bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electroacupuncture promotes the survival and synaptic plasticity of hippocampal neurons and improvement of sleep deprivation‐induced spatial memory impairment
Authors: Pei Wenya , Meng Fanqi , Deng Qingwen , Zhang Baobao , Gu Yuan , Jiao Boyu , Xu Haoyu , Tan Jiuqing , Zhou Xin , Li Zhiling , He Guanheng , Ruan Jingwen , Ding Ying
Published: October 2021

Aims

This study aimed to investigate whether electroacupuncture (EA) promotes the survival and synaptic plasticity of hippocampal neurons by activating brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/tyrosine receptor kinase (TrkB)/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (Erk) signaling, thereby improving spatial memory deficits in rats under SD.

Methods

In vivo, Morris water maze (MWM) was used to detect the effect of EA on learning and memory, at the same time Western blotting (WB), immunofluorescence (IF), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to explore the plasticity of hippocampal neurons and synapses, and the expression of BDNF/TrkB/Erk signaling. In vitro, cultured hippocampal neurons were treated with exogenous BDNF and the TrkB inhibitor K252a to confirm the relationship between BDNF/TrkB/Erk signaling and synaptic plasticity.

Results

Our results showed that EA mitigated the loss of hippocampal neurons and synapses, stimulated hippocampal neurogenesis, and improved learning and memory of rats under SD accompanied by upregulation of BDNF and increased phosphorylation of TrkB and Erk. In cultured hippocampal neurons, exogenous BDNF enhanced the expression of synaptic proteins, the frequency of the postsynaptic currents, and the phosphorylation of TrkB and Erk; these effects were reversed by treatment with K252a.

Conclusions

Electroacupuncture alleviates SD‐induced spatial memory impairment by promoting hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity via activation of BDNF/TrkB/Erk signaling, which provided evidence for EA as a therapeutic strategy for countering the adverse effects of SD on cognition.
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans with platelet‐derived growth factor‐D rearrangement; two cases with morphologically distinct presentations
Authors: Campbell Katelynn , Bridge Julia A. , DiMaio Dominick , Wilson Janice , Shalin Sara C. , Gardner Jerad M.
Published: October 2021

Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a mesenchymal neoplasm that is usually located in the dermis or subcutis and is locally aggressive. Rarely, these lesions may undergo fibrosarcomatous transformation, which is thought to increase their metastatic potential. DFSP is classically associated with a 17;22 translocation (or ring chromosome thereof) resulting in fusion of the COL1A1 and PDGFB genes. However, variant fusions involving PDGFD have been recently reported. Herein, we present two morphologically diverse cases of DFSP with PDGFD rearrangement. Case 1 is a 68‐year‐old female with a left dorsal foot lesion. Morphologically, the lesion is unusual as it is a well‐circumscribed, hypercellular, subcutaneous nodule with uniform CD34‐positive spindle cells arranged in a herringbone pattern without storiform arrangement or “honeycombing” fat entrapment. It was diagnosed as pure fibrosarcomatous DFSP. Case 2 is a 37‐year‐old male with a right supra‐auricular lesion. Morphologically, the lesion displays classic DFSP features including bland CD34‐positive spindle cells with storiform growth, fat entrapment, and infiltrative borders. Both lesions were negative for COL1A1‐PDGFB fusion but positive for PDGFD rearrangement by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. FISH testing for PDGFD rearrangement should be performed in cases where there is a high suspicion for DFSP but initial studies for COL1A1‐PDGFB are negative.
BRAF‐rearranged spindle cell mesenchymal neoplasm with a predominant lipofibromatosis‐like neural tumor pattern and co‐expression of CD34, S100 protein, and markers associated with perineurial differentiation: A rare case with potential diagnostic pitfall
Authors: Sun Ke , Ru Guo‐qing , Zhao Ming
Published: October 2021

Recently, a distinctive group of S100 protein/CD34‐positive spindle cell mesenchymal neoplasms characterized by a predominant lipofibromatosis‐like neural pattern harboring recurrent gene rearrangements involving NTRK1‐3, RAF1, RET, ROS1, ALK, and MET has been identified. BRAF rearrangements have been rarely documented in this group of neoplasms. Herein, we report a 54‐year‐old man with a 1.3‐cm painless mass located in the subcutis of left back. The tumor was composed of mildly atypical, short‐spindle shaped to ovoid cells with fascicles and whorls intervening between and admixed with the subcutaneous adipose tissues and nerve bundles. Focally abundant thick, band‐like stromal hyalinization was also noted. The neoplastic cells showed diffuse reactivity for S100 protein and CD34 and multifocal immunopositivity for markers associated with perineurial differentiation including epithelial membrane antigen, GLUT1, and claudin‐1. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses showed positive for BRAF rearrangement and negative for rearrangements involving NTRK1, RET, and ROS1. The tumor was narrowly excised and recurred after 24 months of follow‐up. To our knowledge, we report the second case of BRAF‐rearranged spindle cell mesenchymal tumor with predominant lipofibromatosis‐like neural tumor pattern. Expression of markers associated with perineurial differentiation is exceptional and represents a potential diagnostic pitfall, which may cause significant diagnostic confusion with a peripheral nerve sheath tumor.
Curatorial Omissions in Virtual War Museum Displays: Uncovering Racial and Gendered Tensions in Canadian WWI Exhibitions
Authors: Pauls Haley , Walby Kevin
Published: October 2021

