bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gas Hydrates Accumulations on the South Shetland Continental Margin: New Detection Possibilities
Authors: Solovyov V. D. , Bakhmutov V. G. , Korchagin I. N. , Levashov S. P. , Yakymchuk N. A. , Bozhezha D. N.
Published: November 2011

The results of investigations in 2006–2010 for hydrocarbon and gas hydrates on the Antarctic Peninsula continental margin are given. In 2004 and 2006, the marine geoelectric researches by methods of forming a short-pulsed electromagnetic field (FSPEF) and vertical electric-resonance sounding (VERS) had been conducted in this region. The “deposit” type anomaly was mapped by FSPEF survey, and anomalous polarized layers of “hydrocarbon deposit” type were chosen by VERS sounding within this anomaly on Antarctic margin in the region of UAS “Academician Vernadsky.” Anomalous zones of “gas hydrate deposit” type were detected on the South Shetland margin due to the special technology of satellite data processing and interpretation using. These results confirm the high gas hydrates potential of the West Antarctica region. Some practical results of the experimental approbation of these original technologies for the “direct” prospecting and exploration of hydrocarbon (HC) and gas hydrates accumulations in different oil-and-gas bearing basins of Russia and Gulf of Mexico are proposed. The integration of satellite data processing and materials of FSPEF-VERS methods enable improving their efficiency for different geological and geophysical problems solving.
Tissue Expression and Actin Binding of a Novel N‐Terminal Utrophin Isoform
Authors: Zuellig Richard A. , Bornhauser Beat C. , Amstutz Ralf , Constantin Bruno , Schaub Marcus C.
Published: November 2011

Utrophin and dystrophin present two large proteins that link the intracellular actin cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix via the C‐terminal‐associated protein complex. Here we describe a novel short N‐terminal isoform of utrophin and its protein product in various rat tissues (N‐utro, 62 kDa, amino acids 1–539, comprising the actin‐binding domain plus the first two spectrin repeats). Using different N‐terminal recombinant utrophin fragments, we show that actin binding exhibits pronounced negative cooperativity (affinity constants K1 = ~5 × 106
and K2 = ~1 × 105 M−1) and is Ca2+‐insensitive. Expression of the different fragments in COS7 cells and in myotubes indicates that the actin‐binding domain alone binds exlusively to actin filaments. The recombinant N‐utro analogue binds in vitro to actin and in the cells associates to the membranes. The results indicate that N‐utro may be responsible for the anchoring of the cortical actin cytoskeleton to the membranes in muscle and other tissues.
Induction of Immunological Tolerance by Oral Anti-CD3
Authors: da Cunha Andre Pires , Weiner Howard L.
Published: November 2011

In recent years, our knowledge about immunoregulation and autoimmunity has significantly advanced, but nontoxic and more effective treatments for different inflammatory and autoimmune diseases are still lacking. Oral tolerance is of unique immunologic importance because it is a continuous natural immunologic event driven by exogenous antigen and is an attractive approach for treatment of these conditions. Parenteral administration of anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody is an approved therapy for transplantation in humans and is effective in autoimmune diabetes. Orally administered anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody is biologically active in the gut and suppresses experimental models of autoimmune diseases. Orally delivered antibody does not have side effects including cytokine release syndromes, thus oral anti-CD3 antibody is clinically applicable for chronic therapy. Here we review findings that identify a novel and powerful immunologic approach that is widely applicable for the treatment of human autoimmune conditions.
Glass Transition Behavior of the Quaternary Ammonium-Type Ionic Liquid: N,N-Diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium Bromide-H2O Mixtures
Authors: Yoshimura Yukihiro , Hatano Naohiro , Imai Yusuke , Abe Hiroshi , Shimada Osamu , Hanasaki Tomonori
Published: November 2011

By a simple differential thermal analysis (DTA) system, the concentration dependence of the glass transition temperatures (Tgs) for the quaternary ammonium-type ionic liquid, N,N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl)ammonium bromide [DEME][Br] and H2O mixtures, after quick precooling was measured as a function of water concentration x (mol% H2O). We compared the results with the previous results of [DEME][I]-H2O and [DEME][BF4]-H2O mixtures in which a double-glass transition behavior was observed. Remarkably, the [DEME][Br]-H2O mixtures basically show one-Tg behavior and the Tg decreases monotonically with increasing H2O content up to around x=91.5. But it suddenly jumps to higher Tg value at a specific x=~92. At this very limited point, two Tgs (Tg1,Tg2) which we might consider as a transition state from the structure belonging to the Tg1 group to another one due to the Tg2 group were observed. These results clearly reflect the difference in the anionic effects among Br−, I−, and BF4-. The end of the glass-formation region of [DEME][Br]-H2O mixtures is around x=98.9 and moves to more water-rich region as compared to those of [DEME][BF4]-H2O (x=96.0) and [DEME][I]-H2O (x=95.0) mixtures.
Purity of Ion Beams: Analysis and Simulation of Mass Spectra and Mass Interferences in Ion Implantation
Authors: Häublein Volker , Ryssel Heiner , Frey Lothar
Published: November 2011

