bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Diehl Chad R.
Published: October 2024

Chad R. Diehl has written the volume’s introduction as an essay that outlines the most salient points emerging from discussions and representations of the atomic experience of Nagasaki. Specifically, the introduction illustrates how the city’s history of Christianity shaped Nagasaki’s image as an atomic-bombed city in popular memory and scholarly discourse on the bombings, especially in comparison to Hiroshima. Diehl singles out what he calls the Christian image of ground zero—which took hold from immediately after the bombing—as the most enduring legacy of Nagasaki’s postatomic memoryscapes. Diehl leverages an in-depth analysis of murals depicting Nagasaki’s atomic experience by the two artists Toshi and Iri Maruki (best known for their work The Hiroshima Panels) to set up an argument about how we must confront the origins and legacies of the Christian image of ground zero as a prerequisite for understanding “Nagasaki” and to engage with that city’s experience as a subject worthy of study on its own terms, i.e. without being subsumed under “Hiroshima.”
“Love Saves from Isolation”
Authors: McClelland Gwyn
Published: October 2024

Gwyn McClelland introduces a Nagasaki Catholic hibakusha named Father Ozaki Tōmei, who took a different path from Nagai. Father Ozaki wrote much about the atomic bombing of Nagasaki and worked as a kataribe (a public speaker about the atomic experience), which served as important parts of his identity as both a hibakusha and a Catholic. McClelland traces Ozaki’s life to show how his physical and spiritual journeys abroad, including to Auschwitz, influenced his understandings of mass trauma and his own communitarian work and peace activism in Nagasaki.
The Titan and the Arch
Authors: Shirokawa Nanase
Published: October 2024

Nanase Shirokawa addresses the topic of regulating public memory in Nagasaki through a sustained discussion of Kitamura Seibō’s monumental Peace Statue, commissioned by the city and installed in 1955. Shirokawa puts the most visible memorials of Nagasaki and Hiroshima’s peace parks in conversation with one another, showing how Nagasaki’s Peace Statue and Hiroshima’s concrete-laden Peace Center and memorial cenotaph, designed by Tange Kenzō, sit at opposite ends of an aesthetic spectrum. Tange’s design exhibits a modernist sensibility inspired by the likes of Le Corbusier, while Kitamura’s appears far less cosmopolitan by comparison and is rarely taken seriously as an artistic object. Shirokawa’s chapter provides us with a necessary discussion of the disparity in physical sites of memory in the two atomic-bombed cities, and especially how they reveal a tension inherent in attempts to visually memorialize unprecedented forms of violence.
Witnessing Ned Scott’s Coffin
Authors: Bardes John
Published: October 2024

In June 1865, two months after the liberation of Richmond, Union military police orchestrated a mock-funeral for freedman Ned Scott, accused of assaulting a policeman while defending his wife from sexual assault. After smearing Scott with honey (to attract insects) and flour (so that he might resemble a corpse) police nailed Scott within a coffin and paraded him through Richmond’s streets before hundreds of white onlookers who “enjoyed the spectacle immensely.” For freedpeople, emancipation was akin to rebirth: by recreating the social processes surrounding death and burial, policemen sought to reaffirm Scott’s social death. By examining this and other spectacles of police violence during Reconstruction, this essay considers the ways that police deploy performative violence in the maintenance and production of social relations. It argues that in order to fully understand the horrific violence of officers like Derek Chauvin, we must appreciate the ways that these violent spectacles not only reflect, but seek to create racial meanings.
From Eagle Buttons to Face Masks
Authors: Dabney Emmanuel
Published: October 2024

Those involved with the Black freedom struggle have long taken pride in their attire. William Henry Singleton, who served in the 35th United States Colored Infantry during the Civil War wrote years later, “I wore the uniform of those men in Blue, who through four years of suffering wiped away with their blood the stain of slavery and purged the Republic of its sin.” Singleton would no doubt join outraged Americans today over how Black people are still treated as we express the belief that our lives are both endangered and deserve to be respected. Black people have been told to adhere to certain social guidelines (including dress) as a way to be honored. The research illustrates that regardless of how and what Black people say or wear, for too many Americans it is our presence that is feared across time. America is still on the road to true equity and freedom and for Black people, the way they clothe their bodies is victim to harassment, loss of livelihood, or even death.
“How wonderful a country”
Authors: Watts Samuel
Published: October 2024

This essay examines the impact of Black Lives Matter in Australia, and details how this global movement has connected to debates about Indigenous dispossession, history, and the Australian nation. Responding to ongoing protests across Australian cities, this essay focuses on the rise of one Indigenous activist group, Warriors of the Aboriginal Resistance, their connections to Black Lives Matter, and the historic connections between Indigenous Australian and Black American political radicalism from the nineteenth century to the present. As this essay highlights, not only are there historic connections between movements, individual activists, and political messages, the politics of white supremacy in both countries also have historically intersected and informed one another. Establishing a shared history of transpacific resistance to white supremacy, the chapter argues, is important to shaping and informing a global reckoning with the legacies of colonization and the struggle for equal justice.
Goodbye, Calhoun. What’s Next?
Authors: Domby Adam H.
Published: October 2024

