bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of tibiofemoral kinematics using highly accelerated 3D radial sampling
Authors: Kaiser Jarred , Bradford Robert , Johnson Kevin , Wieben Oliver , Thelen Darryl G.
Published: June 2012

This study investigated the use of dynamic, volumetric MRI to measure 3D skeletal motion. Ten healthy subjects were positioned on a MR‐compatible knee loading device and instructed to harmonically flex and extend their knee at 0.5 Hz. The device induced active quadriceps loading with knee flexion, similar to the load acceptance phase of gait. Volumetric images were continuously acquired for 5 min using a 3D cine spoiled gradient‐echo sequence in conjunction with vastly under‐sampled isotropic projection reconstruction. Knee angle was simultaneously monitored and used retrospectively to sort images into 60 frames over the motion cycle. High‐resolution static knee images were acquired and segmented to create subject‐specific models of the femur and tibia. At each time frame, bone positions and orientations were determined by automatically registering the skeletal models to the dynamic images. Three‐dimensional tibiofemoral translations and rotations were consistent across healthy subjects. Internal tibia rotations of 7.8 ± 3.5° were present with 35.8 ± 3.8° of knee flexion, a pattern consistent with knee kinematic measures during walking. We conclude that vastly under‐sampled isotropic projection reconstruction imaging is a promising approach for noninvasively measuring 3D joint kinematics, which may be useful for assessing cartilage contact and investigating the causes and treatment of joint abnormalities. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Translation and validation of the Hong Kong Chinese version of the breastfeeding self‐efficacy scale—short form
Authors: Ip Wan‐Yim , Yeung Lai‐Shan , Choi Kai‐Chow , Chair Sek‐Ying , Dennis Cindy‐Lee
Published: June 2012

Healthcare providers do not have a validated instrument to measure breastfeeding self‐efficacy among Hong Kong Chinese. In this study, we sought to translate the breastfeeding self‐efficacy scale—short form (BSES‐SF) into Hong Kong Chinese and to examine the psychometric properties in a sample of 185 breastfeeding mothers. The construct validity of the translated scale was supported by confirmatory factor analysis and known group analysis. The receiver operating characteristics analysis indicated that the total score of the translated scale at 48–72 hours after delivery could be a useful diagnostic tool for identifying mothers likely to discontinue breastfeeding prematurely, before 6 months postpartum. Further research to cross‐validate the suggested cut‐off value of the scale is recommended. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 35:450–459, 2012
Membrane and cytoplasmic marker exchange between malignant neoplastic cells and fibroblasts via intermittent contact: increased tumour cell diversity independent of genetic change
Authors: David Manu S , Huynh Minh D , Kelly Elizabeth , Rizos Helen , Coleman Hedley , Rogers Glynn , Zoellner Hans
Published: June 2012

We previously demonstrated that human osteosarcoma cells (SAOS‐2) induce contact‐dependent apoptosis in endothelium, and expected similar apoptosis in human gingival fibroblasts (h‐GF) using SAOS‐2 alkaline phosphatase (AP) to identify cells. However, h‐GF apoptosis did not occur, despite reduction in AP‐negative h‐GF number (p < 0.01) and enhancement of this by h‐GF TNFα pretreatment (p < 0.01). We suggest that TNFα‐enhanced transfer of membrane AP from SAOS‐2 to h‐GF would explain these data. This idea was investigated using fluorescence prelabelled cells and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Co‐cultures of membrane‐labelled h‐GF (marker‐DiO) and SAOS‐2 (marker‐DiD) generated dual‐labelled cells, primarily at the expense of single labelled h‐GF (p < 0.001), suggesting predominant membrane transfer from SAOS‐2 to h‐GF. However, opposite directional transfer predominated when membrane labels were reversed; SAOS‐2 further expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP) in cytoplasm and nuclei, and h‐GF additionally bore nuclear label (Syto59) (p < 0.001). Cytoplasmic exchange was investigated using h‐GF prelabelled with cytoplasmic DDAO‐SE and nuclear Syto59, co‐cultured with SAOS‐2 expressing GFP in cytoplasm and nuclei, and predominant cytoplasmic marker transferred from h‐GF to SAOS‐2 (p < 0.05). Pretreating h‐GF with TNFα increased exchange of membrane markers (p < 0.04) but did not affect either cell surface area profile or circularity. Dual‐labelled cells had a morphological phenotype differing from SAOS‐2 and h‐GF (p < 0.001). Time‐lapse microscopy revealed extensive migration of SAOS‐2 and cell process contact with h‐GF, with the appearance of SAOS‐2 indulging in ‘cellular sipping’ from h‐GF. Similar exchange of membrane was seen between h‐GF and with other cell lines (melanoma MeIRMu, NM39, WMM175, MM200‐B12; osteosarcoma U20S; ovarian carcinoma cells PE01, PE04 and COLO316), while cytoplasmic sharing was also seen in all cell lines other than U20S. We suggest that in some neoplasms, cellular sipping may contribute to phenotypic change and the generation of diverse tumour cell populations independent of genetic change, raising the possibility of a role in tumour progression. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Histological variants of medulloblastoma are the most powerful clinical prognostic indicators
Authors: Massimino Maura , Antonelli Manila , Gandola Lorenza , Miceli Rosalba , Pollo Bianca , Biassoni Veronica , Schiavello Elisabetta , Buttarelli Francesca Romana , Spreafico Filippo , Collini Paola , Giangaspero Felice
Published: June 2012

Background

Medulloblastoma histological classification has gained in importance and newer treatment protocols will include histology stratification. We centrally reviewed medulloblastoma cases from past 10 years reassessing their histology to ascertain its prognostic significance.

