bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of Bone Measurements in the Vicinity of Titanium Implants in CBCT Data Sets: A Comparison of Radiological and Histological Findings in Minipigs
Authors: Gröbe Alexander , Semmusch Jan , Schöllchen Maximilian , Hanken Henning , Hahn Michael , Eichhorn Wolfgang , Schön Gerhard , Jung Ole , Stein Jamal M. , Reitmeier Aline , Heiland Max , Smeets Ralf , Precht Clarissa
Published: July 2017

Purpose. The aim of this animal study was the determination of accuracy of bone measurements in CBCT (cone-beam computed tomography) in close proximity to titanium implants. Material and Methods. Titanium implants were inserted in eight Göttingen minipigs. 60 implants were evaluated histologically in ground section specimen and radiologically in CBCT in regard to thickness of the buccal bone. With random intercept models, the difference of histologic measurements and CBCT measurements of bone thickness was calculated. Results. The mean histological thickness of the buccal bone was 5.09 mm (CI 4.11–6.08 mm). The four raters measured slightly less bone in CBCT than it was found in histology. The random effect was not significant (p value 1.000). Therefore, the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) was 98.65% (CI 100.00–96.99%). Conclusion. CBCT is an accurate technique to measure even thin bone structures in the vicinity of titanium implants.
HLRF‐BFGS‐Based Algorithm for Inverse Reliability Analysis
Authors: Ramesh Rakul Bharatwaj , Mirza Olivia , Kang Won-Hee
Published: July 2017

This study proposes an algorithm to solve inverse reliability problems with a single unknown parameter. The proposed algorithm is based on an existing algorithm, the inverse first‐order reliability method (inverse‐FORM), which uses the Hasofer Lind Rackwitz Fiessler (HLRF) algorithm. The initial algorithm analyzed in this study was developed by modifying the HLRF algorithm in inverse‐FORM using the Broyden‐Fletcher‐Goldarb‐Shanno (BFGS) update formula completely. Based on numerical experiments, this modification was found to be more efficient than inverse‐FORM when applied to most of the limit state functions considered in this study, as it requires comparatively a smaller number of iterations to arrive at the solution. However, to achieve this higher computational efficiency, this modified algorithm sometimes compromised the accuracy of the final solution. To overcome this drawback, a hybrid method by using both the algorithms, original HLRF algorithm and the modified algorithm with BFGS update formula, is proposed. This hybrid algorithm achieves better computational efficiency, compared to inverse‐FORM, without compromising the accuracy of the final solution. Comparative numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the improved performance of this hybrid algorithm over that of inverse‐FORM in terms of accuracy and efficiency.
Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes of Patients with History of First-Trimester Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion
Authors: Yang Jing , Wang Yan , Wang Xiao-ye , Zhao Yan-yu , Wang Jing , Zhao Yang-yu
Published: July 2017

Although a history of first-trimester recurrent spontaneous abortion (FRSA) is regarded as a risk factor in antenatal care, the characteristic of subsequent pregnancy outcome is not clearly elucidated. Here, a retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 492 singleton pregnant women. 164 of them with the history of FRSA were enrolled in study group, compared to 328 deliveries without the history of FRSA. For maternal outcomes, patients in the study group delivered earlier with mean gestational age and the incidences of cesarean section and postpartum hemorrhage were higher compared to the control group. For placental outcomes, the incidence of placenta-mediated pregnancy complications (PMPC) in the study group increased in terms of late-onset preeclampsia, oligohydramnios, early-onset fetal growth restriction, and second-trimester abortion. Patients in the study group were more likely to suffer from placenta accreta, placenta increta, and placenta percreta. For perinatal outcomes, the proportion of birth defects of newborns in the study group was greater. At last, logistic regression analyses showed that the history of FRSA was an independent risk factor for cesarean section and pregnancy complications. In conclusion, women with the history of FRSA are often exposed to an elevated incidence of maternal-placental-perinatal adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Attitude Determination Method by Fusing Single Antenna GPS and Low Cost MEMS Sensors Using Intelligent Kalman Filter Algorithm
Authors: Wang Lei , Song Bo , Han Xueshuai , Hao Yongping
Published: July 2017

For meeting the demands of cost and size for micronavigation system, a combined attitude determination approach with sensor fusion algorithm and intelligent Kalman filter (IKF) on low cost Micro‐Electro‐Mechanical System (MEMS) gyroscope, accelerometer, and magnetometer and single antenna Global Positioning System (GPS) is proposed. The effective calibration method is performed to compensate the effect of errors in low cost MEMS Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). The different control strategies fusing the MEMS multisensors are designed. The yaw angle fusing gyroscope, accelerometer, and magnetometer algorithm is estimated accurately under GPS failure and unavailable sideslip situations. For resolving robust control and characters of the uncertain noise statistics influence, the high gain scale of IKF is adjusted by fuzzy controller in the transition process and steady state to achieve faster convergence and accurate estimation. The experiments comparing different MEMS sensors and fusion algorithms are implemented to verify the validity of the proposed approach.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Activities of Pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine and Pyrano[2,3-d]pyrimidine-5-one Derivatives as New Fused Heterocyclic Systems
Authors: Mahmoud Naglaa F. H. , El-Bordany Eman A. , Elsayed Galal A.
Published: July 2017

