bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF CITATIONS IN MASTER’S THESES ACROSS DISCIPLINES AND LANGUAGES
Authors: Bahadofar Raheleh , Gholami Javad
Published: February 2018

Citation is an essential and common feature of academic writing and is used by academicwriters to achieve different purposes. This study investigated disciplinary variationsin terms of citation practices in the genre of Master’s theses with a specific focus ondiscussions. To this end, sixty discussions produced by MA/MS students of two keyuniversities in Iran from both hard and soft disciplines were analyzed in terms of citationtypes and functions. The medium of writing whether English or Persian was also takeninto account for its probable influence on the employed citation practices. The resultsrevealed that integral citations were used more frequently by writers in soft knowledgefields, allowing them to make evaluations, whereas non-integral citations were mostlyused by hard discipline writers. As for rhetorical functions, Support and Comparison werethe dominant functions in these text types. However, there existed subtle differences bothin the degree and the way these writers draw intertextual links to their disciplines. Thefindings can be of considerable help to EAP instructors and thesis supervisors to raise theirstudents’ awareness and refine their understanding of citation strategies in thesis writing.
BreakoutEDU: Helping students break out of their comfort zones
Authors: Detwiler Susan , Jacobson Trudi , O’Brien Kelsey
Published: February 2018

If you’d walked by Professor Susan Detwiler’s Writing and Critical Inquiry (WCI) classrooms at the University at Albany-SUNY on September 7, you would have seen something rather unusual: two teams of students huddled around tables, preoccupied with locked boxes and an assortment of other materials. Engaged in animated, yet hushed, conversations to keep the other team from overhearing, the students puzzled over cryptic messages and secret codes, hoping to unlock the box and reveal what was inside. Some of the materials on the table provided clues, others turned out to be red herrings.
Maximizing the impact of the in-person one-shot in community colleges: Selecting courses to target for library instruction through curriculum analysis
Authors: Pierce Matthew
Published: February 2018

At many colleges, library instruction is not a curricular requirement. The predominant approach to library instruction in community colleges continues to be the provision of face-to-face, course-integrated sessions taught by librarians at the request of teaching faculty. Participating teaching faculty usually schedule a single library instruction session for their classes—the “one-shot”—which may constitute a student’s only library instruction session during their undergraduate experience.
Alfabetización en Euskara en las escuelas rurales del País Vasco (1900-1939)
Authors: Garmendia Larrañaga Joxe
Published: February 2018

En el primer tercio del siglo xx se produce en el País Vasco un proceso de modernización que afectó a la enseñanza en general. En esta época en las zonas rurales todavía había altas tasas de analfabetismo y la población era vascoparlante. Con el objetivo de paliar esta situación las diputaciones de Bizkaia y Gipuzkoa pusieron en marcha dos experiencias: Las Escuelas de Barriada en Bizkaia (1919-1938) y las Escuelas Rurales Provinciales en Gipuzkoa (1930-1938). Aunque en sus inicios, las escuelas de barriada de Bizkaia pretendieron desarrollar una escuela vasca y un proyecto bilingüe, los cambios políticos condicionaron este proyecto. En el caso de las escuelas provinciales de Gipuzkoa, el objetivo era suplir la insuficiencia de instrucción. El objetivo de este trabajo es comparar estas dos experiencias de alfabetización desarrolladas en un ámbito rural, en las que se interrelacionan la alfabetización en castellano y en euskara
El giro afectivo en la historia de la formación humana. Memoria de la escuela y emociones
Authors: Escolano Benito Agustín
Published: February 2018

Este trabajo analiza algunos aspectos del impacto del affective turn en la historia de la educación, centrándose de modo más específico en la interpretación de los anclajes emocionales que guarda el palimpsesto de la memoria y que se manifiestan en las representaciones textuales, escritas, orales e icónicas, de los sujetos de la formación. Revisa determinados campos que afectan a la reconstrucción de la experiencia vivida en relación con los espacios, los cronos, los dispositivos materiales y otros registros en los que se expresa la cultura empírica de la escuela. Finalmente, plantea la integración de estos elementos de la educación sentimental de los sujetos en los procesos de construcción de la identidad narrativa e incluso en las nuevas perspectivas terapéuticas de la educación patrimonial.
El proyecto de las escuelas de barriada y su desarrollo (1919-1938). Una epopeya en la historia de la educación de Bizkaia
Authors: Murua Cartón Hilario
Published: February 2018

Reseña del libro de Maite Paliza Munduate, El proyecto de las escuelas de barriada y su desarrollo (1919-1938). Una epopeya en la historia de la educación de Bizkaia.
Armonía y conflicto en la confluencia de lealtades de los cargos representativos
Authors: Català i Bas Alexandre H.
Published: February 2018