Charleston’s commemorative landscape is microcosm for the rest of the country, capable of illustrating the interplay between monuments, historic preservation, and community values, revealing a few key elements in understanding the summer of 2020. First, monuments do not teach history—in fact they are frequently inaccurate—but instead are about controlling public space and celebrating values. Arguments that monuments teach history are rarely made in good faith and are not supported by the monuments themselves. Second, from their conception, Confederate (and Confederate-adjacent) monuments in Charleston have been tied to white supremacy and efforts to disenfranchise African Americans. The movement to preserve them remains tied to antidemocratic movements today. Third, because race, politics, and memory are intrinsically tied together in the South, these monuments have always been controversial and political.
“Back at Bragg”
Authors: Cleland Beau
Published: October 2024

This essay examines how and why ten United States Army posts came to be named after Confederate officers, and how the struggle over whether to rename these facilities reflects a broader conflict within the U.S. military over its own legacy of racial discord and oppression at home and abroad, as opposed to its preferred narrative as a place of early integration and relative opportunity for Black and minority servicemembers. Most of these installations were established between 1917 and 1940 and named according to the whims of local boosters, lawmakers, and Confederate heritage organizations. Countless Black servicemembers have passed through these installations since then, while the bulk of the Army long remained ignorant or unsympathetic to calls to change the names, not least because Confederate military prowess was still studied and celebrated in various forms, generally stripped of the social context of the war itself. How the Confederates fought seemed to displace most considerations of why. This appears to be changing at last, but it is not yet clear whether the push to restrict Confederate symbols is mere window dressing, or part of a serious reconsideration of who and what is worth of commemoration in the United States Army.
Human Rights Claims and the Orthodox in America
Authors: Roeber A. G.
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the Orthodox engagement with the question of human rights. It explores the background and the work of the Orthodox philosopher Charles Malik on the United Nations Declaration on Universal Human Rights. It then turns to subsequent “generations” of human rights issues and highlights the assertions about human agapic sensibility and the arguments of Nicholas Wolterstorff on the moral subculture of Judaic and Christian understandings of personhood. The similarities of the Orthodox views with some Catholic and Protestant notions of the human person created in the image and likeness of God are examined next to secular critics of such an approach.
Conclusion
Authors: Roeber A. G.
Published: October 2024

This conclusion summarizes the preceding chapter topics and alerts readers to the on-going questions about individual and collective rights in the face of the global pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. It argues that a crisis about the very possibility of reasonably probable knowledge threatens the viability of any rights claims. Cynicism both in the world of international politics and new forms of market capitalism as well as on-going questions about the rights and privileges claims advanced by some Orthodox bishops reveal the need for a vigorous engagement with the history of rights on the part of Orthodox Christians in America.
Our Elegiac Professionalism
Authors: Rovee Christopher
Published: October 2024

The Introduction explores a nostalgic strain in recent critical writing, situating it in a longer history of literary studies. This longer history famously includes romanticism’s repudiation by close readers in the 1940s and its rehabilitation by post-New Critical figures like M. H. Abrams, Geoffrey Hartman, and Harold Bloom in the 1950s and 1960s, a story formative both for romantic studies and for the discipline as a whole. The Introduction explores the nostalgia that this story provokes and the sense of crisis that it embeds. Revaluing these related notions of nostalgia and crisis, the Introduction argues that nostalgia is fundamental in literary studies, a potentially critical notion operative in even the most progressive writing; and that crisis, as the juncture between various methods for reading, is the disputational foundation of a professional community that believes in the significance of its internal debates.
Ransom’s Melancholy (Reading Wordsworth in Gambier, Ohio)
Authors: Rovee Christopher
Published: October 2024

This chapter, on the Southern New Critic John Crowe Ransom, treats the complicated relation between Ransom’s sense of place and his advocacy of an academic discipline. It reconsiders Ransom’s symbolically fraught move from Vanderbilt University to Kenyon College in 1937, which is often seen as a pivot between his cultural and literary phases, and as symbolic for the commencement of the discipline’s professional era. This chapter explores Ransom’s challenging nostalgia in relation to his professional mobility, as it manifests in his later writing about poetics and William Wordsworth. Ransom-reading-Wordsworth proves an apposite figure through whom to interrogate the queasy feelings that come with the kinds of professional dislocation and reorientation that define literary study today.
Brooks and the Collegiate Public, Reading Keats Together
Authors: Rovee Christopher
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores the practices that guided the New Critical classroom, focusing on the renowned pedagogue Cleanth Brooks and the tense negotiations of authority that came into play in teaching poetry through “close reading.” Treating Brooks’s own classroom teaching alongside his modeling of pedagogy through criticism, this chapter reads his landmark study of John Keats’s “Ode on a Grecian Urn” in The Well Wrought Urn as a dramatic text, in which he models close reading as a nostalgic and communal practice. This “close reading” practice is infused with social and moral purpose, idealistically figuring present as well as future scenes of reading as sites of social inclusion, even while summoning some of Agrarianism’s more conservative historical fantasies. At a time of explosive and potentially alienating growth in the American university, Brooks’s model of close classroom reading is resistant and communalizing, drawing a poem near to its readers and also drawing those readers near to one another.
The Emergence of Josephine Miles (Reading Wordsworth in Berkeley, California)
Authors: Rovee Christopher
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the work of twentieth-century poet, scholar, and critic Josephine Miles, a philologically-trained computational scholar who has recently emerged as an overlooked forerunner of twenty-first-century critical interests in digital humanities, disability studies, and postcritique. Using archival study of her handwritten charts, tables, and poetic word-counts, this chapter treats Miles less as a thinker ahead of her time than as a central figure of her own time, who speaks to the present moment precisely because she was so much of her own. A staunchly counter-nostalgic figure, Miles committed herself to empirical methods and to principles of continuity that she idiosyncratically read into the work of William Wordsworth. These principles ran counter to the mainstreams of the discipline in multiple ways. Eschewing the notion of a poem’s organic wholeness, embracing an evolutionary view of periods as the historical flows of literary change, and dedicated to the notion of interdisciplinarity, Miles pushed against the methods and values being consolidated at the outset of higher education’s liberal period. Her story brings into view these tensions over how to read, a crisis once again centered on the romantic lyric.
The Fields of Learning
Authors: Rovee Christopher
Published: October 2024

