bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polyethylene glycol mediated one‐pot three‐component synthesis of new 4‐thiazolidinones
Authors: Bhosle Manisha R. , Mali Jyotirling R. , Mulay Aparna A. , Mane Ramrao A.
Published: December 2011

An efficient one‐pot three‐component cyclocondensation of 4‐(p‐toulyl sulfonoxy) benzaldehyde, aryl amines, and mercaptoacetic acid in polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG‐400) was conducted to obtain new 2,3‐disubstituted‐4‐thiazolidinones. This route is economical and ecofriendly. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:166–170, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.20766
Identity and ranking of colonic mesenchymal stromal cells
Authors: Signore Michele , Cerio Anna Maria , Boe Alessandra , Pagliuca Alfredo , Zaottini Valentina , Schiavoni Ilaria , Fedele Giorgio , Petti Stefano , Navarra Simone , Ausiello Clara Maria , Pelosi Elvira , Fatica Alessandro , Sorrentino Antonio , Valtieri Mauro
Published: December 2011

Although ongoing clinical trials utilize systemic administration of bone‐marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM‐MSCs) in Crohn's disease (CD), nothing is known about the presence and the function of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in the normal human bowel. MSCs are bone marrow (BM) multipotent cells supporting hematopoiesis with the potential to differentiate into multiple skeletal phenotypes. A recently identified new marker, CD146, allowing to prospectively isolate MSCs from BM, renders also possible their identification in different tissues. In order to elucidate the presence and functional role of MSCs in human bowel we analyzed normal adult colon sections and isolated MSCs from them. In colon (C) sections, resident MSCs form a net enveloping crypts in lamina propria, coinciding with structural myofibroblasts or interstitial stromal cells. Nine sub‐clonal CD146+ MSC lines were derived and characterized from colon biopsies, in addition to MSC lines from five other human tissues. In spite of a phenotype qualitative identity between the BM‐ and C‐MSC populations, they were discriminated and categorized. Similarities between C‐MSC and BM‐MSCs are represented by: Osteogenic differentiation, hematopoietic supporting activity, immune‐modulation, and surface‐antigen qualitative expression. The differences between these populations are: C‐MSCs mean intensity expression is lower for CD13, CD29, and CD49c surface‐antigens, proliferative rate faster, life‐span shorter, chondrogenic differentiation rare, and adipogenic differentiation completely blocked. Briefly, BM‐MSCs, deserve the rank of progenitors, whereas C‐MSCs belong to the restricted precursor hierarchy. The presence and functional role of MSCs in human colon provide a rationale for BM‐MSC replacement therapy in CD, where resident bowel MSCs might be exhausted or diverted from their physiological functions. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3291–3300, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fluid and white matter suppression with the MP2RAGE sequence
Authors: Tanner Mark , Gambarota Giulio , Kober Tobias , Krueger Gunnar , Erritzoe David , Marques José P. , Newbould Rexford
Published: December 2011

Purpose:

To develop a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence (fluid and white matter suppression, FLAWS) for generating two sets of images from a single acquisition: one with contrast similar to a T1‐weighted magnetization‐prepared rapid gradient‐echo sequence (MPRAGE) for structural definition; the other with nulled white matter (WM) signal intensity, similar to the fast gray matter T1 inversion recovery (FGATIR) sequence, for improved delineation of subcortical brain structures.

Materials and Methods:

The recently proposed MP2RAGE, which is a modification of the MPRAGE and generates two image sets at different inversion times, was employed to generate the FGATIR‐like contrast (FLAWS1) and MPRAGE‐like contrast (FLAWS2). Five healthy volunteers were scanned at 3T and brain tissue contrast and contrast‐to‐noise were compared.

Results:

FLAWS1 and FLAWS2 exhibited similar tissue contrast and contrast‐to‐noise as the “reference” sequences, FGATIR and MPRAGE, respectively. Synthetic minimum value images generated from FLAWS1 and FLAWS2 provided a gray matter‐dominant image.

Conclusion:

FLAWS provides two coregistered 3D volumes, one with nulled WM signal intensity and another with nulled cerebrospinal fluid. The coregistered nature of the two datasets allows for generating images that might be helpful in segmentation algorithms and clinical diagnosis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:1063‐1070. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Human papillomavirus infection among young adolescents in India: Impact of vaccination
Authors: Hussain Showket , Bharadwaj Mausumi , Nasare Vilas , Kumari Malasha , Sharma Shashi , Hedau Suresh , Das Bhudev C.
Published: December 2011

High‐risk human papillomaviruses (HR‐HPVs) are the causative agents of cervical cancer and prophylactic HPV vaccination has been recommended for adolescents but no data are available on the prevalence of HPV infection among adolescents in India. Self‐collected midstream urine samples from 940 healthy school children, aged 8–17 years, from 12 different schools in and around Noida and Delhi, India, were collected for HPV detection by PCR. Of 458 girls, 15 (3.2%) were positive for HPV and 10 (66.6%) were positive for high‐risk human papillomavirus (HR‐HPV) type16 and 2 (13.3%) for HPV 18. Of 342 boys, 7 (2.1%) were HPV positive, of which 5 (71.4%) had HPV type 6 but interestingly, none were positive for HR‐HPV types 16 or 18. Among HPV positive girls, 13 (66.6%) were >13 years and the rest were <13 years (P = 0.004), while all seven HPV positive boys were >13 years (P = 0.007). The majority of HPV positive adolescents (80–86%) belonged to the Hindu and related communities, whereas only about 14–20% belonged to the Muslim community. A significant association (P < 0.001) was observed between the parent's education and the awareness of cervical cancer, which was significantly higher among adolescent girls from India, thereby exerting an immense psychosocial impact on vaccination programs. A lower prevalence of HR‐HPV infection among adolescent girls will have significant positive effect on HPV vaccination and cancer control programs in India where education and awareness should go hand in hand. J. Med. Virol. 84:298–305, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of neutralizing antibodies in adults after intranasal vaccination with an inactivated influenza vaccine
Authors: Ainai Akira , Tamura Shin‐ichi , Suzuki Tadaki , Ito Ryo , Asanuma Hideki , Tanimoto Takeshi , Gomi Yasuyuki , Manabe Sadao , Ishikawa Toyokazu , Okuno Yoshinobu , Odagiri Takato , Tashiro Masato , Sata Tetsutaro , Kurata Takeshi , Hasegawa Hideki
Published: December 2011

