bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moral Thinking in Management: An Essential Capability*
Authors: Paine Lynn Sharp
Published: July 2007

This paper argues that moral thinking is an essential management capability which strengthens organizations and contributes to their performance in the marketplace. The paper explains what moral thinking is, and addresses the most common reasons for considering it inappropriate or irrelevant to managerial practice. The argument provides a compelling rationale for the corporate ethics initiatives undertaken in recent years.
Stakeholder Management Theory: A Critical Theory Perspective
Authors: Reed Darryl
Published: July 2007

This article elaborates a normative Stakeholder Management Theory (SHMT) from a critical theory perspective. The paper argues that the normative theory elaborated by critical theorists such as Habermas exhibits important advantages over its rivals and that these advantages provide the basis for a theoretically more adequate version of SHMT. In the first section of the paper an account is given of normative theory from a critical theory perspective and its advantages over rival traditions. A key characteristic of the critical theory approach is expressed as a distinction between three different normative realms, viz., legitimacy, morality, and ethics. In the second section, the outlines of a theory of stakeholder management are provided. First, three basic tasks of a theoretically adequate treatment of the normative analysis of stakeholder management are identified. This is followed by a discussion of how a critical theory approach to SHMT is able to fulfill these three tasks.
The Normative Theories of Business Ethics: A Guide for the Perplexed
Authors: Hasnas John
Published: July 2007

The three leading normative theories of business ethics are the stockholder theory, the stakeholder theory, and the social contract theory. Currently, the stockholder theory is somewhat out of favor with many members of the business ethics community. The stakeholder theory, in contrast, is widely accepted, and the social contract theory appears to be gaining increasing adherents. In this article, I undertake a critical review of the supporting arguments for each of the theories, and argue that the stockholder theory is neither as outdated nor as flawed as it is sometimes made to seem and that there are significant problems with the grounding of both the stakeholder and social contract theory. I conclude by suggesting that a truly adequate normative theory of business ethics must ultimately be grounded in individual consent.
Developing a Religiously Grounded Business Ethics: A Jewish Perspective
Authors: Pava Moses L.
Published: July 2007

The specific purpose of this introductory paper is to explicitly introduce readers to some of the important Biblical, Talmudic, and post-Talmudic texts which deal with business ethics. As the discussion will show, Judaism’s traditional texts treat an amazing variety of issues emphasizing responsibilities in the business context. These texts are both legalistic and aspirational in character. The theme of this study is that an authentic Jewish business ethics needs to grow out of an understanding of the needs of modern, complex economies but need not accept the status quo as binding. Jewish business ethics texts provide rules of behavior, but more importantly, the texts reveal a vision encouraging us to incorporate the highest human and spiritual ideals into the common world of business.

The second section of the paper emphasizes that in order to develop Jewish business ethics, especially (but not exclusively) at the level of the organization, models of aspiration will of necessity play an integral role. A Jewish business ethics which conceptualizes Judaism as merely a set of legal rules is bound to failure. A key conclusion of this section is that Jewish business ethics needs to continue to selfconsciously promote models of aspirations, as well as rely on fixed legal norms.

Finally, the third section of the paper examines a specific corporate policy (no smoking) in light of a Jewish business ethics.
An Ethical Analysis of Organizational Power at Salomon Brothers
Authors: Collins Denis
Published: July 2007

Michael Lewis’ book, Liar's Poker, presents a scary picture of behavior within the investment community. While this portrayal is interesting in its own right, it presents us with an opportunity to subject real business behavior to analysis and suggestions for reform. As such, the issues raised here transcend a mere review of the book's plot and prose. Real business behavior, described in gory detail by Lewis, will provide the basis for a moral analysis. Machiavelli's The Prince will provide the framework for most of this analysis.
Scenarios in Business Ethics Research: Review, Critical Assessment, and Recommendations
Authors: Weber James
Published: July 2007

A growing number of researchers in the business ethics field have used scenarios as a data gathering technique in their empirical investigations of ethical issues. This paper offers a review and critique of 26 studies that have utilized scenarios to elicit inferences of ethical reasoning, decision making, and/or intended behavior from managerial or student populations. The use of a theoretical foundation, the development of hypotheses, various characteristics germane to the use of scenarios, population and sampling issues, and the use of statistical measures are explored and assessed. In the interest of improving scenario-based research, ten recommendations are presented to guide future scenario research.
Exploring Ethical Issues Using Personal Interviews
Authors: Liedtka Jeanne M.
Published: July 2007

This paper argues that the personal interview method is particularly appropriate for the kind of exploratory and complicated theory-building research that ethical decision-making, as a topic, represents at present. In doing so, it examines the key tasks of the ethics researcher, the suitability of interviews for obtaining the kind of data needed to accomplish these tasks, and the ensuing problems faced by the interview methodologist. It concludes with suggestions for enhancing the validity and reliability of interview-based ethics research.
Understanding Ethics in Practice: An Ethnomethodological Approach to the Study of Business Ethics
Authors: Phillips Nelson
Published: July 2007

Business ethics is an eclectic blend of intellectual traditions that seeks to exam ine the question of “what should I do in my business relationships.” This paper attempts to widen this discussion by proposing an alternative view of the nature of ethical behaviour: ethical behaviour as a situated social accomplishment. From an ethnomethodological perspective, norms and rules have the status of interpretive aids which are used to negotiate an acceptable meaning for a situation; norms and rules are constituted by, and in part constitute, the situations in which they occur. While most work in business ethics has tended to reify ethical practices, this paper stresses the contingent and situational nature of ethical decision making. In addition to presenting an ethnomethodological perspective, this paper discusses the methodological ramifications of this perspective through an examination of three ethnographic studies of situated rule usage.

For any worthwhile study of society must be philosophical in character and any worthwhile philosophy nzust be concerned with the nature of human society.

