bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pollen analysis of the Husterbaach peat (Luxembourg): its significance for the study of subrecent geomorphological events
Authors: RIEZEBOS PETER A. , SLOTBOOM RUDOLF T.
Published: July 2010

Pollen analysis and radiocarbon dating of a core section from the valley head of the Husterbaach near Hosingen (Oesling) provides a very detailed record of the successive vegetations from 1200 A. D. until today. This palynological record agrees largely with the consecutive events known from the agricultural history of that area. Particularly significant are the curves obtained of several cultivated and ruderal plants. In this section it could be demonstrated that the interruption of peat growth by deposition of minerogenic material corresponds with a comparatively high arable land/pasture ratio. As well as being intrinsically interesting for assessing which features of the present landscape are due to former human activities, a detailed knowledge of the Subatlantic evolution of the vegetation and land use in the Oesling is indispensable, as its geomorphological development in the immediate past has largely been influenced by man.
Palaeoecology and post‐Weichselian shore‐level changes on the coast of Møre, western Norway
Authors: HAFSTEN ULF , TALLANTIRE PHILIP A.
Published: July 2010

Pollen analysis, macrosubfossil determinations and radiocarbon datings from a 0.95 m thick peat deposit resting on sand and buried by a 1.3 m thick beach ridge at Haramsøy (an outer‐arc island off the coast of Møre og Romsdal province), reveal changes in the local vegetation and in the groundwater level of the landward lagoon‐like area. These are considered to reflect the relative shore‐level changes between late Preboreal and early Atlantic times: an initial section with a high groundwater level reflecting the early Boreal high shore level, an intervening section with a low groundwater level, from the time of the Boreal regression minimum, and a final section, with a rising groundwater level, reflecting the late Boreal eustatic rise in sea level, which led to complete burial of the peat and the formation of an extensive Tapes beach ridge. Radiocarbon dates reveal that the basal sand (approx. 8 m above sea level) rose above sea level at approx. 9500 B. P. and that the top of the peat (approx. 9 m above sea level) was transgressed by the sea at approx. 7300 B. P. The spread of alder (Alnus) within the area may have been delayed by a thousand years compared with other regions in south Norway.
Gravels of the River Thames as a guide to Pleistocene catchment changes
Authors: McGREGOR DUNCAN F. M. , GREEN CHRISTOPHER P.
Published: July 2010

Variability of composition and of pebble shape in river gravels are discussed. Catchment changes, progressive down‐valley changes and less systematic cross‐valley effects are recognized as sources of variability. Intercomponent ratios and pebble shape are analysed in the Pleistocene gravels of the Thames and its tributaries between High Wycombe and Hertford in England, and evidence of catchment change is identified. Glaciation on one or more occasions in the upper catchment of the Thames in the pre‐Anglian Pleistocene is suggested to explain the high frequencies (>50 per cent) of far‐travelled material in pre‐Anglian gravels. The pattern of drainage development in the Vale of St. Albans at the time of the Anglian glaciation is also discussed
The parallel roads of Glen Roy and adjacent glens, Scotland
Authors: SISSONS J. BRIAN
Published: July 2010

The width and angle of outward slope of the parallel roads of glens Roy, Gloy and Spean have been measured at 787 points and road volume has been approximately determined at 236 points. Analyses of the measurements show that road widths are highly correlated inversely with the slopes of the hill sides on which they occur. Road volume is unrelated to hillside slope or to geology, but is highly correlated with length of fetch from south‐west. Locally the roads resulted from fluvial (including fluvioglacial) depostion, but normally they are the result of erosion at the back and deposition at the front. It is maintained that the roads were not formed only by wave action but also by powerful frost action in the critical environment of the slightly varying lake level. It is inferred that each road was at first formed extremely quickly and, thereafter, developed very slowly
Glacial history of the Spitsbergen archipelago and the problem of a Barents Shelf ice sheet
Authors: BOULTON GEOFFREY S.
Published: July 2010

The popular concept of a Late Weichselian ice sheet covering the Barents Shelf and confluent with the Scandinavian and Russian ice sheets is based primarily on the 6500 B.P. isobase which rises to the east over Spitsbergen, and to the west over Franz Joseph Land. Analysis of uplift curves from the Spitsbergen archipelago shows, however, that the strongest early Holocene uplift occurs over northeastern Spitsbergen and eastern Nordaustlandet, falling both to east and west, and that the centre of uplift migrates to the southeast during the Holocene. Direct evidence of glacier fluctuation indicates an important Billefjorden Stage of glaciation at about 11,000 to 10,000 B.P., part of whose extent can be defined by moraines and by abrupt changes in the marine limit. The dominant ice masses of the Billefjorden Stage seem to have formed over eastern Spitsbergen, Edgeøya, Barentsøya and southern Hinlopenstretet, and it is the decay of this ice mass which is primarily responsible for the pattern of early Holocene uplift.

Stratigraphic evidence suggests the absence of an important glacial event at 18,000–20,000 B.P., but an important phase of Spitsbergen‐centred glaciation at about 40,000 B.P., and a glacial phase at 80,000–120,000 B.P. It is suggested that many raised beach sequences outside the Billefjorden readvance show an upper sequence related to deglaciation at about 40,000 B.P., and a lower, Holocene sequence related to decay of the Billefjorden ice. The anomalous pattern of late Holocene uplift may be related to restrained rebound produced by regeneration of ice on the main islands of the archipelago and unrestrained rebound on Hopen and Kong Karls Land, which were incapable of sustaining large ice masses of their own.