La lealtad es un principio, no el único, presente en las relaciones políticas. Supone un compromiso y la asunción de obligaciones jurídicas y éticas. Si el cargo representativo incumple ese deber de fidelidad es calificado de desleal o traidor. Un cargo representativo asume varias lealtades: hacia la Constitución, hacia el partido y su líder y hacia el electorado. Estas lealtades pueden confluir de forma armónica o entrar en conflicto, de manera que para mantener una se rompa con las otras. El presente trabajo analiza las diferentes lealtades que asume un cargo representativo e intenta establecer una graduación entre ellas partiendo de la hipótesis de que tienen diferente valor.Loyalty is a principle, not the only one, which is present in political relations. It implies a commitment and the assumption of legal and ethical obligations. If the representative fails to fulfil this duty of fidelity, it is described as disloyal or traitorous. A representative assumes several loyalties: towards the Constitution, towards the party and its leader and towards the electorate. These loyalties can come together harmoniously, or on the contrary by in conflict, so that keeping one would prevent from keeping the others. The present work analyses the different loyalties that assume a representative and intends to establish a graduation between them starting from the hypothesis that they have different value.
RESEÑA de: Abel Souto, Miguel. "La suspensión de la ejecución de la pena tras la Ley Orgánica 1/2015". Tirant lo Blanch, Valencia, 170 páginas
Authors: González Uriel Daniel
Published: February 2018

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Conveniencia de actualizar y refundir el párrafo segundo del artículo 281 LEC
Authors: Alonso Furelos Juan Manuel
Published: February 2018

Planteo en este trabajo la necesidad de reformar y refundir el vigente artículo 281-2 LEC proponiendo una regulación en dicha norma que distinga en dos o más preceptos la prueba de los hechos y la prueba del derecho. La excusa debería ser la necesidad de adecuar y refundir la vigente LEC a la reciente Ley de Cooperación Jurídica Internacional en materia civil, respecto al derecho extranjero. Asimismo regular otros supuestos en que puede ser exigible la prueba del derecho que quedan fuera del derecho extranjero y la costumbre. Todo ello tratando de integrar las muchas lagunas de las que apriorísticamente adolece la prueba, aplicación e impugnación del derecho aplicado. Y a ser posible siguiendo una sistemática general en todos los supuestos de prueba del derecho.I raise in this work the need to reform and recast in force article 281-2 LEC proposing a regulation in the above mentioned norm that distinguishes in two or more precepts the evidence of the facts and the evidence of the law. The excuse should be the need to adapt and recast in force LEC to the recent Law on International Legal Cooperation in civil matter, with regard to the foreign law. Likewise to regulate other assumptions in which it may have to be met the evidence of the law that they stay out of the foreign law and the custom. All this trying to integrate many gaps from which deductively there suffers from the evidence, application and challenge of the applied law. And to being possible being still a systematic general in all the assumptions of evidence of the law.
Evaluación de la productividad y eficiencia en los aeropuertos españoles después de la liberalización del transporte aéreo
Authors: Inglada Vicente , Coto-Millan Pablo , Inglada-Pérez Lucia
Published: February 2018

Desde la década de los noventa, se han desarrollado diversos procesos –liberalización del transporte aéreo, globalización, irrupción de las compañías aéreas de bajo coste- que han tenido implicaciones relevantes sobre el sistema aeroportuario español. Este artículo estudia los cambios acaecidos en la productividad y eficiencia técnica de los aeropuertos españoles entre 1992 y 2012. Para ello se aplica la metodología denominada Análisis Envolvente de Datos (DEA) que permite la estimación de índices Malmquist de productividad y su posterior descomposición en indicadores de eficiencia técnica y cambio tecnológico. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que los aeropuertos españoles han experimentado durante el periodo analizado un moderado incremento de la productividad total de los factores que es imputable prácticamente en exclusiva al crecimiento de la eficiencia técnica.
Factores que afectan al comportamiento de los pasajeros y a sus actividades en las terminales aeroportuarias
Authors: Kalakou Sofia , Moura Filipe , García-Melero Gustavo
Published: February 2018

En los últimos años el número de pasajeros está creciendo continuamente en el sector aéreo y no se prevé que esta tendencia disminuya en el futuro. El comportamiento de los pasajeros en las terminales aeroportuarias ha sido poco explorado en la literatura, a pesar de la relevancia de su estudio. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los patrones de comportamiento en la llegada de los pasajeros al Aeropuerto Internacional de Lisboa, identificando los factores que les afectan, a través de la modelización de las llegadas de pasajeros a la terminal mediante modelos de elección discreta. Los resultados indican que la hora del vuelo, el lugar de residencia, el modo de acceso a la terminal, el destino del vuelo y la frecuencia de viaje inciden sobre los patrones de llegada a la terminal respecto a la apertura de los mostradores de facturación. Estos resultados son relevantes para las configuraciones futuras de la terminal aeroportuaria.
The Emblematic Exemplum in Agustín Moreto y Cabaña and Other Golden Age Playwrights
Authors: Cull John T.
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT: Taking as a point of departure Juan de Horozco's definition: «las emblemas se pueden hazer con figuras solas, como es más ordinario o con figuras y letras que siruan de mote, y esto es, porque la emblema quanto más guardare las propiedades de la empresa tanto será mejor según yo entiendo y juzgara qualquiera» (f. 64v), this study analyzes the presence and function of dramatic emblems in the plays of Agustín Moreto y Cabaña and other Spanish Golden Age Dramatists. It postulates that the poetic images, derived in many instances from emblem books, function as exempla in order to comment on the dramatic situation. The dramatic emblems are divided into two main groups: «marked emblems and «unmarked emblems».

KEYWORDS: Agustín de Moreto; argumentum emblematicum; dramatic emblems; exempla.

