bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Wong Tien y. , Klein Ronald , Klein Barbara E K
Published: October 2023

Epidemiological studies and clinical trials over the past 25 years have provided data on the prevalence, incidence, and natural history of retinopathy and its associated risk factors [3–5]. Although these Endings have been used to develop guidelines for patient care around the world [2,6], considerable morbidity associated with diabetic retinopathy remains. The purpose of this chapter is to review the epidemiology and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy, and their relationship to systemic morbidity and mortality.
Medical Management of the Diabetic Patient
Authors: Chew Emily y.
Published: October 2023

Randomized controlled clinical trials have demonstrated the beneEt in patients with diabetes of meticulous glycemic control, stringent blood pressure control, and aggressive control of elevated serum lipids.Patients with diabetes should be screened regularly for early signs of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease.
R
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean
Published: October 2023

rabbit syndrome A perioral extrapyramidal movement disturbance associated with pro-longed use of neuroleptics, consisting of quickly alternating, regular movements of the oral and masticatory musculature (except for the tongue) along a vertical axis. Often an associated poppinglike sound is produced by the rapid separation of the lips. The movements are more rapid and regular than the chewing movements that may occur in tardive dyskinesia, and the rabbit syndrome ordinarily responds to withdrawal of neuroleptics and antiparkinsonian agents (which may intensify symptoms of tardive dyskinesia).

rabies Hydrophobia (q.v.); a virus infection of the central nervous system, transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal (dog, jackal, cat, owl, wolf; rarely, horse or cow).

raccoon eyes sign Periorbital ecchymoses, suggestive of fracture of the base of the skull. See Battle sign.

race Ethnicity; commonly defined as a social construct incorporating beliefs about language, history, and culture and providing a basis on which social identity, traditions, and politics are built. An earlier genetic theory, universally repudiated, divided the human species into subspecies that were ranked on the basis of skill, intelligence, morality, etc. See racism. Repudiation of that earlier theory does not deny, however, that population-based genetic differences do exist, and in genetic research the term “race “ is used to describe a social or geographical unit that approximates a genetic grouping. See ethnology.

racial memory Phylogenetic mneme; the part of mental life that the neonate possesses, according to Freud (Moses
X
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean
Published: October 2023

X chromosome Because females inherit two copies of the X chromosome (one from each parent), recessive traits coded by genes on one X chromosome may be masked by the genes on the other. In a male, who has only one X chromosome (from his mother; his Y chromosome is from his father), all traits coded by the genes on the X chromosome are expressed.
Y
Authors: Campbell Robert Jean
Published: October 2023

yoga psychology A system for the cultivation of self-control. In ordinary life the mind is distracted by real and ideal objects and restlessly in flux. Yoga is designed to overcome infestation of the self by objects. By distancing him- or herself from immediate experience, the yogin achieves both passionlessness and mastery. This requires passing through a sequence of deletions of the contents of consciousness. From vitarka, deliberation on ordinary sense experience, one deletes direct

experience (abhoga). From reflection, the state thus achieved, one deletes deliberation; from the resulting stage, joy, one deletes reflection; and from the last stage one deletes joy and one has samvid, pure “sense of personality “ without content.

The essence of the technique is concentration, facilitated by the repetition of a mystic syllable to attain singleness of intent (Woods,

J. H. The Yoga-System of Patanjali, 1914).

yohimbine An indole alkaloid and naturally occurring plant product; it has been used in the treatment of impotence and antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction (such as anorgasmia or decreased libido in either sex). Predominantly an ssssssss2-adrenergic antagonist, yohimbe increases noradrenergic activity and may produce an anxiety syndrome.
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), reflex neurovascular dystrophy, and complex regional pain syndrome are all various names for the same condition. It is a cause of great frustration for parents and physicians, and it is far more common than you might think. RSD can involve the foot or hand. It rarely occurs in children under the age of eight, but may occur at any age thereafter.
Figuring Out What’s Wrong
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Before going to medical school, I had to take all the required classes in college. Many of the classes required for medical school satisfied the requirements for majoring in zoology in college. I enjoy the outdoors and was happy to sign up for field zoology as one of the required courses. Armed with guide-books, we walked around the local hills in small groups with an instructor looking for and identifying birds. Sometimes the instructor would hear a noise or see a bird vaguely in the distance and tell us what it was. Frequently, it was too far away to see the identifying characteristics noted in the guide-book, but when we got closer, we saw that his identification was correct. At other times, one of us would become very excited and announce that we had just seen a bird we had never seen before and we were sure it was, for example, a Mexican jay. The instructor would just shake his head. No matter how sure we were that it matched the picture in the book, he would point out that we were not in (or even close to) Mexico and that a common bird in our area looked a little bit like the Mexican jay. A few minutes’ investigation would invariably prove that he was right and we were wrong. He had been teaching this course in the same hills for many years. Each bird had a typical behavior, a typical place where it was likely to be seen, and a typical time of year when it was likely to be there. These things were not in our guidebooks, but the instructor knew them from experience. With years of experience, it was easy for him to recognize birds from much farther away than we could and to know when we could not have seen what we thought we saw. He knew that there were rare exceptions, but they were always unlikely.
Uveitis Eye Complications of Juvenile Arthritis and Related Conditions
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Virginia was a nine-year-old girl who had pauciarticular-onset JA. Her arthritis began when she was two years old but was well controlled with medication. She had a flare-up of arthritis in her knee at six that was easily controlled. Because she was ANA-positive, her eyes were checked every three months, as recommended. There were never any eye problems. Shortly after her seventh birthday, her parents separated and Virginia moved out of state with her mother. Her father brought her in for a routine checkup of her arthritis when she returned to visit him two years later. Virginia said she was doing fine and had had no problems with her arthritis. However, when I examined her, I could not see into her right eye. It was quickly apparent that she could not see out of that eye. When asked, she admitted that she had noted slowly decreasing vision in the right eye, but she had not said anything because she did not want to upset her mother. Her mother had had many other things on her mind after the divorce and had not arranged for a new ophthalmologist to monitor Virginia. By the time I discovered the problem, the vision in her right eye could not be saved.
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy, Reflex Neurovascular Dystrophy, and Complex Regional Pain Syndromes
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

