bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of NaTaO3 by Spray Pyrolysis and Evaluation of Apparent Photocatalytic Activity for Hydrogen Production from Water
Authors: Kang Hyun Woo , Kim Eun-Jung , Park Seung Bin
Published: June 2008

NaTaO3 photocatalyst was prepared by spray pyrolysis process and tested as photocatalyst for water splitting under UV light. Precursor solution was prepared from NaNO3 and in nitric acid solution and spray‐pyrolyzed in air at between 973 and 1273 K. Considerable enhancement of photocatalytic activity was achieved by loading 0.05 ~ 0.2 wt% of NiO on the surface of NaTaO3. The NiO loading was more effective on the NaTaO3 synthesized by spray pyrolysis in comparison with that synthesized by solid‐state reaction. The quantum yield (QY) of NiO/NaTaO3 photocatalyst was measured by chemical actinometry using potassium ferrioxalate and compared with the apparent photocatalytic activities (APA) which would be more useful for the purpose of photocatalytic reactor design than the quantum yield. The apparent photocatalytic activity (APA) was defined by the rate of hydrogen production divided by weight of catalyst, volume of reactant mixture, duration of irradiation, and power of UV lamp. The validity of the apparent photocatalytic activity (APA) was discussed based on our results and reported activities of NaTaO3 photocatalyst loaded with or without NiO.
A Survey of Insulin-Dependent Diabetes—Part II: Control Methods
Authors: Takahashi Daisuke , Xiao Yang , Hu Fei
Published: June 2008

We survey blood glucose control schemes for insulin-dependent diabetes therapies and systems. These schemes largely rely on mathematical models of the insulin-glucose relations, and these models are typically derived in an empirical or fundamental way. In an empirical way, the experimental insulin inputs and resulting blood-glucose outputs are used to generate a mathematical model, which includes a couple of equations approximating a very complex system. On the other hand, the insulin-glucose relation is also explained from the well-known facts of other biological mechanisms. Since these mechanisms are more or less related with each other, a mathematical model of the insulin-glucose system can be derived from these surrounding relations. This kind of method of the mathematical model derivation is called a fundamental method. Along with several mathematical models, researchers develop autonomous systems whether they involve medical devices or not to compensate metabolic disorders and these autonomous systems employ their own control methods. Basically, in insulin-dependent diabetes therapies, control methods are classified into three categories: open-loop, closed-loop, and partially closed-loop controls. The main difference among these methods is how much the systems are open to the outside people.
Improved Delay‐and‐Sum Beamforming Algorithm for Breast Cancer Detection
Authors: Klemm M. , Craddock I. J. , Leendertz J. A. , Preece A. , Benjamin R.
Published: June 2008

We have evaluated a modified delay‐and‐sum (DAS) beamforming algorithm for breast cancer detection with a microwave
radar‐based system. The improved DAS algorithm uses an additional weight factor calculated at each focal point to improve image
quality. These weights essentially represent the quality of preprocessing and coherent radar operation. Using a multistatic UWB
radar system based on a hemispherical antenna array, we present experimental detection of 7 mm and 10 mm phantom tumours.
We show that the new proposed DAS algorithm improves signal‐to‐clutter ratio in focused images by 2.65 dB for 10 mm tumour,
and by 4.4 dB for 7 mm tumour.
Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptors and Progression of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Wang Dingzhi , DuBois Raymond N.
Published: June 2008

The peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. These receptors are also ligand‐dependent transcription factors responsible for the regulation of cellular events that range from glucose and lipid homeostases to cell differentiation and apoptosis. The importance of these receptors in lipid homeostasis and energy balance is well established. In addition to these metabolic and anti‐inflammatory properties, emerging evidence indicates that PPARs can function as either tumor suppressors or accelerators, suggesting that these receptors are potential candidates as drug targets for cancer prevention and treatment. However, conflicting results have emerged regarding the role of PPARs on colon carcinogenesis. Therefore, further investigation is warranted prior to considering modulation of PPARs as an efficacious therapy for colorectal cancer chemoprevention and treatment.
[Retracted] A Role for PPAR γ in the Regulation of Cytokines in Immune Cells and Cancer
Authors: Yang Xiao Yi , Wang Li Hua , Farrar William L.
Published: June 2008

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a ligand‐activated transcription factor and a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. PPARγ and its ligands appear to serve diverse biological functions. In addition to the well‐studied effects of PPARγ on metabolism and cellular differentiation, abundant evidence suggests that PPARγ is an important regulator of the immune system and cancers. Since cytokines are not only key modulators of inflammation with pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory functions but they also can either stimulate or inhibit tumor growth and progression, this review summarizes the role for PPARγ in the regulation of cytokine production and cytokine‐mediated signal transduction pathways in immune cells and cancer.
Candidate Molecular Markers for Histological Diagnosis of Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Sakamoto Michiie , Mori Taisuke , Masugi Yohei , Effendi Kathryn , Rie Irie , Du Wenlin
Published: June 2008

