bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Stereo-PIV Investigation of a Propeller's Wake behind a Ship Model in a Large Free-surface Tunnel
Authors: Calcagno Guido , Di Felice F. , Felli M. , Pereira F.
Published: June 2009

An experimental investigation of a five blade MAU propeller wake behind a Series 60 Cb=0.6 ship model has been performed using Stereo Particle Image Velocimetry (Stereo-PIV) in a large free-surface cavitation tunnel. The investigation of the wake and its evolution during
propeller revolution and at different longitudinal stations has pointed out the capability of Stereo-PIV in resolving the complex flow field with great accuracy. As a first step of this investigation, a systematic measurement analysis has been done to find the best angle between the two cameras.
The blade viscous wake, developing from the blade surface boundary layers; the trailing vortex sheets, due to the radial gradient of the bound circulation; and the velocity fluctuation distributions are identified and discussed. The complex interaction between the hull wake and propeller is
described through the evolution of the mean velocity components and the vorticity fields. In the near field the effects of turbulent diffusion and viscous dissipation, which cause a rapid space-broadening of the velocity gradients in the trailing edge wake, are also examined. Comparison with
LDV measurements shows a substantial agreement between the two techniques.
MATE ROV Competitions Bring Ocean Science and Technology to Students and Educators across the U.S. and Canada
Authors: Zande Jill , Michel Drew , Sullivan Deidre
Published: June 2009

Despite our nation's increasing reliance on the ocean environment, students and educators are often unaware of ocean career opportunities and the knowledge and skills required to enter those careers (Sullivan et al., 2006; Sullivan, 2002). A consequence of this lack of awareness is
a shortage of skilled individuals who can fill ocean workforce needs (MATE Forum, 1996; Zande & Sullivan, 2003). The Marine Advanced Technology Education (MATE) Center and the Marine Technology Society's (MTS) ROV Committee created the remotely operated vehicle (ROV) competition to address
this issue and bring ocean science and technology to students and educators across the U.S. and Canada. Since 2001, the MATE Center and the ROV Committee have engaged thousands of students and educators from middle schools through universities in developing ROVs for tasks based on real workplace
situations. In doing so, the program has promoted ocean issues and careers, connected students and educators with employers and working professionals, and helped students to develop valuable technical, problem solving, and teamwork skills.
Smithsonian's Ocean Science Initiative: a Partnership between the National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Authors: Fiertz Carol , Cooper Sharon Katz , Flanders Joanne , Johnson Jill , LaPointe Tom , Oremland Mollie
Published: June 2009

The Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History is launching an Ocean Science Initiative (OSI), which includes an Ocean Web Portal, a Center for Ocean Science, and its centerpiece—the nation's largest permanent Ocean Hall exhibit to open in the fall of 2008. NMNH is the most
visited natural history museum in the world. Its dynamic team of research and exhibit staff, and unparalleled collections, in combination with NOAA's knowledge and expertise in ocean science, provides the opportunity to develop a truly unique exhibit, Web portal and other supporting educational
programs. This paper focuses on the partnership, the Hall, its development process, and evolving education and Web portal plans.
Exploring the Merit and Feasibility of using Ocean Observing System Data in Education
Authors: McDonnell J. , Hotaling L. , Matsumoto G.I. , Parsons C. , Meeson B. , Bell R.
Published: June 2009

Ocean engineers and scientists are transforming the way we experience and understand the ocean through integrated and sustained ocean observations. For the first time, there will be continuous, sustained, near real-time, multi-dimensional data available from the ocean, collected from
within the ocean using in-water sensor systems and from above using remote sensing methodologies. These data make inquiry-driven questions concerning the dynamic nature of the ocean's physical, biological and chemical characteristics in both time and space possible. These data will also provide
unique and meaningful access to the ocean for a broad range of users. One major anticipated user group is kindergarten through grade 12 (K-12) educators and their students, who will be able to explore and utilize these near realtime data sets and information in their classrooms.The National
Science Foundation (NSF)-sponsored Center for Ocean Science Education Excellence–Mid-Atlantic (COSEE-MA) is focused on coastal ocean observing systems and the development of products and services that bring real-time data to a broad range of user groups. COSEE-MA partners with these
potential users to develop lesson plans and resources that use these data in meaningful ways to promote science inquiry in the classroom. Within this context, the merit and feasibility of developing a framework for a national ocean observing system education product was explored at a recent
community workshop.
Preparing Educators with Practical Science: Ocean Observing in the Classroom
Authors: Cline Amy Holt , Campbell Janet , Shyka Tom
Published: June 2009

Over the past two years, the UNH Coastal Observing Center and the Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System (GoMOOS) have co-sponsored two week-long teacher workshops that offer curriculum content and hands-on experience in using ocean observation data as a successful teaching tool in the
classroom. Teachers ranging from grammar school to high school levels worked to create practical lessons that incorporate ocean observing data into their current classroom settings and are using it today. This paper will explain how the UNH/GOMOOS summer Educator Institutes have been run,
what teachers have been learning in these workshops, and how they planned and started using ocean observing data in their classrooms.
A New Master's Level Certificate in Ocean Observing Systems at Texas A&M University
Authors: DiMarco Steven F. , Campbell Lisa , Guinasso Norman L.
Published: June 2009