The Epilogue pairs the subjects of this book’s first and last chapters, John Crowe Ransom and Josephine Miles, and considers their thinking about the modern university. For both, the idea of romantic organicism looms large. In his essay “The Aesthetic of Regionalism” (1934), the nostalgic Ransom’s caustic representation of the modern state university, artificially planted atop an old slave plantation, is practically a parody of the Coleridgean vision of “multeity in unity.” In writing about her own institutional situation, including a volume of poems for the centennial of the University of California titled Fields of Learning (1968), Miles’s sense of “multeity” defines a distinctly counter-nostalgic conception, which holds the university’s many parts together administratively in a stable mechanism bearing its own warming promise of a secure institutional home. Ransom’s and Miles’s divergent pastorals of the university augur a post-1968 age of the university, paradoxically catalyzed by the New Criticism’s ostensibly insular and conservative engagements with the lyric—an irony reflected upon in the Epilogue’s closing pages.
Introduction
Authors: McKay Daniel
Published: October 2024

Why should scholars or lay readers look beyond the United States for Anglophone literature of the Pacific War? While the question tacitly acknowledges the dominant role that US forces played in the war against the Empire of Japan, it also privileges “large” or continental actors over the literary traditions of smaller nations. This introductory section argues for the salience of literary traditions that derive from the latter, while also granting that their content may not always be as distinctive as their origins. Beyond inclusiveness, another reason for adopting a comparative approach, therefore, is to probe the degree to which wartime ideologies—in this instance, anti-Japanese propaganda—permeate more than one national culture. A critical approach derivative of Edward Said’s Orientalism (1978) can direct this line of enquiry more sharply, and yet here too there are caveats. In particular, the idea of a wholly imagined Other, axiomatic to the Saidian treatise, becomes questionable when literary works recall or gesture toward the real-life atrocities of wartime.
Revelations and Comedy: The Combat Novel
Authors: McKay Daniel
Published: October 2024

Is war literature of high quality necessarily or always anti-war? This chapter allows that the answer may not match one’s preconceptions. In the aftermath of the Great War, 1914-1918, Americans and New Zealanders were not as anti-war as the British had become, and they approached the Pacific War with fewer equivocations. This chapter close reads James Jones’ The Thin Red Line (1962) and Errol Brathwaite’s An Affair of Men (1961) to illustrate the qualities of Allied and Japanese servicemen that emerged from the American and New Zealand perspective. Like most American writers, Jones concerned himself with stories of his own countrymen, whereas Brathwaite wrote his novel in the form of a dialogue between a Japanese Imperial Marine and a Pacific Islander. Notwithstanding the extraordinary differences in narrative traditions that inform these two works, the ideological assumptions common to both become apparent when positioned side-by-side.
Coda: Oceanic Sympathies
Authors: McKay Daniel
Published: October 2024

Why does Pacific Studies remain relatively neglected within the fields of postcolonial, transnational, and global literary studies? Rather than attempting an answer to the question, this Coda instead observes a curious parallel in the disappointment of those Pacific War veterans who realized, after returning home, that their service would only ever be regarded as of secondary significance. A sense of marginality has long been written not so much into as onto the experiences of those who are in, of, or deployed to the region. To underscore the moral imperative of redressing such tendencies, this Coda departs from the comparative methodology of the preceding chapters to focus on just one work of literary fiction. Robert Barclay’s Meļaļ: A Novel of the Pacific (2002) has raised awareness of the plight of Marshallese Islanders whose ancestral lands were used for weapons experiments during and after the war years. Against the odds, Barclay sounds an optimistic note for an Oceanic sympathy that resists the tendency to “overlook” the inhabitants of small island nations.
It’s Funny When Kids Drink
Authors: Marshall Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2024

