bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alt-Pe by Children with Autism Placed in Regular, Reversed Mainstreamed, and Adapted Physical Education Classes
Authors: Lisboa Fabio Luis F. , Butterfield Stephen A. , Reif Glenn , McIntlre Walter
Published: August 2011

Three boys with autism showed acceptable (15 to 25%) academic learning time during 5 consecutive class periods suggesting their participation was suitable in three different kinds of class organization.
Minimum Level of Teachers' Performance and Students' Achievement in Volleyball Skills
Authors: Gusthart J. L. , Kelly I. W. , Graham T.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to establish the minimum performance by teachers on the Qualitative Measures of Teaching Performance Scale required to influence students' achievement of volleyball skills. Beginning eighth-grade students and 14 teachers were examined over an instructional three-week volleyball unit. Teachers who scored 40 to 53 points were not as effective as those who scored above 55 on the 100-point scale. In this context a score at least in the mid-fifties was desirable.
Predicting the Time Series Suicide and Murder Rates in India
Authors: Lester David , Natarajan Mangai
Published: August 2011

From 1969 to 1988, female participation in the labor force and fertility predicted the suicide rate in India and the USA, but in opposite ways for the two countries.
An Examination of Leenaars' Theory of Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The biographical data of 30 famous suicides were assessed using eight core elements identified by Leenaars as characterizing genuine suicide notes The younger suicides had faced worse interpersonal problems with fewer psychological resources than the older suicides.
Lack of Age Differences in Context-Illness Associations in the Long-Delay Taste-Aversion Conditioning of Rats
Authors: Misanin James R. , Hinderliter Charles F.
Published: August 2011

To evaluate whether previously observed age differences in long-delay taste aversion were due to age-related differences in the shared association of contextual cues and CS with the US, weanling, young-adult, and old-adult rats were given a NaCl or LiCl US immediately after or a LiCl US 3 hr. after a saccharin CS presentation in a black or white context. They were then given a context-preference test in a chamber which was half black and half white. Analysis showed rats, irrespective of age or conditioning context, spent a significantly smaller percentage of time on the white side than on the black side of the test chamber. These results suggest that age differences in long-delay taste-aversion conditioning are not due to age-related differences in the shared association of contextual cues and CS with the US.
Self-Referencing in Poor and Good Readers' Recall
Authors: Lewandowski Lawrence , Waterman Betsy B. , Rathbone Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the current study was to assess whether use of a student's name in a reading passage (self-referencing) would improve the child's recall of information from the passage. 17 poor readers and 14 good readers, ages 10 to 13 years, were asked to read six reading passages and then spontaneously recall the paragraph information. Three of the passages contained the students' names while the other three passages contained generic names, e.g., Mary Brown. Analysis indicated that both groups collectively recalled more information from paragraphs containing their own names and that the groups did not differ in recall on either type of paragraph. It appears that self-referencing instructional materials could have benefits for students' learning.
Dextrality and Eye Position in Putting Performance
Authors: Steinberg Gregg M. , Frehlich Shane G. , Tennant L. Keith
Published: August 2011

The relationship between eye and hand dominance and the relative positioning of the ball with respect to the subjects' eyes on putting performance was investigated. Twenty-four pure dextral (right-eyed and right-handed) and 24 cross-dextral (left-eyed and right-handed) novice golfers were randomly assigned to putt at a target 3.66 m away in two conditions, eyes focused directly over the ball and eyes positioned midway between their feet and the ball, i.e., eyes positioned 5 cm closer to their feet. The analysis indicated a significant interaction for dextrality and the relative position of the eyes during putting. Pure dextral golfers demonstrated less absolute error and less variable error in their putting performance when they focused their eyes midway between the ball and their feet than when they positioned their eyes directly over the ball. No differences in error scores were found for cross-dextrals across the two putting conditions.
On the Possible Causal Relation between Perceived Spatial Orientation and Induced Motion
Authors: Reinhardt-Rutland Anthony H.
Published: August 2011

In 1994 Brooks and Sherrick showed that both the rod-and-frame effect and frame-and-spot-induced motion increase as the inducing frame is made larger. This suggests that change in perceived spatial orientation causes induced motion. Here it is argued that the rod-and-frame effect is more appropriately compared with induced rotation, which differs from frame-and-spot-induced motion in a number of ways. It is argued that the rod-and-frame effect may inhibit induced rotation.
Foot Performance of Right- and Left-Handers: A Question of Environmental Influence
Authors: Gabbard Carl , Hart Susan
Published: August 2011

