bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunogenicity testing of diphtheria and tetanus vaccines by using isogenic mice with possible implications for potency testing
Authors: Hendriksen C. F. M. , Slob W. , v. d. Gun J. W. , Westendorp J. H. L. , den Bieman M. , Hesp A. , van Zutphen L. F. M.
Published: May 2007

The antitoxin response of isogenic mice (inbred strains and F1 hybrids), immunized with diphtheria and tetanus reference vaccines, was compared with the response of animals from an NIH outbred stock. The variance in antitoxin response was smaller within the groups of isogenic mice than within the group of mice from the outbred strain. The case for estimating the potency of diphtheria and tetanus vaccines by using isogenic mice is discussed. It is concluded that the general introduction of one common inbred strain or F1 hybrid selected on the basis of sensitivity would increase the comparability of data between laboratories and would enable an estimated reduction in the use of animals of about 35% or an improvement in the precision of the estimate of potency.
Adrenoceptor-linked [45Ca2+] uptake in platelets from diabetic rats: a model for human platelets
Authors: Gill J. , Thompson C. S. , Jeremy J. Y. , Mikhailidis D. P.
Published: May 2007

Adrenoceptor-linked 45calcium uptake was investigated in platelets from diabetic rats (hyperglycaemic, streptozotocin-induced, of 60 days duration). Basal uptake was markedly enhanced in platelets from diabetic rats compared with controls. However, whereas adrenaline-stimulated uptake was unchanged, isoprenaline-stimulated uptake was significantly reduced and noradrenaline-stimulated uptake significantly increased. These latter data indicate that there are differential alterations of adrenoceptor subtypes in diabetes (i.e. an increase in alpha- but decrease in beta-adrenoceptors). These changes in calcium uptake and in adrenoceptor activity may relate to altered platelet function known to occur in experimental diabetes. Furthermore, the similarity of the rat platelet with that of the human (in terms of absolute calcium uptake, responses to agonists and changes in diabetes), renders the rat platelet an appropriate model for studying calcium dynamics and linked adrenoceptors in diabetes.
The cerebral function monitor (CFM) is a useful addition to a bilateral carotid artery, vein graft model
Authors: Toner C. C. , Underwood M. J. , Wright S. J. , Cooper G. J. , Reynolds P. , Withington P. S.
Published: May 2007

Following human coronary artery bypass surgery, vein graft occlusion is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. An agent is required which will reduce the incidence of early graft thrombosis without causing systemic bleeding. To assess the efficacy of such agents a suitable experimental vein-graft model is required. A porcine, unilateral saphenous vein-carotid artery bypass graft model has been described previously, although to assess the effect of locally applied anticoagulant drugs, insertion of grafts bilaterally would be advantageous, allowing treated and control grafts to be implanted in the same animal which would then act as its own control.

Pigs are reported as having an excellent collateral cerebral circulation and hence in theory, would be suitable animals to use as a bilateral carotid vein-graft model. This paper describes the occurrence of serious neurological complications during the development of such a model and suggests that by using a cerebral function monitor, detection of critical reductions in cerebral perfusion can be made early and remedial action take.
A new rat model for studying the calpain-calpastatin system
Authors: Soldati L. P. , Barber B. R. , Salardi S. , Molinari I. , Bianchi G.
Published: May 2007

A recombinant rat strain-Milan low-calpastatin strain (MLCS)-was derived from Milan hypertensive (MHS/Gib) and Milan normotensive (MNS/Gib) strains. The MLCS rats have normal blood pressure and low calpastatin activity, and this strain is proposed as a model for studies of the calpain-calpastatin system, which is involved in important cellular mechanisms. Calpastatin polymorphism was observed in 10 different strains of laboratory rats and a single locus hypothesis is suggested as the mode of inheritance.
Black scorpion (Heterometrus longimanus) as a laboratory animal: maintenance of a colony of scorpion for milking of venom for research, using a restraining device
Authors: Gopalakrishnakone P. , Cheah J. , Gwee M. C. E.
Published: May 2007

Scorpion venom is a rich source of many proteins and peptides. A method for collection of venom from scorpions using a restraining device is being described. The details and measurement of the restraining device as well as that of the current used are described.
An anaesthetic mask for use on guineapigs (Cavia porcellus) in a stereotaxic frame: technical note
Authors: Klapwyk J. C. , Pallett M. J. , Roberts C.
Published: May 2007

A mask was designed to allow inhalation anaesthesia to be used on guineapigs ( Cavia porcellus) whilst placed in a stereotaxic frame. To date, anaesthesia has been maintained in approximately 60 animals using this method, with no mortalities.
Tracheoesophageal anastomosis, continent gastrostomy and oesophagostomy-a new experimental model in minipiglets
Authors: Schaarschmidt K. , Paschertz K. W. , Stratmann U. , Ruprecht L. , Willital G. H. , Unsü;ld E.
Published: May 2007

Tracheoesophageal fistulae endanger newborn children by aspiration pneumonia. An animal model of this dangerous malformation was thought to be impossible until now. By tracheoesophageal anastomosis, occlusion of the oesophagogastral junction, proximal cervical oesophagostomy and continent gastrostomy in 25 minipiglets a reliable model of tracheoesophageal fistula has been developed. After establishing the model in a pilot study the mortality following the establishment of this procedure was 5.6% and the minipiglets survived in excellent condition for 2-10 week periods under complete alimentary restriction and gastrostomy feeding. Therefore the method seems to be suitable for long-term investigations on major oesophagotracheal surgery.
The in vitro enzyme-inducing and cytotoxic properties of South African laboratory animal contact bedding and nesting materials
Authors: Potgieter F. J. , Törrönen R. , Wilke P. I.
Published: May 2007

