bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinematics and directionality of body turning in water striders (Gerris argentatus) on the water surface
Authors: Meshkani Javad , Rajabi Hamed , Kovalev Alexander , Gorb Stanislav N.
Published: January 2025

Water striders inhabit the elastic surface tension film of water, sharing their environment with other aquatic organisms. Their survival relies heavily on swift maneuverability and navigation around floating obstacles, which aids in the exploration of their habitat and in escaping from potential threats. Their high agility is strongly based on the ability to execute precise turns, enabling effective directional control. This paper investigates the intricate coordination of leg movements essential for initiating and sustaining turning maneuvers in water striders. We elucidate the distinct roles of each leg in modulating posture and stability during turns, with a focus on the pivotal role of the midlegs in maintaining directional movement. Through analysis of leg accelerations, decelerations, and load distribution, we unveil the spatiotemporal dynamics governing successful turns. Our findings reveal refined turning strategies employed by water striders in varying situations, from narrow to wide turns, characterized by adaptations in their locomotor system, particularly in the widening of the sculling field. Additionally, we report the phenomenon of reverse sculling, a novel escape tactic of water striders. By shedding light on the maneuverability of water striders, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of animal locomotion strategies in aquatic environments.
Elevated p16Ink4a Expression Enhances Tau Phosphorylation in Neurons Differentiated From Human‐Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Holloway Kristopher , Neherin Kashfia , Song Yingduo , Sato Kazuhito , Houston Andrew , Chen Feng , Ding Li , Zhang Hong
Published: January 2025

Increased expression of the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p16Ink4a (p16) is detected in neurons of human Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains and during normal aging. Importantly, selective eliminating p16‐expressing cells in AD mouse models attenuates tau pathologies and improves cognition. But whether and how p16 contributes to AD pathogenesis remains unclear. To address this question, we tested whether induction of p16 expression in neurons exacerbates AD pathologies. We created a doxycycline‐inducible system to trigger p16 up‐regulation in human‐induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and neurons differentiated from iPSCs. We demonstrated that up‐regulated p16 expression in iPSCs reduces cell proliferation, down‐regulates cell cycle genes, and up‐regulates genes involved in focal adhesion, interferon α response and PI3K‐Akt signaling. Our approach enables temporal control of p16 induction upon differentiation from iPSCs to neurons. In differentiated cortical neurons, we found that up‐regulation of p16 increases tau phosphorylation at Ser202/Thr205 and Thr231 in a cell‐autonomous manner, while amyloid beta secretion is not affected. These data suggest a critical role of p16 in regulating tau phosphorylation in neurons, and thereby contributing to pathological progression of AD. As pathological tau tangles have been shown to induce p16 expression, our studies suggest a positive feedback loop between p16 and tau to exacerbate tau pathologies.
Altered Functional Connectivity of Prefrontal Cortex‐Related Circuitry and Trait Impulsivity in Patients With Bipolar Disorder and History of Suicide Attempts
Authors: Huang Mao‐Hsuan , Kuan Yi‐Hsuan , Tu Pei‐Chi , Chang Wan‐Chen , Chan Yee‐Lam E. , Su Tung‐Ping
Published: January 2025

Background

The neurobiological basis of impulsivity and its role in suicide attempt (SA) in BD remains underexplored. This study aimed to examine the functional connectivity (FC) within the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in BD patients with and without a history of SA, focusing on the role of trait impulsivity.

Methods

Seventy‐two euthymic BD patients (34 with a history of SA, BDSA; and 38 without, BDNS) and 55 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls underwent resting‐state functional MRI. FC analyses were conducted on four PFC regions: superior frontal gyrus (SFG), middle frontal gyrus (MFG), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Trait impulsivity was assessed using the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS‐11), and its association with FC was analyzed using a general linear model, adjusting for demographic and clinical variables.

Results

BDSA had higher trait impulsivity than BDNS and the controls. BDSA exhibited reduced FC between the PFC and sensorimotor (postcentral and precentral gyri) and thalamic regions compared to BDNS. These reductions in FC of the fronto‐thalamic and fronto‐sensorimotor circuits were significantly associated with higher trait impulsivity scores.

Conclusion

The findings highlight specific PFC‐based FC alterations associated with suicide attempts and trait impulsivity in BD, offering potential neurobiological markers for suicide risk in this population.
COVID‐19 and the impact of vaccination on the disease morbidity of Polish paediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Derda Edyta , Meglicka Monika , Wiernicka Anna , Osiecki Marcin , Kierkuś Jarosław , Szymańska Edyta
Published: January 2025

Aim

We evaluated the frequency and severity of COVID‐19, and vaccination status, in children with different forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Methods

This was a prospective, observational cohort study that used a questionnaire to gather data on the patients' vaccination doses, medication and disease activity. Disease flare was defined as worsening IBD symptoms and changes in medication. Outcomes were stratified by vaccine type and medication classes.

