bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Uniform silica coating of isoprene-passivated germanium nanowires via Stöber method
Authors: Chang Shu-Hao , Tsai Yu-Tung , Li Guo-An , Jheng Shao-Lou , Kao Tzu-Lun , Tuan Hsing-Yu
Published: August 2014

This paper describes a solution-based Stöber method for the coating of Ge nanowires (NWs) with a uniform thickness-tunable shell of amorphous silica. Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) incorporated on the Ge–silica core–shell structure was demonstrated.
Microwave-assisted synthesis of Cu2O microcrystals with systematic shape evolution from octahedral to cubic and their comparative photocatalytic activities
Authors: Zhang Hongdan , Liu Fuyang , Li Benxian , Xu Jiasheng , Zhao Xudong , Liu Xiaoyang
Published: August 2014

In this paper, it was firstly realized that the morphology of Cu2O under microwave conditions could be controlled by simply adjusting the volume ratio of the solvents in the reaction medium.
Pectin coated polyaniline nanoparticles for an amperometric glucose biosensor
Authors: Thakur Bhawana , Amarnath Chellachamy A. , Sawant Shilpa N.
Published: August 2014

A facile strategy for synthesis of polyaniline nanoparticles and their application for development of highly sensitive amperometric glucose biosensor is demonstrated herein.
Cellular uptake, imaging and pathotoxicological studies of a novel Gd[iii]–DO3A-butrol nano-formulation
Authors: Mohammadi Elham , Amanlou Massoud , Sadat Ebrahimi Seyed Esmaeil , Hamedani Morteza Pirali , Mahrooz Abdolkarim , Mehravi Bita , Emami Baharak Abd , Aghasadeghi Mohammad Reza , Bitarafan-Rajabi Ahmad , Pour Ali Akbar Hamid Reza , Ardestani Mehdi Shafiee
Published: August 2014

The high adaptability of dendrimer-based contrast agents (CAs) is ideal for the reliable molecular imaging of cancerous tissues.
Synthesis, structure elucidation and DFT studies of a new coumarin-derived Zn(ii) complex: in vitro DNA/HSA binding profile and pBR322 cleavage pathway
Authors: Singh Ruchi , Afzal Mohd. , Zaki Mehvash , Ahmad Musheer , Tabassum Sartaj , Bharadwaj Parimal K.
Published: August 2014

A new mononuclear coumarin-derived Zn(ii) complex was designed and synthesized, and its interactions with DNA and protein were analyzed.
Selective fluorescence sensing of Mg2+ ions by Schiff base chemosensor: effect of diamine structural rigidity and solvent
Authors: Hariharan P. S. , Anthony Savarimuthu Philip
Published: August 2014

Highly selective strong turn-on fluorescence for Mg2+ (Φ = 0.03 to 0.57) was realized with a simple Salen based Schiff base chemosensor (1a) using dimethylformamide (DMF) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent.
Synthesis and characterization of self-cross-linkable and bactericidal methacrylate polymers having renewable cardanol moieties for surface coating applications
Authors: Choi Yong-Seok , Kim Ki-Hyun , Kim Dong-Gyun , Kim Hee Joong , Cha Sang-Ho , Lee Jong-Chan
Published: August 2014

This is the first report on the preparation of cardanol-containing methacrylate polymers having antibacterial properties for surface coating applications.
Sequential solvent casting for improving the structural ordering and electrical characteristics of polythiophene thin films
Authors: Kim Shinae , Kang Boseok , Lee Minjung , Lee Seung Goo , Cho Kilwon , Yang Hoichang , Park Yeong Don
Published: August 2014

We developed a facile post-deposition method for preparing high-performance organic transistors using direct solvent exposure.
Highly dispersed graphene ribbons produced from ZnO–C core–shell nanorods and their use as a filler in polyimide composites
Authors: Shima Hossain , Hossain Muhammad Mohsin , Hahn Jae Ryang
Published: August 2014

Long and few-layer thickness graphene ribbons (GRs) were fabricated through an efficient process from a well-ordered array of ZnO–C core–shell hexagonal nanorods that were formed by thermally heating zinc acetate dihydrate in a sealed chamber.
Nanoparticle mediated organic synthesis (NAMO-synthesis): CuI-NP catalyzed ligand free amidation of aryl halides
Authors: Kumar Atul , Bishnoi Ajay Kumar
Published: August 2014

We have demonstrated the first ligand free CuI-nanoparticle catalyzed N-arylation of amides/cyclic amides in an ethylene glycol/2-propanol solvent system under mild conditions. This is further extended for one pot synthesis of benzimidazole, and quinazolinone via intermolecular amidation followed by cyclization.
Thermomechanical properties and equation of state for the γ-polymorph of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine
Authors: Josyula Kartik , Rahul Rahul , De Suvranu
Published: August 2014

This work predicts the elastic modulus tensor, equation of state, and coefficients of thermal expansion at all stable thermodynamic states for γ-RDX. The work provides substantial material information for continuum modeling of RDX.
Self-assembly of cardanol based supramolecular synthons to photoresponsive nanospheres: light induced size variation at the nanoscale
Authors: Mahesh Sankarapillai , Raju Dawn , Arathi A. S. , Joseph Kuruvilla
Published: August 2014