Fourteen-year-old Cindy was the ultimate figure skater. Her parents had met while skating in college. Briefly after college, her father had skated professionally, but her mother stopped skating shortly after graduating from college so that they could start a family. Cindy’s father was now a successful businessman, and Cindy’s mother stayed home to promote Cindy’s development as a figure skater. Cindy had been skating as long as she could remember. But for the past six months, Cindy had been unable to skate because of ankle pain. There was no doubt about how Cindy’s ankle was injured. Hundreds of spectators witnessed her fall at the regional skating championships. X-rays did not show a fracture, but her orthopedist immediately placed her foot in a cast to rest the ankle and make sure that it healed properly.
Getting the Best Results
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

After I get a family settled down and the child’s care on the right track, someone frequently asks, “Why do I have to come back so often?” I always compare this to making soup. Anyone can take down a cookbook, read the soup recipe, and get two pounds of beef, a large onion, a carrot, noodles, assorted seasonings, a good-sized pot, and a stove. However, there is a lot of room for interpretation when the instructions say, “Cut up the beef and slice the carrot and onion thinly. Add the ingredients to a large pot with water just to cover. Heat over medium heat for two hours, adjust the seasonings, and serve.”
Pupil Abnormalities of the Near Response in Children with Visual Display Terminal Syndrome
Authors: Tabuchi Akio , Fujiwara, Atsushi , Khadija Mahmoodi
Published: October 2023

Although recent advancements in information technology (IT) have contributed substantially to the quality of leisure time, a range of mental and physical problems have been attributed to sustained use of a range of visual displays, to which the terms IT syndrome and visual display terminal (VDT) syndrome , have been applied. This disorder comprises a complex of eye and vision problems and systemic symptoms in individuals who experience sustained and prolonged proximity to visual displays with electromagnetic fields (such as computer screens, televisions, and cellular phone screens). Use of computers in the workplace has increased greatly, and has been accompanied by the development of a number of health concerns. Thus, many individuals who work with VDT, television, television games, personal computers (PCs), mobile video games, and mobile phones have complained of ocular discomfort and eye muscle strain and stress. Several studies reported that the majority of VDT workers experience some eye or visual symptoms,-including eyestrain; headaches; blurred vision; dry, red, or irritated eyes; and double vision.
Inertial and Noninertial Contributions to the Perception of Translation and Path
Authors: Seidman Scott H
Published: October 2023

The otolith organs serve as the vestibular system’s detectors of linear accelerations, and are thus ambiguously responsive to accelerations associated with linear translation of the head and to reorientations of the head with respect to gravity (i.e., tilt). The reflexive responses that compensate for vestibulo-ocular or postural stimuli, and the perceptions generated by each type of stimulus, must clearly differ, but the mechanism by which the disambiguation of tilt and translational acceleration occurs is a matter of active investigation.
The Effect of the Duncker Visual Illusion on Occluded Smooth-arm Tracking
Authors: Zivotofsky Ari z. , bercovich adi , friedman jason , kelman eva , shinhertz, elinor , flash tamar
Published: October 2023

