bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homogeneity or implicature: An experimental investigation of free choice
Authors: Tieu Lyn , Bill Cory , Romoli Jacopo
Published: January 2020

A sentence containing disjunction in the scope of a possibility modal, such as Angie is allowed to buy the boat or the car, gives rise to the FREE CHOICE inference that Angie can freely choose between the two. This inference poses a well-known puzzle, in that it is not predicted by a standard treatment of modals and disjunction (e.g., Kamp 1974). To complicate things further, FREE CHOICE tends to disappear under negation: Angie is not allowed to buy the boat or the car doesn’t merely convey the negation of free choice, but rather the stronger DUAL PROHIBITION reading that Angie cannot buy either one. There are two main approaches to the FREE CHOICE-DUAL PROHIBITION pattern in the literature. While they both capture the relevant data points, they make a testable, divergent prediction regarding the status of positive and negative sentences in a context in which Angie can only buy one of the two objects, e.g., the boat. In particular, the implicature-based approach (e.g., Fox 2007; Klinedinst 2007; Bar-Lev & Fox 2017) predicts that the positive sentence is true in such a context, but associated with a false implicature, while it predicts the  negative sentence to be straightforwardly false. The alternative approach (e.g., Aloni 2018; Goldstein 2018; Willer 2017) predicts both the positive and negative sentences to be equally undefined. Investigating the contrast between these sentences in such a context therefore provides a clear way to address the debate between implicature and non-implicature accounts of FREE CHOICE. We present an experiment aiming to do just this, the results of which present a challenge for the implicature approach. We further discuss how the implicature approach could in theory be developed to account for our results, based on a recent proposal by Enguehard & Chemla (2018) on the distribution of  implicatures.
Who controls who (or what)
Authors: Kaufmann Magdalena
Published: January 2020

Language can be used to bridge the gap between expert knowledge and ability to act. I argue that this function is grammaticalized in imperatives (and in some languages, larger paradigms of directives), and that this becomes evident in restrictions on the (co-)reference of their subjects. I develop an account of the conventional semantics of imperatives and directives in general that associates the prohibited constellations with conflicting discourse requirements.
On Presupposition Projection with Trivalent Connectives
Authors: Winter Yoad
Published: January 2020

A basic puzzle about presuppositions concerns their projection from propositional constructions. This problem has regained much attention in the last decade since many of its prominent accounts, including variants of the trivalent Strong Kleene connectives, suffer from the so-called *proviso problem*.This paper argues that basic insights of the Strong Kleene system can be used without invoking the proviso problem. It is shown that the notion of *determinant value* that underlies the definition of the Strong Kleene connectives leads to a natural generalization of the filtering conditions proposed in Karttunen's article ``Presuppositions of compound sentences'' (LI, 1973). Incorporating this generalized  condition into an incremental projection algorithm avoids the proviso problem as well as the derivation of conditional presuppositions. It is argued that the same effects that were previously modelled using conditional presuppositions may be viewed as effects of presupposition suspension and contextual inference on presupposition projection.
Des professionnels qui doivent faire avec les contradictions institutionnelles des politiques publiques
Authors: Bessaoud-Alonso Patricia , Monceau Gilles
Published: January 2020

Depuis plusieurs années, nous menons des recherches sur la famille pensée comme institution et en particulier sur les dispositifs de soutien et d’accompagnement à la parentalité. Nos recherches – socio-clinique institutionnelle – montrent une très grande complexité face aux dispositifs de soutien et d’accompagnement à la parentalité tant du côté des professionnels que du côté des parents. Notre approche adopte un cadre conceptuel sensible aux dynamiques institutionnelles et aux modalités selon lesquelles les sujets y sont impliqués. Nous illustrerons notre propos et nos réflexions à partir d’exemples de recherches qui mettent en avant les difficultés, tensions et contradictions par lesquels professionnels et parents sont traversés.
De la simultanéité en histoire globale
Authors: Delmas Adrien
Published: January 2020

Cet essai porte sur la simultanéité comme figure discursive de l’histoire globale. Sa question est simple : pourquoi l’histoire globale se contente-t-elle parfois de constater des simultanéités pour démontrer des connexions ? Après quelques exemples tirés de l’historiographie récente (Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Serge Gruzinski, Romain Bertrand), nous voudrions illustrer le fait que le problème de la simultanéité dans ses rapports à l’histoire à grande échelle ne date pas d’hier. Sans prétendre à quelconque exhaustivité, nous nous arrêterons sur quelques cas (Polybe, Eusèbe de Césarée, João de Barros, Joseph Scaliger) qui démontrent combien la simultanéité constitue l’un des soucis les plus anciens de cette volonté d’embrasser l’ensemble du monde connu à un moment donné, et d’en proposer une histoire. Pour finir, nous reviendrons à la question de l’écriture de l’histoire de nos jours pour me demander si la question de la simultanéité ne nous impose pas de basculer d’une science des conditions de possibilité (Michel Foucault) à une science des conditions de disponibilité
Le laboratoire démocratique : le Mexique en révolution 1908-1913
Authors: Cárdenas Ayala Elisa
Published: January 2020

