bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Yield and quality of forage from intercrops of barley and annual ryegrass
Authors: Thompson D. J. , Stout D. G. , Mir Z. , Moore T.
Published: April 2011

Three spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and four annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) types were intercropped to evaluate the potential yield and quality of forage which can be produced under irrigation in southern interior B.C. All treatments were intercrops; when barley cultivar effects are described they are averaged over the ryegrasses and vice versa. Barley cultivars differed in grain maturity. Ryegrass cultivars included diploid and tertraploid Italian and Westerwolds types. Intercrops including late grain maturing barley cultivars (Samson and Virden) increased the yield of the first silage cut (both by 25% over 2 yr) compared to Diamond, a medium-maturing cultivar adapted to the area. Intercrops containing the semi-dwarf barley, Samson, produced more digestible forage including higher in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) and lower ADF and lignin. Annual ryegrass yield in the first cut intercropped with Samson was almost twice that with either Diamond or Virden, showing that Samson barley is less competitive. Second-cut yield (ryegrass regrowth) was greater for tetraploid than diploid annual ryegrasses. Yields of fall pasture (cuts 3 and 4) were similar among ryegrass cultivars. Cuts 2 and 3 (ryegrass only) of Italian ryegrasses had superior quality (higher IVDDM and protein; and lower ADF, lignin, and NDF) to Westerwolds ryegrassses, but all cultivars had similar quality in the late fall (Cut 4). It was concluded that a range of barley and annual ryegrass cultivars can be successfully intercropped to produce forage in south central B.C.Key words: Intercropping, barley annual ryegrass, forage yield and quality
The biology of Canadian weeds. 99. Viola arvensis Murr.
Authors: Doohan Douglas J. , Monaco Thomas J.
Published: April 2011

Viola arvensis Murr., field violet, is distributed in all Canadian provinces and most of the continental United States. It is one of the most common weeds associated with grain production in Europe. Viola arvensis tolerates most herbicides used in production of grains and many other crops. Selective pressure from increased herbicide use and long grain rotations appears to be responsible for increased frequency and density of V. arvensis in a number of important crops. The objective of this article is to summarize biological data known for this species.Key words: Viola arvensis Murr., weed biology, germination, response to herbicides
Response of cultivated mustard species to DPX-A7881
Authors: Blackshaw R. E. , Derksen D. A.
Published: April 2011

Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to determine the tolerance of cultivated mustards, Brassica juncea and B. hirta to the herbicide DPX-A7881 [methyl 2-(4-ethoxy-6-menthylamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) (amino) (carbonyl) (amino) (sulfonyl) benzoate]applied at various rates and stages of growth. Cultivated mustards are tolerant to DPX-A7881 at rates required to control wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) thus fallowing the previously impossible selective control of this weed in cultivated mustards.Key words: Crop tolerance, growth stage, seed yield, DPX-A7881, Ethametsulfuron
The chemical composition of somatic hybrids between Nicotiana tabacum and N. debneyi
Authors: Court William A. , Pocs Robert , Hendel John G. , Brandle J. E.
Published: April 2011

The chemical composition of somatic hybrids resulting from six separate fusion events involving Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana debneyi was examined in relation to that of the parental species. Nonvolatile organic acids, fatty acids, phenolic constituents, plastid pigments, tobacco alkaloids, solanesol, and individual cembranes and paraffins of the surface waxes were determined in green tissue from field grown plants. The chemical composition of the individual somatic hybrids was often intermediate between the two species; however, there were instances where the concentration of individual constituents was similar to one of the species, or where concentrations were in excess of either parental species. Given the importance of leaf quality to the value of a tobacco crop, careful attention to chemical constituents during backcrossing and introgression is advocated.Key words: Somatic hybrids, Nicotiana tabacum, Nicotiana debneyi, tobacco chemistry
Winter increases and kernel hardness testing in a spring wheat breeding program
Authors: Briggs K. G. , Hongli Zhang
Published: April 2011

Kernel hardness measurements were performed on lines from a Canada Prairie Spring wheat cross. High correlations were found between performance of F2-derived F5 bulks from a winter increase nursery (latitude 33°N) with performance of the related F4 and F6 bulks grown in Edmonton (latitude 54°N). It is proposed that hardness testing of samples increased in winter nurseries may allow greater efficiency in a spring wheat breeding program.Key words: Wheat (spring), kernel hardness, breeding
An electronic system for measuring and recording the dimensions of horticultural produce
Authors: Buckley D. J. , Fagan W. E. , Ricketson C. L.
Published: April 2011

The design and operation of an electronic measuring system for simultaneous measurement of vertical and horizontal dimensions of horticultural produce are described. The system consists of two electronic scale units, mounted on a rigid support frame, which are connected to a portable computer via a multiplexer. A hand-held electronic calliper is also connected to the multiplexer to add versatility to the system for measuring small or untrimmed produce. System components are readily available and relatively inexpensive. The system is accurate, reliable and reduces total measuring and data entry time to about 40% of that required using manual methods.Key words: Electronic measuring system, horticultural produce
Growth vigour of some crop species and cultivars when fall-seeded as winter cover in the Atlantic region of Canada
Authors: Edwards Linnell M. , Sadler John M.
Published: April 2011

