bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Most Important Treaty in the Ottoman Empire History "Ketchuk Kainarji" Treaty: A Critical Fiqhi Study
Authors: Abed Eed Al-Roud Mohammad , I. Z. Al- Kelane Abdullah
Published: August 2022

The treaties are considered as the most important way for the country to promote its foreign policy. In general, it results from military work, so the winner will use it to fulfill its aims that were not achieved through the war. This study deals with a treaty which was signed by the Ottoman and the Russian empires in 1774. This research also shows the terms of the treaty and its effects. It also explains the Fiqhi issues raised in it, and indicates if it is compatible with the legitimate constraints of international treaties in Islamic Fiqh. The constraints include granting political independence to Crimea, paying huge restitution to the Russians, and waving some of their lands, which are not acceptable in Islamic law unless necessary. So, the Hanafi school scholars decided that treaties with a warring party is not acceptable at all unless it could assist Muslims in the war or to increase the state's strength. “It is permitted only as a way to fight, because then it will be a metaphorical way of fighting.” [Al kasaniu: Badayie Alsanayie 7:108] Otherwise, the negotiator should achieve for the state which it would have to achieve by fighting. The study makes it clear that this happened in some terms of the treaty. Although it was widely deemed to be a curse, it is like a treasure for researchers in international relations and legitimate politics.
Demystifying Menstrual Health Management to Enhance Academic Performance among Adolescent Primary School Girls in Rural Uganda
Authors: Nyadoi Topistar , Atibuni Dennis Zami , Olema David Kani , Ujeyo Margaret Stella Suubi
Published: August 2022

Efficacious menstrual health management (MHM) is critical to ensure effective physiological and psychological functionality as well as academic performance of school-going adolescent girls. This chapter presents an impact evaluation involving 60 [experimental (n = 30) and control (n = 30)] adolescent girls in primary five class in two distant schools in Tororo District in Eastern Uganda using a randomised controlled trial. A pencil and paper pre-test composed of English language, Mathematics, Integrated Science, and Social Studies was administered to both groups. The experimental group was entirely one school that was then engaged in storying and gamification of menstrual health management for sixty days. Participants in the control group were not provided with these. A pencil and paper post-test was again administered to both groups. Results indicated that the girls in the treatment group (provided with MHM) (t = 8.498, df = 29, p < .05), with (M = 16.67, SD = 10.74) obtained significantly higher scores than those in the control group (not provided with MHM), (t = 4.28, df = 29, p < .05), mean (M = 6.83, SD = 8.74). This implies that the provision of MHM to adolescent girls significantly improved their academic performance. We, therefore, conclude and recommend that provision of MHM in a story and game way to adolescent girls in primary schools, especially in the rural areas, be considered as a central policy issue in order to demystify menstruation and hence improve the academic performance of girls from those areas.
La gamificación como experiencia de aprendizaje en la educación
Authors: Álvarez Antonio , Polanco Norailith
Published: August 2022

El término de gamificación hace referencia a la adopción de mecánicas, instrucciones y componentes particulares de los juegos, aplicables para cualquier contexto organizacional en el que se precise motivar acciones o comportamientos específicos. El objetivo general de esta investigación fue determinar el marco conceptual que puntualiza al fenómeno de gamificación como una alternativa útil para el apoyo a los procesos de aprendizaje en el contexto de las ciencias educacionales, sustentando el cuadro de oportunidades que ofrecen las actuales Tecnologías de Información y Comunicación, Tecnologías del Aprendizaje y Conocimiento, en conjunto con las Tecnologías para el Empoderamiento y Participación, que tanto caracterizan las demandas de las modernas sociedades del conocimiento. Este trabajo constituye una revisión teórica con acercamientos relativos a los procesos de gamificación y el beneficio que conduce en su implicación dentro y fuera de las aulas de clase. La metodología aplicada fue de tipo documental-bibliográfica, donde fueron condensados los análisis aportados por algunos autores como Dale (1946), Kapp (2012), Marín & Hierro (2013), (Deterding et al., 2011), Moll (2014), (Contreras y Eguia, 2016), PUCV (2017), Prensky (2001); quienes sirvieron como base referencial para la formulación de argumentos en materia educativa, sumado a las innumerables utilidades tecnológicas que pueden ser adaptables al currículo en pro de funcionar acordemente como estrategias en los sistemas de instrucción formal.
KINSHIP NAMES IN KAZAKH
Authors: OBA Emin
Published: August 2022

Kazakh, one of today's contemporary Kipchak dialects, is a very rich language in terms of vocabulary. This vocabulary stems from the knowledge that Kazakh brought from the past and its relationship with other languages. In this study, the kinship names used in Kazakh today are emphasized. These kinship names were evaluated under two headings. Firstly, the words related to the kinship names, which are reflected in the Kazakh vocabulary from the historical periods and works of Turkish, were evaluated. In this section, the form and meaning of the word in which historical period and work is first given, as well as information about its shape and meanings in the following processes. In the second part, borrowed words from other languages that have been included in Kazakh vocabulary have been evaluated. Here, too, information is given about the language the words come from and their shape and meaning in that language. In addition, in order to reinforce the word, examples from other contemporary dialects besides Kazakh were given. Keywords: Kazakh, kinship names, vocabulary, quotation words.
Representações Sociais de alunos concluintes do Ensino Fundamental sobre as Estações do ano
Authors: Almeida Junior Edson Ribeiro de Britto , Magalhães Júnior Carlos Alberto de Oliveira , Batista Michel Corci
Published: August 2022

