bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DCCA Shrinkproofing of Wool
Authors: Cardamone Jeanette M. , Yao J.
Published: March 2007

In Part I, 20% owf DCCA treatment of wool fabric provided complete shrinkage control, but yellowness and deterioration of fabric handle resulted. In Part II, a mod ified 20% owf DCCA treatment overcomes these limitations. This is an improvement over the conventional two-step process in which DCCA chlorination is followed by resin application to prevent shrinkage in wool fabrics. In step 1 of the treatment, gluconic acid (GA) is applied with DCCA. After neutralization and antichlorination, GA is applied with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The role of GA is to moderate the harsh effects of DCCA and H2O2 as documented by scanning electron micrographs of the fibers and improved surface properties of the fabrics. Although the level of DCCA is high, all released chlorine is consumed, and residual chlorine found in spent baths is less than 2%. This modified DCCA system can serve as a model for choosing components when designing alternative systems to chlorination for shrinkage control.
Thermal Properties and Physiological Responses of Vapor-Permeable Water-Repellent Fabrics Treated with Microcapsule-Containing PCMs
Authors: Chung Hyehin , Cho Gilsoo
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to develop a thermally adaptable, vapor-permeable water-repellent fabric. Vapor-permeable water-repellent fabrics with and without octade cane-containing microcapsules are obtained by a wet porous coating process. The thermal and physical properties of the octadecane-containing water-repellent fabrics (WR-PCM) are compared with the water-repellent fabric without octadecane (WR). The heat of fusion ( ΔHf) of WR-PCM is 13.50 J/g at 29.06°C, and the heat of crystallization ( ΔHf) is 14.02 J/g at 11.45°C. The thermal properties remain relatively high after thirty launderings. WR-PCM shows a lower water vapor transmission value than WR and a lower air permeability. The water repellency of both fabrics is 100%, but the water resistance of WR-PCM decreases dramatically. In wear trials, the mean skin temperature and microclimate temperature of subjects wearing active wear made with WR-PCM are lower than those made with WR. But the microclimate humidity with WR-PCM has a higher rate than WR. Although the subjective sensations of WR and WR-PCM are not significantly different, WR-PCM is cooler and more comfortable than WR. The results of this study indicate that octadecane- containing microcapsules in water-repellent fabrics provide a cooling effect but sacrifice water resistance.
Effect of Alternate Heating and Cooling on the Breaking Strength and Elongation of Cotton and Rayon Tire Cords
Authors: Lewis Walter S.
Published: March 2007

Six different tire cords, including one mercerized and two unmercerized cottons, and three rayons, were subjected to alternate heating for 16 hours at 265°F and then cooling for 8 hours in a room temperature of 70°F and 65 percent relative humidity. The effects of these treat ments on the tenacity (grams per denier) and elongation were determined at the end of 1, 24, 36, and 48 heating periods. Tests were conducted on the cords in the oven-dry state, and also after conditioning in a standard atmosphere of 65 percent relative humidity at 70°F. Elonga tions at breaking load were read from the charts measuring from the point where the pen first registers and also from the point where it leaves the axis.

In all tenacity tests the mercerized cotton cord showed the greatest resistance to change, and was generally followed by one of the rayons. The unmercerized cotton cords gave better re tention of tenacity than the other two rayon cords under standard conditions of test, but this order was reversed under oven-dry conditions. All the rayons exhibited higher initial elonga tions and, with one exception, greater losses on heating and cooling than did the cottons. The two methods of measuring elongation gave a slightly different order of rankings of the cords.

The degrees of polymerization of the cellulose changed after 48 heating and cooling cycles from 2400 to 385 for Wilds 13 unmercerized cotton cord, from 2360 to 310 for the Wilds 13 mercerized cotton cord, and from 430 to 129 for the rayon cords.
Response of Cottons to Chemical Treatments
Authors: Rebenfeld L.
Published: March 2007

Yarns from six widely different cottons were subjected to a resin finishing treatment. The mechanical properties of single fibers withdrawn from untreated and treated yarns were examined. The changes in resilience and rupture properties resulting from the treatment were studied in order to determine whether the different cottons responded differently to the resin treatment. It was observed that many changes in the mechanical properties were not constant for the six cottons. Changes in resilience properties could be related to the cottons' fibrillar orientation as measured by X-ray angle.
Inter- and Intramolecular Bonding in the Reaction of Wrinkle Resistant Finishes with Cellulosic Fabrics
Authors: O'Brien S.J. , van Loo W.J.
Published: March 2007

It is shown that the relationship between the improvement in wrinkle recovery and the concentration of a number of wrinkle resistant finishes applied under different con ditions to cellulosic fabrics of different structures and composition is similar to the relationship in the formaldehyde-cotton system. The theory developed for the reaction of formaldehyde with cotton, leading to the conclusion that only a small fraction of the concentration of cross-linking agent required to impart a given improvement in the wrin kle recovery is involved in cross-linking, is shown to be generally applicable to cellulosic reactants. Dialdehydes, diglycidyl ethers, and triazyridinyl phosphine oxide as well as the well known formaldehyde-containing finishes were considered.

