bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Financing strategies for a capital‐constrained manufacturer in a dual‐channel supply chain
Authors: Li Guo , Wu Huamin , Xiao Shuang
Published: March 2019

This study investigates a co‐opetition‐type dual‐channel supply chain that consists of a competitive supplier (CS) and a capital‐constrained manufacturer (CCM). The CCM procures key components from and simultaneously competes with the CS in the consumer market. To address the CCM's capital constraint, we consider three financing strategies, namely, trade credit, bank loan, and hybrid financing (i.e., combined use of bank loan and equity financing). Game models are established to characterize the interactions between the CS and CCM. The corresponding equilibria are derived under each strategy. Then, comparative analyses are conducted, and the CS's and CCM's preference structures regarding the three strategies are revealed. On this basis, the equilibrium strategy can be concluded as either trade credit or hybrid financing, but never bank loan. Specifically, when the equity financing ratio is small or large, trade credit is an equilibrium strategy. When the equity financing ratio is medium, the equilibrium strategy between trade credit and hybrid financing is determined by consumers’ product preference and loan interest rate.
Inhibition of circular RNA CDR1as increases chemosensitivity of 5‐FU‐resistant BC cells through up‐regulating miR‐7
Authors: Yang Wei , Gu Juan , Wang Xuedong , Wang Yueping , Feng Mei , Zhou Daoping , Guo Jianmin , Zhou Ming
Published: March 2019

This study aims to explore the mechanism of Circular RNA CDR1as implicating in regulating 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) chemosensitivity in breast cancer (BC) by competitively inhibiting miR‐7 to regulate CCNE1. Expressions of CDR1as and miR‐7 in 5‐FU‐resistant BC cells were determined by RT‐PCR. CCK‐8, colony formation assay and flow cytometry were applied to measure half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), 5‐Fu chemosensitivity and cell apoptosis. Western blot was used to detect the expressions of apoptosis‐related factors. CDR1as was elevated while miR‐7 was inhibited in 5‐FU‐resistant BC cells. Cells transfected with si‐CDR1as or miR‐7 mimic had decreased IC50 and colony formation rate, increased expressions of Bax/Bcl2 and cleaved‐Caspase‐3/Caspase‐3, indicating inhibition of CDR1as and overexpression of miR‐7 enhances the chemosensitity of 5‐FU‐resistant BC cells. Targetscan software indicates a binding site of CDR1as and miR‐7 and that CCNE1 is a target gene of miR‐7. miR‐7 can gather CDR1as in BC cells and can inhibit CCNE1. In comparison to si‐CDR1as group, CCNE1 was increased and chemosensitivity to 5‐Fu was suppressed in si‐CDR1as + miR‐7 inhibitor group. When compared with miR‐7 mimic group, CDR1as + miR‐7 mimic group had increased CCNE1 and decreased chemosensitivity to 5‐Fu. Nude mouse model of BC demonstrated that the growth of xenotransplanted tumour in si‐CDR1as + miR‐7 inhibitor group was faster than that in si‐CDR1as group. The tumour growth in CDR1as + miR‐7 mimic group was faster than that in miR‐7 mimic group. CDR1as may regulate chemosensitivity of 5‐FU‐resistant BC cells by inhibiting miR‐7 to regulate CCNE1.
Implementation of the new classification of periodontal diseases: Decision‐making algorithms for clinical practice and education
Authors: Tonetti Maurizio S. , Sanz Mariano
Published: March 2019

Background

Implementation of the new classification of periodontal diseases requires careful navigation of the new case definitions and organization of the diagnostic process along rationale and easily applicable algorithms. The aim of this report was to describe the rationale for one such approach designed for clinical practice and education.

Methods

The authors developed empiric decision‐making algorithms based on the new classification to effectively discriminate between the key periodontal diagnoses of periodontal health, gingivitis and periodontitis.

Results

A stepwise approach is proposed that includes (a) a sensitive screening step able to discriminate periodontal health, gingivitis and suspect periodontitis; (b) a specific confirmation step to provide differential diagnosis between periodontitis and the other conditions characterized by attachment loss; (c) a step to assess the severity and complexity of management of the periodontitis case (staging); and (d) a step to assess the risk profile of the case (grading). Specific decision‐making algorithms are described for all steps of the diagnostic process.

Conclusions

The proposed process allows discrimination between the different case definitions of periodontal health and disease. The diagnostic accuracy and cost‐effectiveness of the process need to be validated in prospective trials generalizable to operators with different level of expertise, different populations and clinical settings.
Contact sensitization to hair colours in acquired dermal macular hyperpigmentation: results from a patch and photo‐patch test study of 108 patients
Authors: Bishnoi A. , Vinay K. , Arshdeep  , Parsad D. , Handa S. , Saikia U.N. , Sendhil Kumaran M.
Published: March 2019

Background

Acquired dermal macular hyperpigmentation (ADMH) is an umbrella term including lichen planus pigmentosus, erythema dyschromicum perstans and pigmented contact/cosmetic dermatitis.

