bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Emotion and V2i Communication on Driver Perception of Av
Authors: Ayala Allegra , Lee Yi-Ching
Published: November 2021

As autonomous vehicles (AVs) become more prevalent on the roadways, accompanying driving technologies are being developed. V2I communication systems are one such development, allowing the dissemination of crucial information to drivers. As more AVs are introduced on the road, understanding driver perception of AVs is crucial not only for user acceptance, but non-user acceptance as well. The use of V2I systems may be helpful in bridging the gap between users and non-users by making all drivers more informed.
Using Performance Predictions to Evaluate Two-factor Authentication Setup Processes
Authors: Pandey Shivam , Taffese Tewodros
Published: November 2021

Low user adoption due to usability issues during setup is one of the primary challenges facing two-factor authentication implementations. A method which could quickly provide performance predictions for two-factor authentication setup processes would help create opportunities for iterative improvements during the design phase. These improvements can lead to increased human performance in the two-factor authentication setup processes once implemented and may help address some of the usability challenges that plague two-factor authentication user adoption efforts. Various software-based prediction tools can help simulate human performance and analyze underlying usability issues. The challenge is to evaluate human performance quickly and iteratively in two-factor authentication setup processes to help improve the usability of the processes during the design phase. We demonstrate rapid software-based performance predictions for three two-factor authentication setup processes and compare them to previously published human performance data for insights.
Characteristics that Predict Phishing Susceptibility: A Review
Authors: Tornblad McKenna K. , Jones Keith S. , Namin Akbar Siami , Choi Jinwoo
Published: November 2021

Phishing attack countermeasures have previously relied on technical solutions or user training. As phishing attacks continue to impact users resulting in adverse consequences, mitigation efforts may be strengthened through an understanding of how user characteristics predict phishing susceptibility. Several studies have identified factors of interest that may contribute to susceptibility. Others have begun to build predictive models to better understand the relationships among factors in addition to their prediction power, although these studies have only used a handful of predictors. As a step toward creating a holistic model to predict phishing susceptibility, it was first necessary to catalog all known predictors that have been identified in the literature. We identified 32 predictors related to personality traits, demographics, educational background, cybersecurity experience and beliefs, platform experience, email behaviors, and work commitment style.
Smartphone display size can influence perceptual judgments
Authors: Sanchez C.A. , Read T. , Crawford A.
Published: November 2021

Classic research in perception has suggested that visual context can impact how individuals perceive object characteristics like physical size. The current set of studies extends this work to an applied setting by examining whether smartphone display size can impact the perception of objects presented on smartphones. Participants viewed several target items, on two different sized virtual device displays based on actual consumer devices and were asked to make simple judgments of the size of presented objects. Results from both experiments confirm that display size impacts perceived size, such that larger displays cause users to significantly underestimate the size of objects moreso than smaller displays. This is the first study to confirm such an effect, and suggests that beyond aesthetics or cost, one’s personal choice of device might have additional performance consequences.
Design Heuristics For In-Crisis Users
Authors: Binman Miriam
Published: November 2021

Any interface designed for in-crisis users needs to address their state of mind and physiological arousal. However, to date no clear guidance exists for the specific needs of in-crisis users. An opportunity to redesign a regional domestic abuse website inspired us to adapt Nielsen’s 10 heuristics by including three heuristics for in-crisis users, specifically domestic abuse victims. Given the lack of research we used existing research to address users’ cognitive and motor processing impairments during high anxiety and arousal. To see how well current domestic abuse websites follow these heuristics, we evaluated a pseudo-randomly selected set of 98 domestic abuse helplines. The result showed overall poor results. Irrelevant information, poor readability, and failure to highlight crucial information were among the main contributors for the poor assessment. The data illustrates the need for improved design guidelines to create a safe and effective option for in-crisis users.
A Remote Synthetic Testbed For Human-Robot Teaming: An Iterative Design Process
Authors: Wong Margaret , Ezenyilimba Akudasuo , Wolff Alexandra , Anderson Tyrell , Chiou Erin , Demir Mustafa , Cooke Nancy
Published: November 2021

Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) missions often involve a need to complete tasks in hazardous environments. In such situations, human-robot teams (HRT) may be essential tools for future USAR missions. Transparency and explanation are two information exchange processes where transparency is real-time information exchange and explanation is not. For effective HRTs, certain levels of transparency and explanation must be met, but how can these modes of team communication be operationalized? During the COVID-19 pandemic, our approach to answering this question involved an iterative design process that factored in our research objectives as inputs and pilot studies with remote participants. Our final research testbed design resulted in converting an in-person task environment to a completely remote study and task environment. Changes to the study environment included: utilizing user-friendly video conferencing tools such as Zoom and a custom-built application for research administration tasks and improved modes of HRT communication that helped us avoid confounding our performance measures.
Human Factors Considerations for Patients: A Cursory Review of Telehealth Guidelines
Authors: Powers Sarah A. , Perry Kimberly N. , Ashdown Amanda J. , Pacailler Matthew , Scerbo Mark W.
Published: November 2021

