bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FLUORESCENCE METHODS FOR THE HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF MONOAMINES. 3. SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE REDUCTION OF THE FLUORESCENT COMPOUNDS AS A SPECIFICITY TEST
Authors: CORRODI HANS , HILLARP NILS-ÅKE , JONSSON GÖSTA
Published: April 2011

It has been shown in previous papers that catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine can under certain conditions be converted to highly fluorescent 6,7 - dihydroxy - 3,4 - dihydroisoquinolines and 6-hydroxy-3,4-dihydro-β-carboline respectively, and that this can be used as a highly sensitive and specific method for the histochemical demonstration of the monoamines at the cellular level. In the present paper it is shown that the fluorescent compounds are very readily reduced by sodium borohydride to the corresponding, non-fluorescent 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-compounds—even if they are present in a non-extractable state in dried serum albumin spots or in tissue sections—and that the fluorescence can be regenerate by renewed formaldehyde treatment. The non-specific fluorescence ( e. g. autofluorescence) in tissue sections was never observed to undergo any changes on borohydride treatment. On the basis of these findings a very simple histochemical test has been worked out to check directly in the tissue section whether or not an observed fluorescence is due to the presence of the reacting monoamines.
INTRACELLULAR MONOAMINE OXIDASE AND LIPIDS IN DIFFUSION CHAMBER CULTURES OF THE PINEAL ORGAN
Authors: O'STEEN W. KEITH , DILL RUSSELL E.
Published: April 2011

Outgrowth of rat pineal tissue in diffusion chambers began with a migration of connective tissue cells from the implant, and this was followed by a spreading of the parenchymal cells to the margins of the chambers.

Diffusion chamber implants and fresh slices of pineal organ were incubated for monoamine oxidase (MAO) in a medium containing nitro-blue tetrazolium and tryptamine hydrochloride. The MAO reaction was visualized as black formazan granules in parenchymal cells of all cultures throughout the entire 21 day observation period. These cytoplasmic granules appeared to increase in number and in size during the later time periods. A positive enzyme reaction also was present in slices of fresh pineal organ treated in the same medium and in a medium without the substrate, tryptamine hydrochloride. Pineal tissues with prior treatment in a MAO inhibitor gave a negative reaction.

Some parenchymal cells in diffusion chamber implants accumulated many large lipid droplets. There were fewer of these cells than MAO positive cells, and they appeared to migrate from the implant at a slower rate.
IN VITRO BINDING OF NUCLEIC ACIDS TO TISSUE SECTIONS AFTER REMOVAL OF TISSUE NUCLEIC ACIDS
Authors: DAOUST R.
Published: April 2011

Rat tissue sections were freed from nucleic acids by enzymatic or chemical extraction methods, immersed in solutions of nucleic acids from various sources and stained with toluidine blue.

Tissue sections immersed in solutions of DNA showed intense nuclear and cytoplasmic staining; similar results were obtained with tissue sections placed in solutions of RNA. Thus both DNA and RNA can bind to nuclear and cytoplasmic sites in tissue sections freed from nucleic acids. The experiments indicated however that in vitro binding of nucleic acids to tissue sections was not specific to original sites of nucleic acid binding and the reactions showed no particular species or organ specificity.
DISTRIBUTION OF β-GLUCURONIDASE ACTIVITY IN RAT TISSUES EMPLOYING THE NAPHTHOL AS-BI GLUCURONIDE HEXAZONIUM PARAROSANILIN METHOD
Authors: HAYASHI MASANDO
Published: April 2011

The histochemical distribution of β-glucuronidase activity in rat tissues as demonstrated by the naphthol AS-BI glucuronide and hexazonium pararosanilin method has been described.

The present method has demonstrated a close correlation between the amount of stain derived from the β-glucuronidase reaction and the reported enzyme activity by homogenate assay in every tissue examined. Tissues known to be enzyme-rich by homogenate assay showed a rapid and intense staining in a great number of cells. These tissues were the preputial gland, spleen, liver, epididymis, ovary, lymph node, thymus, kidney and thyroid. In enzyme-poor tissues, the staining was negative or limited to a small number of specific cells. These tissues were the brain, spinal cord, eye, testis, and muscle. Cells responsible for the intense staining in all tissues examined were those of the macrophage system, parenchymal cells of liver and kidney and several types of mucous membrane cells. In each cell the major staining appeared as discrete and, most often, spherical granules in the cytoplasm, and no staining was observed in the nucleus, Size, number and location of the granules was quite variable depending on the type of cells. Large granules were especially abundant in macrophages. The possible significance of this enzyme distribution is discussed briefly.
ISOZYME HISTOCHEMISTRY: THE DISPLAY OF SELECTIVE LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE ISOZYMES IN SECTIONS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
Authors: BRODY IRWIN A. , ENGEL W. KING
Published: April 2011

The addition of chemical agents to the standard lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) incubating medium permits the histochemical display of selective LDH isozymes. Excess lactate decreases the intensity of the fast-moving isozymes, and urea decreases the intensity of the slow-moving isozymes. Application of these modified incubating media to histologic sections allows the display of selective LDH isozymes in unhomogenized tissues. Thus, predominance of the slow-moving LDH isozymes in guinea pig gastroenemius and of the fast-moving isozymes in guinea pig soleus were found on the electrophoretic patterns of the muscle extracts and confirmed on the intact tissues.