Field experiments were conducted in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada to determine the crop species or cultivars best suited for use as fall-seeded cover crops to follow late potatoes. Performance was primarily assessed as accumulated fall growth as dry mass/plant from seeding to freeze-up. An exploratory study was done to compare gramineous crops comprising cultivars of winter rye (Secale cereale L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), oats (Avena sativa), and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.). Rye cultivars generally outperformed barley by 38%, oats by 80%, and ryegrass by 130%. Field experiments were conducted over 2 or 3 yr to compare selected cultivars of winter rapeseed (Brassica napus Brinks, Jet Neuf, and BK 27-79) or winter rye (cv. Kodiak, Horton, Aroostok, and Tetrapetkus). In interspecific comparisons, rye was twice as productive as rapeseed in root biomass. In intraspecific comparisons, Tetrapetkus and Kodiak rye generally outperformed the other rye cultivars, while rapeseed showed no cultivar differences. All comparisons showed significant linear decline in cover performance from the first to the third seeding date from 78 to 97% in shoot or root growth. In the exploratory study, seed mass and tillering accounted for up to 95% of the variation in shoot or root growth; and in the rye and rapeseed comparisons, seed mass accounted for up to 82% of this variation.Key words: Cover crops, winter rye, spring cereals, ryegrass, winter rapeseed, seeding date
Performance comparison of single and three-way crosses in sunflower
Authors: Dedio W.
Published: April 2011

Single and three-way crosses of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids were compared for yield and oil content by testing two groups of hybrids for 2 years. In the first group, the difference in yield and oil content between the two types was not significant, and in the second group the difference in yield was not significant. The oil content of the single crosses in the second group was 7 g kg−1 higher. The coefficient of variability for yield was similar in the two types of hybrids in both groups, indicating no difference in stability.Key words: Sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., single crosses, three-way crosses, oil content, achene yield
AC Baltic spring wheat
Authors: Nass H. G. , Johnston H. W. , Blatt C. R. , Bubar J. S. , Rodd A. V. , Walton R. B.
Published: April 2011

AC Baltic is a spring feed wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) with high grain yield, medium maturity and good lodging resistance. It is resistant to powdery mildew (caused by Erysiphe graminis, D.C. ex Merat f. sp. tritici Marchai), moderately susceptible to septoria leaf and glume blotch (caused by Septoria nodorum (Berk.) Berk.) and moderately tolerant to fusarium head blight (caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe). AC Baltic is suited for production in eastern Canada.Key words: Wheat (spring), cultivar description
AC Burman barley
Authors: Ho K. M. , Choo T. M. , Martin R. A.
Published: April 2011

AC Burman is a six-rowed spring feed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivar developed by the Eastern Canada Barley Breeding Group, Agriculture Canada and is adapted to Eastern Canada. It was selected from a Leger/Bruce/2/2*Leger cross. AC Burman has high yield, good test weight and is moderately resistant to loose smut (Ustilago nuda (Jens.) Rostr.).Key words: Hordeum vulgare L., six-rowed barley, feed barley, high yield
Ontogeny of shoot regenerants on excised immature peach embryos
Authors: Schneider K. E. , Speranzini D. , Biggs A. R.
Published: April 2011

Excised immature peach embryos when cultured on an auxin-containing medium produced both a friable callus and a nodular callus. Upon further subculturing on an auxin-reduced medium only the nodular callus differentiated into highly regenerative nodular callus. This callus comprised dense meristematic cells which arose near or at the surface of the nodular tissue. Cells containing starch granules often surrounded these meristemoid areas. Shoots could be induced to form on shoot-inducing medium from the meristemoid areas. Vascular connections developed between the parental material and the shoot. The friable callus never appeared to differentiate into a nodular callus on either friable callus or nodular callus medium, nor were plantlets derived from this tissue on shoot-inducing medium. No stages of somatic embryogenesis were ever apparent. The evidence supports the view that the regenerative shoots were derived from indirect organogenesis on nodular callus derived from the embryonic tissue.Key words: Organogenesis, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, shoot formation
Comparison of a branched spike wheat with the cultivars Neepawa and HY320 for grain yield and yield components
Authors: Hucl P. , Fowler B. J.
Published: April 2011

Branched-spike spring wheat (Triticum turgidum L.) genotypes are periodically promoted in western Canada as having very high grain yield capacity. These "Miracle" wheats tend to have a low tillering capacity and may require higher plant populations in order to achieve maximum grain yield. This study was conducted to critically evaluate the high-yield claims of a branched-spike wheat (BSW) and to determine whether this cultivar has a higher optimum seeding rate requirement than the spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Neepawa and HY320. The three cultivars were seeded at rates of 150, 250, 350, 450, and 550 seeds m−2 in each of three experiments: two dryland and one irrigated. Averaged over experiments and seeding rates the BSW yielded 45% less than the conventional cultivars. Significant (P < 0.05) cultivar × experiment cross-overs were detected for spikes m−2, spikelets spike−1, and kernels spike−1. BSW and HY320 switched ranks for spikes m−2, spikelets spike−1 and kernels spike−1 in 1988 and 1989. In 1988, on average, BSW produced 230% as many fertile spikelets as the other cultivars, but 40% fewer spikelets in 1989. Similarly, BSW produced more kernels spike−1 than Neepawa and HY320 in 1988 while the reverse was observed in 1989. The three cultivars responded differently to seeding rate, as indicated by significant (P < 0.01) cultivar × seeding rate interaction for spikelets spike−1 and kernel weight. Neither of these interactions involved significant changes in cultivar rank from one seeding rate to the next. BSW yielded less grain than either Neepawa or HY320, regardless of seeding rate. Attempts to increase the grain yield of a BSW cultivar by manipulating yield components via increased seeding rates were not successful.Key words: Branched-spike, spring wheat, seeding rate, Triticum turgidum L.
Frost-seeding of summer turnip rape in the subarctic
Authors: Sparrow Stephen D. , Knight Charles W.
Published: April 2011

