bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving the Quality of Care across All Settings
Authors: Bookbinder Marilyn , Arceo Romina , McDaniel James T.
Published: February 2019

This chapter provides perspectives on quality-based initiatives in the United States across healthcare settings and populations and describes their impact on patient, professional, and system outcomes. The authors discuss the need for quality improvement (QI) at end of life, QI principles, and the models, methods, and tools most frequently used. Also described are areas of national priority for improving end-of-life (EOL) care. A care-path for the end of life is used to illustrate a QI effort and the FOCUS_PDSA method and to encourage use of specific tools for improving EOL care, including respiratory distress, and a clinician assessment of EOL care using The Joint Commission (TJC) tracer methodology. The authors review the linkages between QI and practice changes in hospitals and hospices that ultimately lead to improved EOL care and close with examples of how nurses are providing leadership in the field of quality hospice and palliative care.
The Role of Nursing in Caring for Patients Receiving Palliative Surgery or Chemotherapy
Authors: Sun Virginia , Tittelfitz Tami , Hein Marjorie J.
Published: February 2019

Surgery and chemotherapy are common treatment modalities used to manage disease and symptoms in palliative settings where the disease is incurable. These treatment modalities can lead to deteriorations in a patient’s quality of life (QOL). The benefits of palliative surgery and chemotherapy should always focus on QOL, symptom control, and symptom prevention. The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the definition of palliative surgery and chemotherapy, describe common indications for surgery and chemotherapy for palliative treatment intent, and discuss the role of nursing in caring for patients who are receiving palliative surgery and chemotherapy.
Pediatric Hospice and Palliative Care
Authors: Battista Vanessa , LaRagione Gwenn
Published: February 2019

This chapter provides an overview of pediatric palliative care, which is a family-centered approach to multifaceted care that focuses on a child’s and family’s well-being along a physical, psychological, emotional, spiritual, and social continuum. Pediatric hospice is a necessary and unique part of comprehensive pediatric palliative care as it can be provided simultaneously with curative treatment through the provision of concurrent care. Pediatric palliative care is best delivered by an interdisciplinary team of healthcare professionals working together to effectively communicate with families, provide excellent pain and symptom management, and support children and families in making decisions that are best for them. The goal of pediatric palliative care is to relieve suffering and improve quality of life for everyone affected by the illness of the child, including siblings, parents, grandparents, other relatives, teachers, school friends, faith community, and neighbors, as well as the healthcare professionals involved in their care. Nurses who care for dying children and their families have a unique and essential role, and they need significant personal and professional support and opportunities for ongoing education, as well as for self-care and reflection. Pediatric hospice and palliative care is a rapidly developing field with many opportunities for growth and expansion.
Supporting Adolescents with a Parent in Hospice
Authors: Sheehan Denice , Stephenson Pamela , Mayo M. Murray , Cowan Diane Snyder , Hansen Dana
Published: February 2019

Adolescence is a period of intense, accelerated physical and psychological change. It is an especially difficult time for young people confronting the life-limiting illness and death of a parent. Loss of a parent is devastating to an adolescent and may result in both emotional distress and long-term functional impairment. By providing multiple avenues to encourage the expression and release of painful feelings, family members and clinicians can help adolescents cope more effectively with their grief and promote eventual acceptance and healing. To comfort and support grieving adolescents with a parent in hospice, an understanding of adolescent development, effective communication strategies, and spiritual awareness is helpful for family members and clinicians.
Nursing Research
Authors: Akard Terrah Foster , Hyden Karen , Jo Gilmer Mary
Published: February 2019

Palliative care nursing research aims to improve care for patients with life-threatening conditions and their families and includes physical, emotional, social, and spiritual domains. This chapter will help guide nurses and other healthcare providers in understanding the current state of nursing research and future directions. Published articles, information from leading palliative care and research organizations, and authors’ ongoing research were used to describe selected components of palliative care nursing research including (a) goals of palliative care research, (b) benefits and challenges in palliative care research, (c) priority research areas in palliative care, (d) palliative care funding source, and (e) preparation of a research proposal. Nurses are in ideal roles not only to provide palliative care at the bedside, but also to serve as leaders in research to advance the science of palliative care.
Global Palliative Care
Authors: LeBaron Virginia , Galassi Annette
Published: February 2019