This paper investigates how virtual exhibitions curated by the Canadian War Museum (CWM) and the Canadian Centre for the Great War (CCGW) communicate ideas about nationalism and multiculturalism in Canada. Drawing from critical literature on participatory museum spaces, multiculturalism, and hegemony, we examine how virtual war exhibitions, which attempt to create space for marginalized identities, may inadvertently reinforce hegemonic understandings of Canadian identity. Through our analysis of two case studies, we explore how digital curation, while offering visitors a sense of participation, may also sanitize resistant perspectives. This analysis allows us to examine present‐day Canadian multiculturalism as it is communicated in digital museum curations, including its practice of including racialized others on a conditional basis, its weaponization of white feminist narratives, and its continued investments in the history of English and French Canada as universal. We thus examine the way Canadian nationalism re‐makes itself, and how virtual curatorial techniques, which may seem more inclusive, can serve hegemonic ends. This study should be of interest to curators and designers working in digital contexts, as well as scholars studying multiculturalism as it is pictured in museums, media, and other cultural representations.
Documentation of psoriasis in routine care – expert consensus on a German data set
Authors: Otten Marina , Mrowietz Ulrich , von Kiedrowski Ralph Michael , Otto Ramona , Altenburg Andreas , Aschoff Roland , Beissert Stefan , Beiteke Ulrike , Bonnekoh Bernd , Hoffmann Matthias , Körber Andreas , Maaßen Dirk , Mössner Rotraut , Navarini Alexander , Petering Holger , Ramaker‐Brunke Jutta , Rosenbach Thomas , Schwichtenberg Uwe , Sticherling Michael , Sondermann Wiebke , Thaci Diamant , Timmel Andreas , Tsianakas Athanasios , Werfel Thomas , Wilsmann‐Theis Dagmar , Augustin Matthias
Published: October 2021

Background and objectives

Documenting patient data in psoriasis clinical practice can improve care, but standardized and transparent documentation is rare. The current project aimed to develop a data set for the documentation of psoriasis in daily practice.

Material and methods

In four online Delphi rounds and one in‐person meeting, 27 psoriasis experts allocated variables to a standard, an optimal and an optional data set. Most of the questions were standardized. Open questions were included to allow for the provision of reasons and to enlarge the data sets. Furthermore, in the in‐person meeting we considered a) patients’ attitudes and b) dermatologists’ information on the current usage and acceptability in Germany.

Results

The consensus approach resulted in a data set with 69 variables. The standard data set includes 20, the optimal data set 31 and the optional data set 18 variables. In summary, the data set can mainly be grouped into master data, general status and medical history data, medical history of psoriasis, status of psoriasis, diagnostics and comorbidity, therapies and patient‐reported outcomes.

Conclusions

The consensus recommendation of a standard, an optimal and an optional data set for routine care of psoriasis intends to be a decision‐making aid and an orientation for both daily practice and further development of documentation systems.
Top 10 acral skin manifestations associated with COVID‐19: A scoping review
Authors: Farajzadeh Saeedeh , Khalili Maryam , Dehghani Shakiba , Babaie Sharareh , Fattah Mahdi , Abtahi‐Naeini Bahareh
Published: October 2021

COVID‐19‐associated cutaneous manifestations are one of the most important and relatively common extra‐respiratory presentations of SARS‐COV‐2 infection. The exact identification and classification of these lesions can facilitate the accurate diagnosis and treatment. There are several case reports and small case series which describe cutaneous lesions in hands and feet. Currently, there is no scoping review about acral skin manifestations associated with COVID‐19. This paper covers the COVID‐related acral skin manifestations in 10 entities including acral papulo‐vesicular eruption, acral urticarial lesion, acral non‐inflammatory purpura and necrosis, acro‐ischemia associated COVID‐19, acral vasculitis, chilblain‐like lesion (COVID Toe), acral erythema multiform (EM) like lesion, hand and foot skin lesions associated with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MISC), acral peeling conditions and red half‐moon nail sign. Future studies should focus on exact investigation of etiologies of these lesions including role of immune senescence, environment, gender, immunogenetics and relation of these lesion with major organ involvements.
Spatially explicit models for decision‐making in animal conservation and restoration
Authors: Zurell Damaris , König Christian , Malchow Anne‐Kathleen , Kapitza Simon , Bocedi Greta , Travis Justin , Fandos Guillermo
Published: October 2021

