bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Features of Zone Thermal Recrystallization of Germaniun Layers Grown on Silicon Substrates from a Discrete Source
Authors: Chebotarev S.N. , Yatsenko A.N. , Lunin L.S.
Published: September 2017

We have proposed and investigated a new technique for growing thin uniform layers onto a large semiconductor substrates. The method uses the system of hexagonally arranged round local sources filled with liquid growth substance. The growth substance evaporates on very close substrate, which is removed from the discrete source by about 1 mm. In these conditions vapor pressure of the residual gases is reduced by two orders of magnitude. It is found that to obtain uniform thickness layers by the proposed technique it is strongly necessary that the distance between the discrete source and the substrate will be greater than the critical thickness lcr. It is shown that this parameters lcr increases with the increasing of radius of local sources and the distance between the local sources. For example, to achieve uniformity of better than 97% the critical thickness must be equal to lcr = 1.2 mm for a hexagonal arranged system of round local sources with the radius of r = 0.75 mm and the distance between the sources of h = 0.5 mm.
Influence of Heat Treatment on Wear Resistance of Alloyed Hadfield Steel and Phase Transformations in it
Authors: Vdovin K.N. , Feoktistov N.A. , Gorlenko D.A.
Published: September 2017

The paper investigates the influence of alloying of high manganese steel with various materials on its wear resistance. It describes the results of differential scanning calorimetry and thermo-gravimetric analysis obtained in the process of thermal investigation of high manganese steel alloyed with different materials. The processes taking place in alloyed high manganese steel during heat treatment were considered. Besides, the paper shows the results of investigation of kinetics of oxidation of high manganese steels, temperatures of the start and completion of carbide decomposition and carbon burning; the comparative analysis of these processes was carried out. The research group determined the qualitative characteristics of the steel decarburization process depending on the implemented alloying scheme of high manganese steel. Scientific justification was given to the results obtained in the research work. The technological recommendations, which make it possible to calculate the optimum hardening temperature of high manganese steels, were given. General conclusions were made in the final part of the paper.
Investigation of Titania Nanotube Arrays Obtained from Glycerol Electrolytes
Authors: Dyachenko D.I. , Kravchenko A.A. , Kokorina D.V.
Published: September 2017

Titania nanotube arrays were formed by electrochemical anodic etching of titanium from glycerol solutions with addition of 0.5% HF and analyzed by scanning probe microscopy and ellipsometric analyzes. Potentiostatic curves allow identifying several different stages of growth of nanotubes of titanium dioxide, however, this method does not establish specific parameters of the surface. We demonstrated that analysis of the spectrum ellipsometric parameters Psi and Delta can used as a criterion of quality, frequency, depth and other characteristics of the obtained arrays of titania nanotube. The use of these methods of analysis allowed to fully characterize the different stages of growth of titania nanotube from glycerol solutions and can be used for quality control the resulting structures for various applications.
Mediated Electrosynthesis of Cobalt Nanoparticles from Ionic Liquids
Authors: Kravchenko A.A. , Dyachenko D.I. , Fomichev V.T.
Published: September 2017

The electrochemical behavior of cobalt in the presence of methylviologen (MV2+) dichloride was investigated in choline chloride-urea (1:2 molar ratio) deep eutectic solvent containing 1 mM CoSO4 and 1 mM MV2+. Cyclic voltammetry of cobalt electrolyte after reduction process at stationary potential has shown the shift of oxidation peak to cathodic region with increase of reduction process time. The investigations carried out after electrolysis of the system containing 1 mM CoSO4 and 1 mM MV2+ at the reduction peak of methylviologen dichloride have shown that there was an accumulation of cobalt reduced form in near-electrode region whereas the concentration of methylviologen reduced form has not changed. This may indicate that methylviologen dichloride is a mediator in electrochemical processes with respect to cobalt in the system under consideration.
Multicomponent Diffusion in Metallic Systems Exposed to E-Beams
Authors: Leyvi A.Ya. , Talala K.A. , Yalovets A.P.
Published: September 2017

The paper is focused on selecting the optimal modes of Zr/Ti/Fe and Cu/Ni film-support systems treatment with LPHCEBs based on the numerical studies of diffusion mass transfer in a multilayered medium. The mode of alternate application of layers with exposure to an electron beam gives a more uniform profile of the concentration distribution in depth, since they experience a bigger amount of instances of electron exposure. The most preferable conditions are those that do not allow melting of film layers, while maintaining the film temperature high enough, close to melting temperature. The density of incident energy is 1.8-3 J/cm2.
Pulse Processing of Molten Metals
Authors: Krymsky V.V. , Balakirev V.F. , Shaburova N.A.
Published: September 2017

