bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The alerting effects of dexamethasone
Authors: Meixner Renata , Gerhardstein Rebecca , Day Ryan , Nykamp Keith , Syron Mary Lou , Rosenthal Leon
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study was to characterize the level of sleepiness/alertness following the nocturnal administration of dexamethasone. Thirteen healthy men participated in this study. Following the initial screening, dexamethasone (4 mg) or placebo was administered at 22:30 hr in a randomized double‐blind procedure. Subjects were given nap opportunities at 23:00, 1:00, 3:00, 4:30, 5:30, 7:30, 9:30, 11:30, 13:30, 15:30, 17:30, and 19:30 hr. The administration of dexamethasone resulted in an overall lengthening of sleep latency. Although the two groups displayed comparable latencies to stage 1 for the 23:00–7:30 hr nap opportunities, the administration of dexamethasone resulted in significantly longer latencies on the 9:30–19:30 hr nap opportunities. Consistent with these results, participants reported significantly greater levels of alertness on the Stanford Sleepiness Scale. The results of this study revealed greater levels of daytime alertness following the nocturnal administration of dexamethasone.
From Peasant Studies to Agrarian Change
Authors: Bernstein Henry , Byres Terence J.
Published: March 2003

This inaugural essay surveys themes and approaches in agrarian political economy over the last three decades, especially with reference to contributions to, and debates in, the Journal of Peasant Studies of which T. J. Byres was editor from 1973 to 2000 and Henry Bernstein editor from 1985 to 2000. We indicate intellectual strengths and lacunae, new approaches to longstanding issues, and new concerns which emerged over that period, and which inform the project of this new Journal of Agrarian Change and the challenges it presents.
Drifting Rhinos and Fluid Properties: The Turn to Wildlife Production in Western Zimbabwe
Authors: Suzuki Yuka
Published: March 2003

This paper presents and analyzes a number of tensions that arose in the shift from extensive livestock production to wildlife ranching and tourism in a dispersed community of white farmers in western Zimbabwe. It sketches the broader context of that shift and considers some of its effects, including those on the small (black)farmers of neighbouring Communal Areas. The tensions highlighted and manifested between the ranchers of Mlilo include the necessary movement from a characteristic view of wildlife as ‘vermin’, destructive of the conditions for livestock (and crop) production, to an appreciation that they are an exploitable and valuable resource (‘ecological capital’); and how inherited views and practices concerning the boundaries of private landed property are subverted by the demands of wildlife ranching.
The Question of Market Dependence
Authors: Wood Ellen Meiksins
Published: March 2003

Capitalism is a system of social‐property relations in which survival and social reproduction are dependent on the market; a system that is, therefore, driven by the imperatives of competition and a relentless drive to improve the forces of production. This article explores the nature of that market dependence and the specific historical conditions in which it emerged. In debate with Robert Brenner’s recent article in this journal (vol.1, no.2) about the early development of capitalism in the Low Countries, it is suggested that, while the Dutch Republic was a highly developed commercial society, it seems to have lacked the specific conditions that made market dependence a basic property relation, as it was in early modern English agrarian capitalism. The differences between Dutch and English patterns of economic development reflect some fundamental differences between commercial and capitalist societies.
A Pro‐Poor Development Project in Rural Pakistan: An Academic Analysis and a Non‐Intervention
Authors: Lieten Kristoffel , Breman Jan
Published: March 2003

The Asian Development Bank is an important source of external development assistance. In the course of a Bank project in rural Sindh (Pakistan), it was revealed at the project identification stage that sharecropping continued to be the basis of the agrarian system and that many of the sharecroppers were kept in a bonded relationship. The material conditions of the majority of the people in the area, despite past development projects, may have deteriorated in the last two decades and, it was suggested, would continue to do so unless the conditions of the sharecroppers were given primary attention. The research commissioned by the Bank revealed that deprivation, indebtedness and bondedness are widespread and co‐exist with a tendency among the big landlords to turn part of their land to mechanized farming, thereby further marginalizing and disempowering tenant families. The team commissioned to study the conditions and propose the modalities of a rural development project proposed a bottom‐up approach that confronted the sharecropping system head‐on. The Asian Development Bank has been silent thereafter.
Chile’s Neoliberal Agrarian Transformation and the Peasantry
Authors: Kay Cristóbal
Published: March 2003