Prior research has shown that right-handed adults perform better on a speed-tapping task with the right hand and right foot, while left-handers execute more rapidly with the left hand and right foot. Speculation is that environmental influence, most likely driving experience, may account for the right-foot bias. To examine this hypothesis further, 48 young right- and left-handed children were tested on a similar protocol. Analyses indicated no significant differences in foot performance within hand-preference groups. Since these findings do not complement reports for adults, factors such as experience or maturation might contribute to the difference. Were patterns similar, the effect of environmental influence would be assumed to be small. However, much more evidence is needed before an adequate explanation can be developed. The issue of possible environmental influence is discussed from various theoretical perspectives.
Stimulus-Response Compatibility and Videogame Performance
Authors: Bronw R. Michael , Delong Debbie , Brown Norma L. , Reid Kathy
Published: August 2011

We investigated the role of stimulus-response compatibility in influencing manual reactions to a moving visual target in a videogame (pong). 40 right-handed university men were assigned randomly to one of two experimental conditions, the normal game condition or a reverse control condition in which the response device on the right controls the left game paddle and the device on the left controls the right paddle. Subjects in the normal condition performed marginally better playing pong when seated on the right than when seated on the left, consistent with earlier findings. However, subjects in the reverse control condition showed the reverse effect, a leftside advantage. These findings suggest that compatibility between location of the moving target (the ball) and either handedness or hand used to respond may have been responsible for the right-side advantage observed in the normal-game condition.
Instantaneous Change in Sleep Stage with Noise of a Passing Truck
Authors: Kawada Tomoyuki , Suzuki Shosuke
Published: August 2011

The transient effects of passing truck noise on sleep polygraphs of 8 men were studied. The percentage of the sleep Stage 2 which changed from Stage 2 to Stage 1, waking or movement time, was calculated. The shallowing of REM sleep was identified when it had changed to other stages, and the shallow epoch percentage was calculated for the REM sleep. The percentage of shallow epochs for Stage 2 significantly increased against that of the control condition after exposure to noise but was not statistically significant for Stage REM. In conclusion, the shallowing or changes in the sleep Stage 2 or REM sleep with the passing truck noise might be observed at noise levels of less than 45 dBA or greater than 60 dBA, respectively.
Effect of Tone on Directional Orientation during Stepping in Place with Eyes Closed
Authors: Okuzumi Hideyuki , Tanaka Atsushi , Haishi Kouichi , Sasaki Tadayuki
Published: August 2011

To examine the effect of a tone on directional orientation during stepping in place with eyes closed 10 healthy adults ages 20 to 27 years stepped in place for 120 seconds with eyes closed in 3 conditions: without a tone, with 1000-Hz pure tone, and with white noise. To examine how the subject rotated in stepping, both range and dispersion of the head's angular displacement were measured by a compass sensitive to terrestrial magnetism. Analysis showed that white noise was effective for directional orientation during stepping. Also, in the pure-tone condition, angular displacement of the head was similar to that in the no-tone condition. This result may have been due to the fact that the stationary wave created by the interference wave made sound normalization impossible.
Retention Intervals and Serial List Memory
Authors: Korsnes Maria Stylianou
Published: August 2011

Pictorial stimuli were presented in serial lists and tested for recognition. 11 men and 9 women participated at retention intervals of 5, 15, and 25 sec. The length of retention interval interacted with primacy and recency effects as observed in earlier studies of abstract stimuli, indicating similar basic memory functions for different types of visual stimuli. A shift from recency to primacy dominance remained despite the likelihood of verbal rehearsal. At short retention intervals a recency effect predominated and with longer delays a primacy effect predominated recognition.
Alphanumeric Sequencing and Cognitive Impairment among Elderly Persons
Authors: Grigsby Jim , Kaye Kathryn
Published: August 2011

Alphanumeric Sequencing involves the alternating recitation of counting and the alphabet. We report data on the use of this measure among 112 VA patients ranging in age from 61 to 100 years who were administered the Alphanumeric Sequencing, Trail Making Test, Digits Forward and Backward, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale. Persons who obtained scores < 27 on the Mini-Mental State Examination or < 14 on the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale performed significantly more poorly than those who scored higher. Both the time and errors were correlated (.11 to -.49) with measures of information processing and short-term memory.
Gait Disturbance of Patients with Vascular and Alzheimer-Type Dementias
Authors: Tanaka Atsushi , Okuzumi Hideyuki , Kobayashi Iwao , Murai Norio , Meguro Kenichi , Nakamura Takashi
Published: August 2011

The gaits of 15 patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and 15 with vascular dementia were compared with those of 15 healthy control subjects. Patients with senile dementia showed significantly slower velocity and shorter step length than the healthy controls, and those with vascular dementia exhibited a reduction on these two variables relative to patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type.
Effects of Auditory Radio Interference on a Fine, Continuous, Open Motor Skill
Authors: Lazar John M. , Koceja David M. , Morris Harold H.
Published: August 2011

