bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrical resistance, physical characteristics, and cation concentrations in xylem of sugar maple infected with Verticilliumdahliae
Authors: Malia Margaret E. , Tattar Terry A.
Published: November 2007

Xylem of sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.), discolored by infection with Verticilliumdahliae Kleb., showed several characteristics of the discolored xylem associated with wounding. Moisture content, total ash, and concentrations of calcium and potassium were greater and electrical resistance was lower than in adjacent healthy, nondiscolored wood. Bacteria and fungi in addition to V. dahliae were isolated from the wood discolored by the infection. It is possible that, as in wood discolored by wounding, the characteristics of Verticillium-discolored wood might also be associated with a succession of microorganisms that could lead to decay.
The impact of composite sampling and other data aggregation procedures on pollution detection in the pulp and paper industry
Authors: Drechsler Herbert D. , Nemetz Peter N.
Published: November 2007

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the inadequacy of current procedures for the measurement and analysis of effluent data. The deficiencies of these procedures are illustrated using as an example the British Columbia pulp and paper industry. Four factors have been identified which restrict the ability of various monitoring systems to detect the presence and severity of excessive effluent discharge. These factors are the significant information losses associated with current grab and composite sampling techniques, the units of measurement presently required for the assessment of effluent quality, the infrequency of compliance monitoring, and information losses associated with statistical aggregation procedures used in the compilation and analysis of effluent data.
Variation in wood density of Pinusradiata in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Wilkes J.
Published: November 2007

Basic density was assessed at 23 positions in stems of mature Pinusradiata D. Don growing at 22 sites throughout New South Wales. The most striking and consistent form of variation was within stem, where density increased appreciably in the centrifugal direction, e.g., by an average of 44% over the first 26 rings at breast height. Less obviously, a basipetal increase occurred low in the bole in tissues of a given formative age. Variations in density between trees on a single site frequently exceeded 20%. The extreme difference between sites was approximately 20%, with 20 of the stands differing by less than 11%. Across the sites, density tended to vary positively with rainfall in the summer months (R2 = 0.27–0.29), and negatively with foliar phosphorus levels (R2 = 0.16–0.31), winter rainfall (R2 = 0.10–0.19), and the productivity parameters of stem diameter (R2 = 0.21–0.26) and height (R2 = 0.14–0.24). Density was essentially unrelated to site temperature. Effects, particularly those of rainfall, are possibly mediated in part by the earlywood/latewood ratio in annual increments.
Canopy arthropod community structure and herbivory in old-growth and regenerating forests in western Oregon
Authors: Schowalter T. D.
Published: November 2007

This paper describes differences in canopy arthropod community structure and herbivory between old-growth and regenerating coniferous forests at the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest in western Oregon. Species diversity and functional diversity were much higher in canopies of old-growth trees compared with those of young trees. Aphid bio-mass in young stands was elevated an order of magnitude over biomass in old-growth stands. This study indicated a shift in the defoliator/sap-sucker ratio resulting from forest conversion, as have earlier studies at Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory, North Carolina. These data indicated that the taxonomically distinct western coniferous and eastern deciduous forests show similar trends in functional organization of their canopy arthropod communities.
Electrochemical Performance of Coated Titanium Anodes in Concentrated Chromium VI Solutions
Authors: Ntunka Mbuyu G. , Bryson Anthony B. , Cukrowski Ignacy
Published: November 2007

The performance of IrO2/Ta2O5 coated titanium anodes in concentrated chromium VI solutions were evaluated by accelerated life tests, cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques. Experimental results show that the anodes had a service life of up to 1059 hours under a current density of 1.2 Acm-2, which is four times the normal operating level. Chronoamperometrical tests performed at selected intervals during the accelerated life tests show that the electroactivity of the coating slowly decreases at the beginning, maintains a roughly stable condition for an intermediate period and then falls of sharply at the end. Additional analyses by SEM and EDS before and after accelerated life tests suggest that deactivation of the coating takes place by chemical/electrochemical corrosion followed by passivation of the titanium substrate.
The Higher Mobility Fabrication and Study for SiGe Nanowire
Authors: Chang K. M. , Kuo Jiun M. , Chao Wen Chuan , Liang Chia Jung , Chan Jing Min , Wu Wen Fa
Published: November 2007

The thin-film-transistor (TFT) was utilized to confirm that oxidation enhanced the SiGe drive current. It shows the incensement of current by the condition of higher temperature and longer oxidation time. The study above employed to the SiGe nanowire. The SiGe nanowire was fabricated by spacer technique and oxidized at different temperatures and times. All the SiGe films with different Ge concentrations were deposited on SiO2 by cold-wall ultrahigh vacuum chemical vapor deposition (UHVCVD). We utilize scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to observe the silicon germanium nanowire's size. In addition, from I-V measurement, it also shows that the current is improved for SiGe nanowire after oxidation.
ARSST Experiments to Evaluate Solvent Compatibility with Stabilized Lithium Metal Powder (SLMP{trade mark, serif})
Authors: Burelbach James P.
Published: November 2007

