bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moral Panics and “Windows of Opportunity”
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

Historians teach that crime rates and patterns change slowly, in accord with regular long-term trends, that sensibilities generally change with them, and that some sensibilities fluctuate in accord with cycles of tolerance and intolerance. Sociologists have shown that public attitudes and opinions about crime sometimes change rapidly and decisively. The interaction between long-term cycles and rapid changes in attitudes goes a long way toward explaining American crime control and punishment policies of the past thirty years.
Reshaping Liability for Health Plans: Resources and Contract
Authors: Morreim E Haavi
Published: November 2023

Chapter 6 proposed that contract rather than tort should be the primary legal avenue for addressing resource issues in health care. As noted there, tort law mandates a single, uniform standard of care-a uniformity now far more illusory than real. Moreover, as pointed out in Chapter 2, when resource requirements are incorporated into a tort standard of care that physicians owe all their patients, physicians are granted too much power to determine how much money other people must spend for what kind of health care.
Pharmacokinetics II: cytochrome P450– mediated drug interactions
Authors: Oesterheld Jessica R , Flockhart David A
Published: November 2023

Fifteen years ago, child psychiatrists’ prescribing practices were often quite limited. They were generally free of concerns about possible drug–drug interactions. In the last 10 years, a number of factors have eroded this apparent complacency. Like their adult psychiatry colleagues (Rittmannsberger et al., 1999; Frye et al., 2000). child psychiatrists’ prescribing patterns have shifted from monotherapy to co-pharmacy (Safer, 1997). For example, it is commonplace for a hospitalized teen to leave the hospital with an atypical antipsychotic, a mood stabilizer, an acne medication, or an oral contraceptive; or for a depressed latency-aged child who has asthma to be prescribed a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), a hypnotic, and at least one antiasthmatic. Child psychiatrists have shifted their use of antidepressants to SSRIs, drugs that are likely to produce drug interactions because they cause metabolic drug interactions via inhibition of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes (Safer, 1997). There has also been an increase in use by children of nonprescription drugs (Adlaf et al., 2000) including drugs of abuse (Weir, 2000), herbals (Walter and Rey, 1999; Chapter 29, this volume), and anabolic steroids (Evans, 1997). Finally, there is a growing list of medications that have been withdrawn from or severely restricted in the U.S. market because of their potential for fatal drug interactions; such drugs include terfenadine, astemizole, and cisapride. Child psychiatrists have even been warned of possible serious drug interactions with drugs that they have used for years, such as pimozide (Friedman, 1994, Horrigan and Barnhill, 1994, Flockhart et al., 2000) and, more recently, thioridazine (Maynard and Soni, 1996, Carrillo et al., 1999).
Neurobiology of early-life stress and its disorders
Authors: Heim Christine , Nemeroff Charles B
Published: November 2023

The relative contribution of disposition and experience to the pathogenesis of mental disorders has been explored in numerous studies. Evidence from these studies suggests a strong genetic contribution to the development of the major psychiatric disorders. In addition, a preeminent role of stressful life events has been documented for several disorders, especially mood and anxiety disorders, but schizophrenia as well. Along with growing societal recognition of the existence and high incidence of child maltreatment and other adverse experiences in children, a large number of studies have evaluated the impact of early untoward life events on the development of mental disorders. Given the accumulating evidence for a strong impact of early adverse experience on the development of mental disorders, considerable attention has recently been directed towards the exploration of the neurobiological mechanisms by which stressful experiences early in life may be translated into mental disease persisting into adulthood. The present chapter summarizes available findings on the relationship between early adversities and mental disease and its neurobiological underpinnings, with a focus on mood and anxiety disorders.
Autistic and other pervasive developmental disorders
Authors: McDougle Christopher J , Posey David J
Published: November 2023

The assessment and treatment of autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) requires a multidisciplinary team approach. Initial interventions are largely based on educational programming and behavior management principles, particularly for preschooland school-aged children and adolescents. Speech therapy is usually essential and physical and occupational therapy are often needed as well. Despite these extensive therapeutic efforts, many children, adolescents, and adults with PDDs remain significantly impaired. Under these conditions, drug treatment is often necessary and appropriate.
Individuals with mental retardation
Authors: Aman Michael G , Lindsay Ronald L , Nash Patricia L , Arnold L Eugene
Published: November 2023

