bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dorsal hippocampal kindling selectively impairs spatial learning/short‐term memory
Authors: Hannesson D.K. , Mohapel P. , Corcoran M.E.
Published: August 2002

Kindling with electrical stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus has been shown to disrupt spatial task performance in rats. The present study investigated the specificity of this effect in terms of the possible contribution of nonmnemonic effects, the presence of a more general mnemonic deficit, and the involvement of learning/short‐term memory and/or long‐term memory processes. Rats were fully kindled with stimulation of the dorsal hippocampus and subsequently tested for acquisition, 7‐day retention, and 28‐day retention of a hidden platform (HP) location in the Morris water maze and an object discrimination problem in a modified water maze. To control for nonmnemonic behavioral impairments, testing on both tasks was preceded by training on visible platform control tasks. Kindling impaired acquisition of the HP location but spared performance on all other aspects of testing, indicating a specific impairment of spatial learning/short‐term memory. These results suggest that epileptogenesis induced by hippocampal stimulation is indeed associated with a selective disruption of the mechanisms mediating spatial learning/short‐term memory. Hippocampus 2001;11:275–286. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analyzing firm training: Five propositions for future research
Authors: Smith Andrew , Dowling Peter J.
Published: August 2002

This article presents findings from a qualitative study of firm training in a number of manufacturing companies in Australia. It relates the extent of training provided by the firms to their employees to a variety of independent variables, including business strategy, technology, industrial relations, management attitudes, and the competitive performance of the firms.
Potential benefits of increased application of water to paddy fields in Taiwan
Authors: Chang Yu‐Chuan , Kan Chun‐E. , Lin Gwo‐Fong , Chiu Chao‐Lin , Lee Yuan‐Chuan
Published: August 2002

The potential benefits of increased application of water to paddy fields in Taiwan are investigated in this paper. A conceptual model is used to represent the hydrological system of the paddy field. A technique is presented to estimate the parameters of the model. Field experiments also are performed for parameter estimation and model verification. The simulated results are in good agreement with the observed during model verification. With parameters estimated from the field data, the model is used to simulate the effects of applying water beyond current practice. The simulation results show that the downward percolation increases when the irrigation water increases. However, the percolation reaches a capacity rate no matter how large the amount of water applied. This phenomenon results from the existence of a hard layer below the paddy field. The effects of raising the height of levees around paddy fields are also studied. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of the infant's ability to retrieve food through a slit
Authors: Achard Bénédicte , von Hofsten Claes
Published: August 2002

The main purpose of the present study is to explore infants' ability to comprehend task manipulation, and whether they can feed themselves with a spoon when food has to be retrieved through a slit in a lid placed over a plate. To access the food, the infant has to align the bowl of the spoon with the slit. The orientation of the slit is manipulated, and certain orientations require more elaborate modifications of the feeding action than others. The infants are observed at monthly intervals, from 12 to 17 months of age. The presence of the lid affects the behaviour of the infants at all ages. Some behaviours become more immature. The infants grasp the spoon with more primitive grasp configurations, they grasp the spoon less consistently at the top of the handle, and they orient the spoon less consistently, with its bowl facing upwards. These differences decrease with age. The infants also make attempts to adjust to the constraints of the task, mainly by inclining the spoon more vertically, and rotating the hand in such a way as to align the spoon with the orientation of the slit. These adjustments improve with age. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relation between theory of mind and rule use: evidence from persons with autism‐spectrum disorders
Authors: David Zelazo Philip , Jacques Sophie , Burack Jacob A. , Frye Douglas
Published: August 2002

Cognitive complexity and control (CCC) theory, which is a theory of executive function and its development, provides a metric for comparing task demands across domains. This metric allowed us to examine the relation between theory of mind (ToM) and one aspect of executive function, rule use, in 22 individuals with autism‐spectrum disorders, including 12 severely impaired (VIQ⩽40; mean VMA=4.07 years; mean CA=17.47) and 10 mildly impaired (VIQ>40; mean VMA=6.15 years; mean CA=10.30) individuals. For severely impaired individuals, ToM performance was unrelated to rule use,r=−0.40,p>0.05). However, for mildly impaired individuals, the correlation between ToM and rule use was high,r=0.82,p<0.01). This latter finding challenges the hypothesis of a domain‐specific, ToM module, and suggests instead that poor performance on ToM tasks may be attributed to a more general difficulty using higher order rules to integrate 2 incompatible perspectives into a single system of inferences. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The new EC law on bank crisis
Authors: Galanti Enrico
Published: August 2002

I. The long preparatory works. II. Legal basis and subjective scope. III. The objective scope. IV. The unity principle and the information of the competent authorities. V. The universality principle and its exceptions. VI. Set‐off, rights in re and reservation of title. VII. Publication and information duties. Remedies and lawsuits pending. VIII. Other provisions on winding‐up and terms of implementation. IX. Conclusion. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dietary intake of folic acid and colorectal cancer risk in a cohort of women
Authors: Terry Paul , Jain Meera , Miller Anthony B. , Howe Geoffrey R. , Rohan Thomas E.
Published: August 2002

