bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DETERMINANTS OF PRIMATE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION: COMPARATIVE EVIDENCE AND NEW INSIGHTS FROM MALAGASY LEMURS
Authors: KAPPELER PETER M.
Published: August 2010

The aim of this review is to summarize newly available information on lemur social systems, to contrast it with the social organization of other primates and to relate it to existing models of primate social evolution. Because of their evolutionary history, the primates of Madagascar constitute a natural experiment in social evolution. During millions of years of isolation, they converged with other primates only in the most fundamental way in the evolution of solitary, pair‐living and group‐living species, but deviate in several respects within these basic categories of social organization. Solitary lemurs remain poorly studied, but their social organization appears to be broadly similar to that of other solitary primates, even though the unexpected lack of sexual dimorphism may indicate that similar types of social organization can give rise to different mating systems. The determinants of a solitary lifestyle remain elusive. Pair‐living lemurs show striking convergences with other monogamous primates in several behavioural traits, but also deviate in that the majority of species are at least partly nocturnal and do not exhibit direct paternal care of dependent young. Group‐living lemurs have not evolved single‐male groups, male‐bonded and multi‐level societies, and polyandrous groups may also be lacking. Female philopatry is common, but female bonds are generally weakly developed and eviction of females from natal groups is not unusual. Group‐living lemurs also differ from anthropoids in that their groups have even adult sex ratios, smaller average size and may split up on a seasonal basis. Feeding competition, predation risk and reproductive competition can not fully explain these unusual aspects of lemur social organization. It has therefore been suggested that the social consequences of the risk of infanticide and of recent changes in activity may be ultimately responsible for these idiosyncracies of group‐living lemurs, an explanation largely supported by the available evidence. Thus, social factors and fundamental life‐history traits, in addition to ecological factors, contribute importantly to variation in social systems among lemurs, and possibly other primates. However, neither the diversity of lemur social systems, nor the evolutionary forces and mechanisms operating in these and other primates are yet fully understood.
SPATIAL FLOWER PARAMETERS AND INSECT SPATIAL VISION
Authors: DAFNI A. , LEHRER M. , KEYAN P. G.
Published: August 2010

The present article reviews recent and older literature on the spatial parameters that flowers display, as well as on the capacities of anthophilous insects to perceive and use these parameters for optimizing their foraging success. Although co‐evolution of plants and pollinators has frequently been discussed with respect to floral colours and insect colour vision, it has rarely been assessed with respect to insect spatial vision and spatial floral cues, such as shape, pattern, size, contrast, symmetry, spatial frequency, contour density and orientation of contours. This review is an attempt to fill this gap. From experimental findings and observations on both flowers and insects, we arrive at the conclusion that all of the spatial and spatio‐temporal parameters that flowers offer are relevant to the foraging task and are tuned to the insect's visual capacities and visually guided behaviour. We try, in addition, to indicate that temporal cues are closely related to spatial cues, and must therefore be included when flower–pollinator interactions are examined. We include results that show that colour vision and spatial vision have diverged over the course of evolution, particularly regarding the processing of spatio‐temporal information, but that colour vision plays a role in the processing of spatial cues that are independent of temporal parameters. By presenting this review we hope to contribute to closer collaboration among scientists working in the vast fields of botany, ecology, evolution, ethology and sensory physiology.
THE TROPHIC ECOLOGY OF FRESHWATER GAMMARUS SPP. (CRUSTACEA:AMPHIPODA): PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES CONCERNING THE FUNCTIONAL FEEDING GROUP CONCEPT
Authors: MACNEIL CALUM , DICK JAIMIE T. A. , ELWOOD ROBERT W.
Published: August 2010

Gammarus spp. are widespread throughout a diverse range of freshwater habitats and can be the dominant part of many benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages, in terms of both numbers and/or biomass. Although the vast majority of studies have emphasized the herbivorous nature of Gammarus spp. and their ‘shredder’ functional feeding group (FFG) classification, we show that a far wider food base is exploited than has been previously acknowledged. This ‘plasticity’ as herbivore/predator is linked to the success of Gammarus spp. in persisting in and colonizing/invading disturbance‐prone ecosystems. Intraguild predation and cannibalism are more common than previously realized. This behaviour appears to be a causal mechanism in many amphipod species replacements. Additionally, Gammarus spp. are major predators of other members of the macroinvertebrate community. Furthermore, while many studies have emphasized fish predation on Gammarus spp., we illustrate how this fish: amphipod, predator: prey interaction may be a two‐way process, with Gammarus spp. themselves preying upon juvenile and wounded/trapped fish. We urge that a new realism be adopted towards the trophic ecology of Gammarus spp. and their role as predators and prey and that previously established FFG assumptions of both the food and the feeder be questioned critically.
The origin and early evolution of birds
Authors: PADIAN KEVIN , CHIAPPE LUIS M.
Published: August 2010

