bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing a Model of a Patient-Group Pathway to Accessing Cancer Clinical Trials in Canada
Authors: Batist G. , Michaud S. , Richards D.P. , Servidio-Italiano F. , Stein B.D.
Published: February 2019

Background: Colorectal Cancer Canada, in partnership with a Scientific Advisory Committee, is developing a Canadian Patient Group Pathway to Accessing Cancer Clinical Trials (“Pathway”). A central element of the Pathway is presented here—namely, a set of recommendations and tools aimed at each stakeholder group. Methods: A summary of the peer-reviewed and grey literature informed discussions at a meeting, held in June 2017, in which a cross-section of stakeholders reached consensus on the potential roles of patient groups in the cancer clinical trials process, barriers to accessing cancer clinical trials, best practice models for patient-group integration, and a process for developing the Pathway. Canadian recommendations and tools were subsequently developed by a small working group and reviewed by the Scientific Advisory Committee. Results: The major output of the consensus conference was agreement that the Clinical Trials Transformation Initiative (CTTI) model, successfully applied in the United States, could be adapted to create a Canadian Pathway. Two main differences between the Canadian and American cancer clinical research environments were highlighted: the effects of global decision-making and systems of regulatory and funding approvals. The working group modified the CTTI model to incorporate those aspects and to reflect Canadian stakeholder organizations and how they currently interact with patient groups. Conclusions: Developing and implementing a Canadian Pathway that incorporates the concepts of multi-stakeholder collaboration and the inclusion of patient groups as equal partners is expected to generate significant benefits for all stakeholders. The next steps to bring forward a proposed Pathway will involve engaging the broader cancer research community. Clinical trial sponsors will be encouraged to adopt a Charter recognizing the importance of including patient groups, and to support the training of patient groups through an independent body to ensure quality research partners. Integration of patient groups into the process of developing “real world” evidence will be advanced by a further consensus meeting being organized by Colorectal Cancer Canada for 6–7 November 2018.
Gold nanoparticles embedded in a polymer as a 3D-printable dichroic nanocomposite material
Authors: Kool Lars , Bunschoten Anton , Velders Aldrik H , Saggiomo Vittorio
Published: February 2019

Background: Nanotechnology, even if unknowingly, has been used for millennia. The occurrence of shiny colors in pottery and glass made hundreds and thousand of years ago is due to the presence of nanoparticles in the fabrication of such ornaments. In the last decade, 3D printing has revolutionized fabrication and manufacturing processes, making it easier to produce, in a simple and fast way, 3D objects.

Results: In this paper we show how to fabricate a 3D-printable nanocomposite composed of dichroic gold nanoparticles and a 3D-printable polymer. The minute amount of gold nanoparticles used for obtaining the dichroic effect does not influence the mechanical properties of the polymer nor its printability. Thus, the nanocomposite can be easily 3D-printed using a standard 3D printer and shows a purple color in transmission and a brownish color in reflection.

Conclusion: This methodology can be used not only by artists, but also for studying the optical properties of nanoparticles or, for example, for the 3D fabrication of optical filters.
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE VIBRATING SYSTEM EQUIVALENT TO THE VEHICLE IN THE MODE OF EMERGENCY BRAKING
Authors: Pečeliūnas Robertas , Lukoševičienė Ona , Prentkovskis Olegas
Published: February 2019

A mathematical model of the vibrating system equivalent to the vehicle in the mode of emergency braking is developed and the solution is offered. The problem associated with the comparison of the vibrations of the braking vehicle with the oscillations of a uniformly translating vehicle is considered. On the basis of the analysis of the available research data some assumptions and constraints are introduced, allowing the vibrating system equivalent to the condition of the vehicle in the mode of emergency braking to be developed. The system obtained differs from the data found in the theory of the vehicle in the description of the applied tangential forces caused by the force of inertia applied to the center of gravity. Based on the equivalent system developed, the differential equations describing the displacements of masses of the above system are derived and solved.
Predicted Number, Multiplicity, and Orbital Dynamics of TESS M-dwarf Exoplanets
Authors: Ballard Sarah
Published: February 2019

We present a study of the M-dwarf exoplanetary systems forthcoming from NASA’s TESS mission. While the mission’s footprint is too complex to be characterized by a single detection completeness, we extract ensemble completeness functions that recover the planet detections from previous work for stars between 3200 and 4000 K. We employ these completeness functions, together with a dual-population planet occurrence model that includes compact multiple planetary systems, to infer anew the planet yield. We predict both the number of M-dwarf planets likely from TESS and their system architectures. We report four main findings. First, TESS will likely detect more planets orbiting M dwarfs that previously predicted. Around stars with effective temperatures between 3200 and 4000 K, we predict that TESS will find 1274 ± 241 planets orbiting 1026 ± 182 stars, a 1.2-fold increase over previous predictions. Second, TESS will find two or more transiting planets around 20% of these host stars, a number similar to the multiplicity yield of NASA’s Kepler mission. Third, TESS light curves in which one or more planets are detected will often contain transits of additional planets below the detection threshold of TESS. Among a typical set of 200 TESS hosts to one or more detected planets, 93 ± 17 transiting planets will be missed. Transit follow-up efforts with the photometric sensitivity to detect an Earth or larger around a mid-M dwarf, even with very modest period completeness, will readily result in additional planet discoveries. Fourth, the strong preference of TESS for systems of compact multiples indicates that TESS planets will be dynamically cooler on average than Kepler planets, with 90% of TESS planets residing in orbits with e < 0.15. We include both (1) a predicted sample of planets detected by TESS orbiting stars between 3200 and 4000 K, including additional nontransiting planets, or transiting and undetected planets orbiting the same star and (2) sample completeness functions for use by the community.
Understanding Formation of Young, Distributed Low-mass Stars and Clusters in the W4 Cloud Complex
Authors: Panwar Neelam , Samal Manash R. , Pandey A. K. , Singh H. P. , Sharma Saurabh
Published: February 2019

