bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Characterization and Anti-Gouty Nephropathy Potential of Polysaccharides from Atractylodes chinensis
Authors: Chen Xue , Jia Ruipu , Zhang Kai , Sun Shiqing , Mei Mei , Zhao Hong , Shen Yu , Wang Yuliang , Zhang Yu
Published: February 2025

Polysaccharides derived from Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz. (ACP), a traditional Chinese medicine, were extracted and analyzed for their structural characteristics and anti-gouty nephropathy (GN) activity. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into six groups: control, model, positive control, and three treatment groups (ACP-60-L, ACP-60-M, and ACP-60-H). Treatment significantly reduced inflammatory responses and renal damage, as evidenced by decreased levels of uric acid (UA), creatinine (Cr), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), alongside modulation of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) expression in renal tissues. ACP-60 was fractionated into three polysaccharides, including ACP-60-A (Mw 9.18 kDa), ACP-60-B (Mw 58.21 kDa), and ACP-60-C (Mw 109.01 kDa) using DEAE-52 cellulose column chromatography. Monosaccharide analysis revealed that ACP-60-A predominantly comprised fructose (Fru) and glucose (Glc), ACP-60-B contained rhamnose (Rha), galactose (Gal), Fru, and mannose (Man), and ACP-60-C included Man, Gal, Rha and xylose (Xyl). In vitro studies using HK-2 cells confirmed the anti-GN activity of all three fractions, with ACP-60-A demonstrating the highest efficacy. Structural elucidation of ACP-60-A identified its main glycosidic linkages as a →1)-β-Fruf-(2→ backbone with α-Glcp-(1→ and β-Fruf-(2→ branches. The underlying mechanism of ACP-60-A’s anti-GN activity is associated with inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway, suppression of downstream inflammatory factor release, and downregulation of NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1 protein expression. Further studies demonstrated that the superior activity of ACP-60-A is attributable to its lower molecular weight, specific monosaccharide composition, and unique glycosidic bond arrangement. ACP-60-A shows potential for increased anti-GN efficacy through purification or modification, laying the groundwork for developing novel therapeutic agents for GN.
A Systematic Study of Liquid Chromatography in Search of the Best Separation of Cannabinoids for Potency Testing of Hemp-Based Products
Authors: Owolabi Ayowole , Ogunsola Olalekan , Joens Emma , Kotler Medline , Song Liguo
Published: February 2025

A study was conducted to search for the best separation of eighteen cannabinoids, the maximum number of cannabinoids that have been quantified so far, for potency testing of hemp-based products using liquid chromatography diode array detector (LC-DAD). The investigation utilized four column types, all sharing the same dimension (150 mm × 2.1 mm) and core–shell particle size (2.7 µm), but different stationary phases: dimethyl-octadecyl (Poroshell 120 EC-C18), diisobutyl-octadecyl (Raptor ARC-18), reverse phase (RP)-carbamate (Cortecs Shield RP-18), and RP-amide (Ascentis Express RP-Amide). The resolution of adjacent cannabinoids was kept close to 1.5 or higher, while the separation time was kept as short as possible. The fastest separation was achieved within 15.0 min using two sequential Raptor ARC-18 columns, with a mobile phase consisting of 75.0% acetonitrile and 25.0% aqueous solution of 0.03% formic acid and 0.5 mM ammonium formate at pH 2.97, at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. A slightly improved resolution of the eighteen cannabinoids was obtained within 18.5 min using two sequential Poroshell 120 EC-C18 columns under similar conditions, except for a mobile phase containing 77.5% acetonitrile and a reduced flow rate of 0.45 mL/min due to backpressure higher than 600 bars. Furthermore, a rapid 7.0 min separation was achieved for potency testing of hemp-based products by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS/MS) using a Cortecs Shield RP-18 column, with a mobile phase consisting of 70.0% acetonitrile and 30.0% aqueous solution of 0.01% formic acid and 1 mM ammonium formate at pH 3.38 at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min.
Rapid Profiling of Volatile Organic Compounds Associated with Plant-Based Milks Versus Bovine Milk Using an Integrated PTR-ToF-MS and GC-MS Approach
Authors: Corvino Antonia , Khomenko Iuliia , Betta Emanuela , Brigante Federico Ivan , Bontempo Luana , Biasioli Franco , Capozzi Vittorio
Published: February 2025

The growing demand for plant-based beverages has underscored the importance of investigating their volatile profiles, which play a crucial role in sensory perception and consumer acceptance. This is especially true for plant-based milks (PBMs) that have a clear reference model in bovine milk. This study characterises the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in soy, almond and oat beverages compared to bovine milk using proton transfer reaction-time of flight-mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) as a rapid and noninvasive screening tool, complemented by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for compound identification. A total of 188 mass peaks were detected by PTR-ToF-MS, all showing significant differences from the blank, while GC-MS allowed the identification of 50 compounds, supporting the tentative identifications performed with PTR-MS analysis. In order to facilitate a comparison of different milks, after statistical analysis, these 188 mass peaks were further categorised into two groups: one consisting of VOCs with minimal variability across all samples and another comprising VOCs with significantly different abundances, distinctly characterising each beverage. Principal component analysis revealed a clear separation between bovine milk and PBMs, with almond beverages exhibiting the richest volatilome, while oat beverages displayed a more homogeneous volatile profile. PTR-ToF-MS demonstrated its ability to analyse volatile profiles rapidly, with excellent complementarity to GC-MS in terms of analytical versatility. The results provided a valuable basis for testing new experimental designs aimed to characterise and enhance flavour profiles in plant-based beverages, also after processing, in case of new product development that considers using these milks as raw materials.
Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activity of Green-Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Against Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Fish
Authors: Elabbasy Mohamed Tharwat , El Bayomi Rasha M. , Abdelkarim Esraa A. , Hafez Abd El-Salam E. , Othman Mohamed S. , Ghoniem Mohamed E. , Samak Mai A. , Alshammari Muteb H. , Almarshadi Fahad Awwadh , Elsamahy Tamer , Hussein Mohamed A.
Published: February 2025