Methods

Samples from 125 consecutive patients (99 males; 10 under age 3 years) were reviewed according to the two WHO classifications of 2000/2007.

Results

Eighty‐two patients did not have metastases, the primary tumor was completely resected in 101. The median follow‐up was 96 months. Treatment was: our institutional protocol, that is, hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy (HART), for 39 non‐metastatic cases up to 2003; according to the European PNET IV protocol in 31 cases; a HART‐based strategy in 39 metastatic cases; tailored to the age below 3 years and based on high‐dose chemotherapy in 10; and tailored to the patients conditions in 7. The 5‐year PFS/OS rates were 76% and 81%, respectively. Histology was classic in 93 cases, nodular/desmoplastic in 20, anaplastic/large‐cell in 9, and with extensive nodularity (MBEN) in 3. Stratification by residual disease after resection, metastases, age, or protocols was not prognostic. Histology suggested 5‐year PFS rates of 82% for the desmoplastic and MBEN variants, 78% for classic medulloblastoma, 44% for the anaplastic/large‐cell variants (P = 0.01). Multivariable analysis demonstrated statistically significant difference in PFS by histology (P = 0.02), due to the poor prognosis of anaplastic/large‐cell medulloblastoma.

Conclusions

Tailoring treatments to known risk factors cancelled all prognostic differences, except for anaplasia (not considered as such within previous trials) which proved the most powerful prognostic factor, warranting appropriate treatment intensification. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:210–216. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pulsed Electric Field Extraction Enhanced Anti‐coagulant Effect of Fungal Polysaccharide from Jew's Ear (Auricularia auricula)
Authors: Li Changtian , Mao Xinxin , Xu Baojun
Published: June 2012

Introduction

As a Chinese herbal medicine, Jew's ear has been known for its anti‐coagulant effects. Hence it is worthwhile developing an effective technique to extract active components.

Objective

To find the optimal extraction condition and to identify the best strain to yield fungal polysaccharide with anti‐coagulant activity.

Methodology

Three strains of Jew's ear from Jilin Province, named as 988, DY 18 and FS 02, and three extraction techniques, namely, high intensity pulsed electric fields (HIPEF), microwave‐assisted extraction method (MAEM) and ultrasonic‐assisted extraction method (UAEM), were applied to optimise the extraction conditions. The crude extracts and polysaccharides were further determined for anti‐coagulant activities.

Results

All extracts prolonged blood clotting time as compared to reagent control. The HIPEF exhibited the most remarkable effect among the three extraction techniques. The anti‐coagulant activities of extracts were enhanced with increasing electric field strength when the field strength reached 24 kV/cm.

Conclusion

Current results suggest that the HIPEF technique will be an effective method in the manufacture of bioactive natural polysaccharide. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and electro‐optic properties of novel polyurethane containing the nitrophenylazoresorcinoxy group
Authors: Kim Mi Sung , Song Mi Young , Jeon Byeongman , Lee Ju‐Yeon
Published: June 2012

A novel Y‐type polyurethane (polyurethane 3) containing 4‐(4‐nitrophenylazo)resorcinoxy groups as nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores, which constitute part of the polymer backbone, was prepared and characterized. Polyurethane 3 is soluble in common organic solvents such as acetone and N,N‐dimethylformamide. It shows thermal stability up to 270 °C from thermogravimetric analysis with a glass transition temperature obtained from differential scanning calorimetry of 102 °C. The second harmonic generation (SHG) coefficient (d33) of the poled polymer film at 1064 nm fundamental wavelength is 2.06 pm V−1. Polymer 3 exhibits thermal stability up to Tg, and no significant SHG decay is observed below 100 °C, which is acceptable for nonlinear optical device applications. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Orientation of carbon nanotubes in polypropylene melt
Authors: Kang Dong Woo , Ryu Sung Hun
Published: June 2012

The correlation between shear stress and the orientation of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in an SWCNT/polypropylene composite during the melt process was investigated. Highly oriented composite fibers were produced by extruding the polypropylene melt using a capillary rheometer. The experimental range of shear rates covered those of common polymer melt‐shaping processes. The effect of functionalization of the SWCNTs on orientation was also investigated. Polarized Raman spectroscopy was used to analyze the orientation of the SWCNTs. A high degree of SWCNT orientation was observed under high shear stress, and the functionalized SWCNTs induced a higher degree of orientation than did pristine SWCNTs. The existence of a critical shear stress was observed for the orientation of the SWCNTs, and their orientation was found to occur more efficiently above this critical shear stress. The crystallization temperature and heat of fusion were characterized using a differential scanning calorimeter, and both parameters were observed to increase with the incorporation of SWCNTs. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Computer simulation and synthesis of stimuli‐responsive polymer by sol‐gel for selective recognition of (4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxy)acetic acid
Authors: Zhou Xiao‐Run , Zhong Shi‐An , Jiang Guang‐Shuai
Published: June 2012