The Duncker illusion, also known as induced motion, is the illusory component of motion perceived when the background against which a target is seen moves.1 For example, if an object moves leftward and its background moves upward, then the object will be perceived to be moving diagonally, downward and to the left. Note that the illusionary component is in the direction opposite to that of the background motion. A common example of the Duncker illusion in the “real world” is when, on a partially cloudy night, the moon appears to slowly move in the direction opposite that of the slowly drifting clouds. The Duncker illusion is easily created in a laboratory setting and neatly dissociates true from perceived motion, thus providing a tool for probing the possible dissociation between perception and motor responses.
Involuntary Version-Vergence Nystagmus Induced by Ground-Plane Optic Flow: Analysis of Dynamic Characteristics of Nystagmus Quick Phases
Authors: Yang Dongsheng , Zhu, Mingxia , Hertle Richard W
Published: October 2023

We used a new motion stimulus displayed on a computer monitor in the ground plane to induce involuntary version-vergence nystagmus. Eye move-ments were recorded with a search coil system. The involuntary version-vergence nystagmus had both vertical version and horizontal vergence compo-nents. Backward motion induced monophasic divergent quick phases and upward versional quick phases. Forward
Navigating Life’s Rough Waters: Riding the Crest of Chronic and Acute Stress
Authors: Wicks Robert J
Published: October 2023

There is no getting around all the stresses associated with day-to-day living. In many cases, it is just not possible to remove them. Instead, facing them productively is like tacking through rough waters. In his book First You Have to Row a Little Boat, former advertising executive Richard Bode describes this approach quite well: To tack a boat, to sail a zigzag course, is not to deny our destination or our destiny—despite how it may appear to those who never dare to take the tiller in their hand. Just the opposite: It’s to recognize the obstacles that stand between ourselves and where we want to go, and then to maneuver with patience and fortitude, making the most of each leg of our journey, until we reach our landfall.
Introduction
Authors: Shorter Edward
Published: October 2023

Most of the antidepressants today don’t work very well. This is in con- trast to the 1950s and ‘60s, when some truly effective medications for mood disorders were available. Similarly, many of the diagnoses of mood disorder today really don’t make a lot of sense; they don’t “cut Nature at the joints,” as one says. This is unlike 40 years ago, when some sensible diagnoses of depression and anxiety were current, diagnoses that corresponded to what people actually had.
“The Plague of Affective Disorders”
Authors: Shorter Edward
Published: October 2023

Frank Berger said of the 1970s, when he was on staff in the department of psychiatry at the University of Louisville, “My feeling was that most people we saw had really no psychiatric disorders. They were people, in my opinion, with problems of living, people who did not get on with their spouses, did not get on with their children, did not get on with their boss, and had not been taught, had not been educated, had not been prepared to handle all these crises of life. So they got stressed, broke down, and had to see a doctor, and the doctor did not know what to do.
Medical Ethics of India and China
Authors: Jonsen Albert R
Published: October 2023

Literate medicine emerged from folk healing in the cultures of the Occident and the Orient almost simultaneously. In about the fifth century BCE, writings describing disease, its causes, and its remedies appeared in India and China, as well as in the Greek societies of the eastern Mediterranean. This literate medicine also bore the marks of the moral ambiance with which healing is surrounded. In the Occident and the Orient alike, the moral ambiance of that era was shaped by compeling narratives about the origins and meaning of nature and of human life that were created worldwide during the 500 years before the common era.
Renaissance and Enlightenment: Fourteenth to Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Jonsen Albert R
Published: October 2023

European medicine entered the fourteenth century well ensconced in the universities and, to some extent, regulated by civil authorities. Orthodoxies had formed around the classical medical texts and their commentaries. The medical literature was studied side by side with scientific, moral, political, and theological literature. Guilds of physicians had formed, and a nascent profession had appeared. The scholarly physicians, who had “read” medicine and could justify their diagnoses and therapies by reference to a text and a theory were a small island in the sea of semiliterate practitioners, folk healers, and quacks, but on that island the science and ethics of medicine flourished.
Trackmenot: Resisting Surveillance in Web Search
Authors: Howe Daniel C , Nissenbaum Helen
Published: October 2023

TrackMeNot (TMN) is a Firefox browser extension designed to achieve privacy in Web search by obfuscating users’ queries within a stream of programmatically generated decoys. Since August 2006, when the initial version of TMN was made publicly available free of charge, there have been over 350,000 downloads. TMN protects Web users against data profiling by simulating HTTP search requests to search engines with queries extracted from the Web. In an attempt to mimic users’ search behavior, this basic functionality is augmented with several technical mechanisms: dynamic query lists (with RSS-based initialization), real-time search awareness, live header maps, burst-mode queries, and selective click-through. We describe each of these mechanisms, evaluate its strengths and weaknesses, and demonstrate how the consideration of values directly informed design and implementation. In the discussion section we conceptualize TMN within a broader class of software systems serving ethical, political, and expressive ends. Finally, we address why Web search privacy is particularly important and why TMN’s approach, for the present, is both legitimate and necessary. In August 2005, public awareness of the ubiquitous practices of logging and analyzing users’ Web search activities was heightened when front-page articles in the mainstream press revealed that the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) had issued a subpoena to Google for one week’s worth of search query records (absent identifying information) and a random list of one million URLs from its Web index.
Anonymity and the Law in the United States
Authors: Froomkin A Michael
Published: October 2023