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli is a major foodborne pathogen posing a critical threat to public health, particularly through the contamination of animal products. The increasing prevalence and virulence of MDR E. coli strains underscore the urgent need for alternative antimicrobial strategies. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using Stevia rebaudiana as a sustainable capping and reducing agent, aligning with green chemistry principles. Of the 120 fish samples, 74.2% (89/120) were positive for E. coli contamination. Among the identified E. coli strains, 77.8% (119/153) were classified as MDR. Resistance profiling revealed 22 distinct patterns, and seven highly resistant and virulent strains were selected for further analyses. The eco-friendly auto-combustion synthesis of ZnO-NPs produced nanoparticles with semi-spherical to hexagonal shapes and an average size ranging from 12 to 25 nm. Scanning Electron Microscope–Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (SEM-EDS) confirms that ZnO-NPs primarily consist of zinc (37.5%) and oxygen (19.9%), with carbon (42.6%) indicating the green synthesis process. ZnO-NPs demonstrated potent, dose-dependent antibacterial and antibiofilm activity against the selected MDR E. coli strains. Additionally, mechanistic studies revealed that ZnO-NPs disrupt bacterial cell membranes, alter cellular morphology, and interfere with DNA integrity. These findings highlight the potential of eco-friendly ZnO-NPs as a promising nanomaterial for enhancing food safety and addressing the growing challenge of MDR foodborne bacteria.
Identification and Therapeutic Potential of Polymethoxylated Flavones in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium for Alzheimer’s Disease: Targeting Neuroinflammation
Authors: Wang Xinyu , Yi Zirong , Zhang Yiming , Zhang Jing , Li Xueyan , Qi Dongying , Wang Qianqian , Chai Xiaoyu , Liu Huan , Wang Guopeng , Pan Yanli , Liu Yang , Yu Guohua
Published: February 2025

Neuroinflammation is a significant driving force in the pathogenesis and progression of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs), the key lipid-soluble constituents in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP), exhibit excellent blood–brain barrier permeability and anti-inflammatory properties, holding therapeutic potential for CNS disorders. However, the specific bioactive components and therapeutic effects of PMFs in treating CNS disorders are not well understood. This study employed a comprehensive sequential metabolism approach to elucidate the dynamic biotransformation of PMFs in vivo and identified seven brain-targeting components. Subsequently, network pharmacology and experimental validation were utilized to explore the potential mechanisms of PMFs. The results suggested that PMFs have potential therapeutic value for Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-like mice, with the inhibition of neuroinflammation likely being a key mechanism of their anti-AD effects. Notably, sinensetin, tangeretin, nobiletin, and 3,5,6,7,8,3′,4′-heptamethoxyflavone were identified as potent neuroinflammatory inhibitors. This research elucidated the chemical and therapeutic foundations of PMFs, indicating their potential as treatments or nutritional supplements for AD prevention and treatment. Moreover, the integrated triad approach of sequential metabolism, network pharmacology, and experimental validation may serve as a promising strategy for screening bioactive compounds in herbs or functional foods, as well as for elucidating their therapeutic mechanisms.
Peperomia campylotropa A.W. Hill: Ethnobotanical, Phytochemical, and Metabolomic Profile Related to Its Gastroprotective Activity
Authors: Márquez-Flores Yazmín K. , Ayala-Velasco Jesús , Correa-Basurto José , Estrada-Pérez Alan , Meléndez-Camargo M. Estela
Published: February 2025