Objective

To establish contact sensitization to hair colours as an aetiological factor for ADMH.

Methods

Detailed clinical examination, skin biopsies, and patch and photo‐patch testing with Indian standard series and patient's own cosmetic products were performed.

Results

Thirty‐nine (36.1%) patients were found to demonstrate a positive patch/photo‐patch test with 35/39 reacting to their own products (all were hair colours) and 16/39 reacting to antigens from commercial series (commonly paraphenylenediamine). Fourteen patients developed delayed hyperpigmentation on positive patch‐test sites at 1 month.

Higher mean age, symptomatic pigmentation (pruritus, burning and photosensitivity), hair margins involvement (outer surface, helix and lobule of ear; temples and preauricular area), ill‐defined lesions, epidermal atrophy and epidermal melanization extending >3 layers were significantly common in patch‐test‐positive patients. Well‐defined lesions, perioral involvement and associated lichen planus were clinical pointers towards patch‐test negativity.

Conclusion

Index study exemplifies that patch‐test results have distinct clinical and histopathological correlates in ADMH. Hair dye contact sensitization appears to be an important aetiological factor in about one‐third patients presenting with ADMH.
The Evolution of Balanced and Restorative Justice
Authors: Pavelka Sandra , Thomas Douglas
Published: March 2019

Maloney, Armstrong, and Romig presented a portrait of “Joey,” who was the exemplar of what was wrong with the juvenile justice system, in 1988 when they published The Balanced Approach in this Journal. In response, they reimagined a juvenile justice system predicated on balancing three fundamental goals—protection of community, accountability to victims, and development of competencies to prepare juvenile court‐involved youth for productive roles in their communities. The authors examine the evolution of balanced and restorative justice and re‐imagine how Joey's life may have been different at critical junctures of his juvenile court involvement.
Fall Ascertainment and Development of a Risk Prediction Model Using Electronic Medical Records
Authors: Oshiro Caryn E. S. , Frankland Timothy B. , Rosales A. Gabriela , Perrin Nancy A. , Bell Christina L. , Lo Serena H. Y. , Trinacty Connie M.
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES

To examine the use of electronic medical record (EMR) data to ascertain falls and develop a fall risk prediction model in an older population.

DESIGN

Retrospective longitudinal study using 10 years of EMR data (2004‐2014). A series of 3‐year cohorts included members continuously enrolled for a minimum of 3 years, requiring 2 years pre‐fall (no previous record of a fall) and a 1‐year fall risk period.

SETTING

Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, an ambulatory setting.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 57 678 adults, age 60 years and older.

MEASUREMENTS

Initial EMR searches were guided by current literature and geriatricians to understand coding sources of falls as our outcome. Falls were captured by two coding sources:International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision(ICD‐9) codes (E880‐889) and/or a fall listed as a “primary reason for visit.” A comprehensive list of EMR predictors of falls were included into prediction models enabling statistical subset selection from many variables and modeling by logistic regression.

RESULTS

Although 72% of falls in the training data set were coded as “primary reason for visit,” 22% of falls were coded as ICD‐9 and 6% coded as both. About 80% were reported in face‐to‐face encounters (eg, emergency department). A total of 2164 individuals had a fall in the risk period. Using the 13 key predictors (age, comorbidities, female sex, other mental disorder, walking issues, Parkinson's disease, urinary incontinence, depression, polypharmacy, psychotropic and anticonvulsant medications, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis) identified through LASSO regression, the final model had a sensitivity of 67%, specificity of 69%, positive predictive value of 8%, negative predictive value of 98%, and area under the curve of .74.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated how the EMR can be used to ascertain falls and develop a fall risk prediction model with moderate sensitivity/specificity. Concurrent work with clinical providers to enhance fall documentation will improve the ability of the EMR to capture falls and consequently may improve the model to predict fall risk.
Ingestion of Steamed and Dehydrated Placenta Capsules Does Not Affect Postpartum Plasma Prolactin Levels or Neonatal Weight Gain: Results from a Randomized, Double‐Bind, Placebo‐Controlled Pilot Study
Authors: Young Sharon M. , Gryder Laura K. , Cross Chad L. , Zava David , Norris Wendy , Benyshek Daniel C.
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Clinical studies conducted in the early to mid‐twentieth century, and recent self‐reports by some maternal placentophagy practitioners, suggest that human maternal placentophagy improves breast milk quality and quantity, although little research has evaluated this claim. Some placentophagy providers and advocates suggest that increased prolactin levels after placenta ingestion could account for the purported lactation benefits. The current study was conducted to evaluate these claims by comparing plasma prolactin levels of women consuming steamed, dehydrated, and encapsulated placenta with those of women consuming a placebo. Neonatal weight gain was also compared between the 2 groups.

Methods

A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled pilot trial was conducted in which postpartum women (N = 27) were given a supplement containing their dehydrated placenta (n = 12) or placebo (n = 15). Plasma prolactin concentrations were measured 4 times across late pregnancy and early postpartum, and neonatal weights were recorded 3 times over the first 3 weeks postpartum.

