bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chikungunya virus: host pathogen interaction
Authors: Singh Sunit Kumar , Unni Salini Krishnan
Published: March 2011

Chikungunya is a re‐emerging arthropod‐borne viral disease caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) belonging to the Togaviridae family of genus Alphavirus. It is a virus with a single stranded, positive sense RNA, as its genome. It is maintained in a sylvatic and urban cycle involving humans and the mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. It has garnered the attention of scientists in the past 5–6 years due to the massive outbreaks in the Indian Ocean region in 2005–2006. It has a major health impact on humans as it causes fever, rashes, arthralgia and myalgia. Polyarthralgia is the most important feature of CHIKV infection which primarily affects the small joints of the wrists and fingers along with the large joints like shoulders and knees. Currently, there are no vaccines or treatment regimens available for CHIKV infection. The molecular mechanism underlying the chronic polyarthralgia observed in patients is not well understood. In this review we have summarized the CHIKV organization, replication, epidemiology, clinical manifestations and pathogenesis with emphasis on the arthralgia. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Persistence of activity in threshold contact processes, an “Annealed approximation” of random Boolean networks
Authors: Chatterjee Shirshendu , Durrett Rick
Published: March 2011

We consider a model for gene regulatory networks that is a modification of Kauffmann's J Theor Biol 22 (1969), 437–467 random Boolean networks. There are three parameters:$n = {\rm the}$number of nodes,$r = {\rm the}$number of inputs to each node, and$p = {\rm the}$expected fraction of 1'sin the Boolean functions at each node. Following a standard practice in thephysics literature, we use a threshold contact process on a random graph onnnodes, in which each node has in degreer, to approximate its dynamics. We show that if$r\ge 3$and$r \cdot 2p(1-p)>1$, then the threshold contact process persists for a long time, which correspond to chaotic behavior of the Boolean network. Unfortunately, we are only able to prove the persistence time is$\ge \exp(cn^{b(p)})$with$b(p)>0$when$r\cdot 2p(1-p)> 1$, and$b(p)=1$when$(r-1)\cdot 2p(1-p)>1$. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2011
μ‐EXAFS, μ‐XRF, and μ‐PL Characterization of a Multi‐Quantum‐Well Electroabsorption Modulated Laser Realized via Selective Area Growth
Authors: Mino Lorenzo , Gianolio Diego , Agostini Giovanni , Piovano Andrea , Truccato Marco , Agostino Angelo , Cagliero Stefano , Martinez‐Criado Gema , d’Acapito Francesco , Codato Simone , Lamberti Carlo
Published: March 2011

In the past few years, strong efforts have been devoted to improving the frequency of optical‐fiber communications. In particular, the use of a special kind of integrated optoelectronic device called an electroabsorption modulated laser (EML) allows communication at 10 Gb s−1 or higher over long propagation spans (up to 80 km). Such devices are realized using the selective area growth (SAG) technique and are based on a multiple quantum well (MQW) distributed‐feedback laser (DFB) monolithically integrated with a MQW electroabsorption modulator (EAM). Since the variation in the chemical composition between these two structures takes place on the micrometer scale, in order to study the spatial variation of the relevant parameters of the MQW EML structures, the X‐ray microbeam available at the ESRF ID22 beamline is used. The effectiveness of the SAG technique in modulating the chemical composition of the quaternary alloy is proven by a micrometer‐resolved X‐ray fluorescence (μ‐XRF) map. Here, reported micrometer‐resolved extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (μ‐EXAFS) spectra represent the state of the art of μ‐EXAFS achievable at third‐generation synchrotron radiation sources. The results are in qualitative agreement with X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and micrometer‐resolved photoluminescence (μ‐PL) data, but a technical improvement is still crucial in order to make μ‐EXAFS really quantitative on such complex heterostructures.
Systematic labeling of twin pregnancies on ultrasound
Authors: Dias T. , Ladd S. , Mahsud‐Dornan S. , Bhide A. , Papageorghiou A. T. , Thilaganathan B.
Published: March 2011

Objective

Correct labeling of twin fetuses is needed for consistency in assigning and interpreting longitudinal scan and prenatal screening/diagnostic results. The aim of this study was to describe a standard method of twin labeling in the first trimester of pregnancy and to assess the robustness of such a technique in predicting the presenting twin in subsequent scans and at delivery.

Methods

This was a retrospective first‐trimester study of all twin pregnancies assessed by ultrasonography at our center between 2000 and 2010. The fetus contained in the gestational sac closer to the maternal cervix was designated as Twin 1 and the relative orientation of the fetuses to each other was then defined as either lateral (left/right) or vertical (top/bottom). In discordant‐sex twins, their sex and presenting order on the final scan prior to delivery were documented and compared with the sex and birth order at delivery.

Results

A total of 416 twin pregnancies were seen during the study period. At the 11–14‐week scan 90.9% of twins were in lateral orientation while the remainder were oriented vertically. None of the vertically oriented twin pairs but 32 (8.5%) of the laterally oriented twin pairs changed their presenting order between the first and the last ultrasound scan prior to delivery. There were 108 discordant‐sex twins scanned in the third trimester, of which the birth order changed in 20.3% that were delivered by Cesarean section and in 5.9% of those delivered vaginally.

