bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Utility of Microsatellite Genotyping for Molar Pregnancy Testing
Authors: Furtado Larissa V. , Paxton Christian N. , Jama Mohamed A. , Tripp Sheryl R. , Wilson Andrew R. , Lyon Elaine , Jarboe Elke A. , Thaker Harshwardhan M. , Geiersbach Katherine B.
Published: December 2012

Context.—Molecular genotyping by analysis of DNA microsatellites, also known as short tandem repeats (STRs), is an established method for diagnosing and classifying hydatidiform mole. Distinction of both complete hydatidiform mole and partial hydatidiform mole from nonmolar specimens is relevant for clinical management owing to differences in risk for persistent gestational trophoblastic disease.

Objective.—To determine the technical performance of microsatellite genotyping by using a commercially available multiplex assay, and to describe the application of additional methods to confirm other genetic abnormalities detected by the genotyping assay.

Design.—Microsatellite genotyping data on 102 cases referred for molar pregnancy testing are presented. A separate panel of mini STR markers, flow cytometry, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and p57 immunohistochemistry were used to characterize cases with other incidental genetic abnormalities.

Results.—Forty-eight cases were classified as hydatidiform mole (31, complete hydatidiform mole; 17, partial hydatidiform mole). Genotyping also revealed 11 cases of suspected trisomy and 1 case of androgenetic/biparental mosaicism. Trisomy for selected chromosomes (13, 16, 18, and 21) was confirmed in all cases by using a panel of mini STR markers.

Conclusions.—This series illustrates the utility of microsatellite genotyping as a stand-alone method for accurate classification of hydatidiform mole. Other genetic abnormalities may be detected by genotyping; confirmation of the suspected abnormality requires additional testing.
Fibrous Dysplasia
Authors: Riddle Nicole D. , Bui Marilyn M.
Published: December 2012

Fibrous dysplasia is an uncommon bone disease. The diagnosis is usually not difficult, given the symptoms, radiology, and histology. The gene involved is the α subunit of the G-protein receptor. Recent innovation in molecular pathology has helped us understand the mechanism of disease pathogenesis. The treatment of fibrous dysplasia is limited to maintenance of maximum bone density. Surgical reinforcement is used to treat bowing deformities and fractures as they occur. Malignant transformation of fibrous dysplasia is rare. Currently, there is no therapy for preventing the disease from advancing or for malignant transformation.
A Comparison of Adolescents Consumption of Micro and Macro Nutrient Rich Foods
Authors: Hamilton-Ekeke Joy-Telu
Published: December 2012

The study involves a comparison of pupils’ consumption of macro and micro nutrient rich food as well as healthy and less healthy snacks after being exposed to a teaching model on balanced diet developed by the researcher which takes into cognisance pupils’ prior knowledge of healthy eating. Healthy snacks are snacks that are low in fat and sugar while less healthy snacks are snacks that are high in fat and sugar. The study was carried out in Britain, United Kingdom in summer term of 2007. Participants were year 7 pupils of Ceredigion Local Education Authority in rural Mid-Wales, they were requested to fill-in a Food Diary of food consumed at breakfast, lunch and dinner times including mid-morning and mid-afternoon snacks for five days (Thursday to Monday). This is to include both food consumed at home at weekend as well as school meals consumed at school during weekdays. There was evidence of increase of consumption of healthy snack as well as the consumption of macro nutrients (carbohydrate, fat and protein) and micro nutrients (vitamin, mineral and fibre); all six classes of food that makes up a balanced diet [1] after the intervention compared to before the intervention, although the rate of increase in the consumption of micro nutrient was not statistically significant compared to the increased in the consumption of macro nutrient. This study revealed that though the teaching model was able to alter eating behaviour in the desired direction of healthy eating which is the consumption of micro nutrient. More has to be done to encourage adolescents to consume more vitamin, mineral and fibre rich food items.
Vitamin A Supplementation and Stunting Levels Among Two Year Olds in Kenya: Evidence from the 2008-09 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey
Authors: Kimani-Murage Elizabeth W. , Ndedda Crispin , Raleigh Katherine , Masibo Peninah
Published: December 2012

Background: High levels of undernutrition, particularly stunting, have persisted in Kenya, like in other developing countries. The relationship betweeen vitamin A supplementation and growth of children in Kenya has not been established, while there are context-specific variations on the relationship. This study explores this relationship in the Kenyan context.
Methods: The study uses data from the 2008-09 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey, involving children aged 24-35 months, a weighted sample of 1029 children. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses were conducted. The outcome variable of interest is stunting, while the exposure variable of interest is ever receiving a dose of vitamin A supplement. Secondary outcomes include underweight and wasting status.
Results: The prevalence of stunting in the study group was 46%; underweight 20%; and wasting 6%. The prevalence of ever receiving vitamin A supplement was 78%. Receiving vitamin A supplement was significantly negatively associated with stunting and underweight status, adjusting for other co-risk factors. The odds of stunting were 50% higher (p=0.038), while for underweight were 75% higher (p=0.013) among children who did not receive Vitamin A supplement compared with those who did.
Conclusion: This study demonstrates that receiving vitamin A supplement may be beneficial to growth of young children in Kenya. However, though freely offered through immunization services to children 6-59 months, some children do not receive it, particularly after completing the immunization schedule. There is need to establish innovative and effective ways of maximizing utilization of this intervention, particularly for children who have completed their immunization schedule.
Maternal Dietary Diversity and Infant Outcome of Pregnant Women in Northern Ghana
Authors: Saaka Mahama
Published: December 2012

