bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of Endothelial and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase and Caspase-3 in Tonsillar Cancer, Chronic Tonsillitis and Healthy Tonsils
Authors: Lukeš Petr , Pácová H. , Kučera T. , Veselý D. , Martínek J. , Astl J.
Published: November 2024

Neoangiogenesis and inhibition of apoptosis are two factors considered as major leading causes of tumorigenesis. NO, synthesized by NOS, plays an important role in tumour growth, dissemination and vascularization. Caspase-3 is an executive enzyme of apoptosis. The presented research work has been focused on the comparative evaluation of localization of the angiogenic and proapoptotic cytokines expressed in tonsillar diseases. The immunohistochemical reaction of eNOS, iNOS and caspase-3 in tonsillar cancer (N = 17), chronic tonsillitis (N = 11) and clinically healthy tonsils (N = 8) was detected. High eNOS occurrence in endothelial cells of highly vascularized regions in tonsillar cancer, variable eNOS expression in the vessels of lamina propria in chronic tonsillitis and high expression in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of small veins in healthy tonsillar tissue was ascertained. Increased iNOS expression was found in cancer tissue in comparison with the healthy tonsils. Nevertheless, the highest expression of iNOS was found in chronic tonsillitis. Higher expression of caspase-3 was discovered in germinal centres of lymphoid follicles of the chronic tonsillitis tissue. However, the positivity in the interfollicular zone and surface squamous epithelium was weak only. Merely isolated caspase-3-positive cells were found in tonsillar cancer. Very low expression of caspase-3 was detected in the lymphatic follicles of the healthy tonsils. Research results showed high expression of eNOS in the carcinomatous tissue. The eNOS expression in chronic tonsillitis confirms its role in regulating the lymphocyte circulation. Low expression of caspase-3 in malignant epithelial cells of tonsillar cancer shows decreased capability of apoptosis compared to chronic tonsillitis tissue, where apoptosis seems to be rather frequent and concentrated in the germinal centres of lymphatic follicles. The differences in localization of eNOS and caspase-3 expression between benign and malignant processes may be a promising tool for precise mor phological distinction of chronic inflammation and tumours.
A Novel Method for the Estimation of Podocyte Injury: Podocalyxin-Positive Elements in Urine
Authors: Habara Peter , Marečková H. , Sopková Z. , Malíčková K. , Živorová D. , Zima T. , Tesař V.
Published: November 2024

Podocytes form an outer aspect of the glomerular capillary wall and play a decisive role in its permeability for macromolecules. The main podocyte surface antigen podocalyxin, a highly electronegative sialoglycoprotein, prevents the podocyte foot processes from collapsing. Podocyte damage in glomerular disease is supposed to be accompanied by podocyte detachment, and shed podocytes and their fragments (marked by podocalyxin) may be identified in the urine. Using anti-podocalyxin monoclonal antibody, PCX+EL were counted by FACS in 38 patients with various types of active glomerulonephritis, 15 patients with chronic glomerulonephritis in long-term remission and 44 healthy controls. Urinary levels of PCX+EL were significantly higher in patients with active glomerulonephritis compared to patients with chronic glomerulonephritis in longterm remission (93 ± 100 vs. 6.3 ± 3.2/μl of urine, P < 0.000001) and healthy controls (4.4 ± 2.6/μl of urine, P < 0.000001 compared to active glomerulonephritis, n.s. compared to chronic glomerulonephritis in longterm remission). These preliminary data suggest the potential of this simple method to monitor the activity of glomerular disease. Further prospective studies of larger cohorts of patients with individual glomerular diseases are clearly warranted.
Competitiveness and quality conditions of animal products in Croatia compared to the Cefta and EC countries
Authors: BOŽIČ M. , JURIĆ I. , KOLEGA A. , ĐIKIĆ Marija , KRALIK Gordana , PETRIČEVIĆ A.
Published: November 2024

Capacity of animal products production in Croatia was examined and compared to the same production in EU and CEFTA countries. Significant lagging behind of this production per capita was established in comparison to compared countries. Competitiveness of animal products from Croatia is significantly lower compared to surrounding countries, because of high imput costs and even more because of lower quality of products. Regulation for pork quality assessment on slaughterline was implemented in Croatia which is identical to EU regulation Nr. 3220/84 from 1984. Other regulations, for assessment of milk quality, animal feeds and slaughtered cattle in first line are currently under construction. Analyzed pork quality according to S-EUROP system showed that pig population in Croatia, examined in Papuk - Požega region, have meatiness of 50.1 % which could be taken as accurate assessment of pig population in Croatia produced for market. Examined ABCD Hypor pig population had meatiness of 56.1 % and pigs from “Dubravica” farm obtained by mating of Swedish Landrace and C and AB lines had meatiness between 53 and 54 %. Quantity and fat content of milk was also examined. Quantity of milk increases, which is important because Croatia is importer of large amounts of milk.
Restructuring of the livestock production in central and eastern European countries
Authors: HABE F. , ZJALIČ M. , ERJAVEC E.
Published: November 2024

