bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metaphors
Authors: Vannortwick Thomas
Published: November 2023

Those who write analyses of literature these days must begin by walking across the hot coals of the methodology test: what method are you using to get at the stories? Are you aware of your own prejudices? Is your way of seeing valid? The heat is especially intense for those who want to write about issues of personal behavior or motivation that may be said to cross over between literature and “life” (whatever that is).
Buried Selves: The Aeneid (3)
Authors: Vannortwick Thomas
Published: November 2023

Much of what follows in the story can be traced here. The image of the wounded lion, hampered perhaps but undaunted, captures Turnus’ situation, his allies weakened by setbacks, the Trojans’ fortunes on the rise.
Wavefunctions At Surfaces
Authors: Chen C Julian
Published: November 2023

As we have shown in Chapters 2 and 3, under the normal operating conditions of STM, the tunneling current can be calculated from the wavefunctions a few A from the outermost nuclei of the tip and the sample. The wavefunctions at the surfaces of solids, rather than the wavefunctions in the bulk, contribute to the tunneling current. In this chapter, we will discuss the general properties of the wavefunctions at surfaces. This is to fill the gap between standard solid­ state physics textbooks such as Kittel (1986) and Ashcroft and Mermin (1985), which have too little information, and monographs as well as journal articles, which are too much to read. For more details, the book of Zangwill (1988) is helpful.
Imaging Crystalline Surfaces
Authors: Chen C Julian
Published: November 2023

Mathematically, an image is a matrix, or a two-dimensional array of numbers, v(x, y). The variables x and y, in any practical case, are discrete. Therefore, they can be represented as natural numbers. Typically, the range of x and y is 100 - 1000. The step size in the x = (x, y) plane represents the lateral resolution of the data recording device. For example, if a I 00 X I 00 matrix is assigned to a 100 X 100 A2 image, the lateral resolution is limited to 1 A. point on the x plane with a value v(x) assigned is called a pixel in computer jargon, which means a “picture element.” The variable v is a physical quantity, usually considered as a real number. Because of the limited accuracy of the data and the cost of storing it in the computer memory, it is often an integer (-32768 - +32767), sometimes even a byte (-128 - +127).
Atomic Forces And Tunneling
Authors: Chen C Julian
Published: November 2023

As we have discussed in Chapter I, the importance of forces in vacuum tunneling was first realized by Teague (1978), a few years before the invention of the STM. The attractive and repulsive forces between the two gold spheres cause minute deformations near the tunneling gap, which is enough to produce a substantial effect. Coombs and Pethica (1985) reported that the apparent barrier height in STM could be much lower than the work function. Such an anomalously low apparent barrier height is due to a mechanical contact between the tip and the sample, which makes the z reading from the piezo voltage different from the actual gap displacement. Those original ideas have played an important role in the development of the concept of the STM imaging mechanism. Soler et al. (1986) explained the observed giant corrugation on graphite and other layered materials in terms of the repulsive force and the deformation of the sample surface. The existence and importance of the force and deformation in the STM imaging mechanism was further verified by Mamin et al. (1986). The observation of the role of force in STM also inspired the invention of the atomic force microscope (AFM).
Electronics And Control
Authors: Chen C Julian
Published: November 2023

The tunneling current occurring in STM is very small, typically from 0.01 to 50 nA. The current amplifier is thus an essential element of an STM, which amplifies the tiny tunneling current and converts it into a voltage. The performance of the current amplifier, to a great extent, influences the performance of the STM. There are natural limits for the overall performance of current amplifiers, as determined by the thermal noise, stray capacitance, and the characteristics of the electronic components. In this section, we will present these issues by analyzing several typical current amplifier circuits, which can be easily made and used in actual STMs.
Introduction
Authors: Donaldson Thomas J
Published: November 2023

In many ways this volume reflects the evolution of existing trends in business education. For the purpose of confronting pressing problems of managerial responsibility, employee rights, and organizational justice, business academics have turned to political philosophers and ethicists. In order to understand the complex historical roots of modern democratic capitalism, they have turned to historians. In order to understand poignant problems of leadership, they have turned to literature and drama. This volume analyzes the panoramic implications of these evolutionary trends and proposes specific directions for future business education, including directions for curriculum design. The contributors conspicuously disagree about means more than they do about ends. Indeed, the variety of selections included here leaves the clear impression that the humanities must contribute to contemporary business education through the breadth of values they encompass. On this point the authors agree, but they disagree over the ways these values are to be realized.
A Response to Richard T. De George’s “Business as a Humanity: A Contradiction in Terms?”
Authors: Green Ronald M
Published: November 2023

