bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional Analysis of the Autographa californica Multiple Nucleopolyhedrovirus GP64 Terminal Fusion Loops and Interactions with Membranes
Authors: Dong Sicong , Blissard Gary W.
Published: June 2012

The
Autographa californica
multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) glycoprotein GP64 is the major envelope protein of the budded virus (BV). GP64 is a class III fusion protein that mediates BV attachment to the cell surface and low-pH-triggered membrane fusion between the BV envelope and the endosome membrane during entry. Class III fusion proteins contain terminal looped structures that are believed to interact with membranes. To examine the functions of 3 loops found at the apex of the GP64 postfusion structure, we generated 2-alanine substitutions that scanned the two so-called fusion loops (loop 1 and loop 2) plus an adjacent loop structure (loop 3) that is closely attached to loop 2 and is also found at the apex of the GP64 postfusion structure. We identified essential residues from Y75 to T86 (loop 1) and N149 to H156 (loop 2) that are required for fusion activity, but no essential residues in loop 3. Further analysis revealed that critical fusion loop residues fall within two groups that are associated with either membrane merger (hemifusion) or fusion pore expansion. We next examined the interactions of soluble GP64 proteins and BV with membranes composed of various phospholipids. BV interacted directly with small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs) comprised of phospholipids phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid (PC/PA) or phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine (PC/PS) under neutral and acidic pH. We also examined the interactions of soluble GP64 constructs containing substitutions of the most hydrophobic residues within each of the two fusion loops. We found that a 2-residue substitution in either single loop (loop 1 [positions 81 and 82] or loop 2 [positions 153 and 154]) was not sufficient to substantially reduce the GP64-liposome interaction, but the same substitutions in both fusion loops severely reduced the GP64-liposome association at neutral pH. These results suggest that critical hydrophobic residues in both fusion loops may be involved in the interaction of GP64 with host cellular membranes and direct GP64-membrane interactions may represent a receptor-binding step prior to a low-pH-triggered conformational change.
Entry of Hepatitis B Virus into Immortalized Human Primary Hepatocytes by Clathrin-Dependent Endocytosis
Authors: Huang Hsiu-Chen , Chen Chun-Chi , Chang Wen-Cheng , Tao Mi-Hua , Huang Cheng
Published: June 2012

The lack of a suitable
in vitro
hepatitis B virus (HBV) infectivity model has limited examination of the early stages of the virus-cell interaction. In this study, we used an immortalized cell line derived from human primary hepatocytes, HuS-E/2, to study the mechanism of HBV infection. HBV infection efficiency was markedly increased after dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-induced differentiation of the cells. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of intact HBV particles in DMSO-treated HBV-infected HuS-E/2 cells, which could be infected with HBV for up to at least 50 passages. The pre-S1 domain of the large HBsAg (LHBsAg) protein specifically interacted with clathrin heavy chain (CHC) and clathrin adaptor protein AP-2. Short hairpin RNA knockdown of CHC or AP-2 in HuS-E/2 cells significantly reduced their susceptibility to HBV, indicating that both are necessary for HBV infection. Furthermore, HBV entry was inhibited by chlorpromazine, an inhibitor of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. LHBsAg also interfered with the clathrin-mediated endocytosis of transferrin by human hepatocytes. This infection system using an immortalized human primary hepatocyte cell line will facilitate investigations into HBV entry and in devising therapeutic strategies for manipulating HBV-associated liver disorders.
Quantitative Analysis of the Bidirectional Viral G-Protein-Coupled Receptor and Lytic Latency-Associated Nuclear Antigen Promoter of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus
Authors: Hilton Isaac B. , Dittmer Dirk P.
Published: June 2012

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) establishes sustained latent persistence in susceptible cells. This is dependent on the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA). Understanding how LANA transcription is regulated thus aids our fundamental understanding of KSHV biology. Two hundred ninety-four base pairs are sufficient to regulate LANA transcription in response to the viral RTA protein and RBPjκ. The same region controls K14/viral G-protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR) transcription in the opposite direction. We used a quantitative analysis in conjunction with specific nucleotide substitutions and defined gain-of-function and loss-of-function RTA mutants to dissect this region. We used a bidirectional reporter driving red and green luciferase to study the LANApi and K14p promoters simultaneously. This established that LANApi/K14p functions as a canonical bidirectional promoter. Both were TATA dependent. K14p was favored by ∼50-fold in this context. Eliminating the distal LANApi TATA box increased maximal output and lowered the induction threshold (
T
) of K14p even further. Two RBPjκ binding sites were independently required; however, at high concentrations of RTA, direct interactions with an RTA-responsive element (RRE) could complement the loss of one RBPjκ binding site. Intracellular Notch (ICN) was no longer able to activate RBPjκ in the viral context. This suggests a model whereby KSHV alters ICN-RBPjκ gene regulation. When the architecture of this pair of head-to-head RBPjκ binding sites is changed, the sites now respond exclusively to the viral transactivator RTA and no longer to the host mediator ICN.
Memory CD8+T Cells Specific for a Single Immunodominant or Subdominant Determinant Induced by Peptide-Dendritic Cell Immunization Protect from an Acute Lethal Viral Disease
Authors: Remakus Sanda , Rubio Daniel , Ma Xueying , Sette Alessandro , Sigal Luis J.
Published: June 2012