This paper shows that charge exchange events and dissociation reactions of ions may impact the purity of the ion beam in ion implantation, leading to contamination of the implanted target. Physical relations are derived that explain why unwanted ions are transported in the ion beam despite of a magnetic mass separation. Based on those relations, the simulation tool ENCOTION (ENergetic COntamination simulaTION) has been developed. ENCOTION is a very powerful tool for the simulation of transport mechanisms of ions through a magnet analyzer and for the simulation of mass spectra, as will be demonstrated in this paper.
Severe Developmental Delay in a Patient with 7p21.1–p14.3 Microdeletion Spanning the TWIST Gene and the HOXA Gene Cluster
Authors: Fryssira H. , Makrythanasis P. , Kattamis A. , Stokidis K. , Menten B. , Kosaki K. , Willems P. , Kanavakis E.
Published: November 2011

We describe a patient with a rare interstitial deletion of chromosome 7p21.1–p14.3 detected by array-CGH. The deletion encompassed 74 genes and caused haploinsufficiency (or loss of allele) of 6 genes known to be implicated in different autosomal dominant genetic disorders: TWIST, DFNA5, CYCS, HOXA11, HOXA13, and GARS. The patient had several morphological abnormalities similar to Saethre-Chotzen syndrome (caused by TWIST mutations) including craniosynostosis of the coronal suture and anomalies similar to those seen in hand-foot-uterus syndrome (caused by HOXA13 mutations) including hypospadias. The combined phenotype of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome and hand-foot-uterus syndrome of our patient closely resembles a previously reported case with a cytogenetically visible small deletion spanning 7p21–p14.3. We therefore conclude that microdeletions of 7p spanning the TWIST gene and HOXA gene cluster lead to a clinically recognizable ‘haploinsufficiency syndrome’.
Dear Alma Mater: Women's Epistolary Education in the Society to Encourage Studies at Home, 1873–1897
Authors: Bruder Anne
Published: November 2011

Anna Ticknor, a Boston Brahmin, founded America's first correspondence school. Hailing from across the nation, all students were women. The letters they exchanged with their instructors between 1873 and 1897 opened up flexible spaces of self-definition, encouragement, and disguise that came to mediate—and enable—a new kind of women's education in Victorian–era America.
The Title of Hobbes's Refutation of Thomas White's De Mundo
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2011

Hobbes's manuscript refutation of Thomas White bears no title. Some modern scholars have proposed, on the basis of references to it by Mersenne, that the work was entitled 'De motu, loco et tempore', and the abbreviated version of this, 'De motu', has become current in modern scholarship. This research note analyses Mersenne's references, and concludes that this apparent title was a descriptive phrase introduced by Mersenne himself. The full description included the term 'philosophia' (thus: Hobbes's 'philosophy concerning motion, place and time'); this suggests a double focus, not only on the manuscript text, but also on Hobbes's 'body' of natural philosophy more generally.
“We Are Drowning in Red Beet, Patching Up the Holes in the Iron Curtain”: The Punk Subculture in Ljubljana in the Late 1970s and Early 1980s
Authors: Mulej Oskar
Published: November 2011

This article discusses the phenomenon of punk in Ljubljana, the capital of Slovenia, from its beginnings in the early 1970s to its heyday in early 1980s and its subsequent differentiation and dissolution in a wider alternative scene. The subject is thereby being treated primarily as a genre of protest music and as a youth subculture. A special focus is given to the harsh reactions on part of the communist regime, in particular the 1981 “Nazi punk affair,” and the strong political significance punk thus came to possess—albeit to a large extent unintentionally. Excerpts of lyrics from Ljubljana punk rock bands are also presented, pointing to the attitudes of the punk youth towards their social environment and political situation and revealing how they came to be seen as a threat to the socialist order. In the conclusion, the sociopolitical legacy of punk and certain controversies surrounding it are shortly touched upon.
Converging on Generation: Musicking in Normalized Czechoslovakia
Authors: Hagen Trever
Published: November 2011

By examining selected convergence zones as mechanisms of generation within a non-official cultural space, I seek to show how actors used malleable resources to articulate music with social life during the late 1970s to the early 1980s in Czechoslovakia. This article problematizes generation by examining how, rather than in terms of an age gap, new arenas of being and thinking emerged in the 1980s having been generated from previously accumulated aesthetic and social resources of amateur, semi-official, and non-official musical streams in the 1970s. It also argues that habitual forms of 'musicking' and musicality are deeply implicated in an actor's agency when linked with non-official sets of practices and are a constituent feature of collectives.
Tax Law in Crimea in the Light of Two Yarlıks
Authors: Cigdem Recep
Published: November 2011

This article examines two yarlıks about the taxation issued by the governor of autonomous Crimea in June 1609. Two other documents about a female slave dated June 1677 involving the dignitaries of Crimea are also examined. The main aim of this work is to find out whether or not the provisions of the statutes (kanun) of the mainland, Istanbul, were also applied in other autonomous provinces. This article tries to shed light on tax regulations in different parts of the Ottoman Empire and to contribute to our understanding of yarlıks.

