bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Some Thoughts on the Concept of ULD (Ultra Low‐Dosage) Spraying
Authors: Bals E.J.
Published: April 2008

Applications at ultra‐low dosage and volume with small, uniform and non volatile droplets were developed when it appeared that their effectiveness was based on a redistribution of the active ingredient on the plant tissues originally not covered by the compound. Preference has been given to a droplet size of 70 microns provided by rotating devices. Volumes of 1 to 8 lit./ha. seem sufficient to control fungi and less mobile insects and 0,1 to 1 lit./ha. for mobile insects. However, dosages can still be reduced according to the strict requirements.

The drift hazards of non volatile compounds appear to be less than those existing for aqueous preparations. A careful study of the formulations could further reduce the dangers of environmental contamination and it appears that ultra low‐dosage applications merit special attention.
Perfectionnements récents en matière de pulvérisation pneumatique aérienne
Authors: Audibert M.
Published: April 2008

Summaire

L'auteur indique les raisons qui, en traitement pesticide aérien à bas volume, ont motivé la création d'un nouvel appareillage pneumatique d'épandage des bouillies à des volumes/ha de 10 à 151. Après avoir sommairement décrit la pulvérisation pneumatique Pintagram, il en donne les caractéristiques et les performances, et indique les résultats obtenus en expérimentation contre le mildiou de la vigne, comparativement à un pulvérisateur terrestre à pression à jet porté classique et à un hélicoptère équipé d'une rampe à pression, avec diverses bouillies fongicides. L'auteur souligne enfin l'intérêt technique et économique du pulvérisateur pneumatique Pintagram pour les hélicoptères agricoles.
Considérations sur les formulations ULV pour les pulvérisations par dérive
Authors: Holtmann H.
Published: April 2008

Summaire

Des formulations ULV de lindane, d'HCH, de diméthoate, de bromophos, de bromophos‐éthyle et de ces produits mélangés à d'autres ont été mises au point. Les résultats obtenus contre certaîns ravageurs dans des expériences de plein champ sont passés en revue, ainsi que ceux d'essais préliminaires portant sur le désherbage à l'aide du 2,4,5‐T ULV.
Control of Forest Insects by Ultra‐low Volume Spraying
Authors: Schindler U.
Published: April 2008

Ultra‐low volume spraying calls for special insecticide formulations. Technical grade material is sprayed, at rates of only 500–1,500 c.c./ha., by mistblower, fixedwing aircraft, or helicopter, using special nozzles or the rotary atomizer system. There are a number of advantages in the use of technical grade materials, particularly in forestry: the need for solvents and carriers is eliminated, mixing is unnecessary, storage and transport costs are greatly reduced and aircraft payloads provide for greater coverage.

Trials carried out in the period 1967–69 against 11 forest insect pests, including sucking species, beetles, and larvae, gave good results with ULV concentrates of malathion, dimethoate, and bromophos‐ethyl. Motorized knapsack sprayers were used for the work, but a trial helicopter spraying with 1,500 c.c. malathion against larvae of Coleophora laricella (Hb.) was also made in August 1968, producing the result required: protection of trees from significant defoliation.
La lutte contre les insectes forestiers au moyen de pulvérisations à ultra‐bas volume (ULV)
Authors: Schindler U.
Published: April 2008

Summaire

La pulvérisation à ultra‐bas volume de formulations spéciales de concentrés d'insecticides, à partir d'atomiseurs ou d'avions et hélicoptères équipés de buses spéciales ou d'éléments rotatifs, présente de nombreux avantages d'ordre économique qui sont spécialement appréciés en sylviculture. De 1967 à 1969 des essais de lutte à l'aide de concentrés ULV de malathion, de diméthoate et de bromophoséthyle ont permis d'obtenir de bons résultats; des pulvérisateurs portatifs à moteur ont été employés ainsi qu'un hélicoptère pour l'épandage du malathion à 1.500 cm2/ha contre les larves de Coleophora laricella (Hb.).
Note on the Control of Olive Fly (Dacus oleae [Gmel.]) by Means of Low and Ultra‐low Volume Bait‐spraying
Authors: Orphanidis P.S. , Mourikis P.A. , Souliotis M.C.
Published: April 2008

In 1967, 1968 and 1969 the efficacy of aerial low volume and ultra‐low volume bait‐spraying against Dacus oleae (Gmel.) was compared in Greece. Results were mainly assessed by periodical trapping and by post‐treatment countings of the percentage of attack in sampled olives. No difference between the effect of the two methods became apparent. It is deemed necessary, however, to repeat the experiments under conditions of heavier infestation.
The Use of ULV Malathion Bait Sprays for the Control of Olive Fly (Dacus oleae Gmel.) by Aerial Applications in Cyprus
Authors: Zyngas J. Ph.
Published: April 2008

Bait spraying at a rate of 1 lit./ha. (0,2 lit. of ULV Malathion at 96%+ 0,8 lit. protein hydrolysate Atropaz) gave positive results in the control of the olive fly and olive moth but was insufficient against the olive weevil. Applications at low and ultra‐low volume were clearly more economical and permitted larger areas to be treated. Therefore, it is suggested that the use of malathion concentrate aerial bait spraying be expanded in Cyprus in the control of olive fly.
Emploi de malathion associéà des appâts en pulvérisation aérienne à volume ultra‐bas dans la lutte contre la mouche de l'olive (Dacus oleae Gmel.) à Chypre
Authors: Zyngas J. Ph.
Published: April 2008

