bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of internal combustion and non-perfect gas properties on the optimum performance of gas turbines
Authors: Guha A
Published: October 2003

With the help of a purpose-built computer program the separate and combined effects of the various aspects of internal combustion and non-perfect gas properties on the optimum performance of gas turbines are examined. The effects of variation of specific heat, addition of fuel mass, pressure losses and dissociation are elucidated. The numerical results have been extensively compared with closed-form analytical solutions and a linear perturbation analysis. The accuracy of a standard, approximate method for predicting gas turbine performance is assessed and its various limitations are identified. The newly established concept of optimum turbine entry temperature is further explored.
Energy and exergy use in the industrial sector of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Dincer I , Hussain M. M. , Al-Zaharnah I
Published: October 2003

This paper deals with the analysis of energy and exergy utilization in the industrial sector of Saudi Arabia by considering the sectoral energy and exergy flows for a period of 12 years from 1990 to 2001. Oil and gas, chemical and petrochemical, iron and steel, and cement are identified as the four essential subsectors in the industrial sector. Sectoral energy and exergy analyses are conducted to study the variations of energy and exergy efficiencies for each subsector throughout the years, and these heating and overall energy and exergy efficiencies are compared for the four subsectors. In this regard, an example illustration is presented for the year 2000. The chemical and petrochemical subsector appears to be the most energy-efficient sector, and the iron and steel subsector the most exergy-efficient one. A comparison of the overall energy and exergy efficiencies of the Saudi Arabian industrial sector with the Turkish industrial sector is also presented for the year 1993. Although the sectoral coverage is different for each country, it is still useful to illustrate the situation on how sectoral energy and exergy efficiencies vary. The Turkish industrial sector appears to be more efficient for that particular year. It is believed that the technique presented here is a useful tool for analysing sectoral and subsectoral energy and exergy utilization. Such energy and exergy studies help a country to identify major losses and to determine the true magnitudes of these losses.
Membrane systems for CO2 capture and their integration with gas turbine plants
Authors: Carapellucci R , Milazzo A
Published: October 2003

The capture and sequestration of the CO2 emitted from fossil-fuelled power plants is gaining widespread interest for controlling anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. Among technology options for CO2 capture, membrane-based gas separation systems are noteworthy owing to their low energy requirements, promising technology evolution and effective integration with power plants. This paper presents a mathematical model for membrane-based separation systems that is able to cover the most significant membrane types and configurations. This model has been integrated in a general simulation method for analysing and optimizing advanced energy conversion systems. Performance of these simulation tools is demonstrated by evaluating the influence of different operating conditions on the behaviour of pre-and post-combustion separation units, based on metallic or polymeric membranes. Finally, the feasibility of integrating a metallic membrane system into a chemically recuperated gas turbine (CRGT) power plant is explored, obtaining encouraging results for CO2 capture.
Combustion anomalies detection in SI engines from exhaust pressure signal processing
Authors: Chiavola O
Published: October 2003

Considerable interest exists in developing diagnosis techniques able to reveal if anomalies in the combustion process of a spark ignition engine appear. A procedure has been implemented that allows the detection of the misfire condition and then identification of the responsible cylinder. The technique is based on the monitoring of the exhaust pressure profile and on the processing of such a signal in time and frequency domains in order to extract information regarding combustion quality. In this paper, the developed method is presented and experimental results of an application are shown. Both steady-state and transient conditions are considered and the effect of different values of engine speed and load is investigated.
Computer simulation of thermoeconomic optimization of periodic-flow heat exchangers
Authors: Jassim R. K. , Mohammed Ali A. A K.
Published: October 2003

A computer simulation of heat transfer by the finite difference technique is presented for calculating the fluid and matrix temperature distributions and their effect on periodic-flow heat exchanger performance. The governing differential equations have been formulated in terms of characteristic dimensionless groups. In order both to secure a high degree of accuracy of the results and to save computational time, three modifications have been made to evaluate the finite difference mesh size for regenerator length, hot period and cold period. The geometry of the matrix of a periodic-flow heat exchanger is optimized using the unit cost of the exergy of the warm delivered air as the objective function. The running cost is determined using unit costs for the pressure component of exergy and for the thermal component of exergy. The ratio of the two unit costs is obtained from an air conditioning plant and a power station in which the regenerator is used. The effect of variation in the principle design parameters on the unit cost of the warm air and on the heat exchange effectiveness are examined, and recommendations are made for the selection of the most appropriate parameters for a regenerator of a given capacity.
On the Preparation of Bimetallic Rh–Co Hydroformylation Catalysts from [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 and Cobalt Carbonyls on the Surface of SiO2
Authors: Huang Lin , Xu Yide
Published: October 2003