The relationship between the improvement in wet wrinkle recovery and the concentra tion of agent applied to give the wet wrinkle recovery only is similar to the relationship for dry wrinkle recovery improvement and concentration of the reacted finish.

The structures and weave of a cotton fabric have little influence on the wrinkle recovery improvement-concentration relationship. Cyanoethylation of cotton makes the hydroxyl groups of cotton less accessible, but the relationship between the improvement in wrinkle recovery and the concentration of reacted cross-linking agent is of the same form as that for unmodified cotton.

Chemical modification with a cross-linking agent in the wet swollen state to impart wet but not dry wrinkle recovery does not prevent the subsequent cross-linking to obtain improvement in dry wrinkle recovery; but the tendency to form cross links is reduced. When the physical character of cellulose differs from that in cotton, as in the case of rayon, the difference in the relationship between the wrinkle recovery improvement and the concentration of reacted agent is more profound. Here the constant terms of the theoretical wrinkle recovery improvement-concentration relationship differ in a way which indicates that the tendency of the applied agent to cross-link is less in rayon than in cotton.
Wet Soiling of Cotton
Authors: Berch J. , Peper H. , Drake G.L.
Published: March 2007

The retention of various soils during laundering as a function of the type of finishing agent applied to cotton fabries was studied. Soil retention is compared with soil deposi tion. Generally, systems that are readily soiled from a water medium also have a strong tendency to retain soil during laundering. Chemically modified cottons having a large degree of swelling in water are a notable exception ; soil is difficult to remove but does not deposit readily. Silicone, Huorocarbon, and hydrocarbon acrylate finishes have a strong retentiveness for soil corresponding to a large tendency to become soiled in aqueous systems.
Cohesion Phenomena in Cotton Rovings and Yarns
Authors: Barella Alberto , Sust Antonio
Published: March 2007

Experiments carried out with cottons of lengths ranging from 15/ 16 m. to 1/1 8 m. and Micronaire index from 3.1 to 5.5 showed that mmimum twist of cohesion increases with the Micronaire index of the fiber and the hank of the shver and decreases with the length of the fiber. Corley's formula for sliver twist can be applied to the calculation of mmununt twist of cohesion by varying only the constant. The arrangement and the decree of parallelism of the fibers in the sliver influence the mimmum twist of cohesion, which increases as the disorder of the fibers in the sliver increases.
Role of Sites in Dyeing
Authors: Rosenbaum Shlomo
Published: March 2007

The apparent diffusion coefficients Da of cationic dyes in polyacrylonitrile fibers with sulfonate sites was found to increase with increasing site concentration. This could not be attributed to a concentration dependence of Da. The rather minor plasticization by the sites themselves, or by water taken up by them, which could be detected between the extremes in site content, also did not appear to account for the strong dependence ob scrved. The rate of dye uptake was found to be almost independent of salt and hydro gen ion concentration in solution. The findings could best be explained on the basis of a diffusion mechanism in which dye penetrates by interchange between mobile occupied sites and unoccupied ones further inside the fiber. Fick's law was derived from the second-order kinetics of such interchange, with a diffusion coefficient proportional to the site concentration. Alternative rubber-like transport mechanisms, less in line with the present experimental data, are also presented.
The Mechanical Behavior of Fabrics
Authors: Brenner F.C. , Chen C.S.
Published: March 2007

Seventy-five fabrics of a variety of constructions have been subjectively evaluated for wrinkling performance after deformation in the Celanese wrinkle tester. Their mechani cal behavior is determined in buckling and in-plane shearing experiments. It is shown that the wrinkling performance is correlateable with the energy (per unit thickness) to produce a specific bending deformation and the rate of recovery from it.

Further, it is shown that the extent of wrinkling can be significantly modified by the magnitude of the frictional restraints at the yarn crossover points. This quantity is estimated in the shearing experiment.
Adaptation of Simons' Staining Technique to the Quantitative Assessment of Wear in Cotton Fabric
Authors: Loeb L. , Giuffria R. , Cochran S.D. , Shuck R.O.
Published: March 2007

A method is described for quantitatively assessing the low-level wear or damage that may be sustamed by cotton fabries during mechanical agitation in the wet state. The method involyes dyeing of the damaged and control fabries in a two-component dye hath with preferential absorption of one dye by the mechanically damaged fibers. The key to the quantitative use of this technique lies in the careful characterization of the color imparted to the various dyed swatches. A simple and reproducible dyeing procedure is described. The two direct cotton dyes employed are those originally specified by F. L. Snnons as a stain for momtoring the action of the "beater" on cellulose fibers used in papermaking.

