bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengaruh tingkat suku bunga kredit terhadap permintaan kredit usaha produktif Koperasi Credit Union Sauan Sibarrung Kabupaten Tana Toraja
Authors: Pagiu Chrismesi , Pundissing Rati
Published: January 2023

This study aims to determine the effect of credit interest rates on the demand for productive business credit of the Sauan Sibarrung Credit Union Cooperative, Tana Toraja Regency. The data analysis method used is descriptive quantitative using a credit report that contains the loan amount based on the credit interest rate at the Sauan Sibarrung CU Cooperative. The analytical technique used is simple linear regression analysis and significance test using the SPSS version 26 program. Based on the results of calculations with the t test on the loan interest rate variable, the results of t count (-2,3) < t table (3.182), so it can be concluded that the loan interest rate variable has no effect on the demand for productive business loans at the Sauan Sibarrung Credit Union Cooperative, Tana Toraja Regency. From the results of the Coefficient of Determination, it shows that 65.2% of the loan interest rate affects the demand for productive business loans while 34.8% is influenced by other variables not included in the study, while the correlation between the interest rate variable and the demand for productive business loans is 0.807, which means strong relationship between variables.
Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan pada PT. Malea Energy Di Makale Selatan Kabupaten Tana Toraja.
Authors: Tangkeallo Dian Intan
Published: January 2023

Human resources are resources that are no less important in a company. As movers, human resources must have standards. The success or failure of a company in achieving its goals depends on the success of its human resources in carrying out their duties. The success of employees in carrying out their duties is supported by their performance. To achieve the expected goals, an employee must perform well. Performance is the result of the work produced by an employee. Therefore, the organization always strives to create employee performance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of leadership on the performance of PT. Malea Energy. This is an example of quantitative research. This study's population consists of 30 PT. Malea Energy employees. The determination of the sample is based on saturated samples, namely, all populations are used as samples, so the number of samples in this study is 30 employees. The data analysis technique is simple linear regression with the help of SPSS. The results of the study found that leadership has a positive and significant effect on the performance of employees at PT. Malea.
Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Perubahan Laba Pada PT. Wijaya Karya Bangunan Gedung Tbk. Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia
Authors: Kannapadang Dwibin , Ta’dung Yohanis Lotong
Published: January 2023

Competition in the business world, which is getting tighter and tighter so fast, has a huge impact on the development of the current capital market, especially in the business activities of large and small industries. This study aims to determine the effect of Current Ratio (CR), Debt to Equity Ratio (DER), Return On Assets (ROA), and Total Asset Turn Over (TATO) on changes in profits at PT. Wijaya Karya Gedung Tbk. Methods of data used is secondary data. The data analysis technique used in this study was multipke linear regression analysis using the SPSS version 24 statistical calculator. The results showed that the current ratio has positive effect on changes in earnings. Meanwhile, Debt to equity ratio (DER), Return on assets (ROA) and Total asset turnover (TATO) have no significant effect on changes in earnings.The coefficient of determination R Square is 0,816 indicating that changes in PT. Wijaya Karya Gedung, Tbk is determined by the current ratio, debt to equity ratio, return on assets, and total asset turnover of 81,6%, while the remaining 18,4% is determined by other factors outside the independent variabes in this study.
A Rede Mercosul para o fortalecimento da inclusão na educação superior: a vivência de diferentes políticas educacionais entre Brasil, Paraguai e Argentina
Authors: Soares Anísio Francisco , Amorim Maria do Rosário de Fátima Brandão ,   Carla Dendasck,   Claudio Alberto Gellis,   Reza Nassiri
Published: January 2023

Este relato de experiência teve como objetivo apresentar uma vivência dialogizada entre três países da América do Sul, envolvendo quinze instituições do ensino superior, onde buscaram diagnosticar o Fortalecimento da Inclusão no Ensino Superior, qual seja, o ingresso e a permanência dos estudantes nas universidades. Foram realizados 5 encontros presenciais, sendo que o último foi para compartilhar resultados para as demais redes.
Gestão da educação: reflexões e desafios no período da pandemia do Covid-19
Authors: Porto Liana Barcelos , Durans Amilson de Araújo ,   Carla Dendasck,   Claudio Alberto Gellis,   Reza Nassiri
Published: January 2023

A pandemia do covid-19 trouxe muitos desafios e oportunidades, passando-se a conviver, desde então, com constantes e aceleradas mudanças em todos os aspectos da vida humana em sociedade, da economia local e mundial, da gestão organizacional, das relações de trabalho e do ambiente educacional (MACEDO; DURANS; VALE, 2021; MUZIO e DOH, 2021).  Neste sentido, a gestão educacional precisou inovar como nunca outrora ocorrera, dado o cenário de incertezas e as necessidades impostas por esta nova realidade (AGUINIS e BURGI-TIAN, 2021; SARI e NAYIR, 2020). Esse cenário de incertezas bem como as necessidades impostas por uma realidade de disrupção (MACEDO; DURANS; VALE, 2021), no contexto da gestão educacional foi sinalizado no estudo de Dunlosky et al. (2013), ao sugerir que melhorar os resultados educacionais exigirá esforços e articulações em muitas frentes e que parte da solução envolve ajudar os alunos a regular melhor sua aprendizagem através do uso de técnicas eficazes de aprendizagem. Para tanto, quatro categorias emergem e merecem atenção, que são: condições de aprendizagem, características dos alunos, recursos disponíveis e tarefas desafiadoras. Com base em Dunlosky et al., (2013) compreendemos e enfatizamos que as condições de aprendizagem, bem como, as características dos alunos estão também condicionadas ao contexto em que estes estão inseridos. Segundo a Unicef Brasil (2020) os desafios à aprendizagem que já existiam em muitas realidades brasileiras, com a crise do coronavírus massificou ainda mais essa situação, ampliando, portanto, o alcance das possíveis lacunas de aprendizagem. Sendo assim um dos principais desafios em consonância com o que diz Alves et al., (2020) centra-se na dificuldade que sistemas de ensino possuem em vincular processos educativos qualificados alicerçados em políticas públicas. Pois, urge que essas políticas públicas sejam operacionalizadas a partir de uma investigação detalhada, para que com base nesses dados coletados se construa um planejamento assertivo a ser desenvolvido, apresentando um passo a passo de como se pretende realizar, monitorar e avaliar tais tarefas, o que Dunlosky et al., (2013) inferem como desafiadoras. O cenário atual torna urgente impedir o aumento nas fragilidades da educação brasileira, em especial questões como a alfabetização e a cultura de gestão. Para otimizar o tempo escolar e a qualidade no processo de ensino e aprendizagem é essencial realizar ajustes nos currículos e nos planos de trabalho, definindo prioridades e aprendizagens mais necessárias em cada ano escolar.  Dito isso, salienta-se o quanto é necessário aos gestores educacionais levar em conta os recursos disponíveis pela instituição, bem como provocar professores à proposição de tarefas desafiadoras e contextualizadas, articuladas com a realidade dos estudantes (BARAK, 2018).
Os desafios da construção científica e pensamento crítico no ensino superior da enfermagem
Authors:   Carla Dendasck, Santos Daniela da Silva ,   Claudio Alberto Gellis,   Reza Nassiri
Published: January 2023

