bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
San Lucas: una isla con suelos para ser protegida
Authors: Salazar Calvo Carlomagno
Published: July 2019

En el año 2007 el INTA realizó un estudio semidetallado de suelos en la isla San Lucas, a solicitud del Área de Conservación Pacífico Central del Ministerio del Ambiente y Energía (ACOPAC-MINAE). El objetivo del estudio era “determinar la capacidad de uso de las tierras y la taxonomía de los suelos con el fin de realizar la declaratoria de Parque Nacional y así conservar los recursos naturales con que cuenta la isla”, es decir, si se comprobaba mediante la investigación, que éstos son suelos muy frágiles, en su mayoría clase VII y VIII, serviría de base para mostrar la necesidad de proteger este recurso natural, así como la biota que habita en la isla. El estudio permitió clasificar dos clases de suelos, el Lithic Haplustolls que representa el 87% de la superficie de la isla (401 ha); y el Typic Haplustolls, ocupa el 9% (41 ha). El área restante (20 ha, 4%), se denominó como “Tierras Misceláneas”, las cuales agrupan los humedales, arrecifes o conglomerados rocosos. Se encontró seis clases de capacidad de uso de las tierras: III, IV, V, VI, VII y VIII, éstas tres últimas representan el 64% del área en estudio. Para clasificar el uso actual de la isla San Lucas se utilizó el clasificador Corine Land Cover y se agruparon en seis usos actuales: 1. Bosque de mangle (5 ha), 2. Bosque plantado (1 ha), 3. Zona pantanosa (2 ha), 4. Bosque natural fragmentado (446 ha), 5. Playa (8 ha) e 6. Infraestructura (0,5 ha). El 86% de los suelos de la isla tienen limitaciones de profundidad efectiva (420 ha), lo que aunado a la escasez de fuentes de agua limita cualquier actividad agrícola. Dado lo anterior y a la amplia diversidad biológica de la isla, y con base en los resultados de capacidad de uso de las tierras, más del 90% del área debe estar bajo protección de los recursos naturales, por lo que se recomienda realizar una “declaratoria de parque nacional” sobre este recurso.
Profile of the Rural Woman of Pakistan
Authors: Zia Rukhsana
Published: July 2019

The majority of Pakistani womanhood belongs to the silent,
invisible peasantry in the rural areas. Essentially belonging to an
underdeveloped region, the rural female toils relentlessly from morning
till night. Her status is highly complex. In certain roles she is exalted; on
other counts her very being is negated, which, when translated to human
development indicators, depicts the profile of a woman with a very
disadvantaged status, in fact, one of the lowest in the world. This study
collects and collates data to present the profile of the rural female of
Pakistan. It clearly shows that without concrete moves to do so, the mere
acceptance and recognition of her contribution to society would do much
to elevate her status.
Interest Rate Pass‐Through: Empirical Evidence from
Pakistan
Authors: Fazal Sheikh Khurram , Abdus Salam Muhammad
Published: July 2019

This article empirically examines the interest rate pass‐through
mechanism for Pakistan, using six‐month treasury bills as a proxy for the policy
rate (the exogenous variable) and the weighted average lending rate and weighted
average deposit rate as endogenous variables representing the lending and deposit
channels, respectively. We use data for a six‐year period from June 2005 to May
2011, published by the central monetary authority in Pakistan. The widely
accepted error correction mechanism is used to examine the short‐run and longrun
pass‐through; a vector error correction mechanism impulse response function
helps measure the short‐run speed of the pass‐through. We find that there is an
incomplete pass‐through in Pakistan for both the lending and deposit channels. The
impact is greater on the lending channel than on the deposit channel in both the
short and long run, while the adjustment speed is higher for the lending channel.
Struggling against the Odds of Poverty, Access, and Gender:
Secondary Schooling for Girls in Pakistan
Authors: A. Sathar Zeba , Wazir Asif , Sadiq Maqsood
Published: July 2019

While schooling outcomes for girls have improved over the period 2001–11,
progress has been uneven within Pakistan. Rural girls lag far behind urban girls
and progress across the provinces remains unequal. The transition to secondary
school—in some ways more critical for improving employability, reproductive
health, and other outcomes—shows even more disparate progress by province and
income class. Questions about the preference for public versus private schools and
the actual choice of schools available to girls in most rural areas need to be answered
if we are serious about a rapid escalation of secondary school enrollments for girls.
We use data from the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey for 2001/02
and the Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement Survey (PSLMS) for
2007/08 and 2010/11 to look at patterns in this transition. Access is likely to be the
main driving force behind the transition to secondary-level schooling. Initial findings
reflect the almost total reliance on public schools for 10–14-year-old girls. This
suggests that private secondary schools are not an option for girls in rural areas. The
next major intervening factor is household income level: even rich families appear to
favor public schools for girls. The data also suggest that girls from poor and large
families compete with their brothers and other siblings for limited resources.
Analyzing the Market for Shadow Education in Pakistan:
Does Private Tuition Affect the Learning Gap between
Private and Public Schools?
Authors: Haseeb Khan Bisma , Amjad Shaikh Sahar
Published: July 2019