The preparation of bimetallic Rh–Co catalysts from [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 and cobalt carbonyls (Co2(CO)8 and Co4(CO)12) on the surface of SiO2 has been investigated by IR spectroscopy and the ethylene hydroformylation reaction. The reaction of Co2(CO)8 with [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 (Rh : Co = 1 : 3.5 atomic ratio) yields spontaneously and promptly RhCo3(CO)12 on the surface. The RhCo3(CO)12 thus synthesized is characterized by in situ IR monitoring and extraction from the surface into n-hexane. This chemistry parallels that in solution. In n-hexane solution, the reaction proceeds very slowly and is complete after approximately 1 d. The results show that the surface of SiO2 exerts an unusual promoting effect on this organometallic synthesis. When Co2(CO)8 is replaced by Co4(CO)12, no reaction takes place either in solution or on the surface. However, a bimetallic Rh–Co catalyst may efficiently result from ([Rh(CO)2Cl]2 + Co4(CO)12)/SiO2 (Rh : Co = 1 : 3 atomic ratio) by thermal treatment under a reducing atmosphere. In particular, (Rh+ + Co2+)/SiO2 (Rh : Co = 1 : 3 atomic ratio) derived from [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 and Co4(CO)12 likewise may be efficiently transformed to bimetallic Rh–Co clusters or particles under an ethylene hydroformylation atmosphere at 423 K. All the catalysts derived from [Rh(CO)2Cl]2 and cobalt carbonyls in this work have catalytic performances close to those of RhCo3(CO)12/SiO2 in ethylene hydroformylation.
The Influence of Vibrational Excitation of NO+(X1Σ+ : v″) on the Formation of NO* by the NO+ + C6F6− Neutralization Reaction at Thermal Energy
Authors: Tsuji Masaharu , Ishimi Hiroaki , Oota Hidefumi , Hisano Masahiro , Nishimura Yukio
Published: October 2003

The NO(A2Σ+-X2Πr, C2Πr-X2Πr, D2Σ+-X2Πr) emissions resulting from the mutual ion–ion neutralization reaction between NO+(X1Σ+) and C6F6− have been measured at various source gas pressures of NO+ in a flowing afterglow in order to examine the influence of vibrational excitation in NO+(X : v″). N2O was used as a source gas of NO+(X). The NO(A-X, C-X, D-X) emissions from only the v′ = 0 level were observed at high N2O pressures above ca. 60 mTorr (1 Torr = 133.322 Pa), where only NO+(X : v″ = 0) was present. On the other hand, the NO(A-X) emission from v′ = 1, 2 and the NO(D-X) emission from v′ = 1 appeared at low N2O pressures below ca. 60 mTorr, where NO+(X : v″ > 0) was present. It was found that vibrational excitation in NO+(X : v″) results in vibrational excitation of the product NO(A, D : v′ = v″) molecule because of favorable Franck–Condon factors for the NO+(X : v″) → NO(A, D : v′ = v″) neutralization. The fact that the vibrational excitation of NO(D) is slightly higher than that of NO(A) indicated that the relative coupling strength between NO+(X : v″ > 0) + C6F6− and NO(D : v′ = v″) + C6F6 to that between NO+(X : v″ = 0) + C6F6− and NO(D : v′ = 0) + C6F6 is larger than that in the corresponding processes leading to NO(A : v′ = v″). The lack of vibrational excitation of NO(C) was explained by the predissociation of NO(C : v′ > 0).
Fourteen Chamigrane Derivatives from a Red Alga, Laurencia nidifica
Authors: Kimura Junji , Kamada Noboru , Tsujimoto Yoshikazu
Published: October 2003

The red algae genus Laurencia is well known as a source of halogenated sesquiterpenes. From Laurencia nidifica, we isolated fourteen chamigrane derivatives: Two of them are new, accompanied by ten known compounds, and two artifacts.

The structures were confirmed by NMR and mass spectroscopy, and compared with spectral data in the literature.
Long Range Attraction between Glass Surfaces in Cyclohexane-Ethanol Binary Liquids
Authors: Mizukami Masashi , Kurihara Kazue
Published: October 2003

Interaction forces between glass surfaces in cyclohexane-ethanol binary mixtures were investigated using colloidal probe atomic force microscopy. An unusually long range attraction was found in the presence of ethanol in the concentration range of 0.1 ∼ 1.4 mol%. At 0.1 mol% ethanol, the attraction appeared at a distance of 35 ± 3 nm and turned into a repulsive force below 3.5 ± 1.5 nm upon compression. A possible explanation accounting for this long range attraction is the bridging of opposed adsorption layers of ethanol on the glass surfaces.
Improvement of Discharge Capacity of β-Fe2(SO4)3-Type Li3V2(PO4)3 by Stabilizing High Temperature Orthorhombic Phase at Room Temperature
Authors: Ohkawa Hirokazu , Yoshida Kenji , Saito Mai , Uematsu Kazuyoshi , Toda Kenji , Sato Mineo
Published: October 2003

The cathode performance of a lithium ion battery was investigated for β-Fe2(SO4)3-type Li3V2(PO4)3 and Li3(V1−xZrx)2(PO4)3 (x = 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2). On TG-DTA measurements, Li3V2(PO4)3 exhibited two types of phase transition, while Li3(V1−xZrx)2(PO4)3 exhibited no phase transition. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis and conductivity measurements confirmed an evidence for the stabilization of the high temperature phase at room temperature. The discharge capacity of the Zr-substituted Li3(V1−xZrx)2(PO4)3 samples became much larger than that of the pure Li3V2(PO4)3 sample.
The Photoproduction of O2 from a Suspension Containing CeO2 and Ce4+ Cations as an Electron Acceptor
Authors: Bamwenda Gratian R , Sayama Kazuhiro , Arakawa Hironori
Published: October 2003

