bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do we need dependent types?
Authors: FRIDLENDER DANIEL , INDRIKA MIA
Published: July 2002

This pearl is about some functions whose definitions seem to require a language
with dependent types. We describe a technique for defining them in Haskell or ML,
which are languages without dependent types.

Consider, for example, the scheme defining zipWith in figure 1. When this scheme
is instantiated with n equal to 1 we obtain the standard function map. In practice,
other instances of the scheme are often useful as well.

Figure 1 cannot be used as a definition of a function in Haskell because of the
ellipses ‘...’. More importantly, the type of zipWith is parameterized by n, which
seems to indicate the need for dependent types. However, as mentioned above,
Haskell does not allow dependent types.
Modular lazy search for Constraint Satisfaction Problems
Authors: NORDIN THOMAS , TOLMACH ANDREW
Published: July 2002

We describe a unified, lazy, declarative framework for solving constraint satisfaction problems,
an important subclass of combinatorial search problems. These problems are both
practically significant and computationally hard. Finding solutions involves combining good
general-purpose search algorithms with problem-specific heuristics. Conventional imperative
algorithms are usually implemented and presented monolithically, which makes them hard
to understand and reuse, even though new algorithms often are combinations of simpler
ones. Lazy functional languages, such as Haskell, encourage modular structuring of search
algorithms by separating the generation and testing of potential solutions into distinct functions
communicating through an explicit, lazy intermediate data structure. But only relatively
simple search algorithms have been treated this way in the past. Our framework uses a generic
generation and pruning algorithm parameterized by a labeling function that annotates search
trees with conflict sets. We show that many advanced imperative search algorithms, including
conflict-directed backjumping, backmarking, minimal forward checking, and fail-first dynamic
variable ordering, can be obtained by suitable instantiation of the labeling function. More
importantly, arbitrary combinations of these algorithms can be built by simply composing
their labeling functions. Our modular algorithms are as efficient as the monolithic imperative
algorithms in the sense that they make the same number of consistency checks, and most
of our algorithms are within a constant factor of their imperative counterparts in runtime
and space usage. We believe our framework is especially well-suited for experimenting to find
good combinations of algorithms for specific problems.
A foundation for actor computation
Authors: AGHA GUL A. , MASON IAN A. , SMITH SCOTT F. , TALCOTT CAROLYN L.
Published: July 2002

We present an actor language which is an extension of a simple

functional language, and

provide an operational semantics for this extension. Actor configurations

represent open

distributed systems, by which we mean that the specification of an actor
system

explicitly

takes into account the interface with external components. We study the

composability of

such systems. We define and study various notions of testing equivalence
on

actor expressions

and configurations. The model we develop provides fairness. An important
result

is that the

three forms of equivalence, namely, convex, must, and may equivalences,
collapse

to two in

the presence of fairness. We further develop methods for proving laws of

equivalence and

provide example proofs to illustrate our methodology.
Leftmost outside-in narrowing calculi
Authors: IDA TETSUO , NAKAHARA KOICHI
Published: July 2002

We present narrowing calculi that are computation models of
functional-logic programming
languages. The narrowing calculi are based on the notion of the leftmost
outside-in reduction
of Huet and Lévy. We note the correspondence between the narrowing and
reduction derivations, and define the leftmost outside-in narrowing derivation.
We then give a narrowing
calculus OINC that generates the leftmost outside-in narrowing derivations.
It consists of
several inference rules that perform the leftmost outside-in narrowing. We prove
the completeness of OINC using an ordering defined over a narrowing derivation
space. To use the
calculus OINC as a model of computation of functional-logic programming,
we extend OINC
to incorporate strict equality. The extension results in a new narrowing
calculus, s-OINC. We
show also that s-OINC enjoys the same completeness property as OINC.
Shrinking lambda expressions in linear time
Authors: APPEL ANDREW W. , JIM TREVOR
Published: July 2002

Functional-language compilers often perform optimizations

based on beta and delta reduction.

To avoid speculative optimizations that can blow up the code

size, we might wish to use

only shrinking reduction rules guaranteed to make the program

smaller: these include dead-variable elimination, constant

folding, and a restricted beta rule that inlines only functions

that are called just once. The restricted beta rule leads to

a shrinking rewrite system that

has not previously been studied. We show some efficient

normalization algorithms that are

immediately useful in optimizing compilers; and we give a

confluence proof for our system,

showing that the choice of normalization algorithm does not

affect final code quality.
Evaluation of a Web-based language learning environment: the
importance of a user-centred design approach for CALL
Authors: HÉMARD DOMINIQUE , CUSHION STEVE
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a twelve-month evaluation of a Web-based
CALL Project at London Guildhall University, highlighting its rationale and
objectives within the design process, the adopted methodology and its findings,
shedding further light on students’ attitudes regarding CALL design,
multimedia delivery and language learning practices. The evaluated CALL
environment, stemming from previously identified user requirements, combines
both hypertext navigation with Java-written interactive CALL exercises and
provides a built-in authoring mode for increased adaptability. Techniques used
involved peer evaluation and discussions in the formative stages of the design as
well as user walkthroughs, questionnaires and workshops in the summative phase of
the process. Data related to requirements and feedback are presented, emphasising
the user-centred approach and its integration within the design process itself.
Finally, changes brought about by the evaluation are shown to illustrate the
influence and impact the research undertaken has had on the original concepts and
the design.
Aging and spinal cord injury
Authors: El-Masry WS , Haboubi NHJ
Published: July 2002

