bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluasi Implementasi Program Sekolah Adiwiyata di Sekolah Dasar Swasta Nurcahaya Kota Medan
Authors: Rangkuti Fadilah Syam , Badaruddin Badaruddin , Siregar Robert Tua
Published: October 2022

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the implementation of the Adiwiyata program which is devoted to the role of school residents at SDS Nurcahaya, Medan. And analyze how SDS Nurcahaya can maintain the Adiwiyata award at different levels, seen from the supporting and inhibiting factors they experience. The object of this research is the residents of the SDS Nurcahaya school which consists of the principal, teachers/teaching staff and students who are involved in the Adiwiyata team. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive/descriptive method. Data collection techniques were carried out by in-depth interviews, and collecting data sources as reading material from books, previous research and others. The results of the research conducted show that the role of school residents to implement environmental-based education is quite good. This is because all school members have participated as much as possible. Based on the criteria given by the DLH, SDS Nurcahaya managed to meet the predetermined standards. The conclusion that can be drawn from this research is that it is necessary to make strict regulations and sanctions for school residents who do not comply with the Adiwiyata program regulations that have been mutually agreed upon.
Penggunaan Media Sosial Sebagai Upaya Pemberdayaan Usaha Mikro Kecil dan Menengah
Authors: Dwiparma Andre , Harahap R. Hamdani , Kusmanto Heri
Published: October 2022

The purpose of this study is to examine the empowerment of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) which is one of the driving forces of Indonesia's economic growth, especially in the Workshop Market, Perbaungan District, Serdang Bedagai Regency. This is because MSMEs can create the most employment opportunities so that they are able to make a major contribution to employment. The type of research used in this research is qualitative research with descriptive analysis approach. Primary data collection techniques are observation and interviews, and secondary data collection techniques are carried out by means of library research, and documentation. The results of the study state that social media platforms play an important role in marketing MSME products at the Workshop Market during the COVID-19 pandemic. The trial of optimizing the use of social media as a good product marketing tool for MSME actors in the Workshop Market can increase sales of MSME products, and reach consumers on a scale throughout Serdang Bedagai Regency and outside the Serdang Bedagai Regency area. Utilization of social media as an effective supporting tool for MSMEs to run during the COVID-19 pandemic because MSME actors in the Workshop Market can still carry out their business activities while still complying with and implementing health protocols.
Hubungan Kemitraan antara Pemerintah dan Warga dalam Relokasi Tambak Rejo Kota Semarang Tahun 2019
Authors: Miliasari Pamela Setya , Kartini Dede Sri
Published: October 2022

Tambak Rejo is one of the fishing villages located in Semarang City, Central Java, precisely located in Tanjung Mas Village and there is a process of relocation from the government for the welfare of the community. This study aims to analyze the partnership relationship between the Semarang City Government and residents in the relocation of Tambak Rejo in Semarang City in 2019. This study involves 3 actors, namely the Government, Tambak Rejo residents, and NGOs. The method used in this research is qualitative with data collection techniques in the form of literature study. The results of this study are related to the theory of partnership relations from Sulistiyani and Angga to show that the partnership relations that occurred in Tambak Rejo were not running smoothly and there were obstacles in the relocation process. However, with the various efforts made by the community, the Semarang City Government, and third parties, namely NGOs, the end has been going quite well. Each actor carries out his role and responsibility to achieve the goal to get a mutual agreement and no party feels disadvantaged.
Tackling Public Service Delivery Challenges Through Appropriate Work Ethics in Nigeria
Authors: Akinlade Mojisola E. , Gberevbie Daniel E. , Abasilim Ugochukwu D.
Published: October 2022

This study focuses not only on identifying the ethical challenges hindering public service delivery but to state how these challenges can be tackled to bring out the desired service delivery demanded by the citizens. Also, this studyproffer suggestions on the work ethics mechanisms that can be employed to enhance the service delivery. The Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital (EKSUTH), Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria was used as the study area and it adopted the cross-sectional survey research design. The primary source of data was obtained from the administration of questionnaires to both EKSUTH staff (administrative and clinical departments) and EKSUTH out-patients followed by an in-depth interview with four administrative and four clinical staff. The Pearson Product Moment Correlation, Linear Regression Analysis, and One Sample T-test Analysis were used to test the various hypotheses, and the study findings reveals that there is a link between work ethics and service delivery, also, a proper implementation of standard work ethics can lead to increased efficiency in the public sector. Based on these observations, the researcher suggests that EKSUTH Management should bring up strategical ways in improving the work ethics that would bring about the desired public service delivery.
Presisi sebagai Inovasi dan Strategi Membangun Citra Kepolisian Daerah Sumatera Utara
Authors: Riadi Mulia , Kurniawati Dewi
Published: October 2022

