bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revolution and Intervention in Cuba and the Dominican Republic
Authors: Dubois Laurent , Turits Richard Lee
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the tragic dialectic between Caribbean governments seeking to implement socioeconomic change in the 1960s and U.S. opposition and intervention in response. The chapter explores, first, how after the 1950s Cuban insurrection triumphed, a radicalizing dynamic unfolded between popular support for deep socioeconomic changes, leadership eager to implement those changes, and U.S. economic and armed intervention to stop them (including the Bay of Pigs invasion). U.S. opposition began in a serious way following Cuba’s sweeping agrarian reform, which came at the expense of vast U.S. sugar and ranching interests. U.S. economic warfare pushed the Castro dictatorship to develop trade and eventually build an alliance with the Soviet Union. Second, the chapter illuminates the dynamics of reform, revolution, and intervention in the neighbouring Dominican Republic. There, Juan Bosch’s reformist and nationalist social democratic government was overthrown by a military coup backed by conservative elites. The coup leaders had reason to expect and soon received U.S. government recognition, despite the overthrow of a liberal democratic government and Bosch’s relatively modest agrarian and other reforms. When Dominicans took to the streets to restore Bosch to office, a U.S. military invasion of the island quashed their effort.
Epilogue
Authors: Dubois Laurent , Turits Richard Lee
Published: January 2021

The epilogue summarizes the broad themes of the book, notably the focus on land and the counter-plantation, and argues that a better understanding of this past can help craft different Caribbean futures.
The Business of the Urban Housing Crisis
Authors: Taylor Keeanga-Yamahtta
Published: January 2021

By the 1970s, the sustained vacation of cities by White Americans shrunk the tax base needed to improve urban housing. Additionally, funding for domestic programs was compromised by the cost of the Vietnam War. The strain for resources lead to the private-public partnerships that characterized the response to urban poverty in the mid-twentieth century. The Joint Committee on Urban Problems (JCUP) was formed by several insurance companies. The JCUP provided funding for several urban development programs. The private sector had a demonstrated interest in profit and not racial integration, which would have been a natural by-product of fair housing. Ultimately, the JCUP and other private companies reinforced segregation and exploited Black potential-home owners. The author suggests that had companies been willing to build affordable housing in White suburbs and the government more rigorously enforced fair housing laws, the urban housing crisis could have improved.
The Urban Crisis Is Over—Long Live the Urban Crisis!
Authors: Taylor Keeanga-Yamahtta
Published: January 2021

George Romney announced his resignation from HUD after Nixon’s reelection in November 1972, citing the lack of integrity and honesty in politics as his reason. Nixon declared the urban crisis over despite the fact that HUD had met very few of its goals and certainly had not eradicated urban poverty. With Romney’s departure, funding and construction of affordable housing ceased and several community improvement programs were eliminated. Nixon cut billions from affordable housing and urban renewal programs despite the fact the funds had already been appropriated by Congress. Ultimately, Nixon claimed that housing issues should be solved by more local authorities. Section 8 was introduced to allow privately owned businesses to rent to public housing recipients. Unfortunately, section 8 vouchers were often not enough to move people out of inadequate housing, and private owners were not obligated to accept section 8 vouchers.
Predatory Inclusion
Authors: Taylor Keeanga-Yamahtta
Published: January 2021

Homeownership in the U.S. is often touted as a means to escape poverty, build wealth, and fully participate in American society. However, racism in the broader American society ultimately resulted in a racist housing market that excludes Black people from homeownership and depresses the value of property inhabited by African Americans. The perception that Black buyers are risky has continued to fuel predatory practices in real estate. The author notes that African Americans should not be limited to the rental market because of inequality in the housing market. Instead, she suggests people should question American society, a society in which full citizenship is reliant upon home ownership.
Civil War Monuments and the Militarization of America
Authors: Brown Thomas J.
Published: January 2021

This sweeping new assessment of Civil War monuments unveiled in the United States between the 1860s and 1930s argues that they were pivotal to a national embrace of military values. Americans' wariness of standing armies limited construction of war memorials in the early republic, Thomas J. Brown explains, and continued to influence commemoration after the Civil War. As large cities and small towns across the North and South installed an astonishing range of statues, memorial halls, and other sculptural and architectural tributes to Civil War heroes, communities debated the relationship of military service to civilian life through fund-raising campaigns, artistic designs, oratory, and ceremonial practices. Brown shows that distrust of standing armies gave way to broader enthusiasm for soldiers in the Gilded Age. Some important projects challenged the trend, but many Civil War monuments proposed new norms of discipline and vigor that lifted veterans to a favored political status and modeled racial and class hierarchies. A half century of Civil War commemoration reshaped remembrance of the American Revolution and guided American responses to World War I. This book provides the most comprehensive overview of the American war memorial as a cultural form and reframes the national debate over Civil War monuments that remain potent presences on the civic landscape.
Models of Citizenship
Authors: Brown Thomas J.
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes new idealizations of soldiering in the period from the 1880s to the eve of American intervention in World War I. With the encouragement of veterans and their allies, memorials increasingly honored all local soldiers who had served the Union or the Confederacy rather than focusing on those who had died. Memorial halls became facilities for veterans rather than educational buildings. Soldier statues focused on new prototypes: bearers of the US flag, active combatants, and marching campaigners. These warriors embodied enthusiasm for physical culture and ideas about ethnicity and race in the late nineteenth-century and early twentieth-century United States. Reconceptualization of military service as a form of education paralleled the expansion of college athletics and development of the Reserve Officers Training Corps. The Shaw Memorial in Boston, an important artistic depiction of African Americans, was an outstanding exception to this militarism. Monuments that commemorated women tended to narrow their participation in the Civil War into a celebration of motherhood as the ideal social role of women.
Toward a New Iconoclasm
Authors: Brown Thomas J.
Published: January 2021

