bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pericarp development in the macaw palm Acrocomia aculeata (Arecaceae)
Authors: Reis Sarah Barbosa , Mercadante-Simões Maria Olívia , Ribeiro Leonardo Monteiro
Published: March 2013

The anatomy of the pericarp of the macaw palm (Acrocomia aculeata) was followed during development. Ovaries of flowers collected at anthesis of the bracts as well as pericarps were evaluated at different development phases using traditional plant anatomy techniques. The ovary wall has two meristematic regions, one adjacent to the external epidermis and the other surrounding the seminal cavity. The external meristematic region gives rise to the woody exocarp, and the internal meristematic region is responsible for thickening of the oily/fibrous mesocarp as well as the hard endocarp. Sclerification of the exocarp and endocarp occurs approximately 70 days after anthesis and defines the final fruit volume. Lignification of the exocarp cell layers is incomplete, lending porosity to the structure. Numerous canals develop in the mesocarp that are formed by the fusion of raphide-containing idioblasts. Lignification of the sclereids and their generally random arrangement confers impermeability and rigidity to the endocarp. In mature fruits, lipidic reserves are observed in parenchymatic cells of the mesocarp, and the germination pore in the endocarp is composed of parenchymatic cells.
Flora da Usina São José, Igarassu, Pernambuco: Lauraceae
Authors: Santos Suellen Oliveira , Alves Marccus
Published: March 2013

Lauraceae é constituída por 52 gêneros e ca. 2500-3500 espécies distribuídas amplamente nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais do planeta. No Brasil é representada por 23 gêneros e aproximadamente 420 espécies. A Floresta Atlântica é considerada como um dos centros de diversidade para a família e esse estudo tem como objetivo o tratamento taxonômico das lauráceas realizado em fragmentos de Floresta Atlântica no estado de Pernambuco. Neste estudo são apresentadas 10 espécies em quatro gêneros: Cassytha filiformis, Cinnamomum triplinerve, Nectandra cuspidata, Ocotea canaliculata, O. indecora, O. glauca, O. glomerata, O. longifolia, O. notata e O. puberula, esta última como primeira referência para o Estado de Pernambuco. São apresentados chave de identificação, descrições e comentários sobre as espécies, além de ilustrações dos caracteres diagnósticos.
Carolus: um novo sistema gratuito para manipulação eletrônica de coleções botânicas
Authors: Siqueira Alisson Amorim , Santos Filho José Valentim dos , Siqueira Filho José Alves de
Published: March 2013

Este estudo descreve um novo sistema para manipulação e gerenciamento eletrônico de coleções botânicas. O software descrito foi desenvolvido com objetivo de auxiliar herbários brasileiros no resgate e manutenção segura de registros de espécies de plantas provenientes de diversos ecossistemas nacionais, fornecendo uma ferramenta confiável, com interface amigável, fácil de utilizar e dotado de funcionalidades para cadastro, consultas, atualizações, estatísticas, relatórios, geração de etiquetas, geoprocessamento e banco de imagens.
Realismo em Adorno e Lukács: o caso Em câmara lenta, de Renato Tapajós
Authors: Costa Carlos Augusto Carneiro
Published: March 2013

A primeira parte deste trabalho apresenta um estudo dos ensaios Introdução aos escritos estéticos de Marx e Engels, de Georg Lukács, e Posição do narrador no romance contemporâneo, de Theodor W. Adorno, em que procuramos analisar suas respectivas concepções de realismo em literatura, considerando seus critérios de valoração estética da obra literária. A segunda parte corresponde à análise do romance Em câmara lenta (1977), de Renato Tapajós, em que examinamos de sua constitui-ção formal à luz das noções de realismo em questão, procurando apontar uma plausível base teórica para leitura de romances que, a exemplo do de Tapajós, são elaborados a partir de uma negatividade constitutiva.
Romance e realidade na ficção brasileira contemporânea
Authors: Santini Juliana
Published: March 2013

Este trabalho é uma reflexão sobre a representação do real no romance Inferno provisório, de Luiz Ruffato, considerando as proposições de Claudio Magris acerca da forma romanesca moderna e sua possível transformação nas últimas décadas. O objetivo é questionar de que modo o projeto estético do romance incorpora uma visão em profundidade do real, originando um princípio ético de análise e crítica da sociedade contemporânea.
As formas do real: a representação da cidade em Eles eram muitos cavalos
Authors: Rocha Rejane Cristina
Published: March 2013

Este trabalho discute de que maneira a representação moderna da cidade — no que diz respeito à eleição de temas e às opções formais — pode ser identificada em um romance brasileiro contemporâneo: Eles eram muitos cavalos, de Luiz Ruffato, publicado em 2001.
Mobilidade precária em Terra estrangeira e em Estive em Lisboa e lembrei de você
Authors: Rodrigues Marco Antonio
Published: March 2013

O artigo investiga a representação da migração da classe média baixa brasileira para Portugual no filme Terra estrangeira (1995), de Walter Salles, e na novela Estive em Lisboa e lembrei de você (2009) , de Luiz Rufatto. São abordados temas como mobilidade, identidade, desterritorialização e enraizamento. Da leitura das obras, conclui-se que elas exemplificam que a mobilidade não é privilégio exclusivo das elites, e que quando ela se realiza em condições precárias, resulta em desenraizamento e em identidade também precária.
Em busca dos rastros perdidos da memória ancestral: um estudo de Um defeito de cor, de Ana Maria Gonçalves
Authors: Bernd Zilá
Published: March 2013