Objective: Little is known regarding the role of maternal dietary diversity score (DDS) in predicting poor outcomes of pregnancy including preterm delivery, and low birth weight (LBW). The main aim of this study was to explore the relationship between dietary diversity scores of urban Ghanaian women and infant weight at birth.
Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study comprised 524 pregnant women who delivered singleton babies. A Structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic variables (e.g. educational status, age, maternal occupation, household wealth index), obstetric history (for example, gravidity, gestational weight gain), dietary intake, malarial infection and Sulphadoxine pyrimethamine (SP) uptake, blood pressure (BP), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), anthropometric measurements (e.g. weight of mother and new born baby).
Results: This study showed that maternal dietary diversity as measured by individual dietary diversity score scores (IDDS) was a significant independent predictor for mean birth weight and LBW. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed there was a significant difference in adjusted mean birth weight between women on low and high diversified diets , F (1, 415) = 8.935, p = 0.003. The results further showed that maternal IDDS was negatively associated with the incidence of LBW (Adjusted OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.22–0.85, p = 0.014).
Conclusion: In nutritional deprived populations, maternal diet in the third trimester appears to be an important determinant of LBW and that DDS can serve as useful predictive indicator of maternal nutrition during pregnancy and the likelihood of delivering LBW babies.
Effect of Composition on the Rheological Properties of (PC/ABS) and (PVDF/LDPE) Blends
Authors: Deri F. , Hamui M. , Al-Balaa Imad eddin , Hamad K. , Kaseem M. , Nessim Refaat I.
Published: December 2012

A series of blends of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) and Polycarbonate (PC) and another series of polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF, and low density polyethylene, LDPE, were prepared and characterized for some of their rheological properties.The blends of a series were prepared by mixing the components, with different weight % composition, in a molten state using Brabender Plastograph.Visco-elastic parameters were measured using the capillary rheometer (Melt Index 3/80). Die-swelling rate, (B), was determined for different composition samples and correlated with the end pressure drop, (ΔPend), the end correction, (e), the apparent shear rate, (ϒa), the apparent shear stress, (τa), and the length-radius ratio, (L/R). The effects of blending composition on the die-swell rate, (B), the end correction, (e), and the shear strain, (SR) were also studied for the prepared series of blends.
The Interaction Nature of Br-with 1-(4-Butylamino)-3-Methyl Imidazolium
Authors: Yang Lijuan , Sun Wei , He Baichuan , Zhang Dan
Published: December 2012

An ionic liquid (IL) interaction system of Br- with 1-(4-butylamino)-3-methyl imidazolium([Bamim]+) were investigated using B3LYP and MP2 methods at 6-311++G** level. Three possible stable geometry structures of this IL system were optimized. The energies of these three structures and ion-pair considering zero point energy (ZPE) and basis sets superposition energy (BSSE) correction were calculated. The results show that the interactions between ([Bamim]+) and Br- are mainly hydrogen bonds(H-bonds); the interaction energies between ion-pairs are larger than -350KJ/mol, which are far beyond those of H-bonds; the interaction nature of Br- with cation is studied based on natural bond orbital (NBO) calculation and the results show that the electrostatic attraction force plays a very important role in the interaction energy between ion-pair.
Composites of Enteric Polymer/Magnetite: Preparation and Application in Release Processes
Authors: Lima S.V. de , Oliveira H.P. de
Published: December 2012

The controlled release of drugs represents an interesting procedure applied in the minimization of side effects and in the therapeutic action of pharmacological molecules. With the aim of measuring the kinetics of release of aspirin dispersed in composite of an enteric polymer (Eudragit L-100) in the presence/absence of magnetic particles, we have considered the measurement of fluorescence as a convenient tool. The results indicate that rate of release and amount of dispersed drug in solution varies directly with the concentration of magnetite in the composite, as a consequence of strong interaction between components of microparticles.
Solubility of Fudosteine in Some Pure and Mixed Solvents from (278.15 to 308.15) K
Authors: Yan Fan-Yong , Wang Meng , Wen Jing-Yun , Fu Yang , Chen Li
Published: December 2012

The solubility of fudosteine has been determined in pure methanol, ethanol, water and in mixed solvents of methanol + water and ethanol+ water over the temperature range of (278.15 to 308.15) K at atmosphere pressure. The solubility is high in water, lower in ethanol. In the binary mixtures, the solubility of fudosteine increases with increasing concentration of water. The solubility of fudosteine increases with increasing temperature. The temperature dependence on the solubility data was well-correlated with the modified Apelblat equation, which could be used as a useful model for the purification process of fudosteine.
EXCESS MOLAR ENTHALPIES OF DIBROMOMETHANE + CYCLHEXANONE AND DICHLOROMETHANE + CYCLHEXANONE OR + PYRROLIDIN-2-ONE AT T =303.15 K
Authors: Tripathi Atri Deo
Published: December 2012