Models are useful tools for understanding and predicting ecological patterns and processes. Under ongoing climate and biodiversity change, they can greatly facilitate decision‐making in conservation and restoration and help designing adequate management strategies for an uncertain future. Here, we review the use of spatially explicit models for decision support and to identify key gaps in current modelling in conservation and restoration. Of 650 reviewed publications, 217 publications had a clear management application and were included in our quantitative analyses. Overall, modelling studies were biased towards static models (79%), towards the species and population level (80%) and towards conservation (rather than restoration) applications (71%). Correlative niche models were the most widely used model type. Dynamic models as well as the gene‐to‐individual level and the community‐to‐ecosystem level were underrepresented, and explicit cost optimisation approaches were only used in 10% of the studies. We present a new model typology for selecting models for animal conservation and restoration, characterising model types according to organisational levels, biological processes of interest and desired management applications. This typology will help to more closely link models to management goals. Additionally, future efforts need to overcome important challenges related to data integration, model integration and decision‐making. We conclude with five key recommendations, suggesting that wider usage of spatially explicit models for decision support can be achieved by 1) developing a toolbox with multiple, easier‐to‐use methods, 2) improving calibration and validation of dynamic modelling approaches and 3) developing best‐practise guidelines for applying these models. Further, more robust decision‐making can be achieved by 4) combining multiple modelling approaches to assess uncertainty, and 5) placing models at the core of adaptive management. These efforts must be accompanied by long‐term funding for modelling and monitoring, and improved communication between research and practise to ensure optimal conservation and restoration outcomes.
Experiencing the a priori
Authors: Seron Denis
Published: October 2021

Brentano clearly asserts, in his Vienna lectures of 1887–1888, that his descriptive psychology is an a priori or “exact” science. Since he rejects Kant's idea of a synthetic a priori, this means that the descriptive psychologist's laws are analytic. My aim in this paper is to clarify and discuss this view. I examine Brentano's epistemology in the Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint and then its later developments. I conclude with a difficulty inherent in Brentano's psychological approach to a priori knowledge.
Restoring Skyline Tier: Decommissioning pine plantations in Tasmania
Authors: Dudley Todd , Morgan Helen , Povey Anna , Fitzgerald Nick
Published: October 2021

Unerring prediction of potential to facilitate native regeneration at clearcut pine plantations provided a strong basis for this collaborative project between forest resources companies and environmentalists. The resulting recovery of nearly 700 ha of native forest to date has allowed unlikely partners to reach their goals as well as create some lasting social benefits for a range of stakeholders. Restore Skyline Tier aspires to restore 2,160 ha of Radiata Pine plantation back to native forest, with the methods transferrable to other sites.
Continuous seizure emergency evoked in mice with pharmacological, electrographic, and pathological features distinct from status epilepticus
Authors: Knox Kevin M. , Zierath Dannielle K. , White H. Steve , Barker‐Haliski Melissa
Published: October 2021

Objectives

Benzodiazepines are the standard of care for the management of sustained seizure emergencies, including status epilepticus (SE) and seizure clusters. Seizure clusters are a variably defined seizure emergency wherein a patient has multiple seizures above a baseline rate, with intervening periods of recovery, distinguishing clusters from SE. Although these seizure emergencies are phenotypically distinct, the precise pathophysiological and mechanistic differences between SE and seizure clusters are understudied. Emergency‐specific preclinical models may differentiate the behavioral and pathological mechanisms that are acutely associated with seizure emergencies and seizure termination to better manage these events.

Methods

Herein we characterize a novel model of sustained seizure emergency induced in CF‐1 mice through the combined administration of high‐dose phenytoin (PHT; 50 mg/kg, i.p.) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ; 100 mg/kg, s.c.).

Results

We presently describe a mouse model of sustained seizure emergency that is pathologically, pharmacologically, and behaviorally distinct from SE. Acute administration of PHT 1 h prior to PTZ led to significantly more mice with unremitting continuous seizure activity (CSA; 73.4%) vs vehicle‐pretreated mice (13.8%; p < .0001). CSA was sensitive to lorazepam and valproic acid when administered at seizure onset and 30 minutes later. Carbamazepine worsened seizure control and post‐CSA survival. Mice in CSA exhibited electroencephalography (EEG) patterns distinct from kainic acid–induced SE and PTZ alone, clearly differentiating CSA from SE and PTZ‐induced myoclonic seizures. Neuropathological assessment by Fluoro‐Jade C staining of brains collected 24 h post‐CSA revealed no neurodegeneration in any mouse that underwent CSA, whereas there was widespread neuronal death in brains from KA‐SE mice. Finally, immunohistochemistry revealed acute seizure‐induced astrogliosis (glial fibrillary acid protein; GFAP) in hippocampal structures, whereas hippocampal neuronal nuclei (NeuN) protein expression was only reduced in KA‐SE mice.

Significance

We present a novel mouse model on which to further elucidate the mechanistic differences between sustained seizure emergencies (ie, SE and seizure clusters) to improve clinical interventions and define mechanisms of seizure termination.
Measuring family resilience of Chinese family caregivers: Psychometric evaluation of the Family Resilience Assessment Scale
Authors: Chu Amanda M. Y. , Tsang Jenny T. Y. , Tiwari Agnes , Yuk Helina , So Mike K. P.
Published: October 2021

Objective

To validate the Family Resilience Assessment Scale (FRAS) in Chinese family caregivers.

Background

Caregiver burden among family caregivers is a growing social issue. Family resilience is a crucial protective factor for easing caregiver burden. The FRAS is specifically designed to evaluate family resilience. However, the factor structure and validity of the FRAS have not yet been examined among Chinese family caregivers.

Method

Data were collected from 323 Chinese family caregivers. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were adopted to determine the factor structure and model fit. Concurrent validity and internal consistency were also studied.