O artigo se detém em uma reflexão teórica sobre o conceito de vestígios (traces), evocando os principais autores que o definiram, como P. Ricoeur, C. Ginzburg, J.-M. Gagnebin, E. Glissant e S. J. Pesavento, entre outros, e introduzindo variantes terminológicas como "rastros", "restos", "resíduos", "marcas" etc.. Leva-se em conta a importância desse conceito para repensar o trabalho da memória em textos literários contemporâneos e, em particular, no romance Um defeito de cor, de Ana Maria Gonçalves (Record, 2010), que se constitui em valioso exemplo de resgate da memória coletiva afro-brasileira, por meio de vestígios.
Os convivas da morte no banquete das almas: presença de eguns em um conto de João Antônio
Authors: Martins Gilberto Figueiredo
Published: March 2013

A literatura escrita tem sido um espaço privilegiado para a representação e, consequentemente, para o registro e divulgação dos valores e costumes de variados grupos e segmentos sociais. No conto analisado neste ensaio – "Eguns" –, o escritor paulistano João Antônio (1937-1996) traz um narrador que descreve com detalhes uma rara festa religiosa ocorrida na Bahia, destinada ao culto dos ancestrais. Contemplativo e respeitoso, limita-se a contar o que a tradição religiosa permite. O contato com a alteridade ganha foros de rito iniciático e a experiência – em sentido forte – é transferida ao leitor.
Ficções da memória ou a memória da ficção: Dulce María Loynaz e Cecília Meireles
Authors: Bolaños Aimeé G.
Published: March 2013

Dulce María Loynaz e Cecília Meireles são lidas como poetas que compartilham, com suas poéticas singulares, uma estética memorialista e reflexiva, simbolistas extemporâneas, inclassificáveis. Sobre temporalidade, saberes e genealogia, funções principais da memória, reflete este artigo que se aprofunda em Últimos dias de una casa (1958) e Solombra (1963), poemas-livros da problemática do ser na temporalidade e dos processos de constituição/destruição da identidade que acontecem, precisamente, no tempo humano da memória. Estudam-se esses poemas de ficção do memorável nas suas diferenciadas formas de compor e significar ao coletar e preservar vestígios da memória injuriada, mutilada, ferida de morte, configurando uma volta ao passado imaginado, mas também uma abertura às "memórias do porvir" em uma poética paradoxal da memória incólume e devastada.
Representações interculturais de gênero no romance A república dos sonhos, de Nélida Piñon
Authors: Zolin Lúcia Osana
Published: March 2013

O romance A república dos sonhos (1984), da escritora brasileira Nélida Piñon, empreende representações de gênero ambientadas, por um lado, em uma Galícia de inspiração medieval e de tradição oral, terra de peregrinações e de emigrantes. Por outro lado, as representações de gênero ambientadas no Brasil do século XX constituem um interessante painel da trajetória da emancipação da mulher, galgada a partir dos movimentos feministas. O romance, nesse sentido, integra o processo de implantação de vozes dissonantes em relação a ideologias dominantes como o patriarcalismo e o falogocentrismo, comumente representadas e reduplicadas na literatura canônica. Trata-se de inscrever, no lugar da tradicional identidade feminina, fixa e presa aos papéis de gênero, estabelecidos pelo pensamento patriarcal, a multiplicidade e a heterogeneidade, portanto, o descentramento de identidades, por meio da intersecção com múltiplas outras questões como raça, etnia, classe e orientação sexual. Fundamentando nossa investigação no feminismo crítico e, de modo geral, no pós-estruturalismo, nosso propósito é empreender uma discussão acerca do modo como a escritora, em diálogo com a tradição espanhola, representa identidades femininas, bem como, as relações de gênero nesse importante romance do século XX.
O a(u)tor e suas "interversões" em Retrato desnatural, de Evando Nascimento
Authors: Padilha Fabíola
Published: March 2013

Busca-se empreender uma leitura do livro Retrato desnatural (diários - 2004 a 2007), de Evando Nascimento, publicado em 2008, observando-se no modus operandi dessa escrita que se alberga sob a rubrica ficção a maneira como o autor, em consonância com a noção de "texto escrevível", de Roland Barthes, entretém um diálogo com diversas linguagens artísticas (artes plásticas, música, teatro, cinema, literatura), bem como com a filosofia ocidental. Será verificado também que esse diálogo, por sua vez, desemboca na ideia de expropriação do sujeito, uma vez que o autor reconhece, sob a marca do "próprio", os inúmeros rastros deixados pelo outro em sua escrita. Os copiosos eus que integram a confecção de seu autorretrato, vestígios deixados pelo outro em si, compõem a imagem exata de sua inata "movência" – pantomimas do a(u)tor a exibir suas múltiplas interversões, redefinindo a tarefa mesma de autoengendramento pela escrita, ao postular que "tudo então são ficções diárias, ou seja, infixões, deslizes, rolagens de um eu e seus outros. até onde" (Nascimento, 2008, p. 160). Singulares snapshots a ostentarem para nós, leitores/espectadores, sua única face possível: um retrato desnatural.
Análise cultural do torrão dos infernos: imaginário do mal nas poéticas de Dante Milano e Nauro Machado
Authors: Corrêa Alexandre Fernandes
Published: March 2013

