bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Standardized Quality Assessment System To Evaluate Incontinence Care in the Nursing Home
Authors: Schnelle John F. , Cadogan Mary P. , Grbic Dragan , Bates‐jensen Barbara M. , Osterweil Dan , Yoshii June , Simmons Sandra F.
Published: November 2003

Objectives: To demonstrate the reliability and feasibility of a standardized protocol to assess and score urinary incontinence care in nursing homes.

Design: Descriptive.

Setting: Eighteen nursing homes (NHs).

Participants: Four hundred twenty‐six incontinent residents.

Measurements: Resident interview data were used to score three quality indicators, and usable data were retrieved from 117 (27%) of 426 incontinent residents in 18 homes who were selected for interview based on evidence that they could accurately describe the care they received. Medical record data were used to score six quality indicators for a subset of 58 participants in five homes.

Results: Zero to 98% of the participants were scored as receiving care consistent with the intent of the indicator across the nine indicators. All NHs failed to provide chart documentation of an assessment to determine an incontinent resident's appropriateness for a scheduled toileting program (0% passed). The absence of an assessment to determine a resident's potential responsiveness to toileting assistance may explain why 103 incontinent residents who were documented on the Minimum Data Set as being on a scheduled toileting program reported that they received the same number of toileting assists per day (1.3) as the group of 114 incontinent residents who were not on a scheduled toileting program (1.0). The received toileting assistance frequencies reported by both groups were too low to maintain continence.

Conclusion: The standardized quality assessment system generated scores for nine incontinence quality indicators with good interrater reliability and provided explicit scoring rules that can facilitate replication. The focus of the indicators on care processes that are under the control of NH staff make the protocol useful for external survey and internal quality improvement purposes.
A mechanism for the exclusion of low-fidelity human Y-family DNA polymerases from base excision repair
Authors: Haracska Lajos , Prakash Louise , Prakash Satya
Published: November 2003

The human Y-family DNA polymerases, Polι, Polη, and Polκ, function in promoting replication through DNA lesions. However, because of their low fidelity, any involvement of these polymerases in DNA synthesis during base excision repair (BER) would be highly mutagenic. Mechanisms, therefore, must exist to exclude their participation in BER. Here, we show that although Polι, Polη, and Polκ are all able to form a covalent Schiff base intermediate with the 5′-deoxyribose phosphate (5′-dRP) residue that results from the incision of DNA at an abasic site by an AP endonuclease, they all lack the ability for the subsequent catalytic removal of the 5′-dRP group. Instead, the covalent trapping of these polymerases by the 5′-dRP residue inhibits their DNA synthetic activity during BER. The unprecedented ability of these polymerases for robust Schiff base formation without the release of the 5′-dRP product provides a means of preventing their participation in the DNA synthetic step of BER, thereby avoiding the high incidence of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis that would otherwise occur.
Criteria for Assessing the Case for Overseas Aid: A Note
Authors: Foster Mick
Published: November 2003

This note derives minimum appraisal criteria for foreign aid consistent with those used by donor governments for domestic spending, and discusses implications for the level, allocation and financing of aid programmes. One finding is that aid is only welfare‐enhancing when the recipient country's social time preference rate is higher than the donor's, as will normally be the case. This implies that endowment financing is inferior to funding aid from current income, though borrowing against future aid as proposed by the International Financing Facility can be worthwhile provided returns exceed the borrowing cost.
Planning STI/HIV Prevention Among Refugees and Mobile Populations: Situation Assessment of Sudanese Refugees
Authors: Holt Bethany Young , Effler Paul , Brady William , Friday Jennifer , Belay Ermias , Parker Kathleen , Toole Michael
Published: November 2003

This article reflects an investigation of knowledge, attitudes and behaviours and HIV/STI prevalence of Sudanese refugees and Ethiopian sex workers in 1992. It represents one of the earliest such investigations within an African refugee population. The investigation took place in the Dimma refugee settlement in south‐western Ethiopia and study participants included Sudanese refugee men and women and Ethiopian female sex workers. Methods used for this investigation included focus group discussions, behavioural surveys and serologic testing. The main outcome measures of the investigation were HIV/STI knowledge, attitudes and behaviours and biological markers for HIV, syphilis and herpes simplex 2. The study findings indicate that in the early 1990s, knowledge about AIDS and condom use was low among Sudanese refugee women and not one reported having ever used a condom. Furthermore, sexual contact between refugee men and sex workers was frequent during the time of this study and the prevalence of HIV and other STIs was high. The results confirm a widely held assumption that highly mobile and transient populations in Africa are susceptible to STIs and HIV, in large part due to their knowledge, attitudes and behaviours.
Touching Down: Labour, Globalisation and the Airline Industry
Authors: Whitelegg Drew
Published: November 2003

