bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incidence, timing, and importance of tracheoesophageal prosthesis resizing for successful tracheoesophageal speech production
Authors: Leder Steven B. , Sasaki Clarence T.
Published: October 2006

The Blom‐Singer method of tracheoesophageal (TE) speech restoration is a proven alternative to esophageal and electrolaryngeal speech in patients with total laryngectomy. This retrospective study was undertaken to determine the incidence and timing of TE prosthesis resizing, amount of change in prosthesis length, etiologies associated with resizing, and importance of long‐term professional follow‐up for maintenance of successful TE speech production. Participants were 26 individuals with total laryngectomy and secondary TE puncture. Results indicated that all 18 participants available for long‐term follow‐up required TE prosthesis resizing, and multiple resizings were required in 87% of the routinely followed participants. In 14 participants the prostheses were resized shorter (sample mean [X] = −0.7 cm); in 3, longer (x = +0.5 cm); and in 1, from a duckbill to a lowpressure prosthesis of the same size. The mean number of days from initial measurement and fitting to first prosthesis resizing was 26. The importance of collaboration between the speech‐language pathologist and otolaryngologist and need for long‐term follow‐up for successful maintenance of TE speech are stressed. Cost containment of rehabilitation services using the indwelling TE prosthesis is demonstrated.
A murine model for the immunotherapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Hier M.P. , Black M.J. , Shenouda G. , Sadeghi N. , Karp S.E.
Published: October 2006

A murine model for the immunotherapy of head and neck cancer was established. The AT‐84 tumor, a spontaneously arising oral squamous cell tumor of C3H mice, was evaluated for susceptibility to lymphokine‐activated killer (LAK) cells. In vitro chromium‐release assays demonstrated that AT‐84 is sensitive to LAK‐cell‐mediated killing. Furthermore, in vivo experiments employing a lung metastasis model demonstrated a 50% reduction in the number of metastases in LAK‐cell‐treated mice as compared with untreated controls (P2=.001). These experiments showed that AT‐84 is an appropriate model for the immunotherapy of head and neck cancer. This model should be invaluable for further study of the mechanisms involved in immune‐mediated therapy of head and neck cancer.
Functional outcome after surgery for prevention of pharyngospasms in tracheoesophageal speakers. Part II: Swallow characteristics
Authors: Pauloski Barbara Roa , Logemann Jerilyn A. , Blom Eric D. , Hamaker Ronald C.
Published: October 2006

The swallowing function of 29 patients with primary tracheoesophageal puncture who received either a pharyngeal constrictor myotomy, a unilateral pharyngeal plexus neurectomy, or a unilateral pharyngeal plexus neurectomy with a small drainage myotomy limited to the cricopharyngeus was studied. Swallowing function data were collected on each patient at 3 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery using videofluoroscopy. Differences in swallowing function among the treatment groups were primarily the amounts and loci of oral and pharyngeal residues. The differing patterns of bolus residue may reflect the different mechanisms that were affected by the various procedures. Despite significant changes in some swallow measures, the patients did not complain of dysphagia. Oropharyngoesophageal swallow efficiency ndash a clinical measure that weighs the amount of bolus swallowed by total transit time ndash fell within normal limits for each patient group at each evaluation. This measure may be a better index of the patients' perceived normal swallow than the component variables of residue and transit times would suggest.
The Histone Deubiquitinating Enzyme Ubp10 Is Involved in rDNA Locus Control in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by Affecting Sir2p Association
Authors: Calzari Luciano , Orlandi Ivan , Alberghina Lilia , Vai Marina
Published: October 2006

Histone modifications influence chromatin structure and thus regulate the accessibility of DNA to replication, recombination, repair, and transcription. We show here that the histone deubiquitinating enzyme Ubp10 contributes to the formation/maintenance of silenced chromatin at the rDNA by affecting Sir2p association.
emb-4Is a Conserved Gene Required for Efficient Germline-Specific Chromatin Remodeling DuringCaenorhabditis elegansEmbryogenesis
Authors: Checchi Paula M , Kelly William G
Published: October 2006

In C. elegans, germline blastomeres are initially kept transcriptionally quiescent by the maternally loaded CCCH zinc-finger protein PIE-1. PIE-1 disappears upon the birth of the primordial germ cells Z2 and Z3, yet these cells appear to remain quiescent. We have previously demonstrated that there is a chromatin-based repression that succeeds PIE-1 degradation. The chromatin in Z2/Z3 loses certain histone modifications, including histone H3 lysine 4 dimethylation (H3K4me2), a conserved marker for transcriptionally competent chromatin. We find that mutations in the maternal-effect gene emb-4 cause defects in both PIE-1 degradation and germline-specific chromatin remodeling. emb-4 encodes a highly conserved protein with orthologs in fly, mouse, and human and has a subtle role in Notch signaling. The embryonic phenotype of emb-4 is consistent with a defect in the efficient and timely activation of developmental programs, including germline chromatin remodeling. We also find that, as in early somatic blastomeres, the degradation of PIE-1 in Z2/Z3 is facilitated by zinc-finger-interacting protein ZIF-1, and in the absence of either zif-1 or emb-4, PIE-1 is abnormally retained in Z2/Z3.
Challenges in the Use of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Van Cutsem Eric
Published: October 2006

