bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Representación de la lengua mapuche en los usos de la traducción de Manuel Manquilef (Maquehue, Chile, 1887‑1950)
Authors: Payàs Gertrudis , Ortiz José Miguel , Sambolín Aurora
Published: November 2021

En el periodo que va de fines del XIX a la tercera década del XX, Chile consolida el avance de la república en el otrora enclave autónomo indígena de la Araucanía. Se manifiesta paralelamente la curiosidad científica sobre la cultura mapuche y su lengua, el mapudungun, de parte de estudiosos chilenos y extranjeros. Surge en este contexto la figura del profesor normalista Manuel Manquilef, considerado el primer escritor mapuche, que fue antes informante y colaborador en esos estudios, y luego, autónomamente, transcriptor, autor y traductor de relatos etnográficos (mapudungun-castellano), y traductor de poesía (castellano-mapudungun). En este trabajo tratamos de comprender, desde un enfoque glotopolítico, cómo construye este letrado mapuche una representación de la lengua indígena por medio de su labor de transcriptor, escritor y traductor. Nos apoyamos para ello en un análisis de sus prácticas y estrategias ortográficas y traductológicas.
Da institucionalização do Sistema de Pós-graduação ao Plano Nacional de Pós-Graduação (2011-2020): desafios e perspectivas
Authors: Shigunov Neto Alexandre , Giusti Trevisol Márcio , De Lourdes Pinto de Almeida Maria
Published: November 2021

O artigo é resultado da pesquisa sobre pós-graduação no Brasil a partir de sua institucionalização até o Plano Nacional de Pós-Graduação (2011-2020). O objetivo é historicizar os planos de pós-graduação, sobretudo, as questões formuladas no PNPG (2011-2020) e suas recomendações subsequentes nos relatórios 2016, 2018 e 2020. As metas e objetivos propostos nos PNPG ditam o ritmo e definem os caminhos que a nação pretende para o futuro, relacionados as pesquisas que serão desenvolvidas na pós-graduação. Ressalta-se, neste contexto, áreas são acentuadas como prioritárias, fontes de financiamento são definidas e formas de avaliação são implementadas. A reflexão sobre os PNPGs permite, além do entendimento da conjuntura política, capacitar e organizar os programas de pós-graduação para que tenham impacto na pesquisa sem perder sua identidade e compromisso com a região que estão localizados. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória de cunho analítico e com coleta de dados documental. A metodologia utilizada para investigação foi a histórico-crítica. De acordo com a pesquisa, pode-se afirmar que os PNPG estão interligados com o contexto que foram gestados e revelam o projeto de nação preterido pelo (des)governo, além, de estipular como meta a consolidação da pesquisa nos mesmos níveis de competividade global, com ênfase em investigações de alto impacto para o mercado capitalista.
O controle de convencionalidade na jurisprudência argentina
Authors: Bellocchio Lucía
Published: November 2021

O artigo realiza uma abordagem do conceito de controle de convencionalidade, seus elementos e características, conforme foi definido pela Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos e cortes supremas latino-americanas, para depois analisar, em particular, o caso da jurisprudência da Corte Suprema de Justiça da Nação Argentina sobre o assunto.
Immobilization and Intracellular Delivery of Structurally Nanoengineered Antimicrobial Peptide Polymers Using Polyphenol‐Based Capsules
Authors: Song Jiaying , Cortez‐Jugo Christina , Shirbin Steven J. , Lin Zhixing , Pan Shuaijun , Qiao Greg G. , Caruso Frank
Published: November 2021

Structurally nanoengineered antimicrobial peptide polymers (SNAPPs) are an emerging class of antimicrobials against multidrug‐resistant bacteria. Their encapsulation in particle carriers can improve their therapeutic efficacy by preventing peptide degradation, reducing clearance, and enhancing intracellular delivery and dosage to bacteria‐infected host cells. Herein, two template‐mediated strategies are reported for immobilizing SNAPPs in microcapsules through 1) complexation of SNAPPs with tannic acid (TA) onto porous CaCO3 templates and subsequent removal of the templates (SNAPP–TA capsules) and 2) adsorption of SNAPPs onto CaCO3 templates and subsequent encapsulation within a metal–phenolic (FeIII–TA) coating and template removal (SNAPP–FeIII–TA capsules). The loading amounts of SNAPPs are 0.8 and 4.4 pg per SNAPP–TA and SNAPP–FeIII–TA capsule, respectively. At pH 7.4, there is sustained release of SNAPPs, which retain high antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration values of ≈30 µg mL−1 in Escherichia coli. Both capsule systems are internalized by alveolar macrophages in vitro, with negligible cytotoxicity and are amenable to nebulization, remaining stable in nebulized droplets. This study demonstrates the potential of engineered polyphenol‐based capsules for peptide drug immobilization and intracellular delivery, which have prospective application in the pulmonary delivery of antimicrobials against respiratory bacterial infections (e.g., pneumonia, tuberculosis).
Nickel Niobate Anodes for High Rate Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xia Rui , Zhao Kangning , Kuo Liang‐Yin , Zhang Lei , Cunha Daniel M. , Wang Yang , Huang Sizhao , Zheng Jie , Boukamp Bernard , Kaghazchi Payam , Sun Congli , ten Elshof Johan E. , Huijben Mark
Published: November 2021

