bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulation Study of the Performance of a Cluster-Based Hypercube Multicomputer
Authors: Obeng Morrison S. , Mahgoub Imad , Ilyas Mohammad
Published: March 2007

In this paper, discrete-event simulation is used to evaluate the performance of a cluster-based hypercube architecture running parallel simplex and parallel Gaussian elimination algorithms.

The cluster-based hypercube architecture enhances the performance of the nodes of the existing hypercube architecture systems by incorporating in each node, a cluster of n execution processors connected through a small cross-bar switch with n memory modules. The memory modules in each node are shared by the processors within the node.

The simulations were developed for both the cluster-based hypercube architecture and the Intel Personal Supercomputer (iPSC/860, a conventional hypercube), and the results obtained were compared. The simulation results show a response time performance improvement of up to 30% in favor of the cluster-based hypercube architecture. We also observe that for increased link delays, the performance gap increases significantly in favor of the cluster-based hypercube architecture.
Simulation of a Blackboard System with Multiple Reasoning for System Identification in Adaptive Control Applications
Authors: Readle John C. , Alder Christopher
Published: March 2007

Adaptive control systems have been developed and used for a number of decades. There are still a number of problems with their operation, which limits their wider industrial adoption. This paper addresses one aspect of adaptive control, namely the on-line system identification of the time-varying dynamic process being controlled. The approach adopted is to use a blackboard system with algorithmic, fuzzy logic, and evolutionary reasoning to identify the underlying time-varying system model. A framework to implement this approach is proposed. The framework is simulated, and the paper describes the choice of language (Smalltalk-80) for, and the development of, this simulator. A number of simulation runs are described and discussed. Based on the simulations it is concluded that the frame work is very effective, particularly with respect to its robustness under the sort of poor conditions experienced in real adaptive control applications. The application of this approach to on-line system identification of a real plant is the principal recommendation.
Simulation Software Selection Using SimSelect
Authors: Hlupic Vlatka
Published: March 2007

Growing popularity of simulation modelling has resulted in an increase in the number of simulation packages available on the software market. The selection of an inadequate software package can result in significant financial losses and in the disruption of simulation projects. SimSelect is a software system that provides a support to the users when selecting simulation software. It consists of a database linked to a user interface developed using Visual Basic 3.0. Following a specification of user's requirements, the system queries a database and finds a simulation package as well as alternatives suitable to the user. This paper provides an outline of SimSelect and its usability for simulation software users, and addresses its possible future improvements.
A Simulation Study of VP Bandwidth Allocation for Heterogeneous Traffic in ATM Networks
Authors: Tsang Danny H. K. , Chan Jimmy H. S.
Published: March 2007

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks can support different traffic classes with diverse flow characteristics and guarantee the different quality of service (QoS) requirements. In this paper, both cell loss probability and maximum cell delay of each traffic class are considered. By exten-ding the Markov Modulated Deterministic Process method to the case of heterogeneous traffic, we develop an efficient algorithm to compute the minimum capacity required to satisfy all the QoS requirements when multiple classes of traffic sources are multi-plexed onto a virtual path (VP). Using the developed algorithm, we propose an iterative method to search for the optimal static VP bandwidth allocation. We then compare the performance of the static schemes to that of a dynamic VP bandwidth allocation scheme. The dynamic scheme makes use of priority handling and allows VP bandwidth to be shared among the VPs. Numerical results of the static and dynamic schemes are com-pared to evaluate their performance difference in terms of the total capacity and the total buffer required.
DISCS : An Object-Oriented Framework for Distributed Discrete-Event Simulation with the Standard Clock Method
Authors: Mollamustafaoglu Levent
Published: March 2007

Parallel simulation has generally been ap plied in the form of partitioning a simulation model into small pieces and solving each piece on a separate processor of a parallel computer. This method is especially useful when the aim of the simulation is to ease the simulation of a significantly complex system by utilizing the capacity of a parallel machine or a distributed set of machines or processors. There has been significant amount of work in this area, which constitutes a majority of par allel/distributed simulation studies. There is another set of simulation problems, which takes on the task of simulating differ ent variants of the same system, usually for optimizing the system parameters or for find ing the best system among alternatives. The Standard Clock method addresses this latter set by running separate experiments on dif ferent processors. This paper describes the DISCS distributed simulation framework that runs over a network of personal comput ers and reports the results of experiments performed on the framework to measure the robustness and efficiency of the distributed standard clock algorithm.
Simulation Modelling of Bulk Conveying Systems
Authors: Lebedev Alexander A.
Published: March 2007