Cette étude de la révolution mexicaine est résolument décentrée : décentrée dans l’espace, décentrée dans le temps. L’état du Jalisco, deuxième région politique du Mexique, traditionnellement considéré comme une zone de non-révolution, fait l’objet d’une analyse à différentes échelles (du local au national), dans la brève période qui va des derniers mois de la dictature de Porfírio Díaz à la chute violente du gouvernement de Francisco I. Madero.
Des sources mobilisées, émerge une nébuleuse de formations politiques nouvelles, qui se confrontent à la question de « la révolution » et rencontrent par là même celle de la démocratie. Une expérience où se rencontrent notamment différentes variantes de la famille libérale et le catholicisme social avec son avant-garde démocrate-chrétienne, que l’historiographie de la révolution mexicaine a laissé dans l’ombre jusqu’à ce jour.
Le Jalisco, laboratoire démocratique du Mexique au seuil du xxe siècle, ouvre la voie à une réflexion au long cours sur un système politique qui, pendant plus de soixante-dix ans, a relégué la question démocratique au second plan.
Aux origines de la critique des paperasses
Authors: Italia Paola
Published: January 2020

La critique génétique en France et la philologie d’auteur en Italie trouvent dans la critique des variantes de Gianfranco Contini – surnommée « critique des paperasses » à l’occasion d’une polémique avec Benedetto Croce – une origine commune. Elle remonte, d’une part, à l’étude des corrections d’auteurs que Contini a appliquée à des écrivains aussi bien italiens (l’Arioste, 1937 ; Pétrarque, 1941 ; Leopardi, 1947) que français (Proust, 1947 ; Mallarmé, 1948). Elle se forme, d’autre part, dans le sillage de ses réflexions sur la « signification théorique de l’étude des corrections », étude qui s’intéresse au « devoir être » du texte et à l’« évolution infinie » de la poésie, en référence à Mallarmé mais surtout à Valéry, comme l’a montré le manuscrit d’une conférence que Contini prononça en Suisse en 1944. La présente contribution retrace l’origine de ces idées à travers l’étude des corrections du manuscrit de La critica degli scartafacci (« La critique des paperasses », article publié par Contini en 1948), tout en offrant un exemple éclairant – une véritable mise en abyme – de la façon dont travaillait Contini.
Les manuscrits de Boccace
Authors: Bérard Claude Cazalé
Published: January 2020

L’étude porte sur les manuscrits autographes de Boccace, désignés par la critique sous le titre de Zibaldoni. Il s’agit d’une part du Zibaldone Laurenziano et de la Miscellanea Laurenziana, constituant à l’origine un seul manuscrit palimpseste où Boccace réunit (jusqu’en 1350 environ) des textes en prose et en vers de provenance classique et médiévale, savants, rares et originaux ; et d’autre part du Zibaldone Magliabechiano, contenant surtout des textes à caractère historiographique. Ces manuscrits se prêtent bien à la critique textuelle et génétique en raison de la riche typologie des écritures, de la diversité et de l’absence d’homogénéité des contenus, des formes et des modes de présentation ou de classification. L’étude procède ainsi à la description du corpus, à la présentation de son caractère original et innovateur, ainsi qu’à l’illustration du traitement informatique du Zibaldone Laurenziano avec les principes et le système de codification qui en sous-tendent l’édition électronique.
Influence of organization structure on design and implementation of effective planning and control systems
Authors: Groch M. D.
Published: January 2020

Aspects of organizational structure that influence the design and implementation of planning and control systems are discussed. The role of organization structure, planning systems and control systems in organizations is described, showing the interaction of each with the others. The spectrum of planning and control, in terms of Anthony's model, interfaces between organization structure, strategic planning, management control and operational control, as well as structural determinants of specialization, responsibility, management hierarchy, authority and financial systems are analysed, describing how each dictates in some way the nature of planning and control systems. Organizational growth and its effects on required changes to organizational structure and planning and control systems are described, and mention is made of the sterile nature of organization structure and planning and control systems and of the effects of human behaviour on organizational performance.Aspekte van organisasiestruktuur wat die ontwerp en implementering van beplanning- en beheersisteme bernvloed word bespreek. Die rol van organisasiestruktuur, beplanningsisteme en beheersisteme in organisasie en die onderlinge wisselwerking daarvan word aangetoon en die spektrum van beplanning en beheer word bespreek in terme van Anthony se model, met 'n ontleding van die koppelvlakke tussen organisasiestruktuur, strategiese beplanning, bestuursbeheer en bedryfsbeheer. Strukturele determinante van spesialisasie, verantwoordelikheid, bestuurshierargie, gesag en finansiele stelsels word ontleed en daar word beskryf hoe elk op een of ander manier die aard van beplanning- en beheersisteme voorskryf. Organisasie-groei, en die uitwerking daarvan op die nodige veranderinge in organisasiestruktuur en beplanning- en beheerstelsels word aangedui; en daar word kortliks op die steriele aard van organisasiestruktuur en beplanning- en beheerstelsels, sowel as die uitwerking van menslike gedrag op organlsasie-prestasie, gedui.
Stimulating black entrepreneurship through training: A case study in development
Authors: Mokoatle B. , Prekel H. L.
Published: January 2020