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors. HCC occurs mainly in chronically diseased livers, e.g. following hepatitis B and C infection. These high-risk patients are closely followed up, and increasing numbers of small equivocal lesions are detected by imaging diagnosis. They are now widely recognized as precursor or early-stage HCCs and are classified as dysplastic nodule or early HCC. These lesions lack typical imaging and histology of ordinary HCC and do not show elevated serum markers of α-fetoprotein and PIVKA-II, for example. Molecular analysis of these lesions would help to develop molecular markers for objective histological diagnosis of early HCC and possibly new serum markers for early detection of HCC. It has been reported that HSP70, CAP2, glypican 3 and glutamine synthetase could serve as molecular markers for early HCC. Further analysis is expected to evaluate their usefulness in routine pathological diagnosis including biopsy diagnosis and also as serum markers for early detection of HCC.
Impact of Basal-Like Breast Carcinoma Determination for a More Specific Therapy
Authors: Rakha Emad A. , Reis-Filho Jorge S. , Ellis Ian O.
Published: June 2008

Recent advances in high-throughput molecular technologies have made it possible to begin to tackle the molecular complexity of breast cancer and have contributed to the realisation that this biologic heterogeneity has implications for treatment. One of the major achievements of class discovery studies in breast cancer is the identification of a basal-like subtype that is characterised by absence of expression of hormone receptors and HER2 and has molecular features in common with basal/myoepithelial cells of the breast. Basal-like cancers have attracted attention as a poor prognostic class of tumours that lack the benefit of currently available targeted therapy. However, basal-like cancer as a distinct class of tumours, which share a specific molecular profile, are characterised by high proliferative activity and express specific markers, is a good candidate for development of specific targeted therapy. It is likely that in the near future, the ongoing research studies and clinical trials will provide an evidence-based approach to the best treatment strategy that can be applied to these tumours. In this review, we discuss the main features of basal-like tumours and recent evidence on the different available therapeutic approaches.
Lost in Translation? A Systematic Database of Gene Expression in Breast Cancer
Authors: Srour Nasser , Reymond Marc André , Steinert Ralf
Published: June 2008

Ten years of translational research in breast cancer (BC) using high-throughput technologies such as cDNA arrays have produced an impressive amount of results. However, it is difficult for a single researcher to overview these results, since no critical synthesis is provided in the literature. This is a meta-analysis of gene expression in BC. Thirteen translational studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, involving 553 BC patients and 79 controls. Large cohorts of patients and well-defined samples were rare. A total of 1,350 genes were reported at least once to be deregulated in BC. Out of these findings, 1,212 (90%) were not confirmed by other authors. A cohort of 138 genes of particular interest remained for further analysis. Of these, 79 were consistently reported to be overexpressed in BC, 41 to be underexpressed and in 18 cases results were contradictory. The most frequently reported deregulated genes in BC include: GATA binding protein 3, arylamine N-acetyltransferase, Myb-related protein B and zinc transporter SLC39A6 precursor (overexpressed); cadherin-3 precursor, keratin type I cytoskeletal 17 and type II cytoskeletal 5 (underexpressed). These genes obviously correlate with the presence and/or development of BC. More efforts should be devoted to the establishment of common standards in translational BC research.
Sequence based high resolution chromosomal CGH
Authors: Kowalska A. , Brunner B. , Bozsaky E. , Chen Q.-R. , Stock C. , Lörch T. , Khan J. , Ambros P.F.
Published: June 2008

We aimed to directly align a chromosomal CGH (cCGH) pattern with the gene mapping data by taking advantage of the clustering of the GGCC motif at certain positions in the human genome. The alignment of chromosomal with sequence data was achieved by superimposition of (i) the fluorescence intensity of the sequence specific fluorochrome, Chromomycin A3 (CMA3), (ii) the cCGH fluorescence intensity profile of individual chromosomes and (iii) the GGCC density profile extracted from the Ensembl genome sequence database. The superimposition of these three pieces of information allowed us to precisely localize regions of amplification in the neuroblastoma cell line STA-NB-15. Two prominent cCGH peaks were noted, one at 2p24.3, the position 15.4 mega base (Mb), and the other at 2p23.2, 29.51 Mb. FISH and high resolution array CGH (aCGH) experiments disclosed an amplification of MYCN (16 Mb) and ALK (29.2–29.9 Mb), thus confirming the cCGH data. The combined visualization of sequence information and cCGH data drastically improves the resolution of the method to less than 2 Mb.
Genomic organization, expression and evolution of porcine CRSP1, 2, and3
Authors: Rezaeian A.H. , Katafuchi T. , Yoshizawa M. , Hiraiwa N. , Saito T. , Nishibori M. , Hamano K. , Minamino N. , Yasue H.
Published: June 2008

Recently we identified and characterized porcine calcitonin receptor-stimulating peptide (CRSP) 1, CRSP2 and CRSP3 as members of the calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide (CT/CGRP) family. In the present study, the genomic sequences and organization of CRSP1, 2, and 3 were determined, and the expression of the genes in the porcine brain was investigated using in situ hybridization. Analysis of 5′-upstream regions of the three CRSPs demonstrated that CRSP1 and CRSP2 have almost identical sequences (>98% similarity) and high sequence similarities including functional transcription binding sites with the corresponding region of human CALCA (CT/αCGRP), whereas CRSP3 retains less similarity with the above genes. RH mapping of CRSPs demonstrated that they resided in a region of swine chromosome 2 (SSC2). The arrangement of the genes in the region was found to be conserved in corresponding human and mouse regions. In situ hybridization demonstrated sense transcripts of the three genes in cerebrum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, pons/midbrain, and thalamus of 3-month-old pigs, and CRSP2 sense transcripts additionally in tractus opticus. The sense transcripts of αCGRP and CALCB (βCGRP) were detected in cerebrum, hippocampus, and pons/midbrain of newborn mice, and to a lesser extent in pons/midbrain of 8-week-old mice. These results taken together with the chromosomal conservation and phylogenetic clustering of CT/CGRP family indicate that CRSP1, 2, and 3 may be functionally different from αCGRP and βCGRP, though they are indicated to have a common progenitor gene.
Hypermethylation-Modulated Downregulation of Claudin-7 Expression Promotes the Progression of Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: Nakayama Fumihito , Semba Shuho , Usami Yu , Chiba Hideki , Sawada Norimasa , Yokozaki Hiroshi
Published: June 2008

