bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ζ Oph and the weak-wind problem
Authors: Gvaramadze V. V. , Langer N. , Mackey J.
Published: September 2012

Mass-loss rate, Ṁ is one of the key parameters affecting evolution and observational manifestations of massive stars and their impact on the ambient medium. Despite its importance, there is a factor of ∼100 discrepancy between empirical and theoretical Ṁ of late-type O dwarfs, the so-called weak-wind problem. In this Letter, we propose a simple novel method to constrain Ṁ of runaway massive stars through observation of their bow shocks and Strömgren spheres, which might be of decisive importance for resolving the weak-wind problem. Using this method, we found that Ṁ of the well-known runaway O9.5 V star ζ Oph is more than an order of magnitude higher than that derived from ultraviolet (UV) line fitting and is by a factor of 6–7 lower than those based on the theoretical recipe by Vink et al. and the Hα line. The discrepancy between Ṁ derived by our method and that based on UV lines would be even more severe if the stellar wind is clumpy. At the same time, our estimate of Ṁ agrees with that predicted by the moving reversing layer theory by Lucy.
A Post‐SOPA (Stop Online Piracy Act) Shift in International Intellectual Property Norm Creation
Authors: Yoder Christian
Published: September 2012

Since the creation of the Statute of Anne in 1710, the development of intellectual property (IP) norms has been primarily influenced by large actors in the private sector. This influence has expanded in the twentieth century to a global scale with the emergence of a number of international treaties aimed at harmonizing IP norms. This work argues that the 18 January protests of the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) marks a shift in the norm‐creation process to smaller, more public‐minded influencers. This shift is happening for three primary reasons. While the introduction of empirical evaluation in the IP norm creation process and the apparent ideological inconsistencies of the previous paradigm have harmed the credibility of the present IP norm influencers, the internet has afforded novel participation in the norm‐creation process for a broad range of actors.
Ethanol Extract of Peanut Sprout Induces Nrf2 Activation and Expression of Antioxidant and Detoxifying Enzymes in Human Dermal Fibroblasts: Implication for its Protection Against UVB‐irradiated Oxidative Stress
Authors: Choi Jee‐Young , Choi Da‐In , Lee Jee‐Bum , Yun Suk‐Jung , Lee Dong‐Ho , Eun Jong‐Bang , Lee Seung‐Chul
Published: September 2012

A peanut sprout is known to contain a significant level of resveratrol, which was reported to have beneficial effects in our body due to its antioxidant activities. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytoprotective activity of ethanol extract of peanut sprout (EPS) from ultraviolet B (UVB)‐induced oxidative stress in human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). EPS was revealed to contain 54.2 μg g−1 of trans‐resveratrol. The DCF‐DA‐positive reactive oxygen species level was increased by 50 mJ cm−2 of UVB irradiation (2150 ± 450% of nonirradiated control), which was markedly suppressed by EPS treatment (180 ± 42% of control). Annexin V‐positive apoptotic cell death induced by UVB irradiation (16.4 ± 4.5%) was also significantly inhibited by EPS treatment (6.7 ± 2.5%). EPS induced up‐regulation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2, a transcription factor for antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes, in HDF as a dose‐dependent manner. UVB irradiation up‐regulated Nrf2‐dependent enzymes of heme oxygenase‐1, NAD(P)H:quinine oxidoreductase‐1 and glutathione‐S‐transferase pi, and they were further stimulated by EPS treatment. Taken together, EPS is an efficient cytoprotective agent against UVB‐induced oxidative stress by activation of Nrf2 and upregulation of Nrf2‐relating antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes in HDF.
Refractive change after vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane in pseudophakic eyes
Authors: Hamoudi Hassan , Kofod Mads , La Cour Morten
Published: September 2012

Purpose:  To report the change in refraction in pseudophakic eyes following 23‐gauge vitrectomy for epiretinal membrane (ERM), without use of silicone oil, intraocular gas or scleral buckling.

Methods:  Retrospective review of the records of 28 pseudophakic eyes in 28 patients undergoing 23‐gauge pars plana vitrectomy for ERM. All 28 eyes had a measured preoperative refraction in their records and were seen minimum 2 months after vitrectomy for measuring their refraction. Fellow eyes (28 eyes) were used as controls.

Results:  The mean preoperative refraction was −0.15 ± 0.85 dioptre (D), and the mean postoperative refraction was −0.41 ± 0.93 D. Thus, a myopic shift was observed following vitrectomy with a mean change in refraction of −0.26 ± 0.60 D (range +0.75 to −2.13 D, p = 0.032). The postoperative change in refraction was within ±0.25, ±0.50 and ±1.00 D in 39%, 68% and 96% of the eyes, respectively. The mean absolute refractive error was 0.47 ± 0.44 D. The change in refraction in fellow eyes was +0.01 D (p = 0.82).