Birds evolved from and are phylogenetically recognized as members of the theropod dinosaurs; their first known member is the Late Jurassic Archaeopteryx, now represented by seven skeletons and a feather, and their closest known non‐avian relatives are the dromaeosaurid theropods such as Deinonychus. Bird flight is widely thought to have evolved from the trees down, but Archaeopteryx and its outgroups show no obvious arboreal or tree‐climbing characters, and its wing planform and wing loading do not resemble those of gliders. The ancestors of birds were bipedal, terrestrial, agile, cursorial and carnivorous or omnivorous. Apart from a perching foot and some skeletal fusions, a great many characters that are usually considered ‘avian’ (e.g. the furcula, the elongated forearm, the laterally flexing wrist and apparently feathers) evolved in non‐avian theropods for reasons unrelated to birds or to flight. Soon after Archaeopteryx, avian features such as the pygostyle, fusion of the carpometacarpus, and elongated curved pedal claws with a reversed, fully descended and opposable hallux, indicate improved flying ability and arboreal habits. In the further evolution of birds, characters related to the flight apparatus phylogenetically preceded those related to the rest of the skeleton and skull. Mesozoic birds are more diverse and numerous than thought previously and the most diverse known group of Cretaceous birds, the Enantiornithes, was not even recognized until 1981. The vast majority of Mesozoic bird groups have no Tertiary records: Enantiornithes, Hesperornithiformes, Ichthyornithiformes and several other lineages disappeared by the end of the Cretaceous. By that time, a few Linnean ‘Orders’ of extant birds had appeared, but none of these taxa belongs to extant ‘families’, and it is not until the Paleocene or (in most cases) the Eocene that the majority of extant bird ‘Orders’ are known in the fossil record. There is no evidence for a major or mass extinction of birds at the end of the Cretaceous, nor for a sudden ‘bottleneck’ in diversity that fostered the early Tertiary origination of living bird ‘Orders’.
Labile sex expression in plants
Authors: KORPELAINEN HELENA
Published: August 2010

The range of environmental sex determination and sex changes throughout plant taxa from bryophytes and pteridophytes to spermatophytes is reviewed. Lability in sex expression occurs in many plant taxa but only in homosporous pteridophytes is labile sex the rule. Among angiosperms, labile sex appears to be more common among dioecious and monoecious plants than among hermaphrodites. However, hermaphrodites can control allocation to male and female functions by varying the relative emphasis on pollen and ovules. A majority of plants with labile sex expression are perennials, which indicates that flexibility in sex is more important for species with long life cycles. Environmental stress, caused by less‐than‐optimal light, nutrition, weather or water conditions, often favours maleness. The extreme lability in the sex expression of homosporous pteridophytes is suggested to be related primarily to the mating systems.
The selection, testing and application of terrestrial insects as bioindicators
Authors: McGEOGH MELODIE A.
Published: August 2010

Although the uses and merits of terrestrial insects as indicators have been extensively discussed, there is a lack of clear definition, goal directedness and hypothesis testing in studies in the field. In an attempt to redress some of these issues and outline an approach for further studies, three categories of terrestrial insect indicators, corresponding to differences in their application, are proposed, i.e. environmental, ecological and biodiversity indicators. The procedures in terrestrial insect bioindicator studies should start with a clear definition of the study objectives and proposed use of the bioindicator, as well as with a consideration of the scale at which the study is to be carried out. Bioindication studies are conducted at a variety of spatial and temporal scales within the context of earth‐system processes, but the objectives of the study will largely determine the scale at which it would be optimally conducted. There is a tendency for studies to be conducted below their space‐time scaling functions, giving them apparent predictability. The selection of potential indicator taxa or groups is then based ona priorisuitability criteria, the identification of predictive relationships between the indicator and environmental variables and, most importantly, the development and testing of hypotheses according to the correlative patterns found. Finally, recommendations for the use of the indicator in monitoring should be made. Although advocating rigorous, long‐term protocols to identify indicators may presently be questionable in the face of the urgency with which conservation decisions have to be made, this approach is critical if bioindicators are to be used with any measurable degree of confidence.
The braincase ofEuparkeria, and the evolutionary relationships of birds and crocodilians
Authors: GOWER DAVID J. , WEBER ERICH
Published: August 2010