This paper explores the recent history of cabin crew in the airline industry. It argues that as companies have become more complex and interconnected during the process of globalisation in the 1990s, a dialectic has been at work that provides workers with a newfound power. Lessons are drawn from the British Airways cabin crew strike of 1997, in which workers successfully resisted attempts to remove union recognition. These involve questions of action at global and local scale, and new strategies devised by the union concerned. Lastly, the paper discusses the post‐September 11, 2001 climate and suggests that cabin crew have an opportunity to reaffirm their indispensability to airline safety.
Herd Behaviour and Cascading in Capital Markets: a Review and Synthesis
Authors: Hirshleifer David , Hong Teoh Siew
Published: November 2003

We review theory and evidence relating to herd behaviour, payoff and reputational interactions, social learning, and informational cascades in capital markets. We offer a simple taxonomy of effects, and evaluate how alternative theories may help explain evidence on the behaviour of investors, firms, and analysts. We consider both incentives for parties to engage in herding or cascading, and the incentives for parties to protect against or take advantage of herding or cascading by others.
Contrarian and Momentum Strategies in the Spanish Stock Market
Authors: Forner Carlos , Marhuenda Joaquín
Published: November 2003

There is extensive international evidence that the momentum strategy yields positive abnormal returns when short–term periods are considered, whereas the contrarian strategy is effective for long–term periods. However, this topic has received scarce attention in the Spanish stock market. We show that these two phenomena seem to be present in this market, and in particular that the 12–month momentum strategy and the 60–month contrarian strategy yield positive abnormal returns, although the effectiveness of the contrarian strategy is under suspicion when non–overlapping test periods are used. Our study therefore provides additional evidence that the results obtained in the literature on this topic are not from data snooping.
Early Ordovician bryozoans from north‐western Russia
Authors: Pushkin Victor I. , Popov Leonid E.
Published: November 2003

ABSTRACT. A bryozoan assemblage from the Billingen Stage of north‐western Russia (Ingria) is apparently the oldest known in the world. It consists of six species distributed among the trepostomate genera EsthonioporaDianulites, RevalotrypaPhragmophora and Hemiphragma. Two species are new: Phragmophora lavaense Pushkin, sp. nov. and Hemiphragma priscum Pushkin, sp. nov. The bryozoans are characteristic of the medium diversity benthic fauna of uncertain origin which migrated into the Baltic Basin during Billingen time (late Prioniodus elegans— early Oepikodus evae zones). The Billingen bryozoans have a close similarity to the late Arenig bryozoan faunas of Baltoscandia that are also dominated by trepostomates, but differ significantly from the low diversity late Arenig bryozoan assemblages of North America, Ireland, North China, Vajgach and Novaja Zemlja.
A replacement name for the trigonotarbid arachnid Eotarbus Dunlop
Authors: Dunlop Jason A.
Published: November 2003

The trigonotarbid arachnid genus Eotarbus was proposed by Dunlop (1996) as a plesion taxon for a new species from the upper Silurian of Ludford Lane, Shropshire. It has since been brought to my attention that the name is preoccupied. Eotarbus Kušta, 1888 was proposed for a single species of Carboniferous arachnid, Eotarbus litoralis Kušta, 1888 from Rakovnik in the Czech Republic. This preoccupation is unfortunate, as Kušta’s paper gives only a figure for this species and no formal description. Petrunkevitch (1953) reported the holotype and only known specimen as having been lost 50 years prior to his monograph, and as such was unable to place the genus, assigning it to Architarbi incertae sedis. Whilst there is clearly a case for suppressing the original use of the name Eotarbus due to the lost and inadequately described type material, a replacement generic name is proposed herein for the Ludford Lane trigonotarbid.
GIgantonoclea: an enigmatic Permian plant from North China
Authors: Zi‐Qiang Wang
Published: November 2003

Gigantonoclea is a distinctive and enigmatic plant from the Permian of North China proper, with an unusual frond architecture and a pollen organ and vascular structure which are unique; it demonstrates a sudden rise and a rapid extinction. This paper reviews previous work on Asian gigantopterids and describes new material from the Upper Permian of Shanxi Province, including a new type of pollen organ (Jiaochengia lagrelii) and two new species of frond (Gigantonoclea crenataG. pubescens). Jiaochengia shows opposite, dissected and rather modified microsporophylls, laxly aggregating into an independent organ, which is markedly different from ‘Gigantotheca’ from Fujian. This presents evidence of heterogeneity among Asian gigantopterids and partly supports a relationship with the Carboniferous Callistophytales. Jiaochengia sporangia have what may be the first record of a waxy covering on the outer surface of a fossil plant, which is interpreted to have functioned to repel water, to protect against fungal attack and to scatter light. According to Hickey's rule, the venation of true Gigantonoclea fronds consists of three orders of main veins (rachis, midvein and secondary veins) and two orders of anastomosing veins (tertiary veins and veinlets). Certain putative ‘Gigantonoclea’ species from South China and some peripheral areas of North China do not have this type of venation and are thus excluded from the genus. Frond dimorphism is common among gigantopterids in both North and South China and can be compared with the amphibious variation from submerged to emergent leaves in extant aquatic plants. G. pubescens has a thick, bi‐layered adaxial cuticle with an indumentum covering with dense papillae and trichomes bases, and deeply sunken, papillate stomata, suggesting that it favoured more arid conditions. An observed gradient from pubescent to glabrate or even glabrous gigantopterid cuticle structures between North and South China suggests a change from xeric, mesic to humid habitats.
a new ichnogenus for etchings made by cheilostome bryozoans into calcareous substrates
Authors: Taylor Paul D. , Wilson Mark A. , Bromley Richard G.
Published: November 2003

