bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A critical role for DAP10 and DAP12 in CD8+ T cell–mediated tissue damage in large granular lymphocyte leukemia
Authors: Chen Xianghong , Bai Fanqi , Sokol Lubomir , Zhou Junmin , Ren Amy , Painter Jeffrey S. , Liu Jinhong , Sallman David A. , Chen Y. Ann , Yoder Jeffrey A. , Djeu Julie Y. , Loughran Thomas P. , Epling-Burnette Pearlie K. , Wei Sheng
Published: December 2008

Large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia, or LGLL, is characterized by increased numbers of circulating clonal LGL cells in association with neutropenia, anemia, rheumatoid arthritis, and pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). Emerging evidence suggests that LGLL cells with a CD8+CD28null phenotype induce these clinical manifestations through direct destruction of normal tissue. Compared with CD8+CD28null T cells from healthy controls, CD8+CD28null T cells from LGLL patients have acquired the ability to directly lyse pulmonary artery endothelial cells and human synovial cells. Here, we show that LGLL cells from patients possess enhanced cytotoxic characteristics and express elevated levels of activating natural killer receptors as well as their signaling partners, DAP10 and DAP12. Moreover, downstream targets of DAP10 and DAP12 are constitutively activated in LGLL cells, and expression of dominant-negative DAP10 and DAP12 dramatically reduces their lytic capacity. These are the first results to show that activating NKR-ligand interactions play a critical role in initiating the DAP10 and DAP12 signaling events that lead to enhanced lytic potential of LGLL cells. Results shown suggest that inhibitors of DAP10 and DAP12 or other proteins involved in this signaling pathway will be attractive therapeutic targets for the treatment of LGLL and other autoimmune diseases and syndromes.
Synthesis of an Organic-soluble π-Conjugated [1]Rotaxane
Authors: Tsuda Susumu , Terao Jun , Kambe Nobuaki
Published: December 2008

An organic-soluble π-conjugated [1]rotaxane has been synthesized by intramolecular self-inclusion of a lipophilic permethylated α-cyclodextrin bearing a rigid π-conjugated system as a guest moiety. End-capping has been achieved successfully by connecting an aniline moiety without using bulky stoppers. The structure of the [1]rotaxane was determined by 2D NMR spectroscopy.
Aerosol-assisted Fabrication of Porous Silica Spheres with a Hierarchical Pore System through Multicomponent Assembly
Authors: Yamauchi Yusuke , Gupta Prashant , Fukata Naoki , Sato Keisuke
Published: December 2008

Hierarchical porous silica spheres with a trimodal pore system are prepared through multicomponent assembly, which is a facile one-pot fabrication and can best be employed for industrial mass-scale production.
ASP, The Art and Science of Practice: What Employers Demand from Applicants for MBA-Level Supply Chain Jobs and the Coverage of Supply Chain Topics in MBA Courses
Authors: Sodhi ManMohan S. , Son Byung-Gak , Tang Christopher S.
Published: December 2008

We analyzed the text of 704 online advertisements of supply chain management jobs for MBA graduates. The content analysis of these job advertisements provided us with a list of supply chain topics, such as inventory management and supply management, and general skills, such as communication and leadership; it also showed the proportion of advertisements requesting these skills. We measured the relative coverage of the same supply chain topics in MBA-level supply chain electives and operations management core courses in 21 of the top 50 business schools in the United States by analyzing the course descriptions and the cases used in these courses. This enabled us to compare the relative importance of supply chain topics to employers on the “demand” side with the relative importance of supply chain electives in MBA curricula on the “supply” side in these schools. Our analysis indicated that the supply usually matches demand; however, there may be an undersupply of practice- or process-oriented topics, such as forecasting, procurement, supplier and vendor management, and contracts and negotiation. In addition, there may be an oversupply of conceptual and strategy-oriented topics, such as product design, supply chain design, and emerging information technology and management information.
Optimally Stationing Army Forces
Authors: Dell Robert F. , Ewing P. Lee , Tarantino William J.
Published: December 2008

There are over one million United States active-duty Army, Army National Guard, and Army Reserve soldiers. The Army assigns each soldier to a unit at one of over 4,000 worldwide locations; these facilities consist of approximately 15 million acres and 287 million square feet. The Army can change a soldier's unit assignment; it can also move a unit's home installation. This paper presents an integer linear program, Optimally Stationing Army Forces (OSAF), which prescribes optimal Army stationing for a given set of units. OSAF uses the existing starting locations, set of installations, available implementation dollars, and unit requirements for facilities, ranges, and maneuver land. It has provided the Army with stationing analysis for several years. Perhaps most significantly, OSAF helped with the closure and realignment decisions during the 2005 round of Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC). As a result of this BRAC, by 2011 the Army will close 400 installations (13 installations that primarily house active-duty soldiers, 176 Army Reserve centers, and 211 National Guard armories) and realign 56 active units. These BRAC actions will impact 43 states, cost more than $13 billion to implement, and generate an expected 20-year net savings of $7.6 billion.
Becoming the Hyphen: The Evolution of English-Language Ukrainian-Canadian Literature
Authors: Ledohowski Lindy
Published: December 2008