Conclusion

The study demonstrates that antenatal labeling of twins according to laterality or vertical orientation is reliable. The technique ensures continuity of biometric assessment from serial scans at each visit, and as such should be adopted as the preferred method of twin labeling. Furthermore, the use of orientation for antenatal labeling of twins rather than assignment of a number based on proximity to the cervix, precludes any misconception regarding which twin will be born first and ensures that parents and pediatricians are aware of the significant likelihood of a peripartum switch. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint improvements for capacity and power‐efficiency of mobile WiMAX by relaying schemes
Authors: Liu Bao Yuan , Chang Shih Yu , Wang Tai Chi
Published: March 2011

The mobile WiMAX standard promises to enable low‐cost mobile Internet applications over extensive areas and to meet the capacity requirements by combining advanced multiple input multiple output (MIMO) and relay transmission techniques. In this paper, we propose a solution to increase the channel capacity between wireless links and to conserve the average required uplink transmission power consumption simultaneously through deploying relay stations' (RSs) locations judiciously. Two relaying schemes, analogue (amplify and forward) relaying and digital (decode and forward) relaying from a mobile device to the base station (BS) through a relay node, are adopted with weighting filters to increase the channel capacity. Based on the enhanced channel capacity, a new manipulation way to save power is introduced by deploying RSs strategically where the branch‐and‐bound (BB) algorithm is applied to determine the placements of RSs. Our simulation results demonstrate the significant improvement of network capacity by applying the weighting filter techniques and the great power saving of the average total network power by utilizing the BB algorithm to arrange RSs locations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Evolution of Minimally Invasive Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Prachand Vivek N.
Published: March 2011

The number of bariatric operations performed annually in the U.S. for the treatment of severe obesity [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m2] has increased tenfold since the mid 1990s, with approximately 220,000 operations performed in 2009. This article reviews the evolution of laparoscopic bariatric surgery over the last 20 years. The results of the most common procedures are analyzed and current and future trends described.
Relationship between Abundance and Morphology of Benthic Foraminifera Epistominella exigua: Paleoclimatic Implications
Authors: Saraswat R. , Deopujari A. , Nigam R. , Heniriques P. J.
Published: March 2011

The relationship between abundance (relative as well as absolute abundance) and morphology (size of the shell, number of chambers and proloculus size) of benthic foraminifera Epistominella exigua has been studied in a core to understand the influence of changing environmental conditions on its morphology and distribution. A total of 50 samples from the top 100 cm section of a gravity core collected from the southern Bay of Bengal Fan were used. The changes in abundance of E. exigua match well with variation in average proloculus size of E. exigua. An opposite relationship however, is observed between the abundance and size of E. exigua shells. The higher abundance corresponds with smaller E. exigua shells. Similarly, the increased E. exigua abundance matches with a decrease in the number of chambers. The increased abundance of E. exigua shows favourable conditions for its growth and survival. Thus the study indicates that during favourable conditions, while the number of chambers in the shells and the size of the shells of E. exigua decreases, more number of specimens have a larger proloculus. Since asexual reproduction results in megalospheric specimens with larger proloculus, smaller size and less number of chambers, it is inferred that E. exigua prefers an asexual mode of reproduction during favorable conditions. The findings can be used to apply morphological characteristics of E. exigua as a proxy to infer past climatic conditions.
Significance of Mineral Chemistry of Syenites and Associated Rocks of Elagiri Complex, Southern Granulite Terrane of the Indian Shield
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Sarmistha , Ray Jyotisankar , Chattopadhyay Basab , Sengupta Shyamal , Ghosh Biswajit , Mukhopadhyay Subrata
Published: March 2011

The Elagiri complex (12°31' N: 78°35' E) represents one of the important silica - oversaturated syenite plutons of the Southern Granulite Terrane of the Indian shield. This article for the first time reports the mineral chemistry of the Elagiri complex and brings out important petrogenetic significance. The litho-members of Elagiri complex are intrusive into high grade country rocks viz. granite gneiss, amphibolite and pyroxene granulite. The country rocks are foliated bearing evidences of multiple folding and deformation. On the other hand, the constituent litho members of the Elagiri complex (syenites, gabbro and later intrusives marked by lamprophyre and carbonatite) show preservation of igneous layering in terms of discernible parallelism of the constituent minerals. The Elagiri complex shows presence of sharp contacts among litho members and marked absence of chilled facies peripheral to the margin. Electron microprobe data have been critically used to systematize the constituent mineral-phases of the different lithomembers of the complex. Geothermobarometric data indicate a temperature of equilibration in the range of ~700° to 500°C at ~2.0 to 5.2 kb which corresponds to shallow level (cf. 18.2 km) equilibration-depth of the complex. Field observations and mineral chemistry data suggest that liquid immiscibility plays an important role during the evolution of the Elagiri complex.
In vitro proteolysis of nematode FMRFamide-like peptides (FLPs) by preparations from a free-living nematode (Panagrellus redivivus) and two plant-parasitic nematodes (Heteroderaglycines and Meloidogyne incognita)
Authors: Masler E.P.
Published: March 2011

