bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Drosophila community in xerophytic vegetations of the upper Parana-Paraguay river basin
Authors: Mateus R. P. , Buschini M. L. T. , Sene F. M.
Published: August 2006

The genus Drosophila is the most abundant in the Drosophilidae family. Some species are endemic to certain regions and others are cosmopolitans. In Brazil, there are several ecosystems to explore regarding the composition and ecological aspects of Drosophila. Xerophytic areas are an example. They can be found in the South and Southeast of Brazil as islands, a result of paleoclimatic cycle changes. The aim of the present work is to provide information about the composition of the Drosophila community in eight xerophytic areas (where the cactus Cereus hildmaniannus occurs) in the South and Southeast of Brazil. This work is an important step in the study of quantitative ecological aspects of the Drosophila community in xerophytic areas that form continental islands in the Neotropical region. The composition of the Drosophila community which was found is compatible with previous work in several aspects. The ecological indexes showed a possible positive association between diversity and the degree of preservation of the studied areas. São Paulo state communities presented the highest similarity among the sites tested, although no statistical significant correlation between the Jaccard index and geographical distance was found using the Mantel test.
Diversidad de arañas (Arachnida: Araneae) en el Parque Nacional Natural Isla Gorgona, pacífico colombiano
Authors: Rico-G. Alejandro , Beltrán A. Juan P. , Álvarez D. Adriana , Flórez D. Eduardo
Published: August 2006

Para poder establecer una aproximación a la araneofauna de la Isla Gorgona, ubicada en el Océano Pacifico a 60 km de la costa SO de Colombia, tomamos muestras durante el mes de julio del 2003, empleando métodos de captura directa (manual), barridos con red entomológica (sweeping), agitación de follaje (beating) y trampas de caída (pitfall). Los muestreos se realizaron en jornadas diurnas y nocturnas en cuatro niveles de estratificación vertical, los cuales fueron llevados a cabo en seis tipos de habitat contrastantes de acuerdo con su grado de intervención. Fueron tomadas 65 muestras, colectados 1398 individuos agrupados en 247 morfoespecies, pertenecientes a 34 familias. Los datos fueron analizados con 7 estimadores de riqueza: ACE, ICE, Chao 1, Chao 2, Jack-knife de primer orden, Jack-knife de segundo orden y Bootstrap. Los índices de riqueza variaron entre sí, con Bootstrap obteniendo el valor más bajo (302) e ICE obteniendo el más alto (504). La curva de acumulación de especies nunca llegó a una asíntota, demostrando que el muestreo fue insuficiente. El método de captura más efectivo fue la colecta manual, ya que con este método se registraron 33 de las 34 familias encontradas. El índice de Bray-Curtis indicó que la similitud entre los hábitat es muy pequeña. A pesar de comprender un área relativamente pequeña, la Isla Gorgona aloja una significativa diversidad de arañas, lo cual se refleja por que en cuanto a familias se pudo detectar el equivalente al 71% de las reportadas para el país.
Descrição de uma nova espécie de Rhopalurus thorell, 1876 (scorpiones: Buthidae) do nordeste brasileiro
Authors: Lenarducci Ângelo Ricardo I. P. , Pinto-da-Rocha Ricardo , Lucas Sylvia Marlene
Published: August 2006

Rhopalurus guanambiensis n.sp. é descrita de Guanambi, Estado da Bahia, nordeste do Brasil. A nova espécie aproxima-se de R. lacrau Lourenço & Pinto-da-Rocha, 1997 (Itaeté, Estado da Bahia) por apresentar o mesmo número de séries de grânulos no dedo móvel da quela do pedipalpo, igual quantidade de carenas nos segmentos metasomais I, III, IV e V e pelo tamanho do corpo semelhante; aproxima-se de R. crassicauda Di Caporiacco, 1947 (Estado da Roraima) por apresentar o mesmo número de carenas nos segmentos metasomais I, II, IV e V, pela coloração mais escura dos dois últimos segmentos metasomais, que são dilatados e por apresentar aproximadamente o mesmo tamanho. Distingue-se de R. lacrau pela coloração diferente da carapaça, mesosoma e dos segmentos metasomais IV-V, maior número de dentes pectínios e pela presença de dez carenas no segmento metasomal II; de R.crassicauda, devido ao menor número de séries de grânulos no dedo móvel da quela do pedipalpo, maior número de dentes pectíneos, presença de oito carenas no segmento metasomal III e por apresentar um tubérculo subaculear acentuado no telson e carenas do segmento V do metasoma vestigiais. O macho de R. guanambiensis distingue-se da fêmea pela mão mais robusta e pela dilatação dos dois últimos segmentos do metasoma. A descrição desta espécie amplia para nove o número de espécies que ocorrem no Brasil.
Diversidade e ocorrência de Asteraceae em cerrados de São Paulo
Authors: Almeida Adriana Monteiro de , Fonseca Carlos Roberto , Prado Paulo Inácio , Almeida-Neto Mário , Diniz Soraia , Kubota Umberto , Braun Marina Reiter , Raimundo Rafael L. Galdini , Anjos Luciano Alves dos , Mendonça Tehra Gomes , Futada Silvia de Melo , Lewinsohn Thomas Michael
Published: August 2006