The College of Geosciences at Texas A&M University (TAMU) introduces an exciting new Graduate Certificate in Ocean Observing Systems. The objective of this certificate program is to train a new generation of ocean professionals knowledgeable in the development, design, and implementation
of real-time operational oceanographic systems. It is envisioned that the nascent U.S. Integrated Ocean Observing System, IOOS, will be akin to the National Weather Service and will be designed to provide real-time oceanographic data, services, and products (http://www.ocean.us). The TAMU
graduate program in Ocean Observing Systems is designed to meet the anticipated demand for specifically trained persons with technical and scientific expertise in oceanography and ocean-related technology.
Follow the World's Ocean Currents with the Ocean Surface Currents Web Site and the Adopt a Drifter Program
Authors: Tweedie M. Sara , Stanitski Diane M. , Snyder H. David , Hammond Jennifer N.
Published: June 2009

The ocean surface has provided the interface for commerce, adventure and exploration for millennia. Studies of ocean surface currents play a vital role in our present day understanding of the dynamics at this ocean-atmosphere interface. Using technology to bridge vast distances, students
can now reach the oceans and experience real-life challenges that rival those of the space program. In this paper, we detail two efforts using different approaches to engage teachers and their students in the study of ocean surface currents.The NASA-sponsored Ocean Surface Currents Web
site (www.oceanmotion.org) provides a comprehensive review of the surface circulation of Earth's ocean and classroom investigations appropriate for various disciplines at the high school level. The site highlights use of data derived from the online satellite data to understand patterns of
ocean surface currents and how they relate to issues of exploration, commerce, marine life, weather/climate, natural hazards and national security. Classroom investigations help high school students practice skills matched to national standards, and keyed to topics covered in the traditional
high school curriculum and to the stages of the 5 E's teaching and learning model.The NOAA-sponsored Adopt a Drifter Program (ADP) provides an educational opportunity for K-16 teachers to infuse ocean observing system data into their curriculum. The ADP promotes one-on-one partnerships
between schools from the United States and international schools where students from both schools mutually adopt a drifting buoy to be deployed from a ship at sea. An educational sticker from each school is adhered to the drifter before deployment and teachers and their students access drifter
location, sea surface temperature and/or sea surface pressure data from the drifter online at http://osmc.noaa.gov/OSMC/adopt_a_drifter.html.These resources better equip teachers with the tools necessary to ignite the interest of students and explain complex relationships between dynamic
atmosphere and ocean systems.
The Maury Project, DataStreme Ocean, and Online Ocean Studies: AMS Initiatives in Ocean Science Education
Authors: Smith David R. , Geer Ira W. , Mills Elizabeth W. , Moran Joseph M. , Weinbeck Robert S.
Published: June 2009

The education program of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) has developed and nationally implemented two unique pre-college teacher enhancement programs on the ocean sciences, the Maury Project and DataStreme Ocean. In addition, the AMS has employed the successful DataStreme
model to make available to colleges and universities an undergraduate distance-learning course on the fundamentals of oceanography, Online Ocean Studies. The Maury Project, established in 1994, is a partnership with the U.S. Naval Academy and State University of New York (SUNY) at Brockport,
with significant support from the U.S. Navy, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the National Science Foundation (NSF). The Maury Project trains and equips pre-college teachers to be peer trainers on the physical foundations of selected oceanographic topics. They
are initially trained in a two-week workshop hosted by the U.S. Naval Academy. Subsequently, participating teachers present training sessions for other teachers with materials prepared by the Project. To date, approximately 300 educators have attended the workshop and tens of thousands of
teachers have been peer trained. In 2003, with the goal of reaching a larger audience of pre-college teachers, the AMS in partnership with NOAA and SUNY Brockport initiated DataStreme Ocean. DataStreme Ocean is a semester-long distance-learning course on the basic understandings of oceanography
and partially delivered via the Internet. Maury Project alumni work with local university and government laboratory scientists to mentor DataStreme Ocean participants. By fall 2005, over 600 teachers had been enrolled in DataStreme Ocean. Online Ocean Studies is a distance-learning introductory
college-level course on the basic understandings of oceanography developed by the AMS in cooperation with NOAA. This semester-length course explores the ocean in the Earth system via investigations keyed to near real-time environmental data derived from ocean and coastal observing systems.
Online Ocean Studies is a turnkey package (Web site, customized textbook, investigations manual, and secure faculty Web page) licensed from AMS and adaptable to both traditional lecture/laboratory and totally online local instruction. The AMS piloted Online Ocean Studies during spring 2005
with eleven participating colleges and universities. National implementation took place in fall 2005. Recently, the AMS embarked on a National Science Foundation-funded initiative to facilitate adoption of Online Ocean Studies by minority-serving institutions. The goal is to spur minority
student interest in the geosciences.
Using Ocean Observing Systems to Promote Lifelong Ocean Education
Authors: Meeson B. W.
Published: June 2009