– Peter Wirch (1958: 3)
Bridging the Gulf Between Management Practice and Ethical Theory
Authors: Boatright John R.
Published: July 2007

Having taught management ethics for several years, I have been repeatedly frustrated by the practical mismatch between management problems and moral philosophy…. Unless we can connect ethical theory more closely with management practice, we may be dressing our business curriculum windows with philosophical finery but failing to meet the urgent need for clarity of thought in management ethics.
Narcissism Project and Corporate Decay: The Case of General Motors
Authors: Schwartz Howard S.
Published: July 2007

Organizational participants learn that “getting ahead” in organizational life comes from dramatizing a fantasy about the organization's perfection. The fantasy is the return to narcissism, in which the organization and its highest participants are seen as the center of a loving world. Since the return to narcissism is impossible, orienting the organization to the dramatization of this fantasy means that the organization loses touch with reality. The result is organizational decay—a condition of systemic ineffectiveness. Organizational decay is illustrated through the case of General Motors. Specific dimensions considered are: commitment to bad decisions; advancement of participants who detach themselves from reality and discouragement of reality-oriented participants who are committed to their work; creation of the organizational jungle; isolation of management; development of a hostile orientation to the environment; transposition of work and ritual; loss of creativity; dominance of the financial staff; development of cynicism or the loss of reality; and overcentralization. Organizational decay may be compared with the consequences of hubris.
Feminist Morality and Competitive Reality: A Role for an Ethic of Care?
Authors: Liedtka Jeanne M.
Published: July 2007

A language of care and relationship-building has recently appeared with prominence in the business literature, driven by the realities of the marketplace. Thus, it seems a propitious time to reflect on a decade of writing in feminist morality that has focussed on the concept of an ethic of care, and examine its relevance for today's business context. Is the idea of creating organizations that “care” just another management fad that subverts the essential integrity of concepts of ethical caring? Conversely, are these concepts capable of beginning an important dialogue that may help us to see new possibilities for simultaneously enhancingboththe effectiveness and the moral quality of organizations in the future?
Business Ethics, Philosophy, and the Next 25 Years
Authors: Bowie Norman E.
Published: July 2007

Although BEQ is celebrating its tenth anniversary, business ethics is considerably older than that. Business ethics has been a staple of Catholic thinking on business for most of this century at least. For most philosophers, however, business ethics is about twenty-five years old. Philosophers became active in the field in the mid-1970s. I have chosen as my topic for this essay the role that the discipline of philosophy could play in the future.
Political Counterbalance and Personal Values: Ethics and Responsibility in a Global Economy
Authors: Cavanagh Gerald F.
Published: July 2007

The extraordinarily rapid growth of global communications, information technology, and investments have energized hundreds of millions of business people and opened up immense opportunities in most of the countries of the world. Yet this apparently inevitable global business growth also has parallel dangers for people. In two areas the weaknesses of the global economy are evident: (1) Global business and financial operations with little accountability for long-term human needs; and (2) Goals and values of business managers that are not sufficient for business or for life.
A Memoir of Markets, Milestones, and Models
Authors: Dienhart John W.
Published: July 2007

I begin by recounting the market demands that created an opportunity for me to teach business ethics in the College of Business at St. Cloud State University. The AACSB and my educational institution focused amorphous social demands for better business practices into a specific demand for a philosophy Ph.D. to teach business ethics. I felt frustrated teaching business ethics because of my inexperience and the eclectic nature of the field. I, and many others, searched for something to unify the many topics of the field. This search was one of the factors that led to BEQ’s appearance in 1991. The first issue marked a milestone in the continuing search for theory and the legitimization of the field. It focused previous discussions and was remarkably prescient. While it is unlikely that we will reach a consensus about how to understand the field, if consensus ever comes close to occurring, I argue that it will not coalesce over stakeholder theory. I examine two theories that could be used as a grand unified theory (GUT) of business ethics: Integrated Social Contracts Theory and my own institutional theory that expands on the work of Douglass North’s view of economic institutions. I use the discussion of these GUTs to develop criteria of what a successful GUT might look like. Based on these criteria, I argue that the institutional theory has a better chance of succeeding, but recognize that business ethics GUTs are primarily heuristic; many different types of theories can be helpful. Lastly, I discuss whether it is pretentious and overbearing to argue for a GUT. I argue that it need not be.
The Legitimacy of Direct Corporate Humanitarian Investment
Authors: Dunfee Thomas W. , Hess David
Published: July 2007

Private firms are uniquely positioned to provide significant relief to the misery that pervades the developing world. Global misery has persisted due to a variety of failures in the provision of relief by nation-states and non-governmental organizations, including corruption and the absence of strong background institutions in the countries in need of aid. In many situations, private firms have a comparative advantage over these entities in the provision of aid. Examples such as Merck and the cure for river blindness show how firms can use their specific competencies and knowledge to relieve misery through Direct Corporate Humanitarian Investment (DCHI). DCHI is legitimized by marketplace morality and is consistent with the role of business within society, including legal dimensions. Shareholders may formally approve a corporation’s DCHI strategy and all stakeholders may act in support of their moral desires with respect to the firm and its DCHI strategy.
Notes for a Third Millennial Manifesto: Renewal and Redefinition in Business Ethics
Authors: Frederick William C.
Published: July 2007

Business ethics in the new millennium will confront both new and old questions that are being transformed by the changed pace and direction of human evolution. These questions embrace human nature, values, inquiring methods, technological change, geopolitics, natural disasters, and the moral role of business in all of these. The emergence and acceptance of technosymbolic phenomena may signal a slow transition of carbon-based human life toward greater dependence upon silicon-based virtualities across a wide range of human possibilities. The resultant moral issues call for a renewal and redefinition of business ethics theories and methods.
Legally Targeting Gun Makers: Lessons for Business Ethics
Authors: Green Ronald M.
Published: July 2007

