bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local‐ and landscape‐scale impacts of clear‐cuts and climate change on surface water dissolved organic carbon in boreal forests
Authors: Oni Stephen K. , Tiwari Tejshree , Ledesma José L. J. , Ågren Anneli M. , Teutschbein Claudia , Schelker Jakob , Laudon Hjalmar , Futter Martyn N.
Published: October 2015

Forest harvesting and climate change may significantly increase concentrations and fluxes of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in boreal surface waters. However, the likely magnitude of any effect will vary depending on the landscape‐element type and spatial scale. We used a chain of hydrological, empirical, and process‐based biogeochemical models coupled to an ensemble of downscaled Regional Climate Model experiments to develop scenario storylines for local‐ and landscape‐scale effects of forest harvesting and climate change on surface water DOC concentrations and fluxes. Local‐scale runoff, soil temperature, and DOC dynamics were simulated for a range of forest and wetland landscape‐element types and at the larger landscape scale. The results indicated that climate change will likely lead to greater winter flows and earlier, smaller spring peaks. Both forest harvesting and climate change scenarios resulted in large increases in summer and autumn runoff and higher DOC fluxes. Forest harvesting effects were clearly apparent at local scales. While at the landscape scale, approximately 1 mg L−1 (or 10%) of the DOC in surface waters can be attributed to clear‐cuts, both climate change and intensified forestry can each increase DOC concentrations by another 1 mg L−1 in the future, which is less than that seen in many waterbodies recovering from acidification. These effects of forestry and climate change on surface water DOC concentrations are additive at a landscape scale but not at the local scale, where a range of landscape‐element specific responses were observed.
Large‐eddy simulation of the transient and near‐equilibrium behavior of precipitating shallow convection
Authors: Seifert Axel , Heus Thijs , Pincus Robert , Stevens Bjorn
Published: October 2015

Large‐eddy simulation is used to study the sensitivity of trade wind cumulus clouds to perturbations in cloud droplet number concentrations. We find that the trade wind cumulus system approaches a radiative‐convective equilibrium state, modified by net warming and drying from imposed large‐scale advective forcing. The system requires several days to reach equilibrium when cooling rates are specified but much less time, and with less sensitivity to cloud droplet number density, when radiation depends realistically on the vertical distribution of water vapor. The transient behavior and the properties of the near‐equilibrium cloud field depend on the microphysical state and therefore on the cloud droplet number density, here taken as a proxy for the ambient aerosol. The primary response of the cloud field to changes in the cloud droplet number density is deepening of the cloud layer. This deepening leads to a decrease in relative humidity and a faster evaporation of small clouds and cloud remnants constituting a negative lifetime effect. In the near‐equilibrium regime, the decrease in cloud cover compensates much of the Twomey effect, i.e., the brightening of the clouds, and the overall aerosol effect on the albedo of the organized precipitating cumulus cloud field is small.
The structure of gravel‐bed flow with intermediate submergence: A laboratory study
Authors: Mohajeri S. H. , Grizzi S. , Righetti M. , Romano G. P. , Nikora V.
Published: October 2015

The paper reports an experimental study of the flow structure over an immobile gravel bed in open channel at intermediate submergence, with particular focus on the near‐bed region. The experiments consisted of velocity measurements using three‐component (stereoscopic) Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) in near‐bed horizontal plane and two‐component PIV in three vertical planes that covered three distinctly different hydraulic scenarios where the ratio of flow depth to roughness height (i.e., relative submergence) changes from 7.5 to 10.8. Detailed velocity measurements were supplemented with fine‐scale bed elevation data obtained with a laser scanner. The data revealed longitudinal low‐momentum and high‐momentum “strips” in the time‐averaged velocity field, likely induced by secondary currents. This depth‐scale pattern was superimposed with particle‐scale patches of flow heterogeneity induced by gravel particle protrusions. A similar picture emerged when considering second‐order velocity moments. The interaction between the flow field and gravel‐bed protrusions is assessed using cross correlations of velocity components and bed elevations in a horizontal plane just above gravel particle crests. The cross correlations suggest that upward and downward fluid motions are mainly associated with upstream‐facing and lee sides of particles, respectively. Results also show that the relative submergence affects the turbulence intensity profiles for vertical velocity over the whole flow depth, while only a weak effect, limited to the near‐bed region, is noticed for streamwise velocity component. The approximation of mean velocity profiles with a logarithmic formula reveals that log‐profile parameters depend on relative submergence, highlighting inapplicability of a conventional “universal” logarithmic law for gravel‐bed flows with intermediate submergence.
Feminism, Indo‐Caribbean
Authors: Mehta Brinda J.
Published: October 2015

Indo‐Caribbean feminism emerges from the context of European colonialism, the history of indenture, transatlantic migration, and the negotiation of estate labor in the Caribbean. Indian women reconfigured their lives in diaspora as they faced the brutality of plantation life, racialized stereotypes of sexual promiscuity, intransigent Hindu, Muslim, and Christian moral and cultural codes, and racial tension. Dominant theories include dougla poetics, the kala pani discourse, and dougla feminism, among others.
Fe2O3 Porous Film with Single Grain Layer for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation: Reducing of Grain Boundary Effect
Authors: Jia Lichao , Bogdanoff Peter , Ramírez Alejandra , Bloeck Ulrike , Stellmach Diana , Fiechter Sebastian
Published: October 2015