Folate is crucial for normal DNA methylation, synthesis and repair, and deficiency of this nutrient is hypothesized to lead to cancer through disruption of these processes. There is some evidence to suggest that relatively high dietary folate intake might be associated with reduced colorectal cancer risk, especially among individuals with low methionine intake. A case‐cohort analysis was undertaken within the cohort of 56,837 women who were enrolled in the Canadian National Breast Screening Study and who completed a self‐administered dietary questionnaire. During follow‐up to the end of 1993, a total of 389 women were diagnosed with colorectal cancer, identified by linkage to the Canadian Cancer Database. For comparative purposes, a subcohort of 5,681 women was randomly selected from the full dietary cohort at baseline. After exclusions for various reasons, the analyses were based on 295 cases and 5,334 non‐cases. Folate intake was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk (IRR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.4–1.1, p for trend = 0.25). The inverse association was essentially similar among individuals with low and high methionine intake, and was similar for colon and rectal cancers when those endpoints were analyzed separately. Among individuals with low methionine intake, folate intake did not appear to lower the risk of rectal cancer, a finding that may be due, in part, to the low number of cases in the subgroup analysis. Overall, our data lend some support to the hypothesis that high folate intake is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Overexpression of cyclinD1 predicts for poor prognosis in estrogen receptor‐negative breast cancer patients
Authors: Umekita Yoshihisa , Ohi Yasuyo , Sagara Yoshiatsu , Yoshida Hiroki
Published: August 2002

CyclinD1 plays a critical role in regulating cell cycle progression. CyclinD1 mRNA and protein are overexpressed in approximately 50% of primary breast cancer cases. However, its clinical significance as a predictive factor remains unclear. One hundred and seventy‐three female patients diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma who had undergone a mastectomy (161 patients) or breast‐conserving surgery (12 patients) were followed up for 6–119 months (median 86 months) postoperatively. Immunoreactivity for monoclonal anti‐cyclinD1 antibody (clone DCS‐6) with paraffin‐embedded carcinoma tissues was investigated using a labeled streptavidin‐biotin method. Overexpression of cyclinD1 was found in 42% (73 of 173), and strongly correlated with estrogen receptor (ER) expression (p< 0.000001). Univariate analysis revealed no association between overexpression of cyclinD1 and overall survival or relapse‐free survival in all patient groups. However, in the ER‐negative subgroup (n= 75), overexpression of cyclinD1 was significantly correlated with shorter overall survival (p= 0.018) and relapse‐free survival (p= 0.014) as well as the lymph node status and tumor size. In contrast, there were no significant associations between overexpression of cyclinD1 and clinical outcome in the ER‐positive subgroup. According to Cox's multivariate analysis in the ER‐negative subgroup, overexpression of cyclinD1 had the most significant effect on overall survival (p= 0.02) and relapse‐free survival (p= 0.0058), followed by nodal status and histologic grade. These findings suggest that overexpression of cyclinD1 is an independent prognostic indicator in ER‐negative breast cancer patients. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epidemiology of reproductive and hormonal factors in thyroid cancer: Evidence from a case‐control study in the Middle East
Authors: Memon Anjum , Darif Mohamed , Al‐Saleh Khalid , Suresh Ajitha
Published: August 2002

Thyroid cancer is the second most common neoplasm among women in Kuwait and several other countries in the Middle East. Most of these countries also have relatively high birth and total fertility rates. To examine potential relationships between reproductive and hormonal factors and thyroid cancer, we conducted a population‐based case‐control interview study among 238 women diagnosed with thyroid cancer and a similar number of individually matched controls in Kuwait. Among the demographic variables, women with 12+ years of education had a significantly reduced risk of thyroid cancer (OR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2–0.8; p‐trend <0.05). The average age at diagnosis (±SD) of thyroid cancer was 34.7 ± 11 years. Events such as age at menarche, pregnancy, menopausal status and age at menopause were not associated with thyroid cancer. There was an association with age at last pregnancy and parity. Women who had their last pregnancy at ages ≥30 years were at a significantly increased risk (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.2–3.8); there was also a significant trend in risk with increasing age at last pregnancy. There was a modest increase in risk among women who had borne ≥5 children (OR = 1.5; 95% CI: 0.9–2.5). A joint analysis of these factors showed that childbearing during the latter half of reproductive life had a substantial effect on the incidence of thyroid cancer; for any given level of parity, there was about a 2‐fold increased risk if the age at last pregnancy was ≥30 years. A substantial recent‐birth effect, in relation to subsequent diagnosis of thyroid cancer, was observed during the second and third year after a birth (OR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.0–4.1). In contrast, spontaneous abortion seemed to have a protective effect. There was a significant decrease in risk among women who had a miscarriage as outcome of first pregnancy (OR = 0.1; 95% CI: 0.03–0.4) and those who had experienced ≥3 miscarriages (OR = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.1–0.8; p‐trend <0.05). Overall, any female hormone use was not associated with thyroid cancer risk. New association is suggested for a history of post‐partum thyroiditis (OR = 10.2; 95% CI: 2.3–44.8). These data support the hypothesis that reproductive factors and patterns may influence, or contribute to, the risk of thyroid cancer among women. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Turning transnational: notes on the theorisation of international migration
Authors: Bailey Adrian J.
Published: August 2002

