bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Molecular and Supramolecular Structure Aspects, and Antimicrobial Activity of the Centrosymmetric [Ag(5-Nitroquinoline)2]ClO4 Complex
Authors: Altowyan Mezna Saleh , Al-Shaalan Nora Hamad , Alkharboush Aminah A. , Barakat Assem , Soliman Saied M.
Published: March 2022

The new homoleptic [Ag(5-nitroquinoline)2]ClO4 centrosymmetric complex was synthesized and its structure aspects were investigated. It crystallized in the monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 10.0279(2) Å, b = 13.2295(3) Å, c = 14.7552(3) Å and β = 102.1050(10)° while V = 1913.96(7) Å3 and half molecule as asymmetric formula. The Ag(I) is coordinated with two symmetrically related 5-nitroquinoline ligand units via the heterocyclic nitrogen atom with Ag-N distance of 2.146(6) Å and N1-Ag-N1 angle of 173.0(3)°. The two coordinated 5-nitroquinoline have anti configuration to one another and the perchlorate anion is set freely uncoordinated. The only Ag…O interactions are Ag1…O2 (3.110 Å) and Ag1…O1 (3.189 Å) which occur between the Ag(I) in one complex unit and the O-atoms from the NO2 groups in the neighbouring complex units. Hence, Ag(I) has coordination number 2 and its coordination geometry is slightly bent. Hirshfeld analysis indicated that the O…H (51.1%), C…H (11.8%), H…H (10.8%) and C…C (8.9%) contacts are the most common. Exclusively, the O…H, C…O, N…O, O…O and Ag…O contacts are the only shorter contacts than the vdWs radii sum of the interacting atoms. The studied Ag(I) complex showed good antimicrobial activity. It has comparable antibacterial activity against P. vulgaris (MIC = 9.7 μg/mL) and S. aureus (39.1 μg/mL) to Gentamycin (4.8 and 9.7 μg/mL, respectively) while better antifungal activity against A. fumigatus (MIC = 39.1 μg/mL) than Ketoconazole (156.2 μg/mL).
New Simpson’s Type Estimates for Two Newly Defined Quantum Integrals
Authors: Raees Muhammad , Anwar Matloob , Vivas-Cortez Miguel , Kashuri Artion , Samraiz Muhammad , Rahman Gauhar
Published: March 2022

In this paper, we give some correct quantum type Simpson’s inequalities via the application of q-Hölder’s inequality. The inequalities of this study are compatible with famous Simpson’s 1/8 and 3/8 quadrature rules for four and six panels, respectively. Several special cases from our results are discussed in detail. A counter example is presented to explain the limitation of Hölder’s inequality in the quantum framework.
A Survey on Threat-Modeling Techniques: Protected Objects and Classification of Threats
Authors: Konev Anton , Shelupanov Alexander , Kataev Mikhail , Ageeva Valeriya , Nabieva Alina
Published: March 2022

Information security is one of the most important attributes of distributed systems that often operate on unreliable networks. Enabling security features during the development of a distributed system requires the careful analysis of potential attacks or threats in different contexts, a process often referred to as «threat modeling». Information protection should be comprehensive, but it is also necessary to take into account the possibility of the emergence of threats specific to a certain information system. Many public and private organizations are still trying to implement system models and the threats directed at them on their own. The main reason for this is the lack of useful and high-quality methodologies that can help developers design system models. This review explores a variety of the literature on confidentiality- and integrity-aware system design methodologies, as well as threat classification methods, and identifies key issues that may be referenced by organizations to make design system processes easier. In particular, this article takes a look at the extent to which existing methodologies cover objects of protection and methods of classifying threats, as well as whether there are such models of systems in which the object itself and the threats directed at it are described. This includes whether the compiled models exhibit symmetry or asymmetry. This literature research shows that methodologies appear to be heterogeneous and versatile, since existing methodologies often only focus on one object of protection (a system). Based on the given analysis, it can be concluded that the existing methodologies only relate superficially to the description of system models and threats, and it is necessary to develop a more complete abstract model of the protected object and threats aimed at it in order to make this model suitable for any organization and protect it against most threats.
New Geometrical Modelling for 2D Fabric and 2.5D Interlock Composites
Authors: Kaddaha Mohamad Abbas , Younes Rafic , Lafon Pascal
Published: March 2022

A new geometrical modeling tool has been developed to predict the elastic stiffness properties of 2D orthogonal and 2.5D woven interlock composites. The model estimates the change in performance due to changes in the ordering weaving parameters of the 2.5D weave architecture. Analysis results were validated compared to other models developed in published articles and the literature. Numerical analysis was performed to evaluate the accuracy of the results from the proposed models. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the models presented by comparisons with experimental results, showing that the model could replicate the mechanical behaviors of 2D fabric and 2.5D interlock composite laminates for predicting 2D textile structures and 2.5D interlock composites with different types, shapes, and conditions. The model presented in this paper is able to replicate the behavior of woven composites of fiber reinforced with various types.
Interindividual Differences in In Vitro Human Intestinal Microbial Conversion of 3-Acetyl-DON and 15-Acetyl-DON
Authors: Li Fangfang , Jin Jing , Rietjens Ivonne M. C. M. , Xing Fuguo
Published: March 2022