Innovation is the key to success in an organization. Without innovation the organization will not develop, it is aimed at improving the performance of public services. But as a lot of negative news about the police circulated, a bad image of the National Police has been formed in the society. General Listyo Sigit Prabowo first explained the concept of Presisi when undergoing due diligence and appropriateness of the candidate for the Chief of Police in Commission III of the DPR RI on January 20, 2021. This study aims to describe the innovation of the Presisi as a communication strategy for developing the image of the North Sumatra Regional Police to the community. This research is Qualitative research with unstructured observation methods and online data search / Internet Searching. The author finds that the North Sumatra Regional Police has realized 16 (Sixteen) Priority Programs and 8 (Eight) Commitments of the Chief of Police, General Listyo Sigit Prabowo.
Teaching swimming to preschool children using innovative tools
Authors: Briskin Yuriy , Smyrnovskyy Serhiy , Smyrnovska Sofiia , Slimakovskyi Oleg
Published: October 2022

The health-improving role of swimming, in comparison with other types of physical exercises, consists in the various effects of water on the human body, which is related to the physical, thermal, chemical and mechanical properties of the water environment. Staying in the water environment has a positive effect on physical development, functions of blood circulation, breathing and thermoregulation, stimulates the activity of the central nervous system and higher nervous functions of a person. The influence of water can accelerate the formation of motor skills and recovery after exhausting loads. The article analyzes and substantiates the principles and methods of teaching recreational swimming to preschool children. An innovative method of teaching swimming to preschool children based on a patented training and diagnostic complex for swimmers is also proposed.

The main principles of recreational swimming for preschool children are the gradual increase in the volume and intensity of physical activity both on land and in water. Stages of use of recreational swimming. Differentiation of recreational swimming depending on the general condition of the swimmer, age, level of physical condition, relationship between psycho- emotional and physical and functional disorders of the cardiorespiratory, vegetative system, musculoskeletal system, emotional sphere at all stages of classes. Systematic use of adequate means of recreational swimming. Complexity of a rational combination of the most appropriate means of recreational swimming to improve the physical, functional, psycho-emotional state and quality of life of people, taking into account the mechanism of their action. Ensuring control of the adequacy of loads and their efficiency. Motivation. The principle of transparency.
The importance of physical education in the formation of a healthy lifestyle for the applicants for higher education
Authors: Kramarenko Valentyna , Dakhno Artur
Published: October 2022

The article is devoted to the study of the role of physical education in the formation of a healthy lifestyle of the applicants for higher education.

The effectiveness of physical exercises in physical education classes during studies in the institutions of higher education by student youth has been revealed.

It is noted that during studies in the institutions of higher education, the number of students enrolled in preparatory and special medical groups increases from 5.36% in the first year to 14.46% in the fourth year. About 90% of the mentioned contingent have deviations in their state of health.

It is indicated that maintaining a healthy lifestyle is an effective means of strengthening and preserving health, preparing the applicants for higher education for an active lifestyle.

It has been established that physical education is an integral part of a healthy lifestyle of the the applicants for higher education and plays an important role in its formation.

It was found that the systematic performance of exercises by the applicants for higher education in physical education classes helps to strengthen health, improve the functional state of the respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous and other systems, improve physical development, increase the level of physical fitness and work capacity.
Development of strength abilities of female students by means of fitness in the system of additional education
Authors: Madyar-Fazekash Emilia , Victoria Tulaydan , Victoria Susla , Mordvintsev Gennadiy
Published: October 2022

The article considers the effectiveness of purposeful development of power abilities of students in classes of the general physical training by means of fitness, who are enrolled in programs of the secondary vocational education. As a means of developing strength abilities, it is proposed to include in training sessions the exercises burdened with the weight of own body 2 times a week for 6 months (static and dynamic), exercises with the weight of external objects and exercises with special fitness equipment and equipment (TRX loops, step platform, BOSU, fitball, multi-functional power frame) under the method of circular training. The purpose of the study is to experimentally determine the effectiveness of the developed method of developing power abilities. The study involved 70 female students (n = 70) divided into two groups. The first group was engaged in the general physical training sessions 2 times a week using traditional means of developing strength abilities. The second group was engaged in a specially developed method using nontraditional means of fitness for the development of strength abilities. According to the results of the study, a positive effect was determined, which is expressed in a significantly higher increase in results in control tests for evaluating power abilities in the experimental group. Thus, the pedagogical experiment showed the effectiveness of the proposed method of purposeful development of strength abilities by means of fitness in the system of additional education. The results of testing the level of strength training in the experimental group according to our proposed method turned out to be quite high. The use of different areas of strength fitness in sectional activities, which gives a significant increase in the development of girls' strength abilities (p<0.05). The average results of the experimental group increased from 11.2 to 24.4%.
The building of complex health-enhancing training sessions with a parallel solving of tasks
Authors: Sedliar Yurii , Kuziura Hennadii
Published: October 2022

In order to increase the effectiveness of health-enhancing activities experts along with other factors point to the need for a rational building of various structural elements of the training, namely: training sessions, micro-, meso-, and macrocycles. The previous analysis the practical work of specialists in the field of health-enhancing activities shows that their main attention is directed to the study of the peculiarities of building complex training sessions with a successive solving of tasks. At the same time, complex training with parallel solving of tasks, for the most part, remains outside their attention.