The antigens recognized by individual CD8+T cells are small peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. The CD8+T cell response to a virus is restricted to several peptides, and the magnitudes of the effector as well as memory phases of the response to the individual peptides are generally hierarchical. The peptide eliciting a stronger response is called immunodominant (ID), and those with smaller-magnitude responses are termed subdominant (SD). The relative importance of ID and SD determinants in protective immunity remains to be fully elucidated. We previously showed that multispecific memory CD8+T cells can protect susceptible mice from mousepox, an acute lethal viral disease. It remained unknown, however, whether CD8+T cells specific for single ID or SD peptides could be protective. Here, we demonstrate that immunization with dendritic cells pulsed with ID and some but not all SD peptides induces memory CD8+T cells that are fully capable of protecting susceptible mice from mousepox. Additionally, while natural killer (NK) cells are essential for the natural resistance of nonimmune C57BL/6 (B6) to mousepox, we show that memory CD8+T cells of single specificity also protect B6 mice depleted of NK cells. This suggests it is feasible to produce effective antiviral CD8+T cell vaccines using single CD8+T cell determinants and that NK cells are no longer essential when memory CD8+T cells are present.
Characterization and Intracellular Trafficking of Epstein-Barr Virus BBLF1, a Protein Involved in Virion Maturation
Authors: Chiu Ya-Fang , Sugden Bill , Chang Pey-Jium , Chen Lee-Wen , Lin Ying-Ju , Lan Yu-Ching , Lai Chih-Ho , Liou Jieh-Yuan , Liu Shih-Tung , Hung Chien-Hui
Published: June 2012

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) BBLF1 shares 13 to 15% amino acid sequence identities with the herpes simplex virus 1 UL11 and cytomegalovirus UL99 tegument proteins, which are involved in the final envelopment during viral maturation. This study demonstrates that BBLF1 is a myristoylated and palmitoylated protein, as are UL11 and UL99. Myristoylation of BBLF1 both facilitates its membrane anchoring and stabilizes it. BBLF1 is shown to localize to the
trans
-Golgi network (TGN) along with gp350/220, a site where final envelopment of EBV particles takes place. The localization of BBLF1 at the TGN requires myristoylation and two acidic clusters, which interact with PACS-1, a cytosolic protein, to mediate retrograde transport from the endosomes to the TGN. Knockdown of the expression of BBLF1 during EBV lytic replication reduces the production of virus particles, demonstrating the requirement of BBLF1 to achieve optimal production of virus particles. BBLF1 is hypothesized to facilitate the budding of tegumented capsid into glycoprotein-embedded membrane during viral maturation.
Shoulder pain and isolated brachial plexopathy
Authors: Kishan Amar U , Syed Sana , Fiorito-Torres Franchesca , Thakore-James Manisha
Published: June 2012

Pancoast syndrome, classically considered as a constellation of (1) pain along the C8–T2 dermatomes, (2) weakness and atrophy of the hand and (3) Horner's syndrome, often presents a diagnostic challenge. In fact, it may manifest as a singular orthopaedic complaint, prompting a futile barrage of tests and referrals. The authors present the case of an elderly man who initially presented with severe shoulder pain. Due to progressive pain and weakness, he was referred to rheumatology and was treated with corticosteroid injections for a presumed musculoskeletal lesion. Ultimately, he manifested gross muscular atrophy and worsening pain, prompting a referral to neurology. An electromyogram (EMG) suggested a lower brachial plexopathy, and a follow-up brachial plexus MRI identified a large Pancoast tumour. Unfortunately, his disease was rapidly progressive, and he passed away within 2 months. While the MRI remains the gold standard for diagnosing Pancoast syndrome, an EMG can facilitate diagnosis in difficult cases such as this one.
Long-term outcome of drug-eluting stenting for stenoses of the intracranial vertebrobasilar artery and vertebral ostium
Authors: Lu Haitao , Zheng Ping , Zhang Wenchuan
Published: June 2012

Object

Patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic stenosis of the intracranial vertebrobasilar artery (VBA) have a poor prognosis, and those with coexistent intracranial and extracranial stenoses have worse outcomes despite medical therapy. A study was undertaken to investigate the long-term outcome and restenosis rates of patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic stenoses at the intracranial VBA and the vertebral artery ostium (VAO) after drug-eluting stent (DES) placement.

Methods

From July 2004 to July 2008, 24 consecutive patients (mean age 65 years) with this condition underwent DES placement. Technical success was defined as stent placement of both the VAO and intracranial VBA stenoses with complete stent coverage of the lesions and residual stenosis of ≤30%. The study end point was a composite of stroke or death within 30 days and ischemic stroke in the VBA territory after 30 days.

Results

Technical success was obtained in all patients without any stroke or death within 30 days. During a median follow-up duration of 35 months, recurrent in-stent restenosis developed in two cases (10%) at 12-month follow-up. These two patients were free from stroke recurrence. Thus, the annual stroke rate in the VBA territory (including any stroke or death within 30 days) was 0.