Over the past decade, Pakistan has seen the rapid growth of a third sector in
education: shadow education. According to the Annual Survey of Education Report
(2013), 34 percent of private school students and 17 percent of public school students
undertake private tuition in Punjab. Anecdotal evidence suggests that private tuition
has a positive impact on learning outcomes. Keeping this in view, it is possible that
private tuition, rather than a difference in schooling quality, is driving the observed
learning gap between public and private schools? This study employs a fixed-effects
framework, using panel data from the Learning and Educational Achievement in
Punjab Schools (LEAPS) survey, to quantify the impact of private tuition on
learning outcomes in public and private schools. We analyze the demand and supply
dynamics of the shadow education market in Punjab, and find that private tuition
has a positive significant effect on learning outcomes, specifically for public school
students. For English, much of the learning gap between public and private schools
is explained by the higher incidence of private tuition among private school students,
but this is not the case for mathematics and Urdu. We also find that private tuition is
predominantly supplied by private school teachers, but that they do not shirk their
regular class hours to create demand for their tuition classes, as is normally believed.
On the demand side, private tuition acts as a substitute for receiving help at home.
Moreover, it supplements formal education rather than substituting for low-quality
formal schooling.
Choice of Anchor Currencies and Dynamic Preferences for Exchange Rate Pegging in Asia
Authors: Kumail Abbas Rizvi Syed , Naqvi Bushra , Mirza Nawazish
Published: July 2019

This paper attempts to answer two important questions in the context of Asian exchange rate regimes with respect to the choice of anchor currencies and dynamic preferences for exchange rate pegging. According to our results, the US dollar is the first choice of a de facto peg for many countries such as China, Hong Kong, the Philippines, and Pakistan. Other countries, apart from Korea and Indonesia, seem to prefer a basket peg comprising two or more anchor currencies with rapidly increasing weight attached to the euro. This shift from the US dollar to the euro reflects changes in the choices, preferences, and policies of these economies as a result of varying macroeconomic and global financial realities.
The Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility on Trade: A Panel Study on Pakistan’s Trading Partners
Authors: Khan Abdul Jalil , Azim Parvez , Haider Syed Shabib
Published: July 2019

This study investigates the impact of domestic and foreign currency-valued exchange rate volatility on the export and import demand functions with reference to Pakistan’s trading partners. We use GARCH-based exchange rate volatilities and the least-squares dummy variable technique with fixed-effects estimation to measure the volatility impact on both demand functions. The study evaluates a series of exchange rates from 1970:01 to 2009:12 to compare the long-run impact of volatility with that of the short run. The results show that, when Pakistan employed the US dollar as the vehicle currency with its trading partners, volatility discouraged both imports and exports. In contrast, both the import and export demand functions remained unaffected by volatility distortions when Pakistan traded with its developing partners using bilateral exchange rates valued in domestic currency terms. In policy terms, this implies that Pakistan should opt for direct domestic currency when trading with middle- and low-income countries.
The Efficiency of Foreign Exchange Markets in Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Bashir Rizwana , Shakir Rabia , Ashfaq Badar , Hassan Atif
Published: July 2019

This study investigates the empirical relationship between spot and forward exchange rate efficiency with reference to Pakistan and the efficiency of its foreign exchange market. We use monthly data from the State Bank of Pakistan and KIBOR rates for the period July 2006 to December 2013. Our results indicate that the forward exchange rate does not fully reflect all the information available. Market players may gain the benefits of volatility speculation due to market inefficiency. Pakistan’s foreign exchange market is still small compared to those of other emerging economies, implying that substantial policy work is required.
An Impact Assessment of Expected Future Turmoil Risk on FDI: A Panel Data Analysis of Developing Countries
Authors: Faran Mahvish
Published: July 2019

This paper uses foreign direct investment (FDI) data from 39 developing countries for the period 2002–11 to explore whether the expected future turmoil risk of a country plays a significant role in determining FDI. It concludes that countries for which the expected future turmoil risk is very high are likely to have lower FDI inflows than countries for which the expected future turmoil risk is low, keeping all other factors constant. The results also illustrate that GDP per capita, democratic accountability, religious tension, and FDI inflows in the previous period are important determinants of FDI in developing countries.
Pakistan’s Parallel Foreign Exchange Market
Authors: Khalid Asma
Published: July 2019

This paper seeks to describe and analyze the parallel foreign exchange (FX) market in Pakistan. The very nature of this market implies that there is little formal documentation or data to describe it, and so any assessment will be, by definition, subjective. However, parties that transact in the parallel market are familiar with parts of it, on which basis this paper aims to give a comprehensive picture of the structure and evolution of this market in Pakistan. We start with a brief historical perspective, which flags the importance of workers’ remittances to the country and explains how the bulk of this inflow is transacted through the hundi/hawala network (informal moneychangers). We then place this network within the context of the larger FX market and show how it interfaces with the interbank market. We also discuss how many hundi/hawala agents have evolved into formal exchange companies and list the various sources and uses of FX transacted in the kerb market. The conclusion spells out the importance and resilience of the parallel FX market, the need to push toward full amalgamation with the formal FX market, and the key role of workers’ remittances in Pakistan’s macro-economy.
Compliance with Global Quality Requirements in Pakistan’s Export Sector
Authors: Ehsan Salman , Khanum Ayesha
Published: July 2019

This paper describes the level of compliance with quality standards in relation to Pakistan’s top export product categories. With greater competition, innovations in technology, and stricter measures of quality being enforced, Pakistan needs to adopt a holistic, systematic approach to not just meeting, but also exceeding, international quality standards and certifications for its exports. Focusing on rice and textiles, we identify which compliance-related gaps need to be filled to ensure the sustainable growth of high-quality exports to major global markets. The study outlines the key dimensions of international quality standards as well as specific standards and requirements for textiles and rice, examines the quality assurance infrastructure in Pakistan, and presents policy recommendations.
Foreign Direct Investment and Technological Capabilities:
The Relevance of the East Asian Experience for Pakistan
Authors: Hamdani Khalil
Published: July 2019

