bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pilgrim Readers: Introducing Undergraduates to Dante’s Divine Comedy
Authors: Edelman John
Published: March 2019

In the context of undergraduate education, “Teaching Dante” often means reading selected cantos from the Divine Comedy, most, if not all of them, taken from the Inferno. I suggest, however, that Dante’s aims in the Divine Comedy, as well as the particular experiences related in the Inferno itself, cannot be understood from any perspective offered by the Inferno alone. In spelling out my reasons for saying this I offer an approach to the text that includes readings from each of its three cantiche within the sometimes severe time-limitations of an undergraduate course. Central to this approach is the notion that student-readers of the Divine Comedy are called upon by the poem to be not mere observers of the experiences of the poet-pilgrim but to become themselves “pilgrim-readers.” In this presentation, this “call” is itself explored through the treatment of “divine justice” within the poem.
Stoic Theology: Revealing or Redundant?
Authors: Whiting Kai , Konstantakos Leonidas
Published: March 2019

With the notion of advancing a modern Stoic environmental ethical framework, we explore the philosophy’s call to “living according to Nature”, as derived from ancient Stoic theology. We do this by evaluating the orthodox (ancient) viewpoint and the contemporary criticisms levelled against it. We reflect on the atheistic interpretations of Stoicism and their associated call to “live according to the facts”. We consider the limitations that this call has when applied to societal, and particularly non-human matters. We do not undertake this research with the aim of determining which view of Stoic theology is right or wrong. However, we contest one of the assumptions of the heterodox approach, namely that the Stoic worldview is incompatible with modern scientific thinking. Indeed, we demonstrate how Stoic theology, far from being outdated or irrelevant, is actually refreshingly contemporary in that it provides the tools, scope and urgency with which to deliver a far more considerate ethical framework for the 21st century. Finally, we suggest where Stoic theology can help practitioners to reframe and respond to environmental challenges, which we argue forms part of their cosmopolitan obligation to take care of themselves, others and the Earth as a whole.
The Cognitive Phenomenology of Doors in the Book of Revelation: A Spatial Analysis
Authors: Pruszinski Jolyon G. R.
Published: March 2019

Following Rowland’s and Foucault’s respective observations that apocalypses are not necessarily temporal, and that historical analyses have diverted attention unduly from spatial phenomena, this paper examines Revelation using a spatial hermeneutic, comparing it to the semi-contemporaneous Parables of Enoch. Analyzing ostensibly similar spaces that are presented divergently, the paper focuses particular attention on “doorway” phenomena in Revelation. Recent research in cognitive psychology by Radvansky et al. suggests that passing through a doorway has a measurable cognitive effect, inducing forgetfulness of prior thoughts. Revelation employs doorway and gateway language repeatedly, while Parables of Enoch does not. The respective spatial emphases of Revelation and Parables suggest diverging engagements with a traumatized material world. References in Parables of Enoch to oppressive landowners and transformative goals for the earth suggest a continuing critical engagement with the material world. The lack of comparable language in Revelation suggests a comparatively more escapist perspective. Revelation combines polemic against all the “inhabitants of the earth”, an emphasis on the replacement of the old order, and the use of compensatory cultic language to orient the reader away from the existing material world. The parallel narrative employment of doorway language suggests an operative governing psychology of separation and forgetfulness in Revelation.
“Serving the Lord”: Christianity, Work, and Social Engagement in China
Authors: Lim Francis K. G.
Published: March 2019

This study examines how Chinese evangelical Protestant employees view work and the workplace, through the lens of their religion, and how they seek to influence the broader society, in a highly restrictive religious domain in China. Using the concept of everyday religion, I examined how these employees seek to integrate faith into their work and the workplace, and the issues and challenges they face in the process. While existing China-focused studies have mainly looked at the experience of the business elite and Christian bosses, I inquired into the experience of the employees, specifically the professional class. It was found that they did not see a clear boundary between the ‘religious’ and the ‘secular’ in the workplace. At the same time, they discursively constructed a distinction between their own Christian work ethos and that of their non-Christian colleagues. This discursive self-othering was double-edged. While it enabled the Christian employees to construct a distinctive workplace and social identity, it risked resulting in them being perceived negatively by non-Christian colleagues, as belonging to a “different kind” (linglei), thus, accentuating the social gulf and tension that might have already existed between the Christian and the non-Christian employees. Most regard the workplace as an important arena for the concrete expressions of their Christian faith and values in everyday life. In doing so, they seek a moral transformation of the workplace, as a way to transform the wider society. I argue that their effort to influence their colleagues and transform the workplace culture is an important kind of unobtrusive social engagement, without open mobilization in civil society.
A New CNN-Bayesian Model for Extracting Improved Winter Wheat Spatial Distribution from GF-2 imagery
Authors: Zhang Chengming , Han Yingjuan , Li Feng , Gao Shuai , Song Dejuan , Zhao Hui , Fan Keqi , Zhang Ya’nan
Published: March 2019

