bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
X-ray diffraction analysis of lanthanum and titanium substituted lead zirconate
Authors: Wonderling Nichole , Breval Else , Dougherty Joseph P.
Published: December 2002

The change in the orthorhombic structure of PbZrO3 was studied as a function of the La substitution for Pb and Ti substitution for Zr. Two types of changes can occur: (1) a change in the atom coordinates toward the positions for a perfect cubic perovskite lattice; and (2) a change of orthorhombic unit cell parameters so that ao, bo, and co exactly fit with the cubic cell parameter ac. Therefore, ao=ac√2, bo=ac.2√2, and co=ac.2, where ao, bo, and co are the orthorhombic cell parameters, and ac is the cubic cell parameter. Substitution of Pb by La in the orthorhombic PLZT leads to both a change in atom coordinates and a change in unit cell parameters toward the perfect cubic structure, especially for La≥4. Substitution of Zr by Ti in the orthorhombic PLZT leads to similar atom coordinate changes, but the unit cell parameters do not change. The composition 0/92.5/7.5 contains a major tetragonal phase and a minor orthorhombic phase. There are only small differences in the orthorhombic structure between the A and the B composition of PLZT. The A composition has a structure closer to the cubic structure than the B composition.
Determination and Rietveld refinement of the crystal structure of Li0.50Ni0.25TiO(PO4) from powder X-ray and neutron diffraction
Authors: Manoun B. , El Jazouli A. , Gravereau P. , Chaminade J. P. , Bouree F.
Published: December 2002

The structure of the oxyphosphate Li0.50Ni0.25TiO(PO4) has been determined from conventional X-ray and neutron powder diffraction data. The parameters of the monoclinic cell (space group P21/c, Z=4), obtained from X-ray results, are: a=6.3954(6) Å, b=7.2599(6) Å, c=7.3700(5) Å, and β=90.266(6)°; those resulting from neutron study are: a=6.3906(7) Å, b=7.2568(7) Å, c=7.3673(9) Å, and β=90.234(7)°. Refinement by the Rietveld method using whole profile, leads to satisfactory reliability factors: cRwp=0.128, cRp=0.100, and RB=0.038 for X-ray and cRwp=0.110, cRp=0.120, and RB=0.060 for neutrons. The structure of Li0.50Ni0.25TiO(PO4) can be described as a TiOPO4 framework constituted by chains of tilted corner-sharing TiO6 octahedra running parallel to the c axis and cross linked by phosphate tetrahedra. In this framework, there are octahedral cavities occupied by Li and Ni atoms: Li occupies the totality of the 2a sites and Ni occupies statistically half of the 2b sites. Ti atoms are displaced from the center of octahedra units in alternating long (2.242 Å) and short (1.711 Å) Ti–O bonds along chains.
Quantitative powder diffraction phase analysis with a combination of the Rietveld method and the addition method
Authors: Balić-Žunić T.
Published: December 2002

The Rietveld method can be combined with the addition method to determine the absolute quantities of the phases treated by Rietveld refinement plus the quantity of phase(s) not treated by it (amorphous or unobserved). If q is the added proportion of a defined phase already present in the sample, and a1 and a2 its relative proportions as determined by Rietveld refinement prior and after the addition, the proportion of the amorphous (untreated) phase(s) in the original sample is calculated as xo=[a2−(1−q)a1−q]/(1−q)(a2−a1). The absolute quantities of the phases treated by Rietveld refinement are then determined by a correction for the content of the amorphous phase(s), or they can be calculated directly from specific equations. The advantage of the method is that no new variables are introduced in the refinement when the added standard already is a part of the original mixture.
The Chicken Coop
Authors: Raymond-King Caroline
Published: January 2024

In this narrative medicine essay, an emergency medicine resident worries that the demands of surgical residency will consume her wife until 4 chickens came to live in their coop.
The Pellagra Portraits
Authors: Landress Dana Perry
Published: January 2024

This Arts and Medicine feature reviews the history of pellagra and recounts the role of artist and illustrator John Carroll who, in 1919, painted portraits of people with the vitamin deficiency to document in color the appearance of pellagra skin plaques.
Association Between the Medicare Advantage Quartile Adjustment System and Plan Behavior and Enrollment
Authors: Murray Roslyn C. , Meyers David J. , Fuse Brown Erin C , Williams Travis C. , Ryan Andrew M.
Published: January 2024

Importance

Medicare Advantage (MA) has grown in popularity, but critics believe that insurers are overpaid, partially due to the quartile adjustment system that determines plan benchmarks. However, elimination of the quartile adjustments may be associated with less generous benefits and fewer plan offerings, which could slow MA enrollment growth.

Objective

To examine whether the quartile adjustment system is associated with differences in county-level benefits, insurer offerings, and MA enrollment.

Design, Setting, and Participants

The quartile adjustments create discontinuous jumps in county-level base payments based on historical traditional Medicare spending. Data from January 2017 to December 2021 and a regression discontinuity design were used to examine changes in insurer behavior and MA enrollment between quartiles. The analytic sample included 1557 county observations.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Study outcomes included monthly premiums, the share of plans charging premiums, primary care copayments, the share of plans using rebates to reduce Part B premiums, supplemental benefits, plan and contract availability, and MA enrollment.

