bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ghost-Seers, Detectives, and Spiritualists
Authors: Smajić Srdjan
Published: July 2010

This book is a study of the narrative techniques that developed for two very popular forms of fiction in the nineteenth century - ghost stories and detective stories - and the surprising similarities between them in the context of contemporary theories of vision and sight. Srdjan Smajić argues that to understand how writers represented ghost-seers and detectives, the views of contemporary scientists, philosophers, and spiritualists with which these writers engage have to be taken into account: these views raise questions such as whether seeing really is believing, how much of what we 'see' is actually only inferred, and whether there may be other (intuitive or spiritual) ways of seeing that enable us to perceive objects and beings inaccessible to the bodily senses. This book will make a real contribution to the understanding of Victorian science in culture, and of the ways in which literature draws on all kinds of knowledge.
The International Monetary Fund in the Global Economy
Authors: Copelovitch Mark S.
Published: July 2010

The explosive growth and increasing complexity of global financial markets are defining characteristics of the contemporary world economy. Unfortunately, financial globalization has been accompanied by a marked increase in the frequency and severity of financial crises. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has taken a central role in managing these crises through its loans to developing countries. Despite extensive analysis and criticism of the IMF in recent years, key questions remain unanswered. Why does the Fund treat some countries more generously than others? To what extent is IMF lending driven by political factors rather than economic concerns? In whose interests does the IMF act? In this book, Mark Copelovitch offers novel answers to these questions. Combining statistical analysis with detailed case studies, he demonstrates how the politics and policies of the IMF have evolved over the last three decades in response to fundamental changes in the composition of international capital flows.
Price and Quantity Index Numbers
Authors: Balk Bert M.
Published: July 2010

Price and quantity indices are important, much-used measuring instruments, and it is therefore necessary to have a good understanding of their properties. When it was published, this book was the first comprehensive text on index number theory since Irving Fisher's 1922 The Making of Index Numbers. The book covers intertemporal and interspatial comparisons; ratio- and difference-type measures; discrete and continuous time environments; and upper- and lower-level indices. Guided by economic insights, this book develops the instrumental or axiomatic approach. There is no role for behavioural assumptions. In addition to subject matter chapters, two entire chapters are devoted to the rich history of the subject.
Beethoven the Pianist
Authors: Skowroneck Tilman
Published: July 2010

The widely held belief that Beethoven was a rough pianist, impatient with his instruments, is not altogether accurate: it is influenced by anecdotes dating from when deafness had begun to impair his playing. Presenting a new, detailed biography of Beethoven's formative years, this book reviews the composer's early career, outlining how he was influenced by teachers, theorists and instruments. Skowroneck describes the development and decline of Beethoven's pianism, and pays special attention to early pianos, their construction and their importance for Beethoven and the modern pianist. The book also includes new discussions of legato and Beethoven's trills, and a complete annotated review of eyewitnesses' reports about his playing. Skowroneck presents a revised picture of Beethoven which traces his development from an impetuous young musician into a virtuoso in command of many musical resources.
Object-Oriented Programming with Visual Basic.NET
Authors: McMillan Michael
Published: July 2010

Michael McMillan provides a complete presentation of the object-oriented features of the Visual Basic .NET language for advanced Visual Basic programmers. Beginning with an introduction to abstract data types and their initial implementation using structures, he explains standard OOP topics including class design, inheritance, access modifiers and scoping issues, abstract classes, design and implemention of interfaces and design patterns, and refactoring in VB.NET. More advanced OOP topics are included as well, such as reflection, object persistence, and serialization. To tie everything together, McMillan demonstrates sound OOP design and implementation principles through practical examples of standard Windows applications, database applications using ADO.NET, Web-based applications using ASP.NET, and Windows service applications.
The Character of Harms
Authors: Sparrow Malcolm K.
Published: July 2010

How should we deal with societal ills such as crime, poverty, pollution, terrorism, and corruption? The Character of Harms argues that control or mitigation of 'bad' things involves distinctive patterns of thought and action which turn out to be broadly applicable across a range of human endeavors, and which need to be better understood. Malcolm Sparrow demonstrates that an explicit focus on the bads, rather than on the countervailing goods (safety, prosperity, environmental stewardship, etc.) can provide rich opportunities for surgically efficient and effective interventions - an operational approach which he terms 'the sabotage of harms'. The book explores the institutional arrangements and decision-frameworks necessary to support this emerging operational model. Written for reflective practitioners charged with risk-control responsibilities across the public, private, and non-governmental sectors, The Character of Harms makes a powerful case for a new approach to tackling the complex problems facing society.
Quantization Noise
Authors: Widrow Bernard , Kollár István
Published: July 2010