As a “case” in business ethics, the conduct of the firearms industry is hardly dilemmatic. The responsible choices before firearm manufacturers have long been clear, if largely neglected. The great interest here for business ethicists lies in understanding how civil law and ethics can work together to bring a rogue industry under control. Business ethicists have a role to play in shaping the formation of legal standards in this area. In turn, emerging concepts of manufacturers’ liability can make a contribution to the teaching of business ethics.
Business with Virtue: Maybe Next Year?
Authors: Solomon Robert C.
Published: July 2007

As we enter the new millennium, there is an overriding question facing global corporate free enterprise, and that is whether the corporations that now or will control and affect so much of the planet’s humanity and resources can demonstrate not only their profitability but their integrity. The old quasi-theological arguments still persist, whether multinational corporations and capitalism in general best serve humanity; whether corporations and capitalism are good or evil or whether they are, at best, amoral; whether corporations can have a conscience; and whether responsibility can be expected of them.
Deception and Withholding Information in Sales
Authors: Carson Thomas
Published: July 2007

The ethics of sales is an important, but neglected, topic in business ethics. I offer criticisms of what others have said about the moral duties of salespeople and formulate what I take to be a more plausible theory. My theory avoids the objections I raise against others and yields plausible results when applied to cases. I also defend my theory by appeal to the golden rule and offer a justification for the version of the golden rule to which I appeal. I argue that salespeople have prima facie duties to do the following: 1. warn customers of potential hazards, 2. refrain from lying and deception, 3. fully and honestly answer questions about what they are selling, and 4. refrain from steering customers toward purchases they have reason to think will harm the customers. The paper concludes with a brief appendix that discusses the implications of the ethics of sales for the social responsibilities of business.
Small Business and the Environment in the UK and the Netherlands: Toward Stakeholder Cooperation
Authors: Spence Laura J. , Jeurissen Ronald , Rutherfoord Robert
Published: July 2007

In this paper, the approaches of a sample of small firms to environmental issues in the UK and the Netherlands are compared. The study makes a contribution by addressing the lack of research on small firms and the environment, as well as offering insights into the influence that cultural, institutional, and political frameworks can have on small firm owner-managers’ attitudes to external issues. The environment is considered here as an ethical issue, drawing on work on the environmental responsibility of business by both Bowie (1990) and Hoffman (1991). It is argued that the approaches to the environment identified in this study by Dutch and UK small firm owner-managers do not fit in with the positions of either Bowie or Hoffman. The concept of stakeholder cooperation is proposed as a more realistic alternative.
Morality and Markets: A Response to Boatright
Authors: Hendry John
Published: July 2007

In his Society for Business Ethics presidential address, “Does business ethics rest on a mistake?” John Boatright argues that we should move away from what he calls the Moral Manager Model of Business Ethics toward a Moral Market Model, in which the focus is not on the individual responsibilities of managers but on the regulation of economic markets to achieve ethical ends. Boatright’s message is a very important one. Market mechanisms and market values increasingly dominate our society, and it is important that business ethicists recognize this and ask how they can contribute to such a society. But this should not mean throwing out or even downplaying the Moral Manager Model. I shall argue here that economic markets are inherently hostile both to regulation and to moral values, and that their beneficence depends critically on the political context of traditional moral values and individual responsibility that the Moral Manager Model supports. Indeed, as we go through a period of commercial and cultural globalization, marked by a combination of rapid economic development and moral uncertainty, the need for moral managers has never been greater.

Boatright begins by identifying three problems with the Moral Manager Model of business ethics. First, to the extent that it describes the desired aims of business ethics, he contends that business ethics is fighting a losing battle. The most admired corporate executives today are not “moral managers” at all but hard-headed and ruthless economic actors. Secondly, its application is effectively restricted to the senior managers of large companies: it does not speak to the situation of the majority of managers and working people. Thirdly, he suggests, most people nowadays are primarily economic actors. In business and in our home lives we act and think as market participants, striving to get the best deal.
Loyalty in Business: Subversive Doctrine or Real Need?
Authors: Mele Domènec
Published: July 2007

Loyalty within the firm, though praised by some, is criticized by others. An analysis of the historical and current significance of the concept of loyalty can aid in both understanding its critics and responding to them. Loyalty in the business world is generally understood in three ways: i) transactional retention, ii) sentimental attraction, and iii) willingness to commit oneself. In the third type, the commitment to adhere to a person, cause, or institution may contribute to human flourishing and therefore generate the human virtue of loyalty. The human virtue of loyalty is as far from fanaticism as it is from the betrayal of legitimate commitments freely undertaken. As with all virtues, its content must be rationally determined. Loyalty thus understood enhances the humanity of both persons and business firms and contributes to heightened cohesion and cooperation within the firm. Moreover, according to some recent research, managing a business on the basis of loyalty can enhance economic results.
Loyalty, Corporations, and Community
Authors: Randels George D.
Published: July 2007

Some recent discussions of corporate loyalty have found it misguided, while others see it as crucial for financial success. There is also disagreement over the nature of loyalty. This article analyzes the concept of loyalty, arguing that it is neither a duty nor a virtue (although it has overlaps with those categories), but a passion related to various virtues (and vices). Contrary to standard accounts of capitalism, loyalty does not necessarily oppose self-interest. Furthermore, corporations can and should be communities, and insofar as they are, they are proper objects for loyalty. If corporations are not communities, then loyalty to them cannot exist.
Director Stock Compensation: An Invitation to a Conspicuous Conflict of Interests?
Authors: Dalton Dan R. , Daily Catherine M.
Published: July 2007

