bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Curriculum auditing: an accessible tool or an awesome task?
Authors: Williams Anna
Published: May 2007

Anna Williams, a Special Educational Needs Co‐ordinator in a mainstream primary school, considers the value of curriculum auditing in meeting the needs of children with SEN. She examines, through a series of audits, the curriculum experienced by a Year 6 pupil with SEN, and concludes that curriculum auditing at the pupil level contributes valuable information to curriculum planning.
Reintegration into mainstream?‘Gi'e us peace!’
Authors: Lloyd Gwynedd , Padfield Pauline
Published: May 2007

Gwynedd Lloyd, Senior Lecturer in Special Education at Moray House Institute, Edinburgh, and Pauline Padfield, Doctoral Researcher at the University of Edinburgh, discuss the findings of a study in Scotland on how well children reintegrate to mainstream schools from placements in special provision for social, emotional or behavioural difficulties.
Simple Reputation Systems*
Authors: Kennes John , Schiff Aaron
Published: May 2007

We develop a model of simple “reputation systems” that monitor and publish information about the behavior of sellers in a search market with asymmetric information. The reputations created influence the equilibrium search patterns of buyers and thus provide for market‐based “punishment” of bad behavior. We show that a reputation system that rewards honesty can enhance welfare by allowing good sellers to truthfully signal their type. However, the same system can be prone to strategic manipulation by sellers who always have low‐quality products. In that case, we show that an alternative system which assigns reputations based on product quality rather than honesty can be superior.
Optimal Protection of Property Rights in a General Equilibrium Model of Growth*
Authors: Economides George , Park Hyun , Philippopoulos Apostolis
Published: May 2007

We incorporate weak property rights into an otherwise standard general equilibrium model of growth and second‐best optimal policy. In this setup, the state plays two of its key roles: it protects property rights and provides public services. The government chooses policy (the income tax rate, as well as the allocation of collected tax revenues between law enforcement and public services) to maximize the growth rate of the economy. The focus of our analysis is on how weak property rights generate multiple decentralized competitive equilibria, the different properties of these equilibria, and the implications of second‐best optimal policies.
Does the CPI Mirror the Cost of Living? Engel's Law Suggests Not in Norway
Authors: Larsen Erling Røed
Published: May 2007

There is considerable interest in identifying the magnitude of the difference between increases in the CPI and the cost of living. In this paper, the technique proposed by Hamilton (2001) to measure this discrepancy is used and extended for Norway in the 1990s. While Hamilton finds that the CPI in the United States overstates the cost of living for the period 1974–1991, application of his technique to Norwegian data for 1990–1999 indicates that the CPI understates the cost of living. The Norwegian CPI rose by 22 percent, but a typical household behaved as if the cost of living had increased by 35 percent. For some household types, the increase was substantially larger.
Talking with parents of ‘dyslexic’ children: The value of skilled discussion methods
Authors: ACKLAW JOHN , GUPTA YASH
Published: May 2007

Hackles rise when the term ‘dyslexic’ is used. Conscious of this, Acklaw and Gupta argue that however our views may differ we should, at least, recognise that a very real problem exists. It is possible, they maintain, to identify pupils with specific learning difficulty and to offer suitable help and support. They then tackle the question of how misunderstandings between school and parents might be averted. Their advice is clear and straightforward and should be of help to those who recognise the sensitivities of parents and are anxious to enter into dialogue rather than dispute.
Reflective or reactive? Role dilemmas for teachers and education tutors
Authors: THOMAS DAVID
Published: May 2007

David Thomas is concerned about what he sees as a decline in in‐service provision for teachers in the field of special educational need. He queries the over‐structuring of learning experiences in schools that hinders progress towards the broader aims of education and encourages the narrower objectives of teaching. He sees a clear parallel in the training and education of teachers where the thrust is increasingly towards ‘the specified objective and technicist role’. The trend facilitates the production of reactive rather than reflective teachers. His concern with the demise of the substantial full‐time courses will be shared by many in the profession.
A chapter of errors: A response to Martin Turner
Authors: WRAY DAVID
Published: May 2007

In the last issue of Support for Learning Martin Turner restated the evidence that, he claimed, prove reading standards had declined in primary school children. Controversially, he linked this directly with teaching method, asserting that the current decline was due to the widespread use of ‘psycholinguistic’ approaches. Readers were challenged to give an alternative explanation of the research findings.