As we have come to expect, Richard De George has given us a rich and thoughtful discussion of the role the humanities might play in business education. My aim in this comment is not to take issue with De George. Rather, because I substantially agree with almost every thing he says, I want to identify one ambiguity in his argument and sharpen the separate points within it. To assist in this, I propose to draw on the related area of medical education. Medical educators have had longer experience than business educators in trying to integrate the humanities into their curricula. By looking at their efforts we can better understand the challenges facing the humanities in business education.
Religious Ideals And The Distribution Of Cereal Grains In The Hebrew Bible
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano
Published: November 2023

The storage and the (re)distribution of cereal grains in the Ancient Near East were administered by centralized organizations (temple or, more often, palace) in the context of social structures that were decidedly hierarchical and central ized. To the political centralization in such structures, there corresponded an economic centralization of the conservation, distribution, and consumption of foodstuffs. In fact, one centralization appears as a function of the other, in a sys tem that is both coherent and complex.
The Face of Reconstruction: Architectural Style
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M
Published: November 2023

Relatively few Germans have offered praise for the shape which urban reconstruction took. They commonly have lamented that too few of the buildings were rebuilt in their prewar style, though sometimes they have complained that the modern buildings were poorly designed, plain and boring, or inappropriate for their setting. The objects of these criticisms are usually large commercial buildings, such as department stores, banks, and offices, along with public buildings, such as town halls. Poor quality is attributed to haste, as well as an inability to transcend Nazi aesthetic values, and a lack of talent and imagination on the part of architects.
Between the World Wars
Authors: Bloom Samuel W
Published: November 2023

The period between the two world wars was, for sociology generally, a time of growth and of institutionalization. As for medical sociology, this was when much of its intellectual foundation was built. Bernhard Stern, Michael Davis, and Henry Sigerist carried forward the traditions of social medicine, both scholarly and activist. Within academic sociology, on the other hand, a quite different approach was initiated. Lawrence J. Henderson, in a Harvard seminar on Pareto in 1931, used medicine as the illustrative case for the development of social theory.
From Ad Hoc Committee to Professional Association
Authors: Bloom Samuel W
Published: November 2023

The Section on Medical Sociology of the ASA is the first and most widely known professional association for social scientists with interests in problems of health and illness. The Section was formally created in 1959, but it developed from an unaffiliated organization, the Committee on Medical Sociology, started in 1955. The Committee was founded by sociologists but included the full range of social scientists, anthropologists, social psychologists, social workers, and physicians. Even after it evolved into an official Section, it continued as a multidisciplinary group.
The Historical Context: 1950–1975
Authors: Useem Bert , Kimball Peter
Published: November 2023

Prison riots change with time and place. They are shaped by the political events and issues of the day, the prevailing ideas about imprisonment, and the political struggles in and around prisons. To understand the Attica and Joliet riots, then, we start with a brief disucussion of prisons and their context in the post-World War II years. We divide these years into two periods, which we term “confidence and rehabilitationism” (1950–1965) and “conflict and politi cization” (1966–1975).
A Gang in Rebellion-Joliet (1975)
Authors: Useem Bert , Kimball Peter
Published: November 2023

The dissent and violence of the 1960s was without precedent in U.S. history.1 Assassinations, a half-dozen years of urban riots, protest over the war in Vietnam, and the Attica riot itself had pushed American society, many felt, to the brink of political instability. Writing from the vantage point of an insider, Daniel Moynihan conveys the sense of crisis among the political elite: An increase in domestic spending was one response of the “men in office;” another was to develop policies that would try to incorporate into the mainstream those on the margins of society, especially a new generation of inner city blacks. It was such an effort that set the stage for the Joliet riot of April 22, 1975.
Causes and Effects of Prison Riots
Authors: Useem Bert , Kimball Peter
Published: November 2023

The commission that investigated the Attica riot declared that “Attica is every prison; and every prison is Attica.” It is indeed true that many of the sources of tension that existed at Attica (perceived racism, poor conditions, e.g.) exist in many, if not most, other American prisons. However, if the commission’s declaration is taken to mean that riots like the one which took place at Attica in 1971 can be taken as impending at all times at all other prisons, the statement was false then and is false now. It is neither true that a riot can break out in any prison, nor that a serious riot can take place at any time, nor that riots which do take place must resemble that at Attica, that at New Mexico, or any other model.
Work Organization in Japan and the United States
Authors: Lincoln James R
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses primarily on work and company organization in the United States and Japan and, secondarily, on the impact of organization on the work attitudes and behaviors of Japanese and American manufacturing employees. It draws heavily on the empirical results of a large survey study of plants in both countries that I conducted with several colleagues in the early 1980s (Lincoln and Kalleberg 1990). The topic is by no means a new one. The extent to which the keys to the competitive power of Japanese manufacturing companies lie in the discipline and commitment of Japanese labor and whether that discipline can be, in turn, traced to the management and structuring of the Japanese firm have been the comparative management questions of the 1980s. Always in the background of recent discussions of Japanese and Western management styles is the question of whether Japanese work organization is usefully cast as a new organizational form, one which (for a variety of reasons) the Japanese hit upon first and have therefore seized comparative advantage from, but is nonetheless the model toward which progressive and competitive North American and European firms are also inexorably drifting. As the successes of Japanese manufacturing at home and abroad have accumulated, this speculation has fascinated many writers, but the most sophisticated and provocative treatment of the topic remains Ronald Dore’s ( I 973) thesis of “welfare corporatist” organization as a holistic organizational control system likely to materialize in late-developing economies.
National and Company Differences in Organizing Production Work in the Car Industry
Authors: Jurgens Ulrich
Published: November 2023

