bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulation of process of 14-15 years old girls’ training of light athletic and gymnastic exercises
Authors: Ivashchenko O.V. , Kapkan O.O.
Published: August 2015

Purpose: to optimize physical exercises’ training regiment in educational process of 14-15 years old girls. Material: in experimentgirls of 14 years age (n=24) and 15 years (n=24) participated. The plan of factorial experiment was used. Results: we have shown influence of quantity of exercises’ repetitions (Х 1) and rest intervals (Х 2) on effectiveness of physical exercises’ training. We have offered complex approach to studying of objects, which admits simultaneous varying of several factors for assessment of their interactions’ influence. Simultaneous varying of factors by special program ensured studying of each of them in different conditions. It permitted to receive more reliable conclusions, suitable for changeable conditions. Conclusions: it was established that increase of training process’s effectiveness is possible on the base of analysis of regressive models, calculation of optimal modes of physical exercises’ fulfillment in process of their mastering at school physical culture lessons.
Influence of hiking trainings on 13 years old adolescents’ health
Authors: Mulyk K.V. , Grynova T.I.
Published: August 2015

Purpose: determination of influence of hiking trainings on adolescents’ health. Material: the research covered adolescents, who train hiking for one year in hiking circles (20 boys and 16 girls) and adolescents, who do not practice hiking trainings (18 boys and 20 girls). Age of participants was 13 years. The following indices were determined” Ketle -2 index, Robinson’s index, indices of Skibinskiy, Shapovalova, Ruffiet. Results: positive influence of hiking trainings on general health condition of adolescents was determined. It has been recommended to practice hiking at days off, summer holidays and during academic year. It was found that general health of group 2 adolescents (who did not practice hiking) corresponds to level below middle (10-13 points). Adolescents of group 1 (who practice hiking) level of general health reaches middle level (14-18 points). Conclusions: it is recommended to assess schoolchildren’s health in points. Besides, it is necessary to consider points of every separate index; it will permit to find weak points of adolescents organism’s functioning.
Principles of macro-methodic of junior female gymnasts’ training to sport exercises for gymnastic all round competitions at specialized basic stage
Authors: Potop V.A.
Published: August 2015

Purpose: working out of principles of junior female gymnasts’ macro-methodic training to sport exercises for all round competitions at stage of specialized basic training. Material: in the research 19 girl-gymnasts from reserve of combined team of Romania participated. Measurements and assessment of technical fitness at training sessions and in conditions of competitions were conducted at 120 training sessions (10 sessions a week). Results: we worked out and realized experimentally and in training sessions principles of macro-methodic training to gymnastic exercises. Macro-methodic of training is presented in structure of long-term programs of training for all round competitions. Macro-methodic is presented as combination of elements of motor, technical, didactic and technological structures of sport exercises (in the present article it was described on material of vaults of Yurchenko’s type). Conclusions: macro-methodic permits to state optimal algorithm of mastering of theoretical and practical materials at training sessions. Besides, it permits to demonstrate steady growth of sport results at competitions. With it individual-age features of junior female gymnasts, tendencies and specialists’ requirements are considered.
Effectiveness of elite female basketball players’ technical-tactic actions and ways for their improvement at stage of maximal realization of individual potentials
Authors: Sushko R.A. , Doroshenko E.Y.
Published: August 2015

Purpose: study effectiveness of elite female basketball players’ technical-tactic actions and determine the ways for their improvement at stage of maximal realization of individual potentials. Material: the authors analyzed competition functioning’s indicators of female basketball players of national combined team of Ukraine and their age characteristics. Results: effectiveness of technical-tactic actions in structure of national female basketball players’ combined team of Ukraine competition functioning at European championship. The authors present: indicators of team composition; roles in team; won and lost games; quantity of scored and skipped points; technical-tactic actions; age of sportswomen. Age indicators of elite female basketball players at stage of maximal realization have been given. Conclusions: we have composed a list of the most important technical-tactic actions in competition functioning. We also outlined ways for their perfection at stage of maximal realization of individual potentials of elite female basketball players of different game roles.
Fatigue and faulty posture connection among children, diagnosed with dysarthria
Authors: Andrejeva Julija , Mockiene Asta , Zukauskiene Milda
Published: August 2015

Purpose : To analyze spastic dysarthria form in children population dependency of fatigue and faulty posture relationship. Methods: Research performed with the permission of the bioethics committee (RE-BK-063). The Dutch Fatigue Scale (DUFS). Posture in standing was assessed by Hoeger and Kendall. Research subjects n=40. n=20 children diagnosed with spastic dysarthria and n=20 of children without dysarthria. Their age was 10±2.1years. Boys were n=20 and girls - n=20.Results were statistically significant at p-0.05. Microsoft Office 2013, Excel package were used to count a research results. Results: For children with dysarthria fatigue level is more significant that for children without dysarthria; results were statistically significant, p-0.05. Posture disorder for children with dysarthria was statistically significant higher than among children without dysarthria, p-0.05. Conclusions: For children with dysarthria fatigue level is higher than for healthy children, thus for the girls fatigue level is higher than for the boys. Spastic form dysarthria has an impact to a child posture, by creating a direct dependency between posture deformation and skeletal muscle system disease, which decreases muscle power and increasing fatigue for a child. To correct faulty posture thus to decrease fatigue the tight collaboration needed between rehabilitation team members.
Vocês ainda não viram nada
Authors: Gouveia Jaime Prado
Published: August 2015

