bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura: epidemiology and implications for patients
Authors: Michel Marc
Published: February 2009

The age‐adjusted prevalence of immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is estimated to be 9.5 per 100 000 persons in the USA while its annual incidence is estimated to be 2.68 per 100 000 in Northern Europe (at a cut‐off platelet count of <100 × 109/L). The mean age of adults at diagnosis in Europe is 50 yrs and the incidence of ITP increases with age. Both the treatments used to treat patients with ITP and the disease itself can impact on patient health‐related quality of life (HRQoL). As the incidence of ITP in Europe rises, especially in the elderly, the number of patients with a decreased HRQoL is increasing. Literature searches and focus groups have aided the development of a conceptual model to assess HRQoL. In this model, low platelet counts and the associated symptoms of ITP in addition to the side effects of treatment are proposed as the main determinants of a negatively impacted HRQoL. Primary conceptual domains of HRQoL, affected in patients with ITP, include emotional health, functional health, work, social and leisure activities and reproductive health. As treatment benefits are likely to improve these domains, the conceptual model could be used for better management of patients, taking into account HRQoL. The short‐form 36‐item questionnaire (SF‐36) and the ITP Patient Assessment Questionnaire (ITP‐PAQ) are validated measures of HRQoL which can provide a comprehensive assessment of numerous factors to help evaluate decisions about patient management. Future clinical trials investigating treatment options for ITP should assess HRQoL using these validated questionnaires.
Characteristics of immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a guide for clinical practice
Authors: Provan Drew
Published: February 2009

Immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoantibody‐mediated condition characterized by an abnormally low number of platelets in the circulating blood. Originally, the cause of ITP was attributed to accelerated antibody‐mediated platelet destruction where the rate of thrombopoiesis was inadequate to offset the increased rate of platelet destruction. However, new evidence has indicated that insufficient or inadequate platelet production is also responsible for low platelet counts, and research has focused on the development of treatments that increase platelet production. ITP affects both children and adults and can be either acute or chronic. To manage and treat ITP effectively, an exhaustive assessment of the signs and symptoms must be undertaken because the clinical manifestation of ITP can be highly variable among patients. At the moment, the diagnostic approach in ITP is based largely on a process of exclusion due to the lack of available data regarding clinical and laboratory parameters. The diagnostic procedures used in children and adults are similar and involve collecting the patient’s history and performing a physical examination. Laboratory investigations are kept simple in patients with suspected ITP and include a full blood count and peripheral blood smear. A number of specialized laboratory assays have been developed with varying degrees of success. There remains scope for improving and simplifying the diagnostic process to identify ITP.
Collagen metabolism in skin and periodontal membrane of the marmoset
Authors: SKOUGAARD M. R. , LEVY B. M. , SIMPSON J.
Published: February 2009

Abstract— The purpose of the present work was to investigate possible age changes in the rate of collagen formation in the periodontal membrane and to compare the collagen activity in the periodontal membrane with that found in the skin. Twenty‐three marmosets (one baby, 14 young adults, and 8 old animals) were injected with 3H‐proline and sacrificed 2, 7, and 21 days after injection. Autoradiographs were made from the periodontal tissues and from skin biopsies. The latter were furthermore analyzed with respect to total 3H‐activity and specific hydroxyproline activity. In the periodontal membrane the grain counts were highest in the baby and higher in the young adult than in the old marmosets. The same pattern was observed in the skin. Here the grain counts were 8 times lower than in the periodontal membrane. Furthermore the autoradiographs revealed that the collagen activity in the gingival connective tissue was only half of that found in the periodontal membrane. It was concluded that the higher activity in the periodontal membrane was caused by a higher collagen concentration compared to gingival connective tissue and to skin.
Focal epithelial hyperplasia of the oral mucosa in a south‐west Greenlandic population
Authors: CLAUSEN F. PRÆTORIUS , MØGELTOFT M. , ROED‐PETERSEN B. , PINDBORG J. J.
Published: February 2009

Abstract— Focal epithelial hyperplasia of the oral mucosa was found in 19.4% of 460 inhabitants of an Eskimo population in south‐west Greenland (Nanortalik). The condition was found in all age groups examined, the youngest person with focal epithelial hyperplasia being 2 years old, the oldest 70 years old. There was a statistically significant higher prevalence (33.1%) in the age group above 30 years old than in the age group below 30 years old (14.3%). No significant difference in prevalence could be found between women (17.3%) and men (21.8%). None of 26 Danish Caucasians examined had focal epithelial hyperplasia. The predilection of locations of the focal epithelial hyperplasias was quite different from that previously published. More than 50 % of the lesions were located to tongue; next in frequency were labial mucosa of lower lip, buccal mucosa, commissures, upper lip, and gingiva. None was found in the palate. In many cases the lesions appeared in more than one location in the same patient.
Etiology and pathogenesis of traumatic dental injuries A clinical study of 1,298 cases
Authors: ANDREASEN J. O.
Published: February 2009

