bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differences of Post-Placement Bone Implant Contact (BIC) Value of Dental Implant Coated and Not Coated With Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP)
Authors: Thalib Bahruddin , Machmud Edy , Dharmautama Mochammad , Surya Ervina Sari , Asmawati Asmawati , Hasyim Rafikah
Published: December 2017

OBJECTIVE: The success of a dental dental implant treatment focuses on a phenomenon called osseointegration. Evaluation of Bone Area (BA) and Bone-Dental implant Contact (BIC) through histomorphometric analysis is the most widely used parameter to measure osseointegration. The aim of this study was to see post-placement Bone Dental implant Contact (BIC) value of dental implant coated and not coated with PRP.MATERIALS & METHODS: This study was an experimental laboratory conducted at Laboratory of Veterinary Faculty, Hasanuddin University. The sample was baby buck rabbit, aged 4-8 months old, weight 1500–2000 gram, divided into 2 groups each group consist of 12 rabbit, control group not coated with PRP and treatment group coated with PRP. Data analysis using SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).RESULTS: There was a significant difference between the mean BIC values and the 20% increase in BIC values in LP1, LP2 and LP3 between treatment and control group on day 0, 3, 7, and 14.CONCLUSIONS: There was a difference in the average of post-placement BIC value of dental implant coated and not coated with PRP.
Koncepcja zmian parametrów balistycznych PPZR Grom do zwalczania pocisków manewrujących
Authors: MOTYL Krzysztof , ZYGMUNT Bogdan , SIENICKI Konrad , NOGA Janusz , PUZEWICZ Zbigniew
Published: December 2017

Kolejnym zagrożeniem z powietrza, dla którego nie ma obecnie skutecznych sposobów zwalczania, są pociski manewrujące, poruszające się z prędkością poddźwiękową (ok. 900 km/godz.) na niskiej wysokości (do 100 m), po marszrucie nieprzewidywalnej dla obrony powietrznej. Wykrycie oraz śledzenie takich celów przez naziemne systemy radiolokacyjne jest zadaniem trudnym. Rakietowe zestawy przeciwlotnicze znajdujące się obecnie na wyposażeniu różnych państw nie są w stanie skutecznie zwalczać nisko lecących szybkich celów o słabej sygnaturze widmowej. W pracy przedstawiono możliwości techniczne wykorzystania do tego celu pocisków rakietowych b. krótkiego zasięgu PPZR Grom. Przeanalizowano zasięg rażenia dla różnych modyfikacji parametrów balistycznych napędu rakietowego pocisku Grom.
Závěť a její datace
Authors: Němcová Drahomíra
Published: December 2017

Článek se zabývá otázkou datace závěti (zda je datum podstatnou náležitostí závěti). Věnuje se zejména výkladu § 1494 odst. 2 zákona č. 89/2012 Sb., občanský zákoník, který jako jediný obsahuje pravidlo o dataci závěti (řeší situace, kdy existuje vícero závěti, v nichž není uvedeno datum). Článek dále pojednává o jednotlivých případech, v kterých je datum vyžadováno a kdy naopak nikoliv.
Zpravodajové a senáty: Vliv složení senátu na rozhodování Ústavního soudu České republiky o ústavních stížnostech
Authors: Chmel Jan
Published: December 2017

Článek se věnuje otázce, jaký vliv má složení senátu Ústavního soudu na rozhodnutí o ústavní stížnosti, konkrétně nakolik výsledek rozhodnutí závisí na míře vstřícnosti soudce zpravodaje a nakolik na míře vstřícnosti ostatních členů senátu. Tuto otázku nejprve zasazuje do kontextu obecné teorie senátního rozhodování a následně empiricky zkoumá v rozhodnutích Ústavního soudu. Na teoretické úrovni jsou formulovány tři základní účely senátního rozhodování: posílení legitimity rozhodnutí, eliminace chyb a dosažení promyšlenějšího rozhodnutí, a čtyři modely senátního rozhodování: konfliktní senát, strategický senát, kolegiální senát a formální senát. Objasněn je pojem a možné příčiny tzv. panelového efektu v senátním rozhodování. V rámci vlastního výzkumu je pak analyzováno, nakolik jsou uvedené funkce naplňovány v rozhodování Ústavního soudu, kterému z modelů se senáty Ústavního soudu nejvíce blíží a zda se v senátním rozhodování projevuje panelový efekt. Výzkum dospívá k závěru, že výsledek řízení o ústavních stížnostech závisí primárně na osobě soudce zpravodaje a jen minimálně na osobách dalších členů senátu. Senáty Ústavního soudu se proto nejvíce blíží formálnímu modelu fungování senátu a panelový efekt se v nich projevuje jen minimálně.
Learning from the Past: The Women Writers Project and Thirty Years of Humanities Text Encoding
Authors: Connell Sarah , Flanders Julia , Keller Nicole Infanta , Polcha Elizabeth , Quinn William Reed
Published: December 2017