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the activity of EGFR inhibitors in metastatic colorectal cancer.Discuss planned studies.Discuss adverse events of EGFR inhibitors.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Genomics and the Impact of New Technologies on the Management of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Harkin D. Paul
Published: October 2006

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the genomic techniques that can determine gene expression in clinical samples.Explain how these genomic techniques can be used in preclinical drug development.Discuss the evolving role of genomic techniques in clinical medicine.

Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™ at CME.TheOncologist.com
Organic contaminants in sediments of the Newport Submarine Canyon, California and the adjacent shelf
Authors: Maurer Don , Robertson George , Gerlinger Tom , Gossett Richard
Published: October 2006

Organic contaminants in sediment were measured in samples collected from five stations in the Newport Submarine Canyon, Calif., and six nominal 60‐m shelf stations (1985–1991); the 60‐m stations included one at the terminus of an ocean outfall. Two hypotheses were tested: there is no increase in sediment contaminant concentration with water depth in Newport Canyon and there is no difference in contaminant concentration between the canyon and adjacent shelf. Based on analyses herein, hypothesis one was accepted and hypothesis two was rejected. Mean DDE, tDDT, and Aroclor 1254 were higher in the canyon (Station C2) and tPCB was higher at the ocean outfall (Station 0). The results presented here show that the canyon serves as a sediment trap for elevated concentrations of both trace metals and organic compounds. Due to the highly seasonal nature of rainfall and surface runoff in southern California we anticipated finding quantitative seasonal patterns (e.g., high concentrations during the wet season and low concentrations during the dry season). The present analyses do not support this trend. Remission of the 7‐yr drought with heavy rainfall from December 1992 through February 1993, and in January–March 1995, may provide the opportunity to document this relationship. Comparison of canyon data with other regional studies suggests multiple sources of contaminants (e.g., Santa Ana River, Newport Bay, offshore dredge disposal, storm runoff, atmospheric fallout) rather than a single source (e.g., ocean outfall). Normalization of contaminant concentrations with TOC was done to compensate for grain size differences between the canyon and the shelf. In a few comparisons, TOC normalized data yielded different results than nonnormalized data. While normalization may become a conventional practice in sediment geochemistry, we urge further study of this practice before unreservedly applying it to develop state and federal guidelines of permissible sediment levels of sediment contaminants.
Modeling of sequencing batch reactors treating inhibitory and noninhibitory wastewaters
Authors: Nakhla G. F. , Ahmed A. M. , Farooq S.
Published: October 2006

A mathematical model for sequencing batch reactors (SBR) that takes into account fill and react periods was developed and tested against experimental data from the literature. The Monod equation was used to describe microbial growth kinetics. The proposed model predicts the time dependent microbial cell and substrate concentrations during SBR treatment of wastes. A numerical method was used to solve the governing model equations which comprised nonlinear unsteady‐state ordinary differential equations. Model simulations highlighted the importance of feed rate as a major operating parameter. For biodegradable wastes and low strength inhibitory wastes, an instantaneous fill is optimum whereas high strength inhibitory waste treatment is only possible with long fill times. The model predictions compared well with experimental results reported in the literature. This model is useful for further understanding of biological wastewater treatment kinetics by batch processes and may serve as a valuable design aid for practicing engineers.
Autoheating and pathogen destruction during storage of dewatered biosolids with minimal mixing
Authors: Ahmed Anise U. , Sorensen Darwin L.
Published: October 2006

Long‐term storage with occasional mixing of biosolids was investigated for its ability to meet Class A, pathogen destruction requirements for unrestricted beneficial use of biosolids on land as defined by the Environmental Protection Agency. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the survival of pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella typhimurium, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Campylobacter jejuni), and Ascaris suum eggs in stored, digested, dewatered, and air‐dried wastewater biosolids. Screen‐enclosed biosolids columns, seeded with the pathogens, were incorporated into elongated, triangular biosolids‐storage piles established at five wastewater treatment plants in Utah. Storage piles were either nonmixed, mixed once a month, or mixed twice a month. Biosolids piles at the Central Weber wastewater treatment plant that were mixed once and twice each month were autoheated to 50°C and 57°C, respectively. Pathogenic organisms were reduced to below detection levels in all the piles within a year irrespective of whether the piles were turned or if autoheated temperatures were attained. Storage time was most important in the destruction of A. suum eggs.
Dichloromethane biodegradation under nitrate‐reducing conditions
Authors: Freedman David L. , Smith Craig R. , Noguera Daniel R.
Published: October 2006