The utility of this dye uptake method is illustrated with data from several experi ments encompassing a wide range of power inputs. The extent of surface fiber damage as indicated by the colorimetric data is shown to correlate with both the weight of fibrous debris liberated from the test loads and with subjective evaluations of fabric harshness.
A Study of the Hairiness of Cotton Yarns
Authors: Pillay K.P.R.
Published: March 2007

Further studies on the hairiness of cotton yarns with particular reference to the influence of processing factors such as spinning draft, spindle speeds, traveller weights, yarn tensions, etc. are described in this paper. The influence on yarn hairiness of operations affecting the degree of parallelization and short fiber content in slivers is discussed. The hairiness of yarns spun from blends of cotton of differing fiber prop erties and from blends of cotton with staple fiber is also investigated. The results show that yarn hairiness is significantly influenced not only by spinning factors and processing techniques but also by the short fiber content and fiber arrangement in slivers and rovings before spinning. Control of fibers in the drafting field by effective use of guides or condensers is shown to reduce the hairiness of cotton yarns.
Application of the Donnan Equilibrium to the Distribution of Dye and Inorganic Ions between Wool and Solutions
Authors: Delmenico J. , Peters R.H.
Published: March 2007

The Donnan equilibrium equations, expressed in measurable quantities, derived for wool in salt solutions in an earlier paper [3] have been extended to include dyeing equilibria. These are supported by experimental dyeings over a wide range of pH. , The wool behaves as an amphoteric ion exchanger, the charge on the fiber depending on the amount of bound anion (or vice versa). Two ways are shown for arriving at , constants describing the binding of dye anions. It is shown that while the product KwKd of the constants describing dye and hydrogen ion binding is constant over a wide range of dye adsorption, the individual "constants" vary with the charge on the fiber. An empirical relation is obtained to show the variation of the apparent Kd with amount of bound dye. Further, it is shown that the apparent constants vary with dye and salt concentration, and approximate activity coefficients are derived. The total number of parameters needed to fully characterize the behavior of a dye are discussed and values of these given for two dyes, C.I. 15510 and C.I. 15620.
Effect of the Catalyst Upon the Physical and Chemical Properties of Cotton Cellulose Finished with Derivatives of Ethyleneurea
Authors: Gonzales Elwood J. , Benerito Ruth R.
Published: March 2007

Cotton print cloth (68 X 72) has been treated with aqueous solutions of dihydroxy ethyleneurea (DHEU) and several of its derivatives in the presence of inorganic catalysts at constant molar concentration of the metallic ion. The derivatives were N,N'-dimeth yloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU), a dioxane complex of DMDHEU, dimethoxyethyl eneurea (DMXEU), and N,N'-d'imethyldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMeDHEU). The catalysts employed were MgCl2, Mg(NO3)2, ZnCl 2, Zn(NO3)2, and HCl, and the range of metal salt catalyst concentration investigated was 0.006 M to 0.2 M with the commercial prepa . ration of DMDHEU. A comparative study was made of the physical and chemical properties of fabrics finished with all DHEU derivatives. It has been found that the DHEU can react with cotton in 'the absence of added catalyst, that the final properties of fabrics treated with all finishing agents investigated are influenced by catalyst concentration as well as by type of catalyst, and that in the presence of 0.03 M Zn(NO3)2 all di methylolated urea derivatives under investigation, reacted preferentially with the primary hydroxyls of cellulose and that the dihydroxyethylemurea derivatives reacted with more secondary hydroxyl groups of cotton than did DMEU. In the presence of acid catalysts, DMXEU reacted with cotton. The dioxane complex of DMDHEU, namely (DMDHEU)2·DX was a water soluble, nonhygroscopic, stable compound, easily handled, and its use as a finishing agent resulted in fabric possessing excellent wash—wear properties.
Significance of Becke Line Refractive Indices in Synthetic Fibers
Authors: McLean J.H.
Published: March 2007

Microscopy literature states that the Becke line gives the refractive index of the fiber surface In this work, interferometric measurement of the refractive index across the fiber showed that Becke refractive indices are not confined to the fiber surface, but may occur at any point on the fiber radius. Further, the Becke indices need not occur in the same axial fiber element. When either refractive index varies along a fiber radius, Becke n111 corresponds to the maximum n11 found by interferometric measurement, and Bocke n1 occurs at the minimum interferometric n11. In some cases, two Becke n11 values appear, the second corresponding to an inflection or a plateau in the plot of interferometric refractive index vs. fiber radius.

Birefringence obtained by Berek or Soleil compensator techniques (Δ nC) is the same as that obtained from Becke or interferometric data (Δ n B) when no refractive index gradients exist across the fiber. If gradients are present, Δ nC is always greater than Δ nB by an amount related to the gradient magnitude.
Post-Irradiation Grafted Vinyl-Cellulose Copolymers
Authors: Blouin Florine A. , Morris Nelle J. , Arthur Jett C.
Published: March 2007