In recent years, intensified attention in the humanities has been paid to data: to data modeling, data visualization, “big data”. The Women Writers Project has dedicated significant effort over the past thirty years to creating what Christoph Schöch calls “smart clean data”: a moderate-sized collection of early modern women’s writing, carefully transcribed and corrected, with detailed digital text encoding that has evolved in response to research and changing standards for text representation. But that data—whether considered as a publication through Women Writers Online, or as a proof of the viability of text encoding approaches like those expressed in the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) Guidelines—is only the most visible part of a much larger ecology. That ecology includes complex human systems, evolving sets of tools, and a massive apparatus of documentation and organizational memory that have made it possible for the project to work coherently over such a long period of time. In this article we examine the WWP’s information systems in relation to the project’s larger scholarly goals, with the aim of showing where they may generalize to the needs of other projects.
Dossier: Lèxic i edició de textos catalans antics de medicina, ciència i tècnica
Authors: Cifuentes i Comamala Lluís
Published: December 2017

An introduction to the monoraphic collection of articles that follow on this issue, on the subject mentioned in this title.
Whence pseudoscience? An epidemiological approach
Authors: Blancke Stefaan , Boudry Maarten , Braeckman Johan
Published: December 2017

In this paper, we develop an epidemiological approach to account for the typical features and persistent popularity of pseudoscience. An epidemiology of pseudoscience aims at explaining why some beliefs become widely distributed whereas others do not and hence seeks to identify the factors that exert a causal effect on this distribution. We pinpoint and discuss several factors that promote the dissemination of pseudoscientific beliefs. In particular, we argue that such beliefs manage to spread widely because they are intuitively appealing, manage to hitchhike on the authority of science, and successfully immunize themselves from criticism.
La simiente de ‘La evolución’: El desarrollo de la Paleontología Humana en España en las últimas décadas
Authors: Rosas Antonio
Published: December 2017

La paleontología humana en España ha experimentado un crecimiento extraordinario en las últimas décadas. En este trabajo indagamos la influencia que el libro La evolución (1966) y sus editores, Miquel Crusafont, Bermudo Meléndez y Emiliano Aguirre, han podido ejercer en esta explosión de resultados. Dos áreas han protagonizado un especial desarrollo: el estudio de los hominoideos del Mioceno, vinculable en su origen a la figura de Crusafont y a los yacimientos de la cuenca del Vallés-Penedés (Barcelona), y el de las primeras ocupaciones humanas en Europa, íntimamente relacionado con la figura de Aguirre y las excavaciones de Atapuerca (Burgos). Diferentes factores han contribuido a este progreso, pero la inercia investigadora de La evolución y sus fundamentos conceptuales han sido clave para el desarrollo de la disciplina.
Divanes y gurús: El origen y los peligros de la pseudopsicología clínica
Authors: Fasce Angelo
Published: December 2017

La pseudociencia presenta una alarmante presencia en el contexto de la psicología clínica y es, además, muy peligrosa. Como conjunto de ideas pseudocientíficas, la pseudopsicología clínica muestra la peculiar característica de constituir toda una tradición paralela a la psicología, con numerosas ramificaciones y desarrollos teóricos y prácticos interrelacionados. En este escrito repasaremos esa tradición, desde la hipnosis pseudocientífica hasta el psicoanálisis, y desde la new age hasta la actual neuropseudociencia. Tras ello, revisaremos algunos de los peligros de la pseudociencia relacionada con los trastornos mentales.
The appeal-to-nature fallacy: Homeopathy and biodynamic agriculture in official EU regulations
Authors: Mulet José Miguel
Published: December 2017

There is no scientific evidence to support the affirmation that organic food is more nutritious or that its production is more sustainable than traditional food. In addition, productivity is very low and, concomitantly, the price is higher. This article reviews the basics of EU regulations on organic food production and concludes that, for the most part, they mislead the consumer and are not science based. Most of them rely on concepts related to the appeal-to-nature fallacy, with the explicit presence of pseudosciences, such as homeopathy or biodynamic agriculture. On the other hand, interesting aspects such as the carbon footprint or local production are not present in the regulations, and technological improvements that could be useful for organic food production are excluded.
Vertical stratification of plant-pollinator interactions in a temperate grassland
Authors: Klecka Jan , Hadrava Jiří , Koloušková Pavla
Published: December 2017