Various fused oxazine such as 4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dimethyl-1,4-dihydro-5H-pyrazolo [4′,3′:5,6]pyrano[2,3-d][1,3]oxazin-5-one2has been prepared and utilized as a starting material for novel pyrazolopyranopyrimidinones3,5,6, and7a–cand pyrazolopyranopyrimidines4,9,10, and11which are expected to possess considerable chemical and pharmacological activities. The structures of the new compounds have been elucidated by spectroscopic data and elemental analysis. The antioxidant and anticancer activities of synthesized products have been evaluated.
Altered Maternal Serum Matrix Metalloproteinases MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13 in Severe Early- and Late-Onset Preeclampsia
Authors: Laskowska Marzena
Published: July 2017

Objective. The aim of this study was to determine whether maternal serum matrix metalloproteinases 2, 3, 9, and 13 levels differ in early- and late-onset preeclampsia and uncomplicated pregnancies. Patients and Methods. The study was carried out in 125 pregnant women (29 with early-onset preeclampsia; 31 preeclamptic patients with late-onset preeclampsia; and 65 healthy pregnant controls). Levels of MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13 were measured in the maternal serum using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. Maternal serum MMP-2 levels in both the groups of preeclamptic women were significantly higher than those in the controls. Levels of MMP-3 were significantly higher in preeclamptic patients with early-onset disease; however, the MMP-3 levels in patients with late-onset preeclampsia were similar to those observed in the control subjects. MMP-9 levels were lower whereas the levels of MMP-13 were higher in both preeclamptic groups of pregnant women than in the healthy controls, but these differences were statistically insignificant. Conclusions. One important finding of the present study was that MMP-3 appears to be involved solely in early-onset preeclampsia, but not in late-onset preeclampsia. Higher levels of MMP-2 and MMP-13 and lower levels of MMP-9 seem to be related to both early- and late-onset severe preeclampsia.
Preparation of a Nanoemulsion with Carapa guianensis Aublet (Meliaceae) Oil by a Low‐Energy/Solvent‐Free Method and Evaluation of Its Preliminary Residual Larvicidal Activity
Authors: Jesus Flávia L. M. , de Almeida Fernanda B. , Duarte Jonatas L. , Oliveira Anna E. M. F. M. , Cruz Rodrigo A. S. , Souto Raimundo N. P. , Ferreira Ricardo M. A. , Kelmann Regina Gendzelevski , Carvalho José C. T. , Lira-Guedes Ana C. , Guedes Marcelino , Solans Conxita , Fernandes Caio P.
Published: July 2017

Andiroba (Carapa guianensis) seeds are the source of an oil with a wide range of biological activities and ethnopharmacological uses. However, few studies have devoted attention to innovative formulations, including nanoemulsions. The present study aimed to obtain a colloidal system with the andiroba oil using a low‐energy and organic‐solvent‐free method. Moreover, the preliminary residual larvicidal activity of the nanoemulsion against Aedes aegypti was evaluated. Oleic and palmitic acids were the major fatty acids, in addition to the phytosterol β‐sitosterol and limonoids (tetranortriterpenoids). The required hydrophile‐lipophile was around 11.0 and the optimal nanoemulsion was obtained using polysorbate 85. The particle size distribution suggested the presence of small droplets (mean diameter around 150 nm) and low polydispersity index (around 0.150). The effect of temperature on particle size distribution revealed that no major droplet size increase occurred. The preliminary residual larvicidal assay suggested that the mortality increased as a function of time. The present study allowed achievement of a potential bioactive oil in water nanoemulsion that may be a promising controlled release system. Moreover, the ecofriendly approach involved in the preparation associated with the great bioactive potential of C. guianensis makes this nanoemulsion very promising for valorization of this Amazon raw material.
The Ethanolic Stem-Bark Extract of Antrocaryon micraster Inhibits Carrageenan-Induced Pleurisy and Pedal Oedema in Murine Models of Inflammation
Authors: Essel Leslie B. , Obiri David D. , Osafo Newman , Antwi Aaron O. , Duduyemi Babatunde M.
Published: July 2017

We investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of a 70% v/v ethanol extract of the stem bark of Antrocaryon micraster on murine models of carrageenan-induced pleurisy and paw oedema. Rat pleural fluid was analysed for volume, protein content, and leucocytes, while lung histology was assessed for damage. Lung tissue homogenates were assayed for glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the stem bark. Acute toxicity studies were conducted in rats. In the pleurisy model the extract (30–300 mg/kg) significantly reduced the volume and amount of proteins and leucocytes in the exudate and also protected against lung injury. Tissue level of GSH and SOD and CAT expression were increased while MDA level and MPO activity were reduced. The peak and total oedema responses were significantly suppressed when given both preemptively and curatively in the mice paw oedema test. Saponins, alkaloids, triterpenoids, and tannins were present in the stem bark. A. micraster extract exhibited no apparent acute toxicity. We conclude that the ethanolic stem-bark extract of A. micraster has antioxidant action and exhibits significant anti-inflammatory activity through suppression of pleurisy and paw oedema induced with carrageenan.
Dielectric Properties of 3D Printed Polylactic Acid
Authors: Dichtl Claudius , Sippel Pit , Krohns Stephan
Published: July 2017

