bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exercise and Fitness
Authors: Paffenbarger Ralph S , Lee I-Min
Published: November 2023

Most of the evidence relating increasing levels of exercise and fitness to decreasing incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) is based on epidemiologic study of total coronary heart disease (CHD) or cardiovascular disease (CVD), rather than MI specifically. Nonetheless, MI accounts for the bulk of CHD, and most epidemiologic studies that have treated MI as a distinct entity (Paffenbarger 1978; Salonen 1982; 1988; Leon 1987) have shown associations between exercise and reduced risk of MI that are equally as strong as associations between exercise and reduced risks of sudden death, angina pectoris, coronary insufficiency, total CHD, and total CVD. Thus analysis of the larger numbers provided by study of total CHD or CVD seems appropriate, and we can be reasonably confident that observations linking exercise and CHD or CVD reflect those between exercise and Ml. Accordingly, this chapter is concerned more with the primary prevention of CHD or CVD, rather than MI per se, by exercise and fitness.

Level of physical activity is related inversely to incidence of nonfatal and fatal CHD in observational epidemiologic studies, and this association appears to be at least partly independent of other influences. The benefits of physical activity can be appreciated in the hypothesis that where exercise is adequate, physiologic fitness is maintained or improved, systemic disease such as CHD is prevented or delayed, and longer life may be attained. Since physical activity is an optional behavior and physiologic fitness an achieved condition, each may act independently to favor health and longevity. However, activity and fitness are interrelated because activity modifies fitness over time, and fitness establishes benchmarks and limitations for activity.
Natural Antioxidants
Authors: Gaziano J Michael , Steinberg Daniel
Published: November 2023

Natural History of the Atherosclerotic Lesion. Atherosclerosis is an extremely com plex, slowly developing chronic disease of the arteries. There is no longer any doubt that hypercholesterolemia is a major causative factor, a conclusion based on a wealth of experimental, clinical epidemiologic, and interventional data (Consensus Conference 1985). Over the past 10 to 15 years there has been a convergence of view with regard to the sequence of events that initiate atherosclerosis and how low density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a role (Ross 1976; Goode 1977; Steinberg 1983; Hansson 1989; Steinberg 1989 Ross 1993) (see Chapter 2.

The first phase of atherogenesis is the development of the fatty streak, which consists of a large number of lipid-loaded cells (“foam cells”) lying beneath an intact layer of endothelial cells. Most of the “foam cells” are now known to derive from circulating monocytes that have penetrated between the endothelial cells and taken up residence in the intima. Histochemical studies utilizing monoclonal antibodies specific for monocyte/macrophage protein leave no doubt that most of the foam cells are monocyte-derived, but a few represent smooth muscle cells that have migrated into the intima and taken up lipids. The only other cell type unequivocally identified in atherosclerotic lesions is the T lymphocyte (Hansson 1989).
What, If Anything, Is Ownership?
Authors: Christman John
Published: November 2023

The title of this chapter is meant again to invoke the spirit of Proudhon and his seminal work What Is Property?, though my purpose here is more analytical than polemical. I will explicate the various ideas associated with the ownership of property and inquire into whether there is some commonality among those ideas. This will involve taking both a diachronic and a synchronic look at the concept of ownership, and focusing special attention on the concept of liberal ownership in whatever context that appears.
Ownership, Markets, and Moral Desert
Authors: Christman John
Published: November 2023

I construct arguments in this chapter that answer all these questions in the negative. I proceed by dividing the claims into two categories: those contending that when individuals acquire goods through labor investment, they are given what they truly deserve only when the rights they acquire over those goods amount to liberal ownership; and those claiming that the markets that are facilitated by liberal ownership in fact deliver goods to individuals in a way that accords with their just deserts. My major concern in this chapter is with the latter claim, for the right to retain goods from market interaction and competition—the right to the income—is a key component of liberal ownership. Since, as I argue, individuals do not deserve the income flows from imperfect markets (profits or, more specifically, economic rents), then they do not deserve the rights to those flows.
Ownership and the Maximization of Utility
Authors: Christman John
Published: November 2023

The previous three chapters have established the extreme weakness of direct arguments for liberal ownership. The present chapter, however, will take up the most familiar of the indirect arguments for economic arrangements, namely, arguments that include as a major premise the claim that institutions should maximize utility, and further, that only liberal ownership structures succeed in maximizing utility. Such arguments will perforce include a variety of empirical assumptions, and hence my conclusions, like the arguments themselves, will be characteristically incomplete. As in the previous chapters, it is difficult to show that there is no justification for liberal ownership along these lines. All I can do here is, again, to appraise a sampling of some of the most powerful attempts at such a justification and to localize the crucial claims along the way.
Love Intrigues
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner
Published: November 2023