An Acinetobacter sp. was isolated from activated sludge that grows on dichloromethane (DCM) as the sole source of organic carbon and energy under both nitrate‐reducing and aerobic conditions. Inhibitor experiments with chloroacetonitrile indicated that glutathione was involved in dechlorination of DCM under aerobic and anoxic conditions. Yield and endogenous decay coefficients were estimated using volatile suspended solids (VSS) data from five pairs of aerobic and denitrifying reactors, operated in a daily draw‐and‐fill mode at residence times of 2.5, 3, 4, 5, and 6 days. The maximum daily amount of DCM added was 11.8 mM, which is equivalent to a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 378 mg/L. For aerobic conditions, the yield and endogenous decay coefficients were 0.31 mg VSS/mg DCM COD and 0.14 day−1, respectively, versus 0.23 mg VSS/mg DCM COD and 0.090 day−1 for anoxic conditions. The DCM depletion curves from all 10 reactors were used to estimate the maximum specific growth rate, which was 1.1 and 0.89 day−1 under aerobic and anoxic conditions, respectively. In contrast, there was no significant difference in the maximum specific substrate utilization rate, which was approximately 3.8 mg DCM COD/mg VSS · d when either oxygen or nitrate served as the electron acceptor. The stoichiometry of DCM and nitrate consumption was 0.58 mole NO−3/mole of DCM. At this rate, the cost of supplying nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor is higher than for oxygen, but other factors (such as DCM volatilization during addition of oxygen and lower biomass yield during denitrification) may favor use of nitrate.
The Histamine-Induced Enhanced Expression of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 by Nasal Polyp-Derived Fibroblasts is Inhibited by Levocetirizine
Authors: Petecchia Loredana , Serpero Laura , Silvestri Michela , Sabatini Federica , Scarso Lucia , Rossi Giovanni A.
Published: October 2006

Background

Histamine, a key chemical mediator in allergic reaction, exhibits an array of pro-inflammatory effects that include the activation of fibroblasts. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether histamine could stimulate nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts to express vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, a surface molecule involved in structural-inflammatory cell interaction and whether levocetirizine could inhibit this induction.

Methods

Primary nasal polyp tissue-derived fibroblasts were stimulated with histamine (10–1000 μM) or interleukin (IL)-4 plus tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (0.5–5 ng/mL) and VCAM-1 expression was evaluated by flow cytometry analysis. The inhibitory effect of the selective H1-antagonist levocetirizine (0.01–10.0μM) on VCAM-1 expression was also tested.

Results

Compared with unstimulated cultures, histamine or IL-4 + TNF-α, at the highest concentrations tested, significantly increase VCAM-1 expression (p < 0.05). To evaluate the ability of levocetirizine to downregulate VCAM-1 expression, fibroblasts were stimulated with histamine (1000 μM) or IL-4 + TNF-α (5 ng/mL), in the presence of the drug (0.01–10.0 μM). The histamine-induced VCAM-1 expression was effectively inhibited by levocetirizine (0.1–10.0 μM) (p < 0.05). No effect of the drug on IL-4 + TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 expression was observed.

Conclusions

Histamine upregulates VCAM-1 expression on nasal polyp-derived fibroblasts and this phenomenon, relevant to allergic late-phase inflammation, is effectively inhibited by levocetirizine.
Allergic Rhinitis Augments the Response to a Bacterial Sinus Infection in Mice: A Review of an Animal Model
Authors: Naclerio Robert , Blair Christopher , Yu Xiaohong , Won Yu-Sung , Gabr Usama , Baroody Fuad M.
Published: October 2006

Background

Sinusitis is a poorly understood disease. Despite the significant morbidity and the enormous cost of treating sinusitis, little progress has been made at improving our understanding of its pathophysiology. One reason for restricted progress in understanding the disease is the lack of a satisfactory animal model that mimics sinusitis in man.

Objective

We review data establishing the development of sinusitis in mice after instillation of Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common pathogen responsible for acute sinusitis in man. We also review data showing that allergic inflammation in mice worsens a subsequent bacterial sinusitis. We use this data to hypothesize how allergic inflammation worsens a bacterial sinus infection.

Methods

Different strains of mice were made allergic and/or infected.

Results

We show our ability to generate an allergic reaction in the nose after sensitization to ovalbumin. Our data further show that an ongoing allergic nasal reaction worsens acute sinusitis.

