bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emodin, a natural inhibitor of protein kinase CK2, suppresses growth, hyphal development, and biofilm formation of Candida albicans
Authors: Janeczko Monika , Masłyk Maciej , Kubiński Konrad , Golczyk Hieronim
Published: February 2017

Emodin (1,3,8‐trihydroxy‐6‐methyl‐anthraquinone) is a natural secondary plant product, originally isolated from the rhizomes of Rheum palmatum. Many reports show its diuretic, vasorelaxant, antibacterial, antiviral, anti‐ulcerogenic, immunosuppressive, hepatoprotective, anti‐inflammatory and anticancer potential. Emodin is a pleiotropic molecule capable of interacting with several major molecular targets, e.g. NF‐κB, AKT/mTOR and STAT3. The compound can also act as an inhibitor of some protein kinases, with special affinity to protein kinase CK2. The aim of the presented report was to evaluate antifungal properties of emodin and its activity towards CK2 isolated from Candida cells. Our studies revealed that the compound suppressed growth of the cells of reference strains as well as clinical Candida strains, with minimal inhibitory concentration and minimal fungicidal concentration values between 12.5 and 200 μg/mL. Moreover, at a low concentration, the compound was able to effectively stop hyphal formation, thus showing a distinct antivirulent potential. Interestingly, we showed that emodin added to Candida culture inhibited the phosphorylation of many cellular proteins, presumably owing to the inhibition of protein kinase CK2. Notably, the enzyme isolated from the Candida cells was susceptible to emodin with IC50 of 2.8 μg/mL. Indeed, our computational modelling revealed that emodin was able to occupy the ATP‐binding pocket of CK2. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Hexanuclear Niobium Cluster Compounds with Perfluorinated Ligands Made Using Ionic Liquids
Authors: Weiß Daniel Holger , Schröder Florian , Köckerling Martin
Published: February 2017

Three new hexanuclear niobium cluster compounds, which carry trifluoroacetate ligands on the exo sites of the metal atom octahedra, were synthesized and characterized. For the syntheses, the ionic liquid 1,1,3,3‐tetramethylguanidinium‐trifluoroacetat, (TMG‐H)TFA, was used as solvent as well as source for the ligands and cations. All three cluster compounds consist of the [Nb6Cl12(TFA)6]4– anion and (TMG‐H)+, (TMG‐H)+ + (TMGTFAA‐H)+, or (TMGTFAA‐H)+ cations [(TMGTFAA‐H)+ = 1,1,3,3‐tetramethylguanidine‐trifluoroacetamidinium]. TMGTFAA and the corresponding cation are obtained by either heating and/or by addition of TFA‐anhydrate to (TMG‐H)TFA in a slow chemical reaction. (TMGTFAA‐H)TFA comprises a second ionic liquid in this reaction system, which provides cations for two of the three characterized niobium cluster compounds. Structural details of the three new cluster compounds as well as of TMGTFAA were obtained by X‐ray diffraction experiments. With a melting point of approx. 145 °C the cluster compound with the (TMG‐H)+ cations almost can be called a “cluster ionic liquid“.
Effects of acetoacetyl-CoA synthase expression on production of farnesene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Tippmann Stefan , Ferreira Raphael , Siewers Verena , Nielsen Jens , Chen Yun
Published: February 2017

Efficient production of sesquiterpenes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae requires a high flux through the mevalonate pathway. To achieve this, the supply of acetyl-CoA plays a crucial role, partially because nine moles of acetyl-CoA are necessary to produce one mole of farnesyl diphosphate, but also to overcome the thermodynamic constraint imposed on the first reaction, in which acetoacetyl-CoA is produced from two moles of acetyl-CoA by acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase. Recently, a novel acetoacetyl-CoA synthase (nphT7) has been identified from Streptomyces sp. strain CL190, which catalyzes the irreversible condensation of malonyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA to acetoacetyl-CoA and, therefore, represents a potential target to increase the flux through the mevalonate pathway. This study investigates the effect of acetoacetyl-CoA synthase on growth as well as the production of farnesene and compares different homologs regarding their efficiency. While plasmid-based expression of nphT7 did not improve final farnesene titers, the construction of an alternative pathway, which exclusively relies on the malonyl-CoA bypass, was detrimental for growth and farnesene production. The presented results indicate that the overall functionality of the bypass was limited by the efficiency of acetoacetyl-CoA synthase (nphT7). Besides modulation of the expression level, which could be used as a means to partially restore the phenotype, nphT7 from Streptomyces glaucescens showed clearly higher efficiency compared to Streptomyces sp. strain CL190.
Pathophysiologic relationship between Alzheimer's disease, cerebrovascular disease, and cardiovascular risk: A review and synthesis
Authors: Santos Cláudia Y. , Snyder Peter J. , Wu Wen‐Chih , Zhang Mia , Echeverria Ana , Alber Jessica
Published: February 2017