Results

Discontinuities were found in the quartile adjustments and benchmarks. A 1–percentage point (pp) increase in the quartile adjustment was associated with a $6.36 increase in monthly benchmarks (95% CI, 5.10-7.62), a $0.51 decrease in monthly premiums (95% CI, −0.96 to −0.07), and a 0.68 pp decrease in the share of plans charging premiums (95% CI, −1.25 to −0.10). Significant changes were not found in primary care copayments (-$0.04; 95% CI, −0.17 to 0.09), the share of plans using rebates to reduce Part B premiums (−0.17 pp; 95% CI, −0.34 to 0.01), supplemental benefits (eg, preventive dental coverage; 0.17 pp; 95% CI, −0.25 to 0.0), the number of plans (1.06; 95% CI, −3.44 to 5.57) or contracts (0.31; 95% CI, −0.18 to 0.81), or the MA enrollment rate (0.16 pp; 95% CI, −0.61 to 0.94).

Conclusions and Relevance

The study results suggest that MA plans are not very sensitive to modest changes in payment rates. Modifications to the quartile adjustment system may generate savings without substantially affecting MA beneficiaries.
Adverse Safety Events in Emergency Medical Services Care of Children With Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Eriksson Carl O. , Bahr Nathan , Meckler Garth , Hansen Matthew , Walker-Stevenson Grace , Idris Ahamed , Aufderheide Tom P. , Daya Mohamud R. , Fink Ericka L. , Jui Jonathan , Luetje Maureen , Martin-Gill Christian , Mcgaughey Steven , Pelletier Jon , Thomas Danny , Guise Jeanne-Marie ,   Child Safety Initiative–Emergency Medical Services for Children, Harrod Tabria , Schoonover Amanda , Ivankovic Jon
Published: January 2024

Importance

Survival for children with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) remains poor despite improvements in adult OHCA survival.

Objective

To characterize the frequency of and factors associated with adverse safety events (ASEs) in pediatric OHCA.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This population-based retrospective cohort study examined patient care reports from 51 emergency medical services (EMS) agencies in California, Georgia, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Wisconsin for children younger than 18 years with an OHCA in which resuscitation was attempted by EMS personnel between 2013 and 2019. Medical record review was conducted from January 2019 to April 2022 and data analysis from October 2022 to February 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measure

Severe ASEs during the patient encounter (eg, failure to give an indicated medication, 10-fold medication overdose).

Results

A total of 1019 encounters of EMS-treated pediatric OHCA were evaluated; 465 patients (46%) were younger than 12 months. At least 1 severe ASE occurred in 610 patients (60%), and 310 patients (30%) had 2 or more. Neonates had the highest frequency of ASEs. The most common severe ASEs involved epinephrine administration (332 [30%]), vascular access (212 [19%]), and ventilation (160 [14%]). In multivariable logistic regression, the only factor associated with severe ASEs was young age. Neonates with birth-related and non–birth-related OHCA had greater odds of a severe ASE compared with adolescents (birth-related: odds ratio [OR], 7.0; 95% CI, 3.1-16.1; non–birth-related: OR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.2-9.6).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this large geographically diverse cohort of children with EMS-treated OHCA, 60% of all patients experienced at least 1 severe ASE. The odds of a severe ASE were higher for neonates than adolescents and even higher when the cardiac arrest was birth related. Given the national increase in out-of-hospital births and ongoing poor outcomes of OHCA in young children, these findings represent an urgent call to action to improve care delivery and training for this population.
Current Trends and Future Directions in ELT: Asset‐Based Language Assessment
Authors: Meniado Joel C.
Published: January 2024

The changing demographics of language learners and the shifting landscape of English language teaching (ELT) necessitate the adoption and implementation of a new language assessment paradigm that is inclusive, equitable, strengths‐driven, differentiated, multimodal, and multidimensional. The asset‐based language assessment, a responsive and transformative approach to assessing language learning, aims to respond to this pressing need. An empowering approach, it recognizes what learners know, understand, and can do in a given language, and builds on these in the design and implementation of language assessment practices. Respecting learner diversity in terms of assets, it offers language learners varied opportunities to demonstrate their learning. This entry explores the underlying theories, concepts, and practices that support the asset‐based language assessment approach. It also presents innovations and current practices that can be adopted by language classroom practitioners. It concludes with some possibilities and practicable recommendations for wider and more sustainable applications in various ELT contexts.
Teachers' Pedagogical Content Knowledge
Authors: Mahmoodi‐Shahrebabaki Masoud , Oslund Eric
Published: January 2024

Teachers' knowledge repertoire and effective implementation and application of their knowledge are significant factors affecting instructional quality. In a seminal paper, Shulman (1987) introduced the concept of pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) as a decisive yet neglected aspect of teacher education research and practice. Shulman's (1987) line of argument was favorably received by experts and researchers because PCK is perceived as a vital tool for teachers to use their knowledge as optimally as possible. This entry provides an overview of PCK in teacher education in general and in language teacher education in particular. Given that evidential research on PCK in language teaching and applied linguistics is still an emerging area lacking an abundance of research, the potential contributors for the underutilization and lack of research into PCK are discussed.
Kosakonia
Authors: Brady Carrie L.
Published: January 2024

Ko.sa.ko'ni.a. N.L. fem. n.
Kosakonia
, named after Y. Kosako, for his contribution to bacterial taxonomy.

