bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pantalar Arthrodesis: Surgical Technique and Review of Literature
Authors: Parekh Selene G , Gross Christopher E , Shi Glenn , Huh Jeannie
Published: May 2015

Surgical options for treatment of tibiotalar, subtalar, and trans verse tarsal joint arthritis are limited. Pantalar arthrodesis can produce a stable and braceable if not painless foot in the planti grade position. This article presents a review of etiology, clinical evaluation, procedural technique and outcomes reported in literature.

Shi G, Gross CE, Huh J, Parekh SG. Pantalar Arthrodesis: Surgical Technique and Review of Literature. The Duke Orthop J 2015;5(1):4852.
Cervical Spine Injuries in Sports
Authors: Blizzard Daniel J , Gallizzi Michael A , Kleeman Lindsay T , Erickson Melissa M
Published: May 2015

Injuries to the cervical spine in athletes are rare but potentially devastating outcomes resulting from involvement in sports activities. New rules and regulations implemented by national sports organizations have helped to decrease the rate of cervical spine and spinal cord injuries sustained by athletes. A basic understanding of cervical spine anatomy, physical examination and spine precautions is necessary for any physi cian evaluating athletes on the field to determine if transfer to higher level of care is needed. It is particularly important to know the systematic protocol for spine immobilization, neuro logic exam and helmet removal in a patient with a suspected cervical spine injury. While cervical strain is the most common cervical spine injury, physicians should be familiar with the presentation for other injuries, such as Burner's syndrome (Stinger), cervical disk herniation, transient quadriplegia and cervical spine fractures or dislocations. Special consideration is needed when evaluating patients with Down syndrome as they are at higher risk for atlantoaxial instability. Determination of when an athlete can return to play is patient-specific with early return to play allowed only in a completely asymptomatic patient.

Kleeman LT, Gallizzi MA, Blizzard DJ, Erickson MM. Cervical Spine Injuries in Sports. The Duke Orthop J 2015;5(1):5862.
Edaphic, structural and physiological contrasts across Amazon Basin forest-savanna ecotones suggest a role for potassium as a key modulator of tropical woody vegetation structure and function
Authors: Lloyd J. , Domingues T. F. , Schrodt F. , Ishida F. Y. , Feldpausch T. R. , Saiz G. , Quesada C. A. , Schwarz M. , Torello-Raventos M. , Gilpin M. , Marimon B. S. , Marimon-Junior B. H. , Ratter J. A. , Grace J. , Nardoto G. B. , Veenendaal E. , Arroyo L. , Villarroel D. , Killeen T. J. , Steininger M. , Phillips O. L.
Published: May 2015

Abstract. Sampling along a precipitation gradient in tropical America extending from ca. 0.8 to 2.0 m a−1, savanna soils had consistently lower exchangeable cation concentrations and higher C/N ratios than nearby forest plots. These soil differences were also reflected in canopy averaged leaf traits with savanna trees typically having higher leaf mass per unit area but lower mass-based nitrogen (Nm) and potassium (Km). Both Nm and Km also increased with declining mean annual precipitation (PA), but most area-based leaf traits such as leaf photosynthetic capacity showed no systematic variation with PA or vegetation type. Despite this invariance, when taken in conjunction with other measures such mean canopy height, area-based soil exchangeable potassium content, [K]sa, proved to be an excellent predictor of several photosynthetic properties (including 13C isotope discrimination). Moreover, when considered in a multivariate context with PA and soil plant available water storage capacity (θP) as covariates, [K]sa also proved to be an excellent predictor of stand-level canopy area, providing drastically improved fits as compared to models considering just PA and/or θP. Neither calcium, magnesium nor soil pH could substitute for potassium when tested as alternative model predictors (ΔAIC > 10). Nor for any model could simple soil texture metrics such as sand or clay content substitute for either [K]sa or θP. Taken in conjunction with recent work in Africa and the forests of the Amazon Basin this suggests – in combination with some newly conceptualised interacting effects of PA and θP also presented here – a critical role for potassium as a modulator of tropical vegetation structure and function.
Feeding time
Authors: Piggins Hugh D , Bechtold David A
Published: May 2015

A hormone released from the gut after a meal can reset clock gene activity in the liver.
Distribution of Epididymal Involvement in Mumps Epididymo‐orchitis
Authors: Park Seong Jin , Kim Hyun Cheol , Lim Joo Won , Moon Sung Kyoung , Ahn Sung Eun
Published: May 2015

Objectives

To evaluate characteristic sonographic findings for mumps orchitis with epididymal involvement.

Methods

This study included 18 patients (aged 12–18 years) with mumps orchitis. We assessed the volume, echogenicity, and vascularity of the testes and the transverse diameter, echogenicity, and vascularity of the epididymal head, body, and tail. We classified 4 types of epididymal involvement: 1A, focal swelling of the epididymal head with hypervascularity only on the swollen head; 1B, focal swelling of the epididymal head with hypervascularity on the entire epididymis; 1C, diffuse swelling of the entire epididymis with hypervascularity; and 2, no epididymal involvement. The Student t test was used to evaluate the significance of the size of each part of the epididymis and the epididymal head‐to‐tail diameter ratio.