Interactions between plants and their pollinators vary in time and space at different scales. A neglected aspect of small-scale variation of plant-pollinator interactions is the role of vertical position of flowers. We conducted a series of experiments to study vertical stratification of plant-pollinator interactions in a dry grassland. We observed flower visitors on cut inflorescences of Centaurea scabiosa and Inula salicina placed at different heights above ground in two types of surrounding vegetation: short and tall. Even at such a small-scale, we detected significant shift in total visitation rate of inflorescences in response to their vertical position. In short vegetation, inflorescences close to the ground were visited more frequently, while in high vegetation, inflorescences placed higher received more visits. Moreover, we found major differences in the composition of the pollinator community on flowers at different heights. In a second experiment, we measured flower visitation rate in inflorescences of Salvia verticillata of variable height. Overall flower visitation rate increased markedly with inflorescence height. We also detected a corresponding positive pollinator-mediated selection on increased inflorescence height using data on seed set of individual plants. Overall, our results demonstrate strong vertical stratification of plant-pollinator interactions at the scale of mere decimetres. This may be an important, albeit underappreciated, driver of plant-pollinator coevolution.
Satisfaction level of phisicians working in a social health organization of Unified Health System In Brazil
Authors: Pegorari Fabio , Morgado Flavio , Alves Beatriz Da Costa Aguiar , Azzalis Ligia Ajaime , Junqueira Virginia Berlanga Campos , Vicente Maria Teresa André , Fonseca Fernando Luiz Affonso
Published: December 2017

Introduction: The evaluation of a work system is based on the ability to adapt work to the man and the man to the work. One of the aspects that interfere in the capacity of adaptation is the satisfaction in the work as the integration, the autonomy, the motivation, the involvement and the utilization of the physical and mental capacities.Objective: To analyze the level of satisfaction of medical professionals regar ding their work environment in a Social Health Organization of Brazilian Unified Health System.Methods: It is a cross-sectional, exploratory and descriptive study. For data collection, we used a questionnaire mailed  through the Google Docs platform, containing 36 questions about indicators: material, personnel, quality and social.Results: A total of 51 physicians participated in the study. The findings showed significant associations between their satisfaction of work environment and relationship with their work team, unit manager and performance recognition.Conclusion: The satisfaction in the work environment of the medical professional in the Social Health Organization is associated with internal factors, as well as the need for their performance recognition by the management policy. The external factors studied, such as multiple job sites.
The right to scientific information: one of the main elements of the unified health system
Authors: Abreu Luiz Carlos De , Pereira Valdelias Xavier , Silva Romeu Paulo Martins , Macedo Jr Hugo , Bezerra Italla Maria Pinheiro
Published: December 2017

The Citizen care in the health field is a fundamental right provided by the federal constitution of Brazil. The Unified Health System (SUS) is one of the best and most important systems in the world and serves around 220 million people. The System is comprehensive and characterized by three pillars of support: universality, completeness and equity. The right to scientific information is one of the main elements of the SUS and the Journal of Human Growth and Development has contributed over its 27 years of existence providing a democratic scenario and a place to debate ideas in the field of public health and the irrefutable defence of SUS in Brazil. In this way, JHGD maintains its tradition of publishing articles devoted to the field of public health and contributing to the dissemination of knowledge and to the progress of science. The Journal intends to serve as a space for exchange knowledge among professionals in universities and help them to deal with the problems of human growth and development, improving the publication scenario of scientific articles refereed by peers, highlighting its commitment to communicate the knowledge obtained through ethic research with bilingual and free publication.
An Overview of the Percutaneous Antibiotic Delivery Technique for Osteomyelitis Treatment and a Case Study of Calcaneal Osteomyelitis
Authors: Karr Jeffrey C.
Published: December 2017

Background:

A percutaneous antibiotic delivery technique (PAD-T) used for the adjunctive management of osteomyelitis is presented.

Methods:

This surgical technique incorporates a calcium sulfate and hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate) bone void filler acting as a carrier vehicle with either an antibiotic or an antifungal medicine, delivering this combination directly into the area of osteomyelitis.

Results:

The benefit of the PAD-T is reviewed with a case presentation of a successfully treated calcaneal osteomyelitis.

Conclusions:

No previously reported PAD-T using a simple bone cortex incision in the adjunctive treatment of osteomyelitis has been reported. The PAD-T safely and effectively uses a calcium sulfate and hydroxyapatite bone void filler carrier vehicle to deliver either an antibiotic or an antifungal medicine directly into the area of osteomyelitis.
Periungual Eccrine Poroma Masquerading as Ingrown Toenails
Authors: Göktay Fatih , Güneş Pembegül , Akpolat Nebahat Demet , Ferhatoğlu Zeynep Altan , Önenerk Mine
Published: December 2017

Eccrine poroma is a rare benign adnexal neoplasm originating from a portion of the intraepidermal eccrine sweat gland duct and the acrosyringium. Typically, the lesions are asymptomatic, slow-growing nodules, which may be found in any sweat gland–bearing area. Multiple red lacunae, glomerular vessels, hairpin vessels, flower- and leaf-like vascular patterns, a polymorphic vascular pattern, globule/lacunae–like structures, a frog egg–like appearance, and comedo-like openings have been defined as characteristic dermoscopic patterns of the disease. We report a case of eccrine poroma in an unusual periungual and subungual location mimicking ingrown toenails. The dermoscopic findings of the lesions were compatible with those of eccrine poromas located in areas other than the periungual area. Recurrence was observed after the first excisional biopsy. There was no recurrence 10 months after the second surgical intervention, and near-complete regrowth of the nail plate was achieved. Eccrine poroma should be considered as a differential diagnosis in the presence of slow-growing, erythematous, painful, hemorrhagic papular lesions located in the periungual area in conjunction with a prediagnosis of ingrown toenails and malignant processes.
Activation of the dopaminergic pathway from VTA to the medial olfactory tubercle generates odor-preference and reward
Authors: Zhang Zhijian , Liu Qing , Wen Pengjie , Zhang Jiaozhen , Rao Xiaoping , Zhou Ziming , Zhang Hongruo , He Xiaobin , Li Juan , Zhou Zheng , Xu Xiaoran , Zhang Xueyi , Luo Rui , Lv Guanghui , Li Haohong , Cao Pei , Wang Liping , Xu Fuqiang
Published: December 2017