Excess molar enthalpies HE were measured using a microcalorimeter for binary liquid mixtures of dibromomethane (CH2Br2) + cyclohexanone, and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) + cyclohexanone or + pyrrolidin-2-one at T= 303.15 K. The values of HE are negative for all systems. The excess partial molar enthalpies of the components HEm,1 and HEm,2 were calculated from HE data. The results were interpreted in terms of specific interactions.
Interaction Energy Analysis for Drug-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Fujisawa Masao , Yasukuni Takanobu , Ikeda Hirohito , Yukawa Miho , Aki Hatsumi , Kimura Takayoshi
Published: December 2012

It is vital to elucidate the role of asymmetric intermolecular interactions resulting from the stereospecific structures of molecules in order to understand the mechanisms of chemical and biochemical reactions such as enzyme-substrate reactions, antigen-antibody reactions, etc. In order to reveal the mechanism of the inclusion phenomenon for b-cyclodextrin (CD)-ampicillin complexes and b-CD-ibuprofen complexes, binding free energies were determined using molecular mechanics/Poissonâ€“Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) analysis. To clarify the details of the interaction energies of these complexes, pair interaction energy decomposition analysis (PIEDA) was carried out. The direction of inclusion of drugs into b-CD cavities was clarified on the basis of results obtained using the above-mentioned methods.
Diffusion of PV in Japan and Germany-Role of Market-Based Incentive and Research and Development (R&D) Investment
Authors: Chowdhury Sanjeeda , Sumita Ushio
Published: December 2012

The goals of increasing the use of PV energy face significant obstacles. Regulatory requirements can be used to mandate the adoption of renewable energy, but market-based incentive mechanisms can also achieve the same results by inducing voluntary behavior from stakeholders. Variations in terms of both design and implementation of market-based incentives can have meaningful effects on the outcomes of incentive programs. We examine Japan and Germany in which PV energy accounts for a relatively high portion of total net electricity energy consumption. Germany FITs were originally linked to the spot electricity price, but a fixed tariff was adopted in 2000, and revised in 2004. A grant program also funds a portion of construction costs for new PV systems. The country has experienced rapid uptake of renewables over the past decade, making it a world leader in solar PV at the end of 2008. The purpose of this study is to analyze the PV diffusion in Japan and Germany during 1990-2011. Germany chooses an effective market-based incentive mechanism which is long term and more generous than Japanese incentive program. The termination of incentive policy is the main blocking factor of the decline of PV market in Japan.
New I-V Characteristics Scan-Type MPPT Control Method for PV Generation System
Authors: Itako Kazutaka
Published: December 2012

This paper proposes the new scanning interval control method in I-V characteristics scan-type MPPT control for a PV generation system. From the experimental results, it is clarified that even if the value of L is low, the set detecting interval can be assured regardless of difference of the solar radiation intensity, and that the new MPPT control offers outstanding effectiveness in partially shaded environments.
Modeling of Carbonated Metabolites Production by Clostridium butyricum W5 Under Anaerobic Conditions for Optimization of Hydrogen Metabolic Production
Authors: Diaz Valencia Andres Camilo , Garzon Fajardo Gustavo Adolfo , Sierra Vargas Fabio E. , Guerrero Fajardo Carlos A.
Published: December 2012

Hydrogen production has been one of the most studied problematics nowadays because of the worldwide needs of change in energy sources for daily use, industrial use and laboratory use. In addition, we can also mention the importance of this energy sources to be clean, self-sustainable and of course profitable for the industry, that is the reason why in this work we studied one of the most common hydrogen-producer microorganisms, Clostridium butyricum. This bacterial specie was chosen because it's metabolic pathways have been widely studied and it's an easy-obtainable microorganism present in almost any kind of anaerobic environment such as some zones of soil, human intestines and others, in addition to that, we can also mention some other species for hydrogen production: Kleibsella pneumoniae and Citrobacter freundii which can also be used for the modelation process and the industrial process of production. In this work we developed a process model about the metabolic pathways of C. butyricum in order to understand the hydrogen production process and reveal the points where it can be optimized. Mainly, the model was designed so it could predict the comportment of the process in the exponential phase of growth of the bacteria. Stoichiometric analysis was performed in order to create theoretical curves of the production of hydrogen and other metabolites. Part of the study was performed based in experimental results exposed by other authors, the model was developed in JMCAD ( an open-source software for complex dynamic system modeling based in Java. The predicted results are comparable with the experimental ones as it can be seen in the results section, the R² of all the curves was (near) to 0,97 so we could ensure a close relation with the reality. Some suggestions in order to maintain the exponential phase of growth in the cultures of C. butyricum are exposed and explained further in the article.
Predicting Energy Requirement for Cooling the Building Using Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Aggarwal R. K. , Sharma J. D. , Pathania Sunil
Published: December 2012