The Crimean khanate which was established as an independent state around 1420 became a vassal state of the Ottoman empire in 1475 when Mengli Giray recognized Sultan Mehmet II as his suzerain. A Crimea-Muscovy alliance supported by the Ottomans led to the emergence of the Muscovite state as the dominant power in the region. The Russians and the Ottomans had peaceful relations until the middle of the 17th century. From that time onwards, conflicts started to appear and led Russia to invade and annex the Crimea.

Although khans were appointed and dismissed by the Ottoman sultans, they were able to maintain independent judicial and financial institutions. The judges were appointed and dismissed by the military judge of the Crimea. The shari'a courts and the diwan (council) were the two main bodies of the judicial system. The trials were conducted by a single qadi/judge in the shari'a courts. Although litigants or defendants had the right to apply to the diwan to review his/her case, the system of appeal in the modern sense was not recognized. Islamic law, custom and the statutory laws constituted the law of the Crimea. In cases of contradiction between custom and governmental orders, custom would prevail. Certain fiscal laws that applied in the mainland of the Ottoman empire were not in practice in the Crimea.
Adaptive Context: The Fourth Element of Meaning
Authors: Maguire Laura , Romero-Trillo Jesús
Published: November 2011

The present article explores the notion of communication from the point of view of the traditions that have considered context as the essential element for the optimal understanding of a message. The article describes the historical evolution of context with special emphasis on the discussion between context-free and context-bound descriptions of interaction, and chooses the Dynamic Model of Meaning as the unifier of these diverging traditions through theoretical synergy. Our approach describes a further step in the understanding of context by incorporating a fourth element in context, i.e., Adaptive Context, that we deem essential to understand cognitive dynamism. In this article we describe the role of Adaptive Management and show how this fourth element of context is basic to describe cognition in communication and to create social rapport.
Accessing Identity through Face Work: A Case Study of Historical Courtroom Discourse
Authors: Chaemsaithong Krisda
Published: November 2011

There are certain areas of study where present-day pragmatics can benefit from history. This study investigates the processes of identity construction and negotiation through face work, using as a case study the historical courtroom in 18th century America. Adopting a social constructionist perspective to identity, the paper proposes that face is inextricably intertwined with identity, as it involves the process in which interlocutors position themselves, through discourse, in social interaction. Drawing upon the framework of self-politeness (Chen 2001), the paper reveals the ways in which an expert identity is constructed and negotiated during a trial where two medical professionals testified as expert witnesses and, at the same time, were challenged by the hostile interrogators. It is found that the experts resorted to two main discursive strategies which enhanced and restored their self-face, namely redressive and off-record, in their struggle for an expert identity, primarily because in the context of cross-examination, such strategies enabled the experts to directly or indirectly voice their response to previous face damaging utterances, instead of being silent on an issue (i.e. the withhold self-face threatening act strategy) or admitting that there was inconsistency in their testimony (i.e. the bald, on-record strategy). Such strategies helped the experts to construct and renew their identity or even resist others' identity ascriptions, enabling them to present themselves in a favourable light as their identity was under constant face threats from the adversarial interlocutors.
The Meaning of the Phrase ‘And the Witnesses Laid Down Their Cloaks’ in Acts 7:58
Authors: Jones Brice C.
Published: November 2011

The present article seeks to understand the statement ‘and the witnesses laid down their cloaks’ in Acts 7:58. This incident does not immediately stand out to the reader as being significant in the context of Acts 7 in any real way, and is often overlooked by commentators. However, based on other ancient episodes in which a cloak is removed, this article will call into question the meaning and function of the laying down of cloaks in Acts 7:58. It will be suggested that the gesture of shedding cloaks was a symbolic gesture which, on one level, signified impending violence or death. The conclusion will have implications for how we are to understand this gesture both in Acts and in the wider Greco-Roman world.
Attracted to Crime
Authors: Antonaccio Olena , Botchkovar Ekaterina V. , Tittle Charles R.
Published: November 2011

Using data from samples of randomly selected adults in three major cities in Greece, Russia, and Ukraine, several issues concerning criminal motivation are addressed. First, contrary to assumptions of many control theories, there is evidence of substantial variation in criminal attraction across individuals, with such attraction often being minimal. Second, direct measurement of criminal attraction is strongly associated with property and violent crime projections. Third, although variables from strain and social learning theories help explain criminal motivation, they do not appear sufficient to account for it. Nevertheless, attraction to crime appears to mediate the relationship between strain/prior reinforcement and criminal outcomes. Yet, the results show variations among research sites, thus indicating that the part played by criminal motivation may be somewhat context dependent. Overall, the research suggests the wisdom of further attention to motivation, particularly in improving efforts to explain it, measure it directly, and bring it more prominently into explanatory models.
Greek unions' preferences: measuring trends in the field. An exploratory note on the period 2008–2009
Authors: Nick Drydakis
Published: November 2011

The present research explores union preferences through a survey of the Greek national federations (secondary-level unions) for the period 2008–2009. The evidence presented here suggests that the monopoly-union model does not properly evaluate union–firm reality in Greece. Moreover, the right-to-manage model holds when firms ought to increase employment, while the efficient-bargaining model holds when firms attempt workforce reductions. The study also suggests that most unions place relatively more weight on wage issues than on employment issues, but there is no exclusive preference for wages over employment agreements. Furthermore, the data provide evidence that unions' goals cannot be reduced to a simple trade-off between wages and employment level; rather a range of options, examined by the industrial relations literature, should be taken into account.