In the mid–1970s, following the early shift to neoliberalism, the Chilean rural sector was restructured dramatically, becoming one of the most successful cases of non–traditional agricultural export (NTAE) growth. However, many analysts fail to discuss the problematic nature of Chile’s integration into the global market. Underpinning this rapid growth of NTAEs is the exploitation of cheap peasant labour, especially seasonal female wage workers. This article examines the elements of continuity and change in agrarian policy since the transition to democracy in 1990. In particular, it presents the policy debate on the future of the peasantry: capitalization or proletarianization? The dilemma that policy makers face over maintaining high rates of NTAE growth while at the same time attempting to reduce poverty and income inequalities are also highlighted. The Chilean case can be considered as paradigmatic insofar as it exhibits key characteristics of the classical capitalist transformation of agriculture: the emergence of a new class of dynamic agricultural entrepreneurs, renewed proletarianization and land concentration, and intensification of social differentiation.
Securing Women's Interests within Land Tenure Reforms: Recent Debates in Tanzania
Authors: Tsikata Dzodzi
Published: March 2003

This article is an account of the debates around the recent land tenure reforms in Tanzania. It focuses on the discourses of Government officials, academic researchers and NGO activists on the implications of the reforms for women's interests in land and the most fruitful approaches to the issues of discriminatory customary law rules and male–dominated land management and adjudication institutions at national and village levels. The article argues that from being marginal to the debates, women's interests became one of the most contentious issues, showing up divisions within NGO ranks and generating accusations of State co–optation and class bias. It illustrates the implications of the recent positive reappraisal of African customary laws and local–level land management institutions for a specific national context, that of Tanzania.
Social Involvement, Disclosure of Sexual Orientation, and the Quality of Lesbian Relationships
Authors: Beals Kristin P. , Peplau Letitia Anne
Published: March 2003

Gay and lesbian political activists encourage lesbians to “come out” and get involved. Is this good advice for lesbian couples? In these secondary analyses of data collected from 784 lesbian couples in 1979 for the American Couples Study (Blumstein & Schwartz, 1983), we examined whether social involvement and disclosure of sexual orientation were systematically associated with the quality of women's relationships. We predicted and found that partners matched on level of social involvement were happier than mismatched couples. The extent of women's social involvement had a curvilinear association with relationship quality: moderately involved couples were the most satisfied. Contrary to predictions, lesbians who had disclosed to a greater number of important others did not have more satisfying romantic relationships, nor did partner matching on self-disclosure enhance relationship quality.
Smoking in College Women: The Role of Thinness Pressures, Media Exposure, and Critical Consciousness
Authors: Zucker Alyssa N. , Harrell Zaje A. , Miner-Rubino Kathi , Stewart Abigail J. , Pomerleau Cynthia S. , Boyd Carol J.
Published: March 2003

There are strong social pressures for U.S. females, particularly those of European heritage, to achieve and maintain an extremely low body weight. These pressures are reflected in a variety of media sources, including advertising. We argue that valuing thinness, exposure to thinness-depicting media, and lacking skepticism about tobacco advertisements have adverse effects on young women's decisions about smoking, particularly smoking for weight control. We tested these hypotheses in a study of 188 female undergraduates, both never-smokers and daily smokers. Believing that smoking controls weight, exposure to thinness-depicting media, and low levels of skepticism about tobacco advertising were associated with being a smoker. Among smokers, believing that smoking controls weight, internalizing thinness pressures, and low levels of feminist consciousness were associated with smoking for weight control. Results are discussed with the aim of encouraging public health anti-smoking campaigns targeted at women, and smoking cessation programs that are responsive to the needs of weight-concerned female smokers.
Feminism and the Decade of Behavior
Authors: White Jacquelyn W. , Russo Nancy Felipe , Travis Cheryl Brown
Published: March 2003

This Psychology of Women Quarterly special issue argues that the goals of the Decade of Behavior to foster a healthier, safer, better educated, more prosperous, and more democratic nation cannot be achieved without contributions from feminist psychology. Its individual articles reflect feminist perspectives and provide examples of how feminist perspectives can inform behavioral and social research within Decade domains. In this overview, we outline the challenges that gender poses to achieving Decade goals, and discuss four cross-cutting feminist principles for research to address those challenges: Inclusiveness and Diversity, Context, Power and Privilege, and Activism. We discuss specific limitations of traditional research, and emphasize the need for new models that view the world in more complex, context-based ways. We underscore the importance of generating new, diversity-mindful research questions and of developing and accepting new methods to answer them. We discuss policy implications, stressing the need for activism. We hope this work will encourage the expansion of feminist scholarship in the new millennium and be helpful to researchers, educators, and policymakers in working to achieve the goals of the Decade of Behavior.
Feminism and Health in the Decade of Behavior
Authors: Travis Cheryl Brown , Compton Jill D.
Published: March 2003