This lesson focuses on the visual humor of drinking and drunk children in comics beginning with Bill Elder’s spoofs on the beer industry in MAD Magazine in the 1950s followed by a consideration of Wacky Packages created by underground comix artists, Art Spiegelman, Jay Lynch, and Bill Griffith that relied on the visual humor of drunk children to satirize the alcohol industry. Extending this suspicion about childhood innocence, underground comix artist Lynda Barry walks a “funny/unfunny line” in her comics about rape culture in graphic narratives about sexual abuse that are visually overlaid with gross-out drinking humor.
Final Exam
Authors: Marshall Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2024

The 2020 Covid-19 pandemic brought cultural ambivalences about alcohol and childhood back into the open. On May 9, 2020, Saturday Night Live aired the musical sketch “Let Kids Drink.” Fittingly, given the number of women who quit their jobs to take care of schoolchildren, the broadcast took place the day before Mother’s Day. “Final Exam” underscores how the drinking curriculum reveals a surprising archive of comedic violence that relies on intoxication, the child, childishness, and the childlike for legibility. This humor encompasses countless slapstick depictions of drunk children and childish drunkards, the parodical defacement of cute children’s books and toys, and cutting jokes expressed via inebriated and overworked caretakers, be they the animated The Drunk Stork or the working mother. In the drinking curriculum, humor in which the child and alcohol are pictured sanctions the expression of violence; it is rule-breaking, fantasy, and a relief valve. Horror and humor operate together in the drinking curriculum, revealing broad anxieties both about alcohol and children that balance on a razor’s double edge of pleasure and fear.
Confessing the Truth
Authors: Rogozinski Jacob , Razavi Sephr , Ginzburg Carlo
Published: October 2024

Torture and confession having played a decisive role in the “witch” trials, we analyze the mutation that led to their reintroduction into judicial procedures from the thirteenth century onwards. This was accompanied by the emergence of another technique of truth, invented at the same time by the Church, in which avowal also played a decisive role: confession. This leads us to question the function of truth and untruth within the power apparatuses and the resistance to them.
Behind the Devil’s Mask
Authors: Rogozinski Jacob , Razavi Sephr , Ginzburg Carlo
Published: October 2024

The figure of the devil plays a fundamental role in the witch hunt. By looking for its historical and theological origins, we discover that it was constituted as a counter-figure to God; that it became his simulacrum while becoming feminized and bestialized, which makes it the support of a monstrous jouissance and a focal point of projection of primordial hatred. It is the phantasm aroused by this representation that is a question worth analyzing.
Family War Stories
Authors: Wilson Keith P.
Published: October 2024

Family War Stories examines the contribution of the Densmore family to the Northern Civil War effort. It extends the boundaries of research in two directions. First, by describing how this white family from Minnesota fought a family war, and second, by exploring how the war challenged the family’s abolitionist beliefs and racial attitudes. Family War Stories argues that the totality of the family’s Civil War experience was intricately shaped by the dynamics of family life and the reciprocal nature of family correspondence. Further, it argues that the serving sons’ understanding of the war was shaped not only by their direct military experiences but also by the way their loved ones at home interpreted these experiences. With two sons serving as officers in United States Colored Troops regiments fighting in the Mississippi Valley, the Densmore family was heavily involved in the destruction of slavery. Family War Stories analyzes the way the sons’ military experiences tested the family’s abolitionist ideology and its commitment to white racial superiority. It also explains how the family sought to accommodate the presence of a refugee from slavery working in the family kitchen. In some ways the presence of this worker in the household posed an even greater range of challenges to the family’s racial beliefs than the sons’ military service. The Densmores were a modest middle-class family living in a remote corner of the nation, but their story is significant because they fought their Civil War on the frontier of racial change.
“The glorious, new temple of Liberty”
Authors: Wilson Keith P.
Published: October 2024

After Sibley’s 1863 expedition, Daniel served as Provost Marshal at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, and then rejoined his old regiment stationed at St. Louis, Missouri. There he was appointed Assistant Provost Marshal for Colored Troops. Shortly after he arrived in St. Louis, Daniel received a letter from Martha informing him of the great resilience his sister Margaret had displayed upon the death of her husband, Otis. Otis’ death and Daniel’s new position encouraged the family to make repeated requests for a Black domestic servant to be sent to assist Margaret. Motivated by his devotion to the abolitionist cause, a desire to raise the Black soldiers to manhood, and brighter career prospects, Daniel secured a commission in the 68th USCI. Keen to help Benjamin grapple with his depression, he knew his assistance would be more effective if they served in the same military branch. Although Daniel vehemently opposed slavery, he had a very negative view of the African American character. While a visit to chaotic contraband quarters confirmed his prejudice, a subsequent visit to the St. Louis Sanitary Fair allayed some of his fears because he saw how effectively Black and white troops could work together erecting the Fair buildings.
“The child was ‘right glad’ to get home”
Authors: Wilson Keith P.
Published: October 2024