The coming ocean observing system provides an unprecedented opportunity to change both the public perception of our ocean, and to inspire, captivate and motivate our children, our young adults and our peers to pursue careers allied with the ocean and to become stewards of our planet's
ocean. Within this context educators participating in the Ocean Research Interactive Observatory Networks Workshop (January 2004) and in the Integrated Ocean Observing System-Coastal Ocean Observing System and Education Workshop (March 2004) collectively sought to articulate
recommendations for education allied with ocean observing systems (global, coastal, in situ, and remote sensing). At these workshops an education network was initiated and workshop recommendations called for creation of a collaborative framework to support and develop the network. This
collaborative framework is to be established from existing education networks, be nationally coordinated through a coordinating center and embedded in a larger geography and Earth and space system science education collaborative. Recommendations address several other topics including identification
of thematic areas and classes of education activities, availability of data and learning materials in forms that are useful and usable by educators, creating new learning materials where gaps exist, and ensuring that all citizens, especially those from underserved and underrepresented populations
are engaged in ocean careers. Efforts are underway in several of these areas including expansion of the education network and identification of education, training and workforce supply and demand issues.
OceanCareers.com: Navigating Your Way to a Better Future
Authors: Sullivan Deidre , Murphree Tom , Ford Bruce , Zande Jill
Published: June 2009

The ocean attracts and inspires thousands of students every year to pursue degrees in science, engineering, and technology. Yet, in spite of all the attention paid to the oceans, students often lack the information needed to make wise decisions about choosing an ocean-related career.
The Center for Ocean Science Education Excellence ? California (COSEE California) and the Marine Advanced Technology Education (MATE) Center have responded to this problem by developing a user-friendly interactive Web site on ocean careers (www.OceanCareers.com).
Marine Reserve Design and Evaluation Using Automated Acoustic Telemetry: A Case-study Involving Coral Reef-associated Sharks in the Mesoamerican Caribbean
Authors: Chapman Demian D. , Pikitch Ellen K. , Babcock Elizabeth , Shivji Mahmood S.
Published: June 2009

A non-overlapping acoustic receiver array was used to track the movements of two common shark species, nurse Ginglymostoma cirratum (n=25) and Caribbean reef Carcharhinus perezi (n=5), in and around Glover's Reef Marine Reserve (GRMR), off the coast of Belize, between
May and October, 2004. Although both species exhibited partial site fidelity in that they were most likely to be detected near the area of original capture, both species also moved widely throughout the 10 by 30 km atoll. One Caribbean reef shark was detected by a monitor at Lighthouse Reef,
30 km from Glover's Reef across deep (>400m) open water. The mean minimum linear dispersal (MLD) was 10.5 km for Caribbean reef sharks and 7.7 km for nurse sharks, with many individuals traveling more than the 10 km width of the no-take "conservation zone" of the marine reserve. Although
most sharks were tagged within the conservation zone, individuals were detected outside this part of GRMR on average 48 days out of the 150 days of observations. However, of 7 nurse sharks tagged near the center of the conservation zone, 4 were never detected outside of this part of the reserve.
In general, this study suggests that effective conservation of these large roving predators requires an ecosystem-based management approach including a zoned management plan, similar to that used at GRMR, in which a fairly large no-take reserve, incorporating diverse habitats and the connections
between them, is surrounded by a larger area in which fishing is regulated.
Use of Acoustic Tags to Estimate Natural Mortality, Spillover, and Movements of Lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) in a Marine Reserve
Authors: Starr Richard M. , O'Connell Victoria , Ralston Stephen , Breaker Laurence
Published: June 2009

Advances in electronic telemetry systems have led to fish tagging studies that are sufficiently long to provide estimates of natural mortality of many marine fishes. We used acoustic transmitters and an array of recording receivers to estimate natural mortality, residence times, and
rates of movements of lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus) in a marine reserve in southeast Alaska. We surgically implanted acoustic tags in a total of 83 lingcod in December 1999 and July 2000, and distributed recording monitors with receiving ranges of at least 800 m throughout the reserve.
The receivers were anchored on the seafloor in locations that resulted in overlapping receiving ranges, and thus created an array of receivers that completely encompassed an 8 km2 reserve. In this way, we were able to estimate natural mortality rates and track movements of tagged
lingcod into and out of the reserve from December 1999 through October 2001. Acoustic tag results indicated that most of the tagged fish frequently left the reserve, but were only absent for short time periods. Tagged fish showed a high degree of site fidelity. The large number of signals
received from tagged fish enabled us to generate models that provided a way to predict the effects of marine reserves on yield and eggs per recruit for a cohort of female lingcod.
Gillnets: Gear Design, Fishing Performance and Conservation Challenges
Authors: He Pingguo
Published: June 2009