A pattern of LateGlacial climatic circulation which may have produced ice masses on the east coast of Spitsbergen, west coast of Novaya Zemlya and north coast of Russia is suggested. It is also suggested that this pattern of glaciation produced features which have been wrongly interpreted as evidence of a Barents ice sheet.
Thinning of the ice sheet by melting: a preliminary model for calculating deglaciation rates over central Sweden about 10,000 B.P.
Authors: BERGQVIST ERIK
Published: July 2010

Thinning of the ice sheet took place by two different processes ‐ by the melting of ice over the whole or part of the surface and by the outflow of ice from the central parts of the ice body. A simulation model should therefore include both types of processes. A first draft of a model for the melting is presented, together with some notes about other parts of a complete, complex model for the thinning of the ice.
Deglaciation models from the Swedish West Coast
Authors: HILLEFORS Åke
Published: July 2010

Deglaciation processes within different rock relief types are discussed. The lower parts of the fissure‐valley landscape in western Sweden were covered by the late‐glacial sea at deglaciation, while the rock plateaux between the valleys formed an arctic archipelago. The glacial movements, deposition activity and recession were intimately dependent on the variations of the topography and on the buoyancy of the seawater in the valleys. The opinion that a piedmont glaciation existed in eastern Halland during the deglaciation stage has been corroborated concerning areas above the marine limit. In the valleys below this limit the ice margin, however, was straight or slightly concave. The western part of the South Swedish Highland, situated high above the marine limit, is characterized by a zonal deglaciation; zone by zone of the ice margin was detached from the actively moving ice and became immobile. Subglacially formed eskers appear together with glaciofluvial deltas which formed extramarginally in ice‐dammed lakes. The moraine forms are often dominated by 1–2 km long drumlins with rock cores. Where the ice diverged over a convex bedrock basement, Rogen‐like moraine ridges, radial as well as transverse, were formed during the deglaciation stage when the ice was stagnating.
A warning against radiocarbon dating of samples containing little carbon
Authors: OLSSON INGRIDU.
Published: July 2010

Samples from three different sites are dated and the results give additional evidence that radiocarbon dates of sediments containing little carbon are very often in error. It is recommended that the fraction which is soluble in NaOH be dated. The results imply that the radiocarbon ages of this fraction are very often more reliable than the insoluble fraction ‐ at least in many Scandinavian gyttja samples.
The deglaciation of Finland after 10,000 B. P.
Authors: IGNATIUS HEIKKI , KORPELA KAUKO , KUJANSUU RAIMO
Published: July 2010

Various concepts of the deglaciation of Finland are presented in the form of a historical review. The suggestions of an early (12,000–10,000 B.P) deglaciation of eastern and northern Finland are considered to be erroneous. A map depicting the ice recession as successive ice‐marginal lines is presented. According to radiocarbon dates the Finnish territory was entirely deglaciated slightly after 9000 B. P.
The deglaciation of Sweden after 10,000 B.P.
Authors: LUNDQVIST JAN
Published: July 2010

A review is given of the past and present research on the deglaciation of Sweden north of the Middle Swedish End Moraines. Problems concerning the differences in the mode of deglaciation above and below the highest coastline and the activity of the ice are discussed. Dating of the deglaciation offers special problems. The clay‐varve method and radiocarbon dating of the beginning of organic sedimentation in particular are discussed.
A 10,700 years' paleotemperature record from Gotland and Pleistocene/Holocene boundary events in Sweden.
Authors: MÖRNER NILS‐AXEL
Published: July 2010

Lacustrine carbonate (Chara lime) from the Island of Gotland provides an excellent paleotemperature record for the last 10,700 years. From arctic conditions during the Younger Dryas Stadial, the temperature rapidly rose to the present level, which was reached at about 9000–9250 B.P. A Holocene climatic optimum is clearly recorded. It ended with a drastic deterioration at about 2500 B.P. at the Subboreal/Subatlantic transition. The Subatlantic temperatures are significantly lower than those of the climatic optimum. The Holocene of Sweden seems to have started with a tremendous earthquake linked to extensive faulting (explaining the inconsistencies in the sea level records and the ‘drainage of the Baltic Ice Lake’), a distinct peak in the non‐dipole geomagnetic field (explaining the intensity peak at this level in cores from different environments) and regional disturbancies of the sedimentation (explaining the ‘drainage varve’ character of varve ‐ 1073 in the Swedish Time Scale).
Deglaciation and glacial lake development in the Kaamasjoki river basin, Finnish Lapland
Authors: SEPPÄLÄ MATTI
Published: July 2010

The glacial hydrology of the meltwaters of the ice sheet during deglaciation in a large river basin has been reconstructed on the basis of heights of thresholds and saddles of bedrock topography, glaciofluvial accumulation forms (eskers, deltas and plains of sorted material) and erosional landforms (drainage channels and shorelines) as well as a few terminal moraines. The water level of glacial lake dropped in several stages. The lake existed and deglaciation took place before 9740±280 years B.P. The deglaciation took place at a much faster rate in the studied region than later in western Lapland.
Multiple glaciations and marine transgressions, western Kennedy Channel, Northwest Territories, Canada
Authors: ENGLAND JOHN , BRADLEY S. , STUCKENRATH ROBERT
Published: July 2010

