bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zur Bestimmung des Interrogativpartikels μή in Joh 7:35
Authors: Swoboda Ulrike
Published: November 2015

The question of who could be meant by the Greeks in John 7:35 and who is uttering the question of John 7:35 is puzzling. In this context, the fact that the Greeks in John 12:20 are mentioned in the narrative text of John’s Gospel, while they occur in John 7:35 within a direct speech of the Jews, was given little attention in the past. It seems possible to argue that the question in 7:35 is an open question without determination as to the answer (μή haesitativum). In this case 7:35 should not any more be used as hinting at a mission among gentiles.
The Marian Dimension to the First Executions of the Reformation
Authors: Christman Robert
Published: November 2015

This article investigates the Marian dimension to the Reformation’s first executions, the burning of the Augustinian friars Heinrich Voes and Johann van den Esschen in Brussels on July 1, 1523. Using sources generated by their case, it argues that the Reformation debate over how Christians should understand the Virgin Mary became interwoven with their case, and more specifically that their deaths were utilized by the ecclesiastical authorities (both Catholic and pro-Reformation) as a platform to debate Mary’s powers and efficacy. It further reveals the surreptitious nature of ways in which Catholic forces integrated beliefs surrounding the Virgin Mary into their explanation of events of the case, and the equally cunning strategy of their opponents to respond to such implications in implicit rather than overt ways. The result is a more textured and nuanced understanding of the meaning, methods, and utility of the conflict over Marian piety in the early Reformation.
The Responsibility to Protect at Ten
Authors: Gallagher Adrian , Ralph Jason
Published: November 2015

This article introduces the special issue and identifies three key contributions. First, RtoP advocates are right to mark the progress that has been made, but that should not – and generally does not – lead norm diffusers to rest on their laurels or to fall into a complacency that sees moral progress as inevitable. Second, the burden of concrete protection practices – whether they be reflected in contributions to peacekeeping missions or the granting of asylum – is being unfairly distributed across international society. This hierarchy is potentially destabilising and it demands that the great powers – or those laying claim to that identity – recognise their ‘special responsibility to protect’. Third, the great powers do have an important responsibility to reconcile the demands of human protection and international peace and security. It is difficult to reconcile these if we look narrowly at the former in terms of intervention, especially military intervention. Reiterating RtoP to remind states that other prudent options are available – such as receiving refugees – is an important step, especially in the current context.
The Responsibility to Protect Ten Years on from the World Summit: A Call to Manage Expectations
Authors: Gallagher Adrian
Published: November 2015

This article draws on non-Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) research into expectations to argue that in the aftermath of the intervention in Libya and non-intervention in Syria scholars have to manage RtoP expectations. In so doing, it introduces four types of expectations into the RtoP discourse: ‘expectation gaps’, ‘expectation vacuums’, ‘expectation clouding’, and ‘inherited expectations’ – the latter of which is this author’s own contribution to the discourse. To illustrate the utility of the expectations approach, the article focuses on the debate over inconsistency in order to highlight the role of expectation gaps and inherited expectations. Going forward, it calls for further research into RtoP expectation management to be conducted and identifies key debates which need to be addressed. Ultimately, it advances an understanding of the RtoP that is inherently more sensitive to its limitations and possibilities.
A new genus and species of Cicadellini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) from China
Authors: MENG ZE-HONG , YANG MAO-FA
Published: November 2015

The leafhopper genus Atkinsoniella was originally established by Distant (1908) for two species with A. decisa as type species. So far, 75 valid species are known worldwide and of these, 63 are from China (Yang et al. 2011). Because Atkinsoniella is a very large and morphologically heterogeneous genus it is desirable to recognize smaller groups of species with distinctive characteristics.
Astrotischeria neotropicana sp. nov.—a leaf-miner on Sida, Malvaceae, currently with the broadest distribution range in the Neotropics (Lepidoptera, Tischeriidae)
Authors: DIŠKUS ARŪNAS , STONIS JONAS R.
Published: November 2015

This paper describes Astrotischeria neotropicana Diškus & Stonis, sp. nov. (Lepidoptera: Tischeriidae), a new leaf-miner on Sida (Malvaceae) with a broad distribution range in tropical Central & South America. The new species is currently recorded from the Amazon Basin in Peru and Ecuador to tropical lowlands in Guatemala and Belize (including the Caribbean Archipelago). The new species is illustrated with photographs of the adults, male and female genitalia, and the leaf-mines; distribution map is also provided.
Paragnomoxyala gen. nov. (Xyalidae, Monhysterida, Nematoda) from the East China Sea
Authors: JIANG WEIJUN , HUANG YONG
Published: November 2015