Fast charging is one of the key requirements for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries, however, lithium‐ion diffusion rates of typical electrode materials are limited. Nanosizing of active electrode material is a common strategy to increase the effective lithium‐ion diffusion transport rate, but it also decreases the volumetric energy/power density and stability of the battery. In this work, nickel niobate NiNb2O6 is demonstrated for the first time as a new intrinsic high‐rate anode material for lithium‐ion batteries without the requirement of realizing nano‐architectures. The NiNb2O6 host crystal structure exhibits only a single type of channel for lithium‐ion intercalation and can be fully lithiated with a capacity of about 244 mAh g−1 at low current densities. Interestingly, a high diffusion coefficient of 10−12 cm2 s−1 at 300 K enables fast (dis)charging at high current densities resulting in high capacities of 140 and 50 mAh g−1 for 10 and 100C respectively. The minimal volume change during lithiation is the origin of the stable reversible lithiation process in NiNb2O6 and leads to 81% capacity retention after 20 000 cycles at 100C. Finally, full cell systems against LiFePO4 and Li[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2 (NCM811) cathodes demonstrate the promising energy storage performance of nickel niobate anodes in practical battery devices.
An assessment of mechanical behavior of glass fiber/epoxy composites with secondary short carbon fiber reinforcements
Authors: Dasari Srinivasu , Lohani Shiny , Prusty Rajesh Kumar
Published: November 2021

Utilizing recycled or short fibers for making useful engineering composite component is a present research trend and requirement. Current research work explicates the effect of short carbon fibers (SCF) used as secondary reinforcement in woven glass/epoxy hybrid composites and evaluates their mechanical properties. Different concentrations (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt%) of SCF were incorporated to assess the tensile, flexural, and interlaminar fracture toughness (Mode I and II) of the resulted composites. Composites with 0.1 wt% SCF showed 29.02% and 16.08% increment in the tensile and flexural strength, respectively. For Mode I and Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness tests, 0.1 wt% SCF‐GE samples showed the highest strain energy release rate. Double cantilever beam specimens were used for Mode I testing and an improvement of 13.49% invalue was observed. End‐notched flexure method was used for the Mode II tests, and 0.1 wt% SCF‐GE samples showed 20.45% increase invalues. This paper explains the various reasons and mechanisms for obtaining such results. Scanning electron microscopy of the fractured surfaces was carried out to perceive the diverse failure micro‐mechanisms that could have been involved.
Primary versus rescue retrograde approach for chronic total coronary occlusion
Authors: Lee Kyusup , Lee Pil Hyung , Lee Seung‐Whan , Kwon Osung , Yoon Yong‐Hoon , Lee Jong‐Young , Kang Soo‐Jin , Kim Young‐Hak , Lee Cheol Whan , Park Seong‐Wook
Published: November 2021

Objectives

We aimed to assess the advantages of using the retrograde approach as an initial strategy rather than as a rescue strategy for complex chronic total occlusions (CTOs).

Background

Even for complex CTOs where a retrograde approach is deemed necessary, an antegrade approach is frequently used as an initial strategy in real‐world practice.

Methods

We evaluated 352 retrograde procedures for CTO conducted at our high‐volume center between January 2007 and January 2019. Procedural efficiency and safety was assessed based on the guidewire manipulation time (GWMT) and the occurrence of procedure‐related adverse events for the primary retrograde approach (PRA) and the rescue retrograde approach (RRA).

Results

PRA and RRA were used in 191 (54.3%) and 161 (45.7%) of the CTO procedures, respectively. The complexity of the CTO lesion was significantly higher in the PRA group than in the RRA group (Japanese‐CTO score, 2.62 ± 1.07 vs. 2.38 ± 1.06, p = 0.037). The technical success rate of two groups was similar (p = 0.47). The median GWMT required for PRA was significantly shorter than that for RRA (85 [interquartile range, 55–126] vs. 120 [85–157] min, p < 0.001). The total duration of the procedure and fluoroscopic time were shorter, and the number of guidewires and amount of contrast used during the index procedure were smaller in the PRA group. The incidence of procedure‐related adverse events was not significantly different between the two groups.

Conclusions

PRA showed higher procedural efficiency than RRA with comparable safety. Opting for PRA for complex CTOs might be a rational decision to enhance the procedural efficiency.
Carbon‐Supported Bimetallic Ruthenium‐Iridium Catalysts for Selective and Stable Hydrodebromination of Dibromomethane
Authors: Saadun Ali J. , Mitchell Sharon , Bonchev Hristo , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier
Published: November 2021

