bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cold plasma: exploring a new option for management of postharvest fungal pathogens, mycotoxins and insect pests in Australian stored cereal grain
Authors: Kaur M. , Hüberli D. , Bayliss K. L.
Published: August 2020

Various strategies are used to reduce postharvest cereal grain contaminants such as insect pests and fungal pathogens. Chemical and physical treatments are common management practices but may leave harmful chemical residues on grains or alter their nutrient content (particularly temperature treatments) and have other limitations. This review explores the recent literature regarding cold plasma, with emphasis on its efficacy for decontamination of postharvest cereal grain from biological contaminants. Cold plasma is an ionised gas containing reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, electrons and free radicals that are lethal to microorganisms and has the potential to decontaminate food surfaces and to increase shelf life. Studies conducted on rice, wheat, corn, barley and oats have demonstrated that cold plasma significantly reduced the amount of fungi, bacteria and their spores on grain surfaces. Cold plasma may also detoxify mycotoxins, and control insect pests. Evidence from various global studies demonstrates the potential use of cold plasma to manage postharvest fungi, mycotoxins and insect pests in Australian stored cereal grain.
“That’s not my understanding”
Authors: Amuzu Evershed K. , Campbell Akua , Ofori Seth
Published: August 2020

This study investigates the extent to which mostly untrained interpreters render accurately the voices of participants in Ghanaian district courts, and how the participants orient to shortcomings in the interpretations. Based on 7.5 hours of audio-recordings, we found that 91% of interpretations were accurate. The 9% of interpretations that were inaccurate were of five types: non-equivalence in propositional content, omissions, elaborations, incorrect grammatical forms and literal translations. We also found that on some occasions, inaccurate interpretations are corrected by other court participants, making the interpreting activity a collaborative effort. Judges were the most likely to intervene when an interpretation went wrong, perhaps a reflection of the sense of responsibility felt by them for anything that happens in their courtroom.
The impact of pragmatic consciousness-raising tasks on EFL learners’ speech act strategy use
Authors: Hosseinpur Rasoul Mohammad , Bagheri Nevisi Reza
Published: August 2020

Although there are growing attempts to equip learners with strategies in the ESL/EFL classroom, there has not been much
effort to implement strategies to assist learners in the learning of speech acts (e.g., Cohen &
Ishihara, 2005). This study investigated the impact and effectiveness of instruction on EFL learners’ use of speech act strategies.
A group of 131 Iranian undergraduate students were instructed through deductive consciousness-raising (C-R), inductive C-R, and L1-based C-R
tasks for seven weeks. The results obtained through Cohen and Ishihara’s (2005) speech act
strategy inventory indicated that instruction had a significant impact on participants’ utilization of speech act strategies. It also came
to light that the learners were generally receptive to deductive and L1-based pragmatic C-R tasks. The findings suggest that pragmatic C-R
tasks and especially L1-based tasks are effective means for applying strategies to supporting learners in the acquisition of speech acts.
Text selection proposals in dialogic reading in primary school
Authors: Pulles Maaike , Berenst Jan , Glopper Kees de , Koole Tom
Published: August 2020

In dialogic reading during inquiry learning in primary school, pupils read, think and talk together about text fragments for answering their research questions. This paper demonstrates from a conversational analytic perspective, how the shared activity of text selection is constructed in a goal oriented conversation and how text selection proposals are used. Two main practices are identified depending on the situation: (1) when all participants are reading the text for the first time, a text selection proposal is constructed with reading-out-loud fragments, and (2) when only one of the participants is reading the text, a text selection proposal is constructed with an indexical text reference and indicative summary of the topic. In both practices, a separate utterance that functions as a proposal is required to accomplish the complete text selection proposal turn.
A corpus-based study of metaphors used to describe Syrian refugees in Jordanian politico-economic discourse
Authors: Zibin Aseel
Published: August 2020

This study aims to examine the metaphors used to describe Syrian refugees in Jordanian politico-economic discourse, adopting a Critical Metaphor Analysis Approach for data analysis. I compiled a specialised corpus containing political and economic articles from two daily Jordanian newspapers. The data was analysed usingWordSmith Tools(Scott 2012), which is compatible with Arabic data. The data analysis reveals that several metaphors are used to describe Syrian refugees in Jordanian politico-economic discourse. The majority of metaphors employed have negative connotations in the contexts in which they are used, especially in the years 2015 and 2016 compared with 2012. The metaphors used reflect the internal struggle of Jordanians in relation to whether Syrian refugees should stay or leave. The struggle stems from deeply-entrenched Arab traditions, which make receiving guests perceived as a duty on the one hand, and the economic struggle of Jordanians living in a fragile economy, on the other.
Numerical analysis of backward subdiffusion problems
Authors: Zhang Zhengqi , Zhou Zhi
Published: August 2020

