bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El concepto de "Estación Creativa"; un proyecto reticular basado en el proceso creativo compartido.
Authors: Valdaliso Casanova Teresa
Published: October 2017

A partir de la idea de metrópolis como un nudo de conexiones donde la localización geográfica del núcleo central se propone temporal y de carácter itinerante, quedando prioritariamente desplazado a la periferia, se plantea un proyecto de intercambio creativo cuya estructura de actuación viene definida en modo reticular, fomentando la regeneración y reutilizo de espacios en desuso, o bien utilizando nuevos espacios situados en territorios que no disfrutan de la consideración que merecen.La descentralización de los lugares de creación y divulgación artística implica la reconfiguración de una identidad territorial perdida que, presentándose como irrecuperable, decide reinventarse a partir de un nuevo concepto de espacio de fusión y fruición, un punto de encuentro y de adición de diversas realidades que se encuentran en un ámbito local, procedentes a su vez de otros ámbitos locales, pertenecientes todos a una misma red de intercambios.Dicha idea se materializa a partir del concepto de "Estación Creativa", desarrollado teóricamente por los italianos Paolo Rosa (artista y docente) y Andrea Balzola (dramaturgo y docente), siendo llevada a cabo por primera vez en el espacio MIL de Sesto San Giovanni (Milán) en los meses de Abril-Mayo de 2016. Creativos, artistas y estudiosos de diversas disciplinas actuaron como agentes culturales a la vez que sociales, a partir de una perspectiva de arte político entendiendo la polis como la extensión de lugar en donde todos cohabitamos. Activadores de imaginarios compartidos, incluyen al visitante como parte integrante del proceso creativo, un proceso basado en la formación, la investigación y la producción. Donde el aura no pertenece ya a la obra de arte, sino a la experiencia artistica común. http://www.spaziomil.org/evento/stazione-creativa-2/http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ANIAV.2017.5860
Cuerpo-tesis - La condensación del discurso a través del cuerpo
Authors: Bonfim Carolina Felice
Published: October 2017

Mi trabajo se fundamenta en procesos artísticos basados en prácticas de alteridad que convierten el cuerpo del artista en un “cuerpo-archivo”, es decir, es a partir del cuerpo donde se condensa el conocimiento inmaterial proveniente de la relación con el Otro. Por una parte, mi interés por el archivo surge tras trabajar como archivista para museos y centros de arte, cuya práctica fue basada en la documentación, indexación, catalogación, conservación e investigación de campo. Por otra parte, el cuerpo siempre ha representado el punto de partida de mi práctica artística, aunque las piezas generadas no se limitan al ámbito de la performance. Dentro de esta noción de archivo relacionado con el cuerpo, hace falta resituar su interpretación, ya que, en este caso, esta noción tendría que ser tratada bajo el concepto de "archivo como campo expandido", cuyos límites parecen más amplios y sobrepasan su autorreferencialidad. Esta definición abre, por consiguiente, el espectro creativo para pensar que el cuerpo archiva gestos, ritmos, movimientos y componentes afectivos asociados a la performatividad. Como artista e investigadora en formación, procuro, en mi transcurso actual,   llevar estos dos campos –cuerpo y archivo- a un cuestionamiento más profundo,  articulando práctica artística con la investigación académica, es decir, tratar de identificar y de analizar los conocimientos y las experiencias que influyeron en mi desarrollo artístico, al cual considero, en parte, como una reacción espontánea e intuitiva a mi realidad cotidiana. Este póster plantea presentar algunos esquemas que indican la construcción de este cuerpo-archivo que también puede ser entendido como cuerpo-tesis. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ANIAV.2017.5874
Highly Cited Occupational Therapy Articles in the Science Citation Index Expanded and Social Sciences Citation Index: A Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Brown Ted , Gutman Sharon A. , Ho Yuh-Shan , Fong Kenneth N. K.
Published: October 2017

OBJECTIVE. A bibliometric analysis was completed of highly cited occupational therapy literature and authors published from 1991 to 2014 and accessible in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI–Expanded) and Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) databases.

METHOD. Data were obtained from the SCI–Expanded and SSCI. Articles referenced >100 times were categorized as highly cited articles (HCA).

RESULTS. Of 6,486 articles found, 31 were categorized as HCA. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy published the largest number of HCA (n = 8; 26%). The 31 HCA were distributed across seven countries: United States (20 articles), Canada (3), United Kingdom (3), Australia (2), the Netherlands (1), New Zealand (1), and Sweden (1). The three authors with the highest Y-index were S. J. Page, F. Clark, and W. Dunn.