In order to evaluate the potential differences between 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON in the human intestinal microbial metabolism, human fecal samples were anaerobically cultured in vitro. Quantitative fecal microbiota characteristics were obtained by 16S rRNA sequencing, and the data revealed several genera that may be relevant for the transformation of the acetylated DONs. Significant differences in the level of 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON conversion were observed among microbiota from different human individuals. 3-Ac-DON could be rapidly hydrolyzed; a ten-fold difference was observed between the highest and lowest in vitro conversion after 4 h. However, 15-Ac-DON was not fully transformed in the 4 h culture of all the individual samples. In all cases, the conversion rate of 3-Ac-DON was higher than that of 15-Ac-DON, and the conversion rate of 3-Ac-DON into DON varied from 1.3- to 8.4-fold that of 15-Ac-DON. Based on in vitro conversion rates, it was estimated that 45–452 min is required to convert all 3-Ac-DON to DON, implying that deacetylation of 3-Ac-DON is likely to occur completely in all human individuals during intestinal transit. However, for conversion of 15-Ac-DON, DON formation was undetectable at 4 h incubation in 8 out of the 25 human samples, while for 7 of these 8 samples conversion to DON was detected at 24 h incubation. The conversion rates obtained for these seven samples indicated that it would take 1925–4805 min to convert all 15-Ac-DON to DON, while the other 17 samples required 173–734 min. From these results it followed that for eight of the 25 individuals, conversion of 15-Ac-DON to DON was estimated to be incomplete during the 1848 min intestinal transit time. The results thus indicate substantial interindividual as well as compound specific differences in the deconjugation of acetylated DONs. A spearman correlation analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between deconjugation of both acetyl-DONs at 4 h and 24 h incubation. Based on the in vitro kinetic parameters and their scaling to the in vivo situation, it was concluded that for a substantial number of human individuals the deconjugation of 15-Ac-DON may not be complete upon intestinal transit.
Integrating Ecosystem Vulnerability in the Environmental Regulation Plan of Izmir (Turkey)—What Are the Limits and Potentialities?
Authors: Salata Stefano , Özkavaf-Şenalp Sıla , Velibeyoğlu Koray
Published: March 2022

The land-use regulatory framework in Turkey is composed of several hierarchical plans. The Environmental Regulation Plan pursues comprehensive planning management, which ranges between 1/100,000 and 1/25,000 and defines the framework for local master plans. Unfortunately, there is scarce knowledge of how these plans effectively protect the environment. Besides, these plans have poor consideration of socio-economic dynamics and the ecosystem vulnerability, while evaluating the actual conflicts or synergies within the localization of ecological conservation and settlement expansion areas. In this work, an ecosystem-based geodatabase was created for the western Izmir area (Turkey). The dataset has been created by employing a supervised classification sampling of Sentinel-2 images acquired on 28 March 2021, while accessing ONDA-DIAS services to L2C products. Then, the InVEST software was used to map the Habitat Quality and the Habitat Decay, while the ArcMap raster analysis tool was employed to generate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index. The results were used to classify the ecosystem vulnerability of the western metropolitan area of Izmir and then superimposed to the Environmental Regulation Plan of the city of Izmir (2021), thus evaluating synergies and conflicts. Although integration of the ecosystem services approach into spatial planning is lacking in the planning practice of Turkey, the paper provides an operative methodology to integrate ecosystem evaluation in environmental planning as a basic strategy to support sustainable development.
Methamphetamine Induces the Release of Proadhesive Extracellular Vesicles and Promotes Syncytia Formation: A Potential Role in HIV-1 Neuropathogenesis
Authors: Chand Subhash , DeMarino Catherine , Gowen Austin , Cowen Maria , Al-Sharif Sarah , Kashanchi Fatah , Yelamanchili Sowmya V.
Published: March 2022

Despite the success of combinational antiretroviral therapy (cART), the high pervasiveness of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) poses a significant challenge for society. Methamphetamine (meth) and related amphetamine compounds, which are potent psychostimulants, are among the most commonly used illicit drugs. Intriguingly, HIV-infected individuals who are meth users have a comparatively higher rate of neuropsychological impairment and exhibit a higher viral load in the brain than infected individuals who do not abuse meth. Effectively, all cell types secrete nano-sized lipid membrane vesicles, referred to as extracellular vesicles (EVs) that can function as intercellular communication to modulate the physiology and pathology of the cells. This study shows that meth treatments on chronically HIV-infected promonocytic U1 cells induce the release of EVs that promote cellular clustering and syncytia formation, a phenomenon that facilitates HIV pathogenesis. Our analysis also revealed that meth exposure increased intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and HIV-Nef protein expression in both large (10 K) and small (100 K) EVs. Further, when meth EVs are applied to uninfected naïve monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs), we saw a significant increase in cell clustering and syncytia formation. Furthermore, treatment of MDMs with antibodies against ICAM-1 and its receptor, lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA1), substantially blocked syncytia formation, and consequently reduced the number of multinucleated cells. In summary, our findings reveal that meth exacerbates HIV pathogenesis in the brain through release of proadhesive EVs, promoting syncytia formation and thereby aiding in the progression of HIV infection in uninfected cells.
Regulation of Gene Expression of phiEco32-like Bacteriophage 7-11
Authors: Lavysh Daria , Mekler Vladimir , Klimuk Evgeny , Severinov Konstantin
Published: March 2022