As the population ages due to demographic trends and gains in life expectancy, the incidence and prevalence of dementia increases, and the need to understand the etiology and pathogenesis of dementia becomes ever more urgent. Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, is a complex disease, the mechanisms of which are poorly understood. The more we learn about AD, the more questions are raised about our current conceptual models of disease. In the absence of a cure or the means by which to slow disease progress, it may be prudent to apply our current knowledge of the intersection between AD, cardiovascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease to foster efforts to delay or slow the onset of AD. This review discusses our current understanding of the epidemiology, genetics, and pathophysiology of AD, the intersection between AD and vascular causes of dementia, and proposes future directions for research and prevention.
Coping as a mediator of stress and psychotic-like experiences
Authors: Ered A. , Gibson L.E. , Maxwell S.D. , Cooper S. , Ellman L.M.
Published: February 2017

Background:

There is evidence that individuals along the whole psychosis continuum have increased responsiveness to stress; however, coping responses to stressors have not been extensively explored in subthreshold psychotic symptoms.

Methods:

In 454 undergraduates, psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) were evaluated using the positive items of the Prodromal Questionnaire. Perceived stress and traumatic life events were assessed using the Life Events Checklist and Perceived Stress Scale, and coping was measured using the Brief COPE. We also examined whether different coping styles mediated the relationship between perceived stress and PLEs, as well as whether different coping styles mediated the relationship between traumatic life events and PLEs.

Results:

Both number of traumatic life events and current level of perceived stress were significantly associated with PLEs. These relationships were both mediated by higher levels of maladaptive coping.

Conclusions:

Results have the potential to inform treatment strategies, as well as inform targets for exploration in longitudinal studies of those at risk for psychosis.
The many faces of tuberculosis
Authors: Mandai Anirban , Singh Amitabh
Published: February 2017

Tuberculosis (TB) presenting as multifocal cystic lesions of bone (Jungling's disease) with an intra-orbital mass and calvarial involvement is rare, especially in an immunocompetent host. A 3-year-old boy presented with acute-onset, painless, intra-orbital swelling of the right eye and bony lesions over the right tibia and frontal bone. Tubercular etiology could be established with the help of the Xpert MTB/RIF test, which was performed on pus aspirated from the orbital lesion. The child improved upon antitubercular treatment. Atypical presentations of TB in children are highly variable and might include multifocal osteolytic lesions and intraorbital abscesses. Use of appropriate diagnostic methods, along with timely intervention, leads to a favorable outcome.
The relationship of bullying and physical violence to mental health and academic performance
Authors: AlBuhairan Fadia , Abbas Oraynab Abou , Sayed Donna El , Badri Motasim , Alshahri Sulieman , Vries Nanne de
Published: February 2017

Background and objectives:

Bullying and physical violence are serious public health concerns witnessed during adolescence and are associated with several health and behavioral problems that can persist into adulthood. The relationship between bullying/physical violence and mental health/academic performance in Saudi Arabia is unknown. This study aims at filling this gap through identifying the association of these health risk behaviors and mental health and academic performance.

Materials and methods:

A cross-sectional national survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia between 2011 and 2012. Adolescents attending intermediate and secondary schools were invited to participate through a multi-stage, stratified, cluster random sampling technique. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using chi-square tests to identify associations, and odds ratios were calculated.

Results:

A total of 9073 students participated. Twenty-six percent of adolescents reported exposure to bullying in the preceding 30 days, and one out of every three adolescents reported exposure to physical violence at school during the past year. More males than females, and more older adolescents were exposed to bullying. Exposure to physical violence and bullying were both associated with higher odds of having more frequent symptoms of depression and anxiety. Those exposed to physical violence were at higher odds of having poorer academic performance.

Conclusion:

Bullying and physical violence among adolescent students in Saudi Arabia is prevalent and deserves special attention due to its harmful impact on the other aspects of students' wellbeing.
Adolescent health and health care in the Arab Gulf countries
Authors: Al Makadma AbdulKarim Said
Published: February 2017

This review article documents the evidence regarding the health status of adolescents aged between 10 and 19 years in the Arab region and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries (GCC) and also considers the state of adolescent health care in the region compared to the recommended guidelines for such services. Adolescents make up more than 25% of the population of the GCC countries, a percentage that is far higher than that in other high-income countries, yet their health status and health care needs are not given proportional attention in the region. Thus, the burden of mortality and morbidity for adolescents in the region has shifted from communicable diseases to road traffic injuries, mental health issues, noncommunicable diseases, and health-compromising behaviors and conditions that contribute to those issues. Whereas the sources of evidence are limited with respect to some issues, such as mental health issues, sexual and reproductive health, and alcohol use, other health issues, such as rising rates of tobacco use, low levels of physical activity, minimal consumption of fruit and vegetables, and high levels of obesity, are better-documented. Many health care providers see adolescents who have limited or no training in adolescent health care and adolescents who are transitioned to the adult care system at young ages without the necessary health care transition services, thus creating challenges for these individuals to access developmentally appropriate health care. Recommendations include prioritizing health care practice, health care facilities, clinical education, and adolescent health research to address key aspects of adolescent health and adolescent medical care in the GCC countries. This could be accomplished through the development of adolescent health care centers that bring together expert interdisciplinary care, excellent health provider training, and cutting-edge adolescent health research to provide leadership throughout the region and further both the health of adolescents and their access to high-quality, holistic health services.
Multiplicity of periodic solution with prescribed energy to singular dynamical systems
Authors: Terracini Susanna
Published: February 2017

We prove the existence of multiple solutions with prescribed energy for a class of dynamical systems with singular potentials.

