bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Achieving Enhanced Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cell Performance by TiCl4/Al2O3 Doped TiO2 Nanotube Array Photoelectrodes
Authors: Lee Jin Soo , Kim Kyung Hwan , Kim Chang Seob , Choi Hyung Wook
Published: July 2015

For various reasons, low cost, easy fabrication, and so forth, dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been consistently studied in many laboratories. To improve the DSSCs performance, using an aqueous solution of titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) treatment is one of many processes. Before the treatment of TiCl4, nanoporous TiO2 nanotubes (TNTs) are fabricated through a secondary anodization process. TiCl4 treatment on TNTs film enhanced short‐circuit current density (JSC) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) posttreatment enhanced open‐circuit voltage (VOC). As a result, Al2O3 posttreatment on TNTs film conversion efficiency of 8.65% is realized, which is 7% higher than TiCl4 treatment on TNTs film. In this work, we investigated that double dip‐coating of TiCl4/Al2O3 treatment on TiO2 nanotubes film had an effect on enhancement of JSC and VOC due to improvement of electron transfer, increment of dye adsorption, and reduction of recombination rate of charge. Photoelectrode DSSCs with light‐to‐electric energy conversion efficiency were achieved under a simulated solar light irradiation of 100 mW·cm2 (AM 1.5).
Increasing the Solubility Limit for Tetrahedral Aluminium in ZnO:Al Nanorods by Variation in Synthesis Parameters
Authors: Kelchtermans Anke , Adriaensens Peter , Slocombe Daniel , Kuznetsov Vladimir L. , Hadermann Joke , Riskin Alexander , Elen Ken , Edwards Peter P. , Hardy An , Van Bael Marlies K.
Published: July 2015

Nanocrystalline ZnO:Al nanoparticles are suitable building blocks for transparent conductive layers. As the concentration of substitutional tetrahedral Al is an important factor for improving conductivity, here we aim to increase the fraction of substitutional Al. To this end, synthesis parameters of a solvothermal reaction yielding ZnO:Al nanorods were varied. A unique set of complementary techniques was combined to reveal the exact position of the aluminium ions in the ZnO lattice and demonstrated its importance in order to evaluate the potential of ZnO:Al nanocrystals as optimal building blocks for solution deposited transparent conductive oxide layers. Both an extension of the solvothermal reaction time and stirring during solvothermal treatment result in a higher total tetrahedral aluminium content in the ZnO lattice. However, only the longer solvothermal treatment effectively results in an increase of the substitutional positions aimed for.
Spatial Interpolation of Daily Rainfall Data for Local Climate Impact Assessment over Greater Sydney Region
Authors: Yang Xihua , Xie Xiaojin , Liu De Li , Ji Fei , Wang Lin
Published: July 2015

This paper presents spatial interpolation techniques to produce finer-scale daily rainfall data from regional climate modeling. Four common interpolation techniques (ANUDEM, Spline, IDW, and Kriging) were compared and assessed against station rainfall data and modeled rainfall. The performance was assessed by the mean absolute error (MAE), mean relative error (MRE), root mean squared error (RMSE), and the spatial and temporal distributions. The results indicate that Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method is slightly better than the other three methods and it is also easy to implement in a geographic information system (GIS). The IDW method was then used to produce forty-year (1990–2009 and 2040–2059) time series rainfall data at daily, monthly, and annual time scales at a ground resolution of 100 m for the Greater Sydney Region (GSR). The downscaled daily rainfall data have been further utilized to predict rainfall erosivity and soil erosion risk and their future changes in GSR to support assessments and planning of climate change impact and adaptation in local scale.
GM-PHD Filter Combined with Track-Estimate Association and Numerical Interpolation
Authors: Chen Jinguang , Xu Bugao , Ma Lili , Sun Rui
Published: July 2015

For the standard Gaussian mixture probability hypothesis density (GM-PHD) filter, the number of targets can be overestimated if the clutter rate is too high or underestimated if the detection rate is too low. These problems seriously affect the accuracy of multitarget tracking for the number and the value of measurements and clutters cannot be distinguished and recognized. Therefore, we proposed an improved GM-PHD filter to tackle these problems. Firstly, a track-estimate association was implemented in the filtering process to detect and remove false-alarm targets. Secondly, a numerical interpolation technique was used to compensate the missing targets caused by low detection rate. At the end of this paper, simulation results were presented to demonstrate the proposed GM-PHD algorithm is more effective in estimating the number and state of targets than the previous ones.
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy: A New Perspective in Asthma
Authors: Marmoush Fady Y. , Barbour Mohamad F. , Noonan Thomas E. , Al-Qadi Mazen O.
Published: July 2015

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is an entity of reversible cardiomyopathy known for its association with physical or emotional stress and may mimic myocardial infarction. We report an exceedingly rare case of albuterol-induced TCM with moderate asthma exacerbation. An interesting association that may help in understanding the etiology of TCM in the asthmatic population. Although the prognosis of TCM is excellent, it is crucial to recognize beta agonists as a potential stressor.
Coal Mine Air Pollution and Number of Children Hospitalizations because of Respiratory Tract Infection: A Time Series Analysis
Authors: Liu Yonglin , Liu Juan , Chen Fenglian , Bilal Haider Shamsi , Wang Qiang , Jiao Fuyong , Qiao Yanmei , Shi Yanhua
Published: July 2015

