bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental demonstration of a dual‐band electromagnetic band‐gap resonator antenna made out of a simple, single‐layer frequency selective surface
Authors: Ge Yuehe , Esselle Karu P. , Bird Trevor S.
Published: May 2011

The new concept for realizing a dual‐band electromagnetic band‐gap (EBG) resonator antenna using a simple, single‐sided frequency selective surface (FSS) is demonstrated experimentally.The reversal of the gradient of the FSS reflection coefficient phase response, around a FSS resonance frequency, is exploited to achieve two cavity resonance bands in which the FSS behaves as a partially reflective surface (PRS) with an appropriate reflection phase. An FSS, with rectangular slots printed on one surface, is considered for demonstration. The measured performance of a prototype antenna in two bands, around 11.4 GHz and 13.4 GHz, is presented. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26112
A novel printed monopole antenna for future ultra‐wideband communication systems
Authors: Ahmed Osama M. H. , Sebak Abdel‐Razik
Published: May 2011

In this letter, a novel microstrip line‐fed printed monopole antenna for ultra‐wideband (UWB) short‐range wireless communications is proposed. The proposed antenna consists of a trapezoidal‐shaped patch with two elliptical‐shaped cuts from its edge forming a bell‐shaped cut. Experimental results shows that the designed antenna operates over impedance bandwidth 3.2–11.4 GHz for return loss S11 < −10 dB, which almost covering the UWB frequency bandwidth. Moreover, the antenna has a good omnidirectional radiation patterns in the H‐plane with good gain flatness over the frequency range of interest. The antenna transmission characteristics at different receiving angles are also measured. By embedding a simple narrow U‐shaped slot in the radiating microstrip patch, a notch in the frequency band of 5.0–6.0 GHz is obtained. The proposed antenna is considered a good candidate for UWB short‐range wireless communication systems avoiding the interference of the existing wireless systems. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26113
Hierarchical LU decomposition‐based direct method with improved solution for 3D scattering problems in FEM
Authors: Wan Ting , Hu Xiao Qing , Chen Ru Shan
Published: May 2011

An efficient direct method based on hierarchical LU (H‐LU) Decomposition is developed for the solution of large sparse finite element systems.On the basis of hierarchical matrix (H‐matrix) technique, H‐LU direct method provides a data‐sparse way to approximate the LU‐factors of a finite element matrix which are dense originally. The approximate LU‐factors can be computed and stored in the algebra of H‐matrices with logarithmic‐linear complexity. The accuracy of this approximation is controllable related to the different choices of the H‐matrix parameters. A modification algorithm is proposed to efficiently improve the accuracy of the approximate solution computed by the H‐LU‐based direct method. Some numerical examples are provided to illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed method for finite element analysis of three‐dimensional (3D) electromagnetic scattering problems. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26122
Metamaterials‐inspired miniaturization of UHF patch antennas with circular polarization
Authors: Semouchkina E. , Scholz J. , Perini S. , Semouchkin G. , Lanagan M. , Haupt R. , Simonds H.
Published: May 2011

The area of a ultra high frequency (UHF) patch antenna was reduced 80% by embedding high permittivity plugs in the antenna substrate. It is shown that a nonuniform distribution of plugs provides solutions for such problems of the miniaturized antennas as impedance matching and achieving circular polarization of the signal. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26123
High‐efficiency tapered distributed power amplifier with 2‐μm GaAs HBT process
Authors: Xu Jian , Wang Zhi‐Gong , Zhang Ying , Ma Li
Published: May 2011

An integrated power distributed amplifier, fabricated in a low‐cost 2‐μm GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) technology, is implemented in this letter. A tapered collector line structure combined with the input capacitive coupling technique is used to improve the bandwidth and power efficiency simultaneously. The measurement results give a gain of 8.1dB with a gain flatness of ±0.5dB over a frequency range from 1 to 12 GHz. The output 1‐dB compressing point is 13.9 dBm at 5 GHz and the associated power‐added efficiency is 21.9%. Our work presents very good figure of merit among the recently published distribution amplifiers with different technologies. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26126
An effective impedance matching method for RFID slot tag antennas
Authors: Chen Horng‐Dean , Chu Fu‐Chen
Published: May 2011

This article presents an impedance matching method suitable for various radio frequency identification (RFID) slot tag antennas.By loading a matching slot onto a radiating slot, the impedance of the proposed slot tag antenna can be easily tuned to match the various impedance values of chips by simply changing the length of the matching slot. Two examples of the slot tag antennas are studied. Results show that the designed tags exhibit offer good reading range performances and are excellent candidates for RFID applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26130
Improved band‐notched wideband conical monopole antenna
Authors: Hu Z. H. , Hall P.S. , Kelly J. R. , Gardner P.
Published: May 2011