If you are working in digital signal processing, control or numerical analysis, you will find this authoritative analysis of quantization noise (roundoff error) invaluable. Do you know where the theory of quantization noise comes from, and under what circumstances it is true? Get answers to these and other important practical questions from expert authors, including the founder of the field and formulator of the theory of quantization noise, Bernard Widrow. The authors describe and analyze uniform quantization, floating-point quantization, and their applications in detail. Key features include:
• Analysis of floating point round off
• Dither techniques and implementation issues analyzed
• Offers heuristic explanations along with rigorous proofs, making it easy to understand 'why' before the mathematical proof is given.
Hydroclimatology
Authors: Shelton Marlyn L.
Published: July 2010

Hydroclimatology provides a systematic structure for analysing how the climate system causes time and space variations (both global and local) in the hydrologic cycle. Changes in the relationship between the climate system and the hydrologic cycle underlie floods, drought and possible future influences of global warming on water resources. Land-based data, satellite data, and computer models contribute to our understanding of the complex time and space variations of physical processes shared by the climate system and the hydrologic cycle. Blending key information from the fields of climatology and hydrology - which are not often found in a single volume - this is an ideal textbook for students in atmospheric science, hydrology, Earth and environmental science, geography, and environmental engineering. It is also a useful reference for academic researchers in these fields.
Topics in Finite and Discrete Mathematics
Authors: Ross Sheldon M.
Published: July 2010

Written for a broad audience of students in mathematics, computer science, operations research, statistics, and engineering, this textbook, first published in 2000, presents a short, lively survey of several fascinating non-calculus topics in modern applied mathematics. Coverage includes probability, mathematical finance, graphs, linear programming, statistics, computer science algorithms, and groups. A key feature is the abundance of interesting examples not normally found in standard finite mathematics courses, such as options pricing and arbitrage, tournaments, and counting formulas. The author assumes a level of mathematical sophistication at the beginning calculus level, that is, students should have had at least a course in pre-calculus, and the added sophistication attained from studying calculus would be useful.
Linear Elastic Waves
Authors: Harris John G.
Published: July 2010

Wave propagation and scattering are among the most fundamental processes that we use to comprehend the world around us. While these processes are often very complex, one way to begin to understand them is to study wave propagation in the linear approximation. This is a book describing such propagation using, as a context, the equations of elasticity. Two unifying themes are used. The first is that an understanding of plane wave interactions is fundamental to understanding more complex wave interactions. The second is that waves are best understood in an asymptotic approximation where they are free of the complications of their excitation and are governed primarily by their propagation environments. The topics covered include reflection, refraction, the propagation of interfacial waves, integral representations, radiation and diffraction, and propagation in closed and open waveguides. Linear Elastic Waves is an advanced level textbook directed at applied mathematicians, seismologists, and engineers.
Nonlinear Continuum Mechanics for Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Bonet Javier , Wood Richard D.
Published: July 2010

Designing engineering components that make optimal use of materials requires consideration of the nonlinear characteristics associated with both manufacturing and working environments. The modeling of these characteristics can only be done through numerical formulation and simulation, and this requires an understanding of both the theoretical background and associated computer solution techniques. By presenting both nonlinear continuum analysis and associated finite element techniques under one roof, Bonet and Wood provide, in this edition of this successful text, a complete, clear, and unified treatment of these important subjects. New chapters dealing with hyperelastic plastic behavior are included, and the authors have thoroughly updated the FLagSHyP program, freely accessible at www.flagshyp.com. Worked examples and exercises complete each chapter, making the text an essential resource for postgraduates studying nonlinear continuum mechanics. It is also ideal for those in industry requiring an appreciation of the way in which their computer simulation programs work.
Symmetry Studies
Authors: Viana Marlos A. G.
Published: July 2010

Experimental data can often be associated with or indexed by certain symmetrically interesting structures or sets of labels that appear, for example, in the study of short symbolic sequences in molecular biology, in preference or voting data, in (corneal) curvature data, and in studies of the handedness and entropy of symbolic sequences and elementary images. The symmetry studies introduced in this book describe the interplay among symmetry transformations that are characteristic of these sets of labels, their resulting classification, the algebraic decomposition of the data indexed by them, and the statistical analysis of the invariants induced by those decompositions. The overall purpose is to facilitate and guide the statistical study of the structured data from both a descriptive and inferential perspective. The text combines notions of algebra and statistics and develops a systematic methodology to better explore the interplay between symmetry-related research questions and their statistical analysis.
Differential Geometry and Lie Groups for Physicists
Authors: Fecko Marián
Published: July 2010

Differential geometry plays an increasingly important role in modern theoretical physics and applied mathematics. This textbook gives an introduction to geometrical topics useful in theoretical physics and applied mathematics, covering: manifolds, tensor fields, differential forms, connections, symplectic geometry, actions of Lie groups, bundles, spinors, and so on. Written in an informal style, the author places a strong emphasis on developing the understanding of the general theory through more than 1000 simple exercises, with complete solutions or detailed hints. The book will prepare readers for studying modern treatments of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics, electromagnetism, gauge fields, relativity and gravitation. Differential Geometry and Lie Groups for Physicists is well suited for courses in physics, mathematics and engineering for advanced undergraduate or graduate students, and can also be used for active self-study. The required mathematical background knowledge does not go beyond the level of standard introductory undergraduate mathematics courses.
The Ideological Origins of the British Empire
Authors: Armitage David
Published: July 2010

