bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Achieving Source Location Privacy Protection in Monitoring Wireless Sensor Networks through Proxy Node Routing
Authors: Mutalemwa Lilian C. , Shin Seokjoo
Published: March 2019

Achieving high source location privacy is critical when Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used in sensitive applications such as in asset or battlefield monitoring. Due to the sensitivity of information in these applications, it is important to ensure the flow of data between sensor nodes is secure and it does not expose any information about the monitored assets to an adversary. This paper proposes a routing scheme with stronger source location privacy than the privacy of traditional routing schemes. The paper addresses some limitations of four existing schemes by providing highly random routing paths between the source nodes and sink node. The scheme randomly sends packet to the sink node through tactically positioned proxy nodes to guarantee the routes are highly befuddling to the adversary. To achieve high privacy, the proposed scheme uses a randomizing factor to generate a new random route for every successive packet. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme provides longer safety period and stronger privacy to outperform other schemes. Furthermore the scheme provides stronger privacy against both, patient and cautious adversary models.
Advances of Area-Wise Distributed Monitoring Using Long Gauge Sensing Techniques
Authors: Zhou Liming , Zhang Jian
Published: March 2019

This paper provides an overview of the area-wise distributed monitoring based on long gauge sensing to meet the requirements in the field of structural health monitoring (SHM), the methodology is reviewed and its application is discussed in this paper. First, a long gauge sensing technique developed for SHM, which utilizes carbon fiber and optical fiber sensors with important technical improvements is introduced and described. Second, area-wise distributed monitoring is discussed in order to demonstrate the high-performance of this approach in structural monitoring using a network of long gauge sensors. Third, theories of processing area-wise distributed monitoring data for comprehensive structural identification have been developed, which perform a rich recognition of local and global structural parameters including structural deflections, dynamic characteristics, damages, and loads. This area-wise distributed monitoring concept and the aforementioned long gauge sensing technique are finally embedded into an SHM system to offer a viable monitoring solution for groups and networks of infrastructural systems. Some successful applications are cited to confirm the effectiveness of the SHM system.
Overcoming the Blood–Brain Barrier. Challenges and Tricks for CNS Drug Delivery
Authors: Bors Luca Anna , Erdő Franciska
Published: March 2019

Treatment of certain central nervous system disorders, including different types of cerebral malignancies, is limited by traditional oral or systemic administrations of therapeutic drugs due to possible serious side effects and/or lack of the brain penetration and, therefore, the efficacy of the drugs is diminished. During the last decade, several new technologies were developed to overcome barrier properties of cerebral capillaries. This review gives a short overview of the structural elements and anatomical features of the blood–brain barrier. The various in vitro (static and dynamic), in vivo (microdialysis), and in situ (brain perfusion) blood–brain barrier models are also presented. The drug formulations and administration options to deliver molecules effectively to the central nervous system (CNS) are presented. Nanocarriers, nanoparticles (lipid, polymeric, magnetic, gold, and carbon based nanoparticles, dendrimers, etc.), viral and peptid vectors and shuttles, sonoporation and microbubbles are briefly shown. The modulation of receptors and efflux transporters in the cell membrane can also be an effective approach to enhance brain exposure to therapeutic compounds. Intranasal administration is a noninvasive delivery route to bypass the blood–brain barrier, while direct brain administration is an invasive mode to target the brain region with therapeutic drug concentrations locally. Nowadays, both technological and mechanistic tools are available to assist in overcoming the blood–brain barrier. With these techniques more effective and even safer drugs can be developed for the treatment of devastating brain disorders.
Microscopic Simulation of Cruising for Parking of Trucks as a Measure to Manage Freight Loading Zone
Authors: Lopez Clélia , Zhao Chuan-Lin , Magniol Stéphane , Chiabaut Nicolas , Leclercq Ludovic
Published: March 2019

This paper investigated economic truck parking behavior to implement comprehensive Freight Loading Zone (FLZ) policies. We assumed that the delivery trucks can only park on FLZ. The proposed contribution is to quantify the cruising for parking time of trucks. We used a microscopic traffic simulation based on a Manhattan network and the real network of Lyon (France). This paper explored the relationship between the searching time, the parking probabilities and the region’s parking density. Based on research results, an application to last mile cost function is proposed.
Study on the Functional Improvement of Economic Damage Assessment for the Integrated Assessment Model
Authors: Liu Changxin , Zhang Hailing , Wang Zheng
Published: March 2019

The economic damage function of the integrated assessment model (IAM) is used to quantify the economic loss caused by climate change, and it is quite important for coupling the economic system and natural system in a model. However, there are many shortcomings of the damage function in the current IAM. The most important shortcoming is that the only climatic factor in the damage function is the global annual mean temperature rise, which would result in the estimation deviating from reality. We improved the damage function by introducing extreme climate change events. Additionally, the improved damage function is applicable to the regional characteristics by using regional climate change data. The extreme climate event information is extracted with the categories of the disasters. The damage function is set up by using the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method based on the climate data and economic loss data. The results show that the improved IAM damage function can better reflect the actual climate change economic loss in China, making it more reasonable. This paper provides an important method and technical solution for the realization of an effective connection between the disaster damage function of the integrated assessment model and the climate elements of the Earth system model.
Tactical and Operational Cooperative Empty Container Repositioning Optimization Model Based on Business Flow and Initial Solutions Generation Rules
Authors: Zhang Hengzhen , Lu Lihua , Wang Xiaofeng
Published: March 2019