To analyze the relationship between levels of air pollution and number of children hospitalizations because of respiratory tract infection in Shenmu County, the data regarding meteorological factors, environmental pollutants, that is SO2and NO2, Particulate Matter 10 (PM10), and hospitalizations of children less than 16 years of age was collected during the time duration of November 2009 to October 2012. Using SAS 9.3, descriptive data analysis for meteorological and environmental factors and hospital admissions were performed along with main air pollutants determination. Using the statistical software R 3.0.1, a generalized additive Poisson regression model was established, the linear fitting models of the air pollutant concentrations and meteorological factors were introduced considering the lag effect, and the relative risk of the main atmospheric pollutants on children hospitalization was evaluated. The results showed that the primary air pollutant in Shenmu County is PM10 and its Pearson correlation coefficient with Air Pollution Index (API) is 0.917. After control of long term climate trend, “week day effect,” meteorological factors, and impact of other contaminants, it was found that, on the same day and during the lag of 1 to 10 days, PM10 concentrations had no significant effect on children hospitalization rate.
Postpartum Sacral Stress Fracture: An Atypical Case Report
Authors: Speziali Andrea , Tei Matteo Maria , Placella Giacomo , Chillemi Marco , Cerulli Giuliano
Published: July 2015

Sacral stress fractures are common in elderly people. However, sacral stress fracture should be always screened in the differential diagnoses of low back pain during the postpartum period. We present a case of sacral fracture in a thirty-six-year-old woman with low back pain and severe right buttock pain two days after cesarean section delivery of a 3.9 Kg baby. The diagnosis was confirmed by MRI and CT scan, while X-ray was unable to detect the fracture. Contribution of mechanical factors during the cesarean section is not a reasonable cause of sacral fracture. Pregnancy and lactation could be risk factors for sacral stress fracture even in atraumatic delivery such as cesarean section. Our patient had no risk factors for osteoporosis except for pregnancy and lactation. Transient or focal osteoporosis is challenging to assess and it cannot be ruled out even if serum test and mineral density are within the normal range.
A Multiple Beamforming Network for Unequally Spaced Linear Array Based on CORPS
Authors: Arce Armando , Cardenas-Juarez Marco , Pineda-Rico Ulises , Covarrubias David H. , Stevens-Navarro Enrique
Published: July 2015

This paper proposes an alternative and innovative way to design a simpler beamforming network (BFN) based on balancing alternated power combiners and dividers, to feed a nonuniformly spaced linear array with Gaussian amplitude and coherent (in-phase) signals. Thus, a two-beam design configuration of the feeding network for a nonuniform array with beam steering capability is proposed and analyzed. The nonuniform aperture and the complex inputs of the feeding network are optimized by means of a differential evolution algorithm. In addition, a comparative analysis between a uniform and nonuniform linear array with the proposed feeding network is performed. Simulation results show the advantages and effectiveness of the proposed feeding network exploiting the nonuniformity of the antenna elements, in terms of side lobe level and directivity. Furthermore, research results show an inherent reduction in hardware complexity of the network.
Gastric Electrical Stimulation with the Enterra System: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lal Nikhil , Livemore Sam , Dunne Declan , Khan Iftikhar
Published: July 2015

Background. Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) is a surgically implanted treatment option for refractory gastroparesis.Aim. To systematically appraise the current evidence for the use of gastric electrical stimulation and suggest a method of standardisation of assessment and follow-up in these patients.Methods. A systematic review of PubMed, Web of Science, DISCOVER, and Cochrane Library was conducted using the keywords including gastric electrical stimulation, gastroparesis, nausea, and vomiting and neuromodulation, stomach, central nervous system, gastric pacing, electrical stimulation, and gastrointestinal.Results. 1139 potentially relevant articles were identified, of which 21 met the inclusion criteria and were included. The quality of studies was variable. There was a variation in outcome measures and follow-up methodology. Included studies suggested significant reductions in symptom severity reporting over the study period, but improvements in gastric emptying time were variable and rarely correlated with symptom improvement.Conclusion. The evidence in support of gastric electrical stimulation is limited and heterogeneous in quality. While current evidence has shown a degree of efficacy in these patients, high-quality, large clinical trials are needed to establish the efficacy of this therapy and to identify the patients for whom this therapy is inappropriate. A consensus view on essential preoperative assessment and postoperative measurement is needed.
Algebraic Hyperstructures of Vague Soft Sets Associated with Hyperrings and Hyperideals
Authors: Selvachandran Ganeshsree , Salleh Abdul Razak
Published: July 2015

We apply the classical theory of hyperrings to vague soft sets to derive the concepts of vague soft hyperrings, vague soft hyperideals, and vague soft hyperring homomorphism. The properties and structural characteristics of these concepts are also studied and discussed. Furthermore, the relationship between the concepts introduced here and the corresponding concepts in classical hyperring theory and soft hyperring theory is studied and investigated.
Pathophysiology and Immune Dysfunction in Endometriosis
Authors: Ahn Soo Hyun , Monsanto Stephany P. , Miller Caragh , Singh Sukhbir S. , Thomas Richard , Tayade Chandrakant
Published: July 2015

