bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental impacts of wooden, plastic, and wood-polymer composite pallet: a life cycle assessment approach
Authors: Khan Md.Musharof Hussain , Deviatkin Ivan , Havukainen Jouni , Horttanainen Mika
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Waste recycling is one of the essential tools for the European Union’s transition towards a circular economy. One of the possibilities for recycling wood and plastic waste is to utilise it to produce composite product. This study analyses the environmental impacts of producing composite pallets made of wood and plastic waste from construction and demolition activities in Finland. It also compares these impacts with conventional wooden and plastic pallets made of virgin materials.

Methods

Two different life cycle assessment methods were used: attributional life cycle assessment and consequential life cycle assessment. In both of the life cycle assessment studies, 1000 trips were considered as the functional unit. Furthermore, end-of-life allocation formula such as 0:100 with a credit system had been used in this study. This study also used sensitivity analysis and normalisation calculation to determine the best performing pallet.

Result and discussion

In the attributional cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment, wood-polymer composite pallets had the lowest environmental impact in abiotic depletion potential (fossil), acidification potential, eutrophication potential, global warming potential (including biogenic carbon), global warming potential (including biogenic carbon) with indirect land-use change, and ozone depletion potential. In contrast, wooden pallets showed the lowest impact on global warming potential (excluding biogenic carbon). In the consequential life cycle assessment, wood-polymer composite pallets showed the best environmental impact in all impact categories. In both attributional and consequential life cycle assessments, plastic pallet had the maximum impact. The sensitivity analysis and normalisation calculation showed that wood-polymer composite pallets can be a better choice over plastic and wooden pallet.

Conclusions

The overall results of the pallets depends on the methodological approach of the LCA. However, it can be concluded that the wood-polymer composite pallet can be a better choice over the plastic pallet and, in most cases, over the wooden pallet. This study will be of use to the pallet industry and relevant stakeholders.
Critical thinking and non-formal Islamic education: Perspectives from young Muslims in the Netherlands
Authors: Altinyelken Hülya Kosar
Published: July 2021

Critical thinking is a highly valued skill in the twenty-first century, and its incorporation into formal school curricula as a core skill is nearly ubiquitous globally. It is considered imperative for educational quality, employability, competitiveness, and for promoting democratisation and social integration. While schools are tasked to promote critical thinking, non-formal Islamic education (NFIE) provided by mosques or by private organisations or tutors is often criticized for its emphasis on rote learning and memorisation, and for fostering an uncritical acceptance of authority. Based on interviews with 27 young adult alumni from four different Muslim communities in the Netherlands, this study seeks to explore the pedagogy of NFIE, with a focus on critical thinking. The accounts of young adults revealed that an emphasis on stimulating critical thinking was largely absent, and there were limited opportunities for interactions, questions, debating or challenging the authority of religious educators or Islamic texts. The traditional pedagogical approach, discouraging attitudes of educators and peers, lack of language proficiency, the young age of learners, and a perceived lack of need for critical deliberations were identified as key challenges. Young adults called for reforming the pedagogy of NFIE to allow for more reflexive, inquisitive and dialogical learning. Some argued that lack of critical deliberation would lead to weakness in the belief structures and faith of new generation Muslims in Europe, resulting in a sense of confusion and disorientation, and limited embodiment of Islamic principles.
Kommunikation für Sozialen Wandel
Authors: Hamidi Kefa , Mielke Möglich Antonia
Published: July 2021

Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit Ansätzen derKommunikation für Sozialen Wandel(Communication for Social Change,auchEntwicklungskommunikation). Gemeint ist damit die Beschäftigung mit der Rolle von Kommunikation und Medien in gesellschaftlichen Transformationsprozessen, die Nachhaltigkeit auf ökologischer, ökonomischer, sozialer und kultureller Ebene anstreben. Dieser Forschungszweig wird oftmals immer noch auf Länder bezogen, die ökonomisch weniger entwickelt sind, zum Beispiel Länder des globalen Südens. Im Gegensatz dazu setzen wir voraus, dass gesellschaftliche Transformation für alle Nationen relevant ist, da strukturelle Formen von Marginalisierung auch in wirtschaftlich starken Nationen auftreten.

In der deutschen Kommunikationswissenschaft fand das Feld derKSWin den letzten drei Jahrzehnten nur vereinzelt Beachtung, obwohl es angesichts globaler Metaprozesse und internationaler Konflikte an Bedeutung zunimmt und sich inzwischen auch angrenzende Disziplinen für den Zusammenhang von Medien und gesellschaftlichen Transformationsprozessen interessieren. In Anlehnung an Kritiken des internationalen Feldes formuliert dieser Beitrag einen Ansatz derKSWals Forschungs- und Praxisfeld, das zunehmend soziale Bewegungen und in der Gesellschaft auftretende Formen von Teilhabe und Ausgrenzung von Personengruppen untersucht. Das bedeutet, verstärkt zivilbürgerliche Selbstorganisationen als zentrale Agenten gesellschaftlicher Transformationsprozesse zu betrachten, da diesen zunehmend Einfluss auf Politik und Gesellschaft zukommt. Zudem wird anhaltend gefordert, die Menschen, über die geforscht wird, in den Forschungsprozess einzubeziehen. Die Idee der partizipativen Forschung liegt auch diesem Beitrag zugrunde.