Access to quality palliative care and pain relief is increasingly viewed as a fundamental human right, as evidenced by the landmark Palliative Care Resolution passed by the World Health Assembly in 2014. Despite this, millions of people around the world continue to suffer without access to palliative care services—especially if they are poor, members of minority or marginalized groups, or live in low- and middle-income countries. The aging of the world’s population, combined with the rising incidence of noncommunicable diseases and the uncertainty of new, emerging infectious diseases, make the need for universal access to quality palliative care a global imperative. All nurses, regardless of their role or where they practice, can play a critical part in palliative care at the global level through advocacy, training, research, cultural exchange, and mentorship and by advocating for vulnerable populations.
Burden Among Caregivers of Patients With Unique Sites of Cancer or Treatment and Comorbid Psychopathology
Authors: Kryzo-Lacomb Maria , Gray Tamryn F. , Bevans Margaret , George Login , Breitbart William S.
Published: February 2019

All cancer caregivers are at risk for various poor psychosocial and medical outcomes. Specific groups of caregivers, however, may be at unique risk for burden as a result of their loved one’s cancer or treatment. In this chapter, three such groups are reviewed: (a) caregivers of patients with brain tumors or neurocognitive sequelae of cancer/treatment; (b) caregivers of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; and (c) caregivers of patients with cancer and comorbid psychiatric disorders. Each section of this chapter includes a description of the unique experiences of these groups of caregivers, the patient or treatment-related factors that contribute to their experience of burden, and implications for research and practice that will allow more comprehensive support of these caregivers and prevent the poor psychosocial outcomes that are so well documented in the literature to date.
Infections and inflammatory conditions
Authors: Reynard John , Brewster Simon F , Biers Suzanne , Neal Naomi Laura
Published: February 2019

This chapter covers all topics relating to genitourinary tract infections, including basic science and relevant microbiology. The commonest clinical problem of urinary tract infection (UTI) or cystitis is covered in depth, including investigation and management of recurrent UTI. The role of antibiotics both for treatment of active UTI and as prophylaxis is reviewed, along with alternative preventative therapies such methenamine and intravesical drugs. Common acute and chronic infections such as pyelonephritis, prostatitis, and epididymitis, and acute urological emergencies including urosepsis, urethral abscess, sepsis, and Fournier’s gangrene are described. Important chronic conditions including bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis, ketamine bladder, phimosis, and inflammatory conditions of the penis are explained. Less common, but important, exam topics such as tuberculosis and parasite infections (schistosomiasis) of the urinary tract are covered, along with their adverse sequelae. The chapter also explores the essential and highly topical subjects of`antibiotic stewardship and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant organisms.
Stone disease
Authors: Reynard John , Brewster Simon F , Biers Suzanne , Neal Naomi Laura
Published: February 2019

Significant changes in the acute medical management updates of ureteric stones have occurred since the last edition, following publication in 2015 of the large randomized controlled trial SUSPEND from the UK which suggests that medical expulsive therapy (MET) may not be of any benefit for ureteric stones. Other than this, renal and ureteric stone management remains essentially unchanged.
Neuropathic bladder
Authors: Reynard John , Brewster Simon F , Biers Suzanne , Neal Naomi Laura
Published: February 2019

This chapter reviews the management of the various urological problems that individuals with neurological disorders (spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, spina bifida, after stroke) may experience, from incontinence, recurrent urinary tract infections, and hydronephrosis. Management of the neuropathic bladder remains much as it was at the time of the third edition of this handbook.
Responding to the demand for recognition of Mad identity
Authors: Rashed Mohammed Abouelleil
Published: February 2019

This chapter, “Responding to the demand for recognition of Mad identity,” addresses the following question: Does the demand for recognition of Mad identity possess normative force and, if it does, how should society respond to it? It begins by outlining the normative force of demands for recognition in general, and proceeds by applying this to the specific case of Mad identity. It explores three features of identities that can deflate a demand for recognition of its normative force: the identity for which recognition is demanded is trivial, morally objectionable, or irrational. The chapter then outlines a framework for responding to the demand for recognition of Mad identity, a framework informed by a range of political responses and attempts at reconciliation. Finally, the chapter develops the idea that Mad narratives are a broadening of our cultural repertoire as it pertains to madness, and that they can constitute a cultural form of societal adjustment—a cultural adjustment.
Overall prognosis research
Authors: Hemingway Harry , Croft Peter
Published: February 2019

Overall prognosis research concerns the description of average future outcomes of groups of people with a certain disease or health condition in the context, time, and setting of current healthcare. This chapter describes how overall prognosis is estimated among people with a defined health condition in relation to relevant health outcomes. Study design, from newly designed prospective cohorts to cohorts embedded in routine healthcare data, is discussed. The value of information derived from overall prognosis research for patients and for healthcare professionals, policymakers, and funders, is considered, particularly in relation to decision making in healthcare practice and to monitoring healthcare outcomes for policymaking. Wider roles of overall prognosis estimation in informing other types of prognosis research, the design and interpretation of treatment effectiveness studies, understanding the consequences of using new diagnostic tests, and identifying unintended benefits or harms of treatment, are described.
Prognostic model research
Authors: Riley Richard D , Moons Karel GM , Debray Thomas PA , Snell Kym IE , Steyerberg Ewout W , Altman Douglas G , Collins Gary S
Published: February 2019