Along a 70 km section of western Kennedy Channel three prominent weathering zones are identified and serve to differentiate major events in the Quaternary landscape. The oldest zone (Zone 111b) is characterized by a deeply weathered, erratic‐free terrain which extends from the mountain summits down to ca. 470 m above sea level. This zone shows no evidence of former glacierization. Zone 111a extends from ca. 470 to 370m above sea level and is characterized by sparse granite, gneiss and quartzite erratics amongst weathered bedrock and extensive, oxidized colluvium. The Precambrian provenance and uppermost profile of these erratics reflect the maximum advance of the northwest Greenland Ice Sheet onto northeastern Ellesmere Island. These uppermost erratics along western Kennedy Channel decrease in elevation southward and suggest that the former Greenland ice was thickest in the direction of the major outlet of Petermann Fiord. No evidence of a former ice ridge in Nares Strait was observed. Zone II is marked by the moraines of the outermost Ellesmere Island ice advance which form a prominent morpho‐stratigraphic boundary where they cross‐cut the zone of Greenland erratics at ca. 250–350 m above sea level. These moraines show advanced surface weathering and ice recession from them is associated with a pre‐Holocene shoreline at 162 m above sea level. Late Wisconsin/Würm glacial deposits, equivalent to Zone I, were not observed in the lower valleys bordering Kennedy Channel. The outermost Ellesmere Island ice advance (Zone II) is radiometrically bracketed by 14C dates on in situ shells from subtill and supratill marine units which are 40,350±750 and>39,000 B.P., respectively. Amino acid age estimates on the same shell samples and others from similar stratigraphic positions all suggest ages of >35,000 B.P. Stratigraphically and chronologically this ice advance is correlated with the outermost Ellesmere Island ice advance 20–40 km to the north which formed small ice shelves when the relative sea level was ca. 175 m above sea level. The Holocene marine transgression along western Kennedy Channel occurred in an ice‐free corridor maintained between the separated margins of the northwest Greenland and northeast Ellesmere Island ice sheets during the last glaciation. Initial emergence may have begun ca. 12,300 B.P., however, sea level had dropped only 15 m by ca. 8000 B.P. after which glacio‐isostatic unloading of the corridor was rapid. The implications of these data are discussed in the context of existing models on high latitude glaciation and paleoclimatic change
Terrigenous sand in Labrador Sea hemipelagic sediments and paleoglacial events on Baffin Island over the last 100,00 years
Authors: FILLON RICHARD H. , MILLER GIFFORD H. , ANDREWS JOHN T.
Published: July 2010

Eight Labrador Sea piston cores with faunal and ash‐zone stratigraphies correlated to deep‐sea oxygen isotope stages were used to compute Labrador Sea terrigenous sand input rates (mg/cm2/1000 years) during the last 100,000 years. Sources of the sand in Labrador Sea cores are likely to be ice‐rafting, turbid glacial meltwater inflow or deflation and wind erosion of unvegetated landscapes in the wake of retreating continental ice sheets. High levels of sand input to the Labrador Sea are therefore undoubtedly glacier‐related while low levels of sand input are not. Comparison of the history of Labrador Sea sand input with the chronology of glacial and non‐glacial events on Baffin Island reveals that the era of highest sand input rates, the isotopic stage 5a/4 transition, closely coincided with an episode of early Foxe glacier advance to tidewater (Ayr Lake Stade) along the outer coast of Baffin Island ca. 80,000 B.P. to 60,000 B.P. The period of lowest Labrador Sea sand input rates, late isotopic stage 3 to the present, largely corresponds to a major disconformity in the raised marine and glacigenic sediments on Baffin Island, but includes also the late Foxe/early Holocene Cockburn glacial advance (which did not reach the outer coast of the island) and the modern glacial minimum. Labrador Sea and central‐subpolar North Atlantic sand input histories are reciprocally related over the last 80,000 years. Accelerated sand input in the Labrador Sea during times of reduced sand input in the North Atlantic implies: (1) major early Wisconsin glacier expansion in the circum Labrador Sea/Baffin Bay region and/or; (2) a surface circulation pattern in the North Atlantic which inhibited iceberg melting there while delivering icebergs and relatively warm surface water into the Labrador Sea. Conversely, reduced sand input in the Labrador Sea during times of accelerated sand input in the North Atlantic implies: (1) late Wisconsin glacier recession in the circum Labrador Sea/Baffin Bay region and/or; (2) a circulation pattern which carries icebergs southward and eastward away from the Labrador Sea. These implications are discussed in the light of paleoceanographic evidence for three periods ‐ 80,000 B.P. to 57,000 B.P.; 25,000 B.P. to 13,000 B.P.; and 13,000 B.P. to 9800 B.P
The Eemian interglacial and its termination
Authors: DANSGAARD WILLI , DUPLESSY JEAN‐CLAUDE
Published: July 2010