Abschließend plädieren wir sowohl für mehr empirische Forschungen als auch für die Etablierung eines Studienganges zuKSWin Deutschland.
Measures of noncompactness in modular spaces and fixed point theorems for multivalued nonexpansive mappings
Authors: Benavides T. Domínguez , Ramírez P. Lorenzo
Published: July 2021

This paper is devoted to state some fixed point results for multivalued mappings in modular vector spaces. For this purpose, we study the uniform noncompact convexity, a geometric property for modular spaces which is similar to nearly uniform convexity in the Banach spaces setting. Using this property, we state several new fixed point theorems for multivalued nonexpansive mappings in modular spaces.
Should we account for mesozooplankton reproduction and ontogenetic growth in biogeochemical modeling?
Authors: Clerc Corentin , Aumont Olivier , Bopp Laurent
Published: July 2021

Mesozooplankton play a key role in marine ecosystems as they modulate the transfer of energy from phytoplankton to large marine organisms. In addition, they directly influence the oceanic cycles of carbon and nutrients through vertical migrations, fecal pellet production, respiration, and excretion. Mesozooplankton are mainly made up of metazoans, which undergo important size changes during their life cycle, resulting in significant variations in metabolic rates. However, most marine biogeochemical models represent mesozooplankton as protists-like organisms. Here, we study the potential caveats of this simplistic representation by using a chemostat-like zero-dimensional model with four different Nutrient-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton configurations in which the description of mesozooplankton ranges from protist-type organisms to using a size-based formulation including explicit reproduction and ontogenetic growth. We show that the size-based formulation strongly impacts mesozooplankton. First, it generates a delay of a few months in the response to an increase in food availability. Second, the increase in mesozooplankton biomass displays much larger temporal variations, in the form of successive cohorts, because of the dependency of the ingestion rate to body size. However, the size-based formulation does not affect smaller plankton or nutrient concentrations. A proper assessment of these top-down effects would require implementing our size-resolved approach in a 3-dimensional biogeochemical model. Furthermore, the bottom-up effects on higher trophic levels resulting from the significant changes in the temporal dynamics of mesozooplankton could be estimated in an end-to-end model coupling low and high trophic levels.
Distribution and origin of anomalously high permeability zones in Weizhou formation, Weizhou 12-X oilfield, Weixinan Sag, China
Authors: Chen Guosong , Meng Yuanlin , Huan Jinlai , Wang Youchun , Zhang Lei , Xiao Lihua
Published: July 2021

In order to study the dominant seepage channel of the third member of Weizhou formation (Ew3) in Weizhou 12-X oilfield, Weixinan Sag, Beibu Gulf Basin, and tap the potential of remaining oil. The distribution and causes of the anomalously high permeability zones in Weizhou Formation were studied by using conventional core physical property analysis, scanning electron microscope, laser particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction and thin section microscopic identification. As the results show, vertically,there are three anomalously high permeability zones in the A11, A12 and A21 micro-stage of the middle diagenetic stage, with the depth range of 2300 m ~ 2400 m, 2400 m ~ 2600 m, 2600 m ~ 2900 m respectively. Grain size, sorting, dissolution and early emplacement of hydrocarbons are the main causes of anomalously high permeability zones. Although both grain size and sorting affect porosity and permeability, the effect of grain size on permeability is stronger than sorting, and sorting has a stronger effect on porosity than grain size. Magmatic hydrothermal and organic acid promote dissolution and concomitant porosity and permeability increase by dissolving unstable minerals. The early emplacement of hydrocarbons retard the cementation and accompanying porosity and permeability reduction by reducing the water-rock ratio. Finally, sandstone reservoirs in the Ew3 are characterized by anomalously high permeability zones.
Exchange Flows in Tributary Creeks Enhance Dispersion by Tidal Trapping
Authors: Garcia Adrian Mikhail P. , Geyer W. Rockwell , Randall Noa
Published: July 2021

The North River estuary (Massachusetts, USA) is a tidal marsh creek network where tidal dispersion processes dominate the salt balance. A field study using moorings, shipboard measurements, and drone surveys was conducted to characterize and quantify tidal trapping due to tributary creeks. During flood tide, saltwater propagates up the main channel and gets “trapped” in the creeks. The creeks inherit an axial salinity gradient from the time-varying salinity at their boundary with the main channel, but it is stronger than the salinity gradient of the main channel because of relatively weaker currents. The stronger salinity gradient drives a baroclinic circulation that stratifies the creeks, while the main channel remains well-mixed. Because of the creeks’ shorter geometries, tidal currents in the creeks lead those in the main channel; therefore, the creeks never fill with the saltiest water which passes the main channel junction. This velocity phase difference is enhanced by the exchange flow in the creeks, which fast-tracks the fresher surface layer in the creeks back to the main channel. Through ebb tide, the relatively fresh creek outflows introduce a negative salinity anomaly into the main channel, where it is advected downstream by the tide. Using high-resolution measurements, we empirically determine the salinity anomaly in the main channel resulting from its exchange with the creeks to calculate a dispersion rate due to trapping. Our dispersion rate is larger than theoretical estimates that neglect the exchange flow in the creeks. Trapping contributes more than half the landward salt flux in this region.
Wi-Sense: a passive human activity recognition system using Wi-Fi and convolutional neural network and its integration in health information systems
Authors: Muaaz Muhammad , Chelli Ali , Gerdes Martin Wulf , Pätzold Matthias
Published: July 2021