Summaire

Des pulvérisations à l'aide d'insecticides et d'appâts à raison de 1 1/ha (0,2 1 de Malathion ULV 96%+ 0,8 1 d'appât de protéine hydrolysée Atropaz) ont donné de bons résultats contre la mouche de l'olive et la teigne, mais le charançon n'a été qu'à peine touché. Les applications à volume ultra‐bas ont été nettement plus économiques et ont permis de traiter de plus grandes superficies.
Lutte expérimentale contre Dacus oleae Gmel. par pulvérisations curatives à bas et très bas volume
Authors: Mentzelos I. , Paloukis S.
Published: April 2008

Summaire

En 1968, notre Station a continué les recherches expérimentales contre la mouche de l'olive (Dacus oleae Gmel.) pourétudier l'effet des pulvérisations à bas et très bas volume par rapport aux traitements à volume normal. Les applications effectuées à bas volume ont utilisé des quantités d'eau de 1, 2, 4 et 6 litres pour chaque arbre, et à volume normal 12 litres, avec un dosage constant en matiàre active de l'insecticide (diméthoate). Une autre série de pulvérisations à très bas volume a été opérée avec des insecticides spécialement préparés, tels que Dimécron 50, Carbicron 50 et Nuvacron 50 à des doses de 7, 10 et 14 cm2 par arbre. Les résultats de ces expériences sont exposés en détail.
Experiments on Curative Low and Ultra‐low Volume Spraying Against Dacus oleae Gmel.
Authors: Mentzelos I. , Paloukis S.
Published: April 2008

Applications of 1, 2, 4, 6 and 12 lit. of spray per tree, each volume containing 6 g. of dimethoate a.i., did not show significant differences between the treatments, but olive fly pupae and third instar larvae were found to be more resistant than first and second instar larvae. Also, no differences became apparent between treatments with Dimecron 50, Carbicron 50 and Nuvacron 50 at rates of 7, 10 and 14 c.c. per tree respectively; these experiments will be continued.
Possibilités d'application de traitements préventifs contre les ravageurs au moyen de pulvérisations à ultra‐bas volume
Authors: Joyce R.J.V.
Published: April 2008

Summaire

Pour le « pest management », l'envergure des opérations de lutte doit se fonder sur les caractéristiques du problème et notamment sur l'importance numérique des populations d'insectes à combattre et sur leur mobilité. La lutte anti‐acridienne et celle qui est pratiquée contre la mouche tsé‐tsé sont exposées à titre d'exemple. En outre, la lutte synchronisée contre des ravageurs du riz à Java, basée sur une étude préalable de la situation concernant des milliers d'hectares, a permis d'enregistrer des résultats bien supérieurs à ceux que l'on aurait pu obtenir en procédant aux essais habituels sur parcelles expérimentales. L'intérêt des pulvérisations à volume ultra‐bas est qu'elles permettent d'effectuer des applications d'insecticides synchronisées à l'échelle que requiert la situation en cause.
Lutte contre la mouche de l'olive par pulvérisations aériennes à ultra‐bas volume d'appâts concentrés
Authors: Psyllakis N. , Mikros L. , Androulakis J. , Loupasaki M.
Published: April 2008

Summaire

La comparaison qui a été effectuée dans la lutte contre la mouche de l'olive entre l'application par voie aérienne d'appâts empoisonnés en formulation ULV et du type normal a permis de constarer que l'efficacité avait été la même dans les deux cas et qu'il n'y avait pas de différences significatives entre les deux procédés.
Fungicidal Treatments with Oily Fogs
Authors: Fourcaud A.
Published: April 2008

In the application of fungicides by oily fog 10 to 15 lit./ha. of liquid are used. The fog contains the active ingredients in the normal dosage per ha., but an oily liquid is used as a carrier, to which inert minerals have been added. The distribution of the fog, by pneumatic or rotary equipment, is partly indirect since the wind and natural turbulence are made use of. There are various economic advantages and a lesser risk of the fungicides being washed off by rains.
Notes on Ultra‐low Volume Aerial Application Equipment and Techniques
Authors: Walker D.A.
Published: April 2008

The influence of the droplet size on efficiency and drift is considered as well as the suitability of ULV equipment. It is recommended that where ULV work is contemplated, trials be initially carried out to determine the optimum within various parameters. Measures aiming at minimizing drift during application are stressed, referring mainly to methods of using boom and nozzle equipment, the nozzle position relative to airflow, nozzle spacing, and flight height.
Commentaires sur les apparells et les techniques à l'usage des applications à bas et ultra‐bas volume
Authors: Walker D.A.
Published: April 2008

Summaire

Après avoir souligné l'influence de la dimension des gouttelettes sur l'efficacité des traitements ULV, l'auteur passe en revue les appareils appropriés en comparant leurs performances. Pour pouvoir convenir aux opérations ULV, l'équipement d'épandage aérien doit parfois être modifié et les techniques d'application doivent âtre adoptées aux besoins spéciaux.
Recent Development in ULV Techniques
Authors: Simon L.K.
Published: April 2008