A new genus, Paragnomoxyala gen. nov., and a new species, Paragnomoxyala breviseta sp. nov. are described from the East China Sea. Paragnomoxyala gen. nov. is characterized by having large funnel-shaped buccal cavity with cuticularized walls and extended anteriorly; lips very high; striated cuticle; four cephalic setae, absence of outer labial setae; circular amphidial fovea; straight spicules and absence of gubernaculum; tail conico-cylindrical with three terminal setae; female monodelphic with an anterior outstretched ovary. It differs from similar genera by having a large buccal cavity unique in Xyalidae, straight spicules, lacking gubernaculum, and conico-cylindrical tail with terminal setae. Paragnomoxyala breviseta sp. nov. is characterized by having a large funnel-shaped buccal cavity, with cuticularized walls and extended anteriorly, 1.6-1.8 hd long and 63–79% cbd wide; four cephalic setae 3–4 µm long; circular amphids 6–9 µm in diameter; spicules straight but slightly bent at both ends; absence of gubernaculum and precloacal supplement.
Increasing the Diversity of Your Graduate Program: Translating Best Practices into Success
Authors: Burt Melissa A. , Haacker Rebecca , Batchelor Rebecca L. , Denning A. Scott
Published: November 2015

Despite awareness in the geosciences that our field has a substantial lack of diversity in our workforce and student body, and countless efforts to broaden participation, graduate enrollment in the atmospheric sciences by students who are from traditionally underrepresented groups (i.e., African American, Hispanic, and American Indian students) is only slowly increasing, from 6% in 2005 to about 8.5% currently. In 2005, the Department of Atmospheric Science at Colorado State University (CSU) had a minority enrollment of 3.5%, which was lower than the national enrollment statistics of 6.0%. Through a concerted effort to better reflect the demographic makeup of the United States, the department now boasts a figure closer to 16%. Our students do cutting-edge research, participate in field campaigns, and are actively involved in professional societies, such as the American Meteorological Society (AMS). We expect that many of our students will become faculty or researchers and hopefully will mentor students themselves one day. Our article highlights the strategic initiative we have used to increase the diversity in atmospheric science, in hopes that our findings can present a model that can be replicated in other geoscience departments across the nation.
Climate Change Implications for Tropical Islands: Interpolating and Interpreting Statistically Downscaled GCM Projections for Management and Planning
Authors: Khalyani Azad Henareh , Gould William A. , Harmsen Eric , Terando Adam , Quinones Maya , Collazo Jaime A.
Published: November 2015

The potential ecological and economic effects of climate change for tropical islands were studied using output from 12 statistically downscaled general circulation models (GCMs) taking Puerto Rico as a test case. Two model selection/model averaging strategies were used: the average of all available GCMs and the average of the models that are able to reproduce the observed large-scale dynamics that control precipitation over the Caribbean. Five island-wide and multidecadal averages of daily precipitation and temperature were estimated by way of a climatology-informed interpolation of the site-specific downscaled climate model output. Annual cooling degree-days (CDD) were calculated as a proxy index for air-conditioning energy demand, and two measures of annual no-rainfall days were used as drought indices. Holdridge life zone classification was used to map the possible ecological effects of climate change. Precipitation is predicted to decline in both model ensembles, but the decrease was more severe in the “regionally consistent” models. The precipitation declines cause gradual and linear increases in drought intensity and extremes. The warming from the 1960–90 period to the 2071–99 period was 4.6°–9°C depending on the global emission scenarios and location. This warming may cause increases in CDD, and consequently increasing energy demands. Life zones may shift from wetter to drier zones with the possibility of losing most, if not all, of the subtropical rain forests and extinction risks to rain forest specialists or obligates.
Atmospheric Responses to North Atlantic SST Anomalies in Idealized Experiments. Part II: North American Precipitation
Authors: Hu Qi , Veres Michael C.
Published: November 2015

This is the second part of a two-part paper that addresses deterministic roles of the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies associated with the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) in variations of atmospheric circulation and precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere, using a sequence of idealized model runs at the spring equinox conditions. This part focuses on the effect of the SST anomalies on North American precipitation. Major results show that, in the model setting closest to the real-world situation, a warm SST anomaly in the North Atlantic Ocean causes suppressed precipitation in central, western, and northern North America but more precipitation in the southeast. A nearly reversed pattern of precipitation anomalies develops in response to the cold SST anomaly. Further examinations of these solutions reveal that the response to the cold SST anomaly is less stable than that to the warm SST anomaly. The former is “dynamically charged” in the sense that positive eddy kinetic energy (EKE) exists over the continent. The lack of precipitation in its southeast is because of an insufficient moisture supply. In addition, the results show that the EKE of the short- (2–6 day) and medium-range (7–10 day) weather-producing processes in North America have nearly opposite signs in response to the same cold SST anomaly. These competing effects of eddies in the dynamically charged environment (elevated sensitivity to moisture) complicate the circulation and precipitation responses to the cold SST anomaly in the North Atlantic and may explain why the model results show more varying precipitation anomalies (also confirmed by statistical test results) during the cold than the warm SST anomaly, as also shown in simulations with more realistic models. Results of this study indicate a need to include the AMO in the right context with other forcings in an effort to improve understanding of interannual-to-multidecadal variations in warm season precipitation in North America.
High-Resolution Simulations of Decadal Climate Variability Impacts on Water Yield in the Missouri River Basin with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)
Authors: Mehta Vikram M. , Mendoza Katherin , Daggupati Prasad , Srinivasan Raghavan , Rosenberg Norman J. , Deb Debjani
Published: November 2015