The effects of human speech on a fine, continuous, and open motor skill were examined. A tape of auditory human radio traffic was interjected into a tank gunnery simulator during each training session for 4 wk. of training for 3 hr. a week. The dependent variables were identification time, fire time, kill time, systems errors, and acquisition errors. These were measured by the Unit Conduct Of Fire Trainer (UCOFT). The interference was interjected into the UCOFT Tank Table VIII gunnery test. A Solomon four-group design was used. A 2 × 2 analysis of variance was used to assess whether interference gunnery training resulted in improvements in interference posttest scores. During the first three weeks of training, the interference group committed 106% more systems errors and 75% more acquisition errors than the standard group. The interference training condition was associated with a significant improvement from pre- to posttest of 44% in over-all UCOFT scores; however, when examined on the posttest the standard training did not improve performance significantly over the same period. It was concluded that auditory radio interference degrades performance of this fine, continuous, open motor skill, and interference training appears to abate the effects of this degradation.
Estimating the True Economic Cost of Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Recent estimates of the economic loss from suicides are criticized for overestimating the economic costs by neglecting the costs of psychiatric treatment, overestimating the extent of lost wages, and ignoring potential medical and pension costs.
Coefficients of Variation for Nominal and Ordinal Categorical Data
Authors: Kvålseth Tarald O.
Published: August 2011

Various measures of variation for categorical data which have been introduced suffer from the limitation that their numerical values generally appear to be unreasonable. This may cause their use to give misleading results and poor data discrimination. In this paper, two coefficients of variation for categorical data which seem to have appropriate numerical properties are introduced. One of the coefficients is appropriate for nominal data and one for ordinal data.
Suicide and Parasuicide in Scotland
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Male suicide and parasuicide rates were associated from 1982 to 1992 in Scotland, but female suicide and parasuicide rates were not.
Attitudes of Tennessee College Students toward Women
Authors: Mookherjee Harsha N.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the associations of college students' attitudes toward women (feminism) and measures of “traditional family ideology,” “authoritarian attitudes,” and “religious fundamentalism” attitudes and beliefs. Data were collected from 377 college students selected with a stratified multistage sampling process from a rural university campus in middle Tennessee. Analyses of variance indicated a marked difference among the male and female students' feminism scores. In addition, students' age, religion, and their mothers' religion and education as well as the “traditional family ideology” and “authoritarian attitudes” scores were strongly related to students' attitudes toward women.
Personality Correlates of Correctly Identifying Genuine Suicide Notes
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The success of 29 college students in identifying genuine from simulated suicide notes was not related to their scores on the Machiavellian scale.
Birth Order and Communication Skills of Pharmacy Students
Authors: Murawski Matthew M. , Miederhoff Patrick , Rule Warren
Published: August 2011

Pharmacy educators are training graduates in a concept of practice called pharmaceutical care. The movement towards patient care requires consideration of the personal and social qualities of trainees. All individuals attracted to pharmacy may not desire involvement in patient care. This preliminary study of pharmacy students of the relationships among birth order, empathy, and assertiveness behaviors using the Interpersonal Communication Inventory showed the incidence of firstborn students in this sample was not significantly higher than in the general population but the incidence of those born second was significantly lower. Regression analysis of individual items gave significant correlations between birth order and three items on the inventory. While few conclusions can be drawn, a clear direction for further research is indicated.
Inaccurate Feedback and Performance on the Müller-Lyer Illusion
Authors: Brosvic Gary M. , Finizio Sarah
Published: August 2011

The effects of accurate and erroneous feedback on magnitude of illusion for the Müller-Lyer illusion were examined. The provision of accurate feedback substantially reduced the magnitude of the Müller-Lyer illusion whereas the influences of inaccurate feedback were dependent upon whether subjects were prompted to overestimate or to underestimate the length of the comparison line.
Antecedents of Multidimensional Competitive State Anxiety and Self-Confidence in Duathletes
Authors: Lane Andrew , Terry Peter , Karageorghis Costas
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to explore the situational antecedents of multidimensional state anxiety among competitors in the sport of duathlon (run/cycle/run). Subjects ( N = 122; Age: M = 28.3 yr., SD = 7.8 yr.) completed the Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory-2 1 hr. before competition. In addition, they completed a 21-item Prerace Questionnaire modified for duathlon on which scores were factor analysed. Six factors accounted for 73.5% of the variance, similar to those identified by Jones, et al. in 1990. Step-wise multiple regression indicated that race goals and perceived readiness were significant predictors of cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence. Self-confidence was also predicted by attitude toward previous performance. This finding supports the proposal that these anxiety subcomponents share common antecedents but challenges the notion that cognitive and somatic anxiety also have unique antecedents.
Reflexive Resolution in Parsing Japanese Logophoric and Nonlogophoric Sentences
Authors: Nagata Hlroshi
Published: August 2011