CONCLUSION. A latency period of 4 to 5 yr post-publication appears to be needed for a journal article to gain citations.
Aerosol Characteristics in the Entrainment Interface Layer In Relation to the Marine Boundary Layer and Free Troposphere
Authors: Dadashazar Hossein , Braun Rachel A. , Crosbie Ewan , Chuang Patrick Y. , Woods Roy K. , Jonsson Haflidi H. , Sorooshian Armin
Published: October 2017

Abstract. This study uses airborne data from two field campaigns off the California coast to characterize aerosol size distribution characteristics in the entrainment interface layer (EIL), a thin and turbulent layer above marine stratocumulus cloud tops, that separates the stratocumulus-topped boundary layer (STBL) from the free troposphere (FT). The vertical bounds of the EIL are defined in this work based on considerations of buoyancy and turbulence using thermodynamic and dynamic data. Aerosol number concentrations are examined from three different probes with varying particle diameter (Dp) ranges: > 3 nm, > 10 nm, 0.11–3.4 µm. Relative to the EIL and FT layers, the sub-cloud (SUB) layer exhibited lower aerosol number concentrations and higher surface area concentrations. High particle number concentrations between 3 and 10 nm in the EIL is indicative of enhanced nucleation, assisted by high actinic fluxes, cool and moist air, and much lower surface area concentrations than the STBL. Slopes of number concentration versus altitude in the EIL were correlated with the particle number concentration difference between the SUB and lower FT layers. The EIL aerosol size distribution was influenced by varying degrees from STBL aerosol versus subsiding FT aerosol depending on the case examined. These results emphasize the important role of the EIL in influencing nucleation and aerosol-cloud-climate interactions.
INVESTIGATION OF MECHANICAL, THERMAL, AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF EPDM COMPOUNDS CONTAINING RECLAIMED RUBBER
Authors: Sabzekar Malihe , Chenar Mahdi Pourafshari , Zohuri Gholamhossein , Mortazavi Seyed Mohammadmahdi
Published: October 2017

The disposal of polymeric and hazardous materials is an important global issue. Thus, the mechanochemical reclaiming of waste EPDM rubber was carried out using disulfide oil (DSO), oily waste produced in gas refineries, as a reclaiming agent at a specific operation condition. Reclaimed rubber was characterized by crosslink density, sol-gel, and Mooney viscosity measurements. Following the study, blending of different portions of reclaimed rubber (20, 40, 60, and 80 wt%) with virgin EPDM rubber was carried out. Results showed that the addition of 60 wt% of reclaimed rubber to the virgin EPDM rubber had no adverse effect on the scorch and optimum curing time. Also, mechanical properties of revulcanized rubber improved when 40 wt% of virgin EPDM rubber was replaced with the reclaimed rubber. Scanning electron microscope and thermal gravimetric analyses of the samples revealed the effect of addition of reclaimed rubber on the rubber matrix and thermal stability of revulcanized samples, respectively. This study proposes a new route for solving the problem of disposal of the waste materials.
INFRARED ANALYSIS OF FOULING DURING EPDM CURING STUDIED ON MOLDS MADE OF STEEL AND ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
Authors: Hanulikova Barbora , Shejbalova Dana , Dvorak Zdenek
Published: October 2017

Mold fouling during the crosslinking process of EPDM rubber compounds results in defects in compression-molded products and deterioration of process conditions. Moreover, subsequent cleaning of molds is expensive and causes a loss at production. The fouling of several types of steel and aluminum alloys, which represent molds with variously machined surfaces, was analyzed during 0–70 cycles of EPDM molding. Fourier transform infrared microscopy was used for investigation of fouling and paraffin oil (softener) and/or EPDM fragments were detected in vibrational spectra of fouling as the most probable components of it. Metal specimens with a grinded surface were found to be more resistant to EPDM residue deposition.
Knowledge Management Methodology: Developing a Phenomenalogical Middle-range Thinking Approach for Knowledge Management Research
Authors: Ibrahim Fahmi
Published: October 2017

In light of the fact that KM research and practice embraces a wide range of activities and interest, complexity emerges when consideration is given to the actual conduct of research to be undertaken. Drawing from numerous literature, KM covers, on the one hand, technological interventions (objectivist perspective) that aim to support knowledge sharing, while on the other hand, it also covers the appreciation of social approaches (practice-based perspective) that emphasise the importance of people in sharing knowledge. Due to the fact that KM covers such a broad spectrum of area, it calls for greater scrutiny into the way that research is undertaken. The aim of this paper is to discuss the methodological issues within which the KM study should be undertaken. The paper considers the appropriateness of a particular methodology stance for the KM research while focusing on research processes. In particular, a phenomenological approach to middle-range theory is used to develop a comprehensive framework of KM as context of the study.  The rationale for using a phenomenological to middle-range theory is provided from the viewpoint that it requires researchers to focus on developing theory which produces explanations that are arguably a more realistic depiction of the hard/technical and soft/social nature of KM practices.
Implementation of Performance Management on Bank Syariah Mandiri
Authors: Zahari Amiral Emeraldo , Efendy Hady
Published: October 2017

The success of an organization in achieving its vision and mission depends on the quality of its human resources. Organizational management is essentially a process of human resource management because all organizations must operate through human resources. The quality of human resources is reflected in its performance within the company. Employee performance as a human resource is measured in a formal system called performance appraisal. Performance management is applied to achieve the company's vision and mission through employee competence and performance that match the values contained within the company. The targets of each work unit based on the balance scorecard set by the Directorate. The performance of Bank Syariah Mandiri (BSM) employees is monitored through key performance indicator. Performance appraisal of BSM employees is done periodically every 3 months, i.e. quarterly review and annual review. The grouping of employee performance through Performance Level (PL) is used as the basis for reward / appreciation from company to employee. Employee PL determination is aligned with the achievement level of the Work Unit and the composition should approach the normal distribution curve form using the PL predicate. Performance appraisal is self through self-assessment and direct superior through interview based on evidence of employee performance activity (self-assessment result). Implementation of performance management in BSM is good so that the company performance more structured and organized, effective and efficient and encourage employees to work according to procedures, spirit and productive so that the work is more optimal and contribute positively to the company.
Development of Training Needs Analysis in Organization
Authors: Hartoyo Rachmat , Efendy Hady
Published: October 2017