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent, chronic, proinflammatory disease prevalent in 10% of women of reproductive age worldwide. Characterized by the growth of endometrium-like tissue in aberrant locations outside of the uterus, it is responsible for symptoms including chronic pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, and subfertility that degrade quality of life of women significantly. In Canada, direct and indirect economic cost of endometriosis amounts to 1.8 billion dollars, and this is elevated to 20 billion dollars in the United States. Despite decades of research, the etiology and pathophysiology of endometriosis still remain to be elucidated. This review aims to bring together the current understanding regarding the pathogenesis of endometriosis with specific focus on mechanisms behind vascularization of the lesions and the contribution of immune factors in facilitating lesion establishment and development. The role of hormones, immune cells, and cytokine signaling is highlighted, in addition to discussing the current pharmaceutical options available for management of pain symptoms in women with endometriosis.
Aspects of the Subarrayed Array Processing for the Phased Array Radar
Authors: Hu Hang
Published: July 2015

This paper gives an overview on the research status, developments, and achievements of subarrayed array processing for the multifunction phased array radar. We address some issues concerning subarrayed adaptive beamforming, subarrayed fast-time space-time adaptive processing, subarray-based sidelobe reduction of sum and difference beam, subarrayed adapted monopulse, subarrayed superresolution direction finding, subarray configuration optimization in ECCM (electronic counter-countermeasure), and subarrayed array processing for MIMO-PAR. In this review, several viewpoints relevant to subarrayed array processing are pointed out and the achieved results are demonstrated by numerical examples.
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Presenting with Severe Marrow Fibrosis
Authors: Shah Harsh , Bradford Carol , Sayar Hamid
Published: July 2015

We report a case of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) presenting with severely fibrotic marrow. There are four other reports of similar cases in the literature. Our patient was treated with All-Transretinoic Acid- (ATRA-) containing induction chemotherapy, followed by consolidation and maintenance therapy. He achieved a complete morphologic remission with adequate count recovery in a timely fashion, and later a molecular remission was documented. The patient remains in molecular remission and demonstrates normal blood counts now more than 4 years after induction. Since the morphological appearance may not be typical and the bone marrow may not yield an aspirate for cytogenetic analysis, awareness of such entity is important to make a correct diagnosis of this potentially curable disease.
Determination of Anthracycline Drug Residual in Cleaning Validation Swabs of Stainless-Steel Equipment after Production of Cytostatic Injections Using HPLC Analytical Method
Authors: Slivová Zuzana , Opatřilová Radka
Published: July 2015

Standard cleaning procedures of production line equipment were verified after manufacture of cytostatic injections containing Anthracycline derivate substance. Residual content of Anthracycline drug substance on stainless-steel equipment surface was determined using swab sampling with a specific HPLC-DAD analysis. The acceptance limit was decided as 200.0 μg/100 cm2. Recovery from the stainless-steel surface was 90.1%. Linearity of the method was observed in the concentration range of 0.155–194 μg/mL when estimated using Zorbax TMS (5 μm, 0.25 m × 4.6 mm ID) column at 1.3 mL/min flow rate and 254 nm (DAD 190–600 nm). The mobile phase consisted of lauryl hydrogen sulphate solution (3.7 g/L) : methanol : acetonitrile (54 : 16 : 30, v/v/v) with pH adjusted to 2.5 using phosphoric acid (85%). The LOD and LOQ for Anthracycline derivate were found to be 0.047 and 0.155 μg/mL, respectively. The method validation confirmed the method provides acceptable degree of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision for the intended purposes.
Laparoscopic Repair of Internal Transmesocolic Hernia of Transverse Colon
Authors: Kishiki Tomokazu , Mori Toshiyuki , Hashimoto Yoshikazu , Matsuoka Hiroyoshi , Abe Nobutsugu , Masaki Tadahiko , Sugiyama Masanori
Published: July 2015

Introduction. Internal hernias are often misdiagnosed because of their rarity, with subsequent significant morbidity.Case Presentation. A 61-year-old Japanese man with no history of surgery was referred for intermittent abdominal pain. CT suggested the presence of a transmesocolic internal hernia. The patient underwent a surgical procedure and was diagnosed with transmesocolic internal hernia. We found internal herniation of the small intestine loop through a defect in the transverse mesocolon, without any strangulation of the small intestine. We were able to complete the operation laparoscopically. The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 6.Discussion. Transmesocolic hernia of the transverse colon is very rare. Transmesocolic hernia of the sigmoid colon accounts for 60% of all other mesocolic hernias. Paraduodenal hernias are difficult to distinguish from internal mesocolic transverse hernias. We can rule out paraduodenal hernias with CT.Conclusion. The patient underwent a surgical procedure and was diagnosed with transmesocolic internal hernia. We report a case of a transmesocolic hernia of the transverse colon with intestinal obstruction that was diagnosed preoperatively and for which laparoscopic surgery was performed.
Reduction in Endometrioma Size with Three Months of Aromatase Inhibition and Progestin Add-Back
Authors: Agarwal Sanjay K. , Foster Warren G.
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of 3 months of aromatase inhibition together with progestin add-back on ovarian endometrioma size. This prospective cohort study was performed at University Medical Center (UC San Diego). Women trying to conceive were excluded. After informed consent, all women were treated with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole (5 mg/d) with norethindrone acetate (5 mg/d) add-back for 3 months. Pre- and posttreatment assessments of endometrioma sizes were performed by ultrasound. The impact of treatment on pain was determined using the patient assessed endpoints of the Biberoglu and Behrman scale. These included assessing dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and nonmenstrual pelvic pain each on a scale from 0 to 3. The primary endpoint of this study was the change in ultrasound documented endometrioma size. Fourteen endometriomas in 8 consecutive women were treated for 3 m. Mean endometrioma diameter decreased 50% from 4.6 ± 1.6 cm to 2.3 ± 1.6 cm (mean ± SD). This represents a 75% decrease in endometrioma volume. Endometriosis symptoms of dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and nonmenstrual pelvic pain also improved with treatment. In conclusion, a 3-month course of high dose aromatase inhibition with progestin add-back significantly reduces ovarian endometrioma size and warrants further investigation.
Rehabilitation Outcomes: Ischemic versus Hemorrhagic Strokes
Authors: Perna Robert , Temple Jessica
Published: July 2015