Recent years have witnessed a proliferation in the variety of psychoactive agents that are available. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), atypical antipsychotics, St. John’s wort, and the newer antiepileptic drugs are some examples. This has stimulated more widespread treatment and, perhaps, empirical study of psychoactive agents in young people with mental retardation (MR). Much of this work was summarized in a recent text (Reiss and Aman, 1998), which will largely be the source of the discussion that follows. Recently, Rush and Frances (2000) surveyed about 100 expert clinicians and researchers about their views regarding psychosocial issues and appropriate pharmacotherapy in patients with MR. Periodically, we will refer to the Expert Consensus Guidelines on Mental Retardation (Rush and Francis, 2000) when trying to place a given treatment or issue in its current context. However, although the Guidelines were based on the views of influential figures in the field, it is important to be aware that they reflect the opinions of these workers and do not necessarily reflect established scientific fact.
Psychopharmacology during pregnancy: infant considerations
Authors: Walter Elizabeth A , Epperson C Neill
Published: November 2023

Over 10 million women in the United States will suffer from the symptoms of mental illness during their childbearing years (Bourdon et al., 1992; U.S. Census Bureau, 2000) and more than 50% of pregnancies are unplanned. These two facts emphasize the importance of educating women’s health care providers regarding the risks associated with mental illness and the medications used to treat these disorders. As all psychoactive medications readily cross the placenta, the impact on the fetus of any medication prescribed to a pregnant woman must be considered and discussed. Documentation that the patient is capable of weighing and understanding the risks and benefits of taking medication during pregnancy should be recorded in the patient’s medical record. Adverse effects to the fetus associated with drug exposure in utero can be organized into three general classes: (1) fetal teratogenicity, (2) neonatal toxicity, and (3) behavioral teratogenicity. Medications are considered teratogenic when exposure to the drug during organogenesis (first 12 weeks of gestation) results in an increased incidence of major birth defects compared with the baseline risk in the general population. The incidence of major birth defects in the United States is 2%–4%, with the cause of 65%–70% being unknown (American Medical Association, 1983). Neonatal toxicity refers to difficulties in physical and behavioral adjustment shortly after delivery, while behavioral teratogenicity refers to longterm neurobehavioral disturbances related to antenatal drug exposure.
Psychopharmacological treatment of preschoolers
Authors: Judice Samuel L , Mayes Linda C
Published: November 2023

In recent years, child psychiatrists have developed a special interest and expertise in infancy and early childhood. Concurrently there has been an increase in knowledge about the first years of life from many different disciplines, resulting in a better understanding of the complex interactions among biology, environment, and experience in shaping early development. These advances highlight the critical nature of interventions in the first years of life, as young children may have unique problems that require special developmentally tailored interventions. However, the models of mental health service intervention offered for very young children “vary according to the discipline evaluating and treating the child, the prevailing theoretical emphasis within a discipline or individual practitioner, the explicit goals of the intervention, the diagnostic nosology relied upon, and the characteristics of a particular community or culture vis-a`-vis work with young children and families” (Mayes, 1998, p. 219).
Elimination disorders: enuresis and encopresis
Authors: Reiner William
Published: November 2023

Few somatic regions encompass the variety of emotionally laden physiological and pathophysiological functions as the pelvic cavity, with its associated urinary, defecatory, and sexual structures and functions. Pelvic and perineal considerations, however, have tended to be overshadowed or overlooked and, alternatively, overemphasized or overexplored during the emergence and evolution of theoretical and hypothetical constructs of child development. Urinary, colorectal, and genital physiological mechanisms are complex and even today incompletely understood. The rather arbitrary diagnostic criteria for psychiatric categorization of disorders of these mechanisms are, then, categorically and neurobiologically rather simplistic. Additionally, genetic components in enuresis (von Gontard et al., 1999) often interact with neurobiology, although at present a strong family history of enuresis primarily implies a greater likelihood of response to vasopressin (AVP) effectors (Hogg and Husmann, 1993; Ornitz et al., 2000) (see Interventions, Nocturnal Enuresis, below). It is fitting to uncover the neurobiological underpinnings of the perineal–pelvic region in order to explicate its pathophysiology. Gleaning clinically relevant data from patients or parents can designate appropriate diagnostic approaches and clinical evaluations as well as therapeutic interventions. This chapter will attempt to provide a brief yet structured approach to both pathophysiology and psychopharmacological interventions for disorders of perineal–pelvic functions in children and adolescents, as well as relevant psychopharmacological effects and side effects on genitourinary, colorectal, and sexual functions.
The Futile Idea of Limited Powers
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

The original theory behind our Constitution was that the natural operation of centrifugal political forces would ensure that the objectives of national policy remained defined and limited. Not only would the local loyalties and affinities of the people provide pressure against national regulations exceeding the scope of the powers enumerated in the Constitution, but state governments would stand ready “to mark the innovation, to sound the alarm to the people....” Indeed, once alerted, the people would be able—through their state governments—to create “plans of resistance,” which ultimately would be backed by “trial of force.” To modern ears, of course, such references to armed resistance sound odd and unserious, but the argument was pursued doggedly by the proponents of the new Constitution. The Federalist contains projections of the likely maximum number of soldiers in a national army (not more than “twenty-five or thirty thousand men”) and envisions an encounter between that army and state militias “amounting to near half a million of citizens with arms in their hands. . . . ”
Domesticated Federalism
Authors: Nagel Robert F
Published: November 2023