Proteolytic activities in extracts from three nematodes, the plant parasites Heterodera glycines and Meloidogyneincognita, and the free-living Panagrellus redivivus, were surveyed for substrate preferences using a battery of seven FRET-modified peptide substrates, all derived from members of the large FMRF-amide like peptide (FLP) family in nematodes. Overall protease activity in P. redivivus was four- to fivefold greater than in either of the parasites, a result that might reflect developmental differences. Digestion of the M. incognita FLP KHEFVRFa (substrate Abz-KHEFVRF-Y(3-NO2)a) by M. incognita extract was sevenfold greater than with H. glycines extract and twofold greater than P. redivivus, suggesting species-specific preferences. Additional species differences were revealed upon screening 12 different protease inhibitors. Two substrates were used in the screen, Abz-KHEFVRF-Y(3-NO2)a and Abz-KPSFVRF-Y(3-NO2)a), which was digested equally by all three species. The effects of various inhibitor, substrate and extract source combinations on substrate digestion suggest that M. incognita differs significantly from P. redivivus and H. glycines in its complement of cysteine proteases, particularly cathepsin L-type protease.
Art. I.—Memoir on the Scythic Version of the Behistun Inscription
Authors: Norris E.
Published: March 2011

A short time before the departure of Colonel Rawlinson from England, at the close of last year, that gentleman gave me leave to copy and publish the paper casts which he had made of the Scythic portion of the Behistun Monument of Darius, together with any memoir on the language which I might compile. I have availed myself of his permission, and the following paper is the result of my labour.
Art. II.—Notes on the Early History of Babylonia
Authors: Rawlinson Colonel
Published: March 2011

In the numerous letters and papers which I have addressed during the last two years to the Secretary of the Royal Asiatic Society, and which have been either read at the meetings of the Society, or in some instances published in the Journal, I have explained, in more or less detail, the successive discoveries which I have made in the history of ancient Assyria. Those discoveries have pretty well established the fact that an independent empire was first instituted on the Upper Tigris in the thirteenth century, B.C. They have furnished what may be considered an almost complete list of Assyrian kings from the above-named period to the destruction of Nineveh in B.C. 625, and they have further made us acquainted with the general history of Western Asia, during this interval of above seven centuries.
Art. VI.—On the Orthography of some of the later Royal names of Assyrian and Babylonian history
Authors: Rawlinson H. C.
Published: March 2011

Much as I dislike discussions which have anything of the character of controversy, I am tempted by the interest I naturally take in Cuneiform research, to put together a few explanatory notes, with a view of remedying the confusion that Dr. Hincks's recent publications in the Literary Gazette have introduced into certain later portions of the Assyrian and Babylonian history.
Art. II.—Translation of some Assyrian Inscriptions: No. II.—The Inscription of Michaux
Authors: Talbot H. Fox
Published: March 2011

This very curious inscription was discovered by the traveller Michaux in the ruins of a palace on the banks of the Tigris, one day's journey below Bagdad, not far from the site of the ancient Ctesipbon. It was brought by him to Paris, where it is now preserved. It was published many years ago in a little work entitled “Notice des Monumens du Cabinet du Roi,” where it occupies two plates. A note (p. 71) informs us that these are taken from Millin's “Monumens inédits,” 2 vols. 4to. Paris, 1802. This copy, though rudely executed, is tolerably exact, and is creditable to the work in which it appeared.
Art. XX.—A Description of a Persian Painting, presented by the Right Honourable Lord Western to the Royal Asiatic Society
Authors: Briggs
Published: March 2011

The architecture of the building in which the figures are represented, points it out as the interior of a hamam or warm bath. The apartment is the first room, which is kept at a moderate temperature, and has usually, as is here exhibited, a fountain of cold water playing in the centre. The figures are females, and from their dress are at once recognised to be Christians, who are not suffered in Mohammedan countries to wear the bûrka, or entire veil of the ladies of Islam; but are merely permitted, when walking the streets, to conceal the lower part of the face by a white muslin cloth.
Art. XXVII.—On Iron
Authors: Wilkinson Henry
Published: March 2011

Iron has been applied to numerous useful purposes, by every civilized nation, for thousands of years; but never has it been so extensively employed as at the present period. We have iron roads and iron carriages; the “wooden walls of old England” will probably be made of iron in another century; numerous steam-boats are already constructed of that material; the cushions of our chairs are stuffed with iron in place of horsehair; and not only our bedsteads but even our feather beds (to use an Hibernicism) are made of iron.
Art. II.—Remarks on the Indo-Chinese Alphabets
Authors: Bastian A.
Published: March 2011

In the Ultra-Indian peninsula different layers of nationalities may be distinguished, being successive arrivalsfrom different quarters. In most cases it is difficult to determine with exactitude the time of their respective settlements; but, as a general rule, the later conquerors have driven the former possessors of the soil into the hills, appropriating to themselves the more fertile lands on the banks of the rivers; and it may be readily assumed that the inhabitants we now find in the valleys of the Menam and Irawaddi are the most recent immigrants. History shows this to be the case. Whenever, in the course of events, the empires stretching along the great rivers became weakened by luxury or broken up by internal dissensions, the rude and warlike tribes of the surrounding mountains, watchful of the growing weakness of their former masters, and the decay of their defences, have burst from their forests and made slaves of the populations of the towns. This phenomenon, not unknown in other parts of the world, has been frequently repeated in the histories of Assam and Burmah, of Siam and of Kambodia; and it is by keeping before our eyes these continual revolutions that we may collect the disjecta membra of arts and sciences from the different quarters to which they have been scattered, and arrange them under one comprehensive aspect, where each of them occupies its natural position.
Art. III.—The Poetry of Mohamed Rabadan, Arragonese
Authors: Stanley H. E. J.
Published: March 2011