When the spatial distribution of winter wheat is extracted from high-resolution remote sensing imagery using convolutional neural networks (CNN), field edge results are usually rough, resulting in lowered overall accuracy. This study proposed a new per-pixel classification model using CNN and Bayesian models (CNN-Bayesian model) for improved extraction accuracy. In this model, a feature extractor generates a feature vector for each pixel, an encoder transforms the feature vector of each pixel into a category-code vector, and a two-level classifier uses the difference between elements of category-probability vectors as the confidence value to perform per-pixel classifications. The first level is used to determine the category of a pixel with high confidence, and the second level is an improved Bayesian model used to determine the category of low-confidence pixels. The CNN-Bayesian model was trained and tested on Gaofen 2 satellite images. Compared to existing models, our approach produced an improvement in overall accuracy, the overall accuracy of SegNet, DeepLab, VGG-Ex, and CNN-Bayesian was 0.791, 0.852, 0.892, and 0.946, respectively. Thus, this approach can produce superior results when winter wheat spatial distribution is extracted from satellite imagery.
Decision Fusion Framework for Hyperspectral Image Classification Based on Markov and Conditional Random Fields
Authors: Andrejchenko Vera , Liao Wenzhi , Philips Wilfried , Scheunders Paul
Published: March 2019

Classification of hyperspectral images is a challenging task owing to the high dimensionality of the data, limited ground truth data, collinearity of the spectra and the presence of mixed pixels. Conventional classification techniques do not cope well with these problems. Thus, in addition to the spectral information, features were developed for a more complete description of the pixels, e.g., containing contextual information at the superpixel level or mixed pixel information at the subpixel level. This has encouraged an evolution of fusion techniques which use these myriad of multiple feature sets and decisions from individual classifiers to be employed in a joint manner. In this work, we present a flexible decision fusion framework addressing these issues. In a first step, we propose to use sparse fractional abundances as decision source, complementary to class probabilities obtained from a supervised classifier. This specific selection of complementary decision sources enables the description of a pixel in a more complete way, and is expected to mitigate the effects of small training samples sizes. Secondly, we propose to apply a fusion scheme, based on the probabilistic graphical Markov Random Field (MRF) and Conditional Random Field (CRF) models, which inherently employ spatial information into the fusion process. To strengthen the decision fusion process, consistency links across the different decision sources are incorporated to encourage agreement between their decisions. The proposed framework offers flexibility such that it can be extended with additional decision sources in a straightforward way. Experimental results conducted on two real hyperspectral images show superiority over several other approaches in terms of classification performance when very limited training data is available.
Robust Identification of Strain Waves due to Low-Velocity Impact with Different Impactor Stiffness
Authors: Beligni Alessio , Sbarufatti Claudio , Gilioli Andrea , Cadini Francesco , Giglio Marco
Published: March 2019

Low-velocity impacts represent a major concern for aeronautical structures, sometimes producing barely detectable damage that could severely hamper the aircraft safety, even with regards to metallic structures. For this reason, the development of an automated impact monitoring system is desired. From a passive monitoring perspective, any impact generates a strain wave that can be acquired using sensor networks; signal processing techniques allow for extracting features useful for impact identification, possibly in an automatic way. However, impact wave characteristics are related to the impactor stiffness; this presents a problem for the evaluation of an impact-related feature and for the development of an automatic approach to impact identification. This work discusses the problem of reducing the influence of the impactor stiffness on one of the features typically characterizing the impact event, i.e., the time of arrival (TOA). Two passive sensor networks composed of accelerometers and piezoelectric sensors are installed on two metallic specimens, consisting of an aluminum skin and a sandwich panel, with aluminum skins and NOMEXTM honeycomb core. The effect of different impactor stiffnesses is investigated by resorting to an impact hammer, equipped with different tips. Subsequently, a method for data processing is defined to obtain a feature insensitive to the impactor stiffness, and this method is applied to multiple impact signals for feature uncertainty evaluation.
Urban Tree Species Classification Using a WorldView-2/3 and LiDAR Data Fusion Approach and Deep Learning
Authors: Hartling Sean , Sagan Vasit , Sidike Paheding , Maimaitijiang Maitiniyazi , Carron Joshua
Published: March 2019

Urban areas feature complex and heterogeneous land covers which create challenging issues for tree species classification. The increased availability of high spatial resolution multispectral satellite imagery and LiDAR datasets combined with the recent evolution of deep learning within remote sensing for object detection and scene classification, provide promising opportunities to map individual tree species with greater accuracy and resolution. However, there are knowledge gaps that are related to the contribution of Worldview-3 SWIR bands, very high resolution PAN band and LiDAR data in detailed tree species mapping. Additionally, contemporary deep learning methods are hampered by lack of training samples and difficulties of preparing training data. The objective of this study was to examine the potential of a novel deep learning method, Dense Convolutional Network (DenseNet), to identify dominant individual tree species in a complex urban environment within a fused image of WorldView-2 VNIR, Worldview-3 SWIR and LiDAR datasets. DenseNet results were compared against two popular machine classifiers in remote sensing image analysis, Random Forest (RF) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Our results demonstrated that: (1) utilizing a data fusion approach beginning with VNIR and adding SWIR, LiDAR, and panchromatic (PAN) bands increased the overall accuracy of the DenseNet classifier from 75.9% to 76.8%, 81.1% and 82.6%, respectively. (2) DenseNet significantly outperformed RF and SVM for the classification of eight dominant tree species with an overall accuracy of 82.6%, compared to 51.8% and 52% for SVM and RF classifiers, respectively. (3) DenseNet maintained superior performance over RF and SVM classifiers under restricted training sample quantities which is a major limiting factor for deep learning techniques. Overall, the study reveals that DenseNet is more effective for urban tree species classification as it outperforms the popular RF and SVM techniques when working with highly complex image scenes regardless of training sample size.
Multiplexed Paper Microfluidics for Titration and Detection of Ingredients in Beverages
Authors: Prasad Alisha , Tran Tiffany , Gartia Manas Ranjan
Published: March 2019