Results

EFA analysis yielded a 42‐item five‐factor structure of the FRAS, which demonstrated satisfactory model fit by CFA analysis. The five‐factor model FRAS also showed adequate concurrent validity and internal consistency (α = 0.724–0.963).

Conclusion

The proposed five‐factor FRAS is likely a valid and reliable scale for evaluating the family resilience level of family caregivers in Chinese communities.

Implications

The present study recommends the use of the FRAS in family caregiving research to facilitate intervention development by social professionals for promoting family resilience and reducing caregiver burden in Chinese communities.
Real‐world experience on the tolerability and safety of emicizumab prophylaxis in paediatric patients with severe haemophilia A with and without FVIII inhibitors
Authors: Hassan Eman , Jonathan Lancashire , Jayashree Motwani
Published: October 2021

Background

Emicizumab is a bispecific monoclonal antibody that bridges activated factor (F) IX and FX, and maintains haemostasis in patients with haemophilia A (PwHA). As a novel agent, many questions remain unanswered about the loss of emicizumab efficacy due to anti‐drug antibody (ADA) development, the incidence of inhibitor recurrence in previously tolerized patients, and the risk of de novo inhibitor development.

Aim

To present real‐world experience regarding tolerability, side effects, and outcomes of adverse events of emicizumab prophylaxis in paediatric PwHA.

Methods

Data on tolerability, compliance, adverse events, and laboratory results of paediatric patients receiving emicizumab prophylaxis, treated at the Haemophilia Comprehensive Care Centre, at Birmingham Children's Hospital between March 2018 and June 2021, were collected.

Results

Our results showed that out of 52 patients, four experienced minor adverse events, two developed headaches, one developed abdominal pain and nausea, and one developed injection site reactions. Moreover, four patients experienced major adverse events, including severe headaches, major bleeding events, development of ADAs, and recurrence of inhibitors. Emicizumab prophylaxis was discontinued in three patients (5.7% of the cohort) due to adverse events. In addition, emicizumab was discontinued in one patient because of poor compliance. No adverse events were reported in previously untreated/minimally treated patients, represented by four patients in our cohort.

Conclusions

The real‐world experience of emicizumab prophylaxis in our cohort showed that emicizumab was safe and well tolerated in paediatric PwHA with and without inhibitors. Long‐term assessment is crucial to monitor major adverse events, recurrence of inhibitors, and development of ADAs.
Effects of non‐viableLactobacillus reutericombining with 14‐day standard triple therapy onHelicobacter pylorieradication: A randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Yang Chenghai , Liang Liping , Lv Pinjing , Liu Le , Wang Siqi , Wang Zhiqing , Chen Ye
Published: October 2021

Background

Viable probiotics have shown effects on the eradication ofHelicobacter pylori, but the role of non‐viable probiotics inH.pylorieradication is unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of non‐viableLactobacillus reuteriDSM17648 combining with 14‐day standard triple therapy onH.pylorieradication.

Materials and Methods

Two hundred treatment‐naiveH.pylori‐positive adult patients were randomized equally to receive non‐viableL.reuteriDSM17648 (LR group) or placebo for 4 weeks, with the latter 2 weeks treated together with triple therapy. The Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) was completed before and after treatment. Stool samples were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing at week0, week2, and week8.

Results

Eradication rates in the LR group and the placebo group were 81.8% and 83.7% in ITT analysis (p = 0.730), 86.2% and 87.2% in PP analysis (p = 0.830), respectively. After treatment, the mean GSRS score decreased significantly in the LR group as compared with the placebo group (1.9 ± 0.2 vs. 2.7 ± 0.3;p = 0.030). Significantly less patients in the LR group as compared with the placebo group reported abdominal distention (5.1% vs. 16.3%;p = 0.010) and diarrhea (11.1% vs. 23.5%;p = 0.022). The relative abundance ofProteobacteriaphylum andEscherichia‐Shigellagenus in the placebo group was about 4.0‐fold and 8.1‐fold of that in the LR group at wk2, respectively. Significant changes of diversity and enhancements ofFusicatenibacter,Subdoligranulum, andFaecalibacteriumwere observed in the LR group compared with the placebo group.

Conclusions

Supplementation of non‐viableL.reuteriDSM17648 with triple therapy did not improve the eradication rate ofH.pylori, but it helped to build up a beneficial microbial profile and reduced the frequencies of abdominal distention, diarrhea, and the GSRS score.
Young adults' healthcare utilisation and healthcare needs: Perceptions and experiences of healthcare providers
Authors: Viktorsson Lisa , Törnvall Eva , Falk Magnus , Wåhlin Ingrid , Yngman‐Uhlin Pia
Published: October 2021

Background

Health care in many countries entails long waiting times. Avoidable healthcare visits by young adults have been identified as one probable cause.

Objective

The aim of this study was to explore healthcare providers' experiences and opinions about young adults' healthcare utilisation in the first line of care.

Method

This study used latent qualitative conventional content analysis with focus groups. Four healthcare units participated: two primary healthcare centres and two emergency departments. This study included 36 participants, with 4–7 participants in each group, and a total of 21 registered nurses and 15 doctors. All interviews followed an interview guide.

