bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic review and meta‐analysis: enhanced efficacy of proton‐pump inhibitor therapy for peptic ulcer bleeding in Asia – a post hoc analysis from the Cochrane Collaboration
Authors: Leontiadis G. I. , Sharma V. K. , Howden C. W.
Published: April 2005

Background : Proton‐pump inhibitors reduce re‐bleeding rates after ulcer bleeding. However, there is significant heterogeneity among different randomized‐controlled trials.

Aim : To see whether proton‐pump inhibitors for ulcer bleeding produced different clinical outcomes in different geographical locations.

Methods : This was a post hoc analysis of our Cochrane Collaboration systematic review and meta‐analysis of proton‐pump inhibitor therapy for ulcer bleeding. Sixteen randomized‐controlled trials conducted in Europe and North America were pooled and re‐analysed separately from seven conducted in Asia. We calculated pooled rates for 30‐day all‐cause mortality, re‐bleeding and surgical intervention and derived odds ratios and numbers needed to treat with 95% confidence intervals.

Results : There was no significant heterogeneity for any outcome. Reduced all‐cause mortality was seen in the Asian randomized‐controlled trials (odds ratios = 0.35; 95% confidence interval: 0.16–0.74; number needed to treat = 33), but not in the others (odds ratios = 1.36; 95% confidence interval: 0.94–1.96; number needed to treat – incalculable). There were significant reductions in re‐bleeding and surgery in both sets of randomized‐controlled trials, but the effects were quantitatively greater in Asia.

Conclusions : Proton‐pump inhibitor therapy for ulcer bleeding has been more efficacious in Asia than elsewhere. This may be because of an enhanced pharmacodynamic effect of proton‐pump inhibitors in Asian patients.
Seasonality of vitamin D status and bone turnover in patients with Crohn's disease
Authors: McCarthy D. , Duggan P. , O'Brien M. , Kiely M. , McCarthy J. , Shanahan F. , Cashman K. D.
Published: April 2005

Background : While wintertime vitamin D deficiency has been well‐documented in Crohn's disease patients, less is known about vitamin D status during summertime and whether a seasonal variation exists in bone turnover.

Aims : To compare vitamin D status and bone turnover markers in Crohn's disease patients with age‐ and sex‐matched controls during late‐summer and late‐winter.

Subjects : Crohn's disease patients (n = 44; mean age 36.9 years, currently in remission) and matched controls (n = 44) were recruited from Cork University Hospital and Cork City area, respectively.

Methods : Bloods were analysed for 25‐hydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and urine analysed for N‐telopeptides of type 1 collagen.

Results : Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were significantly (P < 0.003) lower in Crohn's disease patients than in control subjects during both seasons. In Crohn's disease patients, serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were lower (P < 0.0001) whereas serum parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin and bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase and urinary N‐telopeptides of type 1 collagen levels were higher (P < 0.001) during late‐winter than late‐summer.

Conclusion : There were notable seasonal variations in vitamin D status and bone turnover markers in Crohn's disease patients. The impact of winter decline in vitamin D status and increase in bone turnover on long‐term risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis in Crohn's disease patients is unclear.
The evaluation of electrolysed water as an agent for reducing micro‐organisms on vegetables
Authors: Lin Chyi‐Shen , Wu Christ , Yeh Jui‐Yueh , Saalia Firibu K.
Published: April 2005

The efficacy of electrolysed oxidizing water in reducing micro‐organisms on vegetables was evaluated. Formation of brown spots on leafy and fruit vegetables could be avoided when they were soaked in acidic electrolysed oxidizing (AC) water for less than 9 and 15 min, respectively. Soaking in alkaline electrolysed (AK) water for 30 min did not affect the appearance of the vegetables. The effectiveness of water or AK water on aerobic plate count (APC) reduction was limited (0.5 log CFU g−1). However, soaking in AC water alone effectively reduced APC values of leafy vegetables and fruit vegetables by 1.0–1.5 log CFU g−1. Soaking in AC water followed by AK water further reduced APC by 0.5 and 0.7 log CFU g−1 on leafy cabbage and green pepper, respectively. Continuous changing of electrolysed water with either shaking or ultrasonication can effectively reduce APC by 2–2.5 log CFU g−1. Electrolysed oxidizing water was significantly more effective than water in eliminating micro‐organisms on vegetables.
Sensorial and biological evaluation of an extruded product made from corn supplemented with soybean and safflower pastes
Authors: Martinez‐Flores H. E. , Cruz M. C. , Larios S. A. , Jiménez G. E. , Figueroa J. D. C. , Gómez‐Aldapa C. A.
Published: April 2005

A puffed product was made by extruding corn flour supplemented with soybean and safflower pastes. Mixes with the following proportions of corn flour, soybean and safflower pastes: (i) 89:8:3, (ii) 83:11:6 and (iii) 80:17:3 were extruded. The corn flour, soybean and safflower pastes used had 6.6%, 45.9% and 32.9% protein content respectively. In addition, the soybean paste contained 11.78 units of inhibited trypsin/mg of sample, which means it was appropriate for human consumption. Sensory evaluation of extruded products showed that there were no significant differences in flavour, crunchiness and acceptance in the case of products 1 and 3, when compared with samples made from corn flour alone. Product 2 had lower scores, as it had a bitter taste because of the greater amount of safflower paste used. Biological testing showed that all the products containing soybean and safflower pastes were superior to the 100% corn diet in terms of food conversion, growth rate and weight gain.
Maxillary premolar resorption by canines: three case reports
Authors: COOKE M. E. , NUTE S. J.
Published: April 2005