Competition encourages the organization to always improve its performance, so as to achieve competitive advantage. One of the steps taken is to conduct extensive and continuous training and employee development. A training need assessment is a strategic step to find out the right training program for the organization and employees. In addition, to produce effective training, training professionals need to emphasize doing the right things the first time. The type of data used in this study is qualitative, and the source of data in this study is the source of literature. Data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive analysis technique to describe and describe object to be studied. The purpose of this descriptive is to make the description, description or painting systematically, factually and accurately about the facts, properties and relationships between the phenomena investigated. The study consists of evaluating the components of the training system and planning of training needs based on competence. The evaluation is aimed to find out the training system and human resource development within an organization that includes the components of the training system.
Bernstein on Moral Status and the Comparative Value of Lives
Authors: Engel Mylan
Published: October 2017

By stipulation, the human superiority thesis consists of two claims: (a) the interests of humans should be given preferential consideration relative to the like interests of nonhuman animals, and (b) the lives of humans are more valuable than the lives of nonhuman animals. In his recent book, Mark Bernstein argues that both claims are false. I present and assess Bernstein’s main arguments, pointing out where they succeed and where they fall short. I then suggest ways of shoring up and strengthening these arguments. So augmented, Bernstein’s arguments provide a compelling case for rejecting both human superiority thesis claims.
Before Charles Atlas: Earle Liederman, the 1920s King of Mail-Order Muscle
Authors: Pollack Benjamin , Todd Janice
Published: October 2017

Even today, many recognize the famous image of the “ninety-seven pound weakling” popularized by advertisements for Charles Atlas’s muscle-building courses in the 1940s. Atlas’s long-running advertising campaign has, in fact, led several scholars to credit him as a founding figure in modern fitness marketing. In this paper, however, we argue that Atlas’s advertising was neither unique nor original. Earle E. Liederman, with whom Atlas worked in several capacities, published a hugely successful mail-order muscle course in the 1920s based on appeals to masculine desires for fame, wealth, and sexual prowess. Liederman’s advertisements were then virtually copied by Atlas as he launched his own mail-order course called Dynamic Tension. History may have largely forgotten Liederman because of his abrupt financial failure in the early 1930s, but characterizations of Atlas as the first and most important mail-order fitness tycoon do not stand up to historical scrutiny.
The Boxing Boys in Blue: Gloved Sparring and Bare-Knuckle Prizefighting in the Union Army, 1861–65
Authors: Ross Macintosh
Published: October 2017

In 1860, American heavyweight champion John C. Heenan traveled to England to face Tom Sayers in a bare-knuckle prizefight for the championship of the world, sparking unprecedented interest in boxing throughout the United States. In the wake of the Heenan–Sayers contest, gloved sparring and bare-knuckle prizefighting attracted a bevy of new practitioners, eager to emulate their fistic heroes. On April 12, 1861, however, Confederate forces in Charleston, South Carolina, fired on Fort Sumter, commencing the American Civil War. Thousands of northern men promptly enlisted in the Union Army to extinguish the southern rebellion, carrying their sporting preferences into their military service. Within the context of the Union Army, this study approaches boxing as not merely a passing form of distraction but rather a complicated social and cultural practice, used for a multiplicity of purposes by soldiers, including the development of masculine identities, preservation and improvement of health, fraternal entertainment, and camp-based dispute resolution.
Wireless LAN Service Quality Optimization in Academic Environments
Authors: Ekpenyong Moses E. , Umoh Uduak A. , Inyang Udoinyang G. , Jackson Aniekpeno M.
Published: October 2017

This paper targets optimized service quality (SQ) – a metric that compares the perceived performance by users with the expected performance – sufficient to satisfy users’ quality of experience (QoE). The perceived performance was obtained in a field survey from an academic environment, and using Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic (IT2FL), uncertainties inherent in the field data were efficiently modeled for accurate estimation of the SQ. To obtain the expected performance, two unsupervised tools: the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Self-organizing Map (SOM) were exploited to abstract the most relevant features, and observe similarity patterns between the abstract features. An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) was then used to optimize the system performance. Results obtained showed that ANFIS sufficiently optimized and modeled the SQ – as the root mean square error (RMSE) values of the train and test data were approximately the same – for all the study sites considered. However, combining the three campuses produced the least mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.0979 for train data, and the highest MAE of 0.7345 for test data. Further, the least MAE of 0.4707 for test data was obtained from town campus Annex. The wide variation in MAE observed in the train and test data might not be unconnected with the high degree of uncertainties associated with interference, site topology and terrain issues – exhibited by the system under study, as well as the quality of data collected. The proposed system framework has the potentials to develop into a complete location-based system.
Performances and Stall Delays of Three Dimensional Wind Turbine Blade Plate-Models with Helicopter-Like Propeller Blade Tips
Authors: Sutrisno Sutrisno , Deendarlianto Deendarlianto , Indarto Indarto , Iswahyudi Sigit , Bramantya Muhammad Agung , Wibowo Setyawan Bekti
Published: October 2017