RESUMEN: Partiendo de la definición de Juan de Horozco de que «las emblemas se pueden hazer con figuras solas, como es más ordinario o con figuras y letras que siruan de mote, y esto es, porque la emblema quanto más guardare las propiedades de la empresa tanto será mejor según yo entiendo y juzgara qualquiera» (f. 64v), este estudio pretende analizar la presencia y función de emblemas dramáticos en las comedias de Agustín Moreto y Cabaña y otros dramaturgos del Siglo de Oro. Se postula que las imágenes poéticas derivadas de libros de emblemas funcionan como exempla para comentar la situación dramática. Los emblemas dramáticos se dividen en dos grupos generales, los «emblemas marcados» y los «emblemas sin marcar».

PALABRAS CLAVES: Agustín de Moreto; argumentum emblematicum; emblemas dramáticos; exempla.
Carteles de libros en España: orígenes barrocos (con un apunte decimonónico)
Authors: Rueda Ramírez Pedro
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT: This article involves the study of Spanish posters that advertise the sale of publications printed by bookseller-publishers and printers in the modern world. The array of posters identified and preserved is not extensive, due to their ephemeral nature. However, their utilization is confirmed in documentary sources, references to these posters in gazettes, erudite correspondence, or literary testimonies themselves. I will attempt to demonstrate the role of the poster in the diffusion of publicity for these editorial novelties by considering walls as a space for public communication, serving the purpose of promoting new publications. In this study I consider the Baroque antecedents of the poster and concentrate on examples preserved from the eighteenth century as well as the graphic testimonies of their use, in this case by means of testimonies from the nineteenth century.

KEYWORDS: Posters; Edition; Ephemeral Publications; Editorial Novelties; Book Advertising.

RESUMEN: El trabajo se ocupa del estudio de los carteles españoles que anuncian publicaciones a la venta de libreros-editores e impresores en el mundo moderno. El ramillete de carteles identificados y conservados es corto, dado su carácter efímero. Aunque su uso está atestiguado en las fuentes documentales, las referencias en las gacetas a estos carteles, la correspondencia erudita o los propios testimonios literarios. Intentaremos demostrar el papel del cartel en la difusión de las noticias de las novedades, al considerar los muros un espacio de comunicación pública destinado a promocionar nuevas ediciones. En este trabajo nos ocuparemos de los antecedentes barrocos del cartel y nos centraremos en los ejemplares conservados en los siglos XVIII y los testimonios gráficos de su uso, en este último caso a través de testimonios del siglo XIX

PALABRAS CLAVES: carteles; edición; impresos efímeros; novedades editoriales; Publicidad del libro.
Víctor Infantes de Miguel, o las venturas del libro
Authors: Gómez de Liaño Ignacio
Published: February 2018

ABSTRACT: An outline of the personal relationship of an intellectual nature between the author and Víctor Infantes. It is structured as a convergence along four lines: the poetic experimentations of the author that began in 1964, and culminated in 1972 (experimental poetry); an interest in emblems and hieroglyphics; my book Juegos del Sacromonte; and finally, el conde de Villamediana, Don Juan de Tassis y Peralta, Correo Mayor de Felipe IV, Mercurio-Hermes de la Corte.

KEYWORDS: Víctor Infantes; Experimental Poetry; Emblematics; Juegos del Sacromonte; Juan de Tassis y Peralta.

RESUMEN: Un esquema de la relación personal de carácter intelectual del autor con Víctor Infantes. Se estructura como una convergencia en cuatro líneas: experimentaciones poéticas del autor, que se iniciaron en 1964 y culminaron en 1972 (poesía experimental); interés por los emblemas y jeroglíficos; los Juegos del Sacromonte; y en cuarto lugar, el conde de Villamediana, Don Juan de Tassis y Peralta, Correo Mayor de Felipe IV, Mercurio-Hermes de la Corte.

PALABRAS CLAVES: Víctor Infantes; poesía experimental; emblemática; Juegos del Sacromonte; Juan de Tassis y Peralta.
Novel ATP-cone-driven allosteric regulation of ribonucleotide reductase via the radical-generating subunit
Authors: Rozman Grinberg Inna , Lundin Daniel , Hasan Mahmudul , Crona Mikael , Jonna Venkateswara Rao , Loderer Christoph , Sahlin Margareta , Markova Natalia , Borovok Ilya , Berggren Gustav , Hofer Anders , Logan Derek T , Sjöberg Britt-Marie
Published: February 2018

Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are key enzymes in DNA metabolism, with allosteric mechanisms controlling substrate specificity and overall activity. In RNRs, the activity master-switch, the ATP-cone, has been found exclusively in the catalytic subunit. In two class I RNR subclasses whose catalytic subunit lacks the ATP-cone, we discovered ATP-cones in the radical-generating subunit. The ATP-cone in the Leeuwenhoekiella blandensis radical-generating subunit regulates activity via quaternary structure induced by binding of nucleotides. ATP induces enzymatically competent dimers, whereas dATP induces non-productive tetramers, resulting in different holoenzymes. The tetramer forms by interactions between ATP-cones, shown by a 2.45 Å crystal structure. We also present evidence for an MnIIIMnIV metal center. In summary, lack of an ATP-cone domain in the catalytic subunit was compensated by transfer of the domain to the radical-generating subunit. To our knowledge, this represents the first observation of transfer of an allosteric domain between components of the same enzyme complex.
Dopamine-dependent scaling of subthalamic gamma bursts with movement velocity in patients with Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Lofredi Roxanne , Neumann Wolf-Julian , Bock Antje , Horn Andreas , Huebl Julius , Siegert Sandy , Schneider Gerd-Helge , Krauss Joachim K , Kühn Andrea A
Published: February 2018