Recently, wideband antennas with band‐notched behavior have attracted increasing interest. This paper presents a conical monopole antenna with four C‐shaped slots to achieve improved band‐rejection behavior with at least 28 dB of gain suppression. Compared to previous work reported in the literature, the antenna provides a relatively wide rejection band with increased gain suppression, at the notch‐band center frequency. The antenna also provides an omnidirectional radiation pattern at frequencies within the operating band. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26132
A CMOS 802.15.4a transmitter for sub‐GHz application
Authors: Joo Youngjoong , Kim Hyunseok , Jung Sungyong
Published: May 2011

A bi‐phase modulated sub‐GHz ultra‐wideband (UWB) transmitter is designed and tested with standard 0.5‐μm CMOS technology. The maximum power consumption is 2.4 mW, when the pulse repetition frequency is 20 MHz with 420‐MHz center frequency. The proposed sub‐GHz CMOS UWB transmitter complies with IEEE 802.15.4a standard for low data rate wireless personal area network applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26136
Realization of band‐stop filter using deformed omega structure loaded microstrip line
Authors: Kumar G. Arun , Mishra D. , Poddar D. R. , Mishra R. K.
Published: May 2011

This communication proposes a compact microstrip band‐stop filter.It is developed by loading a microstrip line section with deformed omega‐type microstrip. Various loading configurations are considered using electromagnetic simulation. Prototype band‐stop filters were fabricated and measured as well. Well‐matched simulated results and experimental data validate the proposed configuration. A discussion on how different structures affect the stop‐band is given. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26140
Gain improvement of a cavity‐backed slot antenna
Authors: Eldek Abdelnasser A.
Published: May 2011

Design of a high gain cavity backed slot antenna is presented with relatively small size.The large ground plane of the original design is cut 75%. Mushroom cells and ground plane orientations have been employed to improve the antenna gain. An 18.75‐dB maximum gain is obtained with an average gain of 17.3 dB in the entire operating band. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26141
Study of bandgap characteristics of 2D magnetoplasma photonic crystal by using M‐FDTD method
Authors: Yang Lixia , Xie Yingtao , Yu Pingping
Published: May 2011

To develop modified finite‐difference time‐domain (M‐FDTD) algorithm with magnetized plasma medium, constitutive equation between current density vector and electric field strength vector is first transformed into s‐domain for decoupling, and then transformed back into time domain so that the FDTD iteration equations can be easily obtained in discrete time domain.Then the reflection coefficients with plasma slab calculated by the proposed M‐FDTD algorithm are compared with analytical to show the validity of our technique. Finally, the M‐FDTD algorithm is applied to calculate the reflection and transmission coefficients of plasma photonic crystal of different plasma parameters. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26143
A study on antenna gain degradation due to digital phase shifter in phased array antennas
Authors: Kamoda Hirokazu , Tsumochi Jun , Kuki Takao , Suginoshita Fumiyasu
Published: May 2011

We studied antenna gain degradation of phased array antennas due to phase quantization by digital phase shifters, where the amplitude weighting for element excitation and the losses in the phase shifters were taken into account. By adding a phase offset to the ideal analog phase shifts before they are quantized, the degradation can be varied as a result of the change in the phase errors due to quantization. It was shown that the amplitude weighting and losses greatly affected the peak‐to‐peak variation of the degradation and they must be taken into account to obtain the optimum phase offset that gives the least degradation in actual phased array antennas using digital phase shifters. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26145
Erratum: Comparison of precorrected FFT/adaptive integral method matching schemes
Authors: Yang Kai , Yilmaz Ali E.
Published: May 2011

Originally published Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1368–1372, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.26230 (Original article DOI 10.1002/mop.26006)
Fabric dilatancy and the plasticity modeling of granular media
Authors: Muhunthan B. , Sasiharan N.
Published: May 2011

A novel conceptual model of the mechanics of sands is developed within an elastic–plastic framework. Central to this model is the realization that volume changes in anisotropic granular materials occur as a result of two fundamentally different mechanisms. The first is purely kinematic, dilative, and is the result of the changes in anisotropic fabric. There is also a second volume change in granular media that occurs as a direct response to changes in stress as in a standard elastic/plastic continuum. The inclusion of the two sources of volume change results in three important datum states. When subjected to isotropic strains, the resulting stress state in granular materials is not isotropic but lies upon the kinematic normal consolidation line. There exists a state at which the fabric‐induced volumetric strain rate becomes equal to the stress‐induced volumetric strain rate making the total plastic volumetric strain rate equal to zero. Granular response changes from contractive to dilative at this phase transformation line. The third datum state is the one in which the stress‐induced volumetric strain rate is zero. The sand, however, continues to dilate at this state with the difference between stress and dilation ratio a constant as predicted by Taylor's stress–dilatancy rule. These predictions are shown in accordance with experimental data from a series of drained tests and undrained on Ottawa sand. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Marketing charitable bequests to lawyers
Authors: McGregor‐Lowndes Myles , Hannah Frances
Published: May 2011

There is scant literature about the role of the lawyer in influencing the likelihood of a charitable bequest being made in a will. Charities regularly advertise in legal journals and supply bequest materials to lawyers, but the effectiveness of these strategies for influencing lawyers appears not to have been measured in the literature or in practice. Our exploratory research indicates that specialist estate lawyers report that they pay little or no attention to traditional marketing of charitable bequests to them and that lawyers' specific information needs from charities about bequests are not being satisfied appropriately. Our study reveals that lawyers do seek information from charities in order to write a will's bequest clause, once a bequest has been considered by the client. Lawyers indicated frustration with obtaining this information from charities, and we recommend some actions for charities to rectify this situation. Recommendations for enhanced bequest solicitation are made together with suggestions for pathways for future bequest research involving lawyers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ectopic Lower Third Permanent Molar within the Mandibular Condyle: An Archaeological Example
Authors: Ponce P. V. , Ogden A. R.
Published: May 2011

Migration of mandibular third molars to abnormal anatomic locations is not unknown. Examples reported in the clinical literature are mainly in the ascending ramus of the mandible and the neck of the mandibular condyle, and only four cases have hitherto been reported actually within the mandibular condyle. This case reports on an ectopic lower third molar within the right mandibular condyle in a 19th century male skeleton from Wolverhampton, West Midlands, UK. Examples of this nature have not been found to be described in the bioarchaeological literature; therefore, this case study probably represents the first case reported in this field. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel concept for the preparation of alloy nanowires
Authors: Milenkovic Srdjan , Drensler Stefanie , Walter Hassel Achim
Published: May 2011

A novel concept for the preparation of alloy nanowires has been developed. By combining two pseudobinary eutectic systems NiAl–W and NiAl–Cr with a completely miscible system Cr–W, a pseudoternary system was created in which there is large two‐phase field between NiAl and W(Cr) solid solutions, separated by a eutectic trough. This enables the fabrication of nanowires with compositions from pure W to pure Cr allowing a free change of the ratio. The directional solidification in the pseudoternary system has been carried out. For the first time alloy nanowires in the W–Cr system have been reported. In addition, nanowires of pure W and Cr were fabricated as well. Moreover, an electrochemical procedure for the release of nanowires from the matrix has been established.

magnified image

High yield of W–Cr alloy nanowires with equiatomic composition.
Growth temperature and growth rate dependency on reactor pressure for InN epilayers grown by HPCVD
Authors: Buegler Max , Gamage Sampath , Atalay R. , Wang J. , Senevirathna M. K. I. , Kirste R. , Xu T. , Jamil M. , Ferguson I. , Tweedie J. , Collazo R. , Hoffmann A. , Sitar Z. , Dietz N.
Published: May 2011

This contribution presents results on achievable growth temperatures and growth rates as a function of reactor pressure for the growth of InN by high‐pressure chemical vapour deposition (HPCVD). The InN epilayers were grown at reactor pressures ranging from atmospheric pressure to 19 bar. The results show that the InN growth temperature increased linearly with the reactor pressure from 759 °C to 876 °C. The growth rate decreases from 127 nm/h to 20 nm/h as the reactor pressure is increased from 1 bar to 19 bar. The structural, optical, and electrical properties of the epitaxial layers were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, IR reflection spectroscopy, and optical transmission spectroscopy. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation of the carrier distribution in InGaN‐based multi‐quantum‐well structures
Authors: Galler B. , Laubsch A. , Wojcik A. , Lugauer H. , Gomez‐Iglesias A. , Sabathil M. , Hahn B.
Published: May 2011

We investigate colour‐coded InGaN‐based light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) where the position of a cyan‐emitting quantum well (QW) embedded into a blue‐emitting active region was varied systematically. The intensity ratio between the light output originating from the cyan and the blue QWs for different temperatures is analyzed both under electroluminescence (EL) and photoluminescence (PL) conditions.

In EL, the contribution of the cyan QW increases when its position draws nearer to the p‐side. Surprisingly, a similar behaviour is also observed under PL excitation. Clear evidence of limited multi‐quantum‐well (MQW) operation at room temperature is found by comparing the relative emission intensities for different temperatures. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Exciton optical transitions in a hexagonal boron nitride single crystal
Authors: Museur L. , Brasse G. , Pierret A. , Maine S. , Attal‐Tretout B. , Ducastelle F. , Loiseau A. , Barjon J. , Watanabe K. , Taniguchi T. , Kanaev A.
Published: May 2011

Near band gap photoluminescence (PL) of a hexagonal boron nitride single crystal has been studied at cryogenic temperatures with synchrotron radiation excitation. The PL signal is dominated by trapped‐exciton optical transitions, while the photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra show features assigned to free excitons. Complementary photoconductivity and PLE measurements set the band gap transition energy to 6.4 eV and the Frenkel exciton binding energy larger than 380 meV. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Prevention of Chemically Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Experimental Animals by Virgin Argan Oil
Authors: Bellahcen Said , Mekhfi Hassane , Ziyyat Abderrahim , Legssyer Abdelkhaleq , Hakkou Abdelkader , Aziz Mohammed , Bnouham Mohamed
Published: May 2011

The argan tree plays an important socioeconomic and ecologic role in South Morocco. Moreover, there is much evidence for the beneficial effects of virgin argan oil (VAO) on human health. Thus, this study investigated whether administering VAO to rats can prevent the development of diabetes. VAO extracted by a traditional method from the almonds of Argania spinosa (2 mL/kg) was administered orally (for 7 consecutive days) to rats before and during intraperitoneal alloxan administration (75 mg/kg for 5 consecutive days). An alloxan diabetic‐induced untreated group and treated by table oil were used as control groups. Body mass, blood glucose and hepatic glycogen were evaluated. In the present study, subchronic treatment with VAO at a dose of 2 mL/kg, before the experimental induction of diabetes, prevented the body mass loss, induced a significant reduction of blood glucose and a significant increase of hepatic glycogen level (p < 0.001) compared with the untreated diabetic group. In conclusion, the present study shows that argan oil should be further investigated in a human study to clarify its possible role in reducing weight loss in diabetics, and even in inhibiting the development or progression of diabetes. This antidiabetic effect could be due to the richness of VAO in tocopherols, phenolic compounds and unsaturated fatty acids. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian design of control space for optimal assimilation of observations. Part II: Asymptotic solutions
Authors: Bocquet M. , Wu L.
Published: May 2011

A consistent formalism for a Bayesian design of control space for an optimal assimilation of observations was proposed in Part I of this two‐part article. This optimal discretization of control space leads to an efficient data assimilation scheme implementation. However, the construction of the grid itself, prior to its use for data assimilation, requires an optimization that may be challenging for high‐dimensional systems. This paper derives analytical solutions for these optimal grids in the limit where the discretization of control space has a large number of grid cells. Analytical solutions for the density of grid cells are obtained for the so‐called tilings, qtrees and ftrees, that represent different types of adaptive grids, with more or fewer degrees of freedom. These analytical solutions are explicit and the algorithms that allow densities to be converted into discrete adaptive grids are costless.

The approach is tested with a simplified physics in the Jacobian matrix in a tracer dispersion context in which radionuclides are monitored by the global observation network operated by the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organisation of the United Nations. The asymptotic solutions are then compared to the optimal grids obtained from the methodology perfected in Part I. In this example, and using qtree representations, the discrepancy between the approximate solution and the exact solution almost vanishes when the number of grid cells represents as few as 1% of the total number of grid cells in the finest grid. This opens the way to the application of this multiscale data assimilation framework to computationally challenging problems. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Effect of elevated CO2 on carbon partitioning in young Quercus ilex L. during resprouting
Authors: Aranjuelo Iker , Pintó‐Marijuan Marta , Avice Jean Christophe , Fleck Isabel
Published: May 2011

Stored carbon (C) represents a very important C pool with residence times of years to decades in tree organic matter. With the objective of understanding C assimilation, partitioning and remobilization in 2‐year‐old Quercus ilex L., those trees were exposed for 7 months to different [CO2] (elevated: 700 µmol mol−1; and ambient: 350 µmol mol−1 CO2). The 13C‐isotopic composition of the ambient CO2 (ca. −12.8‰) was modified (to ca. −19.2‰) under the elevated CO2 conditions in order to analyze C allocation and partitioning before aerial biomass excision, and during the following regrowth (resprouting). Although after 7 months of growth under elevated [CO2], Q. ilex plants increased dry matter production, the absence of significant differences in photosynthetic activity suggests that such an increase was lower than expected. Nitrogen availability was not involved in photosynthetic acclimation. The removal of aboveground organs did not enable the balance between C availability and C requirements to be achieved. The isotopic characterization revealed that before the cutting, C partitioning to the stem (main C sink) prevented leaf C accumulation. During regrowth the roots were the organ with more of the labelled C. Furthermore, developing leaves had more C sink strength than shoots during this period. After the cutting, the amount of C delivered from the root to the development of aboveground organs exceeded the requirements of leaves, with the consequent carbohydrate accumulation. These findings demonstrate that, despite having a new C sink, the responsiveness of those resprouts under elevated [CO2] conditions will be strongly conditioned by the plant's capacity to use the extra C present in leaves through its allocation to other organs (roots) and processes (respiration). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gross and net rates of nitrogen mineralisation in soil amended with composted olive mill pomace
Authors: Gómez‐Muñoz B. , Hatch D. J. , Bol R. , Dixon E. R. , García‐Ruiz R.
Published: May 2011

Olive mill pomace is the major waste product in the olive oil industry and composting these by‐products for the purpose of recycling nutrients and organic matter is a sound environmental strategy. Yet little is known about the quantity and timing of nitrogen (N) release from composted olive mill pomace. This paper assesses both gross (using the 15N dilution technique) and net (aerobic incubation) nitrogen (N) mineralisation and N2O emissions of soil amended with seven commercially available composts of olive mill pomace (COMP). All are currently produced in Andalusia and differ in the proportions of raw materials co‐composted with the pomace. The absence of significant differences in net N or gross mineralisation and nitrification in COMP‐amended soil compared with a control, except for COMP combined with poultry manure, highlighted the recalcitrant nature of the COMP‐N. Applications of COMP are hence unlikely to supply available N in available forms, at least in the short‐term. Furthermore, N2O emissions from COMP‐amended soil were negligible and, therefore, applications in the field should not result in increased N loss through denitrification. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential growth of the fungus Absidia cylindrospora on 13C/15N‐labelled media
Authors: Crotty F. V. , Blackshaw R. P. , Murray P. J.
Published: May 2011

Many studies utilise enrichment of stable isotopes as tracers to follow the interactions occurring within soil food webs and methods have been developed to enrich bacteria, soil fauna and plant litter, Here for the first time we attempt to enrich a soil fungus to 99 atom% with 13C and 15N stable isotopes. In this study our objectives were to (a) assess whether the saprotrophic zygomycete fungus Absidia cylindrospora could grow on a medium enriched to 99 atom% with 13C‐glucose and 15N‐ammonium chloride, (b) to determine the level of enrichment obtained, and (c) to examine the change in growth rate of this fungus while it was growing on the dually enriched medium. To achieve this, the fungus was grown on agar enriched with 13C and 15N to 99 atom% and its growth rate monitored. The results showed that A. cylindrospora would grow on the highly labelled growth medium, but that its rate of growth was affected compared with the rate on either natural abundance media or media highly enriched with a single isotope (13C or 15N). The implications of these results is that although the fungus is able to utilise these heavier isotopes, the biochemical processes involved in growth are affected, and consideration should be given to these differences when using stable isotope tracers in, for example, soil food web studies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organic matter flow in the food web at a temperate heath under multifactorial climate change
Authors: Andresen Louise C. , Konestabo Heidi S. , Maraldo Kristine , Holmstrup Martin , Ambus Per , Beier Claus , Michelsen Anders
Published: May 2011

The rising atmospheric CO2concentration, increasing temperature and changed patterns of precipitation currently expose terrestrial ecosystems to altered environmental conditions. This may affect belowground nutrient cycling through its intimate relationship with the belowground decomposers. Three climate change factors (elevated CO2, increased temperature and drought) were investigated in a full factorial field experiment at a temperate heathland location. The combined effect of biotic and abiotic factors on nitrogen and carbon flows was traced in plant root → litter → microbe → detritivore/omnivore → predator food‐web for one year after amendment with15N13C2‐glycine. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) measurement of15N/14N and13C/12C in soil extracts and functional ecosystem compartments revealed that the recovery of15N sometimes decreased through the chain of consumption, with the largest amount of bioactive15N label pool accumulated in the microbial biomass. The elevated CO2concentration at the site for 2 years increased the biomass, the15N enrichment and the15N recovery in detritivores. This suggests that detritivore consumption was controlled by both the availability of the microbial biomass, a likely major food source, and the climatic factors. Furthermore, the natural abundance δ13C of enchytraeids was significantly altered in CO2‐fumigated plots, showing that even small changes in δ13C‐CO2can be used to detect transfer of carbon from primary producers to detritivores. We conclude that, in the short term, the climate change treatments affected soil organism activity, possibly with labile carbohydrate production controlling the microbial and detritivore biomass, with potential consequences for the decomposition of detritus and nutrient cycling. Hence, there appears to be a strong coupling of responses in carbon and nitrogen cycling at this temperate heath. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term release of carbon from grassland soil amended with different slurry particle size fractions: a laboratory incubation study
Authors: Grilo João , Bol Roland , Dixon Elizabeth R. , Chadwick David , Fangueiro David
Published: May 2011

Application of animal manure to agricultural soils enhances both native soil carbon (C) and overall (native soil C and added C) respiration. CO2 effluxes were measured in a laboratory incubation study for 1465 days after the application of different slurry fractions (>2000, 425–2000, 250–425, 150–250, 45–150 and <45 µm) to a grassland soil. The slurry‐derived C present in the soil was traced using the natural abundance δ13C method. We used two kinetic (single and two pool) models to fit the experimental data and to test the model validity with respect to long‐term data sets. Mean residence times (MRTs) of the particle size based slurry‐C fractions were estimated using these models and a linear 13C natural abundance based approach. The results showed that slurry‐C degradation in soil over time varied between the different particle size based slurry treatments. The two kinetic soil‐C models were successful to predict medium‐ to long‐term carbon release from soil amended with animal slurry. The estimated MRTs did vary between the linear (3.8–5.6 years) and non‐linear based (0.8–3.8 years) (model) approaches. Slurry‐derived C could still be (isotopically) detected in the soil 4 years after slurry application using the natural abundance δ13C method. This suggests that it may take a decadal timescale or longer before the entire amount of C introduced through whole slurry amendments to grassland soils is fully dissipated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of soft and hard ionization techniques for elucidation of unknown compounds by gas chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Portolés Tania , Pitarch Elena , López Francisco J. , Hernández Félix , Niessen Wilfried M. A.
Published: May 2011

Investigation of trace‐level non‐target compounds by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) often is a challenging task that requires powerful software tools to detect the unknown components, to obtain the deconvoluted mass spectra, and to interpret the data if no acceptable library match is obtained. In this paper, the complementary use of electron ionization (EI) and chemical ionization (CI) is investigated in combination with GC/time‐of‐flight (TOF) MS for the elucidation of organic non‐target (micro)contaminants in water samples. Based on accurate mass measurement of the molecular and fragment ions from the TOF MS, empirical formulae were calculated. Isotopic patterns, carbon number prediction filter and nitrogen rule were used to reduce the number of possible formulae. The candidate formulae were searched in databases to find possible chemical structures. Selection from possible structure candidates was achieved using information on substructures and observed neutral losses derived from the fragment ions. Four typical examples (bifenazate, boscalid, epoxiconazole, and fenhexamid) are used to illustrate the methodology applied and the various difficulties encountered in this process. Our results indicate that elucidation of unknowns cannot be achieved by following a standardized procedure, as both expertise and creativity are necessary in the process. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perspectives on genome‐wide multi‐stage family‐based association studies
Authors: Van Steen K.
Published: May 2011

With the establishment of large consortiums of researchers, genome‐wide association (GWA) studies have become increasingly popular and feasible. Although most of these association studies focus on unrelated individuals, a lot of advantages can be exploited by including families in the analysis as well. To overcome the additional genotyping cost, multi‐stage designs are particularly useful. In this article, I offer a perspective view on genome‐wide family‐based association analyses, both within a model‐based and model‐free paradigm. I highlight how multi‐stage designs and analysis techniques, which are quite popular in clinical epidemiology, can enter GWA settings. I furthermore discuss how they have proven successful in reducing analysis complexity, and in overcoming one of the most cumbersome statistical hurdles in the genome‐wide context, namely controlling increased false positives due to multiple testing. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sufficient conditions for concluding surrogacy based on observed data
Authors: Wu Zhenguo , He Ping , Geng Zhi
Published: May 2011

In this paper, we show that Prentice's criteria for surrogates can be strengthened to remedy some weaknesses of the criteria, and we also propose some sufficient conditions under which the treatment effects on a surrogate and on the true endpoint have qualitative implication and equivalence relations. With or without requiring Prentice's criteria, we discuss what conditions are required to qualitatively assess the causal effect of treatment on an unobserved endpoint in terms of an observed surrogate. Rather than a correlation between a surrogate and an endpoint, we require stricter measurements of association for the qualitative assessment. Further we show that these conditions can be satisfied by commonly used models, such as generalized linear models and Cox's proportional hazard models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2011 Damping issue—smart buildings: viscous dampers, Part I and II
Authors: Taylor Douglas , Hart Gary C.
Published: May 2011

It is a pleasure to present the second annual damping issue, Part I and II. The vision when this journal was founded was to bridge the gap between research and design, and also to speed up the review process so that technology can be implemented as fast as possible. Many great papers have been received and published from around the world. Each year, in at least one issue of the journal, readers can look forward to a collection of excellent papers that are receiving special recognition for their ingenuity in the use of dampers. This year, because of the number of excellent papers, there will be two issues with the accepted papers on damping in buildings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Folkbiology
Authors: Solomon Gregg E. A. , Zaitchik Deborah
Published: May 2011

Recent work in cognitive science suggests that children have framework theories unique to specific domains such as physics, psychology, and biology that provide causal explanations and support predictions about phenomena within them. They further guide how children develop the later theories of adults, both formal and informal. In this article, we focus on a particular framework or naïve theory, folkbiology, and review debates concerning how it ought best to be characterized, its origins and developmental course, whether aspects of it can be said to be universal to people in all cultural settings, how it informs our understanding of the brain, and what implications it has for science education. In so doing, we discuss how the cognitive scientific study of folkbiology takes us across disciplinary bounds into related work in the philosophy of science, cultural anthropology, neuropsychology, and education.WIREs Cogn Sci2012, 3:105–115. doi: 10.1002/wcs.150

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Development and Aging
Elemental characterization of edible plants and soils in an abandoned mining region: assessment of environmental risk
Authors: Gonzalez‐Fernandez O. , Batista M. J. , Abreu M. M. , Queralt I. , Carvalho M. L.
Published: May 2011

The chemical concentrations of 11 elements in 6 species of edible plants grown in 7 soils, developed in different gossanous materials of the abandoned mine area of Sao Domingos, in southern Portugal, was measured by energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence. The total fraction of elements in the soils from which the plants were sampled, was measured, using wavelength dispersive X‐ray fluorescence. The elemental content in bioavailable fraction was obtained by using three different leaching tests: DIN 38414‐S4, 1 M ammonium acetate and 0.005 M DTPA. Leachates were analyzed by Induced Coupled Plasma—Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP‐OES) and Induced Coupled Plasma—Mass Spectrometer (ICP‐MS). The mineralogy of the same soils was evaluated by X‐ray diffraction to identify the species present. The results show that levels in plants can be hazardous especially for Pb and As. Important concentrations of Fe and K were also observed. A different uptake was observed in the several plants for the different elements. The highest assimilation of metals was observed in sampling points containing soluble sulfate salts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses, Structures, and Thermal Reactivity of New ZnII and CdII Thio‐ and Selenocyanato Coordination Compounds
Authors: Boeckmann Jan , Reinert Thorben , Jeß Inke , Näther Christian
Published: May 2011

Reaction of ZnII and CdII thiocyanate or selenocyanate with pyrazine leads to the formation of new ZnII and CdII coordination compounds. The structures of [Zn(NCSe)2(pyrazine)2]n (1A), [Cd(NCS)2(pyrazine)2]n (2A) and [Cd(NCSe)2(pyrazine)2]n (3A) consist of octahedrally coordinated metal cations which are surrounded by two terminal N‐bonded anions and two μ2‐bridging pyrazine molecules. The metal cations are connected via the pyrazine ligands into layers, which are further linked by weak intermolecular S···S respectively Se···Se interactions. Investigations on the thermal degradation behavior of 1A, 2A, and 3A using simultaneous differential thermoanalysis and thermogravimetry as well as X‐ray powder diffraction, IR‐ and Raman spectroscopy prove that on heating, the pyrazine‐rich compound 1A decomposes in one step into zinc selenocyanate without the formation of a pyrazine‐deficient intermediate. In contrast, for compounds 2A and 3A a stepwise decomposition is observed, leading to the formation of the pyrazine‐deficient compounds [Cd(NCS)2(pyrazine)]n (2B‐I and 2B‐II) and [Cd(NCSe)2(pyrazine)]n (3B) as intermediates. The structures and the thermal reactivity are discussed and compared with that of related transition metal thiocyanates and selenocyanates with pyridine as N‐donor ligand.
Quasistatic delamination models for Kirchhoff‐Love plates
Authors: Freddi L. , Paroni R. , Roubíček T. , Zanini C.
Published: May 2011

A quasistatic rate‐independent brittle delamination problem and also an adhesive unilateral contact problem is considered on a prescribed normally‐positioned surface in a plate with a finite thickness. By letting the thickness of the plate go to zero, two quasistatic rate‐independent crack models with prescribed path for Kirchhoff‐Love plates are obtained as limit of these quasistatic processes.
Pediatric Sub‐specialist Controversies in the Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease in Trisomy 13 or 18
Authors: Yates Andrew R. , Hoffman Timothy M. , Shepherd Edward , Boettner Bethany , McBride Kim L.
Published: May 2011

Trisomy 13 and 18 are associated with congenital heart disease. Cardiac palliation has been reported in the literature, but is not usually done in this population. Thus, a multi‐disciplinary team may experience controversy in formulating a care plan that includes cardiac intervention. Our objective was to determine differences in recommendations for cardiac intervention in this population between physicians specializing in pediatric cardiac critical care, neonatology, and genetics. A web‐based survey was performed between April 2007 and August 2008. This survey evaluated surgical and transcatheter cardiac palliations that had been performed for individuals with trisomy 13 or 18 at the respondent's institution, the respondent's recommendations for cardiac intervention in hypothetical symptomatic patients with trisomy 13 or trisomy 18 and the influence of parental preference on these recommendations. Eight hundred fifty‐nine responses were obtained from a primarily academic practice setting (59%). Cardiologists were most likely to recommend intervention; low risk interventions were recommended by 32% of cardiologists, 7% of neonatologists and 20% of geneticists. Parental request to intervene resulted in a 3 fold increased in the likelihood of all specialist recommending intervention. Counseling of families frequently occurred by multiple sub specialists (50%) and there was frequently (71%) a difference in opinion. Individuals with trisomy 13 or 18 are receiving cardiac intervention at many institutions. Cardiologists were more likely than geneticists or neonatologists to recommend intervention on all heart lesions other than single ventricle palliation which no specialists recommended. Parental wishes that “everything be done” significantly influenced all specialists’ recommendations.
Umbilical Ties: The Framing of the Overseas Chinese as the Mother of the Revolution
Authors: Huang Jianli
Published: May 2011

One of the most iconic expressions in the last one hundred years associated with Sun Yat-sen, Nanyang and the 1911 Revolution of China has been “The Overseas Chinese are the Mother of the Revolution.” This paper traces the hazy origin of the slogan in its particular, well-known form as well as through paraphrases by examining its linkages to Sun Yat-sen and a wide body of writings from different periods. It highlights the waxing and waning of its usage, pointing to a period of high currency in the early 1930s, fading out in the 1940s, emergence as a Cold War coinage in Taiwan from the 1950s to the 1980s, and its surfacing as a focus of scholarship in the mainland of China after 1978. The final sections of the essay explore the more recent transformation of the saying in Nanyang popular culture through museum displays, theatre performance, and film. Over time, the saying, in its various configurations, serves to use it as an umbilical cord connecting the Chinese diaspora with its ancestral land.
The Multi-National State in Modern World History: The Chinese Experiment
Authors: Duara Prasenjit
Published: May 2011

The paper seeks to grasp the conditions under which the idea of the multi-national state developed in twentieth-century China. Although the idea of multiple nationalities was taking hold at the beginning of the twentieth-century in Europe—especially in Eastern Europe, it first found institutional expression in the Chinese Republic declared in 1912. While the grounds for the emergence have to do with the transition from empire to nation-state in many countries of the world, the idea in China also drew from imperial Chinese conceptions of an imperial federation. Moreover, the impact of the multi-national state in China was long-term and we can find an important dynamic of Chinese politics in this formation.
Between Mind and Trace — A Research into the Theories on Xin 心 (Mind) of Early Song Confucianism and Buddhism
Authors: Shiling Xiang
Published: May 2011

From Han Yu’s yuan Dao 原道 (retracing the Dao) to Ouyang Xiu’s lun ben 论本 (discussing the root), the conflicts arising from Confucianists’ rejection of Buddhism were focused on one point, namely, the examination of zhongxin suo shou 中心所守 (something kept in mind). The attitude towards the distinction between mind and trace, and the proper approach to erase the gap between emptiness and being, as well as that between the expedient and the true, became the major concerns unavoidable for various thinkers to integrate the two teachings and to propel academic development. “To understand by mind” and “to blame for matter” were of crucial methodological significance for transcendence in both Confucianism and Buddhism. The arguments of Confucian scholars like Zhang Zai and the Cheng brothers on the identity of mind and trace and the unity of void and solid are mutually manifested. The same mind with the same principle means “mind is principle.” The “common axis of Confucianism and Buddhism” exists in the emphasis on mind beyond trace. The unification of mind and trace or the accordance of body and function has actually become the cardinal foundation for the possible mergence of the Three Teachings.
A New Discourse on Xunzi’s Philosophy of Language
Authors: Chuanhua Peng
Published: May 2011

Xunzi’s philosophy of language was mainly unfolded through the “discrimination of ming 名 (names) and shi 实 (realities)” and the “discrimination of yan 言 (words) and yi 意 (meanings).” Particularly, the “discrimination of names and realities” was centered on the propositions that “realities are realized when their names are heard” and that “names are given to point up realities,” including the view on the essence of language such as “names expect to indicate realities” and “conventions established by usage,” the view of development of language such as “coming form the former usage and being newly established,” and the view of functions of language such as “discriminating superiority and inferiority and differentiating identities and differences”; while the “discrimination of words and meanings” mainly contained two aspects: One was that words could completely represent meanings while it could not do so on the other hand, and the other was that the Dao should be grasped through “an unoccupied, concentrated and quiet mind.” Xunzi’s philosophy of language stressed both language’s value attribute and its cognitive attribute, and it is the greatest achievement of pre-Qin dynasty’s philosophy of language.
Marxism and Morality: Reflections on the History of Interpreting Marx in Moral Philosophy
Authors: Hongmei Qu
Published: May 2011

The well-known paradox between Marxism and morality is that on the one hand, Marx claims that morality is a form of ideology that should be abandoned, while on the other hand, Marx makes quite a few moral judgments in his writings. It is in the research after Marx’s death that the paradox is found, explored and solved. This paper surveys the history of interpreting Marx from the aspect of moral philosophy by dividing it into three sequential phases. Then it presents the research on Marx in each phase, points out conflicting questions within the different periods and puts forward the solution in the end. This paper points out that a philosophical viewpoint based on Marx’s theory of historical materialism is the key to solving the paradox between Marxism and morality.
“Justice Is Happiness”?— An Analysis of Plato’s Strategies in Response to Challenges from the Sophists
Authors: Limin Bao
Published: May 2011

The challenge from the sophists with whom Plato is confronted is: Who can prove that the just man without power is happy whereas the unjust man with power is not? This challenge concerns the basic issue of politics: the relationship between justice and happiness. Will the unjust man gain the exceptional “happiness of the strong” by abusing his power and by injustice? The gist of Plato’s reply is to speak not of “justice” but of “intrinsic justice,” i.e., the strength of virtue which, in his account, is the fundamental good of man. Nevertheless, many contend that intrinsic justice is actually injustice, for the division of power in the state is undemocratic while in the soul, the suppression of desire by the reason. Plato’s advocacy of hierarchical, elite political system has enraged democrats, while his idea of “philosopher king” has enraged the aristocrats as well. So, who will appreciate Plato’s effort?