The development and termination of the Eemian interglacial is important because it may serve as a model showing how the present warm period might end in the event of no anthropogenic impact. The most important methods for studying the Eemian are outlined and critically evaluated. In spite of interpretation and dating problems, the various proxy data seem consistent enough to allow the conclusion that some 120,000 years ago the warm Eemian climate deteriorated rapidly and drastically. The forest vegetation in West Europe was replaced by a tundra type vegetation, and within 5000 or 10,OOO years the volume of continental ice grew to at least double the present volume, corresponding to a sea level 65 m, perhaps 90 m, below that of today. There is considerable disagreement between sea level estimates deduced from geological evidence and from benthic foraminifera oxygen isotope records.
The Early and Middle Weichselian in Norway: a review
Authors: MANGERUD JAN
Published: July 2010

All Known sites with fossils and ‘non‐till sediments’ of possible Early and Middle Weichselian age in Norway are discussed. Along the west coast there are many sites marine shells which have been dated by means of radiocarbon, amino acids and thorium/uranium methods. Some sites are also correlated by means of underlying Eemian sequences. A tentative glaciation curve for western Norway indicates a first glacial advance soon after the end of the Eemian. There are indications of another re‐advance around 40,000 B.P., and the Late Weichselian maximum (maxima?) occurred somewhere between 30,000 B.P. and 13,000 B.P. Parts of the coast may have been ice‐free for most of the remaining periods. From the central parts of the country are known bones (e.g. mammoth), glaciolacustrine and fluvial sediments, peat, etc. The newly discovered site with peat of Brumunddal can very probably be correlated with the Jämtland Interstadial in Sweden, and the Brørup Interstadial in Denmark. If this is correct, nearly the whole of southern Scandinavia must have been deglaciated during the interstadial.
The problem of recognizing melt‐out till
Authors: HALDORSEN SYLVI , SHAW JOHN
Published: July 2010

Deposition of till by melt‐out was described as early as a hundred years ago, and today the criteria which provide evidence to support an interpretation of melt‐out till are available. The most important criteria are (P1) the presence of unlithified, sorted and stratified sediments within or interstratified with the till(s). (P2) the presence of a statistically preferred orientation of stone axes closely related to ice‐flow condition, and (P3) a configuration of till with a recognizable textural or lithological property closely related to the configruation of englacial debris with regard to P1. Based on P1 and P2 and on regional aspects, tills composing ridges transverse to the dircetion of ice flow are interpreted as mult‐out till and flow till. The interpretation of till genesis must be based on the balnce of probability, as absolute proof is unrealistic in most cases.
Nature and origin of bubble structures in borehole samples of glacial sands from Caldy, Wirral, United Kingdom
Authors: PITTS JOHN
Published: July 2010

Borehole samples of glacial sands from Caldy, Wirral contained bubble structures which have not been found in in situ exposures of the corresponding materials. It is believed that the sands liquefied during driving of the sampler, destroying previous structures and developing a bubble structure by release of pore‐air during liquefaction. The sands conform generally to the grading characteristics previously defined for sands prone to liquefaction. Their propensity to liquefy was confirmed by laboratory tests.
The Great Basin in focus
Authors: HEIKKINEN OLAVl
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Madsen, David B. & O'Connell, James F. (eds.) 1982: Man and Environment in the Grear Basin.
Quaternary study in Canada: the present stage
Authors: SEPPÄLÄ MATTI
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Géographie Physique el Quaternaire 1982: Vol. XXXVI
Development of pollen assemblage zones in soil profiles in southeastern England
Authors: KEATINGE TERRY H.
Published: July 2010

Four soil profiles within c. 4 ha of dry heathland on lping Common, southeastern England were studied. Two were podzols, one was a buried profile from beneath a Bronze‐age barrow and one was a profile buried beneath sediment in a small pond. Loss on ignition, particle size analysis, iron concentration and pollen concentration were determined and a pollen diagram prepared for each profile. It is suggested that discrete soil pollen assemblage zones arise from their incorporation by successively shallower‐burrowing earthworm populations as the soils and vegetation change from mull to mor types. The implications of this mode of incorporation to the interpretation of soil pollen diagrams are discussed. A sequence of vegetation and soils for this area is suggested as follows:(1) mixed deciduous woodland of Quercus. Tilia and Corylus with a fern‐rich understorey growing in a mull soil, (2) scrub woodland of Betula and Corylus with Pteridium and some Callunu, (3) Calluna heathland on podzolised soils. 14C dates obtained from podzol Bh horizons and the buried soil beneath the pond were inconclusive.
A subsurface Middle Wisconsinan interstadial site at Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Authors: KARROW PAUL F. , WARNER BARRY G.
Published: July 2010

Commercial borings to a depth of 36 m encountered organic sediments under till. A continuously cored borehole was subsequently put down to 42 m and revealed a succession of sand and silt, over clayey Maryhill hill, over sandy Catfish Creek Till, over fossiliferous sand. Pollen, plant macrofossils, and a few ostracodes, molluscs, and insects provide a coherent picture of interstadial conditions. Two pollen zones are represented. The older zone is characterized by Picea and ThujalJuniperus pollen, and Dryopteris‐type and Sphagnum spores, which suggest a lowland, forested peatland. Reduction of peatland, and transition to a wetland with more open water associated with a stream is indicated by an increase in Cyperaceae pollen, Pediastrum algae, and a diversity of aquatic plant macrofossils during the later zone. Fossil plant assemblages are similar to modern southern boreal associations in Ontario, which implies that the climate was cooler and possibly drier than the present. Phytogeographically, Picea needles and wood, and seeds of Brasenia schreberi and Potamogetan spirillus are noteworthy among the plant macrofossils. The sequence of Late Wisconsinan tills overlying the fossiliferous zone implies a Middle Wisconsinan age for the interstadial. This is supported by an accelerator radiocarbon date on small wood pieces of 40,080 + 1,200 years B.P.
A long Upper Pleistocene pollen record from Les Echets, near Lyon, France
Authors: BEAULIEU JACQUES‐LOUIS DE , REILLE MAURICE
Published: July 2010