Prognostic models combine multiple prognostic factors to estimate the risk of future outcomes in individuals with a particular disease or health condition. A useful model provides accurate predictions to support decision making by individuals and caregivers. This chapter describes the three phases of prognostic model research development (including internal validation), external validation (including model updating), and impact on decision making and individual health outcomes. Methodology is detailed for each phase, including the need for large representative datasets, methods to avoid or reduce overfitting and optimism, and the use of both discrimination and calibration to assess a model’s predictive performance. TRIPOD reporting guidelines are introduced. Emphasis is also given to the application of models in practice, including linking the model to clinical decisions using risk thresholds, and evaluating this using measures of net benefit, decision curves, cost-effectiveness analyses, and impact studies (such as randomized trials) to evaluate the effectiveness of models in improving outcomes.
Introduction
Authors: Haldipur C.V. , Knoll James L. , Luft Eric v.d.
Published: February 2019

The editors explain the general purpose and aims of this book, namely, to examine critically the legacy of Thomas Szasz in psychiatry and several other fields.
Conceptual models of normative content in mental disorders
Authors: Sadler John Z.
Published: February 2019

The idea that mental disorders are value-laden means that they harbor action-guiding meanings and are subject to praise or blame. This domain of values includes a specific kind of value—vice—which describes wrongful, immoral, or criminal thought or conduct (e.g., antisocial personality disorder, pedophilia, conduct disorder, intermittent explosive disorder). Vice-laden mental disorders are problematic because they imply that (1) psychiatrists police antisocial conduct; (2) vice-laden disorders contribute to stigmatizing mental illness; and (3) they generate incoherent social policy and programs that both intrude upon and neglect the “served” population and community welfare. With this background, this chapter addresses the ethical, practical, and political implications of these conditions; presents four models of normative content in vice-laden mental disorders (i.e., coincidental, moralization, medicalization, and mixed); assesses their “pros” and “cons” for public policy; and concludes with considerations for psychiatric and public policy in addressing social problems associated with vice-laden mental disorders.
Schizophrenia: Sacred symbol or Achilles heel?
Authors: Torrey E. Fuller
Published: February 2019

Pace Szasz, schizophrenia is a brain disease. Yet Szasz is correct that the medicalization of human follies has gone too far. Again pace Szasz, involuntary treatment is often necessary, when and if approved by laws, given certain diagnoses of abnormalities, and especially necessary in treating schizophrenics, largely because the disease impairs one’s ability to make rational decisions about one’s own welfare. Evidence from brain imaging and other neurological evidence shows that schizophrenics lose abilities to decide for themselves, just as sufferers from Alzheimer’s disease do. Moreover, Szasz himself believed that in certain instances, such as Alzheimer’s disease, involuntary treatment may be justified toward the end of achieving the best patient care.
Bringing psychopaths into the moral community: Reassessing agency cultivation and social participation
Authors: Ciaccio Marisola Xhelili
Published: February 2019

Manuel Vargas’s philosophical account of moral responsibility does not tell us how we ought to hold responsible those who lack capacities for detecting moral considerations, for self-governance, or both. This account problematically makes psychopaths seem to exist outside the moral community. The argument pursued in this chapter is, instead, that psychopaths are inside our moral community insofar as they participate in our interdependent social practices and their actions elicit reactions from us. We can make a strong case for holding them accountable for their specific harmful deeds. However, instead of asking whether we should hold psychopaths morally responsible, we could ask in what way they could be held morally responsible. Thus, the emphasis shifts from their inner psychology to their agency and social participation. This shift aligns with Szasz’s concerns with our approach to mental disorders, and furthers his proposal to transform psychiatry from speaking of illness and disease to speaking of agency and responsibility.
Mental illness is not a myth: Epistemic favoritism in research funding
Authors: Gupta Mona
Published: February 2019

Szasz noted that how we define mental illness determines ethical responses to those considered mentally ill. He insisted that mental illness cannot be a disease because disease must be grounded in pathophysiology, that what we call “mental illnesses” comprise “problems in living” and ought to be addressed through voluntary, confidential conversations between therapist and patient. Implicitly, perhaps unwittingly, psychiatric researchers have embraced Szasz’s quest to link clinical manifestations of mental illnesses to underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Preoccupation with the disease model has been accompanied by a lack of research interest in clinical psychiatric interactions. Many aspects of clinical practice are taken for granted without much conceptual or empirical substantiation. Researchers and clinicians know little about how or when habitual clinical practices ought to be used. Paradoxically, Szasz’s analysis may have pushed psychiatry to prove him wrong at the expense of knowledge that might enrich the very types of care that he supported.
Szasz’s legacy and current challenges in psychiatry
Authors: Schramme Thomas
Published: February 2019