Results

Data were divided into eight categories, which all contained the implicit theme of distribution of responsibility between the healthcare provider and the healthcare user. Young adult healthcare consumers were considered to be highly influenced by external resources, often greatly concerned with small/vague symptoms they had difficulty explaining and unable to wait with. The healthcare provider's role was much perceived as being part of a healthcare structure—a large organisation with multiple units—and having to meet different priorities while also considering ethical dilemmas, though feeling supported by experience.

Conclusion

Healthcare personnel view young adults as transferring too much of the responsibility of staying healthy to the healthcare system. The results of this study show that the discussion of young adults unnecessarily seeking health care includes an underlying discussion of scarcity of resources.

Patient or Public Contribution

The conduct of this study is based on interviews with young adult patients about their experiences of seeking healthcare.
Characterization of HIV‐1 drug resistance among patients with failure of second‐line combined antiretroviral therapy in central Ethiopia
Authors: Tufa Tafese Beyene , Fuchs Andre , Orth Hans Martin , Lübke Nadine , Knops Elena , Heger Eva , Jarso Godana , Hurissa Zewdu , Eggers Yannik , Häussinger Dieter , Luedde Tom , Jensen Björn‐Erik Ole , Kaiser Rolf , Feldt Torsten
Published: October 2021

Background

As a consequence of the improved availability of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in resource‐limited countries, an emergence of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) has been observed. We assessed the prevalence and spectrum of HIVDR in patients with failure of second‐line cART at two HIV clinics in central Ethiopia.

Methods

HIV drug resistance was analysed in HIV‐1‐infected patients with virological failure of second‐line cART using the geno2pheno application.

Results

Among 714 patients receiving second‐line cART, 44 (6.2%) fulfilled the criteria for treatment failure and 37 were eligible for study inclusion. Median age was 42 years [interquartile range (IQR): 20–45] and 62.2% were male. At initiation of first‐line cART, 23 (62.2%) were WHO stage III, mean CD4 cell count was 170.6 (range: 16–496) cells/µL and median (IQR) HIV‐1 viral load was 30 220 (7963–82 598) copies/mL. Most common second‐line cART regimens at the time of failure were tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)‐lamivudine (3TC)‐ritonavir‐boosted atazanavir (ATV/r) (19/37, 51.4%) and zidovudine (ZDV)‐3TC‐ATV/r (9/37, 24.3%).

Genotypic HIV‐1 resistance testing was successful in 35 (94.6%) participants. We found at least one resistance mutation in 80% of patients and 40% carried a protease inhibitor (PI)‐associated mutation. Most common mutations were M184V (57.1%), Y188C (25.7%), M46I/L (25.7%) and V82A/M (25.7%). High‐level resistance against the PI ATV (10/35, 28.6%) and lopinavir (LPV) (5/35, 14.3%) was reported. As expected, no resistance mutations conferring integrase inhibitor resistance were detected.

Conclusions

We found a high prevalence of resistance mutations, also against PIs (40%), as the national standard second‐line cART components. Resistance testing before switching to second‐ or third‐line cART is warranted.
Could mouth rinses be an adjuvant in the treatment of SARS‐CoV‐2 patients? An appraisal with a systematic review
Authors: Gandhi Gargi , Thimmappa Latha , Upadhya Nagaraja , Carnelio Sunitha
Published: October 2021

Objective

A wide variety of mouth rinses are available to combat micro‐organisms in the oral cavity. At the present global pandemic, the need of the hour is to control the viral infection due to the novel corona virus SARS‐COV‐2, as its port of entry is through the receptors located in the oral and pharyngeal mucosa. This systematic literature review focuses on the in vivo studies [randomized control trials (RCTs)] done on the efficacy of existing mouth rinses which have been used in reducing the viral loads.

Methods

The electronic database which includes PubMed‐MEDLINE, Google scholar, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE, ProQuest and CINAHL was searched from December 2019 to June 2021 with appropriate Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms and Boolean operators. Two reviewers independently reviewed the abstracts.

Results

Of the 2438 retrieved titles, 905 remained after removing duplicates. Twelve articles were eligible to be included in this review of which seven were randomized with adequate sample size.

Conclusions

Mouth washes containing povidone iodine and chlorhexidine decrease the viral load transiently. Large amount of in vivo studies are of paramount importance, especially RCTs, to prove the efficacy of these mouth rinses.
New insights into genetic characteristics between multiple myeloma and COVID‐19: An integrative bioinformatics analysis of gene expression omnibus microarray and the cancer genome atlas data
Authors: Wang Fei , Liu Ran , Yang Jie , Chen Baoan
Published: October 2021

Background

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) infection correlates with MM features. This study aimed to identify MM prognostic biomarkers with potential association with COVID‐19.

Methods

Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in five MM data sets (GSE47552, GSE16558, GSE13591, GSE6477, and GSE39754) with the same expression trends were screened out. Functional enrichment analysis and the protein‐protein interaction network were performed for all DEGs. Prognosis‐associated DEGs were screened using the stepwise Cox regression analysis in the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) MMRF‐CoMMpass cohort and the GSE24080 data set. Prognosis‐associated DEGs associated with COVID‐19 infection in the GSE164805 data set were also identified.