A human activity recognition (HAR) system acts as the backbone of many human-centric applications, such as active assisted living and in-home monitoring for elderly and physically impaired people. Although existing Wi-Fi-based human activity recognition methods report good results, their performance is affected by the changes in the ambient environment. In this work, we present Wi-Sense—a human activity recognition system that uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) to recognize human activities based on the environment-independent fingerprints extracted from the Wi-Fi channel state information (CSI). First, Wi-Sense captures the CSI by using a standard Wi-Fi network interface card. Wi-Sense applies the CSI ratio method to reduce the noise and the impact of the phase offset. In addition, it applies the principal component analysis to remove redundant information. This step not only reduces the data dimension but also removes the environmental impact. Thereafter, we compute the processed data spectrogram which reveals environment-independent time-variant micro-Doppler fingerprints of the performed activity. We use these spectrogram images to train a CNN. We evaluate our approach by using a human activity data set collected from nine volunteers in an indoor environment. Our results show that Wi-Sense can recognize these activities with an overall accuracy of 97.78%. To stress on the applicability of the proposed Wi-Sense system, we provide an overview of the standards involved in the health information systems and systematically describe how Wi-Sense HAR system can be integrated into the eHealth infrastructure.
Linking geological heritage and geoethics with a particular emphasis on palaeontological heritage: the new concept of ‘palaeontoethics’
Authors: DeMiguel Daniel , Brilha José , Alegret Laia , Arenillas Ignacio , Arz José A. , Gilabert Vicente , Strani Flavia , Valenciano Alberto , Villas Enrique , Azanza Beatriz
Published: July 2021

Geoconservation and geoethics are two emergent domains in geosciences. During the last decade, both topics have increasingly gained the attention of geoscientists and the society, but the main geoethical dilemmas related to the conservation and management of geoheritage are not clearly identified yet. This work aims at providing an overview on the meaning and scope of geoethics and how it intersects geoheritage and the practice of geoconservation. Some case studies—many of which are under current debate and have a high potential as geoeducational resources—are presented for addressing ethical, social and cultural settings as well as dilemmas affecting geoheritage. We find that there are particular cases (mostly concerning the trade of fossils, and in particular the growing concern about activities that rely on amber from Myanmar) for which a clear dichotomy of views makes them much more problematic and complex. These cases deserve more suitable legal frameworks that help implement more balanced ethical standards and practice guidelines for geoconservation, guarantee human rights and needs in relation to that heritage and contribute to the advancement of geosciences. Particular attention is given to palaeontological heritage, as fossils are among the most threatened elements of the Earth’s diversity and are in need of more effective and statutory protection measures. In the context of geoethics applied to palaeontological heritage, and given the need of a clear understanding of what ethics in palaeontology means, a new concept—palaeontoethics—is proposed and formally defined.
Ja ich will! – Permission Marketing im deutschen Profifußball
Authors: Habenstein Dominic
Published: July 2021

Eine zentrale Herausforderung der digitalen Transformation ist der Umgang mit personenbezogenen Daten. Zur persönlichen Kommunikation mit Konsumenten (etwa via E‑Mail) benötigen Organisationen die vorherige Einwilligung ihrer Kunden. Mit der Erlangung ebendieser tun sich Institutionen jedweder Branche, so auch professionelle Fußballclubs, jedoch schwer. Ziel des vorliegenden Beitrages ist es daher herauszuarbeiten, wie die Akquise der Werbeeinwilligung von Vereinskunden (unter Beachtung der EU-DSGVO Anforderungen) mit hohem Aufforderungscharakter ausgestaltet werden kann. Die Einwilligungsbereitschaft selbst ist dabei als Privacy-Calculus-Abwägung anzusehen, die insbesondere durch die Datenschutzbedenken und die Auskunftsbereitschaft eines Individuums abgebildet wird. Ein exploratives Online-Experiment mit 624 Probanden diente zur Untersuchung, ob Vereine durch den Einsatz von Incentives, Erläuterungstexten oder Wahl des Erhebungskanals Einfluss auf die Auskunftsbereitschaft und Datenschutzbedenken (und somit die Einwilligungsbereitschaft) ihrer Vereinskunden nehmen können und ob die Vereinsverbundenheit eines Individuums beeinflussend wirkt. Es zeigt sich, dass eine hohe Erläuterungstiefe im Moment der Datenabgabe sowie die Wahl des geeigneten Erhebungskanals die Auskunftsbereitschaft signifikant erhöhen und Datenschutzbedenken verringern können. Zudem weisen Vereinskunden per se und (in geringem Maße) auch in Abhängigkeit von ihrer Vereinsverbundenheit geringere Datenschutzbedenken auf als Kunden klassischer Unternehmen. Dies vereinfacht die Akquise von Werbeeinwilligungen zwar tendenziell, sollte vereinsseitig jedoch nicht als Selbstläufer missverstanden werden, sondern ist als Vertrauensvorschuss mit erhöhter Transparenznotwendigkeit zu verstehen. In der Praxis machen die Profivereine sich diese Potenziale tendenziell wenig zunutze, sondern neigen zu Intransparenz und optimierbarer Rechtskonformität.
The O-factor: using the H-factor concept to predict the outcome of organosolv pretreatment
Authors: Joseph Prajin , Opedal Mihaela Tanase , Moe Størker T.
Published: July 2021