Background. Ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes have different pathophysiologies and possibly different long-term cerebral and functional implications. Hemorrhagic strokes expose the brain to irritating effects of blood and ischemic strokes reflect localized or diffuse cerebral vascular pathology.Methods. Participants were individuals who suffered either an ischemic (n=172) or hemorrhagic stroke (n=112) within the past six months and were involved in a postacute neurorehabilitation program. Participants completed three months of postacute neurorehabilitation and the Mayo Portland Adaptability Inventory-4 (MPAI-4) at admission and discharge. Admission MPAI-4 scores and level of functioning were comparable.Results. Group ANOVA comparisons show no significant group differences at admission or discharge or difference in change scores. Both groups showed considerably reduced levels of productivity/employment after discharge as compared to preinjury levels.Conclusions. Though the pathophysiology of these types of strokes is different, both ultimately result in ischemic injuries, possibly accounting for lack of findings of differences between groups. In the present study, participants in both groups experienced similar functional levels across all three MPAI-4 domains both at admission and discharge. Limitations of this study include a highly educated sample and few outcome measures.
Polymorphism in theVesicular Monoamine Transporter 2Gene Decreases the Risk of Parkinson’s Disease in Han Chinese Men
Authors: Yang Xinglong , Xu Pingrong , Zhao Quanzhen , An Ran , Jia Hua , Liu Zhuolin , Xu Yanming
Published: July 2015

Background.Polymorphisms rs363371 and rs363324 in thevesicular monoamine transporter 2(VMAT2) gene have been associated with risk of PD in an Italian population, and our aim is to investigate the association between the two single-nucleotide polymorphisms and PD in Han Chinese.Methods.561 Han Chinese PD patients and 491 healthy age- and gender-matched controls were genotyped using Ligase detection reaction (LDR) method.Result.Both of patient and control groups showed similar genotype frequencies between patients and controls at both rs363371 and rs363324, as well as similar minor A allele frequencies at rs363371 (P=0.452) and rs363324 (P=0.413). None of the observed haplotypes showed a significant association with PD. Subgroup analysis by gender and age at onset revealed a significant association between the A allele of rs363371 and PD in Han Chinese males relative to healthy controls (OR 0.799, 95%  CI 0.665 to 0.959,P=0.016), and this association remained significant after adjusting for age (OR 0.785, 95%  CI 0.652 to 0.945,P=0.011).Conclusion.These results suggest that polymorphism ofVMAT2locus is associated with risk of PD in Han Chinese overall but that the A allele at rs363371 may protect against PD in Han Chinese males.
Ginkgolide B Inhibits JAM-A, Cx43, and VE-Cadherin Expression and Reduces Monocyte Transmigration in Oxidized LDL-Stimulated Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
Authors: Liu Xueqing , Sun Wenjia , Zhao Yanyang , Chen Beidong , Wu Wei , Bao Li , Qi Ruomei
Published: July 2015

Aim. To investigate the effect of ginkgolide B on junction proteins and the reduction of monocyte migration in oxidized low-density lipoprotein- (ox-LDL-) treated endothelial cells.Methods. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were used in the present study. Immunofluorescence and Western blot were performed to determine the expression of junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A), connexin 43 (Cx43), and vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin). Monocyte migration was detected by the Transwell assay.Results. ox-LDL stimulation increased JAM-A expression by 35%, Cx43 expression by 24%, and VE-cadherin expression by 37% in HUVECs. Ginkgolide B (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 mg/mL) dose-dependently abolished the expression of these junction proteins. The monocyte transmigration experiments showed that the level of monocyte migration was sixfold higher in the ox-LDL-treated group than in the control group. Ginkgolide B (0.6 mg/mL) nearly completely abolished monocyte migration. Both ginkgolide B and LY294002 suppressed Akt phosphorylation and the expression of these junction proteins in ox-LDL-treated endothelial cells. These results suggest that the ginkgolide B-induced inhibition of junction protein expression is associated with blockade of the PI3K/Akt pathway.Conclusion. Ginkgolide B suppressed junction protein expression and reduced monocyte transmigration that was induced by ox-LDL. Ginkgolide B may improve vascular permeability in atherosclerosis.
Bound-State Solution of s-Wave Klein-Gordon Equation for Woods-Saxon Potential
Authors: Olğar Eser , Mutaf Haydar
Published: July 2015