Gamma synchronization increases during movement and scales with kinematic parameters. Here, disease-specific characteristics of this synchronization and the dopamine-dependence of its scaling in Parkinson’s disease are investigated. In 16 patients undergoing deep brain stimulation surgery, movements of different velocities revealed that subthalamic gamma power peaked in the sensorimotor part of the subthalamic nucleus, correlated positively with maximal velocity and negatively with symptom severity. These effects relied on movement-related bursts of transient synchrony in the gamma band. The gamma burst rate highly correlated with averaged power, increased gradually with larger movements and correlated with symptom severity. In the dopamine-depleted state, gamma power and burst rate significantly decreased, particularly when peak velocity was slower than ON medication. Burst amplitude and duration were unaffected by the medication state. We propose that insufficient recruitment of fast gamma bursts during movement may underlie bradykinesia as one of the cardinal symptoms in Parkinson’s disease.
Harvesting the Academic Landscape: Streamlining the Ingestion of Professional Scholarship Metadata into the Institutional Repository
Authors: Bull Jonathan , Schultz Teresa Auch
Published: February 2018

INTRODUCTION Although librarians initially hoped institutional repositories (IRs) would grow through researcher self-archiving, practice shows that growth is much more likely through library-directed deposit. Libraries must then find efficient ways to ingest material into their IR to ensure growth and relevance. DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAM Valparaiso University developed and implemented a workflow that was semiautomated to help cut down on the time needed to ingest articles into its IR, ValpoScholar. The workflow, which continues to be refined, makes use of practices and ideas used by other repositories to more efficiently collect metadata for items and upload them to the repository. NEXT STEPS The article discusses the pros and cons of this workflow and areas of ingesting that still need to be addressed, including adding full-text items, checking copyright policies, managing student staffing, and dealing with hurdles created by the repository’s software.
Analytical Approximation for the Inductance of Circularly Cylindrical Two-Wire Transmission Lines with Proximity Effect
Authors: Aebischer H. A. , Friedli H.
Published: February 2018

The paper describes a simple analytical approximation for the inductance of two-wire transmission lines of circularly cylindrical wires with proximity effect. It yields precise results up to very high frequencies, and also at all interaxial distances between the wires above some limit. Its accuracy is established by comparison to numerical computations and to measurements. It is shown that the proximity effect cannot be neglected unless the interaxial distance between the wires amounts to at least four wire diameters. Further, images of the current distribution in various situations are discussed.
A quasi-randomised, controlled, feasibility trial of GLITtER (Green Light Imaging Interpretation to Enhance Recovery)—a psychoeducational intervention for adults with low back pain attending secondary care
Authors: Karran Emma L. , Hillier Susan L. , Yau Yun-Hom , McAuley James H. , Moseley G. Lorimer
Published: February 2018

Background

Although it is broadly accepted that clinicians should endeavour to reassure patients with low back pain, to do so can present a significant clinical challenge. Guidance for how to provide effective reassurance is scarce and there may be a need to counter patient concerns arising from misinterpretation of spinal imaging findings. ‘GLITtER’ (Green Light Imaging Intervention to Enhance Recovery) was developed as a standardised method of communicating imaging findings in a manner that is reassuring and promotes engagement in an active recovery. This feasibility study is an important step towards definitive testing of its effect.

Methods

This feasibility study was a prospective, quasi-randomised, parallel trial with longitudinal follow-up, involving sampling of patients attending a spinal outpatient clinic at a metropolitan hospital. English speaking adults (18–75 years) presenting to the clinic with low back pain and prior spinal imaging were considered for inclusion. Eligible patients were allocated to receive a GLITtER consultation or a standard consultation (as determined by appointment scheduling and clinician availability), and were blinded to their allocation. Full details of the GLITtER intervention are described in accordance with the Tidier template.Follow-up data were collected after 1 and 3 months. The primary outcome of this study was the fulfillment of specific feasibility criteria which were established a priori. Determination of a sample size for a definitive randomised controlled trial was a secondary objective.

Results

Two hundred seventy-six patients underwent preliminary screening and 31 patients met the final eligibility criteria for study inclusion. Seventeen participants were allocated to the intervention group and 14 were allocated to the control group. Three month follow-up data were available from 42% of the 31 enrolled participants (N = 13, six intervention, seven control). Feasibility indicators for consent, resource burden and acceptability of the GLITtER intervention were met, however participant recruitment was slower than anticipated and an acceptable follow-up rate was not achieved.

Conclusions

Failure to achieve pre-specified recruitment and follow-up rates were important outcomes of this feasibility study. We attribute failure to issues that are likely to be relevant for other clinical trials with this population. It is realistic to consider that these challenges can be overcome through careful strategy, ample funding and continued partnership with health care providers.