Results

The questionnaire was completed by 320 children with IBD, and their parents or carers: 52.8% had Crohn disease, 46.9% had ulcerative colitis and 0.3% were unclassified. Just over a third (35.6%) had COVID‐19, which was mild in 69.3%, moderate in 27.2% and severe in 3.5%. We found that 127 patients received at least one vaccine dose, but 23 patients were vaccinated after they had COVID‐19 and were classified as unvaccinated. This meant that 104 vaccinated patients and 216 unvaccinated patients were studied. A fifth (20.2%) of the vaccinated children developed COVID‐19, compared to 43.1% of the unvaccinated children.

Conclusion

Vaccination status had no statistically significant impact on the severity of COVID‐19. Morbidity rates were similar between patients with Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis.
Alcohol–Related Liver Disease, Followed by Metabolic Dysfunction–Associated Steatotic Liver Disease, Emerges as the Fastest‐Growing Aetiologies for Primary Liver Cancer in the United States
Authors: Danpanichkul Pojsakorn , Duangsonk Kwanjit , Kalligeros Markos , Fallon Michael B. , Vuthithammee Chawinthorn , Pan Chun Wei , Saokhieo Preenapun , Derrick William , Pang Yanfang , Chen Vincent L. , Kim Donghee , Singal Amit G. , Yang Ju Dong , Wijarnpreecha Karn
Published: January 2025

Objective

Primary liver cancer (PLC) is projected to be the third leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States in 2040. We examine the burden of PLC in the United States, stratified by sex, state and aetiological risk factors.

Methods

Data on PLC prevalence, incidence, death and disability–adjusted life years (DALYs) were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Changes in these parameters were calculated using the Joinpoint regression model.

Results

There were 47,970 cases, 31,450 incident cases, 24,770 deaths and 576,920 DALYs from PLC in the United States. The highest prevalence (16,980), incidence (12,040), death (9840) and DALYs (213,410) from PLC were due to chronic hepatitis C virus infection. From 2000 to 2021, PLC incidences increased by 141%, and PLC deaths increased by 136%. Age–standardised incidence rates (ASIRs) and death rates (ASDRs) per 100,000 population for PLC increased, primarily driven by alcohol–related liver disease (ALD) (ASIR: annual percent change [APC]: +2.40%; ASDR: APC: +2.22%) and metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) (ASIR: APC: +2.32%; ASDR: APC: +2.04%).

Conclusion

The burden of PLC in the United States has risen in the past two decades, driven mainly by ALD and followed by MASLD. These findings offer policymakers an accurate assessment of the PLC burden and emphasise the need for targeted risk factor mitigation, especially regarding alcohol related policy.
Inclusive Research for an Inclusive University: Analysing the Investiguem Programme Experience
Authors: Moliner Odet , Orozco Inmaculada
Published: January 2025

Background

An increasing number of Spanish universities have been promoting post‐compulsory education for the social and occupational inclusion of young people with intellectual, developmental and/or autism spectrum disabilities. In this study, we critically analysed Investiguem, an inclusive research training programme developed at a Spanish university. This analysis was driven by a twofold aim: to assess the impact of the programme as a transformative endeavour for participants and to analyse the tension‐related effects of the programme on university research cultures, policies and practices.

Methods

Methodologically, this study was a programme evaluation.

Findings

The results revealed substantial changes in participating students in terms of the personal, social and research competencies that they acquired. They also became empowered, gained self‐determination, actively participated in all phases of research and developed greater independence and autonomy. Researchers involved in the programme reported changes in the questioning of their roles and positioning as researchers, the ethics and usefulness of research, accessibility and trust in young individuals.

Conclusions

The findings provide practical implications based on a counter‐hegemonic model of inclusive research uncovered elements that put a strain on research cultures, practices and policies to improve them.
Plant–pollinator interactions in apple orchards from a production and conservation perspective
Authors: Mupepele Anne‐Christine , von Königslöw Vivien , Bleile Anna‐Maria , Fornoff Felix , Fründ Jochen , Klein Alexandra‐Maria
Published: January 2025

In an agricultural landscape, production and conservation ideally go hand in hand. In a win‐win scenario, conservation measures, such as hedges and flower strips, provide support for biodiversity and crop production for example by increased pollination and pollinator diversity. However, these conservation measures may also decrease pollination by attracting pollinators and competing with crop flower visits. Here, we studied plant–pollinator interactions from two different perspectives. First, we looked at the production perspective investigating whether plant–pollinator networks differed between apple orchards with and without adjacent flower strips and hedges. With help of the Bayes factor, we investigated similarity and conclude that there are no differences between pollination networks with or without adjacent flower strips and hedges. Second, we looked at the conservation perspective and analyzed the impact of hedges and flower strips on pollinators and their interactions with plants before and after apple bloom in April. We showed that apple pollinators used more flower resources in flower strips and hedges across the whole season compared to isolated orchards. In orchards with flower strips and hedges, interactions were more constant over time. We conclude that flower strips and hedges are beneficial for conservation of apple pollinators without being harmful for apple flower pollination.
Anterior prefrontal EEG theta activities indicate memory and executive functions in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Hamedi Nastaran , García‐Salinas Jesús S. , Berry Brent M. , Worrell Gregory A. , Kucewicz Michal T.
Published: January 2025

Objective

Cognitive deficits are one of the most debilitating comorbidities in epilepsy and other neurodegenerative, neuropsychiatric, and neurodevelopmental brain disorders. Current diagnostic and therapeutic options are limited and lack objective measures of the underlying neural activities. In this study, electrophysiological biomarkers that reflect cognitive functions in clinically validated batteries were determined to aid diagnosis and treatment in specific brain regions.