Szasz’s legacy involves two issues in current psychiatry: First, he criticized the concept of mental illness. The DSM-5 debate shows that psychiatry still suffers from unresolved conceptual problems. The definition of the general concept of mental disorder remains unclear. Specific classificatory entities (e.g., autism spectrum disorder) are notoriously contested. Second, he criticized coercive psychiatric practice. Recent developments suggest an ongoing identity crisis of psychiatry as a medical institution. Psychiatry’s tasks are partly related to societal interests (e.g., dealing with dangerous persons). Two psychiatric forms of intervention are therapeutic coercion and compulsion to prevent harm to others. Whether the latter can be squared with therapeutic purposes is unclear. To justify paternalistic interventions such as therapeutic coercion is difficult. Hence, there is enormous pressure on psychiatry’s medical identity. Szasz asked the right questions, not necessarily providing the most convincing answers. Psychiatry would benefit from a thorough, less prejudiced assessment of his publications.
Cardiac Defects
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J.
Published: February 2019

This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, risk factors, genetics, family history, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of isolated and syndromic congenital cardiac anomalies, including septal defects, patent ductus, conotruncal defects, left ventricular outflow tracto obstruction, and congenital intracardiac tumors. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of various types of cardiac anomalies summarizes common causes, including teratogenic agents (pregestational diabetes, maternal phenylketonuria), chromosome anomalies (aneuploidy, recurrent microdeletions, and other copy number variants), and Mendelian disorders associated with multiple congenital anomalies. The chapter gives recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with a rhabdomyoma caused by tuberous sclerosis.
Cleft Palate
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J.
Published: February 2019

This chapter reviews background information about the incidence, risk factors, family history, sex ratio, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of isolated and syndromic cleft palate. Microforms of cleft palate including bifid uvula, submucous cleft palate, and nasal regurgitation are described. The discussion on the differential diagnosis of cleft palate summarizes its common causes, including teratogenic agents (alcohol, maternal diabetes, valproic acid), chromosome anomalies, and Mendelian disorders associated with malformations in other organ systems. The chapter provides recommendations for evaluation and management. A clinical case presentation features an infant with micrognathia, a cleft of the soft palate, and a retropositioned tongue and respiratory distress due to Pierre–Robin sequence.
Perinatal Arterial Stroke
Authors: Clark Robin D. , Curry Cynthia J.
Published: February 2019

This chapter reviews the incidence, risk factors, genetics, recurrence risk, and epidemiology of perinatal arterial stroke (PAS). This type of stroke is distinct from later stroke in the pediatric age group. This disorder is the most common cause of hemiplegic cerebral palsy and the frequency has remained stable despite advances in fetal monitoring and liberal use of cCesarean section. Fetal and maternal risk factors include post-dates, large and small fetal size, chorioamnionitis, and a prolonged second stage of labor. Neonatal seizures are the most common presenting sign in term newborns. The role of thrombophilic factors in causation is controversial. COL4A1 and COL4A2 variants may mimic PAS and testing for this cause should be considered. Follow up of PAS needs to be long term as neurologic and ophthalmologic sequelae can be delayed. The clinical case features a large for gestational age, macrocephalic infant with a perinatal arterial stroke.
The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
Authors: Wilson Carol
Published: February 2019

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, although in effect less than two decades, was one of the nation’s most controversial federal laws. Designed to provide southern slaveholders with greater assistance in the return of runaway slaves, it angered northern whites and blacks, divided communities, and yet still failed to assuage slaveholders’ concerns. Designed to calm sectional tensions as part of the Compromise of 1850, the law propelled the nation closer to war. Both the fugitive slave clause of the Constitution and the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 affirmed the rights of slaveholders to claim enslaved people who escaped into free states or territories. But enslaved people continued to seek freedom, and over time the number of those willing to aid them grew, eventually developing into the loosely organized network known as the Underground Railroad. Slaveholders, especially in the Upper South, annually lost an untold number of slaves to escape. Not all freedom-seekers were successful, but the costs were great nonetheless. To slaveholders, every escaped slave who made it North represented a loss of hundreds of dollars, and perhaps more importantly, spurred others to follow in his or her footsteps. Often associated with states’ rights ideology, white southerners demanded and eventually got what some scholars have called the greatest exercise of federal power before the Civil War. The enhanced federal Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 expanded on the earlier law in several important ways. It created a new position of commissioner who was appointed, not elected, and was paid ten dollars each time he sent an accused fugitive into slavery, only five dollars if he found the claim to be insufficient and ordered the accused released. The act also strengthened the penalties for helping fugitives escape or interfering with rendition; it explicitly stripped all rights from the accused; and stated that bystanders could be called upon to assist in slave recapture. Response to the law varied. Enslaved people continued to escape bondage. Fugitives living in the North and even free blacks felt threatened and organized for self-defense; thousands left for Canada. Abolitionists, black and white, protested in writing and speeches; some engaged in bold rescues of individuals claimed as fugitives. Many white northerners abided by the law, although for others the idea of being turned into de facto slave catchers pushed them toward opposition. Rather than settle the issue of fugitive slaves, the Law served to divide the nation further.
Classical Architecture in Renaissance and Early Modern Europe
Authors: Stenhouse William
Published: February 2019