Before the transition the principal development objective for the animal production sector in the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries was the attainment of national self-sufficiency, and, is some countries, export orientation. Increasing production costs and the low productivity were compensated through subsides. During the first years of transition, the number of animals declined from 20 to 80 percent, due to the drastic reduction of demand (elimination of subsides and family revenue decrease), disruption of traditional markets, rise of the cost of production. The establishment of a large number of small private farms have led to the creation of specific production systems in a number of countries. Countries which have retained large production units are confronted with needs to update technology in accordance with new requirements (market, environment). Following the request of made by CEE countries, EAAP has established a Task Force on CEE countries. The Task Force has organised seven meetings (round tables, workshops and seminars) in the period 1991-96. Some experts from CEE and Western Europe participated at these events. Over 1400 pages of studies and proceedings have been published. The Task Force has completed its tasks in 1996, when a Contact Group on CEE countries has been established to identify the major policy issues influencing animal production in CEE, to prepare and organise meetings to address these policy questions, and to promote an increase in effectiveness of linkages between CEE and Western European countries.
Livestock and products adjustment to the European Union legislation and standardization for marketing, quality and environment protection
Authors: BENČEVIĆ K. , BUKVIĆ Ž. , PETRIČEVIĆ A.
Published: November 2024

Livestock protection and quality of livestock products in European Union is a result of long, systematic development of economic system. This system is quite different from socialistic system, in its roots. Countries in transitions from socialistic system tends toward western European integration. The adjustments of livestock production and its products to the EU regulations cannot go by pure copying of certain provisions. What is really needed is adjustment of basic regulations which compose a economic and market system. Only by this would be achieved the same way of ensurement of equal quality of products in marketing and valorization of products as well as right approach to environment protection. Basic rules of EU and its members, in marketing, quality health and environment protection which directly or indirectly effect the adjustments of livestock production, quality and environment protection in Republic of Croatia have been presented. Regulations in force in Croatia do not content complete sense of these basic rules for production, marketing and quality of livestock products which are valid in EU. They are related only to certain parts of livestock production and quality. For this reason, it should be immediately and comprehensively organize and enforce laws for livestock production development in Croatia.
Factors influencing the competitiveness of Hungarian agriculture and rural areas prior to joining the EU
Authors: JUHÁSZ G. , KEMÉNY G. , MÁTHÉ A.
Published: November 2024

At present a state of crisis is characteristic of Hungarian agriculture, and, together with it, of the rural areas. As much as 60 % of those previously employed in the agricultural sector, 607,000 employees, have lost their jobs. Since agriculture is closely linked to rural life, it is in the rural areas that the resultant problems primarily occur. One third of the population of Hungary lives in the rural areas, but unemployment in these areas constitutes a half of the total number of unemployed in the country. During the privatisation process the land areas of Hungary were divided up to a great extent. The area of most of the individual farms is under one hectare. A substantial proportion of small plots, having been displaced from the produce supply market, now serve only the subsistence requirements of their owners. A large proportion of the agricultural structures still in operation and their successors can no longer serve the function which they previously fulfilled in their given region, while the stimulation of state intervention required is still awaited.
Economic aspects of Slovene livestock production in changing environment
Authors: KAVČIČ S.
Published: November 2024

This article aims to assess current costs and benefits of Slovene livestock production as well as likely prospects for the near future. Six main Slovene livestock products (milk, beef, pig meat, poultry, eggs and lamb) are selected to study their comparative advantages in 1995 and 1997 in terms of a policy analysis matrix. Additional simulation is carried out to estimate likely changes in private profitability under different agricultural policy regimes (Slovenia, current CAP and reformed CAP) in both long- and short-term prospective. The results suggest that no traditional way of livestock production is internationally competitive. Nevertheless, milk production has a comparative advantage over other livestock activities. This is important concern which may partially justify current government policy.
GENETIC STANDARDS AND BREEDING METHODS FOR FARM ANIMALS IN THE EU
Authors: GLODEK P.
Published: November 2024

Basic rules for animal breeding in the EU, laid down in Council Directives and Commission Decisions, whose main objective is to ensure free trade with breeding stock, embryos on gametes in the Community are presented in the paper. The species covered are cattle, pigs, sheep & goats and horses. The main activities regulated are recognition of breeding organizations, identification and registration of breeding animals, issuing of pedigree certificates and acceptance of registered breeding animals in all Member States. Very little detail is stated on performance monitoring and genetic evaluation. In these fields internationally acceptable standard procedures are requested and these must be approved by reference organizations like ICAR and INTERBULL in cattle. The general trend in all farm animal species moves from expensive central station testing to collecting more field records under normal production conditions, in order to avoid negative effects of genotype-environment-interactions. Nearly everywhere BLUP-Animal-Model evaluation methods are used now because of their great advantages in utilizing records of probands together with all relatives. However, such evaluation procedures require high investments and running costs and can therefore effectively be done only by large breeding organizations or state supported computing centers. More international cooperation in this field as for example INTERBULL's international bull evaluation service, will be expected in the future.
VARIABILITY OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF HOGS BETWEEN SOWS WITHIN THE BOAR
Authors: ĐIKIĆ Marija , JURIĆ I. , MUNJAS D.
Published: November 2024