Purified cotton cellulose fibers, yarns, and fabrics were grafted with vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile, and methyl methacrylate, using a post-irradiation grafting technique. The cottons were irradiated dry and in nitrogen with gamma rays from a cobalt-60 source to a dosage of 106 roentgens (R) and treated at about 23°C with a 15% monomer solution in 70, 75, or 80% aqueous zinc chloride. The rates of graft polymerization of these vinyl monomers onto cotton fibers were studied, and the radiochemical yields obtained were 6400 to 75,000 molecular actions per 100 ev. The rate of reaction and maximum yield were also dependent on the physical state of the cotton. Yarns and fabrics con taining approximately 50 and 25% grafted polymer, respectively, were prepared for property evaluations. Grafted yarns showed a marked increase in elongation-at-break and a decrease in average stiffness, Polyacrylonitrile-cotton yarns exhibited significant rot resistance. The vinyl grafted yarns were thermoplastic. Two different distribu tions of the vinyl polymers were observed on examination of cross sections of grafted fibers. The molecular weights of the vinyl polymers were very high (1-3 X 106). Both the polyvinyl acetate- and the polyacrylonitrile-cotton fabrics exhibited marked improve ments in abrasion resistance.
Kinetics and Temperature Dependence of the Chemical Stress Relaxation of Wool Fibers
Authors: Weigmann Hans-Dietrich , Rebenfield Ludwig , Dansizer Cornelia
Published: March 2007

The stress relaxation process of keratin fibers may be divided into two stages, the first rapid stage involving hydrogen bond breakdown and the second slower stage being connected with disulfide bond scission. The temperature dependence of the second disulfide-controlled stage of stress relaxation of wool fibers from extensions of 20 and 40% was investigated at pH 7.0, both in the presence and absence of the sulfhydryl- blocking agent N-ethylmalimide (NEMI). By plotting the relaxation modulus Er as a function of temperature, a transition at 70°C was observed for untreated wool fibers. An increase in the SH content by partial reduction of the wool cystine decreases this transition temperature, as was expected from previous evidence of the SH dependence of the transition temperature under stress obtained from stress-strain curves [20]. By normalizing the stress at any time with a stress value in the presence of the SH-group blocking agent, it was possible to eliminate the first stage of stress relaxation without losing any component of the second stage. The viscoelastic behavior of the second stage was found to approximate that of a single Maxwellian element. The controlling mechanism in 'this stage appears to be a disulfide interchange catalyzed by free. SH groups, with an activation energy of approximately 23 kcal mole, which is independent of the strain level.
Disposition of Crosslinking Agents on Cellulose
Authors: Madan G.L.
Published: March 2007

Stretched and chemically treated cellophane samples were examined by a differential infrared dichroism technique. The studies showed that crosslinking was intermolecular.
The Bending Characteristics of Yarns
Authors: Kim S.Y. , Hersh S.P. , El-Shiekh Aly
Published: March 2007

A theoretical analysis of the bending and bending recovery properties of monofilaments has been carried out. The analysis treats large bending deformations (beyond yielding) and considers the stress-strain curve of the filaments to be elastoplastic. Two forms of monofilaments, cylindrical and circular helical, have been examined. The bending param eters derived are bending rigidity, bending recovery, and residual moment. These parameters are expressed in terms of filament tensile properties and dimensions.
Structural Rearrangements in the Liquid-Induced Crystallization of Cold-Drawn Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)
Authors: Makarewicz P.J. , Wilkes G.L.
Published: March 2007

Structural rearrangements induced by various liquid treatments of cold-drawn poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films were studied. It was determined that significant levels of longitudinal shrinkage were induced in the cold-drawn films by methylene chloride, dioxane, and nitromethane liquids at temperatures ranging from 5 to 75°C. The kinetics of shrinkage were found to be relatabte to the sorption kinetics of the liquids into the films, and the shrinkage levels relatable to the degree of interaction between the polymer and liquid. Morphology studies indicated that as a result of the liquid treatments, the poorly defined, oriented, spherulitic-like superstructure in cold-drawn PET films became rather well perfected, with further highly-oriented crystallinity and lamellar formation occurring in conjunction with the amorphous relaxation or shrinkage.
Sequence Homologies in Helical Segments from α-Keratin
Authors: Crewther W.G. , Gough K.H. , Inglis A.S. , McKern N.M.
Published: March 2007

Partial amino acid sequences have been determined for three type I and two type II helical segments constituting a major part of the helical fragments obtained by partial proteolysis of S-carboxymethylkerateine from wool. There were few differences in the N-terminal sequences of the segments of the same type, as compared with about 70% difference between different segment types.
Liquid Transport Through Fabrics; Wetting and Steady-State Flow
Authors: Clark David B. , Miller Bernard
Published: March 2007

When a liquid front is forced upward through a fabric at a constant rate, the pressure measured in the liquid generally goes through first a negative and then a positive change during the interval required to wet through the fabric. Such a re sponse is unexpected if, as is customary, the fabric is considered as an array of cylindrical capillaries with axes in the direc tion of flow. With cylindrical capillaries the pressure could change in such a manner only if there were a change in the sur face energy of the capillary walls. In this paper the observed pressure changes are explained on the basis that the interfiber capillary channels are actually hourglass-shaped, so that the inclination of the fiber walls at the contact line, the meniscus shape, and thus the capillary pressure all change as the liquid front passes through. This analysis applies strictly to systems in equilibrium; for a moving liquid front, an increase in liquid flow velocity could be responsible for an increase in the height of the positive pressure peak (a measure of the resistance of the fabric to being wetted through). Experimental results on a group of fabrics support this prediction.
Determining Open-End Yarn Twist by the Striped Yarn Method
Authors: Louis Gain L.
Published: March 2007