This paper explores total cooling load during summers and total carbon emissions of a six storey building by using artificial neural network (ANN). Parameters used for the calculation were conduction losses, ventilation losses, solar heat gain and internal gain. The standard back-propagation learning algorithm has been used in the network. The energy performance in buildings is influenced by many factors, such as ambient weather conditions, building structure and characteristics, the operation of sub-level components like lighting and HVAC systems, occupancy and their behavior. This complex situation makes it very difficult to accurately implement the prediction of building energy consumption. The calculated cooling load was 0.87 million kW per year. ANN application showed that data was best fit for the regression coefficient of 0.9955 with best validation performance of 0.41231 in case of conduction losses. To meet out this energy demand various fuel options are presented along with their cost and carbon emission.
Energy Generation from Osmotic Pressure Difference Between the Low and High Salinity Water by Pressure Retarded Osmosis
Authors: Wang Xu , Huang Zhongmai , Li Lei , Huang Shusheng , Yu Eileen Hao , Scott Keith
Published: December 2012

Osmosis is a natural phenomenon and exists widely from the salinity gradient between sea water and fresh water. This green energy can be captured using pressure retarded osmosis (PRO). A potential energy of 2.5 terawatts is available globally from rivers flowing into the sea. Membrane is the key component and it has been the main limitation for this technique. The most challenging problem is the internal concentration polarization (ICP) which reduces the water flux by up to 80 %. This paper reviews most critical and recent publications on membrane fabrication (e.g. composite membrane, hollow fibber membrane). Summary and perspectives will be given in order to prepare high performance membranes.
Traditional Fermentation and Distillation of Raffia Palm Sap for the Production of Bioethanol in Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Authors: Ohimain Elijah I. , Tuwon Patrick E. , Ayibaebi Ekiemene A.
Published: December 2012

The production of alcoholic beverages from the sap of raffia palm, Raphia hookeri, has continued for decades in West Africa, but the detailed processes had never been documented before. The objective of this study is to document the traditional process of ethanol production, with the aim of scaling up the process for the production of fuel ethanol. Ten smallholder ethanol production facilities were randomly selected, and triplicate samples of the process intermediates were collected and analysed, including fermented palm sap, first and second distillate, first and second stillage. Results show that the percentage of ethanol was significantly different (P<0.05) among the different intermediates. The highest ethanol presence was recorded in the second distillate (39-61.5%), followed by the first distillate (18.83-39%), then the first stillage (5.80-10.20%), the palm sap (10.50-15.30%) and finally the second stillage (3.40-5.80%).Yeast population, pH, sugar, specific gravity and electrical conductivity differed significantly among the various sites and intermediates. Wood (105-155kg) was used as fuel to boil 280-480L of fermented palm sap producing 20L of 39-61.5% ethanol. The smallholder processors are however challenged by the poor distillation apparatus and the lack of ethanol dehydration facilities. The study concludes by recommending the modification of the Nigerian Biofuel Policy (2007) to allow the use of hydrous ethanol in automobiles and low concentration ethanol for household cooking.
Chiral Separation of D,L-Mandelic Acid Using An Enantioselective Membrane Formed by Polycondensation of β-Cyclodextrin with 1,6-Diisocyanatohexane on A Polysulfone Membrane
Authors: Tian Fei-Yu , Zhang Jun- Hui , Duan Ai-Hong , Wang Bang-Jin , Yuan Li-Ming
Published: December 2012

An enantioselective composite membrane was prepared by polycondensation between β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) on a polysulfone support (PS) and a heptane solution of 1,6-diisocyanatohexane (1,6-DCH). The flux and permselective properties of the composite membrane were studied using an aqueous solution of D,L-mandelic acid as the feed solution. The influences of a number of parameters, such as the air-drying time of the β-CD solution on PS, the time of polymerization, the operating pressure and the feed concentration of the racemate, were studied. Chemical characterization was carried out using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and the top surface/cross-section was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that when using the enantioselective composite membrane for the optical resolution of the D,L-mandelic acid racemic mixture, an enantiomeric excess of over 85% could be obtained. The paper thus details, for the first time, how a poly(β-CD crosslinked with 1,6-DCH)/PS composite membrane can be used as an optical resolution membrane material to isolate the optical isomers of D,L-mandelic acid.
A Novel Time Lag Method to Measure the Permeation of Vapor-Gas Mixtures
Authors: Chen Jiahui , Loo Leslie S. , Wang Kean
Published: December 2012

A novel time lag method was proposed to study the permeation of gas mixtures or vapor-gas mixtures. This technology, which is based on the difference in the boiling points of the components, can simultaneously measure the mass transport properties of each component. The permeation of a binary mixture of H2O(v)/CO2 was measured on a composite polymer membrane to demonstrate the feasibility of the technology. The method is low-cost and convenient for the future study of the permeation/separation of such gas mixtures as natural gas, flue gas, etc.
Transport of Ions and Solvent Through a Nafion Membrane Modified with Polypyrrole
Authors: Xu Feina , Kameche Mostèfa , Innocent Christophe
Published: December 2012