Catalysts based on individual precious metals on carbon‐ and oxide‐based carriers have shown remarkably selective behavior in the hydrodebromination of CH2Br2 to CH3Br, an important transformation within halogen‐mediated methane upgrading processes. However, the high susceptibility of the active phase to coking and to sintering, which cannot be overcome by controlling the nuclearity of the metal species, hinders their practical implementation. Herein, a platform of carbon‐supported Ir−Ru catalysts with distinct metal ratios at comparable metal nanoparticle size (ca. 1.0 nm) was adopted to systematically study the effects of a second metal on reactivity and stability. Catalytic tests reveal ruthenium‐doped iridium nanoparticles as the first system that combines high CH3Br selectivity (up to 93 %) with unprecedented stability, outperforming any of the previously reported catalysts. This superior performance was rationalized by the intimate interaction between the two metals, forming ruthenium‐poor surface alloys, which enable suppressing deactivation mechanisms as well as over hydrogenation/coking pathways.
ARFID Parent Training Protocol: A randomized pilot trial evaluating a brief, parent‐training program for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
Authors: Breiner Courtney E. , Miller McKenzie L. , Hormes Julia M.
Published: November 2021

Evidence‐based treatment approaches for avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) remain limited and may be inaccessible to families due to geographic, financial, and/or time constraints. This study aims to establish the acceptability and feasibility of a brief ARFID Parent Training Program (ARFID‐PTP), modified from other evidence‐based approaches, using a randomized controlled trial design. Participants (n = 30) will be children aged 5–12 who meet diagnostic criteria for ARFID and their parents/guardians. Participants will be randomized to receive treatment immediately or following a 4‐week wait (waitlist control). Treatment consists of two, 2‐hr virtual treatment sessions with the family and a therapist plus an optional booster session. Primary aims include evaluating the (a) feasibility of ARFID‐PTP as indicated by recruitment and retention rates, as well as treatment adherence at home and (b) acceptability as determined by ratings on the Credibility and Expectancy Questionnaire and satisfaction questions. A secondary aim is to assess the preliminary efficacy of ARFID‐PTP via changes in scores on the Pica, ARFID, and Rumination Disorder Interview. If results indicate appropriate feasibility and acceptability, the proposed protocol will form the basis for larger scale trials of treatment efficacy in efforts to increase accessibility of evidence‐based treatment for ARFID.
Exome sequencing of deer mice on two California Channel Islands identifies potential adaptation to strongly contrasting ecological conditions
Authors: Orrock John L. , Abueg Linelle , Gammie Stephen , Munshi‐South Jason
Published: November 2021

Understanding the forces that drive genotypic and phenotypic change in wild populations is a central goal of evolutionary biology. We examined exome variation in populations of deer mice from two of the California Channel Islands: Peromyscus maniculatus elusus from Santa Barbara Island and P. m. santacruzae from Santa Cruz Island exhibit significant differences in olfactory predator recognition, activity timing, aggressive behavior, morphology, prevalence of Sin Nombre virus, and population densities. We characterized variation in protein‐coding regions using exome capture and sequencing of 25 mice from Santa Barbara Island and 22 mice from Santa Cruz Island. We identified and examined 386,256 SNPs using three complementary methods (BayeScan, pcadapt, and LFMM). We found strong differences in molecular variation between the two populations and 710 outlier SNPs in protein‐coding genes that were detected by all three methods. We identified 35 candidate genes from this outlier set that were related to differences in phenotypes between island populations. Enrichment analyses demonstrated that patterns of molecular variation were associated with biological processes related to response to chemical stimuli and regulation of immune processes. Candidate genes associated with olfaction (Gfy, Tlr2, Vmn13r2, numerous olfactory receptor genes), circadian activity (Cry1), anxiety (Brca1), immunity (Cd28, Eif2ak4, Il12a, Syne1), aggression (Cyp19a, Lama2), and body size (Bc16, Syne1) exhibited non‐synonymous mutations predicted to have moderate to large effects. Variation in olfaction‐related genes, including a stop codon in the Santa Barbara Island population, suggests loss of predator‐recognition traits at the molecular level, consistent with a lack of behavioral aversion to fox feces. These findings also suggest that divergent pathogen prevalence and population density may have influenced adaptive immunity and behavioral phenotypes, such as reduced aggression. Overall, our study indicates that ecological differences between islands are associated with signatures of selection in protein‐coding genes underlying phenotypes that promote success in those environments.
Hierarchical management of chronic heart failure: a perspective based on the latent structure of comorbidities
Authors: Zheng Chu , Han Linai , Tian Jing , Li Jing , He Hangzhi , Han Gangfei , Wang Ke , Yang Hong , Yan Jingjing , Meng Bingxia , Han Qinghua , Zhang Yanbo
Published: November 2021

Aims

Chronic heart failure (CHF) has an increasing burden of comorbidities, which affect clinical outcomes. Few studies have focused on the clustering and hierarchical management of patients with CHF based on comorbidity. This study aimed to explore the cluster model of CHF patients based on comorbidities and to verify their relationship with clinical outcomes.