This paper takes stock of transnational perspectives on international migration. Transnationalism concerns itself with social processes that are both rooted in, and transcend, nations. While more generally referring to complex economic, cultural and political relations, I focus on scholarship that describes how migrants contribute to the daily life of emerging transnational communities. I argue that poststructural readings of transnationalism have opened the way for accounts of international migration under globalisation. However, key questions of migrant agency and hybridity remain under‐theorised. The paper concludes with a discussion of the potential of postcolonial theorisations of international migration. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the use of shadows in stance recovery
Authors: Bruckstein Alfred M. , Holt Robert J. , Jean Yves D. , Netravali Arun N.
Published: August 2002

The image of an object and of the shadow it casts on a planar surface provides important cues for three‐dimensional (3D) stance recovery. We assume that the position of the plane on which the shadow lies with respect to a pinhole camera is known and that the position of the light source is unknown. If the light source is sufficiently far away that parallel projection may be assumed, then knowledge of two point correspondences between images of feature points and images of their shadows is enough to determine the position of the object and the direction of the light source. If the light source is close enough that the shadow points are obtained via perspective projection, then there is a one‐parameter infinite family of solutions for the position of the object and the light source. Determining the stance of an object is highly sensitive to noise, so we provide algorithms for stance recovery that take into account known information about the object. In our experiments, the errors for the location of the 3D feature points obtained by these algorithms are generally less than 0.2% times the error in pixels in the image points and the errors for the 3D directions of the links is roughly 0.04° times the error in pixels, normalized by the distance to the object from the camera and the length of the link. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 11, 315–330, 2000
Assessment of the caregiving environment and infant functioning in polydrug families: Use of a Structured Clinical Interview
Authors: Platzman Kathleen A. , Coles Claire D. , Lynch Mary Ellen , Bard Kim A. , Brown Josephine V.
Published: August 2002

A Structured Clinical Interview (SCI) was used to assess both proximal characteristics of the rearing environments of prenatally polydrug exposed infants in a low SES sample and infant behavioral characteristics (e.g., feeding, sleeping, self‐regulation). The 95‐item questionnaire systematized collection of developmental history and caregiving environment for 132 infant–caregiver dyads who were seen for follow‐up at 6, 12, and 24 months. Outcome data were indexed in five theoretically based areas: Caregiving Instability, Problems with Social Routine, Dysregulation, Infant Feeding Problems and Infant Sleeping Problems. Main effects were found in the Caregiving Instability and Sleeping Problems Index scores for drug exposure but not gestational age. Chronological age and drug interactions were found for Feeding Problems and Sleeping Problems Index scores, with those in the drug group having persistent difficulties in these areas. Additionally, there was a term and drug interaction effect in the Problems with Social Routine Index. In all of these areas, prenatal drug exposure was associated with less optimal scores. The SCI proved to be a useful tool in studying this high‐risk population and may be useful in research and clinical settings. Future instrument development is planned. © 2001 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Recent modelling of sedimentation of suspended particles: a survey1
Authors: Boogerd P. , Scarlett B. , Brouwer R.
Published: August 2002

Recent literature on modelling of sedimentation was studied. Attention was paid to hydrodynamics, numerical simulation, settling velocity models, sediment and velocity distribution functions, and sediment transport equations. Many popular theories, e.g. those regarding stratification and preferential sweeping, are under discussion. The traditional view that large‐scale, energy‐containing fluid motions dominate the transport of particles is found to be under attack, as is the modification of the von Karman coefficient to account for the presence of sediment.

It is unclear which model for hindered settling should be used under what circumstances, and the effect of particle distribution cannot yet be calculated. Even the most basic problems, such as settling of multiple and/or non‐spherical particles in a quiescent liquid, still require research.

In the field of sediment distribution functions new solutions are still not entirely satisfactory. Furthermore, the predictive value of transport rate models is still rather low, and several popular sediment transport functions consistently allow more degradation than aggradation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simulation model for design and evaluation of micro‐irrigation systems
Authors: Pedras C.M.G. , Pereira L.S.
Published: August 2002

The rational use and conservation of water resources require that irrigation performance, including emission uniformity, be as high as possible. Simulation models can help achieve these objectives. The AVALOC model has been developed for design and performance analysis of microirrigation systems, adopting the sector as the unit for analysis. The model works with the Windows operating system and is explored interactively through a simple dialogue structure consisting of a sequence of user‐friendly interfaces. Model computations are supported by a database containing updated information on the emitters and pipes available on the market, and where the information relative to the sectors being designed or evaluated is stored. The databases allow easy introduction, visualization and correction of data through a user‐friendly menu. In the design mode, the model provides for the selection of pipes and emitters that permit the attainment of the target performance, including emitter discharge uniformity. In the performance analysis mode, a hydraulics simulation is executed and several system performance parameters are then computed. The simulation can be performed using data created during design or data collected from field system evaluation. The present paper describes the main features of the model and shows a design example applied to an olive orchard. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multi‐agent‐based negotiation support system for distributed transmission cost allocation
Authors: Yan Yonghe , Yen Jerome , Bui Tung
Published: August 2002

