bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selection for imidacloprid resistance and mode of inheritance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens
Authors: Sanada‐Morimura Sachiyo , Fujii Tomohisa , Chien Ho Van , Cuong Le Quoc , Estoy Gerardo F , Matsumura Masaya
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Strong resistance to imidacloprid in Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) has developed in Southeast and East Asia. Although the mode of inheritance for resistance is very useful information for pest control, this information is unknown in N. lugens. Here, we established two resistant strains that were selected from field populations in Vietnam and the Philippines, and conducted crossing experiments to determine the inheritance pattern.

RESULTS

The resistance ratio of 50% lethal dose (LD50) values for the two resistance‐selected strains, i.e., resistant strains originating from Vietnam (VT‐Res) and the Philippines (PH‐Res), to their control strains were ∼ 8‐ and 157‐fold, respectively. Reciprocal cross experiments between VT‐Res and the susceptible strain (S‐strain), and between PH‐Res and the S‐strain showed that the degree of dominance was 0.81 and 0.82, and 0.95 and 0.96, respectively. Analysis of the F2 populations and backcrosses to the parental strains indicated that resistance is a major‐gene trait following Mendelian inheritance. The strength of the resistance was suppressed by pre‐treatment with piperonyl butoxide, an inhibitor of cytochrome P450‐monooxygenases.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest that imidacloprid resistance in N. lugens is autosomal and an almost completely dominant major‐gene trait that is likely manifested by high expression levels of a detoxification enzyme. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Intrinsic Defect‐Assisted UV–Visible Energy Conversion in Gd2O3:Er Nanoparticles
Authors: Kuznetsova Yulia , Zatsepin Anatoly , Zatsepin Dmitry , Spallino Luisa , Rychkov Vladimir , Mashkovtsev Maxim
Published: January 2019

The correlations between defectiveness and optical properties of Er‐doped Gd2O3nanoparticles coupled into cubic and monoclinic crystal structures were studied employing XPS and PL spectroscopies. The main focus of this research is paid to the cubic Gd2O3phase, which is more suitable for light‐emitting purposes. It is shown that oxygen‐related point defects are the precursors for the formation of cationic irregulars – “defective” Gd3+ions with local energy levels in the energy band gap of Gd2O3. Energy transfer from Gd3+intrinsic defects to Er3+dopants provides an additional channel for UV–visible radiation conversion. These Er3+ions have bimodal distribution due to the non‐equivalent lattice sites of “defective” Gd3+ions. An increase of Er3+concentration leads to the giant phonon softening effect, which opens up a new prospective way to enhance energy conversion efficiency.
Kaempferide prevents cognitive decline via attenuation of oxidative stress and enhancement of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin receptor kinase B/cAMP response element‐binding signaling pathway
Authors: Yan Tingxu , He Bosai , Xu Mengjie , Wu Bo , Xiao Feng , Bi Kaishun , Jia Ying
Published: January 2019

Kaempferide (KF) is a compound of flavonoids from Alpinae oxyphylla Miq, and the herb itself is used as a classical tonic agent. This paper aims to investigate the effects of KF on cognitive function impairment and neurodegeneration in the mouse model of Alzheimer's disease induced by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Aβ1–42. The mice were treated with KF at doses of 0.02 and 0.2 mg/kg/day (ICV) for five consecutive days after Aβ1–42 exposures. The behavioral test results showed that KF could prevent cognitive decline in mice induced by Aβ1–42 as assessed by the locomotor activity test, Y‐maze test, and Morris water maze test. Furthermore, the activities of superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex were elevated by KF administration. Results of hippocampus slices showed that neurons were integrated and regularly arranged in the groups, which were administered along with KF. In addition, we found KF could boost brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB)/cAMP response element‐binding (CREB) protein signal in the hippocampus. All results illustrated that KF could exert neuroprotective effects at least partly through alleviating oxidative stress and enhancing the BDNF/TrkB/CREB pathway in Aβ1–42‐induced mice.
Systematic decomposition of the MJO and its Northern Hemispheric extratropical response into Rossby and inertio‐gravity components
Authors: Franzke Christian L. E. , Jelic Damjan , Lee Sukyoung , Feldstein Steven B.
Published: January 2019

The Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) is the dominant form of intraseasonal variability in the Tropics. The MJO is a complex convectively coupled phenomenon, which is still poorly represented in the current generation of climate models, and our understanding of its essential dynamics and its influence on the midlatitude circulation is still incomplete. Here, we use a normal‐mode decomposition method to decompose the MJO systematically into Kelvin, inertio‐gravity (IG), and Rossby‐wave components in the ERA‐Interim reanalysis data for the period 1980–2015 to provide a climatology of the eight MJO phases for the Kelvin, IG, and Rossby‐wave components.