Results

Orchitis was unilateral in 13 patients and bilateral in 5. Of 23 affected hemiscrotums, 7 (30.4%) were type 1A, 4 (17.4%) type 1B, 2 (8.7%) type 1C, and 10 (43.5%) type 2. In 11 patients with unilateral epididymal involvement, the mean diameters ± SDs of the epididymal heads on the affected and contralateral sides were 1.11 ± 0.19 (range, 0.7–1.7) and 0.65 ± 0.14 (0.3–0.9) cm (significantly different, P <.001). The diameters of the epididymal tails on the affected and contralateral sides were 0.51 ± 0.41 (0.2–0.8) and 0.46 ± 0.21 (0.3–0.6) cm (not statistically different, P = .106). The mean head‐to‐tail ratios on the affected and contralateral sides were 2.28 ± 0.49 (1.29–3.00) and 1.41 ± 0.22 (1.00–1.75; significantly different, P < .001). In all types 1A and 1B, the ratio was higher than 2.00; in 22 of 23 unaffected epididymides, the ratio was lower than 2.00.

Conclusions

Focal swelling of epididymal heads was a characteristic sonographic finding of mumps epididymo‐orchitis, and a head‐to‐tail ratio higher than 2.00 can be a useful diagnostic finding.
Unusual Ectopic Pregnancies
Authors: Ghaneie Ashkan , Grajo Joseph R. , Derr Charlotte , Kumm Todd R.
Published: May 2015

Ectopic pregnancy is a considerable source of morbidity and mortality for women of childbearing age. Improved detection and increased risk factors have led to a dramatic rise in the incidence of ectopic pregnancy in recent years. Early diagnosis is critical for the health of the patient as well as the success rate of future pregnancies. Besides laparoscopy, sonography is the mainstay for evaluating ectopic pregnancy. It is important to understand the sonographic features of ectopic pregnancies, including unusual cases that occur outside the fallopian tube.
Screening of Nutritional Risk and Nutritional Support in General Surgery Patients: A Survey from Shanghai, China
Authors: Jia Zhen-Yi , Yang Jun , Tong Da-Nian , Peng Jia-Yuan , Zhang Zhong-Wei , Liu Wei-Jie , Xia Yang , Qin Huan-long
Published: May 2015

To determine the prevalence of nutritional risk in surgical departments and to evaluate the impact of nutritional support on clinical outcomes. The nutritional risk in different surgical diseases and the different way of nutritional support on clinical outcomes in patients at nutritional risk remain unclear. Hospitalized patients from general surgical departments were screened using the Nutritional Risk Screening (NRS) 2002 questionnaire on admission. Data were collected on nutritional risk, complications, and length of stay (LOS). Overall, 5034 patients were recruited; the overall prevalence of nutritional risk on admission were 19.2%. The highest prevalence was found among patients with gastric cancer. At-risk patients had more complications and longer LOS than nonrisk patients. Of the at-risk patients, the complication rate was significantly lower and LOS was significantly shorter in the nutritional-support group than in the no-support group (20.9 versus 30.0%, P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis showed reduced complication rates and LOS only in patients with gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, and hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) cancer. Significantly lower complication rates relative to nonsupported patients were found among patients who received enteral nutrition or who received support for 5 to 7 days, or daily support entailing 16 to 25 kcal/kg of nonprotein energy. Different surgical diseases have different levels of nutritional risk. The provision of nutritional support was associated with a lower complication rate and a shorter LOS for gastric, colorectal, and HPB cancer patients at nutritional risk. The improper use of nutritional support may not improve outcomes for at-risk patients.
Threshold behavior of a marine‐based sector of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet in response to early Pliocene ocean warming
Authors: Hansen Melissa A. , Passchier Sandra , Khim Boo‐Keun , Song Buhan , Williams Trevor
Published: May 2015

We investigate the stability of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) on the Wilkes Land continental margin, Antarctica, utilizing a high‐resolution record of ice‐rafted debris (IRD) mass accumulation rates (MAR) from Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Site U1359. The relationship between orbital variations in the IRD record and climate drivers was evaluated to capture changes in the dynamics of a marine‐based ice sheet in response to early Pliocene warming. Three IRD MAR excursions were observed and confirmed via scanning electron microscope microtextural analysis of sand grains. Time series analysis of the IRD MAR reveals obliquity‐paced expansions of the ice sheet to the outer shelf prior to ~4.6 Ma. A decline in the obliquity and a transition into a dominant precession response of IRD MAR occur at ~4.6 Ma along with a decline in the amplitude of IRD MAR maxima to low background levels between ~4.0 and ~3.5 Ma. We speculate that as sea surface temperatures began to peak above 3°C during the early Pliocene climatic optimum, the ice shelves thinned, leading to a greater susceptibility to precession‐forced summer insolation and the onset of persistent retreat of a marine‐based portion of the EAIS.
Dynamics of river mouth deposits
Authors: Fagherazzi Sergio , Edmonds Douglas A. , Nardin William , Leonardi Nicoletta , Canestrelli Alberto , Falcini Federico , Jerolmack Douglas J. , Mariotti Giulio , Rowland Joel C. , Slingerland Rudy L.
Published: May 2015