Results

A total of 98 DEGs with the same expression trends in five data sets were identified, and 83 DEGs were included in the protein‐protein interaction network. Cox regression analysis identified 16 DEGs were associated with MM prognosis in the TCGA cohort, and only the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 6C (COX6C) gene (HR = 1.717, 95% CI 1.231–2.428, p = .002) and the nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2) gene (HR = 0.882, 95% CI 0.798–0.975, p = .014) were independent factors related to MM prognosis in the GSE24080 data set. Both of them were downregulated in patients with mild COVID‐19 infection compared with controls but were upregulated in patients with severe COVID‐19 compared with patients with mild illness.

Conclusions

The NOD2 and COX6C genes might be used as prognostic biomarkers in MM. The two genes might be associated with the development of COVID‐19 infection.
Stigma in the media: Investigating journalism students attitudes towards mental illness
Authors: Burns Shawn , Tapsell Amy , Perlman Dana , Patterson Christopher , Moxham Lorna
Published: October 2021

Given the profound role that media play in public opinion, there exists an ongoing necessity to understand the portrayal of mental illness by journalists. There is a plethora of studies that have examined how mental illness is portrayed in the media, but few studies have sought to understand what journalist opinions about mental illness are, and none could be found regarding journalism students’ opinions. This study aimed to bridge this gap by examining journalism student’s attitudes towards mental illness using the Social Distance Scale (SDS). This study adheres to STROBE guidelines for cross‐sectional studies. One hundred and seventy‐two undergraduate journalism students (n = 172) completed the SDS with findings suggesting that students had moderate stigmatizing attitudes, with varying degrees of stigma present depending on the social context. Positively framed reporting and constructive media coverage surrounding mental illness may be improved by shared communication and education with health professionals who specialize in mental health: mental health nurses.
Nurses’ experiences of emergency care for undocumented migrants who travel by boats
Authors: Granero‐Molina José , Jiménez‐Lasserrotte Maria del Mar , Fernández‐Medina Isabel María , Ruiz‐Fernández María Dolores , Hernández‐Padilla José Manuel , Fernández‐Sola Cayetano
Published: October 2021

Aim

The aim of our study is to describe and understand the experiences of nurses providing emergency care to undocumented migrants who arrive in Spain in small boats.

Background

Spain receives thousands of undocumented migrants every year who arrive by sea. Provision of appropriate emergency care to undocumented migrants is a public health problem.

Introduction

Nurses, along with other health care providers, such as doctors or cultural mediators, make up the Spanish Red Cross Emergency Response Team. Nurses, in particular, are associated with all phases of emergency care to undocumented migrants who arrive in small boats, offering first aid as well as clinical and humanitarian care.

Methods

Qualitative descriptive study. Seventeen nurses from the Spanish Red Cross Emergency Response Team participated in face‐to‐face interviews. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data.

Findings

Three main themes emerged: (i) guaranteeing comprehensive emergency care, (ii) the nurse, the key member of the multidisciplinary care team for undocumented migrants and (iii) ‘making a difference’, volunteering as a nurse's role.

Conclusions

Nurses try to guarantee comprehensive care provision for undocumented migrants, even though they face stigma, ethical concerns or an impossibility to prescribe pharmacological treatments. Personalised care, more time and protocols, better training and the incorporation of debriefing are elements that are required to improve the emergency care given to undocumented migrants.

Implications for nursing and health policy

Institutions must develop policies to support provsion of emergency care to undocumented migrants. A public health issue cannot depend upon volunteer healthcare providers. Governments must guarantee funding, training and established care teams. Understanding nurses’ experiences could increase awareness of the problem, reduce stigma and improve the comprehensive emergency care provided to undocumented migrants.
Role of labor demand in the labor market effects of a pension reform
Authors: Geyer Johannes , Haan Peter , Lorenz Svenja , Zwick Thomas , Bruns Mona
Published: October 2021

This paper shows that labor demand plays an important role in the labor market reactions to a pension reform in Germany. Employers with a high share of older worker inflow compared with their younger worker inflow, employers in sectors with few investments in research and development, and employers in sectors with a high share of collective bargaining agreements allow their employees to stay employed longer after the reform. These employers offer their older employees partial retirement instead of forcing them into unemployment before early retirement because the older employees incur low substitution costs and high dismissal costs.
A sociotechnical view of algorithmic fairness
Authors: Dolata Mateusz , Feuerriegel Stefan , Schwabe Gerhard
Published: October 2021

Algorithmic fairness (AF) has been framed as a newly emerging technology that mitigates systemic discrimination in automated decision‐making, providing opportunities to improve fairness in information systems (IS). However, based on a state‐of‐the‐art literature review, we argue that fairness is an inherently social concept and that technologies for AF should therefore be approached through a sociotechnical lens. We advance the discourse on AF as a sociotechnical phenomenon. Our research objective is toembed AF in the sociotechnical view of IS. Specifically, we elaborate on why outcomes of a system that uses algorithmic means to assure fairness depend on mutual influences between technical and social structures. This perspective can generate new insights that integrate knowledge from both technical fields and social studies. Further, it spurs new directions for IS debates. We contribute as follows: First, we problematize fundamental assumptions in the current discourse on AF based on a systematic analysis of 310 articles. Second, we respond to these assumptions by theorizing AF as a sociotechnical construct. Third, we propose directions for IS researchers to enhance their impacts by pursuing a unique understanding of sociotechnical AF. We call for and undertake a holistic approach to AF. A sociotechnical perspective on AF can yield holistic solutions to systemic biases and discrimination.
Psychological impacts and online interventions of social isolation amongst older adults during COVID‐19 pandemic: A scoping review
Authors: Rodrigues Natalie Grace , Han Claudia Qin Yun , Su Ya , Klainin‐Yobas Piyanee , Wu Xi Vivien
Published: October 2021

Aim

To summarise the psychological impacts of social isolation amongst older adults during COVID‐19 and review the benefits and limitations of online interventions used to combat social isolation.