Herein we report the first finding on the photocatalytic production of oxygen from the irradiation of a CeO2-H2O-Ce4+aq aqueous suspension. The O2 yield strongly depended on the duration of irradiation, CeO2 concentration, concentration of Ce4+aq cations, and pH of the suspension. The optimum photoproduction for O2 was obtained under the following operating conditions: Illumination time > 15 h, CeO2 concentration: 2.5-5 g dm−3, [Ce4+]: 4-5 mM, pH < 2, and illumination wavelength < 450 nm. The studied system utilizes CeO2 to accomplish the initial light absorption, charge separation, and O2 evolution from the interaction of H2O molecules with holes in the CeO2 valence band, in the presence of Ce4+aq species as an acceptor of conduction band electrons.
A Novel Macrocyclic Tetranuclear Copper(II)-Copper(I) Mixed-Valence Complex
Authors: Liu Ze-Hua , Yang Shao-Yong , Duan Chun-Ying , You Xiao-Zeng
Published: October 2003

A novel macrocyclic tetranuclear copper(II)-copper(I) mixed-valence complex was prepared and characterized by spectroscropic and crystallography structure analysis. Each tetranuclear unit connected to the neighbor one by one using the Cu···S bond with the type of apical Cu(1)···S(3B) bond forming an infinite step chain.
Preparation of TiO2 Fiber in a Sol-Gel System Containing Organogelator
Authors: Kobayashi Satoshi , Hanabusa Kenji , Suzuki Masahiro , Kimura Mutsumi , Shirai Hirofusa
Published: October 2003

Porous titania with fibrous structure has been prepared, via sol-gel method, from a physical gel of titanium tetraisopropxide by a low molecular weight organogelator.
Enhanced De-NOx Performance of Ag-Al2O3 Catalyst by Increasing Carbon Number of Hydrocarbon Reductants
Authors: Shimizu Ken-ichi , Shibata Junji , Satsuma Atsushi , Hattori Tadashi
Published: October 2003

A significant effect of carbon number on the catalytic property was observed for the selective reduction of NO by n-alkanes over Ag-Al2O3 catalyst; the higher alkanes as the reductant resulted in the higher activity and the higher water-tolerance.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures and Luminescent Properties of a New Family of Cubane Complexes Self-Assembled by Metal Carboxylates and Di-2-pyridyl Ketone in Gem-Diol Form
Authors: Tong Ming-Liang , Lee Hung Kay , Zheng Shao-Liang , Chen Xiao-Ming
Published: October 2003

Five cubane-type complexes comprising similar [M4O4]n+ cores (M = Zn(II), Cd(II), Mn(II), Co(II) or Ni(II)) synthesised in a facile route utilizing the gem-diol form of di-2-pyridyl ketone have been characterised by X-ray structural analysis. Both Zn(II) and Cd(II) complexes show room-temperature emission upon photo-excitation at 300 nm.
Syntheses of Both Diastereoisomers of 2,8-Dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane Derivatives: Degradation Products of Daphniphyllum Alkaloids
Authors: Kongkathip Boonsong , Sookkho Rongsan , Kongkathip Ngampong , Taylor Walter C
Published: October 2003

Both diastereoisomers of 1,4-dimethyl-2,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-4-caboxylic acid ester (3, 4) and the 4-hydroxy methyl analogues (5, 6) were synthesised from ethyl acetoacetate and diethyl malonate respectively. The key step of these process involved intramolecular cyclisation using palladium chloride as catalyst.
H2 or O2 Evolution from Aqueous Solutions on Layered Oxide Photocatalysts Consisting of Bi3+ with 6s2 Configuration and d0 Transition Metal Ions
Authors: Kudo Akihiko , Hijii Satoshi
Published: October 2003

Bi2W2O9, Bi2WO6, and Bi3TiNbO9 consisting of layered structure with perovskite slabs interleaved with Bi2O2 layers showed photocatalytic activities for H2 evolution from an aqueous methanol solution and O2 evolution from an aqueous silver nitrate solution. Bi2WO6 with the Aurivillius structure and a 2.8 eV band gap was active for the O2 evolution reaction under visible light irradiation (λ > 420 nm).
Fast Nitroaldol Reaction Using Powdered KOH in Dry Media
Authors: Ballini Roberto , Bosica Giovanna , Parrini Mauro
Published: October 2003

β-Nitroalkanols are easily obtained within a few minutes, through the nitroaldol (Henry) reaction, catalyzed by a stoichiometric amount of powdered potassium hydroxide, in dry media. Satisfactory to excellent yields are obtained both with primary and secondary nitrocompounds, either with aromatic or aliphatic aldehydes.
Unusual Capping Chalcogenide Dependence of the Luminescence Quantum Yield of the Hexarhenium(III) Cyano Complexes [Re6(μ3-E)8(CN)6]4−, E2− = Se2− > S2− > Te2−
Authors: Yoshimura Takashi , Ishizaka Shoji , Sasaki Yoichi , Kim Haeng-Boo , Kitamura Noboru , Naumov Nikolai G , Sokolov Maxim N , Fedorov Vladimir E
Published: October 2003