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophe that affects the individual, the
partner, the family and the community. Society is involved in the broader sense,
in the funding of the treatment and long-term support of individuals with SCI. SCI
causes complex medical, physical, psychological, social and financial interactions.
Although the physiological impairment following a SCI typically affects the locomotor
and sensory systems, there is nearly always a resulting dysfunction that affects
most bodily systems. Both the multi-system physiological impairment/dysfunction and
non-medical aspects of SCI remain in a dynamic state for the rest of the individual’s
life. This means that lifelong treatment and monitoring is required by
a dedicated multidisciplinary/interdisciplinary team of health and social care professionals.
Substance misuse and dependence: older people deserve better services
Authors: Crome Ilana B , Day Ed
Published: July 2002

It is not easy to establish with any confidence the prevalence of drug misuse in older people. The issue is confounded by variations in definition of what constitutes ‘elderly’ and ‘drug misuse’, and by the types of sample used (Tables 1 and 2). There are few large-scale studies in the UK, and much of the information has been extrapolated from the American findings. The available information can be organized into four main areas:
Contemporary Right-Wing Radicalism in Europe
Authors: BETZ HANS-GEORG
Published: July 2002

Herbert Kitschelt in collaboration with Anthony J. McGann, The Radical Right in Western Europe. A Comparative Analysis (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995), 323 pp., $49.50, ISBN 0-472-10663-5.

Peter Merkl and Leonard Weinberg (eds.), The Revival of Right Wing Extremism in the 90s (London: Frank Cass, 1997), 304 pp., £18.50/$24.50, ISBN 0-714-64207-X.

Urs Altermatt and Hanspeter Kriesi, L'Extrême droite en Suisse. Organisations et radicalisation au cours des années quatre-vingt et quatre-vingt-dix (Fribourg: Les Éditions Universitaires, 1995), 293 pp. (pb.), SFr. 42.00, ISBN 2-827-10727-9.

Mike Cronin (ed.), The Failure of British Fascism. The Far Right and the Fight for Political Recognition (London: Macmillan, 1996), 182 pp. (hb.), £35.00, ISBN 0-333-58438-4.

Gerhard Feldbauer, Von Mussolini bis Fini. Die Extreme Rechte in Italien (Berlin: Elefanten Press, 1996), 224 pp. (pb.), DM 29.40, ISBN 3-885-20575-0.

Helmut Reinalter, Franko Petri and Rüdiger Kaufmann (eds.), Das Weltbild des Rechtsextremismus. Entsolidarisierung und Bedrohng der Demokratie. Gesellschaftliche Bedingungen, Strukturen und Wirkungen rechtsextremen Denkens (Innsbruck/Vienna: Studienverlag, 1998), 576 pp., DM 82.00, ISBN 3-706-51258-0.

Tore Bjørgo, Racist and Right-Wing Violence in Scandinavia: Patterns, Perpetrators, and Responses (Oslo: Tano-Aschehoug, 1997), 386 pp., Kr 298.00, ISBN 8-251-83665-4.

Jeffrey Kaplan and Tore Bjørgo (eds.), Nation and Race: The Development of a Euro-American Racist Subculture (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1998), 273 pp. (pb.), £19.00, ISBN 1-555-53331-0.
Progesterone interaction with sperm plasma membrane, calcium influx and induction of the acrosome reaction
Authors: Bray Christopher , Brown Jackson CK , Publicover Steve , Barratt Christopher LR
Published: July 2002

In contrast to the classic action of steroid hormones through cytoplasmic/nuclear receptors, there is an accumulating body of data which strongly suggests that they have a direct effect on cells mediated through putative membrane receptors, a so-called non-genomic action. Although such non-genomic effects were discovered 50 years ago it is only in the last 15 years that the subject has become an area of intense research.
Patient Autonomy and Social Fairness
Authors: COHEN JOSHUA
Published: July 2002

In this paper, an attempt is made to give patient
autonomy added conceptual clarity. A concept of patient
autonomy grounded in both negative and positive freedoms
is defended. Amartya Sen's capabilities approach is
used as a conceptual framework in which patient autonomy
and fairness are defined compatibly. It is argued that in
a socially fair healthcare system, everyone should have
at least the degree of patient autonomy that affords access
to those healthcare services necessary for survival and a
minimally adequate level of quality of life, consistent with
each person's naturally endowed health characteristics.
Descent Functions and Random Young Tableaux
Authors: ADIN RON M. , ROICHMAN YUVAL
Published: July 2002

The expectation of the descent number of a random Young tableau of a fixed shape is
given, and concentration around the mean is shown. This result is generalized to the major
index and to other descent functions. The proof combines probabilistic arguments together
with combinatorial character theory. Connections with Hecke algebras are mentioned.
The Homomorphism Structure of Classes of Graphs
Authors: NEšETŘIL JAROSLAV
Published: July 2002