This report presents a method for producing a striped open end spun yarn and for using the stripes to determine the amount of twist in the yarn. Procedures for spinning a striped open-end yarn are also presented, as well as results of test on twist variability and distribution.
Applying Factor Analysis to the Hand of Terry Fabrics
Authors: Nishimatsu Toyonori
Published: March 2007

When the hand of terry fabrics is designed, it is important that interrelations between the sensory value of the hand and various objective tests on terry fabrics, whose pile design factors are changed diversely, are investigated. When two factors of the pile design (a pile ratio and an effective fiber length of a pile warp yarn) are changed, the sense of touch becomes better as energy loss ratio increases and gets worse as compressive resilience, modulus, and recovery ratio increase. When changing two factors of the pile design (a twist number of a pile warp yam and a yarn count of pile warp), the sense of touch becomes better as compressive energy, frictional coefficient, and thickness increase, and gets worse as compressive resilience increases.
Face Down Weaving and Its Effect on Fabric Properties
Authors: Gu Huang
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted to determine the effects of face up versus face down weaving of warp faced twills and sateens on fabric strength properties. Forty fabrics varying in weave and filling density were produced from 100% cotton yams, including 2/1, 3/1, and 5/ 1 twills, and an 8-hamess sateen. Warpwise tensile and tearing strengths of fabrics woven face up were usually greater than for those woven face down. This was attributed to tension differences between yams in the top and bottom sheds during the weaving process, which changed the interaction of the warp and filling yarns. As a result, there was greater movement in the fell of the cloth when weaving the fabric face down, thereby increasing the chafing effect on the warp yams.
Sonic Modulus of Cotton Yarn and Its Relationship with Recovery Parameters
Authors: Hussain G.F.S. , Iyer K.R. Krishna , Patil N.B.
Published: March 2007

Effects of chemical modifications such as mercerization (with and without stretch) and crosslinking (with HCHO and DMDHEU of various concentrations) on me chanical properties such as dynamic (sonic) modulus, immediate elastic recovery (IER), work recovery (WR), and crease recovery angle (CRA) of yam samples were studied. While slack mercerization reduced the dynamic modulus and the recovery parameters, stretch during mercerization brought about a profound increase in their values. The dynamic modulus and recovery parameters also increased progressively with the severity of crosslinking in HCHO and DMDHEU. A high degree of linear correlation existed between the dynamic modulus and IER, WR, and CRA for samples treated with a given reagent; however these relationships were specific to the reagent.
Assessment of Set Marks by Means of Neural Nets
Authors: Vangheluwe L. , Sette S. , Pynckels F.
Published: March 2007

Set marks in fabrics can be classified by human visual inspection. An objective way . of measuring set marks is by means of image analysis. Correlation of the output of the image analysis and the visual assessment of the set mark is not clear. Therefore, neural nets are used to find the relationships between the visibility of set marks and the image analysis, taking into account construction parameters of weft yarn and fabric.
Crosslinking of Cotton Fabrics Premercerized with Different Alkalis
Authors: Sheen Tzong-Haw , Li Shyh-Min , Wu Jiunn-Hann , Chen Cheng-Chi
Published: March 2007

Cotton fabric was mercerized with LiOH, NaOH, and KOH solutions at the con centrations of maximum swelling for mercerized cotton fiber. The kinetics and acti vation parameters of the reaction between cellulose (unmercerized and mercerized) and the crosslinking agent were calculated. Rate constants for cotton fabrics were higher than that for unmercerized cotton. Values for ΔH*, ΔS*, and ΔG* for each fabric reveal that the swelling degree of cotton does affect the reaction state, but doesn't affect the energy consumption of the reaction between cellulose and crosslinking agent.
Nature-Oriented Tour Operators: Travel To Developing Countries
Authors: Ingram C. Denise , Durst Patrick B.
Published: March 2007

This article presents the results of a telephone survey of U. S. -based, nature-oriented tour operators. Emphasis is placed on the types of activities , destinations, clientele, limitations to growth, and potential benefits for development.
Tourism and the Internet
Authors: Walle A.H.
Published: March 2007

Advances in computer technology and the Internet permit and encourage marketing efforts in which the consumer bypasses at least some intermediaries when purchasing travel/tourism services. To fully benefit from these developments, travel and tourism marketers must keep abreast of rapid technological innovations, on the one hand, while transcending the classic diffusion of innovations model, on the other.
Environmental Policy and Tourism in Tunisia
Authors: Poirier Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Balance between the economic benefits of increased tourism and its environmental impact is difficult to achieve. But through a carefully thought-out and aggressive governmental plan, Tunisia seeks to reach such a balance. Tunisia's strategies might well be a model for other nations of any size with similar problems and goals.
Spirits of the womb: Migration, reproductive choice and healing in Rajasthan
Authors: Unnithan-Kumar Maya
Published: March 2007