3D printers constitute a fast-growing worldwide market. These printers are often employed in research and development fields related to engineering or architecture, especially for structural components or rapid prototyping. Recently, there is enormous progress in available materials for enhanced printing systems that allow additive manufacturing of complex functional products, like batteries or electronics. The polymer polylactic acid (PLA) plays an important role in fused filament fabrication, a technique used for commercially available low-budget 3D printers. This printing technology is an economical tool for the development of functional components or cases for electronics, for example, for lab purposes. Here we investigate if the material properties of “as-printed” PLA, which was fabricated by a commercially available 3D printer, are suitable to be used in electrical measurement setups or even as a functional material itself in electronic devices. For this reason, we conduct differential scanning calorimetry measurements and a thorough temperature and frequency-dependent analysis of its dielectric properties. These results are compared to partially crystalline and completely amorphous PLA, indicating that the dielectric properties of “as-printed” PLA are similar to the latter. Finally, we demonstrate that the conductivity of PLA can be enhanced by mixing it with the ionic liquid “trihexyl tetradecyl phosphonium decanoate.” This provides a route to tailor PLA for complex functional products produced by an economical fused filament fabrication.
Enhanced Wettability Modification and CO2 Solubility Effect by Carbonated Low Salinity Water Injection in Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Lee Ji Ho , Lee Kun Sang
Published: July 2017

Carbonated water injection (CWI) induces oil swelling and viscosity reduction. Another advantage of this technique is that CO2 can be stored via solubility trapping. The CO2 solubility of brine is a key factor that determines the extent of these effects. The solubility is sensitive to pressure, temperature, and salinity. The salting-out phenomenon makes low saline brine a favorable condition for solubilizing CO2 into brine, thus enabling the brine to deliver more CO2 into reservoirs. In addition, low saline water injection (LSWI) can modify wettability and enhance oil recovery in carbonate reservoirs. The high CO2 solubility potential and wettability modification effect motivate the deployment of hybrid carbonated low salinity water injection (CLSWI). Reliable evaluation should consider geochemical reactions, which determine CO2 solubility and wettability modification, in brine/oil/rock systems. In this study, CLSWI was modeled with geochemical reactions, and oil production and CO2 storage were evaluated. In core and pilot systems, CLSWI increased oil recovery by up to 9% and 15%, respectively, and CO2 storage until oil recovery by up to 24% and 45%, respectively, compared to CWI. The CLSWI also improved injectivity by up to 31% in a pilot system. This study demonstrates that CLSWI is a promising water-based hybrid EOR (enhanced oil recovery).
A Self‐Adaptive Numerical Method to Solve Convection‐Dominated Diffusion Problems
Authors: Cao Zhi-Wei , Liu Zhi-Fan , Liu Zhi-Feng , Wang Xiao-Hong
Published: July 2017

Convection‐dominated diffusion problems usually develop multiscaled solutions and adaptive mesh is popular to approach high resolution numerical solutions. Most adaptive mesh methods involve complex adaptive operations that not only increase algorithmic complexity but also may introduce numerical dissipation. Hence, it is motivated in this paper to develop an adaptive mesh method which is free from complex adaptive operations. The method is developed based on a range‐discrete mesh, which is uniformly distributed in the value domain and has a desirable property of self‐adaptivity in the spatial domain. To solve the time‐dependent problem, movement of mesh points is tracked according to the governing equation, while their values are fixed. Adaptivity of the mesh points is automatically achieved during the course of solving the discretized equation. Moreover, a singular point resulting from a nonlinear diffusive term can be maintained by treating it as a special boundary condition. Serval numerical tests are performed. Residual errors are found to be independent of the magnitude of diffusive term. The proposed method can serve as a fast and accuracy tool for assessment of propagation of steep fronts in various flow problems.
Histomorphological Description of the Digestive System of Pebbly Fish, Alestes baremoze (Joannis, 1835)
Authors: Kasozi Nasser , Iwe Degu Gerald , Mukalazi Julius , Kato Charles Drago , Kisekka Majid , Owori Wadunde Akisoferi , Kityo Godfrey , Namulawa Victoria Tibenda
Published: July 2017

Histomorphological studies of the digestive system of Alestes baremoze captured from Lake Albert, Uganda, were done using standard procedures. These revealed that A. baremoze has a fleshy-lipped terminal small mouth, large molar, short oesophagus, a three-lobed liver, pouch-like stomach, a nine-fingered caeca, and a long tubular intestine. A stratified squamous epithelium with numerous mucus-secreting cells lined the lips with no taste buds. Stratified squamous epithelia lined the oesophagus in the anterior portion which turned into a columnar epithelium towards the stomach. The lamina propria had numerous tubular glands throughout the entire oesophageal length. The stomach consisted of three distinct regions (cardiac, fundic, and pyloric) with distinguished lamina propria glands. The intestinal mucosa was thrown into villi of varying heights, with the tallest in the anterior part, lined with a simple columnar epithelium with numerous lymphocytes-like infiltrations. Numerous goblet cells appeared in the intestinal lamina epithelialis; these increased uniformly towards the anal opening. The liver was divided into lobules, with a central vein. Hepatocytes were visibly arranged closely, forming irregular cords, and the scattered tubular acinar glands formed the exocrine pancreas (hepatopancreas). Stomach content analysis indicated that the fish eats plankton, mollusks, crustaceans, and insects as the main proportion of its diet.
Potential of Traditional Knowledge of Plants in the Management of Arthropods in Livestock Industry with Focus on (Acari) Ticks
Authors: Wanzala Wycliffe
Published: July 2017