In this study, a promising alternative method for addressing grain boundary issues in hematite (α‐Fe2O3)‐based photoanodes is presented. The porous α‐Fe2O3 films are prepared by dip coating a polymerizable precursor onto fluorine‐doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of α‐Fe2O3 photoanodes is characterized and optimized through controlling the annealing temperature and the number of deposition cycles. Samples of improved crystallinity consisting of a layer of hematite particles of 50 nm in diameter exhibit highest photoresponses of 1.04 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), and 2.0 mA cm−2 before the dark current onset at 1.7 VRHE. This study indicates that the PEC performance of hematite can be enhanced greatly by an improved crystallinity, particle texture, and a better control of grain boundary effects.
Decarboxylative and Denitrative Trifluoromethylation for the Synthesis of CvinylCF3 Compounds with Togni (II) Reagent
Authors: Ma Jing‐jing , Yi Wen‐bin , Lu Guo‐ping , Cai Chun
Published: October 2015

A highly efficient dimethylformamide (DMF)‐promoted decarboxylative trifluoromethylation of α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids with Togni (II) reagent under metal‐free conditions has been developed. The reactions showed good yields, high stereoselectivities and excellent functional group tolerance. Mechanistic studies confirmed that free‐radical processes were involved in this system since the CF3 radical had been clearly trapped by scavengers. This method has been extended to the denitrative trifluoromethylation of β‐nitrostyrenes in the presence of an iron(III) catalyst.

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Olefination and Arylation of Polyfluoroarenes Using Molecular Oxygen as the Sole Oxidant
Authors: Huang Qiufeng , Zhang Xinyu , Qiu Lin , Wu Jiajun , Xiao Hanbing , Zhang Xiaofeng , Lin Shen
Published: October 2015

The palladium‐catalyzed cross‐dehydrogenative‐coupling of polyfluoroarenes with alkenes or simple arenes has been developed. The approach is characterized by using atmospheric pressure of molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant, and provides a straightforward and environmentally benign route to functionalized polyfluoroarenes.

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Concise Synthesis of 4‐Arylquinolines via Intramolecular Cyclization of Allylamines and Ketones
Authors: Wei Wen‐Tao , Cheng Ya‐Juan , Hu Yu , Chen Yan‐Yan , Zhang Xue‐Jing , Zou Yong , Yan Ming
Published: October 2015

The intramolecular cyclization of allylamines and ketones was achieved in the presence of potassium tert‐butoxide and N,N‐dimethylformamide. A series of 4‐arylquinolines was prepared in good yields. The reaction could be accomplished at room temperature using only a substoichiometric amount of potassium tert‐butoxide. On the other hand, the reaction of the structurally analogous allyl ethers afforded diverse products. The reaction may proceed via the rearrangement of α‐aminoallyl radicals and the generation of nucleophilic enamine intermediates. This finding represents a new strategy for the synthesis of quinoline derivatives from readily available 2‐(allylamino)phenyl ketones.

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Study on Preparation of BaSO4‐Containing Polytetrafluoroethylene Granular Powder
Authors: Yan Luke , Chao Min , Xiao Jian , Gao Lining , Wieβner Sven
Published: October 2015

The aim of this study was to prepare BaSO4‐containing polytetrafluoroethylene granular powder by a two‐phase emulsion dispersion method. The granulating process was conducted with stirring in an aqueous medium containing a specific surfactant without a uniform granulator or apparatus. And also we studied the role of surfactant, granulating time in the particle size, and particle size distribution. The properties of granular powder were studied through various methods such as flowability test, bulk density test, average particle size, and particle size distribution test. The shape of particles in the granular powder was studied by a hot stage polarizing optical microscope. The obtained granular powder showed large bulk density, small average particle size, narrow particle size distribution, and superior powder flowability.
Hybrid model for optimization of crude oil distillation units
Authors: Fu Gang , Sanchez Yoel , Mahalec Vladimir
Published: October 2015

Planning, scheduling, and real time optimization are currently implemented using different types of models, which causes discrepancies between their results. This work presents a single model of a crude distillation unit (preflash, atmospheric, and vacuum towers) suitable for all of these applications, thereby eliminating discrepancies between models used in these decision processes. Product true boiling point (TBP) curves are predicted via partial least squares model from the feed TBP curve and operating conditions (flows, pumparound heat duties, furnace coil outlet temperatures). Combined with volumetric and energy balances, this enables prediction of crude distillation on par with a rigorous distillation model, with 0.5% root mean square error (RMSE) over a wide range of conditions. Associated properties (e.g., gravity, sulfur) are computed for each product based on its distillation curve and corresponding property distribution in the feed. Model structure makes it particularly amenable for development from plant data. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1065–1078, 2016
Environmental variables acrossPan troglodytesstudy sites correspond with the carbon, but not the nitrogen, stable isotope ratios of chimpanzee hair
Authors: Schoeninger Margaret J. , Most Corinna A. , Moore Jim J. , Somerville Andrew D.
Published: October 2015