The epilogue sketches the influence of Civil War monuments on the most influential American war memorials during the period from the 1940s to the 1980s, when the public monument had declined dramatically from the prestige of the cultural form between the 1860s and 1930s. As memorials regained in popularity during the 1980s, the advances of the civil rights movement inspired many monuments to African American soldiers; white backlash led to fresh Confederate monuments. Racial violence and digital media placed Civil War monuments at the center of a return to iconoclasm in American memorial culture in the 2010s. The epilogue traces the “tagging” of monuments with graffiti and the coalescence of a movement to take down Confederate monuments in conjunction with the rise of the Black Lives Matter movement. The emphasis on Civil War monuments in protests centered on the militarization of law enforcement recognized the extent to which these memorials had contributed to a racialized militarization of American culture.
The Thoughts and Acts of Hungry Men
Authors: Kutzler Evan A.
Published: January 2021

No single aspect of Civil War prison history has been more controversial than food. Unfortunately, policy and administrative histories tend to devalue how prisoners tasted captivity at the individual and local level. This chapter restores that individuality and the autonomy of experience by following how prisoners responded to privation. While there was no universal experience surrounding food in captivity, prisoners generally believed that hunger was a decivilizing force that—if unchecked—turned men into animals. Hunger changed what was edible, what tasted satisfying, and food scarcity animated prison life from markets to gambling. It made products like coffee and tobacco more—not less—essential to the internal struggle of captivity.
Those Who Know Don't Say
Authors: Felber Garrett
Published: January 2021

The Nation of Islam was at the forefront of the struggle against policing and prisons so central to the postwar Black Freedom Struggle. Far from being the insular, apolitical, religiously heretical group that popular accounts have described, the Nation of Islam was an ambitious political force that sought to build all-black coalitions against police brutality and to fight for the constitutional rights of prisoners. Using prayer as a form of protest within Folsom Prison, and turning the trial of Ronald Stokes in Los Angeles into courtroom political theater, the Nation of Islam innovated new tactics over the course of their campaigns, turning prison yards and courtrooms into sites of protest. To combat the formidable challenge posed by this disciplined black nationalist organizing, the carceral state responded with new modes of surveillance, punishment, and ideological knowledge creation.
Epilogue
Authors: Felber Garrett
Published: January 2021

This epilogue connects mid-century Black nationalist anti-carceral activism and the state’s response to the longer history of punitive policing and Islamaphobia.
Rape and the Law in the Mid-Twentieth-Century United States
Authors: Jacquet Catherine O.
Published: January 2021

This chapter is an examination of rape law in the United States at mid-century. The law codified white male privilege, leaving both accused black men and rape victims of all races vulnerable to injustice before the law. Fears of false allegations and distrust of victims, most popularized by legal scholar Henry Wigmore, drove much of the injustice faced by victims. Likewise, racist tropes of depraved black male sexuality resulted in extreme injustice for accused black rapists, including the almost exclusive use of the death penalty for black men accused of interracial rape. The chapter provides an analysis of legal thought and practice to reveal the larger cultural environment that activists for social justice confronted in their quest for justice.
A Movement Forgotten
Authors: Polgar Paul J.
Published: January 2021

While they came up short in achieving equality for former slaves, the first movement abolitionist program of black uplift and its commitment to African American rights and incorporation helped nurture a generation of reformers who would continue this racially redemptive quest. If they could not vanquish white prejudice, first movement abolitionists understood that eradicating the inequities of slavery required more than ending the institution of human bondage alone. Just as importantly, completing abolition meant reconstructing the society that made slavery a viable institution in the first place; a lesson well taken in the Post-Civil War South. The most enduring legacy of America’s first abolition movement was its abiding faith that a world free from black oppression and racial inequality was possible. It was this audacity to imagine such a society that inspired not only first movement abolitionists, but likeminded exponents of black equality and racial justice that would follow in their footsteps—from immediate abolitionists in the antebellum period to Radical Republicans during Reconstruction, and beyond.
Introduction
Authors: Summers Brandi Thompson
Published: January 2021