O artigo faz uma introdução à análise cultural do imaginário do mal expresso nas obras de dois poetas brasileiros de regiões diferentes do país. Trata-se de um estudo comparativo entre as poesias de Dante Milano (RJ) e Nauro Machado (MA), por meio do qual propomos uma escavação arqueológica dos vestígios da representação do mal no inconsciente social e literário.
Morphology and Morphometry ofDemotispa neivai(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Adults
Authors: Martínez L C , Plata—Rueda A , Zanuncio J C , Leite GLD , Serrão J E
Published: March 2013

Demotispa neivai Bondar (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) can damage the surface of oil palm fruits in Colombia. This specie has also been reported in Arecaceae species but without clarity on its identity. The aim of this study was the redescription of D. neivai using diagnostic characters. The external morphology of the insect body was described with scanning electron microscopy and its sexual dimorphism analyzed by morphometric data on width of the body, length of antennae, scutellum, and legs. The body of D. neivai is observed reddish—brown or slightly reddish—yellow, oval shape, dorsally flattened, and convex laterally; small head; maxillary palps with segments nearly similar in length; bases of the antenna separated by a keel in the front; compound eyes slightly protruding; pronotum with curved lateral margins; scutellum pentagonal; elytra oval covering almost the entire abdomen; with four sternites visible. The head antennae, body width, hindlegs, elytra, pronotum, and abdomen are the best structures to characterize the sex dimorphism of D. neivai. Additionally, differences and similarities with other phytophagous chrysomelid species of oil palm and were discussed.
Revision of the Family Helotidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea): VII. The Attenuata Species Group of the Genus Neohelota
Authors: Lee Chi-Feng , Votruba Petr
Published: March 2013

The attenuata species group of Neohelota Ohta is revised. Six species are recognized, including one described herein, N. vietnamensis sp. nov., from Vietnam and Laos. Helota moutonii Ritsema, 1905 is recognized as a junior synonym of Neohelota renati (Ritsema, 1905), Helota bhutanensisChûjô, 1975, as a junior synonym of N. durelii (Ritsema, 1905), and H. sonaniOhta, 1929 as a junior synonym of N. lewisi (Ritsema, 1915). A lecotype is designated for Helota attenuata Ritsema, 1894. A key for the attenuata species group is provided. Figures of protibiae, genitalia, internal sacs, eighth abdominal tergites, and fifth abdominal ventrites are given for all species.
Mites Phoretic onIps pini(Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Wisconsin Red Pine Stands
Authors: Pfammatter J A , Moser John C , Raffa Kenneth F
Published: March 2013

We sampled the bark beetle Ips pini (Say) in Wisconsin red pine stands to describe its phoretic mite community. Nearly 78% of adult beetles carried phoretic mites, with an average of 12.78 ± 0.76 individuals and 1.69 ± 0.05 species per beetle. Phoretic mites from flying beetles represented over 13 families. Five species of mites showed relatively close associations, being present on at least 10% of adult beetles. The most common mite species included one from each of the major guilds on bark beetles, the scavenger/fungivore Histiostoma spp. (41.5% of beetles), the egg predator Iponemus confusus (Lindquist) (41.1% of beetles) and the nematode predator Dendrobebps quadrisetus (Berlese) (32.8% of beetles). Beetles in northern Wisconsin had more diverse phoretic mite communities than those in central or southern Wisconsin. Beetles collected late in the season (July-August) carried more individuals and species of mites than those collected early in the season (May-June). The method we used to collect live bark beetles may be useful for other studies requiring fine-scale quantification of symbionts, such as bacteria, fungi, and nematodes.
An Overview of In-Home Care for Older People in Portugal: An Empirical Study About the Customers
Authors: Martin José Ignácio Guinaldo , de Oliveira Laura Maria Alves , Duarte Natália Sofia Correia
Published: March 2013

Background: The Portuguese in-home care services have never been adequately studied or identified. This is because of the lack of classification of variables related to the care receiver and to the demographic and organizational context in which it is inserted.

Methods: The 126 organizations in the central region of Portugal were categorized into four groups depending on whether they were located in a rural or urban environment and on whether they were large or small organizations. To obtain information, the In-Home Care Protocol (ProSAD), Elderly Assessment System (EASYcare), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depression (CES-D) scale were applied to 48 customers (6 randomly chosen customers of in-home care services of each of the 8 randomly selected organizations, 2 per group of variables).