National health data are presented to demonstrate that important issues of women's health are linked to inequality and to the generalized oppression of women. Health issues of violence, reproductive health, coronary health, and mental health are reviewed as they relate to women of color and diverse ethnicity as well as to women in general. Feminist principles are applied to these issues, pointing out inequalities in assessment, treatment and access to care, bias in research and lack of research on topics particularly relevant to women and minorities, and limitations in the education and training of health care providers. It is imperative that these problems, which are not solely biological, be addressed in light of systems-level analysis that includes a feminist lens. Guided by feminist principles and sensibilities, the relevance of behavioral and social science is outlined for research, training, assessment, intervention, evaluation, and overall social change.
Night Moves: A Qualitative Investigation of Street-Level Sex Work
Authors: Dalla Rochelle L.
Published: March 2003

The subculture of street-level sex work including the social environment, drug use and abuse, and violence was examined. Personal interviews were conducted with 43 women involved in streetwalking prostitution. Data were analyzed using Phenomenological Descriptive Analysis (Colaizzi, 1978). Several participants reported developing emotional relationships and having children with clients, former clients, or pimps; some participants were married to men who pimped them. Supportive relationships with other streetwalkers were largely nonexistent; streetwalking constitutes a solitary business for most. The majority reported drug addiction, although less than half entered prostitution to support an already established drug habit. Financial need propelled many into the streets. Victimization and subjection to multiple forms of abuse were commonly reported but did not constitute justification for leaving the streets. Implications of this investigation are discussed.
Sex Differences and/in the Self: Classic Themes, Feminist Variations, Postmodern Challenges
Authors: Bohan Janis S.
Published: March 2003

This article examines perspectives on and intersections between two recurrent themes in the history of American psychology: sex differences and theories of self. These themes and certain connections between them are considered in three eras: early American psychology, feminist psychology coincident with the second wave of feminism, and the recent postmodern turn in psychology. A contextual analysis of parallels and contrasts among theories of sex differences and of the self in these three eras highlights problems with modernist understandings, especially with essentialist construals of gender and individualistic understandings of self. The article presents relationally defined postmodern views of gender and self, and comments on their promise for the present era of globalization and the consequent increasing attention to interconnections among people.
“Feminine Protection”: The Effects of Menstruation on Attitudes Towards Women
Authors: Roberts Tomi-Ann , Goldenberg Jamie L. , Power Cathleen , Pyszczynski Tom
Published: March 2003

An experiment tested the hypothesis that reminders of a woman's menstrual status lead to more negative reactions to her and increased objectification of women in general. Participants interacted with a female confederate who ostensibly accidentally dropped either a tampon or hair clip out of her handbag. Dropping the tampon led to lower evaluations of the confederate's competence, decreased liking for her, and a marginal tendency to avoid sitting close to her. Furthermore, gender schematic participants responded to the reminder of menstruation with increased objectification of women in general, an effect we view as an effort to “protect” culturally sanitized views of the feminine. These findings are discussed from the perspective of feminist theory and a terror management perspective on the role of ambivalence about the human body in the objectification of women.
Gender Differences in the Construct Validity of the Silencing the Self Scale
Authors: Remen Anna L. , Chambless Dianne L. , Rodebaugh Thomas L.
Published: March 2003

Gender differences in the construct validity of Jack's (1991) Silencing the Self Scale (STSS) were assessed using 187 female and 169 male undergraduates. Results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed gender differences in the scale's latent structure and at best provided only limited support for the validity of the scale's four subscales for women. Among men, the studies exposed a weakness in the scale's construct validity and provided insights into possible alternative interpretations made by men when responding to the scale's items. Convergent and discriminant validity of the scale were assessed by correlating it with measures of neuroticism and attachment. Whereas the construct validity of the STSS for use with women was supported, evidence was weaker for men. For men, data suggest that the STSS, in part, taps a motive to avoid intimacy and relationship situations that limit one's sense of independence and autonomy, a construct incongruous with Jack's notion of self-silencing.
Anger After Childbirth: An Overlooked Reaction to Postpartum Stressors
Authors: Graham Jennifer E. , Lobel Marci , DeLuca Robyn Stein
Published: March 2003

Other than postpartum depression, little is known about women's emotional responses to childbirth and subsequent stressors. Anger was explored on the basis of theory and evidence that it is a likely emotional response in this context. During their third trimester of pregnancy and approximately six weeks after delivery, 163 participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory and the anger subset of the Affect Balance Scale. A number of childbirth-relevant variables were examined as predictors of postpartum emotional response, controlling for prepartum levels and for the association between anger and depressed mood. As expected, a substantial group of women reported high levels of anger irrespective of depressed mood. Although the majority of variables predicted depressed mood, childcare stress, age, and religious self-identification were independently predictive of postpartum anger (all p values > .05). Implications for research and clinical intervention are discussed.
The Incidence and Outcomes of Sexual Harassment Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Women: A Comparison Across Levels of Cultural Affiliation
Authors: Shupe Ellen I. , Cortina Lilia M. , Ramos Alexandra , Fitzgerald Louise F. , Salisbury Jan
Published: March 2003