Food safety and access to systematic approaches for ensuring detection of food hazards is an important issue in most developing countries. With the arrival of paper-based analytical devices (µPADs) as a promising, rapid, easy-to-use, and low-cost analytical tool, we demonstrated a simple microfluidic-based titration study for the analysis of packaged fruit juices. Similar, to the titration experiments using traditional glassware in chemistry laboratories, in this study the titration experiments were developed using paper microfluidics for the analysis of several analytes such as pH, vitamin C, sugars, and preservatives present in the packaged fruit juices. The allergen found commonly in dairy based mixtures and the non-pathogenic biochemical component responsible for food spoilage in cider based fruit juices were also determined. The results obtained using paper microfluidics were compared with those obtained using a conventional spectrophotometric technique. Finally, a paper microfluidics based multiplexed sensor was developed for the analysis of common nutritional ingredients, an allergen, and a non-pathogenic byproduct present in packaged fruit juices on a single platform. Overall, the results presented in this study reveal that the proposed paper microfluidic assisted colorimetric multiplexed sensor offers a quick and reliable tool for on-spot routine analysis for food safety applications.
Anti-Interference Aircraft-Tracking Method in Infrared Imagery
Authors: Wu Sijie , Zhang Kai , Niu Saisai , Yan Jie
Published: March 2019

In this paper, we focus on developing an algorithm for infrared-imaging guidance that enables the aircraft to be reliably tracked in the event of interference. The key challenge is to track the aircraft with occlusion caused by decoys and drastic appearance changes resulting from a diversity of attacking angles. To address this challenge, an aircraft-tracking algorithm was proposed, which provides robustness in tracking the aircraft against the decoys. We reveal the inherent structure and infrared signature of the aircraft, which are used as discriminative features to track the aircraft. The anti-interference method was developed based on simulated images but validate the effectiveness on both real infrared image sequences without decoys and simulated infrared imagery. For frequent occlusion caused by the decoys, the mechanism of occlusion detection is exploited according to the variation of the model distance in tracking process. To have a comprehensive evaluation of tracking performance, infrared-image sequences with different attack angles were simulated, and experiments on benchmark trackers were performed to quantitatively evaluate tracking performance. The experiment results demonstrate that our aircraft-tracking method performs favorably against state-of-the-art trackers.
Learning the Cost Function for Foothold Selection in a Quadruped Robot
Authors: Li Xingdong , Gao Hewei , Zha Fusheng , Li Jian , Wang Yangwei , Guo Yanling , Wang Xin
Published: March 2019

This paper is focused on designing a cost function of selecting a foothold for a physical quadruped robot walking on rough terrain. The quadruped robot is modeled with Denavit–Hartenberg (DH) parameters, and then a default foothold is defined based on the model. Time of Flight (TOF) camera is used to perceive terrain information and construct a 2.5D elevation map, on which the terrain features are detected. The cost function is defined as the weighted sum of several elements including terrain features and some features on the relative pose between the default foothold and other candidates. It is nearly impossible to hand-code the weight vector of the function, so the weights are learned using Supporting Vector Machine (SVM) techniques, and the training data set is generated from the 2.5D elevation map of a real terrain under the guidance of experts. Four candidate footholds around the default foothold are randomly sampled, and the expert gives the order of such four candidates by rotating and scaling the view for seeing clearly. Lastly, the learned cost function is used to select a suitable foothold and drive the quadruped robot to walk autonomously across the rough terrain with wooden steps. Comparing to the approach with the original standard static gait, the proposed cost function shows better performance.
The Impact of Job, Site, and Industry Experience on Worker Health and Safety
Authors: Haas Emily J. , Eiter Brianna , Hoebbel Cassandra , Ryan Margaret E.
Published: March 2019

A debate exists about the impact of mineworker experience on health and safety (H&S). Studies often assert that length of time on the job (tenure) is negatively associated with accidents (i.e., new employees have a higher accident rate). However, inferences are all made based on reported incidents, whereas we know that underreporting is a problem in high-risk occupations. To that end, this study sought to examine how worker experience may impact a variety of H&S outcomes on the job. Comprised of three separate case studies with different H&S outcome variables, researchers broke down the results of several data sets that were collected from 3400 miners who worked in either underground coal, surface sand, stone, and gravel, or metal/non-metal to reveal any underlying trends among differing levels of experience on a specific job, with a specific company, and in the mining industry. Each case study is described in turn, using Kruskall-Wallis tests to determine the impact miners’ experience on hazard recognition accuracy (Case 1), self-escape confidence (Case 2), and safety compliance (Case 3). The results show that workers with more job experience possess higher levels of perceived health and safety skills, including the identification of hazards on the job. We discuss the impact of experience on several predictors of incidents, including perceived job knowledge and hazard identification, and perceived compliance on the job. Practitioners can expect to gain a greater understanding of their workforce, including actual differences and similarities to consider, when communicating pieces of their health and safety management system to training workers of all experience levels.
Germplasm Development of Underutilized Temperate U.S. Tree Crops
Authors: Revord Ronald , Lovell Sarah , Molnar Thomas , Wolz Kevin J. , Mattia Chloé
Published: March 2019