Summaire

Some interesting problems concerning the European and Mediterranean areas which can be solved by using ULV techniques are discussed. Malathion ULV Concentrate with and without protein bait is compared with conventional cover sprays to control Dacus oleae Gmel. and Ceratitis capitata Wied. Evidence is given demonstrating the advantages of ULV techniques for cotton and forest pest control. In field crops good results have been obtained against Meligethes spp., Athalia spp. and it appears that Eurygaster spp. can be effectively controlled by ULV fenitrothion sprays. Further tests are still required to determine more precisely the dosage required for the control of adults and the different larval instars of these species. The main concern of the Cyanamid work within the ULV treatment is in avoiding environmental pollution as far as possible.
Evolution récente dans les techniques ULV
Authors: Simon L.K.
Published: April 2008

Summaire

Les applications du Malathion ULV, avec ou sans appât, sont passées en revue, surtout en ce qui concerne Ceratitis capitata Wied. et Dacus oleae Gmel., mais également pour certains ravageurs du cotonnier, des forêts et des grandes cultures.
An Approach to Determining Potential Pest Distribution
Authors: Baker C.R.B.
Published: April 2008

Problems of assessing the ability of an insect species to survive and reproduce beyond the present limits of its geographical range are discussed in order to develop a rational method of assessment for phytosanitary purposes. A better understanding of the day‐to‐day responses of insects to their environment is needed. Climate seems to be the only component of this environment that offers hope of predictable relationships in the foreseeable future. The effects of climate (mainly temperature) on development must be assessed in order to predict the timing of the life cycle, and hence the stage that will be exposed to a particular set of weather conditions. It is suggested that daily increments of development rather than temperature should be summed to allow for the non‐linearity of the development‐velocity curve and the influence of daily temperature fluctuations. The interference of climate with activities such as eclosion, ecdyses, movement, mating and ovi‐position is discussed. Definition of « overkill » situations for winter mortality would be a useful advance in assessment methods. Since spatial variation in microclimate is a major obstacle to development of predictions, the collection of comparable data, especially from ecologically homologous species, is advocated as an aid to assessment of establishment potential. A tabular summary of an assessment method is presented.
Biology and Control of the Fall Webworm (Hyphantria cunea Drury) in the Middle‐ and East European Countries
Authors: Szalay‐Marzso L.
Published: April 2008

The fall webworm was first discovered in Hungary in 1940 and severe outbreaks occurred in 1945. This insect which goes through 7 larval instars usually has two annual generations under the conditions prevailing in the infested areas of this country. The optimal conditions are met most often in Central and South Hungary (1,950 ‐ 2,050 sunshine‐hours yearly, 17°C average temperature during the vegetation period, a humidity of 65–70% and 300–350 mm. of precipitation). Three categories of host‐plants are distinguished: first‐grade host‐plants for which the pest has a clear preference and on which it develops best; second‐grade host‐plants on which the larvae feed mostly during the outbreak years and third‐grade host‐plants on which the larvae only feed when their original host‐plants are almost completely defoliated. Special attention is paid to the natural enemies of Hyphantria cunea Drury comprising predators and parasites. From larvae and pupae 8 Tachinids, 5 Ichneumonids, 13 Chalcidids and 3 Braconids were reared. The importance of natural enemies in controlling the pest seems to be greater in North America than in Europe.

Despite drastic control measures, there has been a marked increase in the dissemination of the fall webworm in Hungary in 1969 and 1970 but is was possible to reduce the crop losses. A network of survey and forecasting posts facilitates the carrying out of mechanical and chemical methods. Strict quarantine regulations are in force to keep the pest under control.
Cicadelles de la vigne
Authors: Schvester D.
Published: April 2008

Summaire

Les deux principales espèces de cicadelles de la vigne sont examinées: Empoasca flavescens F. et Scaphoideus littoralis Ball. Leur cycle évolutif dans les conditions du sud‐ouest de la France et les moyens de lutte ont été définis (seuil de nocuité, pronostic de pullulations, etc.). S. littoralis, vecteur de la flavescence dorée, a fait l'objet d'investigations sur les modalités de transmission de la maladie. Celle‐ci peut être combattue efficacement par la destruction du vecteur. Les résultats obtenus sont discutés en regard des problèmes posés par la propagation de la flavescence dorée et du comportement de son vecteur.
Les tydéidés (Acari) sur vigne
Authors: Schruft G.
Published: April 2008

Summaire

Les représentants de cette famille sont encore mal connus tant du point de vue de la systématique que du rôle qu'ils jouent sur la vigne. Les publications consultées font état de mœurs prédatrices et phytophages de certaines espèces sans que la limite entre les deux soit clairement définie. En Allemagne fédérale, deux espèces nouvelles ont été rencontrées sur la vigne: Tydeus götzi Schruft et Pronematus stärki Schruft. Il apparaît que la première est à la fois prédatrice et phytophage alors que la seconde semble exclusivement appartenir au groupe des prédateurs. T. götzi et P. stärki vivent essentiellement aux dépens des ériophyides mais semblent aussi s'en prendre aux œufs et stades postembryonnaires de Panonychus ulmi Koch. Les facteurs conditionnant la dynamique des populations des tydéidés demeurent obscurs.