Conclusions

This pilot study confirms that DES placement for patients with symptomatic atherosclerotic stenoses at the intracranial VBA and VAO has an acceptable long-term outcome and may be considered as an alternative to medical therapy.
Concomitant intracranial pressure monitoring during venous sinus stenting for intracranial hypertension secondary to venous sinus stenosis
Authors: Fargen Kyle M , Velat Gregory J , Lewis Stephen B , Hoh Brian L , Mocco J , Lawson Matthew F
Published: June 2012

Background

There is a growing body of literature supporting venous sinus stenosis as a causative etiology for many patients diagnosed with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Recent series have documented improvement in the pre- and post-stenosis venous pressure gradient as well as clinical symptoms after stenting. Concomitant real time intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring has not been previously described during venous sinus stenting.

Case report

A woman in her twenties presented with rapidly progressive visual loss and cranial neuropathies with an MRI revealing high grade right transverse sinus stenosis. Lumbar puncture demonstrated an opening pressure >55 cm H2O. Her vision and cranial neuropathies continued to worsen despite ventriculoperitoneal shunting. A parenchymal ICP monitoring wire was placed, revealing ICP persistently >70 cm H2O. She underwent venography and a pre- to post-stenosis pressure gradient of 55 mm Hg was measured. The patient underwent sinus stenting resulting in a near immediate reduction in her ICP from 70 to 20 cm H2O within 30 s after deployment. Her ICP completely normalized within 24 h of stenting.

Conclusions

A case is presented of severe intracranial hypertension with rapidly progressive neurologic decline despite CSF diversion secondary to venous sinus stenosis that resolved following venous sinus stenting. This is the first report of real time ICP monitoring during venous sinus stenting.
Ecological niche modeling on the effect of climatic change and conservation of Ternstroemia lineata DC. (Ternstroemiaceae) in Mesoamerica
Authors: Luna-Vega Isolda , Alcántara-Ayala Othón , Contreras-Medina Raúl , Ríos-Muñoz César A.
Published: June 2012

A bioclimatic modeling of the tree Ternstroemia lineata DC. (Ternstroemiaceae) was undertaken. The genus itself is considered as diagnostic or characteristic of the Mexican cloud forest. Ternstroemia lineata has the broadest distribution of all species in this family in Mexico and northern Central America. This species consists of two subspecies, T. lineata subsp. lineata and T. lineata subsp. chalicophila (Loes.) B.M. Barthol. Ecological niche models for both subspecies were generated using the genetic algorithm for rule-set production method. The ecological models for the years 2020, 2050, and 2080 were obtained under the effects of global climatic change considering two emission scenarios (A2a and B2a). When climatic change values were introduced, the ecological niche representation for both subspecies contracted in such a way that they became almost lost throughout their entire geographical range. In both cases, predictions for all years in both scenarios contracted more than 90%. This species may not be able to adapt to modifications caused by climatic change to future conditions, so it is at risk of extinction in the immediate future.
Restrained concrete shrinkage in composite trusses
Authors: Orta Luis , Bartlett F. Michael
Published: June 2012

An analytical approach to compute restrained shrinkage effects on composite concrete deck – steel truss members is presented and validated using strains and deflections obtained by Brattland and Kennedy, who in 1986 tested two full-scale (11.8 m × 2.35 m in plan) composite trusses and companion drying specimens for approximately 90 d. The test-to-predicted ratios for these quantities are excellent, with a mean value of 0.89 and a coefficient of variation of 0.11. It is also demonstrated that (1) single test specimens with a single drying face exhibit a large gradient of free shrinkage strain across the depth of the specimen that must be properly considered in the analysis; (2) shrinkage parameters estimated using generic rules based on the concrete mixture composition are not realistic for the particular mix used by Brattland and Kennedy; and (3) history-independent analysis methods, as described in Annex H of CSA S16-09, do not accurately predict the slab strains and truss deflections observed by Brattland and Kennedy unless the variation of the free shrinkage strain with slab depth, tensile creep, and concrete modulus of elasticity are properly accounted for.
Design of a centralized regional water distribution system: a case study in the County of Paintearth No. 18, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Langford Mathew , Daviau Jean-Luc , Zhu David Z.
Published: June 2012

Water supply to rural communities has historically been difficult. The sparse population distribution results in large infrastructure cost per capita compared to larger urban municipalities. The challenge is to deliver this water efficiently and minimize the corresponding increase in wastewater. Urban water systems supply both fire flow and drinking water at high pressures in large pipes. One solution for rural areas is supplying only potable water using small pipes that are supplied in long spools and that can be ploughed-in, a novel method of direct-bury. This water is delivered to private cisterns at low pressure, extending the range of the system for the same input energy level. Pressure control valves are used to keep pressure positive at high points to safeguard water quality. Modelling is particularly important in rural systems, where extensive pipeline distances and elevation difference result in significant head losses and areas of high local pressure.
CacyBP/SIP phosphatase activity in neuroblastoma NB2a and colon cancer HCT116 cells
Authors: Kilanczyk Ewa , Wasik Urszula , Filipek Anna
Published: June 2012

