bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
3515 Readability of online patient education materials on gynecologic malignancies from major medical associations
Authors: Samuel David , Vilardo Nicole , Isani Sara , Gressel Gregory
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Patients are increasingly using online materials to learn about gynecologic cancer. Recent studies demonstrate that 85-96% of patients with a gynecologic malignancy utilize the Internet as a health resource. Providers can refer patients to educational materials produced by major medical associations available on their websites. However, patient educational materials (PEMs) published by professional organizations from other surgical specialties have been shown to be difficult to read for the average American. The NIH and AMA recommend that PEMs be written between a sixth and eighth grade reading level. In this study, we assess the readability of online PEMs on gynecologic cancer published by major medical associations. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Seven national medical association websites with PEMs on gynecologic malignancy were surveyed: American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Center for Disease Control, Foundation for Women’s Cancer, National Cancer Institute, National Cervical Cancer Coalition, National Ovarian Cancer Coalition, and Society of Gynecologic Oncology. Online PEMs were identified and analyzed using five validated readability indices. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test were performed to detect differences in readability between publishers. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty PEMs were included in this analysis. Mean readability grade levels with standard deviation were: 11.3 (2.8) for Coleman-Liau index; 11.8 (3.2) for Flesch-Kincaid; 11.1 (1.2) for FORCAST formula; 12.5 (2.7) for Gunning FOG formula; 12.1 (2.6) for New Dale-Chall formula; and 13.5 (2.5) for SMOG formula. Overall, PEMs were written at a mean 12th grade reading level. Only 4.3% of articles were written at an 8th grade reading level or below. ANOVA demonstrated a significant difference in readability between publishing associations (p<0.01). PEMs from the Center for Disease Control had a mean 10th grade reading level and were significantly lower than all other organizations. PEMs from The Foundation for Women’s Cancer had a mean 13th grade reading level and were significantly higher than most other organizations. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Gynecologic oncology PEMs available from major medical association are written well above the recommended sixth to eight grade reading level. Simplifying PEMs may improve patient understanding of their disease and facilitate physician-patient communication.
3185 A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing the Nonabsorbable Antibiotic Rifaximin vs. Dietary Intervention Low in Fermentable Sugars (FODMAP) in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Lee Allen , Rao Krishna , Haller Emily , Dam Lauren Van , Baker Jason , Eswaran Shanti , Chey William , Young Vincent , Owyang Chung , Hasler William
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Objectives and goals of this study are to (i) determine whether IBS-D patients randomized to either rifaximin or low FODMAP diet show improvement in IBS-related symptoms; and (2) identify using longitudinal analyses how SIBO status and fecal microbiota features associate with response to either rifaximin or low FODMAP dietary intervention. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: 42 patients ≥ 18 years of age who meet Rome IV criteria for IBS-D will be randomized to receive either rifaximin or low FODMAP diet intervention. The primary outcome will be the proportion of responders to intervention which is defined as ≥ 30% reduction in mean daily abdominal pain or bloating by visual analog scale compared with baseline. Exclusion criteria will include: (a) history of microscopic colitis, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease, or other organic disease that could explain symptoms, (b) prior gastrointestinal surgery, other than appendectomy or cholecystectomy > 6 months prior to study initiation, (c) prior use of rifaximin or formal dietary interventions for IBS-D, (d) use of antibiotics within the past 3 months, or (e) use of probiotics within 1 month of study entry. Glucose hydrogen breath tests will be performed at the beginning and end of the trial to evaluate for SIBO. Fecal samples will be collected at 0, 2, and 6 weeks to determine changes in fecal microbial composition and structure. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: This study seeks to examine whether longitudinal analyses of small intestinal and colonic microbiota can subtype IBS-D subjects into clinically relevant phenotypes. A total of 18 subjects have been enrolled into the study. Clinical variables, hydrogen breath test results, and fecal microbiota data are being collected for ongoing analysis. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Results from this study may help move treatment of IBS from a purely symptom based approach to a more individualized approach by stratifying IBS-D patients into distinct clinical phenotypes which are amenable to targeted therapeutic approaches.
3166 Association between HIV and early weight loss and the impact on subsequent treatment outcomes among patients with tuberculosis
Authors: Saag Lauren A , Rebeiro Peter F. , Cordeiro-Santos Marcelo , Kritski Afranio , Andrade Bruno B. , Durovni Betina , Calvacante Solange , Turner Megan , Figueiredo Marina C. , Rolla Valeria C. , Sterling Timothy R.
Published: March 2019