Bars and subaqueous levees often form at river mouths due to high sediment availability. Once these deposits emerge and develop into islands, they become important elements of the coastal landscape, hosting rich ecosystems. Sea level rise and sediment starvation are jeopardizing these landforms, motivating a thorough analysis of the mechanisms responsible for their formation and evolution. Here we present recent studies on the dynamics of mouth bars and subaqueous levees. The review encompasses both hydrodynamic and morphological results. We first analyze the hydrodynamics of the water jet exiting a river mouth. We then show how this dynamics coupled to sediment transport leads to the formation of mouth bars and levees. Specifically, we discuss the role of sediment eddy diffusivity and potential vorticity on sediment redistribution and related deposits. The effect of waves, tides, sediment characteristics, and vegetation on river mouth deposits is included in our analysis, thus accounting for the inherent complexity of the coastal environment where these landforms are common. Based on the results presented herein, we discuss in detail how river mouth deposits can be used to build new land or restore deltaic shorelines threatened by erosion.
Changes in ocean vertical heat transport with global warming
Authors: Zika Jan D. , Laliberté Frédéric , Mudryk Lawrence R. , Sijp Willem P. , Nurser A. J. G.
Published: May 2015

Heat transport between the surface and deep ocean strongly influences transient climate change. Mechanisms setting this transport are investigated using coupled climate models and by projecting ocean circulation into the temperature‐depth diagram. In this diagram, a “cold cell” cools the deep ocean through the downwelling of Antarctic waters and upwelling of warmer waters and is balanced by warming due to a “warm cell,” coincident with the interhemispheric overturning and previously linked to wind and haline forcing. With anthropogenic warming, the cold cell collapses while the warm cell continues to warm the deep ocean. Simulations with increasingly strong warm cells, set by their mean Southern Hemisphere winds, exhibit increasing deep‐ocean warming in response to the same anthropogenic forcing. It is argued that the partition between components of the circulation which cool and warm the deep ocean in the preindustrial climate is a key determinant of ocean vertical heat transport with global warming.
Assessing the role of oxygen on ring current formation and evolution through numerical experiments
Authors: Ilie R. , Liemohn M. W. , Toth G. , Yu Ganushkina N. , Daldorff L. K. S.
Published: May 2015

We address the effect of ionospheric outflow and magnetospheric ion composition on the physical processes that control the development of the 5 August 2011 magnetic storm. Simulations with the Space Weather Modeling Framework are used to investigate the global dynamics and energization of ions throughout the magnetosphere during storm time, with a focus on the formation and evolution of the ring current. Simulations involving multifluid (with variable H+/O+ ratio in the inner magnetosphere) and single‐fluid (with constant H+/O+ ratio in the inner magnetosphere) MHD for the global magnetosphere with inner boundary conditions set either by specifying a constant ion density or by physics‐based calculations of the ion fluxes reveal that dynamical changes of the ion composition in the inner magnetosphere alter the total energy density of the magnetosphere, leading to variations in the magnetic field as well as particle drifts throughout the simulated domain. A low oxygen to hydrogen ratio and outflow resulting from a constant ion density boundary produced the most disturbed magnetosphere, leading to a stronger ring current but misses the timing of the storm development. Conversely, including a physics‐based solution for the ionospheric outflow to the magnetosphere system leads to a reduction in the cross‐polar cap potential (CPCP). The increased presence of oxygen in the inner magnetosphere affects the global magnetospheric structure and dynamics and brings the nightside reconnection point closer to the Earth. The combination of reduced CPCP together with the formation of the reconnection line closer to the Earth yields less adiabatic heating in the magnetotail and reduces the amount of energetic plasma that has access to the inner magnetosphere.
The two‐way relationship between ionospheric outflow and the ring current
Authors: Welling D. T. , Jordanova V. K. , Glocer A. , Toth G. , Liemohn M. W. , Weimer D. R.
Published: May 2015

It is now well established that the ionosphere, because it acts as a significant source of plasma, plays a critical role in ring current dynamics. However, because the ring current deposits energy into the ionosphere, the inverse may also be true: the ring current can play a critical role in the dynamics of ionospheric outflow. This study uses a set of coupled, first‐principles‐based numerical models to test the dependence of ionospheric outflow on ring current‐driven region 2 field‐aligned currents (FACs). A moderate magnetospheric storm event is modeled with the Space Weather Modeling Framework using a global MHD code (Block Adaptive Tree Solar wind Roe‐type Upwind Scheme, BATS‐R‐US), a polar wind model (Polar Wind Outflow Model), and a bounce‐averaged kinetic ring current model (ring current atmosphere interaction model with self‐consistent magnetic field, RAM‐SCB). Initially, each code is two‐way coupled to all others except for RAM‐SCB, which receives inputs from the other models but is not allowed to feed back pressure into the MHD model. The simulation is repeated with pressure coupling activated, which drives strong pressure gradients and region 2 FACs in BATS‐R‐US. It is found that the region 2 FACs increase heavy ion outflow by up to 6 times over the noncoupled results. The additional outflow further energizes the ring current, establishing an ionosphere‐magnetosphere mass feedback loop. This study further demonstrates that ionospheric outflow is not merely a plasma source for the magnetosphere but an integral part in the nonlinear ionosphere‐magnetosphere‐ring current system.
Observed relations between snowfall microphysics and triple‐frequency radar measurements
Authors: Kneifel Stefan , von Lerber Annakaisa , Tiira Jussi , Moisseev Dmitri , Kollias Pavlos , Leinonen Jussi
Published: May 2015