Objective: The expression of tight junction-related transmembrane protein claudin-7 (CLDN7) and its regulatory mechanism were investigated in colorectal carcinomas (CRCs). Methods: Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and treatment with the demethylating agent 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine were conducted to analyze the methylation status at the CLDN7 promoter region in the Colo320 CRC cell line. We used a total of 26 stage 0 CRCs with an adenoma component and 90 invasive CRCs (stage I–IV), as well as their corresponding lymph node metastases, in an immunohistochemical study. Results: In Colo320 (CLDN7-negative) cells, hypermethylation at the CLDN7 promoter was detected and treatment with 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine restored CLDN7 expression. In CRC tissues, decreased CLDN7 expression was detected in 62% of stage 0 CRCs and 80% of stage I–IV CRCs, compared with their adjacent adenoma lesions and nonneoplastic epithelia, which had a close correlation with the incidence of vessel infiltration and clinicopathologic stage. Hypermethylation at the CLDN7 promoter was detected in 20% of CRCs with low CLDN7 expression. However, CLDN7 expression tended to be re-expressed in their corresponding lymph node metastases. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the CLDN7 gene silencing by promoter hypermethylation and the resultant reduction of CLDN7 expression may play an important role in the progression of CRCs.
A preliminary microsatellite genetic map of the ostrich (Struthio camelus)
Authors: Huang Y. , Liu Q. , Tang B. , Lin L. , Liu W. , Zhang L. , Li N. , Hu X.
Published: June 2008

Molecular genetic maps can provide information for the identification and localization of major genes associated with quantitative traits. However, there are currently no published genetic linkage maps for any ratites. Herein, a preliminary genetic map of ostrich was developed using a two-generation ostrich reference family by linkage analysis of 104 polymorphic microsatellite markers, including 40 novel markers reported in this study. A total of 35 microsatellite markers were placed into 13 linkage groups. Five linkage groups are composed of three or more loci, whereas the remaining eight groups each contained two markers. The sex-averaged map spans 365.4 cM. The marker interval of each linkage group ranges from 5.3 to 25.4 cM, and the average interval distance is 16.61 cM. The male map covers 342.7 cM, with an average intermarker distance of 15.58 cM, whereas the female map is 456.7 cM, with the average intermarker spacing of 20.76 cM. In order to screen the orthologous loci between ostrich and chicken, all of the flanking sequences of the 104 polymorphic loci, nine monomorphic loci and a further 12 reported microsatellite loci for ostrich were screened against the chicken genomic sequence using the BLAST algorithm (Altschul et al., 1990), and corresponding orthologs were found for 13 sequences. The microsatellite loci and genetic map developed in this study will be useful for QTL mapping, population genetics and phylogenetic studies in the ratite. In addition, the 13 orthologous loci identified in this study will be advantageous to the construction of a comparative genetic map between chicken and ostrich.
Glomerular Charge Barrier and Development of Proteinuria in Passive Heymann Nephritis
Authors: Christiansen Rolf E.F. , Kolmannskog Odd , Leh Sabine , Iversen Bjarne M. , Tenstad Olav
Published: June 2008

Background/Aim: Passive Heymann nephritis (PHN) in rats is a commonly used model of membranous glomerulonephritis in man where the cause of proteinuria is not fully resolved. This study was designed to investigate the role of the glomerular charge barrier in development of PHN proteinuria. Methods: We studied female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 33) at days 0, 2, 5 and 14 after induction of PHN by injection of antiserum against renal tubular epithelial antigens (anti-Fx1A). Measuring clearance of chymotrypsinogen A (Chym, MW 25,000, 21 Å) and similar sized anionic chymotrypsinogen (aChym), together with 51Cr-EDTA, we hypothesized an increased sieving coefficient (θ) of aChym in the early phase of PHN due to impairment of the glomerular charge barrier. Results: No proteinuria was seen at day 2 (5.8 ± 1.4 mg/ 24 h, p > 0.05), while protein excretion increased to 23.2 ± 2.9 mg/24 h (p < 0.05) at day 5 (84 ± 2% albumin) and further to 544.3 ± 51.1 mg/24 h (p < 0.01) at day 14 (60 ± 1% albumin; p < 0.01, day 5 vs. day 14). θ aChym was similar to control at day 2 (0.49 ± 0.03, p > 0.05), increased at day 5 to 0.62 ± 0.02 (p < 0.01) but decreased at day 14 to 0.39 ± 0.02 (p < 0.01). The sieving coefficient of Chym (θ Chym) was decreased at day 14 (p < 0.05). The ratio of θ aChym to θ Chym was increased at day 5 (p < 0.01) but was elsewhere similar to control. Conclusion: The increased ratio of θ aChym to θ Chym and selective albuminuria at day 5 indicates an initial impairment of the glomerular charge barrier in PHN.
[18F]-DOPA Positron Emission Tomography for Preoperative Localization in Congenital Hyperinsulinism
Authors: Mohnike K. , Blankenstein O. , Minn H. , Mohnike W. , Fuchtner F. , Otonkoski T.
Published: June 2008