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Uma vez no sótão
Authors: Lyon Sandra
Published: August 2015

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Referência
Authors: Cunha Oswaldo Antônio Ferreira da
Published: August 2015

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Imagem simples
Authors: Renault Luiz Otávio Linhares
Published: August 2015

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Poema das instituições
Authors: Reis Adão Ventura Ferreira
Published: August 2015

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Ode nº 1
Authors: Porto Maria Consuelo Neiva
Published: August 2015

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Âncora ou diálogo em profundo
Authors: Claver Ronald
Published: August 2015

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Vôo
Authors: Claver Ronald
Published: August 2015

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Duração
Authors: Nehmy Eliana
Published: August 2015

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Dos velhos papéis
Authors: Carneiro Plínio
Published: August 2015

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Novel Three Order Methods for Solving a System of Nonlinear Equations
Authors: Khirallah M.Q. , Hafiz M.A.
Published: August 2015

In this paper, we suggest and study Simpson's formula, and Newton's two, three and four Cosed formulas iterative methods for solving the system of nonlinear equations by using Predictor-Corrector of Newton method. We present four new algorithms for solving the system of nonlinear equations (SNLE). We prove that these new algorithms have convergence. Several numerical examples are given to illustrate the efficiency and performance of the new iterative methods. These new algorithms may be viewed as an extensions and generalizations of the existing methods for solving the system of nonlinear equations.
Neutrosophic Parametrized Soft Set Theory and its Decision Making
Authors: Broumi Said , Deli Irfan , Smarandache Florentin
Published: August 2015

In this work, we present definition of neutrosophic parameterized (NP) soft set and its operations. Then we define NP-aggregation operator to form NP-soft decision making method which allows constructing more efficient decision processes. We also dive an example which shows that they can be successfully applied to problem that contain indeterminacy.
Biomass and Nitrogen Content of Hairy Vetch–Cereal Rye Cover Crop Mixtures as Influenced by Species Proportions
Authors: Poffenbarger Hanna J. , Mirsky Steven B. , Weil Raymond R. , Maul Jude E. , Kramer Matthew , Spargo John T. , Cavigelli Michel A.
Published: August 2015

The performance of legume–grass cover crop mixtures may be influenced by the species proportions in mixture. The objectives of this study were to: (i) evaluate total aboveground biomass and species biomass proportions resulting from different hairy vetch (legume; Vicia villosa Roth)/cereal rye (grass; Secale cereale L.) sown proportions, (ii) characterize aboveground N content and C/N ratios in response to species biomass proportions, and (iii) quantify biologically fixed nitrogen (BFN) in hairy vetch and the potential transfer of BFN to associated cereal rye. A gradient of six sown proportions ranging from 100% cereal rye to 100% hairy vetch was drilled in fall 2011 and 2012 at two sites in Beltsville, MD, and sampled for biomass, C and N content, and BFN the following spring. Hairy vetch monocultures produced less biomass than cereal rye monocultures, but biomass levels were similar between cereal rye monocultures and mixtures. Cereal rye was usually the dominant species in mixtures. Nitrogen content increased from 64 to 181 kg ha−1 and C/N ratio decreased from 83 to 16 as hairy vetch biomass increased from 0 to 100%. Nitrogen content was estimated to plateau when hairy vetch reached approximately 50% of the total biomass. Averaged across site‐years, BFN made up 63 and 86% of hairy vetch N in monoculture and mixture, respectively. For mixtures, a wide range of sown proportions produced >8 Mg ha−1 biomass, but achieving maximum N content and low C/N ratios required a hairy vetch/cereal rye seeding rate of 27:34 kg ha−1.
Cover Crop Biomass Production and Water Use in the Central Great Plains
Authors: Nielsen David C. , Lyon Drew J. , Hergert Gary W. , Higgins Robert K. , Holman Johnathan D.
Published: August 2015

The water‐limited environment of the semiarid Central Great Plains may not produce enough cover crop biomass to generate benefits associated with cover crop use in more humid regions. There have been reports that cover crops grown in mixtures produce more biomass with greater water use efficiency than single‐species plantings. This study was conducted to determine differences in cover crop biomass production, water use efficiency, and residue cover between a mixture and single‐species plantings. The study was conducted at Akron, CO, and Sidney, NE, during the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons under both rainfed and irrigated conditions. Water use, biomass, and residue cover were measured and water use efficiency was calculated for four single‐species cover crops (flax [Linum usitatissimum L.], oat [Avena sativa L.], pea [Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L. Poir], rapeseed [Brassica napus L.]) and a 10‐species mixture. The mixture did not produce greater biomass nor exhibit greater water use efficiency than the single‐species plantings. The slope of the water‐limited yield relationship was not significantly greater for the mixture than for single‐species plantings. Water‐limited yield relationship slopes were in the order of rapeseed < flax < pea < mixture < oat, which was the expected order based on previously published biomass productivity values generated from values of glucose conversion into carbohydrates, protein, or lipids. Residue cover was not generally greater from the mixture than from single‐species plantings. The greater expense associated with a mixture is not justified unless a certain cover crop forage quality is required for grazing or haying.
Using X‐ray Computed Tomography to Describe the Dynamics of Nitrous Oxide Emissions during Soil Drying
Authors: Rabot E. , Lacoste M. , Hénault C. , Cousin I.
Published: August 2015