Methods and results

Electronic health records of patients hospitalized with CHF from January 2014 to April 2019 were collected, and 12 common comorbidities were included in the latent class analysis. The Fruchterman–Reingold layout was used to draw the comorbidity network, and analysis of variance was used to compare the weighted degrees among them. The incidence of clinical outcomes among different clusters was presented on Kaplan–Meier curves and compared using the log‐rank test, and the hazard ratio was calculated using the Cox proportional risk model. Sensitivity analysis was performed according to the left ventricular ejection fraction. Four different clinical clusters from 4063 total patients were identified: metabolic, ischaemic, high comorbidity burden, and elderly‐atrial fibrillation. Compared with the metabolic cluster, patients in the high comorbidity burden cluster had the highest adjusted risk of combined outcome and all‐cause mortality {1.67 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.40–1.99] and 2.87 [95% CI, 2.17–3.81], respectively}, followed by the elderly‐atrial fibrillation and ischaemic clusters. The adjusted readmission risk of patients with ischaemic, high comorbidity burden, and elderly‐atrial fibrillation clusters were 1.35 (95% CI, 1.08–1.68), 1.39 (95% CI, 1.13–1.72), and 1.42 (95% CI, 1.14–1.77), respectively. The comorbidity network analysis found that patients in the high comorbidity burden cluster had more and higher comorbidity correlations than those in other clusters. Sensitivity analysis revealed that patients in the high comorbidity burden cluster had the highest risk of combined outcome and all‐cause mortality (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The difference in adverse outcomes among clusters confirmed the heterogeneity of CHF and the importance of hierarchical management. This study can provide a basis for personalized treatment and management of patients with CHF, and provide a new perspective for clinical decision making.
Nudging the N170 forward with prior stimulation—Bridging the gap between N170 and recognition potential
Authors: Luo Canhuang , Chen Wei , VanRullen Rufin , Zhang Ye , Gaspar Carl Michael
Published: November 2021

Evoked response potentials are often divided up into numerous components, each with their own body of literature. But is there less variety than we might suppose? In this study, we nudge one component into looking like another. Both the N170 and recognition potential (RP) are N1 components in response to familiar objects. However, the RP is often measured with a forward mask that ends at stimulus onset whereas the N170 is often measured with no masking at all. This study investigates how inter‐stimulus interval (ISI) may delay and distort the N170 into an RP by manipulating the temporal gap (ISI) between forward mask and target. The results revealed reverse relationships between the ISI on the one hand, and the N170 latency, single‐trial N1 jitter (an approximation of N1 width) and reaction time on the other hand. Importantly, we find that scalp topographies have a unique signature at the N1 peak across all conditions, from the longest gap (N170) to the shortest (RP). These findings prove that the mask‐delayed N1 is still the same N170, even under conditions that are normally associated with a different component like the RP. In general, our results suggest greater synthesis in the study of event related potential components.
Effect of diabetes medications and glycemic control on risk of hepatocellular cancer in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Kramer Jennifer R. , Natarajan Yamini , Dai Jianliang , Yu Xian , Li Liang , El‐Serag Hashem B. , Kanwal Fasiha
Published: November 2021

Background and Aims

In patients with NAFLD, those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) have a high risk of progression to HCC. However, the determinants of HCC risk in these patients remain unclear.

Approach and Results

We assembled a retrospective cohort of patients with NAFLD and DM diagnosed at 130 facilities in the Veterans Administration between 1/1/2004 and 12/31/2008. We followed patients from the date of NAFLD diagnosis to HCC, death, or 12/31/2018. We used landmark Cox proportional hazards models to determine the effects of anti‐DM medications (metformin, insulin, sulfonylureas) and glycemic control (percent of follow‐up time with hemoglobin A1c < 7%) on the risk of HCC while adjusting for demographics and other metabolic traits (hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia). We identified 85,963 patients with NAFLD and DM. In total, 524 patients developed HCC during a mean of 10.3 years of follow‐up. Most common treatments were metformin monotherapy (19.7%), metformin‐sulfonylureas (19.6%), insulin (9.3%), and sulfonylureas monotherapy (13.6%). Compared with no medication, metformin was associated with 20% lower risk of HCC (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.93–0.98). Insulin had no effect on HCC risk (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.85–1.22; p = 0.85). Insulin in combination with other oral medications was associated with a 1.6 to 1.7‐fold higher risk of HCC. Adequate glycemic control was associated with a 31% lower risk of HCC (HR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.62–0.78).

Conclusions

In this large cohort of patients with NAFLD and DM, use of metformin was associated with a reduced risk of HCC, whereas use of combination therapy was associated with increased risk. Glycemic control can serve as a biomarker for HCC risk stratification in patients with NAFLD and diabetes.
Changes in surface wind speed and its different grades over China during 1961–2020 based on a high‐resolution dataset
Authors: Wu Jie , Shi Ying
Published: November 2021

Changes in surface wind speed are important for wind energy planning, especially in China, which has the highest new and total wind power capacities globally. In this article, based on a daily high‐resolution observation dataset for the period of 1961–2020, changes in the surface wind speed and its different grades over China were analysed. The results showed that following significant declines from 1961 to 2002, the annual and seasonal mean surface wind speeds began to increase over China and most of its subregions (all subregions except for East China) after 2002. Opposite trends were found in the probabilities for most different grades of surface wind speed from 1961 to 2002 and from 2002 to 2020. In addition, we compared the results with those from NCEP‐1, JRA‐55, and ERA5, which showed that all of the reanalysis data could reasonably reproduce the observed spatial distributions of the surface wind speed and its different grades, although with bias in values and smaller interannual variabilities. The wind reversal over China was closely related to changes in the trends of the sea level pressure gradient. Moreover, the variation in the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) has a significantly negative correlation coefficient with the surface wind speed over East, Central, and South China.
Effects of chitosan and apple polyphenol coating on quality and microbial composition of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) during ice storage
Authors: Lan Weiqing , Zhao Xinyu , Wang Meng , Xie Jing
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

Large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) has important commercial value because of its high nutritional value and delicious taste. However, large yellow croaker is readily affected by microorganisms during storage, which causes the corruption of muscle tissue. Both chitosan (CS) and apple polyphenols (APs) are bio‐preservatives, which can effectively inhibit the growth of microorganisms and improve the quality of large yellow croaker. The effects of 10.0 and 20.0 g L–1 CS combined with 1.0 g L–1 AP coating on the quality and microbial composition of large yellow croaker during ice storage were investigated respectively.