It is well known that most of the stars form in rich clusters. However, recent Spitzer observations have shown that a significant number of stars also form in the distributed mode; their origin is not well understood. In this work, we aim to investigate clustered and distributed modes of star formation in the W4 complex. To do so, we identified and characterized the young stellar population associated with the region using homogeneous infrared data sets obtained from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, GLIMPSE, MIPS, and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer surveys. We make stellar surface density and minimum spanning tree maps to identify young clusters, and use Spitzer images to identify irradiated structures, such as elephant-trunk-like structures (ETLSs) and pillars in the region. The surface density distribution of the young stellar objects (YSOs) reveals three new clusterings and ∼50% distributed protostars in the H ii region. The clusters are of low-mass nature but significantly younger than the central cluster IC 1805. We identified ∼ 38 ETLSs in the region, a majority of which consist of one or a few stars at their tips. We find that these stars are low-mass (<2 M
⊙) YSOs, located at the outskirts (>17 pc) of the cluster IC 1805 and are part of the scattered distributed population. We argued that the star formation in the ETLSs of W4 is going on possibly due to the triggering effect of the expanding W4 bubble. Although high-resolution photometric and spectroscopic data would be required to confirm the scenario, nonetheless, we discuss the implications of this scenario for our understanding of distributed low-mass star formation in cloud complexes as opposed to other mechanisms such as turbulent fragmentation and dynamical ejection.
Resolved Imaging of the AR Puppis Circumbinary Disk*
Authors: Ertel S. , Kamath D. , Hillen M. , van Winckel H. , Okumura J. , Manick R. , Boffin H. M. J. , Milli J. , Bertrang G. H.-M. , Guzman-Ramirez L. , Horner J. , Marshall J. P. , Scicluna P. , Vaz A. , Villaver E. , Wesson R. , Xu S.
Published: February 2019

Circumbinary disks are common around post-asymptotic giant branch (post-AGB) stars with a stellar companion on orbital timescales of a few 100 to few 1000 days. The presence of a disk is usually inferred from the system’s spectral energy distribution and confirmed, for a sub-sample, by interferometric observations. We used the Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet REsearch (SPHERE) instrument on the Very Large Telescope to obtain extreme adaptive optics assisted scattered light images of the post-AGB binary system AR Puppis. Data have been obtained in the V, I, and H bands. Our observations have produced the first resolved images of AR Puppis’s circumbinary disk and confirm its edge-on orientation. In our high-angular-resolution and high-dynamic-range images we identify several structural components such as a dark mid-plane, the disk surface, and arc-like features. We discuss the nature of these components and use complementary photometric monitoring to relate them to the orbital phase of the binary system. Because the star is completely obscured by the disk at visible wavelengths, we conclude that the long-term photometric variability of the system must be caused by variable scattering, not extinction, of starlight by the disk over the binary orbit. Finally, we discuss how the short disk lifetimes and fast evolution of the host stars compared to the ages at which protoplanetary disks are typically observed make systems like AR Puppis valuable extreme laboratories to study circumstellar disk evolution and constrain the timescale of dust grain growth during the planet formation process.
Intensity Mapping in the Presence of Foregrounds and Correlated Continuum Emission
Authors: Switzer E. R. , Anderson C. J. , Pullen A. R. , Yang S.
Published: February 2019

Intensity mapping has attracted significant interest as an approach to measuring the properties of the interstellar medium in typical galaxies at high redshift. Intensity mapping measures the statistics of surface brightness as a function of frequency, making it sensitive to not only all line emission of interest but also radiation from all other sources. Significant effort has gone into developing approaches that reject foreground contamination. Additionally, the target galaxies have multiple sources of emission that can complicate the interpretation of the line brightness. We describe the problem of jointly estimating correlated continuum emission and cleaning uncorrelated continuum emission, such as from the Milky Way. We apply these considerations to a cross-correlation of Planck data with BOSS quasars for a determination of [C ii] for

. Intensity mapping surveys with few bands have unique challenges for treating foregrounds and avoiding bias from correlated continuum emission. We show how a future intensity mapping survey with many bands can separate line from continuum emission in cross-correlation.
The COS CGM Compendium. II. Metallicities of the Partial and Lyman Limit Systems at z ≲ 1
Authors: Wotta Christopher B. , Lehner Nicolas , Howk J. Christopher , O’Meara John M. , Oppenheimer Benjamin D. , Cooksey Kathy L.
Published: February 2019

