bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Friedrich A. Hayek (1899-1992): de la abstracción hasta la “invisibilización”, pasando por el “orden espontáneo” (y II)
Authors: Catalán José Ramón
Published: October 2017

No abstractRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 123, 2010: 49-80
El argumento antropológico de Zubiri
Authors: Solari Enzo
Published: October 2017

Zubiri develops an anthropologic argument favouring the existence of God, besides the secondary literature does not pay attention to it. The following paper reconstructs the anthropologic argument of the Basque philosopher, which is useful both for explaining the human implication of ‘sentient intelligence’ and for postulate the existence of God.
Paulo Freire, Paul Ricoeur y la identidad narrativa
Authors: Velasco Manuel Fernando
Published: October 2017

In this paper a dialogue between two authors can be found: Paul Ricoeur and Paulo Freire. Its aim is to relate Ricoeur’s concept of narrative identity to the importance given by Freire to the fact of narrate our own history. The author reviews both the communicational dialogic educative model proposed by the Brazilian educator and the concepts of identity, concordance, discordance and narrative identity of the French philosopher. The dialogue established here between both authors makes it possible to study in depth other aspects: narrative identity in Latin America, plurality and alterity, the practical-transformer relation with the Other, resilience and relation between citizenry and narration. These elements make is possible to reflect on how we construct ourselves on narrations and the way we are hence the texts we narrate each other.
Raúl Fornet-Betancourt, Mujer y filosofía en el pensamiento iberoamericano. Momentos de una relación difícil
Authors: Alvarenga Luis
Published: October 2017

No English abstract
La utopía comercial no es una república de aire: trozos de historia marítima y portuaria
Authors: Miller Katherine
Published: October 2017

No English Abstract
La influencia del cambio climático en el acceso y aprovisionamiento de granos básicos
Authors: Iraheta Mauricio , Molina Cintya , Villatoro José Fermín
Published: October 2017

The following paper studies the relations between agriculture and climate change and how this phenomenon may deteriorate the alimentary security in El Salvador.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 124, 2010: 229-268
Una perspectiva estructural para comprender los problemas económicos
Authors: Editor El
Published: October 2017

No abstractRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 124, 2010: 181-186
La desigualdad del ingreso desde una perspectiva estructural
Authors: Gallo Carmen , Miranda Rafael , Rodríguez Enrique
Published: October 2017

The following paper explores the causes of the increasing income inequity and the consumption capabilities in El Salvador. Inequity is a very enrooted problem and is linked to the productive structure and low economic growthRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 124, 2010: 187-227
Apertura comercial y crecimiento económico de largo plazo
Authors: Garate Javier , Tablas Víctor Antonio , Urbina Juan José
Published: October 2017

Which are the structural factors that make it possible to explain why the trade aperture in El Salvador has not produced high and sustainable economic growth rates? In the following paper, the main hypothesis is that the influential factors in trade aperture and economic growth in El Salvador are related with a structural tendency to deterioration in trade balance.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 124, 2010: 269-295
Los impactos de la producción de agrocombustibles en la seguridad alimentaria de El Salvador
Authors: Soley Rosalía , Ferman Martha
Published: October 2017

No abstractRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 124, 2010: 297-334
Ética y política desde una perpectiva leninista: Raymond Geuss. Philosophy and Real Politics
Authors: Alvarenga Luis
Published: October 2017

No abstractRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 124, 2010: 335-338
El Estado renacentista: una obra de arte en Shakespeare
Authors: Miller Katherine
Published: October 2017

No abstractRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 124, 2010: 339-357
La emancipación no es inefable
Authors: León del Río Yohanka
Published: October 2017

No abstractRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 125, 2010: 475-496
Ellacuría y la filosofía intercultural
Authors: Editor El
Published: October 2017

No abtractRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 125, 2010: 363-369
Filosofía intercultural: una propuesta para nuestro tiempo
Authors: Silva Neusa Vaz e
Published: October 2017

It is necessary to orient our thinking and our action through dialogue, action originating from differences, the only attitude capable of fostering the confrontation between the various discourses and arguments by means of which will expand the enriching possibilities in a reality marked by differences. Therefore, the proposal of a new philosophy that guides the Brazilian educational process, place of life worlds and plural thoughts, becomes necessary.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 125, 2010: 371-393
La filosofía y la sociedad en el México actual
Authors: Vargas Lozano Gabriel
Published: October 2017

Philosophy has a scarce influence on Mexican society. This is reflected in an educational policy in which philosophy gradually disappears from school and in the absence of philosophical reflection in the media.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 125, 2010: 395-411
Una aproximación a la situación de los jóvenes en el mercado laboral: un estudio para el año 2006
Authors: Castellanos Edgardo , García Marielos , Hidalgo Orlando , Lemus Karen
Published: October 2017

Youth population is considered world-wide as a vulnerable group both in economic and social issues. This is reflected in a high level of under-employment, unemployment, low wages, labor market flexibility, among other problems. In the Salvadoran labor market, young people meet difficulties to find a job that make it possible to live a dignified life.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 125, 2010: 413-436
Cobertura de las necesidades promedio y emigración
Authors: Pinto Ileana , Velado Mónica
Published: October 2017