A novel photoresponsive functional monomer bearing a siloxane polymerizable group and azobenzene moieties was synthesized, and then photoresponsive molecularly imprinted sol‐gel polymers were successfully fabricated from the synthesized functional monomer, using (4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxy)acetic acid (MCPA) as a molecular template. The photoisomerization properties of the functional monomer are retained after incorporation into the rigid three‐dimensional crosslinked polymer matrix. The template is then removed from the resulting polymer to generate pores, which are complementary to the template in shape, size and functionality. The substrate affinity of the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) receptor sites is photoswitchable. This can be attributed to the photoisomerization of azobenzene chromophores within the MIP receptors, resulting in alteration of their geometry and the spatial arrangement of their binding functionalities. The binding affinity of the imprinted recognition sites was switchable by alternate irradiation with UV and visible light, suggesting that azobenzene groups located inside the binding sites could be used as chemical sensors and the trans–cis isomerization could regulate the affinity for MCPA. To study the hydrogen bond interactions between template molecules and functional monomer, computational molecular modeling was employed. The data indicate that the design of the MIP is rational. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Optical and electrochemical properties of polyfluorenes with pyridine–triphenylamine bipolar unit
Authors: Sarigiannis Yiannis , Spiliopoulos Ioakim K
Published: June 2012

Two new polyfluorenes were synthesized by Suzuki coupling polymerization, and their photophysical and electrochemical properties were studied. Both polymers contained the bipolar unit 4‐(2,6‐diphenylpyridin‐4‐yl)phenyl‐diphenylamine consisting of pyridine (Py) and triphenylamine (TPA) subunits. The bipolar unit was linked to the polymer chain via TPA or Py subunit, which affected the properties of the polymers. The polymers showed a weak intramolecular charge transfer character. They showed emission at 466 nm in solution and at 512‐538 nm in thin film. Their emission could be tuned by protonation and N‐alkylation of Py. Cyclic voltammetry experiments showed a quasi‐reversible oxidation process for both polymers. Their highest occupied molecular orbital levels were estimated at − 5.13 and − 5.21 eV. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Unlocking the mystery behind the activation phenomenon of T1 lipase: A molecular dynamics simulations approach
Authors: Rahman Mohd Zulhilmi Abdul , Salleh Abu Bakar , Rahman Raja Noor Zaliha Raja Abdul , Rahman Mohd Basyaruddin Abdul , Basri Mahiran , Leow Thean Chor
Published: June 2012

The activation of lipases has been postulated to proceed by interfacial activation, temperature switch activation, or aqueous activation. Recently, based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulation experiments, the T1 lipase activation mechanism was proposed to involve aqueous activation in addition to a double‐flap mechanism. Because the open conformation structure is still unavailable, it is difficult to validate the proposed theory unambiguously to understand the behavior of the enzyme. In this study, we try to validate the previous reports and uncover the mystery behind the activation process using structural analysis and MD simulations. To investigate the effects of temperature and environmental conditions on the activation process, MD simulations in different solvent environments (water and water‐octane interface) and temperatures (20, 50, 70, 80, and 100°C) were performed. Based on the structural analysis of the lipases in the same family of T1 lipase (I.5 lipase family), we proposed that the lid domain comprises α6 and α7 helices connected by a loop, thus forming a helix‐loop‐helix motif involved in interfacial activation. Throughout the MD simulations experiments, lid displacements were only observed in the water‐octane interface, not in the aqueous environment with respect to the temperature effect, suggesting that the activation process is governed by interfacial activation coupled with temperature switch activation. Examining the activation process in detail revealed that the large structural rearrangement of the lid domain was caused by the interaction between the hydrophobic residues of the lid with octane, a nonpolar solvent, and this conformation was found to be thermodynamically favorable.
Selection of Packaging Systems in Supply Chains from a Sustainability Perspective: The Case of Volvo
Authors: Pålsson Henrik , Finnsgård Christian , Wänström Carl
Published: June 2012

The purpose of this article is to develop an evaluation model for the selection of packaging systems in supply chains from a sustainability perspective.

A theoretical evaluation model for comparing cost efficiency and the environmental impact of packaging systems in supply chains are developed from literature. The model is tested in a case study of a supply chain involving Volvo Car Corporation and Volvo Logistics Corporation, comparing the use of newly developed, one‐way packaging with the sustainability of returnable packaging.

The model compares the environmental and economic impacts of two packaging systems in a specific supply chain. The criteria used in the model are (i) packaging fill rate, (ii) packaging material, (iii) transport, (iv) material handling, (v) waste handling and (vi) administration. In the case study, the one‐way packaging resulted in fewer economic and environmental impacts, thereby indicating the importance for companies to question their packaging systems.

The model has been tested on one component in a case study. It provides a comparison of the packaging choices included using comparative, but not absolute, figures for the economic and environmental impacts.

Managers can use the model to compare packaging systems for component supply and determine the most sustainable packaging from environmental and economic perspectives. The case study indicated that the returnable packaging system commonly used in the automotive industry is not always preferable in terms of sustainability.

