bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Difference Codes and Social Connections: 1999 Presidential Address to the Pacific Sociological Association, April 16, 1999, Portland, Oregon
Authors: Ridgeway Cecilia L.
Published: September 2012

Social difference codes are widely shared cultural beliefs that define the socially significant distinctions on the basis of which a society is structured and inequality is organized (e.g., race, gender, occupation). They provide cultural schemas for enacting social relations on the basis of a given difference by indicating the attributes by which people may be categorized according to the distinction and the traits and behaviors that can be expected as a result. To encourage systematic theories about the reciprocal relations between the patterns of social bonds among people and the social difference codes that prevail in society, this paper suggests basic observations. Evidence indicates that the formation of ties through interaction fosters the development and use of shared difference codes. The formation of ties concomitantly creates difference, difference itself is social connection, and the formation of a difference connection is reciprocally related to the development of resource inequalities. Mutual dependence among categories of people transforms the evaluative bias of difference codes from competing in-group preferences into shared status beliefs that characterize one category as socially better than the others. Prevailing difference codes are modified when changing structural conditions change the conditions under which people from different categories interact.
Musical Patronage in the Royal Chapel of France under Francis I (r. 1515-1547)
Authors: Brobeck John T.
Published: September 2012

Recently uncovered archival and historical documents suggest new linkages between the musical patronage of the French royal court and the development of the polyphonic repertory of Francis I's personal chapel as represented in the publications of Pierre Attaingnant. The union in 1514 of the chapels of Anne of Brittany and Louis XII made possible a reorganization of the Chapelle du roi into discrete groups of singers responsible for either the chanting of the chapel's public liturgy or the performance of polyphonic music. As early as the 1490s, however, the French kings began to favor the celebration of private Low Masses en musique, a development seemingly reflected in the increased production of motets by Claudin de Sermisy and other royal court composers.
Tonality, Tonal Scheme, and Contour in Delayed Recognition of Tone Sequences
Authors: Croonen W. L. M. , Kop P. F. M.
Published: September 2012

Two experiments were conducted to test Bartlett and Dowling's conclusion (1980) that the key of a tone sequence strongly influences recognition for short retention intervals, that the influence decreases with increasing retention time, and that the importance of the melodic interval information increases during the retention interval. Five different retention times were used (1,5,8,15, and 30 sec), together with standard tone sequences with a clear tonal scheme and two different contours (two or four directional contour changes). Subjects with moderate musical experience were able to discriminate tonal imitations and transpositions of the standards at all retention times; the number of contour changes did not influence the responses. It was concluded that interval information can be extracted from sequences with strong cues for a particular key within a very short period of time and that one of the major dimensions of tone sequences is not tonality or nontonality, but rather the degree of tonal clarity. This characteristic even may be superior to the number of contour changes.
Note-by-Note Music Reading: A Musician with Letter-by-Letter Reading
Authors: Stanzione Maria , Grossi Dario , Roberto Luciano
Published: September 2012

This paper reports the case of a musician suffering from letter-by-letter reading caused by a left posterior temporoparietal lesion. The patient also had difficulty in reading musical scores, although her expressive ability was intact. The time taken by the patient to read words and nonwords increased with the number of letters in the items. There was a similar increase in the time required to read music as the number of notes increased. Analogous to the text-reading model, two accesses (one global, the other step-by-step) to the representations of written notes are proposed.
Relations among Text, Mode, and Medium: Historical and Empirical Perspectives
Authors: Hill David S. , Kamenetsky Stuart B. , Trehub Sandra E.
Published: September 2012

We examined, by historical and empirical means, relations among text (positive, negative), mode (Ionian, Phrygian), and medium (organ, vocal) in settings of a popular Christian melody from the baroque era. A descriptive analysis of 51 representative settings indicated that baroque composers tended to link Ionian settings of the melody to a "salvation" text and Phrygian settings to a "condemnation" text. They also set vocal pieces more frequently in the Ionian mode and organ pieces in the Phrygian mode. A series of experiments confirmed that contemporary adult and child listeners linked reward texts to the Ionian mode and punishment texts to the Phrygian mode, with the internal cadence structure of the settings affecting such links. Moreover, adult listeners associated these texts differentially with organ and vocal settings.
The Prosodic Appoggiatura in the Music of Mozart and His Contemporaries
Authors: Crutchfield Will
Published: September 2012

The existing literature on appoggiatura conventions in vocal music of Mozart's time, though it has peered under many of the right rocks, is hampered by three problems of focus. One is that a largely specious distinction has arisen between the application of these conventions to recitative and to measured music. A second is the failure of some investigators to distinguish sufficiently the prosodic appoggiatura (a dissonance applied to express the weight of an accented syllable) from the ornamental or expressive appoggiatura (the same musical value employed independently of any prosodic mandate)-with the result that theorists' discussions of the latter practice have been applied misleadingly to the former. Third, the appoggiatura requires to be understood in the context of a range of devices used to "lean" on accented syllables, of which the familiar alteration of the first note in a pair is the simplest example. The present paper employs theoretical works, annotated performance materials, instrumental transcriptions, and internal evidence of scores to examine the appoggiatura in Mozart's time. The conclusions are: 1) The prosodic appoggiatura was not, during that time, understood as an optional nuance, ornament, or expressive device, but rather as a simple principle of execution. 2) Although there are still some passages in which it it is open to question whether a prosodic appoggiatura would have been required, they are fewer than previous accounts have suggested, and almost always related to special musical factors that are readily identifiable. Different ways of executing the appoggiatura are also surveyed briefly at the end of the paper.
Scribal Practices in the Aquitanian Versaria of the Twelfth Century: Towards a Typology of Error and Variant
Authors: Grier James
Published: September 2012