The Missouri River basin (MRB) is the largest river basin in the United States and is one of the most important agricultural regions in the world. Three decadal climate variability (DCV) phenomena—the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), the tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) gradient variability (TAG), and the west Pacific warm pool SST variability (WPWP)—substantially influence hydrometeorology in the MRB. The authors report on a simulation study with the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to estimate impacts on water availability in response to realistic values of PDO, TAG, and WPWP indices in approximately 13 500 hydrologic unit areas covering the MRB. SWAT, driven by hydrometeorological anomalies associated with positive and negative phases of PDO and TAG, indicated major impacts on water yields and streamflows, as much as ±40% of the average in many locations. Impacts of the WPWP index were smaller. Consistent with observations during 1949–2010, SWAT showed water flow increases of as much as 80% of the average, causing very wet periods when the positive phase of the PDO and the negative phase of the TAG at extreme amplitudes were superposed. Water flows decreased by a similar amount, resulting in severe to extreme droughts when the negative phase of the PDO and the positive phase of the TAG at extreme amplitudes were superposed. Thus, the combined and cumulative effects of these DCV phenomena on water flows, droughts, and wet periods in the MRB can be dramatic, with important consequences for all water-consuming sectors as well as for feedbacks to the climate system.
Using Densely Distributed Soil Moisture Observations for Calibration of a Hydrologic Model
Authors: Thorstensen Andrea , Nguyen Phu , Hsu Kuolin , Sorooshian Soroosh
Published: November 2015

Calibration is a crucial step in hydrologic modeling that is typically handled by tuning parameters to match an observed hydrograph. In this research, an alternative calibration scheme based on soil moisture was investigated as a means of identifying the potentially heterogeneous calibration needs of a distributed hydrologic model. The National Weather Service’s (NWS) Hydrology Laboratory Research Distributed Hydrologic Model (HL-RDHM) was employed to carry out such a calibration, along with concentrated in situ soil moisture observations from the Iowa Flood Studies (IFloodS) field campaign in Iowa’s Turkey River basin. Synthetic, single-pixel experiments were conducted in order to identify parameters relevant to soil moisture dynamics and to test the ability of three calibration procedures (discharge, soil moisture, and hybrid based) to recapture prescribed parameter sets. It was found that three storage parameters of HL-RDHM could be consistently identified using soil moisture RMSE as the objective function and that the addition of discharge-based calibration led to more consistent parameter identification for all 11 storage and release parameters. Expanding to full-basin experiments, these three calibration procedures were applied following an investigation to find the most advantageous method of distributing the point-based calibrations carried out at each pixel collocated with an IFloodS observation site. A method based on pixel similarity was deemed most appropriate for this purpose. Additionally, streamflow simulations calibrated with soil moisture showed improvement in RMSE and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) for all calibration–validation events despite a short calibration period, a promising result when considering calibration of ungauged basins. However, supplementary evaluation metrics show mixed results for streamflow simulations, suggesting further investigation is required.
On Galerkin Approximations of the Surface Active Quasigeostrophic Equations
Authors: Rocha Cesar B. , Young William R. , Grooms Ian
Published: November 2015

This study investigates the representation of solutions of the three-dimensional quasigeostrophic (QG) equations using Galerkin series with standard vertical modes, with particular attention to the incorporation of active surface buoyancy dynamics. This study extends two existing Galerkin approaches (A and B) and develops a new Galerkin approximation (C). Approximation A, due to Flierl, represents the streamfunction as a truncated Galerkin series and defines the potential vorticity (PV) that satisfies the inversion problem exactly. Approximation B, due to Tulloch and Smith, represents the PV as a truncated Galerkin series and calculates the streamfunction that satisfies the inversion problem exactly. Approximation C, the true Galerkin approximation for the QG equations, represents both streamfunction and PV as truncated Galerkin series but does not satisfy the inversion equation exactly. The three approximations are fundamentally different unless the boundaries are isopycnal surfaces. The authors discuss the advantages and limitations of approximations A, B, and C in terms of mathematical rigor and conservation laws and illustrate their relative efficiency by solving linear stability problems with nonzero surface buoyancy. With moderate number of modes, B and C have superior accuracy than A at high wavenumbers. Because B lacks the conservation of energy, this study recommends approximation C for constructing solutions to the surface active QG equations using the Galerkin series with standard vertical modes.
A Juridical Voyage of “Essential Practices of Religion” From India to Malaysia and Pakistan
Authors: Shankar Shylashri
Published: November 2015