The article fulfils the need to evaluate the impact of packaging systems on supply chain sustainability in terms of economic and environmental criteria. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Framing in cognitive clinical interviews about intuitive science knowledge: Dynamic student understandings of the discourse interaction
Authors: Russ Rosemary S. , Lee Victor R. , Sherin Bruce L.
Published: June 2012

Researchers in the science education community make extensive use of cognitive clinical interviews as windows into student knowledge and thinking. Despite our familiarity with the interviews, there has been very limited research addressing the ways that students understand these interactions. In this work, we examine students' behaviors and speech patterns in a set of clinical interviews about chemistry for evidence of their tacit understandings and underlying expectations about the activity in which they are engaged. We draw on the construct offramingfrom anthropology and sociolinguistics and identify clusters of behaviors that indicate that students may alternatively frame the interview asinquiry,anoral examination,or anexpert interview.We present two examples of students shifting between frames during the course of individual interviews. By examining the surrounding interaction, we identify both conceptual and epistemological interviewer cues that facilitate and constrain frame shifts. We discuss the implications of dynamic student framing, that is identifiable in student behaviors and discourse, for researchers who use clinical interviews to map student's intuitive science knowledge. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed96:572–599, 2012
Leveraging supplier capabilities: The role of locus of capability deployment
Authors: Weigelt Carmen
Published: June 2012

This study adds to the resource‐based view by studying how client firms may gain performance benefits from supplier IT capabilities in market‐based arrangements where the supplier's IT capabilities are readily available to multiple client firms. I argue that the locus of supplier capability deployment, i.e. whether supplier capabilities are deployed at the client (in‐sourcing) or supplier (outsourcing), has implications for client firm performance. The findings show that in‐sourcing leads to complementary effects between supplier IT capabilities and client operational capabilities. In contrast, clients with weaker operational capabilities benefit from outsourcing the respective activity to the supplier, and may even be able to reduce their capability disadvantage through outsourcing. The data on 964 U.S. credit unions contracting with 22 technology solution providers is archival. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal energy storage for solar power production
Authors: Siegel Nathan P.
Published: June 2012

Solar energy is the most abundant persistent energy resource. It is also an intermittent one available for only a fraction of each day while the demand for electric power never ceases. To produce a significant amount of power at the utility scale, electricity generated from solar energy must be dispatchable and able to be supplied in response to variations in demand. This requires energy storage that serves to decouple the intermittent solar resource from the load and enables around‐the‐clock power production from solar energy. Practically, solar energy storage technologies must be efficient as any energy loss results in an increase in the amount of required collection hardware, the largest cost in a solar electric power system. Storing solar energy as heat has been shown to be an efficient, scalable, and relatively low‐cost approach to providing dispatchable solar electricity. Concentrating solar power systems that include thermal energy storage (TES) use mirrors to focus sunlight onto a heat exchanger where it is converted to thermal energy that is carried away by a heat transfer fluid and used to drive a conventional thermal power cycle (e.g., steam power plant), or stored for later use. Several approaches to TES have been developed and can generally be categorized as either thermophysical (wherein energy is stored in a hot fluid or solid medium or by causing a phase change that can later be reversed to release heat) or thermochemical (in which energy is stored in chemical bonds requiring two or more reversible chemical reactions).

This article is categorized under:

Concentrating Solar Power > Science and Materials

Concentrating Solar Power > Systems and Infrastructure
Preserving Social Models While Regaining Competitiveness: Can Europe Do Both?
Authors: Góra Marek
Published: June 2012

European social models have many advantages and some disadvantages—both have been widely discussed. However, disputes on whether the European welfare state is a good or bad idea have become less relevant since the demographic dividend that used to fuel the institutions of the welfare state has disappeared. Having fewer resources, Europeans must spend less. In order to adjust to the new situation it is crucial to rethink the essence of social goals, to explain conclusions to the public, and to then neutralise certain elements of social models in order to withdraw them from political bargaining and downsize them. All this is necessary in order to save the social models, which have become overused. Not having the demographic dividend available, politicians have had to increase the burden put on production factors, reducing net remunerations. European social models still have a lot of potential for the future. If they focus on the key social goals and are of a reasonable scale then they will once again contribute to higher productivity and competitiveness among European economies.
When Less is More: Lessons from 25 Years of Attempting to Maximize the Effect of Each (and Often Only) Therapeutic Encounter
Authors: Talmon Moshe
Published: June 2012

The three main findings of studies conducted by Hoyt, Rosenbaum, and myself during the years 1986–1990 at the Kaiser Permanente Medical Group, were

. Single session is the most common length of psychotherapy.

. The first session in psychotherapy is potentially the most therapeutic and often has the greatest influence on the outcome of therapy.

. Single session therapy (SST) is the most cost‐effective mode of therapy.