Results: The rural context denoted a lack of diversity of services and the number of organizations available is reduced, which implies less time spent with the customers. The more dependent customers at the time of registration (Kruskal–Wallis test [KW] = 12.79; p < .05) in large organizations (Mann–Whitney [U] = 190.5; p < .05) benefit more from the services. Conclusions: In-home care services are underused and are oriented to treat those that have a family caregiver. Overall, in-home care in Portugal still has much to achieve when compared with other European countries.
Emerging Technologies to Support Independent Living of Older Adults at Risk
Authors: Hanson Gregory J. , Takahashi Paul Y. , Pecina Jennifer L.
Published: March 2013

The aging of the population is expected to place an unprecedented strain on health care systems over the next two decades and beyond. Emerging electronic monitoring technologies provide opportunities to learn about the aging process, age-related diseases, and contribute to new, cost effective care models that preserve independence at home for older adults at risk. The goals of this article are to familiarize the reader with emerging technologies and potential applications to older adults’ at-risk, review the current literature about the clinical and economic outcomes of emerging technologies, and to outline future directions and challenges.
Co-Sleeping and Bed Sharing in Postnatal Maternity Units
Authors: Drever-Smith Cassia , Bogossian Fiona , New Karen
Published: March 2013

BACKGROUND: This 2-part article reviews the primary research on co-sleeping and bed sharing in maternity units and critiques clinical practice guidelines on co-sleeping and bed sharing in maternity units.

METHODS: Electronic search strategies were used to identify primary research and to access clinical practice guidelines about co-sleeping and bed sharing on maternity units. Primary research was reviewed and compared. Clinical practice guidelines were critiqued against the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF; 2004) document, Babies sharing their mothers’ bed while in hospital: A sample policy.

FINDINGS: There is little published primary research about co-sleeping and bed sharing in maternity units but that which is available is of high standard. Clinical practice guidelines are more plentiful but vary in quality and scope. The primary research and clinical practice guidelines recognize the positive correlates between co-sleeping and bed sharing and the establishment of breastfeeding and the potential for risks to infant safety. There are differences in the acceptance of co-sleeping and bed sharing between geographic regions. The role of health care providers in educating about the benefits and risks of co-sleeping and bed sharing in maternity units is acknowledged but not well explored.

CONCLUSION: Further research on co-sleeping and bed sharing in maternity units is needed to provide evidence to inform clinical practice guidelines.

KEYWORDS: infant sleep location; policy development and dissemination; risk assessment; maternal education and behavior modeling; co-sleeping; bed sharing
The Lived Childbirth Experience of Korean First-Time Mothers in the United States
Authors: Lee Kyoung-Eun
Published: March 2013

OBJECTIVE: To explore the lived experience of Korean first-time immigrant mothers giving birth in the United States from their own perspectives.

DESIGN: Hermeneutic phenomenological study using semistructured interviews with seven Korean first-time mothers who recently gave birth in the United States. The interview data were analyzed to identify emerging themes, which were centered on both positive and negative perceptions of the experience.

RESULTS: The emerged positive perceptions included friendly health care providers, husband’s active involvement, strengthened bonding with husband, freedom from traditional rituals and taboos, and giving the baby a U.S. citizenship. Difficulty in making medical decisions, health literacy, a different health system, different postpartum food culture, and lack of support system were identified as negative perceptions.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study may help health care providers in obstetrical settings better understand the meaningful aspects of childbirth experienced by Korean immigrant first-time mothers while they gave birth and received perinatal care in the U.S. sociocultural context. Immigrants’ childbirth experience in a foreign country has multidimensional aspects that suggest further research on their perinatal health needs evolving from a different health culture, culturally embedded health practices, and lack of support system.
Midwives’ Experiences of Work-Related Shoulder Musculoskeletal Problems
Authors: Long Maryann H. , Bogossian Fiona E. , Johnston Venerina
Published: March 2013

INTRODUCTION: Little is known about musculoskeletal disorders in midwives as distinct from nurses. The study objective was to gain an understanding of midwives’ experiences with work-related shoulder problems.

METHODS: We carried out semistructured interviews with 11 qualified Australian midwives with a history of shoulder problems, recruited through purposive sampling. Interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and manually coded. An inductive approach was used to generate themes.

RESULTS: Five major themes emerged in the analysis: attribution, universality of the experience, short-term coping, long-term coping, and support. Most participants held the view that musculoskeletal problems were normal occurrences and to be expected. Participants felt vulnerable and described the ways they protect themselves from further injury. Those who had left midwifery practice had generally done so for reasons other than the shoulder problem. Family members and coworkers were the main sources of support, whereas most supervisors were perceived as neutral at best.

CONCLUSIONS: Coping strategies that enhance well-being may be most effective. The workplace culture must encourage injury reporting to monitor safety issues and decrease costs at all levels. The study findings suggest several areas for future research in midwives to provide an evidence base for prevention/intervention strategies.
Counting the Homeless: A Previously Incalculable Tuberculosis Risk and Its Social Determinants
Authors: Feske Marsha L. , Teeter Larry D. , Musser James M. , Graviss Edward A.
Published: March 2013

Tuberculosis (TB) surveillance among the homeless is not supported by the political will necessary for TB elimination. We merged the first stakeholder-accepted enumeration of homeless persons with existing surveillance data to assess TB risk among the homeless in Houston, Texas. The average incidence per 100 000 was 411 among homeless and 9.5 among housed persons. The homeless were more likely than the housed to be US-born, clustered, and in a larger-sized cluster. Multivariate analysis revealed that TB rates among the homeless were driven not by comorbidities but by social determinants. Homeless patients were hospitalized more days than the housed and required more follow-up time. Reporting of TB rates for populations with known health disparities could help reframe TB prevention and better target limited funds.
Using Peer Ethnography to Address Health Disparities Among Young Urban Black and Latino Men Who Have Sex With Men
Authors: Mutchler Matt G. , McKay Tara , McDavitt Bryce , Gordon Kristie K.
Published: March 2013

Objectives. We examined the effectiveness of peer ethnography to gain insider views on substance use and sex among a diverse range of high-risk substance-using Black and Latino young men who have sex with men.

