bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermal Rectification Enhancement of Coalescence–Jumping Phase Transition Thermal Diodes using Cu–Al2O3 Hybrid Nanofluids
Authors: Wong Man Yi , Zhu Yihao , Zeng Yijun , Ho Tsz Chung , Yang Yinchuang , Qiu Huihe , Tso Chi Yan
Published: October 2021

Herein, a novel coalescence–jumping phase transition thermal diode using hybrid nanofluids, an emerging thermal fluid with proven supreme thermal properties, is first proposed and investigated. The thermal rectification enhancement mechanism is investigated by the evaporation performances of a working fluid‐filled superhydrophilic porous tank. Furthermore, a developed mathematical model is well‐matched with the experimental results in terms of the heat transfer and thermal rectification performance of the thermal diodes using hybrid nanofluids. It is worth noting that increasing the volume fraction of the hybrid nanofluids does not necessarily improve the thermal rectification performance of the thermal diodes due to the aggregative nanoparticle deposition on the evaporation surface. In addition, there is a need to balance the thermal conductivity (higher copper proportion) and stability (higher alumina proportion) of the hybrid nanofluids used in the thermal diodes for long‐term operation. The experimental results show that the thermal rectification performance of the thermal diode using Cu‐Al2O3 hybrid nanofluid can be increased to 637.4, showing a nearly 300% improvement compared with the thermal diode using water. Overall, the remarkable results in this study promote the applications and studies of thermal diodes using hybrid nanofluids in various engineering systems for thermal management.
Intergrowth of Graphite‐Like Crystals in Hard Carbon for Highly Reversible Na‐Ion Storage
Authors: Li Xianwei , Sun Jingying , Zhao Wenxia , Lai Yongjian , Yu Xiao , Liu Yong
Published: October 2021

Hard carbon usually refers to non‐graphitizable carbon, which does not transform into a crystal structure even at high temperatures. Although hard carbon is considered as the most promising anode material for Na‐ion batteries (NIBs), its practical application is still hindered by its low initial coulombic efficiency (ICE). Here, the intergrowth of large area graphite‐like crystals in hard carbon is reported using cotton as precursor and graphite as crystal template by calcination under their intimate contact condition. Extensive characterizations provide abundant evidence that graphite‐like crystal is a new carbon allotrope belonging to the hexagonal system (a = b = 3.528 Å, c = 9.6 Å, α = β = 90°, γ = 120°) with d‐spacing of 4.8 Å for (002) plane. Its unit cell dimensions and d‐spacing of (002) plane are all enlarged by the same factor of 1.428 compared to those of the graphite phase. When applied in NIBs, the hard carbon with graphite‐like crystals shows an extremely high ICE of 95.0% with a large reversible capacity of 343 mAh g−1, which reaches the same level as graphite used in Li‐ion batteries. The graphite‐like crystal breaks the traditional concept of hard carbon, while the graphite‐template induced epitaxial growth mechanism may provide a new way for obtaining novel crystalline carbon allotropes.
Dual‐Modal Optoelectronic Synaptic Devices with Versatile Synaptic Plasticity
Authors: Wang Yue , Zhu Yiyue , Li Yayao , Zhang Yiqiang , Yang Deren , Pi Xiaodong
Published: October 2021

Optoelectronic synaptic devices that mimic biological synapses are critical building blocks of artificial neural networks (ANN) based on optoelectronic integration. Here it is shown that an optoelectronic synaptic device based on the hybrid structure of silicon nanocrystals (Si NCs) and poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) can work with dual modes, exhibiting versatile synaptic plasticity. In the three‐terminal mode, the device is a synaptic transistor, which has wavelength‐selective synaptic plasticity due to potential wells enabled by the Si NCs/P3HT hybrid structure. In the two‐terminal mode, it is a synaptic metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (MOS) device, which is capable of mimicking spike‐rate‐dependent plasticity (SRDP) and metaplasticity with optical stimulation. Based on the wavelength‐selective synaptic plasticity a light‐stimulated ANN is proposed to recognize handwritten digits with an accuracy of around 90.4%. In addition, the SRDP and metaplasticity may be well used for the simulation of edge detection of images, facilitating real‐time image processing.
Ultrafast Response (<1 µs) Perovskite Ultraviolet Photodetector via Ball‐Milling Pretreated Single‐Source Vapor Deposition
Authors: Ji Lian , Fang Yingyu , Cheng Zhengchun , Liu You , Wang Jungan , Li Zihao , Qian Yuchi , Liu Fang , Xu Wenxin , Wu Zichao , Wang Fangfang , Wang Aifei , Wang Lin , Di Yi , Huang Wei , Qin Tianshi
Published: October 2021

Benefiting from the rapid development on chloride incorporated perovskite materials, nowadays, novel device fabricating techniques have sparked a new vision of ultraviolet photodetectors (UVPDs), which is moving toward higher precision, lower energy consumption, and greater miniaturization. Nevertheless, the natural poor solubility of chloride precursors for perovskites has limited their processability for achieving high‐performance self‐driven photovoltaic‐type UVPDs. Herein, a ball‐milling pretreated single‐source vapor deposition strategy is presented, which can facilely fabricate a pure‐phase CsPbCl3 perovskite film with supermicrometer crystal size and no grain boundaries in the vertical direction. Based on this excellent quality UV harvesting perovskite layer, an optimized self‐driven visible‐blind UVPD exhibits outstanding detection properties, including a superior peak responsivity of 118 mA W−1, a maximum specific detectivity of 6.62 × 1012 Jones, and a wide linear dynamic range of 136 dB, coupled with >1000 h operational durability in air ambient. Most notably, a recorded ultrafast rise/fall response time of 120/820 ns is realized as the fastest responsive perovskite UVPDs to date. In addition, this CsPbCl3 UVPD offers adequate visible‐transparency (>50% average visible transmittance) for a glazing integration by using a transparent back electrode, providing a promising pathway to realize a transparent sensor system for future smart window applications.
Macrocycle‐Based Crystalline Sponge that Stabilizes and Lights Up Cationic Aggregation‐Caused Quenching Dyes
Authors: Sun Xin , Yang Yu‐Dong , Chen Xu‐Lang , Sun Ai‐Huan , Xiang Jun‐Feng , Gong Han‐Yuan
Published: October 2021

