bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Net/work(ing) on Facebook
Authors: Spicer Robert N.
Published: May 2014

Reactions to new media vary from utopian pronouncements about their democratizing potential to fear about social deviance. The news media spend a great deal of time discussing new media, especially as they relate to young people. Again, sometimes these media are reported on as democratizing forces as when Time magazine declared “You” to be the person of the year (Grossman, 2006). Other times they are described as a source of social anxiety, for example, when NBC News (2011) reported on flash mobs as “swarms of mostly young people organized through social media, texting, tweeting, using Internet sites, and increasingly turning violent in cities across the country” (para. 4). However, social media are rarely discussed in terms of their capacities to tap into users' activities as forms of labor. This chapter contributes to the discussion of user generated content as labor (Cohen, 2008; Peterson, 2008; van Dijck, 2009) by examining the process of building and maintaining an audience in the form of a friends list while simultaneously being an audience member in others' friends lists. This labor is examined in this chapter through looking at the motivations individuals cite for using Facebook and how those users describe their feelings about their friends list qua audience or how users describe themselves as members of an audience.
Conducting Research in the Cloud
Authors: Arinze Bay , Sylla Cheickna
Published: May 2014

Web 2.0 research is a term for research that uses Web platforms and tools for collaboration, communication, and knowledge generation by researchers who may be geographically dispersed. The new tools allow additional forms of synergistic collaborations between ad-hoc groups of researchers, crowdsourcing of new ideas, and to represent innovative platforms for sharing knowledge more rapidly. In parallel with these new research developments, cloud computing has emerged as a new way to provision and use IT resources to all types of computer users. With cloud computing, computer services are accessed over the Internet in a scalable fashion, and users are abstracted from the actual hardware and software, paying only for resources they use. This chapter discusses how current and future research will make use of cloud computing and how Web 2.0-based research models are transforming how research is conducted globally. It examines these new IT infrastructure models and explores how they can be deployed by organizations and individuals. It then discusses the benefits of cloud computing to the research enterprise and future directions for cloud computing-based research.
The Baby in the Bathwater
Authors: Healy Patrick
Published: May 2014

This chapter is informed by the author's experiences of teaching English as a Second or Other Language (ESOL) before moving on to teach English for Academic Purposes (EAP). Accordingly, it is shaped by the laments of ESOL practitioners at their perceived Cinderella status and an understanding that EAP teaching is regarded by much of the academic community as support work. Qualifications in EAP per se are not awarded, but rather, like scaffolding, language teaching sits alongside a student's principal course of study. Most EAP teachers have provided scaffolding to the educational edifice at a range of levels spanning compulsory and post-compulsory education. This affords a unique perspective on what teaching looks like at different levels. Founded on a familiarity with pedagogy at other levels then, the chapter draws on personal insights into teaching practices at universities and posits that certain characteristics of teaching younger learners might be equally effective in EAP and throughout the post-compulsory context. After all, pedagogy, the term used to describe teaching throughout educational levels, derives from the Greek “paid,” meaning child, and “agogus,” meaning leader. Thus, pedagogy literally means “the art and science of teaching children” (Knowles, Holton, & Swanson, 2012).
FcγRIIb on Myeloid Cells Rather than on B Cells Protects from Collagen-Induced Arthritis
Authors: Yilmaz-Elis A. Seda , Ramirez Javier Martin , Asmawidjaja Patrick , van der Kaa Jos , Mus Anne-Marie , Brem Maarten D. , Claassens Jill W. C. , Breukel Cor , Brouwers Conny , Mangsbo Sara M. , Boross Peter , Lubberts Erik , Verbeek J. Sjef
Published: May 2014

Extensive analysis of a variety of arthritis models in germline KO mice has revealed that all four receptors for the Fc part of IgG (FcγR) play a role in the disease process. However, their precise cell type–specific contribution is still unclear. In this study, we analyzed the specific role of the inhibiting FcγRIIb on B lymphocytes (using CD19Cre mice) and in the myeloid cell compartment (using C/EBPαCre mice) in the development of arthritis induced by immunization with either bovine or chicken collagen type II. Despite their comparable anti-mouse collagen autoantibody titers, full FcγRIIb knockout (KO), but not B cell–specific FcγRIIb KO, mice showed a significantly increased incidence and severity of disease compared with wild-type control mice when immunized with bovine collagen. When immunized with chicken collagen, disease incidence was significantly increased in pan-myeloid and full FcγRIIb KO mice, but not in B cell–specific KO mice, whereas disease severity was only significantly increased in full FcγRIIb KO mice compared with incidence and severity in wild-type control mice. We conclude that, although anti-mouse collagen autoantibodies are a prerequisite for the development of collagen-induced arthritis, their presence is insufficient for disease development. FcγRIIb on myeloid effector cells, as a modulator of the threshold for downstream Ab effector pathways, plays a dominant role in the susceptibility to collagen-induced arthritis, whereas FcγRIIb on B cells, as a regulator of Ab production, has a minor effect on disease susceptibility.
miR-20b Suppresses Th17 Differentiation and the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Targeting RORγt and STAT3
Authors: Zhu Endong , Wang Xi , Zheng Bin , Wang Qian , Hao Jianlei , Chen Siming , Zhao Qiang , Zhao Liqing , Wu Zhenzhou , Yin Zhinan
Published: May 2014