This study addresses online resolution of the Japanese reflexive, jibun, for logophoric and nonlogophoric sentences in which the reflexive was manipulated to relate more often with a subject of a subordinate sentence (subordinate-subject) than with that of a matrix sentence (matrix-subject). 48 students were administered an antecedent identification task on which they were required to identify quickly and accurately the antecedent of the reflexive with a marker given to them either immediately after the end of a sentence following a matrix-verb or 4 sec. later. Despite the manipulation, the matrix-subject was predominantly judged to be the antecedent of the reflexive regardless of the sentence type. However, the subordinate-subject as the judged antecedent of the reflexive increased on the average from around 30.6% immediately after the end of the sentence to 50.1% 4 sec. later. Findings indicate that Japanese speakers are insensitive to the logophoricity involved in the reflexive sentences and a certain length of time is needed for the final interpretation of the sentences to be well established.
Subway Suicide Rates and National Suicide Rates
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The suicide rates on the subway systems of 17 major cities were not associated with the suicide rates of the nations in which those cities were located.
Anhedonia, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation
Authors: Loas Gwenolé , Fremaux Didier , Gayant Christine , Boyer Patrice
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 224 healthy subjects, anhedonia scores were not associated with depression scores or with suicidal preoccupation.
Sensory Interaction and Descriptions of Fabric Hand
Authors: Burns Leslie Davis , Chandler Joan , Brown Donna M. , Cameron Bruce , Dallas Merry Jo , Kaiser Susan B.
Published: August 2011

82 subjects who viewed and felt fabrics (sensory interaction group) used different categories of terms to describe fabric hand than did 38 subjects who only felt the fabrics. Therefore, the methods used to measure fabric hand that isolate the senses may not accurately assess the way in which subjects describe fabric hand in nonlaboratory settings.
Off-Line Reflexive Resolution in Parsing Japanese Logophoric Sentences: An Extension
Authors: Nagata Hiroshi
Published: August 2011

This study examined the external validity of Nagata's 1995 finding on off-line resolution of a Japanese reflexive. jibun, for logophoric and nonlogophoric sentences. The subject marker, - ga, was attached to both a matrix-subject and a subordinate-subject as contrasted with the previous study in which the matrix-subject received a topic marker, - wa. Analysis again showed no effect of sentence type, thus making invalid Kuroda's (1973) thesis and Chomsky's (1981) binding principle as applied to parsing logophoric and nonlogophoric sentences.
Influences of Age at Onset of Blindness on Braille Reading Performances with Left and Right Hands
Authors: Sampaio Eliana , Philip Jean
Published: August 2011

Several previous studies suggest that early sensory deprivation produces a changed organisation of the cerebral cortex. This study compared the effects of early and late total blindness on a Braille reading task. This task is intended to induce a superiority of the left hand rather than the right because of the particular role played by the right hemisphere in Braille decoding. 38 strongly right-handed adults, accustomed to daily bimanual Braille reading, were tested. 21 subjects were born blind and 17 became blind during childhood before learning to read. Analysis indicated that previous visual experience can, under certain conditions, play a modulating role in manual superiority in Braille reading.
Symbolic Communication between Two Simulated Pigeons (Columba Livia Simulata)
Authors: Muir Donal E.
Published: August 2011

Through the use of learned symbols, a computer-simulated pigeon accurately communicated information about hidden colors to another simulated pigeon. Each verbal exchange was initiated with a spontaneous request for information. The two simulants engaged in a sustained and natural conversation without human intervention, demonstrating that symbolic communication, previously shown by primates and nonprimates, can be performed by adaptive systems generally.
Null Effect of Set Size in Lexical Decision
Authors: Algarabel Salvador , Ruiz Juan Carlos
Published: August 2011

The effect of set size indicates that recall of a word is greater when its cue is associated with fewer words. This study was designed to replicate this result with lexical decisions of 18 students. In spite of obtaining the set-size effect with cue recall, it was not observed with lexical decision.
The Use of Next-of-Kin in Assessing Handedness
Authors: Dorthe Nicole J. , Blumenthal Terry D. , Jason Donald R. , Lantz Patrick E.
Published: August 2011

The present study administered a 15-item handedness questionnaire to 129 college students and their next-of-kin. This questionnaire was similar to the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory, except that a 7-point scale was used instead of a 2-choice scale. Test-retest reliability was evaluated with a second administration of the handedness questionnaire to each subject. Analysis showed a high test-retest reliability for all items and a high correlation between subject and next-of-kin responding for most items. However, some items on the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory showed much higher correlations than others when comparing subject and next-of-kin responding. The contribution of these data is that subjects' handedness can be accurately estimated from next-of-kin responses if a subset of these questionnaire items are used.
Children's Version of the Alternative Impairment Index: A Pilot Study
Authors: Horton A. M.
Published: August 2011