The modified incubating media were used to localize specific LDH isozymes in normal human skeletal muscle. Ry extraction of the sections with saline or acetone the intracellular sites of isozyme activity were identified with recognized cell constituents.

It was concluded that the slow-moving LDH isozymes predominate in the aqueous sarcoplasm of Type I fibers while the fast-moving isozymes predominate in the aqueous sarcoplasm of Type II fibers and in the mitochondria and lipid-mitochondrial complexes. The Pattern of dark and light fibers, seen after incubation in the standard LDH medium, was found to be due to the greater activity of the slow-moving isozymes in the Type I than the Type II fibers.

Thus technique of isozyme histochemistry thus allows study of the intracellular localizations and the biochemical roles of specific LDH isozymes in skeletal muscles.
SOME ASPECTS OF THE SPECIFICITY OF FATTY ACID ESTERASES
Authors: HOFSTEE B. H. J.
Published: April 2011

A comparison has been made of the meaning of the experimental kinetic constants Vm, KM and Vm/KM with respect to group transfer by a hydrolase proceeding either with or without obligatory intermediary transfer of the group to the enzyme.

The results have been applied to the interpretation of kinetic data in a number of actual cases involving esterases whereby either several substrates have one of these experimental constants in common or the addition of a modifier has no effect on one of these constants with respect to a particular substrate.
HISTOCHEMICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES ON HELA CELL CULTURES EXPOSED TO SPINDLE INHIBITORS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INTERPHASE CELL
Authors: ROBBINS ELLIOTT , GONATAS NICHOLAS K.
Published: April 2011

Mammalian cells of the HeLa (S3) strain, when exposed to spindle inhibitors, have been found to undergo several morphological transformations during interphase as well as during mitosis. Some of these have been studied both histochemically and ultrastructurally. The lysosomes, represented by the multivesicular bodies in HeLa cells, form clusters and become circumferentially disposed instead of occupying the polarized juxtanuclear position characteristic of these organelles. In the electron microscope it is seen that they have acquired a dense osmiophilic core that is separated from the bounding unit membrane by an electron lucent halo. The Golgi apparatus fragments under the influence of spindle inhibitors and also takes up a circumferential distribution in a pattern similar to that of the lysosomes. On the ultrastructural level, no significant modifications in this organelle are seen. Also noted in the interphase cell are numerous 60-80 Å fibrils coursing through the cytoplasm as well as a paucity of spindle our microtubules.

A striking similarity has been pointed out between the behavior of the lysosomes in the drugtreated interphase cell and the untreated, normal mitotic cell.

A possible explanation of some of the changes noted has been given in terms of an interruption of protoplasmic flow resulting from the disappearance of microtubules.
GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATASE IN THE SALIVARY GLANDS OF SCIARA COPROPHILA: A HISTOCHEMICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDY
Authors: TERNER JACOB Y. , GOODMAN REBA M. , SPIRO DAVID
Published: April 2011

Biochemical characteristics of an enzyme in larval stages of Sciara coprophila specifically hydrolyzing glucose-6-phosphate are shown to parallel those of a similar enzyme in mammalian liver with respect to substrate specificity and reactivity in the presence of various inhibitors. Even with prolonged incubation this enzyme can be demonstrated histochemically in unfixed larval salivary gland of Sciara coprophila only in focal dilated cisternae of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. It was concluded that the morphologically homogeneous microsomal system may have areas of biochemical specialization which allow the production of specific proteins (in this case a glucose-6-phosphatase) made in no other portion of the rough surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. Glucose-6-phosphatase activity is absent biochemically during the 2nd and 3rd instars. A minimal amount is present in the 4th instar and a marked elevation occurs prior to pupation; this level is maintained during pupation. Histochemically, glucose-6-phosphatase activity can be demonstrated throughout the larval stage. The relationship of the characteristic 4th instar puffs of dipteran larval chromosomes to the onset of high levels of glucose-6-phosphatase activity is discussed.
DIAMINE METHODS FOR DIFFERENTIATING MUCOSUBSTANCES HISTOCHEMICALLY
Authors: SPICER S. S.
Published: April 2011

A mixture of N,N-dimethyl- m-phenylenediamine (HCI)2 with the para isomer at pH 3.5-4.0 stains acid mucosubstances selectively. Various sialomucins as well as sulfomucins differ in their reactivity with this mixed diamine reagent and in the manner in which the pH and ionic strength of the solution affect their staining. Prior periodate oxidation eliminates or markedly decreases the staining of some sulfo- and sialomucins but has no influence on the reactivity of others. Both sulfated mucosaccharides and sialomucins differ also according to whether or not their affinity for azure A, colloidal iron or alcian blue persists following periodate oxidation and exposure to the meta diamine. Azurophilia of nuclei at pH 4.0 is abolished by meta diamine used after Feulgen hydrolysis.

Ferric chloride added to a solution of both diamines allows selective demonstration of most acid mucosubstances. This "low iron" diamine method followed by alcian blue stains sulfomucins and many sialomucins black, but other sialomucins blue. Some epithelia contain a mixture of blue and black-stained sialomucins.

A variant technique uses a higher concentration of iron and diamines. This colors most sulfomucins black while leaving nonsulfated acid mucosubstances unstained. This high iron diamine method followed by alcian blue stains sulfomucins black and sialomucins blue. Results with the "high iron" diamine-alcian blue sequence indicate that sulfomucin occurs in some sites and sialomucin in others; in many epithelia a mixture of the two mucosubstances coexists either in the same on in different cells.