É imprescindível a importância da qualidade metodológica no ensino superior em diversas áreas de formação como forma de garantir a manutenção e melhoria nos serviços da rede pública e privada quando esses futuros profissionais adentrarem no mercado de trabalho.
Desafios e abordagens no campo da arquitetura-urbanismo na contemporaneidade: o caso dos ícones arquitetônicos sob a perspectiva de Charles Jencks e Josep Maria Montaner
Authors: Sbarra Marcelo ,   Carla Dendasck,   Claudio Alberto Gellis,   Reza Nassiri
Published: January 2023

A motivação para o desenvolvimento deste texto veio através de duas forças. A primeira, inspirada pelo extenso material levantado durante as pesquisas feitas para a tese (SBARRA, 2020); a segunda, impulsionada pela necessidade de esclarecer melhor termos que são comumente utilizados no linguajar arquitetônico, mas cujos sentidos divergem um pouco das suas origens. Muito embora os conceitos de Arquitetura Icônica, ícones, iconicidade pareçam fazer parte de um jargão já interiorizado do discurso arquitetônico, pôde-se perceber, durante todo o processo de pesquisa que não são conceitos plenamente claros ou precisos. O debate crítico acontecido entre as décadas de 1960 e 1970 retirou do objeto arquitetônico parte de seu protagonismo. O resultado, o objeto construído, passou a ter uma importância secundária em relação a construção e entendimento de um discurso que embasava sua concepção. São bastante conhecidos os textos de Peter Eisenman sobre os conceitos que norteavam sua produção para até mesmo, suplantarem em importância o objeto propriamente dito. O processo era então a chave de leitura fundamental para se entender a arquitetura. Charles Jencks identifica, então, que em meados dos anos 1990 algo de diferente começa a acontecer com a produção dos edifícios. Os discursos passam a ter uma importância secundária e o objeto arquitetônico passa a ter sua importância retomada, especialmente na produção daqueles que ele chama “arquitetos-estrela”. Josep Maria Montaner, cerca de dez anos depois da incursão de Jencks, encontra-se analisando a mesma situação: em um mundo de complexidades, a arquitetura icônica parece ter o papel de renovar a cidade. Partindo de análises muito semelhantes – por vezes utilizando os mesmos edifícios – os dois autores percorrem caminhos distintos, mas parecem chegar em conclusões muito próximas: o edifício icônico possui uma mensagem a ser dita, uma metáfora a ser compreendida, uma imagem a ser lembrada. Apoiando-se principalmente na Semiologia – sob diferentes perspectivas – ambos os autores vão descobrir na Arquitetura icônica uma nova forma do objeto arquitetônico retomar seu protagonismo: ainda que dentro do discurso de cada arquiteto-autor, o objeto inserido no contexto da cidade irá por si só conseguir ter seu próprio discurso.
Violências contra crianças e adolescentes: direitos humanos e liberdade
Authors: Kunz Sidelmar Alves da Silva , Queiroz Norma Lucia Neris de , Antunes Josiene Camelo Ferreira , Araújo Gilvan Charles Cerqueira de ,   Carla Dendasck,   Claudio Alberto Gellis,   Reza Nassiri
Published: January 2023

Com foco no entendimento do valor da garantia dos direitos humanos para assegurar direitos como a liberdade de expressão e de opinião, este artigo apresenta-se como uma oportunidade de reflexão acerca das violências que inibem as vozes de grupos subalternizados, sufocados e silenciados, aos quais são impostos óbices substantivos à efetivação de uma vida digna e da cidadania. Diante disso, o propósito central desse artigo é desenvolver um cabedal de conhecimentos que tornem possíveis aprendizagens relacionadas às distintas concepções, manifestações e materializações de violências contra crianças e adolescentes brasileiros. Do núcleo e de diferentes estruturas familiares ao papel, ou não, do Estado, da diversidade contextual das formas de violência e a maneira como a necessidade de se pensar, e fazer valer, políticas públicas específicas sobre esta pauta são alguns dos temas que perpassam o desenvolvimento do estudo desenvolvido neste artigo. Nessa esteira de ideias, o objetivo geral é proporcionar aos leitores o conhecimento basal acerca das violências cometidas contra crianças e adolescentes na sociedade brasileira, envolvendo uma gama ampla, complexa das diferentes formas de violência em meio a questões sociais, culturais, econômicas, históricas, legais e de outras questões, situações e contextos que agregam-se ao debate e problemática das formas de violência, os direitos humanos, especialmente no que tange a crianças e adolescentes. Para dar conta disso, o artigo está estruturado, a partir de alguns eixos nevrálgicos. Entre eles, a discussão sobre a violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes, assim como o abuso sexual intra e extrafamiliar. Num segundo momento, será tratada a violência física e sua negligência em relação a crianças e adolescentes, externando seus efeitos sociais e culturais na contemporaneidade; e a explicitação das realidades da violência e suas consequências para a formação de crianças e adolescentes na sociedade brasileira.
El Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 5 “Igualdad de género” y el ecofeminismo: mecanismos de reconocimiento y empoderamiento
Authors: Monarrez Rico Celia Adelina
Published: January 2023