Due to the special role of empty containers in the container transportation process, empty container repositioning is a focal point in the shipping industry. For this problem, highly efficient and feasible optimization models are critical in improving the benefit for shipping companies and increasing their market competitiveness. Operational decisions are affected by tactical ones. Aimed at this point, we propose a tactical and operational cooperative empty container repositioning optimization model. To cut the search space and obtain the optimal solution quickly, several initial solutions generation rules are extracted, based on business flow. Furthermore, the reachable shipping distance may change when the calling sequence is different. An algorithm which calculates the reachable shipping distance matrix between ports is presented to solve this problem. Simulated cases are used to test the proposed model and algorithm. The results show that the cases can cope with the tactical and operational cooperative empty container repositioning optimization model. Moreover, some interesting conclusions also are deduced about the relationships among number of calling ports, total profits, leasing cost, calling port fee, number of Empty Containers Repositioned (ECR), and laden containers. All these can guide and assist the various decisions to be made. According to the homepage of Symmetry, its subject areas include Mathematics, Computer Science, Theory, and Methods. Their branches include information theory, computer-aided design, and so on. The topic of our paper is to solve this engineering application problem by using a mathematical optimization model and computer methods. That is, applying mathematical theory and computer methods to make decision results for the empty container repositioning problem in the shipping industry. It has certain economic value and practical significance. Obviously, it is consistent with the theme of Symmetry.
Nonoscillatory Solutions to Higher-Order Nonlinear Neutral Dynamic Equations
Authors: Qiu Yang-Cong , Jadlovská Irena , Lassoued Dhaou , Li Tongxing
Published: March 2019

For a class of nonlinear higher-order neutral dynamic equations on a time scale, we analyze the existence and asymptotic behavior of nonoscillatory solutions on the basis of hypotheses that allow applications to equations with different integral convergence and divergence of the reciprocal of the coefficients. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the efficiency of new results.
Influence of Topographic Characteristics on the Adaptive Time Interval for Diffusion Wave Simulation
Authors: Huang Pin-Chun , Lee Kwan Tun , Gartsman Boris I.
Published: March 2019

Frequent flash floods in recent years have resulted in a major impact on the living environment, urban planning, economic system and flood control facilities of residents around the world; therefore, the establishment of disaster management and flood warning systems is an urgent task, required for government units to propose flood mitigation measures. To conserve the numerical accuracy and maintain stability for explicit scheme, the Courant–Friedrich–Lewy (CFL) condition is necessarily enforced, and it is conducted to regulate the relation between the numerical marching speed and wave celerity. On the other hand, to avoid the problem of flow reflux between adjacent grids in executing 2D floodplain simulation, another restriction on time intervals, known as the Hunter condition, was devised in an earlier study. The objective of this study was to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of these two time-interval restrictions during runoff simulations. Via a case study of the Komarovsky River Basin in Russia, the results show that at the beginning of a storm, the computational time interval is restricted by the CFL condition along the upstream steep hillsides, and the time interval is subject to the Hunter condition in the mainstream during the occurrence of the main storm. The reason of a reduction in computational efficiency, which is a common problem in conducting distributed routing, was clearly explained. To relax the time-interval restrictions for efficient flood forecasting, the research findings also indicate the importance of integrating modified hydrological models proposed in recent studies.
Permeable Reactive Barriers for Preventing Water Bodies from a Phosphorus-Polluted Agricultural Runoff-Column Experiment
Authors: Bus Agnieszka , Karczmarczyk Agnieszka , Baryła Anna
Published: March 2019

This paper aims to examine the potential of permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) as an in-situ removal approach for phosphate polluted agricultural runoff. Four different reactive materials (RMs) of: autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), Polonite®, zeolite and limestone were tested. The study was conducted as a column experiment with a sandy loam soil type charging underlying RM layers with phosphorus (P) and a soil column without RM as a reference. The experiment was carried out over 90 days. During this time the P-PO4 load from the reference column equaled 6.393 mg and corresponds to 3.87 kg/ha. Tested RMs are characterized by high P-PO4 retention equaling 99, 98, 88 and 65% for Polonite®, AAC, zeolite and limestone, respectively. At common annual P loss rates of 1 kg/ha from intensively used agricultural soils, the PRB volume ranged from 48 to 67 m3 would reduce the load between 65 and 99% for the RMs tested in this study.
Investigating Spatial and Temporal Variation of Hydrological Processes in Western China Driven by CMADS
Authors: Li Yun , Wang Yuejian , Zheng Jianghua , Yang Mingxiang
Published: March 2019