David Wray accepts the challenge. He is clearly angry at what Turner produces as ‘evidence’; his interpretation is that it is far from definitive. Similarly, his investigations lead him to the conclusion that there is no relationship between teaching method and achievement. Indeed, poor levels of reading may well be due to matters largely beyond teacher control. In particular he cites the recent study by Lake which links performance with social background, a not unfamiliar claim. Wray finally condemns Turner and others for their simplistic explanations and urges more substantial research before leaping to conclusions.
European integration: A view of regional practices
Authors: DANIELS HARRY , HOGG BOB
Published: May 2007

The year 1992 will have a tremendous impact on all of us, and not simply in economic terms. The traditional isolation of the British from matters European is destined to end. Whether with reluctance or enthusiasm, we will soon have to live with a much more rapid spread of ideas. Harry Daniels and Bob Hogg are among those who have anticipated such change and are involved in a European project embracing four countries. Here they pick out initial similarities and differences in philosophy, practice and decision making accompanying developments in respect of integrating pupils. As an on‐going project we can expect to hear more of this at a future date.
Methods of teaching reading: The debate continues
Authors: JOHNSTON RHONA
Published: May 2007

Rhona Johnston has undertaken an interesting comparison between Scottish and New Zealand children's acquisition of phonic skills. Her research leads her to the conclusion that phonics must be taught systematically and not in some incidental fashion. Further, the earlier it is introduced, the more effective it is likely to be. This forms part of our ongoing debate on reading standards and provision.
Bullying in schools: Communicating with the victim
Authors: KNOX JAMES
Published: May 2007

James Knox is a head of year in a large school and shares with us some of his experiences in dealing with bullying. He outlines his philosophy, which is based on Rogerian theory, and offers two contrasting case studies. He concludes that such incidents cannot effectively be dealt with in a random fashion but only within a whole‐school strategy. His comments are helpful, given the high profile currently attached to the topic.
The role of the student in mainstreaming
Authors: KNIGHT BRUCE ALLEN
Published: May 2007

Bruce Knight introduces the concept of locus of control (LOC). This he defines as ‘an individual's perception about who controls behaviour and life events, leading to an expectancy of whether outcomes can be controlled’. LOC is of particular significance in mainstreaming programmes where motivational factors might outweigh other variables. Knowledge of LOC, therefore, is important in enabling us to understand pupils' learning processes both in the classroom and beyond.
Clear thinking about thinking skills
Authors: QUICKE JOHN
Published: May 2007

This journal has long encouraged debates on thinking skills in the belief that they represent important strategies for promoting learning in pupils with special educational needs. Here John Quicke elaborates on his own philosophy on the topic. He ranges widely, finally settling on three basic principles that, he argues, should underpin future strategies. He concludes that overemphasis on process has distorted the debate and led us to ignoring curriculum content.
Bullying in schools: Mainstream and special needs
Authors: WHITNEY IRENE , NABUZOKA DABIE , SMITH PETER K.
Published: May 2007

The school bully has always been with us. Many examples appear in the literature, some portrayals of which have not fully conveyed the true horror that sustained intimidation can bring to the victim. Surprisingly, we still know very little about this problem and particularly how it affects pupils with special needs. One might intuitively expect them to figure in either of the two main roles.

The Sheffield team set out to remedy our ignorance. Here they introduce us to a survey undertaken in local schools. The position of special needs pupils, initially, is far from clear. However, subsequent investigations prove more revealing. Now that the work at Sheffield has attracted support from the Department of Education and Science we can look forward to more detailed findings in a year or so.
Educational disadvantage in the primary school: Children living in temporary accommodation
Authors: LINES SUSAN
Published: May 2007

The plight of the homeless has recently been brought home to us by dramatic pictures of ‘Cardboard City’ and other sad examples of what life can be like at the bottom of society. Susan Lines' illustrations tell us what is happening, almost literally, on our doorstep. HMI have acknowledged what the effect of living in temporary accommodation has on children, as their recent report illustrates. This, inevitably, will lead to many referrals to educational psychologists and special needs teachers. Susan Lines' account is timely and her recommendations apposite. Again we face the distressing prospect of escalating social problems accompanied, in many instances, with a reduction in professional services.
In‐service training for special educational needs: A developmental approach
Authors: BARRETT MARK , BRACE JENNY , LOWY SU , ROBB JEAN
Published: May 2007

As our view of what constitutes special needs provision begins to shift and we re‐examine teacher roles, attention naturally turns to existing in‐service education and training (INSET). The authors of this article are members of a learning support service and have been involved in INSET for some time. Their experience has led them to conclude that current courses have many limitations. They propose an alternative that is continuous and concentrates on a thinking skills approach which is outlined in this article. They maintain that new models of training, along the lines currently being developed in the Wirral, are essential if we are to cope with contemporary shifts and demands.
Naming: An alternative approach to resource allocation in mainstream primary schools
Authors: FACHERTY ANDREW , HOWES JONATHAN , TURNER CLIFF
Published: May 2007

This article is concerned with the difficulties associated with the allocation of support teaching to mainstream primary schools. The authors propose an alternative system which they call ‘naming’. This involves specific procedures for the identification of children most in need and the negotiation of a contract between a learning support service and a child's parents. While acknowledging some defects in the procedures outlined, it is maintained that it is quicker, more flexible and cost effective than that indicated in the 1981 Act.
Supporting hearing impaired pupils in mainstream classes
Authors: WATSON LINDA
Published: May 2007

Possibly the best example of integration of handicapped pupils in mainstream education is that of the hearing impaired. For those unfamiliar with this area Linda Watson provides a very clear description of hearing loss and its implication for schools. Teaching strategies are addressed, in particular those requiring teacher sensitivity and adjustment. A rich variety of videos and published material is available to the interested reader.
Parent‐tutored Cued Spelling
Authors: FRANCE LESLEY , TOPPING KEITH , REVELL KEITH
Published: May 2007