Photoswitchable nanomaterials by the controlled self-assembly of molecules derived from renewable sources has become a major area of interest for scientists across the world. Here the authors report the formation of stimuli responsive hierarchical structures from bioresources with controlled morphological features.
Symmetrical bis(fulvene) chromophores: model compounds for acceptor–donor–acceptor dye architectures
Authors: Shurdha Endrit , Repasy Brianne K. , Miller Hannah A. , Dees Kelsey , Iacono Scott T. , Ball David W. , Balaich Gary J.
Published: August 2014

A facile method for synthesizing conjugated bis(fulvenes) demonstrates tailorable optical band gaps and serves as a model dye system for new organic electronic applications.
Facile synthesis of hierarchical MnO2 sub-microspheres composed of nanosheets and their application for supercapacitors
Authors: Lian Lifang , Yang Jie , Xiong Peixun , Zhang Weifeng , Wei Mingdeng
Published: August 2014

Hierarchical MnO2 sub-microspheres were fabricated by using a simple and efficient low-temperature route.
Mechanistic investigation of a flame retardant coating made by layer-by-layer assembly
Authors: Apaydin K. , Laachachi A. , Fouquet T. , Jimenez M. , Bourbigot S. , Ruch D.
Published: August 2014

A flame retardant coating based on poly(allylamine) (PAH) and montmorillonite (MMT), deposited on polyamide 6 (PA6) sheets, is investigated. PA6-(PAH-MMT) at 40 bilayers was tested in a cone calorimeter and interrupted at different characteristic times. A possible mechanism of action of PA6 in the presence of layer-by-layer coating is proposed.
TiO2nanoparticulate-wire hybrids for highly efficient solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells using SSP-PEDOTs
Authors: Na Jongbeom , Kim Jeonghun , Park Chihyun , Kim Eunkyoung
Published: August 2014

TiO2photoanodes for I2-free solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs) were prepared from multifunctional new TiO2nanostructures to enhance light harvesting and charge collection efficiency in ssDSSCs using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)s (PEDOTs).
Structurally robust phosphorescent [Pt(O^N^C^N)] emitters for high performance organic light-emitting devices with power efficiency up to 126 lm W−1 and external quantum efficiency over 20%
Authors: Cheng Gang , Kui Steven C. F. , Ang Wai-Hung , Ko Man-Ying , Chow Pui-Keong , Kwong Chun-Lam , Kwok Chi-Chung , Ma Chensheng , Guan Xiangguo , Low Kam-Hung , Su Shi-Jian , Che Chi-Ming
Published: August 2014

Practical strongly phosphorescent platinum(II) green to white OLED emitters with bulky tetradentate O^N^C^N ligands.
Competitive coordination control of the AIE and micro states of supramolecular gel: an efficient approach for reversible dual-channel stimuli-response materials
Authors: Lin Qi , Yang Qing-Ping , Sun Bin , Fu Yong-Peng , Zhu Xin , Wei Tai-Bao , Zhang You-Ming
Published: August 2014

The properties of Cd2+-coordinated metallogel (CdG) were controlled by the competitive coordination of Cd2+with gelator and I−. The CdG could act as I−sensing material and rewritable security display materials.
A new electrode material for rechargeable sodium batteries: P2-type Na2/3[Mg0.28Mn0.72]O2 with anomalously high reversible capacity
Authors: Yabuuchi Naoaki , Hara Ryo , Kubota Kei , Paulsen Jens , Kumakura Shinichi , Komaba Shinichi
Published: August 2014

A new high-capacity electrode material made from only earth-abundant elements.
Optical properties of hemicyanines with terminal amino groups and their applications in near-infrared fluorescent imaging of nucleoli
Authors: Miao Jia-Tao , Fan Chen , Sun Ru , Xu Yu-Jie , Ge Jian-Feng
Published: August 2014

A cellular dye with properties of long-wave emission, large Stokes shift, water solubility, low cytotoxicity, and good photostability is reported.
Optical modulation in microsized optical resonators with irregular hexagonal cross-section
Authors: Dong Hongxing , Liu Yang , Sun Shulin , Chen Zhanghai , Zhang Long
Published: August 2014

Optical resonant modes in microwire cavities with irregular hexagonal cross-section have been observed in the visible spectral range. The effects of the cross sectional geometry on optical modulations has been directly described. Such microwires can effectively control the light field in two dimensions.
Piezoelectrically enhanced exchange bias in multiferroic heterostructures
Authors: Kim Tae Y. , Song Seungwoo , Jang Hyun M. , Peters John A. , Jeong Young K.
Published: August 2014