The Triassic reptileEuparkeriahas been frequently given a pivotal position in interpretations of the evolution of archosaurs. Most recently, Welman (1995) has argued from braincase data thatEuparkeriais more closely related to birds than are either theropod dinosaurs or crocodilians – a conclusion clearly at odds with the current orthodoxy. The braincase of a single specimen ofEuparkeriais described in detail and compared with previous descriptions and with the braincases of other diapsids. Variations among the known specimens are documented. The homology of various braincase structures are reassessed in light of the study by Welman (1995). We argue that the braincase ofEuparkeriahas an undivided metotic fissure, an incompletely ossified medial wall of the otic capsule, a well‐defined ‘semilunar depression’, and posteroventrally positioned foramina in the parabasisphenoid for the entrance of the cerebral branches of the internal carotid arteries. It lacks enclosure of the Eustachian system in bone, well‐developed tympanic sinuses, or a well‐defined recess for the lagena. A review of braincase morphology in extinct and extant diapsids suggests that braincase features ofEuparkeriaare largely plesiomorphic for Archosauria. The evolutionary relationships betweenEuparkeriaand extant archosaurs (birds and crocodilians) are considered by reviewing braincase morphology in extant and extinct diapsids. No shared derived characters could be found that support the resolutions (crocodilians (Euparkeria+ birds)) or (birds (Euparkeria+ crocodilians)). Three derived characters shared by extant archosaurs support the resolution (Euparkeria(crocodilians + birds)), but only the presence of laterally positioned foramina in the parabasisphenoid for the entrance of the cerebral branches of the internal carotid arteries appears to represent strong evidence. The other two features are a degree of ossification (of the medial wall of the otic capsule) that exhibits some homoplasy among archosaurs, and an absence (of the ‘semilunar depression’), and therefore do not represent particularly robust hypotheses of homology. Our interpretation of the braincase ofEuparkeriais fully congruent with the consensus among recent explicit phylogenetic analyses that this taxon is close to, but not a member of, the archosaur crown group. Birds and crocodilians share a number of other derived similarities (subdivided metotic fissure, elongated and tubular cochlear recess, enclosed Eustachian system, extensive tympanic sinuses, quadrate‐prootic articulation) that are probably not homologous because of their absence in a number of non‐avian dinosaurs and crocodilian‐line crown‐group archosaurs.
What and how do maggots smell?
Authors: COBB MATTHEW
Published: August 2010

The olfactory response of maggots (the larvae of cyclorrhaphous flies) and its neuroanatomical basis have been a subject for scientific investigation since the 17th century, preoccupying both fundamental and applied scientists. Despite its apparently arcane nature, the subject raises a series of major neurobiological problems, in particular, the relationship between the number of odours that can be detected and the apparently simple systems of detection and processing available to larvae. Molecular biological techniques in both neuroanatomy and cell biology have made it possible to begin to resolve some of these problems, if data from a wide range of studies are integrated. Four sectors of research on a large number of species are reviewed: the behaviour involved in the olfactory response, the wide range of odours that can be detected, the neuroanatomical basis of olfaction in cyclorrhaphous larvae and the number of receptors involved in detecting these odours. Finally, a neuroanatomical model of olfactory processing is presented, together with perspectives for future research, emphasising the importance of studying the ecology of the species under investigation.
The behavioural ecology of mixed‐species troops of callitrichine primates
Authors: HEYMANN ECKHARD W. , BUCHANAN‐SMITH HANNAH M.
Published: August 2010

This review summarizes information on the behavioural ecology of mixed‐species troops (interspecific associations) formed by different species of callitrichines, small New World monkeys, in western and central Amazonia. The formation of mixed‐species troops is an integral part of the biology of several species of this subfamily. Niche separation between associated species is obtained through vertical segregation which results in differences in the prey spectrum. The degree of niche separation is a predictor for the stability of mixedspecies troops. Individuals may benefit from the formation of mixed‐species troops through increased safety from predators, increased foraging effciency, and or increased resource defence. Costs of mixed‐species troop formation are probably very low and mainly relate to patterns of interspecific behavioural interactions. We point to gaps in our knowledge and suggest pathways for future research into mixed‐species troops.
Aphid saliva
Authors: MILES PETER W.
Published: August 2010

Within the Aphidoidea, most species of Aphididae, as long as they are in small numbers and not carrying plant viruses, do little perceptible damage to their food plants. In species that cause toxicoses, it is usually assumed that some component of the saliva must be responsible. Paradoxically, however, the salivary enzymes of Aphididae are similar to those that already occur in plants – oxidases and enzymes that depolymerize polysaccharides – and the salivary enzymes are injected in very small amounts relative to their counterparts in the plant. Damage to plants triggers defensive, biochemical responses, and it is suggested that the injected enzymes serve mainly to divert or counter responses at the immediate interface of stylets and plant tissues. The saliva of Aphididae contains non‐enzymic, reducing compounds which, in the presence of oxidases, can combine with and inactivate defensive phytochemicals – including those released in response to damage and transported in the phloem sieve tube sap on which Aphididae feed. Salivary and gut oxidases deactivate ingested phytochemicals by oxidative polymerization. Aphididae inject saliva into sieve tubes before sustained ingestion of sap, and this saliva has been presumed to condition the sieve tubes, but in what way remains unclear. It is suggested that there is a dynamic biochemical interaction between aphids and plants; that the interaction is usually well balanced for most of the Aphididae; hence, no outcome is readily observable. Where a significant imbalance occurs, however, either the aphid is unable to feed, i.e. the plant is resistant, and/or the aphid does not effectively counter a hypersensitive response. Not all plant responses are disadvantageous to aphids. Gall‐forming Aphidoidea trigger and control abnormal growth in the plant to the insects' advantage, possibly by eliciting vigorous oxidation in selective meristematic tissues, thereby limiting supply of molecular oxygen and inhibiting oxygen‐dependent growth‐controls. Current problems and possible approaches for further research are reviewed.
Stems, nodes, crown clades, and rank‐free lists: is Linnaeus dead?
Authors: BENTON MICHAEL J.
Published: August 2010