Faute d'études biologiques approfondies, les tydéidés rencontrés sur la vigne constituent un groupe d'acariens ma1 connu dont le ǒ de prédateur et de ravageur n'est pas céairement défini. Le manque de connaissances sur les facteurs qui déterminent la dynamique des populations évident; il pourrait dailleur conduire à une appari‐tion beaucoup plus importante de ces acariens B la suite de certaines mesures anti‐parasitaires dont les conséquences sont imprévisibles.
Effets secondaires de fongicides agissant sur les acariens (Tetranychidae; Acari) sur vigne
Authors: Schruft G.
Published: April 2008

Summaire

L'auteur donne une définition des effets secondaires et présente les expériences réalisées en plein champ, en serre et en laboratoire à l'aide de fongicides pour étudier le comportement de l'araignée rouge, Panonychus ulmi Koch. Il expose le mécanisme supposé de l'action favorisante ou inhibitrice sur les populations et en souligne l'importance sur le plan de la lutte contre les acariens.

Les études bibliographiques et nos propres essais révélent que les fongicides anti‐mildiou exercent une influence sur les acariens en favorisant ou inhibant leur développement. méanisme de cette action peut ère conditionné par les méta‐bolites des composés chimiques ou par une modification physiologique qui se produit dans la plante et entraǐe une alteration trophique des acariens. Les fongicides suscep‐tibles d'exercer un effet inhibiteur sur le développement de ces déprédateurs ouvrent de nouvelles voies en matiére de lutte antiparasitaire
Detection and Estimation of Internal Pest Infestation in Seeds by the Application of X‐ray Techniques
Authors: Fesus I.
Published: April 2008

In quarantine inspection it is particularly important to use reliable and rapid testing methods for revealing internal infestation of seeds. Generally, it is impossible to diagnose correctly hidden infestation, at a low level, by means of traditional inspection test methods. The X‐ray technique, however, has considerable merit in the rapid and objective detection of insects living inside seeds. This radiographic process, most appropriate to quarantine practice, is presented. Optimal exposures were determined for seeds of 46 plant species. The reliability of radiographic counts of infestation was controlled by a model‐experiment, in which a very high correlation (r =−0.986) was found between the rate of infestation in the samples and the number of seeds to be tested from the sample. On a certain level by the regression equation (y = 7691–2468 log. x) it is possible to determine the number of seeds which have to be tested in order to obtain the real value of infestation.
Crop Rotation and Soil Pathogens — Trends in Germany
Authors: Obst A. , Diercks R.
Published: April 2008

The need to cut costs has led to a simplification of crop rotation in several fields of plant cultivation. The results of Thormann, who has grown wheat continuously on parts of his farmland for 10 years, are discussed. Also, the preliminary results of our own experiments with increasing proportions of wheat and barley suggest that more wheat and barley may be cultivated in crop rotation than is allowed according to the conventional limits determined by the increase of foot rot diseases and cereal root eelworm. Even in successive crops of maize the problem of soil‐borne pathogens can be tackled: the spread of blister smut is stopped by the control of the frit fly and by selection of tolerant varieties; root and stem rots of maize are overcome by the selection of appropriate varieties, too. On the contrary, the potato root eelworm is a serious pest in all sites of intensive potato production. Only an integrated control including the use of resistant varieties and the application of nematicides gives success. Much research work has to be done mainly to get more information on the biotical defence mechanisms of the soil.
Long‐distance Transport of Pesticides
Authors: Hurtig H.
Published: April 2008

The controversy surrounding the continued use of certain pesticides has resulted in a new breed of ecologists who are calling for a complete rejection of today's agrochemical systems of plant and animal protection. The data obtained suggest that in the chain of events surrounding the ecological fate of pesticides, the ultimate step in global pathways of distribution involves long‐distance transport associated with low‐altitude fall‐out.

Residues in the soil have varying significance depending upon various factors. The major phenomena are volatilization, photo‐decomposition, chemical decomposition (including microbial), adsorption, leaching, dilution, mechanical removal including erosion, uptake by plants and co‐distillation.

Recent evidence concerning variations in the amounts of pesticides detected in the streams draining agricultural and resort areas in Ontario and emptying into the Great Lakes is discussed. There are, as yet, too few examples of mathematical models and experimental verification to enable predictions for large marine eco‐systems. However, small scale studies suggest that some persistent and non‐biodegradable pesticides which are subject to long‐distance transport do require a restricted and supervised use. An analysis of our present knowledge of the operative factors involved in predicting short and long‐distance aerial transport of pesticides is currently being undertaken in Canada. The information, assessments and recommendations are summarized in this paper.
Are Pesticides Suitable Model Substances for the Evaluation of Industrial Chemicals in the Environment?
Authors: Korte F.
Published: April 2008

Definitions are given for the terms «environmental chemical» and «undue persistence». A suggested model for the general evaluation of environmental chemicals is a balanced combination of the evaluations of environmental radioactivity and of pesticides. The classification of environmental chemicals should be based on chemical structures only, independent of use patterns. For the evaluation of any chemical, the knowledge of its total production and of the quantitative use pattern is indispensable.
Air Pollution and Plant Health
Authors: Houten J.G. ten
Published: April 2008

Plant injury due to chemical air pollutants (SO2, HF, NO2, ethylene, ozone and PAN) is a well‐known phenomenon in densely industrialized and urbanized areas. Studies on this subject form the major part of this publication. Less is known about the influence of air pollutants on the development of parasitic plant diseases and insect pests and only in exceptional cases has the effect of the presence of certain pathogens in plant leaves on symptom‐expression resulting from chemical air pollutants been investigated.
An Integrated Approach in the Control of Potato Root Eelworm
Authors: Hijink M.J.
Published: April 2008