We consider three aspects of homomorphisms of graphs and hypergraphs which are related
to the structure of colour classes: (1) density, (2) the fractal property and (3) the generation
of colour classes. In particular, we prove a density theorem for hypergraphs and show that,
for connected oriented graphs, all jumps are balanced (and give an example to show that
connectivity is needed here). We also show that a Hajós-type theorem holds for any colour
class of undirected graphs, thus providing further evidence of the well-known ‘non-effective’
character of Hajós' theorem.
Commuting, transport and urban form: Manchester and Glasgow in the mid-twentieth century
Authors: Pooley Colin G. , Turnbull Jean
Published: July 2002

The paper explores the links between changing transport technology, individual mobility and urban form in the British cities of Manchester and Glasgow in the mid-twentieth century. The variability of individual commuting preferences is stressed, and it is argued that decisions about the provision of public transport rarely took into account the views of individual commuters. It is also suggested that factors governing modal choice have remained quite stable from the 1930s to the 1960s.
The forging of an Atlantic port city: socio-economic and physical transformations in Cork, 1660–1700
Authors: McCarthy Mark
Published: July 2002

This article investigates the socio-economic and morphological aspects of how the city of Cork, having lost the salient elements of its medieval character in the early 1600s, transformed into a prosperous Atlantic port city during the period of renaissance it experienced between 1660–1700. Despite the political upheavals caused by the expulsions of the Catholics in the 1640s and 1650s, the city increased in size and population from the early 1660s onwards as it began to thrive on the provisions trade to the colonial plantations of British America. In the process, Cork assumed a higher rank in the general European urban hierarchy.
Differential effects of 6-DMAP, olomoucine and roscovitine on Xenopus oocytes and eggs
Authors: Flament Stéphane , Bodart Jean-François , Bertout Marc , Browaeys Edith , Rousseau Arlette , Vilain Jean-Pierre
Published: July 2002

The effects of the new cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, roscovitine and olomoucine, on oocytes and eggs of Xenopus laevis were investigated and compared with those of 6-dimethylamino purine (6-DMAP). The inhibitory properties of 6-DMAP, olomoucine and roscovitine towards p34cdc2-cyclin B isolated from Xenopus eggs revealed K-IC50 values of 300, 40 and 10 μM respectively. The three compounds inhibited progesterone-induced maturation with M-IC50 values of 200, 100 and 20 μM. These values were consistent with the K-IC50 values but the ratio M-IC50/K-IC50 was higher for roscovitine and olomoucine than for 6-DMAP. The disappearance of spindle and condensed chromosomes without pronucleus formation was observed when 1 mM 6-DMAP was applied for 4 h at germinal vesicle breakdown or at metaphase II, whereas no effect was observed using 1 mM olomoucine or 50 μM roscovitine. Changes in the electrophoretic mobility of p34cdc2 and erk2 were observed only in homogenates of matured oocytes or eggs exposed for 4 h to 1 mM 6-DMAP. When the drugs were microinjected into matured oocytes, olomoucine (100 μM) and roscovitine (50 μM) induced pronucleus formation more efficiently than did 6-DMAP (100 μM). Taken together, these results demonstrate that Xenopus oocytes possess a lower permeability to olomoucine and roscovitine and that these new compounds are suitable for in vivo studies after germinal vesicle breakdown provided they are microinjected.
Binding of porcine sperm plasma membrane proteins to sheep, hamster and mouse oocyte plasma membrane
Authors: Ward Elizabeth , Berger Trish
Published: July 2002

Four porcine sperm plasma membrane proteins were previously identified as putative ligands for the oocyte plasma membrane. The present study examined the binding of these proteins and two additional porcine sperm membrane proteins to oocytes from sheep, mice and hamsters as a first step in assessing potential conservation of these putative sperm ligands across species and across mammalian orders. Plasma membrane vesicles were isolated from porcine sperm, solubilised, and the proteins separated by one-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The 7, 27, 39 and 62 kDa porcine sperm protein bands demonstrating predominant binding of the porcine oocyte plasma membrane on ligand blots, a 90 kDa protein band demonstrating minor binding, and a 97 kDa protein band that did not bind the oocyte plasma membrane probe were electroeluted. Proteins were biotinylated, and incubated with zona-free oocytes. Bound biotinylated protein was labelled with fluorescent avidin and the oocytes examined with a confocal microscope. The 7 kDa, 27 kDa and the 39 kDa proteins bound to the sheep oocytes but not to a majority of the hamster or mouse oocytes. The 62 kDa protein bound to sheep oocytes and mouse oocytes but not to a majority of the hamster oocytes. The 90 kDa protein bound to oocytes from all three species. The 97 kDa protein, which did not recognise the porcine oocyte probe on a Western ligand blot, did not bind to oocytes from any species and served as a negative control. These observations are consistent with significant conservation of molecule and function among species within the same mammalian order. Hence, one species may be a good model for other species from the same order. Only limited conservation of binding activity of porcine sperm plasma membrane proteins to rodent oocytes was observed, suggesting a greater divergence either in molecular structure or in function among species from different orders.
CULTURAL STUDIES, VICTORIAN STUDIES, AND FORMALISM
Authors: Loesberg Jonathan
Published: July 2002