Abstract— The etiology and pathogenesis of traumatic dental injuries were studied on the basis of a hospital material of 1,298 patients (908 males and 390 females). A total number of 3,026 injured teeth were treated, including 787 primary and 2,239 permanent teeth. Repeated dental injuries were found in 24 % of the cases. All traumas were classified according to the type of injury affecting the lips, oral mucosa, tooth‐supporting structures, and hard dental tissues. The type of injury seems to be related to the dentition, with traumas predominantly involving the tooth supporting structures in the primary dentition. The origin of trauma was allotted into 9 groups, partly on the basis of a presumed difference in energy of the impact as well as a difference in the resiliency of the impact. A statistical analysis revealed significant differences in the injury pattern between the different trauma groups. The relation between lip injuries and injuries to tooth or tooth‐supporting structures was analyzed separately. It appeared from this analysis that the lips may act as an impact absorber reducing the chance of brown fracture and increasing the risk of luxation and alveolar fracture.
Electromyography of the temporalis and masseter muscles in children with unilateral cross‐bite
Authors: TROELSTRUP B. , MØLLER E.
Published: February 2009

Abstract— Unilateral cross‐bite is a morphologic trait observed in the intercuspal position. The present report deals with its influence on the activity in the muscles of mastication as studied by electromyography. In 12 children 8–11 years of age with unilateral cross‐bite the action of the temporal and masseter muscles was studied (1) with the mandible at rest, i. e. without tooth contact, and (2) during maximal bite in the intercuspal position. With the mandible at rest the activity in the anterior temporal muscle was strongest on the side of normal occlusion and in the posterior temporal muscles it tended to be strongest on the side of the cross‐bite. During maximal bite the action of the posterior temporal muscles was reduced on the side with normal occlusion as compared with the side of the cross‐bite. The activity in the masseter muscles was not modified. As a whole the pattern of activity at rest and during full effort indicated adaptation to the transverse occlusion.
Plaque inhibition by antibacterial dentifrices
Authors: GJERMO PER , RØLLA GUNNAR
Published: February 2009

Abstract— The plaque‐inhibiting effect of three commercial toothpastes and three test toothpastes was tested in a series of clinical trials. Cap splint applicators were used to avoid the effect of toothbrushing and the test persons teeth were rinsed with sucrose during the experimental periods to provoke plaque formation. Two of the test dentifrices which contained chlorhexidine digluconate (0.6 % and 0.8 % respectively) reduced plaque formation. In some individuals a certain plaque inhibition was observed also by the commercial dentifrices tested. The chlorhexidine‐containing toothpastes showed stronger antibacterial activity against salivary bacteria in vitro than the commercial dentifrices. It is concluded that the method used for testing the plaque‐inhibiting effect of dentifrices may be useful, and that it is possible to maintain the plaque‐inhibiting effect of chlorhexidine previously described in several mouthrinse experiments when a toothpaste is used as a vehicle for the agent.
Historadiographic study of oral leukoplakias
Authors: PRÆTORIUS‐CLAUSEN F.
Published: February 2009

Abstract— Sections of seven typical grayish‐white leukoplakias from the gingiva of the hard palate. the inside of the lip, and of the cheek have been studied by means of ultra‐soft X‐ray historadiography. Conspicuous differences in keratinization were observed in the different biopsies. Apart from orthokeratinization and regular parakeratinization, two types of incomplete parakeratinization were observed. Historadiographs of paraffin sections have been compared with hematoxylineosin and van Gieson‐Hansen stained adjacent sections. The highest dry weight was found in orthokeratosis and regular parakeratosis. In incomplete parakeratosis flattened cells of the keratinized layer showed, in most cases, considerably higher dry weight than unflattened cells. No correlation was found between the thickness of the stratum granulosum and the radiopacity of the stratum corneum. The investigation indicates that the process of keratinization of oral mucosa is not only a chemical process but comprises a loss of water and/or water‐soluble substances as well.
Morsicatio mucosae oris and suctio mucosae oris An analysis of oral mucosal changes due to biting and sucking habits
Authors: HJØRTING‐HANSEN E. , HOLST E.
Published: February 2009

Abstract— Self‐inflicted, conscious, or subconscious oral mucous membrane changes caused by a biting or a sucking habit in 17 patients are presented. The name morsicatio mucosae oris et suctio mucosae oris is proposed for this entity. The biting type lesions are characterized by an irregular flaky desquamation of the epithelial layer intermingled with minute to small erosions. Histologically, this type of lesion is characterized by flattening of the superficial layers of the epithelium with retention of bacteria, presence of large faintly stained “swollen” cells in the upper part of the stratum spinosum and basophilic stained cells just below. This microscopic picture is considered pathognomonic. The sucking‐type lesions are characterized by whitish‐grayish patches of the mucosa with some degree of chagrination in direct light. Histologically, the lesion is characterized by a compression of all layers of the epithelium. Treatment with an oral screen resulted in cure in 50% of the patients treated. The importance of motivation as part of treatment is emphasized.
A clinical and radiographic study of 76 autotransplanted third molars
Authors: ANDREASEN J. O. , HJØRTING‐HANSEN E. , JØLST O.
Published: February 2009