Salmonella enterica serovar Newport bacteriophage 7-11 shares 41 homologous ORFs with Escherichia coli phage phiEco32, and both phages encode a protein similar to bacterial RNA polymerase promoter specificity σ subunit. Here, we investigated the temporal pattern of 7-11 gene expression during infection and compared it to the previously determined transcription strategy of phiEco32. Using primer extension and in vitro transcription assays, we identified eight promoters recognized by host RNA polymerase holoenzyme containing 7-11 σ subunit SaPh711_gp47. These promoters are characterized by a bipartite consensus, GTAAtg-(16)-aCTA, and are located upstream of late phage genes. While dissimilar from single-element middle and late promoters of phiEco32 recognized by holoenzymes formed by the phi32_gp36 σ factor, the 7-11 late promoters are located at genome positions similar to those of phiEco32 middle and late promoters. Two early 7-11 promoters are recognized by the RNA polymerase holoenzyme containing the host primary σ70 factor. Unlike the case of phiEco32, no shut-off of σ70-dependent transcription is observed during 7-11 infection and there are no middle promoters. These differences can be explained by the fact that phage 7-11 does not encode a homologue of phi32_gp79, an inhibitor of host and early phage transcription and an activator of transcription by the phi32_gp36-holoenzyme.
Revisiting the MMTV Zoonotic Hypothesis to Account for Geographic Variation in Breast Cancer Incidence
Authors: Stewart Alexandre F. R. , Chen Hsiao-Huei
Published: March 2022

Human breast cancer incidence varies by geographic location. More than 20 years ago, we proposed that zoonotic transmission of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) from the western European house mouse, Mus musculus domesticus, might account for the regional differences in breast cancer incidence. In the intervening years, several developments provide additional support for this hypothesis, including the limited impact of genetic factors for breast cancer susceptibility revealed by genome-wide association studies and the strong effect of antiretroviral therapy to reduce breast cancer incidence. At the same time, economic globalization has further expanded the distribution of M. m. domesticus to Asia, leading to a significant increase in breast cancer incidence in this region. Here, we revisit this evidence and provide an update to the MMTV zoonotic hypothesis for human breast cancer at a time when the world is recovering from the global COVID-19 zoonotic pandemic. We present evidence that mouse population outbreaks are correlated with spikes in breast cancer incidence in Australia and New Zealand and that globalization has increased the range of M. m. domesticus and MMTV. Given the success of global vaccination campaigns for HPV to eradicate cervical cancer, a similar strategy for MMTV may be warranted. Until breast cancer incidence is reduced by such an approach, zoonotic transmission of MMTV from mice to humans as an etiologic factor for breast cancer will remain controversial.
Modified Hemagglutination Tests for COVID-19 Serology in Resource-Poor Settings: Ready for Prime-Time?
Authors: Focosi Daniele , Franchini Massimo , Maggi Fabrizio
Published: March 2022

During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, serology has suffered several manufacturing and budget bottlenecks. Kode technology exposes exogenous antigens on the surface of cells; in the case of red blood cells, modified cells are called kodecytes, making antibody–antigen reactions detectable by the old-fashioned hemagglutination test. In this commentary, we review evidence supporting the utility of SARS-CoV-2 Spike kodecytes for clinical diagnostic purposes and serosurveys in resource-poor settings.
A Comparative Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccines Based on over 580,000 Cases from the Vaccination Adverse Event Reporting System
Authors: Gallo Kathleen , Goede Andrean , Mura Cameron , Abel Renata , Moahamed Barbara , Preissner Saskia , Nahles Susanne , Heiland Max , Bourne Philip E. , Preissner Robert , Mallach Michael
Published: March 2022

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is being battled via the largest vaccination campaign in history, with more than eight billion doses administered thus far. Therefore, discussions about potentially adverse reactions, and broader safety concerns, are critical. The U.S. Vaccination Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) has recorded vaccination side effects for over 30 years. About 580,000 events have been filed for COVID-19 thus far, primarily for the Johnson & Johnson (New Jersey, USA), Pfizer/BioNTech (Mainz, Germany), and Moderna (Cambridge, USA) vaccines. Methods: Using available databases, we evaluated these three vaccines in terms of the occurrence of four generally-noticed adverse reactions—namely, cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, Guillain–Barré syndrome (a severe paralytic neuropathy), myocarditis, and pericarditis. Our statistical analysis also included a calculation of odds ratios (ORs) based on total vaccination numbers, accounting for incidence rates in the general population. Results: ORs for a number of adverse events and patient groups were (largely) increased, most notably for the occurrence of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis after vaccination with the Johnson & Johnson vaccine. The overall population OR of 10 increases to 12.5 when limited to women, and further yet (to 14.4) among women below age 50 yrs. In addition, elevated risks were found (i) for Guillain–Barré syndrome (OR of 11.6) and (ii) for myocarditis/pericarditis (ORs of 5.3/4.1, respectively) among young men (<25 yrs) vaccinated with the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine. Conclusions: Any conclusions from such a retrospective, real-world data analysis must be drawn cautiously, and should be confirmed by prospective double-blinded clinical trials. In addition, we emphasize that the adverse events reported here are not specific side effects of COVID vaccines, and the significant, well-established benefits of COVID-19 vaccination outweigh the potential complications surveyed here.
Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines: Evidence from the First-Year Rollout of Vaccination Programs
Authors: Antonio Nuno , Rita Paulo , Saraiva Pedro
Published: March 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has raised a number of new realities, sets of data, and opportunities for data-driven approaches, decisions, and conclusions. One particular area for which developments and data have been made available in record time is related to vaccines and their impacts on health conditions and saving lives. In this article, we use public domain information to study the prevalence of vaccines in different countries and how they can save lives. We conclude that there are different clusters of countries, for some of which solid statistical models were built, and show that vaccination rates provide significant contributions to saving lives in such countries, with impacts that can be computed by simulations based upon these models.
Evaluation of Pre-Analytical and Analytical Methods for Detecting SARS-CoV-2 in Municipal Wastewater Samples in Northern Italy
Authors: Pellegrinelli Laura , Castiglioni Sara , Cocuzza Clementina , Bertasi Barbara , Primache Valeria , Schiarea Silvia , Salmoiraghi Giulia , Franzetti Andrea , Musumeci Rosario , Tilola Michela , Galuppini Elisa , Bertanza Giorgio , Callegari Marialuisa , Stefani Fabrizio , Turolla Andrea , Ammoni Emanuela , Cereda Danilo , Pariani Elena , Binda Sandro ,   the WBE Study Group
Published: March 2022