Hexarhenium(III) clusters [Re6(μ3-E)8(CN)6]4− (E2− = S2−, Se2−, Te2−) are luminescent at room temperature with the emission quantum yield and lifetime in the order E2− = Se2− > S2− >> Te2− both in acetonitrile and water.
Preparation of Pt/SiO2 Ultra-fine Particles in Reversed Micelles and Their Catalytic Activity
Authors: Miyao Toshihiro , Toyoizumi Noritaka , Okuda Satoko , Imai Yoko , Tajima Kazuo , Naito Shuichi
Published: October 2003

Ultra fine Pt particles supported on SiO2 was successfully prepared by the hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane in the same reversed micellar solution of previously mono-dispersed Pt particles. Formed Pt/SiO2 surface was partly covered with the residue of surfactant, which caused the inhibition of hydrogen adsorption as well as hydrogenation of propene.
Well-defined Polynuclear Iron(II) Complexes Bridged by Back-to-back Ligands
Authors: Kimura Mutsumi , Horai Takashi , Muto Tsuyoshi , Hanabusa Kenji , Shirai Hirofusa
Published: October 2003

Novel linear high-molecular-weight polynuclear iron (II) complex has been synthesized using a new bridging ligand in which two 2, 2′: 6′, 2″-terpyridine have connected by a 1,4-pheneylene spacer having long alkyl chains.
Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyoxymethylene from Aqueous Formaldehyde Solution
Authors: Masamoto Junzo , Nagahara Hajime , Yokoyama Tsuneshi , Fujikawa Rikio , Tanaka Tadashi , Yamaguchi Tomio
Published: October 2003

Ultrahigh molecular weight polyoxymethylene with a weight average molecular weight over 1000000 was obtained from an aqueous formaldehyde solution. The molecular weight of this polymer is much higher than the reported highest molecular weight value of 46000 obtained by the condensation polymerization of formaldehyde in aqueous solution.
Implementation of an innovative grant programme to build partnerships between researchers, decision-makers and practitioners: The experience of the Quebec Social Research Council
Authors: Antil Thomas , Desrochers Mireille , Joubert Pierre , Bouchard Camil
Published: October 2003

Objectives

This paper examines a grant programme developed by the Quebec Social Research Council in the 1990s to encourage the building of research partnerships between researchers, decision-makers and practitioners. In particular, it studies the perceptions of key participants concerning the reasons behind the programme's successful implementation and growth.

Methods

In addition to secondary data about institutional involvement in the programme, 10 researchers and administrators were consulted as key informants. The method of concept mapping was used in order to draw out a consensus on the different factors associated with the successful implementation of the programme.

Results

The participants identified 10 main factors that help explain the programme's successful implementation. These factors were then grouped into a model containing four dimensions: the leadership and coherence shown in the programmeme's implementation; the presence of a favourable political and social conjuncture; the programme's responsiveness to the needs of health and social services institutions; and the programme's responsiveness to the needs of the university milieu.

Conclusions

Although this model remains specific to the prevailing situation in Quebec at the time of its application, it may help stimulate reflection and contribute to an understanding of how research policies can encourage partnerships between researchers, practitioners and decision-makers.
The technical and interpersonal aspects of telemedicine: effects on doctor–patient communication
Authors: Miller Edward Alan
Published: October 2003

The influence of telemedicine on the nature and content of doctor–patient communication stems from both its technical and its interpersonal aspects. While the technical aspects are concerned with the communication technologies used and the clinical processes enabled by those technologies, the interpersonal aspects are concerned with relationships between system personnel, providers and patients, and the way in which those relationships are organized. On the one hand, this paper posits that the influence of the technical environment stems from depersonalization of the doctor–patient relationship, participatory enhancements and impediments, and sensory and non-verbal limitations. On the other hand, it posits that the influence of the interpersonal environment stems from third-party participation, social and professional distancing, and underdeveloped norms and standards. A combined positivist and interpretivist evaluation strategy would enable researchers to make better-informed connections between telemedicine, medical encounter behaviour and health outcomes.
Videoconferencing for orthopaedic outpatients: one-year follow-up
Authors: Vuolio Saija , Winblad Ilkka , Ohinmaa Arto , Haukipuro Kari
Published: October 2003

We studied whether consultations via videoconferencing and traditional outpatient clinic visits differ in terms of the implementation of the patient management plan during a one-year follow-up. First-admission and follow-up orthopaedic patients were randomly allocated to an outpatient visit at the surgical department of Oulu University Hospital or to videoconferencing at a health centre in Pyhäjärvi. In a prospective one-year study, there were 145 consecutive orthopaedic patients who met the inclusion criteria: 84 referred for their first visit to a specialist and 61 of them for follow-up. There were 66 males (46%) in the study population. Over half the patients had some form of regenerative arthritis: 15% had hip arthritis, 33% knee arthritis and 4% other arthritis. There were no differences in the implementation of the management plan between the two groups. The study showed that videoconferencing is a valid alternative to outpatient clinic visits for orthopaedic specialist consultations.
The effectiveness of telepsychiatry measured using the Health of the Nation Outcome Scale and the Mental Health Inventory
Authors: Kennedy Craig , Yellowlees Peter
Published: October 2003