De abril a maio de 2000 a 2002 oito localidades com remanescentes de cerrados sensu stricto no estado de São Paulo foram amostradas para o levantamento das espécies de asteráceas, uma das famílias mais representativas da flora herbáceo-arbustiva nestas formações. Foram feitas 23 amostragens e cada área de estudo foi amostrada em média uma vez por ano durante o pico de floração das plantas. Ao todo foram obtidas 399 amostras, nas quais foram reconhecidas 89 morfoespécies (74 foram identificadas como espécies conhecidas). Quarenta por cento das espécies foram registradas uma única vez (unicatas), indicando um grande número de espécies raras. Apenas 10% das espécies que ocorreram em mais de uma amostra foram obtidas de uma mesma área (sobreposição espacial) ou de um mesmo ano de estudo (sobreposição temporal). A riqueza de espécies em cada área foi estimada por meio de transeções e depois comparada à riqueza total observada em cada área de estudo, sendo esta na maioria das vezes mais alta que a estimada com base nas transeções. A lista de espécies obtida para os cerrados amostrados foi comparada a outras 24 listas publicadas para cerrados no Brasil. Embora a maioria das espécies mais comuns tenha coincidido, oito espécies (11% das espécies identificadas) não constam das listas publicadas. Concluímos que as áreas de cerrado sensu stricto estudadas no estado de São Paulo encontram-se isoladas, com uma grande parte da flora herbáceo-arbustiva composta por várias espécies raras e exclusivas. Diante deste quadro, sugerimos que a manutenção da biodiversidade de Asteraceae depende da conservação de todo o conjunto de remanescentes de cerrado do estado de São Paulo.
Composição e abundância dos caranguejos (Decapoda, Brachyura) nas regiões de Ubatuba e Caraguatatuba, litoral norte paulista, Brasil
Authors: Braga Adriane A. , Fransozo Adilson , Bertini Giovana , Fumis Patricia B.
Published: August 2006

O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar a composição e a abundância dos caranguejos no infralitoral não-consolidado de duas regiões (Ubatuba e Caraguatatuba) do litoral norte paulista, Brasil. Em cada região foram realizadas coletas mensais em sete profundidades, durante o período de dois anos (Julho/ 2001 a Junho/ 2003), utilizando-se um barco de pesca equipado com duas redes do tipo "double-rig". Obteve-se um total de 30.231 caranguejos (13.305 em Ubatuba e 16.926 em Caraguatatuba), abrangendo nove superfamílias (Dromioidea, Homoloidea, Calappoidea, Leucosioidea, Majoidea, Parthenopoidea, Portunoidea, Xanthoidea e Pinnotheroidea), 16 famílias, 29 gêneros e 44 espécies. Do total de espécies coletadas, 31 foram comuns para as duas regiões. Dentre as duas regiões, Caraguatatuba apresentou a maior riqueza de espécies (42) e o maior índice de diversidade (2,93 bits/inds.). Para ambas regiões, Callinectes ornatus, Hepatus pudibundus e Libinia spinosa, foram os braquiúros mais abundantes. Tais resultados indicam que as duas regiões analisadas apresentam ambientes propícios para o desenvolvimento dos braquiúros, possibilitando uma alta biodiversidade.
A community of flower-visiting bees (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) in the coastal sand dunes of northeastern Brazil
Authors: Viana Blandina Felipe , Kleinert Astrid de Matos Peixoto
Published: August 2006

We analyzed aspects of the community structure of Apoidea of a restricted area of dunes with restinga vegetation in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Standardized samples were taken for one year, 3 times a month from 6:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. A total of 3983 individuals (3770 females and 213 males) of 49 species, grouped into 13 morpho-functional types and belonging to five families, were collected from flowers in its majority. The fauna of Abaeté is composed by large solitary bees, best represented by Anthophoridae followed by Apidae; Halictidae; Megachilidae and Colletidae. Bees were active throughout the year, with peaks of abundance in periods of low rainfall. Daily activity was greatest between 08:00 and 14:00 hours, when relative humidity was lower and temperature higher. The abundance pattern and the richness were very similar to other habitats in the Brazilian Northeast. Of the species sampled, 49% were represented by less than eight individuals. The six most abundant species were represented by 84% of the total individuals collected. The availability of resources seems to be the main factor regulating bee flight activity in Abaeté. The foraging activity was related positively to the intensity of flowers in the field.
Diversidade, distribuição espacial e temporal de anfíbios anuros (Amphibia, Anura) na região noroeste do estado de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Vasconcelos Tiago da Silveira , Rossa-Feres Denise de C.
Published: August 2006

A riqueza e a abundância de adultos e girinos de anuros foram estudadas ao longo de 15 meses em dez corpos de água no noroeste do estado de São Paulo, região intensamente antropizada pela conversão de hábitats naturais em terras agrícolas. Foram registradas 27 espécies de anfíbios anuros, das quais quatro espécies constituem novos registros para a região. A maioria das espécies é característica de ambientes de formação vegetal aberta, sendo as maiores riqueza e diversidade de espécies encontradas em corpos de água lênticos em área aberta. Entretanto, em conseqüência do pequeno número de corpos de água encontrados nos fragmentos de mata da região, não é possível comparar a ocorrência de anuros em áreas abertas e fechadas. Foram determinados seis descritores da heterogeneidade dos corpos d'água, e nenhum deles foi relacionado com a riqueza de espécies. Por outro lado, tanto a riqueza quanto a abundância das espécies foram fortemente correlacionadas com as variáveis climáticas. A composição de espécies (diversidade b) variou pouco entre os corpos d'água, como provável conseqüência da grande amplitude de nicho, comum em espécies que ocupam ambientes instáveis ou alterados pelo homem, como os presentemente estudados. A riqueza de espécies da área amostrada é relativamente alta, quando comparada a outras localidades onde o grau de conservação ambiental é superior, como na Estação Ecológica de Águas Emendadas (Distrito Federal) e Floresta Nacional de Silvânia (Goiás).
Catálogo dos Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) do estado do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Maia Valéria Cid
Published: August 2006