The differentiation and function of IL-17–producing Th17 cells are tightly regulated by specific transcription factors and cytokines, which are the key participants in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Although specific miRNAs have been shown to be involved in the development of MS and EAE, the potential role of miRNAs in the context of Th17-driven autoimmunity is just beginning to be clarified. miR-20b has been reported as a downregulated miRNA in blood cells of MS patients. In this report, it was further studied in greater detail because we found it was significantly downregulated during EAE, and, in the in vitro differentiation model, Th17 cells had lower expression of miR-20b than did Th1, Th2, or inducible T regulatory cells. Ectopic expression of miR-20b repressed Th17 differentiation in vitro. Using lentiviral vectors for miR-20b overexpression in vivo, we demonstrated that overexpression of miR-20b led to decreased Th17 cells and reduced severity of EAE. Furthermore, we also identified both RAR-related orphan receptor γt and STAT3 as potential targets of miR-20b. Finally, we confirmed that the mild disease severity and low number of Th17 cells in LV-miR-20b–infected mice were largely reversed by coinfection of these mice with lentivirus-expressing RAR-related orphan receptor γt or STAT3 3′-untranslated regions. Taken together, our results contribute to the importance of miRNAs in Th17 differentiation and pathogenesis of MS and EAE.
Disease reaction to Fusarium avenaceum and yield losses in narrow-leafed lupin lines
Authors: Chang K. F. , Hwang S. F. , Ahmed H. U. , Strelkov S. E. , Gossen B. D. , Turnbull G. D. , Blade S. F.
Published: May 2014

Chang, K. F., Hwang, S. F., Ahmed, H. U., Strelkov, S. E., Gossen, B. D., Turnbull, G. D. and Blade, S. F. 2014. Disease reaction to Fusarium avenaceum and yield losses in narrow-leafed lupin lines. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1211–1218. Seedling blight and root rot caused by Fusarium avenaceum are important constraints to the expansion of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) production in Alberta, Canada. The reaction of 19 narrow-leafed lupin lines to F. avenaceum was assessed in inoculated field trials in Alberta from 2006 to 2008. Although none of the lines were highly resistant to F. avenaceum, the lines F6RF, MLU-122 and MLU-318-1 had the smallest reduction in emergence and MLU-320 and MLU-324 had the smallest reduction in seed yield as a result of inoculation under field conditions. The stability analysis of yield revealed that lupin lines MLU-324, W12-W5, MLU-320 and MLU-318-1 were more stable in comparison to other lupin lines included in the study. Yield loss was not consistently associated with seedling emergence, likely because the seeding rate may have been higher than required to achieve the yield potential of these lines in Alberta. A companion field study was conducted at Lacombe, Alberta, in 2006 and Edmonton, Alberta, in 2007; seedling emergence and seed yield of the susceptible lupin cv. Arabella declined linearly with increasing levels of seed infestation, and the relationships were summarized using regression analysis. Seedling emergence and yield were strongly correlated.
Simulating maize (Zea mays L.) growth and yield, soil nitrogen concentration, and soil water content for a long-term cropping experiment in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Liu S. , Yang J. Y. , Drury C. F. , Liu H. L. , Reynolds W. D.
Published: May 2014

Liu, S., Yang, J. Y., Drury, C. F., Liu, H. L. and Reynolds, W. D. 2014. Simulating maize (Zea mays L.) growth and yield, soil nitrogen concentration, and soil water content for a long-term cropping experiment in Ontario, Canada. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 435–452. A performance assessment of the Decision Support Systems for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) model (v4.5) including the CERES-Maize and CENTURY modules was conducted for continuous maize production under annual synthetic fertilization (CC-F) and no fertilization (CC-NF) using field data from a long-term (53-yr) cropping experiment in Ontario, Canada. The assessment was based on the accuracy with which DSSAT could simulate measured grain yield, above-ground biomass, leaf area index (LAI), soil inorganic nitrogen concentration, and soil water content. Model calibration for maize cultivar was achieved using grain yield measurements from CC-F between 2007 and 2012, and model evaluation was achieved using soil and crop measurements from both CC-F and CC-NF for the same 6-yr period. Good model–data agreement for CC-F grain yields was achieved for calibration (index of agreement, d=0.99), while moderate agreement for CC-NF grain yields was achieved for evaluation (d=0.79). Model–data agreement for above-ground biomass was good (d=0.83–1.00), but the model consistently underestimated for CC-F and overestimated for CC-NF. DSSAT achieved good model–data agreement for LAI in CC-F (d=0.82–0.99), but moderate to poor agreement in CC-NF (d=0.46–0.64). The CENTURY module of DSSAT simulated soil inorganic nitrogen concentrations with moderate to good model–data agreement in CC-F (d=0.74–0.88), but poor agreement in CC-NF (d=0.40–0.50). The model–data agreement for soil water content was moderate in 2007 and 2008 for both treatments (d=0.60–0.76), but poor in 2009 (d=0.46–0.53). It was concluded that the DSSAT cropping system model provided generally good to moderate simulations of continuous maize production (yield, biomass, LAI) for a long-term cropping experiment in Ontario, Canada, but generally moderate to poor simulations of soil inorganic nitrogen concentration and soil water content.
Critical points of the Moser-Trudinger functional on a disk
Authors: Malchiodi Andrea , Martinazzi Luca
Published: May 2014

On the unit disk

B_1\subset \mathbb R{2}

we study the Moser-Trudinger functional

E(u)=\int_{B_1}\Big(e^{u^2}-1\Big)dx,\quad u\in H^1_0(B_1)

and its restrictions

E|_{M_\Lambda}

, where

M_{\Lambda}:=\{u\in H^1_0(B_1):\|u\|^2_{H^1_0}=\Lambda\}

for

\Lambda>0

. We prove that if a sequence

u_k

of positive critical points of

E|_{M_{\Lambda_k}}

(for some

\Lambda_k>0

) blows up as

k\to\infty

, then

\Lambda_k\to 4\pi

, and

u_k\to 0

weakly in

H^1_0(B_1)

and strongly in

C^1_{\mathrm {loc}}(\overline B_1\setminus\{0\})