In a telepsychiatry project in rural Queensland, data were collected from 124 patients attending hospital and general practice facilities for mental health-care and then again at follow-up one year later. Thirty-two of the patients were dealt with using telepsychiatry. Two health status scales were used to measure effectiveness: the Health of the Nation Outcome Scale (HoNOS), administered by the practitioners; and the Mental Health Inventory (MHI), which was self-administered by the patients. There was a significant difference between the initial assessment and follow-up groups on most subscales of the HoNOS, but no significant difference between the face-to-face and telepsychiatry groups. Similarly, the MHI results showed a significant difference on all subscales between the initial assessment and follow-up groups, but no significant difference between the face-to-face and telepsychiatry groups. Individuals who used and did not use telepsychiatry all had improved health outcome scores on the HoNOS and MHI during the study period. Telepsychiatry was as effective as face-to-face care.
A comparison between three electronic media and in-person learning for continuing education in physical rehabilitation
Authors: Lemaire E D , Greene G
Published: October 2003

We produced continuing education material in physical rehabilitation using a variety of electronic media. We compared four methods of delivering the learning modules: in person with a computer projector, desktop videoconferencing, Web pages and CD-ROM. Health-care workers at eight community hospitals and two nursing homes were asked to participate in the project. A total of 394 questionnaires were received for all modalities: 73 for in-person sessions, 50 for desktop conferencing, 227 for Web pages and 44 for CD-ROM. This represents a 100% response rate from the in-person, desktop conferencing and CD-ROM groups; the response rate for the Web group is unknown, since the questionnaires were completed online. Almost all participants found the modules to be helpful in their work. The CD-ROM group gave significantly higher ratings than the Web page group, although all four learning modalities received high ratings. A combination of all four modalities would be required to provide the best possible learning opportunity.
Telesurveillance of elderly patients by use of passive infra-red sensors in a 'smart' room
Authors: Banerjee S , Steenkeste F , Couturier P , Debray M , Franco A
Published: October 2003

We have developed an automated surveillance system based on passive infra-red sensors. Eight sensors were installed in a hospital room. A computer automatically captured data from the sensors every night from 21:00 until 06:00 the following morning. The sensors were polled twice per second and when a sensor was activated by movement, the event and time were recorded in a data file. At the end of the surveillance period the program analysed the data and generated a report showing the activities taking place in the room and their times. Four elderly patients were observed for a total of 97 nights. A total of 1637 possible sequences of movements by the patient and the hospital staff were detected. The computer was able to identify 1450 sequences (89%) correctly, in comparison with manual analysis. Only 10 movements (0.6%) were undetected by the system; all were very short sequences (five or six activations of the sensors). The system was generally capable of detecting and classifying all major movements in the room.
Peer support via video-telephony among frail elderly people living at home
Authors: Ezumi Hiromichi , Ochiai Noriko , Oda Mikiko , Saito Shigeko , Ago Minae , Fukuma Noriko , Takenami Setsuko
Published: October 2003

We evaluated the effect of a video-phone network on peer support among frail elderly people living at home. We conducted a one-year trial of network formation among 14 people (five men and nine women, age range 78–85 years) through coordinator intervention and the use of ISDN video-phones. The purpose of the intervention was to support and improve the functional independence of frail elderly people at home and to widen their social network. During the study, the subjects made 1400 video-calls, lasting a total of 25,867 min. One subject made no calls. There was greater use of video-phones by those living outside the central city area. Calls between men and women were infrequent. The men generally had shorter call times and made fewer calls. The participants could be categorized into three groups: those using video-phones every day; those using them once per week; and those using them once per month. All subjects in the first group clearly expressed their satisfaction with the video-phone. A video-phone network appears to be helpful for elderly people in their peer support relationships.
The quality of medical records in teleconsultation
Authors: Lian Ping , Chong Kangmei , Zhai Xinhai , Ning Yi
Published: October 2003

We collected and examined the medical records from telemedicine cases dealt with by the telemedicine centre of Shanghai Hospital No. 85. This centre handles the second largest number of teleconsultations in the entire network. There were 658 telemedicine cases in total. The medical records included the patient record in 599 cases (91%), transmitted images in 392 cases (60%), the consultant's opinion in 595 cases (90%) and a video-recording of the teleconsultation in 203 cases (31%). The quality of patient records was reviewed and found to be acceptable in 58% of cases. In total, 1794 radiology images (85% of all images) were transmitted via the telemedicine network. The consultant considered 352 of them (20%) to be unreadable on the screen (i.e. 80% of radiology images were considered to be acceptable). For optimum performance of telemedicine, the patient record and associated images should be delivered in advance and the relevant parts of the patient record should be available during a teleconsultation. Three aspects of the management of the medical records for teleconsultations are particularly important: multimedia collection, standardization of patient/record identification and classification, and information management.
Development of the Telemedicine Satisfaction Questionnaire to evaluate patient satisfaction with telemedicine: a preliminary study
Authors: Yip M P , Chang Anne M , Chan Juliana , MacKenzie Ann E
Published: October 2003