Emigration is a longstanding phenomenon in El Salvador. Up to date, wide sectors of Salvadoran population live abroad and many people pretend to improve their economic conditions beyond national borders. Empiric evidence shows that this situation is due to an economy which is unable to incorporate the current labor force in the labor market. However, the main structural factors promoting emigration remain still unknown. This a reason to accomplish a research on this issue.Realidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 125, 2010: 437-474
¿Quién dijo silencio? en tiempos de globalización: entre la paradoja y los rastros del verso disidente
Authors: Escamilla José Luis
Published: October 2017

No abstractRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 125, 2010: 497-503
Razón y sensualidad en la psicología patrística: las raíces de nuestras imágenes de masculino y femenino
Authors: Miller Katherine
Published: October 2017

No abstractRealidad: Revista de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades No. 125, 2010: 505-525
The Role of Martabat Tujuh within the Society of the Sultanate Buton Wolio
Authors: Nalefo La
Published: October 2017

Martabat Tujuh laws that guided the State's administration on the sultanate of Buton were born because of (1) the existence of tyranny in society by the noble families, (2) the sultanate of Buton has no state constitution as a guideline for administering the government, and (3) the existence of people's hope with sultan to restore the economic crisis caused by the drought during that time.Martabat Tujuh laws in political life, society and religion contain the virtues of value, namely (1) ainda indamo arataa sumanomo karo implies that someone should prioritize the safety of self and family; (2) ainda indamo karo sumanomo lipu, implies that the interest of the state is more important than the personal interest, (3) ainda indamo lipu sumanomo sarah implies that the interest of the leader is more important than the interest of the state, (4) ainda indamo sarah sumanomo religion, implies that religion is more important than the government. In addition, it also gives direction to the people to feel the pain between each other (binci-binci kuli), love each other (pomama siaka), keep each other (popia piara), listen the truth (poangka angkataka), and give each other in deficiency (poma maeka).
Reading Categories Identified in the Reading Activities of a Caregiver and a Middle-Class Child
Authors: Isabel Borja-Alarcon , Astrid Ramirez Valencia , Alfonso Lopez-Vega
Published: October 2017

This paper aims to report the findings of a research project, developed from the need to make contributions about the characteristics that emerge, when a three-year-old child and his caregiver carry reading activities out. By the use of recordings and students’ artifacts, in order to collect data; and analyzing the information collected through categorization, this case study revealed that both, the child and the caregiver, exposed reading attitudes and actions which have relationships with intake process, cognitive processes, emotional statements, autonomy, and the application of strategies to understand the text. In addition to this information, this study concluded that reading processes are complex and there is a considerable need to develop research around this topic.
Explaining the Status of Feed in India; The Era of the Rule of Khodadadin Karnatic (1782-1799AD)
Authors: Alemi Khadija
Published: October 2017

Food plays an important role in identifying the cultural manifestations of a community, and many factors influence the choice of food type. Different ethnic groups, based on their various requirements, customs, the type of culture and civilization, have developed various agricultural products as their food. The study of food, especially from a historical and cultural perspective, is a way of redefining the various forms of popular culture throughout history and its impact on the present culture. This article addresses the issue of how and during the reign of Khodadad, what has changed in the food of the people of the region of Deccan?This claim has been studied in this research. Sultan Khodadad has issued a series of commemorations regarding the environmental, social, cultural and religious factors to bring about change and improve the situation in the Deccan population.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in neuropathic and inflammatory pain
Authors: Hone Arik J. , McIntosh J. Michael
Published: October 2017

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are actively being investigated as therapeutic targets for the treatment of pain and inflammation, but despite more than 30 years of research, there are currently no FDA‐approved analgesics that are specific for these receptors. Much of the initial research effort focused on the α4β2 nAChR subtype, but more recently, additional subtypes have been identified as promising new leads and include α6β4, α7, and α9‐containing nAChRs. This Review will focus on the distribution of these nAChRs in the cell types involved in neuropathic pain and inflammation and the activity of currently available nicotinic ligands.
Modeling of X‐ray Images and Energy Spectra Produced by Stepping Lightning Leaders
Authors: Xu Wei , Marshall Robert A. , Celestin Sebastien , Pasko Victor P.
Published: October 2017