Cet article analyse les préférences syndicales au travers d’une étude des fédérations nationales grecques (organisations syndicales du second niveau) pendant la période 2008-2009. Les données présentées ici suggèrent que le modèle du monopole syndical ne rend pas compte de manière appropriée de la réalité du syndicalisme d’entreprise en Grèce. Par ailleurs, le modèle du droit à gérer est validé lorsque les entreprises doivent embaucher davantage, alors que le modèle de négociation efficace se trouve confirmé lorsque l’entreprise doit réduire l'emploi. L’étude suggère également que la plupart des syndicats mettent davantage l’accent sur les questions de salaires que sur les questions d'emploi, sans préférence exclusive pour des accords salariaux au détriment d’accords sur l’emploi. Enfin, les données montrent que les objectifs syndicaux ne peuvent être réduits à un simple arbitrage entre niveau des salaires et niveau de l’emploi; il convient de prendre en considération un éventail d’options examinées par la littérature consacrée aux relations industrielles.

Dieser Beitrag stützt sich auf eine Untersuchung der gewerkschaftlichen Präferenzen im Rahmen einer Befragung der nationalen Gewerkschaftsverbände in Griechenland, die den Zeitraum 2008-2009 abdeckt. Aus dieser Untersuchung geht hervor, dass das Modell der Monopol-Gewerkschaften die Beziehung zwischen Gewerkschaften und Unternehmen in Griechenland nicht richtig wiedergibt. Das right-to-manage-Modell trifft zu, wenn Unternehmen mehr Arbeitnehmer einstellen, während das efficient-bargaining-Modell zutrifft, wenn sie die Zahl ihrer Arbeitnehmer reduzieren möchten. Die Studie deutet auch darauf hin, dass die meisten Gewerkschaften Lohnfragen relativ gesehen mehr Gewicht beimessen, aber Lohnvereinbarungen nicht grundsätzlich Beschäftigungsvereinbarungen vorziehen. Darüber hinaus zeigen die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung, dass sich die Ziele der Gewerkschaften nicht auf einen einfachen Kompromiss zwischen Löhnen und Beschäftigungsniveau reduzieren lassen. Stattdessen müssen verschiedene Optionen berücksichtigt werden, die in der Fachliteratur zu Fragen der Arbeitsbeziehungen untersucht werden.
Synthesis and Stereochemical Behavior of a New Chiral Oxa[7]heterohelicene
Authors: Irie Ryo , Tanoue Akihiro , Urakawa Suguru , Imahori Tatsushi , Igawa Kazunobu , Matsumoto Taisuke , Tomooka Katsuhiko , Kikuta Shinsuke , Uchida Tatsuya , Katsuki Tsutomu
Published: November 2011

A new chiral oxa[7]heterohelicene 1b was synthesized by catalytic aerobic-oxidative tandem cyclization of the o-phenylene-linked bis(2-naphthol) derivative 3 with palladium acetate in dimethyl sulfoxide. Optical resolution of 1b was possible on chiral HPLC, but it was found stereochemically rather unstable at ambient temperature. Kinetic analysis and DFT calculation for the dynamics of racemization of 1b were also disclosed.
Governance and governmentality after neoliberalism
Authors: Bevir Mark
Published: November 2011

This paper explores synergies between governance and governmentality, especially on neoliberalism. Governance and governmentality diffuse power and ruling. Scholars of governance offer a compelling account of changes in the state, but they might learn from governmentality to pay more attention to interpretation and discourses. Scholars of governmentality provide insights into modern power, but they might learn from governance to pay more attention to agency and heterogeneity. Scholars of governance might recognise the role of technologies of power in neoliberalism. Scholars of governmentality might grasp the way neoliberal marketisation has given way to networks and service integration.
Cross-fertilisation of governance and governmentality in practical policy making on behaviour change
Authors: Richardson Liz
Published: November 2011

Government has long had an interest in altering how its citizens behave. However, local governance attempts to navigate this new field of understanding using an ‘evidence base’ have led to inconclusive results because this fails to recognise the values and assumptions underlying ‘neutral’ facts. This article uses empirical material from the United Kingdom (UK) local government to look at how governance and governmentality perspectives were cross-fertilised to inform policy using research. It illustrates a reframing of the relationship between social science and policy making from a simplistic linear model to an iterative and reflexive process.
Age- and sex-specific reference limits for creatinine, cystatin C and the estimated glomerular filtration rate
Authors: Hannemann Anke , Friedrich Nele , Dittmann Kathleen , Spielhagen Christin , Wallaschofski Henri , Völzke Henry , Rettig Rainer , Endlich Karlhans , Lendeckel Uwe , Stracke Sylvia , Nauck Matthias
Published: November 2011

Early detection of patients with chronic kidney disease is of great importance. This study developed reference limits for serum creatinine and serum cystatin C concentrations and for the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in healthy subjects from the general population aged 25–65 years.