The exchange bias is significantly enhanced by the piezoelectric compressive strain stemming from the PMN–PT substrate when applying an electric field, leading to reversible magnetic switches.
Glycaemic regulation and insulin secretion are abnormal in cystic fibrosis pigs despite sparing of islet cell mass
Authors: Uc Aliye , Olivier Alicia K. , Griffin Michelle A. , Meyerholz David K. , Yao Jianrong , Abu-El-Haija Maisam , Buchanan Katherine M. , Vanegas Calderón Oriana G. , Abu-El-Haija Marwa , Pezzulo Alejandro A. , Reznikov Leah R. , Hoegger Mark J. , Rector Michael V. , Ostedgaard Lynda S. , Taft Peter J. , Gansemer Nick D. , Ludwig Paula S. , Hornick Emma E. , Stoltz David A. , Ode Katie L. , Welsh Michael J. , Engelhardt John F. , Norris Andrew W.
Published: August 2014

Diabetes is a common and significant co-morbidity in cystic fibrosis (CF). The pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD) is incompletely understood. Because exocrine pancreatic disease is similar between humans and pigs with CF, the CF pig model has the potential to contribute significantly to the understanding of CFRD pathogenesis. We determined the structure of the endocrine pancreas in fetal, newborn and older CF and non-CF pigs and assessed endocrine pancreas function by intravenous glucose tolerance test (IV-GTT). In fetal pigs, pancreatic insulin and glucagon density was similar between CF and non-CF. In newborn and older pigs, the insulin and glucagon density was unchanged between CF and non-CF per total pancreatic area, but increased per remnant lobular tissue in CF reflecting exocrine pancreatic loss. Although fasting glucose levels were not different between CF and non-CF newborns, CF newborns demonstrated impaired glucose tolerance and increased glucose area under the curve during IV-GTT. Second phase insulin secretion responsiveness was impaired in CF newborn pigs and significantly lower than that observed in non-CF newborns. Older CF pigs had elevated random blood glucose levels compared with non-CF. In summary, glycaemic abnormalities and insulin secretion defects were present in newborn CF pigs and spontaneous hyperglycaemia developed over time. Functional changes in CF pig pancreas were not associated with a decline in islet cell mass. Our results suggest that functional islet abnormalities, independent of structural islet loss, contribute to the early pathogenesis of CFRD.
Short-term high-fat diet increases macrophage markers in skeletal muscle accompanied by impaired insulin signalling in healthy male subjects
Authors: Boon Mariëtte R. , Bakker Leontine E. H. , Haks Mariëlle C. , Quinten Edwin , Schaart Gert , Van Beek Lianne , Wang Yanan , Van Schinkel Linda , Van Harmelen Vanessa , Meinders A. Edo , Ottenhoff Tom H. M. , Van Dijk Ko Willems , Guigas Bruno , Jazet Ingrid M. , Rensen Patrick C. N.
Published: August 2014

Macrophage markers in skeletal muscle of obese subjects are elevated and inversely relate to insulin sensitivity. The present study aimed to investigate whether short-term high-fat high-calorie (HFHC) diet already increases macrophage markers and affects glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle of healthy lean subjects. Muscle biopsies were obtained from 24 healthy lean young men before and after a 5-day HFHC-diet. mRNA expression levels of relevant genes in muscle and glucose, insulin, C-peptide and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) levels in plasma were measured. In addition, we assessed hepatic triacylglycerol (‘triglyceride’) (HTG) content by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) biopsies were analysed histologically from a subset of subjects (n=8). A 5-day HFHC-diet markedly increased skeletal muscle mRNA expression of the general macrophage markers CD68 (3.7-fold, P<0.01) and CD14 (3.2-fold, P<0.01), as well as the M1 macrophage markers MARCO (11.2-fold, P<0.05), CD11c (1.8-fold, P<0.05) and MRC1 (1.7-fold, P<0.05). This was accompanied by down-regulation of SLC2A4 and GYS1 mRNA expression, and elevated plasma glucose (+4%, P<0.001) and insulin (+55%, P<0.001) levels together with homoeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (+48%, P<0.001), suggesting development of insulin resistance (IR). Furthermore, the HFHC-diet markedly increased HTG (+118%, P<0.001) and plasma CETP levels (+21%, P<0.001), a marker of liver macrophage content, whereas sWAT macrophage content remained unchanged. In conclusion, short-term HFHC-diet increases expression of macrophage markers in skeletal muscle of healthy men accompanied by reduced markers of insulin signalling and development of IR. Therefore, recruitment of macrophages into muscle may be an early event in development of IR in response to short-term HFHC-feeding.
Trainable Children Can Learn Adjectives, Polars, and Prepositions!
Authors: Mitchell Marlys , Evans Carolyn , Bernard John
Published: August 2014

Twelve trainable mentally retarded children were given six weeks of instruction in the use of adjectives, polars, and locative prepositions. Specially prepared Language Master cards constituted the program. Posttests indicated that children in the older chronological age group earned significantly higher scores than those in the younger group. Children in the younger group made significant increases in scores, particularly in learning prepositions. A multisensory approach and active involvement in learning appeared to be major factors in achievement gains.
Auditory Assessment of Reading Underachieving Children
Authors: Marston L. E. , Larkin Maureen
Published: August 2014