The Ideological Origins of the British Empire presents a comprehensive history of British conceptions of empire for more than half a century. David Armitage traces the emergence of British imperial identity from the mid-sixteenth to the mid-eighteenth centuries, using a full range of manuscript and printed sources. By linking the histories of England, Scotland and Ireland with the history of the British Empire, he demonstrates the importance of ideology as an essential linking between the processes of state-formation and empire-building. This book sheds light on major British political thinkers, from Sir Thomas Smith to David Hume, by providing fascinating accounts of the 'British problem' in the early modern period, of the relationship between Protestantism and empire, of theories of property, liberty and political economy in imperial perspective, and of the imperial contribution to the emergence of British 'identities' in the Atlantic world.
Universal Human Rights in a World of Difference
Authors: Ackerly Brooke A.
Published: July 2010

From the diverse work and often competing insights of women's human rights activists, Brooke Ackerly has written a feminist and a universal theory of human rights that bridges the relativists' concerns about universalizing from particulars and the activists' commitment to justice. Unlike universal theories that rely on shared commitments to divine authority or to an 'enlightened' way of reasoning, Ackerly's theory relies on rigorous methodological attention to difference and disagreement. She sets out human rights as at once a research ethic, a tool for criticism of injustice and a call to recognize our obligations to promote justice through our actions. This book will be of great interest to political theorists, feminist and gender studies scholars and researchers of social movements.
Iran's Intellectual Revolution
Authors: Kamrava Mehran
Published: July 2010

Since its revolution in 1979, Iran has been viewed as the bastion of radical Islam and a sponsor of terrorism. The focus on its volatile internal politics and its foreign relations has, according to Kamrava, distracted attention from more subtle transformations which have been taking place there in the intervening years. With the death of Ayatollah Khomeini a more relaxed political environment opened up in Iran, which encouraged intellectual and political debate between learned elites and religious reformers. What emerged from these interactions were three competing ideologies which Kamrava categorises as conservative, reformist and secular. As the book aptly demonstrates, these developments, which amount to an intellectual revolution, will have profound and far-reaching consequences for the future of the Islamic republic, its people and very probably for countries beyond its borders. This thought-provoking account of the Iranian intellectual and cultural scene will confound stereotypical views of Iran and its mullahs.
The Logic of Regional Integration
Authors: Mattli Walter
Published: July 2010

In the late 1980s regional integration emerged as one of the most important developments in world politics. It is not a new phenomenon, however, and this 1999 book presents an analysis of integration across time, and across regions. Walter Mattli examines projects in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Europe, but also in Latin America, North America and Asia since the 1950s. Using the tools of political economy, he considers why some integration schemes have succeeded while many others have failed; what forces drive the process of integration; and under what circumstances outside countries seek to join. Unlike traditional political science approaches, the book stresses the importance of market forces in determining the outcome of integration; but unlike purely economic analyses, it also highlights the impact of institutional factors. The book will provide students of political science, economics, and European studies with a framework for the study of international cooperation.
The Quality of Democracy in Eastern Europe
Authors: Roberts Andrew
Published: July 2010

How does democracy work in the new democracies of Eastern Europe? Do the people actually rule as one would expect in a democracy or do the legacies of communism and the constraints of the transition weaken popular control? This book presents a framework for conceptualizing and measuring democratic quality and applies this framework to multiple countries and policy areas in the region. It defines democratic quality as the degree to which citizens are able to hold leaders accountable for their performance and keep policy close to their preferences. Its surprising conclusion, drawn from large-N statistical analyses and small-N case studies, is that citizens exercise considerable control over their rulers in Eastern European democracies. Despite facing difficult economic circumstances and an unfavorable inheritance from communism, these countries rapidly constructed relatively high-quality democracies.
Factions and Finance in China
Authors: Shih Victor C.
Published: July 2010

The contemporary Chinese financial system encapsulates two possible futures for China's economy. On the one hand, extremely rapid financial deepening accompanied by relatively stable prices are both manifestations of a vigorous growth trajectory that will one day make China the world's largest economy. On the other hand, the colossal store of non-performing loans in the banking sector augurs a troubling future. Factions and Finance in China inquires how elite factional politics has given rise to both of these outcomes since the reform in 1978. The competition between generalists in the Chinese Communist Party and politically engaged technocrats over monetary policies has time and time again prevented inflation from spinning out of control. Shih shows that elite politics has exerted a profound impact on monetary policies and banking institutions in contemporary China.
Racial Politics in Post-Revolutionary Cuba
Authors: Sawyer Mark Q.
Published: July 2010