This paper makes the case for a vigorous policy thrust to support
investment-led growth. Pakistan’s economy has not maintained a sufficient level
of capital formation to sustain growth over the long term. Two thirds of current
growth is driven by consumption and not investment: this needs to be turned
around. The government needs to put in place an investment regime that
motivates and induces industry to invest, innovate, and reinvest. Foreign direct
investment can play an important role in strengthening the country’s
investment rates. There is also need for deliberate polices to boost technological
capabilities in the enterprise sector. In this context, East Asia – which
successfully created a dynamic process of capital formation and technological
learning that upgraded its productive capacity and underpinned export success –
holds important lessons for Pakistan.
Toward a Competitive Pakistan: The Role of Industrial Policy
Authors: ul Haque Irfan
Published: July 2019

This paper’s basic premise is that an improvement in Pakistan’s export performance is crucial to raising economic growth. After examining the reasons generally given for Pakistan’s poor export performance, we conclude that the country’s very slow productivity growth was the single most important factor that hurt competitiveness. We argue that a coherent and articulated industrial policy is required to overcome this disadvantage. While the experience of the East Asian economies offers useful lessons, Pakistan’s policy must accord with its own conditions, which are, in many ways, different. The formulation of industrial policy should involve key stakeholders, particularly the private sector. The paper identifies certain factors that should underpin the new industrial policy, notably the changed basis of international specialization and rules governing world trade.
Os egressos do curso de Pedagogia a distância da UFMG e a atuação profissional na educação infantil
Authors: Soares Ademilson de Sousa
Published: July 2019

O artigo apresenta alguns aspectos da pesquisa sobre o perfil dos egressos da primeira turma do curso de Pedagogia a distância da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), iniciada em 2008 e concluída em 2011. A partir da análise do perfil desses egressos, identificamos aqueles que já atuavam profissionalmente na educação infantil antes de ingressar no curso de Pedagogia e aqueles que passaram a atuar após a entrada no curso, discutindo possíveis efeitos da formação recebida na prática profissional e nas opções didático-pedagógicas desses egressos. A metodologia utilizada incluiu revisão da literatura, aplicação de questionários e realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas. Os resultados indicam uma avaliação bastante positiva do curso, por parte dos egressos, e alguns questionamentos que sugerem aperfeiçoamento do curso.
LUARAN PARTUS LAMA DI BLU RSU PROF. DR. R. D. KANDOU MANADO
Authors: Hinelo Fardila , Suparman Eddy , Tendean Hermmie M.M.
Published: July 2019

Abstract: Confinement time is a cause of maternal and infant, mortality are the main followed by bleeding, infection, and eclampsia. In Indonesia, many found 60% of delivery especially in rural areas stil do not help by trained shaman. Cervical dilatation in the right line of the active phase of labor vigilant. The purpose of this study was to know the description of long deliveries maternal and infant outcomes at BLU  RSU Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado the period January 1, 2010-December 31, 2011. This a retrospective descriptive study using secondary data at BLU RSU Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado the period January 1, 2010-December 31, 2011. Conclusion: During the years 2010-2011 in BLU RSU Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado recorded 73 cases of long confinement highest output in 2011, the age group 20-24 (30,2%), level high school education (46,5%), parity 1 (67,5%), superficial life infants (74,4%), ashphyxia infant outcomes (25,6%), type of birth sectio cesarea (65,1%), living outside the mother (76,7%), superficial mother died (23,3%), and for perinatal mortality included KND (1,31%) and LM (1,47%). Proportion of long confinement in the BLU RSU Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado on 7265 birth year 2010-2011 there were obtained 73 cases of long confinement to the proportion of 1,1%  still low compared to the results of  several similar studies in other hospitals. Key words: Long parturition, Maternal outcomes, Infant outcomes.       Abstrak: Partus lama merupakan penyebab kematian ibu dan bayi yang utama disusul oleh perdarahan, infeksi, dan eklampsi. Partus lama adalah persalinan yang berlangsung lebih dari 18 jam pada primigravida dan multigravida. Dilatasi serviks di kanan garis waspada persalinan fase aktif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran partus lama serta luaran ibu dan bayi di BLU RSU Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado Periode 1 Januari 2010-31 Desember 2011. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif retrospektif dengan menggunakan data sekunder pasien di BLU RSU Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado periode 1 Januari 2010-31 Desember 2011. Simpulan: Selama tahun 2010-2011 di BLU RSU Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado tercatat 73 kasus luaran partus lama terbanyak pada tahun 2011, kelompok umur 20-24 (30,2%), tingkat pendidikan SMA (46,5%), Paritas 1 (67,5%), luaran bayi hidup (74,4%), luaran bayi asfiksia (25,6%), jenis persalinan SC (65,1%), luaran ibu hidup (76,7%), luaran ibu mati (23,3%), dan untuk kematian perinatal meliputi KND (1,31%) serta LM (1,47%). Proporsi partus lama di BLU RSU Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado pada tahun 2010-2011 diperoleh 7.265 persalinan terdapat 73 kasus partus lama dengan proporsi 1,1% masih rendah dibandingkan hasil beberapa penelitian sejenis di rumah sakit lainnya. Kata kunci: Partus lama, Luaran ibu, luaran bayi.
ANALISIS PERBEDAAN PADA UJI KUALITAS AIR SUMUR DI KELURAHAN MADIDIR URE KOTA BITUNG BERDASARKAN PARAMETER FISIKA
Authors: Parera Melati J. , Supit Wenny , Rumampuk Jimmy F.
Published: July 2019