An extensive body of literature has documented the widespread and damaging nature of sexual harassment among Anglo women, but little attention has focused on the experiences of women of color. The current paper begins to address this gap by comparing sexual harassment incidence rates and psychological and work-related outcomes of Hispanic and non-Hispanic White women across varying levels of cultural affiliation. Chi-square tests of association suggest that risk of harassment increases with affiliation to the mainstream U.S. culture, and hierarchical regression analyses suggest that cultural affiliation moderates the relation between sexual harassment and occupational functioning. These provocative findings are discussed in the context of social and economic vulnerability, socio-sexual norms, and cultural background.
Religion and Spirituality in the Meaning-Making and Coping Experiences of African American Women: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Mattis Jacqueline S.
Published: March 2003

This qualitative study examines the ways in which African American women use religion/spirituality to cope and to construct meaning in times of adversity. Content analysis of the narratives of a sample of African American women respondents ( n = 23) revealed a set of eight nonoverlapping themes that explicate religiosity/spirituality's role in meaning-making and coping. Findings suggest that religion/spirituality help women to (1) interrogate and accept reality, (2) gain the insight and courage needed to engage in spiritual surrender, (3) confront and transcend limitations, (4) identify and grapple with existential questions and life lessons, (5) recognize purpose and destiny, (6) define character and act within subjectively meaningful moral principles, (7) achieve growth, and (8) trust in the viability of transcendent sources of knowledge and communication. Narrative examples are used to elucidate each theme. Findings point to the importance of relationships and intimacy in the meaning-making enterprise. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Another Look at Sex Differences in Preferred Mate Characteristics: The Effects of Endorsing the Traditional Female Gender Role
Authors: Johannesen-Schmidt Mary C. , Eagly Alice H.
Published: March 2003

This research used an individual differences approach to test Eagly and Wood's (1999) claim that sex differences in the characteristics that people prefer in mates reflect the tendency for men and women to occupy different social roles in a society. The study related the extent to which participants endorsed the traditional female gender role to their preferences for their future mate's traits and age relative to their own age. In general, the sex-differentiated preferences that are consistent with the traditional division of labor were more pronounced, especially in male participants, to the extent that they endorsed the traditional female role.
Wage Inequality and Underemployment: Australia in the 1990S
Authors: Watson Ian
Published: March 2003

What is the connection between wage inequality and underemployment? This article explores the question in two ways. First it presents a theoretical account based on Marx’s notion of the reserve army of labour, as developed in the work of Botwinick. Second, it presents the findings of a distributional analysis of the 1990 and 1997 Income Distribution Surveys. These findings show that wage inequality increased markedly between 1990 and 1997, particularly for men. Importantly, the bottom deciles experienced not only declining hourly earnings, but also declining access to hours of work. The result was a considerable decline in weekly earnings. The article concludes that Botwinick’s thesis concerning the reserve army of labour provides a promising avenue for deepening the analysis of wage inequality in the contemporary Australian labour market.
Elicited imitation:a brief overview
Authors: Vinther Thora
Published: March 2003

This article considers the key concepts of elicited imitation (EI), with the aim of contributing to the understanding of this technique for language testing. EI has been widely debated and often criticized, but there seems now to be an agreement as to its usefulness, as long as it is applied with great care. The article reviews the literature on EI and suggests some issues for discussion, such as the process of imitating, the length and structure of the stimulus, contextual support, whether the test evaluates comprehension or production skills, whether it assesses imitative or spontaneous language capacity, and how scoring is carried out. Although the focus is on foreign language acquisition (FLA), studies about EI within other areas have been included where this is considered useful for the understanding of the technique.
A Meta‐representation for Integrating Operational Research and Artificial Intelligence in an Intelligent Decision Support Paradigm
Authors: Abbass H. A. , Towsey M. , Finn G. , Kozan E.
Published: March 2003

Operational research (OR) and artificial intelligence (AI) models are primary contributors to the area of intelligent decision support systems (IDSS). Constraint logic programming (CLP) has been used successfully to substantiate the integration of OR and AI. We present a meta‐level modular representation for integrating OR and AI models using CLP in an IDSS framework. The use of this representation is illustrated using a CLP‐like meta‐language, and the potential usefulness of this language is demonstrated using an example from the dairy industry.
Generalized Loss Models and Queueing‐loss Networks
Authors: Kobayashi Hisashi , Mark Brian L.
Published: March 2003