This book analyzes the triumphs and failures of the Castro regime in the area of race relations. It places the Cuban revolution in a comparative and international framework and challenges arguments that the regime eliminated racial inequality or that it was profoundly racist. Through interviews, historical materials, and survey research, it provides a balanced view. The book maintains that Cuba has not been a racial democracy as some have argued. However, it also argues that Cuba has done more than any other society to eliminate racial inequality. The contemporary outlook of the book demonstrates how much of Cuban racial ideology was unchanged by the revolution. Thus, the current implementation of market reforms and in particular tourism has exacerbated racial inequalities. Finally, it holds that despite these shortcomings, the regime remains popular among blacks because they perceive their alternatives of the US and the Miami Exile community to be far worse.
Language and Mind
Authors: Chomsky Noam
Published: July 2010

This is the third edition of Chomsky's outstanding collection of essays on language and mind, first published in 2006. The first six chapters, originally published in the 1960s, made a groundbreaking contribution to linguistic theory. This edition complements them with an additional chapter and a new preface, bringing Chomsky's influential approach into the twenty-first century. Chapters 1-6 present Chomsky's early work on the nature and acquisition of language as a genetically endowed, biological system (Universal Grammar), through the rules and principles of which we acquire an internalized knowledge (I-language). Over the past fifty years, this framework has sparked an explosion of inquiry into a wide range of languages, and has yielded some major theoretical questions. The final chapter revisits the key issues, reviewing the 'biolinguistic' approach that has guided Chomsky's work from its origins to the present day, and raising some novel and exciting challenges for the study of language and mind.
Acute supplementation with keto analogues and amino acids in rats during resistance exercise
Authors: de Almeida Rosemeire Dantas , Seixas Prado Eduardo , Daniel Llosa Carlos , Magalhães-Neto Anibal , Cameron Luiz-Claudio
Published: July 2010

During exercise, ammonia levels are related to the appearance of both central and peripheral fatigue. Therefore, controlling the increase in ammonia levels is an important strategy in ameliorating the metabolic response to exercise and in improving athletic performance. Free amino acids can be used as substrates for ATP synthesis that produces ammonia as a side product. Keto analogues act in an opposite way, being used to synthesise amino acids whilst decreasing free ammonia in the blood. Adult male rats were divided into four groups based on receiving either keto analogues associated with amino acids (KAAA) or a placebo and resistance exercise or no exercise. There was an approximately 40 % increase in ammonaemia due to KAAA supplementation in resting animals. Exercise increased ammonia levels twofold with respect to the control, with a smaller increase (about 20 %) in ammonia levels due to exercise. Exercise itself causes a significant increase in blood urea levels (17 %). However, KAAA reduced blood urea levels to 75 % of the pre-exercise values. Blood urate levels increased 28 % in the KAAA group, independent of exercise. Supplementation increased glucose levels by 10 % compared with control animals. Exercise did not change glucose levels in either the control or supplemented groups. Exercise promoted a 57 % increase in lactate levels in the control group. Supplementation promoted a twofold exercise-induced increase in blood lactate levels. The present results suggest that an acute supplementation of KAAA can decrease hyperammonaemia induced by exercise.
Multiple Risky Assets, Transaction Costs, and Return Predictability: Allocation Rules and Implications for U.S. Investors
Authors: Lynch Anthony W. , Tan Sinan
Published: July 2010

This paper numerically solves the decision problem of a multiperiod constant relative risk aversion individual who faces transaction costs and has access to two risky assets, both with predictable returns. With proportional transaction costs and independent and identically distributed returns, we numerically find the rebalancing rule to be a no-trade region for the portfolio weights with rebalancing to the boundary. The shape of the no-trade region depends on the correlation between the two risky assets. With predictable returns, there is instead a no-trade region for each state. We also examine several important economic questions, including the utility cost of not being able to buy on margin or short stock.
Longer-Term Time-Series Volatility Forecasts
Authors: Ederington Louis H. , Guan Wei
Published: July 2010

Option pricing models and longer-term value-at-risk (VaR) models generally require volatility forecasts over horizons considerably longer than the data frequency. The typical recursive procedure for generating longer-term forecasts keeps therelativeweights of recent and older observations the same for all forecast horizons. In contrast, we find that older observations are relatively more important in forecasting at longer horizons. We find that the Ederington and Guan (2005) model and a modified EGARCH (exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic) model in which parameter values vary with the forecast horizon forecast better out-of-sample than the GARCH (generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic), EGARCH, and Glosten, Jagannathan, and Runkle (GJR) models across a wide variety of markets and forecast horizons.
Drift instabilities' interaction: A tightening of the B-direction component on the amplitude of the azimouthally propagating wave
Authors: XAPLANTERIS CONSTANTINE L.
Published: July 2010