The Nafion®117 membrane was modified chemically, using a conducting polymer pyrrole. The oxidants ferric chloride (PPy-Fe), hydrogen peroxide (PPy-O) and ammonium persulfate (PPy-S) were used to carry out the polymerization in the membrane both in aqueous and organic media. The Nafion® modified in the presence of the N-méthylformamide increases the transport of alkali and heavy metal cations and reduces considerably the transport of methanol both in diffusion and electro-osmosis. Therefore, the modified Nafion® membrane can be used successfully in electrodialysis of electrolyte solutions in both aqueous and hydro-organic media and may be regarded as a good material to use in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells.
Preparation and Characterization of PMMA and its Derivative via RAFT Technique in the Presence of Disulﬁde as a Source of Chain Transfer Agent
Authors: Li Juan , Jiang Ting-Ting , Shen Jiang-nan , Ruan Hui-Min
Published: December 2012

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were synthesized by using chain transfer agents(CTA), S-1-Dodecyl-S′-(α,α′-dimethyl-α-acetic acid) trithiocarbonate (MTTCD), S,S′-bis (2-hydroxyethyl-2′-dimethylacrylate) trithiocarbonate (BDATC), 2-cyanoprop-2-yl dithiobenzoate (CPDB) respectively, through the reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization under a range of synthesis conditions. The results indicated that the structure of the end-group of RAFT agents had signiﬁcant effects on the ability to control polymerization. Compared with MTTCD and CPDB, BDATC can provide better control over the relative molecular mass, distribution and polymerization of PMMA. The derived well-controlled block copolymer PMMA-b-PDMAEMA and PMMA-b-PDMAEA were also successfully prepared by using N, N-dimethylaminoethy acrylate (DMAEA) or N, N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) as the second monomer. The chemical composition and structure of the products were characterized by FTIR, 1HNMR, XRD and DSC. CO2 and N2 permeation performance of the PMMA-b-PDMAEA/PS composite membranes were tested at different pressure. The results showed that the resulted composited membrane had a CO2 permeation rate of 3.68×10-5cm3 (STP) cm-2s-1cmHg-1, a N2 permeation rate of 1.78×10-7 cm3 (STP) cm-2s-1cmHg-1 and an ideal CO2/ N2 selectivity of 206.6 at a feed gas pressure of 7.6 cmHg and 30 oC.
Membrane Fouling Potential of Secondary Effluent Organic Matter (EfOM) from Conventional Activated Sludge Process
Authors: Wei Chun-Hai , Amy Gary
Published: December 2012

Secondary effluent organic matter (EfOM) from a conventional activated sludge process was filtered through constant-pressure dead-end filtration tests with a sequential ultrafiltration (UF, molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 10k Dalton) and nanofiltration (NF, MWCO of 200 Dalton) array to investigate its membrane fouling potential. Advanced analytical methods including liquid chromatography with online carbon detection (LC-OCD) and fluorescent excitation-emission matrix (F-EEM) were employed for EfOM characterization. EfOM consisted of humic substances and building blocks, low molecular weight (LMW) neutrals, biopolymers (mainly proteins) and hydrophobic organics according to the sequence of their organic carbon fractions. The UF rejected only biopolymers and the NF rejected most humics and building blocks and a significant part of LMW neutrals. Simultaneous occurrence of cake layer and standard blocking during the filtration process of both UF and NF was identified according to constant-pressure filtration equations, which was possibly caused by the heterogeneous nature of EfOM with a wide MW distribution (several ten to several million Dalton). Thus the corresponding two fouling indices (kc for cake layer and ks for standard blocking) from UF and NF could characterize the fouling potential of macromolecular biopolymers and low to intermediate MW organics (including humics, building blocks, LMW neutrals), respectively. Compared with macromolecular biopolymers, low to intermediate MW organics exhibited a much higher fouling potential due to their lower molecular weight and higher concentration.
Controlled Release of Tramadol from Mixed Matrix Membranes
Authors: Donato L. , Barbaro G. , Drioli E. , Algieri Catia
Published: December 2012

In this work mixed matrix membranes (zeolite loaded) were prepared and tested as potential devices for the controlled release of tramadol hydrochloride. Due to the hydrophilic nature of the drug, a hydrophobic polymer (polydimethylsiloxane) was chosen for the membrane preparation. NaX zeolites was added to PDMS matrix as modulating agent with the aim to obtain a linear and adequate delivery of the drug in the time as required by the therapeutic needs of this opioid.
About the different investigated systems, the PDMS membrane containing 17 wt% of zeolite and 0.2 wt% of drug seems to be the most promising for application as transdermal device. Different mathematical models (Zero order, First order, Higuchi, Bhaskar, and Korsemeyer-Peppas) were used to interpret the drug release mechanism from the different Mixed matrix membranes. The experimental data showed good fit with three different models: Higuchi, Bhaskar and Korsemeyer-Peppas.
Performance of An Airlift Membrane Bioreactor Under Different Aeration Rates
Authors: Kazemzadeh-Afshar Mahsa , Sarrafzadeh Mohammad Hossein , Mehrnia Mohammad-Reza
Published: December 2012