Abstract— The present investigation is a clinical and radiographic study of 76 auto‐transplantations of third molars. The observation period ranged from less than one up to six years (average 3.7 years). In 58 cases the teeth were transplanted after extraoral root filling whereas 18 teeth were transplanted without endodontic intervention. At re‐examination of the transplanted molars the marginal and the periapical conditions were examined clinically and radiographically. Third molars transplanted without root filling showed significantly less progressive root resorption and less increase in pocket depth as compared to teeth transplanted after extraoral root filling. A multivariate analysis was applied to examine the relationship between 17 clinical factors and the dependent variables ‐ progressive root resorption, pocket depth, and periapical radiolucency ‐ in 56 teeth transplanted after extraoral root filling. Progressive root resorption was found in 44 cases (79%), and this complication was found significantly related to the variables approximal grinding of donor tooth, extraoral period, and observation period. Increased pocket depth around the transplant was registered in 30 cases (52 %) and found significantly related to the period of splinting. Periapical radiolucency was found in 16 cases and was significantly related to the variable extraoral period.
Macrodontic maxillary second primary molar in an Eskimo skull A morphogenetic study
Authors: JAKOBSEN JAN , ALEXANDERSEN VERNER
Published: February 2009

Abstract— The anomalous maxillary second primary molar of an Eskimo skull is described. The skull was found at Nugarssuk (Upernavik District, West Greenland). The slightly worn left Dm2 displayed the following three anomalies: (1) increased mesiodistal crown diameter, (2) increased size of the mesiolingual portion of the crown and (3) supernumerary mesiolingual root. The morphogenesis of the anomalous tooth is discussed. The mesiodistal crown diameters of the two Dm2 belonging to the skull showed a difference of 1.35 mm. Assuming a bilateral size asymmetry with mean zero and standard deviation 0.14 (based on 19 pairs of Eskimo Dm2), the difference observed falls outside the range of normal variation. It is concluded that the enlarged molar represents a “gemination”. The morphology of the anomalous Dm2 is compatible with the view that the tooth originated as an enlarged tooth germ. During the initial phase of growth the increase in size is predominantly in mesiodistal direction. The proportional changes of the dental papilla led to accentuation of the mesiolingual portion of the crown with formation of a mesiolingual cusplet termed protoconule. During root formation a supernumerary root was formed in association with the enlarged mesiolingual portion of the crown.
The distribution of diastemas in different human population samples
Authors: LAVELLE C. L. B.
Published: February 2009

Abstract— A study was undertaken to determine the number and distribution of diastemas within the dentitions of three racial groups of man, (a diastema being defined as a space greater than 0.5 mm between the proximal surfaces of adjacent teeth). From examination of the dentitions of 656 subjects, the mean number of diastemas was found to be 2.07 for Caucasoids, 2.09 for mongoloids, and 2.02 for negroids. In all three population samples, 75 % of the diastemas occurred in the maxillary dentition and 25 % in the mandibular dentition, the diastemas being mainly confined to the region of the dental arch anterior to the first premolar.
Variation of the range of movement of the mandible in relation to facial morphology in children
Authors: INGERVALL BENGT
Published: February 2009

Abstract— Maximal opening capacity of the mouth, maximal protrusion, and lateral movement of the mandible were correlated with the morphology of the face as seen in profile radiographs. The material consisted of 56 boys and 53 girls aged 10 years 4 months on the average. The results of the investigation indicate that the range of movement of the mandible is small in persons with a rectangular face while it is large in persons with a triangular face with the temporo‐mandibular joints situated far posteriorly. The calculation of multiple correlation coefficients showed that one‐fourth to one‐half of the interindividual variations in range of movement can be explained by differences between facial types. The opening capacity and lateral movement of the mandible varied conspicuously with facial morphology as did mandibular protrusion, though somewhat less.
Modern Maturity: Middle‐Aged Anxiety in Modern American Fiction
Authors: Dawson Melanie
Published: February 2009

‘Modern Maturity’ examines American fiction from the 1920s and 30s in light of the social and psychological difficulties attributed to middle age, specifically the anxieties attending the recognition of oneself as belonging to a supposedly mature generation. While the era saw the rise of youth culture, shifting generational demographics resulted in pointedly new roles for the middle aged, roles that appeared both amorphous and unappealing. While the category ‘middle age’ was widely applied to those in their 30s through their 50s, it consistently alluded to physical as well as psychological dissatisfaction. Detailing a series of personal and professional discontents, the idealization of youth, and a profound redefinition of familial and romantic roles, writing by Willa Cather, Edith Wharton, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Anzia Yezierska, Tillie Olsen, William Faulkner, Nella Larsen, Eugene O’Neill, Floyd Dell, Sinclair Lewis, Zora Neale Hurston, Gertrude Atherton, and Anita Loos pinpoints the considerable generational anxieties encircling the middle‐aged moderns.
Greece or Rome?: The Uses of Antiquity in Late Eighteenth‐ and Early Nineteenth‐Century British Literature
Authors: Sachs Jonathan
Published: February 2009