Solid‐state fluorescent materials play a critical role in the manufacture of light‐emitting diodes, laser dyes, storage materials, and fluorescence sensors. However, it remains challenging to produce solid‐state fluorescent materials using traditional organic dyes since most are subject to aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) in the solid state. Here, a macrocycle‐derived crystalline framework is reported that captures various cationic test‐ACQ dyes (e.g., Basic Red 2 (BR2)) and stabilizes them in a fluorescent form. Cyclo[3](1,3‐benzene)[3](4,6‐benzene)(1,3‐dicarboxylic acid), CA‐3, is used as the core macrocyclic building block. When allowed to coordinate with Zn(NO3)2•6H2O or Cd(NO3)2•4H2O, crystalline sponge (CS‐Zn or CS‐Cd) is obtained. In the case of CS‐Zn, nano‐sized cavities are observed in the solid state that serve as containers to capture the cationic ACQ dye BR2 with loading yields up to 14.6 wt% and emission enhancements up to 41× of those seen for solid BR2. The resulting dye‐containing material, CS‐Zn@BR2, displays high stability in water or selected organic solvents at room temperature or under reflux, or when heated at 300 °C for 1 h open to the air, or in the presence of sodium hypochlorite solution (3.0 mm). This study highlights a new strategy for rendering fluorescent ACQ dyes in the solid state.
Effect of Co‐Solvents on the Crystallization and Phase Distribution of Mixed‐Dimensional Perovskites
Authors: Caiazzo Alessandro , Datta Kunal , Jiang Junke , Gélvez‐Rueda María C. , Li Junyu , Ollearo Riccardo , Vicent‐Luna José Manuel , Tao Shuxia , Grozema Ferdinand C. , Wienk Martijn M. , Janssen René A. J.
Published: October 2021

Solution‐processed quasi‐2D perovskites are promising for stable and efficient solar cells because of their superior environmental stability compared to 3D perovskites and tunable optoelectronic properties. Changing the number of inorganic layers (n) sandwiched between the organic spacers allows for tuning of the bandgap. However, narrowing the phase distribution around a specific n‐value is a challenge. In‐situ UV–vis–NIR absorption spectroscopy is used to time‐resolve the crystallization dynamics of quasi‐2D butylammonium‐based (BA) perovskites with  = 4, processed from N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) in the presence of different co‐solvents. By combining with photoluminescence, transient absorption, and grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, the crystallization is correlated to the distribution of phases with different n‐values. Infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory reveal that the phase distribution correlates with perovskite precursor—co‐solvent interaction energies and that stronger interactions shift the phase distribution towards smaller n‐values. Careful tuning of the solvent/co‐solvent ratio provides a more homogeneous phase distribution, with highly oriented perovskite crystals and suppressed formation of n = 1–2 phases, providing a power conversion efficiency for BA2MA3Pb4I13 solar cells that increases from 3.5% when processed from DMF to over 11% and 10% when processed from DMF/dimethyl sulfoxide and DMF/N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone mixtures, respectively.
Lanthanum induced lattice strain improves hydrogen sulfide capacities of copper oxide adsorbents
Authors: Canning Griffin A. , Azzam Sara A. , Hoffman Adam S. , Boubnov Alexey , Alshafei Faisal H. , Ghosh Richa , Ko Brian , Datye Abhaya , Bare Simon R. , Simonetti Dante A.
Published: October 2021

This work probes the effects of La on reactions involving CuO sorbents and H2S in gaseous streams. La‐CuO sorbents with nominal La/Cu atomic ratios of 1:2 achieved higher capacities (27 and 36 g H2S per 100 g sorbent) compared to CuO sorbents (25 g H2S per 100 g sorbent). Comparison of the La‐CuO sorbents using energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy and La L3‐edge XAS suggested that increased capacity resulted from more uniform dispersion of La within the CuO phase (3.3 wt.% vs. 1.0 wt.% La). X‐Ray absorption near edge structure analysis suggested more electron‐rich Cu species in La‐CuO samples, while extended X‐ray absorption fine structure modeling showed an increase in single‐scattering path lengths for neighboring and near‐neighbor atoms. These changes suggest that La induces strain in the Cu‐O lattice, thereby increasing H2S capacity by reducing energy barriers associated with surface reactions between oxygen atoms and adsorbed H2S molecules.
Dramatic decline in a titi monkey population after the 2016–2018 sylvatic yellow fever outbreak in Brazil
Authors: Berthet Mélissa , Mesbahi Geoffrey , Duvot Guilhem , Zuberbühler Klaus , Cäsar Cristiane , Bicca‐Marques Júlio Cèsar
Published: October 2021