Cet article explore l’évolution de la littérature canadienne ukrainienne écrite en anglais au cours des dernières cinquante années. ll s’agit d’abord de souligner que cette littérature postule le sens d’une ethnicité multiple comme faisant partie d’une sous-classe marginalisée de Canadiens. Je montre qu’après les années 1980, la représentation de l’ethnicité s’est modifiée à partir d’éléments identifiables comme ukrainiens. Je m’appuie en premier lieu sur une analyse de la littérature d’avant cette période, par Vera Lysenko, Maara Haas, George Ryga et Andrew Suknaski en opposition au œuvres publiées après 1980 par Haas, Ryga et Suknaski. Ensuite, j’inclue une analyse d’autres auteurs post-1980 pour montrer comment la représentation de l’ethnicité s’éloigne alors d’un critère non-différencié et basé sur la classe sociale, vers une codification de l’ukrainité comme un caractère spécifique ethnique orienté vers la nation. Je conclue en attribuant cette mutation à l’attention portée à la théorie grandissante du multiculturalisme canadien. Bien que mon analyse se concentre sur la littérature canadienne ukrainienne, la dynamique étudiée ici est commune aux autres littératures ethniques au Canada.
Modeling Educational Success of First Nations Students in Canada: Community Level Perspectives
Authors: Spence Nicholas , White Jerry , Maxim Paul
Published: December 2008

Au Canada, les évaluations portant sur l’éducation des Premières Nations et des autochtones manquent de véritable modélisation concernant les raisons sous-jacentes à des schémas particuliers d’acquisition. C’est ce manque que nous voudrions adresser. Dans cet article nous examinons l’acquisition en éducation dans les communautés des Premières Nations à partir de données provenant du recensement de 1996 ainsi que du sondage sur l’éducation tenu par le département des Affaires indiennes et du Dévelop-pement du Nord pour l’année scolaire 1955/1996; ces données ont été regroupées pour servir au niveau de la bande, et concernent les étudiants indiens et inuits vivant dans les réserves du Canada, qu’ils soient enregistrés ou non. Une analyse de régression séquentielle multiple sert à modéliser les succès en éducation d’étudiants de 12e et 13e années selon des caractéristiques au niveau de la communauté, dont les variables mesurant des composantes telles que l’isolation, le type d’école, la démographie, l’économie et le type de peuplement. Nous nous servons de trois mesures du succès en éducation : le pourcentage selon l’âge approprié à l’année scolaire, celui de finissants et celui de retraits. Le résultat montre que les variables au niveau de la communauté peuvent expliquer le succès en éducation de façon semblable; cependant, les effets des variables sur ces mesures varient à l’intérieur des composantes citées. La démographie et le peuplement jouent un rôle particulièrement important pour chacune de ces trois mesures. Une analyse complémentaire inclut un examen des coefficients centrés réduits de régression. Dans cet article, nous examinons les implications de la recherche et de la politique dans ce domaine, et nous expliquons de nouvelles avenues pour la recherche.
Air permeability in longitudinal and radial directions of compression wood of Picea abies L. and tension wood of Fagus sylvatica L.
Authors: Tarmian Asghar , Perré Patrick
Published: December 2008

The air permeability in longitudinal and radial directions of compression wood in spruce (Picea abies) and tension wood in beech (Fagus sylvatica) was compared with that of the corresponding normal wood. The primary aim of the present study was to explain why the reaction woods dry more slowly than the normal woods in the domain of free water. A number of boards conventionally dried to an average final moisture content of 12% were chosen to perform the measurements. Bordered pits on the radial walls of longitudinal tracheids in the compression and normal wood and intervessel or intervascular pits in the tension and normal wood were also examined. The reaction wood of both species is less permeable than the normal wood, both in longitudinal and radial directions. The difference in permeability was more pronounced between compression and normal wood of spruce, especially in longitudinal direction. From an anatomical point of view, this is likely related to some differences in anatomical characteristics affecting the airflow paths, such as the pit features. Such results can explain the difference in drying kinetics of the reaction and normal woods in the capillary regime of drying.
GROWTH HORMONE AND RADIO-SULFATE INCORPORATION IN COSTAL CARTILAGE
Authors: Collins Elliott J. , Lyster S. C. , Carpenter O. S. , Baker Vernon F. , Lund George H.
Published: December 2008

Radio-sulfate incorporation by costal cartilage and measurements of width of epiphyseal plate of hypophysectomized, immature rats in response to growth hormone and other pituitary hormones was studied to compare the two methods in regard to sensitivity, precision and specificity. The radio-sulfate method was found to be slightly more sensitive and to have a lower standard error of relative potency when compared with the tibia method. There was a significant response of costal cartilage to lactogenic hormone. Thyrotrophin stimulated and corticotrophin inhibited the epiphyseal plate. Corticotrophin did not interfere with response of costal cartilage to growth hormone.
URINARY OESTROGENS IN THE STALLION
Authors: Pigon Halina , Lunaas Torleiv , Velie Weiert
Published: December 2008

Previous reports by other investigators on the presence of oestrone and oestradiol-17β in stallions' urine have been substantiated by chemical methods including infrared spectrophotometry. In addition a third oestrogen, oestradiol-17α, was isolated from this source.

Quantitative chemical determinations of oestrogens in urine samples from 36 stallions from 7 to 37 months old, showed that only insignificant quantities were excreted during the first two years of life. At this time there was a marked increase, with oestrone predominating.

In 8 mature stallions the average value for oestrone was 20.7 mg per litre of urine. Both oestradiol-17β and oestradiol-17α were excreted in amounts approximating 1/10 of this value.