Even if I am right to believe that the idea of limited national regulatory authority is being buried by the realities of day-to-day life and is unlikely to reemerge, that idea is only one component of the structure of our federal system. After all, there were larger purposes behind reserving to the states a generalized regulatory role. Since one objective was to enable states to form a special bond with their citizens and thereby to have the political resources necessary to compete with the national government, it is possible that federalism can be promoted by protecting other prerequisites to citizen loyalty. Accordingly, as constitutional law has developed in the modern era, much attention has focused on protecting governmental status itself.

There are solid reasons for this focus. The Constitution does not preserve states as powerful private organizations or as departments of the federal government. It preserves them as governments of limited sovereignty—with independent elections, independent power to organize themselves, and independent authority to tax, spend, and regulate.
Gender Justice in the Health-Care System: Past Experiences, Present Realities, and Future Hopes
Authors: Tong Rosemarie , Williams Nancy
Published: November 2023

Increasingly, society recognizes that gender, race, ethnicity, nationality, and class affect people’s health. Although feminists are concerned about all disparities in people’s health status and access to health care, they are, of course, primarily concerned about gender disparities. Specifically, they seek to determine whether health-related gender disparities are simply a matter of happen stance and states of affair beyond anyone’s control, or whether they are instead the result of discrimination against women. When feminists express concerns about health-related gender disparities, they raise considerations about justice and gender that traditional philosophers have either not raised or raised somewhat weakly (Okin, 1989). Among these new gender sensitive justice perspectives is Eva Kittay’s “dependency” approach. In her book Love’s Labor: Essays on Women, Equality, and Dependency, Kittay discusses the popularly accepted view that equality for women consists in women being given the same opportunities to enjoy “the resources and privileges now concentrated in the hands of men” (Kittay, 1999, p. 8). Like many contemporary feminists, Kittay rejects the “sameness” interpretation of equality on the grounds that the “reference class” for women’s aspiration (that is, men) is a class whose self-definition, behaviors, values, and virtues have caused a great amount of injustice. Thus, for women to want to be like men is for women to ask for something that it would be better for them not to desire.
Introduction and Theoretical Assumptions
Authors: Ogawa Yoshiki
Published: November 2023

The generative grammar of a language is a theory that is concerned with the form and meaning of expressions of the natural language. The core idea of the theory is that the form and meaning are determined by the ‘language faculty,’ which is an innate component of the human mind. Although the original descriptive mechanism that implemented this idea (Chomsky 1975 [1955]) has received modification and simplification during the past four decades and has been reduced to the level of virtual conceptual necessity in Chomsky (1995), the central issue of the generative grammar remains unchanged: we are to explore the optimal systems of phrase structure and movements (Chomsky 1970, 1981, 1986a, 1986b, 1991, 1993, 1995).
Social and Cultural Barriers
Authors: Lewis Bernard
Published: November 2023

During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and a good part of the twentieth, Middle-Eastern observers, increasingly aware of the disparity in military power between Middle Eastern and Western states, turned their attention primarily to weaponry and the conduct of warfare and then to economic production and government administration, seen as the primary sources of Western preponderance. In looking at these, they tried to find what was most distinctive and different about the Western way of dealing with these matters and thereby to identify the source of Western superiority. In looking for this mysterious source they naturally gave most attention to what was visibly and palpably different from their own way of doing things, and then tried to adopt, adapt, or simply buy it. They began with the visible sources of power and prosperity—military, economic, political. It was in these three areas that they concentrated their main effort—with limited and sometimes indeed negative results.
Brokers
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

Brokers are agents who arrange trades for their clients. Unlike dealers, who trade with their clients, brokers trade their clients’ orders. Clients usually pay brokers commissions for their services.
Good Markets
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

Virtually any change in market structure will have significant economic effects on our markets. Trading rules, trading systems, and information protocols all affect liquidity, transaction costs, volatility, the quality of prices, and the distribution of trader profits. We therefore must carefully consider whether proposed changes in market structure are desirable. This chapter introduces a paradigm for how we should make these decisions.
Bluffers and Market Manipulation
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

Bluffers are profit-motivated traders who try to fool other traders into trading unwisely. The bluffers then profit from those foolish traders. Totrade profitably, you must avoid trading with bluffers.
Bid/Ask Spreads
Authors: Harris Larry
Published: November 2023