As teorias de aprendizagem construtivistas concebem o conhecimento prévio dos estudantes como uma das variáveis mais importantes para o aprendizado de novos conceitos. A estrutura cognitiva é algo idiossincrático e a tarefa de compreender como os novos conceitos interagem com os preexistentes não é fácil. A Teoria das Representações Sociais fornece os fundamentos para interpretar como esses conhecimentos de senso comum são construídos e socialmente compartilhados. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar as Representações Sociais que um grupo de estudantes concluintes dos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental do município de Campo Mourão - PR compartilham a respeito do fenômeno das Estações do ano. A abordagem metodológica para a constituição e a análise dos dados foi a qualitativa, especificamente a explicativa. A técnica empregada para identificar as Representações Sociais foi a Evocação Livre de Palavras, que permitiu a identificação dos elementos centrais, intermediários e periféricos dessa representação. Os resultados mostram que os grupos semânticos rotação; translação; tempo e distância entre a Terra e o Sol, compõem o quadrante dos elementos centrais da representação social investigada. Essas afirmativas corroboram que é necessário um maior diálogo entre os modelos didáticos que circulam no ambiente escolar, com o intuito de superar a concepção tradicional de ensino e propor novas situações de ensino que realmente valorizem os saberes populares no processo de aprendizagem.
Alfaincluir: caminhos pedagógicos para a alfabetização da criança com deficiência intelectual
Authors: Silva Andrialex William da , Magalhães Rita de Cássia Barbosa Paiva
Published: August 2022

Toda criança tem o direito a um sistema de ensino de qualidade, que respeite a sua individualidade e acredite em seu potencial de aprendizagem. A criança com deficiência intelectual não foge a essa regra, inclusive no que diz respeito ao ensino da língua escrita. Assim, pensar em práticas de alfabetização inclusivas é uma questão fundamental para a escola e os professores que nela atuam, considerando a importância de se promover um ambiente educacional que de fato acolha a diversidade e os diferentes processos de aprendizagem. É necessário desenhar estratégias pedagógicas que pensem em práticas de ensino da língua escrita de forma a incluir o aluno com deficiência intelectual no processo de alfabetização, garantindo, assim, seu direito à educação. O livro Alfaincluir busca colaborar com os professores da educação básica na construção de caminhos inclusivos no processo de alfabetização da criança com deficiência intelectual, visando a promoção de um ensino sensível às singularidades e às diferentes formas de aprender a língua escrita.
RITUAIS FÚNEBRES DA IGREJA CATÓLICA DE RITO UCRANIANO EM PRUDENTÓPOLIS – PR.
Authors: Martenovetko Juliane , Corso João Carlos
Published: August 2022

A escolha do tema objetivou compreender a cultura dos descendentes de ucranianos, principalmente em relação ao modo em que representam a morte por meio do ritual religioso. Percebemos que mesmo tendo ocorrido um processo de aculturação por parte dos imigrantes ucranianos, desde sua chegada ao Brasil, seus descendentes continuam tendo uma forte ligação com a Igreja Católica de Rito Ucraniano.
A BUSCA PELA CURA: AS INTERCESSORAS DO GRUPO “JESUS TE AMA”
Authors: Santos Ana Paula Mariano dos , Lupion Marcia Regina de Oliveira
Published: August 2022

ido como um dos elementos essenciais para a obtenção da salvação notadamente no âmbito do cristianismo, do judaísmo e do islamismo, o sofrimento passa, a partir do início do século XX, a ser compreendido como um empecilho para o indivíduo moderno.
VIOLÊNCIA DE GÊNERO E A RELIGIÃO PENTECOSTAL/NEOPENTECOSTAL NO BRASIL CONTEMPORÂNEO
Authors: Koerich Maria Cecilia Takayama
Published: August 2022

Neste texto busca-se problematizar o fenômeno da violência de gênero no cenário brasileiro contemporâneo e a sua relação com a religião pentecostal/neopentecostal.
Feminilidades e Masculinidades nos rituais fúnebres do Sítio Cabeceiras, Barbalha-CE
Authors: Lima Emmanuela Harakassara Rodrigues de
Published: August 2022

Os historiadores se debruçam sobre a morte como objeto de estudos desde meados do século XX. Não seria exagero afirmar que trabalhos acadêmicos de muitos autores atuais, de alguma maneira, implicam um contato com a morte e os mortos, ainda que eles não se concentrem diretamente nessa temática e, portanto, não façam dela o seu leitmotiv. Feita essa observação, cabe uma pergunta: até que ponto aquele que questiona um documento produzido outrora não estará a conversar com os mortos?
LUTERANISMO E O MODELO EMPRESARIAL NO VALE DO ITAJAÍ /SC NO TEMPO PRESENTE
Authors: Ursin Gabriel Luiz Manrique
Published: August 2022

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de analisar a relação entre trabalho e luteranismo no contexto da Cia. Hering de Blumenau, com o recorte temporal de 1990 a 2010.
The Bare Necessities
Authors: Edwards Kati
Published: August 2022