The H-factor, a parameter used extensively to analyze and predict the outcome of kraft pulping, is applied to organosolv pretreatment. The total solid yield after organosolv pretreatment fits well with the H-factor. The concept has been extended to apply to the individual biomass polymers using unique values for the activation energy for the depolymerization of the individual biomass polymers, giving the O-factor concept analogous to the P factor used for analyzing prehydrolysis kinetics. The results showed a linear relationship between ln(L0/L) and O-factor at an activation energy of 96 kJ/mol. The best linear fit for mannan and xylan degradation was obtained at O-factor activation energies of 104 kJ/mol and 142 kJ/mol, respectively, and the formation of furfural and 5-HMF gave a good linear fit using an O-factor activation energy of 150 kJ/mol. The O-factor is thus a useful concept for analyzing organosolv pretreatment when the temperature during pretreatment is not constant.
Structure evolution, dielectric, and conductivity behavior of (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3-Bi(Zn2/3Nb1/3)O3 ceramics
Authors: Yan Tianxiang , Chen Kaiyuan , Li Chengqi , Liu Min , Wang Jie , Fang Liang , Liu Laijun
Published: July 2021

(1−x)K0.5Na0.5NbO3−xBi(Zn2/3Nb1/3)O3 ((1−x)KNN−xBZN, x = 0.010, 0.015, 0.020, 0.025, and 0.030) lead-free ceramics were fabricated via a traditional solid-state method. The crystal structure, microstructure, dielectric, and conductivity behavior of this system were studied. Combined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, Rietveld refinement, and dielectric spectroscopy, an orthorhombic phase was determined for x = 0.010, an orthorhombic-tetragonal mixed phase was identified for x = 0.015, and a rhombohedral symmetry appears in 0.020 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.030. Both 0.98KNN−0.02BZN and 0.975KNN−0.025BZN ceramics exhibit stable permittivity and low dielectric loss tangent (tanδ) in wide temperature ranges owing to the combination of rhombohedral-tetragonal step-like feature and the diffuse phase transition from tetragonal to cubic. The activation energies of dielectric relaxation and conductivity behavior at high temperatures initially decrease slightly, then drop sharply, and finally decline slowly, which could be attributed to microstructure morphologies and the concentration of oxygen vacancies.
On an invariant distance induced by the Szegő Kernel
Authors: Krantz Steven G. , Wójcicki Paweł M.
Published: July 2021

In this paper we introduce a new distance by means of the so-called Szegő kernel and examine some basic properties and its relationship with the so-called Skwarczyński distance. We also examine the relationship between this distance, and the so-called Bergman distance and Szegő distance.
Human Rights Activism Among North Korean Refugees in the UK: Hope for a Democratic Future?
Authors: Lim Hyun-Joo
Published: July 2021

Social work plays a crucial role in defending the human rights of migrants, asylum seekers and refugees from systems of oppression. This paper explores the meanings and challenges of human rights activism and its driving forces among North Korean refugees in the UK. The data are drawn from life history interviews with 10 participants, together with two activists’ public speeches. The findings suggest that gaining awareness of human rights after their escape had significant implications for the activists, giving meaning to their life and sparking on their activism. Simultaneously, they expressed misconceptions and criticisms from other fellow North Korean refugees as one of the greatest difficulties they encountered in their work. I argue that to overcome such challenges human rights activism requires altruism and a creative imagination that envisions better future lives for other North Korean people. Based on this, I propose altruistic political imagination (API) as a concept that captures North Korean activists’ experiences, built on Passy’s (2001) notion of political altruism, to put emphasis on the visionary aspect of their activism. I maintain that the concept of API potentially has a wider appeal to those activists who face similar situations to North Korean activists, as well as social work practitioners who work with forced migrants and/or marginalised communities.
How to Optimize the Relationship Between Public Spending and Happiness
Authors: Gaucher Renaud
Published: July 2021

Happiness and efficient public spending are considered to be two desirable goals. In this paper, I consider happiness in the sense of how much one likes the life one leads (Veenhoven, 1984), and emphasize negative utilitarianism (Popper, 1952) as the best approach for promoting happiness in public policies. An ethical framework about public policies implemented to improve social conditions for happiness is suggested. I give a definition of the term optimization and propose two methods to optimize the relationship between public spending and social conditions for happiness. I briefly introduce a bookkeeping method, and I then present the bases of an econometric method in which quantile regression is described as the best tool within the negative utilitarianist approach, because quantile regression makes possible to know which independent variables influence most the degree of happiness of the least happy/ the saddest. The bookkeeping and the econometric methods presented are useful for any local, regional, national or supranational authority. These methods may also be useful for optimizing the relationship between natural resources consumption and social conditions for happiness. The paper is a conceptual paper.
Life‐course predictors of homelessness from adolescence into adulthood: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Heerde Jessica A. , Bailey Jennifer A. , Kelly Adrian B. , McMorris Barbara J. , Patton George C. , Toumbourou John W.
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Internationally, the prevalence of young adult homelessness is concerning. Few data on life‐course predictors from longitudinal studies exist, limiting our capacity to inform prevention strategies at the population‐level.