RESULTS

CS + AP coating restrained the increase of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB‐N) and biogenic amines, slowed down the rise of K‐value and retarded the growth of microorganisms. The bacteriostatic effect was positively correlated with the concentration of CS. Through the analysis of high‐throughput sequencing (HTS), the microbial diversity was changed respectively. The proportion of Shewanella was significantly decreased by CS + AP coating treatment and Pseudomonas was the dominant microorganism in spoiled samples. Compared with the shelf‐life of the control group (8 days), 20.0 g L–1 CS combined with 1.0 g L–1 AP coating treatment could extend the shelf‐life of large yellow croaker for another 8 days.

CONCLUSIONS

CS combined with AP coating may be considered a promising method to delay the biochemical changes of ice stored large yellow croaker and extend its shelf life. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Lactobacillus paracasei M11‐4 isolated from fermented rice demonstrates good antioxidant properties in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Yang Jianjun , Dong Chenyang , Ren Fazheng , Xie Yuanhong , Liu Hui , Zhang Hongxing , Jin Junhua
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND

Probiotics are defined as microorganisms that can exert health benefits for the host. Among the recognized probiotics, Lactobacillus paracasei are one of the most frequently used probiotics in humans. The L. paracasei strain M11‐4, isolated from fermented rice (which could ferment soymilk within a short curd time) and fermented soymilk presented high viability, acceptable flavor, and antioxidant activity, which revealed that the strain maybe have a potential antioxidant value. Therefore, it is necessary to further explore the antioxidant activity of L. paracasei strain M11‐4.

RESULTS

The radical scavenging activities, lipid peroxidation inhibition, and reducing power of L. paracasei M11‐4 were the highest in the fermentation culture without cells, whereas the activities of other antioxidant enzymes of L. paracasei M11‐4 were high in the cell‐free extract and bacterial suspension. Moreover, L. paracasei M11‐4 exerted its antioxidant effect by upregulating the gene expression of its antioxidant enzymes – the thioredoxin and glutathione systems – when hydrogen peroxide existed. Supplementation of rats with L. paracasei M11‐4 effectively alleviated d‐galactose‐induced oxidative damage in the liver and serum and prevented d‐galactose‐induced changes to intestinal microbiota. Supplementation with L. paracasei M11‐4 also reduced the elevated expression of thioredoxin and glutathione system genes induced by d‐galactose.

CONCLUSION

L. paracasei M11‐4 has good antioxidant properties both in vitro and in vivo, and its antioxidant mechanism was studied at the molecular level. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Response of a tropical cyclone to a subsurface ocean eddy and the role of boundary layer dynamics
Authors: Kumar Arjun U. , Brüggemann Nils , Smith Roger K. , Marotzke Jochem
Published: November 2021

We analyse a tropical cyclone simulated for a realistic ocean‐eddy field using the global, nonhydrostatic, fully coupled atmosphere–ocean ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) model. After intensifying rapidly, the tropical cyclone decays following its interaction with a cold wake and subsequently reintensifies as it encounters a subsurface, warm‐core eddy. To understand the change in the azimuthal‐mean structure and intensity of the tropical cyclone, we invoke a conceptual framework, which recognises the importance of both boundary‐layer dynamics and air–sea interactions. Crucially, the framework recognises that the change in the mean radius of updraught at the boundary‐layer top is regulated by the expanding outer tangential wind field through boundary‐layer dynamics. The decrease in the average equivalent potential temperature of the boundary‐layer updraught during the early decay phase is related to an increase in the mean radius of the updraught rather than air–sea interactions. However, later in the decay phase, air–sea interactions contribute to the decrease, which is accompanied by a decrease in the vertical mass flux in the eyewall updraught and, ultimately, a more pronounced spin‐down of the tropical cyclone. Air–sea interactions are also important during reintensification, where the tendencies are reversed, that is, the mean radius of the boundary‐layer updraught decreases along with an increase in its average equivalent potential temperature and vertical mass flux. The importance of boundary‐layer dynamics to the change in the azimuthal‐mean structure is underscored by the ability of a steady‐state slab boundary‐layer model to predict an increasing and, to a lesser extent, decreasing radius of forced ascent for periods of decay and reintensification, respectively. Finally, our simulation highlights the importance of the ocean‐eddy field for tropical cyclone intensity forecasts, since the simulated warm‐core eddy does not display any sea‐surface temperature (SST) signal until it is encountered by the tropical cyclone.
Nested analysis of macroinvertebrate diversity along a river continuum: Identifying relevant spatial scales for stream communities
Authors: Doretto Alberto , Receveur Joseph P. , Baker Edward A. , Benbow M. Eric , Scribner Kim T.
Published: November 2021