This study defined a reference population including 985 subjects from the first follow-up of the Study of Health in Pomerania. Serum creatinine was measured with a modified kinetic Jaffé method. Serum cystatin C was measured with a nephelometric assay. The eGFR was calculated from serum creatinine according to the Cockcroft-Gault (eGFR

The reference limits for serum creatinine (men: 1.11–1.23 mg/dL; women: 0.93–1.00 mg/dL) and serum cystatin C levels (men: 0.92–1.04 mg/L; women: 0.84–1.02 mg/L) increased with advancing age. The reference limits for eGFR decreased with increasing age (eGFR

This study presents age- and sex-specific reference limits for five measures of renal function based on quantile regression models.
Sensitive Care for the Deaf: A Cultural Challenge
Authors: Fileccia Joyceann
Published: November 2011

Of the more than 36 million American adults who have some degree of hearing loss (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2008), 500,000 are acculturated into the culturally Deaf community who share behavioral norms, values, customs, educational institutions, and organizations. This article discusses the Deaf community, their culturally based health care needs, and health care providers ‘(HCPs) lack of understanding and recognition of Deafness as a distinct culture, which individually or cumulatively result in barriers to culturally sensitive care that can lead to disparities in care. It suggests transcultural methods HCPs can use to narrow the cultural divide.
Canine Communication
Authors: Engel Marcus
Published: November 2011

A Seeing Eye dog handler discusses nonverbal, nonvocal communication between human and animal. Each gesture and nonverbal element from dog to master and vice versa shows intricate patterns of communication that can relate to patient care.
Mg-Fe-mixed oxides derived from layered double hydroxides: A study of the surface properties
Authors: Hadnadjev-Kostic Milica , Vulic Tatjana , Marinkovic-Neducin Radmila , Nikolic Aleksandar , Jovic Branislav
Published: November 2011

The influence of surface properties on the selectivity of the synthesized
catalysts was studied, considering that their selectivity towards particular
hydrocarbons is crucial for their overall activity in the chosen Fischer-
-Tropsch reaction. Magnesium- and iron-containing layered double hydroxides
(LDH), with the general formula: [Mg1-xFex(OH)2](CO3)x/2?mH2O, x = =
n(Fe)/(n(Mg)+n(Fe)), synthesized with different Mg/Fe ratio and their
thermally derived mixed oxides were investigated. Magnesium was chosen
because of its basic properties, whereas iron was selected due to its
well-known high Fischer-Tropsch activity, redox properties and the ability to
form specific active sites in the layered LDH structure required for
catalytic application. The thermally less stable multiphase system
(synthesized outside the optimal single LDH phase range with additional
Fe-phase), having a lower content of surface acid and base active sites, a
lower surface area and smaller fraction of smaller mesopores, showed higher
selectivity in the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. The results of this study imply
that the metastability of derived multiphase oxides structure has a greater
influence on the formation of specific catalyst surface sites than other
investigated surface properties.
Globalization of Water: The Case for Global Water Governance?
Authors: Gawel Erik , Bernsen Kristina
Published: November 2011

Although the traditional approach in water resources management is to address water-related scarcity problems at the local or regional scale, some see water as a global resource with global drivers and impacts, supporting the argument for a global governance of water. If water is not appropriately priced, or if “poor water governance“ creates adverse incentives for resource use in countries that export “virtual water,“ then increased demand from the world market may lead to the overexploitation of water or increasing pollution. Is this reason enough for a global governance of regional water-scarcity problems? On which scale should water-management problems actually be addressed, and can global action compensate for local and regional governance failure? The paper argues that compensating globally for regional governance failure could cause “problems of fit“ and present severe downside risks.
An Ecocritical Reading of Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels
Authors: Deyab Mohammad Shaaban Ahmad
Published: November 2011

Numerous critics have studied Jonathan Swift's use of animals as satirical tools in Gulliver's Travels. However, none has devoted sufficient attention to Swift's forerunning “ecocritical“ concern with animal issues in relation to humans. Although the animal theme in Gulliver's Travels does involve satirical intentions, this paper aims at showing that it has more profound implications that manifest Swift's forward-looking ideas regarding the relation between humans and their natural environment, as represented in the human-animal relationship. The ethical stand and moral commitment to the natural world represented by animals, and the care for making the themes of a literary work a means to create connections between man and the natural environment around him, are basic ecocritical values that Swift stresses both explicitly and implicitly throughout the novel.
Design and development of Iberia: a corpus of scientific Spanish
Authors: Zamorano Jordi Porta , García Emilio del Rosal , Lara Ignacio Ahumada
Published: November 2011

Iberia is a synchronic corpus of scientific Spanish designed mainly for terminological studies. In this paper, we describe its design and the infrastructure for its acquisition, processing and exploitation, including mark-up, linguistic annotation, indexing and the user interface. Two pre-processing tasks affecting a large number of words are described in detail: de-hyphenation and identification of text fragments in other languages. We also show how some of the reported statistics, namely, dispersion and association, are used for research on lexis.
Poniendo de manifiesto: Spanish light verb constructions in Latin American newspapers
Authors: Buckingham Louisa
Published: November 2011