As I was extreamly confus’d to find my little Novel presenting itself to your Ladyship without your Leave or Knowledge,2 so I am as much delighted in having Permission to lay this large Composure at your Ladyship’s Feet, by which Means I have the Opportunity to beg Pardon for the Offences committed by the other (which I do with all Humility) tho’ I was not guilty, nor can conceive by what Concurrence of Mistakes it so happen’d, unless design’d by Fate to render your Ladyship’s Goodness the more conspicuous, in pardoning those lndecorums and Breaches of Respect always due to Persons of your Quality and Merit, but especially on such Occasions.
Her Majesty the Queen
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner
Published: November 2023

It was not want of zeal, but want of sight, That I did neither come, nor speak nor write, To testify my joys, my hopes, and fears, And to assure the king of my poor prairs, If not in words, at least in silent tears.
The miseries of St. Germains
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner
Published: November 2023

Now he and I, with humble joynt consent To you our welcoms, and our joys present, Whose absence caus’d us double banishment. For, be assur’d, of all your suffrings, Wounds, hunger, nakedness, and other things, We bore a part, though seas did us divide Such is loves force, when like ours rarifi’d, Then think not strange, that now we’r overjoy’d.
To My Friends Who Prais’d My Poems
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner
Published: November 2023

And what’s more irksome than this poor aray, They’r allways dun’d, but ne’er have ought to pay. Instead of lovers meetings, assignations, Ogling, laughing, talking of new fassions, Whether this Borgoin lookss best plain or lace’d, Which patch the pocket-glass says is best place’d Which periwigg does which face best befit, The cavalier, the bobb, Hispaniolet, The only study is, where one shou’d dine, At least to get a crust, or glass of wine. Thus are we more contemptible by far, Then old wives tale, old maid, old cavalier.
The Virgins Paradise
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner
Published: November 2023

I dream’t that I’d a pair of wings to fly. Which carryed me above th’ Etherial sky, Above the spheres, above the poles, Allmost to th’ region, of the blessed souls. Each planet to its house invited me, But chiefly venus, Sol, and mercury.
BOOK. III
Authors: Sharp Jane
Published: November 2023

Barrenness, as I said,1 is either by Nature, and that may be when two persons are joined in marriage, that either both are deficient by reason of ill conformity2 of the generative parts, or but one of them; for if both be not perfect to all respects, as to that work of copulation, they shall never have any children, and such marriages are not lawful by the Laws of God or man, because that procreating and bearing children is one of the chief ends of marriage3; but accidental barrenness may happen to them by reason of some curable infirmity, and when that is removed they may be as fruitful as others that are naturally so.
BOOK. IV
Authors: Sharp Jane
Published: November 2023

All Women, Midwives especially should be well seen against1 this time of necessity, and all things provided that may cause them to be easily delivered, and Childbed linnen at hand, having first invoked the Divine assistance by whom we live and move and have our being.2
BOOK. VI
Authors: Sharp Jane
Published: November 2023

The womb, by its consent2 with other parts of the Body, as well as by its own nature, is subject to multitudes of diseases; and it is not to be uttered almost what Miseries women in general, by meanes thereof, be they Maids,3 Wives, or widowes, are affected with: But amongst all diseases, those that are called4 Hysterical Passions, or strangling of the womb, are held to be the most grievous: Swounding and Falling Sickness5 are from hence, by the consent the womb hath with the heart and brain; and sometimes this comes to pass by stopping of the Terms, which load the heart, the brain and Womb with evil humors6: and sometimes it ariseth from the stopping in of the seed of Generation, as is seen in Antient Maids and widowes; for by reason hereof, ill vapors and wind rise up from the womb to the Midriff,7 and so stops their breath: it is most commonly the widowes disease, who were wont to use Copulation, and are now constrained to live without it; when the seed is thus retained it corrupts, and sends up filthy vapours to the brain, whereby the Animal Spirits1 are clouded, and many ill consequents proceed from it, as Falling Sicknesses, Megrims,2 Dulness, Giddiness, Drowsines, Shortness of breath, Head-ache, beating of the Heart, Frenzy and Madness, and indeed what not.
Defusing Dilemmas
Authors: Greenspan P S
Published: November 2023

In the past twenty-five years or so a number of philosophers have argued for the possibility of full-blown moral dilemmas: cases in which all of the agent’s alternatives, through no fault of his own, turn out to be morally wrong. Other authors have attempted to dismiss such cases as undermining the rational coherency of ethics, on the modern conception of ethics as essentially a system of rules meant to guide action. A good specimen of the sort of case at issue in the literature is provided by one of Michael Walzer’s examples in his contribution to a 1973 symposium on the rules of war with Thomas Nagel, Richard Brandt, and R. M. Hare.1 The case assumes that torture is necessary to get a terrorist to give away the whereabouts of bombs set to go off throughout the city but that torture still remains wrong under these circumstances-along with the agent’s only other alternative, which involves letting the bombs destroy many innocent civilians.
Hormone Cycles
Authors: Furman C Sue
Published: November 2023