The fact that less is very often better in psychotherapy is by now one of the most validated and consistent findings in evidence‐based psychotherapy research. We now think of it as a very common, very useful way of conducting therapy, employing many different approaches and methods to address a wide range of presenting problems. In retrospect, 25 years later, I believe that the essence of single session therapy is still about being present in each and every session as a whole. The goal has always been to make the most of every therapeutic session, whether seeing a client only once or over a long period of time. In a personal communication in 1978, Haley (in Talmon, 1990) predicted that a ‘single interview could become the standard for estimating how long and how successful therapy should be.’ This article explains why it didn't happen.
Numerical investigation of magnetic Richtmyer-Meshkov instability
Authors: Levy Y. , Jaouen S. , Canaud B.
Published: June 2012

We report numerical results of the linear growth of the Richtmyer-Meshkov instability (RMI) in compressible fluids and in the presence of a magnetic field. These results are obtained with the Lagrangian code LPC-MHD in which media are supposed to be compressible ideal gases. We first applied a magnetic field perpendicular to the wave vector and perpendicular to the shock wave propagation and observed no changes on the perturbation growth velocity compared to the case without magnetic field. We also considered the configuration where the magnetic field is parallel to the wave vector. We observed the stabilization of the instability with oscillations of the perturbations amplitude. Numerical results are compared to impulsive acceleration model of the RMI in the presence of a transverse magnetic field, in the non-compressible limit. A good agreement is obtained between numerical results and model for both the amplitude and the frequency of oscillations. Compressibility seems to have negligible effects.
A spiral self-magnetically insulated ion diode
Authors: Pushkarev A.I. , Isakova YU. I.
Published: June 2012

The paper presets the results of a study on a self-magnetically insulated ion diode with an explosive-emission potential electrode. The experiments have been carried out using the TEMP-4M accelerator, operating in a double-pulse mode: the first negative pulse (300–500 ns, 100–150 kV) followed by the second positive pulse (150 ns, 250–300 kV). The ion beam energy density was 0.3–2.5 J/cm2; the beam was composed from carbon ions (80–85%) and protons. We studied several geometries of the diode: planar and focusing strip arrangement, annular and spiral geometries. It was shown that during the second voltage pulse, a condition of magnetic insulation in the diode gap is fulfilled (B/Bcr ≥3). Using the new spiral geometry of the diode, it was possible to increase the efficiency of ion current generation due to the suppression of the electron component of the total diode current by increasing the electron transit time in the gap. We have increased the efficiency of carbon ion generation from 5–9% (in the planar strip diodes) up to 17–20% in the spiral diode. The spiral geometry of the diode makes it possible to increase the efficiency of C+ ion generation 25–30 times compared to the space-charge-limited current (Childe-Langmuir limit). This is more than two times higher than in other known geometries of self-magnetically insulated diodes. The spiral diode has a resource of more than 107 pulses.
An outbreak of Cyclospora infection on a cruise ship
Authors: GIBBS R. A. , NANYONJO R. , PINGAULT N. M. , COMBS B. G. , MAZZUCCHELLI T. , ARMSTRONG P. , TARLING G. , DOWSE G. K.
Published: June 2012

In 2010, an outbreak of cyclosporiasis affected passengers and crew on two successive voyages of a cruise ship that departed from and returned to Fremantle, Australia. There were 73 laboratory-confirmed and 241 suspected cases of Cyclospora infection reported in passengers and crew from the combined cruises. A case-control study performed in crew members found that illness was associated with eating items of fresh produce served onboard the ship, but the study was unable conclusively to identify the responsible food(s). It is likely that one or more of the fresh produce items taken onboard at a south-east Asian port during the first cruise was contaminated. If fresh produce supplied to cruise ships is sourced from countries or regions where Cyclospora is endemic, robust standards of food production and hygiene should be applied to the supply chain.
Faith-based Organisations and UK Welfare Services: Exploring Some Ongoing Dilemmas
Authors: Furness Sheila , Gilligan Philip
Published: June 2012

Faith-based organisations (FBOs) have delivered services to vulnerable people for many years. They are frequently characterised by values also to be found within social work, notably a commitment to social justice. In the context of recent attempts by governments, notably in the USA, United Kingdom and Australia, to ‘roll-back’ the state, to ‘marketise’ and ‘privatise’ welfare services, FBOs are increasingly called-upon to tender for and volunteer to provide public services, including ‘social work’. In the United Kingdom, as elsewhere, religious beliefs are central to how many people conduct themselves, especially in response to personal crises and challenges. The authors’ previous research indicates that religious beliefs and traditions may have a profound impact (for good or ill or for both) on the actions of both individual service users and practitioners, but that social workers and agencies (whether faith-based or not) are often ill equipped to respond appropriately. They acknowledge both the positive contributions to public welfare of many faith-based organisations and the potential dangers inherent in relying on such agencies for services to vulnerable people. The authors argue that evaluations need to consider the effectiveness, appropriateness, ‘costs’ and ‘benefits’ of individual faith-based services in their particular contexts, and that their contribution needs to be analysed in relation to the varied nature and variable impact of such services. Social work has often struggled in its aim of challenging and addressing the structural causes of inequality as its efforts have been channelled towards meeting the needs of the individual. Current policy proposals provide potential opportunities to review and assess the contribution of neo-liberal approaches to welfare and to promote alliances amongst those members of different FBOs and other welfare providers to agree more collective, community-based approaches with an agreed agenda of creating a fairer society.
Impact of the rippling of a perpendicular shock front on ion dynamics
Authors: Yang Z. W. , Lembège B. , Lu Q. M.
Published: June 2012