Worldwide, the gillnet is one of the most important fishing gears for harvesting a variety of species in the sea and in freshwater. Gillnets are efficient, catching a diverse range of species, and are highly size selective. However, gillnets have limited species selectivity and sometimes
catch non-target species; birds; and megafauna species including cetaceans, turtles, and sharks. Lost gillnets often continue to fish, a situation called “ghostfishing”, wasting valuable resources. This paper describes basic components of a gillnet and its fishing mechanisms, and
reviews catch efficiency, selectivity and related conservation issues.
Accuracy and Precision of Measurements of Transect Length and Width Made with a Remotely Operated Vehicle
Authors: Karpov Konstantin A. , Lauermann Andrew , Bergen Mary , Prall Michael
Published: June 2009

Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) have been used to estimate the density of fish and invertebrates on strip transects. However, there is little published information about the accuracy and precision of measurements of transect length and width, a critical component of the density estimate.
In this study, we evaluate straight line constant velocity protocols, the accuracy and precision of estimates of transect length from ultra short baseline acoustic tracking, and compare measurements of transect width based on sonar and lasers. When ROV tracking was compared to distances measured
on sonar maps, the difference between linear tracked and mapped distance (|LDt-LDm|) averaged 1.7 ± 0.5 m. The error was not significantly different with distance. Our navigation protocols allowed us to maintain relatively constant heading and speed. Distance computed from velocity
exceeded mapped distance by 2-4 m. The error was not significantly different with distance. Measurements of transect width made with lasers and sonar were comparable, particularly when the ROV was within 4 m of the substrate. Based on our data, ROV tracking can be used to measure transect
length within 2 m. If tracking fails, distance can be estimated from velocity within 2-4 m. Sonar can be used to measure transect width with considerable cost savings.
Designing and Testing New Fishing Gears: The Value of a Flume Tank
Authors: Winger Paul D. , DeLouche Harold , Legge George
Published: June 2009

Increasing regulations, bycatch restrictions, and concerns over ecosystem impact are now the driving forces for much of the development in fishing gear design occurring world-wide. Industry, government, and universities have responded to these challenges with major advancements in computer
aided design, simulation, physical modeling techniques, and world-class testing facilities. Model studies are a critical step in the development of new fishing gears and flume tanks are the de facto standard for investigating their attributes and performance under controlled conditions. This
paper discusses the nature of flume tanks, their attributes, as well as the science and art of building and testing scale models of fishing gear.
Sea Scallop Harvest Gear: Engineering for Sustainability
Authors: Smolowitz Ronald
Published: June 2009

The Atlantic sea scallop is the most important molluscan shellfish species commercially harvested in the United States. The species is sought for the large, white circular adductor muscle (the 'meat') that holds the two valves of the animal together. In North America, the 'meat' is
generally the only part of the scallop that is landed and eaten, although the meat only accounts for about a third of the animal's visceral weight. In 2004, U.S. landings of sea scallop meats totaled 29,374 metric tons. The value of the U.S. scallop harvest in 2004 ($321 million) was
only exceeded by crabs ($447 million), shrimp ($425 million), and lobster ($344 million). Harvesting problems in the wild capture scallop fishery have a long history of being addressed with technical gear-related solutions. Recent advances include larger rings and twine
tops, turtle chain mats, and changes to the drag frame. Management strategies and gear design must work together for sustainable fisheries.
The Philippine Indigenous Outrigger Boat: Scaling Up, Performance and Safety
Authors: Aguilar Glenn D.
Published: June 2009

The traditional indigenous double outrigger crafts, called banca boats, of the Philippines vary in size from the very small 4 meter single crew paddle boats to large 50 meter fishing vessels and passenger ferry boats. Regardless of size, the same construction techniques are used by
native boat builders with wood as the main building material. Many hull forms, particularly economically important fishing boats, have been scaled up, resulting in problems related to the availability of wood for construction, safety at sea, and performance. Model experiments on craft performance
show the hydrodynamic characteristics of the double outrigger form and describe characteristics important for design, construction, and operation of the crafts. The presence of outriggers has a definite effect on the heave, pitch, and roll motion of the craft as compared to the hull without
an outrigger. Data analyses of maritime incident reports show a high percentage of capsizing by these motorized banca boats, highlighting the need for some regulation of their design and construction. Other concerns related to fisheries as being the main area of use of these boats are further
discussed.
Applications of Underwater Photogrammetry
Authors: Pollio Joseph
Published: June 2009

