bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The IPA, a Modified Numerical System for Pain Assessment and Intervention
Authors: Vaidya Rahul , Washington Austen , Stine Sasha , Geamanu Andreea , Hudson Ian
Published: September 2021

Introduction:

The objective of this study was to (1) construct a pain scale that improves communication between healthcare providers and patients (Interventional Pain Assessment [IPA] tool) and (2) to validate this new pain scale with the numeric rating scale of 0 to 10 Numerical Rating System (NRS).

Methods:

The IPA uses only three categories: 0 = “I have no pain,” 1 = “My pain is tolerable (no intervention needed),” and 2 = “my pain is intolerable, (intervention needed).” An Institutional Review Board–approved study was done on 322 consecutive patients who were recovering from fracture treatment. We compared ratings of the IPA with NRS. We also asked patients which scale they preferred. Statistical analysis included Kendall rank correlation (Kendall τ) and Spearman rho to determine correlation with the NRS.

Results:

The IPA exhibited a statistically significant association with the NRS (τ = 0.58, P < 0.0001). Discordant answers were provided by 23.6% patients; 4.7% regarded their mild-to-moderate pain as intolerable (15/322) while 18.9% reported their severe pain as tolerable (61/322). Eighty-two percent of patients preferred the IPA.

Conclusion:

The IPA is a valid pain scale and has exhibited strong correlation with the NRS 0 to 10, displays simple minimally clinical important difference calculation, and provides meaningful information on the effect of pain control modulation.
Knowledge of Teachers on Cultural Practices that Influence HIV/AIDS Transmission in Kavango West, Namibia
Authors: Amunyela Johanna Magano , Magesa Emmanuel Salvatory
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND: In the world there are still ethnic groups that promotes cultural practices that may predispose people to HIV/AIDS transmission and hence increase HIV prevalence rate. Namibia is one of the countries that are badly affected by HIV/AIDS in the world, with Kavango West the worst-affected region in Namibia with the prevalence rate of 12.1%. This is the region where ethnic group known as Ukwangari is located. In Namibia, there are policies, guidelines, and programmes in place to manage the HIV/AIDS epidemic, however, the cultural practices regarding the transmission of HIV/AIDS are not well discussed, hence excluded when addressing prevention of HIV.

AIM: Is to explore depth knowledge of basic education school teachers on cultural practices that influence HIV/AIDS transmission in Ukwangari culture in Nankudu district, Kavango West region, Namibia.

METHODS: Qualitative, explorative contextual study was conducted to in which non-probability purposive sampling method was employed. Participants, who knew Ukwangari culture, were purposively selected and focus group discussion was conducted until data were saturated. Data were analysed using Tesch’s open coding system, where themes and sub themes that emerged from the discussion were identified.

RESULTS: The findings indicate that basic education school teachers had fair knowledge about HIV/AIDS, while a few teachers had misinformation on culture and transmission of HIV/AIDS.

CONCLUSION: There is a need to sensitise and educate basic education school teachers in Ukwangari community about their cultural practices that influence HIV/AIDS transmission. This will be possible by collaborating with various ministries and stakeholders.
Hof van Justitie sluit zich voor het zwijgrecht en het nemo tenetur-beginsel voor natuurlijke personen aan bij het EHRM
Authors: Traousis M.A.A.
Published: September 2021

Hof van Justitie sluit zich voor het zwijgrecht en het nemo tenetur-beginsel voor natuurlijke personen aan bij het EHRM.

In het arrest DB/Consob oordeelt de Grote kamer van het Hof van Justitie over de reikwijdte van het zwijgrecht en het nemo tenetur-beginsel voor natuurlijke personen. Eerder is dit al gedaan voor rechtspersonen in het kader van het mededingingsrecht, maar voor natuurlijke personen breidt het Hof van Justitie dit nu uit door aan te sluiten bij de rechtspraak van het EHRM. Dit leidt ertoe dat iemand geen boete mag krijgen omdat hij weigert te antwoorden, wanneer die antwoorden mogelijk tegen hem zouden kunnen worden gebruikt bij een criminal charge.

HvJ 2 februari 2021, zaak C-481/19, ECLI:EU:C:2021:84 (DB/Commissione Nazionale per le Società e la Borsa (Consob)).
Facebook Ireland: one-stop-shop confirmed
Authors: Temme M.O.G.
Published: September 2021

Facebook Ireland: one-stop-shop confirmed. Het arrest van het Hof van Justitie in zaak C-645/19

Dit artikel behandelt het arrest van het Hof van Justitie van 15 juni 2021 in de zaak Facebook Ireland. Het Hof van Justitie bepaalt dat hoewel de leidende toezichthoudende autoriteit voor de grensoverschrijdende verwerking van persoonsgegevens in principe als de one-stop-shop in de zin van artikel 56 AVG moet worden aangemerkt, een betrokken toezichthoudende autoriteit in bepaalde omstandigheden gebruik kan maken van haar bevoegdheid als bedoeld in artikel 58 lid 5 AVG en een rechtsvordering kan instellen. De uitzonderingen op het één-loketmechanisme volgen uit de AVG.