We are experiencing a far-reaching change in the automobile industry that is comparable in its historical consequences to the diffusion of the Taylorist-Fordist regulation model decades ago. Criticism of Taylorism-Fordism has grown since the beginning of the 1980s, especially, and the demand for greater emphasis on human resources and the self-regulation of work by the workers themsevles has been experiencing an enormous upswing in the public discussion in Western countries. One hears of the “new plant revolution” (Lawler 1978). A mixture of ideas on questions of work motivation, the design of work (in both social and technical terms), and industrial democracy that have been developing over decades have now come to fruition and been translated into textbooks for personnel policy (e.g., Milkovich and Glueck 1985), as well as for industrial engineering and production engineering (e.g., Barnes 1980). Titles such as Improving Productivity and the Quality of Worklife (Cummings and Molloy 1977), Productivity Gains Through Worklife Improvements (Glaser 1976), and High-Involvement Management (Lawler 1986) signal a new way of thinking among managers.
New Technology and the Organization of Work: British and Japanese Factories
Authors: Whittaker D Hugh
Published: November 2023

A machine-tool cuts, bores, grinds, shapes, and otherwise processes metal with various tools, the movements of which are conventionally controlled by levers and handles manipulated by an operator. With numerical control (NC), the movements are controlled instead by a predetermined code or program. The program is fed into the machine’s controller, and it directs the movements of the machine. As the name suggests, computer numerical control (CNC) involves the use of a reprogramable computerized controller. NC/CNC has aroused a good deal of controversy because it allegedly enables managers to replace willful skilled craftsmen with machine minders and button pushers on the one hand, and programmers on the other, who are more amenable to management control. Managers thereby achieve through technology an end which has constantly eluded them through organizational and disciplinary means. Braverman (1974) contended that this possibility is inevitably seized upon by capitalists, while other writers (e.g., Senker 1986) have suggested that “deskilling” may represent one management strategy, but having the operator do the programming and enriching the job—”reskilling”—is equally feasible. Both views are challenged by a study of CNC use in German and British factories that found that the main determinants of CNC use were factory size and batch size (Sorge et al. 1983). The larger the factory, the more likely it is to have separate planning and programming departments, and the larger the batch, the more likely it is that tasks will be broken up. These determinants cut across country, although national differences in training and production organization were noted.
The Shaping of Software Systems in Manufacturing: The Implementation of Network Technologies in British Industries
Authors: Webster Juliette
Published: November 2023

In Britain, currently, much attention is being paid to a postulated sea change in production practices and to the use of integrated production technologies to support a new approach to manufacturing. New methods imported from Japan, coupled with the use of software systems such as computer-aided production management (CAPM) originating in the United States, are seen as being the significant means by which British manufacturing competitiveness can be improved. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), industrial practitioners, management consultants, academics, and journalists have all contributed to this idea. This chapter considers the promotion of CAPM technologies as “plug-in” solutions to current British industrial problems and examines the expectations of accompanying shifts to “Japanized” methods of production that have been generated by suppliers, consultants, and government agencies. The popularity of this new ideology of manufacturing has to be seen as part of a more general reorientation of British capital toward regaining some competitive advantage in the international marketplace. While these manufacturing methods and technologies are also gaining currency across Europe and America, in Britain this rhetoric of manufacturing is also strongly rooted in the political culture of Thatcherite (and Majorite) society. In Britain, the new manufacturing ideas have been accompanied by a powerful emphasis on the resurgence of capital, the growth of the private sector. the primacy of market forces, and the renewal of enterprise.
From Socialism to Sociology
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: November 2023

The origins of American sociology are bathed in religious homogeneity masked by a sense of Protestantism as pluralism. The review of the founding theorists of American sociology between 1881 and 1915 makes it perfectly plain that a certain cultural uniformity existed among figures as diverse as Lester F. Ward, William Sumner, Franklin Giddings, Charles H. Cooley, Albion Small, and Edward Ross.1 The context of discourse rested on issues derived from evolutionism in biology and associationism in psychology. And whether the views expressed were liberal or conservative, they scarcely deviated from the norms of an America immersed in Protestantism and nationalism.
Public Choice and the Sociological Imagination
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: November 2023