Our analysis shows that the Rossby modes provide a larger contribution to the magnitude of the MJO in terms of geopotential height and winds than the Kelvin wave and IG modes. Moreover, the kinetic energy associated with the Rossby modes of the MJO accounts for about 93% of the kinetic energy. Our decomposition also shows that the Kelvin wave is the dominant mode in the unbalanced wave part, which is flanked by Rossby waves on both sides of the Equator, consistent with previous studies. The extratropical response to the MJO also consists of both IG and Rossby‐wave components in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). The midlatitude MJO response is also linked to well‐known teleconnection patterns like the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Pacific–North American pattern. The transient NH atmospheric response is fast, of the order of 5–7 days. While the extratropical response is dominated by Rossby waves, IG waves also show a prominent response in the NH.
Comparison of data‐acquisition methods for the identification and quantification of histone post‐translational modifications on a Q Exactive HF hybrid quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometer
Authors: Cole Joby , Hanson Eleanor J. , James David C. , Dockrell David H. , Dickman Mark J.
Published: January 2019

Rationale

Histone post‐translational modifications (PTMs) play key roles in regulating eukaryotic gene expression. Mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a powerful method to characterize and quantify histone PTMs as it allows unbiased identification and quantification of multiple histone PTMs including combinations of the modifications present.

Methods

In this study we compared a range of data‐acquisition methods for the identification and quantification of the histone PTMs using a Q Exactive HF Orbitrap. We compared three different data‐dependent analysis (DDA) methods with MS2 resolutions of 120K, 60K, 30K. We also compared a range of data‐independent analysis (DIA) methods using MS2 isolation windows of 20 m/z and DIAvw to identify and quantify histone PTMs in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells.

Results

The increased number of MS2 scans afforded by the lower resolution methods resulted in a higher number of queries, peptide sequence matches (PSMs) and a higher number of peptide proteoforms identified with a Mascot Ion score greater than 46. No difference in the proportion of peptide proteoforms with Delta scores >17 was observed. Lower coefficients of variation (CVs) were obtained in the DIA MS1 60 K MS2 30 K 20 m/z isolation windows compared with the other data‐acquisition methods.

Conclusions

We observed that DIA which offers advantages in flexibility and identification of isobaric peptide proteoforms performs as well as DDA in the analysis of histone PTMs. We were able to identify 71 modified histone peptides for histone H3 and H4 and quantified 64 across each of the different acquisition methods.
Non‐parallel anti‐tumour effects of pembrolizumab: a case of cardial tamponade
Authors: Tachihara Motoko , Yamamoto Masatsugu , Yumura Masako , Yoshizaki Asuka , Kobayashi Kazuyuki , Nishimura Yoshihiro
Published: January 2019

We present the case of a 70‐year‐old man with stage IV lung adenocarcinoma. He was treated with pembrolizumab, a programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1) inhibitor, as a first‐line therapy. After six cycles of pembrolizumab, he suddenly developed cardiac tamponade. With the exception of newly massive malignant pericardial effusion, the other malignant lesions improved. Pembrolizumab was continued and the patient has shown a durable response for two years. This is the unique case of late‐onset pericaridial effusion with pembrolizumab, showed discrepant anti‐tumour effects. A proper assessment is crucial to ensure favourable clinical outcomes in patients treated with PD‐1 inhibitor.
Management of recurrent haemoptysis in malignancy with combined TISSEEL and intrabronchial valves
Authors: Di Michiel James , Pan Corinna , Ing Alvin , Saghaie Tajalli
Published: January 2019

Management of recurrent haemoptysis poses a difficult clinical scenario. TISSEEL (Baxter Healthcare Corporation Deerfield, IL, USA) is a fibrin sealant often used in surgery to aid control of bleeding. However, when endoscopic TISSEEL is used independently, migration, dislodgement, or even expectoration of the fibrin clot is a common complication that may lead to recurrence of haemoptysis. Here we describe two patients with recurrent haemoptysis in the context of malignancy who underwent bronchoscopy, during which they were managed with application of topical TISSEEL to the bleeding area, followed by deployment of an intrabronchial valve, followed by a further application of TISSEEL over the valve. The combination of TISSEEL and intrabronchial valve appeared to control haemoptysis and was resistant to expectoration or migration in these two cases. Thus, this combination may provide a safe and effective therapeutic option for the control of bronchial bleeding secondary to malignancy.
Semiparametric probit model for informative current status data
Authors: Du Mingyue , Hu Tao , Sun Jianguo
Published: January 2019

Semiparametric probit models have recently attracted some attention for regression analysis of failure time data partly due to the popularity of the normal distribution and its special features. In this paper, we discuss the fitting of such models to informative current status data, which often occur in many areas such as medical studies and whose analysis has also recently attracted a lot of attention. For inference, a sieve maximum likelihood approach is developed and the methodology is further generalized to a class of generalized semiparametric probit models. A simulation study is conducted to assess the finite sample properties of the presented approach and indicates that it works well in practical situations. An application that motivated this study is provided.
FOXD3 Suppresses Tumor-Initiating Features in Lung Cancer via Transcriptional Repression of WDR5
Authors: Xu Wei , Li Jialin , Li Lei , Hou Tianhui , Cai Xiaopan , Liu Tielong , Yang Xinghai , Wei Haifeng , Jiang Cong , Xiao Jianru
Published: January 2019