VICTORIAN STUDIES, in its longstanding resistance to the formalist study of Victorian literature, has to an extent been re-enacting the anxiety of mid-Victorian poets and novelists about being entrapped in a world of art. That anxiety notoriously defined the Victorian resistance to their Romantic forebears (think of Tennyson’s and Arnold’s well-documented, ambiguous attitudes toward Wordsworth and Keats or even Dickens’s satire of Leigh Hunt as Skimpole in Bleak House). And, predictably enough, it led to the backlash of the late-century aestheticism. If one positions the anti-formalism of the various genres of historicism and cultural studies now current in the study of Victorian literature as current versions of that Victorian anxiety at being hermetically enclosed in beautiful but empty forms, then surely an aestheticist and formalist backlash is more than overdue. And, rather than taking an analytical or neutrally critical response to this flux and reflux, I intend to espouse just such a backlash. If backlash implies partialness, the potential partiality of formalism is, I think, one of its less recognized values. Indeed, I will argue, a return to a consideration of aesthetic form may, in its recognition of its own limits, return a genuine interdisciplinarity to Victorian studies, if one intends by interdisciplinary studies not the work of literary scholars treating non-literary texts, but the participation of scholars from different disciplines with different and possibly conflicting grounding questions, concerns and modes of analysis in the study of the same subject matter.
Citizenship and the media
Authors: INGLIS FRED
Published: July 2002

This paper begins from a definition of the modern polity as characterized by the mutual embedding of politics and media. It sketches the consequences of this state of affairs for 20th century notions of citizenship, arguing that unprecedented knowledge goes hand in hand with more or less complete inefficacy on the part of most citizens. This is the more marked since the ownership of media, defended by those at an advantage as a matter of freedom from partisanship and favour, is now more concentrated than ever before. This bodes ill for citizens whose only foreseeable recourse is to keep up the good but slight work of criticism and intellectual independence.
Western Mediterranean cyclones and heavy rain. Part 2: Statistical approach
Authors: Jansa Agustin , Genoves Ana , Picornell M Angeles , Campins Joan , Riosalido Ricardo , Carretero Olinda
Published: July 2002

This is the second part (statistical approach) of a work concerning the relationship between heavy rain and cyclonic centres in the western Mediterranean. Using a statistical approach we seek to verify the indirect role of the cyclone centres in locating, triggering or focusing heavy rain: a cyclonic centre –even if neither strong nor deep –may contribute to the low‐level flow organisation and so to the creation or intensification of a low‐level warm and wet current that can feed and sustain convective rain in favourable environmental conditions. The foundation for the statistical approach is several Several databases maintained and updated by the Spanish Institute of Meteorology (INM). These databases of cyclonic centres, heavy rain and strong wind events, and mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), all covering the western Mediterranean or part thereof, can be cross‐referenced by looking for simultaneity between heavy rain events (or MCSs) and cyclone centres in the vicinity. We have found that in most of the heavy rain events (around 90%) there is a cyclonic centre in the vicinity, usually located so that its presence favours the creation or intensification of a feeding flow of Mediterranean air towards the area affected by heavy rain. The same occurs with the MCSs. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
DYSFUNCTIONAL ATTITUDES AND ATTACHMENT STYLE AMONG CLINICALLY DEPRESSED ADULTS
Authors: Reinecke Mark A. , Rogers Gregory M.
Published: July 2002

Previous research has found an association between adult attachment style and symptoms of depression
among university students and indicated that this relationship may be mediated by dysfunctional attitudes. The present
study represents an initial step toward extending these findings to a clinical sample with more severe forms of
depression. A sample of psychiatric outpatients diagnosed with major depressive disorder (n = 54) completed measures of
adult attachment style, dysfunctional attitudes, and depression. An association was found between insecure attachment
style and depression severity. This association was partially mediated by dysfunctional attitudes. These findings are
consistent with cognitive-interpersonal models of depression that propose that adverse early experiences may contribute
to vulnerability for depression through the establishment of dysfunctional attitudes.
Male prevalence for reading disability is found in a large
sample of Black and White children free from ascertainment
bias
Authors: FLANNERY KATHLEEN A. , LIEDERMAN JACQUELINE , DALY LIZA , SCHULTZ JENNIFER
Published: July 2002

Male vulnerability to neurodevelopmental disorders
remains controversial. For one disorder, reading disability,
this sex bias has been interpreted as an artifact of referral
bias. We investigated sex differences for the incidence
of reading disability within a large prospective sample
of White (N = 16,910) and Black (N =
15,313) children derived from the National Collaborative
Perinatal Project (NCPP). Children were classified as having
either moderate or severe reading disability
when they had reading scores lower than 1.5 or 2.0 standard
errors of prediction, respectively, given their age and
intelligence. Reading disability was about twice as common
in boys than girls (p < .001), irrespective
of race, severity of disability, or exclusion of children
with attentional disturbances or high activity levels.
We conclude that there is a clear sex bias toward males
for the incidence of reading disabilities. (JINS,
2000, 6, 433–442.)
Characteristics of memory dysfunction in body dysmorphic disorder
Authors: DECKERSBACH THILO , SAVAGE CARY R. , PHILLIPS KATHARINE A. , WILHELM SABINE , BUHLMANN ULRIKE , RAUCH SCOTT L. , BAER LEE , JENIKE MICHAEL A.
Published: July 2002