Some encrusting cheilostome bryozoans etch a pattern of small pits into hard calcareous substrates, especially calcitic and aragonitic shells of molluscs. These patterns, herein described as Leptichnus ichnogen. nov., comprise pits which are sub‐circular to elongate in cross section and are found in either uniserial (L. dromeus isp. nov.) or multiserial arrangements (L. peristroma isp. nov., the type species). Each pit corresponds to the location of a single zooid in the bryozoan colony. The oldest known Leptichnus is Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian), the trace fossil first becomes common in the Cenozoic, and at least nine modern cheilostome genera produce incipient Leptichnus. Leptichnus can be the only evidence remaining of encrusting cheilostomes following taphonomic or diagenetic loss of their calcareous skeletons. The mechanism by which bryozoans etch into their calcareous substrates is unknown but is almost certain to be chemical and necessitates having windows in the basal walls of the zooids which permit contact with the substratum beneath. Etching may result in better adherence to the substrate, giving protection from abrasion and bioerosion.
Thylacocephala (Arthropoda: Crustacea?) from the Cretaceous of Lebanon and implications for thylacocephalan systematics
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Hof Cees H. J. , Steeman Fedor A.
Published: November 2003

An intensive study of a collection of arthropods from the Cretaceous of Lebanon, formerly referred to as stomatopod larvae, reveals that these forms belong to the problematical arthropod class Thylacocephala. The species Protozoea hilgendorfi, P. damesi, and Pseuderichthus cretaceus display defining thylacocephalan characters such as a carapace enclosing the entire body bearing a large anterior optic notch; three pairs of large, raptorial appendages; and a posterior battery of small swimming limbs associated with muscle segments. Unique characters of at least the genus Protozoea are the numerous ‘pits’ covering the entire carapace, elongated anterior rostral and posterior spines, and a dorsal hinge indicative of a truly bivalved carapace. We note several anatomical curiosities that provide some insight into the anatomy, ecology and phylogenetic relationships of these and other thylacocephalan species. Structures on the carapace surface of thylacocephalans may represent sensory organs comparable to the receptors seen on thecostracan crustaceans. The affinities of the three species described are still not entirely clear, but a phylogenetic analysis of the entire group may resolve this.
Trilobite faunas of the Duncannon Group: Caradoc stratigraphy, environments and palaeobiogeography of the Leinster Terrane, IReland
Authors: Owen Alan W. , Parkes Matthew A.
Published: November 2003

The Burrellian trilobite faunas of the Leinster terrane comprise at least 31 species from a spectrum of faunal associations. Strong faunal links with the Anglo‐Welsh area confirm the likely close proximity of these parts of Avalonia during the mid Caradoc but together with existing magmatic and palaeomagnetic data, the Leinster faunas also indicate that the existing simple structural models of the relationship between these areas need to be reappraised. Of the 22 identifiable trilobite genera, eight are not known from equivalent or older horizons in the Anglo‐Welsh area and indicate a significant link with Scoto‐Appalachian faunas on the margins of Laurentia. This colonization by trilobites of Scoto‐Appalachian origin may have been achieved by ‘volcanic island hopping’ across the shrinking Iapetus Ocean. The Leinster trilobites are therefore critical in documenting the breakdown of faunal provincialism and in fingerprinting the faunas and likely palaeogeographical setting of terranes now caught up in the Iapetus suture zone to the north. Eighteen species are described or discussed in detail including a new species of AmpyxinaA. hibernica sp. nov., a probable new species of Calyptaulax and revision of the M'Coy species Trinodus agnostiformis, Autoloxolichas laxatus, Flexicalymene forcipata Remopleurides platyceps.
Chemostratigraphic Evidence of Deccan Volcanism from the Marine Osmium Isotope Record
Authors: Ravizza G. , Peucker-Ehrenbrink B.
Published: November 2003

Continental flood basalt (CFB) volcanism is hypothesized to have played a causative role in global climate change and mass extinctions. Uncertainties associated with radiometric dating preclude a clear chronological assessment of the environmental consequences of CFB volcanism. Our results document a 25% decline in the marine
187
Os/
188
Os record that predates the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (KTB) and coincides with late Maastrichtian warming. We argue that this decline provides a chemostratigraphic marker of Deccan volcanism and thus constitutes compelling evidence that the main environmental consequence of Deccan volcanism was a transient global warming event of 3° to 5°C that is fully resolved from the KTB mass extinction.
The Origins of Genome Complexity
Authors: Lynch Michael , Conery John S.
Published: November 2003