The tumor-initiating cells (TICs) are a cell population that can initiate tumor occurrence, mediate drug resistance, and give rise to metastasis. FOXD3 is a forkhead box (Fox) transcription factor family that regulates the pluripotency of embryonic stem cell and tumorigenicity. However, it is unclear whether FOXD3 plays any role in TIC and tumor metastasis. The functional analysis of FOXD3 was performed by oncospheres formation and redifferentiation, drug resistance assay, and cell migration. Global genomic RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq analysis were used to identify the direct target of FOXD3 in lung cancer. We demonstrated that downregulation of FOXD3 in TICs was positively correlated with higher histologic grades and positive lymph node metastasis. FOXD3 repressed TIC expansion and cell migration, drug resistance, and osteoclasts in vitro and in vivo. Mechanically, we found that FOXD3 represses WDR5, which regulates TIC-related signaling pathway. Moreover, WDR5 were positively correlated with the TIC abundance and tumor progression. Besides, patients with high expression of WDR5 presented a poorer overall survival. FOXD3 may suppress TIC accumulation by repressing the expression of WDR5 in lung cancer. Stem Cells  2019;37:582–592
Impact of wall roughness and turbulence level on the performance of a horizontal axis wind turbine with the U‐RANS solver THETA
Authors: Länger‐Möller Annika
Published: January 2019

The presented work investigates the impact of different sheared velocity profiles in the atmospheric boundary layer on the characteristics of a wind turbine by modifying the wall roughness coefficients in the logarithmic velocity profile. Moreover, the rotor and wake characteristics in dependence of the turbulence boundary conditions are investigated. In variant I, the turbulence boundary conditions are defined in accordance to the logarithmic velocity profile with different wall roughness lengths. In variant II, the turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent viscosity remain independent of the velocity profile and represent the free‐stream turbulence level.

With an increase of the shear in the velocity profile, the amplitudes in the 3/rev characteristics of rotor thrust and rotor torque, induction factors, and effective angles of attack are increased. In variant I, the overall levels of thrust coefficient are hardly affected by the velocity profiles resulting from different wall roughness length values. The power coefficient is reduced about 1%. Conversely, compared with variant II, a difference of 2% in the power coefficient has been detected. Moreover, the wake recovery process strongly depends on the turbulence boundary condition. Simulations are carried out on an industrial 900‐kW wind turbine with the incompressible U‐RANS solver THETA.
Neutrino telescopes as QCD microscopes
Authors: Bertone Valerio , Gauld Rhorry , Rojo Juan
Published: January 2019

Abstract

We present state-of-the-art predictions for the ultra-high energy (UHE) neutrino-nucleus cross-sections in charged- and neutral-current scattering. The calculation is performed in the framework of collinear factorisation at NNLO, extended to include the resummation of small-x BFKL effects. Further improvements are made by accounting for the free-nucleon PDF constraints provided by D-meson data from LHCb and assessing the impact of nuclear corrections and heavy-quark mass effects, which are treated at NLO. The calculations presented here should play an important role in the interpretation of future data from neutrino telescopes such as IceCube and KM3NeT, and highlight the opportunities that astroparticle experiments offer to study the strong interactions.
Entanglement at a scale and renormalization monotones
Authors: Lashkari Nima
Published: January 2019

Abstract

We study the information content of the reduced density matrix of a region in quantum field theory that cannot be recovered from its subregion density matrices. We reconstruct the density matrix from its subregions using two approaches: scaling maps and recovery maps. The vacuum of a scale-invariant field theory is the fixed point of both transformations. We define the entanglement of scaling and the entanglement of recovery as measures of entanglement that are intrinsic to the continuum limit. Both measures increase monotonically under the renormalization group flow. This provides a unifying information-theoretic structure underlying the different approaches to the renormalization monotones in various dimensions. Our analysis applies to non-relativistic quantum field theories as well the relativistic ones, however, in relativistic case, the entanglement of scaling can diverge.
Towards the generalized gravitational entropy for spacetimes with non-Lorentz invariant duals
Authors: Wen Qiang
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Based on the Lewkowycz-Maldacena prescription and the fine structure analysis of holographic entanglement proposed in [1], we explicitly calculate the holographic entanglement entropy for warped CFT that duals to AdS3 with a Dirichlet-Neumann type of boundary conditions. We find that certain type of null geodesics emanating from the entangling surface ∂

$$ \mathcal{A} $$

A

relate the field theory UV cutoff and the gravity IR cutoff. Inspired by the construction, we furthermore propose an intrinsic prescription to calculate the generalized gravitational entropy for general spacetimes with non-Lorentz invariant duals. Compared with the RT formula, there are two main differences. Firstly, instead of requiring that the bulk extremal surface ℰ should be anchored on ∂

$$ \mathcal{A} $$

A

, we require the consistency between the boundary and bulk causal structures to determine the corresponding ℰ. Secondly we use the null geodesics (or hypersurfaces) emanating from ∂

$$ \mathcal{A} $$

A

and normal to ℰ to regulate ℰ in the bulk. We apply this prescription to flat space in three dimensions and get the entanglement entropies straightforwardly.
Using Local Rural Knowledge to Enhance STEM Learning for Gifted and Talented Students in Australia
Authors: Morris Julia , Slater Eileen , Fitzgerald Michael T. , Lummis Geoffrey W. , van Etten Eddie
Published: January 2019