Although body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is receiving
increasing empirical attention, very little is known about
neuropsychological deficits in this disorder. The current
study investigated the nature of memory dysfunction in
BDD, including the relationship between encoding strategies
and verbal and nonverbal memory performance. We evaluated
17 patients with BDD and 17 healthy controls using the
Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCFT) and the
California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). BDD patients differed
significantly from healthy controls on verbal and nonverbal
learning and memory indices. Multiple regression analyses
revealed that group differences in free recall were statistically
mediated by deficits in organizational strategies in the
BDD cohort. These findings are similar to patterns previously
observed in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD),
suggesting a potential relationship between OCD and BDD.
Studies in both groups have shown that verbal and nonverbal
memory deficits are affected by impaired strategic processing.
(JINS, 2000, 6, 673–681.)
Auditory working memory in HIV-1 infection
Authors: MARTIN EILEEN M. , SULLIVAN T. SHAWN , REED ROBYN A. , FLETCHER TONY A. , PITRAK DAVID L. , WEDDINGTON WILLIAM , HARROW MARTIN
Published: July 2002

We evaluated auditory working memory in 41 HIV-seropositive
(HIV+) and 37 HIV-seronegative (HIV−) male drug users,
employing a modified version of the Letter-Number Span
Task developed by Gold and colleagues. We added a control
condition to the standard task in order to evaluate more
directly the contribution of the processing component to
the working memory deficits with the effects of storage
demands minimized. HIV+ subjects performed significantly
more poorly compared to controls on an index of working
memory processing derived from raw scores obtained under
the two testing conditions. These findings are consistent
with our previous reports that HIV-related working memory
deficits are evident across multiple informational domains;
further, the deficit appears to involve multiple-component
functions of working memory. Converging findings from recent
working memory studies and from primate and neuroimaging
investigations suggest that functional abnormalities of
prefrontal cortex should receive greater emphasis in models
of neurocognitive aspects of HIV-1 infection, which have
typically emphasized “subcortical” deficits.
(JINS, 2001, 7, 20–26.)
Selective deficits in verbal working memory associated with
a known genetic etiology: The neuropsychological profile
of Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: HINTON VERONICA J. , DE VIVO DARRYL C. , NEREO NANCY E. , GOLDSTEIN EDWARD , STERN YAAKOV
Published: July 2002

Forty-one boys diagnosed with Duchenne muscular dystrophy
(DMD) were each compared to an unaffected sibling on a battery
of neuropsychological tests. Verbal, visuospatial, attention/memory,
abstract thinking, and academic achievement skills were tested.
Results indicated the boys with DMD performed similarly to their
siblings on the majority of measures, indicating intact verbal,
visuospatial, long-term memory, and abstract skills. However, the
DMD group did significantly more poorly than their siblings on specific
measures of story recall, digit span, and auditory comprehension,
as well as in all areas of academic achievement (reading, writing,
and math). This profile indicates that verbal working memory skills
are selectively impaired in DMD, and that that likely contributes to
limited academic achievement. The association between the known impact
of the genetic mutation on the development of the central nervous system
and boys' cognitive profile is discussed. (JINS, 2001,
7, 45–54.)
Acquisition of skilled visual search performance following
severe closed-head injury
Authors: SCHMITTER-EDGECOMBE MAUREEN , BEGLINGER LEIGH
Published: July 2002

This study used a semantic-category visual search task
to investigate skill acquisition and automatic process
development in a severe closed-head injured (CHI) population.
Eighteen severe CHI participants (> 1 year post injury)
and 18 matched controls completed over 3600 trials of training
in both consistent mapping (CM) and varied mapping (VM)
training situations. Transfer conditions were also used
to test for development of an automatic attention response
(AAR) that was independent of general, task-related learning.
For both the severe CHI and control group, CM training,
where individuals always responded in the same way to a
specific class of stimuli, resulted in dramatic performance
improvements and the development of an AAR. In the VM training
condition, where individuals could not respond in the same
way to a class of stimuli from one stimulus exposure to
the next, there was little performance improvement and
continued reliance on controlled processes. The visual
search rates of the CHI participants also remained slower
than those of controls following extended VM but not extended
CM practice. These results indicate that skill acquisition
training guidelines can be used to teach severe CHI patients
to develop a new automatic skill. (JINS, 2001,
7, 615–630.)
A prospective analysis of the recovery of attention following
pediatric head injury
Authors: CATROPPA CATHY , ANDERSON VICKI , STARGATT ROBYN
Published: July 2002

Little is known about specific attentional sequelae
following a closed head injury, their pattern of recovery
or their interaction with ongoing development. The present
study examined attentional abilities in a group of children
who had sustained a mild, moderate, or severe head injury.
Results showed that the severe head injury group exhibited
greater deficits on a number of attentional measures at
acute and 6 months postinjury phases, in comparison to
children in the mild and moderate head injury groups. Specifically,
deficits were most evident on timed tasks where speed of
processing was an integral component. Difficulties persisted
to at least 6 months postinjury and so may lead to cumulative
deficits over time. (JINS, 1999, 5, 48–57.)
New approaches to concepts in bilingual memory
Authors: Pavlenko Aneta
Published: July 2002