Conclusion:  The change in refraction following 23‐gauge pars plana vitrectomy for ERM in pseudophakic eyes was −0.26 D.
Mémorialisation et traumatisme – La Grande‐Bretagne et la traite des esclaves
Authors: Gwyn Marian
Published: September 2012

En 2007, le Royaume‐Uni a commémoré le bicentenaire de l’abolition de la traite transatlantique des esclaves par les Britanniques. Des commémorations ont eu lieu dans tout le pays sur des sites du patrimoine. Nous examinerons où et de quelles façons celles‐ci se sont déroulées, qui y a assisté et quelles histoires y ont été relatées. Nous tenterons également de déterminer dans quelle mesure et de quelle manière ces événements ont favorisé l’inclusivité multiculturelle qui, dans l’optique du présent article, est le but recherché.
Narration et dialogue comme facteurs du processus de paix en Irlande du Nord
Authors: Glendinning Will
Published: September 2012

Ce papier examine la nature du conflit tel que vécu en Irlande du Nord et aux alentours : les divisions, la méfiance, et la douleur causés par le conflit et le rôle que la narration peut jouer pour panser les plaies qu’il a laissées. On examinera comment la narration peut être une force positive pour la réconciliation mais aussi comment elle représente un danger potentiel pour elle en renforçant les divisions et la peine.
IFRS in the United States – Developments and Current Status
Authors: Erchinger Holger
Published: September 2012

International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are now required or permitted for use by companies in more than 100 countries, including the majority of the G20 members. However, domestic public companies domiciled in the United States (US) continue to be required to file financial statements with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in accordance with US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP), and are prohibited from preparing them based on IFRS. This article describes the developments of IFRS‐related activities and initiatives in the US over the period 2007–2012, and provides an overview of the current status regarding potentially incorporating IFRS into the US financial reporting system based on recently issued reports by the SEC.
Peritoneovenous shunting for refractory ascites results in worsening of nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Takaki Akinobu , Maeshima Yohei , Yagi Takahito , Katayama Akihiro , Hinamoto Norikazu , Akagi Shigeru , Sugiyama Hitoshi , Tomoda Takeshi , Iwasaki Yoshiaki , Yasunaka Tetsuya , Ikeda Fusao , Miyake Yasuhiro , Kobashi Haruhiko , Hirano Atsushi , Makino Hirofumi , Yamamoto Kazuhide
Published: September 2012

Peritoneovenous shunt (PVS) is accepted as a treatment for refractory ascites due to liver cirrhosis. Infection is a well‐known complication of shunting. However, the effects of PVS in terms of complications for renal disease are unclear. We encountered a case involving a 52‐year‐old man with alcoholic liver cirrhosis and complications of nephrotic syndrome that were worsened by PVS. He received PVS for refractory ascites due to alcoholic liver cirrhosis before coming to our hospital for evaluation for liver transplantation. Nephrotic syndrome was then identified due to cirrhosis‐related membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN). Prednisolone was administrated at 60 mg/day for MPGN. On day 5, he showed grade IV hepatic encephalopathy (West Haven criteria). Tapering prednisolone and intestinal cleansing with lactulose treatment improved hepatic encephalopathy, but hyperammonemia persisted and the PVS was removed. After shunt removal, urinary protein levels decreased from 4–6 g/day to 0.3–0.5 g/day and ammonia levels decreased. PVS may increase the excretion of urinary protein and increase ammonia levels in patients with complications of glomerulonephritis.
Blood Pressure, Heart Rate, and Urinary Catecholamines in Healthy Dogs Subjected to Different Clinical Settings
Authors: Höglund K. , Hanås S. , Carnabuci C. , Ljungvall I. , Tidholm A. , Häggström J.
Published: September 2012

Background

Correct interpretation of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) recordings is important in a clinical environment, but little is known about effects of stress onBPandHRresponses of dogs to different clinical settings.

Objective

To investigateBPandHRresponses in different clinical settings in dogs of 3 breeds, and to relate findings to urinary catecholamine concentrations measured byELISAassays previously validated for use in human plasma and urine, after validation for use in dogs.

Animals

Client‐owned healthy dogs; 41 Labrador Retrievers, 33 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS), and 15 Dachshunds.

Methods

Prospective observational study.BPandHRwere measured in 4 clinical settings with or without veterinarian and owner present. Urine samples were taken before and after examination.ELISAassays were validated for canine urine, and epinephrine/creatinine and norepinephrine/creatinine ratios were analyzed.

Results

BPandHRwere higher when measured by veterinarian alone than when owner was present (P < .020). Urinary catecholamine/creatinine ratios were higher after examination, compared with before, in all dogs (P < .0001). Labrador Retrievers had lower diastolicBPthan Dachshunds in 2 settings (P ≤ .041), lowerHRthanCKCSs in 3 settings (allP < .0001), and lower catecholamine/creatinine ratios after examination than both other breeds (P ≤ .035). The in‐house validation showed mean spiked recovery of 96.5% for epinephrine and 83.8% for norepinephrine.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

BPandHRresponses were related to breed as well as clinical setting. Breed differences were detected in urinary catecholamine/creatinine ratios. Further studies on breed differences are warranted.
Diminazene Diaceturate for Treatment of ChronicCytauxzoon felisParasitemia in Naturally Infected Cats
Authors: Lewis K.M. , Cohn L.A. , Marr H.S. , Birkenheuer A.J.
Published: September 2012

Background

Cytauxzoon felisis a hemoprotozoal parasite that causes substantial morbidity and mortality during the acute phase of infection in cats. However, cats that survive the acute illness remain persistently infected and may serve as a reservoir for the tick‐transmitted pathogen.