Recent ground‐based measurements at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing (ICLRT) have greatly improved our knowledge of the energetics, fluence, and evolution of X‐ray emissions during natural cloud‐to‐ground (CG) and rocket‐triggered lightning flashes. In this paper, using Monte Carlo simulations and the response matrix of unshielded detectors in the Thunderstorm Energetic Radiation Array (TERA), we calculate the energy spectra of X‐rays as would be detected by TERA and directly compare with the observational data during event MSE 10‐01. The good agreement obtained between TERA measurements and theoretical calculations supports the mechanism of X‐ray production by thermal runaway electrons during the negative corona flash stage of stepping lightning leaders. Modeling results also suggest that measurements of X‐ray bursts can be used to estimate the approximate range of potential drop of lightning leaders. Moreover, the X‐ray images produced during the leader stepping process in natural negative CG discharges, including both the evolution and morphological features, are theoretically quantified. We show that the compact emission pattern as recently observed in X‐ray images is likely produced by X‐rays originating from the source region, and the diffuse emission pattern can be explained by the Compton scattering effects.
First Observations of Short‐Period Eastward Propagating Planetary Waves From the Stratosphere to the Lower Thermosphere (110 km) in Winter Antarctica
Authors: Lu Xian , Chu Xinzhao , Chen Cao , Nguyen Vu , Smith Anne K.
Published: October 2017

Unique Fe lidar observations in May 2014 at McMurdo, combined with Aura‐Microwave Limb Sounder measurements, lead to a new discovery that the amplitudes of 4 day and 2.5 day planetary waves (PWs) grow rapidly from 1–2 K at 100 km to over 10 K at 110 km. This report is also the first observation of short‐period (1–5 days) eastward propagating PWs from 30 km all the way to 110 km. The Specified Dynamics‐Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model reproduces the observed three dominant peaks of amplitudes in temperature and coherent vertical phase structures. The data‐model comparison indicates a possible mechanism: After PWs originated from the stratosphere dissipate along the critical level, the surviving waves are amplified by in situ instability in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere, resulting in the second (third) peak in geopotential (temperature). This third peak in temperature explains the PW amplitude growth from 100 to 110 km.
Dynamics of Sill and Laccolith Emplacement in the Brittle Crust: Role of Host Rock Strength and Deformation Mode
Authors: Schmiedel T. , Galland O. , Breitkreuz C.
Published: October 2017

Igneous intrusions in sedimentary basins exhibit a great diversity of shapes from thin sheets (e.g., dikes, sills and cone sheets) to massive intrusions (e.g., laccoliths and plugs). Presently, none of the established models of magma emplacement have the capability to simulate this diversity because they account for either purely elastic or purely plastic or purely viscous host rocks, whereas natural rocks are complex visco‐elasto‐plastic materials. In this study, we investigate the effects of elasto‐plastic properties of host rock on magma emplacement using laboratory experiments made of dry granular materials of variable cohesion. Our results show how the deformation mechanism of the host rock controls the emplacement of magma: thin sheet sills form in high‐cohesion materials, which dominantly deform by elastic bending, whereas massive intrusions such as punched laccoliths form in low‐cohesion materials, which dominantly deform by shear failure. Our models also suggest that combined elastic/shear failure deformation modes likely control the emplacement of cone sheets. Our experiments are the first to spontaneously produce diverse, geologically relevant intrusion shapes. Our models show that accounting for the elasto‐plastic behavior of the host rock is essential to filling the gap between the established elastic and plastic models of magma emplacement, and so to reveal the dynamics of magma emplacement in the Earth's brittle crust.
Effects of Magnetic Anisotropy on Total Magnetic Field Anomalies
Authors: Biedermann Andrea R. , McEnroe Suzanne A.
Published: October 2017

Modeling of magnetic anomaly data is a powerful technique to gain information on the shape of subsurface rock bodies. Most models are based on the assumption that the magnetization in the source body is parallel to the direction of the Earth's magnetic field. It has long been recognized that remanent magnetization affects the magnetization direction, intensity and shape of the anomaly, and therefore the interpreted structure. The effects of anisotropy, however, have only received little attention so far. This study uses synthetic models and a case study to investigate how anisotropy affects magnetization and anomalies over a thick dipping sheet and determines expected errors in interpreted magnetic properties and geometry of the source body for various anisotropy degrees and field inclinations. Anisotropy affects both the shape and amplitude of anomalies. For an oblate uniaxial fabric with the minimum susceptibility normal to the sheet and P = 1.5, errors in interpreted dip are up to 12°, depending on the field inclination, dip, and profile orientation, and errors in estimated mean susceptibility are up to −30%/+20%, if anisotropy is not taken into account during modeling. These effects are larger for higher degrees of anisotropy. A case study over the megacyclic unit IVe′ layer in the Bjerkreim Sokndal layered intrusion, Norway, investigates the contributions of (an)isotropic induced and remanent magnetizations to the total field anomalies. There, the influence of anisotropy is mainly related to remanence deflection. The results shown here will help to further improve interpretation of magnetic potential field data.
Temporal Characteristics of CH4 Vertical Profiles Observed in the West Siberian Lowland Over Surgut From 1993 to 2015 and Novosibirsk From 1997 to 2015
Authors: Sasakawa M. , Machida T. , Ishijima K. , Arshinov M. , Patra P. K. , Ito A. , Aoki S. , Petrov V.
Published: October 2017