Pseudomonadota / Gammaproteobacteria / Enterobacterales / Enterobacteriaceae / Kosakonia

Species within the genus
Kosakonia
are primarily plant‐growth‐promoting bacteria, able to fix nitrogen and improve crop yield. However, several species have also been isolated from clinical samples and are thought to cause rare incidences of disease. Cells are Gram‐stain‐negative, facultatively anaerobic, and motile rods. Species are mesophilic, favoring growth temperatures of 30–35°C. Carbon sources such as glucose, cellobiose, fructose, galactose, gentiobiose, maltose, mannose, and
N
‐acetylglucosamine are readily assimilated. Species form a monophyletic clade when phylogenetic analysis is based on multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) or whole‐genome sequences. The major fatty acids are C
16:0
and summed features 2 (iso‐C
16:1
and/or C
14:0
3‐OH) and 3 (C
16:1
ω7
c
and /or iso‐C
15:0
2‐OH).

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 52.5–56.2 (genome analysis).

Type species
:
Kosakonia cowanii
Brady et al. 2013, VL154 (basonym:
Enterobacter cowanii
Inoue et al. 2001).
Overlap of International League of Associations for Rheumatology and Preliminary Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization Classification Criteria for Nonsystemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in an Established UK Multicentre Inception Cohort
Authors: Shoop‐Worrall Stephanie J. W. , Macintyre Vanessa G. , Ciurtin Coziana , Cleary Gavin , McErlane Flora , Wedderburn Lucy R. ,   for the Childhood Arthritis Prospective Study (CAPS) Principal Investigators, Hyrich Kimme L.
Published: January 2024

Objective

The goal was to assess the degree of overlap between existing International League of Associations for Rheumatology (ILAR) and preliminary Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation (PRINTO) classification criteria for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).

Methods

Participants from the Childhood Arthritis Prospective Study, a multicenter UK JIA inception cohort, were classified using the PRINTO and ILAR classification criteria into distinct categories. Systemic JIA was excluded because several classification items were not collected in this cohort. Adaptations to PRINTO criteria were required to apply to a UK health care setting, including limiting the number of blood biomarker tests required. The overlap between categories under the two systems was determined, and any differences in characteristics between groups were described.

Results

A total of 1,223 children and young people with a physician’s diagnosis of JIA were included. Using PRINTO criteria, the majority of the patients had “other JIA” (69.5%). There was a high degree of overlap (91%) between the PRINTO enthesitis/spondylitis‐ and ILAR enthesitis‐related JIA categories. The PRINTO rheumatoid factor (RF)–positive category was composed of 48% ILAR RF‐positive polyarthritis and 52% undifferentiated JIA. The early‐onset antinuclear antibodies–positive PRINTO category was largely composed of ILAR oligoarthritis (50%), RF‐negative polyarthritis (24%), and undifferentiated JIA (23%). A few patients were unclassified under PRINTO (n = 3) and would previously have been classified as enthesitis‐related JIA (n = 1) and undifferentiated JIA (n = 2) under ILAR.

Conclusion

Under the preliminary PRINTO classification criteria for childhood arthritis, most children are not yet classified into a named category. These data can help support further delineation of the PRINTO criteria to ensure homogenous groups of children can be identified.
Feral Surfaces: Building Envelopes as Intelligent Multi‐species Habitats
Authors: Harrison Ariane Lourie
Published: January 2024

Designing architectural interventions for many species that function and are hospitable for a variety of occupants, creating convivial habitats at a range of scales, is a preoccupation of Brooklyn‐based Harrison Atelier. Founder and principal Ariane Lourie Harrison leads us through some of the design collective's award‐ winning projects. As well as encouraging animal inhabitants, the firm's architecture is also smart, observing and recording activity to register data often not previously available.
Alternate Architectural Subjects: An Apple Tree That Lived on Long Island
Authors: Lavin Sylvia
Published: January 2024

Exploring how the human became a troublesome concept, Sylvia Lavin, Professor of History and Theory of Architecture at Princeton University, takes us to Long Island, where a house was rearranged by an unlikely inhabitant – an apple tree. While trees have typically served to reflect and reinforce idealised definitions of the human, the architecture made for this tree shortly after the Second World War suggests instead how interspecies relations were already pointing towards architecture beyond humanity.
Scaling Lunar Habitats from Research Outposts to Thriving Villages
Authors: De Kestelier Xavier , Ozruh Levent , Irawan Jonathan
Published: January 2024

The development of liveable and fulfilling human habitats in Space is one of the current preoccupations of space architects. Their designs should be highly adaptable, reconfigurable and able to securely accommodate various functional requirements as well as multiple scales of inhabitants and operations. Multidisciplinary design practice Hassell has developed a Lunar Habitat Framework project for the European Space Agency with just these goals. Architect and Head of Design Xavier De Kestelier, architectural designer and space architect Levent Ozruh and Computational Design Lead Jonathan Irawan describe Hassell's work in this area.
Biological and Mechanical Response of Graphene Oxide Surface‐Treated Polylactic Acid 3D‐Printed Bone Scaffolds: Experimental and Numerical Approaches
Authors: Mashhadi Keshtiban Mohsen , Taghvaei Hadi , Noroozi Reza , Eskandari Vahid , Arif Zia Ullah , Bodaghi Mahdi , Bardania Hassan , Hadi Amin
Published: January 2024