Investigation was carried out on hogs of ABCD (n=23) Hypor hybrid produced by mating AB boar with five CD sows of Hypor parent line. Groups of offspring were marked as: A, B, C, D and E. The analyzed characteristics were production traits and on slaughtering line measured meatness by method “two points” (Regulations NN 79/95). Results of hogs within the boar for the analyzed characteristics were as follows: slaughtering weight 100.6 kg, age at slaughtering 195.6 days, weight of warm carcass 79.6 kg. The life daily gains were: of slaughtering weight 513.3 g, of carcass 407.0 g, and muscular tissue in carcass 224.9 g. On the slaughtering line following values were measured; backfat thickness 15.9 mm, muscle thickness of m.l.d. 69.1 mm, muscular tissue in carcass 56.4 %. Statistically significant difference on 1 % level was found for the percentage of muscular tissue in carcass and classes of the hogs between sows D 65.4 % (S) and E 60.7 % (S) in relation to A 53.8 % (U) and B 50.8 % (U), while difference between sow C 56.7 % (E) and B 50.8 % (U) and D 65.4 % (S) and E 60.7 % (S) were at 5 % level. Estimation of the variability of hog classes on the slaughhtering line implies that of carcass classes can also be influenced by the technological procedures through elimination of sows on the basis of their performance test.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PANNON WHITE RABBIT BREED AND CHANGES IN RESULTS FOR PRODUCTION BETWEEN 1988 AND 1997
Authors: SZENDRŐ Z. , NÉMETH-BÍRÓ Edit , RADNAI I.
Published: November 2024

The production performance of the rabbit stock examined demonstrates that the procedure of selection for weight gain applied was an efficient method, mean daily weight gain having improved by 1.3-1.4 grammes per year. Parallel to this increases were also attained in weight at 10 weeks and at maturity, litter size and litter weight at 21 days of age. The following production results were achieved for 1992 and 1996 respectively: weight at 10 weeks, 2.13 and 2.31 kg; litter size, 8.04 and 8.55; litter weight at 21 days, 2.38 and 2.56 kg; and individual weight at 3 weeks of age, 335 and 370 kg. Selection on the basis of CT data also proved to be an efficient procedure. The authors recommend restricted feeding (130-150 g diet per animal per day) up to the first insemination for young does designated for breeding, and also for non-pregnant does after weaning of their litter.
A CHANGES IN THE SLAUGHTER VALUE OF THE HUNGARIAN PIG STOCK ON THE BASIS OF THE EUROP CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
Authors: CSATÓ L. , OBORNIK A.
Published: November 2024

The authors examined the effect of the new (S)EUROP slaughter pig classification system, evaluating data relating to three-week periods: one directly subsequent to the introduction of the system, one from the middle of its time of implementation so far, and one from the present day. It was thus established that since the introduction of the system in Hungary the ratio of pigs classified has increased continuously in comparison with the total number of pigs slaughtered. Examination of this period revealed that in the initial period the purchase price ratios were distributed in a broad band, quality being remunerated with a greater degree of price difference. This favourable price ratio had narrowed considerably by the intermediate period, and by a less substantial degree by the third period examined. Despite this, changes in the livestock ratios demonstrate that the ratio of fattened pigs yielding higher slaughter quality is increasing continuously in slaughter pig populations in Hungary.
A EXAMINATION BY MEANS OF COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY OF MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT IN MERINO AND SUFFOLK SHEEP
Authors: MEZŐSZENTGYÖRGYI D. , LENGYEL A.
Published: November 2024

In the course of these investigations the authors subjected 192 Hungarian Merino and 43 Suffolk breed rams to comparison between the breeds, by means of the application of CT: this involved observations to monitor muscle development and fat deposition on the basis of 7 images taken either in the loin region or in the thigh of each animal. Further to this, data relating to distances measured between the vertebrae of the lumbar region were also processed.The findings obtained from this study indicate that Hungarian Merino rams show no substantial change in the cross-sectional area of the long and short loin muscle above 35 kg body weight, while in Suffolk rams this value continues to follow a linear increase up to 45 kg body weight. Statistically verifiable significant difference between the two stocks was demonstrated to exist. In the interest of estimating the weight of valuable meat parts distances between the vertebrae were also determined. Demonstrable difference in this respect between the two types was established on examination of the vertebrae of the short loin region. With regard to the body weight categories investigated in the study, fat deposition showed linear increase in the Merino rams and an increase more of an exponential nature in the Suffolk stock.
THE QUALITY OF OUR MEAT PRODUCTS AND COMPARISON WITH EU
Authors: ŽLENDER B.
Published: November 2024

Nowadays market success is ensured only by the appropriate high and constant quality of meat products and their suitable assortment that satisfy the growing demands of consumers. The quality of meat products in our market is constantly supervised by inspection services, but the best insight into their sensory quality is obtained by annual estimation of meat and meat products in domestic competition and dry meat products at the international estimation at the Fair of Agriculture and Food in Gornja Radgona. The paper presents the quality status in domestic competition, where four categories of the products are estimated: standard products, new products, safe products and fresh meat. The paper deals also with quality characteristics and the most frequent defects in dry meat products, i.e. dry meat and sausages, for which a comparison of the quality of the products with those offered in some European countries is possible. The technology characteristics and qualities of dry cured hams and sausages are especially emphasized and the reasons for specific quality characteristic of these products in different countries and provinces are described as well.
QUALITY OF POULTRY PRODUCTS IN ASPECTS OF EU LEGISLATION
Authors: HOLCMAN Antonija , TERČIČ D. , VADNJAL R.
Published: November 2024