Diet influences the stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen (δ13C and δ15N values) in animal tissue; but here we explore the influences of particular aspects of the local environment on those values in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). In this article we present new δ13C and δ15N values in Gombe chimpanzees using hairs collected from night nests in 1989. Then, we explore the influence of environmental factors by comparing our Gombe data to those from eight additionalPanstudy sites with previously published stable isotope data. We compare chimpanzee δ13Chairand δ15Nharvalues to specific characteristics of local site ecology (biome and ecoregion) and to local Mean Annual Precipitation (MAP) to test hypotheses based on known effects of these variables on the δ13C and δ15N values in plant tissues. The comparison shows that hair from chimpanzees living in savanna sites with lower MAP have higher δ13Chairvalues than do chimpanzees living in woodland and forested sites with higher MAP. These results demonstrate the potential of using δ13C values in primate tissue to indicate aspects of their local ecology in cases where the ecology is uncertain, such as samples collected early in the last century and in fossil hominins. In contrast to expectations, however, chimpanzee δ15Nhairvalues from some savanna sites with lower MAP are lower, not higher, than those living in more forested areas with higher MAP. It is likely that diet selectivity by chimpanzees affects δ15Nhairvalues to a greater extent than does the influence of precipitation on plants. Am. J. Primatol. 78:1055–1069, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Der Ursprung des Lebens: Blausäure
Authors: Sutherland John D.
Published: October 2015

Organische Synthesen aus einer in der Umwelt verfügbaren C1‐Quelle, ob nun zur Aufrechterhaltung von Autotrophie oder als Auftakt von Heterotrophie, sind ein zentraler Aspekt in der Frage nach dem Ursprung des Lebens. Neuere Befunde ergänzen Schlüsselergebnisse aus der Literatur und legen nahe, dass Blausäure (HCN) dieses Ausgangsmolekül war.
Bright, “Clickable” Porphyrins for the Visualization of Oxygenation under Ambient Light
Authors: Roussakis Emmanuel , Li Zongxi , Nowell Nicholas H. , Nichols Alexander J. , Evans Conor L.
Published: October 2015

A new group of “clickable” and brightly emissive metalloporphyrins has been developed for the visualization of oxygenation under ambient light with the naked eye. These alkynyl‐terminated compounds permit the rapid and facile synthesis of oxygen‐sensing dendrimers through azide–alkyne click chemistry. With absorption maxima overlapping with the wavelengths of common commercial laser sources, they are readily applicable to biomedical imaging of tissue oxygenation. An efficient synthetic methodology, featuring the stable trimethylacetyl (pivaloyl) protecting group, is described for their preparation. A paint‐on liquid bandage containing a new, click‐synthesized porphyrin dendrimer has been used to map oxygenation across an ex vivo porcine skin burn model.
Fuzzy retrieval for software reuse
Authors: Colvin Erin , Kraft Donald H.
Published: October 2015

Finding software for reuse is a problem that programmers face. To reuse code that has been proven to work can increase any programmer's productivity, benefit corporate productivity, and also increase the stability of software programs. This paper shows that fuzzy retrieval has an improved retrieval performance over typical Boolean retrieval. Various methods of fuzzy information retrieval implementation and their use for software reuse will be examined. A deeper explanation of the fundamentals of designing a fuzzy information retrieval system for software reuse is presented. Future research options and necessary data storage systems are explored.
Variations in temperature‐related extreme events (1975–2014) in Ny‐Ålesund, Svalbard
Authors: Wei Ting , Ding Minghu , Wu Bingyi , Lu Changgui , Wang Shujie
Published: October 2015

We present a comprehensive analysis of temperature‐related extreme events in Ny‐Ålesund (78.9°N, 11.9°E) using data from three meteorological stations. The results show that annual mean temperatures in Ny‐Ålesund increase at a rate that is four times faster than the global mean from 1975 to 2014 with no ‘hiatus’ in recent decades. The annual diurnal temperature range shows a negative trend as minimum daily temperature increases at a faster rate than maximum daily temperature. A negative trend in cold extremes and a positive trend in warm extremes are observed. This asymmetry hints at potential changes in the probability distribution of temperatures in Ny‐Ålesund.
Assessment of contribution of other users to own total whole‐body RF absorption in train environment
Authors: Plets David , Joseph Wout , Aerts Sam , Vermeeren Günter , Varsier Nadège , Wiart Joe , Martens Luc
Published: October 2015

For the first time, the contribution of radio‐frequent radiation originating from other people's devices to total own whole‐body absorption is assessed in a simulation study. Absorption in a train environment due to base station's downlink is compared with absorption due to uplink (UL) of the user's own mobile device and absorption due to the UL of 0, 1, 5, or 15 other nearby active users. In a Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) macro cell connection scenario, UL of 15 other users can cause up to 19% of total absorption when calling yourself and up to 100% when not calling yourself. In a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) femtocell connection scenario, UL of 15 other users contributes to total absorption of a non‐calling user for no more than 1.5%. For five other users in the train besides the considered person, median total whole‐body Specific Absorption Rate is reduced by a factor of about 400000 when deploying a UMTS femtocell base station instead of relying on the GSM macrocell. Bioelectromagnetics. 36:597–602, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Outcomes for patients with papillary thyroid cancer who do not undergo prophylactic central neck dissection
Authors: Nixon I J , Wang L Y , Ganly I , Patel S G , Morris L G , Migliacci J C , Tuttle R M , Shah J P , Shaha A R
Published: October 2015

Background

The role of prophylactic central neck dissection (CND) in the management of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is controversial. This report describes outcomes of an observational approach in patients without clinical evidence of nodal disease in PTC.