While many aspects of stock and option based compensation for corporate officers remain controversial, we suggest that the growing trend for similar practices in favor of boards of directors will prove to be even more contentious. High-ranking corporate managers do not set their own salaries nor authorize their own stock options. By contrast, boards of directors do, in fact, set their own compensation packages. Other potential conflicts of interest include setting option performance targets, stock buybacks, stock option resets and reloads, consolidations (mergers and acquisitions), and service on multiple boards. As trust is the most valuable commodity in a capitalist society, we suggest that these potential conflicts of interest and related outcomes may ultimately serve to erode any anticipated benefits of director stock compensation.
A Framework for Discussing Normative Theories of Business Ethics
Authors: Bishop John Douglas
Published: July 2007

This paper carries forward the conceptual clarification of normative theories of business ethics ably begun by Hasnas in the January 1998 issue ofBEQ. This paper proposes a normatively neutral framework for discussing and assessing such normative theories. Every normative theory needs to address these seven issues: it needs to specify a moral principle that identifies (1) recommended values and (2) the grounds for accepting those values. It also must specify (3) a decision principle that business people who accept the theory can use. It must determine (4) who the normative theory applies to and (5) whose interests need to be considered. It must also outline (6) in what contexts it applies, and (7) what legal and regulatory structures it assumes. Once clarified, this paper applies the framework to the normative versions of stockholder theory, stakeholder theory, and ISCT. It is concluded that ISCT is the most promising normative theory currently under discussion, but that there are some major issues that ISCT has not dealt with yet.
The Second Paradox of Blackmail
Authors: Block Walter , Stephan Kinsella N. , Hoppe Hans-Hermann
Published: July 2007

One so-called paradox of blackmail concerns the fact that “two legal whites together make a black.” That is, it is licit to threaten to reveal a person’s secret, and it is separately lawful to ask him for money; but when both are undertaken at once, together, this act is called blackmail and is prohibited. A second so-called paradox is that if the blackmailer initiates the act, this is seen by jurists as blackmail and illicit, while if the blackmailee (the person blackmailed) originates the contract, this is commonly interpreted as bribery and is not illicit.

But these are paradoxes only for legal theorists innocent of libertarian theory. The authors use that perspective to reject the claim that blackmail should be unlawful. If this act were legalized, then both paradoxes would disappear, precisely their contention.
Role Models and Moral Exemplars: How do Employees Acquire Virtues by Observing Others?
Authors: Moberg Dennis J.
Published: July 2007

Role modeling is widely thought to be a principal vehicle for acquiring the virtues. Yet, little is known about role modeling as a process. This paper surveys the behavioral sciences for insights about how one person can find the actions of another person so inspirational that the person attempts to reproduce the behavior in question. In general, such inspiration occurs when an observer sees a model similar to herself, wrestling with a problem she is having, such that the model’s accomplishments are seen as attainable. When the behavior modeled is moral, additional complications arise, not the least of which is the contemporary skepticism about anyone held up as a hero. The paper concludes with some suggestions about how organizations can facilitate the development of the virtues through role modeling.
Synthesis, anti-fungal activity evaluation and QSAR studies on podophyllotoxin derivatives
Authors: Anil Kumar K. , Kumar Singh Sanjay , Siva Kumar B. , Doble Mukesh
Published: July 2007

The anti-fungal and cytotoxic activites of podophyllotoxin and seven C-4 substituted podophyllotoxin ester derivatives, viz: trans-cinnamyl, cis-cinnamyl, o-methoxy cinnamyl, dimethyl acrylyl, p-methoxy phenyl acetyl, 3,4-dimethoxy phenyl acetyl and 2,5-dimethoxy phenyl acetyl esters were evaluated on four fungi, viz: Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum, Myrrothecium verrucarria and Asperigillus candidus, The podophyllotoxin derivatives were synthesised and their structures were elucidated. Quantitative structure activity relationships were developed between the activity of these compounds against the four fungi and molecular descriptors. The linear regression models developed had one to two descriptors. For all the cases the r
2 was in the range of 0.73 to 0.96, indicating good data fit and q
2 was in the range of 0.60 to 0.68, indicating that the predictive capabilities of the models were acceptable. Solvent accessible surface area (namely the partial positive solvent-accessible surface area), A log P, highest occupied molecular orbital and conformational energy were identified as important descriptors.
Niedermolekulare III/V‐Komplexe, ein möglicher neuer Weg zu Galliumarsenid und verwandten Halbleitern
Authors: Cowley Alan H. , Jones Richard A.
Published: July 2007

Bis vor kurzem war die Produktion von Galliumarsenid, Indiumphosphid und verwandten Halbleitern eine Domäne der Materialwissenschaftler und Elektroingenieure. Durch geschickten Einsatz der klassischen Chemie, veranschaulicht an der thermischen Reaktion von Me3Ga und AsH3, ist es möglich, Halbleiter in kommerziellem Maßstab herzustellen. Es gibt jedoch einige Nachteile dieser Methoden, so die Umwelt‐ und Gesundheitsrisiken bei der Handhabung pyrophorer und giftiger Materialien, Probleme bei der Kontrolle der Stöchiometrie und unerwünschte Nebenreaktionen. Kann der anorganisch oder metallorganisch orientierte, präparativ arbeitende Chemiker auf diesem wichtigen Gebiet durch Konzeption und Entwicklung neuer Reagentien für die Produktion von Halbleitern eine nützliche Rolle spielen? Wir glauben, die Antwort lautet ja, und in dem vorliegenden Beitrag diskutieren wir einen neuen Weg zur Herstellung von dünnen GaAs‐ und InP‐Filmen, basierend auf III/V‐Komplexe als einziger Quelle. Diese Komplexe weisen starke Bindungen zwischen den Elementen der III. und V. Hauptgruppe des Periodensystems auf, und sie tragen Substituenten, die leicht thermisch eliminiert werden können. Die III/V‐Komplexe sind gegenüber Luft und Feuchtigkeit stabiler und erheblich weniger toxisch als Addukte oder Mischungen aus III‐ und V‐Verbindungen.
[VO(O2CtBu)3] und [V6O6(μ‐O)4(μ‐O2CPh)9], strukturelle Charakterisierung eines einkernigen VV‐und eines (2+4)kernigen VIVV‐Carboxylatokomplexes‐Modelle für Vanadat‐abhängige Peroxidasen
Authors: Rehder Dieter , Priebsch Wolfgang , von Oeynhausen Maren
Published: July 2007

