bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A critical assessment of computer tools for calculating composite wind turbine blade properties
Authors: Chen Hui , Yu Wenbin , Capellaro Mark
Published: December 2009

The purpose of this paper is to critically assess several computer tools for calculating the inertial and structural properties of wind turbine blades. The theoretical foundation of each tool is briefly summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of each tool are pointed out. Several benchmark examples, including a circular aluminium tube, a highly heterogeneous section, a multi‐layer composite pipe, an isotropic blade‐like section and a realistic composite wind turbine blade are used to evaluate the performance of different tools. Such a systematic and critical assessment provides guidance for wind turbine blade engineers to choose the right tool for effective design and analysis of wind turbine blades. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Musculocutaneous Neuropathy: Case Report and Discussion
Authors: Besleaga Diana , Castellano Vincenzo , Lutz Christopher , Feinberg Joseph H.
Published: December 2009

The musculocutaneous nerve arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus and contains fibers from the C5, C6, and C7 spinal nerve roots. It innervates such muscles as the biceps brachii and brachialis as well as supply branches to the skin over the lateral cubital and forearm regions via the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve. Musculocutaneous neuropathy can arise from exercise, participating in sports, strenuous activity, cast placement, trauma, and surgery in addition to other less understood causes such as Parsonage Turner syndrome. We present the case of a 55-year-old female who complained of numbness, weakness, and pain throughout the arm starting 1 day following a surgical procedure. Electrodiagnostic testing revealed a musculocutaneous neuropathy with significant axonal injury. Symptoms of musculocutaneous neuropathy may be similar to cervical spinal nerve root impingement or brachial plexus lesions. Therefore, magnetic resonance imaging and electrodiagnostic studies may be useful in differentiating between these conditions. Once the diagnosis of musculocutaneous neuropathy has been made, treatments include relative rest, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, splinting, physical therapy, and surgical decompression in cases that do not respond to conservative management.
Physicochemical Properties of Garden Cress (Lepidium sativum L.) Seed Oil
Authors: Diwakar Bastihalli Tukaram , Dutta Pinto Kumar , Lokesh Belur Ramaswamy , Naidu Kamatham Akhilender
Published: December 2009

Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) is an edible, underutilised herb, grown mainly for its seeds in India. Physicochemical properties, minor components (unsaponifiable matter, tocopherols, carotenoids), fatty acid composition and storage stability of garden cress seed oil (GCO) were studied. Cold press, solvent and supercritical CO2 extraction methods were employed to extract the oil. The total oil content of garden cress (GC) seeds was 21.54, 18.15 and 12.60% respectively by solvent, supercritical CO2 and cold press methods. The physical properties of GCO extracted by the above methods were similar in terms of refractive index, specific gravity and viscosity. However, cold pressed oil showed low PV and FFA compared to the oil extracted by other methods. α‐Linolenic acid (34%) was the major fatty acid in GCO followed by oleic (22%), linoleic (11.8%), eicosanoic (12%), palmitic (10.1%) erucic (4.4%), arachidic (3.4%) and stearic acids (2.9%). Oleic acid (39.9%) and α‐linolenic acid (42.1%) were the predominant fatty acids at the sn‐2 position. The total tocopherol and carotenoid content of GCO was 327.42 and 1.0 μmol/100 g oil, respectively. The oil was stable up to 4 months at 4 °C. Tocopherol and BHT offered the least protection, while ascorbyl palmitate (200 ppm) offered the maximum protection to the oil, when subjected to the accelerated oxidative stability test. Thus GCO can be considered as a fairly stable oil with a high content of α‐linolenic acid.
The effect of fish meal replacement by soyabean products on fish growth: a meta-analysis
Authors: Sales James
Published: December 2009

Meta-analysis was applied to quantify the effect of replacement of fish meal by soyabean products in diets on fish growth. Measurement of growth in different units among studies required the use of a standardised effect size (Hedges'd). From a total of ninety-nine studies concentrating on fish meal replacement by defatted soyabean meal, 53 % were eliminated due to, among others, absence of a fish meal control diet (n18), or no statistical differences or measurement of dispersion (n6) indicated. Replacement of 4 to 40 % fish meal by soyabean meal (inclusion levels of 71–366 g/kg) resulted in a mean effect size of − 0·1142 (95 % CI − 0·4665, 0·2382) obtained in forty-eight comparisons evaluated with seventeen different fish species. However, at higher fish meal replacement levels the 95 % CI calculated for combined effect sizes did not overlap with zero. With soya protein concentrate replacing 25 to 100 % of fish meal in diets for seven fish species, methionine supplementation (mean − 2·4373 (95 % CI − 3·9004, − 0·9742);n10) did not have a substantial influence on the magnitude of cumulative effect sizes relative to no supplementation (mean − 2·7306 (95 % CI − 3·7991, − 1·6620);n16). Information on other soyabean products (full-fat soyabeans, soya flour) used as protein sources in fish diets was found as too limited for analysis and definite conclusions. The present study contributes by putting a numerical value to the magnitude of growth differences in fish when replacing dietary fish meal by soyabean products.
Cognitive and home environmental predictors of change in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among adolescents
Authors: Ezendam Nicole P. M. , Evans Alexandra E. , Stigler Melissa H. , Brug Johannes , Oenema Anke
Published: December 2009

Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption may increase risk for unnecessary weight gain. To develop interventions discouraging consumption, more insight is needed about cognitive and environmental predictors related to the decrease in SSB consumption. The present paper aims (1) to describe the relationship between potential cognitive determinants of change (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control and intentions) and perceived environmental factors (family food rule and home availability of SSB) with changes in SSB consumption between baseline and 4-month follow-up and (2) to study whether the relationships between the environmental factors and SSB consumption are mediated by the cognitive determinants. Information on possible predictors and SSB intake at baseline and 4-month follow-up was provided by 348 Dutch adolescents (aged 12–13 years) through online questionnaires that were completed at school. Multilevel logistic regression and mediation analyses were used to determine direct and indirect associations between predictors and behaviour. The present results show that a high perceived behavioural control to decrease intake at baseline was associated with a decrease in consumption of SSB between baseline and follow-up (OR = 0·53). Low availability and a stricter family food rule were associated with a decrease in SSB consumption between baseline and follow-up (OR = 2·39, 0·54). The association between availability and decrease in SSB consumption was for 68 % mediated by perceived behavioural control to drink less. In conclusion, interventions to decrease SSB intake should focus on improving attitudes and perceived behavioural control to reduce intake, and on limiting home availability and stimulating stricter family food rules regarding SSB consumption.
Dietary glycaemic index, dietary glycaemic load and incidence of myocardial infarction in women
Authors: Levitan Emily B. , Mittleman Murray A. , Wolk Alicja
Published: December 2009

The association of dietary glycaemic index (GI) and glycaemic load (GL) with CVD has been examined in several populations with varying results. We tested the hypothesis that women with diets high in GI or GL would have higher rates of myocardial infarction (MI), and the associations would be stronger in overweight women. We measured dietary GI and GL in 36 234 Swedish Mammography Cohort participants aged 48–83 years using FFQ. Cox models were used to calculate incidence rate ratios (RR) and 95 % CI for hospitalisation or death due to MI assessed using the Swedish inpatient and cause-of-death registers from 1 January 1998 until 31 December 2006. Over 9 years of follow-up, 1138 women were hospitalised or died due to a first MI. In multivariable-adjusted models, the RR comparing top to bottom quartile of dietary GI were 1·12 (95 % CI 0·92, 1·35,P-trend = 0·24), and the RR comparing top to bottom quartile of dietary GL were 1·22 (95 % CI 0·90, 1·65,P-trend = 0·23). Among overweight women, the RR comparing top to bottom quartile of dietary GI were 1·20 (95 % CI 0·91, 1·58,P-trend = 0·22), and the RR comparing top to bottom quartile of dietary GL were 1·45 (95 % CI 0·93, 2·25,P-trend = 0·16). There were no statistically significant associations of dietary GI or GL with MI in this population.
Undernutrition, fatty acid and micronutrient status in relation to cognitive performance in Indian school children: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Eilander Ans , Muthayya Sumithra , van der Knaap Henk , Srinivasan Krishnamachari , Thomas Tinku , Kok Frans J. , Kurpad Anura V. , Osendarp Saskia J. M.
Published: December 2009

While undernutrition and anaemia have previously been linked to poor development of children, relatively little is known about the role of B-vitamins and fatty acids on cognition. The present study aims to explore the associations between indicators of body size, fatty acid and micronutrient status on cognitive performance in 598 Indian school children aged 6–10 years. Baseline data of a clinical study were used to assess these associations by analyses of variance adjusting for age, sex, school, maternal education and cognitive tester. The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children II was used to measure four cognitive domains, including fluid reasoning, short-term memory, retrieval ability and cognitive speediness. Scores were combined into an overall measure, named mental processing index (MPI). Body size indicators and Hb concentrations were significantly positively related to cognitive domains and MPI, such that increases of 1 sdin height-for-age and weight-for-agez-scores would each translate into a 0·09 sdincrease in MPI,P = 0·0006 and 0·002, respectively. A 10 g/l increase in Hb concentrations would translate into a 0·08 sdincrease in MPI,P = 0·0008. Log-transformed vitamin B12concentrations were significantly inversely associated with short-term memory, retrieval ability and MPI (β (95 % CI) = − 0·124 ( − 0·224, − 0·023),P = 0·02). Other indicators of Fe, iodine, folate and fatty acid status were not significantly related to cognition. Our findings for body size, fatty acids and micronutrients were in agreement with previous observational studies. The inverse association of vitamin B12with mental development was unexpected and needed further study.
The bionomics of an invasive speciesSitona lepidusduring its establishment in New Zealand
Authors: Gerard P.J. , Goldson S.L. , Hardwick S. , Addison P.J. , Willoughby B.E.
Published: December 2009