Results

The results showed no statistically significant (P < .05) differences in either plasma prolactin levels or neonatal weight gain between groups.

Discussion

Maternal consumption of steamed, dehydrated, and encapsulated placenta postpartum does not appear to affect maternal postpartum prolactin or neonatal weight in the first 3 weeks postpartum. Further research is needed to investigate the possible effects of variation in placenta preparation methods or daily intake on human lactation.
Oestradiol acts through its beta receptor to increase vasopressin neuronal activation and secretion induced by dehydration
Authors: Vilhena‐Franco Tatiane , Mecawi André Souza , Almeida‐Pereira Gislaine , Lucio‐Oliveira Fabiana , Elias Lucila Leico Kagohara , Antunes‐Rodrigues José
Published: March 2019

Vasopressinergic neurones of the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei express oestrogen receptor (ER)β and receive afferent projections from osmosensitive neurones that express ERα. However, which subtype of these receptors mediates the effects of oestradiol on vasopressin (AVP) secretion induced by hydromineral challenge has not yet been demonstrated in vivo. Moreover, AVP secretion induced by hyperosmolality is known to involve activation of TRPV1 (transient receptor potential vanilloid, member 1) in magnocellular neurones, although whether oestradiol modulates expression of this receptor is unknown. Thus, the present study aimed to clarify the mechanisms involved in the modulation exerted by oestradiol on AVP secretion, specifically investigating the involvement of ERβ, ERα and TRPV1 receptors in response to water deprivation (WD). We observed that treatment with an ERβ agonist potentiated AVP secretion and vasopressinergic neuronal activation induced by WD. This increase in AVP secretion induced by WD was reversed by an ERβ antagonist. By contrast to ERβ, the ERα agonist did not alter plasma AVP concentrations or activation of AVP neurones in the SON and PVN. Additionally, Fos expression in the subfornical organ was not altered by the ERα agonist. TRPV1 mRNA expression was increased by WD in the SON, although this response was not altered by any treatment. The results of the present study suggest that ERβ mediates the effects of oestradiol on AVP secretion in response to WD, indicating that the effects of oestradiol occur directly in AVP neurones without affecting TRPV1.
The dermoscopic features of facial aging among Egyptians: A comparative study between males and females
Authors: El‐Sayed Mahira H. , Saleh Hanan M. , El Zawahry Khaled Mohamed A. , Mostafa Azza E.
Published: March 2019

Background

Few studies have evaluated facial photoaging by dermoscopy. Only one study has been performed among Egyptians.

Objective

To study and compare the dermoscopic features of facial aging in males and females and to relate these features to clinical criteria.

Methods

This study included 217 subjects divided into two groups; 117 males and 100 females. Each group was classified into three subgroups according to age. The dermoscopic features were reported according to dermoscopy photoaging scale (DPAS) criteria besides diffuse erythema and seborrheic keratosis and were related to significant clinical factors.

Results

The most prominent DPAS features in males were yellowish discoloration, hypo‐hyperpigmented macules, superficial wrinkles, criss‐cross wrinkles, and deep wrinkles. The most prominent DPAS findings in females were yellow papules, hypo‐hyperpigmented macules, solar lentigo, and superficial wrinkles. A significant difference between males and females was detected regarding yellowish discoloration, white lines, hypo‐hyperpigmented macules, senile comedones, telangiectasia, all wrinkle types, and DPAS score besides diffuse erythema and seborrheic keratosis. The DPAS score and the dermoscopic features were more prominent with male gender, increase in age, sun exposure, Glogau's scale, and smoking and were detected early in skin phototypes II and III.

Conclusion

We found a significant difference in various dermoscopic features in males compared to age‐matched females. Also, we detected increase in DPAS features and score with male gender, aging, sun exposure, Glogau's scale, and smoking. Therefore, dermoscopy is an objective technique that detects selectively photoaging in males and females that aids in proper choice of various targeted treatment modalities.
Treatments and rehabilitation in the acute and chronic state of traumatic brain injury
Authors: Marklund N. , Bellander B.‐M. , Godbolt A. K. , Levin H. , McCrory P. , Thelin E. P.
Published: March 2019

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of acquired disability globally, and effective treatment methods are scarce. Lately, there has been increasing recognition of the devastating impact ofTBIresulting from sports and other recreational activities, ranging from primarily sport‐related concussions (SRC) but also more severe brain injuries requiring hospitalization. There are currently no established treatments for the underlying pathophysiology inTBIand while neuro‐rehabilitation efforts are promising, there are currently is a lack of consensus regarding rehabilitation followingTBIof any severity. In this narrative review, we highlight short‐ and long‐term consequences ofSRCs, and how the sideline management of these patients should be performed. We also cover the basic concepts of neuro‐critical care management for more severely brain‐injured patients with a focus on brain oedema and the necessity of improving intracranial conditions in terms of substrate delivery in order to facilitate recovery and improve outcome. Further, following the acute phase, promising new approaches to rehabilitation are covered for both patients with severeTBIand athletes suffering fromSRC. These highlight the need for co‐ordinated interdisciplinary rehabilitation, with a special focus on cognition, in order to promote recovery afterTBI.
Anti‐fracture efficacy of zoledronate in subgroups of osteopenic postmenopausal women: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Reid I. R. , Horne A. M. , Mihov B. , Stewart A. , Garratt E. , Wiessing K. R. , Bolland M. J. , Bastin S. , Gamble G. D.
Published: March 2019

Background

We recently reported that the administration of zoledronate every 18 months to osteopenic older women reduces the incidence of fractures.