Peperomia campylotropa (Piperaceae) is a species with a traditional Mexican gastroprotective use that has never-before been studied using metabolomics. This study explores the ethnobotanical use of the species, aiming to define the gastroprotective effect of the aqueous extract and characterize its secondary metabolites by UHPLC–MS analysis. To validate its use, we botanically identified the species re-collected in the Municipality of Buenavista de Cuéllar, Guerrero, Mexico. We conducted interviews to provide evidence of the traditional details of its consumption and knowledge. Subsequently, qualitative phytochemical tests were performed to elucidate the possible secondary metabolites, which were also characterized under UHPLC–MS analysis and analyzed according to their primary type and retention times. Indomethacin (IND)- and ethanol (EtOH)-induced gastric damage models in Wistar rats were used for pharmacological evaluation, considering the ulceration index and gastroprotection percentage. Along with the participation in the mechanism of action of nitric oxide (NO), sulfhydryl (-SH) groups and prostaglandins (PG) were elucidated by Wistar rats pretreated with N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), N-Ethylmaleimide (NEM), and IND, respectively. Acute intragastric toxicity was also estimated in NIH female mice. Ninety people were interviewed, revealing the traditional knowledge of P. campylotropa as food and medicine for stomach diseases, including irritation and indigestion. The presence of phenolic compounds (48%), N-containing compounds (22%), glycosides (21%), terpenoids (7%), and lactones (4%) were verified by preliminary phytochemical analysis and by UHPLC–MS in which 162 secondary metabolites were characterized. Besides that, the aqueous extract at 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg of body weight (b.w.) decreased the ulcerative index, showing gastroprotection percentages between 60 and 80%, similar to that of omeprazole. Furthermore, -SH group participation in its activity was established. All this evidence supports the gastroprotective activity of P. campylotropa for the first time and contributes to understanding its secondary metabolite content.
Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol to 4-Aminophenol by Reusable CuFe5O8-Based Catalysts Synthesized by Co-Precipitation Method
Authors: Siri-apai Patompong , Yaemphutchong Sila , Suetrong Natapol , Suesuwan Arunthip , Choophun Nicha , Wannapaiboon Suttipong , Rodchanarowan Aphichart , Chansaenpak Kantapat , Aroonrote Nidcha , Hanlumyuang Yuranan , Wattanathana Worawat
Published: February 2025

The reduction of unfriendly 4-nitrophenol to make it unimpactful with the environment (4-aminophenol) was carried out using the metastable form of copper ferrite (CuFe5O8) synthesized by the co-precipitation of metal nitrate salts, an efficient method with inexpensive and abundant starting materials. The samples were obtained by calcination at various temperatures ranging from 600 °C to 900 °C. The material characterizations, including X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption/desorption, scanning electron microscope, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and ultraviolet–visible spectrometry, were employed to identify the detailed structures and describe their correlations with catalytic activities. The X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy analyses revealed the presence of mixed CuFe5O8 and copper oxide phases, where the formers are rich in Cu2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ ions. The electron transfer between Cu2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ led to the high efficiency of the catalytic reaction of the synthesized copper ferrites. Especially for the sample calcined at 600 °C, the apparent kinetic constant (k) for a reduction of 4-nitrophenol was equal to 0.25 min−1, illustrating nearly 100% conversion of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol within less than 9 min. Regarding the N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, the samples calcined at 600 °C have the highest specific Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area (15.93 m2 g−1) among the others in the series, which may imply the most effective catalytic performance investigated herein. The post-catalytic X-ray diffraction investigation indicated the stability of the prepared catalysts. Furthermore, the chemical stability of the prepared catalysts was confirmed by its reusability in five consecutive cycles.
Amyloid Fibrils and Their Applications: Current Status and Latest Developments
Authors: Liu Bingxu , Zhang Hongnan , Qin Xiaohong
Published: February 2025

Amyloid fibrils are one of the important forms of protein aggregates, first discovered in the pathological brain tissues of patients with various neurodegenerative diseases. They are considered the core pathological markers of different neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, research has found that multiple proteins or peptides dynamically assemble to form functional amyloid-like nanofibrils under physiological conditions, exhibiting excellent mechanical properties, high environmental stability, and self-healing ability. Therefore, they have become a class of functional biological nanomaterials with important development potential. This article systematically reviews the latest progress in the preparation, functionalization, and application of amyloid-like nanofibrils in engineering and provides an outlook on possible future development directions.
Cardiac CT in Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke for the Evaluation of Non-Thrombotic and Non-Atrial-Fibrillation-Related Embolic Causes
Authors: Mostafa Karim , Wünsche Cosima , Krutmann Sarah , Wolf Carmen , Aludin Schekeb , Larsen Naomi , Seiler Alexander , Schunk Domagoj , Jansen Olav , Seoudy Hatim , Langguth Patrick
Published: February 2025