Die aus VOCl3 und den Silbersalzen der Pivalin‐ bzw. Benzoesäure hergestellten Titelverbindungen interessieren als Modelle für die Struktur der Vanadiumzentren in Haloperoxidasen aus marinen Braunalgen. Im kristallinen Pivalat‐Komplex 1 ist das VV‐Zentrum pentagonal‐bipyramidal koordiniert. IR‐ und 51V‐NMR‐Daten sprechen jedoch dafür, daß in Lösung das Vanadiumatom nur sechsfach koordiniert ist. Der andere, sechskernige Titelkomplex ist ein völlig neuer Typ mehrkerniger Oxovanadiumverbindungen mit Twistboot‐V6‐Struktur.

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Binäre Legierungen aus 2,5‐disubstituierten DCNQI‐Radikalanionen‐Salzen des Kupfers und ihre elektrische Leitfähigkeit
Authors: Erk Peter , Gross Hans‐Jörg , Hünig Siegfried , Langohr Uwe , Meixner Hubert , Werner Hans‐Peter , von Schütz Jost Ullrich , Wolf Hans Christoph
Published: July 2007

Durch Elektrokristallisation oder durch einfache Reaktion mit einem Kupferdraht können zwei unterschiedlich 2,5‐substituierte DCNQIs – 1 und 2 – mit Kupferbromid zu den Legierungen 3 umgesetzt werden. Die Legierungen haben gleichfalls metallische Leitfähigkeit, und obendrein kann prinzipiell die beim Abkühlen der reinen Komponenten beobachtete Phasenumwandlung zu Halbleitern durch Legierungsbildung unterdrückt werden.

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Darstellung und Struktur von [(C5H5)2TiS4AsCH3], einem neuen Reagens zur Synthese schwefelreicher Heterocyclen
Authors: Steudel Ralf , Holz Birger , Pickardt Joachim
Published: July 2007

Die Spaltung von zweikernigen Titanocenpolysulfid‐Komplexen [Reaktion (a)] nutzte man bei der Synthese der Titelverbindung 1. Die Reaktion läuft wahrscheinlich mit vielen Elementdihalogeniden (ECl2 oder Rx ECl2) analog ab und dürfte daher zahlreiche Titanocenkomplexe zugänglich machen. 1 enthält einen Bimetall‐Heterocyclus, der als Transferreagens für S4AsCH3 geeignet ist.

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Starburst‐Dendrimere: Kontrolle von Größe, Gestalt, Oberflächenchemie, Topologie und Flexibilität beim Übergang von Atomen zu makroskopischer Materie
Authors: Tomalia Donald A. , Naylor Adel M. , Goddard William A.
Published: July 2007

Starburst‐Dendrimere sind dreidimensionale, hoch geordnete oligomere und polymere Verbindungen, die ausgehend von kleinen Molekülen – „Initiatorkernen”︁ wie Ammoniak oder Pentaerythrit – durch eine sich ständig wiederholende Reaktionsfolge entstehen. Bei den Synthesen, bei denen Schutzgruppentechniken von entscheidender Bedeutung sind, werden diskrete Entwicklungsstufen – „Generationen”︁ – durchlaufen, deren Größe, Gestalt und Oberflächenchemie durch die Aufbauschritte und die Synthesebausteine kontrolliert werden können. Mit den Starburst‐Dendrimeren und verwandten Verbindungen können einige Eigenschaften von Micellen und Liposomen nachgeahmt werden, aber auch solche von Biomakromolekülen und noch komplizierteren aber gleichfalls hoch geordneten Bausteinen biologischer Systeme. Vielerlei Anwendungen dieser neuen Verbindungsklasse sind denkbar, insbesondere im Bereich der Nachahmung großer Biomoleküle (Arzneimitteltransport, Impfstoffe). Dieser neue Zweig der „Supramolekularen Chemie”︁ dürfte der Organischen wie der Makromolekularen Chemie neue Impulse geben.
Mesolytische Spaltung von C‐C‐Bindungen, ein Vergleich mit homolytischen und heterolytischen Prozessen am gleichen Substrat
Authors: Maslak Przemyslaw , Narvaez Javier N.
Published: July 2007

Bis zu 1020mal schneller ist die Fragmentierung von 1, wenn es als Radikalion und nicht als Neutralverbindung vorliegt. Diese Beschleunigung hat thermodynamische Gründe, die sogar bei leicht endergonen Prozessen praktisch ausschließlich zu einer Erniedrigung der Energie des Übergangszustands führen. Für Fragmentierungen von Radikalionen wird die Bezeichnung (katio‐/anio)mesolytisch vorgeschlagen.

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Lewis‐Säure‐induzierte Umwandlung eines terminalen Carbonylliganden: Synthese und Struktur des Alkincluster‐Analogons [(μ‐H)3Os3(CO)9{μ3, η2‐C(OBC8H14)B(Cl)}]
Authors: Workman David P. , Deng Hai‐Bin , Shore Sheldon G.
Published: July 2007

Das Alkinkomplex‐Analogen 2 entsteht beim elektrophilen Angriff von 9‐Cl‐9‐BBN auf die BCO‐Einheit von 1. Aus 2 ist durch Reaktion mit BCl3 der Cluster 3 zugänglich, so daß 2 als Modell der Zwischenstufe, die für die direkte Reaktion von 1 mit BCl3 zu 3 postuliert wurde, gesehen werden kann. R = 9‐Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan‐9‐yl.

