bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catalytic, Highly Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Pinacol Coupling Reaction with a New Tethered Bis(8‐quinolinolato) Ligand.
Authors: Takenaka Norito , Xia Guoyao , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: January 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photolytic, Thermal, Addition, and Cycloaddition Reactions of 2‐Diazo‐5,6‐ and ‐3,8‐disubstituted Acenaphthenones.
Authors: Blair Patricia A. , Chang Sou‐Jen , Shechter Harold
Published: January 2005

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Asymmetric Synthesis of 2‐Mono‐ and 2,3‐trans‐Disubstituted Azetidines.
Authors: Enders Dieter , Gries Joerg , Kim Zin‐Sig
Published: January 2005

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Improved Studies of Cross‐Coupling Reactions of 5‐(Tri‐n‐butylstannyl)‐ and 5,5′‐Bis(tri‐n‐butylstannyl)‐2,2′‐bithiophene with Aryl Halides.
Authors: Elgazwy Abdel‐Sattar S. Hamad
Published: January 2005

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Coupling‐Isomerization‐Stetter and Coupling‐Isomerization‐Stetter—Paal—Knorr Sequences — A Multicomponent Approach to Furans and Pyrroles.
Authors: Braun Roland U. , Mueller Thomas J. J.
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis of N‐Substituted 5‐Alkoxy‐3‐aryl‐4‐methyl‐2,5‐dihydro‐2‐pyrrolones.
Authors: Nikitin K. V. , Andryukhova N. P.
Published: January 2005

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Lewis Acid Catalyzed Electrophilic Substitution of Indole with Aldehydes and Schiff′s Bases under Microwave Solvent‐Free Irradiation
Authors: Xia Min , Wang Si‐hai , Yuan Wei‐bo
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis of Formyl Derivatives of 2‐Hetarylimidazoles Anellated with Naphthalene and Phenanthrene Rings
Authors: Pechkin A. A. , Elchaninov M. M. , Lukyanov B. S. , Alekseenko Yu. S.
Published: January 2005

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Preparation of Chiral 2‐Stannyloxazolidines and First Considerations on the Transacetalization Reaction Mechanism.
Authors: Cintrat Jean‐Christophe , Leat‐Crest Veronique , Parrain Jean‐Luc , Le Grognec Erwan , Beaudet Isabelle , Quintard Jean‐Paul
Published: January 2005

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Samarium(II) Iodide Reduction of Isoxazolidines.
Authors: Revuelta Julia , Cicchi Stefano , Brandi Alberto
Published: January 2005

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Three‐Component Solvent‐Free Diastereoselective Formation of Oxo‐thiazolidinylthiazoles under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Siddiqui Ibadur R. , Singh Pravin K. , Singh Jaya , Singh Jagdamba
Published: January 2005

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Oxidative Cyclization of 2‐Arylhydrazonothioacetamides.
Authors: Vasil'eva M. L. , Mukhacheva M. V. , Bel'skaya N. P. , Bakulev V. A. , Anderson R. J. , Groundwater P. V.
Published: January 2005

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Lewis Acid Catalyzed One‐Pot Crossed Prins Cyclizations Using Allylchlorosilane as Allylating Agent.
Authors: Chan Kok‐Ping , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: January 2005

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Heterocyclic Systems Containing Bridge Head Nitrogen Atom: Reaction of 5‐Mercapto‐4H‐imidazo[4,5‐e][2,1,3]benzothiadiazoles and 5,6‐Diamino[2,1,3]benzothiazole with 3‐(2‐Bromoacetyl)coumarins
Authors: Rao V. Rajeswar , Reddy M. Madan Mohan
Published: January 2005

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Regioselectivity of Reactions of Nitrogen and Carbon Nucleophiles with Coumarin Derivatives.
Authors: Kaye Perry T. , Musa Musiliyu A.
Published: January 2005

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One‐Step Preparation of 1‐Substituted Tetrahydroisoquinolines via the Pictet—Spengler Reaction Using Zeolite Catalysts.
Authors: Hegedues Adrienn , Hell Zoltan
Published: January 2005

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A Unified Approach to Quinolizinium Cations and Related Systems by Ring‐Closing Metathesis.
Authors: Nunez Ana , Cuadro Ana M. , Alvarez‐Builla Julio , Vaquero Juan J.
Published: January 2005

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Ring Closure Reactions of 3‐Arylhydrazonoalkyl‐quinolin‐2‐ones to 1‐Aryl‐pyrazolo[4,3‐c]quinolin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Stadlbauer Wolfgang , Hojas Gerhard
Published: January 2005