(1) Background: The surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in urban wastewaters allows one to monitor the presence of the virus in a population, including asymptomatic and symptomatic individuals, capturing the real circulation of this pathogen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of different pre-analytical and analytical methods for identifying the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in untreated municipal wastewaters samples by conducting an inter-laboratory proficiency test. (2) Methods: three methods of concentration, namely, (A) Dextran and PEG-6000 two-phase separation, (B) PEG-8000 precipitation without a chloroform purification step and (C) PEG-8000 precipitation with a chloroform purification step were combined with three different protocols of RNA extraction by using commercial kits and were tested by using two primers/probe sets in three different master mixes. (3) Results: PEG-8000 precipitation without chloroform treatment showed the best performance in the SARS-CoV-2 recovery; no major differences were observed among the protocol of RNA extraction and the one-step real-time RT-PCR master mix kits. The highest analytic sensitivity was observed by using primers/probe sets targeting the N1/N3 fragments of SARS-CoV-2. (4) Conclusions: PEG-8000 precipitation in combination with real-time RT-PCR targeting the N gene (two fragments) was the best performing workflow for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in municipal wastewaters.
Seasonal Dynamics of Algal Net Primary Production in Response to Phosphorus Input in a Mesotrophic Subtropical Plateau Lake, Southwestern China
Authors: Wu Yue , Zhang Jinpeng , Hou Zeying , Tian Zebin , Chu Zhaosheng , Wang Shengrui
Published: March 2022

A comprehensive 3-dimensional hydrodynamic and eutrophication model, the environmental fluid dynamics code model (EFDC) with three functional phytoplankton groups, was applied to simulate the algal dynamics in a mesotrophic P-limited subtropical plateau lake, Lake Erhai, Southwestern China. Field investigations revealed the seasonal patterns in external total phosphorus (TP) input and TP concentration, as well as the composition of the phytoplankton community. The model was calibrated to reproduce qualitative features and the succession of phytoplankton communities, and the net primary production was calculated. The modeled daily net primary production (NPP) ranged between −16.89 and 15.12 mg C/m2/d and exhibited significant seasonal variation. The competition for phosphorus and temperature was identified as the primary governing factor of NPP by analyzing the parameter sensitivity and limitation factors of the lake. The simulation of four nutrient loading reduction scenarios suggested high phytoplankton biomass and NPP sensitivity to the external TP reduction. A significant positive correlation was found among NPP, total phytoplankton biomass and TP concentration. Overall, this work offers an alternative approach to estimating lake NPP, which has the potential to improve sustainable lake management.
Effects of Sea Level Rise on Land Use and Ecosystem Services in the Liaohe Delta
Authors: Zhi Liehui , Gou Muxinzhou , Li Xiaowen , Bai Junhong , Cui Baoshan , Zhang Qingyue , Wang Gaojing , Bilal Hazrat , Abdullahi Usman
Published: March 2022

Sea level rise (SLR) has a significant impact on the ecosystem services in coastal wetlands. Taking the Liaohe Delta as an example, the SLAMM (Sea Level Rise Affecting Marsh Model) was used to simulate the medium-term (2010–2050) and the long-term (2010–2100) of the spatiotemporal changes of land use in the four scenarios (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 m) of sea level rise by 2100 and then based on the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs Model) to assess and compare the impact of SLR on ecosystem services. The results are as follows. (1) The difference in SLR height greatly influences the transformation of the coastal wetland pattern. In 2100, the core construction land would be affected on a large scale for landward salt marsh migration for 1.5 and 2 m SLR scenarios. (2) Due to inundation, erosion, and vegetation succession, the mean total carbon storage for the four scenarios will decrease by about 0.58 × 106 t. The habitat quality is relatively stable, and its value is about 0.7. The nitrogen and phosphorus loads will be reduced by 26.27% and 28.22%, respectively. The region spatial distribution of freshwater marshes will shrink, while the transformation of salt marshes is inconsistent. The large-scale formation of regularly flooded marshes can also provide high levels of ecosystem services as salt marshes. In conclusion, the coastal wetlands show two evolution patterns under the four sea level rise scenarios, the two low ones show a slow change, and the two high ones are large. Quantitative assessment of the effects, scope and intensity of the impact of SLR on the function of ecosystem services in the coastal wetlands can provide reference and indicative significance for wetland development, construction, ecological conservation, and restoration in similar coastal areas under the impact of climate change.
Attribution of Runoff Decrease at the Guanyintang Station in the Yongding River Considering the Impact of Coal Mining
Authors: Peng Tao , Jia Yangwen , Niu Cunwen , Liu Jiajia , Du Junkai
Published: March 2022