Odor-preferences are usually influenced by life experiences. However, the neural circuit mechanisms remain unclear. The medial olfactory tubercle (mOT) is involved in both reward and olfaction, whereas the ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons are considered to be engaged in reward and motivation. Here, we found that the VTA (DAergic)-mOT pathway could be activated by different types of naturalistic rewards as well as odors in DAT-cre mice. Optogenetic activation of the VTA-mOT DAergic fibers was able to elicit preferences for space, location and neutral odor, while pharmacological blockade of the dopamine receptors in the mOT fully prevented the odor-preference formation. Furthermore, inactivation of the mOT-projecting VTA DAergic neurons eliminated the previously formed odor-preference and strongly affected the Go-no go learning efficiency. In summary, our results revealed that the VTA (DAergic)-mOT pathway mediates a variety of naturalistic reward processes and different types of preferences including odor-preference in mice.
Two-photon imaging in mice shows striosomes and matrix have overlapping but differential reinforcement-related responses
Authors: Bloem Bernard , Huda Rafiq , Sur Mriganka , Graybiel Ann M
Published: December 2017

Striosomes were discovered several decades ago as neurochemically identified zones in the striatum, yet technical hurdles have hampered the study of the functions of these striatal compartments. Here we used 2-photon calcium imaging in neuronal birthdate-labeled Mash1-CreER;Ai14 mice to image simultaneously the activity of striosomal and matrix neurons as mice performed an auditory conditioning task. With this method, we identified circumscribed zones of tdTomato-labeled neuropil that correspond to striosomes as verified immunohistochemically. Neurons in both striosomes and matrix responded to reward-predicting cues and were active during or after consummatory licking. However, we found quantitative differences in response strength: striosomal neurons fired more to reward-predicting cues and encoded more information about expected outcome as mice learned the task, whereas matrix neurons were more strongly modulated by recent reward history. These findings open the possibility of harnessing in vivo imaging to determine the contributions of striosomes and matrix to striatal circuit function.
Integrated Localization Theory of Translation Studies
Authors: ODACIOĞLU Mehmet Cem
Published: December 2017

As with every other discipline, Informatics and Communication Technologies have also begun to affect translation studies. In this context, this study covers a part of my doctoral thesis written on the topic and is based on the debate about whether existing translation theories need to be revised in accordance with current conditions. The study contends that, as with other translation theories developed for specialized translation areas, the ‘localization industry’ that initially became popular in the late 1980s and for which attempts have been made, by those conducting this study and some translation scholars, to include it under the umbrella of translation studies in the belief that it would be a gain for translation studies, requires a new translation theory. Accordingly, this study intends to build a bridge between translation studies and the theory of localization, which has emerged as an industrial discourse. A theoretical proposal called the ‘integrated localization theory’ of translation studies has also been proposed in the study. Furthermore, it is considered that this theoretical proposal will not discredit the existing translation theories that have emerged in different periods and show the characteristics of paradigms, but will instead combine and harmonize them.  With this approach, localization may even be transformed into one of the new paradigms of translation studies.
IQ and Reading Comprehension in Translation Quality
Authors: Askari Mohsen , Samadi Rahim Azam
Published: December 2017