Recently, we have reported that CacyBP/SIP could be a novel phosphatase for ERK1/2 kinase. In this work, we analyzed the CacyBP/SIP phosphatase activity toward ERK1/2 in 2 cell lines of different origin. We showed that overexpression of CacyBP/SIP in NB2a cells resulted in a lower level of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (P-ERK1/2) in the nuclear fraction while such overexpression in HCT116 cells had no effect on the level of P-ERK1/2. Moreover, we found that overexpression of CacyBP/SIP resulted in higher phosphatase activity in the nuclear fraction obtained from NB2a cells when compared with HCT116 cells. Using 2-D electrophoresis we showed that the pattern of spots representing CacyBP/SIP differed in these 2 cell lines and was probably due to a different phosphorylation state of this protein. We also established that after overexpression of CacyBP/SIP in NB2a cells, the amount of nuclear β-catenin was low, while it remained high in HCT116 cells. Since NB2a cells have differentiation potential and HCT116 cells do not, our data suggest that different activity of CacyBP/SIP in these 2 cell lines might affect the ERK1/2 pathway in the differentiation or proliferation processes.
SINGLE/DOUBLE-SPIN ASYMMETRY MEASUREMENTS OF SEMI-INCLUSIVE PION ELECTRO-PRODUCTION ON A TRANSVERSELY POLARIZED 3He TARGET THROUGH DEEP INELASTIC SCATTERING
Authors:   on behalf of the Jefferson Lab Hall A Collaboration and E06-010 Collaboration, QIAN XIN
Published: June 2012

Parton distribution functions, which represent the flavor and spin structure of the nucleon, provide invaluable information in illuminating quantum chromodynamics in the confinement region. Among various processes that measure such parton distribution functions, semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering is regarded as one of the golden channels to access transverse momentum dependent parton distribution functions, which provide a 3D view of the nucleon structure in momentum space. The Jefferson Lab experiment E06-010 focuses on measuring the target single and double spin asymmetries in the [Formula: see text] reaction with a transversely polarized 3 He target in Hall A with a 5.89 GeV electron beam. A leading pion and the scattered electron are detected in coincidence by the left High-Resolution Spectrometer at 16° and the BigBite spectrometer at 30° beam right, respectively. The kinematic coverage concentrates in the valence quark region, x ~ 0.1–0.4, at Q2 ~ 1–3 GeV 2. The Collins and Sivers asymmetries of 3 He and neutron are extracted. In this review, an overview of the experiment and the final results are presented. Furthermore, an upcoming 12-GeV program with a large acceptance solenoidal device and the future possibilities at an electron–ion collider are discussed.
THREE-PARAMETER (TWO-SIDED) DEFORMATION OF HEISENBERG ALGEBRA
Authors: GAVRILIK A. M. , KACHURIK I. I.
Published: June 2012

A three-parametric two-sided deformation of Heisenberg algebra (HA), with p, q-deformed commutator in the L.H.S. of basic defining relation and certain deformation of its R.H.S., is introduced and studied. The third deformation parameter μ appears in an extra term in the R.H.S. as pre-factor of Hamiltonian. For this deformation of HA we find novel properties. Namely, we prove it is possible to realize this (p, q, μ)-deformed HA by means of some deformed oscillator algebra. Also, we find the unusual property that the deforming factor μ in the considered deformed HA inevitably depends explicitly on particle number operator N. Such a novel N-dependence is special for the two-sided deformation of HA treated jointly with its deformed oscillator realizations.
SINGLE PRODUCTION OF THE GAUGE BOSONS VIA eγ COLLISION AT THE HIGH ENERGY e+e- LINEAR COLLIDERS
Authors: YUE CHONG-XING , DAI JIE-NIAN , ZHANG JIAO , GUO JING
Published: June 2012

The eγ collider is better suited to study single production of the gauge bosons. In this paper, we first consider the contributions of the three-site Higgsless (3SHL) model and the left–right twin Higgs (LRTH) model to the standard model (SM) processes eγ→eZ and eγ→νeW, and then study single production of the new neutral and charged gauge bosons predicted by these two models via eγ collision in the future high energy e+e- linear collider experiments. We find that the correction effects of 3SHL model on the processes eγ→eZ and eγ→νeW might be detected in the future, while this is not the case for the LRTH model. The process eγ→eZ' can give rise to different signatures in the 3SHL and LRTH models and thus can be used to distinguish these two kinds of new physics models at the high energy e+e- linear colliders.
QUADRATIC FBSDE WITH GENERALIZED BURGERS' TYPE NONLINEARITIES, PERTURBATIONS AND LARGE DEVIATIONS
Authors: FREI CHRISTOPH , DOS REIS GONÇALO
Published: June 2012

We discuss BSDE with drivers containing nonlinearities of the type p(y)|z| and p(y)|z|2 with p a polynomial of any degree. Sufficient conditions are given for the existence and uniqueness of solutions as well as comparison results. We then connect the results to the Markovian FBSDE setting, discussing applications in the theory of PDE perturbation and stating a result concerning a large deviations principle for the first component of the solution to the BSDE.
ESTABLISHMENT OF VISIBLE ANIMAL METASTASIS MODELS FOR HUMAN NASOPHARYNGEAL CARCINOMA BASED ON A FAR-RED FLUORESCENT PROTEIN
Authors: ZHENG YING , HUANG CHUAN , CHENG ZHIYONG , CHEN MIN
Published: June 2012