Platyrrhini are highly vulnerable to the yellow fever (YF) virus. From 2016 to 2018, the Atlantic Forest of southeast Brazil faced its worst sylvatic YF outbreak in about a century, thought to have killed thousands of primates. It is essential to assess the impact of this epidemic on threatened primate assemblages to design effective conservation strategies. In this study, we assessed the impact of the 2016–2018 YF outbreak on a geographically isolated population of Near Threatened black‐fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons) in two Atlantic Forest patches of the Santuário do Caraça, MG, Brazil. Extensive preoutbreak monitoring, conducted between 2008 and 2016, revealed that the home range and group sizes of the population remained stable. In 2016, the population size was estimated at 53–57 individuals in 11–12 groups. We conducted monitoring and playback surveys in 2019 and found that the population had decreased by 68% in one forest patch and completely vanished in the other, resulting in a combined decline of 80%. We discuss this severe loss of a previously stable population and conclude that it was highly likely caused by the YF outbreak. The remaining population is at risk of disappearing completely because of its small size and geographic isolation. A systematic population surveys of C. nigrifrons, along other sensible Platyrrhini species, is needed to re‐evaluate their current conservation status.
Commercial Cu2Cr2O5Decorated with Iron Carbide Nanoparticles as a Multifunctional Catalyst for Magnetically Induced Continuous‐Flow Hydrogenation of Aromatic Ketones
Authors: Kreissl Hannah , Jin Jing , Lin Sheng‐Hsiang , Schüette Dirk , Störtte Sven , Levin Natalia , Chaudret Bruno , Vorholt Andreas J. , Bordet Alexis , Leitner Walter
Published: October 2021

Copper chromite is decorated with iron carbide nanoparticles, producing a magnetically activatable multifunctional catalytic system. This system (ICNPs@Cu2Cr2O5) can reduce aromatic ketones to aromatic alcohols when exposed to magnetic induction. Under magnetic excitation, the ICNPs generate locally confined hot spots, selectively activating the Cu2Cr2O5surface while the global temperature remains low (≈80 °C). The catalyst selectively hydrogenates a scope of benzylic and non‐benzylic ketones under mild conditions (3 bar H2, heptane), while ICNPs@Cu2Cr2O5or Cu2Cr2O5are inactive when the same global temperature is adjusted by conventional heating. A flow reactor is presented that allows the use of magnetic induction for continuous‐flow hydrogenation at elevated pressure. The excellent catalytic properties of ICNPs@Cu2Cr2O5for the hydrogenation of biomass‐derived furfuralacetone are conserved for at least 17 h on stream, demonstrating for the first time the application of a magnetically heated catalyst to a continuously operated hydrogenation reaction in the liquid phase.
A Free Aluminylene with Diverse σ‐Donating and Doubly σ/π‐Accepting Ligand Features for Transition Metals**
Authors: Zhang Xin , Liu Liu Leo
Published: October 2021

We report herein the synthesis, characterization, and coordination chemistry of a free N‐aluminylene, namely a carbazolylaluminylene2 b. This species is prepared via a reduction reaction of the corresponding carbazolyl aluminium diiodide. The coordination behavior of2 btowards transition metal centers (W, Cr) is shown to afford a series of novel aluminylene complexes3–6with diverse coordination modes. We demonstrate that the tri‐active ambiphilic Al center in2 bcan behave as: 1. a σ‐donating and doubly π‐accepting ligand; 2. a σ‐donating, σ‐accepting and π‐accepting ligand; and 3. a σ‐donating and doubly σ‐accepting ligand. Additionally, we show ligand exchange at the aluminylene center providing access to the modulation of electronic properties of transition metals without changing the coordinated atoms. Investigations of2 bwith IDippCuCl (IDipp=1,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene) show an unprecedented aluminylene‐alumanyl transformation leading to a rare terminal Cu‐alumanyl complex8. The electronic structures of such complexes and the mechanism of the aluminylene‐alumanyl transformation are investigated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
Structural Basis for Inhibition of ROS‐Producing Respiratory Complex I by NADH‐OH
Authors: Vranas Marta , Wohlwend Daniel , Qiu Danye , Gerhardt Stefan , Trncik Christian , Pervaiz Mehrosh , Ritter Kevin , Steimle Stefan , Randazzo Antonio , Einsle Oliver , Günther Stefan , Jessen Henning J. , Kotlyar Alexander , Friedrich Thorsten
Published: October 2021

NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase, respiratory complex I, plays a central role in cellular energy metabolism. As a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) it affects ageing and mitochondrial dysfunction. The novel inhibitor NADH‐OH specifically blocks NADH oxidation and ROS production by complex I in nanomolar concentrations. Attempts to elucidate its structure by NMR spectroscopy have failed. Here, by using X‐ray crystallographic analysis, we report the structure of NADH‐OH bound in the active site of a soluble fragment of complex I at 2.0 Å resolution. We have identified key amino acid residues that are specific and essential for binding NADH‐OH. Furthermore, the structure sheds light on the specificity of NADH‐OH towards the unique Rossmann‐fold of complex I and indicates a regulatory role in mitochondrial ROS generation. In addition, NADH‐OH acts as a lead‐structure for the synthesis of a novel class of ROS suppressors.
Palladium/Ferrierite versus Palladium/SSZ‐13 Passive NOx Adsorbers: Adsorbate‐Controlled Location of Atomically Dispersed Palladium(II) in Ferrierite Determines High Activity and Stability**
Authors: Khivantsev Konstantin , Wei Xinyi , Kovarik Libor , Jaegers Nicholas R. , Walter Eric D. , Tran Pascaline , Wang Yong , Szanyi János
Published: October 2021