El objetivo de este trabajo es el de analizar, a partir del ecofeminismo, cómo se articularon los procesos de reconocimiento y de empoderamiento, como mecanismos fundamentales para la construcción del mismo; lo cual generó una nueva tipología de política de desarrollo y de acciones encaminadas a la preservación de la naturaleza desde la visión femenina, así como al empoderamiento de las mujeres y la consolidación de la equidad de género en el espacio de las políticas medioambientales y de desarrollo humano; ya que el ecofeminismo propone nuevos horizontes para la reconfiguración del modelo de desarrollo, así como una más equitativa distribución del poder, que incida en la disminución de la brecha de género y en la protección del medio ambiente.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF AGRICULTURAL BIODIVERSITY DEGRADATION FROM THE ULTRA-PROCESSED FOOD INDUSTRY
Authors: Moreno Thompson Joseph Allen
Published: January 2023

This article analyzes the known environmental and social impacts caused by the degradation of agricultural biodiversity from practices by the “Big Food” and agro-industry associated with ultra-processed foods.Agriculture is the largest single source of environmental and biodiversity degradation, responsible for over 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions and has little or ineffective policy control. It intends to give a comprehensive analysis showing how each part of the ecosystem is negatively affected along with human health; through practices of monocropping, financialization of food systems and heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides. It takes a look at t he role governments and actors in international policy-making play in being a determinant of power for the spread of ultra-processed foods and the growth of “Big Food”, agro- corporations and monoculture farming. It looks at social factors such as health, agro-industry policy and global food agendas in regard to climate governance and our food system.Keywords: Agrobiodiversity, soil degradation, monocropping, big food, food policy, ultra- processed foods and health.
CAMBIO CLIMÁTICO Y PESCA, RELACION INSOSTENIBLE: Una mirada hacia la gobernanza climática para la sostenibilidad pesquera en Latinoamérica
Authors: Mina Rivas Maricela
Published: January 2023

Ante el inminente cambio climático y sus retos, la humanidad se encuentra en la tarea de evaluar el estado actual de las problemáticas y retos que representan la implementación de posibles soluciones y planes para tratar de controlar los estragos generados por este fenómeno, que, a pesar de la gestión de la gobernanza global en este aspecto, no se ha logrado alcanzar los resultados esperados hasta el momento y tampoco se acercan al logro de la agenda 2030. Este articulo pretende visibilizar uno de los estragos naturales asociados al cambio climático, como lo es la pérdida de las especies del mar especialmente en algunos países de América latina y el estado actual de la gobernanza mundial en este aspecto, con el fin de garantizar el desarrollo sostenible de las comunidades y regiones pesqueras, las cuales tienen el reto de desarrollar capacidades que le permitan ser resilientes a este fenómeno.
MECANISMOS EN LA GOBERNANZA AMBIENTAL GLOBAL
Authors: Franco Vázquez Daland Alexis
Published: January 2023

En este artículo se presentan mecanismos utilizados en la gobernanza ambiental global, quién es el actor principal que utiliza el mecanismo y cuál ha sido su resultado. Comprender cómo se han presentado los mecanismos en la gobernanza y qué se pretendía con ellos es indispensable para poder especular acerca de lo que sigue en la lucha por la disminución del deterioro ambiental. Se presentan los elementos necesarios para que el lector pueda hacer una crítica del funcionamiento de estas herramientas.
BONOS DE CARBONO: INSTRUMENTO DE LA GOBERNANZA CLIMÁTICA O CORTINA DE HUMO
Authors: Nava Chávez Mónica
Published: January 2023

El objeto del presente artículo es analizar el papel que han jugado los bonos de carbono como instrumento de la gobernanza climática, cómo y por qué fueron creados, los diferentes tipos que existen, la forma en que funciona el mercado de bonos, los participantes y si realmente cumplen con su objetivo de mitigar los efectos del cambio climático o si, por el contrario, se han convertido en permisos para poder seguir emitiendo gases de efecto invernadero y contaminar de manera legal.
Analisis Gaya Kepemimpinan dan Motivasi serta Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Karyawan: Studi Pada PT. Salim Ivomas Pratama Area 1 Balai Jaya
Authors: Zulher Zulher , Muliadi Muliadi , Yusup Yusup
Published: January 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh antara gaya kepemimpinan dan motivasi secara parsial dan simultan terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan. Pendekatan yang dilakukan didalam studi ini adalah pendekatan kuantitatif atau analisis data statistik yang lebih menitikberatkan pada penyajian data yang berbentuk angka atau kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh karyawan tingkat pimpinan pada PT. Salim Ivomas Pratama Area 1 Balai Jaya dengan metode sampel total menggunakan teknik sensus jenuh yaitu sebanyak 52 orang responden. Teknik analisis data yaitu menggunakan analisis regresi linear berganda. Hasil dalam penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) gaya kepemimpinan terbukti berpengaruh signifikan secara parsial terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan PT. Salim Ivomas Pratama Area 1 Balai Jaya; (2) motivasi terbukti berpengaruh signifikan secara parsial terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan PT. Salim Ivomas Pratama Area 1 Balai Jaya; serta (3) gaya kepemimpinan dan motivasi terbukti berpengaruh signifikan secara parsial terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan PT. Salim Ivomas Pratama Area 1 Balai Jaya. Nilai korelasi antara gaya kepemimpinan dan motivasi terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan dalam penelitian ini yaitu diperoleh sebesar 86,9%. Sedangkan nilai determinasi antara gaya kepemimpinan dan motivasi terhadap kepuasan kerja karyawan dalam penelitian ini yaitu sebesar 74,6%.
Mendeteksi Faktor Fraud Pada Laporan Keuangan dengan Komite Audit Sebagai Pemoderasi
Authors: Dimuk Musdalifah , Jatiningrum Citrawati , Gumanti Miswan
Published: January 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji beberapa faktor dalam mendeteksi kecurangan laporan keuangan dengan komite audit menjadi moderasi.  Faktor yang diuji adalah target keuangan, stabilitas keuangan, tekanan eksternal, kebutuhan keuangan pribadi, pemantauan yang efektif, sifat industri, total akrual, pergantian direktur, dan dualitas CEO. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 24 perusahaan BUMN yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) tahun 2017-2021. Metode analaisis analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi dan Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tekanan eksternal dan sifat industri berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap deteksi kecurangan laporan keuangan. Komite audit mampu memoderasi pengaruh target keuangan, tekanan eksternal, sifat industri, dan pergantian direktur dalam mendeteksi kecurangan laporan keuangan. Hasil penelitian ini memberi kontribusi bagi badan regulator untuk membuat kebijakan yang dapat memitigasi tindakan fraud terhadap laporan keuangan
Analisis Budaya Kerja, Lingkungan Kerja, Tunjangan Kinerja dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Serta Implikasi pada Kinerja Pegawai
Authors: Junaidi Junaidi , Marantika Abshor
Published: January 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh budaya kerja, lingkungan kerja dan pembayaran tunjangan kinerja terhadap kepuasan kerja, dan bagaimana dampaknya terhadap kinerja pegawai pada Sekretariat DPRD Kabupaten Rokan Hilir. Penelitian ini juga bertujuan menguji pengaruh kepuasan kerja terhadap kinerja pegawai. Data penelitian ini diperoleh dari respondent sebanyak 53 orang. Analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis deskriptif statistik dan analisis jalur atau phath analysis dengan menggunakan persamaan SEM dengan mengguanakan smartPLS. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa budaya kerja tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja, dan budaya kerja tidak berpengaruh signifikan baik secara langsung terhadap kinerja maupun melalui kepuasan kerja. Lingkungan kerja berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja dan kinerja pegawai, baik secara langsung maupun secara tidak langsung. Selain itu, tunjangan kinerja tidak terbukti berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja, namun tunjangan kinerja berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja dan kinerja melalui kepuasan kerja pegawai.
Berberin ve Evodiaminin Kolorektal Kanser Üzerine Etkisi
Authors: Kalaycı Zeynep , Akbulut Gamze
Published: January 2023