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Previous research suggests that weight loss during early TB treatment (first two months of anti-TB therapy) is a predictor of poor tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes among HIV-negative populations, but the relationship has not been well studied in the context of HIV. We examined the association between HIV and weight change during the first two months of anti-tuberculosis treatment, and also assessed the effects of HIV and early weight change on tuberculosis (TB) treatment outcomes. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Adults with culture-confirmed, drug-susceptible, pulmonary TB, regardless of HIV status, were enrolled into the Regional Prospective Observational Research for Tuberculosis (RePORT)-Brazil cohort and followed on standard anti-TB therapy. For the primary analysis, we compared weight change in persons living with HIV (PLWH) and HIV-negative patients between baseline and two months using multivariable bootstrapped quantile regression and modified Poisson regression. For secondary analysis, we examined the separate effects of HIV and weight change on poor TB treatment outcome (treatment failure, TB recurrence, or death) using Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Among 323 participants, 45 (14%) were HIV-positive. On average, PLWH lost 0.7% (interquartile range (IQR): −5.1%, 4.4%) of their baseline body weight between baseline and two months; those without HIV gained 3.5% (IQR: 0.8%, 6.7%). After adjusting for age, sex, and baseline BMI, PLWH lost 4.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): −6.5%, −1.6%) more weight during the first two months of anti-TB treatment than HIV-negative individuals. HIV infection was associated with weight loss ≥5% (adjusted odds ratio = 9.3; 95% CI: 4.2-20.6). Regarding the secondary analysis, 14 patients had a poor TB treatment outcome: 2 treatment failures, 4 cases of recurrent TB, and 8 deaths. PLWH and patients who lost ≥5% weight had significantly increased risk of poor TB treatment outcome with hazard ratios of 8.77 (95% CI: 2.96-25.94) and 4.09 (95% CI: 1.11-15.14), respectively. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our results suggest that HIV is associated with weight loss during early TB treatment, and both HIV and early weight loss were associated with poor treatment outcome. Future research should examine the potential etiologies of these findings and identify the types of interventions that would best promote weight gain during TB treatment, especially among PLWH, in order to prevent poor TB treatment outcomes.
Supersonic flow around a cylinder with a permeable high-porosity insert: experiment and numerical simulation
Authors: Maslov Anatoly A. , Mironov S. G. , Poplavskaya T. V. , Kirilovskiy S. V.
Published: March 2019

Results of experimental and numerical investigations of a supersonic flow around a cylinder with a frontal gas-permeable insert made of a high-porosity cellular material are presented. The measurements are performed in a T-327 supersonic blowdown wind tunnel at the free-stream Mach numbers $M_{\infty }=4.85$, 7 and 21 in the range of the unit Reynolds numbers $Re_{1\infty }=(0.6{-}13.5)\times 10^{6}~\text{m}^{-1}$. The drag coefficients for a cylinder with an aerospike and a cylinder with a frontal gas-permeable porous insert are obtained. For the cylinder with the frontal gas-permeable porous insert, variations of the insert length, cylinder diameter and pore size are considered, and the mechanism of drag reduction is found, which includes two supplementary processes: attenuation of the bow shock wave in a system of weaker shock waves, and formation of an effective pointed body. The experiments are accompanied by numerical simulations of the flow around the cylinder with the frontal high-porosity insert: the fields of parameters of the external flow and the flow inside the porous insert are obtained, the drag coefficients are calculated, and the shape of the effective body for the examined model is found. The structure of the high-porosity material is modelled by a system of staggered rings of different diameters aligned in the radial and longitudinal directions (skeleton model of a porous medium). Numerical simulations of the problem are performed by means of solving two-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations written in an axisymmetric form. The experimental and numerical data reveal significant drag reduction in a wide range of supersonic flow conditions. The results obtained on the drag coefficient for the cylinder are generalized with the use of a parameter which includes the ratio of the cylinder diameter to the pore diameter in the insert and the Mach number. This parameter is proposed as a similarity criterion for the problem of a supersonic flow around a cylinder with a frontal high-porosity insert.
Hybrid institutions in the national security constitution: the case of the Commissioners
Authors: Scott Paul F
Published: March 2019

This paper proposes the concept of a ‘hybrid institution’, defined with reference to certain institutions within the UK's constitutional order which provide oversight of national security processes. It focuses in particular on the Commissioners who have overseen and oversee the use of investigatory powers and the work of the intelligence services. These institutions, as was once said of another hybrid institution – the Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation – are designed in order to operate within situations in which ‘potential conflicts between state power and civil liberties are acute, but information is tightly rationed’. They are ‘hybrid’ institutions in that they marry certain of the features characteristic of political institutions with others characteristic of legal institutions. The paper considers the relevant institutions and the role they play within the national security constitution, showing how their hybrid status facilitates the performance of a function which neither fully legal nor fully political institutions could fulfil.
The Space of the University: Time, and Time Again
Authors: Sanders Mark
Published: March 2019

Scholarly analyses of the South African hashtag campus movements of 2015–2016, #RhodesMustFall and #FeesMustFall, have evaluated them in terms of their success in bringing about political change in a linear causal fashion. Through a reading of Thando Mgqolozana’s novel, Unimportance (2014), the history of the University of the Western Cape, as well as scholarly commentary on #RMF and #FMF, this article argues that an attention to the cyclicality of time as it unfolds within the space of the university is crucial for properly understanding the events of 2015–2016.
Scoping review: occupational therapy interventions in primary care
Authors: Bolt Marije , Ikking Tiska , Baaijen Rosa , Saenger Stephanie
Published: March 2019

This is the second article in a series of two about occupational therapy and primary care. The first article (see PH&RD….) described the position of the profession in primary care across Europe and the scope of the profession. In this article the broad scope of the profession is illustrated with various examples of occupational therapy interventions. The interventions are identified by means of a literature search. A questionnaire (the questionnaire is available by mailing the author) was sent out to experts across Europe which resulted in both relevant literature and evidence-based examples. The evidence level of these examples differs from expert opinion (5), case series (4), case–controlled studies (3), cohort studies (2) and randomized-control trial (1). The article ends with recommendations in four areas how to develop, establish or strengthen the profession in primary care.
An Exploration of Job Perceptions and Health Using an Integrative	Approach
Authors: Cascino Nadine , Mélan Claudine
Published: March 2019