In this article I focus on the connections between poor women's migration to a basti in Jaipur city in north-west India and their reproductive anxieties, agency and outcomes. I suggest that, in terms of their reproductive choice and freedom, women's experience of migration is highly ambivalent. Three main consequences of women's migration account for this ambivalence: (a) a shift in gender roles, conjugal relationships and related expectations of childbearing; (b) an enhanced recourse to spiritual healers via friendship with women across castes; and (c) a greater resort to private, professional, gynaecological care, complementing the negative experiences of public health sector attitudes, provisions and programmes. While women have a greater role in reproductive decision-making as a result of a shift in gender roles and relationships, they experience greater constraints in bodily terms as reflected in the medicalisation of their bodies. Nevertheless, basti women are constantly negotiating better reproductive outcomes for themselves. Their resort to private health care enables them to avoid state services, allowing them direct access to health care, often without the knowledge of their husbands or relatives.
The Evolution of Occupational Power
Authors: Kronus Carol L.
Published: March 2007

To understand the process of how occupations amass power, English and American historical data are used to document the evolution of task boundaries between physicians and pharmacists. The ability to legally defend occupational tasks or successfully encroach on others' is taken as a measure of occupational power. Changing relationships among occupational groups, clients, and government are traced and analyzed. Occupational resources such as an optimal man-power base, formal education, type of economic base, technological improvements and, most importantly, clientele were critical factors in aiding associations to successfully lobby for protection of task domains.
Power within a Profession
Authors: Marsden Lorna R.
Published: March 2007

The intrusion of a new group into the power relationships within an occupation shifts the bases upon which segments of an occupational group may build their influence. In the case of doctors in Ontario, the advent of a universal health insurance scheme has brought with it greater control on the part of government over the relationships between doctors and patients. Using Johnson's typology of professional-client relationships, this paper examines the structural supports for increasing power of doctors who teach and research in comparison to community practitioners in Ontario. The implications of such a shift for some aspects of health delivery are examined, as examples of a more general pattern of behavior occurring with greater government control over professional practice.
Problems of Innovation in a Hospital Setting
Authors: Hall David J.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the consequences of the introduction of playleaders into two children's wards in Great Britain: one in Wales, the other in an English hospital. Playleaders' freedom to innovate in their work was found to be limited by the degree of cooperation that they were able to achieve with existing workers in the wards. Negotiations with nurses, teachers, and domestic staff are considered in detail, and an analysis of relative sources of power is presented. It is suggested that the predominant mode of response of staff to playleaders was distancing and isolation, which will pose problems for the greater deployment of playleaders in hospitals, and has consequences for the professional development of play in hospitals.
Are White-Collar Trade Unionists Different?
Authors: Cook Frederick G. , Clark Stanley C. , Roberts Kenneth , Semeonoff Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

This paper, based on a broader investigation into class imagery, examines the attitudes of white- and blue-collar workers to certain aspects of trade unionism. The authors conclude that there are basic similarities in the attitudes of both groups of workers and that the differences that do exist may have been exaggerated by previous writers. In particular, the authors question the validity of the distinction between white-collar individualistic and blue-collar collectivistic responses to work and unionism. They argue that their data suggest that both sets of workers may be instrumentally collective with respect to trade unionism in that they tend to regard it as an instrument for the achievement of individualistic goals.
The Routinizing of Computer Programming
Authors: Kraft Philip
Published: March 2007

Computer programming was the accidental and largely unloved offspring of electrical engineering. This origin played a critical role in the development of programming as an occupation. The routinization of computer programming, while patterned after its parent field, is also facilitated by recent developments such as "high-level" languages, canned programs, and structured programming. The subsequent deskilling of programmers as a group calls into question arguments that increasingly sophisticated technology in the workplace creates work which is more complex and challenging than the work it displaces.
Instructional Computing
Authors: Anderson Ronald E. , Hansen Thomas , Johnson David C. , Klassen Daniel L.
Published: March 2007

A survey of 3,576 secondary school teachers in the areas of mathematics, science, and business education, half of whom have adopted instructional computing, provides a test for technological versus cultural theories of social change. Using multiple regression analysis, the results demonstrate the necessity of sociological analysis of acceptance and rejection of computer innovations. Individual/occupational factors (training, attitude, experience), work/school factors (grade range, school size), and community factors (community size, distance from central computer) were found to be predictive of adoption of computer technology. These findings demonstrate that when explaining acceptance of new computer techniques it is necessary to go beyond the theory of technological determinism and examine sociocultural determinants.
Participative Management and Worker Control in China
Authors: Walder Andrew G.
Published: March 2007