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Simple Synthesis of 6‐Substituted 4a‐Methyl‐1,2,3,4,4a,10b‐hexahydrophenanthridines and ‐9,10‐benzophenanthridines.
Authors: Shklyaev Yu. V. , Nifontov Yu. V.
Published: January 2005

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Trimethylsilyl Chloride: A Facile and Efficient Reagent for One‐Pot Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones.
Authors: Zhu Yulin , Pan Yuanjiang , Huang Shenlin
Published: January 2005

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A Simplified Green Chemistry Approach to the Biginelli Reaction Using “Grindstone Chemistry”.
Authors: Bose Ajay K. , Pednekar Suhas , Ganguly Subhendu N. , Chakraborty Goutam , Manhas Maghar S.
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis of Some Bicyclic Oxazolo‐ and Oxazepinopyrimidine Derivatives
Authors: Mobinikhaledi A. , Foroughifar N. , Ahmadi B.
Published: January 2005

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Novel Synthesis of 2‐Oxo‐2H‐benzopyrano[2,3‐d]pyrimidines.
Authors: Turki H. , Abid S. , Le Bigot Y. , Fery‐Forgues S. , El Gharbi R.
Published: January 2005

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Convenient Synthesis of Substituted 3‐Alkenylpyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines via Heck Cross‐Coupling Reaction.
Authors: Yin Lunxiang , Liebscher Juergen
Published: January 2005

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Montmorillonite K‐10 Catalyzed Solvent‐Free Synthesis of 2,3‐Disubstituted‐4(3H)quinazolinones under Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Dabiri M. , Salehi P. , Mohammadi Ali A. , Baghbanzadeh M. , Kozehgiry Gh.
Published: January 2005

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A Novel Four‐Component Reaction for the Diastereoselective Synthesis of Some New Spiro Pyrrolizidines via 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides.
Authors: Azizian Javad , Karimi Ali Reza , Mohammadi Ali A. , Mohammadizadeh Mohammad R.
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis of Mono Protected 1,10‐Diaza‐18‐crown‐6.
Authors: Mandl Christian P. , Koenig Burkhard
Published: January 2005

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An Unusual Reaction of Phenacylsulfonylacetic Acid Methyl Ester and Styrylsulfonylacetic Acid Methyl Ester with Hydrazine Hydrate
Authors: Padmavathi V. , Thriveni P. , Padmaja A.
Published: January 2005

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Controlling the Regiochemistry of Zirconocene‐Catalyzed Hydrosilation of Styrenes. Selective Preparation of Markovnikov and anti‐Markovnikov Addition Products Using the Same Combination of Procatalysts.
Authors: Ura Yasuyuki , Gao Guohua , Bao Fengyu , Ogasawara Masamichi , Takahashi Tamotsu
Published: January 2005

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Aluminum Chloride‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Allyl‐Migration Reaction of Allyl(chloromethyl)silanes and Trapping of the Intermediate with Allyltrimethylsilane.
Authors: Jung Hoon Yi , Park Young‐Ae Whang , Yoo Bok Ryul , Tamao Kohei , Jung Il Nam
Published: January 2005

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A Mild Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Bis‐Alkoxysilanes Through Catalyzed Alcoholysis of Hydridosilanes.
Authors: Scott Colleen N. , Wilcox Craig S.
Published: January 2005

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Generation of Synthetic Equivalents of Benzdiynes from Benzobisoxadisiloles.
Authors: Chen Ya‐Li , Sun Jiang‐Qin , Wei Xin , Wong Wai‐Yeung , Lee Albert W. M.
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of a Symmetrically Substituted 9‐Phosphatriptycene Oxide and Its Derivatives.
Authors: Agou Tomohiro , Kobayashi Junji , Kawashima Takayuki
Published: January 2005

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Silylstannylation of Allenes and Silylstannylation—Cyclization of Allenynes. Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Allylstannanes and Carbocyclic and Heterocyclic Compounds.
Authors: Kumareswaran Ramaiah , Shin Seunghoon , Gallou Isabelle , RajanBabu T. V.
Published: January 2005

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Highly Selective Friedel—Crafts Monoacylation of Ferrocene Catalyzed by Ytterbium(III) Triflate.
Authors: Su Weike , Li Jianjun
Published: January 2005

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A Simple, Convenient and Expeditious Approach to Cineol
Authors: Bugarcic Zorica M. , Dunkic Jelena D. , Mojsilovic Biljana M.
Published: January 2005

