bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Travel time and working time: What business travellers do when they travel, and why
Authors: Gustafson Per
Published: July 2012

Many business travellers today use some of their travel time as working time. However, interviews with frequent business travellers and travel managers in Sweden show that individual travellers differ very much in their attitudes and practices regarding travel time and working time, and that employers generally make no explicit demands about work during travel time. Also, although travellers often appreciate having good working conditions while travelling, the first priority for many frequent travellers is to minimize time spent away from home and family, rather than to make productive use of their travel time.
Real-time fluorogenic reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay for the specific detection of Bagaza virus
Authors: Buitrago Dolores , Rocha Ana , Tena-Tomás Cristina , Vigo Marta , Agüero Montserrat , Jiménez-Clavero Miguel Angel
Published: July 2012

In September 2010, an outbreak of disease in 2 wild bird species (red-legged partridge, Alectoris rufa; ring-necked pheasant, Phasianus colchicus) occurred in southern Spain. Bagaza virus (BAGV) was identified as the etiological agent of the outbreak. BAGV had only been reported before in Western Africa (Central African Republic, Senegal) and in India. The first occurrence of BAGV in Spain stimulated a demand for rapid, reliable, and efficacious diagnostic methods to facilitate the surveillance of this disease in the field. This report describes a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method based on a commercial 5’-Taq nuclease-3’ minor groove binder DNA probe and primers targeting the Bagaza NS5 gene. The method allowed the detection of BAGV with a high sensitivity, whereas other closely related flaviviruses ( Usutu virus, West Nile virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus) were not detected. The assay was evaluated using field samples of red-legged partridges dead during the outbreak ( n = 11), as well as samples collected from partridges during surveillance programs ( n = 81). The results were compared to those obtained with a pan-flaviviral hemi-nested RT-PCR followed by nucleotide sequencing, which was employed originally to identify the virus involved in the outbreak. The results obtained with both techniques were 100% matching, indicating that the newly developed real-time RT-PCR is a valid technique for BAGV genome detection, useful in both diagnosis and surveillance studies.
Voices of Resistance
Authors: Critelli Filomena M.
Published: July 2012

Gender violence is a global human rights issue that presents serious risk to women in Pakistan. Multiple factors make leaving violence extremely challenging. This study examines the experiences of women who escaped violence and sought shelter services in Pakistan through an ecological lens within the social, cultural, and legal realities of Pakistan. Nineteen women residing at a private shelter were interviewed. Explored were the processes leading women to take action against violence, barriers encountered, and the consequences of the decision to go to a shelter, with a focus on the women’s strengths and resilience.
Collaborative Writing in Real Time
Authors: Gale Ken , Martin Viv , Sakellariadis Artemi , Speedy Jane , Spry Tami
Published: July 2012

In this article we record, recount, and reflect on a 48-hour period in which we hang out in a rented house beside a lake with the intention of writing collaboratively. The writing emerges out of conversations. Our exchanges move back and forth and sideways between talking, writing, reading, and responding to each other’s writing. These exchanges are held together and created through cooking, eating, going to the pub, walking, making cocktails, singing, and arguing. This is a narrative account, in real/chronological time of a collaborative process of generating this writing. As such these are the raw, unedited texts. Our process includes three instances of talking, writing, and reading. We offer this as a backstage snapshot of collaborative writing.
Biocatalytic synthesis of flavones and hydroxyl-small molecules by recombinant Escherichia coli cells expressing the cyanobacterial CYP110E1 gene
Authors: Makino Takuya , Otomatsu Toshihiko , Shindo Kazutoshi , Kitamura Emi , Sandmann Gerhard , Harada Hisashi , Misawa Norihiko
Published: July 2012

Background

Cyanobacteria possess several cytochrome P450s, but very little is known about their catalytic functions. CYP110 genes unique to cyanaobacteria are widely distributed in heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria including nitrogen-fixing genera Nostoc and Anabaena. We screened the biocatalytic functions of all P450s from three cyanobacterial strains of genus Nostoc or Anabaena using a series of small molecules that contain flavonoids, sesquiterpenes, low-molecular-weight drugs, and other aromatic compounds.

Results

Escherichia coli cells carrying each P450 gene that was inserted into the pRED vector, containing the RhFRed reductase domain sequence from Rhodococcus sp. NCIMB 9784 P450RhF (CYP116B2), were co-cultured with substrates and products were identified when bioconversion reactions proceeded. Consequently, CYP110E1 of Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120, located in close proximity to the first branch point in the phylogenetic tree of the CYP110 family, was found to be promiscuous for the substrate range mediating the biotransformation of various small molecules. Naringenin and (hydroxyl) flavanones were respectively converted to apigenin and (hydroxyl) flavones, by functioning as a flavone synthase. Such an activity is reported for the first time in prokaryotic P450s. Additionally, CYP110E1 biotransformed the notable sesquiterpene zerumbone, anti-inflammatory drugs ibuprofen and flurbiprofen (methylester forms), and some aryl compounds such as 1-methoxy and 1-ethoxy naphthalene to produce hydroxylated compounds that are difficult to synthesize chemically, including novel compounds.