Enzyme-inducing and cytotoxic effects of South African bedding materials were investigated using a mouse hepatoma cell line, Hepa-1, cell culture system. This cell culture system is a convenient and sensitive method for the screening of bedding materials for the presence of compounds that could be potentially harmful to animals and thus the experimental outcome. Cells were exposed to acetone extracts of the different materials or their components. Corn cobs displayed very little or no CYP1A1-inducing or cytotoxic effects, whilst vermiculite and unbleached pulp from pine and eucalyptus showed greater induction and cytotoxic properties. The latter properties were lower than those produced by the different recycled paper extracts. Pine shavings ( Pinus elliottii) and the different wood components making up industrial sawdust expressed the highest cytotoxic and CYP1A1-inducing properties.
A positive, individually ventilated caging system: a local barrier system to protect both animals and personnel
Authors: Clough G. , Wallace J. , Gamble M. R. , Merryweather E. R. , Bailey E.
Published: May 2007

Most local barrier systems are designed primarily either to protect animals from airborne contamination (exclusion) or to ensure the safety of personnel (hazard containment). Few, other than isolators, are able to cope with the often conflicting demands to do both. The Positive Individually Ventilated system (PIV), which provides pressure adjustable, individual supply and exhaust ventilation to each cage has been tested with this in mind as well as the need to ensure that environmental conditions comply with the requirements of the Home Office Code of Practice (CoP).

The results indicate that when compared with traditional open racking the system can reduce both the risk of animals becoming contaminated by airborne infection from the room and the risk of aeroallergens escaping from the cages into the room air. At the same time, environmental conditions within the cages are both less variable and less stressful to the occupants. Conditions of air temperature, relative humidity, ventilation rates, light intensity and (with appropriate air handling) sound levels, all comply with or are better than those required by the CoP.

Even with the room air change rate set at only 8/h (8 ac/h) the air distribution system results in draught-free cage ventilation rates of around 50-120 ac/h. This means that with at least the PIV exhaust(s) linked directly into the air conditioning system of the building, the size of the latter and its associated running costs can be reduced by around 50%; this energy saving concept has been approved in principle by the Home Office. Additional benefits include the fact that bedding is kept much drier allowing further cost savings in bedding and associated labour costs.

The system is thus beneficial to the animals in protecting them from airborne infection and other stresses. By providing a less variable environment it also helps to minimise the sort of interference with experiments which can arise from that source. Similarly, in accordance with the aims of 'The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations' (COSHH 1988) and the Health & Safety Executive (HSE 1990), by reducing dust levels in the room air, including allergens, it is also beneficial to the personnel working in the animal rooms.
Multifactorial analysis of antibiotic sensitivity of Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates from guineapigs, rabbits and rats
Authors: Boot R. , Thuis H. , Wieten G.
Published: May 2007

The possible relationship between antibiotic sensitivity of B. bronchiseptica isolates and host species was examined. Growth inhibition of 11 B. bronchiseptica isolates from guineapigs, 7 from rabbits and 3 from rats by a variety of antibiotics incorporated in paper disks, was tested. To seek possible relationships among the various antibiotic sensitivities, we submitted our datamatrix to principal component analysis and subsequently to cluster analysis. This approach showed the existence of close clustering as well as highly specific antibiotic sensitivities. In order to test the presumed relationship between antibiotic sensitivity profiles of the B. bronchiseptica isolates and host species of origin, the same datamatrix was submitted to discriminant analysis. Antibiotic sensitivity profiles of the isolates were not clearly related to host species.
Callitrichid IgM-nephropathy-an old age-related disease?
Authors: Brack M.
Published: May 2007

In 185 callitrichids of exactly known age the occurrence of mesangial IgM-deposits and mesangial lesions has been evaluated. Mesangial IgM-deposits were observed already in early infancy, at that time without morphological sequelae. Signs of mesangial lesions were first observed in a 3-months old animal and with a sharp increase of mesangial lesions between 4 months and one year of age all suggesting an onset early in life. In contrast in higher age groups a significant number of animals suffered from glomerulosclerosis without IgM deposits, which could be interpreted as 'old age nephropathy' independent from IgM-nephropathy.
Streptobacillus moniliformis-a zoonotic pathogen. Taxonomic considerations, host species, diagnosis, therapy, geographical distribution
Authors: Wullenweber Michael
Published: May 2007

Streptobacillus moniliformis ( Sm), the causative agent of rat-bite fever and Haverhill fever in man, is also a pathogen in certain laboratory and domestic animals. With the introduction of modern maintenance systems, this microorganism seemed to be eradicated from laboratory animal units, but recent reports of Streptobacillus moniliformis ( Sm) in colonies of laboratory rodents give evidence that this 'forgotten' bacterium can still be found even behind hygienic barrier systems.

Although various national and international recommendations on microbiological screening include Sm, attempts to screen might fail because of insufficient knowledge about this remarkable bacterium. This article highlights these problems. As there is no recent review of Streptobacillus moniliformis, present knowledge of this zoonotic agent is summarized to include: description of the bacterium, its taxonomic position, host spectrum and clinical importance for animals and man, cultivation, diagnosis, antibiotic therapy, risk to laboratory personnel (occupational hazard) and geographical distribution.
Two decades of control Himalayan rabbit reproductive parameters and spontaneous abnormalities in Japan
Authors: Matsuo Asaki , Kast Alexander
Published: May 2007

The Himalayan rabbit, Chbb:HM, has been bred in a closed colony at our institute from 1971 through 1991. Cumulative reproductive and teratological data of 514 litters from control does in embryotoxicological Segment II studies carried out over this period are herein reported. If compared with other strains of rabbit, the observed pregnancy rate of 92.2% was high, and spontaneous mortality or abortions were rare. However, the average numbers of corpora lutea, implantation sites and viable fetuses per doe were somewhat low. A total of 30 malformations and 130 variations occurred among 2883 viable fetuses.
The effects of cage size and complexity on the behaviour of captive common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus jacchus
Authors: Kitchen Ann M. , Martin Angus A.
Published: May 2007