Methods

We employed the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) tasks to probe memory and executive functions in 86 patients with epilepsy undergoing clinical electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring. EEG electrode signals during performance of particular battery tasks were decomposed to identify specific frequency bands and cortical areas that differentiated patients with impaired, normal, and good standardized performance according to their age and gender.

Results

The anterior prefrontal cortical EEG power in the theta frequency band was consistently lower in patients with impaired memory and executive function performance (z‐score < −1). This effect was evident in all four behavioral measures of executive, visual, spatial, and working memory functions and was confined to the cortical area of all four frontal pole electrodes (Nz, Fpz, Fp1, and Fp2).

Significance

Theta EEG power in the anterior prefrontal cortex provides simple, accessible, and objective electrophysiological measure of memory and executive functions in epilepsy. Our results suggest a feasible clinical biomarker for diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of cognitive deficits with emerging targeted neuromodulation approaches.
Non‐acrylate UV‐LED nail gel with high bio‐renewable content based on hydrophobic organic‐inorganic hybrid system
Authors: Hayeri Tahereh Neda , Mannari Vijay
Published: January 2025

The widespread utilization of nail gels in the cosmetic and beauty industry, with an anticipated market value of US $65.8 Million by 2026, has raised concerns about health risks associated with conventional compositions containing monomeric acrylate reactive diluents. Technical challenges, such as oxygen inhibition leading to incomplete cure and hence tackiness after curing, further complicate their application process. This study investigates UV‐LED nail gels utilizing an innovative organic–inorganic hybrid (OIH) binder system, as the utilization of OIH coatings in nail gels has been scarcely, if at all, reported, with a substantial bio‐based content (>50%) without the use of any acrylate oligomer/monomers. By eliminating hazardous monomeric acrylates and addressing challenges related to free radical polymerization, the formulated nail gels achieve a 100% solid composition, free from VOC and HAPs, and possess significant bio‐renewable content, ensuring safety, sustainability, and compliance with essential requirements.
Bridging the Gap Between Lagrangian and Eulerian Species Distribution Models for Abundance Estimation—A Simulation Experiment
Authors: Lambert Charlotte , Bonnet‐Lebrun Anne‐Sophie , Grémillet David
Published: January 2025

Aim

In mobile species, individual movement decisions based on biotic and abiotic conditions determine how individuals interact with the environment, heterospecifics and conspecifics. Accordingly, these decisions underpin all ecological principles and structure broader spatial patterns at the population and species level. Species distribution models (SDMs) are therefore paramount in ecology, with implications for both fundamental and applied studies. There are many robust SDM techniques, from individual‐scale (Lagrangian) to population‐scale (Eulerian) models. Their outputs routinely support wildlife management, conservation, or risk assessments. Yet, it remains unclear whether SDMs built at individual and population scales infer the same processes, and whether the spatial distributions they predict are comparable. Here, we address this key question with a simulation exercise.

Location

Virtual environment.

Taxon

Virtual species.

Methods

First, we simulated the individual movements of two highly mobile species, one central‐place forager and one free ranger. Second, we surveyed the species at the individual‐scale, replicating Lagrangian studies by tracking individual movements, and at the population‐scale, replicating Eulerian surveys by censusing the study area with standardised protocols. The resulting data were analysed following well‐established statistical methods to assess species abundance distribution. We used Resource Selection Functions (RSFs) for Lagrangian data and Density Surface Models (DSMs) for Eulerian data.

Results and Main Conclusions

Both Lagrangian and Eulerian SDMs adequately estimated the species' relationship with environmental conditions. Although some fine‐scale differences occurred, both perspectives yielded highly correlated spatial distributions (correlations of 0.8–1.0 between pairs of models), and successfully predicted true abundance distributions (correlations of 0.6–0.7 with the true abundance distribution). Our results demonstrate that Lagrangian and Eulerian SDMs are statistically consistent and directly comparable, which is of great importance for conservation science. This provides crucial guidance for the combination of predictions from both model types to inform spatial planning within a wide range of management contexts.
Effects of Organic and Synthetic Fertiliser on Insect Herbivore Populations in Quinoa
Authors: Oeller Liesl , Lee Benjamin W. , Basu Saumik , Murphy Kevin M. , Crowder David W.
Published: January 2025