Background and aims: The spectral properties of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) used in current visualizable animal models for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) result in a limited imaging depth. Far-red fluorescent proteins have optimal spectral wavelengths that allow deep tissue penetration, thus are well-suited for the imaging of tumor growth and metastases in live animals. This study aims to establish an imageable animal model of NPC using far-red fluorescent proteins. Methods: Eukaryotic expression vectors of far-red fluorescent proteins, mLumin and Katushka S158A, were separately transfected into 5-8F NPC cells, and cell lines stably expressing the far-red fluorescent proteins were obtained. These cells were intraperitoneally or intravenously injected into mice, and their tumorigenic and metastatic potential were examined through fluorescence imaging. Finally, factors affecting their tumorigenic ability were further assessed through testing side population (SP) cells proportion by flow cytometry. Results: NPC cell line with high tumorigenicity and metastasis (5-8F-mL2) was screened out, which stably expressed far-red fluorescent protein. Intraperitoneal and intravenous injection of 5-8F-mL2 cells resulted in an abdomen metastasis model and a lung metastasis model. In addition, NPC cell line without tumorigenicity (5-8F-Katushka S158A) was screened out. The percentage of SP cells between 5-8F-mL2 and 5-8F-Katushka S158A was found different, suggesting that the SP cell proportion may play a key role in the determination of cell tumorigenic ability. Conclusion: We successfully established animal models for NPC with high tumorigenicity and metastasis using a super-bright far-red fluorescent protein. Owing to the super-brightness and excellent wavelength parameters, these models may be applied as useful tools for intuitive and efficient monitoring of tumor growth and metastasis, as well as assessing the efficacy of nasopharyngeal cancer drugs.
An algorithm for 3D simulation of branchwork karst networks using Horton parameters and 𝒜★ Application to a synthetic case
Authors: Collon-Drouaillet Pauline , Henrion Vincent , Pellerin Jeanne
Published: June 2012

This paper presents a method to stochastically simulate 3D karstic networks and more specifically branchwork pattern cave systems. Considering that they can be compared with 3D fluvial networks, the topological classification of Strahler and the corresponding ratios of Horton are used to define three morphometric parameters. These parameters are integrated in an algorithm that computes branches hierarchically to obtain a final network organized around the main observed inlet and outlet with a branching complexity controlled by the user. Each branch corresponds to a low-cost path between two points calculated with the 𝒜★ graph search algorithm. Speleogenetic information on inception horizons, palaeo-water tables and fractures is accounted for by adapted definitions of the searching functions of 𝒜★. The method is demonstrated on a 3D synthetic case with discrete fractures networks, inception horizons and a palaeo-water table. The simulated karsts have a realistic geometry and are geologically consistent.
Reservoir properties and petrophysical modelling of carbonate sand bodies: outcrop analogue study in an epicontinental basin (Triassic, Germany)
Authors: Palermo Denis , Aigner Thomas , Seyfang Bjoern , Nardon Sergio
Published: June 2012

This paper represents the second part of an integrated study that is focussed on the development and distribution of reservoir bodies and properties in epeiric carbonate systems. It is based on outcrop analogue data from Triassic ‘layer-cake’ carbonates in the South German Basin, which were deposited along an epicontinental, very gently inclined carbonate ramp. The reservoir facies consists of skeletal and oolitic carbonate grainstones (Φ
max
23%,
K
max
700 mD), which are organized in a pronounced hierarchy of stratigraphic cycles. Based on outcrops, cores, gamma ray (GR) logs and thin sections, a high-resolution, geocellular 3D facies model was generated, which covers the area of a Middle East giant gas field (25×36 km). The spatial distribution of reservoir properties was systematically investigated on different scales. The lateral distribution of reservoir properties remains in the same order of magnitude for hundreds of metres, within in the same stratigraphic position. However, on a kilometre scale, facies bodies, diagenetic trends and thus reservoir properties show gradual lateral changes. Vertically, in contrast, properties change commonly on a decimetre scale and are largely controlled by stratigraphic cycles. Petrophysical modelling enhanced the understanding of key factors and processes controlling both reservoir quality and quantity.
Magnetic characterization of oil sands at Osmington Mills and Mupe Bay, Wessex Basin, UK
Authors: Emmerton Stacey , Muxworthy Adrian R. , Sephton Mark A
Published: June 2012

This study combines magnetic experimentation and geochemical analysis on oil sands from Osmington Mills and Mupe Bay, Wessex Basin, UK to investigate the possibility of a relationship between hydrocarbons and magnetic mineralogy. Removal of hydrocarbons by chemical extraction was conducted to allow comparison of (1) oil sands and (2) cleaned sands. Detailed magnetic analysis including low-temperature and high-temperature experimentation revealed that all but one sample was dominated by siderite, identified by the Néel transition at 37–38 K as well as containing large grains of multidomain magnetite (Verwey transition 110 K) and hematite (Morin transition 250 K). Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray analysis confirmed the presence of iron oxides, in particular framboids 500 nm–45 µm in diameter, probably magnetite. Hysteresis parameters showed distinct grouping of oil sands compared to their clean counterparts and a negative linear regression in log space was observed (
R
2
=0.7) between the percentage of extractable organic matter and magnetic susceptibility. These results suggest a relationship exists between magnetic minerals and the alteration of oil due to biodegradation, which is not yet fully understood. Possible mechanisms are suggested to be due to anaerobic bacteria or the transportation of the oil as it migrates through the host rock.
Activity restriction, impaired capillary function, and the development of insulin resistance in lean primates
Authors: Chadderdon Scott M. , Belcik J. Todd , Smith Elise , Pranger Lindsay , Kievit Paul , Grove Kevin L. , Lindner Jonathan R.
Published: June 2012