Strange as it may seem, honeybees have provided interesting insights into some of the factors that may affect the timing of a woman’s menstrual cycle. The queen bee in a colony releases a pheromone called queen substance that suppresses the ovaries of the worker bees so that only she can lay eggs. Scientists first suspected that women might also emit a pheromone in 1970, when they observed a tendency for women who lived together (e.g., in a college dormitory) to have simultaneous menstrual cycles. The resulting conjecture, that a pheromone was responsible for synchronizing the women’s hormone cycles, was reasonable considering the large body of evidence supporting the existence of pheromones in bees and other animals.
Making Sense of the Menopause Myths
Authors: Furman C Sue
Published: November 2023

Hailed as “the female sex hormone,” one might expect that estrogen, the hormone that “aroused” the reproductive organs at pubeny and supponed them throughout the reproductive years, would be sorely missed by them during the postreproductive years. That is cenainly the case, but not the whole story. Scientists have found that estrogen does more than spur the reproductive organs through the childbearing years; it influences at least 300 body functions. Estrogen receptors have been found in many unexpected pans of the body: in several regions of the brain, in the nuclei of cells that stimulate bone growth, and in cells that line the aneries and capillaries of the circulatory system to name a few.
Survival of the Fittest
Authors: Furman C Sue
Published: November 2023

Since 1985, about 25 million Americans have started exercising for the first time. Even with this upsurge in activity, in 1992, the National Center for Health Statistics linked 2 3 percent of the deaths from the leading chronic diseases to sedentary lifestyles. High blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, colon cancer, and diabetes mellitus are among the biggest health risks associated with lack of exercise. The first three are also major risks associated with the post menopause years. Osteoporosis, another post menopause threat, is also exacerbated by lack of exercise.
Suspicions Of Something More
Authors: Morris Thomas V
Published: November 2023

My first experience inside a church did not at the time seem to bode well for my ecclesial future. The memory is still vivid. Pandemonium. I’m three years old, and a very large female Sunday school teacher is holding me upside down by my ankles and shaking me as the class gathers around us, shouting and shrieking. I’m choking on a forbidden piece of hard candy, unable to breathe, and she is determined to shake it out of me. After a good deal of jostling and back whacking, it pops free. Breathing again, I’m restored to the upright position, and the crowd of onlookers is dispersed. In many ways, this little episode inside the Westwood Baptist Church of Durham, North Carolina, is a metaphor for the role of the Christian faith in a number of my more mature
Seek And You Will Find
Authors: Murray Michael J
Published: November 2023

During the spring of 198 3 I began my third semester in college giving serious consideration to the thought of becoming a philosophy major. I had taken a few courses and found the subject intriguing. More influential in my own considerations was the fact that I had recently converted to Christianity and had been encouraged by some early mentors in the faith to read the works of various Christian philosophers, both contemporary and classical. One evening that semester, I was studying for an upcoming exam when a friend, John, came to the door. From the look on his face, I knew he was after something; what, I wasn’t sure. I had known John since arriving at college, having met him at the Christian Fellowship meetings on campus. John had grown up in a devoutly Christian home and had
On Keeping The Faith
Authors: Walls Jerry L
Published: November 2023

I was eleven years old the night it happened, November 27, 1966 (the date is written in my red King James Bible, a gift I received the following Christmas). It was a Sunday night during the Fall Revival at Bethel Chapel Christian Union Church, the small country parish I attended in southern Ohio. The evangelist was my uncle, Woodrow Trainer. His text for the evening was a phrase from I Samuel 20: 3, “there is but a step between me and death.”
A Little Protector
Authors: Roberts Protector Robert C
Published: November 2023

My parents had five children, of whom I am the oldest. My brother Jim is twenty months younger, Margaret is three years younger, and Lissy (who died in childbirth in 1987) was five years younger. When I was fifteen, Nancy was born.
Confessions Of A College Teacher
Authors: Holmes Arthur F
Published: November 2023

I got into philosophy by accident. For some years after World War II, qualified philosophy teachers were in short supply, especially for small churchrelated colleges. So, in the summer of 1950, a spring graduate entering a master’s program in theology was offered a one-year teaching fellowship in philosophy. He took it, completed doctoral studies in philosophy, and stayed for over forty additional years rather than becoming a missionary in the Third World, as he had intended.
The Overexamined Life Is Not Worth Living
Authors: Shatz David
Published: November 2023

I am an Orthodox Jew and have been so all my life. I did not choose Judaism but was born to parents who, while modern in dress, educational ideals, and occupations, were Orthodox; and so my early life was permeated with Jewish observances, while my education took place in schools that combined a secular curriculum with a traditional Jewish one. I attended a yeshiva elementary day school in Monsey, New York, then studied at the high school administered by Yeshiva University in New York City, went next to Yeshiva University for my B.A., and finally culminated my Judaic training by receiving rabbinical ordination in a three-year program at the university’s affiliate theological seminary, while simultaneously going for an M.A. degree in philosophy at another local universal.
The Use Of Animals In Research
Authors: Brody Baruch A
Published: November 2023