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Helicen‐Dianionen: Paratropie verdrillter Phenanthren‐Dianionen
Authors: Frim Ron , Mannschreck Albrecht , Rabinovitz Mordecai
Published: July 2007

Nichtplanare, alkylsubstituierte Phenanthrene wurden mit metallischem Lithium und Natrium in [D8]THF zu den Dianionen 1a–c reduziert. Die paratropen chemischen Verschiebungen im 1H‐NMR‐Spektrum und die Linienbreiten der Signale aller Dianionen hängen in gleicher Weise vom Verdrillungswinkel ab: Je stärker die Verdrillung ist, desto besser sind die 1H‐NMR‐Signale aufgelöst und desto weniger sind sie hochfeld verschoben.

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C4O2 (1,2,3‐Butatrien‐1,4‐dion), das erste Dioxid des Kohlenstoffs mit einer geraden Anzahl C‐Atome
Authors: Maier Günther , Reisenauer Hans Peter , Balli Heinz , Brandt Willy , Janoschek Rudolf
Published: July 2007

Durch Photolyse der Diazoketone 1 oder 2 in einer Argon‐Matrix ist Butatriendion 3 zugänglich, das photochemisch leicht in C3O und CO gespalten wird. Ob 3 einen Triplett‐ oder einen Singulett‐Grundzustand hat, konnte bisher weder experimentall noch rechnerisch geklärt werden.

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Nachweis von 1,2,3‐Butatrien‐1,4‐dion, seinem Radikalanion und seinem Radikalkation in der Gasphase
Authors: Sülzle Detlev , Schwarz Helmut
Published: July 2007

Auch massenspektrometrisch ist Butatriendion nachweisbar: Elektronenstoßionisation von 1 liefert unter Eliminierung von CO2 und Me2CO das Radikalanion OC4O·⊖, das durch vertikale Ladungsumkehr in das entsprechende Kation überführt werden kann. In Neutralisations‐Reionisations‐Experimenten gelangt man ausgehend von beiden Spezies zum Neutralmolekül.

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Die Azid‐Homologen Et‐PPP und Ph‐AsAsAs als bifacial koordinierte Liganden in Tripod‐Cobaltkomplexen: Synthese, Struktur und Moleküldynamik
Authors: Barth Annette , Huttner Gottfried , Fritz Martin , Zsolnai Laszlo
Published: July 2007

Wie soll man sie nennen, die höheren Homologen von Aziden: Phosphide und Arside? Wohl kaum, aber selbst die 1990er Empfehlungen der Anorganik‐IUPAC‐Regeln helfen hier nicht weiter. Die Forschung ist der sprachlichen Kanonisierung häufig einen Schritt voraus, wie die Synthesen des PhAs3‐Komplexkations 1 und eines EtP3‐Analogons zeigen. 1 bildet sich bei der Umsetzung von Co(BF4)2 · 6H2O mit PhAsH2 in Gegenwart von H3CC(CH2PPh2)3(=L) und kann als BF‐Salz (schwarzgrüne Kristalle) isoliert werden.

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Die Myelinmembran des Zentralnervensystems — essentielle makromolekulare Strukturen und Funktion
Authors: Stoffel Wilhelm
Published: July 2007

Die Markscheiden der Nervenfasern (Axone) werden von den Oligodendrocyten im Zentralnervensystem (CNS) und den Schwann‐Zellen im peripheren Nervensystem (PNS) aus myelinspezifischen komplexen Lipiden und Proteinen in der Myelinisierungsphase gebildet. Die mehrschichtigen Myelinmembranen isolieren die Axone und machen eine schnelle saltatorische Erregungsleitung möglich und bewirken einen verminderten Axondurchmesser im Vergleich zu nichtisolierten Axonen. Somit ist die Myelinisierung das Ereignis in der Evolution, das entscheidend zur Miniaturisierung des Zentralnervensystems (Gehirn und Rückenmark) beitrug. Die Myelinmembran ist morphologisch vor allem elektronenmikroskopisch detailliert studiert worden. Biochemisch wurde sie in den letzten Jahren sowohl durch die Analyse der Lipidkomponenten (Cholesterin, Phospholipid‐ und Sphingolipidklassen) als auch die der Proteinbausteine auf der molekularen Ebene weitgehend aufgeklärt. Eine charakteristische Periodizität zeichnet das multilamellare System aus. Sie ist bedingt durch myelinspezifische Lipide, die eine 5 nm dicke Doppelschicht aufbauen. Diese tritt mit dem Basischen Myelinprotein (MBP) der cytosolischen Seite der Plasmamembranausstülpung in Wechselwirkung, wäh rend das integrale Membranprotein Protolipidprotein (PLP) hydrophile Domänen sowohl auf der cytosolischen als auch der extracytosolischen Oberfläche der Doppelschicht exponiert. Eine Vielzahl von proteinchemischen wie immuntopochemischen Befunden wurde in einem Myelinmembranmodell zusammengefaßt. Molekularbiologische Untersuchungen führten zur Aufschlüsselung der Genstrukturen der Myelinproteine und ihrer Chromosomenlokalisation. Der Prozeß der Myelogenese, die zeitliche und ortsspezifische Expression der Myelinprotein‐Gene im Gehirn, kann nun mit molekular‐ und zellbiologischen Techniken analysiert werden. Mit gentechnischen Methoden wurden die Mutationen an den Modellen jimpy‐Maus und myelin‐defiziente Ratte bestimmt. Dabei handelt es sich um Tiermodelle, die genetisch bedingten Myelindefekten (Dysmyelinosen) beim Menschen entsprechen. Damit wird es möglich sein, auf der molekularen Ebene den Zelltod der Oligodendrocyten zu erforschen, der als Folge der Expression mutierter Myelinproteine eintritt und mit dem Leben nicht vereinbar ist. Oligodendrocyten und die von ihnen synthetisierten Myelinstrukturen sind Zielstrukturen cytotoxischer Lymphocyten (Tc), die im Verlauf des demyelinisierenden Geschehens bei der Multiplen Sklerose in schubhaft auftretenden Entzündungsherden den Abbau der Myelinscheiden einleiten. Tc‐Lymphocyten erkennen Myelinstrukturen als Epitope und zerstören sie. Das sich nun abrundende Bild über den molekularen Aufbau der Myelinmembran wild auch zu einem besseren Verständnis der Demyelinisierung auf der molekularen Ebene und damit zu therapeutischen Ansätzen führen.
Protonenkatalysierte Umwandlung eines Cobaltacyclopentadiens in einen η4‐Cyclobutadien‐Cobaltkomplex
Authors: Brandt Lutz , Green Michael , Parkins Adrian W.
Published: July 2007