The Alternative Impairment Index, a measure composed of scores derived from the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery, was proposed as a new measure of neuropsychological impairment in adults. This pilot study investigated the feasibility of a Children's Version of the Alternative Impairment Index. Test records for 16 normal and brain-damaged children, between the ages of 9 and 14 years, who had been administered the complete Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery for Older Children, were obtained and the Children's Version of the Alternative Impairment Index and the Children's Total Neuropsychological Deficit Score were compared for agreement on severity. Agreement, i.e., 56% or 9/16 correct agreement, was weak.
Implicit Theories of Achievement and the Sport Experience: Effect of Goal Orientations on Achievement Strategies and Perspectives
Authors: Roberts Glyn C. , Hall Howard K. , Jackson Susan A. , Kimiecik Jay C. , Tonymon Phyllis
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the effect of holding either a task- or an ego-oriented goal perspective on the perception of the purpose of sport, achievement strategies in practice and competition, satisfaction, and focus in competition. A total of 338 young adults were assessed for task- and ego-oriented achievement goals, the purposes of sport, and achievement strategies used during practice and competition. Congruent with previous research, achievement goals had a conceptually consistent association with the purposes of sport in that task-oriented athletes endorsed prosocial attributes and ego-oriented athletes endorsed achieving status. Achievement goals were also meaningfully related to achievement strategies adopted in practice and competition, satisfaction, and focus in competition. The study underscored the importance of achievement goals in understanding achievement strategies and behaviors of athletes in competitive sport contexts.
Measurement and Appraisal: A Comment on Brook and Brook (1995)
Authors: Dewe Philip
Published: August 2011

The relationship between job stress and mental health may be better understood by considering alternative measurement strategies and thoughtfully applying the theory of appraisal.
Differential Categorization of Words by Learning Disabled, Gifted, and Nonexceptional Students
Authors: Siegel Janna , Cook Ruth , Gerard Joyce
Published: August 2011

This research was done to answer whether learning disabled students attend to different word features than nonexceptional and gifted students and whether there is a difference by grade Word sorts of meaningful and nonsense words were used to estimate differences between 145 first- and fifth-grade learning disabled, nonexceptional, and gifted groups. Analyses indicated that 54 learning disabled students were more likely to provide no response or to give simpler responses than 61 nonexceptional or 30 gifted peers. Older children ( n = 78) attended to more and varied word features, were more likely to focus on recognizable meaning, and were more able to use syllables as a tool for sorting than were 67 younger children. Significant differences were noted between grade and exceptionality groups. Implications for practical application and further research are discussed.
Dream Recall and Visual Memory
Authors: Schredl Michael , Frauscher Saskia , Shendi Acram
Published: August 2011

The present study estimated correlations for 50 subjects among frequency of dream recall, length of dream report, and visual memory. Whereas the results confirmed the previously found relationship between frequency of dream recall and visual memory, influence of visual memory on length of dream report was not found.
Discriminant Effectiveness of Psychological State Measures in Predicting Performance Outcome in Karate Competition
Authors: Terry Peter C. , Slade Andrew
Published: August 2011

Male Shotokan karate players (karateka) ( N = 208) completed the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 and the Profile of Mood States about 40 minutes before a competition. Single-factor multivariate analysis of variance of preperformance mood and anxiety scores indicated significant differences between winning and losing competitors. Winners scored higher on Vigor, Anger, and Self-confidence, and lower on Tension, Depression, Fatigue, Confusion, Cognitive Anxiety, and Somatic Anxiety. Discriminant function analysis showed that 91.96% of participants could be correctly classified as winners or losers on the basis of preperformance mood scores. This figure rose to 93.47% when scores on the anxiety subscales were also included in the discriminant function analysis. Anxiety scores alone produced 78.89% discrimination. Mood profiles for winning karateka were in line with the “mental health” profile of Morgan except for above-average scores on Anger. This result supports the view of McGowan and Miller that anger may facilitate performance in karate competition. The capacity of measures of psychological state to discriminate performance exceeds previous reports, suggesting that karate performance may be exceptionally mood-dependent. These results suggest that interventions which increase scores on Vigor and Anger and reduce scores on Tension, Depression, Fatigue, and Confusion may be particularly efficacious for Shotokan karate performance.
Contributions to Psychohistory: XXIV. Professional Experience and Expertise in the Area of Information Sciences
Authors: Carreras Ophélie , Eyrolle Hélène , Bertrand Annick
Published: August 2011

Document categorization for the elaboration of a bibliography plan differs according to the level and type of expertise.
Observation of Response Strategies in Cycling Time Trials
Authors: DeFrancesco Crarmaine , DeSario Larry F.
Published: August 2011