The twelfth-century Aquitanian repertory of versus is preserved in nine versaria, which today form parts of four codices: Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, fonds latin MSS 1139, 3549, and 3719, and London, British Library, Additional MS 36881. Pieces in this repertory that survive in two or more versions exhibit a significant number and diversity of variants. These indicate that the versaria were copied visually from written exemplars; the oral tradition, nevertheless, contributed materially to the musical texts of these pieces. The variant readings can be classified in two groups: copying errors and substantive alterations of the musical text. These in turn fall into several categories. There are five types of errors: omissions, incorrect pitches, incorrect distribution of notes above the text, intrusions, and alterations by the scribe generated by a perceived stylistic difficulty. Variants, too, may be grouped in five categories: level of embellishment, melodic structure, tonal structure, harmony, and voice leading. Each category is illustrated with an example that is discussed in regard to the stylistic and paleographic evidence that permitted the error or variant to be identified. Finally circumstances in the transmission and practice of this music are adduced as possible explanations for these phenomena.
Sentimental and Anti-Sentimental in "Le nozze di Figaro"
Authors: Castelvecchi Stefano
Published: September 2012

The article explores the complex relationship between Le nozze di Figaro (1786) and aspects of eighteenth-century sentimental culture. On the one hand, the opera parodies recognizable elements of that culture, thus joining a well-established anti-sentimental trend (an attitude largely inherited from its literary source, Beaumarchais's comedy Le Mariage de Figaro). In other respects, however, Le nozze di Figaro can be seen to make a direct appeal to sentiment. The tension between the sentimental and the anti-sentimental is one of the driving forces behind this work, and one of the most fascinating aspects of an entire epoch in European culture.
Circular Form in the "Tristan" Prelude
Authors: Morgan Robert P.
Published: September 2012

The music of the Prelude to Tristan und Isolde is in constant transformation, projecting a seemingly unbroken arc of intensification followed by release. It thus seems to defy traditional formal analysis, which aims to articulate music into discrete units with clearly differentiated functions. Yet the Prelude, despite its continuously developmental nature, is characterized by constant repetition of only three formal units, which are subjected to significant surface variation but retain their underlying melodic, harmonic, and linear identities. The article analyzes how this process, which would seem to be overly segmental, is reconciled with the ongoing quality of the music. It examines first the circular arrangement of the three repeating units, along with their relation to five brief passages that occur but once; it then analyzes the circularly repeating harmonic-linear pattern they project. It also considers how the Prelude's formal units differ from traditional ones in that they are designed to emerge out of those preceding them and flow into those that follow, avoiding strong segmentation. The music is thus revealed to have a unique, yet easily comprehensible, overall tonal and formal design that supports, rather than contradicts, its evolutionary nature.
The Early Career of Guillaume Du Fay
Authors: Planchart Alejandro Enrique
Published: September 2012

Owing to a paucity of documentation, Guillaume Du Fay's biography from 1414 to 1427 is blank; his origins have remained elusive. The earliest reference to him dates from 1409. New documents from Cambrai and a passage in the execution of his will change these circumstances. Du Fay's origins in or near Brussels can now be postulated, and his activity in late 1414 and from late 1417 to 1420 can be documented with precision. In addition, new documentation in Cambrai and Laon confirms and expands biographical implications of works written during this period and adds to the number of works for which a specific occasion can be posited.
Frames and Images: Locating Music in Cultural Histories of the Middle Ages
Authors: Weller Philip
Published: September 2012

In practicing the complex discipline of history, scholars habitually and necessarily build on previous knowledge that has frequently crystallized into received images of the past-whether of entire cultures, individual historical figures, particular cultural practices, or discrete seminal works or artifacts. The starting hypothesis for the present study is that the historical images we seek to elaborate are unavoidably preconditioned by the conceptual-epistemological frames and perspectives within which they are located and viewed. Indeed, the search for raw material and its subsequent interpretation both depend on the modeling of the entire historical-analytical project. This essay offers a critique of the often hidden assumptions that underlie and inform our models of cultural history in general and medieval history in particular-assumptions that have to a considerable degree shaped our reception and interpretation of medieval music, whether considered in itself or as an integral part of social activity. The debate is conducted in dialogue with Christopher Page's Discarding Images (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), a provocative study about the place of music in the culture of the later Middle Ages.
From Homoerotics of Exile to Homopolitics of Diaspora
Authors: Shakhsari Sima
Published: September 2012