The levels and properties of neutralizing antibodies in nasal wash and serum collected from five healthy adults were examined after intranasal administration of an A/Uruguay/716/2007 (H3N2) split vaccine (45 µg hemagglutinin (HA) per dose; five doses, with an interval of 3 weeks between each dose). Prior to the assays, nasal wash samples were concentrated so that the total amount of antibodies was equivalent to about 1/10 of that found in the natural nasal mucus. Vaccination induced virus‐specific neutralizing antibody responses, which increased with the number of vaccine doses given. Neutralizing antibodies were produced more efficiently in the nasal passages than in the serum: A ≥4‐fold increase in nasal neutralization titres was observed after the second vaccination in four out of five subjects, whereas a rise in serum neutralization titres was observed only after the fifth vaccination. Nasal and serum neutralizing antibodies were mainly found in the polymeric IgA and monomeric IgG fractions, respectively, after gel filtration. Taken together, these results suggest that intranasal administration of an inactivated split vaccine induces high levels of nasal neutralizing antibodies (primarily polymeric IgA) and low levels of serum neutralizing antibodies (primarily monomeric IgG). J. Med. Virol. 84:336–344, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Current prevalence of HTLV‐1 in Japan as determined by screening of blood donors
Authors: Satake Masahiro , Yamaguchi Kazunari , Tadokoro Kenji
Published: December 2011

Human T‐cell leukemia virus type‐1 (HTLV‐1), a major source of adult T‐cell leukemia and related diseases, is endemic to southwestern Japan. Mother‐to‐infant transmission via breast milk is an important route of infection, and establishing programs to prevent such transmission requires exact figures on the HTLV‐1 prevalence rate and the number of carriers. Therefore, the seroprevalence of HTLV‐1 among 1,196,321 Japanese first‐time blood donors from 2006 to 2007 was investigated. A total of 3,787 of such donors were confirmed to be positive for anti‐HTLV‐1 antibody. By applying a fitness curve to the age ranges outside the blood donor age range, the present number of HTLV‐1 carriers covering ages from 0 to 99 years was estimated to be at least 1.08 million in Japan; this value was 10% lower than that reported in 1988. The adjusted overall prevalence rates were estimated to be 0.66% and 1.02% in men and women, respectively. The peak in carrier numbers was found among individuals in their 70s, which is a shift from the previous peak observed in the 1988 database among individuals in their 50s. Carriers were distributed not only in the endemic southwestern region of Japan, but throughout the country, particularly in the greater Tokyo metropolitan area. By applying population projections, it was calculated that the carrier number will decrease by half in the next two decades; however, the carrier population will age over that interval, meaning that the age of patients with adult T‐cell leukemia will also be higher. J. Med. Virol. 84:327–335, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Successful treatment of aciclovir and foscarnet resistant Herpes simplex virus lesions with topical imiquimod in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1
Authors: Lascaux Anne‐Sophie , Caumes Eric , Deback Claire , Melica Giovanna , Challine Dominique , Agut Henri , Lévy Yves
Published: December 2011

Aciclovir (ACV)‐resistant Herpes simplex virus type‐2 (HSV‐2) infections are observed commonly in patients also infected with HIV‐1. The use of foscarnet (FOS) in these patients may also lead to resistance. This situation can become a difficult therapeutic challenge. Four cases of patients infected with HIV and with mucocutaneous HSV‐2 resistant to ACV and FOS are reported. These patients were treated successfully with topical 5% imiquimod. Imiquimod treatment also appeared to delay the time to recurrence of HSV lesions. J. Med. Virol. 84:194–197, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pre‐existing YMDD mutants in treatment‐naïve patients with chronic hepatitis B are not selected during lamivudine therapy
Authors: Lee Sae Hwan , Kim Hong Soo , Byun In‐Seon , Jeong Soung Won , Kim Sang Gyune , Jang Jae Young , Kim Young Seok , Kim Boo Sung
Published: December 2011

Although the rate at which mutations in the tyrosine‐methionine‐aspartate‐aspartate (YMDD) motif of hepatitis B virus polymerase form is high during prolonged lamivudine (LAM) therapy, these mutations sometimes occur naturally in treatment‐naïve patients with chronic hepatitis B. The prevalence of natural YMDD mutants differs geographically, and its clinical significance during LAM therapy is unknown. This study aimed to investigate whether pre‐existing YMDD mutants were selected during LAM therapy. It included 14 treatment‐naïve patients who were treated with LAM for at least 9 months. LAM resistance was evaluated before and at 3‐month intervals during treatment. Mutations were analyzed by direct sequencing, restriction fragment mass polymorphism (RFMP) assays, and a single‐step multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test using dual‐priming oligonucleotide (DPO) primers. DPO‐based multiplex PCR showed two YMDD mutations in two patients before LAM therapy; rtM204V and rtL180M + rtM204V/I. Further, two patients had an rtL180M mutation without an accompanying rtM204V/I mutation. No mutant was detected in any patient by direct sequencing or the RFMP assay before LAM therapy. A virological response was observed at 3 months in all patients with pre‐existing YMDD mutants. All mutations disappeared after 3 months of LAM therapy, and during the follow‐up period, no re‐emergence was detected by any of the three methods. Further, the viral load was suppressed optimally. In conclusion, pre‐existing YMDD mutants were cleared early during the course of LAM therapy, which produced a consistent virological response, and the mutants were not selected by LAM therapy. J. Med. Virol. 84:217–222, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multicenter assessment of HIV‐1 RNA quantitation in semen in the CREAThE network
Authors: Pasquier Christophe , Andreutti Corinne , Bertrand Evelyne , Bostan Alionka , Bourlet Thomas , Molina Irene , Grossman Zehava , Halfon Philippe , Leruez‐Ville Marianne , Lüneborg‐Nielsen Margrethe , Mar Carmen , Marcelin Anne‐Geneviève , Roussel‐Ronserail Catherine , Schmitt Marie‐Paule , Tabrizi Sepehr , Vourliotis Maria , Bujan Louis
Published: December 2011