Trial registration

The trial was registered on the Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry on 28/2/2017 (ACTRN12617000317392).
Earthquake Potential in California‐Nevada Implied by Correlation of Strain Rate and Seismicity
Authors: Zeng Yuehua , Petersen Mark D. , Shen Zheng‐Kang
Published: January 2018

Rock mechanics studies and dynamic earthquake simulations show that patterns of seismicity evolve with time through (1) accumulation phase, (2) localization phase, and (3) rupture phase. We observe a similar pattern of changes in seismicity during the past century across California and Nevada. To quantify these changes, we correlate GPS strain rates with seismicity. Earthquakes of M > 6.5 are collocated with regions of highest strain rates. By contrast, smaller magnitude earthquakes of M ≥ 4 show clear spatiotemporal changes. From 1933 to the late 1980s, earthquakes of M ≥ 4 were more diffused and broadly distributed in both high and low strain rate regions (accumulation phase). From the late 1980s to 2016, earthquakes were more concentrated within the high strain rate areas focused on the major fault strands (localization phase). In the same time period, the rate of M > 6.5 events also increased significantly in the high strain rate areas. The strong correlation between current strain rate and the later period of seismicity indicates that seismicity is closely related to the strain rate. The spatial patterns suggest that before the late 1980s, the strain rate field was also broadly distributed because of the stress shadows from previous large earthquakes. As the deformation field evolved out of the shadow in the late 1980s, strain has refocused on the major fault systems and we are entering a period of increased risk for large earthquakes in California.
Particle Size Distribution Controls the Threshold Between Net Sediment Erosion and Deposition in Suspended Load Dominated Flows
Authors: Dorrell R. M. , Amy L. A. , Peakall J. , McCaffrey W. D.
Published: January 2018

The central problem of describing most environmental and industrial flows is predicting when material is entrained into, or deposited from, suspension. The threshold between erosional and depositional flow has previously been modeled in terms of the volumetric amount of material transported in suspension. Here a new model of the threshold is proposed, which incorporates (i) volumetric and particle size limits on a flow's ability to transport material in suspension, (ii) particle size distribution effects, and (iii) a new particle entrainment function, where erosion is defined in terms of the power used to lift mass from the bed. While current suspended load transport models commonly use a single characteristic particle size, the model developed herein demonstrates that particle size distribution is a critical control on the threshold between erosional and depositional flow. The new model offers an order of magnitude, or better, improvement in predicting the erosional‐depositional threshold and significantly outperforms existing particle‐laden flow models.
Tidal Triggering of Microearthquakes Over an Eruption Cycle at 9°50'N East Pacific Rise
Authors: Tan Yen Joe , Tolstoy Maya , Waldhauser Felix , Bohnenstiehl DelWayne R.
Published: January 2018

Studies have found that earthquake timing often correlates with tides at mid‐ocean ridges and some terrestrial settings. Studies have also suggested that tidal triggering may preferentially happen when a region is critically stressed, making it a potential tool to forecast earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. We examine tidal triggering of ∼100,000 microearthquakes near 9°50'N East Pacific Rise recorded between October 2003 and January 2007, which encompasses an eruption in January 2006. This allows us to look at how tidal triggering signal varies over an eruption cycle to examine its utility as a forecasting tool. We find that tidal triggering signal is strong but does not vary systematically in the 2+ years leading up to the eruption. However, tidal triggering signal disappears immediately posteruption. Our findings suggest that tidal triggering variation may not be useful for forecasting mid‐ocean ridge eruptions over a 2+ year timescale but might be useful over a longer timescale.
Estimating Fault Friction From Seismic Signals in the Laboratory
Authors: Rouet‐Leduc Bertrand , Hulbert Claudia , Bolton David C. , Ren Christopher X. , Riviere Jacques , Marone Chris , Guyer Robert A. , Johnson Paul A.
Published: January 2018

Nearly all aspects of earthquake rupture are controlled by the friction along the fault that progressively increases with tectonic forcing but in general cannot be directly measured. We show that fault friction can be determined at any time, from the continuous seismic signal. In a classic laboratory experiment of repeating earthquakes, we find that the seismic signal follows a specific pattern with respect to fault friction, allowing us to determine the fault's position within its failure cycle. Using machine learning, we show that instantaneous statistical characteristics of the seismic signal are a fingerprint of the fault zone shear stress and frictional state. Further analysis of this fingerprint leads to a simple equation of state quantitatively relating the seismic signal power and the friction on the fault. These results show that fault zone frictional characteristics and the state of stress in the surroundings of the fault can be inferred from seismic waves, at least in the laboratory.
Tsunami Wave Height Estimation from GPS‐Derived Ionospheric Data
Authors: Rakoto Virgile , Lognonné Philippe , Rolland Lucie , Coïsson P.
Published: January 2018