The classical Erlang and Engset loss models have been used extensively in the traffic engineering of traditional telephone exchanges. More recently, these models have been generalized to the so‐called loss networks, which provide models for resource‐sharing in multi‐service telecommunication networks. In this paper, we introduce a new generalized class of models, queueing‐loss networks, which captures both queueing and loss aspects of a system. The queueing‐loss network model is a natural extension of queueing networks and loss networks that have the product‐form solution. We discuss applications of the model and analyze a particular example of a simple queueing‐loss network.
Determination of Loan Interest Rate Considering Bankruptcy and Mortgage Collection Costs
Authors: Nakamura Syouji , Qian Cunhua , Samdoh Hiroaki , Nakagawa Toshio
Published: March 2003

Particularly in Japan, risk management relating to bankruptcy of financed enterprises has become very important to a bank after the collapse of a bubble economy. To obtain suitable revenues, a bank has to apply high interest rates to the enterprises with high risk. When enterprises which have made a secure loan from a bank go bankrupt, a bank forecloses such enterprises from its mortgage to recover the loss incurred. However, in actual circumstances, it may need much cost and effort to do so in Japan. This paper proposes a stochastic model to determine an adequate interest rate, taking account of the probabilities of bankruptcy and mortgage collection, and their costs. Numerical examples are given to illustrate this model and a loan interest rate is determined.
Was the Burden of the Deep Swedish Recession Equally Shared?
Authors: Gustafsson Björn , Palmer Edward
Published: March 2003

The development of income inequality in Sweden up to 1998 is described and analyzed using yearly data focusing on the 1990s when average income fell rapidly and unemployment sky rocketed. Inequality in equivalent disposable income increased during the 1990s as during most of the 1980s. Decomposing total inequality by population groups and studying the earnings of full–time workers shows that while many groups experienced drops in income during the 1990s, some large groups did not. Examples of the latter are pensioners and full–time workers. Young adults and recent immigrants are examples of the former. Decomposing the Gini–coefficient by income source indicates that forces leading to increased inequality during the 1990s differed from those at play during the 1980s.
From productivism to post‐productivism … and back again? Exploring the (un)changed natural and mental landscapes of European agriculture
Authors: Wilson Geoff A.
Published: March 2003

This paper has evolved out of a growing dissatisfaction with the relatively uncritical acceptance in contemporary debates that agriculture in advanced societies has moved from ‘productivism’ to ‘post‐productivism’. A brief review of current conceptualizations of productivist and post‐productivist agricultural regimes reveals inconsistencies in current understandings these dualistic terms. The problem has partly been that the conceptual literature on post‐productivism has largely failed to take into account the wealth of actor‐oriented and behaviourally grounded research. Productivist and post‐productivist agricultural regimes have also been conceptualized from a UK‐centric perspective that has largely failed to discuss whether the concept has wider applicability within Europe and beyond. The paper discusses the time‐lag and spatial inconsistencies in the adoption of post‐productivist action and thought, and emphasizes that different localities are positioned at different points in a temporal, spatial and conceptual transition from ‘pre‐productivist’ to ‘post‐productivist’ agricultural regimes. The notion of the ‘territorialization’ of productivist and post‐productivist actor spaces highlights the wide‐ranging diversity that exists within the productivist/post‐productivist spectrum, and that productivist and post‐productivist action and thought occurs in multidimensional coexistence leads one to question the implied directionality of the traditional productivist/post‐productivist debate. It is suggested that the notion of a ‘multifunctional agricultural regime’ better encapsulates the diversity, non‐linearity and spatial heterogeneity that can currently be observed in modern agriculture and rural society.
Gender, nature, empire: women naturalists in nineteenth century British travel literature
Authors: Guelke Jeanne Kay , Morin Karen
Published: March 2003

Among the many British women abroad in the late nineteenth century were a number of travellers who toured the American West with a naturalist’s pen and sketchbook. California, with its giant sequoias and redwoods, scenic Yosemite Valley and Sierra Nevada, and the Mediterranean flora of the southern coasts, especially attracted travellers with a naturalist orientation. We examine the botanical and naturalist writings and art of two well‐known (and well‐heeled) world travellers – Constance Gordon Cumming and Marianne North – and another more obscure British aristocrat, Theodora Guest, sister of the Duke of Westminster, who travelled in California in the late nineteenth century. We examine relationships among these elite women’s association with the Romantic aesthetic and naturalist traditions, natural sciences, class‐based associations between women and flowers, and emergent environmentalism. The works of these women indicate the process by which natural history rhetorics and styles became embedded within gender, class, and imperial relations; and how the division of natural history into professional and amateur domains relegated women to discursive margins.
‘I must get out’: the geographies of domestic violence
Authors: Warrington Molly
Published: March 2003

The geographies of domestic violence are envisaged in this paper as a series of enlarging, though restricted spaces. Although the social construction of home is as a place of safety and support, in reality it can be a place of violence, where women are spatially restricted either to the home itself, or to its immediate environs. Women who break free and seek safety in a women's refuge, or who move to a new home in a different place, continue to live spatially restricted lives, in the fear that their former partner may trace them.
Managing flood risk in the UK: towards an integration of social and technical perspectives
Authors: Brown James D. , Damery Sarah L.
Published: March 2003