. Using this fact we also prove that when

\Lambda

is large enough, then

E|_{M_\Lambda}

has no positive critical point, complementing previous existence results by Carleson-Chang, M. Struwe and Lamm-Robert-Struwe.
Localisation for non-monotone Schrödinger operators
Authors: Elgart Alexander , Shamis Mira , Sodin Sasha
Published: May 2014

We study localisation effects of strong disorder on the spectral and dynamical properties of (matrix and scalar) Schrödinger operators with non-monotone random potentials, on the

d

-dimensional lattice. Our results include dynamical localisation, i.e. exponentially decaying bounds on the transition amplitude in the mean. They are derived through the study of fractional moments of the resolvent, which are finite due to resonance-diffusing effects of the disorder. One of the byproducts of the analysis is a nearly optimal Wegner estimate. A particular example of the class of systems covered by our results is the discrete alloy-type Anderson model.
Jordan types for indecomposable modules of finite group schemes
Authors: Farnsteiner Rolf
Published: May 2014

In this article we study the interplay between algebro-geometric notions related to

\pi

-points and structural features of the stable Auslander-Reiten quiver of a finite group scheme. We show that

\pi

-points give rise to a number of new invariants of the AR-quiver on one hand, and exploit combinatorial properties of AR-components to obtain information on

\pi

-points on the other. Special attention is given to components containing Carlson modules, constantly supported modules, and endo-trivial modules.
An existence theorem for the Yamabe problem on manifolds with boundary
Authors: Brendle Simon , Chen Szu-Yu Sophie
Published: May 2014

Let

(M,g)

be a compact Riemannian manifold with boundary. We consider the problem (first studied by Escobar in 1992) of finding a conformal metric with constant scalar curvature in the interior and zero mean curvature on the boundary. Using a local test function construction, we are able to settle most cases left open by Escobar's work. Moreover, we reduce the remaining cases to the positive mass theorem.
On category $\mathcal{O}$ for cyclotomic rational Cherednik algebras
Authors: Gordon Iain G. , Losev Ivan
Published: May 2014

We study equivalences for category

\mathcal{O}_p

of the rational Cherednik algebras

{\bf H}_p

of type

G_{\ell}(n) = (\mu_{\ell})^n\rtimes \mathfrak{S}_n

: a highest weight equivalence between

\mathcal{O}_p

and

\mathcal{O}_{\sigma(p)}

for

\sigma\in \mathfrak{S}_{\ell}

and an action of

\mathfrak{S}_{\ell}

on an explicit non-empty Zariski open set of parameters

p

; a derived equivalence between

\mathcal{O}_p

and

\mathcal{O}_{p'}

whenever

p

and

p'

have integral difference; a highest weight equivalence between

\mathcal{O}_p

and a parabolic category

\mathcal{O}

for the general linear group, under a non-rationality assumption on the parameter

p

. As a consequence, we confirm special cases of conjectures of Etingof and of Rouquier.
Asymptotic properties of ground states of scalar field equations with a vanishing parameter
Authors: Moroz Vitaly , Muratov Cyrill B.
Published: May 2014

We study the leading order behaviour of positive solutions of the equation

-\Delta u +\epsilon u-|u|^{p-2}u+|u|^{q-2}u=0,\qquad x\in\mathbb R^N,

where

N\ge 3

,

q>p>2

and when

\epsilon >0

is a small parameter. We give a complete characterization of all possible asymptotic regimes as a function of

p

,

q

and

N

. The behavior of solutions depends sensitively on whether

p

is less, equal or bigger than the critical Sobolev exponent

2^\ast=\frac{2N}{N-2}

. For

p<2^\ast

the solution asymptotically coincides with the solution of the equation in which the last term is absent. For

p>2^\ast

the solution asymptotically coincides with the solution of the equation with

\epsilon =0

. In the most delicate case

p=2^\ast

the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions is given by a particular solution of the critical Emden–Fowler equation, whose choice depends on

\epsilon

in a nontrivial way.
Work Life Balance (WLB) and Flexibility in Paid Work (FPW) for “Generation Y”: A Discussion
Authors: Mitsakis Fotios V. , Talampekos Georgios
Published: May 2014

For many years, the provision of WLB/FPW was offered as an incentive from HR departments to their workforce. However, in the last decade, certain demographic trends and changes in the needs and the nature of the workforce upgraded the WLB/FPW concept to a more significant factor of business growth and competitiveness. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the need for WLB/FPW in the equation of recruitment and retention of “generation Y” employees as a vital factor of the staffing policies and strategies in the forthcoming years.
Status of Groundwater Table Depth Under Long-Term Irrigation in Wonji Plain: Concerns for Sustainability of Wonji-Shoa Sugar Estate, Upper Awash Valley, Ethiopia
Authors: Dinka Megersa Olumana , Loiskandl Willibald , Ndambuki Julius Musyoka
Published: May 2014