We developed a questionnaire for the evaluation of patient satisfaction with telemedicine. Items related to patient satisfaction with telemedicine were identified through a review of the literature. The internal consistency and the intraclass correlation coefficient were used to evaluate the reliability of the proposed instrument. Content validity was examined using a panel of experts. The predictive validity of the proposed instrument was assessed by correlating scores on the Telemedicine Satisfaction Questionnaire (TSQ) with haemoglobin A1c levels and adherence to self-management activities among 38 patients with type 2 diabetes, after they had completed a four-session interactive diabetes tele-education programme. A principal-components analysis with varimax rotation was performed to reduce the number of questionnaire items from 15 to 14, and the scree test was used to select significant factors. There were three components with eigenvalues over 1.0, which together explained 68% of the total variance. These were: quality of care provided, similarity to face-to-face encounter and perception of the interaction. The TSQ demonstrated preliminary reliability and validity but more extensive testing will be required before it can be considered generally applicable.
An exploratory study of language interpretation services provided by videoconferencing
Authors: Jones D , Gill P , Harrison R , Meakin R , Wallace P
Published: October 2003

We explored the feasibility and acceptability of the remote provision of a language interpretation service during general practice consultations. Three methods were used to provide an interpretation service: a physically present interpreter (PI), a remote interpreter accessed using an ISDN videoconferencing link at 128 kbit/s (VI) and a remote interpreter accessed by telephone (TI). Thirty-six non-English-speaking patients were invited to take part and 35 agreed to do so. Twenty-nine (83%) of the patients recruited were female. The age range of the participants was 24–51 years. Fourteen consultations took place with a physically present interpreter, 11 using videoconferencing and 10 using the telephone. Mean scores on the Patient Enablement Instrument were 5.2 for the PI group, 2.3 for the VI group and 5.1 for the TI group. Mean scores on the Medical Interview Satisfaction Scale were 5.3 for the PI group, 4.9 for the VI group and 5.3 for the TI group. The visual quality and sound quality of remote interpreting were satisfactory. Both videoconferencing and hands-free telephones can deliver an acceptable interpreting service in primary care.
Temperature Evolution in the Lokbatan Mud Volcano Crater (Azerbaijan) after the Eruption of 25 October 2001
Authors: Mukhtarov A. Sh. , Kadirov F.A. , Guliyev I.S. , Feyzullayev A. , Lerche I.
Published: October 2003

Temperature measurements have been made in the Lokbatan crater at three locations after the explosion of 25 October 2001. The measurements were made at depths of 0.5m, 1.0m and 1.5m into the mud ejected at the time of the explosion, and have continued to be made at intervals of approximately one month.

The temperature measurements do not seem to indicate a steady cool-down with time, but rather an initial cooling for about 150 days after the primary explosion, followed by more recent re-heating events. This pattern of events is likely consistent with the on-going supply of gas to keep the central crater flame burning (at about 0.5m high over an area of about 1m2, as observed in late May, 2002); and also consistent with sporadic flame outbursts since the primary explosion, as also observed.

Two regional lines of temperature measurements across the volcano region in roughly north-south and east-west directions, respectively, to distances of several km, indicate that the ejected mud cooled rapidly to background temperatures over a timescale of a month or so, unlike the crater region. Background measurements prior to the explosion from producing wells on the flanks of the volcano indicate heat flux focusing centred on the volcano, while rock ejecta indicate mud production from the Upper Cretaceous at depths of several km.

The initial flame was around 100 m in diameter and approximately 400 m high, lasting about 24 hours; the ejected mud covers the crater area to a distance of more than 150 m in all directions to a depth of several metres. Oil production from the flanks of the mud volcano was unperturbed by the explosion.

Both geodynamic and gravimetric records have also been made in the general region. The detailed information and inferences they provide argue for a “sloppy” unconsolidated region at around 3–6 km depth that may be the source of both mud and entrained gas flow. A more quantitative discussion of these investigations will be reported later.

Currently, thermal observations in the Lokbatan crater continue on a roughly monthly basis (weather permitting) in the hope that better discrimination between competing thermal models (cooling versus re-heating) may be sharpened with such data over the next few years.
Ferric Iron-Containing Molecularly Imprinted Polymer as an Adsorbent for Cholesterol
Authors: Sreenivasan K. , Sivakumar R.
Published: October 2003

Molecular imprinting is an elegant approach to the synthesis of polymers with predetermined recognition properties, the technique of molecular imprinting involving arranging the functional monomers around the print molecules prior to polymerisation. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) show a remarkable ability to bind print molecule from a mixture of entities which are close in structure. One of the serious drawbacks of MIPs is their low adsorption capacity and one approach to improving this relies on the use of chemically modified monomers in the synthesis of the MIPs. This report discusses the synthesis and evaluation of an MIP based on ferric acrylate as an adsorbent for cholesterol.
Removal of Copper(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions. I. Adsorption Studies Using Powdered Marble Wastes as Sorbent
Authors: Ghazy S.E. , Samra S.E. , Mahdy A.M. , El-Morsy S.M.
Published: October 2003

Batch adsorption experiments of copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions on to powdered marble wastes (PMW) have been performed. The latter is an effective inorganic sorbent which is inexpensive, widespread and may represent an environmental problem. The main parameters influencing the sorption process, i.e. initial solution pH, sorbent and Cu2+ ion concentrations, stirring times and temperature, were examined. The results obtained revealed that the sorption of Cu2+ ions on to PMW was endothermic in nature and followed first-order kinetics. Moreover, it was well described by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) adsorption models over the concentration range studied. Under the optimum experimental conditions employed, the removal of ca. 100% Cu2+ ions was attained.
Tensegrity Systems
Authors: Motro R. , Raducanu V.
Published: October 2003