Nous démontrons l’existence d’une multiplicité de solutions périodiques à énergie fixée pour une classe de systèmes dynamiques dont les potentiels sont singuliers.
Singular minimisers in the Calculus of Variations: a degenerate form of cavitation
Authors: Sivaloganathan J.
Published: February 2017

This paper demonstrates the existence of singular minimisers to a class of variational problems that correspond to a degenerate form of cavitation and studies the stability of these singular maps with respect to three dimensional variations.
On nonviscous compressible fluids in a time-dependent domain
Authors: Secchi Paolo
Published: February 2017

We study the Euler equations for a nonviscous compressible barotropic fluid in a time-dependent domain of the three-dimensional space. We prove the existence of a unique local in time classical solution.

On considère les équations d’Euler pour un fluide non visqueux, compressible et barotropique dans un domaine de l’espace dépendant du temps. On démontre l’existence locale d’une unique solution classique.
Nonlinear symmetric positive systems
Authors: Tso Kaising
Published: February 2017

We study the existence and uniqueness of solutions as well as their continuous dependence on given data for the boundary value problem for a general nonlinear symmetric positive system by a Nash–Hörmander iteration scheme. Results on quasilinear systems and the existence of smooth solutions which improve known results on this subject are also presented.

A l’aide de la méthode itérative de Nash–Hörmander, nous étudions un système nonlinéaire positif symétrique et un problème de perturbation singulière. Nous obtenons des résultats d’existencé, d’unicite et de dépendance continue par rapport aux données.
EFFECT OF PRODUCTION PARAMETERS ON THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF A BIOFUEL ENTERPRISE
Authors: ZAPATA SAMUEL D. , RIBERA LUIS A. , PALMA MARCO A.
Published: February 2017

In order to guarantee the success of the nascent cellulose-based biofuel industry, it is crucial to identify the most economically relevant components of the biofuel production path. To this aim, an original stochastic financial model is developed to estimate the impact that different feedstock production and biofuel conversion parameters have on the probability of economic success. Estimation of the model was carried out using Monte Carlo simulation techniques along with parametric maximum likelihood estimation procedures. Results indicate that operational efficiency strategies should concentrate on improving feedstock yields and extending the feedstock growing season.
Continuing the Narrative Some 20 years Later
Authors: Gough Noel
Published: February 2017

I wrote ‘Narrative and Nature: Unsustainable Fictions in Environmental Education’ in 1991 as a revised version of a paper subtitled ‘Poststructural Inquiries in Environmental Education’ that I presented at the Sixth National Conference of the Australian Association for Environmental Education in September 1990. To the best of my knowledge, these papers were the first instances of advocacy for poststructuralist analyses of dicourses/practices in the Anglophone literature of environmental education. The key influences on my thinking at this time were US and Canadian ‘reconceptualist’ curriculum scholars, including Cleo Cherryholmes, Jacques Daignault, William Doll, Clermont Gauthier, Rebecca Martusewicz, William Pinar and William Reynolds. The significance and impact of my poststructuralist inquiries in environmental education were recognised by the award of the inaugural Australian Museum Eureka Prize for Environmental Education Research in 1997. Since then, my ‘post’ scholarship has expanded to include postcolonialism and posthumanism. Narrative continues to be an important theme in my work, especially through my development of an approach to narrative experimentation that I call ‘rhizosemiotic play’.
Translating Battlefield Practices to Disaster Health
Authors: Strauss-Riggs Kandra , Yeskey Kevin , Miller Aubrey , Arnesen Stacey , Goolsby Craig
Published: February 2017

We review aspects of the recently released National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report A National Trauma Care System: Integrating Military and Civilian Trauma Systems to Achieve Zero Preventable Deaths After Injury most relevant to disaster health, particularly the concepts of focused empiricism and building a learning health system. The article references battlefield success utilizing these concepts and the emerging Disaster Research Response Program. We call upon disaster health researchers to apply the report’s recommendations to their work. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:510–511)
Attosecond twisted beams from high-order harmonic generation driven by optical vortices
Authors: Hernández-García Carlos , Rego Laura , San Román Julio , Picón Antonio , Plaja Luis
Published: February 2017

Optical vortices are structures of the electromagnetic field with a spiral phase ramp about a point-phase singularity, carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM). Recently, OAM has been imprinted to short-wavelength radiation through high-order harmonic generation (HHG), leading to the emission of attosecond twisted beams in the extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) regime. We explore the details of the mapping of the driving vortex to its harmonic spectrum. In particular, we show that the geometry of the harmonic vortices is convoluted, arising from the superposition of the contribution from the short and long quantum paths responsible of HHG. Finally, we show how to take advantage of transverse phase-matching to select twisted attosecond beams with different spatiotemporal properties.
Weakly nonlinear modelling of a forced turbulent axisymmetric wake
Authors: Rigas Georgios , Morgans Aimee S. , Morrison Jonathan F.
Published: February 2017