Conclusion

A mouse model has been created for a study of the interaction of allergic rhinitis and acute bacterial sinusitis.
Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for the Excision of Nasal Polyps: A Systematic Review of Safety and Effectiveness
Authors: Dalziel Kim , Stein Ken , Round Ali , Garside Ruth , Royle Pam
Published: October 2006

Background

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) has been used for >20 years for the management of sinus disease including the excision of nasal polyps. Our objective was to perform a systematic review of safety and effectiveness of FESS for the removal of nasal polyps.

Methods

The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, Science Citation Index, other databases, and websites were searched in January and December 2005 using key words for nasal polyps and endoscopic surgery. All randomized controlled trials, nonrandomized comparative studies, and case series studies that described outcomes associated with FESS for the excision of nasal polyps were included. Forty-two publications were included from the 632 (6.6%) articles initially identified. Two reviewers assessed validity of included studies and extracted relevant data.

Results

Three randomized controlled trials, 4 nonrandomized comparative studies, and 35 case series studies were included in the review. FESS was compared with endoscopic polypectomy, Caldwell-Luc, radical nasalization, and intranasal ethmoidectomy. In general, studies were of poor quality and lacked description of important variables influencing surgical outcome. Overall complications for FESS from case series studies ranged from 0.3 to 22.4% (median, 7.0%). Major complications ranged from 0 to 1.5% (median, 0%) and minor complications ranged from 1.1 to 20.8% (median, 7.5%). The potentially most serious complications were cerebrospinal fluid leaks, injury to the internal carotid artery, dural exposure, meningitis, bleeding requiring transfusion, periorbital/orbital fat exposure, and orbital penetration. Symptomatic improvement ranged from 78 to 88% for FESS compared with 43 to 84% for comparative procedures. From case series, symptomatic improvement ranged from 40 to 98% (median, 88%).

Conclusion

FESS may offer some advantages in safety and effectiveness over comparative techniques, but wide variation in reported results and methodological shortcomings of studies limit the certainty of these conclusions. Wide variation in complication rates suggests the need for audit of existing practice. Additional high-quality studies with a fuller description of potential confounding factors and effect modifiers will help to define the effectiveness of FESS more clearly.
MUC5B Secretion is Up-Regulated in Sinusitis Compared with Controls
Authors: Viswanathan Harishnath , Brownlee Iain A. , Pearson Jeffrey P. , Carrie Sean
Published: October 2006

Background

The mucus that lines the airway epithelium provides a barrier against pathogenic and noxious agents and participates in the innate mucosal response to inflammation and infection. Mucins are the major components of mucus and the macromolecules that impart rheologic properties to airway mucus. Airway mucus is overproduced in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Biochemical and biophysical characterization of mucus in CRS and in normal airways will elucidate important aspects of CRS pathophysiology and allow the design of targeted medical treatments. The aim of this study was to estimate secretion of sinus mucus mucins in healthy individuals and CRS and correlate them with mucus biophysical properties.

Methods

Twenty-seven sinus mucus samples from 21 patients were collected (14 subjects with CRS undergoing sinus surgery as part of their treatment and 7 control subjects undergoing hypophysectomy without sinonasal disease). Biophysical properties of the mucus were measured by rheometry. ELISA was done to estimate MUC5AC and MUC5B mucin content in comparison with standards, i.e., porcine gastric mucin (MUC5AC) and human salivary mucin (MUC5B).

Results

MUC5B secretion ± SEM was 0.49 ± 0.16 μg/mL (n = 14) and 0.17 ± 0.05 μg/mL (n = 7) and MUC5AC secretion ± SEM was 1.26 ± 0.26 μg/mL (n = 14) and 1.46 ± 0.61 μg/mL (n = 7) in chronic sinusitis and control subjects, respectively. There was linear correlation between viscosity and mucin content in the control group but not in the CRS group.

Conclusion

MUC5B secretion is significantly up-regulated in CRS compared with control subjects (p = 0.04). Correlation between viscosity and mucin content was lost in CRS. This is likely to have important implications for future therapies in CRS.
Responsive Systems|Appliance Architectures
Authors: Hookway Branden , Perry Chris
Published: October 2006

Branden Hookway and Chris Perry introduce the Responsive Systems Group (RSG), a newly formed design research collective at Cornell University's School of Architecture, Art, and Planning. Highly interdisciplinary in nature, the work here addresses questions of collective intelligence at a number of scales. In terms of practice, collaborative, group‐based work is emphasised, with both the students as well as the instructors working in teams of three (Perry and Hookway are co‐directors of the Responsive Systems Group along with Ezra Ardolino). The second scale addresses the technologies and methodologies of design itself, exploring problems of ‘responsivity’ in the context of artificial intelligence and the emerging fields of robotic and sensory interaction design. Finally, and by extension, the issue of scale itself becomes a site of inquiry as the RSG's work focuses less on ‘architecture’ and more on ‘design’, implicitly if not explicitly loosening general notions of disciplinarity as a means of revealing new sites for mixture and innovation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallel Processing: Design /Practice
Authors: Erdman David , Gow Marcelyn , Karlsson Ulrika , Perry Chris
Published: October 2006