In order to supply a future Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) workforce, Australia needs to engage its most capable and gifted secondary students in quality STEM learning, either within school or through extra-curricular opportunities, so that they will continue into STEM-based tertiary degrees. High-achieving students in rural communities may face additional barriers to STEM learning that can limit their ability to pursue advanced STEM studies and occupations. This small-scale research project sought to explore a group of gifted lower secondary students’ engagement and experiences in a STEM programme designed around a local rural knowledge model as reported by Avery (2013), which uses local knowledge as a vehicle for science learning. This multi-method study was conducted with 26 students years 7 and 8 in a rural school. Information about students’ general science class experiences were collected quantitatively. These experiences contrasted the local rural knowledge programme, where the students worked with an ecologist and experienced science educators to rehabilitate small plots of damaged land close to the school site. Qualitative data were collected throughout the programme to determine its influence on students’ engagement and learning in STEM. The research found that the local rural knowledge model enhanced students’ engagement in STEM learning and they felt that they retained knowledge better as a result of the authentic learning experience. Students also engaged the wider community in the process, leading to broader translation of the STEM learning.
Air-temperature control on diurnal variations in microseismicity at Laohugou Glacier No. 12, Qilian Mountains
Authors: Zhang Tao , Chen Yuqiao , Ding Min , Shen Zhongyan , Yang Yuande , Guan Qingsheng
Published: January 2019

We conducted a 9-d seismic experiment in October 2015 at Laohugou Glacier No. 12. We identified microseismic signals using the short-term/long-term average trigger algorithm at four stations and classified them as long and short-duration events based on waveform, frequency, duration and magnitude characteristics. Both categories show systematical diurnal trends. The long-duration events are low-frequency tremor-like events that mainly occurred during the daytime with only several events per day. These events lasted tens of seconds to tens of minutes and are likely related to resonance of daytime meltwater. The dominant short-duration events mostly occurred during the night time with a peak occurrence frequency of ~360 h−1. Their short-duration (<0.2 s), high frequency (20–100 Hz) and dominance of Rayleigh waves are typical of events for near-surface crack opening. A strong negative correlation between the hourly event number and temperature change rate suggests that the occurrence of night-time events is controlled by the rate of night-time cooling. We estimated the near-surface tensile stress due to thermal contraction at night to be tens of kilopascals, which is enough to induce opening of surface cracks with pre-existing local stress concentrations, although we cannot exclude the effect of refreezing of meltwater produced during the day.
From Jefferson to Banneker: The Intersection of Race, Demographic Change, and School Naming Practices in Kansas City's Segregated School System, 1940-1953
Authors: Moran Peter William
Published: January 2019

This article examines the impact of African American migration into Kansas City, Missouri, on the city's segregated school system in the 1940s and early 1950s. Substantial increases in the number of African American elementary school-age children produced chronic overcrowding in the segregated black schools, which was not easily relieved due to the legal requirement to operate racially segregated schools. In order to address the crowding, the school district was compelled on four occasions in the late 1940s and early 1950s to convert an entire school from white use to African American use. In each case, the school district took the symbolic step of changing the name of the school so that it was clearly identifiable as a school for African American students. The school district's practice of renaming schools coded those schools by race and further signaled that the surrounding area had become a black neighborhood.
Technically Allowed: Federal Scrutiny of Stanford University's Indirect Cost Expenditures and the Changing Context for Research Universities in the Post-Cold War Era
Authors: Maher Brent D.
Published: January 2019

Stanford University's indirect cost rates for federally sponsored research dramatically increased from 58 percent in 1980 to 78 percent in 1991. Faculty frustration with increasing rates and scrutiny from a zealous government contracting officer culminated in a congressional inquiry into Stanford's indirect cost accounting practices in 1990 and 1991. The investigation revealed controversial luxury expenses charged to the government, including a yacht and antiques for the Stanford president's home, which attracted extensive public attention. Stanford president Donald Kennedy admitted some expenses were accounting errors but defended many expenses as permissible under government rules. Stanford's aggressive overhead recovery practices represent the institution's struggle to adapt to a changing economy for sponsored research in the twilight of the Cold War. The congressional response, which included a cap on administrative cost recovery for all universities, highlighted how shifting federal priorities—from defense research to deficit reduction—strained the relationship between the federal government and academic science.
Waking Up the Golden Dawn: Does Exposure to the Refugee Crisis Increase Support for Extreme-Right Parties?
Authors: Dinas Elias , Matakos Konstantinos , Xefteris Dimitrios , Hangartner Dominik
Published: January 2019