Keith Topping's commitment to parental involvement and peer tutoring is well known. Now, with colleagues Lesley France and Keith Revell, he introduces us to Cued Spelling. The technique is carefully explained and the interested reader will find the ten‐step chart most helpful. The evidence for its effectiveness is most encouraging and we now have another addition to our knowledge of how best to deal with spelling difficulties.
‘Say that again, please’: A scheme to boost reading skills using a computer with digitised speech
Authors: HARTAS CHRISTINE , MOSELEY DAVID
Published: May 2007

Often educational advances are the result of a fortunate happenstance. The authors of this article evolved the Say‐That‐Again technique as a chance interaction with a modern languages department who were using a digitised speech system. From this Christine Hartas and David Moseley have developed a sophisticated programme for boosting reading skills. Their initial findings are sufficiently encouraging to warrant further investigation.
The integration process: A developmental model
Authors: JACKLIN ANGELA , LACEY JEANNE
Published: May 2007

Angela Jacklin and Jeanne Lacey have worked with pupils who have physical disabilities. They are concerned as to how such children can be effectively integrated and offer a series of models for facilitating transfer to mainstream settings. They take us through the models demonstrating their own situation, possible patterns for primary and secondary programmes and finally how the supportive elements of the special school can be maintained in mainstream. They argue with considerable clarity and the figures provided are particularly helpful.
No Friend Bear
Authors: WILLIAMS JO
Published: May 2007

No Friend Bear is a particularly lively and interesting character that can be called on when dealing with sensitive issues in the lives of young children. Jo Williams illustrates her arguments with some very practical suggestions. As a result of disseminating these ideas throughout a school, she asserts, this has created a more amenable climate, there is less need for traditional punishments and pupils have begun to take more responsibility for their actions.
The use of classroom observation and student profiles for effective instruction with limited ability adults
Authors: GEDDIS SUSAN , LAINE COLIN , LYSYNCHUK LINDA
Published: May 2007

This article reports on a Canadian approach to the teaching of adults with learning difficulties. The authors have developed a classroom observation instrument and model for improving teacher strategies. This is based on an ongoing dialogue between the various participants. Although the strategy has been developed with adults, it has clear implications for use with adolescents.
What price the arts in the curriculum?
Authors: HULL JEAN
Published: May 2007

Experienced teachers have long been aware of the contribution the arts make to individuals and the reciprocal benefits that can often accrue in terms of academic performance and enhanced emotional and social development. Jean Hull is a passionate defender of the arts in the curriculum. Here she vigorously takes up the case on behalf of those with special educational needs. She concludes that pressures to minimise these inputs, or crudely assess them, should be resisted.
Teacher support teams: An evaluation of a school‐based approach to meeting special educational needs
Authors: DANIELS HARRY , NORWICH BRAHM , ANGHILERI NIKKI
Published: May 2007

This article deals with an evaluation of some teacher support teams (TSTs) and the way they can be utilised in response to current pressures and demands. TSTs take as their focus the teacher and not the child. Through self‐supportive networks teachers can gain greater understanding of classroom problems and increase their competence in dealing with them. Harry Daniels and his colleagues have developed this technique in a number of London schools and report on its effectiveness.
Staff development and support: A German response to consultative staff support developments
Authors: HANKO GERDA
Published: May 2007

Gerda Hanko's work will be well known to many of our readers. In the previous article, Daniels, Norwich and Anghileri draw heavily on her theories with their emphasis on teacher collaboration and mutual support. Here, however, the scene is the former East German Republic. The rapid importation of Western ideas is clearly causing difficulties but the approaches pioneered by Hanko are proving to be acceptable. This article provides a fascinating glimpse into a country having to make very sudden and dramatic changes.
Writing with symbols
Authors: CARPENTER BARRY , DETHERIDGE TINA
Published: May 2007

Symbols as an aid to the teaching of reading have been used successfully for some time. Barry Carpenter and Tina Detheridge have taken the technique a stage further. Using information technology, they have been working with children with severe learning difficulties. The case studies presented, together with the accompanying examples, amply illustrate the potential of the technique with other groups of pupils experiencing learning problems.
Accessing the curriculum: How well do they need to read?
Authors: SAWYER CHRIS , POTTER VAL , TAYLOR TRISH
Published: May 2007

Chris Sawyer and his colleagues examine materials in use in schools and after selectively applying readability formula come to some staggering conclusions. In certain circumstances the reading levels are so high as to effectively preclude the overwhelming majority of pupils from gaining any significant meaning from the text proffered without substantial intervention from the teacher. This adds a new dimension to the debate on reading standards.
Making reading for information more accessible to children with learning difficulties
Authors: LEWIS MAUREEN , WRAY DAVID , ROSPIGLIOSI PATRICIA
Published: May 2007