The article follows the voyage of the concept of “essential practices of religion,” which was created in India and later borrowed by judges in Pakistan and Malaysia. It explores whether concepts and the way they are used by judges transnationally, can be identified systematically to illluminate types of contestations over the nature of constitutional identities. It uses a tool of conceptual history, onomasiology, which refers to the tracing of all names and terms for the concept of “essential practices” in these judgments, to identify the network of concepts in the constitution within which “essential practices” is situated by each judgment to create a particular meaning and outcome for religious freedom in that country. State, religion, and rights are the three pivots for the debates. It demonstrates that it is possible to transcend the problem of translatability, by asking not whether “essential practices” (or any other concept) has the same meaning in all contexts (it does not), but whether a judge who wants to privilege a particular constitutional identity uses essential practices in a particular way within a network of concepts. This approach treats judges as interpreters who are embedded within specific social, historical, and political contexts, and who strategically use foreign case-law to impose their vision of the nation’s constitutional identity. The article’s conclusions problematize the transferability of concepts such as democracy, religious freedom, authority, and so on to Iraq, Afghanistan, and Syria, among others.
Carbondioxide-Aided Angiography Decreases Contrast Volume and Preserves Kidney Function in Peripheral Vascular Interventions
Authors: Stegemann Emilia , Tegtmeier Catharina , Bimpong-Buta Nana Yaw , Sansone Roberto , Uhlenbruch Mark , Richter Andreas , Stegemann Berthold , Roden Michael , Westenfeld Ralf , Kelm Malte , Heiss Christian
Published: November 2015

Chronic kidney disease is a common comorbidity in patients with peripheral artery disease. We investigated the safety and efficacy of carbon dioxide (CO2) as supplemental contrast agent to decrease contrast volume during fluoroscopy-guided peripheral vascular procedures in routine angiological practice. We analyzed 191 consecutive interventions of the lower extremity in claudicants and critical limb ischemia (CLI) that were performed with iodinated contrast media (ICM) alone (n = 154) or with the aided or exclusive use of CO2 (n = 37). The technical success rate, total irradiation, and intervention time were not significantly different between ICM and CO2. No severe procedure-related complications occurred. The contrast volume was lower in CO2 than in ICM. Although kidney function, creatinine, and estimated glomerular filtration rate was lower in CO2 at baseline, the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy was lower in CO2 compared to ICM. These data support CO2 as an alternative supplemental contrast agent that can be applied safely and efficiently to lower contrast volume during peripheral vascular interventions preventing kidney dysfunction even in patients with disease of the popliteal artery and below the knee and CLI.
Prognostic Relevance of Mucosal Waves in Patients With Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis
Authors: Reiter Rudolf , Pickhard Anja , Sander Sylvia , Brosch Sibylle
Published: November 2015

Objectives:

To analyze the prognostic relevance of mucosal waves (MWs) for recovery of unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVP).

Methods:

The charts and stroboscopic examinations of 100 consecutive patients with a complete UVP were reviewed retrospectively. All had a minimal (estimated <3 mm) mucosal gap on stroboscopy. A positive or negative MW on the paralyzed vocal fold was associated with complete recovery to full adduction and abduction. All patients were followed for at least 12 months.

Results:

Causes of the paralysis were iatrogenic/traumatic (n = 82), malignancy associated (n = 10), and idiopathic (n = 8). In patients with positive MW at diagnosis (n = 80), the chance of recovery of unilateral vocal fold paralysis was 91.25%, whereas the chance of recovery with a negative mucosal wave (n = 20) was only 10%.

Conclusion:

Positive MWs in stroboscopy are a predictor for recovery of (iatrogenic/traumatic) unilateral vocal fold paralysis and should be used in routine diagnostic assessment.
Nasal and Tracheal Microbial Colonization in Laryngectomized Patients
Authors: Riva Giuseppe , Garzaro Massimiliano , Zaccaria Teresa , Peruzzetto Daniela , Cipriani Raffaella , Salonia Laura , Raimondo Luca , Boita Monica , Pecorari Giancarlo
Published: November 2015

Objective:

Complete separation of upper and lower respiratory tract after total laryngectomy results in loss of physiological nasal functions and presence of “unconditioned” inspired air in lower airways. Aim of this study is evaluating the presence of a microbial colonization of nasal cavities and trachea in laryngectomized long-term survivors.

Methods:

Twenty-five laryngectomized patients underwent symptoms’ anamnestic evaluation, endoscopic fiber optic nasal and tracheal examination, specimen collection for microbiological exam, and culture. Enrolled patients had at least a 2-year follow-up period in order to evaluate long-term microflora.

Results:

Gram positive polimicrobic flora represented the main finding in nasal cavities and trachea (92% and 48% of patients, respectively). Other bacteria were non-fermenters Gram negative bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus aureus. The same microflora was demonstrated in nasal cavity and trachea in 5 patients (20%), while sterile nasal cavity and trachea were seen in 3 (12%) and 4 (16%) cases, respectively. No fungi were observed in nasal cavity and trachea.