Using the same method only trace amounts of urinary oestrogens were recorded in 10 fully grown geldings.
THE TREATMENT OF CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA WITH A DEPOT PREPARATION OF PREDNISOLONE
Authors: Komrower G. M. , Longson D.
Published: December 2008

In congenital adrenal hyperplasia in infants, adequate adrenal suppression can be achieved by the injections of prednisolone trimethylacetate at intervals of three to four weeks.
GONADOTROPHINS AND PROLACTIN IN HUMAN PITUITARY GLANDS
Authors: Currie A. R. , Dekanski J. B.
Published: December 2008

Human anterior pituitary glands collected at autopsy within 6 hours of death were investigated for gonadotrophic and lactogenic activity. The glands were extracted with 2 % saline and most of the gonadotrophic and lactogenic activity appears to be extracted by this procedure. Little corticotrophic and thyrotrophic activity was found in the extract.

The yield of extractable gonadotrophin in the pituitary glands of males and females of varying ages, and the effect of ovariectomy (in two cases) and of cortisone therapy (in one case) on the yield have been investigated. A reference preparation for human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG20A, Organon) was used as a standard.

The amount of stored gonadotrophin increased with advancing age in both sexes. Ovariectomy was associated with a higher yield and cortisone therapy with a lower yield than that shown in pooled pituitary glands from women of the same age group.

The ratio of the biological activity of FSH to ICSH in the pituitary glands of men over the age of 50 was about 1 : 1.

The method of assay for prolactin was semi-quantitative but there was the same general trend of increased yield with advancing age. The pituitary gland from the case treated with cortisone had the highest yield while ovariectomy appeared to result in a decrease in the stored amount of the hormone.

The functional significance of the results of the yield of stored hormones in the human pituitary gland is briefly discussed.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE URINARY METABOLITES AND SECRETION RATES OF ALDOSTERONE AND CORTISOL IN MAN AND A DESCRIPTION OF METHODS FOR THEIR MEASUREMENT
Authors: Flood C. , Layne D. S. , Ramcharan S. , Rossipal E. , Tait J. F. , Tait S. A. S.
Published: December 2008

Methods suitable for the estimation of urinary metabolites of aldosterone and of cortisol are described. The excretion of 3H and of 14C in various urinary fractions after the simultaneous injection of 7-3H aldosterone and 4-14C cortisol have been investigated, and the secretion rates of these steroids were estimated. Factors affecting the accuracy of the methods and their suitability for routine use are discussed.

Considerable difference was found in the pattern of excretion of 3H and of 14C. In particular, a much larger proportion of the injected tritium was released on extraction at pH. 1. Further, while the total excretion of glucuronide as a percentage of the injected dose was greater for 14C than for 3H, about 72 % of the total tritium in the glucuronide fraction of the first 24 hour urine collection was eluted as a single chromatographic peak, whereas about 60 % of the 14C in the glucuronide fraction was eluted as tetrahydrocortisone, tetrahydrocortisol and allotetrahydrocortisol combined.

Excretion values for aldosterone released at pH 1 were obtained for nine normal men after addition of tritiated aldosterone to the urine, and for five normal women and one normal man after injection of the isotope. Excretion values for cortisol metabolites are reported for six normal subjects after injection of 4-14C cortisol.

Secretion rates for cortisol were calculated for six normal subjects from the specific activity of the tetrahydro metabolites. The values were 12.2 to 20.5, mean 17.2 mg/d, and agreed with those reported by other workers. The secretion rates for aldosterone, based on the specific activity of the aldosterone released at pH 1 were 50 to 118, mean 77 μg/d.
HISTOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE OVARIES OF NORMAL AND EXPERIMENTALLY TREATED RATS
Authors: Taylor Fletcher B.
Published: December 2008

Results from histochemical staining of ovaries of normal and experimentally treated rats using a method allegedly specific for 3β-ol steroids, together with blood progestin, progesterone (pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) and urine pregnanediol (5β-pregnane-3α-20α-diol) determinations suggested that:

1. Thecal and interstitial tissue as well as luteal tissue of adult rat ovaries all produced progesterone and consequently the production of progesterone was not limited to a specific anatomic unit (e. g. corpus luteum).

2. The progesterone thus produced was secreted in part into the blood stream, for with each significant increase in the intensity of the histochemical reaction there was an associated rise in blood progestin, progesterone and urine pregnanediol. This did not quantitate the amount of progesterone involved in intermediary metabolism (e. g. of allopregnane3β-ol-20-one, pregn-4-ene-3β-ol-20-one).

3. The ovarian tissue of immature rats also produced progesterone.
CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASE IN INTACT RATS FOLLOWING SUBCUTANEOUS AND INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTIONS
Authors: Rerup Claus
Published: December 2008

The question of the stimulating effect of subcutaneous and intraperitoneal saline injections on the pituitary-adrenal system has been reevaluated in rats. Contrary to statements in the literature it was found that under careful conditions neither subcutaneous nor intraperitoneal injections per se necessarily cause a fall in adrenal ascorbic acid concentration. The consequences of these findings for assay purposes are investigated and discussed.
PAPIERELEKTROPHORETISCHE AUFSPALTUNG GONADOTROPER SUBSTANZEN
Authors: Schneider Wolfgang G. , Frahm Heinz
Published: December 2008