In this essay, I argue that during the post-September 11th “war on terror,” the Iranian homosexual became transferred from the position of the abject to the representable subject in transnational political realms. This shift involves Iranian opposition groups, transnational media, the “gay international” (in the words of Joseph A. Massad), and some Iranian diasporic queers who willingly insert themselves into national imaginations of the opposition in diasporic reterritorializations. This hypervisibility is enabled by massive mobilizations of universalized sexual identities on the Internet, discourses of protectorship, valorizations of mobility in cyberspace and diasporic imaginations, and the political and economic opportunities for neoliberal entrepreneurship and expertise during the war on terror. In this process, the normative Iranian homosexual is produced as a victim of backward homophobic Iranian-ness, awaiting representation and liberation by new media technologies, while the Iranian citizen is disciplined through cybergovernmentality as a heterosexual subject who is expected to reject tradition, tolerate or defend homosexuals, and avoid perversion.
Identification of Allergens by Skin Prick Test in Patients of Pokhara Suffering from Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Acharya A , Nepali R , Sigdel B , Bania P
Published: September 2012

Nepalese Journal of ENT Head and Neck Surgery Vol.2 No.1 Issue 1 (Jan-Jun 2011) 12-13 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njenthns.v2i1.6777
Study of the Nerve Injury in Parotid Gland Surgery
Authors: Rahman MA , Alam MM , Joarder AH
Published: September 2012

Nepalese Journal of ENT Head and Neck Surgery Vol.2 No.1 Issue 1 (Jan-Jun 2011) 17-19 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njenthns.v2i1.6779
Osteoma Temporal Bone - Rare Case
Authors: Sikarwar V , Lavania A , Saxena R
Published: September 2012

Nepalese Journal of ENT Head and Neck Surgery Vol.2 No.1 Issue 1 (Jan-Jun 2011) 25-26 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njenthns.v2i1.6782
Perceptual Assessment of Tracheoesophagael (TEP) Voice
Authors: Singhal SK , Kapoor R
Published: September 2012

Nepalese Journal of ENT Head and Neck Surgery Vol.2 No.2 Issue 2 (July-Dec 2011) 8-9 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njenthns.v2i2.6794
Comparison Between Posterior Cartilage Window and Aspiration and Quilting Technique in Treatment of Pseudocyst of Pinna
Authors: Koirala K , Rai S , Chhetri S , Shah R
Published: September 2012

Nepalese Journal of ENT Head and Neck Surgery Vol.2 No.2 Issue 2 (July-Dec 2011) 10-12 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njenthns.v2i2.6795
Spontaneous Neck Hematoma
Authors: Bhandari R , Limbu TR , Ghimire A
Published: September 2012

Nepalese Journal of ENT Head and Neck Surgery Vol.2 No.2 Issue 2 (July-Dec 2011) 19-20 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njenthns.v2i2.6799
Schwannoma of the Floor of the Mouth
Authors: Rayamajhi P , Parajuli R
Published: September 2012

Nepalese Journal of ENT Head and Neck Surgery Vol.2 No.2 Issue 2 (July-Dec 2011) 21-22 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njenthns.v2i2.6800
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Palsy After Thyroid Surgery and Literature Review
Authors: Dutta H , Sinha BK , Baskota DK
Published: September 2012

Nepalese Journal of ENT Head and Neck Surgery Vol.2 No.2 Issue 2 (July-Dec 2011) 27-28 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njenthns.v2i2.6803
Catalytic Effect of Nb2O5 in MgH2-Nb2O5 Ball-Milled Composites
Authors: Ma Tao , Isobe Shigehito , Wang Yongming , Hashimoto Naoyuki , Ohnuki Somei
Published: September 2012

We report a study on the desorption properties, crystallography and chemical state of MgH2 and 1 mol% Nb2O5 ball-milled composites. Desorption temperatures of the composites decreased with increase of ball-milling time. Size of MgH2 crystallites decreased during ball-milling. Reduction of Nb2O5 after ball-milling was confirmed by tracing the chemical state of Nb and was further supported by TEM observation. The reduced phases may act as more effective catalysts improving the desorption properties.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel Cross-Linked Chitosan Hydrogels
Authors: Mohamed Nadia Ahmed , Fahmy Mona Mohamed
Published: September 2012

Four novel hydrogels based on chitosan were synthesized via a cross-linking reaction of chitosan with different concentrations of oxalyl bis 4-(2,5-dioxo-2H-pyrrol-1(5H)-yl)benzamide. Their structures were confirmed by fourier transform infrared X-ray (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction. The antimicrobial activities of the hydrogels against two crop-threatening pathogenic fungi namely: Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus, RCMBA 06002), and Aspergillus niger (A. niger, RCMBA 06106), and five bacterial species namely: Bacillis subtilis (B. subtilis, RCMBA 6005), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, RCMBA 2004), Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumonia, RCMB 000101) as Gram positive bacteria, and Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium, RCMB 000104), and Escherichia coli (E. coli, RCMBA 5003) as Gram negative bacteria have been investigated. The prepared hydrogels showed much higher antimicrobial activities than that of the parent chitosan. The hydrogels were more potent in case of Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. Increasing the degree of cross-linking in the hydrogels resulted in a weaker antimicrobial activity.
The Essence, Classification and Quality of the Different Grades of Information
Authors: Wu Kun
Published: September 2012