Conditions of captivity of primates used in biomedical research may have deleterious effects on the welfare of the animals and consequently on the reliability of the research. We investigated the effects of cage size and cage complexity, two fundamental characteristics of captive conditions, on the behaviour of the common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus jacchus). We found an increase in the general level of activity and significant variation in the frequencies of specific behaviours with an increase in cage size and also with cage complexity. Stereotyped behaviours, which occurred in the small cages, were never exhibited in the large cages. The effect of the novelty of the changed conditions was also assessed and found to be significant for some behaviours. We also measured the time taken to capture an animal, a task frequently performed by the animal technician, under the various cage conditions. Capture time increased significantly in the larger cages, but the overall effect of the changes to the marmosets' housing conditions on the animal technician's work was not regarded as substantial. We conclude that the welfare of captive marmosets is enhanced by the provision of larger and more complex cages, and that such cages do not significantly affect the efficiency of the research laboratory.
The dust content, dust generation, ammonia production, and absorption properties of three different rodent bedding types
Authors: Potgieter F. J. , Wilke P. I.
Published: May 2007

Vermiculite, pine shavings and unbleached eucalyptus pulp contact bedding were compared for dust content, dust production (as a result of animal activity), moisture absorption properties and ammonia production. The percentage of dust particles <300 µm found in pine shavings and vermiculite was 18 and 8 times greater respectively than was found in eucalyptus pulp. The lowest ammonia levels (<1-1 ppm), measured on day 7, were obtained using eucalyptus pulp. Although the ammonia levels obtained for vermiculite compared very well with those of pulp, high levels of dust, up to 5 times more than pulp, were experienced with vermiculite. Pine shavings were associated with the highest ammonia concentration (1-3 ppm), but produced approximately 50% less dust than vermiculite. The water absorption properties obtained for pulp were between 35% and 76% higher than those obtained for vermiculite and pine shavings respectively.
Translocation of bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract in immunodeficient mice
Authors: Ohsugi T. , Kiuchi Y. , Shimoda K. , Oguri K. , Maejima S.
Published: May 2007

Host defence mechanisms associated with the inhibition of translocation of bacteria from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract were investigated in SCID and beige mice after decontamination with oral antibiotics and colonization with Escherichia coli C25. SCID mice, which have impaired T and B cell function, tended to have a greater incidence of bacterial translocation from the GI tract up to 7 days after inoculation compared with controls. However, after 7 days both SCID and controls cleared the E. coli C25 from the liver, spleen, blood and peritoneal cavity. Beige mice, with impaired NK cell and polymorphonuclear leukocyte function, were not able to clear the inoculated bacteria from their liver by 14 days after inoculation although the controls were cleared by 7 days. Numbers of bacteria in the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) of beige mice did not decrease significantly by 14 days after inoculation, whereas numbers in SCID mice decreased markedly within 7 days. These results suggest that defence mechanisms other than T and B cell function are important in the inhibition of systemic infection from the GI tract.
The telemetric monitoring of heart rate, locomotor activity, and body temperature in mice and voles (Microtus arvalis) during ambient temperature changes
Authors: Ishii K. , Kuwahara M. , Tsubone H. , Sugano S.
Published: May 2007

We have studied the physiological and behavioural responses in small rodents to ambient alterations. For this purpose, voles and mice were exposed to relatively low (12°C) and high (35°C) ambient temperatures, and heart rate (HR), locomotor activity (LA) and body temperature (BT) were recorded using telemetry system. The control HR (at 24°C) of voles was lower than that of mice. The 'heat exposure' decreased HR to 85.0±3.3% in voles, and to 78.0±3.2% in mice compared with the mean HR of the same time in the control day. The 'cold exposure' increased the HR to 131.9±8.8% in voles, and 119±10.9% in mice. The decreasing rate of HR in heat exposure was smaller in voles than mice, and in cold exposure the increased rate was larger in voles than mice. Cold exposure decreased BT in both species; 96.1±0.5% in voles and 93.7±1.0% in mice. The LA was not changed significantly by heat exposure in either species, but was partially increased by cold exposure. These results demonstrate that telemetry was helpful for qualitative and quantitative behavioural studies in small rodents, and confirmed that the physiological and behavioural responses to ambient temperature changes differed between these animals.
Acid-base status and cardiovascular function in mink (Mustela vison) anaesthetized with ketamine/midazolam
Authors: Wamberg S. , Svendsen P. , Johansen B.
Published: May 2007

Heart rate, arterial blood pressure and blood acid-base status were determined in 18 adult female mink (mean (±SEM)body weight 1052±34 g)during long-term anaesthesia with either controlled ventilation ( n=12) or spontaneous respiration ( n=6) Surgical anaesthesia was induced by intramuscular injection of ketamine hydrochloride (Ketaminol Vet®, 40.0±1.7mg/kg) and midazolam hydrochloride (Dormicum® 2.8±0.1 mg/kg) and maintained for at least 5 h by continuous intravenous infusion of this drug combination in 0.9% saline. For all animals, the mean rates of infusion of ketamine and midazolam were 48.4±1.6 and 1.61±0.12 mg/h, respectively. Following continuous infusion of the anaesthetics in isotonic saline, at a rate of 20 ml/h, a moderate 'dilution acidosis' developed, which could be corrected by replacement of part of the saline with sodium bicarbonate to a final concentration of approximately 25 mmol NaHCO3 per litre. However, when the animals were allowed to breathe spontaneously, an increase in heart rate and a combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis occurred, due to severe respiratory depression. Apart from these effects and a few cases of increased salivation, no adverse effects over time were observed on the arterial blood acid-base status and cardiovascular function of the animals during ketamine/midazolam anaesthesia. It is concluded that the procedure described for long-term anaesthesia in mink is convenient and safe for acute physiological experiments in this species, provided normal body temperature and pulmonary gas exchange is sufficiently maintained. Thus, the need for an adequately controlled artificial ventilation is strongly emphasized.