The applicability of continuous and discrete simulation modelling techniques for bulk conveying systems is discussed. Quality of approximation of a theoretical conveyor is analysed for parabolic and harmonic feed functions in terms of relative errors of the feed rate and cumulative conveyed tonnage, as well as correlation between the actual and simulated output functions. The quantization effect for the discrete conveyor model is analysed. Boundaries of applicability of discrete and continuous simulation modelling approaches for the bulk conveying systems are defined.
Using an Analytical Model of Simulation in the Design of Lightweight Armours
Authors: Zaera Polo Ramón , Sánchez-Gálvez Vicente
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a model for the simulation of the impact of projectiles of high kinetic energy on lightweight ceramic/metal armours. The work was financed jointly by the Defence Ministries of Spain, Italy, Holland and Denmark as part of a project among nations for the development of tools for the design of this type of armour. The model consists of a series of differential equations incorporating the most essential phenomena of the impact process, formulated after a close study of a series of real fire tests. It features a nucleus of calculation into which the equations may in time be integrated, and may also include a user interface. This practical, preliminary design tool's efficacy is amply confirmed by test results.
Simulation of an Adaptive Speech Communications System Applicable to Time-Varying, Narrowband Channels
Authors: Thomas Bryn , Honary Bahram
Published: March 2007

An adaptive speech and channel coding scheme is described, applicable to the communication of intelligible speech over very narrowband, noisy channels. A fixed- channel bit rate of 1200 bits per second (b/s) is assumed and the channel Eb/N o can drop below 3 decibels. A family of speech coders, derived from a parent coder operating at 1200 b/s, is described which, when combined with a variable rate (punctured) convolutional code, yields an adaptive system capable of operating over a range of channel conditions. The locations of the channel Eb /No threshold points between the various schemes were derived through simulation.
An Overview of Object-Oriented Simulation
Authors: Roberts Chell A. , Dessouky Yasser M.
Published: March 2007

With an immense increase in research, development, and application of object- oriented simulation (OOS) over the past decade, there is evidence that this technology is becoming the choice for modeling large, complex, and/or distributed systems. This paper discusses the features of OOS that dispose it to modeling these types of systems and compares the OOS approach with traditional simulation approaches. A review of OOS languages and environments is followed by a discussion of current issues pertaining to object- oriented simulation.
Comparison of Scheduling Rules in a Flow Shop with Multiple Processors: A Simulation
Authors: Brah Shaukat A. , Wheeler Gloria E.
Published: March 2007

This simulation study investigated the effect on mean flow time and makespan of localized scheduling rules with dynamically established priorities in a flow shop with multiple processors. The study examined the effects of problem characteristics (number of jobs, number of machine stages and number of parallel processors at each stage) and the performance of priority rules using regression analysis. Although structural characteristics explained most of the variation in performance, priority rules also had an effect. The "shortest processing time first" rule was consistently superior; its superiority was greater for mean flow time than for makespan.
Strategic Planning Simulation Based on Fuzzy Cognitive Map Knowledge and Dif ferential Game
Authors: Kun Chang Lee  , Won Jun Lee  , O Byung Kwon  , Jae Ho Han  , Pyung Il Yu
Published: March 2007

It is very difficult for strategic planning managers to fully understand complex chains of influence process of the changing environment on the per formance of implemented strategy. To resolve this kind of problem, this paper presents a mechanism of integrating fuzzy cognitive map knowledge with a strategic planning simulation, where a fuzzy cognitive map (FCM) helps decision makers under stand the complex dynamics between a certain strategic goal and related environmental factors. We use a differential game mechanism as a main vehicle of strategic planning simulation so that the FCM knowledge-based simulation can be per formed as incorporating time-variant competition. Experiments with a set of numerical examples showed that the performance of the proposed stra tegic planning simulation mechanism can effec tively allow decision makers to build robust stra tegic planning under time-variant competitive situations, and yield very promising results in terms of performance.
Reflections on the History of the Society for Computer Simulation International
Authors: Crosbie Roy E.
Published: March 2007

The Simulation Council, which later became the Soci ety for Computer Simulation International, was formed in 1952, four and a half years after the operation of the world's first electronic, stored-program digital com puter in Manchester, England. The original Simulation Council was joined by several other similar Councils in different parts of North America in the formation of Simulation Councils Inc. (SCi). Now known as the Soci ety for Computer Simulation International, the organi zation has nearly 2,000 members throughout the world.
Simulation in the Service of Society
Authors: McLeod John , McLeod Suzette
Published: March 2007

An emerging use for simulation is its employment to help people better understand how war comes about. This improved understanding can help people devise better ways to prevent wars from occurring. Consid erably more research needs to be done to make a simu lation that adequately represents the dynamics that lead to a war, however. One aspect of this work is that we need to distinguish between different types of vio lent conflict. We need this distinction because the pro cesses by which an ethnic conflict erupts differ in many significant ways from the processes that lead to a war between two countries, and those different processes require unique representations within a simulation model. This paper presents findings about war from a project to accomplish that specific task. It is a project to categorize conflicts into different types based on their shared and differing characteristics. The findings about the nature and characteristics of war are based on a dataset of 2,563 violent conflicts since 1400 AD, information that has not been assembled at such a scale until now.
La participation sociale dans la vie d'une paroisse urbaine
Authors: Bressan Vanni
Published: March 2007

