bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Air Particle Abrasion and Primers on Bond Strength to 3D-Printed Crown Materials
Authors: Hammamy Mohammed , Rueda Silvia Rojas , Pio Antonio , Rizzante Fabio Antonio Piola , Lawson Nathaniel C.
Published: January 2025

Two 3D-printed crown materials (Crown and Ceramic Crown) were examined to determine the best surface treatment and primers for bonding. Discs of the two materials were printed and mounted with their “intaglio” surfaces untouched. Half the specimens from each group were sandblasted with 50 µm alumina. Then, specimens were divided into four groups (n = 10): Gr1—no further treatment; Gr2—one coat of silane; Gr3—one coat of universal adhesive; Gr4—one coat of silane, then one coat of universal adhesive. Bond strength specimens were prepared with an Ultradent shear bond strength apparatus using Filtek Supreme composite. Specimens were stored for 8 weeks in 37 °C water. The specimens were debonded with a circular notched-edge blade applied at 1 mm/min, and the shear bond strength was calculated. The data were compared with a two-way ANOVA (factors: surface treatment and primer) and a Tukey post hoc analysis for both materials independently, with p < 0.01 considered meaningful. The filler content (burned ash) and resin content (FTIR) of the materials were determined. For both materials, factors surface treatment and primer were significant (p < 0.01), but their interaction was not (p = 0.43 for Crown and p = 0.34 for Ceramic Crown). Alumina air particle abrasion improved the bond strength for both materials. The Tukey post hoc analysis grouped primer treatments into the same statistically different groups for both materials: Gr1 and Gr2 < Gr3 and Gr4. The filler percentage of Crown was 32.7% and Ceramic Crown was 48.2%. Resin content was similar for both materials. The most effective method to bond to 3D-printed crowns (regardless of filler percentage) was to sandblast with 50 µm alumina and apply a layer of adhesive (with or without previous application of silane).
Assessing Corrosion Effects on the Electrical Performance of Wearable Photovoltaic Cells: A Comparative Analysis of Current Consistency and Resistance
Authors: Talukder Amit , Freeman Charles , Kobia Caroline , Burch Reuben F. V.
Published: January 2025

Wearable photovoltaic (PV) cells offer a sustainable and lightweight solution for energy-harvesting applications, including safety gear and protective textiles. Despite their growing adoption, the application of PV cells in marine environments is limited due to the corrosive conditions that can degrade performance. This study evaluates the impact of corrosion on commercially sourced PV cells by analyzing maximum current and electrical resistance. This study used eight samples of two types of PV panel cells and tested them in corrosion conditions, and current and electrical resistance values were recorded. A paired sample t-test was used to assess variations in current and electrical resistance, while a repeated MANOVA compared the performance of two sample types during corrosion. The results reveal that corrosion significantly reduced current values and increased electrical resistance in Sample Type (1), while Sample Type (2) remained relatively stable. The MANOVA findings show a significant decrease in current for both samples, though the magnitude of reduction is similar between types. However, when combining both sample types, corrosion has no significant effect on electrical resistance. These results highlight the need for developing more durable, corrosion-resistant PV cells suitable for marine applications, emphasizing their potential for sustainable and practical use in harsh environments.
Early Strength Enhancement Mechanism of CaO-Modified Electrolytic Manganese Residue-Based Supersulfate Cement
Authors: Du Yundan , Chen Qing , Wu Fufei , Li Weiwei , Meng Luxian , Liu Yang
Published: January 2025

Electrolytic manganese residue (EMR) is a solid waste generated during the production of electrolytic manganese metal through wet metallurgy, accumulating in large quantities and causing significant environment pollution. Due to its high sulfate content, EMR can be utilized to prepare supersulfate cement when combined with Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS). In this process, GGBS serves as the primary raw material, EMR acts as the sulfate activator, and CaO powder, along with trace amounts of cement, functions as the alkali activator. This results in the preparation of CaO-modified electrolytic manganese residue-based supersulfate cement (Abbreviated as “SSC”), facilitating the harmless and resourceful utilization of EMR. This study aims to determine the optimal dosage of CaO as the alkali activator for GGBS in SSC. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on four groups, including a control group. The mass ratio of EMR, GGBS, and cement in SSC was fixed as 35:60:5, and the optimum mixing ratio of lime powder as an external admixture was investigated through mechanical tests and microscopic experiments. The hydration products and mechanism of the cementitious materials were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), pH measurements, thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric analysis (TG-DTG), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicated that, under the combined influence of trace cement and raw lime powder, EMR effectively activated GGBS. The primary hydration products of the SSC are AFt and hydrated calcium silicate (C-S-H), which contributed to the mechanical strength of the SSC. At a hydration age of 3 days, the optimal CaO blending ratio was found to be 8% by mass of dried EMR. With this ratio, the compressive strength of SSC reached 18.2 MPa, the pore size of hardened slurry was refined, the structure became dense, and hydration products increased. It could be concluded that CaO enhances the early strength of SSC when used as an alkali activator.
Bending Performance of Diamond Lattice Cylindrical Shells
Authors: Li Sheng , Liang Laiyu , Yang Ping , Li Shaoan , Wu Yaozhong
Published: January 2025

