bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early childhood education and care-based healthy eating interventions for improving child diet: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Jackson Jacklyn , Wolfenden Luke , Grady Alice , Lum Melanie , Leonard Alecia , McCrabb Sam , Hall Alix , Pearson Nicole , Barnes Courtney , Yoong Sze Lin
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Diet during infancy and early childhood can have implications on child growth, health, and developmental trajectories. Yet, poor dietary habits are common in young children, who often consume diets that are not aligned with dietary recommendations. Early childhood education and care (ECEC) is a recommended setting to deliver healthy eating interventions as they offer existing infrastructure and access to a large number of children. This protocol aims to describe the methods of a systematic review to assess the effectiveness of healthy eating interventions conducted within the ECEC setting to improve child diet.

Methods and analysis

Eight electronic databases including Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL Complete, PsycINFO, ERIC, SCOPUS, and SPORTDiscus will be searched from conception to March 2020. Randomised controlled trials (RCT) of dietary interventions targeting children aged up to 6 years conducted within the ECEC setting (including pre-schools, kindergartens, long day care, and family day care) will be included in the review. The primary review outcome is any measure of child dietary intake. Secondary outcomes include (i) child anthropometrics, (ii) child cognition, (iii) child mental health, (iv) child quality of life, (v) the absolute cost or cost-effectiveness of included interventions, and (vi) any reported adverse effects. Study inclusion, data extraction, and risk of bias assessments will be performed independently by two reviewers. Meta-analyses will be performed if adequate data is available, else review findings will be described narratively.

Discussion

This systematic review seeks to synthesise the effectiveness of healthy eating interventions conducted within the ECEC setting for improving child diet. This review will also seek to describe the effect of ECEC-based healthy eating interventions on a variety of important secondary outcomes (adverse events and cost-effectiveness) that will enhance the public health policy and practice relevance of review findings.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO [IDCRD42020153188]
Energy decisions within an applied ethics framework: an analysis of five recent controversies
Authors: Bethem Jacob , Frigo Giovanni , Biswas Saurabh , DesRoches C. Tyler , Pasqualetti Martin
Published: August 2020

Everywhere in the world, and in every period of human history, it has been common for energy decisions to be made in an ethically haphazard manner. With growing population pressure and increasing demand for energy, this approach is no longer viable. We believe that decision makers must include ethical considerations in energy decisions more routinely and systematically. To this end, we propose an applied ethics framework that accommodates principles from three classical ethical theories—virtue ethics, deontology, consequentialism, and two Native American ethics (Lakota and Navajo)—all considered from the perspectives of the impacted communities. We illustrate this framework by evaluating five recent energy decisions: the Dakota Access Pipeline, the Navajo Nation’s possible transition from coal to solar, hydraulic fracturing in Pennsylvania, uranium mining in Virginia, and the construction of the Xiaolangdi Dam in China. An applied ethics framework is preferable to existing ethical analyses because it can serve to sharpen arguments for (un)ethical decisions and action. Rather than treat ethical reasoning as a matter of opinion, we argue that applying ethical principles in a universal and standardized way adds rigor to energy sector decisions by presenting a position available for objective scrutiny. Because our framework identifies which aspects of a targeted action (if any) must adjust to improve ethical merit, it can serve as a practical tool for improving decision-making as we enter a new era of energy transitions.
Mechanical Response of Barricade to Coupled THMC Behavior of Cemented Paste Backfill
Authors: Wu Di , Hou Wentao , Liu Shuai , Liu Huaibin
Published: August 2020

Cemented paste backfill (CPB), which is prepared by mixing tailings, binder and water, is widely used in underground mines for waste management and ground control. Since the CPB is delivered into mined-out areas in the form of fluid, a barricade needs to be constructed for retaining it during the process of its filling and hardening. Therefore, the barricade should have enough mechanical stability to ensure the safety of the backfill operation. The behavior of CPB, which is influenced by the thermal, hydraulic, mechanical and chemical (THMC) coupled processes, acts on the barricade and thus affects its mechanical response. In the present study, a numerical model is developed to predict and analyze the barricade mechanical performance in response to the coupled THMC behavior of CPB. The validity of the proposed model is then verified against two field case studies. Acceptable agreement between the model prediction results and in situ monitoring data proves the capability of the developed model in simulating the barricade pressure and displacement. Then, the validated model is used to investigate the effect of filling strategy on the barricade displacement. The obtained results can contribute to a better understanding of the barricade performance under various backfill conditions.
Non-traumatic abdominal pain: assessment of diagnostic value of MDCT enterography in small bowel diseases—a retrospective study
Authors: Shokralla Sally Y. , Amin Farid G.
Published: August 2020

Background

Because of its unique anatomy, overlap of its loops, and its continuous peristaltic motion, imaging of the small bowel is a big challenge. Non-traumatic abdominal pain of small bowel origin includes a spectrum of medical and surgical conditions ranging from minor to life-threatening conditions. Accurate diagnosis of these diseases is essential to reduce morbidity and mortality. The aim of our study is to assess the role of MDCT enterography in evaluation and diagnosis of different small bowel causes of non-traumatic abdominal pain.

Results

Data analysis of 47 patients’ files included in this study revealed a high diagnostic accuracy of MDCTE in diagnosing variable small bowel-related pathologies that were confirmed histopathologically.