Recent radical proposals to overhaul the methods of biological classification are reviewed. The proposals of phylogenetic nomenclature are to translate cladistic phylogenies directly into classifications, and to define taxon names in terms of clades. The method has a number of radical consequences for biologists: taxon names must depend rigidly on the particular cladogram favoured at the moment, familiar names may be reassigned to unfamiliar groupings, Linnaean category terms (e.g. phylum, order, family) are abandoned, and the Linnaean binomen (e.g.Homo sapiens) is abandoned. The tenets of phylogenetic nomenclature have gained strong support among some vocal theoreticians, and rigid principles for legislative control of clade names and definitions have been outlined in the PhyloCode. The consequences of this semantic maelstrom have not been worked out. In practice, phylogenetic nomenclature will be disastrous, promoting confusion and instability, and it should be abandoned. It is based on a fundamental misunderstanding of the difference between a phylogeny(which is real) and a classification (which is utilitarian). Under the new view, classifications are identical to phylogenies, and so the proponents of phylogenetic nomenclature will end up abandoning classifications altogether.
Food safety management systems (FSMS) in the dairy industry: A review
Authors: PAPADEMAS PHOTIS , BINTSIS THOMAS
Published: August 2010

Food safety management systems in the industry have been designed and established over the last four decades with several revisions. The dairy industry soon realised the need for proactive procedures hence implementing HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) for ensuring that safe dairy products would reach the consumers. This article reviews the food safety management systems as well as the relevant EC Regulations that are currently implemented by the dairy industry. The need for rigorous controls in the dairy industry is also highlighted.
Delivery outcome of women with epilepsy:a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Borthen I , Eide MG , Daltveit AK , Gilhus NE
Published: August 2010

Please cite this paper as: Borthen I, Eide M, Daltveit A, Gilhus N. Delivery outcome of women with epilepsy: a population‐based cohort study. BJOG 2010;117:1537–1543.

Objective  To investigate whether women with epilepsy have increased risks of complications during labour, and to explore the impact of antiepileptic drug use.

Design  Population‐based cohort study.

Setting  Data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway 1999–2005.

Population  All births (n = 372 128) delivered in Norway, ensured through linkage with the National Population Registry run by Statistics Norway. All singleton births and the first child in multiple pregnancies were included, leaving 365 107 pregnancies for analysis.

Methods  Data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway 1999–2005 were analysed.

Main outcome measures  Induction, caesarean section, use of forceps and vacuum, abnormal presentation, placental abruption, mechanical disproportion, postpartum haemorrhage, atony and Apgar score < 7 after 5 minutes.

Results  We compared 2805 pregnancies in women with a current or past history of epilepsy (0.8%) and 362 302 pregnancies in women without a history of epilepsy. Antiepileptic drugs were used in 33.6% (n = 942) of pregnant women with epilepsy. Women with epilepsy had an increased risk of induction [odds ratio (OR), 1.3; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1–1.4], caesarean section (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.3–1.6) and postpartum haemorrhage (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1–1.4) compared with women without epilepsy. These rates were even higher for women with epilepsy and antiepileptic drug use, with ORs (95% CIs) of 1.6 (1.4–1.9), 1.6 (1.4–1.9) and 1.5 (1.3–1.9), respectively. In addition, the risk of an Apgar score < 7 was higher (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.1–2.4). For women with epilepsy without antiepileptic drug use, only a slightly increased risk of caesarean delivery was observed and no increased risk for any other complications studied.

Conclusions  Pregnant women with epilepsy have a low complication rate; however, they have a slightly increased risk of induction, caesarean section and postpartum haemorrhage. It is not possible to ascertain on the basis of this study whether this is a result of more severe epilepsy or antiepileptic drug use.
The impact of information skills training on independent literature searching activity and requests for mediated literature searches
Authors: Addison John , Glover Steven William , Thornton Christine
Published: August 2010

Background:  Most NHS library services routinely offer both mediated searches and information skills training sessions to their users. We analyse the impact of these two services on the amount of literature searching demonstrated by users of hospital‐ based library services in the north‐west of England.

Methods:  Data for (1) mediated literature searches, (2) number of library users attending information skills training sessions, (3) amount of library staff time devoted to information skills training, and (4) number of Athens‐authenticated log‐ins to databases were obtained from statistical returns for 2007, and analysed for significant correlations.

Results:  There was evidence of quite strong correlations between the two measures of training activity and the number of mediated literature searches performed by library staff. There was weaker evidence of correlation between training activity and total literature searching activity.