Summary.  Three unusual cases of maxillary premolar root resorption are reported. Three teenage patients were referred to the orthodontic department for management of ectopic maxillary canines. Radiographic examination revealed unilateral premolar root resorption in all three patients. This represents an unusual finding. Whereas the prevalence of maxillary lateral incisor root resorption secondary to palatally ectopic canines has been reported, the prevalence of premolar root resorption is unknown. This report discusses the findings in the context of the available literature. The postulated aetiology and the need for early diagnosis are highlighted.
Prevalence of cleft lip and palate in a hospital‐based population in the Sudan
Authors: SULEIMAN A. M. , HAMZAH S. T. , ABUSALAB M. A. , SAMAAN K. T.
Published: April 2005

Summary.  Cleft lip and palate represents one of the most common developmental deformities seen in oral surgery clinics. It is usually associated with problems which include not only cosmetic and dental abnormalities, but also speech, hearing and facial growth difficulties.

Objectives.  The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of cleft lip and palate in births taking place in hospitals in the Sudan.

Methods.  The records of 15 890 Sudanese new‐borns delivered at three hospitals during the period from 1997 to 2000 were examined.

Results.  Thirteen cases of cleft lip and palate were found, demonstrating a prevalence of 0·9 per 1000. There were more girls than boys, with a male:female ratio of 3:10. Fifty‐four per cent of the cases had cleft lip with cleft palate, 30% had only cleft palate and the remaining 16% had cleft lip alone.

Conclusions.  The present study was confined to hospital‐based births in one city, and the true incidence of cleft lip and/or palate in the Sudan is not yet known. Findings differ from reports from other countries in terms of suggesting a higher incidence in girls.
Meningococcal septicaemia and dental complications: a literature review and two case reports
Authors: FAIBIS S. , WIDMER R. , SAPIR S. , PERETZ B. , SHAPIRA J.
Published: April 2005

Summary.  The present report describes two cases of dental complications of meningococcemia at an early age. The meningococcal infection in these young children resulted in limb amputation and significant plastic surgery. Dental treatment and psychological considerations are described in both cases. Similar dental complications, especially in the premaxilla, were found. Some of the severely affected teeth were extracted.
A study to assess the validity of clinical judgement in determining paediatric dental anxiety and related outcomes of management
Authors: HOLMES R. D. , GIRDLER N. M.
Published: April 2005

Objective.

The aim of the present study was to determine the validity of subjective anxiety assessment and the outcomes of management of children receiving operative dental treatment.

Setting.  The study was conducted at the Departments of Sedation and Child Dental Health, Newcastle Dental Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.

Subjects and methods.  One hundred children and adolescents aged between 8 and 15 years participated in the study. Clinicians subjectively allocated 50 children for treatment with local analgesia alone (low anxiety), and identified 50 children who had the potential to benefit from nitrous oxide and oxygen sedation (high anxiety). Participants then completed the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), the Venham Picture Test (VPT) and the Child Fear Survey Schedule – Dental Subscale (CFSS‐DS). A global rating scale classified behaviour during dental treatment.

Results.  State anxiety and dental fear prior to treatment were significantly higher in children allocated to receive inhalation sedation (P = 0·004 and P = 0·005, respectively). There was no significant difference in trait anxiety or post‐treatment state anxiety between the two groups (P = 0·69 and P = 0·06, respectively). Only 11% displayed ‘negative’ behaviour during treatment: 82% of this group represented those allocated to receive sedation.

Conclusion.  Children receiving inhalation sedation were significantly more anxious prior to treatment than children receiving treatment with local analgesia alone. The findings support the subjective assessment of anxiety in children; however, objective anxiety measures may assist clinicians in identifying specific fears, which may ultimately aid patient management.
Primary care research: difficulties recruiting preschool children to clinical trials
Authors: CHADWICK B. L. , TREASURE E. T.
Published: April 2005

Summary.  Objectives.  The aims of the present study were to report difficulties experienced recruiting preschool children to a clinical trial and to report the acceptability of a dental intervention to their parents.

Design.  The study was a randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Setting.  The study took place in community dental clinics, health centres and patient homes.

Sample and Methods.  Health visitors were used to recruit 508 children aged between 18 and 30 months from high caries areas of South Wales. Children with caries‐free first primary molars were entered into a placebo‐controlled individual RCT of fissure sealants. All children received a standard package of dental health education. Children in the test group had their first primary molars sealed with glass ionomer. All children were reviewed once. Families were asked to rate the acceptability of procedures.

Results.  Health visitors referred 1228 children for screening, but only 547 were seen (44·5%) and 508 subjects were recruited to the trial. Of these, 449 (88·4%) were seen at follow‐up. Some 667 children missed 1610 visits at baseline, and 373 of those recruited missed an appointment. At follow‐up, 1056 appointments were staffed to review 449 children. Three‐quarters of parents reported the examination to be very easy.

