bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who Were the Natufians? A Dental Assessment of their Biological Coherency
Authors: Lipschultz Joshua G.
Published: December 2018

The Natufians were complex, semi-sedentary hunter-gatherers who intensively exploited wild plant resources in the southern Levant 12,800 to 10,200 BP. They represent the human culturo-behavioral transition from simple, mobile hunter-gatherers to fully sedentary agriculturalisits. The Natufians have been the subject of much archaeological and biological study because of their pivotal postion in human prehistory. Previous studies of Natufian population biology, which mployed osteometrics, craniometrics, and odontometrics, qualitatively supported the following archaeologically-defined hypothesis. Every human skeletal sample found at each Natufian site belonged to a biologically coherent populations. The present study tests the hypothesis of Natufian biological coherency by analyzing their dental morphology. The data were collected from nearly all available Natufian dental material, using the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System. The results of the multivariate Mean Measure of Divergence statistical analysis support the biological coherency of the Natufian population.
An Odontometric Investigation of the Affinities of the Nazlet Khater Specimen to Prehistoric, Protohistoric and Modern African Populations
Authors: Pinhasi Ron
Published: December 2018

This study scrutinizes the affinities of a 33,000-year-old skeleton from Nazler Khater, Egypt, to various prehistoric African populations. The comparative material consists of 231 individuals, ranging in time from the Middle Pleistocene to recent and restricted in space to the African continent and Southern Levant. Possible affinities were first examined with the application of univariate, and bivariate, statistics. Subsequently, principal components analysis and cluster analysis are performed on mean data from 29 populations, utilizing a selected set of tooth dimensions. The results indicate a strong association between some of the sub-Saharan Middle Stone Age (MSA) specimens and he Nazlet Khater skeleton. No clear discrimination was reached between the various African and Levantine populations. The significant differences between male and female mean data factor scores on the first principal component indicate that sexual dimorphism accounts for a large portion of the observed variability in size.
Loss of Lingual Enamel in lower Incisors of Papionini
Authors: Gantt David G. , Strickland Christopher P. , Rafter John A.
Published: December 2018

N/A
Premolar Double Teeth in a Group of Irish Orthodontic Referrals
Authors: McNamara C. M. , Cooney O. , O'Sullivan M. , McNamara T. G.
Published: December 2018

This is a report of gemination type premolar double teeth in patients who were referred for orthodontic consultation in the Eastern Health Board, Ireland. Prevalence was low (0.06%) with just three patients presenting with this dental anomaly. The premolar double teeth involving two maxillary and one mandibular premolar are illustrated.
Crown Diameters of Deciduous Teeth in Jordanians
Authors: Hattab F. N. , Al-Momani A. S. , Yassin O. M. , Al-Omari M. A. O. , Hamasha A. M. , Rawashdeh M. A. , Tavas A.
Published: December 2018

Odonotmetic data on the deciduous dentition of Jordanians are lacking and such data on Arabs are geenrally scarce. The aim of this study was to proivde a detailed description of crown-size dimensions in the deciduous dentition of Jordanians and to compare the findings with those of other populations. Measurements of mesiodistal (MD) and buccolingual (BL) crown diamters were obtained from dental casts of 84 males and females aged 2.9 to 5.8 years. The differences in crown size (MD and BL diameters) between the right and left sides of the dental arch were not significant. All antimeric teeth showed high correlation coefficients in their crown dimensions (p<0.001). These findings suggest that either right or left side measurements can be taken to represent the tooth size of the populations. The relative variability in crown size showed that the lateral incisors were the most variable teeth (coefficient of variation: CV=7.5%), while the second molars were the most stable teeth (CV=4.7%). The MD diameters were more variable in the males for all teeth except the mandibular first molars, whereas variabilities in BL dimensions showed a similar pattern in both sexes. No significant differences in crown size measurements were found between males and females. Male means exceeded female means only by 0.05 mm. The central incisors displayed the greatest percentage of sexual dimorphism, while the second molars were the least dimorphic teeth. No specific pattern of percentages of sexual dimorphism were noted between the MD and BL diamters. The percentage of sexual dimorphism in the present sample was considerably lower than those of other ethnic groups. Jordanian children had tooth size that was larger than their Egyptian and North American counterparts, close to those of Japanese, and smaller than those of British children.
Book Review: Human Dental Development, Morphology and Pathology: A Tribute to Albert A. Dahlberg
Authors: Kennedy Kenneth A. R.
Published: December 2018

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People of the Samurai Class Kept their Antemortem Lost Teeth
Authors: Oyamada Joichi , Kitagawa Yoshikazu , Manabe Yoshitaka , Rokutanda Atsushi
Published: December 2018