Having a deeper understanding of determining factors in the quality of translation is in the interest of almost all scholars of translation studies. Students’ intelligence is being measured constantly in order to determine their aptitude for entering into different programs. However, in translation studies, the variable of intelligence quotient (IQ) has been curiously ignored among researchers. This study aimed to explore the strength of both IQ and reading comprehension in predicting translation quality among Iranian translation students.  A sample of forty-six translation students from Alborz University of Qazvin participated in this study. Data were collected using three tests including Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices, Colina’s (2008) componential translation quality rating scheme and the reading comprehension test of IELTS. The results show IQ test scores and reading comprehension significantly predict translation quality assessment. Surprisingly, the most significant finding is that IQ score is by far a better predictor of translation quality than reading comprehension. Overall, it is concluded that translation quality assessment is more of a deeper cognitive function than solely language process, which could lead to more research on cognitive aspects of translation.
Gustav Klemm, Cultural History, and Kulturwissenschaft
Authors: Miller Peter N.
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines a new material-based history of German culture and looks at how a study of material culture had since evolved into “cultural history.” It traces the history of culture in nineteenth-century Germany, at the same time puzzling out the ambiguity of such a category as it was applied during the period. Encompassing both high culture and low, the popular and the elite, cultural history has often seemed borderless and indefinite—leading even its admirers to “search” for it or to see it as a “problem.” The chapter then turns to a study of Gustav Friedrich Klemm (1802–1867), the most important of the cultural historians of the 1840s and 1850s. His General Cultural History (1843–1852) and General Cultural-Science (1855) are both significant works in the field.
The Germanisches Nationalmuseum: Antiquitates and Cultural History in the Museum
Authors: Miller Peter N.
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses the significance of the Germanisches Nationalmuseum. Its founding made good Spon's claim that a historical argument could be told through artifacts at least as well as it could through books. It followed Klemm's vision of a museum of cultural history, albeit devoted to a single nation and not the entire world. There was also a political argument: the museum was a place of learning that was open to the people in a way that a scholarly literature was not. The chapter emphasizes that the story of the museum's founding and early years is an important subject for historians of scholarship and the museum alike, but also for museum practitioners thinking about the nature of their enterprise.
Turning Labor Into Finance Capital
Authors: McCarthy Michael A.
Published: December 2017

This chapter discusses how employers gained control over pension fund investment decisions and why, once private pension plans were established, they directed their assets into the stock market. The financialization of retirement funds between 1950 and 1980 was driven by a series of political interventions into the management of pensions by policymakers who were primarily concerned with promoting capitalist growth. Starting in the postwar period, lawmakers on the right argued that the best way to end labor-management conflicts was to drastically roll back the gains made by unions in the Wagner Act. With overwhelming support from business associations, Northern Republicans and Southern Democrats passed the Taft–Hartley Act in 1947. Taft–Hartley conferred much greater capacity to capitalists to follow the best practices on Wall Street when it came to investing their union pension funds.
Toward the 401(K) Ownership Society
Authors: McCarthy Michael A.
Published: December 2017

This chapter explains the rise of defined-contribution plans, such as 401(k)s, after the late 1970s. In the postwar period, policymakers were determined to quiet labor-management conflicts and establish a regularized labor peace that could take advantage of opportunities in war torn markets. As the capitalist context changed, so did this orientation. By the late 1970s policymakers moved to restrain and depress wages to counter a growing inflation crisis. The chapter shows that the rise of 401(k)s, on the one hand, and the decline of defined-benefit plans, on the other, was the inadvertent result of policymakers attempting to revive America's stagnating and inflationary economy.
An Imperial Biography
Authors: Campbell Ian W.
Published: December 2017

This chapter is a biographical study of the ethnographer and educator Ibrai Altynsarin (1841–1888). The new administrative structure envisioned by the Provisional Statute of 1868 rendered the tsarist state dependent in new ways on the good will and expertise of Kazak intermediaries. One such Kazak intermediary is Altynsarin, a poor Kazak of the Middle Horde's Qïpshaq clan who rose to a position of some influence in local educational affairs. This chapter first discusses Altynsarin's formative years before introducing the concept of “repertoires of governance” to explain both the options and the limitations that his engagement with tsarist knowledge production and administration entailed. It also considers Altynsarin's ethnography of the Kazaks of the Orenburg region, his ideas of Kazakness and how Kazaks should fit into the Russian Empire, and his educational agenda for Kazaks.
Norming the Steppe
Authors: Campbell Ian W.
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on a series of statistical research expeditions to the Kazak steppe and how statistical knowledge provided what seemed to be a scientific basis for peasant colonization, without harming the interests of Kazaks who remained nomadic. As the tsarist state began to endorse a policy of peasant resettlement to the steppe, both advocates and opponents of colonization sounded a note of caution. There were questions about the suitability of large swaths of the steppe for agriculture, and about how much land Kazak nomads might require for their own subsistence. The chapter first provides an overview of the Shcherbina Expedition before discussing the problems that arose from plans to apply the norm-and-surplus system to Semirech'e province that was opened for peasant settlement.
Deunionizing the Private Sector
Authors: Lafer Gordon
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the debate over right to work (RTW) and the corporate lobbies' efforts to deunionize the private sector. It first considers the politics of RTW and its proponents' two main arguments: that RTW is both an economic strategy for boosting job growth and a moral principle for safeguarding workers' freedom of association. It then discusses the impact of RTW in a globalized economy by focusing on the case of Oklahoma. It also asks whether “right to work” is about strengthening workers' rights and why corporate advocates have prioritized RTW and deunionization over more traditional economic development policies. Finally, it looks at efforts aimed specifically at lowering labor standards in the construction industry, along with campaigns against project labor agreements and prevailing wage laws.
Remaking the Nonunion Economy
Authors: Lafer Gordon
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines how corporate lobbies and their legislative allies have sought to undermine labor standards and workplace rights in the nonunion economy. It discusses the record of corporate-backed state legislation governing the minimum wage, including that for tipped employees, and child labor, overtime, wage theft, sick leave, occupational licensing, workplace safety, meal breaks and weekends, and workplace discrimination. It also considers issues such as the misclassification of employees as “independent contractors” and job-based safety-net programs like unemployment insurance. The chapter argues that the arguments put forward by corporate lobbies and state legislators have a sole objective: to restrict, weaken, or abolish laws governing wages, benefits, or working conditions; to preempt, defund, or dismantle every legal or organizational mechanism through which workers may challenge employer prerogatives; and to undermine people's ability to exercise democratic control over corporate behavior.
Jacob's Shipwreck
Authors: Nisse Ruth
Published: December 2017