Does exposure to the refugee crisis fuel support for extreme-right parties? Despite heated debates about the political repercussions of the refugee crisis in Europe, there exists very little—and sometimes conflicting—evidence with which to assess the impact of a large influx of refugees on natives’ political attitudes and behavior. We provide causal evidence from a natural experiment in Greece, where some Aegean islands close to the Turkish border experienced sudden and drastic increases in the number of Syrian refugees while other islands slightly farther away—but with otherwise similar institutional and socioeconomic characteristics—did not. Placebo tests suggest that precrisis trends in vote shares for exposed and nonexposed islands were virtually identical. This allows us to obtain unbiased estimates of the electoral consequences of the refugee crisis. Our study shows that among islands that faced a massive but transient inflow of refugees passing through just before the September 2015 election, vote shares for Golden Dawn, the most extreme-right party in Europe, moderately increased by 2 percentage points (a 44 percent increase at the average). The finding that mere exposure to the refugee crisis is sufficient to fuel support for extreme-right parties has important implications for our theoretical understanding of the drivers of antirefugee backlash.
Delayed transplanting reduced grain yield due to low temperature stress at anthesis in machine-transplanted late-season rice
Authors: Huang Min , Fang Shengliang , Shan Shuanglü , Zou Yingbin
Published: January 2019

The development of mechanised large-scale farming has led to changes in rice production systems. Increases in time of farming operations often occur under large-scale farming conditions, which can lead to delayed transplanting (DTP). In this study, field experiments were conducted in the late rice-growing season in 2016 and 2017 to compare the growth stages, growing-season temperature and yield attributes between normal transplanting with 15- to 20-day-old seedlings and DTP with 30-day-old seedlings of two rice cultivars. DTP resulted in 6- and 12-day delays in heading stage for both cultivars in 2016 and 2017, respectively. As a consequence, low temperature stress occurred at anthesis under DTP in both years, which led to significantly reduced spikelet filling and grain yield under DTP for both cultivars. These results confirm that DTP can reduce spikelet filling and grain yield due to low temperature stress at anthesis in machine-transplanted late-season rice. This finding highlights that greater efforts should be made to develop high-yielding short-duration rice cultivars to meet the development of mechanised large-scale rice farming.
Against a Continental Threat: Transnational Anti-Communist Networks of the Chilean Right Wing in the 1950s
Authors: Casals Marcelo
Published: January 2019

Drawing on minutes, publications, diplomatic documents and the written press, I explore the transnational networks of the Chilean right wing within Latin America in the 1950s, especially around the four Congresses against Soviet Intervention in Latin America held in Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, Lima and Antigua between 1954 and 1958. I argue that the Chilean right wing's participation in those networks alongside other Latin American like-minded actors was based on both its long local experience in fighting communism and its attachment to Cold War anti-communism. In these transnational spaces, some Chilean right-wingers gained recognition and prestige, as was the case with the conservative leader Sergio Fernández Larraín, largely thanks to his systematic denunciation of supposed Soviet penetration in the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR), then the ruling party in Bolivia.
Interrupted Sovereignties in the North-East Frontier of British India, 1787–1870
Authors: RAY REEJU
Published: January 2019

The Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo Hills in the North East Frontier of British India were subject to shifting and differentiated forms of colonial governance. Defying notions of coexistence with or autonomy from colonial rule, the colonial history of this region was bound up with specific spatio-temporal constructions. By examining the nature of jurisdictional and political encounters in the Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo Hills, this article addresses the interruptions to imperial sovereignty in the Frontier. Imperial sovereignty moved in juridical forms, affecting and being affected by classificatory challenges such as hills and plains, hill tribal, and settler. The relationship between jurisdictional boundaries, plural authority, and imperial sovereignty appears in judicial and revenue files of different levels of the English East India Company government and the British government. Recurrent boundary disputes between the spatio-temporal units of hills and plains during the late eighteenth and late nineteenth centuries point towards contingent strategies of governance. The unfolding of these disputes over the course of the nineteenth century also show that law and jurisdiction as carriers of imperial sovereignty were spatially and temporally uneven. The historical processes highlighted in this article concern the sub-region of Khasi, Jaintia, and Garo Hills and parts of the Sylhet district of British Bengal, which, at present, constitute the Indian state of Meghalaya and parts of northern Bangladesh, respectively.
The Problem of Periodization in the History of International Law
Authors: de la Rasilla Ignacio
Published: January 2019

The first part of the article presents a six-tiered typology of conventional approaches to historical periodization in international law. The “hegemonic” approach, the “Eurocentric universalist” approach, the “state-centric” approach, the “intellectual doctrinal” approach, the “institutional” approach, and the “normative” approach to the question of periodization of the history of international law are surveyed in turn in the light of contemporary literature. The second part examines how in the wake of the recent “historical turn” in international law a new critical historiographical wave has problematized the question of periodization because of the homogenizing effects and the “teleology of progress” to which periodization is interpreted to contribute in international legal history. The third part tackles the notion of “alternative periodization” illustrating, with examples from contemporary literature in the history of international law, its value as a launching pad for the “formation of new, formerly unknown periods,” a task that is considered “an essential part of historiographical innovation.” The conclusion elaborates on the heuristic potential of a multiperspectival approach to the study of periodization in the history of international law.