The use of external physical actions (vibration, ultrasound, etc.) on molten metals is a safe way to change the structure and properties of metals and alloys. Such processing contributes to the formation of a fine structure with an increased level of strength properties. The work covers the results of a relatively new method of molten metals processing with electromagnetic pulses. It shows the results of processing pure metals of zinc and aluminum. The increase in strength properties and the decrease in porosity of the casts have been registered. The article also contains the empiric results of steel rods hot zincing. The zinc alloy was exposed to irradiation directly in the hot zincing bath.
Phase Transformations in D6AC Steel during Continuous Cooling
Authors: Maisuradze Mikhail V. , Ryzhkov Maksim , Kuklina Aleksandra A.
Published: September 2017

The CCT diagram of the high strength D6AC steel was plotted using the dilatometer data, microstructure investigation, and hardness measurements. The microstructure of the steel under consideration was estimated after various cooling conditions and quenching and tempering. The heat treatment technology of D6AC steel drill bits was developed to obtain the required mechanical properties.
Study of Properties of Multicomponent Heterostructures Based on AIIIBV Compounds
Authors: Lunina M.L. , Kazakova A.E. , Arustamyan D.A.
Published: September 2017

Complex analysis of the quality of the surface of the multicomponent epitaxial layers AIIIBV compounds grown at the different conditions of temperature gradient zone recrystallization was performed. Main parameters that determine the quality of the surface and structural perfection of multicomponent heterostructures AlInGaPAs / GaAs have been found: the temperature gradient, the composition of the solution-melt, subcooling, matching the lattice parameters and the CTE of the layer and the substrate, the substrate orientation.
Sulfoaluminate Cements Composition and Properties
Authors: Kapustin F.L. , Ponomarenko A.A. , Oleinik V.N.
Published: September 2017

The chemical and mineral composition, physico-mechanical properties of sulfoaluminate cements of various classes of strength manufactured in China which are used in Russia to build and repair buildings and structures have been considered. It is shown that the sample sulfoaluminate cement depending on the strength class differ not only in chemical and mineral compositions, but also in their hydrophysical properties, kinetics of dissipation and hardening of cement, and hydration products. It is established that with the increasing strength class of the cement content it has calcium increases, the adhesion of the cement paste is slowed down, the duration of heat dissipation increases, the temperature dissipation is reduced, the hardening of the cement stone slows down.
Choice of Laser Cementation Method of Blade Woodcutting Tools
Authors: Marinin E. , Chirkov A. , Gavrilov G.
Published: September 2017

The article describes the methods of laser cementation of the edge wood-cutting tools. There are the results of the experimental study of the described methods in the article. The most acceptable method of treatment from the point of view of the results reproducibility and the possibility of industrial use are determined.
Vacuum Arc Deposition of Carbon and Carbon-Based Coatings
Authors: Lisenkov A.A. , Kostrin D.K. , Pikus M.I.
Published: September 2017

The paper describes the main features of the vacuum arc deposition of carbon and carbon-based coatings. This type of films and coatings is very interesting for the various areas of science and technology due to its unique properties. Pulverization of carbon in the vacuum arc discharge allows achieving the formation of carbon films and coatings of various structural modifications. The character of the particles deposition from the plasma flow depends on their energy and defines adhesion of the formed coating to the substrate, and also its structure, composition and existence of the formed defects.
Effect of Heat Treatment Temperature-Rate Parameters on Structure and Complex of Physical-Mechanical Properties in VST5553 Titanium Alloy Rod Semi-Finished Goods
Authors: Zhelnina A.V. , Illarionov A.G. , Kalienko M.S.
Published: September 2017

VST5553 titanium alloy is high strength (α + β) - transition alloy which is used for the production of heavy-duty parts [1]. It is known [2], that the cooling rate changing during the heat treatment can change the phases ratio in the alloy. With regards to the VST5553 alloy, this may be due to different cooling rates over the cross section of large-sized semi-finished goods. This in turn affects a complex of properties. Thus, it is necessary to know the effect of the cooling rate of two-phase region on the structure and properties, particularly the VST5553 alloy. However, the research in this area is not sufficient enough. The present study is devoted to this issue.
Improving the Properties and Structure of Magnesium Materials of Sol of Iron Hydroxide
Authors: Zimich V.V.
Published: September 2017