Methods

Data were drawn from a state representative population‐based sample of young adults from Victoria, Australia participating in the International Youth Development Study (IYDS; N = 927, 54% female). Participants were recruited in state‐representative secondary school samples at Grade 7 (age 13, 2002), with follow‐up in Grades 9 (age 15) and 11 (age 17) and at ages 21, 23 and 25. Using longitudinal path modelling, we conducted a series of analyses testing life‐course predictors of young adult homelessness across multiple socializing contexts, and the interrelationships among them.

Results

The rate of young adult homelessness was 5.5%. Path modelling showed higher levels of family conflict at ages 13 and 15 uniquely predicted homelessness by age 25. This effect remained after accounting for other risk factors in peer‐group (e.g., interactions with antisocial peers), school (e.g., low academic performance), and community contexts (e.g., low neighborhood attachment). Peer drug use and interaction with antisocial peers at age 15 mediated the association between family conflict at age 13 and homelessness by age 25.

Conclusions

Findings point to the vulnerability of early adolescents to family conflict. This vulnerability heightens risk for young adult homelessness. Findings strengthen the case for both primary prevention programs that build healthy relationships between family members from early on in adolescence and for investment in homelessness prevention at key developmental periods.
Ngā Waihotanga Iho: Self-determination through Indigenous environmental education in New Zealand
Authors: Dodson Giles , Miru Mikaera
Published: July 2021

This paper discusses the use of an estuary monitoring toolkit Ngā Waihotanga Iho as a central part of a Māori-centred education project undertaken by Kaipara hapū (sub-tribe), Te Uri O Hau, in Northland, New Zealand. The toolkit was designed by New Zealand’s National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA). In this project, Te Uri O Hau collaborated with NIWA and regional high schools in order to use this toolkit as a mechanism for kaitikaitanga (environmental guardianship) and Indigenous-led environmental education. This paper demonstrates that approaches such as this can be powerful vehicles for Indigenous self-determination as Māori actively undertake tribal development and environmental guardianship, and strengthen the place of Indigenous knowledge, priorities and approaches within an evolving ‘post-colonial’ education system.
Sinonasal effects of external dacryocystorhinostomy
Authors: Eyigor H , Cetinkaya E A , Coban D T , Ozturk G , Erdem Ö
Published: July 2021

Objective

External dacryocystorhinostomy is thought to cause mucociliary dysfunction by damaging the mucosa, in turn affecting ciliary activity and mucus quality. This study investigated the effect of external dacryocystorhinostomy on sinonasal function.

Methods

Patients scheduled for unilateral external dacryocystorhinostomy who underwent endoscopic nasal examination and paranasal sinus computed tomography were included in this study. A saccharine test was performed on the planned surgical side and the mucociliary clearance time was determined. The sinonasal quality of life was measured in all patients, pre-operatively and at six months post-operatively, using the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22. The Lund–Kennedy endoscopic score was also determined in all patients, both pre- and post-operatively.

Results

The study comprised 28 patients (22 females and 6 males). A statistically significant difference was found between the pre- and post-operative saccharine test results (p = 0.006), but not between the pre- and post-operative Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 scores (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

This study is one of only a few to investigate the effect of external dacryocystorhinostomy on sinonasal function. The results showed that external dacryocystorhinostomy impairs mucociliary clearance. The surgical procedure is well tolerated and does not significantly change nasal symptom scores.
Social-material aspect of navigation technology: using structural topic models to identify the causes of ship accidents (1973–2018)
Authors: Chen Yang , Liu Zhenghao , Zhou Han , Zheng Jian , Wang Likun
Published: July 2021

What are the major factors contributing to ship accidents, and how do these factors evolve in the long term? This study addresses these two questions by leveraging an unsupervised machine learning method named structural topic modelling to identify the causes of ship accidents. The study analysed 2,341 task errors manually collected from 441 reports issued by four government agencies covering a 45-year time span. The results show that the structure of causes of ship accidents remained essentially the same during this period. This highlights the social-material aspect of navigation technology, indicating that the use of advanced technology may not necessarily lead to safer navigation practices, and the interaction between the technology and human agency must be focused on in the bridge management context. Additionally, the computer-assisted textual data analysis highlights pilot-related factors, which might be rooted in the unsupervised and difficult-to-verify handover procedures between pilots and captains, thereby underlining the importance of appropriate piloting regulations.
Trauma and Mentalization Ability in Older Patients
Authors: Peters Meinolf
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The topic of trauma and aging has been studied more frequently in the recent past from the perspective of the consequences of early trauma experiences, especially in the context of war experiences. However, trauma can also occur later in life and have lasting consequences into older age. The study presented here assumed that these consequences can also manifest themselves in an impairment of mentalization ability. It examined a sample of patients between 40 and 80 years of age from a psychosomatic clinic ( N = 150) was examined with the Essen Trauma Inventory (ETI) and two mentalization instruments. Results show that, as age increased, stressful events in adulthood correspond with impairment in mentalization ability in old age. Regarding posttraumatic symptomatology, the influence of intrusions increased as age increased. Finally, the results are discussed in a theoretical and therapeutic context.
No Evidence for Social Surrogacy in Fostering Intentions to Follow	Social Distancing Guidelines
Authors: Sacco Donald F. , Brown Mitch , Macchione Alicia L. , Young Steven G.
Published: July 2021