The introductory chapter introduces readers to black aesthetic emplacement, the book’s central theoretical claim about the value and representation of blackness in the contemporary urban landscape. The chapter further highlights a theoretical shift in African American, sociological, geographical, and visual studies of how blackness is thought and deployed—where blackness does not always signal abjection—to situate how blackness has contributed to the redevelopment of the H Street NE corridor. The remaining space of the chapter introduces additional key terms: gentrification, authenticity, neoliberalism, and diversity and situate the book within scholarly debates in geography, sociology and urban studies literature.
Capital Reinvestment
Authors: Summers Brandi Thompson
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the uprisings following the 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., and their aftermath of urban renewal and commercial redevelopment. This chapter also maps changes to the built environment on H Street onto changes in how blackness and capital intersected. The chapter charts the unique history of the H Street NE corridor to illustrate the ways in which the meaning of blackness shifted over time as well as the development and designation of H Street as a Black space. The chapter explains how the devaluation of H Street, as a Black space, and the strategic deployment of visual rhetoric depicting the space as a “blighted,” “slum,” “ghetto” prepared the space for its eventual re-valuation and re-elevation for neoliberal times. Ultimately, this first chapter tracks the long march of blackness to become diversity and considers the ways in which blackness became synonymous with the urban ghetto.
Consuming Culture
Authors: Summers Brandi Thompson
Published: January 2021

This chapter considers the significance of “authenticity” and “quality-of-life” aesthetics as they relate to city life. Authenticity has become a means by which people attach meaning to things and experiences rather than people—hence the proliferation of boutiques, craft breweries, and cafés alongside the practice of branding neighborhoods in terms of distinctive cultural identities. The policing of “quality-of-life” relates to the notion that white residents are more interested in improvements to lifestyle (bike lanes, farmer’s markets) and Black residents want equitable social and economic opportunities. While displacement, through a loss of access, is certainly taking place on H Street, this chapter argues that it is this exact tension between the polar class/race/lifestyles that spurs attraction to the area. At the same time, one can be stern or exhibit anger over the changes (as aesthetic, not critique), as long as the fundamental power relations of society, founded on broad appeal to white buyers, remain intact. Therefore, blackness in the marketplace must be that which sells, and that which can be easily transacted by proprietors of capital.
“Asleep in Their Bed at the Door of Their Cabin”
Authors: White Sophie
Published: January 2021

Chapter Five shifts the action to 1767 and a swampy bayou beyond New Orleans as it traces the love story of Kenet and Jean-Baptiste and their search for a way to be permanently united. Where enslaved women are concerned, testimony about courtship, love, labor, and longing is especially rare. This man and woman belonged to different owners, and their testimony illuminates the multiple and sustained steps they took to secure, over the long term, their affective and physical union, steps which included negotiating with their owners, a perilous escape via waterways towards Mobile, and running away to set up house together. Their words also illuminate what they envisioned when granted autonomy over two gendered corollaries of spousal relationships: domestic organization and household labor, themes that find parallels in the concerns of by free people of color in Louisiana.
Pengaruh Gaya Kepemimpinan Demokratis Terhadap Motivasi Kerja Karyawan Sales Bank Rakyat Indonesia Cabang Muara Teweh
Authors: Lufina Lilik
Published: January 2021

This study aims to determine how much influence the democratic leadership style has on the work motivation of the sales employees of BRI Muara Teweh Branch. The data processing technique used by the author is a simple linear regression analysis used to predict how changes in the value of the dependent variable will increase or decrease the value of the independent variable. The results of data collection are obtained. From the regression model equation, it is known that the Democratic Leadership variable (X) shows a positive regression coefficient value, this indicates a positive direction or a unidirectional relationship between the variable Democratic Leadership Style and Work Motivation for sales employees of BRI Bank Muara Teweh Branch. This means that if the democratic leadership increases, the work motivation of sales employees of BRI Bank Muara Teweh branch will increase, and vice versa if the democratic leadership decreases, the work motivation of sales employees of BRI Bank Muara Teweh branch will decrease. The results of the study concluded that the correlation coefficient (R) shows a close relationship between the independent variable (democratic leadership) and the dependent variable (work motivation), with a correlation value of R is 0.711. While the value of the coefficient of determination or R2 by 0505, which means that 50.5% of working motivation can be explained by the Democratic leadership. For further researchers, it is suggested to look at other leadership style variables.
ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL COMPETENCY CHARACTER PLANTING IN CURRICULUM 2013 IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS AT SDN 060870 MEDAN TIMUR SUBDISTRICT IN MEDAN CITY
Authors: Rambe Novani Maryam , Setiawan Deny , Siman Siman
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study aims to study social competency character growers in elementary school 060870 East Medan, analyzing how the planting of social competency characters is influential in elementary school 060870 East Medan. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive analysis. The data analyzed were interviews with teachers, students, principals of SDN 060870, observations, and documentation. The results showed that: the planting of social competencies in the 2013 curriculum was carried out well. There are 2 aspects seen in the character of social competence, namely; first, interaction behavior, which has 4 characteristics contained therein; second, communication behavior which has 3 characteristics contained therein. Therefore, it is concluded that the planting of the character of social competence in SDN 060870 is carried out properly and in accordance with the required categories.
INFLUENCE OF DISCOVERY LEARNING MODELS AND SOLVING SKILLS PROBLEMS WITH PPKn LEARNING OUTCOMES GRADE 4 STUDENTS AT SD KATOLIK DISKI
Authors: Marbun Putri Melly Andani , Setiawan Deny , Menanti Asih
Published: January 2021