The Diamond lattice cylindrical shell (Diamond LCS) was proposed by a mapping approach based on the triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS). The finite element models were built and their accuracy was verified by experimental results. Parameter studies were carried out to investigate the effect of geometric and loading parameters on the bending properties of the Diamond LCSs by the finite element model. The results show that Diamond LCS has a stable “V” deformation pattern under a three-point bending load. In the range of relative density (RD) = 15–30%, the higher the RD, the better the lateral bending performance of the Diamond LCS structure. The larger the variation radial coefficient, the higher the lateral load-carrying capacity of the structure. The smaller the loading angle of the punch, the better the lateral bending performance of the Diamond LCS structure. However, if the loading angle is too small, the structure is prone to large torsional deformation, and the deformation tends to destabilize. The increase in punch diameter effectively improves the deformation pattern and bending energy absorption characteristics of the structure. The smaller the span of the cylindrical support, the better the bending energy absorption characteristics of the structure.
Interpenetrating Composites: A Nomenclature Dilemma
Authors: Prashanth Konda Gokuldoss
Published: January 2025

Interpenetrating phase composites are a novel class of heterogeneous structures that have recently gained attention. In these types of composites, one of the phases is topologically continuous and can maintain its structural integrity even if the other phase is removed. These composites are generally fabricated by casting, where the reinforcement penetrates into the precursor matrix as a continuous phase. However, the following dilemma arises: if the same two phases are combined by other powder metallurgical routes (due to differences in the fabrication and interfacial conditions), can they still be called interpenetrating phase composites? The reinforcement is added to the precursor matrix, as in any of the conventional composite processing methods. Most importantly, the reinforcement does not interpenetrate the matrix phase. The present Review discusses the various fabrication routes employed for the fabrication of these interpenetrating phase composites and attempts to identify the correct nomenclature for these composites fabricated via the powder metallurgical approach.
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Modified TiO2 Scattering Layer Produced by Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Lin Yu-Shyan , Chen Wei-Hung
Published: January 2025

This work proposes dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with various photoanode designs. A hydrothermal method is used to synthesize hydrangea-shaped TiO2 (H-TiO2) aggregates. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of H-TiO2 reveals only an anatase phase. No peaks of any other phases are detected, indicating that the hydrangea-shaped TiO2 is phase-pure. The size of the synthesized H-TiO2 is approximately 300 nm to 2 μm, and its particle size is suitable for use in the scattering layer of a DSSC. Mixing the P25 TiO2 into the H-TiO2 aggregate with the best mixing ratio can significantly improve the conversion efficiency of DSSCs. When the ratio of H-TiO2:P25 TiO2 = 3:7, the scattering layer has the optimal parameters, as determined experimentally. The optimal structure is a double layer that is formed of five layers of P25 TiO2 plus a single scattering layer. An open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.77 V, short-circuit current (Jsc) of 15.26 mA/cm2, fill factor (FF) of 0.71, conversion efficiency (η) of 8.33%, and charge-collection efficiency (ηcc) of 0.96 are obtained from the optimally designed photoelectrode. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work is the first in which large particles of hydrangea are mixed with small particles of P25 TiO2 in various proportions to form a scattering layer.
Peano Theorems for Pedjeu–Ladde-Type Multi-Time Scale Stochastic Differential Equations Driven by Fractional Noises
Authors: Ponosov Arcady , Idels Lev
Published: January 2025

This paper examines fractional multi-time scale stochastic functional differential equations that, in addition, are driven by fractional noises. Based on a specially crafted fixed-point principle for the so-called “local operators”, we prove a Peano-type theorem on the existence of weak solutions, that is, those defined on an extended stochastic basis. To encompass all commonly used particular classes of fractional multi-time scale stochastic models, including those with random delays and impulses at random times, we consider equations with nonlinear random Volterra operators rather than functions. Some crucial properties of the associated integral operators, needed for the proofs of the main results, are studied as well. To illustrate major findings, several existence theorems, generalizing those known in the literature, are offered, with the emphasis put on the most popular examples such as ordinary stochastic differential equations driven by fractional noises, fractional stochastic differential equations with variable delays and fractional stochastic neutral differential equations.
Persistent Topological Laplacians—A Survey
Authors: Wei Xiaoqi , Wei Guo-Wei
Published: January 2025

Persistent topological Laplacians constitute a new class of tools in topological data analysis (TDA). They are motivated by the necessity to address challenges encountered in persistent homology when handling complex data. These Laplacians combine multiscale analysis with topological techniques to characterize the topological and geometrical features of functions and data. Their kernels fully retrieve the topological invariants of corresponding persistent homology, while their non-harmonic spectra provide supplementary information. Persistent topological Laplacians have demonstrated superior performance over persistent homology in the analysis of large-scale protein engineering datasets. In this survey, we offer a pedagogical review of persistent topological Laplacians formulated in various mathematical settings, including simplicial complexes, path complexes, flag complexes, digraphs, hypergraphs, hyperdigraphs, cellular sheaves, and N-chain complexes.
Multi-Dimensional Markov Chains of M/G/1 Type
Authors: Naumov Valeriy , Samouylov Konstantin
Published: January 2025