Detection of HIV‐1 RNA in semen is used commonly to determine the safety of semen processing procedures before assisted reproductive technology (ART). Using two panels of prepared semen samples containing HIV‐1 the performances of protocols from 14 centers have been compared. No false‐positive results were detected but false‐negative results were frequent when the concentration was below 500 HIV‐1 RNA copies/ml of seminal plasma. Frequency of HIV‐1 RNA detection was higher on seminal cells than on seminal plasma. Assays (or protocols) for quantifying HIV‐1 RNA in semen performed less well than standardized blood plasma assays. The HIV load in seminal plasma could be a useful marker of the risk of sexual transmission of the virus. Its use as a marker of global HAART efficiency in the HIV reservoir needs further study. Standardized assays are required for detection and measurement of HIV‐1 RNA in semen samples. J. Med. Virol. 84:183–187, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of in vivo mechanical loading on large bone defect regeneration
Authors: Boerckel Joel D. , Kolambkar Yash M. , Stevens Hazel Y. , Lin Angela S.P. , Dupont Kenneth M. , Guldberg Robert E.
Published: December 2011

Fracture healing is highly sensitive to mechanical conditions; however, the effects of mechanical loading on large bone defect regeneration have not been evaluated. In this study, we investigated the effects of functional loading on repair of critically sized segmental bone defects. About 6‐mm defects were created in rat femora, and each defect received 5 µg recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2), delivered in alginate hydrogel. Limbs were stabilized by either stiff fixation plates for the duration of the study or compliant plates that allowed transfer of compressive ambulatory loads beginning at week 4. Healing was assessed by digital radiography, microcomputed tomography, mechanical testing, histology, and finite element modeling. Loading significantly increased regenerate bone volume and average polar moment of inertia. The response to loading was location‐dependent with the polar moment of inertia increased at the proximal end of the defect but not the distal end. As a result, torsional stiffness was 58% higher in the compliant plate group, but failure torque was not altered. In single samples assessed for histology from each group, a qualitatively greater amount of cartilage and a lesser degree of remodeling to lamellar bone occurred in the loaded group compared to the stiff plate group. Finally, principal strain histograms, calculated by FE modeling, revealed that the compliant plate samples had adapted to more efficiently distribute loads in the defects. Together, these data demonstrate that functional transfer of axial loads alters BMP‐induced large bone defect repair by increasing the amount and distribution of bone formed within the defect. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1067–1075, 2012
Differences between wheat cultivars in acquisition and utilization of phosphorus
Authors: Horst Walter J. , Abdou Mohamed , Wiesler Franz
Published: December 2011

In an attempt to evaluate whether breeding and selection for high yielding capacity changed the P requirement of modem wheat cultivars. the response of two wheat cultivars to different levels of P supply was investigated. A traditional cultivar (‘Peragis’) and a modern spring‐wheat cultivar (‘Cosir’) were cultivated in a C‐loess low in available P and high in CaCO3 in 120 cm high PVC tubes. In addition and for comparison, nutrient solution experiments were also conducted. Shoot growth, root growth. P uptake. P translocation and P distribution within the shoot at different developmental stages were compared.

The grain yield of the modern cultivar ‘Cosir’ was higher at limiting and non‐limiting P supply and. therefore, this cultivar can be considered as more P‐efficient than the traditional cultivar. Grain yield reduction at low P supply was mainly due to an inhibition of tillering and thus lower number of ears per plant, whereas the number of grains per ear was hardly affected. Reduced tillering at low P supply could not be related to P concentrations in the shoot meristematic tissues which were generally much higher than in other plant tissues and kept at an elevated level even at limiting P supply. Root branching (1st order laterals) was reduced at limiting P supply in ‘Cosir’ but not in ‘Peragis’ which, generally, had lower numbers of laterals at the beginning of tillering.

From the results it can be concluded that the main factors contributing to the higher P efficiency of the modern cultivar ‘Cosir’ are (i) efficient use of assimilates for root‐growth characteristics which enhance P acquisition: enhanced root branching and thus smaller mean root diameter and longer root hairs, (ii) an efficient P uptake system, (iii) efficient remobilization of P from vegetative plant organs to the grains, and most importantly (iv) lower P requirement for grain yield formation because of lower ear number per plant but higher grain number per ear.
Behaviour of metolachlor and terbuthylazine in cultivated field lysimeters
Authors: Leita Liviana , Ceccon Paolo , Marucchini Cesare , Mondini Claudio
Published: December 2011

An experiment has been carried out in cultivated drainage lysimeters filled with reported soil in order to investigate on the disappearance and mobility of Metolachlor and Terbuthylazine as related to the nitrogen fertilization level. Two experimental units have been compared: in the O‐N treatment the soil did not receive N fertilizers during the 7 years previous to the experiment, whereas in the H—N treatment the average application rate of nitrogen during the same period was 220 kg ha−1 year−1; a corn crop has been cultivated in the present experiment. The active ingredients have been analysed in the artificial soil profile (from 0 to 40 cm, by 10 cm soil layers) and in leachates. The disappearance rate of Terbuthylazine was affected by nitrogen fertilization level, as the half life resulted about 7 days higher in O—N (21.9 days) treatment than in H—N (14.6 days). On the contrary, N fertilization did not significantly modify the half life of Metolachlor (17.2 and 15.9 days at O—N and H—N, respectively). A N‐dealkylated degradation product of Terbuthylazine has been found in the shallow soil layers. The distribution pattern of herbicides content in the soil profile showed that Terbuthylazine was less mobile than Metolachlor. Leachates did not contain Terbuthylazine at all, but amounts of Metolachlor close to the detection limits (25 μg L−1).
Effects of thiamine and nitrogen fertilizer form on the number of N2−fixing and total bacteria in the rhizosphere of maize plants
Authors: Azaizeh Hassan A. , Neumann Günter , Marschner Horst
Published: December 2011