The poem I’ve created for the vlog in this edition is all about the language used within maternity care. I’ve taken broad strokes highlighting the main themes. In researching this topic, I asked on the Facebook forum ‘Secret Community for Midwives In the Making’ what language they have heard that may ‘empower’ or ‘disempower’ birthing people. I love to use real words in my poems because it brings the issues to life. I have also used my own experiences as a doula, an antenatal educator and as a service user.
Transfer Hydrogenation with a Carbon‐Nitride‐Supported Palladium Single‐Atom Photocatalyst and Water as a Proton Source
Authors: Zhao En , Li Manman , Xu Beibei , Wang Xue‐Lu , Jing Yu , Ma Ding , Mitchell Sharon , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier , Chen Zupeng
Published: August 2022

Solar‐driven transfer hydrogenation of unsaturated bonds has received considerable attention in the research area of sustainable organic synthesis; however, water, the ultimate green source of hydrogen, has rarely been investigated due to the high barrier associated with splitting of water molecules. We report a carbon‐nitride‐supported palladium single‐atom heterogeneous catalyst with unparalleled performance in photocatalytic water‐donating transfer hydrogenation compared to its nanoparticle counterparts. Isotopic‐labeling experiments and operando nuclear magnetic resonance measurements confirm the direct hydrogenation mechanism using in situ‐generated protons from water splitting under visible‐light irradiation. Density functional theory calculations attribute the high activity to lower barriers for hydrogenation, facilitated desorption of ethylbenzene, and facile hydrogen replenishment from water on the atomic palladium sites.
Morphological Anisotropy in Metal–Organic Framework Micro/Nanostructures
Authors: Bao Tong , Zou Yingying , Zhang Chaoqi , Yu Chengzhong , Liu Chao
Published: August 2022

Anisotropy plays a unique role in the structural regulation of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and their composites, especially at the micro‐ and nanoscale. However, there is a lack of a understanding of MOF micro/nanoparticles (MNPs) from the perspective of morphological anisotropy. In this Minireview, recent advances in anisotropic MOF MNPs are summarized, with a focus on how morphological anisotropy leads to innovative structures and modulates properties. First, anisotropic pristine MOF MNPs with diverse morphologies are introduced and classified by their morphology‐dependent and morphology‐independent anisotropy. Secondly, the anisotropy‐enabled site‐selective higher‐order construction of MOF‐based materials is highlighted. Finally, challenges and prospects for anisotropic MOFs are discussed, aiming to provide inspiration for further developments in this interesting research field.
pH‐Responsive Self‐Assembled Compartments as Tuneable Model Protocellular Membrane Systems**
Authors: Sarkar Susovan , Dagar Shikha , Lahiri Kushan , Rajamani Sudha
Published: August 2022

Prebiotically plausible single‐chain amphiphiles are enticing as model protocellular compartments to study the emergence of cellular life, owing to their self‐assembling properties. Here, we investigated the self‐assembly behaviour of mono‐N‐dodecyl phosphate (DDP) and mixed systems of DDP with 1‐dodecanol (DDOH) at varying pH conditions. Membranes composed of DDP showed pH‐responsive vesicle formation in a wide range of pH with a low critical bilayer concentration (CBC). Further, the addition of DDOH to DDP membrane system enhanced vesicle formation and stability in alkaline pH regimes. We also compared the high‐temperature behaviour of DDP and DDP:DDOH membranes with conventional fatty acid membranes. Both, DDP and DDP:DDOH mixed membranes possess packing that is similar to decanoic acid membrane. However, the micropolarity of these systems is similar to phospholipid membranes. Finally, the pH‐dependent modulation of different phospholipid membranes doped with DDP was also demonstrated to engineer tuneable membranes with potential translational implications.
Operando X‐ray Powder Diffraction Study of Mechanochemical Activation Tested for the CO Oxidation over Au@Fe2O3as Model Reaction
Authors: Petersen Hilke , De Bellis Jacopo , Leiting Sebastian , Das Saurabh Mohan , Schmidt Wolfgang , Schüth Ferdi , Weidenthaler Claudia
Published: August 2022

Mechanochemistry has proven to be an excellent green synthesis method for preparing organic, pharmaceutical, and inorganic materials. Mechanocatalysis, inducing a catalytic reaction by mechanical forces, is an emerging field because neither external temperature nor pressure inputs are required. Previous studies reported enhanced catalytic activity during the mechanical treatment of supported gold catalysts for CO oxidation. So far, the processes inside the milling vessel during mechanocatalysis could not be monitored. In this work, the results of high‐energy operando X‐ray powder diffraction experiments and online gas analysis will be reported. A specific milling setup with a custom‐made vessel and gas dosing system was developed. To prove the feasibility of the experimental setup for operando diffraction studies during mechanocatalysis, the CO oxidation with Au@Fe2O3as a catalyst was selected as a well‐known model reaction. The operando studies enabled monitoring morphology changes of the support as well as changes in the crystallite size of the gold catalyst. The change of the crystal size is directly correlated to changes in the active surface area and thus to the CO2yield. The studies confirm the successful implementation of the operando setup, and its potential to be applied to other catalytic reactions.
Nanostructured Sonophotocatalysts for spatially controlled inertial cavitation towards energy‐efficient sonochemistry
Authors: Jonnalagadda Umesh S. , Fan Qianwenhao , Su Xiaoqian , Liu Wen , Kwan James J.
Published: August 2022