Methods

All patients who had surgery between 1986 and 2010 without CND for PTC were identified. All patients had careful clinical assessment of the central neck during preoperative and perioperative evaluation, with any suspicious nodal tissue excised for analysis. The cohort included patients in whom lymph nodes had been removed, but no patient had undergone a formal neck dissection. Recurrence-free survival (RFS), central neck RFS and disease-specific survival (DSS) were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

Of 1798 patients, 397 (22·1 per cent) were men, 1088 (60·5 per cent) were aged 45 years or more, and 539 (30·0 per cent) had pT3 or pT4 disease. Some 742 patients (41·3 per cent) received adjuvant treatment with radioactive iodine. At a median follow-up of 46 months the 5-year DSS rate was 100 per cent. Five-year RFS and central neck RFS rates were 96·6 and 99·1 per cent respectively.

Conclusion

Observation of the central neck is safe and should be recommended for all patients with PTC considered before and during surgery to be free of central neck metastasis.
Randomized trial to examine procedure-to-procedure transfer in laparoscopic simulator training
Authors: Bjerrum F , Sorensen J L , Konge L , Rosthøj S , Lindschou J , Ottesen B , Strandbygaard J
Published: October 2015

Background

Laparoscopic simulation has become a standard component of surgical training, but there is limited knowledge regarding skills transfer between procedural tasks. The objective was to investigate the specificity of procedural simulator training.

Methods

This was randomized single-centre educational superiority trial. Surgical novices practised basic skills on a laparoscopic virtual reality simulator. On reaching proficiency, participants were randomized to proficiency-based training. The intervention group practised two procedures on the simulator (appendicectomy followed by salpingectomy), whereas the control group trained on only one procedure (salpingectomy). The main outcomes were number of repetitions and time to proficiency for the second procedure.

Results

Ninety-six participants were randomized, of whom 74 per cent were women, with a median age of 26 years. The intervention group needed significantly fewer attempts than the control group to reach proficiency in the second procedure: median (i.q.r.) 22 (17–34) versus 32 (26–41) attempts, which corresponded to 24·1 per cent fewer attempts as assessed by multivariable analysis (P = 0·004). The intervention group required significantly less time than the control group to reach proficiency: median (i.q.r.) 88 (63–127) versus 131 (101–153) min respectively, corresponding to a difference of 31·1 min as assessed by multivariable analysis (P = 0·001).

Conclusion

Practising two procedures, compared with only one, reduced the number of attempts and time to reach proficiency in the second procedure. Skills transfer is seen between two tasks in laparoscopic simulator training; however, task specificity is still present when practising procedures. Registration number: NCT02069951 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Apixaban used for the management of heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia in a 72‐year‐old woman with lung cancer
Authors: Larsen Pia Bükmann , Jørgensen Maja , Friis‐Hansen Lennart , Ingeberg Steen
Published: October 2015

Key Clinical Message

Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a serious adverse reaction to heparin treatment with a high risk of thrombosis. Heparin must be discontinued immediately and replaced with alternative anticoagulants that do not interact with HIT antibodies. In this case, a lung cancer patient, diagnosed with HIT was successfully treated with apixaban.
Anti‐Coking Ni/SiO2 Catalyst for Dry Reforming of Methane: Role of Oleylamine/Oleic Acid Organic Pair
Authors: Gao Xingyuan , Liu Hejun , Hidajat Kus , Kawi Sibudjing
Published: October 2015

We demonstrate the synthesis of silica‐supported Ni catalyst in the presence of oleylamine (OAm) and oleic acid (OAc) as the ligand and surfactant. Compared with OAm or OAc alone, Ni/SiO2 prepared with OAm/OAc organic pair showed a much smaller Ni particle, a much stronger metal–support interaction (MSI), an enhanced initial conversion of both CO2 and CH4 and a prolonged stability over 16 h with zero carbon deposition. How the OAm/OAc organic pair affects the catalyst formation mechanism is proposed: OAc intimately interacts with silica by hydrogen bond formed between the carboxylic group and silanol group; OAm forms a complex with Ni and promotes the adsorption of Ni on silica through the basic property of amine ligand; amide formation between the carboxylic group of OAc and the amine group of OAm makes use of both additives; in addition, a stronger steric hindrance is given by the more complex aliphatic chain network of the pair, retarding the growth of Ni particles.
Closed Bipolar Electrochemistry for the Low‐Potential Asymmetrical Functionalization of Micro‐ and Nanowires
Authors: Ongaro Michael , Gambirasi Arianna , Ugo Paolo
Published: October 2015

We demonstrate the application of closed bipolar electrochemistry for the asymmetrical deposition of metals and metal oxides on bipolar electrodes of decreasing dimensions, down to the nanoscale. We focus on the asymmetrical deposition of semiconducting oxides (TiO2, Cu2O, or Co2O3) and Pt on glassy carbon disks, carbon microwires, and gold nanowires. The optimization of the process is studied by using a four‐electrode voltammetric cell. Scanning electron microscopies and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy confirm the achievement of the desired deposition. Electron backscatter diffraction identifies cuprite in all of the Cu2O deposits. Closed bipolar electrochemistry allows the bipolar functionalization of carbon materials and gold nanowires by using electrolytes that are unsuitable for open bipolar electrochemistry, applying a potential difference as low as 1 V. For the first time, Janus like nanosized objects are obtained by closed bipolar electrochemistry.
Lanthanoid/Alkali Metal β‐Triketonate Assemblies: A Robust Platform for Efficient NIR Emitters
Authors: Reid Brodie L. , Stagni Stefano , Malicka Joanna M. , Cocchi Massimo , Sobolev Alexandre N. , Skelton Brian W. , Moore Evan G. , Hanan Garry S. , Ogden Mark I. , Massi Massimiliano
Published: October 2015