The effects of thiamine (vitamin B1) application as seed dressing and of N form supplied (NH4+ versus NO3−) on rhizosphere pH and on rhizosphere microorganisms were evaluated in two different soils. Imbibition of maize (Zea mays L.) seeds with thiamine (1 g kg−1) increased seed thiamine content by a factor of 370. Maize plants from untreated and treated seeds were cultivated in a growth chamber under controlled conditions for 10 d in a sandy loam soil, pH 7.1 (Mascherode soil) or in a sandy soil, pH 4.8 (Niger soil) fertilized with two different N sources (NO3−N or NH4−N with dicyandiamide, 100 and 250 mg N kg−1 soil). The rhizosphere pH was not affected by thiamine, only slightly affected by N source in the Mascherode soil, but markedly affected in the Niger soil.

Thiamine application and N source affected the most probable number (MPN) of diazotrophs and total bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere soil of 10 d old maize plants. In the Mascherode soil, thiamine application increased MPN of diazotrophs 4‐fold and total bacteria 2‐fold when the soil was fertilized with 100 mg NO3−N compared to untreated seedlings. Compared to Mascherode soil, in the Niger soil, MPN of diazotrophs was extremely low, especially after NH4−N treatment which significantly decreased pH of the rhizosphere. Thiamine application had only marginal effects on the MPN of diazotrophs and total bacteria. Total bacteria isolated from Niger soil fertilized with NH4−N were about 10‐fold lower compared to the soil from Mascherode. However, in the other two treatments, total bacteria were higher in the Niger soil compared to the Mascherode soil. In the Niger soil, apparently some of the heterotrophs (the Actinomycetes dominated in this soil) might have suppressed the diazotrophs. The results of the present study demonstrate that in many cases seed treatment with thiamine enhances MPN of diazotrophs and total bacteria in the rhizosphere of maize seedlings.
Evidence for effects of CO2 on soil solution chemistry in spodosols by a simple in‐field extractor
Authors: Kaupenjohann Martin , David Mark B.
Published: December 2011

Degassing of CO2 during collection of soil solution may alter the chemical composition of the solution, especially in well‐buffered soils. We used a simple syringe extractor for field sampling of soil solution along with ambient soil air in order to test the influence of degassing of CO2 on solution pH in acid soils (Spodosol B and C horizons collected in Central Maine, USA). Soil air concentrations of CO2 varied from 0.36 to 1.35 ml l‐1 during sampling immediately after snow melt. Degassing increased solution pH by 0.3 to 0.5 pH units. Both in‐situ and degassed pH were predicted by the Reuss and Johnson soil chemical equilibrium model. The results suggest, (i) that the simple method is useful for determination of solution from wet soil under ambient soil air conditions and (ii) that degassing plays a significant role for soil solution chemistry even in Spodosol B and C horizons.
Translocation of 203Hg labelled HgCl2 and CH3HgCl in an iron‐humus podzol studied by radio‐analytical techniques
Authors: Schlüter Kai
Published: December 2011

Since increased Hg‐concentrations in fish in lakes and rivers in northern Europe, northern parts of the U.S.A. and Canada were found, environmental Hg research has focused intensively on the factors determining leaching of mercury from soil into water systems. This article presents the results of a leaching experiment with undisturbed soil columns treated with HgCI2 and CH3HgCl using radio‐analytical techniques. The columns were irrigated with rain of different acidity, rain volumes and irrigation intensities. The leaching of mercury was traced by detecting the vertical distribution of 203Hg in the soil profiles. Advantages and disadvantages of radioanalytical scanning techniques are discussed. The results of Hg leaching in the soil columns indicate a considerably stronger leaching of monomethyl mercury compared to inorganic mercury. Leaching of the two Hg‐species is ruled by competition of H+ induced soil‐Hg desorption with DOM‐Hg complex formation; both being affected by rain acidity. Rain intensity had no visible effect on leaching of Hg2+ and CH3Hg+. An extended rain duration increased the leaching of CH3Hg+.
Simulation des Nitrataustrags im Winterhalbjahr aus Intensiv genutzten Ackerböden in der Geest
Authors: Richter Goetz M. , Baumann Klaus , Richter Jörg
Published: December 2011

Der N‐Haushalt von 20 sandigen Ackerböden mit unterschiedlichen Fruchtfolgen wurde mit einem deterministischen Modell für 3 Winterhalbjahre (August—März; 1989–1991) simuliert. Die anhand leicht verfugbarer Daten zu Boden, Witterung und Bewirtschaftung berechneten Nmin−Gehalte im Boden (0–90 cm) wurden an über 100 Messungen geprüft. Je nach Witterungsverlauf der Jahre werden die gemessenen Nmin−Gehalte über‐ oder unterschätzt. Insgesamt kann deshalb eine Übereinstimmung von Simulation und Messung von nur 50% festgestellt werden. Die Simulation trifft aber zu über 80% die gemessenen Nmin−Gehalte, wenn keine Düngung vor der Messung erfolgte. Abweichungen von mehr als ±20 kgN ha−1 zur 1:1‐Linie stehen zu 60% mit Düngungsereignissen in Verbindung. Im Mittel wird der Nmin−Gehalt im Oberboden (0–30 cm) um 4 kgN ha−1 unterschätzt, im Unterboden (30–90 cm) aber überschätzt. Gemessen am Konfidenzintervall (95%) ist die Schätzung im Unterboden genauer als im Oberboden. Der Nitrataustrag kann durch den Anbau überwinternder Zwischenfrüchte (Feldfutterbau) von 130 kgN ha−1 (Wintergetreide ohne Zwischenfrucht) auf bis zu 10 kgN ha−1 reduziert werden. Neben einer düngungsbedingten Meßungenauigkeit sind Abweichungen zwischen Simulation und Messung (1) auf unterschätzte Transportgeschwindigkeiten und (2) auf z.T. frostbedingte Mineralisationsschübe im Frühjahr zurückzuführen. Eine explizite Simulation der Nitrifikation in Sandböden ist angezeigt.
Effect of sewage sludge on nodulation and N2−fixation in alfalfa grown on calcareous loamy soils
Authors: Barakah F. N. , Salem S. H. , Heggo A. M.
Published: December 2011