We consider an irreducible discrete-time Markov process with states represented as (k, i) where k is an M-dimensional vector with non-negative integer entries, and i indicates the state (phase) of the external environment. The number n of phases may be either finite or infinite. One-step transitions of the process from a state (k, i) are limited to states (n, j) such that n ≥ k−1, where 1 represents the vector of all 1s. We assume that for a vector k ≥ 1, the one-step transition probability from a state (k, i) to a state (n, j) may depend on i, j, and n − k, but not on the specific values of k and n. This process can be classified as a Markov chain of M/G/1 type, where the minimum entry of the vector n defines the level of a state (n, j). It is shown that the first passage distribution matrix of such a process, also known as the matrix G, can be expressed through a family of nonnegative square matrices of order n, which is a solution to a system of nonlinear matrix equations.
Protective Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharide Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells
Authors: Lin Ziwei , Zhou Yanlong , Chen Ruiwen , Tao Qiuyan , Lu Qiwen , Xu Qianchao , Yu Haibin , Jiang Ping , Zhao Zhihui
Published: January 2025

Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is receiving increasing attention as a feed additive in animal production. COS has a variety of biological functions, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Mastitis is a major disease in dairy cows that has a significant impact on animal welfare and production. Hence, this research aimed to investigate the mechanism of COS on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory response and oxidative stress in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). In this study, the results demonstrated that COS protected BMECs from the inflammatory response induced by LPS by restraining the excessive production of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). COS treatment also suppressed excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and restored antioxidant enzyme activity under LPS-induced oxidative stress conditions. Furthermore, the results also demonstrated that COS promote nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression and inhibit TLR4 levels and p65 and IκBα phosphorylation in BMECs exposed to LPS. In summary, the results demonstrate that the protective mechanism of COS on the LPS-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress depend on the TLR4/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Nrf2 signaling pathways, indicating that COS could serve as natural protective agents for alleviating BMECs in mastitis.
The Role of Membranes in Modern Winemaking: From Clarification to Dealcoholization
Authors: Oro Carolina E. Demaman , Puton Bruna M. Saorin , Venquiaruto Luciana D. , Dallago Rogério Marcos , Arend Giordana Demaman , Tres Marcus V.
Published: January 2025

The utilization of membrane technologies in winemaking has revolutionized various stages of production, offering precise and efficient alternatives to traditional methods. Membranes, characterized by their selective permeability, play a pivotal role in enhancing wine quality across multiple processes. In clarification, microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes, such as ceramic or polymeric membranes (e.g., polyethersulfone or PVDF), effectively remove suspended solids and colloids, resulting in a clearer wine without the need for chemical agents. During stabilization, membranes such as nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes, often made from polyamide composite materials, enable the selective removal of proteins, polysaccharides, and microorganisms, thereby improving the wine’s stability and extending its shelf life. Additionally, in dealcoholization, membranes like reverse osmosis and pervaporation membranes, typically constructed from polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or other specialized polymers, facilitate the selective removal of ethanol while preserving the wine’s flavor and aroma profile, addressing the increasing consumer demand for low-alcohol and alcohol-free wines. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the advancements and applications of membrane technologies in winemaking.
Development of Hollow Fiber Membranes Suitable for Outside-In Filtration of Human Blood Plasma
Authors: Ramada David , Adema Bente , Labib Mohamed , ter Beek Odyl , Stamatialis Dimitrios
Published: January 2025

Hemodialysis (HD) is a critical treatment for patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). The effectiveness of conventional dialyzers used there could be compromised during extended use due to limited blood compatibility of synthetic polymeric membranes and sub-optimal dialyzer design. In fact, blood flow in the hollow fiber (HF) membrane could trigger inflammatory responses and thrombus formation, leading to reduced filtration efficiency and limiting therapy duration, a consequence of flowing the patients’ blood through the lumen of each fiber while the dialysate passes along the inter-fiber space (IOF, inside-out filtration). This study investigates the development of HF membranes for “outside-in filtration” (OIF) in HD. In OIF, blood flows through the inter-fiber space while dialysate flows within the fiber lumens, reducing the risk of fiber clogging and potentially extending treatment duration. For the OIF mode, the membrane should have a blood-compatible outer selective layer in contact with the patient’s blood. We develop HFs for OIF via liquid-induced phase separation using PES/PVP (polyethersulphone/polyvinylpyrrolidone) blends. The fibers’ surface morphology (SEM, scanning electron microscopy), chemistry (ATR-FTIR—attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, XPS—X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), transport properties, and uremic toxin removal from human plasma are evaluated and compared to commercial HFs. These membranes feature a smooth, hydrophilic outer layer, porous lumen, ultrafiltration coefficient of 13–34 mL m2 h−1 mmHg−1, adequate mechanical properties, low albumin leakage, and toxin removal performance on par with commercial membranes in IOF and OIF. They offer potential for more efficient long-term HD by reducing clogging and systemic anticoagulation needs and enhancing treatment time and toxin clearance.
Measurement Uncertainty Evaluation for Sensor Network Metrology
Authors: Harris Peter , Østergaard Peter Friis , Tabandeh Shahin , Söderblom Henrik , Kok Gertjan , van Dijk Marcel , Luo Yuhui , Pearce Jonathan , Tucker Declan , Vedurmudi Anupam Prasad , Iturrate-Garcia Maitane
Published: January 2025