Complete genomic sequences from diverse phylogenetic lineages reveal notable increases in genome complexity from prokaryotes to multicellular eukaryotes. The changes include gradual increases in gene number, resulting from the retention of duplicate genes, and more abrupt increases in the abundance of spliceosomal introns and mobile genetic elements. We argue that many of these modifications emerged passively in response to the long-term population-size reductions that accompanied increases in organism size. According to this model, much of the restructuring of eukaryotic genomes was initiated by nonadaptive processes, and this in turn provided novel substrates for the secondary evolution of phenotypic complexity by natural selection. The enormous long-term effective population sizes of prokaryotes may impose a substantial barrier to the evolution of complex genomes and morphologies.
Diverse Psychotomimetics Act Through a Common Signaling Pathway
Authors: Svenningsson Per , Tzavara Eleni T. , Carruthers Robert , Rachleff Ilan , Wattler Sigrid , Nehls Michael , McKinzie David L. , Fienberg Allen A. , Nomikos George G. , Greengard Paul
Published: November 2003

Three distinct classes of drugs: dopaminergic agonists (such as D-amphetamine), serotonergic agonists (such as LSD), and glutamatergic antagonists (such as PCP) all induce psychotomimetic states in experimental animals that closely resemble schizophrenia symptoms in humans. Here we implicate a common signaling pathway in mediating these effects. In this pathway, dopamine- and an adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP)–regulated phospho-protein of 32 kilodaltons (DARPP-32) is phosphorylated or dephosphorylated at three sites, in a pattern predicted to cause a synergistic inhibition of protein phosphatase–1 and concomitant regulation of its downstream effector proteins glycogen synthesis kinase–3 (GSK-3), cAMP response element–binding protein (CREB), and c-Fos. In mice with a genetic deletion of DARPP-32 or with point mutations in phosphorylation sites of DARPP-32, the effects of D-amphetamine, LSD, and PCP on two behavioral parameters—sensorimotor gating and repetitive movements—were strongly attenuated.
Nanowire Crossbar Arrays as Address Decoders for Integrated Nanosystems
Authors: Zhong Zhaohui , Wang Deli , Cui Yi , Bockrath Marc W. , Lieber Charles M.
Published: November 2003

The development of strategies for addressing arrays of nanoscale devices is central to the implementation of integrated nanosystems such as biological sensor arrays and nanocomputers. We report a general approach for addressing based on molecular-level modification of crossed semiconductor nanowire field-effect transistor (cNW-FET) arrays, where selective chemical modification of cross points in the arrays enables NW inputs to turn specific FET array elements on and off. The chemically modified cNW-FET arrays function as decoder circuits, exhibit gain, and allow multiplexing and demultiplexing of information. These results provide a step toward the realization of addressable integrated nanosystems in which signals are restored at the nanoscale.
Occupational contact dermatitis to nickel: experience of the British dermatologists (EPIDERM) and occupational physicians (OPRA) surveillance schemes
Authors: Shum K W , Meyer J D , Chen Y , Cherry N , Gawkrodger D J
Published: November 2003

Aims:To examine, from occupational surveillance reporting data, whether scheme reporters considered nickel exposure to play a role in occupational contact dermatitis (OCD) in the UK.

Methods:Data on occupational skin disease in the UK are collected by two occupational disease surveillance schemes, EPIDERM and OPRA. Cases of OCD believed to have relevant nickel exposure reported to EPIDERM or OPRA from February 1993 to January 1999 were studied.

Results:An estimate of 1190 cases of occupational contact dermatitis thought to have relevant nickel exposure (12% of total estimated OCD) was derived from reports by dermatologists, an average of 198 per year. The highest incidence rates were seen in hairdressers (23.9/100 000 workers/year), bar staff (4.7), chefs and cooks (4.4), retail cash and checkout operators (2.8), and catering assistants (2.5). From May 1994 to January 1999, 158 cases of nickel associated dermatitis (1.9% of total OCD cases) were estimated; the most frequently reported occupations were electronic assemblers, nurses, sales assistants, and general assemblers. From July 1997 to January 1999, 547 positive patch tests to nickel were reported; in 195 cases (36%), nickel was felt to be a relevant occupational allergen (for example, coin handling). In hairdressers, nurses, cooks, and beauticians, nickel was usually considered, if relevant at all, to be only one of several causes of dermatitis.

Conclusions:Up to 12% of total estimated cases of OCD were thought to be due in part to nickel. Results suggest that nickel hypersensitivity is one of several contributors to OCD in subjects with multiple occupational exposures. Coin handling may be a source of OCD to nickel.
Investigating the dose-response relation between air pollution and total mortality in the APHEA-2 multicity project
Authors: Samoli E , Touloumi G , Zanobetti A , Le Tertre A , Schindler Chr , Atkinson R , Vonk J , Rossi G , Saez M , Rabczenko D , Schwartz J , Katsouyanni K
Published: November 2003

Background:Several recent studies have reported significant health effects of air pollution even at low levels of air pollutants, but in most of these studies linear non-threshold relations were assumed.

Aims:To investigate the NO2mortality dose-response association in nine cities participating in the APHEA-2 project using two different methods: the meta-smooth and the cubic spline method.