Three hundred and fifty-seven skeletons were excavated from the old site of the Sougenji temple in Kitakyushu City, Fuknoka Prefecture, Japan, in 1992. These skeletons were remains of the samurai class and had been buried during the seventeenth or eighteenth century (Edo period). To clarify samurai dental habits, we examined their teeth and alveolar condition. Alveoli could be detected at least partly in 141 skeletons. Detailed examination revealed that 22 bodies had been buried with their own antemortem lost teeth. As most of the Sougenji people were buried in vessels, the likelihood that the belongings of one person would mix with those of another was small. The roots of three teeth were artificially shaved, indicating that those were likely used as artificial teeth. However, most of the antemortem lost teeth lacked artifical shaved tracks. Although the meaning behind the preservation of antemortem lost teeth remains obscure, the present data indicate that oral health care appears to have been a part of the Sougenji samurai culture. This is the first such report.
Book Review: Introduction to the Primates
Authors: Phillips-Conroy Jane
Published: December 2018

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Sex Dimorphism in the Deciduous Dentition of Modern Pima
Authors: Alvrus Annalisa
Published: December 2018

A sample of primary teeth from a Pima Native American population was measured to determine the presence and amount of sex dimorphism. An average percent sex dimoprhism of 2.40 was found. The finding is in accord with the findings of other researchers of low sex dimoprhism in the primary dentition. The percent sex dimorphism for the primary dentition of the Pima was compared to percentages for the primary dentitions of a Caucasian and an Australian population. The amount of sex dimorphism in the Pima was found to be less than that in the Australians, but greater that that in the Caucasians. Finally, the hypothesis that the amount of sex dimorphism in primary and secondary dentitions is similar was tested and found to be true for this population of Pima.
Form, Symmetry and Asymmetry of the Dental Arch: Orthogonal Analysis Revisited
Authors: Hughes Toby , Richards Lindsay , Townsend Grant
Published: December 2018

There have been numerous attempts to quantify the shape of the dental arch mathematically, with orthogonal polynomial curves providing a robust and versatile method for quantifying variation in both shape and asymmetry. Lu (1966) first presented the theoretical basis for fitting orthogonal polynomials to arch shape data. Whilst theoretically sound, Lu’s original paper contained several arithmetic errors and a number of incorrect assumptions. In this paper we present corrections for these errors and extrapolate the theory to unequally-spaced arch shape data using a simple recursive procedure first developed by Robson (1959).
Metric Analysis of Permanent and Deciduous Teeth from Bronze Age Tell Leilan, Syria
Authors: Haddow Scott , Lovell Nancy C.
Published: December 2018

Between 1979 and 1989 the skeletal remains of 21 adults and 38 children, yielding 317 permanent and 134 deciduous teeth, were recovered at Tell Leilan, Syria, the site of a major urban center during the emergence of complex state society in northern Mesopotamia in the mid-third millennium BC. Tooth crown dimensions (faciolingual and mesiodistal diameters, total crown area, and molar crown area) are presented and the last two serve as the primary units of comparison for a diachronic interpretation of tooth size variation in the ancient Near East. Both permanent and deciduous dental data support the pattern of dental reduction since the Middle Paleolithic that has been documented for Asia and Europe. The total crown areas for the permanent and deciduous dental samples, 1189 mm2 and 497 mm2 respectively, place this archaeological population at the smaller end of the crown area scale for the Near East; smaller in size than nearby Paleolithic and Neolithic populations. Given the paucity of odontological data for this area, this study contributes to the odontometric history of Mesopotamia and as a summary compilation and comparison of previously conducted odontometric work as it relates to the phenomenon of dental reduction within the ancient Near East.
An Odontometric Investigation of Canary Islander Origins
Authors: Irish Joel D. , Hemphill Brian E.
Published: December 2018

Attempts by anthropologists to account for the peopling of the Canary Islands have led to theories that call for one, two, and even four immigration events. However, most agree the Canary Island Guanche are biologically closest to Berbers from Morocco and Algeria. Genetic contributions from Arabs, Romans, and Carthaginians have also been proposed. An earlier study by Irish using Penrose analysis of odontometric data in samples of Guanche, Shawia and Kabyle Berbers, and Bedouin Arabs supports many of these proposed genetic relationships.The present investigation expands upon this earlier work by adding samples of Carthaginians, Egyptians, and Nubians, and by using tooth size apportionment analysis, a more robust statistical approach for assessing inter-sample differences in the distribution, or allocation, of tooth size in the maxillary and mandibular dental arcades. The analysis yielded three components that account for >80% of the total variance. Cluster analysis and three-dimensional ordination of group component scores provide additional insight into Canary Island/North African relationships. Except for one early Nubian sample, the Guanche exhibit some measure of affinity to all others. However, they are most like Berbers and Carthaginians. These results suggest that Canary Islanders belong to a greater North African gene pool, yet show the closest affinities to Northwest Africans—which corroborates earlier dental and non-dental findings.
Dentitions, Distance, and Difficulty: A Comparison of Two Statistical Techniques for Dental Morphological Data
Authors: Edgar Heather Joy Hecht
Published: December 2018

One of the main uses of dental morphological data is to study patterns of affinities among populations. Many different approaches to this purpose are available, each one having its own strengths and weaknesses. For this study, observations were made of the morphology of 614 African American and 327 European American dentitions (n = 941). Each of these samples was divided into three groups based on the time in which they lived. Affinities among the resulting six groups were estimated based on the frequencies of dental morphological characteristics, by the use of both the Mean Measure of Divergence and a Pseudo-Mahalanobis’ D2. The results of these analyses are compared using a Procrustes transformation that rotates and scales coordinates derived from distances until achieving the best fit. The two statistics produce similar, although not identical results. The appropriate use and relative value of each approach is discussed.
Calculation of Smith’s Mean Measure of Divergence for Intergroup Comparisons Using Nonmetric Data
Authors: Harris Edward F. , Sjøvold Torstein
Published: December 2018