The early modern period (here defined as 1400–1600 ce) holds a fundamental position in the reception of classical architecture. It was in this period, for the first time since Antiquity, that architects studied classical buildings in order to assimilate ancient building techniques. It was also in this period that humanist philologists edited, translated, and commented on the text of the Roman architectural writer Vitruvius, providing scholars and architects with an example of a theoretical treatise on building. Connected with these two developments, it is in early modern period that we can first identify efforts to graphically record evidence of ancient buildings’ appearance. These endeavors are part of what we know as the European Renaissance, the wider cultural movement dedicated to the understanding and emulation of classical Antiquity. It is important to note that this was usually a practical endeavor: humanist scholars studied Antiquity in order not simply to replicate its achievements, but to adapt them to the needs of the present. It is therefore vital to contextualize the records that we have for the reception of classical architecture: plans of buildings from the period should not be seen as analogous to archaeological surveys, but representations made for particular ends; ancient buildings were reproduced in print for the first time in the Renaissance, but the requirements of the new medium, as well as the audience for new books, shaped how they appeared. This bibliography aims to provide the tools to allow that contextualization. There is no general guide to these developments. Archaeologists who have looked at this period have usually examined individual buildings and sites, placing early modern developments in a wider context. For historians of architecture, the Renaissance has long been a well-studied field, in which responses to classical architecture are a defining (if not the defining) feature, though the surveys of Renaissance architecture they have produced have tended, understandably, to concentrate on buildings made in response to the antique. Rome was the main site where Renaissance scholars and architects went to study ancient buildings, and as a result most modern scholarship has focused on responses to buildings in the city, although there are valuable contributions on southern France. Renaissance scholars read about Greek buildings in Roman writers, and puzzled over Greek terms, but few traveled to the eastern Mediterranean; an important exception is Ciriaco d’Ancona, in the first half of the 15th century.
Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī
Authors: Hamdeh Emad
Published: February 2019

Muḥammad Nāṣir al-Dīn al-Albānī (1914–1999) was one of the most influential Salafi scholars in the 20th century. He sought to reform Islam by requiring Muslims to return a puritanical and literalist approach toward scripture. Albānī moved from Albania to Damascus with his family as a child, and his father became a leading Ḥanafī scholar in the Albanian Muslim community in Syria. From a young age, Albānī disagreed with his father and the Albanian Ḥanafī community. He rejected their allegiance to the Ḥanafī school of law and instead advocated a strict adherence to the Qurʾān and Sunna. His scholarly career was full of tug-of-war battles with traditional jurists over the validity of following a madhhab and particular principles of Islamic legal theory. His legal scholarship contains many unconventional opinions, and he was therefore taken most seriously in the field of ḥadīth, not fiqh. A distinctive aspect of Albānī’s legacy is his constant effort to reevaluate the authenticity of ḥadīth. He sifted through thousands of ḥadīths and reevaluated them using traditional ḥadīth methodology.
Philippa Foot
Authors: Mylonaki Evgenia
Published: February 2019