Economic problems and threatening food and energy shortages, together with the contrast and polarization between the developed and underdeveloped countries, have brought the world to the brink of a crisis. The development of self-reliance and entrepreneurship among the poorer communities could contribute to solving the above problems. Several barriers need to be overcome to stimulate black entrepreneurship in South Africa, one being the need for specialized business management training. The paper describes as a case study the Small Business Management Programme introduced in 1975 by the School of Business Leadership of the University of South Africa. A progress report on the course is given, with fairly high success rates in terms of both academic and business achievement. Of particular interest is the wide range of projects (business viability studies) investigated by students as a course requirement, several of which have been implemented as successful business ventures.Ekonomiese probleme en dreigende voedsel- en energietekorte, saam met die kontras en polarisering tussen die ontwikkelde en onderontwikkelde lande, het die wereldgemeenskap tot op die rand van 'n krisis gebring. Die ontwikkeling van selfstandigheid en entrepreneurskap onder die armer gemeenskappe kan grootliks bydra tot die oplossing van bogenoemde probleme. Verskeie struikelblokke moet oorkom word om swart entrepreneurskap in Suid-Afrika te stimuleer. Een hiervan is die behoefte aan gespesialiseerde sakebestuursopleiding. Die artikel beskryf as 'n gevallestudie die Kleinbesigheidbestuursprogram wat die Skool vir Bedryfsleiding van die Universiteit van Suid-Afrika in 1975 ingestel het. 'n Vorderingsverslag word oor die program gegee, waarin redelike hoe akademiese sowel as sakeprestasies aangedui word. Veral van belang is die wye reeks projekte (uitvoerbaarheidstudies van sakeondernemings) wat studente as 'n kursusvereiste ondersoek het; verskeie van hierdie projekte is intussen as suksesvolle ondernemings in bedryf gestel.
An analytical framework for the firm
Authors: Herbst W.
Published: January 2020

Many theories to cope with the increasing sophistication and complexity of business organization have been developed. An overview is given of the games theory approach to strategy, the capital investment approach and the product-market approach. The product-market approach is described as a useful management tool since it takes into consideration the ever-changing relationship between the enterprise and its environment, in the analysis of both the present operations of the firm, and its future activities. The enterprise must be seen as an integrated system, and its interactions with the environment planned and implemented in terms of policy commitments or strategic variables that are clearly formulated. This strategic approach to management could promote both the commitment and the competence of the firm's personnel.Verskeie nuwe bestuursteoriee om die toenemende sofistikasie en kompleksiteit van die sake-onderneming te kan behartig, is ontwikkel. 'n Oorsig word gegee van verskillende bestuursbenaderings tot strategie, die gebaseer op spel-teorie, op kapitaal-investering en op produk-markontleding. Die produk-mark benadering word beskryf as 'n nuttige bestuurshulpmiddel wat die steeds veranderende verhouding tussen die onderneming en sy omgewing in die ontleding van sowel die huidige bedrywighede as die toekomstige aktiwiteite van die onderneming in aanmerking neem. Die onderneming moet as 'n geintegreerde sisteem gesien word, en wisselwerking met die omgewing moet beplan en geimplementeer word volgens beleidvasstellings of strategiese veranderlikes wat duidelik geformuleer is. Hierdie strategiese benadering tot bestuur kan sowel die motivering as die prestasie-vermoens van die onderneming se personeel bevorder.
A portrait of the South African woman manager
Authors: Van Der Merwe Sandra
Published: January 2020

Women who are currently in responsible management positions provide role models and valuable feedback for the future management development of womanpower in South Africa. This article, based on replies received in a national survey of women who have management and executive status in corporations, presents an overview of South African women managers. Who are they? How do they tend to think? What kind of work areas and habits do they have? How do they explain their own success and the failure of other women to reach the top? And what is important to them in their day-to-day working lives? The data collected in this project have exposed some interesting trends - useful as indicators for management, for women in careers and for parties, academic and other, intent on continuing work in this research area.Vrouens wat tans verantwoordelike bestuursposte beklee, is rolmodelle en gee waardevolle terugvoering vir die toekomstige ontwikkeling van vrouekrag in Suid-Afrika. Hierdie artikel, wat gebaseer is op antwoorde ontvang in 'n landswye opname van vrouens wat bestuurs- en uitvoerende status in maatskappye het, gee 'n oorsig van Suid-Afrikaanse vroue-bestuurders. Wie is hulle? Hoe is hulle geneig om te dink? Watter soort werkareas en -gewoontes het hulle? Hoe verklaar hulle hul eie sukses en die mislukking van ander vrouens om die top te bereik? En wat is belangrik in hulle daaglikse werklewens? Die data in hierdie projek versamel, het interessante tendense blootgele - nuttig as aanduidings vir bestuur, vir vrouens in loopbane en vir instansies, akademies en ander, wat daarin belangstel om verdere werk in hierdie navorsingsarea te doen.
Lineêre programmerings- en gemengde heeltal-programmeringsmodelle vir die evaluasie van kapitaalbeleggings in 'n onderneming met net een afdeling: Deel II
Authors: Conradie F. H.D. , Van Den Berg P. H.
Published: January 2020