In the Midwest U.S. dominated corn-soybean landscape, agroforestry systems can be particularly valuable for increasing the provisioning and regulatory capacity of the agricultural landscape. However, these systems have not yet been broadly integrated into the landscape of this region since they are mostly relegated to marginal lands. A growing body of literature suggests a path to increase the adoption of agroforestry in the Midwest U.S. lies in the incorporation of low-input food-producing tree species that provide economic incentives for farmers. Studies of the system-level integration of such approaches have proceeded by using the currently available cultivars and breeding selections of various tree nut and fruit species. While existing varieties and breeding selections provide the opportunity for initial system development and integration, their broad adaptability to the Midwest U.S. and its marginal land-types is unexplored. Thus, a second tier of research includes the genetic improvement and adaptation of tree crop selections to their respective target environments throughout the Midwest U.S. Fortunately, select tree crops of interest are amendable to systematic breeding and have wild relatives that are endemic across the region. In this paper, we discuss the value of these wild relatives for broadening the adaption of cultivated tree crop selections by using the hazelnut as an example species. We present a framework using geospatial tools to define and prioritize target environments for breeding and, in turn, exploiting wild relative germplasm.
Environmental Education and Student’s Perception, for Sustainability
Authors: Boca Gratiela Dana , Saraçlı Sinan
Published: March 2019

Environmental education and education for the environment today play an important role toward sustainability. Environmental education provided by higher education institutions has an important impact on training and preparing the future generation for a green society. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship among perception, attitude, and environmental behavior of the university students enrolled in different specialization fields (engineering electrical, mechanical, and economic). A total of 358 students participated in this survey conducted at the North Center University of Baia Mare. To collect data to measure students’ environmental education, perception, students’ attitudes, and behavior a Likert scale was used. In this study, it was revealed that students receiving academic education are involved in activities regarding environmental protection (volunteer, warning, participation, recycling of materials) using the new product and “greener” alternative energy. As a result of the t-test performed, it was put forward that there was no difference in their level of perception regarding the importance of environmental education. As a result of the correlation analysis, a positive relation was identified between the perception, attitude, and behavior variables.
Adapting Seasonal Sheep Production to Year-Round Fresh Meat and Halal Market in Norway
Authors: Bhatti Muhammad , Williams Thomas , Hopkins David , Asheim Leif , Steinheim Geir , Campbell Michael , Eik Lars , Wynn Peter , Ådnøy Tormod
Published: March 2019

Norway is the largest sheep meat producer among Nordic countries with more than 1.3 million lambs and sheep slaughtered in 2017. The sheep industry is limited by the need for in-house feeding during the winter months. In summer, Norwegian sheep are mainly kept on rangeland pastures, with sufficient feed for almost double the current sheep population. Lambs are slaughtered over a three- to four-month period from September to December with a peak in September–October, providing a surplus of lamb, much of which is subsequently frozen, followed by eight months during which fresh produce is in limited supply. Norwegian consumers eat an average of 5.4 kg of sheep meat per person per year, much of which is purchased as a frozen product. The Muslim (4.2% of the population) preference for year-round halal meat, with an increased demand on the eve of the Muslim meat festival (Eid al-Adha), has the potential to boost demand, particularly in Oslo. This paper provides an overview of the Norwegian sheep farming system, the current market value chains, and the potential to meet the demand for halal meat in Norway (specifically during the Muslim meat festival—Eid al-Adha) to the advantage of both consumers and sheep farmers.
Willingness to Pay Price Premium for Smartphones Produced Using Renewable Energy
Authors: Kim Ju-Hee , Kim Hyo-Jin , Yoo Seung-Hoon
Published: March 2019

Due to air pollution and greenhouse gases issues associated with the use of fossil fuels and nuclear safety issues after the Fukushima accident, consumers are increasingly in favor of commodities produced using electricity generated from relatively expensive renewable energy (RE) rather than cheap fossil fuels or nuclear energy. This is usually called ‘RE100’. The objective of this study is to examine South Korean consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) price premium for a RE100 commodity using the specific case of smartphones. We accomplished the purpose by conducting a contingent valuation survey of 1000 individuals in August 2018 and analyzing the data gathered from the survey. In addition, the spike model was applied to dealing with the zero WTP responses. Based on the analysis results, an average price premium was statistically significantly estimated to be KRW 11,699 (USD 10.5) for all respondents. This is worth 1.6% of the price for a conventional non-RE100 smartphone (KRW 750,000 or USD 673.9) and is higher than the cost increase (0.97%) when producing RE100 smartphones. Therefore, it can be seen that South Korean consumers have sufficient acceptance for RE100 smartphones.
The Spectrum of Teleparallel Gravity
Authors: Koivisto Tomi , Tsimperis Georgios
Published: March 2019