Conclusions.  Preschool children are difficult to access for community trials. Dental examinations and sealant placement were acceptable to the majority of families who were seen.
Allelic and haplotypic diversity of HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1, and ‐DQB1 genes in the Korean population
Authors: Lee K.W. , Oh D.H. , Lee C. , Yang S.Y.
Published: April 2005

Abstract:  High‐resolution human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing exposes the unique patterns of HLA allele and haplotype frequencies in each population. In this study, HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, ‐DRB1, and ‐DQB1 genotypes were analyzed in 485 apparently unrelated healthy Korean individuals. A total of 20 HLA‐A, 43 HLA‐B, 21 HLA‐C, 31 HLA‐DRB1, and 14 HLA‐DQB1 alleles were identified. Eleven alleles (A*0201, A*1101, A*2402, A*3303, B*1501, Cw*0102, Cw*0302, Cw*0303, DQB1*0301, DQB1*0302, and DQB1*0303) were found in more than 10% of the population. In each serologic group, a maximum of three alleles were found with several exceptions (A2, B62, DR4, DR14, and DQ6). In each serologic group exhibiting multiple alleles, two major alleles were present at 62–96% (i.e. A*0201 and A*0206 comprise 85% of A2‐positive alleles). Multiple‐locus haplotypes estimated by the maximum likelihood method revealed 51 A‐C, 43 C‐B, 52 B‐DRB1, 34 DRB1‐DQB1, 48 A‐C‐B, 42 C‐B‐DRB1, 46 B‐DRB1‐DQB1, and 30 A‐C‐B‐DRB1‐DQB1 haplotypes with frequencies of more than 0.5%. In spite of their high polymorphism in B and DRB1, identification of relatively small numbers of two‐locus (B‐C and DRB1‐DQB1) haplotypes suggested strong associations of those two loci, respectively. Five‐locus haplotypes defined by high‐resolution DNA typing correlated well with previously identified serology‐based haplotypes in the population. The five most frequent haplotypes were: A*3303‐Cw*1403‐B*4403‐DRB1*1302‐DQB1*0604 (4.2%), A*3303‐Cw*0701/6‐B*4403‐DRB1*0701‐DQB1*0201/2 (3.0%), A*3303‐Cw*0302‐B*5801‐DRB1*1302‐DQB1*0609 (3.0%), A*2402‐Cw*0702‐B*0702‐DRB1*0101‐DQB1*0501 (2.9%), and A*3001‐Cw*0602‐B*1302‐DRB1*0701‐DQB1*0201/2 (2.7%). Several sets of allele level haplotypes that could not be discriminated by routine HLA‐A, ‐B, and ‐DRB1 low‐resolution typing originated from allelic diversity of A2, B61, DR4, and DR8 serologic groups. Information obtained in this study will be useful for medical and forensic applications as well as in anthropology.
Genetic study of ICAM1 in clinical malaria in Senegal
Authors: Ndiaye R. , Sakuntabhai A. , Casadémont I. , Rogier C. , Tall A. , Trape J.‐F. , Spiegel A. , Dieye A. , Julier C.
Published: April 2005

Abstract:  Many genes have been implicated in the risk of severe malaria, generally based on candidate gene studies in case/control populations. Among these genes, there has been conflicting reports for the implication of a variant of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), ICAM1Kilifi, in the risk of severe malaria, while in vitro studies provided independent support for a functional role of this variant. In order to explore the possible implication of ICAM1 in the susceptibility/resistance to malaria and to try to understand its clinical relevance in the disease process, we have conducted linkage and association studies of ICAM1 in two Senegalese villages located in regions of endemic malaria. We explored the full genetic variability of ICAM1, and tested it on several clinical malarial traits which are under genetic control, focusing principally on variables related to the parasite density and the number of malarial attacks. Our study provides no evidence for a role of ICAM1 variability on the malarial phenotypes studied.
HLA antigens in Greek children with allergic bronchial asthma
Authors: Parapanissiou E. , Papastavrou T. , Deligiannidis A. , Adam K. , Kanakoudi F. , Daniilidis M. , Polymenidis Z.
Published: April 2005

Abstract:  The aim of our study was to investigate the genetic linkage between mite allergic bronchial asthma and HLA class I and II antigens and haplotypes. Sixty Greek children with allergic bronchial asthma due to mite sensitivity (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae) and their family members were typed for HLA class I and II antigens (total 263 subjects). One hundred and twenty‐five healthy, unrelated Greek children without medical history of atopy were also typed as control group. Major histocompatibility complex class I and II gene analysis revealed that only HLA‐DRB1*04 and HLA‐DQA1*0301 alleles are possibly important factors in the development of atopic asthma in Greek children with sensitivity to mites. No significant differences among the HLA‐DRB1*04 subtypes have been established. Transmission disequilibrium test revealed that no specific HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐DRB1, ‐DQA1 and ‐DQB1 alleles were transmitted preferentially to the affected children. HLA‐DQB1*0301‐4 alleles were associated with high levels of total serum immunoglobulin E in affected children. The study of the HLA haplotypes failed to demonstrate any significant association between any extended or natural selection haplotype and mite allergic bronchial asthma in Greek children.
Routine HLA‐B genotyping with PCR‐sequence‐specific oligonucleotides detects a B*52 variant (B*5206)
Authors: Hoelsch K. , Lenggeler I. , Pfannes W. , Knabe H. , Klein H.‐G. , Woelpl A.
Published: April 2005