Employing 3D printing bone scaffolds with various polymers is growing due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and good mechanical properties. However, their biological properties need modification to have fewer difficulties in clinical experiments. Herein, the fused‐deposition modeling technique is used to design triply‐periodic‐minimal‐surfaces polylactic‐acid scaffolds and evaluate their biological response under static and dynamic cell culture conditions. To enhance the biological response of 3D‐printed bone scaffolds, graphene‐oxide (GO) is coated on the surface of the scaffolds. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and energy‐dispersion X‐ray analysis are conducted to check the GO presence and its effects. Also, computational fluid dynamics analysis is implemented to investigate the shear stress on the scaffold, which is a critical parameter for cell proliferation under dynamic cell culture conditions. Compression tests and contact‐angle measurements are performed to assess the GO effect on mechanical properties and wettability, respectively. Also, it was shown that surface‐treated scaffolds have lower mechanical properties and higher wettability than uncoated scaffolds. A perfusion bioreactor is used to study cell culture. Also, field‐emission‐scanning‐electron‐microscope and 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5 diphenyl‐tetrazolium‐bromide (MTT) assay analyses are conducted to observe cell viability and cell attachment. An increase of up to 220% in viability was achieved with GO and dynamic cell culture.
High Long‐Term Performance of 325‐Mesh Silicon Microparticle Anodes in Li‐Ion Batteries Enabled by Hierarchical Structure of Graphene Oxide and DNA Binder
Authors: Ding Ling , Zhao Yirong , Omar Ahmad , Feng Wen , Hantusch Martin , Mikhailova Daria
Published: January 2024

The promise of silicon anodes for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), owing to the high theoretical capacity, is significantly affected by the huge volume changes (over 300%) during the lithiation/delithiation process. This leads to particle cracking during cycling impacting the electrode at multiple levels, from continued solid‐electrolyte interphase formation, particle contact losses, to delamination of the coating from the current collector. As a results, there is increased electrolyte consumption, and significantly shortened cycle life, hindering its commercial application. The problem is severe for commercially viable larger silicon microparticles (SiMPs > 1 µm). Herein, the cycling of 325 mesh (≤45 µm) SiMPs is successfully demonstrated using a composite binder consisting of inner graphene oxide coating and outside DNA polymer. The resultant hierarchical structure, with cycling‐induced 3D interconnection, maintains the electrodes integrity, as well as helps to stabilize the SEI. Thus, an excellent cycle life is observed, retaining a capacity of 808 mAh·g−1 after 450 cycles at a current density of 840 mA·g−1. This double protection strategy with a robust particle coating and a chemically bonded soft polymer offers an effective strategy for cyclability of SiMPs in practical LIBs.
Polymer‐Surface‐Mediated Mechanochemical Reaction for Rapid and Scalable Manufacture of Perovskite QD Phosphors
Authors: Zhang Kaishuai , Fan Wenxuan , Yao Tianliang , Wang Shalong , Yang Zhi , Yao Jisong , Xu Leimeng , Song Jizhong
Published: January 2024

Perovskite quantum dots (QDs) have been considered new‐generation emitters for lighting and displays due to their high photoluminescence (PL) efficiency, and pure color. However, their commercialization process is currently hindered by the challenge of mass production in a quick and environmentally friendly manner. In this study, a polymer‐surface‐mediated mechanochemical reaction (PMR) is proposed to prepare perovskite QDs using a high‐speed multifunction grinder for the first time. PMR possesses two distinctive features: i) The ultra‐high rotating speed (>15 000 rpm) of the grinder facilitates the rapid conversion of the precursor to perovskite; ii) The surface‐rich polymer particulate ensures QDs with high dispersity, avoiding QD aggregation‐induced PL quenching. Therefore, PMR can successfully manufacture green perovskite QDs with a high PL quantum yield (PLQY) exceeding 90% in a highly material‐ (100% yield), time‐ (1 kg min−1), and effort‐ (solvent‐free) efficient manner. Moreover, the PMR demonstrates remarkable versatility, including synthesizing by various polymers and producing diverse colored and Pb‐free phosphors. Importantly, these phosphors featuring a combination of polymer and perovskite, are facilely processed into various solid emitters. The proposed rapid, green, and scalable approach has great potential to accelerate the commercialization of perovskite QDs.
The relationship between perioperative central venous oxygen saturation and postoperative complications in highly invasive gastroenterological surgery
Authors: Miyazaki Dai , Shichinohe Toshiaki , Watanabe Yusuke , Tanaka Kimitaka , Nakanishi Yoshitsugu , Asano Toshimichi , Kurashima Yo , Ebihara Yuma , Murakami Soichi , Hirano Satoshi
Published: January 2024

Purpose

Operations for malignant diseases of the bile duct, pancreas, and esophagus are the most invasive gastroenterological surgeries. The frequency of complications after these surgeries is high, which affects the postoperative course and mortality. In patients who undergo these types of surgeries, continuous monitoring of the perioperative central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) is possible via a central venous catheter. We aimed to investigate the relationship between continuously monitored perioperative ScvO2 values and postoperative complications.