European Union adopted its sanitation and hygienic legislation as well as common marketing standards for eggs in 1968 followed by poultry meat standards in 1976. The mentioned standards applied to basic requirements about quality, labelling and relevant monitoring methods. Standards are being frequently revised regarding the production structure, marketing and technological development as well as consumers’ changing attitudes towards food quality. In Slovenia the Regulations of Quality of Eggs and Egg Products (1989) apply to the quality requirements of eggs and egg products. The minimum requirements that are applied to poultry meat and edible giblets are adopted in Regulations of Meat Quality (1981) and Regulations of Changes and Additions to the Regulations of Poultry Meat Quality (1988). The comparison of the mentioned regulations with the EU legislation has shown that some changes and supplements to the existing regulations shall be necessary to comply them with the European legislation.
HARMONIZATION OF THE QUALITY OF POULTRY MEAT WITH EU LEGISLATION
Authors: VARGA C. , ŠMIGOC Vera
Published: November 2024

The comparison between the Slovenian and European Union regulations which provide for the quality of poultrymeat shows that differences in regulations regarding the quality of poultrymeat, cuts and giblets exist between Slovenia and EU. EU regulations provide for a wider offer of poultrymeat. Quality parameters of poultry carcasses (A, extra A, B and C classes) are more precisely defined in Slovenia which provides for a better quality of meat on the market. Weighing system and variation tolerance in net weight of frozen meat and main parts provide for a cheaper and easier work of slaughterhouses. Poultry meat producers in Slovenia shall have no major problems at adapting to EU quality requirements.
CRITERIA FOR HYGIENIC IRREVOCABILITY OF FOOD OF ANIMAL ORIGIN
Authors: MARINŠEK J.
Published: November 2024

In the article, the criteria determining the hygienic irrevocability of the food of animal origin are described. Shown are differences as well as correlation in the tolerances for contents of the particular environmental pollutants and veterinary-medicinal preparations in the food of animal origin, that are prescribed in Slovenia compared to that prescribed in some countries of European Union. Finally, a short representation of systematic control of bioresidua contents in the food of animal origin in Slovenia is given with the estimation of current situation on this field.
MILK COMPOSITION IN RECORDED COWS AND THE QUALITY OF PURCHASED MILK IN THE LAST TEN YEARS IN SLOVENIA
Authors: KLOPČIČ Marija , POGAČAR J. , VALJAVEC Ivana
Published: November 2024

The results of milk recording in Slovenia were studied for the period of ten years. It has been found out that milk production of cows in standard lactation has been augmenting in all breeds. There were no significant differences in fat content among breeds, nevertheless, they emerged every year. The content of proteins varied more. The highest content of proteins was achieved by Simmental cows, while in Black-and-White cows the found content was lower. Average milk production differed between herds on state farms and the herds on family farms, and among family farms from various regions. Similar trends were found in purchased milk. The amount of purchased milk increased every year even though the number of family farms that produced market milk diminished. The content of fat and proteins in purchased milk increased and oscillated during the year. The microbiological quality of milk was significantly improved in the last ten years; and in 1997 about 82.2 % of purchased milk was classified into the extra and in the first quality class (up to 100,000 TNMO/ml). Somatic cells decrease in the purchased milk with 80 % of milk containing less than 400,000 in ml of milk. The quality of purchased milk in Slovenia has been significantly improved and can be compared with the quality of milk in other West European countries.
PRODUCTION AND COMPOSITION OF SHEEP AND GOAT MILK IN SLOVENIA
Authors: KOMPAN D. , BREŽNIK Suzana , BIRTIČ D. , DROBNIČ Marjana
Published: November 2024

Milk production of small ruminants has been increasing in Slovenia as well as in the world. Composition and quality of milk are very important, being it a raw material for production of the best quality products. Factors that most frequently affect the composition and quality of sheep and goat milk are presented. The contents of fat, proteins, lactose in milk produced by Slovene sheep and goats as well as somatic cell count in samples of sheep milk are outlined.
A NEW METHOD FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF PROTEIN OF BACTERIAL ORIGIN ON THE BASIS OF D-AMINO ACID CONTENT
Authors: CSAPÓ J. , SCHMIDT J. , KISS-CSAPÓ Zsuzsanna , HOLLÓ I. , VISI-VARGA Éva , BALLA-TERLAKY Éva
Published: November 2024