This study investigates Spanish light verb constructions (LVCs), or construcciones con verbo soporte, such as dar respuesta and tomar en cuenta in a seven-million-word corpus of contemporary newspaper texts from seven Latin American countries. I provide a detailed discussion of the procedure of compiling the corpus to ensure a balanced representation of newspaper registers. This is followed by a description of how the targeted verbs, dar, poner, tener and tomar, were identified and tagged using corpus analysis software. The results of the corpus search are analysed in terms of frequency, and selected morphosyntactic and textual features, such as the distance between components, tense, number and mood of the light verb, adjectival modification, article use, complex LVCs, and the occurrence of multiple LVCs. The results, supported by numerous examples in Spanish from the corpus, provide further evidence of the wide variation in form and use found among many LVCs.
Sense, Category, Questions: Reading Deleuze with Ryle
Authors: Kügler Peter
Published: November 2011

Gilles Deleuze's notion of sense, as developed in Difference and Repetition and The Logic of Sense, is meant to be a fourth dimension of the proposition besides denotation, manifestation and signification. While Deleuze explains signification in inferentialist terms, he ascribes to sense some very unusual properties, making it hard to understand what sense is. The aim of this paper is to improve this situation by confronting Deleuzian sense with a more or less contemporary, but otherwise rather distant philosophical conception: Gilbert Ryle's theory of categories and category mistakes. The leading idea is that to understand the sense of a proposition regarding X is to know the category of the concept X, which requires that one knows which questions may appropriately be asked with regard to X. Thus, sense, category and questions are intimately related to each other. Finally, it seems to be consistent with Deleuze's views to assume that abstract signification is contextually generated by concrete sense.
Palestinian Christian Politics in Comparative Perspective: The Case of Jerusalem's Churches and the Indigenous Arab Christians
Authors: Kuruvilla Samuel J.
Published: November 2011

The rapid development of the Palestinian national struggle from a rebel guerrilla movement in the 1960s and 1970s to an organisation with many of the attributes of an organised state in the 1980s and 1990s contributed to the politicisation of the Palestinian Christian church in Palestine-Israel. During this period, certain Israeli policies that included land confiscations, church and property destruction, building restrictions and a consequent mass emigration of the faithful, all contributed to a new restrictive climate of political intolerance being faced by the churches. The 1990s and 2000s saw the start and doom of the Oslo ‘peace process’ between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organisation as well as the fruition of many Israeli territorial and settlement policies regarding the Old City and mainly Arab-inhabited East Jerusalem as well as the West Bank of historic Palestine. Church-State relations plummeted to their lowest point in decades during this period. The results of the suspicion and distrust created by these experiences continue to dog the mutual relations of Israelis, Palestinian Christians and Muslims in the Holy Land.
Polish aspectual prefixes, their order and functions: A study based on the National Corpus of Polish
Authors: Łaziński Marek
Published: November 2011

The paper presents the results of a study of Polish perfectivizing prefixes and their combinations based on bilingual electronic dictionaries and data from the National Corpus of Polish. A dedicated corpus search engine used in the study makes it possible to find verbal prefixes within a near context of homonymous prepositions and thus to determine the extent to which the prefix meaning is still connected to the meaning of the cognate preposition. By comparing the general frequency of prefixes in aspectual pairs with the number of possible prefix combinations it is possible to identify the most productive 1 prefixes in the Polish aspect system and compare their role as perfectivizers with their cognates in other Slavic languages. The possibilities for combining verbal prefixes evident in a recent Polish dictionary are presented along with the corpus analysis. Both analyses show that the verbal prefixes that combine with others most freely in verbal derivatives are usually only weakly lexicalized, and function as pure perfectivizers.
Applications of Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies to Diagnostic Virology
Authors: Barzon Luisa , Lavezzo Enrico , Militello Valentina , Toppo Stefano , Palù Giorgio
Published: November 2011

Novel DNA sequencing techniques, referred to as “next-generation” sequencing (NGS), provide high speed and throughput that can produce an enormous volume of sequences with many possible applications in research and diagnostic settings. In this article, we provide an overview of the many applications of NGS in diagnostic virology. NGS techniques have been used for high-throughput whole viral genome sequencing, such as sequencing of new influenza viruses, for detection of viral genome variability and evolution within the host, such as investigation of human immunodeficiency virus and human hepatitis C virus quasispecies, and monitoring of low-abundance antiviral drug-resistance mutations. NGS techniques have been applied to metagenomics-based strategies for the detection of unexpected disease-associated viruses and for the discovery of novel human viruses, including cancer-related viruses. Finally, the human virome in healthy and disease conditions has been described by NGS-based metagenomics.
Effects of Acute Cytomegalovirus Infection on Rat Islet Allograft Survival
Authors: Smelt M. J. , De Haan B. J. , Faas M. M. , Melgert B. N. , De Haan A. , De Vos P.
Published: November 2011