Catalytic nanomaterials have been demonstrated to enhance sonochemical processing through interactions with inertial cavitation events. Typically, sonochemistry generates inertial cavitation events directly from the solvent, which results in spatially uncontrolled cavitation events with limited interaction with the catalytic active site. These high intensity acoustic fields also result in thermal effects and side reactions, which may further influence chemical yields and selectivity. Herein, we report on ultrasound‐responsive structured AuPd/TiO2 open nanoshells (TONs) to surface‐stabilize gas bubbles for promoting cavitation events in the vicinity of catalytic active site. These exogenous bubbles trapped on catalytic active sites readily cavitate to produce free radicals for chemical reactions. Our findings indicate a positive trend between cavitation and benzaldehyde production in the presence of our AuPd/TONs. In contrast, nanostructures without gas‐stabilization demonstrate reduced sonochemical conversion, suggesting the catalytic potential of nanostructuring photocatalytic materials to function as both cavitation agents and photo‐oxidative catalysts, or photocatalytic nanostructure (PCN).
Directing the Self‐Assembly of Aromatic Foldamer Helices using Acridine Appendages and Metal Coordination
Authors: Wang Jinhua , Wicher Barbara , Maurizot Victor , Huc Ivan
Published: August 2022

Folded molecules provide complex interaction interfaces amenable to sophisticated self‐assembly motifs. Because of their high conformational stability, aromatic foldamers constitute suitable candidates for the rational elaboration of self‐assembled architectures. Several multiturn helical aromatic oligoamides have been synthesized that possess arrays of acridine appendages pointing in one or two directions. The acridine units were shown to direct self‐assembly in the solid state via aromatic stacking leading to recurrent helix‐helix association patterns under the form of discrete dimers or extended arrays. In the presence of Pd(II), metal coordination of the acridine units overwhelms other forces and generates new metal‐mediated multihelical self‐assemblies, including macrocycles. These observations demonstrate simple access to different types of foldamer‐containing architectures, ranging from discrete objects to 1D and, by extension, 2D and 3D arrays.
Anion Recognition with Antimony(III) and Bismuth(III) Triaryl‐Based Pnictogen Bonding Receptors
Authors: Kuhn Heike , Docker Andrew , Beer Paul D.
Published: August 2022

The synthesis and characterisation of a library of acyclic antimony(III) and bismuth(III) triaryl pnictogen bonding (PnB) receptor systems are reported. In the first‐generation receptor series, quantitative 1H NMR chloride titration experiments in THF solvent media reveal halide anion binding potency is intimately correlated with both the electronic‐withdrawing nature of the aryl‐ substituent and the polarisability of the PnB donor. Further extensive anion binding investigations with the most potent Sb‐ and Bi‐based PnB receptors: 1⋅Sb2CF3 and 1⋅Bi2CF3, reveal novel selectivity profiles, both displaying Cl− selectivity relative to the heavier halides and, impressively, to a range of highly basic oxoanions. The synthesis and preliminary chloride anion binding studies of a series of novel tripodal tris‐proto‐triazole triaryl Sb(III) and Bi(III) mixed PnB‐HB receptor systems are also described. Whereas parent triphenyl Sb(III) and Bi(III) compounds are incapable of binding Cl− in THF solvent media, the PnB‐triazole HB host systems exhibit notable halide affinity.
Loss of MEN1 leads to renal fibrosis and decreases HGF‐Adamts5 pathway activity via an epigenetic mechanism
Authors: Jin Bangming , Zhu Jiamei , Zhou Yuxia , Liang Li , Yang Yunqiao , Xu Lifen , Zhang Tuo , Li Po , Pan Ting , Guo Bing , Chen Tengxiang , Li Haiyang
Published: August 2022

Background

Renal fibrosis is a serious condition that results in the development of chronic kidney diseases. The MEN1 gene is an epigenetic regulator that encodes the menin protein and its role in kidney tissue remains unclear.

Methods

Kidney histology was examined on paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin‐eosin staining. Masson’s trichrome staining and Sirius red staining were used to analyze renal fibrosis. Gene and protein expression were determined by quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) and Western blot, respectively. Immunohistochemistry staining in the kidney tissues from mice or patients was used to evaluate protein levels. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the cell cycle distributions and apoptosis. RNA‐sequencing was performed for differential expression genes in the kidney tissues of the Men1f/f and Men1∆/∆ mice. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP‐seq) was carried out for identification of menin‐ and H3K4me3‐enriched regions within the whole genome in the mouse kidney tissue. ChIP‐qPCR assays were performed for occupancy of menin and H3K4me3 at the gene promoter regions. Luciferase reporter assay was used to detect the promoter activity. The exacerbated unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) models in the Men1f/f and Men1∆/∆ mice were used to assess the pharmacological effects of rh‐HGF on renal fibrosis.