The influence of different rates of sludge applications to calcareous loamy soils of Saudi Arabia, on nodulation and symbiotic N2−fixation in alfalfa plants (Medicago sativa L.) was studied in a pot experiment. The effect of heavy metals accumulation in soil due to continuous irrigation of the test soil with sewage water was also investigated. Application of up to 80 g sludge per pot enhanced nodulation, nitrogenase activity, dry matter yield and N‐contents of alfalfa plants growing in loamy soils either previously irrigated with sewage water or well water. However, sludge applied at the rate of 160–200 g pot−1 inhibited the nodulation, N accumulation and dry matter yield of alfalfa. The response of alfalfa to sludge was dependent on the rhizobial strain used. Our results also showed that accumulation of heavy metals due to continuous irrigation of a calcareous sandy loam soil with sewage water, for more than 10 years, didn't inhibit N2−fixation in alfalfa plants, but enhanced it. Microelements in alfalfa plants increased with increase in the rate of sludge application. Although high rates of sludge application affected nodulation and N2−fixation of alfalfa, dry matter and the nitrogen contents of the plants were not highly affected. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of high rates of sludge was most probably due to the toxic effect of heavy metals on the microsymbiont rather than on the plants.
Effect of long‐term irrigation with untreated sewage effluents on soil properties and heavy metal adsorption of leptosols and vertisols in Central Mexico
Authors: Siebe Christina , Fischer Walter R.
Published: December 2011

The effect of long‐term irrigation with untreated sewage effluents from Mexico City on soil properties and heavy metal adsorption behaviour of soils at Irrigation District 03 in the Mezquital Valley, Central Mexico, was studied. General soil parameters of 25 samples from Ap‐horizons of Mollic Leptosols and Eutric Vertisols taken at sites which have been under irrigation for different periods of time were compared with samples from fields under rainfed agriculture. The adsorption of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn was analysed in 8 selected samples by batch experiments.

The long‐term irrigation of soils with untreated sewage effluent has increased the contents of total (TOC) and dissolved (DOC) organic carbon in Ap‐horizons of Leptosols and Vertisols, and diminished the contents of manganese oxides in Vertisols. This influences the heavy metal adsorption behaviour of both soils, since DOC enhances metal solubility at low loading rates and TOC improves metal adsorption capacities at high loading rates. The possibility of an increase in the chloride content in soils due to wastewater irrigation and its relation to higher Cd mobility are discussed, as is the importance of humus balance control through oriented management practices in order to minimize heavy metal mobility in soils, which have been under irrigation with wastewater during long periods.
Entwicklung der Niederschlags‐Deposition von Schwermetallen in Westdeutschland. 2. Arsen, Chrom, Kobalt und Nickel
Authors: Schulte Andreas , Gehrmann Joachim
Published: December 2011

Auf 6 Meßflächen in Nordrhein‐Westfalen wurde von 1984 bis 1993 die Deposition von Arsen, Chrom, Kobalt und Nickel mit dem Freilandniederschlag gemessen. Die absolute Höhe der Deposition der untersuchten Elemente schwankt in Abhängigkeit vom Standort und der jährlichen Niederschlagshöhe.

Auf allen beobachteten Meßflächen nimmt die Deposition von Arsen mit dem Freilandniederschlag im Beobachtungszeitraum signifikant ab. Im Durchschnitt aller untersuchten Meßflächen verringerte sich die Arsen‐Deposition mit dem Freilandniederschlag von 11.0 g ha−1 im Jahr 1984 auf 3.0 g ha−1 (r = −0.982***). Die Abnahme der Arsen‐Deposition entspricht der prognostizierten Abnahme der Arsen‐Emission im gleichen Zeitraum.

Auch bei Chrom und Kobalt verringerte sich der Eintrag auf der Mehrheit der Meßflächen signifikant. Der durchschnittliche Eintrag von Chrom nahm von 8.5 g ha−1 im Jahr 1984 auf 3.5 g ha−1 im Jahr 1993 (r = −0.888***), der von Kobalt von 2.6 g ha−1 auf 1.1 g ha−1 ab (r = −0.869***). Die Niederschlags‐Deposition von Nickel hingegen läßt auf keiner beobachteten Meßfläche eine signifikante Abnahme erkennen.

Kobalt weist die geringsten Depositionsraten auf. Auf die Meßflächen in Nordrhein‐Westfalen wurde 1993 durchschnittlich Cadmium 2.2mal, Arsen 2.7mal, Chrom 3.2mal, Nickel 6.5mal, und Blei 66mal soviel mit dem Niederschlag eingetragen.
Modelluntersuchungen zur K‐Freisetzung aus Böden mit höherer elektrischer Leitfähigkeit durch die Elektro‐Ultrafiltration (EUF)
Authors: Pauler Bruno , Neumann Karl‐Hermann
Published: December 2011

An einem Modellversuch mit Proben eines leichten Bodens (ca. 12% Ton) aus dem Hessischen Ried wird beschrieben, wie sich bei Erhöhung der elektrischen Leitfähigkeit der Bodensuspension durch steigenden NaCl‐Zusatz zur EUF‐Mittelzelle die elektrischen Betriebsfaktoren der EUF sowie die Kalium‐Freisetzung verändern können:

Durch kontinuierliche Stromstärke‐ und Spannungsmessung bei Automatikbetrieb der EUF (Stromkonstanz) war festzustellen, daß die Elektrodenspannung um so mehr und um so länger im Verlauf einer EUF‐Analyse abfiel, je höher die Leitfähigkeit in der Mittelzelle angestiegen war.