Conclusion

We elucidated that the CYP110E1 gene, C-terminally fused to the P450RhF RhFRed reductase domain sequence, is functionally expressed in E. coli to synthesize a robust monooxygenase, which shows promiscuous substrate specificity (affinity) for various small molecules, allowing the biosynthesis of not only flavones (from flavanones) but also a variety of hydroxyl-small molecules that may span pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries.
Ultrafine particles affect the balance of endogenous pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators in the lung: in-vitro and in-vivo studies
Authors: Beck-Speier Ingrid , Karg Erwin , Behrendt Heidrun , Stoeger Tobias , Alessandrini Francesca
Published: July 2012

Background

Exposure to ultrafine particles exerts diverse harmful effects including aggravation of pulmonary diseases like asthma. Recently we demonstrated in a mouse model for allergic airway inflammation that particle-derived oxidative stress plays a crucial role during augmentation of allergen-induced lung inflammation by ultrafine carbon particle (UfCP) inhalation. The mechanisms how particle inhalation might change the inflammatory balance in the lungs, leading to accelerated inflammatory reactions, remain unclear. Lipid mediators, known to be immediately generated in response to tissue injury, might be strong candidates for priming this particle-triggered change of the inflammatory balance.

Methods

We hypothesize that inhalation of UfCP may disturb the balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators in: i) a model for acute allergic pulmonary inflammation, exposing mice for 24 h before allergen challenge to UfCP inhalation (51.7 nm, 507 μg/m3), and ii) anin-vitromodel with primary rat alveolar macrophages (AM) incubated with UfCP (10 μg/1 x 106cells/ml) for 1 h. Lungs and AM were analysed for pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators, namely leukotriene B4(LTB4), prostaglandin E2(PGE2), 15(S)-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE), lipoxin A4(LXA4) and oxidative stress marker 8-isoprostane by enzyme immunoassays and immunohistochemistry.

Results

In non-sensitized mice UfCP exposure induced a light non-significant increase of all lipid mediators. Similarly but significantly in rat AM all lipid mediators were induced already within 1 h of UfCP stimulation. Also sensitized and challenge mice exposed to filtered air showed a partially significant increase in all lipid mediators. In sensitized and challenged mice UfCP exposure induced highest significant levels of all lipid mediators in the lungs together with the peak of allergic airway inflammation on day 7 after UfCP inhalation. The levels of LTB4, 8-isoprostane and PGE2were significantly increased also one day after UfCP exposure. Immunohistochemistry localized highest concentrations of PGE2especially in AM one day after UfCP exposure.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that UfCP exposure affects the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators. In allergic mice, where the endogenous balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators is already altered, UfCP exposure aggravates the inflammation and the increase in anti-inflammatory, pro-resolving lipid mediators is insufficient to counterbalance the extensive inflammatory response. This may be a contributing mechanism that explains the increased susceptibility of asthmatic patients towards particle exposure.
Screening for in planta protein-protein interactions combining bimolecular fluorescence complementation with flow cytometry
Authors: Berendzen Kenneth Wayne , Böhmer Maik , Wallmeroth Niklas , Peter Sébastien , Vesić Marko , Zhou Ying , Tiesler Franziska KatharinaElisabeth , Schleifenbaum Frank , Harter Klaus
Published: July 2012

Understanding protein and gene function requires identifying interaction partners using biochemical, molecular or genetic tools. In plants, searching for novel protein-protein interactions is limited to protein purification assays, heterologous in vivo systems such as the yeast-two-hybrid or mutant screens. Ideally one would be able to search for novel protein partners in living plant cells. We demonstrate that it is possible to screen for novel protein-protein interactions from a random library in protoplasted Arabidopsis plant cells and recover some of the interacting partners. Our screen is based on capturing the bi-molecular complementation of mYFP between an YN-bait fusion partner and a completely random prey YC-cDNA library with FACS. The candidate interactions were confirmed using in planta BiFC assays and in planta FRET-FLIM assays. From this work, we show that the well characterized protein Calcium Dependent Protein Kinase 3 (CPK3) interacts with APX3, HMGB5, ORP2A and a ricin B-related lectin domain containing protein At2g39050. This is one of the first random
in planta screens to be successfully employed.
Effects of intensivist coverage in a post-anaesthesia care unit on surgical patients' case mix and characteristics of the intensive care unit
Authors: Kastrup Marc , Seeling Matthes , Barthel Stefan , Bloch Andy , le Claire Marie , Spies Claudia , Scheller Matthias , Braun Jan
Published: July 2012

Introduction

There is an increasing demand for intensive care in hospitals, which can lead to capacity limitations in the intensive care unit (ICU). Due to postponement of elective surgery or delayed admission of emergency patients, outcome may be negatively influenced. To optimize the admission process to intensive care, the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) was staffed with intensivist coverage around the clock. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the impact of the PACU on the structure of ICU-patients and the contribution to overall hospital profit in terms of changes in the case mix index for all surgical patients.

Methods

The administrative data of all surgical patients (n = 51,040) 20 months prior and 20 months after the introduction of a round-the-clock intensivist staffing of the PACU were evaluated and compared.

Results

The relative number of patients with longer length of stay (LOS) (more than seven days) in the ICU increased after the introduction of the PACU. The average monthly number of treatment days of patients staying less than 24 hours in the ICU decreased by about 50% (138.95 vs. 68.19 treatment days, P <0.005). The mean LOS in the PACU was 0.45 (± 0.41) days, compared to 0.27 (± 0.2) days prior to the implementation. The preoperative times in the hospital decreased significantly for all patients. The case mix index (CMI) per hospital day for all surgical patients was significantly higher after the introduction of a PACU: 0.286 (± 0.234) vs. 0.309 (± 0.272) P <0.001 CMI/hospital day.