The paperelectrophoresis of different charges of one chorion-gonadotrophin preparation and two charges of a serum-gonadotrophin preparation at different pH-levels showed in the course of systematic tests of electrophoresis-strips in the bio-test (weight-test of the ovary, uterus and the ventral lobe of the prostate-gland of intact infantile rats and the ovary weight-test of hypophysectomized infantile rats) with special consideration for the histology of the ovaries an exactly localised, biologically active complex. A suitable dose has been used for the different test-organs which resulted from the bioassays of the different charges. A weight-curve with multiple peaks at systematical tests is not caused by many or biologically different fractions but the result of a relative over-dosage. Through histological slides of the ovaries of hypophysectomized infantile rats a slight FSH-activity could be demonstrated in the center of the biological maximum for the chorion-gonadotrophin with higher dosage. The migratory speed of the biological activity at the same pH-level was almost the same for the different charges of the same chorion-gonadotrophin preparation, of which the mucopolysaccharide-spectrums in the electropherogram after staining with Ninhydrin, Amido-Black 10 B and Schiff's Stain differ partly to a higher degree. The biological activity therefore, migrated in differently constituted mucopolysaccharide-complexes.
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF PREGNANCY URINE
Authors: Nagy D. , Gáti I. , Keller G.
Published: December 2008

By a special chromatographic procedure three chemically well-defined, presumably protein or polypeptide fractions could be separated from extracts of human pregnancy urine. Only one of these fractions had any gonadotrophic activity as measured by the male frog test.
DER UMSATZ VON DEHYDROISOANDROSTERON IN DER HUNDELEBER
Authors: Klempien E. J. , Voigt K. D. , Tamm J.
Published: December 2008

The metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone when perfused through the isolated dog liver has been studied. The experimental technique for the perfusion and the extraction and isolation procedures are described. The level of malic acid dehydrogenase was found to be a good index of the functional capacity of the liver. The metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone follows two distinct pathways one leading to sulfate conjugation the other to changes in the steroid nucleus. In our experiments it was found that both reactions yielded approximately equivalent amounts of break-down products. No phosphate or glucuronide conjugates could be demonstrated. Six metabolites of dehydroepiandrosterone were isolated four of which were identified chemically (3β-hydroxy-androst-5-en-17-one, 3β,17β(?)-dihydroxy-androst-5-ene, 17β-hydroxy-androst-4-en-3-one, and androst-4-ene-3,17-dione). The results obtained are briefly discussed.
MALIGNANT PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
Authors: Palmieri Genaro , Ikkos Denis , Luft Rolf
Published: December 2008

Two new cases of metastatic malignant pheochromocytoma are presented. An increased excretion of norepinephrine was demonstrated in both. The literature on malignant pheochromocytoma has been critically evaluated.
THE OCCURRENCE OF ARGYROPHIL CELLS IN THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS OF AMERICAN OBESE-HYPERGLYCAEMIC MICE
Authors: Hellman Bo
Published: December 2008

Distinct argyrophil islet cells were found in thin paraffin sections of pancreas both from normal mice and from those with the American variety of the obese-hyperglycaemic syndrome. In the obese animals the relative proportion of argyrophil cells was only about half as great as in their thin litter mates. In both groups the argyrophil cells were mainly localized to the periphery in the larger islets. The results are discussed in the light of the hypothesis put forward by Mayer et al. (1953), that hyperglycaemia in the obese strain results from excessive secretion of glucagon from the A cells.
ON THE PROLONGED INFLUENCE OF GONADAL HORMONES AND OF A DIET WITH A HIGH CA/P-RATIO ON BONE IN THE RAT
Authors: Aho A. J. , Grönroos M. , Raijola E. , Kajanen M.
Published: December 2008

Young ovariectomized female albino rats were treated with gonadal hormones (oestrogen, androgen and progesterone) for half a year, during which time they also received a diet with a high Ca/P-ratio and sugar. The effect of this treatment on the body weight and the weight, length, and Ca-, P-, and N-content of the femurs was investigated.

The weight of the femurs given in percentage of the mean initial body weight was significantly lowest in the oestrogen group and highest in the androgen group. The significantly lowest Ca content was observed in the androgen group and also in the progesterone group. In the oestrogen group the value was no higher than that in the control series. The phosphorus content of the femurs was higher for the animals which had undergone hormonal treatment than for the control animals. The N-content in the androgen and progesterone groups, but not in the oestrogen group, was significantly lower as compared with the controls.

It seems likely that a diet with a high Ca/P-ratio, which contains more carbohydrates than an ordinary diet, would not be unfavourable for the calcification of developing bone with regard to the Ca-, P- and N-contents of the bone. Of the gonadal hormones androgen particularly, and to some extent progesterone seem to have a reducing effect on the Ca- and N-contents of the bone under these conditions.
VERLAUFSUNTERSUCHUNGEN DES WASSERHAUSHALTES BEI ADIPÖSEN UNTER TRIJODTHYRONINTHERAPIE MIT BERÜCKSICHTIGUNG DER ALDOSTERONAUSSCHEIDUNG IM HARN UND EINES ANTIDIURETISCHEN PRINZIPS IM SERUM (ADH)
Authors: Olsen J. M. , Bansi H. W. , Olsen K. J. , Fretwurst F.
Published: December 2008

In 4 patients with excessive obesity (78.4—160.8 kg body-weight) the following determinations were performed before and during triiodo-thyronine treatment: the aldosterone excretion in the urine, the serum concentration of antidiuretic substances (ADH according to Buchborn), the osmolality, sodium, potassium and chloride in plasma and urine, the total and extracellular fluid compartments, the glomerular filtration rate (by inulin clearance), the renal plasma flow, and the circulating plasma volume.