The performance of hydrological models in western China has been restricted due to the scarcity of meteorological observation stations in the region. In addition to improving the quality of atmospheric input data, the use hydrological models to analyze Hydrological Processes on a large scale in western China could prove to be of key importance. The Jing and Bortala River Basin (JBR) was selected as the study area in this research. The China Meteorological Assimilation Driving Datasets for the SWAT model (CMADS) is used to drive SWAT model, in order to greatly improve the accuracy of SWAT model input data. The SUFI-2 algorithm is also used to optimize 26 sensitive parameters within the SWAT-CUP. After the verification of two runoff observation and control stations (located at Jing and Hot Spring) in the study area, the temporal and spatial distribution of soil moisture, snowmelt, evaporation and precipitation were analyzed in detail. The results show that the CMADS can greatly improve the performance of SWAT model in western China, and minimize the uncertainty of the model. The NSE efficiency coefficients of calibration and validation are controlled between 0.659–0.942 on a monthly scale and between 0.526–0.815 on a daily scale. Soil moisture will reach its first peak level in March and April of each year in the JBR due to the snow melting process in spring in the basin. With the end of the snowmelt process, precipitation and air temperature increased sharply in the later period, which causes the soil moisture content to fluctuate up and down. In October, there was a large amount of precipitation in the basin due to the transit of cold air (mainly snowfall), causing soil moisture to remain constant and increase again until snowmelt in early spring the following year. This study effectively verifies the applicability of CMADS in western China and provides important scientific and technological support for the spatio-temporal variation of soil moisture and its driving factor analysis in western China.
A Mesh Reduced Method for Speeding Up Structured Grid-Based Water Quantity and Quality Models in Large-Scale River Networks
Authors: Kang Jin , Wang Yonggui , Xu Jing , Yang Shuihua , Hou Haobo
Published: March 2019

High-precision and efficiently distributed discrete element models for water environment simulation are urgently needed in large-scale river network areas, but most distributed discrete element models are serially computed and need performance improving. Parallel computing and other common methods for models’ high performance have large labor costs and are complicated. We put forward a new mesh reduced method for promoting computational efficiency with grid re-organization according to the structure and algorithm characteristics of 2D and 3D numerical models. This simple and cheap method was adapted to a classical three-dimensional hydrodynamic and sediment model (ECOMSED) for model improvement and effective evaluation. Six schemes with different grids were made to investigate the performance of this method in the river network area of the Three Gorges Reservoir Basin. It showed good characteristics of simulation performance and model speed-up. We concluded that the method is viable and efficient for optimizing distributed discrete element models.
ERGONOMIC ASSESSMENT OF MANUAL BUILDING WORK ASSOCIATED WITH LIFTING TASKS/RANKŲ DARBO STATYBOJE, KELIANT MAŽAGABARIČIUS SUNKIUS ELEMENTUS, ERGONOMINIS VERTINIMAS
Authors: Kaminskas Kazys Algirdas
Published: March 2019

The purpose of these studies is to reduce the amout of low back pain as well as work injuries. Low back pain is more likely to occur if the load exceeds the worker's physical capabilities. In this paper, biomechanical criterion was based on calculating the compressive forces in the L5/S1 disc (Eqs (1), (2)).

Three types of activity were taken into consideration. First, manual lifting granite plates (500× 500× 100 mm) with and without special devices (Figs 1, 2). Second manual lifting porous silicate blocks (300 × 600 × 200 mm). Third, manual lifting silicate brick in stooped postures.

The investigation results presented in Fig 6 show clear benefits of ergonomic solutions for manual lifting heavy construction elements.

The risk for back injuries becomes quite insignificant when ergonomic lifting devices are used (Fig 6 point f and g). These devices do not reduce the weight of lifted elements, but in case of a pneumatic device the total lifting weight is considerably increased, but the positive effect is achieved due to reducing moments because workers perform the task with a straight back.

The reloaders of bricks usully feel back pain due to extreme repetitive bending of the back.
CALCULATION METHODS OF HIGH TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION WITHIN STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND APPLICATION OF THESE METHODS TO FIRE RESISTANCE ASSESSMENT /AUKŠTŲ TEMPERATŪRŲ PASISKIRSTYMO STATYBINĖSE KONSTRUKCIJOSE SKAIČIAVIMO BŪDAI IR JŲ TAIKYMO ANALIZĖ ĮVERTINANT ATITVARŲ ATSPARUMĄ UGNIAI
Authors: Mačiulaitis Romualdas , Lukošius Kęstutis
Published: March 2019