Methods. We recruited 9 peer ethnographers aged 21 to 24 years from youth programs for the lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender community in Los Angeles, California, and trained them in ethnography, study protocol, and human participant protection. Peer ethnographers collected 137 single-spaced pages of field notes in 2009 and 2010 derived from observation of 150 members of the target population.

Results. Peer ethnography revealed local language and phrasing and provided a window into new and different social contexts. Peers provided valuable information on current trends in substance use, revealing themes that needed to be addressed in further research, such as the use of substances during sex to “clock coin” (exchange sex for money and substances). These data enabled us to refine our recruitment strategies and ask more culturally relevant questions in a later phase of the study.

Conclusions. The peer ethnography method can provide a sound basis for further research phases in multistage studies on numerous other social issues and with other hard-to-reach populations.
Alternative Tobacco Product Use and Smoking Cessation: A National Study
Authors: Popova Lucy , Ling Pamela M.
Published: March 2013

Objectives. We investigated the frequency of alternative tobacco product use (loose leaf, moist snuff, snus, dissolvables, electronic cigarettes [e-cigarettes]) among smokers and the association with quit attempts and intentions.

Methods. A nationally representative probability-based cross-sectional survey of 1836 current or recently former adult smokers was completed in November 2011. Multivariate logistic regressions evaluated associations between alternative tobacco product use and smoking cessation behaviors.

Results. Of the smokers, 38% had tried an alternative tobacco product, most frequently e-cigarettes. Alternative tobacco product use was associated with having made a quit attempt, and those intending to quit were significantly more likely to have tried and to currently use the products than were smokers with no intentions to quit. Use was not associated with successful quit attempts. Interest in future use of alternative tobacco products was low, except for e-cigarettes.

Conclusions. Alternative tobacco products are attractive to smokers who want to quit smoking, but these data did not indicate that alternative tobacco products promote cessation. Unsubstantiated overt and implied claims that alternative tobacco products aid smoking cessation should be prohibited.
The “Backbone” of Stigma: Identifying the Global Core of Public Prejudice Associated With Mental Illness
Authors: Pescosolido Bernice A. , Medina Tait R. , Martin Jack K. , Long J. Scott
Published: March 2013

Objectives. We used the Stigma in Global Context–Mental Health Study to assess the core sentiments that represent consistent, salient public health intervention targets.

Methods. Data from 16 countries employed a nationally representative sampling strategy, international collaboration for instrument development, and case vignettes with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition depression and schizophrenia criteria. We measured knowledge and prejudice with existing questions and scales, and employed exploratory data analysis to examine the public response to 43 items.

Results. Across countries, levels of recognition, acceptance of neurobiological attributions, and treatment endorsement were high. However, a core of 5 prejudice items was consistently high, even in countries with low overall stigma levels. The levels were generally lower for depression than schizophrenia, and exclusionary sentiments for more intimate venues and in authority-based roles showed the greatest stigma. Negative responses to schizophrenia and depression were highly correlated across countries.

Conclusions. These results challenge researchers to reconfigure measurement strategies and policymakers to reconsider efforts to improve population mental health. Efforts should prioritize inclusion, integration, and competences for the reduction of cultural barriers to recognition, response, and recovery.
Stigma, Discrimination, or Symptomatology Differences in Self-Reported Mental Health Between US-Born and Somalia-Born Black Americans
Authors: Henning-Smith Carrie , Shippee Tetyana P. , McAlpine Donna , Hardeman Rachel , Farah Farhiya
Published: March 2013

Objectives. We examined differences in self-reported mental health (SRMH) between US-born and Somalia-born Black Americans compared with White Americans. We tested how SRMH was affected by stigma toward seeing a mental health provider, discrimination in the health care setting, or symptoms of depression.

Methods. Data were from a 2008 survey of adults in Minnesota and were limited to US-born and Somalia-born Black and White Americans (n = 938).

Results. Somalia-born adults were more likely to report better SRMH than either US-born Black or White Americans. They also reported lower levels of discrimination (18.6%) than US-born Black Americans (33.4%), higher levels of stigma (23.6% vs 4.7%), and lower levels of depressive symptoms (9.1% vs 31.6%). Controlling for stigma, discrimination, and symptomatology, Somalia-born Black Americans reported better SRMH than White and Black Americans (odds ratio = 4.76).

Conclusions. Mental health programming and health care providers who focus on Black Americans’ mental health might be missing important sources of heterogeneity. It is essential to consider the role of race and ethnicity, but also of nativity, in mental health policy and programming.
Neighborhood Incarceration Rate and Asthma Prevalence in New York City: A Multilevel Approach
Authors: Frank Joseph W. , Hong Clemens S. , Subramanian S. V. , Wang Emily A.
Published: March 2013

Objectives. We examined the association between neighborhood incarceration rate and asthma prevalence and morbidity among New York City adults.