Large underwater earthquakes (Mw>7) can transmit part of their energy to the surrounding ocean through large seafloor motions, generating tsunamis that propagate over long distances. The forcing effect of tsunami waves on the atmosphere generates internal gravity waves that, when they reach the upper atmosphere, produce ionospheric perturbations. These perturbations are frequently observed in the total electron content (TEC) measured by multifrequency Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) such as GPS, GLONASS, and, in the future, Galileo. This paper describes the first inversion of the variation in sea level derived from GPS TEC data. We used a least squares inversion through a normal‐mode summation modeling. This technique was applied to three tsunamis in far field associated to the 2012 Haida Gwaii, 2006 Kuril Islands, and 2011 Tohoku events and for Tohoku also in close field. With the exception of the Tohoku far‐field case, for which the tsunami reconstruction by the TEC inversion is less efficient due to the ionospheric noise background associated to geomagnetic storm, which occurred on the earthquake day, we show that the peak‐to‐peak amplitude of the sea level variation inverted by this method can be compared to the tsunami wave height measured by a DART buoy with an error of less than 20%. This demonstrates that the inversion of TEC data with a tsunami normal‐mode summation approach is able to estimate quite accurately the amplitude and waveform of the first tsunami arrival.
Nutrient Dynamics in Partially Drained Arctic Thaw Lakes
Authors: Koch J. C. , Fondell T. F. , Laske S. , Schmutz J. A.
Published: January 2018

Thaw lakes are ubiquitous on arctic coastal plains (ACPs). While many thaw lakes have steep banks, stable water levels, and static surface areas, others only partially fill their basins and vary in area over the summer. These partially drained lakes (PDLs) are hydrologically connected to the wetlands immediately surrounding them. Heat and nutrient availability limit aquatic productivity on ACPs, and we hypothesized that shallow shorelines and greater hydrologic connectivity with the landscape should result in greater nutrient concentrations and biogeochemical cycling in PDLs. We tested this by monitoring water chemistry in lakes with varying levels of seasonal drainage in sandy and silty peaty lowland sites on the ACP of Alaska. One highly drained lake (N1) was significantly warmer than minimally drained lakes (minDLs) related to earlier ice off, reaching temperatures as high as 16 °C in June when minDLs still contained ice. Ammonia, total dissolved phosphorus, and dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen concentrations were higher in lakes with greater drainage, and concentrations in N1 rivaled those in the small, biologically productive ponds. Many PDLs displayed a midsummer decrease in nutrients consistent with assimilation by the aquatic ecosystem, and a late‐summer increase most likely related to runoff from drained lake margins following precipitation. N1 exported kilograms of ammonium and total dissolved phosphorus to the stream network over the summer. Given increased warming and drying in the arctic, the proportion of PDLs may be changing, which in turn may affect nutrient and organic matter availability in arctic lakes and export to downstream environments.
Gigantic Circular Shock Acoustic Waves in the Ionosphere Triggered by the Launch of FORMOSAT‐5 Satellite
Authors: Chou Min‐Yang , Shen Ming‐Hsueh , Lin Charles C. H. , Yue Jia , Chen Chia‐Hung , Liu Jann‐Yenq , Lin Jia‐Ting
Published: January 2018

The launch of SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket delivered Taiwan's FORMOSAT‐5 satellite to orbit from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California at 18:51:00 UT on 24 August 2017. To facilitate the delivery of FORMOSAT‐5 to its mission orbit altitude of ~720 km, the Falcon 9 made a steep initial ascent. During the launch, the supersonic rocket induced gigantic circular shock acoustic waves (SAWs) in total electron content (TEC) over the western United States beginning approximately 5 min after the liftoff. The circular SAWs emanated outward with ~20 min duration, horizontal phase velocities of ~629–726 m/s, horizontal wavelengths of ~390–450 km, and period of ~10.28 ± 1 min. This is the largest rocket‐induced circular SAWs on record, extending approximately 114–128°W in longitude and 26–39°N in latitude (~1,500 km in diameter), and was due to the unique, nearly vertical attitude of the rocket during orbit insertion. The rocket‐exhaust plume subsequently created a large‐scale ionospheric plasma hole (~900 km in diameter) with 10–70% TEC depletions in comparison with the reference days. While the circular SAWs, with a relatively small amplitude of TEC fluctuations, likely did not introduce range errors into the Global Navigation Satellite Systems navigation and positioning system, the subsequent ionospheric plasma hole, on the other hand, could have caused spatial gradients in the ionospheric plasma potentially leading to a range error of ~1 m.
Sensitivity Analysis of Hydraulic Head to Locations of Model Boundaries
Authors: Lu Zhiming
Published: January 2018

Sensitivity analysis is an important component of many model activities in hydrology. Numerous studies have been conducted in calculating various sensitivities. Most of these sensitivity analysis focus on the sensitivity of state variables (e.g., hydraulic head) to parameters representing medium properties such as hydraulic conductivity or prescribed values such as constant head or flux at boundaries, while few studies address the sensitivity of the state variables to some shape parameters or design parameters that control the model domain. Instead, these shape parameters are typically assumed to be known in the model. In this study, based on the flow equation, we derive the equation (and its associated initial and boundary conditions) for sensitivity of hydraulic head to shape parameters using continuous sensitivity equation (CSE) approach. These sensitivity equations can be solved numerically in general or analytically in some simplified cases. The approach has been demonstrated through two examples and the results are compared favorably to those from analytical solutions or numerical finite difference methods with perturbed model domains, while numerical shortcomings of the finite difference method are avoided.
Introducing a ZnO–PTFE (Polymer) Nanocomposite Varistor via the Cold Sintering Process
Authors: Zhao Xuetong , Guo Jing , Wang Ke , Herisson De Beauvoir Thomas , Li Bo , Randall Clive A.
Published: January 2018