The aim of this paper is to develop and analyze numerical schemes for approximately solving the backward problem of subdiffusion equation involving a fractional derivative in time with order α ∈ (0, 1). After using quasi-boundary value method to regularize the ‘mildly’ ill-posed problem, we propose a fully discrete scheme by applying finite element method (FEM) in space and convolution quadrature (CQ) in time. We provide a thorough error analysis of the resulting discrete system in both cases of smooth and nonsmooth data. The analysis relies heavily on smoothing properties of (discrete) solution operators, and nonstandard error estimate for the direct problem in terms of problem data regularity. The theoretical results are useful to balance discretization parameters, regularization parameter and noise level. Numerical examples are presented to illustrate the theoretical results.
Modelling thermoelectric transport in III–V nanowires using a Boltzmann transport approach: a review
Authors: Ghukasyan Ara , LaPierre Ray R
Published: August 2020

A review of models for determining the thermoelectric transport coefficients

S

(Seebeck coefficient),

σ

(electrical conductivity), and

κ
e

(electronic thermal conductivity) is presented, for the cases of bulk and nanowire structures, along with derivations and a discussion of calculation methods. Results for the transport coefficients in GaAs, InAs, InP and InSb are used to determine the thermoelectric figure of merit, where an enhancement by two orders of magnitude is found for the nanowire case as compared with the bulk. The optimal electron concentration is determined as a function of nanowire diameter for both background and modulation doped nanowires.
On the fission in nuclear weapons
Authors: Khan F A
Published: August 2020

The efficiency, mass consumed, mass fissioned, etc, of a set of five pure fission
nuclear devices have been calculated.
A smart Kevlar-based triboelectric nanogenerator with enhanced anti-impact and self-powered sensing properties
Authors: Yuan Fang , Liu Shuai , Zhou Jianyu , Fan Xiwen , Wang Sheng , Gong Xinglong
Published: August 2020

A novel single electrode triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) with high energy-harvesting performance and safeguarding behavior has been developed by integrating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and shear stiffening gel (SSG) on Kevlar fabric. The output voltage and power of the three layer structure SSG/CNTs/Kevlar-based TENG (S-TENG) reaches to as high as 41.27 V and 212.90 μW, respectively. Due to the good triboelectric property, S-TENG also acts as a wearable self-powered device to harvest as well as monitor various human motions. More importantly, when impacted by a 1.26 kg impactor dropping from 30 cm, S-TENG with enhancing stiffness can not only resist the impact force, but also gather dynamic impact energy by producing an output voltage of 1.50 V. Finally, the mechanical and the electric properties of the S-TENG under the heavy hammer impact and quasi-static piercing has simultaneously investigated. In comparison to the neat Kevlar (7.66 J), the critical impact energy resisted by S-TENG is as high as 19.16 J, indicating a better anti-impacted property. Because of the excellent triboelectric and anti-impact properties, the smart S-TENG with self-power sensing, energy-gathering and safeguarding performance possesses high potential in next generation of body armor materials, robots, wearable electronics and human-machine interactions.
Precise measurements of polarizabilities of cesium nS Rydberg states in an ultra-cold atomic ensemble
Authors: Bai Jingxu , Bai Suying , Han Xiaoxuan , Jiao Yuechun , Zhao Jianming , Jia Suotang
Published: August 2020

We present precise measurements of polarizabilities of cesium nS1/2 (n = 65–75) Rydberg states by Stark spectroscopies. In experiment, Rydberg atoms are excited via a two-photon scheme of a standard magneto-optical trap and detected by the field ionization technique. The Stark shift is measured by analysing the spectroscopy under an external electric field. The polarizability, α, is acquired by fitting the experimental data of Stark shifts with

Δ
W
=
−

1

2

α

E

2

. The theoretical model is applied to numerically simulate the Stark map and corresponding level shifts, related deviation between the experimental measurements and calculations are less than 2%. The scaling law of polarizabilities,

A
⋅

(

n

*

)

7

+
B
⋅

(

n

*

)

6

(n* is effective principal quantum number), is attained, that shows a good agreement with the measurements.
Arctic Hydrology: History of Shaping, Development and Prospects
Authors: Ivanov B B , Tretyakov M B , Kharlampieva N K
Published: August 2020