Currently, magnesia materials are widespread in construction. However, the main problems of their mass use have remained unsolved due to a large number of factors, which result in the rise in their already high prime cost due to introduction of such process operations as crushing and milling of the introduced additives to increase their specific surface and hydraulic activity. Therefore, it is rather promising to search for such additives, which would contain active cations of metals and at the same time build in the structure of magnesium silicate hydrates and form insoluble minerals of the magnesia rock. The search for the additives led us to different sols, introduction of which is restricted to 1% of the weight of the binder, and which are able in such a small amount to increase the basic properties of the cement rock. The approbation of such additives and the evaluation of their influence on the properties, phase composition and structure of the magnesia binder are rather important. The article contains the results of evaluating the influence of the added iron hydroxide sol on hardening and curing of the magnesia paste, formation of the structure and properties of the magnesia rock. At carrying these researches out it has been determined that the iron hydroxide sol introduced into the composition of the magnesia-chloride binder in the amount of up to 1% of the weight of the binder is an efficient additive allowing to activate the development of the rock strength at an early age and to obtain the magnesia rock with the strength of 80 MPa and more, the water-resistance of no less than 0,8, and the hygroscopic property of no more than 2%.
Optimizing Conditions for Formation of Local Zones for Thermomigration in Silicon
Authors: Seredin B.M. , Popov V.P. , Zaichenko A.N.
Published: September 2017

The types of defects occurring during the formation of local zones on the surface of silicon wafers have been established. The dependences of defect formation on the surface from the surface microrelief, thickness of the protective coating of silicon oxide, process temperature, flow rate of the melt, the height of the melt, and the concentration of gallium additives in the aluminum have been determined. The optimum conditions of the process of zones formation have been revealed, and the total relative number of all types of defects has been significantly reduced.
Heterogeneity Estimation of Low-Cycled Steel Weld Probes
Authors: Bisong M.S. , Makharova S.N. , Lepov V.V.
Published: September 2017

The heterogeneity of manual arc welded samples of low-carbon steel St3sp meant for bridge construction to be used in Cameroon has been investigated. The chemical analysis of the material was carried out and the arc welding processes used, then the probes were subject to mechanical testing such as tensile test, low-cycle fatigue test, and micro hardness study. A total inclusion of weld defects in the specific welded sample and especially in the cyclic loading specimes has been discovered. Premature fracture was revealed below the plastic limit in some probes during the tension and low-cycle test. A micro structural examination and micro hardness measurements were done in order to determine what exactly could be the reason of this catastrophic failure. The structural analysis revealed the differences in mechanical properties conditioned by phase distribution and carbon content in weld, heat affected zone and base metal. To determine the heterogeneity in mechanical properties the elastic modulus distribution has been calculated due to relationship between the micro hardness and materials strength.
Texture of Hot-Rolled Sheet Fe-3% Si Alloy
Authors: Danilov S.V. , Redikul'tsev A.A. , Lobanov Mikhail
Published: September 2017

Using the method of orientation microscopy, based on electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), the texture of Fe–3% Si alloy sheet, produced by hot rolling at 1280 – 920 °C with a total strain exceeding 95 %, was characterized. The texture sheet in the surface region and in the central region consists of a set of stable orientations. The surface region mainly consists of recrystallization orientations; the texture of the central region is formed by a set of deformation orientations. The surface orientations of the sheet are rotated by 90° around the transfer direction relative orientations of the central region. The recrystallization texture components reproduce deformation texture components. Recrystallization replaces texture in the local region. With transverse flow (near the edges) in hot rolling, the stable orientation {112}<110> is formed in the surface region. The recrystallization process does not take place at the edges of the strip.
Features of Plasma-Electrolytic Coatings Formation on Metalware Surface
Authors: Steblyanko V.L. , Ponomarev A.P. , Efimova Y.Y.
Published: September 2017

The paper presents the principal advantages of plasma-electrolytic coating method that characterize it as a highly promising technology. It is shown that these advantages are provided by the integrated nature of the effect, representing a combination of the main types of impacts on a surface: electrical, thermal, mechanical and chemical. This combination distinguishes the method of plasma-electrolytic treatment from many other widespread in up-to-date technology combinations composed generally of two types of impacts. It is suggested that the process of plasma-electrolytic coating is carried out by the mechanism of metal pressure welding that is confirmed by the results of tests for determining quality ratings of coatings. It is shown the thermodynamic and kinetic unity of these processes that allows plasma-electrolytic coating to be put in class of metal pressure welding processes and to consider the processes of coating by plasma-electrolytic method and pressure welding from a common methodological framework. The paper presents the results of the structure and composition studies of zinc plasma-electrolytic coatings on a strip for armoring cables of group A (GOST 3559-75). The researches were carried out using scanning electron microscopy, microroentgenspectral analysis and differential scanning calorimetry.
Improvement of Surface Quality of Casting Produced by Casting under Pressure
Authors: Gavariev R.V. , Savin I.A.
Published: September 2017

The article considers the surface roughness of compression molds castings received by casting under pressure depending on the condition of the form-building surface. The technological process of casting under pressure is presented for the "Strike plate" product, concrete technological parameters values are specified. The pilot studies of the roughness of the castings throughout the entire period of operation of a compression mold are conducted. Based on the received values the recommendations about improvement of quality of a surface of castings by drawing sheetings are submitted by phisical vapour deposition method.
Industrial, Ecological and Resource-Efficient Aspects of Vanadium Production and Use of Technogenic Vanadium Sources
Authors: Makhotkina E.S. , Shubina M.V.
Published: September 2017