Objective

We investigated the ability of the antiprotozoal compound diminazene diaceturate to eliminate the pathogen from naturally infectedC. feliscarriers.

Animals

Seven healthy, chronically infected domestic cats housed in a research setting.

Methods

Prospective clinical trial. Cats were treated in a masked fashion with diminazene diaceturate (3 mg/kg) or placeboIMin a series of 2 injections 7 days apart. Clearance of the organism was assessed by light microscopy and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at 0, 3, 6, and 10 weeks. In addition, cats were monitored for behavioral changes or for changes on physical examination,CBC, plasma biochemical profile, and urinalysis periodically. Cats that remained parasitemic at the end of 10 weeks were switched to the alternative treatment and similarly monitored for an additional 10 weeks.

Results

Adverse events associated with treatment were limited to self‐resolving hypersalivation and injection site soreness; the former was ameliorated by premedication with atropine. Parasite burden, as assayed by both light microscopy and real‐timePCR, was similar between diminazene‐ and placebo‐treated cats.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Diminazene diaceturate was unable to eliminate the pathogen or decrease parasite burden in healthy, chronically infected cats.
The Effects of New Jersey's K–8 Foreign Language Authorization on K–5 Foreign Language Teaching: Two Teachers’ Perspectives
Authors: Raymond Robert B. L.
Published: September 2012

Recent research in language education policy (LEP) refocuses attention from the role of governments to local stakeholders that shape LEP. However, little attention has been given to teacher agency in LEP implementation for early foreign language (FL) education in the United States. This pilot study considers the role of foreign language elementary school (FLES) teacher agency through an analysis of interviews with two FLES teachers and examines how they see their opinions, experience, and expertise involved in the process of delivering on New Jersey's K–8 FL authorization. In discharging their responsibilities, FLES teachers are limited by structural factors that reveal little support for FLES. The study gives warrant to comprehensively investigate, with a view to FLES program sustainability, the multiple local factors that influence FLES program implementation across a variety of settings.
Equine myeloperoxidase: A novel biomarker in synovial fluid for the diagnosis of infection
Authors: Wauters J. , Pille F. , Martens A. , Franck T. , Serteyn D. , Gasthuys F. , Meyer E.
Published: September 2012

Reasons for performing study

Equine joint infection is a life‐threatening disorder, and confirmation of the diagnosis can be difficult. Synovial fluid biomarkers may assist the discrimination between infectious and noninfectious joint disease.

Objectives

This study investigates whether the immunological detection of total and enzymatically active myeloperoxidase (MPO) assists the diagnosis of joint infection in horses.

Methods

The following 4 sample groups were included: healthy; osteochondritis dissecans (OCD); traumatic synovitis; and culture‐confirmed infected joints. Synovial fluid was analysed for totalMPOby a horse‐specific sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and for activeMPOusing the specific immunological extraction followed by enzymatic detection (SIEFED) technique. Western blot analysis was performed to confirm the antibody specificity.

Results

Synovial fluid from infected joints contained significantly more total and activeMPOthan samples from healthy joints, joints affected byOCDand joints with traumatic synovitis. Cut‐off values were set at 5000 and 350 ng/ml for total and activeMPO, respectively, with fair sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values and likelihood ratios for infection. Correlation coefficients were reported between the total as well as the activeMPOlevels and the routine synovial fluid parameters, i.e. the white blood cell count, the neutrophil count and the total protein level. No correlation was observed betweenMPOand either the age of the horse or the joint affected. Western blotting confirmed the antibody specificity for equineMPO.

Conclusions and potential relevance

Synovial fluidMPOwas identified as a very promising biomarker to augment the discrimination of infectious vs. noninfectious joint disease in horses. BothELISAandSIEFEDtechniques can be used for its specific and rapid detection. The analysis of synovial fluidMPOcan be used as a complementary test to aid in the discrimination between infectious and noninfectious joint disease, especially when the white blood cell counts and the total protein level are inconclusive.
Statistics anxiety, state anxiety during an examination, and academic achievement
Authors: Macher Daniel , Paechter Manuela , Papousek Ilona , Ruggeri Kai , Freudenthaler H.Harald , Arendasy Martin
Published: September 2012

Background

A large proportion of students identify statistics courses as the most anxiety‐inducing courses in their curriculum. Many students feel impaired by feelings of state anxiety in the examination and therefore probably show lower achievements.

Aims

The study investigates how statistics anxiety, attitudes (e.g., interest, mathematical self‐concept) and trait anxiety, as a general disposition to anxiety, influence experiences of anxiety as well as achievement in an examination.

Sample

Participants were 284 undergraduate psychology students, 225 females and 59 males.

Methods

Two weeks prior to the examination, participants completed a demographic questionnaire and measures of the STARS, the STAI, self‐concept in mathematics, and interest in statistics. At the beginning of the statistics examination, students assessed their present state anxiety by the KUSTA scale. After 25 min, all examination participants gave another assessment of their anxiety at that moment. Students' examination scores were recorded. Structural equation modelling techniques were used to test relationships between the variables in a multivariate context.