This paper is a contribution to Tensegrity Systems understanding. The first part is devoted to a clarification of definitions. Among all the definitions that are known, we suggest a first one based on the description which is given in the three main patents, filed by Emmerich, Fuller and Snelson. We submit then an “extended definition”. According to this definition, tensegrity systems can be regarded as a pure field of forces satisfying some specific conditions. A double layer grid, which fulfils this definition is described. In the second part, tensegrity systems are placed within the general category of tensile structures. It can be seen that this work paves the way to an improvement within the entire world of shapes. Finally we give an example of tensegrity system theory applied to biology and developed by D. Ingber.
Influence of Geometrical Parameters on Behaviour of Reticulated Timber Domes
Authors: Pan Dan H. , Girhammar Ulf Arne
Published: October 2003

Domes are very efficient structural systems for long clear span buildings. The introduction of laminated timber highlighted the economic advantages of this material and led to the use of timber domes even for very large spans. In this paper, reticulated timber domes of triangular network shape with decking and bottom tension ring are considered. These types of domes have high stiffness in all directions along the surface and are kinematically stable. The dome is subjected to uniformly distributed load over entire structure. The dome model is generated with a preprocessor program called DOME-IN and analysed with ABAQUS. The focus of this paper is to evaluate the behaviour of reticulated timber domes with respect to: (a) height-diameter ratio of the dome, H/D; (b) straight relative curved types of main beams in the triangular networks versus mesh density; (c) perpendicular relative parallel types of purlin arrangements in the triangular networks versus the number of purlins; and (d) mesh density of main network members or size of triangular networks. The influence of these parameters on relative maximum deflection of the dome, relative critical pressure for global buckling of the dome, relative maximum axial forces and relative maximum bending moments in the network members, is evaluated. It is found that: (a) the optimum height-diameter ratio is H/D ≈ 0.3; (b) that straight beams in the triangular networks are preferred to curved beams, especially for higher mesh densities;(c) that purlins perpendicular to the latitudinal beams are preferable to purlins parallel to the latitudinal beams if there is a decking that provides bracing to the system; and (d) mesh densities with six sectors ( n = 6) (lowest number of practical interest) and as many divisions of the arc beam and of the sector of the ring beam ( m = k > 4), which is necessary in order to meet the design criteria for the dome, can be recommended.
The Computation of Influence Ordinates in Trussed Space Decks using an Iterative Reanalysis Technique
Authors: Jenkins W. M.
Published: October 2003

The development of high speed digital computing has been accompanied by quite extraordinary increases in the engineer's ability to analyse large and complex structures. This has been enabled by extensive development of the stiffness method of analysis. It is now clear that, whilst modern analysis software is highly sophisticated and ‘user friendly’, it is not suitable for total integration with the design process as a provision for the reanalysis needed during design. It is shown that a more convenient basis for continuous reanalysis can be obtained at some sacrifice in processing speed and the provision of increased memory. The justification for this is the remarkable increases in processing capability and memory capacity of the modern computer and the virtual certainty of a continuation of this trend.
Fondaparinux for Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in Major Orthopedic Surgery
Authors: Tran Alison H , Lee Garvin
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVE:

To review clinical information related to fondaparinux, a synthetic pentasaccharide recently approved for the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgeries and for extended DVT prophylaxis after hip fracture surgery.

DATA SOURCES:

Primary and review articles were identified by MEDLINE (1983–June 2003) using the key words pentasaccharide, Org31540, SR90107A, DVT prophylaxis, and fondaparinux. Additional sources were found listed in articles, abstracts, and unpublished data on file from the manufacturer. Articles selected were based on their coverage of the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of fondaparinux.

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:

All of the articles identified were evaluated and all information deemed relevant was included.

DATA SYNTHESIS:

Fondaparinux is a selective antithrombin-dependent, indirect inhibitor of activated factor Xa. It has a favorable and predictable pharmacokinetic profile when administered subcutaneously, and has a long half-life, allowing once-daily dosing. Fondaparinux lacks in vitro cross-reactivity with heparin-induced antibodies. Major Phase III studies have demonstrated that subcutaneous fondaparinux sodium 2.5 mg given at least 6 hours postoperatively resulted in a 55% reduction in the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients undergoing hip fracture surgery, total hip replacement surgery, or knee replacement surgery compared with standard enoxaparin therapy. It has a safety profile similar to that of enoxaparin with respect to clinically relevant major bleeding, including fatal bleeding, nonfatal bleeding, and bleeding requiring repeat surgery. The use of fondaparinux for prolonged prophylaxis after hip fracture has demonstrated further reduction in VTE events without increasing the risk of bleeding.