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An Unusual Intramolecular Hydrogen Transfer During the Hydrolysis of a Chloroacetoxy Ester.
Authors: Hanson James R. , Mobbs Daniel J.
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis of Optically Active Methyl 7β‐Hydroxykaurenoate with Potent Neuroprotective Activity.
Authors: Toyota Masahiro , Matsuura Kiminori , Yokota Masahiro , Kimura Manami , Yonaga Masahiro , Sugimoto Hachiro , Ihara Masataka
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis of Chiral Nitrones from N‐Fmoc Amino Acids and N‐Fmoc Dipeptides.
Authors: Di Gioia Maria Luisa , Leggio Antonella , Le Pera Adolfo , Liguori Angelo , Napoli Anna , Perri Francesca , Siciliano Carlo
Published: January 2005

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Facile Synthesis of New L‐Arginine Derivatives as Substrates for Trypsin‐Like Proteases
Authors: Gao Yongjun , Lee Yuan C.
Published: January 2005

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A Novel Stereoselective Total Synthesis of (+)‐5‐epi‐Cytoxazone.
Authors: Swamy Navath Raghavendra , Krishnaiah Pendem , Reddy Natala Srinivasa , Venkateswarlu Yenamandra
Published: January 2005

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Synthesis of Phenylseleno Sugars from Epoxides and of α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Derivatives for the Study of Their Insecticidal Activity.
Authors: Rauter Amelia P. , Canda Tana , Justino Jorge , Ismael Maria I. , Figueiredo Jose A.
Published: January 2005

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Enantioselective Synthesis of Tetrafluoroethylene‐Containing Monosaccharides.
Authors: Boydell A. James , Vinader Victoria , Linclau Bruno
Published: January 2005

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Urea‐Mediated Regioselective Nitration of (20S)‐Camptothecin.
Authors: Puri S. C. , Handa G. , Suri O. P. , Qazi G. N.
Published: January 2005

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The Intramolecular Conjugate Addition of Benzylamine to a D‐Glucose Derived α,β‐Unsaturated Ester: An Efficient Synthesis of Trihydroxylated Pyrrolidine Alkaloids as Potential Glycosidase Inhibitors.
Authors: Chaudhari Vinod D. , Kumar K. S. Ajish , Dhavale Dilip D.
Published: January 2005

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A Straightforward and Versatile Synthetic Approach to 1‐Azabicyclic Alkaloids.
Authors: Barluenga Jose , Mateos Carlos , Aznar Fernando , Valdes Carlos
Published: January 2005

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A Set of Nonpolar Thymidine Nucleoside Analogues with Gradually Increasing Size
Authors: Kim Tae Woo , Kool Eric T.
Published: January 2005

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A Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of N4‐Alkyloxycarbonyl Cytosine Nucleosides.
Authors: Chen Yue‐Lei , Cen Jun‐Da
Published: January 2005

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A Flexible Enantioselective Synthesis of the Isofurans.
Authors: Taber Douglass F. , Pan Yongchun , Zhao Xia
Published: January 2005

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Studies Toward the Synthesis of Luminacin D: Assembly of Simplified Analogues Devoid of the Epoxide Displaying Antiangiogenic Activity.
Authors: Davies Mark W. , Maskell Lesley , Shipman Michael , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Vidot Sandrine M. E. , Whatmore Jacqueline L.
Published: January 2005

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Convenient Syntheses of Daunomycinone‐7‐D‐glucuronides and Doxorubicinone‐7‐D‐glucuronides.
Authors: Rho Young S. , Kim Sun Y. , Kim Wan‐Joong , Yun Yeo Keun , Sin Hong Sig , Yoo Dong Jin
Published: January 2005

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Growth and Characterization of Iridium Dioxide Nanorods.
Authors: Chen R. S. , Huang Y. S. , Liang Y. M. , Tsai D S. , Tiong K. K.
Published: January 2005

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Catalytic Properties of Hydrotalcite‐Type Anionic Clays
Authors: Albertazzi Simone , Basile Francesco , Vaccari Angelo
Published: January 2005

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Significance of Mesoporous Crystals for Catalytic Application
Authors: Thomas John Meurig , Raja Robert
Published: January 2005

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Noble Metal Decoration of Single Crystal Platinum Surfaces to Create Well‐Defined Bimetallic Electrocatalysts
Authors: Spendelow J. S. , Wieckowski A.
Published: January 2005