Recently published studies of triple‐frequency radar observations of snowfall have demonstrated that naturally occurring snowflakes exhibit scattering signatures that are in some cases consistent with spheroidal particle models and in others can only be explained by complex aggregates. Until recently, no in situ observations have been available to investigate links between microphysical snowfall properties and their scattering properties. In this study, we investigate for the first time relations between collocated ground‐based triple‐frequency observations with in situ measurements of snowfall at the ground. The three analyzed snowfall cases obtained during a recent field campaign in Finland cover light to moderate snowfall rates with transitions from heavily rimed snow to open‐structured, low‐density snowflakes. The observed triple‐frequency signatures agree well with the previously published findings from airborne radar observations. A rich spatiotemporal structure of triple‐frequency observations throughout the cloud is observed during the three cases, which often seems to be related to riming and aggregation zones within the cloud. The comparison of triple‐frequency signatures from the lowest altitudes with the ground‐based in situ measurements reveals that in the presence of large (>5 mm) snow aggregates, a bending away in the triple‐frequency space from the curve of classical spheroid scattering models is always observed. Rimed particles appear along an almost horizontal line in the triple‐frequency space, which was not observed before. Overall, the three case studies indicate a close connection of triple‐frequency signatures and snow particle structure, bulk snowfall density, and characteristic size of the particle size distribution.
Flexible Multifunctionalized Carbon Nanotubes‐Based Hybrid Nanowires
Authors: Wang Nan , Jiang Di , Ye Lilei , Murugesan Murali , Edwards Michael , Fu Yifeng , Liu Johan
Published: May 2015

In this work, flexible multifunctionalized carbon nanotube (CNT)‐based hybrid nanowires are synthesized through surface modification processes. The good dispersability of the hybrid nanowire in polar solvents facilitates directly making fine patterns with a minimum width of 40 μm for applications of flexible and stretchable circuits (FSCs). The hybrid nanowire possesses a flexible and highly conductive structure which demonstrates stable electro‐mechanical properties on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates under large structural deformation. FSCs fabricated from the hybrid nanowires show a constant resistance of 0.096 Ω □−1 (equivalent of a resistivity 0.96 Ω μm) under repeated bending cycles. The FSCs also have a low and stable sheet resistance of 0.4 Ω □−1 for strains up to 30%, which is almost four orders of magnitude lower than that of pure CNT samples (1316 Ω □−1). Further improved stretchability and electro‐mechanical properties (0.1 Ω □−1, at the strain of 100%) are achieved with a prestrain PDMS substrate. Repeated deformation tests demonstrate the high reliability of FSCs. The observed stable and reliable electro‐mechanical performance of FSCs suggests the potential use of the material in wearable and portable electronics.
Nanomaterials for Engineering Stem Cell Responses
Authors: Kerativitayanan Punyavee , Carrow James K. , Gaharwar Akhilesh K.
Published: May 2015

Recent progress in nanotechnology has stimulated the development of multifunctional biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. Synergistic interactions between nanomaterials and stem cell engineering offer numerous possibilities to address some of the daunting challenges in regenerative medicine, such as controlling trigger differentiation, immune reactions, limited supply of stem cells, and engineering complex tissue structures. Specifically, the interactions between stem cells and their microenvironment play key roles in controlling stem cell fate, which underlines therapeutic success. However, the interactions between nanomaterials and stem cells are not well understood, and the effects of the nanomaterials shape, surface morphology, and chemical functionality on cellular processes need critical evaluation. In this Review, focus is put on recent development in nanomaterial–stem cell interactions, with specific emphasis on their application in regenerative medicine. Further, the emerging technologies based on nanomaterials developed over the past decade for stem cell engineering are reviewed, as well as the potential applications of these nanomaterials in tissue regeneration, stem cell isolation, and drug/gene delivery. It is anticipated that the enhanced understanding of nanomaterial–stem cell interactions will facilitate improved biomaterial design for a range of biomedical and biotechnological applications.
Anti‐Icing Superhydrophobic Surfaces Based on Core‐Shell Fossil Particles
Authors: Puretskiy Nikolay , Chanda Jagannath , Stoychev Georgi , Synytska Alla , Ionov Leonid
Published: May 2015

A novel approach for the design of functional coatings using fossil diatomaceous earth particles decorated by a thin layer of grafted polymer chains is reported. The polymer‐modified diatomaceous earth particles are able to form liquid marbles, superhydrophobic surfaces, and are highly promising for the design of anti‐icing coatings.
Safe Removal of the Allyl Protecting Groups of Allyl Esters using a Recyclable, Low‐Leaching and Ligand‐Free Palladium Nanoparticle Catalyst
Authors: Takagi Koji , Fukuda Hayato , Shuto Satoshi , Otaka Akira , Arisawa Mitsuhiro
Published: May 2015

A safe, facile and low‐leaching (up to 0.04 ppm) method has been developed for the removal of allyl, prenyl and benzyl protecting groups from the corresponding esters, using a sulfur‐modified gold‐supported palladium (SAPd) nanoparticle catalyst, which is known to be non‐flammable. The catalyst itself was found to be recyclable and the reaction appeared to proceed on the surface of the SAPd.