HvJ 15 juni 2021, zaak C-645/19, ECLI:EU:C:2021:483 (Facebook Ireland Ltd, Facebook Inc. en Facebook Belgium BVBA/Gegevensbeschermingsautoriteit (België)).
Coordinating the Enforcement of Anti-Corruption Law: South American Experiences
Authors: Davis Kevin E. , Jorge Guillermo , Machado Maíra R.
Published: September 2021

One of the most pressing challenges in anti-corruption law is whether and how to coordinate enforcement across multiple agencies, that is to say, under conditions of institutional multiplicity. One approach is modular enforcement, which involves dividing responsibility for enforcement among multiple institutions that are able, but not required, to coordinate their activities. The relatively impressive performance of Brazil’s anti-corruption agencies around the beginning of the twentieth century has been attributed to this kind of institutional modularity. We examine whether other similarly situated countries adopted the Brazilian approach. Specifically, we compare the extent to which the modular approach to anti-corruption enforcement was reflected in the national anti-corruption institutions of Brazil and five other South American countries as of 2014. We find little evidence that Brazil’s neighbors adopted the modular approach and suggest a variety of political, intellectual and institutional factors that may limit the attraction of institutional modularity outside the Brazilian context. Our analysis also demonstrates the value of an approach to comparative legal analysis which extends beyond the judiciary and the police to cover the full range of institutions involved in law enforcement.
Whistleblowing to a Latin Tune: The Adaptation Problems of the OECD/FCPA Paradigm in Environments with Disseminated Corruption through the Lenses of the Odebrecht Case in Latin America
Authors: Bertran Maria Paula , Nabuco do Amaral Mesquita Nasser Maria Virgínia
Published: September 2021

This paper discusses the adaptation and feasibility of some of the tools shared by the OECD Convention and the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act. The article highlights three of them: incentives and protection to whistleblowers, prosecutorial discretion, and different forms of negotiated justice, including plea bargaining. We call these tools the OECD/FCPA paradigm. We claim that the OECD/FCPA paradigm hardly reconciles criminal punishment needs in Latin American countries. We offer three primary reasons for this inadaptation. The first reason is that most Latin American countries have what the literature calls “disseminated corruption as a point of equilibrium” for grand corruption. In an environment with disseminated corruption (as described in the plea agreement in the Odebrecht case), all actors have incentives to accept or offer bribes. It creates a pragmatic incompatibility with prosecutorial discretion and plea bargaining, as some politicians or businesspersons would suffer anti-bribery enforcement, while many others - including the former’s competitors - would not. The second reason is that the OECD/FCPA paradigm weakens the system of control implemented in many countries, as it reserves the power to a limited number of agencies and prosecutors. Considering environments with disseminated corruption, the concentration of power - and discretion - over a limited number of agents creates the institutional design for the lack of accountability and perhaps collusion. The third reason is mainly connected to Latin America's political history. We argue that collaboration agreements, whistleblowers, and discretion are prone to magnify certain cases of corruption. Considering the traditional connection between corruption scandals and political instability in Latin America, we argue that the OECD/FCPA paradigm offers deleterious tools to political exploitation of anti-bribery enforcement.
Neue Perspektiven
Authors: Bode Ingo
Published: September 2021

Das seit den 1990er-Jahren vorherrschende Finanzierungsregime hat Risiken bei den Leistungserbringern deponiert, die - oft unter Bedingungen eines latenten Unterbietungswettbewerbs - auskömmliche Tages- und Fachleistungsstundensätze erkämpfen und mit diversen Fördertöpfen oder Projektmitteln jonglieren müssen. Das beklagt in seinem Beitrag über die Perspektiven der Finanzierung sozialer Dienste der Kasseler Sozialexperte Prof. Dr. Ingo Bode, ohne dass er gleichzeitig Hoffnungszeichen sieht: Die wirtschaftsliberale Modernisierungsphilosophie könnte angesichts der Coronoa- und anderer Krisen den Bogen überspannt haben.
Gemischte Aussichten
Authors: Raffer Christian
Published: September 2021

Corona gefährdet kommunale Ausgaben für freiwillige soziale Leistungen. Das ist eines der Ergebnisse der aktuellen Befragung kommunaler Kämmereien in Deutschland.
Nichthandeln wird teuer
Authors: Reese Hans-Christoph
Published: September 2021

Der »Green Deal« der Europäischen Union wird über das Bankenwesen auch die »immobilienlastige« Organisationen der Sozialwirtschaft betreffen.
Neue Wendung
Authors: Wendt Wolf Rainer
Published: September 2021

Das Konzept der Sozialwirtschaft ist im Wandel. Und das nicht nur wegen der Corona-Pandemie, stellt Prof. Dr. Wolf Rainer Wendt in seinen Betrachtungen zu den Perspektiven der deutschen Sozialwirtschaft fest. Klimawandel, Kreislaufwirtschaft, digitale Transformation: Für die etablierten Organisationen sozialer Versorgung bieten sich seiner Meinung nach in einer erweiterten Sozialwirtschaft günstige Chancen, den gewohnten Aufgabenkreis zu öffnen in das weite Feld einer Ökologie von Wohlfahrt jenseits der Unterstützung ihrer bedürftigen Klientel.
Hilfe durch Kooperation
Authors: Heibrock Regina , Lenz Martin , Wiepcke Claudia
Published: September 2021