A suitable modification on the plasma production device makes the plasma column length changeable; the axially propagating wave strikes on the movable circular base of the cavity and the reflected wave is affected enough. A tightening on the azimouthally propagating wave makes the amplitude measurements precarious, and the previous experimental results for fixed cavity length are valid. A strong boundaries' influence on the instability's reinforcement makes clear the need to extend even more the thermonuclear reactor's dimensions. In the present paper, an extended research of plasma parameters has been carried out, a corresponding theoretical model is developed to explain the phenomena and the comparison to the simulated results has been confirmed.
Epidemiology and outcome of Gram-negative bloodstream infection in children: a population-based study
Authors: AL-HASAN M. N. , HUSKINS W. C. , LAHR B. D. , ECKEL-PASSOW J. E. , BADDOUR L. M.
Published: July 2010

Population-based studies of Gram-negative bloodstream infection (BSI) in children are lacking. Therefore, we performed this population-based investigation in Olmsted County, Minnesota, to determine the incidence rate, site of acquisition, and outcome of Gram-negative BSI in children aged ⩽18 years. We used Kaplan–Meier method and Cox proportional hazard regression for mortality analysis. We identified 56 unique children with Gram-negative BSI during the past decade. The gender-adjusted incidence rate of Gram-negative BSI per 100 000 person-years was 129·7 [95% confidence interval (CI) 77·8–181·6]) in infants, with a sharp decline to 14·6 (95% CI 6·0–23·2) and 7·6 (95% CI 4·3–10·9) in children aged 1–4 and 5–18 years, respectively. The urinary tract was the most commonly identified source of infection (34%) and Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen isolated (38%). Over two-thirds (68%) of children had underlying medical conditions that predisposed to Gram-negative BSI. The overall 28-day and 1-year all-cause mortality rates were 11% (95% CI 3–18) and 18% (95% CI 8–28), respectively. Younger age and number of underlying medical conditions were associated with 28-day and 1-year mortality, respectively. Nosocomial or healthcare-associated acquisition was associated with both 28-day and 1-year mortality.
The 3-Colour Ramsey Number of a 3-Uniform Berge Cycle
Authors: GYÁRFÁS ANDRÁS , SÁRKÖZY GÁBOR N.
Published: July 2010

The asymptotics of 2-colour Ramsey numbers of loose and tight cycles in 3-uniform hypergraphs were recently determined [16, 17]. We address the same problem for Berge cycles and for 3 colours. Our main result is that the 3-colour Ramsey number of a 3-uniform Berge cycle of length n is asymptotic to $\frac{5n}{4}$. The result is proved with the Regularity Lemma via the existence of a monochromatic connected matching covering asymptotically 4n/5 vertices in the multicoloured 2-shadow graph induced by the colouring of Kn(3).
Novel Electron Tomographic Methods to Study the Morphology of Keratin Filament Networks
Authors: Sailer Michaela , Höhn Katharina , Lück Sebastian , Schmidt Volker , Beil Michael , Walther Paul
Published: July 2010

The three-dimensional (3D) keratin filament network of pancreatic carcinoma cells was investigated with different electron microscopical approaches. Semithin sections of high-pressure frozen and freeze substituted cells were analyzed with scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) tomography. Preservation of subcellular structures was excellent, and keratin filaments could be observed; however, it was impossible to three-dimensionally track the individual filaments. To obtain a better signal-to-noise ratio in transmission mode, we observed ultrathin sections of high-pressure frozen and freeze substituted samples with low-voltage (30 kV) STEM. Contrast was improved compared to 300 kV, and individual filaments could be observed. The filament network of samples prepared by detergent extraction was imaged by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with very good signal-to-noise ratio using the secondary electron signal and the 3D structure could be elucidated by SEM tomography. In freeze-dried samples it was possible to discern between keratin filaments and actin filaments because the helical arrangement of actin subunits in the F-actin could be resolved. When comparing the network structures of the differently prepared samples, we found no obvious differences in filament length and branching, indicating that the intermediate filament network is less susceptible to preparation artifacts than the actin network.
Sub-Ångstrom Low-Voltage Performance of a Monochromated, Aberration-Corrected Transmission Electron Microscope
Authors: Bell David C. , Russo Christopher J. , Benner Gerd
Published: July 2010

Lowering the electron energy in the transmission electron microscope allows for a significant improvement in contrast of light elements and reduces knock-on damage for most materials. If low-voltage electron microscopes are defined as those with accelerating voltages below 100 kV, the introduction of aberration correctors and monochromators to the electron microscope column enables Ångstrom-level resolution, which was previously reserved for higher voltage instruments. Decreasing electron energy has three important advantages: (1) knock-on damage is lower, which is critically important for sensitive materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes; (2) cross sections for electron-energy-loss spectroscopy increase, improving signal-to-noise for chemical analysis; (3) elastic scattering cross sections increase, improving contrast in high-resolution, zero-loss images. The results presented indicate that decreasing the acceleration voltage from 200 kV to 80 kV in a monochromated, aberration-corrected microscope enhances the contrast while retaining sub-Ångstrom resolution. These improvements in low-voltage performance are expected to produce many new results and enable a wealth of new experiments in materials science.
Dissent on Japan's Northern Periphery: Nemuro, the Northern Territories and the Limits of Change in a ‘Bureaucrat's Movement’
Authors: WILLIAMS BRAD
Published: July 2010