Sensor networks, which are increasingly being used in a broad range of applications, constitute a measurement paradigm involving ensembles of sensors measuring possibly different quantities at a discrete sample of spatial locations and temporal points outside the laboratory. If sensor networks are to be considered as true metrology systems and the measurement results derived from them used for decision-making, such as in a regulatory context, it is important that the results are accompanied by reliable statements of measurement uncertainty. This paper gives a preview of some of the work undertaken within the European-funded ‘Fundamental principles of sensor network metrology (FunSNM)’ project to address the challenges of measurement uncertainty evaluation in some real-world sensor network applications. The applications demonstrate that sensor networks possess features related to the nature of the measured quantities, to the nature of the measurement model, and to the nature of the measured data. These features make conventional methods of measurement uncertainty evaluation, and established guidelines for measurement uncertainty evaluation difficult to apply. An overview of some of the modelling tools used to address the challenges of measurement uncertainty evaluation in those applications is given.
Microwave—A New Open Access Journal for Microwave Technologies
Authors: Liu Changjun
Published: January 2025

Microwave technologies have long been at the forefront of scientific and engineering innovation, driving advancements in wireless communications, radar, satellites, medical applications, wireless power transfer, and more [...]
Serpentinite Applications: Effects of Surface-Ions-Modified Natural Silicate Minerals on Cultivation of Magnesium–Manganese-Enriched Garlics
Authors: Hung Fei Shuo
Published: January 2025

Serpentinite refers to a group of hydrated magnesium-rich natural silicate rocks. Because serpentinite contains metallic elements and has a layered structure, it can release magnesium ions when immersed in water. Garlic is a widely cultivated crop characterized by a rich chemical composition and many health benefits. Magnesium and manganese are essential nutrients for the human body. In garlic, magnesium stabilizes allicin and prevents its decomposition and release, and manganese promotes polysaccharide metabolism. In this study, serpentinite powder was modified using immersion plating and sintering to improve its crystallinity and ion release capability and enable the cultivation of magnesium–manganese-enriched garlic. An experimental analysis of growth characteristics confirmed the layered structure of serpentinite powder, with sintering effectively reducing impurities and enhancing the powder’s crystallinity and ion release capability. An evaluation of the powder’s specific surface area and ion release capability after surface treatment revealed that Mg-Si-Mn-O sintered at 400 °C for 1 h was the optimal powder for preparing magnesium–manganese ion water. Magnesium–manganese garlic grown with this water contained magnesium and manganese at concentrations of 38–43 and 11–17 mg/L, respectively, and had a higher concentration of allicin and sulfur compounds relative to garlic grown with distilled water. After natural drying, the allicin in the magnesium–manganese-enriched garlic remained stable, and the garlic was found to have a high moisture content. These findings jointly demonstrate the high nutritional value and antioxidant properties of garlic in applications involving serpentinite technology.
Atom-Driven and Knowledge-Based Hydrolysis Metabolite Assessment for Environmental Organic Chemicals
Authors: Liu Zhe , Lin Yufan , He Qi , Dai Lingjie , Tan Qinyan , Jin Binyan , Lee Philip W. , Zhang Xiaoming , Zhang Li
Published: January 2025

The metabolism of environmental organic chemicals often relies on the catalytic action of specific enzymes at the nanoscale, which is critical for assessing their environmental impact, safety, and efficacy. Hydrolysis is one of the primary metabolic and degradation reaction pathways. Traditionally, hydrolysis product identification has relied on experimental methods that are both time-consuming and costly. In this study, machine-learning-based atomic-driven models were constructed to predict the hydrolysis reactions for environmental organic chemicals, including four main hydrolysis sites: N-Hydrolysis, O-Hydrolysis, C-Hydrolysis, and Global-Hydrolysis. These machine learning models were further integrated with a knowledge-based expert system to create a global hydrolysis model, which utilizes predicted hydrolysis site probabilities to prioritize potential hydrolysis products. For an external test set of 75 chemicals, the global hydrolysis site prediction model achieved an accuracy of 93%. Additionally, among 99 experimental hydrolysis products, our model successfully predicted 90, with a hit rate of 90%. This model offers significant potential for identifying hydrolysis metabolites in environmental organic chemicals.
o-Halogenation and -Alkoxylation of Phenylglycine Derivatives by Pd-Mediated C-H Functionalization: Scope and Limitations
Authors: Laga Eduardo , Nieto Sonia , Cativiela Carlos , Urriolabeitia Esteban P.
Published: January 2025