Mohamed Rabadan was a native of Rueda on the river Xalon, one of those Moriscoes who were driven out of Spain, chiefly on the ground that they would not and could not amalgamate with the Spaniards, and that they clung to the Arabic language and customs, and were, and always would remain Arabs, foreigners in Spain and enemies of its people. It is possible that at the time of the expulsion some of the Moriscoes did not know Spanish, but it is yet more probable that the great majority of them knew nothing of Arabic; and the best proof of this is the volume written by Rabadan.
Art. XIV.—Notes on the Bhojpurí Dialect of Hindi, spoken in Western Behar
Authors: Beames John
Published: March 2011

The Bhojpurí dialect is spoken in the British districts of Chumparun, Sarun, Shahabad, Ghazipoor, Azimgurh, and Goruckpore, by a population which probably amounts to five millions. It is not, of course, the same in all these districts; but through all its variations it preserves the same general features, such as the use of the substantive verb bhá or bá the perfect in il, and other points of difference from the classical or literary type of Hindí. It is largely used as a written medium of communication by native merchants, and in all the transactions of the rural population, such as village accounts, leases, receipts, and so forth. The character is a variation of the Devanágarí, formed by omitting the horizontal top line, and is strikingly similar to the Gujarátí character, so much so that a work printed in that language can be read by a native of Chumparun. In the following remarks, however, I shall use the Devanágarí character as more generally understood in Europe.
Art. XI.—The Bṛhat-Saṇhitâ; or, Complete System of Natural Astrology of Varâha-mihira
Authors: Kern H.
Published: March 2011

1. Victory to the Allsoul, the source of life, the inseparable ornament of heaven, the Sun, who is adorned with a crown of a thousand beams like unto liquid gold!

2. After studying the subject matter which former Seers have revealed with infallible truth, I purpose to treat of the same in an easy style, and in verses neither too few nor too many.
Art. XIII.—The Mohammedan Law of Evidence in Connection with the Administration of Justice to Foreigners
Authors: Baillie N. B. E.
Published: March 2011

In a paper read to the Royal Asiatic Society towards the close of last session, I gave some account of the Mohammedan law of evidence in connection with the administration of justice in India. I now propose to offer a few observations on the same subject in its bearings on the administration of justice to foreigners in Mohammedan countries. As I shall have to contrast the notions of evidence which such persons may be supposed to derive from the laws of their own countries, with the Mohammedan system, and it may be convenient to run the contrast between only two systems at the same time, I will take our own countrymen as a type of foreigners in general, and I will assume that the ideas of evidence which they carry with them to other countries are the same as those which are prevalent in their own, and are derived from the practice of our courts of justice.
Art. III.—The Pâtimokkha, being the Buddhist Office of the Confession of Priests. The Pali Text, with a Translation, and Notes
Authors: Dickson J. F.
Published: March 2011

On the 2nd of January, 1874, being the full-moon day of the month Phussa, I was permitted, by the kindness of my friend Kæwiṭiyâgala Unnânsê, to be present at a chapter of priests assembled for the recitation of the Pâtimokkha or office of the confession of priests. The chapter was held in the Sîmâ or consecrated space in the ancient Lohapâsâda, or Brazen Palace, in the city of Anurâdhapura, and under the shadow of the sacred Bo-tree, grown from a branch of the tree at Buddha Gayâ, under which, as tradition relates, the prince Siddhârtha attained to supreme Buddhahood. The branch was sent to Devânampiyatissa, King of Ceylon, by the Emperor Açoka, in the year 288 B.C., now upwards of two thousand years ago. It was in this remarkable spot, under the shadow of the oldest historical tree, and in probably the oldest chapter-house in the world, that it was my good fortune to be present at this service. The building has none of its original magnificence. The colossal stone pillars alone remain as a memorial of the devotion of the kings and people of Ceylon to the religion which was taught them by Mahendra, the great apostle of Buddhism. In place of the nine storeys which these pillars once supported, a few in the centre are now made to carry a poor thatched roof no larger than that of a cotter's hut, and hardly sufficient to protect the chapter from the inclemencies of the weather. Still there was a simple and imposing grandeur in the scene. At the back of some dozen or more of these gigantic pillars were stretched pieces of white calico, to form the sides of the room: the ceiling in like manner was formed by stretching white calico above the pillars to conceal the shabby roof, the bare ground was covered with clean mats, two lamps gave a dim light, the huge columns, grey with age, stood out against the white calico. At the top of the long room thus formed was hung a curtain of bright colours, and through a space left for the entrance were visible, row after row, the pillars of the ancient palace, their broad shadows contrasting with the silvery brightness of the tropical moon.
Art. XII.—Studies on the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages, with Special Reference to Assyrian
Authors: Haupt Paul
Published: March 2011