Pd‐loaded FER and SSZ‐13 zeolites as low‐temperature passive NOx adsorbers (PNA) are compared under practical conditions. Vehicle cold start exposes the material to CO under a range of concentrations, necessitating a systematic exploration of the effect of CO on the performance of isolated Pd ions in PNA. The NO release temperature of both adsorbers decreases gradually with an increase in CO concentration from a few hundred to a few thousand ppm. This beneficial effect results from local nano‐“hot spot” formation during CO oxidation. Dissimilar to Pd/SSZ‐13, increasing the CO concentration above ≈1000 ppm improves the NOx storage significantly for Pd/FER, which was attributed to the presence of Pd ions in FER sites that are shielded from NOx. CO mobilizes this Pd atom to the NOx accessible position where it becomes active for PNA. This behavior explains the very high resistance of Pd/FER to hydrothermal aging: Pd/FER materials survive hydrothermal aging at 800 °C in 10 % H2O vapor for 16 hours with no deterioration in NOx uptake/release behavior. Thus, by allocating Pd ions to the specific microporous pockets in FER, we have produced (hydro)thermally stable and active PNA materials.
The Mechanism of Piezocatalysis: Energy Band Theory or Screening Charge Effect?
Authors: Wang Kai , Han Chen , Li Jiaquan , Qiu Jieshan , Sunarso Jaka , Liu Shaomin
Published: October 2021

Piezocatalysis, a newly emerging catalysis technology that relies on the piezopotential and piezoelectric properties of the catalysts, is attracting unprecedented research enthusiasm for applications in energy conversion, organic synthesis, and environmental remediation. Despite the rapid development in the past three years, the mechanism of piezocatalysis is still under debate. A fundamental understanding of the working principles of this technology should enable the future design and optimization of piezocatalysts. Herein, we provide an overview of the two popular theories used to explain the observed piezocatalysis: energy band theory and screening charge effect. A comprehensive discussion and clarification of the differences, relevance, evidence, and contradiction of the two mechanisms are provided. Finally, challenges and perspectives for future mechanistic studies are highlighted. Hopefully, this Review can help readers gain a better understanding of piezocatalysis and enable its application in their own research.
Electron Localization and Lattice Strain Induced by Surface Lithium Doping Enable Ampere‐Level Electrosynthesis of Formate from CO2
Authors: Yan Shuai , Peng Chen , Yang Chao , Chen Yangshen , Zhang Junbo , Guan Anxiang , Lv Ximeng , Wang Haozhen , Wang Zhiqiang , Sham Tsun‐Kong , Han Qing , Zheng Gengfeng
Published: October 2021

The electrochemical CO2 conversion to formate is a promising approach for reducing CO2 level and obtaining value‐added chemicals, but its partial current density is still insufficient to meet the industrial demands. Herein, we developed a surface‐lithium‐doped tin (s‐SnLi) catalyst by controlled electrochemical lithiation. Density functional theory calculations indicated that the Li dopants introduced electron localization and lattice strains on the Sn surface, thus enhancing both activity and selectivity of the CO2 electroreduction to formate. The s‐SnLi electrocatalyst exhibited one of the best CO2‐to‐formate performances, with a partial current density of −1.0 A cm−2 for producing formate and a corresponding Faradaic efficiency of 92 %. Furthermore, Zn–CO2 batteries equipped with the s‐SnLi catalyst displayed one of the highest power densities of 1.24 mW cm−2 and an outstanding stability of >800 cycles. Our work suggests a promising approach to incorporate electron localization and lattice strain for the catalytic sites to achieve efficient CO2‐to‐formate electrosynthesis toward potential commercialization.
π‐Lewis‐Base‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Vinylogous Umpolung Reactions of Cyclopentadienones and Tropone
Authors: Yang Xing‐Xing , Yan Ru‐Jie , Ran Guang‐Yao , Chen Chen , Yue Jing‐Fei , Yan Xiao , Ouyang Qin , Du Wei , Chen Ying‐Chun
Published: October 2021

We disclose that the carbonates of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐cyclopentenones can form π‐allylpalladium‐based 1,2‐carbodipoles, which isomerize to interesting η2‐Pd0‐cyclopentadienone complexes. Compared with the labile parent cyclopentadienone, the HOMO energy of the related η2‐complex was significantly raised via the back‐bonding of Pd0 as a π‐Lewis base, rendering the uncoordinated C=C bond an electron‐richer dienophile in inverse‐electron‐demand aza‐Diels–Alder‐type reactions with diverse 1‐azadienes. The vinylogous (aza)Morita–Baylis–Hillman or cross Rauhut–Currier addition to (imine)carbonyls or activated alkenes, respectively, was also realized to afford chiral [4+2] or [2+2] cycloadducts, respectively, after trapping the re‐generated π‐allylpalladium species. New C1‐symmetric ligands from simple chiral sources were developed, exhibiting high stereoselectivity even with racemic substrates via an unusual dynamic kinetic resolution process. Besides, tropone could be similarly activated by a Pd0 complex.
Characterization, theoretical investigation, and biological applications of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) complexes of a triazene ligand containing a benzothiazole ring
Authors: Alamri Mona A. , Al‐Jahdali Mutlaq. , Al‐Radadi Najlaa S. , Hussien Mostafa A.
Published: October 2021