In the past years several methods have been developed for the determination of the proportion which is of microbial origin of the nitrogen-containing substances passed from the rumen into the abomasum or the small intestine. Recently, on examining the D-amino acid content of foodstuffs, particularly milk and milk products, it has been observed that, in addition to D-Ala, D-glutamic acid (D-Glu) and D-aspartic acid (D-Asp) can also be detected in similar quantities, primarily in products which have links with bacterial activity. This gave rise to the idea of examining the DAPA, D-Glu and D-Asp content of bacteria extracted from the rumen of cattle and that of chyme from the same cattle, in order to determine the type of relation existing among these three components, and to establish whether D-Asp and D-Glu can be used in the estimation of protein of bacterial origin. On determination of the DAPA, D-Asp and D-Glu content by means of amino acid analyser and high performance liquid chromatography of duodenal chyme from five growing bulls and of ruminal bacteria from the same bulls, the following values were established. For chyme (and, in brackets, for ruminal bacteria) r value calculated by means of linear regression was 0.778 (0.758) between DAPA and D-Asp, and 0.703 (0.808) between DAPA and D-Glu. The r values between the crude protein content of ruminal bacteria and the markers examined were found to be the following: DAPA, 0.737; D-Asp, 0.7254; D-Glu, 0.614. In the model experiment performed for the re-obtaining of values for protein of bacterial origin the theoretical values were determined on the basis of D-Asp and D-Glu and values approximately 10 % higher than the theoretical value on the basis of DAPA. It is therefore recommended that in addition to DAPA these other two amino acids be included among the bacterial protein markers.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE MILKING ABILITY OF HUNGARIAN SIMMENTAL COWS
Authors: HUTH B. , HOLLO I. , FÜLLER I. , KISS-CSAPO Zsuzsanna
Published: November 2024

This research project involved examination of the milking ability traits of 75 Hungarian Simmental cows of different sire breed (Hungarian Simmental, German Simmental and Montbéliard). On the basis on the results obtained it was established that with respect to milk flow rate and udder symmetry a substantial spread of values prevailed in the stock. Significant difference between progeny groups derived from breeding bulls of the respective mountain types of the Simmental breed was observed only in the udder index. No definitive relation between data from conformation evaluation of the udder and milking ability indices was established. Milking ability examinations provide data important with respect to issues pertaining both to breeding programmes and to udder health condition; it is for this reason that the authors recommend the reintroduction of such examinations into the selection system in Hungary.
CHEMICAL ORGANIC-LEPTIC HONEY DETERMINATION IN HONEY-HERBS IN THE REGION SLAVONIJA AND BARANJA
Authors: TUCAK Z. , PUŠKADIJA Z. , BEŠLO D. , BUKVIĆ Ž. , MILAKOVIĆ Zlata
Published: November 2024

The ecologic surrounding of Slavonia and Baranja is rich with honey-giving flora, which makes the development of the bee-keeping possible. The honey, as a bee-product gets ever more and more the importance as a nutrition article and also as a medical subastance. In this aim we have analized the content of honey by the Organoleptic and Chemical way. The honey quality, with its properties (colour, smelt and taste) and also by the (content of Proteins, sugars and other parameters) corresponds with its quality with the norms of the Rules of Republic of Croatia and the European union.
AN WELFARE AND ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS IN ANIMAL PRODUCTION
Authors: Von BORELL E.
Published: November 2024

Apart from the European Conventions and Directives, other international welfare and environmental standards for farm animal production are not existent. Each country should have its own policies in this regard but international trade with live animals or animal products can lead to distortions in competitiveness between countries differing in their standards. Under the new GATT/WTO regulations there are no restrictions so far to prevent imports to the EU from countries that produced under less strict animal welfare or environmental standards. Therefore, European endeavours for welfare improvement and environmental standards will not be limited to Europe. With regard to welfare standards on animal transportation and laboratory animals, current endeavours are already oriented towards international agreements aimed to improve welfare for animal trade and to set uniform standards and measures to reduce laboratory testing with animals.
THE EFFORTS FOR SUSTAINABLE ANIMAL PRODUCTION IN SLOVENIA
Authors: OSTERC J.
Published: November 2024

The Slovenians have been aware of environment protection. Consumers require sustainable agriculture and high quality agricultural products. Animal production is the most important agricultural branch in Slovenia. The article explains the term and importance of sustainable animal production. Sustainable cattle and sheep grazing have been in progress for 20 years. Financial supports were introduced for production of suckler cows, sheep, goats and mares in 1995, for which the interest is significant. In three years time the number of animals whose production is financially supported has doubled. In 1997 nearly 50 % of cows that were not included in milk production (17 % of all cows) were supported, and more than 50 % of breeding goats and sheep too. Financial supports depend on the quality of farm lands and amounted to 22,000 Sit on average per suckler cow, 2,200 Sit per breeding sheep or goat and 8,200 Sit per mare in 1997.
THE EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT AMOUNT OF CATTLE DUNG ON SOIL MICROORGANISMS AIMING AT FARM ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION
Authors: MILAKOVIĆ Zlata , BUKVIĆ Ž. , BRKIĆ Suzana , ZIMMER R. , EMERT R.
Published: November 2024