Abstract: Limited availability of raw water is one of the problems encountered in the provision of water services in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to determine the difference in the quality of well water within 0-100 meters and within 101-200 meters from the beach by measuring physical parameters, i.e.unclearness. The number of samples in this study were 65 wells owned by residents in the Village of Madidir Ure and from those wells there are 25 with a distance of 0-100 meters and 40 with a distance of 101-200 meters from the beach.The parameters were observed referring to the Regulation of the Minister of Health of Indonesia Number 479/Menkes/Per/IV/2010 about the Terms and Water Quality Monitoring, including the physical parameters such as unclearness measured by using turbidity. Data collection methods used in this study is a cross sectional and the laboratory analysis was done in “Badan Teknik Kesehatan Lingkungan (BTKL)” Manado.  The results, show water quality from the well within distance of 0-100 meters exceeds a set of maximum levels of more than 5 NTU, while the result of the water quality within 101-200 meters does not exceed the maximum of 5 NTU. Conclusion: there is a difference in the quality of water in the Village of Madidir Bitung City Ure taken from the well within a distance of 0-100 meters and the well within 101-200 meters from the beach. Keywords: Water Quality, Well, Parameter physics     Abstrak: Terbatasnya ketersediaan air baku adalah salah satu masalah yang dihadapi dalam penyediaan layanan air bersih di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui perbedaan kualitas air sumur yang berjarak 0-100 meter dan 101-200 meter dari tepi pantai dengan parameter ukur fisika. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 65 sumur milik penduduk di Kelurahan Madidir Ure dan keseluruhan sumur tersebut ada 25 sumur dengan jarak 0-100 meter dan 40 sumur dengan jarak 101-200 meter dari tepi pantai. Adapun parameter yang diamati mengacu pada Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Indonesia Nomor 479/Menkes/ Per/IV/2010 tentang syarat-syarat dan Pengawasan Kualitas Air yang meliputi parameter fisika seperti kekeruhan. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Cross sectional atau potong lintang dan dianalisis di laboratorium Badan Teknik Kesehatan Lingkungan (BTKL) Manado. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kualitas air dengan jarak 0-100 meter melebihi kadar maksimum yang ditetapkan yaitu lebih dari 5 NTU (Nephlometer Turbidity Unit), sedangkan kualitas air dengan jarak 101-200 meter hasilnya tidak melebihi kadar maksimum yang telah ditetapkan yaitu kurang dari 5 NTU (Nephlometer Turbidity Unit). Simpulan: terdapat perbedaan kualitas air sumur di Kelurahan Madidir Ure Kota Bitung yang diukur dari jarak 0-100 meter dan 101-200 meter dari tepi pantai. Kata kunci: Kualitas air, Sumur, Parameter fisika
GAMBARAN ASUPAN PURIN PADA REMAJA DI KABUPATEN MINAHASA
Authors: Ali Ningsi Hadji , Kepel Billy J. , Bodhi Widdhi
Published: July 2019

Abstract: High purine intake can result in hyperuricemia which leads to gouthy arthritis and formation of kidney stone. High purine concentration is mainly contained in animal protein. Minahasa ethnic people have a habit of holding events where there is feast party and the majority of Minahasa signature dishes are animal product. This study aims to describe the purine intake in adolescents in Minahasa Regency. This research design is a descriptive cross-sectional study with 40 study subjects. Sample is students of SMKN 2 and SMKN 3 Tondano in Minahasa Regency. Purine intake is measured by using Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). The average of purine intake among adolescents in Minahasa Regency is 91,89 to 1028,44 mg/day, 40% adolescents consume purine rich foods, that consist of 35% boys and 5% girls. There are 52,5% adolescents consume foods with moderate purine content in high frequency and 40% adolescents consume foods with high purine content in high frequency. The conclusion of this study is the average of purine intake among adolescents in Minahasa Regency is quite high. It requires dietary knowledge of purine containing foods in order to reduce purine intake to prevent the increasing of hyperuricemia incidence and its impacts. Keywords: purine intake, adolescent, Minahasa Regency     Abstrak: Asupan purin yang tinggi dapat menyebabkan terjadinya hiperurisemia yang dapat berakhir dengan gout arthritis dan batu ginjal. Kadar purin yang tinggi terutama terkandung dalam protein hewani. Masyarakat etnis Minahasa memiliki kebiasaan menggelar acara syukuran yang diikuti dengan pesta makan dan makan makanan khas Minahasa yang sebagian besar berasal dari hewani. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran asupan purin pada remaja di Kabupaten Minahasa. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain deskriptif cross-sectional dengan jumlah subjek 40 orang. Subjek dari penelitian ini yaitu siswa-siswi SMK Negeri 2 Tondano dan SMK Negeri 3 Tondano di Kabupaten Minahasa. Data asupan purin diukur dengan Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Rata-rata asupan purin remaja di Kabupaten Minahasa sebesar 91,89-1028,44 mg/hari, dengan 40% remaja mengkonsumsi purin dalam jumlah yang tinggi, yang terdiri dari 35% remaja pria dan 5% remaja wanita. Remaja yang mengkonsumsi makanan yang mengandung purin sedang dengan frekuensi tinggi sebanyak 52,5% dan remaja yang mengkonsumsi makanan yang mengandung purin tinggi dengan frekuensi tinggi sebanyak 40%. Kesimpulan penelitian ini yaitu rata-rata asupan purin remaja di Kabupaten Minahasa cukup tinggi. Hal ini membutuhkan peningkatan pengetahuan tentang kandungan purin dalam makanan sehingga dapat membatasi jumlah asupan purin untuk mencegah meningkatnya kejadian hiperurisemia dan penyakit yang ditimbulkannya. Kata kunci: asupan purin, remaja, Kabupaten Minahasa
GAMBARAN LAMA TIDUR TERHADAP PRESTASI BELAJAR SISWA
Authors: Marpaung Panangian P. , Supit Siantan , Nancy Joice
Published: July 2019