Analysis of 732 samples through 39 m of sediments from the ancient lake of Les Echets, 15 km northeast of Lyon, France, resulted in a long, continuous pollen diagram covering the interval from the Late Rissian to the Holocene. Above a complete Ecmian sequence, there are two Early Wiirmian temperate cycles (the older one including two climatic optima separated by a brief deterioration) with forest successions characterized by the spread of Carpinus at the end of the early temperate phase. These episodes, whose exact equivalents are found at Grande Pile in the Vosges area, are correlated with the Early Wiirmian trilogy Amersfoort‐Brorup‐Odderade of northern Europe. The absolute dates proposed for the Grande Pile sequence arc accepted, whereas those for the three northern European stratotypes are rejected. The Early Wiirmian is thus placed between 115,000 and 70,000 years B.P. In the Middle Wiirm, three undated intcrstadials arc characterized by a sparse forest cover. The long Late Wiirmian section is a characteristic feature of the sediment history at Les Echets. Very cold and arid conditions prevailed during this interval, without any unequivocal indications of intcrstadial episodes. A rise in Artemisia around 15,000 B.P. marks the transition from the Pleniglacial to the Oldest Dryas.
First Nordic colloquium on accelerators and dating, March llth‐12th, 1983
Authors: POSSNERT GORAN , OLSSON INGRID U.
Published: July 2010

A Nordic colloquium on accelerators and dating was held in Uppsala on March 11th to 12th, 1983, and arranged by the Tandem Accelerator Laboratory and the Institute of Physics. Its aims were: to report on the accelerator technique using ion counting instead of decay counting, to discuss the advantages and possible disadvantages of the new technique, to discuss the dating possibilities using 10Be, 26A1, 36CI etc. besides 14C, and to organize a Nordic committee to establish cooperation. About 80 participants representing the five Nordic countries attended the meeting. Survey lectures were given by Jürg Beer, Berne and Robert Hedges, Oxford.
Eemian and Weichselian correlation problems in Finland
Authors: FORSSTROM LARS
Published: July 2010

The Quaternary stratigraphy in Finland is discussed on the basis of an example from the Oulainen area of Ostrobothnia. Organogenic deposits found beneath till at this site are correlated with the Eemian Interglacial on biostratigraphical evidence. This is confirmed by TL dates of 97,000 ± 18,000 B.P. and 150,000 ± 30,000 B.P., whereas a finite radiocarbon date of 63,200 +5500 ‐3200 B.P. is probably too young. Correlation of the Weichselian stratigraphy is based on deep‐sea oxygen isotope data, in which the variations in isotope ratios are assumed to reflect global changes in climate and fluctuations in the volume of the ice‐caps. It is concluded on the latter grounds that Finland must have been free of ice at two periods during the Early Weichselian but at least for the most part covered by ice thereafter up to the final deglaciation. The sediments attributed to the only known Weichselian interstadial in Finland, the Perapohjola Interstadial, are taken to correspond most probably to the Brørup, although some may represent the Odderade, Information on the Weichselian till stratigraphy in the Oulainen area is largely confined to the deglaciation phase, the relatively complex nature of which suggests that complete reconstruction of the earlier phases of the Weichselian in an area such as Finland, located towards the centre of the ice sheet, is scarcely feasible by the methods currently available.
Till lithology and glacial transport in Kuhmo, eastern Finland
Authors: PELTONIEMI HANNU
Published: July 2010

Till lithology and transport distance were studied along five transects running in the direction of ice flow and intersecting the N‐S‐oriented Kuhmo Greenstone Belt, which is some 5 km in width. A total of 531 stone counts were performed on three fractions (> 20 cm, 6–20 cm and 2–6 cm) in 162 pits dug with a mechanical excavator. An experimental model is developed for predicting the transport distances of clasts in basal tills. It shows the traditional method of expressing transport in terms of half‐distance (i.e. the distance at which the proportion of a given rock type in the till has been halved from what it was at the distal contact of a given rock type in the bedrock) to be dependent upon the width of the source unit in the bedrock, varying in the present case from 0 km to 16 km as the width of the source belt increases from 0 km to infinity. The Kuhmo Greenstone Belt being 5 km broad, the mean half‐distance for the transport of stones and boulders in the till is 2 km, the boulders having been moved somewhat shorter distances and the pebbles longer distances. It is recommended that transport distances for till material should be expressed in terms of the renewal distance (i.e. the distance over which the proportion of a new rock type increases from 0% to 50%). In the Kuhmo area this distance is 16 km.
A standard Rhizocarpon nomenclature for lichenometry
Authors: INNES JOHN L.
Published: July 2010

The terminology of the genus Rhizocarpon, as used by lichenometrists, is at present confused and vague. The failure to differentiate even to the section level has resulted in errors in dating and has made the comparison of growth rates derived for different parts of the world difficult, if not impossible. The use of a standard nomenclature would clarify the degree of species differentiation that has been attempted in any given study.
Stratigraphic indications of a Pleistocene/Holocene transgression in the Göta ÁUlv river valley, SW Sweden
Authors: SVEDHAGE KRISTER
Published: July 2010