Methods. We used multilevel modeling techniques and data from the New York City Community Health Survey (2004) to analyze the association between neighborhood incarceration rate and asthma prevalence, adjusting for individual-level sociodemographic, behavioral, and environmental characteristics. We examined interactions between neighborhood incarceration rate, respondent incarceration history, and race/ethnicity.

Results. The mean neighborhood rate of incarceration was 5.4% (range = 2.1%–12.8%). Neighborhood incarceration rate was associated with individual-level asthma prevalence (odds ratio [OR] = 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 1.10) in unadjusted models but not after adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics (OR = 1.01; 95% CI = 0.98, 1.04). This association did not differ according to respondent race/ethnicity.

Conclusions. Among New York City adults, the association between neighborhood incarceration rate and asthma prevalence is explained by the sociodemographic composition of neighborhoods and disparities in asthma prevalence at the individual level. Public health practitioners should further engage with criminal justice professionals and correctional health care providers to target asthma outreach efforts toward both correctional facilities and neighborhoods with high rates of incarceration.
Risk factor analysis of diarrhoeal disease incidence in faecal sludge-applying farmers’ households in Tamale, Ghana
Authors: Seidu Razak , Löfman Owe , Drechsel Pay , Stenström Thor Axel
Published: March 2013

This study assesses the effect of risk factors and their inter-related mediation on diarrhoeal disease incidence in households applying faecal sludge in agricultural fields in Tamale, Ghana. Risk factors were assigned to three inter-related blocks: distal socio-economic, proximal public and domestic domains. The study involved 1,431 individuals living in 165 faecal sludge-applying households followed bi-weekly for 12 months. The incidence rate of diarrhoeal disease in the sludge-applying households was 1.09 (95% CI: 0.78–1.23) diarrhoeal episodes per person year at risk. Risk factors for diarrhoeal disease transmission in the public domain included sludge drying time (population attributable fraction (PAF) of 6%) and distance covered to collect water (PAF = 18%). The main distal socio-economic risk factor was wealth status (PAF = 15%). In the domestic domain, the risk factor significantly associated with diarrhoeal disease transmission was, not washing hands with soap after defecation (PAF = 18%). About 17% of the effect of sludge drying time (including distance to water facilities) was mediated by the domestic domain risk factors. The study recommends risk management strategies in sludge-applying households that address public and domestic domain risk factors in addition to specific farm level interventions.
Willingness to pay for sanitation services in Dagupan City, Philippines
Authors: Harder D. S. , Sajise A. J. U. , Galing E. M.
Published: March 2013

Using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), the study looks at the septage management and sewerage services demand of households with latrines in Dagupan City, Philippines vis-à-vis the cost of providing these services. The survey covers a total of 1,200 respondents for the septage and sewerage demand study. For the septage and sewerage studies, income was shown to significantly influence willingness to pay (WTP). WTP was also found to increase across income groups, indicating the plausibility of implementing a socialized pricing scheme for the septage and sewerage fees. Another important implication of the results is that increased demand for sanitation facilities would only take place as general income levels of Dagupan City improve. Under certain assumptions, the individually rational and financially viable Septage Fee is around PhP 46/month with optimal desludging frequency of 3 yrs. This means that a self-financed Septage Program is possible for the city. However, the case is different for the Sewerage Program since none of the proposed fees (including the average WTP of PhP 102/month for the whole sample) is sufficient to cover the huge investment costs associated with a self-financed sewerage infrastructure. Thus, the Local Government Unit (LGU) has to source funds elsewhere.
Households' access and use of water and sanitation facilities in poor urban areas of Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Tumwebaze Innocent Kamara , Lüthi Christoph
Published: March 2013

Access to safe drinking water and improved sanitation is a key public health measure to prevent outbreak of diseases such as diarrhoea. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in 50 randomly selected slums of Kampala to assess the sources of water and sanitation facilities used in urban informal settlements. A total of 1,500 household respondents were interviewed. More than half (63.6%) of the respondents were using piped water for their domestic needs. The majority of the respondents (68.3%) had shared sanitation facilities and only 20% of the respondents had private ones. The factors influencing access to sanitation facilities included; household ownership, number of families sharing a toilet stand, cost of the sanitation facilities, stability of the income of household members and cleanliness of the facilities used. This paper thus provides knowledge insights on which more sustainable options for water and sanitation technologies in urban poor settlements can be based.
Integrated faecal sludge management scheme for the cities of Burkina Faso
Authors: Bassan M. , Mbéguéré M. , Tchonda T. , Zabsonre F. , Strande L.
Published: March 2013

The National Utility for Water and Sanitation in Burkina Faso (ONEA) has recognized the difficulty in providing sewered sanitation to the entire urban population and has opted for a strategy involving onsite sanitation. Most of the country's population is served by onsite systems that generate large amounts of faecal sludge, and are responsible for a high prevalence of water-borne diseases. ONEA and the Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (Sandec) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag) have a collaborative project that aims to establish an enabling environment for the development of the faecal sludge sector at the institutional and technical level. The project's participatory process has allowed the design of a treatment plant adapted to local conditions, and the elaboration of the first institutional framework for faecal sludge management including several new official documents. Several technical studies filled knowledge gaps of faecal sludge characterization, and the feasibility of implementing planted drying beds. Lessons learned are transferable nationally and internationally.
Pathogen and indicator inactivation in source-separated human urine heated by the sun
Authors: Nordin Annika , Niwagaba Charles , Jönsson Håkan , Vinnerås Björn
Published: March 2013