The purpose of the article, research methods. The purpose of the study is to expand the theory of building of the complex training sessions with parallel solving of tasks.

Objectives of the study:

To analyze the theoretical approaches of building health-enhancing training

To develop general approaches to the building of health-enhancing training sessions with parallel solving of

Theoretical research methods such as: analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, systematization were applied analyzing of the literature.

As a result of the analysis of literature it was find out:

The systematization inherent in the practice of sports is not applied in the theory of health-enhancing physical culture while planning a training sessions. Such systematization involves the division into selective training sessions and complex training sessions with successive and parallel solving of Although practical planning take place within these frameworks.

As a result of the analysis of literature it was find out:

The building of the complex training sessions with successive solving of tasks are more researched in the theory of the health-enhancing physical culture;

Health-enhancing training sessions with parallel solving of tasks can be based on the use of both exercises - with wide impact (dance movements, health-improving forms of martial arts, fitball, ) and exercises with limited impact (locomotion, strength exercises, gymnastic and flexibility exercises) with certain features methods of their application.
Organizational and methodological features of teaching swimming to children at the initial stage of training
Authors: Simak N. , Odynets T.
Published: October 2022

The stage of initial training in swimming occupies an important place in mastering swimming skills in children of primary school age. Thanks to the use of natural factors and properly selected exercises on land and in water, it is possible to achieve the desired effect in improving children's swimming readiness in a short period of time. The purpose of the research is to determine the organizational and methodological features of children's swimming training at the stage of initial training. Research methodology. The work used the methods of the theoretical level of research: analysis, comparison, induction, deduction, systematization and generalization of scientific and methodological literature, regulatory and legal documents. Results. The following sequence of stages of learning to swim for children of younger preschool age has been established, namely: familiarization with water, getting used to water, overcoming water resistance, diving headfirst into water, the ability to stay afloat, the ability to open eyes in the water, sliding in the water, performing paddling movements and learning diving. Conclusions. It has been established that for the initial teaching of swimming, games for familiarization with the properties of water, diving, surfacing, lying down, sliding, and breathing are successfully used. Adaptation to water can take place in the conditions of both a deep-water pool and a shallow one, include preparatory exercises in the conditions of the opportunity to feel the resistance and properties of the water environment.
Evolution of the public problem of depopulation in Spain: longitudinal analysis of the media agenda
Authors: Saiz-Echezarreta Vanesa , Galletero-Campos Belén , Castellet Andreu , Martínez-Rodrigo Arturo
Published: October 2022

According to the sociology of public problems, the construction, visibility, and stabilization of a public problem require the mobilization of collectives of citizens interested in the issue, which act as an active entity in demanding actions and policies. One such issue is the depopulation of rural areas in Spain, which has shifted from a geographically localized problem to a matter of state policy. This article investigates the influence of framing in this process, analyzing a corpus of 5,980 headlines from newspapers in the Aragon, Castile-La Mancha, and Castile and Leon regions of Spain as well as from two national media outlets, corresponding to the period 2012–2021. Through the application of statistical analyses of lexical frequency in stages, the most significant terms in the evolution of the media’s coverage of the issue have been identified, which has made it possible to observe the appearance and displacement of concepts and their relationship to the most important milestones of social and political mobilization. In addition, its power to stir up sentiment in socio-political discourse has been explored. The consolidation of depopulation as a stable element in the Spanish media agenda, going beyond the regional sphere and having a presence dissociated from specific events through time, in contrast to what occurred some years ago, stands out. Finding a media-friendly frame -empty Spain [España vacía] and emptied Spain [España vaciada]- may have been a key element in this.
Otsenka potentsiala turistskogo kompleksa regiona kak instrument diagnostiki effektivnosti upravleniia biznes-protsessami i informatsionnymi tekhnologiiami
Authors: Lukhovskaia Olga Konstantinovna , Beliaeva Svetlana Vadimovna , Kochetkova Tat'iana Sergeevna , Plisov Viacheslav Konstantinovich
Published: October 2022