The use of animals in scientific research is one of the most controversial topics in research ethics. On the one hand, research involving animals is very common, and the supporters of such research are committed to its necessity and legitimacy. On the other hand, there are movements throughout the world committed to placing severe restrictions on such research or abolishing it completely, claiming that it is immoral because it inappropriately harms animals and/or violates their rights. Thus there is no universally accepted moral consensus about the legitimacy of animal research that can serve as the basis for official policies on the use of animals in research. Nevertheless, a general consensus with some important variations has emerged in these official policies.
Genetic Research
Authors: Brody Baruch A
Published: November 2023

In 1953, the structure of DNA was identified by Crick and Watson. This sparked a revolution in biology. By the early 1970s, scientists learned how to isolate genetic material from one species and to attach it to genetic material from another species, thereby creating the technology of genetic engineering. Later in that decade, scientists began to identify the specific genetic foundations of various diseases, thereby laying the foundation for a program of gene therapy. By the early 1980s, scientists began to envision the possibility of mapping all of the human genes, thereby laying the foundation for the Human Genome Project. Much of the research required to carry out these programs required considerable investments, and the investors hoped that patents on the resulting discoveries would be the basis of the economic return on their investment. This served as the source of the interest in patenting the results of biotechnology.
Weak Interactions., Ionic H-Bonds, and Ion Pairs
Authors: Scheiner Steve
Published: November 2023

The classic picture of a H-bond involves the approach of a pair of neutral molecules. One contains a hydrogen atom covalently attached to a highly electronegative atom like O or F. The other molecule also contains an electronegative atom, associated with which is at least one lone pair of nonbonding electrons. It is perhaps oversimplistic to expect that a specific interaction either does or does not represent a true H-bond,with no grey area between. For example, one can imagine a scenario where a genuine H-bond, as in FH⃛FH, becomes weaker and weaker as one or the other F atom is replaced by less electronegative halogen atoms. The HI dimer is clearly not associated via a H-bond, whereas C1H⃛C1H arguably contains a H-bond, albeit a weak one. Another example replaces the proton-accepting FH molecule by a much less polar one, such as FF. Does the absence of a molecular dipole moment in the proton acceptor preclude the existence of a H-bond, even if the latter does contain a lone electron pair? Still another case in point takes as a starting point the equilibrium geometry of a classic H-bond such as FH⃛FH. As the two molecules are pulled apart, the interaction clearly becomes weaker and weaker. At what point would one cease to categorize this interaction as a H-bond?
Teddy Hill and Edgar Hayes
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: November 2023

In his autobiography, Dizzy lists the after hours joints where he was one of a coterie of sitters-in, despite the attempts of the American Federation of Musicians to discourage jam sessions. The union disliked club owners who paid a trio and, by encouraging guests, ended up appearing to present a full band, but Dizzy and his fellow trumpeters Charlie Shavers and Barna Warwick took every chance to flex their musical muscles, and ran rings round the union officials who checked up on clubs like George’s, the Yeah Man, the Victoria, the 101 Ranch, and Clark Monroe’s Uptown House.
The First Records
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: November 2023

Their four issued sides from 1935 give us only a tantalizing glimpse of how the band must have sounded in its thrice-weekly broadcasts a few months later. Yet, to understand something of the influence that Roy Eldridge had over Dizzy from broadcasts and recordings, it is necessary to look further than the half-handful of discs he made in Hill’s band. The following year, when Eldridge and Berry had switched their allegiance to the Fletcher Henderson Orchestra, they cut twenty sidesthe largest body of recordings of Eldridge in a big band context that would have been available for Dizzy to study during his last few months in Philadelphia.
Horn for Hire
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: November 2023

The legendary status afforded to Minton’s (which was in the basement of the Cecil Hotel at 210 West 118th Street), based on such oral reminiscences as Dizzy’s, has made the club into one of the sacred cows of jazz history. It is celebrated as the place where bebop was forged in the heat of the after-hours jam session, and where the great and the good clamored to sit in. Those with no knowledge of the rhythmic and harmonic changes afoot in bebop were systematically excluded as the musicians on the bandstand played ever more esoteric chord changes and improvised melodic lines built of increasingly complex chordal extensions at greater and greater speed.
Fron1 Earl Hines to 52nd Street
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: November 2023

Earl Hines was one of the most influential figures in the development of jazz piano. He is mainly credited for creating the “trumpet” style in which the right hand doubles a melody line in octaves and adopts linear phrasing comparable to that of a trumpet soloist, rather than using all the harmonic possibilities open to a pianist. Several musicians, including Dizzy, have pointed out that this had a direct bearing on the bebop playing of people like Bud Powell and Al Haig, whose right-hand solo lines emulated those of bebop trumpets or saxophones.
Billy Eckstine
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: November 2023