Fertilisers are used in agriculture to promote crop productivity. There are many nutrient sources in fertilisers, and different sources cause variation in plant defence and pest tolerance. Assessing how pests respond to different types of fertilisers is key to develop integrated pest management programs. Here, we assessed how two fertilisers applied to quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) affected cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch.) and Lygus spp. survival and reproduction. Quinoa is a newly introduced crop in the USA, and fertiliser regimes using organic or synthetic nitrogen sources are being evaluated. We quantified growth and survival of each pest on organic‐ and synthetic‐fertilised quinoa for two varieties in cages and the open field. We also quantified gene expression associated with three phytohormones involved in chemical defence to identify potential mechanisms of treatment effects. In cages, organic‐fertilised quinoa had the fewest aphids and lowest Lygus survival. However, the effects were weaker in the open field, where aphids were marginally less abundant on organic‐fertilised plants and no effects of fertiliser on Lygus were observed. There was also evidence for fertiliser altering defence gene expression, suggesting a possible mechanism impacting pest behaviour and fitness. Overall, our study shows that fertilisers from different sources may provide varying levels of pest control in quinoa crops.
Does Cigarette Smoke Affect Permanent Resin‐Based Crown Materials?
Authors: Sonkaya Ezgi , Soygun Koray , Kahraman Öykü Ceren
Published: January 2025

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate how cigarette smoking affects the surface roughness (Ra) and stainability of additively and subtractively manufactured resins.

Materials and Methods

Two additively manufactured definitive resins (Dentafab, DF and Formlabs, FL) and a subtractively manufactured resin nanoceramic (Cerasmart, CS) were used to fabricate 60 specimens (14 × 12 × 1 mm). After taking baseline Ra and color measurements (ΔE00), they were divided into two groups (n = 10). Using a programmable cigarette smoking simulation device, the study groups smoked 10 cigarettes a day for 30 days. The control groups were kept in artificial saliva for 30 days. The Ra and ΔE00 were performed again. Scanning electron microscope images were taken. Kruskal–Wallis test, Mann–Whitney U, Bonferroni, and Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests were used for statistical analyses (α = 0.05).

Result

Significantly less discoloration was observed in the FL group compared with the other groups (p < 0.001). The Ra of the DF study groups was statistically significantly higher than the control groups (p = 0.005).

Conclusion

All the tested materials had moderately unacceptable color change when previously reported threshold values were considered. There was not found to be any linear correlation between the Ra of materials and smoking‐induced discoloration.

Clinical Significance

The discoloration and surface roughness of three‐dimensional (3D)‐produced SLA definitive resin because of smoking are at acceptable levels. Optimized physical and chemical properties of definitive resins are clinically important to extend the life of the restoration. The application of 3D definitive resin can be recommended in clinical practice.
Merger and Entry With Learning
Authors: Guéron Yves , Lee Jihong
Published: January 2025

We study dynamic market competition between a monopoly incumbent and an entrant experimenting with disruptive innovation. The incumbent can pursue the uncertain innovation after acquiring the disruptor, who may be more productive and privately know its ability. Mergers generate synergies. We characterize perfect equilibria in Markov strategies on bargaining and R&D. The equilibrium path is determined by the interaction between market belief in the unobservable state and the distribution of private information. Asymmetric information generates failed mergers and buyout effects. Inefficient mergers arise from imperfect returns to R&D. There may be under‐ or over‐investment. We provide implications for antitrust policy.
Symbiosis in Sea Anemones: A Few Case Reports Along the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem
Authors: Ranjith L. , Saravanan R. , Ramkumar S. , Kalidas C. , Vinothkumar R. , Linga Prabu D. , Kavitha M. , Mathan Babu A. , Kalaibharathi R. , Asha P. S.
Published: January 2025

The most well‐known relationship is between sea anemones and decapod crustaceans, of which crabs are classic examples of mutualistic interactions in which both organisms benefit from living with zooxanthellae and hermatypic or reef‐forming corals. A marine ecology study off the southern coast of Tamil Nadu revealed five types of sea anemones that cohabit symbiotically with other marine animals. These species include Stichodactyla haddoni (Saville‐Kent, 1893), Entacmaea quadricolor (Leuckart in Ruppell and Leukart, 1828), Radianthus (=Heteractis) magnifica (Quoy and Gaimard, 1833), Radianthus (=Heteractis) crispa (Ehrenberg, 1834), and Calliactis polypus (Forsskal, 1775), are found in symbiotic associations. This observation revealed that the decapod porcelain crab Neopetrolisthes is associated with the sea anemones Radianthus and Entacmaea, whereas this has not been reported in Stichodactyla. The hermit crab anemone, C. polypus, is generally associated with hermit crabs, and we report this association for the first time in live gastropod, Turbinella pyrum (Linnaeus, 1767). A few animals (both the host and symbiont) were brought to the cnidarian laboratory at the ICAR‐Tuticorin Regional Station of the CMFRI, where they were maintained in optimum seawater for further observations. The present study aimed to compare previous reports of symbiosis in decapod crustaceans and gastropods with sea anemones from Indian waters to provide insight into the dynamics of symbiosis in the Bay of Bengal Large Marine Ecosystem.
Resolving the contrasting leaf hydraulic adaptation of C3 and C4 grasses
Authors: Baird Alec S. , Taylor Samuel H. , Pasquet‐Kok Jessica , Vuong Christine , Zhang Yu , Watcharamongkol Teera , Cochard Hervé , Scoffoni Christine , Edwards Erika J. , Osborne Colin P. , Sack Lawren
Published: January 2025

Grasses are exceptionally productive, yet their hydraulic adaptation is paradoxical. Among C3 grasses, a high photosynthetic rate (Aarea) may depend on higher vein density (Dv) and hydraulic conductance (Kleaf). However, the higher Dv of C4 grasses suggests a hydraulic surplus, given their reduced need for high Kleaf resulting from lower stomatal conductance (gs).