The research on three dimensional (3-D) wind turbine blades has been introduced (Sutrisno, Prajitno, Purnomo, & B.W. Setyawan, 2016). In the current experiment, the 3-D wind turbine blades would be fitted with helicopter-like blade tips and additional fins to the blade hubs to demonstrate some laminarizing features. It was found that additional helicopter-like blade tip to the turbine blade creates strong laminar flows over the surface of the blade tips. Supplementary, finned hub, fitted to the blade body, creates rolled-up vortex flows, weakens the blade stall growth development, especially for blades at high-speed wind. A proposed mathematical form of modified lifting line model has been developed to pursue further 3-d blade development study of 3-d wind turbine blade. Rolled up vortex effects, developed by finned of the base hub, has been acknowledged could demolish the turbulent region, as well as laminarize the stall domain to intensify the induced wind turbine blade lift.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Modern Applied Science, Vol. 11, No. 10
Authors: Lee Sunny
Published: October 2017

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Modern Applied Science, Vol. 11, No. 10
PYROSTATIC TESTS OF JA-2 TYPE POWDER
Authors: Trębiński Radosław , Leciejewski Zbigniew , Surma Zbigniew , Fikus Bartosz
Published: October 2017

Literature data concerning ballistic properties of JA-2 powders was studied. The data was compared with results of own tests received for powder LO5460 manufactured by Nitrochemie AG. Pyrostatic tests were carried out in the manometric chamber having the volume of 200 cm3. The force of the powder and the co-volume of powder gases were measured. The influence of thermal losses into these parameters was evaluated by using a methodology proposed by the authors. Exponent value in the powder burning law and curves of dynamical liveliness of the powder were established. The curves actually overlap what shows the adequacy of the physical law of burning. It was proved that the ignition of tested powder takes place prior the complete burning of an igniting charge. It was taken into account at modification of the method for establishing the dynamic liveliness. Exploiting results of measurements for powder grains geometry and the curves of dynamical liveliness a coefficient of linear burning velocity was established. A good compliance with literature data was achieved for the dependence of linear burning rate on the pressure. It was proved that the geometrical burning law is adequate with the description of tested powder burning for changes of relative volume of burned powder above 0.2.
Novel Two-Stage Fine Milling Enables High-Throughput Determination of Glyphosate Residues in Raw Agricultural Commodities
Authors: Riter Leah S , Wujcik Chad E
Published: October 2017

Dramatic process-efficiency gains for residue analysis of glyphosate in raw agricultural commodities (RACs) were achieved by development and validation of a two-stage fine-milling process. This secondary milling produced a uniform and consistent product that could be reproducibly measured with 75 mg analytical test portions. The milligram scale sample size enabled the direct weighing of sample into a liquid-handler-compatible 96-well format. A high-throughput workflow based on this innovative comminution approach for the quantitation of glyphosate, a nonselective herbicide, and its main degradation product, aminomethylphosphonic acid, was validated in various RACs and used to demonstrate the applicability of the two-step milling process. The precision and reproducibility of 75 mg analytical portions taken through this assay was used to demonstrate the feasibility of using a two-stage fine-milling technique for pesticide residue applications. An RSD of less than 10% was achieved in endogenous glyphosate residues in multiple RACs. Comparable recoveries and superior precision were achieved with this new method as compared with a validated 10 g scale method.
Sensory determinants of the autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR): understanding the triggers
Authors: Barratt Emma L. , Spence Charles , Davis Nick J.
Published: October 2017

The autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) is an atypical sensory phenomenon involving electrostatic-like tingling sensations in response to certain sensory, primarily audio-visual, stimuli. The current study used an online questionnaire, completed by 130 people who self-reported experiencing ASMR. We aimed to extend preliminary investigations into the experience, and establish key multisensory factors contributing to the successful induction of ASMR through online media. Aspects such as timing and trigger load, atmosphere, and characteristics of ASMR content, ideal spatial distance from various types of stimuli, visual characteristics, context and use of ASMR triggers, and audio preferences are explored. Lower-pitched, complex sounds were found to be especially effective triggers, as were slow-paced, detail-focused videos. Conversely, background music inhibited the sensation for many respondents. These results will help in designing media for ASMR induction.
Effects of astragalus polysaccharide on the adhesion-related immune response of endothelial cells stimulated with CSFVin vitro
Authors: Zhuge Zengyu , Dong Yanpeng , Li Liuan , Jin Tianming
Published: October 2017

Background

Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) has immunomodulatory activities on porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The immunomodulatory effects of APS on porcine endothelial cells (ECs) expose to classical swine fever virus (CSFV) remain unknown.

Methods

The virus was titrated using an indirect immune biotin enzyme standard method to confirm that porcine ECs were susceptible to CSFV infection and to determine the TCID50 of CSFV (C-strain). Porcine ECs were cultured with CSFV in the presence of APS. Relative quantitative PCR was used to assess the mRNA expression of factors that influence EC adhesion and immunity.

Results

The expression of adhesion factors mRNA increased following stimulation with CSFV; this effect was inhibited by pre-exposing the cells to APS. In addition, the expression of growth factors and some immune factors increased after infection with CSFV; this increase in tissue factor (TF), transforming growth factor (TGF-β), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) could be inhibited by the addition of APS. The immune response mediated by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in ECs may be unregulated by CSFV as it was also inhibited by pre-treatment with APS.