The article provides the history of the shaping, development and prospects of scientific division arctic hydrology of the State Scientific Centre of the Russian Federation «Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute» other scientific institutes and academic centers of Soviet Union and Russia. The history is divided to 6 stages: description of the lower reaches and mouths of the main rivers, the organization of polar stations in the Arctic (1930-1953); providing Arctic navigation with icing hydrological forecasts on the North Sea route and projects development for the fundamental improvement of navigable conditions in estuarine bars and river ledges (1953-1964); arctic hydrology’s contribution in the International Hydrological Decade (1965-1974); hydrological researching to assess the effects of hydropower construction and spatial redistribution of Siberian rivers water resources (1975-1990); arctic hydrology as an abiotic component of Arctic aquatic ecosystems (1991 – 2008); elaboration of the system-wide integrated water management projects development for surface water bodies monitoring of the Arctic (2009 – 2020). Structural and functional analysis of the field studies and engineering, researching and methodological working on division of the arctic hydrology shows, firstly, the contribution of arctic hydrology to hydrological science in general; secondly, their interdependence from states historical stages; thirdly, the contribution of Soviet and Russian experts to the AMAP, IAH, UN and etc. Further development of arctic hydrology will undoubtedly be associated with the pooling of knowledge of social and natural sciences concerning water resources to meet the interests of society.
Transcontinental Arctic Aviation in the 19th-21st centuries: goals, objectives, prospects for development
Authors: Tambovtsev K S , Anosova N E
Published: August 2020

The purpose of the article is to analyze the role of transcontinental Arctic aviation in the development of the Arctic. The analysis is based on scientific papers written by Russian and foreign authors and archival documents of the 19th-21st centuries. The main focus of the article is on the Arctic (polar) and transcontinental aviation. The use of aviation for geographical research, the development of special types of aircraft, the construction of airfields, as well as the specifics of personnel training are reviewed. The article discusses the history of the aviation use for the needs of the Far North, its goals in the past and prospects for the future. The facts from the biography of the heroic explorers of the North and the participants of those events: scientists, geographers, pilots, military and government leaders (Chkalov V.P., Baidukov G.F., Belyakov A.V., Bogdanov A.N., Lebedev A.S., Ignatiev A.A., Stalin I.V., NagurskyYa.I., and others) are given. The authors analyze the effectiveness of achieving scientific, geographical, economic, military, and other goals in the Arctic zone. The concept of aviation use depends on the socio-political situation in the Arctic states. The authors consider the needs for civil aviation equipment in the Arctic in the period 2021-2032.
Theoretical and methodological substantiation of the state sovereignty of Russia in the Arctic
Authors: Gogoleva V V , Dolgopolova T A , Zyabkina T F , Kirsanova N B , Maksimova E V
Published: August 2020

The relevance of creating at the present stage of development of the state, the legal framework for consolidating the territorial integrity of the Russian Federation, including the Arctic territories belonging to international law and the need to save the generations of Russian settlers and researchers of historical heritage left in the development and consolidation of their sovereignty in the Arctic, is substantiated. territories.The analysis of the peculiarities of the historical stages of the consolidation of the Arctic territories of interest at all times, both domestic and foreign researchers, is presented, since the Arctic is a place of concentration of geopolitical, military, political, trade, economic, environmental and legal interests. In the international context, the problems of the interest of states in the use of the Arctic spaces, due to the geographical and geological position of the Arctic, by their enormous volumes of natural resources, which are a determining factor in the struggle for the Arctic territories, are investigated. The author substantiates the importance of legal consolidation of spheres of influence in the Arctic zone in order to effectively use and distribute natural resources by the states of the Arctic region. The strategic importance of the Arctic zone for our country is analyzed, since the Russian Federation has direct access to the Arctic Ocean, ensures the safety of the use of the Northern Sea Route and the protection of territories belonging to Russia within the state borders. A legal analysis is presented of the regulation of the procedure for securing the use of resources in the Arctic space, which currently does not consistently and comprehensively cover all aspects of the regulation of economic activity and other relations in the Arctic space under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation. Based on the analysis, recommendations and organizational and legal mechanisms for creating an integrated regulatory framework aimed at regulating legal relations and developing the Arctic zone of Russia are presented.
The Arctic and the Central Black Earth Region: from the history of natural and cultural relations
Authors: Goneev I A , Lukashova O P
Published: August 2020

The article shows the role of regional offices of the Russian geographical society in providing information about the Arctic and its significance for the population of the Central black earth region. The form of presenting information to the public is a popular lecture with elements of a virtual tour. The content reveals two questions: why the weather and climate changes in the Arctic affect the weather in Central Russia; which of the representatives of the Central black earth region contributed to the study of the Arctic. The reasons and consequences of abnormal weather conditions in Central Russia as direct and indirect consequences of weather and climate conditions and changes in the Arctic region are given. The Arctic is a region of mysteries that have not yet been fully solved. The civil-Patriotic theme is revealed in the history of the conquest and exploration of the Arctic by the inhabitants of the Central black earth region. The article reveals the methods of making a virtual tour and provides fragments of the content of a popular lecture. The work was performed for two audiences: the Youth club of the RGO (Russian geographical society), where the age ranges from 15 to 30 years, and the lecture hall of the regional branch of the RGO (Russian geographical society) in the Kursk region, where the age ranges from 30 to 70 years. The article presents interactive methods of working with students and the results of the work performed.
Long-term dynamics of the social space in the Russian Arctic
Authors: Korchak E A
Published: August 2020