Athletes in sprint events use various mental and physical starting strategies prior to beginning a race. Included among these strategies are sensory-set and motor-set strategies. A sensory-set strategy is one in which the athlete concentrates on reacting as fast as possible to an auditory or visual stimulus. A motor-set strategy is one in which the athlete consciously attends to a component of a well-learned skill rather than to the stimulus which evokes the initiation of the skill. The purpose of this study was to observe differences in starting techniques of 20 championship cyclists in the one-kilometer time-trial sprint race. Analysis showed that 10 highly proficient cyclists responded significantly faster after the auditory stimulus and recorded faster 1/2-lap split times than 10 proficient cyclists. Strategy selection and use of elite cyclists should be investigated further to examine efficient starting strategies and procedures.
Characteristics of Elementary School Principals and Their Support for the Physical Education Program
Authors: Lock Robyn S. , Telljohann Susan K. , Price James H.
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to describe the characteristics of elementary school principals who support elementary physical education programs. A statewide random sample of 500 elementary school principals and their respective elementary physical education teachers ( n = 500) were mailed questionnaires. A total of 321 principals responded (64%) to a 20-item questionnaire which assessed their physical fitness and their perceptions of elementary physical education. A total of 340 physical education teachers (68%) responded to a 23-item survey assessing their perceptions of their elementary principals' support for the physical education program. The majority of teachers perceived their principals to be supportive of them and the physical education program. A series of l tests showed no significant differences in principals' age, gender, years of experience as a principal, or how important they thought health and physical education was compared to other subjects taught in the elementary school and how supportive of physical education the principals were perceived to be. Finally, a stepwise backward multiple regression analysis indicated that seven variables, including fitness of the principal and body mass index, did not explain more than 13% of the variance in teachers' perceived support by principals.
Nonasymptotic Inferences Based on Cochran's Q Test
Authors: Mielke Paul W. , Berry Kenneth J.
Published: August 2011

A nonasymptotic inference procedure for Cochran's Q test for the equality of matched proportions is presented. The nonasymptotic method provides improvement over the asymptotic method when there is a small number of subjects and/or a relatively small proportion of successes for subjects.
Some Perceptions of Shoppers about Uncooked Ground Beef: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

An informal inquiry tended to lend support to a seemingly popularly held shoppers' belief that uncooked ground beef (hamburger meat) comes in three color combinations. However, there appeared to be some misconception as to the cause of the color variation and its significance.
Visual Inspection Alone Produces a Decrement in the Horizontal-Vertical Illusion
Authors: Glaser Amy L. , Slotnick Burton M.
Published: August 2011

Subjects inspected either inverted-T or L figures for 5 min. and then shortened the extended vertical lines of inverted-T figures in an attempt to make the vertical line equal in length to the horizontal line. Those who inspected inverted-T figures were more accurate on initial trials than controls (who did not inspect figures), those who inspected L figures, or those who inspected inverted-T figures and made adjustments on the inspected figures. The results indicate that visual inspection alone can produce a decrease in the Horizontal-Vertical illusion and may account, in part, for changes in strategic factors which have been hypothesized to underlie illusion decrement.
Comment on: Measurement and Appraisal (Dewe, 1995)
Authors: Brook Richard J. , Brook Judith A.
Published: August 2011

Response to two issues raised by Dewe is provided. The tree diagram permits a different view of data and may be utilized with various models.
Accuracy of College Honors Students' Self-Reported American Collegiate Test Scores
Authors: Payne Brian K. , Harper Hilary , Quandt Blcky , Campbell Tara , Bodenheimer Tonya , White Labett
Published: August 2011

The accuracy of responses to survey questions by 105 college honors students who reported their American College Test scores in English, Mathematics, Social Studies, Natural Sciences, and Total scores was examined. Students were asked to report their total ACT scores and their subject-area ACT scores. The responses were accurate only for the total score. Implications are provided in the conclusion.
Harmonic Relationship between Preferred Tempi and Heart Rate
Authors: Iwanaga Makoto
Published: August 2011

Since people tend to prefer musical tempi ranging from 70 to 100 beats per minute, cyclic physiological response like heart rate is considered one of the factors affected by tempo preference. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between preferred tempi and heart rate. Subjects were instructed to find their favorite tempi while their heart rates were being measured. The presented tone stimulus was 440 Hz, 60 dB pressure of pure tone, and the presented tempo varied from 10 to 300 cycles per minute. The relationship between heart rate and preferred tempo was examined to calculate the density function of ratios of preferred tempi to heart rate. This density function indicated that preferred tempi were distributed mostly one, one and a half, and two times as fast as heart rate. This finding indicated preferred tempi had a simple harmonic relationship to heart rate.
Temporal Delays in Incorporation of Events into Dreams
Authors: Powell Russell A. , Cheung Jennifer S. , Nielsen Tore A. , Cervenka Thomas M.
Published: August 2011

20 subjects viewed an emotionally arousing video and then recorded their dreams at home for seven nights. Dreams were subsequently rated for the likelihood that some aspect of the video had been incorporated. For subjects who showed strong evidence of incorporation, mean likelihood of incorporation ratings followed a U-shaped pattern, with significantly higher scores on Nights 1, 6, and 7 than on Night 4. The similarity of this temporal pattern with REM sleep patterns observed in rats exposed to various learning experiences is noted, and the role of the hippocampus as a possible neural mechanism for delayed incorporations is discussed.
Evidence for Development of Distinction of Voice Onset Time in a Child with Left-Hemisphere Lesion
Authors: Paulson-Sebold Kelly , Hansen Ludie R. , Seikel J. Anthony , Hargrove Patricia M. , Chermak Gail D.
Published: August 2011