Chapter 7 is a coming-of-age story which describes Orrin Jr.’s visit to the camps of Benjamin and Daniel. Orrin sanctioned Orrin Jr.’s visit primarily because he wanted to expose him to some of the harsh realities of army life and thereby remove his enthusiasm to enlist. During his visit, Orrin Jr. took a particular interest in Black soldiers. He believed competent white officers who subjected the former slaves to strict training could remove many of the degrading influences of slavery, raise the slaves to manhood, and make them good soldiers. Although Orrin Jr. believed his visit would seal manhood and advance his plans to enlist, his aspirations were dashed because he became very ill. His brothers discouraged his enlistment because they feared it would force them to return home to care for their parents. Orrin Jr. resented this response. He believed he was being treated like a boy, driven from the frontline when fighting occurred and offered the protection of a lady travelling companion when sick. His delayed return also caused tension between the folks in Red Wing and Benjamin and Daniel. When Orrin Jr. finally, returned home, he did so as a very sick boy, not as a hero.
“She walks off with the work”
Authors: Wilson Keith P.
Published: October 2024

Chapter 10 analyzes the role Mary McElroy, a refugee from slavery, had in the Densmore household. This is difficult, because what we know about Mary comes from fragmented observations made by her racially prejudiced employers. Members of the household valued her presence for different reasons. Orrin wanted cheap household labor, Orrin Jr. admired her cooking, and Martha valued her as a companion and maid. Elizabeth only reluctantly allowed Mary to work in her kitchen. She feared that Mary’s presence would undermine her authority, destroy her household regime, and demean white servants working for the family. Because her father had trouble with a Black servant, her family history tainted her view of Black labor. Mary was not a meek servant. She remained in control of her own destiny, negotiated her wages, learned to read and write, and developed a social life independent of the Densmores. Daniel’s friend, Captain Poillon, became her adviser. He wanted Mary to become a living exhibit on an abolitionist circuit, but there is no evidence she was interested in his project. Although the Densmores explained Mary’s alleged failings by alluding to her slave heritage, her hard work and independent spirit defied their stereotype of slave behavior.
“They all fought like Minnesotians”
Authors: Wilson Keith P.
Published: October 2024

Chapter 12 describes Daniel’s involvement in the Mobile Campaign. During the campaign, Daniel thought deeply about his role in the war. A visit to the New Orleans battlefield encouraged him to think he was like General Jackson, defending the Republic from a new form of tyranny. As his troops traversed the exotic landscape of Western Florida, Daniel began to think of his soldiers as liberators who were imposing the rule of Republican justice on a rebellious land. In his official battlefield report he praised his men by pointing to the regiment’s high casualty rate. But keen to be honored by his state, Daniel also wrote a battlefield report for the St. Paul Daily Press in which he made the extraordinary claim that his regiment was a Minnesota regiment. He justified this by arguing that many of the officers came from Minnesota. His newspaper account focused heavily on the heroism of these officers, ignored the valor of the Black soldiers, and failed to mention reports that Black soldiers had allegedly murdered rebel prisoners. Racism took many forms in the Union Army. Even in the USCT officers sometimes discounted and ignored African American valor in pursuit of public acclaim and honor.
Conclusion
Authors: Wilson Keith P.
Published: October 2024

The conclusion examines how the war created tensions within the Densmore family, and how the family strove to overcome these tensions and maintain its unity and integrity. The way the war challenged and changed the family’s racial beliefs and abolitionist ideology is examined. The conclusion highlights how the Dakota War set preconditions for the larger Civil War conflict. The sons’ service in the USCT, and the time spent at Forts Pillow and Pickering are also examined. Most important of all, the conclusion discusses the way Mary McElroy’s presence in the family home challenged the family’s racial beliefs and abolitionist ideology. The conclusion explores how different members carved for themselves new careers in the post-war era. Orrin became a Republican member of the state legislature, Benjamin and Daniel established the Red Wing Iron Works, Martha married and established her own household, Orrin Jr. went to college and then worked as a clerk in Red Wing, and Elizabeth continued to manage the family home. Finally, the conclusion suggests how the study of the Densmore family can lead to new lines of research into the evolution of racial beliefs and abolitionist ideology during the Civil War.
Conflicts
Authors: Mor Liron
Published: October 2024

Conflicts examines sites of poetic and political strife in Palestine-Israel as a means for rethinking conflict itself. Critical of a universalizing, Western conception of conflict, the book delineates its colonial history and shows its inadequacy to Palestine-Israel. It turns to literature to articulate instead locally specific modes of theorizing the antagonisms and mediations, colonial technologies and indigenous techniques, that make up the fabric of this site. The book combines political and rhetorical theory with a comparative study of Hebrew and Arabic literature. Its archive, which ranges from the 1930s to the present moment and from prose and poetry to film and television, includes works by canonical writers, as well as less recognized, more contemporary figures. This study moves from naming and complicating more common concepts of conflict to revealing and analyzing less familiar or obvious ones. It thus offers five figurative concepts of conflict that are derived from the poetics of the works: conflict (judgment/ishtibāk), levaṭim (disorienting dilemmas(, ikhtifāʾ (anti/colonial disappearance), ḥoḳ (mediating law), and inqisām (hostile severance). In so doing, Conflicts aims to generate a historically and geographically situated mode of theory-making, which challenges the separation between the conceptual and the poetic.
Ḥoḳ
Authors: Mor Liron
Published: October 2024