Kanser, tanısı ve tedavisinde önemli ilerlemeler olmasına rağmen, dünya genelindeki ölümlerin ikinci nedenidir. Dünya genelinde en yaygın üçüncü kanser olan kolorektal kanserlerin görülme sıklığı, 50 yaşın altındaki bireylerde artış göstermektedir. Tanı ve tedavi yöntemlerindeki gelişmelere rağmen kolon kanserinin prognozu hala kötü seyretmektedir. Son yıllarda kolorektal kanser prevalansının artması; birçok yeni, etkili ve umut vadeden bileşikleri keşfetmeye yöneltmiştir. Bitkisel nutrasötikler; zararsız yapıları, tedavi direncini önlemek için çok yönlü yetenekleri, kanser tedavilerinin zararlı yan etkilerini iyileştirici potansiyelleri, düşük maliyetleri, kullanım kolaylıklarından dolayı son yıllarda ilgi odağı haline gelmiştir. Bu nutrasötiklerden olan berberin ve evodiamin, sağlık üzerine önemli etkileri olan iki alkoloid türüdür. Bu bileşikler antikarsinojen etkisini genel olarak; hücrelerin büyümesini ve hayatta kalmasını kontrol etme, apoptozu indükleme, migrasyonu engelleme, hücre siklusunu kontrol etme, kanserle ilişkili birçok genin ekpresyonunu aşağı yönlü modüle etme, kanserle ilişkili birçok yolağı etkileme ve otofajiyi destekleme üzerinden göstermektedir. Berberin ve evodiaminin kolon kanseri üzerindeki etkileri ile ilgili yapılan çalışmalar sınırlıdır ve daha fazla sayıda çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır.
Mergers in the agribusiness sector: Theoretical analysis and empirical evidence from Greece
Authors: Pazarskis Michail , Gkatziou Maria , Kourtesi Sofia , Kaitozhi Zoi
Published: January 2023

Bigger and bigger companies are expanding their control over agriculture and food. Concentration processes with enormous dynamism are taking place at all stages of the supply chain. The trend is towards global players: companies are getting bigger through mergers and displacing the competition. Through their sales or purchasing policies, they are promoting a type of agriculture in which the focus is on increasing productivity and market share augmentation in the supply chain. The purpose of this research was to look into mergers that have occurred among companies in the agribusiness sector and provide useful insights from Greece. This study examined mergers in the agribusiness sector using a questionnaire distributed among employees of food companies and companies in food chains. The majority of the respondents had about five years of experience in the agribusiness sector and had a permanent position. The research results revealed that employees take a new wave of mergers in the agricultural sector for granted; however, they are concerned about how staff are dealt with and even layoffs. Finally, respondents claimed to be in favor of mergers to avoid the closure of yet more businesses but emphasized the importance of protecting workers’ rights.
Incorporation of peer support in a novel community-based mobile withdrawal management program
Authors: Lodge Andrew , Greene Eden , Surbey Kelly
Published: January 2023

Despite the sweeping and deep-rooted impacts of problematic substance use throughout Canada, services remain under-resourced and overwhelmed.  Innovative approaches are required if meaningful change is to occur. 
In this paper, we examine the incorporation of peer support into a novel, community-based outreach withdrawal program which engages with participants where they are situated.
Peer support is an evidence-based intervention utilized in a wide range of health care arenas.  It employs lived experience as a skillset to address health care needs to complement other components in the therapeutic journey.
In the context of an outreach withdrawal service, peer support holds potential to deconstruct the power dynamic that acts as a barrier in conventional withdrawal programs.  Peer support    promotes the concept of interdisciplinary care, while actively dismantling stigma.  More research is required to evaluate outcomes, client satisfaction, and cost-effectiveness with regards to peer support interventions in community-based outreach detoxification programming.
Initial evidence of the effectiveness of a short, online Recovery College Model: a co-learning model to support mental health in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Briand Catherine , Macario de Medeiros Julio , Vallée Catherine , Luconi Francesca , Vachon Brigitte , Monthuy-Blanc Johana , Drolet Marie-Josée , Montminy Sarah
Published: January 2023