Background: The purpose of this study is the evaluation of imaging findings of acute-phase cardiac CT (cCT) in stroke patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) to identify potential cardioembolic sources (CES) in patients without intracardiac thrombi and atrial fibrillation (AF). Material and Methods: This retrospective study included 315 patients with LVO who underwent cCT imaging in the acute stroke setting. The images were analysed for 15 imaging findings following the established minor and major cardioembolic risk factors. The final stroke aetiology was determined using the TOAST classification through interdisciplinary consensus following a thorough clinical evaluation. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify imaging findings associated with CES. Results: A cardioembolic aetiology was identified on cardiac CT in 211 cases (70%). After adjustment for AF and intracardiac thrombi, the multivariate regression analysis revealed significant associations with left ventricular dilation (adjusted odds-ratio (AOR) 32.4; 95% CI 3.0–349; p = 0.004), visible interatrial right-to-left shunt (AOR 30.8; 95% CI 2.7–341.3; p = 0.006), valve implants (AOR 24.5; 95% CI 2.2–270.9; p = 0.009), aortic arch atheroma grade > II (AOR 6.9; 95% CI 1.5–32.8; p = 0.015) and post-ischaemic myocardial scars (AOR 6.3, 95% CI 1.2–34.1; p = 0.032) as independent risk factors for a cardioembolic aetiology. The combined model achieved an area under the ROC curve of 0.83. Conclusions: In patients with LVO without AF and intracardiac thrombi as a cause, the presence of left ventricular dilatation, interatrial right-to-left shunts, valve implants, post-ischaemic myocardial scarring and advanced aortic arch atheroma (grade > 2) in particular is significantly associated with a cardioembolic cause of stroke and should be add-on evaluated in acute-phase cCT. Further investigations are warranted to confirm these associations.
An Evaluation of ChatGPT for Nutrient Content Estimation from Meal Photographs
Authors: O’Hara Cathal , Kent Gráinne , Flynn Angela C. , Gibney Eileen R. , Timon Claire M.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Advances in artificial intelligence now allow combined use of large language and vision models; however, there has been limited evaluation of their potential in dietary assessment. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of ChatGPT-4 in estimating nutritional content of commonly consumed meals using meal photographs derived from national dietary survey data. Methods: Meal photographs (n = 114) were uploaded to ChatGPT and it was asked to identify the foods in each meal, estimate their weight, and estimate the nutrient content of the meals for 16 nutrients for comparison with the known values using precision, paired t-tests, Wilcoxon signed rank test, percentage difference, and Spearman correlation (rs). Seven dietitians also estimated energy, protein, and carbohydrate content of thirty-eight meal photographs for comparison with ChatGPT using intraclass correlation (ICC). Results: Comparing ChatGPT and actual meals, ChatGPT showed good precision (93.0%) for correctly identifying the foods in the photographs. There was good agreement for meal weight (p = 0.221) for small meals, but poor agreement for medium (p < 0.001) and large (p < 0.001) meals. There was poor agreement for 10 of the 16 nutrients (p < 0.05). Percentage difference from actual values was >10% for 13 nutrients, with ChatGPT underestimating 11 nutrients. Correlations were adequate or good for all nutrients with rs ranging from 0.29 to 0.83. When comparing ChatGPT and dietitians, the ICC ranged from 0.31 to 0.67 across nutrients. Conclusions: ChatGPT performed well for identifying foods, estimating weights of small portion sizes, and ranking meals according to nutrient content, but performed poorly for estimating weights of medium and large portion sizes and providing accurate estimates of nutrient content.
Reactive Dicarbonyl Scavenging with 2-Hydroxybenzylamine Improves MASH
Authors: Cheung-Flynn Joyce , Rathmacher John A. , Pitchford Lisa M. , Xiong Yanhua , Flynn Charles Robert
Published: February 2025

Background: Products of lipid peroxidation include a number of reactive lipid aldehydes including reactive dicarbonyl electrophiles (DEs) and contribute to disease processes. DEs play a significant role in the development and progression of metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) by contributing to oxidative stress, inflammation, protein dysfunction, and mitochondrial impairment. Reducing DE stress may be a potential strategy for managing MASLD. We hypothesized that the DE scavenger 2-hydroxybenzylamine (2-HOBA) would reduce liver injury by reducing liver protein adduct formation by DE in mouse models of MASLD. Methods: Protein adducts were measured in human livers by immunohistochemistry and immunoblot. The effects of 2-HOBA were assessed in two different mouse models of MASLD. Results: Isolevuglandin (IsoLG) protein adducts were increased in MASH-staged human livers relative to histologically normal controls. Diet-Induced Animal Model of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (DIAMOND) mice treated with 2-HOBA exhibited significantly lower fibrosis scores (* p = 0.012) and reduced liver transaminases (AST, p = 0.03) and ALT, p = 0.012) by over 40%. In STAM (Stelic Animal Model) mice, 2-HOBA improved NAFLD activity scores (p = 0.03, NAS), hyperglycemia, and inflammatory cytokines and reduced serum F2-isoprostanes (IsoPs) by 30%, p = 0.05. These improvements were absent mRNA changes in hepatic antioxidant enzymes (Cat, Gpx1, or Sod2) or ROS-generating proteins (p22PHOX, p47PHOX, NOX4 or COX1). Conclusions: DE scavenging with 2-HOBA may be a promising therapeutic strategy for managing MASLD. While findings are currently limited to male mice, a nutraceutical that reduces liver fibrosis could significantly improve the management of MASH by offering a non-invasive treatment option to potentially slow or reverse liver scarring, delay progression to cirrhosis, and improve patient outcomes, while also providing a potential treatment option for patients who may not be suitable for other interventions like liver transplantation.
Quorum Quenching of P. aeruginosa by Portulaca oleracea Methanolic Extract and Its Phytochemical Profile
Authors: Al-Daghistani Hala I. , Matalqah Sina M. , Shadid Khalid A. , Abu-Niaaj Lubna F. , Zein Sima , Abo-Ali Raeda M.
Published: February 2025