Surveys suggest that the public is increasingly concerned about privacy issues, but post-9/11 concerns have motivated the federal government, in particular, to develop a number of initiatives that lessen the scope for anonymous communication and behavior in the United States. Some of the core protections, however, rest on pre-9/11 constitutional foundations, and the courts are only beginning to hear challenges to these new statutes and programs. That there has been a lurch against anonymity since September 2001 is indisputable; how great a lurch and for how long major parts of it will last remains uncertain and is, in fact, deeply contested. Underlying this contest is the lack of a consensus as to when and whether anonymity is good, at least outside the realm of core political speech. Anonymity has both valuable and harmful consequences, and different persons weigh these differently. Some, focusing on anonymity’s contribution to many freedoms, argue that anonymity’s benefits outweigh any likely harms it may cause, or that the harms (e.g., censorship, lack of privacy) associated with trying to ban anonymity are not worth any benefits that could ensue. Others, perhaps focusing on the harmful actions that can be accomplished anonymously (libel, spamming, massive copyright violations), look at anonymity and see dangerous license.Their conclusion is that at least some forms of anonymity should be banned.
Treating Epilepsy
Authors: Reuber Markus , Schachter Steven C , Elger Christian E , Altrup Ulrich
Published: October 2023

It is usually not possible to prevent a seizure from developing fully or to stop a seizure once it has started. While the seizure goes on, dangerous objects (for instance, a burning candle) should be placed well out of reach. After the seizure, people may be confused for 10 or 20 minutes. During this time they should not be left alone. They should be watched to make sure that they do not injure themselves.

A single complex partial seizure is over after a few minutes. However, one seizure may be followed by another so quickly that the person does not “wake up” fully between attacks. This condition is called “complex partial status epilepticus” (or “non-convulsive status epilepticus”). It is not life-threatening but may need to be treated with medication. Usually patients with complex partial status have to go to the hospital.

Babies and young children can develop a fever very quickly. Sometimes this causes “febrile seizures.” Severe febrile seizures can occasionally cause epilepsy many years later. Febrile seizures are severe when they last for more than 15 minutes or if one seizure follows on immediately from another. Febrile seizures are not epilepsy because they are seizures that are “provoked” by fever.
Conditions Associated With Epilepsy
Authors: Reuber Markus , Schachter Steven C , Elger Christian E , Altrup Ulrich
Published: October 2023

Some people with epilepsy also have other medical disorders. These other disorders may be completely unrelated to their epilepsy. On the other hand, epilepsy can be the cause of an additional disorder or the consequence of another health problem.

Sometimes, epileptic seizures are the first sign of another condition or disease.

This chapter will first focus on health problems that can be caused by epilepsy. The second part of the chapter describes other disorders or conditions that can cause epileptic seizures and epilepsy.

When a medical disorder causes epileptic seizures, doctors do not always make a diagnosis of epilepsy. If people have seizures that were clearly provoked by another disorder (for instance, a low sodium level caused by diuretic medication—water tablets), treatment should involve the removal of the underlying cause of the seizures and not antiepileptic drugs. However, other medical conditions associated with epilepsy may not always be cured as easily, and people’s quality of life may then be affected by two chronic disorders.
Epilepsy Research
Authors: Reuber Markus , Schachter Steven C , Elger Christian E , Altrup Ulrich
Published: October 2023

The word “epilepsy” was first used by Hippocrates over 2,000 years ago. Translated into English, it means something like “surprise attack.” Hippocrates described epileptic seizures in a very detailed way, although his insights were forgotten in later centuries. It was often thought that people with epilepsy were possessed by demons or the devil. Treatment was often quite drastic. If treatment killed people, it was said that the demons were too strong. However, some cultures also considered epilepsy a “sacred disease,” thinking that people were close to God during a seizure.

Over many centuries, epilepsy was a condition “one should not talk about.” People with epilepsy were often excluded from public life. Because epilepsy was not discussed openly, most people knew very little about it. Lack of knowledge and prejudice made life hard for people with seizures. To some extent, these problems still exist today—but we can try to change things. The history of the last 200 years shows how quickly knowledge about epilepsy can grow, but history also shows that such knowledge can be lost again.
The Battle of Ole Miss
Authors: Lambert Frank
Published: October 2023