The present study attempted to highlight the concerns of shallow groundwater table depth (GWTD) to the sustainability of Wonji-Shoa Sugar Estate (WSSE), Upper Awash Valley of Ethiopia. The recent magnitude and fluctuation of GWTD is mapped in ArcView GIS (using universal kriging technique) from the monthly GWTD monitoring data (2007-2009) using piezometer tubes. The study result clearly showed that the GWTD at WSSE was extremely shallow, showed great spatio-seasonal variability and rising trend; thus, threatening the sustainability of WSSE significantly. About 90% of the plantation fields have GWTD above the critical depth of 1.5 m below the soil surface and, hence, critically waterlogged. As a result, the estate is recently achieving only 55% of the production potential realized in the 1960s. Past trends indicate that the GW has the potential to inundate Wonji plain and is anticipated to devastate production during the next 10-15 years. Therefore, in order to sustain production system in the region, there is an urgent need to identify the possible causes of waterlogging and investigate the feasible remedial measures to combat its problems. The spatial mapping of GWTD with identified problematic areas, indicated in the current study, is believed to provide a tool for water management and, hence, crucial for the decision making and actions taking processes.
Penser le monde grâce à la littérature : analyse d’une pratique à visée philosophique à l’école primaire
Authors: Chirouter Edwige
Published: May 2014

Depuis la fin des années 1960, un nouveau regard porté sur l’enfant, défini comme un sujet digne de parole et de pensée, a permis dans un même mouvement le développement d’une littérature destinée à la jeunesse ambitieuse et l’essor de pratiques à visée philosophique. L’article reprend les conclusions d’une recherche menée pendant trois années avec les mêmes élèves d’une école primaire française. Nous montrerons en quoi la lecture de récits permet effectivement à de jeunes enfants d’entamer un apprentissage précoce du philosopher. Nous analyserons une séance en détaillant les processus de médiation qui permettent aux élèves de parvenir à une lecture philosophique d’un album.
Description et comparaison d’interventions d’enseignantes expertes pour travailler les inférences lors des lectures à haute voix au préscolaire
Authors: Dupin de Saint-André Marie , Montésinos-Gelet Isabelle , Morin Marie-France
Published: May 2014

Cette recherche collaborative vise à décrire et à comparer les interventions effectuées lors des lectures à haute voix au préscolaire par des enseignantes expertes formées pour travailler la compréhension inférentielle et des enseignantes expertes non formées à ce sujet. Bien que toutes les enseignantes abordent les inférences avec leurs élèves, nos résultats montrent que celles formées privilégient majoritairement la co-élaboration du sens des épisodes implicites, tandis que les non-formées misent plus souvent sur la transmission du sens de ces épisodes et soutiennent moins efficacement les élèves dans l’élaboration du sens. Ce constat souligne l’importance de la formation sur les inférences.
Effectiveness of Coaching Interventions using Grammarly Software and Plagiarism Detection Software in Reducing Grammatical Errors and Plagiarism of Undergraduate Researches
Authors: Japos Genaro V.
Published: May 2014

Grammar checker and plagiarism software are indispensable tools in aiding researchers to identify and correct their mistakes. The study examined the errors detected by grammarly software and plagiarism software and how these were reduced due to coaching interventions. The study used the descriptive and inferential research design involving 47 specimens of student research as undergraduate theses written as publishable paper. These papers were intended for the Advancing Research Journals by academic discipline available online, cross referenced and indexed. The study involved a statistical analysis of data derived from software reports tested through the use of t-test and Pearson correlation. The results showed significant reductions in the occurrence of the grammar errors indicating that the coaching interventions were effective. There is also an inverse, moderate and significant correlation between occurrence of grammatical score and plagiarism. The study concludes that those who commit higher incidents of plagiarism also have lower commission of grammatical errors. When students are poor in writing style and vocabulary use, their score for originality increases. The study recommends for adoption of academic integrity policies to curb grammar and plagiarism occurrences among student researchers in the university.
Die Reichweite der „werdenden“Wohnungseigentümergemeinschaft gegenüber dem Zweiterwerb
Authors: Timme Michael
Published: May 2014

Mit einer aktuellen Entscheidung hat der BGH, Urt. v. 11.5.2012 - V ZR 196/11, MDR 2012, 958 seine Rechtsprechung v. 5.6.2008 - V ZB 85/07 zur Entstehungsphase einer Wohnungseigentümergemeinschaft fortgeführt. In dieser Entscheidung sieht der BGH die Erwerber von Wohnungseigentum als Kostenschuldner gem. § 16 Abs. 2 WEG an, obwohl diese noch nicht im Grundbuch eingetragen sind. Eine andere Rechtslage besteht beim sog. Zweiterwerb. Die Abgrenzung von Erstund Zweierwerb ist aufgrund der völlig unterschiedlichen Rechtsfolgen für die Praxis von großer Bedeutung.
Anlagevermittlungs- und Anlageberatungsvertrag – Aktuelle BGHRechtsprechung zu offenbarungspflichtigen Rückvergütungen
Authors: Heße Manfred , Heße Manfred
Published: May 2014

Im ersten Halbjahr 2009 hat der BGH seine Rechtsprechung zu den Offenbarungspflichten bei Anlagevermittlungs- und Anlageberatungsverträgen in zwei viel beachteten Urteilen bestätigt und ausgebaut. Im Anschluss an seine sich mit diesen Entscheidungen befassende Abhandlung in MDR 2009, 1197 ff. stellt der Verfasser nunmehr die weitere Entwicklung der Rechtsprechung des BGH auf diesem Gebiet dar.
Tiefbaumaßnahmen im Straßenbereich – Fallgruben für Gemeinden und Bürger?
Authors: Itzel Peter
Published: May 2014

Die Errichtung, Verlegung und Renovierung von Verund Entsorgungsleitungen ist für die anliegenden Bürger durchweg mit zahlreichen Beeinträchtigungen verbunden. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Hauptprobleme bei der Geltendmachung von Ersatzansprüchen.
Mietnebenkosten – Die neuere BGH-Rechtsprechung und ihre Folgen für die Praxis
Authors: Schmid Michael J.
Published: May 2014