Kooperationen zwischen Kommune und Hochschule können helfen, soziale Herausforderungen mit unternehmerischen Mitteln und innovativ anzugehen. Social Entrepreneurship kann als Koproduzent Sozialer Arbeit dazu beitragen, die Teilhabechancen beispielsweise wohnungsloser Menschen auch unter Corona-Bedingungen zu verbessern, wie ein App-Projekt in Karlsruhe zeigt.
Sichtbar werden
Authors: Hölderle Jona
Published: September 2021

Wohlfahrtsverbände und Sozialunternehmen können im Online-Lexikon Wikipedia eigene Artikel anlegen und fremde Fachbeiträge aktualisieren. Dabei sind jedoch einige Kriterien zu beachten. Der Medienberater für Non-Profit-Organisationen Jona Hölderle zeigt, wie soziale Organisationen ihre Arbeit die Expertise ihrer Mitarbeitenden sichtbar machen
Die Südseeblase in der englischen Kunst des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts
Authors: Löwe Kathleen
Published: September 2021

When in 1720 the English stock-market crashed, the so-called South Sea Bubble, many people were suddenly faced with financial ruin. How has this early financial crisis been handled in 18th and 19th century arts? Kathleen Löwe’s comprehensive image analyse reveals the presence of the South Sea Bubble in media such as print-graphics by William Hogarth, playing cards and collectible picture cards.
Karl Ernst Osthaus und der Hohenhof in Hagen
Authors: Ruppio Christin
Published: September 2021

The Hohenhof in Hagen (today part of the Osthaus Museum Hagen) was built in 1906–1908 as a ‘Gesamtkunstwerk’ by Henry van de Velde; his client was the patron Karl Ernst Osthaus (1874–1921). The Hohenhof – residence of the Osthaus family – was the hub of an extensive modernist network and for Osthaus a programmatic building in which the ideals of the reform movements of the early 20th century were exemplified. Christin Ruppio explains the interplay of space, art and residents and shows how the Hohenhof was presented in publications and exhibitions as a model of housing and living for society as a whole. The intercultural references in the Hohenhof are highlighted as important starting points for today's museum communication.
Dekolonisation der Natur-Mensch-Beziehungen
Authors: Thomay Marius
Published: September 2021

With the help of the postdevelopment approach and decolonial theories, the book critically examines the Western understanding of sustainability and the dominant notion of the nature-human relationship that underlies this understanding. Building on the insights gained in this way, it illuminates the understandings and concepts of the nature-human relationship as they are debated and represented within those two theoretical approaches. In this way, the book invites readers to learn about other perspectives and to decolonize their own thinking and being.
Mikronährstoffe
Authors: Wienecke Elmar
Published: September 2021

Neuere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass jeder zweite Bundesbürger, unabhängig davon ob, jung oder alt, über unterschiedliche Befindlichkeiten klagt: chronische Müdigkeit, Infektanfälligkeit, Konzentrationsschwierigkeiten, Antriebslosigkeit, Kopfschmerzen und Erschöpfung und vieles mehr. Gelingt es, rechtzeitig biochemische Störungen zu erkennen und zu korrigieren, dann kann jeder über eine Selbstregulation des Körpers seine Lebensqualität steigern und der Spitzensportler sein Leistungspotenzial voll ausschöpfen.

Als Anerkennung für herausragende wissenschaftliche Forschungs- und Entwicklungsarbeit haben Prof. Dr. Elmar Wienecke und sein Team den Innovationspreis der Stiftung für Gesundheit und Umwelt (SfGU), Schweiz, erhalten.

Die Ergebnisse der langjährigen evidenzbasierten retrospektiven Studien sind Meilensteine in der Gesundheitsmedizin und werden die Lebensqualität der Menschen entscheidend verbessern. Die weltweit einmalige Datenbank ermöglicht neue innovative erfolgreiche Mikronähstofftherapien.*) *) Zitat: Stiftung für Gesundheit und Umwelt (SfGU), Schweiz
The Influential Factors in Students' Satisfaction with Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Iran (2015 - 2016)
Authors: Mohammadi Babak , jamshidi Leila , Jamshidi Khadijeh , Amiri Seyed Mojtaba , Poursaberi Roghayeh
Published: September 2021

Background: Attention to educational quality is a primary goal of the managers, professors, and policymakers of the community health system. Universities seek to meet students’ needs and expectations and increase their satisfaction since student satisfaction is essential to the growth and improvement of educational organizations. Objectives: The present study aimed to evaluate the influential factors in students' satisfaction with Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Iran in 2015-2016. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 346 students of KUMS who were selected via stratified random sampling. Data were collected by a questionnaire used in similar studies. The influential factors were assessed in two dimensions of importance and satisfaction. Data analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics at the significance level of 0.05. Results: The mean scores of the important dimension, satisfaction dimension, and the gap were 174.6 ± 25, 138.3 ± 24.3, and 36.3 ± 33.3, respectively. All the factors had a high degree of importance, and the highest level of relative satisfaction belonged to the factors of school atmosphere and educational effectiveness. Meanwhile, the lowest level of satisfaction was assigned to responsiveness to diverse populations. The most significant gap was observed in the factors of school's atmosphere and educational effectiveness, and the lowest value belonged to the factors of health and safety status of the school. In addition, the mean score of the gap in the female students (42 ± 33) was higher compared to the male students (26.9 ± 31.9; P = 0.004). Conclusions: Since the level of student satisfaction with KUMS was not desirable in this study, it is recommended that the university administrators and staff increasingly improve the quality and quantity of the educational services at this institution.
Comparison of Phase-Sensitive Inversion Recovery and Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detection of Cortical Plaques in MS Patients
Authors: Hashemi Hassan , Mohammadzadeh Maryam , Dianat Mohammad Hossein , Azimi Amir Reza , Naghibi Hamed , Shakiba Madjid , Firouznia Kavous
Published: September 2021