During the last decade, new control possibilities for the potato root eelworm have come to the fore, namely resistant potato varieties and soil disinfection. These have led to an integrated approach to the control of the potato root eelworm in the Netherlands. For this purpose, a number of potato rotations, aiming at the prevention or elimination of non‐detectable populations of the potato root eelworm, are prescribed for non‐infested fields. These regulations allow the farmer to grow potatoes more frequently on non‐infested soils if he uses control measures (i.e. resistant potato varieties, soil disinfection). More stringent restrictions are in force for infested fields on which the growing of susceptible crops and propagation material is, of course, prohibited.
Scientific Knowledge and Effective Chemical Soil‐disinfection
Authors: van Assche C.
Published: April 2008

For successful soil disinfection, many integrating factors have to be taken into consideration. In this way, the kind, the composition, the formulation and the physical and chemical properties of the products are very important. The information is considered together with the soil moisture content, texture, humus content, soil density, micro‐biological activity, etc. Finally, there is the problem of reinfection as well as the advantage or disadvantage of persisting components of the fumigants on the macroflora and possibly on the microflora too.
Pathology of Meloidogyne— Galling, Giant Cell Formation, Effects on Host Physiology
Authors: Dropkin V.H.
Published: April 2008

Gall Formation. The hypothesis that the localized tissue reaction to invasion by infective larvae results from the introduction of growth regulators by the nematodes is put forward. Critical evidence in support of the hypothesis is lacking, but there is some evidence that auxins are present in nematodes. It is suggested that Meloidogyne respond to a signal, from the plant, to release the galling stimulus.

Giant Cell Formation. The organization of a localized source of proteins in the giant cells under the direction of the developing, female nematode is the outstanding characteristic of Meloidogyne infections. A number of possible mechanisms are considered. A. The nematode may remove important end‐products such as amino acids or peptides. B. The developing larva may introduce specific regulators of protein synthesis, such as nucleic acids. C. Growth regulators are known to control protein synthesis. D. The nematode may affect the permeability of the membranes, increasing the flow of important ions into giant cells. E. The carbohydrases and proteolytic enzymes of Meloidogyne may affect the patterns of wall formation and nuclear division. F. A specific inhibitor of cell wall formation could account for many of the observations.

Effects on Host Physiology. An increased ratio of root/shoot weights is characteristic of Meloidogyne infections. The nematode affects top growth by altering the traffic patterns of export and import between root and stem. In the field, this is manifest as increased susceptibility to water stress, reduced top growth, and especially, increased damage to roots by other micro‐organisms.
Physiological Variation in the Genus Meloidogyne as Determined by Differential Hosts
Authors: Sasser J.N.
Published: April 2008

Four species of root‐knot nematodes, namely Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid et White) Chitwood, M. javanica (Treub) Chitwood, M. arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, and M. hapla Chitwood have a wide host‐range and are widely distributed throughout the world. For each of the species there are certain non‐hosts and these are different for each species, thus making it possible, through the use of differential hosts, to identify the species as well as detect pathogenic variations within a species. A knowledge of the nature and extent of this variation is needed for the development of varieties which possess a broad base for resistance.
Investigations into the Wood‐pigeon Problem in Cabbage Fields during Winter
Authors: Keil W.
Published: April 2008

In Europe the population of the wood‐pigeon (Columba palumbus L.) is increasing, consequently agricultural and horticultural damage is also increasing, especially in cereal and Brassica fields. In Great Britain long‐term investigations of this problem have been made.

In the Federal Republic of Germany, wood‐pigeons cause a lot of damage to cabbage fields. Farmers, in the Mainz‐Gonsenheim area, suffer damage amounting to more than DM 100,000 per annum, to their Brassica crops. This amounts to 30% of the harvest. Our Institute has started a research program to find methods of reducing the damage in cabbage fields and to test methods of controlling the pigeon populations. The investigations are supported by the Ministerium für Landwirtschaft, Weinbau und Umweltschutz in Rheinland‐Pfalz.
Dispersal of Ceratitis capitata Wied. on Procida Island 1)
Authors: Murtas I.D. de , Cirio U. , Enkerlin D.
Published: April 2008

A preliminary experiment, to relate the flight capability of Ceratitis to irradiation doses and to feeding, has shown that 9 Krads is a suitable dose for control programs and that feeding the newly emerged flies seems to affect their distribution over greater distances.
Dispersion de Ceratitis capitata Wied. dans l‘île de Procida 1)
Authors: Murtas I.D. de , Cirio U. , D. Enkerlin D.
Published: April 2008

Sommaire

Les recaptures ont indiqué que l'île de Procida n'est pas réellement isolée, mais les vols à aussi longue distance sont rares et l'on estime qu'ils n'exerceront pas d'influence sur les opérations de lutte. Etant donné la lente dispersion de la mouche aux endroits où les plantes‐hôtes sont nombreuses, la distance entre les différents points de lâchers ne doit pas être supérieure à 100 m. On a constaté la présence de biotopes préférentiels dans l'île.
Aeration of Grain ‐ Benefits and Limitations1)
Authors: Calderon M.
Published: April 2008