Conclusions

The introduction of a PACU and the staffing with intensive care staff might shorten the hospital LOS for surgical patients. The revenues for the hospital, as determined by the case mix index of the patients per hospital day, increased after the implementation of a PACU and more patients can be treated in the same time, due to a better use of resources.
CIDeR: multifactorial interaction networks in human diseases
Authors: Lechner Martin , Höhn Veit , Brauner Barbara , Dunger Irmtraud , Fobo Gisela , Frishman Goar , Montrone Corinna , Kastenmüller Gabi , Waegele Brigitte , Ruepp Andreas
Published: July 2012

The pathobiology of common diseases is influenced by heterogeneous factors interacting in complex networks. CIDeR http://mips.helmholtz-muenchen.de/cider/ is a publicly available, manually curated, integrative database of metabolic and neurological disorders. The resource provides structured information on 18,813 experimentally validated interactions between molecules, bioprocesses and environmental factors extracted from the scientific literature. Systematic annotation and interactive graphical representation of disease networks make CIDeR a versatile knowledge base for biologists, analysis of large-scale data and systems biology approaches.
RNA processing in the minimal organism Nanoarchaeum equitans
Authors: Randau Lennart
Published: July 2012

Background

The minimal genome of the tiny, hyperthermophilic archaeon Nanoarchaeum equitans contains several fragmented genes and revealed unusual RNA processing pathways. These include the maturation of tRNA molecules via the trans-splicing of tRNA halves and genomic rearrangements to compensate for the absence of RNase P.

Results

Here, the RNA processing events in the N. equitans cell are analyzed using RNA-Seq deep sequencing methodology. All tRNA half precursor and tRNA termini were determined and support the tRNA trans-splicing model. The processing of CRISPR RNAs from two CRISPR clusters was verified. Twenty-seven C/D box small RNAs (sRNAs) and a H/ACA box sRNA were identified. The C/D box sRNAs were found to flank split genes, to form dicistronic tRNA-sRNA precursors and to be encoded within the tRNAMet intron.

Conclusions

The presented data provide an overview of the production and usage of small RNAs in a cell that has to survive with a highly reduced genome. N. equitans lost many essential metabolic pathways but maintains highly active CRISPR/Cas and rRNA modification systems that appear to play an important role in genome fragmentation.
Psychotropic-Related Hip Fractures: Meta-Analysis of First-Generation and Second-Generation Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Drugs
Authors: Oderda Lynda H , Young Jason R , Asche Carl V , Pepper Ginette A
Published: July 2012

BACKGROUND:

In 2007, more than 18,000 adults aged 65 or older died from injuries related to falls, with up to 30% experiencing severe injuries such as hip fracture or head trauma. The economic impact of falls and fractures among older people is substantial, with direct economic consequences totaling $19 billion in 2000.

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the association between antipsychotic and antidepressant agents and the risk of hip fracture in older adults, across multiple studies.

METHODS:

An English-language PubMed/MEDLINE search for studies from January 1966 to January 2011 was conducted, using key words including aged, hip fracture, fractures, antidepressive agents, and antipsychotic agents, as well as individual drug names. Criteria for study inclusion were mean subject age greater than or equal to 65 years, adjusted for age and sex, hip fracture-specific results provided, data specific to a drug class, subclass, or single agents, and cohort or case-controlled study design. Two authors reviewed all studies for inclusion/exclusion. A random effects model was used to calculate summary odds ratios.

RESULTS:

A total of 166 studies were identified in the initial search. Ten antipsychotic-related and 14 antidepressant-related studies, representing more than 70,000 hip fracture cases and approximately 270,000 subjects from 4 continents, met the inclusion criteria. Summary odds ratios (95% CI) were first-generation (conventional) antipsychotics 1.68 (1.43 to 1.99), second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics 1.30 (1.14 to 1.49), first-generation (tricyclic) antidepressants 1.71 (1.43 to 2.04), and second-generation (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and unique agents such as bupropion, mirtazapine, and trazodone) antidepressants 1.94 (1.37 to 2.76). Clear evidence of heterogeneity was noted among all antidepressant study analyses (I2 > 87%; Q statistic p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:

All drug classes studied—first- and second-generation antipsychotics and antidepressants—were associated with an increased risk of hip fracture in predominantly older adult populations.
Echinocandin Resistance in Candida Species: Mechanisms of Reduced Susceptibility and Therapeutic Approaches
Authors: Beyda Nicholas D , Lewis Russell E , Garey Kevin W
Published: July 2012

OBJECTIVE:

To summarize published data regarding mechanisms of reduced echinocandin susceptibility in Candida spp., the impact of echinocandin resistance on the fitness and virulence of Candida isolates, and current and future treatment approaches.

DATA SOURCES:

A search of MEDLINE databases (1966-September 2011) was conducted.

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:

Databases were searched using the terms echinocandin, resistance, and Candida. Citations from publications were reviewed for additional references.