Abstract. We tested whether temporary social needs satisfaction through social surrogacy would ensure greater willingness to adhere to social distancing recommendations elicited by the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were randomly assigned to social exclusion or inclusion via Cyberball ( n = 534) followed by either a social surrogacy manipulation (imagine favorite TV show), or one of two control states. No restorative effects emerged following a social surrogacy prime. An exploratory analysis considering age as a moderator ( MAge = 36.89 years, SD = 10.88, range = 19–70 years) found that excluded adults (i.e., middle and older ages) reported more intentions to deviate following surrogacy experiences relative to control experiences; no effects emerged for younger adults in this analysis. We discuss the limitations of social surrogacy in fostering compliance with social distancing initiatives.
Vertical Connectivity Regulates Water Transit Time and Chemical Weathering at the Hillslope Scale
Authors: Xiao Dacheng , Brantley Susan L. , Li Li
Published: July 2021

How does hillslope structure (e.g., hillslope shape and permeability variation) regulate its hydro‐geochemical functioning (flow paths, solute export, chemical weathering)? Numerical reactive transport experiments and particle tracking were used to answer this question. Results underscore the first‐order control of permeability variations (with depth) on vertical connectivity (VC), defined as the fraction of water flowing into streams from below the soil zone. Where permeability decreases sharply and VC is low, >95% of water flows through the top 6 m of the subsurface, barely interacting with reactive rock at depth. High VC also elongates mean transit times (MTTs) and weathering rates. VC however is less of an influence under arid climates where long transit times drive weathering to equilibrium. The results lead to three working hypotheses that can be further tested. H1: The permeability variations with depth influence MTTs of stream water more strongly than hillslope shapes; hillslope shapes instead influence the younger fraction of stream water more. H2: High VC arising from high permeability at depths enhances weathering by promoting deeper water penetration and water‐rock interactions; the influence of VC weakens under arid climates and larger hillslopes with longer MTTs. H3: VC regulates chemical contrasts between shallow and deep waters (Cratio) and solute export patterns encapsulated in the power law slope b of concentration‐discharge (CQ) relationships. Higher VC leads to similar shallow versus deep water chemistry (Cratio ∼1) and more chemostatic CQ patterns. Although supporting data already exist, these hypotheses can be further tested with carefully designed, co‐located modeling and measurements of soil, rock, and waters. Broadly, the importance of hillslope subsurface structure (e.g., permeability variation) indicate it is essential in regulating earth surface hydrogeochemical response to changing climate and human activities.
Classification of High Density Regions in Global Ionospheric Maps With Neural Networks
Authors: Verkhoglyadova O. , Maus N. , Meng X.
Published: July 2021

The database of Global Ionospheric Maps (GIMs) produced at Jet Propulsion Laboratory is analyzed. We define high density total electron content (TEC) regions (HDRs) in a map, following certain selection criteria. For the first time, we trained four convolutional neural networks (CNNs) corresponding to four phases of a solar cycle to classify the GIMs by the number of HDRs in each map with 80% accuracy on average. We compared HDR counts for GIMs across ten years to draw conclusions on how the number of HDRs in the GIMs changes throughout the solar cycle. Occurrence of HDRs during different geomagnetic activity conditions is discussed. Catalog of selected HDRs for ten years and four CNN‐based models that can be used to extend classification to other years are provided for the community to use.
Radially Full Reflection of Fast Magnetosonic Waves Near the Cut‐Off Frequency
Authors: Yu Xiongdong , Yuan Zhigang , Yao Fei , Ouyang Zhihai
Published: July 2021

Fast magnetosonic (MS) waves have been found to propagate mainly in the radial direction inside the plasmasphere. One main topic about the radial propagation of MS waves is whether they would propagate down to the ground or be reflected at some regions. Since WKB assumption might become invalid near the reflection point (if the reflection happens), an analytic approach has been utilized to investigate the propagation behavior of MS waves in this study. It is found that as MS waves propagate inward into the Earth, they might reach the cut‐off regions when their frequencies become close to the cut‐off frequency. Moreover, as demonstrated by our theoretical model, the behavior of MS waves around these regions can be described by the Airy's equation. Our results find that MS waves would be fully reflected near the cut‐off point, since only evanescent waves are allowed in the cut‐off regions.
Generation of Low‐Latitude Seamount‐Trapped Waves: A Case Study of the Seychelles Plateau
Authors: Arzeno‐Soltero Isabella B. , Giddings Sarah N. , Pawlak Geno , McClean Julie L. , Wang He , Rainville Luc , Lee Craig M.
Published: July 2021