Earl Hines was given to saying that the name had grown up during Dizzy and Parker’s tenure in his orchestra: “Their arrangements had any number of long passages in them, and the reporters did n’t know what to call that kind of music. At the end of the theme, by the time they got through finishing it, they’d run out of breath. They’d go ‘Diddly, diddly, bebop!’ And that’s why they called it bebop.” But although not one review of Hines’s famous 1943 orchestra mentioned the word at the time, it started to appear in print following Dizzy’s run at the Onyx.
1945—The Records
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: November 2023

A large imperious man, tending in his late thirties to be somewhat overweight, Williams had made his reputation and acquired his nickname as a specialty dancer on the variety circuit. From winning provincial dancing contests in his early teens to a string of appearances as a hoofer in shows like Cotton Club Parade and Blackbirds of 1933, Williams had added singing to his act in the early 1930s, appearing with Fletcher Henderson’s band and at several New York clubs.
Gillespiana
Authors: Shipton Alyn
Published: November 2023

“His new role as ambassador of jazz fits Dizzy as well as his famous berets. He has always been known as a spectacular showman because of the beret and other trademarks that have spread the Gillespie name, such as his goatee, hornrimmed glasses, up-tilted trumpet and bop singing. Although all these so-called trademarks could give the idea that Gillespie is a sort of offbeat character, the exact reverse is true. He has one of the sharpest minds in the music business and has developed all the other things solely in the interests of good showmanship.”
Recognition Patterns
Authors: Gordon Stewart
Published: November 2023

SUPERLATIVE teaching is an achievement in any field; it is perhaps even harder to achieve in the field of music, where so much depends on unwritten tradition, elusive style characteristics, and abstract concepts. The teaching of the art of music should be regarded as having at least equal status with the art of performing music, and the proposition might even be argued that a career in which teaching is an important component makes more lasting contributions to society than one tered only on performance. The fact remains, moreover, that most professional musicians are going to be heavily involved in both teaching and performing, and over 95 percent of them are going to depend on teaching as the mainstay of their professional income.
Balancing Act
Authors: Gordon Stewart
Published: November 2023

NO one has to make a case for the power of psychological conditioning these days. From our first college course in basic psychology where we read about Pavlov and his dogs to the plots of about half of our TV or movie theater thrillers, the case for the fact that the mind can be conditioned to respond a certain way to given stimuli is overwhelming. Even if we set aside the limitations of laboratory-experiments, we would probably agree that we are constantly being ‘conditioned’ in every-day living. We build likes and dislikes, expectations, both good and bad, and reactions over the years. These solidify into concepts which, taken as a whole, can be construed as a kind of philosophy of life.
Mazeppa(The Way We Wear)
Authors: Gordon Stewart
Published: November 2023

AS musicians, we engage in an art which hopes to communicate something about our world and even, in its best moments, elicit both an intellectual and emotional response from an audience. No matter how much we become involved in the preparation of that communication, success or failure in the last analysis depends a great deal on the accuracy, speed, and refinement of purely physical responses. Yet, a curious contra diction attends the field of musical performance with regard to the matter of maintaining this physical aspect of our being. It has been pointed out often enough that the human body is not a mechanical device and is subject to considerable variation from day to day or even from hour to hour.
Eroica: A Call for Activism
Authors: Gordon Stewart
Published: November 2023

AS musicians we are taught early on that modesty becomes us. Oh, there are a few of us who swashbuckle or act like prima donnas, but by far the majority of us feel that the very act of making music suggests we bow to the art itself, the composer, or the tradition, and the constant quest for a high standard of technical and expressive excellence leaves us psychologically in the position of feeling less than fully adequate, always striving, always reaching, never satisfied. The good side of this doubleedged sword is that we continue to improve and to grow. The bad side, however, is that we are infused with an attitude of modesty, tinged slightly with an awareness of our inadequacies.
Genesis
Authors: Jackson John A
Published: November 2023

Whether Clark would have landed the WFIL announcers position without the assistance of Elmer will never be known, although the subsequent course of his career indicates that to think otherwise would be foolhardy. In order to display greater broadcasting skill than he then possessed, Clark relied on his hidden tape recorder for assistance, making himself out to be something greater than he actually was. But after being hired by WFIL and embarking upon his quest to become a twenty-something millionaire, Clark adopted a new, self-effacing tack, portraying himself as something less than he actually was. Despite his introduction to America as a benign television host, when it came to advancing himself, Clark was more akin to a wolf in sheep’s clothing —a sharply focused self-promoter and cunning businessman who went to great lengths to contrive his public image.
Saturday Night
Authors: Jackson John A
Published: November 2023