Traditionally, literary and artistic production in late eighteenth‐ and early nineteenth‐century Britain has been understood as constituting a modernity in opposition to classical values and aesthetic standards. In thinking about the relevance of classical antiquity in the later eighteenth and early nineteenth century, however, one prominent trend in recent scholarship has been the recognition of an increasing fascination with Greece and Greek culture. This article surveys arguments for the rise of Hellenism and its importance for thinking about the literary works of this period. In the face of claims for the dominance of the Greek example, the article further considers the legacy of Rome and explores the scholarly debate over its continued relevance in the period. Ultimately, the article suggests the need to consider the deployment of both Roman and Greek examples in framing contemporary understandings of such central aspects of modernity as democracy, popular revolt, and tyranny in a period whose political culture was dominated by reaction and anxieties about revolution.
Genito-Sensory Analysis in Women with Arousal and Orgasmic Dysfunction
Authors: Helpman Limor , Greenstein Alexander , Hartoov Joseph , Abramov Liora
Published: February 2009

Introduction

Diagnosis and treatment of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) are currently based on subjective female reports and physical examination. The GenitoSensory Analyzer (GSA) is a quantitative sensory testing tool designed to quantify vibratory and thermal sensation in the vagina and clitoris in a reproducible manner, and may therefore contribute to the diagnosis and management of FSD.

Aim

To address the question of whether women with arousal and/or orgasmic sexual disorders have genital sensory abnormalities as measured by the GSA.

Main Outcome Measures

Thresholds for warm, cold, and vibratory sensation at predetermined points in the vaginal wall and clitoris.

Methods

Female subjects complaining of arousal and/or orgasmic sexual disorders for more than 6 months were evaluated using a questionnaire based on the female sexual function index (FSFI). Women with a desire disorder, pain disorder, vulvar vestibulitis syndrome, or acute vaginal or/and introital infection were excluded. The GSA device measured thresholds for warm, cold, and vibratory sensation at predetermined points in the vaginal wall and clitoris. Eight measurements were obtained, and deviations from previously published normative values were identified.

Results

Twenty-eight women (age 40.4 ± 13 years) complaining of arousal and/or orgasmic FSD comprised the study cohort. Twenty-five of them (89%) had at least one pathologic genitor-sensory threshold on GSA testing and 19 (68%) had >3 pathologic thresholds. Pathologic GSA results were associated with lower arousal scores on the FSFI questionnaire, older age, and menopausal status.

Conclusions

Most of the study women had at least one genitor-sensory pathology on GSA testing, indicating a possible organic component in their disorder. Our findings support the incorporation of the GSA as a quantitative tool in the assessment and diagnosis of patients with FSD.
Delay of Ejaculation Induced by SB-277011, a Selective Dopamine D3 Receptor Antagonist, in the Rat
Authors: Clément Pierre , Pozzato Chiara , Heidbreder Christian , Alexandre Laurent , Giuliano Francois , Melotto Sergio
Published: February 2009

Introduction

Dopamine (DA) plays a key role in different aspects of the male sexual response, including sexual motivation and arousal, penile erection, and ejaculation. The modalities of action of DA are however unclear, although the various DA receptors may differentially mediate the activity of DA in different aspects of the male sexual response.

Aim

To clarify the role of DA D3 receptors in the control of the male sexual response.

Methods

The effects of a highly selective DA D3 receptors antagonist (SB-277011; intraperitoneal) were tested in experimental paradigms exploring several aspects of the male sexual response in (i) anesthetized rats using 7-hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propylaminotetralin to induce ejaculation and (ii) conscious rats using sexual incentive motivation and mating tests.

Main Outcome Measures

Physiological markers of erection and emission and expulsion phases of ejaculation were measured in anesthetized rats. Behavioral parameters of sexual incentive motivation and mating tests were quantified.

Results

In anesthetized rats, we found that SB-277011 specifically and dose-dependently inhibited the expulsion phase of ejaculation without impairing either emission phase or erection, and this resulted in delayed ejaculation. Administration of SB-277011 had no effect on the spontaneous preference that males displayed for sexually receptive females as shown in sexual incentive motivation test. Delayed ejaculation was confirmed when male rats were administered with the highest dose of SB-277011 (10 mg/kg) in mating test, where males were free to copulate with estrous females. In addition, the refractory period following ejaculation was lengthened in rats treated with SB-277011.

Conclusion

As a whole, the present data demonstrate the specific and primary role of D3 receptors in the expulsion phase of ejaculation and provide preclinical evidence for the investigation of the therapeutic potential of D3 antagonism for treating premature ejaculation.
Valsalva Maneuver-induced Priapism: A Hidden Culprit
Authors: Chen Wei-Liang , Tsai Wei-Chi , Tsao Yu-Tzu
Published: February 2009

Introduction

Priapism is defined as an abnormal prolonged penile erection without sexual interest and failure to subside despite orgasm. The disorder is enigmatic yet devastating because of its elusive etiology, irreversible erectile tissue damage, and resultant erectile dysfunction. A wide variety of provocative factors have been implicated in different types of priapism; however, myelopathy-related ischemic priapism induced by the Valsalva maneuver in the context of spinal extradural arachnoid cyst has never been described.

Aim

To report a case with spinal extradural arachnoid cyst heralded by Valsalva maneuver-induced priapism and review the mechanistic basis for acute myelopathy-related priapism.