Herein, Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) complexes of a previously synthesized triazene ligand, namely, (E)‐2‐(3‐(4‐nitrophenyl)triaz‐1‐en‐1‐yl)benzo[d]thiazole (L), were prepared. The metal:ligand ratio of complexes was determined by molar ratio method, and complexes were synthesized based on the result ratio (1:2 for Co(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) complexes, and (1:1) for Cu(II) and Mn(II)). The complexes were characterized by infrared (IR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies, magnetic moment, and/or molar conductance measurements. IR spectra suggested the existence of bidentate binding through the nitrogen atom of the thiazole ring and nitrogen atom of the triazene linkage. Molar conductivities indicated the non‐electrolytic nature of all the complexes. Magnetic moment and EPR of the complexes confirmed their octahedral geometries. Thermal studies were conducted to confirm the structures and analyze the thermal stabilities of the complexes. Activation thermodynamic parameters were determined using the Coats–Redfern and Horowitz–Metzger methods. The calf thymus DNA binding activity was investigated by absorption titration experiments and viscosity measurements, and intrinsic binding constants of complexes range from 4.00 × 105 to 5.00 × 105 M−1. Cytotoxic activities were examined against MCF‐7 and HCT‐116 cell lines. Although all the complexes exhibited reasonable cytotoxic effects, their cytotoxic activities were in the following order: Zn(II) > Cu(II) > Mn(II) > Co(II) > Ni(II). Zn(II) complex showed the highest activity with IC50 values are 2.87 and 1.94 μg ml−1 against MCF‐7 and HCT‐116, respectively. Molecular docking was used to assess the binding affinities of these complexes to colon cancer (3ig7) and breast cancer (1hk7) proteins. Zn(II) complex showed the best docking scores compared with the ligand and other tested complexes. Results of molecular docking well correlated with those of the cytotoxicity experiments.
High‐throughput screening for distinguishing nitrilases from nitrile hydratases in Aspergillus and application of a Box–Behnken design for the optimization of nitrilase
Authors: Santos Edvan do Carmo , de Menezes Luiz Henrique Sales , Santos Carolline Silva , Santana Paulo Vinicius Bispo , Soares Glêydison Amarante , Tavares Iasnaia Maria de Carvalho , Freitas Janaina de Silva , de Souza‐Motta Cristina Maria , Bezerra José Luiz , da Costa Andréa Miura , Uetanabaro Ana Paula Trovatti , Porto André Luiz Meleiro , Franco Marcelo , de Oliveira Julieta Rangel
Published: October 2021

Nitrilases and nitrile hydratases/amidases hydrolyze nitriles into carboxylic acids and/or amides, which are used in industrial chemical processes. In the present study, 26 microorganisms, including yeasts and filamentous fungi, in a minimum solid mineral medium supplemented with glucose and phenylacetonitrile were screened to evaluate their biocatalytic potential. Of these microorganisms, five fungi of the genus Aspergillus were selected and subjected to colorimetry studies to evaluate the production and distinction of nitrilase and nitrile hydratase/amidase enzymes. Aspergillus parasiticus Speare 7967 and A. niger Tiegh. 8285 produced nitrilases and nitrile hydratase, respectively. Nitrilase optimization was performed using a Box–Behnken design (BBD) and fungus A. parasiticus Speare 7967 with phenylacetonitrile volume (μl), pH, and carbohydrate source (starch:glucose; g/g) as independent variables and nitrilase activity (U ml–1) as dependent variable. Maximum activity (2.97 × 10–3 U ml–1) was obtained at pH 5.5, 80 μl of phenylacetonitrile, and 15 g of glucose. A. parasiticus Speare 7967 showed promise in the biotransformation of nitriles to carboxylic acids.
Pod‐Like Fe7S8@N−C Nanowires for High Performance Sodium Ion Batteries
Authors: Dong Yaqian , Zhang Yaohui , Wang Nana , Zou Guifu , Zhang Qiang , Gan Shengquan , He Liang , Bai Zhongchao
Published: October 2021

One dimensional Fe7S8@N−C nanocomposite, consisting of Fe7S8 nanoparticles homogeneously embedded in N‐doped carbon nanowires, was synthesized by a facile hydrothermal‐annealing process. As an anode material for sodium‐ion batteries, the electrode exhibited capacities of 481 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles at 5 A g−1 and 591 mA h g−1 at 200 mA g−1 with a retention ratio of 91 %. The excellent rate performance and cycling stability can be attributed to the synergistic effects of the one‐dimensional N‐doped carbon and ultra‐small Fe7S8 particles, which will improve electrical conductivity and alleviate the volume expansion of the electrode during cycling. This work will afford a great reference for further development of iron sulfides‐based anode materials towards high‐performance sodium‐ion batteries.
Searching for meaning in the mental health workplace
Authors: Davis Thamara
Published: October 2021

Employees who like their jobs and are engaged in their work tasks are likely to experience higher degrees of psychological empowerment, better health, a better sense of psychological coherence, and less compassion fatigue. Health care organizations actively seek to measure job satisfaction and engagement as well as survey ways to promote a sense of well‐being among health care employees. Both health care organizations and employees (and the patients they serve) benefit from an increased sense of well‐being, resilience, job satisfaction, and engagement.
Keep your eye on…
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2021

The risks of delta‐8 THC in CBD and hemp

Risks of physical restraints for pediatric ED patients

The crackdown on insurance company denials for care
Drug use by young people did not go up or down during pandemic
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2021

Alcohol use declined and use of nicotine and misuse of prescriptions increased among 10–14‐year‐olds during the pandemic, according to a study published last week. Overall, the rate of drug use among these young people remained stable during the pandemic based on repeated surveys of more than 7,800 people ages 10 to 14 conducted between Sep. 2019 and Aug. 2020.
Eating disorders: Focus on the family
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: October 2021