Methods:The meta-smooth method developed by Schwartz and Zanobetti is based on combining individual city non-parametric smooth curves; the cubic spline method developed within the APHEA-2 project combines individual city estimates of cubic spline shaped dose-response relations. The meta-smooth method is easier and faster to implement, but the cubic spline method is more flexible for further investigation of possible heterogeneity in the dose-response curves among cities.

Results:In the range of the pollutant common to all cities the two methods gave similar and comparable curves. Using the cubic spline method it was found that smoking prevalence acts as an effect modifier with larger NO2effects on mortality at lower smoking prevalence.

Conclusions:The NO2–mortality association in the cities included in the present analysis, could be adequately estimated using the linear model. However, investigation of the city specific dose-response curves should precede the application of linear models.
BOUNDED GENERATION AND LINEAR GROUPS
Authors: ABÉRT MIKLÓS , LUBOTZKY ALEXANDER , PYBER LÁSZLÓ
Published: November 2003

A group Γ is called boundedly generated (BG) if it is the set-theoretic product of finitely many cyclic subgroups. We show that a BG group has only abelian by finite images in positive characteristic representations.

We use this to reprove and generalize Rapinchuk's theorem by showing that a BG group with the FAb property has only finitely many irreducible representations in any given dimension over any field. We also give a structure theorem for the profinite completion G of such a group Γ.

On the other hand, we exhibit boundedly generated profinite FAb groups which do not satisfy this structure theorem.
Looking Back—Dean's Address
Authors: RajaRayan Raj K
Published: November 2003

General dental practitioners have been part of The Royal College of Surgeons of England since the LDS RCS examinations in 1860. For 87 years, it was the general dentists who were part of the College. Later, the political necessity of introducing hospital dentists to the National Health Service changed the ethos for dentists with the formation of the Faculty of Dental Surgery in 1947. Secondary care dentists became entrenched within The College at the expense of the majority of those who practised dentistry to the same level as secondary care dentists. It took a further 45 years before general practitioners could return to their home. The Faculty of General Dental Practitioners (UK), within a short space of time, has become the largest Faculty for dentists within any of the Royal Colleges. This article includes excerpts from the Dean's address at the Ceremony of Presentation of Diplomates held on 3rd March 2001 (see page 75). It unveils the accidents of history which formulated a Royal College, the perseverance of committed dentists which took them into the fold of The College. It describes the beginning of the Faculty of Dental Surgery and unravels the story of the Advisory Board in General Dental Practice which later became the Faculty of General Dental Practitioners (UK).

The next article ‘Looking Forwards’ will describe a way forward for this Faculty, which has grown up all too quickly in a rapidly changing world.
Risks and Values in Treatment Decision Making
Authors: Kay Elizabeth J
Published: November 2003

The 1984 Oral Health Strategy defined oral health as a subjective state rather than an objective one. It also made clear that oral health was far more than the mere absence of oral disease.

Healthcare outcomes can therefore only be evaluated by the individual receiving healthcare rather than by those who provide it. The task of the healthcare provider is to determine the probability of achieving particular health outcomes.

Weighting the value of an outcome by the probability with which it will occur can inform decision-making. The decisions which result from using such a system are sometimes counterintuitive but ensure that the patient's values are fully incorporated into the decision-making process. This is particularly important in cases where the problem is aesthetic rather than pathological. Patients’ evaluations of health outcomes are also known as health state utilities. Even if only considered implicitly, use of utility weighting ensures that patient consent is informed consent and encourages communication and understanding between patient and practitioners.
Investigating Category Pricing Behavior at a Retail Chain
Authors: Chintagunta Pradeep K.
Published: November 2003

In studying retailer pricing behavior, researchers typically assume that retailers maximize profits across all brands in a focal product category. In this article, the author attempts to study empirically the extent to which three factors affect retail prices: (1) the effects of payments from manufacturers to the retailer other than regular promotions, as well as the effects of additional costs borne by the retailer for these brands; (2) the retailer's objectives specific to its store brand, such as maximizing store brand share; and (3) the effects of retail competition and store traffic. By specifying a demand function at the brand-chain level for each brand in the product category, the author derives pricing rules for the retailer. The author decomposes the retail price of a brand into effects due to wholesale price, markup (obtained from the demand functions), additional promotional payments, retail competition, and the retailer's objectives for the store brand. The author carries out empirical analysis for a specific product category at a single retail grocery chain. The results indicate that the effects of the three factors vary across brands in the category.
Absence Makes the Mind Grow Sharper: Effects of Element Omission on Subsequent Recall
Authors: Sengupta Jaideep , Gorn Gerald J.
Published: November 2003