During the COVID-19 pandemic, changes to telehealth laws and policies enabled more patients to meet with their healthcare providers remotely. The rapid implementation of telehealth has resulted in providers and patients interacting remotely with few existing standards or guidelines. Additionally, a cursory search of telehealth guidelines for patients revealed overly broad recommendations related to technology, security, and environmental requirements. Although researchers have recommended some human factors considerations for guidelines, these recommendations were rarely implemented in the guidelines we reviewed. Therefore, human factors professionals can contribute further by implementing best practices for telehealth appointments to create evidence-based standardized guidelines. Some initial areas to focus on include accessibility for patients, overcoming typical telehealth barriers, and addressing a wider diversity of patients.
Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Nurses at the Ho Teaching Hospital, Ghana
Authors: Abla Kofi- Bediako Woyram , Sama Gideon , Yarfi Cosmos , Ed-Bansah Delali , Appah Acquah Augustine
Published: November 2021

Nurses are at an increased risk of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) especially in developing countries, where the use of assistive technology to minimize the adverse effects of manual handling and poor patient lifting are lacking. A cross-sectional study design was used to evaluate the prevalence of WRMSDs among nurses at the Ho Teaching Hospital in Ghana using the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire. Results indicated a 94% prevalence of WRMSDs, with a significantly higher (p=0.031) prevalence in females (97%) than males (87%). Age and working hours were significantly associated with MSDs (p=0.048, p=0.001, respectively). The most prevalent WRMSDs by body region were low back pain (73.3%), upper back pain (55.7%), ankle/feet pain (55.0%), and neck pain (35.5%). A high prevalence of WRMSDs exist among nurses at the Ho Teaching Hospital. A detailed assessment of ergonomic exposures among nurses in Ho is warranted to better understand the causes of WRMSDs among this population.
Understanding Aggressive Driving: The Role of Personality and Individual Differences
Authors: Velazquez Enilda M. , Mouloua Mustapha
Published: November 2021

The goal of the present study was to examine the role of personality and individual differences on aggressive driving. It was hypothesized that personality and individual differences would be significantly related to aggressive driving behavior. A sample of n = 252 participants from a southeastern university and surrounding community were required to complete a series of driving questionnaires; the ADBQ, DBQ, and CFQ-D; and a series of personality questionnaires; the IPIP-NEO-PIR and BFI. Our results indicated that personality factors and individual differences significantly predicted aggressive driving outcomes. These results provided a preliminary personality based characteristic profile of the aggressive driver. These results also support the use of trait anger and trait cooperation independently from the subscales they are derived from (Neuroticism and Agreeableness) to predict aggressive driving behaviors. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Myoelectric Control: an alternative to Mirror Therapy
Authors: Niamba Kouadio , Schieber Frank , McCray Megan
Published: November 2021

Evidence suggests that fifty to eighty percent (50-80%) of amputees conserve sensation in their missing limb after removal due to the presence of associated nerve endings. Most importantly, a large percentage of amputees experience episodic pain in the missing limb. This physiological phenomenon called phantom limb pain (PLP) has shown resistance to pharmaceutical treatments, but can be treated through mirror therapy. However, mirror therapy only yields temporary results and does not apply to bilateral amputees. Overcoming these challenges are the objectives of the present study. Using a surface electromyographic signal classification approach, this investigation intends to simulate the control of a missing limb within an immersive virtual environment. We predict that replacing mirror therapy with a more immersive “virtual therapy” can serve as a prolonged psychological solution to phantom limb pain.
Efficacy of Virtual Reality Training for Pilots: A Review of Links between User Presence, Search Task Performance, and Collaboration within Virtual Reality
Authors: Walters William T. , Walton Jamiahus
Published: November 2021

The impact of user presence on both collaboration and search task performance within virtual reality is not fully understood. The purpose was to review existing literature and determine what research has been conducted on user presence in virtual reality (VR), as well as what research has been conducted on how user presence in virtual reality influences a user’s communication abilities and performance on search tasks. The need for alternative means of pilot training, specifically the possibility of utilizing virtual reality, and the importance of understanding collaboration and search task performance for this training method were outlined. Future research into the efficacy of VR as a training tool for pilots should aim to fill in this gap and seek to understand how user presence in VR influences both communication and search task performance in a virtual cockpit environment.
Transdisciplinary Team Research to Develop Theory of Mind in Human-AI Teams Panelists
Authors: Fiore Stephen M. , Bracken Bethany , Demir Mustafa , Freeman Jared , Lewis Michael
Published: November 2021