H⊕‐Addition an das Diensystem von 1 ergibt das als SbF‐ oder CF3CO‐Salz bei − 30°C isolierbare Komplex‐Kation 2. Bei − 20°C lagert sich dieses in das ungewöhnliche Isomer 3 um, in dem ein Phenylring η2‐koordiniert ist. Offensichtlich findet eine intramolekulare Phosphan‐Addition zur Stabilisierung des reaktiven Kations 2 statt.

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Künstliche Rezeptoren für Kohlenhydratderivate
Authors: Bonar‐Law Richard P. , Davis Anthony P. , Murray Brian A.
Published: July 2007

Deutliche Hinweise auf den Einschluß von Pyranosiden in den Makrocyclus 1 (R = H, R = Bn) lieferten NMR‐ und IR‐spektroskopische Untersuchungen der Umsetzung mit 2 in CDCl3 sowie Kraftfeldrechnungen für das Methylanalogon von 2. Bei 1 handelt es sich somit um einen der ersten künstlichen Kohlenhydrat‐Rezeptoren. Sein Hohlraum ist groß genug, um das Gastmolekül von allen Seiten durch gerichtete H‐Brücken zu fixieren.

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Thermodynamisch kontrollierte enantiofaciale Selektivität bei der Bindung von Aldehyden an chirale Metallkomplex‐Fragmente – der Mechanismus der Interkonversion diastereomerer π‐Aldehyd‐Komplexe [(η5‐C5H5) Re(NO)(PPh3)(η2‐O = CHAr)]BF4
Authors: Médez N. Quirós , Mayne Charles L. , Gladysz J. A.
Published: July 2007

Je höher die π‐Acidität des Aldehyd‐Liganden desto ausgeprägter die chirale Erkennung bei seiner Bindung an das chirale Komplexfragment 1. Dies ist das Ergebnis Tieftemperatur‐NMR‐spektroskopischer Untersuchungen der Komplexe von 1 mit den aromatischen Aldehyden 2, die zudem zeigten, daß sich die diastereomeren π‐Aldehyd‐Komplexe aus 1 und 2 intramolekular über einen σ‐Aldehyd‐Komplex ineinander umwandeln.

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Die sterisch gehinderte Rotation um die C–C–Bindung eines acyclischen α,β‐ungesättigten Ketons: 2,2,5‐Trimethyl‐4‐isopropylhex‐4‐en‐3‐on
Authors: Nuss John M. , Bark Steven J. , Borchardt Daniel B. , Morton Thomas Hellman
Published: July 2007

Eine Aktivierungsbarriere von 45 kJ mol−1 folgt aus den 1H‐NMR‐Spektren für die erste nachgewiesene gehinderte Rotation um die sp2‐sp2‐Einfachbindung eines acyclischen α,β‐ungesättigten Ketons (1). Die Intensitäten der UV‐Banden der π → π*‐ und n → π*‐Übergänge sind mit einer verdrillten Konformation von 1 in Einklang. Molekülmechanikrechnungen lassen allerdings eine deutlich höhere Aktivierungsbarriere erwarten, was die schlechte Parametrisierung für sp2‐sp2‐Einfachbindungen belegt.

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Synthese von 2,3‐Epoxy‐2,3‐dihydro‐2,3‐dimethylbenzo[b]furan, dem vermutlich ultimalen Mutagen von Benzofurandioxetanen
Authors: Adam Waldemar , Hadjiarapoglou Lazaros , Mosandl Thomas , Saha‐Möller Chantu R. , Wild Dieter
Published: July 2007

Dioxetane können Vorstufen für mutagene Epoxide sein‐ diese provokative Hypothese ist das Ergebnis der vorliegenden Studie. Epoxidierung der Benzofurane1mit Dimethyldioxiran und Desoxygenierung der Benzofurandioxetane3mit Dimethylsulfid ermöglichte erstmalig die Synthese von labilen Furanepoxiden2.Die Verbindungen2und3sind stark mutagen im Histidin‐auxotrophenSalmonella typhimuriumStamm TA 100. X = H, Ac.

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Eine gemischtvalenter fünfkerniger Gold‐Komplex mit einer linearen Au‐Kette
Authors: Usón Rafael , Laguna Antonio , Laguna Mariano , Jiménez Josefina , Jones Peter G.
Published: July 2007

AuII‐AuII‐AuI‐AuII‐AuII ist die wahrscheinlichste Verteilung der Oxidationszahlen in 3, das unerwartet gemäß Gleichung (a) aus dem AuII‐Komplex 1 und dem AuIII‐Komplex 2 entsteht. Alle Au‐Zentren des Kations in 3 sind quadratisch planar koordiniert. R = C6F5.

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Eine kurze und flexible enantioselektive Synthese der Didemnenone
Authors: Bauermeister Heike , Riechers Hartmut , Schomburg Dietmar , Washausen Peter , Winterfeldt Ekkehard
Published: July 2007

Durch einfache Variation der Eliminierungsbedingungen lassen sich aus 1 die ungesättigten Lactone 2(R = CH  CH2, R′ = H) oder 2′(R = H, R′ = CH  CH2) herstellen. Die Reduktion von 2 liefert nach Abspaltung der Schutzgruppen das naturstoffidentische Gemisch der epimeren Lactole 3a (X = α‐OH) und 3b (X = β‐OH), während aus 2′ die entsprechenden „isomeren”︁ Didemnenone entstehen. R”︁ = SitBuMe2.