A survey of the technology of grain aeration is given. The experimental work on this method in temperate climates and the main uses of aeration at different air volumes and their expected benefits are elaborated. The benefits and limitations of grain aeration in warm climates are discussed and the results of experimental work in subtropical climates, aimed at the prevention of insect attack are given. The recent studies on grain aeration with refrigerated air are reviewed, and the prospects of its use in countries of warm climates are evaluated.
The Increasing Possibilities of the Application of Integrated Control in Plant Protection in Hungary
Authors: Nagy B. , Vajna L.
Published: April 2008

With the growing specialisation in agriculture, plant protection has become much more important. This sudden expansion has also resulted in an improvement in this service. The plant protection stations which have gradually developed since the fifties, 20 of which operate in Hungary today, were the direct cause of this. Naturally, practical progress requires the existence of a solid research basis, which is provided by the Research Institute for Plant Protection, as well as the plant protection chairs in Universities.
Chemical and Biochemical Aspects of Systemic Fungicides
Authors: Kerk G.J.M. van der
Published: April 2008

After a short introduction to the principles involved in the control of fungal plant diseases, the recently developed systemic fungicides are reviewed. As far as possible the site and mode of action of these compounds are indicated and discussed.

There is little doubt about the substantial, future, impact of the new systemic fungicides on agricultural and horticultural practice. Nevertheless, it should be kept in mind that an uncontrolled use of these compounds is undesirable. Complications may arise as a result of the development of resistance against these compounds. Moreover, an uncontrolled use of persistent systemic fungicides may lead to unwanted ecological shifts. The importance of degradable compounds is stressed.

In conclusion it can be said that, although the presently available systemic fungicides are powerful tools, they do not seem to provide the final solution to fungal plant diseases. Further breakthroughs can be expected, during the next decade.

Resume

Propriétiés chimiques et biochimiques des fongicides systémiques

Après avoir traité les principes impliqués dans la lutte contre les maladies fongiques des plantes on donne un apercu des fongicides systémiques développés récemment. Le site et le mode d'action de ces composés sont indiqués dans la mesure du possible.

Il est peu douteux qu'à l'avenir ies nouveaux fongicides systèmiques aient une influence profonde sur la pratique agricole et horticole. Cependant, il faut se render à l'évidence qu'un usage illimité de ces composés n'est pas souhaitable. L'apparition de souches résistantes peut présenter de graves difficultés. En outre, l'emploi inconsidéré de fongicides systémiques persistants peut conduire à des perturbations écologiques fâcheuses. L'importance de composés dégradables est mise en évidence. Une série de tableaux et de figures permet d'entrer dans les détails de plusieurs aspects chimiques et biochirniques.

Les fongicides systémiques disponibles aujourd'hui sont des armes puissantes, mais ils ne constituent pas la reponse finale dans la lutte contre les maladies fongiques des plantes. D'ici une dizaine d'années, il faut s'attendre à d'autres développements dans ce domaine.
L'embryogenèse de Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949
Authors: Berge J. , Cuany A.
Published: April 2008

Sommaire

L'embryogenèse de Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood, espèce très répandue dans le monde entier, est étudiée en utilisant la méthode de Nigon (1965) ainsi que sa terminologie par lettres pour la désignation des cellules. L'observation de la destination des différents blastomères qui se forment est tendue difficile du fait d'un certain nombre de rotations cellulaires qui surviennent dès avant le stade morula. La formation du stade gastrula peut être divisée en trois phases, caractérisées par l'apparition de nouveaux tissus. Ces faits mis à part, l'embryogenèse est de type classique et ressemble à celle décrite par Siddiqui et Taylor (1970) à propos de Meloidogyne naasi Franklin.

Un phénomène de rejet qui ne semble pas avoir été mentionné chez d'autres nématodes phytoparasites a été mis en évidence. Dans 10% des cas, on a observé, dès le début du développement de l'œuf entre 3 et 10 blastomères, des formations cytoplasmiques qui n'évoluent pas par la suite et se résorbent au moment de la différenciation de la larve L2.

Resume

Embryogenesis of Meloldogyne arenaria (Neal, 1889) Chitwood, 1949

The embryogenesis of Meloidogyne arenaria (Neal) Chitwood is studied, using Nigon's method (1965) and his letter terminology for the various cells.

The fact that several cell rotations occur during segmentation makes it difficult to follow their movements and find their final destination. Nevertheless their evolution looks very similar to that described by Siddiqui and Taylor (1970) for M. naasi Franklin. Three distinct phases, marked by the advent of new tissues, can be seen during the gastrula stage.

We observed in 10% of the eggs of M. arenaria, a phenomenon which has never been recorded in any other species of plant parasitic nematode; a part of the egg content is rejected very early in its development, forming masses which do not evo‐lute and are resorbed when the L2 larva is formed.
Experiments to Control Starling Damage at Intensive Animal Husbandry Units
Authors: Wright E.N.
Published: April 2008

Depredation by starlings (Sturnus vulgaris L.) on animal food‐stuffs at intensive rearing units poses a serious economic problem to the industry. Two solutions are possible, either to deny the birds access to the food or to reduce their numbers to the point where losses become insignificant. Proofing a small barley beef unit, housing 20 animals, with wire mesh cost about £10 and resulted in an increase of £60 in the gross profit margin over a period of four months. By contrast, an attempt to control starlings feeding at a similar unit by the use of stupefying bait was a failure. Despite prebaiting starlings rejected a bait comprising rolled oats plus 2% by weight of alpha‐chloralose. Crushed barley was substituted for rolled oats and, after some hesitation, starlings fed voraciously but dispersed widely before becoming immobilized. Collection of affected birds was difficult and time consuming. There is a small but inherent risk to non‐target species and further research is advocated.