In the late 1990s servo emerged as a young design collaborative embracing new forms of distributed practice as enabled by the advent of telecommunications technologies. In this section, David Erdman, Marcelyn Gow, Ulrika Karlsson and Chris Perry write about how these organisational principles are at work not only in the context of their practice, but in the design work itself, which stretches across a variety of design disciplines to incorporate areas of expertise particular to information and interaction design, as well as a number of manufacturing and fabrication technologies. Many of servo's projects have focused on small‐scale interior infrastructures, typically in the form of gallery installations, furniture systems and exhibition designs. This particular scale has allowed the group to focus on the development of full‐scale prototypes, exploring a wide range of potential innovations at the point of integration between various technological and material systems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
After BitTorrent: Darknets to Native Data
Authors: Burke Anthony
Published: October 2006

What are the implications of the inherent reflexivity of the Internet for the design professions? Anthony Burke argues that radically innovative and distributed forms of information exchange such as BitTorrent suggest a general shift away from the traditional conception of the architect as master builder to one more in line with the collaborative remixing and patching tactics of the hacker. BitTorrent is a communications protocol that allows massive information exchange across infinite users with minimum resources. Through its sheer force of collectively pooled imagination, it provides a potent example of the sorts of platforms of information exchange that foster the new forms of communal organisation that Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri term the ‘Multitude’, and which productively challenge conventional models of cultural invention and production. In this context, Burke raises questions about the implications of this broader shift for the design professions' business organisation, as well as their more general methodologies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolving Synergy: OCEAN Currents, Current OCEANs and Why Networks Must Displace Themselves
Authors: Hensel Michael
Published: October 2006

Founded in the early 1990s, OCEAN was one of the first collaborative geographically distributed practices to realise the potential of telecommunication and digital design technologies. Here Michael Hensel recounts the various mutations and fluid transformations of the experimental groupings that came to form OCEAN net. Accordingly, Hensel's account is more akin to a band biography than a staid sociology of a professional office. Moreover, he explores how the molecular model of distributed authorship presents difficulties, either by confounding external expectations of a singular identity or signature behind the various design processes, or internally as a stable whole of identities attempting to re‐emerge and fix its collaborative mixings into a rigid hierarchy. As OCEAN's biography attests, true collaboration is inherently flat, distributed and transformative, situating architecture as more than just a service profession and transforming it into an intensive practice of living. Collective intelligence in these terms is embedded in the distributed evolutionary processes of the practice as a design project in itself. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinctive localization of N‐ and E‐cadherins in rat anterior pituitary gland
Authors: Kikuchi Motoshi , Yatabe Megumi , Fujiwara Ken , Takigami Shu , Sakamoto Atsushi , Soji Tsuyoshi , Yashiro Takashi
Published: October 2006

In the rat anterior pituitary gland, folliculo‐stellate cells aggregate preferably to form pseudofollicles, and each type of hormone‐producing cell shows adhesive affinity with particular types of heterologous hormone‐producing cells. Distribution of cadherin types in the rat anterior pituitary was examined immunohistochemically to clarify the unique cell arrangements caused by homologous and heterologous affinities among cells. N‐ and E‐cadherins were detected continuously along cell membranes, while P‐cadherin was not. N‐ and E‐cadherins showed distinct isolation in localization, with N‐cadherins localized in hormone‐producing cells of distal and intermediate lobes in various amounts, and E‐cadherins limited to folliculo‐stellate cells and marginal layer cells facing the residual lumen of Rathke's pouch. A similar distribution of cadherins was observed in cell clusters of primary cultured anterior pituitary cells. These findings suggest that differential expression of cell adhesion molecules may be partially responsible for localization of hormone‐producing cells and folliculo‐stellate cells. Anat Rec Part A, 288A:1183–1189, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does static precede dynamic osteogenesis in endochondral ossification as occurs in intramembranous ossification?
Authors: Ferretti Marzia , Palumbo Carla , Bertoni Laura , Cavani Francesco , Marotti Gastone
Published: October 2006