Discussion

The addition of APS to the culture can obviously regulate the expression of molecules related to the adhesion, growth, and immune response of ECs, as well as the production of cytokines. Therefore, it may have the potential to be an effective component in vaccines against CSFV.
Formaldehyde in the Tropical Western Pacific: Chemical Sources and Sinks, Convective Transport, and Representation in CAM‐Chem and the CCMI Models
Authors: Anderson Daniel C. , Nicely Julie M. , Wolfe Glenn M. , Hanisco Thomas F. , Salawitch Ross J. , Canty Timothy P. , Dickerson Russell R. , Apel Eric C. , Baidar Sunil , Bannan Thomas J. , Blake Nicola J. , Chen Dexian , Dix Barbara , Fernandez Rafael P. , Hall Samuel R. , Hornbrook Rebecca S. , Gregory Huey L. , Josse Beatrice , Jöckel Patrick , Kinnison Douglas E. , Koenig Theodore K. , Le Breton Michael , Marécal Virginie , Morgenstern Olaf , Oman Luke D. , Pan Laura L. , Percival Carl , Plummer David , Revell Laura E. , Rozanov Eugene , Saiz‐Lopez Alfonso , Stenke Andrea , Sudo Kengo , Tilmes Simone , Ullmann Kirk , Volkamer Rainer , Weinheimer Andrew J. , Zeng Guang
Published: October 2017

Formaldehyde (HCHO) directly affects the atmospheric oxidative capacity through its effects on HOx. In remote marine environments, such as the tropical western Pacific (TWP), it is particularly important to understand the processes controlling the abundance of HCHO because model output from these regions is used to correct satellite retrievals of HCHO. Here we have used observations from the Convective Transport of Active Species in the Tropics (CONTRAST) field campaign, conducted during January and February 2014, to evaluate our understanding of the processes controlling the distribution of HCHO in the TWP as well as its representation in chemical transport/climate models. Observed HCHO mixing ratios varied from ~500 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) near the surface to ~75 pptv in the upper troposphere. Recent convective transport of near surface HCHO and its precursors, acetaldehyde and possibly methyl hydroperoxide, increased upper tropospheric HCHO mixing ratios by ~33% (22 pptv); this air contained roughly 60% less NO than more aged air. Output from the CAM‐Chem chemistry transport model (2014 meteorology) as well as nine chemistry climate models from the Chemistry‐Climate Model Initiative (free‐running meteorology) are found to uniformly underestimate HCHO columns derived from in situ observations by between 4 and 50%. This underestimate of HCHO likely results from a near factor of two underestimate of NO in most models, which strongly suggests errors in NOx emissions inventories and/or in the model chemical mechanisms. Likewise, the lack of oceanic acetaldehyde emissions and potential errors in the model acetaldehyde chemistry lead to additional underestimates in modeled HCHO of up to 75 pptv (~15%) in the lower troposphere.
Elemental Composition of Natural Nanoparticles and Fine Colloids in European Forest Stream Waters and Their Role as Phosphorus Carriers
Authors: Gottselig N. , Amelung W. , Kirchner J. W. , Bol R. , Eugster W. , Granger S. J. , Hernández‐Crespo C. , Herrmann F. , Keizer J. J. , Korkiakoski M. , Laudon H. , Lehner I. , Löfgren S. , Lohila A. , Macleod C. J. A. , Mölder M. , Müller C. , Nasta P. , Nischwitz V. , Paul‐Limoges E. , Pierret M. C. , Pilegaard K. , Romano N. , Sebastià M. T. , Stähli M. , Voltz M. , Vereecken H. , Siemens J. , Klumpp E.
Published: October 2017

Biogeochemical cycling of elements largely occurs in dissolved state, but many elements may also be bound to natural nanoparticles (NNP, 1–100 nm) and fine colloids (100–450 nm). We examined the hypothesis that the size and composition of stream water NNP and colloids vary systematically across Europe. To test this hypothesis, 96 stream water samples were simultaneously collected in 26 forested headwater catchments along two transects across Europe. Three size fractions (~1–20 nm, >20–60 nm, and >60 nm) of NNP and fine colloids were identified with Field Flow Fractionation coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and an organic carbon detector. The results showed that NNP and fine colloids constituted between 2 ± 5% (Si) and 53 ± 21% (Fe; mean ± SD) of total element concentrations, indicating a substantial contribution of particles to element transport in these European streams, especially for P and Fe. The particulate contents of Fe, Al, and organic C were correlated to their total element concentrations, but those of particulate Si, Mn, P, and Ca were not. The fine colloidal fractions >60 nm were dominated by clay minerals across all sites. The resulting element patterns of NNP <60 nm changed from North to South Europe from Fe‐ to Ca‐dominated particles, along with associated changes in acidity, forest type, and dominant lithology.
MMS Observations and Hybrid Simulations of Surface Ripples at a Marginally Quasi‐Parallel Shock
Authors: Gingell Imogen , Schwartz Steven J. , Burgess David , Johlander Andreas , Russell Christopher T. , Burch James L. , Ergun Robert E. , Fuselier Stephen , Gershman Daniel J. , Giles Barbara L. , Goodrich Katherine A. , Khotyaintsev Yuri V. , Lavraud Benoit , Lindqvist Per‐Arne , Strangeway Robert J. , Trattner Karlheinz , Torbert Roy B. , Wei Hanying , Wilder Frederick
Published: October 2017