The ARSST (Advanced Reactive System Screening Tool) is a simple adiabatic calorimeter that is widely used to screen for energetic materials and to quickly develop data for safe process design. The instrument is well suited for long-term stability studies, to characterize runaway reactions, and to evaluate material compatibility. Recently the ARSST has proved useful for characterizing material compatibility between Lithium compounds and various solvents or binders. This paper presents test data to illustrate the application using standard grade Stabilized Lithium Metal Powder (SLMP{trade mark, serif}) and various solvents (GBL, NMP, and Xylenes).
The Structure of Molten Lithium Carbonate Calculated by DFT and MD Simulations
Authors: Ohata Hideaki , Takeuchi Ken , Ui Koichi , Koura Nobuyuki
Published: November 2007

The structures having the minimum interaction energy of the Li2CO3 monomer, dimer, trimer and tetramer were derived using the density functional theory (DFT). These structures were optimized. The structures of the monomer and the dimer agreed with the ab initio molecular orbital calculation results at a Hartree - Fock level. The structures of the trimer and the tetramer model were C3h and C2 symmetry, respectively. Then we carried out the harmonic frequency analysis of these geometries. The tetramer model showed the best agreement among these results with the Raman spectrum of the liquid state. On the other hand, we calculated the total structure factor S(Q) of the trimer and tetramer geometries considered from the DFT calculation to examine the local structure of molten Li2CO3. The calculation result corresponding to the tetramer model reproduced satisfactorily the position and the height of the S(Q) peaks.
Hydrogenation of [60]Fullerene and [70]Fullerene Using Diethylenetriamine
Authors: Briggs Jonathan , Miller Glen P.
Published: November 2007

Both [60]fullerene and [70]fullerene are hydrogenated in excellent yield using diethylenetriamine (DET) at elevated temperatures. Conventional heating promotes hydrogenation but reaction times can be dramatically reduced using a microwave reactor. In contrast to the DET hydrogenation of [60]fullerene which leads to C3v symmetric C60H18 in a highly regioselective reaction, the corresponding reaction with [70]fullenene leads to a complex mixture of products with 26-30 hydrogen atoms per [70]fullerene.
Dopant Effect On NiGe Texture During Nickel Germanide Growth
Authors: Nemouchi Fabrice , Carron Véronique , Labar Janos , Putero Magali , Ehouarne Loeizig , Arrazat Brice , Morand Yves , Descombes Sophie , Barnes Jean-Paul , Mangelinck Dominique , Campidelli Yves , Kermarrec Olivier
Published: November 2007

In this paper, we report on the solid state reactions of Ni thin films (6nm to 12nm) deposited on Ge (001). Especially, the influence of the substrate dopants (As and BF2) is investigated. TEM and SIMS analyses point out the presence of an additional phase at the NiGe/Ge interface. EELS and SIMS measurements reveal that this phase contains Ni and Ge. On the another hand, ex-situ XRD spectra allows to determine a change in NiGe texture with Ge(001) doped or undoped. In situ XRD confirms that the kinetics shifts from simultaneous to sequential growth of nickel germanides, as predicted previously. Moreover, a recrystallization of NiGe is observed only on the undoped substrate. This recrystallization can be attributed to a contribution of a stress term in addition of the surface energy. This stress term becomes minor when temperature increases and Ni-rich phase is completely consumed. The presence of dopants, probably at the NiGe/Ge interface co uld reduce this stress and thus the recrystallization.
Bifunctional Bioelectrocatalytic Systems for Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Kulesza Pawel J. , Kowalewska Barbara , Karnicka Katarzyna , Skunik Magdalena , Ernst Andrzej , Miecznikowski Krzysztof , Ginalska Grazyna , Belcarz Anna
Published: November 2007

Combination of polyoxometallate-modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes, cobalt porphyrin, and peroxidase (horseradish, cabbage) enzyme within the film (deposited on glassy carbon) produces a bio-electrocatalytic system capable of effective reduction of oxygen in neutral media such as 0.1 mol dm-3 KCl and 0.1 mol dm-3 KCl + 0.01 citrate buffer (pH=6). An important function of carbon nanotubes is to improve transport of electrons within the film. Co-deposition of the peroxidase enzyme together with the cobalt porphyrin catalytic centers leads to bifunctional synergistic effect that is evident from sizeable positive shift of the oxygen reduction potentials and significant increase of voltammetric currents. The bio- electrocatalytic system also exhibits relatively much higher reductive activity towards hydrogen peroxide. It is reasonable to expect that the reduction of oxygen is initiated at cobalt porphyrin redox centers, and the undesirable hydro gen peroxide intermediate is further reduced at the horseradish or cabbage peroxidase enzymatic sites.
Semiconductor-Mediated Photocatalyzed Degradation of a Pesticide Derivative, Glyphosate in Aqueous Suspensions
Authors: Muneer Mohammad , Boxall Colin
Published: November 2007

The photocatalytic degradation of a herbicide derivative, glyphosate [(N-phosphonomethyl) glycine] has been investigated in aqueous suspensions of titanium dioxide at different pH values. The model compound was found to degrade more efficiently under alkaline pH where little or no adsorption of glyphosate occurs on the surface of the catalyst in the dark. The main degradation route involves the cleavage of the P-C bond giving rise to sarcosine and glycine as the intermediate products formed during the photooxidation process.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Hydrogen Electrode Reaction on Platinum at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Macdonald Digby D. , Bao Jianer , Liao Cheng-Lung , Vilar Martinez Rodrigo E.
Published: November 2007