Abstract:  A new human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐B allele was found during routine typing of samples for a German unrelated bone marrow donor registry, the ‘Aktion Knochenmarkspende Bayern’. After first interpretation of data of two independent low‐resolution sequence‐specific oligonucleotide typing tests, a B*51 variant was suggested. Further analysis via sequence‐based typing identified the sequence as new B*52 allele. This new allele officially assigned as B*5206 differs from HLA‐B*520102 by one nucleotide exchange in exon 2. The mutation is located at nucleotide position 274, at which a cytosine is substituted by a thymine leading to an amino acid change at protein position 67 from serine (TCC) to phenylalanine (TTC).
HLA class II DPB1, DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1 genotypic associations with occupational allergic cough to Bunashimeji mushroom
Authors: Suzuki K. , Tanaka H. , Sahara H. , Tanaka N. , Tamura Y. , Naruse T. , Inoko H. , Tsushima K. , Kubo K. , Abe S. , Sato N.
Published: April 2005

Abstract:  We previously reported that two‐third of workers in a Bunashimeji mushroom (Hypsizigus marmoreus) farm complained of respiratory allergic symptoms, but one‐third workers did not suffer from such symptoms even when working for a long period. CD4+ T‐helper (Th) cells increased, and Th2/Th1 ratio increased in the allergic workers. To address these immunological backgrounds, we have investigated whether there is any relationship between mushroom allergy and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles of DPB1, DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1 by using the polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing‐based typing methods. We observed that the allele frequencies of DQA1*0103, DQB1*0601, and DRB1*0803 were significantly higher in the workers having no allergic symptoms than allergic workers (DQA1*0103: 57 vs 25%, DQB1*0601: 49 vs 14%, and DRB1*0803: 29 vs 0%). However, this phenomenon was not seen in workers producing another kind of mushroom, Honshimeji (Lyophyllum aggregatum). The HLA‐DRB1*0803 allele alone, the DRB1*0803, DQA1*0103, DQB1*0601 haplotype, or both were negatively associated with allergy to Bunashimeji, and these alleles might be involved in the prevention of Bunashimeji mushroom‐specific respiratory allergy.
Analysis of tracheal secretions for rhinovirus during natural colds
Authors: Simons Elinor , Schroth Mary K. , Gern James E.
Published: April 2005

Rhinoviruses (RV) cause 50% of common colds and are frequently isolated from children and adults hospitalized for asthma exacerbations. Although colds may trigger severe coughing and wheezing, it is not known whether these symptoms are a result of lower airway infection with RV. Previous efforts to address this question by sampling lower airway secretions during experimental RV infections have been complicated by the possibility of contamination of the bronchoscope with nasopharyngeal cells and secretions. To further test the hypothesis that RV infections involve the lower airways, tracheal and nasal secretions were obtained from 23 pediatric tracheostomy patients, including seven with cold symptoms and 16 asymptomatic controls. RV was detected by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction from the nasal and tracheal secretions of three of the seven children with cold symptoms. In the 16 well children, RV was not detected in any samples of nasal secretions, but was isolated from four samples of tracheal secretions. These results demonstrate the presence of RV in the lower airways of children with tracheostomies during community‐acquired colds, without the possibility of nasal contamination. In addition, these findings suggest that children with tracheostomies carry subclinical viral infections in their tracheas, rather than their noses.
Hand‐held turbine spirometer: Agreement with the conventional spirometer at baseline and after exercise
Authors: Harri Korhonen , Tapani Remes Sami , Senja Kannisto , Matti Korppi
Published: April 2005

Portable hand‐held spirometers are widely used in outpatient clinics and in field surveys when examining children for asthma. However, the validity of the results obtained from the hand‐held spirometers has not been assessed in population‐based studies. We evaluated the agreement between the forced expiratory volume (FEV1) values got by the conventional flow volume spirometer (FVS) and the pocket‐sized turbine spirometer (TS) at baseline and after exercise, among the 212 children screened for asthma and asthma‐like symptoms from a population of 1633 school‐aged children. The comparison was made between and within three diagnostic groups: clinical asthma (n = 34), possible asthma (n = 31), and controls (n = 147). In general, the differences in FEV1between the FVS and the TS were small. For all children, the mean difference in FEV1and the limits of agreement (difference ±2 s.d.) was 0.05 l (0.23 to −0.13) at baseline and 0.06 l (0.24 to −0.12) after exercise. No significant differences were observed in the agreement between the diagnostic groups. In conclusion, although FEV1results obtained by the hand‐held spirometer are not interchangeable with those by the conventional spirometer, they are in reasonable agreement. The agreement is similar both at baseline and after exercise, and is not influenced by the presence of asthma.
Assessment of use of spacer devices for inhaled drug delivery to asthmatic children
Authors: Vella Cecil , Grech Victor
Published: April 2005

In the treatment of bronchial asthma, inhaled therapy with both bronchodilators and corticosteroids represents the basis for acute and long‐term management. Drug therapy in asthma is predominantly by pressurized metered dose inhalers. The impact of treatment on the disease morbidity and mortality depends to a large extent on appropriate delivery of drug to the lungs by means of a spacer device. We performed an audit on spacer use in 200 children and showed that 99% owned a spacer, 2% owned but did not use their spacer, 11% were using a spacer which was not ideal for their age, 17% had a poor technique, and 24% were not following the recommendations given on previous visits to wash the spacer only with a soapy solution. Although physicians frequently associate poor control of asthma with inadequate doses of drugs, many factors must be considered before increasing the dose of inhaled medications to children. We should all ensure that the drugs we prescribe are delivered in the best possible manner, thus improving control of asthma, reducing side effects and offering a more cost‐effective therapy.
The effect of spirometry and exercise on exhaled nitric oxide in asthmatic children*
Authors: Gabriele Carmelo , Pijnenburg Marielle W. H. , Monti Fabiana , Hop Wim , Bakker Marije E. , De Jongste Johan C.
Published: April 2005