The research is based on the methodology of assessing the potential of the tourist complex of the region. The application of the methodology made it possible to conduct a qualitative expert assessment of the reproduction of the tourist resources of the region on the example of the Ivanovo region, a single destination. SWOT analysis was chosen as the main method, which made it possible to conduct a comprehensive strategic analysis of the industry and its external environment. The assessment of the potential of the tourist complex is aimed at identifying the most promising tourist destinations in the region and the formation of information resources in tourism.
Lichnostnoe razvitie kak faktor sovershenstvovaniia pravovoi politiki sovremennoi Rossii
Authors: Ashrafzianov Ilshat Radivovich
Published: October 2022

In the context of the theory of legal policy being developed today, the author raises the question of the personal development of each person as the goal of legal policy. The author substantiates the crisis of the modern liberal understanding of the goals of legal policy, puts forward criteria for human development, identifies possible ways of developing legal policy in the field of ensuring personal development.
Organizatsiia ucheta raschetov s biudzhetom po nalogam i sboram
Authors: Soldatova Liubov Ivanovna
Published: October 2022

Currently, taxes are an integral part of the financial systems of almost all countries of the world. Discussed in the chapter the problem of competent accounting of settlements with the budget for taxes and fees is most relevant for Russian enterprises. Late payment of taxes to the budget entails penalties. It turns the repayment of debt obligations into an uncontrollable situation: the amount of the tax liability itself grows, and the amounts of penalties and fines also grow. The accountant of the enterprise is obliged to monitor the correctness of the calculation and payment of taxes; therefore, a competent legal and economic organization of accounting for the settlements of the enterprise with the budget for taxes and fees is important.
Analiz sovremennykh metodov otsenki stoimosti kompanii i osobennosti ikh prakticheskogo primeneniia
Authors: Sizykh Dmitrii Sergeevich , Sizykh Natalia Vasilevna
Published: October 2022

The capitalization of a company and its valuation are one of the most important factors for the successful implementation of various sustainable development strategies. The choice of methods and models for assessing the value of a company, as well as the indicators used in them, is an urgent problem in the modern domestic and global economy. Due to the fact that valuation is an integral tool in a market economy, there is an increasing need for a correct and objective assessment of the value of companies and business as a whole. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to analyze modern methods of assessing the value of the company and multipliers for assessing capitalization, as well as to provide this information to managers of Russian companies in order to choose effective strategies for sustainable development.
Conceptual Foundations of Tax Control as an Element of Ensuring the Economic Security of the State
Authors: Dzokaeva Zalina Mairamovna
Published: October 2022

In the process of studying the economic category «tax control», results were obtained that indicate a significant impact of information and the formation of information flows that determine, in general, the information component of the development of society, which, in turn, affected the process of isolating the control function of taxes, which has become a key and an independent function in the tax system of the state. The growth of the level and quality of information technology makes it possible to fill the content of the control function of taxes. On the other hand, tax control, which is an objective form of expressing the control function of taxes, over time has transformed into a tool that ensures the functioning of the system for monitoring cash and financial flows from financial and economic entities, as the basis for creating their taxable base, as well as the basis for formation of an effective system for forecasting and planning tax revenues to the country's budget system, at its different levels.
Kontseptual'naia model' vzaimosviazei innovatsionnogo razvitiia i konkurentosposobnosti rossiiskikh predpriiatii
Authors: Iovleva Olga Olga iovleva
Published: October 2022

In the materials of the section of the monograph, a model of innovative development of enterprises is formed, according to which the existence of stable links between the competitiveness of products, the competitiveness of the enterprise (at the level of order availability) and the direction of innovative development for changes in the competitiveness of products is proved. This cycle «competitiveness – innovative development – competitiveness» has a different nature and the level of significance of the links between individual private parameters in different industries, but the stability of reproduction of the entire cycle has been proven for all branches of Russian industry.
Rol' turizma v ustoichivom razvitii regiona
Authors: Kazibekova Naida Alikulievna , Butaev Rafik Shakhabudinovich , Kazibekov Islam Muminovich
Published: October 2022

The authors in their work consider the problem of the influence of the tourism industry on the sustainable development of the economy in the region, using the example of the Republic of Dagestan. The authors believe that the regional tourism industry faces the global task of creating a modern, cost-effective and competitive complex that meets the needs of domestic and foreign tourists in tourist services.
Wastewater system design in arctic conditions
Authors: Suglobov D. A. , Vyalkova E. I. , Osipova E. Yu.
Published: October 2022

Purpose: The Arctic territories of Russia are mostly situated on the permafrost soils, which greatly complicate the service and construction of wastewater systems in urban areas.