We have carried out monthly flask sampling using aircraft, in the altitude range of 0–7 km, over the boreal wetlands in Surgut (61°N, 73°E; since 1993) and a pine forest near Novosibirsk (55°N, 83°E; since 1997), both located in the West Siberian Lowland (WSL). The temporal variation of methane (CH4) concentrations at all altitudes at both sites exhibited an increasing trend with stagnation during 2000–2006 as observed globally from ground‐based networks. In addition to a winter maximum as seen at other remote sites in northern middle to high latitudes, another seasonal maximum was also observed in summer, particularly in the lower altitudes over the WSL, which could be attributed to emissions from the wetlands. Our measurements suggest that the vertical gradient at Surgut has been decreasing; the mean CH4 difference between 5.5 km and 1.0 km changed from 64 ± 5 ppb during 1995–1999 to 37 ± 3 ppb during 2009–2013 (mean ± standard error). No clear decline in the CH4 vertical gradient appeared at Novosibirsk. Simulations using an atmospheric chemistry‐transport model captured the observed decrease in the vertical CH4 gradient at Surgut when CH4 emissions from Europe decreased but increased from the regions south of Siberia, for example, East and South Asia. At Novosibirsk, the influence of the European emissions was relatively small. Our results also suggest that the regional emissions around the WSL did not change significantly over the period of our observations.
Chemical Characteristics of Organic Aerosols in Shanghai: A Study by Ultrahigh‐Performance Liquid Chromatography Coupled With Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Wang Xinke , Hayeck Nathalie , Brüggemann Martin , Yao Lei , Chen Hangfei , Zhang Ci , Emmelin Corinne , Chen Jianmin , George Christian , Wang Lin
Published: October 2017

Particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) filter samples were collected in July and October 2014 and January and April 2015 in urban Shanghai and analyzed using ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The measured chromatogram‐mass spectra were processed by a nontarget screening approach to identify significant signals. In total, 810–1,510 chemical formulas of organic compounds in the negative polarity (negative electrospray ionization (ESI−)) and 860–1,790 in the positive polarity (ESI+), respectively, were determined. The chemical characteristics of organic aerosols (OAs) in Shanghai varied among different months and between daytime and nighttime. In the January samples, organics were generally richer in terms of both number and abundance, whereas those in the July samples were far lower. More CHO− (compounds containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and detected in ESI−) and CHOS− (sulfur‐containing organics) were found in the daytime samples, suggesting a photochemical source, whereas CHONS− (nitrogen‐ and sulfur‐containing organics) were more abundant in the nighttime samples, due to nocturnal nitrate radical chemistry. A significant number of monocyclic and polycyclic aromatic compounds, and nitrogen‐ and sulfur‐containing heterocyclic compounds, were detected in all samples, indicating that biomass burning and fossil fuel combustion made important contributions to the OAs in urban Shanghai. Additionally, precursor‐product pair analysis indicates that the epoxide pathway is an important formation route for organosulfates observed in Shanghai. Moreover, a similar analysis suggests that 35–57% of nitrogen‐containing compounds detected in ESI+ could be formed through reactions between ammonia and carbonyls. Our study presents a comprehensive overview of OAs in urban Shanghai, which helps to understand their characteristics and sources.
A Framework for Estimating the 30 m Thermal‐Infrared Broadband Emissivity From Landsat Surface Reflectance Data
Authors: Cheng Jie , Liu Hao , Liang Shunlin , Nie Aixiu , Liu Qiang , Guo Yamin
Published: October 2017

The land surface thermal‐infrared broadband emissivity (BBE) is a vital variable for estimating land surface radiation budgets (SRBs). We develop a framework for retrieving the 30 m BBE from Landsat surface reflectance data to estimate SRBs at finer scales and validate coarse resolution data. In the developed framework, the land surface is classified as bare soils and vegetated surfaces to allow different algorithms to be used for the BBE estimation. We propose a downscaling algorithm that uses the empirical relationship between the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer (ASTER) BBE and Landsat surface reflectance at 90 m to retrieve the 30 m BBE over bare soils. A look‐up table (LUT)‐based algorithm is proposed for vegetated surfaces. The BBE is interpolated from a LUT that is constructed from the 4SAIL radiative transfer model with inputs of the leaf BBE, the soil background BBE, and the leaf area index (LAI). Ground measurements that were collected at 11 relatively homogeneous sandy sites during three independent field campaigns are used to validate the proposed algorithm over bare soils. The average difference between the retrieved and field‐measured BBEs is 0.012. We produce the land surface BBE of China in 2008 by using the developed framework and composited winter and summer seasonal BBE maps. The composited seasonal BBE maps are compared to the seasonal BBE maps derived from the ASTER emissivity product. The bias is within ±0.005 over bare soils and ranges from 0.012 to 0.019 over vegetated surfaces. Combined with the validated results in this study and published references, the comparison results demonstrate the good performance of the developed framework. This study provides a new perspective on estimating BBEs from sensors with only a thermal‐infrared channel.
No Coincident Nitrate Enhancement Events in Polar Ice Cores Following the Largest Known Solar Storms
Authors: Mekhaldi F. , McConnell J. R. , Adolphi F. , Arienzo M. M. , Chellman N. J. , Maselli O. J. , Moy A. D. , Plummer C. T. , Sigl M. , Muscheler R.
Published: October 2017