Das Mietnebenkostenrecht ist in letzter Zeit Gegenstand zahlreicher Entscheidungen des BGH gewesen. Der Beitrag erläutert die Anforderungen an Betriebskostenvorauszahlungen, Betriebskostenabrechnung, Belegeinsicht, Pauschalen und Heizkostenabrechnung.
Der Rechtsschutzversicherer und sein „durchschnittlicher Versicherungsnehmer“ Obliegenheitsverletzungen und Kosten- und Gebührenfragen in der neuen BGH-Rechtsprechung
Authors: Wendt Roland
Published: May 2014

Der Beitrag schließt an die in der MDR 2006, 132 ff. (481 ff.); 2008, 717 ff. (902 ff., 1129 ff.); 2010, 786 ff. (1168 ff.) und 2012, 821 veröffentlichten Betrachtungen des Autors zur Rechtsschutzversicherung-Judikatur an und erläutert die Hauptkriterien für die Auslegung von Obliegenheitsverletzungen in der Rechtsschutzversicherung durch den BGH. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt bilden Fragen zur Bemessung von Kosten und Gebühren.
The scale‐dependent slip pattern for a uniform fault model obeying the rate‐ and state‐dependent friction law
Authors: Wu Yan , Chen Xiaofei
Published: May 2014

A uniform antiplane fault model obeying the rate‐ and state‐dependent friction law and surrounded by a steady‐slipping region with a constant loading rate is studied through quasi‐dynamic numerical method. Findings indicate that the model exhibits scale‐dependent slip characteristics. Previous studies have demonstrated that the fault slip pattern changes from aseismic creep or slow earthquakes to seismic instabilities as the fault length W increases from around the nucleation size hc to well above hc. In the latter, instabilities typically nucleate periodically from the center of the fault and develop into characteristic events after the whole fault reaches a background stress level. For a fault with larger W/hc, characteristic events nucleate near the boundary or alternatively from both sides before the entire fault returns to background level. As W/hc increases further, additional events with rupture size between hc and W appear. The number of small events is expected to increase with W/hc. The reason these small events do not rupture the whole fault is that the locked region forming on the fault when nucleation occurs acts as a large and low stress barrier. These small events continually create stress concentrations that serve as preparations for the next larger earthquake until the final characteristic event occurs. Meanwhile, the fault in this process gradually evolves into extreme sensitivity that any slight perturbation could change the original slip pattern. Although the current result is far from explaining the observed slip complexity on natural faults, it suggests a trend of increasing slip complexity with W/hc. Therefore, our understanding of the fault behavior may differ from previous knowledge that a relatively uniform and isolated fault model obeying the rate‐ and state‐dependent friction law only exhibits periodic or aperiodic system‐size events.
Characteristics and outcome of warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia in adults: New insights based on a single‐center experience with 60 patients
Authors: Roumier Mathilde , Loustau Valentine , Guillaud Constance , Languille Laetitia , Mahevas Matthieu , Khellaf Mehdi , Limal Nicolas , Noizat‐Pirenne France , Godeau Bertrand , Michel Marc
Published: May 2014

Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (wAIHA) is a rare autoimmune disease with poorly known natural history and management remaining mainly empirical. To better describe the characteristics and outcome of wAIHA in adults, we performed a single‐center cohort study of patients diagnosed with wAIIHA from 2001 to 2012 in our center. Sixty patients (50% women) were included, the mean age at the time of wAIHA onset was 54 ± 23 years. wAIHA was considered “primary” for 21 patients (35%) and was associated with an underlying disorder in 39 (65%), including mainly lymphoproliferative disorders and systemic lupus. All patients but two needed treatment and received corticosteroids, with an overall initial response rate of 87%. However, 63% of the patients were corticosteroid‐dependent and 56% required at least one second‐line treatment including mainly rituximab (n = 19). At the time of analysis, after a mean follow‐up of 46 months, 28 patients (47%) were in remission and off treatment and 5 (8%) had died. The presence of an underlying lymphoproliferative disorder was associated with reduced response to corticosteroids and increased need for second‐line therapy. In conclusion, in the last decade and compared to a previous series from our center, the rate of secondary wAIHA has increased and the use of rituximab has emerged as the preferred second‐line treatment and corticosteroid‐sparing strategy; the overall mortality has significantly decreased (8 vs. 18%). Am. J. Hematol. 89:E150–E155, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Direct Allylation of In Situ Generated Aldehyde Acyl Anions by Synergistic NHC and Palladium Catalysis
Authors: Ahire Milind M. , Mhaske Santosh B.
Published: May 2014

The direct regioselective allylation of in situ generated aldehyde acyl anions has been achieved by synergistic NHC and Pd catalysis. It provides an efficient access to valuable β,γ‐unsaturated ketones under mild reaction conditions starting from easily accessible allylic carbonates and aldehydes without any preactivation. The synergistic catalysis method demonstrated herein adds a new dimension to the area of metal‐mediated C allylation.
Selective Ablation of β‐Galactosidase‐Expressing Cells with a Rationally Designed Activatable Photosensitizer
Authors: Ichikawa Yuki , Kamiya Mako , Obata Fumiaki , Miura Masayuki , Terai Takuya , Komatsu Toru , Ueno Tasuku , Hanaoka Kenjiro , Nagano Tetsuo , Urano Yasuteru
Published: May 2014