This study investigates differences in the auditory discrimination ability of elementary school-age reading achievers and underachievers, as measured by standard audiometric tests and nonconventional auditory tests. The findings show that reading underachievers scored significantly poorer than reading achievers on some of the nonconventional auditory tests. No significant difference was found between groups on standard audiometric tests.
Supervisory Relationships and the Growth in Clinical Effectiveness and Professional Self-Esteem of Undergraduate Student Clinicians during a School-Based Practicum
Authors: Caracciolo Gerard L. , Morrison Eleanor B. , Rigrodsky Seymour
Published: August 2014

This study examined the relationship between student clinicians' and supervisors' perceptions of interpersonal conditions offered by supervisors and estimates of professional growth of the student clinicians. Thirty-one female undergraduate speech pathology majors received daily supervision from 31 speech-language pathologists (cooperating teachers) employed in various school districts. Student clinicians and supervisors completed an interpersonal relationship inventory and a rating of clinical effectiveness at the beginning and end of a 12 week daily school-based practicum. The student clinicians also completed a professional self-esteem inventory. Both student clinicians and supervisors perceived a positive supervisory relationship as well as growth in the student clinicians' clinical effectiveness during the practicum experience. In addition, student clinicians perceived that their professional self-concepts had become more similar to their ideal concepts.
Counseling Parents of the Hearing-Impaired Child during the Post-Diagnostic Period
Authors: Schmaman Felicia Denise , Straker Gillian
Published: August 2014

Because speech-language pathologists, audiologists, and teachers of the hearing-impaired have contact with parents of the hearing-impaired child, they are urged to undertake the responsibility of providing supportive counseling to these parents during the period following diagnosis of hearing impairment. Such a service requires a broader professional role than may previously have been envisioned. The authors suggest that the counseling program be aimed at both the growth of the family as a whole as well as that of the hearing-impaired child. It should promote the succession of stages that parents appear to pass through in the process of acknowledging their child's handicap. The nature of the parents' feelings, the source of their feelings, and ways in which the professional involved may deal with these feelings are discussed. Examples from the writers' clinical experience are presented.
Word-Finding Substitutions in Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: German Diane
Published: August 2014

Measures designed to explore word-finding ability were administered to 8–11-year-old learning-disabled and normal-learning children. Three stimulus contexts and high- and low-frequency words were used. In addition, characteristics secondary to the word-finding process were analyzed. Certain substitution types and secondary characteristics emerged as specific to learning-disabled children. These findings have practical implications for the diagnosis and remediation of word-finding problems in learning-disabled children.
Public School Voice Clinics, Part II
Authors: Miller Sandra Q. , Madison Charles L.
Published: August 2014

In 10 years of semiannual voice clinics held in a metropolitan school district, 249 cases were reviewed. Attending otolaryngologists diagnosed vocal nodules in 40% of the cases. Chronic laryngitis and thickened cords were also frequently noted. One third of the cases had concomitant allergies, ear, and/or upper respiratory problems. Direct voice therapy was recommended for 65% of those attending voice clinics. The data on sex and age were consistent with previous research. Family voice history and prognosis are also discussed.
A Survey Study of a Public School Voice Clinic Program
Authors: Madison Charles L. , Meadors Deborah L. , Miller Sandra Q.
Published: August 2014

This is a follow-up study to previous reports on a 10-year public school voice clinic program. Parents of children seen at voice clinics and referring clinicians were surveyed regarding the impact and effectiveness of the voice clinics. The program appears to have increased public understanding of voice problems and is useful in expediting management.
Functional Gain and Speech Recognition With Two Types of FM Amplification
Authors: Van Tasell Dianne J. , Mallinger Christi Ann , Crump Elizabeth S.
Published: August 2014

Functional gain and word recognition were assessed for nine hearing-impaired school children under two conditions of FM amplification: (a) FM auditory trainer with insert earphone, and (b) personal FM system with miniloop. On the average, the insert-earphone auditory trainer system provided slightly greater functional gain than did the miniloop system; differences were most consistent at frequencies below 1,000 Hz. For eight of the nine subjects, word recognition scores did not differ across the two amplification conditions. When they are adjusted properly, personal miniloop systems apparently may provide sufficient gain for speech recognition to some hearing-impaired children, with the exception of those children whose residual hearing is limited to low frequencies.
Ages of Speech Sound Acquisition
Authors: Smit Ann B.
Published: August 2014

Published investigations of normative ages of speech sound acquisition vary in the kind of speech sample on which they are based and in the methods used. Review of norms based on elicited single-word responses shows that the methods used can influence the resulting ages of acquisition for specific speech sounds. Review of the investigations which sample children's spontaneous speech indicates that these data have characteristics that make them difficult to use as norms. Desirable characteristics of normative investigations of speech sound acquisition are proposed.
Comprehension in Developmentally Delayed Children
Authors: Page Judith L. , Horn Donna
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine if developmentally delayed children demonstrate superior comprehension for restricted, syntactically incomplete as compared to reduced, syntactically complete forms. Ten developmentally delayed children at linguistic stage I (MLU 1.00–1.99) participated in this study. Five children were functioning within early stage I (MLU 1.00–1.49) and five children were within late stage I (MLU 1.50–1.99). Children were asked to manipulate objects in response to declarative telegraphic and adult utterances, some of which included nonsense or inverted forms. Results revealed that late stage I children demonstrated better comprehension than early stage I children for all utterance types. Additionally, late stage I children responded equally well to all noninverted utterance types, whereas early stage I children exhibited differential performance according to utterance type. Both groups of children exhibited significantly poorer performance on inverted forms. Results were interpreted with regard to several variables that may affect comprehension performance.
An Evaluation of the Test of Early Language Development as a Measure of Receptive and Expressive Language
Authors: Dale Philip S. , Henderson Valanne L.
Published: August 2014