Abstract. Job perceptions and their relations with psychological and physical health were explored in a small group of military air traffic controllers (ATCOs) working in a test flight center. The participants rated dimensions of job requirements (psychological demands, overcommitment, work–family interferences), job resources (control, professional, and personal social support), and health indicators. The results show that the ATCOs in the study perceived their job as an active and demanding job but not in the same stressful way as civil ATCOs do. Some job requirement dimensions were positively associated with a number of health indicators. Overall and on-shift job resources were partially correlated, unlike overall and on-shift job requirements. Results favor an integrative approach of job perceptions.
Overview of the Rocket Experiment for Neutral Upwelling Sounding Rocket 2 (RENU2)
Authors: Lessard Marc R. , Fritz Bruce , Sadler Brent , Cohen Ian , Kenward David , Godbole Niharika , Clemmons James H. , Hecht James H. , Lynch Kristina A. , Harrington Meghan , Roberts Thomas M. , Hysell David , Crowley Geoff , Sigernes Fred , Syrjäsuo Mikko , Ellingsen Pål , Partamies Noora , Moen Jøran , Clausen Lasse , Oksavik Kjellmar , Yeoman Timothy
Published: March 2019

The Rocket Experiment for Neutral Upwelling 2 (RENU2) rocket was launched on 13 December 2015 at 07:34 UT. The payload transited the cusp region during a neutral upwelling event, supported by a comprehensive set of onboard and ground‐based instrumentation. RENU2 data highlight two important processes. One is that a proper understanding of neutral upwelling by Poleward Moving Auroral Forms (PMAFs) requires a treatment that mimics the quasiperiodic passage of a sequence of PMAFs. As a PMAF reaches a flux tube, its physical consequences must be determined including the residual history of effects from previous passages, implying that understanding such a process requires an accounting of the system hysteresis. Second, RENU2 observations suggest that neutral density enhancements driven by precipitation and/or Joule heating can be highly structured in altitude and latitude. In addition, timescales involving neutral dynamics suggest that the structuring must be slowly changing, for example, over the course of 10 to tens of minutes.
Ceres Crater Degradation Inferred From Concentric Fracturing
Authors: Otto K. A. , Marchi S. , Trowbridge A. , Melosh H. J. , Sizemore H. G.
Published: March 2019

The dwarf planet Ceres exhibits a collection of craters that possess concentric fractures beyond the crater rim. These fractures typically range from a few hundred meters to a few kilometers in length and are less than 300 m wide. They occur preferentially on elevated regions around the crater and are located less than a crater radius beyond the rim. In total there are 17 craters exhibiting concentric fracturing beyond the rim. They are located in the midlatitudes. The craters' diameters range between 20 and 270 km. We investigate the concentric fractures of three craters (Azacca, Ikapati, and Occator) in detail and suggest that the formation of such concentric fractures can be explained by a shallow (<10‐km) low‐viscosity (~1020‐Pa·s) subsurface layer extending underneath the crater and its surroundings. Finite element modeling of such a scenario applied to a typical concentrically fractured crater of 50‐km diameter implies that the depth of the low‐viscosity layer is comparable to the crater depth and the layer does not extend to the surface. Given that not every crater of comparable size on Ceres exhibits concentric fractures, it is also suggested that these conditions are only met locally and may be related to the surface temperature. Correlations of concentrically fractured craters with other volatile related features, such as pitted terrains and floor fracturing, suggest that the low‐viscosity subsurface layer may be enriched in ice.
Towards sustainable microalgal biomass processing: anaerobic induction of autolytic cell-wall self-ingestion in lipid-rich Nannochloropsis slurries
Authors: Halim Ronald , Hill David R. A. , Hanssen Eric , Webley Paul A. , Blackburn Susan , Grossman Arthur R. , Posten Clemens , Martin Gregory J. O.
Published: March 2019

Incubating Nannochloropsis slurries in darkness at 38 °C activated auto-fermentation metabolism that thinned cell walls and led to increased cell rupture.
Gold nanocluster-based fluorescence sensing probes for detection of dipicolinic acid
Authors: Baig Mirza Muhammad Fahad , Chen Yu-Chie
Published: March 2019

A switched-on fluorescence sensing probe for the detection of dipicolinic acid (DPA) is demonstrated in this study.
Highly symmetrical, 24-faceted, concave BiVO4 polyhedron bounded by multiple high-index facets for prominent photocatalytic O2 evolution under visible light
Authors: Hu Jianqiang , He Huichao , Li Liang , Zhou Xin , Li Zhaosheng , Shen Qing , Wu Congping , Asiri Adullah M. , Zhou Yong , Zou Zhigang
Published: March 2019

A highly symmetrical, 24-faceted, concave BiVO4 polyhedron bounded by multiple high-index facets was designed to exhibit prominent photocatalytic O2 evolution under visible light.
Light-driven thermocatalytic CO2 reduction over surface-passivated β-Mo2C nanowires: enhanced catalytic stability by light
Authors: Bai Yujie , Zhao Jie , Feng Shuaijun , Liang Xinxin , Wang Chuanyi
Published: March 2019

As compared to the thermocatalysis without light irradiation, the catalytic stability of P-Mo2C in the light-driven thermocatalysis is significantly improved.
Development of BODIPY dyes with versatile functional groups at 3,5-positions from diacyl peroxides via Cu(ii)-catalyzed radical alkylation
Authors: Tang Bing , Lv Fan , Chen Kangkang , Jiao Lijuan , Liu Qingyun , Wang Hua , Hao Erhong
Published: March 2019