Baroclinic seamount‐trapped waves are thought to influence their surrounding ecosystem; however, trapped waves are not well‐studied in near‐equatorial settings, where stratification is strong and Burger numbersare large. Motivated by observations, we use daily output (2005–2009) from the global Parallel Ocean Program Model (POP) to examine topographically trapped baroclinic waves around the Seychelles Plateau () in the tropical Indian Ocean. These trapped waves are associated with velocity and temperature oscillations at periods of 15–16 days, similar to the dominant period of some equatorial Yanai waves. Energy flux maps using POP output suggest that quasi‐biweekly equatorial Yanai waves excite trapped waves on the western and south‐western flanks of the Seychelles Plateau, near the surface. The anticyclonic energy flux associated with the trapped wave extends vertically throughout the water column and around most of the plateau circumference, diminishing on the eastern flank of the plateau. This work highlights the role that equatorial planetary waves and trapped waves play in facilitating energy redistribution, dissipation, and mixing in the tropical ocean.
Life and death of colloidal bonds control the rate-dependent rheology of gels
Authors: Nabizadeh Mohammad , Jamali Safa
Published: July 2021

Colloidal gels exhibit rich rheological responses under flowing conditions. A clear understanding of the coupling between the kinetics of the formation/rupture of colloidal bonds and the rheological response of attractive gels is lacking. In particular, for gels under different flow regimes, the correlation between the complex rheological response, the bond kinetics, microscopic forces, and an overall micromechanistic view is missing in previous works. Here, we report the bond dynamics in short-range attractive particles, microscopically measured stresses on individual particles and the spatiotemporal evolution of the colloidal structures in different flow regimes. The interplay between interparticle attraction and hydrodynamic stresses is found to be the key to unraveling the physical underpinnings of colloidal gel rheology. Attractive stresses, mostly originating from older bonds dominate the response at low Mason number (the ratio of shearing to attractive forces) while hydrodynamic stresses tend to control the rheology at higher Mason numbers, mostly arising from short-lived bonds. Finally, we present visual mapping of particle bond numbers, their life times and their borne stresses under different flow regimes.
Neurofibromin regulates metabolic rate via neuronal mechanisms in Drosophila
Authors: Botero Valentina , Stanhope Bethany A. , Brown Elizabeth B. , Grenci Eliza C. , Boto Tamara , Park Scarlet J. , King Lanikea B. , Murphy Keith R. , Colodner Kenneth J. , Walker James A. , Keene Alex C. , Ja William W. , Tomchik Seth M.
Published: July 2021

Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a chronic multisystemic genetic disorder that results from loss of function in the neurofibromin protein. Neurofibromin may regulate metabolism, though the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we show that neurofibromin regulates metabolic homeostasis in Drosophila via a discrete neuronal circuit. Loss of neurofibromin increases metabolic rate via a Ras GAP-related domain-dependent mechanism, increases feeding homeostatically, and alters lipid stores and turnover kinetics. The increase in metabolic rate is independent of locomotor activity, and maps to a sparse subset of neurons. Stimulating these neurons increases metabolic rate, linking their dynamic activity state to metabolism over short time scales. Our results indicate that neurofibromin regulates metabolic rate via neuronal mechanisms, suggest that cellular and systemic metabolic alterations may represent a pathophysiological mechanism in neurofibromatosis type 1, and provide a platform for investigating the cellular role of neurofibromin in metabolic homeostasis.
Single-molecule analysis of processive double-stranded RNA cleavage by Drosophila Dicer-2
Authors: Naganuma Masahiro , Tadakuma Hisashi , Tomari Yukihide
Published: July 2021

Drosophila Dicer-2 (Dcr-2) produces small interfering RNAs from long double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), playing an essential role in antiviral RNA interference. The dicing reaction by Dcr-2 is enhanced by Loquacious-PD (Loqs-PD), a dsRNA-binding protein that partners with Dcr-2. Previous biochemical analyses have proposed that Dcr-2 uses two distinct—processive or distributive—modes of cleavage by distinguishing the terminal structures of dsRNAs and that Loqs-PD alters the terminal dependence of Dcr-2. However, the direct evidence for this model is lacking, as the dynamic movement of Dcr-2 along dsRNAs has not been traced. Here, by utilizing single-molecule imaging, we show that the terminal structures of long dsRNAs and the presence or absence of Loqs-PD do not essentially change Dcr-2’s cleavage mode between processive and distributive, but rather simply affect the probability for Dcr-2 to undergo the cleavage reaction. Our results provide a refined model for how the dicing reaction by Dcr-2 is regulated.
A novel RyR1-selective inhibitor prevents and rescues sudden death in mouse models of malignant hyperthermia and heat stroke
Authors: Yamazawa Toshiko , Kobayashi Takuya , Kurebayashi Nagomi , Konishi Masato , Noguchi Satoru , Inoue Takayoshi , Inoue Yukiko U. , Nishino Ichizo , Mori Shuichi , Iinuma Hiroto , Manaka Noriaki , Kagechika Hiroyuki , Uryash Arkady , Adams Jose , Lopez Jose R. , Liu Xiaochen , Diggle Christine , Allen Paul D. , Kakizawa Sho , Ikeda Keigo , Lin Bangzhong , Ikemi Yui , Nunomura Kazuto , Nakagawa Shinsaku , Sakurai Takashi , Murayama Takashi
Published: July 2021