During triiodothyronine treatment, the previously increased levels of aldosterone in the urine and the serum ADH decreased towards the normal range. The glomerular filtration rate and the renal plasma flow, both as a rule significantly reduced in obesity, as well as the circulating plasma volume were increased. In all 4 cases, the administration of triiodo-thyronine was followed by distinct natriuresis, reduction of the cholesterol level in the serum, and an increase of the basal metabolic rate.

A statistically significant relation could be demonstrated between the aldosterone excretion rate in the urine and the ADH concentration of the serum on the one hand and the circulating plasma volume on the other. This relation was also found between the aldosterone excretion and ADH concentration in the serum.
THE MAINTENANCE OF NORMAL METABOLISM IN ATHYREOTIC PATIENTS BY SODIUM DEXTRO-THYROXINE
Authors: Starr Paul
Published: December 2008

Soduim dextro-thyroxine alone, when given to completely athyreotoxic patients, maintains the basal metabolism and the serum cholesterol concentration at a normal level: the blood pressure is unchanged; the body weight may be reduced; the pulse rate seems increased less than would be expected from the rise in basal metabolism; and the electrocardiogram shows the changes characteristic of recovery from the myxoedematous state. Subjective and objective clinical findings indicating correction of the myxoedematous state occurred early in the course of treatment.
EFFECT OF THYROIDECTOMY ON OVARIAN MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Thorsøe Hans
Published: December 2008

Thyroidectomy in rabbits brought about enlargement of the ovaries. Four out of ten thyroidectomized animals presented polycystic ovaries consisting mostly of giant follicles. The increased ovarian weight was due to an increased content of water which was accompanied by an increased concentration of hexosamine. Microscopic examination revealed a hypertrophy of the follicular tissue. The fluid of the large follicles, staining metachromatically with toluidine blue had a high content of acid mucopolysaccharides. The Graafian follicles of the thyroidectomized animals showed an increased uptake of 35S, whereas developing follicles, with a high production of metachromatic substance incorporated only negligeable amounts of 35S.
VERSAGEN DES INTRAVENÖSEN ACTH-TESTS BEI EINEM FALL VON CUSHING-SYNDROM INFOLGE BILATERALER HYPERPLASIE DER NEBENNIERENRINDE
Authors: Tamm J. , Voigt K. D. , Kracht J.
Published: December 2008

A case report is given of a patient with Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia. The 17-OHCS in plasma showed only a low or none response to corticotrophin (ACTH), administered intravenously. The elevated excretion of 17-OHCS in urine exhibited a further increase following the first ACTH administration, but were not depressed significantly after 120 mg triamcinolone within four days. No reaction of urinary 17-OHCS was seen following a second ACTH-infusion. A plausible explanation for these phenomena can not be given.

After bilateral adrenalectomy measurable amounts of 17-OHCS were excreted in urine, probably reflecting the steroid secretion of aberrant adrenal cortical tissue. Plasma clearance of exogenous cortisol was some-what delayed without disturbed formation of conjugated steroids.

Postoperative well-being of the patient was achieved only by treatment with the 21-deoxysteroid oxylone or with triamcinolone combined with deoxycorticosterone acetate.
EFFECT OF HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS AND HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON CORTICOID PRODUCTION IN VITRO AND ON ADRENAL WEIGHT IN RATS
Authors: de Wied D.
Published: December 2008

Intact, sham-operated, hypophysectomized rats and rats bearing extensive lesions in the median eminence were stressed by ether anaesthesia. The pituitary-adrenal response to the stress was determined on the in vitro steroidogenesis by adrenal gland slices of the left gland and on adrenal weight changes in the left and right gland. The absence of compensatory adrenal hypertrophy which normally occurs following the removal of the left gland, was used as an index of the inhibition of the secretion of ACTH (corticotrophin) from the adenohypophysis in the lesioned rats.

Following ether stress, corticoid production in vitro of the left adrenal gland rose considerably in intact rats. Adrenal response to stress of sham-operated animals was almost similar to that of intact rats at 4, 66 and 162 hours but significantly depressed at 18 hours following operation. Hypophysectomized and lesioned rats, however, failed to exhibit an increased steroidogenesis in vitro following ether stress at the four time intervals studied. Pitressin markedly stimulated corticoidogenesis of adrenals of lesioned rats at 18. 66 and 162 hours following the production of lesions. The weight of the left adrenal gland of lesioned and hypophysectomized rats decreased gradually during the period studied; that of the latter group decreased at a faster rate. Adrenal hypertrophy, usually observed some time after placement of a lesion, did not occur in the lesioned rats of the present experiments.