Antitick plants and related ethnoknowledge/ethnopractices with potential for integrated tick control and management strategies to improve livestock production are reviewed. About 231 plants reviewed showed a variety of bioactive properties, namely, being toxic, repellent, antifeedant, and antiovipositant and ability to immobilize target tick species. These ethnobotanical substances are potentially useful in developing sustainable, efficient, and effective antitick agents suitable for rural livestock farmers. Majority of these plants are holistic in action, economically affordable, user friendly, easily adaptable and accessible, and environmentally friendly and help develop community‐driven tick control interventions well suited to local conditions and specific to different livestock communities. Such a multipurpose intervention best fits the recent ascendancy of individual livestock owners as the key players in tick control programmes, particularly following the withdrawal of subsidies accorded to tick control programmes by most African government agencies since mid‐1980s. However, scientific validation of antitick ethnobotanicals on their efficacy and formulation of packages easily handled by local communities is necessary to achieve a significantly increased use of such remedies. It is envisaged that the results of validation may lead to the discovery of effective and affordable antitick products. The effectiveness of these “best bets” ethnopractices can be greatest, if they are appropriately blended with conventional technologies.
Antidiabetic Micro-/Nanoaggregates from Ge-Gen-Qin-Lian-Tang Decoction Increase Absorption of Baicalin and Cellular Antioxidant Activity In Vitro
Authors: Lin Dai , Du Qian , Wang Huiqin , Gao Guanzhen , Zhou Jianwu , Ke Lijing , Chen Tianbao , Shaw Chris , Rao Pingfan
Published: July 2017

The antidiabetic effects of Ge-Gen-Qin-Lian-Tang decoction (GQD) have been proven clinically. In a pharmacological study conducted on STZ-induced diabetic rats, the constitutive aggregates/sediments of Ge-Gen-Qin-Lian-Tang decoction exhibited stronger hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities compared to the soluble compositions. This study aims to demonstrate the pharmacological properties of aggregates derived from GQD by measuring permeability of the active monomer phytochemicals (e.g., baicalin) in a Caco-2 cell monolayer and determine the cellular viability, intracellular redox status (MDA and SOD), and insulin secretion of pancreatic β-cell line, INS-1, following STZ-induced oxidative stress. The aggregates were separated into three fractions, namely, “MA (microaggregates),” “400 g supernatant,” and “MNA (micro-/nanoaggregates),” by centrifugation at 400 ×g and 15000 ×g, respectively. Aggregates in the sediment increased baicalin absorption, showed little toxicity to β-cells, elevated intracellular SOD levels, and significantly suppressed oxidative damage effects on cellular viability and functions. The “MA” fraction had a larger particle size and provided higher antioxidant cellular protection than “MNA” in vitro, implying that the sediments may be the active components in the herbal decoction. The actions of these micro-/nanoaggregates may provide a new perspective for understanding the antidiabetic effects of herbal decoctions and aid in interpretation of synergistic actions between the multiple components.
Previously Undiagnosed Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy as a Cause of Airway Obstruction after Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Prostatectomy
Authors: Niki Miyuki , Tachikawa Taihei , Sano Yuka , Miyawaki Hiroki , Matoi Aisa , Okano Yukari , Kariya Nobutaka , Tatara Tsuneo , Hirose Munetaka
Published: July 2017

Background. Preoperative vocal cord paralysis is a risk factor for postoperative respiratory distress following extubation after general anesthesia. We present an unusual case where a geriatric patient developed airway obstruction after robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy.Case Presentation. A 67-year-old male, who had suffered from left vocal cord paralysis of unknown etiology, was scheduled for robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP). General anesthesia was performed without any problems. The patient, however, developed airway obstruction one hour after extubation and was reintubated following commencement of mechanical ventilation for one day. At the age of 70 years, the patient received an emergency tracheostomy due to bilateral vocal cord paralysis and then was diagnosed with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). Although no muscle weakness of either upper or lower extremities was observed, rocuronium showed hypersensitivity during total laryngectomy under general anesthesia.Conclusions. Vocal cord paralysis combined with postoperative laryngeal edema, the cause of which was presumed to be SBMA, likely caused airway obstruction after RALP. As neuromuscular symptoms progress gradually in patients with SBMA, muscle relaxants should be used carefully, even if patients with SBMA present no immobility of their extremities.
Evidence for Tissue Toxicity in BALB/c Exposed to a Long-Term Treatment with Oxiranes Compared to Meglumine Antimoniate
Authors: Oliveira Luiz Filipe Gonçalves , Souza-Silva Franklin , Cysne-Finkelstein Léa , Rabelo Kíssila , Amorim Juliana Fernandes , Azevedo Adriana de Souza , Bourguignon Saulo Cabral , Ferreira Vitor Francisco , Paes Marciano Viana , Alves Carlos Roberto
Published: July 2017