   Design: Options are proposed for the thermal and technical calculation of pipeline sections of the pressure and gravity domestic sewage system to ensure an effective energy saving while maintaining reliability of the system operation.

   Research findings: Diagrams are suggested to quickly and accurately determine the thermal insulation parameters and ways to maintain positive wastewater temperatures during their transportation in a cold season.

   Practical implications: The obtained data can be used to select the most energy-efficient and reliable design solution.

   Originality / value: Recommendations on the thermal analysis will help to draw the right engineering decision in designing sewerage networks in northern conditions.
Smart urbanism during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Kashiripoor M. M.
Published: October 2022

The present study attempts to predict the possible impacts and consequences of the modern urban concept (smart urbanism) during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The article reveals the concept of smart urbanism in more detail, the principles applied in worldpractice during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlights the specifics of projects that relate to the concept of smart urbanism.

   The article presents the advantages and disadvantages of smart urbanism in a pandemic situation. Relevance: The study of the modern urban planning concept (smart urbanism) in a pandemic time and its advantages and disadvantages in solving problems in such conditions. Purpose:

   The study of modern trends in urban design, their effectiveness and shortcomings for solving problems in a pandemic situation (COVID-19). It should be noted that in order to achieve the goals of the study, it is necessary to define the term smart urbanism, its principles and practice; identify the pandemic situation, its characteristics and the city's needs in the current situation; apply the solutions of this concept (smart urbanism) in cities during a pandemic.

   Methodology: Critical analysis, scientific literature and documents related to the concept of smart urbanism and its application during the pandemic to reach and draw conclusions. The concept of smart urbanism and pandemic control in the city.

   Originality: The study and analysis of the urban planning concept of a smart city during the pandemic, its advantages and disadvantages to achieve control and find solutions in similar situations.
CREATION OF ETHNO-CULTURAL MODEL OF WORLDVIEW IN THE WORKS BY IVAN, I. BILIBIN
Authors: Kolesnik Maria
Published: October 2022

The article is a study of works of fine art in the effects of the ethno-cultural model of the worldview. The object of the study is the work of Ivan Yakovlevich Bilibin. In the course of the analysis of the works “Vologda girl in a festive dress” (1905), the features of the model of the ethnocultural worldview in the artist’s work, as well as the features of the image of Russian culture, the Russian worldview, visualized in the production of the master’s products, are determined.
RESULTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC SEMINAR "THEORY AND PRACTICE OF APPLIED CULTURAL RESEARCH" DEDICATED TO THE 570TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF LEONARDO DA VINCI (SIBERIAN FEDERAL UNIVERSITY, KRASNOYARSK)
Authors: Kopceva Natal'ya , Sitnikova Aleksandra , Pimenova Natalya , Reznikova Ksenia , Dyomina Anna-Sofia , Husnullina Regina
Published: October 2022

This text presents a summary of the work of the educational, scientific and methodological seminar "Theories and Practices of Applied Cultural Research" (May 13, 2022, Krasnoyarsk, Siberian Federal University). The seminar was devoted to the reflection of a team of scientists on the development of the Krasnoyarsk school of art history from the 1990s to the present, and timed to coincide with the 570th anniversary of the birth of the brilliant Italian Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci. The seminar held in three areas - 1) Krasnoyarsk School of Art History, 2) Modern trends in the development of conceptual art, 3) Current research in Russian art.
BLENDED LEARNING BERBASIS PROJECT BASED LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BERPIKIR KRITIS MAHASISWA PADA MATAKULIAH MORFOLOGI TUMBUHAN PRODI BIOLOGI FAKULTAS SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI
Authors: Adriadi Ade , Asra Revis , Ihsan Mahya , Rayani Nanda
Published: October 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis mahasiswa pada matakuliah Morfologi Tumbuhan dengan penerapan Blended Learning berbasis Project Based Learning. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas, subjek penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa yang mengambil Mata Kuliah tersebut. Pembelajaran berlangsung secara Synchronous dan Asynchronus dengan menggunakan beberapa media seperti WhatApp, Zoom Meeting, Materi dan Video pembelajaran yang dapat diakses di LMS UNJA. Pembelajaran Synchronous dilakukan secara Virtual dan Live sementara Asynchronous dilakukan secara Collaborative dan Mandiri.  Dari penelitian ini didapatkan data Kemampuan berpikir kritis mahasiswa meningkat dari siklus I yang hanya 64% menjadi 91% pada siklus II. Peningkatan yang terjadi sangat signifikan yakni sebanyak 28%. Sedangkan persentase siswa yang melakukan tiap aspek kegiatan pembelajaran pada pertemuan I siklus I awalnya hanya 66% meningkat menjadi 72% pada pertemuan II Siklus I. Kemudian dilakukan observasi lagi pada pertemuan I siklus II dan diperoleh persentase aktivitas mahasiswa dalam berpikir kritis sebesar 75% kemudian meningkat menjadi 87%. Peningkatan ini sudah mencapai kriteria karena minimum keterlaksanaan aktivitas pembelajaran yang baik adalah 85% dari jumlah seluruh siswa terlibat aktif dalam kegiatan pembelajaran. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran kemampuan berpikir kritis mahasiswa dan observasi aktivitas mahasiswa maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan model blended learning dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir kritis mahasiswa pada Mata Kuliah Morfologi Tumbuhan Kelas R001 Semester 2 Program Studi Biologi Universitas Jambi.
Inscription No. 494 from the Temple of Toutuo as Prototype of the Inscription on the “Nestorian Monument” from Xi’an, 781 (Preliminary Notes)
Authors: Dubrovskaya Dinara V.
Published: October 2022