We have developed an activatable photosensitizer capable of specifically inducing the death of β‐galactosidase‐expressing cells in response to photoirradiation. By using a selenium‐substituted rhodol scaffold bearing β‐galactoside as a targeting substituent, we designed and synthesized HMDESeR‐βGal, which has a non‐phototoxic spirocyclic structure owing to the presence of the galactoside moiety. However, β‐galactosidase efficiently converted HMDESeR‐βGal into phototoxic HMDESeR, which exists predominantly in the open xanthene form. This structural change resulted in drastic recovery of visible‐wavelength absorption and the ability to generate singlet oxygen (1O2). When HMDESeR‐βGal was applied to larval Drosophila melanogaster wing disks, which express β‐galactosidase only in the posterior region, photoirradiation induced cell death in the β‐galactosidase‐expressing region with high specificity.
Direkte elektrochemische Speicherung und Freisetzung von Kohlendioxid unter der Verwendung eines Industriepigments: Chinacridon
Authors: Apaydin Dogukan Hazar , Głowacki Eric Daniel , Portenkirchner Engelbert , Sariciftci Niyazi Serdar
Published: May 2014

Die Speicherung, Abtrennung und Nutzung von Kohlendioxid ist ein aktuelles und intensiv bearbeitetes Forschungsgebiet. In dieser Studie wird die kontrollierte Speicherung und Freisetzung von CO2 mithilfe eines industriellen Farbstoffs, Chinacridon, beschrieben. Eine elektrochemisch reduzierte Elektrode bestehend aus einem Chinacridonfilm (ca. 100 nm Dicke) auf ITO‐Träger bildet ein Chinacridon‐Carbonatsalz. Gebundenes CO2 kann durch elektrochemische Oxidation wieder freigesetzt werden. Die Menge an gebundenem CO2 wurde durch FT‐IR‐Spektroskopie quantifiziert. Die ermittelte Kapazität von 4.61 mmol CO2/g Chinacridon bei Raumtemperatur gehört zu den höchsten Werten für elektrochemische CO2‐Aufnahmen. Zum Vergleich bietet der industriell verwendete Amin‐Prozess eine Aufnahmekapazität von etwa 8 mmol g−1.
Organokatalytische oxidative Anellierung von Benzamid‐Derivaten mit Alkinen
Authors: Manna Srimanta , Antonchick Andrey P.
Published: May 2014

Eine organokatalytische Anellierung durch Funktionalisierung von Benzamid‐Derivaten mit Alkinen wurde entwickelt. Wir berichten über einem neuen Ansatz für Cycloadditionen unter Verwendung von einfachen Katalysatoren wie Iodbenzol und Peressigsäure als Oxidationsmittel. Diese milden Reaktionsbedingungen ermöglichen die einfache und schnelle Synthese von Isochinolonen. Eine bemerkenswerte Selektivität der Anellierung wurde für unsymmetrische disubstituierte Alkine demonstriert.
Polymerase Synthesis of Photocaged DNA Resistant against Cleavage by Restriction Endonucleases
Authors: Vaníková Zuzana , Hocek Michal
Published: May 2014

5‐[(2‐Nitrobenzyl)oxymethyl]‐2′‐deoxyuridine 5′‐O‐triphosphate was used for polymerase (primer extension or PCR) synthesis of photocaged DNA that is resistant to the cleavage by restriction endonucleases. Photodeprotection of the caged DNA released 5‐hydroxymethyluracil‐modified nucleic acids, which were fully recognized and cleaved by restriction enzymes.
Stereoselective Fluorination Alters the Geometry of a Cyclic Peptide: Exploration of Backbone‐Fluorinated Analogues of Unguisin A
Authors: Hu Xiang‐Guo , Thomas Donald S. , Griffith Renate , Hunter Luke
Published: May 2014

New methods for enhancing the efficiency of peptide cyclization, and for fine‐tuning the conformations of cyclic peptides, are valuable from a drug development perspective. Herein stereoselective fluorination is investigated as a new strategy for achieving these goals. Four vicinal difluorinated analogues of the natural cyclic heptapeptide unguisin A have been efficiently synthesized. The analogues are found to adopt dramatically different secondary structures, controlled by the fluorine stereochemistry.
Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation Study on Vesicles Self‐Assembled from Amphiphilic Hyperbranched Multiarm Copolymers
Authors: Wang Yuling , Li Bin , Jin Haibao , Zhou Yongfeng , Lu Zhongyuan , Yan Deyue
Published: May 2014

Hyperbranched multiarm copolymers (HMCs) have been shown to hold great potential as precursors in self‐assembly, and many impressive supramolecular structures have been prepared through the self‐assembly of HMCs in solution. However, theoretical studies on the corresponding self‐assembly mechanism have been greatly lagging behind. Herein, we report the self‐assembly of normal or reverse vesicles from amphiphilic HMCs by dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation. The simulation disclosed both the self‐assembly mechanisms and dynamics of vesicles. It indicates that the self‐assembly of HMCs involves several steps, from randomly distributed unimolecular micelles to small spherical micelles, to membrane‐like micelles, to finally small vesicles. The membranes are formed through the direct aggregation and lateral fusion of small micelles, and the bending and closing of the membranes give rise to small vesicles. Finally, large and steady vesicles are formed through the fusion of small vesicles. In addition, the bilayer or monolayer molecular packing modes as well as the mircrophase separation behaviors of HMCs in normal or reverse vesicles have also been studied. These simulation results explore details that cannot be observed in the experiments to a certain degree, and have extended the understanding of the vesicular self‐assembly process of HMCs.
Bacterial subversion of host cytoskeletal machinery: Hijacking formins and the Arp2/3 complex
Authors: Truong Dorothy , Copeland John W. , Brumell John H.
Published: May 2014