This research is motivated by the purpose of education to obtain good learning outcomes. Such success depends on internal and external factors, as one part of the internal factor is problem solving skills. The existence of problem-solving skills students can more easily overcome problems encountered when learning or designed by teachers. The purpose of this study was to find out the comparison of students' PPKn learning outcomes between the Discovery Learning model and the Think Pair and Share model, also to find out the comparison of PPKn learning outcomes of students who have high problem solving skills with students who have low problem solving skills, and also to know the interaction between the learning model and problem solving skills to the learning outcomes of PPKn students in grade IV of Diski Catholic Elementary School. This study using quantitative approach with the results of the study showed that the results of ppkn students with Discovery Learning model is higher than the learning results of PPKn students with Think Pair and Share model, evidenced from Qhitung > Qtabel (4,344 > 2,814; with a level of 5%). PPKn learning outcomes of students who have high problem-solving skills are higher than ppkn learning outcomes of students who have low problem-solving skills, as evidenced by Qhitung > Qtabel (3,030 > 2,814; with a level of 5%). There is an interaction between learning models and problem-solving skills to students' PPKn learning outcomes, as evidenced by Fhitung > Ftabel which is 8.59 > 4.20. The conclusion of this study explains that the learning outcomes of students who have high and low skills are more suitable to be taught with discovery learning models than students who are taught using the Think Pair Share model.
Peranan Orang Tua Dalam Pendidikan Agama Kristen Terhadap Pertumbuhan Rohani Anak
Authors: Angkouw Semuel Ruddy , Simon Simon
Published: January 2021

AbstractParents who are given a mandate by God to be the main spiritual educators for their children. The purpose of God is to encourage parents as the main spiritual educators for their children, so that their children will experience spiritual growth in their faith in Him. This paper discusses the role of parents in Christian religious education on children's spiritual growth. The method used in this writing is a quantitative method with a questionnaire approach accompanied by descriptions of the answers of the respondents to the questionnaires that were distributed. The findings of this study are the respondents, in this case the church Gereja Pantekosta di Indonesia (GPdI) Glenmore Kabupaten Banyuwangi, carry out its role as a parent in cultivating Christian values for the spiritual growth of children although not significantly overall.Key words: Spiritual Growth, Congregation, Christian Education. AbstrakOrang tua diberikan mandat oleh Allah untuk menjadi tenaga pendidik kerohanian yang utama bagi anak-anaknya. Tujuan Allah menghimbau orang tua sebagai pendidik kerohanian utama bagi anak, agar kerohanian anak mengalami pertumbuhan secara iman kepada-Nya. Tulisan ini membahas tentang peran orang tua dalam pendidikan agama Kristen terhadap pertumbuhan kerohanian anak. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah metode kuantitatif dengan pendekatan angket disertai pendeskrifsian jawaban para responden atas angket yang dibagikan. Temuan dari penelitian ini adalah para respoden dalam hal ini jemaat Gereja Pantekosta di Indonesia (GPdI) Glenmore Kabupaten Banyuwangi, melaksanakan perannya sebagai orang tua dalam penanaman nilai-nilai kekristenan untuk pertumbuhan kerohanian anak walau tidak secara signifikan secara keseluruhan.Kata kunci: Pertumbuhan Rohani, Jemaat, Pendidikan Agama Kristen
Seasonal variation of atmospheric pollutants transport in central
Chile: dynamics and consequences
Authors: Lapere Rémy , Menut Laurent , Mailler Sylvain , Huneeus Nicolás
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Central Chile faces atmospheric pollution issues all year long, in relation with elevated concentrations of fine particulate matter during the cold months and tropospheric ozone during the warm season. In addition to public health issues, environmental problems regarding vegetation growth and water supply, as well as meteorological feedback are at stake. Sharp spatial gradients in regional emissions along with a complex geographical situation make for variable and heterogeneous dynamics in the localization and long-range transport of pollutants, with seasonal differences. Based on chemistry-transport modeling with WRF-CHIMERE, this work studies for one winter period and one summer period: (i) the contribution of emissions from the Santiago Metropolitan Area to air pollution in central Chile, (ii) the reciprocal contribution of regional pollutants transported into the Santiago basin. The underlying 3-dimensional advection patterns are investigated. We find that on average for the winter period 5 μg m−3 to 10 μg m−3 of fine particulate matter in Santiago come from regional transport, corresponding to 13 % to 15 % of average concentrations. In turn, emissions from the Metropolitan Area contribute to 5 % to 10 % of fine particulate matter pollution as far as 4° north and 4° south. Wintertime transport occurs mostly close to the surface. In summertime, exported precursors from Santiago, in combination with mountain-valley circulation dynamics, are found to account for most of ozone formation in the adjacent Andes cordillera and to create a persistent plume of ozone of more than 50 ppb, extending along 80 km horizontally and 1.5 km vertically, and located several hundred meters above ground, slightly north of Santiago. This work constitutes the first description of such an ozone bubble formation mechanism. Emissions of precursors from the capital city also affect daily maxima of surface ozone hundreds of kilometers away. In parallel, cutting emissions of precursors in the Santiago basin results in an increase of surface ozone mixing ratios in its western area.
SO2 and NH3 emissions enhance organosulfur compounds and fine particles formation from the photooxidation of a typical aromatic hydrocarbon
Authors: Yang Zhaomin , Xu Li , Tsona Narcisse T. , Li Jianlong , Luo Xin , Du Lin
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Although atmospheric SO2 and NH3 levels can affect secondary aerosol formation, the influenced extent of their impact and their detailed driving mechanisms are not well understood. The focus of the present study is to examine the chemical compositions and formation mechanisms of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) from 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene (TMB) photooxidation influenced by SO2 and/or NH3. Here, we showed that SO2 emission could considerably enhance aerosol particle formation due to SO2-induced sulfates generation and acid-catalyzed heterogeneous reaction. Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) measurements revealed the generation of not only typical TMB products but also hitherto unidentified organosulfates (OSs) in SO2-added experiments. The OSs designated as unknown origin in earlier field measurements were also detected in TMB SOA, indicating that atmospheric OSs might be also originated from TMB photooxidation. For NH3-involved experiments, results demonstrated a positive correlation between NH3 levels and particle volume as well as number concentrations. The effects of NH3 on SOA composition was slight under SO2-free conditions but stronger in the presence of SO2. A series of multifunctional products with carbonyl, alcohols, and nitrate functional groups were tentatively characterized in NH3-involved experiments based on infrared spectra and HRMS analysis. Plausible formation pathways were proposed for detected products in the particle-phase. The volatility distributions of products, estimated using parameterization methods, suggested that the detected products gradually condense onto the nucleation particles to contribute to aerosol formation and growth. Our results suggest that strict control of SO2 and NH3 emissions might remarkably reduce organosulfates and secondary aerosol burden in the atmosphere. Updating the aromatic oxidation mechanism in models could result in more accurate treatment of particles formation for urban regions with considerable SO2, NH3, and aromatics emissions.
Enhancement of secondary aerosol formation by reduced anthropogenic emissions during Spring Festival 2019 and enlightenment for regional PM2.5 control in Beijing
Authors: Wang Yuying , Li Zhanqing , Wang Qiuyan , Jin Xiaoai , Yan Peng , Cribb Maureen , Li Yanan , Yuan Cheng , Wu Hao , Wu Tong , Ren Rongmin , Cai Zhaoxin
Published: January 2021