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Isomorphic Series of Double Sulfites of the Cu2SO3×MSO3×2H2O (M: Cu, Fe, Mn, and Cd) Type — A Review
Authors: Da Silva Luciana A. , De Andrade Jailson B.
Published: January 2005

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Advantages of Ferromagnetic Nanoparticle Composites in Microwave Absorbers
Authors: Bregar Vladimir B.
Published: January 2005

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Competitive Trapping of Equilibrating Pt(IV) Hydridoalkyl and Pt(II) Alkane Complexes: A Valuable Tool for the Mechanistic Investigation of C—H Activation Reactions
Authors: Tilset Mats , Johansson Lars , Lersch Martin , Wik Bror J.
Published: January 2005

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C—H Bond Activation at Pt(II): A Route to Selective Alkane Oxidation?
Authors: Heyduk Alan F. , Zhong H. Annita , Labinger Jay A. , Bercaw John E.
Published: January 2005

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Sequential Hydrocarbon C—H Bond Activations by 16‐Electron Organometallic Complexes of Molybdenum and Tungsten
Authors: Legzdins Peter , Pamplin Craig B.
Published: January 2005

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Highly Diastereoselective Syntheses of Propargylic Acid and Homopropargylic Systems
Authors: Ferreira Franck , Denichoux Aurelien , Chemla Fabrice , Bejjani Joseph
Published: January 2005

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Sugar as a Tool for Asymmetric Synthesis: Some Effective Approaches
Authors: Totani Kiichiro , Takao Ken‐ichi , Tadano Kin‐ichi
Published: January 2005

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A Straightforward Entry to Functionalized Carbo‐ and Heterocycles Based on Pd‐Mediated Cyclizations
Authors: Lomberget Thierry , Bossharth Emmanuel , Bouyssi Didier , Monteiro Nuno , Balme Genevieve
Published: January 2005

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Bi‐TTF, Bis‐TTF, and Related TTF Oligomers
Authors: Iyoda Masahiko , Hasegawa Masashi , Miyake Yoshihiro
Published: January 2005

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Highly Functionalized Tetrathiafulvalenes: Riding Along the Synthetic Trail from Electrophilic Alkynes
Authors: Gorgues Alain , Hudhomme Pietrick , Salle Marc
Published: January 2005

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Single‐Component Molecular Metals with Extended‐TTF Dithiolate Ligands
Authors: Kobayashi Akiko , Fujiwara Emiko , Kobayashi Hayao
Published: January 2005

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Organic Metals and Superconductors Based on BETS (BETS = Bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene)
Authors: Kobayashi Hayao , Cui HengBo , Kobayashi Akiko
Published: January 2005

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Bis(ethylenethio)tetrathiafulvalene (BET‐TTF) and Related Dissymmetrical Electron Donors: From the Molecule to Functional Molecular Materials and Devices (OFETs)
Authors: Rovira Concepcio
Published: January 2005

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Molecular Conductors and Superconductors Based on Trihalides of BEDT‐TTF and Some of Its Analogues
Authors: Shibaeva Rimma P. , Yagubskii Eduard B.
Published: January 2005

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Magnetic Nanoporous Coordination Polymers
Authors: Maspoch D. , Ruiz‐Molina D. , Veciana J.
Published: January 2005

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Phthalocyanines—Versatile Components of Molecular Conductors
Authors: Inabe Tamotsu , Tajima Hiroyuki
Published: January 2005

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Diazadiphospholes
Authors: Collier S. J.
Published: January 2005

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Thiatriazoles
Authors: Begtrup M.
Published: January 2005

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Organic Conductors: From Charge Density Wave TTF—TCNQ to Superconducting (TMTSF)2PF6
Authors: Jerome Denis
Published: January 2005

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1,2,5‐Oxadiazoles
Authors: Paton R. M.
Published: January 2005

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Control of Electronic Properties of Molecular Conductors by Uniaxial Strain
Authors: Kagoshima S. , Kondo R.
Published: January 2005

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1,2,4‐Dioxazoles, 1,2,4‐Oxathiazoles, and 1,2,4‐Dithiazoles
Authors: Argyropoulos N. G.
Published: January 2005

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1,2,5‐Oxathiazoles, 1,2,3‐Dithiazoles, and Related Compounds
Authors: Argyropoulos N. G.
Published: January 2005

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Conical Intersections and Organic Reaction Mechanisms
Authors: Migani Annapaola , Olivucci Massimo
Published: January 2005