When the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) released its clinical report “Identification and Management of Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents” in the Jan. 2021 issue of Pediatrics, most families were preoccupied, as they still are, with COVID‐19. But parents of children with eating disorders know well that there are plenty of other things to worry about.
Celiac artery dissection in polycystic kidney disease
Authors: Yamamoto Koichiro , Hasegawa Kou , Oka Kosuke , Otsuka Fumio
Published: October 2021

Autosomal‐dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is rarely complicated by celiac artery dissection. Dissection of the aorta and its major branches should be carefully differentiated in ADPKD patients with acute‐onset abdominal pain.
Abrupt Spin‐State Switching in Mn(III) Complexes with BPh4 Anion: Effect of Halide Substituents on Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties.
Authors: Tiunova Aleksandra V. , Kazakova Anna V. , Korchagin Denis V. , Shilov Gennady V. , Zorina Leokadiya V. , Simonov Sergey V. , Zakharov Konstantin V. , Vasiliev Aleksander N. , Yagubskii Eduard B.
Published: October 2021

Three tetraphenylborates of mononuclear Mn(III) cation complexes with hexadentate ligands, the products of the reaction between a N,N′‐bis(3‐aminopropyl)ethylenediamine and salicylaldehydes with the different haloid substitutions at the 5 or 3,5 positions, have been synthesized: [Mn(5‐F‐sal‐N‐1,5,8,12)]BPh4 (1), [Mn(3,5‐diCl‐sal‐N‐1,5,8,12)]BPh4 (2) and [Mn(3,5‐Br,Cl‐sal‐N‐1,5,8,12)]BPh4 (3). Their crystal structure, dielectric constant (ϵ) and magnetic properties have been studied. Ligand substituents have a dramatic effect on the structure and magnetic properties of the complexes. With decreasing temperature, the complex (1) shows a gradual spin crossover from the high‐spin state (HS) to the HS:LS intermediate phase, followed by an abrupt transition to the low‐spin state (LS) without changing the crystal symmetry. The complexes 2 and 3 are isostructural, but have fundamentally different properties. Complex 2 demonstrates two structural phase transitions related to sharp spin crossovers from the HS to the HS:LS intermediate phase at 137 K and from the intermediate phase to the LS at 87 K, while complex 3 exhibits only one spin transition from the HS to the HS:LS intermediate phase at 83 K.
Variable Luminescence and Chromaticity of Homoleptic Frameworks of the Lanthanides together with Pyridylpyrazolates
Authors: Youssef Heba , Sedykh Alexander E. , Becker Jonathan , Schäfer Thomas , Taydakov Ilya V. , Li Huanrong R. , Müller‐Buschbaum Klaus
Published: October 2021

Homoleptic, 3D coordination polymers of the formula 33∞[Ln(3‐PyPz)3] and 3∞[Ln(4‐PyPz)3], (3‐PyPz)−=3‐(3‐pyridyl)pyrazolate anion, (4‐PyPz)−=3‐(4‐pyridyl)pyrazolate anion, both C8H6N3−, Ln=Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, were obtained as highly luminescent frameworks by reaction of the lanthanide metals (Ln) with the aromatic heterocyclic amine ligands 3‐PyPzH and 4‐PyPzH. The compounds form two isotypic series of 3D coordination polymers and exhibit fair thermal stability up to 360 °C. The luminescence properties of all ten compounds were determined in the solid state, with an antenna effect through ligand–metal energy transfer leading to high efficiency of the luminescence displayed by good quantum yields of up to 74 %. The emission is mainly based on ion‐specific lanthanide‐dependent intra 4 f–4 f transitions for Tb3+: green, Dy3+: yellow, Sm3+: orange‐red, Eu3+: red. For the Gd3+‐containing compounds, the yellow emission of ligand triplet‐based phosphorescence is observed at room temperature and 77 K. Co doping of the Gd‐containing frameworks with Eu3+ and Tb3+ allow further shifting of the chromaticity towards white light emission.
Contrasting the Mechanism of H2Activation by Monomeric and Potassium‐Stabilized Dimeric AlIComplexes: Do Potassium Atoms Exert any Cooperative Effect?
Authors: Villegas‐Escobar Nery , Toro‐Labbé Alejandro , Schaefer Henry F.
Published: October 2021

Aluminyl anions are low‐valent, anionic, and carbenoid aluminum species commonly found stabilized with potassium cations from the reaction of Al‐halogen precursors and alkali compounds. These systems are very reactive toward the activation ofσ‐bonds and in reactions with electrophiles. Various research groups have detected that the potassium atoms play a stabilization role via electrostatic and cationinteractions with nearby (aromatic)‐carbocyclic rings from both the ligand and from the reaction with unsaturated substrates. Since stabilizing K⋯H bonds are witnessed in the activation of this class of molecules, we aim to unveil the role of these metals in the activation of the smaller and less polarizable H2molecule, together with a comprehensive characterization of the reaction mechanism. In this work, the activation of H2utilizing a NON‐xanthene‐Al dimer, [K{Al(NON)}]2(D) and monomeric, [Al(NON)]−(M) complexes are studied using density functional theory and high‐level coupled‐cluster theory to reveal the potential role of K+atoms during the activation of this gas. Furthermore, we aim to reveal whetherDis more reactive thanM(or vice versa), or if complicity between the two monomer units exits within theDcomplex toward the activation of H2. The results suggest that activation energies using the dimeric and monomeric complexes were found to be very close (around 33 kcal mol−1). However, a partition of activation energies unveiled that the nature of the energy barriers for the monomeric and dimeric complexes are inherently different. The former is dominated by a more substantial distortion of the reactants (and increased interaction energies between them). Interestingly, during the oxidative addition, the distortion of the Al complex is minimal, while H2distorts the most, usually over 0.77. Overall, it is found here that electrostatic and induction energies between the complexes and H2are the main stabilizing components up to the respective transition states. The results suggest that the K+atoms act as stabilizers of the dimeric structure, and their cooperative role on the reaction mechanism may be negligible, acting as mere spectators in the activation of H2. Cooperation between the two monomers inDis lacking, and therefore the subsequent activation of H2is wholly disengaged.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Four‐Component Synthesis of β‐Perfluoroalkyl Amides
Authors: Zhang Youcan , Geng Hui‐Qing , Wu Xiao‐Feng
Published: October 2021