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High Electron Mobility Thin‐Film Transistors Based on Solution‐Processed Semiconducting Metal Oxide Heterojunctions and Quasi‐Superlattices
Authors: Lin Yen‐Hung , Faber Hendrik , Labram John G. , Stratakis Emmanuel , Sygellou Labrini , Kymakis Emmanuel , Hastas Nikolaos A. , Li Ruipeng , Zhao Kui , Amassian Aram , Treat Neil D. , McLachlan Martyn , Anthopoulos Thomas D.
Published: May 2015

High mobility thin‐film transistor technologies that can be implemented using simple and inexpensive fabrication methods are in great demand because of their applicability in a wide range of emerging optoelectronics. Here, a novel concept of thin‐film transistors is reported that exploits the enhanced electron transport properties of low‐dimensional polycrystalline heterojunctions and quasi‐superlattices (QSLs) consisting of alternating layers of In2O3, Ga2O3, and ZnO grown by sequential spin casting of different precursors in air at low temperatures (180–200 °C). Optimized prototype QSL transistors exhibit band‐like transport with electron mobilities approximately a tenfold greater (25–45 cm2 V−1 s−1) than single oxide devices (typically 2–5 cm2 V−1 s−1). Based on temperature‐dependent electron transport and capacitance‐voltage measurements, it is argued that the enhanced performance arises from the presence of quasi 2D electron gas‐like systems formed at the carefully engineered oxide heterointerfaces. The QSL transistor concept proposed here can in principle extend to a range of other oxide material systems and deposition methods (sputtering, atomic layer deposition, spray pyrolysis, roll‐to‐roll, etc.) and can be seen as an extremely promising technology for application in next‐generation large area optoelectronics such as ultrahigh definition optical displays and large‐area microelectronics where high performance is a key requirement.
Umgekehrte Brennstoffzelle: Wasserstoffabtrennung aus einem Abgas mithilfe einer kurzgeschlossenen kommerziellen PEM‐Brennstoffzelle ohne Anlegen einer äußeren Spannung bei Raumtemperatur
Authors: Friebe Sebastian , Geppert Benjamin , Caro Jürgen
Published: May 2015

Eine kurzgeschlossene PEM‐Brennstoffzelle mit einer Nafionmembran wurde hinsichtlich der Abtrennung von Wasserstoff aus Abgasen bei Raumtemperatur untersucht. Der abgetrennte Wasserstoff kann entweder zurückgewonnen oder in einer In‐situ‐Olefinhydrierung verbraucht werden, wenn die Brennstoffzelle als katalytischer Membranreaktor betrieben wird. Es herrscht ein kontinuierlicher Wasserstofffluss durch die Nafionmembran von der Seite höheren zur Seite geringeren Partialdrucks, ohne dass eine äußere Spannung angelegt wird. Auf der Eingangsseite der Nafionmembran wird Wasserstoff durch den Pt/C‐Elektrokatalysator in Protonen und Elektronen gespalten. Die Protonen diffundieren durch die Nafionmembran, die Elektronen nehmen den Weg über den Kurzschluss zwischen den beiden Stromsammlern aus Messing. Auf der Kathodenseite rekombinieren Protonen und Elektronen, und Wasserstoff wird frei.
A perfusion bioreactor system efficiently generates cell‐loaded bone substitute materials for addressing critical size bone defects
Authors: Kleinhans Claudia , Mohan Ramkumar Ramani , Vacun Gabriele , Schwarz Thomas , Haller Barbara , Sun Yang , Kahlig Alexander , Kluger Petra , Finne‐Wistrand Anna , Walles Heike , Hansmann Jan
Published: May 2015

Critical size bone defects and non‐union fractions are still challenging to treat. Cell‐loaded bone substitutes have shown improved bone ingrowth and bone formation. However, a lack of methods for homogenously colonizing scaffolds limits the maximum volume of bone grafts. Additionally, therapy robustness is impaired by heterogeneous cell populations after graft generation. Our aim was to establish a technology for generating grafts with a size of 10.5 mm in diameter and 25 mm of height, and thus for grafts suited for treatment of critical size bone defects. Therefore, a novel tailor‐made bioreactor system was developed, allowing standardized flow conditions in a porous poly(L‐lactide‐co‐caprolactone) material. Scaffolds were seeded with primary human mesenchymal stem cells derived from four different donors. In contrast to static experimental conditions, homogenous cell distributions were accomplished under dynamic culture. Additionally, culture in the bioreactor system allowed the induction of osteogenic lineage commitment after one week of culture without addition of soluble factors. This was demonstrated by quantitative analysis of calcification and gene expression markers related to osteogenic lineage. In conclusion, the novel bioreactor technology allows efficient and standardized conditions for generating bone substitutes that are suitable for the treatment of critical size defects in humans.
Simultaneous determination of ginkgolides A, B, C and bilobalide by LC‐MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study in rats
Authors: Li Jiachun , Li Dongpo , Hu Junhua , Bi Yuan , Xiao Wei , Wang Zhenzhong
Published: May 2015