Previous research has indicated that spring-planted summer turnip rape (Brassica rapa L.) can produce good seed yields with high oil content in subarctic Alaska. However, short growing seasons often prevent seeds from reaching full maturity, resulting in high proportions of green seeds and lowered market quality. In an attempt to allow summer turnip rape seedlings to begin growth earlier in the growing season, we planted the seeds in frozen soil in late fall and early spring. Fall seeding of summer turnip rape always resulted in low plant populations, low seed yields, and high percentages of green seeds. Percentages of green seeds were highly variable and early spring seedings did not result in significantly lower percentages of green seeds than conventional (May) seedings. The effects of early spring frost-seeding on plant populations and seed yields were variable but only rarely did early spring seeding produce significantly higher seed yields than conventional seeding. Planting into barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) stubble resulted in poor stands which produced low seed yields. This study did not indicate any advantage from fall planting of summer turnip rape. Results from spring frost-seeding were not consistent; therefore, this practice cannot be recommended until these inconsistencies are better understood.Key words: Frost-seeding, summer turnip rape, subarctic, Alaska
Combining ability for breadmaking quality in wheat
Authors: Perenzin M. , Pogna N. E. , Borghi B.
Published: April 2011

Combining ability and heterotic patterns for grain yield, kernel weight, and seven traits related to breadmaking quality were determined in 45 F1 hybrid wheats and 18 parents grown in two environments in Italy. Significant, positive general combining ability (GCA) effects were observed for yield (cultivars Pandas and SK 7), protein content (Salmone) and for the alveograph parameters of dough strength W (Pandas, Saliente and Salmone), tenacity P (Irnerio, Kosutka and Saliente) and extensibility L (Pandas, Salgemma and Salmone). Although best-parent heterotic responses for yield were generally low (5–10%), they were evident at all levels of yield potential. Hybrid wheats tended to have high protein content, enhanced dough extensibility and weak gluten compared with the parents. However, a few hybrid combinations from crosses between high-yielding cultivars and good-quality cultivars had both good yield levels (> 7 t ha−1) and acceptable breadmaking properties (W > 250, P/L < 1). Significant positive correlations were found between protein content and dough extensibility, and between the SDS sedimentation volume and dough tenacity. The lack of correlation between yield and protein content in hybrid wheat could result from the high total biomass in hybrid genotypes.Key words: Breadmaking, combining ability, heterosis, protein content, Wheat, Triticum aestivum L.
Phenotypic variation in somaclones of Paspalum dilatatum and their seedling offspring
Authors: Davies L. J. , Cohen D.
Published: April 2011

Embryogenic callus cultures were initiated from immature embryos of the apomictic Paspalum dilatatum cultivar ’Grasslands Raki’. Embryogenic callus was transferred to a regeneration medium at four different times from 121 to 206 d after culture initiation and a total of 231 somaclones were obtained. Phenotypic variation in the somaclones increased as the length of the callus phase and the length of the regeneration period were increased. Phenotypic changes ranged from floral abnormalities, reduced vigour (including dwarfism) and smaller tillers (narrow leaves) to loss of cold tolerance (leaf chlorosis). There was no useful variation in leaf dry matter digestibility and none of the plants showed any resistance to ergot. Seed was collected from 60 somaclones but viability was very low. Sufficient seedlings (SC2 generation) for progeny studies were obtained from only 18 somaclones. Fifteen of these somaclones produced offspring which showed variations including dwarfism, reversion to a coarser plant type and changes in anther colour. Seed germinability was restored in some offspring to a level approaching Raki. A second seedling generation (SC3) was obtained in which dwarfism reappeared, although most plants showed maternal characteristics. None of the somaclones, nor the SC2 and SC3 seedlings, was agronomically superior to Raki seedlings. However, the production of variable offspring by the somaclones suggested a breakdown of apomixis and some sexual reproduction. In a second experiment, callus cultures were initiated from Raki and a sexual P. dilatatum accession Bo211 (2n = 40) using both immature embryos and immature inflorescence sections as explants. In this experiment the callus phase was reduced to 34–84 d. The somaclones obtained exhibited very little variation and appeared identical to their respective donor lines.Key words: Paspalum dilatatum, somaclonal variation, apomixis, plant improvement, dallisgrass
Effects of harvesting systems on yield, persistence, and nutritive value of alfalfa
Authors: Bélanger G. , Richards J. E. , McQueen R. E.
Published: April 2011