Introduction. The Covid-19 pandemic (C-19) has a negative impact on the mental health of the general population and in particular, women, people with chronic physical illness or psychiatric conditions, students and health care providers. Targeting these needs, the Recovery College (RC) model offers a new and innovative approach based on co-learning and learner diversity. The model provides a co-learning space where at-risk populations and the general public learn together and collectively equip themselves to better address psychological well-being and mental health issues. Objective. The objective is to present the initial results of the RC co-learning model in a short online format to meet the pressing needs of mental health intervention in the C-19 context. Method. A pre-post research design with repeated measures was used. Results. Results suggest improved knowledge and use of tools to support mental health interventions, self-management strategies, anti-stigma attitudes, and protection against increased anxiety. Conclusion. This RC model allows people from all backgrounds to participate in an innovative co-learning model in which experiential knowledge is central to learning to stimulate reflection and change in attitudes and behaviors.
An Efficient Technique for Recognizing Tomato Leaf Disease Based on the Most Effective Deep CNN Hyperparameters
Authors: Islam Md. Rajibul , Siddique Md. Asif Mahmod Tusher , Amiruzzaman Md , Abdullah-Al-Wadud M. , Masud Shah Murtaza Rashid Al , Saha Aloke Kumar
Published: January 2023

Leaf disease in tomatoes is one of the most common and treacherous diseases. It directly affects the production of tomatoes, resulting in enormous economic loss each year. As a result, studying the detection of tomato leaf diseases is essential. To that aim, this work introduces a novel mechanism for selecting the most effective hyperparameters for improving the detection accuracy of deep CNN. Several cutting-edge CNN algorithms were examined in this study to diagnose tomato leaf diseases. The experiment is divided into three stages to find a full proof technique. A few pre-trained deep convolutional neural networks were first employed to diagnose tomato leaf diseases. The superlative combined model has then experimented with changes in the learning rate, optimizer, and classifier to discover the optimal parameters and minimize overfitting in data training. In this case, 99.31% accuracy was reached in DenseNet 121 using AdaBound Optimizer, 0.01 learning rate, and Softmax classifier. The achieved detection accuracy levels (above 99%) using various learning rates, optimizers, and classifiers were eventually tested using K-fold cross-validation to get a better and dependable detection accuracy. The results indicate that the proposed parameters and technique are efficacious in recognizing tomato leaf disease and can be used fruitfully in identifying other leaf diseases.
A Predictive Cyber Threat Model for Mobile Money Services
Authors: Sanni Mistura Laide , Akinyemi Bodunde Odunola , Olalere Dauda Akinwuyi , Olajubu Emmanuel Ajayi , Aderounmu Ganiyu Adesola
Published: January 2023

Mobile Money Services (MMS), enabled by the wide adoption of mobile phones, offered an opportunity for financial inclusion for the unbanked in developing nations. Meanwhile, the risks of cybercrime are increasing, becoming more widespread, and worsening. This is being aggravated by the inadequate security practises of both service providers and the potential customers' underlying criminal intent to undermine the system for financial gain. Predicting potential mobile money cyber threats will afford the opportunity to implement countermeasures before cybercriminals explore this opportunity to impact mobile money assets or perpetrate financial cybercrime. However, traditional security techniques are too broad to address these emerging threats to Mobile Financial Services (MFS). Furthermore, the existing body of knowledge is not adequate for predicting threats associated with the mobile money ecosystem. Thus, there is a need for an effective analytical model based on intelligent software defence mechanisms to detect and prevent these cyber threats. In this study, a dataset was collected via interview with the mobile money practitioners, and a Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) was applied to handle the class imbalance problem. A predictive model to detect and prevent suspicious customers with cyber threat potential during the onboarding process for MMS in developing nations using a Machine Learning (ML) technique was developed and evaluated. To test the proposed model's effectiveness in detecting and classifying fraudulent MMS applicant intent, it was trained with various configurations, such as binary or multiclass, with or without the inclusion of SMOTE. Python programming language was employed for the simulation and evaluation of the proposed model. The results showed that ML algorithms are effective for modelling and automating the prediction of cyber threats on MMS. In addition, it proved that the logistic regression classifier with the SMOTE application provided the best classification performance among the various configurations of logistic regression experiments performed. This classification model will be suitable for secure MMS, which serves as a key deciding factor in the adoption and acceptance of mobile money as a cash substitute, especially among the unbanked population.
Similarity Detection of Time-Sensitive Online News Articles Based on RSS Feeds and Contextual Data
Authors: Daoud Mohammad
Published: January 2023

This article tackles the problem of finding similarity between web time-sensitive news articles, which can be a challenge. This challenge was approached with a novel methodology that uses supervised learning algorithms with carefully selected features (Semantic, Lexical and Temporal features (content and contextual features)). The proposed approach considers not only the textual content, which is a well-studied approach that may yield misleading results, but also the context, community engagement, and community-deduced importance of that news article. This paper details the major procedures of title pair pre-processing, analysis of lexical units, feature engineering, and similarity measures. Thousands of web articles are being published every second, and therefore, it is essential to determine the similarity of these articles efficiently without wasting time on unnecessary text processing of the bodies. Hence, the proposed approach focuses on short contents (titles) and context. The conducted experiment showed high precision and accuracy on a Really Simple Syndication (RSS) dataset of 8000 Arabic news article pairs collected automatically from 10 different news sources. The proposed approach achieved an accuracy of 0.81. Contextual features increased the accuracy and the precision. The proposed algorithm achieved a 0.89 correlation with the evaluations of two human judges based on Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient. The results outperform the state-of-the-art systems on Arabic news articles.
Speech and Language in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Chaturavitwong Pattalada
Published: January 2023