The Mean Measure of Divergence (MMD) is a formula that converts a battery of trait frequencies into a numerical value such that the more dissimilar two samples are, the greater the value. This measure of phenetic distance was developed by the statistician Cedric A. B. Smith and has become popular among dental anthropologists and osteologists for estimating the dissimilarity among groups in order to help reconstruct populations’ movements and structure over time and space. The purpose of the present study is to present the correct formulae and procedures for the MMD given that (1) numerous errors have entered into the literature concerning the formulae themselves, (2) improvements have been described that should be incorporated, and (3) various misunderstandings and misinterpretations have developed that need clarification.
An investigation of ultrasound methods for the assessment of sex and age from intact human teeth
Authors: Feeney Robin N. M.
Published: December 2018

Determining sex and age in humanremains is necessary to achieve positive identificationof individuals in forensic settings, and to provide datarequired for demographic analyses in archaeologicalsamples. Due to their denser mineralization, teeth maybe better preserved than other skeletal elements, whichare often fragmentary and poorly preserved. This workis the first to investigate the use of ultrasound methodsto accurately, objectively, and non-destructively assesssex and estimate age of human skeletal remains fromintact teeth. An ultrasound imaging system usingpulse-echo technique and nominal frequency (3.5 MHz)longitudinal waves was developed for applicationon teeth. Mechanical and acoustic properties of teethwere examined to explore their relationship withthe interaction of ultrasound wave propagation.Experiments were conducted to determine differencesin wave propagation in teeth from individualsof different ages and sex, both permanent anddeciduous. Consistent differences in integral acousticresponse patterns in the different teeth were found.It is concluded that pulse-echo ultrasound is a viablenon-destructive technique to yield integral acousticcharacteristic properties of teeth, potentially usefulfor assessing sex and estimating age, and resolvingminimum numbers of individuals from commingledand scattered remains. Information developed fromthis study will be significant to future research insofaras it introduces a new potential method that is nondestructive,fast, and easy to administer in situ.
Posterior tooth morphology and lower incisor crowding
Authors: Shah Anwar A. , Elcock Claire , Brook Alan H.
Published: December 2018

Frequently, only the mesiodistal dimensions of mandibular posterior teeth have been investigated in relation to lower incisor crowding. The aim of the present study was to investigate any relationship between lower incisor crowding and mesiodistal widths, buccolingual dimensions, occlusal area and occlusal perimeter of mandibular posterior teeth. Mandibular dental casts of 50 Caucasians (25 males and 25 females) were used. Mesiodistal widths, buccolingual dimensions, occlusal area and occlusal perimeter were measured using image analysis techniques. Lower incisor crowding was determined using (1) Little’s irregularity index and (2) anterior-tooth size arch length discrepancy. Using Pearson correlation, the occlusal area, perimeter, mesiodistal widths and buccolingual dimensions of the lower first molar were significantly, positively correlated with Little’s irregularity index. The significant correlation between occlusal area and crowding did not appear to be secondary to larger mesiodistal widths.
Book Review: Dental Functional Morphology: How Teeth Work
Authors: Nelson Greg C.
Published: December 2018

N/A
Approximal Attrition and Permanent Tooth Crown Size in a Romano-British Population
Authors: Brook A. H. , Underhill C. , Foo L. K. , Hector M.
Published: December 2018

The aim was to measure mesiodistalcrown size of both sexes in different age groups of a wellcharacterised Romano-British population to determinethe progressive effects of approximal attrition. Fromthe collection in the British Museum of Romano-British skeletons excavated from Poundbury, aged andsexed by Museum staff on established criteria, twosamples were selected randomly from those with intactpermanent dentitions. The first examiner measured theteeth of 30 males and 30 females aged 14-24 years andthe second examiner those of 59 males and 51 femalesdistributed across the four age groups, namely 14-24,25-34, 35-45, over 45 years. The mesiodistal diameter ofeach permanent tooth was measured on two separateoccasions and the mean for each tooth type in each agegroup calculated. Differences were explored with twosample t-tests and multiple regression analysis. Theintra-operator reproducibility for difference tooth typesranged from r = 0.92 to r = 0.99 and for inter-operatorreproducibility from r = 0.74 to r = 0.99. In the youngestage group males had larger teeth than females withthis difference being statistically significant for mosttooth types. There was a pattern of decreasing toothsize over the four age groups, with males more affectedthan females. Different tooth types showed differentreductions, the greatest being in upper and lowerincisors and upper first molars and the least in lowersecond molars, upper second molars and third molars.The average total arch length reduction estimated by twodifferent methods between aged groups 1 and 4 was 10.0mm in the upper jaw and 6.4 mm in the lower jaw. Thus,in this Romano-British sample all tooth types showedreduction in mesiodistal diameter with increasing age,the extent varying between the sexes, the jaws andtooth types. From comparable studies, this approximalattrition was slightly greater than for mediaeval Swedesand considerably greater than modern Swedes and otherCaucasians.
The Relative Sexual Dimorphism of Human Incisor Crown and Root Dimensions
Authors: Harris Edward F. , Couch, Jr. W. Max
Published: December 2018

