more precise estimates of the returns to R&D. Our results confirm the findings of existing studies: 1) positive returns to R&D investment 2) higher returns to company‐financed research 3) a productivity “premium” on basic research These results are robust to adjustments for “influential outliers.” Also, our evidence suggests that the return to company‐financed R&D is an increasing function of firm size.
OWNERSHIP AND THE REGULATION OF WILDLIFE
Authors: Lueck Dean
Published: January 2010

The use of wildlife resources is governed by a combination of private contracts and public regulations. Most often, private landowners control access rights, and government agencies regulate hunting and other uses. This paper shows that these institutions depend on wildlife values and the ability of private landowners to control access to species that inhabit their land. Logit regressions and literary sources are used to test implications about private hunting rights and state regulations. The data support the view that private, legal, and political forces have led to institutions that vary in ways consistent with wealth maximization.
CERTAINTY VS. SEVERITY OF PUNISHMENT
Authors: Grogger Jeffrey
Published: January 2010

Recent research has generated conflicting findings regarding the role of employment and earnings versus criminal justice sanctions in reducing crime. Further disagreement exists over the relative effectiveness of increased certainty versus increased severity of punishment as deterrents to crime. This paper uses a large data set containing criminal and labor market histories of a broad sample of young male arrestees to estimate an economic model of crime. Deterrence, incapacitation, and criminal human capital effects are measured, and the effects of employment and earnings on criminal activity are estimated. The results largely reconcile the conflicting findings from previous research.
THE IMPORTANCE OF SECTORAL AND AGGREGATE SHOCKS IN BUSINESS CYCLES
Authors: Norrbin Stefan C. , Schlagenhauf Don E.
Published: January 2010

The theoretical literature on business cycles proposes numerous causes for their occurrence. This paper attempts to measure the relative importance of aggregate, whether real or nominal, and sectoral factors in generating real economic fluctuations, as well as to identify economic variables that are correlated with the various factors. Empirical results indicate that both aggregate and industry‐level factors are statistically significant in explaining variations in output with the aggregate factor being the most important. Some evidence is presented that links the aggregate factor with monetary variables.
VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTION GAMES: EFFICIENT PRIVATE PROVISION OF PUBLIC GOODS
Authors: Bagnoli Mark , Mckee Michael
Published: January 2010

This paper reports on a series of laboratory experiments designed to evaluate a mechanism for the voluntary provision of public good. The public good is provided if the total contributions meet or exceed a threshold and all contributions are returned if the public good is not provided. The members of the group all know the threshold, the incomes, and the valuations assigned the public good by all other members. The results support the prediction that this mechanism will yield Pareto efficient outcomes and suggest that economic agents adopt strategies which form equilibria satisfying certain refinements to the Nash equilibrium.
EXACT AND SUPERLATIVE WELFARE CHANGE INDICATORS
Authors: Diewert W. E.
Published: January 2010

An exact welfare change indicator is defined to be a known function of the price and quantity data for two periods (for a utility maximizing consumer) which is exactly equal to the Hicksian equivalent variation. A welfare change indicator is termed superlative if it is exactly equal to the equivalent variation for an expenditure function which has a second‐order approximation property.

The paper exhibits a number of superlative welfare change indicators, and also reviews the earlier attempts of Hicks and Weitzman to obtain equivalent variation measures that had a second‐order approximation property.
ENFORCEMENT COSTS and THE CHOICE OF POLICY INSTRUMENTS FOR CONTROLLING POLLUTION
Authors: Malik Arun S.
Published: January 2010

Economic incentive based policies have long been advocated for controlling pollution because they can minimize firms' abatement costs. However, the social costs of controlling pollution consist not only of abatement costs but also enforcement costs. I show that the conditions for minimizing abatement costs and minimizing enforcement costs differ. As a result, enforcement costs can be higher for incentive based policies than for policies based on direct controls. A complete evaluation of alternative policies requires a comparison of both abatement and enforcement costs.
JOB SECURITY and JOB SEARCH IN MORE THAN ONE LABOR MARKET
Authors: Fallick Bruce Chelimsky
Published: January 2010