The Test of Early Language Development (TELD) is a broad range language screening device for young children. Little information is available concerning its use with developmentally delayed children. In the present study, TELD scores for 85 developmentally delayed preschool and kindergarten-age students were compared with other measures of language and cognition in a longitudinal study. The TELD scores documented the language delay, and correlated strongly with other language measures. The scores also had good stability over an 8-month interval. However, the division of the test into expressive and receptive subscores, based on the labeling of items in the test manual, was not supported by concurrent or predictive correlations, utilizing the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised as a receptive criterion measure and Mean Length of Utterance as an expressive criterion measure. This lack of dissociation may be due to the extensive use of elicited imitation as an expressive measure on the TELD, but it is probably also true that expressive and receptive abilities are not functionally dissociable. By itself, the TELD failed to accurately classify children who had been clinically classified as language-delayed; the errors were primarily omissions of such children. In addition to these statistical analyses, biases and other diflqculties with specific items and scoring rules are noted.
Teaching Language Rules as Solutions to Language Problems
Authors: Connell Phil J.
Published: August 2014

The teaching procedures that are commonly used with language-disordered children do not entirely match the goals that they are intended to achieve. By using a problem-solving approach to teaching language rules, the procedures and goals of language teaching become more harmonious. Such procedures allow a child to create a rule to solve a simple language problem created for the child by a clinician who understands the conditions that control the operation of a rule.
Hearing Aid Gain Usage by Children
Authors: Berger Kenneth W.
Published: August 2014

Hearing aid gain usage by two groups of children was examined. No appreciable difference was noted between the groups, nor was there a clinically significant difference between gain usage by these children as compared with a sample of adult hearing aid wearers.
Performance of Working Class African-American Children on Three Tests of Articulation
Authors: Cole Patricia A. , Taylor Orlando L.
Published: August 2014

The speech and language behaviors of African-American children, particularly those of lower socioeconomic status, have evoked considerable interest over the past two decades among scholars and practitioners alike. The present study examined (a) the extent to which phonological performance varied as a function of test-client congruence on three tests of articulation containing standard English assumptions among a group of African-American children who speak what is commonly referred to as Black English Vernacular (BEV); and (b) the extent to which the children's test performance was likely to be misdiagnosed as being pathological when dialect considerations were
not
taken into account. Assessment implications of the data are discussed.
Whole Language in Theory and Practice
Authors: Norris Janet A. , Damico Jack S.
Published: August 2014

The increasing attention to the whole language movement in speech-language pathology is a natural result of the evolution of our field toward more interactive and naturalistic intervention practices. This paper presents the historical influence of many disciplines that have led to the whole language movement and some of the theoretical principles underlying this philosophy. The differences between assumptions underlying traditional intervention practices are contrasted with those of whole language. Specific suggestions for implementing whole language intervention with language-disordered children is presented, including using theme building to achieve long- and short-term objectives, accomplishing multiple goals through collaborative activities, and facilitating the language learning process using scaffolding strategies and developmentally appropriate interactions.
A Vocal Hygiene Program for High-School Cheerleaders
Authors: Aaron Virginia L. , Madison Charles L.
Published: August 2014

A vocal hygiene program for high-school cheerleaders and their advisors was developed and examined for its effectiveness in communicating information regarding voice and vocal abuse. Thirty-six cheerleaders from 4 high schools participated in the study. A separate-sample pretest-posttest design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the program. There was a significant improvement in the pre- vs. post-test scores. The program was well received by the students. An outline of the program is included.
Children With Normal Language Skills in Preschool Classrooms for Children With Language Impairments
Authors: Weiss Amy L. , Nakamura Monica
Published: August 2014

Three children with normally-developing language who served as peer models in a preschool classroom for language-impaired children were observed to evaluate their performance as language models. Data analyses focused on how much time each child spent alone, in activities with language-impaired classmates, with other models and/or adults, as well as how language was used by the models during conversations. Conversation samples were coded for assertiveness and responsiveness as per a taxonomy developed by Fey (1986). Results indicated that although each of the model children had the prerequisite language competencies for modeling age-appropriate language behaviors, the amount of time each spent engaging language-impaired classmates in activities and conversation varied.
A Technique to Achieve Correct Production of /∫/
Authors: Shuey Elaine M.
Published: August 2014