The study of pharmacokinetics of Ginkgo biloba extracts in Traditional Chinese Medicine was relatively recent. In this study, a simple, quick and sensitive LC‐MS/MS analytical method was developed for the determination of ginkgolides A, B, C and bilobalide in rat plasma. The analytes were completely separated from the endogenous compounds on an Agilent Zorbax Eclipse plus C18 column (50 mm × 3.0 mm, 1.8 µm) using an isocratic elution. The single‐run analysis time was as short as 5.0 min. Sample preparation for protein removal was accomplished used a simple methanol precipitation method, after SPE showing a simultaneous extraction and cleanup of extracts allowing for a direct analysis. Extraction recoveries in rat plasma for ginkgolides A, B, C and bilobalide ranged from 75.6% to 89.0%. The calibration curves were determined over the ranges 0.5–20,000 ng/mL for ginkgolides A, B, C and bilobalide respectively. The lower limits of quantification (LLOQ) of the analytes were 0.5 ng/mL. Inter‐day and intra‐day precision and accuracy were below 15% and between 85 and 115%, respectively. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study following oral administration of the Ginkgo biloba extracts to the male ICR rats. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A case of giant saphenous vein graft aneurysm successfully treated with catheter intervention
Authors: Katoh Hiromasa , Nozue Tsuyoshi , Michishita Ichiro
Published: May 2015

The patient was a 67‐year‐old man who had undergone coronary artery bypass graft surgery using a saphenous vein graft (SVG) 22 years before. Computed tomography angiogram revealed a large aneurysm of the SVG (38 × 42 mm in diameter; 80‐mm long) and total occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). We first performed percutaneous coronary intervention for chronic total occlusion of the native LAD with bi‐directional approach via the SVG. One month later, we performed the trans‐catheter embolization of the SVG and occluded the SVG using multiple coils. This case demonstrates that trans‐catheter embolization after recanalization of native coronary artery is an effective strategy to treat an SVG aneurysm. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cerebroradial issue: Not so much
Authors: Butman Samuel
Published: May 2015

Key Points

Cerebral events are quite uncommon around the time of any cardiac catheterization procedure.

No significant difference seen in cerebral events between radial and femoral approaches was evident in this large prospective registry.

Still hard to find a reason not go radial. Go radial.
Harnessing Laccases for the Synthesis of Bisphenol A Biopolymers
Authors: Hautphenne Catherine , Debaste Frédéric
Published: May 2015

Oxidative enzymes like laccases are good candidates for the synthesis of biopolymers. Laccases are able to catalyze polymerization of bisphenol A (BPA) to produce BPA oligomers without addition of extra oxygen or mediators in reaction media. A polymerization protocol has been developed to monitor a time‐dependent formation of insoluble BPA polymers. This protocol was further optimized with the help of a Doehlert experimental plan considering two factors, i.e., BPA concentration and enzyme activity. The obtained experimental data were found to be fitted by a modified first‐order kinetic model. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments were performed and BPA polymers were identified as small oligomers with C–O bonds between the different constituting units.
Inline Monitoring of Taltirelin Crystallization in Batch Cooling Mode Using Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Nguyen Dang L. T. , Kim Kwang‐Joo
Published: May 2015

The polymorphic formation of taltirelin (TTL) was monitored inline by Raman spectroscopy in batch cooling crystallization. The concentrations of the polymorphic forms and supersaturation were measured during crystallization and transformation processes. Polymorphic transformation was detected by monitoring the Raman spectra of the two polymorphs in slurry state. The effect of cooling rate and concentration on the polymorphic crystallization was assessed. At a slow cooling rate and a low concentration, the stable form, i.e., the β‐form, was nucleated directly without transformation from the α‐form. The nucleation mechanism of the two TTL polymorphs was studied using the supersaturation profile tracked by Raman spectroscopy.
Multimodal approach to assess tumour vasculature and potential treatment effect with DCE‐US and DCE‐MRI quantification in CWR22 prostate tumour xenografts
Authors: Arteaga‐Marrero N. , Rygh C. B. , Mainou‐Gomez J. F. , Nylund K. , Roehrich D. , Heggdal J. , Matulaniec P. , Gilja O. H. , Reed R. K. , Svensson L. , Lutay N. , Olsen D. R.
Published: May 2015

The aim of this study was to compare intratumoural heterogeneity and longitudinal changes assessed by dynamic contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (DCE‐US) and dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) in prostate tumour xenografts. In vivo DCE‐US and DCE‐MRI were obtained 24 h pre‐ (day 0) and post‐ (day 2) radiation treatment with a single dose of 7.5 Gy. Characterization of the tumour vasculature was determined by Brix pharmacokinetic analysis of the time–intensity curves. Histogram analysis of voxels showed significant changes (p < 0.001) from day 0 to day 2 in both modalities for kep, the exchange rate constant from the extracellular extravascular space to the plasma, and kel, the elimination rate constant of the contrast. In addition, kep and kel values from DCE‐US were significantly higher than those derived from DCE‐MRI at day 0 (p < 0.0001) for both groups. At day 2, kel followed the same tendency for both groups, whereas kep showed this tendency only for the treated group in intermediate‐enhancement regions. Regarding kep median values, longitudinal changes were not found for any modality. However, at day 2, kep linked to DCE‐US was correlated to MVD in high‐enhancement areas for the treated group (p = 0.05). In contrast, correlation to necrosis was detected for the control group in intermediate‐enhancement areas (p < 0.1). Intratumoural heterogeneity and longitudinal changes in tumour vasculature were assessed for both modalities. Microvascular parameters derived from DCE‐US seem to provide reliable biomarkers during radiotherapy as validated by histology. Furthermore, DCE‐US could be a stand‐alone or a complementary technique. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchically Structured Hole Transport Layers of Spiro‐OMeTAD and Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Lee Jiyong , Menamparambath Mini Mol , Hwang Jae‐Yeol , Baik Seunghyun
Published: May 2015