While Chinese experiments with participative management practices in industry comprise perhaps the most radical and massive such effort in the modern world, they are still among the least understood in the West. The present article is an effort to define more clearly the boundaries of worker participation in China and the limits of worker control. Through brief, but strategic comparisons with forms of worker control in different political and economic settings, and through critical scrutiny of the various participative forms employed in China, this article attempts to sketch out the configuration of participation and control in Chinese collective forms, and to place them in a broader context of organizations exhibiting "collectivist-democratic" features. We offer (1) an examination of the political considerations which have shaped these experiments; (2) an account of Party organization and how its control is exercised; (3) an outline of the limits on worker control imposed by China's industrial planning system; and (4) a description and critical analysis of the major participative forms employed in Chinese industry from 1956 to the present.
Dominant Classes and Political Crisis in Argentina Today
Authors: Portantiero Juan C.
Published: March 2007

March 11 and May 25, 1973, are important dates that mark deep-running processes of social and political change in Argentina. The first date represents the closure of a period opened in 1966, during which foreign monopoly capital launched a strong offensive in the productive structure of Argentina and tried to consolidate itself politically through an au thoritarian regime similar to that in power in Brazil. Such offensive clashed with the inter ests of various social classes. Their resistance drove Argentina through a series of politi cal convulsions that finally isolated the regime. Therefore, it is in Argentina that the de velopment of the contradictions of monopoly capitalism has met its most radical response. The proletariat was a leading actor in the struggle. Secondary contradictions played a large role as well. Portantiero analyzes these contradictions. His theoretical paper applies Marxian class analysis to the Argentine political crisis. It elucidates principal and second ary contradictions in society, the role of foreign capital, the stalemate in class conflict, the limits of the Brazilian model in the Argentine context, and the features of Peronism as an attempted truce in the unresolved conflict of classes and in the legitimacy crisis of de pendent capitalism. Juan Carlos Portantiero teaches sociology at the University of Buenos Aires. With Miguel Murmis, he has written one of the most influential and controversial analyses of the origins and nature of Peronism Estudios sobre los origenes del peronismo (1971). He is a frequent contributor to the Córdoba-based journal, Pãsado y Presente, where this essay first appeared. This translation is by Mary Addis, who is a graduate student at the University of California in San Diego.
The Mexican State: 1915-1973 a Historical Interpretation
Authors: Leal Juan Felipe
Published: March 2007

This section constitutes the core of this special issue. The problem of correctly analyz ing the nature and function of the State in Mexico is introduced by Juan Felipe Leal in a substantiated piece of historical interpretation. The main conclusion of Leal's work, i.e. that the Mexican State promotes the capitalist development of the country within the lim its allowed by imperialism is developed by David Barkin, a well-known student of the Mexican economy and teacher of economics at Herbert Lehman College. Barkin success fully shows the intricate but concrete relationship that exists between the country's social and economic ills and the overwhelming manner in which U.S. imperialism has shaped the Mexican economic structure.

Nora Hamilton, a graduate student at the Department of Sociology, University of Wis consin, suggests that the Cárdenas administration attempted to implement a revolution ary conceptualization of the autonomous state. Real contradictions in this attempt are shown to be responsible for the later change in class-state relations in which the state acts on behalf of the dominant classes. Hamilton's article is a very sophisticated utilization and development of the notion of "state autonomy" which was first explored by Marx in his Eighteenth Brumaire and was later elaborated by Gramsci. "State autonomy" refers to the fact that under conditions of stalemate in the class struggle, when no particular class can clearly "win" but they are all fairly strong, the state is "floated up" and be comes an arbiter, usually in favor of the dominant class, but with a much higher degree of autonomy than the usual bourgeois state. This is developed by Gramsci in order to explain dictatorship and Caesarism and is an important component of the Marxian explanation of "states of exception" and fascism.

In closing this section, Stephen Niblo argues that any optimism about the contempor ary economic situation is unfounded and that such measures as have been taken by the most recent government administration have failed to mitigate the increasing degree of misery under which most Mexicans labor. Stephen R. Niblo teaches history at the Univer sidad de las Américas in Puebla.
Political Leadership in Cuba
Authors: Hernández Georgina Suárez , Yañez Anibal
Published: March 2007

The triumph of the Cuban Revolution marked the beginning of a new type of leadership linked to a course unprecedented in Cuba-the participation of the broadest social sectors in political life. The development of this political leadership is the subject of this article.
Seamless Urethane Flooring
Authors: Gahagan S.W.
Published: March 2007

Poured, seamless flooring based on urethane materials has created considerable interest in the floor covering and related industries during the past few years. Both one-component sys tems and the newer two-component, solvent-free systems are commercially significant. Ease of maintenance is cited as a major advantage of seamless flooring installations. The intro duction of light stable materials has been a notable advance in this industry. Forecasters have projected a threefold increase for this market by 1970.
Elastoplastic Composites in the Transportation Industry
Authors: Fischer W.K.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a process for fabricating an improved urethane skin—microcellular foam elastoplastic composite. The resulting composite can be used where thin skins are subjected to severe weathering and temperature changes. An automotive fen der extension was selected to show the softskin M-E concept. Skins for the fender extension may be screw-injection molded, however to avoid the cost of metal molds, wood molds were built to permit vacuum drape forming of the demonstration samples.
A General Correlation Between Treadwear and Carbon Black Properties
Authors: Janzen Jay , Kraus Gerard
Published: March 2007