An exact vegetation experiment regarding investigation of efficiency of different liquid amount enriched with technological liquid waste on prevalent microbiological associations in soil type loessive semigley was set out at a farm in Eastern Croatia during 1997.The experiment variants were as follows: 1. liquid manure with disinfectants in the following doses: 1 l/m2 (30 kg N/ha), 1.5 l/m2 (45 kg N/ha), 2 l/m2 (60 kg N/ha), 3 l/m2 (90 kg N/ha); 6.5 l/m2 (195 kgN/ha); 2. NPK (180:110:160 kg/ha); 3. control - nonfertilized soil. Amounts of liquid farmyard manure enriched with disinfectants applied into tilth soil layer are very significant for condition and activity of physiological groups of microorganisms .Thus, smaller doses (1-3 l/m2) cause lower and relatively short term decrease of aminoheterotrophies, aminoautotrophies and asymbiotic nitrogen fixers (A. chroococcum). Higher doses (6.5 l/m2) cause stronger and long term decrease of the same physiological groups of microorganisms.
SILAGE EFFLUENT AND WATER POLLUTION
Authors: STEKAR Jasna M. A.
Published: November 2024

Silage effluent was known to pollute ground water already in 1950 in Germany and Great Britain. In Germany an order was adopted in 1957 to prevent the silage effluent flow into ground water. Silos should be water proofed and effluent containers acid resistant. In Great Britain river pollution has been monitored for a long time and statistical data on cases and sources of pollution are being collected. In Great Britain and in Ireland it was found out that cases of river pollution with silage effluent depend on the amounts of produced silage. Analyses of water pollution with silage effluent showed that silos and containers were not water proofed and not well minded at ensiling. In Great Britain legislation on water protection was adopted in 1991, in which the silage production, collecting and storing of effluent and silage bales are strictly determined. Farmers will need help from experts and financial supports.
THE LEGISLATION OF ANIMAL CARE AND PROTECTION
Authors: BARACS Gabriella
Published: November 2024

During the history of mankind, animals were used as source of food and workforce, so the animals have a great economical significance. Ethical, organizational and legal regulations are required to protect animals. The essay presents the EU agreements and the Hungarian Animal Protection Law. The proper protection of animals is essential in joining the European Union. The new regulation seems to provide a proper treatment of this matter.
ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS IN AN EXTENSIVE OUTDOOR KEEPING SYSTEM FOR PIGS
Authors: HÁZAS Z. , HORN A. , KÖRMENDI S.
Published: November 2024

These investigation were performed with the objective of studying interactions between intensive meat type pigs in outdoor production and their environment. The observations made in the present study indicate that the pigs brought about changes in the structure of the soil and the composition of the fauna of these land areas. The animals exhausted the supply of the plant species they favoured, and those not consumed due to the harmful alkaloids they contained multiplied on the sites. On examination of the water of the brook providing drinking water it was found that in the period of the study the presence of the animals exerted a measurable effect on the sites, but the parameters determined in the effluent water were of values far behind the lower limit values for damage to the environment. Fresh air, the possibility for free movement, and the natural sources of feedstuffs available all had a beneficial effect on the state of health of the animals, their reproductive activity and their meat quality. Outdoor keeping resulted in favourable influence on the reproduction traits of the pigs: the fertilisation ratios (above 85 %) were higher than those characteristic of closed keeping systems. Nor were the data for reproduction less favourable, but rearing mortality proved to be at different levels on the two sites studied.
THE STUDIES ON THE BEHAVIOUR OF GOOSLINGS UNDER INTENSIVE CONDITIONS
Authors: MOLNÁR M. , MOLNÁR T. , BOGENFÜRST F.
Published: November 2024

In order to develop rearing and laying technologies under intensive conditions it has great importance to examine the behaviour of geese. Eating, drinking, resting, preening, playing and social behaviours were picked out from the comfort behaviours in our research. Comparing our results to those presented in the literature we could state that changes in comfort behaviours of geese in first 7 weeks are similar to those of pekin, muscovy and mulard ducks. Differences were found in rates of appearing frequency of the several behaviour forms. Decrease in eating, drinking and playing time, and higher rate of resting time inform us about lower activity of geese than of ducks in first weeks of rearing. Strong correlation between drinking and eating time shows the importance of continuous supply of geese with good quality drinking water ad the necessary condition to achieve demanded weight gain. Medium correlation between drinking and playing and between eating and playing can explain higher level of feed and water waste.
CORRELATION OF FEED CONVERSION WITH WEIGHT GAIN AND CHICKENS MORTALITY
Authors: BODAKOŠ D. , BUKVIĆ Ž. , BOGUT I. , MILAKOVIĆ Zlata
Published: November 2024

Feed costs participate with over 50 % in a price per kilogram of fattened chicken. Each impact affecting increase, i.e. feed consumption decrease is very important regarding economic aspect. Mortality as one of the factors affecting feed conversion indicated varying largely in shifts of the same sector whereas varying from 5.62 % (sector I) to 7.40 % (sector III) was at the whole farm in our investigation. Calculated coefficient of simple correlation proved that there is correlation between feed conversion and mortality percentage at the end of fattening period in all sectors and for the farm averagely. Each kilogram of fattened chickens live weight is more expensive by higher feed amount. It makes every kilogram of fattened chickens more expensive by 0.048 kg at 5.61 % mortality whereas it increases 0.065 kg at 7.40 % mortality which causes higher feed consumption and economically more expensive fattening.
THE CHANGES IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE RELAXATION TIMES IN THE MUSCLE TISSUE OF BROILER CHICKENS
Authors: PETRÁSI Z. , ROMVÁRI R. , TAKÁCS I. , SÜTŐ Z. , REPA I.
Published: November 2024

