bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Global Fire Atlas of individual fire size, duration, speed, and
direction
Authors: Andela Niels , Morton Douglas C. , Giglio Louis , Paugam Ronan , Chen Yang , Hantson Stijn , van der Werf Guido R. , Randerson James T.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Natural and human-ignited fires affect all major biomes, altering ecosystem structure, biogeochemical cycles, and atmospheric composition. Satellite observations provide global data on spatiotemporal patterns of biomass burning and evidence for rapid changes in global fire activity in response to land management and climate. Satellite imagery also provides detailed information on the daily or subdaily position of fires that can be used to understand the dynamics of individual fires. The Global Fire Atlas is a new global dataset that tracks the dynamics of individual fires to determine the timing and location of ignitions and fire size, duration, daily expansion, fire line length, speed, and direction of spread. Here we present the underlying methodology and Global Fire Atlas results for 2003–2016 derived from daily moderate resolution (500 m) Collection 6 MCD64A1 burned area data. The algorithm identified 13.3 million individual fires over the study period, and estimated fire perimeters were in good agreement with independent data for the continental United States. A small number of large fires dominated sparsely populated arid and boreal ecosystems, while burned area in agricultural and other human-dominated landscapes was driven by high ignition densities that resulted in numerous smaller fires. Long-duration fires in the boreal regions and natural landscapes in the humid tropics suggest that fire-season length exerts a strong control on fire size and total burned area in these areas. In arid ecosystems with low fuel densities, high fire spread rates resulted in large, short-duration fires that quickly consumed available fuels. Importantly, multi-day fires contributed the majority of burned area in all biomass burning regions. A first analysis of the largest, longest, and fastest fires that occurred around the world revealed coherent regional patterns of extreme fires driven by large-scale climate forcing. Global Fire Atlas data are publicly available through www.globalfiredata.org/ and https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1642, and individual fire information and summary data products provide new information for benchmarking fire models within ecosystem and Earth system models, understanding vegetation-fire feedbacks, improving global emissions estimates, and characterizing the changing role of fire in the Earth system.
Modelo, identidad y la Academia de Francia en Roma: Nicolas Vleughels y su relación con los artistas portugueses y españoles.
Authors: Diez del Corral-Corredoira Pilar
Published: September 2018

Nicolas Vleughels fue un pintor francés más conocido por su importante papel como director de la Académie de France en Roma (1725- 1737). Su estilo personal dirigiendo la institución y su forma de apoyar a los pensionados tuvo un enorme impacto en la producción de esos jóvenes artistas. Sin embargo, su influencia se suele estudiar dentro del marco del arte francés o romano, y no en una perspectiva más amplia, más en consonancia con el estatus internacional de la institución que representaba. A través del análisis de la correspondencia entre Vleughels y el sobreintendente de edificios públicas en París, este articulo aborda la relación de este carismático personaje con las dos coronas ibéricas. Por un lado, este trabajo estudia la efímera y casi desconocida vida de la academia de Portugal en Roma, cuya conexión con la academia gala es un asunto de rivalidad y posicionamiento más que una relación típicamente institucional.  Por otro lado, este artículo también trata la turbulenta relación entre Vleughels y los pensionados españoles, que prácticamente condujo a una crisis diplomática; aún cuando supuestamente los españoles gozaban de un tratamiento especial, fruto de la alianza política entre las dos coronas.
Quantificação Das Espécies Árboreas Do Colégio Técnico Dom Vital Município De Catolé Do Rocha-PB
Authors: Véras Mario Leno Martins , Melo Filho José Sebastião de , Irineu Toni Halan da Silva , Alves Lunara De Sousa , Dias Thiago Jardelino
Published: September 2018

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar espécies arbóreas no Colégio Técnico Dom Vital em Catolé do Rocha - PB, no intuito de diagnosticar os problemas fitossanitários, vandalismo, bem como a quantidade de espécies arbóreas existentes, para que se possa no segundo momento deste trabalho implantar uma arborização neste setor educativo. O levantamento foi realizado entre fevereiro a abril de 2013, contando-se e classificando-se as plantas in loco, O Colégio Técnico Dom Vital tem 180 plantas e 22 espécies diferentes encontra-se em estado péssimo, visto que apresentam problemas fitossanitários gravíssimos, comprometendo a saúde das árvores, constatou-se diversos vandalismos e características que prejudicam o desenvolvimento das espécies e o meio ambiente do planeta terra causando desequilíbrio ambiental no cotidiano do universo escolar.
Who is Covered by Unemployment Insurance?
Authors: Hodges Leslie
Published: September 2018

Although the Federal State Unemployment Compensation Program (UI) is designed to insure U.S. workers against the economic risk of job loss, there is little information available about the characteristics of employed workers who are covered by the program (i.e., who would be eligible for benefits if they became unemployed). Knowing more about these workers can improve current understanding of the extent to which the UI program is meeting the needs of workers in the modern economy and can help researchers and policymakers identify ways to make the program more effective. To contribute to research in this area, this paper uses data from the 2008 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) and probit regression analysis to document rates of UI coverage by major demographic and job groups. I find that 95 percent of employed workers with prior labor-force experience are covered by UI. However, consistent with prior literature on the characteristics of UI recipients, I find gaps in UI coverage for women, younger workers, less-educated workers, part-time workers, and workers in some service-related industries and occupations.
A conferência episcopal de Medellín: inspiração para uma mística latino-americana e caribenha
Authors: Souza Carlos Frederico Barboza de
Published: September 2018

a proposta deste artigo é pensar em uma mística que nasça da inspiração da II Conferência Geral do Episcopado Latino-Americano realizada na cidade de Medellín, Colômbia, no período de 24 de agosto a 6 de setembro de 1968. Após 50 anos deste evento inaugurador de um rosto latino-americano e caribenho da Igreja Católica, com um viés ecumênico e atento aos “sinais dos tempos”, desenvolveu-se, também, uma mística singular e vinculada à realidade vivida na América Latina. Neste sentido, este artigo abordará a singularidade da mística que nasce de Medellín e apontará para suas especificidades: uma mística histórica e não dicotômica; integral; compassiva e centrada no serviço, sobretudo, aos empobrecidos; diaconal e vivida no dinamismo do amor; experimentada nas Comunidades de Base; profética e libertadora; pautada em uma leitura engajada da Bíblia; e atenta aos Sinais dos Tempos. Apoiado em um método de revisão bibliográfica e em diálogo com autores que abordam o documento conclusivo da Conferência, em um primeiro momento, este artigo introduzirá a inovação promovida por Medellín, sugerindo-o como um carisma eclesial que pode ser atualizado na realidade contemporânea. Em seguida, abordará as especificidades da mística que nasce naquele momento.
O caminho estreito e o caminho largo de Hieronymus Wierix do ano 1619: uma leitura panofskiana de uma gravura da reforma católica
Authors: Renders Helmut
Published: September 2018

O artigo apresenta e interpreta a gravura De smalle en de brede Weg (o caminho estreito e o caminho largo) de Hieronymus Wierix, criada no ano de 1619 na cidade de Antuérpia, já sob domínio espanhol. O objetivo é analisar uma expressão da cultura visual religiosa católica que influenciou as Américas e o Brasil colônia e que inspirou a cultura visual evangélica brasileira, no caso, mediante a xilogravura de Charlotte Reihlen no século 19. Como método aplicam-se os três passos de interpretação de arte religiosa renascentista propostos por Ernst Panofsky, a descrição pré-iconográfica, a análise iconográfica e a interpretação iconológica. Espera-se enriquecer a compreensão da cultura visual religiosa na América Latina e no Brasil, inclusive em sua transconfessionalidade, investigando seu rico fundo imaginário.
Formação de professores para a diversidade religiosa: qual apropriação?
Authors: Otto Claricia , Rodrigues Fabiano Batista , Iaczinski Irma
Published: September 2018

Este texto é resultado de entrevistas e pesquisa com professores recém-formados em Ciências da Religião e com professores da disciplina de Ensino Religioso. Os aportes teóricos são de autores como Bourdieu com a noção de campo; Chartier com as categorias de apropriação e de representação; e, Foucault com a noção de discurso. Além de entrevistas, houve participação e observação de aulas de Ensino Religioso em uma escola estadual e no Curso semipresencial de formação continuada para professores. Nesses eventos foram produzidos registros e coletadas atividades escritas, produzidas pelos professores em formação, tanto em resposta aos Instrumentos de Pesquisa quanto às atividades propostas pelos coordenadores do Curso. Pode-se inferir que os professores, colaboradores da pesquisa, mobilizam discursos que indicam a apropriação das prescrições legais para o Ensino Religioso. Todavia, concomitantemente, aparece também a influência e permanência de questões vinculadas ao seu credo religioso e/ou a uma miscelânea de conteúdos. Além disso, podem se tornar um empecilho no estudo do fenômeno religioso na diversidade.
People in the News
Authors: Galloway Ann-Christe
Published: September 2018

Cinthya IppolitiElizabeth OttLisa RuthElizabeth CerejidoJessica CrittenJoe FoxElizabeth “Liz” GusheeRita H. Smith
Cuestiones de ceremonial y protocolo en las Cortes de Cádiz
Authors: Sánchez González Dolores del Mar
Published: September 2018

Este trabajo demuestra cual es el momento exacto en que se produce la separación entre el protocolo y ceremonial de corte y el protocolo y ceremonial de Estado en España: la formación de las Cortes de Cádiz en 1810. Estas Cortes surgen en medio de un proceso de invasión del territorio, vacío de poderes por la ausencia del rey por lo que necesitan de un instrumento que les sirva de propaganda y legitimación ante sus conciudadanos por ello el primero decreto fue la creación de las cortes y el segundo la atribución de unos tratamientos y garantizar el juramento y la lealtad política de todas las instituciones públicas del nuevo Estado de corte liberal que querían diseñar.This work shows what is the exact moment in which the separation between the protocol and ceremonial of court and the protocol and ceremonial of State in Spain takes place: the formation of the Cortes de Cádiz in 1810. These Cortes arise in the middle of a process of invasion of the territory, lack of powers for the absence of the king so they need an instrument that serves as propaganda and legitimacy to their fellow citizens so the first decree was the creation of the courts and the second the attribution of treatments and ensure the oath and the political loyalty of all the public institutions of the new liberal State that wanted to design.
Reseña del libro Protocolo y ceremonial diplomático e internacional
Authors: Sánchez González Dolores del Mar
Published: September 2018

autorJulio M. Panizo Alonso, Síntesis, Madrid, 2018
Evaluating the Effect of Functional Electrical Stimulation Used for Foot Drop on Aspects of Health-Related Quality of Life in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Miller Renfrew Linda , Lord Anna C. , Warren Jake , Hunter Rebecca
Published: September 2018

Background:

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common degenerative neurologic condition resulting in walking difficulties. Foot drop is a common walking impairment in MS that can affect health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Functional electrical stimulation (FES) can improve walking in people with MS, but its effect on HRQOL is not well established. This review investigated the effect of FES used for foot drop on HRQOL in adults with MS.

Methods:

A systematic search was performed using CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and PEDro online databases. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to select eligible studies. Data were extracted, and two reviewers independently rated the quality of the studies using the Effective Public Health Practice Project assessment tool.

Results:

Eight studies were eligible for review; seven were of moderate-to-strong methodological quality and one was weak. Seven studies demonstrated significant positive effects of FES on different aspects of HRQOL as measured by the 29-item Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale, 36-item Short Form Health Status Survey, Canadian Occupational Performance Measure, and Psychosocial Impact of Assistive Devices Scale.

Conclusions:

This review provides preliminary evidence that FES has a positive effect on aspects of HRQOL in people with MS; however, the variety of HRQOL outcomes used makes it difficult to determine definitive conclusions. Future larger-scale randomized studies with long-term follow-up are recommended to better understand the effect of FES on HRQOL. This will inform prescribing decisions and support compliance with FES over the longer-term.
Measuring the Potential for Technology Entrepreneurship Development: Serbian Case
Authors: Rakicevic Jovana , Levi Jaksic Maja , Jovanovic Milica
Published: September 2018

Research Question: This paper explores the potential for technology entrepreneurship development at the country level through the creation of a new composite index. Motivation: Motivation for this paper arises from the fact there is a lack of the composite indices used exclusively for technology management as identified by Jovanovic et al. (2017). Technology indices are mostly used as important components of other composite indices used for tracking a country performance from the perspective of other global phenomena (e.g. competitiveness and innovativeness). The novelty of this paper reflects in the proposed Technology Entrepreneurship Development Potential (TED-pot) index which has multiple significances. It could serve as a help for policy makers in creating national policies; other companies and countries looking for the adequate environment to invest in technology entrepreneurship projects; academics who benefit from a new country-level view on technology entrepreneurship, especially ICT entrepreneurship. Idea: The idea of the paper was to create the TED-pot index to enable the cross-countries comparisons and examine whether the potential of Serbia lies in its entrepreneurial ICT sector. Data: Four indicators included in the created index are measured by the World Bank. The index is applied on six ex-Yugoslav countries and the EU for the period 2009-2014. All the data is collected from the World Bank database. Tools: The final index value is obtained by using the simple weighted function with equal weights. The overall TED-pot has been built upon the equal weighting of the two created pillars: ICT potential (ICT-pot) and Entrepreneurial potential (E-pot). The values for each pillar are calculated by the same procedure, through the simple mean of certain indicators. Findings: According to the calculated TED-pot values, Serbia stands out as a country with the greatest potential for technology entrepreneurship development in the region. Analysing individual pillars, ICT-pot indicates Serbia has very strong ICT sector, far ahead of other countries in the region, while the E-pot values show there is a space for administration to ease and speed up the process of starting new businesses in Serbia. This is a pilot research and the first presentation of the created index, which calls for further investigation. Contribution: This paper expands exiting research related to the country-level measurement in the field of technology management and entrepreneurship, especially focusing on ICT entrepreneurship development.
Human Remains, Rights and Treatment of
Authors: Harries John
Published: September 2018

The question of how we should treat human remains speaks to a more fundamental question: What, if any, are the “rights” of human remains? In other words, do the mortal remains of the dead have any moral standing in and of themselves, or can we understand their significance, and thereby articulate and resolve the question of their treatment, only in reference to the interests of living people? When considering what is best to do with human remains, contemporary policies and protocols often seem to emphasize the concerns of living people, thereby taking a relativistic and relational approach to these ethical questions. This approach is, however, not without its difficulties and limitations, and an alternative possibility is to accord human remains some measure of moral standing as the substance of a once‐living person who, even in their absence, merits recognition.
Imitation, Social Learning, and Cultural Traditions
Authors: Dean Lewis G. , Vale Gillian L. , Whiten Andrew
Published: September 2018

Social learning allows the spread of new knowledge and skills, and is the basis for traditions in a wide range of animal species. These traditions may, in turn, form the basis of culture. Although often used synonymously with social learning, imitation denotes a distinctive social learning mechanism, which many researchers hypothesize allows particularly high‐fidelity transmission of information. This entry examines a range of social learning mechanisms that have been distinguished and reviews how they have been investigated. Current debates on the definition and identification of imitation and other forms of social learning are outlined, addressing differences in their usage across different animal species and impacts on the spread of traditions and culture.
Theory of Mind, Development and Cross‐Cultural Variation in
Authors: Burdett Emily R. R.
Published: September 2018

Theory of mind (ToM) is the capacity to theorize or think about the thoughts, beliefs, and desires of others. Although research has confirmed that typically developing humans develop the capacity to think of the thoughts and beliefs of others, the way in which ToM emerges appears to differ across cultures. This cultural variation has led to questions about the methods and tasks used to test ToM, whether ToM is innate and to what extent it is subject to cultural shaping, and whether the concept of understanding the thoughts and feelings of others only applies in a Western context. These cultural differences have implications for understanding how ToM emerges and how humans across cultures interpret behavior.
Cooperative Child Rearing: Evolution of Alloparenting in Hominins
Authors: Newson Lesley
Published: September 2018

Unlike our great ape relatives, human mothers rely on receiving help to rear their offspring. Providing this help is likely a behavior that began to appear in hominins about 2 million years ago and is believed to have coevolved with increasing brain size, various life‐history changes, and the capacity for culture.
Inbreeding Avoidance, Evolutionary Mechanisms of
Authors: Pusey Anne E.
Published: September 2018

Breeding between relatives generally results in inbreeding depression—a reduction in the survival and fertility of offspring. Evolutionary adaptations that prevent inbreeding include sex‐biased dispersal (permanent movement of the members of one sex or the other from the natal group or area before breeding, which separates close kin); behavioral avoidance of mating with kin; and anatomical or physiological mechanisms of post‐mating selection. Kin recognition mechanisms include familiarity (learning the characteristics of close associates during immaturity so that animals avoid breeding with those with whom they are reared) and phenotype matching (where phenotypic cues such as odors associated with genes of the “major histocompatibility complex” that reliably vary with kinship are matched to cues learned from the self or close relatives). Such mechanisms allow avoidance of inbreeding with unfamiliar as well as familiar relatives.
Darwinian Medicine: Evolutionary Approaches to Disease
Authors: Ewald Paul W.
Published: September 2018

Darwinian medicine applies principles of evolutionary adaptation and natural selection to the study of disease, emphasizing that a full understanding of medical problems requires an understanding of why states of disease exist. There are three evolutionary explanations for the presence of disease: natural selection is insufficiently strong to eliminate the disease, natural selection has had insufficient time to eliminate the causes of disease, and conflicting actions of natural selection maintain disease. This entry illustrates these categories with examples that are widely cited or well‐founded and assesses the extent to which they explain significant health problems. This assessment emphasizes that the complete spectrum of alternative explanations needs to be considered to understand the causes of disease and improve efforts to prevent and treat disease.
Anthropology, Public Perceptions of
Authors: Mills David
Published: September 2018

This entry presents a review of different public perceptions of anthropology over time and in a range of national settings. In addition, it explores a selection of anthropological responses to these public representations and highlights the role of the media in constantly generating new publics and new perceptions of the academic field.
Indigenous Theory
Authors: Bragdon Kathleen J.
Published: September 2018

Indigenous theory as a category of critical analysis has occupied scholars in social and cultural anthropology and related fields for more than a century, although the approaches to this topic, indeed its very definition, have altered significantly during this period. While indigeneity as a state of being and a cluster of internationally recognized legal rights was “officially” recognized in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 2007, indigenous peoples (i.e., original or long‐term “native” inhabitants of particular regions) have been the primary research subjects of anthropologists and proto‐ethnographers for at least three centuries.
Techniques of the Body
Authors: Farnell Brenda
Published: September 2018

The phrase “techniques of the body” first entered anthropological discourse as “les techniques du corps,” the title of a 1934 essay by the French scholar Marcel Mauss (1872–1950). A prominent member of Émile Durkheim's Année Sociologique group, Mauss is widely known for his anthropological contributions to magic, sacrifice, and gift exchange. His largely forgotten attention to the social nature of embodied action was rediscovered during the widespread corporeal turn in the social sciences and humanities during the late 1970s and 1980s as an early contribution to the anthropology of the body, bodily practices, and human movement.
Colonialism and the Museum
Authors: Fairweather Ian S.
Published: September 2018

The development of large metropolitan museums in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was closely tied to the European colonial project and implicated in the construction of race and ethnicity as well as national identities in the colonial world order. The independence of the colonies posed serious challenges for conventional ethnographic museum displays, but postcolonial developments have provided an impetus for a rethinking of museums and museology in a new world order where cultural heritage is commoditized and identity is political. Museums are privileged sites for the performance and contestation of postcolonial identities.
Curation
Authors: Khan Sadia , Bhatt Ibrar
Published: September 2018