This interesting study is both an adaptation to the English situation and a critical analysis of the typology proposed by Fr. Fichter, S.J. for participation in parish life. The author examines the concrete characteristics of each type of parishioner, and gives a discriminating synthesis of them.
L'appartenance religieuse chez les Mormons
Authors: Hill R.
Published: March 2007

The author describes the principles and socio-cultural processes existing at the source of the intense activity displayed by the members of the Mormon Church. The interiorisation of their involvement in the Church is accelerated among the future converts by a rapid participation in res ponsibilities. Amongst members born into families already belonging to the Mormon Church, the same feeling is accentuated by the importance of the parts played by even the very young. Conversely, marginal mem bers who seek to become more independent, are confronted by opposi tion in a variety of forms, due to the remarkable intermingling of reli gious and personal relationships, especially such as are connected with family life.
Opinion publique, groupes de pression et autorité constituée dans la vie de l'Eglise catholique
Authors: Remy Jean
Published: March 2007

The inclusion in the field of religion of certain practices which are legitimate in the political sphere profoundly affects the structuring of the former in a way which is not reflected in the latter.

These practices in the political sphere have combined to help the emergence of centralised power, but their effect is different in the field of religion, the structure of which tends to have more in common with the literary or artistic spheres.

The analysis is centred upon the appeals to public opinion, which has been regarded as legitimate, and on the importance for the life of the Church of public opinion taken in the context of discussion between established authority and pressure groups. This implies an analysis of the structure which controls the means of communication with the masses and the extent to which this structure has been acknowledged as having the right to decide who shall speak. A new area for negotiation has been created which is subject to the social limits imposed by diverse forms of pluralism.
Predicting the Breaking Elongation of Ring Spun Cotton Yarns Using Mathematical, Statistical, and Artificial Neural Network Models
Authors: Majumdar Prabal Kumar , Majumdar Abhijit
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a comparative study of three modeling methodologies for predicting the breaking elongation of ring spun cotton yarns. Constituent cotton fiber properties and yarn count are used as inputs to these models. The predictive powers of the three different models—mathematical, statistical, and artificial neural network—are estimated and com pared. The relative importance of various cotton fiber properties measured by a high volume instrument is also investigated using the artificial neural network model.
Predicting Equilibrium Moisture Relations With Particular Reference to Textile Fibers
Authors: Whitwell John C. , Toner Richard K.
Published: March 2007

In a previous paper [ 5] of this series, it was indicated that methods of forecast ing equilibrium data would be subsequently presented. It is therefore the purpose of this paper to discuss the methods used in extrapolating experimental equilibrium moisture regain data and to outline the procedures by which an entire family of equilibrium curves may be predicted with a minimum of experimental data.
textile research journal
Authors: White Howard J. , Eyring Henry
Published: March 2007

This paper contains a discussion of the water-adsorption properties of a class of long-chain materials with many polar groups, which includes most textile fibers. The process discussed is distinguished from the adsorption by substances such as metal and metallic oxide catalysts in that it is not strictly a surface phenomenon, the adsorbent swelling as water is adsorbed. It differs from simple hydrate formation in that the water uptake is a continuous function of relative humidity, although in theory this behavior can be considered to be caused by the existence of an infinitely large number of possible hydrates. And, finally, it is distinguished from adsorption by liquids by the fact that the adsorbent possesses, and retains during the adsorption process, a certain amount of dimensional stability.

In the first part of the paper a summary is given of some experimental data. This summary is not a complete review of previous work but is rather an outline of the data on the various phe nomena associated with the adsorption process. The purpose of this section is to give as much information on the fundamental adsorption process as possible rather than to give data for a large number of representative substances. For this reason many references, especially to chemically modified fibers (which contrast individual members of this class but do not contribute new infor mation on the fundamental adsorption process), are omitted.

In the second section a review of previous theoretical treatments is given and a new theory of the adsorption isotherm for this class of substances is proposed. This treatment is derived by the methods of statistical mechanics and expresses the adsorption isotherm in terms of the relative humidity, regain, and molecular parameters in the simplest case. The application of the theory to experimental data shows surprisingly good agreement between theoretical and experimental isotherms, considering the approximations involved. In some cases missing data are estimated from known data for similar substances.

The third section contains a discussion of adsorption hysteresis in terms of the theory developed here and the theory of absolute reaction rates, as well as a discussion of the constants of the isotherm.
Heat Setting of Protein and Cellulosic Fibers
Authors: Lindberg Joel , Køpke Vibeke , Fløisand Gerd
Published: March 2007

It is shown in this paper that protein and cellulosic fibers can be heat set at tempera tures above 100° C and moisture regains varying from that corresponding to 65% RH to the saturated value providing the moisture regain is kept constant during the treatment. No chemicals need to be added before or during the treatment.
Interference Microscopy in Polymer Research
Authors: Peck V.G. , Carter W.L.
Published: March 2007