Philippa Foot (b. 1920–d. 2010) is one of the leading philosophers of 20th-century analytic philosophy. Her two collections of essays and her one monograph include important contributions to debates concerning the objectivity of morality, the meaning of moral terms, the logical status of moral judgments, the nature of practical rationality, the place of human action and reason in nature, the limitations of consequentialism, the rationality of justice and morality, the connection between virtue and happiness, the relation between reasons and desires, the character and the pervasiveness of moral dilemmas, the threat of immoralism, etc. But the contribution of her work extends past these interventions in discussions that were already underway. Foot’s thought was part of what reoriented the focus of analytic philosophy from a partial view of morality as a system of rules concerning the relation between individuals and between individuals and society to a wider view of the human good as what it is to be good at being at work in being human. Her contribution to this shift in analytic philosophy was often overlooked (hence the scarce exegetic literature on her work) or misunderstood. When it was misunderstood, her thought contributed to the rise of the virtue-ethics alternative to the utilitarian and deontological normative ethical theories. But when it was properly appreciated, it contributed to the emergence of neo-Aristotelianism in practical philosophy in general (life, action, rationality, normativity, etc.). The substance of Foot’s philosophy is Aristotelian: her exploration of the human good through the lenses of the virtues, her conception of the human virtues as forms of goodness which don’t depart logically from forms of goodness in plant and animal life, and her account of practical rationality as the cognitive element of the virtues. The spirit in which she does philosophy is Wittgensteinian: her treatment of moral subjectivism by constantly bringing attention back to the grammar of moral concepts, as well as the construal of her positive view concerning the human good in terms of the nature of the representation of that good; especially in her later work. Given her wide-ranging contribution to philosophy, it is a shame that Philippa Foot is largely known for thought experiments such as the Trolley Problem. Luckily, excellent recent systematic and exegetic philosophy on her work is promising to correct this unfortunate circumstance.
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Authors: Kamra Sukeshi
Published: February 2019

Bal Gangadhar Tilak (b. 1856–d. 1920) has been one of the Indian freedom movement’s more contentious leaders. Debates then as now have focused on questions about his brand of Hinduism, his views on violence and its relationship with history, and his involvement in the nationalist movement and the politics of identity. Questions asked are: Was he a Hindu revivalist and an anti-Muslim Hindu, or was he misinterpreted patriotic nationalist? Was he an orthodox Hindu, antisocial and antigender reform, or was he against the legislating of reform by the colonial government? Was he supportive of revolutionary violence or a pragmatist looking to historical circumstance for explanations for the presence of violence in colonial India? How do we write him into the history of the nationalist movement, as originator of a program of action that later proved powerful (boycott, swadeshi, national education, passive resistance), as a divisive figure, or both? Tilak’s many speeches and editorial articles in papers started by him for the political education of the public (the Marathi language Kesari, and the English language Mahratta, both established in 1881) have been scrutinized and argued over by both sides of the divide. Tilak is associated most, in public memory, with his famously defiant statement “Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it,” and he is generally considered to be the first to realize the importance of a mass resistance movement. In his time, that is, he was lionized for his defiance of the colonial law on sedition both inside the courtroom and outside, starting in 1897, the year in which he was first charged with sedition. Poetry, songs, posters, drama, and essays transformed him into a nationalist icon in the world of popular nationalism. Tilak was written about much in his own time and in the decades following independence, when nationalist historiography emerged as a genre. The first contemporaneous works to be written on him were biographies, hagiographies, poetry, essays, and song lyrics, all intended to inspire and politicize the colonized. In the decades since India gained its independence, Tilak’s role in the freedom movement, his views on social reform and ideological platform, as these played out in the political arena of nationalist India, have dominated historiography, in no small part due to the Hindu right’s appropriation of Tilak for their version of nationalist historiography. Much of the Hindu right’s revisionary history is in Marathi, the language in which Tilak wrote extensively and in which Tilak scholarship features prominently, but Marathi scholarship is not represented in this entry. Finally, it is worth noting that Tilak’s research and writing of Hindu cultural pasts has not attracted nearly as much attention in English language scholarship as have his political and social views except as it has a bearing on his politics.
Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Vemsani Lavanya
Published: February 2019

Andhra Pradesh is located in the middle region (Madhyadesha) of India, on the southeastern side, with the long coastline of the Indian Ocean on its eastern border. Due to the presence of its long coastline, Andha Pradesh played a central role in the trade between the East and the West. Andhra Pradesh was the emporium between India and Southeast Asia, and brisk trade also flourished with the Roman Empire via the Red Sea. Linguistic, religious, and social connections have been traced between Andhra Pradesh and Indian Ocean regions since prehistoric times, with increased trade recorded at the turn of the first millennium. Archaeologists have outlined sea routes that fostered trade links between the ports of Andhra Pradesh and the Red Sea ports of Saudi Arabia and Africa (Oman, Yemen, and Ethiopia), connecting it to the Mediterranean Sea trade with the Roman Empire. Hence, it is no surprise that the concept of middle finds unique expression in its language, religion, and culture. Its language is a unique blend of Prakrit (desi) with Sanskrit and Dravidian words. Madhyamikavada (the Middle Way) of Buddhism was founded by Acarya Nagarjuna, who was closely associated with Nagarjuna University at Sriparvata in Nagarjuna Konda. The lord of the middle, Narasimha, is the supreme deity of Andhra Pradesh; Narasimha was also declared as the state deity of Telangana upon its formation in June 2014. This unique Telugu culture was the central reason for Andhra Pradesh to have been established as the first linguistic state of independent India in 1953 (reorganized in 1956 with Telangana). However, Andhra Pradesh existed as a unified state of Telugus for less than three-quarters of a century until 2014, when it was divided into two states, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. This article is titled “Andhra Pradesh”; hence, even though this article refers to Andhra Pradesh frequently, the reference is inclusive of Telangana for all the information discussed. Although the core of the Andhra Pradesh region is located between the valleys of the Krishna and the Godavari Rivers, its borders remained flexible historically, extending as far north as Sanchi (Satavahana era) and as far south as Tanjavur (Chalukya era). However, this region emerged as a distinct state corresponding to its modern borders only during the premodern era, when the Mughal Subedars founded the Hyderabad state in southcentral India, with their capital at Hyderabad.
Natural Fluvial Ecohydraulics
Authors: Pasternak Gregory B.
Published: February 2019

