The Economic, Medical and Psychosocial Consequences of Whole Genome Sequencing for the Genetic Diagnosis of Patients With Intellectual Disability: The DEFIDIAG Study Protocol
Authors: Lejeune Catherine , Robert-Viard Charley , Meunier-Beillard Nicolas , Borel Myriam Alice , Gourvès Léna , Staraci Stéphanie , Soilly Anne-Laure , Guillemin Francis , Seror Valerie , Achit Hamza , Bouctot Marion , Asensio Marie-Laure , Briffaut Anne-Sophie , Delmas Christelle , Bruel Ange-Line , Benoit Alexia , Simon Alban , Gerard Bénédicte , Hadj Abdallah Hamza , Lyonnet Stanislas , Faivre Laurence , Thauvin-Robinet Christel , Odent Sylvie , Heron Delphine , Sanlaville Damien , Frebourg Thierry , Muller Jean , Duffourd Yannis , Boland Anne , Deleuze Jean-François , Espérou Hélène , Binquet Christine , Dollfus Hélène 
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Like other countries, France has invested in a national medical genomics program. Among the four pilot research studies, the DEFIDIAG project focuses on the use of whole genome sequencing (WGS) for patients with intellectual disability (ID), a neurodevelopmental condition affecting 1–3% of the general population but due to a plethora of genes. However, the access to genomic analyses has many potential individual and societal issues in addition to the technical challenges. In order to help decision-makers optimally introduce genomic testing in France, there is a need to identify the socio-economic obstacles and leverages associated with the implementation of WGS.

Methods and Analysis: This humanities and social sciences analysis is part of the DEFIDIAG study. The main goal of DEFIDIAG is to compare the percentage of causal genetic diagnoses obtained by trio WGS (including the patient and both parents) (WGST) to the percentage obtained using the minimal reference strategy currently used in France (Fragile-X testing, chromosomal microarray analysis, and gene panel strategy including 44 ID genes) for patients with ID having their first clinical genetics consultation. Additionally, four complementary studies will be conducted. First, a cost-effectiveness analysis will be undertaken in a subsample of 196 patients consulting for the first time for a genetic evaluation; in a blinded fashion, WGST and solo (index case, only) genomic analysis (WGSS) will be compared to the reference strategy. In addition, quantitative studies will be conducted: the first will estimate the cost of the diagnostic odyssey that could potentially be avoidable with first-line WGST in all patients previously investigated in the DEFIDIAG study; the second will estimate changes in follow-up of the patients in the year after the return of the WGST analysis compared to the period before inclusion. Finally, through semi-directive interviews, we will explore the expectations of 60 parents regarding genomic analyses.

Discussion: Humanities and social sciences studies can be used to demonstrate the efficiency of WGS and assess the value that families associate with sequencing. These studies are thus expected to clarify trade-offs and to help optimize the implementation of genomic sequencing in France.

Ethics Statement: The protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee Sud Méditerranée I (June 2019)—identification number: 2018-A00680-55 and the French data privacy commission (CNIL, authorization 919361).

Clinical Trial Registration: (ClinicalTrials.gov), identifier (NCT04154891).