The treatment of a synthetic oily wastewater in an airlift submerged membrane bioreactor (AMBR) has been studied. A flat sheet Kubota membrane has been used for this purpose in the reactor with a working volume of 19 L. The volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient, oxygen uptake rate, treatment efficiency and fouling intensity were investigated for various aeration rates (0.2, 0.5, 0.7 and 1 m3/h). Based on the results, a COD removal efficiency of more than 93% - even for the lowest aeration rate – is reported. However, increasing the aeration rate resulted in higher kLa and higher microbial activity. The high aeration intensity resulted in breakage of activated sludge flocs and hence reduction in mean flocs size and release of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). At an aeration intensity as high as 1m3/h, the maximum irreversible fouling was observed which is due to higher concentration of EPS and colloids that are the major foulants. Although the aeration may scour the membrane surface and avoid the formation of cake layer, it could induce more pore blocking fouling. In the studied range, the 0.7 m3/h is found to be the optimum aeration rate and the alteration of the aeration rate deteriorated the AMBR’s performance.
Mechanisms for Covalent Immobilization of Horseradish Peroxidase on Ion-Beam-Treated Polyethylene
Authors: Kondyurin Alexey V. , Naseri Pourandokht , Tilley Jennifer M. R. , Nosworthy Neil J. , Bilek Marcela M. M. , McKenzie David R.
Published: December 2012

The surface of polyethylene was modified by plasma immersion ion implantation. Structure changes including carbonization and oxidation were observed. High surface energy of the modified polyethylene was attributed to the presence of free radicals on the surface. The surface energy decay with storage time after treatment was explained by a decay of the free radical concentration while the concentration of oxygen-containing groups increased with storage time. Horseradish peroxidase was covalently attached onto the modified surface by the reaction with free radicals. Appropriate blocking agents can block this reaction. All aminoacid residues can take part in the covalent attachment process, providing a universal mechanism of attachment for all proteins. The native conformation of attached protein is retained due to hydrophilic interactions in the interface region. The enzymatic activity of covalently attached protein remained high. The long-term activity of the modified layer to attach protein is explained by stabilisation of unpaired electrons in sp2carbon structures. A high concentration of free radicals can give multiple covalent bonds to the protein molecule and destroy the native conformation and with it the catalytic activity. The universal mechanism of protein attachment to free radicals could be extended to various methods of radiation damage of polymers.
The Need for Development of New HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors in the Aftermath of Antiviral Drug Resistance
Authors: Wainberg Mark A.
Published: December 2012

The use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) involves combinations of drugs to achieve maximal virological response and reduce the potential for the emergence of antiviral resistance. There are two broad classes of reverse transcriptase inhibitors, the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Since the first classes of such compounds were developed, viral resistance against them has necessitated the continuous development of novel compounds within each class. This paper considers the NRTIs and NNRTIs currently in both preclinical and clinical development or approved for second line therapy and describes the patterns of resistance associated with their use, as well as the underlying mechanisms that have been described. Due to reasons of both affordability and availability, some reverse transcriptase inhibitors with low genetic barrier are more commonly used in resource-limited settings. Their use results to the emergence of specific patterns of antiviral resistance and so may require specific actions to preserve therapeutic options for patients in such settings. More recently, the advent of integrase strand transfer inhibitors represents another major step forward toward control of HIV infection, but these compounds are also susceptible to problems of HIV drug resistance.
The Impact of Primary Care: A Focused Review
Authors: Shi Leiyu
Published: December 2012

Primary care serves as the cornerstone in a strong healthcare system. However, it has long been overlooked in the United States (USA), and an imbalance between specialty and primary care exists. The objective of this focused review paper is to identify research evidence on the value of primary care both in the USA and internationally, focusing on the importance of effective primary care services in delivering quality healthcare, improving health outcomes, and reducing disparities. Literature searches were performed in PubMed as well as “snowballing” based on the bibliographies of the retrieved articles. The areas reviewed included primary care definitions, primary care measurement, primary care practice, primary care and health, primary care and quality, primary care and cost, primary care and equity, primary care and health centers, and primary care and healthcare reform. In both developed and developing countries, primary care has been demonstrated to be associated with enhanced access to healthcare services, better health outcomes, and a decrease in hospitalization and use of emergency department visits. Primary care can also help counteract the negative impact of poor economic conditions on health.
Detection of Microorganisms in Granulomas That Have Been Formalin-Fixed: Review of the Literature Regarding Use of Molecular Methods
Authors: Guarner Jeannette
Published: December 2012

Granuloma is an organized aggregate of immune cells that under the microscope appear as epithelioid macrophages. A granuloma can only be diagnosed when a pathologist observes this type of inflammation under the microscope. If a foreign body or a parasite is not observed inside the granuloma, stains for acid-fast bacilli and fungi are ordered since mycobacteria and fungi are frequently the cause of this type of inflammation. It is calculated that 12 to 36% of granulomas do not have a specific etiology and many have wondered if with new molecular methods we could reduce this number. This paper will summarize the frequently known causes of granulomas and will present the recent literature regarding the use of molecular techniques on tissue specimens and how these have helped in defining causative agents. We will also briefly describe new research regarding formation and function of granulomas and how this impacts our ability to find an etiologic agent.
The Impact of Ethnic-Immigrant Status and Obesity-Related Risk Factors on Behavioral Problems among US Children and Adolescents
Authors: Singh Gopal K. , Yu Stella M.
Published: December 2012