We have developed a multi‐agent system (MAS), based on the network flow model and KQML, called MASCAN, to support negotiations in the cost allocation of network transmission. This is very important to industries that have different entities connected with lines or pipes, such as the Internet and telecommunications. Such an approach is especially useful to the utility industries, such as electricity and gas, and the transportation industry. In the system, each agent represents a node in a network, for example supplier or consumer. Agents do not receive any centralized controls or information from centralized sources to guarantee autonomy–a key requirement for the agent. In this all decisions are made locally based on the rules or knowledge that each agent has or captured to communicate or coordinate with other agents for the cheapest path under fair‐play requirements. We also assume that each agent is rational, that is, one of the goals or objectives of agent decisions or movements is to minimize costs or increase profits. The solution to cost allocation is to search for the equilibrium point of a non‐cooperative game subject to the given constraints, for example network capacity. We applied MASCAN to model and support the negotiation of cost allocation in power transmission, and the results and how this approach supported the process of negotiation are perceived to be closer to the real‐world negotiation and the outcomes were accepted more easily by the participants. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Historical control data on urinary and renal tissue biomarkers in naive male Wistar rats
Authors: Trevisan A. , Giraldo M. , Borella M. , Maso S.
Published: August 2002

Total proteins, angiotensin‐converting enzyme, N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase, glutamine transaminase K and glutamine synthetase were determined in urine collected overnight (14 h: 6:00 p.m.–8:00 a.m.) from naive male Wistar rats; glutamine transaminase K and glutamine synthetase in the kidney 10 000 g supernatant and p‐aminohippurate uptake in renal cortical slices also were measured. Urinary parameters were related both to urinary creatinine concentration and urinary flow rate; kidney parameters were related to protein concentration (enzymes) or slice/medium (S/M) ratio (p‐aminohippurate uptake). The following reference ranges (1.0 and 99.0 percentiles) were obtained: urine: total urinary proteins (195 samples) 0.03–0.29 g mmol−1 creatinine and 0.13–1.77 mg h−1; angiotensin‐converting enzyme (115 samples) 8.9–63.7 µmol mmol−1 creatinine and 59.4–282.7 nmol h−1; glutamine transaminase K (115 samples) 0–1.7 µmol mmol−1 creatinine and 0–8.5 nmol h−1; N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (72 samples) 0.7–5.0 µmol mmol−1 creatinine and 4.9–28.4 nmol h−1 (naive male rats did not excrete glutamine synthetase); kidney: glutamine transaminase K (36 samples) 14.5–32.8 nmol mg−1 protein; glutamine synthetase (22 samples) 13.9–48.6 nmol mg−1 protein and p‐aminohippurate (54 samples) 4.77–17.89 S/M. Urinary creatinine (r = −0.780), total urinary proteins (r = −0.521), angiotensin‐converting enzyme (r = −0.650) and N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (r = −0.796) but not glutamine transaminase K were well correlated with diuresis. In addition, the same parameters, but not glutamine transaminase K, were well correlated with creatinine (r = 0.604,0.701 and 0.747, respectively). Significant correlation also was observed between urinary indices adjusted to creatinine or urinary flow rate (total urinary proteins: r = 0.813; angiotensin‐converting enzyme: r = 0.677; glutamine transaminase K: r = 0.939; N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase: r = 0.657). Finally, a low but significant correlation was found between total urinary proteins and angiotensin‐converting enzyme (r = 0.293) and N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (r = 0.471). Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics of intravenous L‐lactic acid in anaesthetized minipigs under normoxic/normocapnic/normohydrogenaemic conditions
Authors: Petroianu G. , Kern N. , Kaercher B. , Rüfer R.
Published: August 2002

A mild and transitory increase in L‐lactic acid (LAC) levels can be achieved by LAC infusion under normoxic/normocapnic/normohydrogenaemic conditions. This increase is probably sufficient to confer some protection to cholinesterases from inhibition by organophosphates. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple radioactive assay for the estimation of DNA breaks
Authors: Sreekumaran Nair R. , Paulmurugan R. , Ranjit Singh A. J. A.
Published: August 2002