In recent years, an apparent increase in the frequency and severity of floods in the UK has led to growing concerns about societal exposure and vulnerability to flooding, particularly in the context of climate change, floodplain development and changing insurance practices. Despite the important link between assessments of exposure to flooding (hazard assessments) and issues of societal vulnerability, this link has rarely been explored in detail and has often been reflected in policy terms by a highly technocratic approach to flood risk management. Indeed, more comprehensive studies have usually favoured rigid and deterministic definitions of vulnerability, in keeping with the wider technocratic paradigm pervading management institutions. In an attempt to redress the balance, this paper considers the role of hazard assessment and issues of societal vulnerability as mutually informative debates and advocates a movement away from the technocratic ideals currently favoured in the UK.
Equity Risk and the Labor Stock: The Case of Union Contracts
Authors: Rosett Joshua G.
Published: March 2003

This paper investigates the role of the stock of unionized labor in determining equity investment risk. I estimate a labor stock measure based on expected compensation costs, and use the ratio of labor stock to total assets as a risk proxy. At the median, the labor stock is comparable in magnitude to total assets. Regression estimates show the associations between labor‐based risk proxies and equity market risk measures are both economically and statistically significant. In addition, the labor‐based measures provide risk information over and above information contained in standard risk proxies such as financial and operating leverage.
Investor and (Value Line) Analyst Underreaction to Information about Future Earnings: The Corrective Role of Non‐Earnings‐Surprise Information
Authors: Shane Philip , Brous Peter
Published: March 2003

Prior research suggests that financial analysts’ earnings forecasts and stock prices underreact to earnings news. This paper provides evidence that analysts and investors correct this underreaction in response to the next earnings announcement and to other (non‐earnings‐surprise) information available between earnings announcements. Our evidence also suggests that analysts and investors underreact to information reflected in analysts’ earnings forecast revisions and that non‐earnings‐surprise information helps correct this underreaction as well. Controlling for corrective non‐earnings‐surprise information significantly increases estimates of the degree to which analysts’ forecasting behavior can explain drifts in returns following both earnings announcements and analysts’ earnings forecast revisions.
The Contribution of Internal Audit as a Determinant of External Audit Fees and Factors Influencing This Contribution
Authors: Felix, Jr. William L. , Gramling Audrey A. , Maletta Mario j.
Published: March 2003

Despite extensive research on the determinants of external audit fees, there is little empirical evidence on the effect of internal audit contribution on the external audit fee. Using a cross‐sectional regression model based on prior audit fee research, this study provides evidence that internal audit contribution is a significant determinant of the external audit fee. Further, a second model that provides evidence on the determinants of internal audit contribution is developed and tested. This second model indicates that internal audit contribution is influenced by internal audit quality and, conditional on the level of inherent risk, the availability of internal audit and the extent of coordination between internal and external auditors. These results are based on a unique data‐set comprised of publicly available data matched with survey responses from internal and external auditors affiliated with 70 non‐financial services Fortune 1000 firms. The sample includes all of the former “Big 6” international accounting firms and clients from twenty‐nine different industries.
Evidence About Auditor–Client Management Negotiation Concerning Client’s Financial Reporting
Authors: Gibbins Michael , Salterio Steven , Webb Alan
Published: March 2003

We develop a model of auditor‐client accounting negotiation, using the elements of negotiation examined in the behavioral negotiation literature, elaborated to include accounting contextual features indicated in the accounting literature and suggested by interviews with senior practitioners. We use a questionnaire structured according to the model to describe the elements, contextual features and associations between the two groups in a sample of real negotiations chosen by 93 experienced audit partners. The paper demonstrates important aspects of the sampled accounting negotiations and makes suggestions for further empirical and model development research.
The Association between Trading Recommendations and Broker‐Analysts’ Earnings Forecasts
Authors: Eames Michael , Glover Steven M. , Kennedy Jane
Published: March 2003

This study examines analyst forecast errors within the context of stock recommendations. We predict positive forecast error (i.e., optimism) for buy recommendations and negative forecast error (i.e., pessimism) for sell recommendations. We offer two explanations for this prediction: (1) the unconscious tendency to process information in a manner that supports one’s goal, which we refer to as the “objectivity illusion” hypothesis, and (2) the economic incentive to boost trade, which we refer to as the “trade boosting” hypothesis. The pattern of analyst forecast bias we predict (i.e., optimism for buys and pessimism for sells) is opposite in direction to that predicted by the management relations hypothesis—a commonly cited hypothesis for analyst forecast bias.