I define information from a philosophical perspective as a category that indicates the presence of indirect existence, which is a self-display by material entities (with direct existence) of the status and trajectory of that existence. In this paper, based in part on articles published only in Chinese over the last 30 years, information is shown to include three basic forms: In-itself, for-itself and regenerated information, which is constituted by the first two. Information in these three basic forms establishes the essence of information which is further developed in a fourth form—social information. Information is further characterized by the qualities of its three different grades, corresponding to these forms: The quality of first-grade information demonstrates direct objective existence and indirect objective existence; the quality of second-grade information demonstrates multiple levels of direct objective and indirect objective existence; the quality of third-grade information is that of the subjective relationships in human understanding that are encoded as information. The grounding of information in the ontological structure of the world gives it a central role in the approach to knowledge, constituting a new and necessary critique of the classical separation of the academic disciplines and the bases of modern philosophy.
3D Microstructure Modeling of Porous Metal Filters
Authors: Hejtmánek Vladimír , Čapek Pavel
Published: September 2012

The contribution presents a modified method of stochastic reconstruction of two porous stainless-steel filters. The description of their microstructures was based on a combination of the two-point probability function for the void phase and the lineal-path functions for the void and solid phases. The method of stochastic reconstruction based on simulated annealing was capable of reproducing good connectivity of both phases, which was confirmed by calculating descriptors of the local porosity theory. Theoretical values of permeability were compared with their experimental counterparts measured by means of quasi-stationary permeation of four inert gases.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activities of Novel 4-Hydroxy-7-hydroxy- and 3-Carboxycoumarin Derivatives
Authors: Lin Pen-Yuan , Yeh Kuang-Sheng , Su Chien-Ling , Sheu Shiow-Yunn , Chen Tiffany , Ou Keng-Liang , Lin Mei-Hsiang , Lee Lin-Wen
Published: September 2012

Coumarin derivatives are used as fluorescent dyes and medicines. They also have some notable physiological effects, including the acute hepatoxicity and carcinogenicity of certain aflatoxins, the anticoagulant action of dicoumarol, and the antibiotic activity of novobicin and coumerymycin A1. Because the number of drug resistant strains is increasing at present, the synthesis of new antibacterial compounds is one of the critical methods for treating infectious diseases. Therefore, a series of coumarin-substituted derivatives, namely 4-hydroxy- and 7-hydroxycoumarins, and 3-carboxycoumarins were synthesized. 4-Hydroxycoumarin derivatives 4a–c underwent rearrangement reactions. Both 4- and 7-hydroxycoumarins were treated with activated aziridines which produced series of ring-opened products 7, 8, 10, and 11. 3-Carboxy-coumarin amide dimer derivatives 14–21 were prepared by reacting aliphatic alkylamines and alkyldiamines with PyBOP and DIEA. In this study, we use a new technique called modified micro-plate antibiotic susceptibility test method (MMAST), which is more convenient, more efficient, and more accurate than previous methods and only a small amount of the sample is required for the test. Some of the compounds were produced by reactions with acid anhydrides and demonstrated the ability to inhibit Gram-positive microorganisms. The dimer derivatives displayed lower antibacterial activities.
Ultrasound Irradiation Promoted Enzymatic Transesterification of (R/S)-1-Chloro-3-(1-naphthyloxy)-2-propanol
Authors: Wang Feng , Zhang Hong , Wang Jiaxin , Chen Ge , Fang Xuedong , Wang Zhi , Wang Lei
Published: September 2012

(R)-1-Chloro-3-(1-naphthyloxy)-2-propanol (3), which is the key intermediate of (S)-propranolol, was successfully prepared via enantioselective transesterification catalyzed by lipase under ultrasound irradiation. Compared with conventional shaking, the enzyme activity and enantioselectivity were dramatically increased under ultrasound exposure. Effects of various reaction conditions on the synthetic activity of enzyme as well as enantioselectivity, including the type of enzyme, ultrasound power, solvent, acyl donor, temperature and substrate molar ratio, were investigated. Pseudomonas sp. lipase (PSL) showed an excellent catalytic performance under optimum conditions (enzyme activity: 78.3 ± 3.2 μmol·g−1·min−1, E value: 98 ± 6).
Effect of Different Purification Techniques on the Characteristics of Heteropolysaccharide-Protein Biopolymer from Durian (Durio zibethinus) Seed
Authors: Amid Bahareh Tabatabaee , Mirhosseini Hamed
Published: September 2012

Natural biopolymers from plant sources contain many impurities (e.g., fat, protein, fiber, natural pigment and endogenous enzymes), therefore, an efficient purification process is recommended to minimize these impurities and consequently improve the functional properties of the biopolymer. The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of different purification techniques on the yield, protein content, solubility, water- and oil-holding capacity of a heteropolysaccharide-protein biopolymer obtained from durian seed. Four different purification methods using different chemicals and solvents (i.e., A (isopropanol and ethanol), B (isopropanol and acetone), C (saturated barium hydroxide), and D (Fehling solution)] to liberate the purified biopolymer from its crude form were compared. In most cases, the purification process significantly (p < 0.05) improved the physicochemical properties of heteropolysaccharide-protein biopolymer from durian fruit seed. The present work showed that the precipitation using isopropanol and acetone (Method B) resulted in the highest purification yield among all the tested purification techniques. The precipitation using saturated barium hydroxide (Method C) led to induce the highest solubility and relatively high capacity of water absorption. The current study reveals that the precipitation using Fehling solution (Method D) most efficiently eliminates the protein fraction, thus providing more pure biopolymer suitable for biological applications.
Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) Antagonistic Activity of a New Biflavonoid from Garcinia nervosa var. pubescens King
Authors: Jalil Juriyati , Jantan Ibrahim , Ghani Azura Abdul , Murad Shahnaz
Published: September 2012