Language and speech difficulties are prevalent in children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). According to studies, more than half of children with autism are unable to communicate by speech. For those children with autism who can develop spoken language, language proficiency is sometimes delayed. This may cause children with ASD to find it very challenging to function in society. Apart from making it difficult for autistic children to function in society, Caregivers and others who live with children with ASD in society have challenges as well. Although factors affecting a child's development depend on several factors, such as the speed at which the diagnosis is made, regular speech and language simulation training, and the child's intelligence level. Children with ASD, on the other hand, require early screening and diagnosis, as well as counselling to parents, to develop their abilities to their full potential. It is critical for children with ASD to develop their abilities to their maximum potential in order to make a long-term good impact on their life. The purpose of this article is to review what is known about speech and language development in children with ASD, as well as how to correctly stimulate speech and language among them to be utilized for diagnosis, advising, and further early interventions program for children with ASD.
การพยาบาลผู้ป่วยนอกที่ได้รับยาต้านการแข็งตัวของเลือดชนิดรับประทานกลุ่มใหม่
Authors: ศรีพรหม เสาวภา , บุญชูวงศ์ อรทัย
Published: January 2023

ยาต้านการแข็งตัวของเลือดชนิดรับประทานกลุ่มใหม่ หรือที่เรียกว่ายากลุ่ม Direct Oral Anticoagulants (DOACs) เป็นยาต้านการแข็งตัวของเลือดชนิดรับประทานที่ออกฤทธิ์ยับยั้งการทำงานของ factor ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการแข็งตัวของเลือดโดยตรง ได้แก่ direct thrombin (factor IIa) inhibitor และ direct factor Xa inhibitors ยาสามารถใช้ได้ในการรักษาผู้ป่วยนอก ในประเทศไทยยากลุ่ม DOACs ที่ได้รับรองจากองค์การอาหารและยาสหรัฐอเมริกา (United States Food and Drug Administration) มีทั้งหมด 4 ชนิด ได้แก่ Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, Apixaban และ Edoxaban โดยยาทุกชนิดในกลุ่มนี้เป็นยานอกบัญชียาหลักแห่งชาติ พ.ศ. 2561 ยากลุ่ม DOACs มีประโยชน์ทางการแพทย์เป็นอย่างมาก เป็นยากลุ่มใหม่ที่นำมาใช้ทดแทนยา Warfarin เพื่อป้องกันการเกิดลิ่มเลือดอุดตันในการรักษาหัวใจเต้นผิดจังหวะ (Atrial Fibrillation; AF) โรคลิ้นหัวใจ (valvular heart disease) โรคหลอดเลือดสมองชนิดสมองขาดเลือด (ischemic stroke) โรคหลอดเลือดดำส่วนลึกอุดตันที่ขา (Deep vein thrombosis; DVT) โรคหลอดเลือดดำอุดตันที่ปอด (Pulmonary Embolism; PE) อย่างไรก็ตาม การใช้ยากลุ่ม DOACs ดังกล่าวอาจทำให้เกิดภาวะแทรกซ้อนได้ หากไม่ได้รับการดูแลและติดตามผลอย่างใกล้ชิด ภาวะแทรกซ้อน ที่พบบ่อย คือ ภาวะเลือดออก เนื่องจากภาวะนี้ทำให้เกิดอันตรายต่อชีวิต ส่งผลให้รักษาตัวในโรงพยาบาลนานขึ้น เสียค่ารักษาพยาบาลมากขึ้น ดังนั้นพยาบาลจึงต้องมีความรู้ความเข้าใจ ข้อบ่งใช้ยา ข้อห้าม การให้ยา ปฏิกิริยาระหว่างยากับยา ภาวะแทรกซ้อนของยา รวมถึงการให้คำแนะนำผู้ป่วยได้รับยากลุ่มดังกล่าวเพื่อป้องกันภาวะแทรกซ้อนต่าง ๆ ที่อาจจะเกิดขึ้นและให้ผู้ป่วยได้รับการรักษาด้วยยาอย่างปลอดภัยและมีประสิทธิภาพ
ปริมาณรังสีที่ผู้ป่วยได้รับจากการถ่ายภาพรังสี ทรวงอกที่งานรังสีเทคนิค ศูนย์การแพทย์กาญจนาภิเษก
Authors: จิวะพงศ์ ศุภวรรณ , พัฒนาดิสัย บุณยานุช , จำรูญสาย สมลักษณ์
Published: January 2023

วัตถุประสงค์: เพื่อศึกษาปริมาณรังสีที่ผู้ป่วยได้รับจากการถ่ายภาพรังสีทรวงอก ที่งานรังสีเทคนิค ศูนย์การแพทย์กาญจนาภิเษก คณะแพทยศาสตร์ศิริราชพยาบาล มหาวิทยาลัยมหิดล และเปรียบเทียบกับค่าปริมาณรังสีอ้างอิงมาตรฐานของทบวงการพลังงานปรมาณูระหว่างประเทศ และการศึกษาอื่น ๆ วิธีการศึกษา: การศึกษานี้เป็นการศึกษาเชิงการสังเกตเชิงพรรณนา ในผู้ป่วยอายุ 18-70 ปี น้ำหนักอยู่ในช่วง 60 ± 15 กิโลกรัม ที่เข้ารับการตรวจด้วยเครื่องเอกซเรย์ดิจิทัล SAMSUNG รุ่น XGEO GC80 เก็บข้อมูลทั่วไป และพารามิเตอร์ทางเทคนิคประกอบด้วย เพศ อายุ น้ำหนัก ส่วนสูง ความหนาทรวงอก ค่าความต่างศักย์สูงสุด ค่ากระแสหลอดคูณเวลาในผู้ป่วย 304 ราย ระหว่างเดือนตุลาคม 2564 – พฤษภาคม 2565 ประเมินค่าปริมาณรังสีที่ผิวหนังจากการคำนวณตามสูตรที่บริษัทผู้ผลิตเครื่องแนะนำ ใช้ค่ามัธยฐาน และควอไทล์ที่ 3 ของค่าปริมาณรังสีที่คำนวณได้เปรียบเทียบกับระดับปริมาณรังสีอ้างอิงของหน่วยงานระดับชาติ นานาชาติ และการศึกษาอื่นที่เกี่ยวข้องผลการศึกษา: ปริมาณรังสีที่ผู้ป่วยได้รับจากการถ่ายภาพรังสีทรวงอก มีค่ามัธยฐาน และควอไทล์ที่ 3 เท่ากับ 0.13 และ 0.15 มิลลิเกรย์ ตามลำดับ ค่ากระแสหลอดคูณเวลาเฉลี่ยสำหรับเทคนิค AEC และ manual 2.89, 3.43 mAs ตามลำดับ ทั้ง 2 เทคนิคใช้ค่าความต่างศักย์สูงสุดเท่ากัน 110 kVp ค่ากระแสหลอดคูณเวลาอยู่ในช่วง 1.9-6 mAs ขึ้นอยู่กับเทคนิค และความหนาผู้ป่วยสรุป: ค่าปริมาณรังสีที่ได้รับจากการถ่ายภาพรังสีทรวงอก ต่ำกว่าระดับปริมาณรังสีอ้างอิงของทบวงการพลังงานปรมาณูระหว่างประเทศ และการศึกษาอื่นๆ ผลการศึกษานำไปสู่การพัฒนาปรับค่าความต่างศักย์สูงสุด และค่ากระแสหลอดคูณเวลาที่เหมาะสมให้ปริมาณรังสีอยู่ในระดับที่ปลอดภัย อย่างไรก็ตามคุณภาพของภาพจะต้องเพียงพอให้ได้ข้อมูลที่จำเป็นสำหรับการวินิจฉัยทางคลินิก
Comparative Effectiveness of Court-Type Thai Traditional Massage and Ultrasound Therapy in Patients with Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Watcharasirikul Nuttapol , Vannabhum Manmas , Akarasereenont Pravit , Harnphadungkit Kamontip
Published: January 2023