In the last decade there has been a significant surge of interest in the psycholinguistics of bilingual memory which has resulted in a number of models of the relationship between words and concepts in the bilingual lexicon. Recently, authors such as Paradis (1997) and Grosjean (1998) have pointed out that many of these models do not distinguish between the semantic and the conceptual level, and that they suffer from confusion between processing and representation.
Generation of and retraction from cross-linguistically motivated structures in bilingual first language acquisition
Authors: Döpke Susanne
Published: July 2002

The focus of this paper is on unusual developmental structures during the simultaneous acquisition of German and English in early childhood, which were evident parallel to a majority of target structures. The aim is to explain the cognitive motivation for unusual acquisition structures as well as the eventual retraction from them. I will show that they support the contentions of the Competition Model that language acquisition proceeds through orientation to surface structures and that cue competition across languages changes the weighting of cues within the language. The retreat from non-target structures was made possible through the children's attention to contrasts between the languages and the need to resolve structural incompatibilities within the language.
Seeing in the dark: molecular approaches to the study of bat populations
Authors: BURLAND TAMSIN M. , WILMER JESSICA WORTHINGTON
Published: July 2002

Whilst the use of molecular genetic techniques is widespread in the fields of population and evolutionary biology, their application within the mammalian order Chiroptera neither reflects the species richness nor the ecological and behavioural diversity of the order. This is despite the fact that the Chiroptera are problematic to study using more direct observational techniques. Here, we standardize and synthesise the current data, assess the contribution of molecular research to the study of bat species and highlight the importance of its continued and expanded use. At an inter‐population level, molecular studies have demonstrated a great diversity of population genetic structure within the order. Among populations of migratory species, genetic structure appears universally low, and hence seasonal movement is likely to be the prevailing influence. However, for sedentary species an array of factors including dispersal ability, extrinsic barriers to gene flow and historical events may determine the extent of genetic partitioning among populations. Intrinsic factors such as wing morphology or roost requirements may also influence population genetic structure in sedentary bat species, a proposal which requires further research. Molecular studies have also made important contributions towards an understanding of social organisation in bats. Evidence indicates that in many polygynous species male mating success does not translate directly into reproductive success, perhaps as a result of multiple mating by females. Estimates of relatedness within and genetic structure among colonies are, in general, very low; a finding which has important implications regarding theories concerning the formation and persistence of bat social groups. Molecular studies have provided new and important insights into the ecology of bats, and have opened up exciting and previously unexplored avenues of research. The data from these studies suggest not only a predictive framework for future studies, but also the use of genetic data in the management and conservation of bat species.
Strategic Contexts of the Vote on Political Reform Bills
Authors: Kawato Sadafumi
Published: July 2002

This article employs a simple model of sophisticated voting under incomplete information and explores the strategic contexts of the vote on political reform bills in Japan. The government-sponsored political reform bills were voted down by the defection of government coalition members in the House of Councillors before a final compromise was reached in the joint committee of both houses and passed subsequently. In contrast to the accepted view that the defectors were short-sighted sincere voters, I show that Japan's institutional arrangements created an uncertainty about the agenda in the legislative process and led to the sophisticated voting behavior of pivotal voters whose preferences were different from the party leadership. The analysis underscores the importance of sophisticated voting for the empirical study of Japanese legislative politics.
mRNA 5′-leader trans-splicing in the chordates
Authors: Vandenberghe Amanda E. , Meedel Thomas H. , Hastings Kenneth E.M.
Published: July 2002

We report the discovery of mRNA 5′-leader trans-splicing (SL trans-splicing) in the chordates. In the ascidian protochordate Ciona intestinalis, the mRNAs of at least seven genes undergo trans-splicing of a 16-nucleotide 5′-leader apparently derived from a 46-nucleotide RNA that shares features with previously characterized splice donor SL RNAs. SLtrans-splicing was known previously to occur in several protist and metazoan phyla, however, this is the first report of SLtrans-splicing within the deuterostome division of the metazoa. SL trans-splicing is not known to occur in the vertebrates. However, because ascidians are primitive chordates related to vertebrate ancestors, our findings raise the possibility of ancestral SL trans-splicing in the vertebrate lineage.
MKK7 is an essential component of the JNK signal transduction pathway activated by proinflammatory cytokines
Authors: Tournier Cathy , Dong Chen , Turner Tod K. , Jones Stephen N. , Flavell Richard A. , Davis Roger J.
Published: July 2002

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) are activated by phosphorylation on Thr and Tyr by MAPK kinases. Two MAPK kinases (MKK4 and MKK7) can activate the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) group of MAPK in vitro. JNK is phosphorylated preferentially on Tyr by MKK4 and on Thr by MKK7. Targeted gene-disruption studies in mice were performed to examine the role of MKK4 and MKK7 in vivo. Simultaneous disruption of the Mkk4 and Mkk7 genes was required to block JNK activation caused by exposure of cells to environmental stress. In contrast, disruption of the Mkk7 gene alone was sufficient to prevent JNK activation caused by proinflammatory cytokines. These data demonstrate that MKK4 and MKK7 serve different functions in the JNK signal transduction pathway.
Desert Hedgehog/Patched 1 signaling specifies fetal Leydig cell fate in testis organogenesis
Authors: Yao Humphrey Hung-Chang , Whoriskey Wendy , Capel Blanche
Published: July 2002