Methods

The medical records of 115 patients who underwent highly invasive gastroenterological surgeries and ScvO2 monitoring from April 2012 to March 2014 were analyzed. Sixty patients met the inclusion criteria, and their ScvO2 levels were continuously monitored perioperatively. The relationship between ScvO2 levels and major postoperative complications, defined as Clavien–Dindo grade ≥ III, was examined using uni‐ and multivariate analysis.

Results

Thirty patients developed major postoperative complications. The adequate cut‐off value derived from receiver operating curves of the postoperative average ScvO2 levels for predicting major complications was 75%. Multivariate analysis revealed that low average postoperative ScvO2 levels (p = 0.016) and blood loss ≥ 1000 mL (p = 0.039) were significant predictors of major postoperative complications.

Conclusions

Low perioperative ScvO2 values were associated with an increased risk of major postoperative complications. Continuous ScvO2 monitoring will help prevent postoperative complications.
The relationship between altitude and BMI varies across low‐ and middle‐income countries
Authors: Maxfield Amanda , Hadley Craig , Hruschka Daniel J.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

Studies suggest that living at high altitude decreases obesity risk, but this research is limited to single‐country analyses. We examine the relationship between altitude and body mass index (BMI) among women living in a diverse sample of low‐ and middle‐income countries.

Materials and Methods

Using Demographic and Health Survey data from 1 583 456 reproductive age women (20–49 years) in 54 countries, we fit regression models predicting BMI and obesity by altitude controlling for a range of demographic factors—age, parity, breastfeeding status, wealth, and education.

Results

A mixed‐effects model with country‐level random intercepts and slopes predicts an overall −0.162 kg/m2 (95% CI −0.220, −0.104) reduction in BMI and lower odds of obesity (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.87, 0.95) for every 200 m increase in altitude. However, countries vary dramatically in whether they exhibit a negative or positive association between altitude and BMI (34 countries negative, 20 positive). Mixed findings also arise when examining odds of obesity.

Discussion

We show that past findings of declining obesity risk with altitude are not universal. Increasing altitude predicts slightly lower BMIs at the global level, but the relationship within individual countries varies in both strength and direction.
Plasma biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias in American Indians: The Strong Heart Study
Authors: Suchy‐Dicey Astrid M. , Longstreth W. T. , Rhoads Kristoffer , Umans Jason , Buchwald Dedra , Grabowski Thomas , Blennow Kaj , Reiman Eric , Zetterberg Henrik
Published: January 2024

INTRODUCTION

Identification of Alzheimer's disease (AD) needs inexpensive, noninvasive biomarkers, with validation in all populations.

METHODS

We collected plasma markers in older American Indian individuals: phosphorylated‐tau181 (pTau181); amyloid‐beta (Aβ) 40,42; glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); and neurofilament light chain (NfL). Plasma markers were analyzed for discriminant properties with cognitive status and etiology using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.

RESULTS

PTau181, GFAP, NfL plasma values were significantly associated with cognition, but Aβ were not. Discriminant performance was moderate for individual markers, with pTau181, GFAP, NfL performing best, but an empirically selected panel of markers (age, sex, education, pTau181, GFAP, NfL, Aβ4240 ratio) had excellent discriminant performance (AUC > 0.8).

DISCUSSION

In American Indian individuals, pTau181 and Aβ values suggested more common pathology than in majority populations. Aβ was less informative than in other populations; however, all four markers were needed for a best‐performing dementia diagnostic model. These data validate utility of AD plasma markers, while suggesting population‐specific diagnostic characteristics.
Review of the Gravitomagnetic Clock Effect
Authors: Iorio Lorenzo , Mashhoon Bahram
Published: January 2024

The general relativistic gravitomagnetic clock effect, in its simplest form, consists of the non‐vanishing difference in the orbital periods of two counter‐orbiting objects moving in opposite directions along circular orbits lying in the equatorial plane of a central rotating source. Both the theoretical and observational aspects of such an intriguing consequence of Einstein's theory of gravitation are reviewed.
Helmholtz, Schrödinger, and the First Non‐Euclidean Model of Perceptual Color Space
Authors: Roberti Valentina
Published: January 2024

This paper explores the groundbreaking contributions of Hermann von Helmholtz and Erwin Schrödinger to the geometry of color space ‐a 3D space that correlates color distances with perceptual differences. Drawing upon his expertise in non‐Euclidean geometry, physics, and psychophysics, Helmholtz introduced the first Riemannian line element in color space between 1891 and 1892, inaugurating a new line of research known as higher color metric, a term coined by Schrödinger in 1920. During his tenure at the University of Vienna, Schrödinger extensively worked on color theory and rediscovered Helmholtz's forgotten line element. In his 1920 papers titled “Grundlinien einer Theorie der Farbmetrik im Tagessehen,” published in the Annalen der Physik, Schrödinger elucidated certain shortcomings in Helmholtz's model and proposed his refined version of the Riemannian line element. This study delves into this captivating chapter in the history of color science, emphasizing the profound impact of Helmholtz's and Schrödinger's work on subsequent research in color metrics up to the present day.
Charged aggregation‐induced emission luminogens for bioimaging and phototherapy
Authors: Feng Junjie , Jian Xiaoxia , Jiang Guoyu , Wang Jianguo
Published: January 2024