Results

The expression of MEN1 is reduce in kidney tissues of fibrotic mouse and human diabetic patients and treatment with fibrotic factor results in the downregulation of MEN1 expression in renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs). Disruption of MEN1 in RTECs leads to high expression of α‐SMA and Collagen 1, whereas MEN1 overexpression restrains epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by TGF‐β treatment. Conditional knockout of MEN1 resulted in chronic renal fibrosis and UUO‐induced tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF), which is associated with an increased induction of EMT, G2/M arrest and JNK signaling. Mechanistically, menin recruits and increases H3K4me3 at the promoter regions of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 5 (Adamts5) genes and enhances their transcriptional activation. In the UUO mice model, exogenous HGF restored the expression of Adamts5 and ameliorated renal fibrosis induced by Men1 deficiency.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate that MEN1 is an essential antifibrotic factor in renal fibrogenesis and could be a potential target for antifibrotic therapy.
Performance analysis for energy efficient communications aided by UAV with reconfigurable intelligent surface
Authors: Liu Jinbo , Sun Shaohui
Published: August 2022

The continuous growth of wireless connectivity and the emergence of the concept of the Internet of Everything in the future sixth‐generation (6G) network require a new communication paradigm. Different from the prior works that focus on performance optimization for communication networks, in this paper, we attempt to analyze the energy efficiency of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) communication aided by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) which is a new disruptive technology, for the reason that UAV has the line‐of‐sight (LoS) link transmission and flexibility and RIS has the low power for improving the communication reliability and network coverage. At firstly, when central limit theorem (CLT) assumption is used and the number of RIS reflecting elements is large, we derive the closed‐form expression of the average signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio (SINR) of each user based on the new BS‐RIS‐user communication link and RIS‐user/BS association. Following this, we further gain the energy efficiency (EE) in closed‐form based on random access between BS and user. Finally, we further show the performance of EE under certain assumptions. In particular, the offered results demonstrate that the use of the RIS can significantly improve EE due to RIS assist in improving the SINR and has very low transmission power; meanwhile, the UAV equipped with RIS can also improve EE for the reason that RIS can be used as a mobile relay to take advantage of the LoS link transmission.
Anion Responsive Molecular Switch Based on a Doubly Strapped Calix[4]pyrrole
Authors: Helttunen Kaisa
Published: August 2022

A calix[4]pyrrole receptor bearing two proximally meso‐meso linking isophthaloyl straps displays open and closed states depending on the calix[4]pyrrole conformation. In the crystal structures and in non‐polar solvent, the calix[4]pyrrole adopts open 1,3‐alternate conformation with straps on the sides. Anion binding triggers a closed state of the receptor providing two types of interactions with an aromatic benzoate guest: hydrogen bonds from the pyrrolic NH groups and π⋅⋅⋅π interactions from the phenyl groups of the straps. Slow exchange dynamics was observed on the NMR timescale indicating that benzoate, acetate and chloride anions, which bind with relatively low affinity get kinetically trapped in the receptor as insects in a Venus flytrap.
Vestibular Sensory Conflict During Postural Control, Freezing of Gait, and Falls in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Bohnen Nicolaas I. , Kanel Prabesh , van Emde Boas Miriam , Roytman Stiven , Kerber Kevin A.
Published: August 2022

Background

The vestibular system has been implicated in the pathophysiology of episodic motor impairments in Parkinson's disease (PD), but specific evidence remains lacking.

Objective

We investigated the relationship between the presence of freezing of gait and falls and postural failure during the performance on Romberg test condition 4 in patients with PD.

Methods

Modified Romberg sensory conflict test, fall, and freezing‐of‐gait assessments were performed in 92 patients with PD (70 males/22 females; mean age, 67.6 ± 7.4 years; Hoehn and Yahr stage, 2.4 ± 0.6; mean Montreal Cognitive Assessment, 26.4 ± 2.8).

Results

Failure during Romberg condition 4 was present in 33 patients (35.9%). Patients who failed the Romberg condition 4 were older and had more severe motor and cognitive impairments than those without. About 84.6% of all patients with freezing of gait had failure during Romberg condition 4, whereas 13.4% of patients with freezing of gait had normal performance (χ2 = 15.6; P < 0.0001). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the regressor effect of Romberg condition 4 test failure for the presence of freezing of gait (Wald χ2 = 5.0; P = 0.026) remained significant after accounting for the degree of severity of parkinsonian motor ratings (Wald χ2 = 6.2; P = 0.013), age (Wald χ2 = 0.3; P = 0.59), and cognition (Wald χ2 = 0.3; P = 0.75; total model: Wald χ2 = 16.1; P < 0.0001). Patients with PD who failed the Romberg condition 4 (45.5%) did not have a statistically significant difference in frequency of patients with falls compared with patients with PD without abnormal performance (30.5%; χ2 = 2.1; P = 0.15).

Conclusions

The presence of deficient vestibular processing may have specific pathophysiological relevance for freezing of gait, but not falls, in PD. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Friend or Foe? Soldiers and Civilians in Helsinki, 1747–1807
Authors: Gustafsson Sofia
Published: August 2022

The construction of the sea fortress Sveaborg outside Helsinki started in 1748 and caused an enormous influx of military staff into town; the soldiers far outnumbered the civilian population. The locals’ hospitality towards the army was not voluntary; the law obliged all burghers to accommodate military staff in their own homes. The biggest risks when soldiers arrived in town were related to public health, public order, and the billeting of soldiers. In mid-eighteenth-century Helsinki public health was not yet a concern, but the large-scaled billeting was an acute problem. Public order was a pressing concern too, to avoid conflicts the social order had to be maintained, everyone should know their proper places and behave accordingly. Since the army arrived in peacetime to its own country, the army and the local authorities constantly negotiated about the terms of the hospitality to maintain a safe and peaceful co-existence. The townsmen remained masters of their own houses and their own town, but they still had to submit to the state, the social hierarchies, and the common good. But the billeting also provided new economic opportunities for the burghers in the tavern and alcohol business, as well as skilled workforce for bold entrepreneurs.
Spaces of Hospitality on the Missionary Baltic Rim, Tenth–Twelfth Centuries
Authors: Jezierski Wojtek
Published: August 2022