As modes and types of information have evolved in the digital age, the umbrella termcurationhas come to cover an increasing number of different types of information management practices – from the technical work of museum specialists and scientists, to everyday online search tasks and social media use. This entry examines curation as a practice of harnessing existing information, filtering and contextualizing it through the application of criteria which assess and promote belief, and then re‐presenting it. Regardless of whether curation is performed by humans or algorithmically by machines, it is the intentional justifications made in the filtering process which link information to knowledge and make curation an act of agentive meaning‐making. Since curators hold the power to change narratives through the (re‐)contextualization of information, the filtering of information can be a source of controversy. Corporate‐driven algorithmic filters, information “bubbles,” and other potential sources of misinformation can all act as mediating agents in the curation process. Keen discernment over the reliability of text becomes critical to the outcome of its recontextualization. Asstewardsof information and producers of knowledge, digital curators must cultivate discernment in their curation practices as a means of safeguarding information and advancing knowledge creation.
Digital Divide
Authors: Pierce Joy
Published: September 2018

This entry provides an overview of the digital divide, from the inception of the phenomenon designated by this term through current definitions. The acknowledgment that populations are divided into those who have access to information communication technologies (ICTs) and those who do not is the basis for the digital divide. An historical timeline outlines the concepts, critiques, and future directions for research on the digital divide. As technology evolves, so do the global concerns for the future of people and countries that are disconnected from a digital society. Knowledge of and physical accessibility to information communication technologies (ICTs) form a common thread across disciplines, theoretical frameworks, and research methods. Some of those disciplines, theories, and methods are provided so as to acknowledge the similarities and differences among scholars who are dedicated to the subject.
Cone beam CT for QA of synthetic CT in MRI only for prostate patients
Authors: Palmér Emilia , Persson Emilia , Ambolt Petra , Gustafsson Christian , Gunnlaugsson Adalsteinn , Olsson Lars E.
Published: September 2018

Purpose

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐only radiotherapy is performed without computed tomography (CT). A synthetic CT (sCT) is used for treatment planning. The aim of this study was to develop a clinically feasible quality assurance (QA) procedure for sCT using the kV‐cone beam CT (CBCT), in an MRI‐only workflow for prostate cancer patients.

Material and method

Three criteria were addressed; stability in Hounsfield Units (HUs), deviations in HUs between the CT and CBCT, and validation of the QA procedure. For the two first criteria, weekly phantom measurements were performed. For the third criteria, sCT, CT, and CBCT for ten patients were used. Treatment plans were created based on the sCT (MriPlannerTM). CT and CBCT images were registered to the sCT. The treatment plan was copied to the CT and CBCT and recalculated. Dose–volume histogram (DVH) metrics were used to evaluate dosimetric differences between the sCT plan and the recalculated CT and CBCT plans. HU distributions in sCT, CT, and CBCT were compared. Well‐defined errors were introduced in the sCT for one patient to evaluate efficacy of the QA procedure.

Results

The kV‐CBCT system was stable in HU over time (standard deviation <40 HU). Variation in HUs between CT and CBCT was <60 HU. The differences between sCT–CT and sCT–CBCT dose distributions were below or equal to 1.0%. The highest mean dose difference for the CT and CBCT dose distribution was 0.6%. No statistically significant difference was found between total mean dose deviations from recalculated CT and CBCT plans, except for femoral head. Comparing HU distributions, the CBCT appeared to be similar to the CT. All introduced errors were identified by the proposed QA procedure, except all tissue compartments assigned as water.

Conclusion

The results in this study shows that CBCT can be used as a clinically feasible QA procedure for MRI‐only radiotherapy of prostate cancer patients.
Building Digital Stories: Architecture and Cartography Meet Documentary and Journalism
Authors: Killing Alison
Published: September 2018

Architects' skills of spatial analysis and representation can be put to good use in surprisingly diverse fields. In the case of Alison Killing, whose studio Killing Architects is based in Rotterdam, they serve to raise public awareness and understanding of topical issues such as migration and climate change. She reveals what motivated her to branch out in this direction, describes a recent self‐initiated project in detail, and notes how the Netherlands' well‐known culture of encouraging designers to pursue research has helped.
Crystallohydrate Loaded Halloysite Nanocontainers for Thermal Energy Storage
Authors: Zhu Xiaolei , Shchukin Dmitry
Published: September 2018

The mixture of crystallohydrate phase change materials (PCMs) Na2HPO4 · 12H2O and Na2SO4 · 10H2O is loaded into halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) by water bath sonication and impregnation under vacuum at 40 °C. It is the first time HNTs are applied as nanocontainers for crystallohydrate PCMs for thermal energy storage. The PCM retains well in the nanocontainers over the solid–liquid phase change, due to the electrostatic interaction between PCM and the inner space of HNTs as well as the nanoconfinement effect. No new covalent bonding is formed between PCM and HNTs in the composite. The crystal structure of the hydrated salts mixture does not change after loading into HNTs. With 67 wt% effective loading of Na2HPO4 · 12H2O and Na2SO4 · 10H2O in 1:1 mass ratio, the nanocontainer composite exhibits the melting temperature of 35.8 °C and the melting enthalpy of 142 J g−1. During the thermal cycling tests, it shows no phase separation and the thermal stability is well kept for 50 cycles. The PCM/HNTs nanocontainers can be considered as efficient nanoscaled energy storage units with great potential in practical applications.
All‐Solid‐State Synaptic Transistor with Ultralow Conductance for Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Yang Chuan‐Sen , Shang Da‐Shan , Liu Nan , Fuller Elliot J. , Agrawal Sapan , Talin A. Alec , Li Yong‐Qing , Shen Bao‐Gen , Sun Young
Published: September 2018