Background: Precise detection and classification of intracortical (IC) lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients are very important for understanding their role in disease progression and determining their effects on the clinical presentations of the disease. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of phase-sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR) in delineation of cortical lesions in MS patients. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional, single-center study was performed among 38 patients with the mean age of 31 years, who were recruited from December 2018 to August 2020. All MS patients underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), using a 1.5-Tesla scanner. Two expert neuroradiologists interpreted the fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), T2-weighted turbo spin echo (T2W-TSE), and PSIR images. The lesions were classified as purely IC, mixed gray/white matter (WM) [leukocortical (LC)], and juxtacortical (JC). The number of lesions in each region was compared between the FLAIR, T2W-TSE, and PSIR sequences. Results: The number of cortical lesions (IC and LC) was significantly higher in PSIR compared to T2W-TSE and Fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) (P < 0.001), while the number of JC lesions was lower; in other words, the mean number of plaques was higher in T2W-TSE and FLAIR as compared to PSIR. Conclusion: The PSIR sequence significantly improved the delineation of cortical lesions and could be useful in monitoring cortical injuries and disease progression in MS patients.
Applications of nanotechnology with hybrid photovoltaic/thermal systems: A review
Authors: Alktranee Mohammed , Bencs Péter
Published: September 2021

This paper appears potential of use nanofluids as a working fluid with the photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) systems as an alternative of the conventional liquids in improves the efficiency of the hybrid PV/T system. The review highlights the impact of some parameters (base fluid, volume fraction, the concentration of nanoparticles, surfactants, shape, and size of nanoparticles) on nanofluids' thermophysical properties and their effect on the PV/T system's efficiencies. Hence, it discusses the PV/T behavior, which uses different nanofluids based on previous experimental, analytical, and numerical studies. The review concluded that using nanofluid as a cooling fluid or spectral filter contributes by enhancing the performance and increasing the PV/T system's efficiency. Thus, each type of nanofluids has certain features that contribute to removing the PV cells' excess heat by cooling it, contributing to its work's stability, and increasing its productivity. Nanofluids thermophysical properties play an intrinsic role by enhancing nanofluids' performance, thus positively reflecting on the PV/T system's performance. Despite the variation in the values of thermal and electrical efficiency, Most of the studies that used nanofluids have achieved encouraging results that appeared by improving the performance of PV/T systems.
International Trade in the Age of Turbulent Uncertainty, Globalization, Regionalization and Pandemic
Authors: Evdokimov Alexander Ivanovich , Guliyev Mushfig Yelmar
Published: September 2021

Purpose: This paper analyzes the modern aspects of the international trade policy system in the context of the active development of integration processes in various regions, assesses the role of the WTO (The World Trade Organization) and some ways to improve its activities in accordance with modern challenges. Methods: The methods of comparison, synthesis, abstraction, and modeling based on available information and analytical resources were used. Results: The draft of the future international trade order, especially if it is based on a network of related regional and interregional trade agreements, can become increasingly practical for the effectiveness of trade relations and public confidence regarding the idea of ​​openness and globalization. Conclusion: The main idea of this study is that the global regulation of international trade and the influence of turbulent currents of uncertainties at the national level can be improved with a higher degree of sustainable win-win approaches to reforming the WTO and regional spaces of trade relations.
Discharge model and plasma characteristics of high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering titanium target
Authors: Chen Chang-Zi , Ma Dong-Lin , Li Yan-Tao , Leng Yong-Xiang ,   Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China,   School of Mechanical Engineering, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen 448000, China
Published: September 2021

High-power pulsed magnetron sputtering has become a popular research tool in surface technology industry because it can prepare the films with excellent surface quality. The plasma density and metal ionization rate are the key factors affecting the quality of the film deposited by high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering. The parameters of high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering (such as applied voltage, pulse width, deposition pressure and peak current) affect the plasma density and metal ionization rate. In this paper, in order to more easily understand the plasma densities and metal ionization rates at the different process parameters, the plasma densities and ionization rates are calculated numerically. An equivalent circuit model established by MATLAB/Simulink software is used to obtain the discharge current curve of high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering titanium (Ti) target. The plasma density near the plasma sheath is calculated by the sheath resistance in the equivalent circuit model. The ionization rate of Ti is calculated by using the semi-cylinder global model theory combined with the discharge current simulated by equivalent circuit model. It is found that under the different high power pulse sputtering voltages, pulse widths and different deposition pressures, the discharge modes are of gas discharge and metal ion discharge, and the gas discharge interacts with metal ion discharge. The equivalent circuit model is produced by the main discharge mode, and the equivalent circuit model composed of capacitor, inductor and resistors in series and in parallel can be used to simulate the discharge current of Ti target. The result shows that the simulated discharge current is accurate in the rising edge and peak value in comparison with experimental data. The value of electron component in the model is related to the saturation ion current.