Orthopalladated derivatives from substituted phenylglycines [Pd(μ-Cl)(C6H3R1C(R2)(R3)N(R4)2]2 (1) react with halogenating reagents (PhICl2, Br2, I2) (2) to give the corresponding o-halogenated amino acids C6H3(X)R1C(R2)(R3)N(R4)2 (3). The reaction is general and tolerates a variety of functional groups (R1 to R4) at the aryl ring, the Cα, and the N atom. On the other hand, the reaction of [Pd(μ-Cl)(C6H3R1C(R2)(R3)N(R4)2]2 (1) with PhI(OAc)2 in the presence of a variety of alcohols R5OH (4) gives the o-alkoxylated phenylglycines C6H3(OR5)R1C(R2)(R3)N(R4)2 (5), also as a general process. A partial loss of the enantiomeric excess is observed when the starting phenylglycine is enantiomerically pure, this arising from the formation of bridging azavinylidene (6) and imine intermediate species (7), which were characterized by X-ray diffraction methods.
Technology for the Quantitative Identification of Dairy Products Based on Raman Spectroscopy, Chemometrics, and Machine Learning
Authors: Zhang Zheng-Yong , Su Jian-Sheng , Xiong Huan-Ming
Published: January 2025

The technologies used for the characterization and quantitative analysis of dairy products based on Raman spectroscopy have developed rapidly in recent years. At the level of spectral data, there are not only traditional Raman spectra but also two-dimensional correlation spectra, which can provide rich compositional and characteristic information about the samples. In terms of spectral preprocessing, there are various methods, such as normalization, wavelet denoising, and feature extraction. A combination of these methods with appropriate quantitative techniques is beneficial to reveal the differences between samples or improve predictive performance. Quantitative evaluation can be divided into similarity measurement methods and machine learning algorithms. When evaluating small batch samples, similarity measurements can provide quantitative discrimination results. When the sample data are sufficient and matched with Raman spectroscopy parameters, machine learning algorithms suitable for intelligent discrimination can be trained and optimized. Finally, with the rise of deep learning algorithms and fusion strategies, some challenges in this field are proposed.
Structural, Morphological, and Antibacterial Attributes of Graphene Oxide Prepared by Hummers’ and Brodie’s Methods
Authors: Marsala Vittorio , Gerasymchuk Yuriy , Saladino Maria Luisa , Paluch Emil , Wawrzyńska Magdalena , Boiko Vitalii , Li Xiang , Giordano Cristina , Hreniak Dariusz , Sobieszczańska Beata
Published: January 2025

Graphite oxidation to graphene oxide (GO) is carried out using methods developed by Brodie (GO-B) and Hummers (GO-H). However, a comparison of the antibacterial properties based on the physicochemical properties has not been performed. Therefore, this paper outlines a comparative analysis of GO-H and GO-B on antibacterial efficacy against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial cultures and biofilms in an aqueous environment and discusses which of the properties of these GO nanomaterials have the most significant impact on the antibacterial activity of these materials. Synthesis of GO with Brodie’s and modified Hummers’ methods was followed by an evaluation of their structural, morphological, and physicochemical properties by Raman, FTIR, UV–vis spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The GO-B surface appeared more oxidized than that of GO-H, which could be crucial for interactions with bacteria. According to our results, GO-B demonstrated notably superior anti-biofilm efficacy. Despite its higher production cost, GO-B exhibits more excellent capabilities in combating bacterial biofilms than GO-H.
Size Engineering of Ti3C2Tx Nanosheets for Enhanced Supercapacitance Performance
Authors: Liu Haosheng , Chang Xin , Li Lu , Zhang Mingyi
Published: January 2025

In this research, we synthesized a series of Ti3C2Tx nanosheets with varying lateral dimensions and conducted a thorough investigation into the profound relationship between the electrochemical performance of Ti3C2Tx materials and their lateral sizes. This study innovatively incorporates a clever combination of small-sized and large-sized Ti3C2Tx nanosheets in the electrode preparation process. This strategy yields excellent results at low scan rates, with the fabricated electrode achieving a high volumetric capacitance of approximately 658 F/g. Even more remarkable is the fact that, even under extreme testing conditions where the scan rate surges to 10 V s−1, the electrode retains its capacitive characteristics robustly without any significant performance degradation. These outstanding characteristics underscore the exceptional ability of Ti3C2Tx electrode materials to maintain high energy storage capacity during rapid charge–discharge cycles, holding significant importance for advancing the development of electrochemical energy storage devices with fast response times and high power densities.
A Graphene/MXene-Modified Flexible Fabric for Infrared Camouflage, Electrothermal, and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Authors: Hou Xianguang , Zang Ziyi , Meng Yaxin , Wang Tian , Gao Shuai , Liu Qingman , Qu Lijun , Zhang Xiansheng
Published: January 2025