A theory is presented where the weakly nonlinear analysis of laminar globally unstable flows in the presence of external forcing is extended to the turbulent regime. The analysis is demonstrated and validated using experimental results of an axisymmetric bluff-body wake at high Reynolds numbers, $Re_{D}\sim 1.88\times 10^{5}$, where forcing is applied using a zero-net-mass-flux actuator located at the base of the blunt body. In this study we focus on the response of antisymmetric coherent structures with azimuthal wavenumbers $m=\pm 1$ at a frequency $St_{D}=0.2$, responsible for global vortex shedding. We found experimentally that axisymmetric forcing ($m=0$) couples nonlinearly with the global shedding mode when the flow is forced at twice the shedding frequency, resulting in parametric subharmonic resonance through a triadic interaction between forcing and shedding. We derive simple weakly nonlinear models from the phase-averaged Navier–Stokes equations and show that they capture accurately the observed behaviour for this type of forcing. The unknown model coefficients are obtained experimentally by producing harmonic transients. This approach should be applicable in a variety of turbulent flows to describe the response of global modes to forcing.
Comparison of turbulence profiles in high-Reynolds-number turbulent boundary layers and validation of a predictive model
Authors: Laval J.-P. , Vassilicos J. C. , Foucaut J.-M. , Stanislas M.
Published: February 2017

The modified Townsend–Perry attached-eddy model of Vassilicos et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 774, 2015, pp. 324–341) combines the outer peak/plateau behaviour of root-mean-square streamwise turbulence velocity profiles and the Townsend–Perry log decay of these profiles at higher distances from the wall. This model was validated by these authors for high-Reynolds-number turbulent pipe flow data and is shown here to describe equally well, and with approximately the same parameter values, turbulent boundary layer flow data from four different facilities and a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The model has predictive value as, when extrapolated to the extremely high Reynolds numbers of the SLTEST data obtained at the Great Salt Lake Desert atmospheric test facility, it matches these data quite well.
Echinoderm ichnology: bioturbation, bioerosion and related processes
Authors: Belaústegui Zain , Muñiz Fernando , Nebelsick James H. , Domènech Rosa , Martinell Jordi
Published: February 2017

Among invertebrates and both in modern and ancient marine environments, certain echinoderms have been and are some of the most active and widespread bioturbators and bioeroders. Bioturbation and/or bioerosion of regular and irregular echinoids, starfish, brittle stars, sea cucumbers and crinoids are known from modern settings, and some of the resulting traces have their counterparts in the fossil record. By contrast, surficial trails or trackways produced by other modern echinoderms, e.g., sand dollars, exhibit a lower preservation rate and have not yet been identified in the fossil record. In addition, the unique features of the echinoderm skeleton (e.g., composition, rapid growth, multi-element architecture, etc.) may promote the production of related traces produced by the reutilization of echinoderm ossicles (e.g., burrow lining), predation (e.g., borings), or parasitism (e.g., swellings or cysts). Finally, the skeletal robustness of some echinoids may promote their post mortum use as benthic islands for the settlement of hard-substrate dwellers.
A Common-Space Scaling of the American Judiciary and Legal Profession
Authors: Bonica Adam , Sen Maya
Published: February 2017

We extend the scaling methodology previously used in Bonica (2014) to jointly scale the American federal judiciary and legal profession in a common space with other political actors. The end result is the first dataset of consistently measured ideological scores across all tiers of the federal judiciary and the legal profession, including 840 federal judges and 380,307 attorneys. To illustrate these measures, we present two examples involving the U.S. Supreme Court. These data open up significant areas of scholarly inquiry.
Uncovering a Blind Spot in Sensitive Question Research: False Positives Undermine the Crosswise-Model RRT
Authors: Höglinger Marc , Diekmann Andreas
Published: February 2017

Validly measuring sensitive issues such as norm violations or stigmatizing traits through self-reports in surveys is often problematic. Special techniques for sensitive questions like the Randomized Response Technique (RRT) and, among its variants, the recent crosswise model should generate more honest answers by providing full response privacy. Different types of validation studies have examined whether these techniques actually improve data validity, with varying results. Yet, most of these studies did not consider the possibility of false positives, i.e., that respondents are misclassified as having a sensitive trait even though they actually do not. Assuming that respondents only falsely deny but never falsely admit possessing a sensitive trait, higher prevalence estimates have typically been interpreted as more valid estimates. If false positives occur, however, conclusions drawn under this assumption might be misleading. We present a comparative validation design that is able to detect false positives without the need for an individual-level validation criterion — which is often unavailable. Results show that the most widely used crosswise-model implementation produced false positives to a nonignorable extent. This defect was not revealed by several previous validation studies that did not consider false positives — apparently a blind spot in past sensitive question research.
‘A Fenian pastime’? Early Irish board games and their identification with chess
Authors: Harding Timothy
Published: February 2017