The causes of the global vanadium consumption increase are described and new applications of this metal are given in the article. The main natural sources of vanadium are titanomagnetite, which is a strategic mineral raw material. The current volumes of vanadium extraction from natural raw materials do not match the demand of the market. Therefore there is an urgent need for recycling of secondary and technogenic sources. Partially the basic existing technologies processing vanadium-containing waste are reviewed. The effect of these wastes on the environment and human health is analyzed. The importance of vanadium steel slag recycling for the ecological state of industrial regions, resource-efficiency in expanding the raw material sources of vanadium and reducing the cost of steel production in general is shown. The results of studies on the extraction of vanadium in the form of soluble vanadate of metallurgical vanadium slag using hydrometallurgical processing are demonstrated. The analysis of the received values of the vanadium extraction degree was conducted. The influence of various factors on the completeness of extraction was examined. A significant influence on the vanadium extraction degree of slag chemical composition, the ratio of slag and alkaline additives in the charge, conditions of roasting and leaching was revealed.
Is the Sepsis-3 definition useful in the management of patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections?
Authors: Sartelli Massimo , Ansaloni Luca , Catena Fausto , Fugazzola Paola , Montori Giulia , Tomasoni Matteo , Ceresoli Marco , Coccolini Federico
Published: September 2017

Sepsis-3 definition introduces Quick SOFA (qSOFA) as a tool for identifying patients at risk of sepsis with a higher risk of hospital death both inside and outside critical care units. However qSOFA does not define sepsis and the new sepsis definitions recommend using an increase in the SOFA score of 2 points or more to represent organ dysfunction. The SOFA score, is potentially not accessible everywhere, especially for PaO2, which would require an arterial blood gas measurement. In order to validate a new practical sepsis severity score for patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAIs) including the clinical conditions at the admission (severe sepsis/septic shock), the origin of the cIAIs, the delay in source control, the setting of acquisition and any risk factors such as age and immunosuppression a prospective study was conducted around the world from October 2014 to February 2015. The WISS study (WSES cIAIs Score Study) is a multicenter observational study underwent in 132 medical institutions worldwide during a four-month study period. The data from WISS study showed that mortality was significantly affected by the old sepsis definition. Mortality by sepsis status was: no sepsis 1.2%, sepsis only 4.4%, severe sepsis 27.8% and septic shock 67.8%. Early detection and timely therapeutic intervention improved the prognosis and overall clinical outcome of patients. Severe sepsis represented a reasonable approximation of the tipping point between stable and critical clinical conditions in management of patients with intra-abdominal infections. In patients with complicated intra-abdominal infections, SIRS signs associated with abdominal signs screened patients needing immediate acute care surgery and old sepsis definition better recognized patients at earlier stages when the infective process is most treatable.
People with disabilities and income-related social protection measures in South Africa: Where is the gap?
Authors: Hanass-Hancock Jill , McKenzie Tamlyn C.
Published: September 2017

Background: People with disabilities are at increased risk of poverty, particularly in low-and middle-income countries. However, recent evidence suggests that this association is more nuanced than previously anticipated and that we need better data to understand the opportunity and out-of-pocket costs that diverse groups of people with disabilities may experience.Objective: This paper discusses if disability is associated with opportunity cost and loss of income both on the individual and household level in South Africa, and if these costs differ depending on disability type and severity.Methods: For this purpose, the paper analyses General Household Survey 2011 data (people between 15 and 59) using descriptive statistics disaggregated via disability type and severity. The paper also assesses if social grants counteract these costs and reduce economic vulnerability.Results: The analysis of the data reveals that people with disabilities are affected by issues relating to multidimensional poverty such as lower educational attainment and fewer employment opportunities. In addition, households of people with disabilities (with the exception of milder visual problems) earn significantly less than households without people with disabilities, and this particularly applies to households with people with severe disabilities. This vulnerability also varies by disability type. The country’s social protection mechanisms, in terms of social grants, counteract economic vulnerability to some extent but do not consider the nuanced economic impact of diverse conditions nor the increased out-of-pocket costs related to disability.Conclusions: This calls for more equitable social protection mechanisms that include accessible services, livelihood programmes and disability benefits.
Editorial
Authors: Pearlman Jonathan , Cooper Rory
Published: September 2017

No abstract available.
Hervormde Barthiaanse Skrifbeskouing: Waarheidsbegrip
Authors: Malan Gert J.
Published: September 2017