The Baker interference microscole was successfully used to observe and measure some of the optical properties of external skin layers on cellulose acetate, modified acrylic, and polyester fibers. The skin on cellulose acetate was shown to he composed of normal acetate with void inclusions of 13% to 17% of the total volume. Optiral measurements on polyester fibers revealed the relationship between indices of refraction, birefringence, and draft ratio. The rubber phase in ABS plastics and emulsions was observed and compared. In addition, particulate matter unobserved by other means was found in other solutions.
Presensitization of Cotton by the Deposition of Polymers of N-Methylol Compounds
Authors: Margeson John H. , Getchell Nelson F.
Published: March 2007

A study was made of the presensitization of cotton by deposition of N-methylol poly mers and catalyst in the fabric, to permit subsequent curing of the fabric in garment form. The following N-methylol compounds were studied: triazone-formaldehyde, triazine-formaldehyde, dimethylolethyleneurea, melamme-formaldehyde, modified mela mine-formaldehyde, and dimethylolurea. The method of deposition involved impregna tion of the cotton fabric with an aqueous solution of the N-methylol compound and an acid catalyst. After impregnation, the damp fabric was permitted to remam at room temperature or a slightly higher temperature for 24 hr to promote polymerization of the reagent within the fiber. It was found that for all the N-methylol compounds exammed, significant amounts of polymer could be deposited within the cotton with substantially no loss in fabric strength and no impartation of crease recoveru or wash-and-wear properties. The treated fabrics could be subsequently cured by heating at an elevated temperature to develop these properties, as well as to impart sharp creases. Thus, the polymer deposition method was found to produce presensitized cotton fabrics. The attainment of sharp durable creases was easier, however, than the development of a high level of wash-and-wear properties.

The stability to storage of the polymer-presensitized fabrics was examined under several conditions and compared with that of cotton presensitized by the same monomers. The stability to storage of the polymer-presensitized fabrics was superior to that of the monomer-presensitized materials in several cases. However, the levels of wash-wear properties attained to date with the polymer treatments were not as high as those required by current commercial usage, and an extra step is required by the process.

With one of the compounds examined, a melamine-formaldehyde, a cured fabric which had a balance between strength retention and wash-wear properties superior to that normally obtained with resin-treated fabrics was obtained. However, under these experimental conditions a high level of crease recovery and wash-wear properties was not obtained.

While no commercially justifiable treatment has so far emerged from these results, the data are of theoretical interest, particularly since they suggest that polymer deposition within the cotton fiber may mitigate the strength losses produced in wash-wear treat ments. The data also confirm the already prevalent concept that polymer deposition alone within the cotton fiber does not significantly contribute to wash-wear properties.
Nonwoven Fabric Studies
Authors: Hearle J.W.S. , Michie R.I.C. , Stevenson P.J.
Published: March 2007

This investigation has aimed at correlating nonwoven fabric properties, particularly those associated with fabric drape, with the properties of the component fiber and binder. Model fabrics have been constructed using one water-sensitive component whose properties could be varied by conditioning with water, water-methanol, or methanol. It has been found that the initial modulus of the fabric varies directly with the fiber modulus, in accordance with theoretical prediction, but is less sensitive to changes in the binder; the present results indicate a square root dependence on the binder modulus. The drape coefficient also varies markedly with fiber modulus and to a smaller extent with the binder modulus. It is clear that a nonwoven fabric made by conventional methods could be endowed with adequate draping characteristics if the fiber modulus were low enough; the figure tentatively suggested here is in the region of 30 g tex.
A Determination of the Fastness Properties of Dieldrin in Wool by Radioactive Tracer Techniques
Authors: Williams V.A.
Published: March 2007

Radioactive tracer studies have been used as a technique to measure uptake rates and determine the fastness properties of dieldrin applied to wool. This has allowed their determination to a much higher degree of accuracy than has been possible hitherto. From white spirit solution there is no exhaustion of dieldrin from the solution onto wool ; only a surface layer consisting of discrete crystals is deposited [14] and this is easily removed by non-swelling solvents of warm detergent solution.

Application from aqueous emulsion systems results in rapid uptake by the wool of dieldrin., Repeated (15 min) cold water rinses each remove about 0.9 percent' of the available dieldrin from emulsion treated wool. Compared with cold water, relative leaching rates are about 0.5 for perchlorethylene; 1.5-2.5 for warm water, charged perchlorethylene, charged or uncharged white spirit ; and 20-25 for warm detergent solution.
The Treatment of Wool with Aqueous Dispersions of Self-Crosslinking Polyacrylates
Authors: Feldtman H.D. , McPhee J.R.
Published: March 2007

A study of the treatment of wool with a series of self-cross-linking polyacrylates has shown a wide range of possible uses in wool finishing. The softer polyacrylates give better resistance to felting and a higher increase in abrasion resistance than the harder polymers, and are more generally useful since reductions in felting, tumble drying shrink age, and pilling, and increases in tensile strength and abrasion resistance are obtained with no significant changes in stiffness, tear strength, or wrinkle recovery. However, the harder polymers can be used to obtain improved washability and durability of wool fabrics, together with increased stiffness and fullness if desired.