Weight increase of the right adrenal removed one week following extirpation of the left gland, was similar in intact and sham-operated rats, whereas this compensatory adrenal hypertrophy was absent in hypophys-ectomized as well as in lesioned animals.
AN ASSAY OF CORTICOTROPHIN-RELEASING PRINCIPLES IN HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONED RATS
Authors: de Wied D.
Published: December 2008

An assay of corticotrophin-releasing principles is described, using rats with lesions in the median eminence of the hypothalamus, 18 hours after electrocoagulation. In vitro steroidogenesis by adrenal glands was used as a parameter of pituitary-adrenal activity. The blocking effect of the lesion on the release of ACTH (corticotrophin) in response to stress was measured by the effect of ether anaesthesia on corticoid production in vitro of the left adrenal, whereas steroidogenesis of the right adrenal was used as an index of the corticotrophic effect of corticotrophin-releasing principles.
ISOLATION OF 17-HYDROXY-PREGNENOLONE FROM PERIPHERAL HUMAN BLOOD PLASMA
Authors: Oertel Georg W.
Published: December 2008

One hitherto unidentified δ5-3β-hydroxy-steroid has been isolated from 1000 ml normal male plasma. By such criteria as infrared and sulfuric acid spectra, mobility of the free and acetylated compound in different solvent systems of paper chromatography, as well as a positive reaction with sulfuric acid-ethanol reagent, the isolated material was identified as 17-hydroxy-pregnenolone.
CHANGES IN THE VAGINAL SMEARS OF RATS DURING NORMAL AND DISTURBED PREGNANCIES
Authors: Grönroos M. , Kauppila O. , Soiva K.
Published: December 2008

Vaginal smears of rats taken during normal and disturbed pregnancies have been examined after Shorr staining. The vaginal smears of control rats, the pregnancies of which progressed normally, contained few cells and had layer indices approaching zero. The result of a disturbance of the pregnancy by audiogenic and visual stimulation was abortion in three rats, but in the remaining eleven, pregnancy progressed to term. In nearly all the latter animals, numerous superficial and acidophilic cells were found in the vaginal smears and the layer indices were 70—75 per cent in many of the smears.
EFFECTS OF LOCALIZED INTRACEREBRAL IMPLANTATION OF OESTROGEN ON REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTION IN THE FEMALE RABBIT
Authors: Davidson Julian M. , Sawyer Charles H.
Published: December 2008

Implantation of minute amounts of oestradiol benzoate into posterior median eminence – basal tuberal region of the hypothalamus in 8 rabbit does was followed by failure of copulation-induced ovulation and eventually by ovarian atrophy. Similar implants into the adenohypophysis, mammillary body and other parts of the brain (21 does) did not produce these results. Oestrous behaviour during pseudopregnancy and after ovariectomy or gonadal atrophy was noted frequently in animals with implants in various parts of the brain. The data suggest that the posterior median eminencebasal tuberal area of the hypothalamus is a focus for the »negative feedback« action of oestrogen on pituitary gonadotrophin secretion in the female rabbit.
DISTURBED URINARY EXCRETION PATTERN OF OESTROGENS IN NEWBORNS WITH CONGENITAL DISLOCATION OF THE HIP
Authors: Andrén L. , Borglin N. E.
Published: December 2008

There is an increased excretion of oestradiol-17β and oestrone in newborns with congenital dislocation of the hip. This increase is ascribed to an inborn and probably hereditary error of metabolism.
DISTRIBUTION OF 131I-LABELLED THYROID HORMONES AND ALBUMIN IN SKIN, SKIN-WOUNDS AND OTHER TISSUES OF GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Moltke Erik
Published: December 2008

The uptake in skin, wounds, muscle, and liver of thyroid hormones, iodide, and human albumin, all labelled with 131I, has been investigated. Thyroid hormones were either labelled in vitro or endogenously in the animals' own thyroid gland after intraperitoneal injection of 131I-iodine. In all series the wound-tissues retained significantly more activity than the skin. In no instance could this increase have been due to the increased water content of the wounds, even if this had been caused solely by plasma. The increase was, however, almost exactly the same whether labelled thyroid hormones or albumin was used, although the tissues retained a much lower percentage of the available albumin than of the thyroid hormones.

It is suggested that most of the increased activity in the wounds after injection of radioactive thyroxine is caused by the same process as that which raises the radioactivity of the wounds in the albumin experiment: a leaking-out of plasma-proteins in the traumatic oedema. An »active« binding of thyroid hormone in the wounds in excess of that found in the skin, can not be excluded, but it can only be of little quantitative significance.
EFFECT OF REPEATED THYROTROPHIN DOSES ON THE UPTAKE OF RADIOACTIVE IODINE BY THE HUMAN THYROID: TIME-RESPONSE RELATIONS
Authors: Einhorn J. , Wikholm Gunnel
Published: December 2008

Three injections of thyrotrophin were administered in euthyroid patients at intervals of 24 hours. Their effects on the iodine accumulation rate in the thyroid were determined at various intervals after the final injection. The iodine accumulation rate increased with repeated TSH injections. The effect reached its maximum 15–18 hours after the final injection. It is suggested that to ensure the maximal uptake of radioiodine following repeated injections of TSH, the radioiodine dose should be administered approximately 15 hours after the last injection.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE CONCENTRATION OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID ON THE SECRETION OF STEROIDS, INCLUDING ALDOSTERONE, FROM THE ADRENAL CORTEX
Authors: Norman Nils
Published: December 2008