Teeth are unusual structures in that theirdimensions are sexually dimorphic even though theyform early in life, several years before steroid-mediatedadolescence. These size differences make teeth attractiveas indicators of a specimen’s sex. Alternatively, themagnitude of sexual dimorphism in humans is low, sothere is considerable overlap in sizes between the twosexes. Prior studies suggest that tooth root dimensionsare more dimorphic than crown dimensions, so rootswould be more useful for sex determination. Toexplore this, we measured the four incisor tooth typesfrom standardized periapical radiographs in a sample(n = 148) of living American white adolescents. Rootlengths are somewhat more dimorphic than crownsizes in this sample (ca. 6% vs. 2%), and this translatesinto somewhat higher discriminatory power. Thehindrance, however, is that all crown and root sizesare positively intercorrelated, so there is effectivelyjust one dentition-wide axis of “tooth size” variation.Statistically, at least for these incisor tooth types, thereis no added discriminatory power in the crown sizesonce root dimensions have been accounted for, thoughthe addition of data from other tooth types mightimprove discrimination somewhat.
A Non-Metric Trait on Upper Molars: The Lingual Pit
Authors: Kelley Marc , Gillerin Bette-Jean
Published: December 2018

N/A
The Relationship between Crown Size and Complexity in Two Collections
Authors: Williams Bridgett A. , Corruccini Robert S.
Published: December 2018

Many studies show human tooth crown sizeincreases with increasing crown complexity (i.e., extracusps, tubercles or grooves). Plio-Pleistocene hominidtooth size reduction has also incurred reduction incomplexity, which plays into many theories that attemptto explain this well known, sustained odontometricreduction. We correlated various types of tooth complexitywith measured tooth size in two collections: the widelyused ASU dental models (238 MD and BL dimensionsof 119 teeth involved in 19 post-incisor model plaques),and in Newton Plantation slave remains from Barbados(736 dimensions of 368 teeth from ca. 100 individualsconsisting of 8 post-canine types: mandibular premolarsand molars, and maxillary molars). Significant positivecorrelations show crown size and crown complexitydecrease together, thus either type of data might serve todocument this decline. However the degree and pattern ofthis positive correlation was distinct in the two samples.
Asymmetrical Eruption of Permanent Teeth in Australian Aborigines
Authors: Sobhi P. , Mihailidis S. , Rogers J. R. , Hughes T. E. , Townsend G. C.
Published: December 2018

A better understanding of the factorsinfluencing tooth eruption is important given theassociation between altered eruption patterns andcrowded or decayed teeth. Hence, the aims of this studywere to quantify the extent of asymmetry in tooth eruptionand to determine whether eruption asymmetry wassignificantly influenced by sex, tooth position or timingof emergence. Additionally, directionality of asymmetryand variation between ethnic groups were also explored.Data collection was based on the examination of serialdental casts from a sample of 90 Aborigines (50 male, 40female) aged 6 to 18 years from the Yuendumu settlementin the Northern Territory of Australia. These casts wereobtained at yearly intervals from the 1950s to the early1970s. Tooth antimeres on each cast were compared usinga 4-grade eruption score. Relatively high (> 70%) interandintra-observer concordances confirmed reliabilityof the recording system. Asymmetry frequencies werecalculated and associations between variables assessedusing chi-square analyses, with statistical significanceset at alpha = 0.05. Evidence of patterned asymmetry forpermanent tooth eruption was noted among the sample ofAustralian Aborigines, with the distally positioned, laterformingteeth showing the highest levels of asymmetry.
Strong genetic influence on hypocone expression of permanent maxillary molars in South Australian twins
Authors: Higgins Denice , Hughes Toby E. , James Helen , Townsend Grant C.
Published: December 2018

An understanding of the role of genetic influences on dental traits is important in the areas of forensic odontology, human evolution and population variation. The aims of this study were: to calculate the frequency of occurrence and degree of expression of hypocones on permanent maxillary first and second molars in a sample of South Australian twins; to compare trait expression between males and females; to compare concordance rates for trait expression between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins; and to fit genetic models to the data derived from twins and determine heritability estimates. Using stone dental casts, hypocone expression was scored on maxillary permanent first and second molars of 45 MZ twin pairs and 43 DZ pairs. Degrees of expression were scored from absence, through minor wrinkles or ridges, to very large cusps (score 0 – 5) using the standardized method of Turner et al. (1991). Hypocones were found to be more common and larger on first molars than second molars and there was a tendency for them to be larger in males although this was not statistically significant. No significant differences in occurrence or expression were noted between antimeres, with fewer differences observed between first than second molars. The percentage concordance for expression in MZ twin pairs was higher than in DZ twin pairs indicating a genetic influence determining the variation observed in hypocone expression. The most parsimonious model to explain observed variation was an AE model, incorporating additive genetic and unique environmental effects. Narrow-sense heritability estimates for both the first and second molars were high indicating that a large portion of the phenotypic variation could be explained by additive genetic effects. The greater range of phenotypic expression shown by the second molars compared with the first molars may reflect a common genetic liability that is modulated by differences in tooth size, location and/or developmental timing between these teeth.
Patterns of Hypodontia among Third Molars in Contemporary American Adolescents
Authors: Harris Edward F.
Published: December 2018