Discussion:  Attending training sessions may make some library users aware of the difficulty of complex literature searches and actually reduce their confidence to perform their own complex searches independently. The relationships between information skills training, mediated literature searches, and independent literature searching activity remain complex.
Key words and their role in information retrieval
Authors: Grant Maria J.
Published: August 2010

As any good library or information worker knows the accurate and consistent application of keywords can serve to enhance the content representation and retrieval of literature. Research has demonstrated that this aspect of the library and information science evidence base is particularly well represented. Drawing on the thesauri of the Library & Science Abstracts, Library, Information Science & Technology Abstracts and medline databases, the Health Information and Libraries Journal (HILJ) has recently updated and expanded the HILJ keyword list. Based on the content of reviews and original articles published in HILJ over the past 4 years, the keyword list will be used by submitting authors to represent the content of the manuscripts and enable more accurate matching of manuscript to HILJ referees.
School–university partnership in teacher education for inclusive education
Authors: Sigurdardóttir Anna Kristín
Published: August 2010

This paper presents an initiative at the University of Iceland – School of Education aimed at developing school and university partnerships. The discussion addresses whether and how this reform could support inclusive teacher education. Teacher education in Iceland is currently under reconstruction because of new legislation, requiring a master's degree for teachers at all levels. As a part of this reconstruction, the School of Education is attempting to develop closer ties with Icelandic schools at different levels and with other stakeholders, both in regard to policy and practice. The partnership is underpinned by mutual commitment and responsibility. The main aims are to bridge the gap between theory and practice in student teacher learning and to encourage cooperation that might lead to school development as well as improvements in the teacher education programme. The project principally concerns four themes: teacher student learning; the associated schools; the university faculty and the content of courses; and finally, the partnership itself. The project is still in its initial stages though data are being collected along the way. To date, some preliminary data are available from two pilot studies.
Preparing teachers for inclusive education: some reflections from the Netherlands
Authors: Pijl Sip Jan
Published: August 2010

Teachers in the Netherlands hesitate to accept responsibility for students with special needs in regular education. They generally do not have positive attitudes towards inclusive education, citing a lack of personal knowledge and skill for teaching students with special needs, an area that was not sufficiently covered in their basic teacher training. Changing teacher training is an option, but it takes many years for the effects to be noticeable. This essay argues that there are other ways to prepare teachers and argues that by discussing problems in education with colleagues and working together as a team, they can resolve many of the issues for themselves.
An experimental and theoretical approach to determining linkages between geochemical variability and microbial biodiversity in seafloor hydrothermal chimneys
Authors: HOUGHTON J. L. , SEYFRIED JR W. E.
Published: August 2010

New experimental results of fluid–mineral reactions at hydrothermal conditions relevant to life demonstrate that key redox reactions involving iron, sulfur, and hydrogen remain at disequilibrium at 100 °C, even in a heterogeneous system and thus are energetically favorable for microbial metabolism. Predictions from geochemical models utilizing the experimental results and specific to two contrasting case studies from the East Pacific Rise were statistically characterized and correlated to the energetics of redox reactions available for intra‐chimney microbial populations. In general, predictions of available energy for autotrophic metabolism are largely similar between the mature and the nascent chimneys, although important differences still exist. Metabolic processes predicted by energetics exhibit the same trends observed in the field data for the mature chimney, but overestimate the diversity observed in the nascent chimney. Several combinations of redox reaction pairs are predicted to support mixed consortia, while some combinations appear to favor more versatile microbes capable of utilizing several reactions under rapidly changing environmental conditions within chimney walls. In addition, conditions favorable to elemental sulfur reduction and methanogenesis exhibit a negative control on the diversity of microbial populations within these chimney walls, whereas H2S oxidation, elemental sulfur oxidation and the knallgas reaction are positively correlated with both abundance and diversity of micro‐organisms. Coupling field observations of both microbial diversity and geochemical heterogeneity with lab‐based experimental and theoretical modeling can facilitate translation of the observed genetic diversity into physiological diversity, thus enhancing understanding of linked phenomena of microbially induced biogeochemical transformations in complex heterogeneous systems.
Solving diameter‐constrained minimum spanning tree problems by constraint programming
Authors: Noronha Thiago F. , Ribeiro Celso C. , Santos Andréa C.
Published: August 2010

The diameter‐constrained minimum spanning tree problem consists in finding a minimum spanning tree of a given graph, subject to the constraint that the maximum number of edges between any two vertices in the tree is bounded from above by a given constant. This problem typically models network design applications where all vertices communicate with each other at a minimum cost, subject to a given quality requirement. We propose alternative formulations using constraint programming that circumvent weak lower bounds yielded by most mixed‐integer programming formulations. Computational results show that the proposed formulation, combined with an appropriate search procedure, solves larger instances and is faster than other approaches in the literature.
Hypoxia‐inducible factors – regulation, role and comparative aspects in tumourigenesis
Authors: Hansen A. E. , Kristensen A. T. , Law I. , Jørgensen J. T. , Engelholm S. A.
Published: August 2010

Hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs) play a key role in the cellular response experienced in hypoxic tumours, mediating adaptive responses that allow hypoxic cells to survive in the hostile environment. Identification and understanding of tumour hypoxia and the influence on cellular processes carries important prognostic information and may help identify potential hypoxia circumventing and targeting strategies. This review summarizes current knowledge on HIF regulation and function in tumour cells and discusses the aspects of using companion animals as comparative spontaneous cancer models. Spontaneous tumours in companion animals hold a great research potential for the evaluation and understanding of tumour hypoxia and in the development of hypoxia‐targeting therapeutics.
Novel azo dyes derived from phthalimide. Part 2: Dyeing properties and colour fastness on polyester fibres†
Authors: Choi Jae‐hong , Choi Jong‐yun , Lee Hyun‐young , Towns Andrew D , Yoon Chun
Published: August 2010

The coloration and fastness properties of 18 carbocyclic monoazo disperse dyes bearing a phthalimide ring fused to the aromatic ring of their diazo components have been investigated. In each case, the phthalimidyl nitrogen atom was substituted with either a butyl, sec‐butyl or isopropyl group, while the adjoined phenyl ring bore a substitution pattern typical of commercial colorants. Dye uptake and build‐up onto both conventional and microfibre polyester through exhaustion dyeing were examined: while the expected tendency of greater exhaustion on microfibre was noted, there were few clear trends with respect to dye structure. The nature of the N‐alkyl group made no consistent difference to dye uptake. Attempts to explain the observed percentage exhaustion values by mapping them to calculated partition coefficient or solubility parameter values were unsuccessful. Wash fastness tended to be best for blue dicyano‐substituted derivatives, which may be as a result in part of these substituents promoting hydrolysis of the adjacent phthalimide ring to give more soluble phthalate species. In contrast, the dicyano dyes had relatively poor photostability compared with their unsubstituted analogues.
Colour matching by principal component analysis‐based spectrophotometric technique
Authors: Shams‐Nateri A
Published: August 2010

One of the most important aspects of the physics of colour is colour matching and recipe prediction. In this work, a new method is presented to evaluate the concentration of dyes in textile fabrics. The algorithm of the new technique is based on principal component analysis and single constant spectrophotometric matching methods. Using the normal spectrophotometric matching method, match prediction is carried out at three and 16 wavelengths. With the new algorithm, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 16 principal components are used in spectral match prediction. The performance of the new method improves with increasing numbers of principal components. In addition, the recipe prediction accuracy of the new method with three principal components is better than spectrophotometric matching at three wavelengths. The accuracy of principal component analysis–spectrophotometry with 16 principal components is comparable with the normal spectrophotometric matching method at 16 wavelengths.
Eco‐friendly pretreatment of silk fabric for dyeing with Delonix regia extract
Authors: Vankar Padma S , Shanker Rakhi
Published: August 2010

The flowers of Delonix regia have been evaluated for the natural dyeing of silk using a biomordant and enzymes. This is an eco‐friendly textile pretreatment that does not utilise metal mordanting. The aqueous extract obtained from the dried red flowers was used for the dyeing of silk fabrics. A bright reddish‐brown hue colour was observed when 30% owf Delonix extract was used on the pretreated silk material. The silk fabric was treated with either an enzyme or biomordant. The resulting dyed fabric showed resistance to fading. Finally, all dyed specimens were tested for wash and light fastness properties, making Delonix a viable alternative to synthetic red dyes. Through desorption studies, the order of reactivity of enzymes towards dye uptake in the one‐step process was found to be lipase > diasterase > protease–amylase = Pyrus(biomordant). For the two‐step process, the order of reactivity of enzymes was found to be protease–amylase > lipase > Pyrus (biomordant) > diasterase. Overall, it can be concluded that, treatments, the two‐step process was better in terms of larger colour yield values, fastness properties and both dye adherence ability.
Evolution of right‐first‐time dyeing production
Authors: Park J , Shore J
Published: August 2010

The concept of right‐first‐time production has become an essential feature of textile processing to enable companies to remain competitive and profitable through the many benefits achieved by this concept, not least the major cost savings that are obtained. It is perhaps surprising that no formal research and development programme was ever undertaken to achieve right‐first‐time in practical dyeing processes. The successful evolution of the concept depended on work carried out over many years by a relatively small number of organisations. Many application research and development projects were carried out, mainly with the laboratory, pilot‐plant and bulk‐scale equipment of the major users and manufacturers of dyes and equipment, to elucidate the important factors in achieving this concept.
The development of indigo reduction methods and pre‐reduced indigo products
Authors: Blackburn Richard S , Bechtold Thomas , John Philip
Published: August 2010