Conclusion

MDCTE can be used as a reliable diagnostic imaging modality for the detection of small bowel diseases. However, operative data and tissue biopsy are still the confirmatory methods for diagnosis.
Skeletal Muscle ACSL Isoforms Relate to Measures of Fat Metabolism in Humans
Authors: STIERWALT HARRISON D. , EHRLICHER SARAH E. , ROBINSON MATTHEW M. , NEWSOM SEAN A.
Published: August 2020

Introduction

Evidence from model systems implicates long-chain acyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACSL) as key regulators of skeletal muscle fat oxidation and fat storage; however, such roles remain underexplored in humans.

Purpose

We sought to determine the protein expression of ACSL isoforms in skeletal muscle at rest and in response to acute exercise and identify relationships between skeletal muscle ACSL and measures of fat metabolism in humans.

Methods

Sedentary adults (n = 14 [4 males and 10 females], body mass index = 22.2 ± 2.1 kg·m−2, V˙O2max = 32.2 ± 4.5 mL·kg−1⋅min−1) completed two study visits. Trials were identical other than completing 1 h of cycling exercise (65% V˙O2max) or remaining sedentary. Vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained 15-min postexercise (or rest) and 2-h postexercise to determine ACSL protein abundance. Whole-body fat oxidation was assessed at rest and during exercise using indirect calorimetry. Skeletal muscle triacylglycerol (TAG) was measured via lipidomic analysis.

Results

We detected protein expression for four of the five known ACSL isoforms in human skeletal muscle. ACSL protein abundances were largely unaltered in the hours after exercise aside from a transient increase in ACSL5 15-min postexercise (P = 0.01 vs rest). Skeletal muscle ACSL1 protein abundance tended to be positively related with whole-body fat oxidation during exercise (P = 0.07, r = 0.53), when skeletal muscle accounts for the majority of energy expenditure. No such relationship between ACSL1 and fat oxidation was observed at rest. Skeletal muscle ACSL6 protein abundance was positively associated with muscle TAG content at rest (P = 0.05, r = 0.57).

Conclusion

Most ACSL protein isoforms can be detected in human skeletal muscle, with minimal changes in abundance after acute exercise. Our findings agree with those from model systems implicating ACSL1 and ACSL6 as possible determinants of fat oxidation and fat storage within skeletal muscle.
Agreement between B-Mode Ultrasound and Air Displacement Plethysmography in Preprofessional Ballet Dancers
Authors: CHANDLER ALEXA J. , CINTINEO HARRY P. , SANDERS DAVID J. , MCFADDEN BRIDGET A. , ARENT MICHELLE A. , MONACO ROBERT , ARENT SHAWN M.
Published: August 2020

Body composition assessments are useful for practitioners to monitor overall athlete health and nutritional status, particularly in aesthetic and weight-class sports that emphasize ideal body weight standards. Portable and accurate measurement tools are especially important for these assessments. Ultrasound has the potential to provide portable body composition assessments, but accuracy must be further studied.

Purpose

This study aimed to assess the agreement between B-mode ultrasound and air displacement plethysmography (ADP) body composition results in preprofessional ballet dancers.

Methods

Male (n = 21, Mage = 17.2 ± 1.7 yr, MBMI = 20.5 ± 2.0 kg·m−2) and female (n = 27, Mage = 16.1 ± 1.4 yr, MBMI = 18.3 ± 1.3 kg·m−2) dancers were assessed by ADP and ultrasound to determine body fat percentage (%BF), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM). Pearson’s correlations were used to assess agreement, and paired t-tests were used to determine differences between devices (α = 0.05). Ultrasound validity was assessed using SEE and total error. Bland–Altman plots were used to identify 95% limits of agreement.

Results

Agreement was high for %BF (females, r = 0.94; males, r = 0.77), FM (females, r = 0.94; males, r = 0.73), and FFM (females, r = 0.95; males, r = 0.99). However, ultrasound overestimated %BF and FM and underestimated FFM (P < 0.05) compared with ADP in females only. In addition, there were stronger agreement and lower error for FFM compared with both %BF and FM regardless of sex.

Conclusion

There is strong agreement between ultrasound and ADP in this population. Although ultrasound may be a useful field tool to assess body composition, future research is needed to refine %BF equations in this population to reduce calculation errors.
Association of serum osteoprotegerin with severity of chronic liver disease in female patients: A potential biomarker
Authors: Tariq Saba , Tariq Sundus , Hussain Shaista , Baig Mukhtiar
Published: August 2020

Objective: To determine the association of serum osteoprotegerin (OPG) with the severity of chronic liver disease in female patients.

Methods: This case-control study was conducted in Madina Teaching Hospital from 2019-2020.An institutional review board of University Medical and Dental College, The University of Faisalabad gave the approval to conduct the study. Only female patients of age group 40 to 60 years having CLD were included in this study. Total 80 participants were enrolled after fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Serum OPG levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) supplied by ELAB Sciences, USA. The severity of disease was assessed by Child-Pugh classification.