Als Folge dieser Spannungsverringerung nahm für die K‐Freisetzung der Beitrag von EUF‐Fraktion a (10 Min./200 V/20°C) kontinuierlich ab, während zunächst Fraktion b (20 Min./200 V/20°C), bei höherer Leitfähigkeit immer stärker auch Fraktion c (5 Min./400 V/80°C), zu einer Kompensation der Verluste in Fraktion a beitragen konnten. Bei Zusammenfassung von Fraktion a und b zu Fraktion “EUF‐20°C” war auch diese von einem kontinuierlichen Abfall des K‐Gehaltes betroffen.

Durch den Kompensationseffekt von EUF‐Fraktion b und c verblieb die K‐Gesamtextraktion solange nahezu unverändert, bis es bei hoher Leitfähigkeit der Bodenprobe zu einem teilweisen oder völligen Zusammenbruch der Spannung auch während der Extraktion von Fraktion c kam.

Durch die leitfähigkeitsbedingte Veränderung der K‐Gehalte in den untersuchten EUF‐Fraktionen stieg bei dem leichten Versuchsboden der EUF‐K‐Quotient nach Nėmeth und Ziegler (1988) von etwa 0.25 bei niedriger bis auf etwa 0.6 bei hoher Leitfähigkeit an, ein Wert, der diesen Autoren zufolge nur bei schweren Böden gefunden wird.

Steigende Leitfähigkeit verringerte auch die Freisetzung von Magnesium und Calcium. Die in den EUF‐Fraktionen a und EUF‐20°C zu beobachtende Reduzierung führte bei dem leichten Versuchsboden zu einer deutlichen Verminderung der EUF‐Gesamt‐extraktion dieser beiden Ionen durch steigende elektrische Leitfähigkeit.

Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß vor allem die Interpretation der K‐Gehalte in einzelnen EUF‐Fraktionen im Hinblick auf Verfügbarkeit, Nachlieferungsvermögen oder Fixierungsgrad in Frage zu stellen aind, falls Böden mit höherer elektrischer Leitfähigkeit bei zu geringer Elektrodenspannung analysiert werden.
Fate of 14C‐carbofuran in soils
Authors: Kale Sharad P. , Raghu Kanthadai
Published: December 2011

The degradation of14 C‐Carbofuran was studied in sterilized, unsterilized and green manure amended clay soil under moist and flooded conditions overa period of 30 days. The14 C mass balance showed that carbofuran did not undergo any degradation in sterilized moist soil. In sterilized flooded soil bound residues were formed to the extent of about 47% of the applied radioactivity at the end of 30 days. Carbofuran underwent considerable degradation in unsterilized moist and flooded soils. In moist soil about 48% of the applied14 C activity was recovered as bound activity while in flooded soil, about 23% of the activity was bound. Green manure amendment resulted in formation of more bound residues under moist conditions while it enhanced the degradation of carbofuran under flooded conditions. In flooded amended soil about 44% of the appliedl4 C‐activity was recovered as against about 54% in the unamended flooded soil. The notable degradation products formed under flooded soil conditions were 3‐keto carbofuran and 3‐hydroxy carbofuran.
Does transport of water to roots limit water uptake of field crops?
Authors: Kage Henning , Ehlers Wilfried
Published: December 2011

The question was examined under which conditions the water extraction rate of plant roots in the field can be limited by water transport to the roots. For this purpose we used a numerical solution of the single root model. Scenario calculations were carried out in order to investigate the general model behaviour. A sensitivity analysis showed that initial volumetric water content and root length density are of greater importance than root diameter in determining the maximum water transport rate to the roots.

Data from a field experiment were taken, describing root length density, volumetric water content and water uptake rates under oats (Avena saliva L.) and faba beans (Vicia faba L.) as model input parameters. With this data the model calculated the water content difference between the bulk soil and the root surface which is necessary to induce a water flow to the roots matching the observed water uptake rate. Root length densities below the grain legume crop faba beans are one order of magnitude lower compared to that of the cereal crop oats. The therefore higher specific water influx rates of faba beans roots resulted in a higher decrease in water content near the root surface. However, water uptake by faba beans was controlled by the water flow towards the roots probably only in deeper soil layers with very low root length density. For the given conditions no transport limitation of water uptake was calculated, when rooting densities were higher than about 0.1 cm.cm−3.
Pedogenetische Differenzierung von Bodeneigenschaften auf Aggregatebene
Authors: Kaiser Klaus , Wilcke Wolfgang
Published: December 2011

Neben der pedogenetischen Differenzierung des Solums in Horizonte ist eine Differenzierung innerhalb von Horizonten auf Aggregatebene denkbar. Ziel der Untersuchung ist es, nachzuprüfen, ob es zu einer Differenzierung von Bodenmerkmalen auf Aggregatebene kommt. Dazu wurden aus einer Braunerde, einer Podsol‐Braunerde sowie 2 Podsolen aus Bayern und der Slowakei aus Ober‐ und Unterbodenhorizonten ca. 10–30 mm große Aggregate von Hand ausgelesen und mechanisch in eine Aggregatkern‐ und eine ‐Schalenfraktion geteilt. In den Aggregalfraktionen wurden Corg, Alo und Fed bestimmt. Corg ist in den Schalen der A‐Horizonte in der Regel gegenüber den Kernen abgereichert. Dies resultiert aus einem gegenüber dem Aggre‐gatkem begünstigten mikrobiellen Abbau und einer bevorzugten C‐Auswaschung. In den Unterbodenhorizonten der Braunerden ist der Corg−Gehalt in der Aggregatschale niedriger als im ‐kern, in den B‐Horizonten der Podsole dagegen höher. In Podsolen überwiegt die Einwaschung gelöster organischer Substanz und deren Sorption auf den Aggregatoberflächen. Niedrigere Alo− und Fed−Gehalte in den Aggregatschalen aller A‐Horizonte können auf eine bevorzugte Versauerung der Aggregatoberflächen zurückgeführt werden, da vor allem die Aggregatoberflächen den Säureeintrag in den Mineralboden abpuffern. In den B‐Horizonten sind nur in den Braunerden die Alo−und Fed−Gehalte in den Aggregatschalen geringer als in den ‐kernen. Die B‐Horizonte des Podsols weisen illuviale Sesquioxidanreicherungen auf den Aggregatoberflächen auf. Somit führt die Pedogenese nicht nur zu einer vertikalen Differenzierung des Solums in Horizonte, sondern auch zu einer Differenzierung innerhalb der Horizonte auf Aggregatebene. Die daraus resultierenden unterschiedlichen chemischen Eigenschaften von Aggregatoberflächen und ‐kernen könnten sich auf das Sorptionsvermögen aggregierter Böden auswirken.
Nmin−Gehalt im Boden, mineralische N‐Düngung und N‐Entzug von Winterweizen im Internationalen Organischen Stickstoffdauerdüngungsversuch (IOSDV) Berlin‐Dahlem
Authors: Peschke Heinz , Mollenhauer Stefanie
Published: December 2011