The problematic relation of sociology and policy is evident in the work of James Coleman. He is a figure of great substance and eminence who, as I shall try to show, could neither succeed in his efforts to overcome inherited dualisms and create a new synthesis based upon sociological application nor, for that matter, even earn the gratitude of his professional peers for making the attempt.1 Indeed, for stating the obvious in statistical form—that white families flee the inner city whenever possible to escape perceived dangers and that black families follow whenever they have the means to do so—Coleman was faced with such vehement resentment and resistance that for a full decade he felt it necessary to stay out of the American Sociological Association.
Social Disputations and Moral Implications
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: November 2023

I have great qualms about the notion of moral education serving as the ground upon which social research walks.1 At best, it is a nineteenth-century concept smuggled into sociological discourse by those who search for the City of God in the cities of men, and, at worst, it is a late twentieth-century concept appealing to fanaticisms of the worst sort. Clericalists tend to talk of moral education; secularists, of education for moral choice. The kind of unease or discomfort with the concept of moral education herein expressed is not simply personal but one felt in general among serious people.
Social Science and the Great Tradition
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: November 2023

Contrary to what might be imagined, social-science publishing in the United States is not a recent development. Quite the contrary, broadly conceived, it began almost coincidentally with the founding of the American Republic. Specifically, the issuance of the first census-tract information in 1790 represented the introduction of social-science–data publishing. In addition, even before the ratification of the American Constitution, the issuance of The Federalist Papers may be viewed as the first substantial effort in publicizing the politics of the “first new nation.”1
Orthodoxy and the Epic Tradition
Authors: Basham A L
Published: November 2023

The period that followed the early Upanisadic sages and the birth of Buddhism and Jainism saw great changes in India. The small kingdom of Magadha (southern Bihar) gradually expanded until in the fourth century B.C.E. it controlled most of the Ganges plain. Toward the end of the sixth century B.C.E. the Achaemenian rulers of Iran conquered much of the northwest, at least as far as the Indus River; and in 326 B.C.E. the world-conquering Alexander of Macedon tried to found an empire in India but was compelled to retire without gaining permanent control even of the Indus area.
Topology of Tangential Discontinuities
Authors: Parker Eugene N
Published: November 2023

We turn now to the topology of those surfaces of tangential discontinuity that are required by the topology of the magnetic field in static equilibrium (Parker, 1989, 1990, !991). The surfaces are current sheets and the surface current density J, as well as the jump B in the opposing field components, can be used as a direct measure of the strength of the discontinuity in the magnetic field.
Adventual Prophets
Authors: Petersen Rodney L
Published: November 2023

Narratives play an important role in our lives. The stories that we tell ourselves or those to which we listen shape our self-understanding and, hence, the ways in which we interact in our world. Stories and images that have become a part of sacred traditions play an even greater role in this regard. Biblical narratives, as “mysterious and ‘fraught with background’” as they may be,1 call forth an inter pretation from those of us who read them. And, particularly in the case of sacred texts like the Bible, such interpretation makes claims upon us that call us from the world of definition into that of ethics and political action.
Forerunners of the Kingdom
Authors: Petersen Rodney L
Published: November 2023

The question of how to move forward in time was as much a part of John Foxe’s legacy as that of the proper identity of the Christian Church in history. As our text was a part of that latter discussion, so it would be in speculation with regard to the shape of the future. The question was not simply academic. It became caught up in issues of politics and governance. If God’s saints-by metonymy, our witnesses-had triumphed in the sixteenth century then the nature of their rule was now at issue.

Drawn into debate over how the saints triumph in history were issues of religious legitimacy. Although these factored themselves out in different ways, behind the discussion were assumptions made by the first religious reformers of the sixteenth century, that the Latin medieval Church, far from being indefectable, had in fact lost its privileged role as Christ’s body, the Church, in the world. Its papal head, called Antichrist by Luther, had been futher identified with the beast from the abyss of Revelation 11:7, conflated with similar imagery in Revelation 13:16-
Women and the Parallel Church: A View from Congregations
Authors: Gundersen Joan R
Published: November 2023

The Episcopal Church today has an asymmetrical structure corresponding to the roles available for laymen and laywomen. The roots of this asymmetry lie in the changing ways laywomen have related to their parishes and their national church, as individuals and collectively. The implications of these structural relationships for the church today require exploring the origins of the asymmetry, for the church cannot assess its current direction until it more fully understands the perceptions and experiences of the laity. The Episcopal Church shares this asymmetry with many other denominations, although the particulars of the arrangement are dependent upon the specific polity and history of a denomination and congregation. Thus, exploring the relationship of women in and to the Episcopal Church may help us understand American religion in general.
Gender and Generations in Congregations
Authors: Gillespie Joanna B
Published: November 2023