Endochondral ossification takes place with calcified cartilage cores providing a rigid scaffold for new bone formation. Intramembranous ossification begins in connective tissue and new bone formed by a process of static ossification (SO) followed by dynamic ossification (DO) as previously described. The aim of the present study was to determine if the process of endochondral ossification is similar to that of intramembranous ossification with both a static and a dynamic phase of osteogenesis. Endochondral ossification centers of the tibiae and humeri of newborn and young growing rabbits were studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. The observations clearly showed that in endochondral ossification, the calcified trabeculae appeared to be lined first by osteoclasts. The osteoclasts were then replaced by flattened cells (likely cells of the reversal phase) and finally by irregularly arranged osteoblastic laminae, typical of DO. This cellular sequence did not include osteoblasts seen in the phase of SO. These findings clearly support our working hypothesis that SO only forms in soft tissues to provide a rigid framework for DO, and that DO requires a rigid mineralized surface. The presence of osteocytes in contact with the calcified cartilage also suggests the existence of stationary osteoblasts in endochondral ossification. Stationary osteoblasts did not appear to be a unique feature of SO. The presence of stationary osteoblasts may appear to provide the initial osteocytes during osteogenesis that may function as mechanosensors throughout the bone tissue. If this is the case, then bone would be capable of sensing mechanical strains from its inception. Anat Rec Part A, 288A:1158–1162,2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flores hominid: New species or microcephalic dwarf?
Authors: Martin Robert D. , MacLarnon Ann M. , Phillips James L. , Dobyns William B.
Published: October 2006

The proposed new hominid “Homo floresiensis” is based on specimens from cave deposits on the Indonesian island Flores. The primary evidence, dated at ∼ 18,000 y, is a skull and partial skeleton of a very small but dentally adult individual (LB1). Incomplete specimens are attributed to eight additional individuals. Stone tools at the site are also attributed toH. floresiensis. The discoverers interpretedH. floresiensisas an insular dwarf derived fromHomo erectus, but others see LB1 as a small‐bodied microcephalicHomo sapiens. Study of virtual endocasts, including LB1 and a European microcephalic, purportedly excluded microcephaly, but reconsideration reveals several problems. The cranial capacity of LB1 (∼ 400 cc) is smaller than in any other known hominid < 3.5 Ma and is far too small to derive fromHomo erectusby normal dwarfing. By contrast, some associated tools were generated with a prepared‐core technique previously unknown forH. erectus, including bladelets otherwise associated exclusively withH. sapiens. The single European microcephalic skull used in comparing virtual endocasts was particularly unsuitable. The specimen was a cast, not the original skull (traced to Stuttgart), from a 10‐year‐old child with massive pathology. Moreover, the calotte does not fit well with the rest of the cast, probably being a later addition of unknown history. Consideration of various forms of human microcephaly and of two adult specimens indicates that LB1 could well be a microcephalicHomo sapiens. This is the most likely explanation for the incongruous association of a small‐brained recent hominid with advanced stone tools. Anat Rec Part A, 288A:1123–1145, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tissue evidence of the testosterone role on the abnormal growth and aging effects reversion in the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) prostate
Authors: Scarano Wellerson Rodrigo , Vilamaior Patricia Simone Leite , Taboga Sebastião Roberto
Published: October 2006

Prostate differentiation during embryogenesis and its further homeostatic state maintenance during adult life depend on androgens. Abundant biological data suggest that androgens play an important role in the development of the prostate cancer and other prostatic diseases. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the testosterone supplementation in gerbil (a new experimental model) at different ages. Tissues from experimental animals were studied by histological and histochemistry procedures, androgen receptor immunohistochemistry assay, morphometric‐stereological analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). After the treatment were observed increase of prostate weight and epithelium height in all ages studied. In some adult and aged treated animals, hyperplasic and displasic process were observed, including prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias and adenocarcinomas. Increase of the thickness of the smooth muscle cell (SMC) layer was observed in pubescent and adult animals and TEM revealed apparent SMC hypertrophy. An apparent increase in the frequency of blood vessels distributed by the subepithelial stroma in the treated animals was noticed. Reversion of the natural effects of aging on the prostate was observed in the aged treated animals in some acini of the gland. These data demonstrate that the gerbil prostate is susceptible to androgenic action at the studied ages and it can serve, for example, as experimental model to studies of prostate neoplasic process induction and hormonal therapy in aged animals. Anat Rec Part A, 288A:1190–1200, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Memory Effect of Activated Mg–Al Hydrotalcite: In Situ XRD Studies during Decomposition and Gas‐Phase Reconstruction
Authors: Pérez‐Ramírez Javier , Abelló Sònia , van der Pers Niek M.
Published: October 2006