This chapter studies examples of confrontations between missionary guests and pagan host communities on the Baltic Rim from the late tenth to mid-twelfth centuries to uncover the spatial dynamics and intercultural articulations of hospitality in Christianization contexts. In terms of method, the chapter focuses on the functional, political, and symbolic mechanisms structuring collective production spaces of hospitality during such encounters. The addressed problems consider how spaces of hospitality were practically and discursively produced and negotiated through such meetings. It delves also into the ways arrival of this special type of Christian strangers and guests was contained in terms of power relations and security measures. And, finally, how these interactions involved and oscillated between hospitable and hostile attitudes. The results point out the deeply ambiguous, volatile, and heavily contested nature of spaces of hospitality in the Christianization of the Baltic Rim, both for missionary agents and for the host communities receiving/rejecting them.
Merchants and Guests: Laws and Conditions of Baltic Trade Hospitality, Twelfth–Fourteenth Centuries
Authors: Boestad Tobias
Published: August 2022

On the medieval Baltic Rim, foreign merchants staying in town for their trade were usually called “guests.” This linguistic connection between otherwise very different languages raises the question of whether, and how far, the medieval coastal societies around the Baltic Sea may have shared common conceptions of trade hospitality and securitization of foreign presence. This paper departs from a critique of the German/Catholic chroniclers’ guest-perspective division of the Baltic people into hospitable and unhospitable communities and argues that trade hospitality was an ambivalent enterprise that was never unconditional and always negotiated between the guests and their hosts. Indeed, from the latter’s perspective, treaties with foreign merchants raised the question of the level of safety they were prepared to provide. This meant considering not only in which ways they could benefit from their openness, but also to what extent they were ready to commit themselves toward the strangers and to protect them. In any case, trade hospitality was never unconditional, and the status of guests included rules and boundaries, such as reciprocity or peacekeeping that the rulers and the local populations expected the foreign merchants to abide by. If they did not, the hosts had to find ways to force them to comply with their expectations—if possible without them off.
Social Cognition in Adolescents with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD): Evidence from the Social Attribution Task
Authors: Forrest Claire L. , Lloyd-Esenkaya Vanessa , Gibson Jenny L. , St Clair Michelle C.
Published: August 2022

Social cognition impairments may explain social, emotional and behavioural difficulties (SEBD) in individuals with Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). In a novel approach, the Social Attribution Task (SAT) was used to examine this association. SAT narratives were coded from 53 participants [n = 26 DLD; n = 27 typical language development (TLD)] matched on age (Mage = 13;6) and gender (35.9% female). Parents reported SEBD. Adolescents with DLD performed worse than their TLD peers on the majority of SAT indices and had higher peer (d = 1.09) and emotional problems (d = .75). There was no association between social cognition abilities and SEBD. These exploratory findings suggest social cognition should be further examined in this population.
Lemongrass Plant as Potential Sources of Reinforcement for Biocomposites: A Preliminary Experimental Comparison Between Leaf and Culm Fibers
Authors: Fiore Vincenzo , Badagliacco Dionisio , Sanfilippo Carmelo , Pirrone Roberto , Siengchin Suchart , Rangappa Sanjay Mavinkere , Botta Luigi
Published: August 2022

Nowadays, the world requires more sustainable and eco-friendly materials to replace or limit the usage of synthetic materials. Moreover, several researchers focused their attention on the use of agricultural sources as reinforcement for biocomposites since they are abundant, cost-effective and environmentally favorable sources. In such a context, purpose of the present paper is the evaluation of lemongrass plant (Cymbopogon flexuosus) as possible source of natural reinforcement for biocomposites. To this aim, natural fibers were obtained from the leaf and the stem of lemongrass and their main properties were compared for the first time. To this scope, mechanical and thermal characterizations, chemical investigation, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope analysis were carried out. The experimental campaign showed that, despite having similar chemical composition (i.e., cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin contents equal to 44–45%, 28–29% and 17%, respectively), leaf fibers possess higher mechanical properties (i.e., + 55% and + 76% in the tensile strength and modulus, respectively) than stem ones. This result can be ascribed to different factors such as larger amount of absorbed water (i.e., + 4%) and ash content (+ 2%) shown by stem fibers in addition to a more compact structure evidenced by leaf fibers which also present higher density (i.e., 1.139 g/cm3 versus 1.019 g/cm3).
Reenacting Neuroectodermal Exposure of Hematopoietic Progenitors Enables Scalable Production of Cryopreservable iPSC-Derived Human Microglia
Authors: Mathews Mona , Wißfeld Jannis , Flitsch Lea Jessica , Shahraz Anahita , Semkova Vesselina , Breitkreuz Yannik , Neumann Harald , Brüstle Oliver
Published: August 2022