Although all women in contemporary America have experienced pro­ found change in the last half of this century, little inquiry has focused on women associated with mainstream churches. This research was designed to elicit the perception of the “woman in the pew.” We aimed to gauge her responses to changes in women’s role and possibilities in the institution by comparing age groups within a given congregation. We chose a generational approach as the means of producing a visible intersection of personal change with institutional change.
A Woman’s Journey toward Priesthood: An Autobiographical Study from the 1950s through the 1980s
Authors: Boyd Sandra Hughes
Published: November 2023

A knowing chuckle and then applause ratified the question I posed to Theresa Kane during her appearance in Boston several years ago. She had been narrating recent events of the women’s movement in the Roman Catholic Church but I wanted to hear her describe the historic confrontation with Pope John Paul 11. During the question-and-answer session following her talk, I asked: “As a historian seeking to discover how women themselves evaluate their participation in the church’s life, I’ve been waiting a long time to ask: How did it feel to stand up to the Pope?”
Introduction
Authors: Cave David
Published: November 2023

Despite the great number of works on the late historian of religion and write1 Mircea Eliade, there is the need for another book. For no book that I have seer has adequately dealt with the visionary impulse behind the totality of Eliade’s prolific and manifold life work, as both a scholar and writer. This visionary impulse I identify as his hope for a new humanism. Certainly many studies devoted to Eliade have scrutinized his theoretical assumptions, have dug for his elusive methodology, have highlighted his contributions to the already large corpus on myth and religious symbolism, explored the existential implications to his sacred/profane cosmology, and-perhaps most consistently have responded to his interpretation of history. And to Eliade the writer of novels, short stories, and plays, the above themes and intentions have been equally applied as well. Literary critics have analyzed Eliade’s style, content, plot and character development, use of genre and paralleled these to other writers. In short, Eliade has been approached from many directions.
“Magnificence, Beauty, Poetry, and Color”: The Afro-Baptist Church, Its Ritual, and Frames
Authors: Pitts Walter F
Published: November 2023

“I love the Lord, He heard my cry,” Deacon cries out. The newly gathered congregation, now seated in their pews, echoes his words in a plaintive tune. They do this without the support of piano, organ, or hymnal. Another Sunday morning worship service has begun at St. John Progressive Baptist Church, which, like many working-class Baptist churches in the black community of Austin, Texas, is home to a small congregation. Why the adjective “Progressive” has been inserted into the church’s title is a mystery—and not a very interesting one to its members. Unlike “Free Will” or “Missionary,” it connotes no sectarian leanings or history.
“I Want to Be at the Meeting”: A History of Afro-Baptist Speech and Hymnody
Authors: Pitts Walter F
Published: November 2023

Recent studies of the origins of the black preaching style have linked it to West African forms of public declamation and recitation. One scholar of Black Vernacular English writes that in light of Negro Caribbean and Guyanese preaching styles, “one could hypothesize that the preaching style was used by Blacks [in the United States] and later spread to white culture” (Vaughn-Cooke 1972: 30). In comparing Caribbean and black North American styles of preaching, another social scientist suggests that the manner in which black preachers deliver their sermons is essentially African: “Afro-American preaching is more similar to the transplanted African religious rites found throughout the Caribbean and in Brazil” (Gumperz 1982: 189).
Gibbon on Muhammad
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

Mahomet and his Saracens soon fixed my attention, and some instinct of criticism directed me to the genuine sources. Simon Ockley, an original in every sense, first opened my eyes, and I was led from one book to another, till I had ranged around the circle of Oriental history. Before I was sixteen I had exhausted all that could be learned in English of the Arabs and Persians, the Tartars and Turks, and the same ardor urged me to guess at the French of De Herbelot and to construe the barbarous Latin of Pococke’s Abulfaragius.1
Joshua: Biblical Antiquities 20–24
Authors: Murphy Frederick J
Published: November 2023

Joshua connects the formative period under Moses with the period of settlement in the land. As in the Bible, the new era of the people’s presence in the land is inaugurated with a covenant ceremony. Pseudo-Philo rewrites this to stress the complete fulfillment of all God’s promises that possession of the land involves, thus setting the stage for the rest of the book, where Israel repeatedly fails to live up to its side of the covenant.