Third molars (M3s) are congenitally absent (hypodontic) more frequently than any other tooth type. Causes of this enhanced variability are poorly understood, but the potential range of absence—from none through four M3s per person—provides the opportunity to examine the permutations of missing M3s within and among ethnic groups. Teenage samples of two overlapping populations (1,100 American whites; 600 American blacks) were studied here, with radiographic confirmation of each tooth’s presence in the jaws. Roughly 15% of these people are missing at least one M3, but only about 2% of this sample is hypodontic for all four molars. The frequency and severity of missing M3s are significantly higher in whites than blacks. Within individuals, correspondence of occurrence is much higher within than between the jaws, but all combinations of M3 hypodontia are positive and significant statistically—implying common underlying developmental influences. While various sorts of data support a genetic influence on the risk of M3 hypodontia, patterns of inheritance suggest a multifactorial rather than a single-gene mode of inheritance. Several researchers have promoted a polygenic threshold model, and the history and application of this model are discussed.
Joined supernumerary mandibular teeth in the premolar region: Report of a Hungarian archeological case
Authors: Szabó Gy. , S. G. Kocsis , Molnár E.
Published: December 2018

Supernumerary teeth are those that are additional to the normal complement. They may occur in any region of the dental arch and have been reported in both the primary and the permanent dentitions. The etiology of supernumerary teeth is still not clearly understood, but several theories have been suggested for their occurrence. The investigated material were the remains from the Bácsalmás-Óalmás burial site (from the 16th-17th centuries), where 472 skeletons were excavated from 1993 to 2003. For the purpose of this study, the dentitions of 164 adult individuals were examined. The examination was carried out using macromorphological methods, radiographic analysis and a dial caliper were applied. This paper describes a supernumerary tooth of an adult female skeleton. On the labial surface of the first mandibular premolar an extra tooth was observed.Radiographic examination of the fused teeth indicated that the crown of the premolar had fused incompletely with the crown of the extra tooth. The position of the extra tooth could have been the result of gemination of the tooth germ or the elaboration of the buccal cingulum. The cranium of the examined individual showed some mongoloid morphologic features, too. Our presumption about the formation of the supernumerary tooth may have contributed to the theories of the occurrence of supernumeraries. The sporadic occurrence of this anomaly was reported in recent and archaeological skeletal collections. This study showed that multiple permanent dental formation was present in past Hungarian populations, representing a contribution to the history of dental anomalies.
Supernumerary Teeth from Two Mesoamerican Archaeological Contexts
Authors: Duncan William N.
Published: December 2018

Supernumerary teeth are uncommon but have been well documented clinically. The majority of cases are isolated anterior teeth; examples of multiple or posterior supernumerary teeth are less common. This paper describes two examples of supernumerary teeth from archaeological contexts in Mesoamerica. The first case is of three individuals with supernumerary posterior teeth found in skull rows and pairs in a Postclassic Maya temple at the site of Ixlú in northern Guatemala. Two of these individuals exhibited bilateral supernumerary mandibular teeth. The second context is a Zapotec burial from the Jalieza site in Oaxaca, Mexico. This individual exhibited a single supernumerary tooth. The paper reviews supernumerary teeth with regard to frequency, ontogeny, and mode of inheritance and discusses the cases’ relevance for biological distance analyses.
Case Report: Patent Mandibular Symphysis with Congenital Absence and Ankyloglossia
Authors: Smith Ann S. , Harris Edward F.
Published: December 2018

The mandible develops prenatally as left and right halves (hemimandibles) that meet at a suture in the anterior midline. This suture normally is obliterated in the first year of life. We describe a 4-year-old girl in whom (A) this suture (symphysis menti) is only partially fused, (B) the primary lower left central incisor is congenitally absent (and also its permanent successor), and (C) there is pronounced ankyloglossia. These midline problems share a common etiology, namely incomplete fusion of the halves of the first branchial arch. No cause is suggested, but the embryological problem seems to stem from inadequate streaming together of the mesodermal cores of the first branchial arches. Similar cases with the dental and bony aspects of this condition should be identifiable in skeletal remains.
Carabelli Trait in Australian Twins: Reliability and Validity of Different Scoring Systems
Authors: Hasegawa Yuh , Rogers James , Scriven Graham , Townsend Grant
Published: December 2018