The host actin nucleation machinery is subverted by many bacterial pathogens to facilitate their entry, motility, replication, and survival. The majority of research conducted in the past primarily focused on exploitation of a host actin nucleator, the Arp2/3 complex, by bacterial pathogens. Recently, new studies have begun to explore the role of formins, another family of host actin nucleators, in bacterial pathogenesis. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the study of the exploitation of the Arp2/3 complex and formins by bacterial pathogens. Secreted bacterial effector proteins seem to manipulate the regulation of these actin nucleators or functionally mimic them to drive bacterial entry, motility and survival within host cells. An enhanced understanding of how formins are exploited will provide us with greater insight into how a fundamental eurkaryotic cellular process is utilized by bacteria and will also advance our knowledge of host‐pathogen interactions.
Lessons learned from the intrinsic subtypes of breast cancer in the quest for precision therapy
Authors: Norum J H , Andersen K , Sørlie T
Published: May 2014

Background

Wide variability in breast cancer, between patients and within each individual neoplasm, adds confounding complexity to the treatment of the disease. In clinical practice, hormone receptor status has been used to classify breast tumours and to guide treatment. Modern classification systems should take the wide tumour heterogeneity into account to improve patient outcome.

Methods

This article reviews the identification of the intrinsic molecular subtypes of breast cancer, their prognostic and therapeutic implications, and the impact of tumour heterogeneity on cancer progression and treatment. The possibility of functionally addressing tumour-specific characteristics in in vivo models to inform decisions for precision therapies is also discussed.

Results

Despite the robust breast tumour classification system provided by gene expression profiling, heterogeneity is also evident within these molecular portraits. A complicating factor in breast cancer classification is the process of selective clonality within developing neoplasms. Phenotypically and functionally distinct clones representing the intratumour heterogeneity might confuse molecular classification. Molecular portraits of the heterogeneous primary tumour might not necessarily reflect the subclone of cancer cells that causes the disease to relapse. Studies of reciprocal relationships between cancer cell subpopulations within developing tumours are therefore needed, and are possible only in genetically engineered mouse models or patient-derived xenograft models, in which the treatment-induced selection pressure on individual cell clones can be mimicked.

Conclusion

In the future, more refined classifications, based on integration of information at several molecular levels, are required to improve treatment guidelines. Large-scale translational research efforts paved the way for identification of the intrinsic subtypes, and are still fundamental for ensuring future progress in cancer care.
Improving the Stability and Catalyst Lifetime of the Halogenase RebH By Directed Evolution
Authors: Poor Catherine B. , Andorfer Mary C. , Lewis Jared C.
Published: May 2014

We previously reported that the halogenase RebH catalyzes selective halogenation of several heterocycles and carbocycles, but product yields were limited by enzyme instability. Here, we use directed evolution to engineer an RebH variant, 3‐LR, with a Topt over 5 °C higher than that of wild‐type, and 3‐LSR, with a Tm 18 °C higher than that of wild‐type. These enzymes provided significantly improved conversion (up to fourfold) for halogenation of tryptophan and several non‐natural substrates. This initial evolution of RebH not only provides improved enzymes for immediate synthetic applications, but also establishes a robust protocol for further halogenase evolution.
A Falling‐Film Microreactor for Enzymatic Oxidation of Glucose
Authors: Illner Sabine , Hofmann Christian , Löb Patrick , Kragl Udo
Published: May 2014

Many oxidation processes require the presence of molecular oxygen in the reaction media. Reactors are needed that provide favorable conditions for the mass transfer between the gas and the liquid phase. In this study, two recent key technologies, microreactor technology and biotechnology, were combined to present an interesting alternative to conventional methods and open up excellent possibilities to intensify chemical processes in the field of fine chemicals. An enzyme‐catalyzed gas/liquid phase reaction in a falling‐film microreactor (FFMR) was examined for the first time. The test reaction was the oxidation of β‐D‐glucose to gluconic acid catalyzed by glucose oxidase (GOx). Various factors influencing the biotransformation, such as oxygen supply, temperature, enzyme concentration, and reaction time were investigated and compared to those in conventional batch systems. The most critical factor, the volumetric mass‐transfer coefficient for the efficient use of oxygen‐dependent enzymes, was determined by using the integrated online detection of dissolved oxygen in all systems. The extremely large surface‐to‐volume ratio of the FFMR facilitated the contact between the enzyme solution and the gaseous substrate. Hence, in a continuous bubble‐free FFMR system with a residence time of 25 seconds, a final conversion of up to 50 % in enzymatic oxidation was reached, whereas conversion in a conventional bubble column resulted in only 27 %. Finally, an option for scale‐up was shown through an enlarged version of the FFMR.
Palladium‐Nanoparticle‐Linked Organic Frameworks: Heterogeneous Recyclable Catalysts in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Prakash Sadasivan P. , Gopidas Karical R.
Published: May 2014

4,4′‐Biphenylene‐bisdiazonium tetrafluoroborate and a palladium salt were reduced simultaneously to result in the formation of palladium atoms and 4,4′‐biphenylene biradicals. The palladium atoms underwent clustering forming palladium nanoparticles, whereas the 4,4′‐biphenylene biradicals underwent rapid addition reactions to other radicals and also to nanoparticle surfaces. The resulting product contains palladium nanoparticles covalently linked to an organic framework (PNOF). The effects of different reaction conditions upon metal content as well as on the morphology of the PNOF were studied. The PNOF structure was probed by different experimental techniques. The PNOFs were evaluated as heterogeneous recyclable catalyst in aqueous medium for reduction of 4‐nitrophenol and Suzuki coupling reactions. The catalyst exhibited high reactivity even in Suzuki couplings of aryl chlorides.
Annulation of Phenols: Catalytic Behavior of Conventional and 2 D Zeolites
Authors: Opanasenko Maksym V. , Shamzhy Mariya V. , Jo Changbum , Ryoo Ryong , Čejka Jiří
Published: May 2014