The bound-state solution of s-wave Klein-Gordon equation is calculated for Woods-Saxon potential by using the asymptotic iteration method (AIM). The energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions are obtained for the required condition of bound-state solutions.
Nanostructures Control the Hepatocellular Responses to a Cytotoxic Agent “Cisplatin”
Authors: Abdellatef Shimaa A. , Tange Riho , Sato Takeshi , Ohi Akihiko , Nabatame Toshihide , Taniguchi Akiyoshi
Published: July 2015

In drug discovery programs, the alteration betweenin vivoandin vitrocellular responses to drug represents one of the main challenges. Since the variation in the native extracellular matrix (ECM) betweenin vivoand 2Din vitroconditions is one of the key reasons for such discrepancies, thus the utilization of substrate that likely mimics ECM characteristics (topography, stiffness, and chemical composition) is needed to overcome such problem. Here, we investigated the role of substrate nanotopography as one of the major determinants of hepatic cellular responses to a chemotherapeutic agent “cisplatin.” We studied the substratum induced variations in cisplatin cytotoxicity; a higher cytotoxic response to cisplatin was observed for cells cultured on the nanopattern relative to a flat substrate. Moreover, the nanofeatures with grating shapes that mimic the topography of major ECM protein constituents (collagen) induced alterations in the cellular orientation and chromatin condensation compared to flat surfaces. Accordingly, the developments of biomimetic substrates with a particular topography could have potentials in drug development analyses to reflect more physiological mimicry conditionsin vitro.
Flucytosine Pharmacokinetics in a Critically Ill Patient Receiving Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Kunka Megan E. , Cady Elizabeth A. , Woo Heejung C. , Thompson Bastin Melissa L.
Published: July 2015

Purpose. A case report evaluating flucytosine dosing in a critically ill patient receiving continuous renal replacement therapy.Summary. This case report outlines an 81-year-old male who was receiving continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) for acute renal failure and was being treated with flucytosine for the treatment of disseminatedCryptococcus neoformansinfection. Due to patient specific factors, flucytosine was empirically dose adjusted approximately 50% lower than intermittent hemodialysis (iHD) recommendations and approximately 33% lower than CRRT recommendations. Peak and trough levels were obtained, which were supratherapeutic, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated. The patient experienced thrombocytopenia, likely due to elevated flucytosine levels, and flucytosine was ultimately discontinued.Conclusion. Despite conservative flucytosine dosing for a patient receiving CVVH, peak and trough serum flucytosine levels were supratherapeutic (120 μg/mL at 2 hours and 81 μg/mL at 11.5 hours), which increased drug-related adverse effects. The results indicate that this conservative dosing regimen utilizing the patient’s actual body weight was too aggressive. This case report provides insight into flucytosine dosing in CVVH, a topic that has not been investigated previously. Further pharmacokinetic studies of flucytosine dosing in critically ill patients receiving CVVH are needed in order to optimize pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters while avoiding toxic flucytosine exposure.
Statistical Study of the Effects of the Composition on the Oxidation Resistance of Ni‐Based Superalloys
Authors: Park Si-Jun , Seo Seong-Moon , Yoo Young-Soo , Jeong Hi-Won , Jang HeeJin
Published: July 2015

The effects of alloying elements (Co, Cr, Mo, W, Al, Ti, and Ta) on the oxidation resistance of Ni‐based superalloys are studied using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The statistical analysis showed that Al and Ta generally improve the oxidation resistance of the alloy, whereas Ti and Mo degrade the oxidation resistance. Co, Cr, and W did not alter oxidation rate significantly when examined by the mass gain averaged for all model alloys. However, it is remarkable that the degree of the effects of alloying elements varied with the concentration of other elements. Further, the effect of each element was sometimes found to be reversed for alloy groups specified by the concentration of another element.
Utility of C-Reactive Protein Levels for Early Prediction of Dengue Severity in Adults
Authors: Chen Chien-Chih , Lee Ing-Kit , Liu Jien-Wei , Huang Shi-Yu , Wang Lin
Published: July 2015

Dengue has broad clinical presentation with unpredictable clinical evolution and outcome. We aimed to evaluate the utility of C-reactive protein (CRP) levels for distinguishing between mild and severe cases in the early phase of the dengue illness. We retrospectively evaluated adults with dengue from 2006 to 2014, according to 1997 and 2009 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for severity. Of 191 included patients, 32.9% had nonshock dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), 3.1% dengue shock syndrome (DSS), and 7.9% severe dengue. The risk of DHF/DSS and severe dengue is significantly related to the increasing levels of CRP. Of 191 patients, 97 had CRP levels measured during the febrile (days 1–3); 85 during the critical (days 4–6); and 9 during the convalescent (days 7–10) illness phases. During the febrile phase, there was significant higher CRP level for DSS versus DF/nonshock DHF and severe dengue versus nonsevere dengue, with CRP cutoff level 30.1 mg/L (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), 0.938; 100% sensitivity, 76.3% specificity) and 24.2 mg/L (AUC, 0.717; 70% sensitivity, 71.3% specificity), respectively. Our study highlights the utility of the CRP levels in early prediction of DSS and severe dengue in adult patients.
Importance of the Electrolyte in Obtaining Porous Silicon and How It Modifies the Optical and Structural Proprieties: Optical and Microstructural Investigation
Authors: Severiano F. , García G. , Castañeda L. , Salazar Villanueva M. , Méndez J. Flores
Published: July 2015