Jewish and Christian authors of the High Middle Ages not infrequently came into dialogue or conflict with each other over traditions drawn from ancient writings outside of the bible. Circulating in Hebrew and Latin translations, these included the two independent versions of the Testament of Naphtali in which the patriarch has a vision of the Diaspora, a shipwreck that scatters the twelve tribes. The Christian narrative is linear and ends in salvation; the Jewish narrative is circular and pessimistic. This book regards this as an emblematic text that illuminates relationships between interpretation, translation, and survival. Such noncanonical texts and their afterlives provided Jews and Christians alike with resources of fiction that they used to reconsider boundaries of doctrine and interpretation. Among the works that the book takes as exemplary of this medieval moment are the Book of Yosippon, a tenth-century Hebrew adaptation of Josephus with a wide circulation and influence in the later middle ages, and the second-century romance of Aseneth about the religious conversion of Joseph's Egyptian wife. Yosippon gave Jews a new discourse of martyrdom in its narrative of the fall of Jerusalem, and at the same time it offered access to the classical historical models being used by their Christian contemporaries. Aseneth provided its new audience of medieval monks with a way to reimagine the troubling consequences of unwilling Jewish converts.
Introduction
Authors: Nisse Ruth
Published: December 2017

This book examines how Jews and Christians in medieval England articulated their theological and temporal differences through the translation, rewriting, and circulation of ancient noncanonical or classical texts. Drawing on the themes of language, translation, and transmission, it considers how certain texts defined as “external,” “apocryphal,” or outside these two categories demonstrate the Jewish–Christian relations, and more specifically their conflict over temporality and narrative—how to interpret the past and future. The book analyzes a variety of ancient texts, including Berekhiah ha-Nakdan's translations, the Latin Joseph and Aseneth, Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, and a constellation of texts that establish the terms of Jewish Diaspora through competing claims to Flavius Josephus's Greek historical works and to their Jewish counterparts.
Josephus, Jerusalem, and the Martyrs of Medieval England
Authors: Nisse Ruth
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines a constellation of texts that establish the terms of Jewish Diaspora through competing claims to Flavius Josephus's Greek historical works, which focused interest on the Testimonium Flavianum and the Destruction of Jerusalem or “Pseudo-Hegesippus.” In his treatise On the Instruction of Princes, the twelfth-century historian Gerald of Wales reveals the conflict between Jews and Christians over the authenticity and cultural significance of ancient postbiblical writing as well as the bible itself. He accuses the Jews of a willingness to alter their own scriptures in order to support their claims against Christians in debates. This chapter considers how the various “Josephus” texts shape Diaspora in both the Christian and Jewish imaginations, particularly in ideas about conversion and resistance. It also discusses Sefer Yosippon, a Hebrew version of parts of Josephus's Antiquities and Jewish War.
Diaspora without End and the Renewal of Epic
Authors: Nisse Ruth
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the bold act of translation with which Sefer Yosippon opens: a brief Jewish version of the Aeneid. It traces Yosippon's “Aeneid” from its original tenth-century location within a European revival of the Roman imperial ideal up to the Angevin twelfth century and its own celebration of empire. In the process, it reveals the stakes of an act of translation that inscribes the Jews into new paradigms of both imperial power and epic literature. It also explores how medieval Hebrew texts challenge Rome through ideas of translation by drawing on another heroic tale, the Midrash Va-Yissau, or The Wars of the Sons of Jacob.
A Fox among Fish?
Authors: Nisse Ruth
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines Berekhiah ha-Nakdan's Dodi ve-Nekhdi (Uncle and Nephew) and Mishle Shuʻalim (Fox Fables). Both are Hebrew translations: the first is a translation of Adelard of Bath's scientific and medical treatise Natural Questions (ca. 1120) and the second is a collection of Aesopic fables from a variety of sources. In addition to his translations, Berekhiah wrote two treatises, Sefer ha-Hibbur (Compendium) and Sefer ha-Mazref (Book of the Crucible), anthologies based on the ethical thought of Saadiah Gaon, Solomon Ibn Gabriol, Bahya Ibn Pakuda, and other philosophers. He also composed several lost works of biblical exegesis. This chapter considers how Berekhiah has shaped Natural Questions into his own discourse of natural science and uses his Fox Fables as a condemnation of the English for their idolatry, Christians and Jews alike.
Behind the Curtain
Authors: Barnes Dayna L.
Published: December 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Allied occupation of Japan. Between 1939 and 1945, American policymakers decided to reorient rather than punish postwar Japan. They hoped to transform the current enemy into a “responsible” international actor through a short American-led military occupation. The political, religious, and even linguistic makeup of an ancient and deeply patriotic nation would be changed; Imperial Japan's colonial possessions would be liberated or redistributed. American intervention was expected to remake Japan into a pacifist economic power supportive of a postwar American order. However, President Franklin Roosevelt, congressmen, popular media figures, and high-level officials all opposed the plan at different points.
Sucker Nation and Santa Claus
Authors: Barnes Dayna L.
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on the wartime congressional experience, which reflected an important shift in American foreign policy. During the Second World War, support for deep American engagement with the world, once confined to a narrow circle of internationalist elites, replaced isolationism as the dominant paradigm in American political discourse. The long debates and introduction of bills on postwar foreign policy in Congress during the summer and fall of 1943 revealed a sea change toward congressional support for an active postwar foreign policy and extensive commitments around the world. This change in Congress reflected the shift in American opinion as the isolationists and noninterventionists lost the national debate on the country's future.
Killing Others
Authors: Lange Matthew
Published: December 2017