The reliability of a photogrammetric system is a function of the degree of constraints applied to the system. Mapping tests have been performed to investigate the relative importance of these constraints. Underwater mapping consists of five elements: (1) ground control, (2) photogrammetric
equipment, (3) field techniques, (4) photogrammetric analyses, and (5) final presentation. Ground control was provided by a 160 foot square underwater net. A photogrammetric camera was improvised by calibrating a hand-held 70mm water-corrected underwater camera, which was mounted to the
wet submersible Pegasus. Photogrammetric analyses were performed by assembling a radial line plot for a horizontal control solution and employing this horizontal control for a vertical bridge of three models. The result was an establishment of over 1200 additional horizontal points; a planimetric
map of the entire area; a detailed, one inch contoured map of the three models, and a photo-mosaic of the area. Tests with the submersibles Star III and Aluminaut have shown that contoured strip maps can be made with parallel mounted cameras. This arrangement allows for the computations
of the camera height and gives some indication of the bottom attitude. This additional information along with ground coordinates at each exposure station provides sufficient data to compile a map.
A Photographic Compass Inclinometer for the Orientation of Deep Sea Sediment Samples
Authors: Harrison C. G. A. , Belshé J. C. , Dunlap A. S. , Mudie J. D. , Rees A. I.
Published: June 2009

An inexpensive instrument is briefly described which has been designed to provide a method of recording the orientation of deep-sea sampling devices. A compass and bull's-eye spirit level are photographed by a single shot camera shortly after the sampling device hits the bottom. The
azimuth of a line on the device may be measured to within 2 degrees, and the inclination of the device to within 1/2 degree.
Panoramic Reconstruction of the Sea Floor Environment, Using Underwater Photography, Direct Observations, and Field Sketches
Authors: Pruna Andres , Mairs Robert L.
Published: June 2009

Graphic illustration by a scientifically trained artist provides a panoramic view of the sea floor unobtainable directly by photography. Detailed photographs, direct observations, and field sketches are combined to produce a photographically documented hypsographic reconstruction of
the sea floor. Dry submersible or diver traverses show only a sequence of closeup photographs because of the visibility limitations presented by the ocean environment. At present the large scale aspects of the topography are best developed from direct observations. The underwater photographs
arranged in traverse sequence serve to refresh the memory and provide topographic, geologic, and biologic detail. The resulting detailed illustration gives a three dimensional composite panorama of the sea floor. This combined artist-photographic technique has been applied to: submarine
cable routing, habitat emplacement, and geological and biological reconnaissance.
Human Error Assessment and Management in Port Operations using Fuzzy AHP
Authors: Ung S. T. , Williams V. , Chen H. S. , Bonsall S. , Wang J.
Published: June 2009

Human error makes a significant contribution to marine accidents. There has been a growing commitment to attempt to tackle this problem. In this study, following a brief discussion of Human Reliability Assessment (HRA), a new method of human error assessment and management using fuzzy
set theory and analytical hierarchy process is proposed. In assessing the human error risk using the proposed method, the steps in each mission are compared to each other in terms of the likelihood, failure consequence probability, and severity criteria to determine the relative importance
and overall risk priority. The method is demonstrated using a test case of an oil cargo handling process in port, and is effective in avoiding the criticism raised when using traditional HRA techniques as well as evaluating the effectiveness of the risk control options (RCOs) identified.
Fi.S.A.R.: A Data-managing and Processing Software for Automated Telemetry Systems
Authors: Giacalone V.M. , Garofalo G. , D'Anna G. , Badalamenti F. , Pipitone C.
Published: June 2009

Ultrasonic telemetry systems are increasingly used in studies on the behavioral ecology of marine and freshwater animals. Systems based on automated omnidirectional receivers in particular offer a powerful and relatively cheap tool to provide presence/absence data of tagged animals,
but they do not provide the geographic position of the transmitters. In this paper a new software called FiSAR (Fish-finder Software for Automated Receivers), developed for application with Vemco VR1/VR2 receivers, is presented (available at www.marecofree.org/download.asp). FiSAR is able
to manage large datasets as well as to calculate the activity center of each transmitter from simple presence/absence data. This is achieved through (1) the collation of the data collected by each receiver in a unique MS Access cross-table, and (2) the use of the Simpfendorfer et al. (2002)
algorithm. The resulting cross-table can be easily exported to most statistical packages for further analysis.
Development and Testing of an A-Sized Rapidly Deployable Navigation and Communication GATEWAY Buoy
Authors: Driscoll Frederick R. , Beaujean Pierre-Philippe J. , Venezia William A.
Published: June 2009

A rapidly deployable, intelligent GATEWAY buoy system, capable of both air and sea deployment, has been developed to aid in the navigation and communication of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs). The device is based around the A-sized (sonobuoy) standard and is deployable from aircraft,
helicopters, ships and submarines using pressure and gravity launch tubes or charge-activated devices. The system consists of Florida Atlantic University (FAU) and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (WHOI) acoustic modems, both capable of providing Long Base Line (LBL) positioning, Global
Positioning System (GPS) Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), and Radio Frequency (RF) communications. It utilizes a combined parachute and anchor, a low drag inflatable buoy, and an intelligent scope-adjusting mooring line spool. The design is based around a “fire-and-forget”
methodology which, when the system is turned on and launched, requires no initial knowledge of the operating environment. The interoperable acoustic communication (ACOMMS) system can be operated at ranges up to 3000 meters and can achieve a true data rate of up to 860 bits-per-second using
reliable spread-spectrum frequency modulation. The LBL positioning system operates sequentially and does not preclude acoustic communications. Switching between protocols (FAU or WHOI) is achieved through an automated process or is requested via RF commands. The mechanical system is modular
and compact. The system is capable of operating in depths between 5 m and 200 m, in conditions up to sea state 3, and in currents up to 1.5 m/s. The mooring is versatile and able to hold in bottom types ranging from mud and sand to broken rock and reef.
Deep Water Scientific Drilling in Lake Malawi, Africa
Authors: Moran K. , Paulson M. , Lengkeek M. , Jeffery P. , Frazer A.
Published: June 2009