Similar differentiation was obtainable also in many but not all sites with either the combination aldehyde fuchsin-alcian blue procedure on by assessment of differences between the results of alcian blue pH 2.5-PAS and alcian blue pH 1.0-PAS sequences. Applied to the surface mucous layer of certain intestinal and genitourinary epithelia, the methods differentiate areas of sulfomucin content alternating with others of sialomucin content. This is believed to indicate biogenesis of this secretion in the Golgi zone of nongoblet epithelial cells since staining of the surface mucous layer parallels that in the Golgi zone and often not that of neighboring goblet cells.
VISUALIZATION OF SITES OF PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITIES BY MEANS OF MORDANTED HAEMATEIN
Authors: LANE NANCY J.
Published: April 2011

More permanent visualization of sites of phosphatase activities is achieved by treating sections with haematein following incubation in media containing metal capture reagents. The metallic phosphates act as mordants for the haematein, and haematin mordanted by lead or cobalt has a rich purple color at alkaline pH. The purple color is fast in contrast to the brown lead or cobalt sulfides which tend to fade with time.
ENZYME HISTOCHEMISTRY OF BONE INDUCTION BY URINARY BLADDER EPITHELIUM
Authors: KAGAWA SHOHEI
Published: April 2011

Homogenous transplants of urinary bladder mucosa were made in guinea pigs, and induced bone formation was observed histochemically for alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, esterase, β-glucuronidase, aminopeptidase, and oxidative enzymes, i.e., succinic dehydrogenase, diphosphopyridine nucleotide-dependent dehydrogenase (lactate, malate, glutamate, α-glycerophosphate, β-hydroxybutyrate) and triphosphopyridine nucleotide-dependent dehydrogenase (glucose-6-phosphate and isocitrate).

Normal urinary bladder epithelium contained intense alkaline phosphatase and slight acid phosphatase activity throughout. There was weak esterase activity in intermediate layer and weak β-glucuronidase activity in intermediate layer. Succinic dehydrogenase was present throughout the epithelium, and was most active in the basal layer. Lactic and malic dehydrogenase activities were intense. Glutamic, α-glycerophosphate and β-hydroxybutyric dehydrogenase activities were low, but glucose-6-phosphate and isocitric dehydrogenase activities were high.

In the initial stage after transplantation, alkaline phosphatase, aminopeptidase and lactic dehydrogenase appeared in the connective tissue surrounding the transplanted mucosa in association with an inflammatory infiltration. Epithelial transplants formed cysts. Lactic, malic and triphosphopyridine nucleotide-dependent dehydrogenases in cystic epithelium were as intense as in normal bladder, though other enzymes decreased. Hyaline formation occurred around the cyst. No appreciable enzyme activity was demonstrated in this hyalinized portion, but when bone appeared marked activity of alkaline and acid phosphatases was seen around it. Histochemical patterns in the induced bone were essentially the same as in normal bone.
A CYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE SOLUBILITIES OF THE HISTONES OF FIXED NECTURUS LIVER
Authors: HOLTZMAN ERIC
Published: April 2011

Evidence for heterogeneity in solubility properties of the histones of fixed Necturus liver was obtained by extracting freeze-methanol-substituted tissue with 2-10% perchloric acid, ethanol-HCl, or 0.02 N HCl, postfixing in formaldehyde then staining with the Alfert-Geschwind method for basic proteins and measuring the dye bound to nuclei by microspectrophotometry.

Data was obtained which can be interpreted as indicating that each of the acids extracts a discrete portion of the histone. Information from experiments based on sequential extractions with two different reagents suggests that the portions extracted may represent different subfractions, perhaps corresponding to histone subtypes differing in relative content of arginine and lysine and in other properties.
ACTIVATION OF GLYCOPROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS BY TESTESTERONE PROPIONATE ON MOUSE EXORBITAL GLANDS
Authors: QUINTARELLI GIULIANO , DELLOVO MARIE C.
Published: April 2011

The authors have studied the effects of testosterone propionate on the lacrimal gland of the mouse. Repeated injections of the hormone have determined some structural and functional modifications of the gland. The former were characterized by cytoplasmic vacuoles; the latter by an increase of glycoprotein material.

The androgen used seemed to stimulate the synthesis of high molecular weight carbohydrates in a tissue that per se is mainly protein secreting.
SELECTIVE BINDING OF ZINC BY BASIC PROTEINS OF THE HELA CELL NUCLEOLUS
Authors: STUDZINSKI GEORGE P.
Published: April 2011

Treatment of ethanol-fixed HeLa cells with solutions containing zinc ions results in marked retention of zinc by the nucleolus. Subsequent exposure to dithizone results in selective staining of the nucleolus with visualization of some of its internal structure. Free amino groups of protein are shown to be chiefly responsible for binding of the zinc, but the imidazole rings of histidine residues may also play a part in zinc retention. High concentrations of protein-bound amino groups can be demonstrated by the ninhydrin-Schiff or the hydroxynaphthaldehyde methods to have a distribution in the HeLa cell nucleolus similar to the sites of marked zinc retention, and the Pauly reaction shows that imidazole groups of histidine are concentrated in the nucleolus in a similar fashion.