Cerca de 500 espécies de 170 gêneros de Cecidomyiidae são conhecidos da Região Neotropical. Os cecidomiídeos são pouco conhecidos no Brasil, onde 159 espécies de 75 gêneros têm sido relatadas. A maioria das espécies conhecidas do Brasil foram encontradas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, onde 95 espécies de 47 gêneros têm sido registradas. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é contribuir para o conhecimento da diversidade dos cecidomiídeos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro.
A review of some south american species of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) described by Mello-Leitão from Brasil, with resolution of the genus Asaphobelis
Authors: Edwards G. B. , Rinaldi Isabela M. P. , Ruiz Gustavo R. S.
Published: August 2006

The types of 18 species of Salticidae described by Mello-Leitão from Brasil were re-examined and redescribed if necessary. The following nomenclatorial changes are made: New Synonyms: Akela quinquevittata Mello-Leitão 1947 = Ilargus coccineus Simon 1901; Asaphobelis pluripunctatus Mello-Leitão 1947 = Asaphobelis physonychus Simon 1902; Asaracus elegantulus Mello-Leitão 1947 = Chira thysbe Simon 1902; Breda nigrotaeniata Mello-Leitão 1947 = Breda flavostriata Simon 1901; Phiale duplocellata Mello-Leitão 1947 = Phiale tristis Mello-Leitão 1945. New Combinations: Akela longibarba Mello-Leitão 1943 = Phiale longibarba (Mello-Leitão 1943); Marpissa broadwayi Peckham & Peckham 1892 (= Naubolus aureocomosus Mello-Leitão 1943) = Platycryptus broadwayi (Peckham & Peckham 1892); Saitis labyrintheus Mello-Leitão 1947 = Mopiopia labyrinthea (Mello-Leitão 1947) [lectotype and paralectotype designated]; Saitis tristis Mello-Leitão 1947 = Mopiopia tristis (Mello-Leitão 1947); Semora albibarbis Mello-Leitão 1947 = Tariona albibarbis (Mello-Leitão 1947); Asaphobelis fasciiventris Simon 1902 = Coryphasia fasciiventris (Simon 1902). Asaphobelis physonychus Simon 1902 now is the only species in the genus. Other species redescribed are: Coryphasia castaneipedis Mello-Leitão 1947; Coryphasia nigriventris Mello-Leitão 1947; Cotinusa leucoprocta (Mello-Leitão 1947); Naubolus trifasciatus Mello-Leitão 1927; Phiale bipunctata Mello-Leitão 1947; Pseudofluda pulcherrima Mello-Leitão 1928; Semora langei Mello-Leitão 1947; and Titanattus pallidus Mello-Leitão 1943.
Microscopic structure of the egg capsule of Atlantoraja cyclophora (Elasmobranchii: Rajidae: Arhynchobatinae)
Authors: Oddone María Cristina
Published: August 2006

The microscopic structure of the egg capsules of Atlantoraja cyclophora, a species endemic to the Atlantic region of South America, is presented in this paper. In a transverse section, the dorsal face of the egg case is 70mu in width, and is subdivided into four layers. Ventrally, the egg capsule wall is 60 mu wide and composed of three layers. Both faces are covered by prickles which render the egg capsule surface striated to the naked eye.
Biocompatibility of acellular dermal matrix graft evaluated in culture of murine macrophages
Authors: Vendramini Ana Paula , Melo Rafaela Fernanda , Marcantonio Rosemary Adriana Chiérici , Carlos Iracilda Zepone
Published: August 2006

The acellular dermal matrix allograft has been used as an alternative to autogenous palatal mucosal graft. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the biocompatibility of an acellular dermal matrix (AlloDerm®) in culture of macrophages. For hydrogen peroxidase determination we used the method of Pick & Kesari, and the Griess method for nitric oxide determination,. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference (p < 0,05) in the release of nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide by the macrophages exposed to acellular dermal matrix and the negative control. The results suggest that acellular dermal matrix did not activate the cell inflammatory response.
In vivo microbiological evaluation of the effect of biomechanical preparation of root canals using different irrigating solutions
Authors: Tanomaru Filho Mário , Yamashita José Carlos , Leonardo Mario Roberto , Silva Léa Assed Bezerra da , Tanomaru Juliane Maria Guerreiro , Ito Izabel Yoko
Published: August 2006

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of biomechanical preparation using different irrigating solutions. Seventy-eight root canals from premolars of four dogs were used. After experimental induction of periapical lesions, the root canals were prepared using the following solutions for irrigation: Group 1) 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); Group 2) 2% chlorhexidine (CHX); Group 3) saline solution and Group 4) control group with no biomechanical preparation. The microbiological evaluation of the root canals was performed by counting the colony forming units (CFUs) using different culture mediums. Two absorbent paper cones were used in each root canal in order to collect the microbiological samples before, and thirty days after the biomechanical preparation. The culture plates were incubated in aerobic, anaerobic and microaerophilic environment. Statistical evaluation was carried out using analysis of variance, Tukey and Student tests. The results demonstrated that there was reduction in the number of microorganisms in the NaOCl and CHX groups (p<0.05). There was greater effectiveness in the chlorhexidine group. The group that used saline solution and the control group presented an increased number of microorganisms. It can be concluded that the use of antimicrobial irrigating solutions during biomechanical preparation promotes the reduction of endodontic microbiota. However, a considerable number of microorganisms were still observed.
Abscesso pulmonar de aspiração: análise de 252 casos consecutivos estudados de 1968 a 2004
Authors: Moreira José da Silva , Camargo José de Jesus Peixoto , Felicetti José Carlos , Goldenfun Paulo Roberto , Moreira Ana Luiza Schneider , Porto Nelson da Silva
Published: August 2006