The intactness of DNA is an important part of the normal cellular structure. Any change to the DNA in the form of breaks leads to a change in the integrity, which in turn leads to abnormality in the cellular activity. Many discrepancies have been reported among the various methods of detecting DNA damage. Here, a simple, sensitive and reproducible method has been developed for the detection of DNA breaks by radioactive labelling of 5′ broken ends. The method was evaluated by studying chemically induced DNA damage by using both organochloride (2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and lindane) and organophosphorus (sevin and phosphamidon) compounds at different concentrations. Phosphamidon, one of the organophosphorus compounds studied, showed complete degradation of the DNA after treatment. Radioactive analysis of phosphamidon showed higher counts at the lowest concentration (20 µg) of the chemical when compared with the control (2752 scintillation counts per minute, scm). Studies on the chemically induced DNA breaks by radiolabelling revealed that the cumulative effect of the organophosphorus and organochloride compounds showed maximum counts in all the samples (the highest being 2904 scm) when compared with the organophosphorus and organochloride compounds studied separately (the highest being 1881 and 2260 scm, respectively). Radiolabelling studies on the blood samples of 23 pesticide workers by the newly developed assay showed a significant positive correlation (0.893) between the number of years of exposure and the scintillation counts. A maximum of 11 702 scm (for 18 years of exposure) and a minimum of 1682 scm (for 4 years of exposure) were recorded compared with 1253 scm for the negative control. This method can be used effectively for estimation of the DNA breaks, irrespective of its nature. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of calcium phosphate coating crystallinity and implant surface roughness on differentiation of rat bone marrow cells
Authors: ter Brugge P. J. , Wolke J. G. C. , Jansen J. A.
Published: August 2002

In this study, we examined the effect of calcium phosphate (Ca‐P) coating crystallinity and of surface roughness on growth and differentiation of osteogenic cells. Grit‐blasted titanium substrates were provided with Ca‐P coatings of different crystallinities. Rat bone marrow (RBM) cells were cultured on these substrates and on noncoated rough and smooth titanium substrates. After specific culture times, expression of osteogenic markers by the cells was studied. Cells cultured on crystalline coatings and on titanium substrates proliferate, express alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin (OC), and show mineralization of the extracellular matrix. Rough titanium substrates only express low OC levels. Significantly higher OC levels were expressed on smooth titanium, and even higher levels on the crystalline Ca‐P coating. No difference was found in calcification between smooth and rough titanium. The crystalline coating showed more calcification than the titanium substrates. When substrates without cells were incubated in medium, precipitation of calcium was found. On the titanium substrates, this precipitate disappeared after prolonged incubation. The precipitate on the crystalline coating was stable and increased with longer incubation times. On the amorphous coatings, no proliferation and differentiation of RBM cells were found. After longer culture periods, substrates showed extensive dissolution. Cells on the amorphous coatings did express high levels of prostaglandin E2. In contrast, prostaglandin E2 expression was low for the other substrates. We conclude that crystalline Ca‐P coatings stimulate differentiation of RBM cells, to a higher extent than titanium substrates. Surface roughness only has a limited effect on phenotype expression of the cells. In contrast, thin amorphous coatings show negative effects on the growth and differentiation of cultured RBM cells. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 70–78, 2002
A comparative evaluation of the tissue responses associated with polymeric implants in the rat and mouse
Authors: Kidd Kameha R. , Dal Ponte Donny B. , Kellar Robert S. , Williams Stuart K.
Published: August 2002

End product application is an important consideration when evaluating a material in an in vivo setting (Didisheim, Cardiovasc Pathol 1993;2:1S–2S). Small animal models allow high through‐put evaluation of biocompatability. Previous preclinical evaluations have often used a rat subcutaneous model for the characterization of material‐tissue interaction. Recent advances in genetic manipulation have provided mouse models with selective expression of a wide range of critical proteins. The rat model does not have many of the resources (i.e., knockouts, SCID, nude) that are present in mouse strains. The availability of these mice provides a resource to delineate the mechanisms regulating the healing associated with implants. However, before the mouse models can be used, they must be validated with respect to their ability to accurately assess tissue reponses to materials. In this study the tissue responses after the implantation of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) were compared between rat and mouse. Discs of ePTFE (30‐μm internodal distance) were implanted in subcutaneous and epididymal fat tissue of rats (Sprague‐Dawley) and mice (129‐SVJ). After 5 weeks the samples were removed and evaluated for vascular density, inflammation, and fibrous encapsulation. No difference in the vessel density was observed within the peri‐implant subcutaneous and adipose tissue or within the porous material. However, a significant difference was found in the number of activated macrophages and giant cells between these two species. Implants in the rat exhibited greater numbers of activated inflammatory cells in the peri‐implant tissue. The data indicate that the mouse and rat provide a comparable model for evaluating angiogenesis and neovascularization associated with synthetic porous implants. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 682–689, 2002
Shear stress and material surface effects on adherent human monocyte apoptosis
Authors: Shive Matthew S. , Brodbeck William G. , Colton Erica , Anderson James M.
Published: August 2002