Reduced felting is probably due to partial covering of fiber surfaces by polymer. rather than to fiber bonding, but some bonding can occur and this may produce such properties of polymer-treated wool such as reduced pilling and resistance to tumble drying shrinkage.
The Cross-Linking of Cotton Cellulose by Aliphatic Dicarboxylic Acids
Authors: Campbell Hugh J. , Francis Thomas
Published: March 2007

Cross-linked, fibrous, cellulose diesters have been prepared using trifluoroacetic anhydride as a condensation agent for reaction of cotton fabric with eleven different, terminally-substituted, dicarboxylic acids ranging from malonic acid (C 3) to eicosane- 1,20-dicarboxylic acid (C22). In the range C2 to C5, only malonic acid reacts readily, oxalic acid being unreactive, while succinic and glutaric acids have qnly slight reactivity. With diadds from C6 to C 22, reaction occurs readily and a decrease in reactivity with chain length is observed. The reaction products are predominantly cellulose diesters containing a relatively small number of acid-ester residues.

For each acid, the effect of varying the degree of cross-linking on the crease recovery, moisture regain, and water imbibition of the fabric has been determined. Crease recovery angles increase with the extent of reaction and, at equivalent degrees of cross-linking, longer chain acids effect more improvement in crease recovery than acids of shorter chain length. In geheral, both the nioisture regain and water imbibition of the fabric are decreased by esterification, the effect being greater the longer the acid chain length. Possible reasons for the observed effects are discussed.
The Effect of Alkali Treatment on the Properties of Diatcohol Cotton
Authors: Hobart Stanley R. , Mack Charles H. , Wade Clinton P.
Published: March 2007

Samples of dialdehyde cotton yarns and fabrics have been reduced with sodium boro hydride to dialcobol cotton and subsequently treated with sodium hydroxide solutions. Pronounced improvements in breaking strengths resulted from the alkali treatments; the yarn strengths for dialcohol cotton were raised from the range of dialdehyde cotton to substantially the level of the untreated yarns. Several levels of oxidation and caustic concentrations were studied.
Studies of Soiling and Detergency
Authors: Fort Tomlinson , Billica H.R. , Sloan C.K.
Published: March 2007

A study was made of filaments taken from fabrics of clean, use-soliled, and laundry- soiled cotton and "Dacron"® polyester fibers. Electron microscope examination of filament surfaces and cross sections identified both organic and inorganic particulate soil constituents distributed in a manner which was determined by the treatment the soiled fabrics had received. Evidence was obtained for the binding of particulate soil to fiber surfaces with a fatty soil adhesive.
Cantilever Bending Behavior of Plain Weave Fabrics Constructed of Continuous Filament Cords
Authors: Zorowski C.F. , Chen C.S.
Published: March 2007

Results are presented of a study of the cantilever bending behavior of plain weave fabrics constructed of continuous filament cords. Sample fabrics were produced from nylon tire yarn twisted into two-ply cords of the same construction used in an earlier cord , bending investigation. The number of picks and ends were varied in a predetermined fashion to provide tight, loose, and intermediate constructions. Cantilever bending tests carried out with selected samples of the fabrics indicated a bending behavior very similar to that observed in the cord bending study. That is, the end deflection 8 divided by the extended length l is proportional to the extended length cubed, once an initial threshold frictional constraint is overcome, providing the deflection ratio δ/ l does not exceed 0.50. Effective bending stiffness for the fabric samples was found to be much higher than that of the individual cords. This can be attributed to additional constraints introduced by the frictional forces at the cord crossover points. Based on experimental observation and other physical considerations, a mathematical model is proposed and presented for predicting the bending stiffness of the fabric samples as a function of the construction, the individual cord stiffness, and the frictional constraints expressed in terms of the initial extended length of sample l o required to overcome the initial threshold frictional state. Comparison of experimental and predicted values of lo indicate reasonable agree ment for the model when applied to the fabric samples possessing loose construction. For the tighter construction samples, the model predicts a higher value of lo / l than is measured. This, in turn, corresponds to a prediction of greater stiffness than is physically observed.
Changes in Fine Structure of Cotton Modified With Butadienediepoxide—Spectral and Microscopical Studies
Authors: Ziifle Hilda M. , Berni Ralph J. , Cannizzaro Anna M. , Benerito Ruth R.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents results of spectral and microscohical studies designed to relate observed differences in fabric properties to changes detected in fine structures of cottons chemically moditied with d, l-isomers of butadienediepoxide (BDO) under conditions of base catalysis. Cottons pretreated with aqueous NaOH (2% to 23%) can be etherified with BDO in CCl4 while the fibers are in a wet and swollen condition at room tempera ture. with the resultant production of fabries possessing both high dry- and high wet- crease resistance. All concentrations of base pretreatments caused increased wet crease recoveries at low ad-ons of BDO. High dry crease recoveries were obtained at low add-ons only on fabries pretreated with dilute NaOH. For 10% to 15% NaOH pre treatments. higher add-ons of BDO were needed to impart high dry as well as high wet recovery. X-ray diffraction tracings indicate structural differences related to caustic pretreatments, and infrared spectral changes, coupled with x-ray data, suggest changes in cellulosic reaction sites with changes in reaction conditions. Microscopical examinations indicate formation of BDO cross links after all pretreatment conditions, but reflect differences in swelling behavior as a result of base pretreatment.
Set and Release of Set in Wool Fibers: Release at 20°C
Authors: Haly A.R.
Published: March 2007