Fire resistance of a building structure is one of important properties which describes the behaviour of the structure exposed to fire. Performance based on codes allows to use calculation methods. Given a satisfactory characterisation of the heat exposure, the designer may then compute how quickly temperatures will increase at various sections within the structural component. There are many calculation methods. They can divided into three groups (Fig 1): using experimental data, using both temperature conduction process and non-stationary thermal conduction. Thermal conduction, temperature conduction and thermal capacitance are general properties for temperature prediction methods. Usually building materials have thermal characteristics for normal environment, which can not exactly describe material properties at high temperatures. But many calculation methods lack accurate thermal characteristics describing building material properties at high temperatures. This article is intended for the analysis of this question.
EVALUATION OF POROUS CONCRETE RESISTANCE TO FREEZING BY DIFFERENT METHODS/AKYTOJO BETONO ATSPARUMO ŠALČIUI, TAIKANT SKIRTINGAS BANDYMŲ METODIKAS, VERTINIMAS
Authors: Mačiulaitis Romualdas , Nagrockienė Dzigita
Published: March 2019

The article presents results of the comparative investigations into porous concrete specimens resistance to freezing (one-sided and volumetric). It has been determined that there is not any linear relation between the results obtained when calculating both the beginning of specimens disintegration (R=0,2161753) and their disintegration end (R=0,2621269). Besides, the data are very scattered and any other mathematical model did not allow to find a stronger non-linear relation.

In addition, the destruction of porous concrete was analysed by measuring the change of relative linear deformations of porous concrete specimens under service resistance to freezing. It has been found that positive linear deformations are characteristic of low service frost resistance porous concrete specimens both during the one-sided freezing and thawing. When these deformations after some cycles reach (1,2–1,7%), the specimen surface disintegrates. Negative linear deformations are characteristic of specimens of high service frost resistance during one-sided freezing and thawing. The specimens of average service frost resistance (successfully resisted 25–30 cycles) can be characterised by the development of positive relative deformations during freezing and thawing. The processes have been investigated in detail taking place in identical specimens when they are investigated under different heat draining methods (one-sided and volumetric). The difference of humidity migration and localisation in respect of the freezing method has been disclosed. Some conclusions have been deduced from the investigation.
THE INTERACTION ESTIMATION OF PILES BORED IN SAND/CENTRIŠKAI APKRAUTŲ GRĘŽTINIŲ POLŲ SĄVEIKOS VERTINIMAS
Authors: Sližytė Danute
Published: March 2019

Usually a pile foundation consists of a pile group. The difference between the behaviour of a single pile and pile group is described by H. Poulos [5] using the coefficient of interaction, which indicates the pile influence on the increasing neighbouring pile settlement, when neighbouring pile is affected by an axial load.

The pile group physical modelling in centrifuge showed that really a value of the interaction coefficient is smaller than that of estimated by the existing methods.

Furthemore the existing methods do not evaluate a load, roughness of lateral surface of pile and shear modulus variation with pile normalised settlement s/D. Also they do not evaluate a pile settlement restriction at a depth L.

Therefore it is very important to find the calculating method for estimating the influence between piles. The article shows how the interaction coefficient can be found using theory of elasticity and experimental data of single pile.
TECHNOLOGY OF COMPUTATION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES/GELŽBETONINŲ KONSTRUKCIJŲ ARMATŪROS AUTOMATIZUOTO SKAIČIAVIMO TECHNOLOGIJA
Authors: Jurkša Arvydas
Published: March 2019

The author has created a new technology for concrete beam, column, slab, wall and shell reinforcement computation according to the finite element program COSMOS/M analysis results and code of practice valid in Lithuania. A brief description of the technology is included in the article. Computer programmes COSARM and COSMAX were designed for slab, wall and shell reinforcement computation. Results can be visualized graphically. New computer programmes BEAM, COSBEAM, COLUMN, COSREC and COSCIR were created for beam and column reinforcement computation. The new technology extremely enlarged the possibilities of the powerful finite element program COSMOS/M and enabled to compute very complicated reinforced concrete structures.
ANALYSIS OF BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE ELEMENTS WITH PROFILED STEEL SHEET/LENKIAMŲJŲ KOMPOZITINIŲ ELEMENTŲ, ARMUOTŲ PROFILIUOTAIS METALO LAKŠTAIS, DARBO ANALIZĖ
Authors: Marčiukaitis Gediminas , Valivonis Juozas , Vaškevičius Andrius
Published: March 2019

Joint action at the interface of concrete and profiled steel sheet layers of composite structures can be achieved in various ways. In most cases different types of roughness (embossments) are made inside sheet waves, which increase mechanical bond between concrete and sheets. Behaviour of such structures and particularly of the section at the interface of the layers is not fully investigated. The analysis performed has indicated that calculation methods proposed by various authors give different results. Theoretical and performed experimental investigations have shown that behaviour of interface zone is affected by concrete layer thickness, its deformation modulus, distribution of transverse and longitudinal deformations in concrete layers.

On the basis of the theory of composite bars, a method for strength calculation of such structures was proposed; it gives opportunity to evaluate more accurately the behaviour of interface zone and other factors affecting the joint action of the structures under the load.
LOAD OPTIMIZATION OF ELASTIC-PLASTIC FRAMES AT SHAKEDOWN/PRISITAIKANČIŲ TAMPRIAI PLASTIŠKŲ RĖMŲ APKROVOS OPTIMIZACIJA
Authors: Skaržauskas Valentinas , Merkevičiūtė Dovilė , Atkočiūnas Juozas
Published: March 2019

In this article the theory of mathematical programming is used, composing improved mathematical models of nonlinear problems of frame loading optimization at shakedown and performing its numerical experiment.