The reaction of hydrated lanthanoid chlorides with tribenzoylmethane and an alkali metal hydroxide consistently resulted in the crystallization of neutral tetranuclear assemblies with the general formula [Ln(Ae⋅HOEt)(L)4]2 (Ln=Eu3+, Er3+, Yb3+; Ae=Na+, K+, Rb+). Analysis of the crystal structures of these species revealed a coordination geometry that varied from a slightly distorted square antiprism to a slightly distorted triangular dodecahedron, with the specific geometrical shape being dependent on the degree of lattice solvation and identity of the alkali metal. The near‐infrared (NIR)‐emitting assemblies of Yb3+ and Er3+ showed remarkably efficient emission, characterized by significantly longer excited‐state lifetimes (τobs≈37–47 μs for Yb3+ and τobs≈4–6 μs for Er3+) when compared with the broader family of lanthanoid β‐diketonate species, even in the case of perfluorination of the ligands. The Eu3+ assemblies show bright red emission and a luminescence performance (τobs≈0.5 ms, ${{\Phi}{{{\rm L}\hfill \atop {\rm Ln}\hfill}}}$≈35–37 %, ηsens≈68–70 %) more akin to the β‐diketonate species. The results highlight that the β‐triketonate ligand offers a tunable and facile system for the preparation of efficient NIR emitters without the need for more complicated perfluorination or deuteration synthetic strategies.
Synthesis of Chiral Tertiary Alcohols by CuI‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Addition of Organomagnesium Reagents to Ketones
Authors: Rong Jiawei , Pellegrini Tilde , Harutyunyan Syuzanna R.
Published: October 2015

Catalytic enantioselective addition of organometallic nucleophiles to ketones is among the most straightforward approaches to the synthesis of chiral tertiary alcohols. The first such catalytic methodologies using the highly reactive organomagnesium reagents, which are the preferred organometallic reagents in terms of cost, availability, atom efficiency, and structural diversity, were developed only during the last five years. This Concept article highlights the fundamental breakthrough that made the development of methodologies for highly enantioselective CuI‐catalyzed alkylation of ketones using organomagnesium reagents possible.
Connecting Tyrosine and Tryptophan Units of Diazonamide A and Azonazine by a Diastereodivergent Arylative Dearomatization
Authors: Denizot Natacha , Guillot Régis , Kouklovsky Cyrille , Vincent Guillaume
Published: October 2015

We report the Friedel–Crafts coupling of a tyrosine unit with tryptophan‐derived pyrrolindolenium ions which are configurationally stable. The reaction allowed the stereoselective and divergent access to the required quaternary stereocenters found in diazonamide A and azonazine at the junction of the tyrosine and tryptophan units.
Group trajectory analysis helps to identify older cancer survivors who benefit from distance‐based lifestyle interventions
Authors: Morey Miriam C. , Blair Cindy K. , Sloane Richard , Cohen Harvey Jay , Snyder Denise C. , Demark‐Wahnefried Wendy
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

The number of older cancer survivors is increasing as more adults survive to older ages. The objectives of this study were to examine trajectories of physical activity (PA) and physical function (PF) over a 2‐year lifestyle counseling study and to identify characteristics of the trajectory groups.

METHODS

This was a secondary analysis of Reach Out to Enhance Wellness, a randomized controlled trial of home‐based lifestyle counseling. The 641 participants were older (≥65 years), overweight (body mass index [BMI], 25 to <40 kg/m2), long‐term community‐dwelling survivors (>5 years) of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer from Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States (21 states) who had been randomly assigned to an immediate intervention or a 12‐month‐wait‐listed control arm. The main outcome measures were PA and PF trajectory group membership.

RESULTS

Three PA groups and 5 PF trajectory groups were observed. The baseline BMI (P < .001) and self‐efficacy for performing strength (P < .0001) and endurance exercises (P < .0002) were the strongest predictors of achieving the highest amount of PA and the most favorable functional trajectory over 2 years. Individuals with low baseline self‐efficacy, no PA, and a Short Form 36 PF subscale score < 65 did not benefit from the intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

This study identified characteristics of survivors who benefited from home‐based interventions and suggested alternative approaches for survivors requiring more structured and intensive interventions to promote behavioral changes. Cancer 2015;121:4433–40. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Clinicopathologic features of breast cancers that develop in women with previous benign breast disease
Authors: Visscher Daniel W. , Frost Marlene H. , Hartmann Lynn C. , Frank Ryan D. , Vierkant Robert A. , McCullough Ann E. , Winham Stacey J. , Vachon Celine M. , Ghosh Karthik , Brandt Kathleen R. , Farrell Ann M. , Tarabishy Yaman , Hieken Tina J. , Haddad Tufia C. , Kraft Ruth A. , Radisky Derek C. , Degnim Amy C.
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND

Women with benign breast disease (BBD) have an increased risk of developing breast cancer (BC). Nearly 30% of all BCs develop in women with prior BBD. Information regarding features of the expected number of BCs after BBD would enhance individualized surveillance and prevention strategies for these women. In the current study, the authors sought to characterize BCs developing in a large cohort of women with BBD.