The present work explored the kinetics and mechanism of the hydrogen electrode reaction on a platinized nickel electrode in alkaline solution over a wide temperature range from 18oC to 220oC using a controlled hydrodynamic cell. Quasi-steady state polarization data were obtained, and the Butler-Volmer equation was used to fit the data. The extracted transfer coefficients for the hydrogen oxidation and evolution branches display opposite temperature dependencies, resulting in the Tafel slope of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) being temperature independent (approximately 120mV/dec). The reaction mechanism at ambient temperature is most probably the Volmer-Tafel sequence. The exchange current density at ambient temperature is 0.55mA/cm2 rising to 9.43mA/cm2 at 200oC, and yields an activation energy of 17.3kJ/mole from an Arrhenius analysis. This value is lower than that found for other forms of platinum electrodes (e.g., single crystal) in alkaline s olution.
Polyhedral Boranes as Electrochemical Hydrogen Storage Materials
Authors: Tokash Justin C. , McLafferty Jason , Zhang Yancheng , Coulson Wendy , Macdonald Digby D.
Published: November 2007

A new research project has been initiated in our laboratory in order to study the complex electrochemical behavior of various polyhedral boranes (polyboranes). We have studied the electrochemistry of the dodecahydrodocecaborate dianion for two different cations in anhydrous acetonitrile solutions. We have noticed interesting differences in the cyclic voltammograms for each solution. Also of interest is the effect of various concentrations of the polyboranes. For instance, a solution of triethylamine dodecahydrodocecaborate ([(CH3CH2)3NH]2B12H12) at a concentration of 1 mM exhibits an oxidation wave whose potential value is dependent on the cycle number in a cyclic voltammogram. Additionally, by varying the polyborane concentration in a solution of tetra-n- butylammonium dodecahydrododecaborate ([(CH3CH2CH2CH2)4N] 2B12H12) from 1 to 10 mM, we notice additional oxidation features occur at the higher concentrations.
The Inversion of Exceptionality: Foucault, Agamben, and “Reproductive Rights”
Authors: Deutscher Penelope
Published: November 2007

Since it has not to date arisen as a question, is it possible to open a debate with Giorgio Agamben concerning the role of women's bodies in the politicization of life? The woman about whom a ruling is passed forbidding an abortion is sometimes figured as a potentially murderous competing sovereign whose self-interest would thwart the intervening motivations of the state concerned with the interests of a threshold life. She is attributed with a pseudo-violent decision that this fetal life is not to be lived. Neither zoē, bios, bare life, nor homo sacer, the fetus is rhetorically and varyingly depicted as all of these, in an imitation of these patterns as they take place around zoē, bios, and the production of bare human life as vulnerable excess to which political life can be reduced. Agamben's analyses illuminate the way in which fetal life can come to be considered, particularly in antiabortion contexts and erroneously as a politicized bare life exposed to sovereign violence. Moreover, women's potential reducibility to naked life intertwines with their reducibility to reproductive life. If the fetus is falsely figured as homo sacer, it might be argued that this simultaneously reduces the woman to a barer, reproductive life exposed to the state's intervention. As she is figured as that which exposes another life, is she herself gripped, exposed, and reduced to barer life?
After Humanism: Agamben and Heidegger
Authors: Ziarek Krzysztof
Published: November 2007

Placed side by side, Giorgio Agamben's The Open and Martin Heidegger's “Letter on Humanism” might read like two versions of the critical question about the aftermath of humanism. For Agamben, the answer lies in the rendering inoperative of the anthropological machine of humanism and the resulting liberation of the human-animal relation into the figure of nonknowledge. For Heidegger, the questioning pivots on the issue of the human in relation to Da-sein, “being-there,” taken as the site of the event (das Ereignis). This difference becomes decisive because Agamben's critique remains marked by a certain trace of humanism, namely, by the vestige of the central role that “human animality” plays in the understanding of the human. While Agamben cuts and suspends the animal-human passage, Heidegger attempts to move not only beyond the horizon of humanism and anthropocentrism but also beyond the human/animal doublet as the framework for the reflection on the human. For Agamben, at issue is the anthropological machine of humanism, that is, the human, the animal, and their inescapable relation, which needs to be suspended. For Heidegger, by contrast, it is neither the animal nor the human but being; as he announces already in Being and Time, it is the question of being that he intends to explore and not one of humanity. For this reason the “strange” humanism that Heidegger proposes in “Letter on Humanism” is less about thinking the human-animal than about nearness to being.
Justus Lipsius'sDe Constantia: A Stoic Spiritual Exercise
Authors: Sellars John
Published: November 2007

This essay offers an introduction to Justus Lipsius's dialogue De Constantia, first published in 1584. Although the dialogue bears a superficial similarity to philosophical works of consolation, I suggest that it should be approached as a spiritual exercise written by Lipsius primarily for his own benefit.
Life without Theory: Biography as an Exemplar of Philosophical Understanding
Authors: Monk Ray
Published: November 2007