Design

A scoping review was performed.

Data Sources

A systematic search was performed from October 2020 to January 2021 in seven electronic databases: China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), PubMed, EMBASE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycINFO, Cochrane Library and Web of Science. A hand search of the reference lists of included papers and WHO publications was performed. Grey literature search was carried out from Scopus, ProQuest Dissertation and Google Scholar.

Review Methods

Studies were screened, appraised and extracted independently by two reviewers. Thematic analysis was used to synthesise data, which were presented in a descriptive manner and organised into categories and themes.

Results

Totally, 33 studies were included. Four themes and eight sub‐themes emerged: (1) negative impacts and experiences of older adults during social isolation, (2) adopting coping behaviours in the midst of COVID‐19, (3) online interventions to combat the consequences of social isolation, (4) barriers to online intervention.

Conclusion

The COVID‐19 pandemic has taken an emotional toll on older adults’ psychological wellbeing and has highlighted the untapped strengths of older adults facing isolation. Online interventions, which could be a new normal in the COVID era, were beneficial in combating social isolation. Strategies by various stakeholders were recommended to tackle the barriers of online interventions.

Impact

With the COVID‐19 pandemic still in progress, this review provides insights on the psychological impacts of social isolation amongst older adults. Nurses in the community and long‐term care facilities could adopt strategies and online intervention to better support the older adults, contribute to a stronger COVID‐19 response and support system, and an overall better road to recovery from this crisis.
A Delphi study identifying operating room nurses’ non‐technical skills
Authors: Sirevåg Irene , Tjoflåt Ingrid , Hansen Britt Sætre
Published: October 2021

Aim

To identify the non‐technical skills of operating room nurses. This is the first empirical study that includes scrub and circulating operating room nurses.

Design

A three‐round modified online Delphi technique was used for this study.

Methods

Eligible participants (n = 106) with a minimum of 2 years of operating room nursing experience were selected for the expert panel by self‐recruitment from a population (N = 1640) of operating room nurses. Data were collected through online surveys, based on crew recourse management theory, between April and September 2020. Descriptive statistics analysis was used for the quantitative data, and deductive thematic analysis for the qualitative data. Consensus was determined using stability between the survey rounds.

Results

A consensus was obtained to maintain the non‐technical skills categories of situation awareness, leadership, decision‐making, communication and teamwork. The qualitative data revealed several novel non‐technical skills, including independent decision‐making and leadership skills.

Conclusion

The non‐technical skills of operating room nurses are more extensive than previously identified. This study has contributed to a verbalization of the tacit knowledge and skills of the operating room nurses. In addition, a list of non‐technical skills that should be included in the education of operating room nurses to ensure patient safety in the operating room has been prepared.

Impact

This study addresses the lack of research on the non‐technical skills of operating room nurses. When exploring the non‐technical skills of scrub and circulating nurses, a diversity of novel non‐technical skills was uncovered. This research will provide input for the development of a new training, supervision and assessment tool for accelerated development of the non‐technical skills of operating room nurses. This contribution to the verbalization of the formerly tacit non‐technical skills may facilitate clinical and formal teaching of such skills and may subsequently impact surgery‐related patient safety.
Gardeners of the forest: hornbills govern the spatial distribution of large seeds
Authors: Naniwadekar Rohit , Mishra Charudutt , Isvaran Kavita , Datta Aparajita
Published: October 2021

Seed dispersal by frugivores is vital to the maintenance of tree diversity in tropical forests. However, determining the influence of different frugivores over the distribution of their food plants is difficult, given the complexity of these interactions in the tropics. Consequently, most studies have been restricted to small scales, examining seed dispersal and establishment associated with nests, roosts or fruiting trees. Here, we evaluate the role of frugivorous hornbills in dispersing seeds at spatial scales of 1 ha. We monitored hornbills and seed rain at a tropical forest site in north‐east India. We quantified the abundance of hornbill food plants and recruits of large‐seeded plants. We estimated removal rates of dispersed, large seeds to determine post‐dispersal seed fate. We found that the distribution of large‐seeded canopy food plants influenced the distribution of the relatively abundant Rhyticeros undulatus. The overall distribution of hornbills resulted in spatially contagious seed rain patterns for the large‐seeded plant species. Patches with canopy food plants had a higher recruit diversity. Our results show positive feedback between distribution of rare but important hornbill food plants, hornbills and distribution of seeds and saplings of large‐seeded plants in the landscape. Widespread loss of hornbills due to hunting and habitat loss in the region have likely disrupted these feedback mechanisms that are critical for tree species regeneration.
Sugar and nitrogen digestive processing does not explain the specialized relationship between euphonias and low‐quality fruits
Authors: Crestani Ana C. , Pizo Marco A. , Fontanella Antônio B. A. , Herrera M L. Gerardo , Cruz‐Neto Ariovaldo P.
Published: October 2021