Unreduced and reduced wool fibers were set in water at 80°C and 20°C, respectively. Both types were released at 20°C in water or hydrochloric acid solution. Often, length recovery was still continuing after release for many days. Length recovery was more rapid in the HCl solution. This indicates that disulfide/sulphydryl interchange is not an important rate-controlling process in recovery under the conditions specified. In agreement with previous work, it was found that the stress at the instant of release must have fallen below a, "critical" value if here is to be a residual set at times greater than one minute, after release. The "critical" stress is lower for reduced wool than for unreduced Wool. The forces aiding and opposing recovery are discussed, as well as changes in conformation accompanying set and recovery. Finally, the data are con sidered in terms of series-zone models for wool.
Uptake of Metal Complexes by Wool and Their Effects
Authors: Laurie S.H.
Published: March 2007

The amount of Zr (IV) irreversibly taken up by wool fabric from solutions containing various concentrations of acid, sulfate. and neutral salt has been measured at two or more temperatures. The presence of formic acid led to greater uptakes, a maximum of 11.5% ZrO 2 being obtained with small wool samples. The data indicate little cross-linking of polypeptide chains by the Zr. The effects of impregnation with 1. 3, and 5% ZrO2 on various properties of the fabric were recorded. The extension at break showed considerable improvement, but other properties examined were affected to a minor extent.
Kinetics of the Reactions of Ethyleneurea Derivatives with Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Gonzales Elwood J. , Benerito Ruth R. , Berni Ralph J. , Zacharis Harry M.
Published: March 2007

The kineties of the reactions of cotton print cloth treated with 0.55 M solutions of 4.5-dihydroxy-1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-imidazolidinone (dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea) in the presence of 0.03 M inorganic salt catalysts have been investigated. The present two-stage delayed-cure process for chemically modifying the performance of cellulosic fabrics depends on the significant differences in reactivities of cellu lose with methylol functional groups and with the hydroxyl groups of the urea derivatives. Specific reaction rate constants at 45, 55, 65, 75, and 85°C in the presence of ZnCl2, Zn(NO3)2, MgCl 2, and Mg(NO3)2 have been calculated by following the changes in nitrogen and formaldehyde contents and the changes in crease recovery properties of finished fabrics. These rates have been compared with those determined when cotton retets with an etherifying agent having ring hydroxyls only, as in the cellulose-dihydroxy ethyleneurea reactions, and with those determined when the etherifying agent has methylol hydroxyls only, as in the cellulose-dimethylolethyleneurea reactions. Enthalpies, entropies, and free energies of activation have been compared.
The Alkali-Catalyzed Reaction of Methylol Carbamates with Cotton
Authors: Reinhardt Robert M. , Bruno Joseph S. , Frick J.G.
Published: March 2007

The alkali-catalyzed reaction of dimethylol monoalkyl carbamates with cotton cellulose proceeds through only one of the N-methylol groups and produces no cross linking. This results from à different reactivity in the second methylol group, after the first has reacted. The reaction produces a cotton containing amido hydrogens whose number or properties vary with the alkyl group of the carbamate.
Quantitative Determination of Dyes in Textile Fibers Part I : Cationic and Nonionic (Disperse) Dyes in Polyacrylonitrile Polymers
Authors: Kissa Erik
Published: March 2007

Cationic and nonionic dyes in polyacrylonitrile fiber are determined spectrophotometrically by dissolving the dyed fiber in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) acidified with p-toluene-sulfonic acid. The absorptivity and stability of the cationic dye dissolved in DMSO depend upon the acidity of the solvent and exhibit a maximum in the pH range of 2.4-4.0. In the absence of acid some cationic, e.g., triarylmethane, dyes fade rapidly in DMSO or dimethylformamide (DMF). The fading is not always reversible upon acidification. The lightfastness of cationic dyes is higher in DMSO than in DMF containing the same amount of p-toluenesulfonic acid.
Mechanical Response of a Tubular Braided Cable with an Elastic Core
Authors: Phoenix S.L.
Published: March 2007

A model is developed for the linear clastic response of a diamond tubular braid containing a flexil le elastic core. The analysis assumes small displacements, and special assumptions are made regarding strand crossover geometry and strand lateral compressibility. Key parameters influencing the mechanical response are the braid helix angle, the crimp angle at strand crossovers, and the modulus and Poisson's ratio of the core. Special attention is given to the case where the core is flexible but essentially incompressible. The braid strength and stiffness decrease as either the braid helivangle or crimp angle are increased. Furthermore the "Chinese finger" effect of the braid on the core significantly reduces the brand strength and modulus for larger braid helix angles. Limited experimental data is presented which supports the theoretical conclusions.
A Preliminary Study of the Fiber-Length Distribution in Fly Produced During the Weft Knitting of Cotton Yarns
Authors: Brown Peter
Published: March 2007