We examined the prevalence and correlates of parent-reported behavioral problems among immigrants and US-born children aged 6–17 years. The 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health was used to develop an 11-item factor-based behavioral problems index (BPI) and a dichotomous serious behavioral problems (SBP) measure. Logistic and least-squares regression and disparity indices were used to analyze differentials. BPI scores varied from 92.3 for immigrant Asian children to ≥102.4 for native Hispanic and Black children. The prevalence of SBP ranged from 2.9% for immigrant Asian children to 17.0% for native Black children. Children in most ethnic-immigrant groups had higher adjusted levels of behavioral problems than immigrant Asian children. Native Hispanic children, native and immigrant White children, immigrant Black children, and native Asian children had ≥3.0 times higher adjusted odds of SBP than immigrant Asian children. Lower socioeconomic status, obesity, physical inactivity, lack of sports participation, increased television viewing, and sleep disruption were associated with greater behavioral problems. Sociodemographic and behavioral factors accounted for 37.0% and 48.5% of ethnic-immigrant disparities in BPI and SBP, respectively. Immigrant children had fewer behavioral problems than native-born children. Policies aimed at modifying obesity-related behaviors and social environment may lead to improved behavioral/emotional health in both immigrant and native children.
A NovelABCA12Mutation in Two Families with Congenital Ichthyosis
Authors: Walsh D. M. , Shah S. H. , Simpson M. A. , Morgan N. V. , Khaliq S. , Trembath R. C. , Mehdi S. Q. , Maher E. R.
Published: December 2012

Autosomal recessive congenital ichthyosis (ARCI) is a rare genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by hyperkeratosis in addition to dry, scaly skin. There are six genes currently known to be associated with the disease. Exome sequencing data for two affected individuals with ichthyosis from two apparently unrelated consanguineous Pakistani families was analysed. Potential candidate mutations were analysed in additional family members to determine if the putative mutation segregated with disease status. A novel mutation (c.G4676T, p.Gly1559Val) inABCA12occurred at a highly conserved residue, segregated with disease status in both families, and was not detected in 143 control chromosomes. Genotyping with microsatellite markers demonstrated a partial common haplotype in the two families, and a common founder mutation could not be excluded. Comparison to previously reported cases was consistent with the hypothesis that severe loss of functionABCA12mutations are associated with Harlequin Ichthyosis and missense mutations are preferentially associated with milder phenotypes. In addition to identifying a possible founder mutation, this paper illustrates how advances in genome sequencing technologies could be utilised to rapidly elucidate the molecular basis of inherited skin diseases which can be caused by mutations in multiple disease genes.
MammaPrint Feasibility in a Large Tertiary Urban Medical Center: An Initial Experience
Authors: Espinel C. Francisco , Keating Shaughn , Hibshoosh Hanina , Taback Bret , Joseph Kathie-Ann , El-Tamer Mahmoud , Feldman Sheldon
Published: December 2012

Background. The MammaPrint (MP) diagnostic assay stratifies breast cancer patients into high- and low-risk groups using mRNA analysis of a 70-gene profile. The assay is validated for assessment of patients with estrogen receptor positive or negative tumors less than 5 cm with 3 or fewer malignant lymph nodes. TargetPrint (TP) is an assay for assessing estrogen, progesterone, and HER2-neu receptor status based on mRNA expression. A potential limitation of these assays is that they require an evaluation of fresh tissue samples. There is limited published experience describing MP or TP implementation.Methods. Over 10 months, 4 breast surgeons obtained samples from 54 patients for MP/TP analysis. The samples were analyzed by Agendia Labs. The tumors were independently evaluated for receptor status using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Retrospectively, we identified patients who were assessed by MP/TP during this period. Patients who underwent OncotypeDx evaluation were also identified.Results. Of the 54 patients receiving MP, 4 were found ineligible for MP risk assessment because >3 lymph nodes were found to be malignant. Out of all eligible patients, 14/50 (28%) had samples whose quantity of tumor was not sufficient for analysis (QNS). Out of eligible patients with tumors <1 cm, 7/8 (88%) had QNS samples. 7/42 with tumors ≥1 cm (17%) had QNS samples. Nine patients had discordant receptor results when evaluated by IHC versus. TP. Of patients who also underwent OncotypeDx testing, 6/14 (43%) had discordant results with MP.Conclusions. This study indicates that using MP/TP assay is feasible in a tertiary care center but there may be utility in limiting MP testing to patients with tumors between 1 and 5 cm due to high likelihood of uninformative results in subcentimeter tumors. Further study is needed to explore the discordance between oncotype and MP results.
rsEGFP2 enables fast RESOLFT nanoscopy of living cells
Authors: Grotjohann Tim , Testa Ilaria , Reuss Matthias , Brakemann Tanja , Eggeling Christian , Hell Stefan W , Jakobs Stefan
Published: December 2012

The super-resolution microscopy called RESOLFT relying on fluorophore switching between longlived states, stands out by its coordinate-targeted sequential sample interrogation using low light levels. While RESOLFT has been shown to discern nanostructures in living cells, the reversibly photoswitchable green fluorescent protein (rsEGFP) employed in these experiments was switched rather slowly and recording lasted tens of minutes. We now report on the generation of rsEGFP2 providing faster switching and the use of this protein to demonstrate 25–250 times faster recordings.
Nanoscopy at low light intensities shows its potential
Authors: Gould Travis J , Bewersdorf Joerg
Published: December 2012