A Cu(ii)-catalyzed, α-regioselective C–H alkylation of BODIPY with alkyl diacyl peroxides provides structurally diverse alkylated BODIPYs via a radical pathway.
Get the light out: nanoscaling MOFs for luminescence sensing and optical applications
Authors: Wang Timothy C. , Doty F. Patrick , Benin Annabelle I. , Sugar Joshua D. , York Warren L. , Reinheimer Eric W. , Stavila Vitalie , Allendorf Mark D.
Published: March 2019

Nanoscaling dramatically reduces light scattering and increases the optical transparency of MOF powders, which is essential for effective luminescence sensing.
Isocyanic acid (HNCO) and its fate in the atmosphere: a review
Authors: Leslie Michael David , Ridoli Melanie , Murphy Jennifer Grace , Borduas-Dedekind Nadine
Published: March 2019

Isocyanic acid (HNCO) has recently been identified in ambient air at potentially concerning concentrations for human health. Since its first atmospheric detection, significant progress has been made in understanding its sources and sinks.
Degradation of phthalate esters in floor dust at elevated relative humidity
Authors: Bope Ashleigh , Haines Sarah R. , Hegarty Bridget , Weschler Charles J. , Peccia Jordan , Dannemiller Karen C.
Published: March 2019

Emerging investigator series: Phthalate losses in floor dust are due to abiotic chemical degradation as well as microbial degradation of phthalates under elevated relative humidity conditions.
SnSe@SnO2 core–shell nanocomposite for synchronous photothermal–photocatalytic production of clean water
Authors: Li Zhuo , Sun Lei , Liu Yang , Zhu Lin , Yu Dengfeng , Wang Yuanlin , Sun Ye , Yu Miao
Published: March 2019

Solar power-based synchronous photothermal evaporation and photodegradation show significant promise on water treatment.
Plasmon enhanced upconverting core@triple-shell nanoparticles as recyclable panchromatic initiators (blue to infrared) for radical polymerization
Authors: Zhang Jianming , Huang Yue , Jin Xin , Nazartchouk Artem , Liu Maosong , Tong Xin , Jiang Yinhua , Ni Liang , Sun Shuhui , Sang Yuanhua , Liu Hong , Razzari Luca , Vetrone Fiorenzo , Claverie Jerome
Published: March 2019

Plasmonic enhanced upconverting nanoparticles were constructed for visible to near-infrared light-driven photo-polymerization.
Littordials A–E, novel formyl-phloroglucinol-β-caryophyllene meroterpenoids from the leaves of Psidium littorale
Authors: Xu Jian , Zhu Hui-Lin , Zhang Jie , Liu Wen-Yuan , Luo Jian-Guang , Pan Ke , Cao Wen-Yuan , Bi Qi-Rui , Feng Feng , Qu Wei
Published: March 2019

Littordials A–E (1–5), featuring unusual acyl phloroglucinol units, were isolated from the leaves of Psidium littorale. 2, 3 and 5 exhibited significant cytotoxic activities on MDA-MB-231 and B16 cell lines.
A bifunctional pyrazolone–chromone synthon directed organocatalytic double Michael cascade reaction: forging five stereocenters in structurally diverse hexahydroxanthones
Authors: Liu Xiong-Li , Zuo Xiong , Wang Jun-Xin , Chang Shun-qin , Wei Qi-Di , Zhou Ying
Published: March 2019

The merging of two or more known natural product-based scaffolds is a powerful and routine strategy to develop bioactive small molecules.
Correction: Electronic properties of antimony-doped anatase TiO2 thin films prepared by aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition
Authors: Bhachu Davinder S. , Harris Tomos G. A. A. , Egdell Russell G. , Sankar Gopinathan , Carmalt Claire J. , Parkin Ivan P.
Published: March 2019

Correction for ‘Electronic properties of antimony-doped anatase TiO2 thin films prepared by aerosol assisted chemical vapour deposition’ by Davinder S. Bhachu et al., J. Mater. Chem. C, 2017, 5, 9694–9701.
Alternating and variable controls for the wave equation
Authors: Agresti Antonio , Andreucci Daniele , Loreti Paola
Published: March 2019

The present article discusses the exact observability of the wave equation when the observation subset of the boundary is variable in time. In the one-dimensional case, we prove an equivalent condition for the exact observability, which takes into account only the location in time of the observation. To this end we use Fourier series. Then we investigate the two specific cases of single exchange of the control position, and of exchange at a constant rate. In the multi-dimensional case, we analyse sufficient conditions for the exact observability relying on the multiplier method. In the last section, the multi-dimensional results are applied to specific settings and some connections between the one and multi-dimensional case are discussed; furthermore some open problems are presented.
In der Sandwich-Position
Authors: Grasekamp Guido
Published: March 2019

Das mittlere Pflegemanagement in der Pflege ist mit einer strukturell
vorgegebenen Doppelaufgabe konfrontiert: Sie sind Manager und sie sind
Pflegekräfte. Das führt auf Station oft zu widersprüchlichen Anforderungen.
Szenen eines deutsch-deutschen Trialoges – Wie politisch ist das Ringen um Salutogenese?
Authors: Schüffel Wolfram , Geyer Michael , Petzold Ernst
Published: March 2019