Approximately 50% by weight of all ily released from a carded cotton yarn during knitting is deposited at the cone- unwinding point. Most of this fly consists of short fibers 2 mm or less in length. Normal yarn lubrication using wax has no signficant effect on either the amount or composition of deposited fly. Slashing yarns with a polyvinyl alcohol- based product reduces fly quantity significantly but is an impractical solution to the problem.
Mechano-Chemical Effects During Texturization of Nylon 6
Authors: Bhatlacharya T.K. , Sengupta A.K. , Mukhirjil A.K.
Published: March 2007

An attempt has been made to identify the role and contribution of the three degradative processes. iz. thermal, me chanical, and thermo-oxidative, that arc active during texturization of nylon 6 multifilament yarn. It was found that the mechanical degradation takes place predominantly, whereas thermal degradation occurs to a less extent. The thermo-oxidative degradation contributes little to the overall degradative processes The major effects of these processes lead to a change in average size and size distribution of the parent polymer, which, in turn, cause a reduction in the mechanical properties of the yarn. Infrared and ultraviolet spectra do not indicate any change in the original chemical composition of the polymer.
An Apparent Relation Between the Spiral Angle ϕ, the Percent Elongation El, and the Dimensions of the Cotton Fiber
Authors: Stephens S.G.
Published: March 2007

A statistical analysis of fiber properties in 56 research cotton samples and 54 primitive rate stocks of Gossypium hirsutum showed that percent elongation E 1 was positively associated with fiber diameter and negatively associated with fiber wall thickness. These associations were more strongly expressed in the research samples, involving highly selected cotton types, than in the primitive, relatively unselected race stocks. It was show n that E1, as measured by the Stelometer, may be a function of ϕ, the spiral angle of the fiber. Estimates of the spiral angle calculated from the E1 data gave mean values of 21.99 to 22.41°, which are in close agreement with the "peak" values (22.0 to 22.5°) determined by Morosoff and Ingram using x-ray microcamera photography. Simplistic models of the tubular structure of the cotton fiber were examined to explore the interrelations of variations in spiral angle, elongation, fiber gauge, and wall thickness, and a possible interpretation is presented.
N-Methylolpolyethyleneureas-Reagents Yielding Durable-Press Cotton Fabrics with Improved Retention of Strength-Abrasion Resistance
Authors: Bertoniere Noelie R. , Black Mildred K. , Rowland Stanley P.
Published: March 2007

Polyethylenimines, degree of polymerization = 1-5, 7, and 14, were reacted with urea to form oligomeric noncyclic analogues of ethyleneurea that were subsequently treated with formaldehyde to yield the corresponding N-methylol polyethyleneureas. All seven of these oligomers were shown to undergo facile acid-catalyzed gelation at 50°C. They were applied to cotton twill with Al2(OH)2Cl.2NH2O as the crosslinking/polymerization catalyst. The textile properties of these fabrics were compared with those of fabrics treated with ten conventional crosslinking reagent/catalyst systems. The fabrics finished with the N methylolpolyethyleneureas had significantly higher than conventional levels of retained strength and abrasion resistance at comparable durable-press appearance ratings. The best balance of properties oc curred when the degree of polymerization of the N-methylolpolyethyleneurea was in the 2-4 range. Microscopical studies indicated a more open, less tightly cross-linked structure in the N-methylolpolyethyleneurea fabrics relative to fabrics treated with conventional reagents. The attractive performance properties conferred by the N-methylolpolyethyl eneureas are attributed to the ability of the reagent to penetrate the cotton fiber, undergo facile polymerization and moderate cellulosic crosslinking, deposit small amounts of resin on fiber surfaces, and yield modified fibers that are more open and less tightly crosslinked than are conventionally crosslinked fibers.
Chemicals and Textiles
Authors: Hatch Kathryn L.
Published: March 2007

The role of textile finishes in producing skin reactions is reviewed. About ten finishes have been identified that irritate and/or sensitize the skin of consumers. Only formaldehyde resin fabrics have caused a substantial number of cases of dermatitis. Types and severity of reaction are given and incidence rates estimated. Little is known about the transfer of chemicals from fabric to the skin and the sensitization process.
Hydrophobic Interaction and Its Effect on Cationic Dyeing of Acrylic Fabric
Authors: Yiqi YanhI  , Ladisch Christine M.
Published: March 2007