Mutations in the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1), a Ca2+ release channel in skeletal muscle, hyperactivate the channel to cause malignant hyperthermia (MH) and are implicated in severe heat stroke. Dantrolene, the only approved drug for MH, has the disadvantages of having very poor water solubility and long plasma half-life. We show here that an oxolinic acid-derivative RyR1-selective inhibitor, 6,7-(methylenedioxy)-1-octyl-4-quinolone-3-carboxylic acid (Compound 1, Cpd1), effectively prevents and treats MH and heat stroke in several mouse models relevant to MH. Cpd1 reduces resting intracellular Ca2+, inhibits halothane- and isoflurane-induced Ca2+ release, suppresses caffeine-induced contracture in skeletal muscle, reduces sarcolemmal cation influx, and prevents or reverses the fulminant MH crisis induced by isoflurane anesthesia and rescues animals from heat stroke caused by environmental heat stress. Notably, Cpd1 has great advantages of better water solubility and rapid clearance in vivo over dantrolene. Cpd1 has the potential to be a promising candidate for effective treatment of patients carrying RyR1 mutations.
Universal and operational benchmarking of quantum memories
Authors: Yuan Xiao , Liu Yunchao , Zhao Qi , Regula Bartosz , Thompson Jayne , Gu Mile
Published: July 2021

Quantum memory—the capacity to faithfully preserve quantum coherence and correlations—is essential for quantum-enhanced technology. There is thus a pressing need for operationally meaningful means to benchmark candidate memories across diverse physical platforms. Here we introduce a universal benchmark distinguished by its relevance across multiple key operational settings, exactly quantifying (1) the memory’s robustness to noise, (2) the number of noiseless qubits needed for its synthesis, (3) its potential to speed up statistical sampling tasks, and (4) performance advantage in non-local games beyond classical limits. The measure is analytically computable for low-dimensional systems and can be efficiently bounded in the experiment without tomography. We thus illustrate quantum memory as a meaningful resource, with our benchmark reflecting both its cost of creation and what it can accomplish. We demonstrate the benchmark on the five-qubit IBM Q hardware, and apply it to witness the efficacy of error-suppression techniques and quantify non-Markovian noise. We thus present an experimentally accessible, practically meaningful, and universally relevant quantifier of a memory’s capability to preserve quantum advantage.
CO2 emission accounts of Russia’s constituent entities 2005–2019
Authors: Xiao Huijuan , Zhao Weichen , Shan Yuli , Guan Dabo
Published: July 2021

Constituent entities which make up Russia have wide-ranging powers and are considered as important policymakers and implementers of climate change mitigation. Formulation of CO2 emission inventories for Russia’s constituent entities is the priority step in achieving emission reduction. Russia is the world’s largest exporter of oil and gas combined and the fourth biggest CO2 emitter, so it’s efforts in mitigating CO2 emissions are globally significant in curbing climate change. However, the existing emission inventories only present national CO2 emissions; the subnational emission details are missing. In addition, the emission factors are not country-specific and energy activity data by fossil energy types and sectors are not sufficiently detailed. In this study, the CO2 emission inventories of Russia and its 82 constituent entities from 2005 to 2019 are constructed. The emission inventories include energy-related emissions with 89 socio-economic sectors and 17 energy types and process-related emissions. The uniformly formatted emission inventories can be a reference for in-depth analysis of emission characteristics and emission-related studies of Russia.
HtrA4 is up-regulated during trophoblast syncytialization and BeWo cells fail to syncytialize without HtrA4
Authors: Mansilla Mary , Wang Yao , Lim Rebecca , Palmer Kirsten , Nie Guiying
Published: July 2021

The outer layer of the human placenta comprises syncytiotrophoblast, which forms through fusion of cytotrophoblasts (syncytialization), and plays a critical role in maternal–fetal communication including nutrient/oxygen transportation and hormone secretion. Impairment in syncytialization inevitably affects pregnancy outcomes. High temperature requirement factor A 4 (HtrA4) is a placental-specific protease, expressed by various trophoblasts including syncytiotrophoblast, and significantly elevated in preeclampsia at disease presentation. However, it is unknown whether HtrA4 is important for syncytialization. Here we first examined HtrA4 expression in primary human cytotrophoblasts during syncytialization which occurs spontaneously in culture, and in BeWo cells which syncytialize upon forskolin stimulation. The success of syncytialization in each model was confirmed by significant up-regulation/secretion of β-hCG, and the concurrent down-regulation of E-cadherin. In both models, HtrA4 mRNA and protein increased concomitantly with syncytialization. Furthermore, the secreted levels of β-hCG and HtrA4 correlated significantly and positively in both models. We next knocked out HtrA4 in BeWo by CRISPR/Cas9. Upon forskolin treatment, control BeWo profoundly up-regulated β-hCG and syncytin-1, down-regulated E-cadherin, and at the same time increased the formation of multinucleated cells, whereas BeWo cells without HtrA4 did not alter any of these parameters. Our data thus suggest that HtrA4 plays an essential role in syncytialization.