Not only were ABC executives stunned by the success of American Bandstand, they were also impressed with Dick Clark’s facile manner. When ABC originally contracted for its teenage dance show the network viewed Clark as being indispensible to the show’s success; now ABC realized that Bandstand’s personable young host was everything they had expected—and then some. “We saw that he was a property in himself,“ recalled Ted Fetter. “Here we had a guy who was obviously a star. He had something; he had a knack, and so we said, ‘How can we develop this thing?’ It was just in the cards that we were going to try our best to capitalize on this guy.“ ABC wanted Clark in prime time. Just two weeks after American Bandstand was added to ABC’s permanent schedule the press noted that he was “reportedly set“ for his own nighttime program on the network, which was supposedly going to air on Saturday evenings from New York City and follow a similar format to American Bandstand.1 But plans to develop a new show for Clark fell victim to ABC’s longstanding practice of employing the bottom line to determine network programming. Instead of developing an entirely new show for Clark, the network decided to institute a live Monday night version of American Bandstand. Since American Bandstand was making money in the afternoon, why not also air the popular program at night?
Fossil-Hunters
Authors: Morgan Elaine
Published: November 2023

There are two ways of trying to reconstruct the evolutionary history of a living species. One way is to examine extant specimens, studying their behaviour when they are alive and their anatomy when they are dead. The other way is to hunt for the fossilised bones of their distant ancestors.
Sweat and Tears
Authors: Morgan Elaine
Published: November 2023

A sweat system prodigal of water and salt and leisurely in its response to rising temperature suggests an environment with an ample supply of water, an ample supply of salt and not much threat of over-heating — that is, somewhere wet and cool and briny. But none of the research on the subject addressed itself to the question of ‘Where would this development have been at a premium?’

For a long time it was common practice to describe the apocrines used by other animals as the ‘pseudo sweat glands’, and eccrines as the ‘true sweat glands’. The implication seemed to be that in this respect all other animals are out of step except Homo.
Breathing
Authors: Morgan Elaine
Published: November 2023

Darwin was not overstating the matter. It is indeed a strange fact, which looks like a deplorably clumsy piece of biological design — all the stranger because it is another of the many ways in which humans differ from all other land mammals.
Sex in Transition
Authors: Morgan Elaine
Published: November 2023

In the field of sex and reproduction, man differs from the African apes in a wide variety of ways. Among the most basic and far-reaching is the absence of oestrus.

In virtually all mammals the oestrus cycle is a vital and .efficient system of regulating sexual activity by causing the females to become receptive at certain fixed intervals. It conduces to species survival by ensuring that the greatest procreative efforts take place at the time when they are most likely to produce results, namely, around the time of ovulation. At other times sexual activity is, for the purposes of natural selection, a waste of time and energy and semen.
Statistics
Authors: Sisson Donald V
Published: November 2023

experimental unit That entity to which a given treatment is applied. Examples include a tree sprayed with a given chemical or a petri dish containing seed in a particular medium. In the latter example, the dish is the experimental unit, even if there are several seeds in the dish, and measurements are made on the individual seeds. The seeds are samples of the experimental unit.
Electromagnetic Radiation
Authors: Krizek Donald T , Sager John C
Published: November 2023

An accurate description of the radiation environment used in controlled-environment and other studies is fundamental to plant science. Since formal approval of the SI (Systeme International d’Unites) in 1960 by the Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures, there has been increasing interest among plant scientists in trying to standardize terminology used in describing electromagnetic radiation, which includes the human visually evaluated wavelengths called light. The quantities used to describe and evaluate light (e.g., the candela, lumen, lux), however, are not applicable to plant physiology. The following list of terms, symbols, and units is based on recommendations given in the CIE (Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage) International Lighting Vocabulary published in 1987 and in other references attached.
Introduction
Authors: Wellman Carl
Published: November 2023

In the United States and in several other countries, one of the most prolonged and bitter legal and political debates concerns the morality of abortion. At one extreme are the right to choose advocates who appeal to the pregnant woman’s right to have an abortion whenever she so chooses; at the other extreme are those who insist that there can be no right to murder the unborn child and that abortion is always, or almost always, morally wrong because it is a violation of the right to life of the human fetus. The former derive the right to abortion from the pregnant woman’s fundamental right to privacy or from her right to control what happens to her body; the latter challenge these derivations by pointing out that to choose to kill another human being is never a purely private decision and that the fetus is not a part of the mother’s body, like a cyst or tumor, but an independent human organism with its very own genetic code.
Grounds of Moral Positions
Authors: Wellman Carl
Published: November 2023

Although legal rights are paradigmatic, they are only one species of rights out of many. Accordingly, I would now generalize my model of a legal right as follows: A right is a system of Hohfeldian positions that, if respected, confer dominion on one party in face of a second party in a potential confrontation over a specific domain and that are implied by the norm ornorms that constitute that system. Since the rules and regulations of many organizations and a few sets of social conventions institute positions analogous to legal liberties, claims, powers, and immunities, my Hohfeldian model of a legal right can readily be extended to the various species of institutional rights.
Possible Right-Holders
Authors: Wellman Carl
Published: November 2023