The low electrical conductivity of spiro‐OMeTAD hole transport layers impedes further enhancements of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells. We embedded multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in spiro‐OMeTAD (spiro‐OMeTAD/MWNTs) to increase carrier mobility and conductivity. However, direct electrical contact between CH3NH3PbI3 and the MWNTs created pathways for undesirable back‐electron transfer, owing to the large work function of MWNTs, limiting enhancements of the PCE. A hierarchical structure of pure spiro‐OMeTAD and spiro‐OMeTAD/MWNTs was designed to block back‐electron transfer and fully exploit the enhanced charge transport of spiro‐OMeTAD/MWNTs. The enhanced fill factor, short‐circuit current density, open‐circuit voltage, and PCE (15.1 %) were achieved by using this hierarchical hole transport layer structure (MWNT concentration=2 wt %). The perovskite solar cells were fabricated by a low‐temperature solution process, further decreasing their per‐Watt cost.
Rapid Screening of Immobilized Amine CO2 Sorbents for Steam Stability by Their Direct Contact with Liquid H2O
Authors: Wilfong Walter Christopher , Kail Brian W. , Gray McMahan L.
Published: May 2015

Rapid testing of hydrophilic and hydrophobic basic immobilized amine sorbents (BIAS) for CO2 capture stability under practical conditions was achieved by direct contact of the sorbents with flowing liquid water. Losses in both CO2 capture capacity and amine content of sorbents after exposure to 0.5 mL min−1 of H2O at 25 °C for 40 min followed similar trends as losses observed after exposure to N2/steam (105 °C, 7 % H2O) for 10 h. We also found that hydrophobic TMPED helped stabilize sorbents to H2O, which was confirmed by DRIFTS and combined TGA‐DSC.
Nanobarcoded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for nanomedicine: Quantitative studies of cell–nanoparticle interactions by scanning image cytometry
Authors: Eustaquio Trisha , Leary James F.
Published: May 2015

Oligonucleotide‐functionalized nanoparticles (NPs) are promising agents for nanomedicine, but the potential in vitro nanotoxicity that may arise from such conjugates has yet to be evaluated in a dose response manner. Since nanomedicine functions on the single‐cell level, measurements of nanotoxicity should also be performed as such. In vitro single‐cell nanotoxicity assays based on scanning image cytometry are used to study a specific type of oligo‐functionalized NP, “nanobarcoded” superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs (NB‐SPIONs). The selected panel of single‐cell assays measures well‐known modes of nanotoxicity—apoptosis, necrosis, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cell number. Using these assays, the cytotoxicity of two sizes of NB‐SPIONs (10 nm and 30 nm core size) was compared to the parent NP, carboxylated SPIONs (COOH‐SPIONs). The results suggest that the conjugated NB confers a biocompatible coating that protects against cytotoxicity at very high SPION doses, but both NB‐ and COOH‐SPIONs of either size generally have low in vitro cytotoxicity at physiologically relevant doses. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Review advice on mixing law and media to manage university crises
Authors: Prywes Daniel I. , Sobel Scott
Published: May 2015

Bad things can happen at universities. When they do, the university's legal interests are not the only things at stake. Issues of liability and damages often pale in comparison to the university's reputational interests. A university viewed by the public as dangerous, uncaring, untrustworthy or irresponsible is likely to face difficulties in attracting students, faculty and financial support. A strong reputation built over decades can be tarnished overnight.
Cognitive and emotional functioning in binge‐eating disorder: A systematic review
Authors: Kittel Rebekka , Brauhardt Anne , Hilbert Anja
Published: May 2015

Objective

Binge‐eating disorder (BED) is characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating and is associated with eating disorder and general psychopathology and overweight/obesity. Deficits in cognitive and emotional functioning for eating disorders or obesity have been reported. However, a systematic review on cognitive and emotional functioning for individuals with BED is lacking.

Method

A systematic literature search was conducted across three databases (Medline, PubMed, and PsycINFO). Overall, n = 57 studies were included in the present review.

Results

Regarding cognitive functioning (CoF), individuals with BED consistently demonstrated higher information processing biases compared to obese and normal‐weight controls in the context of disorder‐related stimuli (i.e., food and body cues), whereas CoF in the context of neutral stimuli appeared to be less affected. Thus, results suggest disorder‐related rather than general difficulties in CoF in BED. With respect to emotional functioning (EmF), individuals with BED reported difficulties similar to individuals with other eating disorders, with a tendency to show less severe difficulties in some domains. In addition, individuals with BED reported greater emotional deficits when compared to obese and normal‐weight controls. Findings suggest general difficulties in EmF in BED. Thus far, however, investigations of EmF in disorder‐relevant situations are lacking.