The authors investigate the memorial consequences of deliberately omitting crucial elements from an advertisement. Research on the self-generation effect in cognitive psychology indicates that such element omission may actually lead to an improvement in recall. Support for this perspective is obtained in a series of experiments that explores the effects of feature omission in the context of both overt omission (in which the omission is highlighted by the advertiser) and implicit omission (in which the omission, though not highlighted in the advertisement, is noticed because of prior expectations for that ad type). Even under highly constrained processing conditions (e.g., exposure times as short as four seconds), an advertisement that omits a key element is shown to produce better recall than an equivalent advertisement that contains the element. The authors find that this recall improvement occurs along dimensions that are specifically related to the omitted element; therefore, leaving out an element related only to the product category (but not the brand) produces an improvement only in category recall, whereas brand recall is improved by the omission of an element related to the brand name. The authors discuss theoretical and managerial implications of these findings.
Designing Loyalty-Building Programs for Packaged Goods Brands
Authors: Roehm Michelle L. , Pullins Ellen Bolman , Roehm Harper A.
Published: November 2003

The authors investigate the effects of loyalty programs on loyalty to packaged goods brands. Findings from a series of experiments indicate that the incentive that is offered in a loyalty program is important to whether the program succeeds or fails at building brand loyalty. The data reported suggest that incentives that have overlap with brand associations, which the authors term cue-compatible incentives, can prompt rehearsal that increases the accessibility of favorable brand associations. This, in turn, helps boost postprogram loyalty. At the same time, incentives that are tangible or concrete can undermine postprogram loyalty. This seems to occur because elaboration is attracted to the incentive at the expense of the brand. Incentive associations may thus gain in accessibility and interfere with access to brand associations.
Optimal Design for Multinomial Choice Experiments
Authors: Kanninen Barbara J.
Published: November 2003

The author derives D-optimal designs for main-effects, multinomial choice experiments using attribute levels as design parameters. The design solutions are similar to standard main-effects designs except that one attribute is used to manipulate response probabilities. The manipulator is key to implementing optimal designs in practice.
Adaptive Composite Systems: Modeling and Applications
Authors: Suleman A.
Published: November 2003

In the past decade, technological developments in materials and computer sciences have evolved to the point where their synergistic combination have culminated in a new field of multidisciplinary research in adaptation. The advances in material sciences have provided a comprehensive and theoretical framework for implementing multifunctionality in materials, and the development of high speed digital computers has permitted transforming that framework into methodologies for practical design and production. The concept is elementary: a highly integrated sensor system provides data on the structural environment to a processing and control system which in turn signals integrated actuators to modify the structural properties appropriately.

Multifunctional materials embedded in adaptive composite systems have presented exceptional promise in engineering design problems that require solutions in active vibration suppression, shape control, and noise attenuation. Piezoelectric materials, shape memory alloys, and magnetostrictive materials are the three most recognized types. These materials develop strains or displacements when exposed to electric, thermal, and magnetic fields, respectively.
Cure and Health Monitoring
Authors: Fukuda Takehito , Kosaka Tatsuro
Published: November 2003

The smart monitoring system has evolved due to advances in sensors, sensing methods, and communication technologies. The sensing function involves sensors, signal sources, and signal detectors. Measured data are analyzed by a signal processor using an appropriate analytical approach. The analyzed results are reported to operators or observers. In the old days, human beings performed these functions. Today, they are replaced by sensor devices, computers, and communication networks. For example, a fire alarm system consists of a temperature sensor, a microcomputer, and an alarm. Furthermore, the recent development in sensors and computers make these devices so small and light that they can be integrated into structures. An integrated monitoring system makes the materials and structures “smart”, and then it can be called a “smart” monitoring system.

The smart monitoring system has mainly two practical, commercial targets. One is “manufacturing process monitoring” and another is “health monitoring.” The former is a technique for monitoring the state of materials in the manufacturing process. Monitoring of the molding process for thermosetting polymers, called “cure monitoring,” has been especially focused on polymer matrix composites (PMCs). In manufacturing process monitoring, the chemical and physical state of materials and the integrity of products are monitored. The collected data can also be used for optimal control of the forming process to improve efficiency. Monitoring the integrity of the product makes it unnecessary to inspect after manufacture. Then, the manufacturing cost can be reduced by introducing this technique. Health monitoring, on the other hand is a technique for monitoring the condition of materials and structures in operation. In the last decade, health monitoring has become a hot issue especially in aerospace and civil structures. These structures suffer from mechanical and thermal fatigue, long exposure time, and natural disasters such as earthquakes and typhoons. Thus, periodic inspections are required to maintain the safety of these structures adequately. However, the inspection cost of large structures is very high, and operation must be interrupted during the inspection. Therefore, real‐time health monitoring promises to reduce maintenance costs and to improve reliability. By combining these two monitoring techniques, it is possible to monitor the state of materials and structures from their beginnings to their ends. This means that the quality of products can be ensured continuously at low cost. Therefore, the idea is a very attractive solution for reducing the total cost of ownership, including the price, maintenance, and operating cost. Details on these tapes are given.
Electrically Conductive Adhesives for Electronic Applications
Authors: Lu Daoqiang , Wong C.P.
Published: November 2003