This article discusses recent attempts to provide the genre of biography with a philosophical, theoretical foundation and attempts to show that such efforts are fundamentally misguided. Biography is, I argue, a profoundly nontheoretical activity, and this, precisely, makes it philosophically interesting. Instead of looking to philosophy to provide a theory of biography, we should, I maintain, look to biography to provide a crucially important example and model of what Ludwig Wittgenstein called “the kind of understanding that consists in seeing connections.” This kind of understanding stands in sharp contrast to the theoretical understanding provided by science and is, Wittgenstein maintained, what we as philosophers are, or should be, striving for.
Neuronal calcium sensor-1 modulation of optimal calcium level for neurite outgrowth
Authors: Hui Kwokyin , Fei Guang-He , Saab Bechara J. , Su Jiang , Roder John C. , Feng Zhong-Ping
Published: November 2007

Neurite extension and branching are affected by activity-dependent modulation of intracellular Ca2+, such that an optimal window of[Ca2+] is required for outgrowth. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating this optimal [Ca2+]iremains unclear. Taking advantage of the large growth cone size of cultured primary neurons from pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis combined with dsRNA knockdown, we show that neuronal calcium sensor-1 (NCS-1) regulates neurite extension and branching, and activity-dependent Ca2+ signals in growth cones. An NCS-1 C-terminal peptide enhances only neurite branching and moderately reduces the Ca2+ signal in growth cones compared with dsRNA knockdown. Our findings suggest that at least two separate structural domains in NCS-1 independently regulate Ca2+ influx and neurite outgrowth, with the C-terminus specifically affecting branching. We describe a model in which NCS-1 regulates cytosolic Ca2+ around the optimal window level to differentially control neurite extension and branching.
The transmembrane protein Perdido interacts with Grip and integrins to mediate myotube projection and attachment in theDrosophilaembryo
Authors: Estrada Beatriz , Gisselbrecht Stephen S. , Michelson Alan M.
Published: November 2007

The molecular mechanisms underlying muscle guidance and formation of myotendinous junctions are poorly understood both in vertebrates and in Drosophila. We have identified a novel gene that is essential for Drosophila embryonic muscles to form proper projections and stable attachments to epidermal tendon cells. Loss-of-function of this gene - which we named perdido (perd)-results in rounded, unattached muscles. perd is expressed prior to myoblast fusion in a subset of muscle founder cells, and it encodes a conserved single-pass transmembrane cell adhesion protein that contains laminin globular extracellular domains and a small intracellular domain with a C-terminal PDZ-binding consensus sequence. Biochemical experiments revealed that the Perd intracellular domain interacts directly with one of the PDZ domains of the Glutamate receptor interacting protein (Grip), another factor required for formation of proper muscle projections. In addition, Perd is necessary to localize Grip to the plasma membrane of developing myofibers. Using a newly developed, whole-embryo RNA interference assay to analyze genetic interactions, perd was shown to interact not only with Grip but also with multiple edematous wings, which encodes one subunit of the αPS1-βPS integrin expressed in tendon cells. These experiments uncovered a previously unrecognized role for the αPS1-βPS integrin in the formation of muscle projections during early stages of myotendinous junction development. We propose that Perd regulates projection of myotube processes toward and subsequent differentiation of the myotendinous junction by priming formation of a protein complex through its intracellular interaction with Grip and its transient engagement with the tendon cell-expressed laminin-bindingαPS1-βPS integrin.
The Evolution of Central Bank Governance around the World
Authors: Crowe Christopher , Meade Ellen E
Published: November 2007

The past two decades have seen enormous changes in central banks and their practices. In some countries, older institutions have been fundamentally restructured. In other, such as the countries of the former Soviet Union, entirely new central banks have been established. The member countries of the European Union have created a supranational central bank that oversees a monetary union. In all of these situations, central bank law was either revised or written de novo, while institutional objectives, practices, and structures were amended or created from scratch. In this article, we survey and quantify the trends in two major areas of central bank governance: independence and transparency. We document the steady progress toward greater central bank independence and transparency in a large number of industrial and developing countries over the past 10 to 15 years and discuss the effects of these aspects of governance on inflation. Finally, we touch on committee structure and decision making.
Personnel Economics: The Economist's View of Human Resources
Authors: Lazear Edward P , Shaw Kathryn L
Published: November 2007

Personnel economics drills deeply into the firm to study human resource management practices like compensation, hiring practices, training, and teamwork. Why should pay vary across workers within firms—and how “compressed” should pay be within firms? Should firms pay workers for their performance on the job or for their skills or hours of work? How are pay and promotions structured across jobs to induce optimal effort from employees? Why do firms use teams and how are teams used most effectively? How should all these human resource management practices, from incentive pay to teamwork, be combined within firms? Personnel economists offer new tools to analyze these questions—and new answers as well.
Analysis of Drosophila Species Genome Size and Satellite DNA Content Reveals Significant Differences Among Strains as Well as Between Species
Authors: Bosco Giovanni , Campbell Paula , Leiva-Neto Joao T , Markow Therese A
Published: November 2007