Finally, a proposal for the composition of an intravenous solution, containing ketamine and midazolam hydrochloride, and sodium bicarbonate in saline, suitable for long-term anaesthesia in adult mink is presented.
Providers' responses to global budgeting in Taiwan: what were the initial effects?
Authors: Chen Fen-Ju , Laditka James N , Laditka Sarah B , Xirasagar Sudha
Published: May 2007

Taiwan introduced National Health Insurance in 1995, providing comprehensive benefits to all of Taiwan's residents, with full access to providers and low co-payments. The programme quickly increased national health expenditure. To help contain these costs, Taiwan introduced global budgeting in 2000-2002. Global budgeting may present incentives to hospitals to increase service volume to maximize revenue. We evaluated the response of hospitals to global budgeting by examining hospitalization for selected high-volume discretionary conditions, using National Health Insurance data from before and after the implementation of global budgeting. Hospitalization for these discretionary conditions increased significantly for children, adults of working age, and for some age groups of older adults. As there is no reason to believe that hospitalizations would have increased during the study period to fulfil unmet need, or as a function of either reduced outpatient access or notable increases in disease prevalence, results suggest that hospitals increased service volume to retain or expand their individual shares of the global budget. The increase in hospitalization for high-discretion conditions that we observed in this study may not be desirable, as hospitalization carries a substantial risk of iatrogenic morbidity, a risk that is particularly great for older people.
The psychological contract: is the UK National Health Service a model employer?
Authors: Fielden Sandra , Whiting Fiona
Published: May 2007

The UK National Health Service (NHS) is facing recruitment challenges that mean it will need to become an 'employer of choice' if it is to continue to attract high-quality employees. This paper reports the findings from a study focusing on allied health professional staff ( n = 67), aimed at establishing the expectations of the NHS inherent in their current psychological contract and to consider whether the government's drive to make the NHS a model employer meets those expectations. The findings show that the most important aspects of the psychological contract were relational and based on the investment made in the employment relationship by both parties. The employment relationship was one of high involvement but also one where transactional contract items, such as pay, were still of some importance. Although the degree of employee satisfaction with the relational content of the psychological contract was relatively positive, there was, nevertheless, a mismatch between levels of importance placed on such aspects of the contract and levels of satisfaction, with employees increasingly placing greater emphasis on those items the NHS is having the greatest difficulty providing. Despite this apparent disparity between employee expectation and the fulfilment of those expectations, the overall health of the psychological contract was still high.
The effect of a surgeon's leave on operative outcomes
Authors: White V , Routledge T , Kitcat J , Hellyer P , Nashef Sam
Published: May 2007

The fatigued surgeon has become an object of public concern. This concern has driven great changes in working practice, both in Europe and North America. The effects of acute sleep deprivation and the acutely fatigued state it produces have been studied to a degree. The effects of the inevitable chronic fatigue that a busy clinical practice produces have not yet been addressed. A break from clinical service might enhance performance by providing a much-needed rest. On the other hand, there is reasonable concern that a break from operating might adversely affect performance, by erosion of technical skill. To evaluate the effect of a break from clinical work, we looked at the impact of seven days or more of annual or study leave on the performance of cardiac surgeons.
The Hospital at Night: a pilot study of ENT–urology cross-cover by SHOs
Authors: Tweedie DJ , Ramakrishnan Y , Wilson JA
Published: May 2007

The European Working Time Directive (EWTD) was enacted in UK law in October 1998, as the working time regulations (WTR) describing minimum working requirements for all employees. Although doctors in training were initially excluded, the WTR were extended in August 2004 to include this group.
Uk surgeons champion African health care
Authors: Towell Elaine
Published: May 2007

When Gordon Williams was invited to Ethiopia by the British Council 20 years ago, he could hardly have imagined the impact it would have on his life. The visit was to be the first of many to the country he will make his permanent home when he retires from his post as consultant urologist at Hammersmith Hospital in London.
Study leave funding: a national survey of postgraduate centres
Authors: Moorthy R , Veer V , Abbas L
Published: May 2007

All surgical trainees attend courses. Their training is enhanced as a result, indeed, some courses are even mandatory. But these courses are not cheap. This paper examines the study leave budgets for surgical trainees across the UK and reveals inconsistencies between deaneries and also within deaneries. It raises some important questions and is a pointer toward a debate that I am sure will occur sometime soon: who should pay for surgical training? In order to benefit from the most consistently well-trained workforce best able to care for patients, should it be the taxpayer, or in an increasingly cashstrapped NHS should trainees fund themselves?
Justicability of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the Inter-American System of Protection of Human Rights: Beyond Traditional Paradigms and Notions
Authors: Tinta Mónica Feria
Published: May 2007

The separation of human rights into two distinct sets remains the underlying paradigm of most legal thinking produced on the subject of economic, social, and cultural rights. From this perspective international law appears as a static, rigid system of watertight legal compartments: even when acknowledging some interrelatedness, the compartments remain the rule nevertheless. This article is written from a perspective that takes a different view. Artificial separations are just that: artificial. Rights in real life are interwoven and each, in its own right, pose challenges to the legal mind, to provide a remedy. Justiciability is no longer a matter of perfectly dissecting and distinguishing the inseparable but of finding the key relations between apparently separate notions. Remedies can take "a myriad of forms." By looking into the practice of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights through the analysis of its case law, this article first provides a theoretical point of departure under general international law for understanding economic, social, and cultural rights as primary rules. It then analyses the current jurisprudence of the Court in its integrated approach to rights. It finally goes on to analyze the different manners in which this organ has been providing remedies for violations of these primary rules. From the implementation of interim measures in favor of HIV patients (right to health) to the development of doctrinal notions of the right to life including the right to a "dignified and decent existence" to its substantive approach to the interpretation of human rights under the American Convention, this article argues that the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights—paradoxically coming from a poverty-stricken region—is contributing to a new era of effectively dealing with violations of economic, social, and cultural rights.
Torture, Justification, and Human Rights: Toward an Absolute Proscription
Authors: Twiss Sumner B
Published: May 2007