Objective

Here, we present a more detailed analysis of that trial to determine whether baseline clinical characteristics impact on the anti‐fracture efficacy of this intervention.

Methods

This is a prospective, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial in osteopenic postmenopausal women aged ≥ 65 years, to determine the anti‐fracture efficacy of zoledronate. 2000 women were recruited using electoral rolls and randomized to receive 4 infusions of either zoledronate 5 mg or normal saline, at 18‐month intervals. Each participant was followed for 6 years. Calcium supplements were not supplied.

Results

Fragility fractures (either vertebral or nonvertebral) occurred in 190 women in the placebo group (227 fractures) and in 122 women in the zoledronate group (131 fractures), odds ratio (OR) 0.59 (95%CI 0.46, 0.76; P < 0.0001). There were no significant interactions between baseline variables (age, anthropometry, BMI, dietary calcium intake, baseline fracture status, recent falls history, bone mineral density, calculated fracture risk) and the treatment effect. In particular, the reduction in fractures appeared to be independent of baseline fracture risk, and numbers needed to treat (NNT) to prevent one woman fracturing were not significantly different across baseline fracture risk tertiles.

Conclusions

The present analyses indicate that the decrease in fracture numbers is broadly consistent across this cohort. The lack of relationship between NNTs and baseline fracture risk calls into question the need for BMD measurement and precise fracture risk assessment before initiating treatment in older postmenopausal women.
Utilization of Mental Health Services in Educational Setting by Adolescents in the United States
Authors: Ali Mir M. , West Kristina , Teich Judith L. , Lynch Sean , Mutter Ryan , Dubenitz Joel
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

Schools play an important role as providers of mental health services for adolescents; however, information on the broader picture of utilization of mental health services in educational versus other settings is limited because of the lack of national‐level data.

METHODS

Using multinomial logistic regression models based on national‐level data from the 2012–2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, we explore the characteristics of adolescents who received mental health treatment in educational and other settings. In addition, the study examines the reasons for seeking services in various treatment settings.

RESULTS

The analysis finds that while the majority of adolescents who access mental health services receive care at noneducational settings, slightly more than one‐third of them received services only in an educational setting. Adolescents who had public insurance, were from low‐income households, and were from racial/ethnic minority groups were more likely to access services in an educational setting only. Common reasons for accessing services in educational settings included problems with schools, friends, and family members.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite increased access to treatment in outpatient settings in the last decade, schools play an important role in providing access to mental health services for disadvantaged populations.
Prediction of renal allograft chronic rejection using a model based on contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography
Authors: Yang Cheng , Wu Shengdi , Yang Ping , Shang Guoguo , Qi Ruochen , Xu Ming , Rong Ruiming , Zhu Tongyu , He Wanyuan
Published: March 2019

Objective

To evaluate the application of contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) for the diagnosis of renal allograft chronic rejection (CR).

Methods

A total of 104 patients who were suspected to have AR or CR were enrolled in this study (derivation group, n = 66; validation group, n = 38). Before biopsy, all patients received an ultrasound examination.

Results

In the CR group, rising time (RT) and time to peak (TTP) of medulla (RTm and TTPm, respectively) were significantly longer compared to those in the AR group. The kidney volume was significantly decreased in the CR group but was increased in the AR group. In the derivation group, age, change in kidney volume, and TTPm were identified as independent predictors by multivariate analysis. Based on the multivariate analysis results and area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUROCs) of individual markers, we constructed a new index as follows: P = −5.424 + 0.074 × age −9.818 × kidney volume change + 0.115 × TTPm; New Index = eP/(1 + eP). The new index discriminates CR from AR and had better AUROCs than any other parameters.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the new index provides a new diagnosis model for CR.
Salivary DNase II from Laodelphax striatellus acts as an effector that suppresses plant defence
Authors: Huang Hai‐Jian , Cui Jia‐Rong , Xia Xue , Chen Jie , Ye Yu‐Xuan , Zhang Chuan‐Xi , Hong Xiao‐Yue
Published: March 2019

Extracellular DNA, released by damaged plant cells, acts as a damage‐associated molecular pattern (DAMP). We demonstrated previously that the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus, SBPH) secreted DNase II when feeding on artificial diets. However, the function of DNase II in insect feeding remained elusive.

The influences of DNase II on SBPHs and rice plants were investigated by suppressing expression of DNase II or by application of heterogeneously expressed DNase II.