The egg, larval, pupal and adult abundance of the clover root weevilSitona lepidusGyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) was monitored at three sites for the first ten years following the discovery of this exotic pest in the Waikato region of New Zealand. The species went through an initial boom and bust cycle at two sites, with populations reaching up to 1800 larvae m−2. Thereafter, winter larval populations were relatively stable, ranging between 450–750 m−2. Unlike in the Northern Hemisphere,S. lepiduswas found to have two generations a year in the Waikato region of New Zealand. Pasture white clover content at the time of peak adult numbers was positively related to the subsequent peak larval populations for each generation. The factors contributing to the emergence ofS. lepidusas one of the most important pasture pests in New Zealand are discussed.
The Problem of Dual Loyalty
Authors: Baron Ilan Zvi
Published: December 2009

Abstract.Dual loyalty arises when a citizen or group of citizens holds political allegiance to another state or entity which could challenge their loyalty to the state. What defines dual loyalty as an accusation is the assumption that it is impossible to hold multiple political loyalties, but that, simultaneously, this multiplicity is denied any validity. This article explores the concept, locating it historically and locating the false and often racist discourse that characterizes its modern usage and meaning.

Résumé.La double loyauté survient quand un citoyen ou un groupe de citoyens donne son allégeance à un autre État ou à une autre entité, ce qui pourrait mettre en cause sa loyauté envers l'État. Ce qui confère à la double loyauté un caractère d'accusation, c'est la supposition qu'il est impossible d'avoir plusieurs allégeances politiques, et que, simultanément, cette multiplicité d'allégeances n'a aucune validité. Le présent article explore ce concept, en le situant sur le plan historique et en retraçant les discours faux et souvent racistes qui caractérisent son emploi et son sens modernes.
The Origins of Political Attitudes and Behaviours: An Analysis Using Twins
Authors: Bell Edward , Schermer Julie Aitken , Vernon Philip A.
Published: December 2009

Abstract.This article provides a behaviour genetic heritability analysis of several political issues, including social and economic conservatism, general interest in politics, attitudes toward the major Canadian federal parties, federal party identification and national vote choice. Substantial genetic effects were found for four of six political attitude scales, with heritability values ranging from 41 per cent to 73 per cent. Genetic effects are also reported for several individual items (including feelings toward the major federal parties, party identification and vote choice), with heritabilities from 33 per cent to 62 per cent. The implications of these results for conventional political analyses are explored. Also presented is a theoretical interpretation of political heritability that is derived from an evolutionary perspective which suggests that political personalities or temperaments have evolved that are analogous to the heritable personality structures proposed by psychologists.

Résumé.Cet article propose une analyse sur l'héritabilité de la génétique du comportement concernant plusieurs questions politiques, y compris le conservatisme social et économique, l'intérêt général pour la politique, les attitudes envers les principaux partis fédéraux canadiens, l'identification à un parti et le choix de vote au niveau national. Des effets génétiques notables ont été recensés pour quatre des échelles politiques d'attitude sur six, les taux d'héritabilité s'étendant de 41 pour cent à 73 pour cent. Des effets génétiques ont également été recensés pour plusieurs autres éléments étudiés (y compris les sentiments envers les principaux partis fédéraux, l'identification à un parti et le choix de vote), les taux d'héritabilité allant cette fois-ci de 33 pour cent à 62 pour cent. Cette étude explore l'incidence de ces résultats sur des analyses politiques conventionnelles. Il s'agit aussi d'une interprétation théorique de l'héritabilité politique dérivant d'une perspective évolutionnaire, qui suggère que les personnalités ou les tempéraments politiques ont évolué et que ces derniers sont analogues aux structures de personnalité transmissibles proposées par les psychologues.
“Culture and the Courts” Revisited: Group-Rights Scholarship and the Evolution of s.35(1)
Authors: Dick Caroline
Published: December 2009

Abstract.In revisiting Michael Murphy's critique of the cultural test adopted by the Supreme Court of Canada to interpret Aboriginal rights, this article takes up the suggestion that the works of Charles Taylor and Will Kymlicka support an inherent understanding of Aboriginal rights. An assessment of the jurisprudence suggests that the Court's approach reflects, rather than contradicts, Taylor's and Kymlicka's rights frameworks, which invoke the same discourse of culture and identity embraced by the Court. The article also contends that the role played by culture in Canada's Aboriginal rights jurisprudence extends well beyond the cultural rationale adopted by the Court.

Résumé.En revisitant la critique de Michael Murphy sur l'examen culturel adopté par la Court Suprême du Canada dans l'interprétation des droits indigènes, cet article adopte la suggestion que les travaux de Charles Taylor et Kymlicka supportent une définition inhérente des droits indigènes. Une évaluation de la jurisprudence suggère que la position de la cour reflète, plutôt que contredit, l'approche des droits mise en avant par Taylor et Kymlicka. Celle-ci, en effet accepte le même discours culturel et identitaire que la court. L'article affirme également que le rôle joué par la culture dans la jurisprudence Canadienne sur les droits indigènes se prolonge bien au delà du raisonnement culturel adopté par la court.
Losing Heart: Declining Support and the Political Marketing of the Afghanistan Mission
Authors: Fletcher Joseph F. , Bastedo Heather , Hove Jennifer
Published: December 2009

Abstract.Public opinion shifted markedly between 2006 and 2007 regarding Canadian military participation in Afghanistan. Multivariate analysis of survey data reveals that the interplay of cognitive and emotional responses fractured support and consolidated opposition to the mission. Subsequently, a major government communication strategy, aimed at bolstering support for the Afghan mission succeeded at an informational level but failed to connect at an emotional one, leaving overall support for the mission essentially unchanged. Our analysis points to the need for nuanced interpretation of shifts in public support for war as well as in assessing political marketing efforts by government.