We present the results from our COS circumgalactic medium (CGM) compendium (CCC), a survey of the CGM at z ≲ 1 using H i-selected absorbers with 15 < 

 < 19. We focus here on 82 partial Lyman limit systems (pLLSs, 16.2 ≤ 

 < 17.2) and 29 LLSs (17.2 ≤ 

 < 19). Using Bayesian techniques and Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling of a grid of photoionization models, we derive the posterior probability distribution functions (PDFs) for the metallicity of each absorber in CCC. We show that the combined pLLS metallicity PDF at z ≲ 1 has two main peaks at

 ≃ −1.7 and −0.4, with a strong dip at

 ≃ −1. The metallicity PDF of the LLSs might be more complicated than a unimodal or bimodal distribution. The pLLSs and LLSs probe a similar range of metallicities −3 ≲ 

 ≲ +0.4, but the fraction of very metal-poor absorbers with

 ≲ −1.4 is much larger for the pLLSs than the LLSs. In contrast, absorbers with

 ≥ 19 have mostly −1 ≲ 

 ≲ 0 at z ≲ 1. The metal-enriched gas probed by pLLSs and LLSs confirms that galaxies that have been enriching their CGM over billions of years. Surprisingly, despite this enrichment, there is also abundant metal-poor CGM gas (41%–59% of the pLLSs have

 ≲ −1.4), representing a reservoir of near-pristine gas around z ≲ 1 galaxies. We compare our empirical results to recent cosmological zoom simulations, finding some discrepancies, including an overabundance of metal-enriched CGM gas in simulations.
Astrophysical S-factors, Thermonuclear Rates, and Electron Screening Potential for the 3He(d,p)4He Big Bang Reaction via a Hierarchical Bayesian Model
Authors: de Souza Rafael S. , Iliadis Christian , Coc Alain
Published: February 2019

We developed a hierarchical Bayesian framework to estimate S-factors and thermonuclear rates for the 3He(d,p)4He reaction, which impacts the primordial abundances of 3He and 7Li. The available data are evaluated and all direct measurements are taken into account in our analysis for which we can estimate separate uncertainties for systematic and statistical effects. For the nuclear reaction model, we adopt a single-level, two-channel approximation of R-matrix theory, suitably modified to take the effects of electron screening at lower energies into account. In addition to the usual resonance parameters (resonance location and reduced widths for the incoming and outgoing reaction channel), we include the channel radii and boundary condition parameters in the fitting process. Our new analysis of the 3He(d,p)4He S-factor data results in improved estimates for the thermonuclear rates. This work represents the first nuclear rate evaluation using R-matrix theory embedded into a hierarchical Bayesian framework, properly accounting for all known sources of uncertainty. Therefore, it provides a test bed for future studies of more complex reactions.
On the 9:7 Mean Motion Resonance Capture in a System of Two Equal-mass Super-Earths
Authors: Cui Zijia , Papaloizou John C. B. , Szuszkiewicz Ewa
Published: February 2019

We study the formation of the 9:7 mean motion resonance in a system of two low-mass planets (

) embedded in a gaseous protoplanetary disk employing a full 2D hydrodynamic treatment of the disk–planet interactions. Our aim is to determine the disk properties that favor a capture of two equal-mass super-Earths into this second-order resonance. For this purpose, we have performed a series of numerical hydrodynamic simulations of the system of two super-Earths migrating in disks with a variety of different initial parameters and found conditions for the permanent or temporary locking in the 9:7 resonance. We observe that capture occurs during the convergent migration of planets if their resonance angle at the moment of arrival at the resonance assumes values in a certain range (inside a window of capture). The width of such a window depends on the relative migration and circularization rates that are determined by the disk parameters. The window is wide if the relative migration rate is slow, and it becomes narrower as the relative migration rate increases. The window will be closed if the migration rate is sufficiently high, and the capture will not take place. We illustrate also how the 9:7 resonance window of capture is affected by the initial eccentricities and the initial orbits of the planets.
Possible Detection of Subsecond-period Propagating Magnetohydrodynamics Waves in Post-reconnection Magnetic Loops during a Two-ribbon Solar Flare
Authors: Yu 余 Sijie 思捷 , Chen 陈 Bin 彬
Published: February 2019