In the Neotropical region, euphonias (Euphonia spp., Fringillidae) are the quintessential example of specialized bird frugivores, making the bulk of feeding visits to certain mistletoes (Phoradendron spp., Santalaceae) and epiphytes in the genus Rhipsalis (Cactaceae), whose fruits have high water and low sugar and protein concentrations. Surprisingly, a mechanistic explanation for such specialized, otherwise rare, relationships is lacking. Using captive birds and artificial diets, we contrasted euphonias with frugivorous tanagers in the genus Thraupis (Thraupidae), which rarely eats Rhipsalis fruits, to test the hypothesis that the digestive capacity of euphonias entails them to exploit such low‐energy fruits. We expected that compensatory feeding in response to decreasing energy density would occur only in euphonias, whose higher reliance on fruits would entail a lower nitrogen requirement than the tanagers. Euphonias and tanagers were both able to compensate energy intake as sugar density decreased, and both species had the same mass‐corrected energy intake at any given sugar concentration. Similarly, euphonias and tanagers did not differ in mass‐corrected maintenance nitrogen requirement. Therefore, the physiological traits we investigated do not explain euphonias' specialization on Rhipsalis fruits. The fast rates of fruit passage typical of specialized avian frugivores as euphonias that entail the processing of a large volume of fruits and the putative better abilities of such birds to deal with secondary compounds likely present in Rhipsalis fruits are other possible mechanisms that should be considered in future studies to unveil the mechanisms underlying the intriguing specialized relationships between euphonias and certain fruits.
Phylogeography of cicadas on continental and oceanic islands in the northwestern Pacific region
Authors: Nagata Nobuaki , Toda Mamoru , Ohbayashi Takashi , Hayashi Masami , Sota Teiji
Published: October 2021

Aim

Genetic differentiation of terrestrial organisms among islands is assumed to be affected by the geological history of the islands, such as the time elapsed since the formation of islands or straits. Cicadas are generally poor dispersers, but some cicada groups have colonised continental and oceanic islands and evolved into endemic species. Here, we focused on a cicada group in the northwestern Pacific region to reveal the association between intra‐ and interspecific genetic differentiation and the geological history of islands for cicadas on continental islands. We also clarified whether colonisation of oceanic islands was achieved by long‐distance dispersal or artificial introduction.

Location

Japanese Archipelago, Ogasawara Islands, Ryukyu Archipelago.

Taxon

Cicadas of the genus Meimuna (Hemiptera: Cicadidae).

Methods

We performed phylogenetic analysis, divergence time estimation, and ancestral area reconstruction using two mitochondrial and four nuclear gene sequences and population genetics analyses, including Bayesian skyline plotting using a mitochondrial gene sequence.

Results

Meimuna opalifera in the Japanese Archipelago, which was connected to the continent during the glacial periods, diverged from the continental populations 0.4 million years ago (Ma). In the Ryukyu Archipelago, which became disconnected from the continent earlier, two endemic species Meimuna kuroiwae and M. oshimensis diverged 2.4 Ma; these species showed differences in intraspecific genetic differentiation and range expansion. Furthermore, Meimuna iwasakii colonised the South Ryukyus from Taiwan Island later than 1.4 Ma, whereas M. boninensis, which is endemic to the oceanic Ogasawara Islands, diverged from M. kuroiwae in the Middle Ryukyus 1.04 Ma.

Main conclusions

Genetic divergence among Meimuna species was larger on the continental islands that disconnected earlier, as was expected from the geological history of the islands. However, the pattern of intraspecific genetic differentiation differed between species within the same island region, possibly due to their ecological characteristics. In addition, colonisation of oceanic islands was achieved by long‐distance (possibly wind‐borne) dispersal from the continental islands. Thus, the formation of island cicada fauna was affected by islands’ geological history and species’ ecological characteristics, as well as accidental long‐distance dispersal events.
An imbalance in autophagy contributes to retinal damage in a rat model of oxygen‐induced retinopathy
Authors: Pesce Noemi Anna , Canovai Alessio , Plastino Flavia , Lardner Emma , Kvanta Anders , Cammalleri Maurizio , André Helder , Dal Monte Massimo
Published: October 2021

In retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), the abnormal retinal neovascularization is often accompanied by retinal neuronal dysfunction. Here, a rat model of oxygen‐induced retinopathy (OIR), which mimics the ROP disease, was used to investigate changes in the expression of key mediators of autophagy and markers of cell death in the rat retina. In addition, rats were treated from birth to postnatal day 14 and 18 with 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA), an inhibitor of autophagy. Immunoblot and immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that autophagic mechanisms are dysregulated in the retina of OIR rats and indicated a possible correlation between autophagy and necroptosis, but not apoptosis. We found that 3‐MA acts predominantly by reducing autophagic and necroptotic markers in the OIR retinas, having no effects on apoptotic markers. However, 3‐MA does not ameliorate retinal function, which results compromised in this model. Taken together, these results revealed the crucial role of autophagy in retinal cells of OIR rats. Thus, inhibiting autophagy may be viewed as a putative strategy to counteract ROP.