Soldering processes using tin/lead solders (Sn/Pb) are standard interconnection technologies for electronic components on printed circuit boards (PCBs). The most common reflow soldering process for surface mounted technology (SMT) uses tin/lead solder pastes. The pressure to reduce the industrial use of lead is growing, particularly in Europe. Lead is a well‐known hazard to human health. Even small quantities can damage the brain, nervous system, liver, and kidneys when ingested. When Sn/Pb solders are disposed of in landfills, lead can leach into soils and pollute ground water. As such, the pressure to remove or minimize the use of lead is steadily building. Most European communities, in fact, have proposed a ban on the landfill disposal of electronic products containing leaded printed circuit boards, as well as on the sale of products containing the metal. In United States, consumer electronics were identified as the second largest source of lead (30%) in the municipal solid waste stream after lead‐acid batteries (65%), which were already being separated from trash before disposal. Thus, usage of tin/lead solder paste in the SMT process is considered environmentally harmful and must be reduced or eliminated. Lead‐free and environmentally sound interconnect bonding processes are urgently needed. Among the possibilities are electrically conductive adhesives (ECAs) and lead‐free solders. Compared to soldering technology, ECA technology can offer numerous advantages such as fewer processing steps which reduces processing cost, lowers the processing temperature which makes the use of heat‐sensitive and low cost substrates possible, and fine pitch capability.
Fish Aquatic Studies
Authors: Purdy Jesse E. , Eidson Harold D.
Published: November 2003

Though the application of smart materials and smart structures is widespread in the study of animal behavior, in this article the focus is on the application of smart materials and smart structures to fish aquatic studies. We concentrate on two specific aspects of behavioral studies of fish. First, operant conditioning, a laboratory technique used to study foraging, temperature regulation, and circadian rhythms in fish is examined. Second, the application of smart materials and smart structures to telemetry studies involving fish is discussed. Aquatic animal researchers have used telemetry technology to track fish to determine home range and movement patterns, quantify muscle movement to determine level of physical activity metabolism rates, and to assess temperature regulatory ability. For each of these applications, the use of such materials from a historical perspective is considered reader is brought up to date in terms of current technology. Specific details about the apparatus used by researchers that incorporates the use of smart materials and smart structures, and we provide several examples of the types of applications that researchers have developed are provided. In addition the findings that have resulted from using smart materials and smart structures are examined.

This article is not meant to be exhaustive in its approach to the use of smart materials and smart structures in fish aquatic studies. The goal is to provide a representative set of applications that the reader could then explore in greater detail.
Health Monitoring (Structural) Using Wave Dynamics
Authors: Pines Darryll J.
Published: November 2003

The extraction of the modal parameters of a structure for model‐based damage detection methods has received a considerable amount of attention in the literature. Many of these model‐based methods are widely used for problems of structural health monitoring of aerospace, civil, and mechanical systems. However, studies have shown that these methods have many limitations, including sensitivity to model uncertainty, changes in boundary conditions, insensitivity to incipient structural defects, and sensor and actuator placement. To counter these inherent problems, attention has focused on the development of alternative modeling approaches to describe the vibratory motion of structures under external excitation.

One of the superposition of traveling waves that can traverse individual elements of a structure and reflect off boundaries to establish standing waves from constructive interference. These standing waves constitute the resonance or reverberant response of the structure and lead to reverberated transfer functions (RTF) from force excitation of sensor outputs. Common attributes of such frequency domain responses are characteristic pole‐zero patterns for collocated and noncollocated transfer functions. Using these frequency response functions, many methods have been developed to obtain modal properties of a variety of structures. However, often neglected in the process is that these RTF responses are comprised of the steady‐state superposition of incident and reflected traveling waves propagating along the structure. These traveling wave components can be used to identify local damage in structural systems.

The idea of identifying damage using the scattering of transient structural waves is directly related to the dereverberated response of a structure.

The concept of dereverberation is introduced, followed by a discussion of the way to obtain the DTF response of discrete and continuous structural elements. The DTF response is obtained from simulated nonuniform discrete and continuous structures. Finally, a damage detection method using the DTF response and a phase damage index method illustrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Assimilable Organic Carbon (AOC) in Treated Water: Determination and Significance
Authors: van der Kooij Dick
Published: November 2003

Controlling Microbiological Water Quality

Regrowth Processes and Growth Kinetics

AOC Method

AOC Concentrations in Water

Biological Stability

Acknowledgments
Plant–Microbe Interactions in the Marine Environment
Authors: Lovell Charles R.
Published: November 2003

Plant‐Microbe Interactions of Emergent Marine Plants

Plant‐Microbe Interactions of Submerged Marine Plants
In‐Situ Coating of SBA‐15 with MgO: Direct Synthesis of Mesoporous Solid Bases from Strong Acidic Systems
Authors: Wei Y.L. , Wang Y.M. , Zhu J.H. , Wu Z.Y.
Published: November 2003

Basic mesoporous materials (see Figure) are synthesized directly from a strong acidic solution for the first time. This is achieved by in‐situ coating of SBA‐15 with basic MgO by adding acetate salt into the initial mixture of raw materials for synthesis. The synthesis and modification is performed in a one‐step procedure. The magnesium acetate not only acts as the precursor of MgO, but also leads to a better order in the mesostructure.
Polymaleamide–polymaleimide networks
Authors: Ivanov D. , Găină C. , Grigoraş C.
Published: November 2003