In Part I of this series of two articles, the reader was introduced to linear mixed integer programming techniques in the evaluation of capital investment. In this article, the interpretation, use, and limitations of the dual variables are discussed. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the application of the technique under consideration, as well as the results obtained. The model used was designed for a one-division organization, and takes into account nine types of restrictions. Provision is also made for the use of long-term financing, whereas other models reported in the literature to date, could only cope with short-term financing of proposed projects. Copies of Part I, setting out the model in full, as well as an English translation, are available from the authors.In Deel I van hierdie reeks van twee artikels is die gebruik van lineere en gemengde heeltal-programmeringstegnieke in die evaluering van voorgestelde kapitaalinvestering uiteengesit. In hierdie artikel word die interpretasie, gebruik en beperkings van die duaalveranderlikes bespreek. Numeriese voorbeelde word ook gegee om die toepassing van die tegniek onder bespreking, asook die resultate verkry, te illustreer. Die model wat gebruik word, is ontwerp vir 'n onderneming met net een afdeling, en neem nege soorte beperkings in aanmerking. Voorsiening word ook gemaak vir die gebruik van langtermyn finansiering, alhoewel ander modelle wat tot dusver in die literatuur beskryf is, slegs korttermyn finansiering van voorgestelde projekte kon behartig. Afskrifte van Deel I, wat die model volledig uiteensit, asook 'n Engelse vertaling, kan van die skrywers verkry word.
Psychology and work
Authors: Hofmeyr Karl B.
Published: January 2020

No abstract available.
Framework for the evaluation of credit policy changes
Authors: Phillips H. H.
Published: January 2020

For most business enterprises, credit sales and associated credit policies play a major role in over-all enterprise performance. The potential impact of planned or involuntary changes in one or more of the primary credit policy variables therefore warrants systematic evaluation. A number of possible approaches to the evaluation of credit changes are considered. 'Traditional' and the recently developed 'opportunity cost' approaches are found to be deficient. The former have a number of material shortcomings while the latter fail to cater adequately for the timing of cash flows associated with credit policy alternatives. Present and terminal value approaches are proposed as conceptually superior alternatives, since they offer consistent, versatile and lucid approaches to analysis of credit changes. Both avoid the problems surrounding other approaches, give full recognition to the timing of relevant cash flows, automatically embody the fundamental principles of incremental analysis and opportunity costs, and are easily applied and interpreted. Application of the suggested evaluation models is amply illustrated in the article.Vir die oorgrote meerderheid sake-ondernemings speel kredietverkope en gepaardgaande kredietbeleide 'n hoofrol in algehele ondernemingsprestasie. Die potensiele uitwerking van beplande of onvrywillige veranderinge in een of meer kredietbeleidsveranderlikes regverdig dus sistematiese ontleding. 'n Aantal moontlike benaderinge tot die ontleding van kredietveranderinge word beskou. Die 'tradisionele' en meer resente 'geleentheidskoste' benaderinge het albei tekortkominge. Eersgenoemde het 'n aantal wesenlike tekortkominge terwyl laasgenoemde onvoldoende voorsiening maak vir die tydsberekening van kontantvloei verbonde aan kredietbeleidsalternatiewe. Huidige waarde- en eindwaarde-metodes word voorgestel as konseptueelgesonde alternatiewe, aangesien hulle konsekwente, aanpasbare en duidelike benaderinge tot ontleding van kredietveranderinge bied. Beide metodes vermy die probleme onderliggend aan ander benaderinge, maak volle voorsiening vir die tydsberekening van kontantvloeie, lyf outomaties die fundamentele beginsels van inkrementele analise en geleentheidskoste in, en kan betreklik maklik toegepas en vertolk word. Toepassing van die voorgestelde ontledingsmodelle word breedvoerig in die artikel geillustreer.
Ondernemingsvooruitskatting in die groot vervaardigingsondernemings in Suid-Afrika, 1978
Authors: Gous Fanus C.
Published: January 2020

Business forecasting in the large manufacturing concerns in South Africa, 1978. Business forecasting has developed rapidly over the past few years as a result of the increasing complexity of the environment of the firm. Some overseas writers assert that the application thereof has developed more slowly than the theory connected to it: although businesses are aware of the necessity and existence of literature on the subject, it is only to a limited extent applied on an organized basis. Overseas businesses apparently experience three problems: a preference for the application of certain techniques is built up so that more suitable techniques are not utilized; not all relevant factors are taken into consideration in the choice of the most suitable technique; and managers often do forecasting themselves even though they possess little knowledge thereof. An empirical study has shown that similar problems are encountered by the relatively large manufacturing concerns in South Africa.Ondernemingsvooruitskatting het gedurende die afgelope jare, as gevolg van die toenemende kompleksiteit in die ondernemingsomgewing, vinnig ontwikkel. Sommige oorsese skrywers beweer dat die toepassing daarvan stadiger ontwikkel het as die teorie daaraan verbonde: ondernemings, alhoewel bewus van die noodsaaklikheid daarvan en ook van die bestaan van literatuur daaroor, pas dit in 'n beperkte mate op georganiseerde grondslag toe. Blykbaar ondervind oorsese ondernemings veral drie probleme: 'n voorkeur vir die toepassing van bepaalde tegnieke word opgebou sodat meer toepaslike tegnieke nie benut word nie; alle relevante faktore word nie in ag geneem by die keuse van die tegniek nie; en bestuurders doen dikwels self vooruitskatting alhoewel hulle oor weinig kennis daarvan beskik. 'n Empiriese studie het getoon dat soortgelyke probleme deur die relatief groot vervaardigingsondernemings in Suid-Afrika ondervind word.
Taktiese produksiebeplanning met behulp van lineere programmering: 'n Praktiese toepassing
Authors: Meij J. T.
Published: January 2020