When we consider the progress made by comparative Indo-European philology, we can only wonder that even after the discovery of Assyrian, which undoubtedly represents the Sanskrit of the Semitic languages, no attempt has been made to form a comparative Semitic grammar. Assyrian has hitherto been regarded as at most useful for the explanation of certain questions of Hebrew lexicography; as for the morphology of the Semitic tongues, scholars have been content with simply stating the analogies which exist between Assyrian and the allied languages. The cause of this lies mainly in the fact that Assyrian is regarded as a corrupt branch of the Semitic family of speech; and much that is peculiar in its structure, the preservation of which really implies the highest antiquity, is treated as so many new formations, so that the possibility of properly utilizing Assyrian grammatical forms for the explanation of Semitic grammar is at the outset taken away. Hence, as long as such thoroughly perverse views are not given up, a scientific philology of the Semitic languages can never take its place by the side of that of the Indo-European languages.
Art. XIV.—Dialects of Colloquial Arabic
Authors: Rogers E. T.
Published: March 2011

The Arabic language is commonly spoken throughout a very large area of the old hemisphere. It is the language of the whole of North Africa, which includes Morocca, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Egypt. It is also spoken down the Eastern coast, and in a not inconsiderable portion of the interior of that vast continent. Its home is the peninsula of Arabia, whence it spread also to Palestine, Syria, and Mesopotamia.
Art. VI.—On Sanskrit Texts Discovered in Japan
Authors: Müller F. Max
Published: March 2011

It is probably in the recollection of some of the senior members of this Society how wide and deep an interest was excited in the year 1853 by the publication of Stanislas Julien's translation of the Life and Travels of Hiouen-thsang. The account given by an eye-witness of the religious, social, political, and literary state of India at the beginning of the seventh century of our era was like a rocket, carrying a rope to a whole crew of struggling scholars, on the point of being drowned in the sea of Indian chronology; and the rope was eagerly grasped by all, whether their special object was the history of Indian religion, or the history of Indian literature, architecture, or politics. While many books on Indian literature, published five-and-twenty years ago, are now put aside and forgotten, Julien's three volumes of Hiouen-thsang still maintain a fresh interest, and supply new subjects for discussion, as may be seen even in the last number of the Journal of your Society.
Art. XV.—On the Separate Edicts at Dhauli and Jaugada
Authors: Kern H.
Published: March 2011

General Cunningham's Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum, a real boon to all who are directing their attention to the study of Indian antiquity, contains amongst other revised copies those of the separate edicts at Dhauli and Jaugada. Owing to important corrections introduced into the text, much of what formerly was utterly unintelligible has become tolerably clear. It cannot be denied that many difficulties are left; but the greater their number, the more it would seem desirable that those who have studied these interesting documents should make public the results of their labours.
Art. IX.—On the Proper Names of the Mohammedans
Authors: Colebrooke T. E.
Published: March 2011

I concluded a former essay on Mohammedan proper names with a promise of renewing the subject in another paper, which should deal with the names of women, and some other points not included in my first sketch. The system, as it is xepresented to us by Arab authors, though somewhat complicated, admits of a distinct arrangement; and each class of proper names throws light on national character and manners, -as they were developed during the first centuries of the Hejra, and have left their traces in countries over which the Arab dominion extended. My former notice touched very slightly on the meaning and etymology of old names, to which my attention was first directed. I was very soon brought to a stand by difficulties inherent in the attempt to trace the origin of ancient names, and which are enhanced in the case of those of the Arabs by the peculiarities in the structure of the language, where the meaning of words varies so much with the strength and position of the vowel-points, of all sounds the most liable to phonetic decay. The language itself has undergone a great change since the time of Mahomet, and many old words and expressions are interpreted on traditional authority.
Art. XVII.—How the MahábhárataBegins
Authors: Arnold Edwin
Published: March 2011

The following pages offer an imperfect and unpretending analysis of the opening portions of the Great Indian Epic, the Mahábhárata; with a free version here and there of striking passages, and in most of these instances the Sanskrit text. So cumbrous an introduction to the mighty Poem was, perhaps, compiled in days long subsequent to those of the finer sections of the Epic. It seems principally directed to the exaltation of Brahmans, and the glorification of Royal and Saintly Pedigrees; but a closer study—as, for example, of the long catalogue which occurs in the description of the Serpent-People—would probably give useful results to ethnology and geography.
Art. XXIII.—The Cuneiform Inscriptions of Van, deciphered and translated
Authors: Sayce A. H.
Published: March 2011

It is now more than half a century ago that the existence of inscriptions written in the Cuneiform character, and found in different parts of Armenia, first became known. The French Professor, Saint-Martin, in 1823, gave an account in theJournal Asiatiqueof the antiquities of Van, and drew attention to the fact that the Armenian historian, Moses of Khorene, has described them in such detail as to make it probable he had seen them with his own eyes. In the curious romance, compiled partly from the Old Testament, partly from the legends of Greek writers, partly from the names of localities, which was made to take the place of the forgotten early history of Armenia, these monuments were ascribed to Semiramis, to whom Van was imagined to owe its foundation. Saint-Martin concluded that some of them, at any rate, must still be in existence, and at his instigation, therefore, a young scholar from Hesse, Prof. Fr. Ed. Schulz, was sent by the French Government to Armenia, in 1826, in order to examine them. In 1828, accordingly, Van and its neighbourhood were thoroughly explored by Schulz, who succeeded in discovering and copying no less than forty-two Cuneiform inscriptions. Considering his utter ignorance of both the language and the character, the accuracy of his copies is really wonderful. They were published in theJournal Asiatique(3rd ser. vol. ix. No. 52) in 1840, but the unfortunate discoverer never returned home, having been murdered in 1829 by a Kurdish chief, along with several officers of the Shah of Persia. His papers were subsequently recovered from the Prince of Julamerk.
Art. XXIV.—Sanskṛit Text of the Sikshā-Patrī of the Svāmi-Nārāyaṇa Sect
Authors: Williams Monier
Published: March 2011