CONCLUSIONS:

Fondaparinux is the first of a new class of synthetic factor Xa inhibitors that demonstrated greater efficacy compared with enoxaparin for the prevention of VTE in major orthopedic surgery without an increase in clinically relevant bleeding. Given the favorable cost-effectiveness analysis and improved efficacy profile, fondaparinux should be considered for formulary addition for DVT prophylaxis in patients undergoing hip and knee replacement surgery. In patients undergoing hip fracture surgery, fondaparinux should be considered the DVT prophylaxis of choice. Extended thromboprophylaxis up to 28 days resulted in additional reduction in VTE (both symptomatic and venography-proven DVT) in patients with hip fracture surgery.
Assessment of Web-Based Applications for Ambulatory Care Rotations
Authors: Klockars Sara J , Blair Melissa M , Mazur Jennifer N , Ragucci Kelly R , Fermo Joli
Published: October 2003

BACKGROUND:

An interactive Web site was developed to supplement ambulatory care clinical rotations, optimize collaborative efforts of ambulatory care preceptors, and standardize the educational and evaluation experience.

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate perceptions of residents and students using an interactive Web site for ambulatory care clinical pharmacy rotations.

METHODS:

An online anonymous survey comprised of 12 questions using a 5-point Likert scale (1–5, strongly disagree—strongly agree) and 4 open-ended questions was designed. Over a 3-year time frame, each student and resident rotating through the ambulatory care clinical rotation was instructed to complete the survey at the end of the rotation experience. Survey results were compiled and analyzed.

RESULTS:

Sixty-nine percent (18/26) of residents and 71% (54/76) of students completed the survey. Overall, the Web site was well accepted by all learners. Residents and students differed in opinion on a few aspects of the Web site; however, both appreciated the ease of accessibility and links to additional resources. Inoperable links and outdated quizzes were identified as major weaknesses.

CONCLUSIONS:

Perceptions of an interactive Web site used during ambulatory care clinical rotations were positive. The survey results reinforce the continued use of this teaching method and will enable preceptors to make appropriate adjustments for future learners.
Henry Adams, scientific historian: ‘even into chaos’
Authors: Fuller-Coursey Freda J.
Published: October 2003

American historian Henry Brooks Adams initiated his life-spanning historical ‘study in unity’ in Mont-Saint-Michel and Chartres, and began studying history in relation to ‘fixed points’ in The Education of Henry Adams. He intended using his studies of the points
of ‘Thirteenth-Century Unity’ and ‘Twentieth-Century Multiplicity’ - Europe, or medieval unity (the Virgin), and the Frontier, or modern multiplicity (the Dynamo, or Industrialization) - to develop a ‘science of history’, applying evolutionary theories to
history. Adams hoped that this new science would allow historians, using factual documents and papers as evidence, to understand the present and the past, and predict the future, and to demonstrate that ‘there could be no such thing as a stable equilibrium when phenomena are irreversible
and events are random.’ Even after Henry Adams began experiencing what he called ‘inevitable isolation and disillusionment’, he continued to insist that the search for a science of history must not be abandoned, believing that ‘[s]cience itself would admit its own failure
if it admitted that man, the most important of all its subjects, could not be brought within its range.’ Henry Adams’ tragedy was that he never realized he had found the truth he sought.
Gertrude Stein and Jules Laforgue: a comparative approach
Authors: Gutkowski Emanuela
Published: October 2003

In her first published collection of short stories, Three Lives (1909), Gertrude Stein used an epigraph that she attributed to the French Symbolist Jules Laforgue. Critics have so far agreed that Laforgue actually never wrote this sentence. We think, on the contrary, that the sentence
could have been inspired by a very similar one included in Laforgue’s Moralité Légendaires, and that Gertrude Stein could have had various reasons to quote this work. This article tries to analyse these reasons, comparing the themes treated by the two artists, and the opinions
they had in common, considering that Gertrude Stein was totally plunged in the Parisian cultural atmosphere of the beginning of the twentieth century.
Missing a beat - Story-making and the absent president on September 11
Authors: Smith Jeff
Published: October 2003

In attempting to construct a coherent narrative from the shocking events of September 11, 2001, American news anchors, reporters and officials faced the problem of an absence at the ‘center’ - a displacement of the main character whose agency was needed if the story were to unfold as expected. The rhetorical and narrative strategies called upon to fill this gap - to renegotiate the terms of the emerging narrative ‘on the fly’ - offer a rare, real-time glimpse of American cultural ‘story-making’ in operation.
Cross cultural transferability in child protection: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Lidchi Victoria Gabrielle
Published: October 2003

The paper uses the experience of working in Bolivia in the ﬁeld of child protection to discuss the usage of international contributions and cooperation in the implementation of child protection measures. The challenges and opportunities involved in the implementation of child protection policy and practice in Bolivia are discussed in the context of the realities faced in many countries of South America. The paper describes how a systemic approach was used to provoke change, to maximize the effectiveness of what resources and capabilities already existed and to promote continuing improvement in multidisciplinary cooperation. Where resources are not available for an integrated multisectorial approach dedicated to child abuse and neglect (CAN), leadership and capacity‐building in this way may be used to enable practitioners to transform the challenges of implementation into opportunities for learning and better practice. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dangerous and severe parenting disorder? Personality disorder, parenting and new legal proposals
Authors: Adshead Gwen
Published: October 2003

The Government has proposed new legal measures for the management of people with personality disorders who are dangerous to others. In this paper, it is argued that there is no reason why these proposed measures should not apply to those individuals with personality disorders who are parents and present a severe risk of harm to their own children. New measures that provided a legal and clinical framework for the provision of assessment and possible therapy for personality disordered parents who pose a risk to their children would fulﬁl a real need which is not being met. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.