The influence of electrolytes on the mechanism of cationic dyeing of acrylic fabric has been investigated in terms of ionic and hydrophobic interactions. The effect of salt on hydrophobic interaction is reviewed and used to explain the "unusual increase of dye sorption which occurs at salt concentrations up to 0.5 mol/l," described by Alberghina and co-workers. Thermodynamic analysis suggests that the ionic distri bution coefficient of the dye ( KD ) is a function of chemical potential changes due to hydrophobic interactions. Therefore, KDdepends on the type and concentration of electrolyte in the dyebath.
A Morphological Study of Cotton Fabric Damage by Electro-Generated Oxygen
Authors: Kokot S. , Marahusin L. , Schweinsberg P.
Published: March 2007

Hole formation in cotton fabrics similar to that observed during the peroxide bleaching process and known as "catalytic damage" may be produced by exposing the fabric to an electrochemical process involving generation of oxygen at platinum anodes. A morphological study of an electrochemically damaged poplin fabric is de scribed. Several morphological fiber changes are identified, including crack formation consistent with granular and spiral splittings. A qualitative model is proposed high lighting a possible sequence of morphological changes that occur during oxidation and culminate in fiber rupture.
Effect of Heat-Setting Temperature on Alkali Hydrolysis of Poly ( ethylene Terephthalate) Fibers
Authors: Shouhua Niu  , Wakida Tomiji
Published: March 2007

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fiber was heat set at 100 to 220°C and then hydrolyzed with 10% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution at 90°C for 60 and 120 minutes. Weight loss from the alkali hydrolysis initially decreased with increased heat- setting temperature up to 140°C and then increased at temperatures above 140°C. This phenomenon is similar to those with hydrazine treatment and with disperse dyeing of heat-set PET fibers and can be attributed to changes in the fine structure, especially in the amorphous regions of the fiber, caused by heat-setting treatment at different temperatures. Crystallinity and disperse dye uptake for the hydrolyzed PET fiber increased with hydrolysis, indicating differences in the fine structure from the outer to the inner regions of the fiber.
Development of a Constitutive Theory for Short Fiber Yarns Part II: Mechanics of Staple Yarn With Slippage Effect
Authors: Ning Pan
Published: March 2007

A general constitutive theory governing the mechanical behavior of staple yarns and including the effect of fiber slippage during yarn extension is presented in this paper. A differential equation describing the stress transfer mechanism as well as the slippage influence in a staple yarn is applied by which both the distributions of fiber tension and lateral pressure along a fiber length are derived. A so-called fiber slippage ratio λ is defined in terms of fiber and yarn properties to specify the length along both ends of a fiber that is slipping during yarn extension. Factors such as fiber dimensions and properties, the effect of the discontinuity of fiber length within the structure, and fiber orientations in the yarn are all included in the theory. The slippage effect is incorporated into the results obtained in Part I of this study, so that the tensile and shear moduli as well as Poisson's ratios of the yarn with slippage effect are theoretically determined. Comparisons of these properties in both cases with and without the slippage mechanism are provided in this paper.
Evaluating Carpet Appearance Loss: Surface Intensity and Roughness
Authors: Pourdeyhimi B. , Sobus J. , Xu B.
Published: March 2007

Changes in the appearance of carpet pile due to mechanical wear may be evaluated with respect to changes in global image properties, i.e., those based on one-dimensional characterizations of the intensity surface. This paper describes the application of gray scale image analysis to the measurement of microtexture variation and roughness or relief. We attempt to characterize microtexture with intensity mean, variance, skewness, and spatial co-occurrence. Surface relief is quantified as normalized intensity area and fractal dimension. Our samples show that simple mechanical wear generally entails a loss of relief and variation, but carpet construction has an important effect on the observed trends. Intensity mean and fractal dimension are promising candidates for automated evaluation of carpet appearance.
Replication or dissent? Culture and institutions among 'Untouchable' Scheduled Castes in Karnataka
Authors: Karanth G.K.
Published: March 2007

The idea of replication of what Dumont considered the 'essential principle' of the Indian caste system has tended to deny the existence of cultural autonomy among the very low castes, especially the former Untouchable castes. It was argued that former Untouchable castes replicate the dominant social order within their communities. By drawing on empirical evidence from a Karnataka village, this article attempts to refute the idea of a passive acceptance of a low and subordinate status by the former Untouchahle castes. It aims to show that the apparent replication may also be viewed as one of the ways of articulating an independent cultural identity, besides demonstrating dissent against the hegemonic social orden. In the process, the article makes an attempt to refocus the Dumontian discourse from 'replication and consensus' to 'hegemony and dissent'.
Masks and faces: an essay on Punjabi kinship
Authors: Das Veena
Published: March 2007

Man need not be degraded to a machine, by being denied to be a ghost in a machine. He might, after all, be a sort of animal, namely a higher mammal. There has yet to be ventured the hazardous leap to the hypothesis that perhaps he is a man.GILBERT RYLE
Becoming a Journeyman Electrician
Authors: Riemer Jeffrey W.
Published: March 2007

Tools, costume, and jargon are used as implicit indicators of the occupational socialization process for a sample of apprentice construction electricians (195). The data support the notion that occupational identification increases in a linear fashion as the apprentice moves through a five-year program toward journeyman status.