The thermal decomposition of Mg–Al hydrotalcite and the subsequent reconstruction of the decomposed products in the presence of water vapor (2 vol. % H2O in N2) have been investigated by in situ XRD. Thermographic analysis and temperature‐programmed desorption MS results complemented the diffraction data. Valuable mechanistic and kinetic insights into these processes, which are of prime importance for optimal activation of this type of material for catalytic applications, were obtained. Hydrotalcite decomposition to the mixed oxide proceeds via formation at 423–473 K of an intermediate phase, consisting of a highly disordered, dehydrated, layered structure. The latter evolves by removal of interlayer water on heating, causing a shrinking of the interlayer space (it is up to 45 % smaller than in the as‐synthesized hydrotalcite). Above 623 K, Mg(Al)Ox oxide with the periclase structure is formed. Reversion of the intermediate dehydrated structure to hydrotalcite upon contact with water vapor is complete and very fast at room temperature. Recovery of hydrotalcite from the oxide calcined at 723 K is two orders of magnitude slower than rehydration of the intermediate layered structure and one order of magnitude slower than the typically practiced liquid‐phase reconstruction. In contrast to the decomposition, the reconstruction mechanism does not involve an intermediate phase. The gas‐phase rehydration and reconstruction was interrupted above 303 K. This is attributed to the poor wetting of the surface of the decomposed materials induced by hampered H2O adsorption above room temperature at the water vapor pressure applied. The Avrami–Erofe′ev model describes the reconstruction kinetics well.
La3Ni2O6: A New Double T′‐Type Nickelate with Infinite Ni1+/2+O2 Layers.
Authors: Poltavets Viktor V. , Lokshin Konstantin A. , Dikmen Sibel , Croft Mark , Egami Takeshi , Greenblatt Martha
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Complex Concaved Cuboctahedrons of Copper Sulfide Crystals with Highly Geometrical Symmetry Created by a Solution Process.
Authors: Wu Chunyan , Yu Shu‐Hong , Antonietti Markus
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Phase Diagram of Mg Insertion into Chevrel Phases, MgxMo6T8 (T: S, Se). Part 2. The Crystal Structure of Triclinic MgMo6Se8.
Authors: Levi E. , Lancry E. , Mitelman A. , Aurbach D. , Isnard O. , Djurado D.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
[C6H17N3]4 [Sb4V16O42]×2H2O and [NH4]4 [Sb8V14O42]×2H2O — The First Isolated Sb Derivates of the [V18O42] Family.
Authors: Kiebach Ragnar , Naether Christian , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One‐Pot Cyclization of Dilithiated Nitriles with Isothiocyanates and Epibromohydrin. Synthesis of 2‐Cyano‐1‐(hydroxymethyl)cyclopropanes and 2‐Cyanomethylidene‐4‐(hydroxymethyl)thiazolidines.
Authors: Albrecht Uwe , Freifeld Ilia , Reinke Helmut , Langer Peter
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Distannane‐Mediated Reaction of N‐Acyliminium Ion Pools with Alkyl Halides. A Chain Mechanism Involving Radical Addition Followed by Electron Transfer.
Authors: Maruyama Tomokazu , Suga Seiji , Yoshida Jun‐ichi
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tribromoisocyanuric Acid: A New Reagent for Regioselective Cobromination of Alkenes.
Authors: De Almeida Leonardo S. , Esteves Pierre M. , de Mattos Marcio C. S.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Copper(II)‐Catalyzed Amidations of Alkynyl Bromides as a General Synthesis of Ynamides and (Z)‐Enamides. An Intramolecular Amidation for the Synthesis of Macrocyclic Ynamides.
Authors: Zhang Xuejun , Zhang Yanshi , Huang Jian , Hsung Richard P. , Kurtz Kimberly C. M. , Oppenheimer Jossian , Petersen Matthew E. , Sagamanova Irina K. , Shen Lichun , Tracey Michael R.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation of Aliphatic Ketones Through a Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Tandem Cross‐Metathesis/Allylic Alcohol Isomerization.
Authors: Finnegan David , Seigal Benjamin A. , Snapper Marc L.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Ring Enlargement of Aryl‐Substituted Methylenecyclopropanes to Cyclobutenes.
Authors: Shi Min , Liu Le‐Ping , Tang Jie
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
First Stereospecific Synthesis of (E)‐ or (Z)‐α‐Fluoroenones via a Kinetically Controlled Negishi Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Dutheuil Guillaume , Paturel Clotilde , Lei Xinsheng , Couve‐Bonnaire Samuel , Pannecoucke Xavier
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Simple Catalytic Method for the Regioselective Halogenation of Arenes.
Authors: Kalyani Dipannita , Dick Allison R. , Anani Waseem Q. , Sanford Melanie S.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Pseudo C2‐Symmetric Tertiary Diamine for the Enantioselective Addition of MeLi to Aromatic Imines.