Twentieth-century scholars critically re-examining Ireland's origin myths explained how ‘synthetic pseudo-history’ such as the Lebor Gabála érenn arose. Sports, like nations, have need of origin myths, chess being no exception; moreover, sporting preferences have sometimes become bound up with a nation's sense of its unique identity. In the same ancient manuscripts where Celtic revivalists found legends of the earliest people in Ireland, they often also found references to board games. What may be called the myth of Celtic chess then emerged.
Registered ‘unknown’ infant fatalities in Ireland, 1916–32: gender and power
Authors: Breathnach Ciara , O’Halpin Eunan
Published: February 2017

The phenomenon of ‘unknown’ infant deaths addressed in this article was first explored in the course of research on fatalities arising from political violence during the Irish revolution of 1916–1921. Our data are derived from the General Register of Death Indices (G.R.D.I.), held in the General Register Office, Dublin, which are organised alphabetically, and which form an official record of deaths registered either by relatives of the deceased or by medical personnel. When infant ‘unknown’ fatalities were extracted to form a discrete database they showed a curious gender disparity. There were 100 male infant fatalities recorded for every seventy-eight females in the thirty-two counties over the five-year period. On extending the study to 1932, the same ratio was prevalent in the overall dataset of 895 ‘unknown infants’ drawn from the G.R.D.I. (a dataset which excludes the six counties of Northern Ireland for the period from1922). Initial research into the gender imbalance opened out wider questions concerning social mores regarding illegitimacy, and the extent of medical and lay knowledge of how newborn infants might be brought to death.
‘Exercising a close vigilance over their daughters’: Cork women, American sailors, and Catholic vigilantes, 1917–18
Authors: Borgonovo John
Published: February 2017

During the First World War, Irish society experienced power struggles between civil authority, military governance, the constitutional nationalist establishment, and the emerging Republican movement. In the unstable wartime environment, political and social variables sparked intense controversies that mirrored competition for control over the Irish public. Inspired by the Easter Rising and emboldened by growing public disillusionment with the war, Republicans harnessed these eruptions to help fuel their attempt to overthrow Dublin Castle.
‘But then they started all this killing’: attitudes to the I.R.A. in the Irish Republic since 1969
Authors: Hanley Brian
Published: February 2017

This article examines one of the most intense divisions between Irish nationalists during the Northern Ireland conflict. The Provisional I.R.A. claimed to be waging a similar war to that of the I.R.A. of the revolutionary era (1916–1921); an assertion disputed by many. The argument was significant because all the major political forces in the Irish Republic honoured the memory of what they called the ‘old’ I.R.A. (defined in a popular school history book as ‘the men who fought for Irish freedom between 1916 and 1923’). They argued that in contrast to the Provisionals, the ‘old’ I.R.A. possessed a democratic mandate and avoided causing civilian casualties. Echoes of these disputes resurfaced during Sinn Féin's bid for the Irish presidency during 2011. Commemorating Denis Barry, an anti-treaty I.R.A. prisoner who died on hunger strike in 1923, Fianna Fáil leader Micheál Martin claimed that in contrast to men like Barry ‘those who waged war in Northern Ireland during the more recent Troubles were an impediment to Irish unity and directly responsible for causing distress and grief to many families. Yet they still seek to hijack history and the achievements of the noble people who fought for Ireland in our War of Independence … to justify their terrorist campaign.’
Ireland and Irishness in the political thought of Bronterre O'Brien
Authors: Turner Michael J.
Published: February 2017

Chartism, though weak in Ireland, was the most significant popular political mobilisation in nineteenth-century Britain. Among its main architects was the Irish-born radical journalist and orator, Bronterre O'Brien. This article will describe and explain a key element in O’Brien’s politics. Dubbed ‘the schoolmaster of Chartism’ because of his contribution to the movement's intellectual foundations, O'Brien was one of the few Chartist leaders who had celebrity status, though he broke with other leaders and with the mainstream movement in the early 1840s. His influence waned thereafter and his reputation among historians of Chartism is mixed, but his thoughts about Irish issues circulated widely for a time and they offer suggestive revelations about Ireland's importance to radicals of the Chartist era, about wider debates concerning Irish society and its problems, and about contemporary concepts of Irishness.
A gallant little ‘tírín’: the Welsh influence on Irish cultural nationalism
Authors: Barra Caoimhín De
Published: February 2017