Many moral and political debates of great practical importance hinge on very controversial ascriptions of moral rights. Thus, those who believe that abortion ought to be legally prohibited often argue that abortion is murder simply because it violates the moral right to life of the fetus. The act of disconnecting an irreversibly comatose patient from life-support systems is also frequently condemned as a violation of the patient’s right to life. Animal experimentation is sometimes opposed on the ground that it violates certain moral rights of animals. And some environmentalists rest their case on the moral rights of natural species or future generations.
Parallelism and Individuals
Authors: Rocca Michael Della
Published: November 2023

My goal in chapters 2 through 5 is to come to an understanding of Spinoza’s theory of representation. To do so, it is necessary to understand his views on the parallelism of things and ideas and on the relation of ideas to the minds that have them. In the first section of this chapter I introduce and explicate the thesis of parallelism. In the latter five sections of this chapter I apply the account of parallelism to Spinoza’s theory of individuals in order to yield an interpretation of his view on the nature of the human mind and its relation to God’s mind. In this chapter, I only begin to take up the bearing of parallelism on Spinoza’s notion of representation. In chapters 3 through 5 I will scrutinize this connection much further.
Falsity
Authors: Rocca Michael Della
Published: November 2023

Many commentators have thought that, for Spinoza, all ideas must be true. This worry typically arises in the following way. Spinoza connects the truth of an idea with the agreement between the idea and that of which it is the idea. In lax6, he claims that such agreement is necessary for truth: “A true idea must agree with its object.” Spinoza’a use of this axiom in 2p32d reveals that for him agreement is also sufficient for truth. Now, the complaint against Spinoza is that, given Spinoza’s parallelism, each idea must agree with its object. For according to parallelism, the order and connection of ideas is the same as the order and connection of things.
Reading And Writing Music
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann
Published: November 2023

How did musicians customarily see music? How was it arranged on the page? We know the answer when they were performing, but what about when they were reading by themselves or studying?1 The musical examples in textbooks and treatises provide one kind of answer to these questions: they reflect the habits and skills of their readers, a group that presumably ranged from amateurs who could sing and play an instrument and who were interested enough in music to buy books about music to more sophisticated musicians.2 Indirectly the examples mirror the techniques available to both composers and students of composition.
Autograph Composing Manuscripts
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann
Published: November 2023

We know that composers used a variety of different kinds of surfaces for writing down their music. But for the period from 1450 on, all surviving autograph documents that I am aware of were written on paper.1 A surprising number have survived, more than anyone had suspected, and others will surely be discovered as we learn more about where to look for them.2
Giovanni Pierluigi Da Palestrina
Authors: Owens Jessie Ann
Published: November 2023

Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was the most important composer of sacred music in Italy during the final quarter of the sixteenth century. He composed ro4 Masses and several hundred motets, as well as liturgical music: litanies, Magnificats, hymns, and Lamentations.1 He stood apart from most of his contemporaries not only in the sheer volume of music that he composed but also in its unusually wide dissemination both in print and manuscript: he published twenty-one volumes of sacred music during his lifetime, and most enjoyed many subsequent editions.
Bridging the Tributaries
Authors: Stone Desmond
Published: November 2023

Although he always maintained that he never made a plan in his life, Wilder’s return to New York in the mid-1930s to try his luck at popular song and lyric writing and arranging was both sought and inevitable. With his inheritance now spent, he had a need to make some money. Visits through the years had made the Algonquin a home base, and there he could press his nose against the window and watch the famous come and go. Musically, his collision with Howard Hanson and the departure of close colleagues John Barrows and Mitch Miller had diminished Rochester’s appeal. His ties to the school and to mentor Sibley Watson would always be secure, but he could advance his career only in New York.
From Pop to Long Hair
Authors: Stone Desmond
Published: November 2023

In Wilder’s view, the rock and roll movement of the 1950s and ‘60s was like a blight spreading across the landscape of American music, staining all it touched, turning traditional values inside out. He seemed to take this eruption of youthful mass culture almost as a personal insult. Long after most people had perforce adapted to the noisy new phenomenon, long after most parents had given up trying to stop their teenage daughters from buying the records of Elvis Presley, Wilder was still out there shaking his fist on a lonely promontory. That “rotten” rock music seemed to him to be symptomatic of the age itself. There was plenty to be depressed about. The H-bomb was giving rise to doomsday predictions.
Casting a Spell
Authors: Stone Desmond
Published: November 2023