This article sheds light on a relatively unexplored aspect of the Northern Territories dispute by examining the views of residents in Nemuro – the symbolic frontline in Japan's Northern Territories Reversion Movement (NTRM). The NTRM began in this northern periphery as a movement of divergent attitudes but was soon coopted by the Japanese government for political reasons. Local opposition to the government's four island en bloc policy existed in some quarters but was largely kept in check by state largesse. However, as a result of demographic and socioeconomic changes, dissent is slowly emerging in Nemuro. There are signs of an emerging disjuncture between national policy and local aspirations. This disjuncture has both theoretical and policy implications. Theoretically, this paper is congruent with politico-institutional arguments emphasizing the impact of the regulatory regime in shaping civil society organizations. From a policy perspective, public opinion in Nemuro indicates a potential avenue for compromise in Tokyo's negotiating strategy, although pressure for change is unlikely to emerge from the bureaucratized NTRM.
Verhaltensauffälligkeiten und Lebensqualität bei Kindern im Vorschulalter und deren Mütter
Authors: Schreyer Ina , Petermann Ulrike
Published: July 2010

Zusammenfassung. Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit steht die Frage, ob und in welcher Weise sich Verhaltensauffälligkeiten sowie die Lebensqualität bei Kindern im Vorschulalter mit und ohne Migrationshintergrund unterscheiden. Ergänzend soll auch die Lebensqualität der Mütter beleuchtet werden, da diese eine zentrale Einflussgröße für die Entwicklung der Kinder darstellt. Insgesamt gingen 188 Kinder im Alter von 44 bis 68 Monaten in die Stichprobe ein, welche aus 16 Kindergärten in Bremen und Niedersachen gewonnen wurden. 57 dieser Kinder wiesen einen Migrationshintergrund auf. Es zeigte sich, dass Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund sowohl im Eltern- als auch im Erzieherinnenurteil höhere Werte für Verhaltensauffälligkeiten erhielten als Kinder ohne Migrationshintergrund. Die Erzieherinnen gaben daneben für Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund höhere Werte für Hyperaktivität an und erlebten diese weniger prosozial als Kinder ohne Migrationshintergrund. Die Eltern gaben höhere Werte für Probleme mit Gleichaltrigen an. Für die Lebensqualität der Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund ergab sich unter multivariater Betrachtung kein Unterschied. Betrachtet man diese auf univariater Ebene, ergab sich für die Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund ein schlechteres Selbstwertgefühl und niedrigeres psychisches Wohlbefinden im Elternurteil. Für die Mütter zeigte sich, dass die Mütter von Kindern mit Migrationshintergrund über eine bessere endogene Lebensqualität verfügten als deutsche Mütter. Hier gaben die Mütter der Kinder mit Migrationshintergrund höhere Werte für ihre tägliche Energie an und beschrieben sich als zufriedener mit sich selbst und ihren persönlichen Beziehungen. Für die umweltbezogene Lebensqualität wurde jedoch deutlich, dass diese mit dem sozioökonomischen Status der Familie zusammenhängt. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Lebensqualität dieser Gruppe sehr differenziert betrachtet werden muss. Die Bereiche der endogenen Lebensqualität sollten als Ressourcen weiter ausgebaut und gefördert werden, um an diesen Potentialen anzuknüpfen.
Rigidity dependence of 11 year cosmic ray modulation: Implication for theories
Authors: Ahluwalia H. S. , Fikani M. M. , Ygbuhay R. C.
Published: July 2010

We use data obtained with the global network of detectors, with median rigidity (Rm) of response covering a wide range (1 to 200 GV), to derive the rigidity dependence of the 11 year modulation of galactic cosmic rays (GCR) for 4 sunspot cycles (20 to 23). We find that observed rigidity dependence is represented by a power law with negative exponents; the exponents do not depend on the solar magnetic polarity. However, the dependence on GCR rigidity is significantly flatter than is expected from the Quasi‐linear Theory of modulation formulated by Jokipii.
Space Technology 5 observations of the imbalance of regions 1 and 2 field‐aligned currents and its implication to the cross‐polar cap Pedersen currents
Authors: Le G. , Slavin J. A. , Strangeway R. J.
Published: July 2010

In this study, we use the in situ magnetic field observations from Space Technology 5 mission to quantify the imbalance of region 1 (R1) and region 2 (R2) currents. During the 3 month duration of the ST5 mission, geomagnetic conditions range from quiet to moderately active. We find that the R1 current intensity is consistently stronger than the R2 current intensity, both for the dawnside and the duskside large‐scale field‐aligned current system. The net currents flowing into (out of) the ionosphere in the dawnside (duskside) are in the order of 5% of the total R1 currents. We also find that the net currents flowing into or out of the ionosphere are controlled by the solar wind‐magnetosphere interaction in the same way as the field‐aligned currents themselves are. Since the net currents due to the imbalance of the R1 and R2 currents require that their closure currents flow across the polar cap from dawn to dusk as Pedersen currents, our results indicate that the total amount of the cross‐polar cap Pedersen currents is in the order of ∼0.1 MA. This study, although with a very limited data set, is one of a few attempts to quantify the cross‐polar cap Pedersen currents. Given the importance of the Joule heating due to Pedersen currents to the high‐latitude ionospheric electrodynamics, quantifying the cross‐polar cap Pedersen currents and associated Joule heating is needed for developing models of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling.
Magnetosonic Mach number effect of the position of the bow shock at Mars in comparison to Venus
Authors: Edberg N. J. T. , Lester M. , Cowley S. W. H. , Brain D. A. , Fränz M. , Barabash S.
Published: July 2010