This book explores why humans ruthlessly attack and kill people from other ethnic communities. Drawing on an array of cases from around the world and insight from a variety of disciplines, the book provides a simple yet powerful explanation that pinpoints the influential role of modernity in the growing global prevalence of ethnic violence over the past 200 years. It offers evidence that a modern ethnic mind-set is the ultimate and most influential cause of ethnic violence. Throughout most of human history, people perceived and valued small sets of known acquaintances and did not identify with ethnicities. Through education, state policy, and other means, modernity ultimately created broad ethnic consciousnesses that led to emotional prejudice, whereby people focus negative emotions on entire ethnic categories, and ethnic obligation, which pushes people to attack Others for the sake of their ethnicity. Modern social transformations also provided a variety of organizational resources that put these motives into action, thereby allowing ethnic violence to emerge as a modern menace. Yet modernity takes many forms and is not constant, and past trends in ethnic violence are presently transforming. Over the past seventy years, the earliest modernizers have transformed from champions of ethnic violence into leaders of intercommunal peace, and this book offers evidence that the emergence of robust rights-based democracy—in combination with effective states and economic development—weakened the motives and resources that commonly promote ethnic violence.
States and Ethnic Violence
Authors: Lange Matthew
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the role of the state in promoting or deterring ethnic violence. It begins with a discussion of the ways states can promote ethnic violence by using a number of examples, including the Rwandan genocide and statelessness/near-statelessness during World War II. It then considers how both the ethnicization of states and state effectiveness help explain why some states contribute to ethnic violence more than others through a comparative analysis of ethnic violence in two Indian regions: Assam and Kerala. It also explores how states affect whether mobilizational resources can be effectively employed to organize ethnic violence. Finally, it shows how modernity promotes some states that are willing and able to prevent ethnic violence and others that are willing and able to incite it.
From Worst to First
Authors: Lange Matthew
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines a paradox in the connection between modernity and ethnic violence: the earliest and most successful modernizers experienced severe ethnic violence prior to World War II, yet cases of ethnic violence have been relatively rare among early modernizers over the past seven decades. It begins with a comparison of Nazi and postwar Germany to show how the country transformed from extreme ethnic violence—and more specifically genocide—to relative peace. To further elucidate the causes of relative peace in early modernizers, the chapter considers the conflict resulting from the Quebec nationalist movement, which gained strength beginning in the 1950s and 1960s. Drawing on the German and Canadian experiences, it discusses a variety of factors that limited ethnic violence after World War II by shaping the strength and contours of ethnicity, reducing emotional motivation, limiting ethnic obligations, and minimizing the opportunity for mass violence.
Modernity and Ethnic Violence in Africa, Asia, and Latin America
Authors: Lange Matthew
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the link between modernity and ethnic violence by focusing on Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Modernity interacts with and depends on the local social environment, and the social environments present at the onset of modernity varied by region. Two of modernity's most influential social carriers were colonialism and missionaries, whose biases and ulterior motives often promoted forms of modernity that fostered environments conducive to ethnic violence. The chapter first considers how colonialism promotes ethnic violence, with emphasis on how different combinations of insulation, competition, and stratification made possible “a remarkably stable system of [colonial] rule.” This is followed by a discussion of how missionaries contributed to ethnic violence by promoting ethnic consciousness, using Burma, Assam, and Vietnam as examples. The chapter concludes with an analysis of ethnic violence in the Americas.
A Minor Apocalypse
Authors: Blobaum Robert
Published: December 2017