The continuing importance of blue denim maintains indigo as an important vat dye industrially. In this review, we examine the various methods that have been used in the past and are currently used to reduce and dissolve indigo for dyeing. We discuss recent insights into the bacterial fermentation technology, the advantages and disadvantages of the direct chemical methods that have predominated for the last century and potentially cleaner technologies of catalytic hydrogenation and electrochemistry, which are becoming increasingly important. With considerations of environmental impact high on the dyeing industry’s agenda, we also discuss the developments that have led to the production of pre‐reduced indigo.
Electrocoagulation of azo dye production wastewater with iron electrodes: process evaluation by multi‐response central composite design
Authors: Arslan‐Alaton Idil , Kobya Mehmet , Akyol Abdurrahman , Bayramoğlu Mahmut
Published: August 2010

Central composite design was used to optimise electrocoagulation of CI Acid Blue 193 production wastewater. By applying a response surface quadratic model, the main process manipulators (effluent chemical oxygen demand, initial pH, electrical current density and treatment time) were optimised to achieve maximum colour, chemical oxygen demand and total organic compound removals. Analysis of variance indicated that the established polynomial regression models were significant and fitted the experimental data satisfactorily.
Synthesis and properties of some new blue‐emitting triazine derivatives of 2‐aminoterephthalic acid, containing a polymerisable group and stabiliser fragment
Authors: Miladinova Polya M , Konstantinova Temenushka N
Published: August 2010

Seven new blue‐emitting triazine derivatives of 2‐aminoterephthalic acid were synthesised, two of which contained a polymerisable group, one a stabiliser fragment and two containing both a polymerisable group and a stabliser fragment. The synthesised compounds were characterised by analytical methods. The ability of four of the derivatives to copolymerise with methylmethacrylate was demonstrated, thus they can be used for obtaining polymers with a whiteness and fluorescence stable to solvents. Two of the compounds, containing a combination of a stabiliser fragment and a polymerisable group, can be used for ‘one‐step’ stabilisation and whitening of polymer materials. All the compounds, possessing an intense blueish fluorescence, are suitable as fluorescent whitening agents for textiles.
Prediction of depth of shade of a dyed polyester fabric based on fibre fineness and fabric structure
Authors: Li Shiqi , Shamey Renzo , Xu Changhai
Published: August 2010

A colour prediction model containing four parameters of dye concentration, fibre fineness, fabric roughness and dye parameter is developed. The model can predict the shade depth of a dyed polyester fabric. The relationship among these factors and shade depths of dyed polyester fabrics was investigated to elucidate the role of fibre fineness and fabric structure on surface reflectance and colour efficiency. The shades of several additional dyed samples were measured and compared against the predicated values to validate the accuracy and performance of the model. The results showed that the predicated depths of shade matched the experimental data to a good extent.
Synthesis, spectral properties and application of novel disazo disperse dyes derived from polyester waste
Authors: Palekar V S , Pingale N D , Shukla S R
Published: August 2010

Terephthalic dihydrazide was obtained through aminolytic depolymerisation of polyester bottle waste by using hydrazine hydrate. It was further reacted with 4‐aminobenzoic acid in the presence of polyphosphoric acid to obtain a cyclic compound, 4,4′‐[5,5′‐(1,4)‐phenylene)bis(1,3,4‐oxadiazole‐5,2‐diyl)dianiline, having a heterocyclic moiety. Diazotisation of this compound followed by coupling with various N,N‐disubstituted anilines afford a series of novel disazo disperse dyes. The structures of these synthesised dyes were confirmed by elemental analysis and Fourier Transform–infrared, proton nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectroscopy. Ultraviolet–visible spectra of these azo dyes in different polar solvents showed considerable variation in the wavelength of maximum absorbance (λmax). Application of these dyes on polyester and nylon fabrics using high‐temperature dyeing methods gave brilliant yellowish red hues with fair to moderate light fastness and very good to excellent wash fastness and sublimation fastness.
Cold pad–batch bleaching of cotton fabrics with a TAED/H2O2 activating system
Authors: Shao Jianzhong , Huang Yi , Wang Zhenhua , Liu Jinqiang
Published: August 2010