Human microglia, as innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play a central role in the pathogenesis of a large number of neurological and psychiatric disorders. However, experimental access to primary human microglia for biomedical applications such as disease modeling is extremely limited. While induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could provide an alternative source of microglia, the reenactment of their complex ontogenesis with a yolk sac origin and subsequent priming upon CNS invasion has remained a challenge. Here, we report a developmentally informed in vitro differentiation method for large-scale production and cryopreservation of iPSC-derived microglia (iPSdMiG). Specifically, iPSCs were propagated in conditions yielding both yolk sac hematopoietic derivatives and early neuroepithelial cells. To enable large-scale production, we implemented 3D bioreactor-based dynamic culture conditions and the use of novel mesh macrocarriers. Under these conditions, microglia could be harvested across a time period of at least 6 weeks, with 1 × 106 iPSCs giving rise to up to 45 × 106 iPSdMiG. The transcriptomic profile of iPSdMiG showed high similarity to adult human microglia, and harvested cells were immunopositive for typical microglial markers. In addition, iPSdMiG were able to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines, engaged in phagocytotic activity, produced reactive oxygen species and lent themselves to co-culture studies in neural 2D and 3D systems. Importantly, iPSdMiG were efficiently cryopreserved, enabling the establishment of donor-specific microglia cell banks for disease modeling, drug discovery and eventually cell therapy.

Graphical abstract

Main points.

Scalable generation of iPSC-derived multi-lineage embryoid bodies on macrocarriers, reproducibly releasing microglia exhibiting characteristic markers and function. Cells are transcriptomically similar to primary human microglia and cryopreservable.
Resilience: Myanmar students’ experiences of overcoming eLearning challenges during COVID 19 and political instability
Authors: Gomersall Steve , Floyd Alan
Published: August 2022

In 2020, COVID-19 forced global education online. Especially in developing countries, this change presented a challenge for those with limited access to devices and reliable electricity and Internet. Whilst some students struggled to adapt, others thrived with eLearning. This paper explores the experiences of one group of students who succeeded in overcoming not only the restrictions of COVID-19, but also significant political instability. The group has a mix of 1st year and 2nd year students in a pre-university program. The 2nd-year students in particular are noteworthy as despite the adversity faced, they have now successfully transitioned to university studies. Drawing on Bronfenbrenner’s (The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1979) socio-ecological framework, the data from twelve semi-structured interviews was analysed and inductively coded. The findings outline how personal goal orientation, coping mechanisms acquired in previous adverse situations, and a desire to serve their communities combine with external influences from families and communities and basic need fulfilment to enable the students to persevere and thrive. The implication is that as students draw on previous experiences, these five core concepts should be incorporated into general education to build the students’ capacity for resilience.
Life barcoded by DNA barcodes
Authors: Guo Mali , Yuan Chaohai , Tao Leyan , Cai Yafei , Zhang Wei
Published: August 2022

The modern concept of DNA-based barcoding for cataloguing biodiversity was proposed in 2003 by first adopting an approximately 600 bp fragment of the mitochondrial COI gene to compare via nucleotide alignments with known sequences from specimens previously identified by taxonomists. Other standardized regions meeting barcoding criteria then are also evolving as DNA barcodes for fast, reliable and inexpensive assessment of species composition across all forms of life, including animals, plants, fungi, bacteria and other microorganisms. Consequently, global DNA barcoding campaigns have resulted in the formation of many online workbenches and databases, such as BOLD system, as barcode references, and facilitated the development of mini-barcodes and metabarcoding strategies as important extensions of barcode techniques. Here we intend to give an overview of the characteristics and features of these barcode markers and major reference libraries existing for barcoding the planet’s life, as well as to address the limitations and opportunities of DNA barcodes to an increasingly broader community of science and society.
Attenuating Effect of an Extract of Cd-Hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum on the Growth and Physio-chemical Changes of Datura innoxia Under Cd Stress
Authors: Abeed Amany H. A. , Salama Fawzy M.
Published: August 2022

Purpose

The use of plant extracts obtained from plants that are highly tolerant to heavy metal toxicity has been beneficial in improving the growth of plants grown under metal toxicity conditions. A lab experiment was performed to elucidate the alleviating role of foliar applied cadmium (Cd)-hyperaccumulator Solanum nigrum (S. nigrum) extract on Datura innoxia (D. innoxia) plants grown under Cd stress (0, 50, and 100 mg Cd kg-1 soil).

Methods

Growth parameters, photosynthetic pigment content, osmo-metabolic compounds, reduced glutathione and phytochelatins content, oxidative damage, and lignin content and its related enzyme (cell wall-bound peroxidase, POX) were determined.

Results

Apart from the foliar application response of S. nigrum leaf extract (SNE) in either Cd exposed or non-Cd exposed plants, growth parameters of D. innoxia plant grown under both Cd concentrations (50 and 100 mg Cd kg-1 soil) in terms of root and shoot fresh, dry weight, length, and leaf area were noticeably diminished by 29 and 51%, 29 and 54%, 35 and 70%, 40 and 53%, 30 and 69%, 40 and 60%, and 11 and 23%, respectively, compared with untreated control plants. Foliar delivered SNE secured the photosynthetic pigment, free amino acids, soluble proteins, and soluble sugar content. Additionally, it lessened the adverse effects of Cd stress on D. innoxia plants by curtailing the content of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) by 28 and 27%, and 21 and 23%, respectively, compared with the plants subjected to 50 and 100 mg Cd kg-1 only. The findings herein indicated that the plant water extract and their interactions in the investigated Cd rates significantly augmented phenolics, alkaloids, reduced glutathione and phytochelatins content. Cell wall stiffening in D. innoxia indicated that lignin content and POX were significantly higher in plants exposed to 100 mg Cd kg-1 soil displaying increase values of 275 and 300%, respectively, against non-Cd treated control. The magnitude of increment imposed by Cd stress was lessened by using SNE that reflects on adequate cell growth advocated by limited lignification, in terms of lignin content, and downregulated POX activity. Owing to SNE application, root and leaves Cd contents were efficiently reduced reflecting apparent plant liveliness compared with the SNE non-treated Cd-stressed plants.