OBJETIVO: Apresentar a experiência de um serviço especializado em doenças respiratórias no manejo de casos de abscesso pulmonar de aspiração. MÉTODOS: Descrevem-se aspectos diagnósticos e resultados terapêuticos de 252 casos consecutivos de pacientes com abscesso de pulmão, hospitalizados de 1968 a 2004. RESULTADOS: Dos 252 casos, 209 ocorreram em homens e 43 em mulheres, com média de idade de 41,4 anos. Eram alcoolistas 70,2% dos pacientes. Tosse, expectoração, febre e comprometimento do estado geral ocorreram em mais de 97% dos casos, 64% tinham dor torácica, 30,2% hipocratismo digital, 82,5% apresentavam dentes em mau estado de conservação, 78,6% tiveram episódio de perda de consciência e 67,5% apresentavam odor fétido de secreções broncopulmonares. Em 85,3% dos casos as lesões localizavam-se nos segmentos posterior de lobo superior ou superior de lobo inferior, 96,8% delas unilateralmente. Em 24 pacientes houve associação de empiema pleural (9,5%). Flora mista foi identificada em secreções broncopulmonares ou pleurais em 182 pacientes (72,2 %). Todos os doentes foram inicialmente tratados com antibióticos (principalmente penicilina ou clindamicina) e 98,4 % deles foram submetidos à drenagem postural. Procedimentos cirúrgicos foram efetuados em 52 (20,6%) pacientes (24 drenagens de empiema, 22 ressecções pulmonares e 6 pneumostomias). Cura foi obtida em 242 pacientes (96,0%) e 10 faleceram (4,0%). CONCLUSÃO: O abscesso pulmonar de aspiração ocorreu predominantemente em indivíduos adultos masculinos com doença dentária e episódio antecedente de perda de consciência (especialmente por alcoolismo). A maioria dos pacientes foi tratada clinicamente (antibióticos e drenagem postural). Um quinto deles submeteu-se a algum procedimento cirúrgico.
Manifestações extra-esofágicas da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico
Authors: Gurski Richard Ricachenevski , Rosa André Ricardo Pereira da , Valle Enio do , Borba Marcelo Antonio de , Valiati André Alves
Published: August 2006

A doença do refluxo gastroesofágico freqüentemente se apresenta com pirose e regurgitação, os chamados sintomas típicos. Porém, um subgrupo de pacientes apresenta um conjunto de sinais e sintomas que não estão relacionados diretamente ao dano esofágico. A esse conjunto dá-se o nome de manifestações extra-esofágicas da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico. Compreendem, principalmente, broncoespasmo, tosse crônica e alterações inflamatórias na laringe (chamados manifestações atípicas). Apesar de essas manifestações formarem um grupo heterogêneo, algumas considerações gerais englobam todos os subgrupos: embora a associação entre a doença do refluxo gastroesofágico e as manifestações extra-esofágicas esteja bem estabelecida, uma relação entre causa e efeito definitiva ainda não está elucidada; em relação à patogênese das manifestações extra-esofágicas, os principais mecanismos propostos são a injúria direta do tecido extra-esofágico pelo conteúdo ácido gástrico refluído e o reflexo esôfago-brônquico mediado pelo nervo vago; a doença do refluxo gastroesofágico pode não ser incluída no diagnóstico diferencial do grupo de pacientes que apresenta somente os sintomas atípicos. Este artigo revisa as manifestações extra-esofágicas da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico encontradas na literatura, discutindo a epidemiologia, patogênese, diagnóstico e tratamento, com foco nas apresentações mais estudadas e estabelecidas.
The ability of 29 barley cultivars to compete and withstand competition
Authors: Watson Paul R. , Derksen Douglas A. , Van Acker Rene C.
Published: August 2006

Using competitive crops and cultivars can be an important integrated weed management (IWM) tool, useful in both conventional and low-external-input (LEI) farming systems. Barley is considered a competitive crop, but cultivar competitiveness varies. There are two aspects of cultivar competitive ability; the ability to compete (AC) and the ability to withstand competition (AWC). However, the relationship between these aspects has not been addressed in barley. A study was conducted to explore aspects of barley cultivar competitive ability with oats, and to examine the feasibility of ranking cultivars based on either, or both, AWC and AC. Field trials were undertaken in 2001 and 2002 to determine cultivar competitive ability for 29 barley cultivars commonly grown on the Canadian prairies. Cultivars were selected from semidwarf and full height, hulled and hull-less, 2- and 6-row, and feed and malt classes. Yield loss ranged from 6 to 79% while weed seed return ranged from 10 to 83% of gross yield. As a class, semidwarf and hull-less cultivars were less competitive than full height and hulled cultivars, respectively. However, considerable variation existed within these classes, and an absolute relationship between class membership and competitive ability did not exist. Ability to withstand competition was significantly correlated with ability to compete, but correlation coefficients were not strong enough to attempt reliable co-selection within a breeding program. Ability to compete was a more consistent measure of competitive ability than AWC. Ranking barley cultivar competitive ability would make it a valuable IWM tool for farmers and extension personnel.
Seedling recruitment pattern and depth of recruitment of 10 weed species in minimum tillage and no-till seeding systems
Authors: Chauhan Bhagirath S. , Gill Gurjeet , Preston Christopher
Published: August 2006