The Yongding River basin has greatly changed in recent years; its runoff has decreased sharply and has even been cut off. In this study, the Guanyintang station in the upstream Yongding River basin was selected to quantify the impacts of climate change, water use, and coal mining on its runoff. The Mann–Kendall analysis method was used to analyze the climate change trend of the Guanyintang basin from 1956 to 2018. Then, the water and energy transfer processes in large river basins (WEP-L) model was improved to consider the impact of coal mining and applied to quantitatively analyze the impact of meteorological elements and human activities on runoff. The results show that, from 1956 to 2018, the precipitation in the Guanyintang basin decreased slightly, whereas the temperature obviously increased, the potential evapotranspiration changed marginally, and the runoff significantly decreased with a mutation point around 1998. The study period was divided into a calibration period (1956–1976), validation period 1 (1977–1997), and validation period 2 (1998–2018). Compared with the calibration period, the runoff in the validation periods decreased a lot and could not meet the water balance without considering the coal mining impact. After considering coal mining, the simulation accuracy of the model was satisfied. Generally speaking, climate change and coal mining were the main factors for runoff attenuation in validation period 1. In validation period 2, coal mining became the dominant factor, whereas land use change also made certain contributions.
Observations of Drifting Snow Using FlowCapt Sensors in the Southern Altai Mountains, Central Asia
Authors: Zhang Wei , He Jianqiao , Chen An’an , Wu Xuejiao , Shen Yongping
Published: March 2022

Drifting snow is a significant factor in snow redistribution and cascading snow incidents. However, field observations of drifting snow are relatively difficult due to limitations in observation technology, and drifting snow observation data are scarce. The FlowCapt sensor is a relatively stable sensor that has been widely used in recent years to obtain drifting snow observations. This study presents the results from two FlowCapt sensors that were employed to obtain field observations of drifting snow during the 2017–2018 snow season in the southern Altai Mountains, Central Asia, where the snow cover is widely distributed. The results demonstrate that the FlowCapt sensor can successfully acquire stable field observations of drifting snow. Drifting snow occurs mainly within the height range of 80-cm zone above the snow surface, which accounts for 97.73% of the total snow mass transport. There were three typical snowdrift events during the 2017–2018 observation period, and the total snowdrift flux caused during these key events accounted for 87.5% of the total snow mass transport. Wind speed controls the occurrence of drifting snow, and the threshold wind speed (friction velocity) for drifting snow is approximately 3.0 m/s (0.15 m/s); the potential for drifting snow increases rapidly above 3.0 m/s, with drifting snow essentially being inevitable for wind speeds above 7.0 m/s. Similarly, the snowdrift flux is also controlled by wind speed. The observed maximum snowdrift flux reaches 192.00 g/(m2·s) and the total snow transport is 584.9 kg/m during the snow season. Although drifting snow will lead to a redistribution of the snow mass, any accumulation or loss of the snow mass is also affected synergistically by other factors, such as topography and snow properties. This study provides a paradigm for establishing a field observation network for drifting snow monitoring in the southern Altai Mountains and bridges the gaps toward elucidating the mechanisms of drifting snow in the Altai Mountains of Central Asia. A broader network of drifting snow observations will provide key data for the prevention and control of drifting snow incidents, such as the design height of windbreak fences installed on both sides of highways.
Identification of Water Contamination Sources Using Hydrochemical and Isotopic Studies—The Kozłowa Góra Reservoir Catchment Area (Southern Poland)
Authors: Ślósarczyk Kinga , Jakóbczyk-Karpierz Sabina , Witkowski Andrzej Jarosław
Published: March 2022