This panel will provide a transdisciplinary perspective on developing artificial social intelligence for teams. A panel with representatives from the cognitive, computational, and neural sciences will discuss theoretical, methodological, and technological insights derived from their respective disciplines. These perspectives will be integrated via a set of questions meant to guide synthesis across disciplines in support of a transdisciplinary team research approach. Through discussion across the panel and audience, our goal is to contribute to research and development in the area of Human-AI-Robot Teaming effectiveness.
Interdisciplinary Models and Frameworks for the Study of Artificial Social Intelligence
Authors: Fiore Stephen M.
Published: November 2021

This symposium provides a complementary set of papers exploring frameworks and models for developing artificial social intelligence (ASI) for teams. ASI consists of components of social cognition that support teamwork and more general interpersonal interactions. Although AI is rapidly evolving and fielded in a variety of operational settings, the implementation of such systems is vastly outpacing our ability to understand how to design and develop technologies appropriately. This symposium is meant to help redress this gap. Consisting of scholars representing the cognitive, computational, and organizational sciences, the papers discuss how they integrate theory and methods to inform development of agents capable of complex collaborative processes. Collectively, these papers synthesize perspectives across disciplines in support of an interdisciplinary research approach for ASL The goal is to contribute to research and development in the area of Human- AI- Robot Teaming effectiveness.
Building a Synthetic Task Environment to Support Artificial Social Intelligence Research
Authors: Corral Christopher C. , Tatapudi Keerthi Shrikar , Buchanan Verica , Huang Lixiao , Cooke Nancy J.
Published: November 2021

To support research on artificial social intelligence for successful teams (ASIST), an urban search and rescue task (USAR) was simulated within Minecraft to serve as a Synthetic Task Environment (STE). The goal for the development of the present STE was to create an environment that provides ample opportunities to allow ASI agents to demonstrate the theory of mind by making inferences and predictions of humans’ states and actions in the USAR task environment, and in the future to intervene to improve teamwork in real-time. This paper describes the STE design background, design potentials and considerations, rich data collection opportunities, and potential usage for more broad research.
Developing Competency-Based Nursing Treatment for Persons With Tobacco Use Disorder
Authors: Essenmacher Carol , Baird Carolyn , Houfek Julia , Spielmann M. Rene , Adams Sara
Published: November 2021

Background:

Tobacco continues to have a deleterious impact on health outcomes in the United States. Professional nurses at all levels of practice have an opportunity to be a part of the solution. The development of nurse-specific competencies for treating tobacco use disorder (TUD) disorder is long overdue. A task force of American Psychiatric Nurses Association (APNA) subject matter experts was assembled to engage in the process of reviewing the available peer-reviewed literature and additional evidence-based resources (e.g., professional organization position statement, toolkits, national survey results) to create the Nursing Competencies for Treating Tobacco Use Disorders.

Objective:

The aim of this article is ultimately to improve patient access to quality, evidence-based TUD nursing care by all nurses who are competent, full partners in TUD multidisciplinary care.

Method:

Search terms were defined and a scoping search and review of the TUD literature and resources was performed from November 2018 to November 2020.

Results:

Over 300 articles and evidence-based resources (e.g., professional organization position statements, toolkits, etc.) were discovered. Thirteen competencies were developed and were internally and externally reviewed prior to APNA Board of Director’s approval.

Conclusion:

TUD competencies have the potential to guide nursing education, practice, and research, allowing nurses to be full partners in the design, development, and implementation of effective TUD treatment.
Visual acuity, defocus curve and patient satisfaction of a new hybrid EDOF-multifocal diffractive intraocular lens
Authors: Ozturkmen Cem , Kesim Cem , Karadeniz Pinar Gunel , Sahin Afsun
Published: November 2021

Purpose: To evaluate the visual acuity, defocus curve and visual quality of life following bilateral implantation of a new hybrid extended depth of focus (EDOF)-multifocal diffractive intraocular lens (IOL). Methods: Patients who underwent cataract surgery with bilateral implantation of Tecnis Synergy IOL were enrolled in this study. The main outcomes were defined as uncorrected distant, intermediate and near visual acuities (UDVA, UIVA and UNVA, respectively), defocus curve and VF-14 questionnaire aimed for visual performance. Results: The mean ± SD values for binocular UDVA, UIVA and UNVA were −0.01 ± 0.04, 0.05 ± 0.03 and 0.03 ± 0.05 logMAR, respectively. Defocus curve showed a continuous vision above 0.16 logMAR between +0.50 D and −2.50 D. Patients had good visual performance with mean VF-14 scores above 3 points. Driving at night (3.47 ± 0.64) was found to be the most difficult task to perform. Spectacle independence was 100% for both distant and near vision. Conclusion: Bilateral implantation of Tecnis Synergy IOL in cataract patients shows good visual acuity and performance, covering a good visual range without any need of spectacles.
Histopathology, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and alpha smooth muscle actin expression in Tenon's capsule of eyes with congenital glaucoma
Authors: Sayed Khulood Muhammad , G. Abd elhaliem Nesreen , A. Mohammed Sherine , Alsmman Alahmady Hammad
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To evaluate the ultrastructural features of collagen fibrils, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in the Tenon's capsule of buphthalmic eyes.