Abstract. A comprehensive field experiment measuring aerosol chemical and physical
properties at a suburban site in Beijing around the 2019 Spring Festival was carried out to investigate the impact of reduced anthropogenic emissions on aerosol formation. Sharply reduced sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations during the festival holiday resulted in an unexpected increase in the surface ozone (O3) concentration caused by the strong O3-titration phenomenon. Simultaneously, the reduced anthropogenic emissions resulted in massive decreases in particle number concentration at all sizes and the mass concentrations of organics and black carbon. However, the mass concentrations of inorganics (especially sulfate) decreased weakly. Detailed analyses of the sulfur oxidation ratio
and the nitrogen oxidation ratio suggest that sulfate formation during the
holiday could be promoted by enhanced nocturnal aqueous-phase chemical
reactions between SO2 and O3 under moderate relative humidity (RH) conditions (40 % < RH < 80 %). Daytime photochemical reactions in winter in Beijing mainly controlled nitrate formation, which was enhanced a little during the holiday. A regional analysis of air pollution patterns shows that the enhanced formation of secondary aerosols occurred throughout the entire Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region during the holiday, partly offsetting the decrease in particle matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm. Our results highlight the necessary control of O3 formation to reduce secondary pollution in winter under current emission conditions.
Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) Aura nitrogen dioxide standard product version 4.0 with improved surface and cloud treatments
Authors: Lamsal Lok N. , Krotkov Nickolay A. , Vasilkov Alexander , Marchenko Sergey , Qin Wenhan , Yang Eun-Su , Fasnacht Zachary , Joiner Joanna , Choi Sungyeon , Haffner David , Swartz William H. , Fisher Bradford , Bucsela Eric
Published: January 2021