The methanol extract of the leaves of Garcinia nervosa var. pubescens King, which showed strong inhibitory effects on platelet-activating factor (PAF) receptor binding, was subjected to bioassay-guided isolation to obtain a new biflavonoid, II-3,I-5, II-5,II-7,I-4',II-4'-hexahydroxy-(I-3,II-8)-flavonylflavanonol together with two known flavonoids, 6-methyl-4'-methoxyflavone and acacetin. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit PAF receptor binding to rabbit platelets using 3H-PAF as a ligand. The biflavonoid and acacetin showed strong inhibition with IC50 values of 28.0 and 20.4 µM, respectively. The results suggest that these compounds could be responsible for the strong PAF antagonistic activity of the plant.
Roles for wbtC, wbtI, and kdtA Genes in Lipopolysaccharide Biosynthesis, Protein Glycosylation, Virulence, and Immunogenicity in Francisella tularensis Strain SCHU S4
Authors: Twine Susan M. , Vinogradov Evguenii , Lindgren Helena , Sjostedt Anders , Conlan J. Wayne
Published: September 2012

Using a strategy of gene deletion mutagenesis, we have examined the roles of genes putatively involved in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in the virulent facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen, Francisella tularensis subspecies tularensis, strain SCHU S4 in LPS biosynthesis, protein glycosylation, virulence and immunogenicity. One mutant, ∆wbtI, did not elaborate a long chain O-polysaccharide (OPS), was completely avirulent for mice, and failed to induce a protective immune response against challenge with wild type bacteria. Another mutant, ∆wbtC, produced a long chain OPS with altered chemical and electrophoretic characteristics. This mutant showed markedly reduced glycosylation of several known glycoproteins. Additionally this mutant was highly attenuated, and elicited a protective immune response against systemic, but not respiratory challenge with wild type SCHU S4. A third mutant, ∆kdtA, produced an unconjugated long chain OPS, lacking a detectable core structure, and which was not obviously expressed at the surface. It was avirulent and elicited partial protection against systemic challenge only.
Functional properties of some New Zealand fruit extracts towards selected probiotic and pathogenic bacteria
Authors: Hap S. , Gutierrez N.A.
Published: September 2012

The functional properties of aqueous extracts of four fruits commonly consumed in New Zealand, namely blueberry, strawberry, green kiwifruit and feijoa, towards the growth of probiotic and pathogenic bacteria were investigated in this study. A concentration range of 0.1-30.0 g/l was evaluated in a high-throughput assay to determine their effects. In general, the four fruit extracts exerted growth-stimulating effects on the probiotic bacteria, except with Bifidobacterium longum, whereas they were found to inhibit all pathogens tested. Feijoa extract inhibited Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus even at the lowest concentrations tested. Selected combinations of extracts (blueberry/feijoa and strawberry/kiwifruit) exerted effects that were less than additive compared to the individual extracts. These results are relevant for potential application of fruit extracts not only as functional ingredients in food but also for controlling growth of pathogens and for propagation of probiotic bacteria during food production and storage.
Preliminary assessment of surf-zone and estuarine line-fish species of the Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area, Eastern Cape, South Africa
Authors: Venter Jan A. , Mann Bruce Q.
Published: September 2012

A preliminary assessment of surf-zone and estuarine line fish was carried out in the DwesaCwebe Marine Protected Area (MPA), on the Wild Coast, South Africa. The purpose was to provide baseline data on inshore line-fish stocks in the MPA. A total of 28 species was recorded, of which 53% have a conservation status reflecting some concern and 43% are endemic to southern Africa. This highlights the value of the MPA for protection of important line-fish species. Within the MPA, localised differences were detected in species diversity, size frequency and catch per unit effort between unexploited and illegally exploited areas. These differences were more prominent in slow growing, long-lived species. It thus appears that illegal exploitation is negatively affecting fish populations within the MPA, which counteract and potentially could eliminate the benefits of fish protection typically associated with no-take MPAs. These results highlight the need for improved law enforcement and better communication with neighbouring communities to increase awareness. It is further recommended that the current no-take status of the MPA should be maintained. In addition, baseline fisheries information was collected on certain fish species that could be used to inform future conservation management of the MPA.Conservation implications: The Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area is unique and important for the conservation of key surf zone and estuarine fish species. However there is a significant risk to the fish populations due to illegal exploitation. Key interventions should include enhanced law enforcement but, more important, the creation of alternative livelihoods and long term sustainable benefits to local communities.
Variability in phytoplankton community structure in response to the North Atlantic Oscillation and implications for organic carbon flux
Authors: Henson Stephanie , Lampitt Richard , Johns David
Published: September 2012