Social development processes in the Russian Arctic are of special importance. Arctic mineral, fuel and energy resources play a key role in satisfying the demands of the Russian national economy for strategically important types of raw materials. The nature of work activities in the Russian Arctic is distinctive so that labour as a production factor requires a special approach due to stressful climate, which makes living conditions uncomfortable. Dispersion dynamics, distance barriers, small population size in remote settlements, and transport accessibility level contribute to increased resource intensity and energy consumption for life-sustaining activity. Furthermore, the local population is adapted to the harsh Arctic climate and natural environment so that a special Arctic policy of keeping people in the region comes to the forefront. Nevertheless, Russian Arctic is currently remaining a challenging zone due to its complex and non-uniform territorial social and economic development, lack of scientific-based territory management and ineffective social and economic policies implemented there. Nowadays, we need new approaches to elaborate a research and practical agenda for the development of the Russian Arctic. A scientific research methodology must be formulated to transform the system of government control of Arctic region development. An important aspect is to analyse long-term dynamics of the social space in the Russian Arctic of the social space of the Russian Arctic. The article addresses the study results for the dynamics of the social space in the Russian Arctic regions between 1950 and 2018. Transformations in the long-term consistent dynamics of the Russian Arctic were identified to have been determined by the intensity of the region’s industrial development, the scale of government support, and long-term interests of the national economy. Researchers identified stages of the long-term consistent dynamics of the social space in the Russian Arctic region as follows: 1950 to 1990, 1990 to 2000, 2000 to 2008 and 2008 to 2017. This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, project No. 19-18-00025 «Socio-economic dynamics and forecast for the development of the Russian Arctic, taking into account geopolitical, macroeconomic, environmental, and mineral factors».
Organization and legal framework for using the Arctic space
Authors: Mokhorov D , Kerefova B , Spirin G , Kobicheva A
Published: August 2020

In this paper we consider the history of Arctic exploration. The most important historical aspects of the Arctic region development are analyzed. We used the methods of scientific knowledge, which allow a comprehensive study of the essential aspects of the Arctic development. The important stages of the subarctic region development are investigated. The article highlights the issues of creation and functioning of the Arctic Council. The authors have identified the tasks of Russian legal regulation of the Arctic territories, which consists in the formation of national legislation at the level of other Arctic states, as well as in restoring the balance between legal and “substitute” norms. The scope of international legal regulation in the Arctic zone was also identified and it was established that the most significant influence was gained by the problems associated with the vital activities of the indigenous peoples of the North, nature management and environmental protection in the Arctic zone, as well as the military aspect in the use of the Arctic space.
Historical-legal aspect of the political system in the Russia’s arctic region
Authors: Snetkov V N , Weshkelsky A S , Yurkova O Y
Published: August 2020

This article analyzes historical reference of the formation and development of the political system of the Russian Federation in the Arctic region. The article examines the sectoral principle of dividing the Arctic territory. In conformance with UN requirements convention on the law of the sea of 1982 the Arctic States have a sovereign right to develop subsoil resources within their exclusive economic zones and continental shelf, although these Arctic regions are not part of their state territories. The article analyzes the main policy and legal documents regulating this sector in the Arctic countries, considers the issues of forming an optimal balance between national and international legal regulation in determining the legal regime in the Arctic region. The implementation of strategic goals of developing the Russian Polar region in the far-term perspective involves the implementation of domestic projects for the exploration of subsurface resources in this area and the development of transport infrastructure, primarily the Northern sea route and its seaports, as well as land and air transport modes that are part of international transport corridors, as an organizational and legal basis for the development of the use of the Arctic continental shelf.
How to Have a Rest in the Arctic: Leisure Activities of the Soviet Polar Explorers in the 1930s
Authors: Sidorchuk I V
Published: August 2020