An elastic perfectly-plastic frame is considered. Frame geometry, material, load application places are considered known. Time independent load variation bounds are variable (history of loading is unknown). Mathematical model of load variation bounds optimization problem includes strength and stiffness constrains.

The mentioned optimization load combines two problems. First problem is connected with the distribution of statically admissible moments at shakedown. This is a problem of residual bending moments analysis which is presented in two ways. In the first case it is formulated as a quadratic programming problem, where the objective function is non-linear, but the objective function of load optimization problem remains linear. The problem is solved by iterations, influential matrixes of residual displacements, and stresses are used. In next case, the equations of problem analysis and dependences are presented according to complete equation system of plasticity theory. Then the objective function of optimization problem becomes non-linear and it is solved in single stage.

Solving the second problem, we check if it is possible to satisfy frame rigidity constrains, which are inferior or superior limits of residual displacement. This is considered as a linear programming problem.

Mathematical model of frame load optimization problem at shakedown was made with the help of non-linear mathematical programming theory. Numerical experiment was realized with Rozen's gradients projecting method and using the penalty function techniques.

Mathematical programming complementarity conditions prohibit taking into account the dechargable phenomena in some cross-sections, therefore analysis of residual deformation compatibility equations are performed, using linear mathematical programming.
RESEARCH ON THE STABILITY OF BUILDING MIXTURE STRUCTURE/STATYBINIŲ MIŠINIŲ STRUKTŪROS TYRIMAS
Authors: Deltuva Juozas
Published: March 2019

The aim of this work is to establish the system of quantities that would be suitable to evaluate the stability of the structure of concrete in order to assure that the structure of mixtures and building articles is uniform during the given production period.

Concrete is a polystructured material and therefore its structure must be analyzed at all levels. According to concept of the materials science, the spatial structure of such a material is defined by the arrangement and interconnections of component particles or component blocks that can be considered as discrete structural elements. A structural element is the smallest cell of material that contains all the material ingredients at the same proportions as the entire volume. A structural element is formed by a large particle of medium size and the interface layer is of small particles and liquid components.

The presented method may be applied when it is desirable to compute, compare or model the structures of concrete and other building mixtures and calculate the structural uniformity indices.

According to given uniformity of macro structure, it is possible to determine by the use of structural elements the admissible aggregate grain-size tolerances, in order to achieve the uniform structure, the strength and deformability.

The reliability of the uniformity of a concrete structure must be regulated according to its type and function; it is especially important for load bearing reinforced concrete where a real deformation of concrete must conform to the calculated allowable one.
BUILDING FACADE PAINTING COMPLEX PROCESS MULTICRITERIA EVALUATION/FASADŲ DAŽYMO DAUGIAKRITERINIS VERTINIMAS TINKLINIO MODELIO MAZGŲ „IŠPJOVIMO” IR SPRENDIMŲ DAUGIAPAKOPĖS SINTEZĖS METODAIS
Authors: Janušaitis Rolandas , Liubinskaitė Rima
Published: March 2019

Today there are many multicriteria evaluation methods used in building projects. They enable to make component (complex) evaluations of the task.

Before a multicriteria evaluation of building facade complex process we develop a technological network model which represents technological systems and work performance variants graphically. We use technological network model junctions “cut” method for finding faster final result, for reducing alternative decisions number and facilitating calculations. This method permits to reject not irrational variants from calculations.

Facade painting model consists of the following partial processes: surface preparing, priming, putting and painting. Making multicriteria decisions synthesis all these processes are interpreted as stages. It's necessary to determine the importance of each stage with respect to another stage (stage significance). To find stage significance it's possible to use expert, pair comparison methods, etc. Each stage consists of a certain number of alternatives. For comparison and evaluation of these alternatives, we produce a system of criteria (technical-economical indicators and qualitative characteristics).

Using technological network junctions “cut” method, decision multistage synthesis method and carrying out multicriteria evaluation, it is possible to make a more precise alternative decisions analysis, evaluating the stage significance. This is very important for customers, contractors, projectors, etc.
THE PLANNING AND DESIGN OF KAMPONG PAKUNCEN IN YOGYAKARTA BASED ON THE GREEN CONCEPT
Authors: Setyowati Erni , Pribadi Septana Bagus , Aditama K. Aidon Uda Subrata , Rizkyvea Debby Tiara , Harsritanto Bangun I. R.
Published: March 2019