Polymaleamide–polymaleimide networks were obtained as films by the thermal treatment of mixtures with different ratios of an aliphatic–aromatic polymaleamide (PMA) and 4,4′‐bis(maleimidodiphenylmethane) (BMI), in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrolidinone (NMP) as a solvent. The polymaleamides were synthesized by ring‐opening polyaddition of 1,6‐hexamethylene–bisisomaleimide with 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane in NMP at room temperature. The networks are infusible and insoluble in organic solvents; therefore, they were studied by solid‐state techniques such as IR, DSC, thermooptical analysis (TOA), TG/DTG analysis, and TEM. Thermal treatment of pure PMA and BMI occurs with the formation of crosslinked structures as proved by IR spectra. DSC and TOA curves show the appearance of chemical interactions between PMA and BMI in cured films and the formation of ordered morphologies, especially when BMI is the major component. TG/DTG and TEM results supported these observations. The PMA–polymaleimide network films present electrical insulator properties superior to individual polyamides or polyimides. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 779–788, 2004
Crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of polypropylene copolymer by in situ copolymerization with a nucleating agent and/or nano‐calcium carbonate
Authors: Zhu Weiping , Zhang Guangping , Yu Jianyong , Dai Gance
Published: November 2003

The crystallization behavior of polypropylene (PP) copolymer obtained by in situ reactor copolymerization with or without a nucleating agent and/or nano‐CaCO3 particles was investigated both by thermal analysis and by polarized light microscopy. The Avrami model is successfully used to describe the crystallization kinetics of the studied copolymer. The results of the investigation show that a dramatic decrease of the half‐time of crystallization t1/2, as well as a significant increase of the overall crystallization rate, are observed in the presence of the nucleating agent. These effects are further promoted in the presence of the nano‐CaCO3 particles. The incorporation of the nucleating agent and nano‐CaCO3 particles into PP copolymer remarkably improved the mechanical properties and heat distortion temperature. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 431–438, 2004
Synthesis and properties of polystyrene–montmorillonite nanocomposites by suspension polymerization
Authors: Hwu Jyh Ming , Ko Tzu Heng , Yang Wei‐Ta , Lin Jui Chi , Jiang George J. , Xie Wei , Pan Wei Ping
Published: November 2003

Organophilic montmorillonite was prepared using ion‐exchange method between sodium ions in clay layers and stearyltrimethyl ammonium chloride in the various solvents, including deionized water, ethanol, acetone, and toluene. The montmorillonite has the largest d001 spacing, as determined by X‐ray diffraction in toluene, than the other solvents considered. Ethanol can completely wash out the overexchanged stearyltrimethyl ammonium chloride among layers of montmorillonite. However, deionized water is the preferred ion‐exchange solvent. The thermal stability of organophilic montmorillonite was investigated by high‐resolution thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Polystyrene–montmorillonite nanocomposites were obtained by suspension free radical polymerization of styrene in the dispersed organophilic montmorillonite. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that montmorillonite had been exfoliated. 5.0 wt % of clay in the synthesized nanocomposite was found to be the optimum content that improved both thermal and mechanical properties over those of pure polystyrene under the experimental conditions applied. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 101–109, 2004
Synthesis and characterization of new arylamine chitosan derivatives
Authors: Taboada Edelio , Cabrera Gustavo , Cardenas Galo
Published: November 2003

The synthesis of new chitosan derivatives and their complete characterization by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, and cross‐polarity/magic‐angle‐spinning 13C NMR is described. A chitosan that was 96.5% deacetylated and had a viscosimetric molecular weight of 131,000 g/mol was prepared. N‐(3,5‐Diethylaminobenzoyl) chitosan with a degree of substitution of 29% and N‐(4‐ethylaminobenzoyl) chitosan with a degree of substitution of 60% were obtained. Such derivatives could be used as metal‐chelating polymers, as flocculants, and in biomedical applications because of the aryl amine moieties in their structure. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 807–812, 2004
Predictive modeling of microcracking in carbon‐fiber/epoxy composites at cryogenic temperatures
Authors: Timmerman John F. , Seferis James C.
Published: November 2003

The temperature at which microcracking occurred in symmetrical cross‐ply carbon‐fiber/epoxy composite materials was predicted with a yield‐stress‐based failure model. A fracture mechanics analysis of thein situstrength of the ply groups in a composite material was combined with a compound beam determination of thermal stress development to create the predictive model. This approach, unlike many other models, incorporated the change in the material properties with temperature with the room‐temperature properties of the laminate to predict the low‐temperature behavior of the ply groups. Dynamic mechanical analysis was used to assess microcracking at cryogenic temperatures through the observation of discontinuities in the material properties during failure. Four different material systems were studied, and the model accurately predicted the onset temperature for microcracking in three of the four cases. It was shown that the room‐temperature properties of a fiber‐reinforced polymeric composite laminate, appropriately modified to account for property variations at low temperatures, could be used to predict transverse microcracking as a response to thermal stresses at cryogenic temperatures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1104–1110, 2004