The zinc-binding protein is acid extractable and it is suggested that this protein may represent a product of the nucleolus with functions in other parts of the cell, where the reactive basic groups are masked by linkages to acidic groups, perhaps of nucleic acids.
ON THE IDENTITY OF "NOTHING DEHYDROGENASE"
Authors: SHAW CHARLES R. , KOEN ANN L.
Published: April 2011

The histochemical demonstration of dehydrogenase activity using tetrazolium sometimes occurs in the absence of added substrate. This occurrence has been called "nothing dehydrogenase". The present study, based on starch gel electrophoresis of mouse tissues and of pure alcohol dehydrogenase, as well as quantitative measurements of the latter, indicates that alcohol dehydrogenase is the major agent of "nothing dehydrogenase" activity.
EFFECTS OF TRITON X-100 UPON THE ACTIVITY OF SOME ELECTROPHORETICALLY SEPARATED ACID PHOSPHATASES AND ESTERASES
Authors: ALLEN SALLY LYMAN , ALLEN JOHN M. , LICHT BARBARA MORRISON
Published: April 2011

Triton X-100, a non-ionic detergent, was incorporated into reaction mixtures used for the visualization of esterases and acid phosphatases separated by electrophoresis in starch gels. Its effects were tested, in combination with 12 different substrates, on enzymes derived from Tetrahymena pyriformis and rat liver. The effects of Triton X-100 were complex. It promoted the solubilization of some substrates, notably the α-naphthyl fatty acid esters. It also altered the color of the enzymatically produced end product. The net effect was apparent enhancement of enzymatic activity with certain substrates and apparent inhibition of enzymatic activity with other substrates. Differential activation and inhibition of some of the electrophoretically resolved enzymes was observed. Both quantitative and electrophoretic studies indicated that Triton X-100 is an activator of certain esterases. A cathodally migrating acid phosphatase of rat liver was activated by Triton X-100 in the presence of naphthol AS, naphthol AS-BI, or naphthol AS-MX phosphates.
A POSTCOUPLING TECHNIQUE FOR β-GLUCURONIDASE EMPLOYING THE SUBSTRATE, NAPHTHOL AS-BI-β-d-GLUCOSIDURONIC ACID
Authors: FISHMAN WILLIAM H. , GOLDMAN STEPHEN S.
Published: April 2011

A technique is described for visualizing β-glucuronidase sites in tissue employing the substrate, naphthol AS-BI-β-d-glucosiduronic acid. Incubations at 37°C for 30 to 60 minutes of fresh frozen unfixed rat liver and kidney tissues released sufficient naphthol AS-BI at β-glucuronidase sites so that they could be demonstrated by subsequent coupling with a suitable diazo dye at pH 7.4. The experimental data showed that the enzyme in fixed sections was immobilized and that diffusion of enzyme or of product did not present a problem. The staining reaction was inhibited by the presence in the digest of saccharolactone, of a second substrate and of the product, glucuronic acid in a manner expected from biochemical data. The intensity of the stainig reaction was observed to be a function of substrate concentration and pH. The relative preponderance of active sites was pH-dependent, e.g., in the liver, fine cytoplasmic particles at pH 3.5, Kupffer cell granules at pH 4.5, and dense pericanalicular bodies at pH 5.5. Glomerular mesangial cells were most prominent at pH 4.5. Intense β-glucuronidase activity was visible in bodies present in the renal papilla.
THE EFFECT OF OVARIAN HORMONES ON THE SULPHOMUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES OF THE UTERUS
Authors: BO W. J. , SMITH S. , REITER R. , PIZZARELLO D. J.
Published: April 2011

The distribution of sulphomucopolysaccharides was determined radioautographically and the distribution of acid mucopolysaccharides was determined metachromatically in the uteri of hormone-treated ovariectomized rats.

The animals were autopsied 12, 90, and 204 hours after itraperitoneal treatment with sodium sulphate-S35 and a definite difference in the uptake of labelled material was noted in the uteri of the hormone-treated animals autopsied 204 hours after administration of S35. The greatest variability was observed in the endometrial stroma.

Radioactive sulphur was scattered lightly throughout the stroma of the ovariectomized and ovariectomized-progesterone treated rats, while in the ovariectomized-estrogen treated animals the silver grains were extensive and localized primarily in the outer part of the stroma. In the estrogen-progesterone treated rats more grains were present than in the castrate, but less than seen following estrogen alone. The silver grains were observed over the extracellular matrix and over the connective tissue cells.

Metachromasia was more intense and widespread in the endometrial stroma following estrogen treatment than in the ovariectomized and ovariectomized-progesterone treated animals.

The present study indicates that uterine sulphomucopolysaccharides are influenced by the ovarian hormones and that the concentration is highest following estrogen stimulation.
THE EFFECTS OF ALDEHYDE FIXATION ON ACID PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN TISSUE BLOCKS
Authors: JANIGAN DAVID T.
Published: April 2011

The effect of various aldehydes on phosphatase(s) of rat liver and kidney hydrolyzing the monophosphates of β-glycerol, phenol, p-nitrophenol and naphthol AS-TR at pH 5.0 was determined. Biochemical data were correlated with histochemical staining results.