Combining hydraulic and photosynthetic physiological data for diverse common garden C3 and C4 species with data for 332 species from the published literature, and mechanistic modeling, we validated a framework for linkages of photosynthesis with hydraulic transport, anatomy, and adaptation to aridity.

C3 and C4 grasses had similar Kleaf in our common garden, but C4 grasses had higher Kleaf than C3 species in our meta‐analysis. Variation in Kleaf depended on outside‐xylem pathways. C4 grasses have high Kleaf : gs, which modeling shows is essential to achieve their photosynthetic advantage.

Across C3 grasses, higher Aarea was associated with higher Kleaf, and adaptation to aridity, whereas for C4 species, adaptation to aridity was associated with higher Kleaf : gs. These associations are consistent with adaptation for stress avoidance.

Hydraulic traits are a critical element of evolutionary and ecological success in C3 and C4 grasses and are crucial avenues for crop design and ecological forecasting.
Natural variation in ZmNRT2.5 modulates husk leaf width and promotes seed protein content in maize
Authors: Wang Qi , Wang Min , Xia Ai‐Ai , Wang Jin‐Yu , Wang Zi , Xu Tao , Jia De‐Tao , Lu Ming , Tan Wei‐Ming , Luo Jin‐Hong , He Yan
Published: January 2025

The husk leaf of maize (Zea mays) encases the ear as a modified leaf and plays pivotal roles in protecting the ear from pathogen infection, translocating nutrition for grains and warranting grain yield. However, the natural genetic basis for variation in husk leaf width remains largely unexplored. Here, we performed a genome‐wide association study for maize husk leaf width and identified a 3‐bp InDel (insertion/deletion) in the coding region of the nitrate transporter gene ZmNRT2.5. This polymorphism altered the interaction strength of ZmNRT2.5 with another transporter, ZmNPF5, thereby contributing to variation in husk leaf width. We also isolated loss‐of‐function mutants in ZmNRT2.5, which exhibited a substantial decrease in husk leaf width relative to their controls. We demonstrate that ZmNRT2.5 facilitates the transport of nitrate from husk leaves to maize kernels in plants grown under low‐nitrogen conditions, contributing to the accumulation of proteins in maize seeds. Together, our findings uncovered a key gene controlling maize husk leaf width and nitrate transport from husk leaves to kernels. Identification of the ZmNRT2.5 loci offers direct targets for improving the protein content of maize seeds via molecular‐assisted maize breeding.
HTT1, a Stearoyl‐Acyl Carrier Protein Desaturase Involved Unsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis, Affects Rice Heat Tolerance
Authors: Zhang Xiaobo , Zhang Xuefei , Fu Yao , Cui Yixin , Wu Nai , Li Yangyang , Yang Zhenglin , Zhang Changwei , Song Hongyuan , He Guanghua , Sang Xianchun
Published: January 2025

Elucidating the mechanisms underlying heat tolerance in rice (Oryza Sativa. L) is vital for adapting this crop to rising global temperature while increasing yields. Here, we identified a rice mutant, high temperature tolerance 1 (htt1), with high survival rates under heat stress. HTT1 encodes a chloroplast‐localized stearoyl‐acyl carrier protein (ACP) desaturase involved in the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, converting C18:0 to C18:1 fatty acid. Overexpression and knockout rice lines provided evidence that HTT1 negatively regulates the response to heat stress. In the htt1 mutant, a G‐to‐A base substitution in HTT1 impairs unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, remodelling the lipid content of cellular membranes and in particular increasing diglyceride contents, which improves membrane stability under heat stress. HTT1 was differentially expressed in all tissues analyzed and was inhibited by heat. Yeast one‐hybrid and dual‐luciferase reporter assays showed that OsHsfA2d binds to the promoter of HTT1, inhibiting its expression. Different HTT1 alleles were identified between the two Asian cultivated rice subspecies, indica and japonica, potentially facilitating their adaptation to different environmental temperature. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that HTT1 is a previously unidentified negative regulator of heat tolerance and a potential target gene for the improvement of heat adaptability in rice.
Histopathological study of the localization/distribution of Fusobacterium nucleatum in esophageal cancer
Authors: Sasaki‐Higashimoto Iku , Fujishima Fumiyoshi , Ishida Hirotaka , Taniyama Yusuke , Ozawa Yohei , Nakamura Tomohiro , Nakaya Naoki , Sato Chiaki , Okamoto Hiroshi , Tsunokake Junichi , Kunimitsu Atsushi , Mozumi Takeru , Kamei Takashi , Suzuki Takashi
Published: January 2025