American Thoracic Society (ATS) guidelines recommend to refrain from spirometry or exercise before measuring fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) because forced breathing maneuvers might influence FENO values. However the few studies already reported in children have given conflicting results. The aim of the study was to observe to what extent spirometry or exercise could affect FENO in asthmatic children. Twenty‐four asthmatic children (mean age 12.8 yr) were enrolled. Measurements of FENO were performed before and 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 min after spirometry or a 6‐min walk test, on two separate days in random order. Geometric mean FENO at baseline was 25.6 parts per billion (ppb) before spirometry and 23.5 ppb before exercise. A small drop of FENO to 24.2 and 23.7 ppb was found 5 and 15 min after spirometry (both p = 0.04). After exercise, FENO values showed a larger drop to 18.5 ppb after 5 min and 20.7 ppb after 15 min (p < 0.001; p = 0.004 respectively). Changes in FENO occurred after exercise irrespective of baseline FENO and values returned to baseline within 30 min. We conclude that both spirometry and exercise affect FENO in asthmatic children. As the changes after exercise may lead to erroneous interpretations, children should refrain from physical exercise during at least 30 min before FENO measurements.
Exclusive breastfeeding and risk of atopic dermatitis in some 8300 infants
Authors: Ludvigsson Jonas F. , Mostrom Marc , Ludvigsson Johnny , Duchen Karel
Published: April 2005

Earlier studies on breastfeeding and atopy in infants have yielded contradictory results. We examined the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and atopic dermatitis (AD) in a cohort of infants born between 1 October 1997 and 1 October 1999 in south‐east Sweden. We evaluated the risk of AD ‘at least once’ or ‘at least three times’ during the first year of life in relation to duration of exclusive breastfeeding: <4 months (short exclusive breastfeeding; SEBF) vs. ≥4 months. All data were obtained through questionnaires. Of 8346 infants with breastfeeding data, 1943 (23.3%) had suffered from AD during the first year of life. Duration of exclusive breastfeeding was not associated with lower risk of AD (p = 0.868). SEBF did not influence the risk of any AD (OR = 1.03; 95% CI OR = 0.91–1.17; p = 0.614) or AD at least three times (OR = 0.97; 95% CI OR = 0.81–1.16; p = 0.755) during the first year of life. Adjustment for confounders did not change these point estimates. Neither was there any link between SEBF and risk of AD among infants with a family history of atopy [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 1.16; 95% CI AOR = 0.90–1.48; p = 0.254]. Furred pets at home were linked to a lower risk of AD both among infants with a family history of atopy (AOR = 0.76; 95% CI AOR = 0.60–0.96; p = 0.021) and among infants with no such history (AOR = 0.79; 95% CI AOR = 0.69–0.90; p < 0.001). Infants with no family history of atopy were less prone to develop AD if parents smoked (AOR = 0.76; 95% CI AOR = 0.61–0.95; p = 0.016). This study indicates that exclusive breastfeeding does not influence the risk of AD during the first year of life, while presence of furred pets at home seems to be negatively associated with AD.
Allergies in patients with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge syndrome/velocardiofacial syndrome) and patients with chronic granulomatous disease
Authors: Staple Lauren , Andrews Timothy , McDonald‐McGinn Donna , Zackai Elaine , Sullivan Kathleen E.
Published: April 2005

Humoral immunodeficiencies have a recognized association with atopy. This study investigated the association of a T‐cell disorder (chromosome 22q11.2 deletion) and a neutrophil disorder [chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)] with asthma, eczema, and rhinitis using a standardized survey instrument. Patients were recruited from either a national referral center (chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome) or from a registry (CGD). Controls consisted of siblings of patients. Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge syndrome/velocardiofacial syndrome) was found to be significantly associated with both eczema and asthma but not allergic rhinitis. CGD was not found to be significantly associated with atopic diseases.
The role of the neonatal intensive care nurse in decision‐making: Advocacy, involvement in ethical decisions and communication
Authors: Monterosso Leanne , Kristjanson Linda , Sly Peter D , Mulcahy Mary , Holland Beng Gee , Grimwood Sarah , White Kate
Published: April 2005

Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) nurses are often faced with complex clinical and ethical problems. Little is known about the role of the NICU nurse in ethical decision‐making, or processes that inform decision‐making in this setting. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe nurses’ perceptions of their role as patient advocate, clinical situations that cause them concern and the extent of their involvement in ethical decision‐making. A combined quantitative and qualitative research design was used. A questionnaire was administered to nurses working in the NICU of the sole perinatal tertiary referral centre of Western Australia, Australia. Findings showed that NICU nurses saw their role in ethical decision‐making primarily as advocating for the best interests of the infant and family, that they used clinical knowledge and experience to guide ethical decision‐making, they were able to clearly articulate ethical problems and respond to them according to the clinical scenario and, while being primarily assertive in presenting their views, some nurses took a more passive approach. These findings support the need for development of a multidisciplinary model for ethical decision‐making, where the view of all team members are considered.
A clinical development unit in cardiology: The way forward
Authors: Boyde Mary , Jen Colleen , Henderson Amanda , Winch Sarah
Published: April 2005