The effect of using different electrolytes in the physical and optical properties of porous silicon was studied. To do this porous silicon (PS) samples photoluminescent in the visible range from (100) oriented n‐type crystalline silicon prepared by anodic etching were obtained. The first electrolyte was composed of a mixture of hydrofluoric acid (HF) and ethanol (CH3‐CH2‐OH) in a ratio of 1 : 2, respectively. The second was composed of hydrofluoric acid (HF), ethanol (CH3‐CH2‐OH), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in a ratio of 1 : 1 : 2, respectively. Raman scattering, photoluminescence (PL), gravimetry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) measurements on the PSL were carried out. Raman scattering showed that the disorder in the samples obtained with H2O2 is greater than in the samples obtained without this. The PL from PS increased in intensity with the incremental change in the anodization time and showed a blueshift. The blueshift of PL is consistent with the reduction in size of the silicon nanocrystallites. The sizes of nanocrystals were estimated to be 3.08, 2.6, and 2.28 nm. The gravimetric analysis showed that the porosity increased with the incorporation of H2O2. SEM images (morphological analysis) showed an incremental change in the quantity and in the porous size.
Understanding and Managing Pregnancy in Patients with Lupus
Authors: de Jesus Guilherme Ramires , Mendoza-Pinto Claudia , de Jesus Nilson Ramires , dos Santos Flávia Cunha , Klumb Evandro Mendes , Carrasco Mario García , Levy Roger Abramino
Published: July 2015

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, multisystemic autoimmune disease that occurs predominantly in women of fertile age. The association of SLE and pregnancy, mainly with active disease and especially with nephritis, has poorer pregnancy outcomes, with increased frequency of preeclampsia, fetal loss, prematurity, growth restriction, and newborns small for gestational age. Therefore, SLE pregnancies are considered high risk condition, should be monitored frequently during pregnancy and delivery should occur in a controlled setting. Pregnancy induces dramatic immune and neuroendocrine changes in the maternal body in order to protect the fetus from immunologic attack and these modifications can be affected by SLE. The risk of flares depends on the level of maternal disease activity in the 6–12 months before conception and is higher in women with repeated flares before conception, in those who discontinue useful medications and in women with active glomerulonephritis at conception. It is a challenge to differentiate lupus nephritis from preeclampsia and, in this context, the angiogenic and antiangiogenic cytokines are promising. Prenatal care of pregnant patients with SLE requires close collaboration between rheumatologist and obstetrician. Planning pregnancy is essential to increase the probability of successful pregnancies.
Some Inequalities of Simpson Type forh-Convex Functions via Fractional Integrals
Authors: Matłoka Marian
Published: July 2015

We establish some inequalities of Simpson type involving Riemann-Liouville fractional integrals for mappings whose first derivatives areh-convex.
Urine Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 and Lupus Nephritis Disease Activity: Preliminary Report of a Prospective Longitudinal Study
Authors: Alharazy Sabah , Kong Norella C. T. , Mohd Marlyn , Shah Shamsul A. , Ba’in Arbaiyah , Abdul Gafor Abdul Halim
Published: July 2015

Objective. This longitudinal study aimed to determine the urine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (uMCP-1) levels in patients with biopsy-proven lupus nephritis (LN) at various stages of renal disease activity and to compare them to current standard markers.Methods. Patients with LN—active or inactive—had their uMCP-1 levels and standard disease activity markers measured at baseline and 2 and 4 months. Urinary parameters, renal function test, serological markers, and renal SLE disease activity index-2K (renal SLEDAI-2K) were analyzed to determine their associations with uMCP-1.Results. A hundred patients completed the study. At each visit, uMCP-1 levels (pg/mg creatinine) were significantly higher in the active group especially with relapses and were significantly associated with proteinuria and renal SLEDAI-2K. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showed that uMCP-1 was a potential biomarker for LN. Whereas multiple logistic regression analysis showed that only proteinuria and serum albumin and not uMCP-1 were independent predictors of LN activity.Conclusion. uMCP-1 was increased in active LN. Although uMCP-1 was not an independent predictor for LN activity, it could serve as an adjunctive marker when the clinical diagnosis of LN especially early relapse remains uncertain. Larger and longer studies are indicated.
Slow Progression of Cognitive Dysfunction of Alzheimer’s Disease in Sexagenarian Women with Schizophrenia
Authors: Sakai Kazuo , Oda Haruhiko , Terashima Akira , Ishii Kazunari , Maeda Kiyoshi
Published: July 2015