A new deep water drilling system was developed and applied to recover deeply buried sediments for scientific analyses in one of the deep rift valley lakes of Africa—Malawi. This approach overcame the difficulty of maintaining position over a drill site in a remotely located, large,
deep lake. Environmental conditions in Lake Malawi are similar to deep water marine settings and, as such, a marine approach was adopted for the Lake Malawi Drilling Project (LMDP). In February and March 2005, the modified pontoon, Viphya, successfully completed a scientific drilling expedition
in Lake Malawi. This expedition recovered core at depths greater than 380 m below lake-floor in water depths as great as 600 m. The major refit of Viphya included installation of a moonpool, bridge, crew accommodations, mess, washroom, power system, dynamic positioning, and a drilling system.
These major modifications required early pontoon surveys and naval architectural analyses and design work prior to their commencement. The expedition also used modified scientific coring tools with a marine geotechnical drilling rig for the first time, resulting in excellent core recovery
and quality.
Integrating Precision Relative Positioning into JASON/MEDEA ROV Operations
Authors: Bingham Brian , Mindell David , Wilcox Thomas , Bowen Andy
Published: June 2009

Advances in navigation continue to add precision and robustness to undersea operations. Two challenges limit navigation of the JASON/MEDEA two-vehicle ROV system: acoustic noise from JASON's hydraulic systems and lack of a direct relative position measurement between the two vehicles.
This paper describes successful integration of the SHARPS ranging system—enabling precise relative positioning that is robust with respect to acoustic noise. We discuss four aspects of the installation: the capabilities of SHARPS as installed on the ROVs, the estimation theory predicted
performance of the system design, the proof-of-concept navigation results from field deployments, and the operational utility of the SHARPS capability. The SHARPS installation integrates an important capability into the ROV system, enhancing the data product for science while adding safety
and flexibility to the at-sea operations.
Comparative Performance of Current-generation Geolocating Archival Tags
Authors: Schaefer Kurt M. , Fuller Daniel W.
Published: June 2009

The performances of the current-generation Lotek Wireless LTD2310 and the Wildlife Computers Mk9 geolocating archival tags were compared. The depth, temperature, and light level sensors of 15 LTD 2310 and 15 Mk9 archival tags were evaluated through hydrocasts of these, along with a
calibrated Sea-Bird SBE39 temperature and depth probe, to nearly 500 m. Three experiments were conducted; each included five archival tags of each type simultaneously deployed in hydrocasts, along with the SBE39 probe. In all three experiments, the average differences between depth sensors
on the Mk9 archival tags and the SBE39 were significantly greater than those between the LTD2310 archival tags and the probe depths for the hydrocast stops at about 500 m, 300 m, and 200 m. The standard errors about the average depth values for those hydrocast stops in Experiments 1 and 2,
were greater for the LTD2310 tags, but for Experiment 3 the standard errors were greater for the Mk9 tags. The average differences between the LTD2310 and Mk9 archival tag temperatures measured by their stalk sensors and the SBE39 probe temperatures were similar in all three experiments over
a temperature range of from about 9° to 27° C. The standard errors about the average temperature values were similar in all three experiments. The temperatures recorded by the Mk9 archival tag body temperature sensors lagged significantly, while those of the LTD2310 sensors were close
to the temperatures recorded by the SBE39 probe during descents and ascents. The standard errors about the average tag body temperature values in all three experiments are greater for the Mk9 tags. Following the stabilization of light sensors at maximum depths (about 500 m) and darkness, during
the three hydrocast ascents the 15 LTD2310 and 15 Mk9 archival tag light sensors indicated an average sensitivity to light at 440 m and 380 m, respectively. Two separate experiments conducted with archival tags implanted in the peritoneal cavity of tunas provided estimates of the accuracy
and precision of geolocation based on ambient light level data. The computed distances between the average estimated geolocations, from three LTD2310 and three Mk9 archival tags recovered from captive yellowfin tuna Thunnus albacares, to the tank location (7°25'N-80°10'W) were
43.7 nm and 32.1 nm, respectively. The computed distances between the average estimated geolocations, from 13 LTD2310 and 15 Mk9 archival tags from bigeye tuna Thunnus obesus, released and recovered in association with a moored buoy, to the actual buoy location (1°59'S-95°11'W)
were 118.5 nm (1.975 dd) and 162.8 nm (2.713 dd), respectively.
Acoustic Visualization of Nonlinear Internal Gravity Waves Using an Improved High Frequency Sonar System
Authors: McCord Michael T. , Carey Earl W.
Published: June 2009