Knowledge on the occurrence rate of extreme solar storms is strongly limited by the relatively recent advent of satellite monitoring of the Sun. To extend our perspective of solar storms prior to the satellite era and because atmospheric ionization induced by solar energetic particles (SEPs) can lead to the production of odd nitrogen, nitrate spikes in ice cores have been tentatively used to document both the occurrence and intensity of past SEP events. However, the reliability of the use of nitrate in ice records as a proxy for SEP events is strongly debated. This is partly due to equivocal detection of nitrate spikes in single ice cores and possible alternative sources, such as biomass burning plumes. Here we present new continuous high‐resolution measurements of nitrate and of the biomass burning species ammonium and black carbon, from several Antarctic and Greenland ice cores. We investigate periods covering the two largest known SEP events of 775 and 994 Common Era as well as the Carrington event and the hard SEP event of February 1956. We report no coincident nitrate spikes associated with any of these benchmark events. We also demonstrate the low reproducibility of the nitrate signal in multiple ice cores and confirm the significant relationship between biomass burning plumes and nitrate spikes in individual ice cores. In the light of these new data, there is no line of evidence that supports the hypothesis that ice cores preserve or document detectable amounts of nitrate produced by SEPs, even for the most extreme events known to date.
Identification of a novel homozygous TRAPPC9 gene mutation causing non‐syndromic intellectual disability, speech disorder, and secondary microcephaly
Authors: Abbasi Ansar A. , Blaesius Kathrin , Hu Hao , Latif Zahid , Picker‐Minh Sylvie , Khan Muhammad N. , Farooq Sundas , Khan Muzammil A. , Kaindl Angela M.
Published: October 2017

TRAPPC9 gene mutations have been linked recently to autosomal recessive mental retardation 13 (MRT13; MIM#613192) with only eight families reported world‐wide. We assessed patients from two consanguineous pedigrees of Pakistani descent with non‐syndromic intellectual disability and postnatal microcephaly through whole exome sequencing (WES) and cosegregation analysis. Here we report six further patients from two pedigrees with homozygous TRAPPC9 gene mutations, the novel nonsense mutation c.2065G>T (p.E689*) and the previously identified nonsense mutation c.1423C>T (p.R475*). We provide an overview of previously reported clinical features and highlight common symptoms and variability of MRT13. Common findings are intellectual disability and absent speech, and frequently microcephaly, motor delay and pathological findings on MRI including diminished cerebral white matter volume are present. Mutations in TRAPPC9 should be considered in non‐syndromic autosomal recessive intellectual disability with severe speech disorder.
Anonymous body or first patient? A status report and needs assessment regarding the personalization of donors in dissection courses in German, Austrian, and Swiss Medical Schools
Authors: Hasselblatt Friederike , Messerer David A.C. , Keis Oliver , Böckers Tobias M. , Böckers Anja
Published: October 2017

Many Anglo‐American universities have undertaken a paradigm shift in how the dissection of human material is approached, such that students are encouraged to learn about the lives of body donors, and to respectfully “personalize” them as human beings, rather than treating the specimens as anonymous cadavers. For the purposes of this study, this provision of limited personal information regarding the life of a body donor will be referred to as “personalization” of body donors. At this time, it is unknown whether this paradigm shift in the personalization of body donors can be translated into the German‐speaking world. A shift from donor anonymity to donor personalization could strengthen students' perception of the donor as a “first patient,” and thereby reinforce their ability to empathize with their future patients. Therefore, this study aimed to collect data about the current status of donation practices at German‐speaking anatomy departments (n = 44) and to describe the opinions of anatomy departments, students (n = 366), and donors (n = 227) about possible donor personalization in medical education. Anatomy departments in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland were invited to participate in an online questionnaire. One‐tenth of registered donors at Ulm University were randomly selected and received a questionnaire (20 items, yes‐no questions) by mail. Students at the University of Ulm were also surveyed at the end of the dissection course (31 items, six‐point Likert‐scale). The majority of students were interested in receiving additional information about their donors (78.1%). A majority of donors also supported the anonymous disclosure of information about their medical history (92.5%). However, this information is only available in about 28% of the departments surveyed and is communicated to the students only irregularly. Overall, 78% of anatomy departments were not in favor of undertaking donor personalization. The results appear to reflect traditional attitudes among anatomy departments. However, since students clearly preferred receiving additional donor information, and most donors expressed a willingness to provide this information, one could argue that a change in attitudes is necessary. To do so, official recommendations for a limited, anonymous personalization of donated cadaveric specimens might be necessary. Anat Sci Educ 11: 282–293. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
Comparing the effects of age, pubertal development, and symptom profile on cortisol rhythm in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Muscatello Rachael A. , Corbett Blythe A.
Published: October 2017