The ‘Hervormde’ blend of Barthian view of Scripture leads to a specifically nuanced concept of biblical truth. Biblical truth is neither knowledge, dogma or faith propositions, nor historical, scientific or geographical truth. Biblical truth is a Person, sharing in dialogue with humanity regarding a relationship of God for humanity. Biblical truth is relational and metaphorical. Its imperatives are demythologisation, and ideological and cultural critique. This concept of truth is in contrast to the truth concept of most church members, because of their literal and often fundamentalist views of Scripture. In order to convey understanding of the truth concept, the ‘Hervormde’ view of Scripture should be discussed with them. A confession should be formulated for post-modern believers.
Eschatology as a manifestation of human uniqueness: Human vision, biblical revelation and divine agency
Authors: Nürnberger Klaus B.
Published: September 2017

This essay extends my previous research on eschatology to cover the question of human uniqueness. Using the approach of ‘experiential realism’, I begin with a few findings of modern science that are relevant to the topic: big bang cosmology, entropy, regularity and contingency, and emergence theory. On this basis, I discuss human uniqueness at the physical, biological and consciousness levels. There is indeed continuity between humans and other living beings, yet humans are far ahead of other creatures on an exponentially accelerating trajectory. Part of human consciousness is the capacity to envision the future. It can confine itself to what is possible and probable, or overshoot these limitations. I discuss three ways human beings experience time: physical, experiential and existential. The latter projects a vision of what ought to become as a response to the experience of what ought not to have become. A vision of what ought to become implies criteria and an ultimate authority setting such criteria. Against this background, I analyse the evolution of biblical future expectations. Apocalyptic eschatology and resurrection of the dead are the most radical among many other, and more mundane future expectations. They emerged late in post-exilic Judaism, were never generally accepted and began to lose their plausibility and relevance in New Testament times already. While projections that overshoot the given are immensely important for human life in general and the Christian faith in particular, apocalyptic eschatology envisages the replacement of the existing world with a perfect world, rather than its transformation. This can lead to pious fatalism and despondency and thus become counterproductive. The theological defence of apocalyptic eschatology rests on various untested assumptions. I briefly discuss and critique the concepts of divine agency, omnipotence, eternity and contingency. Finally, I propose a reconceptualisation of Christian future expectations as human participation in God’s vision of comprehensive optimal well-being, which translates into God’s concern for any deficiency in well-being in any aspect of life and which operates like a horizon that moves on as we approach it, opening up ever new vistas, challenges and opportunities.
On the meaning of Ribā [interest] and its effect on the Nigerian economy
Authors: Kareem Muritala K.
Published: September 2017

The role of financial intermediation in a modern capitalist system hinges mainly on the taking and charging interest. While some Islamic scholars consider interest to be lawful for Muslims to take or charge on their transactions, many Islamic scholars consider charging or taking interest to be non-shari’ah compliant. It is against this backdrop that the paper sets out to provide a correct articulation of the meaning of ribā [interest/usury], which is the foundation stone on which the conventional financial institutions are based and examines its effects on the Nigerian economy. Using information about the forms and structure of socio-economic transactions during al-Jahiliyyah (pre-Islamic) period in Makkah and during the Prophet’s time in Makkah and Madinah, we found that interest of all kinds is prohibited. The practice of interest payment in a modern capitalist economy is against the dictates of the Shari’ah. The article finds that debt servicing has badly affected the economic growth development of Nigeria. The article reveals a sharp increase in the amounts used to finance the country’s debt obligation. The debt servicing as a percentage of the capital expenditure has been increasing greatly since 2011 to till date. The percentage of debt servicing to capital expenditure in Nigeria from 1981 to 2015 has been very high for the country, with an average of over 59.0% under the 35 years considered in this study. In some years, this ratio was over 100.0% reaching its peak at 150.4% in 2003. In 2015, the ratio stood at 129.57%. This could account for low level of development in the country. The negative impact of debt servicing on the economy serves as a barrier to poverty alleviation, economic growth and development.
Use of Brucella abortus species specific polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis
Authors: Chisi Songelwayo L. , Schmidt Tracy , Akol George W. , Van Heerden Henriette
Published: September 2017

Serology is primarily used in the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis. Bacterial culture and isolation is the gold standard in diagnosing brucellosis but, like serology, it does not offer complete (100%) diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been suggested to offer better specificity and sensitivity. In this study, we evaluated the performance of Brucella abortus species specific (BaSS) PCR directly from different samples in the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in naturally infected cattle in KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa with known infectious status from culture. The BaSS PCR had a low diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) of 70%, but was able to identify vaccine strains using abomasal fluid from aborted foetuses and detect Brucella DNA from decomposing samples. The best sample for the BaSS PCR was abomasal fluid.
Supply chain risk management processes for resilience: A study of South African grocery manufacturers
Authors: Simba Simon , Niemann Wesley , Kotzé Theuns , Agigi Assilah
Published: September 2017