Monocytes play a critical role as both phagocytes and mediators of inflammatory responses in the prevention of cardiovascular device‐related infections. However, persistent infection of these devices still occurs and may be attributed to deleterious cellular alterations resulting from monocyte interactions with a foreign material in an environment of dynamic flow. Thus, the effects of both shear stress and adhesion to material surfaces on human monocyte apoptosis were investigated. A rotating disk system generated physiologically relevant shear stress levels (0–14 dyn/cm2), and shear‐related apoptosis occurring in adherent monocytes was characterized. Using annexin V analysis, apoptosis of polyurethane‐adherent monocytes under shear for 4 h increased to levels >70% with increasing shear in a near‐linear fashion (r2 = 0.713). It was qualitatively confirmed using confocal microscopy that filamentous (F)‐actin distribution was altered, that DNA fragmentation occurred, and that activated caspases were involved in shear‐induced apoptosis. Static studies determined that spontaneous apoptosis was material‐dependent over 72 h by demonstrating marked differences between apoptosis of monocytes adherent to a polyurethane compared to an alkyl‐modified glass. Treatment with TNF‐α augmented this material dependency in a dose‐dependent fashion over time. F‐actin content of TNF‐α‐treated cells decreased to <62% of untreated cells. We conclude that concomitant effects from both material surfaces and dynamic flow mediate human monocyte apoptosis and may have serious implications in the context of implanted cardiovascular device infection. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 148–158, 2002
Platelet adhesion to polystyrene‐based surfaces preadsorbed with plasmas selectively depleted in fibrinogen, fibronectin, vitronectin, or von Willebrand's factor
Authors: Tsai Wei‐Bor , Grunkemeier John M. , McFarland Clive D. , Horbett Thomas A.
Published: August 2002

Four plasma proteins have been shown to be able to mediate platelet adhesion to synthetic materials when they are adsorbed as purified proteins: fibrinogen (Fg), fibronectin (Fn), vitronectin (Vn), and von Willebrand factor (vWF). Among them, Fg is thought to play a leading role in mediating platelet adhesion to plasma‐preadsorbed biomaterials, but this has been established for only three types of materials so far in our laboratory. Furthermore, the role of Fn, Vn, and vWF in mediating platelet adhesion to plasma‐preadsorbed surfaces is still unclear. The aim of the current study was to assess the importance of Fg, Fn, Vn, and vWF in mediating platelet adhesion to a series of polystyrene‐based surfaces. The strategy applied in the present investigation was to compare platelet adhesion to surfaces preadsorbed with normal plasma, plasma selectively depleted in Fn or Vn or both Fn and Vn, plasma from donors who were genetically deficient in vWF, and serum. Few platelets adhered to the surfaces preadsorbed with serum, whereas depletion of Fn, Vn, or vWF from plasma did not decrease platelet adhesion significantly. Replenishment of exogenous Fg to serum before protein adsorption restored platelet adhesion to the surfaces, suggesting that Fg was the major plasma protein that mediated platelet adhesion. Also, we found that a surface density of adsorbed Fg far below the amount that usually adsorbs to synthetic surfaces was sufficient to support full‐scale platelet adhesion. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 348–359, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jbm.10048
A scanning electron microscopy study of human osteoblast morphology on five orthopedic metals
Authors: Schmidt Carla , Kaspar Daniela , Sarkar Michael R. , Claes Lutz E. , Ignatius Anita A.
Published: August 2002

Despite the long‐standing use of metals as orthopedic implants there still are unsolved problems with these materials and open questions about their behavior in a biological environment. Cell‐culture studies provide a useful tool for investigations. In addition to the determination of biochemical or molecular biological parameters, the morphology of adhering cells reflects their interaction with the substrata. This article describes an investigation of the morphology of human osteoblasts on stainless steel, cobalt chromium alloy, commercially pure titanium, Ti‐6Al‐4V, and Ti‐6Al‐7Nb with surface designs similar to those used as clinical implants. A cell culture plastic surface was used as a control material. The materials were examined by scanning electron microscopy at different points of time. The cells spread, proliferated, and formed nodules on all test substrates in a time‐dependent manner, without signs of a disturbing influence from any of the materials. On the smooth surfaces the cells showed a flattened fibroblast‐like morphology and only slight differences could be detected. Therefore, the cellular morphology seems not to be markedly affected by the different chemical material compositions. In contrast, the titanium alloy with a rough, sandblasted surface induced a three‐dimensional growth. This three‐dimensional cellular network could be the basis for the known earlier differentiation of osteoblasts on rough surfaces in vitro and a better osseointegration in vivo. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 252–261, 2002
The wear pattern in metal‐on‐metal hip prostheses
Authors: Anissian H. Lucas , Stark André , Good Victoria , Dahlstrand Henrik , Clarke Ian C.
Published: August 2002

The accumulated data suggest that there is a strong correlation between polyethylene wear and osteolysis, which ultimately leads to prosthetic loosening. Second‐generation metal‐on‐metal prostheses have been introduced, with an eye toward resolving this wear‐induced osteolysis problem. The metal particles and ions are biologically active and can affect the cell homeostasis. Thus, defining the wear pattern and ratio of a given metal‐on‐metal prosthesis system is desirable. An early high‐wear or run‐in phase followed by a low‐wear phase or steady state has been suggested for metal‐on‐metal hip prostheses. The aim of this study was to define the wear pattern of metal‐on‐metal bearings. The prosthesis systems were tested in a joint simulator. An early accelerated wear phase transformed to a slower wear phase after 700,000 cycles. The run‐in and steady‐state wear rates for combined head and liner averaged 2.22 mm3/Mc and 1.0 mm3/ million cycles, respectively. The metal‐on‐metal prosthesis featured a biphasic wear trend with the wear ratio in run in being more than twofold higher than the steady‐state phase. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 58: 673–678, 2001
Sintered dicalcium pyrophosphate increases bone mass in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Sun Jui‐Sheng , Huang Yi‐Chau , Tsuang Yang‐Hwei , Chen Li‐Ting , Lin Feng‐Huei
Published: August 2002