Leishmaniasis remains a serious public health problem in developing countries without effective control, whether by vaccination or chemotherapy. Part of the failure of leishmaniasis control is due to the lack of new less toxic and more effective drugs able to eliminate both the lesions and the parasite. Oxiranes derived from naphthoquinones now being assayed are promising drugs for the treatment of this group of diseases. The predicted pharmacokinetic properties and toxicological profiles of epoxy-α-lapachone and epoxymethoxy-lawsone have now been compared to those of meglumine antimoniate, and histological changes induced by these drugs in noninfected BALB/c mice tissues are described. Effects of these compounds on liver, kidney, lung, heart, and cerebral tissues of healthy mice were examined. The data presented show that both these oxiranes and meglumine antimoniate induce changes in all BALB/c mice tissues, with the lung, heart, and brain being the most affected. Epoxymethoxy-lawsone was the most toxic to lung tissue, while most severe damage was caused in the heart by epoxy-α-lapachone. Meglumine antimoniate caused mild-to-moderate changes in heart and lung tissues.
Early Response to Ranibizumab Is Associated with 12-Month Outcome in Diabetic Macular Edema after Prior Macular Laser Therapy
Authors: Sheu Shwu-Jiuan , Lee Ying-Yen
Published: July 2017

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of ranibizumab in persistent or recurrent diabetic macular edema (DME) after previous laser therapy. Methods: This prospective, interventional study consisted of a 3-month period of scheduled ranibizumab treatment followed by a 9-month period of pro re nata treatment. Results: A total of 21 eyes (18 patients) were included. Both best corrected visual acuity and central retinal thickness had statistically significantly improved from baseline at month 12 (p < 0.001). The mean number of injections within these 12 months was 7.8 ± 2.6 (range 3-11). The visual change at month 12 did not vary by more than 5 letters from the response observed at week 12. Conclusions: Our study showed a beneficial effect from ranibizumab in DME patients previously treated with macular laser therapy. The response at week 12 was sustained up to 1 year. A suboptimal early visual response may predict a long-term suboptimal response and help identify patients who would benefit from an alternative regimen.
Efficacy of the Perfluoro-N-Octane-Assisted Single-Layered Inverted Internal Limiting Membrane Flap Technique for Large Macular Holes
Authors: Pak Kang Yeun , Park Jung Yul , Park Sung Who , Byon Ik Soo , Lee Ji Eun
Published: July 2017

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the perfluoro-n-octane-assisted single-layered inverted internal limiting membrane (ILM) flap for large macular holes (MHs). Methods: We reviewed idiopathic MHs >400 μm. The patients were divided into ILM peeling (group P, 51 eyes) and ILM flap (group F, 41 eyes). Closure of MHs, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and postoperative optical coherence tomography findings were analyzed. Results: MH closure was achieved in 88.2% in group P and in 100% in group F (p = 0.032). SF6 and air was used most frequently in groups P and F, respectively. Both had a significant improvement in BCVA, which was better in group F until 3 months, but not at 6 months. At 6 months, the ellipsoid zone and external limiting membrane were restored with no significant difference. Conclusion: The single-layered inverted ILM flap was better for the closure of large MHs than ILM peeling, without using long-acting gas that prevents early rehabilitation.
Real-Time Volume Contrast Imaging in the A Plane with a Four-Dimensional Electronic Probe Facilitates the Evaluation of Fetal Extremities in Midtrimester Sonograms
Authors: Bellussi Federica , Simonazzi Giuliana , Salsi Ginevra , Guasina Francesca , Pilu Gianluigi
Published: July 2017

Objective: To evaluate the efficiency of real-time volume contrast imaging in the A plane (VCI-A) of fetal extremities, compared with conventional two-dimensional ultrasound (2D). Methods: This was a randomized controlled trial of 100 patients undergoing midtrimester sonography. The fetal limbs were imaged with either 2D or VCI-A with a four-dimensional (4D) electronic probe. Time required for the examination, number of images stored, and quality of the documentation were compared. During the study, 6 fetuses with abnormal extremities were scanned with both 2D and VCI-A, and the diagnostic accuracy and quality of the images were also compared. Results: In the VCI-A group, the fetal extremities were imaged more rapidly (2.3 ± 1.1 vs. 3.3 ± 0.9 min, p < 0.0001), less images were required to document the examination (5.6 ± 1.4 vs. 7.3 ± 1.6), and an optimal documentation was more frequently obtained (84 vs. 54%, p < 0.0001) compared with the 2D group. In malformed fetuses, a precise diagnosis was achieved with both techniques, although images obtained with VCI-A were found to be of superior quality. Conclusions: Real-time VCI-A with a 4D electronic probe is an effective tool for imaging the fetal extremities in midtrimester examinations and carries some advantages over conventional 2D sonography.
Good Feasibility of the New German Blood Donor Questionnaire
Authors: Houareau Claudia , Deitenbeck Robert , Sümnig Ariane , Moeller Anette , Saadé Christiane , Stötzer Frank , Heiden Margarethe , Northoff Hinnak , Offergeld Ruth
Published: July 2017

Background: We assessed the effect of the uniform donor questionnaire (UDQ) on deferral rates in first-time and repeat donors. We focused on the introduced question about unprotected sexual contact with a new partner. Another goal was a stratified comparison of the deferral rates of the donor questionnaire (DQ) and UDQ. Methods: Data on donors and deferrals using the DQ and UDQ were collected at four blood establishments. The comparison included a 2-year period by questionnaire version. For the comparison of the questionnaires, an adjusted multinomial logistic regression was performed. Results: The analysis included 260,848 donations. First-time (FTD) and repeat donations (RD) showed higher deferral rates with the UDQ (FTD +5.4%, RD +1.4%). Deferral due to a new partner was 3.0% in first-time and 0.4% in repeat donors. The majority of these occurred in the youngest age groups. The most frequent deferral criterion was ‘disease' (5.1%). Conclusion: The regression revealed stronger predictors for deferral than the questionnaire version. Especially younger age carried a higher and independent risk for deferral. The additional deferrals of mainly young first-time donors due to a new sexual partner may identify those donors with potential heterosexual risk behavior who would otherwise not be identified.
Amniotic Fluid Angiogenic and Inflammatory Factor Profiling in Foetal Down Syndrome
Authors: Zbucka-Kretowska Monika , Charkiewicz Karol , Czerniecki Jan , Goscik Joanna , Wolczynski Slawomir , Laudanski Piotr
Published: July 2017