I analyze job search behavior of unemployed workers who may search for work in several sectors of the economy. Although reservation wages are equal in each sector, workers search more intensively in sectors with lower layoff rates. Thus workers more quickly find and accept jobs with more security.
FINITE HORIZONS, INFINITE HORIZONS, and THE REAL INTEREST RATE
Authors: Evans Paul
Published: January 2010

Using an overlapping‐generations model in which households may have either finite or infinite horizons, I derive the implications of each horizon for the steady‐state real interest rate. I then formulate an econometric model of the steady‐state real interest rate and devise tests that can distinguish between finite and infinite horizons. These tests are applied to annual and quarterly U.S. data, which span the period 1875–1988. The results are inconsistent with finite horizons, and broadly consistent with infinite horizons.
“WHAT DOES SHE SEE IN HIM?”: THE EFFECT OF SHARING ON THE CHOICE OF SPOUSE
Authors: Allen Douglas W.
Published: January 2010

All husbands and wives share in the spoils of marriage. Sharing makes each partner a residual claimant and encourages spouses to provide marital inputs. However, because each spouse is only a partial residual claimant, each may be inclined to provide a “suboptimal” level of marital inputs. The choice of spouse influences the level of distortion, and under some circumstances the efficient mating is between individuals of equal value
INCOME UNCERTAINTY and THE ONSET OF THE GREAT DEPRESSION
Authors: Flacco Paul R. , Parker Randall E.
Published: January 2010

Income uncertainty contributes substantially to explaining the fall in consumption that marks the onset of the Great Depression. Consistent estimates of the variance of income measure income uncertainty from 1921‐30 and are produced using a linear moment model. This series provides a statistical link between the large erratic swings in income uncertainty after September 1929 and the Great Crash in the stock market. Comparison of the behavior of income uncertainty in the 1920s to the pre‐World War I and post‐World War II eras suggests that the experience after the Great Crash was historically unique.
ECONOMICS AND 100 YEARS OF ANTITRUST: INTRODUCTION
Authors: BITTLINGMAYER GEORGE
Published: January 2010

Editor's Note: I wish to thank the symposium editors, George Bittlingmayer, Associate Professor, and Gary Walton, Professor, Graduate School of Management, University of California Davis, Davis, CA., for their special efforts and valuable input as they shepherded these papers through the refereeing and editorial process. I also wish to thank Rodney T. Smith, Professor of Economics, Claremont McKenna College and Claremont Graduate School and Coeditor of Economic Inquiry, who served as coordinator of the symposium efforts, and Carolyn Williams, assistant to the editor, who served as liaison between Economic Inquiry, the symposium editors and the authors. These combined efforts have resulted in the exciting collection of papers that follow.
THE RISE OF THE CHICAGO PACKERS and THE ORIGINS OF MEAT INSPECTION and ANTITRUST
Authors: LIBECAP GARY D.
Published: January 2010

The Meat Inspection Act of 1891 and the Sherman Act of 1890 are closely tied. This link makes clearer Congress' intent in enacting the legislation. Both laws were products of economic conditions after 1880 and reflected, in part, widespread concern about the market power of Chicago meat packers. The concerns of local slaughterhouses, which were being displaced by new, low‐cost refrigerated beef, and of farmers, who sold livestock to the large Chicago packers, were echoed elsewhere by other small businesses and farmers, who feared for their livelihood during a time of structural change in the economy.
AN ANALYTIC HISTORY OF DELIVERED PRICE LITIGATION: DO COURTS PROPERLY DISTINGUISH RIVALROUS FROM COLLUSIVE INSTANCES?
Authors: CABOU CHRISTIAN G. , HADDOCK DAVID D. , THORNE MICHELE H.
Published: January 2010

The federal judiciary's present, cautious approach to delivered pricing is appropriate. Using court records and recent contributions to the economic literature, this article evaluates the antitrust history of those practices. Delivered pricing can replace mill pricing naturally in some rivalrous settings, but under special circumstances could be collusive. Thus, delivered pricing has sometimes been adjudged a Sherman Act violation, but only given other evidence of collusion. For a time, however, the legal system threatened to treat delivered pricing as a per se violation of the Clayton and Federal Trade Commission Acts. That reflected poor economic understanding.