Background: The supply chain risk management (SCRM) process is aimed at the implementation of strategies that assist in managing both daily and exceptional risks facing the supply chain through continuous risk assessment to reduce vulnerability and ensure continuity.Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine whether the SCRM process enables supply chain resilience among grocery manufacturers in South Africa. The fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG)-manufacturing industry faces increased risk because of the nature of their products being perishable with a limited shelf life.Method: This study was conducted using a descriptive qualitative research design. Data were collected by means of 12 semi-structured interviews with senior supply chain practitioners within the South African grocery manufacturing industry.Findings: The study found that most firms informally implement SCRM processes of risk identification, assessment, mitigation and monitoring to mitigate disruptions. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the SCRM processes facilitate resilience among grocery manufacturers in South Africa.Conclusion: The managerial implications show that supply chain managers of grocery manufacturers should formalise the SCRM process and develop risk assessment scales to better prioritise risks in order to run a resilient supply chain. The research contributes to the supply chain management field by adding to the scarce literature relating to SCRM as an enabler of supply chain resilience in a South African context.
Women entrepreneurship in South Africa: Understanding the role of competencies in business success
Authors: Irene Bridget N.O.
Published: September 2017

Background and aim: Environmental factors alone cannot determine the success of small, medium and micro-sized enterprises (SMMEs) and female entrepreneurs; there is a need to closely examine the internal factors that also contribute to business success. This is necessary because, despite the considerable government support and support of bodies interested in promoting gender equality in all areas (business included), 20% of female-owned businesses still fail annually. Consequently, even though, according to a report from the Department of Trade and Industry in South Africa, millions of Rands have been allocated to support female-owned SMMEs by way of government funding, training, grants and consultative support services, the failure rates of these female-owned businesses remain high. The main reason for this can be that over-dependence on these incentives often weakens rather than strengthens female entrepreneurs’ ability to manage their businesses and reduces their competitiveness by laying emphasis on external, contextual factors rather than internal, competence variables for success. Researchers in the past have suggested that focusing on the internal factors, especially the ‘people issues’ facing the entrepreneurs (in this case female entrepreneurs), may give the business a better chance of success.Design/methodology/approach: A ‘mixed-method’ approach, conducted in two parts, was adopted for this study and appropriate tools and techniques were used to collect and analyse the data drawn from a sample of female entrepreneurs in South Africa. The study applies culturally instantiated facets of the debate on gender entrepreneurship as part of a detailed and empirically sophisticated consideration of the status of female entrepreneurship within South Africa. The qualitative aspect utilised semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The quantitative aspect utilised survey questionnaires developed from the findings of the qualitative study.Results: All participants agreed that entrepreneurial competencies are vital for business success. The study also makes a clear distinction between the traits approach and competencies approach in understanding business success. Arguably, the competency variable is viewed and appreciated differently by female entrepreneurs in South Africa. The findings also showed some cultural variations in the application of entrepreneurial competencies among the four dominant racial groups in South Africa.Conclusion: This study offers a comprehensive analysis of the competency variable in understanding the factors that influence business success in the context of South African female entrepreneurs. It provides a basis for an agenda for focus on training and development of the entrepreneurial competencies of female entrepreneurs in South Africa.
La gestión de la comunicación para el impulso de la Investigación e Innovación Responsables: propuesta de protocolo desde la ética dialógica
Authors: Fernández-Beltrán Francisco , García-Marzá Domingo , Sanahuja Sanahuja Rosana , Andrés Martínez Alicia , Barberá Forcadell Susana
Published: September 2017

La Investigación e Innovación Responsables (RRI por sus siglas en inglés) se ha consolidado en una década como un eje central de las políticas sobre ciencia y tecnología de la Unión Europea que cabe abordar desde la perspectiva pluridisciplinar de la ética y la comunicación. Metodología: El estudio propone un protocolo de comunicación para favorecer la RRI basado en la ética dialógica y la teoría de los stakeholders. Para su elaboración se analizó la situación actual a través de encuestas a las 70 UCC+i españolas y se validó la propuesta mediante cuatro focus groups con grupos de interés de la ciencia y dos paneles Delphi de expertos. Resultados y conclusiones: La comunicación es un elemento moralmente imprescindible para la gestión de la RRI. Se propone un protocolo para la gestión de la comunicación que permita avanzar hacia una I+i más responsable, alineada con las expectativas de la sociedad.
Теорема о следах для квазифуксовых групп
Authors: Connes Alain , Sukochev Fedor Anatol'evich , Zanin Dmitriy Vladimirovich
Published: September 2017

Завершено доказательство теоремы о следах в квантованном исчислении для квазифуксовых групп. Эта теорема была сформулирована на с. 322-325 в книге "Noncommutative geometry" первого автора, где имеется только набросок доказательства. Предложено полное доказательство.
Библиография: 35 названий.
International Morphological Terminology (anatomy, histology and embryology): beyond scientific terms
Authors: Losardo R. , Valverde Barbato de Prates N. , Arteaga-Martinez M. , García Peláez M. , Cabral R.
Published: September 2017