[The text of the Śikshā-patrī of the modern Vaishṇava Sect, called Svāmi-Nārāyaṇa, was lithographed in Samvat 1928 (A.D. 1872) by order of the Heads of the Sect. It has a Gujarātī Commentary by Nityānanda-muni. So far as I know, this is the only version of the text that has yet appeared. It was given to me by the Wartāl Māharāja on the occasion of my first visit to Wartāl in 1875. It is full of mistakes, and in preparing the following edition of the text I have taken as my guide the far more accurate manuscript and Sanskṛit commentary written by Paṇḍit Śatānanda-muni, and given to me by the Mahārāja on the same occasion.]
Art. VII.—The Namakkára, with Translation and Commentary
Authors: St. Barbe H. L.
Published: March 2011

In 1875, the Secretariat Press of British Burma printed a collection of six Páli texts with a vernacular commentary and exposition. The fifth and most difficult, but, at the same time, the most interesting of all, is the one I am attempting to translate. The lack of critical editing and the general corruption of the text is sufficiently shown in the title Namakára, which may stand either for Namakáya ‘a collection of panegyrics,’ or Namakkára (Sansk. ) ‘Reverence, worship.’ The first stanza is a curious example of archaie punning. This “ekatthá,” or tautological repetition, as it is called by the learned author of the “Subodhálaṅkara,” is only permissible when it is desired to express fear, anger, or laudation. It is employed again in the 8th, 9th, and 22nd stanzas.
Art. XVII.—The Buddhism of Ceylon
Authors: Lillie Arthur
Published: March 2011

I propose in this paper to consider the claims of Cingalese Buddhism. What these claims are had better be stated at starting, from the writings of Dr. Rhys Davids, the most prominent advocate of these claims. We are, I think, indebted to him for priceless translations: but a linguist is not always infallible as a reasoner. Professor Beal has given us still more valuable linguistic contributions; and he has taken Dr. Rhys Davids to task. He says that the allegations that Buddha preached “atheism, annihilation, and the nonexistence of the soul,” are “more easily made than proved.”
Art. V.—Grammatical Note on the Gwamba Language in South Africa
Authors: Berthoud Paul
Published: March 2011

The Gwamba language belongs to the South-Eastern Branch of the Bántu family of languages, according to Dr. Bleek's system of classification. But this language was never known, under its true name, until the Swiss missionaries settled among the Ma-Gwamba people and studied their language. In his Comparative Grammar Dr. Bleek calls it by the name of Tekeza; and, complaining of the scanty materials which he could get, he says (§ 32): “Tekeza dialects are known to us only through short vocabularies.”
Art. VIII.—On the Study of the South-Indian Vernaculars
Authors: Pope G. U.
Published: March 2011

The writer desires to say something regarding the Vernacular Languages of Southern India; to urge upon Englishmen whose work lies there the value of their cultivation; to give some account especially of a certain department of Tamil literature; and to lay before English scholars a few specimens of what is believed to be unique among the productions of Oriental thought.
Art. X.—Translation of Books 81–93 of the Mârkaṇḍeya Purâṇa
Authors: Wortham B. Hale
Published: March 2011

The Mahâtmya Devî is an episode of thirteen chapters (81–93) occurring in the Mârkaṇḍeya Purâṇa, and, as the title suggests, is occupied with an account of the Great power of Devî, or Durgâ, the wife of Śiva. The story is introduced by a Râjâ, named Suratha, and a Vaisya, named Samâdhi. The Râjâ has been overcome by enemies, and finally driven from his kingdom by his ministers, who have taken possession of his treasures. The Vaisya's own family have risen against him and sent him adrift, after seizing on his riches. Both of these two unfortunate persons retire into solitude to meditate on their troubles, and in the course of their wanderings in a certain forest, they meet and become acquainted. They mutually relate their difficulties, and in comparing notes, find with astonishment that they are both possessed by the same feeling—attachment or affection for those who have ill-treated them. The Râjâ, is full of anxiety for the welfare of the ministers and people who have risen against him; the Vaisya still retains his affection for his unworthy wives and children. They ask each other—What means this ? How is it that we still feel affection for worthless people, even though they be relations ? Unable to discover any solution of this difficulty, they agree to consult the Sage, whose dwelling was not far distant.
Art. XII.—The Northern Frontagers of China. Part VII. The Shato Turks
Authors: Howorth H. H.
Published: March 2011

De Mailla tells us that the Shato were descended from the horde Chu yué of the Western Tu kiu (Chu yué was the family name of its chiefs, vide infra), who had settled to the south of the mountain Kin po shan, and to the east of the lake Pu lei hai (i.e. the Kukunor), and near the stream called Shato, whence they derived their name (op. cit. vol. vi. p. 378). Hyacinthe tells us they lived south of Kara Mannai Ola, in Khur-Kara-Ussu (Borgs, Hyacinthe, p. 277). He derives their name from the Mongol word Shato, meaning a leader (id.). De Guignes tells us the Chu yué Turks lived in the neighbourhood of lake Lop, near which was a great desert which the Turks called Shato, whence these Turks derived their name (cf. Hist. des Huns, vol. ii. p. 37). Like Klaproth, De Guignes identifies them with the Ta ghaz ghaz, a view to which I shall revert in a future paper on the Uighurs. De Guignes tell us the Shato horde was subject to the Great Khans of the Western Turks, and assisted them in their various expeditions.
Art. VII.—Priority of Labial Letters illustrated in Chinese Phonetics
Authors: Edkins J.
Published: March 2011