Ecohydraulics is the study of the mechanisms that explain hierarchically nested aquatic and riparian biotic phenomena. Mechanisms are sequential actions that can be physical, biological, or an interaction between the two. Biotic phenomena consist of individual, population, and community-level conditions, behaviors, and interactions. Hierarchical nesting means that phenomena are present across a wide range of spatial scales: from the smallest fluid continuum scale to the scale of the entire Earth. Many ecohydraulic studies prominently address scaling. Under this definitional framework and given the widespread occurrence of water on Earth, ecohydraulics is the “proximal” science mediating the influence of “distal” landscape drivers (e.g., climate, geology, and topography). Historically, scientists discovered empirical correlations relating biotic conditions to both proximal and distal abiotic variables. However, when such results are applied to practical societal problems (e.g., stream barrier passage, habitat rehabilitation, and flow regime specification), the accuracy and specificity is insufficient to solve them. That has led to widespread recognition of the need for a mechanistic understanding culminating in predictive numerical models. Driven by such necessity, physical and biological scientists and engineers have formed multidisciplinary teams to work out how water and biota interact. Through its marriage of conceptual understanding with quantitative analysis, ecohydraulics is playing a central role in methodological advancements to objectively, transparently, and repeatably explain biotic phenomena at multiple spatial scales. Students involved in ecohydraulics are part of an emerging interdisciplinary generation identifying more with problem-oriented applied science that responds to societal needs to solve specific ecological problems than disciplinarians driven by curiosity and traditional socio-scientific pathways. Nevertheless, it goes too far to conclude that ecohydraulics is nothing more than the application of other sciences, with no basic developments of its own. Necessity often motivates ecohydraulicists to undertake novel experiments revealing fundamental discoveries. As a result, a reasonable distinction can be made between basic ecohydraulics for studying natural phenomena and applied ecohydraulics for rehabilitating degraded phenomena. This annotated bibliography is the first of two spanning ecohydraulics, and it tackles the former, while the second addresses the latter. Due to space limitations, this article is narrowed to natural fluvial ecohydraulics. Within this domain, there are five essential topics: environmental fluid mechanics, flora ecohydraulics, fluvial habitat, faunal ecohydraulics, and fish migration. Finally, space limitations further limit the scope to an emphasis on observational studies over numerical modeling.
Psychology and Foreign Policy
Authors: Stein Janice
Published: February 2019

The use of psychological concepts to explain the behavior of individuals and groups that shape foreign policy is centuries old. Thucydides in his great History of the Peloponnesian War explored the impact of the fear of decline on leaders’ decisions to go to war. Barbara Tuchman in The Guns of August demonstrated how misperception and miscalculation by leaders in the summer of 1914 led to an accidental war that no leader wanted or expected. During and after World War II, political scientists began to draw systematically on psychological concepts to explain foreign policy behavior. Scholarship advanced when the International Society of Political Psychology was founded in 1978 along with a specialized journal, Political Psychology. Early scholarship focused on leaders’ personalities and their impact on the foreign policy choices they made, with special attention devoted to decisions to go to war or make peace. A second wave of scholarship drew on the work of cognitive psychologists who had identified heuristics and biases to explore the impact of the way leaders thought on the foreign policy decisions that they made and examined pairs of interacting leaders to explain spirals of escalation. Scholars mined cognitive psychology to explore decisions to cooperate or compete, the success and failure of deterrence and compellence, and bargaining and signaling behavior by leaders. A third wave of scholarship drew on psychological research on emotion and examined how the emotional states of leaders influenced foreign policy choices. Scholars moved beyond leaders to study elite and group attributes to explain foreign policy behavior. In doing so, they confronted the central problem of aggregation; cognition and emotion are embedded in the individual. When they move to explain group behavior, scholars deepened psychological concepts by adding a broader social dimension to the analysis. Research in the last decade situates feeling and thinking in a larger social and cultural context in a more contextualized explanation of foreign policy behavior. Research is increasingly multidisciplinary, drawing on neuroscience, evolutionary biology, evolutionary psychology, and behavioral economics to explain foreign policy behavior.
Conflict Management in the Middle East
Authors: Ghosn Faten
Published: February 2019