Im 9. und 10. Versuchsjahr des 1986 angelegten Dauerdüngungsversuches wurden Mikroparzellen in den Feldparzellen des Winterweizens eingerichtet. In drei Prüfgliedern wurden 160 bzw. 110 kg/ha N, unterteilt in drei Gaben, als15 N‐markiertes Ammoniumsulfat verabfolgt.

Zu 5 Terminen wurde Nmin im Boden gemessen, die oberirdische pflanzliche Biomasse geerntet und die N‐Aufnahme als Entzug aus dem Boden bestimmt. Über die15 N‐Analyse konnte in beiden Fällen nach Herkunft des Stickstoffs aus Dünger‐N und bodenbürtigem N unterschieden werden.

Dünger‐N wird bis Anfang Juni mehr oder weniger von der Pflanze aufgenommen, aber auch in erheblichem Maße im Boden immobilisiert. Der festgelegte N wird in der Folgezeit teilweise wieder remineralisiert und von der Pflanze assimiliert. Dagegen wird der native Nmin− Gehalt des Bodens in der Anfangsentwicklung des Weizens nur minimal in Anspruch genommen, so daß diese lösliche N‐Menge durch die Mineralisierung der organischen Bodensubstanz zwischenzeitlich absolut zunimmt.
Phosphataufnahme und ‐Verwertung von drei Inzuchtlinien des Welschen Weidelgrases (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) und ihren Hybriden
Authors: Römer Wilhelm , Fahning Jörg
Published: December 2011

Drei Weidelgras‐Inzuchtlinien (A, B, C) und ihre Hybriden (AB, AC, BC) wurden auf ihre Sproßtrockenmassebildung, P‐Aufnahme (mg P je Gefäß), P‐Verwertung (mg Sproßtrockenmasse je mg P im Sproß) sowie ihren P‐Influx durch Kultivierung für maximal 92 Tage in einem Lößlehm‐Boden (Gefäßversuch) geprüft. Für die Bestimmung der Phosphataseaktivität wurden die Pflanzen der Linien A und C in Nährlösungen (1.10.100 μmol P · L−1) angezogen und die Hydrolyserate von Nitrophenylphosphat (NPP) gemessen.

Verglichen mit dem Mittelwert der Inzuchtlinien produzierten die Hybriden bei hohem P‐Angebot 8%, bei niedrigem P‐Angebot 12% mehr Sproßmasse. Die Hybride BC bildete jeweils 14 bzw. 25% mehr, zeigte also den größten Heterosiseffekt. Die Biomassebildung korrespondierte mit dem P‐Entzug, deshalb gab es bei der P‐Verwertung keine Unterschiede zwischen Hybriden und Inzuchtlinien. Der erhöhte P‐Entzug der Hybriden korrespondierte mit größerer Wurzellänge. Das bedeutet, daß die Effizienz der P‐Aufnahmerate je Wurzeleinheit (Influx) durch die Hybridisierung nahezu unbeeinflußt war. Daraus kann der Schluß gezogen werden, daß der Heterosiseffekt mit einer erhöhten P‐Aufnahme verbunden ist, die durch ein vergrößertes Wurzelsystem verursacht wird. Die Phosphataseaktivität (Pase) der Wurzeln steigt mit sinkenden P‐Gehalten der Sprosse deutlich an, wobei die Absolutwerte bei Linie A fast doppelt so hoch wie bei C waren. Beide Linien reagierten mit einer signifikanten Erhöhung der Pase wenn das P‐Angebot 3 Tage lang von 100 auf 1 μmol P · L−1 abgesenkt wurde.
Einfluß der Kalkung und Düngung auf den Ionenaustausch und die chemische Zusammensetzung der Bodenlösung am Beispiel von vier Waldstandorten im Hessischen Bergland
Authors: Lehnardt Friedrich
Published: December 2011

Von Februar 1985 bis Juli 1987 wurden in vier hessischen Forslämtern auf den 1983 begründeten Düngungsversuchsflächen in Buchenaltbeständen chemische Bodensickerwasser‐Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus wurden in diese Arbeit auch die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der bodenchemischen Analysen der nachfolgenden Jahre 1988 und 1991 aufgenommen. Vordergründiges Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, den Einfluß der Kalkung und K/Mg‐Düngung auf die chemische Beschaffenheit des Bodens und der Bodenlösung unter verschiedenen Standortbedingungen näher zu untersuchen.

Im Bodensickerwasser erbrachte die Kalkung in den nachfolgenden Jahren insgesamt keine eindeutige Erhöhung der pH‐Werte. In einigen Fällen sind die pH‐Werte im Durchschnitt sogar um 0.1 bis 0.2 Einheiten gesunken und die Al‐Konzentrationen dementsprechend angestiegen.

Bei den Metallkationen Kalium. Kalzium und Magnesium hat die Düngung in den meisten Fällen zu einer deutlichen Erhöhung der Konzentrationen in der Bodenlösung geführt, insbesondere in 50 cm Bodentiefe. Auf den Versuchsparzellen mit den gesunkenen pH‐ Werten sind die K‐, Ca‐ und Mg‐Konzentrationen nicht oder nur geringfügig angestiegen.