In the course of this experiment two samples per occasion and per sex were taken from the breast muscle of the broiler chickens studied on eight examination dates (at hatching and at the age of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 weeks), which were then subjected to NMR proton spectroscopy examination. The procedure involved the recording of T1 and T2 relaxation times (directly at the time of sampling, and then 1, 3, 6, and 9 hours subsequent to this), and for the purpose of the quantitative examination of the water fractions multiexponential analysis of the T2 curves was also performed. The results obtained, which may be regarded to be of a preliminary nature, indicate that three stages can be distinguished in the changes occurring in the water fractions of the breast muscle tissue. In the first week of life relaxation times decreased in parallel with decrease in tissue water content. Between the second and the fifth week no change in the T1 times was observed, the T2 times increased continuously, and the ratio of slow components decreased from 54 % at one day of age to 35 %. Finally, in the last week of the examination period, both the T1 and the T2 relaxation times decreased, while the ratio of slow components once more approached 50 %.
EFFECT OF FEED RESTRICTION DURING THE LAYING PERIOD ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCES OF GEESE KEPT UNDER INTENSIVE CONDITIONS
Authors: BOGENFÜRST F.
Published: November 2024

In a 2 x 2-factor experiment: ad libitum [1], ad libitum+methionine supplementation [2], 220 g/day restriction [3] and 220 g/day restriction+methionine supplementation [4], 108 females and 36 males geese were housed for the laying period. Composition of the feed was: 11.5 MJ ME/kg, 15.5 % crude protein, 0.6 Met+Cys and 0.35 % Met. Methionine supplementation increased the Met-level by 0.2 % and the Met+Cys-level by 0.2 %. The average egg production decreased due to the feed restriction {65.6 eggs/layer [3] vs. 72.7 eggs/layer [1]}, but with methionine supplementation we were able to compensate for this parameter {70 eggs/layer [4]}. The results show that restriction has a positive effect on fertility {91.6 % [3] vs. 88.3 % [1]}. Using feed restriction the geese achieved lower weight gain. Feed restriction during egg production can be a suitable method to improve the reproduction parameters in geese, but further investigations are necessary.
EFFECTS OF FIVE PROTEIN LEVELS ON REPRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF
Authors: MELEG I. , HORN P. , DUBLECZ K. , VINCZE L.
Published: November 2024

The experiment was conducted to study the effects of five feeding systems based on different (12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 %) protein levels, on the reproductive traits of utility-type pigeons. 30 breeding pairs per treatment were kept in pairs in a specially designed three tier cage system, in a windowless environmentaly controlled house at a constant 12 hour light period throughout the year. Using different protein levels failed to affect the length of egg cycle and egg weight of breeding pairs. Parallel with the increasing of crude protein content of diets, decreased the mortality and increased the weaning weight of squabs. Annual squab production and feed intake of parents became also higher. In spite of feed consumption of adults increased, feed conversion ratio of squabs decreased with the increase of protein content.
THE ENERGY AND CRUDE PROTEIN YIELD IN FIRST CUTS OF DIFFERENT LUCERN VARIETIES
Authors: LAKI I. , MÁTHÉ A.
Published: November 2024

Obviously there is no way to extrapolate the findings of the hereabove presented experiment to unlimited extent because the yield data of the whole year plus an other year should be known for proper estimations. However it can be clearly seen that beside the present practice of qualifying feedcrops mainly by their resistance features also their nutritive yield should be involved into the qualification process. As it was demonstrated in the experiment, from nutritional aspect it is far not enough to know the chemical composition of the feedcrop or its nutritional value per 1 kg of dry material but the practical value of a given variety can be judged through calculating its biomass per hectare that is directly utilized for producing an animal product. Results also showed that present practice of evaluating feedcrops by their green yield should be dropped. Metabolic experiments can deliver data on the quality of that given feedcrop. If by feedcrop evaluation the nutritive yield (product of nutritional value of 1 kg feed and dry material yield per hectare) is taken into consideration, the evaluation of feeding value will be much more objective.
The future of milk and meat production in Slovenia
Authors: OSTERC Jože , ČEPIN Slavko , KLOPČIČ Marija , ČEPON Marko , ŽGUR Silvester , ŠTUHEC Ivan , KOMPAN Drago , HOLCMAN Antonija , LEVSTIK Snežana
Published: November 2024

The production of milk and meat in Slovenia in the recent years and its future is presented. Market production of milk and meat has been increased as well as consumption. The rates of self-sufficiency are 123 % in cow's milk, 114 % in poultry meat, 97 % in beef, 82 % in pork and 100 % in freshwater fish. Three kg of milk and one kg of meat of sheep and goats and 0.3 kg meat of rabbit are also consumed per capita. Because of restricted natural conditions and environmental sensitivity as well as preservation of fertile soil sustainable animal production should be introduced. Special attention will be paid to ethics, which includes ethology and ecology. Despite requirements of more sustainable animal production meat and milk production could be augmented.
Future production of milk and meat in Croatia
Authors: ĐIKIĆ Marija , JURIĆ Ivan
Published: November 2024