Abstract: Inadequate sleep leads to concentrating distraction, fatigue, mood and productivity disorder, etc. Therefore, these matters could contribute influence in teenagers, especially to their academic performance. Adequate sleeping length is needed by the body to maximize the student’s ability in effort of achieving a good academic performance. This descriptive study using cross sectional design. The samples were the students of SMA Binsus Manado. Samples consist of 116 students including male and female ranging in age from 15 to 18 years old. This study using a sleeping length questionnaire for figure out the distribution of the respondent’s sleeping length and  to evaluate the student’s academic performance by using their mid-term exam results. The results of this study are presented in respondent distribution table. The highest number of 49,1% occupies a high academic performance with adequate sleep. The rest distributes as 22,4% in medium academic performance with adequate sleep, 6,0% in low academic performance with adequate sleep. 14,7% in high academic performance but with inadequate sleep, 6,9% in medium academic performance with inadequate sleep, and 0,9% with low academic performance and inadequate sleep. Generally, the students with adequate sleep result in high academic performance. Key words: description, sleeping length, studying performance, student.     Abstrak: Kurang tidur cenderung menyebabkan gangguan konsentrasi, kelelahan, gangguan mood, produktivitas, dan lain-lain sehingga dapat mempengaruhi remaja terutama terhadap prestasi belajar. Lama tidur yang cukup dibutuhkan tubuh untuk memaksimalkan kemampuan siswa dalam  usaha mencapai prestasi belajar yang baik. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan desain penelitian cross sectional. Sampel merupakan siswa SMA Binsus Manado. Sampel berjumlah 116 orang laki–laki maupun perempuan dengan rentang usia 15–18 tahun. Untuk mengetahui distribusi lama tidur responden, digunakan kuesioner lama tidur sedangkan untuk menilai prestasi belajar digunakan nilai ujian mid semester. Hasil yang diperoleh disajikan dalam bentuk tabel distribusi responden dengan jumlah terbanyak sebesar 49,1% responden dengan prestasi tinggi dan cukup tidur Sisanya terdistribusi di 22,4% responden berprestasi sedang dan cukup tidur, 6,0% responden berprestasi rendah namun cukup tidur. Ada juga 14,7% responden berprestasi tinggi namun tidak cukup tidur, 6,9% responden berprestasi sedang namun tidak cukup tidur, serta 0,9% responden berprestasi rendah dan kurang tidur. Pada umumnya, siswa yang cukup tidur memiliki prestasi belajar yang tinggi. Kata Kunci: gambaran, lama tidur, prestasi belajar, siswa.
GAMBARAN HISTOPATOLOGI LAMBUNG TIKUS WISTAR PASCA PEMBERIAN METANOL
Authors: Hehi Fenny Kartaningshi
Published: July 2019

Abstract: Methanol is often misused as a material for making liquor. The longer someone consumes alcohol, the more cells is damaged. Purpose: to analyze of wistar gastric histopathologic feature after administration of methanol. Methods:  This is an experimental descriptive study using 20 adult wistar with consist of 5 as controls and 15 as treated rats, then divided into three groups with each dose group 30%, 40%, 60% of methanol.  1.2 mL methanol once per day were being administered. Result:  The result show the macroscopic and microscopic feature of wistar stomach of first and second treatment still look normal. However the 60% methanol treatment showed their gastric look rosy with chewy and hard consistency at macroscopic scale. At microscopicly scale, there were intact mucosal line and inflammatory cells (neutrophils and lymphocytes) in submucosal region as well as hyperemia. Conclusions: This study indicated the use of methanol with concentration of 30% and 40% in wistar did not cause histopathologic changes, while the use of methanol with 60% concentration caused mucosal line becomes inflamed as well as hyperemia.Keywords: methanol, inflammatory of mucosa gastric, wistar.   Abstrak: Metanol sering disalahgunakan sebagai bahan untuk membuat minuman keras.  Semakin lama mengkonsumsi alkohol maka banyak sel lambung yang akan mengalami kerusakan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat gambaran histopatologi lambung tikus wistar setelah diberikan metanol. Metode:  Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif eksperimental menggunakan 20 ekor tikus wistar dewasa terdiri dari 5 ekor sebagai kontrol dan 15 ekor sebagai tikus perlakuan, dibagi menjadi 3 kelompok dengan dosis tiap-tiap kelompok 30%, 40%, 60%. Dosis methanol 1,2 mL satu kali per hari. Setelah 10 hari tikus wistar diterminasi lalu diotopsi jaringan lambung, difiksasi dalam larutan formalin. Hasil: Menunjukkan gambaran makroskopik dan mikroskopik struktur lambung dengan pemberian metanol 30% dan 40% tampak masih normal. Sedangkan pemberian metanol konsentrasi 60% gambaran makroskopik lambung tampak berwarna kemerahan dengan konsistensi kenyal dan terdapat konsistensi keras. Gambaran mikroskopik tampak lapisan mukosa yang utuh dan terdapat sel-sel radang netrofil dan limfosit pada daerah submukosa serta hiperemi. Simpulan: penelitian ini mendapatkan pemberian metanol konsentrasi 30% dan 40% pada tikus wistar tidak menyebabkan perubahan gambaran histopatologi, sedangkan pemberian metanol konsentrasi 60%  lapisan mukosa mengalami peradangan dan hiperemi. Kata kunci: metanol, peradangan mukosa lambung, wistar.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA LINGKAR PINGGANGDENGANKADARHS-CRP SERUMPADA MAHASISWA OBES DAN TIDAK OBES DI FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS SAM RATULANGI MANADO
Authors: Fatie Anita Ohe S. , Bolang Alexander S. L. , Mayulu Nelly
Published: July 2019