Results

Statistics anxiety was the only variable related to state anxiety in the examination. Via state anxiety experienced before and during the examination, statistics anxiety had a negative influence on achievement. However, statistics anxiety also had a direct positive influence on achievement. This result may be explained by students' motivational goals in the specific educational setting.

Conclusions

The results provide insight into the relationship between students' attitudes, dispositions, experiences of anxiety in the examination, and academic achievement, and give recommendations to instructors on how to support students prior to and in the examination.
Investigating the cognitive precursors of emotional response to cancer stress: Re‐testing Lazarus's transactional model
Authors: Hulbert‐Williams N. J. , Morrison V. , Wilkinson C. , Neal R. D.
Published: September 2012

Objectives.Lazarus's Transactional Model of stress and coping underwent significant theoretical development through the 1990s to better incorporate emotional reactions to stress with their appraisal components. Few studies have robustly explored the full model. This study aimed to do so within the context of a major life event: cancer diagnosis.

Design.A repeated measures design was used whereby data were collected using self‐report questionnaire at baseline (soon after diagnosis), and 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up.

Methods.A total of 160 recently diagnosed cancer patients were recruited (mean time since diagnosis = 46 days). Their mean age was 64.2 years. Data on appraisals, core‐relational themes, and emotions were collected. Data were analysed using both Spearman's correlation tests and multivariate regression modelling.

Results:Longitudinal analysis demonstrated weak correlation between change scores of theoretically associated components and some emotions correlated more strongly with cognitions contradicting theoretical expectations. Cross‐sectional multivariate testing of the ability of cognitions to explain variance in emotion was largely theory inconsistent.

Conclusions.Although data support the generic structure of the Transactional Model, they question the model specifics. Larger scale research is needed encompassing a wider range of emotions and using more complex statistical testing.

Statement of Contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Stress processes are transactional and coping outcome is informed by both cognitive appraisal of the stressor and the individual's emotional response (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984).

Lazarus (1999)made specific hypotheses about which particular stress appraisals would determine which emotional response, but only a small number of these relationships have been robustly investigated.

Previous empirical testing of this theory has been limited by design and statistical limitations.

What does this study add?

This study empirically investigates the cognitive precedents of a much larger range of emotional outcomes than has previously been attempted in the literature.

Support for the model at a general level is established: this study demonstrates that both primary and secondary appraisals, and core‐relational themes are important variables in explaining variance in emotional outcome.

The specific hypotheses proposed byLazarus (1999)are not, however, supported: using data‐driven approaches we demonstrate that equally high levels of variance can be explained using entirely different cognitive appraisals than those hypothesized.
‘Mapping’ deception in adolescents: Eliciting cues to deceit through an unanticipated spatial drawing task
Authors: Roos af Hjelmsäter Emma , Öhman Lisa , Granhag Pär Anders , Vrij Aldert
Published: September 2012

Purpose

In this experiment we examined whether an unanticipated spatial task could increase the differences between lying and truth telling groups of adolescents. In addition, we explored whether there are some elements of such a spatial task that elicit more diagnostic cues to deception than others.

Methods

In groups of three, adolescents (N = 150, aged 13–14) either experienced (‘truth tellers’) or imagined (‘liars’) an event. In subsequent individual interviews, the adolescents were asked to provide both a general verbal description of the event (the anticipated task), and a spatial description by making marks on a sketch (the unanticipated task). Next, adults (N = 200) rated the degree of consistency between either the general descriptions or the spatial descriptions from the adolescents in each triad.

Results

The differences between liars and truth tellers were larger for the spatial markings (the unanticipated task) than for the general verbal descriptions (the anticipated task). Importantly, as predicted, the difference between lying and truth‐telling triads was most manifest for markings of salient (vs. non‐salient) aspects of the event.

Conclusions

The results suggests that (a) using spatial tasks may be a useful tool for detecting deception in adolescents, but that (b) the assessment of credibility should only draw on the salient aspects of the unanticipated spatial task.
A snapshot of guideline compliance reveals room for improvement: A survey of peripheral arterial catheter practices in Australian operating theatres
Authors: Reynolds Heather , Dulhunty Joel , Tower Marion , Taraporewalla Kersi , Rickard Claire
Published: September 2012

Aim

To report a study in Australian operating theatres of compliance by the anaesthetic team with best peripheral arterial catheter practice for blood gas sampling and infection prevention. Comparisons are made with research recommendations and Centres for Disease Control Guidelines.

Background

There is wide global usage of peripheral arterial catheters in the operating theatre for haemodynamic monitoring and blood gas analysis. Frequent blood sampling from arterial catheters can lead to statistically significant blood loss and provide an infective potential. Evidence‐based research and clinical guidelines prescribe best practice.

Design

Cross‐sectional descriptive survey

Methods

Data were collected in 2009 from 64 major Australian hospitals using a self‐designed internet survey.