Although materials with infrared camouflage capabilities are increasingly being produced, few applications exist in clothing fabrics. Here, graphene/MXene-modified fabric with superior infrared camouflage, Joule heating, and electromagnetic shielding capabilities all in one was prepared by simply scraping a graphene slurry onto alkali-treated cotton fabrics, followed by spraying MXene. The functionality of the modified fabrics after different treatment times was then tested and analyzed. The results indicate that the mid-infrared emissivity of the modified fabric decreases with an increase in the coating times of graphene and MXene. When the graphene/MXene-modified fabrics are prepared at loads of 5 and 1.2 mg/cm2, respectively, the modified fabrics have very low infrared emissivity in the 3–5 and 8–14 μm bands, and the surface temperature can be reduced by 53.1 °C when placed on a heater with a temperature of 100 °C (surface radiation temperature of 95 °C). The modified fabric also demonstrates excellent Joule heating capabilities; at 4 V of power, a temperature of 91.7 °C may be reached in 30 s. In addition, customized materials exhibit strong electromagnetic shielding performance. By simply folding the cloth, the electromagnetic interference shield effect can be increased to 64.3 dB. With their superior infrared camouflage, thermal management, and electromagnetic shielding performance, graphene/MXene-modified fabrics have found extensive use in intelligent wearables and military applications.
The Application of Olive-Derived Polyphenols on Exercise-Induced Inflammation: A Scoping Review
Authors: Lillis Joseph B. , Willmott Ashley G. B. , Chichger Havovi , Roberts Justin D.
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: There is current scientific interest pertaining to the therapeutic effects of olive-derived polyphenols (ODPs), in particular their associated anti-inflammatory properties, following the wealth of research surrounding the physiological impact of the Mediterranean Diet (MD). Despite this association, the majority of the current literature investigates ODPs in conjunction with metabolic diseases. There is limited research focusing on ODPs and acute inflammation following exercise, regardless of the knowledge surrounding the elevated inflammatory response during this time. Therefore, the aim of this scoping review is to understand the impact ODPs may have on exercise-induced inflammation. Methods: This scoping review was undertaken in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScRs). The literature searches were conducted in PubMed and EBSCOhost and considered for review if records reported original data, examined olives, olive-derived nutrients, food sources, or ODPs in conjunction with exercise-induced inflammation (including known causes, associations, and proxy measures). Results: Seven studies investigated ODPs and exercise-induced inflammation, providing commentary on reduced oxidative stress, inflammatory biomarkers, and immune biomarkers, enhanced antioxidant defenses and modulations in mitochondrial function, albeit in low numbers. An average of 100.9 mg∙d−1 ODPs were supplemented for an average of 40 days, with hydroxytyrosol (HT) being the primary ODP investigated. Six studies employed individual aerobic exercise as their stimulus, whilst one study investigated the impact of an acute dose of ODP. Conclusions: There is a limited consensus on the direction of isolated HT in human models, whereas animal models suggest a reduced inflammatory response following ≥2 weeks HT supplementation in conjunction with chronic exercise. Future research should initially investigate the inflammatory response of ODP, with particular focus on HT, and aim to identify an optimum dose and time course for supplementation surrounding exercise to support acute recovery and exercise adaptations.
Vitamin D Supplementation Is Associated with Inflammation Amelioration and Cognitive Improvement in Decompensated Patients with Cirrhosis
Authors: Diaz-Ruiz Raquel , Poca Maria , Roman Eva , Panadero-Gomez Rocio , Cuyàs Berta , Bañares Irene , Morales Angela , Puerto Marta , Lopez-Esteban Rocio , Blazquez Elena , Fernández-Castillo Marta , Correa-Rocha Rafael , Rapado-Castro Marta , Breton Irene , Bañares Rafael , Soriano German , Garcia-Martinez Rita
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Decompensated cirrhosis is characterized by systemic inflammation and innate and adaptive immune dysfunction. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a prevalent and debilitating condition characterized by cognitive disturbances in which ammonia and inflammation play a synergistic pathogenic role. Extraskeletal functions of vitamin D include immunomodulation, and its deficiency has been implicated in immune dysfunction and different forms of cognitive impairment. The aim was to assess changes in cognitive function and inflammation in decompensated patients with cirrhosis receiving vitamin D supplementation. Methods: Patients with cirrhosis discharged from decompensation in two tertiary hospitals in Spain (from September 2017 to January 2020) were assessed before, at 6 and 12 months after vitamin D supplementation. A comprehensive neuropsychological battery and neuroinflammatory markers were examined. In a subgroup of patients, peripheral immune blood cells were analyzed. Results: Thirty-nine patients were recruited. Of those, 27 completed the 6 months evaluation and were analyzed [age 62.4 ± 11.3 years; 22 men; Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) 11.7 ± 4.0; prior overt HE 33%; median 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) plasma level 12.7 µgr/L] and 22 achieved 12 months assessment. At baseline, learning and memory (R = 0.382; p = 0.049) and working memory (R = 0.503; p = 0.047) subtests correlated with plasma 25OHD levels. In addition, processing speed (R = −0.42; p = 0.04), attention (R = −0.48; p = 0.04), Tinnetti balance (R = −0.656; p < 0.001) and Tinnetti score (R = −0.659; p < 0.001) were linked to neuroinflammation marker IL-1β. Patients with lower 25OHD had a greater proportion of TH1cells at baseline and a larger amelioration of IL-1β and IL-6 following supplementation. An improvement in working memory was found after 25OHD replacement (46.7 ± 13 to 50 ± 11; p = 0.047). Conclusions: This study supports that vitamin D supplementation modulates low-grade inflammation in decompensated cirrhosis providing cognitive benefits, particularly in working memory.
Obesity Incidence According to Branched-Chain Amino Acid Intake and Plant-Based Diet Index Among Brazilian Adults: A Six-Year Follow-Up of the CUME Study
Authors: da Silva Fernanda , Pimenta Adriano , Juvanhol Leidjaira , Hermsdorff Helen , Bressan Josefina
Published: January 2025