METHODS

The current study cohort included 13,485 women who underwent breast biopsy for mammographic or palpable concerns between 1967 and 2001. Biopsy slides were reviewed and classified as nonproliferative disease, proliferative disease without atypia, or atypical hyperplasia. BCs were identified by follow‐up questionnaires, medical records, and Tumor Registry data. BC tissues were obtained and reviewed.

RESULTS

With median follow‐up of 15.8 years, 1273 women developed BC. The majority of BCs were invasive (81%), of which 61% were ductal, 13% were mixed ductal/lobular, and 14% were lobular. Approximately two‐thirds of the BC cases were intermediate or high grade, and 29% were lymph node positive. Cancer characteristics were similar across the 3 histologic categories of BBD, with a similar frequency of ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive disease, tumor size, time to invasive BC, histologic type of BC, lymph node positivity, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positivity. Women with atypical hyperplasia were found to have a higher frequency of estrogen receptor‐positive BC (91%) compared with women with proliferative disease without atypia (80%) or nonproliferative disease (85%) (P = .02).

CONCLUSIONS

A substantial percentage of all BCs develop in women with prior BBD. The majority of BCs after BBD are invasive tumors of ductal type, with a substantial number demonstrating lymph node positivity. Of all the BCs in the current study, 84% were estrogen receptor positive. Prevention therapy should be strongly encouraged in higher‐risk women with BBD. Cancer 2016;122:378–385. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Cervical cancer screening in Australia: Past and present
Authors: Farnsworth Annabelle
Published: October 2015

Australia has had an organized screening program for the prevention of cervical cancer for over 20 years. It has been highly successful with a significant reduction in incidence and mortality from this disease. Recently Australia announced significant changes to its screening program introducing Primary HPV testing. The effect of these changes is far reaching and its success will depend on implementation.
Efficient Excited‐State Symmetry Breaking in a Cationic Quadrupolar System Bearing Diphenylamino Donors
Authors: Carlotti Benedetta , Benassi Enrico , Fortuna Cosimo G. , Barone Vincenzo , Spalletti Anna , Elisei Fausto
Published: October 2015

We report a joint experimental and theoretical investigation of a quadrupolar D–π–A+–π–D system, the electron donors being diphenylamino groups and the electron acceptor being a methylpyridinium, in comparison with the dipolar D–π–A+ system. The emission spectra of the two compounds overlap in all the investigated solvents. This finding could be rationalized by TD‐DFT calculations: the LUMO–HOMO molecular orbitals involved in the emission transition are localized on the same branch of the quadrupolar structure that becomes the fluorescent portion, corresponding to that of the single‐arm compound. Excited‐state symmetry breaking has been rarely observed for quadrupolar systems showing negative solvatochromism and is here surprisingly revealed, even in low polarity solvents. Femtosecond transient absorption measurements revealed that an efficient photoinduced intramolecular charge transfer takes place in the quadrupolar chromophore, more efficient than in its dipolar analogue. This result is promising in view of the application of these compounds as novel two‐photon absorbing materials.
A Water‐Soluble Copper(II) Complex for the Selective Fluorescence Detection of Nitric Oxide/Nitroxyl and Imaging in Living Cells
Authors: Sun Xiaolong , Kim Gyoungmi , Xu Yufang , Yoon Juyoung , James Tony D.
Published: October 2015

A novel water‐soluble copper(II) naphthalimide complex fluorescent probe was devised and displayed significant fluorescence turn‐on response for nitric oxide and nitroxyl over other biologically relevant reactive oxygen species under physiological conditions. The dual‐analyte recognition of this simple and sensitive probe was successfully applied for the imaging of exogenous and endogenous NO and HNO in living cells.
Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide with a Well‐Defined PN3−Ru Pincer Complex
Authors: Min Shixiong , Rasul Shahid , Li Huaifeng , Grills David C. , Takanabe Kazuhiro , Li Lain‐Jong , Huang Kuo‐Wei
Published: October 2015

A well‐defined PN3−Ru pincer complex (5) bearing a redox‐active bipyridine ligand with an aminophosphine arm has been established as an effective and stable molecular electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction to CO and HCOOH with negligible formation of H2 in a H2O/MeCN mixture.
Formate: an Energy Storage and Transport Bridge between Carbon Dioxide and a Formate Fuel Cell in a Single Device
Authors: Vo Tracy , Purohit Krutarth , Nguyen Christopher , Biggs Brenna , Mayoral Salvador , Haan John L.
Published: October 2015

We demonstrate the first device to our knowledge that uses a solar panel to power the electrochemical reduction of dissolved carbon dioxide (carbonate) into formate that is then used in the same device to operate a direct formate fuel cell (DFFC). The electrochemical reduction of carbonate is carried out on a Sn electrode in a reservoir that maintains a constant carbon balance between carbonate and formate. The electron‐rich formate species is converted by the DFFC into electrical energy through electron release. The product of DFFC operation is the electron‐deficient carbonate species that diffuses back to the reservoir bulk. It is possible to continuously charge the device using alternative energy (e.g., solar) to convert carbonate to formate for on‐demand use in the DFFC; the intermittent nature of alternative energy makes this an attractive design. In this work, we demonstrate a proof‐of‐concept device that performs reduction of carbonate, storage of formate, and operation of a DFFC.
The Aliskiren Trial to Minimize OutcomeS in Patients with HEart failure trial (ATMOSPHERE): revised statistical analysis plan and baseline characteristics
Authors: Krum Henry , McMurray John J.V. , Abraham William T. , Dickstein Kenneth , Køber Lars , Desai Akshay S. , Solomon Scott D. , Chiang Yanntong , Gimpelewicz Claudio , Reimund Bernard , Ali M. Atif , Tarnesby Georgia , Massie Barry M. ,   on behalf of the ATMOSPHERE Committees and Investigators
Published: October 2015