James Meredith broke the color barrier in 1962 as the first African American student at Ole Miss. The violent riot that followed would be one of the most deadly clashes of the civil rights era, seriously wounding scores of U.S. Marshals and killing two civilians, and forcing the federal government to send thousands of soldiers to restore the peace. In The Battle of Ole Miss: Civil Rights v. States’ Rights, Frank Lambert--who was a student at Ole Miss at the time and witnessed many of these events--provides an engaging narrative of the tumultuous period surrounding Meredith’s arrival at the University of Mississippi. Written from the unique perspective of a student, Lambert explores the riot and its aftermath, examining why James Meredith deemed it important enough to risk his life in order to enter Ole Miss and why scores of white students resisted Meredith’s enrollment. Lambert captures the complex and confused reactions of the students--most of whom had never given race a second thought--and many of whom were not averse to Meredith attending Ole Miss. In examining this single incident, Lambert illuminates the broader themes of social and cultural fault lines, Mississippi race relations, the fight for racial justice, and the political realignment that transformed the south. Part of the Critical Historical Encounters series, The Battle of Ole Miss: Civil Rights v. States’ Rights is an ideal supplement for undergraduate U.S. Survey courses and courses in African American History, Civil Rights, the U.S. Since 1945, and the 1960s.
Atomic Obsession
Authors: Mueller John
Published: October 2023

Ever since the first atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, the prospect of nuclear annihilation has haunted the modern world. And since September 11, 2001, the view that nuclear terrorism is the most serious threat to the security of the United States or, for that matter, of the world has been virtually universal. But as John Mueller reveals in this eye-opening, compellingly argued, and very reassuring book, our obsession with nuclear weapons is unsupported by history, scientific fact, or logic. Examining the entire atomic era, Mueller boldly contends that nuclear weapons have had little impact on history. Although they have inspired overwrought policies and distorted spending priorities, things generally would have turned out much the same if they had never been invented. For the most part they have proved to be militarily useless, and a key reason so few countries have taken them up is that they are a spectacular waste of money and scientific talent. Equally important, Atomic Obsession reveals why current anxieties about terrorists obtaining nuclear weapons are essentially baseless: there are a host of practical and organizational difficulties that make their likelihood of success almost vanishingly small. Mueller, one of America’s most distinguished yet provocative international relations scholars, goes even further, maintaining that our efforts to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons have produced more suffering and violence than the bombs themselves, and that proliferation of the weapons, while not necessarily desirable, is unlikely to be a major danger or to accelerate. This controversial volume debunks the received wisdom endorsed both by America’s military-industrial complex and by its opponents for more than half a century. Demolishing half-truths and false assumptions, this is an important argument that deserves a wide public hearing.
Verification in an Age of Insecurity
Authors: O’Neill Philip D
Published: October 2023

Verification in an Age of Insecurity takes the reader into some of the most urgent arms control issues facing the world community, including the nuclear activities of rogue states and threats from sophisticated non-state actors. In the book, national security expert Philip D. O’Neill, Jr. identifies and addresses issues from the resuscitated disarmament agenda, from the comprehensive test ban to fissile material and biological weapons. O’Neill examines the need for shifts in verification standards and policy suitable for our volatile era and beyond it. He surveys recent history to show how established verification procedures fail to produce the certainty necessary to meet today’s threats. Verification in an Age of Insecurity goes beyond a discussion of rogue states like North Korea to offer suggestions on how best to bring compliance policy up to date with modern threats.
But I Digress
Authors: Lennard John
Published: October 2023

Dr Johnson disapproved of parentheses and wouldn't use them; and for three centuries grammarians have argued that they are subordinate, additional, unnecessary, irrelevant, and damaging to the clarity of argument. But for Marlowe, Marvell, Swift, Coleridge, Byron, Browning, Eliot, Geoffrey Hill, and Derek Walcott (to name only poets) parentheses have been emphatic, original, necessary, relevant, and essential to the clarity of argument. They also intensify satire. Dr Lennard offers both a new history of the poetic use of lunulae (the marks of parenthesis) from their first appearance in England in 1494 to the present day, and detailed case-studies of individual poets who exploited lunulae. In combination the historical development of use and the individual's practice in a given period reveal the impact on literary composition of technological, philosophical, and political pressures, and the importance for the reader of regarding punctuation as a resource.
Bunting
Authors: Makin Peter
Published: October 2023

A substantial portion of Bunting's poems circulated, unheeded, half a century ago. Yet, more than twenty-five years after the publication of his masterpiece Briggflatts, this is is the first critical study to show the view of writing that fused Bunting's intense concerns with music, painting, and Northern culture, and made him the central British poet of the post-war era. Peter Makin's lucid sequence of exposition leads from the more approachable data of Bunting's life and writings to their relations with form and finally theory. Of particular interest are chapters on the saints and warriors that occupy a central position in Briggflatts and on the forms of music and of Northumbrian painting and writing that help determine its structure. Bunting was both realist - his poetry was `about life' - and profoundly formalist. His arguments clash, and cannot be made to match up. Yet they demand examination, not only because they gave rise to his verse, but because they undercut some of the more dangerous critical tendencies of our day. This study reveals Bunting as a major figure both in the development of the modernist movement and of twentieth-century British poetry as a whole.
Constructive Vision and Visionary Deconstruction
Authors: Otto Peter
Published: October 2023