Saepe stilum vertas,

iterum quae digna legi sunt scripturus

Hor., Sat. 1, 10, 72
HOHFELD VS. THE LEGAL REALISTS
Authors: Frydrych David
Published: January 2019

2018 marked the centenary of Wesley Hohfeld's untimely passing. Curiously, in recent years quite a few legal historians and philosophers have identified him as a Legal Realist. This article argues that Hohfeld was no such thing, that his work need not be understood in such lights either, and that he in fact made a smaller contribution to jurisprudence than is generally believed. He has nothing to do with theories of official decision-making that identify, among other things, “extra-legal” factors as the real drivers of judicial decision-making, nor must his schema of jural relations advance a “Realist” political agenda. Distinguishing Hohfeld from the Realists will help to correct some misunderstandings about his work and point to its utility in many more contexts than a Realist reading of it allows.
THE FINANCIAL CONNECTEDNESS BETWEEN EUROZONE CORE AND PERIPHERY: A DISAGGREGATED VIEW
Authors: Magkonis Georgios , Tsopanakis Andreas
Published: January 2019

This paper examines the financial stress interconnectedness among Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, and Spain (GIIPS) economies and Germany. Based on market-level financial stress indices, we examine the stress transmission process as well as the causal network relationships in banking sector, bond, money, and stock markets. The period under investigation, 2001–2013, allows to test the effects of the 2007–2009 financial crisis as well as the subsequent European sovereign crisis. Using two alternative techniques for connectedness analysis, our evidence suggests that the peripheral economies of Italy and Spain play a highly significant role in the stress transmission in all markets, especially in the cases of banks and equity markets. Moreover, we visualize our results using network analysis. Contrary to common wisdom, Portugal, Ireland, and mainly Greece do not seem to have an important role in amplifying stress levels.
DF-Fit: A Robust Algorithm for Detection of Crystallographic Information in Atom Probe Tomography Data
Authors: Haley Daniel , Bagot Paul A. J. , Moody Michael P.
Published: January 2019

We report on a new algorithm for the detection of crystallographic information in three-dimensional, as retained in atom probe tomography (APT), with improved robustness and signal detection performance. The algorithm is underpinned by one-dimensional distribution functions (DFs), as per existing algorithms, but eliminates an unnecessary parameter as compared to current methods.

By examining traditional DFs in an automated fashion in real space, rather than using Fourier transform approaches, we utilize an error metric based upon the expected value for a spatially random distribution for detecting crystallography. We show cases where the metric is able to successfully obtain orientation information, and show that it can function with high levels of additive and displacive background noise. We additionally compare this metric to Fourier transform methods, showing fewer artifacts when examining simulated datasets. An extension of the approach is used to aid the automatic detection of high-quality data regions within an entire dataset, albeit with a large increase in computational cost.

This extension is demonstrated on acquired aluminum and tungsten APT datasets, and shown to be able to discern regions of the data which have relatively improved spatial data quality. Finally, this program has been made available for use in other laboratories undertaking their own analyses.
Effects of maize residue and mineral nitrogen applications on maize yield in conservation-agriculture-based cropping systems of Southern Africa
Authors: Mupangwa W. , Thierfelder C. , Cheesman S. , Nyagumbo I. , Muoni T. , Mhlanga B. , Mwila M. , Sida T. S. , Ngwira A.
Published: January 2019

Conservation agriculture (CA) and no-till (NT)-based cropping systems could address soil degradation and fertility decline in southern Africa. A multi-location and multi-year experiment was carried out between 2008 and 2014 to assess the effects of different levels of maize residue biomass (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 t ha−1) and nitrogen (N) fertilizer (0, 30, 90 kg ha−1) on maize performance under no-tillage. In some sites, different (N) fertilizer levels were superimposed to test their effects on maize grain yield and leaf chlorophyll content under different maize residue biomass levels. The different residue levels had no significant effect on maize yield in most growing seasons. Maize residue cover increased grain yield in eight out of 39 site-years across the sites used. However, in some sites, maize yield decreased with increases in residue level in cropping seasons that had average to above average rainfall. At a few sites maize yield increased with increase in residue level. Seasonal rainfall pattern influenced the effect of different residue levels on grain yield at most sites. Nitrogen fertilizer increased maize yield regardless of the residue level applied. This study demonstrates that mulching with maize residues in CA/NT systems results in limited maize yield gains – at least within the first 6 years in different agro-ecological conditions of southern Africa.
Perianale Fisteln bei CED: vom Mausmodell zur Klinik
Authors: Scharl Michael
Published: January 2019

Zusammenfassung. Fisteln stellen nach wie vor eine der wichtigsten Komplikationen bei Patienten mit Morbus Crohn dar. Bei mindestens einem Drittel aller Morbus Crohn Patienten treten im Laufe der Erkrankung Fisteln auf. Eine dauerhafte Heilung der Fistel wird jedoch, auch unter Ausschöpfung sämtlicher medikamentöser und chirurgischer Therapieoptionen, nur in rund einem Drittel dieser Patienten erreicht. Der genaue molekulare Mechanismus der Fistelentstehung ist bis heute nicht ganz klar. Aus histopathologischer Sichtweise stellen Fisteln eine röhrenartige Struktur dar, welche von flachen epithelartigen Zellen ausgekleidet ist. Als ursächlicher Entstehungsmechanismus wird dabei die sogenannte epitheliale-zu-mesenchymale Transition (EMT) angesehen und es kann eine starke Expression der Entzündungsmediatoren Tumor Nekrose Faktor, Interleukin-13 und Transforming Growth Factor β in den Fistelarealen nachgewiesen werden. Zusätzlich zu den bereits etablierten, medikamentösen Therapieoptionen, also Antibiotika, Immunmodulatoren und anti-TNF Antikörper, stellt insbesondere der Einsatz der mesenchymalen Stammzelltherapie einen erfolgversprechenden Therapieansatz für die Zukunft dar.
Ärztliche Kurzberatung zur Tabakentwöhnung – Ergebnisse der DEBRA Studie
Authors: Kastaun Sabrina , Kotz Daniel
Published: January 2019