Previous studies in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have shown elevated evening cortisol; however, few studies have examined diurnal rhythm in adolescents with ASD. Adolescence is a time of significant physical and psychological change, and dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis may put adolescents with ASD at increased risk for internalizing disorders, such as anxiety and depression. The extent to which cortisol levels are associated with age, puberty and symptom profile was examined in 113 youth (ages 7–17) with ASD and typical development. Salivary samples were collected over 3 days in the home, 4 times per day (waking, 30‐min post‐waking, afternoon, evening). Results showed youth with ASD had higher evening cortisol and a blunted diurnal slope relative to TD youth. Pubertal development and age were significant predictors of evening cortisol, and adolescents with ASD had higher evening cortisol levels compared to children with ASD. The study extends previous reports of elevated evening cortisol in children with ASD to reveal high levels in adolescence as well. Adolescents with ASD also show a significantly blunted diurnal slope, which may be associated with risk of internalizing symptoms. Findings suggest elevated evening cortisol persists across development in youth with ASD, thus emphasizing a need to identify potential negative effects of excess cortisol exposure on health in ASD individuals. Autism Res 2018, 11: 110–120. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Elevations in stress hormone, cortisol, during the evening may indicate increased stress from changes throughout the day in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study shows that age and pubertal development are also related to increases in evening cortisol, and this maladaptive elevation in cortisol in ASD is not going away with age. These cortisol elevations may also be associated with other psychological symptoms and warrant further investigation in adolescents with ASD.
Disrupted integration of exteroceptive and interoceptive signaling in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Noel Jean‐Paul , Lytle Marisa , Cascio Carissa , Wallace Mark T.
Published: October 2017

In addition to deficits in social communication, individuals diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) frequently exhibit changes in sensory and multisensory function. Recent evidence has focused on changes in audiovisual temporal processing, and has sought to relate these sensory‐based changes to weaknesses in social communication. These changes in audiovisual temporal function manifest as differences in the temporal epoch or “window” within which paired auditory and visual stimuli are integrated or bound, with those with ASD exhibiting expanded audiovisual temporal binding windows (TBWs). However, it is unknown whether this impairment is unique to audiovisual pairings, perhaps because of their relevance for speech processing, or whether it generalizes across pairings in different sensory modalities. In addition to the exteroceptive senses, there has been growing interest in ASD research in interoception (e.g., the monitoring of respiration, heartbeat, hunger, etc.), as these internally directed sensory processes appear to be altered as well in autism. In the current study, we sought to examine both exteroception and interoception in individuals with ASD and a group of typically developing (TD) matched controls, with an emphasis on temporal perception of audiovisual (exteroceptive) and cardiovisual (interoceptive to exteroceptive) cues. Results replicate prior findings showing expanded audiovisual TBWs in ASD in comparison to TD. In addition, strikingly, cardiovisual TBWs were fourfold larger in ASD than in TD, suggesting a putative complete lack of cardiovisual temporal acuity in ASD individuals. Results are discussed in light of recent evidence indicating a reduced tendency to rely on sensory priors in ASD. Autism Res 2018, 11: 194–205. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Studies have shown that individuals with autism have difficulty in separating auditory and visual events in time. People with autism also weight sensory evidence originating from the external world and from their body differently. We measured simultaneity judgments regarding visual and auditory events and between visual and heartbeat events. Results suggest that while individuals with autism show unusual temporal function across the senses in a general manner, this deficit is greater when pairings bridged between the external world and the internal body.
Global gene expression profiles of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from patients with chronic myeloid leukemia: the effect of in vitro culture with or without imatinib
Authors: Avilés‐Vázquez Sócrates , Chávez‐González Antonieta , Hidalgo‐Miranda Alfredo , Moreno‐Lorenzana Dafne , Arriaga‐Pizano Lourdes , Sandoval‐Esquivel Miguel Á. , Ayala‐Sánchez Manuel , Aguilar Rafael , Alfaro‐Ruiz Luis , Mayani Hector
Published: October 2017

In this study, we determined the gene expression profiles of bone marrow‐derived cell fractions, obtained from normal subjects and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) patients, that were highly enriched for hematopoietic stem (HSCs) and progenitor (HPCs) cells. Our results indicate that the profiles of CML HSCs and HPCs were closer to that of normal progenitors, whereas normal HSCs showed the most different expression profile of all. We found that the expression profiles of HSCs and HPCs from CML marrow were closer to each other than those of HSCs and HPCs from normal marrow. The major biologic processes dysregulated in CML cells included DNA repair, cell cycle, chromosome condensation, cell adhesion, and the immune response. We also determined the genomic changes in both normal and CML progenitor cells under culture conditions, and found that several genes involved in cell cycle, steroid biosynthesis, and chromosome segregation were upregulated, whereas genes involved in transcription regulation and apoptosis were downregulated. Interestingly, these changes were the same, regardless of the addition of Imatinib (IM) to the culture. Finally, we identified three genes—PIEZO2, RXFP1, and MAMDC2‐ that are preferentially expressed by CML primitive cells and that encode for cell membrane proteins; thus, they could be used as biomarkers for CML stem cells.
The role of general psychosocial factors for the use of cancer screening—Findings of a population‐based observational study among older adults in Germany
Authors: Hajek André , Bock Jens‐Oliver , König Hans‐Helmut
Published: October 2017