The number of annual harvests and the interval between harvests affect DM yield, persistence, and nutritive value of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The effects of harvesting alfalfa three times annually, with the intervals between harvests varied and with the third harvest taken prior to, during, or after the critical fall rest period, were investigated from 1985 to 1988 on a field of alfalfa established in 1984. Seven harvesting systems, comprising three harvests with varied regrowth intervals and a two-harvest system, were studied along with two rates of potassium fertilization. Harvesting alfalfa three times a year, with the third harvest taken during or after the critical fall rest period, produced the largest yields of DM, digestible DM, and crude protein. Dry matter yield was not reduced in three-harvest systems when the third harvest was taken during the critical fall rest period, provided there was an interval of approximately 500 growing degree-days between second and third harvests. Taking the first harvest at the early bud stage of development instead of the early bloom stage reduced annual DM yields. Increasing annual potassium fertilization from 200 to 400 kg K ha−1 did not affect DM yield or persistence under any harvesting system. Harvesting management of alfalfa in the fall should be based on the duration of the growth period between the second and third harvests instead of a critical fall rest period based on calendar dates.Key words: Medicago sativa L., yield, nutritive value, persistence, harvest management, K fertilization
Foliar disease development in no-till winter wheat: Influence of agronomic practices on powdery mildew development
Authors: Tompkins D. K. , Fowler D. B. , Wright A. T.
Published: April 2011

Agronomic practices must be modified to maximize winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield in different environments. Changes in crop management may modify the microclimate within the crop canopy thereby influencing the development of foliar pathogens. This study was initiated to determine the effect of cultivar, nitrogen (N) fertility, seed rate (SR) and row spacing (RS) on the severity of powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis DC f.sp. tritici E. Marchal) on the upper leaves of no-till winter wheat grown in the Saskatchewan Parkland region. Average powdery mildew (PM) severity was greater on the upper leaves of the semi-dwarf cultivar Norwin than on the tall cultivar Norstar and increased under conditions of high N fertility. The use of 36 cm RS and 140 kg ha−1 SR compared to 9 cm RS and 35 kg ha−1 SR also resulted in increased PM severity. In general, wide RS enhanced spore dispersal and disease progress up the plant while high SR created a more favourable crop canopy microclimate for PM development once the pathogen was established on a leaf.Key words: Wheat (winter). Triticum aestivum L., no-till, powdery mildew, Erysiphe graminis, row spacing, seed rate, nitrogen fertilizer
Single-row plots for agronomic evaluation of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) lines
Authors: Atlin G. N. , Kenaschuk E. O. , Lockwood D. J.
Published: April 2011

The usefulness of short, single-row plots for preliminary agronomic evaluation of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) breeding materials was assessed by comparing 25 cultivars and breeding lines in 1.5-m rows and in conventional multiple-row plots at four western Canadian locations. Line means over locations for plant height, maturity date, and grain yield were highly correlated in the two plot sizes. Heritability of yield (the reference unit was the mean of a line in four, four-replicate trials) was 0.66 for the single-row plots and 0.70 for the multiple-row plots. Two-site selection in 1.5-m single rows was predicted to give greater gains than single-site selection in multiple-row plots.Key words: Linum usitatissimum, plot size, heritability, genotypic correlation, predictred gains
Effect of variety and geographical location on the incidence of mucilage in canola seeds
Authors: Eskin N. A. M.
Published: April 2011

The presence of mucilagenous material was examined in seeds of two Brassica campestris L. cultivars (Tobin and Candle) and four B. napus L. cultivars (Andor, Regent, Triton and Westar) grown at five different locations in Western Canada. Geographical location and variety both significantly (P < 0.001) affected the mucilage levels among the canola seeds studied.Key words: Canola, mucilage, varieties, location
AC Ron winter wheat
Authors: Teich A. H. , Fregcau-Reid J. , Seaman L.
Published: April 2011

AC Ron is a soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) cultivar adapted to the traditional winter-wheat-growing area of Ontario. It yields best in Area 2, where corn heat units range from 2700 to 2900, surpassing Harus by 7.1%, despite its susceptibility to the prevalent diseases.Key words: Wheat (winter), cultivar description, Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.
Residues of glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA in strawberry fruit following spot and wiper applications
Authors: Cessna Allan J. , Cain Nancy P.
Published: April 2011

In a 3-yr study, residues of glyphosate and its major metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) were determined, using high-pressure liquid chromatography with post-column reaction and fluorescence detection, in strawberry fruit following spot and wiper applications of glyphosate to established strawberries. Residues in the fruit were not significantly different for the wiper and spot treatments. Maximum residues of glyphosate detected for either treatment were of the order of 0.04 mg kg−1; residues of AMPA were non-detectable in all samples. Recoveries of glyphosate and AMPA from fortified strawberry fruit tissue were 76 ± 8% and 79 ± 13%, respectively, at 0.1 mg kg−1.Key words: Glyphosate, AMPA, strawberry, wiper application, spot application, residues, HPLC
The biology of Canadian weeds. 101. Helianthus tuberosus L.
Authors: Swanton C. J. , Clements D. R. , Moore M. J. , Cavers P. B.
Published: April 2011