Differences in periodicity and depth of weed seedling recruitment due to agronomic management practices, such as reduced tillage, have implications for weed competitive ability and management strategies. Periodicity and depth of seedling recruitment of 10 different weed species was measured in the field in 2004 and 2005. The seedling recruitment of rigid ryegrass, threehorn bedstraw, and wild radish seedlings was higher under minimum tillage than under no-till scenarios. In contrast, the seedling recruitment of Oriental mustard, annual sowthistle, squirreltail fescue, little mallow, and turnipweed was higher under the no-till system. The seedling recruitment of wild oat and African mustard was not influenced by the tillage system. The mean seedling recruitment depth of wild oat, rigid ryegrass, threehorn bedstraw, wild radish, and turnipweed was greater under minimum tillage than under the no-till system. These weeds are able to emerge from deeper in the soil profile. In contrast, the seedling recruitment depth under minimum-tillage and no-till systems was similar for African mustard, Oriental mustard, annual sowthistle, little mallow, and squirreltail fescue. These are all small-seeded species, which failed to emerge from deeper depths under either tillage system. In addition, all of these species except African mustard showed higher total seedling recruitment under the no-till system. Results of this study will facilitate weed-control timing decisions and provide validation data for weed seedling recruitment models.
Effect of wheat genotype on the phenotype of wheat × jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) hybrids
Authors: Rehman Maqsood , Hansen Jennifer L. , Brown Jack , Price William , Zemetra Robert S. , Mallory-Smith Carol A.
Published: August 2006

Jointed goatgrass is a troublesome weed in winter wheat in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Wheat and jointed goatgrass (JGG) can cross and produce hybrids in the field that can serve as a potential bridge for gene migration between the two species. To determine the potential for gene movement it is important to be able to identify hybrids in the field. To study the effect of wheat genotype on hybrid phenotype, reciprocal crosses were made between JGG and two common wheat cultivars: ‘Brundage 96’, ‘Hubbard’, a common-type advanced breeding line: ‘87–52814A’, and a club wheat cultivar: ‘Rhode’. Hybrids and parents were measured for plant height, spike length, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, and number of spikelets. Reciprocal effects were nonsignificant for all characteristics measured, indicating that hybrid morphology was not affected by the direction of the cross. Hybrids were different from their wheat parents for spike length, plant height, and flag leaf width. Hybrids produced from each of the wheat parents were uniform in phenotypic characters. Spikes were intermediate in circumference (size) from crosses between JGG and common wheat lines; however, club wheat × JGG crosses resulted in spikes that were more similar to common wheat. Spike size and flag leaf width for all hybrids also were intermediate between their parents. Hybrids differed in spike size and awn characteristics because of unique characteristics of the wheat parent. Based on these results, it should be possible to identify hybrids in the field accurately, regardless of the wheat parent or direction of the cross unless the parent is a club wheat.
Wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) interference in wheat
Authors: Eslami Seyed V. , Gill Gurjeet S. , Bellotti Bill , McDonald Glenn
Published: August 2006

Wild radish is a major weed of field crops in southern Australia. The effects of various densities of wild radish and wheat on the growth and reproductive output of each other were investigated in field studies in 2003 and 2004. The experiments were established as a factorial combination of wheat (0, 100, 200, and 400 plants m−2) and wild radish (0, 15, 30, and 60 plants m−2) densities. The effect of wild radish density on wheat yield loss and wild radish seed production were described with a rectangular hyperbola model. The presence of wild radish in wheat reduced aboveground dry matter, leaf-area index (LAI), and grain yield of wheat, and the magnitude of this reduction was dependent on weed density. Increasing the density of wheat substantially reduced the adverse effects of wild radish on wheat. As crop density increased, wild radish dry matter, LAI, and seed production per unit area decreased. The maximum seed production of wild radish was achieved at its highest density (60 plants m−2), and was 43,300 and 61,200 seeds m−2for the first and second year, respectively. The results indicated that higher densities of wheat were able to suppress seed production of this weed species. From a practical viewpoint, this study shows that increased wheat density in the range of 200 to 400 wheat plants m−2can reduce wild radish seed production and also give some reduction in crop yield loss, and could be an important component of an integrated weed management program.
Competitive ability of cowpea genotypes with different growth habit
Authors: Wang Guangyao , McGiffen Milton E. , Ehlers Jeff D. , Marchi Edilene C. S.
Published: August 2006

Growth habit is an important determinant of competitive ability in legume crops. Erect ‘Iron-Clay’ (IC), semi-erect ‘IT89KD-288’ (288), and prostrate ‘UCR 779’ (779) cowpea genotypes were planted with four densities of common sunflower or common purslane to determine which cowpea growth habit is more competitive to these weeds having markedly different statures. Both sunflower and purslane reduced cowpea relative growth rate (RGR) but at different phases of the growing season. Low-growing purslane had an effect in the earlier part of the season, and sunflower decreased cowpea RGR in the middle of growing season. RGR of genotype IC was the least affected and genotype 779 the most reduced by sunflower. Cowpea apparently compensated for early season purslane competition by increasing RGR after purslane flowering, with RGR for the IC genotype increasing the most and 779 increasing the least. All cowpea genotypes caused a similar reduction in sunflower biomass accumulation; but purslane biomass was most reduced by genotype IC and least affected by genotype 288. Erect genotype IC is more competitive due to its taller stature, greater height growth rate, and higher position of maximal leaf area density, despite a lower photosynthetic rate and light use efficiency than the other cowpea genotypes. Our results suggest that erect cowpea growth habit may be generally more competitive with weeds compared to semi-erect or prostrate growth habit.
Physiological characteristics of glufosinate resistance in rice
Authors: Tsai Chin-Ju , Wang Chang-Sheng , Wang Ching-Yuh
Published: August 2006