Maureen Lewis and her colleagues at Exeter report on a 2‐year research project into the processes of children's interactions with texts, particularly non‐fiction texts. Using case studies, they look at the problems children with learning difficulty face and the alternatives to passive copying. Some research strategies are proposed based on the activation of prior knowledge. The authors conclude that these are best deployed within the framework of regular class activity rather than in decontextualised situations.
It ain't what you say, it's the way you say it: Special educational needs and the teaching of standard spoken English
Authors: SKIDMORE DAVID , HARDMAN FRANK
Published: May 2007

David Skidmore and Frank Hardman take issue with the draft proposals for English issued by the School Curriculum and Assessment Authority particularly in respect of ‘standard spoken English’. They accuse the authors of misunderstanding, even prejudice, against pupils whose language is non‐standard. They fear that, as a result, many pupils will be wrongly identified as having special educational needs and those that do have such needs will be doubly dis‐advantaged. They seek a more linguistically informed and tolerant debate.
Computer‐generated speech‐feedback as support for reading instruction
Authors: DAVIDSON JOHAN , NOYES PETER
Published: May 2007

Johan Davidson and Peter Noyes have undertaken the evaluation of a computer system for the teaching of reading. This gave natural speech‐feedback at the request of the user and was based on reading books currently in use in schools. They conclude that the use of computer‐assisted learning needs to be evaluated with various groups of learners in order to maximise its benefits.
The role of the special needs co‐ordinator: Poisoned chalice or crock of gold?
Authors: DYSON ALAN , GAINS CHARLES
Published: May 2007

Oh, I'm sure it can't be done properly in the way it's being done now ‐ and it causes all sorts of people all sorts of grief.
Touched by the invisible hand?
Authors: BOWERS TONY
Published: May 2007

Tony Bowers examines the effect of market forces and challenges the government's assumption that that which is most needed will flourish and that which isn't will simply wither away. He takes us throught the principles of the market economy and the impact this will have on special needs. Competition, he asserts, is largely fuelled by ‘greed and fear’ and is encouraging an increase in avaricious behaviour among some educationists. He concludes the market can never work effectively in this area.
Understanding diversity: Special educational provision for the Druse community of Northern Israel
Authors: JONES KEVIN , CHARLTON TONY
Published: May 2007

The State of Israel encompasses an area that is holy ground for three monotheistic religions, Christianity, Islam and Judaism. Each of these religions includes a number of splinter groups which can amplify even further the kaleidoscope of cultures, religions and political groups within the state. Considerable difficulties often arise in attempts to integrate these disparate groups into the social and educational infrastructures.

This article gives consideration to an attempt to integrate Jewish, Christian and Druse pupils (with their wide diversity of social, educational and religious needs, as well as their shared and special educational needs) into Abu Snan Community School in Northern Israel.
Prompt spelling: A practical approach to paired spelling
Authors: WATKINS GILL , HUNTER‐CARSCH MORAG
Published: May 2007

Gill Watkins and Morag Hunter‐Carsch describe a system of teaching spelling based on the paired reading concept. Prompt spelling arises out of trials in a number of schools and is outlined here in a step‐by‐step guide. The results are very encouraging and interested readers are invited to contact the authors with a view to further investigation and elaboration.
Taking pupils with special needs out of mainstream: A change in thinking
Authors: COMBES ALAN
Published: May 2007

After considerable teaching experience, Alan Combes is shifting his opinion regarding mixed‐ability teaching. He has taken his thinking and practice back to a modified curriculum with emphasis on literacy development. Unshackled from the examination system, he reports on a greater freedom of movement and joy in the learning process. No doubt this will strike a chord with some of our readers.
Reluctant innovators: Meeting special educational needs in a middle school
Authors: BAYLISS PHIL
Published: May 2007

Phil Bayliss presents a study of a middle school that underwent a radical change in the way it dealt with special educational needs. This involved the movement from discrete withdrawal by specialists to meeting special needs in the classroom. The changes brought about, broadly speaking, were seen as beneficial to both staff and students.
Involving the child: Some thoughts on a code of good practice for the secondary school
Authors: GREENWOOD SALLYANNE
Published: May 2007

Sallyanne Greenwood is concerned about pupils’ perceptions of themselves as learners. She argues that we should encourage pupils who experience difficulty to become more involved in the learning community to which they belong. The strategies recommended are sound and almost certainly would benefit all, irrespective of their performance.
Implementing the Code of Practice: Professional responses
Authors: LOXLEY ANDREW , BINES HAZEL
Published: May 2007

Andrew Loxley and Hazel Bines have analysed data from a number of primary and secondary schools regarding the perceptions of headteachers and special needs co‐ordinators regarding the Code of Practice. The results make interesting reading, noting that while most welcome the Code there are a number of concerns from a managerial, curricular and consumer point of view.
Behaviour: Roles, responsibilities and referrals in the shadow of the Code of Practice
Authors: GREENHALGH PAUL
Published: May 2007

Paul Greenhalgh analyses the need of pupils with emotional and behavioural difficulties within the context of the Code of Practice. He teases out a number of key principles for helping troubled youngsters and examines the Code in respect of its ability to deliver appropriate support. Finally, he graphically presents the principles alongside key tasks for teachers and management.
Literacy Acceleration: Enabling secondary‐age students to become literate
Authors: LINGARD TONY
Published: May 2007