Quorum sensing (QS) is a molecular communication mechanism among bacterial cells. It is critical in regulating virulence factors, motility, antibiotic resistance, and biofilm formation. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen linked to healthcare-associated infections, food poisoning, and biofilm formation. Treating infections caused by pathogenic bacteria has become a challenge due to the development of multi-antibiotic resistance upon continuous exposure of bacteria to antibiotics. An alternative strategy to conventional antimicrobials to decrease the bacterial pathogenicity is QS inhibition, also known as quorum quenching. Using plant-derived compounds is an environmentally friendly strategy to block the bacterial QS and inhibit bacterial growth. Portulaca oleracea is a popular plant in different countries and is also used in traditional medicine. It is widely consumed raw in salads and as garnishes, though it can be cooked as a vegetarian dish. This study evaluates the antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of P. oleracea and its effectiveness in blocking or attenuating the QS of P. aeruginosa. The agar well diffusion method used for screening the antibacterial activity showed a significant growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa by the extract at 500 mg/mL with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 31.25 mg/mL. A bioindicator bacterium, Chromobacterium violaceum CV026, was used to determine the effect of the methanolic extract on the QS of P. aeruginosa. The results indicated a significant reduction in biofilm formation, pyocyanin production, and LasA staphylolytic activity. The phytochemical analysis by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry showed that the methanolic extract contained several phenols, alkaloids, esters, and other compounds previously reported to have antibacterial and antioxidant effects. These findings highlight the effectiveness of P. oleracea methanolic extract in attenuating the QS and virulence factors of P. aeruginosa. This study suggests that P. oleracea is an important source of natural antimicrobials and its use would be beneficial in food and pharmaceutical applications.
Advanced rDNA-Based Detection of Wheat Pathogens in Grain Samples Using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS)
Authors: Pieczul Katarzyna , Świerczyńska Ilona , Wójtowicz Andrzej
Published: February 2025

High-throughput sequencing (HTS) has revolutionized phytopathology by overcoming many limitations of traditional diagnostic methods, as it permits precise pathogen monitoring, identification, and control, with ribosomal DNA (rDNA) regions serving as reliable markers for fungal classification. In this study, next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used, targeting the ITS1 and ITS2 regions to explore fungal diversity and pathogen presence in winter wheat grain samples and identifying 183 OTU sequences across 115 taxa. The ITS1 analysis yielded 249,743 reads, with Fusarium sp. (61%) as the dominant pathogenic taxon, followed by Sporobolomyces sp. (14%), Cladosporium sp. (3%), and other yeast-like or saprotrophic fungi, such as Cryptoccocus spp., F. wieringae, and B. alba. Sequencing of ITS1 also permitted the detection of F. acuminatum and the quarantine-regulated pathogens T. caries and T. triticoides. The ITS2 analysis produced 179,675 reads, with F. culmorum (47%) as the most abundant taxon, confirming significant grain contamination with this pathogen. Other frequently detected taxa included yeast-like fungi such as C. tephrensis (21%) and V. victoriae (13%), along with saprotrophic species like S. roseus and Davidella sp. ITS2 provided better resolution for the identification of Fusarium species by the detection of more pathogenic taxa associated with cereal diseases, including F. culmorum, as well as F. cerealis, F. poae, and F. tricinctum. The analysis revealed a diverse fungal community, including other pathogens such as A. porri, B. cinerea, and C. herbarum, as well as various non-pathogenic and saprotrophic fungal taxa. These findings underscore the complementary utility of ITS1 and ITS2 in profiling fungal diversity and detecting critical pathogens using HTS, highlighting the potential of these DNA regions for monitoring and managing cereal crop health.
RETRACTED: Ezz Eldin et al. Design and Synthesis of Novel 5-((3-(Trifluoromethyl)piperidin-1-yl)sulfonyl)indoline-2,3-dione Derivatives as Promising Antiviral Agents: In Vitro, In Silico, and Structure–Activity Relationship Studies. Pharmaceuticals 2023, 16, 1247
Authors: Ezz Eldin Rogy R. , Saleh Marwa A. , Alwarsh Sefat A. , Rushdi Areej , Althoqapy Azza Ali , El Saeed Hoda S. , Abo Elmaaty Ayman
Published: February 2025

The Pharmaceuticals Editorial Office retracts the article “Design and Synthesis of Novel 5-((3-(Trifluoromethyl)piperidin-1-yl)sulfonyl)indoline-2,3-dione Derivatives as Promising Antiviral Agents: In Vitro, In Silico, and Structure–Activity Relationship Studies” [...]
Gymnema sylvestre as a Potential Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Biofilm Agent Against Anaerobic Infections: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Miranda Diego Garcia , Tomé Fernanda Malagutti , Miguel Manuela Maria Viana , Liberato Sabrina Ferreira dos Santos , Marcucci Maria Cristina , Vigerelli Hugo , Rodrigues Flavia Pires , Pacheco-Soares Cristina , Godoi Bruno Henrique , Carrouel Florence , de Oliveira Luciane Dias , Ramos Lucas de Paula
Published: February 2025