Résumé.L'opinion publique s'est nettement décalée entre 2006 et 2007 concernant la participation militaire canadienne en Afghanistan. L'analyse multi variée des données d'aperçu indique que l'effet des réponses cognitives et émotives a divisé l'appui et a consolidé l'opposition à la mission. D'ailleurs, une stratégie importante de communication du gouvernement, destinée à augmenter le soutien de la mission afghane a réussi à un niveau informationnel, mais ne s'est pas reliée au niveau émotif, laissant le soutien global de la mission essentiellement inchangé. Notre analyse indique le besoin d'une interprétation diversifiée et nuancée des variations de soutien public face à la guerre ainsi qu'une évaluation du marketing politique du gouvernement.
Diversity and Canadian Political Development: Presidential Address to the Canadian Political Science Association, Ottawa, May 27, 2009
Authors: Smith Miriam
Published: December 2009

Abstract. This paper argues for a rethinking of how we approach the study of Canadian public policies on diversity and human rights. I explain how human rights can be considered as a distinctive policy field and I consider the advantages and disadvantages of this conceptualization. I then argue for a particular theoretical approach to understanding the evolution of comparative public policies on diversity over time, focusing on a historical, structural and institutional approach to Canadian political development. The development of a specific field of Canadian political development—akin to the subfield of American political development in American politics—can provide a focal point for empirically and historically grounded theorizing about the Canadian case in its North American, comparative and global context.

Résumé. Le présent article propose un nouveau regard sur l'étude des politiques publiques canadiennes en matière de diversité et de droits de la personne. J'y explique que les droits de la personne peuvent être considérés comme un champ de politiques distinct et j'y présente les avantages et les inconvénients de cette conceptualisation. Je défends ensuite une approche théorique permettant de cerner l'évolution, au fil des ans, des politiques publiques comparées en matière de diversité, approche qui prend appui sur les dimensions historique, structurelle et institutionnelle du développement politique canadien. L'émergence d'un domaine distinct d'analyse du développement politique canadien – qui s'apparente au sous-domaine du développement politique américain dans la politique américaine – peut servir d'assise à une conceptualisation, ancrée dans l'analyse empirique et historique, du cas canadien dans une perspective nord-américaine, comparative et mondiale.
Communication and the representation of thought: The use of audience-directed expressions in free indirect thought representations
Authors: BLAKEMORE DIANE
Published: December 2009

This paper examines the use of audience-directed or inherently communicative expressions (discourse markers and interjections) in free indirect thought representations in fiction. It argues that the insights of Banfield's (1982) no-narrator approach to free indirect style can be accommodated in a relevance theoretic framework. The result is an account in which the author's act of revealing a character's thoughts communicates a guarantee of optimal relevance – a guarantee which justifies the effort which the reader invests in deriving meta-representations of those thoughts from the evidence which the author provides. However, the reward for this effort is a meta-representation of a character's thoughts which is unmediated by the thoughts of the author who is responsible for producing the text. Using examples from fiction, I show that within this framework, the use of procedurally encoded discourse markers and interjections contribute to this sense of immediacy by imposing constraints on interpretation which leave the reader with the responsibility for deriving his own interpretations of a character's thoughts and thought processes.
Relatives as paid care-givers: how family carers experience payments for care
Authors: GROOTEGOED ELLEN , KNIJN TRUDIE , DA ROIT BARBARA
Published: December 2009

Payments for care, by which people in need of long-term care directly employ care workers, have been introduced in many European countries. In The Netherlands, care dependants are allowed to use these payments to hire relatives to perform care tasks. Care-givers who are employed by their relatives are in a hybrid position, because they are contracted as employees in the informal setting of a family home and its affective care relationships. This paper reports a qualitative study of relatives' experiences of payments for care and how these affect their care-giving. In-depth interviews were undertaken with 17 paid carers: they were asked to respond to three fictional vignettes of contrasting care trajectories. It was found that the cash nexus had mixed and partly contradictory implications for the paid care-givers. On the one hand, the care-givers were satisfied with the arrangement, as the payments recognised and raised their status as carers, and were seen as reward and reciprocation for their care work. Some carers had found that the contract helped manage strained relationships, by enabling a clearer differentiation of care tasks from affection. On the other hand, some who regarded themselves as employees and saw their role as equivalent to formal carers felt a greater obligation to provide high-quality care, and found that they were thanked less often and received fewer tokens of gratitude.
Defining elder mistreatment: reflections on the United Kingdom Study of Abuse and Neglect of Older People
Authors: DIXON JOSIE , MANTHORPE JILL , BIGGS SIMON , MOWLAM ALICE , TENNANT ROSALIND , TINKER ANTHEA , MCCREADIE CLAUDINE
Published: December 2009