Tony Lingard has developed an approach he calls Literacy Acceleration. Here he gives the rationale underpinning the strategy and details of its component parts. Lingard admits there is nothing particulary new in this but claims that the consistency and intensity of its application has yielded some significant results. This echoes the experience of others who feel that standards of literacy have slipped and this relates directly to the amount of time teachers are able to give to addressing learning difficulties.
Improving student outcomes through inclusive education
Authors: LeROY BARBARA , SIMPSON CHERIE
Published: May 2007

Barbara LeRoy and Cherie Simpson describe the Michigan system which sets out to improve the quality of inclusive education for pupils with disabilities. The planning process consists of three stages, team identification, team orientation and individual programme development. An individual case is given.
‘Remedial’ into ‘learning support’: Transition of a service in Maltese primary education
Authors: MIFSUD JOSEPH , BORG ANDREW
Published: May 2007

Joseph Mifsud and Andrew Borg trace the development of servies to pupils with special needs in Malta's primary schools from ‘remedial class’ to ‘learning support’. There are parallels with our experiences in the United Kingdom and it is interesting to note how the special relationship between the countries has promoted ways of helping pupils with learning difficulties.
Special teachers? Perceptions of the special expertise required for effective special educational needs teaching and advisory work
Authors: INGLESE JANE
Published: May 2007

Jane Inglese has undertaken a survey into the perceptions that special educational needs teachers and class teachers receiving support have of the effectiveness of the help being given to children with special educational needs. Although it is a relatively small survey, it reveals that morale is high among the providers of support and that, generally, class teachers are highly appreciative of the service provided. It concludes that there is a recognisable area of special expertise which is valued by schools.
Special needs co‐ordinators' career continuation plans
Authors: MALE DAWN
Published: May 2007

Dawn Male has looked into the influences on special educational needs teachers that encourage or discourage them continuing in the role. The results make fascinating reading. The average special educational needs co‐ordinator would appear to be reasonably satisfied with her/his status and prospects and consider her/himself effective in the role. However, most report the job as stressful and, significantly, fewer than half expect themselves to be in the same post beyond the immediate future. Male concludes that there are warning signals here that need to be addressed if contiunity in support is to be sustained.
EARLY ROMAN TOWN DEVELOPMENT IN GALLIA BELGICA: A REVIEW of SOME PROBLEMS
Authors: WALTHEW C. V.
Published: May 2007

Summary: The conventional Claudian date for urban development in Gallia Belgica should be re‐examined in the light of earlier occupation at some towns. Equally early were the rural sanctuaries, systematically developed as centres for the rural population. Monumental complexes such as the ‘double‐forum’may have evolved in the sanctuaries earlier than in the towns and possibly influenced the planning of the latter. Whilst the sanctuaries grew steadily throughout the first century, public building in the towns seem to have slowed down during its second half. A factor here may have been the enormous early development of the villas, especially in the Somme basin, diverting resources from urban building. the sanctuaries, more relevant to the rural population, were perhaps less affected.
INTER‐SITE and INTER‐REGIONAL LINKS DURING the UPPER PALAEOLITHIC: the PYRENEAN EVIDENCE
Authors: BAHN PAUL G.
Published: May 2007

Summary: In the first of this paper's two sections, Pyrenean evidence for contact between sites and with other regions is presented for each period of the Upper Palaeolithic. the examples include lithic, marine and artistic evidence. the results, presented in schematic maps, demonstrate the basic patterns of contact, and underline the role of the two ‘supersites’, Isturitz and the Mas d'Azil, as regional foci and cultural epicentres.

The second section is an attempt to account for the patterning of sites and contacts in terms of seasonal aggregation, social bonds and craft specialisation. the evidence reviewed in the first section is interpreted as the material traces of increasing and institutionalised social contact tied to an economic pattern of seasonal dispersal and assembly.
THE DEVELOPMENT of NEOLITHIC and COPPER AGE SETTLEMENT IN the GREAT HUNGARIAN PLAIN PART I: the REGIONAL SETTING
Authors: SHERRATT ANDREW
Published: May 2007

Summary: This paper describes the development of settlement over the period 6000‐4000 BC in part of central Europe. It contrasts the patterns of initial agrarian occupation with the subsequent expansion of population in the eastern part of the Carpathian Basin. This area is of particular interest, both as a major focus of prehistoric settlement, and because it is possible to compare the results of recent local surveys with a well documented series of regional distributions.
NEOLITHIC SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN CENTRAL GERMANY
Authors: STARLING N. J.
Published: May 2007

Summary. This paper investigates the changes in settlement patterns characteristic of early agricultural groups in the Middle Elbe/Saale region (DDR) from the fifth to the beginning of the second millennium bc. It uses the outstanding quantity of information available from this region on the distribution of prehistoric sites to describe the structure of settlement and to define the main contrasts over this period.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEOLITHIC AND COPPER AGE SETTLEMENT IN THE GREAT HUNGARIAN PLAIN PART II: SITE SURVEY AND SETTLEMENT DYNAMICS
Authors: SHERRATT ANDREW
Published: May 2007