We study the effect of the magnetosonic Mach number on the position of the bow shock (BS) at Mars. The magnetosonic Mach number is calculated from solar wind data obtained by the ACE satellite upstream of Earth and extrapolated to Mars during two intervals, starting in 2005 and 2007, when Mars and Earth were close to opposition. An increased Mach number is observed to cause the Martian BS to move to lower altitudes and the variation in the terminator altitude is proportional to the Mach number change. When the Mach number is lowered, the BS flares more. We also compare our results to previous studies at Venus. The variation in BS altitude with magnetosonic Mach number is found to be very similar to the variation of the Venusian BS, which has previously been shown to decrease linearly in altitude with increasing Mach number.
Carbon balance of a primary tropical seasonal rain forest
Authors: Tan Zhenghong , Zhang Yiping , Yu Guirui , Sha Liqing , Tang Jianwei , Deng Xiaobao , Song Qinghai
Published: July 2010

The role of primary tropical rain forests in the global carbon cycle is under active debate. By combining long‐term forest inventory data with physiological measurement data in a 1 ha permanent ecological research plot beneath an eddy covariance flux tower in a primary tropical seasonal rain forest, the ecosystem carbon balance was investigated and a detailed site‐specific carbon budget was established. The studied ecosystem was a carbon sink as determined by both eddy covariance (1.19 Mg C ha−1 yr−1) and biometric methods (3.59 Mg C ha−1 yr−1). Biometric‐ and eddy covariance‐based net ecosystem production showed no convergence in our investigation period. The large biomass increment, caused by the rapid annual growth rate of large trees, primarily accounted for the large ecosystem carbon sink derived from the biometric method. High leaf respiration in relation to carbon allocation and low ecosystem carbon use efficiency (0.34) were observed at our site.
Age dating base flow at springs and gaining streams using helium‐3 and tritium: Fischa‐Dagnitz system, southern Vienna Basin, Austria
Authors: Stolp B. J. , Solomon D. K. , Suckow A. , Vitvar T. , Rank D. , Aggarwal P. K. , Han L. F.
Published: July 2010

Springs and gaining streams are locations where groundwater flow paths naturally converge and discharge as a flow‐weighted mixture of water from the contributing aquifer. The age of that water is therefore a good measure of the mean transit time (MTT) of the contributing aquifer. The question examined in this paper is whether tritiogenic helium‐3 and tritium (3Hetrit–3H) can be used to estimate MTT in these settings. To answer that question two factors must be considered: (1) the loss of 3He from discharging groundwater as it becomes exposed to the atmosphere, and (2) the accuracy with which MTT can be determined from flow‐weighted 3Hetrit–3H concentrations. These concepts were tested at the Fischa‐Dagnitz system (springs and emerging stream), which is part of the southern Vienna Basin aquifer. Conducting a gas tracer test, gas exchange coefficients (λ) were established for helium‐4 (4He) and krypton‐84 (84Kr), and derived for helium‐3 (3He) and neon‐20 (20Ne). By simulating measured groundwater inflow and gas transport in the stream, groundwater inflow concentrations for 3He, 4He, 20Ne, and 84Kr were estimated. Correcting for the various sources of He, the tritiogenic helium‐3 (3Hetrit) concentration of inflowing groundwater was estimated at 8.3 tritium units (TU). The flow‐weighted groundwater concentration of 3H, determined from 22 stream water samples, was estimated at 9.8 TU. Assuming that the relationship between flow amount and transit time at Fischa‐Dagnitz is characterized by a hybrid dispersion–exponential age model, the 3Hetrit–3H ratio (8.3/9.8 = 0.85) defines a MTT of 8 years. The validity of this estimate was evaluated by comparison to a long‐term 3H time series that exists for Fischa‐Dagnitz. The likely range of MTT's derived from the measured 3H time series is 11 to 14 years.
Unraveling the tilting history of the submerged reefs surrounding Oahu and the Maui‐Nui Complex, Hawaii
Authors: Faichney Iain D. E. , Webster Jody M. , Clague David A. , Paduan Jennifer B. , Fullagar Paul D.
Published: July 2010