Two artificial cerebrospinal fluid mixtures, one having a higher than normal sodium, but lower than normal potassium content, the other having a lower than normal sodium, but higher than normal potassium content, were perfused alternately through the cerebral ventricular system of seven dogs, from the right lateral ventricle and down through the third ventricle, aqueduct and fourth ventricle. During this procedure blood was collected through the adrenal vein and the concentration of cortisol (11β, 17,12-trihydroxy-pregn-4-eme-3,20-dione), cortisone (17,21-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,11.20-trione), corticosterone (11β,21-dihydroxy-pregn-4-ene3,20-dione). compound S (11-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-pregn-4-en-18-al) and aldosterone (11β.21-dihydroxy-3,20-dioxo-pregn-4-en-18-al) determined. A gradual and marked increase in the secretion of all the cortical compounds was observed during the procedure. This pattern was not altered by changing from one of the artificial cerebrospinal fluid mixtures to the other.
RELATIVE THYMOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF SYNTHETIC CORTICOIDS USING A 6-DAY INJECTION ASSAY IN THE ADRENALECTOMIZED RAT
Authors: Dorfman Ralph i. , Dorfman Adeline S. , Agnello E. J. , Figdor S. K. , Laubach G. D.
Published: December 2008

The influence of various modifications in the cortisol and prednisolone molecule on the thymolytic activity in the adrenalectomized rat injected subcutaneously once daily for a six-day period are reported. These structural changes include the introduction of the Δ6-group, the 9α-fluoro-Δ6-grouping and certain groups which increase the solubility of the steroid in water. The assay procedure had an index of precision (λ) of 0.17 for 32 tests, which was significantly better than the λ=0.26 found previously for a 2-day rat thymolytic assay.
STUDIES ON GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE AND RENAL PLASMA FLOW IN PITUITARY INSUFFICIENCY IN MAN INCLUDING MEASUREMENTS OF THE RENAL EXTRACTION OF PARA-AMINOHIPPURIC ACID
Authors: Bojs Göran , Falkheden Thomas , Sjögren Björn
Published: December 2008

Clearances of inulin and para-aminohippuric acid as well as renal extraction of para-aminohippuric acid were studied in six hypophysectomized patients, in one case of craniopharyngioma and in two cases of chromophobe adenoma. All subjects showed evidence of adrenocortical insufficiency and received substitution therapy with cortisone (17,21-dihydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione) at the time of this investigation. Thyroid insufficiency was demonstrated in only four cases. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were decreased to a varying extent, the reduction being most marked in the hypothyroid subjects. Irrespective of the degree of reduction in glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow a normal renal extraction of para-aminohippuric acid was found.
OESTROGEN CONJUGATION BY THE HUMAN INTESTINAL TRACT
Authors: Diczfalusy E. , Franksson C. , Martinsen B.
Published: December 2008

Administration by duodenal intubation of 25 mg of oestriol to a patient with a complete biliary fistula resulted in the gradual disappearance of free oestriol from the duodenal contents and in the appearance of increasing amounts of conjugated oestriol. When sodium oestriol-16(17?)-glucosiduronate was given in a similar fashion, only conjugated forms were found.

Injection of 50 mg amounts of oestriol into an isolated jejunal loop with a preserved arterial blood supply gave rise to huge quantities of conjugated oestriol in the intestinal wall as well as in the effluent venous blood. Smaller, but still significant amounts of conjugates were formed following intra-gastric oestriol administration, whereas very slight, or no conjugating capacity could be demonstrated in an experiment involving oestriol injection into the large intestine.

Sodium oestriol-16(17?)-glucosiduronate has been isolated and identified in extracts of the intestinal wall and effluent venous blood. Another oestriol glucosiduronate (probably a di- or triglucosiduronate) has also been detected. Very little, if any, sodium oestriol-3-sulphate was found. It is concluded that certain parts of the human gastro-intestinal tract possess the ability to convert huge amounts of oestriol into oestriol glucosiduronates. It is suggested that other steroids may also undergo intestinal conjugation.
ENZYMORPHOLOGIC OBSERVATIONS IN THE UTERUS AND VAGINA OF CASTRATE RATS RECEIVING OVARIAN HORMONES
Authors: Hayashi Masando , Fishman William H.
Published: December 2008

The early changes in the histochemical localization of β-glucuronidase, α-naphthy esterase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase (DPNH-diaphorase) were investigated in the uterus and the vagina of castrate rats following treatment with 17β-oestradiol alone, and with progesterone in animals previously primed with oestradiol. Marked alterations in the intensity and location of β-glucuronidase, esterase and alkaline phosphatase occur in the vagina only two hours after the injection of oestrogen. On the other hand, the change in DPNH-diaphorase or acid phosphatase is much slower in making its appearance. Progesterone accelerates these effects in animals previously primed with small doses of oestrogen. Among the changes observed, the most characteristic are the ones occurring in the β-glucuronidase and alkaline phosphatase activities of the vagina.
GRANULOMA POUCH ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ASSAY: SOME REMARKS ON CALCULATION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
Authors: Llaurado J. G.
Published: December 2008

A statistical analysis is made of the granuloma pouch assay in the rat as a quantitative method for estimating the anti-inflammatory activity of different materials. The problems of calculating the best unbiased mean and estimates of standard error and degrees of freedom on replicate experiments are studied. Use is made of established criteria for deciding whether the means to be combined are, or are not, of the same precision, and the course to follow in each case. Emphasis is laid on the verification of the hypothesis of non-linearity between response and logarithm of dose of materials (steroids) administered. Estimating equations as well as characteristic statistical parameters are presented for all steroids tested. Results of this analysis indicate that there is a linear logdose-response relationship and that the slopes of the estimating equations for all steroids assayed do not differ significantly from that for the standard. The symbol XY50 is defined to signify the calculated dose causing 50 per cent effect in a graded response assay in which the range of response has been by arithmetic conversion arbitrarily established from 0 to 100. The reliability of obtaining estimates of relative potency as ratios of different XY50 is demonstrated theoretically and illustrated experimentally.
ÜBER DIE DURCH UNSPEZIFISCHE SUBSTANZEN BEDINGTE ÄNDERUNG DER QUANTITATIVEN UND QUALITATIVEN WIRKSAMKEIT VON GONADOTROPINEN BEI DER BIOLOGISCHEN AKTIVITÄTSBESTIMMUNG
Authors: Walter K. , Wysocki S.
Published: December 2008