Objective: Neck pain is a common problem. Lomplaipattakad Sanyan-4-Lang (LPP-S4L) disease is a frequent cause of neck pain in Thai traditional medicine. Thai traditional medicine recommends treating neck pain with court-type Thai traditional massage (CTTM). Meanwhile, in conventional medicine, ultrasound modality (US) is used to treat neck discomfort. However, there is no scientific evidence if CTTM has potential analgesic advantages on LPP-S4L compared to ultrasound therapy. The study aims to evaluate the efficacy of CTTM compared to US and find body elements of participants based on aspects of Thai traditional medicine.Materials and Methods: Sixty-six participants were diagnosed with LPP-S4L, with a numerical rating scale (NRS) ≥ 4. Patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups (33 per group). Participants underwent CTTM or US therapy eight times in total (twice a week). Pain intensity, pressure pain threshold, ROM, quality of life, and a body element questionnaire were used to assess patients.Results: Both treatments showed a significant reduction in pain intensity, increase in pain threshold, increase in ROM, and improvement in quality of life in patients with LPP-S4L. The current study found that CTTM is moreeffective than US in most parameters, except QoL. Moreover, a decrease in pain intensity is related body elements, which indicates the influence of CTTM, or mostly the fire element.Conclusion: We recommend employing CTTM, an alternative therapy, to treat patients with upper back pain caused by LPP-S4L disease.

The trial was registered at thaiclinicaltrials.org (number: TCTR20211004008).
Peningkatan Kemampuan Guru SMPIT IQRA’ dalam Mendidik Karakter Siswa berbasis Keunggulan Budaya Lokal
Authors: Badeni Badeni , Saparahayuningsih Sri
Published: January 2023

Kegiatan pengabdian pada masyarakat (PPM) dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan para guru Sekolah Menengah Pertama Islam Terpadu IQRA’Kota Bengkulu dalam melaksanakan pendidikan karakter siswa berbasis keunggulan kearifan budaya lokal. Pelaksanaan PPM dilakukan melalui kombinasi antara metode ceramah, diskusi, workshop dalam bentuk FGD, simulasi/praktik, bermain peran dan panel group discussion.  Pelaksanaan PPM diterapkan pendekatan kombinasi metode-metode tersebut telah mampu meningkatkan kemampuan para guru SMPIT IQRA’ dalam (1) mendalami konsep-konsep dan  teori-teori pendekatan character education yaitu pendekatan penanaman  nilai, pengembangan moral kognitif, analisis nilai, klarifikasi nilai, pembelajaran berbuat, dan pendekatan integrasi nilai; (2) mengidentifikasi nilai dan norma budi pekerti atau karakter keunggulan kearifan budaya lokal yang sejalan dengan nilai dan norma budi pekerti  yang ada pada bahan ajar yang akan dibelajarkan kepada siswa yang serasi dengan (KI), (KD) dan indikator; (3) menganalisis mata pelajaran, KI, KD, nilai dan indikator per jenjang kelas; (4) melakukan analisis berdasarkan KI, KD, indikator dan nilai dan norma keunggulan budaya lokal yang akan dididikkan kepada siswa; dan (5) menyusun RPP berdasarkan KI, KD, indikator dan nilai dan norma keunggulan budaya lokal yang akan dididikkan kepada siswa berdasarkan tema, (6) menyusun RPP pendidikan karakter berbasis keunggulan budaya lokal dengan menggunakan integrated value approach. Demi terbentuk karakter siswa, disarankan para guru dalam menyusun, melaksanakan dan mengevaluasi pembelajaran karakter untuk mengarahkan pada terbentuknya karakter berbasis kearifan lokal masyarakatnya.
Pelatihan Penyetaraan Skor Hasil Ujian di SMP IT Khairunnas Bengkulu
Authors: Wasidi Wasidi , Widiyati Eni
Published: January 2023

Penyetaraan skor ujian diperlukan jika terjadi anak pindah sekolah, untuk memperoleh skor yang setara dengan skor sekolah tujuan. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk mengadakan pelatihan tentang penyetaraan skor ujian bagi guru-guru  SMP IT Khairunnas kota Bengkulu. Target khusus yang ingin dicapai adalah guru-guru  SMP IT Khairunnas kota Bengkulu mampu membuat skor ujian antar sekolah maupun antar guru  menjadi setara . Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, maka metode yang digunakan adalah ceramah, diskusi, demonstrasi  dan praktek langsung dengan data yang telah disiapkan sebelumnya. Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah para peserta memperoleh pengetahuan baru di  bidang penyetaraan skor ujian. Diharapkan kegiatan ini dapat dipergunakan sebagai bekal pengetahuan dan keterampilan  bagi guru-guru dalam mengevaluasi hasil dan proses pendidikan di  SMP IT Khairunnas kota Bengkulu.
Sekolah Lapang Pengelolaan Hama Terpadu (SLPHT) di Desa Sumber Agung Bengkulu Utara
Authors: Apriyanto Dwinardi , Pamekas Tunjung , Nadrawati
Published: January 2023