Source-separation of urine enables energy-efficient recycling of large quantities of high quality plant nutrients from the wastewater system to food production. To manage the risk of diseases transmission the urine should be sanitised, which is commonly done by storage. The sanitisation of urine at three ambient exposures, resulting in fluctuating storage temperatures, was studied in 10 L plastic jerry cans in Kampala, Uganda. Follow-up studies using similar temperature cycles were performed under laboratory conditions. Daily mean mid-point temperature in jerry cans in full sun, adjacent to a wall and indoors was 24, 24 and 22 °C (amplitude 7.5, 4.7 and 1.2 °C), respectively. In urine stored at full sun (total ammonia nitrogen 4 ± 1.5 g L−1, pH 9) Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Enterococcus spp. (initially 105–106cfu mL−1) were not detected (<101cfu mL−1) after 11 h, 14 h and 50 d, respectively. No viable Ascaris suum eggs were found after 40 d. The t90 for enterobacteria phage MS2, coliphage Φx 174 and Salmonella typhimurium phage 28B in sun-exposed cans was 8.2, 37 and 55 d respectively. Fluctuating temperatures in combination with ammonia gave faster inactivation of bacteria and Ascaris suum eggs than the same constant mean temperature.
Current practices in manufacturing locally-made ceramic pot filters for water treatment in developing countries
Authors: Rayner Justine , Skinner Brian , Lantagne Daniele
Published: March 2013

Locally produced ceramic pot filters have been shown to improve the microbiological quality of household drinking water and reduce the burden of diarrheal disease in users. They are considered one of the most promising household water treatment methods. However, overarching manufacturing and quality control guidelines do not exist for the 35 decentralized filter factories in 18 countries that currently produce filters. In this study, we conducted manufacturing process surveys with 25 filter factories worldwide to document production methods and identify areas where manufacturing and quality control guidelines are needed. Our results show that manufacturing processes vary widely both between and within factories, including the consistency of materials, manufacturing methods, and quality control practices. These variations pose concerns about the consistency and quality of locally produced filters in the absence of standardized quality control procedures. We propose areas where manufacturing guidelines are needed to assist factories in producing consistently high quality filters, and identify topics where further research is needed to refine manufacturing recommendations. These results guided the development of a best practice manual that described consensus-based recommendations to advance consistent, quality-controlled filter production world-wide.
Ordering trees having small reverse wiener indices
Authors: Xing Rundan , Zhou Bo
Published: March 2013

The Wiener index W(G) of a connected graph G is defined as the sum of
distances between all unordered pairs of vertices of G. As a variation of
the Wiener index, the reverse Wiener index of G is defined as ?(G) = ? n(n
? 1)d ? W(G), where n is the number of vertices, and d is the diameter of G.
It is known that the star is the unique n-vertex tree with the smallest
reverse Wiener index. We now determine the second and the third smallest
reverse Wiener indices of n-vertex trees, and characterize the trees whose
reverse Wiener indices attain these values for n ? 5.
Statistical convergence of double sequences in fuzzy normed spaces
Authors: Mohiuddine S.A. , Şevli H. , Cancan M.
Published: March 2013

In this paper, we study the concepts of statistically convergent and
statistically Cauchy double sequences in the framework of fuzzy normed spaces
which provide better tool to study a more general class of sequences. We also
introduce here statistical limit point and statistical cluster point for
double sequences in this framework and discuss the relationship between them.
A trigonometric orthogonality with respect to a nonnegative Borel measure
Authors: Milovanovic Gradimir , Cvetkovic Aleksandar , Stanic Marija
Published: March 2013

In this paper we consider trigonometric polynomials of semi-integer degree
orthogonal with respect to a linear functional, defined by a nonnegative
Borel measure. By using a suitable vector form we consider the corresponding
Fourier sums and reproducing kernels for trigonometric polynomials of semi-
integer degree. Also, we consider the Christoffel function, and prove that it
satisfies extremal property analogous with the algebraic case.
Some remarks on the brachistochrone problem with Coulomb friction
Authors: Mureşan Marian
Published: March 2013

This paper introduces some results on the brachistochrone problem with
Coulomb friction and nonzero initial velocity. The following boundary
conditions are considered hereafter: fixed end points and fixed initial and
final velocities.
A central limit theorem for randomly indexed m-dependent random variables
Authors: Shang Yilun
Published: March 2013

In this note, we prove a central limit theorem for the sum of a random number
Nn of m-dependent random variables. The sequence Nn and the terms in the sum
are not assumed to be independent. Moreover, the conditions of the theorem
are not stringent in the sense that a simple moving average sequence serves
as an example.
Endpoints of φ-weak and generalized φ-weak contractive mappings
Authors: Moradi Sirous , Khojasteh Farshid
Published: March 2013