Conclusion:

Nasal cavities and trachea of laryngectomized patients are colonized by nonpathogenic and/or potentially pathogenic bacteria, in absence of signs and symptoms of infection. Colonizer microflora should be kept in mind when a culture from nasal or tracheal swabs is needed in daily practice.
External Branch of the Superior Laryngeal Nerve Mediated Glottic Closing Force in the Porcine Model
Authors: Folk David , Paskhover Boris , Wadie Mikhail , Wahba Basim , Sasaki Clarence T.
Published: November 2015

Objectives:

Based on our laboratory’s newly confirmed motor pathway for glottic closure, we measured the glottic closing force (GCF) during isolated stimulation of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (eSLN) in the porcine model. Glottic closure is 1 of the primary mechanisms for prevention of aspiration during deglutition.

Methods:

The recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and eSLN were identified bilaterally in 4 porcine necks. Subsequently, GCF was measured with a pressure transducer as the distal ends of individual nerves were stimulated in 4 animals. The RLN mediated GCF was measured first, followed by isolated eSLN mediated GCF, followed by transection of the RLN and repeat measurement of the eSLN GCF. Ultimately, the cricothyroid (CT) muscle attachment was released and the GCF measured.

Results:

The GCF during isolated eSLN stimulation before and after RLN transection is approximately 89% of the RLN mediated GCF in each animal. The GCF after CT release is approximately 84% of the RLN perceived GCF. Transection of the RLN did not alter the eSLN observed GCF.

Conclusions:

The GCF obtained during isolated eSLN stimulation is adequate for delivery of an appropriate laryngeal protective response and may be considered a target motor nerve for augmenting GCF in selected rehab settings.
Evaluation of menstrual cycle-related changes in 85 clinical laboratory analytes
Authors: Masuda Shiori , Ichihara Kiyoshi , Yamanishi Hachiro , Hirano Yutaka , Tanaka Yuji , Kamisako Toshinori ,   on behalf of the Scientific Committee for the Asia-Pasific Federation of Clinical Biochemistry
Published: November 2015

Objective

The menstrual cycle-related changes in clinical laboratory values were analysed by use of data obtained in the Asian multicentre study aimed at derivation of common reference intervals for 85 major clinical laboratory tests.

Methods

Among 1876 healthy female volunteers, 893 had regular menstruation. They were classified into five groups according to dates between sample collection and the start of the last menstrual cycle: early follicular phase (1–6 days), late follicular phase (7–12 days), ovulatory phase (13–16 days), early luteal phase (17–22 days), and late luteal phase (23–31 days). Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the menstrual cycle-related changes in test results. The magnitude was expressed as a standard deviation ratio of between-phase standard deviation to between-individual standard deviation based on nested ANOVA.

Results

Aside from obvious changes for four sex hormones (oestradiol, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone), we observed statistically significant menstrual cycle-related changes in the following tests (standard deviation ratio >0.15): Na, Cl, creatine kinase, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A, carbohydrate antigen 125, and parathyroid hormone were higher during the early follicular phase, while insulin, total cholesterol, and white blood cell were higher during the luteal phase. Significant associations of those test items with the four sex hormones were revealed.

Conclusions

The menstrual cycle-related changes in laboratory test results were revealed in some commonly tested items other than sex hormones. The findings are of interest in understanding female physiology in relation to hormonal changes, but the magnitude of changes is rather small and not very relevant in interpreting test results.
Contents and Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility Website Reporting in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Seven-Country Study
Authors: Kühn Anna-Lena , Stiglbauer Markus , Fifka Matthias S.
Published: November 2015

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) in developing countries has recently received increasing attention, and scholars have pointed to the strong contextuality of CSR in the respective regions. Regarding the latter, however, sub-Saharan Africa has been scrutinized only marginally by academia. Moreover, empirical research on the impact of the institutional context has been scant, despite its attributed importance for CSR. Our article seeks to fill a part of this research gap by investigating CSR website reporting of 211 companies in seven sub-Saharan countries. The study’s aim is twofold: First, we identify to what extent sub-Saharan companies report on CSR and which contents they disclose. Second, by building on institutional theory, we investigate how the socio-economic and political environments influence CSR reporting. For this purpose, we examine the impact of country-level and company-level determinants. We find that the sample African companies’ CSR efforts focus strongly on local philanthropy and therefore differ substantially from Western CSR approaches. Furthermore, we evidence that GDP and level of governance standard positively affect CSR reporting. Our study contributes to the literature by empirically evidencing the contextuality of CSR in Africa and by explaining how specific country- and company-level determinants contribute to or hamper the development of CSR in developing countries.
Risk Factors for Failed Newborn Otoacoustic Emissions Hearing Screen
Authors: Shahid Ramzan , Vigilante Michaela , Deyro Heidi , Reyes Irma , Gonzalez Beverly , Kliethermes Stephanie
Published: November 2015