Produktivitas lahan sawah beririgasi di Desa Sumber Agung, Bengkulu Utara masih rendah. Petani mempraktekkan budidaya padi secara konvensional dengan masukan pupuk dan pestisida kimia. Sekolah lapang pengelolaan hama terpadu (SLPHT) dilakukan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang ekosistem tanaman dan produktivitas padi sawah, dan mengurangi penggunaan pestisida kimia. Kegiatan dilakukan pada demplot seluas +7.500 m2, untuk membandingkan sistem pengelolaan hama terpadu (PHT) dengan sistem konvensional. Petani peserta SLPHT dilatih melakukan pengamatan ekosistem tanaman setiap minggu selama satu musim tanam (11 kali pertemuan). Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pengetahuan petani tentang ekosistem padi dan pengelolaan tanaman sehat dan hama penyakit tanaman hampir dua kali lipat dengan skor nilai dari 42.72 menjadi 83.52. Aplikasi pestisida nabati dan agensia hayati dilakukan pada petak PHT sebanyak 3 kali,  sedangkan aplikasi pada petak konvensional sebanyak 8 kali dengan menggunakan pestisida kimia. Serangan dari hama burung pipit yang tidak bisa ditanggulangi menyebabkan produktivitas rendah. Hasil ubinan gabah kering panen (GKP) pada petak PHT adalah 2.3 + 0.36 kg (setara 2.172 ton per Ha) sedangkan pada petak konvensional 2.06 + 0.38 kg (setara 1.94 per Ha).
Peningkatan Kapasitas Masyarakat melalui Pelatihan Pembuatan Kompos Blok dan Pelatihan Budidaya Jamur Tiram
Authors: Yusuf Yusuf , Ibnu Prayoga Gigih , Christianingrum Christianingrum , Yunita Anggraeni
Published: January 2023

Wilayah Pangkalpinang, Bangka, memiliki potensi sebagai daerah pertanian. Upaya untuk meningkatkan potensi pertanian antara lain dengan memanfaatkan kompos. Potensi lainnya adalah jamur tiram. Saat ini, produksi jamur tiram masih belum dapat memenuhi kebutuhan pasar Pangkalpinang. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan kegiatan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (PkM) untuk mengatasinya. Kegiatan PkM dilaksanakan di Kelurahan Pangkal Arang, Pangkalpinang, bekerjasama dengan mitra Rumah Aspirasi Pemuda. PkM dilaksanakan dalam empat tahapan kegiatan. Tahap pertama yaitu, persiapan kegiatan. Tahap kedua yaitu pelatihan pembuatan kompos blok. Tahap ketiga pelatihan, budidaya jamur tiram.  Tahap keempat yaitu monitoring dan evaluasi. Kegiatan pelatihan kompos dan budidaya jamur tiram telah dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli 2021 dengan peserta sebanyak 30 orang. Hasil monitoring dan evaluasi yang diperoleh yaitu kompos blok dan budidaya jamur tiram telah dilaksanakan dan berjalan dengan baik. Pengomposan telah dilaksanakan dalam skala produksi cukup besar. Jamur tiram juga sudah tumbuh dan berhasil dipanen. Kendala yang ditemui antara lain serangan hama tikus, bahan humus untuk kompos cukup sulit, suhu kumbung yang tinggi sehingga baglog kering
Pendampingan Dan Pelatihan Kondisi Fisik Atlet Bulu Tangkis Kota Bekasi
Authors: Pasaribu Ahmad Muchlisin Natas
Published: January 2023

Tujuan Kegiatan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat ini adalah memberikan pelatihan kondisi fisik kepada para atlet buku tangkis se-kota Bekasi. Pelatihan ini perlu dilakukan karena adanya proses latihan yang kurang maksimal. Untuk itu program pengabdian kepada masyarakat menghadirkan untuk memberikan pelatihan atlet adalah cara yang ditempuh untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut. Kegiatan meliputi pelatihan kondisi fisik. Materi yang dibahas adalah program latihan bulu tangkis. Pelatihan direncanakan akan dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei sampai dengan September 2022.
Active Tutor Learning dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Menulis Artikel Ilmiah Menggunakan Metode Action Research bagi Guru dan Kepala Sekolah di Kabupaten Pangandaran
Authors: Sururi  , Zaini Hafidh  , Nurdin  , Iik Nurulpaik  , Kurnia Diandari  , Dewi Purnamasari
Published: January 2023

Kompetensi menulis bagi guru dan kepala sekolah menjadi tuntutan profesinya. Hal ini berkaitan dengan jenjang karir, bahwa guru wajib memenuhi syarat berupa penulisan artikel atau karya ilmiah. Syarat ini kerap  menjadi masalah kenaikan   jenjang   pangkat bagi guru  mengingat rendahnya kemampuan dan minat menulis. Tujuan kegiatan ini adalah meningkatkan kompetensi guru dan kepala sekolah guru di wilayah Kecamatan Mangunjaya, Kabupaten Pangandaran tentang penulisan artikel ilmiah hasil dari PTK dan PTS serta kaidah menulis  karya  ilmiah,  dan  menulis  artikel  secara  profesional dan sesuai dengan ketentuan. Metode kegiatan yang dilaksanakan dengan active tutor learning untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan berkaitan dengan kemampuan menulis artikel ilmiah. Hasil  dan  simpulan  kegiatan  pendampingan  ini  mencakup beberapa komponen, yaitu: (1) luaran kegiatan berupa artikel ilmiah yang terpublikasi; (2) pemahaman peserta terhadap menulis artikel; dan (3) minat peserta untuk menulis cukup baik.