The application of combined research methods, such as hydrochemical and isotopic analyses, facilitates understanding of the origin of water constituents and migration of contaminants in the aquatic environment. The presented study attempts to identify contamination sources affecting water quality within the Kozłowa Góra reservoir catchment area (southern Poland). A total of 100 water samples were collected from surface water (the Brynica river, streams, and the reservoir) and groundwater (a Quarternary aquifer) in four time periods. During fieldwork, the physicochemical parameters were measured (temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, redox potential, and dissolved oxygen). The chemical analysis included the determination of major ions (HCO3−, SO42−, Cl−, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+), nutrients (NO3−, NO2−, NH4+, and PO43−), and total organic carbon. The study was complemented by isotopic analysis of sulphur and oxygen in sulphate, which enabled a more precise identification of stressors affecting water quality in different parts of the catchment area. Chemical and isotopic results (δ34S = 4.38–13.99‰; δ18O 3.59–13.30‰) revealed that wastewater discharges and agricultural activities have a significant influence on the chemistry of the Brynica River and other streams. At some sampling points, a lower quality of water was manifested by elevated concentrations of NO3− (up to 22.6 mg/L) and several other ions (e.g., up to 114 mg/L for Cl−, up to 51.52 mg/L for NH4+, and 12.5 mg/L for PO43−). The quality of groundwater was deteriorated mainly by infiltration of sewage from leaky septic tanks. The level of groundwater contamination varied depending on the location, as higher concentrations of major ions and values of electrical conductivity were observed in residential areas. The Brynica river, streams, and groundwater recharge the drinking water reservoir, and thus its quality depends on these sources. A dilution of water and the presence of biochemical processes led to a reduction of contaminant concentrations in the Kozłowa Góra reservoir (down to 3.5 mg/L for NO3−, 32 mg/L for Cl−, 0.21 mg/L for NH4+, and <0.05 mg/L for PO43−) compared to water in the river and streams supplying the reservoir. The study revealed the role of wastewater discharge and agricultural activities in the evolution of surface water chemistry. The results will be used in further research on the origin and migration of other substances in water, including microcontaminants.
Parents’ Role in the Ethnic Socialization of Youth in Malaysia
Authors: Ting Su-Hie
Published: March 2022

The study examines the influence of the ethnic background on the parents’ role in the ethnic socialization of youths in Malaysia. A survey of 894 youths, who were aged 18–40 years, and who were from Malay, Chinese, Indigenous, and Indian ethnic backgrounds, was conducted. The questionnaire results show moderate levels of ethnic affiliation and parental socialization. The influence of other people in the ethnic socialization, namely, relatives other than the parents, as well as friends and other adults (teachers, neighbors, and people of the same religion), was limited. The parents of the youths were engaged in more positive ethnic socialization than negative ethnic socialization. The participants’ parents talked to them about cultural pluralism and cultural pride from once to several times a year, but the Indian participants reported frequencies of more than once per month. Conversations that prepared the participants for bias and that promoted mistrust occurred one to two times a year, but they occurred up to several times a year for the Indian participants. The parents of the Indigenous, Malay, and Chinese participants engaged in less frequent ethnic socialization. As a majority group, the Malay parents may have felt secure in their privileged status; however, the groups with immigrant backgrounds responded to their marginalized status in divergent ways with respect to the activeness of the parental ethnic socialization.
An analytical method for the dynamic response prediction and produced test modes generated by vibro-shock test benches
Authors: KOMAROV Ilya S. , FELDSHTEYN Valery A.
Published: March 2022

This article describes a methodology for the computational forecasting of dynamic characteristics and test modes, implemented by vibro-shock stands of explosive action. Vibro-shock stands are widely used in ground-based experimental testing of onboard equipment of spacecraft for non-stationary broadband impact arising from the operation of pyrotechnic separation means. The principle of operation of these stands is based on the excitation of an intense non-stationary broadband vibration mode using an explosive energy source in a system of elastic-inertial elements (resonator), affecting the test object. The presented analytical technique is used to predict the test modes implemented by the vibro-shock stand in the form of a shock spectrum and for pre-test calculations in order to adjust the characteristics of the stand, ensuring the implementation of the necessary test modes. The reliability of the calculation results performed according to this technique is confirmed by experimental data.
Key words: dynamic stiffness, method of initial parameters, shock loading, pyrotechnic separation means, ground experimental development, vibro-shock strength, vibro-shock stands of explosive action.
The Use of Metabolic Drug in the Treatment of Patients with Open-Angle Glaucoma
Authors: Пастух И.В. , Гончарова Н.А. , Недзвецкая О.В. , Чубенко И.О.
Published: March 2022

Целью исследования явилось повышение эффективности лечения глаукомной оптической нейропатии (ГОН) путем применения метаболического препарата Кокарнит (фармацевтическая компания «World Medicine») в комплексном лечении пациентов с первичной открытоугольной глаукомой (ПОУГ). В исследование были включены 30 пациентов (41 глаз) с ПОУГ II–III (a) стадии, при компенсации внутриглазного давления (ВГД) инстилляциями капель бримонидина. Всем пациентам проводились стандартные офтальмологические, клинические и дополнительные инструментальные методы исследования. Для стимуляции зрительных функций пациентам назначались курсы поддерживающей терапии, включающие разные группы препаратов. В качестве метаболической терапии нами использовался препарат Кокарнит, который применялся внутримышечно по 3,0 мл ежедневно, на курс 9 инъекций.После проведенных курсов лечения у пациентов повышалась острота зрения, расширялись периферические границы поля зрения, уменьшались размеры центральных и парацентральных скотом, повышалась светочувствительность сетчатки. Наблюдаемый эффект сохранялся от 3 до 4 месяцев.