Methods

A prospective comparative case series study was conducted on 35 buphthalmic eyes vs 25 control eyes. Children with congenital glaucoma (CG) who underwent a combined trabeculectomy-trabeculotomy procedure with mitomycin C (CTTM); the Tenon's capsule was obtained during the surgical procedure. The control group included children with strabismus, the Tenon's capsule was obtained in the course of strabismus surgery. Both H&E and Masson's trichrome staining were done. The Metalloprotenease-2 (MMP-2), alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) immunohistochemical staining was performed.

Results

Mean collagen percentage area by Masson trichrome stain in Tenons capsule was significantly higher in buphthalmic eyes (54.76% ± 0.32 vs 33.71% ± 1.4; P < 0.001). The percentage area of αSMA expression in Tenons capsule was significantly higher in buphthalmic eyes (4.93% ± 0.7 vs 2.00% ± 0.5; P < 0.001). However, MMP2 expression in Tenons capsule of the buphthalmic group was significantly lower than that of the control group (12.88% ± 2.95 vs 27.91% ± 0.2 respectively) P = 0.02.

Conclusions

Tenon capsule of buphthalmic eyes have their own histopathological features and properties making them more liable for fibrosis with high rate of failure following antiglaucoma surgeries. Such detailed information has not been published before which may aid in the identification of new antifibrotic therapies in management of glaucoma.
Validation of a Brief Computerized Cognitive Assessment in Multiple Sclerosis (BCCAMS) and comparison with reference batteries
Authors: Maubeuge Nicolas , Deloire Mathilde SA , Brochet Bruno , Charré-Morin Julie , Saubusse Aurore , Ruet Aurélie
Published: November 2021

Background:

The Brief Computerized Cognitive Assessment in Multiple Sclerosis (BCCAMS) is a short neuropsychological battery for persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS).

Objectives:

The main objective of the study is to validate the BCCAMS.

Methods:

PwMS and healthy subjects (HS) were evaluated using the BCCAMS which include two computerized tests, the Computerized Speed Cognitive Test and the Computerized Episodic Visual Memory Test (CEVMT), a newly developed visuospatial memory test, and the French learning test. The Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in MS (MACFIMS), including the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) tests, was also administered. Regression-based norms of the BCCAMS were calculated in 276 HS. BCCAMS was compared with BICAMS and MACFIMS for detection of cognitive impairment (CI).

Results:

Out of 120 PwMS, CI was detected using the BCCAMS, BICAMS (one impaired test), and MACFIMS (two impaired tests) in 59.1%, 50%, and 37.9%, respectively. The BCCAMS produced the same predictive value as that of the BICAMS battery for detecting CI in the MACFIMS.

Conclusion:

This study validated the BCCAMS as a validated computerized short assessment for information processing speed and learning in MS.
Further assessment of a time domain impedance boundary condition for the numerical simulation of noise-absorbing materials
Authors: Redonnet Stephane
Published: November 2021

In regard to the mitigation of environmental noise across major industry sectors, the present study focuses on the numerical prediction of passive noise reduction devices. Here, it is further explored how the noise attenuation induced by locally reacting noise absorbing materials (also called acoustic liners) can be simulated using a time domain highly accurate Computational AeroAcoustics (CAA) method. To this end, it is assessed how a classical Time Domain Impedance Boundary Condition (TDIBC) can effectively model acoustic liners of practical interest, including when the latter are exposed to realistic conditions (grazing flow and noise excitation). The investigation consists in numerically reproducing two experimental campaigns initially performed at NASA Langley Research Center. Two different materials are considered (honeycomb superimposed with perforate or wiremesh resistive face-sheet), each being characterized by a specific noise attenuation behaviour ( e.g. dependency on the flow conditions and/or noise excitation). Each material is tested under various flow conditions ( e.g. grazing flow of Mach up to 0.5) and/or noise source excitation ( e.g. multiple tones of level up to 140  dB each). The results demonstrate the ability of the underlying CAA/TDIBC approach to simulate realistic acoustic liners in non-trivial configurations, with enough physical accuracy ( e.g. correct capture of the noise attenuation characteristics) and numerical robustness ( e.g. absence of instabilities). The study also reveals that, independent from the CAA/TDIBC approach itself, some specific pre-processing tasks (e.g. impedance eduction and subsequent TDIBC calibration) may play a bigger role than expected, in practice.
Spiritual Care as Part of an Interprofessional Model for Debriefing on an Oncology Unit
Authors: Stilos Kalli (Kalliopi) , Ford Bill , Chakraborty Anita , Takahashi Danielle
Published: November 2021