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed multicomponent carbonylation is one of the most efficient strategies to construct carbonyl‐containing compounds. Herein, a palladium‐catalyzed four‐component perfluoroalkylation/aminocarbonylation of unactivated alkenes with perfluoroalkyl halides, and amines was developed. A wide range of substrates, including anilines, alkylamines, sulfonamides, and hydrazines are all suitable reaction partners for this catalyst system, resulting in various β‐perfluoroalkyl amides with good functional‐group tolerance and excellent chemoselectivity. Furthermore, not only alkyl olefins, but also aliphatic alkynes, and even alkyl allenes can all be employed. Notably, several medical and bioactive related molecules are compatible here as well.
Pflanzenwachstum vollautomatisch untersuchen
Authors: Klauck Ray
Published: October 2021

Ziel ist es, eine Maschine zu konstruieren, welche vollautomatisch Pflanzen untersuchen kann: In einem Versuchsraum sollen sich Temperatur, Bodenfeuchtigkeit und Belichtung autonom regeln sowie Größe oder Stoffwechselaktivität der Versuchspflanze gemessen werden. Dazu werden verschiedene technische Systeme getestet, die zu einem Produkt zusammengefügt werden.
The relationship between job standardization and abusive supervision
Authors: Mao Hsiao‐Yen , Hsieh An‐Tien , Mao Chueh‐Wei
Published: October 2021

Job standardization is widely used to ensure uniform, efficient, and effective production and resultant organizational performance. However, phenomena suggests that employees with high job standardization seem to have a negative relationship with their supervisors. Using job demands–resources theory as an underlying explanation, this study proposes that job standardization enhances a negative supervisor–subordinate relationship characterized by abusive supervision. Three‐wave panel and two‐source survey data were collected from 255 employees and their supervisors. Empirical results indicated job standardization enhanced abusive supervision partially through the decreased appraisal respect of subordinates for supervisors and that of supervisors for subordinates. The results indicate a dilemma in employing the job design of standardization: on the one hand, it facilitates managerial effectiveness; on the other hand, it can decrease that effectiveness by deteriorating the supervisor–subordinate relationship. This study extends and shifts the understanding of the consequences of job standardization from the employee perspective to the managerial perspective.
Selective Monovalent Galectin‐8 Ligands Based on 3‐Lactoylgalactoside
Authors: Girardi Benedetta , Manna Martina , Van Klaveren Sjors , Tomašič Tihomir , Jakopin Žiga , Leffler Hakon , Nilsson Ulf J. , Ricklin Daniel , Mravljak Janez , Schwardt Oliver , Anderluh Marko
Published: October 2021

Galectin‐8 has gained attention as a potential new pharmacological target for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, inflammation, and disorders associated with bone mass reduction. To that end, new molecular probes are needed in order to better understand its role and its functions. Herein we aimed to improve the affinity and target selectivity of a recently published galectin‐8 ligand, 3‐O‐[1‐carboxyethyl]‐β‐d‐galactopyranoside, by introducing modifications at positions 1 and 3 of the galactose. Affinity data measured by fluorescence polarization show that the most potent compound reached a KD of 12 μM. Furthermore, reasonable selectivity versus other galectins was achieved, making the highlighted compound a promising lead for the development of new selective and potent ligands for galectin‐8 as molecular probes to examine the protein's role in cell‐based and in vivo studies.
The important role of nighttime compression in breast cancer–related lymphedema treatment
Authors: Brunelle Cheryl L. , AG Alphonse G.
Published: October 2021

Nighttime compression is often overlooked for patients with breast cancer–related lymphedema, yet it is feasible, adherence to it is high, and arm volume and lymphedema‐specific quality of life improve with its use. Nighttime compression should be added to the self‐maintenance program for patients with breast cancer–related lymphedema.
Omission of sentinel node biopsy for breast cancer: Historical context and future perspectives on a modern controversy
Authors: Jatoi Ismail , Kunkler Ian H.
Published: October 2021

For older patients with clinically lymph node‐negative breast cancer who have estrogen receptor‐positive tumors and are treated with tamoxifen, randomized trials comparing axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) versus no ALND show that the omission of ALND improves patient quality of life and has no adverse effects on mortality. These results have served to justify sentinel node biopsy (SNB) omission in selected older patients with breast cancer. More recently, clinical trials were launched to assess SNB omission in younger patients, with recurrence and survival as the primary outcomes of interest. Three important considerations serve as the basis for these ongoing trials. First, it is assumed that SNB omission will improve patient quality of life, although, to date, there is no level I evidence to support this assumption. Second, axillary surgery has never been shown to reduce breast cancer mortality, but it does reduce the risk of axillary recurrences, although adjuvant systemic therapy and radiotherapy also reduce these recurrence risks. Finally, nodal status is losing importance as a guide for adjuvant systemic therapy decision making because these decisions are now increasingly predicated on tumor biomarkers and gene profiling, but it is gaining importance for adjuvant radiotherapy decision making. Because quality‐of‐life considerations are the primary motivation for abandoning SNB, there is a need for randomized trials comparing SNB versus no SNB/no axillary surgery, with quality of life as the primary end point (level I evidence). Moreover, suitable alternatives to guide adjuvant radiotherapy decision making will require validation before SNB omission can be justified for patients of all ages who have clinically node‐negative breast cancer.