Methods

The case report profiled a 42-year-old Chinese man presenting with ischemic priapism following in-flight Valsalva maneuver for unblocking the ears during descent. Magnetic resonance imaging unveiled the hidden culprit behind myelopathy-related priapism, as demonstrated by acute spinal cord compression from a giant extradural arachnoid cyst.

Results

The symptoms subsided rapidly after treatment with ice packing, analgesics, and corporal irrigation with diluted epinephrine. However, surgical removal of the extradural arachnoid cyst failed to achieve a complete recovery of neurological deficits. After 1 year of follow-ups, he still experienced a mild weakness and hypesthesia of the right leg but no further episodes of priapism or sexual dysfunction.

Conclusions

Myelopathy-related priapism potentiated by the Valsalva maneuver can be easily overlooked without heightened vigilance, leading to poor therapeutic response and prognosis. The indolent nature of spinal extradural arachnoid cyst should be reinforced and better outcomes can only be achieved through expeditious diagnosis and management.
IS EMOTIONAL LABOR MORE DIFFICULT FOR SOME THAN FOR OTHERS? A MULTILEVEL, EXPERIENCE‐SAMPLING STUDY
Authors: JUDGE TIMOTHY A. , WOOLF ERIN FLUEGGE , HURST CHARLICE
Published: February 2009

In response to 2 areas for development in the emotional labor literature—(a) the contemporaneous associations between emotional labor and affective reactions, and (b) whether emotional labor might be more personally costly for some employees than others—this study tested a conceptual model explaining the differential effects of deep and surface acting on job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion via their asymmetrical influences on mood, and whether extraverts fare better when engaging in emotional labor. As expected, surface acting was positively associated with negative mood, and this explained some of the association of surface acting with increased emotional exhaustion and decreased job satisfaction. Contrary to hypotheses, deep acting was unrelated to job satisfaction and was associated with lower positive affect. Extraversion moderated several emotional labor relationships such that, in general, surface and deep acting had more positive (or less negative) effects for extraverts (compared to introverts). Overall, the results support the importance of considering the roles of mood and disposition in the impact of emotional labor.
Investigating medetomidine‐buprenorphine as preanaesthetic medication in cats
Authors: Grint N. J. , Burford J. , Dugdale A. H. A.
Published: February 2009

Objectives:The objective of this study was to investigate medetomidine‐buprenorphine preanaesthetic medication in cats.

Methods:Forty American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I female cats were enrolled in this prospective, blinded, clinical study. Cats were randomised into one of four groups: group M30 were injected intramuscularly with 30 μg/kg medetomidine, groups M10+B, M30+B and M50+B received 10, 30 and 50 μg/kg of medetomidine, respectively, each in combination with 20 μg/kg buprenorphine. After 30 minutes, a sedation score was allocated. Anaesthesia was induced using intravenous propofol and maintained using isoflurane in oxygen, while cats underwent ovariohysterectomy. Heart rate, respiratory rate, end‐tidal carbon dioxide tension and oxygen saturation of haemoglobin were recorded. Atipamezole was administered intramuscularly at volatile agent discontinuation. Time taken to lift their head, sit in sternal and stand were recorded along with quality of recovery.

Results:M30+B cats required significantly less isoflurane compared with M30 cats. Heart rate and oxygen saturation of haemoglobin were significantly lower in M50+B cats than in M30 cats. All M+B groups experienced significantly better recoveries compared with the medetomidine only M30 control group.