Health care clinicians who care for seriously ill and dying patients have been known to be at higher risk for burnout and moral distress. When not well supported in their workplace, clinicians may suffer additional adverse outcomes to their overall wellbeing. Self-care is one way to help mitigate these adverse outcomes. The literature has described formalized debriefing not only as a self-care strategy but an intervention to promote healthy team development. The focus of this paper will showcase how social work and spiritual care practitioners in our institution worked collaboratively to support an inpatient oncology unit to address issues related to burnout by providing staff with monthly debriefing sessions intended to enhance self-care and wellness in the workplace.
The Association of Professional Chaplains: 75 Years of Growth and Excellence
Authors: LaRocca-Pitts Mark
Published: November 2021

2021 is the 75th anniversary of the Association of Professional Chaplains. This article celebrates this vibrant history tracing the history of APC and its predecessor organizations through name changes and mergers, recounting their growth toward inclusion and diversity, and illustrating the history of their collaboration ending with a possible new merger with ACPE. Through their commitment to growth and excellency, APC is arguably one of the premier spiritual care organizations in the world.
Ghostly pasts and postponed futures: The disorder of time during the corona pandemic
Authors: Kattago Siobhan
Published: November 2021

Since the first lockdown in March 2020, time seems to have slowed to a continuous present tense. The Greek language has three words to express different experiences of time: aion, chronos and kairos. If aion is the boundless and limbo-like time of eternity, chronos represents chronological, sequential, and linear time. Kairos, however, signifies the rupture of ordinary time with the opportune moment, epiphany and redemption, revolution, and most broadly, crisis and emergency. This paper argues that the pandemic is impacting how individuals perceive time in two ways: first, as a distortion of time in which individuals are caught between linear time ( chronos) and rupture ( kairos) invoking the state of emergency and second, as an extended present that blurs the passing of chronological time with its seeming eternity ( aion). As a result of the perceived suspension of ordinary time, temporal understandings of the future are postponed, while the past hovers like a ghost over the present.
Visual symbols, democracy and memory: The monument of Ivan Stepanovich Konev and the memory of communism in the Czech Republic
Authors: Řehořová Irena
Published: November 2021

The article discusses a conflict surrounding the removal of the Soviet Marshal Ivan Stepanovich Konev monument in Prague in 2020. The text begins by presenting different narratives associated with the statue and proceeds to demonstrate how the monument became entangled in a battle between opposing political factions, both in the Czech Republic and on an international scale. The aim of the article is to examine this example in the context of memory studies and to indicate that the situation in the Czech Republic arises from different cultural, social and historical contexts, especially the legacy of communism and the complex Czech Russian relations, but is in many ways similar to the situation in the United States and other places around the world lately experiencing monument struggles.
A protocol-based treatment plan to improve shoulder function in children with brachial plexus birth injury: a comparative study
Authors: Grahn Petra , Sommarhem Antti , Nietosvaara Yrjänä
Published: November 2021

Children with permanent brachial plexus birth injury have a high risk of developing posterior shoulder subluxation. In 2010, we implemented a protocol to reduce the incidence of this deformity, including early passive exercises, ultrasound screening, botulinum toxin-A injections, shoulder splinting and targeted surgeries. Two-hundred and thirty-seven consecutive children treated at our institution, with a mean follow-up of 11 years (range 1 to 17) were compared in three groups: children born from 1995 to 1999 ( n = 53), 2000–2009 ( n = 109) and 2010–2019 ( n = 75). Posterior shoulder subluxation developed in 48% of all patients but the mean age at detection of shoulder subluxation decreased from 5 years to 4.9 months. Need for shoulder relocation surgery also decreased from 28% to 7%. Mean active shoulder external rotation in adduction improved from 2° to 46°. In conclusion, our established protocol has the potential to reduce the incidence of posterior shoulder subluxation in children with brachial plexus birth injury.

Level of evidence: II
Comparing Sources of Disruptions to Telemedicine-Enabled Stroke Care in an Ambulance
Authors: Mihandoust Sahar , Joseph Anjali , Madathil Kapil Chalil , Rogers Hunter , Jafarifiroozabadi Roxana , Ahmadshahi Seyedmohammad , Holmstedt Christine , McElligott James
Published: November 2021

Objective:

The purpose of this study is to understand the nature and source of disruptions in an ambulance during the telemedicine-based caregiving process for stroke patients to enhance the ambulance design for supporting telemedicine-based care.

Background:

Telemedicine is emerging as an efficient approach to provide timely remote assessment of patients experiencing acute stroke in an ambulance. These consults are facilitated by connecting the patient and paramedic with a remotely located neurologist and nurse using cameras, audio systems, and computers. However, ambulances are typically retrofitted to support telemedicine-enabled care, and the placement of these systems inside the ambulance might lead to spatial challenges and disruptions during patient evaluation.

Method:

Video recordings of 13 simulated telemedicine-based stroke consults were coded and analyzed using an existing systems-based flow disruption (FD) taxonomy. For each observed disruption—the type, severity or impact, location in the ambulance, and equipment involved in the disruption were recorded.