Following surgery for partial removal of the posterior left hemisphere at 5 mo., voice onset time was assessed to 9; 11 yr. Left-hemisphere language function associated with voicing appeared subsumed by the right hemisphere.
Cohesion Correlates with Affect in Structured Exercise Classes
Authors: Courneya Kerry S.
Published: August 2011

Correlations of scores on the Group Environment Questionnaire measuring cohesion and the Feeling Scale ranged from .17 to .23 and support Carton's model.
Learning Style Consistency across Cognitive and Motor Settings
Authors: Coker Cheryl A.
Published: August 2011

23 athletes were asked to complete the Learning Styles Inventory first focusing on classroom learning, then on learning in their sport. Analysis indicated that learning styles shift across cognitive and motor settings. As a result, to ensure the validity of the results, giving respondents a particular focus when taking the inventory may be necessary. The development of an instrument designed strictly for motor skills might be helpful to assess successfully learners' profiles for motor skill acquisition.
Sex Attribution to Hypothetical Persons Described by an Adjective Trait List: A Replication
Authors: Koenig Fredrick
Published: August 2011

This paper is a replication of the author's 1969 study, “Sex Attribution to Hypothetical Persons Described by Adjective Trait Lists.” In both studies the trait lists were made up of four masculine traits, four feminine traits, four neutral traits, and four traits which were half masculine and half feminine. In the 1969 study most of the figures described, 81%, were male. In the intervening years, the feminist movement, emphasis on changing sexist elements in language, and similar social phenomena influenced the author to hypothesize that female figures would be more highly represented in a replication. In the repetition of the study 25 years later, 53% of the responses were of female figures, 26% were male figures, and 21% were either male or female.
Relationship between Musical Ability and Intelligence after Correcting for Attenuation
Authors: Rae Gordon , McAnulty Heather
Published: August 2011

A sample of 94 10- to 11-yr.-olds in Northern Ireland completed the Bentley Measures of Musical Ability and Raven's Progressive Matrices on two occasions. Modest correlations were found between scores on the two instruments, even after correcting for attenuation.
Sources of Variance Affecting Receipt of Aggression
Authors: Hewitt Jay
Published: August 2011

36 boys and 33 girls from a suburban high school and 24 boys and 22 girls from an inner-city high school rated the frequency with which four other peopie hit or kicked them during the year. The four people were a brother, sister, nonfamily male (with whom they fought most during the year), and nonfamily female (with whom they fought most during the year). When responses were dichotomized into “hit” versus “not hit” by a particular person during the year, there was no effect of environment (suburban vs inner-city). The percentage of boys reporting being hit by girls was higher than the percentage of girls reporting being hit by girls. People with siblings were more likely to report being hit by them than by a nonfamily member (although frequency of contact might account for this finding).
Task-Specific Conjugate Lateral Eye Movements
Authors: Galluscio Eugene H. , Paradzinski Pamela
Published: August 2011

Conjugate lateral eye movements induced by task-specific reflective thought were examined in 10 dextral men. Verbal and spatial stimuli designed to activate reflective thought in the left (verbal) and right (spatial) cerebral hemispheres of the brain were presented tachistoscopically in a darkened environment. Eye movements during reflective thought were monitored and scored using an infrared eye-tracking device. Reflective thought induced by the spatial task produced significantly more leftward conjugate lateral eye movement. The verbal task tended to produce more rightward and upward movements. The results are viewed as consistent with a task-specific brain-hemispheric activation model of contralateral conjugate eye movements during reflective thought.
Computerized Information Retrieval: Individual Differences in the Use of Spatial vs Nonspatial Navigational Information
Authors: Westerman S. J.
Published: August 2011

Although a number of experiments have demonstrated the importance of spatial ability as a predictor of computer-based performance, there is little evidence relating to the mechanics of this association or the implications for interface design. Two experiments on the relative importance of spatial and nonspatial semantic information within the context of computerized information retrieval are described. The first experiment indicated that spatial ability did not interact with the spatial information content of the computer interface. The second experiment indicated that the effects of spatial ability are attenuated when additional nonspatial semantic information is provided.
Acceptable Levels of Tonal and Broad-Band Repetitive and Continuous Sounds during the Performance of Nonauditory Tasks
Authors: Landström Ulf , Kjellberg Anders , Byström Marianne
Published: August 2011