ClinicalSignificance:The addition of buprenorphine to medetomidine preanaesthetic medication in cats reduces volatile agent vaporiser setting and improves the quality of recovery from anaesthesia.
Production of Shelf‐Stable Ranch Dressing Using High‐Pressure Processing
Authors: Waite J.G. , Jones J.M. , Turek E.J. , Dunne C.P. , Wright A.O. , Yang T.C.S. , Beckwitt R. , Yousef A.E.
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT:  High‐pressure processing (HPP) can reduce or eliminate microorganisms of concern in food without deteriorating product quality; however, quality benefits must justify the substantial capital investment for the utilization of this technology. HPP is particularly a beneficial preservation technology for products damaged by thermal treatments or when product quality could be improved by reformulation to raise pH or eliminate chemical preservatives. The primary objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of HPP to protect premium ranch dressing (pH 4.4) from microbial spoilage and to assess changes in physical, chemical, and sensory attributes throughout the product's shelf life. In inoculated‐packages studies, the efficacy of HPP was measured against ranch dressing spoilage organisms: Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus brevis, and Torulaspora delbrueckii. HPP treatment (600 MPa, 3 min) decreased population of P. acidilactici, the most pressure‐resistant spoilage organism tested, by ≥ 6.4 log CFU/g. During a shelf‐life study of edible product, treating ranch dressing at 600 MPa for 5 min effectively prevented microbial spoilage throughout the storage period (26 wk at 4 and 26 °C). The pH and emulsion stability of ranch dressing were not adversely influenced by HPP. Extended storage of HPP product for 16 to 26 wk at 26 °C resulted in a decrease in consumer acceptance and significant changes in color and organic acid profile (specifically, increased pyroglutamic acid). These changes were consistent with those expected during extended storage of commercially available products. HPP may be used to produce premium ranch dressing, with defined shelf‐life and storage conditions, without significantly changing product attributes.
Superfine Saengshik Improves Liver Protecting Effect Compared with Fine Saengshik in an Animal Model
Authors: Kim D.H. , Song S.B. , Kang W.S. , Jeong Y.H. , Yoon Y.S. , Lee Y.M. , Chang B.S. , Lee K.J.
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT: This study was performed to compare the effect of liver protection of fine saengshik (FS) and superfine saengshik (SS) and uncooked and powdered grains and vegetables, produced by the different mill technique on the acute hepatotoxicity induced by CCl4in mouse. As the result of particle size distribution in number, particles included under 0.955 μm dia were 7.02% and 68.92% respectively. Hematological and serological examination showed that AST (P < 0.05) and ALT (P < 0.05) of SS + CCl4group decreased significantly compared with those of FS + CCl4group. On the examination of antioxidant effect, water extract of SS showed a higher superoxide dismutase (SOD)‐like activity on the condition of the HX/XOD system than that of FS (P < 0.001). Also, the glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.01) and glutathione reductase (P < 0.05) activities in liver showed a significant difference between FS + CCl4and SS + CCl4groups. On the histological observation of liver, SS + CCl4group showed a mild reversible hepatocytic change and infiltration of inflammatory cells around the central veins, whereas FS + CCl4group showed severe agglutination necrosis by CCl4toxicity. These results suggest that superfine saengshik significantly improves liver protection effect compared with fine saengshik; its major mechanism is supposed to be the improved antioxidant effect of saengshik by reduced size of particles.
Enzymatic Production of Trans‐Free Hard Fat Stock from Fractionated Rice Bran Oil, Fully Hydrogenated Soybean Oil, and Conjugated Linoleic Acid
Authors: Adhikari P. , Shin J.‐A. , Lee J.‐H. , Hu J.‐N. , Hwang K.T. , Lee K.‐T.
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT:  Rice bran oil (RBO) was fractionated into 2 phases, solid (S‐RBO) and liquid (L‐RBO), using acetone at –18 °C and the weight yield of each S‐RBO and L‐RBO was 45.5% and 54.5%, respectively. Then, trans‐free hard fat was synthesized from trans‐free substrate of S‐RBO and fully hydrogenated soybean oil (FHSBO) at different molar ratios (S‐RBO : FHSBO; 1 : 1, 1 : 1.5, 1 : 2, and 1 : 3) with Lipozyme TL IM lipase (10% of total substrate). Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA, 20% of total substrate) was used as functional fatty acids for the production of trans‐free hard fat. After fatty acid analysis, CLA (12.2% to 14.2%) was found on the triacylglycerol (TAG) backbone of the interesterified products along with stearic (37.6% to 49%), palmitic (15% to 17.9%), and oleic acids (13.3% to 19.2%). The interesterified product contained higher level of saturated fatty acid (62.6% to 70.1%) at sn‐2 position. Total tocopherols (α‐, γ‐, and δ‐; 1.4 to 2.6 mg/100 g) and phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol, and β‐sitosterol; 220.5 to 362.7 mg/100 g) were found in the interesterified products. From DSC results, solid fat contents of the interesterified products (S‐RBO : FHSBO 1 : 1, 1 : 1.5, 1 : 2, and 1 : 3) at 25 °C were 23.1%, 27%, 30.1%, and 44.9%. The interesterified products consisted mostly of β′ form crystal with a small portion of β form. The interesterified product (S‐RBO : FHSBO 1 : 1.5) was softer than the physical blend but slightly harder than commercial shortenings as measured by texture analyzer. Thus, trans‐free hard fat stock, which may have a potential functionality could be produced with various physical properties.
Effects of Flavourzyme on Yield and Some Biological Activities of Mungoong, an Extract Paste from the Cephalothorax of White Shrimp
Authors: Benjakul S. , Binsan W. , Visessanguan W. , Osako K. , Tanaka M.
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT:  The use of Flavourzyme as a processing aid for the production of Mungoong, an extract paste from the cephalothorax of white shrimp, and its effect on biological activities were investigated. Flavourzyme increased the yield of Mungoong. Mungoong prepared from raw cephalothorax with the addition of 0.15% or 0.30% (w/w) Flavourzyme showed higher yields than those prepared from the cooked counterpart with a higher formal content and nitrogen solubility index when the same levels of Flavourzyme were used (P < 0.05). Higher ammonia and amino nitrogen contents were also observed in Mungoong prepared with the aid of Flavourzyme, particularly for the raw cephalothorax (P < 0.05). All Mungoong contained protein as the major constituent. For antioxidative activity, Mungoong prepared from raw cephalothorax with 0.15% Flavourzyme (Mungoong RF 15) exhibited the highest antioxidative activity as evidenced by the highest 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picryl hydrazyl and 2,2‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activities as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power, compared with other samples. Additionally, angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activity was greater in Mungoong produced with the aid of Flavourzyme, regardless of processes used (P < 0.05).
Antimicrobial Activity of Lactoperoxidase System Incorporated into Cross‐Linked Alginate Films
Authors: Yener Fatih Y.G. , Korel Figen , Yemenicioğlu Ahmet
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT:  In this study, the antimicrobial effect of lactoperoxidase (LPS) incorporated alginate films was investigated on Escherichia coli (NRRL B‐3008), Listeria innocua (NRRL B‐33314), and Pseudomonas fluorescens (NRRL B‐253) in presence of different concentrations of H2O2 (0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mM) and KSCN (1, 2, and 4 mM). The incorporation of 70 nmol ABTS/min/cm2 LPS into alginate films gave 0.66 to 0.85 nmol ABTS/min/cm2 enzyme activity at 0.2 to 0.8 mM H2O2 concentration range. The antimicrobial activity of LPS system on target bacteria changed according to the concentrations of KSCN and H2O2. The growth of all tested bacteria was prevented for a 6‐h period by applying LPS system in presence of 0.4 or 0.8 mM H2O2 and 4 mM KSCN. At 0.8 mM H2O2 and 4 mM KSCN, the LPS system also inhibited growth of L. innocua and P. fluorescens for a 24‐h incubation period, whereas E. coli growth could not be inhibited for 24 h under these conditions. At 0.2 mM H2O2 and 1 to 4 mM KSCN, a considerable inhibitory effect was obtained only on P. fluorescens. The decreasing order of the resistance of studied bacteria to LPS system is as follows: E. coli, L. innocua, and P. fluorescens. The developed antimicrobial system has a good potential for use in meat, poultry, and seafood since alginate coatings are already used in these products. Further studies are needed to test the LPS incorporated edible films in real food systems.
Influence of Low Concentrations of an Acid Preservative on Sponge Cakes under Different Storage Conditions
Authors: De La Rosa P. , Jordano R. , Medina L.M.
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT:  In a previous study, we demonstrated the efficiency of an acid test preservative at concentrations higher than 10 g/kg of product. The aim of the current study has been to assay, in a pilot plant, a preservative at lower and different doses than tested in the aforementioned study, in contrast with different storage temperature and relative humidity (RH) conditions and to check the possibilities of the growth of molds with a toxigenic capacity. The effect of the test preservative is not demonstrable at very low concentrations, as occurs in batch 2. In this case, the influence of the other storage parameters, temperature and RH, has a mixed effect, which makes it difficult to draw conclusions about the convenience of the preservative. In our opinion, the minimal concentration of the test preservative to reach readable results is 4 g/kg, but it is not enough to guarantee a longer shelf life. Regarding the mycotoxigenic study, the majority of molds obtained in the isolations from the cakes after their macroscopic identification corresponded to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. Only 5 turned out to be mycotoxigenic, with citrinin and viridicatumtoxin being detected.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of patients presenting with first‐episode psychosis and concurrent substance misuse
Authors: Carr Jason A.R. , Norman Ross G.M. , Manchanda Rahul
Published: February 2009