Results:

Seat size, arrangement of assessment equipment, location of telemedicine equipment (computer workstation), and design of telemedicine camera were among the factors that impacted telemedicine-related disruptions. The left ambulance seat zone and head of the patient bed were more involved in environmental hazard–related disruptions, while the right zone of the ambulance was more prone to interruptions and communication-related disruptions.

Conclusion:

Adequate evaluation space for the paramedic, proper placement of evaluation equipment, and telemedicine computer location could facilitate the stroke care evaluation process and reduce FDs in the ambulance.
Developmental Training Model for the Sport Specialized Youth Athlete: A Dynamic Strategy for Individualizing Load-Response During Maturation
Authors: Jayanthi Neeru , Schley Stacey , Cumming Sean P. , Myer Gregory D. , Saffel Heather , Hartwig Tim , Gabbett Tim J.
Published: November 2021

Context:

Most available data on athletic development training models focus on adult or professional athletes, where increasing workload capacity and performance is a primary goal. Development pathways in youth athletes generally emphasize multisport participation rather than sport specialization to optimize motor skill acquisition and to minimize injury risk. Other models emphasize the need for accumulation of sport- and skill-specific hours to develop elite-level status. Despite recommendations against sport specialization, many youth athletes still specialize and need guidance on training and competition. Medical and sport professionals also recommend progressive, gradual increases in workloads to enhance resilience to the demands of high-level competition. There is no accepted model of risk stratification and return to play for training a specialized youth athlete through periods of injury and maturation. In this review, we present individualized training models for specialized youth athletes that (1) prioritize performance for healthy, resilient youth athletes and (2) are adaptable through vulnerable maturational periods and injury.

Evidence Acquisition:

Nonsystematic review with critical appraisal of existing literature.

Study Design:

Clinical review.

Level of Evidence:

Level 4.

Results:

A number of factors must be considered when developing training programs for young athletes: (1) the effect of sport specialization on athlete development and injury, (2) biological maturation, (3) motor and coordination deficits in specialized youth athletes, and (4) workload progressions and response to load.

Conclusion:

Load-sensitive athletes with multiple risk factors may need medical evaluation, frequent monitoring, and a program designed to restore local tissue and sport-specific capacity. Load-naive athletes, who are often skeletally immature, will likely benefit from serial monitoring and should train and compete with caution, while load-tolerant athletes may only need occasional monitoring and progress to optimum loads.

Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT):

B.
Repairing Cartilage with Processed Chondrocyte Constructs: A 6-Month Study Using a Porcine Model
Authors: Kusanagi Akihiko , Blahut Eric B. , Ogura Takahiro , Tsuchiya Akihiro , Mizuno Shuichi
Published: November 2021

Objective

Autologous chondrocyte implantation was the first cell-based therapy that used a tissue engineering process to repair cartilage defects. Recently improved approaches and tissue-engineered cell constructs have been developed for growing patient populations. We developed a chondrocyte construct using a collagen gel and sponge scaffold and physicochemical stimuli, implanted with a surgical adhesive. We conducted a proof-of-concept study of these improvements using a cartilage defect model in miniature swine.

Design

We implanted the autologous chondrocyte constructs into full-thickness chondral defects in the femoral condyle, compared those results with empty and acellular scaffold controls, and compared implantation techniques with adhesive alone and with partial adhesive with suture. Two weeks after the creation of the defects and implantation of the cellular or acellular constructs, we arthroscopically confirmed that the implanted constructs remained at the chondral defects. We evaluated the regenerated tissue macro- and microscopically 6 months after the cell constructs were implanted. The tissues were stained with Safranin-O and evaluated using Sellers’ histology grading system.

Results

The defects implanted with processed cell constructs and acellular scaffolds were filled with chondrocyte-like round cells and with nearly normal tissue architecture that were significantly greater degree compared to empty defect control. Even with the adhesive alone and with suture alone, the cell construct was composed of the dense cartilaginous matrix that was found in the implantation using both the sutures and the adhesive.

Conclusion

Implantation of cell constructs promoted regeneration and integration of articular cartilage at chondral defects in swine by 6 months.
The dynamic threshold model of bandwagon innovations: Role of organizational attention and legitimacy
Authors: Jawad Muhammad
Published: November 2021