In this paper a linear programming (LP) model for aggregate production planning is given. This is a general model that can be used in various production situations. It optimizes the monthly planning of human resources, production quantities and inventories on the medium term (e.g. a 12 month planning horizon) for a multi-department, multi-product production facility. A computer programme was developed for the model, making use of a standard LP package. In practical applications savings of up to 33% of variable cost were obtained.In hierdie artikel word 'n lineere programmeringsmodel (LP) vir aggregaat-produksiebeplanning gegee. Dit is 'n algemene model wat in 'n verskeidenheid van produksiesituasies gebruik kan word. Dit optimiseer die maandelikse beplanning van mannekrag, produksiehoeveelhede, en voorrade op die mediumtermyn (bv. 'n beplanningshorison van 12 maande) vir 'n multi-departementele, multi-produk-produksiefasiliteit. 'n Rekenaarprogram is vir die model ontwikkel, wat van 'n standaard LP-pakket gebruik maak. In praktiese toepassings is besparings van tot 33% van veranderlike koste verkry.
Small industries in developing countries
Authors: Lange Jan H.
Published: January 2020

A regional development programme is set out for a developing country, using Bophuthatswana as an example. A stable society with an increasing quality of life, and creation of enough job opportunities in the country are assumed as the primary objectives. Of the various alternative approaches to creating employment opportunities - agriculture, wholesale and retail trade, construction of infrastructure, and large scale and small industry - it appears that labour-intensive small industries can achieve employment objectives at the lowest cost to the economy. This approach, which also develops entrepreneurship and organizational talent, is recommended as having economic, social and political advantages. The roles of small scale industrial entrepreneurs in developed and in developing countries are contrasted, the major problems in the latter being the ability to identify potentially profitable projects for export, and the ability to market in neighbouring countries. The proposed development strategy would require a new specialized development agency in South Africa, collaborating closely with the developing states's own development agency, and both of them assisting entrepreneurs to identify projects with potential.'n Streeksontwikkelingsprogram vir 'n ontwikkelende land word beskryf met Bophuthatswana as voorbeeld. 'n Stabiele gemeenskap met toenemende lewensgehalte, en skepping van genoeg werksgeleenthede in die land word as die primere doelwitte aanvaar. Van verskeie alternatiewe benaderings tot werkgeleentheidskepping - landbou, klein- en groothandel, konstruksie van infrastruktuur, en groot en klein nywerhede - blyk dit dat klein nywerhede werkverskaffingsdoelwitte teen die laagste koste aan die ekonomie kan bereik. Die benadering, wat ook entrepreneurskap en bestuurstalent ontwikkel, word aanbeveel omdat dlt naas ekonomiese, ook sosiale en politiese voordele het. Die rolle van klein nyweraars in ontwikkelde en ontwikkelende lande word gekontrasteer, en die belangrikste probleme vlr laasgenoemde is die vermoe om potensieel winsgewende projekte vir uitvoer te identifiseer, en die vermoe om in buurlande te bemark. Die voorgestelde ontwikkelingstrategie sou 'n nuwe gespesialiseerde ontwikkelingsagentskap in Suid-Afrika vereis, wat nou saamwerk met die ontwikkelende staat se ontwlkkelingskorporasie, terwyl beide entrepreneurs help om projekte met potensiaal te identifiseer.
Strategy and performance of South African listed family companies
Authors: Mackintosh Rob
Published: January 2020

An impressive body of theory on organizational development, performance, strategy and structure has developed over the last two decades. Much of what we know stems from direct observation (usually in the form of case-studies), first-hand experience, and common sense. Yet surprisingly little attempt has been made to test the theories and provide an empirical base with which to confirm or reject the theories. This study suggests that the traditional theories of organizational development are vindicated - that firms develop from entrepreneurial, family companies in the first stage to professional management in later stages. Furthermore, an analysis of share-price movements suggests that single business family companies on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange do not perform as well as those which adopt more diversified strategies. This study builds on the small base of previous research, and hopefully makes a contribution to our knowledge both in the academic/teaching sphere of business policy, and in the area of organizational change.'n Indrukwekkende versameling van teorie oor organisasieontwikkeling, en die prestasie, strategie en struktuur van ondernemings is oor die afgelope twee dekades ontwikkel. Ons kennis het ontstaan uit direkte waarneming (gewoonlik in die vorm van gevallestudies), eie ervaring, en gesonde verstand. Tog is min pogings aangewend om die teoriee te toets en 'n empiriese basis te skep waarvolgens die teoriee bevestig of verwerp kan word. Hierdie studie stel voor dat die tradisionele teoriee van organisasie-ontwikkeling geregverdig is - dat firmas van entrepreneuriele familie-ondernemings in die eerste stadium, tot professionele bestuur in latere stadia ontwikkel. Verder dui 'n ontleding van aandeleprys-bewegings aan dat enkelbedryf familiemaatskappye op die Johannesburgse Aandelebeurs nie so goed vertoon as die wat meer gediversifiseerde strategiee aanvaar het nie. Hierdie studie bou voort op die klein basis van vorige navorsing, en maak hopelik 'n bydrae tot kennis sowel in die akademiese/onderrigsfeer van bestuursbeleid, as op die gebied van organisasieverandering.
Towards an understanding of the relationship between professional and employing organization
Authors: Boshoff A. B.
Published: January 2020