Benthic macroinvertebrates are important for stream ecosystem function and are considerable food resources for vertebrate consumers such as fish. The diversity, composition, and distribution of stream macroinvertebrate taxa are affected by factors that act at different spatial scales, from microhabitat to watershed‐level effects. While comparative studies of watershed‐level and between stream influences on benthic diversity are common, the effects of scale are less investigated within individual river segments. Benthic macroinvertebrates were systematically sampled across nested spatial scales along a 2.2‐km near‐pristine stretch of the Upper Black River (MI, USA), and analyzed in relation to near‐bed flow and substrate features. Responses of community diversity metrics to near‐bed conditions were quantified, and diversity was modeled to determine the contribution of each spatial scale to total diversity. Near‐bed conditions, especially Froude number and substrate size, were positively associated with macroinvertebrate diversity and abundance. Larger (e.g., 100 m stream reach) and finer scales (e.g., individual samples) accounted for a greater proportion of variation in taxon richness and abundance, respectively. Longitudinal variation in environmental conditions was an important driver of macroinvertebrate diversity, with replacement between sites (i.e., turnover) contributing a considerably greater proportion of variation in total diversity than nestedness. Results demonstrate that macroinvertebrate communities were shaped by both local flow and substrate conditions as well as taxa replacement over larger spatial scales. This emphasizes the importance of maintaining the hydro‐morphological integrity along stream courses as a requisite condition to further watershed and fisheries conservation and management.
Cancer immunotherapy trial design with random delayed treatment effect and cure rate
Authors: Wu Jianrong , Wei Jing
Published: November 2021

Immunotherapies are increasingly used for treating patients with advanced‐stage cancers. However, cancer immunotherapy trials often present delayed treatment effects and long‐term survivors which result nonproportional hazard models and challenge the immunotherapy trial designs. In this article, we proposed a general random delayed cure rate model for designing cancer immunotherapy trials. A sample size formula is derived for a weighted log‐rank test. The accuracy of sample size estimation is assessed and compared with the existing methods via simulation studies. The sensitivities for misspecifying the random delay time are also studied through simulations.
Life‐cycle assessment of full‐scale membrane bioreactor and tertiary treatment technologies in the fruit processing industry
Authors: Chu Tong , Abbassi Bassim E. , Zytner Richard G.
Published: November 2021

A life‐cycle assessment (LCA) study was completed to assess the environmental impacts of an on‐site wastewater treatment system in the fresh‐cut fruit processing industry consisting of a membrane bioreactor (MBR), followed by reverse osmosis (RO) and ultraviolet (UV) disinfection. The system boundaries comprised raw materials extraction and processing, transportation, construction, operation, and waste disposal. SimaPro 8.0.4.26 was used as the software tool, supported by two impact assessment methods (ReCiPe v1.11 and TRACI v2.1). Analysis showed that the treatment capacity of the MBR and tertiary technologies contributed the least damage to the ecosystem when compared with the other three scenarios and can provide water for reuse. Treating wastewater in municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) mitigated eutrophication like the MBR system but resulted in more environmental impacts from climate change and human health when compared with the on‐site treatment system. Findings will be informative to stakeholders in the fresh‐cut agri‐food sector seeking input into selecting the appropriate treatment approach, with water reuse a goal.

Practitioner Points

Life‐cycle analysis was completed on a fruit processing facility using MBR + RO + UV.

On site treatment with MBR + RO UV provides least amount of environmental impact.

Use of MBR + RO + UV treatment on fruit wastewater allows for water reuse.

ReCiPe v1.11 and TRACI v2.1 give similar LCA results, with TRACI recommended for North American analysis.
Factors Influencing Rapid Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation at Four eThekwini Clinics, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Govere Sabina M. , Kalinda Chester , Chimbari Moses J.
Published: November 2021

Timely uptake of Antiretroviral therapy considerably improves the health of people living with the Human Immunodeficiency virus. We conducted a cross-sectional study of newly HIV diagnosed individuals in four clinics in eThekwini municipality, KwaZulu-Natal. Data was collected between June 2020 and December 2020. Participants completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire after HIV testing, on the day of HIV diagnosis. We evaluated factors influencing uptake of same-day ART initiation in eThekwini clinics, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Demographic information, health status, sexual behaviour, knowledge of universal test and treat (UTT), ART initiation uptake, and disclosure data was collected. Among the 403 participants, same-day initiation (SDI) was 69.2% (n = 279). We observed the number of sexual partners (aOR 0.35; 95% CI 0.15–0.81), HIV status of the partner (aOR 5.03; 95% CI 2.74–9.26) and knowledge of UTT (aOR 1.97; 95% CI 1.34–2.90) were identified as major factors influencing uptake of same-day ART initiation. More strategies are needed to achieve the SDI uptake within the framework of UTT.
Machine learning approaches for parsing comorbidity/heterogeneity in antisociality and substance use disorders: A primer
Authors: Shane Matthew S. , Denomme William J.
Published: November 2021