This study evaluates the antimicrobial activity of the glycolic extract of G. sylvestre against anaerobic pathogens, along with its cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant effects, and phytochemical composition. Phytochemical analysis was conducted using high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, while the antioxidant effect was assessed through a DPPH assay. Antimicrobial action was tested on planktonic cultures and biofilms of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Parvimonas micra, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7), rat fibroblasts (L929), and human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Anti-inflammatory effects were measured by an immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) on RAW 264.7 cells. Statistical analysis was performed using a one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The extract demonstrated a reduction of over 95% in biofilms of P. gingivalis, P. micra, and F. nucleatum within 5 min of treatment. Cell viability (HaCaT) remained above 80%. Antioxidant activity showed an EC50 of 353.43 µg/mL, achieving a 50% reduction in free radicals. A significant decrease in TNF-α (a pro-inflammatory cytokine) and an increase in IL-10 (an anti-inflammatory cytokine) were observed. In conclusion, the extract of G. sylvestre exhibits promising potential as a therapeutic agent for treating anaerobic infections, inflammation, and oxidative stress.
Predicting Potential Suitable Habitats of Three Rare Wild Magnoliaceae Species (Michelia crassipes, Lirianthe coco, Manglietia insignis) Under Current and Future Climatic Scenarios Based on the Maxent Model
Authors: Fan Yu , Yao Weihao , Wang Zenghui , Fan Xinyue , Hu Shuyue , Wang Hongfei , Ou Jing
Published: February 2025

In recent years, the impacts of climate change and human activities have intensified the loss and fragmentation of habitats for wild rare Magnoliaceae. Predicting the potential impacts of future climate change on the suitable habitat distribution of wild and endangered Magnoliaceae species is of great significance for their conservation and application. This study employs the optimized MaxEnt model to investigate current and future potential suitable habitats of three rare Magnoliaceae species (Michelia crassipes, Lirianthe coco, and Manglietia insignis). The dominant environmental variables influencing the distribution of three species were also explored. The results showed the following: (1) The potential habitat range of three Magnoliaceae species currently span from 92–122° N and 19–36° E. Variables associated with temperature (bio2, bio9, bio4) and altitude (Ele) significantly influence the distribution of these species, with precipitation (bio17) and ultraviolet radiation (UVB4) playing a minor role. The warm and humid climate in central and southern China is highly conducive to their growth. (2) Under the SSP126 scenario, after the mid-21st century, the suitable habitat area of Michelia crassipes has undergone a fluctuating trend of initial increase followed by decrease, reducing to 51.84 × 104 km2 in 2090. On the other hand, both the suitable habitat areas of Lirianthe coco and Manglietia insignis show an upward trend. Under the SSP245 and SSP585 scenarios, the total suitable habitat areas of these three rare Magnoliaceae species gradually decrease. (3) We compared the priority protection areas with existing Protected Areas (PAs) in gap analysis; 96.84% of priority conservation areas are lacking effective protection. (4) The distribution centroid is constantly moving to western China. In order to address habitat fragmentation, it is recommended that the range of natural reserves be expanded and ecological corridors be established in the future, preferably according to the predicted suitable climate for protected areas and refuges or habitats for these species. Overall, these findings provide valuable insights for the preservation, stewardship, and utilization of the endangered species of Magnoliaceae under the circumstances of projected global climate change.
Synthesis and Modifying Effect of Oligoesters with Reactive Groups Based on Epoxy Aliphatic Resin and Oligoester Dicarboxylic Acids
Authors: Meng Xiangli , He Qing , Hryhorenko Tetiana
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this research is to study the modifying effect of oligoesters with reactive groups based on epoxy aliphatic resin and oligoesters with dicarboxylic acids with different molecular weights (adipic, sebacic, and tetradecanedioic acids). Adducts of oligoesters with terminal epoxy groups and epoxy resin (ER) were prepared. The structures of the intermediates and modifiers were characterized by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, TGA, DMA, and SEM. The single-phase structure of the modified polymers was confirmed using the DMA, TGA, and SEM methods. It was shown that for modified polymers, a pattern of plastic deformation is observed, in contrast to the brittle destruction of the initial polymer. It has been found that elongation at break, impact strength, work of fracture, and shear strength increase throughout the studied concentration range (at 50% modifier content, elongation at break and shear strength increase by ~450% and ~150%, respectively, compared with an unmodified polymer). The results obtained demonstrate that synthesized modifiers with reactive epoxy groups can contribute to the creation of new cold-cured epoxy materials with an improved complex of properties for various industries.
Utilization of Ground Eggshell as a Biofiller of Plasticized PVC-Based Materials Fabricated Using Melt Blending
Authors: Skórczewska Katarzyna , Lewandowski Krzysztof , Wilczewski Sławomir , Szulc Joanna , Rakowska Paulina
Published: February 2025

The paper examines the use of waste eggshells as a valuable biofiller for modifying plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). The raw ES was characterized using TGA, FTIR, particle size analysis, and XRD. The effects of ES on the processing, mechanical and thermal properties, density, porosity, and colour of PVC matrix composites were evaluated compared to pPVC/CC produced using the same methodology. It was found that pPVC/ES exhibits different processing properties to pPVC/CC. The mechanical properties of PVC/ES are slightly lower than those of pPVC/CC at concentrations up to 20 phr. However, at 30 phr and 40 phr, the differences in the mechanical properties of composites with both CC and ES are very similar, and the values are within the designated standard deviation of the measurement. The mechanical properties of PVC/ES do not limit their potential applications. When using eggshell (ES) as a filler, improvements in tensile strength (tts) were observed, ranging from 38% to 61% compared to the unfilled matrix and from 35% to 54% compared to pPVC/CC with an equivalent amount of filler. Although ground eggshells have similar insulating properties to calcium carbonate (CC), they are more effective at scavenging chlorine (Cl•) released during the initial stages of decomposition. This effectiveness helps to slow down the breakdown of PVC, as the eggshells maintain their porous, sponge-like structure when used as a filler.
The Light-Fueled Stable Self-Rolling of a Liquid Crystal Elastomer-Based Wheel
Authors: Zha Jinze , Li Kai , Liu Junxiu
Published: February 2025