On the basis of enzyme recovery after fixation, the aldehydes could be divided into 3 broad groups: (1) well over 50 per cent after hydroxyadipaldehyde and glyoxal; (2) near 50 per cent after formaldehyde and methacrolein; and (3) well below 50 per cent after crotonaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and acrolein. Acid phosphatase(s) hydrolyzing all 4 substrates showed a similar differential response to fixation by 4 aldehydes, but individual recovery values with naphthol AS-TR phosphate were distinctly lower. Tissues immersed in the first aldehyde group were soft, showed poor morphologic preservation, and a large percentage of the activity was in a soluble state; these features were reflected in the histochemical demonstration of acid phosphatase by an intense staining reaction which was judged to be unsatisfactory. The reverse held true for tissues fixed in aldehydes of the third group, using glutaraldehyde in the staining tests Evidence is presented suggesting that acid phosphatase staining results after formaldehyde fixation is dependent in part on the duration of fixation.
RIBONUCLEASE ACTIVITY OF PERIPHERAL LEUCOCYTES AND SERUM IN RABIES-SUSCEPTIBLE AND RABIES-REFRACTORY MICE
Authors: ENRIGHT J. B. , FRYE F. L. , ATWAL O. S.
Published: April 2011

Comparative data are presented on the intra- and extracellular concentrations of blood ribonuclease in two different strains of mice; one rabies-susceptible, the other rabies-refractory. The coincidence of finding a higher extracellular level of the enzyme in the rabies-refractory group is discussed in its possible relationship to mechanisms of host susceptibility and resistance to virulent rabies virus. The probable genetic basis for the differences in enzyme localization is also discussed.
INACTIVATION AND REACTIVATION OF LIVER PHOSPHORYLASE IN VITRO: EFFECT OF GLUCOSE 1-PHOSPHATE
Authors: FAGUNDES LUIZ A. , COHEN RICHARD B.
Published: April 2011

In this study it has been demonstrated that preincubation of rat liver sections in a solution of PVP and buffer for ten min resulted in the inactivation of phosphorylase. Subsequent incubation in substrate solution containing ATP and Mg++ in addition to the routine constitutes reactivated phosphorylase. Mg++ was demonstrated as being essential to this ATP-mediated reactivation. AMP replacing ATP and Mg++ in the substrate solution was capable of reactivation to a considerably lesser extent. In the recently fed animal preincubation inactivation with subsequent reactivation in substrate solution resulted in more diffuse and intense phosphorylase activity than could be demonstrated by simple incubation in the same substrate without prior incubation. The addition of G-1-P in varying concentrations to the preincubating solution prevented this subsequent increase in activity following substrate incubation. G-1-P in the preincubating solution did not exert this depressing effect when livers of starved animals were used. Sodium fluoride in the preincubation solution prevented inactivation of phosphorylase. It was suggested that G-1-P, glycogen or some intermediate product may form complexes with enzyme protein which tend to reduce its capacity to react with exogenous substrate.
THE EFFECT OF NUTRITIONAL STATE ON PHOSPHORYLASE ACTIVITY IN THE LIVER: A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY
Authors: FAGUNDE LUIZ A. , COHEN RICHARD B.
Published: April 2011

Phosphorylase activity was studied in the hepatic lobule in the young male rat using a histochemical approach. In normal animals a diurnal variations in activity was observed characterized by low, irregularly distributed activity in the early morning with progressively increasing activity into the afternoon. In starved animals a more marked progressive increase in phosphorylase activity was demonstrated during the first 8 hr of starvation with increased activity seen throughout the lobule but accentuated in the periphery. After 12 hr of starvation there was a progressive decrease in centrilobular activity but peripheral activity remained undiminished until obout 48 hr of starvation, after which it also decreased. The increased activity in the afternoon in the normal a animal was attributed to the nocturnal feeding habits and resultant relatively poor nutritional state in the afternoon.

Rise in phosphorylase activity in the early phase (4 hr) of starvation could be prevented by a single close of glucose by stomach tube. No effect of glucose was evident in intermediate term starvation until periods of 48-72 hr were reached, at which time a single dose of glucose by tube produced a marked increase in phosphorylase activity throughout the lobule within 4 hr of its administration.

The basis for these findings and their possible significance is discussed.
CHOLINESTERASES AND MOTOR END-PLATES IN DEVELOPING DUCK SKELETAL MUSCLE
Authors: KHERA K. S. , LAHAM Q. N.
Published: April 2011

End-plates in the thigh muscles of duck embryos were first recognized with myristoylcholine as substrate at the 19th day of incubation. Each appeared as a cholinesterase-positive dot surrounded by a small halo which rapidly increased in size during the 20th and 21st days. The endplates were usually oval in shape, averaging 33 µ x 25 µ with a subneural apparatus 5-12µ wide. The latter contained refringent lamellas arranged transversely in a palisade fashion. From the 21st day to the day of hatching (27-29 days) the number of end-plates progressively increased. After hatching, the myristoylcholine-reacting end-plates were difficult to locate. With acetylthiocholine as substrate, the embryonal end-plates were not demonstrable; however, the posthatched tissues showed numerous end-plates. The nerve trunks and nerve fibers gave a faintly positive myristoylcholine reactions in all stages after the 19th day of incubation. On the basis of the effects of eserine and diisopropyl fluorophosphate, the structures reacting with myristoylcholine and acetylthiocholine contained specific chohinesterase.