Is a self-critical stance possible for Israeli society and writers, or would it necessarily replicate the “shooting and crying” attitude of levaṭim? Exploring the law (ḥoḳ in Hebrew) in its self-critical role, this chapter studies a 1988 legal case of Israeli soldiers’ brutality against Palestinians and analyzes its portrayal by the Jewish Israeli poet Dahlia Ravikovitch (1936–2005). Exposing the law as a mechanism for normalizing colonial violence by making individual exceptions, Ravikovitch devises a critical poetic system that endeavors to undermine its universalizing blindness and the separatism of its logic of judgment. By alluding to, yet carving out, her own tradition she actively decenters the self, and by utilizing direct quotations from the trial records she futilely attempts to circumvent mediation, to convey the singularity and corporeal materiality of the case, stressing their irreducibility to the language of positive law. Ravikovitch’s focus on the singular case and its type suggests an immanent mode of evaluation—a casuistry (pilpul) that greatly differs from judgment. A coda that explores the historical novel Minor Detail (2017), by the Palestinian author Adania Shibli (b. 1974), foregrounds its critique of historiography as a mode of mediation afflicted with the same forensic limitations as the law.
The Moral Cause
Authors: Paustian Megan Cole
Published: October 2024

“The Moral Cause” first traces the emergence of the white savior within narratives by and about missionaries. This lays the groundwork for the study of literature that turns the celebratory tide, exemplified by Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness. While readers have typically focused on pillage through both the state and the private sector, Humanitarian Fictions adds a new layer to the discussion, resituating the text within the framework of third sector missions. Heart of Darkness mimics and challenges the virtuous fervor that characterized popular missionary biographies, revealing that when benevolence gets channeled across differences of culture, race, and status, results can be disastrous. To convey the scope of the Western literary challenge to missionary narratives, I then read Barbara Kingsolver’s The Poisonwood Bible. In echoing Conrad a century later, this novel illuminates the power and persistence of the white savior narrative in shaping American thinking about Africa.
What Is Æffect?
Authors: Duncombe Stephen
Published: October 2024

In this introductory chapter, the reader is introduced to artistic activism, its importance as both an art form and an activist method, and the necessity of its evaluation. Using a series of case studies, historical and contemporary, from the US to China, West Africa to the Western Balkans, the range of artistic activism is demonstrated. Artistic activism is then pulled apart into its constitutive components: effect, or the social, often material impact of activism, and affect, the emotional, and often personal, charge of the arts. These elements come together in something I call æffect, a hybrid word for a hybrid practice. Through the diversity of practices and varied intentions of practitioners, common questions persist: Does artistic activism deliver on what it promises to do? And, how would we know if it does or doesn’t?
Does Artistic Activism Work?
Authors: Duncombe Stephen
Published: October 2024

Artistic activists may not give evaluation much thought, but they give a lot of thought to what they don’t like about it. It is forced upon them, it measures the wrong things, it discourages experimentation, it demands skills they don’t have, or worse: it’s done by a skilled expert who doesn’t understand what they are trying to do. Given this resistance, what is to be done? Beginning with a brief survey of the field of arts evaluation, and drawing upon interviews with evaluators and artistic activists, I make the case for a new approach to evaluation: a methodology that embraces difference. A methodology that asks questions, rather than gives answers. A methodology that begins with artistic activists themselves.
Entanglements of Colonial and Postcolonial Planning: An Introduction
Authors: Blacker Sarah , Brownell Emily , Nag Anindita , Schlünder Martina , Van Beurden Sarah , Verran Helen
Published: October 2024

This text narrates the history behind the project that gave rise to this volume, and explains how the individual essays in the volume are woven around three warp threads. First, that of coloniality and colonialism as it is present in planning as well as in its academic study. The second is the effort to make visible the sorts of knowledge produced in and through planned intervention. The third and final thread is the focus on planning at the smallest scale, through everyday objects, showing the diverse, context-dependent, and situated nature of planning. Together, the introduction argues, these threads render the planning moment, the analytical concept around which the book is constructed. Last, the introduction encourages the reader to use a modular approach in their use of the book.
Charcoal: Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1973
Authors: Brownell Emily
Published: October 2024

This entry examines the charcoal economy of Dar es Salaam in the 1970s. One legacy of colonial urban planning was the persistent exclusion of Africans from city infrastructures, including a variety of forms of energy provisioning. Colonial administrators preferred Africans remain in the urban periphery and to promote this they actually encouraged the production of charcoal as the predominant fuel source for African families. This reliance on charcoal only increased during the 1970s when the new nation began to feel the effects of the oil crisis and began seeking alternatives. At this point, charcoal got conscripted into postcolonial development narratives as well as a potential energy source that could aid in decolonization and energy independence in the Global South. Families also turned to charcoal for their own economic survival during an unfolding urban crisis in the 1980s. Meanwhile, charcoal also came into the crosshairs of the emerging global environmental movement as a leading cause of deforestation. This also fueled development interventions in the name of conservation and the new cause of “sustainability.”
Computing: United States of America, 1949
Authors: Peters Benjamin
Published: October 2024

Contemporary planning rarely takes place without computing. This essay argues that the concept of computing should be understood as more than just a convenient tool for planning (computers) and as a programmatic type of planning (computation). Promoting a role for history, in this essay the gerund form computing is reclaimed as a lexical resource for unsettling planners’ standard accounts of projected difference and sameness around the globe. Recognizing the crucial role of inquiry undertaken by small groups in recent computing history, this chapter reveals computing in a different light: as a radical participatory form of collective small group action.
Constitution: India, 1950
Authors: Kirloskar-Steinbach Monika
Published: October 2024