Production of animal products in Croatia does not meet the demand of consumption by citizens and tourism. Import of animal products grows, while, in the same time, utilization of agricultural land is only at 39 %. These trends set the conditions for the development strategy to stimulate the growth of animal production. For Croatia, accepting the standards of international conventions already signed and the European Union (EU) directives will probably mean slowing down the animal production growth. However, in Croatia there is a dominating opinion that all the legislation should be in accordance to the standards of EU countries, especially in tourism, as strategically most important branch of economy.
Economically significant viral diseases in pigs
Authors: LOJKIĆ Mirko , JEMERŠIĆ Lorena , TERZIĆ Svjetlana
Published: November 2024

Immunoprophylaxis of some viral disease of swine is a necessity, especially in intensive breeding farms. The possibility of disease occurrence requires a well prepared immunoprophylaxis programme and a possibility of the immune response control. The choice of vaccine, when and how to vaccinate, depends upon factors like epizootic situation, maternal immunity, breeding conditions and others that could influence the appearance and disease spreading. Vaccination programmes of some important viral diseases are based on experience and scientific achievements. The recommended immunoprophylaxis programmes for classical swine fever, Aujeszky's disease, parvovirosis and transmissible gastroenteritis cover almost all categories of swine. Vaccination of swine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome is possible but is not applied in Croatia. There is no vaccination against foot and mouth disease.
When the breed is a breed?
Authors: ŠALEHAR Andrej , HOLCMAN Antonija , KOMPAN Drago , ŽAN Metka
Published: November 2024

Definitions of the term breed differ and are usually very general. They do not include any objective measurement to undoubtedly define any group of domestic animals as a breed. Also information on the origin of breeds is often very superficial; and data on the origin of the Lipizzan horse presented in the article prove that. European Union (EU) regulations, which are in preparation, include beside the term breed also the term “sub-populations” and the procedure for their determination. A special official group has to decide about the defining a group of domestic animals as a breed. The decision has to be based on data on the development, morphological- and productive traits of that group.
Meat and milk balance sheet in Croatia
Authors: KOLEGA Ante , JURIĆ Ivan , ĐIKIĆ Marija
Published: November 2024

The food balance sheet of animal products showed that Croatian production did not satisfy domestic consumption of milk, beef, pork and sheep and goat meat. Trade balance is positive for poultry meat and eggs. It is to be expected that Croatian animal production will increase due to increase in domestic consumption and increase of domestic competitiveness because of its comparative advantages in corn production. Higher number of tourists already showed a positive influence on animal production.
Possibilities of Slovenian pig production
Authors: KASTELIC Miran
Published: November 2024

Slovenian resources for pig production are relatively small, but there is a possibility for production of 6 million 30 kg-pigs mostly for export. This would preserve milk quota for the farms on absolute grassland and increase intensity of Slovenian agriculture. Pig production development has to be connected to environment protection. The new organisation of pig producers must be established and knowledge obtained from the countries with the most advanced pig production.
Opportunities for the European dairy farmers in Hungary and their actual results
Authors: GESZTI Szilárd
Published: November 2024

In the aspect of the European Union (EU) enlargement and globalisation, the investigation of the competitiveness of the Hungarian agricultural production as well as of dairy production is necessary. Based on the database of the European Dairy Farmers (EDF) the current situation in the Hungarian milk production and its future opportunities are compared to the economic figures of the European farmers. The analysis covers 15 Hungarian farms providing sufficient information for the comparison. The results show that the current economic level of milk production in Hungary does not have the ability of acquiring international market share, however it meets current and future domestic demands.
Introduction of the international farm comparison network and its opportunities in the Hungarian milk production
Authors: KOVÁCS Bernadett
Published: November 2024

The provisions of the WTO agreement project an image of a global scenario now totally commercially liberalised. It is in the interest of everyone to know what chances their countries stand in entering a competitive arena on a market free of protectionism. The International Farm Comparison Network (IFCN) endeavours to meet these challenges; and thus engaged in the construction of a research network with the capacity to react rapidly and with a high degree of reliability to changes occurring on the global market or locally. The IFCN has been working in Hungary for 3 years and based on its results, works out the way of the network’s development by providing up-to-date, reliable and comparable information for scientists, farmers and politicians locally and world wide.
What is the opinion of the consumers about the welfare rules, in Hungary, county Somogy?
Authors: CSORBAI Attila , JANKOVICS Péter , CSERVÁRI Gábor
Published: November 2024

The Animal Welfare rules in the European Union (EU) members are a serious challenge. They were inducted by consumers, and followed by laws. The disadvantages of the animal welfare technologies are that the production parameters were getting down, therefore the costs of the production went higher, however most of the EU consumers are willing to pay the difference. The authors researched what the Hungarian consumers think about animal welfare as Hungary will become the member of the EU. The main questions were: “Have you ever heard about it, do you need it or not, which are the most problematic production processes and animal species, do the products have any advantage if they are produced in animal welfare way, against the intensive products?” Our results were comparable to the results of Karine Latuche, who researched the consumers’ answers on animal welfare issues in France.