The aim of the investigation was to increase the effectiveness of the treatment of glaucoma optical neuropathy (GON) by using the metabolic drug Kokarnit (World Medicine pharmaceutical company) in the complex treatment of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). The study included 30 patients (41 eyes) with II–III (a) stages of POAG, while compensating for intraocular pressure (IOP) with instillations of brimonidine drops. All patients underwent standard ophthalmological, clinical and additional instrumental studies. To stimulation maintain visual function, all patients underwent courses of therapy, including different groups of drugs. As a metabolic therapy, the drug Kokarnit was used, which was prescribed intramuscularly in 3.0 ml daily, for a course of 9 injections.After the courses of treatment, the patient’s visual acuity increased, the peripheral boundaries of the visual field expanded, and the sizes of central and paracentral scotomas decreased, raise photosensivity retina. The observed effect persisted for 3 to 4 months.
Molecular Biological Predictors of the Low Molecular Weight Sodium Hyaluronate Injections Effectiveness in Transplant Diseases Treatment
Authors: Семак Г.Р. , Жерко И.Ю. , Захарова В.А. , Летковская Т.А. , Клецкий С.К.
Published: March 2022

Введение. Около 70% повторных кератопластик и кератопластик в исходе тяжелых хронических дистрофических заболеваний роговицы заканчиваются непрозрачным приживлением и развитием болезни трансплантата.Целью исследования стало определение молекулярных предикторов эффективности применения инъекционного 1%-ного натрия гиалуроната в лечении болезни трансплантата.Материалы и методы. В группе «Болезнь трансплантата» обследование и лечение проводилось 19 пациентам (20 глаз) в возрасте от 28 до 87 лет. Для изучения морфологических особенностей болезни трансплантата, проводимой терапии были использованы окрашивание гистологических препаратов гематоксилином и эозином; гистохимическое окрашивание (PAS-реакция, MSB, по Массону, конго красным; ИГХМ с использованием маркеров CD44, MMP9, TGFβ1.Результаты. Согласно полученным результатам, в 2/11 случаев отторжение трансплантата развивалось по типу клеточно-опосредованной цитотоксичности и в 4/11 случаев – по гуморальному типу. При этом в группе пациентов с признаками болезни трансплантата на фоне применения инъекционной формы гиалуроновой кислоты отмечается улучшение регенерационных свойств эпителия роговицы за счет увеличения эпителиальной экспрессии CD44 и снижение содержания биомолекулярных маркеров, ассоциированных с воспалением, что отражает уменьшение интенсивности экспрессии ММР-9 и TGFβ1 и их роли в последующей дезорганизации стромы роговицы.

Introduction. About 70% of repeated keratoplastics and keratoplastics in the outcome of severe chronic dystrophic corneal diseases result in opaque engraftment and the development of corneal transplant disease.The aim of the study was to determine molecular predictors of the injectable 1% sodium hyaluronate effectiveness in the treatment of transplant disease.Materials and methods. In the Transplant Disease group, 19 patients (20 eyes) aged 28 to 87 years were examined and treated. To study the morphological features of the transplant disease histological preparations stained with hematoxylin and eosin were made; histochemical staining (PAS reaction, MSB, according to Masson, Congo red); IHC using markers CD44, MMP9, TGFβ1 were performed.Results. According to the obtained results, in 2/11 cases cell-mediated transplant rejection developed, in 4/11 cases – antibodies-mediated. At the same time, in the group of patients treated with hyaluronic acid, an improvement in the regenerative properties of the corneal epithelium due to increase of epithelial expression of CD44 was shown. Decrease in the content of biomolecular markers associated with inflammation (MMP-9 and TGFβ1) was detected.
Dynamics of Indicators of Brain MRI at the Stages of Stroke Rehabilitation in the Vertebro-Basilar System
Authors: Бахадирова М.А. , Мирджураев Э.М. , Хусанходжаев Ж.У. , Бахадиров С.К. , Мирджураев Ж.Э.
Published: March 2022

Цель. Изучить динамику показателей МРТ на этапах реабилитации инсульта в вертебробазилярной системе (ВБС) артерий головного мозга.Материалы и методы. МРТ проводили на аппарате Siemens с силой магнитного поля 1,5 тесла при поступлении в отделение, повторялось в пределах 7–10 суток до окончания 3-месячного срока после сосудистой катастрофы. Обследовано 126 пациентов с инсультом в ВБС. Результаты. Анализ статистической обработки клинико-неврологических показателей и данных МРТ пациентов с ишемическим инсультом в ВБС позволил выявить наличие достоверной (p<0,05) сильной корреляционной связи объема очага поражения и баллами по шкалеB. Lindmark в группе пациентов с инфарктом таламуса и затылочных долей (r=0,73 и r=0,68 соответственно); в группах пациентов с инфарктом мозжечка отмечена средняя корреляционная связь (r=0,49).Баллы по шкале B. Lindmark пациента, как правило, обратно пропорциональны объему очага поражения, но мы зафиксировали отсутствие корреляции объема очага поражения и баллов по шкале B. Lindmark у пациентов с инфарктом варолиева моста (r=0,0045), что свидетельствует об отсутствии связи размеров очага поражения и тяжести состояния пациентов.