Insulin produces capillary recruitment in skeletal muscle through a nitric oxide (NO)-dependent mechanism. Capillary recruitment is blunted in obese and diabetic subjects and contributes to impaired glucose uptake. This study's objective was to define whether inactivity, in the absence of obesity, leads to impaired capillary recruitment and contributes to insulin resistance (IR). A comprehensive metabolic and vascular assessment was performed on 19 adult male rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta) after sedation with ketamine and during maintenance anesthesia with isoflurane. Thirteen normal-activity (NA) and six activity-restricted (AR) primates underwent contrast-enhanced ultrasound to determine skeletal muscle capillary blood volume (CBV) during an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and during contractile exercise. NO bioactivity was assessed by flow-mediated vasodilation. Although there were no differences in weight, basal glucose, basal insulin, or truncal fat, AR primates were insulin resistant compared with NA primates during an IVGTT (2,225 ± 734 vs. 5,171 ± 3,431 μg·ml−1·min−1, P < 0.05). Peak CBV was lower in AR compared with NA primates during IVGTT (0.06 ± 0.01 vs. 0.12 ± 0.02 ml/g, P < 0.01) and exercise (0.10 ± 0.02 vs. 0.20 ± 0.02 ml/g, P < 0.01), resulting in a lower peak skeletal muscle blood flow in both circumstances. The insulin-mediated changes in CBV correlated inversely with the degree of IR and directly with activity. Flow-mediated dilation was lower in the AR primates (4.6 ± 1.0 vs. 9.8 ± 2.3%, P = 0.01). Thus, activity restriction produces impaired skeletal muscle capillary recruitment during a carbohydrate challenge and contributes to IR in the absence of obesity. Reduced NO bioactivity may be a pathological link between inactivity and impaired capillary function.
Genetic disruption of soluble epoxide hydrolase is protective against streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Chen Guangzhi , Xu Renfan , Wang Yinna , Wang Peihua , Zhao Gang , Xu Xizhen , Gruzdev Artiom , Zeldin Darryl C. , Wang Dao Wen
Published: June 2012

Cytochrome P-450 (CYP) epoxygenases metabolize arachidonic acid into epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which play important roles in regulating cardiovascular functions. The anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, proangiogenic, and antihypertensive properties of EETs suggest a beneficial role for EETs in diabetic nephropathy. Endogenous EET levels are maintained by a balance between synthesis by CYP epoxygenases and hydrolysis by epoxide hydrolases into physiologically less active dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids. Genetic disruption of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH/EPHX2) results in increased EET levels through decreased hydrolysis. This study investigated the effects of sEH gene disruption on diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic manifestations were attenuated in sEH-deficient mice relative to wild-type controls, with significantly decreased levels of Hb A1c, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen and urinary microalbumin excretion. The sEH-deficient diabetic mice also had decreased renal tubular apoptosis that coincided with increased levels of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, and decreased levels of the proapoptotic Bax. These effects were associated with activation of the PI3K-Akt-NOS3 and AMPK signaling cascades. sEH gene inhibition and exogenous EETs significantly protected HK-2 cells from TNFα-induced apoptosis in vitro. These findings highlight the beneficial role of the CYP epoxygenase-EETs-sEH system in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy and suggest that the sEH inhibitors available may be potential therapeutic agents for this condition.
Undifferentiated Altered Mental Status: A Late Presentation of Toxic Acetaminophen Ingestion
Authors: Robey Thomas E. , Melnick Edward R.
Published: June 2012

Altered mental status is a common undifferentiated presentation in the emergency department. We describe a case of acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure that was diagnosed and treated prior to obtaining definitive historical or laboratory information about the etiology. The physical exam finding of scleral icterus in this case was a key element to rapid identification and treatment of this life-threatening condition. A discussion of appropriate N-acetylcysteine treatment for acute liver failure and acetaminophen intoxication is included.
Insulin in the Medical Management of Postprandial Hypoglycemia in a Patient with Type 2 Diabetes after Gastric Bypass Surgery
Authors: Schoenberger Jennifer Leung , Koh Chung-Kay , Hor Tiffany , Baldwin David , Reddy Arati , Rondinelli-Hamilton Lara
Published: June 2012

Objective. We evaluated a 47-year-old woman with a history of type 2 diabetes and severe obesity who developed postprandial hypoglycemia after undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery and losing 60% of her total body weight. We studied her insulin secretion and blood glucose dynamics and were able to tailor a therapeutic regimen involving insulin that eliminated episodes of hypoglycemia.Methods. We studied blood glucose levels during a prolonged fast, performed continuous glucose monitoring studies using a subcutaneous glucose sensor, and evaluated regional pancreatic insulin secretion using selective arterial calcium stimulation.Results. Continuous glucose monitoring revealed that the patient had early (1-2 hr) postprandial hyperglycemia followed by late (3-4 hr) postprandial hypoglycemia. Biochemical studies confirmed endogenous pancreatogenous insulin secretion as the cause of episodic hypoglycemia, but imaging studies and selective arterial calcium stimulation failed to localize an insulinoma. The patient was treated with preprandial doses of insulin aspart in order to attenuate the early postprandial hyperglycemia, and the late hypoglycemic episodes were avoided.Conclusion. We describe an interesting and novel nonsurgical approach to the prevention of postprandial hypoglycemia in a patient with noninsulinoma pancreatogenous hypoglycemia after gastric bypass.
A Novel Technique for Transvaginal Retrieval of Enlarged Pelvic Viscera during Minimally Invasive Surgery
Authors: Wyman Allison , Fuhrig Lauren , Bedaiwy Mohamed A. , DeBernardo Robert , Coffey Gary
Published: June 2012