Within the framework of the health‐belief model, some studies exist investigating the association between illness‐specific psychosocial factors and the use of cancer screenings. However, studies investigating the association between general psychosocial factors and the use of cancer screenings are missing. Thus, this study aimed at examining the association between well‐established general psychosocial factors and the use of cancer screenings. Data were gathered from a large, population‐based sample of community‐dwelling individuals aged 40 and above in Germany (n = 7673; in 2014). Loneliness, cognitive well‐being, affective well‐being (negative and positive affect), optimism, self‐efficacy, self‐esteem, self‐regulation, perceived autonomy, perceived stress, and perceived social exclusion were used as general psychosocial factors. Furthermore, individuals were asked whether they regularly underwent early cancer screening in the past years (yes; no). A total of 65.6% of the individuals used cancer screening. Adjusting for sociodemographic factors, self‐rated health, morbidity and lifestyle factors, multiple logistic regressions revealed that the use of cancer screening is positively associated with decreased loneliness, cognitive well‐being, optimism, self‐efficacy, self‐esteem, self‐regulation, perceived autonomy, decreased perceived stress, decreased perceived social exclusion, and positive affect, while it is not associated with negative affect. This study stresses the strong association between general psychosocial factors and the use of cancer screening. This knowledge might be fruitful to address individuals at risk for underuse.
Acenequinocumulenes: Lateral and Vertical π‐Extended Analogues of Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ)
Authors: Gruber Marco , Padberg Kevin , Min Jie , Waterloo Andreas R. , Hampel Frank , Maid Harald , Ameri Tayebeh , Brabec Christoph J. , Tykwinski Rik R.
Published: October 2017

We have designed a series of molecules and developed synthetic methodology that allows for the inclusion of structural diversity along both the lateral and vertical axes of the basic TCNQ skeleton. In the lateral direction, benzoannulation extends the π‐system through (hetero)acene formation, whereas incorporation of a [3]cumulene increases delocalization vertically. The potential of these new molecules as semiconductors is explored through UV/Vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, X‐ray crystallography, thin‐film formation, and mobility measurements (using space charge limited current measurements).
Quantitative high‐content/high‐throughput microscopy analysis of lipid droplets in subject‐specific adipogenesis models
Authors: Bombrun Maxime , Gao Hui , Ranefall Petter , Mejhert Niklas , Arner Peter , Wählby Carolina
Published: October 2017

Neutral lipids packed in lipid droplets (LDs) are essential as a source of fuel for organisms, and specialized storing cells, the adipocytes, provide a buffer for energy variations. Many modern‐society‐disorders are connected with excess accumulation or deficiency of LDs in adipose tissue. Intracellular LD number and size distribution reflect the tissue conditions, while the associated mechanisms and genes rs are still poorly understood. Large‐scale genetic screens using human in vitro differentiated primary adipocytes require cell samples donated from many patients. The heterogeneity appearing between donors highlighted the need for high‐throughput methods robust to individual variations. Previous image analysis algorithms failed to handle individual LDs, but focused on averages, hiding population heterogeneity. We present a new high‐content analysis (HCA) technique for analysis of fat cell metabolism using data from a large‐scale RNAi screen including images of more than 500 k in vitro differentiated adipocytes from three donors. The RNAi‐based suppression of Perilipin 1 (PLIN1), a protein involved in the adipocyte lipid metabolism, served as a positive control, while cells treated with randomized RNA served as negative controls. We validate our segmentation by comparing our results to those of previously published methods: We also evaluate the discriminative power of different morphological features describing LD size distribution. Classification of cells as containing few large or many small LDs followed by calculating the percentage of cells in each class proved to discriminate the positive PLIN1‐suppressed phenotype from the untreated negative control with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.98. The results suggest that this HCA method offers improved segmentation and classification accuracy, and can, thus, be utilized to quantify changes in LD metabolism in response to treatment in many cell models relevant to a variety of diseases. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Development and maintenance of the brain's immune toolkit: Microglia and non‐parenchymal brain macrophages
Authors: Lopez‐Atalaya Jose P. , Askew Katharine E. , Sierra Amanda , Gomez‐Nicola Diego
Published: October 2017