Throughout the Irish cultural revival of the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, Wales was held up as an example by some Irish nationalists of how a nation could revive its traditional culture and language. These writers told their audience of the heroic deeds of the Welsh in restoring their language to show Irish language revivalists that their task was not impossible. The Welsh example was studied by enthusiasts to see what steps were needed to improve the position of Irish. Organisations such as the Society for the Preservation of the Irish Language (S.P.I.L.) and the Gaelic League noted with envy the levels of literacy among Welsh speakers. Revivalists believed that literacy had prevented Welsh from disappearing, and they hoped to boost literacy rates in Irish to save that language. They noted how successful the eisteddfodau were in instilling pride among the Welsh people in their culture. Accordingly, members of the Gaelic League established the Oireachtas to encourage the people of Ireland to celebrate their own distinctive characteristics. Yet while the example of the Welsh language was regularly discussed, this did not reflect a deep understanding of linguistic developments in Wales.
Select documents: Sir James Ware's bibliographic lists
Authors: Empey Mark
Published: February 2017

At first glance the low yield of books produced by the Dublin printing presses for circulation in early Stuart Ireland could lead to two hasty conclusions: first, that Irish society was unreceptive towards reading; and second, that the printing presses had to contend with a very small (literate) target audience. Yet nothing could be further from the truth. In recent years Raymond Gillespie has done much to dispel these suppositions. His appraisal of English port books, printing press accounts from the continent and library borrowing lists plainly demonstrates the appetite of an interested reading public in Ireland. The value of analysing book loaning lists was further underlined by William O'Sullivan when he partially revealed the borrowing records belonging to the historian and antiquarian, Sir James Ware. In so doing, he drew attention to the potential of a deeper exploration of Irish cultural and intellectual life.
Humanitarian Assistance and the Security Council
Authors: Zimmermann Andreas
Published: February 2017

Over the years, the Security Council has on several occasions dealt with humanitarian assistance issues. However, it is Security Council Resolution 2165(2014), related to the situation in Syria, that has brought the role of the Security Council to the forefront of the debate. It is against this background that the article discusses the legal issues arising from Security Council action facilitating humanitarian assistance to be delivered in situations of non-international armed conflict.

Following a brief survey of relevant practice of the Security Council related to humanitarian assistance, the article considers the relevance, if any, of Article 2(7) of the Charter of the United Nations (UN) to humanitarian assistance to be delivered in such situations. It then moves on to analyse whether a rejection by the territorial state of humanitarian aid to be delivered by third parties may amount to a situation under Article 39 of the UN Charter. It then considers in detail whether (at least implicitly) Resolution 2165 has been adopted under Chapter VII and, if this is not the case, whether it can be still considered to be legally binding.

The article finally considers what impact the adoption of Security Council Resolution 2165 might have on the interpretation of otherwise applicable rules of international humanitarian law and, in particular, the right of third parties to provide humanitarian assistance in a situation of a non-international armed conflict in spite of the absence of consent by the territorial state, and the obligations that members of the Security Council, permanent and non-permanent, have under Common Article 1 of the Geneva Conventions when faced with a draft resolution providing for the delivery of humanitarian assistance, notwithstanding the absence of consent by the territorial state.
Was There a Marital Debt in Byzantium?
Authors: PERISANIDI MAROULA
Published: February 2017

According to Western canonists, husband and wife had a debt towards one another: they were obliged to render sexual intercourse on demand. This article looks at the differences and similarities of the ‘marital debt’ in Byzantium and the West in order to evaluate whether this concept can be applied to Byzantine couples. It argues that, contrary to the West, in Byzantium there was no fixed linguistic terminology or sophisticated rules to describe a sexual obligation between spouses. Ultimately, there was also less need for one as sexual intercourse within marriage was not considered sinful and needed no justification.
Early Devonian trilobites from the Jesse Limestone, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Wright A. J. , Chatterton B. D. E.
Published: February 2017

Seven trilobite taxa are described from Lower Devonian beds at the top of the Jesse Limestone, New South Wales, Australia. New trilobite taxa are the four species:Scutellum hollandi, Astycoryphe (Longicoryphe) larminiei, Alberticoryphe? marshalli, andScharyia kathena.Associated conodonts indicate a Zlichovian or Dalejan age for this horizon. The trilobite fauna is similar to others known from Europe (Bohemia) but its composition is believed to be more the result of facies control than representative of a brief incursion from that realm.
Systematics, functional morphology, and life modes of Late Ordovician edrioasteroids, Orchard Creek Shale, southern Illinois
Authors: Guensburg Thomas E.
Published: February 2017

Five genera and species of edrioasteroids co-occur in the Orchard Creek Shale (Late Ordovician, Southern Illinois) including: Savagella illinoisensis (Miller and Gurley, 1895), Hystrichopsydrax sandersi n. gen. and sp., Euhydrodiskos diktyotos n. gen. and sp., ?Isorophus sp., and ?Pyrgocystis sp. The first three listed taxa are endemic to the Orchard Creek. Savagella and Hystrichopsydrax are unusual Agelacrinitidae Chapman, 1860; Euhydrodiskos is classified within the Lebetodiscidae Bell, 1976. Skeletal features of these three taxa imply unique functional and life mode adaptations in three areas: attachment, protection, and respiration. Functional and life mode inferences are supported by paleoecologic data. Savagella and Hystrichopsydrax are unique among post-Cambrian edrioasteroids in possessing a thickened proximal peripheral rim circlet having vertical mutual articulations resulting in a rigid peripheral thecal framework. This allowed exploitation of perishable, pliant, relatively flat surfaces but presumably inhibited attachment to rigid, changing, curved surfaces such as were utilized by most post-Cambrian edrioasteroids. Hystrichopsydrax was protected by thecal plates bearing large spinose processes. Savagella and Euhydrodiskos each had camouflage protection. Euhydrodiskos has an unusually large hydropore, perhaps implying enhanced respiratory capability compared with other lebetodiscids. Orchard Creek edrioasteroids occur in a thin silty shale to limestone transitional shallow marginal marine sequence and are accompanied by a sparse but diverse invertebrate macrofauna.
Occurrence and biogeographic significance of Heliaster (Echinodermata: Asteroidea) from the Pliocene of southwest Florida
Authors: Jones Douglas S. , Portell Roger W.
Published: February 2017