A ZnO–PTFE nanocomposite is formed from a cold sintering process with volume fractions of PTFE up to 40 vol%. The polymer is distributed along grain boundaries and used to limit current from across adjacent grains, enabling this varistor response, with α ≈ 7 being observed. The nanocomposite structure is verified to have polymer intergranular phase in a thickness range from 2 to 5 nm. The electrical characteristics are made to show nonlinear I–V behavior; the barrier‐layer effective permittivity is established through an impedance spectroscopy analysis. The activation energies controlling resistance at the grain boundary is determined to range between 0.2 and 0.76 eV with volume fractions between 0 and 40 vol% PTFE. Under high fields and across a broad temperature ranges, the authors quantified of the non‐linear conductions with a variety of voltages, the low field higher temperatures are consistent with a Schottky thermionic emission controlled conduction, and Fowler–Nordheim plots shows the current is transitioned to tunneling controlled. The authors also discuss the possibility of designing new types of nanocomposites with the process indicated here, and also having the possibility of taking advantage of interfacial size effects with thin polymer films between ceramic grains.
Deep Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes with CIEy Value of 0.11 and External Quantum Efficiency up to 22.5%
Authors: Li Xiaoyue , Zhang Juanye , Zhao Zifeng , Wang Liding , Yang Hannan , Chang Qiaowen , Jiang Nan , Liu Zhiwei , Bian Zuqiang , Liu Weiping , Lu Zhenghong , Huang Chunhui
Published: January 2018

Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on red and green phosphorescent iridium complexes are successfully commercialized in displays and solid‐state lighting. However, blue ones still remain a challenge on account of their relatively dissatisfactory Commission International de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates and low efficiency. After analyzing the reported blue iridium complexes in the literature, a new deep‐blue‐emitting iridium complex with improved photoluminescence quantum yield is designed and synthesized. By rational screening host materials showing high triplet energy level in neat film as well as the OLED architecture to balance electron and hole recombination, highly efficient deep‐blue‐emission OLEDs with a CIE at (0.15, 0.11) and maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) up to 22.5% are demonstrated. Based on the transition dipole moment vector measurement with a variable‐angle spectroscopic ellipsometry method, the ultrahigh EQE is assigned to a preferred horizontal dipole orientation of the iridium complex in doped film, which is beneficial for light extraction from the OLEDs.
Mesoscale Block Copolymers
Authors: Barber Dylan M. , Crosby Alfred J. , Emrick Todd
Published: January 2018

Materials composed of well‐defined mesoscale building blocks are ubiquitous in nature, with noted ability to assemble into hierarchical structures possessing exceptional physical and mechanical properties. Fabrication of similar synthetic mesoscale structures will offer opportunities for precise conformational tuning toward advantageous bulk properties, such as increased toughness or elastic modulus. This requires new materials designs to be discovered to impart such structural control. Here, the preparation of mesoscale polymers is achieved by solution fabrication of functional polymers containing photoinduced chemical triggers. Subsequent photopatterning affords mesoscale block copolymers composed of distinct segments of alternating chemical composition. When dispersed in appropriate solvents, selected segments form helices to generate architectures resembling block copolymers, but on an optically observable size scale. This approach provides a platform for producing mesoscale geometries with structural control and potential for driving materials assembly comparable to examples found in nature.
Orientation Regulation of Phenylethylammonium Cation Based 2D Perovskite Solar Cell with Efficiency Higher Than 11%
Authors: Zhang Xinqian , Wu Gang , Fu Weifei , Qin Minchao , Yang Weitao , Yan Jielin , Zhang Zhongqiang , Lu Xinhui , Chen Hongzheng
Published: January 2018

Increasing the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the two‐dimensional (2D) perovskite‐based solar cells (PVSCs) is really a challenge. Vertical orientation of the 2D perovskite film is an efficient strategy to elevate the PCE. In this work, vertically orientated highly crystalline 2D (PEA)2(MA)n–1PbnI3n+1 (PEA= phenylethylammonium, MA = methylammonium, n = 3, 4, 5) films are fabricated with the assistance of an ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) additive by a one‐step spin‐coating method. Planar‐structured PVSCs with the device structure of indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)/(PEA)2(MA)n–1PbnI3n+1/[6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester/bahocuproine/Ag are fabricated. The PCE of the PVSCs is boosted from the original 0.56% (without NH4SCN) to 11.01% with the optimized NH4SCN addition at n = 5, which is among the highest PCE values for the low‐n (n < 10) 2D perovskite‐based PVSCs. The improved performance is attributed to the vertically orientated highly crystalline 2D perovskite thin films as well as the balanced electron/hole transportation. The humidity stability of this oriented 2D perovskite thin film is also confirmed by the almost unchanged X‐ray diffraction patterns after 28 d exposed to the moisture in a humidity‐controlled cabinet (Hr = 55 ± 5%). The unsealed device retains 78.5% of its original PCE after 160 h storage in air atmosphere with humidity of 55 ± 5%. The results provide an effective approach toward a highly efficient and stable PVSC for future commercialization.
Interfacial Modification Using Hydrogenated TiO2 Electron‐Selective Layers for High‐Efficiency and Light‐Soaking‐Free Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Nam Minwoo , Huh Jin Young , Park Yongkook , Hong Yong Cheol , Ko Doo‐Hyun
Published: January 2018