Electronic synaptic devices are important building blocks for neuromorphic computational systems that can go beyond the constraints of von Neumann architecture. Although two‐terminal memristive devices are demonstrated to be possible candidates, they suffer from several shortcomings related to the filament formation mechanism including nonlinear switching, write noise, and high device conductance, all of which limit the accuracy and energy efficiency. Electrochemical three‐terminal transistors, in which the channel conductance can be tuned without filament formation provide an alternative platform for synaptic electronics. Here, an all‐solid‐state electrochemical transistor made with Li ion–based solid dielectric and 2D α‐phase molybdenum oxide (α‐MoO3) nanosheets as the channel is demonstrated. These devices achieve nonvolatile conductance modulation in an ultralow conductance regime (<75 nS) by reversible intercalation of Li ions into the α‐MoO3 lattice. Based on this operating mechanism, the essential functionalities of synapses, such as short‐ and long‐term synaptic plasticity and bidirectional near‐linear analog weight update are demonstrated. Simulations using the handwritten digit data sets demonstrate high recognition accuracy (94.1%) of the synaptic transistor arrays. These results provide an insight into the application of 2D oxides for large‐scale, energy‐efficient neuromorphic computing networks.
Stress Testing Polymer Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells: Suppression of Voltage Drift and Black Spot Formation
Authors: Hu Shiyu , Gao Jun
Published: September 2018

The stress characteristics of the polymer light‐emitting electrochemical cells (PLECs) are comprehensively evaluated by varying a host of material and operational parameters. PLECs with the lowest salt concentration of less than 2.5% exhibit runaway voltage drift that leads to rapid cell destruction. PLECs with the lowest electrolyte polymer concentration and a 5% salt content exhibit the longest luminance half‐life, but are slow to activate and are plagued by black spots. At moderate‐to‐high electrolyte concentrations, the PLECs are relatively stable but are not immune to black spots and voltage drift. A lifetime figure‐of‐merit is introduced to quantitatively account for all three indicators of cell degradation in luminance decay, voltage drift, and black spot formation. A surprising discovery is that voltage drift and black spot formation can be effectively suppressed by drastically increasing the electrolyte content. A cell with a 70% electrolyte content exhibits the best lifetime of nearly 350 h when operated at a constant current density of 167 mA cm−2. The black spots can also be effectively eliminated by employing silver instead of aluminum as the cathode material.
Renal Clearable Luminescent Gold Nanoparticles: From the Bench to the Clinic
Authors: Yu Mengxiao , Xu Jing , Zheng Jie
Published: September 2018

With more and more engineered nanoparticles (NPs) being translated to the clinic, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently issued the latest draft guidance on nanomaterial‐containing drug products with an emphasis on understanding their in vivo transport and nano–bio interactions. Following these guidelines, NPs can be designed to target and treat diseases more efficiently than small molecules, have minimum accumulation in normal tissues, and induce minimum toxicity. In this Minireview, we integrate this guidance with our ten‐year studies on developing renal clearable luminescent gold NPs. These gold NPs resist serum protein adsorption, escape liver uptake, target cancerous tissues, and report kidney dysfunction at early stages. At the same time, off‐target gold NPs can be eliminated by the kidneys with minimum accumulation in the body. Additionally, we identify challenges to the translation of renal clearable gold NPs from the bench to the clinic.
Lokale und globale Dynamik im ungeordneten Synuklein‐Protein
Authors: Rezaei‐Ghaleh Nasrollah , Parigi Giacomo , Soranno Andrea , Holla Andrea , Becker Stefan , Schuler Benjamin , Luchinat Claudio , Zweckstetter Markus
Published: September 2018

Intrinsisch ungeordnete Proteine (IDPs) besitzen ein breites Spektrum an Bewegungen, die mit einer einzelnen experimentellen Methode schwierig zu charakterisieren sind. Hier kombinieren wir Hochfeld‐ und Niederfeld‐Kernspinrelaxation, Nanosekunden‐Fluoreszenzkorrelationsspektroskopie (nsFCS) und Molekulardynamiksimulationen um detaillierten Einblick in die konformationelle Beweglichkeit alpha‐Synukleins, eines paradigmatischen IDPs mit einer bedeutenden Rolle in der Parkinson‐Erkrankung, zu gewinnen. Die kombinierte Analyse zeigt, dass Bewegungen schneller als 2 ns, die durch lokale Diederwinkelschwankungen und struktureller Änderungen innerhalb und zwischen Ramachandran‐Unterzuständen hervorgerufen werden, den größten Teil des Orientierungsgedächtnis der N‐H‐Vektoren des Proteinrückgrats dekorellieren. Darüber hinaus finden wir aber langsamere Bewegungen einzelner Segmente der alpha‐Synuklein‐Kette mit Korrelationszeiten bis zu ≈13 ns, insbesondere in der C‐terminalen Domäne, während globale Umordnungen der alpha‐Synuklein‐Kette auf einer Zeitskala von ≈60 ns stattfinden. Unsere Studie belegt, dass die Kombination von Hochfeld‐ und Niederfeld‐Kernspinrelaxation, nsFCS und Molekulardynamiksimulationen ein wirkungsvoller Ansatz ist um die Beweglichkeit von IDPs auf verschiedenen Zeit‐ und Längenskalen zu bestimmen.
Synthesis of copper nanoparticles supported on MoO3 using Sun spurge leaf extract and their catalytic activity
Authors: Janmohammadi Mohsen , Amini Mojtaba , Sabaghnia Naser , Akbari Ali , Gautam Sanjeev , Hwa Chae Keun
Published: September 2018