Darüber hinaus hat die Kalkung auf einigen Versuchsstandorten mil vermehrt durchlässigen Böden eine beschleunigte Mineralisierung der Humusauflage bewirkt und damit die Nitratgehalte im Bodensickerwasser von durchschnittlich rd. 1–2 bis auf 10–20 mg/l erhöht. Ferner sind durch die mobilisierende Wirkung der Ca‐Düngung die Gehalte an Sulfat und zumeist auch an Schwermetallen (Mn, Zn. Cu, Cd) in der Bodenlösung angestiegen. Insgesamt konnte bei den meisten chemischen Parametern eine etwas erhöhte Mobilität durch Kalkung mit Bodenbearbeitung nachgewiesen werden.

Im Boden wurden als Folge der Kalkung und Düngung auch noch nach 5 bis 8 Jahren deutlich höhere pH‐Werte und Basensättigung festgestellt, insbesondere im Bodenbereich bis 15 cm.
Simplification of the standard method for determination of non‐exchangeable NH4−N in soil
Authors: Zhang Yangsong , Scherer Heinrich W.
Published: December 2011

The widely‐used Silva‐Bremner method for determining non‐ exchangeable NH4−N in the soil was modified so as to reduce reagent requirement and the time taken to carry out the analyses. In the modification, boiling the mixture of soil and KOBr on a hot plate was replaced with heating the soil/KOBr mixture, directly placed in centrifuge tubes, in a boiling water bath or a microwave oven. The best procedure is to keep the soil/KOBr mixture for 10 minutes in the water bath or for 10 minutes at 50% of full power in a microwave oven. The modified method gave similar values to the standard method on 4 quite different soils and also slightly increased reproducibility.
Extraction of silver from soils by chloride solutions
Authors: Saeki Satoshi , Kubota Masatsugu , Asami Teruo
Published: December 2011

Using chloride solutions as extractants, 6.4–18.4% of Ag were extracted from polluted Annaka and Fuchu soils, whereas only 0.06–0.08% Ag were extractable using NH4OAc, NH4NO3 or (NH4)2SO4 solution. In the case of unpolluted Konosu and Nagano soils, 28.3–47.0% of Ag were extracted by KCl and 0.7–1.0% of Ag were by NH4OAc. The silver extracted with chloride solution was assumed to be derived from residual fractions.
Distribution of iron and manganese oxides in Haploxeralfs and Rhodoxeralfs and their relation to the degree of soil development and soil colour
Authors: Haidouti C. , Massas I.
Published: December 2011

The status and the distribution of iron and manganese oxides were studied in six soil profiles from Thrace region (Greece), classified as Rhodoxeralfs and Haploxeralfs. The acid ammonium oxalate and the dithionite‐citrate‐bicarbonate methods were used to extract the free iron and manganese oxides from the soils. In both great groups the Fed and Mnd values are higher than Feo and Mno values, respectively, indicating that a considerable fraction is present in crystalline form. Both Feo/Fed and Fed‐Feo values suggest that, in the study area, Haploxeralfs are less developed soils than Rhodoxeralfs. The manganese oxides present in crystalline forms (Mnd‐Mno) were more in Rhodoxeralfs than in Haploxeralfs, suggesting that the crystallinity of manganese oxides increases, with the degree of soil development. Significant correlations were found of Redness Rating to Fed‐Feo and to Feo/Fed ratio, positive and negative respectively, leading to the conclusion that soil red colouration increases with the degree of soil development.
Messung und Simulation der anisothermen Feuchtebewegung in benetzungsgehemmten Mineralböden
Authors: Bachmann Jörg
Published: December 2011

Benetzungshemmungen treten meist in humosen Oberböden auf, wo auch die Temperaturgradienten am größten sind. Über den Einfluß von Temperaturen und Temperaturgradienten auf die Wasserbewegung benetzungsgehemmter Böden ist bislang wenig bekannt. Mit der vorliegenden Studie ist daher beabsichtigt, den simultanen Einfluß von Temperatur‐ und Wasserspannungsgradienten auf den Wassertransport zu erfassen. Dazu wurde ein Laborversuch mit vier Sandböden durchgeführt. Die Böden hatten annähernd gleiche Körnung und Humusgehalte zwischen 1.0 und 2.4 Prozent. Die Kontaktwinkel wurden mit einem Kontaktwinkelmeßverfahren gemessen und weisen Werte zwischen 25 und 111 Grad auf. Die Laborversuche wurden mit Säulensystemen durchgeführt, wobei am oberen Rand ein konstantes Matrixpotential von −175 hPa und zusätzlich ein konstanter Temperaturgradient um l.1°C/cm eingestellt wurde. Über eine keramische Platte im Kontakt mit einem Vorratsgefäß konnte die Säule Wasser aufnehmen oder abgeben, das untere Säulenende war geschlossen. Mit zunehmender Benetzungshemmung weichen die Tiefenprofile der Matrixpotentiale und Wassergehalte voneinander ab. Ergebnisse von Simulationsrechnungen mit einem Modell nach Philip und De Vries (1957) zur Beschreibung des gekoppelten Wärme‐ und Feuchtetransports wurden mit den zeitabhängigen Meßwerten verglichen. Es deutet sich an, daß für die Böden mit Kontaktwinkeln im Bereich 25–35, 93–108 und 109–111 Grad die zeitabhängigen Feuchteänderungen in der Säule dann gut mit dem Modell beschrieben werden können, wenn der anisotherme Dampfdiffusionskoeffizient, DTV, mit einem Verstärkungsfaktor zwischen zwei und drei multipliziert wird. Für den Boden mit Kontaktwinkeln zwischen 45 und 83 Grad und Gehalten an organischer Substanz von 2.4 Prozent liegt der Verstärkungsfaktor im Bereich um sieben bis acht. Die Verstärkung von DTV kann möglicherweise eine Folge des kombinierten Effektes von mittlerer Benetzungshemmung und spezieller Mikromorphologie der organischen Substanz von diesem Boden sein.