There is considerable uncertainty concerning the history of lithospheric flexure of Oahu and the Maui‐Nui Complex associated with the Hawaiian hot spot. Previous reconstructions based on models and sparse observational data place the zone of maximum uplift (forebulge) either under Oahu or between Oahu and Molokai. To address this issue we have compiled and analyzed all existing and new high‐resolution multibeam bathymetry, dive observations, and chronologic data from submerged terraces in the region. We have identified 89 separate submarine terraces and mapped their distribution across the volcanic flanks of Oahu and the Maui‐Nui Complex. These data are used to systematically measure the direction and amplitude of terrace tilting within the Maui‐Nui Complex and to provide new constraints on lithospheric flexure associated with volcanic loading at the hot spot. The terraces are divided into six separate geographic regions (Oahu, Molokai, Penguin Bank, Lanai, Maui, and East Maui) defined by significant discontinuities in either terrace morphology or depth. Following the sequential development of new substrate as the new volcanoes formed throughout the development of the MNC, 18 new and 51 published 87Sr/86Sr isotopic ages show that the terraces in these regions were also initiated at different times, and the tilting data show that they also responded to lithospheric flexure independently. The general pattern of terrace tilting records the plate's response to lithospheric flexure with each region continually tilting toward the zone of maximum subsidence since their formation. Our individual tilt calculations are based on the most complete and highest‐resolution bathymetric data available, and they show that plate response to volcanic loading is a gradual process. Finally, we demonstrate that the shallowest terraces we identified in the Oahu and Molokai regions tilt toward the north, away from the current zone of maximum subsidence, indicating that these regions have recently passed the zone of maximum uplift. We compare our results with two separate published numerical models and differentiate between these, resolving a long‐standing uncertainty in the position of the forebulge.
Facilitating Vocabulary Acquisition of Young English Language Learners
Authors: Lugo-Neris Mirza J. , Jackson Carla Wood , Goldstein Howard
Published: July 2010

Purpose

This study examined whether English-only vocabulary instruction or English vocabulary instruction enhanced with Spanish bridging produced greater word learning in young Spanish-speaking children learning English during a storybook reading intervention while considering individual language characteristics.

Method

Twenty-two Spanish-speaking children learning English (ages 4–6) who participated in a summer education program for migrant families were randomly assigned to receive 2 weeks of each instruction: (a) word expansions in English or (b) English readings with word expansions in Spanish. Researcher-created measures of target vocabulary were administered, as were English and Spanish standardized measures of language proficiency and vocabulary.

Results

Results revealed significant improvement in naming, receptive knowledge, and expressive definitions for those children who received Spanish bridging. Spanish expansions produced the greatest gains in the children’s use of expressive definitions. Initial language proficiency in both languages was found to affect participants' gains from intervention, as those with limited skills in both languages showed significantly less vocabulary growth than those with strong skills in Spanish.

Conclusions

Additional benefits to using Spanish expansions in vocabulary instruction were observed. Future research should explore additional ways of enhancing the vocabulary growth of children with limited skills in both languages in order to support and strengthen the child’s first language and promote second language acquisition.
The Relationship Between Different Measures of Oral Reading Fluency and Reading Comprehension in Second-Grade Students Who Evidence Different Oral Reading Fluency Difficulties
Authors: Wise Justin C. , Sevcik Rose A. , Morris Robin D. , Lovett Maureen W. , Wolf Maryanne , Kuhn Melanie , Meisinger Beth , Schwanenflugel Paula
Published: July 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine whether different measures of oral reading fluency relate differentially to reading comprehension performance in two samples of second-grade students: (a) students who evidenced difficulties with nonsense-word oral reading fluency, real-word oral reading fluency, and oral reading fluency of connected text (ORFD), and (b) students who evidenced difficulties only with oral reading fluency of connected text (CTD).

Method

Participants (ORFD,n= 146 and CTD,n= 949) were second-grade students who were recruited for participation in different reading intervention studies. Data analyzed were from measures of nonsense-word oral reading fluency, real-word oral reading fluency, oral reading fluency of connected text, and reading comprehension that were collected at the pre-intervention time point.

Results

Correlational and path analyses indicated that real-word oral reading fluency was the strongest predictor of reading comprehension performance in both samples and across average and poor reading comprehension abilities.

Conclusion

Results of this study indicate that real-word oral reading fluency was the strongest predictor of reading comprehension and suggest that real-word oral reading fluency may be an efficient method for identifying potential reading comprehension difficulties.
Effect of deposition temperature on the morphology and contact resistance of Au on pentacene
Authors: Kim Yunbog , Jeon D.
Published: July 2010

We studied the morphology and the contact resistance of Au/pentacene which was prepared by depositing Au onto pentacene at different temperatures. For the 18 °C deposition, Au atoms diffused into pentacene until a continuous film was formed at high coverage, while for the −150 °C deposition Au formed clusters on the surface from the low coverage. Current-voltage measurements showed that the Au/pentacene contact resistance was higher for the 18 °C deposition. Infrared spectroscopy measurement suggested that disorder in pentacene due to Au penetration was the reason for the higher resistance.