Innovations are not always adopted due to their expected economic impact but often due to bandwagon pressure. Fueled by economic uncertainty, these “bandwagon innovations” are adopted once the bandwagon pressure reaches a certain threshold. Existing literature, however, has not examined this threshold’s sources nor considered the effect of a bandwagon adoption decision on threshold. Therefore, building on current knowledge about the bandwagon effect, organizational attention, and legitimacy, this paper develops a theoretical model to help understand the factors affecting threshold and making organizations more or less likely to adopt bandwagon innovations. The novel dynamic threshold model proposed here explains how attention to social or economic factors can affect an organization’s threshold. The model shows that the threshold may change such that an organization may be more likely to adopt a bandwagon innovation after prior resistance or resist one after prior adoption. Implications for organizational decision-makers and future research avenues are also discussed. Plain Language Summary The paper proposes a dynamic threshold model of bandwagon innovations, which illuminates the outcomes of the decision involving bandwagon innovations. If the bandwagon pressure does not exceed the threshold level (or the propensity to adopt a bandwagon innovation), then the organization resists the bandwagon, which increases legitimacy concerns. On the other hand, if the bandwagon pressure exceeds the threshold level, the organization adopts the bandwagon innovation. The primary determinant of this threshold is attention. Attention can be of two types; attention to social factors, which decreases the threshold level, and attention to economic factors, which increases the threshold level. The allocation of attention to the two factors varies based on the outcomes of the bandwagon innovation decision. The increased legitimacy concerns (in case of resisting a bandwagon innovation) lead the organization to allocate more attention to the social factors, thereby reducing the threshold level for the subsequent bandwagon innovation. In case of adopting a bandwagon innovation, the legitimacy concerns are reduced, and the organization's attention is redirected to assimilating the innovation and justifying the adoption costs, which makes the economic factors of any subsequent bandwagon innovation more salient and increases the threshold level until the current innovation is assimilated.
Ethical adaptation and legal regulation of modern technology
Authors: Song Jie
Published: November 2021

The efficiency and convenience afforded by modern technology have increased its importance to society in recent years. However, the risks and ethical issues associated with it can lead to many social problems. There is consensus in the academic community that standardizing the research and development of modern technology can help solve those problems. Although different in scope, ethical adaptation and legal regulation are both effective ways to regulate modern technology. Ethical adaptation is mainly used to optimize the environment of research and development on modern technology. The coordination of Dao (the ‘way’ in classical Chinese philosophy) and technology is a means of constructing a rational technical ethic. The social construction of technology provides the possibility for Dao–technology coordination, and responsible innovation is a responsibility that should be shouldered by technical workers. The ethical adaptation of modern technology has a significant influence but limited restraints. When ethical adaptation cannot function, it is necessary to consider technical behaviour within the scope of legal regulations and restrain modern technology by formulating and implementing a legal system for it. The relevant laws are grounded in the coercive force of the state and are far more effective than ethical norms. Moreover, a lack of ethics for technological actors has caused some negative consequences in the application of technology. When formulating laws regarding technology, it is important to include science and technology policies and ethical norms to complete the legal system for technology. The derivative effect of modern technology requires the joint action of ethics and law. Only when they coordinate with and promote each other can the benign development of modern technology and the orderly development of modern society be realized.
An explanation of the relationship between artificial intelligence and human beings from the perspective of consciousness
Authors: Xie Jianhua
Published: November 2021

What will be the relationship between human beings and artificial intelligence (AI) in the future? Does an AI have moral status? What is that status? Through the analysis of consciousness, we can explain and answer such questions. The moral status of AIs can depend on the development level of AI consciousness. Drawing on the evolution of consciousness in nature, this paper examines several consciousness abilities of AIs, on the basis of which several relationships between AIs and human beings are proposed. The advantages and disadvantages of those relationships can be analysed by referring to classical ethics theories, such as contract theory, utilitarianism, deontology and virtue ethics. This explanation helps to construct a common hypothesis about the relationship between humans and AIs. Thus, this research has important practical and normative significance for distinguishing the different relationships between humans and AIs.
Is artificial intelligence capable of understanding? An analysis based on philosophical hermeneutics
Authors: Wang Jing
Published: November 2021

From Deep Blue to AlphaGo, the rapid advance of artificial intelligence (AI) in the areas of problem solving and deep learning has lent credence to the prospect that it may one day develop an ability for understanding similar to that of humans or even surpass human intelligence. However, understanding is not a piece of knowledge, a method or an ability. Knowledge can be possessed as an impersonal and public resource. In a certain sense, it can be objectified by a group's understanding, which is characterized by certainty, whereas understanding seems to be in a state of constant transformation and movement. Moreover, a method cannot be separated from the subject and is always subsumed by understanding and interpretation. For a method to be useful, it must be the product of understanding and interpretation. Understanding is not enabled by a method; rather, it is understanding that possesses the method. Finally, understanding cannot be described and defined simply as ability. As an important manifestation of human intelligence, understanding is not an empty shell of method filled by its objects, but an appreciation and extension of the meaning of the objects. Computers are good at dealing with simple and formalized activities that are not associated with a context, but the human activities of understanding are not formalized. From the perspective of philosophical hermeneutics, understanding is filled with elements of reflection and in itself is a form of self-understanding. Furthermore, AI lacks the fore-structure of human understanding. Therefore, whether understanding can be viewed from the perspective of historicity is an important difference between human intelligence and AI, and the missing historical connection of computational programs of AI may be an important reason why it cannot acquire understanding in a real sense.
Awareness, Knowledge, Attitude and Empathy Levels of Dental Postgraduates Towards Their Patients During Practice and Research—A Questionnaire Based Survey
Authors: Mohan Kumar P , Praveen D , Praveen G , Arun Bhupathi P , Ravi Kanth M , Uloopi KS
Published: November 2021