A stratigraphically recorded transgression deposit from a bog at 50 m above sea level near Lödöse, north of Gothenburg, has been analyzed with a view to determining its isolation course. Pollen and 14C analyses were used for dating, and the interpretation of water‐level changes and isolation were based on diatom analysis. The transgression phase began at about 10,000 years B.P. and the basin was isolated before the time of the rational Corylus limit (C°), which in this area is at about 9,700 years B.P.
Varve chronology based upon glacial sediments in the area between Karlskrona and Kalmar, southeastern Sweden
Authors: RINGBERG BERTIL , RUDMARK LARS
Published: July 2010

Varve series of fine‐grained glacial sediments have been studied in an area of the Baltic Ice Lake near the border between the provinces of Blckinge and Smalånd, southeastern Sweden. The main purpose of the investigation was to establish a more reliable connection than earlier between the varve chronologies of the Karlskrona area (Ringberg 1971 and 1979) and the Kalmar area (Rudmark 1975). The varve series have been linked to the local chronology of Antevs (1915) as the most recent revision of the Swedish time scale has not yet been completed. The investigation has led to two alternative connections. There are no differences between the alternatives in the southern part of the study area. In the middle of the area there is a difference of 17 years and in the northern part of the area there is a difference of 85 years between the two alternatives. Continued investigations will show which is the most reliable alternative. At present, the uncertainty of the ice recession chronology is at most 85 years in the investigation area.
Climate what climate?
Authors: FORTELIUS MIKAEL
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Brenchley, P. J. (ed.) 1984: Fossils and Climate.
Glaciomarine varves in late‐Pleistocene clays near Göteborg, southwestern Sweden
Authors: STEVENS RODNEY
Published: July 2010

Cyclic variations in the grain size, colour, carbonate content and organic content are interpreted as the result of proximal glaciomarine varve deposition along a fjord‐like valley in southwestern Sweden. The sedimentological factors which allow varve development in this generally inhibiting environment arc considered by analogy with modern examples. Density stratification which is best developed during the spring and summer period of high discharge is suggested to have an essential influence on the cyclic character. Since sedimentation is interpreted to have occurred primarily from meltwater overflow the degree of mixing and salinity‐induced coagulation largely governs fine‐sediment sorting. Although these varves are not as well defined or as easily correlated as classical varves, they are considered useful in many comparable applications.
Minimum age of corrie moraine ridges in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland
Authors: RAPSON SHEILA C.
Published: July 2010

Examination of organic sediments lying on top of and within moraine limits in three Cairngorm corrics gives a minimum moraine age. According to previous suggestions the moraines originate either from the ‘Little Ice Age’ of the 16th–19th centuries or the Loch Lomond Stadial of 10,800–10,300 B.P. Radiocarbon dates and biostratigraphy show that the sediments have been accumulating undisturbed in the corries for 6,000–9,000 radiocarbon years, thus invalidating the ‘Little Ice Age’ hypothesis. The last known glaciation is therefore the Loch Lomond Advance and hence the moraine ridges are likely to date from that time.
Glacial geology: an introduction for engineers and earth scientists
Authors: AARIO RISTO
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Byles. N (ed.) 1983: Glacial Geology: an introduction for Engineers and Earth Scientists.
A new magazine on geology today
Authors: PERSSON CHRISTER
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Geology today. A magazine from Blackwell Scientific Puhlications Ltd
Reconstructing Quaternary environments?
Authors: HYVÄRINEN HANNU
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Lowe. J. J. & Walker M. J. C. 1984. Reconstructing Quiiternary environments
Getting to know your neighbours a little better?
Authors: HJORT CHRISTIAN
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

1984: Quaternary Science Reviews Vol. 2. 327 pp.
Palaeoenvironmental application of magnetic measurements from inter‐drumlin hollow lake sediments near Dungannon, Co. Tyrone, Northern Ireland
Authors: HIRONS KENNETH R. , THOMPSON ROY
Published: July 2010

Measurements of palaeomagnetic horizontal remanent intensity, saturation isothermal remanence, coercivity of remanence, high field remanence and magnetic susceptibility, have been made on lateglacial and postglacial sediments from two small, inter‐drumlin hollow lakes from central Northern Ireland. These magnetic measurements have been compared with pollen and chemical analyses from the same profiles and with complementary mineral magnetic data from local soils. Representative sediment samples have also been divided into a range of particle size fractions and each fraction has been subjected to magnetic investigation. Five distinctive stratigraphic horizons have been identified on the basis of the magnetic mineralogy. Two horizons relate to phases of pronounced erosion. One of these is connected with solifluction processes in the lateglacial and the other to an intensive period of farming activity which started in Medieval times. Two horizons are associated with periods of very high iron and manganese deposition and are possibly related to the precipitation of magnetic minerals within the lake. Hydrological changes during periods of local anthropogenic activity appear to produce magnetic mineral assemblages indicative of stream bed/bank substrate sources. The particle size data also support the suggestion that downcore changes in the mineral magnetic record are mainly caused by changes in the sediment source rather than particle size or sedimentological effects.
Rates and causes of proglacial river terrace formation in southeast Iceland: an application of lichenometric dating techniques
Authors: THOMPSON ALAN , JONES ARNOLD
Published: July 2010