Introduction. With the widespread adoption of laparoscopic and robotic surgery, more and more women are undergoing minimally invasive surgery for complex gynecological procedures. The rate-limiting step is often the delivery of an intact uterus or an unruptured adnexal mass. To avoid conversion to a minilaparotomy for specimen retrieval, we describe a novel technique using an Anchor Tissue Retrieval System bag in conjunction with a pneumo-occluder to easily retrieve large specimens through a colpotomy incision.Surgical Technique. After completion of the robotic-assisted hysterectomy, the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries were too large to be retrieved intact despite multiple attempts of delivery through the colpotomy incision. Prior to resorting to a minilaparotomy or morcellation of the specimen, a 15 mm anchor retrieval bag with a pneumo-occluder was placed through the vagina and the intact specimen was easily placed inside the bag under direct visualization and removed through the colpotomy incision intact.Conclusion. We routinely utilize this technique to retrieve hysterectomy specimens that are not readily delivered through the colpotomy incision and find this technique to be safe, highly efficient, and cost effective when there is a need to remove large intact specimens during minimally invasive surgery.
The Role of Dietary Polyphenols on Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis: Molecular Mechanisms and Behavioural Effects on Depression and Anxiety
Authors: Dias Gisele Pereira , Cavegn Nicole , Nix Alina , do Nascimento Bevilaqua Mário Cesar , Stangl Doris , Zainuddin Muhammad Syahrul Anwar , Nardi Antonio Egidio , Gardino Patricia Franca , Thuret Sandrine
Published: June 2012

Although it has been long believed that new neurons were only generated during development, there is now growing evidence indicating that at least two regions in the brain are capable of continuously generating functional neurons: the subventricular zone and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is a widely observed phenomenon verified in different adult mammalian species including humans. Factors such as environmental enrichment, voluntary exercise, and diet have been linked to increased levels of AHN. Conversely, aging, stress, anxiety and depression have been suggested to hinder it. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are still unclear and yet to be determined. In this paper, we discuss some recent findings addressing the effects of different dietary polyphenols on hippocampal cell proliferation and differentiation, models of anxiety, and depression as well as some proposed molecular mechanisms underlying those effects with particular focus on those related to AHN. As a whole, dietary polyphenols seem to exert positive effects on anxiety and depression, possibly in part via regulation of AHN. Studies on the effects of dietary polyphenols on behaviour and AHN may play an important role in the approach to use diet as part of the therapeutic interventions for mental-health-related conditions.
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis in Association with Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia: A Case Report
Authors: Carden Marcus A. , Barman Ashish , Massey Gita
Published: June 2012

A two-year-old girl with congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) acutely developed fever, tachypnea, and increased oxygen requirement. Chest X-ray revealed bilateral interstitial infiltrates and mild cardiomegaly. Blood cultures grew no infectious agents, while pulmonary specimens grew cytomegalovirus (CMV). Treatment with intravenous ganciclovir was initiated but without response. Final cytologic preparations of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid revealed eosinophilic amorphous material consistent with pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP). CDA and PAP are extremely rare disorders in pediatrics. PAP should be considered in patients with hematological disorders who present with acute interstitial pneumonia, after infectious causes are ruled out.
Uncaria tomentosa—Adjuvant Treatment for Breast Cancer: Clinical Trial
Authors: Santos Araújo Maria do Carmo , Farias Iria Luiza , Gutierres Jessie , Dalmora Sergio L. , Flores Nélia , Farias Julia , Cruz Ivana de , Chiesa Juarez , Morsch Vera Maria , Chitolina Schetinger Maria Rosa
Published: June 2012

Breast cancer is the most frequent neoplasm affecting women worldwide. Some of the recommended treatments involve chemotherapy whose toxic effects include leukopenia and neutropenia. This study assessed the effectiveness ofUncaria tomentosa(Ut) in reducing the adverse effects of chemotherapy through a randomized clinical trial. Patients with Invasive Ductal Carcinoma—Stage II, who underwent a treatment regimen known as FAC (Fluorouracil, Doxorubicin, Cyclophosphamide), were divided into two groups: the UtCa received chemotherapy plus 300 mg dry Ut extract per day and the Ca group that only received chemotherapy and served as the control experiment. Blood samples were collected before each one of the six chemotherapy cycles and blood counts, immunological parameters, antioxidant enzymes, and oxidative stress were analyzed.Uncaria tomentosareduced the neutropenia caused by chemotherapy and was also able to restore cellular DNA damage. We concluded that Ut is an effective adjuvant treatment for breast cancer.
Anaphylaxis from Wasp Stings Inducing Coronary Thrombus
Authors: Kasim Sazzli , AbuBakar Rafidah , McFadden Eugene
Published: June 2012