Discussion

Overall, the cross‐sectional findings indicate BED to be associated with difficulties in CoF and EmF. Future research should determine the nature of these difficulties, in regards to general and disorder‐related stimuli, and consider interactions of both domains to foster the development and improvement of appropriate interventions in BED.
Synthesis and physical properties of novel estolides from dicarboxylic acids and methyl ricinoleate
Authors: Sammaiah Arukali , Padmaja Korlipara V. , Prasad Rachapudi B.N.
Published: May 2015

Castor oil is an attractive feedstock for the preparation of a variety of industrially important products due to the presence of ricinoleic acid with hydroxyl functionality up to 85–90%. Methyl ricinoleate was esterified with different dicarboxylic acids to prepare a series of a new class of estolides under solvent and catalyst‐free conditions. The products were evaluated for their physico‐chemical and lubricant properties. The estolide esters have a wide viscosity range varying from ISO VG 15 to 46. All the products exhibited excellent pour points (−48 to <−60°C) outperforming the reported estolide products. Among the estolide esters, 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexyl esters of monoacid estolides exhibited higher oxidative onset values (199°C). Dimer estolides and 2‐ethylhexyl esters of monoacid estolides exhibited better thermal stability compared to all other estolide esters. The products having low pour points can be potential base oils for low temperature lubricant applications.

Practical applications: Synthesis of potential lubricant basestocks from indigenous non‐edible oil under solvent and catalyst‐free conditions. Prepared biolubricants with very low pour points, which is difficult to achieve with vegetable oil derivatives. The products are potential candidates for low temperature applications.

Estolides with low pour points.
Meet your enrollment goals in 6 steps: Create a connected admissions experience
Authors: Mallen Scott
Published: May 2015

If you're worried about meeting your enrollment goals this year, you're not alone. A total of 85 percent of admissions directors are concerned about their ability to reach or maintain enrollment levels, according to the results of the third annual Higher Education Outlook Survey conducted by KPMG LLP, the audit, tax and advisory firm.
Campuswide mental health initiative supports students
Authors: Gomez Cynthia
Published: May 2015

A large percentage of college students experience mental illness at some point during their enrollment.
Mercury and selenium concentrations in skeletal muscle, liver, and regions of the heart and kidney in bearded seals from Alaska, USA
Authors: Correa Lucero , Castellini J. Margaret , Quakenbush Lori T. , O'Hara Todd M.
Published: May 2015

Mean concentrations of total mercury ([THg]) and selenium ([TSe]) (mass and molar-based) were determined for 5 regions of the heart and 2 regions of the kidney of bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) harvested in Alaska, USA, in 2010 and 2011. Mean [THg] and [TSe] of bearded seal liver and skeletal muscle tissues were used for intertissular comparison. The Se:Hg molar ratios were used to investigate elemental associations and potential antioxidant protection against Hg toxicosis. Age was an important factor in [THg] and Se:Hg molar ratios in heart and kidney. Small but statistically significant differences in mean [THg] occurred among some of the 5 heart regions (p < 0.05). Mean [THg] was highest in liver, 3.057 µg/g, and lowest in heart left ventricle, 0.017 µg/g. Mean [THg] ranked: liver > kidney cortex > kidney medulla > skeletal muscle > heart left ventricle (p < 0.001). Mean [TSe] was highest in liver, 3.848 µg/g, and lowest in heart left ventricle, 0.632 µg/g. Mean [TSe] ranked: liver > kidney cortex > kidney medulla > skeletal muscle > heart left ventricle (p < 0.001). The Se:Hg molar ratios were significantly greater than 1.0 in all tissues (p < 0.001) and represented baselines for normal [TSe] under relatively low [THg]. Mean Se:Hg molar ratios ranked: heart left ventricle > kidney medulla > kidney cortex (p < 0.001). Environ Toxicol Chem 2015;34:2403–2408. © 2015 SETAC
Aroma profile of the anise‐like odour mushroom Cortinarius odorifer
Authors: Kleofas Vanessa , Popa Flavius , Fraatz Marco A. , Rühl Martin , Kost Gerhard , Zorn Holger
Published: May 2015

The aroma compounds of fruiting bodies of C. odorifer were extracted by means of liquid/liquid extraction and purified by solvent assisted flavour evaporation (SAFE). The odour active compounds were identified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and olfactometry on two columns of different polarity and described by sensory detection. The volatilom of C. odorifer is reported here for the first time. Additionally, an aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) was performed to identify the main flavour compounds. Finally, the volatiles were quantified by GC flame ionization detection (GC‐FID). The main odour compound of C. odorifer was methyl p‐anisate with an FD factor of 8,192 and a concentration of 120 mg kg‐1. Methyl p‐anisate was also the compound responsible for the characteristic anise‐like odour of C. odorifer. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paecilomycines A and B, Novel Diterpenoids, Isolated from Insect‐Pathogenic Fungi Paecilomyces sp. ACCC 37762
Authors: Zhou Kun , Zhao Xiao‐Ling , Han Li‐Ping , Cao Meng‐Meng , Chen Chuan , Shi Bao‐Zhong , Luo Du‐Qiang
Published: May 2015

Two new diterpenoids, named paecilomycine A (1) and paecilomycine B (2), including a novel skeleton with a five‐membered lactone ring, together with three known labdane diterpenoids, rel‐(1R,3S,4aS,5R,8aS)‐5‐[(3E)‐4‐carboxy‐3‐methylbut‐3‐en‐1‐yl]decahydro‐3‐hydroxy‐1,4a‐dimethyl‐6‐methylidenenaphthalene‐1‐carboxylic acid (3), botryosphaerin E (4), and agathic acid (5), were isolated from solid culture of the insect pathogenic fungi strain Paecilomyces sp. The structures of all compounds were established on the basis of comprehensive spectroscopic studies. The relative configurations of 1 and 2 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses.