bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Furrow Irrigation of Lettuce Resulting in Water and Nitrogen Loss1,2
Authors: Moore F. D.
Published: August 2022

Water and nitrogen loss from field soil cropped to head lettuce with furrow irrigation was measured during three seasons in a semi-arid region. Water applications were reduced during the latter ⅓ of the growth period in an attempt to conserve N and water in the root zone.

Approximately 5 acre feet of water was applied to grow the crop. One-fifth of the applied water drained off and one-half percolated below the root zone. Eighty-nine lb./acre of NO3-N was leached. Two-thirds of the water and three-fourths of the N (soil and applied) which were lost below the root zone were lost during germination. Reducing the total volume of water applied by 1½ acre feet did not reduce water or N loss appreciably and had a deleterious effect on the crop.

Very little N was lost as a result of runoff, but much was moved to the bed tops after the first irrigation. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Historic Synoptic Weather Maps as a Basis for Evaluating Weather Hazards in a New Agricultural Development1
Authors: Neild R. E. , Craig A. L. , Reiss A. H.
Published: August 2022

High prices and government plans to increase citrus production have stimulated interest in increased citrus planting in Iran. With favorable soils, availability of water, and the existence of limited planting of citrus in village gardens, commercial planting of citrus is a development of interest for a new irrigation project in southwestern Iran. A severe freeze in 1964 posed questions concerning the suitability of the climate for citrus. Lacking long-term climatological records, analysis was made of daily historic synoptic weather maps from which freezes were forecast in retrospect. Results of this analysis are compared with similar analyses for citrus producing areas near Brownsville, Texas and Yuma, Arizona.
Tomato Skin Strength — Its Measurement and Relation to Cracking1
Authors: Voisey Peter W. , Lyall L. H. , Kloek M.
Published: August 2022

The puncture test was found suitable for evaluating the resistance of tomato fruit to cracking. However, several test conditions must be kept constant and the texture of the flesh supporting the skin may influence the results. Cracking resistance does not appear to be governed by skin thickness, but skin strength and its ability to stretch are contributing factors. These may be governed by the penetration of the cutinized outer layer into the outer cells of the skin.
Green Fruit Characters of Cucumber as Related to Quality Factors in Brine Stock1
Authors: Sneed F. D. , Bowers J. L.
Published: August 2022

The correlation between each of the green fruit characters: carpel separation, firmness, and skin toughness with balloon bloating in salt stock was significant. As percentage of carpel separation increased the percentage of balloon bloating increased. As fruit firmness and skin toughness increased the percentage of balloon bloaters decreased. Firmness and skin toughness measurements on green fruit were significantly correlated with the same measurements on brine stock.

There was no significant correlation between lens bloating and any one of the three green fruit characters. The multiple correlation coefficient between carpel separation, fruit firmness, and lens bloating was significant. The regression equation of Ȳ = −1.21A −8.42B + 248.79 is useable in predicting lens bloating where A is percent carpel separation and B is firmness of green fruit. The estimate of lens bloating from use of this equation was just as reliable as the equation using all three green fruit characters.
Prevention of Physiological Necrosis (Red Cotyledons) in Lettuce Seeds (Lactuca sativa L.)1
Authors: Bass Louis N.
Published: August 2022

Lactuca sativa seed, cvs. ‘Imperial 847’, ‘Imperial 456’, ‘Imperial 44’, ‘Fulton’, and ‘Oswego’ were stored at a wide range of temperature and relative humidity, to determine their effect upon development of red cotyledons (physiological necrosis).

Red cotyledons did not develop equally (rate or amount) in seeds of all cultivars at any given storage condition. More red cotyledons developed at a low than at a high relative humidity at the same temperature. However, longer storage at the low relative humidity was required before red cotyledons developed.

Storage at −12°C/70% relative humidity prevented red cotyledon development in all cultivars tested for 210 weeks. Storage at 10/90, 10/70, 4/35 and −1/40 prevented red cotyledon development in all cultivars for 157 weeks and in some cultivars for 210 weeks.
Physiology of Dormancy in Lilium longiflorum ‘Ace’, Thunb.1
Authors: Wang S. Y. , Roberts A. N.
Published: August 2022

The physiology of dormancy in Lilium longiflorum ‘Ace’ was studied by determining the relationships between plant growth and composition and treatments such as bulb scale removal, cold treatment, field soil heating and chemical stimuli. Initiatory activity was continuous in the daughter bulb until its anthesis, but elongation of daughter axis leaves and internodes were normally inhibited until autumn. Inhibition of the daughter axis was high during the spring prior to anthesis of the mother, but progressively decreased following anthesis and disappeared completely by autumn. Balances of inhibitor-promoter growth substances were found in the bulb scales. Daughter scales were found to be the principal source of inhibitors. Treatments conducive to breaking dormancy included 40°F storage, GA3 treatment and field soil heating in early spring. Dormancy-breaking cold treatments were followed by changes in nitrogenous substances characteristic of dormancy removal in other species. The period of dormancy in the daughter portion of the lily bulb is of the correlated type and involves scale inhibition of axis elongation rather than initiatory activity in the apex.
Some Rootstock and Interstock Influences in the Olive (Olea europaea L.) cv. Sevillano1,2
Authors: Hartmann Hudson T. , Whisler John E.
Published: August 2022

An olive rootstock planting was established in Tulare County, California in 1954 using 10 different rootstocks with ‘Sevillano’ as the scion variety. Verticillium wilt, a major problem in California olive production, became strongly established in this planting, affecting trees on the different rootstocks to a markedly different degree. All trees on 2 of the rootstocks, Olea ferruginea Royle and Forestiera neo-mexicana Gray were killed. No trees on a clonal rootstock, Olea europaea, ‘Oblonga’ were affected, while trees on the 7 other rootstocks showed intermediate survival percentages. Over a 15-year period, tree size and yields were influenced by the rootstock. ‘Sevillano’ trees, on their own roots, were the smallest as measured by trunk cross section area. There was no pronounced effect of rootstock on fruit size.

In another olive planting in Tulare County, California, the effect of various interstocks, inserted during a top-working operation, on the behavior of the scion cultivar was determined. No Verticillium wilt was apparent in any of the trees in this experiment. Each of 3 genetically dwarfed clonal stocks caused a significant dwarfing influence on the scion cultivar and a reduction in yields, in comparison with the scion cultivar itself used as an interstock. No influence on fruit size occurred. Similar results were noted with Olea chrysophylla Lamk. as an interstock but with severe constriction of the interstock tissue.
An Analysis of Regional Trade Advantage In Processed Tomato Products1
Authors: Sullivan G. H. , Schrader L. F.
Published: August 2022

Linear programming was used to determine the optimum shipping pattern for five processed tomato products; canned whole tomatoes, catsup, juice, puree, and sauce and paste. The research objective was to assess the regional advantage attributed to transportation cost differences for the five tomato products.

Processors in California, the dominant tomato processing state, required the widest distribution pattern in each product category. Processors in Indiana-Ohio followed California in breadth of distribution, especially for catsup, juice, and canned whole tomatoes. Eastern production regions were able to optimally distribute their surplus product supplies in a more restricted market area, principally to nearby regions of consumption.

The results provided a basis for evaluation of production planning and marketing strategy at the regional and firm levels. The model solution may be used as a guide to production levels. The estimated optimal shipping patterns and regional wholesale price differences may be used as a guide to regional direction of marketing efforts for a given product category. In addition, the set of implied wholesale price differences may be used as a guide to product mix selection.
Response of the Tomato to Population Pressure1
Authors: Fery Richard L. , Janick Jules
Published: August 2022

Five tomato vine types (indeterminate, jointless, determinate, miniature, and dwarf) were grown in “equidistant” (on the square) arrangements at 5 population levels (3,000, 7,000, 17,000, 41,000 and 100,000 plants per acre) with multiple and single harvests. As populations were increased, yields per unit area asymptotically approached a common theoretical maximum yield regardless of vine types. With multiple harvests, maximum yields were approached at low populations for the large vine types and at intermediate populations for the small vine types. Higher populations were required to approach the maximum yields obtainable using a single harvest than were required to approach the maximum yields obtainable using multiple harvests. Earliness (1st harvest yield/total × 100 for multiple harvest) and yield concentration (marketable fruit yield/total fruit yield × 100 for single harvest) increased for all vine types as population increased. The relation between yield per plant (w) and plant population per unit area (p) was best described by the equation w−1 = Ap + B, where A and B are constants.
Promotion of Ethylene Evolution and Fruit Abscission in the Olive by 2-Chloroethanephosphonic Acid and Cycloheximide1
Authors: Hartmann Hudson T. , Tombesi Agostino , Whisler John
Published: August 2022

Applications of 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid (Ethrel) at 2,250 ppm to olive (Olea europaea L.) trees under warm, low humidity conditions caused a considerable reduction in fruit removal force along with marked increases in leaf abscission and in ethylene evolution from both leaves and fruit. The addition of urea at 1.35% to the spray formulations caused a strong increase in ethylene production and in abscission effects. Definite cultivar differences appeared in response to Ethrel. An Auxin, NAA, blocked Ethrel activity, particularly if applied before, or simultaneously with, Ethrel. If applied 2 or 3 days after Ethrel, NAA reduced leaf abscission while maintaining fruit abscission. Rains following shortly after Ethrel application greatly reduced its activity in both ethylene production and abscission induction. Abscission effects from Ethrel were greater under warm than cool conditions.

Cycloheximide at 50, 100, and 200 ppm applied during cool, humid weather caused ethylene production from olive leaves and fruits as well as a reduction in fruit removal force and an increase in leaf abscission. However, ethylene evolution and abscission effects were much less than those obtained with Ethrel.
Interaction of Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethyl Hydrazide, 2-Chloroethylphos-phonic Acid and Auxins on Maturity, Quality and Abscission of Apples1
Authors: Edgerton L. J. , Blanpied G. D.
Published: August 2022

2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) was applied alone and in combination with NAA or 2,4,5-TP on apple cultivars which had previously been treated with succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar). On ‘McIntosh,’ Ethrel applied 1 to 2 weeks before harvest overcame the abscission delay induced by the earlier Alar application, hastened red color development and slightly diminished the increased firmness imparted by Alar. The addition of NAA to the Ethrel treatment counteracted the abscission stimulation but did not alter the other effects of Ethrel associated with its release of C2H4. Thus, Alar-treated fruits reached maturity earlier under the influence of Ethrel, and with the addition of NAA or 2,4,5-TP a satisfactory retention force was maintained until harvest. ‘McIntosh’ receiving these combinations were of comparable or better quality in comparison with control fruits or fruits treated with Alar alone after storage in CA and in 32°F air.
Effects of High Humidity and Solar Radiation on Temperature and Color of Tomato Fruits1
Authors: Lipton Werner J.
Published: August 2022

Tomatoes were grown at Tucson in plastic covered greenhouses with normal or high relative humidity (RH). The fruits were exposed to the sun (Ex) or shaded by foliage (Sh), and some exposed fruits were painted either black (B) or white (W).

Temperatures of the surface (Ts), wall (Tw) and center (Tc) of the fruit were 2 to 3° C lower in high than in normal RH, even though the maximum air temperature (Ta max) in high RH exceeded that in normal RH by 1.5°. When Ts and air temperature (Ta) were measured simultaneously, Ts of Ex and B fruits was always higher than Ta, that of Sh fruits lower, and that of W fruits about the same as Ta. The exact gradient depended on RH and Ta.

Tw of Ex fruits almost invariably exceeded Ts or Tc, and thus the wall was a heat sink. Further, Tc max exceeded Ta max in small (diam 35 to 40 mm) or large (diam 60 mm) fruits.

The gradient Tc−Ta for large Ex fruits grown in normal RH ranged from −5° to 15° C during the day, while that for fruits grown in high RH ranged from 0° to 12°. The respective daily ranges for the gradient Tw−Ta were −5° to 20° and 0° to 13°. For small fruits all gradients were similar and ranged from 3° to 13°.

The incidence of defective coloration of the shoulders or sides of fruits was highest in Ex and seemed to be influenced by infrared and short-wave radiation. The possibility of protecting tomatoes from excess radiation is discussed.
Sweet Potato Blister, a Disease Associated with Boron Nutrition1
Authors: Miller C. H. , Nielsen L. W.
Published: August 2022

Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) blister is primarily a superficial disease that develops in stored roots. The cultivar ‘Nugget’ is particularly susceptible and was used to investigate the role of mineral nutrition of the growing plant on the development of the disease. Results from greenhouse and field experiments demonstrated that the disease developed in roots that received excesses of N, K, and Mg during growth and the disease was prevented by including B in the fertilizer program.
Respiratory Response of Lemons to Ethylene1
Authors: Craft C. C.
Published: August 2022

Green and yellow lemons responded to ethylene treatment by a 2- to 3-fold increase in O2 uptake. Maximum rates of O2 uptake were reached some 20 hr after treatment at 25°G and both O2 and the continued presence of ethylene were required. Following removal of ethylene, O2 uptake declined in 2 days to a level approaching the rate before treatment. Upon retreatment with ethylene, the fruits again responded with a 2- to 3-fold increase in O2 uptake. Ethylene stimulated the O2 uptake of lemons in 5% and 10% O2 even though the rates of O2 uptake of these fruits were already limited by the low levels of O2. The presence of high levels of CO2 during ethylene treatment did not suppress the ethylene-induced respiratory increase. Lemons treated with ethylene at 35°C showed typical increases in O2 uptake. 2-Chloroethanephosphonic acid (Ethrel) stimulated the O2 uptake of lemons more effectively than ethylene.
Changes in Endogenous Auxin, Gibberellin-Like Substances, and Inhibitors in Developing Lowbush Blueberry Fruits1
Authors: Kender Walter J. , Desrochers Jean-Claude
Published: August 2022

Lowbush blueberry fruit, exhibiting the characteristic double sigmoid growth pattern, were analyzed for endogenous gibberellin-like substances, auxins, and inhibitors on 10 sampling dates throughout their ontogeny. During the initial berry enlargement period (stage I) from 0 to 26 days after anthesis, gibberellin content was high and auxin and inhibitor contents low. Gibberellin-like substances reached a peak of 2.1 GA3 equivalents (ug/g dry weight) 26 days after anthesis. At the onset of growth stage II, gibberellin activity declined sharply and remained at a low level throughout the developmental period. During the stage of retarded berry growth, 26 to 48 days after anthesis, auxin activity increased markedly followed by a decrease prior to the start of growth stage III.

All 3 growth substances were at non-active levels during the ripening period. However, inhibitor activity increased sharply as berries developed blue coloration, 61 and 69 days after anthesis. The growth promoting substances were associated with the premature phases of blueberry fruit development and the inhibiting substances with senescence. Auxins and inhibitors were low in flower buds and open flowers while gibberellin-like substances exhibited slight activity in these tissues.
Effect of Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethyl Hydrazide on Anthocyanin Metabolism and Cell Wall Carbohydrates in Red Tart Cherries, Prunus cerasus L., Cv. Montmorency1
Authors: Dekazos Elias D. , Worley J. F.
Published: August 2022

Red tart cherries treated with succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar)5 were studied for changes in anthocyanin pigments and also histochemical changes. Anthocyanin biosynthesis was altered as a result of the treatment. The significant effect of Alar was to change markedly most of the individual pigment ratios. Of note is the fact that the concentration of the pigment peonidin 3-rutinoside was unaltered. The treated fruit showed an increase in total anthocyanin pigment.

Alar treatment also caused both quantitative and qualitative changes in cell wall carbohydrate composition. Treated fruit had more total wall material and showed callose formation. Furthermore, the sprayed fruit contained more pectin and hemicellulose. The amount of cellulose and lignin was not affected. The relation between changes in cell wall polysaccharides and increased firmness of sour cherries as a result of the treatment is discussed.
Histochemical Relationship of Manganese to Internal Bark Necrosis of Apple1
Authors: Eggert D. A. , Hayden R. A.
Published: August 2022

Severe symptom of internal bark necrosis (IBN) were noted when trees of ‘Red Delicious’ (‘Bisbee’ strain) on the EM II rootstock were grown hydroponically for 5 months in a complete nutrient regime supplemented with 50 ppm Mn. Lower levels of Mn resulted in less severe symptoms. Experimentally induced lesions were histologically identical to those occurring naturally in the field. Upon histochemical testing, frozen tissue sections obtained from trees grown in excess Mn regimes revealed localized and heavy accumulation of Mn in both incipient and well developed lesions. Localized accumulation of excess Mn may directly cause cell death and lesion formation.
Breeding Cabbage for High Dry Matter and Soluble Solids1
Authors: Dickson M. H. , Stamer J. R.
Published: August 2022

Various cultivars of cabbage, brussels sprouts, and kale when tested for dry matter content, ranged from 6.5–18% and showed heritabilities for this character of 50–60%. Dry matter was positively correlated with soluble solids, brine production and frost tolerance. High dry matter cabbage resulted in less brine produced in kraut production, increasing packout and reducing pollution.
Effects of Potassium Deficiency on Nitrogen Metabolism of Fruit Plants1
Authors: Forshey C. G. , McKee M. Wayne
Published: August 2022

Soluble N accumulated in the leaves of K-deficient fruit plants grown in sand culture and in the field. Putrescine was identified in leaves and shoots of plants low in K and high in soluble N. Injections of putrescine induced K deficiency symptoms in K-sufficient leaves. Results emphasized a regulatory role of K in N metabolism.
Additional Allelic Genes in Malus for Scab Resistance of Two Reaction Types1
Authors: Dayton D. F. , Williams E. B.
Published: August 2022

A gene conditioning the 3-type resistance reaction to Venturia inaequalis Cke. (Wint.), recovered from M. micromalus Mak., is shown to be carried at the Vf locus, and thus allelic with similar genes recovered from 10 other Malus species and forms. Malus micromalus and M. atrosanguinea (Spaeth) Schneid. 804 are shown to carry allelic genes conditioning the pit-type of resistant reaction. The symbol Vm is assigned to this locus.
Response of ‘Valencia’ Orange Trees to Four Soil Water Schedules During 20 Years1
Authors: Hilgeman R. H. , Sharp F. O.
Published: August 2022

‘Valencia’ orange scions on sour orange rootstock, planted in 1935 at Tempe, Arizona, in calcareous sandy loam, were grown from 1949 through 1968 under 4 irrigation programs: high—15 irrigations a year, 1.72 m water applied; moderate—10 irrigations a year, 1.35 m water applied; low—5 irrigations a year, 0.95 m water applied; high-low—high, March to July, and low, August to February, 9 irrigations a year, 1.18 m water applied.

Yields were similar in high, moderate and high-low trees; reduced in low trees. Trunk growth was proportionately reduced as less water was applied. High soil water produced larger tree canopies than moderate, low and high-low, which were similar. Summer shoot growth was stimulated in high trees, limited by fruiting and soil water deficits in moderate and high-low regimes, and promoted by reduced yields in low trees. Low soil water reduced total feeder roots and increased the proportion below 60 cm. Fruit sizes were similar in high and moderate, markedly reduced in high-low and variable in low schedules. Total soluble solids in fruit increased as less water was applied after mid-July. Peel thickness was similar in high and moderate and thinner than in low and high-low.

High yields from the high-low regime show there is no advantage in maintaining high soil water during the entire year. Moderate stresses after July induced highest soluble solids in fruit, maintained smaller trees which facilitated picking, and prevented iron chlorosis.
Preharvest Treatments on Skinning of Sweet Potato Roots1,2
Authors: Austin M. E. , Graves B.
Published: August 2022

Chemical and mechanical treatments were applied to 3 cultivars of field grown sweet potatoes, Ipomoea batatas (Lam.), in an attempt to reduce the amount of skinning injury from harvest and handling. Treatments that destroyed the leaves and vines, i.e. sodium arsenite, paraquat, and mowing at soil level, reduced skinning of fleshy roots later during harvest. The reduction in fleshy root skinning from harvest treatments was significant but not visually apparent in field containers.

Thickness of periderm of the sweet potatoes was not influenced by chemical or mechanical treatments but dates of application and time of harvest influenced periderm development. Skinning was most severe when the periderm was thickest.

There appeared to be an association between low soil temperature (60° F) and skinning.

Changes in carbohydrate composition of ‘Nemagold’ roots were partly associated with changes in soil temperature. Accumulation of carbohydrates in roots varied with cultivar and season, and there was no relationship between the carbohydrate composition and severity of skinning.

Yield of roots was reduced in most plots where vines were killed or stunted by treatments, especially those made early in the harvest season and in treatments applied 2 weeks prior to harvest.
Abscisic Acid Levels in Dormant Peach Flower Buds1
Authors: Corgan J. N. , Peyton Charlen
Published: August 2022

A growth inhibitor isolated from dormant peach flower buds was identified as abscisic acid (ABA). Peach bud extracts were assayed for relative growth inhibition by the total acid fraction and for growth inhibition of a purified ABA fraction. Inhibition by both the total acid and ABA fractions increased in the fall until about the time of leaf abscission, and inhibition by both fractions decreased near or shortly after the end of the rest period. The inhibition by the total acid fraction decreased relatively more than the ABA fraction, possibly indicating interaction with growth promoting compounds in the total acid fraction. Inhibition increased as buds swelled, after termination of rest.
Peach Thinning with 3CPA and Ethrel During Cytokinesis1
Authors: Buchanan D. W. , Biggs R. H. , Blake J. A. , Sherman W. B.
Published: August 2022

Sprays of various concentrations of Fruitone, a commercial formulation containing 2-(3-chlorophenoxy)-propionamide and 2-(3-chlorophenoxy)-propionic acid (3CPA) or of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) were applied to ‘Early Amber’, a short cycle (70 days), low-chilling (300 hours < 45 F) peach grown in Florida. Adequate thinning of fruits was obtained from treatments during the 4-day interval that the endosperm was changing from the free nuclear to the completely cellular stage. The most satisfactory concn of 3CPA and Ethrel for fruit thinning were 300 and 30 ppm, respectively. All concn of 3CPA and Ethrel which caused fruit thinning also increased ethylene concn in the fruit.
The Effect of Exogenous Growth Regulators on Keeping Quality In Poinsettia1
Authors: Gilbert David A. , Sink Kenneth C.
Published: August 2022

Differences in bract abscission were found among several cultivars of poinsettia either intact or debladed in response to exogenously applied growth regulators. Indoleacetic acid (IAA) delayed the abscission of debladed petioles relative to its concentration, time, and point of application. Gibberellic acid or abscisic acid alone had no effect but interacted with IAA. Ethylene had no influence on abscission. No treatment accelerated the abscission rate of debladed petioles. There was no consistent modification of the relative differences among cultivars.
Inheritance of Seed Yield and its Components in a Six-Parent Diallel Cross in Peas1
Authors: Krarup Aage , Davis David W.
Published: August 2022

Pea seed yield (W) and its components—pods per plant (X), seeds per pod (Y), and average seed weight (Z)—and also seeds per plant were found to be controlled by an additive genetic system, on the average. The existence of some departure from additivity was indicated by deviation of the F1 from the midparent, especially for X, W, and seeds per plant. This deviation was more likely due to epistasis or linkage than to dominance. Specific Heterosis (specific combining ability) was important for all components, while Variety Heterosis (general combining) was important only for Y and Z. Estimates of heritability were high, ranging from .38 for seeds per plant to .65 for Z. Yield was found to be closely related to X, Y, and Z in descending order. Pods per plant (X) probably is a good selection index for dry seed yield in the pea.
Peel Flavanols and Their Relationship to Superficial Scald in ‘Stayman’ Apples1
Authors: Albrigo L. Gene , Childers Norman F.
Published: August 2022

Scald susceptibility levels were created in ‘Stayman’ apples by controlling late-season night temperature and harvesting on 3 different dates in 1967 at New Brunswick, New Jersey. After 2 and 5 months at 32°F storage, the ascorbic acid, vanillin-reactive flavanols, and leucoanthocyanidins were determined on successive 95% and 50% ethanol extracts of the fruit peel. The less complex flavanols of the 95% ethanol extract also were separated. Scald ratings were made after 5 months at 32°F storage and one week at 68°F.

Scalding was most prevalent on fruit harvested 15 to 20 days before harvest maturity. Earlier and later harvested fruit showed less scalding. Stepwise regression indicated that scald decreased as ascorbic acid and the simplest flavanols increased. Comparison of the chemical values for the earliest harvested fruit suggested that oxidative browning should not be implicated as a cause of scalding. Formation of vacuolar-condensed tannins in the earliest harvested fruit was retarded.
The Role of Water and Cultural Practices on Oedema of Pelargonium hortorum Ait.1,2
Authors: Metwally A. W. , Beck G. E. , Struckmeyer B. Esther
Published: August 2022

Two cultivars of Pelargonium hortorum Ait. were used to determine the effect of certain environmental conditions and cultural practices on the formation and development of oedema. High light intensity, low nutritional levels and high soil moisture content increased susceptibility of leaves to oedema. Severity increased when plants were subsequently exposed to environmental conditions that favored water absorption rather than transpiration. A study of stomatal behavior of oedematous leaves showed greater vapor diffusion resistance compared with normal leaves. The excess water in leaf tissues caused hypertrophy of some cells in the leaf which resulted in plugging the sub-stomatal chamber. Sometimes there was an increase in the size of epidermal cells adjacent to guard cells forcing them to close. The stoma was sometimes collapsed as a result of hypertrophy of surrounding cells. The differences in the susceptibility of the 2 cultivars to oedema under high soil moisture was due to differences in their internal structure and stomatal behavior.
Fertility and Chromosome Behavior of a Derived Decaploid of Vaccinium1
Authors: Jelenkovic Gojko , Draper A. D.
Published: August 2022

Chromosome pairing in a derived decaploid, 2n=10×=120, (from a colchicine-treated, sterile pentaploid hybrid of Vaccinium ashei Reade × V. corymbosum L.) was chiefly bivalent. Multivalent associations were present in 5 of 16 cells scored at metaphase I, but only 23 chromosomes of the 1,920 observed were involved in multiple pairing. Most of the cells at anaphase I (33 of 35 observed) contained lagging chromosomes which appeared to be non-disjoined bivalents rather than univalents. The decaploid was selfed and crossed with hexaploid, tetraploid, and diploid species. The mean number of seedlings produced per flower pollinated for each ploidy level was low, ranging from 0.04 to 0.09. The mean seedling number produced per self-pollinated flower was considerably higher, 0.92. The percent of pollen which stained in propionocarmine was 8% for the pentaploid parent, 62% for the derived decaploid and 99% for plants of V. ashei and V. corymbosum used as standards for comparison.
Intraclonal vs. Intraseedling Variation in Ulmus americana L. and U. pumila L. 1,2
Authors: Schreiber Lawrence R. , Roberts Bruce R.
Published: August 2022

Intraclonal variation in Ulmus americana, American elm and U. pumila, Siberian elm was compared with seedling variation in the same species for the following characteristics: height growth; shoot, root, and total fresh weight; stem, leaf, root and total dry weight; root-shoot ratio, and leaf area. Intraclonal variation was as great as seedling variation for all characteristics in 3-month-old American and 12-month-old Siberian elms and for height growth in 13-month-old American elms. It was significantly less for all other characteristics in the 13-month-old American elm clone.
Diffusible Rooting Substances in Woody Ornamentals1
Authors: Kawase Makoto
Published: August 2022

Water soluble rooting substances were obtained from selected woody ornamentals by the centrifugal diffusion method from the cuttings, or by the water extraction method from the ground freeze-dried cuttings. Species used were Cotoneaster racemiflora soongorica, Euonymus fortunei carrierei, Ilex opaca, Lonicera maacki, Physocarpus amurensis, Symplocos paniculata, Taxus cuspidata, Viburnum burkwoodi, and V. opulus. The centrifugal diffusates from Cotoneaster racemiflora soongorica, Euonymus fortunei carrierei, and Symplocos paniculata promoted rooting of mung bean cuttings. Generally the centrifugal diffusates from all of the species studied contained 4 root-promoting fractions with Rf’s, in isopropanol:ammonia:water, of 0–0.1, 0.2–0.4, 0.6–0.8, and 0.8–1.0. All of these fractions promoted rooting of mung bean cuttings without added indole-3-acetic acid. The fraction at Rf 0-0.1 caused the strongest root promotion. Similar results were found in the water extract from the freeze-dried materials. The results strongly suggest that diffusible and water-soluble rooting substances commonly exist among many species of woody plants.
Inheritance of Malate in Tomatoes1
Authors: Stevens M. Allen , Long Marilyn A.
Published: August 2022

The inheritance of malate in tomatoes was investigated by gas-liquid chromatography with trimethylsilyl derivatives. Studies of progeny from the crosses ‘Campbell 146’ x ‘Campbell 1327’ and ‘Delsher’ x PI 255842-SI indicated that concentration of malate is determined by a single factor with dominance for low concentration.
Influence of Nitrogen, Potassium and Plant Population on the Maturity of Field Seeded Tomatoes for Once-Over Harvest1
Authors: Nicklow Clark W. , Downes John D.
Published: August 2022

To achieve an economic harvest of tomatoes mechanically under conditions of relatively high rainfall and a relatively short growing season, a new approach to field seeding was explored. Seeding of ‘New Yorker’ and ‘H 1630’ cultivars at plant populations ranging from 20,000 to 110,000 plants per acre resulted in canning yields of 24 tons per acre for ‘New Yorker’ when seeded at approximately 90,000 plants per acre with 5 rows on a 5-foot bed. Both preplant and sidedressed N as well as preplant K decreased early once-over harvest yields of ripe fruit. Conversely, the addition of these same fertility treatments, in most cases, significantly increased the once-over harvest yield of green fruit. Nitrogen resulted in a significant reduction of fruit size, while K, when it had an influence, caused an increase in fruit size. Fruit size, in most cases, decreased as plant population was increased.
Resistance to Leaf Miners in Lycopersicon Accessions1
Authors: Webb Ralph E. , Stoner A. K. , Gentile A. G.
Published: August 2022

When cultivars and accessions of the cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., and related species, were evaluated for resistance to a leaf miner, Liriomyza munda Frick, in greenhouse and field cage tests, the screening tests revealed several lines of L. esculentum having genes for adult nonpreference or larval antibiosis or both. All accessions of L. hirsutum Humb. & Bonpl. and L. hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull, were virtually immune to attack in both greenhouse and field tests. Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill, demonstrated a considerable level of antibiosis in the greenhouse, but was not promising in the field. All accessions of L. peruvianum var. dentatum Dun. and L. glandulosum C. H. Mull, tested were susceptible. The commercial cv. VF 145B was nonpreferred in the field.
Effect of Pruning and Tree Size on Within-Tree Bruising of Mechanically Harvested ‘Mcintosh’ Apples1
Authors: Cain John C.
Published: August 2022

Bruising of apples is a major limitation for successful mechanical harvesting and that occurring within the tree probably determines the lower limit achievable. Bruising within the tree was studied by hand shaking 50-100 fruit samples onto a catching device which virtually eliminated bruising from this source.

Internal tree structure was modified by pruning entire trees and parts of trees from 8 to 14 ft. high to minimize the number of limb impact points by falling fruit. Bruising increased with tree height under all conditions of intervening branch structure. Pruning reduced bruising less than 10% on average trees. A minimum of 15-20% bruise results from the small branches on which fruit are borne independent of height. Limited branch density counts indicate that about 90% of the potential impact points of a large tree occur on branches less than one inch in diameter, where most of the fruit are borne.

These data indicate the limitations of pruning or branch padding to reduce internal tree bruising and suggest the use of smaller trees for the most economical reduction of bruise damage during mechanical harvesting.
Biochemical Comparison of Seasonal Variations in Three Peach Cultivars Differing in Cold Hardiness1
Authors: Lasheen Aly M. , Chaplin Carl E.
Published: August 2022

Leaves, shoots and flower buds of 3 peach cultivars differing in cold hardiness were compared biochemically throughout the year. The analyses included starch, reducing and total sugars, total protein, and total and individual amino acids, (a) Starch in leaves and shoots was low in early spring, but increased to peak concentrations in fall. Flower buds were devoid of starch, (b) Reducing and total sugars in leaves and shoots were high in early spring and decreased to a minimum in fall, but increased to a maximum in the shoots during winter. In flower buds reducing and total sugars were relatively high during winter and increased to peak concentrations in early spring, (c) Protein in leaves was high in spring but decreased to a minimum in summer, then steadily increased to a peak concentration in fall. A similar but less pronounced trend occurred in shoots. In flower buds a steady increase in protein occurred during dormancy and reached a maximum in early spring, (d) Total free amino acids in leaves was high in the spring, but decreased rapidly to a minimum in the fall. In shoots the level was relatively high in the spring, decreased in early summer, but increased to a maximum in late summer, then gradually leveled off during the fall and winter. In flower buds the level was relatively high in winter, but increased rapidly in early spring.

Some correlation existed between the levels of the biochemical constituents and the degree of hardiness in the 3 peach cultivars.
Fertilizer and Lime Rates Influence Highbush Blueberry Growth and Foliar Elemental Content During Establishment1
Authors: Cummings George , Bickford Carlos , Nelson Larry
Published: August 2022

Nitrogen and P fertilization increased growth of 1 and 2 year-old highbush blueberry plants (Vaccinium corymbosum L., cv Wolcott) at 2 locations in eastern North Carolina. The influence of K upon growth during the years of establishment was not conclusive. Dolomitic lime application prior to establishment raised soil pH from 3.7 and 3.9 to 4.5 and depressed growth.

The influence of treatments upon the foliar contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn was determined. A direct relationship existed between the rate of N, P, or K and the content of these elements in the foliage. The only effects noted from lime application were an increase in P and Ca and decrease in Fe foliar level at one location. Variations in foliar elemental content, induced by treatments, were usually similar at both locations. The level of certain elements in the foliage, however, varied widely with location.
Tomato Fruit Size and Quality Interrelationships1
Authors: Ibarbia E. A. , Lambeth V. N.
Published: August 2022

The interrelationships between tomato fruit weight, Brix, pH and titratable acidity were studied in 2 constant parent groups of F1’s, their 11 parental lines and 2 sets of P-F1’s. Estimates of genetic and phenotypic correlations between high Brix and high titratable acidity and between low pH and high titratable acidity suggested considerable pleiotropic role of genes. The desirable assocation of high Brix with low pH was phenotypically unstable and appeared to have little detectable genetical basis. Fruit weight was poorly correlated with quality traits. Implications of these findings in a breeding program are discussed.
Interspecific Blueberry Grafting, a Way to Extend Vaccinium Culture to Different Soils1
Authors: Galletta G. J. , Fish A. S.
Published: August 2022

Several blueberry species were successfully intergrafted. A graft combination of particular horticultural promise in North Carolina was highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum L.) scions grafted onto rabbiteye blueberry (V. ashei Reade) rootstocks, which took advantage of the superior soil adaptability and vigor of the rabbiteye species. Spring grafting and midsummer T-budding were the most successful grafting methods. Stock-scion compatibility was very broad; 24 different highbush scions were successfully grafted onto rabbiteye and sparkleberry (V. arboreum Marsh) roots. Delayed incompatibility symptoms were not found 7 to 10 yrs after grafting. Grafted plants produced new sprouts (“suckers”) from the rootstock crown area, which had to be removed annually. Sucker production increased with age, and varied with season and rootstock. Grafted highbush on rabbiteye plants succeeded in growth and fruiting on several soils on which ungrafted highbush plants had previously failed. Yields of grafted plants were average for the scion cultivar, varying with soil type differences and with number of grafts per plant. Blueberry scion cultivars tended to perform better on one or the other of 2 different rootstocks.
Effects of Tomato Juice on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth1
Authors: Huang Han , Yamaguchi M.
Published: August 2022

Tomato seeds were more responsive than wheat or lettuce seeds to the presence of an inhibitor in the juice of tomato fruits. Seed germination and seedling growth decreased with increasing concentrations of juice. Inhibition of seed germination in 20% juice with an osmotic concentration of less than 0.1 M was significantly less than in 0.1 M glucose or mannitol with 0.01 M citric acid at pH 4.4. The inhibitor in tomato juice was thermostable, but the effect decreased with prolonged storage at -20°C. There were cultivar differences in the amount of inhibitor present in ripe tomato fruits.
Effect of Day Temperature and Light Intensity on Concentration of Malic and Tartaric Acids in Vitis vinifera L. Grapes1
Authors: Kliewer W. M.
Published: August 2022

The concn of malic and tartaric acids in fruits from ‘Cardinal’ and ‘Pinot noir’ vines grown in phytotron rooms were negatively correlated with fruit maturity (°Brix). The rate of decrease of both acids was dependent on temperature and cultivar, but relatively independent of light intensity. Curvilinear regressions (hyperbolas) best described the decrease of malic and tartaric acids in the fruits with the former acid always decreasing at the faster rate. Part of the decrease of tartaric and malic acids in fruits during ripening was attributed to the formation of salts of these acids.

The concn of monobasic salts of malic and tartaric acids were usually higher in fruits grown under low light intensity than at high light intensity. Mono-and di-basic tartrates and dibasic malate were present in higher concn in grapes ripened at 30° than at 20°C; however, the reverse was true for monobasic malate salt. The level of dibasic malate and tartrate salts in fruits ripened at 30° increased with fruit maturity, but the concn of these salts in berries ripened at 20° varied relatively little as ripening progressed.
Effects of Leaf Position and Sampling Date on Leaf Nutrient Composition of Eleven Highbush Blueberry Cultivars1
Authors: Eaton G. W. , Meehan C. N.
Published: August 2022

Four types of leaf samples were taken in June and August 1966 from 11 early, mid-season, and late cultivars of highbush blueberry Vaccinium corymbosum L. The first three were the 1st, 2nd and 3rd mature leaves of current-season shoots subtending fruit clusters and the 4th was a composite collection of these leaves. Each sample was analysed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe.

Differences among cultivars were significant for all elements tested. Every cultivar had less Ca in June than in August, and most cultivars had lower Mg in June than in August. Most cultivars had similar N and Fe content in both months, but had higher P and K in June than in August. In June, K was lower in samples of young leaves than in composite samples. In August, young leaves were higher in Mg. In June, composite samples were higher in P than the second and third mature leaves. Cultivars, as well as sampling position and time will be important in evolving diagnostic criteria in highbush blueberry leaf analysis.
Development of Intra-Ovarian Ovaries in Carica papaya L.1
Authors: Nakasone H. Y. , Arkle T. D.
Published: August 2022

The occurrence of intra-ovarian ovaries in certain strains of Carica papaya L. is not uncommon. Approximately 150 hermaphroditic and 25 female ovaries from a hybrid progeny contained internal ovaries in stages of development ranging from thread-like appendages to round or elongated pistils of various sizes and shapes. A few were large enough to fill the entire seed cavity of the primary fruit and possessed their own cavities with non-viable seeds.

Internal ovaries originate either from stimulated growth of rudimentary pistillate structures extending from the central axis of the receptacle or from placentae in positions normally occupied by ovules. The placenta may be in its normal parietal position or a single strand may become free, extended from the base of the primary ovary and support a mal-shaped secondary ovary as well as ovules. The occurrence of internal ovaries supports theories proposed by other investigators on the evolution of floral morphology in the papaya.
The Boron Content of Developing Pear, Apple and Cherry Flower Buds1
Authors: Woodbridge C. G. , Venegas A. , Crandall P. C.
Published: August 2022

Fruit buds of pear, apple and cherry, collected between the late dormant period and petal fall, were separated into their various parts and analyzed for B. Generally, the B content of the tissues reflected the amount in the soil. Total B increased gradually as the bud enlarged and then rapidly as the flower opened to full bloom. In many of the flower parts the B level was high. During the bloom period, the blossom parts (styles, petals, sepals, anthers, filaments and receptacles) contained more B than the leaves and pedicels.
Control of Rose Blackspot in the Field with Benomyl1,2
Authors: Semeniuk P. , Palmer J. G.
Published: August 2022

Rose plants grown in large circular tiles sealed internally and sunk in a field were sprayed with an aqueous suspension of conidia of Diplocarpon rosae Wolf, 2 weeks after initial applications of methyl l-butylcarbamoyl-2-benzimidazolecarbamate (benomyl). Weekly benomyl spray applications confined foliar infections to 35 ± 5% of the leaflets after 4 months compared with almost 100% infection in the untreated controls. Benomyl, applied once to the soil surface (either 1 or 2 lb. active ingredients/25 ft2), held infections to approximately 60%. One pound of the active ingredient per 25 ft2 of soil surface, applied 3 times at one-month intervals, held infections to approximately 35% on ‘Pink Radiance’, 40% on ‘Nocturne’, and 50% on ‘Red Radiance’. Blackspots on plants in soil treated with benomyl usually were small, linear, and interveinal compared with typical oval to oblong cross-veinal spots on sprayed or untreated plants. After wintering outside, all benomyl treated plants, but only 50% of the untreated plants were alive. The treated plants were larger and more vigorous than the untreated plants. At this time, foliar symptoms were most prevalent on plants that had been unsprayed or sprayed with benomyl and were least on those that had received 3 soil applications of benomyl during the preceding summer.
The Influence of Nitrogen and Potassium Nutrition on Vine and Root Development of the ‘Allgold’ Sweetpotato at Early Stage of Storage Root Enlargement1
Authors: Knavel Dean E.
Published: August 2022

Plants of the ‘Allgold’ sweetpotato were grown for 60 days with 3 levels of N and K in a peat-perlite medium to determine the influence of these nutrients on plant development early in the stage of root enlargement. Dry vine and fresh root weights were highly correlated, with high N and medium K resulting in the largest vine and root weights. The numbers of roots were influenced more by K than by N, but the size of roots was influenced more by N than by K. The addition of N without K was responsible for long roots, and the addition of K reduced root length at all N levels.
Azalea Flower Bud Development and Dormancy as Influenced by Temperature and Gibberellic Acid1
Authors: Larson Roy A. , Sydnor T. Davis
Published: August 2022

Flower bud development was ascertained by biweekly dissections of shoot apices, until bud color was apparent. Satisfactory results were obtained when plants were given 3 weeks at 2 or 9°C, followed by 3 applications of GA3 at 250 ppm. The results were less satisfactory when attempts were made to completely substitute GA3 for the cool temp requirement to break dormancy.