Striving for Salutogenesis1 das Ringen um das, was uns gesund erhalten kann, beschäftigt Patienten, Studenten Ärzte und auch die Autoren seit vielen Jahren – auch und immer wieder in der Balintarbeit. Im vorliegenden Beitrag führt dieses Ringen folgerichtig dazu, weltanschaulich-anthropologische Positionen des Anderen zu verstehen und ihnen zu entsprechen. Dafür steht exemplarisch ein Briefwechsel zwischen W. Schüffel und M. Geyer, den E.R. Petzold einleitet und kommentiert. Die drei Autoren sind in unterschiedlichen gesellschaftlichen Systemen sozialisiert. Insofern sind die differenten Erfahrungshorizonte bestimmend für die Bewertung der Gefährdung unserer Arbeit durch aktuelle gesellschaftliche Strömungen. Einig sind sich die Autoren im Appell an die Profession, Einfluss zu nehmen auf die Verhältnisse, die uns und unsere Patienten stärker beeinflussen als wahrgenommen. Gleichzeitig verweisen sie detailliert auf eine reichhaltige Erfahrung innerhalb und ausserhalb der Profession, Gesundheit zu fördern.
Aqueous Flow Hydroxycarbonylation of Aryl Halides Catalyzed by an Amphiphilic Polymer-Supported Palladium–Diphenylphosphine Catalyst
Authors: Osako Takao , Kaiser Reinhard , Torii Kaoru , Uozumi Yasuhiro
Published: March 2019

An aqueous continuous-flow reaction system is developed for the palladium-catalyzed hydroxycarbonylation of aryl halides. Flow hydroxycarbonylation of aryl halides in aqueous solution proceeds efficiently in a flow reactor containing a palladium–diphenylphosphine complex immobilized on an amphiphilic polystyrene–poly(ethylene glycol) resin to give the corresponding benzoic acids in excellent yields.
Detection of coupled vibration modes of a guitar resonance box
Authors: Chai Jian , Guo Bin , Liu Shuyu , Xiong Xiaomin
Published: March 2019

Guitar is a popular musical instrument, but the design mainly depends on experience because of its complex structure. Based on resonant absorption mechanical spectra, a device has been developed to detect the coupled vibration modes of a guitar resonance box. The resonant frequencies of the guitar string are measured, and its dispersion relations accord with theoretical calculation. Two resonant absorption peaks at 81 Hz and 116 Hz have been found to be the coupled vibration modes of the resonance box of a guitar, which contribute to its acoustical quality.
Photostriction actuation of silicon-germanium bilayer cantilevers
Authors: Chenniappan V. , Umana-Membreno G. A. , Silva K. K. M. B. D. , Martyniuk M. , Keating A. , Dell J. M. , Faraone L.
Published: March 2019

This work presents a study of photostriction-based optical actuation in bilayer cantilevers made of silicon and germanium thin-films and follows previous work in this area on silicon cantilevers. This experimental and theoretical study examines the role of the silicon-germanium heterojunction in optical actuation. It is shown that the germanium layer dominates the mechanical response of the device, which can be exploited to achieve enhanced optical actuation in cantilevers.
Identification of dislocation characteristics in Na-flux-grown GaN substrates using bright-field X-ray topography under multiple-diffraction conditions
Authors: Tsusaka Y. , Mizuochi H. , Imanishi M. , Imade M. , Mori Y. , Matsui J.
Published: March 2019

Basal-plane and threading dislocations in multipoint-seed Na-flux-grown GaN single crystals are characterized in terms of Burgers vectors mainly by using bright-field X-ray topography under multiple-diffraction conditions. The technique, combined with a CMOS camera system with high spatial resolution, can provide topographic images of the dislocations with a relatively high dislocation density (up to approximately 5×105cm−2). It is possible to directly determine the Burgers vector of individual dislocations based on invisibility criteria. From the present experiment, it is found that almost all basal-plane dislocations have a-type Burgers vectors, and threading dislocations have a- and (a + c)-type Burgers vectors.
SVD-aided non-orthogonal decomposition (SANOD) method to exploit prior knowledge of spectral components in the analysis of time-resolved data
Authors: Ki H. , Lee Y. , Choi E. H. , Lee S. , Ihee H.
Published: March 2019

Analysis of time-resolved data typically involves discriminating noise against the signal and extracting time-independent components and their time-dependent contributions. Singular value decomposition (SVD) serves this purpose well, but the extracted time-independent components are not necessarily the physically meaningful spectra directly representing the actual dynamic or kinetic processes but rather a mathematically orthogonal set necessary for constituting the physically meaningful spectra. Converting the orthogonal components into physically meaningful spectra requires subsequent posterior analyses such as linear combination fitting (LCF) and global fitting (GF), which takes advantage of prior knowledge about the data but requires that all components are known or satisfactory components are guessed. Since in general not all components are known, they have to be guessed and tested via trial and error. In this work, we introduce a method, which is termed SVD-aided Non-Orthogonal Decomposition (SANOD), to circumvent trial and error. The key concept of SANOD is to combine the orthogonal components from SVD with the known prior knowledge to fill in the gap of the unknown signal components and to use them for LCF. We demonstrate the usefulness of SANOD via applications to a variety of cases.
Solitary waves with electron temperature inhomogeniety and shear flow in an electron ion magnetoplasma
Authors: Razzaq Javaria , Haque Qamar-ul , Bhatti Adnan Mehmood , Mirza Arshad M. , Khan Majid
Published: March 2019