Mid 1930s characterized by a change in cultural imperatives: instead of the Spartan and anti-bourgeois ideals of the NEP and industrialization period the authorities proposed a lifestyle full of abundance. The words of I. Stalin: “Living has become better, comrades; living has become happier” was perhaps the most popular slogan. The 1930s were also characterized by the Arctic exploration activity peak, which was to become an objective symbol of the Soviet social experiment success. But was there a place for leisure in it? The aim of the research is to answer this question by investigating the issue of leisure practices of Soviet polar explorers. The author came to conclusion that leisure of the polar explorers was a rest in the style of socialist realism – idealized and unrealistic, practically leaving no hint of deviance or contradiction with the established cultural imperative. They listened to music from Soviet musical comedies, read the right books, played chess, not cards, studied foreign languages and were actively involved in political education. The only weaknesses available – smoking and alcohol – were the means to calmly think over the situation or celebrate a public holiday, once again realizing the importance of their work for the benefit of the socialist homeland and being inspired to new exploits.
Military aspect of legal regulation in the Arctic
Authors: Volokitina Y , Vasilieva Y , Larionov V , Chinakaev K
Published: August 2020

The Arctic is increasingly attracts attention of both the main regional players and the world’s leading powers. European countries realize that development of an adequate Arctic strategy requires designing and implementing a wide range of political, legal, scientific, social, economic and military measures. There are a variety of views in expert circles on military security in the Arctic. Some experts predict future conflicts starting with regional arms races both between the Arctic states and between them and non-Arctic countries. The other one emphasizes that the Arctic tends to be one of the safest world’s regions in terms of military security. The unresolved question of who owns the Arctic is among the main causes of the possible conflict in the region. The conclusion is based on the thesis of legal uncertainty of the Arctic marine areas and of the Arctic Ocean mineral resources status, as well as on unresolved disputes on the demarcation of maritime spaces and continental shelf.
Simulation model for the North Sea Route transit time estimation
Authors: Kuznetsov A L , Kirichenko A V , Kiselev V S , Semenov A D
Published: August 2020

Today the Northern Sea Route attracts due attention of the international transport society. The Russian government has set a task to increase the cargo volumes transported via this way. There is an assumption that a substantial share of this amount would be the transit of the containerized cargo in both directions, Eastbound and Westbound. In these circumstances – since we speak about liner shipping and the maritime component of international intermodal transportation, there is a demand for scientifically proved methods of planning and prognoses of ice-breaker escort operations of transit caravans of merchant ships, both for selected legs and the whole route. This paper deals with the simulation model of the caravan of ships transiting the route leg by leg. The techniques proposed by this investigation enables to assess the random value – the time needed to pass along the Northern Sea Route. Simultaneously, the offered mechanisms permit to form the graphics of the movements along the parts of the route, which helps to make reliable forecasts for estimated passage times, estimated times for consolidation and dispersion of caravans, waiting times in the relay system of the movement along NSR. Eventually, these forecasts would form a base for the intermodal transportation chain.
On the Specifics of Fire Extinguishing During Dangerous Goods Transportation in the Northern Regions
Authors: Klyuy V , Reshetov A , Monashkov V
Published: August 2020

The article considers the variants of emergency situations that occur during railway transportation of oil and petroleum products in the Northern regions. Options for implementing measures to eliminate fires and explosions related to these events are given. It is demonstrated that the railways in Russia in the Arctic zone are long and carry a large number of different cargoes, including dangerous ones. The analysis of the most resonant large fires in railway transport was performed; the causes of these emergency events were determined. The peculiarities of fire extinguishing during transportation of dangerous goods by rail were considered, and some difficulties in extinguishing fires at low temperatures (below-10oC) were analyzed. Some national samples of fire engines (multi-purpose fire truck and GAZ-59402 “Purga”) were analyzed in relation to their use in firefighting in the Arctic zone. Proposals for responsibilities distribution between railway and fire services in case of emergency response and recovery work have been developed. Possible ways for solvation of the problems arising during firefighting on railway transport at low temperatures were suggested.
Thermoluminescent method of dating applied to fossilized animal remains
Authors: Aluker N L , Herrmann M , Suzdaltseva J M
Published: August 2020

The feasibility of applying the thermoluminescent method to dating of fossilized paleontological animal remains is investigated. Relatively easy application and a wide range of chronological time periods over which the method produces reliable results with minimized uncertainties under an optimized experimental setup, make the method highly suitable for fossil dating. Mammoth remains from a collection of an archaeological museum were dated using samples of teeth, bones, and tusks. We determined two distinct age regimes of the investigated mammoth remains: (1) ranging from 12 to 28 thousand years (the bulk of the samples) and (2) from 40 to 45 thousand years. For isolated samples, the estimated ages were above 100 thousand years.
Science diplomacy as a tool for reducing conflict in the Arctic
Authors: Gutenev M I , Boyko E V
Published: August 2020