We demonstrated that DNase II is mainly expressed in the salivary gland and is responsible for DNA‐degrading activity of saliva. Knocking down the expression of DNase II resulted in decreased performance of SBPH reared on rice plants. The dsDNase II‐treated SBPH did not influenced jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET) pathways, but elicited a higher level of H2O2 and callose accumulation. Application of heterogeneously expressed DNase II in DNase II‐deficient saliva slightly reduced the wound‐induced defence response.

We propose a DNase II‐based invading model for SBPH feeding on host plants, and provide a potential target for pest management.
Biocompatible Porous Tantalum Metal Plates in the Treatment of Tibial Fracture
Authors: Zhao De‐wei , Ma Zhi‐jie , Wang Tie‐nan , Liu Bao‐yi
Published: March 2019

Fractures of the tibia represent a common class of injuries in orthopedics. The blood supply to the tibia is poor due to the small subcutaneous muscle tissues inside. Consequently, the tibia is prone to delayed fracture healing and nonunion of the fracture after surgery. In this case, we used porous tantalum metal plate to treat nonunion of a tibial fracture and achieved satisfactory therapeutic effects. For the first time in the field, we used 3D printing technology to fabricate porous tantalum metal plates for the treatment of tibial fractures. The resulting porous tantalum metal exhibited excellent mechanical and biological properties, and improved the therapeutic effects for the treatment of a tibial fracture nonunion. Porous tantalum metal plates have great application potential as a new implant material for internal fixation.
Analyzing the Proposed Reconfiguration of Accident‐and‐Emergency Facilities in England
Authors: Jiang Houyuan , Sodhi ManMohan S.
Published: March 2019

The Keogh Report of 2013 proposed a major reconfiguration of the accident and emergency (A&E) system under National Health Service (NHS) England to improve service. The proposed reconfiguration includes centralized facilities with multiple specialties as well as small local minor‐injury facilities. We use stylized queuing models to analyze cost and service implications of the proposed reconfiguration. We find that increasing numbers of specialty patients that require admission to hospital makes splitting off specialty A&Es from general ones more attractive. The same applies for patients with minor injuries. Our work generally supports the reconfiguration recommended in the Keogh report but with some fine‐tuning: For instance, a merger of A&Es (pooling) does not always make sense even though it increases patient numbers when the patients in the two A&Es are of different types. We provide simple quantitative rules to indicate whether the proposed reconfiguration could lower costs in any particular region of the country. The results here are consistent with some NHS England providers attempting specialty A&Es for geriatric patients and mobile drunkenness treatment centers on weekends. Our rules and approach can be useful for identifying candidate reconfiguration opportunities not only for NHS England but also for any other context where pooling and arrival heterogeneity are important considerations.
A systematic literature review of the major factors causing yield gap by affecting growth, feed conversion ratio and survival in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Mengistu Samuel Bekele , Mulder Han A. , Benzie John A. H. , Komen Hans
Published: March 2019

Productivity among small‐ and medium‐scale tilapia farms varies considerably. The difference between the best performers and lower ones (yield gap), is affected by differences in growth rate and feed conversion ratio (FCR). FCR at the farm level is strongly influenced by survival of fish. In this study a systematic literature review of two databases (ASFA and CAB‐Abstracts) identified 1973 potentially relevant articles. Data from 32 articles that met the inclusion criteria were analysed using linear mixed models for the most important factors with significant contributions to growth [investigated through analysis of the thermal growth coefficient (TGC)], survival and FCR of Nile tilapia. Increasing crude protein (CP), dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH significantly decreased FCR and increased TGC. Increasing stocking weight (SW) significantly improved both FCR and survival. Temperature had the largest effect on FCR followed by DO, pH and CP. DO had the largest effect on TGC followed by CP and pH. This study confirms that the optimal rearing temperature for Nile tilapia is between 27 and 32°C. Improving management to optimize DO (> 5 mg/L), stocking density (3–5 fish/m2), SW (> 10 g) and CP (25 − 30%) will improve performance and survival in small‐ and medium‐scale tilapia farming. However, it is hard to influence temperature in ponds and cages while DO is largely influenced by aeration. Since many small‐ and medium‐sized farms do not have aeration, these major tilapia farming systems could benefit from genetically improved strains selected for resilience to highly fluctuating diurnal temperature and DO levels.
Do we realize the full impact of pollinator loss on other ecosystem services and the challenges for any restoration in terrestrial areas?
Authors: Christmann Stefanie
Published: March 2019

Pollinators are key agents for ecosystems and humankind concerning biodiversity, agriculture, climate change adaptation, and all other ecosystem services. Particularly in industrialized countries pollinator diversity is in decline. The bulk of research is on entomological or plant‐pollinator network related topics, but the broad range of impacts of pollinator loss on coupled human and natural systems is not yet studied. As 87% of all flowering plants depend on pollinators, they are basic for all ecosystem services to some extent. Therefore, pollinator loss might cause simultaneous degradation of ecosystem services inducing counterproductive human responses and interlinked poverty spirals. The interaction of climate change, a main risk factor for pollinators, and unadvised human responses to pollinator decline are rarely studied. Tipping points of pollinator loss are not yet identified. Can counterproductive human responses to pollinator deficiency upscale pollinator decline toward a pollinator‐loss syndrome in the course of climate change? The article argues for research on the impacts of pollinator loss on other ecosystem services, useful and counterproductive human strategies on pollinator‐loss induced degradation, and the integration of pollinator protection into all terrestrial restoration efforts.
Understanding the measurement properties of the incremental shuttle walk test in patients with severe asthma
Authors: Majd Sally , Hewitt Stacey M. , Apps Lindsay D. , Murphy Anna C. , Bradding Peter , Singh Sally J. , Green Ruth H. , Evans Rachael A.
Published: March 2019

Background and objective

We investigated the repeatability and validity of the incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT) distance compared to peak oxygen uptake (VO2pk) during maximal incremental cycle ergometer (ICE) and treadmill (ITM) tests in adults with severe asthma.

Methods

Adults with severe asthma, Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea ≥2, were recruited from specialists caring for patients with severe asthma. All participants performed three ISWT (familiarization and two subsequent tests on the same day), an ICE and an ITM in a randomized order, on separate days, to intolerance with expiratory gas analysis.

Results

A total of 50 patients (32 females, mean (SD), age: 54 (13) years, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1): 1.9 (0.8) L and body mass index (BMI): 32 (6) kg/m2) completed all five tests. The mean (SD) ISWT distance for each test was 400 (156), 418 (142) and 438 (157) m (P = 0.001), respectively. There was a strong correlation between the ISWT distance with VO2pk derived from ITM (r = 0.74, P < 0.001) and ICE (r = 0.75, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

There was a small increase in the mean ISWT distance on sequential testing. In clinical practice, the coefficient of repeatability and heteroscedasticity need to be considered when assessing whether a true change has occurred within an individual patient. The ISWT has validity compared to VO2pk on both ICE and ITM, but they are not interchangeable.
Why are people with asthma susceptible to pneumonia? A review of factors related to upper airway bacteria
Authors: Zaidi Seher R. , Blakey John D.
Published: March 2019

Asthma and pneumonia are common respiratory conditions globally, affecting individuals of all ages.Streptococcus pneumoniaeis the predominant bacterial cause of pneumonia, with nasopharyngeal carriage an important step towards invasive and pulmonary disease. Vaccines provide individual protection, and also prevent nasopharyngeal carriage, providing herd immunity. Asthma is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia, but there is limited information on the underlying mechanism of this predisposition. Both asthma and its treatment may conceivably alter propensity to, and density of, carriage through an altered epithelial microenvironment driven by disease‐related inflammation or treatment‐related immunomodulation, for example with inhaled corticosteroids. The relative importance of these factors could impact the efficacy of vaccines in this vulnerable patient population. In this review, we summarize the evidence for an increased risk of pneumonia in asthma, and discuss factors affecting nasopharyngeal carriage in the context of current guidelines for pneumococcal vaccination.
Predicting which children have asthma: Are we any closer to finding the Holy Grail?
Authors: Sly Peter D.
Published: March 2019

See related Article
Conditional Earnings Subsidies for Low Earners
Authors: Ooghe Erwin
Published: March 2019

In order to be eligible for in‐work tax credits, it is often not enough to have low earnings. In Ireland, New Zeand the United Kingdom, for example, for eligibility, it is also required that the number of hours worked is sufficiently high. Similarly, in Belgium and France, the hourly wage rate must be sufficiently low. In this paper, I provide a justification for such additional conditions. I analyze Pareto‐efficient redistribution from high to low ability individuals in a model where labor has several intensive margins. Besides labor hours, labor effort – a vector of unpleasant, but productive features of labor – is also an object of choice. Effort and ability determine the hourly wage rate. I find that conditional subsidies on earnings for low earners are optimal: the earnings of low earners should be subsidized at the margin, but only if they earn more by working more hours at a sufficiently low wage rate.
Species limits in butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae): reconciling classical taxonomy with the multispecies coalescent
Authors: Matos‐Maraví Pável , Wahlberg Niklas , Antonelli Alexandre , Penz Carla M.
Published: March 2019

Species delimitation is at the core of biological sciences. During the last decade, molecular‐based approaches have advanced the field by providing additional sources of evidence to classical, morphology‐based taxonomy. However, taxonomy has not yet fully embraced molecular species delimitation beyond threshold‐based, single‐gene approaches, and taxonomic knowledge is not commonly integrated into multilocus species delimitation models. Here we aim to bridge empirical data (taxonomic and genetic) with recently developed coalescent‐based species delimitation approaches. We use the multispecies coalescent model as implemented in two Bayesian methods (dissect/stacey and bp&p) to infer species hypotheses. In both cases, we account for phylogenetic uncertainty (by not using any guide tree) and taxonomic uncertainty (by measuring the impact of using a priori taxonomic assignments to specimens). We focus on an entire Neotropical tribe of butterflies, the Haeterini (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). We contrast divergent taxonomic opinion – splitting, lumping and misclassifying species – in the light of different phenotypic classifications proposed to date. Our results provide a solid background for the recognition of 22 species. The synergistic approach presented here overcomes limitations in both traditional taxonomy (e.g. by recognizing cryptic species) and molecular‐based methods (e.g. by recognizing structured populations, and not raising them to species). Our framework provides a step forward towards standardization and increasing reproducibility of species delimitations.
BCG scar, socioeconomic and nutritional status: a study of newborns in urban area of Makassar, Indonesia
Authors: Amaruddin Aldian Irma , Wahyuni Sitti , Hamid Firdaus , Chalid Maisuri T. , Yazdanbakhsh Maria , Sartono Erliyani
Published: March 2019