The physiological basis of glufosinate resistance for two resistant (R) rice mutants, lines ‘R11-2’ and ‘R11-3’, was studied. Seven days after the application of 0.54 mM glufosinate, two susceptible (S) lines, i.e., variety (var.) ‘FSK’ and its inbred line ‘FSK-3’, and a reference var. Tainung 67 (TNG 67) suffered severe injury, whereas the two R lines exhibited resistance. Dose–response analysis and survival rate 14 d after treatment with 1.5 mM glufosinate also supported this observation. A14C-glufosinate experiment showed that more labeled herbicide was absorbed by leaves of R11-2 than S lines 48 h after treatment (HAT), but the partitioning of absorbed glufosinate to each part of the shoot did not differ between R and S lines. Although a higher degradation of glufosinate in R line R11-2 was found as compared with the two S lines, i.e., 46% vs. 38 to 40%, the actual concentration of glufosinate in R line was still higher than that in S lines. Foliar application of glufosinate resulted in less inhibition of in vivo activity of glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) as well as a lower accumulation of ammonium 24 HAT in R line than in S lines. Further kinetic study of GS showed that cytosolic GS in line R11-2, with a higher enzyme-inhibition constant (Ki) value to glufosinate, was less sensitive to the toxic action of this herbicide. Therefore, a higher metabolism of, and more important, a lower susceptibility of, the target protein GS to this herbicide are suggested to contribute significantly to glufosinate resistance in these rice lines.
Integrating prescribed burning and clopyralid for the management of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)
Authors: DiTomaso Joseph M. , Kyser Guy B. , Miller Jessica R. , Garcia Sergio , Smith Richard F. , Nader Glenn , Connor J. Michael , Orloff Steve B.
Published: August 2006

Prescribed burning and the herbicide clopyralid are very effective tools for the management of yellow starthistle. However, repeated use of either can be impractical or can present other problems. The potential solution is the development of an effective integrated weed management strategy using a combination of the two approaches. In small plot studies (0.2 ha), we tested one of five possible treatments: (1) untreated control, (2) 2 consecutive yr of clopyralid (0.105 kg ha−1), (3) 2 consecutive yr of prescribed summer burning, (4) first-year clopyralid followed by second-year prescribed burning, and (5) first-year prescribed burning followed by second-year clopyralid. Treatments were made in 1999 and 2000 at three study sites in California (San Benito, Yuba, and Siskiyou counties). In 2001, the year following the final treatment, 2 consecutive yr of clopyralid or first-year burning followed by second-year clopyralid consistently reduced yellow starthistle cover in the following year by 92 to 100%. However, at the Yuba site, clopyralid alone increased medusahead and ripgut brome cover. Although 2 consecutive yr of burning was effective in Yuba, very high levels of starthistle infestation in San Benito were not completely burned in the second year because of the lack of available consumable fuel. Clopyralid treatment the first year followed by prescribed burning in the second year stimulated yellow starthistle germination and did not reduce the infestation. In a large-scale study conducted at two sites (13 and 81 ha) in southern Monterey County, we used a first-year burn followed by either 2 yr of clopyralid (0.158 kg ha−1) or a single year of clopyralid (0.210 kg ha−1) and a subsequent burn. Results were in close agreement with those found in the small-scale studies. In the year following the final treatment, control of yellow starthistle was greater than 99% when the burn was followed by 2 yr of clopyralid. In contrast, when a prescribed burn was used in the last year of the program, the level of control was not as good, probably because of the increased germination of the remaining soil seedbank. These results indicate that a first-year prescribed burn followed by a second-year clopyralid treatment can provide consistently good control of yellow starthistle, as well as reduced levels of noxious annual grasses, including medusahead and ripgut brome.
Cotton and corn rotation under reduced tillage management: impacts on soil properties, weed control, yield, and net return
Authors: Reddy Krishna N. , Locke Martin A. , Koger Clifford H. , Zablotowicz Robert M. , Krutz L. Jason
Published: August 2006