Objectives: Angiogenic factors are proteins that can potentially be related to certain foetal chromosomal abnormalities. The goal of this study was to determine the concentrations of 60 angiogenic factors in the amniotic fluid of women carrying foetuses with Down syndrome (DS). Methods: After analysis of the karyotyping results, for the purpose of this study, we chose 12 women with foetal DS. For the control group, we selected 12 healthy patients with uncomplicated pregnancies (15-18 weeks of gestation) who delivered healthy newborns at term. To assess the concentrations of proteins in the amniotic fluid, we used a protein macroarray, which enabled the simultaneous determination of 60 angiogenic factors per sample. Results: In the amniotic fluid of women with foetal DS compared to patients with healthy foetuses, we reported significant decreases in the concentrations of 14 angiogenic factors, including leptin, angiopoietin 1 (ANG-1), angiostatin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), interleukin 1-beta (IL-1b), interleukin 4 (IL-4), interleukin 12p40 (IL-12p40), monocyte chemotactic protein 2 (MCP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1), transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha), vascular endothelial growth factor 2 (VEGFR2), and vascular endothelial growth factor 3 (VEGFR3). Conclusions: Based on our findings, we hypothesise that angiogenic factors may play roles in the pathogenesis of DS. Defining the factors' potential as biochemical factors of DS requires further investigation in a larger group of patients.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Diazoxide in Children with Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia
Authors: Kizu Rika , Nishimura Kazuko , Sato Reiko , Kosaki Kenjiro , Tanaka Toshiaki , Tanigawara Yusuke , Hasegawa Tomonobu
Published: July 2017

Background: Diazoxide is the first-line treatment for pediatric hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HI). This study aimed to elucidate the pharmacokinetics of diazoxide in children with HI. Methods: We obtained 81 blood samples from 22 children with HI. Measured serum diazoxide concentrations were used for population pharmacokinetic analysis. Patient factors influencing pharmacokinetics were estimated using nonlinear mixed-effects model analysis. Relationships between drug exposure and adverse drug reactions were also investigated. Results: Diazoxide disposition in the body was described by a 1-compartment model. Oral clearance (CL/F) and the volume of distribution were proportional to body weight (WT), as expressed by CL/F in males (liters/h) = 0.0358 + 0.00374 × WT (kg). CL/F in females was 39% greater than that in males. Steady-state concentrations of diazoxide were similar following twice- and 3 times-daily dosing when the total daily doses were comparable. A patient whose serum diazoxide concentration exceeded 100 μg/mL over a 4-month period developed hyperglycemia. No significant correlation was observed between severity of hirsutism and diazoxide concentration. Conclusion: We have proposed for the first time a population pharmacokinetic model for diazoxide in children with HI. The potential risk of diabetes mellitus and/or hyperglycemia increases when serum concentrations of diazoxide exceed 100 μg/mL.
A History of Cow’s Milk Allergy Is Associated with Lower Vitamin D Status in Schoolchildren
Authors: Rosendahl Jenni , Fogelholm Mikael , Pelkonen Anna , Mäkelä Mika J. , Mäkitie Outi , Erkkola Maijaliisa
Published: July 2017

Background/Aims: Vitamin D insufficiency is common in children. We aimed to evaluate the main determinants of vitamin D status in Finnish school-aged children, including the history of allergic diseases. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on 171 ten-year-olds where serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels were measured, and data on food consumption and use of vitamin D supplements were collected. The history of allergic diseases was evaluated with a validated questionnaire. Results: Vitamin D insufficiency (<50 nmol/L) was observed in 16% of the children. In children with a history of cow’s milk allergy, the mean 25(OH)D levels were lower than in children without allergy (60.5 ± 12.6 nmol/L vs. 75.5 ± 22.3 nmol/L, p = 0.004). Lack of vitamin D supplementation, female gender, non-Caucasian ethnicity, and a history of milk allergy were associated with lower vitamin D status. Conclusion: The vitamin D status in our study sample of Finnish schoolchildren was sufficient, which suggests that health policy strategies – such as the recommendation of vitamin D supplementation and the fortification of food products with vitamin D – have been successful in improving vitamin D status in children. Special concern should be given to children with a history of milk allergy to ensure their vitamin D sufficiency.
Nerve/Glial Antigen 2: A Novel Target for Anti-Tumor Therapy in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Cengiz Cem , Bulut Safak , Boyacioglu A. Sedat , Kuzu M. Ayhan
Published: July 2017