This book focuses on the tension in Blake’s poetry between a hermeneutics of suspicion and a hermeneutics of belief: it offers a new account of the way in which Blake's major prophecies work and of the stratagems they employ to consolidate error and so open their readers’ eyes to ‘otherness’. Central to Peter Otto's reading is a re-definition of the role of Los and Jesus in Blake's work, emphasising Blake's prophetic intent. In the course of a radically new reading of Milton and Jerusalem, it is argued that in these poems the autonomous, world-forming imagination (that is staple to many accounts of Romanticism) is subject to visionary deconstruction. Rather than subordinating existence to perception, Blake’s poems attempt to induce their readers to act. Constructive Vision is the first systematic and comprehensive analysis of Blake’s work to draw on a radically new understanding of Blake’s view of humanity.
An Alftedian Legacy? On the Fortunes and Fate of some Items of Boethian Vocabulary in Old English
Authors: Bately Janet
Published: October 2023

In a pioneering study of Latin abstract nouns employed in Boethius’ De Consolatione Philosophiae and their vernacular counterparts in the translations of that work by King Alfred in the ninth century and by Chaucer in the fourteenth, Olga Fischer compared and contrasted the ways in which these two English writers rendered Boethius’ philosophical terminology.’ Among her conclusions were (1) that the lexical resources of Old English were as adequate as, if not more adequate than, those of Middle English to render ‘the often difficult and, in many instances, new philosophical concepts’,, (2) that whereas Chaucer borrowed words freely from Latin and French, Alfred very frequently took advantage of his own language’s capacity for compounding and loan-translation to supplement semantic borrowing,’ and (3) that in a significant number of cases the king himself was responsible for these coinages.
Line-End Hyphens in the Ormulum Manuscript (MS Junius I)
Authors: Burchfield Robert
Published: October 2023

The essay that follows is based on some work I did on the Ormulum about 1956, by which time I had completed a fresh transcription of MS Junius I and was preparing the text for publication by the Early English Text Society. The essential points were to form part of the Introduction to this edition and will do so when I resume work on the edition. It seems appropriate now to offer this fragment as a tribute to my oldest friend in Oxford.
Later History Plays
Authors: Hunter G K
Published: October 2023

The Famous Victories of Henry V appears in Chapter 5 as an isolated representative of the genre of comical history-a genre one would expect to find popular among audiences and therefore often written and frequently printed. But in the period 1588-96 the history play (as represented by the surviving texts and by what one can deduce from surviving titles) appears to be a rather serious matter. Among the history plays so far considered, only Edward III and Jack Straw end with anything like happiness, and in Jack Straw the escape of the king and the city from mob violence is a hairsbreadth’s chance; in Edward III likewise, the happy survival of the Black Prince is represented as a miraculous chance. The image of political life that these plays contain makes a tragic end more probable than a comic one; success is a temporary effect in worlds dominated by political contingency.
Doing What Comes Naturally
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: October 2023

In a succession of provocative and wide-ranging chapters, Stanley Fish explores the rational basis of our literary, legal, and psychoanalytic interpretations. He argues that while we can never separate our judgements from the context in which they are made, those judgements are nevertheless authoritative, and in the only way that matters, objective. He explores the implications of his ideas on the nature of professional and institutional culture, on literary theory, the philosophy of law, and the sociology of knowledge, and assesses the place of reason in a rhetorical world.
Fish v. Fiss
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: October 2023

On the first page of his essay Objectivity and Interpretation Owen Piss characterizes interpretation as “neither a wholly discretionary nor a wholly mechanical activity,” but a “dynamic interaction between reader and text” of which meaning is the “product.” This middle way, he asserts, “affords a proper recognition of both the subjective and objective dimensions of human experience.” The alternatives Piss rejects will be familiar to all students of both literary and legal interpretation. The “wholly mechanical” alternative is the view, often termed positivist, that meaning is a property of-is embedded in-texts and can there fore be read without interpretive effort or intervention by a judge or a literary critic. The “wholly discretionary” alternative is the opposite view, often termed subjectivist, that texts have either many meanings or no meanings, and the reader or judge is free to impose-create, legis late, make up, invent-whatever meanings he or she pleases, according to his or her own whims, desires, partisan purposes, etc.
Consequences
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: October 2023

Nothing I wrote in Is There a Text in This Class? has provoked more opposition or consternation than my (negative) claim that the argument of the book has no consequences for the practice of literary criticism.1 To many it seemed counterintuitive to maintain (as I did) that an argument in theory could leave untouched the practice it considers: After all, isn’t the very point of theory to throw light on or reform or guide practice? In answer to this question I want to say, first, that this is certainly theory’s claim-so much so that independently of the claim there is no reason to think of it as a separate activity-and, second, that the claim is unsupportable. Here, I am in agreement with Steven Knapp and Walter Benn Michaels, who are almost alone in agreeing with me and who fault me not for making the “no consequences” argument but for occasionally falling away from it. Those who dislike ls There a Text in This Class? tend to dislike “Against Theory” even more, and it is part of my purpose here to account for the hostility to both pieces. But since the issues at stake are fundamental, it is incumbent to begin at the beginning with a discussion of what theory is and is not.
Still Wrong After All These Years
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: October 2023

Ronald Dworkin’s new book, Law’s Empire, is quite long, but its basic argument is easily grasped. Dworkin is looking for an account of law that both fits legal practice and can serve as a justification of it. He finds that account in what he calls “law as integrity” (the latest version of what earlier in his work was termed first “articulate consistency” and then “chain practice”), a notion he defines in opposition to conventionalist and pragmatist accounts of law. A conventionalist account, as Dworkin characterizes it, is one which “restricts the law of a community to the explicit extension of its legal conventions like legislation and precedent” (p. 124). The consequence (an unfortunate one in Dworkin’s view) is that when the conventions run out-when situations arise in the law that conventions do not cover-judges are left on their own and “must find some wholly forward-looking ground of decision” (p. 95).
Critical Self-Consciousness, Or Can We Know What We’re Doing?
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: October 2023

I In an essay entitled “The Construal of Reality,” Stephen Toulminannounces as his thesis that “the doctrines of the natural sciences are critical interpretations of their subject matter no less than those of the humanities.” He thus puts himself (or seems to put himself) in the line of those who have been persuaded by the anti-foundationalist arguments that have recently become so powerful in philosophy, literary criticism, and elsewhere. Those arguments are as varied as they are complex, but in whatever form they take, their presence is signaled by such assertions as “there are no unmediated facts,” “all activity is irremediably interpretive,” “there is no such thing as a neutral observation language,” “there is no escaping politics,” “all descriptions are from a perspective,” etc.
Unruly Woman? Josiane Balasko, French Comedy, and Gazon maudit (Balasko, I 99 5)
Authors: Rollet Brigitte
Published: October 2023

Comedy, as Kathleen Rowe has recently pointed out, has for a long time been ignored by feminist film criticism. Only recently have American feminists, such as Tania Modleski amongst others, viewed comedy with different eyes and from different perspectives. When one considers Irigaray’s rhetorical question which opens Rowe’s book: ‘Isn’t laughter the first form of liberation from a secular oppression?’ (Rowe 1995: r), one wonders why laughter, be it transgressive or not, has been neglected for so long. My aim in this chapter is to consider French comedies made by one of the most successful female directors of such a genre, Josiane Balasko, in order to assess their level of ‘transgressiveness’.1 Keeping in mind that comedy is as gendered as laughter, I shall first briefly examine the evolution of a genre which was until recently a male only cinematographic space. I shall then consider whether Balasko’s work has modified the intrinsic content of comedy and/or the inherent mechanism of the joke.
Contemporary Women’s Writing In German
Authors: Haines Brigid , Littler Margaret
Published: October 2023

Six key texts by contemporary women writers are read afresh by leading critics, using insights from poststructuralist and new materialist feminist theory. Ingeborg Bachmann, Christa Wolf, and Elfriede Jelinek have long been prominent in the fields of Austrian modernism, GDR writing, and avant-garde Austrian literature. The innovative work of Anne Duden, Herta Müller, and Emine Sevgi Özdamar sets out to challenge dominant models of German identity. Focusing on the body and suffering, they explore textual representations of trauma, national identity, and displacement. Haines and Littler's readings of these distinguished and complex female authors offer new avenues for discussion. Both critics and their subjects cast a sceptical eye over existing notions of subjectivity in relation to language, gender, and race. Together, they spark controversy and comment, in an increasingly important debate.
Elfriede Jelinek, Die Liebhaberinnen (1975)
Authors: Haines Brigid , Littler Margaret
Published: October 2023

Elfriede Jelinek’s novel Die Liebhaberinnen posed a considerable challenge to feminist readers when it appeared in 1975. Here was a text which seemed to address them directly, taking up many of the concerns of the second-wave women’s movement, which was then in its infancy. It portrayed the dreary lives of two female protagonists who fall for their society’s promise that they will achieve fulfilment through love and marriage; they pursue this ideal single-mindedly, only to remain at the end deeply unfulfilled. For Brigitte and Paula are shown to be at the mercy of the double-headed beast spawned by the alliance of patriarchy and capitalism: doubly oppressed, as workers and as women, they serve their employers and their menfolk, their bodies reduced to mere commodities in systems of value organized and controlled by men.
Pioneering Agency: Rosario Pi
Authors: Martin-Marquez Susan
Published: October 2023