Self-excited systems rely on stable external stimuli to initiate and sustain oscillations via internal processes. However, these oscillations can compromise system stability and increase friction, limiting their practical applications. To overcome this issue, we propose the light-fueled stable self-rolling of a liquid crystal elastomer (LCE)-based wheel. A photothermal response model based on an LCE was used to analyze the temperature distribution within the LCE rods. The driving torque for self-rolling is generated by the contraction resulting from the LCE’s photothermal response, which displaces the wheel’s center of mass. We then derived the equilibrium equations and identified the critical conditions for achieving stable self-rolling motion. Through the interaction between the temperature field and driving torque, the wheel achieves continuous and stable self-rolling by absorbing thermal energy to counteract damping dissipation. Numerical simulations revealed that the stable self-rolling velocity is influenced by several key parameters, including heat flux, the contraction coefficient, gravitational acceleration, the initial damping torque, and the rolling damping coefficient. The proposed LCE-based wheel enhances system stability and significantly reduces frictional losses. These characteristics make it a promising candidate for applications in autonomous drive systems, micro-transportation devices, and photothermal energy conversion technologies.
Automated Optimization of Mixing Elements for Single-Screw Extrusion Using CFD Simulations
Authors: Matzerath Tanja , Bonten Christian
Published: February 2025

Today’s materials must meet high mechanical requirements while remaining cost-effective in production. This requires a homogeneous temperature and material distribution and splitting, as achieved by mixing elements in single-screw extrusion, which depends on the material properties, the geometry of the mixing elements, and the process conditions. Existing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods can help, but often optimize dispersive (split) or distributive (spread) mixing separately and neglect their mutual influence and competition, which prevents a single optimal solution. To address this, this work develops an automated optimization tool using a genetic algorithm for the holistic optimization of both mixing processes, considering pressure drop, temperature gradient, and quantitative metrics for dispersive and distributive mixing. Compromises between geometry and metrics that improve dispersive mixing while maintaining moderate temperature gradients and pressure drops were determined for four different polymers. The results of the dispersive mixing element show dependencies between mixing metrics and geometry. In contrast, the distributive mixing element shows no clear correlations between mixing metrics and geometry.
Features of Selective Sorption of Neodymium and Praseodymium Ions by Interpolymer Systems Based on Industrial Sorbents KU-2-8 and AV-17-8
Authors: Talkybek Jumadilov , Kabzhalelov Kamil , Malimbayeva Zamira , Korganbayeva Zhanar
Published: February 2025

In this study, the possibilities of selective sorption of neodymium and praseodymium ions from a mixture of their solution using interpolymer systems composed of two industrial sorbents, cation exchangers KU-2-8 (Na+) and AB-17-8 (Cl−), at different molar ratios were investigated. The processes of sorption and desorption were carried out in two modes: dynamic (with active stirring) and static (without stirring the working solution from which REEs were extracted). According to the obtained results, sorption in the dynamic mode in the ratios of 4:2 and 3:3 does not lead to any selectivity. However, a high degree of extraction was noted for both ions: Pr3+ = 99.36%, Nd3+ = 95.67% for the 4:2 system and Pr3+ = 81.33%, Nd3+ = 79% for the 3:3 system. In the static mode, the degree of extraction of both metals was significantly lower: for the 4:2 system Pr3+ = 19.33%, Nd3+ = 24%, but greater selectivity with respect to neodymium was observed. With a ratio of 4:2, neodymium was sorbed better than praseodymium by 24.16%, and in the 3:3 system by 39.83%. When desorption from the cationite was carried out with nitric acid, a similar tendency was preserved. Thus, it was shown that interpolymer systems can be used in industry by varying the conditions of sorption and desorption for the successful extraction of neodymium and praseodymium from industrial solutions.
A Sustained-Release Material for Removing Aniline from Groundwater Based on Waste Foamed Polystyrene as the Encapsulating Matrix
Authors: Zhu Qizhi , Meng Fanbin , Yang Yuning , Qin Bing , Shi Yushan , Liang Chuan , Zhang Feng
Published: February 2025

In this study, a novel slow-release material using recycled waste foamed polystyrene (WFPS) as the carrier was developed for the degradation of aniline-contaminated groundwater. Sodium persulfate (SPS) and zero-valent iron (ZVI) were embedded in WFPS, enabling the controlled and sustained release of reactive species. Systematic investigations were conducted to optimize the material’s composition and evaluate its performance under various conditions, including pH, initial aniline concentration, and the presence of common groundwater anions. The results revealed that the slow-release material effectively enhanced aniline degradation, achieving a maximum removal rate of 93.45% under flowing conditions. The degradation pathway was analyzed using GC-MS, identifying intermediates such as benzoquinone, hydroquinone, and dodecane, with eventual mineralization into CO2 and H2O. The material demonstrated robust performance, offering an efficient, cost-effective, and environmentally sustainable approach for in situ groundwater remediation.
The Dual Ethical Dimensions of “Tian” in Xizi-Belief: Unveiling Tianming and Tianli Through a Hunan Case Study
Authors: Zhang Xin , Liao Lei , Xie Xubin
Published: February 2025