LAB 20:1 introduces the Joshua cycle. Pseudo-Philo says God established a covenant with Joshua, a statement not found in the Bible. He bases his statement on passages such as Deut. 31:23, 34:9, and Josh. 1:1–9, which imply that God established a special relationship with Moses’ successor, but Pseudo-Philo makes the idea of covenant explicit.
From Aod to the Ascension of Phinehas: Biblical Antiquities 34–48
Authors: Murphy Fredeick J
Published: November 2023

Chapters 34–48 cover the period between the first two great judges, Kenaz and Deborah, and Samuel. Of special concern in these chapters is the issue of idolatry. It is particularly evident in stories of Aod, Jair, and in the long complex involving Micah, the Levite’s concubine, and the Israelite civil war (chaps. 44–47). Leadership is also important in these chapters, particularly in the stories of Gideon, Abimelech, and Jephthah. Samson’s stories show the danger of mixed marriages. The chapters end with the ascension of Phinehas, marking the end of an era stretching from the desert period to the monarchy.
Predecessors: The First Meetings of East and West
Authors: Versluis Arthur
Published: November 2023

In order to understand the radical nature of the Transcendentalist assimilation of Asian religions, it is necessary to recognize the fundamental ways in which it diverged and derived from earlier views of Eastern teachings,1 and in particular from the German views, for these formed the preeminent reaction to Eastern thought in the West until the mid-nineteenth century. One cannot speak of a single German perspective, but there are general tendencies, and we will focus on these in the following discussion. In general one may speak of the pessimism of Schopenhauer’s interpretation, of the reactionary rejection of Schlegel and to some extent Feuerbach, and the more temperate distanced observations of Schleiermacher, who moved toward a more universalist consideration of religion: in this last do we see the nearest to the Transcendentalist perspective.
The Nature of True--and Useful-Virtue: From Edwards to Franklin
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S
Published: November 2023

Perry Miller’s unhappiness over the misinterpretation of his “From Edwards to Emerson” essay (as though he had argued “in some mystical pretension ... for a direct line of intellectual descent”) should warn one against the particular grammatical construction of the subtitle. Miller at least had the advantage of a good deal more “from-ness,” one century to another, in moving between Edwards and Emerson than between Edwards (b. 1703) and Franklin (b. 1706). Yet Franklin’s longevity does allow for some chronological movement, though of course the interest here is more than temporal tracing or pigeonholing, more-to quote Miller once more-than treating the history of ideas as some sort of “mail-order catalogue.” So let it be said that I do not argue for a direct line of intellectual descent but will attempt, rather, to enter the differing intellectual worlds of our two figures. However distinct these separate worlds were, it will also be argued that the orbits of those worlds moved in a common cosmos, sometimes in a parallel or overlapping rotation. And both men hoped to prevent wild eccentricity of orbital motion.
“Bursting with Good Intentions”: The United States in World Affairs, 1901–1913
Authors: Herring George C
Published: November 2023

Contrary to European predictions, the United States did not become a major player in world politics immediately after the War of 1898. An avowed Anglophile, President Theodore Roosevelt flirted with the idea of an alliance with Great Britain, but he knew that such an arrangement was not feasible because of the relative security the nation continued to enjoy and its long-standing aversion to foreign entanglements. The brief flurry of enthusiasm for empire barely outlasted the war with Spain. The need to consolidate territory already acquired consumed great energy and resources. The Philippine War soured many Americans on colonies. Once an enthusiast for empire, Roosevelt himself would admit by 1907 that the Philippines was America’s Achilles’ heel. While busy solidifying its position in such traditional areas of influence as the Caribbean and the Pacific Basin, the United States did not acquire new colonies or involve itself in the frantic jockeying for alliances that stamped European politics before World War I. It was a great power but not yet a participant in the great-power system.
“A New Age”: Wilson, the Great War, and the Quest for a New World Order, 1913–1921
Authors: Herring George C
Published: November 2023

It was called the Great War, and its costs were horrific, its consequences profound. Between August 1914 and November 1918, the European powers fought it out across a blood-soaked continent. Harnessing modern technology to the ancient art of war, they created a ruthlessly efficient killing machine that left as many as ten million soldiers and civilians dead, countless others wounded and disfigured. The war inflicted huge economic and psychological damage on people and societies; it shattered once mighty empires. It coincided with and in important ways shaped the outbreak of revolutionary challenges to the established economic and political order. Together, the forces of war and revolution unleashed during the second decade of the twentieth century set off an era of conflict that would last nearly until the century’s end.
Introduction
Authors: Šimánek Eugen
Published: November 2023

Inhomogeneous superconductors are often classified as composites, with one component superconducting and the other one normal. The latter may be an insulator, semiconductor, or a normal metal. The structure of an inhomogeneous superconductor may involve layers, superconducting filaments in a normal metal matrix, and superconducting grains embedded in a normal matrix. This book is mostly concerned with the properties of granular superconductors involving an insulating matrix. In such systems the movement of a Cooper pair takes place via Josephson tunneling, which is also responsible for establishing a global phase-coherent state. Our aim is to study the deleterious effects of macroscopic quantum fluctuations on the phase coherence in these and other materials, such as dirty films or high-Tc oxides.
Quantum Effects and Ohmic Dissipation
Authors: Šimánek Eugen
Published: November 2023