The position of the professional employee vis-a-vis his/her employing organization is examined. The values adhered to in scientific endeavour and the characteristics of professional work are contrasted with the characteristics of organizational functioning. The primary value adhered to in science is seen as a search for truth resulting in a 'scientific approach'. The differences between conventional wisdom and science are presented. Professional work is seen as a human endeavour characterized by specialized knowledge, high standards of conduct and a search for autonomy of the professions themselves. This is seen to go hand in hand with commitment to their work and a highly developed sense of responsibility displayed by professional people. Organizations are seen as organisms which function in an imperfect manner. The negative effects of this on the people in the organization are noted. A fundamental conflict is seen to emerge between the between system of the professional employee and the demands made by organizations employing professional people. Thoughts are expressed on how this conflict can best be handled. Conflicting empirical findings on the subject are presented and discussed. Some possible explanations for the diversity of findings in this field are offered.Die posisie van die professionele werknemer vis-a-vis die organisasie waar hy of sy in diens is, word ondersoek. Die waardes waaraan in die wetenskaplike werk gehou word en die eienskappe van professionele werk word gekontrasteer met die eienskappe van organisatoriese funksionering. Die primere waarde wat in wetenskapsbeoefening nagestrewe word, word gesien as 'n soeke na die waarheid, wat dan lei tot 'n 'wetenskaplike benadering'. Die verskille tussen algemene kennis en wetenskap word gestel. Professionele werk word gesien as 'n menslike aktiwiteit gekenmerk deur gespesialiseerde kennis, hoe gedragstandaarde en soeke na outonomie. Dit gaan gepaard met werkstoewyding en 'n hoe gevoel van verantwoordelikheid wat deur professionele mense openbaar word. Organisasies word gesien as organismes wat onvolmaak funksioneer. Die negatiewe effekte hiervan op die mense in die organisasie word gestel. 'n Fundamentele konflik word gesien tussen die waardestelsel van die professionele werknemers en die eise wat deur werkgewers aan hulle gestel word. Gedagtes word uitgespreek oor hoe die konflik ten beste hanteer kan word. Botsende empiriese bevindings oor die onderwerp word gestel en bespreek en moontlike verklarings vir die diversiteit van bevindings word aangebied.
Groei- en oorlewingstrategie vir boerderyondernemings
Authors: Louw André
Published: January 2020

Growth and survival strategies for farming enterprises. The cost-push inflation situation during recent years has forced the farmer to consider the survival objective to be as important as the growth objective. These objectives are related. Any farming enterprise should endeavour to increase its survival capacity. Both an increase in the ability to survive and improved profitability are therefore necessary. Strategic planning gives guidelines to management. Strategic financial decision making is equally important. The financial components that have a substantial influence on the continued existence of the firm are its profitability, amount of non-equity capital used, the cost of that capital as well as tax rate and consumption propensity. The financial risks attached to higher non-equity capital and the resultant fixed obligations can cause liquidity problems, which are aggravated by the present inflation situation. Possible growth strategies considered are borrowing fixed capital and buying working capital with credit; investing assets that appreciate in value and attracting outside equity. cash management and planning are important aspects. Strategies during periods when agriculture experiences financial difficulties concentrate on cost and cash control as well as on higher productivity.Kostedrukinflasietoestande van die afgelope jare het die boerdery-ondernemer gedwing om die oorlewingsdoelwit gelyk aan die groeidoelwit te stel. Hierdie doelwitte hou egter verband met mekaar. Boerdery-ondernemings moet daarna streef om oorlewingskapasiteit te verbeter, dus is 'n toename in die vermoe om te oorlewe, sowel as 'n verbetering in rentabiliteit nodig. Strategiese beplanning gee riglyne aan die bestuur. Ook is strategiese finansiele besluitneming belangrik. Finansiele komponente wat invloed op die onderneming se voortbestaan het, is winsgewendheid, hoeveelheid vreemde kapitaal gebruik, kapitaalkoste, belastingkoerse en verbruikersgeneigdheid. Die finansiele risiko wat met verhoogde vreemde kapitaal en dus vaste verpligtinge gepaard gaan, kan likiditeitsprobleme skep wat deur die huidige inflasiesituasie vererger word. Groeistrategiee wat oorweeg word is die huur van vaste kapitaal, verkryging van vlottende kapitaal deur middel van krediet, belegging in waarde-appresierende bates sowel as die aantrekking van eie kapitaal van buite. Kontantbestuur en -beplanning is belangrike aspekte. Strategiee wat tydens finansiele drukperiodes in die landbou gevolg kan word, konsentreer op koste- en kontantkontrole en hoer produktiwiteit.
Glacier changes monitoring in Bhutan High Himalaya using remote sensing technology
Authors: Kumar Mithun , Fadhil Al-Quraishi Ayad M. , Mondal Ismail
Published: January 2020