The study of the International Morphological Terminology, the creation of a dictionary or guide and its implementation is complex. The creation of SILATs meant an advance in the studying, spreading and acceptance of the international morphology in Ibero-America. However, there are some problems that have not been completely solved. This paper tries to explain some aspects that will get us closer to the understanding of those challenges, together with a possible way of solving them.
Histological and hormonal studies of calabash chalk on ovarian function in adult female wistar rats
Authors: Oyewopo A. , Obasi K. , Anumudu K. , Yawson E.
Published: September 2017

Introduction: Calabash chalk is a naturally occurring mineral, chiefly composed of fossilized sea shells. It is prepared from clay and mud mixed with other ingredients, including lead, arsenic, sand and wood ash. Clay consumption is correlated with pregnancy, and also to eliminate morning sickness in women. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of calabash chalk on the ovarian function in adult female Wistar rats. Methods: Eighteen (18) adult female Wistar rats. Group A served as the control group, group B received 40 mg/kg body weight of Non-salted calabash chalk while group C received 40 mg/kg body weight of Salted calabash chalk for 14 days. On day 15, the animals were sacrificed for histological and biochemical examination. Results: Results showed a significant (P< 0.05) reduction in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) levels of the treatment groups when compared with the control group and an increase in luteinizing hormone (LH) levels of the treatment groups when compared with the control group. Histological examination of the ovaries showed severe deterioration of the ovarian follicles, necrosis and follicular atresia. Conclusion: Calabash chalk is toxic to ovarian function. These alterations have been shown to be the leading cause ofinfertility in female rats. Hence, proper monitoring, education, and regulation of the product is needed.
Maturation of human lingual papillae during second and third trimesters: a fetal histo-morphological study
Authors: Kumar R. , Souza A. , Kotian S. , Kalthur S.
Published: September 2017

Introduction: The aim of this study was to describe the histological changes of tongue in a growing fetus. There are very few studies on histogenesis of tongue in human fetuses. Therefore the present study was carried out to describe the histogenesis of human fetal tongue at different gestational ages. Material and Methods: The present cross sectional study was conducted on 20 fetuses (both males and females). The tissue sections including both the anterior two thirds and the posterior one third of the tongue were dissected. The slides were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) for microscopic observation. The images were analysed digitally using ImagePro Premier 9.1 Software. Results: At 20th week, the tongue was lined by stratified squamous non keratinized epithelium and the different types of papillae were distinguishable. No taste buds were observed along the vallate papillae. The glandular and muscular components were well differentiated. At 24 weeks of gestation and the surface of the tongue was lined by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. At 36 weeks the thickness of the epithelium was significantly reduced and the vascularity of lamina propria was increased. Conclusion: As the prenatal development of the human lingual papillae during the irst trimester is already known through the literature, the present study highlighted the structural maturation of the papillae during second and third trimesters.
Histomorphology of the ovaries of the earthworm, Dendrobaena atheca Cernosvitov (Annelida, Clitellata: Oligochaeta)
Authors: Gorgees N. , Khalid V.
Published: September 2017