In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the biochemical, morphological and molecular genetic differentiation of congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI). Fluorine-18 L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine positron emission tomography (18F-DOPA-PET) has been introduced for differentiation between focal and diffuse CHI. The ability to take up L-DOPA and convert it into dopamine is correlated with the activity of the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase and increased in the hyperfunctional affected pancreatic area in comparison to normally functioning pancreas. The high sensitivity of this method allows the surgeon to perform a curative limited resection of a focus without the risk of long-term diabetes. The exact preoperative planning by 18F-DOPA-PET/CT computer tomography allows laparoscopic operation in selected cases with the focus in the tail and limits necessity to open the pancreatic duct in cases with focus in the head. Patients with persistent CHI should be managed within a strong network of diagnostic, treatment, and research institutions.
Differential Diagnosis of Disorders of Sex Development in Egypt
Authors: Mazen I. , Hiort O. , Bassiouny R. , El Gammal M.
Published: June 2008

Background: Disorders of sex development (DSD) with birth of an infant with ambiguous genitalia require medical attention to elucidate the differential diagnosis. This group of disorders is not uncommon in Egypt (1:3,000 livebirths). Aims: We want to provide an extensive review of a patient collective with ambiguous genitalia from 6 years experience at the Department of Clinical Genetics at the National Research Center in Egypt. Methods: 208 patients with ambiguous genitalia were recruited from the genetic clinic from 2000 to 2005. They were subjected to history taking, pedigree analysis. Full clinical examination, cytogenetic study, hormonal, radiological investigations, and molecular studies were performed where possible. Results: 46,XY DSD was more common than 46,XX DSD constituting 65.9% of total cases. Consanguinity was high with 61% in the affected families; however, only 21 cases had a positive family history. There was preference of male sex of rearing (regardless of karyotype), despite a severe degree of ambiguity. Conclusion: Disorders of sex development have a broad range of underlying causes also in Egypt with some preference of rare monogenic disorders. For improving diagnostic standards, the provision of centers of tertiary pediatric care is recommended for patients with DSD even in developing countries.
Three Novel AMHGene Mutations in a Patient with Persistent Müllerian Duct Syndrome and Normal AMH Serum Dosage
Authors: Menabò Soara , Balsamo Antonio , Nicoletti Annalisa , Gennari Monia , Pirazzoli Piero , Cicognani Alessandro , Baldazzi Lilia
Published: June 2008

Background:Persistentmüllerian duct syndrome (PMDS) is characterized by the presence of uterus, fallopian tubes and the upper part of the vagina in 46,XY patients with perfectly virilized external genitalia. It is mostly caused by mutations of the AMH or AMH type 2 receptor (AMHR2) gene. The AMH serum level is very often low or undetectable in the AMH gene defect and normal in the AMHR2 gene defect. Aim: We investigate an Italian patient, genotypically and phenotypically male, observed at 1 month of age for a right inguinal hernia that at surgery showed the presence of both testes in the same hernial sac and uterus and fallopian tubes in the abdomen. Results: Genetic tests first showed the absence of the common 27-bp deletion in the AMHR2 gene, then the presence of three new sequence variations in the AMH geneleading to the following variants: the p.A405P carried by the paternal allele; the p.G326V plus the p.V508A carried by the maternal allele. Conclusions: The determination of serum AMH, performed after the genetic analysis, showed a normal level for age, suggesting that these mutations may affect the function and the bioactivity of the hormone and not the secretion rate.
Syndecan-1 Expression in Gallbladder Cancer and Its Prognostic Significance
Authors: Roh Y.H. , Kim Y.H. , Choi H.J. , Lee K.E. , Roh M.S.
Published: June 2008

Aim: To determine whether the immunohistochemical detection of syndecan-1 could provide useful information as a novel therapeutic or prognostic factor in primary gallbladder (GB) cancer. Materials and Methods: Forty-three GB cancer tissues were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for syndecan-1 expression. The relationship between syndecan-1 expression and clinicopathological characteristics, and the univariate survival analysis for the influence of the syndecan-1 expression on the overall survival were analysed. Results: Epithelial syndecan-1 immunoreactivity was observed in 25 (58.1%) of the 43 GB cancer cases. The tumors with a positive syndecan-1 expression more frequently showed lymph node metastasis (p = 0.037). Although there was no statistically significant association, the tumors with a positive syndecan-1 expression tended to show a deeper invasion depth (p = 0.087) and more frequent lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.064). The Kaplan-Meier survival curves demonstrated that patients with positive syndecan-1 expression had a significantly shorter survival time than those patients with negative syndecan-1 expression (p = 0.05). Conclusions: A subset of GB cancers revealed an epithelial overexpression of syndecan-1, which was associated with a progressive pathological feature and an aggressive clinical course. Therefore, epithelial syndecan-1 expression may be a predictor for a poor prognosis in patients with GB cancer.
Relationship between Quality of Life and Cognitive Decline in Dementia
Authors: Missotten P. , Squelard G. , Ylieff M. , Di Notte D. , Paquay L. , De Lepeleire J. , Buntinx F. , Fontaine O.
Published: June 2008