Fusobacterium nucleatum is implicated in esophageal cancer; however, its distribution in esophageal cancer tissues remains unknown. This study aimed to clarify the presence and distribution of F. nucleatum in esophageal cancer tissues using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Tissues collected from 70 patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were examined using FISH. Corresponding normal epithelium and metastatic lymph nodes were assessed. F. nucleatum was identified more frequently in esophageal cancer tissues than in the normal epithelium. F. nucleatum also showed significant correlation with factors associated with tumor progression, such as pT factor and tumor size. As tumor progression advanced, the area occupied by F. nucleatum gradually became larger. F. nucleatum positivity was observed around the deep edge of the tumor nest (border‐dense type) or identified diffusely in the tumor nest (diffuse distributed type). Furthermore, F. nucleatum was observed in metastatic lymph nodes, lesions of venous invasion, and walls of veins in normal epithelium. In conclusion, we visualized F. nucleatum using FISH and identified different distribution patterns of F. nucleatum, highlighting the spot density of its presence in tumor tissues. Recognizing this quantitative change is pivotal for establishing F. nucleatum as a reliable biomarker.
Aperiodic Pupil Fluctuations at Rest Predict Orienting of Visual Attention
Authors: Wang Rongwei , Jia Jianrong
Published: January 2025

The aperiodic exponent of the power spectrum of signals in several neuroimaging modalities has been found to be related to the excitation/inhibition balance of the neural system. Leveraging the rich temporal dynamics of resting‐state pupil fluctuations, the present study investigated the association between the aperiodic exponent of pupil fluctuations and the neural excitation/inhibition balance in attentional processing. In separate phases, we recorded participants' pupil size during resting state and assessed their attentional orienting using the Posner cueing tasks with different cue validities (i.e., 100% and 50%). We found significant correlations between the aperiodic exponent of resting pupil fluctuations and both the microsaccadic and behavioral cueing effects. Critically, this relationship was particularly evident in the 50% cue‐validity condition rather than in the 100% cue‐validity condition. The microsaccadic responses mediated the association between the aperiodic exponent and the behavioral response. Further analysis showed that the aperiodic exponent of pupil fluctuations predicted the self‐rated hyperactivity/impulsivity trait across individuals, suggesting its potential as a marker of attentional deficits. These findings highlight the rich information contained in pupil fluctuations and provide a new approach to assessing the neural excitation/inhibition balance in attentional processing.
Detection of Intrinsic Instabilities From Pressure Traces of Spherically Expanding Flames Using Time Series Classification
Authors: Nawaz Behlol , Nasim Md Nayer , Das Shubhra Kanti , Ma Ruizhe , Mack J. Hunter
Published: January 2025

Intrinsic combustion instabilities manifest as wrinkles or cellular structures on spherically expanding flame fronts. They are a fundamental aspect of the physics of flames and can be practically significant for some mixtures, such as those containing hydrogen (H2). In the case of spherical flames, they are studied visually using high-speed cameras, while the use of pressure traces is significantly less explored. This work investigates the use of time series classification (TSC) algorithms for detecting flame wrinkling in spherical flames using pressure traces recorded in a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC). Some algorithms are observed to have very high classification accuracies (>90%), with 94.5% for the ROCKET (Random Convolutional Kernel Transform) classifier, 92.5% for HIVE-COTE (Hierarchical Vote Collective of Transformation-based Ensembles), and 96.1% for 1-nearest neighbor (1-NN) with DTW (dynamic time warping). The approach potentially provides an alternative methodology for instability detection, particularly where optical access is unavailable.
Selective molecular gas phase etching in layered high aspect-ratio nanostructures for semiconductor processing. I. Modeling framework and simulation
Authors: Zajo Zach , Mui David S. L. , Zhu Ji , Kawaguchi Mark , Shaqfeh Eric S. G.
Published: January 2025

The need for precise control of nanoscale geometric features poses a challenge in manufacturing advanced gate-all-around nanotransistors. The high material selectivity required in fabricating these transistors makes thermal gas etching much more appealing in comparison to liquid phase and plasma-based etching techniques. The selective thermal etching by F2 of silicon–germanium (SiGe) stacks comprised of alternating layers of silicon (Si) and SiGe is explored in this context for semiconductor manufacturing applications. We propose and develop computer simulations as a tool to predict the etch profile evolution over time in such an etching process. The tool is based on a mathematical model that considers the transport processes and surface interactions involved in the gas phase etching process—which at the nanoscale is primarily Knudsen diffusion in the free molecular flow regime. Thus, the transport model is formulated as a boundary integral equation, which takes into account the direct flux of etchant molecules that any given point on the exposed surface receives from the bulk gas phase as well as the re-emission flux from other parts of the structure itself. We compared the applicability of two different surface reaction models—a model where the local etch rate is linear in the flux at a point and a Langmuir adsorption/reaction model—to connect the net flux received at a point on the surface to the local etch rate. This paper precedes Paper II of this series, which describes the experimental methods and comparison with model predictions of F2 etching in high aspect ratio Si–SiGe stacked nanostructures.
Depletion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells sensitizes murine multiple myeloma to PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors
Authors: Xiong Wei , Xiao Liuling , Duan Rui , Wang Qiang , Xian Miao , Zhang Chuanchao , Su Pan , LI Yabo , Zhong Ling , Qian Jianfei , Zheng Chengyun , Yi Qing
Published: January 2025

Background

Cancer immunotherapy using immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized cancer treatment. However, patients with multiple myeloma (MM) rarely respond to ICB. Accumulating evidence indicates that the complicated tumor microenvironment (TME) significantly impacts the efficacy of ICB therapy. Therefore, investigating how TME components in MM influence ICB treatment is urgent.