Although the Middle East is a dynamic region that has witnessed countless endeavors dealing with managing, resolving, and preventing conflicts from even emerging, most of the mainstream academic and policy focus has been on the Arab-Israeli peace process, in general, and the strategies of negotiation and mediation, in particular. This article goes beyond the dominant strategies of conflict management and the singular stress on the Arab-Israeli conflict by focusing on the different types of mechanisms available for actors in dealing with their conflict, including track-two diplomacy, the role of culture and gender in conflict management, and, last but not least, the emerging interest in the nuclear negotiations with Iran.
Leadership Personality Characteristics and Foreign Policy
Authors: Winter David G.
Published: February 2019

When wars are declared or avoided, crises created or resolved, or peace and cooperation flourish instead of destruction and terrorism, diplomats, journalists, and the public often explain them as resulting from personality (and other psychological) characteristics of individual actors. Academic analysts, however, are trained in situational, structural, and historical perspectives and thus are skeptical of such explanations. After all, without the German defeat in World War I and the later support of rich industrialists, Adolf Hitler might well have remained a failed artist, living in poverty in Vienna. Even his racial policies echoed themes common in 19th-century German thought. On the other hand, Robert Kennedy once remarked that during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis, US president Kennedy’s close advisors were “bright, able, dedicated . . . probably the brightest kind of group that you could get together under those circumstances”; then adding ominously that “if six of them had been President of the US, I think that the world might have been blown up.” Systematic academic study of leaders’ personalities and foreign policy charts a course between these two perspectives: in novel, ambiguous, complex, unstable, or conflicted situations, leaders can have important effects on foreign policy processes and outcomes—through their goals, impulsivity versus thoughtfulness, styles of seeking and interpreting “information,” and emotional responses to symbols. The psychological concept of “personality” includes several different kinds of “variables” or dimensions of individual difference: traits or consistencies of style; cognitions or beliefs, values, cognitive complexity, heroes, and self-concept; motives or goals conscious and nonconscious (or implicit). Underlying these three aspects of personality, however, are social contexts (culture, social class, history, gender, family structure, religion, institutions), which reflect past influences on personality development and present channels through which the other aspects are expressed. Since political leaders are not usually available for assessment with the usual tools and instruments of personality psychology, analysts must rely on alternative techniques, such as psychologically oriented interpretations of known biographical facts, systematic content analysis of verbal or written texts (speeches, interviews, written works, etc.), or assembling pooled judgments of experts or historians. Many of the case studies and more systematic research cited in this bibliography focus on leaders’ personalities rather than their foreign policies. Armed with an understanding of the elements of personality, however, researchers can readily extrapolate from the research literature to understand and predict foreign policy behaviors.
Collective Memory
Authors: Simko Christina
Published: February 2019

Collective memory encompasses both the shared frameworks that shape and filter ostensibly “individual” or “personal” memories and representations of the past sui generis, including official texts, commemorative ceremonies, and physical symbols such as monuments and memorials. Sociological work on collective memory traces its origins to Émile Durkheim and his student, Maurice Halbwachs. In the United States, the contemporary sociology of memory coalesced in the 1980s and 1990s, after Barry Schwartz brought renewed attention to Durkheim’s focus on commemoration as well as Halbwachs’s interest in how the past is reconstructed in the present, in the service of present needs, interests, and desires. Though this line of research initially emphasized heroic pasts—particularly national commemorations that bolstered state legitimacy with reference to triumphant episodes—scholars quickly began to address the ways that collectivities grapple with “difficult pasts,” or episodes that evoke shame, regret, and/or dissensus, and that threaten to “spoil” national identity. What is the relationship between memory and forgetting, and related concepts such as silence and denial? Can the increasingly pervasive language of “trauma” help us understand the current preoccupation with difficult pasts in both scholarly literature and public culture? More recently, scholars have critiqued the field’s overwhelming focus on national memory from two angles. First, studies of micro-level memories have revived Halbwachs’s initial interest in the social frameworks that structure (seemingly) individual memories. Second, globalization facilitates connectedness and identification beyond and/or outside of national frames of reference, and thus scholars have pointed to the emergence of “cosmopolitan” memories that create community and solidarity beyond and outside formal political borders.