This article critically examines and develops an important approach in the international human rights community to the moral justification of an absolute proscription of torture, or, alternatively put, to the cogency of a non-derogative right not to be tortured. This approach involves elements of moral intuitionism, a minimal natural law position, and consequentialist arguments that ought—taken together or independently—to be convincing to all people of good will, regardless of their cultural location. The essay deploys sources from international human rights, comparative and philosophical ethics, and empirical and NGO studies about the intrinsic nature and pervasive deleterious effects of torture practices.
The Specter of Hegel in Coleridge's Biographia Literaria
Authors: Roy Ayon
Published: May 2007

Coleridge rarely mentions Hegel in his philosophical writings and seems to have read very little of Hegel's work. Yet I argue that Coleridge's criticisms of Schelling's philosophy—as recorded in letters and marginalia—betray remarkable intellectual affinities with his nearly exact contemporary Hegel, particularly in their shared doubts about Schelling's foundationalist intuitionism. With this background in place, I seek to demonstrate that volume one of Coleridge's Biographia Literaria is a radically self-undermining text: its philosophical argument, far from slavishly recapitulating Schelling's philosophy, remains haunted by a quasi-Hegelian skepticism toward intuition even as it advances intuition as the foundation of its theoretical edifice.
Greenways and Greenbacks: The Impact of the Catawba Regional Trail on Property Values in Charlotte, North Carolina
Authors: Campbell Harrison S. (Harrison Sherwood) , Munroe Darla K
Published: May 2007

Planners and policy makers are increasingly aware that local amenities can play an important role in community and regional development and greenways represent one such amenity that can be locally developed. As planning initiatives compete for scarce resources it becomes vital that decision makers have ex ante information about the impact of policy options. This paper provides empirical estimates of changes in land value that should be expected if a planned greenway, the Catawba Regional Trail, is developed in Mecklenburg County, North Carolina. Passing through economically modest neighborhoods, the trail holds potential to increase equity in the distribution of open space though the aggregate impact on property values is limited by neighborhood characteristics. Using a hedonic land value model, we estimate the real estate premium associated with the trail and ﬁnd that most of the impact to land values will be captured within 1000 ft of the planned greenway.
Race, the Creative Class, and Political Geographies of Same Sex Marriage in Georgia
Authors: Chapman Thomas , Leib Jonathan I , Webster Gerald R
Published: May 2007

The intense debate over same sex marriage is replete with competing visions of 'moral' and cultural landscapes. We examine this issue in an electoral context as it played out in the state of Georgia in 2004, ﬁrst in the state legislature and then in a statewide referendum. In analyzing the socio-spatial patterns within the state, we direct attention to two issues and their impact on the voting outcome. The ﬁrst is African American discourse in supporting or opposing the amendment, in terms of same sex marriage as a civil rights issue or as a conservative religious 'moral' issue. Secondly, we look at how Richard Florida's thesis of the 'creative class' has inﬂuenced the spatial outcome of the vote in terms of intersections of the political-economy and local culture. Both discourses are linked with the so-called 'culture wars' raging across American society as a whole, and they help illustrate some unique geographies that play out within a local context.
Modeling Inheritance of Malignant Melanoma With DNA Markers in Sinclair Swine
Authors: Gomez-Raya L , Okomo-Adhiambo M , Beattie C , Osborne K , Rink A , Rauw W M
Published: May 2007

Cutaneous malignant melanoma in Sinclair swine is a hereditary disease that develops in utero or during the first 6 weeks of life. In many cases, the tumors regress and piglets survive the disease. Two different sets of gene(s) might be involved in the disease: tumor initiator (suppressor) locus or loci and loci affecting the aggressiveness of the disease (number and stage of tumors). We develop maximum-likelihood methods for interval mapping for both types of loci. The experimental design consisted of a boar mated to tumor-bearing sows with recording of tumor status and number of tumors in the 6 weeks of life of the offspring. The model to search for the tumor initiator locus (with alleles T and t) was tested by computer simulation. Estimates of penetrances (ΨTT and ΨTt for genotypes TT and Tt, respectively) were accurate even for small family sizes. Statistical power was >99% for a family size of 70 with ΨTT = 1 and ΨTt = 0. The models to test for number of tumors incorporated genotype information for the tumor initiator locus. All models were tested with data from a single boar family of 72 piglets over swine chromosomes 6 and 8 (SSC6 and SSC8). No tumor evidence for initiator loci was found associated with these chromosomes. However, association of a QTL affecting number of tumors at birth near microsatellite SW1953 on SSC8 was chromosomewise significant (P < 0.0124).
Anatomical predictions of hearing in the North Atlantic right whale
Authors: Parks Susan E. , Ketten Darlene R. , O'Malley Jennifer T. , Arruda Julie
Published: May 2007

Some knowledge of the hearing abilities of right whales is important for understanding their acoustic communication system and possible impacts of anthropogenic noise. Traditional behavioral or physiological techniques to test hearing are not feasible with right whales. Previous research on the hearing of marine mammals has shown that functional models are reliable estimators of hearing sensitivity in marine species. Fundamental to these models is a comprehensive analysis of inner ear anatomy. Morphometric analyses of 18 inner ears from 13 stranded North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) were used for development of a preliminary model of the frequency range of hearing. Computerized tomography was used to create two‐dimensional (2D) and 3D images of the cochlea. Four ears were decalcified and sectioned for histologic measurements of the basilar membrane. Basilar membrane length averaged 55.7 mm (range, 50.5 mm–61.7 mm). The ganglion cell density/mm averaged 1,842 ganglion cells/mm. The thickness/width measurements of the basilar membrane from slides resulted in an estimated hearing range of 10 Hz–22 kHz based on established marine mammal models. Additional measurements from more specimens will be necessary to develop a more robust model of the right whale hearing range. Anat Rec, 290:734–744, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of octopamine on reproduction, juvenile hormone metabolism, dopamine, and 20‐hydroxyecdysone contents in Drosophila
Authors: Gruntenko N.E. , Karpova E.K. , Alekseev A.A. , Chentsova N.A. , Bogomolova E.V. , Bownes M. , Rauschenbach I. Yu.
Published: May 2007