A new form of green fluorescent protein allows super-resolution imaging to be performed faster on living cells with low radiation doses.
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Uso do sequenciamento de genes mitocondriais na identificação de espécies. DOI: 10.7902/ecb.v3i2.8
Authors: Da Silva Sabrina Alves , Kavalco Karine Frehner , Pazza Rubens
Published: December 2012

A identificação de espécies pode ser realizada por vários métodos, especialmente pela morfologia. No entanto, alguns tipos de produtos não podem ser identificados por métodos convencionais. Esse é o caso de filés de peixes que têm suas características morfológicas retiradas, dificultando a identificação da espécie proveniente. Este trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar o uso de sequenciamento de regiões do genoma para identificar espécies, utilizando como exemplo amostras de filé de salmão provenientes de mercados e peixarias. Foram adquiridas oito amostras de salmão em mercados, peixarias e restaurantes, das quais foi extraído e quantificado o DNA. Neste experimento, utilizou-se a região ATPase 6/8 do genoma mitocondrial para amplificação, sequenciamento e comparação. As sequências obtidas foram comparadas com aquelas existentes no GenBank através do programa “Blastn”. Observou-se que das oito amostras analisadas, duas não pertenciam à espécies de salmão e três são espécies silvestres ameaçadas de extinção. A técnica de sequenciamento de genes é uma ferramenta importante na defesa do consumidor, na fiscalização ambiental e em estudos de genética de conservação. 
Contrast Enhancement in Light Microscopy
Authors: Ernst Keller H. , Watkins Simon
Published: January 2013

The optical microscope is a fundamental component of an image cytometry system. This unit covers the basic concepts of light microscopy, including Köhler illumination, resolution, contrast, and numerical aperture, and reviews the many types of instruments and techniques for contrast enhancement. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 63:2.1.1‐2.1.9. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Traffic Congestion Management
Authors: Rouphail Nagui M.
Published: January 2013

The present Chapter represents a survey of the impact of traffic congestion management strategies on vehicular emissions and, by extension, on air quality. The study finds that the congestion management programs that are aimed at reducing overall vehicle emissions on a corridor or network generally fall into two classes: (1) those intended to restrict the demand or travel intensity of the transportation system and (2) those aimed at improving the operational performance of the transportation system. Although the literature contains a wealth of information on such effects, there is no general consensus in the transportation and environmental community on which tools are appropriate for what types of analysis, especially those at the corridor and local intersection levels. These models represent the state of the practice for developing emission inventories and control strategies at the regional or state levels, as part of the required state implementation plans (SIP) under the 1990 Federal Clean Air Act. Emerging EPA emission estimation paradigms exemplified by the MOVES model will, in the future, enable the analyst to carry out multiscale level analyses that are sensitive to regional as well as local transportation improvements.
Dimensions, Surfaces, and their Measurement
Authors: Groover Mikell P.
Published: January 2013

Dimensions are the linear or angular sizes of a component specified on the part drawing. Dimensions are important because they determine how well the components of a product fit together during assembly. The surfaces of a component are also important because they affect product performance, assembly fit, and aesthetic appeal that a potential customer might have for the product. This Chapter summarizes dimensions, tolerances, and surfaces‐three attributes specified by the product designer and determined by the manufacturing processes used to make the parts and products. Surface roughness values produced by the various manufacturing processes have been represented. Various conventional measuring instruments and gages have been discussed comprehensively which are used to evaluate dimensions such as length and diameter, as well as features such as angles, straightness, and roundness.
Force Measurement
Authors: Collins Patrick
Published: January 2013

An overview of force measurement is presented. After a brief historical survey, the principles and fundamental challenges of force measurement are outlined. Examples of commercially available force measurement transducers and techniques are then described in more detail, with emphasis placed on the wire/foil resistor strain gauge. Finally, force transducer calibration and measurement uncertainty is provided. A glossary of terms commonly used in force measurement is included.
Resistive Strain Measurement Devices
Authors: Tuttle Mark
Published: January 2013

The measurement of strain is a fundamental necessity in many engineering disciplines and related industries. Methods of measurement can be roughly grouped into two major categories: those based on the behavior of light and those based on electronic devices. The present Chapter discusses strain within the framework of continuum mechanics. The study finds that strain is essentially a description of the deformations that have occurred at a point in a solid body. Many different factors have been noticed that may cause deformation. A normal strain corresponding to an increase in length is called a tensile strain and is algebraically positive. Conversely, a normal strain corresponding to a decrease in length is called a compressive strain and is algebraically negative. The description of the deformation that is the strain, can be rotated from one coordinate system to another using the strain transformation equations. All the practical implications have been discussed comprehensively. Nowadays, the most widely used strain measurement device is certainly the resistance metal strain gage and are based on a phenomenon known as the piezoresistive effect. Various perspectives for the techniques such as Wheatstone bridge and liquid metal strain gages have been discussed comprehensively.