The bid/ask spread is the price impatient traders pay for immediacy. Impatient traders buy at the ask price and sell at the bid price. The spread is the compensation dealers and limit order traders receive for offering immediacy.
Kinds of Metaphor
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

In the first chapter, we saw that metaphor can be characterized with the formula A IS B, where the target domain (a) is comprehended through a source domain (b). This comprehension is based on a set of mappings that exist between elements of a and elements of b. To know a conceptual metaphor is to know this set of mappings. It was also pointed out that metaphor in the cognitive linguistic view means primarily conceptual metaphor, as opposed to linguistic metaphor. That is, we distinguish between a conceptual metaphor with the form A IS B and its metaphorical linguistic expressions. The metaphorical expressions that characterize A IS B formulas are regarded as the linguistic realizations or manifestations of underlying conceptual metaphors. It was noted, however, that conceptual metaphors can be realized in other than linguistic ways (such as myths)—a point to which we will return in chapter 5.
Nonlinguistic Realizations of Conceptual Metaphors
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

As has been emphasized so far, metaphors are conceptual in nature. It was shown, furthermore, that conceptual metaphors have linguistic manifestations. We have called these manifestations metaphorical linguistic expressions. But if metaphors are primarily conceptual, then they must manifest themselves in other than linguistic ways. That is, if the conceptual system that governs how we experience the world, how we think, and how we act is partly metaphorical, then the (conceptual) metaphors must be realized not only in language but also in many other areas of human experience. These manifestations are called the realization of conceptual metaphors.
The Basis of Metaphor
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

Our conceptual system contains thousands of concrete and thousands of abstract concepts. We noted, furthermore, that in the cognitive linguistic view metaphors are sets of mappings between a more concrete or physical source domain and a more abstract target domain. This situation raises the issue whether any concrete concept can serve as a source domain for any target concept. In other words, can we make use of any concrete concept in the process of understanding any abstract one?
The Scope of Metaphor
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

However, what has been less often observed is that a single source concept can characterize many distinct target domains. As a matter of fact, most of the specific source domains appear to characterize not just one target concept but several. For instance, the concept of war applies not only to argument but also to love; the concept of building not only to theories but also to societies; the concept of fire not only to love but also to anger, etc. This raises an interesting empirical and theoretical question: How many and what kind of target domains does a single source concept apply to? I will call this issue the question of the scope of metaphor. By the scope of metaphor I simply mean the range of cases, that is, the target domains, to which a given source concept applies.
Metaphor Systems
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters, we have seen overwhelming evidence for the view that metaphorical linguistic expressions cluster together to form systems that we called conceptual metaphors. What remains to be seen now is whether the conceptual metaphors themselves form even larger systems. In other words, in this chapter I will ask whether the conceptual metaphors are isolated from each other, or whether they fit together to make up larger systematic groupings—that is, metaphor systems—that incorporate individual conceptual metaphors.
How Does All This Hang Together?
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán
Published: November 2023

Given all the various strands of research on metaphor that has been surveyed in this book, it seems reasonable to distinguish three levels of metaphor: (1) the “supraindividual” level, (2) the individual level, and (3) the “subindividual” level. Each conceptual metaphor can be analyzed on these levels. Most of the research in cognitive linguistics takes place on and is directed at one or several of these levels. In this brief final chapter, I’ll try to bring together the many threads of research in cognitive linguistics on metaphor into a coherent picture, whose coherence seems to derive from the three interrelated levels, or aspects, of metaphor.
Reconstructing the Dreamland: The Tulsa Riot of 1921
Authors: Brophy Alfred L
Published: November 2023

The 1921 Tulsa Race Riot was the country's bloodiest civil disturbance of the century. Leaving perhaps 150 dead, 30 city blocks burned to the ground, and more than a thousand families homeless, the riot represented an unprecedented breakdown of the rule of law. It reduced the prosperous black community of Greenwood, Oklahoma to rubble. In Reconstructing the Dreamland, Alfred Brophy draws on his own extensive research into contemporary accounts and court documents to chronicle this devastating riot, showing how and why the rule of law quickly eroded. Brophy offers a gut-wrenching portrait of mob violence and racism run amok, both on the night of the riot and the morning after, when a coordinated sunrise attack, accompanied by airplanes, stormed through Greenwood, torching and looting the community. Equally important, he shows how the city government and police not only permitted the looting, shootings, and burning of Greenwood, but actively participated in it. The police department, fearing that Greenwood was erupting into a "negro uprising" (which Brophy shows was not the case), deputized white citizens haphazardly, gave out guns and badges with little background check, or sent men to hardware stores to arm themselves. Likewise, the Tulsa-based units of the National Guard acted unconstitutionally, arresting every black resident they could find, leaving Greenwood property vulnerable to the white mob, special deputies, and police that followed behind and burned it. Brophy's revelations and stark narrative of the events of 1921 brings to life an incidence of racial violence that until recently lay mostly forgotten. Reconstructing the Dreamland concludes with a discussion of reparations for victims of the riot. That case has implications for other reparations movements, including reparations for slavery.
“Thinking He Can Whip the World”: The Riot
Authors: Brophy Alfred L
Published: November 2023