Objective. To identify any socioeconomic, demographic, neonatal, and perinatal factors that may be associated with failing the otoacoustic emissions (OAE) newborn hearing screen. Study Design. A retrospective chart review was performed looking at hearing screens performed on 1272 newborn infants by OAE testing. Socioeconomic, demographic, neonatal, and perinatal factors were reviewed to determine association with failing the OAE newborn hearing screen. Results. Our results demonstrate that Hispanic race was significantly associated with failing the newborn OAE hearing screen with an odds ratio of 2.54 (CI = 1.56-4.14, P = .0002). Family history of hearing loss was also significantly associated with failing the newborn hearing screen. Newborns with a family history of hearing loss were 13 times more likely to fail the newborn screen (odds ratio = 13.63, CI = 4.09-45.43, P < .0001). Conclusions. Hispanic race and family history of hearing loss are statistically significant risk factors for failing the newborn OAE hearing screen.
Absence, deviance and unattainable ideals – Discourses on vegetarianism in the Swedish school subject Home and Consumer Studies
Authors: Bohm Ingela , Lindblom Cecilia , Åbacka Gun , Bengs Carita , Hörnell Agneta
Published: November 2015

Objective:

This study aimed to describe Discourses on vegetarian food in the Swedish school subject Home and Consumer Studies.

Design:

The study involved the observation of naturally occurring classroom talk, with audio recording and in some cases video-taping.

Setting:

The study was conducted during Home and Consumer Studies lessons in five different northern Swedish schools.

Method:

Fifty-nine students and five teachers were observed, recorded and in some cases video-taped. The resulting data were analysed with a focus on big ‘D’ Discourses.

Results:

Results indicated that gendered Discourses of absence, deviance and unattainability restricted some students’ access to vegetarian food. The absence of meat was constructed as simultaneously healthy and unhealthy, a lack of cultural familiarity with vegetarian cooking made finding recipes difficult and students perceived the loss of taste as very negative. The vegetarian was seen as deviant, with vegetarianism being conceptually equated with sickness. Access to meat-free food required a commitment to a vegetarian lifestyle, and this was seen as a sacrifice and as too much work, not only for the individual but also for others.

Conclusion:

To counteract the restricted access to vegetarian food, Home and Consumer Studies teachers can redesign activities in the subject with the help of critical food literacy. For example, cooking could focus on popular plant-based dishes instead of ‘empty’ vegetarian themes, all students could be allowed to share vegetarian dishes instead of reserving them for vegetarians, the possibly strict rules of vegetarianism could be relaxed for those who do not wish to commit to them and vegetarian food could be deliberately connected to strength and masculinity. However, this presupposes sufficient economic resources and ample food storage space.
Healthcare system information at language schools for newly arrived immigrants: A pertinent setting in times of austerity
Authors: Tynell Lena Lyngholt , Wimmelmann Camilla Lawaetz , Jervelund Signe Smith
Published: November 2015

Objective:

In most European countries, immigrants do not systematically learn about the host countries’ healthcare system when arriving. This study investigated how newly arrived immigrants perceived the information they received about the Danish healthcare system.

Methods:

Immigrants attending a language school in Copenhagen in 2012 received either a course or written information on the Danish healthcare system and subsequently evaluated this quantitatively.

Results:

The evaluation revealed a positive appraisal of the course/information provided.

Conclusion:

In times of austerity, incorporating healthcare information into an already existing language programme may be pertinent for providing immigrants with knowledge on the healthcare system.
A Grounded Theory Perspective on Leadership in Multicultural Schools
Authors: du Plessis Elize , Marais Petro
Published: November 2015

The methodology of grounded theory has great potential to contribute to our understanding of leadership within particular substantive contexts. Leadership is a global phenomenon, but appears to have a variety of attributes and seems to elude clear definition. In this research we argue that such variation is contextually derived. Leadership is not only a socially influenced process but also a relation-influenced process that occurs within a social system. The focus in this paper is on the challenges facing leaders engaged in multicultural education. In general, grounded theorists seek to develop theory inductively from systematically gathered and analysed data. An integrative picture or story is developed from this process. In the present instance we explore how conducting grounded theory research according to a qualitative approach accentuates the need to understand and explain contextualised leadership. We conclude by suggesting how leaders might overcome challenges in multicultural education.
International Terrorism and the Political Survival of Leaders
Authors: Park Johann , Bali Valentina
Published: November 2015

This study examines whether transnational terrorist attacks impact the political survival of leaders. We argue that external security threats, such as those from transnational terrorist incidents, can undermine incumbent target governments by exposing foreign policy failures and damaging society’s general well-being. Yet, terrorism may not destabilize democratic governments as a result of citizens rallying around their elected leaders in threatening times. Focusing on Archigos’ survival leadership data and International Terrorism: Attributes of Terrorist Events’ terrorism data for the 1968–2004 period, we find that autocrats who experience higher instances of transnational terrorist attacks are more likely to exit power. Democrats, however, are relatively secure to the destabilizing influence of transnational terrorism.
“There’s Still That Window That’s Open”
Authors: Golden Noah Asher
Published: November 2015