Up to this point, our attention was focused on problems of phase ordering in Josephson junction arrays, taking into account the effects of electrostatic charging energy. In general, quantum phase fluctuations associated with the charging energy were found to inhibit the phase order; this suggests the possibility of a fluctuation-driven phase transition. This and the following chapters are concerned, in the first place, with the role played by dissipation in such a phase transition. The discussion will, however, also include macroscopic quantum tunneling in the presence of dissipation.
Phase Transitions in Dissipative Arrays
Authors: Šimánek Eugen
Published: November 2023

We are now in a position to discuss the effect of dissipation on phase transitions in granular superconductors. The primary theoretical stimulus for such studies came from the work of Caldeira and Leggett (1981), showing how dissipation tends to suppress the macroscopic quantum tunneling. Subsequently, Chakravarty (1982) and, independently, Bray and Moore (1982) have considered the tunneling of a particle in a (double-well potential) in the presence of dissipation.
Myth, Sentiment, and the Construction of Social Forms
Authors: Lincoln Bruce
Published: November 2023

As the English Civil War (1642-48) drew to a close, it was evident to all that, with the overthrow of Charles I, major changes were likely in the nature of politics and society alike. In October-November 1647, fully cognizant of the momentous nature of the occasion, members of the General Council of Cromwell’s victorious New Model Army met at Putney Church to debate the shape in which English society would be remade. Specifically, the group, itself deeply divided on numerous issues, assembled to discuss a document, the Agreement of the People, that was nothing less than a draft of a sweeping new constitution proposed by leaders of the radical and populist Leveller faction, who then stood at the height of their power.
Fostering Political Participation
Authors: Quadagno Jill
Published: November 2023

The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, the keystone of John son’s War on Poverty, established new programs for community action and created a new agency, the Office of Economic Opportunity, to oversee them. OEO, in turn, delegated responsibility for administering community action to Community Action Agencies (CAAs). By issuing grants directly to public or private non-profit organizations, OEO transcended the New Deal legacy of local welfare offices and county officials. In many cities local CAAs established neighborhood health centers, emergency food and medical services, job and literacy training, alcoholic counseling, drug rehabilitation, and migrant workers’ assistance.
Universal Principles in Social Security
Authors: Quadagno Jill
Published: November 2023

The War on Poverty initiated ambitious programs to improve communities, train workers, and increase housing for the poor. But because these programs also promoted racial equality, they created a backlash against the welfare state. Proposals for child care and welfare reform also failed because they became en tangled in racial issues. These outcomes suggest that targeting, whether by income or by race, is an ineffectual strategy for expanding the welfare state.
The Short Unhappy Reign of King Talal
Authors: Satloff Robert B
Published: November 2023

The first few months of Talal’s rule were an extended political honeymoon for the king and his prime minister. It was, for both of them, a time to replace Abdullah’s fading authoritarianism with a new way of governing inside Jordan and a new basis for relations with the outside world. For Talal, the kingship was a refuge in which he could finally escape his father’s domineering reach, withdraw from public life, and be everything but his father’s son. That, in turn, offered Abu’! Huda an opportunity to build his own structures of more substantive political security, which involved pacifying adversaries, quieting critics, and, when possible, keeping competitors and rivals at bay. The relationship between king and prime minister, which remained the only constant fixture in Talal’s life during his eleven-month reign, was founded on a simple, shared goalpeace of mind.
Ritual and Recreation
Authors: Minturn Leigh
Published: November 2023

Men and women are separated in their religious worship, as they are in their secular lives. When I arrived in Khalapur in 1955, I was immediately recruited by John Hitchcock, the project field director, who had found that many ceremonies are performed only by women, to record women’s religious ceremonies and interview women about them. Purdah restrictions prevented him or other men from entering the bughar courtyards to observe these ceremonies, and the men he asked about them said they knew nothing about women’s ceremonies. After I had participated in a few of the women’s household ceremonies, it was obvious that boys under the age of 14 or 16, who had not yet shifted their residence to the choopars were usually present along with the women and the younger children. It seemed clear that the men must have remembered details of ceremonies from their own childhoods but simply would not talk about women’s activities.
Women’s Nature: Honor and Shakti
Authors: Minturn Leigh
Published: November 2023

The secluded wives of Khalapur are women who possess both sexuality and honor. The poetic epigraphs to this chapter embody their beliefs about virtue and sexuality. Virgins are sacred, and prepubescent girls are often called devi, or goddess, and given special food and gifts on some feast days. The reputations of their families and community are elevated or dishonored by the virtue of their women. Rajput women will defend their honor fiercely against immoral women who are traitors to their golden thread, and against any blasphemer who wrongfully accuses a virtuous keeper of this trust.
Health and Family Planning
Authors: Minturn Leigh
Published: November 2023