Abstract: The rapid socioeconomic growth has led to a more sedentary lifestyle and change in diet over the past several decades. As a result of prosperity,obesity has become an important health problem. And then problem healthnutrition world, both in developed countries and in developing countries. Waist circumference more than normal is one component in the metabolic syndrome. An increased incidence of metabolic syndrome in line with the increase in obesity. Hs-CRP is a protein in the synthesis in the liver in response to inflammatory stimuli during the acute phase. This research was conducted to find out the waist circumference and hs-CRP levels in students faculty of medicine University of Sam Ratulangi Manado. And the type of research used is the observational approach cross sectional analytic. Results anasis statistics by using test mann whitney u showed there are different meaning ( p = 0.00 ( 0,00 ). Based on the test spearmen statistics then obtained value a correlation coefficient ( r ) by 0.472 and value ρ = 0.000 < α= 0.05.. This shows there is a relationship between waist circumference with hs-CRP levels on students obese and not obese in medical schools university sam ratulangi manado. Keyword: waist circumference, hs-CRP   Abstrak: Percepatan pertumbuhan sosial ekonomi menyebabkan orang lebih kurang bergerak dimana perubahan dalam pola diet dan yang terjadi pada beberapa dekade. Akibatnya obesitas menjadi masalah penting bagi kesehatan. Dan jugamasalah  kesehatan    gizimasyarakatdunia, baikdinegaramajumaupundinegara berkembang. Lingkar Pinggang yang besar dari normal adalah salah satu komponen dalam sindroma metabolik. Peningkatan kejadian sindroma metabolik sejalan dengan peningkatan obesitas.Hs-CRP merupakan protein yang di sintesis di hati sebagai respon terhadap rangsangan pada saat inflamasi fase akut.Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui Lingkar Pinggang dan kadar hs-CRP pada Mahasiswa Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado. Dan jenis penelitian yang dipakai adalah observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Hasil anasis statistik dengan menggunakan uji Mann Whitney U menunjukan terdapat perbedan bermakna (p=0.00(0,00). Berdasarkan hasil uji spearmen statistik maka didapatkan nilai koefisien korelasi (r) sebesar 0.472 dan nilai ρ = 0.000 < α= 0.05. Hal ini menunjukan terdapat hubungan antara lingkar pinggang dengan kadar  hs-CRP pada mahasiswa obes dan tidak obes di Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado. Kata Kunci: Lingkar Pinggang, hs-CRP
HUBUNGAN KADAR KOLESTEROL HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN DARAH DENGAN KADAR HIGH SENSITIVITY C-REACTIVE PROTEIN PADA REMAJA OBES
Authors: Surentu Jonathan Hanni
Published: July 2019

Abstract: World Health Organization declared that obesity was a global epidemy (1,7 billion people obese). Obesity has a strong correlations with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) level. Low HDLc level is the risk factor of coronary heart disease (CHD). High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) is an inflammatory marker in our body. Joint Committee of American Heart Association recommend hs-CRP examination as a risk factor of CHD. The research have aim to know the correlations of HDLc level with hs-CRP on obese adolescent. This research was an observational analytic cross-sectional approach. The population of this research are all obese students at Faculty of Medicine Sam Ratulangi University Manado with Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 95th centile, and the samples are all of the population. The result, more of half (58,8%) obese adolescents have normal HDLc level. And also found that more of half (52,9%) obese adolescents have hs-CRP level with intermediate risk  and two samples (11,8%) with high risk. The result of statistical analysis using the Spearman test showed the correlations (r) = -0,219 and the significance (p) = 0,399. There was no correlations between HDLc level with hs-CRP in obes adolescent. Keywords: Obesity, adolescent, HDLc, hs-CRP, CHD     Abstrak: Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) mendeklarasikan obesitas sebagai epidemik global (1,7 miliar penduduk dunia obes). Obesitas memiliki hubungan yang erat dengan rendahnya kadar kolesterol high density lipoprotein (HDL) darah. Rendahnya kadar kolesterol HDL merupakan faktor risiko penyakit jantung koroner (PJK). High sensitivity C-reactive protein  (hs-CRP) merupakan suatu penanda peradangan dalam tubuh. Joint Committee of American Heart Association merekomendasikan pemeriksaan hs-CRP sebagai faktor risiko PJK. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan kadar kolesterol HDL darah dengan kadar hs-CRP pada remaja obes. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian analitik observasional dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Populasi pada penelitian ini adalah Mahasiswa obes Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado dengan IMT pada persentil ≥ 95. Sampel diambil dari seluruh populasi. Hasil penelitian didapatkan lebih dari setengah (58,8%) remaja obes memiliki kadar  kolesterol HDL di atas normal. Didapati juga lebih dari setengah (52,9%) remaja obes memiliki kadar hs-CRP dengan risiko menengah dan dua sampel (11,8%) dengan risiko tinggi. Hasil uji statistik spearman antar dua variabel didapati koefisien korelasi (r) = -0,219 dan nilai signifikansi (p) = 0,399. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan antara  kadar kolesterol HDL darah dengan kadar hs-CRP pada remaja obes. Kata kunci: Obesitas, remaja, kolesterol HDL, hs-CRP, PJK
PERBANDINGAN KADAR GLUKOSA SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH AKTIVITAS FISIK INTENSITAS BERAT
Authors: Lande Ni Putu G. A. , Mewo Yanti , Paruntu Michaela
Published: July 2019