Children who substitute /s/for /∫/can quickly achieve correct production of /∫/through the use of chewing gum placed behind the upper incisors. The gum forces the tongue to a more posterior articulatory placement without interfering with the lip posture. The technique can be used at all practice levels, from isolation through connected speech.
Consideration of Error Types
Authors: Elbert Mary
Published: August 2014

In this article the use of the term
phonological
to describe disordered speech patterns is discussed. In adopting the term, it seems important to give equal consideration to both the articulatory aspects and the more cognitive aspects of the problem. Viewing the phonological system as a whole highlights the different types of errors within the system. It is suggested that phonological disorders include both phonetic and phonemic error types and that the distinction between the two error types is useful in both assessment and treatment. Describing errors as either phonetic or phonemic types may lead to differential treatment procedures that are most appropriate for specific error types.
Derivational Morphology
Authors: Moats Louisa Cook , Smith Cheryl
Published: August 2014

For unclear reasons, current language tests and remedial teaching materials often do not include the explicit evaluation or teaching of derivational morphology. This article reviews recent research on children’s knowledge and acquisition of derivational morphology across studies of listening, speaking, reading, and spelling. We conclude that this dimension of language organization deserves more attention than it now receives in language instruction.
Designing and Implementing Interventions to Decrease Challenging Behavior
Authors: Johnston Susan S. , Reichle Joe
Published: August 2014

Communication interventionists often encounter children whose ability to learn new skills and interact with others is jeopardized by challenging behaviors. Challenging behaviors may take many forms (e.g., hitting, screaming, self-injury) as well as serve a variety of purposes or functions (e.g., obtaining access to or escaping from objects, activities, or attention). The purpose of this article is to (a) discuss assessment strategies that interventionists may find helpful when attempting to accurately pinpoint the function of challenging behavior, (b) present an array of proactive interventions that can be used to decrease escape-motivated challenging behavior, and (c) present various proactive interventions that can be used to decrease access-motivated challenging behavior. Additionally, factors that may influence the selection of one intervention strategy over an alternative intervention strategy are discussed.
Selection of Preschool Language Tests
Authors: Plante Elena , Vance Rebecca
Published: August 2014

Clinicians are confronted with a wide range of norm-referenced tests designed to evaluate preschool language skills. This article approaches test selection from a data-based perspective. Twenty-one tests of language skills that included norms for children ages 4 and 5 years were reviewed for information on 10 psychometric criteria. Only 38% of these tests met half or more of the 10 psychometric criteria employed by McCauley and Swisher (1984a) in their review. Four tests that met a relatively high number of psychometric criteria (6 or more) were administered to 20 preschool children with specific language impairment and 20 age-matched controls. High interexaminer reliability was obtained for all tests. All tests had low correlations with a measure of nonverbal skills. Only one of the four tests provided acceptable accuracy in discriminating between the children with normal and the children with impaired language in our sample. Our empirical examination of four tests revealed that even tests that pass relatively high numbers of psychometric criteria may not be precise discriminators of normal and impaired language in 4- and 5-year-old children, indicating the need to complement psychometric review with data-based validation procedures.
Preschoolers With Phonological and Language Disorders
Authors: Tyler Ann A. , Sandoval Kathleen Teipner
Published: August 2014

Six preschoolers aged 3:6 to 4:8 (years:months), with moderate-to-severe disorders in both language and phonology, received intervention that differentially focused on language, phonology, or both domains, Phonological intervention involved elicited imitation techniques and minimal pair contrasting. Language intervention involved an indirect narrative approach with focused stimulation The combination approach involved features of both. All subjects had both language and phonology goals, but the emphasis for these differed in the different treatments. Regardless of the intervention approach, a modified "cycles" approach was incorporated for phonology goals. Extensive phonological and morphological generalization probes, spontaneous language sampling, and use of the proportional change index for mean length of utterance served as measures of progress. Subjects who received direct phonological intervention showed a moderate improvement in both phonology and language. Subjects who received language intervention demonstrated small improvement in language and negligible improvement in phonology Subjects who received the combined intervention approach showed marked improvement in both domains.
The Use of Standardized Test Batteries in Assessing the Skill Development of Children With Mild-to-Moderate Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Plapinger Donald S. , Sikora Darryn M.
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of using standardized psychoeducational diagnostic instruments on children with mild-to-moderate bilateral sensorineural hearing loss. Historically, these procedures either have been modified or eliminated from the evaluation protocol (Kretschmer & Quigley, 1988). The results of the present study suggest that tests standardized on students with normal hearing may be used with confidence to assess both cognitive and academic levels of functioning in students with sensorineural hearing loss.
Authoring and Hypermedia
Authors: Lieberth Ann K. , Martin Doug R.
Published: August 2014

Computer use by speech-language pathologists and audiologists in intervention and daily clinical management tasks is increasing. A variety of commercial software for specific clinical applications is available. However, because of the diversity of clients and clinical settings, purchased software often meets the needs of only a few clients. Authoring programs allow the clinician to design software that can be customized for use by many individual clients. The power and versatility of clinician-authored software is best displayed in the preparation of multimedia applications. This article will describe a popular authoring program,
HyperCard
, and its use in preparing hypermedia applications.
Expanding Norms for Narration
Authors: Johnson Cynthia J.
Published: August 2014