The article seeks to further research the method of adaptation used by ‘imported’ schools of thought to adjust to Chinese ethical, political, philosophical and religious teachings and practices. The author does so by comparing two epigraphic monuments: A lost inscription by the secular Buddhist enthusiast Wang Jin (5th century) from the Chinese Buddhist temple Toutuo (Dhuta) and the well-known inscription on the so-called “Nestorian monument” from Xi’an (Chang’an) of the Tang Dynasty, which is more than three centuries younger than the first inscription. The author shows that the compiler of the latter (and later) inscription, a Syrian Christian named Adam (Jing-jing), was guided by the structure, style and logic of the first (Buddhist) document when composing his history of the spread of Syriac Nestorianism in Tang China, prefacing the historical part of his work with a general theological preamble and flirting with a priori archaic literary formulas that quote an obsolete literary style of the 5th century. The author concludes that when trying to adapt to the Chinese spiritual milieu, alien beliefs introduced to China inevitably followed the same logical paths, appropriating the vocabulary of the previous imported religion. Thus, for the Syrian Nestorians of the Church of the East, Buddhism became such a forerunner, while Western Christian denominations (the Franciscans and further the Jesuits) each time at a new stage rediscovered the principles of “preaching to all”. A kind of apotheosis of such a “rediscovery” was the “method of Matteo Ricci”, a 16th-century Jesuit missionary who elevated the theory and practice of theological and cultural accommodation to an absolute and joined the conceptual apparatus of Christianity on Chinese soil with the notions and even the ritual practices of Confucianism.
The Heirs to the Saudi Throne: Emir Faisal and Emir Muhammad
Authors: Yakovlev Alexander I.
Published: October 2022

This article compares the experience of two heirs to the Saudi throne – Emir Faisal who became the king in 1964 and Emir Muhammad, current heir to the throne. Both heirs found themselves on the way to supreme power during periods of a crisis in the kingdom. The first of these crises back in the beginning of the 1960s challenged the prospects of the existence of the kingdom, the second one, in 2010s weakened the internal potential of the society and the state. In both cases their actions demonstrated the crucial role of the royal family in the political life of the kingdom. 
Both heirs found themselves assigned to one task: modernization of the country amidst the crisis of existing socioeconomic and political system aimed at making a transition to a stable state of affairs. This article studies the key parameters of steps taken by Emir Faisal and Emir Muhammad, outlines the main similarities of the frameworks within which they worked (socioeconomic crisis, strong dependence of country’s development on hydrocarbons), as well as the common features of their personalities (high level of education, knowledge and competence), reliance on internal (the father and a part of the royal family) and external forces (the US Administration, big Western monopolies). It also underlines the similarities of their actions on their way to the throne (rigidity and authoritarianism in decision-making, search for and consolidation of social support, policy of compromise towards different social forces, use of the experience of the predecessors). At the same time, with both emirs obviously relying on the principle of etatism/statism in domestic politics, during a half a century period of radical modernization the nature of power in the kingdom has changed. So, Emir Muhammad can no longer use those methods of absolutist ruler which were used by Emir Faisal. Both heirs faced conflicts and contradictions specific to certain time and tried to overcome them. 
Despite significant differences in the internal and external environments during the periods of the mid-20thcentury and the first decades of the 21st century, in the steps taken by the two heirs we can see attempts of using the Western model of industrial society as the goal of development and at the same time – willingness of using to greater or lesser extent the foundations of traditional Arabian society and to remain loyal to the ideas of the Arab unity and assert the regional leadership of Saudi Arabia in the Middle East. As a result, the breakthrough in social development made by the two heirs in both cases did not become a revolutionary break with previous experience, although it interrupted the linear continuity of development.
The Significance of al-Biruni’s Stories about the Volga Bulgaria
Authors: Kalinina Tatyana
Published: October 2022

The article analyzes the information of the famous scientist of the 11th century. Abu Reyhan al-Biruni about the Volga Bulgaria, which are in his surviving works – “Monuments of past generations”, “Masudov’s tables on the astronomy of stars”, “Geodesy”, “The book of admonishment to the beginnings of the science of stars”, “Separation of speech about the problem of shadows”, “The Book of Information for the Knowledge of Jewels”, “India”. In these works, the adherence of the Bulgars to Islam is mentioned several times, which was especially emphasized by the author, despite the fact that this people lived far to the north, on the edge of the “inhabited land”. This northern location of the Volga Bulgaria and its localization among the seven climates were especially noted by al-Biruni. He specifically paid attention to the geographical coordinates of the two cities of Bulgaria, which, according to his ideas, were in the state of the Slavs (as-sakaliba). It is possible that this view was based on Ibn Fadlan's book about his journey to the Volga Bulgaria, although al-Biouni does not mention this event. The author also showed the position of the shores of this country among the seas of the Earth, pointing to a certain northern bay of the Surrounding Sea, which is in contact with the country of the Volga Bulgars. This information has different interpretations. Al-Biruni singled out the information of the Bulgars about trade with the northern peoples of the Isu and Yura. Al-Biruni was one of the first to inform about the trade relations of these peoples with the Bulgars, their methods of trade (“barter trade”) and their ways of moving on the snow. A unique evidence of the language spoken by the inhabitants of the Bulgar city of Suvar as a combination of Turkic and Khazar is revealed. Some of the messages cited by al-Biruni were obtained by him from the books of geographers of the 9th–10th centuries, but revised by the author in accordance with his own knowledge and ideas; some of the messages are original. The idea of our author about the cities and people of the Bulgars as the most remote people of the civilized world is emphasized by the fact that the Bulgars, unlike other nearby peoples (such as the Isu and Yura), are Muslims, which was repeatedly emphasized by him in different books. Despite the use of the books of his predecessors, al-Biruni showed that the Bulgars in his time were quite important in the international arena due to the Muslim religion and trade.
The problem of the use of the term “Portuguese Aljamía”
Authors: Tikhonova Oxana
Published: October 2022

The portuguese term “Aljamía” means ʻtexts in Portuguese in Arabic scriptʼ since the beginning of the XXth century under the influence of D. Lopes. The word “Aljamía” appears in Portuguese documents of the XVth century to designate the Portuguese language as it was perceived by the Moors. Thus, the word “aljamía” has two meanings: the historical ʻforeign languageʼ (Portuguese) and the modern ʻtext in Portuguese in Arabic scriptʼ. These meanings correspond to the Spanish “Aljamía” and “Aljamiado”.
 However, not all scientists agree with the terminological use of the word “Aljamía” as an analogue of the Spanish “Aljamiado”. The term “Aljamía” technically means portuguese texts in Arabic script, but it has other cultural and historical references. Spanish texts in “Aljamiado” were created by Spanish Muslims who lost their knowledge of Arabic in the period after the Reconquista (XIII–XVII). The Arabic script was a sign of their cultural and religious identity.
 The reason for the use of Arabic alphabet in Portuguese documents (XVIth century) is different. The Arab governors of the portuguese colonies in Africa had to address their reports directly to the Portuguese king. They knew Portuguese only in spoken form and used the Arabic alphabet to write down the Portuguese language. These documents are an important source in the history of the Portuguese language, especially in historical phonetics. However, from a cultural and historical point of view, they are not comparable with Spanish and cannot belong to the corpus of manuscripts in “Aljamiado”.
On a "dead end" in the Egyptian predynastic studies, and on a possible direction of the way out
Authors: Proussakov Dmitry
Published: October 2022

Studies of the Predynastic Egypt, devoid of reliance on written sources, may enter into a dead end; to overcome it, methods and data of natural sciences are called including the reconstruction of changeable natural conditions of the emergence of ancient Egyptian state. These include: aridization of the North Africa climate in the 4th millennium BC, which favoured the transformation of the Sahara into a desert and the migration of part of its population to the Main Nile; the formation starting from about the 6th millennium BC of fertile silty soils in the Nile floodplain which made it suitable for farming and became the main natural prerequisite for the mass influx of people to the Egyptian Nile and for the local Neolithic revolution; a sharp decrease in the last quarter of the 4th millennium BC of the annual Nile flow to a volume comparable to the current one, with two major consequences for ecosystem and society: the cessation of catastrophic flooding by the river waters of Middle Egypt, where in the 7th–4th millennium BC there may have been a huge lake that separated Upper from Lower Egypt preventing their ethno-cultural merging, which started not earlier than in the second half of the 4th millennium BC; the appearance of the 1st Nile cataract, which determined the southern border of the early pharaonic state. For studies of this kind, a special scientific discipline “geoegyptology” has been proposed; these tasks, however, are met by the long-standing school of the socio-natural history.
Libya: To what Cities Do the Tribes Go?
Authors: Kuznetsov Vasily A.
Published: October 2022