Results: OPG levels were significantly different between the three Child-Pugh classes. OPG levels were significantly high in class C indicating increased level of this cytokine in CLD as compared to class A (p = <0.05). There was a positive association of OPG with splenomegaly (OR = 2.10, p = <0.001), hepatomegaly (OR = 4.41, (p = < 0.05), skin pigmentation (OR = 2.06, p = <0.05), malena (OR = 1.87, p = <0.05) and prolonged bleeding (OR = 1.86, p = <0.05).

Conclusion: The levels of serum Osteoprotegerin is increased in severe form of chronic liver disease (Class C) of Child-Pughs classification as compared to mild (Class A) and moderate (Class B) forms of Child-Pughs classification.

doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.6.2678

How to cite this:Tariq S, Tariq S, Hussain S, Baig M. Association of serum osteoprotegerin with severity of chronic liver disease in female patients: A potential biomarker. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(6):1325-1329. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.6.2678

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Management strategies for the treatment and prevention of postoperative/postdischarge nausea and vomiting: an updated review
Authors: Elvir-Lazo Ofelia Loani , White Paul F. , Yumul Roya , Cruz Eng Hillenn
Published: August 2020

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and postdischarge nausea and vomiting (PDNV) remain common and distressing complications following surgery. The routine use of opioid analgesics for perioperative pain management is a major contributing factor to both PONV and PDNV after surgery. PONV and PDNV can delay discharge from the hospital or surgicenter, delay the return to normal activities of daily living after discharge home, and increase medical costs. The high incidence of PONV and PDNV has persisted despite the introduction of many new antiemetic drugs (and more aggressive use of antiemetic prophylaxis) over the last two decades as a result of growth in minimally invasive ambulatory surgery and the increased emphasis on earlier mobilization and discharge after both minor and major surgical procedures (e.g. enhanced recovery protocols). Pharmacologic management of PONV should be tailored to the patient’s risk level using the validated PONV and PDNV risk-scoring systems to encourage cost-effective practices and minimize the potential for adverse side effects due to drug interactions in the perioperative period. A combination of prophylactic antiemetic drugs with different mechanisms of action should be administered to patients with moderate to high risk of developing PONV. In addition to utilizing prophylactic antiemetic drugs, the management of perioperative pain using opioid-sparing multimodal analgesic techniques is critically important for achieving an enhanced recovery after surgery. In conclusion, the utilization of strategies to reduce the baseline risk of PONV (e.g. adequate hydration and the use of nonpharmacologic antiemetic and opioid-sparing analgesic techniques) and implementing multimodal antiemetic and analgesic regimens will reduce the likelihood of patients developing PONV and PDNV after surgery.
All the right moves: why in utero transfer is both important for the baby and difficult to achieve and new strategies for change
Authors: Watson Helena , McLaren James , Carlisle Naomi , Ratnavel Nandiran , Watts Tim , Zaima Ahmed , Tribe Rachel M. , Shennan Andrew H.
Published: August 2020

The best way to ensure that preterm infants benefit from relevant neonatal expertise as soon as they are born is to transfer the mother and baby to an appropriately specialised neonatal facility before birth (“in utero”). This review explores the evidence surrounding the importance of being born in the right unit, the advantages of in utero transfers compared to ex utero transfers, and how to accurately assess which women are at most risk of delivering early and the challenges of in utero transfers.

Accurate identification of the women most at risk of preterm birth is key to prioritising who to transfer antenatally, but the administrative burden and pathway variation of in utero transfer in the UK are likely to compromise optimal clinical care. Women reported the impact that in utero transfers have on them, including the emotional and financial burdens of being transferred and the anxiety surrounding domestic and logistical concerns related to being away from home. The final section of the review explores new approaches to reforming the in utero transfer process, including learning from outside the UK and changing policy and guidelines. Examples of collaborative regional guidance include the recent Pan-London guidance on in utero transfers. Reforming the transfer process can also be aided through technology, such as utilising the CotFinder app.

In utero transfer is an unavoidable aspect of maternity and neonatal care, and the burden will increase if preterm birth rates continue to rise in association with increased rates of multiple pregnancy, advancing maternal age, assisted reproductive technologies, and obstetric interventions. As funding and capacity pressures on health services increase because of the COVID-19 pandemic, better prioritisation and sustained multi-disciplinary commitment are essential to maximise better outcomes for babies born too soon.
Entomological indicators of malaria transmission and insecticide resistance profile of Anopheles gambiae at the early phase of irrigated rice farming in the forest area of central Cameroon
Authors: Elanga-Ndille Emmanuel , Binyang Achille , Ndo Cyrille , Assatse Tatiane , Nouage Lynda , Tchouakui Magellan , Tene-Fossog Billy , Kekeunou Sevilor , Wondji Charles S.
Published: August 2020

Background:Cameroonian authorities have recently established irrigated rice projects across the country. The assessment of the impact of such projects in the transmission of vector-borne diseases, such as malaria, imposes to compare the situation before and after their implementation in a given locality. In Bankeng, a village in a forest area in Cameroon, no preliminary data on malaria transmission indicators was collected before the implantation of irrigated rice farming. To attempt to catch up for this shortcoming 6 months after the first rice seedlings were sown., the present study aimed to generate data which could serve as a baseline to assess the impact of irrigated rice farming in Bankeng.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed at the end of the rainy season in July 2018. Mosquitoes were sampled by night collections on human volunteers, identified morphologically and members of different complexes further sorted to species using molecular tools.Plasmodiuminfectious status was determined by Taqman genotyping. To assess resistance profile to insecticides, WHO bioassays were performed using two-to-five days old femalesAn. gambiaes.l. reared from larval collections in Bankeng. Furthermore, the molecular basis of resistance were investigated