This narrative analysis case study challenges the education reform movement’s fascination with “grit,” the notion that a non-cognitive trait like persistence is at the core of disparate educational outcomes and the answer to our inequitable education system. Through analysis of the narratives and meaning-making processes of Elijah, a 20-year-old African American seeking his High School Equivalency diploma, this case study explores linkages among dominant discourses on meritocracy, opportunity, personal responsibility, and group blame. Specifically, exposition of the figured worlds present in Elijah’s narratives points to the attempted obfuscation of social inequities present in the current educational reform movement and our broader society. This obfuscation present in the grit discourse and pedagogy aims to diminish the critical bifocality that is needed to understand and improve educational opportunity and outcomes.
Life in an Alpha Territory: Discontinuity and conflict in an elite London ‘village’
Authors: Webber Richard , Burrows Roger
Published: November 2015

This paper forms part of a larger study of the social implications of London becoming the location of choice for the global ‘super-rich’. The study examines how members of new wealth elites organise their day-to-day activities, the impact their growing numbers have on the prestigious neighbourhoods from which they are displacing pre-existing elites, and the disruptive effect they have on previously taken-for-granted mores, networks and places of association. The aim of the paper is to situate this wider study within a geographic and historical context by framing it within the arguments of Piketty, namely that increased levels of inequality since 1980 are best understood not as a secular trend but as signifying a return to the pre-existing conditions that characterised Western society prior to 1914. To analyse the evolution of – what geodemographers have termed – the Alpha Territory in London over a period of 500 years the paper takes Highgate Village as a case study area, identifies the manner in which the Village’s varied housing stock appeals to different manifestations of this Alpha Territory and uses three recent planning disputes to bring to the surface otherwise hidden conflicts between the interests of global capital and the defenders of more traditional elite values. Returning to the issues raised by Piketty, the paper concludes with an analysis of social change through the use of archive material which enables the lifestyles of those who currently occupy Highgate’s most prestigious properties to be compared with those who occupied them a hundred years ago.
Service delivery inequality in South African municipal areas: A new way to account for inter-jurisdictional differences
Authors: Sartorius Kurt , Sartorius Benn
Published: November 2015

Service delivery in South African municipal areas differs widely across jurisdictional boundaries. The paper illustrates the potential of geo-spatial mapping to quantify and map service delivery inequality at local municipal level in order to differentiate policy interventions. Data from a national 2007 South African survey were analysed to assess absolute levels and relative inequality of service delivery at district and local municipality levels. Not surprisingly, the results showed a wide variation in absolute service delivery levels when comparing richer urban districts to poorer rural ones. Service delivery inequality, however, was low in the richest urban districts, as well as the poorest rural ones. Conversely, service delivery inequality was highest in the more recently industrialised districts that contained both urban and rural municipalities. The scatter distribution of service delivery inequality versus absolute levels of service delivery appears to largely support Kuznets’ (1955) inverse U theory of inequality. Further analysis and discussion of the findings, however, illustrates that urban planners in both rich and poor South African municipalities are confronted with a number of dilemmas.
Surveillance in supportive housing: Intrusion or autonomy?
Authors: Parsell Cameron
Published: November 2015

The interdisciplinary literature demonstrates that the built form constitutes home when people have capacity to exercise control. Consistent with normative ideas of autonomy and freedom, home is a place where we are free from surveillance; at home we expect to live of our own volition. Freedom and autonomy in the home are contrasted with the public realm, and the value of privacy in the home is central for self-determination and identity construction. In line with such reasoning, surveillance in housing is theorised, and indeed widely assumed, as antithetical to home. This paper presents empirical material to examine how surveillance in supportive housing is understood by those with firsthand experiences as tenants and service providers. The research draws on in-depth interviews with tenants (n = 28) and service providers (n = 22) in single-site supportive housing in Australia. The empirical material demonstrates how surveillance is experienced as intrusive, but that surveillance also promotes the conditions for people to feel safe and to exert control over their lives. The research shows how tenants actively used surveillance as a desirable resource, including using surveillance to restrict unwanted visitors. Surveillance achieved functions, particularly safety and security, that individuals were unable to experience as homeless or achieve in housing through informal controls.
Qualitative evaluation of paediatric burn injury in Malawi: assessing opportunities for injury prevention
Authors: Bane Marissa , Kaima Ruth , Mapala Suzgo , Cairns Bruce , Charles Anthony
Published: November 2015

Introduction

The burden of burn injury in sub-Saharan Africa is high and children bare a disproportional share of the injury burden.

Methods

This is a prospective qualitative study of paediatric burn survivors (age, ≤8 years) admitted to Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH) in Lilongwe, Malawi.

Results

There were a total of 72 guardians interviewed for the purpose of the study. The most frequent mechanisms of burn injury were flames and scalds in 44.4% and 38.9%, respectively. Mothers were present at the time of the burn injury in only 23.6% of cases, while 22.2% of children were unmonitored at the time of injury. A total of 55.6% of burn injuries was cooking-related.