The article considers the phenomenon of science diplomacy as a new form of cooperation between States to solve global problems in the Arctic region. Nowadays, the Arctic space is one of the potential geopolitical platforms where the world’s leading powers focus their special attention and create national strategies for developing the region. Despite the fact that there are currently no open interstate conflicts in the Arctic, there are certain tensions in the region that can provoke a global conflict. Science diplomacy is considered as a tool for reducing the level of conflict in the Arctic. A special place in this research is given to the definition of conflict and its dynamics in the region. The article is based on a quantitative study of the relationship between the use of scientific and diplomatic practices and the level of conflict in the Arctic. The methods of this study are event analysis and content analysis, which made it possible to conduct covariance and correlation analysis of variables. The result of the work was the construction of models of the relationship between science diplomacy and conflict in the Arctic region. The study concluded that the use of scientific and diplomatic practices in the Arctic contributes to reducing the level of conflict in the region.
On the prospects for China’ cooperation with the Arctic countries
Authors: Ryzhova A
Published: August 2020

Based on the analysis of official documents, materials of analytical centers, scientific publications, the authors conclude that in the medium term Russia and the Nordic countries will remain the priority partners of China in the Arctic. The development of China-U.S. cooperation in the Arctic is unlikely. Washington deliberately limits its partnership with Beijing. Canada is interested in Chinese investment in its polar regions, so economic cooperation in energy and mining sectors has a chance of development. Closer cooperation between China and Canada will be hindered by close allied relations between Canada and the United States. In order to develop Russian-Chinese cooperation in the Arctic, it seems important to pay attention to improving the competitiveness of Russian projects. China is considering various options for realizing its interests and choosing the optimal ones. The increase in activity of Chinese companies in the Arctic is accompanied by growing mistrust among the political circles of Arctic states regarding the motives for their operations in the region. The creation of an Arctic Infrastructure Investment Bank under the auspices of the Arctic Council would reduce political risks for both the Arctic states and China, and promote economic cooperation in the region.
Latvia’s role in the Arctic. Cooperation prospects
Authors: Dolzhenkova E , Mokhorov D
Published: August 2020

Annotation. The aim of the current research is to scrutinize the role of the small states in Arctic regarding Latvia. The goal of the research is to reveal the small states promising cooperation routes in arctic region. By using regional research method to study the international cooperation situation there were revealed such budding routes as ecological safety, human resources, science, education, culture, investments, digitalization, cyber security, defense industry, rescue missions, telecommunications, IT technologies, mass media. At the same time the local method of the regional touch application allows to determine that Latvia as the other Baltic states should be a part of an integrated interaction with all the engaged countries basing on equal and parity mutual relations.
The Arctic policy of India
Authors: Pronina V , Yu Eidemiller K , Khazov V K , Rubtsova A V
Published: August 2020

The article is devoted to the Indian Arctic policy. The author examines the history of Delhi’s presence in the region from the time of colonial dependence until the moment the country received the status of the permanent observer of the Arctic Council in 2013. Much attention is paid to the analysis of two opposed opinions on the role of India in the region. One group of scientists, referring to the lack of domestic energy resources, need to diversify energy flows and prevent China’s undivided dominance on the Arctic shelf, insists on India’s comprehensive (scientific, economic, and strategic) participation in the Arctic agenda. Another group, based on alarmist environmental rhetoric, advocates limiting interference into the region’s affairs. Analysis of external and internal conditions leads to the conclusion that none of the lines can be implemented completely. An uncertainty of India’s Arctic strategy, however, makes it possible to identify some trends and make a forecast on the future actions of the Asian giant in the region.
National interests of Japan and its emerging Arctic policy
Authors: Almazova-Ilyina A B , Vinogradov A D , Krasnozhenova E. E. , Yu Eidemiller K
Published: August 2020

In this paper we discuss main challenges, both global and regional, that define Japan’s current policy for the Arctic. Global challenges like rising sea levels and threats to marine biodiversity primarily stem from rapid climate change in the Arctic. However, these developments also bring new opportunities that attract attention of governments and businesses. Shrinking covered in ice areas open up prospects for Arctic Ocean shipping and development of natural resources. Regional challenges mostly concern rivalry between China, Japan and South Korea, as well as Japan’s ‘mediator’ role between other states in East Asia and the Arctic. We then analyze policy initiatives in Arctic affairs declared by the government of Japan in the official documents as well as some practical outcomes of these policies. There are three main policy areas prioritized by Japan: research and development, international cooperation, and sustainability of further exploration of the Arctic. Ultimately, we attempt to identify national interests that are confronted by existing challenges and pursued by Japan in its emerging Arctic endeavors. Japan’s current interests in the Arctic include energy and food security, economic interests in new shipping opportunities and extraction of natural resources, urgent environmental action, and a search for a stronger position in contemporary global and regional order.
Problems of socio-economic development of the Karelian Arctic and ways to overcome them, taking into account spatial and economic features and the legal status of the region
Authors: Volkov A
Published: August 2020