Methods

We employed two well-established murine myeloma models, 5TGM1 and Vk*MYC, by intravenously injecting 5TGM1 or Vk*MYC cells into mice, respectively, to determine ICB therapeutic efficacy in MM. Total mouse IgG or Ig2b ELISA or QuickGel split beta SPE kits and in vivo bioluminescent imaging were used to monitor MM tumor burden. Cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF) was used to quantify MM TME components. T cell proliferation and function were detected using flow cytometry. Peptide-Fc fusion proteins were used to deplete myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). MMDTR, Foxp3DTR, CD4 KO and CD8 KO mice were used to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Gene expression levels in human MM were analyzed using Gene Expression Omnibus public datasets.

Results

We found that programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody treatment had a therapeutic effect in 5TGM1 mice; it was ineffective in Vk*MYC mice. CyTOF indicated that the bone marrow (BM) of both models was inflamed, suggesting that immune suppressive cells might be inhibiting the reactivation of T cells in the BM. We observed higher numbers of MDSCs, regulatory T (Treg) cells, and tumor-associated macrophage (TAMs) in myeloma BM compared with that of tumor-free mice. Specifically, depleting MDSCs, but not Treg cells or TAMs, sensitized Vk*MYC mice and enhanced the response of 5TGM1 mice to PD-1 ICB, which was dependent on CD8+but not CD4+T cells. MDSCs, especially M-MDSCs and CD84+MDSCs, significantly inhibited the activation and cytotoxic cytokine production of CD8+T cells in vitro. Moreover, database profiling of patient BM revealed a negative correlation between MDSCs signature genes and cytotoxic CD8+T cell signature genes, with post-maintenance patients with myeloma displaying a higher ratio of cytotoxic CD8+T cell to MDSCs signature genes compared with pretreated patients.

Conclusion

Our study highlights the potential of MDSCs depletion in enhancing the sensitivity of patients with myeloma to PD-1 ICB therapy.
Minimally invasive surgery for evacuation of intracerebral hematoma by neurointerventionalists: initial experience
Authors: Tekle Wondwossen , Benites Gregorio , Miller Samantha , Betancourt Alejandro , Hassan Ameer E
Published: January 2025

Background

There is growing interest and evidence in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) evacuation with minimally invasive surgery (MIS). If early ICH evacuation becomes the standard of care, training neurointerventionalists to perform MIS would expand global access to treatment. We present a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent MIS–ICH evacuation performed by interventional neurologists in collaboration with neurosurgeons.

Method

Patients meeting prespecified criteria underwent MIS–ICH evacuation using the Artemis (Penumbra) by an interventional neurologist–neurosurgeon team. Baseline demographic, clinical, and radiographic characteristics were collected. Procedure location was recorded. The primary outcome of interest was the rate of symptomatic rebleeding. Secondary outcomes included hematoma reduction, serious adverse events, length of stay, disposition, and discharge and 6 month functional status.

Results

19 patients were included in this analysis. One third of cases were performed in the neuroangiography suite using intraprocedural flat panel CT and the rest were performed in the operating room. All were performed under neuronavigation using AxiEM (Medtronic-Stealth-Station). There was a median 80% hematoma reduction from a median preoperative ICH volume of 31.1 mL (IQR 26.2–56.4). A post-procedural hematoma volume of <15 mL was achieved in 67% of cases, comparable with that seen in the ENRICH (Early Minimally Invasive Removal of Intracerebral Hemorrhage) trial (72.7%). No patients developed symptomatic post-procedural hematoma expansion.

Conclusion

This study suggests that MIS–ICH evacuation can be performed safely and effectively by trained neurointerventionalists. Our experience also supports the ability to perform MIS–ICH evacuation in the neuroangiography suite. We advocate for the development of a standardized neurointerventional training protocol and certification pathway for the performance of MIS–ICH evacuation with the goal of improving global access to care.
Decoding consumers' interpretations of ‘additive-free’ and ‘tobacco & water' cigarette advertising claims
Authors: Weiger Caitlin Victoria , Gratale Stefanie Kristen , Ganz Ollie , LaVake Melanie , Talbot Eugene M , Wackowski Olivia A
Published: January 2025

Objectives

In the USA, some tobacco companies replaced the marketing phrase ‘100% natural additive-free tobacco’ with ‘tobacco ingredients: tobacco & water’ (T&W) after receiving warnings from the US Food and Drug Administration. This study assesses how people interpret the now-restricted additive-free claims and newer T&W claims on Natural American Spirit (NAS) and L&M cigarette packs.

Methods

An online between-subjects experiment randomised 2526 US adults to view one of three packs: an NAS additive-free pack, an NAS T&W pack or an L&M T&W pack. Participants provided their interpretations of the claim they viewed in an open-text response box. n=810 responses were coded, with frequency reported overall, by experimental condition, and by product harm perceptions.