By some accounts, as many as 93% of individuals diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) or psychopathy also meet criteria for some form of substance use disorder (SUD). This high level of comorbidity, combined with an overlapping biopsychosocial profile, and potentially interacting features, has made it difficult to delineate the shared/unique characteristics of each disorder. Moreover, while rarely acknowledged, both SUD and antisociality exist as highly heterogeneous disorders in need of more targeted parcellation. While emerging data-driven nosology for psychiatric disorders (e.g., Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP)) offers the opportunity for a more systematic delineation of the externalizing spectrum, the interrogation of large, complex neuroimaging-based datasets may require data-driven approaches that are not yet widely employed in psychiatric neuroscience. With this in mind, the proposed article sets out to provide an introduction into machine learning methods for neuroimaging that can help parse comorbid, heterogeneous externalizing samples. The modest machine learning work conducted to date within the externalizing domain demonstrates the potential utility of the approach but remains highly nascent. Within the paper, we make suggestions for how future work can make use of machine learning methods, in combination with emerging psychiatric nosology systems, to further diagnostic and etiological understandings of the externalizing spectrum. Finally, we briefly consider some challenges that will need to be overcome to encourage further progress in the field.
RAPTORS: ON THE ICONOGRAPHY OF AN ENIGMATIC CAPITAL IN THE NAVE OF BEVERLEY MINSTER
Authors: den Hartog Elizabeth
Published: November 2021

This article deals with the iconography of a unique fourteenth-century capital, situated near the one-time tomb of St John of Beverley in the nave of Beverley Minster, Yorkshire. The capital features two hybrid creatures, part animal, part human. Both creatures hold a severed bird’s claw. This article argues that these severed bird’s claws, resembling drinking vessels, are likely to be griffin claws. This interpretation allows for a reappraisal of the meaning of these figures and their use in the church.
A natural example of brittle-to-viscous strain localization under constant-stress conditions: a case study of the Kellyland fault zone, Maine, USA
Authors: Sullivan Walter A. , O’Hara Emma J.
Published: November 2021

This article integrates field, powder X-ray diffraction and microstructural data to constrain deformation mechanisms in and the rheology of granite-derived fault rocks exposed along the SE side of the crustal-scale, strike-slip Kellyland fault zone. Deformation in this area of the Kellyland fault zone localized during cooling and is marked by (1) foliated granite, (2) a ∼50 m wide band of pulverized foliated granite, (3) a ∼2.8 m wide breccia zone hosting coeval shear zones, and (4) a >100 m wide ultramylonite zone. The earliest fabric in the foliated granite is defined by elongated quartz grains, and quartz dislocation creep was the rate-controlling deformation mechanism. Seismogenic deformation initiated when recorded flow stresses reached 96–104 MPa at temperatures of 400–450 °C and is marked by coeval pulverization and formation of breccia. Interseismic viscous creep at similar flow stresses is recorded by mutual cross-cutting relationships between breccia-hosted shear zones, brittle fractures and pseudotachylyte. Field and microstructural observations indicate that breccia-hosted shear zones are low-strain equivalents of the >100 m wide ultramylonite zone, and seismogenic deformation abated as the ultramylonite formed. The rheology of ultramylonites was governed by grain-size-sensitive creep at 112–124 MPa flow stresses. Hence, from the onset of seismogenesis, the Kellyland fault zone was likely a constant-stress system wherein the rate-controlling mechanism shifted from episodic seismogenic slip and interseismic viscous creep to steady state grain-size-sensitive creep in ultramylonites derived from brittle fault rocks. Flow stresses recorded by these rocks also imply that the whole zone was relatively weak if the brittle–viscous transition and uppermost viscous zone are the strongest part of the crust.
A Geochemical Review of Amphibolite, Granulite, and Eclogite Facies Lithologies: Perspectives on the Deep Continental Crust
Authors: Sammon Laura G. , McDonough William F.
Published: November 2021

Debate abounds regarding the composition of the deep (middle + lower) continental crust. Exhumed medium‐ and high‐grade metamorphic rocks, which range in composition from mafic to felsic, provide information about the bulk composition of the deep crust. This study presents a global compilation of geochemical data on amphibolite (n = 6,500), granulite (n = 4,000), and eclogite (n = 200) facies lithologies and quantifies trends, uncertainties, and sources of bias in the deep crust sampling. The continental crust's Daly Gap is well documented in amphibolite and most granulite facies lithologies. Igneous differentiation processes likely control the compositional layering in the crust. Al2O3, Lu, and Yb vary little from top to bottom of the crust. In contrast, SiO2, light rare earth elements, Th, and U show a wider range of abundances throughout. Because of oversampling of mafic lithologies, our predictions are a lower bound on middle crustal composition. Additionally, the distinction between granulite facies terrains (intermediate SiO2, high heat production, high incompatibles) or granulite facies xenoliths (low SiO2, low heat production, low incompatibles) as being the best analogs of the deep crust remains disputable. We have incorporated both rock types, along with amphibolite facies lithologies, to define a deep crustal composition that approaches 57.6 wt.% SiO2. This number, however, represents a compositional middle ground; the shallower parts of the deep crust (middle crust) resemble quartz monzonite while the deepest portions (lower crust) more resemble a Ca‐rich monzonite. Future studies should analyze more closely the depth dependent trends in deep crustal composition to develop composition models that are not limited to a three‐layer crust.
Stability of a Flow Over Bottom Topography: A General Condition and a Linear Analysis in a Two‐Layer Quasi‐Geostrophic Model With a Possible Application to a Kuroshio Meander
Authors: Tanaka Yuki
Published: November 2021