Transplantation of pancreatic islets is a promising therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, long-term islet graft survival rates are still unsatisfactory low. In this study we investigated the role of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in islet allograft failure. STZ-diabetic rats received an allogenic islet graft in combination with either an acute CMV infection or control infection. A third group received ganciclovir treatment in addition to the CMV infection. Graft function was assessed by measuring basal blood glucose levels. After sacrifice, the islet grafts were retrieved for analysis of infection and leukocyte infiltration. CMV-infected recipients demonstrated accelerated islet graft failure compared to noninfected controls. CMV infection of the graft was only observed prior to complete graft failure. Quantification of the leukocyte infiltration demonstrated increased CD8+T-cell and NK cell infiltration in the CMV-infected grafts compared to the controls. This suggests that CMV infection accelerates immune-mediated graft destruction. Antiviral ganciclovir treatment did not prevent accelerated graft failure, despite effectively decreasing the grade of infection. Our data confirm the recently published CITR data, which state that CMV is an independent risk factor for failure of islet grafts. Also, our data demonstrate that new approaches for preventing virus-induced islet allograft failure may be required.
Hepatocyte Transplantation through the Hepatic Vein: A New Route of Cell Transplantation to the Liver
Authors: Goto Yuichiro , Ohashi Kazuo , Utoh Rie , Yamamoto Masakazu , Okano Teruo
Published: November 2011

The efficiency of hepatocyte transplantation into the liver varies with the method of administration. This study investigated whether retrograde infusion via the hepatic vein provides a sufficient number of donor cells for the liver. Donor hepatocytes were isolated from dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV+) rats and transplanted into DPPIV– rat livers either by antegrade portal vein infusion or retrograde hepatic vein infusion. Hepatocyte engraftment ratios and localization were evaluated by histological DPPIV enzymatic staining at 1 week and 8 weeks after the transplantation. No significant differences in engraftment efficiency were observed at either 1 week or 8 weeks after transplantation by either route. However, the localization of the transplanted hepatocytes differed with the administration route. Portal vein infusion resulted in predominantly periportal engraftment, whereas hepatic vein infusion led to pericentral zone engraftment. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the transplanted hepatocytes engrafted in the pericentral zone after retrograde infusion displayed intense CYP2E1 staining similar to the surrounding native hepatocytes. CYP2E1 staining was further enhanced by administration of isosafrole, an inducing agent for various cytochrome P450 enzymes, including CYP2E1. This study demonstrates a novel approach of transplanting hepatocytes into the liver through retrograde hepatic vein infusion as the means to target cell implantation to the pericentral zone.
Simple and Highly Efficient Method for Production of Endothelial Cells from Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Tatsumi Rie , Suzuki Yutaka , Sumi Tomoyuki , Sone Masakatsu , Suemori Hirofumi , Nakatsuji Norio
Published: November 2011

Endothelial cells derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESC-ECs) hold much promise as a valuable tool for basic vascular research and for medical application such as cell transplantation or regenerative medicine. Here we have developed an efficient approach for the production of hESC-ECs. Using a differentiation method consisting of a stepwise combination of treatment with glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibitor and culturing in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-supplemented medium, hESC-ECs are induced in 5 days with about 20% efficiency. These cells express vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin), VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), CD34, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1). These hESC-ECs can then be isolated with 95% purity using a magnetic sorting system, and expanded to more than 100-fold within a month. The hESC-ECs thus produced exhibit the endothelial morphological characteristics and specific functions such as capillary tube formation and acetylated low-density lipoprotein uptake. We propose that our methodology is useful for efficient and large-scale production of hESC-ECs.
Replacement of Liver Parenchyma in Analbuminemic Rats with Allogenic Hepatocytes is Facilitated by Intrabone Marrow-Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Inagaki Mitsuhiro , Furukawa Hiroyuki , Satake Yoshiyasu , Okada Yoko , Chiba Shinichi , Nishikawa Yuji , Ogawa Katsuhiro
Published: November 2011

Although hepatocyte transplantation (HCTx) is expected to become a useful therapy for human liver diseases, allogenic hepatocytes still tend to be rejected within a short period due to host immunosurveillance. In the present study, we investigated the effect of prior bone marrow transplantation (BMTx) for the engraftment of allogenic hepatocytes using the analbuminemic rat transplantation model. The hepatocytes of Lewis (LEW) rats were not accepted in the liver of retrorsine (RS)/partial hepatectomy (PH)-treated analbuminemic F344 (F344-alb) rats, which express the disparate major histocompatibility complex (MHC) against that of LEW rats. Prior BMTx with the LEW bone marrow cells (BMCs) after sublethal irradiation achieved acceptance and repopulation of LEW hepatocytes in the liver of the RS/PH-treated F344-alb rats, associated with elevation of serum albumin. The replacement of hepatic parenchyma with albumin positive (Alb+) donor hepatocytes and elevation of serum albumin levels were dependent on the bone marrow reconstitution by donor BMCs, which was more efficiently achieved by intrabone marrow (IBM)-BMTx than by intravenous (IV)-BMTx. Our results demonstrate that efficient bone marrow reconstitution by IBM-BMTx enables the replacement of the hepatic parenchyma with allogenic hepatocytes in RS/PH-treated analbuminemic rats without immunosuppressants.
The Secretory Profiles of Cultured Human Articular Chondrocytes and Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Implications for Autologous Cell Transplantation Strategies
Authors: Polacek Martin , Bruun Jack-Ansgar , Elvenes Jan , Figenschau Yngve , Martinez Inigo
Published: November 2011