Hindu beliefs about cleanliness are based on ritual pollution, as defined by caste rules, not on sanitary beliefs based on the germ theory of disease. Traditional Hindu medicine is based on proper diet and the use of medicinal herbs. Because of beliefs about blood pollution, surgery is not included. Minor surgery is done by village barbers, a low-caste group. The village women we interviewed had little knowledge of anatomy, including the anatomy of their reproductive organs, and no knowledge of methods of sterilization.
Mark as a Hellenistic “Life”
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: November 2023

Titles, as we have observed, often indicate genre. The problem with the titles of ancient texts is that we are not always sure that they are original. Even when not original, however, they at least tell us how the work was perceived by early readers; from our point of view that is almost as valuable as the author’s own opinion.
Orality and Oral Transmission
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: November 2023

Did Mark write for a listening audience? In what ways might that have affected his work? Recent studies of orality and its relationship to the rise of literacy have provided us with useful tools with which to examine such a question, and it is in the context of these studies that I now wish to consider Mark. Like all who enter this field, I shall be drawing continually on the foundational researches and insights of the great Homer scholar Milman Parry and his student Albert Bates Lord, together with the further work of Eric A. Havelock and Walter Ong, S.J.
An Analysis of Mark’s Structure
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: November 2023

Mark moves us from our world to the world of his story by speaking at once of the “good news of Jesus Christ,” which will be his central concern. The beginning of this good news was, he tells us, the coming of John the Baptizer in fulfilment of a divine promise made long before the plotted time of his story: “as it is written in Isaiah the prophet … John came” (1:2, 4). (I take it, following Basil the Great, Victor of Antioch, and probably Origen,1 that 1:1-4 is a single sentence: a powerful rhetorical summons to attention that plunges us at once in medias res [Basil, Against Eunomius 2:15; this and other texts cited in C. H. Turner, “Marean Usage,” 145-46]). Thus, as Frank Kermode has pointed out, Mark’s story implies and is part of a much longer story, which we already see stretching as far back as the prophets (Kermode, Genesis of Secrecy, 133-34).
Introduction
Authors: Himmelfarb Martha
Published: November 2023

The claim made in such striking terms in this passage, that a human being can become the equal of the angels, stands at the center of a group of eight early Jewish and Christian apocalypses in which ascent to heaven is the mode of revelation. In other ways there are considerable differences among these apocalypses. Some come from Palestine, others from Egypt. They span almost four hundred years, from the early third century B.C.E. to the mid-second century c.E. Some were written by Jews, others by Christians, and there is some debate about which are which. Some of the apocalypses are clearly sectarian in outlook, but others take a rather inclusive view of the righteous. Several are dependent on the earliest of the ascent apocalypses, the Book of the Watchers ( I Enoch 1-36); others give no indication of a literary relationship to any other work. In some, the end of the world and the last judgment are major concerns, while in others they remain in the background or are altogether absent.
From Ezekiel to the Book of the Watchers
Authors: Himmelfarb Martha
Published: November 2023

The vision of 1 Enoch 14 marks a crucial departure in the history of ancient Jewish literature. To a certain extent Enoch’s vision stands in the tradition of prophecy. From one angle it can be seen as a dramatic call vision, like Ezekiel’s vision of the chariot throne, to which it has some striking parallels. In the culmination of the vision, God commissions Enoch to perform a prophetic task, to deliver a message of judgment to the fallen Watchers. But there is one central difference between Enoch’s vision and the visions of the prophets, including Ezekiel’s: unlike any of the prophets, Enoch ascends to heaven.
The Likeness Preserved: The Life And Work Of John Williamson Nevin
Authors: Wentz Richard E
Published: November 2023

To understand his history and character, we need not so much to be familiar with the events of his life outwardly taken, as to know the principles and facts which go to make up its constitution in an inward view; and, of this, we can have no more true or honorable representation, perhaps, than the likeness that is still preserved of him in [the Heidelberg] Catechism.
Clotelle: A tale of the southern states by W. W. Brown
Authors: Takaki Ronald T
Published: November 2023

With the growing population in the Southern States, the increase of mulattoes has been very great. Society does not frown upon the man who sits with his half-white child upon his knee whilst the mother stands, a slave, behind his chair. In nearly all the cities and towns of the Slave States, the real negro, or clear black, does not amount to more than one in four of the slave population. This fact is of itself the best evidence of the degraded and immoral condition of the relation of master and slave. Throughout the Southern States, there is a class of slaves who, in most of the towns, are permitted to hire their time from their owners, and who are always expected to pay a high price. This class is the mulatto women, distinguished for their fascinating beauty. The handsomest of these usually pay the greatest amount for their time. Many of these women are the favorites of men of property and standing, who furnish them with the means of compensating their owners, and not a few are dressed in the most extravagant manner.