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is a major mode of variability in the North Atlantic, dominating atmospheric and oceanic conditions. Here, we examine the phytoplankton community‐structure response to the NAO using the Continuous Plankton Recorder data set. In the Northeast Atlantic, in the transition region between the gyres, variability in the relative influence of subpolar or subtropical‐like conditions is reflected in the physical environment. During positive NAO periods, the region experiences subpolar‐like conditions, with strong wind stress and deep mixed layers. In contrast, during negative NAO periods, the region shifts toward more subtropical‐like conditions. Diatoms dominate the phytoplankton community in positive NAO periods, whereas in negative NAO periods, dinoflagellates outcompete diatoms. The implications for interannual variability in deep ocean carbon flux are examined using data from the Porcupine Abyssal Plain time‐series station. Contrary to expectations, carbon flux to 3000 m is enhanced when diatoms are outcompeted by other phytoplankton functional types. Additionally, highest carbon fluxes were not associated with an increase in biomineral content, which implies that ballasting is not playing a dominant role in controlling the flux of material to the deep ocean in this region. In transition zones between gyre systems, phytoplankton populations can change in response to forcing induced by opposing NAO phases.
The effect of climate and climate change on ammonia emissions in Europe
Authors: Skjøth C. A. , Geels C.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. We present here a dynamical method for modelling temporal and geographical variations in ammonia emissions in regional scale Chemistry Transport Models (CTMs) and Chemistry Climate Models (CCMs). The method is based on the meteorology in the models and gridded inventories. We use the dynamical method to investigating the spatio-temporal variability of the ammonia emissions across part of Europe and study how these emissions are related to geographical and year-to-year variations in atmospheric temperature alone. For simplicity we focus on the emission from a storage related to a Danish standard pig stable with 1000 animals and display how the emission from this source category vary geographically throughout central and northern Europe and from year to year. In view of future climate changes we also evaluate the potential future changes in the emission by including temperature projections from an ensemble of climate models. The results points towards four overall issues: (1) Emissions can easily vary with 20% by changing geographical location within a country due to overall variations in climate. Largest uncertainties are seen for large countries like UK, Germany and France. (2) Annual variations in overall climate can at specific locations cause uncertainties in the range of 20%. (3) Climate change will in general increase the emissions with 0–40%, in central to northern Europe. (4) Gradients in existing emission inventories that are seen along country borders (e.g. between UK and France), can be reduced by using a dynamical methodology for calculating emissions. Acting together these four issues can cause substantial uncertainties in emission. Emissions are generally considered among the largest uncertainties in the model calculations with CTM and CCM models. Efforts to reduce uncertainties are therefore highly relevant. It is therefore recommended that both CCMs and CTMs implement a dynamical methodology for simulating ammonia emissions in a similar way as for biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOCs) – a method that has been used for more than a decade in CTMs.
The influence of boreal forest fires on the global distribution of non-methane hydrocarbons
Authors: Lewis A. C. , Evans M. J. , Hopkins J. R. , Punjabi S. , Read K. A. , Andrews S. , Moller S. J. , Carpenter L. J. , Lee J. D. , Rickard A. R. , Palmer P. I. , Parrington M.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Boreal forest fires are a significant source of chemicals to the atmosphere including numerous non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs). We report airborne measurements of NMHCs, acetone and methanol from > 500 whole air samples collected over Eastern Canada, including interception of several different boreal biomass burning plumes. From these and concurrent measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) we derive fire emission ratios for 29 different species relative to the emission of CO. These range from 8.9 ± 3.2 ppt ppb−1 CO for methanol to 0.007 ± 0.004 ppt ppb−1 CO for cyclopentane. The ratios are in good to excellent agreement with recent literature values. Using the GEOS-Chem global 3-D chemical transport model (CTM) we show the influence of biomass burning on the global distributions of benzene, toluene, ethene and propene (species considered generally as indicative tracers of anthropogenic activity). Using our derived emission ratios and the GEOS-Chem CTM, we show that biomass burning can be the largest fractional contributor to observed benzene, toluene, ethene and propene in many global locations. The widespread biomass burning contribution to atmospheric benzene, a heavily regulated air pollutant, suggests that pragmatic approaches are needed when setting air quality targets as tailpipe and solvent emissions continue to decline. We subsequently determine the extent to which the 28 Global WMO-GAW stations worldwide are influenced by biomass burning sourced benzene, toluene, ethene and propene when compared to their exposure to anthropogenic emissions.
Picoheterotroph (Bacteria and Archaea) biomass distribution in the global ocean
Authors: Buitenhuis E. T. , Li W. K. W. , Lomas M. W. , Karl D. M. , Landry M. R. , Jacquet S.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. We compiled a database of 39 766 data points consisting of flow cytometric and microscopical measurements of picoheterotroph abundance, including both Bacteria and Archaea. After gridding with 1° spacing, the database covers 1.3% of the ocean surface. There are data covering all ocean basins and depths except the Southern Hemisphere below 350 m or from April until June. The average picoheterotroph biomass is 3.9 ± 3.6 μg C l−1 with a 20-fold decrease between the surface and the deep sea. We estimate a total ocean inventory of about 1.3 × 1029 picoheterotroph cells. Surprisingly, the abundance in the coastal regions is the same as at the same depths in the open ocean. Using an average of published open ocean measurements for the conversion from abundance to carbon biomass of 9.1 fg cell−1, we calculate a picoheterotroph carbon inventory of about 1.2 Pg C. The main source of uncertainty in this inventory is the conversion factor from abundance to biomass. Picoheterotroph biomass is ~2 times higher in the tropics than in the polar oceans. doi:10.1594/PANGAEA.779142
CLM4-BeTR, a generic biogeochemical transport and reaction module for CLM4: model development, evaluation, and application
Authors: Tang J. , Riley W. J. , Koven C. D. , Subin Z. M.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. To improve regional and global biogeochemistry modeling and climate predictability, we have developed a generic reactive transport module for the land model CLM4 (called CLM4-BeTR (Biogeochemical Transport and Reactions)). CLM4-BeTR represents the transport, interactions, and biotic and abiotic transformations of an arbitrary number of tracers (aka chemical species) in an arbitrary number of phases (e.g. dissolved, gaseous, sorbed, aggregate). An operator splitting approach was employed and consistent boundary conditions were derived for each modeled sub-process. Tracer fluxes, associated with hydrological processes such as surface run-on and run-off, belowground drainage, and ice to liquid conversion were also computed consistently with the bulk water fluxes calculated by the soil physics module in CLM4. The transport code was evaluated and found be in good agreement with several analytical test cases. The model was then applied at the Harvard Forest site with a representation of depth-dependent belowground biogeochemistry. The results indicated that, at this site, (1) CLM4-BeTR was able to simulate soil-surface CO2 effluxes and soil CO2 profiles accurately; (2) the transient surface CO2 effluxes calculated based on the tracer transport mechanism were in general not equal to the belowground CO2 production rates and that their differences varied according to the seasonal cycle of soil physics and biogeochemistry; (3) losses of CO2 through processes other than surface gas efflux were less than 1% of the overall soil respiration; and (4) the contributions of root respiration and heterotrophic respiration have distinct temporal signals in surface CO2 effluxes and soil CO2 concentrations. The development of CLM4-BeTR will allow detailed comparisons between ecosystem observations and predictions and insights to the modeling of terrestrial biogeochemistry.
Wound Closure and Wound Monitoring in Total Hip Arthroplasty. An Overview
Authors: Mondini Andrea , Bianchi Luca , Zagra Luigi
Published: September 2012