Summary. Within the region of the Great Hungarian Plain (discussed in the first part of this article) the processes of settlement change can be followed in greater detail from site survey in the Szeghalom area. This central part of the Plain, drained by the Körös and Berettyó rivers, was a major focus of settlement in Neolithic times (6000‐4000 BC), and its rising importance can be followed in the emergence of a series of wealthy ‘supersites’. During the succeeding Copper Age, the character of sites altered as the role of the area in relation to the rest of the region began to change. Around 3500 BC a dramatic shift in settlement patterns coincided with the appearance of large tumuli of steppe type, which mark a new phase of land use in this region.
THE ROMAN VILLA AT BIGNOR IN THE FOURTH CENTURY
Authors: BLACK E. W.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The plan of the Bignor villa is reassessed in the light of recent excavations by Frere. Changes of plan are recognized and discussed. The farm buildings are considered in detail modifying Applebaum's original interpretations.
AN INTERIM REPORT OF THE STAR CARR MICROWEAR STUDY
Authors: DUMONT JOHN V.
Published: May 2007

Summary. This paper presents some preliminary observations based on the microwear analysis of 173 artefacts from the mesolithic site of Star Carr, near Scarborough, Yorkshire. One hundred discrete and utilized edges were identified by the presence of various microwear traces on 79 of the artefacts belonging to the following general types: scrapers, edge‐damaged or marginally retouched blades and flakes, bilaterally backed blades (awls), burins, backed blades, axe resharpening flakes, denticulated or truncated blades and flakes, microliths, and cores. The microwear traces identified on the tools indicates that they were used in a variety of ways in the processing of hide, bone, wood, antler and meat. A comparison of wear‐traces and tool shape has shown that there are morphological differences between scrapers used on hide and those used on bone, and also, that edge‐damaged or marginally retouched blades were selected for use on the basis of their cross‐sectional configuration.
WEST AFRICAN METALS AND THE ANCIENT MEDITERRANEAN
Authors: SUTTON J. E. G.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Contact between the Mediterranean in Roman or earlier times and the Sahara and lands beyond has commonly been examined from the northern angle with rather negative results (as for instance in Mortimer Wheeler's Rome Beyond the Imperial Frontiers, 1954). Although West African archaeology is still at an infant stage, it is now becoming possible to examine the issue from a southern, inner African, angle. (The multi‐volume Cambridge History of Africa, 1975‐, and the less consistent UNESCO General History of Africa, 1981‐, document some of the progress made in reconstructing the African side of the story.) And, while substantial trans‐Saharan communications did not develop till late in the first millennium A. D. with camel‐caravans, stimulated especially by the gold of Far‐West Africa, evidence is emerging of earlier exploitation of other metals, perhaps connected with horse (and cart?) transport. At two localities on the southern Saharan edge there was copper mining and smelting around the mid‐first millennium B.C., with likely trade of the product to the Mediterranean. The case for Nigerian tin at the same period—raised by Taylor in the previous volume of this Journal (1, 317–24)—is less clear, but would make sense in this context. That the same period saw the spread of iron technology in these sub‐Saharan regions is doubtless more than coincidence.
THE ROMAN CHURCH AT SILCHESTER RECONSIDERED
Authors: KING ANTHONY
Published: May 2007

Summary. The historical development of the current interpretation of the Silchester church is reviewed, and shown to reflect the prior notion that it was a church, to the detriment of other possible interpretations of its use. The interpretation as a church presents several problems, mainly to do with the probable date of construction of the building, in the late third or early fourth century, and its abandonment, in about the second third of the fourth century. Romano‐Celtic temple architecture seems to have had some influence on the design of the building, but on balance, the best possibility for its use was for an eastern cult.
CROSS‐CHANNEL SEAMANSHIP AND NAVIGATION IN THE LATE FIRST MILLENNIUM BC
Authors: McGRAIL SEAN
Published: May 2007

Summary. This paper discusses the knowledge and skills required by seamen involved in cross‐Channel trade in the late first millennium B.C. Aspects of seamanship and the techniques of pilotage and non‐instrumental navigation are considered. The environmental conditions encountered on nine sea routes and at their associated landing‐places are evaluated and compared.
CERAMIC SIEVES OF THE LINEAR POTTERY CULTURE AND THEIR ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS
Authors: BOGUCKI PETER I.
Published: May 2007

Summary.Fragments of ceramic sieves constitute a widespread, but littleknown element in the ceramic inventories of Linear Pottery sites in temperate Europe. These sieves appear to have functioned as strainers for separating curds from whey in cheese production, on the basis of parallels with later archaeological cultures and ethnographic examples. Archaeozoological data support the hypothesis that dairy production has a greater antiquity than has been hitherto accepted. The sieves played an important role in early dairy production, for the manufacture of cheese was an essential step in the exploitation of milk by populations who possibly had a high level of lactose intolerance.
THE TYRRHENIAN GROUP: PROBLEMS OF PROVENANCE
Authors: CARPENTER T. H.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Elements of iconography on some black‐figure vases of the Tyrrhenian Group from the middle of the sixth century BC pose problems if all of the vases of the Group are to be seen as purely Attic productions. In addition, non‐Attic letter‐forms appear in nonsense inscriptions on some of the vases. Although some of the painters were certainly trained in Athens, it is possible that the Tyrrhenian workshop was established elsewhere. Similarities between some Tyrrhenian and some Eretrian imagery and letter‐forms may point in the general direction we should look for the home of that workshop.
AN EARLY CELTIC POTTERY WORKSHOP IN NORTH WESTERN HUNGARY: SOME ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
Authors: JEREM E.
Published: May 2007