The end-plates containing nonspecific cholinesterase also appeared on the 19th day of incubation and appeared to increase gradually in number until the 15th postembryonic day; thereafter they seemed to decrease.
A METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DEMONSTRATION OF CHOLINE-CONTAINING PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND NEUTRAL LIPIDS IN TISSUE SECTIONS
Authors: BOURGEOIS CURTIS , HUBBARD BARBARA
Published: April 2011

A modification of Baker's dichromate-acid hematein test combined with an Oil Red O counterstain is presented. Chromatographic analysis of the procedure clearly demonstrates the selective staining of choline-containing phospholipids (blue-grey) and neutral lipids (red).
HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF THE SOLUBLE ENZYME, KETOSE REDUCTASE (SORBITOL DEHYDROGENASE), BY UTILIZING A NEW FIXING SOLUTION
Authors: JOHNSON ANNE B.
Published: April 2011

Localization of the activity of the soluble enzyme, ketose reductase, was made possible by using a high-tonicity fixative containing formalin, ethanol, and tris (hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and by maintaining high tonicity in the incubating medium. Incubations could be performed at pH 8.8, an optimal pH for the conversion of sorbitol to fructose.

False localization, probably resulting from diffusion of the first reactions product, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, was minimized by slowing the reaction rate and using less tissue in the incubating medium. When this medium was tested with phenazine methosulfate, neither reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide nor soluble dehydrogenase activity was detected.

Ketose reductase activity was demonstrable throughout the epithelia of the seminal vesicle and the coagulating gland of the mouse. The activity was greater in the coagulating gland. It also was present in spermatozoa, central hepatic parenchymal cells, and renal proximal tubule. It was not present in the vas deferens epithelium nor ganglion cells. Reactivity in smooth muscle was believed to be artifact.
HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE ADRENAL MEDULLARY CELLS OF THE MARMOSET (CALLITHRIX JACCHUS)
Authors: MIRAGLIA TULIO
Published: April 2011

The adrenal medullary cells of the common marmoset were studied histochemically in control and strychnine-injected animals. These cells contains only adrenaline as they are not reactive to potassium iodate or fluorescent to ultraviolet light, and they do not show a strong reaction after incubation in α-naphthyl acetate, acetylthiocholine and butyrylthiochohine. They also contain alkaline phosphatase and a small amount of adenosine triphosphatase, but lack acid phosphatase. A moderate stimulus with strychnine produces a reduction of the chromaffin reaction with a marked or total loss of alkaline phosphatase; with a stronger dose of strychnine, these cells lose almost all chromaffin reaction, while alkaline phosphatase persists either in equal on in larger quantity. The presence of alkaline phosphatase was related to the release of adrenaline.
HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF SOME OXIDIZED MACROMOLECULES WITH THIOCARBOHYDRAZIDE (TCH) OR THIOSEMICARBAZIDE (TSC) AND OSMIUM TETROXIDE
Authors: SELIGMAN ARNOLD M. , HANKER JACOB S. , WASSERKRUG HANNAH , DMOCHOWSKI HERMINE , KATZOFF LIONEL
Published: April 2011

Thiocarbohydrazide (TCH) and thiosemicarbazide (TSC) have been introduced as osmiophilic reagents for demonstrating aldehyde-containing macromolecules, produced by periodic acid oxidation of tissue sections. Because of the remarkable properties of osmium black, excellent pigment qualities are provided for light microscopy and the advantages of an amorphous, nonvolatile, electron-opaque end product are available for electron microscopy. The present communication describes the method and gives the scope of the histochemical reaction.

Thiocarbohydrazide is the more reactive of the two reagents and is capable of demonstrating a wider variety of oxidized macromolecules than does thiosemicarbazide. The periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide-osmium tetroxide method (PATCO method) was compared with those using thiosemicarbazide (PATO method), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS method), and with the method involving 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid hydrazide (NAH) followed by coupling with fast blue B (PA-NAH-FBB method). All four methods demonstrated certain active aldehydes equally well, such as those produced by periodic acid oxidation of glycogen, mucopolysaccharide of gut and mucoprotein of Descemet's membranes of the cornea. The stain with the PATO method was somewhat weaker than the other three methods for glycoprotein of the cuticular border of gut and of the brush border of kidney tubules, and colloid of the thyroid gland. The PATO method was even less effective in demonstrating mucoprotein of basement membranes in kidney and no reaction for collagen and reticulin was noted. The PATCO method was almost as effective with basement membranes in kidney as the PAS method, but was not equal to the PAS method in staining collagen and reticulin. Furthermore, the aldehyde produced on Feulgen hydrolysis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of cell nuclei was not demonstrable with either PATO or PATCO methods its contrast to positive results with the PAS and PA-NAH-FBB methods. This suggests that TSC and TCH have less reactive hydrazino groups than NAH. Results with the electron microscope will be published separately.
STUDIES IN HISTOCHEMISTRY: LXXXII. DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN A IN MICROGRAM SAMPLES OF TISSUE AND ITS QUANTITATIVE HISTOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE RAT ADRENAL
Authors: NAKANE PAUL K. , GLICK DAVID
Published: April 2011

A fluorometric procedure is presented for the determinations of vitamin A in small tissue samples, e. g., microtome sections, to enable correlation of analytical data with histology. Measurements may be made over the range, 3 x 10–12–6 x 10–10 moles of the vitamin (0.86-17 mµg of vitamin A alcohol), the quantities per 60 µl of solution used in the microcuvettes for fluorometry. Optimal conditions for certain of the analytical steps and for extraction of the vitamin from tissue were studied. Quantitative recoveries of vitamin added to tissue were obtained, and the reproducibility of the analysis of tissue was observed to have a standard deviation of 4%.