Myocardial infarction as a result of wasp stings is a rare manifestation of acute coronary syndromes. It has been ascribed to kounis syndrome or allergic angina whose triggers include mast cell degranulation leading to coronary vasospasm and/or local plaque destabilisation. Its exact pathophysiology is still not clearly defined. We present a case of an acute coronary syndrome as a consequence of wasp stings and discuss its possible aetiology.
A Case of Microangiopathic Antiphospholipid-Associated Syndromes during Pregnancy: Review of the Literature
Authors: Suzumori Nobuhiro , Obayashi Shintaro , Kumagai Kyoko , Goto Shinobu , Yoshida Atsuhiro , Sugiura-Ogasawara Mayumi
Published: June 2012

Microangiopathic antiphospholipid-associated syndromes (MAPSs) are reported as encompassing several conditions mainly affecting the microvasculature of selected organs: the liver in HELLP syndrome (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet); kidney, brain, and skin in TTP (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura). It is predominant in patients with catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). A recent report suggests that APS is not only a thrombotic disease but also associated with microangiopathic features, and it can explain the greater prevalence of HELLP syndrome in these patients. We here report a case of MAPS during pregnancy associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in early second trimester.
Prediction ofNOxEmissions from a Direct Injection Diesel Engine Using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Mohammadhassani J. , Khalilarya Sh. , Solimanpur M. , Dadvand A.
Published: June 2012

In the present study, artificial neural network is used to model the relationship between NOxemissions and operating parameters of a direct injection diesel engine. To provide data for training and testing the network, a 6-inline-cylinder, four-stroke, diesel test engine is used and tested for various engine speeds, mass fuel injection rates, and intake air temperatures. 80% of a total of 144 obtained experimental data is employed for training process. In addition, 10% of the data (randomly selected) is used for network validation and the remaining data is employed for testing the accuracy of the network. The mean square error function is used for evaluating the performance of the network. The results show that the artificial neural network can efficiently be used to predict NOxemissions from the tested engine with about 10% error.
Turning on Myogenin in Muscle: A Paradigm for Understanding Mechanisms of Tissue-Specific Gene Expression
Authors: Faralli Herve , Dilworth F. Jeffrey
Published: June 2012

Expression of themyogenin(Myog) gene is restricted to skeletal muscle cells where the transcriptional activator turns on a gene expression program that permits the transition from proliferating myoblasts to differentiating myotubes. The strict temporal and spatial regulation onMyogexpression in the embryo makes it an ideal gene to study the developmental regulation of tissue-specific expression. Over the last 20 years, our knowledge of the regulation ofMyogexpression has evolved from the identification of the minimal promoter elements necessary for the gene to be transcribed in muscle, to a mechanistic understanding of how the proteins that bind these DNA elements work together to establish transcriptional competence. Here we present our current understanding of the developmental regulation of gene expression gained from studies of theMyoggene.
A Rare Variation of the Heterotaxy Syndrome
Authors: Dilli Alper , Gultekin Salih Sinan , Ayaz Umit Yasar , Kaplanoglu Hatice , Hekimoglu Baki
Published: June 2012

Heterotaxy syndrome is a rare, complex, and confusing type of the situs anomalies. It is not possible to estimate the degree of lateralization, isomerism, and rotational variation in these types of cases. Heart and abdominal organ anatomy is specific to the individual, and it should be defined specifically on the basis of each case due to possible cardiac and extracardiac surgical interventions in patients with heterotaxy syndrome. Here, we present our findings obtained from a 58-year-old female patient with heterotaxy syndrome. The main components of this rare variation consist of right-hand-sided aorta, aortic arc, cardiac apex, gall bladder and left-hand-sided inferior vena cava, stomach, and spleen (polysplenia, 3 foci) according to the midline. Besides, the components include left-dominant liver, right-hand-sided large intestines, and left-hand-sided small intestines.
Orthopedic Considerations with Eosinophilic Fasciitis: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Samona Jason
Published: June 2012

Eosinophilic fasciitis (EF) or Shulman's disease is a very rare condition first described in 1974 by Dr. Shulman in patients with diffuse fasciitis and eosinophilia. Fewer than 300 cases have been reported worldwide in the past 35 years. The current understanding of the disease in the medical community relies only on a few large case series and multiple case reports. The proposed etiology, pathological mechanisms, and consensus for therapy are obscure or lacking. The presentation of the disease is variable, but certain signs and symptoms have been associated with EF. The extreme rarity of the disease, the large constellation of signs and symptoms, as well as the lack of knowledge about eosinophilic fasciitis and make this disease difficult to recognize and treat. Through the review of the literature, there is only one other case by Yamanishi where recurrent asthma has been seen to be associated with eosinophilic fasciitis. To the knowledge of the authors of this paper this patient represents the second recorded incident. The case described by the authors of this paper demonstrated an initial biopsy of mixed cell fasciitis including eosinophils, compared to the eosinophil-rich sample taken at a later date. This could be a unique aspect to the pathology of the disease not previously discovered. Similar scenarios were not noted in a review of the literature. A change in the pathological findings as shown in this case from non-eosinophil-rich sample to one rich in eosinophils is unique in a patient actively suffering from EF. The authors of this paper propose that an allergic reaction (at the patient's puncture site) occurred, which initially caused the left hand symptoms that led to the patient’s first presentation to the hospital. This is a unique causative agent, not found in the review of the literature. Through a review of the literature and the presentation of this patient, the authors propose an underlying dysregulation of the immune system, leading to the initiation or synergistic perpetuation of EF. This is a unique outlook on the disease pathology, not explained much in the medical literature.