Summary. Excavations at the settlement site of Krautacker in the outskirts of Sopron (NW Hungary) have produced evidence of pottery manufacture from LT B to LT C. Three kilns of updraught type were discovered. Their technology is discussed. Stamp‐decorated wheel‐turned ware was produced throughout. The contexts and distribution of these vessels are considered.
THIRTEENTH‐CENTURY ISLAMIC ENAMELLED GLASS FOUND IN MEDIEVAL ABINGDON
Authors: WENZEL MARIAN
Published: May 2007

Summary. Eight fragments of a glass beaker with enamel and gilt decoration have recently been found during an excavation in Abingdon, Oxfordshire. The beaker was obviously thirteenth‐century Islamic work, and a combination of several distinctive decorative elements serve to date it rather closely to the first years of the Mamluk period, circa 1250, and to suggest an Egyptian rather than Syrian provenance. The beaker's decoration shares a style of eulogistic inscription and its mounted‐horsemen iconography with a number of other vessels which seem to date to the Ayyubid period, but adds to them a known Mamluk heraldic badge. In discussing the horsemen vessels the suggestion of Egyptian origin is extended to cover them, and is made in conjunction with a critique of C.J. Lamm's classification which has previously been used to describe all such work as Syrian, even when excavated in Egypt. Lamm's classification is seen as based on a use of only marginally relevant literary evidence unsupported by excavation results. It is notable that most of the other medieval Islamic glass finds in England share features of the decorative manner of the horseman group, and it seems that this type might have been favoured by importers.
CHAROS, CHARUN, CHARON
Authors: HOFFMANN H.
Published: May 2007

Summary. An Athenian head‐vase by the potter Sotades, depicting a grim and emaciated old man, is interpreted as representing the demon Charos, a threatening death‐figure familiar from medieval and modern Greek poetry as well as traditional folklore but hitherto undocumented in Greek art. Charun is shown to be the Etruscan derivate of Charos, whose rarity can perhaps be explained by the success of the less frightening (because euphemistic) Charon.
SIEVING FOR SOIL MARKS
Authors: BRADLEY RICHARD , Fisher Peter
Published: May 2007

Summary. Recent work has suggested that greater attention might be paid to the archaeological potential of the modern ploughsoil. In particular, it seems likely that soil marks in chalkland areas can be remarkably resilient. This paper describes an attempt to recover and analyse soil marks on a gravel site through sieving of the modern ploughsoil. Such an approach may shed considerable light on the original form of earthwork monuments otherwise obliterated by modern agriculture, but does not entail any disturbance of stratified deposits.
THE ANTONINE ITINERARY: ASPECTS OF GOVERNMENT IN ROMAN BRITAIN
Authors: BLACK ERNEST W.
Published: May 2007

Summary. The British routes of the Antonine Itinerary are examined against the literary sources for the Severan expeditio Britannica and shown to be journeys that could have been undertaken by Severus and his sons in 208–211. The connection of mansiones with the collection of taxes in kind is examined, and it is tentatively postulated that such taxation was levied throughout the Roman period in Britain.
POST BUILT STRUCTURES AT DANEBURY HILLFORT AN ANALYTICAL SEARCH METHOD WITH STATISTICAL DISCUSSION
Authors: FLETCHER MIKE , LOCK GARY
Published: May 2007

Summary. A computerised search method is described to identify every possible rectangular structure within set parameters from post hole distributions. Results are obtained from a dense distribution within Danebury hillfort and tested statistically by comparison with results from simulations and a mathematical model. The most likely structures are isolated by analyses of size, shape and orientation. A further comparison, with the results of an independent visual analysis of the same area, allows some comment to be made on the efficiency of human pattern perception and the validity of existing preconceptions concerning rectangular post‐built structures.
THE EARLY STATE MODULE: A CRITICAL ASSESSMENT
Authors: FISHER A. R.
Published: May 2007

The Early State Module model predicts specific, archaeologically testable, spatial attributes for early states. Further, it suggests that social complexity develops as a result of interaction between equal‐sized polities, and that degree of complexity and territorial size are related. The spatial patterns of some early states presented to support the ESM model are tested statistically and are found not to satisfy the predictions of the model. Case studies of non‐state and state societies indicate that the spatial attributes of ESMs are not unique to early states, that interaction does not always lead to state formation, and that territorial size and complexity are not necessarily directly related.
MATERIAL SYMBOLS AND THE INTERPRETATION OF CULTURAL CHANGE
Authors: WELLS PETER S.
Published: May 2007