Wound closure in primary and revision total hip arthroplasty is an essential and crucial step of the procedure. A recently published meta-analysis comparing metallic staples and sutures with stitches in hip procedures revealed that the risk of infection was four times greater when staples were used. This statement created concern among orthopaedic surgeons. The aim of this overview is to address the problem of THA wound closure and wound monitoring. Further well designed, randomised, controlled trials comparing staples vs traditional stitches and eventually vs skin adhesive are necessary in order to draw conclusions in elective THA, revision surgery and hip fractures. Orthopaedic surgeons need to have more evidence in order to be able to justify their method of wound closure. Monitoring of the wound by the surgeon in the postoperative period is recommended.
Pre- and Posttherapeutic Staging of Laryngeal Carcinoma Involving Anterior Commissure: Review of 127 Cases
Authors: Foucher Marc , Barnoud Raphaëlle , Buiret Guillaume , Pignat Jean-Christian , Poupart Marc
Published: September 2012

Background. The objective of this study is to assess the accuracy of pre- and posttherapeutic staging of endolaryngeal cancer involving anterior commissure. Materials and Methods. 127 patients were included in this retrospective study, and laryngectomy (partial or radical) was achieved in all of them. Initial radioclinical evaluation (cT) was performed (endoscopy-CT scan) and compared with postoperative histopathological findings. Results. 24,6% of cT2 and 33,3% of cT3 laryngeal tumors were reclassified pT4 after the histopathological examination. Conclusion. pre-therapeutic staging (combining endoscopy-CT scan) of endolaryngeal cancer involving anterior commissure is inadequate and sometimes underestimates thyroid cartilaginous invasion. Nethertheless, a precise diagnostic assessment by surgery with postoperative histological findings is possible. Cartilage and/or paraglottic structures are involved, or not, on the laryngectomy specimen exam. So surgery should always be discussed in first line in transdisciplinary meeting for endolaryngeal cancer management.
Current Conduction in Poly(3-Hexylthiophene) and in Poly(3- Hexylthiophene) doped [6,6]-Phenyl C61-Butyric Acid Methylester Composite Thin Film Devices
Authors: Chiguvare Zivayi , Parisi Jürgen
Published: September 2012