The observer’s frame is the more elementary description of the gravitational field than the metric. The most general covariant, even-parity quadratic form for the frame field in arbitrary dimension generalises the New General Relativity by nine functions of the d’Alembertian operator. The degrees of freedom are clarified by a covariant derivation of the propagator. The consistent and viable models can incorporate an ultra-violet completion of the gravity theory, an additional polarisation of the gravitational wave, and the dynamics of a magnetic scalar potential.
Perturbative Peculiarities of Quantum Field Theories at High Temperatures
Authors: Bischer Ingolf , Grandou Thierry , Hofmann Ralf
Published: March 2019

Revisiting the fast fermion damping rate calculation in a thermalized QED and/or QCD plasma in thermal equilibrium at four-loop order, focus is put on a peculiar perturbative structure which has no equivalent at zero-temperature. Not surprisingly, and in agreement with previous C ⋆ -algebraic analyses, this structure renders the use of thermal perturbation theory more than questionable.
New Advances on Zika Virus Research
Authors: Martinez-Sobrido Luis , Almazán Fernando
Published: March 2019

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne member of the Flaviviridae family that has historically been known to cause sporadic outbreaks, associated with a mild febrile illness, in Africa and Southeast Asia [...]
Sorption and Degradation Potential of Pharmaceuticals in Sediments from a Stormwater Retention Pond
Authors: Liu Fan , Nielsen Asbjørn Haaning , Vollertsen Jes
Published: March 2019

Stormwater retention ponds commonly receive some wastewater through misconnections, sewer leaks, and sewer overloads, all of which leads to unintended loads of organic micropollutants, including pharmaceuticals. This study explores the role of pond sediment in removing pharmaceuticals (naproxen, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, furosemide, and fenofibrate). It quantifies their sorption potential to the sediments and how it depends on pH. Then it addresses the degradability of the pharmaceuticals in microcosms holding sediment beds and pond water. The sediment-water partitioning coefficient of fenofibrate varied little with pH and was the highest (average log Kd: 4.42 L kg−1). Sulfamethoxazole had the lowest (average log Kd: 0.80 L kg−1), varying unsystematically with pH. The coefficients of naproxen, furosemide and carbamazepine were in between. The degradation by the sediments was most pronounced for sulfamethoxazole, followed by naproxen, fenofibrate, furosemide, and carbamazepine. The first three were all removed from the water phase with half-life of 2–8 days. Over the 38 days the experiment lasted, they were all degraded to near completion. The latter two were more resistant, with half-lives between 1 and 2 months. Overall, the study indicated that stormwater retention ponds have the potential to remove some but not all pharmaceuticals contained in wastewater contributions.
Impact of Climate Forecasts on the Microbial Quality of a Drinking Water Source in Norway Using Hydrodynamic Modeling
Authors: Mohammed Hadi , Longva Andreas , Seidu Razak
Published: March 2019

This study applies hydrodynamic and water quality modeling to evaluate the potential effects of local climate projections on the mixing conditions in Lake Brusdalsvatnet in Norway and the implications on the occurrence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) at the raw water intake point of the Ålesund water treatment plant in the future. The study is mainly based on observed and projected temperature, the number of E. coli in the tributaries of the lake and projected flow. The results indicate a gradual rise in the temperature of water at the intake point from the base year 2017 to year 2075. In the future, vertical circulations in spring may occur earlier while autumn circulation may start later than currently observed in the lake. The number of E. coli at the intake point of the lake is expected to marginally increase in future. By the year 2075, the models predict an approximately three-fold increase in average E. coli numbers for the spring and autumn seasons compared to current levels. The results are expected to provide the water supply system managers of Ålesund with the information necessary for long-term planning and decisions in the protection of the drinking water source. The method used here can also be applied to similar drinking water sources in Norway for developing effective risk management strategies within their catchments.
Assessment of Surface Water Resources in the Big Sunflower River Watershed Using Coupled SWAT–MODFLOW Model
Authors: Gao Fei , Feng Gary , Han Ming , Dash Padmanava , Jenkins Johnie , Liu Changming
Published: March 2019

The groundwater level in the Big Sunflower River Watershed (BSRW) in the U.S. has declined significantly in the past 30 years. Therefore, it is imperative to assess surface water resources (SWR) availability in BSRW to mitigate groundwater use for irrigation. This research applied the coupled Soil and Water Assessment Tool–Modular Groundwater Flow model (SWAT–MODFLOW) to assess SWR in BSRW. This study aimed at: (1) Assessing the reliability of SWAT–MODFLOW in BSRW, (2) analyzing temporal and spatial variations of SWR, and (3) assessing the potential availability of SWR in BSRW. Calibration and validation results showed that SWAT–MODFLOW can well simulate streamflow and groundwater levels in BSRW. Our results showed that BSRW had lower average monthly total stream resources (MSR = 8.8 × 107 m3) in growing seasons than in non-growing seasons (MSR = 11.0 × 107 m3), and monthly pond resources (MPR from 30,418 to 30,494 m3) varied less than stream resources. The proportion of sub-basins in BSRW with stream water resources greater than 700 mm was 21% in dry years (229 to 994 mm), while this increased to 35% in normal years (296 to 1141 mm) and 57% in wet years (554 to 991 mm). The Water Stress Index (WSI) ranged from 0.4 to 2.1, revealing that most of the sub-basins in BSRW have net SWR available for irrigation. Our results suggested that surface water resources might be supplementary irrigation sources to mitigate the water resources scarcity in this region.
Water Footprint of Wheat in Iraq
Authors: Ewaid Salam Hussein , Abed Salwan Ali , Al-Ansari Nadhir
Published: March 2019