This paper critically reflects upon policy and research definitions of elder mistreatment in light of the findings of the United Kingdom Study of Abuse and Neglect of Older People that was commissioned by Comic Relief with co-funding from the Department of Health. The study uniquely comprised a national survey and follow-up qualitative research with survey respondents. This paper focuses on the findings of the qualitative component. One focus is the idea of ‘expectation of trust’, with an argument being made that the concept needs clarification for different types of relationships. It is particularly important to distinguish between trust in affective relationships and ‘positions of trust’ (as of paid carers), and to articulate the concept in terms that engage with older people's experiences and that are meaningful for different relationship categories. The qualitative research also found that ascriptions of neglect and abuse tend to be over-inclusive, in some instances to avoid identifying institutional and service failures. We also question the role and relevance of the use of chronological age in the notion of ‘elder abuse’. Given that ‘abuse’, ‘neglect’ and ‘expectation of trust’ are ill-defined and contested concepts, we recommend that although consistent definitions are important, especially for research into the epidemiology and aetiology of the syndrome and for informed policy discussion, they will unavoidably be provisional and pragmatic.
Social involvement, behavioural risks and cognitive functioning among older people
Authors: ENGELHARDT HENRIETTE , BUBER ISABELLA , SKIRBEKK VEGARD , PRSKAWETZ ALEXIA
Published: December 2009

This study analyses the relationships between cognitive performance, social participation and behavioural risks, taking into account age and educational attainment. We examine individual data for 11 European countries and Israel from the first wave of the Survey on Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). The stochastic frontier approach methodology enables us to identify different sources of plasticity on cognitive functioning while taking into account age-related decline in cognitive performance. Several social participation variables were examined: employment status, attending educational courses, doing voluntary or charity work, providing help to family, friends or neighbours, participating in sports, social or other clubs, in a religious organisation and in a political or community organisation, and we controlled for age, education, income, physical activity, body-mass index, smoking and drinking. In the pooled sample, the results clearly show that all kinds of social involvement enhance cognitive functions, in particular in work. Moreover, behavioural risks such as physical inactivity, obesity, smoking or drinking were clearly detrimental to cognitive performance. Models for men and women were run separately. For both genders, all social involvement indicators associated with better cognitive performance. The results varied by countries, however, particularly the signs of the associations with a number of indicators of social involvement and behavioural risks.
Rapid primary productivity changes in one of the last coastal rainforests: the case of Kahua, Solomon Islands
Authors: GARONNA IRENE , FAZEY IOAN , BROWN MOLLY E. , PETTORELLI NATHALIE
Published: December 2009

The growth of human populations has many direct and indirect impacts on tropical forest ecosystems both locally and globally. This is particularly true in the Solomon Islands, where coastal rainforest cover still remains, but where climate change and a growing human population is putting increasing pressure on ecosystems. This study assessed recent primary productivity changes in the Kahua region (Makira, Solomon Islands) using remote sensing data (normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI). In this area, there has been no commercial logging and there is no existing information about the state of the forests. Results indicate that primary productivity has been decreasing in recent years, and that the recent changes are more marked near villages. Multiple factors may explain the reported pattern in primary productivity. The study highlights the need to (1) assess how accurately remote sensing data-based results match field data on the ground; (2) identify the relative contribution of the climatic, socioeconomic and political drivers of such changes; and (3) evaluate how primary productivity changes affect biodiversity level, ecosystem functioning and human livelihoods.
Recreational fishers' attitudes towards the 2004 rezoning of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
Authors: SUTTON STEPHEN G. , TOBIN RENAE C.
Published: December 2009

With the marine environment under increasing threat from multiple sources, the ability of managers to generate support from stakeholders will be vital for the success of conservation initiatives. In 2004, a new zoning plan for the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park increased no-take areas from 4.5% to 33% of the total Park area. The aims of this study were to measure recreational fishers' level of support for the plan and understand how they form attitudes towards conservation initiatives in the Park. A survey of Great Barrier Reef Marine Park recreational fishers conducted three years after implementation of the new zoning plan revealed that 68% of fishers believed that, in general, rezoning the Marine Park was a good idea, whereas 57% supported the actual zoning plan that was implemented. A majority of fishers believed that rezoning the Marine Park was necessary, that the new zoning plan had high conservation value, and that the plan had little impact on their recreational fishing activity. However, most fishers had low to moderate satisfaction with the programme used to consult the public throughout the rezoning process. Logistic regression models revealed a strong relationship between level of support for the plan and fishers' perceptions about the necessity of the plan and its conservation value, the adequacy of the consultation process, and the impact of the plan on their fishing activity. Results indicate that recreational fishers can be strong supporters of conservation initiatives in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park if these initiatives are consistent with their values, and if efforts are made to engage them in the decision making process. These results will enhance the ability of managers to generate support from the recreational fishing community for conservation initiatives in marine environments.
Brazil's evolving proposal to control deforestation: Amazon still at risk
Authors: FEARNSIDE PHILIP M.
Published: December 2009