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3‐Amino‐2H‐azirine, Bausteine für α,α‐disubstituierte α‐Aminosäuren in Heterocyclen‐ und Peptidsynthesen
Authors: Heimgartner Heinz
Published: July 2007

Mit dem erneuten Aufschwung der Peptidchemie ist auch das Interesse an nicht‐proteinogenen Aminosäuren gestiegen. Dazu gehören unter anderem α,α‐disubstituierte Glycine, deren bekanntester Vertreter Aib (2‐Aminoisobuttersäure, 2‐Methylalanin) ist. Diese α‐Aminosäuren kommen in natürlichen Oligopeptiden vor, z. B. in den Peptaibolen, einer Klasse Membran‐aktiver Ionophore, die aus Pilzkulturen gewonnen werden. Die zweifache Substitution am α‐C‐Atom von Aminosäuren schränkt die konformationelle Freiheit von Peptiden stark ein. Dadurch werden bestimmte Sekundärstrukturen begünstigt; so induzieren α,α‐disubstituierte α‐Aminosäuren die Bildung von β‐Turns oder Helices. Für den Aufbau von Oligopeptiden, cyclischen Peptiden und Depsipeptiden (Peptoliden), die solche α,α‐disubstituierte α‐Aminosäuren enthalten, sind 3‐Amino‐2H‐azirine ideale Ausgangsstoffe. Die Ringspannung dieser Moleküle ermöglicht ihren Einsatz bei Peptid‐Kupplungen, ohne daß zusätzliche aktivierende Reagentien notwendig sind. Unter Verwendung von 3‐Amino‐2H‐azirinen läßt sich auch eine große Zahl von Heterocyclen synthetisieren, die α,α‐disubstituierte α‐Aminosäuren als Bauelemente im Gerüst aufweisen. Treibende Kraft dieser Reaktionen ist die Entspannung bei der Öffnung des dreigliedrigen Ringes, die meist in einer Ringerweiterungsreaktion erfolgt. Die mechanistische Abklärung der zum Teil komplizierten Reaktionsverläufe bietet einige Überraschungen.
1,3‐(C → O)‐Silyverschiebung in α‐Diazo‐α‐silylketonen: Cycloadditionsreaktionen und kinetischer Nachweis der β‐Siloxydiazoalken‐Zwischenstufe
Authors: Munschauer Rainer , Maas Gerhard
Published: July 2007

Als direkte Abfangprodukte der Diazoalkene 2 können die 1:1‐Cycloaddukte 3 und 4 mit Norbornen bzw. N‐Phenylmaleinimid (NPM) betrachtet werden. Eine kinetische Analyse der Abfangreaktion mit NPM schließt eine [3 + 2]‐Cycloaddition des Diazoketons 1 unter Bildung von 5 und spontane Silylketon‐Silylenolether‐Isomerisierung zu 4 aus. Die Umwandlung von 1 in 2 erfolgt bereits bei 25‐60 C. R = tBu oder p‐NO2C6H4.

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(I3O6)⊕, ein neuartiges Polyoxokation des Iods
Authors: Rehr Anette , Jansen Martin
Published: July 2007

Als ein Band aus pyramidalen IO3‐ und quadratisch‐planaren IO4‐Einheiten, die über gemeinsame O‐Atome verknüpft sind, liegt die Titelverbindung vor. Aufgrund der IV bzw. IIII enthaltenden Baugruppen liegt es nahe, diese Struktur als I(IO3) zu formulieren, was die für das pseudobinäre Oxid I4O9 postulierte Konstitution I(IO3)3 stützt.

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Bolaamphiphile Polyole, eine neue Klasse amphotroper Flüssigkristalle
Authors: Hentrich Frank , Tschierske Carsten , Zaschke Horst
Published: July 2007

Der Mesophasentyp und die Phasenumwandlungstemperatur von bolaamphiphilen Triolen wie 1 und Tetraolen wie 2 hängen von der Struktur der polaren Gruppen und der Länge der Polymethylenkette zwischen diesen ab. Aber auch Wasserzugabe modifiziert den Phasentyp und die Klärtemperatur durch die Hydratisierung der polaren Kopfgruppen.

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Synthese und Struktur eines rac‐Tris(divinyldisiloxan)diplatin(0)‐Komplexes und dessen Reaktion mit Maleinsäureanhydrid
Authors: Hitchcock Peter B. , Lappert Michael F. , Warhurst Nicholas J. W.
Published: July 2007

rac‐Tris(divinyldisiloxan)diplatin(0) 1 erhält man bei der Reaktion von [Pt(cod)2] mit Tetramethyldivinyldisiloxan. Durch detaillierte NMR‐Multikern‐Untersuchungen an 1 zeigte sich, daß Lösungen von 1 nahezu identisch mit der katalytisch aktiven Lösung sind, die bei Hydrosilylierungen von ungesättigten Verbindungen eingesetzt wird.

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Verletzung der Bredtschen Regel durch Photoenolisierung von 4‐Benzoyl‐[2.2]paracyclophan
Authors: Hopf Henning , Laue Thomas , Zander Maximilian
Published: July 2007

Unter extremer Deformation der Ethanobrücke isomerisiert das chirale Benzophenon‐Derivat 1 bei Bestrahlung zum gelben, reaktiven ortho‐chinoiden System 2. Dies wird durch Photoenolisierungsexperimente in [D4]Methanol eindeutig belegt. Während 2 als reaktives Intermediat von präparativem Interesse ist, weist das Fluoreszenzverhalten von 1 auf eine mögliche Verwendung als Triplettsensibilisator bei photochemischen Reaktionen hin.

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