Abstract: Physical activity is one of the factors which can affect blood glucose level in human body. Vigorous physical activity for 20 minutes can lower one’s blood glucose level. Futsal is categorized as a vigorous activity. During the activity, body will use endogenous fuel from blood to take care of glucose levels homeostasis in it. This study aimed to determine the ratio of blood glucose levels before and after vigorous physical activity at the 2011 batch students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Sam Ratulangi using futsal. This was a pre and post experimental study. Respondents were 21 males aged 20-22 years. The results showed a decrease of all respondents’ blood glucose average from104.14 mg/dL before the physical activity to 95.40 mg/dL after it with p < 0.05 that meant there was a significant decrease in glucose level. Conclusion: In this study, there was a significant difference in blood glucose levels of the students between before and after vigorous physical activity.Keywords: blood glucose levels, vigorous physical activityAbstrak: Aktivitas fisik merupakan salah satu faktor yang dapat mempengaruhi kadar glukosa darah dalam tubuh manusia. Aktivitas fisik intensitas berat yang dilakukan selama 20 menit dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah dalam tubuh. Futsal merupakan salah satu permainan yang tergolong dalam aktivitas intensitas berat. Selama aktivitas fisik dilakukan, tubuh akan menggunakan bahan bakar endogen dan dari darah untuk menjaga homeostasis kadar glukosa dalam tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan kadar glukosa darah sebelum dan sesudah aktivitas fisik intensitas berat pada mahasiswa angkatan 2011 Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Sam Ratulangi melalui permainan futsal. Penelitian ini bersifat pre dan post eksperimental. Pada penelitian ini responden terdiri dari 21 orang laki-laki dengan umur 20-22 tahun. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya penurunan glukosa dari rata-rata 104,14 mg/dL sebelum aktivitas fisik menjadi 95,40 mg/dL setelah melakukan aktivitas fisik dengan nilai p < 0,05, yang berarti terjadi penurunan yang signifikan. Simpulan: Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara kadar glukosa darah mahasiswa sebelum dan sesudah melakukan aktivitas fisik intensitas berat.Kata kunci: kadar glukosa darah, aktivitas fisik intensitas berat
POLA BAKTERI PENYEBAB INFEKSI NOSOKOMIAL PADA RUANG PERAWATAN INTENSIF ANAK DI BLU RSUP PROF. DR. R. D. KANDOU MANADO
Authors: Baharutan Anastashia , Rares Fredine E. S. , Soeliongan Standy
Published: July 2019

Abstract: Nosocomial infections is an infection acquired in the hospital in patients treated for at least 72 hours (3x24 hours). Environmental infection caused by bacteria from an existing object within the hospital. Microorganisms are often potentially causing nosocomial infections are Proteus sp., Escherichia colii, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Objective: to know the most aerobic bacteria and the pattern of aerobic bacteria in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit at BLU Dr Prof. Dr R. D. Kandou. Methods: 24 swab samples were taken on the surface of the tool, treatment rooms and 6 samples of air space. Identification of bacterial cultures taken on an agar medium, gram staining and biochemical tests. Results: identified bacteria obtained 11 types of microorganisms, such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus sp., Enterobacter agglomerans, Serratia rubidaea, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Coccus Gram-negative, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida sp., Pseudomonas sp., Streptococcus sp. Conclusion: Gram negative bacteria are bacteria that are found in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit. Staphylococcus sp., and Pseudomonas sp., a common bacteria that cause nosocomial infections with Staphylococcus sp., a bacterium that is most found.Keywords: bacteria, germs pattern, nosocomial infections, pediatric intensive care unit.Abstrak: Infeksi nosokomial merupakan infeksi yang didapat di rumah sakit pada pasien yang dirawat paling tidak selama 72 jam (3x24 jam). Infeksi lingkungan yang disebabkan oleh bakteri dari benda yang ada dilingkungan rumah sakit. Mikroorganisme yang sering berpotensi menyebabkan infeksi nosokomial adalah Proteus sp., Escherichia colii, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Tujuan: mengetahui bakteri aerob terbanyak dan pola dari bakteri aerob tersebut pada Ruang Perawatan Intensif anak di BLU RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou. Metode: sampel diambil pada 24 usapan permukaan alat, ruangan perawatan dan 6 sampel udara ruang. Identifikasi bakteri dilakukan kultur pada media agar, pewarnaan gram dan uji biokimia. Hasil: bakteri yang teridentifikasi didapatkan 11 jenis mikroorganisme, yaitu Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus sp., Enterobacter agglomerans, Serratia rubidaea, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Coccus Gram negatif , Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida sp., Pseudomonas sp., Streptococcus sp. Kesimpulan: bakteri gram negatif merupakan bakteri yang banyak ditemukan pada Ruang Perawatan Intensif anak. Staphylococcus sp., dan Pseudomonas sp., merupakan bakteri tersering yang menyebabkan infeksi nosokomial dengan Staphylococcus sp., merupakan bakteri yang terbanyak ditemukan.Kata kunci: bakteri, pola kuman, infeksi nosokomial, ruang perawatan intensif anak.
UJI EFEK EKSTRAK GEDI MERAH (Abelmoschus manihot L. Medik) TERHADAP KADAR GULA DARAH TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN GALUR WISTAR (Rattus novergicus) YANG DIINDUKSI ALOKSAN
Authors: Adeline Friska , Wuisan Jane , Awaloei Henoch
Published: July 2019