Results:An. gambiaes.l represented 98% of the 1087 mosquitoes collected withAnopheles gambiaeas the predominant species. The total human biting rate was 44.5 bites/person/night. Entomological inoculation rate was 3.8 ib/p/n. The BankengAn. gambiaepopulation exhibited a high level of resistance to almost all insecticides except to organophosphates with a high frequency of L1014F kdr mutation (93.9%) and a 6-fold over-expression ofCYP6P3P450 gene. 

Conclusion: In the absence of preliminary data before the implementation of the irrigated rice fields; the present study provides interesting data which could help for the future assessment of the impact of irrigated rice cultivation on malaria transmission in the locality of Bankeng.
The Born in Bradford COVID-19 Research Study: Protocol for an adaptive mixed methods research study to gather actionable intelligence on the impact of COVID-19 on health inequalities amongst families living in Bradford
Authors: McEachan Rosemary R C , Dickerson Josie , Bridges Sally , Bryant Maria , Cartwright Christopher , Islam Shahid , Lockyer Bridget , Rahman Aamnah , Sheard Laura , West Jane , Lawlor Deborah A. , Sheldon Trevor A. , Wright John , Pickett Kate E. ,   on behalf of the Bradford Institute for Health Research COVID-19 Scientific Advisory Group
Published: August 2020

The UK COVID-19 lockdown has included restricting social movement and interaction to slow the spread of disease and reduce demand on NHS acute services. It is likely that the impacts of restrictions will hit the least advantaged disproportionately and will worsen existing structural inequalities amongst deprived and ethnic minority groups.

The aim of this study is to deliver rapid intelligence to enable an effective COVID-19 response, including co-production of interventions, that address key issues in the City of Bradford, UK, and nationally. In the longer term we aim to understand the impacts of the response on health trajectories and inequalities in these.

In this paper we describe our approach and protocol. We plan an adaptive longitudinal mixed methods approach embedded with Born in Bradford (BiB) birth cohorts which have rich existing data (including questionnaire, routine health and biobank). All work packages (WP) interact and are ongoing. WP1 uses co-production and engagement methods with communities, decision-makers and researchers to continuously set (changing) research priorities and will, longer-term, co-produce interventions to aid the City’s recovery. In WP2 repeated quantitative surveys will be administered during lockdown (April-June 2020), with three repeat surveys until 12 months post-lockdown with an ethnically diverse pool of BiB participants (parents, children aged 9-13 years, pregnant women: total sample pool N=7,652, N=5,154, N=1,800). A range of health, social, economic and education outcomes will be assessed. In WP3 priority topics identified in WP1 and WP2 will be explored qualitatively. Initial priority topics include children’s mental wellbeing, health beliefs and the peri/post-natal period. Feedback loops will ensure findings are fed directly to decision-makers and communities (via WP1) to enable co-production of acceptable interventions and identify future priority topic areas. Findings will be used to aid development of local and national policy to support recovery from the pandemic and minimise health inequalities.
Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera como instrumentos de gestión empresarial y control gerencial: más allá de una función en contabilidad
Authors: Reyes Maldonado Nydia Marcela , Chaparro García Fernando , Guerrero Barajas Andrés Hernando
Published: August 2020

Los gerentes de las empresas juegan un rol fundamental en la aplicación exitosa de las Normas Internacionales de Información Financiera. Utilizar las NIIF como instrumento de gestión y control debería ser algo evidente, pero al parecer su uso se sigue limitando a fines contables.  En efecto, esta situación ha llevado a estudiar la percepción que tienen los gerentes colombianos respecto a sus responsabilidades frente a las NIIF y si aceptan que las mismas se usarán para evaluar su gestión.  En este sentido, se procedió a diseñar un instrumento que considerara todas las responsabilidades que están relacionadas con la administración de las entidades contenidas en las NIIF. De este análisis surgieron 33 variables que fueron puestas a consideración de 100 gerentes quienes mediante una escala de Likert dieron su opinión.  Utilizando un análisis factorial se determinaron 5 grupos de variables que obedecen a las principales responsabilidades de la gerencia frente a las NIIF, donde los resultados mostraron que los gerentes entrevistados no ejercen la gran mayoría de sus funciones bajo las normas y que están en desacuerdo con que las mismas se utilicen para evaluar la gestión realizada de los recursos de la entidad.
The influence of the project team efficacy and organizational factors on the success of mining project management
Authors: Saenz Arteaga Arturo Rodolfo , Ostos Mariño Jhony , Bremser Kerstin
Published: August 2020

Some authors have proposed that project team efficacy influences the success of project management; however, this relationship has not been well investigated. The object of this study is to analyze the relationship between project team efficacy and the success of project management and to examine three moderator variables (task uncertainty, task interdependence, and chaos effect) in the relationship between these variables. This study was based on a sample of 52 mining work teams and the suggested hypothesis were confirmed, there is an influential relationship between project team efficacy and the success of mining project management, as well as the significance of the moderate variables.
Coaching en las organizaciones: experiencia en el personal administrativo de salud
Authors: Mejía Chiang César Roberto , Jáuregui Machuca Kety
Published: August 2020