Narrative development in school-age children and adolescents is important to speech-language pathologists providing language intervention. At this time, information on later narrative development and growth in particular dimensions of narration is only partially available. The purpose of the present article is to pave the way for the collection of a comprehensive set of norms for later narrative development. The article first considers the purposes and uses for norms in narration. Next, for practical consideration, it reviews information that currently exists for later narrative development, including published literature and diagnostic tests. Proceeding further, the article explores factors that make the expansion of current norms problematic, such as substantial ranges in storytelling ability at particular ages, situational variations, and the diversity of narrative genres. it concludes by suggesting factors to consider in future investigations undertaken in pursuit of an ideal set of norms.
A Semantic Analysis of Signed Communication in an Activity-Based Classroom for Preschool Children Who Are Deaf
Authors: Marvin Chris , Kasal Kathleen R.
Published: August 2014

The signed communication of five preschool children who are deaf (ages 4:5 to 5:6) was analyzed for its semantic content. Videotaped samples were collected while the children participated in activity-based classroom routines and familiar play themes with teachers and peers in a 2 1/2-hour preschool classroom. The children demonstrated expected limitations in their language skills (mean MLU=2.01) but talked about many of the same topics at school as children of the same age who were not disabled (Marvin, Beukelman, Brockhous, & Kast, 1994). The five children who are deaf generally talked about the here-and-now and themselves and appeared to be heavily influenced by the materials, people, and activities in the immediate environment of the preschool classroom. Talk concerning teachers, peers, class projects, needed supplies and utensils, and food were common and frequent in the children's talk with teachers and peers. Talk concerning temporally displaced topics was less frequent and less common than talk concerning present time frames. Child-initiated utterances were longer in length and more semantically diverse than teacher-prompted utterances. Implications of these findings for preschool deaf educators and speech-language pathologists are discussed.
Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Hux Karen , Walker Mary , Sanger Dixie D.
Published: August 2014

School-based speech-language pathologists from 10 states responded to a survey concerning their readiness to provide services to students with traumatic brain injuries (TBIs). Survey responses provided a means of exploring speech-language pathologists’ knowledge of TBI and facilitated recognition of accurate and inaccurate conceptions held by school-based speech-language pathologists concerning the characteristics and behaviors, criteria for identification and verification, and procedures for the assessment, treatment, and reintegration of students with TBI. Findings indicated that training had a positive effect on speech-language pathologists’ knowledge of assessment, treatment, and overall management of students with TBI; however, a large percentage of school-based speech-language pathologists remain uncertain about providing services to students with TBI even after receiving specific TBI training. Furthermore, school-based speech-language pathologists continue to hold many misconceptions concerning TBI and its consequences.
Management of Functional Voice Disorders in Adolescents
Authors: Peppard Robert C.
Published: August 2014

This article describes the nature and treatment of functional voice disorders in adolescents. It summarizes physiological and psychological changes that occur in adolescence, the types of functional voice disorders common to that period, and the incidence and possible causes, including high-risk factors. Three case studies illustrate the importance of obtaining accurate laryngeal data, typical symptoms and signs, and the use of voice probes in diagnosis and treatment. The use of intensive treatment and carryover is stressed. The role of the school clinician in management is discussed, as is the need for screening programs and further research.
Speech-Language Pathologists’ and Teachers’ Perceptions of Classroom-Based Interventions
Authors: Beck Ann R. , Dennis Marcia
Published: August 2014

Surveys were sent to speech-language pathologists and to teachers regarding their perceptions of classroom-based interventions. Respondents were asked to rate, on a 5-point scale, factors that pertained to classroom-based interventions; to cite what they believed were the primary advantages and disadvantages of these types of interventions; and to rank various models of classroom-based interventions for appropriateness and frequency of use. Results indicated many areas of similarity between the responses of speech-language pathologists and those of teachers, with the primary areas of difference being classroom management and ease of data collection.
Culturally Based Miscommunication in Classroom Interaction
Authors: Crago Martha B. , Eriks-Brophy Alice , Pesco Diane , McAlpine Lynn
Published: August 2014

This article identifies a number of ways teachers and students can misunderstand and confuse each other with their language-based communications in the classroom. Cultural variations in the formats for teacher-led lessons and child-generated personal experience narratives are described, using research findings from Canadian Inuit and Algonquin communities. The importance of practitioners learning from miscommunications is stressed.
Language Sampling Protocols for Eliciting Text-Level Discourse
Authors: Hadley Pamela A.
Published: August 2014

The identification of linguistic vulnerability in school-age students is likely to require collecting and analyzing samples of text-level discourse. Text-level discourse produced as part of narrative and expository tasks is more likely to reveal school-age children’s most advanced language abilities and to evoke more communication breakdowns and production errors. This article briefly reviews the research literature establishing the need to sample text-level discourse and identifies several issues for clinicians to consider when constructing their own language sampling protocols. The article concludes with the description of two different protocols that could be used in school- and clinic-based settings, along with examples of how these protocols have been administered and analyzed for clinical purposes.
From Old to New
Authors: Ukrainetz Teresa A. , Duncan Deborah S.
Published: August 2014