Transport properties of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), and of its blend with [6,6]-phenyl C61- butyric acid methylester (PCBM), were studied by analysing temperature dependent current-voltage characteristics of spin cast thin films sandwiched between aluminium electrodes in a metal-insulator- metal (MIM) configuration. It was found that in Al/P3HT/Al devices, the current is limited by space charge that accumulates near the hole injecting electrode due to the poor bulk transport properties of P3HT. At low temperatures and high applied electric fields the current density obeys a power law of the form J _ Vm, characteristic of space charge limited current (SCLC) in the presence of exponentially distributed traps within the band gap. These traps are filled by charge that is injected by quantum mechanical tunnelling, which is adequately described by the Fowler-Nordheim (FN) theory. By calculating the majority charge carrier mobility in Al/P3HT/Al and Al/P3HT:PCBM/Al devices from the Ohmic, SCLC, and FN tunnelling fits at different temperatures, we have obtained that the charge carrier mobility in P3HT is two orders smaller than the electron mobility in the P3HT:PCBM blend at room temperature, but comparable at low temperatures. This information is important in determining the origin of open circuit voltage and short circuit current limit in solar cells that employ this blend as the active layer.
Depression in Children with HIV Infection: A Case Series
Authors: Caballero Joshua , Koranyi Katalin I. , Brady Michael T. , Nahata Milap C.
Published: September 2012

About 46,000 individuals younger than 25 years of age currently have a diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). During their lifetime, approximately one-third of patients with HIV may develop depression. While antidepressants have been studied in adults with HIV, no data exist to support the use of antidepressants in children and adolescents with HIV. We report a case series of seven pediatric patients with HIV who were prescribed antidepressants. Six of seven patients had mild to moderate improvements in depressive symptoms. None of our patients experienced any suicidal ideations, and adverse events were minor. No drug-drug interactions were reported, and no significant changes in CD4 counts, CD4 percentages, or viral loads occurred during antidepressant therapy. Placebo-controlled, randomized studies are needed to confirm our results in this patient population.
Development of Gastrointestinal Function: Risk Factors for Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Authors: Clark David A. , Mitchell Amy L.
Published: September 2012

The intestinal tract of the fetus matures rapidly in the third trimester of the pregnancy. The premature infant has decreased intestinal motility, limited digestion, absorption and excretion, and poor intestinal barrier defense. These limitations place the infant at high risk for acute intestinal injury, necrotizing enterocolitis. This article reviews the development of the gastrointestinal tract in the fetus, the barriers to feeding the high risk, premature infant, and the most serious intestinal disease, necrotizing enterocolitis.
L’habilitation des nouveaux préposés aux bénéficiaires par le groupe de pairs dans les organisations gériatriques de type CHSLD au Québec
Authors: Aubry François , Couturier Yves
Published: September 2012

L’objectif de cet article est de démontrer en quoi l’intégration de nouveaux préposés aux bénéficiaires dans les CHSLD au Québec peut être analysée comme un processus d’habilitation, c’est-à-dire de construction identitaire des recrues par le groupe de pairs, à travers deux phases spécifiques : les préposés expérimentés jugent rapidement la capacité de la recrue à supporter la lourde charge de travail durant la phase dite d’ « orientation », en sélectionnant les recrues selon ce critère ; puis ils transmettront certaines compétences informelles aux recrues sélectionnées et considérées comme capables de faire partie du groupe de pairs.
Les ocupacions prehistòriques de la Cueva de la Diabla (Ayora, València).
Authors: García Borja Pablo , Carrión Marco Yolanda , López Peris José Enrique , Morales Peris Juan Vicente , Pardo Gordó Salvador , Pérez i Ferrer Felip , Pérez Jordà Guillem , Roman Monroig Dídac , Sañudo Die Pablo , Verdasco Cebrián Carlos
Published: September 2012

La realització del parc eòlic de la Solana (Ayora) propicià una sèrie de sondejos arqueològics a la Cueva de la Diabla que permeteren identificar un nivell arqueològic prehistòric del Calcolític campaniforme-Bronze antic. L’estudi de la totalitat de les restes ens ha permès interpretar-les com a conseqüència d’ocupacions estacionals de la cova, no documentant cap evidencia d’enterraments humans. La casera d’animals salvatges que viuen en un medi escassament antropitzat també ha quedat constatada.
Tres tipos monetarios inéditos en el Tesoro de Llíria
Authors: Delegido Morant Carmen
Published: September 2012

En el Tesoro de Llíria (compuesto por 5.990 denarios de época alto imperial) han aparecido tres tipos monetarios no identificados hasta ahora en los trabajos de referencia numismática, tratándose por tanto de monedas inéditas las cuales queremos dar a conocer en este trabajo.
Comercio protohistórico: el registro del Nordeste peninsular y circulación de mineral de plomo en Ibiza y el Bajo Priorato (Tarragona)
Authors: Ramon Torres Joan , Rafel Fontanals Núria , Montero Ignacio , Santos Marta , Renzi Martina , Hunt Mark A. , Armada Xosé Lois
Published: September 2012

El plomo de la cuenca minera del Bajo Priorato (Tarragona) circula en el ámbito fenicio-tartesio; sin embargo, las analíticas realizadas sobre un conjunto de muestras minerales y metálicas de la isla de Ibiza ponen de manifiesto la explotación de la galena argentífera local, cuyo uso coexiste en el yacimiento de sa Caleta con el mineral de Cartagena; no se documenta, en cambio, plomo de procedencia prioratina. Pluralidad de redes de comercio entre el sur y el nordeste peninsular, entre las cuales la que recala en Ibiza es la principal, pero probablemente no la única y, por otra parte, sugiere un posible flujo de metal peninsular e ibicenco a Cartago a través de Ibiza.