Results/Findings

Hand hygiene prior to catheter insertion was the only infection prevention practice entirely adherent with guidelines. The recommended ratio of discard to dead space volume of 2:1 to decrease unnecessary blood loss during blood gas sampling was reported by only 11 (17%) respondents. Less than 32 (50%) respondents used the preferred solution, chlorhexidine to disinfect the insertion site. Access ports were reported as ‘never disinfected’ before use by 30 (47%) respondents.

Conclusion

The complex operating theatre environment presents barriers, which contribute to non‐adherence with guidelines. These barriers need to be identified to plan strategies for improvement. A quality audit tool is proposed for development by nurses in collaboration with the anaesthetic team, providing a needed method to assess ongoing compliance with best peripheral arterial catheter care. Further international research would test the generalizability of our Australian findings.
Gut and intestinal passage time in the Rainbow Skink (Trachylepis margaritifer): implications for stress measures using faecal analysis
Authors: Miller A. K. , Erasmus B. F. N. , Alexander G. J.
Published: September 2012

Stress levels in organisms provide a rapid measure for assessing population health. Handling and capture stress, however, cause error in blood measures, so this method is rapidly being replaced by assessing levels of stress metabolites in faeces. This eliminates the source of error because there is a lag period between stress perception and the resultant stress metabolite accumulation within faeces. This lag period is correlated with specific intestinal passage time, a measure that can vary greatly between taxa, particularly amongst ectotherms. Due to two deleterious consequences associated with extended exposure of the metabolites to the intestinal environment, species that exhibit long and variable intestinal passage times are not good candidates for metabolite studies. We measured gut and intestinal passage times in Trachylepis margaritifer to ascertain whether it would be an appropriate candidate for stress metabolite studies. We first tested if barium sulphate in the meal had an effect on gut passage time at three ambient temperatures (25, 27 and 32 °C). Barium sulphate had no effect; however, temperature had a significant effect with an unexpected pattern: gut passage time was fastest at 32 °C but was slower at 27 °C than at 25 °C. We then used X‐ray technology and barium sulphate‐loaded meals to measure gut and intestinal passage times at 25 and 27 °C. This allowed us to observe which parts of the digestive process were responsible for increased passage times at 27 °C: the faster passage time at 25 °C was due to faster intestinal passage time; there was no difference in gastric emptying time. We assess the species to be a suitable candidate for studies using faeces to measure stress. It is imperative however, that the effect of temperature on passage rates is known and taken into account in such studies.
Influence of Demographic and Technical Profile on Success of Independent Inventors in Sri Lanka
Authors: Wickramasinghe Chaminda Nalaka , Ahmad Nobaya
Published: September 2012

The remarkable growth of patent applications in Asia has been the central focus of the recent studies on technological knowledge creation. However, all the Asian countries have not shown similar growth and hence, have not gained similar academic attention. Especially, the lower and middle‐income countries in South Asia are stagnating in technological knowledge creation. Sri Lanka is one such country that has high proportion of independent inventors in their innovation system. Owing to small number of inventors, there is hardly any attention given to conduct empirical studies on inventors in these countries. Therefore, inherent characteristics of inventors and innovation systems in these countries are underexplored in published academic literature. This pioneering study attempted to explore the inherent characteristics of the independent inventors in Sri Lanka as the representatives of inventors in middle‐income South Asian developing countries. The findings of the study suggest that most of the sociodemographic and technical characteristics of Sri Lankan inventors are similar to the independent inventors in industrial countries. It also indicates that demographic factors such as age, income, job mobility, marital status and technical factors such as engagement in inventions, prototype development and commercialization method have significant influence on the overall innovation success of independent inventors in Sri Lanka.
Payments for watershed services: Directing incentives for improving lake basin governance
Authors: Lin Hebin , Nakamura Masahisa
Published: September 2012

This study introduces the emerging integrated ecosystem management approach known as Payments for Watershed Services (PWS) as utilized for lake and reservoir basin governance. PWS is built on the central concept of providing economic incentives to watershed stakeholders to assist in management efforts. It channels conservation payments from downstream payers to finance conservation activities conducted by upstream payees. The upstream conservation activities are expected to enhance ecosystem functions, thereby improving water‐related ecosystem services desired by downstream stakeholders. Information on 163 PWS projects in 34 developing countries through the year 2008 was collected and analysed, including their common goals, processes, outcomes, scientific assumptions and socioeconomic rationales. This study recognized one unique PWS characteristic, namely the role of intermediary organizations (i.e. brokers) in integrating the economic incentives of upstream payees and downstream payers in order to facilitate their transactions by means of contracts. Although 75% of the reviewed PWS projects have focused on rivers, and only 10% have considered lakes and reservoirs, the similarity of the intermediary functions performed by lake management organizations and PWS intermediary organizations suggests a greater potential for the future application of PWS designs in lake basins. Drawing on components in the field of New Institutional Economics to interpret the intermediary function within the PWS framework, a three‐part PWS design with 15 steps is proposed in this study for lake basin governance, with a Costa Rican PWS scheme serving as an illustration. This study seeks to communicate the scientific and socioeconomic frontiers for developing locally suitable and integrated watershed governance structures to lake management organizations and other watershed stakeholder groups.
EXCHANGE RATE BANDS OF INACTION AND PLAY‐HYSTERESIS IN GERMAN EXPORTS—SECTORAL EVIDENCE FOR SOME OECD DESTINATIONS
Authors: Belke Ansgar , Göcke Matthias , Günther Martin
Published: September 2012

A non‐linear model is applied, where suddenly strong spurts of exports occur when changes of the exchange rate go beyond a zone of inaction, which we call ‘play’ area—analogous to mechanical play. We implement an algorithm describing path‐dependent play‐hysteresis into a regression framework. The hysteretic impact of real exchange rates on German exports is estimated based on the period from 1995Q1 to 2010Q3. Looking at some of the main export partners of Germany outside the euro area and some of the most important tradeable sectors we find significant hysteretic effects for a part of the German exports.
Efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B for prophylaxis of acute or reactivation models of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
Authors: Leleu Christopher , Menotti Jean , Meneceur Pascale , Choukri Firas , Sulahian Annie , Garin Yves J.‐F. , Derouin Francis
Published: September 2012

The efficacy of antifungal prophylaxis for prevention of invasive aspergillosis (IA) may depend on whether IA results from recent inhalation of spores or reactivation of latent colonisation. Compare the efficacy of liposomal amphotericin B (LAmB) for prophylaxis in acute and reactivation models of IA. In the acute model, mice immunosuppressed from day 0 were challenged at day 3 with an aerosol of Aspergillus fumigatus. LAmB (15 mg kg−1) was administered at day 0 or at challenge. In the reactivation model, naïve mice exposed to A. fumigatus remained untreated until clearance of spores from the lungs, then immunosuppressed to induce reactivation. A single LAmB dose was administered at start of immunosuppression. In the acute model, a single administration of LAmB at start of immunosuppression was not effective, but an additional administration resulted in a significant decrease in lung fungal burden (P < 0.05 vs. controls). A significant prophylactic efficacy was observed when LAmB was administered once at challenge (P < 0.01). In the reactivation model, a single LAmB administration at start of immunosuppression significantly reduced both reactivation rate and fungal burden vs. controls (P < 0.01). Our results show that the conditions under which IA develop and timing of administration of LAmB were determinant variables for prophylactic efficacy.
Poor seroprotection but allosensitization after adjuvanted pandemic influenza H1N1 vaccine in kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Fairhead T. , Hendren E. , Tinckam K. , Rose C. , Sherlock C.H. , Shi L. , Crowcroft N.S. , Gubbay J.B. , Landsberg D. , Knoll G. , Gill J. , Kumar D.
Published: September 2012

Background

Seasonal and pandemic influenza virus infections in renal transplant patients are associated with poor outcomes. During the pandemic of 2009–2010, the AS03‐adjuvanted monovalent H1N1 influenza vaccine was recommended for transplant recipients, although its immunogenicity in this population was unknown. We sought to determine the safety and immunogenicity of an adjuvant‐containing vaccine against pandemic influenza A H1N1 2009 (pH1N1) administered to kidney transplant recipients.

Methods

We prospectively enrolled 124 adult kidney transplant recipients in the fall of 2009 at two transplant centers. Cohort 1 (n = 42) was assessed before and after pH1N1 immunization, while Cohort 2 (n = 82) was only assessed post immunization. Humoral response was measured by the hemagglutination inhibition assay. Vaccine safety was assessed by adverse event reporting, graft function, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alloantibody measurements.

Results

Cohort 1 had a low rate of baseline seroprotection to pH1N1 (7%) and a low rate of seroprotection after immunization (31%). No patient <6 months post transplant (n = 5) achieved seroprotection. Seroprotection rate was greater in patients receiving double as compared with triple immunosuppression (80% vs. 24%, P = 0.01). In Cohort 2, post‐immunization seroprotection was 35%. In both cohorts, no confirmed cases of pH1N1 infection occurred. No difference was seen in estimated glomerular filtration rate before (54.3 mL/min/1.73 m2) and after (53.8 mL/min/1.73 m2) immunization, and no acute rejections had occurred after immunization at last follow‐up. In Cohort 1, 11.9% of patients developed new anti‐HLA antibodies.

Conclusion

An adjuvant‐containing vaccine to pH1N1 provided poor seroprotection in renal transplant recipients. Receiving triple immunosuppression was associated with a poor seroresponse. Vaccination appeared safe, but some patients developed new anti‐HLA antibodies post vaccination. Alternative strategies to improve vaccine responses are necessary.
Fatal BK virus pneumonia following stem cell transplantation
Authors: Akazawa Y. , Terada Y. , Yamane T. , Tanaka S. , Aimoto M. , Koh H. , Nakane T. , Koh K.‐R. , Nakamae H. , Ohsawa M. , Wakasa K. , Hino M.
Published: September 2012