Aims: To determine the incidence of concurrent substance misuse among individuals entering first‐episode psychosis treatment, and examine whether patients with concurrent substance misuse differ on variables relevant to service planning.

Methods: Consecutive patients (n = 376) were assessed using standardized instruments.

Results: Twenty‐two per cent met abuse or dependence criteria for a single substance, and 8% met criteria for two substances. Most met criteria for marijuana or marijuana and alcohol. The majority of patients with a concurrent disorder were male, and on average they were 3.5 years younger at psychosis onset. Patients with a concurrent disorder experienced worse ‘positive’ and anxiety symptoms in the month before treatment. Premorbidly they had better social functioning, but worse academic functioning.

Conclusions: There are important differences between patients entering first‐episode psychosis treatment with and without a concurrent substance misuse. Early intervention efforts might be informed by our accumulating knowledge about the characteristics of patients who have both disorders.
Encoding dysfunctions in a dynamic–static paradigm for visuospatial working memory in first‐episode psychosis patients: a 2‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Cocchi Luca , Debbané Martin , Vianin Pascal , Bircher Romaine , Roulin Sacha , Conus Philippe , Sarrasin‐Bruchez Pascale , Bovet Pierre , Volken Henri , Wood Stephen J. , Schenk Françoise
Published: February 2009

Aim: To investigate static and dynamic visuospatial working memory (VSWM) processes in first‐episode psychosis (FEP) patients and explore the validity of such measures as specific trait markers of schizophrenia.

Methods: Twenty FEP patients and 20 age‐, sex‐, laterality‐ and education‐matched controls carried out a dynamic and static VSWM paradigm. At 2‐year follow up 13 patients met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (of Mental Health Disorders) – Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV) criteria for schizophrenia, 1 for bipolar disorder, 1 for brief psychotic episode and 5 for schizotypal personality disorder.

Results: Compared with controls, the 20 FEP patients showed severe impairment in the dynamic VSWM condition but much less impairment in the static condition. No specific bias in stimulus selection was detected in the two tasks. Two‐year follow‐up evaluations suggested poorer baseline scores on the dynamic task clearly differentiated the 13 FEP patients who developed schizophrenia from the seven who did not.