The primary objectives of this study are to identify glacier cover, detect changes of glacier from 1978 to 2017 in Bhutan, and identification of vulnerable zone based on glacier changes. Landsat images and remote sensing (RS) techniques, Maximum Likelihood Classification approach of Supervised Learning of image processing has been utilized to detect and monitor the glacier cover changes of Bhutan over the years (1978-2017). The study results revealed that total area of the glacier changes in 1978 and 2017 has decreased by 2.54%. Most of the glacier zones are found in the northern part of the country, basically near the Greater Himalayan Mountain Range. Gasa, Bamthung and Lhuentse districts of Bhutan were found to have more glacier changes area than the other districts, that the areas experienced more changes of glacier cover over 40 years. Where more changes in the glacier are detected, the area should be more vulnerable in terms of both landslide, unreliability in growing useful land covers and Glacier Lakes Outburst Floods (GLOFS) in downstream area.
Instructional Practices of Part-Time Faculty at Two-Year Institutions: Observations and Implications
Authors: Alshehri Yahya Mohammad
Published: January 2020

This paper attempts to shed more light on the teaching practices of part-time faculty members and their impacts on community college students. It has been found that part-time faculty members employ traditional teaching practices compared to full-time faculty members. These teaching practices have, to varying degrees, negative effects on community college students. It has also been found that some of the compelling factors that hinder part-time faculty from utilizing effective teaching practices are institutional and departmental policies and practices. This paper identifies some gaps in the literature and calls future studies. It delineates a couple of recommendations aiming at improving the teaching practices of part-time faculty as well as their working condition.
Relation among ecological affect, concern and knowledge and purchase behavior: a study regarding Mexican Consumers.
Authors: Larios-Gómez Emigdio
Published: January 2020

Objective: The objective of the research was to analyze sustainability and social development, in the search to determine the relationship between the constructs: Ecological Affect (EA), Ecological Concern (EC) and Ecological Knowledge (EK); And green purchasing behavior (GPB) in consumers.Method: It was a quantitative descriptive study in a sample of 1,550 (valid 96%) consumers chosen according to the criterion of convenience (men and women between 21 and 55 years), in Mexico. With the using the Likert scale. Regarding the measurement of dependent and independent variables, he used the various subscales that make up the revised scale of attitudes and environmental knowledge (EAKS).Originality / Relevance: The studies on ecological behavior in Mexico is relatively new, there are few works related to the purchase of environmental products from the perspective of ecological purchasing behavior.Results: The consumer in Mexico presents a positive attitude toward the purchase of organic products and is even willing to stop buying those companies that pollute. The stakeholders (Society, Government, Company and universities) stimulate consumption in those individuals who are really committed to the environment, being aware of the economic change, for a change of health.Theoretical / methodological contributions: This work contributes to the literature of organic consumption behavior in Mexico, little explored until now.Social contributions / for a gesture: A new approach is given to the Maloney Scale, from a sustainable marketing perspective.
THEORETICAL BASICS OF CITY LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT
Authors: Belof Aleksandra
Published: January 2020

Nowadays, in cities around the world changes are made to adapt the urban infrastructure to the needs of modern society. The functioning of the city’s logistics management system is determined by the logistics processes taking place in its area. This article discusses the concepts of city logistics management and urban logistics. Logistic streams flowing through cities as well as definitions, goals and tasks of urban logistics have been described.
STARTUP MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN BUSINESS PRACTICE – THE EMPIRICAL RESEARCH
Authors: Brendzel-Skowera Katarzyna
Published: January 2020

The achievements of strategic management related to building and implementing the development strategy are very rich and varied. However, the question arises about the possibility of application of these concepts while building startup strategies. In the paper, an attempt has been made to establish whether startups craft development strategies and, if so, how? The research was carried out using the modern strategic management model on a group of companies operating in the market for the period of time ranging from three months to 3.5 years. As indicated by the results, development strategies are built intuitively, their form is not formalized and they relate to short time horizons. The skills associated with the efficiency of enterprise management obtained the highest rating. For the development of startups, the skills of combining visionary with operational management of the leader are crucial. The value added of the paper is an attempt to create the areas of building startup management strategies, which is favorable for their high performance.
CRITICISM OF THE INTERGENERATIONAL DIVERSITY CONCEPT. TOWARDS DIVERSITY OF EMPLOYEES DUE TO AGE
Authors: Waligóra Łucja , Austen Agata
Published: January 2020

The diversity of employees in organizations has always aroused the interest of employers and specialists in human resource management. Interest in generational diversity has been gradually increasing since the turn of the 21st century. While many researchers support the concept of generation diversity, an increasing number of scientists question the validity of the idea that employees differ not only in age, but above all in values, approach to work or attitude to employer loyalty, have different motivational needs, and other competences. This article discusses the differences between individual, often appearing concepts: generation and cohort, intergenerational and multi-generational. Methodological challenges were also poin¬ted out when trying to thoroughly examine the differences between employees from different generations and between older and younger employees. The article also aims to verify the differences between generational diversity and employee diversity based on age. In addition, the article indicates the observation that the theoretical basis on the issue of generations, as well as previous empirical research, raise a lot of controversy and point to many substantive and research gaps, in contrast to the concept of employee diversity due to age.
Latvian experience in conservative management of abnormally invasive placenta: two case reports
Authors: Bokučava Diana , Vītiņa Sandra , Jansone Maira , Tirāne Mara , Krastiņa Zane , Prostaka Kristine , Vedmedovska Natalija
Published: January 2020