The effect of an experimentally increased octopamine content (feeding flies with OA) on the levels of juvenile hormone (JH) degradation, dopamine (DA), and 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E) contents, oogenesis, and fecundity of wild type Drosophila flies has been studied. OA feeding of the flies was found to (1) cause a considerable decrease in JH degradation in females, but not males, of D. melanogaster and D. virilis; (2) have no effect on DA content in D. melanogaster and D. virilis; (3) increase 20E contents in D. virilis females; (4) decrease to a large extent the number of vitellogenic (stages 8–10) and mature (stage 14) oocytes in D. virilis; and (5) decrease the fecundity of D. melanogaster and D. virilis. A possible mechanism of action of OA as a neurohormone on the reproductive function of Drosophila is discussed. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 65:85–94, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Darstellung von cis‐6.7‐Dimethoxy‐tropinon und d.l‐cis‐6‐Oxy‐7‐methoxy‐tropinon
Authors: Zeile Karl , Heusner Alex
Published: May 2007

Durch Methylierung von 2.5‐Dimethoxy‐3.4‐dioxy‐tetrahydrofuran wurden 2.3.4.5‐Tetramethoxy‐tetrahydrofuran und 2.3.5‐Trimethoxy‐4‐oxy‐tetrahydrofuran, die inneren Acetale des Mesoweinsäuredialdehyd‐dimethyläthers und ‐monomethyläthers, erhalten. Kondensation dieser Aldehyde mit Methylamin und Acetondicarbonsäure nach dem Verfahren von Robinson‐Schöpf führte zu den bisher noch nicht bekannten Tropanderivaten cis‐6.7‐Dimethoxy‐tropinon und d.l‐cis‐6‐Oxy‐7‐methoxy‐tropinon.
Notiz über den β‐Oxo‐α.δ‐dicyan‐adipinsäure‐äthylester
Authors: Lehmann Erich , Züge Bernhard
Published: May 2007

Natrium‐cyanessigsäure‐äthylester und Chlor‐acetylchlorid ließen sich zum Hydrat des β‐Oxo‐α.δ‐dicyan‐adipinsäure‐äthylesters (I) umsetzen, aus dem der wasserfreie Ester durch Entwässerung mit Alkohol erhalten wurde. Es werden Nebenprodukte der Reaktion und Verseifungsprodukte beschrieben.
Zur Kenntnis der Reaktionsweisen von Maleinsäure‐anhydrid mit ungesättigten Kohlen‐wasserstoffen
Authors: Alder Kurt , Schumacher Marianne , Böhne Hermann , Müller Günther
Published: May 2007

Die bislang bekannten beiden Additionsformen des Maleinsäure‐anhydrids, die Dien‐Synthese und die indirekte substituierende Addition („En‐Synthese”︁) treten miteinander kombiniert beim Divinylmethan‐ CCCCC und beim Diallyltypus CCCCCC auf. Auch Kohlenwasserstoffe mit einer Dreifachbindung addieren 1 und 2 Moleküle Maleinsäure‐anhydrid.

Die bisher mit den Addukten studierten Umsetzungen lassen erkennen, daß das erste Molekül Maleinsäure‐anhydrid durch substituierende Addition aufgenommen wird, wobei wahrscheinlich primär ein Allentypus gebildet wird, der sich nachträglich zu einem Dien isomerisiert. Die Anlagerung des zweiten Moleküls Maleinsäure‐anhydrid erfolgt durch Dien‐Synthese.
Darstellung und Charakterisierung reiner Actinomycine, XII. Mitteil. über Actinomycine*); Antibiotica aus Actinomyceten XXIII. Mitteil.
Authors: Brockmann Hans , Gröne Heinz
Published: May 2007

Die präparative Trennung von Actinomycinen durch fraktionierte Gegenstromverteilung wurde verbessert und ein Verfahren zur papier‐chromatographischen Trennung von Actinomycinen entwickelt. Durch Anwendung beider Verfahren auf die aus einundzwanzig Streptomyces‐Stämmen isolierten Actinomycin‐Präparate lieβ sich die Existenz von dreizehn verschiedenen Actinomycinen nachweisen, von denen sieben kristallisiert erhalten und näher charakterisiert wurden. Alle bisher untersuchten Streptomyces‐Stämme bilden Actinomycin‐Gemische, die ihrer Zusammensetzung nach in drei Gruppen eingeteilt werden können. In diese Gruppen lassen sich auch Actinomycin A und B einordnen.
Über die Alkaloide von Lunaria biennis
Authors: Boit Hans‐G.
Published: May 2007

Aus den Samen von Lunaria biennis wird neben Lunarin, C25H31O4N3, ein mit diesem isomeres Alkaloid Lunaridin isoliert.
Ultrarotspektren freier Stickstoffradikale
Authors: Otting Walter , Kainer Helmuth
Published: May 2007

Es werden die Ultrarotspektren 10 verschiedener Stickstoffradikale mit denen ähnlich gebauter Moleküle verglichen. Spektrale Gesetzmäßigkeiten werden erörtert.
Notiz über die Reaktion zwischen Triphenylzinnchlorid und Di‐lithium– bzw. Di–Grignard–Verbindungen
Authors: Zimmer Hans , Moslè H.–G.
Published: May 2007