This study was undertaken to compare the phenotype of human articular chondrocytes (ACs) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) after cell expansion by studying the spectrum of proteins secreted by cells into the culture medium. ACs and MSCs were expanded in monolayer cultures for some weeks, as done in standard cell transplantation procedures. Initially, the expression of cartilage signature genes was compared by real-time PCR. Metabolic labeling of proteins (SILAC) in combination with mass spectrometry (LC/MS-MS) was applied to investigate differences in released proteins. In addition, multiplex assays were carried out to quantify the amounts of several matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) and their natural inhibitors (TIMPs). Expanded chondrocytes showed a slightly higher expression of cartilage-specific genes than MSCs, whereas the overall spectra of released proteins were very similar for the two cell types. In qualitative terms MSCs seemed to secrete similar number of extracellular matrix proteins (43% vs. 45% of total proteins found) and catabolic agents (9% vs. 10%), and higher number of anabolic agents (12 % vs. 7%) compared to ACs. Some matrix-regulatory agents such as serpins, BMP-1, and galectins were detected only in MSC supernatants. Quantitative analyses of MMPs and TIMPs revealed significantly higher levels of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-7 in the medium of ACs. Our data show that after the expansion phase, both ACs and MSCs express a dedifferentiated phenotype, resembling each other. ACs hold a phenotype closer to native cartilage at the gene expression level, whereas MSCs show a more anabolic profile by looking at the released proteins pattern. Our data together with the inherent capability of MSCs to maintain their differentiation potential for longer cultivation periods would favor the use of these cells for cartilage reconstruction.
Autologous Serum Improves Yield and Metabolic Capacity of Monocyte-Derived Hepatocyte-Like Cells: Possible Implication for Cell Transplantation
Authors: Ehnert S. , Seeliger C. , Vester H. , Schmitt A. , Saidy-Rad S. , Lin J. , Neumaier M. , Gillen S. , Kleeff J. , Friess H. , Burkhart J. , Stöckle U. , Nüssler A. K.
Published: November 2011

Hepatocyte-transplantation is a therapeutic approach for diverse acute and chronic liver diseases. As availability of primary cells is limited, there is an increasing demand for hepatocyte-like cells (e.g., neohepatocytes generated from peripheral blood monocytes). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of six different human AB sera, fetal calf serum, or autologous serum on production of neohepatocytes. The yield and quality of neohepatocytes varied considerably depending on the different sera. Using autologous sera for the whole production process we constantly generated the highest amount of cells with the highest metabolic activity for phase I (e.g., CYP1A1/2, CYP3A4) and phase II enzymes (e.g., glutathione- S-transferase). Moreover, similar effects were seen examining glucose and urea metabolism. Especially, glucose-6-phosphatase and PAS staining showed distinct serum-dependent differences. The role of macrophage activation was investigated by measuring the secretion of TNF-α, TGF-β, and RANKL, MMP activity, as well as mRNA levels of different interleukins in programmable cells of monocytic origin (PCMO). Our data clearly demonstrate that the use of autologous serum reduced initial macrophage activation in PCMOs and subsequently improved both yield and function of differentiated neohepatocytes. The autologous approach presented here might also be useful in other stem cell preparation processes where cell activation during generation shall be kept to a minimum.
A Novel and Simplified Method of Culture of Human Blood-Derived Early Endothelial Progenitor Cells for the Treatment of Ischemic Vascular Disease
Authors: Bouchentouf M. , Forner K. , Cuerquis J. , Boulassel M. R. , Routy J. P. , Waller E. K. , Quyyumi A. A. , Paradis P. , Schiffrin E. L. , Galipeau J.
Published: November 2011

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) consist of two different subpopulations named early (eEPCs) and late EPCs (lEPCs) that are derived from CD14+and CD14-circulating cells, respectively. These cells are regularly cultured over fibronectin-coated surfaces in endothelial basal medium (EBM)-2 supplemented with insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF). We have developed a new and simplified method for culturing human EPCs obtained from peripheral blood and tested their ability to preserve cardiac function following infarction. We first demonstrated that eEPCs derived from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and cultured in EBM-2 medium supplemented with autologous serum (10%) over fibronectin-coated surfaces (10 μg/ml) in the presence of IGF-1 (50 ng/ml) only, have a secretome similar to eEPCs cultured under regular conditions with IGF-1, VEGF, EGF, and FGF. Our data also indicate that IGF-1 modulates PBMC secretome in a dose-dependent manner. In another series of experiments, we showed that PBMCs cultured in suspension in bags (S-PBMCs) in basal medium supplemented with fibronectin and IGF-1 secrete significant amounts of stem cell factor (SCF, 31.3 ± 3.1 pg/ml)), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF, 438.6 ± 41.4 pg/ml), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (sTNFR1, 127.1 ± 9.9 pg/ml), VEGF (139.3 ± 9.6 pg/ml), and IGF-1 (147.2 ± 46.1 pg/ml) but very low levels of TNF-α (13.4 ± 2.5 pg/ml). S-PBMCs injected intravenously into NOD SCID mice migrated to the injured myocardium, reduced cardiac fibrosis, enhanced angiogenesis, and preserved cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI) in a manner similar to eEPCs cultured under standard conditions. In conclusion, we show in this study a refined and optimized method for culturing eEPCs. Our data indicate that S-PBMCs are composed of several cell populations including eEPCs and that they secrete high amounts of antiapoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and proangiogenic factors capable of preserving cardiac function following MI.