DATA SYNTHESIS:

Echinocandins have in vitro activity against most Candida spp. and are first-line agents in the treatment of candidemia. However, case reports describing echinocandin treatment failure due to resistant isolates have been published. Reduced echinocandin susceptibility has been shown to occur via 3 main mechanisms: (1) adaptive stress responses, which result in elevated cell wall chitin content and paradoxical growth in vitro at supra minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs); (2) acquired FKS mutations, which confer reduced glucan synthase sensitivity, elevated MICs, and are associated with clinical failure; and (3) intrinsic FKS mutations, which are naturally occurring mutations in C. parapsilosis and C. guilliermondii, which confer elevated MIC levels but a lower level of reduced glucan synthase sensitivity compared with acquired FKS mutations. Some FKS mutants have been shown to have significantly reduced fitness and virulence versus wild type isolates and may contribute to the low incidence of echinocandin resistance reported in large surveillance studies. Treatment strategies evaluated for FKS mutants include echinocandin dose escalation and combination with agents such as calcineurin inhibitors, HSP90 inhibitors, and chitin synthase inhibitors.

CONCLUSIONS:

While the incidence of echinocandin resistance in Candida spp. is low, it can present a significant therapeutic challenge, especially in multidrug-resistant Candida isolates. Dose escalation is unlikely to be effective in treating FKS mutant isolates, and significant adverse effects limit the clinical use of agents evaluated as combination therapy. Patients with infections failing to respond to echinocandin therapy should undergo susceptibility testing and be treated with an alternative antifungal agent if possible.
Modelos quantitativos de apoio as decisões: II
Authors: Ehrlich Pierre Jacques
Published: July 2012

O sucesso da aplicação de técnicas de Análise das Decisões como apoio em problemas com um único objetivo predominante abriu caminho para estudos de problemas mais ambiciosos como os de decisões com multicritérios e decisões e de grupo (estes dois tipos utilizam metodologias muito semelhantes). Como evolução natural da Análise das Decisões, resultou a metodologia MAUT (Multi-Attribute Utility Theory). Seu rigorismo teórico torna as aplicações difíceis para um analista menos preparado. Como conseqüência, surgiu a metodologia AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) de utilização extremamente simples. A crítica ao AHP veio da escola européia que criou uma série de métodos conhecidos pela abreviação comum: MCDA (Multicriteria Decision Aid).
Cultura administrativa: uma nova perspectiva das relações entre antropologia e administração
Authors: Barbosa Lívia Neves de Holanda
Published: July 2012

O artigo trata das relações entre antropologia e administração a partir de uma nova perspectiva. Seu principal objetivo é demonstrar que as contribuições que a antropologia tem a oferecer ao entendimento das práticas e políticas administrativas vão muito além do conceito de cultura organizacional, desenvolvido a partir do final da década de 1970.Além da idéia de cultura organizacional não dar conta das várias temáticas que a questão cultural trouxe para o âmbito da administração e dos negócios, a utilização de forma mecânica deste conceito, tanto no Brasil como nos Estados Unidos, tem dificultado ainda mais o entendimento de todas as possibilidades que são abertas por essa interdisciplinaridade.
Setting efficiency indicators for center pivots
Authors: Schons Ricardo L. , Robaina Adroaldo D. , Peiter Márcia X.
Published: July 2012

In this study, it was discussed the efficiency criteria in each of the elements that compose a central pivot, and this analysis was applied to two sets of systems located in regions of Cruz Alta and Santo Augusto, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The methodology used combines water and energy assessment through an indicator called Normalized Specific Consumption in Irrigation (C ENI), allowing thus a comparison between equipment and projects. The C ENI in Cruz Alta region showed 72% of the equipment above the standard (8.68 kWh mm-1 ha-1 100m-1), and in Santo Augusto region 64.28% with consumption above the standard. The mean irrigation efficiency for Cruz Alta region was 29.85%, with standard deviation of 5.41%, and for Santo Augusto region, it was 29.02%, with standard deviation of 5.15%.
Spatial variability of leaf nutrient contents in a drip irrigated citrus orchard
Authors: Armindo Robson A. , Coelho Rubens D. , Teixeira Marconi B. , Ribeiro Junior Paulo J.
Published: July 2012

This study aimed to evaluate the spatial variability of leaf content of macro and micronutrients. The citrus plants orchard with 5 years of age, planted at regular intervals of 8 x 7 m, was managed under drip irrigation. Leaf samples were collected from each plant to be analyzed in the laboratory. Data were analyzed using the software R, version 2.5.1 Copyright (C) 2007, along with geostatistics package GeoR. All contents of macro and micronutrients studied were adjusted to normal distribution and showed spatial dependence.The best-fit models, based on the likelihood, for the macro and micronutrients were the spherical and matern. It is suggest for the macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur the minimum distances between samples of 37; 58; 29; 63; 46 and 15 m respectively, while for the micronutrients boron, copper, iron, manganese and zinc, the distances suggests are 29; 9; 113; 35 and 14 m, respectively.
Reorganization of secondary and tertiary health care levels: impact on the outcomes of oral cancer screening in the São Paulo State, Brazil
Authors: Almeida Fernanda Campos Sousa de , Cazal Claudia , Pucca Júnior Gilberto Alfredo , Silva Dorival Pedroso da , Frias Antonio Carlos , Araújo Maria Ercilia de
Published: July 2012