This book explores the social and cultural history of Warsaw's “forgotten war” of 1914–1918. Beginning with the bank panic that accompanied the outbreak of the Great War, the book guides readers through spy scares, bombardments, mass migratory movements, and the Russian evacuation of 1915. Industrial collapse marked only the opening phase of Warsaw's wartime economic crisis, which grew steadily worse during the German occupation. Requisitioning and strict control of supplies entering the city resulted in scarcity amid growing corruption, rapidly declining living standards, and major public health emergencies. The book shows how conflicts over distribution of and access to resources led to social divisions, a sharp deterioration in Polish–Jewish relations, and general distrust in public institutions. Women's public visibility, demands for political representation, and perceived threats to the patriarchal order during the war years sustained one arena of cultural debate. New modes of popular entertainment, including cinema, cabaret, and variety shows, created another, particularly as they challenged elite notions of propriety. The book presents these themes in comparative context, not only with other major European cities during the Great War but also with Warsaw under Nazi German occupation a generation later.
Introduction
Authors: Blobaum Robert
Published: December 2017

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Warsaw during the Great War. Warsaw entered the war not as a capital city but as the third city of the Russian Empire. In the war's first year, Warsaw witnessed massive shifts in population as a consequence of mobilization, evacuations, deportations, and male labor out-migration on the one hand, and the arrival of refugees and wounded soldiers in the other. By the second winter of the war, the city experienced rapidly escalating incidences of starvation, disease, death, and conflict over the increasingly scarce resources necessary to sustain human life. The chapter then compares Warsaw's experience of the Great War to that of the Second World War.
Women and the Warsaw Home Front
Authors: Blobaum Robert
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the intersection of war and gender in Warsaw. The resurrection of an independent Polish state in the aftermath of the First World War was accompanied by the establishment of equal political rights and suffrage for women, a cause that had minimal support before the war but was accepted after the war with little public debate or dissent. However, that the war itself had something to do with this important development in Polish political culture is assumed rather than established in the historiography of modern Poland and the emerging scholarship about women and gender. Moreover, in the scant literature on the role of women in wartime Poland, the focus had been placed—or misplaced—on a small minority of women who served as volunteers in auxiliary military organizations, particularly those in support of the Polish legions.
Warsaw’s Wartime Culture Wars
Authors: Blobaum Robert
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on Warsaw's wartime culture wars. Before the war, Warsaw was a busy metropolis, a city in a hurry with coach traffic comparable to that of the largest of European urban centers, proud of its high culture dominated by the classical performing arts and boasting a lively nightlife revolving around its many cafes and restaurants. This Warsaw was assaulted almost immediately by the exigencies of war, as disruptions of public transportation, the imposition of curfews, and a ban on alcohol sales undermined the efforts of the city's cultural elites to maintain “business as usual.” At the same time, the exacerbation of existing social, ethnic, and gender tensions found expression in the public discourse on culture and propriety during wartime, reflected in heated debates about horseracing and legalized gambling, temperance and prohibition, the emerging new venues of cinema and cabaret, and radical changes in fashion.
Learning from a Century of Planning Politics
Authors: Hanson Royce
Published: December 2017

This book examines the impact of planning politics on the public interest by focusing on the case of Montgomery County and its land use policy. In particular, it considers Montgomery's pioneering approach to inclusionary zoning, the Moderate-Priced Dwelling Unit Ordinance, in terms of its effect on development patterns and the character and cost of housing. Montgomery was among the earliest fast-growing suburbs to stage development concurrently with the provision of public facilities. Its land use policies were efforts by the county's planners and politicians to solve practical problems in the public interest. The book analyzes the chain of strategic decisions that transformed Montgomery County from a rural hinterland of Washington, D.C. into a socially diverse urbanizing county of a million people in Maryland. This introduction provides an overview of the growth of suburbs and its implications for neighborhoods and residents, Montgomery County's suburbanization, and the organization of the book.
The Death and Life of Silver Spring
Authors: Hanson Royce
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the decline and revival of Silver Spring, the oldest commercial center in Montgomery County, and the important lessons it offers. The growth of Silver Spring followed a trajectory common in Montgomery. Large tracts were subdivided for homes, followed by commercial development along highways and at major intersections. Landowners and developers led the first fifty years of Silver Spring's development. By the mid-1970s, Silver Spring still generated a high level of retail sales, but the first signs of collapse were becoming evident at this time. A 1975 sector plan and the imminent arrival of Metro failed to revitalize the district. This chapter discusses the planning politics and redevelopment strategy that led to the transformation and eventual revival of Silver Spring. It describes the Silver Spring case as a testament to the importance of effective political leadership in ultimately resolving what had seemed an intractable problem.
Errors in Corridor City Planning
Authors: Hanson Royce
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines how planning errors combined with developer violations, public protests, politics, economic recession, and environmental impacts to create a major development scandal and complicated Clarksburg, Montgomery County's last major greenfield initiative. It begins with an overview of the 1968 master plan for Clarksburg, followed by a discussion of the new urbanism envisioned for the proposed corridor city. It then considers the politics underlying the approval of the plan, along with the legislation that was drafted to create a three-step process for establishing development districts. It also recounts the scandal that rocked the Clarksburg project and concludes with an overview of useful lessons that can be drawn from Montgomery's experience as a natural experiment in the limits of local planning politics.