Although both schizophrenia (SCZ) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are among the most common psychiatric diseases, the interaction of these two is not well-understood. We investigated three women with SCZ who developed AD in their 60s. The patients presented with cognitive dysfunction such as loss of recent memory, which was confirmed by both clinical observations and neuropsychological tests. Their magnetic resonance and functional imaging findings were consistent with AD. Their brain atrophy advanced significantly during a 6-year observation period. However, their global cognitive function did not deteriorate significantly during this period. Although the cognitive reserve model might account for this discrepancy, our results suggest some interactions between the neuropathology of SCZ and AD and warrant further research.
Small Molecule Inhibition of MDM2–p53 Interaction Augments Radiation Response in Human Tumors
Authors: Werner Lauryn R. , Huang Shyhmin , Francis David M. , Armstrong Eric A. , Ma Fang , Li Chunrong , Iyer Gopal , Canon Jude , Harari Paul M.
Published: July 2015

MDM2–p53 interaction and downstream signaling affect cellular response to DNA damage. AMG 232 is a potent small molecule inhibitor that blocks the interaction of MDM2 and p53. We examined the capacity of AMG 232 to augment radiation response across a spectrum of human tumor cell lines and xenografts. AMG 232 effectively inhibited proliferation and enhanced radiosensitivity via inhibition of damage repair signaling. Combined AMG 232 and radiation treatment resulted in the accumulation of γH2AX-related DNA damage and induction of senescence with promotion of apoptotic and/or autophagic cell death. Several molecules involved in senescence, autophagy, and apoptosis were specifically modulated following the combined AMG 232/radiation treatment, including FoxM1, ULK-1, DRAM, and BAX. In vivo xenograft studies confirmed more potent antitumor and antiangiogenesis efficacy with combined AMG 232/radiation treatment than treatment with drug or radiation alone. Taken together, these data identify the capacity of AMG 232 to augment radiation response across a variety of tumor types harboring functional p53. Mol Cancer Ther; 14(9); 1994–2003. ©2015 AACR.
Small Molecule Inhibition of MERTK Is Efficacious in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Models Independent of Driver Oncogene Status
Authors: Cummings Christopher T. , Zhang Weihe , Davies Kurtis D. , Kirkpatrick Gregory D. , Zhang Dehui , DeRyckere Deborah , Wang Xiaodong , Frye Stephen V. , Earp H. Shelton , Graham Douglas K.
Published: July 2015

Treatment of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been transformed by targeted therapies directed against molecular aberrations specifically activated within an individual patient's tumor. However, such therapies are currently only available against a small number of such aberrations, and new targets and therapeutics are needed. Our laboratory has previously identified the MERTK receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) as a potential drug target in multiple cancer types, including NSCLC. We have recently developed UNC2025—the first-in-class small molecule inhibitor targeting MERTK with pharmacokinetic properties sufficient for clinical translation. Here, we utilize this compound to further validate the important emerging biologic functions of MERTK in lung cancer pathogenesis, to establish that MERTK can be effectively targeted by a clinically translatable agent, and to demonstrate that inhibition of MERTK is a valid treatment strategy in a wide variety of NSCLC lines independent of their driver oncogene status, including in lines with an EGFR mutation, a KRAS/NRAS mutation, an RTK fusion, or another or unknown driver oncogene. Biochemically, we report the selectivity of UNC2025 for MERTK, and its inhibition of oncogenic downstream signaling. Functionally, we demonstrate that UNC2025 induces apoptosis of MERTK-dependent NSCLC cell lines, while decreasing colony formation in vitro and tumor xenograft growth in vivo in murine models. These findings provide further evidence for the importance of MERTK in NSCLC, and demonstrate that MERTK inhibition by UNC2025 is a feasible, clinically relevant treatment strategy in a wide variety of NSCLC subtypes, which warrants further investigation in clinical trials. Mol Cancer Ther; 14(9); 2014–22. ©2015 AACR.
Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Inhibit Rhabdomyosarcoma by Reactive Oxygen Species–Dependent Targeting of Specificity Protein Transcription Factors
Authors: Hedrick Erik , Crose Lisa , Linardic Corinne M. , Safe Stephen
Published: July 2015

The two major types of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) are predominantly diagnosed in children, namely embryonal (ERMS) and alveolar (ARMS) RMS, and patients are treated with cytotoxic drugs, which results in multiple toxic side effects later in life. Therefore, development of innovative chemotherapeutic strategies is imperative, and a recent genomic analysis suggested the potential efficacy of reactive oxygen species (ROS)–inducing agents. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of the potent histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, panobinostat and vorinostat, as agents that inhibit RMS tumor growth in vivo, induce apoptosis, and inhibit invasion of RD and Rh30 RMS cell lines. These effects are due to epigenetic repression of cMyc, which leads to decreased expression of cMyc-regulated miRs-17, -20a, and -27a; upregulation of ZBTB4, ZBTB10, and ZBTB34; and subsequent downregulation of Sp transcription factors. We also show that inhibition of RMS cell growth, survival and invasion, and repression of Sp transcription factors by the HDAC inhibitors are independent of histone acetylation but reversible after cotreatment with the antioxidant glutathione. These results show a novel ROS-dependent mechanism of antineoplastic activity for panobinostat and vorinostat that lies outside of their canonical HDAC-inhibitory activity and demonstrates the potential clinical utility for treating RMS patients with ROS-inducing agents. Mol Cancer Ther; 14(9); 2143–53. ©2015 AACR.
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography during Follow-Up: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Mixed Type I and II Choroidal Neovascularization after Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Trap Therapy
Authors: Coscas Gabriel , Lupidi Marco , Coscas Florence , Français Catherine , Cagini Carlo , Souied Eric H.
Published: July 2015