We report the case of a 39‐year‐old male patient who died of severe BK virus (BKV) pneumonia 168 days after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. After suffering from BKV‐associated late‐onset hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) with long‐term sustained BKV viremia, he died of rapidly progressive pneumonia. On autopsy, numerous viral intranuclear inclusions were seen in his lungs and bladder. An immunohistochemical examination of his lungs was positive for simian virus 40. Based on these pathological results and the high sustained BKV viral load in his blood, we reached a diagnosis of BKV pneumonia. Viral infection can occasionally become life threatening among HSCT recipients. It is widely known that BKV can cause late‐onset HC, but BKV‐associated pneumonia is rare. Because of its rapid progression and poor prognosis, it is difficult to make an antemortem diagnosis of BKV pneumonia. A treatment strategy for BKV pneumonia also needs to be formulated. Similar to other viral pathogens, BKV can cause pneumonia and the clinician should therefore be aware of it in immunocompromised patients.
Soft Switching Approach to Reducing Transition Losses in an On/Off Hydraulic Valve
Authors: Rannow Michael B. , Li Perry Y.
Published: September 2012

A method for significantly reducing the losses associated with an on/off controlled hydraulic system is proposed. There has been a growing interest in the use of on/off valves to control hydraulic systems as a means of improving system efficiency. While on/off valves are efficient when they are fully open or fully closed, a significant amount of energy can be lost in throttling as the valve transitions between the two states when the switching times are not negligible. A soft switching approach is proposed as a method of eliminating the majority of these transition losses. The operating principle of soft switching is that fluid can temporarily flow through a check valve or into a small chamber while valve orifices are partially closed. The fluid can then flow out of the chamber once the valve has fully transitioned. Thus, fluid flows through the valve only when it is in its most efficient fully open state. A model of the system is derived and simulated, with results indicating that the soft switching approach can reduce transition and compressibility losses by 81% and total system losses by 64%. The soft switching approach has the potential to improve the efficiency of on/off controlled systems and is particularly beneficial as switching frequencies are increased. The soft switching approach will also facilitate the use of slower on/off valves for effective on/off control; in simulation, a valve with soft switching matched the efficiency of an on/off valve that was 4.4 times faster.
Modeling Contra-Rotating Turbomachinery Components for Engine Performance Simulations: The Geared Turbofan With Contra-Rotating Core Case
Authors: Alexiou A. , Roumeliotis I. , Aretakis N. , Tsalavoutas A. , Mathioudakis K.
Published: September 2012

This paper presents a method of modeling contra-rotating turbomachinery components for engine performance simulations. The first step is to generate the performance characteristics of such components. In this study, suitably modified one-dimensional mean line codes are used. The characteristics are then converted to three-dimensional tables (maps). Compared to conventional turbomachinery component maps, the speed ratio between the two shafts is included as an additional map parameter and the torque ratio as an additional table. Dedicated component models are then developed that use these maps to simulate design and off-design operation at the component and engine levels. Using this approach, a performance model of a geared turbofan with a contra-rotating core (CRC) is created. This configuration was investigated in the context of the European program “NEW Aero-Engine Core Concepts” (NEWAC). The core consists of a seven-stage compressor and a two-stage turbine without interstage stators and with successive rotors running in the opposite direction through the introduction of a rotating outer spool. Such a configuration results in a reduced parts count, length, weight, and cost of the entire high pressure (HP) system. Additionally, the core efficiency is improved due to reduced cooling air flow requirements. The model is then coupled to an aircraft performance model and a typical mission is carried out. The results are compared against those of a similar configuration employing a conventional core and identical design point performance. For the given aircraft-mission combination and assuming a 10% engine weight saving when using the CRC arrangement over the conventional one, a total fuel burn reduction of 1.1% is predicted.
Using Boundary Conditions to Account for Mean Flow Effects in a Zero Mach Number Acoustic Solver
Authors: Motheau Emmanuel , Nicoud Franck , Poinsot Thierry
Published: September 2012

The present study is devoted to the modeling of mean flow effects while computing thermoacoustic modes under the zero Mach number assumption. It is first recalled that the acoustic impedance modeling of a compressor or a turbine must be prescribed under an energetical form instead of the classical acoustic variables. Then we demonstrate the feasibility to take into account the coupling between acoustic and entropy waves in a zero Mach number framework to capture a family of low frequency entropic modes. The proposed approach relies on a new delayed entropy coupled boundary condition (DECBC) and proves able to capture a family of low frequency entropic mode even though no mean flow term is included in the fluctuating pressure equation.
Effect of Perturbing a Simulated Motion on Knee and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Kinetics
Authors: Herfat Safa T. , Boguszewski Daniel V. , Nesbitt Rebecca J. , Shearn Jason T.
Published: September 2012