The water footprint (WF) is an indicator of indirect and direct fresh water use. In respect of facilitating decision-making processes, WF gives an excellent perspective on how and where fresh water is used in the supply chain. More than 39 million people live in Iraq and, with a growing population, there is a water shortage and a rising demand for food that cannot be met in the future. In this study, the WF of wheat production is estimated for the year 2016–2017 for 15 Iraqi provinces. The WF was calculated using the method of Mekonnen and Hoekstra (2011) and the CROPWAT and CLIMWAT softwares’ crop water requirement option. It was found that the WF in m3/ton was 1876 m3/ton. The 15 provinces showed variations in WFs, which can be ascribed to the difference in climate and production values. The highest wheat WF was found in Nineveh province, followed by Muthanna, Anbar, and Basra. The last three provinces produce little and have a high WF so, in these provinces, wheat can be replaced with crops that need less water and provide more economic benefit. There is an opportunity to reduce the green WF by increasing production from the 4 rain-fed provinces, which will reduce the need for production from the irrigated provinces and, therefore, reduce the use of blue water.
İlköğretimde Fen Bilgisi Öğretmeni Adaylarının Matematik Öğretimine Yönelik Öz Yeterlik İnançlarının İncelenmesi
Authors: Geçer Kelimetullah
Published: March 2019

Bu çalışmanın amacı, ilköğretim fen
bilgisi öğretmeni adaylarının matematik öğretimine yönelik öz-yeterlik
inançlarının bazı değişkenlere göre incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda veri toplama
aracı olarak, öğretmen adaylarının matematik öğretimine yönelik öz-yeterlik
inançlarını belirlemek için Hacıömeroğlu ve Taşkın (2010) tarafından Enochs ve
diğ. (2000)’ nin geliştirmiş oldukları Matematik Öğretimi Yeterlik İnanç
Ölçeğinin Türkçe’ ye uyarlanmış hali ve öğretmen adayları hakkında gerekli
bilgileri toplamak amacıyla araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen kişisel bilgi
formu kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklemini Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi
Eğitim Fakültesi Fen bilgisi öğretmenliği bölümünde öğrenim görmekte olan
toplam 135 öğretmen adayı oluşturmaktadır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, öğretmen
adaylarının matematik öğretimine yönelik öz-yeterlik inançları genel olarak
yüksek düzeyde olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, öğretmen adaylarının matematik
öğretimi öz-yeterlik inançları cinsiyet, sınıf düzeyi ve mezun olunan lise türü
değişkenlerine göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık göstermediği
belirlenmiştir.
Öğretmen Adaylarının Benlik Saygıları, Narsisizm Düzeyleri ve Öğrenme-Öğretme Yaklaşımları Arasındaki İlişki Üzerine Bir İnceleme
Authors: DORUK Bekir Kürşat , BAHÇİVAN Eralp , YAVUZALP Nuh
Published: March 2019

Araştırmada
öğretmen adaylarının benlik saygıları, narsisizm düzeyleri ve öğrenme-öğretme
yaklaşımları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Bunun için Rokeach’ın
(1968) inanç sistemi yaklaşımına dayanarak bir yapısal model önerilmiştir. Üç
ayrı veri toplama aracının kullanıldığı çalışmaya 923 öğretmen adayı
katılmıştır. Araştırmanın sonuçları öğretmen adaylarının benlik saygılarının
narsisizm düzeyleriyle pozitif yönde ilişkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca
çalışmada öğretmen adaylarının benlik saygıları ve narsisizm düzeylerinin
gelecekteki sınıflarında uygulayacakları öğrenme öğretme yaklaşımı tercihinde
etkili olduğunu gösterir deliller elde edilmiştir. Bulgular, öğretmen
adaylarının benlik saygıları yükseldikçe yapılandırmacı öğrenme-öğretme
yaklaşımını benimseme düzeylerinin arttığını, narsisizm düzeyleri yükseldikçe
de geleneksel öğrenme-öğretme yaklaşımını daha fazla benimsemekte olduklarını
göstermektedir. Çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda öğretmen
yetiştirme alanına katkı sağlayacak bazı önerilerde bulunulmuştur.
INSULINA DEGLUDECA EM PACIENTES PORTADORES DE DIABETES MELLITUS TIPO 1
Authors: Suchoj Maysa , Alencar Aline Paix�o
Published: March 2019