Simulations and observations of collisionless shocks have shown that deviations of the nominal local shock normal orientation, that is, surface waves or ripples, are expected to propagate in the ramp and overshoot of quasi‐perpendicular shocks. Here we identify signatures of a surface ripple propagating during a crossing of Earth's marginally quasi‐parallel (θBn∼45∘) or quasi‐parallel bow shock on 27 November 2015 06:01:44 UTC by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission and determine the ripple's properties using multispacecraft methods. Using two‐dimensional hybrid simulations, we confirm that surface ripples are a feature of marginally quasi‐parallel and quasi‐parallel shocks under the observed solar wind conditions. In addition, since these marginally quasi‐parallel and quasi‐parallel shocks are expected to undergo a cyclic reformation of the shock front, we discuss the impact of multiple sources of nonstationarity on shock structure. Importantly, ripples are shown to be transient phenomena, developing faster than an ion gyroperiod and only during the period of the reformation cycle when a newly developed shock ramp is unaffected by turbulence in the foot. We conclude that the change in properties of the ripple observed by MMS is consistent with the reformation of the shock front over a time scale of an ion gyroperiod.
A Meteoric Water Budget for the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Alkire Matthew B. , Morison James , Schweiger Axel , Zhang Jinlun , Steele Michael , Peralta‐Ferriz Cecilia , Dickinson Suzanne
Published: October 2017

A budget of meteoric water (MW = river runoff, net precipitation minus evaporation, and glacial meltwater) over four regions of the Arctic Ocean is constructed using a simple box model, regional precipitation‐evaporation estimates from reanalysis data sets, and estimates of import and export fluxes derived from the literature with a focus on the 2003–2008 period. The budget indicates an approximate/slightly positive balance between MW imports and exports (i.e., no change in storage); thus, the observed total freshwater increase observed during this time period likely resulted primarily from changes in non‐MW freshwater components (i.e., increases in sea ice melt or Pacific water and/or a decrease in ice export). Further, our analysis indicates that the MW increase observed in the Canada Basin resulted from a spatial redistribution of MW over the Arctic Ocean. Mean residence times for MW were estimated for the Western Arctic (5–7 years), Eastern Arctic (3–4 years), and Lincoln Sea (1–2 years). The MW content over the Siberian shelves was estimated (∼14,000 km3) based on a residence time of 3.5 years. The MW content over the entire Arctic Ocean was estimated to be ≥44,000 km3. The MW export through Fram Strait consisted mostly of water from the Eastern Arctic (3,237 ± 1,370 km3 yr−1) whereas the export through the Canadian Archipelago was nearly equally derived from both the Western Arctic (1,182 ± 534 km3 yr−1) and Lincoln Sea (972 ± 391 km3 yr−1).
Cold Front Driven Flows Through Multiple Inlets of Lake Pontchartrain Estuary
Authors: Huang Wei , Li Chunyan
Published: October 2017

With in situ observations using acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) and numerical experiments using the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM), this study investigates atmospheric cold front induced exchange of water between Lake Pontchartrain Estuary and coastal ocean through multiple inlets. Results show that the subtidal hydrodynamic response is highly correlated with meteorological parameters. Northerly and westerly winds tend to push water out of Lake Pontchartrain, while south and east winds tend to produce currents flowing into it. For most cases, the subtidal water level is inversely correlated with the east wind, with the correlation coefficient being ∼0.8. The most important finding of this work is that, contrary to intuition, the cold front induced remote wind effect has the greatest contribution to the overall water level variation, while the local wind stress determines the surface slope inside the estuary. It is found that wind driven flow is roughly quasi steady state: the surface slope in the north‐south direction is determined by the north‐south wind stress, explaining ∼83% of the variability but less so in the east‐west direction (∼43%). In other words, the north‐south local wind stress determines the water level gradient in that direction in the estuary while the overall water level change is pretty much controlled by the open boundary which is the “remote wind effect,” a regional response that can be illustrated only by a numerical model for a much larger area encompassing the estuary.
Impacts of the Tropical Pacific Cold Tongue Mode on ENSO Diversity Under Global Warming
Authors: Li Yang , Li Jianping , Zhang Wenjun , Chen Quanliang , Feng Juan , Zheng Fei , Wang Wei , Zhou Xin
Published: October 2017

The causes of ENSO diversity, although being of great interest in recent research, do not have a consistent explanation. This study provides a possible mechanism focused on the background change of the tropical Pacific as a response to global warming. The second empirical orthogonal function mode of the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) in the tropical Pacific, namely the cold tongue mode (CTM), represents the background change of the tropical Pacific under global warming. Using composite analysis with surface observations and subsurface ocean assimilation data sets, we find ENSO spatial structure diversity is closely associated with the CTM. A positive CTM tends to cool the SST in the eastern equatorial Pacific and warm the SST outside, as well as widen (narrow) zonal and meridional scales for El Niño (La Niña), and vice versa. Particularly in the positive CTM phase, the air‐sea action center of El Niño moves west, resembling the spatial pattern of CP‐El Niño. This westward shift of center is related to the weakened Bjerknes feedback (BF) intensity by the CTM. By suppressing the SSTA growth of El Niño in the eastern equatorial Pacific, the CTM contributes to more frequent occurrence of CP‐El Niño under global warming.
Mixed Layer Temperature Budget for the Northward Propagating Summer Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillation (MISO) in the Central Bay of Bengal
Authors: Girishkumar M. S. , Joseph J. , Thangaprakash V. P. , Pottapinjara V. , McPhaden M. J.
Published: October 2017

