bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and in vitro characterization of non-effervescent floating drug delivery system of poorly soluble drug, carvedilol phosphate
Authors: Srikanth Meka Venkata , Wee Liang Vanitha A/P Hong , Dharmalingham Senthil Rajan , Sheshala Ravi , Gorajana Adinarayana
Published: December 2014

The objective of the study was to enhance the solubility of carvedilol phosphate and to formulate it into non-effervescent floating tablets using swellable polymers. Solid dispersions (SD) of carvedilol were prepared with hydrophilic carriers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone and poloxamer to enhance solubility. Non-effervescent floating tablets were prepared with a combination of optimized solid dispersions and release retarding polymers/swellable polymers such as xanthan gum and polyethylene oxide. Tablets were evaluated for physicochemical properties such as hardness, thickness and buoyancy. SD prepared with the drug to poloxamer ratio of 1:4 by melt granulation showed a higher dissolution rate than all other dispersions. Formulations containing 40 mg of polyethylene oxide (C-P40) and 50 mg xanthan gum (C-X50) were found to be best, with the drug retardation up to 12 hours. Optimized formulations were characterized using FTIR and DSC and no drug and excipient interactions were detected.
Voltammetric determination of Nordiazepam at meniscus modified silver solid amalgam electrode
Authors: Samiec Petr , Navrátilová Zuzana
Published: December 2014

New electrochemical method for determination of Nordiazepam (NDZ) at meniscus modified silver solid amalgam electrode (m-AgSAE) was developed utilizing differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The pH effect on the current response of NDZ was studied in the mixture of Britton-Robinson buffer (BR) and methanol (9:1) with optimum pH value of 10. The calibration dependences were examined under the optimal conditions and linearity in the range from 2 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−4 mol L−1 with limit of quantification of 1.7 × 10−6 mol L−1 were accomplished.
Mercury content in hairs of mother-child pairs in Slovakia as a biomarker of environmental exposure
Authors: Borošová Daniela , Slotová Katarína , Fabiánová Eleonóra
Published: December 2014

The mercury content in hairs was determined in the framework of the European funded projects COPHES and DEMOCOPHES to test the feasibility of an EU-HBM (Human Biomonitoring) approach generating comparable data. The aim of the Slovak participation in DEMOCOPHES was to obtain and contribute the Slovak data to the harmonization of Human Biomonitoring. Pre-analytical and analytical phase for mercury in hair measurements and activities developed for the harmonization analysis within COPHES/ DEMOCOPHES projects were conducted under a strict quality assurance program (QA/QC). Total mercury in hair was determined by thermal decomposition-gold amalgamation atomic absorption spectroscopy (AMA- 254 Advanced Mercury Analyzer.) Two interlaboratory comparison investigations (ICIs) and two external quality assessment schemes (EQUAS) were conducted before the beginning of the COPHES/DEMOCOPHES projects. The laboratory successfully completed both ICIs and EQUAS schemes and was allowed to analyze all DEMOCOPHES samples of the Slovak Republic. In summary, 129 mother-child pairs were recruited to pilot study of DEMOCOPHES in Slovakia from two different locations representing urban and rural environment. The analyzed data from Slovakia showed relationship between frequency of fish meals consumption (especially sea fish and sea food products) and mercury concentrations in hair of mothers and children. The exposure levels for a sampled population in Slovakia (children 0.092 (0.080-0.106) [μg.g-1], mother 0.130 (0.113-0.148) [μg.g-1]) are below the EU level (children 0.145 (0.139-0.151) [μg.g-1], mother 0.225 (0.216-0.234) [μg.g-1]) up to an order of magnitude lower than the limit medically important (FAO/WHO health-based guidance value of 2.3 μg.g-1 JECFA - Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives).
Tetragonal or Hexagonal Symmetry in Modeling of Failure Criteria for Transversely Isotropic Materials
Authors: Ganczarski Artur , Adamski Michał
Published: December 2014

Present work deals with modeling of failure criteria for transversely isotropic materials. Analysis comprises two classes of symmetry: Tsai-Wu tetragonal and new Tsai-Wu based hexagonal. Detail analysis of both classes of symmetry with respect to their advantages as well as limitations is presented. Finally, simple comparison of differences between limit curves corresponding to cross sections by planes of transverse isotropy, orthotropy and shear plane is done.
Constitutive Modelling and Identification of Parameters of 316L Stainless Steel at Cryogenic Temperatures
Authors: Ryś Maciej
Published: December 2014

In this work, a macroscopic material model for simulation two distinct dissipative phenomena taking place in FCC metals and alloys at low temperatures: plasticity and phase transformation, is presented. Plastic yielding is the main phenomenon occurring when the yield stress is reached, resulting in nonlinear response of the material during loading. The phase transformation process leads to creation of two-phase continuum, where the parent phase coexists with the inclusions of secondary phase. An identification of the model parameters, based on uniaxial tension test at very low temperature, is also proposed.
Failure Analysis of a Femoral Hip Stem Made of Stainless Steel After Short Time of Exposure
Authors: Mierzejewska Żaneta Anna , Oksiuta Zbigniew
Published: December 2014

This paper describes a case study summarising the failure analysis of a stainless steel femoral stem, which failed prematurely within 36 months of exploitation in human body. In order to determine the mechanism of failure, a broken stem component were analyzed by means of macroscopic and microscopic obserwations and hardness measurements. Metallurgical obserwations revealed that the tested material does fulfill ASTM requirements. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed the presence of stress-induced cracking. The results of the hardness revealed significant nonuniformity from the surface towards the inner part of the stem. It is assumed that any discontinuity or defect on the fracture surface of the stem acted as preferential site for a crack nucleation and propagation by fatigue until the cross section of stem was not able to sustain a load generated by a patient.
Effect of Plasma Nitriding Process Conditions on Corrosion Resistance of 440B Martensitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Łępicka Magdalena , Grądzka-Dahlke Małgorzata
Published: December 2014

Martensitic stainless steels are used in a large number of various industrial applications, e.g. molds for plastic injections and glass moldings, automotive components, cutting tools, surgical and dental instruments. The improvement of their tribological and corrosion properties is a problem of high interest especially in medical applications, where patient safety becomes a priority. The paper covers findings from plasma nitrided AISI 440B (PN-EN or DIN X90CrMoV18) stainless steel corrosion resistance studies. Conventionally heat treated and plasma nitrided in N2:H2 reaction gas mixture (50:50, 65:35 and 80:20, respectively) in two different temperature ranges (380 or 450°C) specimens groups were examined. Microscopic observations and electrochemical corrosion tests were performed using a variety of analytical techniques. As obtained findings show, plasma nitriding of AISI 440B stainless steel, regardless of the process temperature, results in reduction of corrosion current density. Nevertheless, applying thermo-chemical process which requires exceeding temperature of about 400°C is not recommended due to increased risk of steel sensitization to intergranular and stress corrosion. According to the results, material ion nitrided in 450°C underwent leaching corrosion processes, which led to significant disproportion in chemical composition of the corroded and corrosion-free areas. The authors suggest further research into corrosion process of plasma nitrided materials and its degradation products.
The biological evolution of conscience – from parent-offspring conflict to morality
Authors: Voland Eckart
Published: December 2014

In this paper, two theories regarding the biological evolution of morality with conscience as its central regulatory agency are compared and contrasted. One theory (“navigator theory”) interprets conscience as a strategically operating agency for the optimum balance between selfish and altruistic behavioral tendencies to maximize gains in cooperation in view of social complexity. From this standpoint, conscience serves the evolved self-interest of the person having a conscience. In contrast hereto, the second theory (“helper theory”) locates the evolutionary origins of conscience on the battlefield of the parent-offspring conflict through intrafamilial demands for altruism. Functions of conscience, and thus human morality in a narrower sense, evolved during the transition of hominines to cooperative breeding and the novel helper conflict emerging through this evolution. The “helper theory” of the evolution of conscience can resolve some of the theoretical and empirical inconsistencies of the conventional “navigator theory”, in particular, the contradiction between the consequentialistic regulation of altruistic behavior and the non-consequentialistic nature of the judgment of conscience. And in contrast to the “navigator theory”, it is compatible with the observation that behavior guided by a conscience is not infrequently disastrous for one’s own fitness outcome.
Olfactory processing and odor specificity: a meta-analysis of menstrual cycle variation in olfactory sensitivity
Authors: Martinec Nováková Lenka , Havlíček Jan , Roberts S. Craig
Published: December 2014

Cycle-correlated variation in olfactory threshold, with women becoming more sensitive to odors mid-cycle, is somewhat supported by the literature but the evidence is not entirely consistent, with several studies finding no, or mixed, effects. It has been argued that cyclic shifts in olfactory threshold might be limited to odors relevant to the mating context. We aimed to test whether the evidence currently available points in the direction of odor-specific or, rather, general changes in olfactory sensitivity and, if the former is the case, to what group of odorants in particular. We carried out a meta-analysis of relevant studies which together used a variety of different odorants, including some found in food, body odor, and some that occur in neither of these. First we tested whether there appears to be an overall effect when all studies are included. Next, we hypothesised that if cyclic changes in olfactory processing are odor-specific and tuned to biologically relevant odors, we should find changes in detection thresholds only for odorants found in body odor, or for those that are perceptually similar to it. In contrast, if threshold patterns are linked to more general fluctuations in odor processing across the cycle, we would not expect changes in relation to any particular odorant group. The results support the view that there is significant cycle-correlated variation. Thresholds were in general significantly lower in the fertile than the non-fertile phases, with effect sizes consistently in this direction. This same conclusion applied to both ‘food’ and ‘musky’ odorants, despite their different evolutionary significance, and to the androgen steroids (androstadienone, androstenone, and androsterone), but could not be applied to phenyl-ethyl alcohol. The results indicate that olfactory sensitivity may be a non-adaptive by-product of the general physiological fluctuations or differences in neural processing experienced across the cycle to a broad spectrum of odorants, rather than being specifically selected for mate choice-related odors.
The influence of the boxing stance on performance in professional boxers
Authors: Sorokowski Piotr , Sabiniewicz Agnieszka , Wacewicz Sławomir
Published: December 2014

In boxing, athletes choose between two strategies: the orthodox stance characteristic of right handed competitors, or the southpaw stance characteristic of left-handers. Despite a conviction popular among the practitioners of this sport that fighting against a southpaw opponent constitutes a handicap, the effectiveness of the type of stance has so far not been examined. We extracted the statistics of the top twenty active male professionals boxing in each of the seventeen weight divisions. Out of the 340 boxers who composed our group, 75% used the orthodox stance and 25% were southpaw. Generally, we found that boxing stance had no effect on the percentage of 340 top professional boxers’ victories. However, both the southpaw and the orthodox athletes had a higher percentage of victories against orthodox boxers than against southpaws.
Electrical Properties of Sunflower Achenes
Authors: Novák Ján , Vitázek Ivan
Published: December 2014

This work contains the results of measuring the electrical properties of sunflower achenes. The interest in electrical properties of biological materials resulted in engineering research in this field. The results of measurements are used for determining the moisture content, the surface level of liquid and grainy materials, for controlling the presence of pests in grain storage, for the quantitative determination of mechanical damage, in the application of dielectric heating, and in many other areas. Electrical measurements of these materials are of fundamental importance in relation to the analysis of quantity of absorbed water and dielectric heating characteristics. It is a well-known fact that electrical properties of materials, namely dielectric constant and conductivity, are affected by the moisture content of material. This fact is important for the design of many commercial moisturetesting instruments for agricultural products. The knowledge of dielectric properties of materials is necessary for the application of dielectric heating. The aim of this work was to measure conductivity, dielectric constant and loss tangent on samples of sunflower achenes, the electrical properties of which had not been sufficiently measured. Measurements were performed under variable moisture content and the frequency of electric field ranging from 1 MHz to 16 MHz, using a Q meter with coaxial probe. It was concluded that conductivity, dielectric constant and loss tangent increased with increasing moisture content, and dielectric constant and loss tangent decreased as the frequency of electric field increased.
Correlations between some physico-chemical properties of sunflower oil
Authors: Neagu Anişoara-Arleziana , Niţă Irina , Botez Elisabeta
Published: December 2014

The major objective of this study is to report physico-chemical properties of sunflower oil samples collected from different stages of the technological process for sunflower oil refining for food industry. The samples of oil were crude oil, washed oil, bleached oil and deodorized oil. The physico-chemical properties of sunflower oil experimentally determined were density, saponification value (SV), iodine value (IV), and acid value (AV). It was found that the density of sunflower oil remains approximately constant over the different stages of the manufacturing flow of cooking oil, except the crude oil. The acid value significantly decreases from crude oil (2.588) to deodorized oil (0.366). The iodine value and saponification value of the different samples of the sunflower oil corresponding to different stages of oil processing varies slightly. The capacity of different models to accurately correlate and/or predict the density of vegetable oil was tested. The density of sunflower oil can be accurately estimated from its SV and IV or with an empirical equation, when density data are available.
Physico-chemical characterisation of sea buckthorn extracts for cosmetic use
Authors: Chirila Elisabeta , Oancea Elena , Oancea Ioana Adina
Published: December 2014

The purpose of the paper is to present original results concerning characterization of different sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) extracts and some original dermato-cosmetic products containing these extracts. Aqueous distillate from fruits and leafy branches, aqueous extract from seeds, fresh fruit juice and frozen fruit juice after 2 years of storage, ethanolic extracts of buds have been analyzed for the following parameters: total and organic acidity, oxidability, calcium and magnezium, pH, conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). The investigated sea buckthorn extracts have important contribution in care and treatment of skin diseases; during many years of experience in this field great benefits have been observed. Taking into account also the results of previous studies of other researchers we consider that the ORP measurement of cosmetic mixtures could provide objective, cheap and reliable information about antioxidant activity of complex samples.
The quality control of some dermo-cosmetic products
Authors: Popescu Viorica , Soceanu Alina , Dobrinas Simona
Published: December 2014

This paper refers to the quality analysis of three dermo-cosmetic products: two face creams and a biphasic solution used for skin cleaning: a treatment cream for acne complexion, an anti-irritating soothing cream and a matifying purifying lotion. The following characteristics have been investigated: aspect, smell, colour, solubility, type of emulsion, stability test at certain temperatures (4°C and 40°C), pH, melting point, water, volatile substances and total fats contents, acidity, ester index, saponification index, iodine index, peroxide index, microbic carriage, metal traces (determined by ICP-MS method). All analysed dermo-cosmetic products have appropriate physico-chemical characteristics. The analyses made for determining the microbial charge have proven that the three dermo-cosmetic products do not contain any aerobic pathogen germens or micromicetes, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Coli. The ICP-MS analysis has proven that the dermocosmetic products do not contain traces of Hg and Pb.
Mathematical Model of the Heald with Damping Element
Authors: Bílek Martin , Skřivánek Josef
Published: December 2014

This study focuses on the analysis of the existing design solution of shedding mechanism. It is characterised by a heald attachment into the heald shaft with a necessary design allowance. The preparation of a mathematical model for the new concept of the heald attaching to the heald shaft frame is explained in this study. A damping element for dissipating the energy created during the heald impact on the carrying wire of the heald shaft is currently used for the high-speed weaving loom. This system makes use of a damping element, fitted in the profile of the rod at an optimum distance from heald eye. This element provides for reduction of the heald velocity before its drop upon the supporting wire because the opposite section of the heald is pressed into the rubber element. The calculated results of the new concept of the heald attaching to the heald shaft frame are compared with the existing solution without application of the damping element.
Analysis of multivariate repeated measures data using a MANOVA model and principal components
Authors: Krzysko Mirosław , Smiałowski Tadeusz , Wołynski Waldemar
Published: December 2014

In this paper we consider a set of T repeated measurements on p characteristics on each of n individuals. The n individuals themselves may be divided and randomly assigned to K groups. These data are analyzed using a mixed effect MANOVA model, assuming that the data on an individual have a covariance matrix which is a Kronecker product of two positive definite matrices. Results are illustrated on a data set obtained from experiments with varieties of winter rye.
Microscopic changes in the kidneys of cows infected with Leptospira sp.
Authors: Ukhovskyi Vitalii , Borisevich Boris , Kulykova Vlada , Żmudzki Jacek , Jabłoński Artur
Published: December 2014

The article presents data on histopathological studies of the kidneys of cows, which either recovered or died from leptospirosis. Fragments of seven kidneys from slaughtered cows, positive for Leptospira antibodies in the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) (titres of 50 and higher) were used in the study. The MAT was conducted with eight serological groups of Leptospira: Canicola, Grippotyphosa, Hebdomadis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Pomona, Sejroe, Tarassovi, and Australis. Microscopic changes in all morphological structures of the kidneys were presented. Micromorphological criteria, which can be used for post-mortem diagnosis of leptospirosis were established. They included: serous glomerulonephritis with granular dystrophy of podocytes, necrosis and collapse of the inner layer of Bowman's capsule, partial destruction of capsule and vascular glomeruli, granular and vacuolar degeneration and destruction of tubular epithelial cells, foci of interstitial oedema, and infiltrations predominantly with monocytes and isolated neutrophils. Microscopic changes in the kidneys suggest that the cows died from leptospirosis as a result of toxic shock syndrome.
Gastrointestinal helminths of raccoons (Procyon lotor) in western Poland (Lubuskie province) - with particular regard to Baylisascaris procyonis
Authors: Karamon Jacek , Kochanowski Maciej , Cencek Tomasz , Bartoszewicz Magdalena , Kusyk Paweł
Published: December 2014

The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in raccoons with particular regard to zoonotic parasites. Fifty-five raccoons, hunted or found dead on roads, were examined. The small and large intestines were collected from all raccoons and, additionally, the stomach was collected from 43 animals. The samples were examined with the use of sedimentation and counting technique. The intestines and stomach were examined separately. Samples of raccoon faeces were collected from their environment localised in Słubice district, Lubuskie province (Poland). The samples were collected once a month in 2012. In total, 154 faecal samples were obtained and examined with the use of McMaster flotation technique. The following parasites were detected in the intestinal and stomach contents: tapeworms Mesocestoides sp. (67.3%), Echinostomatidae flukes (34.5%), and nematodes Capillaria sp. (25.5%). Moreover, Acanthocephala were found in the intestines of three raccoons. The highest intensity of infection were observed in case of Mesocestoides sp. Mesocestoides sp. and Echinostomatidae were found statistically more often in the intestines than in the stomach. In the case of these two parasites, there was positive correlation between the intensity of infection in the intestines and the presence of the same parasites in the stomach. Moreover, significantly higher prevalence and intensity of Mesocestoides sp. in males than in females were also observed. Faecal samples contained Baylisascaris procyonis eggs (mean 60 epg). These eggs were found in three samples collected in November and December. Furthermore, in some faecal samples eggs of flukes, Capillaria sp., Mesocystoides sp., and coccidian oocysts were found. It is one of rare reports concerning Baylisascaris procyonis in Poland confirming the presence of this dangerous parasite in Polish raccoon population.
Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and SCCmec types of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from subclinical bovine mastitis in Hatay, Turkey
Authors: Aslantaş Özkan , Yılmaz Mehmet Ali , Yılmaz Ebru Şebnem , Kurekci Cemil
Published: December 2014

Eighty-nine isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) of eight species from subclinical bovine mastitis were screened for the phenotypic and genotypic methicilline-resistance. In addition, all methicillin-resistant (MR) isolates indicating the mecA gene were examined by PCR for the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) types were also determined by multiplex PCR. A total of 21 (23.6%) CoNS isolates were found to be resistant to oxacillin in broth microdilution assay. All isolates phenotypically resistant to oxacillin did not have the mecA gene, which was only found in 14.6% (13) of the isolates. Most MR-CoNS isolates were highly resistant to erythromycin (92.3%), fusidic acid (84.6%), penicillin (76.9%), and rifampycin (61.5%), and susceptible to mupirocin (100%), tetracycline (100%), vancomycin (100%), clindamycin (92.3%), and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (69.2%). In conclusion, a high rate of antimicrobial resistance among MR-CoNS isolated from food producing animals emphasises the need for periodic surveillance of their resistance.
Confirmatory method for the determination of nitroimidazoles in milk by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Mitrowska Kamila , Antczak Maja , Posyniak Andrzej
Published: December 2014

A multiresidue method for the determination of seven nitroimidazoles and their hydroxy metabolites in milk was developed. Milk samples were extracted with acetonitrile and cleaned up on strong cation-exchange solid phase extraction cartridges. Evaporated to dryness first, the extracts obtained were then reconstituted in 0.1% formic acid and injected onto a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/MS). The separation of analytes was achieved on gradient mode using a C18 column and a mobile phase consisting of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water. Multiple reaction monitoring mode was set for the MS/MS with positive electrospray ionisation. For quantification, the isotope dilution method was used with isotopically labeled analogues of the target analytes. The method was evaluated entirely in accordance with EU Commission Decision 2002/657/EC and all validation criteria were in the required ranges. The method can easily detect and confirm metronidazole, dimetridazole, ronidazole, ipronidazole, and their hydroxy metabolites below the recommended concentration level of 3 μg/kg. The decision limits and detection capabilities ranged from 0.11 μg/kg to 0.22 μg/kg and from 0.19 μg/kg to 0.37 μg/kg respectively. The overall recoveries were between 96.6% and 105.2% with a good coefficient of variation, less than 8.7% under within-laboratory reproducibility conditions.
Chloroorganic insecticides in the fat of different assortment of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) meat
Authors: Pietrzak-Fiećko Renata , Parol Jarosław
Published: December 2014

The aim of the study was to determine the content of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in fat of different assortment of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The research material consisted of 108 fish from six different producers. Thirty-six fish were analysed as fresh, 36 fish as frozen after six months storage, and 36 fish as traditionally smoked. Chromatographic determination of γ-HCH, DDT, DDD, and DDE was performed with an Agilent Technologies 6890N. The presence of the compounds was detected in all tested fat samples. The content of γ-HCH was five-fold higher in frozen fish (average 2.11 ng/g of fat) than in fresh and smoked fish (0.42 ng/g of fat and 0.43 ng/g of fat, respectively). Total DDT (ΣDDT) content was found higher after refrigerated storage but did not exceed acceptable levels, indicating that the fat in the meat of rainbow trout is an attractive nutritional compound with a low concentration of tested chemical pollutants.
Determination of natural and synthetic oestrogens in surface water using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Authors: Woźniak Barbara , Kłopot Alicja , Matraszek-Żuchowska Iwona , Sielska Katarzyna , Żmudzki Jan
Published: December 2014

A simple and sensitive gas chromatography method was developed to determine a group of oestrogens in surface water. In the first stage of analysis, enzymatic hydrolysis of oestrogen metabolites with glucuronidase AS-HP was performed. Free compounds were extracted from 200 mL of water sample on C18 SPE column (6 mL, 1000 mg). The evaporated extract was subjected to derivatisation with a mixture of MSTFA/NH4I/DTT (1000:2:5, v/w/w). The separation of the analytes on HP-5ms capillary column was conducted. The method was validated according to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. Recovery in spiked samples ranged from 90% to 120 % with standard deviation lower than 30% for all examined compounds. The decision limit and detection capability of five oestrogens were in the range of 0.3-0.6 ng L-1 and 0.5-0.9 ng L-1, respectively. Nineteen water samples collected from different sites of several Polish rivers and lakes were tested for the presence of oestrogens. Some target compounds such as 17α-oestradiol, 17β-oestradiol, oestrone, oestriol, and 17α-ethynyloestradiol were found in trace amounts in the analysed samples. The highest concentration observed for oestradiol reached 23 ng L-1.
Cytotoxic effects of the synthetic oestrogens and androgens on Balb/c 3T3 and HepG2 cells
Authors: Minta Maria , Radko Lidia , Stypuła-Trębas Sylwia , Żmudzki Jan
Published: December 2014

The aim of the study was to test and compare the cytotoxic potential of two synthetic oestrogens: diethylstilboestrol (DES) and ethinyloestradiol (EE2) and two androgens: testosterone propionate (TP) and trenbolone (TREN) on two cell lines. The fibroblast cell line Balb/c 3T3 and the hepatoma cell line HepG2 were selected. To get more insight into the mode of toxic action, four methods were used, which evaluated different biochemical endpoints: mitochondrial activity (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide reduction assay), lysosomal activity (neutral red uptake assay), total protein content, and lactate dehydrogenase release. Cytotoxicity was assessed after 24, 48, and 72 h exposure to eight concentrations ranging from 0.78 to 100 μg/mL. Concentration- and time- dependent effects were observed. Depending on the line and assay used, half maximal effective concentration after 72 h (EC50-72h) values ranged as follows: DES 1-13.7 μg/mL (Balb/c 3T3) and 3.7-5.2 μg/mL (HepG2); EE2 2.1-14.3 μg/mL (Balb/c 3T3) and 1.8-7.8 μg/mL (HepG2); TP-14.9-17.5 μg/mL (Balb/c 3T3), and 63.9- 100 μg/mL (HepG2); and TREN 11.3-31.4 μg/mL (Balb/c 3T3) and 12.5-59.4 μg/mL (HepG2). The results revealed that oestrogens were more toxic than androgens and the most affected endpoint was mitochondrial activity. In contrast to oestrogens, for which EC50-72h values were similar in both lines and by all assays used, Balb/c 3T3 cells were more sensitive than HepG2 cells to TP.
Reducing Call Blocks in Cellular Network with Non-Uniform Traffic Conditions
Authors: Sharma Abhijit , Sharma Pratik , Chaki Rituparna , Bhattacharya Uma
Published: December 2014

In cellular networks, while the motivation behind all basic channel assignment strategies is the better utilization of the available frequency spectrum with the consequent reduction of the call blocking probability in each cell, very few of them deal with the problem of non-uniform traffic demand in different cells which may lead to a gross imbalance in the system performance. Mobile users in hot cells (the cells with heavy traffic loads) may suffer from low throughput due to the load imbalance problem. In this paper, we propose a cost effective and simple load balancing scheme that can effectively reduce the overall call blocking. A common set of channels are determined dynamically which can be used simultaneously in all the cells. Cell tiers with different radii are used to cope with the interference introduced by using same set of channels simultaneously in all cells. The performance of the proposed scheme is presented in terms of call blocking probability and channel utilization. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can reduce the call blocking significantly in highly congested cell.
A Representation of the Relative Entropy with Respect to a Diffusion Process in Terms of Its Infinitesimal Generator
Authors: Faugeras Oliver , MacLaurin James
Published: December 2014

In this paper we derive an integral (with respect to time) representation of the relative entropy (or Kullback–Leibler Divergence) R(μ||P), where μ and P are measures on C([0,T];Rd). The underlying measure P is a weak solution to a martingale problem with continuous coefficients. Our representation is in the form of an integral with respect to its infinitesimal generator. This representation is of use in statistical inference (particularly involving medical imaging). Since R(μ||P) governs the exponential rate of convergence of the empirical measure (according to Sanov’s theorem), this representation is also of use in the numerical and analytical investigation of finite-size effects in systems of interacting diffusions.
Humanities’ Metaphysical Underpinnings of Late Frontier Scientific Research
Authors: Malapi-Nelson Alcibiades
Published: December 2014

The behavior/structure methodological dichotomy as locus of scientific inquiry is closely related to the issue of modeling and theory change in scientific explanation. Given that the traditional tension between structure and behavior in scientific modeling is likely here to stay, considering the relevant precedents in the history of ideas could help us better understand this theoretical struggle. This better understanding might open up unforeseen possibilities and new instantiations, particularly in what concerns the proposed technological modification of the human condition. The sequential structure of this paper is twofold. The contribution of three philosophers better known in the humanities than in the study of science proper are laid out. The key theoretical notions interweaving the whole narrative are those of mechanization, constructability and simulation. They shall provide the conceptual bridge between these classical thinkers and the following section. Here, a panoramic view of three significant experimental approaches in contemporary scientific research is displayed, suggesting that their undisclosed ontological premises have deep roots in the Western tradition of the humanities. This ontological lock between core humanist ideals and late research in biology and nanoscience is ultimately suggested as responsible for pervasively altering what is canonically understood as “human”.
Candida parapsilosis Biofilm Identification by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Samek Ota , Mlynariková Katarina , Bernatová Silvie , Ježek Jan , Krzyžánek Vladislav , Šiler Martin , Zemánek Pavel , Růžička Filip , Holá Veronika , Mahelová Martina
Published: December 2014

Colonies of Candida parapsilosis on culture plates were probed directly in situ using Raman spectroscopy for rapid identification of specific strains separated by a given time intervals (up to months apart). To classify the Raman spectra, data analysis was performed using the approach of principal component analysis (PCA). The analysis of the data sets generated during the scans of individual colonies reveals that despite the inhomogeneity of the biological samples unambiguous associations to individual strains (two biofilm-positive and two biofilm-negative) could be made.
Inhalation of Silver Nanomaterials—Seeing the Risks
Authors: Theodorou Ioannis , Ryan Mary , Tetley Teresa , Porter Alexandra
Published: December 2014

Demand for silver engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) is increasing rapidly in optoelectronic and in health and medical applications due to their antibacterial, thermal, electrical conductive, and other properties. The continued commercial up-scaling of ENM production and application needs to be accompanied by an understanding of the occupational health, public safety and environmental implications of these materials. There have been numerous in vitro studies and some in vivo studies of ENM toxicity but their results are frequently inconclusive. Some of the variability between studies has arisen due to a lack of consistency between experimental models, since small differences between test materials can markedly alter their behaviour. In addition, the propensity for the physicochemistry of silver ENMs to alter, sometimes quite radically, depending on the environment they encounter, can profoundly alter their bioreactivity. Consequently, it is important to accurately characterise the materials before use, at the point of exposure and at the nanomaterial-tissue, or “nanobio”, interface, to be able to appreciate their environmental impact. This paper reviews current literature on the pulmonary effects of silver nanomaterials. We focus our review on describing whether, and by which mechanisms, the chemistry and structure of these materials can be linked to their bioreactivity in the respiratory system. In particular, the mechanisms by which the physicochemical properties (e.g., aggregation state, morphology and chemistry) of silver nanomaterials change in various biological milieu (i.e., relevant proteins, lipids and other molecules, and biofluids, such as lung surfactant) and affect subsequent interactions with and within cells will be discussed, in the context not only of what is measured but also of what can be visualized.
Inflammation and Cell Death in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: An Immunopathological and Ultrastructural Model
Authors: Ardeljan Christopher , Ardeljan Daniel , Abu-Asab Mones , Chan Chi-Chao
Published: December 2014

The etiology of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) remains elusive despite the characterization of many factors contributing to the disease in its late-stage phenotypes. AMD features an immune system in flux, as shown by changes in macrophage polarization with age, expression of cytokines and complement, microglial accumulation with age, etc. These point to an allostatic overload, possibly due to a breakdown in self vs. non-self when endogenous compounds and structures acquire the appearance of non-self over time. The result is inflammation and inflammation-mediated cell death. While it is clear that these processes ultimately result in degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor, the prevalent type of cell death contributing to the various phenotypes is unknown. Both molecular studies as well as ultrastructural pathology suggest pyroptosis, and perhaps necroptosis, are the predominant mechanisms of cell death at play, with only minimal evidence for apoptosis. Herein, we attempt to reconcile those factors identified by experimental AMD models and integrate these data with pathology observed under the electron microscope—particularly observations of mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA leakage, autophagy, and cell death.
The Insulin-Like Growth Factor System in Obesity, Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Lewitt Moira , Dent Mairi , Hall Kerstin
Published: December 2014

The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, acting in concert with other hormone axes, is important in normal metabolism. In obesity, the hyperinsulinaemia that accompanies peripheral insulin resistance leads to reduced growth hormone (GH) secretion, while total IGF-I levels are relatively unchanged due to increased hepatic GH sensitivity. IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-1 levels are suppressed in relation to the increase in insulin levels in obesity and low levels predict the development of type 2 diabetes several years later. Visceral adiposity and hepatic steatosis, along with a chronic inflammation, contribute to the IGF system phenotype in individuals with metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus, including changes in the normal inverse relationship between IGFBP-1 and insulin, with IGFBP-1 concentrations that are inappropriately normal or elevated. The IGF system is implicated in the vascular and other complications of these disorders and is therefore a potential therapeutic target.
Super Dielectric Materials
Authors: Fromille Samuel , Phillips Jonathan
Published: December 2014

Evidence is provided here that a class of materials with dielectric constants greater than 105 at low frequency (<10−2 Hz), herein called super dielectric materials (SDM), can be generated readily from common, inexpensive materials. Specifically it is demonstrated that high surface area alumina powders, loaded to the incipient wetness point with a solution of boric acid dissolved in water, have dielectric constants, near 0 Hz, greater than 4 × 108 in all cases, a remarkable increase over the best dielectric constants previously measured for energy storage capabilities, ca. 1 × 104. It is postulated that any porous, electrically insulating material (e.g., high surface area powders of silica, titania, etc.), filled with a liquid containing a high concentration of ionic species will potentially be an SDM. Capacitors created with the first generated SDM dielectrics (alumina with boric acid solution), herein called New Paradigm Super (NPS) capacitors display typical electrostatic capacitive behavior, such as increasing capacitance with decreasing thickness, and can be cycled, but are limited to a maximum effective operating voltage of about 0.8 V. A simple theory is presented: Water containing relatively high concentrations of dissolved ions saturates all, or virtually all, the pores (average diameter 500 Å) of the alumina. In an applied field the positive ionic species migrate to the cathode end, and the negative ions to the anode end of each drop. This creates giant dipoles with high charge, hence leading to high dielectric constant behavior. At about 0.8 V, water begins to break down, creating enough ionic species to “short” the individual water droplets. Potentially NPS capacitor stacks can surpass “supercapacitors” in volumetric energy density.
Atmospheric Plasma Deposition of SiO2 Films for Adhesion Promoting Layers on Titanium
Authors: Kotte Liliana , Haag Jana , Mertens Tobias , Kaskel Stefan
Published: December 2014

This paper evaluates the deposition of silica layers at atmospheric pressure as a pretreatment for the structural bonding of titanium (Ti6Al4V, Ti15V3Cr3Sn3Al) in comparison to an anodizing process (NaTESi process). The SiO2 film was deposited using the LARGE plasma source, a linearly extended DC arc plasma source and applying hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) as a precursor. The morphology of the surface was analyzed by means of SEM, while the characterization of the chemical composition of deposited plasma layers was done by XPS and FTIR. The long-term durability of bonded samples was evaluated by means of a wedge test in hot/wet condition. The almost stoichiometric SiO2 film features a good long-term stability and a high bonding strength compared to the films produced with the wet-chemical NaTESi process.
Transfer Hydrogenation in Open-Shell Nucleotides — A Theoretical Survey
Authors: Achrainer Florian , Zipse Hendrik
Published: December 2014

The potential of a larger number of sugar models to act as dihydrogen donors in transfer hydrogenation reactions has been quantified through the calculation of hydrogenation energies of the respective oxidized products. Comparison of the calculated energies to hydrogenation energies of nucleobases shows that many sugar fragment radicals can reduce pyrimidine bases such as uracil in a strongly exothermic fashion. The most potent reducing agent is the C3' ribosyl radical. The energetics of intramolecular transfer hydrogenation processes has also been calculated for a number of uridinyl radicals. The largest driving force for such a process is found for the uridin-C3'-yl radical, whose rearrangement to the C2'-oxidized derivative carrying a dihydrouracil is predicted to be exothermic by 61.1 kJ/mol in the gas phase.
Sugar Intake, Obesity, and Diabetes in India
Authors: Gulati Seema , Misra Anoop
Published: December 2014

Sugar and sweet consumption have been popular and intrinsic to Indian culture, traditions, and religion from ancient times. In this article, we review the data showing increasing sugar consumption in India, including traditional sources (jaggery and khandsari) and from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Along with decreasing physical activity, this increasing trend of per capita sugar consumption assumes significance in view of the high tendency for Indians to develop insulin resistance, abdominal adiposity, and hepatic steatosis, and the increasing “epidemic” of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases. Importantly, there are preliminary data to show that incidence of obesity and T2DM could be decreased by increasing taxation on SSBs. Other prevention strategies, encompassing multiple stakeholders (government, industry, and consumers), should target on decreasing sugar consumption in the Indian population. In this context, dietary guidelines for Indians show that sugar consumption should be less than 10% of total daily energy intake, but it is suggested that this limit be decreased.
Neurochemical Effects of Chronic Administration of Calcitriol in Rats
Authors: Jiang Pei , Zhang Li-Hong , Cai Hua-Lin , Li Huan-De , Liu Yi-Ping , Tang Mi-Mi , Dang Rui-Li , Zhu Wen-Ye , Xue Ying , He Xin
Published: December 2014

Despite accumulating data showing the various neurological actions of vitamin D (VD), its effects on brain neurochemistry are still far from fully understood. To further investigate the neurochemical influence of VD, we assessed neurotransmitter systems in the brain of rats following 6-week calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) administration (50 ng/kg/day or 100 ng/kg/day). Both the two doses of calcitriol enhanced VDR protein level without affecting serum calcium and phosphate status. Rats treated with calcitriol, especially with the higher dose, exhibited elevated γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) status. Correspondingly, the mRNA expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) 67 was increased. 100 ng/kg of calcitriol administration also increased glutamate and glutamine levels in the prefrontal cortex, but did not alter glutamine synthetase (GS) expression. Additionally, calcitriol treatment promoted tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2) expression without changing dopamine and serotonin status. However, the concentrations of the metabolites of dopamine and serotonin were increased and the drug use also resulted in a significant rise of monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) expression, which might be responsible to maintain the homeostasis of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission. Collectively, the present study firstly showed the effects of calcitriol in the major neurotransmitter systems, providing new evidence for the role of VD in brain function.
Selected Nutrients and Their Implications for Health and Disease across the Lifespan: A Roadmap
Authors: Péter Szabolcs , Eggersdorfer Manfred , Van Asselt Dieneke , Buskens Erik , Detzel Patrick , Freijer Karen , Koletzko Berthold , Kraemer Klaus , Kuipers Folkert , Neufeld Lynnette , Obeid Rima , Wieser Simon , Zittermann Armin , Weber Peter
Published: December 2014

Worldwide approximately two billion people have a diet insufficient in micronutrients. Even in the developed world, an increasing number of people consume nutrient-poor food on a regular basis. Recent surveys in Western countries consistently indicate inadequate intake of nutrients such as vitamins and minerals, compared to recommendations. The International Osteoporosis Foundation’s (IOF) latest figures show that globally about 88% of the population does not have an optimal vitamin D status. The Lancet’s “Global Burden of Disease Study 2010” demonstrates a continued growth in life expectancy for populations around the world; however, the last decade of life is often disabled by the burden of partly preventable health issues. Compelling evidence suggests that improving nutrition protects health, prevents disability, boosts economic productivity and saves lives. Investments to improve nutrition make a positive contribution to long-term national and global health, economic productivity and stability, and societal resilience.