Resume

Expérience de lutte contre les dégâts causés par les étourneaux dans des fermes d'élevage intensif

Les dégâts que causent ies étoumeaux à la nourriture du bétail dans les fermes d'élevage intensif posent à l'industrie un problème économique sérieux. Deux solutions sont possibles, ou bien empêcher les oiseaux d'accéder à la nourriture, ou bien réduire leur nombre jusqu'à ce que les pertes deviennent insignifiantes. Dans le premier cas, le coût de l'expérience, qui a consistéà abriter avec des filets en mailles de fer l'orge destinée a la nourriture de 20 boeufs rentrés en étable, s'est élevé a environ 120 F et a abouti à une augmentation de 720 F de la marge bénéficiaire brute pendant une période de quatre mois. En revanche, un essai de contrôle de l'alimentation des étourneaux pour la même unité par l'usage d'appâts stupéfiants a été un échec. Bien que d'abord sollicités par un premier appât normal, les étourneaux ont ensuite refusé une préparation comprenant des flocons d'avoine à laquelle on avait ajouté 2% en poids de gluco‐chloral. Les flocons d'avoine ont été remplacés par de l'orge écrasée, et après quelque hésitation, les étourneaux se sont nourris avec voracité mais ils se sont égaillés avant de s'immobiliser. Le ramassage des oiseaux atteints s'est révélé difficile et a représenté une perte de temps. En outre le risque, bien que faible pour d'autres espèces, n'en existe pas moins et une recherche plus poussée est indispensable.
The Plant Protection Service in the Netherlands
Authors: van Tiel N.
Published: April 2008

A survey is given of the history, the tasks and the organization of the Plant Protection Service in the Netherlands. Its activities encompass two major fields, concerning phytosanitary and phytopharmaceutical aspects.

In the phytosanitary field, a distinction can be made between long‐term and short‐term phytosanitary policy, depending on whether one has to deal with existing and established pests or diseases, or with a suddenly arising plant health problem. Two examples are given as illustrations, viz. the approach followed in designing new regulations for controlling potato root eelworm, and the campaign against the recent outbreak of fireblight.

A further outline is given on the activities of the Plant Protection Service in the pesticides field, on the responsibilities of the different Ministries concerned, and on the basic elements of pesticides legislation. The restrictions imposed on the use of persistent organochlorine insecticides and organomercury fungicides are summarized.

Finally, it is emphasized that the problems of plant protection are becoming increasingly complex as a result of a developing antagonism between phytosanitary and phytopharmaceutical requirements, and of a potential antagonism between these two on the one hand and environmental demands on the other. This situation calls for an integrated approach in plant protection matters, and for an intensified international collaboration.
Possibilitiés de régulation des populations d'Aleurothrixus floccosus Mask. (Homopt., Aleurodidae) sur agrumes par Cales noacki How. (Hymenopt, Aphelinidae)
Authors: Onillon J.C.
Published: April 2008

Sommaire

Pour Iutter contre Aleurolhrixus floccosus Mask., ravageur des agrumes, 400 femelles du parasite Cales noacki How. sont lâchées dans un verger. Le schéma général de 1évolution des populations de l'aleurode, avant ['introduction du parasite, est exposé. L'action de l'entomophage est ensuite déterminée par la comparaison de la densité des ceufs du ravageur avant et après l'introduction de l'agent régulateur. Quinze mois après un seul lâcher du parasite, les populations de l'aleurode se sont effondrées d'une fa&cLon spectaculaire.
Relations entre les nématodes du genre Meloidogyne et les autres organismes pathogènes de la rhizosphère
Authors: Cayrol J.‐C.
Published: April 2008

Sommaire

Beaucoup de maladies frappant les végétaux résultent de &'action conjuguée de plusieurs agents pathogènes. Les nématodes jouent un rôle prépondérant dans ce type de synergie, en particulier les Meloidogyne qui sont souvent associés à &' autres organismes dans les attaques des végétaux cultivés. Ces associations peuvent se faire avec des virus, notamment sur le soja, avec des bactéries sur framboisiers, tabac et ceillets. On note également des interactions nettes entre Meloidogyne et champignons (Fusarium, Verticillium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Pytbium et Alternaria) sur de nombreuses cultures, telles que coton, tomate, ceillet, soja et tabac. Parfois, &' attaque primaire des nématodes est également aggravée par des organismes saprophytes secondaires (nématodes saprophages, enchytréides, insectes, etc.).

II apparaît en définitive que, pour étudier une maladie donnée, il est indispensable de déterminer &' enchaînement des causes ayant entraîné son apparition. La difficulté ne provient pas tellement de &'identification de ces causes, mais plutôt des mécanismes qui les relient entre elles et qui sont souvent méconnus.
La reproduction et la notion d'espece chez le genre Meloidogyne
Authors: Dalmasso A.
Published: April 2008

Sommaire

La présente étude met en relief la difficulté de définir des unités taxino‐miques claires et valables chez les Meloidogyne. Dans ce contexte, les études caryo‐logiques devraient apporter une meilleure précision. Le mode de reproduction par parthénogenése contribue à isoler de multiples clones aux comportements encore mal connus. Il existe de ce fait certains risques d'enrichissement de la faune locale par des populations étrangéres, même lorsqu'il s'agit d'une espéce déjà présente dans le biotope considéré. Les mécanismes de la reproduction et leurs altérations méritent une grande attention en raison des répercussions qu'ils peuvent provoquer sur les autres facultés biologiques de ces nématodes.
Observations sur l'emploi des nématicides endothérapiques contre le genre Meloidogyne en horticulture florale
Authors: Cuany A. , Berge J.B. , la Massese C. Scotto
Published: April 2008

Sommaire

L'efficacité et la rentabilité des traitements nématicides endothérapiques dirigés contre les nématodes du genre Meloidogyne sont étudiées à l'aide de divers exemples. Les possibilityés de réduction des doses d'emploi sont envisageées sous trois angles, en fonction du ravageur, du produit et de la plante.