Die Reaktion zwischen Triphenylzinnchlorid und Di‐lithium‐ bzw. Di‐Grignard‐Verbindungen führt auch bei einem Überschuß der letzteren zu zinnorganischen Verbindungen der Struktur (C6H5)3Sn·R·Sn(C6H5)3.Zinnorganische Verbindungen des Typus (C6H5)3Sn·R·Li bzw. (C6H5)3Sn·R·MgBr, die mit Kohlendioxyd zu den Carbonsäuren, (CO6H5)3Sn·R·CO2H, reagieren sollten, bilden sich dagegen nicht.
Notiz über die Alkaloide von Haemanthus albiflos (V. Mitteil. über Amaryllidaceen‐Alkaloide)
Authors: Boit Hans–G.
Published: May 2007

Aus Haemanthus albiflos werden Tazettin und Lycorenin isoliert.
Über ein stabiles Sauerstoffradikal, das 2.4.6–Tri–tert–butyl–phenoxyl–(1), II. Mitteil.): Weitere Herstellungsmethoden und Lebensdauer des Aroxyls
Authors: Müller Eugen , Ley Kurt , Kiedaisch Wolfgang
Published: May 2007

Es wird über mehrere, z. Tl. einfach und rasch verlaufende Darstellungen des blauen Aroxyls berichtet. Sowohl von geeigneten benzoiden wie chinoiden Verbindungen ausgehend, erhält man dasselbe freie Sauerstoffradikal. Die Halogenierung des Tri–tert.–butyl–phenols führt je nach den Versuchsbedingungen zu verschiedenen Stoffen. Das Mesomerieproblem der Formulierung des Aroxyls wird weiter erörtert. Abschließend wird über Lebensdauer und Stabilität des blauen Aroxyls berichtet.
Über das Cham‐Azulen und dessen Vorstufen, III. Mitteil.: Zur Konstitution der Cham‐Azulencarbonsäure
Authors: Stahl Egon
Published: May 2007

Die aus Schafgarbe und Kamille erhaltene Cham‐Azulencarbonsäure, C15H16O2, wurde in das 1.4‐Dimethyl‐7‐isopropyl‐azulen, C15H18, übergeführt. Sie stellt demnach eine α‐[1.4‐Dimethylazulyl‐(7)]‐propionsäure dar.
Neue Methoden zur Darstellung von Sulfonaminen (IV. Mitteil.: Polymerisationen und Polymerisationskatalysatoren
Authors: Bäder Erich , Hermann Hans Dieter
Published: May 2007

Durch Umsetzung von Sulfinsäuren mit Formaldehyd und Aminen werden α‐Amino‐sulfone erhalten. Verwendet man aromatische Amine, so kann auch die para‐Stellung in Reaktion treten. Bei der Umsetzung von Sulfinsäuren mit höheren Aldehyden und primären aromatischen Aminen erhält man Schiffsche Basen, die durch einen Sulfonrest substituiert sind. Der Reaktionsverlauf wird untersucht.
Beitrag zur Umsetzung von Malonester mit Nitro‐olefinen
Authors: Boberg Friedrich , Schultze Georg Richard
Published: May 2007

Die Darstellung der Addukte von Malonsäure‐diäthylester an β‐Nitro‐β‐methyl‐styrol und α‐Nitro‐stilben wird beschrieben; die diastereomeren Addukte wurden isoliert.
Eine neue Methode zur Darstellung langkettiger Carbonsäuren, XI. Mitteil.: Weitere Beispiele für den Verlauf der Michael‐Addition bei Cyclohexandionen‐(1.3)
Authors: Stetter Hermann , Büntgen Christa , Coenen Marianne
Published: May 2007

Durch Michael‐Addition von Dihydroresorcin und 1‐Alkyl‐cyclohexandionen‐(2.6) an α,β‐ungesättigte Carbonsäureester unter gleichzeitiger Alkoholyse der Addukte wurden δ‐Ketocarbonsäureester erhalten, deren Verseifung und Reduktion γ‐Äthyl‐azelainsäure, γ‐Benzyl‐azelainsäure, 3‐Methyl‐heptan‐tricarbonsäure‐(1.2.7) und Heptandicarbonsäure‐(1.7)‐propionsäure‐(3) ergab.
Die Synthese von ω‐[3‐ und 5‐Oxy‐pyridyl‐(2)]‐fettsäuren
Authors: Gruber Wilhelm
Published: May 2007

Die Ammonolyse von α‐Furyl‐ketonen wird auf α‐Furyl‐ketocarbonsäuren übertragen, wodurch sich [3‐ und 5‐Oxy‐pyridyl‐(2)]‐fettsäuren, insbesondere auch Carpyrinsäure (aus Carpain), leicht gewinnen lassen.
Darstellung und Eigenschaften einiger β‐Oxyäthyl‐ und β‐Chloräthyl‐Verbindungen
Authors: Klamann Dieter , Bertsch Helmuth
Published: May 2007

Darstellung und Eigenschaften einiger [β‐Oxy‐äthyl]‐ und [β‐Chlor‐äthyl]‐sulfide und ‐äther sowie des [β‐Chlor‐äthyl]‐p‐tolyl‐sulfons und β‐Chlor‐äthan‐α‐sulfonsäure‐chlorids werden beschrieben.
Reduktionen in flüssigem Ammoniak III. 1.2‐Dimethyl‐cyclohexadien‐(1.4) aus o‐Xylol
Authors: Hückel Walter , Wörffel Udo
Published: May 2007

o‐Xylol wird in flüssigem Ammoniak in Gegenwart von Alkohol durch Natrium teilweise zu 1.2‐Dimethyl‐cyclohexadien‐(1.4) (3.6‐Dihydro‐o‐xylol) hydriert. Dieses wird Über sein Di‐ oder Tetrabromid, aus denen mit Zink das Brom abgespalten wird, rein gewonnen; seine Konstitution wird bewiesen.
Reduktionen in flüssigem Ammoniak, IV: Isotetralin (1.4.5.8‐Tetrahydro‐naphthalin)
Authors: Hückel Walter , Schlee Hans
Published: May 2007