Solar flares involve the sudden release of magnetic energy in the solar corona. Accelerated nonthermal electrons have often been invoked as the primary means for transporting the bulk of the released energy to the lower solar atmosphere. However, significant challenges remain for this scenario, especially in accounting for the large number of accelerated electrons inferred from observations. Propagating magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) waves, particularly those with subsecond/second-scale periods, have been proposed as an alternative means for transporting the released flare energy, likely alongside the electron beams, while observational evidence remains elusive. Here we report a possible detection of such waves in the late impulsive phase of a two-ribbon flare. This is based on ultrahigh cadence dynamic imaging spectroscopic observations of a peculiar type of decimetric radio bursts obtained by the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. Radio imaging at each time and frequency pixel allows us to trace the spatiotemporal motion of the source, which agrees with the implications of the frequency drift pattern in the dynamic spectrum. The radio source, propagating at 1000–2000 km s−1 in projection, shows close spatial and temporal association with transient brightenings on the flare ribbon. In addition, multitudes of subsecond-period oscillations are present in the radio emission. We interpret the observed radio bursts as short-period MHD wave packets propagating along newly reconnected magnetic flux tubes linking to the flare ribbon. The estimated energy flux carried by the waves is comparable to that needed to account for the plasma heating during the late impulsive phase of this flare.
Durability of First-Line Antiretroviral Regimens in the era of Integrase Inhibitors: A Cohort of HIV-Positive Individuals in Spain, 2014–2015
Authors:   Cohort of the Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS), Jarrin Inmaculada , Suarez-Garcia Ines , Moreno Cristina , Tasias Maria , Romero Jorge Del , Palacios Rosario , Peraire Joaquim , Gorgolas Miguel , Moreno Santiago
Published: February 2019

Background

We compared time to treatment change (TC), viral suppression (VS) and change in CD4+ T-cell counts of first-line antiretroviral regimens (ART).

Methods

We analysed HIV treatment-naive adults from the Cohort of the Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS) initiating the most commonly used ART regimens from September 2014 to November 2015. We used proportional hazards models on the sub-distribution hazard to estimate sub-distribution hazard ratios (sHR) for time to TC, logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for VS (viral load <50 copies/ml), and linear regression to assess mean differences in CD4+ T-cell changes from ART initiation.

Results

Among 960 individuals, tenofovir (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC)/rilpivirine (RPV) was the most frequently prescribed regimen (24.2%), followed by elvitegravir (EVG)/cobicistat (COBI)/TDF/FTC (22.8%), abacavir (ABC)/lamivudine (3TC)/dolutegavir (DTG; 17.4%), TDF/FTC+darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) or darunavir/cobicistat (DRV/c; 12.1%), TDF/FTC/efavirenz (EFV; 8.8%), TDF/FTC+raltegravir (RAL; 7.7%) and TDF/FTC+DTG (7.0%). Initiating ART with TDF/FTC+DRV/r or DRV/c (adjusted sHR: 2.96; 95% CI: 1.44, 6.08), TDF/FTC/EFV (2.18; 0.98, 4.82), TDF/FTC+RAL (2.37; 1.08, 5.22) and TDF/FTC+DTG (6.34; 3.18, 12.64) was associated with a higher risk of TC compared to ABC/3TC/DTG. At 24 weeks, VS was lower in TDF/FTC+DRV/r or DRV/c (adjusted OR: 0.37, 95% CI: 0.18, 0.74) compared with ABC/3TC/DTG, and CD4+ T-cell increase was lower in patients initiating with TDF/FTC/RPV (adjusted mean difference: −75.9, 95% CI: −130.6, −21.2) compared with those who did with ABC/3TC/DTG.

Conclusions

Time to TC, VS and change in CD4+ T-cell counts varies by initial regimen. These differences may be useful for making decision when initiating ART.
A new species of Pelodiscus from northeastern Indochina (Testudines, Trionychidae)
Authors: Farkas Balázs , Ziegler Thomas , Pham Cuong The , Ong An Vinh , Fritz Uwe
Published: February 2019

A new, critically endangered species of softshell turtle, Pelodiscusvariegatussp. n. is described from north-central Vietnam and Hainan Island, China, distinguished by a unique set of genetic and morphological traits from all other congeners (P.axenaria, P.maackii, P.parviformis, P.sinensis, and unnamed genetic lineages). Morphologically, P.variegatus is characterized, among others, by its strong ventral ornamentation in all age classes.
Facing Diabetes: A Guide for Psychiatric Providers
Authors: Prom Maria C.
Published: February 2019

Chronic medical conditions, such as diabetes mellitus, are often closely intertwined with psychiatric disorders. Therefore, when treating patients with psychiatric illness and co-occurring diabetes, it is important to understand the pathophysiology of diabetes and its management, as well as the impact of psychiatric management on diabetes and on the need for support of patients while managing their diabetes. Here, we review the chronic medical condition diabetes, and its screening, management, and risks for comorbid mental illness. We also review the role of psychiatry in the screening, monitoring, and management of diabetes, as well the crucial relationship between the use of psychotropic medications and diabetes.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2019;49(2):60–64.]
Pre-aponeurotic Fat Prolapse Following Levator Resection for Congenital Ptosis
Authors: Tooley Andrea A. , Bradley Elizabeth A. , Mohney Brian G.
Published: February 2019

The authors describe three children who developed excess overhanging upper eyelid tissue following unilateral levator resection for congenital ptosis. This was thought to be pre-aponeurotic fat herniation. A second procedure, a variation of sulcoplasty, was performed at a mean 4.3 months later and all three children showed improved sulcus and crease symmetry.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2019;56:e1–e4.]
The Reproductive Health Care of Transgender Young People: A Guide for Primary Care Providers
Authors: Dodson Nancy A. , Langer Miriam
Published: February 2019