Brazil's National Plan for Climate Change (PNMC [Plano Nacional sobre Mudança do Clima]) brought the good news of quantified ‘objectives’ for deforestation reduction in Brazilian Amazonia, a departure from past policy, under which the Brazilian government has steadfastly refused any quantitative goals deforestation reduction in the context of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, the ‘objectives’ given in the PNMC carry no consequences if they are not met, other than possible suspension of contributions to the new Amazon Fund. The PNMC offers little information on how deforestation would be reduced, which is critical to achieving the results it proposes. Effective control of deforestation is needed both to avoid direct loss of the forest and to leverage the international commitment needed to contain global warming within a reasonable limit, such as 2°C. This is approximately the limit for avoiding replacement of substantial areas of Amazonian forest by either savannah or degraded secondary scrub. Brazil needs to move quickly to take the lead in the effort to halt global warming because it is one of the countries with the most to lose from climate change, including risk to the country's Amazon forest.
‘Feral’ and ‘wild’-type methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusin the United Kingdom
Authors: MILLER R. , WALKER A. S. , KNOX K. , WYLLIE D. , PAUL J. , HAWORTH E. , MANT D. , PETO T. , CROOK D. W.
Published: December 2009

Circulation of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) outside hospitals could alter the impact of hospital-based control strategies. We investigated two groups of cases (each matched to controls with MRSA): 61 ‘community cases’ not in acute hospital in the year before MRSA isolation; and 21 cases with ciprofloxacin-sensitive (CipS) MRSA. Multi-locus sequence typing,spa-typing and Panton–Valentine leukocidin gene testing were performed and demographics obtained. Additional questionnaires were completed by community case GPs. Community cases comprised 6% of Oxfordshire MRSA. Three community cases had received no regular healthcare or antibiotics: one was infected with CipS. Ninety-one percent of community cases had healthcare-associated sequence type (ST)22/36; CipS MRSA cases had heterogeneous STs but many had recent healthcare exposure. A substantial minority of UK MRSA transmission may occur outside hospitals. Hospital strains are becoming ‘feral’ or persisting in long-term carriers in the community with regular healthcare contacts; those with recent healthcare exposure may nevertheless acquire non-hospital epidemic MRSA strains in the community.
Common acute childhood infections and appendicitis: a historical study of statistical association in 27 English public boarding schools, 1930–1934
Authors: SMALLMAN-RAYNOR M. R. , CLIFF A. D. , ORD J. K.
Published: December 2009

Although the involvement of common childhood infections in the aetiology of acute appendicitis has long been conjectured, supporting evidence is largely restricted to a disparate set of clinical case reports. A systematic population-based analysis of the implied comorbid associations is lacking in the literature. Drawing on a classic epidemiological dataset, assembled by the School Epidemics Committee of the United Kingdom's Medical Research Council (MRC) in the 1930s, this paper presents a historical analysis of the association between termly outbreaks of each of six common childhood infections (chickenpox, measles, mumps, rubella, scarlet fever and whooping cough) and operated cases of acute appendicitis in 27 English public boarding schools. When controlled for the potential confounding effects of school, year and season, multivariate negative binomial regression revealed a positive association between the level of appendicitis activity and the recorded rate of mumps (β=0·15, 95% CI 0·07–0·24,P<0·001). Non-significant associations were identified between appendicitis and the other sample infectious diseases. Subject to data caveats, our findings suggest that further studies are required to determine whether the comorbid association between mumps and appendicitis is causal.
Visions of Philosophy
Authors: Cooper David E.
Published: December 2009

Characterizations of philosophy abound. It is ‘the queen of the sciences’, a grand and sweeping metaphysical endeavour; or, less regally, it is a sort of deep anthropology or ‘descriptive metaphysics’, uncovering the general presuppositions or conceptual schemes that lurk beneath our words and thoughts. A different set of images portray philosophy as a type of therapy, or as a spiritual exercise, a way of life to be followed, or even as a special branch of poetry or politics. Then there is a group of characterizations that include philosophy as linguistic analysis, as phenomenological description, as conceptual geography, or as genealogy in the sense proposed by Nietzsche and later taken up by Foucault.
Listening to Clifford's Ghost
Authors: van Inwagen Peter
Published: December 2009

The Clifford of my title is W. K. Clifford, who is perhaps best known as the exponent of a certain ethic of belief – an ethic of belief that he was probably the first to formulate explicitly and which no one has defended with greater eloquence or moral fervor. In the lecture called, appropriately enough, ‘The Ethics of Belief,’ Clifford summarized his ethic in a single, memorable sentence: ‘It is wrong always, everywhere, and for any one, to believe anything upon insufficient evidence’. It will be convenient for us to have a name for this ethical thesis. I will call it ‘ethical evidentialism’ – ‘evidentialism’ for short.
Modern Philosophy
Authors: Harrison Jonathan
Published: December 2009