Water in soil is known to be a key factor for controlling N2O emissions because N2O is mainly produced by denitrification in anoxic environments. In this study, we proposed a methodology to image the water and soil structure of a soil sample with X‐ray computed tomography while controlling the hydric state and monitoring N2O fluxes. We used a multistep outflow system to apply two wetting–drying cycles to an undisturbed soil. The soil core was scanned with coarse‐resolution X‐ray computed tomography, one time during wetting and several times during drying, to measure quantitative and qualitative indicators of the pore network. Nitrous oxide emissions were higher during the first (C1) than during the second (C2) wetting–drying cycle for both the wetting and the drying phases. Fluxes increased quickly after the beginning of the drying phase to reach a peak after 5 h. Differences in the intensity of N2O emissions between the two cycles were attributed to differences in the water saturation, air‐phase connectivity, and relative gas diffusion coefficient, which led to more or less N2O production, consumption, and entrapment in the soil. The speed of the N2O emissions at the beginning of the drying phase depended on the rate of increase of the air‐filled pore volume and connectivity, and was especially well described by the estimated relative gas diffusion coefficient. Parameters of the soil structure were not able to explain completely the intensity of N2O emissions during drying; N2O production and consumption factors were also involved.
Drinking water quality assessment and water quality index of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Omran Abdulrasoul , Al-Barakah Fahad , Altuquq Abdullah , Aly Anwar , Nadeem Mahmoud
Published: August 2015

One hundred and eighty drinking water samples were collected from five zones of Riyadh governorate including Riyadh main zone, Ulia, Nassim, Shifa, and Badiah zones. The water was collected from the main water network and underground and upper household tanks in each zone. The water quality was found to be acceptable for drinking with respect to chemical characteristics; however, analyses exhibited some microbial contamination. The water quality index (WQI) is a mathematical method used to facilitate water quality explanation. The WQI was calculated using several physico-chemical and microbial parameters. The results showed that more than 88% of Riyadh main zone, 91% of Ulia, 97% of Nassim, 88% of Shifa, and 100% of Badiah waters zones were considered excellent for drinking (class I). The remaining waters were considered unsuitable for drinking (class V) due to microbial contamination.
Apixaban versus edoxaban for stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation
Authors: Xiong Qinmei , Lau Yee C , Lip Gregory YH
Published: August 2015

Oral anticoagulation therapy is the mainstay of stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients. Vitamin K antagonists (such as warfarin) have been effective conventional oral anticoagulants for several decades. However, due to their limitations in clinical use, several nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs, including dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban) have been developed. Nonetheless, no head to head trials have been performed to directly compare these NOACs in patient cohorts. In this review article, two direct factor Xa inhibitors, apixaban and edoxaban, are briefly described with focus on their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, plus drug interactions. Moreover, both efficacy and safety will be discussed based on the available data from the large Phase III clinical trials and indirect comparison studies.
Deferasirox therapy is associated with reduced mortality risk in a medicare population with myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Zeidan Amer M , Hendrick Franklin , Friedmann Erika , Baer Maria R , Gore Steven D , Sasane Medha , Paley Carole , Davidoff Amy J
Published: August 2015

Aims:
Iron overload adversely affects patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), but benefits of iron chelation therapy have not been clearly demonstrated. We examined the association between deferasirox (DFX) therapy and mortality in transfusion-receiving Medicare patients.
Patients & methods:
MDS patients from 2005 to 2008 were identified using ICD-9 codes from 100% Medicare claims. Patients receiving ≥20 blood units were observed until death or end of study. Marginal structural models were used for estimation.
Results:
3926 patients (10.1% used DFX) were observed for a mean of 48.8 weeks. Each incremental week of DFX was associated with a significant reduction in mortality risk (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.989; 95% CI: 0.983–0.996; p = 0.001).
Conclusion:
DFX therapy is associated with a reduced mortality risk among older MDS patients who received a minimum transfusion threshold.
Nutrition Intervention for Advanced Stages of Diabetic Kidney Disease
Authors: Goldstein-Fuchs Jordi , Kalantar-Zadeh Kamyar
Published: August 2015

IN BRIEF For the goals of reducing diabetic kidney disease (DKD) onset and progression, approaches to nutritional therapy are a subject of much debate. This article discusses selected nutrients that have a role in affecting DKD outcomes and introduces application of newer, individualized concepts for healthful eating, as supported by clinical evidence relevant to patients with DKD. Selected aspects of management of advanced DKD are also reviewed.
The Placental Distal Villous Hypoplasia Pattern: Interobserver Agreement and Automated Fractal Dimension as an Objective Metric
Authors: Mukherjee Anika , Chan Adrian D.C. , Keating Sarah , Redline Raymond W. , Fritsch Michael K. , Machin Geoffrey A. , Cornejo-Palma Daniel , de Nanassy Joseph , El-Demellawy Dina , von Dadelszen Peter , Benton Samantha J. , Grynspan David
Published: August 2015