In preliminary experiments, a mean vitamin A per rat adrenal was found to be 2.3 mµmoles, and the mean concentration 317 mµmoles/g, dry weight. A study of the quantitative histological distribution of the vitamin in the adrenal revealed greatest concentrations (4.7 x 10–12 moles/µg of proten-nitrogen) in the region where the glomerulosa and fasciculata join, and the concentration fell steadily through the fasciculata and reticularis to a low (0.9 x 10–12 moles/µg of protein-nitrogen) in the medulla.
DISTRIBUTION OF DEHYDROGENASES IN THE SKIN OF THE RHESUS MONKEY (MACACA MULATTA)
Authors: IM MICHAEL J. C.
Published: April 2011

The activities of the following dehydrogenase systems were demonstrated in the skin of the rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta): succinic, malic, isocitric (DPN and TPN), lactic, α-glycerophosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, 6-phosphogluconate, β-hydroxybutyric and glutamic dehydrogenase. Strong dehydrogenase activity in general is restricted to metabolically active sites such as the basal layer of the epidermis, the outer root sheath of the hair follicles, the hair matrix and bulb, the clear cells of the eccrine sweat glands and the basal cells of the sweat glands. The myelinated fibers of Meissner corpuscles and the inner bulb of the Pacinian corpuscles in the palms and soles abound in all of the dehydrogenases. The enzymes are also abundant in the arrectores pilorum muscles, the endothelium of the arterioles, the fibroblasts and mast cells.
PROTHROMBIN SYNTHESIS: AN EXAMPLE OF HEPATIC FUNCTION
Authors: BARNHART MARION I.
Published: April 2011

Prothrombin, a plasma protein valuable in blood coagulation, appears to be produced exclusively by liver parenchymal cells. Immunuofluorescent procedures were applied to various organs from bovine, canine and human sources. Since antiprothrombin was species specific, each species required its own fluorescent antiprothrombin as a cellular marker. Reticuloendothelial cells were not reactive with fluorescent antiprothrombin. In normal individuals prothrombin synthesis occurred in a cyclic asynchronous fashion with significant quantities of prothrombin contained in only 10-30% of the hepatocyte population. Essentially all hepatocytes were able to synthesize prothrombin when stimulated by vitamin K1. The rate of prothrombin synthesis depended upon both the level of plasma prothrombin and the amount of vitamin K1, available to the hepatocytes. From quantitation of plasma prothrombin during drug alteration of prothrombin synthesis in dogs the average prothrombin replacement time was calculated as 9½ hr.
Knowledge sharing in a dispersed network of HR practice: Zooming in on power/knowledge struggles
Authors: Heizmann Helena
Published: April 2011

The practice-based view of knowledge is recognized as an important epistemological perspective in the knowledge management literature. However, there is also a growing awareness that approaches adopting this view do not always consider issues of power. This article draws on Foucault’s conceptual lens of power/ knowledge and discursive positioning theory to gain a better understanding of how and why practitioners contest, accept, and/or further each other’s knowledge. The article applies its theoretical framework to examine knowledge sharing in a dispersed network of HR practice. The empirical example illustrates how organizational power/knowledge struggles affect dynamics of participation in networks of practice and generate knowledge sharing issues between geographically dispersed practitioners. Based on the study’s findings and analysis, the article promotes a power-sensitive view of organizational knowledge sharing that recognizes the discursively constructed nature of relationships within networks of practice.
Work, power and learning in a risk filled occupation
Authors: Collin Kaija , Sintonen Teppo , Paloniemi Susanna , Auvinen Tommi
Published: April 2011

In this article we describe various ways in which power is exercised between personnel in a hospital operating theatre. We aim to investigate how the forms of discursive power and workplace learning are intertwined with each other by utilizing an ethnographic approach in the fieldwork. Our data were collected mainly through observations and interviews with surgical residents, physicians and nurses. In the article we describe the delicate ways in which power is exercised and resisted in everyday practices. We argue that there is a close relationship between learning and manifestations of power, together with the various forms of these manifestations and the restrictions that may be placed on them. Additionally, we show how learning takes place in terms of finding, experimenting with and transgressing participatory agency among nurses and residents in the work community.
The co-consumption of management ideas and practices
Authors: Heusinkveld Stefan , Sturdy Andrew , Werr Andreas
Published: April 2011

How does the impact of the growing management knowledge industry on management and organizational practice take shape? In answering this question, the article aims to address some key shortcomings in the productionist view that dominates the present literature on management ideas and practices by developing the concept of co-consumption. The three articles that comprise this special issue not only give voice to consumers of management knowledge as a neglected actor in the field, but also provide important insights into the complexities and dynamics of co-consumption by (1) moving the discussion beyond conceptualizations of consumption as merely a matter of implementing a management idea, (2) pointing to the limited influence of knowledge entrepreneurs in defining management and organizational practice, and (3) presenting a more dynamic and differentiated conceptualization of the management knowledge consumer. On the basis of these articles we develop some fruitful areas for further research.
Diffusion, translation and the neglected role of managers in the fashion setting process: The case of MANS
Authors: van Veen Kees , Bezemer Jelle , Karsten Luchien
Published: April 2011