Aggregation‐induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) have received sustained attention in almost all fields of luminescent materials such as selective biochemical sensors, liquid crystals, and anti‐counterfeiting identification. However, the application of neutral AIEgens in the biomedical field is often greatly limited due to their low water solubility. By introducing charges into AIEgens, AIEgens are endowed with good water solubility as well as specific binding ability to bioorganic molecules or special materials with opposite charges, thus expanding the application range of AIEgens. In this review, we focus on the design strategy of charged AIEgens and then summarize the wide applications of charged AIEgens in light‐guided treatments integrating simultaneous phototherapy and real‐time monitoring of therapeutic efficacy. Finally, we conclude with the challenges and application prospects of charged AIEgens. We hope that this review will provide valuable guidance for further expanding the application of charged AIEgens in the field of biological imaging and phototherapy.
Multimodal integrated strategy for the discovery and identification of antiplatelet aggregation Q‐markers in Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis
Authors: Li Yang , Wen Rouyuan , Yang Wanqing , Xu Huimei , Xie Qiufeng , Wang Le , Sun Hanzhu , Zhang Haizhu , Xia Conglong
Published: January 2024

To enhance the quality evaluation and control of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and ensure the safety and efficacy of clinical medication, it is imperative to establish a comprehensive quality assessment method aligned with TCM efficacy. This study uses a representative Chinese medicine with multi‐origin and multi‐efficacy, Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis (PY), as an illustrative example. Surprisingly, despite the high fingerprint similarity among the 12 batches of PY samples collected from various regions in Yunnan, a notable variation in the composition and content of components was observed. The chromatographic analysis identified seven common peaks, namely, polyphyllin I, polyphyllin II, polyphyllin V, polyphyllin VI, polyphyllin VII, polyphyllin H, and polyphyllin D. In the bioactivity evaluation, an in vitro antiplatelet aggregation model induced by adenosine diphosphate was established, showcasing excellent stability. The maximum antiplatelet aggregation inhibition rate for all PY samples consistently remained stable at 73.1%–99.1%. However, the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values exhibited a range from 1.615 to 18.200 mg/mL. This approach not only meets high‐throughput screening requirements but also demonstrates remarkable discrimination. The results of chemical and bioactivity evaluations were analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis and canonical correlation analysis. Polyphyllin I, polyphyllin II, polyphyllin VII, polyphyllin H, and polyphyllin D were identified as the Q‐markers for antiplatelet aggregation in PY samples. Validation of the bioactivity for these monomer components aligned with the previously mentioned findings. Notably, this study established a spectrum–effect model for PY samples, enhancing the scientific robustness of the quality evaluation method. Furthermore, these findings offer valuable research insights for improving the quality assessment of other TCMs.
Reduced functional connectivity of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at rest in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Zhong Zhaoxi , Ou Yangpan , Chen Yunhui , Li Ping , Shi Han , Lv Dan , Jia Cuicui , Shang Tinghuizi , Sun Lei , Yang Ru , Wang Xiaoping , Guo Wenbin , Lv Luxian
Published: January 2024

Background

Neuroimaging studies have revealed the role of the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the neurobiological mechanism of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). However, only a few studies have examined the functional connectivity (FC) pattern of the right DLPFC at rest in OCD.

Objective

The aim of this research is to examine the FC patterns of the right DLPFC at rest in OCD.

Methods

Twenty‐eight medication‐free patients with OCD and 20 healthy controls underwent resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Seed‐based FC and support vector machine (SVM) were used to analyze the imaging data.

Results

The patients with OCD showed reduced FC values in the right middle temporal gyrus (MTG), right superior temporal gyrus, right ventral anterior cingulate cortex (vACC), and left Crus II. No brain regions showed a remarkable difference in FC values in patients with OCD after 8 weeks of medication treatment. The reduced right DLPFC–right MTG and right DLPFC–right vACC connectivities were correlated with the clinical symptoms of OCD. SVM results showed that reduced right DLPFC–right MTG connectivity at rest could predict the therapeutic response to OCD medication.

Conclusions

The findings highlight the important role of the right DLPFC in the pathophysiological mechanism of OCD.
A cell line derived from heart of rainbow trout is refractory to Tilapia lake virus
Authors: Pande Amit , Thakuria Dimpal , Kushwaha Basdeo , Kumar Ravindra , S Murali , Rastogi Aakriti , Sood Neeraj
Published: January 2024

Cell lines are important in vitro models to answer biological mechanisms with less genetic variations. The present study was attempted to develop a cell line from rainbow trout, where we obtained a cell line from the heart, named “RBT‐H.” The cell line was authenticated using karyotyping and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequencing. The karyotype demonstrated diploid chromosome number (2n) as 62 and the sequence of partial COI gene was 99.84% similar to rainbow trout COI data set, both suggesting the origin of RBT‐H from the rainbow trout. The heart cell line was mycoplasma‐free and found to be refractory to infection with the Tilapia lake virus. The RBT‐H cell line is deposited in the National Repository of Fish Cell Line (NRFC) at ICAR‐NBFGR, Lucknow, India, with Accession no. NRFC0075 for maintenance and distribution to researchers on request for R&D.
Self‐stigma of incarceration and its impact on health and community integration
Authors: Brehmer Chelsea E. , Qin Sang , Young Brigette C. , Strauser David R.
Published: January 2024

Background

Individuals returning to the wider community from incarceration face many re‐entry barriers, including stigmatising beliefs regarding past criminal record, that have impact on health and re‐entry. Understanding the development and impact of self‐stigma on health can inform re‐entry and rehabilitation services.