The size of eukaryotic genomes can vary by several orders of magnitude, yet genome size does not correlate with the number of genes nor with the size or complexity of the organism. Although “whole”-genome sequences, such as those now available for 12 Drosophila species, provide information about euchromatic DNA content, they cannot give an accurate estimate of genome sizes that include heterochromatin or repetitive DNA content. Moreover, genome sequences typically represent only one strain or isolate of a single species that does not reflect intraspecies variation. To more accurately estimate whole-genome DNA content and compare these estimates to newly assembled genomes, we used flow cytometry to measure the 2C genome values, relative to Drosophila melanogaster. We estimated genome sizes for the 12 sequenced Drosophila species as well as 91 different strains of 38 species of Drosophilidae. Significant differences in intra- and interspecific 2C genome values exist within the Drosophilidae. Furthermore, by measuring polyploid 16C ovarian follicle cell underreplication we estimated the amount of satellite DNA in each of these species. We found a strong correlation between genome size and amount of satellite underreplication. Addition and loss of heterochromatin satellite repeat elements appear to have made major contributions to the large differences in genome size observed in the Drosophilidae.
The Role of Epistasis in the Manifestation of Heterosis: A Systems-Oriented Approach
Authors: Melchinger A E , Utz H F , Piepho H-P , Zeng Z-B , Schön C C
Published: November 2007

Heterosis is widely used in breeding, but the genetic basis of this biological phenomenon has not been elucidated. We postulate that additive and dominance genetic effects as well as two-locus interactions estimated in classical QTL analyses are not sufficient for quantifying the contributions of QTL to heterosis. A general theoretical framework for determining the contributions of different types of genetic effects to heterosis was developed. Additive × additive epistatic interactions of individual loci with the entire genetic background were identified as a major component of midparent heterosis. On the basis of these findings we defined a new type of heterotic effect denoted as augmented dominance effect di* that comprises the dominance effect at each QTL minus half the sum of additive × additive interactions with all other QTL. We demonstrate that genotypic expectations of QTL effects obtained from analyses with the design III using testcrosses of recombinant inbred lines and composite-interval mapping precisely equal genotypic expectations of midparent heterosis, thus identifying genomic regions relevant for expression of heterosis. The theory for QTL mapping of multiple traits is extended to the simultaneous mapping of newly defined genetic effects to improve the power of QTL detection and distinguish between dominance and overdominance.
Pervasive and Largely Lineage-Specific Adaptive Protein Evolution in the Dosage Compensation Complex of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Levine Mia T , Holloway Alisha K , Arshad Umbreen , Begun David J
Published: November 2007

Dosage compensation refers to the equalization of X-linked gene transcription among heterogametic and homogametic sexes. In Drosophila, the dosage compensation complex (DCC) mediates the twofold hypertranscription of the single male X chromosome. Loss-of-function mutations at any DCC protein-coding gene are male lethal. Here we report a population genetic analysis suggesting that four of the five core DCC proteins—MSL1, MSL2, MSL3, and MOF—are evolving under positive selection in D. melanogaster. Within these four proteins, several domains that range in function from X chromosome localization to protein–protein interactions have elevated, D. melanogaster-specific, amino acid divergence.
Liver resection for living related liver transplantation: anesthesia and intensive care aspects
Authors: Fazakas János , Mándli Tamás , Ther Gábor , Füle Balázs , Tóth Szabolcs , Fazakas Judit , Németh Endre , Hidvégi Márta , Árkosy Mónika
Published: November 2007

Az élődonoros májlebeny-donáció után a posztoperatív cardiovascularis és thrombemboliás szövődmények a donor halálozását okozhatják, amelynek kockázata részletes kivizsgálással csökkenthető. A preoperatív funkcionális tesztek felmérik a fiziológiás tartalékot, és kiszűrik azt a donort, aki kevésbé alkalmas a sebészeti beavatkozásra. A CT-volumetria, MR-vizsgálat és a máj funkcionális rezervkapacitásának meghatározása alapján (indocianin zöld retenciós arány) a májreszekció biztonságosan végezhető. A donor citokrom P-tesztjei kiszűrik a kóros metabolizmussal rendelkező gyógyszereket. Epiduralis anesztéziával kombinált balanszírozott anesztézia során máj- és veseprotektív, illetve ischaemiás prekondicionáló gyógyszereket alkalmaznak. Fontos a normovolaemiás extrahepaticus perfúziós és oxigenizációs viszonyok fenntartása. A hepaticus oxigenizációs és hemodinamikai viszonyok biztosításával a centrális vénás és arteria hepatica nyomás csökkentése kedvező a májreszekció szempontjából. Intraoperatív trombózis profilaxisra szekvenciális összeszorító készüléket használunk. Egy májreszekciót követően a donormorbiditás csökkenthető hatásos fájdalomcsillapítással, trombózis-profilaxissal, májprotektív gyógyszerekkel, a beteg szórós megfigyelésével. Mobilizálás előtt javasolják az alsó végtagi vénás áramlás ultrahang-Doppler-vizsgálatát.
Integração da participação no processo de tomada de decisão referente a projectos de engenharia
Authors: Lima Herlander Mata , Vasconcelos Lia
Published: November 2007