The immediate proglacial areas of most of the Oraefajökull outlet glaciers in southeast Iceland are characterized by well‐developed river terraces, formed by the recent downcutting of the major meltwater streams. This paper examines the rates and causes of dissection in two contrasting cases, using lichenometric dating to establish the ages of individual terraces. An age–size curve for the aggregated Rhizocarpon sub‐genus is developed from lichen measurements on dated recessional moraines, and is compared with similar curves obtained by previous workers. Levelling profiles of the terraces are then used in conjunction with the lichenometric dates to determine mean rates of net erosion between each dated surface, and to study the associated variations in channel slope. The results obtained for the Svinafellsá show that the timing and rates of downcutting have been closely related to frontal movements of the Svinafellsjökull glacier. The Kotá terraces, however, may have been formed independently of glacier fluctuations, and are thought to represent stages in the gradual recovery of the stream from the aggradational effects of the 1727 jökulhlaup.
Ice age mammals and environments
Authors: ERONEN MATTI
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Sutcliffe, Antony J. 1985: On the Track of Ice Age Mammals
Transport, sorting, and reworking of late Wisconsinan plant macrofossils from Lake Erie, Canada
Authors: WARNER BARRY G. , BARNETT PETER J.
Published: July 2010

Stratigraphic, sedimentological, and plant macrofossil studies on proglacial lacustrine and deltaic sequences dating from the Mackinaw Interstadial on the north shore of Lake Erie, Canada, indicate long‐distance transport, selective sorting and reworking of the plant fossils. Transport, sorting, and reworking may make detailed paleoclimatic indices irrelevant and may account for incongruent phytogeographic indicators in the fossil assemblage. Details of the stratigraphic and sedimentological setting of the study site and the state of preservation of the fossils should be considered more carefully as aids to the interpretation of macrofossil assemblages.
Molluscan and foraminiferal biostratigraphy of an Eemian‐Early Weichselian section on Karmøy, southwestern Norway
Authors: SEJRUP HANS FETTER
Published: July 2010

Sejrup, Hans Petter 1987 03 01: Molluscan and foraminiferal biostratigraphy of an Eemian‐Early Weichselian section on Karmøy, southwestern Norway. Boreas, Vol. 16, pp. 27–42. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.

At Karmøy, southwestern Norway, a section with marine sediments from the last interglacial (the Avaldsnes Interglacial) and from two ice‐free periods (the Torvastad and Bø Interstadial) in the Weichselian have been examined for molluscs and foraminifera. The following conclusions concerning the depositional environments of these sediments can be drawn: (1) The Avaldsnes Interglacial was a high‐energy environment with a sea level 20 to 50 m higher than at present, regressing towards the end of the interglacial. Sea temperatures were as in the area today or slightly warmer. (2) During the Torvastad Interstadial (71–85 ka) the sea level was between 0 and c. 20 m higher than at present, and sea temperatures were as between Svalbard and northern Norway today. (3) The Bø Interstadial (40–64 ka) shows a complete interstadial cycle, with changing sea level and temperatures. Its optimum was close to the conditions prevailing in North Norway today or slightly colder. By comparison with other sites, a total of at least four interstadial episodes through the Weichselian in southwestern Norway is proposed. These date to c. 30 ka, 40–64 ka, 71–85 ka and 87–101 ka. The episodes and the glacial advances between them do not directly correlate with published interpretations of changes in surface circulation in the Norwegian Sea through the Weichselian. It is suggested that the nourishment of the southern part of the Scandinavian ice sheet might be more related to sea surface conditions in the North Atlantic than to those of the Norwegian Sea.
Late Pleistocene stratigraphy at Boliden, northern Sweden
Authors: ROBERTSSON ANN‐MARIE , AMBROSIANI KARIN GARCíA
Published: July 2010

Till‐covered sand and silt sediments with organic material from Boliden, northern Sweden, have been resampled and reinvestigated. Texture and petrographic analyses demonstrated one till bed overlying, and one underlying the sandy sediments. Low frequencies of diatoms were noted, representing freshwater, halophilous and brackish water taxa. The diatoms may be allochthonous or autochthonous, or redeposited from older deposits. Pollen analysis revealed a new picture of the composition of the vegetation, as compared with earlier investigations. The flora consisted of an arctic‐subarctic treeless shrub and herb vegetation dominated by Salix, Betula nana, Gramineae and Cyperaceae. Artemisia and several arctic‐alpine herbs were important elements. The identification of Salix wood as well as fruits and fruit scales of Betula nana and Betula cf. humilis is in agreement with the pollen‐analytical results, as is the occurrence of Nordicboreal species of Coleoptera. Two radiocarbon datings resulted in an age of c. 45,000 B. P. and >40,000 B.P. The Boliden till‐covered sediments were most probably deposited during an Early or Middle Weichselian interstadial, but the initial or final stage of an interglacial (Eemian) is also possible.
Stadials and interstadials during the Weichsel glackiation on Finnmarksvidda, northern Norway
Authors: OLSEN LARS
Published: July 2010