Abstract. We present a new and improved version (V4.0) of the NASA standard nitrogen
dioxide (NO2) product from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on the
Aura satellite. This version incorporates the most salient improvements for
OMI NO2 products suggested by expert users and enhances the NO2
data quality in several ways through improvements to the air mass factors
(AMFs) used in the retrieval algorithm. The algorithm is based on
the geometry-dependent surface Lambertian equivalent reflectivity (GLER)
operational product that is available on an OMI pixel basis. GLER is
calculated using the vector linearized discrete ordinate radiative transfer
(VLIDORT) model, which uses as input high-resolution bidirectional
reflectance distribution function (BRDF) information from NASA's Aqua
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments over land
and the wind-dependent Cox–Munk wave-facet slope distribution over water,
the latter with a contribution from the water-leaving radiance. The GLER
combined with consistently retrieved oxygen dimer (O2–O2)
absorption-based effective cloud fraction (ECF) and optical centroid
pressure (OCP) provide improved information to the new NO2 AMF
calculations. The new AMFs increase the retrieved tropospheric NO2 by
up to 50 % in highly polluted areas; these differences arise from both
cloud and surface BRDF effects as well as biases between the new MODIS-based
and previously used OMI-based climatological surface reflectance data sets.
We quantitatively evaluate the new NO2 product using independent
observations from ground-based and airborne instruments. The new V4.0 data
and relevant explanatory documentation are publicly available from the NASA
Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (https://disc.gsfc.nasa.gov/datasets/OMNO2_V003/summary/, last access: 8 November 2020),
and we encourage their use over previous versions of OMI NO2 products.
On the capability of UV-VIS limb sounders to constrain modelled
stratospheric ozone and its application to the ALTIUS mission
Authors: Errera Quentin , Dekemper Emmanuel , Baker Noel , Debosscher Jonas , Demoulin Philippe , Mateshvili Nina , Pieroux Didier , Vanhellemont Filip , Fussen Didier
Published: January 2021