Whole body asteroid fossils are rare in the geologic record and previously unreported from the Cenozoic of Florida. However, specimens of the extant species,Heliaster microbrachiusXantus, were recently discovered in upper Pliocene deposits. This marks the first reported fossil occurrence of the monogeneric Heliasteridae, a group today confined to the eastern Pacific. This discovery provides further non-molluscan evidence of the close similarities between the Neogene marine fauna of Florida and the modern fauna of the eastern Pacific. The extinction of the heliasters in the western Atlantic is consistent with the pattern of many other marine groups in the region which suffered impoverishment following uplift of the Central American isthmus.
A fossil Aspergillus from Eocene Dominican amber
Authors: Thomas Gerard M. , Poinar George O.
Published: February 2017

A sporulating Aspergillus is described from a piece of Eocene amber originating from the Dominican Republic. The Aspergillus most closely resembles a form of the white spored phase of Aspergillus janus Raper and Thom. This is the first report of a fossil species of Aspergillus.
Cephalopod predation On a Desmoinesian brachiopod from the Naco Formation, central Arizona
Authors: Elliott David K. , Brew Douglas C.
Published: February 2017

The beta member (Brew, 1970) of the Naco Formation at Kohl Ranch, central Arizona, has yielded an extensive invertebrate fauna and has been a collecting site for amateurs and paleontology classes for many years. Brew and Beus (1976) documented a diverse fauna of brachiopods, bivalves, gastropods, crinoids, and a conularid and dated it as Middle Pennsylvanian (Desmoinesian) in age. In addition, Webster (1981) has described the crinoids, and undescribed bryozoans, nautiloids, edrioasteroids, and sharks have been collected from the locality. Despite the unusual diversity and abundance of the invertebrates at this locality, there is almost no evidence of predation. Many of the biconvex brachiopods show unrepaired crushing similar to that reported by Alexander (1981) in a similar brachiopod fauna from the Upper Mississippian (Chesterian) Chainman Shale of west-central Utah. This damage was attributed to predation by durophagous sharks by Alexander; however, work by Elliott and Bounds (1987) suggests that in the Naco Formation, at least, this damage was more likely to have been caused by lithification of the surrounding sediments. However, one brachiopod from the Kohl Ranch locality does show repaired damage to both valves that was clearly caused by the unsuccessful attack of a predator. This specimen has been deposited at the Museum of Northern Arizona (MNA N8036).
Dark-field illumination in photography of acetate peels
Authors: Sorauf James E. , Tuttle David W.
Published: February 2017

Acetate peels of polished and etched surfaces are widely used, both in carbonate petrology and in paleontology. However, it is difficult to reproduce them photographically for publication. The most frequently used method is to project the acetate peel through a photographic enlarger. Generally, this results in a low-contrast negative print which is unsatisfactory for publication. There is also a limitation in the size of peels which can be uniformly illuminated using this method. The diameter of the condenser in the enlarger should be at least 1.5 times the maximum dimension of the peel to ensure even illumination and contrast.
Cryptic Bryozoa, leeward fringing reef of Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles, and their paleoecological application
Authors: Kobluk David R. , Cuffey Roger J. , Fonda Shirley S. , Lysenko Mary A.
Published: February 2017

A collection of 6,151 bryozoan colonies (two cyclostome species from two families, and 73 cheilostome species from 30 families) from the leeward fringing reef of Bonaire, Netherlands Antilles, is largely, but not entirely, of Caribbean affinities, with some links to Indo-Pacific populations. The bryozoans from Bonaire show some relation to water depth at species and higher taxonomic levels, but these relations are not clear-cut. Many of the species are found through all or most of the 73 meter depth range sampled, but a few are limited to shallow water, and some to deeper water. At a higher taxonomic level, some families (e.g., Calloporidae, Bugulidae, Smittinidae) include wide depth-ranging species, shallow-water species, and deep-water species; this indicates some divergence between species and family-level depth distributions. Several calculated diversity indices show variable trends with increasing water depth, with at most only slight increases with depth. The bryozoans in this southern Caribbean reef assemblage do not show the well-defined depth zonation of corals. However, the recognition of deep- and shallow-water assemblages containing diagnostic species does show that cryptic reef-dwelling bryozoans have paleoecological utility as depth indicators in ancient reefs.
Color pattern on the Carboniferous bivalve Streblochondria? Newell
Authors: Mapes Royal H. , Benstock E. J.
Published: February 2017