Aims: We aimed to examine the association of cognitive decline with quality of life (QoL) in dementia compared to controls and to determine variables associated with QoL. Methods: Every subject was placed within a specific group depending on their designation by the Mini Mental State Examination and evaluated by the Alzheimer’s Disease Related Quality of Life (ADRQL) and clinical assessments. Results: QoL for the mild dementia group was lower (p = 0.08) than that of controls. The very severe dementia group had a significantly lower QoL than the other dementia groups, which all had similar ADRQL scores. The only predictor of ADRQL scores was found to be the behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Conclusion: There is no direct relationship between cognitive decline and QoL.
L-Cysteine Down-Regulates SREBP-1c-Regulated Lipogenic Enzymes Expression via Glutathione in HepG2 Cells
Authors: Bettzieche Anja , Brandsch Corinna , Hirche Frank , Eder Klaus , Stangl Gabriele I.
Published: June 2008

Background/Aim: Protein-associated amino acids are supposed to play a role in sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-mediated regulation of lipid metabolism. This study investigates the effects of cysteine on expression of SREBP-regulated hepatic genes. Methods: HepG2 cells which are an accepted model for the study of the lipid metabolism were treated with L-cysteine under different conditions. Results: Exposure of cells to L-cysteine reduced the mRNA concentrations of SREBP-1c (–35 to –43%) and its target genes fatty acid synthase (FAS; –20 to –50%), glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G6PDH; –31 to –35%), and stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase (SCD)1 (–34 to –50%). Cells treated with L-cysteine had 47% higher glutathione and 47% lower triglyceride concentrations than control cells. In cells which were concurrently treated with L-cysteine and L-buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine, an inhibitor of enzymatic glutathione synthesis, no down-regulation of the gene expression was observed. Pro-oxidant CuSO4 up-regulated SREBP-1c (+71%), FAS (+165%), G6PDH (+84%) and SCD1 (+96%) mRNA abundance compared to control cells, but when cells were concurrently treated with L-cysteine, the gene expression remained at control level. Conclusions: The results show that L-cysteine rapidly down-regulates the transcription of genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis via a mechanism that appears to be mediated by an improved glutathione status.
In School-Aged Children a Combination of Galacto-Oligosaccharides and Lactobacillus GG Increases Bifidobacteria More than Lactobacillus GG on Its Own
Authors: Piirainen Laura , Kekkonen Riina A. , Kajander Kajsa , Ahlroos Terhi , Tynkkynen Soile , Nevala Riikka , Korpela Riitta
Published: June 2008

The aim of this study was to compare a combination of Lactobacillus GG (LGG) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) with LGG on its own, and their effects on the intestinal microbiota in school-aged children. The randomized, double-blinded, crossover study comprised 30 healthy children. There were two 3-week study periods with a 4-week wash-out period in between. The children ingested daily 65 ml of milk-based fruit juice containing either LGG alone (6.5 × 109 CFU) or LGG plus 2 g of GOS. Symptom diaries were filled during the study periods. Fecal samples were collected at the beginning and end of both study periods. At the end of both study periods, the amount of bifidobacteria was significantly greater after the ingestion of LGG + GOS compared with LGG alone (geometric mean 9.33 × 109 vs. 4.28 × 109 CFU/g, p < 0.001). No significant differences were seen in the amount of lactobacilli or LGG, nor did gastrointestinal symptoms, defecation frequency, consistency of stools or ease of defecation differ between the two study periods. Ingestion of LGG combined with 2 g of GOS increased the bifidobacteria more than LGG on its own and thus GOS clearly has a prebiotic effect in children. The children tolerated well a daily intake of 2 g of GOS.
Successful Long-Term Treatment of Severe Hypertriglyceridemia by Feedback Control with Lipid Self-Monitoring
Authors: Hauenschild Annette , Ewald Nils , Schnell-Kretschmer Henning , Porsch-Oezcueruemez Mustafa , Kloer Hans-Ulrich , Hardt Philip D.
Published: June 2008

Background/Aims: Successful treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia is difficult. Besides therapy with different drugs, dietary intervention is an important approach. However, compliance with dietary recommendations is usually bad. Lipid self-monitoring in patients might improve dietary compliance and control of lipid parameters. Methods: Thirty-two patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia (>750 mg/dl) were primarily treated with a formula diet reducing the triglyceride levels <600 mg/dl. After this acute treatment, self-monitoring of lipid parameters was performed for 48 weeks. Twenty-five patients completed the whole study. The participants measured their lipid parameters with Accutrend® GCT dry chemistry strips. Dietary records were taken and measurements of body composition, BMI, triglycerides, total cholesterol and glucose were performed. Results: Triglycerides remained stable in patients with levels <300 mg/dl at the beginning of the protocol. There was a significant decline in triglycerides in those who started with levels >300 mg/dl. No severe hypertriglyceridemia (>750 mg/dl) could be observed. The energy intake decreased in all patients due to a reduction in total fat and carbohydrate consumption. The relation between carbohydrates and protein remained unchanged. Self-measurement was well tolerated and an improvement in controlling the diet was reported. Conclusions: Self-control of lipid parameters can improve the dietary compliance of patients with hypertriglyceridemia and is well tolerated.
Recurrence of Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor following Resection
Authors: Maher Cormac O. , White J. Bradley , Scheithauer Bernd W. , Raffel Corey
Published: June 2008

Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNT) is an increasingly recognized surgically curable tumor that characteristically presents with seizures in children. We report a case of a patient who underwent resection of a histologically proven DNT at 6 years of age. The resection was thought to be total at the time of surgery, and this impression was confirmed on postoperative imaging. Following the initial resection, the patient underwent surveillance imaging at regular intervals. Six years following the initial surgery, surveillance imaging demonstrated an enlarging area of signal abnormality at the site of the prior resection. The patient underwent a second resection with pathological confirmation of DNT recurrence. Although recurrence of DNT following resection is rare, this case suggests that surveillance imaging may have a role in patients with DNT, even following resections that are thought to be complete.
Spinal Stenosis with Paraparesis in Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy
Authors: van Lindert Erik J. , Bartels Ronald H.M.A. , Noordam Kees
Published: June 2008

We describe thoracic spinal stenosis with progressive myelopathy in association with Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) in a 12-year-old child with delayed diagnosis and review the relevant literature in order to identify the pathophysiological mechanism. The child was successfully treated by decompressive upper thoracic laminoplasty with full neurological recovery. The pathological changes of the skin also dissolved. Ten more cases of myelopathy and paraparesis in association with AHO, of whom two were children, could be found in the literature. Basically, two different causes for the spinal canal stenosis could be identified: abnormal ossifications of ligaments and congenital narrow spinal canal due to short vertebral pedicles. Awareness of structural spinal column changes in AHO is essential in order to appreciate the neurological symptoms of a beginning myelopathy before irreversible damage to the myelum occurs.
A Case of Cerebellar Capillary Hemangioma with Multiple Cysts
Authors: Uyama Atsushi , Kawamura Atsuhumi , Akiyama Hideyuki , Nakamizo Satoshi , Yamamoto Kazuki , Nagashima Tatsuya , Uetani Toshiyuki , Takeda Hiroki , Yoshida Makiko
Published: June 2008

Intracranial capillary hemangiomas are very rare, though several spinal capillary hemangiomas have recently been reported. We report here a case of intracranial capillary hemangioma with multiple cysts and review the current literature of similar cases. A 4-month-old girl was referred to our hospital for treatment of hydrocephalus and a cerebellar mass lesion. She presented with hemangiomas distributed widely over the body, as well as disseminated hemangiomas in the pleura, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys and vagina. Pathological examination of the specimen from the vagina confirmed the diagnosis of a capillary hemangioma made at another hospital. Radiological examination of the brain revealed a cystic mass lesion in the left cerebellar hemisphere with subsequent obstructive hydrocephalus. The cysts extended upward into the bilateral ventricle. Following neuroendoscopic fenestration of the cysts, resection of the left cerebellar mass was performed. Histological examination of the lesion demonstrated similarly sized capillaries, and the pathological diagnosis was confirmed as capillary hemangioma. There was no recurrence postoperatively. Our patient was treated successfully by surgical resection and neuroendoscopic procedures. Surgical intervention may therefore be indicated in intracranial capillary hemangiomas.
Identification of Peptides That Inhibit Regulator of G Protein Signaling 4 Function
Authors: Wang Yuren , Lee Yan , Zhang Jie , Young Kathleen H.
Published: June 2008

Regulators of G protein signaling (RGS) are a family of GTPase-activating proteins (GAP) that interact with heterotrimeric G proteins in the negative regulation of G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. RGS4, the first identified mammalian member of the RGS family, has been implicated in many GPCR signaling pathways involved in disease states. We report herein the identification of a 16-amino-acid peptide (P17) as an inhibitor of RGS4. The peptide was found by screening a random peptide library using RGS4 as ‘bait’ in a yeast two-hybrid system. This peptide inhibited RGS4 GAP activity on Gαi1 in a GTPase assay, and blocked the interaction between RGS4 and Gαi1 in a pull-down assay. The peptide displayed dose-dependent inhibition of RGS4 and Gα-interacting protein (GAIP) GAP activities, yet showed no substantial effect on RGS7. Electrophysiological studies in Xenopus oocytes demonstrated that P17 attenuates RGS4 modulation of M2 muscarinic receptor stimulation of GIRK (G-protein-mediated inwardly rectifying potassium) channels. Deletion of an arginine at the N terminus of P17 abolished its ability to inhibit RGS4 GAP activity, as did deletions of C-terminal residues. The P17 peptide showed no similarity to any known peptide sequence. Further investigation and optimization of the peptide may provide unique information for the development of RGS4 inhibitors for future therapeutic application.
Stress, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Eating Disorders
Authors: Lo Sauro Carolina , Ravaldi Claudia , Cabras Pier Luigi , Faravelli Carlo , Ricca Valdo
Published: June 2008

The etiopathogenesis of eating disorders (ED) is complex and poorly understood. Biological, psychological and environmental factors have all been considered to be involved in the onset and the persistence of these syndromes, often with conflicting results. The recent literature focused on the possible role of hormonal pathways, in particular the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, as a relevant factor capable of influencing the onset and the course of ED. Other studies have suggested that the onset of ED is often preceded by severe life events, and that chronic stress is associated with the persistence of these disorders. As the biological response to stress is the activation of the HPA axis, the available literature considering the relationships between stress, HPA axis functioning and anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder is reviewed by the present article.
Preliminary Study of the Expression of Genes Connected with the Orexigenic and Anorexigenic System Using Microarray Technique in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Janas-Kozik Malgorzata , Stachowicz Malgorzata , Mazurek Urszula , Zajdel Alicja , Wilczok Adam , Krupka-Matuszczyk Irena , Rybakowski Janusz K.
Published: June 2008

The pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa (AN) is still poorly understood. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition) classification differentiates 2 AN types: the restricting type (AN-R) and the binge eating/purging type (AN-BP). We investigated 4 young women suffering from AN (2 with AN-R and 2 with AN-BP). Four women, age matched, with other psychiatric disorders (paranoid schizophrenia, adjustment disorder, mental retardation) served as the reference group. The oligonucleotide microarray method (HG-U133A, Affymetrix) was used to determine the expression profile of 13 genes connected with the orexigenic and anorexigenic system: leptin, leptin receptor-coding gene, hypocretin (orexin) receptor-coding gene, hypocretin (orexin) neuropeptide precursor-coding gene and growth hormone secretagogue receptor. A hierarchical analysis of the results showed that AN-BP and AN-R patients were grouped into different clusters. Also, expression levels of leptin receptor-coding gene showed significant differences between AN-BP and AN-R patients and between AN-R and control subjects. This preliminary study suggests that the microarray technique may contribute to elucidating molecular genetics of the pathogenesis of both types of AN.
Ghrelin and Eating Disturbances in Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Schanze A. , Reulbach U. , Scheuchenzuber M. , Gröschl M. , Kornhuber J. , Kraus T.
Published: June 2008

Introduction: Appetite and eating behavior are frequently altered in psychiatric patients. The newly discovered gut-derived neuropeptide ghrelin simulates hunger and weight gain. Therefore, it might be involved in appetite regulation during psychiatric disorders. Methods: In 83 depressed, 42 schizophrenic patients and 46 healthy controls plasma ghrelin levels were measured, and the psychometric scores on the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) were assessed. Results: Neither ghrelin levels nor TFEQ scores differed between both patient groups and healthy subjects. However, TFEQ subscale 2 (disinhibition) was predicted by BMI-corrected ghrelin levels, while age, sex, smoking, and medication did not show any influence. Discussion: Ghrelin correlates with factors of eating behavior, specifically with subscale 2 on the TFEQ. Ghrelin might be involved in appetite-regulating pathways during psychiatric disorders. However, its influence is not likely to be displayed as a difference between diagnostic groups. Rather, ghrelin is associated with eating behavior in psychiatric patients meaning susceptibility to eating problems.
Relationship between Insulin Sensitivity and IGF-I Sensitivity in Low Birth Weight Prepubertal Children
Authors: Román Rossana , Iñiguez German , Salazar Teresa , Avila Alejandra , Barrera Alvaro , Mericq Verónica , Attie Kenneth M. , Cassorla Fernando
Published: June 2008

Background: Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin are structurally related proteins with similar receptors and signal transduction systems. Aim: We postulate that some low birth weight (LBW) children may have decreased sensitivity to both insulin and IGF-I. Methods: We studied 48 prepubertal LBW children aged 7.6 ± 2.4 years. Insulin sensitivity was determined using an oral glucose tolerance test, and IGF-I sensitivity was assessed by determining nocturnal GH concentrations at baseline and after administration of recombinant human IGF-I/IGFBP-3 complex. Results: Children were classified into quartiles of insulin sensitivity based on their glucose AUC/insulin AUC index. Children in the lowest quartile of insulin sensitivity exhibited a lower IGF-I sensitivity after administration of the rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3 complex compared to children in the highest quartile of insulin sensitivity (percent change in GH AUC: –44.2 ± 5.7 vs. –21.6 ± 6.8, p < 0.05). Conclusion: LBW children in the lowest quartile of insulin sensitivity exhibited a lower pituitary GH response to the administration of rhIGF-I/rhIGFBP-3. Our findings suggest that reduced sensitivity to insulin and IGF-I may coexist in some prepubertal LBW children.
Hormonal Alteration in Obese Adolescents with Eating Disorder: Effects of Multidisciplinary Therapy
Authors: Carnier June , Lofrano Mara C. , Prado Wagner L. , Caranti Danielle A. , de Piano Aline , Tock Lian , do Nascimento Claudia M.O. , Oyama Lila M. , Mello Marco T. , Tufik Sérgio , Dâmaso Ana R.
Published: June 2008

Background/Aims: Ghrelin and leptin play important roles in the physiopathology of eating disorders, starting generally in infancy and adolescence. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of multidisciplinary short-term therapy on ghrelin and leptin concentrations, bulimia nervosa symptoms, binge eating disorder symptoms, body composition, and visceral and subcutaneous fat in obese adolescents. Methods: Twenty obese adolescents with simple obesity (BMI >95th percentile, 36.93 ± 4.14, CDC) were submitted to multidisciplinary (nutrition, psychology, exercise and clinical) therapy. Plasma ghrelin and leptin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Bulimic and binge eating behaviors were measured by the Bulimic Investigation Test Edinburgh and the Binge Eating Scale, respectively. Visceral and subcutaneous fat were measured by ultrasonography and body composition by plethysmography. Results: Significant reductions were observed in body weight (101.04 ± 11.18 to 94.79 ± 10.94 kg), BMI (36.93 ± 4.14 to 34.27 ± 4.78), fat% (41.96 ± 6.28 to 39.14 ± 7.62%), visceral fat (4.34 ± 1.53 to 3.41 ± 1.12 cm), leptin concentration (20.12 ± 6.47 to 16.68 ± 8.08 ng/ml), prevalence of bulimia nervosa (100 to 67%) and binge eating disorder symptoms (40 to 17%). Conclusion: Short-term multidisciplinary therapy was effective in improving body composition, visceral fat, leptinemia and eating disorders in obese adolescents.
A Randomised Study of the Effect of Two Doses of Biosynthetic Human Growth Hormone on Final Height of Children with Familial Short Stature
Authors: Elder C.J. , Barton J.S. , Brook C.G.D. , Preece M.A. , Dattani M.T. , Hindmarsh P.C.
Published: June 2008