Electron temperature gradient (ETG) driven solitons are investigated having gradients in equilibrium electron temperature and equilibrium number density and with electron shear flow. In a linear regime, using model equations, a linear dispersion relation has been analysed analytically as well as numerically. ηe and electron to ion temperature ratio effects, real frequency, and growth rate of ETG instability are determined. In the nonlinear regime, the Korteweg--de Vries equation for the ETG mode has been derived and analysed numerically which shows that it admits solitary wave solutions. It can also be noted that soliton amplitude is sensitive to ηe, the magnetic field, and the temperature ratio. This work may be helpful for low frequency electrostatic modes in nonuniform electron-ion plasma having gradients in density and electron temperature and also in tokamak plasma.
Influence of reaction-induced convection on quorum sensing in enzyme-loaded agarose beads
Authors: Markovic Vladimir M. , Bánsági Tamás , McKenzie Dennel , Mai Anthony , Pojman John A. , Taylor Annette F.
Published: March 2019

In theory, groups of enzyme-loaded particles producing an acid or base may show complex behavior including dynamical quorum sensing, the appearance of synchronized oscillations above a critical number or density of particles. Here, experiments were performed with the enzyme urease loaded into mm-sized agarose beads and placed in a solution of urea, resulting in an increase in pH. This behavior was found to be dependent upon the number of beads present in the array; however, reaction-induced convection occurred and plumes of high pH developed that extended to the walls of the reactor. The convection resulted in the motion of the mm-sized particles and conversion of the solution to high pH. Simulations in a simple model of the beads demonstrated the suppression of dynamical quorum sensing in the presence of flow.
Calf Rearing
Authors: Moran John
Published: March 2019

Calf Rearing is recognised as one of the most informative and accessible guides on the subject, covering growth, nutrition, health and behaviour, with descriptions of various calf raising systems and facilities.
John Moran, an expert in the field, also gives considerable coverage to calf welfare, post weaning management and calf communication. Practical economic information on feedstuffs, labour requirements and losses is provided to assist producers in selecting the most appropriate calf rearing system for their farms.
Grafting and Budding
Authors: Lewis WJ , Alexander DMcE
Published: March 2019

Grafting and Budding is a comprehensive and clearly written, practical guide to all of the grafting and budding techniques any professional or home gardener is likely to need.
The book begins with a brief history of the subject, explains how grafting works and shows why it is now the preferred technique for propagating most commercial plants. It then describes the basics of budding, grafting and multi-grafting and presents step-by-step instructions for making the special cuts used in grafting and budding. Advice is also given on the selection of scion wood, the preparation of rootstocks and the after-care of grafted plants.
The methods of budding and grafting are explained in fine detail, including T-budding, chip budding and patch budding, the splice graft, wedge graft, whip and tongue graft, side graft, bark graft and approach graft, the grafting of herbaceous plants and machine bench grafting. More than 60 sketches and photographs are included to help illustrate various aspects of the skill of grafting.
New to this edition are sections covering the preferred methods of propagation for Australian natives such as eucalypts, banksias, hakeas and grevilleas; cacti; conifers; general deciduous ornamentals; black passionfruit; roses and tomatoes, making it an indispensable addition to any avid gardener’s bookshelf.
Corrigendum to: Sperm output and body condition are maintained independently of hibernation in an endangered temperate amphibian
Authors: Poo Sinlan , Hinkson Kristin M. , Stege Edward
Published: March 2019

Hibernation is an integral part of the life history of species living in seasonal environments. However, our knowledge about the link between hibernation and reproductive success in amphibians remains limited, which poses an obstacle for critical conservation efforts. To fill this gap, we quantified the effects of captive hibernation on sperm quality, sperm quantity and body condition in an endangered anuran, the Wyoming toad (Anaxyrus baxteri), and used naturally hibernated wild toads as a standard for comparison. We hypothesised that hibernation is essential for optimal sperm output but is detrimental to body condition. Sperm collection was performed using assisted reproductive technologies for both captive and wild toads. Contrary to our hypotheses, no differences were observed in sperm metrics (total number of cells, concentration, motility and viability) or in body condition across captive treatment groups (0, 30 or 60 days of hibernation). Moreover, no difference was found between sperm metrics of captive toads and wild toads. These unexpected findings suggest that hibernation may not be an essential process for spermiation in A. baxteri while using exogenous hormones, and illustrate the potential of temperate amphibians to adapt to varying environmental conditions during winter months.
Cellular senescence in progenitor cells contributes to diminished remyelination potential in progressive multiple sclerosis
Authors: Nicaise Alexandra M. , Wagstaff Laura J. , Willis Cory M. , Paisie Carolyn , Chandok Harshpreet , Robson Paul , Fossati Valentina , Williams Anna , Crocker Stephen J.
Published: March 2019