The distal villous hypoplasia (DVH) pattern is a placental correlate of fetal growth restriction. Because the pattern seems to involve less complexity than do appropriately developed placental villi, we postulated that it may be associated with lower fractal dimension—a mathematical measure of complexity. Our study objectives were to evaluate interobserver agreement related to the DVH pattern among expert pathologists and to determine whether pathologist classification of DVH correlates with fractal dimension. A study set of 30 images of placental parenchyma at ×4 magnification was created by a single pathologist from a digital slide archive. The images were graded for the DVH pattern according to pre-specified definitions and included 10 images graded as “no DVH” (grade = 0), 10 with mild to moderate DVH (grade = 1), and 10 with severe DVH (grade = 2). The images were randomly sorted and shown to a panel of 4 international experts who similarly graded the images for DVH. Weighted kappas were calculated. For each image, fractal dimension was calculated by the Box Counting method. The correlation coefficient between (1) the averaged DVH scores obtained by the 5 pathologists and (2) fractal dimension was calculated. The mean weighted kappa score among the observers was 0.59 (range: 0.42–0.70). The correlation coefficient between fractal dimension and the averaged DVH score was −0.915 ( P < 0.001). Expert pathologists achieve fair to substantial agreement in grading DVH, indicating consensus on the definition of DVH. Distal villous hypoplasia correlates extremely well with fractal dimension and represents an objective measure for DVH.
Near-miss Obstetric Events in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Nepal: An Audit
Authors: Gurung BS , Koju RB , Dongol Y
Published: August 2015

Aims: This study aims to determine the frequency of near-miss obstetric events and analyze its nature such as reasons for near-miss, organ dysfunction associated and critical management required among pregnant women managed over a 3-year period in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Nepal. Methods: This hospital based prospective, descriptive study was done from August 2011 to February 2015. Case eligibility was defined by WHO Near-Miss Guidelines. Medical records of the patients and the interview with the patient, accompanying family members and health workers from referral centres were used to generate the data which were filled in the pre-designed questionnaire. The data generated and analyzed included age and gestation weeks, parity, mode of intervention, associated organ dysfunctions, reasons for near-miss and critical intervention accompanied to manage the near-miss cases. Results were presented in mean ± SD and percentages, wherever applicable. Results: There were 4617 deliveries with 28 near-miss cases. The major factors contributing near-miss events were obstetric haemorrhage followed by hypertensive disorder. Three fourth (n=21) of cases required blood transfusion and almost all cases (n=26) required ICU management. Coagulation disorder was observed in majority of cases (n=23) followed by cardiovascular, respiratory and uterine atony. Conclusions: In this study, maternal near-miss event was mainly attributable to obstetric haemorrhage followed by hypertension and sepsis. Major organ-system disorders observed were coagulation disorder, cardiovascular, respiratory and uterine disorders. Almost all the cases were managed in ICU and majority of them required blood transfusion.
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome due to Eclampsia in Term Pregnancy
Authors: Gurung T , Shrestha AB , Shrestha S
Published: August 2015

We report a 30 years primigravidae presented in term pregnancy with eclampsia with intrauterine foetal death and underwent instrumental delivery. Peripartum management of eclampsia is always challenging for anaesthesiologist and obstretrician. The case was managed under general anaesthesia and kept on mechanical ventilation for three days. Postpartum cranial computed tomography revealed low attenuated area in right basal ganglia. Low attenuated area in bilateral frontal and parietal lobes with subtle gyral high density in bilateral frontal lobes. Report was suggestive of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Clinical improvement was observed with supportive treatment and extubated on the third postpartum day. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is a cliniconeuroradiological syndrome associated with the various conditions including severe hypertension and seizures. Eclampsia is one of the most important causes of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome.
Perinatal Outcome of the Second Twin
Authors: Joshi R , Baral G
Published: August 2015

Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the perinatal outcome of the second twin compared to the first one. Methods: This is a hospital based comparative study of 60 pregnant women with twin pregnancy at Paropakar Maternity and Women’s Hospital, Kathmandu from 14 January 2013 to13 April 2013. Apgar score and admission to neonatal intensive care unit of the first and the second twins were studied in relation to the gestational age, chorionicity, mode of delivery, inter-delivery interval and birth weight. Mc Nemars test was used with 0.05 as the level of significance. Results: Among 60 sets of twins, Apgar score of the second twin was found to be lower than the first one (p=0.02) in general and in preterm gestation (p=0.049), dichorionic diamniotic chorionicity (p=0.012), vaginal delivery (p<0.001), inter-delivery interval of <30 minutes (p=0.007) and birth weight discordance of <30 % (p=0.014). Admission to neonatal intensive care unit was not significant (p=0.5). Conclusions: Second twin had low Apgar score and the neonatal admission rate was similar for both twins.
Niederdruck-Carbonitrieren mit Aminen*
Authors: Koch D. , Hagymási L. , Waldenmaier T. , Bajohr S. , Reimert R.
Published: August 2015