Background/Aims: The effects of biosynthetic human growth hormone (r-hGH) in children with familial short stature (FSS) are varied. We determined whether responsivity to r-hGH in FSS is dose-dependent. Method: Randomised trial of two doses (20 or 40 IU/m2 body surface area/week by daily subcutaneous injection) of r-hGH in 29 (24 male, 5 female) FSS children with assessment at adult height. Results: Age range at presentation was 5.1–10.5 years, height less than 1.5 standard deviation scores (SDS) below the mean, height velocity SDS greater than –1.5 and peak growth hormone response to provocative testing over 13.5 mU/l. Adult height data (SDS) at 16.5 ± 2.1 years for the low-dose group and 16.1 ± 1.1 years for the high-dose group (p = 0.62) were similar [low dose –1.06 (SD 0.75), high dose –1.02 (SD 0.83); p = 0.88]. The incremental effect of both doses on stature was minimal [low-dose difference in height actual-predicted 0.79 (SD 0.94), high dose 1.27 (SD 0.88); p = 0.12]. Conclusion: Using this r-hGH dosing schedule there were little short- or long-term effects on height in children with FSS.
Correlation of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Peritoneal Urea Clearance with Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Chen Jin-Bor , Lin Tsu-Kung , Liou Chia-Wei , Liao Shang-Chih , Lee Lung-Chih , Wang Pei-Wen , Tiao Mao-Meng
Published: June 2008

Background/Aims: The influence of oxidative stress and peritoneal clearance on alterations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients was investigated. Methods: Ninety-one CAPD patients (age, 30–57 years) and 99 age-matched healthy subjects were enrolled. Biochemical variables, plasma thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substances (TBARS), free thiol levels and mtDNA copy number in peripheral leukocytes were measured. Results: CAPD patients showed higher TBARS levels, lower free thiol levels and a higher mtDNA copy number than control subjects. Plasma TBARS levels and peritoneal urea clearance were significant factors contributing positively to leukocyte mtDNA copy number (p = 0.024, R2 = 0.238). The CAPD patients were further categorized into 4 groups depending on whether the TBARS and free thiol plasma levels were above or below the mean values for these parameters. Patients with higher TBARS levels and lower free thiol levels had a significantly higher number of leukocyte mtDNA copies than patients with lower TBARS levels and higher free thiol levels (multi-covariate ANOVA, p = 0.008). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that CAPD patients have higher oxidative stress than healthy subjects; such elevated oxidative stress and peritoneal urea clearance have a positive correlation with mtDNA copy number in peripheral leukocytes.
Brain Allopregnanolone in the Fetal and Postnatal Rat in Response to Uteroplacental Insufficiency
Authors: Westcott Kerryn T. , Hirst Jonathan J. , Ciurej Isabella , Walker David W. , Wlodek Mary E.
Published: June 2008

Background/Aims: Allopregnanolone suppresses central nervous system activity and has neuroprotective actions in hypoxia-induced brain injury. In pregnant sheep allopregnanolone concentrations are high during fetal life and decline rapidly after birth. We investigated brain allopregnanolone concentrations of fetal and postnatal rats derived from normal and growth restricted pregnancies. Methods: Bilateral uterine vessel ligation (or sham) was performed at gestation day 18 to induce uteroplacental insufficiency in WKY rats (n = 7–8 per group). Brain allopregnanolone was measured by radioimmunoassay at 2 study ages, gestation day 20 (n = 6 per group) and postnatal day 6 (n = 6–8 per group), from control and growth-restricted pups. Results: Fetal brain allopregnanolone concentrations were higher in growth-restricted fetuses compared to control (p < 0.05). Allopregnanolone concentrations decreased at birth with a greater decline in growth restriction (p < 0.05). Postnatal day 6 brain allopregnanolone concentrations were lower in growth restriction (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Growth restriction is a potent stimulus for neurosteroid synthesis in the fetal brain in late pregnancy. The low concentrations of allopregnanolone in the growth-restricted postnatal brain suggest a delay in the capacity of the adrenal gland or brain to synthesize pregnane steroids or their precursors and may render the postnatal brain vulnerable to hypoxia-induced injury.
Fibrin: A Natural Biodegradable Scaffold in Vascular Tissue Engineering
Authors: Shaikh Faisal M. , Callanan Anthony , Kavanagh Eamon G. , Burke Paul E. , Grace Pierce A. , McGloughlin Tim M.
Published: June 2008

Arterial occlusive disease remains a major health issue in the developed world and a rapidly growing problem in the developing world. Although a growing number of patients are now being effectively treated with minimally invasive techniques, there remains a tremendous pressure on the vascular community to develop a synthetic small-diameter vascular graft with improved long-term patency rates. The field of tissue engineering offers an exciting alternative in the search for living organ replacement structures. Several methodologies have emerged for constructing blood vessel replacements with biological functionality. Common strategies include cell-seeded biodegradable synthetic scaffolds, cell self-assembly, cell-seeded gels and xenogeneic acellular materials. A wide range of materials are being investigated as potential scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering applications. Some are commercialised and others are still in development. Recently, researchers have studied the role of fibrin gel as a three-dimensional scaffold in vascular tissue engineering. This overview describes the properties of fibrin gel in vascular tissue engineering and highlights some recent progress and difficulties encountered in the development of cell fibrin scaffold technology.