Background/Aims: To identify cell surface markers selectively expressed by tumor cells and tumor vasculature is the current goal for tumor therapy. One such marker is nerve/glial antigen 2 (NG2), which is a transmembrane glycoprotein. We aimed to investigate the expression of NG2 in colorectal cancer (CRC) and its association with clinicopathological parameters. Methods: Immunohistochemical staining of NG2, vascular endothelial growth factor, and CD34 in 65 patients diagnosed with CRC over a 5-year period was performed. NG2 expression in both tumor cells and tumor vasculature was scored according to the German Reactive Scoring System. The association between NG2 and patient and tumor characteristics was analyzed. Results: NG2 was expressed by tumor cells in 56.9%, tumor vasculature in 43%, and simultaneously by both in 27.6% of the cases. Tumor cell NG2 was more common in elderly patients (p = 0.023) and vascular NG2 was associated with better tumor differentiation (p = 0.035). Notably, vascular NG2 was expressed in half of the patients with left colon cancer, although it was not expressed in a majority of those with right colon cancer (50.9 vs. 17.7%, p = 0.041). Conclusion: Both tumor cell and vascular NG2 expression were shown to be present in a significant number of patients with CRC and this makes NG2 a double target for anti-tumor therapies. Such therapies might be more effective for elderly patients with well-differentiated left colon cancer.
Changes in the Whole Blood Donor Population in South-West Germany: 2010 versus 2016
Authors: Müller-Steinhardt Michael , Weidmann Christian , Klüter Harald
Published: July 2017

Background: In the recent past, the discrepancy between blood supply and future demand may have been overestimated. As medical progress develops rapidly, it will be essential to monitor ongoing demographic changes in the donor population regularly and to re-evaluate retention and recruiting strategies. The aim of the current study was to compare first-time donor (FTD) characteristics and their return rates. We therefore compared whole blood (WB) donations in total and the annual donation frequencies in 2010 and in 2015/2016. Furthermore, we evaluated whether over the same observation period, medical reasons for deferral underwent a change (2010 vs. 2015). Methods: The return probability of FTD within 12 months was analysed in 2010 and 2015 with respect to successful donation versus deferral and with regard to age. The total number of WB donations was investigated, and age distribution was compared between 2010, 2013 and 2016. WB donation frequencies were calculated with respect to age and gender in 2010 and 2016. In a second analysis, medical reasons for deferral were differentiated into 14 categories and a possible impact of time (2010 vs. 2015) on the respective percentage was studied. Results: We observed a significant decline of the FTD return rate from 42.5% to 38.8% in donors that successfully donated WB while the rate remained unchanged in deferred FTD. At the same time the mean FTD age decreased from 29.1 ± 11.6 to 28.5 ± 11.7 years in 2016. Analysis of total WB donations revealed an increase of all donations from donors ≥60 years, a constant percentage from donors <30 years but a declining proportion of donors aged 30-59 years from 2010 to 2013 to 2016. In parallel, annual mean WB donation frequencies decreased over time. Deferrals due to travel history increased significantly from 2010 to 2015 both in FTD and repeat donors. Conclusion: There is ongoing demographic change in our WB donor population. Our data prove a need for a re-evaluation of retention and recruitment strategies since previous marketing campaigns seem to have neglected the age group 30-59 years. This must be addressed in further studies as this age group will be highly relevant for assuring future blood supplies since donor recruitment from adolescents will be limited due to declining birth rates. Furthermore, deferral due to travel history is increasing significantly. Thus we will require further studies on the possible impact on donor retention.
Selecting the Right Donors - Still a Challenge: Development of a Uniform Donor Questionnaire in Germany
Authors: Offergeld Ruth , Heiden Margarethe
Published: July 2017

The selection of blood donors includes the assessment of the individual's health and medical history by using a donor questionnaire (DQ) in order to identify persons whose donation could present a health risk to recipients or to themselves. This way, DQs provide one layer of blood safety and contribute to the high safety profile of blood components currently available in Germany. This review reports the development of a new uniform questionnaire in Germany and its first evaluation using a field test approach. This development is set in context with the international experiences regarding donor selection and prospective challenges.
Leite derramado à moda Jacobina
Authors: Matsunaga Priscila Saemi
Published: July 2017

O artigo apresenta comentário sobre a peça Leite derramado, do Club Noir, estreada em 2016. As observações procuram articular a crítica sobre o romance de Chico Buarque, a peça, e o contexto de recepção das obras.
Emancipar-se do [projeto contraprodutivo de identificar o] espectador
Authors: Mervant-Roux Marie-Madeleine
Published: July 2017

Definir quem assiste ou quem assistiu a um espetáculo teatral como “espectador” é defini-lo do ponto de vista do teatro. O risco é esquecer que, para que o espetáculo seja mais que um espetáculo, o público deve encarnar, diante da cena, aquilo que na sociedade não é da esfera do teatro. Nem coautor, nem “emancipado” da estrutura original que funda a função dramática na cultura ocidental, aquele que vem de fora assume aí o estatuto exigente de intermediário entre dois mundos.
Gala: protagonizando a dança das nossas vidas
Authors: Abujamra Marcia
Published: July 2017

Este artigo é uma reflexão sobre o espetáculo Gala, do coreógrafo francês Jérôme Bel, apresentado em São Paulo como parte da mostra FranceDanse Brasil 2016. Com elenco de profissionais e não-profissionais o espetáculo é uma celebração coletiva da dança capaz de questionar o que significa dançar bem, mostrando como cada performer, cada corpo, entende e traduz a sua propria dança. O artigo propõe também uma breve análise comparativa entre Gala e Amadores, da Cia Hiato.
The egg clutch and tadpole of Rhinella merianae (Gallardo, 1965) (Anura: Bufonidae) from Central Amazonia, Brazil
Authors: SILVA MARIA ISABEL DA , SCHIESARI LUIS CESAR , MENIN MARCELO
Published: July 2017