Background. Abnormally invasive placentation (AIP) is a clinical term that describes situation when placenta does not separate spontaneously after delivery and its manual removal causes excessive bleeding (1). Historically, the treatment of choice for this condition is hysterectomy. Lately, the new treatment option, conservative management of the AIP, has proven itself an effective alternative to hysterectomy in carefully selected patients (2). However, the use of conservative AIP management is limited in many countries, the reasoning being the lack of doctors’ experience in this procedure and concerns regarding a high postpartum infection rate. Case reports. We present the first two cases of conservative management of AIP in Latvia. Most of prenatally diagnosed AIP cases country-wide are referred to the Paul Stradinš University Hospital, which is a tertiary referral hospital. The annual rate of AIP in the hospital varies from five to ten cases. Two pregnant women were diagnosed with AIP prenatally, both of them refused hysterectomy and therefore went for the conservative management of AIP. During Caesarean section operation, placentas were left in situ after delivery of the baby. During the follow-up period of 12 and 14 weeks, both women developed infection complications, but complete placental tissue resolution was diagnosed in the end. Conclusion. These two cases demonstrate that conservative management of AIP can be safely applied in small countries/areas with small AIP rate and management experience.
On Application of Matlab on Efficient Portfolio Management for a Pension Plan in the Presence of Uneven Distributions of Accumulated Wealth
Authors: Emmanuela C. M. Obasi, , Edikan E. Akpanibah,
Published: January 2020

In this paper, we solved the problem encountered by a pension plan member whose portfolio is made up of one risk free asset and three risky assets for the optimal investment plan with return clause and uneven distributions of the remaining accumulated wealth. Using mean variance utility function as our objective function, we formulate our problem as a continuous-time mean–variance stochastic optimal control problem. Next, we used the variational inequalities methods to transform our problem into Markovian time inconsistent stochastic control, to determine the optimal investment plan and the efficient frontier of the plan member. Using mat lab software, we obtain numerical simulations of the optimal investment plan with respect to time and compare our results with an existing result.
Assessment of Tree Species for Fuelwood Consumption in Northern Guinea Savannah Eco-region: A Case Study of Selected Local Government Areas of Katsina State, Nigeria
Authors: I. Sodimu A. , B. Usman M. , Olorukooba M. M.
Published: January 2020

Evaluation of preferred tree species for fuelwood consumption in selected local overnment area of Katsina State was studied. Random sampling techniques was used to administer thirty (30) questionnaire in each of the four (4) selected local government areas to make a total of one hundred and twenty (120) questionnaires. One hundred (100) were retrieved. The result revealed that Isoberlinia doka was the most preferred (24%) tree species for fuel consumption because of its high fire retaining capacity, low smoke and  low moisture holding capacity while Cassia species and Odina barteri were the least (3% each). The major (70%) source of fuel wood supply to the market was from the forest. Funtua local government consumed more Fuelwood/head/year (64.06t/person/year) than all the other selected local government areas, while Sabuwa had the least (38.64 t/person/year). Fuelwood was the major (33%) energy source while gas (2%) was the least. Socio economic characteristics of the respondents were also examined. The percentage of male was 68%, while that of their female counterpart was 32%. Majority (50%) are married with many (35%) having 7-8 house hold size. 37% of the respondents had primary education while 26% had no formal education and majority (42%) were farmers. However, it is recommended that there is need for artificial regeneration of tree species exploited in form of woodlots, community forest plantation for continuous supply of wood on a sustainable bases and also other alternative sources of energy such as kerosene stove, gas cooker, solar etc should be encouraged and subsidized to the general populace to reduce the pressure on forest reserve.
Evaluation of the Antioxidant Activity of Stalk and Fruit of Solanum aethiopicum L. (Solanaceae)
Authors: Diatta Kady , Diatta William , Dior Fall Alioune , Mbacké Dieng Serigne Ibra , Ibrahima Mbaye Amadou , Sarr Abdou , Adjoke Adegbindin Mourchidath
Published: January 2020

Background: The use of plants for healing dates back to very remote times. Nowadays with the accession of new diseases plants are increasingly used for the formulation of new drugs able to overcome the many diseases (cancer, atherosclerosis) often caused by the disorder of the system prooxidant/antioxidant.

Aim/Objective: On the strength of this observation, the research of an antioxidant plant is essential, hence the aim of this study, which is to determine the antioxidant activity of the stalk and the fruit of Solanum aethiopicum L.

Methods: The fruits and stalk were washed, cut into fine slats, then dried in the incubator for three days and finally crushed into powder. An extraction by decoction with ethanol (stalks and fruits) and water (fruit) was subsequently carried out to obtain three extracts (ethanol and water). Antioxidant activity was evaluated through the FRAP method, and the trapping of radical DPPH.

Results: For the FRAP method, at the highest concentration (1 mg/ml) the aqueous extract of the fruit (74.84±2.97%) has a higher reducing power compared to those of the ethanolic extracts of the fruit (70.15 ± 5.72%) and the stalk (49.85 ± 2.11%). These reducing powers, although significant, remain lower than those of tannic acid (89.95±0.007%). And finally, for the DPPH method, the aqueous extract of the fruit is more effective in reducing free radical DPPH with a IC50= 162±33 µg/ml, follow up by ethanol extract from the stalk (IC50= 360± 90 µg/ml) and finally ethanol extract from the fruit (IC50= 362.5± 23.5 µg/ml). These results confirm the in vitro antioxidant activity of the studied parts of Solanum aethiopicum.

Conclusion: Prospective studies could focus on acute and subacute toxicities and the determination of the molecules responsible for the activity.