Authors: Gille Segolene , Cabello Noemi , Kizirian Jean‐Claude , Alexakis Alexandre
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Reduction of Aromatic Ketones in Pyridinium‐Based Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Xiao Ying , Malhotra Sanjay V.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Promoted Beller′s Synthesis of Substituted Phthalates.
Authors: Yang Yun‐Yun , Shou Wang‐Ge , Wang Yan‐Guang
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalysis and Regioselectivity of the Aqueous Heck Reaction by Pd(0) Nanoparticles under Ultrasonic Irradiation.
Authors: Zhang Zuhui , Zha Zhenggen , Gan Changsheng , Pan Chongfeng , Zhou Yuqing , Wang Zhiyong , Zhou Ming‐Ming
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
One Facile Preparation of N‐Aroyl‐N′‐arylsulfonylhydrazines by Oxidation of Aromatic Aldehyde N‐Arylsulfonylhydrazones with Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodobenzene.
Authors: Shang Zhenhua , Reiner John , Zhao Kang
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mn(III)‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Sulfides to Sulfoxides with Hydrogen Peroxide.
Authors: Hosseinpoor Farideh , Golchoubian Hamid
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Enantioselective Rh‐Catalyzed Arylation of N‐Tosylarylimines with Arylboronic Acids.
Authors: Duan Hai‐Feng , Jia Yi‐Xia , Wang Li‐Xin , Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ultrasound‐Assisted Synthesis of (Z)‐ and (E)‐Stilbenes by Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Organotellurides with Potassium Organotrifluoroborate Salts.
Authors: Cella Rodrigo , Stefani Helio A.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Aromatic Ketones by a Transition Metal Catalyzed Tandem Sequence.
Authors: Zhao Jing , Hughes Colin O. , Toste F. Dean
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intramolecular Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution of α‐Alkylcinnamaldehydes Affording 1‐Alkoxy‐2‐alkylindenes.
Authors: Jobashi Takashi , Kawai Atsushi , Kawai Satomi , Maeyama Katsuya , Oike Hideaki , Yoshida Yasuhiko , Yonezawa Noriyuki
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and X‐Ray Analysis of a New [6]Helicene.
Authors: Aloui Faouzi , El Abed Riadh , Guerfel Taha , Ben Hassine Bechir
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 1‐Arylmethyl‐2‐(cyanomethyl)aziridines and Their Ring Transformation into Methyl N‐(2‐Cyanocyclopropyl)benzimidates.
Authors: D'hooghe Matthias , Mangelinckx Sven , Persyn Evelien , Van Brabandt Willem , De Kimpe Norbert
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Lactones. Part 28. A New Approach for the Synthesis of α‐Methylene Lactones from Alkenes.
Authors: Szumny Antoni , Wawrzenczyk Czeslaw
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Gold‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Carbothiolation of Alkynes: Synthesis of 2,3‐Disubstituted Benzothiophenes (II) from (α‐Alkoxy Alkyl) (ortho‐Alkynyl Phenyl) Sulfides.
Authors: Nakamura Itaru , Sato Takuma , Yamamoto Yoshinori
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Isatins: An Entry to Diversity in 3‐Aryl‐3‐hydroxyoxindoles.
Authors: Toullec Patrick Y. , Jagt Richard B. C. , de Vries Johannes G. , Feringa Ben L. , Minnaard Adriaan J.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Microwave‐Assisted One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydrocarbazoles.
Authors: Chen Jing , Hu Yongzhou
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
4‐Functionally‐Substituted 3‐Heterylpyrazoles. Part 17. 3‐Aryl‐1‐phenyl‐4‐pyrazolmethylsulfanyl(sulfinyl, sulfonyl)acetic Acids.
Authors: Bratenko M. K. , Chornous V. A. , Vovk M. V.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Silica Gel Supported Sodium Hydrogensulfate as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for High Yield Synthesis of 2‐Arylbenzothiazoles.
Authors: Chari M. Adharvana , Shobha D. , Syamasundar K.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Structure, and Cytotoxicity of O‐[3‐(5‐Tetrazolyl)propyl]oximes.
Authors: Rubina K. , Abele E. , Belyakov S. , Shestakova I. , Popelis Yu.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct Synthesis of Tetrahydropyrans (III), (VI) via One‐Pot Babier—Prins Cyclization of Allylbromide with Carbonyl Compounds Promoted by RTILs BPyX/SnX′2 or BBIMBr/SnBr2.
Authors: Zhao Xian‐Liang , Liu Li , Chen Yong‐Jun , Wang Dong
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Unexpected Formation of N,N‐Disubstituted Formamidines from Aromatic Amines, Formamides and Trifluoroacetic Anhydride.
Authors: Mekhalfia Abdelaziz , Mutter Roger , Heal William , Chen Beining
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 4,4‐Disubstituted‐4H‐benzo[d][1,3]oxathiin‐2‐ones, a New Class of Compounds.
Authors: Kamila Sukanta , Khan Omair , Zhang Hongming , Biehl Edward R.
Published: October 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.