The economic and legal regime of the Russian Arctic is currently in its nascent stage of development. The Arctic has acquired the status of a special object of government control. However, not only new management tools are being formed to enhance the socio-economic development of the region, the borders of the management object themselves are changing - new territories are being included in the Arctic zone. Thus, the formation of the economic and legal regime of the Arctic zone and the incorporation of new territories into its spatial and economic structure not only go hand in hand, but are also of an interdependent nature. In addition, the historically established system of resettlement and distribution of productive forces and the resource potential of the territory should be considered and analyzed based on the new circumstances, strategic development goals and tasks of the spatial organization of the economy of the Arctic zone region. The purpose of this article is to identify urgent problems of the socio-economic development of the municipalities of the Republic of Karelia included in the Arctic zone of Russia, and to develop directions for overcoming them within the strategic priorities for the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. To achieve this goal, we analyzed the current stage in the formation of the economic and legal regime of the Russian Arctic, examined the features of the socio-economic development of the Karelian Arctic and the spatial organization of the economy, identified areas for improving the spatial organization of the economy of the region in the context of integration into existing projects for the development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation and its legal regime. The conclusion was made about the need to expand the Karelian Arctic in order to form an economic space that determines the complex development of the territory. An alternative is the integration of the Karelian Arctic into the emerging support zones of neighboring regions.
Legal-economic regime of the Russian Arctic region in the international legal environment: evolution and development pathways
Authors: Volkov A , Tishkov S
Published: August 2020

The Arctic vector in world policies is escalating, no doubt largely because of the predicted increase in the region’s involvement in global economic processes. One of the components of this process – definition of the legal status of the Arctic Ocean, is now in an active phase. The discord now seen in the establishment of international legal arrangements in the Arctic is due to: the international legal custom in the region, special conditions for economic activity in the Arctic region, emergence of new economic stakeholders in the region, global environmental challenges. For Arctic coastal states, like Russia, interests in the Arctic are of vital importance. Some countries, such as Russia, Canada and Norway, are interested in maintaining continuity in the international customary law, whereas some others, like China, Germany, or South Korea, are eager to introduce new means of legal regulation. This article suggests recommendations on further improving the national legislation and the instruments for managing the Arctic regional economic policy. Important considerations here are Russia’s strategic interests in the region, along with harmonization of relationships with other stakeholders, and mitigation of environmental risks. To this end, we have analysed the background for the formation of the international legal custom in the Arctic region, current trends in international law, valid economic grounds for countries to realize their interests in the Arctic. Special focus is on Russian economic policy in view of the challenging situation in the country’s national economy and its international affairs.
Efficiency management of technological renewal of production enterprises in the Arctic under conditions of economy digitalization
Authors: Zharov V
Published: August 2020

Three main problems have been formulated and their solution will make it possible to ensure the maximum efficiency in the use of production resources - material, labor and fixed capital due to the digitalization of managing technological renewal of production enterprises in the Arctic. It is shown that these problems can be solved by using a new direction of economic analysis of production systems—the investment- and- innovation analysis. It is proposed to use the coefficient of technological effectiveness level, defined by the ratio of capital intensity of production to its material intensity of product or by the ratio of material productivity to capital productivity, as well as the level of material productivity as targets of technological renewal. It is established that the simultaneous increase in the values of the coefficient of technological effectiveness level, material and capital productivity is possible only at one of six possible stages of the life cycle of technological development of enterprises. An algorithm of enterprises’ actions in making management decisions on technological renewal of production has been developed. It is proposed to supplement the methodology for assessing the effectiveness of investment projects in their implementation at existing enterprises by calculating the damage from the reduction of material productivity, capital productivity and labor productivity in case of delay in the technological renewal of production.
Potential for transition to circular economy in regions of the Russian Arctic
Authors: Gutman S , Teslya A
Published: August 2020

The paper considers the issues related to maintaining the environmental safety of regions in the context of sustainable development. We have established that the goals of circular economy, aimed at saving resources and using regenerative environmentally friendly production technologies are correlated with the goals of achieving sustainable development. We have analyzed Russia’s existing legislation concerning the principles of circular economy and sustainable development. We have found there is currently no unified integrated strategy aimed making the transition to circular economy. We have analyzed the indicators from the standpoint of their correlation with the goals of sustainable development, approaches of other countries and statistical data available. We have developed a system of indicators for assessing the level of circular economy in the context of sustainable development, adapted for regional specifics in view of the the current level of environmental monitoring. The results of analysis were used to make recommendations for establishing the conditions favoring the transition to circular economy, including at the regional level.
Problematic aspects and potentialities of applying the principles of a circular economy in the mining industry
Authors: Knysh V A
Published: August 2020