Helianthus tuberosus L., Jerusalem artichoke, is a native perennial tuber-producing weed. In Canada, its range extends from the Maritimes to the Pacific coast, but it is primarly found in southern Ontario and Manitoba. A cultivated form has been grown commercially in Ontario and western Canada for use as a human food source, for livestock feed and for the production of a variety of chemical products such as ethanol. As a weed, H. tuberosus competes vigorously with grain and field crops, but does not readily invade arable land except as a volunteer crop. The high carbohydrate content of H. tuberosus tubers, coupled with multiple regenerative strategies featuring seeds and tuber-bearing rhizomes, can lead to rapid population increases under favorable conditions.Key words: Helianthus tuberosus, Jerusalem artichoke, weed biology
Effect of adjuvant and acidifying agent on imazamethabenz efficacy
Authors: McMullan P. M.
Published: April 2011

Experiments were conducted to determine if the efficacy of imazamethabenz could be increased. Crop oil-type adjuvant or acidifying agent added to the spray solution increased the wild oats efficacy of the soluble concentrate formulation equal to that of the liquid concentrate. Either methylated seed oil or Merge was more effective in increasing activity than sodium bisulfite.Key words: Imazamethabenz, adjuvant, sulfuric acid, sodium bisulfite, oat (wild), Avena fatua L.
Design of a seed surface disinfection apparatus
Authors: Pahl M. D.
Published: April 2011

Accurate germination tests often require control of fungal and bacterial contamination in germinating seeds. However, disinfection of seed surfaces to reduce contamination can be time consuming. A new seed surface disinfection apparatus was designed to save time and reduce the variability between seed lots. Key words: Germination tests, seed surface disinfection
Evaluation of 10 Canadian barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars for tissue culture response
Authors: Baillie A. M. R. , Kartha K. K. , Rossnagel B. G.
Published: April 2011

Ten Canadian barley cultivars — Abee, Deuce, Ellice, Harrington, Manley, Bonanza, Conquest, Duke, Heartland, and Samson — were evaluated for tissue-culture response. Callus was obtained from embryos 3–5 d post anthesis from all cultivars. Fertile plants were regenerated from eight. Abee cultures gave the best response in terms of the number of plants regenerated, while Bonanza and Samson cultures produced no regenerated plants. Heartland and Deuce were selected for further study to determine optimum growth-regulator concentrations for callus production and plant regeneration. Two growth regulators — 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) — were evaluated at five concentrations (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg L−1). Maximum regeneration rates were achieved with Gamborg’s B5 medium supplemented with 2.5 mg L−1 2,4-D. Thirty-four Heartland and 19 Deuce regenerants were produced per 100 embryos cultured. Key words: Barley, growth regulators, Hordeum vulgare, regeneration, tissue culture
KG 93 soybean
Authors: Bradner N. R. , Simpson R. D. , Hadlock A. A.
Published: April 2011

KG 93 is a Maturity Group II soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar which is 1 d later and 4% higher yielding than the cultivar Elgin. Its main advantages are its yield performance, lodging resistance and phytophthora root rot tolerance. Key words: Glycine max, KG 93 cultivar, cultivar description
AC Elect summer rape
Authors: Rakow G.
Published: April 2011

AC Elect summer rape (Brassica napus L.), registered in 1992, is a canola-quality cultivar that combines early to medium maturity with high seed yield. In addition, AC Elect has very high seed oil, and high meal protein content. It is well adapted to the B. napus growing areas of western Canada, where blackleg disease does not cause severe yield losses. Key words: Rape (summer), cultivar description
Eldorado summer turnip rape
Authors: Degenhardt D. F. , Stringam G. R. , Kondra Z. P.
Published: April 2011

Eldorado summer rape (Brassica rapa L.) is a canola-quality cultivar with a seed yield similar to that of Tobin. The seed oil content of Eldorado is significantly higher and its meal glucosinolate content is significantly lower than Tobin. Eldorado is well adapted to the B. rapa-growing areas of western Canada. Keywords: Turnip rape (summer), cultivar description
Tribute summer rape
Authors: Rakow G. , Downey R. K.
Published: April 2011

Tribute summer rape (Brassica napus L.), registered in 1985, is a triazine-tolerant, canola-quality cultivar. It is early maturing and produces seed with low seed chlorophyll content. Tribute has yield and seed oil content similar to other triazine-tolerant cultivars such as OAC Triton. Tribute is better adapted than OAC Triton to the B. napus growing areas of western Canada because of its earlier maturity. However, it should not be planted on fields which have a history of heavy blackleg infestations. Key words: Rape (summer), triazine-tolerant, cultivar description
Fundulea hard red winter wheat
Authors: Nass H. G. , Johnston H. W. , Franck P. , Teich A. H. , Sampson D. R. , Blatt C. R. , Caldwell C. , Walton R. B.
Published: April 2011

Fundulea is a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) with bread-making quality and high grain yield. It is moderately susceptible to powdery mildew and septoria leaf and glume blotch and is suited for production in areas of Atlantic Canada where winter survival is not a problem. Key words: Wheat (winter), cultivar description
Use of Lycopersicon cheesmanii and L. chmielewskii to increase dry matter content of tomato fruit
Authors: Poysa V.
Published: April 2011