Conclusion

Burn prevention strategies are necessary for addressing the high rates of burns for children in sub-Saharan Africa. The must be focused on mothers and caregivers burn education in the home, particularly as it relates to cooking and parental oversight.
Staining of hydatid elements: a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of hydatid disease
Authors: Mohanty Srujana , Behera Bijayini , Sasmal Prakash Kumar , Praharaj Ashok Kumar
Published: November 2015

Staining techniques have immeasurably aided diagnosis of hydatid disease on several instances. The use of staining techniques for their ability to aid in the morphological diagnosis of hydatid elements, especially at rare and uncommon sites, is discussed.
The fate of end-stage renal disease patients after arteriovenous fistula creation in a northern Nigerian teaching hospital
Authors: Edaigbini Sunday , Bosan Istifanus , Orogade Adeola
Published: November 2015

With few end-stage renal disease patients having access to dialysis, we sought to determine the average duration of survival of these patients, after creation of an arteriovenous fistula. Out of 36 patients, 26 had died a little over 6 months later.
The Limited Prosocial Emotions Specifier for Conduct Disorder Among Detained Girls
Authors: Van Damme Lore , Colins Olivier F. , Vanderplasschen Wouter
Published: November 2015

This study examines the prevalence and clinical usefulness of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5) specifier “with Limited Prosocial Emotions” (LPE) in detained girls. Detained girls ( N = 85; Mage = 16.24) and their parents were interviewed with a structured diagnostic interview to identify girls with conduct disorder (CD), and both informants completed the Antisocial Process Screening Device to assess the LPE specifier. Psychiatric disorders other than CD, aggression, and offending were assessed through standardized self-report tools. Different approaches were used to deal with diagnostic information from multiple informants. The prevalence of CD + LPE girls was lower when using self-report (12.9%) compared with parent-report (38.8%), suggesting that parents indeed are important to identify CD + LPE girls. However, including parental information did not result in a better differentiation between CD + LPE and CD-only girls. Specifically, the LPE specifier only enabled to identify a group of seriously antisocial girls with higher levels of proactive aggression, though solely when using self-report.
Doing media history in a digital age: change and continuity in historiographical practices
Authors: Jensen Helle Strandgaard
Published: November 2015

This article explores the challenges which digital media brings into the field of media history. It starts out by examining prominent television historians’ understanding of digital archives as revolutionizing media historiography. These claims are examined by holding them up against texts that discuss wider issues in historiographical practices related to television history and transnational comparisons. This investigation is paired with my own experiences and the many methodological challenges I have encountered using digitalized sources for my new research. I end up concluding that digital archives in themselves make little difference to scholarly media history. In light of the lacking impact, I argue that we should study the cultural economy of these archives to better understand the corporate, political, and economical structures that govern their content and which also set the course for online digital processes that are active history-producing entities themselves.
Managing collective trauma on social media: the role of Twitter after the 2011 Norway attacks
Authors: Eriksson Moa
Published: November 2015

This study analyses the meaning-making discourse on Twitter in the 6 days following the 2011 Norway attacks. The attacks in Oslo and on the island of Utøya resulted in 77 deaths, of which 69 were youths on Utøya, where a summer camp arranged by the Norwegian Social Democratic youth organisation Arbeidernes Ungdomsfylking (AUF) was being held. The main discursive themes in the material were found to be focused on the Norwegian nation, expressions of solidarity, the meaning and outcomes of the attacks, as well as details of the attacks themselves. These themes were of changing importance over the 6 days following the attacks, as discussions concerning the Norwegian nation and the attacks themselves dropped rapidly in favour of negotiating the explanations behind the attacks. Twitter was shown to be useful for providing backchannel discourse negotiations that were separate from the mass media discourse concerning the attacks.
Family Satisfaction With Nursing Home Care
Authors: Shippee Tetyana P. , Henning-Smith Carrie , Gaugler Joseph E. , Held Robert , Kane Robert L.
Published: November 2015

This article explores the factor structure of a new family satisfaction with nursing home care instrument and determines the relationship of resident quality of life (QOL) and facility characteristics with family satisfaction. Data sources include (1) family satisfaction interviews ( n = 16,790 family members), (2) multidimensional survey of resident QOL ( n = 13,433 residents), and (3) facility characteristics ( n = 376 facilities). We used factor analysis to identify domains of family satisfaction and multivariate analyses to identify the role of facility-level characteristics and resident QOL on facility-mean values of family satisfaction. Four distinct domains were identified for family satisfaction: “care,” “staff,” “environment,” and “food.” Chain affiliation, higher resident acuity, more deficiencies, and large size were all associated with less family satisfaction, and resident QOL was a significant (albeit weak) predictor of family satisfaction. Results suggest that family member satisfaction is distinct from resident QOL but is associated with resident QOL and facility characteristics.