Lay Summary

In this review article, the authors provide a brief historical overview of the role of axillary surgery in breast cancer management and discuss additional studies and ramifications that should be considered before abandoning the sentinel node biopsy (SNB) procedure.

Specifically, there is a need for level I evidence demonstrating that omission of the SNB procedure will improve patient quality of life and a need to validate suitable alternatives to SNB as a guide for adjuvant radiotherapy decision making.
Characterization and manipulation of Corticothalamic neurons in associative cortices using Syt6‐Cre transgenic mice
Authors: Vaasjo Lee O. , Han Xiao , Thurmon Abbigail N. , Tiemroth Alina S. , Berndt Hallie , Korn Madelyn , Figueroa Alexandra , Reyes Rosa , Feliciano‐Ramos Pedro A. , Galazo Maria J.
Published: October 2021

Corticothalamic interactions between associative cortices and higher order thalamic nuclei are involved in high‐cognitive functions such as decision‐making and working memory. Corticothalamic neurons (CTn) in the prefrontal cortex and other associative areas have been much less studied than their counterparts in the primary sensory areas. The availability of characterized transgenic tools to study CTn in associative areas will facilitate their study and contribute to overcome the scarcity of data about their properties, network dynamics, and contribution to cognitive functions.

Here, we characterized the Syt6‐Cre (KI148Gsat/Mmud) transgenic mouse line, by tracking expression of a Cre‐mediated reporter. In this line, Cre‐reporter is strongly expressed in the prefrontal, motor, cingulate, and retrosplenial cortices, as well as in other brain areas including the cerebellum and the olfactory tubercle. Cortical expression starts embryonically and reaches the adult expression pattern by postnatal day 15. In the cortex, Cre‐reporter is expressed by layer 6‐CTn and by layer 5‐CTn to a lesser extent. We quantified Syt6‐Cre+ CTn axon varicosities to estimate the distribution and density of putative corticothalamic driver and modulator inputs to thalamic nuclei in the medial, midline, intralaminar, anterior, and motor groups. Also, we characterized the effect of optogenetic stimulation of Syt6‐Cre+ neurons in the activity of the prefrontal cortex. CTn stimulation in the prefrontal cortex induces an oscillatory activity in the local field potential that resembles the cortical downstates typically observed during slow‐wave sleep or quiet wake.
Mutation profile of acute myeloid leukaemia in a Chinese cohort by targeted next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Lit Benny Man Wai , Guo Belinda B. , Malherbe Jacques A. J. , Kwong Yok Lam , Erber Wendy N.
Published: October 2021

Background

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) results from the clonal expansion of blast cells of myeloid origin driven by genomic defects. The advances in next‐generation sequencing (NGS) have allowed the identification of many mutated genes important in the pathogenesis of AML.

Aims

In this study, we aimed to assess the mutation types and frequency in a Chinese cohort presenting with de novo AML cohort using a targeted NGS strategy.

Methods

In total, we studied samples from 87 adult patients with de novo AML who had no prior history of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Samples were evaluated using a 120‐gene targeted NGS panel to assess the mutation profile.

Results

Of the 87 AML patients, there were 60 (69%) with a normal karyotype. 89.7% of patients had variants, with an average of 1.9 mutations per patient (range: 0–5 mutations per patient). DNMT3A variants were the most common, being detected in 33 patients (37.9%). NPM1 (34.5%), IDH1/2 (24.1%) and FLT3‐ITD (20.7%) mutations was the next most common. Of the patients with DNMT3A mutations, 24.2% also had mutations NPM1 and FLT3‐ITD and 6.1% NPM1, FLT3‐ITD and IDH mutations.

Conclusion

Both DNMT3A and NPM1 mutations were more common than in other Chinese and Western AML cohorts that have been studied. DNMT3A mutations tended to co‐occur with NPM1 and FLT3‐ITD mutations and were most commonly seen with a normal karyotype.
Informal preparation and years of experience: Key correlates of dyslexia knowledge among Massachusetts early elementary teachers
Authors: Mullikin Katelyn , Stransky Michelle , Tendulkar Shalini , Casey Mary , Kosinski Karen
Published: October 2021

Background

Dyslexia is a neurobiological condition affecting phonological processing and characterized by reading and phonological awareness difficulties. We assessed correlations between dyslexia knowledge and five independent variables among early elementary teachers in Massachusetts.

Methods

We designed a survey based on two published assessment tools and surveyed 92 early elementary teachers. Using univariate and multivariate linear regression models, we assessed the relationships among knowledge (dependent variable) and confidence, feelings of preparedness, years of teaching experience, informal education and professional development opportunities (independent variables).

Results

The mean knowledge score was 68 ± 14%; teachers performed best on questions about perceptions of dyslexia, classroom management/teaching strategies and some dyslexia characteristics. Informal education and years of teaching experience were consistently positively associated with knowledge.

Discussion and Conclusions

Formal training and professional development opportunities may need to focus more specifically on learning disabilities and dyslexia. Teachers should also have input on professional development needs. Our findings suggest a need for additional studies on strategies to improve educator knowledge of dyslexia and assess outcomes.