Kurzfassung

Das Niederdruck-Carbonitrieren ist ein modernes Verfahren zum Einsatzhärten von niedriglegierten Einsatzstählen. Bei ihm werden Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff bei Gesamtdrücken von kleiner 50 mbar und bei Temperaturen über 800 °C in der Randschicht der zu behandelnden Werkstücke angereichert. In der Literatur wird fast ausschließlich Ammoniak als Stickstoffdonator, in Verbindung mit einem Kohlenstoffdonator, meist Ethin oder Propan, als Prozessgas diskutiert [1–3]. Der Einsatz anderer Gase bzw. Gasmischungen als Donatoren für Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff sowie deren Wirksamkeit bei der Anreicherung der Randschicht mit den genannten Elementen wird so gut wie nicht behandelt. Am Engler-Bunte-Institut des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie wurden daher potenzielle Prozessgase für das Niederdruck-Carbonitrieren identifiziert. Deren Wirksamkeit beim Anreichern einer Bauteils-Randschicht mit Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff wurde in einer Thermowaage experimentell untersucht. Mit Methylamin (CH3NH2) und Dimethylamin ((CH3)2NH) konnten zwei Prozessgase gefunden werden, die im Vergleich zu Ammoniak in Verbindung mit einem Kohlenstoffdonator (z. B. Ethin, Propan) zu einer guten Anreicherung der Randschicht mit Kohlenstoff und Stickstoff führen. Auf Basis einer vorangegangenen Potenzialanalyse werden in der vorliegenden Veröffentlichung ausschließlich Untersuchungsergebnisse zum Niederdruck-Carbonitrieren mit Methylamin vorgestellt.
Wärmebehandlung und zerstörungsfreie Prüfung: Oberflächenrisse mit der Laser-Thermografie finden*
Authors: Ziegler M. , Myrach P. , Neding B.
Published: August 2015

Kurzfassung

Die Thermografie als zerstörungsfreies Prüfverfahren erlaubt das Erkennen einer Vielzahl von Defekten in unterschiedlichsten Werkstoffen. Hierzu ist zum einen eine Energiequelle erforderlich, welche einen Wärmestrom im Werkstück erzeugt, und zum anderen eine Infrarot-Kamera, welche den orts- und zeitabhängigen Temperaturverlauf der Werkstückoberfläche analysiert. Neue Ansätze unter Verwendung von Lasern ermöglichen nun auch die Prüfung auf winzige Oberflächenrisse. Die aktuelle Grenze der Nachweisempfindlichkeit für mittels klassischer Thermografie nur schwer prüfbare hochreflektierende Metalloberflächen liegt mit Rissbreiten und -tiefen bis hinunter in den Sub-Mikrometerbereich und damit im Bereich der fluoreszierenden Magnetpulver- und Eindringprüfung. Dabei sind jedoch weder Verbrauchsmittel, noch eine Oberflächenpräparation notwendig und eine Prüfung kann berührungslos und automatisiert über Entfernungen bis in den Meter-Bereich erfolgen. Bei der Wärmebehandlung und insbesondere beim Randschichthärten mittels Laserstrahlung stehen ebenfalls hochleistungsfähige Energiequellen zur Erzeugung intensiver dynamischer Temperaturgradienten zur Verfügung. Damit eröffnet sich unmittelbar die Möglichkeit der Integration der thermografischen Prüfung in die Fertigung. Der Beitrag stellt die neuesten Entwicklungen der vielversprechenden Laser-Thermografie-Technik vor und zeigt, warum deren Einsatz potentiell die Standardprüfverfahren Magnetpulver- bzw. Eindringprüfung für eine Reihe von Prüfproblemen beerben könnte.
Analysis of Residual Stress States of Structured Surfaces Manufactured by High-Feed and Micromilling
Authors: Lucas H. , Denkena B. , Grove T. , Krebs E. , Kersting P. , Freiburg D. , Biermann D.
Published: August 2015

The performance of technological surfaces can be optimized via tailored characteristics according to their specific field of usage. These high performance surfaces are needed for the new technology of Sheet-Bulk Metal Forming (SBMF), which is a combination of sheet metal and bulk forming operations. Due to the high surface loads of bulk forming operations, tool surfaces need to be capable to withstand high stress states. Additional to a high wear resistance, the friction coefficient of these surfaces is an important criterion for the material flow of the sheet material. Surface characteristics can be adjusted by using technologies such as high-feed and micromilling processes resulting in different friction coefficients optimizing functional performance of the tools. In dependency of these different manufacturing processes, different residual stresses are induced into the subsurface of the forming tool. Reliability of residual stress measurements via X-ray diffractometry for microstructured surfaces produced through high-feed milling and micromilling is investigated.
Mechanical and tribological properties of functionally graded aluminium/zirconia metal matrix composite synthesized by centrifugal casting
Authors: Radhika N. , Raghu R.
Published: August 2015

In the present study, functionally graded aluminium/zirconia metal matrix composite was fabricated using a liquid metallurgy route followed by centrifugal casting process and a hollow cylindrical component of dimensions 150 × 150 × 16 mm was obtained. Microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties along the radial direction were analysed to check the graded properties throughout the thickness of the casting. The tribological behaviour of the functionally graded composite was studied using a three body abrasion tester by varying the applied loads in the range of 33 – 80 N at two different rotating speeds of 100 and 200 rpm. The microstructural examination results showed that the outer surface of the composite has a particle rich zone due to centrifugal force as well as the density difference between alloy and reinforcement. Hardness was found to be higher at the outer surface and tensile strength was higher at the upper section of the composite due to the higher segregation of reinforcement particles. The abrasive wear test results revealed that the wear rate increases as applied load increases and decreases as rotating speed increases. The wear resistance was found to be maximum at the outer periphery compared to other surfaces under all conditions. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of worn surfaces revealed fine and shallow grooves on the external zone ensuring better wear resistance.
Quantitative Microstructure and Defect Density Analysis of Polycrystalline Tungsten Reference Samples after Different Heat Treatments
Authors: Manhard A. , Balden M. , Elgeti S.
Published: August 2015