The article is dedicated to tribes and tribal narratives in the political life of contemporary Libya. While it is widely acknowledged that the tribal factor is crucial in the Libyan history, its role in the political process of the last 10 years remains unclear. The tribes do not seem to become key military and political actors, they remain at the fringes of various reconciliation projects. Their political subjectivity itself brings out a number of controversial interpretations. Considering all that, the author aims to research the role of the tribal factor in social and political processes and discover manifestations of tribal narrative among non-state actors, particularly so-called militias. The following research is based both on published sources and author’s interviews with Libyan informants. The first part of the article looks into historical dynamics of the tribal factor. The second one analyzes the transformation of this role in the conditions of social modernization. The third part demonstrates specific traits of tribal strategies in the 2010s. The fourth one identifies elements of the tribal narrative in the actions and agendas of urban militias that have emerged after the overthrow of Muammar Qaddafi in 2011. The article shows that even though the urbanization process of the 1970-80s indeed led to the downfall of tribes as main socio-political structures, it has not yet fully replaced the tribal narrative by the times of the Arab Spring. As a result, the decomposition of statehood brought out the reconstruction of tribal structures according to the new social conditions.
The Decline and Fall of Khazaria – Might or Money?
Authors: Feldman Alex
Published: October 2022

This paper explores the underlying reasons for the 10–11th-century decline and disappearance of Khazaria. According to the Russian Primary Chronicle, Khazaria was conquered by the Kievan Rus’ian prince Svjatoslav in the 960s after a prolonged period of mutual estrangement between Byzantine Christendom and Khazaria following the khağans’ late-9th-century adoption of Judaism. This is undoubtedly an important part of the story of Khazaria’s decline and disappearance, but it ignores larger economic factors at play – which were more related to Islamic-Judaic economics than Christian-Judaic politics. In the early 920s, the Islamic scholar and traveler ibn Fadlān ventured around the eastern Caspian to Bolgar, the town of Almuš, the ruler of the Volga Bulgars, who was concurrently subjugated to the Judaic Khazarian khağan. Utilizing ibn Fadlān’s Islamic learning, Almuš converted to Islam and effectively declared independence from the Judaic Khazarian khağan. Within a generation, the silver trade routes which flowed from the south through the Caucasus to Khazaria in exchange for pagan slaves from the far north, on which the Khazarian khağans had relied for centuries, shifted around to ibn Fadlān’s route to the east of the Caspian Sea, from Islamic Khwārazmia to Islamic Volga Bulgaria, and bypassing the tolls levied by the Judaic khağans. Very quickly, the khağans could not pay their soldiers to defend their realm from the increasingly emboldened Rus’ assaults. Ultimately, there is evidence that the decline and fall of Khazaria reflected an Islamic preference to do direct business between Khwārazmia and the Volga Bulgaria and to bypass Khazaria altogether.
SECURING BUSINESS FLEXIBILITY IN CONDITIONS OF WAR IN UKRAINE
Authors: Kotlyk Andrii , Gres Georgiy
Published: October 2022

The article is devoted to development of provisions for securing business flexibility in conditions of war in Ukraine. It is recommended that even during the war Ukrainian companies should strive to follow the scientific approaches to management, including the process approach as one of the most widely used. The article stresses the advantages of process approach to management and Business Process Management as its practical implementation, such as standardization of business processes (allowing companies to continuously follow the optimal way to perform the business process, to automate it and to decrease the variability of its outputs); integration of different functional areas in company’s activity; improved productivity; continuous business process improvement; visibility, transparency and measurability of the company’s activity, allowing to determine and eliminate the root causes of business process failures; clear definition and distribution of duties, roles and responsibilities in the company; improved knowledge management and auditing procedures.

Despite the point of view that Business Process Management decreases the business flexibility due to standardization of processes, the article states that being properly designed, business processes must have multiple alternative scenarios, allowing to quickly changing the way the business process is performed and thus improving its flexibility. But even if a company was not prepared for the scenario of war, it can follow the recommendations provided in this article in order to secure the flexibility of its entire business and separate business processes. Such recommendations include actualization the key reference points in the company’s activity (goals, customers, suppliers, products, etc.); identification of the most problematic business processes affected by the war; development or change of the business process descriptions, which must be more or less detailed depending on the level of process, its technological variability and the level of uncertainty in environment; reviewing the requirements to business processes outputs and inputs; and reviewing the business rules related to changes in business processes.