Panini made gutturals precede labials; but this was because, having given to a precedence among vowels, it was natural to place gutturals in the first position among consonants ; for a is allied to k as o (or u) is allied to p, and i to t.
Art. V.—The Djurtchen of Mandshuria: their Name, Language, and Literature
Authors: de Lacouperie Terrien
Published: March 2011

§ 1. Introductory. 2. It appears under several forms. 3. Testimony of the old Chinese documents. 4. They give an f approximate rendering of onesingle form. 5. Three of the j transcriptions indicate a medial r.6. The Persian, Uigur, i Mongol, and Marco Polo confirm the same fact. 7. The! original name was Djurtchen or Djurtchi. 8. In Chinese I Niutehen becomes Niutchi, because of a tabooed charaster. 9. Niutehen is an imitation of a K'itan peculiarity of pronunciation. 10. Similar phonetic change in the K'itan language and several ancient Chinese dialects. 11. Phonetic change L=N is most frequent. 12. The forms Niutchen or Niutehi are corrupted, and must be discarded. 13. Remarks on the successive Chinese processes of rendering R in foreign names. 14. Causes of the differences of finals -en and -i. 15. Djurtehen is the sole genuine and best form.
Art. VIII.—A New Version of the Creation-story
Authors: Pinches T. G.
Published: March 2011

We all know—for the Bible tells us of it—one of the chief characteristics of the Babylonians and Assyrians, namely, their superstition, as shown by their use of charms and magical formulae. Nahum calls Nineveh “the mistress of witchcraft,” who “selleth nations through her whoredoms, and families through her witchcrafts.” Micah, too, speaks of the witchcrafts and soothsayers of one or both of these countries, and Isaiah mentions the multitude of Babylon's sorceries, and the great abundance of her enchantments, calling upon the multitude of the sorcerers and star-gazers to save her, if they could, from the things which were to come upon her. The great use of charms and magic is, indeed, one of the things which strikes the student who examines the literature of these two remarkable countries; for the number of documents referring to the various branches of this art—the “black art,” in fact—far exceeds that of any other branch of Babylonian or Assyrian literature. Omens, medical formulæ in mystic ideographs, and invocations in Akkadian, in Assyrian, and in the two languages together, abound. Many of these last are very elaborate, and have very interesting introductions, and almost all contain a great deal of information about the mythology and superstitions of the two nations by whom they were used.
Art. XII.—Two Edicts of Aššurbanipal
Authors: Strong S. Arthur
Published: March 2011

The following inscription is engraved (lines 1 to 49) on the back and (lines 50 to 81) on the left side of a stele of reddish stone brought from Babylon by Mr. Rassam, and now in the British Museum. The stele is rounded at the top, and on the face Aššurbanipal is represented in high relief in his tiara and royal robes, supporting on his head with his two hands an object which looks like a basket of woven reeds. The meaning of this attitude has been discussed in a learned paper by Mr. Evetts, and his conclusion is that the king is represented “in his capacity as priest carrying the instruments of sacrifice” (P.S.B.A. 1891). In the inscription the king, after setting forth his glory and titles, goes on to record how that he completed the work of restoration and adornment, which Esarhaddon his father had begun in Êsagila and the other temples of Babylon, that he brought back the image of Marduk, which in the reign of a former king (Sennacherib) had been carried away to Assyria, that he reorganized the public worship and other internal affairs of Babylon, and established his brother Šamaššumukin on the throne.
Art. VI.—Marwari Weather Proverbs
Authors: Pandit Lālchandra Vidyā Bhāshkar
Published: March 2011

If there be at sunrise stripes of red light in shape of fish and at sunset red rays of light stretching in diverging stripes from the west, Dunk says to Bhadli that rivers shall have foams.
Art. III.—The Saraswatī and the Lost River of the Indian Desert
Authors: Oldham C. F.
Published: March 2011

As is well known, the description of the Saraswatī river, given in the Veda, differs much from that met with in the Mahābhārata and other ancient but later authorities, while neither agrees with the present condition of that sacred stream.
Art. IV.—Observations on the Gupta Coinage
Authors: Smith Vincent Arthur
Published: March 2011