Composite analyses of mixed layer temperature (MLT) budget terms from near‐surface meteorological and oceanic observations in the central Bay of Bengal are utilized to evaluate the modulation of air‐sea interactions and MLT processes in response to the summer monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO). For this purpose, we use moored buoy data at 15°N, 12°N, and 8°N along 90°E together with TropFlux meteorological parameters and the Ocean Surface Current Analyses Real‐time (OSCAR) current product. Our analysis shows a strong cooling tendency in MLT with maximum amplitude in the central and northern BoB during the northward propagation of enhanced convective activity associated with the active phase of the MISO; conversely, warming occurs during the suppressed phase of the MISO. The surface mixed layer is generally heated during convectively inactive phases of the MISO primarily due to increased net surface heat flux into the ocean. During convectively active MISO phases, the surface mixed layer is cooled by the combined influence of net surface heat loss to the atmosphere and entrainment cooling at the base of mixed layer. The variability of net surface heat flux is primarily due to modulation of latent heat flux and shortwave radiation. Shortwave is mostly controlled by an enhancement or reduction of cloudiness during the active and inactive MISO phases and latent heat flux is mostly controlled by variations in air‐sea humidity difference.
On the “Cal‐Mode” Correction to TOPEX Satellite Altimetry and Its Effect on the Global Mean Sea Level Time Series
Authors: Beckley B. D. , Callahan P. S. , Hancock D. W. , Mitchum G. T. , Ray R. D.
Published: October 2017

Comparison of satellite altimetry against a high‐quality network of tide gauges suggests that sea‐surface heights from the TOPEX altimeter may be biased by ±5 mm, in an approximate piecewise linear, or U‐shaped, drift. This has been previously reported in at least two other studies. The bias is probably caused by use of an internal calibration‐mode range correction, included in the TOPEX “net instrument” correction, which is suspect owing to changes in the altimeter's point target response. Removal of this correction appears to mitigate most of the drift problem. In addition, a new time series based on retracking the TOPEX waveforms, again without the calibration‐mode correction, also reduces the drift aside for a clear problem during the first 2 years. With revision, the TOPEX measurements, combined with successor Jason altimeter measurements, show global mean sea level rising fairly steadily throughout most of 24 year time period, with rates around 3 mm/yr, although higher over the last few years.
On the Variability of the East Australian Current: Jet Structure, Meandering, and Influence on Shelf Circulation
Authors: Archer Matthew R. , Roughan Moninya , Keating Shane R. , Schaeffer Amandine
Published: October 2017

Given the importance of western boundary currents over a wide range of scales in the ocean, it is crucial that we understand their dynamics to accurately predict future changes. For this, we need detailed knowledge of their structure and variability. Here we investigate the jet structure of the East Australian Current (EAC), using observations from HF radars and moorings deployed at 30°S–31°S. Meandering, core velocity, width, and eddy kinetic energy (EKE) are quantified from 4 years of hourly 1.5 km resolution surface current maps (2012–2016), to obtain the most detailed representation of the surface EAC jet to date. The EAC flows predominantly over the ∼1,500 m isobath 50 km offshore but makes large amplitude displacements eastward every 65–100 days—the time scale associated with mesoscale eddy shedding at the EAC separation. Smaller‐amplitude, higher‐frequency meanders occur every 20–45 days. Using a coordinate frame that follows the jet, we show core velocity and EKE exhibit seasonality in both magnitude and variance, being maximum in summer (1.55 m s−1 mean core velocity), minimum in winter (0.8 m s−1). However, it is the eddy‐shedding time scale that dominates jet variability. As the EAC moves shoreward, shelf temperature and along‐stream velocity vary linearly with jet movement, within ∼35 km of the core. The EAC is within this range 75% of the time, demonstrating its importance to the shelf circulation. Temperature and velocity fluctuations at the 70 m (100 m) isobath are more influenced by wind (EAC encroachment), with the strongest response occurring when wind and EAC act constructively.
Global Tidal Impacts of Large‐Scale Ice Sheet Collapses
Authors: Wilmes Sophie‐Berenice , Green J. A. Mattias , Gomez Natalya , Rippeth Tom P. , Lau Harriet
Published: October 2017