Till beds and waterlain sediments from at least 3 stadials and 2 interstadials during the Weichsel glaciation are recorded on Finnmarksvidda. The oldest, possibly Weichselian, ice‐free period recorded on Finnmarksvidda is represented in one river section and is preliminary named theVuolgamasjåkka thermomer.Its initiation is TL‐dated to about 120 ka, which indicates a pre‐Weichselian, possibly Eemian age. The interstadial which follows the subsequent and assumed oldest Weichsel stadial on Finnmarksvidda, the Eiravarri interstaeial, has previously been tentatively correlated lithostratigtrahically with the Peräpohojola interstadial (sensu stricto) in North Finland. The youngest interstadial, theSargejåk internatiodial, is in this paper suggested to correlate with the Tärändö interstadial in North Sweden. The initial Weichselian ice movement across Finnmarksvidda is so far unknown, but locally N of Kautokeino in the W the initial (recorded) ice movement was directed towards NW‐N. The regional ice movements for the two subsequent stadials on Finnmarksvidda were initially directed towards NE‐ene and NNW, respectively.
Quaternary forminiferal stratigraphy in boring 81/29 from the central North Sea
Authors: JENSEN KARSTEN ALBÆK , KNUDSEN KAREN LUISE
Published: July 2010

A 140.2 m deep boring (BH 81/29) from the central North Sea (British sector) has been investigated for its foraminiferal content. Fourteen assemblage zones are identified, and these are correlated with other records from the North Sea region. The stratigraphical interpretation of BH 81/29 is supported by palaeomagnetic data and by amino acid dates and thermoluminescence dates from the same boring. Foraminiferal zones 14 to 8, from the bottom of the core, have been referred to the Early Pleistocene. Zones 7 to 4, which occur above the Bruhnes/Matuyama boundary, seem to belonged in the Middle Pleistocene, and zones 3 to 1 are referred to the Late Pleistocene. A characteristic feature of the present sequence is that a major part of the Quaternary record seems to be missing. As is also known from other areas of the North Sea, interglacial deposits are especially badly represented.
Moraine‐like ridges at Skaralid canyon, Southern Sweden, and their relationship to lateglacial cold periods
Authors: NYBERG ROLF
Published: July 2010

Moraine‐like ridges in the Skäralid canyon at the Söderåsen horst, Southern Sweden, are interpreted not as features formed during the deglaciation of the Weichsel ice sheet, but as forms related to lateglacial tundra conditions. This is suggested by their location and morphology and is supported by TL‐dates of the sandy matrix in two of the ridges, yielding ages between 10,400 and 10,800 B.P. The environmental significance of the ridges is further discussed on the basis of their sedimentology. As severe wind action in lateglacial time in this part of Sweden is implied by numerous wind‐polished rocks, the ridges may have formed as protalus ramparts or end moraines in front of snowfields or small glaciers, nourished by strong snowdrifting. Alternatively, small openwork ridges may be incipient fossil rock glaciers.
The Late‐Glacial infill of three lake successions in The Netherlands: Regional vegetational history in relation to NW European vegetational developments
Authors: BOHNCKE SJOERD , WIJMSTRA LEX , WOUDE JAN VAN DER , SOHL HENNY
Published: July 2010

Pollen analyses of three Late Weichselian Late‐Glacial lake sediment successions provided a basis for the construction of pollen assemblage zones for The Netherlands. Special attention is paid to the behaviours of Populus in the Alleröd boreal forest. Some aspects of the autecology of Juniperus and Hippohaë and the dynamics of birch and pine forests are discussed in the light of the observed succession. The Late‐Glacial vegetational succession in The Netherlands is compared with data published for neighbouring NW European countries. It is concluded that differences in precipitation (snow cover) along a west‐east transect to a great extent determined the inferred differences in vegetational development.
Controls on sedimentation in a late Devensian ice‐dammed lake, Achnasheen, Scotland
Authors: BENN DOUGLAS I.
Published: July 2010

Two distinct glacigenic sediment‐landform associations are described from the site of a former ice‐dammed lake at Achnasheen, Ross‐shire, Scotland. Firstly, three cross‐valley ridges, principally composed of rain‐out and sediment gravity flow deposits, were associated with a damming lobe of ice which directly controlled lake level. Secondly, large coalescing meltwater‐fed deltas were developed in front of two outlet glaciers which initially terminated in the western end of the lake. The divergent evolution of the two associations is explained with reference to differing relationships between ice thickness and lake level, flux of meltwater, and glacier activity.
Late Weichselian glaciation and deglaciation of Forlandsundet area, western Spitsbergen, Svalbard
Authors: FORMAN STEVEN L.
Published: July 2010

Late Weichselian glacier limits for the Forlandsundet area, western Spitsbergen are reconstructed from the stratigraphic distribution of tills and deglacial deposits, variations in the altitude of the marine limit, distribution of pre‐Late Weichselian raised beach deposits, and the rare occurrence of moraines and striated bedrock. The Late Weichselian glaciation was primarily a local event with fjord outlet‐glaciers expanding no more than 15 km beyond their present position; cirque glaciers were similar to their neoglacial limits. A previously reconstructed ice sheet centered over the Barents Shelf had little direct influence on the glaciation of the Forlandsundet area. Glacier retreat began at or prior to 10.5 ka ago and possibly as early as 13 ka ago with fjords mostly, and perhaps rapidly deglaciated by 10 to 9 ka ago.
Vistas of the Little Ice Age
Authors: ERONEN MATTI
Published: July 2010

Vistas of the Little Ice Age, MATTI ERONEN