We find broker‐analyst earnings forecast errors are significantly optimistic for buy recommendations and significantly pessimistic for sell recommendations, consistent with the objectivity illusion and trade boosting hypotheses. Our study indicates that the pattern of results reported in prior research (i.e., increasingly optimistic earnings forecasts as the stock recommendation becomes less favorable) is likely driven by a correlated omitted variable, actual earnings. Results of an analysis to distinguish between trade boosting and objectivity illusion appear more consistent with the objectivity illusion.
Intertemporal Tax Discontinuities
Authors: Shackelford Douglas A. , Verrecchia Robert E.
Published: March 2003

We define an intertemporal tax discontinuity (ITD) as a circumstance in which different tax rates are applied to gains realized at one point in time versus some other point in time. We study the effects of ITDs on market behaviors at the time of disclosures of firm performance, assuming that all investors who trade firm equities are subject to tax. The results of our paper suggest that relative to an economy in which ITDs are absent, ITDs may dampen trading volume and amplify price changes at the time of disclosure.
Retracted: Analysts’ Reactions to Earnings Preannouncement Strategies
Authors: Tan Hun‐Tong , Libby Robert , Hunton James E.
Published: March 2003

Preannouncements of earnings tend to overstate negative or understate positive news, which decreases the chance of a negative surprise when actual earnings is announced. We conduct an experiment to investigate how experienced sell‐side analysts’ earnings forecasts are affected by preannouncements that either understate, accurately state, or overstate the magnitude of positive or negative total earnings news, holding total earnings news constant. We find that firms with negative (positive) total news receive the highest post‐earnings announcement forecasts of future earnings when the earlier preannouncement overstates (understates) the magnitude of the news. These forecasts are consistent with the analysts’ perceptions about the firms’ future prospects, but not their perceptions of management. While analysts expect preannouncements to be lower than actual earnings, they do not adjust their forecasts for these beliefs. These insights into analysts’ responses have implications both for managers and analysts.
The Value Relevance of Network Advantages: The Case of E–Commerce Firms
Authors: Rajgopal Shivaram , Venkatachalam Mohan , Kotha Suresh
Published: March 2003

We show that network advantages constitute an important intangible asset that goes unrecognized in the financial statements. For a sample of e–commerce firms, we find that network advantages created by Web site traffic have substantial explanatory power for stock prices over and above traditional summary accounting measures such as earnings and book value of equity. Also, network advantages are positively associated with one–year–ahead and two–year–ahead earnings forecasts provided by equity analysts. When we allow network advantages to be endogenously determined by managerial actions, we find that at least part of the value relevance of network effects stems from the presence of affiliate referral programs and higher media visibility.
Firm Transparency and the Costs of Going Public
Authors: Ang James S. , Brau James C.
Published: March 2003

We demonstrate that firms that are more transparent pay less, in all components of issuance costs, to go public. We employ a sample of 334 previous leveraged buyouts and a characteristic‐matched control sample to test the hypothesis that greater firm transparency before the issue decreases the flotation costs of the initial public offering. These flotation costs are divided into initial underpricing, underwriter discount, administrative expenses, and the overallotment option required to take the firm public. Our results provide further evidence of the asymmetric information hypothesis as it applies to initial public offerings.
Price Discovery Between Informationally Linked Markets During Different Trading Phases
Authors: Hodgson Allan , Masih Abul , Masih Rumi
Published: March 2003

The dynamic nature of the price information transfer when stock and futures markets switch between different price trading phases is examined. This is undertaken by decomposing Australian stock indexes and share price index futures contract data into bear‐ and bull‐market phases and analyzing the change in the power of the bidirectional information feedback between the futures market and small, medium, and large stocks. Results support the hypothesis that the nature of the price‐discovery process varies with the trading phase. In particular, during the bull phase small stocks show a marked increase in price exogeneity and futures prices contain relatively less price‐sensitive fundamental information. We argue that in bull phases, futures trading becomes increasingly associated with noninformation trading such as realizing paper profits, portfolio rebalancing, and increased noise trading.
Forgiveness in marriage: The role of relationship quality, attributions, and empathy
Authors: Fincham Frank D. , Paleari F. Georgia , Regalia Camillo
Published: March 2003

Italian husbands (n= 79) and wives (n= 92) from long‐term marriages provided data on the role of marital quality, affective reactions, and attributions for hypothetical partner transgressions in promoting forgiveness. Structural equation modeling revealed that, as hypothesized, positive marital quality was predictive of more benign attributions that, in turn, facilitated forgiveness both directly and indirectly via affective reactions and emotional empathy. Unexpectedly, marital quality did not account for unique variance in forgiveness. Compared to husbands, wives’ responsibility attributions were more predictive of forgiveness, whereas empathy was a better predictor of forgiveness in husbands than in wives. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the burgeoning therapeutic literature on forgiveness.
Impact of attachment style on responses to accommodative dilemmas among same‐sex couples
Authors: O. Gaines, Jr. Stanley , Henderson Michael C.
Published: March 2003