There is hardly any view so paradoxical that some philosopher somewhere or other has not propounded it. That everything is air, fire, water; that the world contains nothing but atoms and the void; that nothing (that is, pace Sartre, not anything) exists; that we know nothing; that the world is an idea in the mind of God; that matter does not exist; that the absolute does exist and that everything else is only appearance; that there is no past and no future; that what seems to be reality is an illusion; that propositions about the world that we have neither been able to establish nor refute are neither true nor false; that truth is relative, and that all matter is just a hologram in a one-dimensional space, is just a selection from such paradoxical contentions.
Philosophical Amnesia
Authors: Capaldi Nicholas
Published: December 2009

Many Individuals currently identified within the academic world as ‘“professional” philosophers’ spend a great deal of time arguing about the meaning of their discipline. The situation has recently become so critical that the Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, for example, self-consciously excludes the term ‘philosophy’ from its list of entries. An outsider might get the impression that members of the profession suffer from a recurrent kind of intellectual amnesia and need constantly to be reminded about who they are and what their function is.
The Inward Turn
Authors: Travis Charles
Published: December 2009

Seeing is, or affords, a certain sort of awareness – visual – of one's surroundings. The obvious strategy for sayingwhatone sees, or what wouldcountas seeing something would be to ask what sort of sensitivity to one'ssurroundings– e.g. thepigbefore me – would so qualify. Alas, for more than three centuries –at leastfrom Descartes to VE day – it was not so. Philosophers were moved by arguments, rarely stated which concluded that one could not, or never did, see what was before his eyes. So much for the obvious strategy. It occurred to almost no one to object that thiscouldnot be right. Frege did, but no one noticed. Austin, finally, did away with that conception of good faith in philosophy which had allowed such a thing to pass, and then with those arguments themselves. Until then, philosophy was deformed. Robbed of the obvious approach, aDrangset in to gaze inward, hoping to find what itreallyis to see in whatenabledsensitivity to pigs, or in its byproducts. Gazing inwardcanbe science, but often merely poses as it. It can be difficult to disentangle actual science (or at least empirical fact) from mere preconception pretending to its rigour. Most nowadaysfeelrid of the grip of those barriers to the obvious approach. But, as we shall see, many so feel wrongly. TheDrangstill misshapes their thought. I aim here to identify theDrangat work; thereby, I hope, to rid us of it.
Philosophy – Wisdom or Technique?
Authors: O'Hear Anthony
Published: December 2009

Notice the key concepts: wonder, purification of emotion, piercing the blindness of activity, transcendent functions. There are echoes here of the Platonic doctrine of philosophy as the care of the soul, therapy, the turning of the soul from fantasy to reality. Education, says Plato (and not just philosophy), is the art of orientation, the shedding of the leaden weights which progressively weigh us down as we become more and more sunk in the material world and the world of desire, eating and similar pleasures and indulgences. All this is in the context of the Cave, and a form of vision which is to become able to bear ‘the sight of real being and reality at its most bright… which is a form of goodness’.
Shear wave velocity structure of the lower crust in southern Africa: Evidence for compositional heterogeneity within Archaean and Proterozoic terrains
Authors: Kgaswane Eldridge M. , Nyblade Andrew A. , Julià Jordi , Dirks Paul H. G. M. , Durrheim Raymond J. , Pasyanos Michael E.
Published: December 2009

The nature of the lower crust across the southern African shield has been investigated by jointly inverting receiver functions and Rayleigh wave group velocities for 89 broadband seismic stations located in Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe. For large parts of both Archaean and Proterozoic terrains, the velocity models obtained from the inversions show shear wave velocities ≥4.0 km/s below ∼20–30 km depth, indicating a predominantly mafic lower crust. However, for much of the Kimberley terrain and adjacent parts of the Kheis Province and Witwatersrand terrain in South Africa, as well as for the western part of the Tokwe terrain in Zimbabwe, shear wave velocities of ≤3.9 km/s are found below ∼20–30 km depth, indicating an intermediate‐to‐felsic lower crust. The areas of intermediate‐to‐felsic lower crust in South Africa coincide with regions where Ventersdorp rocks have been preserved, suggesting that the more evolved composition of the lower crust may have resulted from crustal reworking and extension during the Ventersdorp tectonomagmatic event at c. 2.7 Ga.
Vegetation profiles in tropical forests from multibaseline interferometric synthetic aperture radar, field, and lidar measurements
Authors: Treuhaft R. N. , Chapman B. D. , dos Santos J. R. , Gonçalves F. G. , Dutra L. V. , Graça P. M. L. A. , Drake J. B.
Published: December 2009