In 1965, together with illustrator Maurice Sendak, Engvick and Wilder completed one of their happiest collaborations: perhaps the most charming collection of children’s songs ever assembled, Lullabies and Night Songs, published by Harper & Row. Since then, this handsome book has given pleasure to untold numbers of American families. But before going into more detail, let us look at some of Wilder’s earlier works for children. Often with Engvick, sometimes with Sundgaard and others, sometimes by himself, Wilder had been writing children’s musical numbers off and on for two decades or so. Sometimes for the children of his friends, sometimes for a wider audience, he would continue to compose such pieces until the last year of his life.
American Popular Song
Authors: Stone Desmond
Published: November 2023

Almost everything Wilder did in the popular music field was prelude and preparation for American Popular Song: The Great Innovators, 1900-1950, a definitive work begun in 1968 and published to applause by Oxford University Press in 1972. Here in this volume is the distillation of a lifetime of study and practice of popular song. All that listening with ears acutely attuned to critical judgment, all that affirmation of life, all that awareness of what makes a great song, all that flooding of the soul with melody-those were the things that finally crested and came together in a pioneering publication in the last decade of his life.
The Final Years
Authors: Stone Desmond
Published: November 2023

In January 1974, just three months after the sweet savor of The Truth About Windmills, Wilder was chilled by the death at age sixty of John Barrows, his most cherished colleague and friend. That was the day he began measuring his own mortality. Although he would keep on composing right up to his own death in 1980 for the creative springs could never be long denied-the bouts of depression would occur more often and some of his more serious music would take on darker tones. More than anyone else, Barrows had opened to him the world of classical music and, more than anyone else, had persuaded him that he was indeed a composer worthy of the name.
Meaning: The Perennial Quest
Authors: Schwartzberg Steven
Published: November 2023

Not long ago, I had the opportunity to meet with Daniel, a 22-year-old man finishing his senior year of college. Despite the trappings of a well-to-do suburban upbringing, Daniel’s life had been marked by extraordinary stress. His parents divorced, acrimoniously, when he was I I years old, and then he was orphaned at the age of 17. In a morbid coincidence, both his parents died within months of each other, each from an unrelated illness. His siblings (a small horde of half and step brothers and sisters) were engaged in a bitter feud over what remained of the estate — most of which seemed to be withering away through legal fees. At 22, Daniel had already faced losses and life stresses typical of someone well beyond his years.

Yet given these difficult events, Daniel was doing quite well. He was successfully graduating from college, had a circle of good friends, and still maintained a sense of youthful, genuine buoyancy. Despite all that life had hurled his way, Daniel was still able to muster a necessary optimism to face his circumstances.
Living with Uncertainty, Ambiguity, and Questions of Mortality
Authors: Schwartzberg Steven
Published: November 2023

One of the greatest challenges of life with HIV is the uncertainty of it all. Distressing questions abound: Will I get sick? When? How? Am I prepared? With what ailment? What’s the best way to take care of myself?

Tolerating the unknown can be extremely difficult, so it is not surprising that most people strive to reduce uncertainty in their lives—not only with major hurdles such as HIV but with minor day-to-day concerns as well. One way we do this is by establishing consistency in a multitude of small ways. We keep our housekeys in the same place (and feel annoyed or frustrated when we can’t find them). We create a morning routine for starting the day. We water our houseplants weekly, or pay the bills monthly, or watch the same television show with regularity.

Of course these mundane matters are not at all on a par with acclimating to life with HIV. Yet such minor details, usually taken for granted, play a crucial role in the subtle unfolding and sustenance of life’s meaning. We organize our lives to maximize a sense of regularity.
Coping, Changing, Growing
Authors: Schwartzberg Steven
Published: November 2023

To cope effectively with HIV is to embrace opposites. The goal is to balance denial with self-examination, illusion with actuality, rebellion with acquiescence, risk-taking with safety. Accepting fate needs to be tempered by refusing to accept. Seizing control must be offset by relinquishing it.

Problems with coping can take many forms. People give up, or give in, or fight too fiercely, or escape too easily. Although they show different faces, these coping failures all share the same root: The interdependence of opposites has been lost.

Yet how difficult this balance can be to maintain, and how easy to careen off course in a single direction. Some lose their way with too great an investment in illusion, others with too unflagging a confrontation with reality. Some fight to regain a control that can never be attained. Others prematurely dismiss all attempts at control as futile.
The Century of Taste
Authors: Dickie George
Published: November 2023

The Century of Taste offers an exposition and critical account of the central figures in the early development of the modern philosophy of art: Hutcheson, Gerard, Alison, Kant, and Hume. Dickie follows the development of the modern theory of taste from its origination by Hutcheson, to blind alleys followed by Gerard and Alison, its refinement and complete expression by Hume, and finally to its decline in the hands of Kant. In a straightforward and unpretentious style, Dickie offers sympathetic discussions of the theoretical aims of these philosophers, but does not shy from controversy - for instance, pointing out the obscurities and inconsistencies in Kant’s aesthetics writings, which Dickie argues are overrated.