Os efeitos de ocupação e uso do solo (e.g. intervenções de engenharia) no ambiente e sociedade têm se tornado cada vez mais evidentes, mesmo para o cidadão comum. Esta tomada de consciência conduz a que haja gradualmente maior dificuldade de aceitação pacífica de empreendimentos de engenharia, que envolvem o uso do espaço biofísico, por parte das populações. O artigo discute a importância e a necessidade de adopção de medidas conducentes ao esclarecimento, envolvimento e participação de stakeholders no processo de planejamento e gestão territorial e, no âmbito mais restrito, na tomada de decisão referente às intervenções pontuais que impliquem alterações nas condições naturais e sociais. Apresentam-se métodos que permitem que a tomada de decisão se baseie num conjunto mais amplo e diversificado de informações, reduzindo significativamente o grau de incerteza inerente ao processo de decisão. O desenvolvimento do processo participativo, tal como proposto neste trabalho, introduz técnicas geralmente utilizadas no âmbito do planeamento e gestão da qualidade e envolve stakeholders de diferentes sectores da sociedade, de modo a conjugar os valores sócio-culturais, econômicos, ecológicos e o conhecimento interdisciplinar. O trabalho apresenta uma revisão, reflexão e proposta de metodologia para desenvolvimento e implementação de processos de tomada de decisão participativos.
Nutrition and Physical Activity InterventionsFor Low-Income Populations
Authors: Chaudhary Neera , Kreiger Nancy
Published: November 2007

A systematic review was conducted of community-based nutrition and physical activity strategies for chronic disease prevention targeting low-income populations. A computer search of the relevant published literature from 1996 to 2004 was done using Medline, EMBASE, ERIC, CINAHL, PubMed, and HealthSTAR databases. The primary objective was to develop an inventory of intervention strategies. The interventions ranged in approach from traditional group sessions taught by allied health professionals, peer-led workshops, one-on-one counselling print material, and home-based telephone and mail interventions to multimedia strategies and experiential activities such as food demonstrations and group exercise. The results suggest that nutrition and physical activity interventions aimed at low-income audiences tend to be delivered in an interactive visual format, to be culturally appropriate, to be administered in accessible primary care settings, and to provide incentives.
Les stratégies conversationnelles en français et en anglais : conventions ou reflet de divergences culturelles profondes?
Authors: Béal Christine
Published: November 2007

5.C. Béal, « Conversational strategies in French and in English : a matter of conventions or the reflexion of deep cultural divergences ? »

The inspiration for this paper was found in A. Wierzbicka's Cross-cultural pragmatics (1991). The author describes contrastively some of the rules which underly conversation in French and in Australian English. The transcription of authentic recordings shows how each system works in isolation and what kind of conflicts emerge when both systems meet (in the case of native speakers or French using their own conversational strategies when expressing themselves in English). It is claimed that the observed differences reflect divergent cultural norms. underly conversation in French and in Australian English. The transcription of authentic recordings shows how each system works in isolation and what kind of conflicts emerge when both systems meet (in the case of native speakers or French using their own conversational strategies when expressing themselves in English). It is claimed that the observed differences reflect divergent cultural norms.
Les universaux de la grammaire
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2007

6. A. Wierzbicka, « The universal of grammar »

This paper explores the area of universal grammar, a concept which, in the context of natural semantics, is to be understood as the set of grammatical universels and other strategies allowed as part of the natural semantic metalanguage. It is very much a tentative paper with a large number of proposals and observations which await further exploration.
Du vers classique au l2-syllabe de Verlaine
Authors: Gouvard Jean-Michel
Published: November 2007

J.-M. Gouvard

By scanning the distribution of morpheme and word boundaries in alexandrine lines, one may work out regularities which, abstracted from the syntax and meaning, reveal metrical structures. Regarding post-1850 verse, several linguistic phenomena are in favor of a 6-6 meter in lines in which a word runs over the caesura as in Pas de ces familiarités, je vous prie.
Structures accentuelles de l'alexandrin chez Racine
Authors: Dinu Mihai
Published: November 2007

M. Dinu

Unendowed of rhythmic cells such as feet, French verse has no smaller metric units than hemistichs. The way these are combined within sequences of superior length (lines of verse, couplets) is studied using an original method founded on probabilistic properties of random chains.
Un modèle localiste de la transitivité
Authors: Van Voorst Jan
Published: November 2007

J. van Voorst

This study proposes a semantic analysis of transitivity that is centered around the different degrees of intimacy that can exist between the entities expressed by the subject and the direct object noun phrase. The analysis is based on phenomena pertaining to manner adverbiale and the individuation of the direct object. Lexical phenomena pertaining to psychological verbs and verbs like pousser and presser will be used to illustrate the model.
L'aspect et la copule vide dans la grammaire des titres
Authors: Vinet Marie-Thérèse
Published: November 2007

M.-T. Vinet

The aim of this paper is to discuss the structure of predicate constructions without a copula in French headlines. We show that the categorial selection for the syntactic realization of predication is here partly determined by the semantic properties of a lexical verbal element. We also demonstrate the role of a non-overt Aspectual head in licensing DP predicates which are obligatorily free adjuncts in this register of French. Finally, a brief comparison of predicate constructions in Moroccan Arabic serves to emphasize the universality of certain aspects of these constructions.
Pouvoir, un marqueur d'évidentialité
Authors: Tasmowski Liliane , Dendale Patrick
Published: November 2007