High frequency sonar systems have been used by the Naval Research Laboratory to study nonlinear internal gravity waves and define the fine structure of ocean temperature and salinity layers that are found in coastal waters, usually within 130 meters of the surface. Of particular interest
is the fine structure of these waves, which are being investigated using high sensitivity sonar systems that provide 1 m horizontal resolution and less than 8 cm vertical resolution. This article describes the integration of commercial and custom-designed components, including a recently patented
transmitter-receiver switch. The significance of this T-R switch is that it improves the sensitivity of short-range sonar systems, enables a more refined measurement of nonlinear internal gravity waves, and could have broad industry applications.
Animal-Borne Instrumentation Systems and the Animals that Bear Them: Then (1939) and Now (2007)
Authors: Kooyman Gerald
Published: June 2009

The history of animal-borne instrumentation is reviewed from the first basic depth gauge invented in the late 1800s, to the complex animal-borne imagery and archival systems of the present day. A major breakthrough occurred in 1964 when the first time-depth recorder was deployed on
a Weddell Seal in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. The next phase in the study of animals at sea was the use of microprocessors as archival recorders in the mid-1980s. These also were first attached to Weddell seals in McMurdo Sound. Microprocessor technology made possible the next major step of
attaching a video camera housed in a submersible case (Crittercam) to a loggerhead turtle. Since the 1990s the field of “Biologging” has flourished, with new additions of satellite and GPS tracking, and resulted in three major international symposiums in the past four years (2003-2007).
Using Animal-Borne Imaging to Assess Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas) Foraging Ecology in Moreton Bay, Australia
Authors: Arthur Karen E. , O'Neil Judith M. , Limpus Colin J. , Abernathy Kyler , Marshall Greg
Published: June 2009

Traditional techniques for studying green turtle foraging ecology, such as the analysis of food availability and ingested dietary material, have concluded that green turtles are primarily herbivorous but selective foragers. However, green turtles that forage during Lyngbya majuscula
blooms are exposed to toxins produced by the cyanobacterium overgrowing the seagrass. We used the Crittercam, an animal-borne imaging device, to observe green turtle foraging behavior in Moreton Bay, Australia, and to evaluate the system for assessing the impacts of Lyngbya blooms on
green turtles. Eight large green turtles were captured while foraging on seagrass flats and each was fitted with a Crittercam. The deployments yielded over 28 hours of video and associated time-depth records. Turtles swam almost continuously and rarely stopped to feed on seagrass. Six turtles
were observed feeding and all six consumed gelatinous animals from the water column. This prey source was previously undocumented in the Moreton Bay green turtle population but described in other green turtle populations using the Crittercam. Only one turtle was observed foraging on seagrass.
The results of this study indicate that Crittercam technology can provide insight into turtle diet selection and that it will be a useful tool in identifying the impacts of Lyngbya blooms on green turtle feeding ecology. This study has also demonstrated that turtles in Moreton Bay may
have a more flexible diet than previously described, indicating they could potentially supplement their diet with alternate prey items when seagrass quality or quantity is compromised. Longer deployment times, with an initial acclimation phase, are required to more fully understand questions
pertaining to feeding ecology.
The Use of Animal-Borne Imaging to Assess Post-Release Behavior as it Relates to Capture Stress in Grey Reef Sharks, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos
Authors: Skomal Gregory , Lobel Phillip S. , Marshall Greg
Published: June 2009

Sharks are subjected to extensive commercial and recreational fisheries worldwide. Current management, which imposes bag limits, minimum sizes, and quotas, mandates the release of large numbers of sharks each year, but little is known of post-release behavior and survivorship. Using
animal-borne imaging technology, we examined the effects of handline capture on post-release behavior of six grey reef sharks, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, at Johnston Atoll (Central Pacific) as it relates to physical trauma and physiological stress induced by capture. To quantify the
extent of physical trauma, 25 grey reef sharks (including these six), ranging from 56–135 cm fork length, were examined for evidence of external tissue damage after 2.0–12.8 minutes of handline capture. In addition, these fish were blood sampled to quantify relative changes in
acid-base biochemistry. Although blood lactate increased and blood bicarbonate decreased significantly relative to the duration of the capture event, blood pH did not drop significantly and there was no evidence of respiratory or metabolic acidoses. Post-release behavior, as evidenced by animal-borne
imaging, included group (n=3) and solitary (n=2) activities that had been previously described in this species. A single shark exhibited aberrant behavior, which included a two-minute period of disorientation, lack of movement, and loss of equilibrium; this behavior was attributed to extensive
physical trauma associated with hook damage. When coupled with quantified information relative to the capture event, we found that animal-borne imaging is a useful tool for collecting direct observations of post-release behavior in sharks so that fishery managers and researchers can better
assess the impacts of various capture techniques.
Camera Configuration and Use of AUVs to Census Mobile Fauna
Authors: Auster Peter J. , Lindholm James , Plourde Megan , Barber Kimberly , Singh Hanumant
Published: June 2009