Sometime during the afternoon of Memorial Day, Monday, May 30, 1921, Dick Rowland took the elevator in the Drexel Building in downtown Tulsa to the top, where he used the bathroom facilities. Nineteen-year-old Rowland worked in the building on the ground floor shining shoes. After using the restroom, he re-entered the elevator and Sarah Page, a young woman who worked as the elevator operator, brought the car to the ground floor. It is unclear whether Dick and Sarah knew one another before that day. Some rumors persist that they were friends, maybe even lovers.
Forgotten Alternatives
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: November 2023

The Redeemers who overthrew Reconstruction and established ‘Home Rule’ in the Southern states conducted their campaign in the name of white supremacy. The new rulers did not, however, inaugurate any revolution in the customs and laws governing racial relations. They retained such segregation practices as had grown up during Reconstruction, but showed no disposition to expand or universalize the system. Separation of the races continued to be the rule in churches and schools, in military life and public institutions as it had been before.
The Man on the Cliff
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: November 2023

In the second year of the First World War, Maurice S. Evans, an Englishman who made his home in South Africa, wrote a book on race relations in the South that, according to the subtitle, was written ‘From a South African Point of View.’ He found conditions in the South ‘strikingly similar’ to those he had left behind at home. ‘The separation of the races in all social matters,’ he wrote, ‘is as distinct in South Africa as in the South¬ern States. There are separate railway cars . . . and no black man enters hotel, theatre, public library or art gallery.’
Theories of High Performance Management
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Evans-Klock Christine , Terkla David G
Published: November 2023

Various theories have been proposed to explain why different types of high performance workplace organizations arise and how they can contribute to aggregate trends in productivity growth (Westney 1999). Economic theories see workplace organizations as instruments for correcting market failures that would otherwise undermine the efficiency with which labor inputs are employed. Behavioral science theories emphasize social and psychological motivators of effort and commitment as sources of increased productivity. Power theories explain many workplace organizations as emerging from a “labor process” in which employers develop organizational practices to extract quasi­ rents from workers and where unions are a countervailing force to employers in shaping organizational practices and distributing quasirents (Edwards 1979; Goldberg 1980; Raysey, Scholerious, and Harley 2000).
High Performance and Regional Advantage
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Evans-Klock Christine , Terkla David G
Published: November 2023

Many of the high performance management practices examined in Chapters 4 and 5 are affected by the local economic environment in which the firm operates. This is especially true for practices designed to raise labor productivity. Efficiency wages, for example, will have stronger effects when local unemployment rates and the costs of job loss are high; employee commitment will depend on the attitudes of the local workforce; and the choice of procedures for workforce participation in management decisions may be affected by whether or not unionization is likely. Because of these links between geography and the use and effectiveness of high performance practices, the location decisions of start-ups were explored thoroughly during the field research.
What Attracts High Performance Factories?
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Evans-Klock Christine , Terkla David G
Published: November 2023

Both the literature on location decisions and our case studies suggest that there is a set of core cost factors that influence the location of start-up factories, regardless of their particular managerial strategies and organizational structures. The case studies, however, show that there are important linkages between the extent to which high performance management practices are adopted by start-ups and how start­ ups define regional location advantages. Specifically, Japanese trans­ plants that frequently adopt high performance management strategies appear to value different location factors more than traditionally managed domestic start-ups. However, business location decisions are sufficiently complex to make it difficult to draw complete and reliable conclusions about location differences in the perception of regional advantage from a small sample of case studies conducted in a few states.
Molecular Basis of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Deficiency
Authors: Reith Walter , Lisowska-Grospierre Barbara , Fischer Alain
Published: November 2023

Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecules, also called human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in humans, are heterodimeric transmembrane glycoproteins consisting of α and β chains. The different human MHCII isotypes (HLA-DR, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DP) are encoded by distinct α chain and β chain genes that are clustered in the D region of the MHC on the short arm of chromosome 6. MHCII molecules play a pivotal role in the control of the immune system: they present exogenous peptide antigens to CD4+ T lymphocytes, thereby leading to the antigen-specific T helper cell activation required for the initiation and propagation of adaptive immune responses. Given this essential function, it is not surprising that defects in the expression of MHCII molecules have profound immunopathological consequences. Patients suffering from a rare primary immunodeficiency syndrome caused by the absence of MHCII expression were first identified in the late 1970s and early 1980s (Touraine et al., 1978; Schuurmann et al., 1979; Griscelli et al., 1980; Kuis et al., 1981; Touraine, 1981; Lisowska-Grospierre et al., 1983; Hadam et al., 1984, 1986). The lack of MHCII expression results in a severe defect in both cellular and humoral immune responses to foreign antigens and is consequently characterized by an extreme susceptibility to viral, bacterial, fungal, and protozoal infections, primarily of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts (reviewed in Griscelli et al., 1993; Klein et al., 1993; Elhasid and Etzioni, 1996). Severe malabsorption with failure to thrive ensues, often leading to death in early childhood.
Genetic Approach to Common Variable Immunodeficiency and IgA Deficiency
Authors: HammarstrÖM Lennart , Smith C I Edvard
Published: November 2023

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID), Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM) number 240500, affects approximately 1 in 10,000–100,000 individuals. The patients display a marked reduction in serum levels of both immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA. In half of the patients, IgM is also reduced. The onset of disease shows two peaks, around 1–5 and 16–20 years of age (Hermaszewski and Webster, 1993) and is equally distributed between the two sexes. The disorder may appear in previously immunologically normal individuals, although the induction phase has been documented only in a few cases (Smith et al., 1985). Usually the patients present with clinical symptoms due to the hypogammaglobulinemia, as they suffer from frequent respiratory and gastrointestinal tract infections (see Table 23.2). In addition to the B cell defect, variable degrees of T cell dysfunction have frequently been noted in CVID patients. Low or normal proportions of CD19-positive cells are also often observed, a finding that distinguishes “classical” CVID patients from those with a concomitant thymoma.
Bone Marrow Transplantation for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases
Authors: Buckley Rebecca H , Fischer Alain
Published: November 2023

Bone marrow transplantation was first attempted in the 1950s as a treatment for aplastic anemia. Except in identical twins (Pillow et al., 1966), however this therapy was unsuccessful until the late 1960s when the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) was discovered (Amos and Bach, 1968). Shortly after that, immune function was successfully restored in two patients with fatal primary immunodeficiency diseases by transplants of unfractionated human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-identical allogeneic bone marrow. One patient had severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) (Gatti et al., 1968) and the other had Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) (Bach et al., 1968). The correction of these two conditions, as well as the later correction of many other forms of immunodeficiency by bone marrow transplantation (Friedrich, 1996; Buckley et al., 1999; Antoine et al., 2003), implied that the defects in most such conditions are intrinsic to cells of one or more hematopoietic lineages and that they are not due to failure of the microenvironment to support the growth and development of those cells.
Stocks, Bonds, Bills, and Inflation:Year-by-Year Historical Returns (1926–1974)
Authors: Ibbotson Roger G , Sinquefield Rex A
Published: November 2023

Our Ibbotson and Sinquefield article presents almost 50 years of historical total returns on the major asset classes in the United States. The study became the standard for most rate of return studies, and starting in 1983 became updated every year in Stock, Bonds, Bills and Inflation (SBBI) Yearbooks, published early each year by Ibbotson Associates, in Chicago.
Bootstrapping Tests of Long-Term Stock Market Efficiency
Authors: Goetzmann William N
Published: November 2023

In this study, we use the bootstrap to examine the behavior of the coefficients in autoregressions of the equal-weighted New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) long-term returns. Both Fama and French (1988a) and Lo and MacKinlay (1988a) observe that the evidence for time dependency of returns is strongest for smaller capitalized stocks. Both find that the random walk may be rejected for the equal-weighted indices but not necessarily for the value-weighted indices. We report the results of overlapping and nonoverlapping return autoregressions for equal-weighted NYSE returns drawn from the Center for Research in Security Prices (CRSP) files, as well as for several other, longer historical stock return and price series that represent the behavior of the U.S. stock market. Based upon these studies, we propose a test of the random-walk hypothesis that uses the joint distribution of the set of autoregression coefficients derived from autoregressions on different return horizons, and also a simple test of the random walk that compares the bootstrapped sample standard deviations to the sample standard deviations of multiple-horizon returns.
A Longer Look at Dividend Yields
Authors: Goetzmann William N , Jorion Philippe
Published: November 2023

This article brings the research on survivorship together with research on predicting the stock market. A key argument of the article is that studies of long-term prediction can and should take into account the fact that a market has survived. Survival looks like a rebound, ex post. If stock market crises were always followed by rebounds, then markets would have the wonderful feature of reversing themselves after bad times, and of rising after large increases in dividend yields. Alas, history is not so kind. As a result, researchers have to account for the “bounce” when they look at countries such as the United States and the United Kingdom and also have to try to figure out what to do with the gaps and interruptions of other stock markets from other countries, should they decide to use them.
The Functional Structure of Noun Phrases: A Bare Phrase Structure Approach
Authors: Giusti Giuliana
Published: November 2023

The goal of this chapter is to give a general overview of recent studies on the syntax of determiners, particularly in Romance, Germanic, and Balkan languages, which can shed some light on general theoretical issues. In so doing, I will reconsider some proposals of mine, as well as of other linguists in light of the recent framework of bare phrase structure as developed by Chomsky (1993, 1995, 1999).