Las organizaciones del sector salud afrontan problemas de interrelación, estrés y desmotivación del personal, derivados de la complejidad de sus labores, la estructura, los procesos y la cultura interna, en un sistema de salud nacional desarticulado y desorganizado. Para enfrentar estos problemas, la gestión del talento se ha convertido en un elemento que genera valor para crear e impulsar nuevos proyectos, crear un buen clima laboral, dinamizar los servicios y generar satisfacción y fidelidad en los clientes y compromiso con los colaboradores.  El coaching se ha convertido en una herramienta útil para establecer un clima laboral propicio para el desempeño productivo de los colaboradores.En este sentido, el propósito de estudio es entender cómo se implementa el coaching en el personal administrativo en una clínica peruana.Los aspectos que más contribuyeron a una implementación efectiva fueron el estilo del programa, la conexión entre el coach y el coachee, los valores y competencias del coach, la presencia de la organización y la percepción sobre la utilidad y la facilidad de aplicación.
Informalidad en Medellín bajo los lentes de la gobernanza
Authors: Calderon Edwar , Eslava Adolfo , Mejia-Dugand Santiago
Published: August 2020

Las ciudades del Sur global han ganado representatividad en las discusiones internacionalesacerca de gobernanza y sostenibilidad. Esto parece apenas lógico considerando que la mayoríade la población mundial habita en ellas. En particular, Medellín ha recibido bastante atencióngracias a una serie de intervenciones urbanas que han sido vinculadas con el mejoramiento de diferentes aspectos de la calidad de vida de sus habitantes. En este artículo discutimos cómo se materializa la gobernanza y cómo toma diferentes formas, de acuerdo con las condiciones y actores específicos en cada caso. Adicionalmente, exploramos el caso de Juan Bobo, un proyecto piloto de consolidación habitacional llevado a cabo en la ciudad de Medellín. A través de este caso buscamos entender cómo la gobernanza toma forma en condiciones de informalidad ycómo se pueden lograr combinaciones funcionales de estilos de gobernanza para solucionar algunos de los problemas que aquejan a los barrios autoconstruidos de la ciudad.
Using Value-Focused Thinking and Multicriteria Decision Making to Evaluate Energy Transition Alternatives
Authors: Höfer Tim , von Nitzsch Rüdiger , Madlener Reinhard
Published: August 2020

The future transformation of the energy system is a contentious topic, involving a variety of conflicting opinions and interests. In order to structure and evaluate these opinions, we develop a decision-making process with professional stakeholders and energy experts. The aim of this process is to develop a common objective system for the energy transition and to evaluate four possible energy transition alternatives for Germany until 2030. We apply value-focused thinking to define and structure the objectives of the stakeholders and use multiattribute utility theory to evaluate the preferences of the stakeholders toward these objectives. The results show that 8 out of 11 stakeholders prefer the energy transition alternative with the highest climate protection ambitions. Only 3 stakeholders favor the pan-European alternative, where Germany’s power system is further integrated into the European energy system.
An overview of sacral neuromodulation: a treatment for patients with symptoms of lower urinary tract dysfunction
Authors: Fletcher Nicholas
Published: August 2020

This article provides an introduction to patient selection for, and the processes involved in, sacral neuromodulation (SNM) device implantation as a treatment for urinary symptoms. SNM has been an option to treat lower urinary tract dysfunction for more than 20 years and is a treatment for both overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) and female non–obstructed chronic urinary retention (FCUR). It is recognised by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence as a therapeutic option for OAB and FCUR. SNM has its place in the pathway for the treatment of both conditions and, in the correctly assessed patient, can be the last option before considering major surgical intervention.
Rapid tranquillisation: an issue for all nurses in acute care settings
Authors: Dickinson Tommy , Clark Louise L
Published: August 2020

The management of challenging behaviour, violence and aggression is not only an issue for mental health and learning disability nurses. Increasingly, nurses working in emergency departments (EDs), medical assessment units and general medical or surgical wards may encounter acts of challenging behaviour, violence and aggression on a regular basis. Restraint is sometimes used as a tool in the management of these patients; this may be in the form of physical, mechanical or chemical restraint. Rapid tranquillisation (RT) is often considered a form of chemical restraint, which may be used in an emergency situation when prescribed. If RT is given it should be done so as the least restrictive option, with intramuscular and intravenous administration as a last resort. Patient monitoring following administration is paramount. This article explores best practice in the administration of RT from a clinical perspective.
Patient safety reports analysis: post COVID-19
Authors: Tingle John
Published: August 2020

John Tingle, Lecturer in Law, Birmingham Law School, University of Birmingham discusses the recently published Cumberlege report on medicines and medical devices safety
Development of the Wound Resource Education Nurse (WREN) programme
Authors: Renwick Caroline
Published: August 2020

Aim:

Managing wounds costs an estimated £5.3 billion a year in the UK. Poor wound care knowledge and a lack of access to specialist practitioners contribute to this expense. A project—the Wound Resource Education Nurse (WREN) programme—was developed to support patient-centred care, effective nursing outcomes and staff satisfaction in relation to wound care.