THE first of Rosario Pi’s pioneering cinematographic endeavours coincided almost exactly with the establishment of the Second Republic in the spring of 1931; just as precisely, Pi’s Spanish film career slipped away along with all hopes for the fledgling democracy during the Civil War of 1936-9.
‘. . . combien est-il donc difficile de traduire’. . .
Authors: Eskin Michael
Published: October 2023

Translating poetry is difficult, according to Celan, not only and not so much because ‘poetry [is presumably] by definition untranslatable’ (SW 362) on the grounds of any two languages’ fundamental linguistic and prosodic incongruities, but, more importantly, because the translator should aim beyond the linguistic and the prosodic, striving ‘to translate the poetic in the poem, to render the gestalt . . . of the speaker’.
Uncanny Identity: Violence, Gaze, and Desire in Contemporary Basque Cinema
Authors: Gabilondo Joseba
Published: October 2023

In the history of representations of Spanish national and ethnic identities, there is a text that, in its manifold transformations, has defined the relationship between Spanish identities and the violence that has characterized their history: Prosper Mérimée’s Carmen (1845). What originally was conceived as a French Romantic travel narrative that violently reduced post Napoleonic, post Carlist Spain to a land of new, romantic exoticism for the contemplation of the (capitalist, male) European gaze, eventually turned into an opera (Bizet, 1875) and developed a life of its own in the twentieth century with works as different as Otto Preminger’s Carmen Jones (1954) or Laurie Anderson’s ‘Carmen’ (1994). In Spain, Carmen laid the ground for the cinematic tradition known as the españolada which, after the Franco dictatorship, was revived with a film that became one of the biggest international box office hits in Spanish film history: Carlos Saura’s Carmen (1983). In Evlyn Gould’s words, the success of Saura’s Carmen made it ‘a paradigm for modern European cultural identity’ (1996: 9), thus coming full circle in the articulation of Spanish identities.
Two Armies
Authors: Smith G S
Published: October 2023

This is a considered view that so far as it goes would command a good deal of general assent among historians of all factions writing in the late twentieth century. Writing elsewhere at the same time, Mirsky also said that the upper classes at first accepted the war with enthusiasm ‘(which, except in the case of families with military traditions, was not accompanied by any readiness for self-sacrifice)’:1 What Mirsky thought in 1914, as an upper-class man from a military family who was simultaneously one of the professional soldiers facing the hecatombs and a member of the intellectual elite, was probably more complicated.
Duras, Writing, and the Ethical
Authors: Crowley Martin
Published: October 2023

This book offers a study of the whole of Duras's written oeuvre, covering journalism and lesser-known works as well as more famous texts. It brings out the constant presence of ethical questions in and around the experiences of passion and excess with which her work is always concerned, and subjects Duras's texts to an unprecedented level of close reading, carrying her beyond the terms of her usual reception. On the basis of this approach, and with reference to Duras's involvement with her intellectual and political contexts, the book demonstrates the detailed engagement of Duras's writing in the ethical and political issues of her day. Careful textual analysis shows the particular, fragile nature of this engagement, as well as the intricate textures of Duras's work; this leads to a striking new model of the relation between the literary text and the ethical life of its readers, which will be of importance not only to specialists in French Studies, but to all those interested in ethical criticism and modern literary studies.
The Government of Florence Under the Medici (1434 To 1494)
Authors: Rubinstein Nicolai
Published: October 2023

The Government of Florence Under the Medici 1434-1494 investigates the ways in which the Medici established and exercised their authority. Although de facto rulers of Florence, they wielded their power within the structure of the Florentine constitution and enjoyed no political rights and privileges denied to other prominent citizens. Nicolai Rubinstein examines the complex system of controls which the Medici gradually created to secure and increase their ascendancy, and throws fresh light on the personalities and groups supporting the Medici regime, as well as on the surviving republican opposition. In this second edition, Professor Rubinstein has taken account of the many important studies on fifteenth-century Florence, in particular on Lorenzo and his age, that have appeared since the publication of the first edition over thirty years ago. He has added an essay on the techniques by which a number of important administrative offices were subjected to electoral controls before and after the establishment of the Medici regime, and also added a brief account of the procedures of the council of Seventy of 1480, as well as a list of its members in 1489. The reorganization of the Archivio delle Tratte has necessitated the revision of every single reference to what is by far the largest group of sources on which this book is based. Reviews of the first edition: `The importance of the theme need not be laboured. Florence is the most interesting of all proto-democracies, the Medici among the most intriguing of all dynasties (especially before they became dynasts).' Times Literary Supplement `a fundamental contribution to Florentine history, which will be used as a source by historians for many years to come.' British Book News `an extremely important and useful book.