This study aims to determine the green concept of a slum “kampong” with the green concept and carbon footprint approach based on daily activities, building materials and fuel consumption as well as to deliver the concept of renewable energy. The carbon footprint is the measure of total amount of carbon dioxide gas emissions directly or indirectly caused by daily main activities and accumulation of products used daily. It is the case study of Kampong Gampingan-Pakuncen, Yogyakarta. This kampong is known as a densely populated kampong located in the city centre not far from Malioboro, the centre of commercial and business districts in Yogyakarta City. The employed methods were the quantitative-comparative method between carbon footprint of existing and planning condition and the quantitative approach of renewable energy. The results showed that the carbon dioxide concentration of Kampong Pakuncen in the existing condition is 1,712.767 tonnes CO2/month while the total amount of carbon dioxide concentration of the design is 1,293.785 tonnes CO2/month, hence 24.462% carbon dioxide concentration reduction. To save energy consumption in daily activities, it is proposed that water wheel as micro-hydro power should be used for electricity.
Radio Galaxy Zoo: The Distortion of Radio Galaxies by Galaxy Clusters
Authors: Garon Avery F. , Rudnick Lawrence , Wong O. Ivy , Jones Tom W. , Kim Jin-Ah , Andernach Heinz , Shabala Stanislav S. , Kapińska Anna D. , Norris Ray P. , de Gasperin Francesco , Tate Jean , Tang Hongming
Published: March 2019

We study the impact of cluster environment on the morphology of a sample of 4304 extended radio galaxies from Radio Galaxy Zoo. A total of 87% of the sample lies within a projected 15 Mpc of an optically identified cluster. Brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) are more likely than other cluster members to be radio sources, and are also moderately bent. The surface density as a function of separation from cluster center of non-BCG radio galaxies follows a power law with index −1.10 ± 0.03 out to 10 r
500 (∼7 Mpc), which is steeper than the corresponding distribution for optically selected galaxies. Non-BCG radio galaxies are statistically more bent the closer they are to the cluster center. Within the inner 1.5 r
500 (∼1 Mpc) of a cluster, non-BCG radio galaxies are statistically more bent in high-mass clusters than in low-mass clusters. Together, we find that non-BCG sources are statistically more bent in environments that exert greater ram pressure. We use the orientation of bent radio galaxies as an indicator of galaxy orbits and find that they are preferentially in radial orbits. Away from clusters, there is a large population of bent radio galaxies, limiting their use as cluster locators; however, they are still located within statistically overdense regions. We investigate the asymmetry in the tail length of sources that have their tails aligned along the radius vector from the cluster center, and find that the length of the inward-pointing tail is weakly suppressed for sources close to the center of the cluster.
Magnetic Field Tomography in Two Clouds toward Ursa Major Using H i Fibers
Authors: Tritsis Aris , Federrath Christoph , Pavlidou Vasiliki
Published: March 2019

The atomic interstellar medium (ISM) is observed to be full of linear structures that are referred to as “fibers.” Fibers exhibit similar properties to linear structures found in molecular clouds known as striations. Suggestive of a similar formation mechanism, both striations and fibers appear to be ordered, quasi-periodic, and well aligned with the magnetic field. The prevailing formation mechanism for striations involves the excitation of fast magnetosonic waves. Based on this theoretical model, and through a combination of velocity centroids and column density maps, Tritsis et al. developed a method for estimating the plane-of-sky (POS) magnetic field from molecular cloud striations. We apply this method in two H i clouds with fibers along the same line of sight (LOS) toward the ultra-high-energy cosmic-ray (UHECR) hotspot, at the boundaries of Ursa Major. For the cloud located closer to Earth, where Zeeman observations from the literature were also available, we find general agreement in the distributions of the LOS and POS components of the magnetic field. We find relatively large values for the total magnetic field (ranging from ∼10 to ∼20 μG) and an average projection angle with respect to the LOS of ∼50°. For the cloud located further away, we find a large value for the POS component of the magnetic field of

. We discuss the potential of our new magnetic field tomography method for large-scale application. We consider the implications of our findings for the accuracy of current reconstructions of the Galactic magnetic field and the propagation of UHECR through the ISM.
The Role of Internal Photons on the Chemistry of the Circumstellar Envelopes of AGB Stars
Authors: Van de Sande M. , Millar T. J.
Published: March 2019

Recent high spatial resolution observations of gas and dust in the circumstellar envelopes (CSEs) of AGB stars indicate morphologies much more complex than the smooth density distributions generated by spherically symmetric, constant mass-loss rates. In particular, the observation of spiral arcs and disks indicates the likely presence of a binary companion that in some cases gives rise to the UV photons detected by Galaxy Evolution Explorer. In this paper, we extend our recent model of the chemistry in a clumpy, porous CSE around an AGB star to include the influence of stellar blackbody photons on the CSE chemistry. Our results indicate that internal photons, in a clumpy, porous CSE, can alter chemistry within a few stellar radii and, for some molecules, alter abundances out to several hundred stellar radii. They further suggest that harder radiation from companion stars or accretion disks will have a substantial impact on chemistry in the dust formation zones and inner CSEs of AGB stars.
Improvement of Outcomes in Patients with Lupus Nephritis: Management Evolution in Chinese Patients from 1994 to 2010
Authors: Shao Si-Jia , Hou Jin-Hua , Xie Guo-Tong , Sun Wen , Liang Dan-Dan , Zeng Cai-Hong , Zhu Hui-Xian , Liu Zhi-Hong
Published: March 2019

Objective.