This paper addresses the estimation of vertical vegetation density profiles from multibaseline interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data from the AirSAR aircraft at C band over primary, secondary, and abandoned‐pasture stands at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica in 2004. Profiles were also estimated from field data taken in 2006 and lidar data taken with the LVIS, 25 m spot instrument in 2005. After motivating the study of tropical forest profiles based on their role in the global carbon cycle, ecosystem state, and biodiversity, this paper describes the InSAR, field, and lidar data acquisitions and analyses. Beyond qualitative agreement between profiles from the 3 measurement techniques, results show that InSAR and lidar profile‐averaged mean height have RMS scatters about field‐measured means of 3.4 m and 3.2 m, 16% and 15% of the average mean height, respectively. InSAR and lidar standard deviations of the vegetation distribution have RMS scatters about the field standard deviations of 1.9 m and 1.5 m, or 27% and 21%, respectively. Dominant errors in the profile‐averaged mean height for each measurement technique were modeled. InSAR inaccuracies, dominated by ambiguities in finding the ground altitude and coherence calibration, together account for about 3 m of InSAR error in the mean height. The dominant, modeled error for the field measurements was the inaccuracy in modeling the trees as uniformly filled volumes of leaf area, inducing field errors in mean height of about 3 m. The dominant, modeled lidar error, also due to finding the ground, was 2 m.
Nitrogen isotopic evidence for deglacial changes in nutrient supply in the eastern equatorial Pacific
Authors: Robinson R. S. , Martinez P. , Pena L. D. , Cacho I.
Published: December 2009

The Eastern Equatorial Pacific (EEP) is a high nutrient–low chlorophyll region of the ocean. Downcore nitrogen isotope records from the EEP have been previously interpreted as a direct reflection of changes in nutrient consumption. However, the observed changes in sedimentary δ15N since the last glacial maximum have no coherent relationship with export productivity or an inferred variation in the iron‐to‐nitrate ratio of the surface waters. Rather, downcore N isotope records in the EEP strongly resemble changes in the extent of water column denitrification as recorded in nearby sedimentary δ15N records along the western margin of the Americas. This similarity is attributed to the overprinting of the N isotopic composition of nitrate in the EEP through the advection of nitrate westward from the margins in the subsurface. A local nitrogen isotope record of changes in the degree of nutrient consumption is extracted from the bulk sedimentary record by subtracting two different sedimentary δ15N records of denitrification changes from two new EEP δ15N records (TR163‐22 and ODP Site 1240). The denitrification records used are from 1) the Central American margin (ODP Site 1242) and 2) the South American margin (GeoB7139‐2). The degree of consumption in the surface waters declines rapidly from elevated values during the last glacial maximum to a pair of minima around 15 and 11–13 ka, and finally it increases into the Holocene. The derived EEP nitrogen isotope record indicates that the regional peak in export productivity occurred when the supply of nutrients exceeded the apparently high demand. The influx of nutrients during the deglaciation is attributed to the resumption of intense overturning in the Southern Ocean and the release of sequestered CO2 and nutrient‐rich, O2 poor waters from the deep ocean. This has important implications for understanding the glacial‐interglacial scale variation in intermediate water suboxia and water column denitrification.
Bioturbation artifacts in zero‐age sediments
Authors: Keigwin L. D. , Guilderson T. P.
Published: December 2009

Most seafloor sediments are dated with radiocarbon, and the sediment is assumed to be zero‐age (modern) when the signal of atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons is present (Fraction modern (Fm) > 1). Using a simple mass balance, we show that even with Fm > 1, half of the planktonic foraminifera at the seafloor can be centuries old, because of bioturbation. This calculation, and data from four core sites in the western North Atlantic indicate that, first, during some part of the Little Ice Age (LIA) there may have been more Antarctic Bottom Water than today in the deep western North Atlantic. Alternatively, bioturbation may have introduced much older benthic foraminifera into surface sediments. Second, paleo‐based warming of Sargasso Sea surface waters since the LIA must lag the actual warming because of bioturbation of older and colder foraminifera.
Oblique lower band chorus waves: Time shifts between discrete elements observed by the Cluster spacecraft
Authors: Chum Jaroslav , Santolik Ondrej , Gurnett Donald A. , Pickett Jolene S.
Published: December 2009

We report observations of remarkable frequency differences and time shifts between the corresponding elements of lower band chorus recorded by the four Cluster spacecraft at low magnetic latitudes on 20 January 2004. The Poynting flux measurements made by the Spatio‐Temporal Analysis of Field Fluctuations (STAFF) instrument confirm that the chorus source is located in the magnetic equatorial plane. Surprisingly, the spacecraft located closer to the equator systematically received the corresponding chorus elements later than the spacecraft located at higher magnetic latitudes. Owing to the orbit, the spacecraft located closer to the equator were at lower L shells. The time shifts and frequency differences depended almost linearly on the perpendicular distance between the various spacecraft. Analysis of data from both the wideband data and STAFF instruments shows that chorus emissions were generated with highly oblique angles of propagation. We discuss several properties of the chorus source that could lead to these observations. We show that the sources moving across the magnetic field lines are reasonably consistent with these observations. We propose that the transverse motion of the chorus sources is a consequence of a feedback between the oblique waves and counter streaming electrons during nonlinear cyclotron interactions, and we provide an estimate of the transverse velocity of the source.