We assessed the intra- and inter-observer reliability of two methods of scoring or categorizing Carabelli trait in both primary and permanent dentitions (Hanihara, 1961; Dahlberg, 1963). By using dental casts obtained from twins, we also compared the expression of Carabelli trait within and between monozygotic (MZ) co-twins to clarify the ontogenetic processes leading to different forms of trait expression. While intra-observer concordance rates were generally good (70 - 90%), inter-observer concordance rates were poor (35 - 60%). This indicates that considerable caution is needed when comparing data for Carabelli trait derived from different samples by different researchers. By comparing categories or scores for Carabelli trait in both dentitions of MZ co-twins, we found inter-relationships between groove and cuspal forms of the feature. Although the Arizona State University system developed by Turner is commonly used nowadays to score the Carabelli trait, we would encourage researchers interested in clarifying genetic influences and ontogenetic processes in both dentitions to refer to the often over-looked plaque of Hanihara and also Dahlberg’s plaque P12B. This should improve the reliability and validity of data obtained by helping to clarify the inter-relationships between the different phenotypic expressions of Carabelli trait.
Demirjian Stage Tooth Formation Results from a Large Group of Children
Authors: Liversidge Helen M.
Published: December 2018

The aim of this study is to present further data on the timing and variation of individual permanent mandibular teeth using Demirjian stages from a large collaboration. Seven mandibular permanent teeth were assessed from dental radiographs of healthy dental patients from Australia, Belgium, Canada, England, Finland, France, South Korea and Sweden (cross-sectional study; n = 9,371, 4,710 males, 4,661 females; aged 2–18). Data are presented in three ways, namely by tooth stage for males, females, and pooled sex. Mean age at entry of each tooth formation stage (maturity data) was calculated using logistic regression and modified for age prediction. The 51% confidence interval for age within stage of individual tooth stages was calculated for use in forensic age estimation where the burden of proof is on the balance of probabilities. Average age, standard deviation, standard error, 3rd and 97th percentile within tooth stage was calculated from a uniform age sample (171 for each year of age from 3 to 16, n = 2,394). Modified maturity data and average age within stage from the uniform age distribution are two new methods of age estimation.
Brief Communication: Premolar Enamel Formation: Completion of Figures for Aging LEH Defects in Permanent Dentition
Authors: Holt Sarah A. , Reid Donald J. , Guatelli-Steinberg Debbie
Published: December 2018

Variation in enamel formation has become increasingly important in comparative studies of dental development. Previously published work on the development of human enamel in groups from southern Africa and northern Europe has allowed for more accurate estimation of formation timing of linear enamel hypoplasias. Currently, although data for all tooth types has been published, charts of enamel growth by decile useful in this type of estimation have been limited to molars and anterior teeth. This paper completes this series with a table and figure of mean formation times of human premolars for each decile of crown development using previously published histological data of daily enamel growth.
Hypotrophic Roots of the Upper Central Incisors – a Proposed New Discrete Dental Trait
Authors: Cunha Claudia , Silva Ana Maria , Irish Joel , Scott G. Richard , Tomé Tiago , Marquez José
Published: December 2018

This paper describes a newly defined nonmetric trait in the human dentition, i.e., Hypotrophic Roots of the Upper Central Incisors (HRUCI). Teeth presenting HRUCI are characterized by abnormally short roots whose crowns exhibit no apparent morphological alterations. The trait was observed in six samples from collective funerary sites in the Iberian Peninsula dated from the Late Neolithic to the Chalcolithic period.
Brief communication: maxillary lateral incisor morphology and uncommon trait expression: a case study from prehistoric Paa-ko, New Mexico
Authors: Blankenship-Sefczek Erin C.
Published: December 2018

Prehistoric American Southwest exhibits a high frequency of dental morphological variability. This high variability may be the result of gene flow and subsequent genetic drift occurring in early periods (pre CE 900), though few studies report on dental variability in later periods. Morphological traits of the maxillary lateral incisors were analyzed from the Pueblo IV site of Paa-ko, New Mexico (CE 1300-1425) yielding high frequencies of four traits (shovel, double shovel, tuberculum dentale, interruption groove) and uncommon variants (barrel-shovel, triform, peg-shaped). Lateral incisor morphology is underrepresented in the literature but could be useful in determining population migration and affinity.
Secular change in dental development in New Mexican females
Authors: Rautman Anna L. M. , Edgar Heather J. H.
Published: December 2018

Recent research has indicated a dramatic acceleration of dental development in 20th century European Americans in Tennessee and Arizona, resulting in developmental stages being reached at earlier calendar ages. In order to determine whether this rate change is also observed in New Mexico, radiographs from two cohorts of European American female orthodontic patients with known ages were used to compare age by stage of development. The cohorts date to the 1970’s (n=101) and the 1990’s (n=93) and were between 5-11 years of age. Dental developmental stages were recorded for five mandibular teeth.The average calendar age difference between cohorts per tooth and developmental stage combination was less than one month, but varies among tooth/stage combinations by up to 13 months. A Pearson’s chi square test found no significant difference between the two cohorts for the 22 tooth/stage combinations. However, Cox Hazards Analysis demonstrated significant differences between the cohorts for five of the 22 tooth and stage combinations. Contrary to previous findings, the calendar age of the 1990’s cohort is older for 16 of the 22 tooth/stage combinations than the 1970’s cohort. This runs counter to the general trend of acceleration in development observed in multiple systems.
Accuracy of estimating age from eruption levels of mandibular teeth
Authors: Willmot Sheryl E. , Hector Mark P. , Liversidge Helen M.
Published: December 2018