Objective

To investigate factors that determine the response to Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination in urban environments with respect to socioeconomic status (SES), prenatal exposure to infections or newborn's nutritional status.

Methods

The study was conducted in an urban area, in Makassar, Indonesia. At baseline, 100 mother and newborns pair from high and low SES communities were included. Intestinal protozoa, soil transmitted helminths, total IgE, anti‐Hepatitis A Virus IgG and anti‐Toxoplasma IgG were measured to determine exposure to infections. Information on gestational age, birth weight/height and delivery status were collected. Weight‐for‐length z‐score, a proxy for newborns adiposity, was calculated. Leptin and adiponectin from cord sera were also measured. At 10 months of age, BCG scar size was measured from 59 infants. Statistical modelling was performed using multiple linear regression.

Results

Both SES and birth nutritional status shape the response towards BCG vaccination at 10 months of age. Infants born to low SES families have smaller BCG scar size compared to infants born from high SES families and total IgE contributed to the reduced scar size. On the other hand, infants born with better nutritional status were found to have bigger BCG scar size but this association was abolished by leptin levels at birth.

Conclusion

This study provides new insights into the importance of SES and leptin levels at birth on the development of BCG scar in 10 months old infants.
Identification of circadian rhythms in Nannochloropsis species using bioluminescence reporter lines
Authors: Poliner Eric , Cummings Cameron , Newton Linsey , Farré Eva M.
Published: March 2019

Circadian clocks allow organisms to predict environmental changes caused by the rotation of the Earth. Although circadian rhythms are widespread among different taxa, the core components of circadian oscillators are not conserved and differ between bacteria, plants, animals and fungi. Stramenopiles are a large group of organisms in which circadian rhythms have been only poorly characterized and no clock components have been identified. We have investigated cell division and molecular rhythms in Nannochloropsis species. In the four strains tested, cell division occurred principally during the night period under diel conditions; however, these rhythms damped within 2–3 days after transfer to constant light. We developed firefly luciferase reporters for the long‐term monitoring of in vivo transcriptional rhythms in two Nannochlropsis species, Nannochloropsis oceanica CCMP1779 and Nannochloropsis salina CCMP537. The reporter lines express anticipatory behavior under light/dark cycles and free‐running bioluminescence rhythms with periods of ~21–31 h that damped within ~3–4 days under constant light. Using different entrainment regimes, we demonstrate that these rhythms are modulated by a circadian‐type oscillator. In addition, the phase of free‐running luminescence rhythms can be modulated pharmacologically using a CK1 ε/δ inhibitor, suggesting a role of this kinase in the Nannochloropsis clock. Together with the molecular and genomic tools available for Nannochloropsis species, these reporter lines represent an excellent system for future studies on the molecular mechanisms of stramenopile circadian oscillators.
CT findings in a dog with subacute myopathy and later fibrotic contracture of the infraspinatus muscle
Authors: Mikkelsen Marthe Aamodt , Ottesen Nina
Published: March 2019

A 5‐year‐old Norwegian elkhound was referred due to an acute onset of lameness and persistent shoulder pain over a period of 3 weeks. Computed tomography demonstrated an enlarged, hypoattenuating right infraspinatus muscle with peripheral contrast enhancement and a nonenhancing center, without concurrent lesions in superficial structures or bones. The right infraspinatus muscle showed progressive atrophy on consecutive CT studies. The dog developed clinical symptoms compatible with fibrotic infraspinatus contracture 2 months after the initial presentation, and was treated with infraspinatus tenotomy. Histopathological diagnoses based on intraoperative biopsy samples were fibrotic muscle atrophy and muscle hypertrophy with regeneration.
Prevalence of hepatitis E virus infection among people and swine in mainland China: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yue Na , Wang Qiang , Zheng Mengyun , Wang Donglei , Duan Chunxiao , Yu Xiaoge , Zhang Xuefeng , Bao Changjun , Jin Hui
Published: March 2019