Durch Reduktion von Naphthalin oder Δ2‐Dihydronaphthalin mit Natrium in flüssigem Ammoniak in Gegenwart von Alkohol entsteht das bei 58° schmelzende, an der Luft beständige 1.4.5.8‐Tetrahydronaphthalin, das kurz Isotetralin genannt werden soll. In sehr unreinem Zustande, als bei 42° schmelzende, rasch sich bräunende und sich dabei verflüssigende Substanz, war es bereits von A. J. Birch und Mitarbb. beschrieben worden, die jedoch keinen Konstitutionsbeweis geführt haben. Dieser ist jetzt erbracht worden.
Über die Einwirkung von Distickstofftrioxyd auf Methylamin
Authors: Klages Friedrich , Dasch Joseph
Published: May 2007

Methylamin setzt sich bei tiefer Temperatur mit Distickstofftrioxyd unter Stickstoffabspaltung zu Nitromethan und einer nicht exakt definierbaren, polymerisierbaren organischen Substanz um. Das bei dieser Reaktion entstehende Wasser löst in dem basischen Reaktionsmedium eine Disproportionierung des Distickstofftrioxyds zu Salpetersäure und Stickoxyd aus.
Über die Struktur des Stibiobenzols
Authors: Klages Friedrich , Rapp Walter
Published: May 2007

Es wurde festgestellt, daβ cin dem Phospho‐ und Arsonobenzol analog konstituiertes niedrigmolekulares Stibiobenzol nicht existiert. Statt seiner entstehen stets makromolekulare Reaktionsprodukte mit einem zu hohen Antimongehalt, auf die der Name Stibiobenzol Übertragen wurde.
Die Synthese der stereoisomeren Iso‐santene. Darstellung des 2.3‐Dimethylen‐1.4‐endomethylen‐cyclohexans und seine Überführung in Santen (mitbearbeitet von Adolf Grell)
Authors: Alder Kurt , Roth Wolfgang
Published: May 2007

Eine Synthese des Iso‐santens in seinen drei stereoisomeren Varianten wird beschrieben, desgleichen die Darstellung des 2.3‐Dimethylen‐1.4‐endomethylen‐cyclohexans. Die totale katalytische Hydrierung dieses Kohlenwasserstoffs folgt dem Gesetz der „exo‐Addition”︁. Die Reduktion mit nascierendem Wasserstoff ergibt das natürliche Santen.
Über Actinomycetenfarbstoffe, III. Mitteil.: Zur Konstitution des Limocrocins
Authors: Brockmann Hans , May Hans‐Ulrich
Published: May 2007

Perhydro‐limocrocin wurde durch Hydrolyse zur Tetradecan‐dicarbonsäure‐(1.14) abgebaut. Hieraus sowie aus dem chemischen und spektroskopischen Verhalten des Limocrocins ergibt sich, daβ dieser Actinomycetenfarbstoff ein Derivat des Descrocetins ist.
Farbreaktionen auf ungesättigte Carbonylverbindungen, I. Mitteil.: Azobenzol‐hydrazin‐sulfonsäure‐(4) als Farbreagens
Authors: Hünig Siegfried , Utermann Jasper
Published: May 2007

An Hand von qualitativen Reaktionen und Spektralkurven wird gezeigt, daβ die Farbreaktion der Azobenzol‐hydrazinsulfonsäure‐(4) (AHS) mit ungesättigten Carbonylverbindungen von der Zahl der zur Carbonylgruppe konjugierten Doppelbindungen abhängt.
Über eine Synthese von kristallisierbaren D‐Glucuron
Authors: Jayme Georg , Demmig Werner
Published: May 2007

Es wird eine Synthese von D‐Glucuron, ausgehend von Cellulose, Über Cellobiose‐oktaacetat, Heptaacetyl phenyl‐α‐cellobiosid, Phenyl‐α‐cellobiosid beschrieben. Die Verseifung von Heptaacetyl‐phenyl‐α‐cellobiosid konnte mit guter Ausbeute vereinfacht werden. Das Phenyl‐α‐cellobiosid wurde mit N2O4 bei 0° oxydiert, das Cellobiuronosid mit Schwefelsäure hydrolysiert und aus dem Hydrolysat Glucuronsäure in Form von kristallisiertem D‐Glucuron abgeschieden.
Elektrolyse organischer Säuren und Zerfall von Peroxyden, IV. Mitteil.: Die thermische Zersetzung symmetrischer und unsymmetrischer Peroxyde von Dicarbonsäuren
Authors: Dachs Karl
Published: May 2007

Die thermische Zersetzung von Bis‐[β‐carbomethoxy‐propionyl]‐peroxyd in Essigsäure (A) und einer Reihe von gemischten Peroxyden des Typs C6H5·CO·O·CO·[CH2]n·CO2R (B) wurde untersucht. Als neuartige Reaktionsprodukte traten ω‐Benzoyloxy‐fettsäureester auf. Im Fall B war bei Durchführung der Zersetzung ohne Lösungsmittel die Bildung der benzoylierten ω‐Oxy‐fettsäureester Hauptreaktion (79–85% d. Th.). Die Spaltung eines gemischten Peroxydes (B, n =4) in Dimethylanilin führte infolge der großen Neigung des Lösungsmittels zur Dehydrierung in der Hauptsache zu Hydrierungsprodukten der bei der Spaltung entstehenden Primärradikale. In allen Fällen konnte die Entstehung der gefaßten Reaktionsprodukte durch Umsetzung der Primärradikale erklärt werden.