The essay foregrounds aspects specific to the making of the constitution in postcolonial independent India. Stepping back from the obvious—the constitution was in many ways a continuation of the colonial state—it engages with the writings of Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (1891–1956). It argues that he endeavored to develop a plan “to constitute a postcolonial citizen of a civic nation” in India. In briefly looking into the thinking behind the planning of a such a constitution, the essay asks how Ambedkar’s ruminations could be implemented within the broader framework of intellectual decolonization.
Dodecahedral Silo: Spain, 1953
Authors: Camprubí Lino
Published: October 2024

This entry names the characteristic of self-sufficiency. When applied to sovereign states, it points to politicoeconomic policy. This essay pays close attention to a particular type of coal silo that simultaneously embodied autarky and put autarky into action in Francoist Spain. The silo offers an entry point into a European history of autarky. By exploring its relationship to economic globalization, the essay reveals the limitations of the concept of autarky as a basis for planning, and helps to answer the question “Why does planning not work?”
Taxonomer: United States of America, 1923
Authors: Mitchell Laura J.
Published: October 2024

Carl Akeley’s sculpture of a male gorilla head defies easy classification. This paper, an object-focused inquiry, problematizes Western practices of ordering and representing knowledge in the early twentieth century. The paper uses the work of an American naturalist and hunter, Carl Akeley, to highlight the political implications of biological knowledge, showing how colonial power undergirded scientific inquiry. Biological taxonomies—presumed to be universal but actually culturally biased—were applied uncritically to other places and societies in a period of intense colonial planning. The uneven legacies of that planning, including iconic displays at the American Museum of Natural History in New York and a struggling national park in the Democratic Republic of Congo, point to shortcomings in Western scientific knowledge. This inquiry demonstrates the disruptive power of challenging existing classifications, showing taxonomy to be both a necessary and fraught element of planning.
Treasures: Palestine/Israel, 1979
Authors: Novick Tamar
Published: October 2024

The problem of beehive theft in settlements in Palestine/Israel from the late nineteenth century is used to consider colonial planning. It asks how settler beekeepers who lost their hives made claims about ownership, rights, and state responsibility; about the ways in which they understood their own victimhood vis-à-vis the perceived thief—consistently conjured up as a (barefooted) Palestinian. This focus on hives as an object that moves and complicates the relation between victim, thief, and plunder reveals beehives as means of interfering with settler-colonial plans.
Agents without Empire
Authors: Szabari Antónia
Published: October 2024

Agents without Empire shows that before the rise of the French colonial empire, medieval eschatological categories of race were recast through perceptions of the material world of the Ottoman Empire that were made accessible, in a sudden and entirely unprecedented manner, to agents of the French crown. The book argues that spying done by Frenchmen in the Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth century significantly changed French culture. Far from being an isolated practice, spying permeated French culture in large part because those who spied also worked as knowledge producers, propagandists, and artists. It changed what it meant to be cultured and elite by creating new avenues of race- and gender-specific consumption for French and European white men that affected all areas of sophisticated culture, including literature, politics, prints, dressing, personal hygiene, and leisure. In this process, this culture of empowerment gave rise to fictions of agency that were the privilege of white, Christian, and French (or European) male selves. The book explores race making in this period of French history in the context of diplomatic reposts, travel accounts, natural history, propaganda, religious literature, poetry, theater, fiction, and cheap print. It intervenes in debates and conversations in Whiteness studies, race theory, theories of agency and matter, the history of diplomacy and spying, and early modern French and European culture.
Bird-Man 2, Female Androgyne, and Other Speculative Transformations
Authors: Szabari Antónia
Published: October 2024

Chapter 2 examines speculative visions in which agents, including Pierre Belon and Guillaume Postel, transgress the boundaries of their French selves to become animal and queer selves in the observations of articulations (in Bruno Latour’s sense of the term) of the physical world.
Lacrimae rerum , or, The Institution of Grief
Authors: Lezra Jacques
Published: October 2024

The mythological figure of Niobe frames the question, what can grief serve to found? The chapter takes the concept of life’s unity as its target and shows—through the weak judicial principle of stare decisis, threatened after the Dobbs decision; through Niobe; through Benjamin and Butler—that grief, by making relation, not numerical identity, primarily, offers a model of political association radically incompatible with liberal individualism.
Vatican Radio and the Outbreak of the War (1939–1940)
Authors: Perin Raffaella
Published: October 2024

During the first year of the war, Vatican Radio’s Italian broadcasts focused on the peace-making figure of St. Francis of Assisi. The Jesuit speaker made himself an interpreter of Pius XII’s magisterium by commenting on his first encyclical Summi pontificatus. This chapter will also analyze the broadcasts on German- and Russian-occupied Poland, during which reference is made for the first time to the ghettos in which Jews were confined and to their desperate situation. During 1940, the Holy See took note of the wide dissemination of Vatican Radio broadcasts also due to the protests of the German Embassy. The chapter also discusses the Holy See’s role of neutrality in the war and the concept of “just war” applied differently by speakers of different nationalities. Finally, this chapter focuses on the transmissions to America and France after its capitulation.
Mediahistorian näkökulma tarpeen digitaalisten lehtiarkistojen käytössä
Authors: Kurvinen Heidi
Published: October 2024