The essay is organized in three sections. In section 1, I present some general assumptions and some general hypotheses that will be motivated in the course of the chapter. Section 2 deals with articles. Section 3 deals with demonstratives, as well as other elements that may function as referential operators inside the noun phrase.
Generating Emotion: Beliefs and Wishes
Authors: O’Shaughnessy John , O’Shaughnessy Nicholas Jackson
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter, appraisal was shown to be linked to the consumer’s value system and feelings toward emotive stimuli. But appraisal is also linked to beliefs and desires, which are also connected to the consumer’s value system. This is not to suggest that all relevant beliefs and desires are present in consciousness at the time of the appraisal. There may in fact be nonconscious appraisal. Perception can immediately be followed by emotional response, as Damasio’s work (see chapter 1) suggests. This is the basis of the likability heuristic, where the consumer just goes along with gut feeling. Young children are attracted to many products without having acquired the evaluative concepts that are needed for the attraction to be tied to conscious judgment.
Predicting, Changing, and Influencing Emotional Responses
Authors: O’Shaughnessy John , O’Shaughnessy Nicholas Jackson
Published: November 2023

Every element of a firm’s offering (product, price, promotion, and distribution) has the potential to generate emotional responses if the consumer’s appraisal suggests that personal values or concerns are at stake. Any sort of novelty can lead to the emotional anticipation and contemplation of possessing a product; price can arouse emotion through being perceived either as a bargain or a rip-off; promotion can generate emotion by associating the product with desired images; and distribution can cause the emotion of frustration in buying or the emotion of excitement at the point of sale. This chapter is concerned with predicting emotional responses and gauging the extent to which they can be influenced and changed.

For Barlow and Maul, emotions tell us how customers are likely to behave in that, if they are angry, they feel primed to attack, and so on. These authors endorse the view that if you can identify the emotion, you can identify the “emotional script” that goes from the triggering event, to thought, to feeling, to action. Thus, they argue, it is logically possible to predict likely customer behavior once the specific emotions are identified.
Branding and Emotion
Authors: O’Shaughnessy John , O’Shaughnessy Nicholas Jackson
Published: November 2023

In marketing we are interested in how things are perceived, in contrast to how things really are from an objective point of view. The process of perception involves interpreting sensations and making inferences, which, in turn, are influenced by past experiences and expectations. When consumers do not have the product in front of them, they must rely on memory if they are to describe it or, more specifically, they must rely on the representations or image they have of the product in their minds. Consumers, like people generally, approach the physical world through their representations of it, and a brand image is one such representation. Brand image is a synthesis of impressions: a summation that can take the form of a gut emotional reaction or a mental flash of recognition, which typically reflects attitudes toward the brand and its perceived benefits.
Dietary Management of Children and Adolescents with High Blood Pressure
Authors: Horn Linda Van , Vincent Eileen
Published: November 2023

Hypertension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] >140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] >90 mmHg) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is estimated to affect over 60 million adults at a cost of 14 billion dollars annually (Gillman and Ellison, 1993; Fernandes and McCrindle, 2000). Pre-hypertension (SBP of 120-139 mmHg or DBP of80-89 mmHg) is estimated to affect another 45 million individuals and is strongly associated with development of hypertension with increasing age (Chobanian et al., 2003). Although hypertension in childhood is typically secondary to some other pathological condition, growing evidence from landmark studies including the Muscatine, Bogalusa, and Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns studies confirms that blood pressure in youth tracks into adulthood (Webber et al., 1983; Lauer et al., 1984; Lauer and Clarke, 1989; Raitakari et al., 1994; Muntner et al., 2004). This phenomenon may be even more pronounced in certain ethnic groups (Rosner et al., 2000). For example, the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) research group reported that, based on autopsy studies, more extensive raised lesions were found in blacks than in whites with hypertension (McGill et al., 2000; also see Chapter 1). Concerns about these associations are further magnified by evidence of increased levels of blood pressure in children and adolescents, ages 8 to 17 years, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted in 1988-94 and 1999-2000 (Muntner et al., 2004).
The Epidemiology and Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Tsalikian Eva , Tansey Michael
Published: November 2023