Introdu��o: O Diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) � uma disfun��o cr�nica do metabolismo de carboidratos, lip�dios e prote�nas, ocasionada pela morte das c�lulas � do p�ncreas, culminando na aus�ncia da produ��o de insulina e consequente hiperglicemia. Para manter a qualidade de vida, este paciente deve administrar an�logos de insulina humana, via intrad�rmica, o que culmina em diversos efeitos colaterais. Dentre as insulinas mais modernas no mercado, a Degludeca (IDeg) � um an�logo de a��o ultralonga, promissor no tratamento de pacientes acometidos por DM1. Objetivo: Realizar uma revis�o integrativa sobre os efeitos da IDeg no paciente portador de DM1. M�todo: Foram pesquisados os efeitos metab�licos dos principais tipos de insulinas administradas no organismo de portadores do Diabetes Mellitus do tipo I, atrav�s de revis�o bibliogr�fica por e-books e artigos cient�ficos dos �ltimos 5 anos, escolhidos e selecionados em bancos de dados. Resultados: � poss�vel observar grande efic�cia dos efeitos da IDeg em pacientes DM1. Pode-se destacar a redu��o significativa da hipoglicemia noturna e diminui��o da dose aplicada, com faixa terap�utica superior a outros an�logos, al�m da diminui��o dos n�veis de HbA1c. Conclus�o: Moderna e promissora, a IDeg promove o controle glic�mico ideal e adequado para efic�cia no tratamento de pacientes DM1.
ASSIST�NCIA DE ENFERMAGEM COM PACIENTES QUEIMADOS: UM ESTUDO BIBLIOM�TRICO
Authors: Matoso Leonardo Magela Lopes
Published: March 2019

Introdu��o: queimaduras s�o as mais devastadoras les�es do sistema tegumentar causando s�ries problemas de sa�de que carecem de medidas assistenciais. Objetivo: descrever panorama da produ��o cientifica brasileira acerca da assist�ncia de enfermagem em queimaduras. M�todo: estudo quantitativo, descritivo e bibliom�trico, cuja unidade de an�lise foram artigos. Do total de 178 artigos extra�dos para an�lise selecionou-se 17. Resultados: 72% foram desenvolvidos na regi�o sudeste, sul e nordeste. 80% foram conduzidos por enfermeiros em uma abordagem qualitativa. 47% realizavam assist�ncia de enfermagem com �nfase na monitoriza��o (sinais vitais) e controle (drenos, cateteres, balan�o h�drico, homeostase debito card�aco e urin�rio). Administravam medicamentos conforme prescri��o m�dica, realizavam curativos e higieniza��o do paciente. 26% atuavam na educa��o em sa�de. 26% com orienta��es e suporte as fam�lias com pacientes queimados. Conclus�o: a assist�ncia de enfermagem � pautada no processo de enfermagem, com �nfase na escuta qualificada, exame f�sico, monitoriza��o, dentre outros saberes assistenciais e humanizadores.
La Cour constitutionnelle italienne et l’immunité juridictionnelle des États
Authors: Ronzitti Natalino
Published: March 2019

La Cour constitutionnelle italienne, par un arrêt historique, a déclaré que l’on ne pouvait pas donner exécution à l’arrêt de la C. I. J. condamnant l’Italie pour violation de la règle coutumière sur l’immunité de juridiction des États. Par conséquent la Cour constitutionnelle a annulé non seulement la loi qui avait été édictée pour conformer l’ordre juridique italien au jugement de la C. I. J., mais a également déclaré l’illégitimité constitutionnelle de la loi qui avait donné exécution à l’article 94 de la Charte des Nations Unies, dans la mesure où elle prescrit au juge italien de donner exécution à l’arrêt de la C. I. J. Allemagne c. Italie. L’arrêt de la Cour constitutionnelle soulève des problèmes pratiques qui surclassent la question théorique du dualisme et des rapports entre l’ordre juridique interne et l’ordre juridique international. La question est que l’Allemagne, forte de l’arrêt de la C. I. J., pourrait saisir à nouveau la Cour ou prendre d’autres mesures si les tribunaux italiens soumettaient l’Allemagne à leur compétence. On doit aussi se demander si l’arrêt italien peut contribuer à contenir l’interprétation conservatrice de la C. I. J. et à faire démarrer un développement plus conforme aux droits de l’homme, y compris le droit d’accès au juge, qui avait été inauguré par la jurisprudence Ferrini, mais que la C. I. J. a brusquement interrompu.
Responsabilité : O.N.U. et/ou État membre ? Deux décisions de la Cour suprême des Pays-Bas
Authors: Beaucillon Charlotte
Published: March 2019

Les deux décisions rendues le 6 septembre 2013 par la Cour suprême des Pays-Bas dans les affaires Nuhanović et Mustafić-Mujić déclarent l’État responsable des actes dommageables du bataillon militaire Dutchbat à Srebrenica après la chute de l’enclave protégée par l’O. N. U. aux mains des forces serbes : quatre personnes furent tuées la nuit du 13 juillet 1995 après avoir été contraintes par le commandement de Dutchbat à quitter le camp militaire où elles avaient trouvé refuge, alors même que le massacre de la population bosniaque avait commencé. Les enjeux juridiques auxquels la Cour suprême se trouve confrontée sont multiples, touchant tant à l’imputation des actes de Dutchbat qu’à l’appréciation de leur licéité. Retenant des solutions innovatrices en matière de responsabilité internationale et refusant de restreindre l’intensité de son contrôle juridictionnel contrairement aux appels à la déférence des Pays-Bas, la Cour

suprême pose avec justesse les bases d’une réflexion renouvelée sur les conséquences de la responsabilité des organisations internationales et de leurs États membres en droit international.
L’affaire du tramway de Jérusalem devant les tribunaux français
Authors: Pooter Hélène de
Published: March 2019