Method:

The competency-based WREN programme is open to health professionals, healthcare assistants and tissue viability link nurses who are enthusiastic and willing to develop their tissue viability knowledge and skills. Sessions are delivered on a monthly basis and comprise a mix of didactic teaching, practical sessions and case-based scenarios. Learning is assessed through quizzes and practical assessments at the end of each session and at course completion.

Results:

Two years after it started, 60 WRENs in an acute trust have completed the programme or are attending sessions. The programme has been rolled out to a mental health trust and district nursing services over 12–18 months, and has been attended by doctors, physiotherapists and other practitioners.

Conclusion:

The WREN programme has largely been successful, with the mental health trust showing the greatest improvement in practice and care. In all organisations, staff have developed competence and confidence in wound management, facilitating timely, appropriate care and realising cost savings. Although the programme was initially aimed at staff in nursing roles, other professionals have embraced it, so the trusts have a variety of competent practitioners.
Development of a 67.8  W, 2.5  ps ultrafast chirped-pulse amplification system based on single-crystal fiber amplifiers
Authors: Wang Na Na , Li Feng , Wang Xiang Lin , Hu Xiao Hong , Wang Yi Shan , Zhao Wei
Published: August 2020

We demonstrate a high-power, high-energy chirped-pulse amplification (CPA) system based on three Yb:YAG amplifiers and a chirped-volume Bragg grating (CVBG). With an all-fiber laser as the seed light, a Yb:YAG rod amplifier and two Yb:YAG single-crystal fiber (SCF) amplifiers as the amplification stages, a laser power of 96 W at 200 kHz repetition rate corresponding to a pulse energy of 0.48 mJ has been generated. The stability of different output power has been measured and compared. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on a stable 100 W-level laser with sub-mJ pulse energy based on SCF. The beam quality

M

2

of different output lasers has also been measured, which is below 1.55 when the output power is 92 W. The amplified laser is seeded into the CVBG to be compressed, and a compression efficiency of 0.724 has been obtained with an output power of 67.8 W and pulse duration of 2.5 ps. The ultrafast CPA system delivering high pulse energy (sub-mJ) with hundreds of kHz repetition rate is expected to be used as the driving source of high-flux high-harmonic generation after further compression.
Quantitative analysis of pH value in soil using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy coupled with a multivariate regression method
Authors: Lu Cuiping , Lv Gang , Shi Chaoyi , Qiu Duoyang , Jin Feixiang , Gu Man , Sha Wen
Published: August 2020

The quantitative analyses of pH value in soil have been performed using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technology. The aim of this work was to obtain a reliable and accurate method for rapid detection of pH value in soil. Seventy-four samples were used as a calibration set, and 24 samples were used as a prediction set. To eliminate the matrix effect, the multivariate models of partial least-squares regression (PLSR) and least-squares support vector regression (LS-SVR) were used to construct the models. The intensities of nine emission lines of C, Ca, Na, O, H, Mg, Al, and Fe elements were used to fit the models. For the PLSR model, the correlation coefficient was 0.897 and 0.906 for the calibration and prediction set, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis accuracy was improved effectively by the LS-SVR method, and the correlation coefficients for calibration and prediction set were improved to 0.991 and 0.987. The prediction mean absolute error was pH 0.1 units, and the root mean square error of the prediction was only 0.079. The results indicated that the LIBS technique coupled with LS-SVR could be a reliable and accurate method for determining pH value in soil.
Point spread function degradation model of a polarization imaging system for wide-field subwavelength nanoparticles: publisher’s note
Authors: Qiong Wu , Gao Kun , Hua Zizheng , Zhang Zhenzhou , Zhao Hanwen , Xiong Jichuan , Yu Peilin
Published: August 2020

This publisher’s note corrects the author listing in Appl. Opt.
59, 7114 (2020).APOPAI0003-693510.1364/AO.397357
Coherence, entanglement, and complementarity in mixed classical light
Authors: Al-Qasimi Asma
Published: August 2020

The classical analogues of quantum correlations have been the subject
of considerable interest in the past few years; however, all of these
investigations consider the classical analogue of only pure quantum
mechanical states. In this work, we study mixed classical light states and derive relations between
the polarization coherence of the field and the (classical)
entanglement between its degrees of freedom. We show, for a specific
model of mixed states, where the purity is determined by a single
parameter, how the coherence shared between polarization and
entanglement shrinks as the level of purity decreases. The sum of the
square of polarization and entanglement remains constant, a behavior
consistent with previous results [Phys. Rev. Lett.
117, 153901 (2016)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.117.153901] of pure
states, even though the constant for the mixed-state case is now
smaller in value.
Ultrafast laser ablation of 10-nm self-supporting membranes by two-beam interference processing
Authors: Uesugi Yuuki , Fukushima Ryota , Kozawa Yuichi , Sato Shunichi
Published: August 2020