This report describes a previously unknown chevron color pattern preserved on the Carboniferous bivalve Streblochondria? and discusses the significance of color patterns on Paleozoic bivalves as a group. Analysis of Paleozoic color pattern distribution suggests that the appearance of predators in the Devonian may have influenced preferential evolutionary selection for the development of color patterns in bivalves.
Chlamydotheca llanoensis n. sp.: a large ostracode from the latest Pleistocene of the Southern High plains, useful in correlation of streamside Paleo-Indian sites
Authors: Pierce Harold G.
Published: February 2017

Chlamydotheca llanoensis is a new species of freshwater ostracode found in latest Pleistocene (12,000–10,000 years B.P.) fluviatile sediments on the Southern High Plains. At the type locality (Lubbock Lake Archaeological Site, Lubbock County, Texas) and at two other localities, C. llanoensis was associated with streamside Paleo-Indian artifacts. This easily recognized species should be a useful guide fossil for correlation of strata of similar environment and age on the Southern High Plains.
Medium- and long-term prognostic validity of competing classification proposals for the former somatoform disorders
Authors: Schumacher S. , Rief W. , Klaus K. , Brähler E. , Mewes R.
Published: February 2017

Background

DSM-5 introduced a fundamental revision of the category of somatoform disorders, which resulted in the new somatic symptom disorder (SSD) and related disorders. However, prognostic validity of SSD remains unclear, while other classification proposals, such as bodily distress disorder (BDD) or polysymptomatic distress disorder (PSDD), might be promising alternatives for the new ICD-11. Therefore, the comparison of the different approaches concerning long-term prognosis of disorder-relevant factors is of special interest.

Method

In a longitudinal design (baseline, 1-year, and 4-year follow-up), the three proposals (SSD, BDD, PSDD) were compared in an age-representative sample of the German general population (N = 321). To this end, the baseline sample was divided into three independent pairs of groups (with/without SSD, with/without BDD, with/without PSDD). It was tested how well each approach differentiated with regard to medium- and long-term healthcare utilization, number of symptoms, and impairment.

Results

Criteria for BDD distinguished best with regard to future healthcare utilization resulting in a large-sized effect (f = 0.44) for the difference between persons with and without BDD, while SSD and PSDD revealed only medium-sized effects (f = 0.28 and f = 0.32) between subjects with and without diagnosis. The three proposals distinguished equally well with regard to future subjective impairment (between f = 0.39 and f = 0.41) and the number of reported symptoms (between f = 0.77 and f = 0.83).

Conclusion

In accordance with our data regarding prognostic validity, the current draft of the WHO group is based on the BDD proposal. However, existing limitations and weaknesses of the present proposal for the ICD-11 are further discussed.
Reading Xenophon's Symposium
Authors: Hobden Fiona
Published: February 2017

In just over a decade, interest in Xenophon'sSymposiumhas risen dramatically. No longer the poor relation to its author's more popular Socratic works or to Plato's dialogue of the same name, it now merits scholarly attention on a regular basis. However, despite an increased sensitivity to the author's literary and philosophical strategies, modern readings of the text are informed above all by the presence of Socrates. Because the philosopher is assumed to be Xenophon's primary interest, theSymposiumis viewed as an apology for the radical philosopher or a promotion of his ideas and methods. This perception derives in part from an old-fashioned dismissal of Xenophon as a poor man's Plato, intellectually incapable of anything more than biography. But it also relates to the work's longstanding association with Xenophon's other Socratic works, namely theApology, Memorabilia, andOeconomicus. Since scholarship on Xenophon began, the four texts have been treated as a unit, bound in purpose by their depiction of Socrates. However, although the philosopher certainly features prominently in these four texts, each work is structurally distinct. In theApology, the narrator invites Hermogenes to replay his final conversation with Socrates and to describe the philosopher's performance in court, in order to correct inadequate understandings of Socrates' choice of death over life. By contrast, theMemorabiliadepicts Socrates in extended disputation with many interlocutors on a wide variety of subjects as he seeks to lead them towards virtue and, in the narrator's opinion, demonstrates himself to bekalos kagathos(literally ‘beautiful and good’). Then again, theOeconomicusrecords two exchanges, one between Socrates and Critoboulus and another between Socrates and Ischomachus, and juxtaposes their arguments one against the other. And finally, theSymposiumlocates Socrates within a livelysymposion(drinking party) at the house of Callias, son of Hipponicus, in Athens during 422 BCE. Here, the philosopher often directs the conversation. However, his drinking companions also participate freely in the performances and conversations that take place. In short, Xenophon's four Socratic texts all have their own dramatic contexts and conceits, with different structures and ambitions, and different roles for Socrates. Yet even amongst them, theSymposium'sdramatic staging of a vibrant and variedsymposionparticularly stands out.