Recent studies show that the glaciers draining both the West Antarctic and the Greenland Ice Sheets are experiencing an accelerated ice loss, highlighting the possibility of large‐scale ice sheet retreat and sea level rise in the coming centuries and millennia. These sea level changes would vary spatially and could significantly alter global tides as the latter are highly dependent on bathymetry (or water column thickness under ice shelves) and basin shape. This paper investigates how the principal semidiurnal (M2) tidal amplitudes and energy dissipation respond to the nonuniform sea level changes induced by complete ice sheet collapses. The sea level changes are calculated using gravitationally self‐consistent sea level theory, and the tides are simulated using an established tidal model. Results from the simulations show global and spatially heterogeneous changes in tidal amplitudes. In addition, pronounced changes in tidal energy dissipation occur in both the open ocean and in shelf‐seas, also altering the location of tidal mixing fronts. These changes have the potential to impact ocean mixing, and hence large‐scale currents and climate patterns, and the contribution of shelf‐sea to the global carbon cycle. The new results highlight the importance of considering changes in the tides in predictions of future climate and reconstructions of past climate phases such as the Last Interglacial.
A Bidirectional Subsurface Remote Sensing Reflectance Model Explicitly Accounting for Particle Backscattering Shapes
Authors: He Shuangyan , Zhang Xiaodong , Xiong Yuanheng , Gray Deric
Published: October 2017

The subsurface remote sensing reflectance (rrs, sr−1), particularly its bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), depends fundamentally on the angular shape of the volume scattering functions (VSFs, m−1 sr−1). Recent technological advancement has greatly expanded the collection, and the knowledge of natural variability, of the VSFs of oceanic particles. This allows us to test the Zaneveld's theoretical rrs model that explicitly accounts for particle VSF shapes. We parameterized the rrs model based on HydroLight simulations using 114 VSFs measured in three coastal waters around the United States and in oceanic waters of North Atlantic Ocean. With the absorption coefficient (a), backscattering coefficient (bb), and VSF shape as inputs, the parameterized model is able to predict rrs with a root mean square relative error of ∼4% for solar zenith angles from 0 to 75°, viewing zenith angles from 0 to 60°, and viewing azimuth angles from 0 to 180°. A test with the field data indicates the performance of our model, when using only a and bb as inputs and selecting the VSF shape using bb, is comparable to or slightly better than the currently used models by Morel et al. and Lee et al. Explicitly expressing VSF shapes in rrs modeling has great potential to further constrain the uncertainty in the ocean color studies as our knowledge on the VSFs of natural particles continues to improve. Our study represents a first effort in this direction.
Interaction of Urban Heating and Local Winds During the Calm Intermonsoon Seasons in the Tropics
Authors: Ooi M. C. G. , Chan A. , Subramaniam K. , Morris K. I. , Oozeer M. Y.
Published: October 2017

Rapid urbanization of cities has greatly modified the thermal and dynamic profile in the urban boundary layer. This paper attempts to study the interaction of urban heating and the local topographic‐induced flow circulation for a tropical coastal city, Greater Kuala Lumpur, in Malaysia. The role of sea‐and‐valley‐breeze‐orientated synoptic flow (SBOS) on the interaction is determined by comparing two intermonsoon periods. A state‐of‐the‐art numerical model, Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model, is used to identify the influence of urbanization through modification of urban surfaces. The model reasonably reproduces the vertical sounding data and near‐surface weather parameters. The diurnal urban heating pattern is attributed to three predominant factors: (i) weak under calm and clear‐sky condition (morning heating), (ii) weak under larger atmospheric moisture content (late afternoon convection), and (iii) largest (1.4°C) due to differential cooling rate of urban and rural surface at night. The interaction of urban thermals and upper level SBOS affects the effect of urbanization on local circulation during the day. The urban thermals reduce the weak opposing SBOS (<2 m s−1) and enhance the inflow of moisture‐rich sea breeze passage. This increases the intensity of downwind convective precipitation during late afternoon. On contrary, the strong opposing SBOS (>2 m s−1) suppresses the vertical lifting of urban thermals and decelerates the sea breeze front. It is discovered that the interaction of urban heating and topographic‐induced flow is interdependent while the synoptic flow plays a critical role in modifying both factors, respectively.
Synoptic Control of Contrail Cirrus Life Cycles and Their Modification Due to Reduced Soot Number Emissions
Authors: Bier A. , Burkhardt U. , Bock L.
Published: October 2017

The atmospheric state, aircraft emissions, and engine properties determine formation and initial properties of contrails. The synoptic situation controls microphysical and dynamical processes and causes a wide variability of contrail cirrus life cycles. A reduction of soot particle number emissions, resulting, for example, from the use of alternative fuels, strongly impacts initial ice crystal numbers and microphysical process rates of contrail cirrus. We use the European Centre/Hamburg (ECHAM) climate model version 5 including a contrail cirrus modul, studying process rates, properties, and life cycles of contrail cirrus clusters within different synoptic situations. The impact of reduced soot number emissions is approximated by a reduction in the initial ice crystal number, exemplarily studied for 80%. Contrail cirrus microphysical and macrophysical properties can depend much more strongly on the synoptic situation than on the initial ice crystal number. They can attain a large cover, optical depth, and ice water content in long‐lived and large‐scale ice‐supersaturated areas, making them particularly climate‐relevant. In those synoptic situations, the accumulated ice crystal loss due to sedimentation is increased by around 15% and the volume of contrail cirrus, exceeding an optical depth of 0.02, and their short‐wave radiative impact are strongly decreased due to reduced soot emissions. These reductions are of little consequence in short‐lived and small‐scale ice‐supersaturated areas, where contrail cirrus stay optically very thin and attain a low cover. The synoptic situations in which long‐lived and climate‐relevant contrail cirrus clusters can be found over the eastern U.S. occur in around 25% of cases.