Zusammenfassung. Zielsetzung: Klinische Leitlinien empfehlen ärztliche Kurzberatung zur Tabakentwöhnung routinemäßig anzubieten. Repräsentative Daten zur Umsetzung in Deutschland und zu Assoziationen mit Soziodemographie und Rauchverhalten von Raucher/innen sollen erhoben werden. Methoden: Die Deutsche Befragung zum Rauchverhalten (DEBRA) erhebt zweimonatlich Daten in repräsentativen Bevölkerungsstichproben (je ~2.000 Personen, ≥14 Jahre) zu Tabak- und E-Zigarettenkonsum. In den ersten fünf Wellen seit Juni 2016 (10.225 Befragte) wurden Raucher/innen zu dem Erhalt von Rauchstoppberatung während des letzten Besuchs bei einer Hausärztin/einem Hausarzt (A) oder einer Ärztin/einem Arzt anderer Fachrichtung (B) befragt. Assoziationen mit Soziodemographie und Rauchverhalten wurden analysiert. Ergebnisse: Nach eigener Aussage von 2.910 Raucher/innen, hatten 72,8 % (95 %KI=71–74 %) eine Ärztin/einen Arzt des Fachgebiets A und/oder B konsultiert. Davon hatten 80,7 % (95 %KI=79–82 %) keine Rauchstoppempfehlung erhalten. 3,6 % (95 %KI=3–5 %) hatten ein evidenzbasiertes Therapieangebot bekommen. Starker Zigarettenkonsum und steigendes Alter waren mit dem Erhalt der Kurzberatung assoziiert (P<0,001), aber Bildung und Einkommen nicht. Es gab kaum Unterschiede zwischen Fachrichtung A und B. Schlussfolgerung: Der Erhalt leitliniengerechter ärztlicher Kurzberatung zur Tabakentwöhnung wird von Raucher/innen in Deutschland selten berichtet. Dringender Handlungsbedarf zur verbesserten Umsetzung der Leitlinienempfehlung besteht.
Developing Daily Cloud‐Free Snow Composite Products From MODIS and IMS for the Tienshan Mountains
Authors: Li Y. , Chen Y. , Li Z.
Published: January 2019

Daily cloud‐free snow cover products are important premise and foundation for hydrological simulation, climate system research, and snow disaster monitoring in the Tienshan Mountains, Central Asia. In this study, partial clouds appearing in the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were removed by temporal and spatial filtering, and the remaining cloud pixels were replaced by Interactive Multisensor Snow and Ice Mapping System (IMS). The results show that the retrieved annual mean snow cover obtained from the improved MODIS product data is 31.5% higher than the original MODIS product. Through validation performed via in situ observations, the overall accuracy, land accuracy, and snow accuracy also increased to 88.2%, 91.9%, and 81.9%, respectively. However, the overall accuracy shows a lower accuracy in transitional months compared to other months, which derives mainly from the difference in spatial scales between IMS and in situ observations.
Hydro‐Geochemical and Sr Isotope Characteristics of the Yalong River Basin, Eastern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for Chemical Weathering and Controlling Factors
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Xu Zhifang , Liu Wenjing , Moon Seulgi , Zhao Tong , Zhou Xiaode , Zhang Jiangyi , Wu Yao , Jiang Hao , Zhou Li
Published: January 2019

Major ions and Sr isotope compositions of waters in the Yalong River basin in the eastern Tibetan plateau were investigated to explore the sources of dissolved loads and the controls on chemical weathering rates. Measured radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr ratios of water samples are most likely derived from the weathering of metamorphic carbonates or the Precambrian silicate rocks. Quantitative analysis of water geochemistry shows that carbonate weathering dominates the chemical characteristics of the river water. The chemical weathering rate of the whole Yalong River basin is calculated to be 7.6 ton·km−2·year−1 by silicate weathering and 44.7 ton·km−2·year−1 by carbonate weathering, which consumes 158.5 × 103 and 885.0 × 103 mol·km−2·year−1 of atmospheric CO2, respectively. The highest carbonate weathering rate (116.3 ton·km−2·year−1) in the Yalong River basins is observed from the basin with the steepest catchment average slope. This highest magnitude of carbonate weathering is comparable to the rates from catchments in the southern Himalayas. Positive relationships are observed between silicate weathering rates and both climatic (precipitation and temperature) and topographic (relief and slope) controls. The combined climatic and tectonic effects increase silicate weathering and counterbalance the dilution effect. However, the relationship between silicate weathering rate and climatic and topographic controls varies with hydrologic conditions. The rate for low‐discharge catchments is more closely related to climatic parameters, while the rate for high‐discharge catchments is more closely related to local topography.
Wintertime fCO2 Variability in the Subpolar North Atlantic Since 2004
Authors: Fröb F. , Olsen A. , Becker M. , Chafik L. , Johannessen T. , Reverdin G. , Omar A.
Published: January 2019