Ultrafast laser ablation was applied to process 10-nm self-supporting membranes. The membranes were processed over tens of square micrometers by single-shot irradiation of two visible laser pulses, followed by the realization of periodic sub-microstructures. The fabricated geometry is dependent on the intensity distribution of the superposed input pulses, providing flexibility and facilitating practical micro- and nanoengineering. Ease of designing the processing parameters and speed of processing are the significant advantages of this method compared to focused ion beam (FIB) milling.
Quantitative amplitude-measuring Φ-OTDR with pε/√Hz sensitivity using a multi-frequency pulse train
Authors: Murray Matthew J. , Redding Brandon
Published: August 2020

We report an amplitude-measuring Rayleigh-based sensor that uses a series of frequency-shifted pulses to extract quantitative distributed strain measurements. By using frequency multiplexing, we are able to inject a train of 10 pulses into the fiber at once. This allows us to use a higher average input power than standard phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry systems, improving the sensitivity. The sensor recovers the strain by tracking the time-dependent amplitude of the Rayleigh backscattered light from all 10 pulses. This approach enables a sensor with a noise floor of

1.5

p

ε

/

√

H
z

over 10 km of fiber with 12 m spatial resolution, a 5 kHz bandwidth, and a dynamic range of 80 dB at 1 kHz. The sensor exhibits a high degree of linearity and is immune to interference fading.
Structural and optical characteristics of dysprosium-doped zinc zirconate nanocomposites
Authors: Musembi Michael K. , Dejene Francis B. , Ahemen Iorkyaa
Published: August 2020

Zinc zirconate nanocomposites with varying compositions of Dy3+ ions were synthesized through a solution combustion method using citric acid as a fuel. There were mixed hexagonal ZnO and cubic ZrO2 phases in the X-ray diffraction patterns of the composites whose average crystallite sizes range between 27 and 38 nm. Scanning electron microscopy images show a mixture of polygonal and hexagonal rod-like structures of varying aggregation levels at the different Dy3+ -doping concentrations. The reflectance spectra showed absorption edges around 400 nm and an energy bandgap between 2.99 and 3.07 eV. There was a violet emission from the host matrix that gradually shifted towards white light with enhanced doping. At a higher Dy3+ concentration, there was luminescence quenching attributed to dipole-dipole interaction among the dopant ions. The synthesized nanocomposite phosphors may be used in sensors and colored display technology.
Exciton binding energy and effective mass of CsPbCl3: a magneto-optical study
Authors: Baranowski Michal , Plochocka Paulina , Su Rui , Legrand Laurent , Barisien Thierry , Bernardot Frederick , Xiong Qihua , Testelin Christophe , Chamarro Maria
Published: August 2020

High magnetic field spectroscopy has been performed on lead chloride-based perovskite, a material that attracts significant interest for photovoltaic and photonic applications within the past decades. Optical properties being mainly driven by the exciton states, we have measured the fundamental parameters, such as the exciton binding energy, effective mass, and dielectric constant. Among the inorganic halide perovskites,

CsPbCl

3

owns the largest exciton binding energy and effective mass. This blue emitting compound has also been compared with lower band gap energy perovskites and other semiconducting phases, showing comparable band gap dependences for binding energy and Bohr radius.
Seroprevalence study of peste des petits ruminants in sheep and goats in the northern region of India
Authors: Balamurugan Vinayagamurthy , Varghese Bibitha , Kumar Kirubakaran Vinod , Muthuchelvan Dhanavelu , Dheeraj R. , Govindaraj Gurrappanaidu , Suresh Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa , Hemadri Divakar , Roy Parimal
Published: August 2020

Background and Aim: Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious, World Organization for Animal Health notifiable, economically important, transboundary morbilliviral disease of sheep and goats. Studying seroprevalence of PPR from different geographical areas under varying agro-climatic conditions may help in formulating effective and appropriate disease control strategies under the ongoing national PPR control program. The present cross-sectional study describes the prevalence of PPR virus antibodies in sheep and goats in the various epidemiological units in different states (Haryana, Himachal Pradesh [HP], Jammu and Kashmir [J&K], Punjab, Uttarakhand [UK], and Uttar Pradesh [UP]) of the northern region of India.

Materials and Methods: A total of 5843 serum samples (sheep [n=2463] and goats [n=3380]) were collected by stratified random sampling method from 322 epidemiological units in the studied region during 2017-2018 and tested for PPR virus (PPRV) antibodies by competitive ELISA.

Results: The results revealed that an overall seroprevalence of 44.05% (2574/5843) with 57.32%, 55.22%, 65.69%, 37.09%, 32.73%, and 29.35% prevalence of PPRV antibodies in small ruminants in Haryana, Punjab, UP, HP, J&K, and UK states, respectively. Further, Chi-squared test revealed an association of PPRV antibodies in goats (χ2=252.28, p<0.01) and sheep (χ2=192.12, p<0.01) across different states in the region.

Conclusion: The seroprevalence in majority of the epidemiological units (n=130) in sheep and goats in the studied region had <30%. This necessitates comprehensive, rigorous, continuous vaccination and active surveillance programs for few more years to achieve the desired 70% seroprevalence level of PPRV antibodies in population and to make the northern region of India, as PPR free zone.
Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Matched Case-Control Study
Authors: Martin Tracey A. , Wan David W. , Hajifathalian Kaveh , Tewani Sunena , Shah Shawn L. , Mehta Amit , Kaplan Alyson , Ghosh Gaurav , Choi Anthony J. , Krisko Tibor I. , Fortune Brett E. , Crawford Carl V. , Sharaiha Reem Z.
Published: August 2020

INTRODUCTION:

Although current literature has addressed gastrointestinal presentations including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abnormal liver chemistries, and hyperlipasemia as possible coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) manifestations, the risk and type of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) in this population is not well characterized.