Aims

The two aims of this study were first, to evaluate a previously established model of self‐stigma applied to individuals who have experienced incarceration and, secondly, to study the impact of self‐stigma on physical and mental health as well as community integration on re‐entry.

Methods

This is a cross‐sectional study of 129 formerly incarcerated adults recruited using an online platform and asked to complete online rating scales about self‐stigmatisation, health and sense of community integration. Repeated‐measures analysis of variance, correlation analysis, and path analyses were used to evaluate the model.

Results

There was support for the four distinct stages of self‐stigmatisation apparent in mental health research. There was a relationship between self‐stigma harm and sense of community integration, mediated by mental but not physical health status scores.

Conclusion

Our findings add to work on self‐stigmatisation in the field of mental health by showing that the concept appears relevant and appears in similar staging among formerly incarcerated individuals and that self‐stigmatisation is likely to be important for their community reintegration. Our sample was not typical of the wider prison population for race and gender distribution, in particular having fewer than expected those minority groups likely to be especially vulnerable to stigmatisation by others. Our findings nevertheless suggest that further, preferably, longitudinal research on self‐stigma to enable better understanding of pathways could substantially help treatment and rehabilitation of individuals after release from a correctional facility.
High‐rate metal‐free MXene microsupercapacitors on paper substrates
Authors: Xue Han , Huang Po‐Han , Lai Lee‐Lun , Su Yingchun , Strömberg Axel , Cao Gaolong , Fan Yuzhu , Khartsev Sergiy , Göthelid Mats , Sun Yan‐Ting , Weissenrieder Jonas , Gylfason Kristinn B. , Niklaus Frank , Li Jiantong
Published: January 2024

MXene is a promising energy storage material for miniaturized microbatteries and microsupercapacitors (MSCs). Despite its superior electrochemical performance, only a few studies have reported MXene‐based ultrahigh‐rate (>1000 mV s−1) on‐paper MSCs, mainly due to the reduced electrical conductance of MXene films deposited on paper. Herein, ultrahigh‐rate metal‐free on‐paper MSCs based on heterogeneous MXene/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)‐stack electrodes are fabricated through the combination of direct ink writing and femtosecond laser scribing. With a footprint area of only 20 mm2, the on‐paper MSCs exhibit excellent high‐rate capacitive behavior with an areal capacitance of 5.7 mF cm−2 and long cycle life (>95% capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles) at a high scan rate of 1000 mV s−1, outperforming most of the present on‐paper MSCs. Furthermore, the heterogeneous MXene/PEDOT:PSS electrodes can interconnect individual MSCs into metal‐free on‐paper MSC arrays, which can also be simultaneously charged/discharged at 1000 mV s−1, showing scalable capacitive performance. The heterogeneous MXene/PEDOT:PSS stacks are a promising electrode structure for on‐paper MSCs to serve as ultrafast miniaturized energy storage components for emerging paper electronics.
Carboranylphosphines: B9‐Substituted Derivatives with Enhanced Reactivity for the Anchoring to Dendrimers
Authors: Milewski Max , Caminade Anne‐Marie , Mallet‐Ladeira Sonia , Lledós Agustí , Lönnecke Peter , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie
Published: January 2024

Several ortho‐carboranes bearing a phenoxy or a phenylamino group in the B9 position were prepared employing various protection and deprotection strategies. Following established protocols, dendritic compounds were synthesized from a hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene or thiophosphoryl chloride core, and possible anchoring options for the B9‐substituted ortho‐carboranes were investigated experimentally and theoretically (DFT). Furthermore, 1‐ or 1,2‐phosphanyl‐substituted carborane derivatives were obtained. The resulting diethyl‐, diisopropyl‐, di‐tert‐butyl‐, diphenyl‐ or diethoxyphosphines bearing a tunable ortho‐carborane moiety are intriguing ligands for future applications in homogeneous catalysis or the medicinal sector.
Numerical analysis of an obstacle motion in the human ureter using the dynamic mesh approach
Authors: Abbasian Saman , Maddahian Reza
Published: January 2024

Peristalsis is a common motion in various biological systems, especially the upper urinary tract, where it plays a pivotal role in conveying urine from the kidneys to the bladder. Using computational fluid dynamics, this study aims to investigate the effect of various peristaltic parameters on the motion of an obstacle through a two‐dimensional ureter. Methodologically, Incompressible Navier–Stokes equations were utilized as the fluid domain's governing equations, and the Dynamic Mesh method (DM) was employed to simulate the peristaltic and obstacle motion. The peristaltic motion was modeled by a sinusoidal contraction wave propagating alongside the ureter at the physiological speed, and the motion of the obstruction through the ureter, which is caused by the fluid forces applied on its surface, was explored using the equation of Newton's second law. Various test cases of different shapes and sizes were supposed as kidney stones to understand the influence of the peristalsis properties on the stone removal process. The results show that the motion of the kidney stone is highly influenced by the gradient pressure force applied to its surface in the fluid domain. Moreover, investigating the effects of the peristaltic physical properties on the obstacle's motion indicates that the stone's motion is dependent on these parameters. Furthermore, this analysis provides insight into the peristaltic motion effects, assisting physicians in developing new medicines to facilitate the kidney stone removal process based on its shape and size.
Schema therapy in adults with autism spectrum disorder: A scoping review
Authors: Vuijk Richard , Turner Wesley , Zimmerman David , Walker Hugh , Dandachi‐FitzGerald Brechje
Published: January 2024