Conclusions: Results suggest deficits in VSWM in FEP patients. Specific exploratory analyses further suggest that deficit in monitoring‐manipulation VSWM processes, especially involved in our dynamic VSWM task, can be a reliable marker of schizophrenia.
Early intervention for cognitive decline: is there a role for multiple medical or behavioural interventions?
Authors: Naismith Sharon L. , Glozier Nick , Burke David , Carter Phoebe E. , Scott Elizabeth , Hickie Ian B.
Published: February 2009

Aim: Early medical or behavioural intervention to slow cognitive decline might be a viable strategy for reducing disability and rates of institutional care in older persons. This paper details the published work supporting cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations between vascular risk factors, depressive symptoms and progressive cognitive decline. Evidence for the beneficial effects of providing relevant interventions is assessed.

Methods: Relevant published work from the areas of dementia research, ‘vascular depression’ and the cognitive benefits that might result from treating vascular risk factors, managing depression or promoting nutrition, cognitive or physical exercise was ascertained from electronic database searches and recent reviews of key areas.

Results: The existing published work does not provide many examples of early intervention strategies that target vascular strategies or active treatment of depression to reduce the rate of cognitive decline. Most studies have major limitations including the evaluation of only single‐risk‐factor interventions, the observational designs and the inadequate measurement of cognition. An optimal early intervention strategy might be to target multiple risk factors within relevant experimental or health service frameworks.

Conclusions: Early identification and multifaceted reduction of vascular risk factors, active management of depression, engagement in cognitive activity and physical exercise and promotion of better nutrition might together help to slow some forms of cognitive decline or progression to dementia. This health services approach now requires systematic evaluation.
MEASURING THE OPERATIONAL EFFICIENCY OF COMMERCIAL BANKS IN NAMIBIA
Authors: Ikhide Sylvanus I.
Published: February 2009

This paper examines the efficiency of commercial banks in Namibia using the standard econometric frontier approach. Although two aspects of efficiency (scale and scope) receive our attention, the emphasis is on the latter which pertains to whether a firm produces as efficiently as it possibly can, given its size.

Our results indicate that substantial economies of scale exist in commercial banking in Namibia. This will tend to suggest that commercial banks in Namibia can increase their efficiency by increasing their current scale of operation. The results for scope economies show that the current level of input combination does not make for maximum efficiency as sufficient scope exists for a more efficient combination of inputs. We believe this will reduce operating costs in the industry and stimulate efficiency.
AN ECONOMIC APPRAISAL OF THE IMPACT OF TRAFFIC DIVERSION – THE N1 TOLL ROAD AND ITS ALTERNATIVE
Authors: Meyer N.g. , Breitenbach M. , Kekana R.d.
Published: February 2009

This paper investigates two alternative roads running parallel to one another; one being a double‐carriageway national road that was tolled 4 years ago and the other being an inter‐city single‐carriageway road. The purpose of the paper is to test the application of the World Bank‐developed Road Economic Decision (RED) model for assessing the economic impact of traffic diversion between two existing alternative roads. In order to do so, the RED model is first used to conduct a cost–benefit analysis of each road in isolation. Thereafter, the model is used to do a scenario analysis followed by a sensitivity analysis. The results show that the RED model is a useful tool for evaluating the impact on society of diverted traffic between alternative roads elsewhere in South Africa.
Progress toward liver‐based gene therapy
Authors: Suda Takeshi , Kamimura Kenya , Kubota Tomoyuki , Tamura Yasushi , Igarashi Masato , Kawai Hirokazu , Aoyagi Yutaka , Liu Dexi
Published: February 2009

The liver is involved in the synthesis of serum proteins, regulation of metabolism and maintenance of homeostasis and provides a variety of opportunities for gene therapy. The enriched vasculature and blood circulation, fenestrated endothelium, abundant receptors on the plasma membranes of the liver cells, and effective transcription and translation machineries in the hepatocytes are some unique features that have been explored for delivery, and functional analysis, of genetic sequences in the liver. Both viral and non‐viral methods have been developed for effective gene delivery and liver‐based gene therapy. This review describes the fundamentals of gene delivery, and the preclinical and clinical progress that has been made toward gene therapy using the liver as a target.
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) from cold and warm environments differ in their maximum growth capacity at low temperatures
Authors: Dutil Jean-Denis , Jabouin Coraline , Larocque Richard , Desrosiers Gaston , Blier Pierre U.
Published: February 2009

Maximum growth rate of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) was determined at a range of temperatures representative of cod benthic habitats (1–13 °C) using wild animals obtained from a cold environment (southern Gulf of St. Lawrence stock, SG) and a mild environment (Bay of Fundy stock, BF). SG cod performed well over a broader range of temperatures than BF cod. Growth in mass was greater for SG than BF cod at any temperature below 7 °C. SG cod consumed twice as much food as BF cod at 1 and 3 °C. At 1 °C, growth in mass was positive for SG cod but negative for BF cod, whereas growth in length did not differ from 0 for both SG and BF cod. Liver size represented a larger proportion of body mass in SG cod at both low and high temperatures, and citrate synthase activity in the intestine exhibited a strong inverse relationship to temperature. The maximum growth capacity of SG cod was comparable with that of cod of similar size in various other stocks in the Atlantic. These observations are not consistent with the view that intensive size-selective fishing practices have resulted in a significant loss of innate growth capacity in SG cod.