The cold pad–batch bleaching of cotton fabrics using a tetra acetyl ethylene diamine/hydrogen peroxide (TAED/H2O2) activating system is investigated in this study. The effects of key bleaching parameters (hydrogen peroxide dosage, sodium hydroxide dosage, TAED/H2O2 mol ratio and batch time) on the bleaching efficiency were investigated by single‐factor analysis and orthogonal experiment analysis. The performance of the activator TAED in the cold pad–batch process was examined and the activating mechanism is discussed. The optimised bleaching recipe and processing conditions are reported, and the optimal activated bleaching process is also compared with a conventional cold pad–batch bleaching process. The results show that the optimised TAED/H2O2 activated bleaching system could achieve high quality cotton bleaching with comparable fabric whiteness to the conventional system at much shorter batch times, and with significantly reduced fabric strength loss and decreased alkali consumption, which would be beneficial to sustained development of the textile wet‐processing industry.
Toward CARE‐full Tending of the Newborn
Authors: Flanagan Goldschmidt Judith
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: Those who work with new babies in neonatal intensive care often inure themselves to the pain they cause their tiny patients. In order to counter this turning away, neonatologists and nurses should talk to the baby while they do procedures, and try to develop an awareness—an affection. Neonatologists must become more involved in telling about what they do, and why, to parents. A dialogue should begin during pregnancy, before a crisis occurs.
Improving Perinatal Autopsy Rates: Who Is Counseling Bereaved Parents for Autopsy Consent?
Authors: Khong T. Yee
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: Background: Concern has been expressed recently about perinatal autopsy rates, which are often below recommended levels. Since a possible reason for the decline in adult autopsy rates is the person seeking permission for autopsy, a study was undertaken to ascertain who were seeking consent and who offered counseling for perinatal postmortem examinations. Methods: A postal questionnaire survey of members of a support group, Stillbirths and Neonatal Death Society in South Australia, was conducted. Results: The idea for an autopsy was initiated by a physician in 20 of 46 cases and by junior medical doctors, midwives, nurses, or social workers in 22 of 46. Women had further counseling and discussion with physicians in 22 cases, junior medical staff in 10, midwives or nurses in 20, social worker in 9, and support group member in 1. Only 33 of the 46 women thought that they had been counseled about the advantages of the autopsy. Conclusions: It is important that all health workers involved in counseling the bereaved mother know of the benefits and the mechanics of an autopsy so that consent or refusal is based on informed counseling.
College Students' Knowledge and Attitudes About Cesarean Birth
Authors: Lampman Claudia , Phelps Alissa
Published: August 2010

Background:

Numerous clinicians and researchers have expressed concern about the necessity and potential adverse consequences of many cesarean births in the United States. The purpose of this study was to explore college students' attitudes and beliefs about cesarean section.

Methods:

One hundred two college students (66% women) completed a 20‐item questionnaire that asked if they viewed cesarean delivery as a potentially negative experience, as a normal or acceptable method of childbirth, and as medically necessary, and asked about their beliefs concerning risk and prevention of cesarean birth.

Results:

The number of “undecided” responses in the study was striking (7.8% to 69.6% across the 20 items). In general, women and men responded similarly, although women were significantly more likely than men to say they would be profoundly disappointed if their babies had to be delivered by cesarean section. Despite expressing cynicism about the cesarean birth rate (40% agreed that many unnecessary cesarean births occurred) and not viewing the procedure as a normal way of giving birth (47%), most respondents (over 70%) disagreed that giving birth by cesarean would be a negative experience or would make a woman feel like a failure.

Conclusion:

A high level of uncertainty exists about certain aspects of cesarean birth among young women and men, highlighting the need for information for prospective parents. Most college students did not view the cesarean birth experience as either potentially negative or normal. Future research should explore coverage of cesarean birth in childbirth education classes and the roles physicians, nurses, and midwives play in preparing expectant parents for the possibility of cesarean delivery. (BIRTH 24:3, September 1997)
Who Worries That Something Might Be Wrong With the Baby? A Prospective Study of 1072 Pregnant Women
Authors: Statham Helen , Green Josephine M. , Kafetsios Kostas
Published: August 2010

Background:

Little is known about the normal range and pattern of pregnant women's worry about something being wrong with the baby, or how this relates to other factors. The objective of this study was to examine the extent to which women are worried about the possibility of something being wrong with the baby relative to other worries they may have, and to determine whether demographic, experiential, attitudinal, and personality characteristics are associated with this worry.

Methods:

Longitudinal data were collected from 1072 pregnant women who completed postal questionnaires at 16, 22, and 35 weeks of pregnancy. Multivariate statistical techniques were used to determine which variables were independently related to worry about the baby.

Results:

Worry that something might be wrong with the baby was one of the most prevalent worries at 16 weeks, although not as widespread a source of extreme worry as miscarriage or giving birth. Worry dropped in midpregnancy but rose again at 35 weeks. The most important factors related to this worry were perceived likelihood that something might be wrong with the baby and trait anxiety, although negative mood, previous pregnancy outcomes, and initial reactions to the current pregnancy all demonstrated significant, independent effects.

Conclusions:

Women who answered “Don't know” to “Have you any reason to think that your baby might be more likely than any other to have some sort of a problem?” had consistently high anxiety throughout pregnancy. We suggest that this question be asked routinely in early pregnancy to identify these potential worries and, it is to be hoped, reassure them at an early stage. (BIRTH 24:4, December 1997)
Resolution of Xanthomas in Alagille Syndrome After Liver Transplantation
Authors: Buckley Deirdre A. , Higgins Elisabeth M. , du Vivier Anthony W. P.
Published: August 2010

Abstract: Alagille syndrome (arteriohepatic dysplasia) is a genetic disorder with autosomal dominant transmission which has been localized to chromosome 20p. Cutaneous manifestations include jaundice, pruritus, and widespread xanthomata. We report a child with severe Alagille syndrome in whom orthotopic liver transplantation caused rapid resolution of disfiguring xanthomas.