Purpose. To study the dynamics of MRI indicators at the stages of stroke rehabilitation in the vertebrobasilar system of the cerebral arteries.Materials and methods. MRI was performed on the Siemens apparatus with the magnetic field strength of 1.5 Tesla upon admission to the department; it was repeated within 7–10 days until the end of the 3-month period after the vascular accident. We examined 126 patients with stroke in the VBS.Results. Analysis of the statistical processing of clinical and neurological parameters and MRI data of patients with IS in VBS revealed the presence of a significant (p<0.05) strong correlation between the volume of the lesion and scores on the B. Lindmark scale in the group of patients with thalamic infarction and occipital lobes (r=0.73 and r=0.68, respectively); the groups of patients with cerebellar infarction showed an average correlation (r=0.49).Patient’s B. Lindmark scores are usually inversely proportional to the lesion volume, but we recorded the lack of correlation between the lesion volume scores on the B. Lindmark scale in patients and pons infarction (r = 0.0045), which indicates that there was no correlation between the size of the lesion and the severity of the patient’s condition.
Complications of Surgical Treatment of the Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancer
Authors: Тризна Н.М. , Колядич Ж.В.
Published: March 2022

Цель. Изучение осложнений хирургического лечения рака полости рта и ротоглотки.Материалы и методы. Изучены результаты хирургического лечения по числу и характеру послеоперационных осложнений у 164 пациентов со злокачественными опухолями полости рта и ротоглотки в зависимости от распространенности опухолевого процесса, объема хирургического вмешательства, метода реконструкции пострезекционного дефекта и предшествующего противоопухолевого лечения. Проанализированы послеоперационные хирургические осложнения по классификации Clavien − Dindo, причины возникновения послеоперационных осложнений после реконструктивных операций.Результаты. Частота развития послеоперационных осложнений составила 20,0% в группе пациентов, которым не проводилось одномоментное замещение пострезекционного дефекта, и 31,34% после реконструктивных операций (χ2=0,52; p=0,471). Показано, что степень тяжести местных послеоперационных осложнений после реконструктивных операций не зависела от предшествовавшей лучевой или химиолучевой терапии (r=0,158; p>0,05), а была обусловлена, различными патогенетическими механизмами и соответствующими клиническими проявлениями осложнений, распространенностью опухолевого процесса.Выводы. Проведенный анализ послеоперационных осложнений позволит совершенствовать алгоритм предоперационного и послеоперационного ведения пациентов со злокачественными опухолями полости рта и ротоглотки.

Purpose. To study surgical complications of the oral and oropharyngeal cancer.Materials and methods. The outcomes of surgical treatment of 164 patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer were studied. The comparative analysis of postoperative complications was carried out depending on the prevalence of the tumor process, the volume of surgical intervention, the method of reconstruction of the post-resection defect, and previous treatment. Postoperativesurgical complications were analyzed according to the Clavien-Dindo classification; the causes of postoperative complications after reconstructive operations were studied.Results. The incidence of postoperative complications was 20.0% in the group of patients who did not undergo simultaneous post-resection defect replacement, and 31.34% - after reconstructive operations (χ2=0.52; p=0.471). It was showed that the severity of local postoperative complications did not depend on the previous radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy (r=0.158; p>0.05), but it was due to various pathogenetic mechanisms and the corresponding clinical manifestations of complications, the prevalence of the tumor process.Conclusion. The analysis of surgical complications will help to improve the algorithm of preoperative and postoperative management of this category of patients with the oral and oropharyngeal cancer.
Treatment of Dyslipidemia in the Elderly
Authors: Карпова И.С. , Суджаева О.А. , Кравченко А.В. , Кошлатая О.В. , Спирина О.В.
Published: March 2022

В статье приведен обзор литературы, посвященной диагностике и лечению дислипидемий у лиц пожилого и старческого возраста. Проанализированы данные о значимости аполипопротеинов А и В, а также липопротеина А в развитии атерогенной дислипидемии у пожилых пациентов. Проведен анализ значимости коэнзима Q в развитии синдрома старческой астении, в том числе и при проведении терапии статинами. Рассмотрены результаты многоцентровых клинических исследований, посвященных влиянию статинов на развитие сердечно-сосудистых осложнений у лиц пожилого возраста, ранее не имевших диагностированных сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Также приведены данные о влиянии статинотерапии на частоту развития новых кардиоваскулярных заболеваний у лиц, имевших их ранее, а также на частоту развития сердечно-сосудистых осложнений у пациентов пожилого возраста, имевших диагностированную патологию сердца и сосудов. Отдельно освещены вопросы безопасности использования статинов у пожилых пациентов. Приведены рекомендации Европейского общества кардиологов и Евразийской ассоциации кардиологов по коррекции дислипидемии у лиц старше 65 и 75 лет.

The article provides a review of literature on the diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia in the elderly. The data on the significance of apolipoproteins A and B, as well as lipoprotein A in the development of atherogenic dyslipidemia in elderly patients are analyzed. The analysis of the significance of coenzyme Q in the development of senile asthenia syndrome, including during statin therapy, was carried out. The results of multicenter clinical studies on the effect of statins on the development of cardiovascular complications in elderly people, who previously had no diagnosed cardiovascular diseases, are considered. The data are also given on the effect of statin therapy on the incidence of new cardiovascular diseases in people, who previously had it, as well as on the incidence of cardiovascular complications in elderly patients, who have a diagnosed pathology of the heart and vessels. The issues of safety of using statins in elderly patients are highlighted. The recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology and the Eurasian Association of Cardiology on the problem of correcting dyslipidemia in people over 65 and 75 years are given.