Purpose: To report the optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) findings in an exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patient presenting mixed type I and II choroidal neovascularization (CNV) during follow-up after intravitreal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) trap treatment. Methods: The clinical assessment included both traditional multimodal imaging, based on fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and B-scan OCT, and OCT-A at baseline and follow-up. OCT-A images were obtained using a Spectralis OCT-A prototype able to acquire 70,000 A-scans per second, with a resolution of 7 µm axially and 14 µm laterally. An amplitude decorrelation algorithm developed by Heidelberg Engineering was applied to a volume scan, on a 15 × 5° area, which was composed of 131 B-scans (35 frames per scan) at a distance of 11 µm each. The borders of type I and type II CNV were manually outlined and then the areas were analyzed using the provided automated software before and after treatment. Results: The qualitative approach revealed a substantial decrease in the visibility of tiny branching vessels and anastomoses both in type I and type II components of the neovascular complex, associated with persistence of a clear hyperintense signal coming from the larger trunks, which remained well-perfused. Quantitative analysis confirmed a reduction of the lesion area after VEGF trap treatment: the type II component decreased from 0.25 to 0.19 mm2, while the type I component decreased from 2.03 to 1.80 mm2. Conclusions: Our study qualitatively and quantitatively demonstrated the response of a mixed type I-II CNV to intravitreal VEGF trap therapy. Although FA remains the gold standard for determining the presence of leakage and OCT easily shows fluid accumulation and its variations, OCT-A offers noninvasive monitoring of the retinal and choriocapillaris microvasculature in patients with CNV, aiding in diagnosis and treatment decisions during follow-up.
Open & Distance Learning (ODL) and Agricultural Extension Workers’ Social Competence in Indonesia
Authors: Huda Nurul
Published: July 2015

Social competence is essential for agricultural extension worker since it is directly related to their duties to interact with farmers.   This article discusses the extension to which Open and Distance Learning (ODL) can improve the social competence and its aspects, the dominant factors affecting social competence, and strategy for the development of social competence of extension workers. Designed as an explanatory research, the entire population of agricultural extension workers (n=111) who were graduated from ODL in four different locations (Serang, Karawang, Cirebon, and Tanggamus areas) were used as respondents. A survey technique was implemented among them. In depth interview was also conducted to elaborate the findings. Data was analyzed by using descriptive and regression analysis. The findings indicated that: (1) agricultural extension workers had a moderate level in their social competence. Their knowledge on social concept was relatively good but still having problems in implementing it; (2) learning facilities, training, and subject matter coverage were factors significantly affecting social competence. The most dominant factor was held by the subject matter coverage; and (4) strategies that can be formulated to improve social competence were improving their level of knowledge and skills in terms of social matters. These can be focused on improving the learning quality, mainly on subject matter development. From the findings, it can be concluded that ODL as an educational institution can be addressed by agricultural extension workers to improve their social competence. As an implication, ODL institution need to support the students by giving a better subject matter coverage, while Agricultural Department  need to support the learning quality  of agricultural extension workers  by giving learning motivation and learning facilities.
The Relationship between Multiple Intelligences with Preferred Science Teaching and Science Process Skills
Authors: Samsudin Mohd Ali , Haniza Noor Hasyimah , Abdul-Talib Corrienna , Mhd Ibrahim Hayani Marlia
Published: July 2015

This study was undertaken to identify the relationship between multiple intelligences with preferred science teaching and science process skills. The design of the study is a survey using three questionnaires reported in the literature: Multiple Intelligences Questionnaire, Preferred Science Teaching Questionnaire and Science Process Skills Questionnaire. The study selected 300 primary school students from five (5) primary schools in Penang, Malaysia. The findings showed a relationship between kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, visual-spatial and naturalistic intelligences with the preferred science teaching. In addition there was a correlation between kinesthetic and visual-spatial intelligences with science process skills, implying that multiple intelligences are related to science learning.
Preparedness of Colleges of Education in Southwestern Nigeria for the Adoption of Blended Learning
Authors: Olayiwola Idowu Olusola , Alimi Kudirat Mojirade
Published: July 2015

The study investigated the preparedness of colleges of education in Southwestern Nigeria in terms of available facilities and infrastructure for the use of blended learning.  The study adopted the survey design. The population consisted of students and lecturers in colleges of education in Southwestern Nigeria. The sample size was 1,059 students and 168 lecturers. Three states were selected from which three colleges of education (one per state) also selected using the random were sampling technique.  From each of the three colleges of education, 400 students and 60 lecturers were selected by stratified random sampling technique using school as stratum. Students’ Blended Learning Facilities Questionnaire, Lecturers’ Blended Learning Facilities Questionnaire and Institutions’ Blended Learning Facilities Checklist (IBLFC) were used for the study. The results showed that the institutions were not adequately prepared for blended learning as ICT facilities in the institutions were below the minimum required standard stipulated by the Federal Government of Nigeria for tertiary institutions. The study concluded that ICT facilities and infrastructure in colleges of education were inadequate for blended learning.