The stability of a two‐layer quasi‐geostrophic flow over bottom topography is examined by combining a method of obtaining a sufficient condition for stability and a linear stability analysis. First, using a conserved quantity called pseudoenergy that is proportional to the square of the disturbance amplitude, a sufficient condition for stability is derived for the simplest steady background field in which the potential vorticity and the stream function are proportional to each other. The theoretically obtained condition enables us to judge the stability of various background fields by explicitly taking into account the limitation imposed on the scale of the disturbance by the domain size and/or boundary conditions. Applying the stability condition to a special case of a sinusoidal background flow and topography then shows that the stable range extends to the area where the currents flow with shallower water on their right in both the upper and lower layers. The stable range is broadened as the disturbance becomes limited to smaller horizontal scales. A linear stability analysis shows that this broadening is mainly due to the suppression of barotropic instability that works effectively at large scales. Finally, a numerical simulation is performed with a realistic situation of a Kuroshio meander over a seamount south of Japan in mind. The results suggest that the theory is useful to identify a stable flow with negative‐definite pseudoenergy, which can be achieved under realistic ocean conditions where the scale of the disturbance is moderately restricted by a basin bounded by prominent topographic features.
Multiscale Simulation of Precipitation Over East Asia by Variable Resolution CAM‐MPAS
Authors: Liang Yuan , Yang Ben , Wang Minghuai , Tang Jianping , Sakaguchi Koichi , Leung L. Ruby , Xu Xin
Published: November 2021

This study evaluates the precipitation over East Asia simulated by the variable resolution CAM‐MPAS featuring the Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) atmospheric dynamical core coupled with the physics parameterizations of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) version 5.4. Two CAM‐MPAS experiments, one with a global quasi‐uniform resolution mesh of 120 km (MPAS‐UR) and the other with a variable resolution mesh of 30–120 km refined over East Asia (MPAS‐VR), are conducted from 1989 to 2005 following the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project protocol. Two regional climate model simulations at ∼25 km resolution from the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment East Asia second plan are also analyzed for comparison. Results show that CAM‐MPAS performs better than the selected regional models in simulating the precipitation climatology over East Asia. Compared with MPAS‐UR, MPAS‐VR with refinement over East Asia better simulates the precipitation over and around the Tibetan Plateau (TP), the upper‐level circulation, the precipitation frequency and intensity in various regions of China, and the interannual precipitation pattern associated with the East Asian summer monsoon. Both decreased grid spacing and the use of finer‐scale terrain information contribute to the improvements in MPAS‐VR relative to MPAS‐UR. However, decreased grid spacing is more essential for simulating the precipitation magnitude over TP and the location of peak precipitation south of TP, likely due to the better resolved physical and dynamical processes associated with orographic precipitation. The 30–120 km CAM‐MPAS model is shown to be a promising tool for precipitation simulation over East Asia.
An automated retrospective VAE-surveillance tool for future quality improvement studies
Authors: Wolffers Oliver , Faltys Martin , Thomann Janos , Jakob Stephan M. , Marschall Jonas , Merz Tobias M. , Sommerstein Rami
Published: November 2021

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a frequent complication of mechanical ventilation and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Accurate diagnosis of VAP relies in part on subjective diagnostic criteria. Surveillance according to ventilator-associated event (VAE) criteria may allow quick and objective benchmarking. Our objective was to create an automated surveillance tool for VAE tiers I and II on a large data collection, evaluate its diagnostic accuracy and retrospectively determine the yearly baseline VAE incidence. We included all consecutive intensive care unit admissions of patients with mechanical ventilation at Bern University Hospital, a tertiary referral center, from January 2008 to July 2016. Data was automatically extracted from the patient data management system and automatically processed. We created and implemented an application able to automatically analyze respiratory and relevant medication data according to the Centers for Disease Control protocol for VAE-surveillance. In a subset of patients, we compared the accuracy of automated VAE surveillance according to CDC criteria to a gold standard (a composite of automated and manual evaluation with mediation for discrepancies) and evaluated the evolution of the baseline incidence. The study included 22′442 ventilated admissions with a total of 37′221 ventilator days. 592 ventilator-associated events (tier I) occurred; of these 194 (34%) were of potentially infectious origin (tier II). In our validation sample, automated surveillance had a sensitivity of 98% and specificity of 100% in detecting VAE compared to the gold standard. The yearly VAE incidence rate ranged from 10.1–22.1 per 1000 device days and trend showed a decrease in the yearly incidence rate ratio of 0.96 (95% CI, 0.93–1.00, p = 0.03). This study demonstrated that automated VAE detection is feasible, accurate and reliable and may be applied on a large, retrospective sample and provided insight into long-term institutional VAE incidences. The surveillance tool can be extended to other centres and provides VAE incidences for performing quality control and intervention studies.