Both hybrid/full particle simulations and recent experimental results have clearly evidenced that the front of a supercritical quasi‐perpendicular shock can be rippled. Recent two‐dimensional simulations have focused on two different types of shock front rippling: (1) one characterized by a small spatial scale along the front is supported by lower hybrid wave activity, (2) the other characterized by a large spatial scale along the front is supported by the emission of large amplitude nonlinear whistler waves. These two rippled shock fronts are self‐consistently observed when the static magnetic field is perpendicular to (so called “B0‐OUT” case) or within (so called “B0‐IN” case) the simulation plane, respectively. On the other hand, several studies have been made on the reflection and energization of incoming ions with a shock but most have been restricted to a one dimensional shock profile only (no rippling effects). Herein, two‐dimensional test particle simulations based on strictly perpendicular shock profiles chosen at a fixed time in two‐dimensional Particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulations, are performed in order to investigate the impact of the shock front ripples on incident ion (H+) dynamics. The acceleration mechanisms and energy spectra of the test‐ions (described by shell distributions with different initial kinetic energy) interacting with a rippled shock front are analyzed in detail. Both “B0‐OUT” and “B0‐IN” cases are considered separately; in each case, y‐averaged (front rippling excluded) and non‐averaged (front rippling included) profiles will be analyzed. Present results show that: (1) the incident ions suffer both shock drift acceleration (SDA) and shock surfing acceleration (SSA) mechanisms. Moreover, a striking feature is that SSA ions not only are identified at the ramp but also within the foot which confirms previous 1‐D simulation results; (2) the percentage of SSA ions increases with initial kinetic energy, a feature which persists well with a rippled shock front; (3) furthermore, the ripples increase the porosity of the shock front, and more directly transmitted (DT) ions are produced; these strongly affect the relative percentage of the different identified classes of ions (SSA, SDA and DT ions), their average kinetic energy and their relative contribution to the resulting downstream energy spectra; (4) one key impact of the ripples is a strong diffusion of ions (in particular through the frontiers of their injection angle domains and in phase space which are blurred out) which leads to a mixing of the different ion classes. This diffusion increases with the size of the spatial scale of the front ripples; (5) through this diffusion, an ion belonging to a given category (SSA, SDA, or DT) in y‐averaged case changes class in non‐averaged case without one‐to‐one correspondence.
Spreading of the Western Mediterranean Deep Water after winter 2005: Time scales and deep cyclone transport
Authors: Beuvier J. , Béranger K. , Lebeaupin Brossier C. , Somot S. , Sevault F. , Drillet Y. , Bourdallé‐Badie R. , Ferry N. , Lyard F.
Published: June 2012

This work is dedicated to the study of the propagation of the Western Mediterranean Deep Water (WMDW) formed in the Gulf of Lions during the exceptional winter 2005. A simulation of the 1998–2008 period has been carried out with an eddy‐resolving Ocean General Circulation Model of the Mediterranean Sea, driven by interannual high‐resolution air‐sea fluxes. This study first presents a validation of the recently improved model configuration against satellite observations. Then, we assess the ability of the model to reproduce the particularly intense deep convection event of winter 2005 in the Gulf of Lions. A huge volume of very dense water is formed in the simulation at that time (annual formation rate higher than 3 Sv). The thermohaline characteristics of the new WMDW allow a monitoring of its deep propagation. We identify several deep cyclones as mainly responsible of the fast spreading of the WMDW southwards in the Western Mediterranean. By comparing Eulerian and Lagrangian approaches, we estimate different transport times of the WMDW by these cyclonic eddies and compare them to those deduced from several observations. Finally, we argue that these cyclones favor the propagation of the WMDW thermohaline characteristics toward the Channel of Sardinia and decrease the volume of WMDW which can reach the Strait of Gibraltar.
Response of the North American monsoon to regional changes in ocean surface temperature
Authors: Barron John A. , Metcalfe Sarah E. , Addison Jason A.
Published: June 2012

The North American monsoon (NAM), an onshore wind shift occurring between July and September, has evolved in character during the Holocene largely due to changes in Northern Hemisphere insolation. Published paleoproxy and modeling studies suggest that prior to ∼8000 cal years BP, the NAM affected a broader region than today, extending westward into the Mojave Desert of California. Holocene proxy SST records from the Gulf of California (GoC) and the adjacent Pacific provide constraints for this changing NAM climatology. Prior to ∼8000 cal years BP, lower GoC SSTs would not have fueled northward surges of tropical moisture up the GoC, which presently contribute most of the monsoon precipitation to the western NAM region. During the early Holocene, the North Pacific High was further north and SSTs in the California Current off Baja California were warmer, allowing monsoonal moisture flow from the subtropical Pacific to take a more direct, northwesterly trajectory into an expanded area of the southwestern U.S. west of 114°W. A new upwelling record off southwest Baja California reveals that enhanced upwelling in the California Current beginning at ∼7500 cal year BP may have triggered a change in NAM climatology, focusing the geographic expression of NAM in the southwest USA into its modern core region east of ∼114°W, in Arizona and New Mexico. Holocene proxy precipitation records from the southwestern U.S. and northwestern Mexico, including lakes, vegetation/pollen, and caves are reviewed and found to be largely supportive of this hypothesis of changing Holocene NAM climatology.
The size of plume heterogeneities constrained by Marquesas isotopic stripes
Authors: Chauvel Catherine , Maury René C. , Blais Sylvain , Lewin Eric , Guillou Hervé , Guille Gérard , Rossi Philippe , Gutscher Marc‐André
Published: June 2012