A 6-yr rotation study was conducted from 2000 to 2005 at Stoneville, MS to examine the effects of rotating glyphosate-resistant (GR) and non-GR (conventional) cultivars of cotton with corn under reduced tillage conditions on soil properties, weed control, crop yield, and net return. There were four rotation systems (continuous cotton, continuous corn, cotton–corn, and corn–cotton) for each non-GR and GR cultivar arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Field preparation consisted of disking, subsoiling, disking, and bedding in the fall of 1999. After the fall of 2000, the experimental area received no tillage operations except rebedding after harvest each year to maintain reduced tillage conditions. A glyphosate-based program in GR cultivars and a nonglyphosate-based program in non-GR cultivars were used for weed management. Soil organic carbon in the top 5-cm depth progressively increased from the first year to the sixth year, regardless of rotation. In 2005, organic carbon was higher in corn grown continuously and in rotation compared to continuous cotton, partly due to higher plant residues from corn compared to cotton. Control of most grass and broadleaf weeds was sufficient to support cotton and corn production, regardless of rotation and herbicide program. Control of yellow nutsedge was reduced in continuous non-GR cotton; this apparent weed species shift toward yellow nutsedge was mitigated by breaking the cotton monocrop with corn. Plant populations of both GR and non-GR cotton rotated with corn were similar to that of continuous cotton suggesting cotton stand establishment was not affected by corn residues from the previous year. Cotton yield increased every year following rotation with corn by 10–32% in the non-GR cultivar, and by 14–19% in the GR cultivar compared to continuous cotton. Similarly, corn yield increased by 5–13% in non-GR cultivar and by 1–11% in the GR cultivar when rotated with cotton. As a result, net returns were higher from rotation management as compared with monoculture in both crops. This study demonstrated that alternating between cotton and corn is agronomically feasible and a sustainable option for farmers in the lower Mississippi River alluvial flood plain region who are looking for simple cultural practices that provide economic and environmental benefits.
Assessment of Treatment Responses to Dental Flossing in Twins
Authors: Biesbrock Aaron , Corby Patricia M.A. , Bartizek Robert , Corby Andrea L. , Coelho Mania , Costa Simone , Bretz Walter A.G. , Bretz Walter A.
Published: August 2006

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess treatment responses to dental flossing in twins.

Methods: The study was a two‐treatment, examiner‐blind, randomized, parallel group, controlled study. Fifty‐one twin pairs between 12 and 21 years of age were randomized to a 2‐week supervised and unsupervised treatment regimen consisting of 1) tongue brushing and toothbrushing (TB) and 2) TB + flossing (TB+Fl). Clinical endpoints were gingival bleeding (papillary bleeding score [PBS]) and oral malodor (levels of volatile sulfur compounds [VSC]). Analysis of variance and covariance methodologies were employed to analyze the data.

Results: Baseline average PBS values were 1.352 and 1.342 for the TB+Fl and TB groups, respectively (P = 0.937). After 2 weeks of treatment, the TB+Fl group had a statistically significant decrease in PBS values of 0.558 (41.5% versus baseline), whereas the TB group showed no improvement from baseline. The change from baseline for the TB+Fl group was superior to that for the TB group (P <0.001). Similar findings were observed for the number of baseline papillary bleeding sites. Baseline average intraoral halimeter values were 45.91 and 41.75 for the TB+Fl and TB groups, respectively (P = 0.504). Both treatment regimens demonstrated highly statistically significant reductions in intraoral breath values versus baseline (all P <0.001), and the difference between treatment groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.339). Similar findings were found for expired air.

Conclusions: In a well‐matched twin cohort, tongue and toothbrushing plus flossing significantly decreased gingival bleeding after 2 weeks.
Short Dental Implants in Posterior Partial Edentulism: A Multicenter Retrospective 6‐Year Case Series Study
Authors: Misch Carl E. , Steigenga Jennifer , Barboza Eliane , Misch‐Dietsh Francine , Cianciola Louis J. , Kazor Christopher
Published: August 2006

Background: Implants <10 mm long in the posterior regions of partially edentulous patients have a higher failure rate in many clinical reports. The purpose of this case series study was to evaluate implant survival when a biomechanical approach was used to decrease stress to the bone‐implant interface.

Methods: A retrospective evaluation of 273 consecutive posterior partially edentulous patients treated with 745 implants, 7 or 9 mm long, supporting 338 restorations over a 1‐ to 5‐year period was reviewed from four private offices. Implant survival data were collected relative to stage I to stage II healing, stage II to prosthesis delivery, and prosthesis delivery to as long as 6 years follow‐up. A biomechanical approach to decrease stress to the posterior implants included splinting implants together with no cantilever load, restoring the patient with a mutually protected or canine guidance occlusion, and selecting an implant designed to increase bone‐implant contact surface area.

Results: Of the 745 implants inserted, there were six surgical failures from stage I to stage II healing. All five failures were with a one‐stage surgical approach (240 implants). There were two failures from stage II healing to prosthesis delivery. No implants failed after the 338 final implant prostheses were delivered. A 98.9% survival rate was obtained from stage I surgery to prosthetic follow‐up.

Conclusions: Short‐length implants may predictably be used to support fixed restorations in the posterior partial edentulism. Methods to decrease biomechanical stress to the bone‐implant interface appear appropriate for this treatment.
Diabetes Mellitus and Periodontal Diseases
Authors: Mealey Brian L. , Oates Thomas W.
Published: August 2006

Background: The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with practical knowledge concerning the relationship between diabetes mellitus and periodontal diseases. Over 200 articles have been published in the English literature over the past 50 years examining the relationship between these two chronic diseases. Data interpretation is often confounded by varying definitions of diabetes and periodontitis and different clinical criteria applied to prevalence, extent, and severity of periodontal diseases, levels of glycemic control, and complications associated with diabetes.

Methods: This article provides a broad overview of the predominant findings from research published in English over the past 20 years, with reference to certain “classic” articles published prior to that time.

Results: This article describes current diagnostic and classification criteria for diabetes and answers the following questions: 1) Does diabetes affect the risk of periodontitis, and does the level of metabolic control of diabetes have an impact on this relationship? 2) Do periodontal diseases affect the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus or the metabolic control of diabetes? 3) What are the mechanisms by which these two diseases interrelate? and 4) How do people with diabetes and periodontal disease respond to periodontal treatment?