Changes in economic patterns, such as in subsistence practices, settlement organization, and trade, are accompanied by changes in people's view of their world and their place in it. In contexts for which the economic bases and social configurations are fairly well understood, it should be possible to identify and interpret changes in symbolic systems. The case presented involves transformations in the character and decoration of ceramic vessels of the European Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages. This line of inquiry can provide insight into shifts in attitudes and perceptions that came about as the result of newly developing economic and political configurations.
DESSICATION AND DESTRUCTION: THE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF DE‐WATERING AT ETTON, CAMBRIDGESHIRE
Authors: FRENCH CHARLES , TAYLOR MAISIE
Published: May 2007

This paper presents the first results of a long‐term project to monitor changes in ground water conditions in parts of the East Anglian Fenland. So far the project has been concerned with two sites immediately north of Peterborough, at Borough Fen and Etton. The Borough Fen data are still being assessed, but Etton has provided results which warrant prompt publication.

The water levels were monitored in a series of boreholes across the Etton Neolithic enclosure for a period of two years (1982–4), to study the effects of the variation in the local groundwater table on the waterlogged contents of the enclosure ditch.

The first part of the paper (CF) assesses the results of this programme. The ambient water table remained at or above the level of the primary and lower secondary deposits in the ditch, thus accounting for the excellent preservation of botanical remains. Within one month of the adjacent quarry pumps being turned on the water table had fallen by up to one metre below the lowest archaeological deposits, and has not recovered since, to the almost immediate detriment of the botanical record.

The second part of the paper (MT) discusses the observed variation in the preservation of wood in particular, and describes the effects of de‐watering on the deposits of wood in the enclosure ditch.
THE GOLD PECTORAL FROM VERGINA AND ITS CONNECTIONS
Authors: ARCHIBALD ZOFIA HALINA
Published: May 2007

The discovery of a crescent‐shaped pectoral in a fourth‐century tomb near Katerini in Western Macedonia, analogous to that from the Great Tomb at Vergina, provides an opportunity to reassess this form of parade armour and to reexamine the chronology of a related series of warrior burials in Thrace and Macedonia. The pectorals are executed in a composite style which combines naturalistic and geometric patterns in low relief concentric zones. Apart from common zoomorphic and vegetal motifs, the ornamental repertoire includes elements specific to the Thracian region in the latter half of the fourth and early third century B. C.
OPPIDA AND THE ROMAN ARMY. A REVIEW OF RECENT EVIDENCE
Authors: TODD MALCOLM
Published: May 2007

Until recently it has been commonly assumed that the Roman army made relatively little use of pre‐exising fortifications such as hillforts and oppida. The accumulation of evidence over the past twent years suggests that this view is to be modified. The informastion now available from Gaul, Germany and especially from southern Britain indicates that military use of prehistoric strongholds was widespread and probably far from rare, notably in he early phases of occupation. Such use might reflect political control in the case of large oppida like the Titelberg, Camulodunum and perhaps Maiden Castle, or the securing of supplies, or possibly on occasion the use of native levies.
MESOLITHIC PLANT EXPLOITATION AT THE BALMA ABEURADOR (FRANCE)
Authors: VAQUER JEAN , GEDDES DAVID , BARBAZA MICHEL , ERROUX JEAN
Published: May 2007

Summary. Research conducted at the Balma Abeurador and a complex of related Epipalaeolithic and Mesolithic sites in the western Languedoc and eastern Pyrenees region of France (Abri de Dourgne, Grotte Gazel, Balma Margineda) reveals the complex processes of cultural and economic development during the early Holocene at a time of significant environmental change. Mesolithic groups expanded their subsistence base into a veritable “broad spectrum” economy including the hunting of large mammals, small game and birds; seasonal fishing for salmonids; collecting terrestrial and marine molluscs; and the gathering of wild legumes, fruits and nuts. The identification at Abeurador of lentils, peas and chick peas morphologically indistinguishable from the early cultigens of Southwest Asia raises the question of incipient cultivation practices in the west Mediterranean as early as 10,000 b.p.
PRODUCTION, EXCHANGE, AND SOCIO‐POLITICAL COMPLEXITY ON BRONZE AGE CYPRUS1
Authors: KNAPP A. BERNARD
Published: May 2007

Summary. During the centuries 1700–1400 BC, the archaeological record of the eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus shows a number of significant innovations: urban centres with public and ceremonial architecture, differential burial practices, writing, an intensification of metallurgical production and export, extensive trade relations with the surrounding cultures of the eastern Mediterranean, fortifications, ‘mass’burials, and increased finds of weaponry. Documentary evidence from Egypt, the Levant, and the Aegean sheds further light on these developments. These changes represent the transformation of an isolated, village‐based culture into an international, urban‐oriented, complex society. One of the key questions to consider is why these developments in Cyprus lagged so far (400‐1200 years) behind those of the island's neighbours: Egypt, Crete, Syria‐Palestine, and Anatolia. Using concepts from development economics and political anthropology, and models developed by archaeologists working on similar problems elsewhere, this study attempts to explain the process of change and innovation apparent in the Cypriot archaeological record of 1700–1400 BC.