To assess how the longterm outcomes have changed over the past decades in Chinese patients with lupus nephritis (LN). The trends in patient manifestation at presentation, treatment pattern, and therapeutic effects were evaluated.

Methods.

A cohort of biopsy-proven patients with LN (n = 1945) from January 1994 to December 2010 was analyzed. Treatment regimens, treatment response, renal relapse, and renal outcome were compared at different time periods (1994–1998, 1999–2004, and 2005–2010).

Results.

Patients in the later periods had shorter duration of disease, lower serum creatinine value and chronicity at biopsy, and more frequent followup. They were more likely to receive standard-of-care therapies, which included cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, and combination therapy. Patients in the later periods had higher probabilities of achieving remission (p < 0.001) and lower probabilities of experiencing renal flare (p = 0.007). The 5-year renal survival rates were 92.6%, 90.6%, and 94.3% in 1994–1998, 1999–2004, and 2005–2010, respectively. The 5-year risk of endstage renal disease (ESRD) did not differ between 1994–1998 and 1999–2004, but was significantly lower in 2005–2010 (HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.19–0.85 vs 1999–2004). In multivariable Cox analysis, standard therapy was independently associated with lower risk of ESRD (adjusted HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.52–0.98, p = 0.04). Variables of renal damage at biopsy (renal function, activity index, and chronicity index) were independently associated with poor outcome.

Conclusion.

The outcomes of Chinese patients with LN have improved from 1994 to 2010. With the increased use of standard therapies, the remission rates have increased and renal relapse has decreased.
Pediatric Antibiotic-refractory Lyme Arthritis: A Multicenter Case-control Study
Authors: Horton Daniel B. , Taxter Alysha J. , Davidow Amy L. , Groh Brandt , Sherry David D. , Rose Carlos D.
Published: March 2019

Objective.

Few factors have consistently been linked to antibiotic-refractory Lyme arthritis (ARLA). We sought to identify clinical and treatment factors associated with pediatric ARLA.

Methods.

We performed a case-control study in 3 pediatric rheumatology clinics in a Lyme-endemic region (2000–2013). Eligible children were aged ≤ 18 years with arthritis and had positive testing for Lyme disease by Western blot. Cases were 49 children with persistently active arthritis despite ≥ 8 weeks of oral antibiotics or ≥ 2 weeks of parenteral antibiotics; controls were 188 children whose arthritis resolved within 3 months of starting antibiotics. We compared preselected demographic, clinical, and treatment factors between groups using logistic regression.

Results.

Characteristics positively associated with ARLA were age ≥ 10 years, prolonged arthritis at diagnosis, knee-only arthritis, and worsening after starting antibiotics. In contrast, children with fever, severe pain, or other signs of systemic inflammation were more likely to respond quickly to treatment. Secondarily, low-dose amoxicillin and treatment nonadherence were also linked to higher risk of ARLA. Greater antibiotic use for children with ARLA was accompanied by higher rates of treatment-associated adverse events (37% vs 15%) and resultant hospitalization (6% vs 1%).

Conclusion.

Older children and those with prolonged arthritis, arthritis limited to the knees, or poor initial response to antibiotics are more likely to have antibiotic-refractory disease and treatment-associated toxicity. Children with severe symptoms of systemic inflammation have more favorable outcomes. For children with persistently active Lyme arthritis after 2 antibiotic courses, pediatricians should consider starting antiinflammatory treatment and referring to a pediatric rheumatologist.
Psoriatic Nail Dystrophy Is Associated with Erosive Disease in the Distal Interphalangeal Joints in Psoriatic Arthritis: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Antony Anna S. , Allard Andrew , Rambojun Adwaye , Lovell Christopher R. , Shaddick Gavin , Robinson Graham , Jadon Deepak R. , Holland Richard , Cavill Charlotte , Korendowych Eleanor , McHugh Neil J. , Tillett William
Published: March 2019

Objective.

To assess whether the association between psoriatic nail dystrophy and radiographic damage in the hands of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is specific to the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints.

Methods.

A convenience sample of patients was collated from the Bath longitudinal PsA cohort. All patients had PsA according to the ClASsification for Psoriatic ARthritis criteria (CASPAR) criteria, scored radiographs of their hands, and documented nail scores as measured by the Psoriatic Nail Severity Score. Chi-square tests were performed to examine for association between features of nail dystrophy and radiographic damage in the DIP joints, and proximal interphalangeal or metacarpophalangeal (non-DIP) joints of the corresponding digits.

Results.

There were 134 patients included, with a median age of 53 years (interquartile range; IQR 44–61) and disease duration of 7 years (IQR 3–17). The presence of any form of psoriatic nail dystrophy was associated with erosion at the DIP joints of the corresponding digit (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.23–2.83; p < 0.004) and this association was primarily driven by the presence of nail onycholysis (OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.12–2.62; p = 0.02). Nail subungual hyperkeratosis was more strongly associated with joint space narrowing, erosions, and osteoproliferation at the corresponding DIP joint compared to non-DIP joints (p < 0.001). Nail pitting was not associated with erosions or osteoproliferation.