Copper nanoparticles supported on MoO3 (Cu NPs/MoO3) were prepared by a green method using Sun spurge leaf extract. Cu NPs/MoO3 nanoparticles were characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis, energy dispersive X‐ray analysis, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The catalytic activity of this well‐defined material in three‐component CuAAC reactions was tested to produce 1,4‐disubstituted‐1,2,3‐triazoles in good to excellent yields in water as a green solvent. More importantly, the catalyst can be recovered and reused efficiently up to five consecutive cycles with no significant loss of catalytic activity.
Management of recurrent pleural mesothelioma: Successful rechallenge with nintedanib in combination with chemotherapy
Authors: Grosso Federica , Roveta Annalisa , Gallizzi Giulia , Belletti Marco
Published: September 2018

Key Clinical Message

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare neoplasm, generally caused by asbestos exposure. This case details how a patient treated with nintedanib during the LUME‐Meso study was rechallenged with nintedanib. The findings highlight the benefit of nintedanib rechallenge and the potential use of continuous anti‐angiogenic therapy in MPM treatment.
Plasmon‐Enhanced Solar Water Splitting on Metal‐Semiconductor Photocatalysts
Authors: Zheng Zhaoke , Xie Wen , Huang Baibiao , Dai Ying
Published: September 2018

Photocatalytic water splitting using solar energy has been widely studied as a promising method for clean energy production. Continued efforts have been made to enhance the performance of solar‐to‐fuel energy conversion. The introduction of localized surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has been proposed as a promising strategy to enhance the efficiency of photocatalytic water splitting. This review presents an overview of the recent progress in the development of plasmonic photocatalysts for solar water splitting. Plasmon‐enhanced mechanisms, including hot electron injection, near‐field effects, and light scattering/trapping, are discussed. Furthermore, recent relevant works to discuss the emerging strategies for efficiency improvement and better understanding of the mechanisms are summarized. Finally, the perspectives of plasmonic photocatalysts for water splitting and the possible research directions are presented and discussed.
Fast and pH‐Independent Elimination of trans‐Cyclooctene by Using Aminoethyl‐Functionalized Tetrazines
Authors: Sarris Alexi J. C. , Hansen Thomas , de Geus Mark A. R. , Maurits Elmer , Doelman Ward , Overkleeft Herman S. , Codée Jeroen D. C. , Filippov Dmitri V. , van Kasteren Sander I.
Published: September 2018

The inverse‐electron‐demand Diels–Alder/pyridazine elimination tandem reaction, in which the allylic substituent on trans‐cyclooctene is eliminated following reaction with tetrazines, is gaining interest as a versatile bioorthogonal process. One potential shortcoming of such currently used reactions is their propensity to proceed faster and more efficiently at lower pH, a feature caused by the nature of the tetrazines used. Here, we present aminoethyl‐substituted tetrazines as the first pH‐independent reagents showing invariably fast elimination kinetics at all biologically relevant pH values.
Regiocontrolled Remote C−H Olefination of Small Heterocycles
Authors: Achar Tapas Kumar , Ramakrishna Kankanala , Pal Tapas , Porey Sandip , Dolui Pravas , Biswas Jyoti Prasad , Maiti Debabrata
Published: September 2018

Achieving site‐selective C−H functionalization of arene is a fundamental challenge, as it is mainly controlled by the electronic nature of the molecules. A chelation‐assisted C−H functionalization strategy overcomes the selectivity issues by utilizing distance and geometry of covalently attached directing groups (DGs). This strategy requires stoichiometric DG installation/removal and a suitable functional group on which to tether the DG. Such strategies are ineffective for small heterocycles unless suitable functional groups are added. Moreover, heterocycles are not the judicious choice as substrates owing to the possibilities of catalyst deactivation. Inspired by recent developments, this work demonstrates the utilization of a chelating template backbone bearing covalently attached directing groups, which enables site‐selective remote C−H functionalization of heterocycles. The observed selectivity is the outcome of non‐covalent interactions between the heterocycles and bifunctional template backbone.
Smart Equipment – A Perspective Paper
Authors: Kockmann Norbert , Bittorf Lukas , Krieger Waldemar , Reichmann Felix , Schmalenberg Mira , Soboll Sebastian
Published: September 2018

Chemical equipment has to form a robust and efficient process space and was developed over the last centuries to very sophisticated, often highly specialized devices. With the upcoming information technology new opportunities arise with integrated sensors, and advanced control systems. Smart equipment is designed in form of intelligent modules. Furthermore, adaptive and integrated actuators convert the control signals to directly influence the process, thus, they can be described as responsive equipment. This contribution will give an overview of some activities in this field.
Automated rare single cell picking with the ALS cellcelector™
Authors: Nelep Constantin , Eberhardt Jens
Published: September 2018

Molecular analysis of rare single cells like circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from whole blood patient samples bears multiple challenges. One of those challenges is the efficient and ideally loss‐free isolation of CTCs over contaminating white and red blood cells. While there is a multitude of commercial and non‐commercial systems available for the enrichment of CTCs their cell output does not deliver the purity most molecular analysis methods require. Here we describe the ALS CellCelector™ which can solve this challenge allowing the retrieval of 100% pure single CTCs from blood processed by different upstream enrichment techniques. It is a multifunctional, extremely flexible system for automated screening of cell culture plates, Petri dishes, and microscope slides. Fixed or live single cells or multicellular clusters detected during screening can be picked out of those plates automatically. The complete scan and picking process is fully documented hence allowing highest standardization and reproducibility of all processes. Use of CellCelector allowed the isolation of pure single tumor cells or clusters from liquid biopsies of breast, prostate, ovarian, colorectal, lung, and brain cancers for their subsequent molecular analysis. © 2018 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Hazard assessment of the veterinary pharmaceuticals monensin and nicarbazin using a soil test battery
Authors: Menezes-Oliveira V. , Loureiro S. , Amorim M.J.B. , Wrona F. , Soares A.M.V.M.
Published: September 2018

Veterinary pharmaceuticals are widely used as food additives in the poultry industry, and the unknown consequences of releasing these compounds into the environment are of concern. The purpose of the present study was to determine the direct impact of 2 veterinary pharmaceuticals (nicarbazin and monensin), commonly used in the poultry industry, on nontarget invertebrates and plant species. Ecotoxicological tests were used to evaluate the acute and chronic toxicity in earthworms (Eisenia andrei), collembolans (Folsomia candida), and 2 plant species (Brassica rapa and Triticum aestivum). Chemical analytical measurements were in good agreement with the nominal concentrations used, although some variability was seen. The results obtained showed no effects of nicarbazin at the highest nominal tested concentration of 1000 mg a.i./kg soil dry weight on any of the organisms, whereas exposure to monensin caused a concentration-specific response pattern. Species sensitivity to monensin decreased in the following rank order: B. rapa > T. aestivum > E. andrei > F. candida, with measured median effect concentrations (based on soil exposure) ranging between approximately 10 and 120 mg/kg. Our results emphasize the importance of using a test battery when assessing ecotoxicological effects by using different ecophysiological endpoints and species from different trophic levels. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:3145–3153. © 2018 SETAC
Industrial and natural compounds in filter-feeding black fly larvae and water in 3 tundra streams
Authors: Kupryianchyk Darya , Giesler Reiner , Bidleman Terry F. , Liljelind Per , Lau Danny Chun Pong , Sponseller Ryan A. , Andersson Patrik L.
Published: September 2018

We report concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, novel flame retardants, and naturally occurring bromoanisoles in water and filter-feeding black fly (Simuliidae) larvae in 3 tundra streams in northern Sweden. The results demonstrate that black fly larvae accumulate a wide range of organic contaminants and can be used as bioindicators of water pollution in Arctic streams. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:3011–3017. © 2018 SETAC

Abstract

Monitoring industrial and natural compounds in arctic streams.
Histone demethylase KDM7A controls androgen receptor activity and tumor growth in prostate cancer
Authors: Lee Kyoung‐Hwa , Hong Seokbong , Kang Minyong , Jeong Chang Wook , Ku Ja Hyeon , Kim Hyeon‐Hoe , Kwak Cheol
Published: September 2018

Prostate cancer can be controlled by androgen‐hormone treatment until the cancer becomes refractory. It is believed that hormone sensitivity is largely dependent on androgen receptor (AR) activity. Here, we found the histone demethylase KDM7A which demethylates histone H3K27 to be overexpressed in enzalutamide resistant castration‐resistant prostate cancer cell line C4‐2b, and investigated the molecular mechanism whereby androgen receptor activity is regulated by KDM7A. We engineered AR‐positive LNCaP cells to stably express a short‐hairpin RNA against KDM7A mRNA from a lentiviral vector. By measuring AR downstream gene expression after androgen stimulation, we found that a KDM7A‐deficient cell line showed lower AR downstream gene expression compared to a control cell. KDM7A knock‐down in LNCaP cell line caused decreased cell proliferation. Western blot analysis with modified‐histone antibody revealed that the KDM7A‐knock‐down LNCaP cell line had increased H3K27 di‐methylation. We confirmed KDM7A binding on AR target‐gene promoters after hormone stimulation in chromatin‐immunoprecipitation experiments. And increased H3K27 di‐methylation was observed in KDM7A knock‐down LNCaP stable cell. Treatment with KDM7A inhibitor, TC‐E 5002, reduced proliferation and induced apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Finally, we observed that the KDM7A protein was significantly upregulated in prostate cancer tissue, and that this difference correlated with the Gleason score. These data suggested that KDM7A is potentially a good therapeutic target for prostate cancer drugs and can be used as potentially a good prognostic indicator for prostate cancer and related treatment strategies.