Let (X, d) be a complete metric space, and let T:X ? Pd,bd (X) be a
multi-valued ?-weak or generalized ?-weak contractive mapping. Then T has a
unique endpoint if and only if T has the approximation endpoints property.
Our results extend previous results given by Ciric(1974), Nadler (1969),
Daffer-Kaneko (1995), Rhoades (2001), Rouhani and Moradi (2010),
Amini-Harandi (2010) and Moradi and Khojasteh (2011).
Semi-compatible and reciprocally continuous maps in weak non-Archimedean menger PM-spaces
Authors: Mishra Urmila , Nashine Kumar , Samet Bessem , Vetro Calogero
Published: March 2013

In this paper, we introduce semi-compatible maps and reciprocally continuous
maps in weak non-Archimedean PM-spaces and establish a common fixed point
theorem for such maps. Moreover, we show that, in the context of reciprocal
continuity, the notions of compatibility and semi-compatibility of maps
become equivalent. Our result generalizes several fixed point theorems in the
sense that all maps involved in the theorem can be discontinuous even at the
common fixed point.
Well posedness for a class of ultra-parabolic equations with discontinuous flux
Authors: Susic Jela
Published: March 2013

We prove existence and uniqueness of a weak solution to an ultra-parabolic
equation with discontinuous convection term. Due to degeneracy in the
parabolic term, the equation does not admit the classical solution. Equations
of this type describe processes where transport is negligible in some
directions.
Preservations of so-metrizable spaces
Authors: Lin Shou , Ge Ying
Published: March 2013

A space is called an so-metrizable space if it is a regular space with a
?-locally finite sequentially open network. This paper proves that
so-metrizable spaces are preserved under perfect mappings and under closed
sequence-covering mappings, which give an affirmative answer to a question on
preservations of so-metrizable spaces under some closed mappings. Also, we
prove that the closed image of an so-metrizable space is an so-metrizable
space if it is a topological group.
Who Benefits from Tax Rate Transparency? Evidence from the Laboratory
Authors: Boylan Scott J.
Published: March 2013

This paper provides evidence on the effects of tax rate transparency on the decisions of individuals who transact in a competitive environment. In a series of experimental markets, participants were required to generate after-tax trading profit sufficiently large to generate a specific return on investment. The degree to which the relevant tax rate was transparent to participants varied across markets. The results indicate that a lack of tax rate transparency had a negative effect on profits earned in the markets. Greater transparency led to higher profits for those who had access to the information about the relevant tax rate. In addition, the effect of greater transparency spilled over to those who did not have access to the information about the relevant tax rate. It was those participants who benefitted the most over the course of the experiment—simply by participating in markets in which the tax rate was transparent to others.
Improving Use-Tax Compliance by Decreasing Effort and Increasing Knowledge
Authors: Jones Christopher R. , Sejati Yuyun
Published: March 2013

We explore two remedies that could help states improve use-tax compliance. The first remedy is designed to reduce the amount of effort an individual must exert to pay the use tax by having the vendor give the individual an option to pay the use tax online. The second remedy focuses on increasing knowledge about the use tax by providing the individual with information about the use tax during the purchasing process.

The results from two states, Florida and Illinois, indicate that providing an individual with the option to pay the use tax increases the likelihood that the person will comply with the use-tax law. Providing information about the use tax, however, increases the likelihood of compliance only in Florida. Finally, there is a marginally significant interaction effect between the two remedies in Illinois.

This study makes three important contributions. First, this study offers policy makers two concrete and feasible solutions to the use-tax compliance problems for online transactions. Second, this study contributes to the academic literature by expanding the tax compliance literature into a relatively unexplored area. Finally, this study shows how use-tax compliance decisions and the effectiveness of potential remedies may vary from one state to another.
CBCT of skeletal changes following rapid maxillary expansion to increase arch-length with a development-dependent bonded or banded appliance
Authors: Kanomi Ryuzo , Deguchi Toru , Kakuno Eriko , Takano-Yamamoto Teruko , Roberts W. Eugene
Published: March 2013

Objective:

To assess the three-dimensional (3D) skeletal response to a standardized 5 mm of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) in growing children (6–15 years) with maxillary width deficiency and crowding.

Materials and Methods:

A bonded appliance was used prior to the eruption of the maxillary first premolars (Mx4s), and a banded appliance was used thereafter. A consecutive sample of 89 patients (29 boys and 60 girls) from a large pediatric dentistry and orthodontics practice was divided into four groups: 1) 6–8 years old (n  =  26), 2) 9–11 years old with unerupted Mx4s (n  =  21), 3) 9–11 years with erupted Mx4s (n  =  23), and 4) 12–15 years (n  =  19). For all patients, the 3D evaluation of dental and skeletal effects was performed with cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).

Results:

For both appliances in all patients, CBCT confirmed a triangular pattern of expansion in both the frontal and sagittal planes. Overall, both appliances produced significant maxillary expansion (>80% of the 5-mm activation), but older children showed a progressively more dental (less skeletal) response. Comparison of the two types of expanders in the crossover sample, children aged 9–11 years, showed that the bonded RME produced the most efficient skeletal expansion in the preadolescent sample. Increased maxillary width at the level of the zygomaticomaxillary suture was the best indicator for development of maxillary arch circumference.

Conclusion:

Development-dependent appliances (bonded RPE before Mx4s erupt, and a banded device thereafter) provided optimal RME treatment for all children from age 6–15 years.