According to the sheath resistance in the model, the average plasma density in the vacuum chamber increases with increasing sputtering voltage, pulse width and deposition pressure. And the plasma density in the vacuum chamber lies in a range of (2–9) × 1017 m–3. The particle equilibrium equation is established by using the semi-cylinder global model theory. The electron temperature (5 eV) and discharge current are used as boundary conditions to calculate the ionization rate of Ti. The value of the ionization rate of Ti is in a range of 31%–38% at different deposition pressures, and the ionization rate of Ti increases with the increase of deposition pressure.
Exact solutions to Stark effect of rigid symmetric-top molecules
Authors: Chen Chang-Yuan , Sun Guo-Hua , Wang Xiao-Hua , Sun Dong-Sheng , You Yuan , Lu Fa-Lin , Dong Shi-Hai ,   School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China,   Catedrática CONACYT, CIC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, CDMX 07700, Mexico,   Research Center for Quantum Physics, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China,   Laboratorio de Información Cuántica, CIDETEC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, UPALM, CDMX 07700, Mexico
Published: September 2021

In this work a new scheme is proposed to accurately calculate the rotational energy level of the rigid symmetric-top molecule subjected to the external electric field, and also to obtain the corresponding analytical wave functions. For this purpose, first we use the different forms of function transformation and variable substitution to transform the differential equation of the polar angle θ into a confluent Heun differential equation, and then we use the characteristics of the confluent Heun differential equation and the confluent Heun function to find two linearly dependent solutions of the same eigenstates, which are used to construct the Wronskian determinant to obtain the exact energy spectrum equation. Finally, with the aid of the Maple software, we calculate the eigenvalues for different quantum states, and then substitute the obtained eigenvalues into the unnormalized eigenfunction to obtain the analytical normalized eigenfunction expressed by the confluent Heun function. These results are conducive to the in-depth study of the Stark effect of symmetric-top molecules.
A simple regulatory architecture allows learning the statistical structure of a changing environment
Authors: Landmann Stefan , Holmes Caroline M , Tikhonov Mikhail
Published: September 2021

Bacteria live in environments that are continuously fluctuating and changing. Exploiting any predictability of such fluctuations can lead to an increased fitness. On longer timescales, bacteria can ‘learn’ the structure of these fluctuations through evolution. However, on shorter timescales, inferring the statistics of the environment and acting upon this information would need to be accomplished by physiological mechanisms. Here, we use a model of metabolism to show that a simple generalization of a common regulatory motif (end-product inhibition) is sufficient both for learning continuous-valued features of the statistical structure of the environment and for translating this information into predictive behavior; moreover, it accomplishes these tasks near-optimally. We discuss plausible genetic circuits that could instantiate the mechanism we describe, including one similar to the architecture of two-component signaling, and argue that the key ingredients required for such predictive behavior are readily accessible to bacteria.
Separable neural signatures of confidence during perceptual decisions
Authors: Balsdon Tarryn , Mamassian Pascal , Wyart Valentin
Published: September 2021

Perceptual confidence is an evaluation of the validity of perceptual decisions. While there is behavioural evidence that confidence evaluation differs from perceptual decision-making, disentangling these two processes remains a challenge at the neural level. Here, we examined the electrical brain activity of human participants in a protracted perceptual decision-making task where observers tend to commit to perceptual decisions early whilst continuing to monitor sensory evidence for evaluating confidence. Premature decision commitments were revealed by patterns of spectral power overlying motor cortex, followed by an attenuation of the neural representation of perceptual decision evidence. A distinct neural representation was associated with the computation of confidence, with sources localised in the superior parietal and orbitofrontal cortices. In agreement with a dissociation between perception and confidence, these neural resources were recruited even after observers committed to their perceptual decisions, and thus delineate an integral neural circuit for evaluating perceptual decision confidence.
Gut bacterial aggregates as living gels
Authors: Schlomann Brandon H , Parthasarathy Raghuveer
Published: September 2021

The spatial organization of gut microbiota influences both microbial abundances and host-microbe interactions, but the underlying rules relating bacterial dynamics to large-scale structure remain unclear. To this end, we studied experimentally and theoretically the formation of three-dimensional bacterial clusters, a key parameter controlling susceptibility to intestinal transport and access to the epithelium. Inspired by models of structure formation in soft materials, we sought to understand how the distribution of gut bacterial cluster sizes emerges from bacterial-scale kinetics. Analyzing imaging-derived data on cluster sizes for eight different bacterial strains in the larval zebrafish gut, we find a common family of size distributions that decay approximately as power laws with exponents close to −2, becoming shallower for large clusters in a strain-dependent manner. We show that this type of distribution arises naturally from a Yule-Simons-type process in which bacteria grow within clusters and can escape from them, coupled to an aggregation process that tends to condense the system toward a single massive cluster, reminiscent of gel formation. Together, these results point to the existence of general, biophysical principles governing the spatial organization of the gut microbiome that may be useful for inferring fast-timescale dynamics that are experimentally inaccessible.
Historicidad, sincronía y activismo de lo sensible: el Congreso Escena Política en Buenos Aires
Authors:   CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Ténicas), Instituto de Artes del Espectáculo, Univesidad de Buenos Aires, Vallejos Juan Ignacio
Published: September 2021