The concept of a circular economy (CE) gradually penetrates into various spheres of production and consumption as part of the “Green Course” ideology, ensuring sustainable development in the long term. The mining sector cannot be called interested in transforming the linear economy into a more resource-efficient circular economy using regeneration systems. The idea of cyclical recovery of values from waste and used products in closed supply chains is aimed at minimizing the use of scarce primary resources. The mining sector actors perceive this idea as a threat rather than an opportunity to improve their market position. Along with the drivers there are barriers and bottlenecks that impede the implementation of CE principles in the mining industry. There are very few studies related to development or adaptation of circular business models for mining companies. The aim of the work is to analyze the possibilities of applying the principles of CE in the Russian mining industry, taking into account European experience. Mineral extraction waste considerably affects the environment and can be a potential source of raw materials. Environmental problems associated with mining are acute in Arctic mining regions such as the Kola Peninsula. For struggling against wastes and harmful emissions the state began applying environmental regulations based on the best available technologies. In the metal ores mining segment, there are certain prerequisites for forming circular business models based on revealing the relationship between separate elements of the CE concept and introduction of BAT. The presence of such opportunities allows a consistent review of production waste within the CE framework, as well as linking the principles of circularity with the strategies for innovative development of mining enterprises to adapt them to new external challenges.
Prospects for implementing support for small and medium businesses in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation on the example of the republic and Sakha (Yakutia)
Authors: Larionov A A , Rat G I
Published: August 2020

The article analyzes the current policy of the Russian Federation in the Arctic on the example of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). The perspective of the development of the Arctic zone of Russia of the Russian Federation in the context of 2025 and the implementation of existing investment projects aimed at the development of the Arctic zone of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are considered. The characteristic of the republic as a northern region is given, the Arctic territorial clusters of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) are distinguished. A solution to the problem of lack of human resources and increasing the investment attractiveness of the Arctic zone of Russia is proposed, using the experience of China in innovative small and medium-sized businesses. A study of the actions and impact of the territories of advanced development and special economic zones on the development of the region.
Improving snow removal efficiency in Arctic cities
Authors: Mitroshina M
Published: August 2020

The Arctic zone of the Russian Federation is quite urbanized. However, due to climatic conditions, the population of Arctic cities has recently declined. The task of the State is to change this trend. One of measures is creation of the comfortable urban environment which consists in modernization and improvement of quality of living conditions. It would seem that this task should be solved at the level of the city municipality [1], but if there are identical climatic restrictions for all cities, it is necessary to develop a single effective regional mechanism to overcome them. It is about snow removal in Arctic cities, where winter lasts more than six months, and the amount of precipitation sometimes exceeds the average values several times. And it is impossible to be prepared for this, because in such cases the issue of road safety and comfort of the urban environment for local residents and guests of the city is acute. The winter of this year in the Murmansk region showed that the existing snow removal system needs to be modernized. To this end, the author studied the Russian and foreign experience of snow removal in northern cities and developed recommendations to increase its efficiency.
Quantitative Assessment of Arctic Geoeconomic Space Development
Authors: Kikkas K N , Didenko N I , Krasnozhenova E E , Smolskaia N B
Published: August 2020

The article presents a method for quantifying the development of the Arctic geoeconomic space by different countries. The Arctic reserves are estimated at 10-15% of the world’s reserves as two main studies – USGS (2008) and Wood Mackenzie and Fug Robertson (2006) – show. The resources are mainly concentrated on the shelf (about 85%), with 80% of the resources being gas resources. Of the five states bordering the Arctic, Russia has more than half of all undiscovered reserves. The observed melting of ice due to warming makes real plans for their development, which turns the Arctic zone into a leading strategic resource base. In the conducted research, the Arctic space is divided into the following areas: demographic; innovation and technology; environmental; production and markets; social; manufacturing. The indicators that evaluate these areas are presented. For each of the eight Arctic countries, baseline data on indicators for the period of 2006-2018 were collected. The indices for each country for each year indicator in every area were calculated on the basis of the initial statistical data. The indices are calculated as the arithmetic average of the partial indicators for each year indicator that characterizes each of the listed areas. The areas under consideration are ranked by significance and each sphere is assigned weight coefficients. The proposed formula for the integral index has the form: II = 0,125* I1 + 0,25* I2 + 0,25* I3 + 0,125* I4 + 0,125* I5 + 0,125*
I6. The results of the analysis by all areas are presented.