Establishment of the steroid-producing Leydig cell lineage is an event downstream of Sry that is critical for masculinization of mammalian embryos. Neither the origin of fetal Leydig cell precursors nor the signaling pathway that specifies the Leydig cell lineage is known. Based on the sex-specific expression patterns of Desert Hedgehog (Dhh) and its receptor Patched 1(Ptch1) in XY gonads, we investigated the potential role of DHH/PTCH1 signaling in the origin and specification of fetal Leydig cells. Analysis of Dhh−/− XY gonads revealed that differentiation of fetal Leydig cells was severely defective. Defects in Leydig cell differentiation in Dhh−/− XY gonads did not result from failure of cell migration from the mesonephros, thought to be a possible source of Leydig cell precursors. Nor did DHH/PTCH1 signaling appear to be involved in the proliferation or survival of fetal Leydig precursors in the interstitium of the XY gonad. Instead, our results suggest that DHH/PTCH1 signaling triggers Leydig cell differentiation by up-regulating Steroidogenic Factor 1 and P450 Side Chain Cleavage enzyme expression inPtch1-expressing precursor cells located outside testis cords.
Wingful, an extracellular feedback inhibitor of Wingless
Authors: Gerlitz Offer , Basler Konrad
Published: July 2002

Secreted peptide signals control many fundamental processes during animal development. Proper responses to these signals require cognate inducible feedback antagonists. Here we report the identification of a novel Drosophila Wingless (Wg) target gene, wingful(wf), and show that it encodes a potent extracellular feedback inhibitor of Wg. In contrast to the cytoplasmic protein Naked cuticle (Nkd), the only known Wg feedback antagonist, Wf functions during larval stages, when Nkd function is dispensable. We propose that Wf may provide feedback control for the long-range morphogen activities of Wg.
Impaired Emotional Declarative Memory Following Unilateral Amygdala Damage
Authors: Adolphs Ralph , Tranel Daniel , Denburg Natalie
Published: July 2002

Case studies of patients with bilateral amygdala damage and functional imaging studies of normal individuals have demonstrated that the amygdala plays a critical role in encoding emotionally arousing stimuli into long-term declarative memory. However, several issues remain poorly understood: the separate roles of left and right amygdala, the time course over which the amygdala participates in memory consolidation, and the type of knowledge structures it helps consolidate. We investigated these questions in eight subjects with unilateral amygdala damage, using several different measures. For comparison, our main task used stimuli identical to those used previously to investigate emotional declarative memory in patients with bilateral amygdala damage. Contrasts with both brain-damaged and normal control groups showed that subjects with left amygdala damage were impaired in their memory for emotional stimuli, despite entirely normal memory for neutral stimuli (because of a number of caveats, the findings from subjects with right amygdala damage were less clear). Follow-up experiments suggested that the normal facilitation of memory for emotional stimuli may develop over an extended time course (>30 min), consistent with prior findings, and that the specific impairment we report may depend in part on the lexical nature of the task used (written questionnaire). We stress the complex and temporally extended nature of memory consolidation and suggest that the amygdala may influence specific components of this process.
Evolution of Sucrose Synthesis
Authors: Lunn John Edward
Published: July 2002

Cyanobacteria and proteobacteria (purple bacteria) are the only prokaryotes known to synthesize sucrose (Suc). Suc-P synthase, Suc-phosphatase (SPP), and Suc synthase activities have previously been detected in several cyanobacteria, and genes coding for Suc-P synthase (sps) and Suc synthase (sus) have been cloned from Synechocystissp. PCC 6803 and Anabaena (Nostoc) spp., respectively. An open reading frame in the Synechocystisgenome encodes a predicted 27-kD polypeptide that shows homology to the maize (Zea mays) SPP. Heterologous expression of this putative spp gene in Escherichia coli, reported here, confirmed that this open reading frame encodes a functional SPP enzyme. The Synechocystis SPP is highly specific for Suc-6F-P (K  m = 7.5 μm) and is Mg2+ dependent (K  a = 70 μm), with a specific activity of 46 μmol min−1 mg−1 protein. Like the maize SPP, theSynechocystis SPP belongs to the haloacid dehalogenase superfamily of phosphatases/hydrolases. Searches of sequenced microbial genomes revealed homologs of the Synechocystis sps gene in several other cyanobacteria (Nostoc punctiforme,Prochlorococcus marinus strains MED4 and MIT9313, andSynechococcus sp. WH8012), and in three proteobacteria (Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,Magnetococcus sp. MC1, and Nitrosomonas europaea). Homologs of the Synechocystis sppgene were found in Magnetococcus sp. MC1 andN. punctiforme, and of the Anabaena susgene in N. punctiforme and N. europaea. From analysis of these sequences, it is suggested that Suc synthesis originated in the proteobacteria or a common ancestor of the proteobacteria and cyanobacteria.
Catalase Is Encoded by a Multigene Family in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh
Authors: Frugoli J. A. , Zhong H. H. , Nuccio M. L. , McCourt P. , McPeek M. A. , Thomas T. L. , McClung C. R.
Published: July 2002