Catalytic behavior of MFI zeolites differing in thickness of nanosheets and ordering was studied in annulation of phenols, and compared with 3 D zeolites BEA and MFI containing large or medium pores as well as with micro/mesoporous zeolite USY. The highest conversions of phenols studied were achieved over ordered hexagonally mesostructured zeolite with 1.7 nm wall size, followed by materials possessing 2.1 and 2.7 nm of nanosheets thickness. This corresponds to decreasing surface area of materials studied. The preferences of materials with zeolitic layers and high surface areas over bulky zeolites BEA and especially MFI in annulation of phenols is more prominent for substrates with larger kinetic diameters [phenol (0.66 nm)<1‐naphthol (0.80 nm)<2‐naphthol (0.89 nm)]. USY zeolite exhibited higher conversions (32, 6, 25 % for phenol, 1‐ and 2‐naphthol, respectively, after 300 min time on stream) than BEA (23, 6, 8 %) and MFI (13, 0, 0 %) not overcoming hexagonally mesostructured MFI (45, 36, 55 %).
mP‐BaP3: A New Phase from an Old Binary System
Authors: Dolyniuk Juli‐Anna , Kaseman Derrick C. , Sen Sabyasachi , Zhao Jing , Osterloh Frank E. , Kovnir Kirill
Published: May 2014

A polyphosphide, mP‐BaP3, with a unique two‐dimensional phosphorus layer has been discovered and characterized. It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with unit‐cell parameters a=6.486(1), b=7.710(1), c=8.172(2) Å; β=104.72(3)°; Z=4. Its phosphorus polyanion can be derived from the strong elongation of 2/3 of the PP bonds present in the layers of black phosphorus. The unit‐cell volume of the mP‐BaP3 phase is 1.4 % larger than the volume of another polymorph, mS‐BaP3, reported more than 40 years ago. The latter phase features the presence of one‐dimensional phosphorus chains separated by Ba atoms. The differences in the structures of the phosphorus fragments in both polymorphs of barium triphosphide result in large differences in both the thermal stability of these materials as well as in their properties as evidenced by DSC, 31P solid‐state MAS NMR, UV/Vis, and surface photovoltage spectroscopies, alongside quantum‐chemical calculations.
An Efficient AIE‐Active Blue‐Emitting Molecule by Incorporating Multifunctional Groups into Tetraphenylsilane
Authors: Tang Xiangyang , Yao Liang , Liu He , Shen Fangzhong , Zhang Shitong , Zhang Huanhuan , Lu Ping , Ma Yuguang
Published: May 2014

A multifunctional AIE‐active molecule, CzPySiTPE, in which carbazole (Cz) and pyridine (Py) were attached to tetraphenylsilane to facilitate carrier injection has been designed and synthesized. Tetraphenylethene (TPE) was adopted to maintain efficient blue emission. Blue electroluminescent (EL) emission of CzPySiTPE was obtained with CIE coordinates of (0.16, 0.17) and an external quantum efficiency of 1.12 %.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 1,3‐Diarylpropenones as Dual Inhibitors of HIV‐1 Reverse Transcriptase
Authors: Meleddu Rita , Cannas Valeria , Distinto Simona , Sarais Giorgia , Del Vecchio Claudia , Esposito Francesca , Bianco Giulia , Corona Angela , Cottiglia Filippo , Alcaro Stefano , Parolin Cristina , Artese Anna , Scalise Daniela , Fresta Massimo , Arridu Antonella , Ortuso Francesco , Maccioni Elias , Tramontano Enzo
Published: May 2014

A small library of 1,3‐diarylpropenones was designed and synthesized as dual inhibitors of both HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase (RT) DNA polymerase (DP) and ribonuclease H (RNase H) associated functions. Compounds were assayed on these enzyme activities, which highlighted dual inhibition properties in the low‐micromolar range. Interestingly, mutations in the non‐nucleoside RT inhibitor binding pocket strongly affected RNase H inhibition by the propenone derivatives without decreasing their capacity to inhibit DP activity, which suggests long‐range RT structural effects. Biochemical and computational studies indicated that the propenone derivatives bind two different interdependent allosteric pockets.
Essential‐Oil Analysis of Irradiated Spices by Using Comprehensive Two‐Dimensional Gas Chromatography
Authors: Kirkin Celale , Mitrevski Blagoj , Gunes Gurbuz , Marriott Philip J.
Published: May 2014

Four different spices were packaged either under 100 % nitrogen or using ambient air, and then gamma‐irradiated at different doses. The essential oils of the original spices and of those irradiated were obtained by hydrodistillation. Changes to the essential‐oil compositions due to irradiation and effects of packaging were detected and compared by using comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC). The use of GC×GC provided better separation and more reliable results. It enabled ready detection of some peaks that coeluted with other peaks in the first‐dimension column (1D). Differences in detected peaks were observed after irradiation of samples packaged under ambient air, with additional peak(s) noted. Two peaks appeared after irradiation of aerobically packaged rosemary, black pepper and thyme, and one peak increased in relative abundance in the samples. No changes in these three peaks were noted after irradiation of samples packaged under 100 % N2. These three essential‐oil components were identified by using GC×GC quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (Q‐TOFMS). The changes after irradiation were mainly due to packaging type, and no effect of the irradiation dose was observed in the study.