Winter data of surface ocean temperature (SST), salinity (SSS) and CO2 fugacity (fCO2) collected on the VOS M/V Nuka Arctica in the subpolar North Atlantic between 2004 and 2017 are used to establish trends, drivers, and interannual variability. Over the period, waters cooled and freshened, and the fCO2 increased at a rate similar to the atmospheric CO2 growth rate. When accounting for the freshening, the inferred increase in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was found to be approximately twice that expected from atmospheric CO2 alone. This is attributed to the cooling. In the Irminger Sea, fCO2 exhibited additional interannual variations driven by atmospheric forcing through winter mixing. As winter fCO2 in the region is close to the atmospheric, the subpolar North Atlantic has varied between being slightly supersaturated and slightly undersaturated over the investigated period.
Detection of Rotational Acceleration of Bennu Using HST Light Curve Observations
Authors: Nolan M. C. , Howell E. S. , Scheeres D. J. , McMahon J. W. , Golubov O. , Hergenrother C. W. , Emery J. P. , Noll K. S. , Chesley S. R. , Lauretta D. S.
Published: January 2019

We observed the near‐Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu from the ground in 1999 and 2005, and with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in 2012, to constrain its rotation rate. The data reveal an acceleration of 2.64 ± 1.05 × 10−6 deg/day2, which could be due to a change in the moment of inertia of Bennu or to spin up from the Yarkovsky‐O'Keefe‐Radzievskii‐Paddack effect or other source of angular momentum. The best solution is within 1 σ of the period determined by Nolan et al. (2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.05.028). The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS‐REx) mission will determine the rotation state independently in 2019. Those measurements should show whether the change in rotation rate is a steady increase (due, e.g., to the Yarkovsky‐O'Keefe‐Radzievskii‐Paddack effect) or some other phenomenon. The precise shape and surface properties measured by the OSIRIS‐REx science team will allow for a better understanding of variations in rotation rate of small asteroids.
Substantial Reductions in Cloud Cover and Moisture Transport by Dynamic Plant Responses
Authors: Sikma Martin , Vilà‐Guerau de Arellano Jordi
Published: January 2019

Cumulus clouds make a significant contribution to the Earth's energy balance and hydrological cycle and are a major source of uncertainty in climate projections. Reducing uncertainty by expanding our understanding of the processes that drive cumulus convection is vital to the accurate identification of future global and regional climate impacts. Here we adopt an interdisciplinary approach that integrates interrelated scales from plant physiology to atmospheric turbulence. Our explicit simulations mimic the land‐atmosphere approach implemented in current numerical weather prediction, and global climate models enable us to conclude that neglecting local plant dynamic responses leads to misrepresentations in the cloud cover and midtropospheric moisture convection of up to 21% and 56%, respectively. Our approach offers insights into the key role played by the active vegetation on atmospheric convective mixing that has recently been identified as the source of half of the variance in global warming projections (i.e., equilibrium climate sensitivity).
Alfvén Wave Propagation in the Io Plasma Torus
Authors: Hinton P. C. , Bagenal F. , Bonfond B.
Published: January 2019

Io, the most volcanically active body in the solar system, fuels a plasma torus around Jupiter with dissociation products of SO2 at a rate of ~1,000 kg/s. We use a combination of in situ Voyager 1 data and Cassini Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph observations to constrain a diffusive equilibrium model of the Io plasma torus. The interaction of the Io plasma torus with Io launches Alfvén waves in both directions along magnetic field lines. We use the recent Juno‐based JRM09 magnetic field model combined with our 3‐D model of the Io plasma torus to simulate the propagation of Alfvén waves from the moon to the ionosphere of Jupiter. We map the location of multiple reflections of iogenic Alfvén waves between the northern and southern hemispheres. The location of the first few bounces of the Alfvén wave pattern match the Io auroral footprints observed by the Hubble Space Telescope.
Observations of Evolution‐Type Band‐Like Structures of F Region Irregularities
Authors: Meng Xing , Fang Hanxian , Li Guozhu , Weng Libin , Wang Sicheng
Published: January 2019

Generally, equatorial spread‐F (ESF) irregularities initiated at the bottom of the ionospheric F region and manifested as plume structures with an altitude extent more than 50 km in the RTI (range‐time‐intensity) plot. By using the Fuke and Sanya VHF radars located at low latitude of China, evolution‐type band‐like structures of ESF irregularities were observed near local sunset. One interesting aspect is that the ESF band‐like structures initially appeared at high altitudes more than 400 km and then uplifted to higher altitude without zonal propagation. The lifetime of these ESF band‐like structures, with a similar pattern in the RTI plot for each beam of radar, is less than 25 min. The band‐like structures of F region irregularities were observed with big Doppler velocities and narrow spectral widths. During the presence of ESF band‐like structures, apparent amplitude scintillations (S4 > 0.2), total electron content (TEC) fast fluctuations (ROTI > 1), and range‐type spread F were detected. Possible mechanisms responsible for the initial generation of band‐like ESF irregularities at high altitude are discussed.