Liliane Tasmowski & Patrick Dendale : « Epistemic pouvoir, an evidential marker »

Taking into account the close relationship between devoir and pouvoir, we argue that epistemic pouvoir should be considered an evidential marker in the same way epistemic devoir is, which means that epistemic pouvoir signals information gained by inference. After a characterization of epistemic pouvoir along these lines, we address the problem of the influence of the conditional mood on both verbs.
Être ou ne pas être un verbe de sentiment
Authors: Ruwet Nicolas
Published: November 2007

Nicolas Ruwet : « Être ou ne pas être un verbe de sentiment »

Since the beginnings of transformational/generative grammar, there has been a tendency among linguists to mix up true experiencer-verbs with other verb classes that happen to share with them the same syntactic frames and selectional restrictions. Formal tests that might make the distinction clear are hard to come by. A recourse to the phenomenological concept of intentionality (in the sense of Husserl and Heidegger) provides a way out : experiencer-verbs are intentional verbs, those other classes of verbs are not.
« À la Guadeloupe/ en Guadeloupe » : vers une interprétation cognitive ?
Authors: Reboul Sandrine
Published: November 2007

Sandrine Reboul : « À la Guadeloupe/ En Guadeloupe : vers une interprétation cognitive ? »

The à la Guadeloupe/en Guadeloupe change occurs in present-day discourses. Beyong the usual description, whenever the determiner is connected with the preposition used with a toponyme, we discover that à la represents an exception. The prepositional change we study can be explained on account of the speaker : his perception of the referent takes part in the prepositional choice. This value gained through use is peripheral to a prototypical meaning but is involved in the development of a lexical definition.
Humour, Ironie — signification et usage
Authors: Lecointre Simone
Published: November 2007

Simone Lecointre : « Humour, Ironie : signification et usage »

This essay on pragmatic linguistics takes another look at Wittgenstein's theory of « Real Linguistic Transactions » by analysing concrete applications. Different uses of the contrastive structure « HUMOUR vs IRONY » are demonstrated by varying co- enonciators and discursive situations. Taken within a specific context, each co-enonciator selects its extra-linguistic signs and sets up its own model of referenciation creating new « language games » each time. These « language games » change word « grammar » by changing references, resulting in « intercomprehension ».
Les Français de Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: Simard Yves
Published: November 2007

Yves Simard: « Varieties of French spoken in Ivory Coast »

Our purpose in this paper is to present Ivorian Empirical Standard French as the result of vernacularization of Academic French, via two interdependant sociolinguistic factors, by Ivory Coast speakers having at least a secondary school education. These factors are the semantic structures peculiar to orality and the presence of a Pre-Creole French, originally spoken only by the uneducated but now used by the younger generation as a typical Ivorian language.
Que devient le français quand une langue nationale s'impose ? Conditions et formes d'appropriation du français en République Centrafricaine
Authors: Wenezoui-Déchamps Martine
Published: November 2007

Martine Wenezoui-Déchamps : « Que devient le français quand une langue nationale s'impose ? Conditions et formes d'appropriation du français en République centrafricaine »

In Central African Republic (CAR) several vernaculars spoken by different ethnic groups coexist. But one vehicular dialect, called Sängö, has spread mainly in cities and is now frequently used for daily communication. This dialect tends to compete more and more with French which is only used for official matters and is still the teaching language. Because of this contact-situation many cases of borrowings and code-switching can be observed.

This mixing of languages, sometimes called « franc-sängo » », seems to be the most particule form of the appropriation of french in CAR.
Les figures de rhétorique : actualité, reconstruction, remploi
Authors: Douay-Soublin Françoise
Published: November 2007

Françoise Douay-Soublin, Figures of Rhetoric : Relevance, Reconstruction, Recasting

Instead of claiming that the figures of rhetoric are relevant to contemporary linguistics, I argue for a dissociation between historical reconstruction and theoretical recasting.

Reconstructing Dumarsais and Fontanier's works on meaning, we realize that they themselves, in their lifetimes, turned from figures of rhetoric (metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche) to early pre-semantic terminology (acceptation, extension, value). Recasting the core of the trope theory in the scope of contemporary discourse analysis leads us to move from oblique description of objects, through analogy or detail (metaphor & metonymy), to intersubjective relations from speaker to listener, through evolutive and ambiguous meanings (antanaclasis & paradiastole).
Rhétorique et pragmatique : les figures revisitées
Authors: Kerbrat-Orecchioni Catherine
Published: November 2007

Catherine Kerbrat-Orecchioni, Rhetoric and Pragmatics : Figures reconsidered

In this paper the notions of 'figure' and 'trope' are to be considered in the light of the recent development of pragmatics, emphasizing the two following aspects :

1. Broadening the notion of trope : the existence of pragmatic tropes, like the 'illocutionary trope', is now admitted together with the semantic tropes of classic rhetoric. Indirect speech acts show many common features indeed with e.g. metaphors and antiphrasis.