Little is documented on the accu-racy of estimating age from alveolar eruption (AE) or partial eruption (PE). The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of age estimation from eruption levels. Methods tested were Gleiser and Hunt (1955), Garn et al. (1958), Ando et al. (1965), Haavikko (1970) and clinical eruption from Smith et al. (1998). The sample was 946 panoramic dental radiographs from children aged 3-16 years. Left mandibular teeth (excluding third molar) were assessed for eruption level (AE and PE) and root quarters. Methods, teeth and eruption levels were deemed to be accurate if the average difference between estimated and chronological ages was not significant to zero using a t-test (P>0.05). Results show that early erupting permanent teeth were fairly good at estimating age, although there was considerable age variation in eruption. Haavikko incisors and molars at AE and Haavikko and Smith central incisor and second molar at PE estimated age accurately. Root stage of erupting teeth estimated age more accurately than eruption level using Haavikko. These findings suggest that erupting permanent mandibular teeth can be helpful in estimating age.
Dental morphology of deciduous molars from late Neolithic Caves of the Meuse River Basin of Belgium
Authors: Williams Frank L'Engle , George Rebecca L , Polet Caroline
Published: December 2018

Nearly 200 karstic caves of the Meuse River Basin of Belgium preserve collective burials dated to the Late Neolithic. The gnathic remains from five well preserved sites provide an opportunity to explore potential relationship among these cave burials.

The cave burials of Hastière Caverne M, Hastière Trou Garçon C, Maurenne Caverne de la Cave, Sclaigneaux and Bois Madame are dated to circa 4,635 to 3,830 years BP. Dental casts from mandibular and maxillary deciduous molars are scored using the ASUDAS.

Carabelli’s trait varies from a small, Y-shaped depression to a full cusp, and the largest ones are found at Hastière Caverne M. The mandibular first molars have three to five cusps and the second molars have five, with one instance of six cusps at Bois Madame, which exceeds the range of variation for other dental traits.  The hypoconulid ranges from small to very large. A metaconulid is absent or small.          

Although the results are contingent on idiosyncratic preservation, differences in the frequencies of traits exist between the earlier cave burial from Hastière Caverne M and the late/final Neolithic burials of Sclaigneaux and Bois Madame, the latter of which is the most variable in the expression of dental traits.
Differential Impacts of Subsistence on Developmental Stress in Prehistoric Ohio Valley Children
Authors: Moes Emily , Blatt Samantha H
Published: December 2018

Bioarchaeologists often assume that the intensification of agriculture results in an increase in physiological stress, but it is necessary to also consider duration and age of occurrence of stress events. Linear enamel hypoplasias (LEH) are indicators of such events. By analyzing LEH on the permanent anterior teeth of 40 children from prehistoric Ohio Valley, this project compares the timing and duration of stress events of foragers (4000-3000 B.P.) with those of agriculturalists (A.D. 1000-1500).

A scanning electron microscope was used to create 50X photomontages of the tooth surfaces. LEH from systemic stress were recorded from these photomontages as those that concurrently match among other teeth from the same individual. Ages were calculated at which stress events occurred. The total number of perikymata within each defect furrow were used to reflect the duration of the stress events. Variables were compared between samples using Fisher’s exact tests and pairwise ANOVA.

Agriculturalist children endured the most stress events, although foraging children suffered the longest stress events. Variation can be attributable to cultural or nutritional change in the Ohio Valley, resulting in agriculturalist children being more frail. Results are similar to previous studies exploring transitions in physiological stress with the rise of agriculture.
Periodontitis in Dry Skulls
Authors: Clarke Nigel
Published: December 2018

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Oral Tori in the Ticuna Indians, Colombia
Authors: Harris Edward F.
Published: December 2018

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Book Review: Structure, Function and Evolution of Teeth
Authors: Morris Donald H.
Published: December 2018

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The Frequency of Two Developmental Anomalies in Osteoarchaeological Samples
Authors: Kocsis Gábor , Marcsik Antónia
Published: December 2018

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Book Review: Recent Contributions to the Study of Enamel Developmental Defects
Authors: Irish Joel D.
Published: December 2018

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Oral Condition of Three Yanomama Indian Tribes of South America
Authors: Periera Cléber Bidegain , Katich Joseph P. , Turner II Christy G.
Published: December 2018

The permanent dentition and supporting tissue of 140 Yanomama Indians ranging in age from three to more than 40 years was examined for malocclusion, caries, attrition, and periodontal disease. Their oral status is characterized by malocclusion (79%), anterior tooth crowding (55%), a low frequency of caries (14%), periodontal disease (83%), and a linear progression of occlusal attrition with age. The Yanomama are recognized as having been geographically, genetically, and linguistically isolated for a minimum of 500 years. This situation permits the use of their dental condition to assess the hypotheses that admixture and/or tooth use is chiefly responsible for the widespread malocclusion found in many modern Yanomama populations. Because the Yanomama have seemingly not been affected by foreign admixture, and because they possess marked tooth wear evidencing heavy mastication, neither admixture nor lack of masticatory function can be responsible for a high degree of malocclusion.
Preliminary Impression of Current Dental Anthropology Research in China
Authors: Wu Liu , Xianglong Zeng
Published: December 2018