In order to provide a solid basis for the correlation of microstructure and hydrogen isotope retention in tungsten, reference samples with different microstructures were prepared from a single batch of polycrystalline tungsten by standardised polishing and heat treatment procedures. Representative samples were analysed by scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy as well as by electron backscatter diffraction. We show that if the annealing temperature is increased from 1 200 to 1 500 K, practically only the density of dislocations and grain boundaries with very small misorientations of less than 2° is reduced, while for annealing at 1 700 and 2 000 K, also the density of high-angle grain boundaries is reduced due to grain growth. Furthermore, the dislocation density is reduced by nearly two orders of magnitude compared to tungsten annealed at 1 200 K. We also comment on two different textures on the front and rear side of the samples that were observed both by X-ray diffraction and EBSD.
Bioavailability and Safety of Vitamin D3 from Pizza Baked with Fortified Mozzarella Cheese: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Al-Khalidi Banaz , Chiu Winnie , Rousseau Dérick , Vieth Reinhold
Published: August 2015

Purpose: To assess the bioavailability and safety of vitamin D3 from fortified mozzarella cheese baked on pizza.

Methods: In a randomized, double-blind trial, 96 apparently healthy, ethnically diverse adults were randomized to consume 200 IU or 28 000 IU vitamin D3 fortified mozzarella cheese with pizza once weekly for a total of 8 weeks. Blood and urine samples were collected at baseline (week 1) and final (week 10) visits for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and other biochemical measures. The primary outcome compared serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D between groups at 10 weeks. The secondary outcome evaluated the safety of vitamin D dosing protocol as measured by serum and urine calcium, phosphate, creatinine, and serum parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Results: Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D increased by 5.1 ± 11 nmol/L in the low-dose group (n = 47; P = 0.003), and by 73 ± 22 nmol/L in the high-dose group (n = 49; P < 0.0001). None of the subjects in either group developed any adverse events during the supplementation protocol. Serum PTH significantly decreased in the high-dose group only (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: Vitamin D3 is safe and bioavailable from fortified mozzarella cheese baked on pizza.
La qualité de la communication financière sur le goodwill en IFRS
Authors: Disle Charlotte , Janin Rémi
Published: August 2015

Avec des niveaux forts élevés de goodwill, un environnement incertain et dégradé et un suivi comptable complexe, les sociétés françaises devraient d’autant plus soigner leur communication financière. L’étude du reporting du SBF 120 en 2010 et 2011 indique que les sociétés communiquent globalement sur leur goodwill. Mais, indépendamment de leur niveau de performance, elles fournissent peu d’informations détaillées, chiffrées et différenciées par unités génératrices de trésorerie (UGT).
L’impact des normes IFRS sur les politiques de couverture des risques financiers
Authors: Poincelot Évelyne , Chambost Isabelle
Published: August 2015

Cet article analyse les relations pouvant exister entre les politiques économiques de couverture de risques financiers et leur traduction comptable, en s’interrogeant plus précisément sur les effets éventuels des modifications des règlementations comptables sur les pratiques. Il se fonde notamment sur une étude empirique exploratoire testant, à partir des états financiers, l’hypothèse d’une modification éventuelle des politiques de couverture des groupes cotés en France, suite à la modification du référentiel comptable opéré en 2005.
De l’invective au dialogue, relancer le débat IFRS sur des bases saines
Authors: Marion Christophe , Gélard Gilbert
Published: August 2015

En France, le débat sur les IFRS est désespérant. L’espace public est saturé par des arguments faux ou non étayés. Ne pouvant se dérouler sur des bases rationnelles, le débat en est réduit à des invectives. Certains professionnels refusent désormais de partager la tribune avec d’autres. Comment en est-on arrivé là, comment en sortir ? Certains biais cognitifs sont à l’oeuvre. Nous formulons quelques propositions pour faire progresser le débat. Les enseignants-chercheurs sont la pierre angulaire de la solution.
Valeurs de consommation dans l’écotourisme communautaire
Authors: Fiorello Amélie , Bo Damien
Published: August 2015

Cette recherche exploratoire vise à mieux comprendre ce que recherchent les touristes qui choisissent une forme de voyage durable émergente (l’écotourisme communautaire) et quelles valeurs ils y attribuent. En se basant sur 117 récits de voyages retraçant des expériences d’écotourisme communautaire et en mobilisant le modèle intégrateur de la valeur développé par Aurier et al. (2004), nous avons pu faire émerger les dimensions de la valeur les plus importantes pour les touristes qui choisissent une offre d’écotourisme communautaire.
Conséquences de l’adoption des IFRS sur l’information et les marchés financiers
Authors: Lantin François , Tort Éric
Published: August 2015

On the basis of a review of the papers published on the last decade (2005-2014), the article deals with the effects of IFRS adoption on the financial information and financial markets. After a descriptive analysis of 207 articles identifying various domains of researches, the article focuses on the impacts of the IFRS according to the information disclosure (value relevance, earnings management, quality and comparability) and the financial markets actors’ perception (analysts’ earnings forecasts, investment, stock and credit markets, cost of capital).
Victimización en México: Un análisis de equilibrio general
Authors: Mendoza Sandra Edith Medellín , Cantú Joana Cecilia Chapa
Published: August 2015

There exists few studies on Mexico related to research of the factors involved in the decision-making process of individuals when choosing whether to be a law-abiding citizen or a criminal. From the perspective of members of criminal markets—i.e., victims, felons, and the government—this work explains under a general equilibrium model how the delinquency rate for felonies, such as theft, in the various Mexican states function as structural parameters for wages, taxes, police reliability, and legal penalties. The results suggest that, in an environment of low accusation and punishment, the only variable in this model which has a real effect in reducing crime are monetary penalties, due to the fact that the felon must face this kind of penalty once accused, captured, and jailed.