This study focuses on Xizi-belief (惜字信仰) and provides a comparative analysis of the religious philosophies of Tianming (天命) and Tianli (天理), using the Hunan region as a case study. Through anthropological methods and fieldwork, this study explores how Classical Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism shape and guide word-cherishing behaviors based on the conceptual philosophies of Tianming and Tianli. The Tianming conception views characters as revelations of heavenly destiny. Through religious rituals, people cherish words to honor heaven and seek to change their destinies through heavenly forces, reflecting worldly desires and spiritual pursuits and emphasizing heaven with personhood. In contrast, the Tianli conception sees words as carriers of moral and natural laws. Guided by Confucian ethics and the concept of karma and retribution, it influences people’s moral norms and behavioral practices, reflecting the metaphysical moral law of a just and righteous heaven. Both conceptions not only involve the worship and protection of words but also profoundly embody a deep understanding and pursuit of the order of the universe, moral norms, the ethics of life, and the meaning of life. This study reveals three modes of influence: the religious philosophy integration model, the ritual practice model, and the architectural embodiment model. These models emphasize the positive impact of Xizi-belief on ethics and social life, prompting people to demonstrate positive guidance in human behavior through reverence for Tianming (mandate of heaven), adherence to Tianli (principle of heaven), and respect for nature. Under the guidance of classical religious ethical principles, the spread of Xizi-belief and the practice of Xizi religious ceremonies promote the harmonious development of individual virtues and social order, achieving harmony between humans and the universe.
PSNet: A Universal Algorithm for Multispectral Remote Sensing Image Segmentation
Authors: Zheng Yifan , Chen Zhong , Zheng Tong , Tian Chang , Dong Weiyu
Published: February 2025

Semantic segmentation, a fundamental task in remote sensing, plays a crucial role in urban planning, land monitoring, and road vehicle detection. However, compared to conventional images, multispectral remote sensing images present significant challenges due to large-scale variations, multiple bands, and complex details. These challenges manifest in three major issues: low cross-scale object segmentation accuracy, confusion between band information, and difficulties in balancing local and global information. Recognizing that traditional remote sensing indices, such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and the water body index, reveal unique semantic information in specific bands, this paper proposes a feature-decoupling-based pseudo-Siamese semantic segmentation architecture. To evaluate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed algorithm, comparative experiments were conducted on the Suichang Spatial Remote Sensing Dataset and the Potsdam-S Aerial Remote Sensing Dataset. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms all comparison methods, with average accuracy improvements of 80.719% and 77.856% on the Suichang and Potsdam datasets, respectively.
Detection of Aflatoxin B1 in Wheat Based on Nucleic Aptamer Chemiluminescence Sensor
Authors: Zhang Zebing , Wu Caizhang , Zhao Zhike
Published: February 2025

In this study, we developed a low-cost, high-sensitivity chemiluminescence competitive aptamer sensor for the detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in wheat samples. The optical fiber sensor was self-made, and it utilized biotin and streptavidin (SA) link aptamer and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for the chemiluminescence detection, achieving competitive assay between the AFB1 and AFB1 antigen. We adjusted the experimental conditions of the sensor base on the date of optimization of the experimental conditions and chose coated antigens on the surface of carboxyl magnetic particles. Under conditions optimized by testing key parameters, the assay results showed that the chemiluminescence intensity and AFB1 concentration demonstrated a strong linear relationship (R2 = 0.995), the dynamic range was from 0.1 to 10 ng/mL with a detection limit of 0.09 ng/mL, and the aptamer exhibited good specificity and anti-interference ability. Testing the wheat samples showed that the spiked recovery rate ranged from 79.19% to 113.21%. The sensor possesses characteristics of low detection limits, simple manufacturing methods, and affordability, providing a novel solution for the development of low-cost and high-sensitivity AFB1 detection equipment.
Micro-Vibration Control of Deployable Space Optical Imaging System Using Distributed Active Vibration Absorbers
Authors: Chen Zhuo , Wang Guangyuan , Zhu Chuanwen , Liu Feihu , Yu Kuai , Wu Yongsheng
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a distributed vibration control method using attachable absorbers for micro-vibration control of large space payload structures. The distributed vibration control system is modeled at three levels. The simplification of the attachable absorber model is discussed, and the single-channel ANC controller is extended to a multi-channel configuration. Based on the models, simulation analysis is conducted, revealing that the voltage–force output of the absorber in the low-frequency range can be simplified to a second-order system. During the distributed vibration control system simulation, a Simulink–GA hybrid optimization is applied to address the large number of converging parameters. The optimized parameters successfully control the vibration of all channels. Further analysis indicates that the coupling between control channels slightly reduces convergence speed but has no impact on the final control effect. Additionally, the control system can achieve the same results by independently tuning parameters for each channel. The experimental results, using absorber prototypes and a model with 12 sub-mirror structures, demonstrate that the method can control sub-mirror vibrations simultaneously, maintaining the flatness of the main mirror under disturbance, with a 90% reduction in vibration within 4 s. The coupling effect reduces the final convergence speed by approximately 10%, with a time difference of around 1 s.