El siguiente trabajo analiza las acciones artísticas ligadas al Colectivo Escena Política que tuvieron lugar en la ciudad de Buenos Aires entre 2013 y 2016. Daremos cuenta de tres formas específicas de intervención artístico-política en el espacio público. La primera relacionada con una denuncia de la explotación laboral de los artistas escénicos en la ciudad. La segunda vinculada a prácticas micropolíticas que denominamos activismo de lo sensible. Y la tercera, relacionada con la lucha llevada adelante por la Asamblea Lopérfido Renunciá Ya, en conjunto con organismos de derechos humanos. En última instancia, el artículo propone que la eficacia política del activismo artístico depende de su articulación sincrónica con las diversas luchas que atraviesan el entramado social.
EL CONCEPTO CULTURAL DE BIENESTAR EN NIÑAS Y NIÑOS MAPUCHE: PERSPECTIVAS DE SUS CUIDADORES Y AUTORIDADES ANCESTRALES
Authors:   Depto. Salud Pública, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile, Alarcón Muñoz Ana María , Garcés Zúñiga Raúl Enrique ,   Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile, Nahuelcheo Saldaña Yolanda ,   Depto. Salud Pública, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile, Castro Garrido Marcela ,   Depto.Salud Pública, Universidad de la Frontera, Temuco, Chile
Published: September 2021

El concepto de salud y bienestar escultural,social e históricamentedependiente, y al mismo tiempo obedece a diversosenfoques socio-políticos. Lo que se considera sano, enfermo,o en buenas condiciones generalesde saluddepende de los valores y expectativas que se tiene de las personas y sus cuerpos en las diversasculturas. En nuestro país la infancia mapuche se encuentra en una interfaz entre valores de la modernidad y aquellos propias del mundo mapuche; así sus cuidadores velan por la protección y traspaso de valores culturales esenciales. Este estudio, se propone indagar enlos conceptos de salud, bienestar y enfermedad asociados al desarrolloy crianza de niños y niñas mapuche desde la perspectiva de sus cuidadores, familiares y autoridades ancestrales.Es un diseño cualitativo basado en Teoría Fundamentada; losdatos se recolectaron mediante entrevistas en profundidad y observaciones dirigidas hacia el cuidado infantilen el propio ambiente familiar. El análisis se realizó enel programa Atlas ti.8, mediante segmentación, codificación y elaboración de categorías.Losresultados indicanque salud y bienestar se traduce en el conceptoküme mongen, küme felen(estar bien, en armonía con todo). Así, estarsano es crecer conforme al entorno,como una planta que se alimenta naturalmente, los niños/as tienen ganas de nutrirse, no tienenenfermedades y suscuerpossonfirmesy fuertes. Niños y niñas deben demostrar la adquisición de destrezas especialmente autonomía, caerse y levantarse sin llorar, no ser temerosos, ser activos,atentos a mirar y escucharlo que ocurre a su alrededore interesados en aprender
PREVENCIÓN DE QUEMADURAS INFANTILES EN TIEMPOS DE PANDEMIA: UNA CAMPAÑA VIRTUAL E INTERACTIVA
Authors: Domic Cardenas Carmina , Paredes Mayor Carola ,   COANIQUEM
Published: September 2021

Las quemaduras infantiles pertenecen al grupo de los traumatismos y son lesiones que pueden producir la muerte o dejar secuelas graves permanentes. Son eventos que se producen con mayor frecuencia en niños menores de cinco años y ocurren dentro de su hogar. La mayoría de estos eventos se pueden prevenir con actividades de educación a la comunidad y campañas masivas. En marzo del 2020 se suspenden las actividades escolares presenciales en Chile por la pandemia de Coronavirus, lo que obliga a la permanencia de los niños en sus hogares. Esto se transforma en un riesgo de aumento de quemaduras, por lo que se diseña una campaña virtual e interactiva, dirigida a niños pre-escolares y escolares de primer ciclo, creando videos específicos para diferentes agentes causales de quemaduras con personajes animados y que finalizan con una invitación a enviar un dibujo de lo aprendido en el video. Con los dibujos recibidos se crea un nuevo video para compartir en redes sociales. Los niños logran plasmar en sus dibujos los mensajes educativos que han recibido y en cinco meses de campañas, con once videos distintos, se logra recibir 2.166 dibujos de niños chilenos y 317 dibujos del extranjero. La campaña se publica y difunde por redes sociales, considerándose como un medio útil y eficiente para entregar contenidos educativos en salud a la comunidad.
The indirect effects of testing: Can poor performance in a vocabulary quiz lead to long-term L2 vocabulary retention?
Authors: Kanayama Kohei , Kasahara Kiwamu
Published: September 2021