Spanish
Existen pocos estudios para el caso mexicano donde se investiga cuáles son los factores que intervienen en la toma de decisiones de los individuos al elegir entre ser criminal o no. Desde la perspectiva de los integrantes del mercado del crimen, esto es, víctimas, delincuentes y gobierno, este trabajo explica bajo un modelo de equilibrio general, cómo responde la tasa de delincuencia para delitos como el robo de las entidades federativas mexicanas ante cambios en los parámetros estructurales como salarios, impuestos, productividad de la policía y las penas consideradas en el marco legal. Los resultados encontrados sugieren que en un contexto de bajas tasas de denuncia y castigo, la única variable de política que en el marco de este modelo tiene efecto para reducir el crimen son las penas monetarias, ya que estas las enfrenta el criminal una vez que es denunciado, capturado y encarcelado.

French
Rares sont les études au Mexique qui s'interrogent sur les facteurs liés au processus de prise de décision chez les individus concernant leur choix de devenir ou non des criminels. Fondé sur les opinions des agents du crime organisé, dont les victimes, les criminels et le gouvernement, cet article analyse sur la base d'un modèle d'équilibre général, la manière dont le taux de délinquance, à l'instar des détournements des fonds publics dans des régions mexicaines, réagit aux changement des paramètres structurels tels que les salaires, les impôts, l'efficience de la police et la fiabilité des sanctions dans le cadre juridique. Les résultats suggèrent que dans un contexte pareil marqué par un faible taux de plaintes et de sanctions, la seule variable de politiques susceptibles de réduire efficacement la criminalité, sont les sanctions pécuniaires, auxquelles les criminels seraient systématiquement confrontés en cas de dénonciation, d'arrestation ou d'emprisonnement.
Results of nerve grafting in radial nerve injuries occurring proximal to the humerus, including those within the posterior cord
Authors: Bertelli Jayme Augusto , Ghizoni Marcos Flávio
Published: August 2015

OBJECT

Results of radial nerve grafting are largely unknown for lesions of the radial nerve that occur proximal to the humerus, including those within the posterior cord.

METHODS

The authors describe 13 patients with proximal radial nerve injuries who were surgically treated and then followed for at least 24 months. The patients’ average age was 26 years and the average time between accident and surgery was 6 months. Sural nerve graft length averaged 12 cm. Recovery was scored according to the British Medical Research Council (BMRC) scale, which ranges from M0 to M5 (normal muscle strength).

RESULTS

After grafting, all 7 patients with an elbow extension palsy recovered elbow extension, scoring M4. Six of the 13 recovered M4 wrist extension, 6 had M3, and 1 had M2. Thumb and finger extension was scored M4 in 3 patients, M3 in 2, M2 in 2, and M0 in 6.

CONCLUSIONS

The authors consider levels of strength of M4 for elbow and wrist extension and M3 for thumb and finger extension to be good results. Based on these criteria, overall good results were obtained in only 5 of the 13 patients. In proximal radial nerve lesions, the authors now advocate combining nerve grafts with nerve or tendon transfers to reconstruct wrist, thumb, and finger extension.
The War of Independence: a surgical algorithm for the treatment of head injury in the continental army
Authors: Sabourin Victor M. , Shah Manan , Yick Frederick , Gandhi Chirag D. , Prestigiacomo Charles J.
Published: August 2015

The American Revolution was a gruesome warthat resulted in the independence of the United States of America from the British crown and countless casualties to both belligerents. However, from these desperate times, the treatment of traumatic head injury was elucidated, as were the origins of American neurosurgery in the 18th century. During the war, the surgical manual used by military field surgeons was titled Plain Concise Practical Remarks on the Treatment of Wounds and Fractures, by Dr. John Jones. This manual explains the different types of cranial injuries understood at that time as well as the relevant surgical treatment. This article seeks to review the surgical treatment of head injury in the Revolutionary War as outlined by Dr. Jones’s manual.
Prophylactic nimodipine treatment for cochlear and facial nerve preservation after vestibular schwannoma surgery: a randomized multicenter Phase III trial
Authors: Scheller Christian , Wienke Andreas , Tatagiba Marcos , Gharabaghi Alireza , Ramina Kristofer F. , Ganslandt Oliver , Bischoff Barbara , Zenk Johannes , Engelhorn Tobias , Matthies Cordula , Westermaier Thomas , Antoniadis Gregor , Pedro Maria Teresa , Rohde Veit , von Eckardstein Kajetan , Kretschmer Thomas , Kornhuber Malte , Steighardt Jörg , Richter Michael , Barker Fred G. , Strauss Christian
Published: August 2015

OBJECT

A pilot study of prophylactic nimodipine and hydroxyethyl starch treatment showed a beneficial effect on facial and cochlear nerve preservation following vestibular schwannoma (VS) surgery. A prospective Phase III trial was undertaken to confirm these results.