This study presents the strategies for prevention and early detection of oral cancer by means of screening in the elderly population of São Paulo, the richest and the most populous state of Brazil. This research was a retrospective longitudinal study based on the analysis of secondary data. The variables - number of participating cities, coverage of screening, and number of suspicious and confirmed cases of oral cancer - were divided into two periods: 2001-2004 and 2005-2008. Data were analyzed statistically by the chi-square test at 5% significance level. The implementation of a nationwide public oral health policy in 2004 and the reorganization of the secondary and tertiary health care were evaluated as mediator factors able to interfere in the achieved outcomes. From 2001 to 2008, 2,229,273 oral examinations were performed. There was an addition of 205 participating cities by the end of the studied period (p<0.0001). The coverage of oral cancer screening increased from 4.1% to 16% (p<0.0001). There was a decrease in the number of suspicious lesions (from 9% in 2005 to 5% in 2008) (p<0.0001) and in the rate of confirmed oral cancer cases per 100,000 examinations (from 20.89 in 2001 to 10.40 in 2008) (p<0.0001). After 8 years of screening, there was a decrease in the number of suspicious lesions and confirmed cases of oral cancer in the population. The reorganization of secondary and tertiary health care levels of oral care seems to have contributed to modify these numbers, having a positive impact on the outcomes of oral cancer screening in the São Paulo State.
Ameaça e controle da gripe A(H1N1): uma análise discursiva de Veja, IstoÉ e Época
Authors: Gomes Isaltina Maria de Azevedo Mello , Ferraz Luiz Marcelo Robalinho
Published: July 2012

Em 2009, o aparecimento de casos da gripe A(H1N1) - a chamada gripe suína - em 207 países indicou o registro da primeira pandemia do século XXI, como já previam os informes dos órgãos sanitários há alguns anos. No Brasil, foram confirmados 27.850 casos de suína, dos quais 1.632 evoluíram a óbito, representando 18,6% das mortes mundiais e 27,7% no continente americano, segundo dados do Ministério da Saúde (2009). Os meios de comunicação brasileiros bem como os de outros países vincularam o surgimento da gripe suína como uma "reedição" diferenciada da gripe espanhola, devido à identificação de um novo subtipo de vírus da gripe que podia ser tão letal quanto a antiga. Um temor semelhante havia sido vivenciado também com a gripe aviária, em 1997, que levou autoridades a permanecerem em estado de alerta. Este artigo tem por objetivo avaliar a produção das notícias sobre a gripe A(H1N1) nas três principais revistas de circulação nacional do Brasil. Para tanto, escolhemos as oito capas de Veja, IstoÉ e Época em que a doença foi destaque nos primeiros meses da pandemia, em 2009. Tomando como base noções ligadas à Análise do Discurso e às Teorias do Jornalismo, as análises indicam que o noticiário se divide em duas fases, enfatizando, inicialmente, o alarme provocado pelo medo diante do novo vírus e das mortes registradas e, em seguida, o controle pela constatação de que a moléstia representava menos risco do que se imaginava, além das ações para combatê-la.
Atenção primária, atenção psicossocial, práticas integrativas e complementares e suas afinidades eletivas
Authors: Tesser Charles Dalcanale , Sousa Islândia Maria Carvalho de
Published: July 2012

Discutem-se afinidades eletivas entre três fenômenos na área da saúde: a atenção primária à saúde (APS), a abordagem psicossocial no cuidado à Saúde Mental e uso crescente das práticas integrativas e complementares (PIC). Apesar de suas diferenças, eles convergem como críticas e respostas a problemas do modelo médico hegemônico. Embora regulamentados e em implantação no Sistema Único de Saúde (as PIC de forma quase incipiente), tais fenômenos portam um caráter contra-hegemônico. Suas concepções de objeto, de meios e de fins do trabalho ou cuidado apresentam relevantes afinidades, como: centramento nos sujeitos em seus contextos sociais/familiares; abordagens ampliadas e holísticas; valorização de saberes/práticas não-biomédicos e de múltiplas formas, vivências e técnicas de cuidado; estímulo à auto-cura, participação ativa e empoderamento dos usuários; abordagem familiar e comunitária. Na organização das práticas e no relacionamento com a clientela há afinidades quanto à adequação sócio-cultural; parceria, dialogicidade e democratização das relações; trabalho territorial e construção/exploração de vínculos terapêuticos. Assinalam-se também convergências quanto aos efeitos terapêuticos e ético-políticos e discute-se o caráter relativamente desmedicalizante desses fenômenos, mais acentuado na atenção psicossocial e na procura pelas PIC. Tais afinidades significam sinergia entre os três fenômenos, ora relativamente independentes e isolados entre si. O reconhecimento e exploração dessas afinidades pela Saúde Coletiva, pelos movimentos sociais, bem como de profissionais e gestores do SUS, podem contribuir para qualificar a APS e a atenção em saúde mental e sua abertura para as PIC, ampliando as possibilidades de cuidado e fortalecendo os três fenômenos tematizados.
Consumo responsável: um passo além do aspecto ambiental
Authors: Saleh Abdala Mohamed , Saleh Pascoalina Bailon de Oliveira
Published: July 2012