The clinical development unit (CDU) has been recognized as an effective strategy to progress creativity and resourcefulness in nursing practice to improve patient outcomes. Clinical development units, through transformational leadership, promote staff development, the use of research evidence and dissemination of research findings through publication and presentations. The aim of this paper is to clearly articulate the processes (in particular, research and education initiatives) related to the development of staff that address issues in the everyday workplace and, accordingly, have been instrumental in the success of the creation of a CDU in cardiology. These units aim to achieve and promote excellence in an identifiable area of nursing using a systematic, transparent and defensible approach. A review of acute coronary syndrome informed the needs and direction of staff activities in the cardiology unit of a tertiary referral hospital. Through a collaborative staff approach, evidence was carefully examined to plan its appropriate adoption into the clinical area. Nursing practice and education resulting from this review was scheduled into staff career progression. These initiatives have been incorporated into staff development learning, enabling the integration of research into practice, which ultimately has a positive impact on patient outcomes.
“The Union of Intellectual Freedom and Cooperation”: Learning from the University of Chicago's Laboratory School Community, 1896–1904
Authors: Durst Anne
Published: April 2005

While teaching in a California charter school in the late 1990s, I had the experience of working one year under the dictates of a highly scripted curricular program and the next year in the absence of an effectively crafted instructional plan. In both cases it proved difficult for teachers to provide quality instruction to students. In an effort to analyze such contemporary experiences, I explore here the ideas and practices of an important educational innovation from our past: the Laboratory School of the University of Chicago, under the direction of John Dewey from 1896 to 1904. I argue that the very practices that promoted teachers’ intellectual freedom at the school, such as weekly meetings to discuss teachers’ reports of classroom practice, also provided needed guidance. By avoiding the mindless following of dictates, the school community simultaneously worked to prevent the fragmentation and muddiness of purpose that can result from too little direction. Thus, I argue, a solution to both of the problems I encountered can be found in practices that result from a strong commitment to the intellectual freedom of teachers to make important decisions about curriculum and instruction.
Teachers’ Perceptions of Their Jobs: A Multilevel Analysis of the Teacher Foliow-Up Survey for 1994—95
Authors: Liu Xiaofeng Steven , Meyer J. Patrick
Published: April 2005

This study examined teachers’ perceptions of their jobs and teacher turnover through an analysis of data from the National Center for Education Statistics Schools and Staffing Survey and Teacher Follow-Up Survey. Our analysis suggests that student discipline problems were a major reason for teachers’ dissatisfaction with their jobs, second only to low compensation. Private school teachers generally encountered fewer student discipline problems and perceived their professional lives more favorably than public school teachers, although private schools usually offer lower salaries than public schools. Minority teachers were less satisfied with work conditions and student discipline problems than nonminority teachers. These findings imply policy changes for teacher retention.
At the Interstices: Engaging Postcolonial and Feminist Perspectives for a Multicultural Education Pedagogy in the South
Authors: Asher Nina
Published: April 2005

This article argues for a decolonizing multicultural education pedagogy, which engages the interstices—in-between, hybrid spaces—that emerge at the intersections of different cultures, histories, and locations. It also examines how those who work for social transformation are implicated in the very systems and structures they are attempting to deconstruct. The author draws on postcolonial and feminist theories, her own border crossings, and her reflections on her multicultural education pedagogy to discuss how she engages the particular interstitial identifications of her Southern students. A critical analysis of White students’ autobiographies reveals the complex ways in which issues of race and racial difference intersect with their lives. Implications in terms of rethinking multiculturalism as relevant to all—White students and those of color—are discussed.
DO TRACKING STOCKS REDUCE INFORMATION ASYMMETRIES? AN ANALYSIS OF LIQUIDITY AND ADVERSE SELECTION
Authors: Elder John , Jain Pankaj K. , Kim Jang‐Chul
Published: April 2005

A firm's announcement that it intends to restructure based on tracking stock is usually associated with a positive stock price reaction, at least in the short run. Typically, this reaction is attributed to expected reductions in a diversification discount, through reduced agency costs or information asymmetries. We reinvestigate this latter hypothesis by focusing on the liquidity provided by market makers before and after a firm issues a tracking stock. Our results suggest that such restructurings are not effective at reducing information asymmetries. Rather, firms that issue tracking stocks exhibit less liquidity and greater adverse selection than comparable control firms.
EVIDENCE ON DELTA HEDGING AND IMPLIED VOLATILITIES FOR THE BLACK‐SCHOLES, GAMMA, AND WEIBULL OPTION PRICING MODELS
Authors: Savickas Robert
Published: April 2005

Modifying the distributional assumptions of the Black‐Scholes model is one way to accommodate the skewness of underlying asset returns. Simple models based on the compensated gamma and Weibull distributions of asset prices are shown to produce some improvements in option pricing. To evaluate these assertions, I construct and compare delta hedges of all S&P 500 options traded on the Chicago Board Options Exchange between September 2001 and October 2003 for the Weibull, Black‐Scholes, and gamma models. I also compare implied volatilities and their smiles (i.e., nonlinearities) among the three models. None of the three models improves over the others as far as delta hedging is concerned. Volatilities implied by all three models exhibit statistically significant smiles.
Dynamic Analysis of the Resultant Force Acting on the Hip Joint During Level Walking
Authors: Hashimoto Naoki , Ando Masao , Yayama Takafumi , Uchida Kenzo , Kobayashi Shigeru , Negoro Kohei , Baba Hisatoshi
Published: April 2005