Conclusions

The outcomes of this study designate that foliar application of the Cd-hyperaccumulator S. nigrum leaf extract can be counted as an unconventional and innovative approach in the alleviation of Cd stress and can be employed as integrated practice when Cd-contaminated regions were exploited for sustainable agriculture of the multipurpose plants.
Petrology and Sr–Nd isotope geochemistry of Mosonik: a polygenetic phonolitic nephelinite–phonolite volcano located in the North Tanzanian Divergence of the East African Rift
Authors: Mitchell Roger H. , Dawson J. Barry
Published: August 2022

Mosonik, a 3.25 Ma extensively dissected stratovolcano located in the North Tanzanian Divergence of the East African Rift, consists predominantly of phonolite and three types of phonolitic nephelinite distinguished by the presence or absence of amphibole or garnet antecrysts and differing populations of complexly zoned antecrystal and phenocrystal pyroxenes. The antecryst–phenocryst assemblage is typical of hybrid lavas derived by magma mixing. Compositional data are given for all major minerals. Owing to the high modal proportions (30–60 vol. %) of antecrysts and phenocrysts of pyroxene and nepheline plus the hybrid character of the lavas, bulk-rock compositions do not represent those of the parental liquids. Thus, assimilation–fractional crystallization modelling of the bulk-rock major- and trace-element abundances is inappropriate and an unevolved parental magma cannot as yet be defined. Sr–Nd isotopic data for Mosonik and other Older Extrusive Series rocks suggest derivation by partial melting of ancient metasomatized lithospheric mantle with mixing of Sr and Nd from two sources coupled with minor lower crustal contamination, melting being induced by the plume currently impinging on the Tanzanian craton, and representing the initial interaction of the plume with the cratonic lithosphere. In contrast, the Younger Extrusives, as exemplified by Oldoinyo Lengai nephelinite–carbonatite volcanism, could be derived from this ancient metasomatized lithospheric mantle plus a recent plume-derived asthenospheric component and no contamination by crustal material. The isotopically and genetically distinct Natron–Engaruka melilitites are considered to represent direct adiabatic melting of the Tanzanian plume without lithospheric contributions. Carbonatites and melilite-bearing nephelinites also occur at Mosonik but are not considered in this study as they are only a very minor volumetric component of the volcano.
Labour mobility across the Baltic Sea: Language brokering at a blue-collar workplace in Sweden
Authors: Söderlundh Hedda , Keevallik Leelo
Published: August 2022

In this case study we investigate the role of transnational networks and language brokering in labour migration within the European Union. By describing the working days of Estonians hired by a city maintenance company in Sweden, we demonstrate how language skills and network ties of a manager enable work migration in the local context. Most of the recruited workers belong to the manager's circle of family and friends. The manager is thus both capitalising on his social relationships and reinforcing a social support network in the receiving country for the individuals involved. The article promotes our understanding of the interface between migration, multilingualism, and language brokering in the understudied blue-collar workplaces and dissects the social and economic values of linguistic resources in work migration across the Baltic Sea. The data consist of ethnographic observations of daily work routines, video recordings of interaction, and interviews. (Labour migration, multilingualism, manual work, language broker)*
Economic burden attributable to healthcare-associated infections in tertiary public hospitals of Central China: a multi-centre case-control study
Authors: Li Peng , Li Yan , Zhang Youjian , Bao Junzhe , Yuan Ruixia , Lan Hongwen , Sun Mingjie
Published: August 2022

Healthcare-associated infection (HAI) is a major cause of morbidity, mortality and cost, which vary widely by region and hospital. In this case-control study, we calculated losses attributable to HAI in central China. A total of 2976 patients in 10 hospitals were enrolled, and the incidence rate of HAI (range, 0.88–4.15%) was significantly, but negatively associated with the cost per 1000 beds of its prevention (range, $24 929.76–$53 146.41; r = −0.76). The per capita economic loss attributable to HAIs was $2047.07 (interquartile range, $327.63–$6429.17), mainly from the pharmaceutical cost (median, $1044.39). The HAIs, which occurred in patients with commercial medical insurance, affected the haematologic system and caused by Acinetobacter baumannii, contributed most to the losses (median, $3881.55, $4734.20 and $9882.75, respectively). Furthermore, the economic losses attributable to device-associated infections and hospital-acquired multi-drug resistant bacteria were two to four times those of the controls. The burden attributable to HAI is heavy, and opportunities for easing this burden exist in several areas, including that strengthening antibiotic stewardship and practicing effective bundle of HAI prevention for patients carrying high-risk factors, for example, elders or those with catheterisations in healthcare institutions, and accelerating the medical insurance payment system reform based on diagnosis-related groups by policy-making departments.