Este artigo apresenta um modelo, de cunho didático e dirigido prioritariamente aos profissionais de educação, que leva em conta os diversos aspectos que devem caracterizar um consumo como responsável. Além do usual aspecto Meio Ambiente, há outros, como a Publicidade, a Saúde e a Segurança, o Direito e a Ética e que foram aqui sintetizados a partir da coleção lançada conjuntamente pelo IDEC (Instituto de Defesa do Consumidor) e pelo Inmetro (Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Normalização e Qualidade Industrial). Essa coleção é dirigida aos professores e alunos do terceiro e quarto ciclos do ensino fundamental e foi elaborada no contexto dos temas transversais apresentados pelos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCNs). Colocando-se no papel de consumidor responsável e utilizando-se do referido modelo, inspirado na coleção do IDEC e do Inmetro, pretende-se analisar um caso-exemplo, Ambev, considerada a maior indústria cervejeira da América Latina e "Referência mundial na gestão da água". Por meio desse exemplo, procura-se mostrar que o "respeito à natureza", no caso, o elemento água, é um parâmetro necessário, mas insuficiente para caracterizar um consumo como responsável e que os demais aspectos apontados acima devem ser considerados.
Concordâncias e discordâncias de Dewey com Freud
Authors: Andrade Erika Natacha Fernandes de , Cunha Marcus Vinicius da
Published: July 2012

Este artigo expõe ideias de Sigmund Freud sobre temas que são fundamentais para compreender o homem contemporâneo: a constituição do psiquismo; a formação e a resolução das patologias mentais; a cultura em sentido amplo e a educação como elemento mediador entre o indivíduo e a sociedade. O objetivo é apresentar e comparar as análises feitas por John Dewey sobre esses mesmos temas, tomando por base o livro Human nature and conduct. As comparações entre os discursos freudiano e deweyano são feitas por meio da metodologia proposta por Chaïm Perelman no livro Tratado da argumentação (elaborado em coautoria com Olbrechts-Tyteca), que busca esclarecer as estratégias argumentativas usadas por um autor para obter ou aumentar a adesão às teses propostas e, com isso, despertar ações concretas. As conclusões sugerem que, embora Dewey discorde de Freud, existem pontos de concordância entre ambos, especialmente no que diz respeito ao significado dos impulsos e da sublimação e à concepção de que o conhecimento é mutável e impreciso, o que rejeita a crença em certezas absolutas e insere as decisões e ações humanas no âmbito da probabilidade.
A influência da religiosidade no conviver com o HIV
Authors: Ferreira Débora Carvalho , Favoreto Cesar Augusto Orazem , Guimarães Maria Beatriz Lisbôa
Published: July 2012

Abordam-se as correlações entre saúde e espiritualidade, no campo do adoecimento crônico, visando compreender como os indivíduos buscam subsídios para se fortalecer diante das adversidades impostas pela doença. Emprega-se metodologia qualitativa para se discutirem questões sobre religiosidade que emergiram na fala de pessoas que convivem com o HIV. Com base na narrativa desses sujeitos, foram analisados o relato sobre religiosidade e suas influências no processo saúde-adoecimento, realizando uma análise temática. Foram observadas algumas relações que apontam para: enfrentamentos religiosos positivos e/ou negativos no adoecimento, mudanças de pensamento e comportamentos religiosos, assim como a importância da vivência religiosa na maneira como os indivíduos elaboram suas narrativas de adoecimento. Chama-se atenção para a necessidade de os profissionais de saúde estarem atentos ao surgimento de tais conteúdos, pois trazem aspectos que envolvem questões terapêuticas - como adesão, apoio social, conflitos e singularidades individuais - que podem auxiliar no enfrentamento da doença.
The evolution of development conventions
Authors: Erber Fabio Stefano
Published: July 2012

This paper presents a conceptual view on development and its translation into development policies. It argues that society's perception of development is structured by conventions, which provide a view of the past, present and future and, at the same time, allows a certain hierarchy of problems and solutions to such problems. The prevalence of a specific convention depends on the international conditions faced by this society and on the distribution of economic and political power within that society. Therefore, in complex societies there is always a struggle for hegemony between competing development conventions.
As "artes do fazer" gestão na escola pública: uma proposta de estudo
Authors: Junquilho Gelson Silva , Almeida Roberta Alvarenga de , Silva Alfredo Rodrigues Leite da
Published: July 2012

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma proposta teórico-epistemológica de estudo das "artes do fazer" gestão na escola pública, contemplando o nível meso de análise. A ideia é compreender como se (re)constroem as "artes do fazer" gestão no cotidiano das práticas sociais do diretor escolar e sua comunidade escolar. Para tanto, é sugerida a abordagem de Certeau (2008), a partir da ideia de cotidiano, nele inseridos seus conceitos de "lugar", "espaço", "próprio", "outro", "estratégias" e "táticas". Como proposta metodológica, optou-se pela pesquisa "no/do/com o" cotidiano (ALVES e GARCIA, 2002; FERRAÇO, 2007; GARCIA, 2003), baseada nos trabalho de Certeau (2008) e que ressalta um necessário "mergulho" no cotidiano estudado pelo pesquisador. Essa concepção epistemológica busca romper com o distanciamento sujeito-objeto na relação de pesquisa, bem como contribuir para um avanço da estratégia etnográfica, para além da descrição densa "sobre" o outro, mas, sim, elaborando uma descrição "com" o outro, neste caso também sujeito e não só objeto de pesquisa. Espera-se como resultado contribuir para o avanço dos estudos sobre a gestão como prática, aqui tratada como "artes dos fazer" na vida cotidiana das organizações.
A institucionalização do trabalho do agente comunitário de saúde
Authors: Queirós Agleildes Arichele Leal de , Lima Luci Praciano
Published: July 2012

O objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar a prática social do trabalho do agente comunitário de saúde (ACS) no Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. Para tanto, adotou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, cuja ferramenta teórico-metodológica está alicerçada no materialismo histórico e dialético. O ACS é singular na sua conformação, pois tem no seu contexto de trabalho e de moradia um importante recorte de classe social. Apesar da institucionalização do trabalho do ACS, ele mantém na sua prática referências forjadas na sua atuação popular e comunitária. Destacamos que a institucionalização do trabalho do ACS, por si só, é um processo contraditório e conflituoso do ponto de vista da política institucional, já que a prática desenvolvida por ele incorpora saberes e práticas populares que podem gerar tensões. Ao mesmo tempo, é importante lembrar que o território onde vive e atua o ACS exerce influência na produção do seu trabalho.
Moisture profiles in drying concrete
Authors: Parrott L. J.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

The effects of moisture upon concrete properties and performance are briefly reviewed. A system for nondestructively measuring the development of relative humidity and water content profiles in a uniaxially drying concrete cube is described. Relative humidities are measured with a purpose-built, miniature probe. Preliminary results show that the surface layers of concrete dry rapidly enough to impair curing of the cover zone that protects reinforcing steel. At depths greater than 20 mm drying was relatively slow. Water content results indicate that the surface layers are more porous than the underlying concrete. The measured effects of depth, OPC replacement and water/binder ratio upon the variations of relative humidity with time can be described with a simple empirical equation that incorporates a hyperbolic time function. The relative humidity dropped faster the lower the water/binder ratio and the higher the level of OPC replacement with pulverized-fuel ash or ground granulated blastfurnace slag.
A consolidation model for bleeding of cement paste
Authors: Tan T. S. , Wee T. H. , Tan S. A. , Tam C. T. , Lee S. L.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

Bleeding of freshly mixed cement paste, mortar or concrete is the result of a complicated interaction between various physical and chemical forces. In this paper, a self-weight consolidation model is proposed to explain this phenomenon. This model arises from the observation that, in the usual range of water/cement ratio by volume of 10-2-0, the concentration of cement paste is high and the cement particles are expected to be in close contact with each other, thus suggesting the presence of inter-particle forces. This is akin to the concept of effective stress in soil mechanics. The existence of such forces implies that bleeding must be governed by consolidation and not sedimentation as previously thought. Two series of tests were conducted and the results compared with the theoretical predictions. The very good agreement represents an improvement over traditional sedimentation models and suggests that the bleeding phenomenon may indeed be governed by the mechanics of consolidation.
Formation of Portland clinker—studies on synthetic raw meals
Authors: Rivera M. , Odler I. , Abdul-Maula S.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

On a series of laboratory made raw meals that contained only the four main oxides CaO, SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3the sequence of reactions leading to the formation of Portland clinker was studied. Pellets made from raw meals of different composition were heated to different temperatures and analysed after quenching in air. It was found that the sequence of reactions taking place in the burning process and the temperatures at which new phases became detectable were virtually independent of the A/F ratio (Al2O3/Fe2O3) in the raw meal whereas the rate of C2S and C3S formation was distinctly accelerated with increasing iron content.
A comparison between semi-isothermal and semi-adiabatic calorimetry of retarded cement mixes
Authors: Egan P. J.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

A comparative study has been made of the effect of three retarding admixtures, representing the main commercially available materials, on the rate of heat evolution from hydrating cement. Two methods of calorimetry have been used, semi-isothermal and semi-adiabatic, to enable a preliminary assessment to be made of any major differences between the methods. Because of experimental differences, the results from the two test methods are not directly comparable, but significant differences are seen between the two sets of data. This emphasizes the need to take into account the effect of temperature rise during cement hydration and the differing effects of various admixtures.
Developments in the shear vane test to measure the gel strength of oilwell cement slurry
Authors: Haimoni A. , Hannant D. J.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

The shear vane test, and the rheological measurements made with it on a cement slurry typical of those used in the oil drilling industry, are described together with comparative results on three conventional viscometers (Fann Viscometer, Contraves Rheomat 15, Weissenberg Rheogoniometer). It is considered that the shear vane can have many advantages for particulate suspensions and, because slip layers are avoided, the vane measures a more fundamental property than that determined using a smooth bob.