The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-III (PPVT-III, Dunn & Dunn, 1997) is a relatively recent revision of the old standby, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R, Dunn & Dunn, 1981). Although the new vocabulary test appears to be improved in several aspects, there is one change that warrants serious attention. Data indicate that children from 4 to 10 years of age are scoring, on average, 10 standard score points higher on the PPVT-III than on the PPVT-R ( Williams, 1998). This article investigates possible reasons for this change and discusses implications for clinical practice.
Communication Use and Participation in Life for Adults With Aphasia in Natural Settings
Authors: Lyon Jon G.
Published: August 2014

Ensuring effective use of communication and participation in life for adults with aphasia in their natural settings may require broader and more extensive interventions than previously envisioned or actively managed by speechlanguage pathologists. Acquired brain damage unquestionably diminishes the extent to which adults with aphasia make use of communication and participation in daily life. But optimal management of aphasia extends beyond an anatomic-physiologic basis of dysfunction or even concentrated efforts to remediate linguistic or communication disabilities. Past failures to achieve a solution to this problem may be more because of what is absent from aphasia treatment than the improper or incomplete repair or management of what currently is treated. Treatment may require inclusion and active integration of a means of managing the psychosocial handicap of the aphasia. However, with an expanded scope to aphasia treatment, the methods of inquiry must be equally appropriate for discerning pertinent facts about optimal functioning of adults with aphasia in natural settings. This topic, the epistemology of the problem, is the subject of a forthcoming publication.
A Clinical Tool for Evaluating the Familial Basis of Speech and Language Disorders
Authors: Lewis Barbara A. , Freebairn Lisa
Published: August 2014

Recently, researchers have suggested a familial basis to some speech and language disorders. Although speech-language pathologists have long noted anecdotal reports of family histories for speech and language disorders, they have not routinely or systematically collected this information and utilized it in their clinical practice. This article reports on a tool, devised through research, that assesses family history for speech, language, and learning disorders, and that can be used to construct pedigrees. This information may then be used to establish risk for speech and language disorders, to identify children for early intervention programs, and to predict outcome.
Efficacy of a Computer-Assisted Voice Treatment Protocol
Authors: Blood Gordon W.
Published: August 2014

A voice treatment protocol using a computer-assisted biofeedback device for hyper-functional voice disorders was evaluated in two adults. The specific components of the treatment were assessed using a single-subject interaction design. The overall contribution of relaxation to the treatment package was also evaluated. The treatment package was effective in improving the voice, as demonstrated by elimination of the vocal nodules, subjective data (ratings of the voice by subjects and naive listeners), and objective data (changes in fundamental frequency, maximum phonation time, perturbation factor percentages, breathing errors, and slow rise in volume). It appeared that the effect of the combined relaxation and traditional voice protocol was cumulative in nature, and addition of therelaxation component was no more effective than the protocol without the relaxation component.
Instrumentation and Special Procedures for Individuals With Dysarthria
Authors: Netsell Ronald W.
Published: August 2014

The speech clinician in the medical setting who reads the relevant literature can become overwhelmed with the instrumentation and special procedures that are used in research and clinical studies of individuals with dysarthria. What instrumentation and special procedures are clinically most useful for individuals with dysarthria?
Syntax Stimulation Revisited
Authors: Fink Ruth B. , Schwartz Myrna F. , Rochon Elizabeth , Myers Jessica L. , Socolof Gail Simon , Bluestone Ruth
Published: August 2014

A multiple-probes variant of the multiple-baseline across-behaviors design was used to study the extent of generalization associated with syntax stimulation (SS) training. To assess whether acquisition of specific structures generalized across tasks, we used a specially designed sentence elicitation probe, Picture Description with Structure Modeling (PDSM; Fink et al., 1994). To assess whether training enhanced morphosyntactic production in connected speech, we used the coding scheme developed by Saffran, Berndt, and Schwartz (1989). Four subjects with chronic nonfluent aphasia were trained to produce active, passive, and embedded sentences using materials and procedures from the Helm Elicited Language Program for Syntax Stimulation (Helm-Estabrooks, 1981). These sentence structures were trained in successive phases with generalization probes administered before and after each phase. Three subjects with aphasia served as controls. Strong within-task generalization was observed and, in contrast to previous studies, generalization to the novel sentence elicitation task (PDSM). SS training did not yield measurable gains in narrative production.
Two Approaches to the Facilitation of Grammar in Children With Language Impairments
Authors: Cleave Patricia L. , Fey Marc E.
Published: August 2014

This article describes in detail the design and rationale of two effective approaches for the facilitation of grammar in children with language impairments. One program was clinician directed and the other was administered by parents. The focused stimulation techniques, cyclical goal attack strategy, and specially designed stories employed in both programs are outlined, as are the unique features of each program. In addition, we provide our clinical impressions and suggestions for modifying the programs to increase their effectiveness and efficiency.