Bisphosphonates are synthetic pyrophosphate analogs that can be used for the treatment of osteoporosis. Sintered dicalcium pyrophosphate, as a pyrophosphate analog, may be useful in the clinical setting for osteoporosis. In this study, an ovariectomized rat model is used to evaluate the effects of orally administered sintered dicalcium pyrophosphate on bone mass. Thirty‐six female rats were used in this study. They randomly were divided into six groups: a negative normal control group, a positive osteoporosis control group, and ovariectomized groups treated either with alendronate sodium (one group) or sintered dicalcium pyrophosphate (three groups, each at a different level). The animals were sacrificed at 4 weeks after treatment. For all the rats, whole blood samples were obtained for the biochemical study. Bone ashes of long bones were measured and studied and histologic studies of cancellous bone were carried out. The ingestion of either alendronate or sintered dicalcium pyrophosphate did not have any deleterious effect on the major visceral organs. Ingestion of alendronate or sintered pyrophosphate decreased the bony porosity and increased bone mineral contents in the long bones of ovariectomized rats. Thus sintered dicalcium pyrophosphate can increase bone mass in the ovariectomized rat. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 246–253, 2002
Accelerated development of uroporphyria in mice heterozygous for a deletion at the uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase locus
Authors: Franklin Michael R. , Phillips John D. , Kushner James P.
Published: August 2002

Three weeks after a single dose of irondextran and Aroclor 1254, mice maintained continuously on δ‐aminolevulinic acid supplemented drinking water showed significantly elevated levels of hepatic uroporphyrin and depressed (25% of normal) uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (URO‐D) activity. Depressed URO‐D activity was paralleled by the ability of heat denatured cytosol to inhibit rhURO‐D activity. Mice heterozygous for a targeted disruption at the URO‐D locus (URO‐D+/−) exhibited half the URO‐D activity of homozygous controls prior to treatment. After treatment, these animals showed URO‐D activity and rhURO‐D inhibitory activity comparable to similarly treated wild type (URO‐D+/+) mice but with significantly greater uroporphyrin accumulation. With only 10 days of treatment, URO‐D+/− but not URO‐D+/+ mice showed changes similar in magnitude to those seen after 21 days. Prior to treatment, URO‐D genotype did not influence overall hepatic P450 concentration in either sex and there was no significant difference between sexes. The treatment regimen significantly elevated P450 in animals of either URO‐D genotype and in both sexes, although the induction response at the 10‐day point was attenuated in URO‐D+/− mice. From differences in the CO absorbance maximum, and by P450 activity analysis, this attenuated induction response resulted from an attenuation of the CYP2B not the CYP1A induction. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 15:287–293, 2001
Extracorporeal immunoadsorption with protein A: Technical aspects and clinical results
Authors: Samuelsson G.
Published: August 2002

The use of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) for removal of large molecular‐weight substances form patients' circulation is limited by the method's non‐selectivity and non‐specificity. In order to remove the target amount of pathogenic substance, usually amounting to less than 1 g per liter of plasma, one will also remove 60‐80 g of proteins, some of which are essential. A further disadvantage of the method is the need for substitution fluids, which at least in some countries are expensive and of limited availability. Furthermore, there is a (low) risk of disease transmission.

To overcome these limitations, the principle of affinity chromatography used in biochemistry was applied in medicine to develop the Excorim Extracorporeal Immunoadsorption System in the beginning of the 1980s [1].
Therapeutic plasma exchange: A paired comparison of Fresenius AS104 vs. COBE Spectra
Authors: Burgstaler E.A. , Pineda A.A.
Published: August 2002

For therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), continuous flow separators are known to be efficient as exemplified by Fresenius AS104 and COBE Spectra. The AS104 uses an interface monitoring system in the centrifuge during TPE, whereas Spectra uses computer algorithms to establish the plasma‐cell interface. To determine the plasma collection efficiency (PLCE), anticoagulant (AC) volumes used, and platelets (PLT) lost of the AS104 and the Spectra, we performed a prospective paired comparison of 20 TPE (each machine). The study included 17 patients, 1.3 plasma volume exchanges (without AC), equal inlet rates, and AC ratio of 13:1. Processing times did not include reinfuse mode. Platelet loss was determined by sampling the collection bags. Inlet rates were between 60–110 ml/min. Diagnosis included peripheral neuropathies, TTP and cryoglobulinemia. The AS104 had significantly (P<0.0001) lower average whole blood processed (F:6,601 vs. S:8,584 ml), AC volume (F:532 vs. S:719 ml), and processing time (F:80 vs. S:102 minutes) than Spectra. The AS104 had significantly (P<0.0001) higher average plasma flow rates (F:53 vs. S:44 ml/minute), plasma collection efficiency (F:90 vs. S:69%), and platelet loss (F:2.0 vs. S:0.14 × 1011 plt) than Spectra. Platelet loss correlated with inlet flow rate with the AS104 but not with the Spectra. The AS104 has a significantly higher collection efficiency than Spectra allowing it to remove the same amount of plasma in significantly less time, by processing significantly less blood, using significantly less AC, but removing significantly more platelets than Spectra. J. Clin. Apheresis. 16:61–66, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Cost Priorities: Using a Balanced Scorecard Approach in Financial Reports
Authors: Bean LuAnn , Jarnagin Bill D.
Published: August 2002