In this article, we reconstruct the lifecycle of MANS, a less well-known Dutch management fashion. Studying less well-known fashions is necessary because it challenges existing understandings of management fashions. First, it is argued how such reconstructions can be helpful. It creates a need to combine existing diffusion and translation perspectives on management fashions, it accentuates existing limitations, and it brings unnoticed aspects of management fashions to the forefront. Second, a detailed historical account of the lifecycle of MANS itself will be presented to illustrate these points. Finally, two remarkable and new aspects of MANS are discussed. To begin with, MANS shows an active role of (collectives of) managers in different phases of the life cycle. Additionally, MANS draws attention to role changes of individuals involved. Concepts are not only diffused and translated by different individuals in different roles, but concepts also stimulate individuals to move from one role to another.
Phenomenology and measurement of circumscribed interests in autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Turner-Brown Lauren M. , Lam Kristen S.L. , Holtzclaw Tia N. , Dichter Gabriel S. , Bodfish James W.
Published: April 2011

Circumscribed interests (CI) are important and understudied symptoms that affect individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The present study sought to develop quantitative measures of the content, intensity and functional impairment of CI in 50 children with high-functioning ASD compared to an age-, IQ-, and gender-matched sample of 50 typically developing (TD) peers. The Interests Scale, a parent-rating questionnaire, and the Interview for Repetitive Behaviors, a semi-structured interview, were used to assess CI. Groups did not differ on the number of interests children held, but they did differ on types of interests and impairment associated with them. The interests of ASD participants were more likely to be nonsocial in nature (e.g. mechanical systems) than TD participants. Parents of children with ASD endorsed higher degrees of functional impairment on metrics including frequency, interference, resistance when interrupted, flexibility, and accommodation required, as well as less involvement of other people, than parents of children with TD. These findings suggest that interests of individuals with ASD differ qualitatively and in intensity from individuals with TD. The present study offers further support for the notion that CI reflect a clinically significant feature of ASD that warrants intervention in some children.
Yes they can!
Authors: Nadel Jacqueline , Aouka Nadra , Coulon Nathalie , Gras-Vincendon Agnès , Canet Pierre , Fagard Jacqueline , Bursztejn Claude
Published: April 2011

Learning by doing and learning by observing are two facets of the tight coupling between perception and action discovered at the brain level. Developmental studies of observational learning still remain rare and even more rare are studies documenting the capacities of low-functioning children with autism to learn by observation. In the first investigation of this question, twenty nonverbal children with autism with a developmental age of 24 and 36 months, and twenty matched typical children, were presented with an experimental box requiring that a hierarchical sequence of subgoals be performed before it could be opened. A 9-day testing procedure included four presentations of the red box and two video demonstrations of how to open it. Two scores were computed, one concerning the number of sub-goals fulfilled and the other the relevant manipulations of the material. Within-group analyses revealed that only the typical children learned partly or fully the sequence of subgoals after the first video-demonstration. The addition of a second demonstration allowed the two subgroups with autism to learn partly or fully the sequence of subgoals. The differences between learning to manipulate and learning to produce a goal are discussed in terms of relationships between understanding actions and understanding action-effect relations.
Mr Watson, come here . . .: The performance of early college students in their first year at the university and the challenge to P-16 education
Authors: Fischetti John , MacKain Sally , Smith Robert
Published: April 2011

Early colleges are one alternative to the traditional comprehensive high school. This article examines whether early college students are academically, socially and emotionally ready for university work at age 16. Preliminary data indicate enough promise in the innovation to revision not only the high school curriculum, but middle school and university curricula as well.
Cultivating life skills at a project-based charter school
Authors: Wurdinger Scott , Enloe Walter
Published: April 2011

Surveys that focused on academic and life skill development were collected from alumni who attended Avalon Charter School in St Paul, Minnesota. Avalon is a small public charter school that uses project-based learning as their primary teaching method. Forty-two alumni responded to the online survey. Students ranked life skills such as creativity, problem solving, and time management extremely high, whereas academic skills such as note taking and test taking were ranked much lower. Students graduate from this school with a strong sense of purpose and self-confidence, which helps them become productive members of society.
CONCERNING THE STAINING PROPERTIES OF ALDEHYDE BASIC FUCHSIN
Authors: ORTMAN R. , FORBES W. F. , BALASUBRAMANIAN A.
Published: April 2011

Selective staining of the anterior pituitary of the frog and the rat is obtained using the solution of aldehyde basic fuchsin prepared from purified pararosaniline, or from some, but not all, commercially available basic fuchsin dyes. The results indicate that the active dye molecule is pararosaniline while rosaniline and magenta II, which may also be present in commercial samples of basic fuchsin, are inert. The selective staining of the pituitary is believed to be due to canboxyl groups in the tissue, which react with an intermediate, meta-stable species formed in the dye solution. The nature of this intermediate remains unknown, but its formation in the staining soloutions can be followed spectrophotometrically. On the basis of the spectral and staining data, the properties of the intermediate are discussed. There is no need of an oxidative step to obtain selective staining.
KIDNEY ESTERASES OF THE MOUSE (MUS MUSCULUS): ELECTROPHORETIC ANALYSIS OF INBRED LINES C57BL/6J, RF/J AND SJL/J
Authors: RUDDLE FRANK H.
Published: April 2011

The water soluble esterases extracted from the kidney tissue of three inbred mouse strains (C57BL/6J, RF/J and SJL/J) are described. The analysis of the esterases was performed by means of starch gel electrophoresis. Between 25 and 30 esterase active sites (bands) were identified. A description and a classification are given for these esterases. Classification is based on relative electrophoretic mobilities and pharmacological properties of the esterases. Esterase polymorphisms are described between the three inbred strains studied. Esterase sexumal dimorphisms are also reported for these strains. Finally, information is given regarding the contribution ( i.e., contamination) of serum esterases to the kidney esterase patterns.