Abstract:  The present study was designed to determine the resultant force acting on the hip joint during walking using a new dynamic analysis method. Our model utilized joint motion, ground reaction force, and muscle strength data from 18 women (6 normal women aged 20–24 years, 6 normal women aged 50–57 years, and 6 female patients with osteoarthritis, aged 50–66 years). We analyzed the resultant force using the multibody dynamic analysis system. To determine the factors that influence the force acting on the hip, we examined the effect of age and total hip arthroplasty. The maximum resultant force acting on the femoral head was dependent on the subject body weight and correlated with muscle strength and walking speed. The results of this study highlight the agreement between computer simulation analysis and actual measurement of the resultant force acting on the hip. Our results suggest that muscle strength  and  walking  speed  are  significant  determinants  of the resultant force acting on the hip.
On‐line Hemodiafiltration Does Not Induce Inflammatory Response in End‐stage Renal Disease Patients: Results From a Multicenter Cross‐over Study
Authors: Vaslaki Lajos R. , Berta Klara , Major Lajos , Weber Viktoria , Weber Christoph , Wojke Ralf , Passlick‐Deetjen Jutta , Falkenhagen Dieter
Published: April 2005

Abstract:  Background: On‐line hemodiafiltration (HDF) represents the supreme blood purification modality for end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Large‐volume infusion of on‐line prepared substitution fluid may, however, expose patients to inflammatory contaminants. As a result, on‐line HDF might aggravate chronic inflammation, which correlates with malnutrition, cardiovascular disease, and mortality among ESRD patients. Methods: In a multicenter cross‐over study, 27 ESRD patients were randomly assigned to treatment with on‐line HDF and low‐flux hemodialysis (HD). After 6 months, patients were crossed to the other treatment modality, and treatment continued for another 6 months. Both on‐line HDF and low‐flux HD were conducted with polysulfone membranes and ultrapure dialysis fluid. Samples were drawn at the end of each treatment period. Results: Inflammatory parameters were elevated in the study population when compared to healthy controls. Induction of interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α) was comparable for on‐line HDF and low‐flux HD, and there was no intradialytic increase in cytokine production. As a result, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) plasma levels did not differ significantly between the two treatment modalities. Similarly, no difference between on‐line HDF and low‐flux HD was observed for C‐reactive protein (CRP) and albumin. Markers of endothelial cell activation (soluble intercellular and vascular cell adhesion molecules sICAM‐1 and sVCAM‐1) as well as the cardiovascular risk marker cardiac troponin T (cTnT) remained elevated compared to healthy subjects, but showed no difference between the two treatment modalities. Conclusions: On‐line HDF, as the most effective renal replacement therapy, does not provoke inflammatory response and is both safe and highly biocompatible.
A Dilmun temple in Bilad al‐Qadim, Bahrain: A preliminary indication?
Authors: Insoll Dr Timothy
Published: April 2005

Excavations and surveys completed in the putative former Early Islamic capital, Bilad al‐Qadim in Bahrain, uncovered a variety of structural remains of seemingly pre‐Islamic date. These, an altar, ashlars and column drums recorded at the disused spring of Abu Zaydan, are conceivably from a Dilmun period structure, perhaps a temple. This idea is briefly explored and the relevant material described.
Dokumentation von beschrifteten altsüdarabischen Antiken*
Authors: Hayajneh Hani
Published: April 2005

The inscriptions incised on a number of Ancient South Arabian plaques and pedestals of stelae and statues, originated from the Republic of Yemen, were analyzed, commented and translated.
Use of the Significant Caries Index in quantifying the changes in caries in Switzerland from 1964 to 2000
Authors: Marthaler Thomas , Menghini Giorgio , Steiner Marcel
Published: April 2005

Abstract –  Objectives:  To follow the changes in the Significant Caries Index (SiC) and the DMFT during the period 1964–2000 in children aged 12 and 15 in the Canton of Zurich.

Methods:  Examinations of random samples of children in 16 communities of the Canton were repeated every 4 years from 1964 onwards using the same standards for diagnosing caries.

Results:  In the 12‐year‐olds, the children in the low tertile had virtually no DMF‐experience from 1980 on. On the contrary, the SiC, based on the children in the highest tertile, decreased until 1996. At the age of 15, the zero‐average in the low tertile was reached in 1992 but the SiC continued to decrease until 2000. In the 12‐year age group the reduction of the SiC from 1964 to 1996 was 81.3% and for the overall DMFT it was 89.7%. The corresponding reductions for the 15‐year‐olds, in this case from 1964 to 2000, were 77.0 and 88.4%, respectively. The DMFT‐counts in the total samples had substantially higher coefficients of variation than those in the highest tertile. As a consequence, the SiC had relatively smaller confidence intervals than the average DMFT.