The scale and geometry of chemical and isotopic heterogeneities in the source of plumes have important scientific implications on the nature, composition and origin of plumes and on the dynamics of mantle mixing over time. Here, we address these issues through the study of Marquesas Islands, one of the Archipelagoes in Polynesia. We present new Sr, Nd, Pb, Hf isotopes as well as trace element data on lavas from several Marquesas Islands and demonstrate that this archipelago consists of two adjacent and distinct rows of islands with significantly different isotopic compositions. For the entire 5.5 Ma construction period, the northern islands, hereafter called the Ua Huka group, has had systematically higher 87Sr/86Sr and lower 206Pb/204Pb ratios than the southern Fatu Hiva group at any given 143Nd/144Nd value. The shape and curvature of mixing arrays preclude the ambient depleted MORB mantle as one of the mixing end‐members. We believe therefore that the entire isotopic heterogeneity originates in the plume itself. We suggest that the two Marquesas isotopic stripes originate from partial melting of two adjacent filaments contained in small plumes or “plumelets” that came from a large dome structure located deep in the mantle under Polynesia. Low‐degree partial melting under Marquesas and other “weak” Polynesian hot spot chains (Pitcairn‐Gambier, Austral‐Cook, Society) sample small areas of the dome and preserve source heterogeneities. In contrast, more productive hot spots build up large islands such as Big Island in Hawaii or Réunion Island, and the higher degrees of melting blur the isotopic variability of the plume source.
Size dependence of wet removal of black carbon aerosols during transport from the boundary layer to the free troposphere
Authors: Moteki N. , Kondo Y. , Oshima N. , Takegawa N. , Koike M. , Kita K. , Matsui H. , Kajino M.
Published: June 2012

Size distributions of black carbon (BC) measured by aircraft over East Asia in spring 2009 were highly correlated with BC transport efficiency in air parcels uplifted from the planetary boundary layer to the free troposphere. The average single‐particle BC mass decreased with decreasing transport efficiency, which suggests that aerosols containing larger BC mass were removed more efficiently. This is the first successful observation of the size‐dependent wet removal of aerosols, qualitatively consistent with the Köhler theory. The size distribution of BC uplifted to the free troposphere with high efficiency was similar to the size distribution of BC in the planetary boundary layer. Conversely, the size distribution of BC uplifted with low efficiency was similar to that of background air in the free troposphere. We conclude that wet removal during upward transport is important in controlling the size distribution of BC in the free troposphere.
Fluid budgets of subduction zone forearcs: The contribution of splay faults
Authors: Lauer Rachel M. , Saffer Demian M.
Published: June 2012

Geochemical and geophysical evidence indicate that splay faults cutting subduction zone forearcs are a key hydraulic connection between the plate boundary at depth and the seafloor. Existing modeling studies have generally not included these structures, and therefore a quantitative understanding of their role in overall fluid budgets, the distribution of fluid egress at the seafloor, and advection of heat and solutes has been lacking. Here, we use a two‐dimensional numerical model to address these questions at non‐accretionary subduction zones, using the well‐studied Costa Rican margin as an example. We find that for a range of splay fault permeabilities from 10−16 m2 to 10−13 m2, they capture between 6 and 35% of the total dewatering flux. Simulated flow rates of 0.1–17 cm/yr are highly consistent with those reported at seafloor seeps and along the décollement near the trench. Our results provide a quantitative link between permeability architecture, fluid budgets, and flow rates, and illustrate that these features play a fundamental role in forearc dewatering, and in efficiently channeling heat and solutes from depth.
Opposing roles for RhoH GTPase during T-cell migration and activation
Authors: Baker Christina M. , Comrie William A. , Hyun Young-Min , Chung Hung-Li , Fedorchuk Christine A. , Lim Kihong , Brakebusch Cord , McGrath James L. , Waugh Richard E. , Meier-Schellersheim Martin , Kim Minsoo
Published: June 2012

T cells spend the majority of their time perusing lymphoid organs in search of cognate antigen presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs) and then quickly recirculate through the bloodstream to another lymph node. Therefore, regulation of a T-cell response is dependent upon the ability of cells to arrive in the correct location following chemokine gradients (“go” signal) as well as to receive appropriate T-cell receptor (TCR) activation signals upon cognate antigen recognition (“stop” signal). However, the mechanisms by which T cells regulate these go and stop signals remain unclear. We found that overexpression of the hematopoietic-specific RhoH protein in the presence of chemokine signals resulted in decreased Rap1–GTP and LFA-1 adhesiveness to ICAM-1, thus impairing T-cell chemotaxis; while in the presence of TCR signals, there were enhanced and sustained Rap1–GTP and LFA-1 activation as well as prolonged T:APC conjugates. RT-PCR analyses of activated CD4+T cells and live images of T-cell migration and immunological synapse (IS) formation revealed that functions of RhoH took place primarily at the levels of transcription and intracellular distribution. Thus, we conclude that RhoH expression provides a key molecular determinant that allows T cells to switch between sensing chemokine-mediated go signals and TCR-dependent stop signals.
Autocrine/paracrine TGF-β1 inhibits Langerhans cell migration
Authors: Bobr Aleh , Igyarto Botond Z. , Haley Krystal M. , Li Ming O. , Flavell Richard A. , Kaplan Daniel H.
Published: June 2012