Cellular senescence is a form of adaptive cellular physiology associated with aging. Cellular senescence causes a proinflammatory cellular phenotype that impairs tissue regeneration, has been linked to stress, and is implicated in several human neurodegenerative diseases. We had previously determined that neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) failed to promote oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) maturation, whereas NPCs from age-matched control cell lines did so efficiently. Herein, we report that expression of hallmarks of cellular senescence were identified in SOX2
+
progenitor cells within white matter lesions of human progressive MS (PMS) autopsy brain tissues and iPS-derived NPCs from patients with PPMS. Expression of cellular senescence genes in PPMS NPCs was found to be reversible by treatment with rapamycin, which then enhanced PPMS NPC support for oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation. A proteomic analysis of the PPMS NPC secretome identified high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1), which was found to be a senescence-associated inhibitor of OL differentiation. Transcriptome analysis of OPCs revealed that senescent NPCs induced expression of epigenetic regulators mediated by extracellular HMGB1. Lastly, we determined that progenitor cells are a source of elevated HMGB1 in human white matter lesions. Based on these data, we conclude that cellular senescence contributes to altered progenitor cell functions in demyelinated lesions in MS. Moreover, these data implicate cellular aging and senescence as a process that contributes to remyelination failure in PMS, which may impact how this disease is modeled and inform development of future myelin regeneration strategies.
Enhanced oxidative phosphorylation in NKT cells is essential for their survival and function
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Pyaram Kalyani , Yarosz Emily L. , Hong Hanna , Lyssiotis Costas A. , Giri Shailendra , Chang Cheong-Hee
Published: March 2019

Significance

The role of cellular metabolism in conventional T cell fate and functions has been established, but little is understood about how metabolic pathways and nutrient requirements are controlled in natural killer T (NKT) cells. The present study shows that, unlike CD4 T cells, activation of NKT cells metabolize glucose to the pentose phosphate pathway and TCA cycle instead of converting into lactate. In line with this, a high lactate microenvironment is detrimental for NKT cell homeostasis and effector function. Glucose metabolism and IFN-γ expression is increased in NKT cells in response to bacterial infection. Taking these data together, our study demonstrates unique glucose metabolic regulation necessary for NKT cell survival, proliferation and cytokine expression.
THE CHARACTERS OF A THIRD TRANSPLANTABLE CHICKEN TUMOR DUE TO A FILTERABLE CAUSE. A SARCOMA OF INTRACANALICULAR PATTERN
Authors: Rous Peyton , Lange Linda B.
Published: March 2019

In Volume XVIII, Number 6, December, 1913, page 662, line 23 and following should read: Finally, artificial attenuation of the agent causing Chicken Tumor I, by heating, or glycerination, or storage after drying, has never so altered it that it will produce tumors resembling Chicken Tumor XVIII. The agents causing the two growths may nevertheless have some relationship to each other.
Humanistic Theory in Sport, Performance, and Sports Coaching Psychology
Authors: Dickinson Rebecca K. , Coulter Tristan J. , Mallett Clifford J.
Published: March 2019

As a basic psychological framework, humanistic theory emphasizes a strong interest in human welfare, values, and dignity. It involves the study and understanding of the unique whole person and how people can reach a heightened sense of self through the process of self-actualization. The focus within humanism to encourage and foster people to be “all they can be” and develop a true sense of self links to a strengths-based approach in sports coaching and the defining principles of positive psychology. In the field of sport and performance psychology, positive psychology has been influential as a discipline concerned with the optimal functioning and human flourishing of performers. Since the 2000s, many sport and performance psychologists have embraced positive psychology as a theoretical basis for examining consistent and superior human performance. However, in the modern history of psychological science, positive psychology is not a new phenomenon; rather, it stems from humanism—the traditional “third wave” in psychology (after the dominance of psychoanalytic and behaviorist approaches).

Sport is recognized as a potentially influential context through which people at all levels and backgrounds can thrive. The tendency to focus on performance outcomes, however—winning and losing—often overshadows the potential of sport to achieve this aspirational goal. As evidence of this view, many high-performing athletes are commenting on their distressing experiences to reach the top and the “culture of fear” they have been exposed to as they pursue their own and others’ (e.g., institutional) ambitions (e.g., medaling at the Olympic Games). Humanism concerns itself with the quality of a person’s life, which includes, but also extends beyond such objective and classifying achievements. It is a person-centered approach to understanding the individual and his or her psychological, emotional, and behavioral reality. It seeks to help people define this reality more clearly in such a way that will help them feel good and perform at a high level. Humanism has been, therefore, an important school of thought for improving the lives and experiences of people who play sport as well as those who perform in various other contexts.
An approach to determining anthocyanin synthesis enzyme gene expression in an evolutionary context: an example from Erica plukenetii
Authors: Le Maitre N C , Pirie M D , Bellstedt D U
Published: March 2019

Background and Aims

Floral colour in angiosperms can be controlled by variations in the expression of the genes of the anthocyanin pathway. Floral colour shifts influence pollinator specificity. Multiple shifts in floral colour occurred in the diversification of the genus Erica (Ericaceae), from plesiomorphic pink to, for example, red or white flowers. Variation in anthocyanin gene expression and its effects on floral colour in the red-, pink- and white-flowered Erica plukenetii species complex was investigated.

Methods

Next generation sequencing, reverse transcriptase PCR and real-time reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR were used to quantify anthocyanin gene expression.

Key Results

Non-homologous mutations causing loss of expression of single genes were found, indicating that the cause was likely to be mutations in transcription factor binding sites upstream of the 5′-untranslated region of the genes, and this was confirmed by sequencing.