Conclusions:  The SiC is a very useful measure of dental caries experience. On the basis of the results in the 15‐year‐old group, the target of an SiC below 5.0 is proposed. The decline of the SiC demonstrates that even in the high‐risk children caries experience has been reduced substantially.
Dental trauma and its association with anatomic, behavioral, and social variables among fifth and sixth grade schoolchildren in Jerusalem
Authors: Sgan‐Cohen Harold D. , Megnagi Guy , Jacobi Yael
Published: April 2005

Abstract –  With the decrease in dental caries prevalence, public health should place emphasis on other dental diseases. Dental trauma is an irreversible pathology which after occurrence is characterized by life‐long debilitating effects.

Objectives:  To measure the prevalence of trauma in anterior permanent teeth among children, and to assess the associations with social, behavioral, and orthodontic variables.

Methods:  A total of 1195 fifth and sixth grade schoolchildren participated, representing the general Jewish population of Jerusalem. Trauma, incisal overjet and lip competence were measured by two calibrated examiners in the schools. Reasons and location of trauma were assessed according to telephone interviews with the parents of the children with severe trauma.

Results:  The total prevalence of dental trauma was 29.6%. Severe trauma, at least involving the dentine, was found among 13.5% of the children. Severe dental trauma was more prevalent among children with an incisal overjet of 4–6 mm (adjusted OR = 1.50, P = 0.049) or more than 7 mm (adjusted OR = 2.51, P = 0.018); with incompetent lips (adjusted OR = 2.31, P < 0.001), who learned in public religious schools (adjusted OR = 1.59, P = 0.048) and were males (adjusted OR = 1.45, P = 0.041). The main reason for dental trauma in all surroundings was falling, but sports and violence (not at orthodox private schools) were also important reasons.

Conclusions:  Based upon these findings a community effort is being planned and initiated with the aim of educating sports teachers, teachers, health personnel, and schoolchildren regarding awareness of dental trauma prevention, with emphasis on utilizing mouth guards and early orthodontic intervention, when financially possible.
What do children's global ratings of oral health and well‐being measure?
Authors: Jokovic Aleksandra , Locker David , Guyatt Gordon
Published: April 2005

Abstract –  Objectives:  To explore the constructs children incorporate in the responses to global ratings of their oral health (OH) and OH‐related overall well‐being (OWB).

Methods:  Data were collected as part of a project to validate the Child Perceptions Questionnaire for ages 11–14 (CPQ11−14), a self‐report measure of OH‐related quality of life. Its 37 questions are organized in the symptoms, functional limitations, emotional and social well‐being domains. Children were recruited from paediatric dentistry, orthodontic and orofacial dental clinics. To identify the CPQ11−14 domain scores and questions predicting the global ratings, correlation and multiple regression analyses were used.

Results:  Of the 123 children, 22.8% rated their OH as ‘Fair/Poor’ and 30.1% reported that their OWB was affected by their oral/orofacial condition. Positive significant correlations were observed between the OH ratings and the CPQ11−14 oral symptoms and emotional well‐being domains, and between the OWB ratings and all four CPQ11−14 domains. The number of the CPQ11−14 questions significantly correlated with the OH and OWB ratings were 8 and 19, respectively. Only the symptoms domain entered the model for the OH (R2=0.05), while age, functional limitations and emotional well‐being domains predicted the OWB (R2=0.18). The OH model included three questions (R2=0.13) and the OWB model included age and six questions (R2=0.25). In both models all but one of the questions came from the emotional and social well‐being domains.

Conclusions:  These findings suggest that children view OH and its impact on well‐being as multidimensional concepts. Further research, including qualitative studies, is needed to better understand the referents children use when responding to global ratings and the factors that determine their responses.
The Children's Fear Survey Schedule–Dental Subscale in Japan
Authors: Nakai Yukie , Hirakawa Takayuki , Milgrom Peter , Coolidge Trilby , Heima Masahiro , Mori Yukako , Ishihara Chikako , Yakushiji Noriko , Yoshida Toshiko , Shimono Tsutomu
Published: April 2005

Abstract –  Objectives:  The aims of this research are to examine the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Dental Subscale of Children's Fear Survey Schedule (CFSS‐DS), and to examine the responses of children in the dental setting and in the community.

Methods:  The CFSS‐DS was translated into Japanese and administered to three samples. The first sample comprised 134 child patients aged 8–15 years, of whom 100 were assigned for test–retest analysis, and the behavior of the remaining 34 additional children were rated during their dental appointments, and compared with their questionnaire results. A second sample of 532 child patients aged 8–15 years, completed the CFSS‐DS and also one additional item measuring fear of returning to the dentist. A third sample of 1250 school children aged 8–15 years was surveyed using the CFSS‐DS and the additional item measuring fear of returning to the dentist.

Results:  The Japanese version of the CFSS‐DS showed good internal consistency (alpha=0.91) and test–retest reliability (r=0.90), as well as good criterion validity assessed by the relationship with actual child behavior (rs=0.51). It also showed good construct validity assessed by correlation with willingness to return to the dentist. Fear levels were higher in the school sample than in the clinic sample (27.7 versus 24.6). Girls reported more fear than boys (26.2 versus 23.2 in the clinic sample, and 30.7 versus 24.8 in the school sample). Injections, choking, having a stranger touch them, and drilling were the most common fears. Factor analyses demonstrated a factor pattern similar to the results found in other cultures.

Conclusion:  The results suggest that the CFSS‐DS is reliable and valid and operates in Japan as it does in other cultures.