Les traitements curatifs de rattrapage introduisent la notion de sensibilite des différents stades larvaires. Leur opportunité est également étudiée en fonction de la vitesse et de l'impottance du rétablissement des cultures. Les traitements périodiques et préventifs s'appuient sur la connaissance du mode et de la durée d'action des produits et sur divers facteurs liés à la physiologie de l'hôte végétal. Ceci conduit à«hiérarchiser» les deux types de traitement.
Sélection de variétés de tomate résistantes aux Meloidogyne
Authors: Laterrot H.
Published: April 2008

Sommaire

La résistance aux Meloidogyne, trouvée il y a un quart de siècle dans un hybride Lycopersicon esculentum x L. peruvianum, a été introduite par les sélectionneurs de divers pays dans différents types variétaux. Les limites de l'efficacité de la résistance sont brièvement présentées ainsi que les techniques à utiliser pour mener à bien un programme de sélection. Les variétés résistantes actuellement commercialisées en France sont signalées, certaines d'entre elles connaissent une diffusion importante.
He Problem of the Mite Species Tetranychus urticae Koch on Cotton in Iran
Authors: Moradeshaghi M.J.
Published: April 2008

The cotton spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch has become a serious pest, in the Gorgan and Gonbad areas during the last few years. This problem is due to various factors such as continuous use of organochlorines, presence of different wild host‐plants around the cotton fields, cultivation of early growing crops in cotton growing areas, and exposure of mite populations to sub‐lethal doses of pesticides.

During 1969 and 1970 different experiments were conducted to find a suitable acaricide to control mites. Twelve pesticides were used and percentages of mortality were calculated. The data were analyzed statistically, and it was shown that Neoron and Morocid, respectively, caused the highest mite mortality. Fifteen different species of wild hosts were surveyed to count their mite populations. It was found that Althea sp. (marsh mallow) had the highest number of mites on its leaves. Other plants such as Chenopodium album (goose‐foot), Rubus sp. (red raspberry), Solanum nigrum (black night‐shade), and Convolvulus tricolor (tri‐coloured bindweed) were also heavily loaded with mites.
The Sources of Wilt‐resistance in the World Cotton Collection
Authors: Lemeshev N.K.
Published: April 2008

Eight samples which were almost non‐susceptible to wilt were isolated from the many forms in the world cotton collection. All of these forms are wild or semi‐wild. Complex population varieties, especially those with varieties of Gossypium barbadense as ancestors, are also considered to be a source of wilt‐resistance. Diploid wild species may also be used in the creation of wilt‐resistant varieties.
Recent Trends in Weed Control in Freshwater1)
Authors: Robson T.O.
Published: April 2008

While in many situations, such as irrigation and drainage ditches, the unobstructed movement of water is paramount and complete control of the weeds is needed, most freshwater nowadays has many functions some of which involve biological systems in which weeds play an important part. Trends in the development of new weed control techniques aimed at replacing traditional hand cutting methods while maintaining the required condition of the water are briefly reviewed. These include mechanical, chemical and biological methods all of which contain potentially valuable tools for the management of freshwater ecosystems.
Possibilities and Limitations in Biological Control of Weeds
Authors: Zwoelfer H.
Published: April 2008

This contribution defines biological weed control as the attempt to reduce the competitivity of a weed and to stabilize it at low population levels with the aid of herbivorous organisms or phytopathogens. The main factors involved in the process of biological weed control are discussed. Biological weed control is compared to conventional control measures and its advantages as well as its limitations are studied. As a consequence of the interactions between a weed, its control agents and the environment, there are only relatively few weed species and weed situations in Europe which are promising targets for biological control programs. Some of these are discussed in the concluding chapter; they refer to Solidago, Ambrosia, Polygonum, Galinsoga, Ptertdium and Rumex spp,
Integrated Control Strategy in the United States and its Practical Implementation1)
Authors: Smith R.F. , Huffaker C.B.
Published: April 2008

A major research effort in the United States to develop practical integrated control programs for six major agro‐ecosystems utilizing, among a broad array of tactics, systems analysis is described. Problems associated with the implementation of pest management systems are outlined with examples given from tobacco programs in North Carolina and cotton programs in California and Texas.
The Role of the Sterile Male Technique in Integrated Control 1)
Authors: Moore I.
Published: April 2008

The sterile male technique has developed to the stage where it is being put into practice for insect control. Most of the programs in which the sterile male technique is and will be used are integrated; that is more than one insect suppression technique is used with the objective of effective crop protection with minimum expense, minimum pollution and minimum damage to predators and parasites. The present paper gives some examples of how the sterile male technique is being utilized for integrated control of noxious insects.