The catalase multigene family in Arabidopsis includes three genes encoding individual subunits that associate to form at least six isozymes that are readily resolved by nondenaturing gel electrophoresis. CAT1 and CAT3 map to chromosome 1, and CAT2 maps to chromosome 4. The nucleotide sequences of the three coding regions are 70 to 72% identical. The amino acid sequences of the three catalase subunits are 75 to 84% identical and 87 to 94% similar, considering conservative substitutions. Both the individual isozymes and the individual subunit mRNAs show distinct patterns of spatial (organ-specific) expression. Six isozymes are detected in flowers and leaves and two are seen in roots. Similarly, mRNA abundance of the three genes varies among organs. All three mRNAs are highly expressed in bolts, and CAT2 and CAT3 are highly expressed in leaves.
Low-Temperature Damage and Subsequent Recovery of fab1 Mutant Arabidopsis Exposed to 2[deg]C
Authors: Wu J. , Lightner J. , Warwick N. , Browse J.
Published: July 2002

The fab1 mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, which contains increased levels of saturated fatty acids, was indistinguishable from the wild type when it was grown at 22 or 12[deg]C. During the first 7 to 10 d after transfer to 2[deg]C, the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of the fab1 plants remained indistinguishable from the wild type, with values for the potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II decreasing from 0.8 to 0.7 in plants of both lines. Whereas wild-type plants maintained quantum efficiency of photosystem II at approximately 0.7 for at least 35 d at 2[deg]C, this parameter declined rapidly in the mutant after 7 d and reached a value of less than 0.1 after 28 d at 2[deg]C. This decline in photosynthetic capacity was accompanied by reductions in chlorophyll content and the amount of chloroplast glycerolipids per gram of leaf. Electron microscopic examination of leaf samples revealed a rapid and extensive disruption of the thylakoid and chloroplast structure in the mutant, which is interpreted here as a form of selective autophagy. Despite the almost complete loss of photosynthetic function and the destruction of photosynthetic machinery, fab1 plants retained a substantial capacity for recovery following transfer to 22[deg]C. These results provide a further demonstration of the importance of chloroplast membrane unsaturation to the proper growth and development of plants at low temperature.
NADH-Monodehydroascorbate Oxidoreductase Is One of the Redox Enzymes in Spinach Leaf Plasma Membranes1
Authors: Bérczi Alajos , Møller Ian M.
Published: July 2002

Amino acid analysis of internal sequences of purified NADH-hexacyanoferrate(III) oxidoreductase (NFORase), obtained from highly purified plasma membranes (PM) of spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) leaves, showed 90 to 100% homology to internal amino acid sequences of monodehydroascorbate (MDA) reductases (EC 1.6.5.4) from three different plant species. Specificity, kinetics, inhibitor sensitivity, and cross-reactivity with anti-MDA reductase antibodies were all consistent with this identification. The right-side-out PM vesicles were subjected to consecutive salt washing and detergent (polyoxyethylene 20 dodecylether and 3-[(3-cholamido-propyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propane sulfonate [CHAPS]) treatments, and the fractions were analyzed for NFORase and MDA reductase activities. Similar results were obtained when the 300 mm sucrose in the homogenization buffer and in all steps of the salt-washing and detergent treatments had been replaced by 150 mm KCl to mimic the conditions in the cytoplasm. We conclude that (a) MDA reductase is strongly associated with the inner (cytoplasmic) surface of the PM under in vivo conditions and requires washing with 1.0 m KCl or CHAPS treatment for removal, (b) the PM-bound MDA reductase activity is responsible for the majority of PM NFORase activity, and (c) there is another redox enzyme(s) in the spinach leaf PM that cannot be released from the PM by salt-washing and/or CHAPS treatment. The PM-associated MDA reductase may have a role in reduction of ascorbate in both the cytosol and the apoplast.
Localization of Expression of Three Cold-Induced Genes,blt101, blt4.9, and blt14, in Different Tissues of the Crown and Developing Leaves of Cold-Acclimated Cultivated Barley1
Authors: Pearce Roger S. , Houlston Claire E. , Atherton Kathryn M. , Rixon Jane E. , Harrison Paul , Hughes Monica A. , Alison Dunn M.
Published: July 2002

Tissues expressing mRNAs of three cold-induced genes, blt101, blt14, andblt4.9, and a control gene, elongation factor 1α, were identified in the crown and immature leaves of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Igri). Hardiness and tissue damage were assessed. blt101 and blt4.9mRNAs were not detected in control plants; blt14 was expressed in control plants but only in the inner layers of the crown cortex. blt101 was expressed in many tissues of cold-acclimated plants but most strongly in the vascular-transition zone of the crown; blt14 was expressed only in the inner layers of the cortex and in cell layers partly surrounding vascular bundles in the vascular-transition zone; expression ofblt4.9, which codes for a nonspecific lipid-transfer protein, was confined to the epidermis of the leaf and to the epidermis of the older parts of the crown. None of the cold-induced genes was expressed in the tunica, although the control gene was most strongly expressed there. Thus, the molecular aspects of acclimation differed markedly between tissues. Damage in the vascular-transition zone of the crown correlated closely with plant survival. Therefore, the strong expression of blt101 and blt14 in this zone may indicate a direct role in freezing tolerance of the crown.