Background: Few studies have evaluated the impact of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) intake on the risk of obesity in adults. The results are contradictory, and the causality has not been explored. This study assessed the association between BCAA intake and obesity incidence among Brazilian adults and investigated the potential moderating role of the plant-based index (PDI) in this relationship. Methods: A longitudinal study was conducted between 2016 and 2022, with 3090 participants (2043 women, 1047 men; mean age 34 years) from the Cohort of Universities of Minas Gerais (CUME) Study. Data were collected through an online questionnaire. The relationship between BCAA intake and obesity incidence was assessed using crude and adjusted Cox regression models. Restricted cubic spline analysis (RCS) was used to estimate the nonlinearity. The multiplicative interaction with PDI was tested. Results: The overall incidence of obesity was 192 cases (6.21%). The incidence was 16.4/1000 person-years in females; 21.8/1000 person-years in males; and 18.3/1000 person-years total, with a mean follow-up period of 3.4 years. Compared to the first tertile, the highest intake tertiles for BCAA (HR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.03–2.18), isoleucine (HR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.04–2.22), and leucine (HR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.03–2.20) were independently associated with obesity risk. BCAA intake above 16 g/day increases the risk of obesity. Conclusions: There was a positive association between the intake of BCAA, isoleucine, and leucine with the risk of obesity. The PDI accentuated the association between BCAA intake and obesity in both the lowest and highest quintiles.
Utilisation of the Innovative [18F]-Labelled Radiotracer [18F]-BIBD-071 Within HR+ Breast Cancer Xenograft Mouse Models
Authors: Fan Di , Wang Xin , Ling Xueyuan , Li Hongbin , Zhang Lu , Zheng Wei , Wu Zehui , Ai Lin
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Aromatase plays a crucial role in the conversion of androgens to oestrogens and is often overexpressed in hormone-dependent tumours, particularly breast cancer. [18F]BIBD-071, which has excellent binding affinity for aromatase and good pharmacokinetics, has potential for the diagnosis and treatment of aromatase-related diseases. The MCF-7 cell line, which is hormone receptor-positive (HR+), was used in the assessment of the novel [18F]-labelled radiotracer [18F]BIBD-071 via positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of an HR+ breast cancer xenograft model. Methods: [18F]BIBD-071 was synthesised, radiolabelled, and then subjected to in vitro stability testing. MCF-7 cells were cultured and implanted into BALB/c nude mice to establish subcutaneous tumour models. MicroPET/CT imaging was conducted after injection of the tracer at 1 and 2 h, and a blocking study was also conducted using the aromatase inhibitor letrozole. A block experiment was used to prove the specificity of the probe. Biodistribution studies were performed at 0.5, 1, and 2 h post injection (p.i.). Immunofluorescence was used to assess aromatase expression in MCF-7 cells. Results: [18F]BIBD-071 showed excellent in vitro stability and specific uptake in an MCF-7 xenograft tumour model. MicroPET/CT imaging at 1 and 2 h p.i. revealed excellent tumour visualisation with a favourable tumour-to-background ratio. Biodistribution data revealed high tracer uptake in the liver, small intestine, and stomach, with significant washout from the bloodstream and tumour over time. The tumour uptakes at 0.5 h, 1 h, and 2 h were 3.84 ± 0.13, 2.5 ± 0.17, and 2.54 ± 0.32, respectively. The tumour uptake significantly decreased between 0.5 h and 1 h (p < 0.0001), whereas there was no significant difference between 1 and 2 h. The tumour/background ratios at 0.5 h, 1 h, and 2 h were 1.19 ± 0.03, 1.12 ± 0.17, and 1.42 ± 0.11, respectively. Immunofluorescence confirmed robust aromatase expression in MCF-7 cells, which was correlated with [18F]BIBD-071 tumour uptake. Conclusions: [18F]BIBD-071 is a promising PET tracer for diagnosing and monitoring HR+ breast cancer, warranting further research into hormone-dependent cancers.
Polyphenolic Compounds in Fabaceous Plants with Antidiabetic Potential
Authors: Guerrero-Becerra Lucia , Morimoto Sumiko , Arrellano-Ordoñez Estefania , Morales-Miranda Angélica , Guevara-Gonzalez Ramón G. , Feregrino-Pérez Ana Angélica , Lomas-Soria Consuelo
Published: January 2025