Aims and methods

To: (i) describe the baseline characteristics of patients in ATMOSPHERE and the changes in the planned analysis of ATMOSPHERE resulting from the mandated discontinuation of study treatment in patients with diabetes; (ii) compare the baseline characteristics of patients in ATMOSPHERE with those in the Prospective comparison of Angiotensin Receptor neprilysin inhibitors with Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and morbidity in Heart Failure trial (PARADIGM‐HF); and (iii) compare the characteristics of patients with and without diabetes at baseline in ATMOSPHERE.

Results

A total of 7063 patients were randomized into ATMOSPHERE April 2009–April 2014 at 755 sites in 43 countries. Their average age was 63 years and 78% were men. ATMOSPHERE patients were generally similar to those in PARADIGM‐HF although fewer had diabetes, renal dysfunction, and were treated with a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. In ATMOSPHERE, patients with diabetes differed in numerous ways from those without. Patients with diabetes were older and had worse heart failure status but a similar left ventricular ejection fraction (mean 28%); they had a higher body mass index and more co‐morbidity, especially hypertension and coronary heart disease. Mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was slightly lower in those with diabetes compared with those without.

Conclusion

ATMOSPHERE will determine whether patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction (particularly those without diabetes) benefit from the addition of a direct renin inhibitor to standard background therapy, including an angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor, beta‐blocker, and a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. ATMOSPHERE will also determine whether aliskiren alone is superior to, or at least non‐inferior to, enalapril.
Selective Synthesis of Tripyrranes, Tetrapyrranes, and Corroles
Authors: Aydin Gokcen , Temelli Baris , Unaleroglu Canan
Published: October 2015

A new, catalytic, and general methodology was developed for the direct synthesis of unsymmetrical AB‐type tripyrranes by reaction of dipyrromethanesulfonamides with pyrrole. Key structure dipyrromethanesulfonamides were synthesized by the addition of meso‐substituted dipyrromethanes to Cu(OTf)2‐activated tosylimines. The introduced method enables selective preparation of tetrapyrranes in high yields by tuning the conditions of the addition reaction. The oxidation of tetrapyrranes by 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone afforded only corresponding A3‐ and trans‐A2B‐corroles.
Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Biochar for Sensitive Electrochemical Determination of Paraquat
Authors: Kalinke Cristiane , Mangrich Antonio S. , Marcolino‐Junior Luiz H. , Bergamini Márcio F.
Published: October 2015

The present work reports for the first time the determination of paraquat (PQ2+) by Differential Pulse Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry (DPAdSV) using a carbon paste electrode modified (CPME) with biochar obtained from castor oil cake at different temperatures (200–600 °C). The best voltammetric response was verified using biochar yielded at 400 °C (CPME‐BC400). Linear dynamic range (LDR) for PQ2+ concentrations between 3.0×10−8 and 1.0×10−6 mol L−1 and a limit of detection (LOD) of 7.5×10−9 mol L−1 were verified. The method was successfully applied for PQ2+ quantification in spiked samples of natural water and coconut water.
Overcoming the Problem of Electrical Contact to Solar Cells Fabricated using Selective‐Area Silicon Nanopillars by Cesium Chloride Self‐Assembly Lithography as Antireflective Layer
Authors: Liu Jing , Zhang Xinshuai , Sun Gangjie , Wang Yuting , Wang Bo , Zhang Tianchong , Yi Futing , Chen Feng
Published: October 2015

Selective‐area nanopillar‐textured solar cells were fabricated by using a convenient method to overcome the problem of metal contacts on the nanopillars surfaces. A Ti/Ag electrode layer was deposited onto the planar surface after phosphorous doping, and then the nanopillars were fabricated on the surface by using cesium chloride (CsCl) self‐assembly lithography. With this method, nanopillars of approximately 150 nm average diameter and heights from 120 to 480 nm [corresponding inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching time from 15 to 75 s] were fabricated on silicon surface as an antireflection layer. Compared with the solar cell with nanopillar arrays covering the entire front surface, the selective‐area nanopillars device exhibited better electrode contacts, and consequently better performance: the photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE) improved from 12.38 to 15.58 %. The heights of the nanopillars also had a significant effect on the PCE of the solar cells, for which the nanopillars of 240 nm height produced the solar cell with the best performance.
Effect of ultrasound power and calcination temperature on the sonochemical synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles for textile dyes treatment
Authors: Saravanan Sundaram , Sivasankar Thirugnanasambandam
Published: October 2015

Copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesized by sonochemical technique using copper nitrate trihydrate and ammonium carbonate as precursors in the presence of polyethylene glycol (PEG). The reagents aqueous solution are exposed to ultrasound at different ultrasound power of 44, 66, 88, 110, and 132 W. The precipitated product was calcined at the temperatures of 400°C, 500°C, 600°C, and 700°C. The size, structure, and morphology of calcined CuO nanoparticles were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDAX). From the XRD observation, it is evident that the high purity CuO nanoparticles ranging from approximately 14 to approximately 54 nm were obtained. Additionally, SEM and EDAX investigation revealed that its structure and particle size are strongly dependent on the calcination temperature than ultrasound power. Most of the CuO nanoparticles formed were spherical in shape. Further, the application of the synthesized CuO nanoparticles toward the treatment of textile organic dyes such as Reactive Black 5 and Basic Blue 3 showed the synthesized CuO was highly effective in degradation of the environmental pollutants. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 669–679, 2016
Sequencing and de novo draft assemblies of a fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) reference genome
Authors: Burns Frank R. , Cogburn Amarin L. , Ankley Gerald T. , Villeneuve Daniel L. , Waits Eric , Chang Yun-Juan , Llaca Victor , Deschamps Stephane D. , Jackson Raymond E. , Hoke Robert Alan
Published: October 2015

The present study was undertaken to provide the foundation for development of genome-scale resources for the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), an important model organism widely used in both aquatic toxicology research and regulatory testing. The authors report on the first sequencing and 2 draft assemblies for the reference genome of this species. Approximately 120× sequence coverage was achieved via Illumina sequencing of a combination of paired-end, mate-pair, and fosmid libraries. Evaluation and comparison of these assemblies demonstrate that they are of sufficient quality to be useful for genome-enabled studies, with 418 of 458 (91%) conserved eukaryotic genes mapping to at least 1 of the assemblies. In addition to its immediate utility, the present work provides a strong foundation on which to build further refinements of a reference genome for the fathead minnow. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:212–217. © 2015 SETAC
Transport Properties, Local Coordination, and Thermal Stability of the Water/Diethylmethylammonium Methanesulfonate Binary System
Authors: Yaghini N. , Garaga M. N. , Martinelli A.
Published: October 2015

Ammonium based protic ionic liquids are highlighted for their great potential to sustain proton transport in proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Yet, there remain questions concerning the effect of water produced by the fuel cell at the cathode side on the performance of the ionic liquid. In this contribution we report the effect of water on the transport properties and the local coordination in the binary system of the protic ionic liquid diethylmethylammonium methanesulfonate ([DEMA][OMs]) and water, employing 1H NMR, Raman, and infrared spectroscopy. We observe that the self‐diffusion of cations and anions increases with the water content and that cations and anions diffuse at the same rate at all concentrations investigated. 1H NMR and vibrational spectroscopy, on the other hand, indicate that added water interacts primarily with the anion and slightly affects the ionicity of the ionic liquid. In addition, by investigating the thermal stability of the binary system we find that although [DEMA][OMs] displays a continuous loss of water upon increasing temperature a fraction of water molecules can be retained even above 120 °C, and that the complete loss of water is immediately followed by decomposition, which is observed to occur at about 185 °C.
Metallic Bipolar Plates for High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Alnegren P. , Grolig J. G. , Ekberg J. , Göransson G. , Svensson J.‐E.
Published: October 2015

High temperature polymer membrane fuel cells (HTPEMFCs) are promising devices for future mobile applications. To minimize phosphoric acid migration from the membranes and to reduce the total stack weight and size metallic bipolar plates are a promising alternative. So far only very few published results are available on the use of metallic bipolar plates in HTPEMFCs. During this work a single test cell was equipped with metallic endplates to investigate the possibility of using metallic bipolar plates in HTPEMFC stacks. Furthermore we tried to simulate the environments present in an HTPEMFC by furnace exposures in an attempt to develop a simplified test method for accelerated corrosion of bipolar plate materials. It was found that the performance of the HTPEM test cell decreased by about 15 µV h−1. More corrosion products were seen on the cathode side samples, whereas on the anode side sample the corrosion attack of the steel was more severe. These results were successfully replicated in simulated furnace experiments.
To know you is to love you: Effects of intergroup contact and knowledge on intergroup anxiety and prejudice among indigenous Chileans
Authors: Zagefka Hanna , González Roberto , Brown Rupert , Lay Siugmin , Manzi Jorge , Didier Nicolás
Published: October 2015

Two surveys were conducted in Chile with indigenous Mapuche participants (N study 1: 573; N study 2: 198). In line with previous theorising, it was predicted that intergroup contact with the non‐indigenous majority reduces prejudice. It was expected that this effect would be because of contact leading to more knowledge about the outgroup, which would then lead to less intergroup anxiety. The two studies yielded converging support for these predictions.
Order of stimulus presentation influences children's acquisition in receptive identification tasks
Authors: Petursdottir Anna Ingeborg , Aguilar Gabriella
Published: October 2015

Receptive identification is usually taught in matching‐to‐sample format, which entails the presentation of an auditory sample stimulus and several visual comparison stimuli in each trial. Conflicting recommendations exist regarding the order of stimulus presentation in matching‐to‐sample trials. The purpose of this study was to compare acquisition in receptive identification tasks under 2 conditions: when the sample was presented before the comparisons (sample first) and when the comparisons were presented before the sample (comparison first). Participants included 4 typically developing kindergarten‐age boys. Stimuli, which included birds and flags, were presented on a computer screen. Acquisition in the 2 conditions was compared in an adapted alternating‐treatments design combined with a multiple baseline design across stimulus sets. All participants took fewer trials to meet the mastery criterion in the sample‐first condition than in the comparison‐first condition.