METHODS

An open-label, 2-arm, randomized parallel group and multicenter Phase III trial with blinded expert review was performed and included 112 patients who underwent VS surgery between January 2010 and February 2013 at 7 departments of neurosurgery to investigate the efficacy and safety of the prophylaxis. The surgery was performed after the patients were randomly assigned to one of 2 groups using online randomization. The treatment group (n = 56) received parenteral nimodipine (1–2 mg/hr) and hydroxyethyl starch (hematocrit 30%–35%) from the day before surgery until the 7th postoperative day. The control group (n = 56) was not treated prophylactically.

RESULTS

Intent-to-treat analysis showed no statistically significant effects of the treatment on either preservation of facial nerve function (35 [67.3%] of 52 [treatment group] compared with 34 [72.3%] of 47 [control group]) (p = 0.745) or hearing preservation (11 [23.4%] of 47 [treatment group] compared with 15 [31.2%] of 48 [control group]) (p = 0.530) 12 months after surgery. Since tumor sizes were significantly larger in the treatment group than in the control group, logistic regression analysis was required. The risk for deterioration of facial nerve function was adjusted nearly the same in both groups (OR 1.07 [95% CI 0.34–3.43], p = 0.91). In contrast, the risk for postoperative hearing loss was adjusted 2 times lower in the treatment group compared with the control group (OR 0.49 [95% CI 0.18–1.30], p = 0.15). Apart from dose-dependent hypotension (p < 0.001), no clinically relevant adverse reactions were observed.

CONCLUSIONS

There were no statistically significant effects of the treatment. Despite the width of the confidence intervals, the odds ratios may suggest but do not prove a clinically relevant effect of the safe study medication on the preservation of cochlear nerve function after VS surgery. Further study is needed before prophylactic nimodipine can be recommended in VS surgery.
The role of sacral slope in lumbosacral fusion: a biomechanical study
Authors: Drazin Doniel , Hussain Mir , Harris Jonathan , Hao John , Phillips Matt , Kim Terrence T. , Johnson J. Patrick , Bucklen Brandon
Published: August 2015

OBJECT

Abnormal sacral slope (SS) has shown to increase progression of spondylolisthesis, yet there exists a paucity in biomechanical studies investigating its role in the correction of adult spinal deformity, its influence on lumbosacral shear, and its impact on the instrumentation selection process. This in vitro study investigates the effect of SS on 3 anterior lumbar interbody fusion constructs in a biomechanics laboratory.

METHODS

Nine healthy, fresh-frozen, intact human lumbosacral vertebral segments were tested by applying a 550-N axial load to specimens with an initial SS of 20° on an MTS Bionix test system. Testing was repeated as SS was increased to 50°, in 10° increments, through an angulated testing fixture. Specimens were instrumented using a standalone integrated spacer with self-contained screws (SA), an interbody spacer with posterior pedicle screws (PPS), and an interbody spacer with anterior tension band plate (ATB) in a randomized order. Stiffness was calculated from the linear portion of the load-deformation curve. Ultimate strength was also recorded on the final construct of all specimens (n = 3 per construct) with SS of 40°.

RESULTS

Axial stiffness (N/mm) of the L5–S1 motion segment was measured at various angles of SS: for SA 292.9 ± 142.8 (20°), 277.2 ± 113.7 (30°), 237.0 ± 108.7 (40°), 170.3 ± 74.1 (50°); for PPS 371.2 ± 237.5 (20°), 319.8 ± 167.2 (30°), 280.4 ± 151.7 (40°), 233.0 ± 117.6 (50°); and for ATB 323.9 ± 210.4 (20°), 307.8 ± 125.4 (30°), 249.4 ± 126.7 (40°), 217.7 ± 99.4 (50°). Axial compression across the disc space decreased with increasing SS, indicating that SS beyond 40° threshold shifted L5–S1 motion into pure shear, instead of compression-shear, defining a threshold. Trends in ultimate load and displacement differed from linear stiffness with SA > PPS > ATB.

CONCLUSIONS

At larger SSs, bilateral pedicle screw constructs with spacers were the most stable; however, none of the constructs were significantly stiffer than intact segments. For load to failure, the integrated spacer performed the best; this may be due to angulations of integrated plate screws. Increasing SS significantly reduced stiffness, which indicates that surgeons need to consider using more aggressive fixation techniques.
Material matters for learning in virtual networks: A case study of a professional learning programme hosted in a Google+ online community.
Authors: Ackland Aileen , Swinney Ann
Published: August 2015

In this paper, we draw on Actor–Network Theories (ANT) to explore how material components functioned to create gateways and barriers to a virtual learning network in the context of a professional development module in higher education. Students were practitioners engaged in family learning in different professional roles and contexts. The data comprised postings in the Google+ community, email correspondence, meeting notes, feedback submitted at the final workshop and post-module evaluation forms. Our analysis revealed a complex set of interactions, and suggests multiple ways human actors story their encounters with non-human components and the effects these have on the learning experience. The aim of this paper is to contribute to a more holistic understanding of the components and dynamics of social learning networks in the virtual world and consider the implications for the design of online learning for continuous professional development (CPD).Keywords: professional education and training; learning communities; higher education; Actor–Network Theories(Published: 14 August 2015)Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2015, 23: 26677 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v23.26677