There is a diversity of shapes and sensor configurations used in the design of autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). Cameras and lighting (for both still and video imaging) are common sensor systems and have traditionally been configured to produce orthogonal images of the seafloor.
Such imagery provides invaluable small-scale, high-resolution data for studies of seafloor geology and sessile invertebrate communities. However, using orthogonal imagery to census the diversity of mobile fauna has limitations caused by avoidance. A simple analysis using species-individual
curves demonstrated that species richness was generally lower in surveys using orthogonal images when compared to forward-looking oblique images despite encountering the same number of individual fishes. This pattern was consistent when contrasting data from separate AUV and ROV surveys at
boulder reefs in the Gulf of Maine as well as from down-looking and forward-looking cameras simultaneously collecting video imagery from a camera sled in a variety of habitats. These results indicate a need to evaluate the effects of camera configuration on the performance of abundance and
diversity indicators developed from image data acquired using AUVs and other vehicles. Further, we recommend that AUV designers endeavor to accommodate oblique angles for cameras and associated lighting within vehicle design parameters in order to support missions that improve detection of
mobile fauna.
Marine Technology, Oceanic Research Activities and Their Integration into the General Framework of International Law
Authors: Gorina-Ysern Montserrat
Published: June 2009

Marine technology is a fundamental component in the conduct of oceanic research activities. This article focuses on three oceanic research activities—ocean exploration, outer continental shelf delimitation and operational oceanography—that provide important benefits to all
societies and yet are not well known by the general public. It is suggested that the peripheral status of these activities, by contrast with research impinging on marine mammals, is due to the absence of international disputes since the end of WWII involving oceanic research. This positive
development, however, is offset by the development of the law governing oceanic research activities away from a body of legal experts in international law. The marginal regulation of ocean exploration, outer continental shelf delimitation and operational oceanography suffers from definitional,
fragmentation and complementarity defects, as well as from the absence of a case law in the field that could assist the international judicial and legal professions, as well as policymakers, oceanographers, and law enforcement agencies in ensuring a greater degree of legal certainty, predictability,
and security in the face of important new expansionary claims and new technologies.
Offshore Wind Electricity: A Viable Energy Option for the Coastal United States
Authors: Musial Walt
Published: June 2009

U.S. offshore wind energy resources are abundant, indigenous, and broadly dispersed among the most expensive and highly constrained electricity load centers. Economic capacity expansion models developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory show that offshore wind energy can compete
in future U.S. electric energy markets without major changes in the market variables or revolutionary technological breakthroughs. However, significant research, development, and deployment will be needed to bring the current technology through a course of cost reductions. To maximize the
resource potential, these reductions need to be made along parallel technology paths that will expand the available resource by allowing wind turbines to be installed in deep water. Analysis shows that incremental technology improvements leading to moderate cost reductions, and reasonable
increases in the cost of conventional energy will help offshore wind achieve cost competitiveness by 2030 and become a major contributor to the energy supply of the United States. This paper describes a wide range of technical research and development that can reduce costs and improve technology
for deep water deployment.
Marine Aquaculture: Today's Necessity for Tomorrow's Seafood
Authors: Corbin John S.
Published: June 2009

Aquaculture is the fastest growing segment of the global food production sector, valued at $70.3 billion in 2004. In recent years, global capture fisheries have leveled off at around 95 mmt per year, with little or no prospect of increasing yields. The United Nations Food and
Agricultural Organization (UNFAO) has concluded that increases in future seafood supplies must come from aquatic farming. The United States (U.S.) industry has been among the fastest growing agriculture sectors. Domestic seafood from capture and culture fisheries provides about 20% of
annual consumption, the balance coming from imports. Future supply will come from either increasing imports or, preferably, expanding domestic aquaculture and fisheries sources. The greatest opportunity for domestic growth is marine aquaculture, particularly placement of large and small farms
in the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). Additional benefits can accrue if large-scale marine hatchery technology is developed, so that fingerlings can be produced for wild stock enhancement and management. Currently, there is no permitting and leasing regime for ocean farming in the
U.S. EEZ. In response to several national commissions, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. Department of Commerce (USDOC) is spearheading a bold effort to implement long-term marine aquaculture development objectives and create an EEZ permitting and leasing mechanism.
Enabling legislation, entitled the National Offshore Aquaculture Act of 2007, is before Congress. Anchoring fish farms in the relatively shallow near shore and the EEZ is an exciting prospect for greater U.S. seafood self-sufficiency. However, there are many institutional, environmental
and technical issues to resolve. More compelling is the prospect of developing new marine aquaculture technologies, e.g., single-point moorings, untethered cages, and integrated multi-trophic systems, to sustainably utilize the deep ocean beyond the EEZ. Successfully tackling this looming
challenge will need the diverse expertise of the U.S. marine technology industry.