Advanced lines and backcrosses from interspecific hybridization of processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) with six L. chmielewskii (Rick, Kesicki, Fobes and Holle) and L. cheesmanii (Riley) accessions were evaluated in the field over 2 yr for soluble solids content (SSC), total solids content (TSC), fruit yield and fruit size to determine the effectiveness of combining elevated solids levels with high fruit yield and size following early generation selection. More than a quarter of the lines had significantly higher SSC levels than the recurrent tomato parent, Purdue 812 (P812). Several lines combined high SSC and TSC with high fruit yield and large fruit size to produce more dry matter yield per hectare or per fruit than P812. Two backcrosses were optimal for combining high SSC and high yield. SSC and TSC were negatively correlated with fruit size and, to a lesser degree, with fruit yield. Key words: Lycopersicon esculentum, soluble solids, total solids
Powdery mildew-resistant UG3 and UG4 rutabaga germplasm
Authors: Shattuck V. I.
Published: April 2011

UG3 and UG4 rutabaga (Brassica napus ssp. rapifera) germplasm lines are highly resistant to powdery mildew, and are suitable for developing powdery mildew-resistant B. napus cultivars. The lines were derived from a powdery mildew-resistant rutabaga mutant. Both lines are self-fertile, yield average weight roots that store well, but lack optimal root morphology. Key words: Rutabaga, germplasm, powdery mildew, disease resistance
The effect of soil salinity on common root rot of spring wheat and barley
Authors: Duczek L. J.
Published: April 2011

Samples were taken from several sites across a salinity gradient from areas where plants were visibly unaffected to the edge of saline areas where no plants grew, from commercial fields located near Saskatoon in 1984, 1987, 1990 and 1991. There was a significant (P = 0.05) positive correlation for wheat and barley between salinity and common root rot in all years, except 1991 (1984: r = 0.445, n = 26; 1987: r = 0.390, n = 54; 1990: r = 0.244, n = 75; 1991: r = 0.247, n = 40). The correlation between inoculum level and disease was not significant, except for one barley field in 1990. However, when inoculum level was used as a covariate, the significance of the relationship between salinity and common root rot increased. Growth of Cochliobolus sativus was unaffected on solid and liquid media until conductivity levels were higher than 30–50 mmhos cm−1. Since wheat and barley do not grow at levels higher than 10–15 mmhos cm−1, salinity would have a greater affect on plants than on the pathogen. The relationship between salinity and disease is consistent with the theory that stress increases common root rot in plants. However, the variation in salinity only explains about 20% of the variation in common root rot. Key words: Cochliobolus sativus, common root rot, salinity, cereals
Hydroxamic acid content in maize (Zea mays) roots of 18 Ontario recommended hybrids and prediction of antibiosis to the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte [Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae]
Authors: Assabgui R. A. , Arnason J. T. , Hamilton R. I.
Published: April 2011

High performance liquid chromatography was used to assess concentrations of hydroxamic acids in maize root extracts of 18 greenhouse-grown hybrids recommended in Ontario. On the basis of hydroxamic acid concentrations, low-level antibiosis against the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte was predicted for the majority of these (1990) hybrids, when grown under field conditions. Key words: Antibiosis, Chrysomelidae, Diabrotica, DIMBOA, hydroxamic acids, maize hybrids
Economie analysis of alternative cropping systems for a bean/wheat rotation on light-textured soils
Authors: Yiridoe E. K. , Weersink A. , Roy R. C. , Swanton C. J.
Published: April 2011

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) has been the predominant cash crop grown on sandy soils of southern Ontario, but the area cropped has fallen significantly with the decline in tobacco demand. Crops such as beans and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) are technically feasible alternatives, but their yields have been highly variable. Cover crops and conservation tillage are approaches that may increase the productive capacity of sandy soils while reducing the environmental impact of present production systems. In this study, yields, costs and net returns of three bean-winter wheat cropping systems were evaluated under conventional tillage and four variations of no-till systems differentiated by the type of cover crop. The three beans considered were soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.), white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Average yields of the three beans grown under conventional tillage were consistently lower than those of the four no-till treatments, but the differences were significant in only a few years. Total production cost for the bean crops was $96 ha−1 lower for the no-till treatments than for conventional tillage. Average net returns for the rotation involving kidney beans were approximately $100 ha−1 higher than those involving white beans and $330 ha−1 higher than soybeans. Conventional tillage produced the lowest net returns within each of the bean/wheat rotations. Key words: Conventional tillage, no-till, bean, net returns
Estimating global solar radiation from common meteorological observations in western Canada
Authors: Jong R. De , Stewart D. W.
Published: April 2011

The interest in using crop growth simulation models for estimating large area yields in western Canada has led to a requirement for daily values of solar radiation on an historical and a real time basis. Because such data are usually not readily available, an equation was developed which relates solar transmissivity (ζ) (the ratio of incoming global solar radiation at the earth surface (Q) to solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere (Q0)) to daily observations of maximum and minimum air temperature and total precipitation (P):[Formula: see text]where a, b, c and d are empirical coefficients which vary with time of year and ΔT is the range in daily temperature extremes. During the late fall-winter period, correlation coefficients between observed and calculated transmissivities were less than 0.5 with relative large root mean square errors (RMSE). However, during the growing season when the equation would be of most use, correlation coefficients were 0.7 or higher with RMSEs of 0.12 or lower. The coefficients a, b, c and d were found not to be site-specific during the growing season. No significant differences were found between wheat yields estimated with observed solar radiation and those estimated with the calculated solar radiation from the equation. Key words: Solar radiation, transmissivity, crop growth modelling, wheat yield
A simple method for determination of abaxial and adaxial epicuticular wax loads in intact leaves of Sorghum bicolor L.
Authors: Premachandra Gnanasiri S. , Hahn Daniel T. , Joly Robert J.
Published: April 2011