Primary care providers should have a general understanding of the medical care available to transgender youth throughout childhood and adolescence. Providers and parents should create an affirming environment for young people at every developmental stage, while ensuring thorough and thoughtful evaluations prior to any medical intervention. Transgender teens have unique reproductive health care needs. Transgender boys may seek suppression of menses, and they will need to pay particular attention to pregnancy prevention if they decide to undergo masculinizing hormonal treatment. Transgender girls who undergo feminizing hormonal treatment will also see profound changes to their reproductive and sexual function. Providers should feel comfortable getting detailed sexual histories to properly counsel on and test for sexually transmitted infections. Finally, the effects of medical and surgical transition on a young person's potential for future fertility is a profoundly important concept for both the teen and their parents to understand.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2019;48(2):e64–e70.]
HPV Vaccine in Adolescents
Authors: Braverman Paula K.
Published: February 2019

Human papillomavirus (HPV), the most common sexually transmitted viral infection worldwide, is the causative agent for cervical cancer and attributed to anogenital cancers as well as oropharyngeal cancer. Three effective, safe, prophylactic HPV vaccines have been licensed, and studies have demonstrated decreases in HPV prevalence and HPV-related disease endpoints without evidence of waning protection to date. In the United States, only the 9-valent vaccine, which covers 90% of the cancers attributed to HPV in US registries, is available. Because higher titers are found at younger ages, two rather than three doses are needed if the first dose is given prior to age 15 years. HPV vaccination rates in the US lag compared to tetanus-diptheria-acellular pertussis and meningococcal conjugate vaccines. Current efforts are aimed at improving vaccination rates through delivering strong and consistent clinician recommendations at the same time as discussing other adolescent vaccines and preventing missed opportunities for vaccination.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2019;48(2):e71–e77.]
The effect of cold storage, time and the population of Pseudomonas species on milk lipolysis
Authors: Pereira F. A.B. , Luiz L. L. , Bruzaroski S. R. , Poli-Frederico R. C. , Fagnani R. , Santana E. H.W.
Published: February 2019

The aim of this study was to evaluate the lipolytic index (LI) of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida (2, 5, 6 log CFU/mL) in milk during 96 h by the Lipo R method. The strains were isolated from refrigerated raw milk (30 °C, 48 h), and species were confirmed by PCR, inoculated in reconstituted whole milk, and stored at 2 °C, 4 °C, and 8 °C. The storage time (ST) and temperature were associated with LI of P. putida. The interaction among lipolysis, temperature, and ST occurs even with a low population of P. putida and these variables combined together contributed to about 77% of the free fatty acids (FFA) in milk. The ST, temperature, and population of P. fluorescens showed a significant effect on its LI, and the variables contributed to about 43% of FFA. LI was about 224% higher in milk with P. fluorescens than with P. putida. The reduc-tion in ST and milk temperature resulted in a decrease in lipid lysis and a lower index of FFA by P. putida and P. fluorescens, with P. fluorescens showing a higher lipolytic capacity.
Foyers et temporalités
Authors: Hart Pauline
Published: February 2019

Les foyers étant des structures évolutives dont la morphologie change au gré des actions qu’ils subissent, la reconstitution de leur histoire et donc la prise en compte de la dimension temporelle s’avère indispensable et préalable à l’élaboration de toute typologie.Deux problèmes peuvent alors être soulevés dans notre méthode d’analyse actuelle : (1) une fausse considération linéaire et unidirectionnelle du temps qui, s’il est effectivement constitué d’étapes qui se suivent, contient également des hiatus, des phases d’abandon, des trajectoires interrompues ou parallèles, des retours en arrière, des discontinuités et des modes d’organisation qui changent et (2) un manque de résolution, puisque rares sont les méthodes de datation qui autorisent une saisie temporelle de haute résolution alors que les structures étudiées fonctionnent selon un laps de temps court. Cette temporalité est-elle finalement trop courte pour être saisie et donc définitivement invisible à nos yeux ? Est-ce là un biais inhérent à la discipline archéologique ?Intégrant les travaux théoriques de F. Braudel et B. Valentin sur la théorie des trois temps ainsi que les apports du perspectivisme temporel – vision multiscalaire du passé et analyse des structures archéologiques comme des palimpsestes –, nous avons appliqué ces questions aux structures foyères. Selon une perspective hypothético-déductive, nous avons listé les phases potentielles de vie des foyers, susceptibles de constituer des palimpsestes épais et complexes. Identifier ensuite à l’échelle du temps très bref ces événements imbriqués, les ordonner, les dater et en percevoir la durée sont donc les principaux enjeux de l’analyse. Si la méthode précise demande encore à être développée, elle doit néanmoins combiner les études complémentaires : analyse des paramètres de chauffe, étude de la stratigraphie, des composants du foyer et des résidus de combustion et amélioration de la finesse des datations.
Au-delà des lacunes
Authors: Planckeel Charlotte
Published: February 2019