Since the publication, in January, 1889, of my monograph, on the Gupta Coinage, I have kept by me an interleaved copy of that work, in which I have noted from time to time all miscellaneous information bearing on the subject which, happened to come to my notice, and descriptions of coins submitted for my inspection. I am especially indebted to my friend Mr. J. H. Rivett-Carnac, C.I.E., for placing in my hands the whole of his splendid collection of gold Gupta coins, which includes several novelties, and many fine and rare specimens.
Art. XVI.—Dyebayli Vocabulary, from an unpublished MS. A.D. 1831
Authors: de Guiraudon Th. G.
Published: March 2011

about the middle of the year 1887, having bought from Dr. R. N. Oust a lot of books and papers relating to the African languages, I found amongst them a Gebilee and Bornoo manuscript Vocabulary, very carefully written on three double sheets of rough paper: on examining it, the Gebilee proved at once to be a Berber dialect, spoken in the mountainous region lying about 50 miles S. of Tripoli, and extending 150 miles in a direction from W.SW. to E.NE. However, inasmuch as I was then engaged in another part of Africa, I had not at first attached much importance to this document; but, later on, having sent it for inspection to Prof. René Basset, of Algiers, this eminent scholar urged on me the necessity of publishing my manuscript, the peculiar dialect to which it refers having not yet been illustrated; at the same time, he sent me some valuable Notes, which have greatly helped me to extricate myself amongst many inaccuracies.
Art. XIX.—Women Leaders of the Buddhist Reformation
Authors: Bode Mabel
Published: March 2011

Chaṭṭhe jhāyīnaṃ yadidaṃ Nandāti jhānābhiratānaṃ Nandā therī aggā ti dasseti.

Sā kira Padumuttarabuddhakāle Haṃsavatiyaṃ kulagehe paṭisandhiṃ. gahetvā aparabhāge Satthu dhammaṃ suṇantī Satthāram ekaṃ bhikkhuniṃ jhānabhiratānaṃ aggaṭṭhāne ṭhapetum disvā adhikārakammaṃ katvā taṃ ṭhānantaraṁ patthesi.
Art. VI.—Nejamesha, Naigamesha, Nemeso
Authors: Winternitz M.
Published: March 2011

One of the sculptures discussed by Dr. Bühler in his highly interesting paper on Specimens of Jaina Sculptures from Mathura (Epigraphia Indica, vol. ii. part xiv. pp. 311 seqq.) bears the perfectly legible inscription bhagavā Nemeso, “divine Nemesa.” Dr. Bühler (l.c. p. 314) refers these words to the goat-headed figure just above them, identifying this Nemesa with Hariṇegamesī or Naigameshin, a divine being mentioned in Jaina legends as presiding over the procreation of children. In support of this explanation Dr. Bühler refers (p. 316) to “the occurrence of the Sanskrit words Naigamesha and Nejamesha, which in the Gṛhyasūtras and the medical Saṃhitās are the names of a deity with a ram's head, particularly dangerous to children.” “There can be no doubt,” Dr. Bühler adds, “that the Naigamesha or Nejamesha of the Brahmans, who seizes children and sorely afflicts them with disease, and the son-granting and embryo-exchanging Naigamesha - Naigameshin of the Jainas are in reality identical.”
Art. XXIII.—The Nativity of the Buddha
Authors: Chalmers Robert
Published: March 2011

In fulfilment of the undertaking given by me on p. 387 of the J.R.A.S. for 1894, I submit the text of an unpublished Sutta from the Majjhima Nikāya dealing with the ‘marvels and mysteries’ of the Buddha's nativity. Buddhaghosa's commentary on the Sutta is also given, though the absence of MSS. for collation leaves the readings in many instances far from satisfactory to me. I hope in an early number of the Journal to have an opportunity of discussing the subject-matter in the light of the Lalita Vistara and the Nidāna-kathā of the Jātaka.
Art. XXV.—Arabic Inscriptions in Egypt
Authors: Kay Henry C.
Published: March 2011

On the occasion of a visit to Egypt last winter, I occupied myself in copying some of the inscriptions in the old graveyard of Assuan (Aswān, or Uswān)— as many, that is to say, as the limited time at my disposal would permit.
Art. III.—Chao Ju-kua, a new source of Mediœval Geography
Authors: Hirth F.
Published: March 2011

There is probably no study more fascinating to the student of historical geography during the period preceding Marco Polo than that of the Oriental maritime trade, which made Arabic enterprise the ruling element in the commercial world for centuries before the rise of the Portuguese. The ocean-trade of almost every port in those waters, which may be said to reach from the coast of Morocco in the west to that of Japan and Corea in the east, was in the hands of Arab merchants. We need not be astonished, therefore, to find that Arabic authors are the principal source of what we know, not only about the navigation of that period, but also about the ethnography of the nations with whom their countrymen had come into contact.
Art. XXIII.—Some Early Babylonian Contracts or Legal Documents
Authors: Pinches Theophilus G.
Published: March 2011

The large number of documents of a private nature found in Assyria and Babylonia makes it a fairly easy task to find out something about the every-day life of the people of those interesting districts, not only during later times, when the kings of the “later empire” ruled, butalso daring the period of the dynasty to which Ḫammurabi (identified with Amraphel) belonged (2300 B.C. and the three succeeding centuries). As the recently published second part of Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets contains some very good inscriptions of this period, I have translated a fewwhich will probably prove to be not uninteresting for such as study the manners, customs, laws, etc., of the ancient Semites.
Art. XXIV.—The Birthplace of Gautama Buddha
Authors: Smith Vincent A.
Published: March 2011

Although the Indian and English newspapers have already published slight notices of the recent discovery of Kapilavastu and the Lumbini Garden, and the new Aśoka inscriptions will in due course be edited in the official publications of the Archaeological Survey, I think that the Society will be glad to see the actual words of the Lumbini Garden inscription, and some notes, based on local knowledge, concerning the most important archaeological discovery which has been made in India for many years.