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection remains an important public health problem, and it is endemic primarily in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of HEV among the general population, occupational population and swine in mainland China and its risk factors based on a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Systematic search from EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and several Chinese databases, such as Wanfang (WF) Data, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Science and Technology Periodical Database (VIP) and SINOMED, was searched from inception up to 25 April 2018. The overall seroprevalence of HEV and its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) as well as the correlation coefficients between different groups were estimated using stata 12.0 and r‐3.4.1 software. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored using subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Twenty‐eight studies with 57,274 participants (including human and swine) were included. The seroprevalence of anti‐HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG) among the general population, occupational population and swine was 27.3% (95% CI: 22.4–32.2), 47.4% (95% CI: 40.1–54.8) and 66.4% (95% CI: 61.7–71.1), respectively. The overall prevalence of IgM among the general population was 1.8% (95% CI: 0.7–2.9). The odds ratio for the occupational population, as compared to the general population, was 2.63. The highest anti‐HEV IgG prevalence (59%) was observed in East China, whereas the lowest (34.8%) was noted in Northeast and North China. In the occupational population, the highest prevalence (77.0%) was observed among swine vendors. Seven studies included 30,392 participants (humans and swine); the correlation coefficient for the prevalence of anti‐HEV IgG between the professional population and adult pigs was 0.88. Sensitivity analyses showed that the stability of results was not considered significant. This research found that HEV is common in China, and contact with pork or other pig products may be an important mode of HEV transmission.
Metaphorical Perception of Sports Management Students on “Women in Sport” Concept
Authors: Ozbey Selhan
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this study was to analyze the perceptions of sports management students in Turkey regarding “women in sport” through metaphorical images. The study group of the research was composed of undergraduate students of Sports Management Department in 2018-2019 academic year. There were fortyfour percent (44%) of these students were female and fiftysix percent (56%) of them were male, which indicated a total of 126 students. Phenomenology approach which is one of the qualitative research methods has been used. The students who participated in the study were selected on voluntary basis and with easily accessible sampling method. Participant opinions were analyzed by using content analysis method. The data of research was derived from  the structured forms which included the sentence “Women in sport is like ……., because…..”. Findings were showned that female students have produced 31 and male students have produced 52 valid metaphors related to the concept of women in sport. These metaphors were categorized under 6 distinct categories according to their common charecteristics. Female and male students` selecting metaphors was represented themes. According to findings, the theme of “women in sport as a leader” shows similarity in female and male students. In the theme of indivicual empoverment, female students used the concepts of sun, star, plane, female lion but male students stated that the metaphors of earth, gun, tank and warrior. The theme of universal values and contribution to social development in male students was explained as the reasons for selecting the metaphors of “indicator of civilization”, “scale of the nation”, “symbol of the equality”. In conclusion, women’s empoverment through sport was the key element in this study. Women stand to gain specific social benefits from participating in sport. Parents, institutions and government should support and encourage women in all stage of the sports.
The Effect of Unilateral and Bilateral Foot Dominance on Sprinting Speed of Young Athletes
Authors: Selçuk Muzaffer , Ziyagil Mehmet Akif , Şener Orhan
Published: March 2019

Purpose: Footedness as a predictor of brain hemispheric dominance cause performance differences in movement and sports performance. This study aimed to investigate the 30 m sprint speed difference between unilateral and bilateral foot dominance in 156 male and 37 female athletes.Material Method: It was assumed that all participants exerted maximum effort during 30 m sprint test in the entrance examination for schools of physical education and sports. The participants with right and left foot dominance were accepted as “unilateral footed” while participants kicking the ball with two foot were recognized as “bilateral footed”. For testing differences between two groups Mann Whitney U tests were used.Results: There was only significant difference in the second attempt of 30 meters sprints between unilateral and bilateral footed male participants. Bilateral footed males were 2.81% faster than unilateral footers. Sprint speed difference was 11.97% for first trial and 10.43% for second trial in between unilateral and bilateral footed female participants. However, this difference was statistically insignificant due to lower number of bilateral athletes in our study.Conclusion: Unilateral and bilateral foot dominance can be useful criteria in the selection of talented sprinters and in the planning and monitoring of training.
Human immunodeficiency virus testing and psychosocial outcomes: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Ngobi John B. , Pottie Kevin , Leonard Lynne , Tugwell Peter , Hoffman Steven J. , Welch Vivian
Published: March 2019

Objective:

The proposed scoping review will identify psychosocial outcomes immediately following human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing and their measurements, specifically among individuals with a new negative or positive test result.

Introduction:

No systematic study has described psychosocial outcomes and their measurements in persons immediately following HIV testing. Also, to our knowledge, there is no consensus on a core set of psychosocial outcomes and measurements following HIV diagnosis, which are essential for quality improvement.

Inclusion criteria:

All study designs will be considered. Participants with a new positive or negative HIV test result, regardless of sex or age, in any setting will be included. Any measured beneficial or harmful outcomes in the mental and social domains following a new diagnosis will be included. Psychosocial outcomes of participants undergoing treatment and care will be excluded.

Methods:

The databases Ovid MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO will be searched, and published articles in English from 2007 to the present date will be included. The methods for scoping reviews outlined by the Joanna Briggs Institute will be followed. Data will be extracted from included studies by two reviewers. Any disagreements between the two reviewers will be solved through discussion in a team of five members. To define the specific concepts or outcome (sub)-domains and their measurements, the models proposed by the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology initiative and the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials initiative, respectively, will be used. To analyze the data, this study will rely on a multi-level social-ecological model.