Three groups of 24 subjects were exposed to a 1000–Hz tone or broad band noise in a sound chamber. During the exposures subjects were engaged in an easy reaction time test or a difficult grammatical reasoning test. For each exposure and work subjects adjusted the noise to a tolerance level defined by its interference with task performance. During the simple reaction-time task significantly higher sound-pressure levels were accepted than during the reasoning test. At the tonal exposure, much lower levels were accepted than during the exposure to broad-band noise. For continuous sound exposures much higher levels were accepted than for noncontinuous exposures. For tonal exposures the difference was approximately 5 dB, for the broad-band exposures approximately 9 dB. In a separate study the effects of the noncontinuity of the noise and pauses were analysed. The raised annoying effect of the noncontinuous noise was not more affected by the noncontinuity of the noise periods than by the noncontinuity of the pauses. The results imply that the annoying reactions to the sound will be increased for repetitive noise and that the reaction is highly influenced by the over-all noncontinuity of the exposure.
Temporal Factors in Visual Perception: A Differential Approach
Authors: Jones Marshall B. , Kennedy Robert S.
Published: August 2011

The tradition in sensory and perceptual psychology is not to pay much attention to individual differences but to focus almost exclusively on normative or generic processes. Nevertheless, consistent individual differences may exist in sensory and perceptual processes, just as they do in all other areas of human behavior where their existence has been investigated. A preliminary study was made of flicker fusion frequency, apparent movement, and three other perceptual tasks as differential measures. With one exception, Letter Search, all of the tests were psychophysical rather than cognitive. All had to do with time; that is, perceptual speed mattered in all of them. The analysis focused on reliability, in the sense of consistency from trial to trial. Four of the five tests showed good reliabilities in this sense, while the fifth was borderline. In one test, Bistable Stroboscopic Motion, the dependent measure, interstimulus interval, showed a consistent though shallow tendency to lengthen with practice. In the remaining four tests practice effects were largely confined to the first two administrations.
A Logical Analysis of Projective Techniques Based on Independence of Items and Latitude of Response
Authors: Wagner Edwin E.
Published: August 2011

Projective personality tests can be differentiated from objective personality tests on purely logical and technical grounds. Objective personality tests are derived from and are therefore dependent upon a discrete set of items with an a priori rationale, while projective techniques are superordinate to item construction and any scoring is imposed a posteriori. Further, projective techniques provide more response latitude, although this characteristic lies on a continuum.
Occlusion Rate of Ball Texture as a Source of Velocity Information
Authors: Li François-Xavier , Laurent Michel
Published: August 2011

When a ball is rolling on the ground toward an observer, its elements of texture are successively occluded. The number of the elements of texture occluded per unit of time determines the occlusion rate. The aim of this study was to examine the role of the occlusion rate of ball texture and the velocity of the ball in the perception of the time remaining before the arrival. If the occlusion rate is used to perceive the time to arrival, then timing the initiation of movement should depend on occlusion rate. On the other hand, if the optical variable tau is exclusively used, then no variation is expected. 20 subjects were required to avoid balls rolling directly toward them. Three different ball textures and five ball velocities were used, leading to 10 different occlusion rates. The results showed that the timing of the initiation of the movement was not modified by variations of occlusion rate. However, the velocity of the avoidance movement increased with occlusion rate. The role of timing initiation and movement velocity in the control of the action are discussed, and it is suggested that occlusion rate is perceived and taken into account in the control of avoidance movements.
Incidence of the Half-Left Profile Pose in Single-Subject Portraits
Authors: Conesa Jorge , Brunold-Conesa Cynthia , Miron Mama
Published: August 2011

The present work recorded frequencies of five poses (left profile, half-left profile, full-face view, half-right profile, and right profile) by examining 4,180 single-subject portraits of various media. Statistically significant differences were found between the incidence of half-left and half-right profiles. These differences found across media, authorship, and five centuries of portrait work are consistent with right-hemisphere activation models in attentional bias and perception of emotion.
When Proper Names are Not Forgotten: Recall of Eponymous Medical Disorders
Authors: Terry William Scott
Published: August 2011

Names are more difficult to recall than other facts about people such as occupations even when the words are nominally the same, e.g., Baker and baker. Subjects studied face photographs labeled with a surname and a medical diagnosis. Eponymous disorders were selected so that a given name could be used either as surname or diagnosis, e.g., Ms. Hodgkins or Hodgkin's disease. Nursing students ( n = 24) tested in a within-subjects design recalled more eponymous diseases than surnames. There were few instances of confusing names and diseases, but names were often recalled to the wrong face. Education students ( n = 18) recalled fewer diseases than did the nurses, and there was no difference in their recall of names and diseases. Nursing students tested in a between-groups design ( n = 22 each) showed no impairment in name recall. The results suggest limitations in the role of meaningfulness in recall.
Differential Gazing and Vocal Response to Mother and Stranger of Full-Term and Preterm Infants across Age
Authors: Roe Kiki V.
Published: August 2011

Full-term infants at both 2 and 3 months and preterm ones at 3 months from due date vocalized more to mother than to a stranger and gazed more at a stranger than the mother. Preterm infants at 3 months from birth, but 6 weeks from due date, did not show differential responding by any mode, indicating the importance of maturational rather than environmental factors in these behaviors.