Drawing upon Goffman (1963), we examined the impact of attachment style on responses to accommodative dilemmas among couples with “discredited” identities (i.e., lesbian and gay male couples). Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that individuals in same‐sex romantic relationships involving two securely attached partners would be more likely to engage in accommodation (i.e., in response to a partner’s anger or criticism, would behave constructively) than would individuals in same‐sex romantic relationships involving at least one insecurely attached partner. As expected, results from 58 gay male couples yielded a significant main effect for attachment style pairing on responses to accommodative dilemmas. However, results from 53 lesbian couples yielded a marginal interaction effect involving partner (i.e., Partner 1 versus Partner 2) and attachment style pairing on responses to accommodative dilemmas. Implications for the study of personality characteristics and interpersonal behavior among lesbian and gay male couples are discussed.
Sexual Peak: Socially Shared Cognitions About Desire, Frequency, and Satisfaction in Men and Women
Authors: Barr Alicia , Bryan Angela , Kenrick Douglas T.
Published: March 2003

Is a man’s sexual peak earlier than a woman’s? Three studies were conducted to examine (a) whether the perception that men achieve their sexual peak at a younger age than do women is shared across individuals of different ages and sexes, (b) whether sexual peak is defined differently for men and women, and (c) whether differences between definitions contribute to differences in the age at which men and women are perceived to reach sexual peak. Study 1 suggested that participants believed that females reach their sexual peak at an older age than do males. Study 2 indicated that the defining feature of sexual peak for males was sexual desire and for females was sexual satisfaction. Study 3 suggested that predictions of male sexual peak coincided with participants’ predictions of male age of highest desire and frequency, but not satisfaction, and that female sexual peak coincided with participants' predictions of female age of highest satisfaction but not frequency or desire. Discussion focuses on potential reasons for differences between the perception of male and female sexuality, as well as the social and evolutionary importance of each of the dimensions of sexuality for both males and females.
Empathic accuracy and accommodative behavior among newly married couples
Authors: Kilpatrick Shelley Dean , Bissonnette Victor L. , Rusbult Caryl E.
Published: March 2003

An established method for assessing empathic accuracy was used to examine the consequences of accurate understanding during the early years of marriage. Structural equation modeling analyses simultaneously examined within–individual and across–partner associations among variables (actor effects and partner effects). During the first year of marriage, actor effects and partner effects were observed for two presumed consequences of empathic accuracy—accommodative behavior and couple well–being. Actor effects, partner effects, or both were observed for three possible determinants of empathic accuracy—commitment level, partner perspective–taking, and psychological femininity. Levels of empathic accuracy reliably declined following the first year of marriage, as did the strength of the above–noted associations with empathic accuracy.
Intimacy and the magnitude and experience of episodic relational uncertainty within romantic relationships
Authors: Knobloch Leanne K. , Solomon Denise Haunani
Published: March 2003

This paper seeks to clarify the association between the intimacy and the magnitude of relational uncertainty generated by specific events within romantic relationships. More specifically, we suggest that episodic relational uncertainty peaks at moderate levels of intimacy. We conducted a cross–sectional study in which 328 romantic relationship participants reported their reactions to a hypothetical relational uncertainty increasing event. Although the effect size was small, findings documented a curvilinear association between intimacy and episodic relational uncertainty. Further, hierarchical regression results supported our predictions about the effects of intimacy and episodic relational uncertainty on people’s reactions to the events. We discuss the implications of our findings for understanding the roles of both intimacy and episodic relational uncertainty within romantic relationships.
Civility: A Contemporary Context for a Meaningful Historical Concept
Authors: Peck Dennis L.
Published: March 2003

An overview of the relationship between social structure and social order is employed to highlight the importance of the civility concept to civic society. In discussing these issues, the author provides a brief historical and a contemporary context for assessing the civility concept. This assessment draws on an eclectic literature that addresses the relationship among civility, socialization, and learning, the role of education in the civility process, the changing emphasis of higher education, the culture of individualism, and technology. The author concludes with a brief discussion of culture and the future of civility.

The problem of order arises out of the dual circumstance that human beings have limited (though not nonexistent) capacities for sympathy with their fellows and that they inhabit an environment that fails to provide them with sufficient resources to satisfy fully the needs of all of them. The problem of order is therefore rooted in inescapable conflict between the interests and desires of individuals and the requirements of society: to wit, the pacification of violent strife among men and the secure establishment of cooperative social relations making possible the pursuit of collective goals. (Wrong 1994, p. 36)