A set of treadwear data representing over eight million tire section-miles of road testing was fitted by a carefully constructed simple model involving only two carbon black properties as independent variables, plus test severity as a parameter. It is shown that the carbon black char acteristics measured by two practical laboratory tests — surfactant (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide) adsorption for accessible specific sur face area and dibutylphthalate absorption on precompressed black for "structure" — can account for virtually all of the observed wear resistance variation among carbon blacks which is not obscured by random exper imental error. This degree of success in correlating roadwear data using only a simple two-parameter description of morphology hinges on use of surface area and structure test methods relatively free of extraneous influences known to affect results obtained by the standard ASTM iodine number and DBP procedures.

The weight of data on which the model is based renders predictions by means of the correlation more reliable than results of individual tire tests of conventional design. Potentially attractive economies in quality testing of carbon black are implied by the possibility of "instant" roadwear screening of carbon blacks from diverse sources.
Rubber Compound Modifications To Minimize the in-Rubber Chemical Degradation of Polyester Cord in Truck Tires
Authors: Bukowski Richard A.
Published: March 2007

Chemical degradation of polyester cord becomes a significant factor in truck tire performance at the high operating temperatures gener ated in severe test conditions. Many rubber chemicals needed to achieve good physical properties in the skim compound play a major role in poly ester degradation. A heat aging test to simulate high temperature tire test ing was developed. The alkyl amines produced by many common acceler ators have been identified as the main polyester degradants. The rate of polyester degradation is dependent upon the activity of the accelerator, which are ranked in decreasing order thiurams, some dithiocarbamates, guanidines, sulfenamides, thiazoles and phosphoryl disulfides, the latter two being essentially innocuous. While adequate rubber physical properties cannot be achieved with a thiazole cure, addition of zinc dibutyl dithio carbamate as a secondary accelerator essentially produced the physical properties of a sulfenamide cure, but without the reactivity to polyester. In another approach, in-rubber filler and amine scavengers have been used to reduce polyester chemical degradation. The rubber polymer blend deter mines the rate of water and amine migration out of the tire influencing their concentrations and reactivity with polyester.
Development of a Polyol Cured, Ferric Acetylacetonate Catalyzed Polybutadiene Urethane Adhesive
Authors: Arnold Charles
Published: March 2007

A polyol cured, ferric acetylacetonate catalyzed poly butadiene based elastomer, designated EN-8, was developed which was curable at room temperature, bonded well to aluminum and was com patible with explosives that did not contain aromatic nitro groups. The working life of this formulation could be lengthened considerably by use of acetylacetone as an inhibitor which allowed its use in certain potting applications where elevated temperature cures were prohibited.
Polyether Based Polyur Ethane Thermoplastic — Effect of the Hard Segment Content
Authors: Zdrahala R.J. , Critchfield F.E. , Gerkin R.M. , Hager S.L.
Published: March 2007

A series of polyether-based thermoplastic polyure thanes, varying in hard segment content between 20 and 80 weight percent, was prepared using an (oxypropylene-oxyethy lene) diol of Mn = 2,000 and 4,4'-diphenyl methane diisocyanate (MDI) extended with 1,4-butanediol (BDO). Physical-mechanical, dynamic-mechanical and specific heat data are used to elucidate the behavior of these materials. The polyurethanes varied from soft elastomeric to high-modulus plastic.
Plastic-On-Plastic Tribological Properties of Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Wolverton Mark P. , Theberge John E.
Published: March 2007

A comprehensive study of the wear factor and coef ficient of friction for a series of fiber reinforced and internally lubricated thermoplastic composites including glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforcements and silicone fluid and PTFE lubri cants. Polycarbonate, nylon 6/6, PPS, acetal, and PBT resins were studied in the modified dirll press wear washer test method. Wear factor and coefficient of friction were gathered for each material in the static and dynamic mode for each set of mating materials. The increasing use of all plastic gear trains or plastic-to-plastic bearings requires a detailed knowledge of the tribological proper ties of plastics in rubbing contact with one another.
"Tough" Smc Resins
Authors: Voeks Steven L. , Kallaur Michael
Published: March 2007

Traditionally low profile SMC parts have exhibited cracking and chipping problems throughout various production phases. Thus, molders are continually looking for "tougher" resins to eliminate these problems, with the "friendly fender" material as the ultimate performance goal. Previous attempts to manufacture this type of material have caused problems in handl ing characteristics during SMC processing, in surface appearance, and in ability to withstand oven bake cycles in paint lines.

The present paper introduces two new SMC resins which pro vide a practical approach to the "friendly fender." These resins provide tremendous increases in toughness as exhibited through flexural modulus, Izod impact, matrix crazing strain, and high speed impact. In addition, these resins provide easy SMC pro cessing, excellent surface appearance, and the ability to withstand oven bake cycles on paint lines.