Optimizing the interfacial contacts between the photoactive layer and the electrodes is an important factor in determining the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). A charge‐selective layer with tailored electrical properties enhances the charge collection efficiency and interfacial stability. Here, the potential of hydrogenated TiO2 nanoparticles (H‐TiO2 NPs) as an efficient electron‐selective layer (ESL) material in OSCs is reported for the first time. The H‐TiO2 is synthesized by discharge plasma in liquid at atmospheric pressure, which has the benefits of a simple one‐pot synthesis process, rapid and mild reaction conditions, and the capacity for mass production. The H‐TiO2 exhibits high conductivity and favorable energy level formation for efficient electron extraction, providing a basis for an efficient bilayer ESL system composed of conjugated polyelectrolyte/H‐TiO2. Thus, the enhanced charge transport and extraction efficiency with reduced recombination losses at the cathode interfacial contacts is achieved. Moreover, the OSCs composed of H‐TiO2 are almost free of light soaking, which has been reported to severely limit the performance and stability of OSCs based on conventional TiO2 ESLs. Therefore, H‐TiO2 as a new efficient, stable, and cost‐effective ESL material has the potential to open new opportunities for optoelectronic devices.
A Numerical model of exchange chromatography through 3‐D lattice structures
Authors: Salloum Maher , Robinson David B.
Published: January 2018

Rapid progress in the development of additive manufacturing technologies is opening new opportunities to fabricate structures that control mass transport in three dimensions across a broad range of length scales. We describe a structure that can be fabricated by newly available commercial 3‐D printers. It contains an array of regular three‐dimensional flow paths that are in intimate contact with a solid phase, and thoroughly shuffle material among the paths. We implement a chemically reacting flow model to study its behavior as an exchange chromatography column, and compare it to an array of 1‐D flow paths that resemble more traditional honeycomb monoliths. A reaction front moves through the columns and then elutes. The front is sharper at all flow rates for the structure with three‐dimensional flow paths, and this structure is more robust to channel width defects than the 1‐D array. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1874–1884, 2018
The behavioral genetics of nonhuman primates: Status and prospects
Authors: Rogers Jeffrey
Published: January 2018

The complexity and diversity of primate behavior have long attracted the attention of ethologists, psychologists, behavioral ecologists, and neuroscientists. Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the nature of genetic influences on differences in behavior among individuals within species. A number of analyses have focused on the genetic analysis of behavioral reactions to specific experimental tests, providing estimates of the degree of genetic control over reactivity, and beginning to identify the genes involved. Substantial progress is also being made in identifying genetic factors that influence the structure and function of the primate brain. Most of the published studies on these topics have examined either cercopithecines or chimpanzees, though a few studies have addressed these questions in other primate species. One potentially important line of research is beginning to identify the epigenetic processes that influence primate behavior, thus revealing specific cellular and molecular mechanisms by which environmental experiences can influence gene expression or gene function relevant to behavior. This review summarizes many of these studies of non‐human primate behavioral genetics. The primary focus is on analyses that address the nature of the genes and genetic processes that affect differences in behavior among individuals within non‐human primate species. Analyses of between species differences and potential avenues for future research are also discussed.
EarlyHomoand the role of the genus in paleoanthropology
Authors: Villmoare Brian
Published: January 2018

The history of the discovery of early fossils attributed to the genusHomohas been contentious, with scholars disagreeing over the generic assignment of fossils proposed as members of our genus. In this manuscript I review the history of discovery and debate over earlyHomoand evaluate the various taxonomic hypotheses for the genus. To get a sense of how hominin taxonomy compares to taxonomic practice outside paleoanthropology, I compare the diversity ofHomoto genera in other vertebrate clades. Finally, I propose a taxonomic model that hews closely to current models for hominin phylogeny and is consistent with taxonomic practice across evolutionary biology.
Developments in development: What have we learned from primate locomotor ontogeny?
Authors: Young Jesse W. , Shapiro Liza J.
Published: January 2018

The importance of locomotion to evolutionary fitness has led to extensive study of primate locomotor behavior, morphology and ecology. Most previous research has focused on adult primates, but in the last few decades, increased attention to locomotor development has provided new insights toward our broader understanding of primate adaptation and evolution. Here, we review the contributions of this body of work from three basic perspectives. First, we assess possible determinants on the timing of locomotor independence, an important life history event. Significant influences on timing of locomotor independence include adult female body mass, age at weaning, and especially relative brain size, a significant predictor of other primate life history variables. Additionally, we found significant phylogenetic differences in the timing of locomotor independence, even accounting for these influences. Second, we discuss how structural aspects of primate growth may enhance the locomotor performance and safety of young primates, despite their inherent neuromotor and musculoskeletal limitations. For example, compared to adults, growing primates have greater muscle mechanical advantage, greater bone robusticity, and larger extremities with relatively long digits. Third, focusing on primate quadrupedalism, we provide examples that illustrate how ontogenetic transitions in morphology and locomotion can serve as a model system for testing broader principles underlying primate locomotor biomechanics. This approach has led to a better understanding of the key features that contribute to primates’ stride characteristics, gait patterns, limb force distribution, and limb postures. We have learned a great deal from the study of locomotor ontogeny, but there is much left to explore. We conclude by offering guidelines for future research, both in the laboratory and the field.