A vise-grip was modified to make a simple device to extract epicuticular wax separately from adaxial and abaxial surfaces of sorghum leaf blades. Epicuticular wax load was estimated at three leaf positions in two sorghum lines using this method and the standard leaf disc method. A significant correlation was observed between the two methods. Key words: Epicuticular wax, Sorghum bicolor
Assessing seed-coat color in a wheat breeding program with a NIR/VIS instrument
Authors: McCaig T. N. , DePauw R. M. , Williams P. C.
Published: April 2011

Red seed-coat can be distinguished from white seed-coat of unground wheat (Triticum spp.) by measurement of the first-derivative of the reflectance spectra at approximately 516 nm. Values around 450 nm distinguish durum (T. turgidum L. var. durum) from common (T. aestivum) white types. Classification accuracy is sufficient for screening purposes to reduce the number of samples requiring further examination. For breeding programs currently using combination near-infrared/visible (NIR/VIS) instruments, the additional time and costs to process the seed-coat information are minimal. Key words: Red, white, wheat, pigment, near-infrared, visible, breeding program
Boron distribution and retranslocation in field-grown broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica)
Authors: Liu L. , Shelp B. J. , Spiers G. A.
Published: April 2011

A 2-yr study was conducted to investigate the distribution and retranslocation of boron (B) in field-grown broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica). Two broccoli cultivars were grown under various B treatments (no supplemental B, broadcast B, and broadcast B together with one to several liquid applications to the surface of the soil immediately surrounding the stem base) at three Ontario locations where the soils differ markedly in both texture and hot-water-soluble B concentration. Yield responses to B application and external symptoms of B deficiency were not observed. In the absence of supplemental B, the B concentrations of the different plant parts were not correlated with either extractable soil B or plant-organ age (which would have reflected primary translocation via the transpiration stream). Supplemental B at rates of 3.0–4.5 kg ha−1 enhanced the B concentration in xylem sap and eliminated the increasing B gradient up the shoot or induced the formation of a decreasing gradient up the shoot. Floret B concentration and content were rarely affected by the B treatments. The ratios of B concentrations in the sink regions (florets or young leaves) to those in the source leaves suggest that B was effectively retranslocated in plants with a relatively low boron status. Higher concentrations of B in phloem sap than in xylem sap are consistent with B being a phloem-mobile element. Key words: Boron nutrition, Brassica, broccoli, nutrient distribution, retranslocation
Development of equations for estimating yield losses caused by multi-species weed communities dominated by green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.]
Authors: Hume L.
Published: April 2011

Multiple regression equations were developed to describe the relationship between percentage hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) loss and the density and shoot dry weight of multi-species weed communities dominated by green foxtail [Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.]. Data were collected over a 10-yr period from fields sown by farmers near Regina, Saskatchewan. Weed densities averaged 470 plants m−2, with green foxtail constituting 85% of the total number of plants and 57% by dry weight. Other important species included in the equations were stinkweed (Thlaspi arvense L.), common lamb’s-quarters (Chenopodium album L.), wild buckwheat (Polygonum convolvulus L.), and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.). Including crop density as a variable made a significant improvement in the efficiency of the equations. Precipitation and growing degree-days (base 5 °C) were related to the residuals from the analysis relating wheat loss to weed abundance. These environmental variables were significantly related to crop loss, but only for the residuals of the equation where weed densities were used as independent variables. Hyperbolic and sigmoidal equations were less efficient at describing the data than were multiple linear regression equations. Key words: Green foxtail, spring wheat, competition, multi-species, multiple regression, crop loss
The influence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis on total soluble-sugar concentration of infected alfalfa roots
Authors: Richard C. , Martin J.-G.
Published: April 2011

Alfalfa was inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. medicaginis, and the total soluble-sugar concentration was determined in diseased taproots of cold-hardened plants. The concentration of soluble sugars decreased with increasing discoloration of root tissue (r = −0.85, P ≤ 0.0001). The low concentration of soluble sugars might be responsible for the previously reported low freezing tolerance of Fusarium-infected alfalfa. Key words: Alfalfa, Fusarium, sugars, frost tolerance
Cropping systems for spring and winter cereals under simulated pasture: Yield and yield distribution
Authors: Baron V. S. , Dick A. C. , Najda H. G. , Salmon D. F.
Published: April 2011