The Rhinella granulosa group consists of 13 described species with distribution from South America to Panama (Narvaes & Rodrigues 2009; Sanabria et al. 2010; Pereyra et al. 2016). Species belonging to this monophyletic group are characterized by their small to medium body size, ossified skull, small parotoid gland, keratinized cephalic crests and body covered by granules and spicules (Narvaes & Rodrigues 2009; Pereyra et al. 2016). These toads present explosive or prolonged breeding in temporary ponds of open areas (Borteiro et al. 2006; Mercês et al. 2009; Narvaes & Rodrigues 2009; Blotto et al. 2014), where eggs are laid in two long, uniseriate and gelatinous strings (Lima et al. 2012; Blotto et al. 2014; Pereyra et al. 2015). In general, tadpoles of these species are small, round and darkly colored (Blotto et al. 2014). Currently, only seven species have had their tadpoles formally described: Rhinella azarai (Gallardo 1965), Rhinella dorbignyi (Duméril & Bibron 1841), Rhinella fernandezae (Gallardo 1957), Rhinella granulosa (Spix 1824), Rhinella humboldti (Gallardo 1965), Rhinella mirandaribeiroi (Gallardo 1965), and Rhinella pygmaea (Myers & Carvalho 1952) (Fernández 1927; Kenny 1969; Carvalho-e-Silva & Carvalho-e-Silva 1994; Borteiro et al. 2006; Lynch 2006; Mercês et al. 2009; Blotto et al. 2014; Schulze et al. 2015). Pereyra et al. (2016) discussed the taxonomic identity of tadpoles described by Lavilla et al. (2000) as Rhinella major (Müller & Hellmich 1936), and following their concern we do not include these in our comparison. For the Rhinella merianae tadpole, there has been only a brief description (diagrammatic drawings and color patterns in life) in the tadpole identification key from Central Amazonia of Hero (1990) as Bufo granulosus. Therefore, we present in this paper a formal description of the tadpole of R. merianae and additional comments of its clutch size, measurements of eggs and spawning sites.
Downscaling Extreme Precipitation from CMIP5 Simulations Using Historical Analogs
Authors: Castellano Christopher M. , DeGaetano Arthur T.
Published: July 2017

An approach for downscaling daily precipitation extremes using historical analogs is applied to simulations from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). The method employs a multistep procedure in which the occurrence of extreme precipitation on a given target day is determined on the basis of the probability of extreme precipitation on that day’s closest historical analogs. If extreme precipitation is expected, daily precipitation observations associated with the historical analogs are used to approximate precipitation amounts on the target day. By applying the analog method to historical simulations, the ability of the CMIP5 models to simulate synoptic weather patterns associated with extreme precipitation is assessed. Differences between downscaled and observed precipitation extremes are investigated by comparing the precipitation frequency distributions for a subset of rarely selected extreme analog days with those for all observed days with extreme precipitation. A supplemental composite analysis of the synoptic weather patterns on these rarely selected analog days is utilized to elucidate the meteorological factors that contribute to such discrepancies. Overall, the analog method as applied to CMIP5 simulations yields realistic estimates of historical precipitation extremes, with return-period precipitation biases that are comparable in magnitude to those obtained from dynamically downscaled simulations. The analysis of rarely selected analog days reveals that precipitation amounts on these days are generally larger than precipitation amounts on all days with extreme precipitation, leading to an underestimation of return-period precipitation amounts at many stations. Furthermore, the synoptic composite analysis reveals that tropical cyclones are a common feature on these rarely selected analog days.
Empirical Relations between Size Parameters of Ice Hydrometeor Populations and Radar Reflectivity
Authors: Matrosov Sergey Y. , Heymsfield Andrew J.
Published: July 2017

Empirical power-law relations between the equivalent radar reflectivity factor Ze and the slope parameter of the gamma function Λ (i.e., Λ = c; used to describe ice hydrometeor size distributions) are derived. The Λ parameter can also be considered as a size parameter since it is proportional to the inverse of the hydrometeor characteristic size, which is an important geophysical parameter describing the entire distribution. Two datasets from two-dimensional microphysical probes, collected during aircraft flights in subtropical and midlatitude regions, were used to obtain Λ by fitting measured size distributions. Reflectivity for different radar frequencies was calculated from microphysical probe data by using nonspherical-particle models. The derived relations have exponent d values that are approximately from −0.35 to −0.40, and the prefactors c are approximately between 30 and 55 (Λ: cm−1; Ze: mm6 m−3). There is a tendency for d and c to decrease when radar frequency increases from Ku band (~14 GHz) to W band (~94 GHz). Correlation coefficients between Ze and Λ can be very high (~0.8), especially for lower frequencies. Such correlations are similar to those for empirical relations between reflectivity and ice water content (IWC), which are used in many modeling and remote sensing applications. Close correspondences of reflectivity to both Λ and IWC are due to a relatively high correlation between these two microphysical parameters. Expected uncertainties in estimating Λ from reflectivity could be as high as a factor of 2, although estimates at lower radar frequencies are more robust. Stratifying retrievals by temperature could result in relatively modest improvement of Λ estimates.