Taking a test on learned items enhances long-term retention of these items. However, it is believed that good performance in a test contributes to subsequent high retention of the tested items while poor performance does not. Recent studies have sought to find the optimal way to make up for this poor performance, and have indicated that giving the subsequent learning session soon after the test is one such way. This study is different from previous studies in that we used L1-L2 word pairs to examine whether restudying immediately after the failure in the test is useful for long-term retention. First, in the initial study session, all the participants (n = 52) were shown and asked to remember 20 English and Japanese word pairs (e.g., deceit:詐欺). A week later, Group A took the first test session (Initial Test) before the restudy session. On the contrary, Group B took the restudy session before the Initial Test. An hour after this session, both groups took Posttest 1. Then, Posttest 2 was conducted a week after Posttest 1. The results showed that Group A had significantly lower scores than Group B in the Initial Test (2% vs. 55%). However, the results were reversed in Posttest 1 (84.2% vs. 53.2%) and Posttest 2 (55% vs. 43.5%). This study found that a restudy session soon after poor performance in the Initial Test enhanced long-term L2 vocabulary retention because learners benefited from the indirect effects of testing. Thus, English teachers should take such effects into consideration when organizing vocabulary quizzes and restudy sessions.
An experimental investigation of HAM, a novel mnemonic technique for learning L2 homonyms and homophones
Authors: Mueller Charles M.
Published: September 2021

Over the past 40 years, extensive research has examined the effectiveness of mnemonics for vocabulary learning. Much of this research has investigated the keyword method (Atkinson & Raugh, 1975), which involves linking an image related to a to-be-learned L2 word with animage related to a similar-sounding L1 word. Whereas most research has shown the keyword method to be effective (Webb & Nation, 2017) with impressive long-term retention rates (Beaton, Gruneberg, & Ellis, 1995), some have questioned its usefulness, particularly due to the quality of the resulting lexical representations and extended latencies associated with recall (Barcroft, Sommers, & Sunderman, 2011, Van Hell & Candia Mahn, 1997). Other drawbacks of the keyword technique are the equating of dissimilar L1 and L2 phonemes and the difficulty in creating associations for languages with markedly different phoneme inventories. The current study presents a novel approach called the Homonym/ Homophone Association Method (HAM). It overcomes some of the drawbacks of the keyword method by associating meanings of L2 homonyms or homophones, one known by the learner and one unknown. Because the pronunciations of the L2 target words are identical (or nearly identical), learners only need to associate two distinct meanings. A quasi-experiment (N = 71) employing a within-subjects design compared the effectiveness of (1) HAM using researcher-generated associations and images, (2) HAM using self-generated associations, and (3)production practice that involved writing target words in sentences. Results on anunannounced posttest given 3 weeks after instruction suggest an advantage for HAM using researcher-generated association.
Spatial Analysis of Urla Quarantine Island Facilities
Authors: CEBE Mehmet
Published: September 2021

Uluslararası ticaretin deniz yolu ile yapıldığı Osmanlının son dönemlerinde bulaşıcı hastalıkların da en yaygın bulaşma ve taşınma yolunu yine deniz ulaşımı oluşturmaktaydı. Bu nedenle bulaşıcı hastalıklardan korunma amacı ile İzmir
iline bağlı Urla ilçesinde bulunan bir ada, karantina adası olarak düzenlenerek kullanılmıştır. İzmir kent merkezine otuz km mesafede kentin batısında bulunan Urla Karantina Adası dünyada bu amaçla yapılmış tesislerin önemli bir
örneğidir. Ada’da ilgili bölge koruma kurulu tarafından tescillenerek koruma altına alınmış olan yirmi adet yapı bulunmaktadır. İzmir ilinin Urla ilçesine bağlı olan ada ilçenin kuzeyinde kıyıdan 500 m açıkta bulunmaktadır. Sonradan
denize yapılmış olan dolgu yol ile ulaşılmakta olan ada iki tepenin birleşmesinden oluşan bir topoğrafyaya sahiptir. Adaya “tahaffuzhane” binaları ilk olarak 1865 yılında inşa ettirilmeye başlatılmıştır. Urla Karantina Adasındaki
yapı topluluğu aracılığıyla bulaşıcı hastalık görülen gemilerin karantina sürelerini geçirmeleri, hastaların tedavilerinin yapılması ve gerekli diğer sağlık önlemlerinin alınması işlemleri yapılmıştır. Osmanlı İmparatorluğu döneminde
Fransızlara inşa ettirilen yapıların tasarımında, uygulamasında ve malzeme seçiminde Fransız mimarlar etkin olmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı, günümüzde de gündemde olan bulaşıcı hastalıklarla mücadele süreci için Osmanlı İmparatorluğu
zamanında inşa ettirilmiş olan Urla Karantina Adasının özgün işlevinin öneminin vurgulanması, korunması gereken tarihi ve mimari değere sahip yapıların özelliklerinin belirlenmesi, dönemin karantina uygulamaları hakkıda çıkarımlar
yapılmasıdır.
Diversity Management and Performance of Ministries in Edo State, Nigeria
Authors: Uzochukwu Onyeizugbe Chinedu , Uzoamaka Ndubuisi-Okolo Purity , Robert I. Odia
Published: September 2021