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic non-communicable disease with an increasing prevalence in Latin America and worldwide, impacting various social and economic areas. It causes numerous complications for those affected. Current treatments for diabetes include oral hypoglycemic drugs, which can lead to adverse effects and health complications. Other natural alternatives for DM treatment have been studied as adjunct therapies that could reduce or eliminate the need for antidiabetic medications. Several natural supplements may offer an alternative way to improve the quality of life for patients with DM, and they may have other nutraceutical applications. Due to their phenolic compound content, some leguminous substances have been proposed as these alternatives. Phenolic compounds, with their high antioxidant activity, have shown promising potential in insulin synthesis, secretion, and the functionality of the endocrine pancreas. This review provides valuable information on various leguminous plants with anti-diabetic properties, including antioxidant, hypoglycemic, anti-fat-induced damage, and anti-apoptotic properties in vitro and in vivo, attributed to the high content of phenolic compounds in their seeds. Natural products with antidiabetic and pharmacological treatment potential improve diabetes management by offering more effective and complementary alternatives. To integrate these herbal remedies into modern medicine, further research on phenolic compound type, doses, efficacy, and safety in the human population is needed.
Gedunin Mitigates Cutibacterium acnes-Induced Skin Inflammation by Inhibiting the NF-κB Pathway
Authors: Sim Ju Kyoung , Heo Ye Ji , Shin Jin Hak , Kim Seon Sook , Seo Su Ryeon
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes), a bacterium residing in hair follicles, triggers acne by inducing monocyte-mediated inflammatory cytokine production. Gedunin, a limonoid derived from Azadirachta indica (commonly known as neem), is renowned for its antifungal, antimalarial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. However, its role in mitigating C. acnes-induced skin inflammation remains unexplored. This study investigates the anti-inflammatory effects of gedunin on C. acnes-induced skin inflammation and elucidates the underlying mechanisms. Methods: The anti-inflammatory activity of gedunin was assessed using RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells and mouse bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Key inflammatory mediators, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), were evaluated. Mechanistic studies focused on the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, along with the NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. An in vivo acne model was employed to examine gedunin’s therapeutic efficacy. Results: Gedunin significantly reduced the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, iNOS, COX-2, and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells. It inhibited NF-κB activation without affecting the MAPK pathways, including JNK/SAPK, ERK, and p38 MAPK. Gedunin also suppressed the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in BMDMs. In the mouse acne model, gedunin effectively alleviated C. acnes-induced inflammation, primarily by targeting NF-κB signaling. Conclusions: Gedunin demonstrates potential as a therapeutic agent for acne treatment by targeting key inflammatory pathways, particularly NF-κB signaling. This study highlights gedunin’s promise as an alternative approach to managing C. acnes-induced skin inflammation.
Selection of In Vivo Relevant Dissolution Test Parameters for the Development of Cannabidiol Formulations with Enhanced Oral Bioavailability
Authors: Koch Nathan , Bourcy Quentin , Jennotte Olivier , Chiap Patrice , Lechanteur Anna , Cardot Jean-Michel , Evrard Brigitte
Published: January 2025

Background: Cannabidiol (CBD) shows interesting therapeutic properties but has yet to demonstrate its full potential in clinical trials partly due to its low solubility in physiologic media. Two different formulations of CBD (amorphous and lipid-based) have been optimized and enable an increase in bioavailability in piglets. In vivo studies are time-consuming, costly and life-threatening. Therefore, we need to develop in vitro tests that can predict what will happen in vivo. Methods: Comparisons in terms of dissolution were made especially by using different media (FaSSGF, FaSSIF, FeSSIF, HCl 0.1N with or without SLS, phosphate buffer pH 6.8 with or without SLS) and different conditions (sink or non-sink conditions). These in vitro results were confronted with in vivo results to select the most appropriate dissolution test conditions. Results: The importance of the presence of surfactants to enable solubilization of CBD was demonstrated. Neutral media enabled a relatively good prediction of the extent of absorption observed in vivo, whereas the rate of absorption was more complicated to predict. Conclusions: FeSSIF media, and FaSSIF sink media to a lesser extent, were the only compositions enabling predictions of both extent and rate, indicating that emulsification is possibly a major contributor to the in vivo availability of the drug.
Spatial and Temporal Variability Management for All Farmers: A Cell-Size Approach to Enhance Coffee Yields and Optimize Inputs
Authors: Silva Eudocio Rafael Otavio da , Silva Thiago Lima da , Wei Marcelo Chan Fu , Souza Ricardo Augusto de , Molin José Paulo
Published: January 2025

Coffee yield exhibits plant-level variability; however, due to operational issues, especially in smaller operations, the scouting and management of coffee yields are often hindered. Thus, a cell-size approach at the field level is proposed as a simple and efficient solution to overcome these constraints. This study aimed to present the feasibility of a cell-size approach to characterize spatio-temporal coffee production based on soil and plant attributes and yield (biennial effects) and to assess strategies for enhanced soil fertilization recommendations and economic results. The spatio-temporal study was conducted using a database composed of yield and soil and plant attributes from four harvest seasons of coffee plantation in the southeast region of Brazil. We used small plots as cells, where soil, leaf, and yield samples were taken, and the average value of each variable was assigned to each cell. The results indicated that macro- and micronutrient contents in the soil and leaves exhibited spatio-temporal heterogeneity between cells, suggesting that customized coffee tree management practices could be employed. The cell-size sampling strategy identified regions of varying yield over time and associated them with their biennial effect, enabling the identification of profitable areas to direct resource and input management in subsequent seasons. This approach optimized the recommendation of potassium and phosphate fertilizers on farms, demonstrating that localized management is feasible even with low spatial resolution. The cell-size approach proved to be adequate on two coffee farms and can be applied in scenarios with limited resources for high-density sampling, especially for small- and medium-sized farms.