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The Anthropological Significance of Alveolalgia ("Dry Socket")
Authors: Halbertstein R. A.
Published: December 2018

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Evolutionary Perspectives on Popular Culture: State of the Art
Authors: Salmon Catherine
Published: December 2018

Utilizing an evolutionary perspective has proven fruitful in a number of areas of interest outside of the standard psychological or anthropological topics. This includes a wide range of fields from applied disciplines such as law, criminology, medicine, and marketing, to the study of the imagined worlds found in art and literature, the domains of the humanities. A number of excellent books, as well as numerous articles, detail the impressive work done in applying evolutionary insights to the study of art and literature. This article focuses on evolutionarily informed explorations of popular culture, an area that, only relatively recently, has benefited from research taking this approach. The existing scholarship in this area will be reviewed, and future directions and challenges highlighted.
A Tale of Two Species: The Origins of Art and the Neanderthal Challenge
Authors: Seghers Eveline
Published: December 2018

At the dawn of the Upper Palaeolithic era around 45,000 BP, Homo sapiens migrated into Europe. This process was accompanied by the extinction of Neanderthals, which has led many to believe that this species was cognitively and behaviorally inferior to anatomically modern humans. In recent years, however, this view has been challenged. This paper focuses on art and aesthetic practices among Neanderthals, as one of the exponents of modernity. It explores to what extent central cognitivist accounts of differences with Homo sapiens are supported by both theoretical arguments and empirical evidence. The commonly cited cognitive capacity for symbolism may be less crucial for art than hitherto assumed, and several other variables, such as demography and ecology, adapt the mainstream idea that the crucial difference between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans is of a cognitive nature. As such, Neanderthals may have been artists as well, challenging longstanding ideas about the uniqueness of our species.
Tehnološke lastnosti in uporabnost lesa velikega pajesena v primerjavi z lesom velikega jesena
Authors: Gorišek Željko , Plavčak Denis , Straže Aleš , Merela Maks
Published: December 2018

Chinese sumac (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle) is one of the most invasive alien species in Europe, and also in Slovenia. Due to its great renewal power the species is spreading rapidly, especially in abandoned agricultural and forest areas and along the traffic routes. It is botanically different from the European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), but it has similar tree habitus as well as similar structural characteristics of the wood. For this reason, we analysed the visual, anatomical and some physical and mechanical properties of both wood species. In all anatomical planes, the typical visual and colorimetric similarity of both studied woods was confirmed. Anatomically both ring porous wood species differ mainly in size and distribution of vessels, axial parenchyma and ray tissue. Wood of both species has a similar density as well, but the Chinese sumac has greater shrinkage. Some of the mechanical properties are comparable, although Chinese sumac wood has a lower modulus of elasticity and hardness and greater shear strength than ash wood. We can recommend that the wood of Chinese sumac can be used for production of pulp and paper, various panels and partly for less loaded constructions, which are not exposed to drastic climatic variability.
Konceptualni model digitalizacije izobraževanja: Primer visokošolskega izobraževanja v lesarstvu v Sloveniji
Authors: Kropivšek Jože
Published: December 2018

The development of digital society and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) brings many opportunities for progress, but is also very challenging. The main problem is a big gap in digital competences. In addition, the educational process, the results of which are competences adapted to digital era, needs to be adapted and changed because of this development. Digitalization of the educational process and the use of modern ICT in its implementation is one of the possible solutions to this problem. The goal of the research is to examine the best practices and technologies for digitalization of education and to develop a conceptual model for the digitalization of higher education with emphasis on higher education in the wood sector in Slovenia. Since digitalization of the educational process is a comprehensive project, it needs to be carried out at several levels with emphasis on the didactic, content, technological and organizational aspects. The state of digitalization of higher education in wood technology in Slovenia was studied in detail. The available ICT and technical support, as well as general digital literacy of both students and educators, are considered to be good, although there is still a lot to be improved.
DIGNIDADE DA PESSOA HUMANA, AUTONOMIA DE VONTADE E DIREITO DE COMUNICAÇÃO: O CASO DAS PROVAS VEXATÓRIAS NOS REALITY SHOWS
Authors: Moura Emerson Affonso da Costa
Published: December 2018

O conteúdo do princípio da autonomia da vontade, enquanto princípio basilar do regime jurídico de Direito Privado e, portanto, das relações jurídicas entre particulares, dentro de um Estado Democrático de Direito com epicentro na promoção dos direitos fundamentais e no princípio fundamental da dignidade da pessoa humana é o tema posto em debate. Analisa-se a partir do papel assumido pelos direitos fundamentais na ordem jurídica vigente, da sua irradiação no âmbito do direito infraconstitucional com a repersonalização do regime privado e o conteúdo da autonomia de vontade à luz do princípio fundamental da dignidade da pessoa humana, determinar em que medida o exercício da liberdade de dispor sobre a imagem e a intimidade nos reality shows, no que tange a atividades vexatórias, constitui ou não, violação ao reconhecimento da pessoa como um fim em si mesmo e demanda intervenção estatal.