Conclusions

Independent evolution and subsequent loss of expression of anthocyanin genes may have influenced diversification in the E. plukenetii species complex. The approach developed here should find more general application in studies on the role of floral colour shifts in diversification.
Assessment of the Performance of Solid Phase Extraction Based on Pipette Tip Employing a Hybrid Molecularly Imprinted Polymer as an Adsorbent for Enantioselective Determination of Albendazole Sulfoxide
Authors: Anacleto Sara da Silva , de Oliveira Hanna Leijoto , da Silva Anny Talita Maria , do Nascimento Tienne Aparecida , Borges Marcella Matos Cordeiro , Silva Ricky Cássio dos Santos , Pereira Arnaldo César , Borges Keyller Bastos
Published: March 2019

Herein, an organic–inorganic hybrid molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was successfully synthesized with albendazole sulfoxide (ABZSO) as a template and 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate, a bifunctional group compound, as a single cross-linking agent. In this study, a simple method using HPLC–DAD was developed for the determination of ABZSO enantiomers in human urine using pipette tip-based molecularly imprinted polymer solid phase extraction (PT–MIP–SPE). Enantioseparation with satisfactory retention times (5.17 and 7.09 min), acceptable theoretical plates (N = 4,535 and 5,091) and strong resolution (Rs = 5.45) was performed with an Agilent® Eclipse Plus C18 (100 mm × 4.6 mm, 3.5 μm) coupled with a Chiralpak® IA column (100 mm × 4.6 mm, 3 μm), a mixture with ethanol:water (50:50, v/v) as the mobile phase, temperature at 40°C, flow rate at 0.9 mL min−1 and λ = 230 nm. Thereafter, certain parameters affecting the PT–MIP–SPE were investigated in detail and the better conditions were: 300 μL of water as washing solvent, 500 μL of ethanol:acetic acid (9:1, v/v) as eluting solvent, 20 mg of MIP, 500 μL of human urine at pH 9 and no addition of NaCl. Recoveries/relative standard deviation (RSD%) for (R)-(+)-ABZSO and (S)-(−)-ABZSO were 78.2 ± 0.2% and 69.7 ± 1.7%, respectively.
Benefits and Adverse Events Associated With Extended Antibiotic Use in Total Knee Arthroplasty Periprosthetic Joint Infection
Authors: Shah Neel B , Hersh Beverly L , Kreger Alex , Sayeed Aatif , Bullock Andrew G , Rothenberger Scott D , Klatt Brian , Hamlin Brian , Urish Kenneth L
Published: March 2019

Background

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) can be managed with debridement, antibiotic therapy, and implant retention (DAIR). Oral antibiotics can be used after DAIR for an extended time period to improve outcomes. The objective of this study was to compare DAIR failure rates and adverse events between an initial course of intravenous antibiotic therapy and the addition of extended treatment with oral antibiotics.

Methods

A multicenter observational study of patients diagnosed with a TKA PJI who underwent DAIR was performed. The primary outcome of interest was the failure rate derived from the survival time between the DAIR procedure and future treatment failure.

Results

One hundred eight patients met inclusion criteria; 47% (n = 51) received an extended course of oral antibiotics. These patients had a statistically significant lower failure rate compared to those who received only intravenous antibiotics (hazard ratio, 2.47; P = .009). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that extended antibiotics independently predicted treatment success, controlling for other variables. There was no significant difference in failure rates between an extended course of oral antibiotics less or more than 12 months (P = .23). No significant difference in the rates of adverse events was observed between patients who received an initial course of antibiotics alone and those who received a combination of initial and extended antibiotic therapy (P = .59).

Conclusions

Extending therapy with oral antibiotics had superior infection-free survival for TKA PJI managed with DAIR. There was no increase in adverse events, demonstrating safety. After 1 year, there appears to be no significant benefit associated with continued antibiotic therapy.
The Impact of Transitioning From Guaiac-Fecal Occult Blood Testing to Fecal Immunochemical Testing in a Canadian Colon Cancer Screening Program
Authors: Sultanian Richard , Du Lillian , Moysey Barbara , Morse Amy , Veldhuyzen van Zanten Sander , Montano-Loza Aldo J
Published: March 2019

Objectives

To determine the impact of transitioning from guaiac-based fecal occult blood testing (gFOBT) to fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) on the detection rate of adenomas, advanced adenomas (AA) and colorectal cancer (CRC).

Background

Recently, the health region in Edmonton, Alberta switched from gFOBT to FIT for CRC screening.

Study

A retrospective analysis of all patients, aged 50 to 74 years, referred for colonoscopy from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2014 due to a positive gFOBT (at least one of three samples positively using the guaiac-based Hemoccult II SENSA in 2013) or FIT (≥75 µg/g of stool, using the Polymedco OC FIT-CHEK in 2014). The primary outcomes were the number of colon cancers, AA and adenomas detected in 2013 and 2014. A comparison between the two tests was also made for the composite outcome of detection of either AA or CRC.

Results

Six hundred and forty-nine patients underwent colonoscopy due to a positive gFOBT in 2013, and 2167 patients for a positive FIT in 2014. FIT compared with gFOBT detected more CRC (67 compared with 34), AA (770 compared with 147) and adenomas (1575 versus 320). By multivariable regression analysis adjusted for different demographics and endoscopic metrics, positive FIT was independently associated with higher adenoma detection rate (odds ratio [OR] 2.62; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.13 to 3.21, P < 0.001), AA detection rate (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.43 to 2.33, P < 0.001), and the composite outcome of AA and CRC (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.60 to 2.59, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Adoption of FIT compared with gFOBT led to higher detection of colon cancer, AA and adenomas.