One of the prime uses for activity‐based costing is to supply data for the popular “balanced
scorecard” approach to management. But should financial statement users also have access to balanced
scorecard information? The AICPA seems to think so, and so do the authors of this article. They review
the benefits of balanced scorecard information, show how some companies are actually using scorecard systems,
and show how to integrate a scorecard approach into financial reports. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals,
Inc.
Can We Prevent Future Enrons?
Authors: Ketz J. Edward
Published: August 2002

Despite a rash of “underauditing” problems in recent years, the accounting profession has done
little to stop their spread. The latest result is another disaster: Enron. Why has the United States had such a
plague of questionable accounting? Exactly what went wrong at Enron? The author answers these
questions and takes a sobering look at the implications—and what should be done. © 2002 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
Never Say,“It Can't Happen Here!”
Authors: Conway Carr , Rouse Robert W.
Published: August 2002

Bill Johnson, the chairman of the PublicCompany's audit committee, was in for a rude surprise. The CFO
abruptly resigned under fire, amid charges that someone had “cooked the books.” © 2001
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overcoming M&A environmental problems
Authors: Stanwick Peter A. , Stanwick Sarah D.
Published: August 2002

Companies contemplating mergers ignore environmental problems at their own risk, warn the authors. Environmental
issues can damage the merger's value, or even torpedo the deal. But through proper research and handling, you
can avoid that. The authors show you how. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Transcriptional state and chromatin structure of the murine entactin and laminin γ1 genes
Authors: Chen Y. , Keller J.M.
Published: August 2002

The positions of nucleosomes in the proximal 5′regions of the coordinately regulated murine entactin/nidogen and laminin γ1 genes have been identified in four different transcriptional states—constitutively off, basal, induced, and constitutively induced. In the entactin gene a 450 base pair (bp) region of open chromatin is present between three positioned nucleosomes and the transcriptional start site in the basal, induced, and constitutively induced states. Additionally there is a 200 bp open chromatin region at ∼−2.1 kbp that is only present in the induced and constitutively induced states. In the laminin γ1 gene, a 650 bp region of nucleosome‐free chromatin is present between nucleosomes positioned at ∼ −750 and +120 in all transcriptionally active states. These results suggest that basal co‐expression of these genes requires sites present in these near upstream regions. The induction to high levels appears to involve additional sites and possibly the production of new and/or the modification of existing trans‐acting factors. J. Cell. Biochem. 82: 225–233, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Participation of Survivin in mitotic and apoptotic activities of normal and tumor‐derived cells*
Authors: Jiang Xiuyun , Wilford Casey , Duensing Stephan , Munger Karl , Jones Grace , Jones Davy
Published: August 2002

Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) gene family, containing a single baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) and no RING finger, that is expressed in many human cancers. Although it has been proposed to be involved in mitotic and cytokinetic processes, its functional subcellular distribution in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and its binding to centrosomes, spindle fibers, and centromeres in relation to these processes, is not fully resolved. We have analyzed the localization of Survivin in normal (Detroit 551, IMR‐90) and tumor‐derived (HeLa, Saos‐2) cell lines, and found that it does colocalize with centrosomes in the cytoplasm during interphase, then moves to centromeres during mitosis, and finally localizes to the midbody spindle fibers during telophase. However, Taxol, a popular microtubule stabilizing agent that is frequently used in the study of these processes, severely disrupted the localization of Survivin. Taxol treatment of cells promoted extensive relocalization of Survivin with α‐tubulin on microtubules during either interphase or mitosis. Survivin antisense oligonucleotide markedly sensitized HeLa cells to cell death induced by agents acting at the level of cell surface receptor (Fas pathway) or at the level of mitochondria (etoposide). HeLa cell death induced by Survivin antisense oligonucleotide could be partially complemented by Deterin, the Drosophila homolog of Survivin (Jones et al. [2000] J. Biol. Chem. 275:22157–22166). Reciprocally, a chimera of the Deterin BIR domain and Survivin C‐terminus could rescue Drosophila Kc cells from death induced by transfection of a human caspase‐7‐expressing plasmid. These results indicate common components of Survivin and Deterin antiapoptotic action in the vertebrate and invertebrate phyla. J. Cell. Biochem. 83: 342–354, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.