Langerhans cells (LCs) are skin-resident dendritic cells (DC) located in the epidermis that migrate to skin-draining lymph nodes during the steady state and in response to inflammatory stimuli. TGF-β1 is a critical immune regulator that is highly expressed by LCs. The ability to test the functional importance of LC-derived TGF-β1 is complicated by the requirement of TGF-β1 for LC development and by the absence of LCs in mice with an LC-specific ablation of TGF-β1 or its receptor. To overcome these problems, we have engineered transgenic huLangerin-CreERT2mice that allow for inducible LC-specific excision. Highly efficient and LC-specific expression was confirmed in mice bred onto a YFP Cre reporter strain. We next generated huLangerin-CreERT2× TGF-βRIIfland huLangerin-CreERT2× TGF-β1flmice. Excision of theTGFβRIIorTGFβ1genes induced mass migration of LCs to the regional lymph node. Expression of costimulatory markers and inflammatory cytokines was unaffected, consistent with homeostatic migration. In addition, levels of p-SMAD2/3 were decreased in LCs from wild-type mice before inflammation-induced migration. We conclude that TGF-β1 acts directly on LCs in an autocrine/paracrine manner to inhibit steady-state and inflammation-induced migration. This is a readily targetable pathway with potential therapeutic implications for skin disease.
Neural stem cell specific fluorescent chemical probe binding to FABP7
Authors: Yun Seong-Wook , Leong Cheryl , Zhai Duanting , Tan Yee Ling , Lim Linda , Bi Xuezhi , Lee Jae-Jung , Kim Han Jo , Kang Nam-Young , Ng Shin Hui , Stanton Lawrence W. , Chang Young-Tae
Published: June 2012

Fluorescent small molecules have become indispensable tools for biomedical research along with the rapidly developing optical imaging technology. We report here a neural stem cell specific boron-dipyrromethane (BODIPY) derivative compound of designation red 3 (CDr3), developed through a high throughput/content screening of in-house generated diversity oriented fluorescence library in stem cells at different developmental stages. This novel compound specifically detects living neural stem cells of both human and mouse origin. Furthermore, we identified its binding target by proteomic analysis as fatty acid binding protein 7 (FABP7), also known as brain lipid binding protein) which is highly expressed in neural stem cells and localized in the cytoplasm. CDr3 will be a valuable chemical tool in the study and applications of neural stem cells.
Small molecule-induced cytosolic activation of protein kinase Akt rescues ischemia-elicited neuronal death
Authors: Jo Hakryul , Mondal Subhanjan , Tan Dewar , Nagata Eiichiro , Takizawa Shunya , Sharma Alok K. , Hou Qingming , Shanmugasundaram Kumaran , Prasad Amit , Tung Joe K. , Tejeda Alexander O. , Man Hengye , Rigby Alan C. , Luo Hongbo R.
Published: June 2012

Elevating Akt activation is an obvious clinical strategy to prevent progressive neuronal death in neurological diseases. However, this endeavor has been hindered because of the lack of specific Akt activators. Here, from a cell-based high-throughput chemical genetic screening, we identified a small molecule SC79 that inhibits Akt membrane translocation, but paradoxically activates Akt in the cytosol. SC79 specifically binds to the PH domain of Akt. SC79-bound Akt adopts a conformation favorable for phosphorylation by upstream protein kinases. In a hippocampal neuronal culture system and a mouse model for ischemic stroke, the cytosolic activation of Akt by SC79 is sufficient to recapitulate the primary cellular function of Akt signaling, resulting in augmented neuronal survival. Thus, SC79 is a unique specific Akt activator that may be used to enhance Akt activity in various physiological and pathological conditions.
Roco kinase structures give insights into the mechanism of Parkinson disease-related leucine-rich-repeat kinase 2 mutations
Authors: Gilsbach Bernd K. , Ho Franz Y. , Vetter Ingrid R. , van Haastert Peter J. M. , Wittinghofer Alfred , Kortholt Arjan
Published: June 2012

Mutations in human leucine-rich-repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) have been found to be the most frequent cause of late-onset Parkinson disease. Here we show that
Dictyostelium discoideum
Roco4 is a suitable model to study the structural and biochemical characteristics of the LRRK2 kinase and can be used for optimization of current and identification of new LRRK2 inhibitors. We have solved the structure of Roco4 kinase wild-type, Parkinson disease-related mutants G1179S and L1180T (G2019S and I2020T in LRRK2) and the structure of Roco4 kinase in complex with the LRRK2 inhibitor H1152. Taken together, our data give important insight in the LRRK2 activation mechanism and, most importantly, explain the G2019S-related increase in LRRK2 kinase activity.