Tutkimusaineistojen massadigitointi on 2000-luvulla aiheuttanut tutkimuksellisen käänteen, joka tavalla tai toisella koskettaa kaikkia historiantutkijoita. Etenkin sanomalehtien lähdekäyttö on kasvanut eksponentiaalisesti, kun tutkijat pääsevät entistä helpommin aineistojen äärelle. Samanaikaisesti lähdetyypin erityispiirteet jäävät usein pohtimatta.
Tässä katsauksessa avaan digihistoriaan liittyvän käsitteellisen tiedon merkitystä digitaalisten sanoma- ja aikakauslehtiarkistojen käytössä. Osoitan, että tutkijalta vaaditaan sekä ymmärrystä käyttöliittymästä ja sen vaikutuksista tulkinnoille että yksittäisten tekstien laajemman mediahistoriallisen kontekstin huomioista. Lisäksi konkretisoin aineistoesimerkeillä sellaisia käytännön tutkimustyöhön liittyviä kysymyksiä, jotka ovat seurausta lehtiaineistojen massadigitoinnista.
Asiasanat: digitaalinen historia, digitaalinen lähdekritiikki, kontekstualisointi, lähiluku, mediahistoria
Amatööritutkijat suomalaisten tieteellisten lehtien kirjoittajina 1841–1939
Authors: Lilja Johanna
Published: October 2024

Artikkelissa tutkitaan amatöörikirjoittajien roolia kolmen suomalaisen tieteellisen seuran julkaisusarjoissa 1840-luvulta vuoteen 1939. Amatöörien tekstejä toivottiin lehtiin 1800-luvulla – toisaalta tiedeyhteisön (respublica literaria) tasa-arvoisuutta korostavien perinteiden takia toisaalta seurojen isänmaallisuuden ansiosta, sillä seuroissa pidettiin tärkeänä mobilisoida kansan syviä rivejä tutkimuksen tekoon. Akateemisten tutkijoiden määrä oli vielä 1800-luvun alkupuolella vähäinen, mutta vuosisadan vaihteessa tiede ammatillistui, kun professuureja ja tutkimuslaitoksia perustettiin. Amatöörien osuus kirjoittajakunnassa väheni, kun seurat kehittivät julkaisusarjoihinsa vertaisarviointia. Tieteelliset seurat pyrkivät ohjaamaan amatöörit aineiston keräilijöiksi, mutta amatöörit itse kokivat tämän roolin vähempiarvoisena kuin kirjoittajuuden. Tässä artikkelissa amatöörien määrää ja osuutta kirjoittajakunnasta tarkastellaan tilastollisen aineiston valossa. Lisäksi kolmen henkilön kautta hahmotetaan amatöörien suhdetta tiedeyhteisöön.
Asiasanat: tieteellinen julkaisutoiminta, tiedelehdet, harrastajakirjoittajat, oppihistoria
Suomalainen arkipäivän bolševismi Muurmannin rannikolla 1935–1938
Authors: Kähönen Aappo Matias
Published: October 2024

Tarkastelen puolueen jäsenyyteen liittyvien paikallisten tulkintojen ja yleisliittolaisten puoluenormien välillä ilmenneitä jännitteitä 1930-luvun jälkipuolella Muurmannin rannikon suomenkielisen Pohjantähti-kalastuskolhoosin VKP(b):n perusjärjestön pöytäkirjojen avulla. Tältä pohjalta tutkin suomalaisyhteisön kommunistien ”tavallista elämää poikkeuksellisina aikoina,” Sheila Fitzpatrickia lainaten. Kun Venäjällä oli tapahtunut vallankumous 1917 ja bolševikkipuolue oli 1920 käytännössä voittanut sisällissodan, pääosa Venäjän työläisistä, muusta väestöstä puhumattakaan, ei ollut bolševikkeja. Sosialismi oli rakennettava Neuvosto-Venäjälle ja Neuvostoliittoon, määriteltävä mitä se käytännössä tarkoittaa. Samalla oli opittava ”puhumaan bolševikkia”, kuvaamaan uutta yhteiskuntajärjestystä.
Pääkysymyksinä ovat seuraavat: Mitä teemoja ja tekoja pyrittiin oikeuttamaan kolhoosin toiminnan yhteydessä? Miten puolueenjäsenen velvoitteita perusteltiin ja kuinka Muurmannin suomalaiskommunistit niitä käytännössä sovelsivat? Millaista kuvaa joukkoterrorista paikallistason aineisto välittää?
Tulokset osoittavat, että yhteisön melko sulkeutunut etninen ja uskonnollinen pohja vaikuttivat paikallisen puolueorganisaation identiteettiin, ja voimisti puolueen jäsenyyteen liittyviä jännitteitä paikallisten käytäntöjen ja yleisliittolaisten normien välillä.
Asiasanat: Muurmannin suomalaiset, bolševikit, normit, käytännöt