L’AFPS et l’OLP ont ouvert une action en réparation du préjudice subi du fait de la participation de sociétés françaises à des contrats relatifs à la construction d’un tramway reliant Jérusalem-Ouest à Jérusalem-Est. Le tribunal de grande instance de Nanterre a rejeté la demande au motif que, si plusieurs des normes internationales humanitaires invoquées créaient un effet direct vertical, aucune ne produisait d’effet direct horizontal. Pour sa part, la cour d’appel de Versailles retient qu’aucune des normes conventionnelles invoquées ne confère de droit subjectif aux particuliers, conclusion qui mérite d’être nuancée. En revanche, on peut difficilement contester le fait que ces normes conventionnelles n’imposent aucune obligation directe à l’égard des sociétés et qu’aucune norme coutumière internationale ne s’imposait non plus à ces dernières. La cour d’appel ajoute qu’il ne résulte de l’adhésion des entreprises au Pacte Mondial et de leur adoption de codes d’éthique aucune obligation de respecter le droit international des droits de l’homme et le droit humanitaire, mais ce point n’est pas abordé dans l’article. Le pourvoi formé devant la Cour de cassation fut déclaré non admis et la requête déposée auprès de la CEDH déclarée irrecevable. L’instance ouverte parallèlement par l’AFPS devant les tribunaux administratifs à l’encontre de l’État français en raison de son soutien au projet fut close par une décision du Conseil d’État rejetant le pourvoi de la requérante. La motivation de la Haute juridiction est laconique et apporte peu de lumière sur la question de la portée de l’obligation de «faire respecter » la IVe convention de Genève (article premier). Paradoxalement, le grand absent dans cette affaire est l’État d’Israël. Si la construction d’un tramway peut relever des obligations de la puissance occupante au titre de l’article 43 du règlement de La Haye de 1907, le contexte prévalant depuis 1967 conduit néanmoins à questionner sa conformité au droit de l’occupation.
La contribution au droit international de l’affaire de délimitation maritime Bangladesh/Inde dans la baie du Bengale
Authors: Tassin Virginie J. M.
Published: March 2019

The arbitration case concerning the delimitation of the maritime boundary between Bangladesh and India provides an original contribution to international law. The delimitation made by the Arbitral Tribunal is a classic application of the method of equidistance and relevant circumstances. However, the Tribunal analyses finely the value to be attributed to ancient maps and confronts itself to the thorny issue of the effect to be attributed to climate change when drawing a border. It contributes greatly to the future of the law of delimitation anchoring strongly the delimitation exercise in a well-defined time frame : the moment of the judgment. This case is also the second maritime delimitation case dealing with the delimitation of the outer continental shelf. By using the principles established by the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in the Bangladesh/ Myanmar case and by affirming its jurisdiction vis-à-vis the extended continental shelf, the jurisprudence of this Arbitral Tribunal strengthens the implementation of the legal regime continental shelf and advocates a harmonious joint work of the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf and of International Courts and Tribunals.
Le traité sur le commerce des armes classiques : entre accord de maîtrise des armements et instrument à dimension humanitaire
Authors: Biad Abdelwahab
Published: March 2019

The idea behind the Arms Trade Treaty which entered into force on 24 December 2014 was to establish global standards for conventional arms transfers in order to prevent diversion and arms trafficking by non-state actors (transnational criminality and terrorism) with greater respect for international law obligations, in particular international humanitarian law. The Treaty is the result of a compromise based on respect for state sovereignty in pursuit of its legitimate right to self-defence under the UN Charter on the one hand and on the other hand, urgent need to implement international law standards in arms transfers. Despite some shortcomings – focusing on trade and ignoring arms production that feeds it and with a verification system based only on state good faith – the ATT is a major step forward regulating the international trade in conventional arms. However, the ATT impact and effectiveness will only be realized when major arms producing and importing states, join and implement the Treaty.
Le fleuve Indus et ses usages : l’arbitrage relatif aux eaux du fleuve Kishenganga
Authors: Tignino Mara
Published: March 2019

L’arbitrage relatif aux eaux du fleuve Kishenganga entre l’Inde et le Pakistan a commencé en mai 2010 à l’initiative du Pakistan. Entre 2011 et 2013, un tribunal arbitral, établi conformément au traité sur les eaux de l’Indus de 1960, a rendu quatre décisions, à savoir l’ordonnance en indication de mesures conservatoires du 23 septembre 2011, la sentence partielle du 18 février 2013, la décision du 20 décembre 2013 sur la demande en clarification ou interprétation de l’Inde datée du 20 mai 2013 et la sentence finale du 20 décembre 2013. Ces décisions portent sur un ouvrage hydroélectrique, projeté par l’Inde sur le fleuve Kishenganga qui fait partie du bassin du fleuve Indus. L’affaire Kishenganga est le premier cas dans lequel un tribunal arbitral a été constitué pour régler un différend relatif à l’application et à l’interprétation du traité de 1960. Ce traité est un exemple emblématique de coopération sur un cours d’eau international : il a continué à être appliqué malgré les hostilités dans la région du Cachemire et les trois guerres survenues entre l’Inde et le Pakistan depuis son adoption. D’un point de vue environnemental, la reconnaissance du principe relatif à la protection du débit environnemental minimum dans un cours d’eau est l’aspect le plus significatif des sentences de 2013. L’Inde peut détourner les eaux du fleuve Kishenganga à des fins de production d’énergie hydroélectrique mais elle doit le faire en assurant un débit minimum pour assurer la protection des ressources en eau.