Empathy is vital in ensuring the quality of the patient-clinician relationship. Empathy in the health care setting is the ability to understand a patient's experiences and feelings and communicate this understanding for better clinical outcomes in dental treatments. The study aimed to compare levels of empathy in post-graduate dental students across the different years of the master's degree course. Questionnaire forms distributed among post graduate students and awareness, knowledge, attitude, and empathy levels towards their patients were assessed. Responses of all the post-graduate students of all specialties in a dental institute were subjected to statistical analysis to know and compare their empathy towards the patients during their clinical practice and research throughout their three-year master's degree. The mean empathy score was 52.01 (maximum of 100), with a standard deviation of 6.69. The empathy scores decreased slightly from the first to the third year of the master's degree. The participant's age, marital status, place of residence, and specialties of dental post-graduation showed much significant difference in empathy levels. The study found slight significant gender differences in empathy among the participants. The empathy scores declined gradually very slightly as they were promoted to the next level in the course. The increase in empathy levels found in this study is more significant than those reported in similar studies due to the inclusion of educational and orientation programs at the time of admission into post-graduate studies.
A case series of cerebral venous thrombosis as the first manifestation of homocystinuria
Authors: Ochoa-Ferraro Antonio , Wanninayake Subadra , Dawson Charlotte , Gerrard Adam , Preece Mary Anne , Geberhiwot Tarekegn
Published: November 2021

Background

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is an important cause of stroke particularly in younger patients and potentially fatal if diagnosis is delayed. The presentation of symptoms is highly variable and consequently the diagnosis and underlying cause is often delayed or overlooked. Homocystinuria, a rare autosomal recessive disorder is an identified risk factor for CVT.

Purpose

A timely diagnosis and treatment of the underlying cause of CVT could result in improved outcome and prevent further events. This case series describes the clinical course of six adults presented with unprovoked CVT, in whom the diagnosis of underlying homocystinuria was delayed with adverse consequences. We aim to highlight the importance of recognising homocystinuria as an underlying cause of CVT and offer a practical approach to the diagnosis and management.

Methods

This is a retrospective case series of a cohort of 30 consecutive patients seen in a UK tertiary referral centre.

Result

Six out of 30 patients presented with CVT prior to homocystinuria diagnosis. The mean and range of age at the time of the first CVT episode was 22.6 (range 11–31) years. The mean ±SD age at diagnosis of homocystinuria as the underlying cause was 26 ± 4.2 years. The time between first CVT and diagnosis of homocystinuria ranged from 1.6 to 11 years resulting in a delay to introduction of effective treatment and, in some cases, a further large vessels thrombotic event.

Conclusion

Physician awareness of homocystinuria as an underlying cause for an unprovoked CVT will facilitate timely introduction of effective treatment to prevent a further event.
CRPGCN: predicting circRNA-disease associations using graph convolutional network based on heterogeneous network
Authors: Ma Zhihao , Kuang Zhufang , Deng Lei
Published: November 2021

Background

The existing studies show that circRNAs can be used as a biomarker of diseases and play a prominent role in the treatment and diagnosis of diseases. However, the relationships between the vast majority of circRNAs and diseases are still unclear, and more experiments are needed to study the mechanism of circRNAs. Nowadays, some scholars use the attributes between circRNAs and diseases to study and predict their associations. Nonetheless, most of the existing experimental methods use less information about the attributes of circRNAs, which has a certain impact on the accuracy of the final prediction results. On the other hand, some scholars also apply experimental methods to predict the associations between circRNAs and diseases. But such methods are usually expensive and time-consuming. Based on the above shortcomings, follow-up research is needed to propose a more efficient calculation-based method to predict the associations between circRNAs and diseases.

Results

In this study, a novel algorithm (method) is proposed, which is based on the Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) constructed with Random Walk with Restart (RWR) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to predict the associations between circRNAs and diseases (CRPGCN). In the construction of CRPGCN, the RWR algorithm is used to improve the similarity associations of the computed nodes with their neighbours. After that, the PCA method is used to dimensionality reduction and extract features, it makes the connection between circRNAs with higher similarity and diseases closer. Finally, The GCN algorithm is used to learn the features between circRNAs and diseases and calculate the final similarity scores, and the learning datas are constructed from the adjacency matrix, similarity matrix and feature matrix as a heterogeneous adjacency matrix and a heterogeneous feature matrix.

Conclusions

After 2-fold cross-validation, 5-fold cross-validation and 10-fold cross-validation, the area under the ROC curve of the CRPGCN is 0.9490, 0.9720 and 0.9722, respectively. The CRPGCN method has a valuable effect in predict the associations between circRNAs and diseases.