Abstract. ALTIUS (Atmospheric Limb Tracker for the Investigation of the Upcoming Stratosphere) is the upcoming stratospheric ozone monitoring limb sounder from ESA's Earth Watch programme. Measuring in the ultraviolet-visible-near infrared spectral regions, ALTIUS will retrieve vertical profiles of ozone, aerosol extinction coefficients, nitrogen dioxide and other trace gases from the upper troposphere to the mesosphere. In order to maximize the geographical coverage, the instrument will observe limb- scattered solar light during daytime, solar occultation at the terminator and stellar/lunar/planetary occultations during nighttime. This paper evaluates the constraint of ALTIUS ozone profiles on modelled stratospheric ozone by the means of an Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE). In this effort, a reference atmosphere has been built and used to generate ALTIUS ozone profiles, along with an instrument simulator. These profiles are then assimilated to provide ozone analyses. A good agreement is found between the analyses and the reference atmosphere in the stratosphere and in the extra-tropical upper troposphere. In the tropical upper troposphere, although providing a significant weight in the analyses, the assimilation of ozone profiles does not allow to completely eliminate the bias with the reference atmosphere. The weight of the different modes of observations have also been evaluated, showing that all of them are necessary to constrain ozone during polar winters where solar/stellar occultations are the most important during the polar night and limb data are the most important during the development of the ozone hole in the polar spring.
Using satellite data to identify the methane emission controls of South Sudan's wetlands
Authors: Pandey Sudhanshu , Houweling Sander , Lorente Alba , Borsdorff Tobias , Tsivlidou Maria , Bloom A. Anthony , Poulter Benjamin , Zhang Zhen , Aben Ilse
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) provides
observations of atmospheric methane (CH4) at an unprecedented
combination of high spatial resolution and daily global coverage. Hu et al. (2018) reported unexpectedly large methane enhancements over South Sudan in
these observations. Here we assess methane emissions from the wetlands of
South Sudan using 2 years (December 2017–November 2019) of TROPOMI total
column methane observations. We estimate annual wetland emissions of 7.4 ± 3.2 Tg yr−1, which agrees with the multiyear GOSAT inversions
of Lunt et al. (2019) but is an order of magnitude larger than estimates
from wetland process models. This disagreement may be explained by the underestimation (by up to
4 times) of inundation extent by the hydrological schemes
used in those models. We investigate the seasonal cycle of the emissions and
find the lowest emissions during the June–August season when the process
models show the largest emissions. Using satellite-altimetry-based river
water height measurements, we infer that this seasonal mismatch is likely
due to a seasonal mismatch in inundation extent. In models, inundation
extent is controlled by regional precipitation scaled to static wetland
extent maps, whereas the actual inundation extent is driven by water inflow
from rivers like the White Nile and the Sobat. We find the lowest emissions
in the highest precipitation and lowest temperature season (June–August, JJA) when models
estimate large emissions. In general, our emission estimates show better
agreement in terms of both seasonal cycle and annual mean with model
estimates that use a stronger temperature dependence. This suggests that
temperature might be a stronger control for the South Sudan wetlands
emissions than currently assumed by models. Our findings demonstrate the use
of satellite instruments for quantifying emissions from inaccessible and
uncertain tropical wetlands, providing clues for the improvement of process
models and thereby improving our understanding of the currently uncertain
contribution of wetlands to the global methane budget.
Construction of homogenized daily surface air temperature for Tianjin city during 1887–2019
Authors: Si Peng , Li Qingxiang , Jones Phil
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The century-long continuous daily observations from some stations are important for the study of long-term trends and extreme climate events in the past. In this paper, three daily data sources: (1) Department of Industry Agency of British Concession in Tianjin covering Sep 1 1890–Dec 31 1931 (2) Water Conservancy Commission of North China covering Jan 1 1932–Dec 31 1950 and (3) monthly journal sheets for Tianjin surface meteorological observation records covering Jan 1 1951–Dec 31 2019 have been collected from the Tianjin Meteorological Archive. The completed daily maximum and minimum temperature series for Tianjin from Jan 1 1887 (Sep 1 1890 for minimum) to Dec 31 2019 has been constructed and assessed for quality control and an early extension from 1890 to 1887. Several significant breakpoints are detected by the Penalized Maximal T-test (PMT) for the daily maximum and minimum time series using multiple reference series around Tianjin from monthly Berkeley Earth, CRUTS4.03 and GHCNV3 data. Using neighboring daily series the record has been homogenized with Quantile Matching (QM) adjustments. Based on the homogenized dataset, the warming trend in annual mean temperature in Tianjin averaged from the newly constructed daily maximum and minimum temperature is evaluated as 0.154 ± 0.013 °C decade-1 during the last 130 years. Trends of temperature extremes in Tianjin are all significant at the 5 % level, and have much more coincident change than those from the raw, with amplitudes of −1.454 d decade−1, 1.196 d decade−1, −0.140 d decade−1 and 0.975 d decade−1 for cold nights (TN10p), warm nights (TN90p), cold days (TX10p) and warm days (TX90p) at the annual scale. The adjusted daily maximum, minimum and mean surface air temperature dataset for Tianjin city presented here is publicly available at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.924561 (Si and Li, 2020).
A stream-power law for glacial erosion and its implementation in
large-scale landform-evolution models
Authors: Hergarten Stefan
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Modeling glacial landform evolution is more challenging than modeling fluvial landform evolution. While several numerical models of large-scale fluvial erosion are available, there are only a few models of glacial erosion, and their application over long time spans requires a high numerical effort. In this paper, a simple formulation of glacial erosion which is similar to the fluvial stream-power model is presented. The model reproduces the occurrence of overdeepenings, hanging valleys, and steps at confluences at least qualitatively. Beyond this, it allows for a seamless coupling to fluvial erosion and sediment transport. The recently published direct numerical scheme for fluvial erosion and sediment transport can be applied to the entire domain, where the numerical effort is only moderately higher than for a purely fluvial system. Simulations over several million years on lattices of several million nodes can be performed on standard PCs. An open-source implementation is freely available as a part of the landform evolution model OpenLEM.
CLIMADA v1.4.1: towards a globally consistent adaptation options appraisal tool
Authors: Bresch David N. , Aznar-Siguan Gabriela
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Climate change is a fact; therefore, adaptation to a changing environment is a necessity. Adaptation is ultimately local, yet similar challenges pose
themselves to decision-makers all across the globe and on all levels. The
Economics of Climate Adaptation (ECA) methodology has established an economic
framework to fully integrate risk and reward perspectives of different
stakeholders, underpinned by the CLIMADA (CLIMateADAptation) impact modeling platform. We present
an extension of the latter to appraise adaption options in a consistent
fashion in order to provide decision-makers from the local to the global level
with the necessary facts to identify the most effective instruments to meet
the adaptation challenge. We apply the open-source Python implementation to a
tropical cyclone impact case study in the Caribbean, using openly available
data. This allows us to prioritize a small basket of adaptation options, namely
green and gray infrastructure options as well as behavioral measures and risk
transfer, and permits inter-island comparisons. In Anguilla, for example,
mangroves avert simulated damages more than 4 times the cost estimated for mangrove
restoration, whereas the enforcement of building codes is shown to be effective in the
Turks and Caicos Islands in a moderate-climate-change scenario. For all
islands, cost-effective measures reduce the cost of risk transfer, which
covers the damage of high-impact events that cannot be cost-effectively prevented
by other measures. This extended version of the CLIMADA platform has been
designed to enable risk assessment and options appraisal in a modular form and
occasionally bespoke fashion yet with the high reusability of common
functionalities to foster the usage of the platform in interdisciplinary studies
and international collaboration.
A leader-followers game of emergency preparedness for adverse events
Authors: Nahirniak Myles , Cojocaru Monica , Migot Tangi
Published: January 2021

Natural disasters occur across the globe, resulting in billions of dollars of damage each year. Effective preparation before a disaster can help to minimize damages, economic impact, and loss of human life. This paper uses a game theory framework to set up a leader-followers model for resource distribution to several geographic zones before an adverse event. The researchers model population members who may choose to prepare in advance of an event by acquiring supplies, whereas others may wait until the last minute. Failure to prepare in advance could result in a significant loss due to the chance that supplies may no longer be available. Numerical simulations are run to determine how the leader should distribute supplies to maximize the preparedness of the overall population. It was found that population size is a significant factor for supply distribution, but the behaviour of individuals within a zone is also important. Much of the current resource allocation research focuses on the logistics and economics of supply distribution, but this paper demonstrates that social aspects should also be considered.
The case for and against selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in rapid cycling bipolar disorder
Authors: Semenov Daniel , Quinn Jason
Published: January 2021