Abstract: Epidemiological study in Manado indicated that the prevalence of Diabetes Melitus (DM) was 6.1%. It is necessary to do scientific assessment of the various species of plants which are thought containing medicinal substances (phytopharmaca). Based on the information from the people living in the subdistrict Pineleng Minahasa red gedi leaves (Abelmoschus manihot L.Medik ) can be used as herbal treatment for lowering blood sugar level. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of red gedi leaves extract in lowering blood sugar level on white male rat induced by aloksan. This study used 15 white male rats of Wistar strain with diabetic induced by 200 mg/kg BW aloksan intraperitoneal. The rats were randomly divided into 5 groups; each group were given aquadest 2,5 ml/ 200 g BW, insulin Novomix 0,9 U/Kg BW, red gedi leaf extract 1.25 mg/200 g BW, 2.5 mg/200 g BW, and 3.75 mg/200 g BW, once daily for 24 hours. Blood sugar levels were measured at 6th, 12th, 18th, and 24 th hours after treatment by using glucometer. The result showed that red gedi leaf extract can lower blood level in diabetic white male rat induced by aloksan.Keywords: red gedi leaf extract, blood glucose, aloksan, diabeticAbstrak: Pada penelitian epidemiologis di kota Manado didapatkan prevalensi penderita DM 6,1 %. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan pengkajian ilmiah terhadap berbagai spesies tumbuhan yang diduga mengandung zat berkhasiat obat (fitofarmaka). Berdasarkan informasi masyarakat di daerah kecamatan Pineleng kabupaten Minahasa daun Gedi Merah (Abelmoschus manihot L.Medik) dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai penanganan herbal untuk menurunkan kadar gula darah. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji efektivitas ekstrak daun Gedi Merah (Abelmoschus manihot L. Medik) dalam menurunkan kadar gula darah tikus putih jantan galur Wistar (Rattus norvegicus) yang diinduksi aloksan. Tikus galur Wistar sejumlah 15 dinduksi dengan aloksan intraperitoneal 200 mg/kg BB dan dibagi secara acak dalam 5 kelompok penelitian yaitu kelompok perlakuan dengan aquadest 2,5 ml/200 g BB, insulin Novomix 0,9 U / Kg BB, ekstrak daun gedi merah 1,25 mg/ 200 g BB, 2,5 mg/ 200 g BB dan 3,75 mg/ 200 g BB. Perlakuan diberikan satu kali sehari selama 6 hari. Pengukuran kadar glukosa darah dilakukan pada hari ke 2, 4 dan 6 setelah perlakuan menggunakan glukometer. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun gedi merah dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah tikus putih jantan diabetes yang diinduksi dengan aloksan.Kata kunci: ekstrak daun gedi merah, glukosa darah, aloksan, diabetes
UJI RESISTENSI BAKTERI PSEUDOMONAS SP YANG DI ISOLASI DARI PLAK GIGI TERHADAP MERKURI DAN TETRASIKLIN
Authors: Simangunsong Yoas P. , Bodhi Widdhi , Kepel Billy J.
Published: July 2019

Abstract: Food and even water are commonly exposed to mercury in the environment. Mercury is a highly toxic element either in the element or compound forms. One of the methods used to detoxify mercury is by using mercury-resistant microorganisms, such as mercury-resistant bacteria. This can occur when mercury is exposed to the human body in a low level for a long time. This condition enables the bacteria inside the human body to adapt and even reduce the mercury level, therefore, lowering its risk consequently. This study aimed to find out whether Pseudomonas sp. was resistant to mercury and tetracycline. Mercury-resistance test of Pseudomonas sp. was conducted by using liquid Luria-Bertani (LB) media which had been incubated for 24 hours. The results showed that bacterial colonies were found in 10 ppm, 20 ppm, and 40 ppm of diluted HgCl2 which indicated its resistance. However, in 80 ppm of dilution there was no growth of bacterial colony. Tetracycline-resistance test used solid LB media that had also been incubated for 24 hours. The results showed the antibiotic inhibition zone of tetracycline was 27 mm. Conclusion: Pseudomonas sp. was resistant to diluted HgCl2 until 40 ppm, but was not resistant to diluted HgCl2 80 ppm and tetracycline.Keywords: Pseudomonas sp., mercury, tetracycline, bacteria resistanceAbstrak: Baik makanan maupun sumber air sering telah terpapar dengan merkuri yang sangat bersifat toksik baik dalam unsur tunggal maupun senyawa. Salah satu usaha untuk detoksifikasi merkuri ialah dengan menggunakan mikroorganisme resisten merkuri. Hal ini dapat terjadi jika tubuh manusia terpapar merkuri dalam kadar yang kecil untuk waktu yang sangat panjang sehingga bakteri dalam tubuh manusia dapat beradaptasi bahkan mampu mereduksi merkuri tersebut sehingga menjadi tidak toksik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah bakteri Pseudomonas sp. resisten terhadap merkuri dan tetrasiklin. Untuk uji resistensi merkuri pada Pseudomonas sp. digunakan media Luria-Bertani (LB) cair yang telah diinkubasi selama 24 jam. Pada pengenceran HgCl2 10 ppm, 20 ppm, dan 40 ppm masih ditemukan koloni bakteri (resisten) tetapi pada pengenceran 80 ppm tidak terdapat pertumbuhan koloni bakteri. Uji resisten terhadap tetrasiklin menggunakan media LB padat yang telah diinkubasi selama 24 jam dan didapatkan zona hambat antibiotik tetrasiklin 27 mm (tidak resisten). Simpulan: Pseudomonas sp. resisten terhadap HgCl2 sampai dengan pengeceran 40 ppm, tetapi tidak resisten pada pengenceran 80 ppm dan terhadap antibiotik tetrasiklin.Kata kunci: Pseudomonas sp. , merkuri , tetrasiklin, resistensi bakteri