2. Figures and 'faces' : rhetorical figures may be called upon in 'face-work' (Goffman) and politeness (Brown & Levinson), namely to contribute towards the harmonious management of the interpersonal relation, besides their traditional acknowledged ornamental and argumentative functions.
Les figures éteintes dans le lexique de haute fréquence
Authors: Picoche Jacqueline , Honeste Marie Luce
Published: November 2007

Jacqueline Picoche & Marie-Luce Honeste, The Treatment of Conventionalized Figures in Lexicon Items of a High Frequency

In this paper, the authors study only two main figures, metaphor and metonymy, and a third, secondary and hybrid one, named catachresis. This figures are important for the polysemic development of words. The first one seems to be explained by a movement of « subduction » or abstraction and semantical impoverishment, notion borrowed from the french linguist Gustave Guillaume and important in the works of Jacqueline Picoche. The second one seems to be explained by a contrary movement of thought, that she calls « transduction » : isolation of a semantic component in the semem n° 1 and injection of this component in a semem n° 2, of equal or superior semantic wealth. The examples are chosen in the french high-frequency vocabulary. So, the matter is extremely common and worn out figures, whose figure status must be explained diachronically ; but an adequate stylistic treatment can give them back something of their previous vigour, and even synchronically there are reasons for chosing a figurative ordination of the semens. verishment, notion borrowed from the french linguist Gustave Guillaume and important in the works of Jacqueline Picoche. The second one seems to be explained by a contrary movement of thought, that she calls « transduction » : isolation of a semantic component in the semem n° 1 and injection of this component in a semem n° 2, of equal or superior semantic wealth. The examples are chosen in the french high-frequency vocabulary. So, the matter is extremely common and worn out figures, whose figure status must be explained diachroni- cally ; but an adequate stylistic treatment can give them back something of their previous vigour, and even synchronically there are reasons for chosing a figurative ordination of the semens.
De quelques débats sur le rôle de la langue parlée dans les évolutions diachroniques
Authors: Blanche-Benveniste Claire
Published: November 2007

Claire Blanche-Benveniste : « De quelques débats sur le rôle de la langue parlée dans les évolutions diachroniques »

This paper discusses some widespread arguments about the influence exerted by spoken French on the diachronic general evolution of French syntax. The focus is put on four main topics : the search for first attested instances of syntactic « errors » in spoken French ; the impact of young generations « errors » ; différents ways of counting syntactic features involved in those errors ; the relations between such « errors » and some of the general syntactic evolutions of French language that can be listed during XXth century. The conclusion would be that spoken language is less influencial on the general evolution than usually asserted.
Système et histoire du système : l'évolution de ce que introducteur de subordonnées
Authors: Pierrard Michel
Published: November 2007

Michel Pierrard : « Système et histoire du système : l'évolution de ce que introducteur de subordonnées »

This paper argues that a diachronic approch to the development of ce que within the interrogative-exclamative-relative framework furnishes an indispensable complement to the understanding of its present functioning. The history of the system provides a standard for apprehending the variety of discourse values and for imposing a hierarchy and structure on the complexity of the synchronic data.
Le problème des variantes graphiques : variantes du passé, du présent et de l'avenir
Authors: Catach Nina
Published: November 2007

N. Catach : The problem of Spelling Variants, Past, Present and Future

Modern French is remarkable not only for its extraordinary and long-standing stability, but also for another characteristic : its diversity and variation. While the latter is readily accepted and considered as normal in oral usage, it remains almost unheard of or is disregarded in normalised written usage. However, it continues to exist nonetheless, and it must be dealt with.

If we look at dictionary entries, it would seem that the lexical items most affected by spelling variation belong the "outer reaches" of the vocabulary : archaisms, popular, scientific and technical terms, loan-words, etc. In 1971, we were able to identify over 8,000, taken from various dictionaries (and even sometimes from the same dictionary) of 36,00 words on average. Even in the everyday vocabulary, we can find whole sections in which variations concerning the use of accents, the hyphen, the plural of compound words and double consonants are rife. As the vocabulary expands, so does the proportion of spelling variants, thereby causing difficulties for the user. When in doubt, we consult a dictionary : but which dictionary should we consult ?

This "laxist" tendency could become dangerous, now and in the future, if it is not carefully controlled, by eliminating useless variants and introducing more modern variants based on a solid analysis and on current spelling tendencies. The question remains of how to put these principles into practice. The best way would be to follow the example of the Dictionary of the Academie française, which indeed most modern dictionaries do follow. If there are two spelling forms, the first one, which appears in the alphabetical order of the dictionary, will be not the most important. In the case, of a new orthography, the new form is first of all proposed alongside the old one with an observation such as : "We also write/we now write...", etc. In the following editions, the new orthography is given first, in alphabetical order, the old one following or given as a cross-reference. In this way, both forms become familiar to the user. Lists of normalised variants can be drawn up and published and used as preferential forms ; the old forms continue to exist as variants. This principle of long-term, gradual change, guided the Report on the Rectifications of orthography (December 6th, 1990), and their method deserves to be followed and imitated today. By gradually changing the spellings of words, we can reduce the proportion of uncontrolled variation, which causes the most problems in the everyday vocabulary.