The epidemic of childhood obesity in the United States and the rest of the world over the last two or three decades is well documented (World Health Organization 1994). In recent years, there has also been a dramatic increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents (Fagot-Campagna et al., 2000). Traditionally, diabetes in children and adolescents was considered to be of autoimmune origin known as type 1 diabetes. Diabetes of non-autoimmune origin, type 2 diabetes, has historically been thought to be present almost exclusively in overweight adults, frequently occurring later in life and associated with sedentary lifestyle and a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is most commonly found in children and adolescents from minority groups, although the incidence of diabetes is increasing in obese children of all ethnic backgrounds (Sayeed et al., 1997; Kitagawa et al., 1998).
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Cigarette Smoking among Youth
Authors: Goody Cynthia M , Lowe John B , Aquilino, Mary Lober , Baker Esther M
Published: November 2023

Every day, more than 2000 young people under the age of 18 become regular smokers (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2003). In fact, over 80% of adult smokers begin using cigarettes during their teen years (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2004a). Smoking is associated with significant health consequences in the adolescent and young adult years including respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease, substance abuse, and mental disorders (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 1994). Adolescent smokers report increased coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and sputum production. They experience more respiratory infections that last longer and are more severe than youth who do not smoke. Lung function is diminished and atherosclerotic lesions have been noted in deceased smokers as young as 15 years of age (USDHHS, 1994; also see Chapter 1). Serum lipid pro files indicate increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in youth who smoke (USDHHS, 1994). Adolescent smokers are also more likely to use other drugs than nonsmokers (Myers, 1999; Jacobsen et al., 2001). They are three times more likely than non smokers to use alcohol, eight times more likely to use marijuana, and 22 times more likely to use cocaine. Smoking is also associated with poor general health and may be a marker for underlying mental health problems such as depression (USDHHS, 1994).
Prevention and Management of Youth Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Aquilino Mary Lober , Lowe John B
Published: November 2023

Cigarette smoking behavior during the teen and early adult years has been characterized as a sequence of developmental stages (Hirschman et al., 1984; Mayhew et al., 2000). Initiation or uptake of smoking and progression from one stage to another is influenced by economic, physiological, psychologic, environmental, and social factors. An understanding of the stages of acquisition of smoking behavior, the phenomenon of nicotine addiction and withdrawal, and the fac tors that influence these variables is critical to designing and delivering tobacco dependence interventions. Mayhew et al. (2000) suggest six stages of adolescent smoking development including precontemplation, contemplation or preparatory, initiation, experimentation, regular smoking, and established or daily smoking (Table 17.1). Adolescents can maintain the experimentation stage for months, only smoking in specific social or environmental situations. A person’s self-image as a smoker develops during this stage, which immediately precedes regular smoking. Regular smoking is defined as smoking on a consistent, yet still infrequent basis. Once a person progresses to the sixth stage of established or daily smoking, quitting becomes more difficult. For smoking behavior to be viewed on a continuum, two additional stages, cessation and relapse, are necessary. In fact, many smokers who attempt to quit move back and forth on the continuum several times before permanent cessation is achieved.
Shameful Flight
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

Britain's precipitous and ill-planned disengagement from India in 1947--condemned as a "shameful flight" by Winston Churchill--had a truly catastrophic effect on South Asia, leaving hundreds of thousands of people dead in its wake and creating a legacy of chaos, hatred, and war that has lasted over half a century. Ranging from the fall of Singapore in 1942 to the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi in 1948, Shameful Flight provides a vivid behind-the-scenes look at Britain's decision to divest itself from the crown jewel of its empire. Stanley Wolpert, a leading authority on Indian history, paints memorable portraits of all the key participants, including Gandhi, Churchill, Attlee, Nehru, and Jinnah, with special focus on British viceroy, Lord Louis Mountbatten. Wolpert places the blame for the catastrophe largely on Mountbatten, the flamboyant cousin of the king, who rushed the process of nationhood along at an absurd pace. The viceroy's worst blunder was the impetuous drawing of new border lines through the middle of Punjab and Bengal. Virtually everyone involved advised Mountbatten that to partition those provinces was a calamitous mistake that would unleash uncontrollable violence. Indeed, as Wolpert shows, civil unrest among Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs escalated as Independence Day approached, and when the new boundary lines were announced, arson, murder, and mayhem erupted. Partition uprooted over ten million people, 500,000 to a million of whom died in the ensuing inferno. Here then is the dramatic story of a truly pivotal moment in the history of India, Pakistan, and Britain, an event that ignited fires of continuing political unrest that still burn in South Asia.