Current surgical treatments for common knee injuries do not restore the normal biomechanics. Among other factors, the abnormal biomechanics increases the susceptibility to the early onset of osteoarthritis. In pursuit of improving long term outcome, investigators must understand normal knee kinematics and corresponding joint and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) kinetics during the activities of daily living. Our long term research goal is to measure in vivo joint motions for the ovine stifle model and later simulate these motions with a 6 degree of freedom (DOF) robot to measure the corresponding 3D kinetics of the knee and ACL-only joint. Unfortunately, the motion measurement and motion simulation technologies used for our project have associated errors. The objective of this study was to determine how motion measurement and motion recreation error affect knee and ACL-only joint kinetics by perturbing a simulated in vivo motion in each DOF and measuring the corresponding intact knee and ACL-only joint forces and moments. The normal starting position for the motion was perturbed in each degree of freedom by four levels (−0.50, −0.25, 0.25, and 0.50 mm or degrees). Only translational perturbations significantly affected the intact knee and ACL-only joint kinetics. The compression-distraction perturbation had the largest effect on intact knee forces and the anterior-posterior perturbation had the largest effect on the ACL forces. Small translational perturbations can significantly alter intact knee and ACL-only joint forces. Thus, translational motion measurement errors must be reduced to provide a more accurate representation of the intact knee and ACL kinetics. To account for the remaining motion measurement and recreation errors, an envelope of forces and moments should be reported. These force and moment ranges will provide valuable functional tissue engineering parameters (FTEPs) that can be used to design more effective ACL treatments.
Identification of Human Inertia Properties Using a Momentum-Based Approach
Authors: Lu Qi , Ma Ou
Published: September 2012

This paper presents a momentum-based approach for identifying the barycentric parameters of a human body. The human body is modeled as a multiple rigid-body dynamical system with a tree-type topology using the principle of impulse and momentum. Since the resulting impulse-momentum equations are linear in terms of the unknown barycentric parameters, these parameters can be easily solved using the least-square method or other well-understood solution techniques. The approach does not require measuring or estimating accelerations and internal forces because they do not appear in the impulse-momentum equations and, thus, the resulting identification procedure is less demanding on the measurement and also less sensitive to measurement errors in comparison with other existing methods derived based on Newton-Euler or Lagrangian equations. The momentum-based approach has been studied by dynamics simulations with the consideration of possible measurement errors. The study showed good results.
Predicting Distal Radius Bone Strains and Injury in Response to Impacts Using Multi-Axial Accelerometers
Authors: Burkhart Timothy A. , Dunning Cynthia E. , Andrews David M.
Published: September 2012

Measuring a bone’s response to impact has traditionally been done using strain gauges that are attached directly to the bone. Accelerometers have also been used for this purpose because they are reusable, inexpensive and can be attached easily. However, little data are available relating measured accelerations to bone injury, or to judge if accelerometers are reasonable surrogates for strain gauges in terms of their capacity to predict bone injuries. Impacts were applied with a custom designed pneumatic impact system to eight fresh-frozen human cadaveric radius specimens. Impacts were repeatedly applied with increasing energy until ultimate failure occurred. Three multiaxial strain gauge rosettes were glued to the bone (two distally and one proximally). Two multiaxial accelerometers were attached to the distal dorsal and proximal volar aspects of the radius. Overall, peak minimum and maximum principal strains were calculated from the strain-time curves from each gauge. Peak accelerations and acceleration rates were measured parallel (axial) and perpendicular (off-axis) to the long axis of the radius. Logistic generalized estimating equations were used to create strain and acceleration-based injury prediction models. To develop strain prediction models based on the acceleration variables, Linear generalized estimating equations were employed. The logistic models were assessed according to the quasi-likelihood under independence model criterion (QIC), while the linear models were assessed by the QIC and the marginal R2. Peak axial and off-axis accelerations increased significantly (with increasing impact energy) across all impact trials. The best injury prediction model (QIC = 9.42) included distal resultant acceleration (p < 0.001) and donor body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001). Compressive and tensile strains were best predicted by separate uni-variate models, including peak distal axial acceleration (R2 = 0.79) and peak off-axis acceleration (R2 = 0.79), respectively. Accelerometers appear to be a valid surrogate to strain gauges for measuring the general response of the bone to impact and predicting the probability of bone injury.
Movement of the Distal Carpal Row During Narrowing and Widening of the Carpal Arch Width
Authors: Gabra Joseph N. , Domalain Mathieu , Li Zong-Ming
Published: September 2012

Change in carpal arch width (CAW) is associated with wrist movement, carpal tunnel release, or therapeutic tunnel manipulation. This study investigated the angular rotations of the distal carpal joints as the CAW was adjusted. The CAW was narrowed and widened by 2 and 4 mm in seven cadaveric specimens while the bone positions were tracked by a marker-based motion capture system. The joints mainly pronated during CAW narrowing and supinated during widening. Ranges of motion about the pronation axis for the hamate-capitate (H-C), capitate-trapezoid (C-Td), and trapezoid-trapezium (Td-Tm) joints were 8.1 ± 2.3 deg, 5.3 ± 1.3 deg, and 5.5 ± 3.5 deg, respectively. Differences between the angular rotations of the joints were found at ΔCAW = −4 mm about the pronation and ulnar-deviation axes. For the pronation axis, angular rotations of the H-C joint were larger than that of the C-Td and Td-Tm joints. Statistical interactions among the factors of joint, rotation axis, and ΔCAW indicated complex joint motion patterns. The complex three-dimensional motion of the bones can be attributed to several anatomical constraints such as bone arrangement, ligament attachments, and articular congruence. The results of this study provide insight into the mechanisms of carpal tunnel adaptations in response to biomechanical alterations of the structural components.