METHODS:

This is a matched case-control (1:2) study with 41 cases of GIB (31 upper and 10 lower) in patients with COVID-19 and 82 matched controls of patients with COVID-19 without GIB. The primary objective was to characterize bleeding etiologies, and our secondary aim was to discuss outcomes and therapeutic approaches.

RESULTS:

There was no difference in the presenting symptoms of the cases and controls, and no difference in severity of COVID-19 manifestations (P > 0.05) was observed. Ten (32%) patients with upper GIB underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy and 5 (50%) patients with lower GIBs underwent flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. The most common upper and lower GIB etiologies were gastric or duodenal ulcers (80%) and rectal ulcers related to rectal tubes (60%), respectively. Four of the esophagogastroduodenoscopies resulted in therapeutic interventions, and the 3 patients with rectal ulcers were referred to colorectal surgery for rectal packing. Successful hemostasis was achieved in all 7 cases that required interventions. Transfusion requirements between patients who underwent endoscopic therapy and those who were conservatively managed were not significantly different. Anticoagulation and rectal tube usage trended toward being a risk factor for GIB, although it did not reach statistical significance.

DISCUSSION:

In COVID-19 patients with GIB, compared with matched controls of COVID-19 patients without GIB, there seemed to be no difference in initial presenting symptoms. Of those with upper and lower GIB, the most common etiology was peptic ulcer disease and rectal ulcers from rectal tubes, respectively. Conservative management seems to be a reasonable initial approach in managing these complex cases, but larger studies are needed to guide management.
Les postes de journalistes-managers, un enjeu problématique de la carrière des journalistes
Authors: Lardeau Matthieu
Published: August 2020

Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons à une étape particulière de la carrière des journalistes, la promotion à un poste d’encadrement et à une catégorie particulière de journalistes, les journalistes-managers, c’est-à-dire les journalistes qui occupent également des fonctions de management au sein de leur rédaction. Ces postes de management intermédiaire jouent un rôle prépondérant dans le bon fonctionnement des rédactions. À l’appui de l’étude des trajectoires et de l’observation du travail de journalistes-managers de la presse quotidienne nationale, nous montrons que cette dimension particulière de la carrière de journaliste – devenir journaliste-manager – s’inscrit dans une forme de promotion professionnelle. Mais, paradoxalement, ces postes ne comblent pas particulièrement leurs titulaires ou n’attirent pas les candidats les mieux qualifiés. Les directions des journaux, qui nomment les titulaires de ces postes, et les journalistes, qui occupent ces postes, ont des approches divergentes du rôle et de la fonction de journaliste-manager. Ainsi, la définition de ces postes et fonctions, et en particulier les attentes en matière de management d’équipe, ne fait pas l’objet d’une attention particulière de la part des directions de journaux, ce qui démotive et frustre de très nombreux journalistes-managers.
PERCEPÇÕES SOBRE A EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL DE LICENCIANDOS EM CIÊNCIAS DA UFPR
Authors: Nogueira Christiano , Silva André Alex de Paula
Published: August 2020

This work shows a research about the conceptions of Environmental Education of newly formed sciences teachers from the course of Degree in Sciences of the Federal University of Paraná, Litoral Sector. The research was qualitative with interviews by guidelines with eight of twenty of the recent graduates. The interviews were transcribed and the method to analyze was Content Analysis. The main units of analysis that emerged were: integrated understanding of society and the environment; work as an activity of interest and employment with a focus on income; understanding of interdisciplinarity in the context of environmental issues and; Environmental Education with critical and emancipatory aspects. The outcomes show an understanding of work related to the dominant ideology through market principles. An integrated understanding of society and environment that involves environmental and social aspects. These understandings are interlaced with the understandings related to interdisciplinarity and Environmental Education involving critical and emancipatory aspects.
INICIAÇÃO À DOCÊNCIA EM CIÊNCIAS DA NATUREZA: NARRATIVAS DE BOLSISTAS SOBRE EXPERIÊNCIAS NO PROGRAMA INSTITUCIONAL DE BOLSAS DE INICIAÇÃO À DOCÊNCIA
Authors: Gobbi Cristiane Costa , Silva, Dr. Fabiane Ferreira da
Published: August 2020

This paper aims to problematize the contributions of the Institutional Program of Teaching Initiation Scholarships (PIBID) in the academic-professional training of future teachers. The research, based on a qualitative nature, was methodologically anchored on narrative research, taking as corpus of analysis the portfolios of four PIBID scholarship holders in Natural Sciences area, students of a federal university who work in a municipal school of Elementary Education. As results, it has been highlighted personal growth, the overcoming of challenges, self-confidence development and the knowledge (re)building required to the teacher training of those research individuals. Through the research it was evident that PIBID has a positive influence on the academic-professional formation of the undergraduate students, once it allows school experiences in their multiple facets.