Microglia and non‐parenchymal macrophages located in the perivascular space, the meninges and the choroid plexus are independent immune populations that play vital roles in brain development, homeostasis, and tissue healing. Resident macrophages account for a significant proportion of cells in the brain and their density remains stable throughout the lifespan thanks to constant turnover. Microglia develop from yolk sac progenitors, later evolving through intermediate progenitors in a fine‐tuned process in which intrinsic factors and external stimuli combine to progressively sculpt their cell type‐specific transcriptional profiles. Recent evidence demonstrates that non‐parenchymal macrophages are also generated during early embryonic development. In recent years, the development of powerful fate mapping approaches combined with novel genomic and transcriptomic methodologies have greatly expanded our understanding of how brain macrophages develop and acquire specialized functions, and how cell population dynamics are regulated. Here, we review the transcription factors, epigenetic remodeling, and signaling pathways orchestrating the embryonic development of microglia and non‐parenchymal macrophages. Next, we describe the dynamics of the macrophage populations of the brain and discuss the role of progenitor cells, to gain a better understanding of their functions in the healthy and diseased brain. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 561–579, 2018
The role of mitochondria in axon development and regeneration
Authors: Smith George M. , Gallo Gianluca
Published: October 2017

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that undergo transport, fission, and fusion. The three main functions of mitochondria are to generate ATP, buffer cytosolic calcium, and generate reactive oxygen species. A large body of evidence indicates that mitochondria are either primary targets for neurological disease states and nervous system injury, or are major contributors to the ensuing pathologies. However, the roles of mitochondria in the development and regeneration of axons have just begun to be elucidated. Advances in the understanding of the functional roles of mitochondria in neurons had been largely impeded by insufficient knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms that regulate mitochondrial transport, stalling, fission/fusion, and a paucity of approaches to image and analyze mitochondria in living axons at the level of the single mitochondrion. However, technical advances in the imaging and analysis of mitochondria in living neurons and significant insights into the mechanisms that regulate mitochondrial dynamics have allowed the field to advance. Mitochondria have now been attributed important roles in the mechanism of axon extension, regeneration, and axon branching. The availability of new experimental tools is expected to rapidly increase our understanding of the functions of axonal mitochondria during both development and later regenerative attempts. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 78: 221–237, 2018
Fear affects parental care, which predicts juvenile survival and exacerbates the total cost of fear on demography
Authors: Dudeck Blair P. , Clinchy Michael , Allen Marek C. , Zanette Liana Y.
Published: October 2017

Fear itself (perceived predation risk) can affect wildlife demography, but the cumulative impact of fear on population dynamics is not well understood. Parental care is arguably what most distinguishes birds and mammals from other taxa, yet only one experiment on wildlife has tested fear effects on parental food provisioning and the repercussions this has for the survival of dependent offspring, and only during early‐stage care. We tested the effect of fear on late‐stage parental care of mobile dependent offspring, by locating radio‐tagged Song Sparrow fledglings and broadcasting predator or non‐predator playbacks in their vicinity, measuring their parent's behavior and their own, and tracking the offspring's survival to independence. Fear significantly reduced late‐stage parental care, and parental fearfulness (as indexed by their reduction in provisioning when hearing predators) significantly predicted their offspring's condition and survival. Combining results from this experiment with that on early‐stage care, we project that fear itself is powerful enough to reduce late‐stage survival by 24%, and cumulatively reduce the number of young reaching independence by more than half, 53%. Experiments in invertebrate and aquatic systems demonstrate that fear is commonly as important as direct killing in affecting prey demography, and we suggest focusing more on fear effects and on offspring survival will reveal the same for wildlife.
Woody plant encroachment amplifies spatial heterogeneity of soil phosphorus to considerable depth
Authors: Zhou Yong , Boutton Thomas W. , Wu X. Ben
Published: October 2017

The geographically extensive phenomenon of woody plant encroachment into grass‐dominated ecosystems has strong potential to influence biogeochemical cycles at ecosystem to global scales. Previous research has focused almost exclusively on quantifying pool sizes and flux rates of soil carbon and nitrogen (N), while few studies have examined the impact of woody encroachment on soil phosphorus (P) cycling. Moreover, little is known regarding the impact of woody encroachment on the depth distribution of soil total P at the landscape scale. We quantified patterns of spatial heterogeneity in soil total P along a soil profile by taking spatially explicit soil cores to a depth of 120 cm across a subtropical savanna landscape that has undergone encroachment byProsopis glandulosa(an N2‐fixer) and other tree/shrub species during the past century. Soil total P increased significantly following woody encroachment throughout the entire 120‐cm soil profile. Large groves (>100 m2) and small discrete clusters (<100 m2) accumulated 53 and 10 g P/m2more soil P, respectively, compared to grasslands. This P accumulation in soils beneath woody patches is most likely attributable to P uplift by roots located deep in the soil profile (>120 cm) and transfer to upper portions of the profile via litterfall and root turnover. Woody encroachment also altered patterns of spatial heterogeneity in soil total P in the horizontal plane, with highest values at the centers of woody patches, decreasing toward the edges, and reaching lowest values in the surrounding grassland matrix. These spatial patterns were evident throughout the upper 1.2 m of the soil profile, albeit at reduced magnitude deeper in the soil profile. Spatial generalized least squares models indicated that fine root biomass explained a significant proportion of the variation in soil total P both across the landscape and throughout the profile. Our findings suggest that transfer of P from deeper soil layers enlarges the P pool in upper soil layers where it is more actively cycled may be a potential strategy for encroaching woody species to satisfy their P demands.