Les vestiges archéologiques sont souvent incomplets pour des raisons pouvant tenir de processus complexes de conservation, mais également de traitements volontaires appliqués par les utilisateurs eux-mêmes. C’est le cas pour de très nombreux objets métalliques rassemblés en un même endroit qui constituent les dépôts complexes Atlantique du Bronze final qui continuent, après plusieurs décennies d’études, d’interroger la communauté scientifique, d’autant que la plus grande majorité de ces dépôts complexes Atlantique sont découverts hors de tout contexte archéologique. Ainsi, certains objets sont volontairement mutilés et deviennent alors lacunaires, dans un acte qui fait sens pour celui qui l’accomplit. Essentiels pour comprendre ces populations, leur fonctionnement et leurs motivations, ces gestes n’en restent pas moins délicats à interpréter tant ces pratiques anciennes sont étrangères à nos propres codes. Autant il est possible de faire parler l’existant au travers de ces fragments de bronze qui nous sont parvenus, autant il est très difficile de donner du sens, rétablir la logique de ce qui a conduit à l’inexistant, à cette partie de l’objet manquante, au vide qui n’a pas laissé de traces tangibles. La signification de ces lacunes demeure toujours problématique et continue à soulever plusieurs questionnements. Les témoins de surface, les stigmates observables constituent autant d’indices caractérisables dans une typologie de ces fragmentations qui apportent des précisions quant au type de « blessures » infligées aux objets. La reconstitution de la documentation manquante permettra de recouper, de croiser et de confronter différentes hypothèses afin de les éprouver informatiquement. Une réflexion autour de l’inversion de déformation est en cours afin de remonter les étapes successives ayant conduit aux objets tels qu’ils nous sont donnés à étudier aujourd’hui. Cette nouvelle approche méthodologique dans la façon d’étudier, de visualiser, d’organiser, d’afficher le patrimoine archéologique lacunaire devrait permettre d’améliorer de façon significative notre compréhension et notre capacité à communiquer de riches récits sur le passé des sociétés de l’âge du Bronze.
« Tendances et faits » pour combler l’absence des hampes sur les sites préhistoriques
Authors: Maerky Gisèle
Published: February 2019

Sur les sites paléolithiques, il ne reste bien souvent que la partie armature des armes de chasse et instruments de collecte des chasseurs-cueilleurs comme les harpons. Sauf cas exceptionnel de conservation, la hampe, long manche auquel l’armature était reliée, est absente en raison du caractère périssable de sa matière première qu’est le bois végétal. Cet état parcellaire pose problème pour l’interprétation fonctionnelle des armatures. Les chercheurs qui les étudient sont en effet contraints de se baser sur des données très théoriques sur les hampes et la manière dont celles-ci étaient reliées aux armatures. La hampe était pourtant primordiale pour l’efficacité d’un harpon puisque sans elle l’armature ne peut revêtir sa fonction létale. C’est pour pallier cette absence d’informations sur les hampes que nous avons utilisé les notions de « tendance et fait », qui visent à déconstruire les faits pour saisir à quel niveau peuvent s’exprimer des variabilités et où au contraire, il est possible de saisir des caractères invariants, des tendances. Nous verrons ici comment, à travers ce prisme théorique et par la comparaison des hampes de l’équipement de subsistance des Yaghan et Kaweskar de Patagonie australe et des Aléoutes et Alutiiq d’Alaska méridional, nous pouvons éclairer le rôle que joue la hampe dans le fonctionnement du harpon. Les premiers résultats montrent que des tendances se dessinent au niveau notamment du poids et du point d’équilibre des harpons, avec de nettes différences selon le mode de lancer du harpon, à la main ou au propulseur. D’autres données, comme la zone d’emmanchement, la section des hampes et les choix de matière première, montrent cependant qu’autour d’un même « contour fonctionnel », des « approximations fonctionnelles » et diverses « options techniques » peuvent être choisies.
Variabilité des sources et biais scientifiques : le cas du territoire des Rèmes
Authors: Dessaint Marion
Published: February 2019

À l’échelle d’un territoire, les chercheurs sont nécessairement confrontés à des hiatus, qu’ils soient géographiques, historiques ou archéologiques. Sur le territoire des Rèmes, de nombreuses opérations de nature très variées ont été réalisées. Celles-ci nous interrogent sur des questions de méthodologie liées au traitement des données utilisées pour une étude diachronique sur un vaste territoire. Comment peut-on traiter des données hétéroclites ? Comment peut-on étudier les réseaux de peuplement de cet espace à travers de telles données ? Cet article a pour objectif d’avancer des éléments de réflexions et de méthodes concernant le traitement de ces données récoltées sur ce vaste espace qu’est le territoire des Rèmes.
Does the public antiretroviral treatment programme meet patients’ needs? A study at four hospitals in eThekwini, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Mulqueeny Delarise M. , Taylor Myra
Published: February 2019