Conclusion.

The presence of psoriatic nail dystrophy, particularly onycholysis, is associated with erosive disease at the DIP joints. Subungual hyperkeratosis is more strongly associated with erosive damage at the DIP than non-DIP joints. These findings support the anatomical and pathological link between nail and DIP joint disease.
The OMERACT Emerging Leaders Program: The Good, the Bad, and the Future
Authors: Flurey Caroline A. , Tugwell Peter S. , Black Rachel J. , Halls Serena , Page Matthew J. , Robson Joanna C. , Sahbudin Ilfita , Siddle Heidi J. , Sinnathurai Premarani , Stok Kathryn S. , Richards Bethan
Published: March 2019

Objective.

To describe the experience of the first OMERACT Emerging Leaders Program (ELP).

Methods.

A Delphi process identified positive aspects, areas for improvement, and future directions. Core items were defined as essential if they received ≥ 70% ratings.

Results.

Participants valued relatable/accessible mentors (100%), including an OMERACT Executive mentor (100%), and a support network of peers (90%). Key items for future development were funding support (100%) and developing knowledge about OMERACT processes (90%) and politics (80%).

Conclusion.

The ELP has the potential to provide targeted training for early career researchers to develop relevant skills for future leadership roles within OMERACT.
Usability Assessments of Mobile Applications as a Function of Geographic Location
Authors: Kortum Philip , Acemyan Claudia Ziegler
Published: March 2019

Researchers recently demonstrated that subjective usability assessments of common products do not vary across geographic locations. That study did not directly address mobile applications, which are some of the most ubiquitous and geographically diverse systems in use in the United States today. To address this shortcoming, this article examined whether or not geographic location impacts the perceived usability of mobile applications by having 2,590 participants from different regions of the United States rate the usability of several mobile applications using the System Usability Scale. There was a lack of evidence to support statistically significant differences in usability scores across geographic locations for 95% of the mobile applications evaluated. This suggests that system usability assessments for mobile products do not differ across US locations. These findings further reinforce the idea that participants from any locale can be recruited for usability tests as long as all other critical demographic criteria are met.
Determinants of the Behavioral Intention to Adopt Tablet Computers in an Arabian Milieu
Authors: Abbas Hasan A , Khalil Omar E. M. , Hamdy Hosny I
Published: March 2019

Typified by the multi-touch interface in tablet, the paradigm for the human-computer interface of information technology (IT) devices has recently changed. Although many studies investigate determinants of adopting IT in the workplace, only a few of these studies acknowledge the motives behind IT adoption for personal use, particularly in an Arabian culture. Based on Theory of Reasoned Actions, this research model evaluates the influences of social norms and attitudes on the behavioral intention to adopt tablet computer by sample of college students in Kuwait. The model also examines three external determinants: attachment motivation, personal innovativeness, and perceived enjoyment. Further, we use structural equation modeling that provides a satisfactory explanation for 56% of the variance in the behavioral intentions to adopt tablets. The perceived enjoyment emerges as the strongest determinant followed by attitude, attachment motivation, and personal innovation. Unexpectedly, social norms have little influence on the behavioral intentions to adopt tablets.
Lithological and structural controls on the nature and distribution of gold at the LaRonde Zone 5 project, Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde gold camp, Abitibi, Quebec
Authors: Boily-Auclair E , Mercier-Langevin P , Ross P -S , Pitre D
Published: March 2019

The LaRonde Zone 5 (LZ5) is in the Doyon-Bousquet-LaRonde mining camp (DBL), eastern Blake River Group, Abitibi greenstone belt. LaRonde Zone 5 and the satellite zones 4 and 4.1 are hosted within steeply south-dipping (80-90°) and south-facing volcanic and
volcaniclastic units (mafic to felsic tuff and lapilli tuff) of the lower member of the Bousquet Formation. The mineralization of all three zones consists of discordant networks of millimetre to centimetre thick pyrite±chalcopyrite veinlets (10-20 volume %) and, to a lesser extent, of very
finely disseminated pyrite (1 volume %) in chlorite-carbonate-sericite alteration zones. Gold is present as microscopic inclusions in fine-grained granoblastic pyrite in both the veinlets and disseminations.
The study area was affected by major tectonic deformation and the mineralized zones were intensely transposed into the steeply dipping, east-trending penetrative foliation. Uncertainty remains about the exact timing of gold mineralization, deformation, and metamorphism. Also, the style of
mineralization at LZ5 (pyrite±chalcopyrite veins and vein-lets, ± disseminated pyrite) and its setting (mafic-intermediate rocks of the lower member of the Bousquet Formation) largely differs from most of the ore in the rest of the DBL, which is considered to be synvolcanic. Ongoing
research at LZ5 aims to document the ore styles and setting, establish the relative timing of events, compare mineralization with the other ore styles of the camp and contribute to the metallogenic models for Archean gold deposits in the southern Superior Province.