Patients affected by the rapid cycling variant of bipolar disorder often experience significant functional difficulties. Physicians caring for affected patients face many challenges managing the turbulent course of this disorder, complicated at times by psychiatric comorbidities (including substance use disorders), polypharmacy, risk management (of suicidality and aggression), and difficulties with community functioning. There is some controversy about the use of selective serotonin receptor inhibitors (SSRIs) in managing bipolar depression, particularly in the rapid cycling variant. The potential benefit of SSRIs in reducing depressive symptoms must be balanced against the risks of mood phase switching and overall worsening of the rapid cycling course. This case report highlights challenges inherent in the application of SSRIs in a case of treatment-refractory rapid cycling bipolar disorder, and discusses the controversy of their use.
UM OLHAR SOBRE AS CONTRIBUIÇÕES DE LEV VIGOTSKI À EDUCAÇÃO DE SURDOS
Authors: Veras Daniele Siqueira , Daxenberger Ana Cristina Silva
Published: January 2021

A Educação de Surdos foi amplamente discutida na história da educação com argumentos apresentados por cada estudioso de áreas diferentes, baseados por filosofias e princípios educacionais que indicaram a melhor proposta para educação de surdos para cada época. Atualmente, as discussões estão voltadas com novos olhares para este fenômeno, que, apesar de todos os debates já realizados, ainda há o que se compreender e, efetivamente aplicar na educação de surdos. Vigotski é um dos maiores teóricos da Psicologia, denominada de sócio-histórica, e com grandes contribuições sobre a Psicologia da Aprendizagem e do Desenvolvimento, além da Educação. Aliado a isto, surge o questionamento: quais as contribuições de Lev Vigotski para a Educação de Surdos dentro de seus pressupostos básicos e dos Fundamentos de Defectologia. Em sua obra, Vigotski abre espaço para discussão das pessoas com deficiência e claro, para a educação de surdos. Portanto, são objetivos deste trabalho apresentar os principais conceitos da teoria de Vigotski; expor os fundamentos da Defectologia e relacionar a obra de Vigotski com a educação de surdos. Para alcançar estes objetivos, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica de textos do autor e releituras, além do arsenal teórico sobre a Educação de Surdos. Como resultados deste estudo, apontamos para as contribuições de Vigotski para a Educação de Pessoas com deficiência ao trazer conceitos de compensação social, deficiência primária e secundária e os caminhos alternativos do desenvolvimento. Especificamente sobre a Educação de Surdos, Vigotski aponta o lugar da linguagem neste desenvolvimento e faz uma crítica aos métodos oralistas.
PROFESSORES HOMENS E DESENVOLVIMENTO DA CARREIRA DOCENTE EM PROFISSÃO VISTA SOCIALMENTE COMO FEMININA
Authors: Gonçalves Josiane Peres , Carvalho Viviane de Souza Correia de
Published: January 2021

Considerando as representações sociais uma forma de conhecimento elaborada no senso comum e que pode influenciar escolhas e atitudes, empreendeu-se um estudo que objetivou identificar as representações sociais associadas à prática pedagógica de professores homens na educação infantil, mas também e, especialmente, nos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental. Para atingir tal propósito, foram considerados como sujeitos de pesquisa três professores homens que se encontravam em diferentes etapas de suas carreiras profissionais: um professor em formação, acadêmico do curso de Pedagogia; um professor na fase de entrada da carreira docente, atuante dos anos iniciais do ensino fundamental; e um professor aposentado, que supostamente passou por todas as etapas da carreira docente descritas por Nóvoa. Por meio da gravação de entrevistas semiestruturadas, os professores puderam falar sobre suas crenças, opiniões e carreira docente. Os resultados foram transcritos e sistematizados, sendo utilizada a análise de conteúdo para discutir os dados da pesquisa. A representação social principal em relação aos professores homens é a de que eles são mais firmes e seguros, impõem maior respeito. Também se percebeu que mesmo que as representações identificadas sejam semelhantes às da metade do século XX, quando a feminização do magistério gradativamente se intensifica, com o passar da carreira docente, os professores podem elaborar um discurso menos conservador e comparativo em relação à prática docente feminina, o que pode significar uma ênfase crescente no ensino ou nas funções da educação, em detrimento de características fundamentais atreladas ao gênero sem as quais não é possível ser um bom professor.
Analysis and design of a base-isolated reinforced concrete frame building
Authors: Megget L. M.
Published: January 2021

The paper describes the dynamic and static analyses and design of a four storey ductile reinforced concrete frame structure isolated from the foundations by elastomeric bearings incorporating lead energy dampers. Results from inelastic, time-history analyses for the isolated and non-isolated structure are compared for several input earthquake motions. The benefits of energy dampers in reducing the isolated building's response (shears, plastic hinge demands and interstorey drifts) are detailed. Differences from conventional ductile design and detailing as well as design recommendations are included.