Background

Schema therapy (ST) in adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have gained increasing interest in clinical practice and research. However, to date, there has been no synthesis of the literature on ST as treatment for adults with ASD. Through a scoping review, we aim to summarize the emerging research and literature on ST for adults with ASD.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search of three electronic databases was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR) guidelines. Publications were included that examined ST in adults with ASD and non‐clinical adults with autistic traits.

Results

Systematic searches identified a total of 11 publications, all published since 2014, with the majority being conducted by Dutch and Japanese researchers. Of the 11 publications, 1 described an ST‐informed social interaction training, 1 was an ST protocol, 2 described conceptual ST models, 2 were case examples, 2 examined early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) and 3 investigated the effectiveness of ST interventions. In summary, the theoretical exploration, practical examples of the application of ST and research findings with preliminary evidence of ST, EMSs and schema modes (SMs) in adults with ASD point towards the potential of ST for the treatment of adults with ASD.

Discussion

The current scoping review highlights preliminary research findings and offers valuable suggestions for clinicians treating adults with ASD. This review underscores the need for development of and research in specialized ST protocols and programmes tailored to adults with ASD with chronic mental conditions, such as personality disorders (PDs).
An ultra‐low‐power CWM/SCM demodulator for inductive‐powered IMDs with the DRCF ratio of 50% and the powering index of 75%
Authors: Arand Farshad Alizadeh , Abiri Ebrahim , Salehi Mohammad Reza
Published: January 2024

In this paper, an ultra‐low‐power and area‐efficient demodulator circuit for wireless downlink SCM/CWM modulation schemes is proposed. The proposed demodulator offers high performances and allows simultaneous power and downlink data transmission over a single 13.56‐MHz inductive link. The proposed method requires only two carrier cycles per data bit period, and also, a power index of 75% is obtained. Although the proposed demodulator can be applicable to other wireless systems, here, it is intended for implantable medical devices. To prove the performance of the proposed demodulator circuit, it has been designed and post‐layout simulations are provided using a standard 65‐nm CMOS technology and occupies 27 × 32 μm2 of active area. Post‐layout simulation results indicate that with a 1‐V power supply, the proposed circuit achieves an ultra‐low‐power consumption of 8.51 μW at a data rate of 6.78 Mb/s corresponding to an energy efficiency of 1.25 pJ/bit.
Androgen‐repressed lncRNA LINC01126 drives castration‐resistant prostate cancer by regulating the switch between O‐GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation of androgen receptor
Authors: Cai Yi , Chen Minfeng , Gong Yuchen , Tang Guyu , Shu Zhiwei , Chen Jiaxian , Zhou Hengfeng , He Yao , Long Zhi , Gan Yu
Published: January 2024

Background

Prostate cancer (PCa) initially shows satisfactory response to therapies targeting the androgen receptor (AR). However, progression to a castration‐resistant stage indicates poor prognosis in PCa patients. AR signalling still plays a central role in most castration‐resistant prostate cancers (CRPC). Therefore, unveiling the mechanisms of AR reactivation under androgen‐deprived conditions is imperative to discover novel therapeutic targets for CRPC.

Methods

Using an integrative analysis of the transcriptomics of three independent PCa cohorts and a published landscape of AR‐regulated long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA), lncRNA LINC01126 was selected as a candidate gene that could drive CRPC progression for further study. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridisation (ISH) and fluorescent ISH were performed to detect LINC01126 in PCa tissues and cells. The functional role and mechanism of LINC01126 were further investigated using in vitro and in vivo gain and loss of function assays.

Results

LINC01126, identified as an AR‐repressed lncRNA, was significantly upregulated after AR‐targeted therapies. In addition, we found that LINC01126 was upregulated in CRPC and was associated with poor prognosis. We also proved that LINC01126 stabilised AR protein and enhanced AR nuclear translocation and transactivation by promoting the transition from O‐GlcNAcylation at threonine 80 to phosphorylation at serine 81 (S81) within the AR protein. Mechanism analysis revealed that LINC01126 facilitates the interaction of CDK9 with AR and impedes the binding of O‐linked N‐acetylglucosamine (O‐GlcNAc) transferase to AR. Consequently, LINC01126 expression was sufficient to activate AR signalling without androgen. LINC01126 overexpression increased, whereas LINC01126 knockdown decreased castration resistance traits in PCa cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, our data showed that LINC01126‐targeting antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) substantially inhibited CRPC cells in vitro.

Conclusions

Our research expands the functions of AR‐regulated lncRNA in sustaining androgen‐independent AR activity and promoting CRPC progression and reveals that LINC01126 may be a new therapeutic target for PCa.