Background: Patients play a major role in the success of any antiretroviral treatment (ART) programme. Hence, their needs should be articulated on a regular basis for interventional processes to promote adherence, retention and quality care.Aim: This study investigated whether patients’ needs were being met, described which needs were met, which were not and how such needs could be met.Setting: The study took place at four ART clinics in eThekwini district public hospitals.Methods: This study formed part of a larger study that utilised a sequential mixed-methods design. However, only the qualitative component is documented herein. Twelve HIV-infected patients engaged in in-depth interviews (three patients from each of the four hospitals). A socio-ecological framework divided responses into four categories, namely, the individual, interpersonal, institutional and policy. Each category presented (1) patients’ needs that are being met, (2) needs that are not being met, (3) recommendations on how they can be met and (4) researchers’ observations.Results: All 12 patients reported that all their needs were not being met. They further shared their met needs, unmet needs and made recommendations for meeting their unmet needs. These needs varied per antiretroviral clinic because of unique processes at each institution.Conclusion: To adequately address the needs of HIV-infected patients, it is imperative for all stakeholders involved in the public ART programme to gain an understanding of what constitutes ‘patients’ needs’. The results reflect patients’ willingness to be involved in their care, treatment and interventional strategies to adequately meet their needs.
Estimation of plasma levels of bisphenol-A & phthalates in fertile & infertile women by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Authors: Pednekar Prajakta Parag , Gajbhiye Rahul Krishnaji , Patil Anushree D. , Surve Suchitra Vishwambhar , Datar Ajit Ganesh , Balsarkar Geetha Dharmesh , Chuahan Anahita R. , Vanage Geeta Ramesh
Published: February 2019

Background & objectives:

Bisphenol-A (BPA) and phthalates are utilized widely in consumer products. Due to their ubiquitous presence in the environment, a concern is expressed worldwide about their possible effect on human reproductive health. This study was conducted to compare the internal exposure of BPA and phthalates (using their metabolites as biomarkers) in plasma samples of infertile and fertile women.

Methods:

A sensitive gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method was developed to simultaneously quantify BPA and four phthalate monoester metabolites [namely mono-methyl phthalate (MMP), mono-benzyl phthalate (MBzP), mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP)] in human plasma. The method was validated using charcoal-stripped human plasma. Activated charcoal was also utilized to reduce contamination from reagents. The method was designed to account for and/or eliminate background contamination from all sources.

Results:

The limit of quantification for the method was 5 ng/ml for MMP and MBzP, while 1 ng/ml for BPA, MEHP and MEHHP, respectively. The precision and accuracy were well within the acceptable range. BPA was detectable in 77 per cent of plasma samples of infertile women and 29 per cent of fertile women. All the four phthalate metabolites were detected in plasma samples of both fertile and infertile women.

Interpretation & conclusions:

A GC-MS was developed and validated to estimate the BPA and four phthalate monoester metabolites in human plasma. It was utilised to analyse the plasma samples from fertile and infertile women. The infertile women showed significantly higher plasma concentrations of MBzP, BPA and MEHHP as compared to fertile women. The levels of MMP and MEHP were not significantly different between the two groups. Further studies need to be done to confirm these preliminary findings.
Clinical significance of galectin-3 expression in malformed hepatic venous tissue
Authors: Qiao Junbo , Chen Yongwei , Dong Changxian , Li Jin
Published: February 2019

Background & objectives:

Hepatic venous malformation gradually develops over time and exhibits the malignant biological behaviours of being locally invasive, causing morphological and functional damage to local tissue, and may even cause systemic coagulopathy. Studies show that galectin-3(Gal-3) expression is closely associated with local invasion of malignant tumours. In this study an attempt was made to assess the clinical significance of Gal-3 in local invasion during hepatic venous malformation in patients.

Methods:

Gal-3 protein and its mRNA expression were examined using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in a total of 126 patients with hepatic venous malformation. For control tissue, 20 cases of normal tissue distal to surgical margins were also examined. In addition, the association between Gal-3 expression and pathological parameters was analyzed in hepatic venous malformation patients.

Results:

Gal-3 mRNA positivity was observed in 65.08 per cent (82/126) of hepatic venous malformation tissue samples, which was higher than the rate of 20 per cent (4/20) (P<0.05) seen in control tissues. Gal-3 protein positivity was observed in 58.73 per cent (74/126) of hepatic venous malformation tissue samples, which was higher than the rate of 15 per cent (3/20) (P<0.05) seen in the normal tissue. Gal-3 expression was not significantly associated with age or gender. However, there was a significant association between Gal-3 positivity and lesion size, local invasion depth, and involvement with the hepatic vein and the portal system.

Interpretation & conclusions:

Local tissue invasion and destruction by hepatic venous malformation may be related to the upregulation of Gal-3. Gal-3 expression and the development of venous malformation may be related and needs to be studied further.
Health effects of exposure to radon: implications of the radon bed mattress incident in Korea
Authors: Seo Songwon , Ha Wi-Ho , Kang Jin-Kyu , Lee Dalnim , Park Soojin , Kwon Tae-Eun , Jin Young Woo
Published: February 2019