Results

Interpreting the claim as meaning ‘fewer chemicals/harmful ingredients’ was significantly more frequent in the NAS additive-free (47.7%) condition but remained common among those in the NAS T&W (27.2%) and L&M T&W (20.3%) conditions (p<0.01). For all conditions, the ‘fewer chemicals’ interpretation was more common among those who believed the product was less harmful than other cigarettes (p<0.001). Some participants (8%–15%) interpreted the claim they saw to mean the product was less addictive or had less nicotine than other cigarettes, with no significant differences by condition.

Conclusions

Like ‘additive-free’, ‘tobacco and water’ marketing claims are commonly interpreted as meaning cigarettes have fewer chemicals or harmful ingredients, suggesting they may similarly function as unauthorised modified exposure claims. Regulatory action and educational interventions are warranted to reduce use of these misleading claims and to correct misperceptions.
Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity related to intramyocellular lipid in young but not in older individuals
Authors: Yoshiko Akito , Shiozawa Kana , Niwa Shiori , Takahashi Hideyuki , Koike Teruhiko , Watanabe Kohei , Katayama Keisho , Akima Hiroshi
Published: January 2025

Skeletal muscles contain lipids inside and outside cells, namely intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) and extramyocellular lipids (EMCL), respectively; lipids have also been found to be interspersed between these muscles as adipose tissue, namely intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT). Metabolized IMCL has been recognized as an important substrate for energy production and their metabolism is determined by the muscle oxidative capacity. Therefore, it has been speculated that muscle oxidative capacity is related to muscle lipid content. Excessive accumulation of EMCL and IMAT has been confirmed in older individuals, leading to metabolic disorders and a decline in muscle strength. However, whether EMCL and IMAT contribute to muscle lipid metabolism remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate whether muscle oxidative capacity is related to IMCL, EMCL, and IMAT in young and older individuals. A total of 18 young and 14 older individuals were included and their muscle oxidative capacity was assessed based on the recovery rate of muscle oxygen saturation after exercise, using near-infrared spectroscopy of the medial gastrocnemius. IMCL, EMCL, and IMAT were assessed using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. A relationship between muscle oxidative capacity and IMCL was confirmed in young ( r = −0.47, P < 0.05) but not older individuals ( r = 0.22, P = 0.45). Muscle oxidative capacity was not related to EMCL or IMAT in either young or older individuals. These results suggest that IMCL in young individuals can contribute to muscle lipid metabolism, but not EMCL and IMAT, and this relationship differs with aging.
AI-Enhanced IoT Tool for Emotional and Social Development in Children with Autism
Authors: Vanaja Dishore Shunmugham , Arockia Raj Jenifer
Published: January 2025

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) delivers unique challenges for children in their communication, social interaction, and learning abilities. To address these challenges and empower children with ASD, this work introduces an innovative AI-powered education tool that harnesses the potential of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Emotional Intelligence (EI). The proposed tool utilizes cutting-edge Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms, such as Haar-cascade Python libraries, Convolution Neural Network (CNN) for accurate Facial Expression Recognition (FER). By capturing real-time facial expressions, the system aims to better understand and respond to the emotional states of children with ASD, enhancing their social engagement and interaction skills. To further support the emotional well-being of children with ASD, the system integrates a sweat conductance detection sensor based on Galvanic Skin Response (GSR). The GSR sensor enables the real-time monitoring of stress levels, providing valuable insights into the child’s emotional states and facilitating timely interventions when emotions become unstable. The power of the Internet of Things (IoT) is leveraged through the use of NodeMCU (ESP8266–12[Formula: see text]E Microcontroller unit), enabling seamless communication and data transmission for remote monitoring and analysis. This allows parents, caregivers, and educators to access valuable information regarding the child’s emotional responses and progress in real-time, facilitating personalized and effective support. Through the AI-powered education tool’s interactive interface, children with ASD are engaged in stimulating and educational activities, fostering their cognitive and emotional growth. The system offers a range of interactive learning experiences, including rhymes audio, promoting self-expression and learning in an inclusive environment.
Research on Intelligent Analysis Algorithm for Student Learning Behavior Based on Multi-source Sensor Data Fusion
Authors: Li Xiaomin
Published: January 2025

In the era of digital transformation, leveraging multi-source sensor data to analyze and enhance student learning behavior has become increasingly crucial. In this research, we propose a Learn-Sync Intelligent Fusion (LSIF) system that delves into Estimate Adam driven- Intelligent Gradient Boosting Machines (EA-IGBM) that integrate sensor data from diverse sources to provide extensive analysis for the student behavior based on engagement and performance using multi-source sensor data fusion. This research employs the sensor data for online and offline classes for predicting the student learning behaviors during the class. To provide a holistic view of student engagement and performance, these sensor data are normalized using min–max normalization. Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) is employed to extract the normalized multi-source data to frame multiple features that are integrated using the feature-level fusion technique. The LSIF aggregates behavioral fusion data from online and offline activities, using the EA-IGBM algorithm to predict academic success and provide actionable feedback. This model stimulates using tensor flow 2.15. The proposed EA-IGBM algorithm for both offline and online learning engagement detection performance is more significant, which utilizes certain parameters like student engagement, interaction frequency, behavioral patterns, and distractive levels. The established system highlights the effectiveness of multi-source sensor data fusion in monitoring and optimizing student learning behavior.