The activity of chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) injected in solutions containing different nonspecific substances (polyvinylpyrrolidone, gelatine, tragacanth = »depot-media« is compared with the activity of HCG in distilled water. Intact immature female rats are used for the bioassays, which differ only in injection schedule or the response measured (uterine resp. ovarian weight).

Depending on the injection schedule used and the response measured the results of the various bioassays in intact immature rats are different, when one and the same depot-medium is used. Significant indices of discrimination as well as significant slope differences of dose-response curves are observed. The addition of a biologically inactive kaolin extract prepared according to the »crude kaolin-acetone method« to a gonadotrophic extract from the urine of postmenopausal women produced a significant decrease in activity in one type of assay, and a significant slope difference of dose-response curves in another one.

In view of these results the difficulties arising for the demonstration of qualitative differences in gonadotrophic preparations and for expressing bioassay-results in terms of the International Reference Preparation are discussed.
COPULATORY REFLEX IN GUINEA PIGS INDUCED BY PROGESTERONE AND RELATED STEROIDS
Authors: Kind Fred A. , Dorfman Ralph I.
Published: December 2008

Twenty-eight derivatives of progesterone were studied in a copulatory reflex assay in the oestrogen-primed ovariectomized guinea pig. The activity of the steroids in this test was not correlated with the progestational activity as measured by the McPhail assay. Particularly striking was 6-chloro-Δ6-dehydro-17-acetoxyprogesterone, which was about 50 times more active than progesterone in the McPhail test, but less than one-fourth as active as the standard in the copulatory reflex assay, and 4,9α-dichloro-11β-hydroxyprogesterone which was 16 times more active than progesterone in the copulatory reflex assay but only equal to progesterone in the McPhail test. Seven compounds were more active than progesterone of which 6 were 4-chloro-9α-halo-11-oxygenated derivatives of progesterone and the seventh was 19-norprogesterone.
CATECHOLAMINES AND (INTERMEDIATE) CORTICOID METABOLISM IN NORMAL MALES AND FEMALES
Authors: De Moor P. , Meulepas E. , Hinnekens M. , Grevendonck W. , Hendrikx A.
Published: December 2008

Epinephrine (25 ng/kg/min I.V.), administered to normal males causes a marked change in the plasma corticoid concentration curves obtained during maximal stimulation with corticotrophin (ACTH). This finding is not observed in females. The altered pattern described in the male subjects is due to a significant increase of the removal rate without a concomittant change in the production rate, resulting in a decrease of the plateau and the C8 corticoid concentration. An augmented cortisol storage outside the readily miscible distribution volume could be responsible for this increased removal rate.

The administration of norepinephrine (120 ng/kg/min I. V.) causes an increase in the production rate during ACTH stimulation in normal males and females. As indicated by the unchanged level of urinary cortisol metabolites, there is no change in the total production of adrenal corticoids; thus a decrease of the mean distribution volume of the readily miscible corticoids is probable. An increase of the removal rate is also observed under these circumstances in males but not in females.

As to the diurnal variation of plasma corticoids during ACTH stimulation, significant quantitative and qualitative differences are found between the sexes during the evening and night. Some of these differences in males disappear after the administration of phentolamine methanesulfonate (Regitine), which suggests an interference of endogenous catecholamines in the observed phenomenon.
HISTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF FOUR DEHYDROGENASE SYSTEMS IN HUMAN OVARY DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: Ikonen M. , Niemi M. , Pesonen S. , Timonen S.
Published: December 2008

The histochemical localization of four dehydrogenase systems (diphosphopyridine nucleotide diaphorase, lactic, succinic and steroid-3β-ol-dehydrogenase) has been studied in human ovary during the menstrual cycle. The phase of the cycle was determined using endometrial biopsy and vaginal smear examination and by estimations of the urinary excretion of pregnanediol-complex. All the dehydrogenases were found to exhibit equal distribution; the most active structures were the theca interna cells of the developing follicles and both thecal and granulosa lutein cells of the corpora lutea. Atretic follicles as well as corpora albicans consistently showed moderate dehydrogenase activity. Formazan deposit was always developed in the interstitial cells of the stroma. No changes were detected in the enzyme activity during the follicular and progestational phases of the cycle.
SPORADIC FAMILIAL HYPOTHYROIDISM
Authors: Heyman I. , Laurian L. , Lewitus Z.
Published: December 2008

Three children of a family of six, affected with familial sporadic hypothyroidism are presented.

The characteristics of the cases are high 131I uptake, rapid turnover, normal perchlorate test (normal protein binding) and low PBI.

Most of the protein trapped iodine appeared in the serum as diiodotyrosine which was also found in increased amounts in the urine.

The authors think that these cases may belong to a mixed type according to the classification of Stanbury, partly due to a lack of coupling of the iodotyrosines to produce iodothyronines and partly to a defect in deiodination.