Annual crops are used routinely for pasture in many parts of the world, but in Alberta they are used primarily to offset feed shortages. Experiments were conducted during 1987 and 1988 at Lacombe, Alberta under dryland conditions and at Brooks, Alberta under irrigation to determine the feasibility of using spring-planted combinations of spring and winter cereals to extend the grazing season. Treatments for simulated grazing were spring oat (Avena sativa L.), and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) monocrops (SMC), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) monocrops (WMC), spring and winter cereal binary mixtures, seeded together in the spring (intercrop-IC) and the winter cereal seeded after one clipping of the spring cereal (double crop-DC). Clippings were initiated at the jointing stage of the spring cereals and were repeated at intervals of 4 wk. The SMC produced the highest yields during the first two cuts (mid-June and mid-July), but regrowth declined thereafter. The WMC generally had superior yields after mid-July. The IC yield was similar to the higher of the SMC or WMC at any cut with more uniform productivity over the growing season. The DC was inferior to the IC for late summer and fall production. Averaged over years the IC produced 92 and 87% as much DM in the fall as the WMC at Lacombe and Brooks, respectively. Yield totalled over all cuts resulted in the sequence IC > WMC > DC > SMC. The IC is a feasible season-long pasture system under irrigation in southern Alberta and under rain-fed conditions in central Alberta. Key words: Cereals, double-crop, intercrop, monocrop, pasture, yields
Heterosis and prediction of achene oil content in sunflower hybrids from parental lines
Authors: Dedio Walter
Published: April 2011

Oil content of the sunflower achene is determined by its components, namely kernel content and kernel oil content. The object of this study was to determine the heterosis and relative contributions of the parents to the achene oil, kernel oil and kernel content of the hybrid. Multiple regression equations showed that the two parents contribute equally to the achene oil content of the hybrids. Heterosis was observed in the kernel oil content and kernel content as well as the achene oil content. A heterotic effect of 47 g kg−1 over the mid-parent value was observed for achene oil content. For the achene oil components, heterotic effect of 44 g kg−1 was obtained for kernel oil content and 24 g kg−1 higher for kernel content. Key words: Sunflower, achene oil content, kernel oil content, kernel content, Helianthus annuus L., heterosis
Responsiveness to anther culture in cultivars and F1 crosses of spring wheat
Authors: Masojc P. , Lukow O. M. , McKenzie R. I. H. , Howes N. K.
Published: April 2011

Anther culturability of 43 cultivars and 6 F1 crosses representing different quality classes of spring wheat was studied using a glucose-containing, modified N6 medium (HNG). Generally high pollen embryoid formation (up to 111 embryoids per 100 anthers) was associated with lower green plant regeneration (up to 9.1 green plantlets per 100 embryoids) frequencies and a high proportion (63% on average) of albino plants. Anther response was found to be strongly affected by the genotype of the donor plants. Seven of the screened cultivars yielded more than one green regenerated plant per 100 anthers. The most responsive cultivars were Veery #2 (6.2), ST 6 (4.0), and Leader (3.6). No ability to regenerate green plantlets was shown by 10 of the genotypes. Anther responsiveness of F1 progenies as compared with the parental cultivars were different in each cross. Differences found between reciprocal crosses suggest that the cytoplasm of a donor plant may affect anther response. Haploid plants constituted 45% of the anther derived regenerants, while the remaining part was divided into 29% of spontaneous diploids and 26% of plants with abnormal chromosome numbers. Key words: Triticum aestivum, anther culture, doubled haploids, wheat
Regression model relating decortication of oilseed sunflower hybrids with achene characteristics
Authors: Dedio Walter
Published: April 2011

Multiple regression equations relating decortication with such achene characteristics as oil content, achene weight and density, in three sets of oilseed sunflowers were developed. Hull content and wax content were included in one set of hybrids. Good prediction of decortication could be obtained from the achene characteristics that are routinely determined, i.e., oil content, achene weight and density. Oil content was the most significant factor, followed by achene density. Key words: Decortication, sunflower
AC Graze tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)
Authors: McElroy A. R.
Published: April 2011

AC Graze, tested as Syn-A, is a late-maturing forage-type tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cultivar. It was developed by mass selection for vigor, persistence, leafiness and uniform maturity at the Plant Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa. AC Graze yielded 105.3% of the test mean (seven cultivar, six station years) in Ontario Forage Crop Committee trials. Key words: Tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.
AC Nordic orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.)
Authors: McElroy A. R.
Published: April 2011

AC Nordic is a late-maturing orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivar. It was developed by mass selection for yield, persistence and resistance to stem rust (Puccinia graminis) at the Plant Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa. Its yield was similar to that of cv. Sumas in a total of 33 station years in Quebec. Yield in second and subsequent production years was 101.6% of cv. Sumas over 19 station years. Key words: Dactylis glomerata L., orchardgrass
Seed rates for soft white winter wheat in southwestern Ontario
Authors: Teich A. H. , Smid A.
Published: April 2011

This study was undertaken to determine the optimum seed rate for soft white winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars currently grown in southwestern Ontario (> 2900 corn heat units) where 65% of Ontario’s wheat is grown. The currently recommended density of 240–400 plants m−2 was determined using obsolete cultivars. Two popular cultivars, Harus, which tillers abundantly, and Rebecca, which tillers less, were grown from 100 to 600 seeds m−2 in increments of 100. The optimum seed rate for grain yield was 435 seeds m−2. This rate appears to be suitable for a range of genotypes adapted to southwestern Ontario. There was no interaction for yield among cultivars, years and locations. Yield was not related to tillering capacity, as the lower the plant density the more seeds there were per head. Key words: Wheat (winter), seed rate, tillering