This comprehensive study was undertaken to reveal the ovarian histomorphology in the oligochaetous clitellte, Dendrobaena atheca Cernosvitov. Efforts were, in fact, made to obtain proper histological preparations. So, various types of thin serial sections of ovaries were carefully obtained, stained and examined. Two small ovaries, at the beginning of breeding seasons, were seen in segment thirteen. Subsequently, they extremely increased in size and became fully formed. They demonstrated six principal cell types: peritoneal cell, follicular cell, stromal cell, oogonium, oocyte and trophocyte (nurse cell). The first three cell types were somatic, whereas the other three were germ and germ-line. All cell types were, as much as possible, properly described. Dividing oogonia were seen to produce oocytes and trophocytes simultaneously. The produced cells were seen to be interconnected. The stromal cell, a newly described cell type, exhibited several specific cell characteristics. Ovaries showed no internal lumens. The small ovaries showed only two distinct histological zones, whereas the large ones showed three such zones. Germ and germ-line cells showed an obvious arrangement in ovarian zones. Accordingly, the chief conclusions are: (1) ovaries are nutrimental due to presence of trophocytes (2) ovaries are solid and not sac-like organs due the lack of internal cavity (3) stromal cell can be considered a new cell type as it demonstrates several specific cell features (4) Ovarian zonation is caused by production and arrangement of germ and germ-line cells (5) intercellular connections are due to incomplete cell divisions.
Treatments used in menopausal women susceptible to dyslipidemia and diabetes
Authors: Veloso A. , Gama E. , Maifrino L.
Published: September 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy of types of treatment most used in menopausal women with dyslipidemia and susceptible to insulin resistance. Material and Methods: In the period between 2006 and 2016, articles of the PubMed database were evaluated using the keywords: pancreas, menopause, dyslipidemia and treatment. The following parameters were evaluated: title, year of publication, author, country of origin, studied model (human or animal), types of analysis (biometric, biochemical, physiological, morphological and immunohistochemical). Results: Of 530 articles investigated, 11 were evaluated, among which 45% used physical exercise as a treatment, 37% used the pharmacological treatment and 18% used diet. As for the year and country where the study was performed, 73% of the articles were published in the last six years (2011-2016), and 73% were published in the United States. In 27.3% of the articles were used animal models, and 72.7% used human models. The most employed analysis in the studies was the biochemical, and the least used (5%) was the morphological. Conclusion: Although physical exercise was the most common treatment in this study, the other treatments (diet and drugs) are of paramount importance to prevent pancreatic diseases and the development of type 2 diabetes, which certainly trigger a clinical picture of dyslipidemia, resulting in the irreversible deterioration of pancreatic cells.
Physical and chemical properties of deposited airborne particulates over the Arabian Red Sea coastal plain
Authors: Engelbrecht Johann P. , Stenchikov Georgiy , Prakash P. Jish , Lersch Traci , Anisimov Anatolii , Shevchenko Illia
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Mineral dust is the most abundant aerosol, having a profound impact on the global energy budget. This research continues our previous studies performed on surface soils in the Arabian Peninsula, focusing on the mineralogical, physical and chemical composition of dust deposits from the atmosphere at the Arabian Red Sea coast. For this purpose, aerosols deposited from the atmosphere are collected during 2015 at six sites on the campus of the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) situated on the Red Sea coastal plain of Saudi Arabia and subjected to the same chemical and mineralogical analysis we conducted on soil samples. Frisbee deposition samplers with foam inserts were used to collect dust and other deposits, for the period December 2014 to December 2015. The average deposition rate measured at KAUST for this period was 14 g m−2 per month, with lowest values in winter and increased deposition rates in August to October. The particle size distributions provide assessments of  < 10 and  < 2.5 µm dust deposition rates, and it is suggested that these represent proxies for PM10 (coarse) and PM2. 5 (fine) particle size fractions in the dust deposits.X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of a subset of samples confirms variable amounts of quartz, feldspars, micas, and halite, with lesser amounts of gypsum, calcite, dolomite, hematite, and amphibole. Freeze-dried samples were re-suspended onto the Teflon® filters for elemental analysis by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), while splits from each sample were analyzed for water-soluble cations and anions by ion chromatography. The dust deposits along the Red Sea coast are considered to be a mixture of dust emissions from local soils and soils imported from distal dust sources. Airborne mineral concentrations are greatest at or close to dust sources, compared to those through medium- and long-range transport. It is not possible to identify the exact origin of deposition samples from the mineralogical and chemical results alone. These aerosol data are the first of their kind from the Red Sea region. They will help assess their potential nutrient input into the Red Sea, as well the impact on human health, industry, and solar panel efficiency. These data will also support dust modeling in this important dust belt source area by better quantifying dust mass balance and optical properties of airborne dust particles.
Sources of non-fossil-fuel emissions in carbonaceous aerosols during early winter in Chinese cities
Authors: Liu Di , Li Jun , Cheng Zhineng , Zhong Guangcai , Zhu Sanyuan , Ding Ping , Shen Chengde , Tian Chongguo , Chen Yingjun , Zhi Guorui , Zhang Gan
Published: September 2017

Abstract. China experiences frequent and severe haze outbreaks from the beginning of winter. Carbonaceous aerosols are regarded as an essential factor in controlling the formation and evolution of haze episodes. To elucidate the carbon sources of air pollution, source apportionment was conducted using radiocarbon (14C) and unique molecular organic tracers. Daily 24 h PM2. 5 samples were collected continuously from October 2013 to November 2013 in 10 Chinese cities. The 14C results indicated that non-fossil-fuel (NF) emissions were predominant in total carbon (TC; average  =  65 ± 7 %). Approximately half of the EC was derived primarily from biomass burning (BB) (average  =  46 ± 11 %), while over half of the organic carbon (OC) fraction comprised NF (average  =  68 ± 7 %). On average, the largest contributor to TC was NF-derived secondary OC (SOCnf), which accounted for 46 ± 7 % of TC, followed by SOC derived from fossil fuels (FF) (SOCf; 16 ± 3 %), BB-derived primary OC (POCbb; 13 ± 5 %), POC derived from FF (POCf; 12 ± 3 %), EC derived from FF (ECf; 7 ± 2 %) and EC derived from BB (ECbb; 6 ± 2 %). The regional background carbonaceous aerosol composition was characterized by NF sources; POCs played a major role in northern China, while SOCs contributed more in other regions. However, during haze episodes, there were no dramatic changes in the carbon source or composition in the cities under study, but the contribution of POC from both FF and NF increased significantly.