Conclusions: Diabetes increases the risk of periodontal diseases, and biologically plausible mechanisms have been demonstrated in abundance. Less clear is the impact of periodontal diseases on glycemic control of diabetes and the mechanisms through which this occurs. Inflammatory periodontal diseases may increase insulin resistance in a way similar to obesity, thereby aggravating glycemic control. Further research is needed to clarify this aspect of the relationship between periodontal diseases and diabetes.
Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies on vitellogenesis in trypanorhynch cestode Dollfusiella spinulifera Beveridge, Neifar et Euzet, 2004 (Eutetrarhynchidae)
Authors: Świderski Zdzisław , Miquel Jordi , Młocicki Daniel , Neifar Lassad , Grytner-Zięcina Barbara , Mackiewicz John
Published: August 2006

The first description of vitellogenesis in the Trypanorhyncha is presented in this paper. Though the type of vitellogenesis and mature vitellocyte in Dollfusiella spinulifera appear to be unique among the Eucestoda, to some extent they resemble that observed in the lower cestodes, namely the Tetraphyllidea and Pseudophyllidea. Maturation is characterized by: (1) an increase in cell volume; (2) extensive development of large, parallel, frequently concentric cisternae of GER that produce proteinaceous granules; (3) development of Golgi complexes engaged in packaging this material; (4) continuous enlargement of proteinaceous granules within vesicles and their transformation into shell globule clusters; and (5) progressive fusion of all vesicles, with flocculent material containing the proteinaceous granules and shell globule clusters, into a single very large vesicle that characterises mature vitellocytes of this tapeworm. Cell inclusions in and around the large vesicle consist of flocculent material of a very low density, a few shell globule clusters, moderately dense proteinaceous granules and numerous large droplets of unsaturated lipids. A new previously unreported mode of transformation of proteinaceous granules into shell globule clusters, that evidently differs from that of pseudophyllideans and tetraphyllideans, is described. Cytochemical staining with periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate for polysaccharides indicates a strongly positive reaction for membrane-bound glycoproteins in all membranous structures such as GER, mitochondria, Golgi complexes, nuclear and cell plasma membranes. Similar staining revealed β-glycogen particles scattered in the cytoplasm of maturing vitellocytes. Typical cytoplasmic β-glycogen particles appear mainly during early vitellocyte maturation but it is characteristic for this species that they are only seldom visible in mature cells. Some working hypotheses concerning the interrelationship between this particular pattern of vitellogensis, possible mode of egg formation in D. spinulifera, its embryonic development and trypanorhynchean life cycle, are drawn and discussed.
Influence of metal oxides in the colorimetric determination of acid volatile sulfide in sediments
Authors: Oliveira Janaina L. , Eugênio Alessandra , Rodrigues de Azevedo Júlio C. , Nozaki Jorge
Published: August 2006

The sediment of Lagoa dos Patos‐MS, Brazil, was investigated to verify the influence of metal sulfides and oxyhydroxides of Mn and Fe on the heavy metal availability. The spectrophotometric method of methylene blue was used, with 8 interlinked tubes containing the samples with SnCl2, where N2 was introduced to release the H2S extracted with 6.0 mol L–1 HCl, and trapped in 0.05 M NaOH solution. The influence of SO42–, Mn(IV) and Fe(III) oxyhydroxides was investigated with samples constituted by a mixture of MnO2; Na2SO4; FeCl3, and sediments. The presence of SnCl2 was very important to avoid the interferences of iron and manganese oxyhydroxides. The method of standard addition was applied and the efficiency was (100.8 ± 9.4)%. The ratio among the quantities of metals potentially available and the acid volatile sulfide (AVS) indicate that the system presents small metals availability to the benthic community, by the existence of sulfide capable to immobilize the metal as insoluble sulfide.
Benthic macrofauna in Tunca River (Turkey) and their relationships with environmental variables
Authors: Camur‐Elipek Belgin , Arslan Naime , Kirgiz Timur , Oterler Burak
Published: August 2006

The numerical and proportional distributions of benthic macroinvertebrates in Tunca (Tundja, Tundzha) River (Edirne/Turkey) were determined from July 2002 to June 2003 at monthly intervals at four different stations. It was found that the benthic macrofauna consisted of 63% Oligochaeta, 24% Chironomidae larvae, and 13% Varia by numbers. According to the Shannon‐Wiener index, Tunca River had a diversity of 1.36; station 2 and September were found to have the highest diversity while station 4 and December to have the poorest. According to Bray‐Curtis similarity index, stations 2 and 3 and April and May were found to be the most similar to each other while stations 1 and 4 and August and January were found to be the most different from each other for the dynamics of the benthic macrofauna. Also some physicochemical parameters of the water (water temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen, chloride, total hardness, NO3–‐N, NO2–‐N, sulfate, phosphate, biochemical and chemical oxygen demands) were analyzed. Pearson correlation index supported the relationships between the dynamics of organisms and physicochemical variables. The relation between the number of macroinvertebrates and pH (r = +0.57, P < 0.05) was direct proportional while the relation between the number of macroinvertebrates and NO3–‐N (r = –0.99, P < 0.05) was inverse proportional. Furthermore, the Chironomidae larvae of Bryophaenocladius muscicola and Mesosmittia flexuella were new records for Turkish Thrace region. High pH and supersaturated oxygen levels, hard water quality, second quality levels of NO3–‐N, BOD, COD and fourth quality levels of NO2–‐N as well as the density of 490 individuals m–2 for 124 taxa and the diversity of 1.36 showed that similar studies should be repeated periodically in Tunca to determine the future of the river.