A variety of instrument parameters which can affect the gel strength measured by vanes have been examined and the most important effect was found to be the measuring system stiffness. The use of different instruments could alter the rate of application of shear stress, until first flow occurred, by at least two orders of magnitude.
Comparative studies of the carbonation of hydrated cements
Authors: Rahman A. A. , Glasser F. P.
Published: July 2012

A method is described to determine the depth of carbonation of cement paste cylinders using a thermoanalytical method. Depth-profiled thermogravimetry has been used to determine the extent and kinetics of reaction with moist CO2, The procedures are described and the results are compared with those obtained using chemical indicators. The two methods give broadly comparable results, but, whereas phenolphthalein shows an apparently sharp interface between carbonated and uncarbonated material, thermogravimetry discloses that mineralogical zonation occurs and that isolated regions of high pH persist behind the interface. It is suggested that the existence of a zone of transitional pH may be a potential cause of pitting corrosion of steel in partially carbonated concrete.
The effect of curing on the hydration and pore structure of hardened cement paste containing pulverized fuel ash
Authors: Thomas M. D. A.
Published: July 2012

Tests were carried out on ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and OPC/pulverized fuel ash (PFA) paste specimens stored at a range of relative humidities in order to study the effects of curing on the hydration and development of pore structure. The results of thermogravimetric analysis show that P FA pastes are more susceptible to inadequate curing with no significant reaction between PFA and Ca(OH)2 observed in early age pastes nor in pastes stored at low relative humidities (below 80%). For pastes cast at equal water/solid ratios, methanol adsorption studies show that PFA pastes have a larger total porosity than OPC pastes, but with adequate curing the PFA paste develops a more refined pore structure (i.e. smaller volume of large pores). However, in early age or poorly cured (storage at low humidity following short curing periods) pastes with equal water/solid ratios, those containing PFA may have a considerably coarser pore structure. Generally, for pastes stored at low relative humidity, PFA paste required an additional curing period of one day in order for the volume of large pores (< 36·8 nm dia.) not to exceed that ofOPC paste. A comparison of OPC and PFA pastes cast at the water/solid ratios used in equal strength grade OPC and PFA concretes, show the PFA paste to have a more refined pore structure, even under conditions of poorest curing (i.e. stored at low humidity following demoulding at 24 h).
Hydration mechanism of gehlenite glass cements
Authors: MacDowell D. E. , Sorrentino F.
Published: July 2012

Calcium aluminosilicate glass cements are produced by quenching a liquid from 1600°C to room temperature. After grinding and mixing with water, the glass cements hydrate without activators and develop good mechanical properties. The glass cements based on compositions close to gehlenite develop better mechanical properties than those giving hydrogarnet during their hydration. This study is a tentative attempt to give an explanation to these phenomena. Classical technique have been used: XRD, microcalorimetry, conductimetry and scanning electron microscopy. It is found that the high mechanical strengths of the glass cements giving gehlenite hydrate as the main hydration product are due to the compact microstructure of this hydrate.
Hydration of cements based on metakaolin: thermochemistry
Authors: de Silva P. S. , Glasser F. P.
Published: July 2012

Metakaolin is a supplementary cementitious material with pozzolanic properties. Its activation by calcium hydroxide. sulphates and alkali hydroxide is reported. The extent and kinetics of various competing reactions at an early period of hydration were investigated using calorimetry, supplemented by XRD and DTA data. Theoretical values. obtained for the total heat evolutions using classical thermodynamic methods, were in satisfactory agreement with observed values. The results are correlated with the mechanisms of early hydration.
Study of calcium silicate hydrates by solid state high resolution 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Bell G. M. M. , Bensted J. , Glasser F. P. , Lachowski E. E. , Roberts D. R. , Taylor M. J.
Published: July 2012

Synthetic calcium silicate hydrates were hydrothermally prepared at temperatures between 100 and 200°C. Preparations of tobermorite, xonotlite, hillebrandite, gyrolite, kilchoanite, calciochondrodite, α-dicalcium silicate hydrate and tricalcium silicate hydrate were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and infra-red spectroscopy. The products were examined by high resolution solid state 29Si nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Spectra for tobermorite, xonotlite, hillebrandite and tricalcium silicate hydrate have previously been reported, hut spectra for gyrolite, kilchoanite, calciochondrodite and α-dicalcium silicate hydrate are reported for the first time. NM R spectra reveal information about phase structure suggesting that some of the postulated crystal structures are incorrect. NMR spectroscopy shows promise as a means of identifying constituent phases of the silicate matrix in autoclaved cement pastes.
Synthesis and stability of silica-substituted hydrogarnet Ca3Al2 Si3-xO12-4x(OH)4x
Authors: Jappy T. G. , Glasser F. P.
Published: July 2012

A range of garnet structured compositions can be synthesized between the end members C3AH6 (hydrogarnet) and C3AS3 (grossularite) at different temperatures and pressures. The extent of this series at 95°C and a pressure of one bar has been investigated. The synthesis of a range of garnets from C3AH6 to C3AS1·5 H3 has heen attempted hy refluxing reactants at the same temperature and pressure. Product analyses were carried out using X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, chemical and differential thermal/thermogravimetric analyses. Three target compositions from C3A H6 to C3AS0·24H5·52 gave one garnet phase plus C4AH13. Another three target compositions from C3S0·5H5 to C3AS0·76H4·48 gave two distinct Si-hydrogarnet phases: a low Si-hydrogarnet, approximately C3AS0·42H5·16, and a higher Si-hydrogarnet, approximately C3AS0·76H4·48. The remaining three target compositions, from C3ASH4 to C3AS1·5H3, again showed the two garnets to be present but with increasing amounts of calcium-silicate-hydrate gel (Ca/Si = 1·0) as the hulk Si content increased. It was found that the maximum Si content ohtained in Si-hydrogarnet was C3AS0·99H4·02. It is concluded that the 95°C, 1 bar range of garnet stahility is quite different from inferences drawn from studies made at higher temperatures and pressures.