The increasing rate of tribalism, regional identities and discrimination among employers and employees in Nigerian organizations most especially public ministries has remained a recurring spike in Nigeria. The study selected ministry of agriculture, health and education in Edo State to examine the level of diversity practiced in terms of gender diversity of ministries in Edo state. The general objective of this study is to examine the relationship between diversity management and employee performance in Edo State ministries. The study specifically aims to identify the extent of relationship that exists between gender diversity and employee commitment of selected Ministries in Edo State. Descriptive research design was adopted in the study. The target population was 275 employees of ministries of agriculture, health and education in Edo State. A total of 275 copies of questionnaire were disseminated to the respondents of the study and only 262 were filled and returned which served as the sample size. The data were collated and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Percentages and frequency tables were used for the descriptive aspects. To test the hypothesis formulated, Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient Analysis was adopted. The study revealed that diversity management such as gender diversity affects employee commitment. The study concludes that gender diversity is a critical workforce diversity management that determines employee commitment in an organization. The study recommends that there is need for creating awareness and conducting trainings bordering on management diversity since most of the staff did not think the organization has invested enough in sensitizing employee.
Pyogenic Spondylitis: Case Report on Cervical Pyogenic Spondylitis
Authors: Ikponmwosa Morgan , Ehimen Ferguson Ayemere , Akpan Iboro Samuel , Chinemerem Adioha Kelechi , Nnanna Eze Pedro
Published: September 2021

Pyogenic spondylitis involves a broad spectrum of structures around the spine including the vertebra (vertebral osteomyelitis), discs (septic discitis) and epidural abscess. Symptoms may include fever, pain, sensory-motor deficits, and obtundation. Fever is a symptom, however, may not be common as it occurs in less than of patients. It may affect any aspect of the spine, with the cervical spine been the least affected. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is critical for early diagnosis and extensively used for diagnosis. Our case presents a lady who was referred for an MRI of the neck following neck pain for over 3 months.
Inflamed Right Inguinal Appendix in a Sixty-four-year-old Man: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Ogbetere Friday Emeakpor
Published: September 2021

The vermiform appendix has varied locations ranging from retrocaecal, pelvic, paracolic to pre-ileal and postileal. Inguinal appendix or Amyand’s hernia is an extremely rare occurrence with potentially fatal complications. Rarer still is the presence of an inflamed appendix in the inguinal canal in the elderly. Due to its rarity, the pathophysiology and risk factors of the condition are still unclear. Some theorize that it is secondary to a patent processus vaginalis or perhaps the presence of a fibrous band between the hernia sac and testes.  Reported herein is a 64-year-old man who presented with a painful irreducible right inguinal swelling. An incarcerated inguinal hernia with the hernia sac harbouring an inflamed vermiform appendix was discovered at surgery. Appendectomy and a primary suture repair of the hernia were carried out. The postoperative period was uneventful. Surgical management of inflamed inguinal appendix carries a risk of septic complications. It is pertinent that every surgeon performing a hernia repair must be aware of this condition and the appropriate treatment modalities.
Effect of Assertiveness Technique in Reducing Verbal Victimization among Junior Secondary School Students in Anambra State
Authors: Nwadinobi V. N. , Akunne L. I. , Etele A. V.
Published: September 2021

Aims: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of assertiveness technique in reducing verbal victimization among junior secondary school students in Anambra state.

Study Design: The design adopted for this study is pure experimental design.

Place and Duration of Study: The target population is 1182 junior secondary students identified to be verbally victimized. The duration is between January 2021 and June 2021.

Methodology: The design adopted for this study is the pure experimental. Two secondary schools where adopted for the study, from the two secondary schools, one group served as treatment/experimental group and the other school served as control group with participants randomly assigned. These participants were identified by administering a structured questionnaire structured by the researchers. The population for the study comprised 1182 junior secondary students identified to be verbally victimized. The sample was drawn using the purposive sampling technique, this was to identify schools with students that are verbally victimized. A total of 104 students (54 male and 50 female) were drawn and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups as sample for the study. The instrument for data collection was the bullying victimization scale (BVS), the scale was developed and validated based on Elvis (1996) questionnaire and normalized for Nigerian cultural situation. Data collected for this study were organized in table and were analyzed. Data relating to the answering of research questions were analyzed using the mean. While the data relating to the testing of hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance was analyzed using Analysis of co-variance (ANCOVA).

Results: At 0.05 level of significance, the analysis of the data collected revealed that the experimental group had a mean gain difference of 3.29 over the control group, the result further revealed that male students had a mean gain difference of 21.54 over the female students. This indicates that assertiveness technique was more effective on male junior secondary school students than their female counterparts. The findings revealed there was no difference in the mean post test scores of students who received treatment using assertiveness technique and those in the control group (p = 0.416, 0.05). also there was a significant difference in the mean post test scores of male and female secondary school students (p=0.026, 0.05).

Conclusion: Through the findings that emerged from the study, it is concluded that the assertiveness technique is effective in reducing verbal victimization among junior secondary school students in Anambra state. Hence, counsellors in secondary schools should adopt assertiveness counselling techniques during counselling sessions to reduce the increased rate of verbal victimization in schools.