Radon is a naturally occurring radioactive material formed by the slow decay of uranium and thorium found in the earth’s crust or construction materials. Internal exposure to radon accounts for about half of the natural background radiation dose to which humans are exposed annually. Radon is a carcinogen and is the second leading cause of lung cancer following smoking. An association between radon and lung cancer has been consistently reported in epidemiological studies on mine workers and the general population with indoor radon exposure. However, associations have not been clearly established between radon and other diseases, such as leukemia and thyroid cancer. Radiation doses are assessed by applying specific dose conversion coefficients according to the source (e.g., radon or thoron) and form of exposure (e.g., internal or external). However, regardless of the source or form of exposure, the effects of a given estimated dose on human health are identical, assuming that individuals have the same sensitivity to radiation. Recently, radiation exceeding the annual dose limit of the general population (1 mSv/yr) was detected in bed mattresses produced by D company due to the use of a monazite-based anion powder containing uranium and thorium. This has sparked concerns about the health hazards for mattress users caused by radiation exposure. In light of this event, this study presents scientific information about the assessment of radon and thoron exposure and its human implications for human health, which have emerged as a recent topic of interest and debate in society.
Association between Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Levels and the Disease Progression and Anemia in Visceral Leishmaniasis
Authors: Pinho Flaviane Alves de , Vendrame Célia Maria Vieira , Maciel Bruna Leal Lima , Silva Lucilene dos Santos , Miyashiro Samantha Ive , Jerônimo Selma Maria Bezerra , Goto Hiro
Published: February 2019

We analyzed the association between insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and the pathogenesis of anemia during active visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Serum levels of IGF-I, IGF-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), and cytokines were measured in samples from individuals with active VL and cured VL, asymptomatic Leishmania-infected, and noninfected individuals. Then, we extended our analysis to VL dogs to evaluate hematimetric parameters, bone marrow alterations, and cytokine and IGF-I expression. We identified a positive correlation between lower IGF-I and IGFBP3 levels in active VL patients and lower hemoglobin levels. In infected dogs, there was a positive correlation between lower IGF-I expression in the bone marrow and lower peripheral blood hematocrit and hemoglobin levels. There was no correlation between decreased IGF-I level/expression and any measured cytokine serum levels in either host. The data suggest that low IGF-I expression is associated with pathogenesis of anemia in active VL, primarily in severe cases, by mechanisms other than alterations in cytokine production.
Continuity Clinic Practice Feedback Curriculum for Residents: A Model for Ambulatory Education
Authors: Haynes Christine , Yamamoto Myrt , Dashiell-Earp Cody , Gunawardena Delani , Gupta Reshma , Simon Wendy
Published: February 2019

Background 

There is an unmet need for formal curricula to deliver practice feedback training to residents.

Objective 

We developed a curriculum to help residents receive and interpret individual practice feedback data and to engage them in quality improvement efforts.

Methods 

We created a framework based on resident attribution, effective metric selection, faculty coaching, peer and site comparisons, and resident-driven goals. The curriculum used electronic health record–generated resident-level data and disease-specific ambulatory didactics to help motivate quality improvement efforts. It was rolled out to 144 internal medicine residents practicing at 1 of 4 primary care clinic sites from July 2016 to June 2017. Resident attitudes and behaviors were tracked with presurveys and postsurveys, completed by 126 (88%) and 85 (59%) residents, respectively. Data log-ins and completion of educational activities were monitored. Group-level performance data were tracked using run charts.

Results 

Survey results demonstrated significant improvements on a 5-point Likert scale in residents' self-reported ability to receive (from a mean of 2.0 to 3.3, P < .001) and to interpret and understand (mean of 2.4 to 3.2, P < .001) their practice performance data. There was also an increased likelihood they would report that their practice had seen improvements in patient care (13% versus 35%, P < .001). Run charts demonstrated no change in patient outcome metrics.

Conclusions 

A learner-centered longitudinal curriculum on ambulatory patient panels can help residents develop competency in receiving, interpreting, and effectively applying individualized practice performance data.
Resident Perspectives on the Current State of Diversity in Graduate Medical Education
Authors: Khan Nickalus R. , Taylor Charles M. , Rialon Kristy L.
Published: February 2019

Background 

Diversity continues to be an important topic to physicians in training.

Objective 

We set out to define current issues related to diversity in graduate medical education; explore these topics with a multispecialty group of current residents and fellows; and identify programmatic, institutional, and Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education actions to support diversity in the medical profession.

Methods 

A 35-member, multispecialty council of residents and fellows used a World Café diversity and inclusion exercise to highlight current issues related to diversity.

Results 

Several common issues in diversity were identified, including microaggressions, team member relationships, underrepresentation of workplace discrimination, and tolerance of unacceptable behavior to conform to workplace norms. Suggestions and methods to improve these diversity issues were also proposed.

Conclusions 

As trainees, we must continue to implement strategies and policies that allow us to embrace diversity in our workplace and community for our patients and ourselves. Only with the continued support of residency and institutional leadership can we improve the state of diversity in our training programs.
Learning through Sharing: Open Resources, Open Practices, Open Communication: Teacher Education and Computer-Mediated Communication SIGs joint event
Authors: Beaven Ana
Published: February 2019

For the third consecutive year (after Lyon and Barcelona), the Teacher Education and CMC SIGs organised a joint annual Seminar, which took place at the University of Bologna on 29 and 30 March. The theme chosen for this year's event was Openness as a way of learning through sharing.