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Biology Solves Wastewater Problems
Authors: Kauer Petra
Published: January 2005

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Direct Analysis of Biological Samples by Total Reflection X‐Ray Fluorescence
Authors: Marco P. Lue M. , Hernandez‐Caraballo Edwin A.
Published: January 2005

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Molecular Imprinting: A Dynamic Technique for Diverse Applications in Analytical Chemistry
Authors: Kandimalla Vivek Babu , Ju Hunagxian
Published: January 2005

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Application of Isoscattering Points to the Analysis of Globular Solute Structures
Authors: Kawaguchi Takeshi
Published: January 2005

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Molecular Structure and Dynamics of Liquids: Aqueous Urea Solutions
Authors: Idrissi A.
Published: January 2005

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A Structural Analysis of Heparin‐like Glycosaminoglycans Using MALDI‐TOF Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Kett Warren C. , Coombe Deirdre R.
Published: January 2005

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The persistence of isolated tumor cells in bone marrow from patients with breast carcinoma predicts an increased risk for recurrence
Authors: Janni Wolfgang , Rack Brigitte , Schindlbeck Christian , Strobl Barbara , Rjosk Dorothea , Braun Stephan , Sommer Harald , Pantel Klaus , Gerber Bernd , Friese Klaus
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND

The prognostic significance of isolated tumor cells (ITCs) in bone marrow (BM) from patients with breast carcinoma at the time of their primary diagnosis recently was been confirmed by a large pooled analysis. If the persistence of ITCs after adjuvant therapy confers a similar risk for recurrence, then it would be an indication to consider secondary adjuvant therapy.

METHODS

The authors analyzed BM aspirates from 228 patients during recurrence‐free follow‐up at a median interval ± standard deviation (SD) of 21.3 ± 29.1 months after a primary diagnosis of breast carcinoma (pathologic T1 [pT1]–pT2, pN0–pN3, pM0). Carcinoma cells were detected using a standardized immunoassay with monoclonal antibody A45‐B/B3 directed against cytokeratin (CK). Patients were followed for a median ± SD of 49.8 ± 32.1 months after their primary diagnosis.

RESULTS

Persistent ITCs in BM were detected in 12.7% of patients (n= 29 patients). Positive BM status was more frequent (15.7%) within the first 21 months after primary diagnosis than after a follow‐up > 21 months (9.7%). The Kaplan–Meier estimate for mean recurrence‐free survival was 149.7 months (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 139.6–159.8 months) in patients with negative BM status and 86.5 months (95% CI, 65.7–107.4 months;P= 0.0003) in patients with positive BM status at the time patients underwent follow‐up BM aspiration. Patients who were without evidence of persistent ITCs had a significantly longer overall survival (162.1 months; 95% CI, 152.1–172.0 months) compared with patients who had positive BM status (overall survival, 98.7 months; 95% CI, 79.7–117.9 months;P= 0.0008). In multivariate Cox regression analysis that included BM status, tumor size, lymph node status, and histopathologic grade, evidence of ITCs was an independent significant predictor for reduced disease‐free survival (relative risk [RR], 4.57;P< 0.0001) and overall survival (RR, 5.57;P= 0.002). Persistent ITCs had the greatest prognostic relevance when they were detected between 25 months and 42 months after primary diagnosis (RR, 7.68).

CONCLUSIONS

Evidence of persistent ITCs in BM from patients with breast carcinoma indicated an increased risk for subsequent recurrence. Prospective trials should investigate the benefit of secondary adjuvant treatment on the basis of BM marrow status. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Determinants of quality of life in patients with cancer
Authors: Dapueto Juan J. , Servente Liliana , Francolino Carla , Hahn Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2005

BACKGROUND

Because health‐related quality of life (QOL) is an important outcome in cancer management, the authors sought to better understand its determinants. To address this subject, they analyzed QOL, as measured with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐General questionnaire (FACT‐G), Spanish Version 4, and depicted the complex relations among physical, psychological, social, and cultural factors, including spirituality.

METHODS

A cross‐sectional study design was used with a sample of 309 patients with cancer. The influence of several possible determinants was first studied by univariate regression analysis. Variables showing an association were included in a forward stepwise multivariate regression model.

RESULTS

Five regression models were studied, for the FACT‐G total score and its four subscales. Five variables explained 32.1% of the variance of the FACT‐G total score: tumor stage, spiritual well‐being, income, mood disorders, and mode of questionnaire administration. The type and relevance of the explanatory variables differed among the various dimensions of QOL.

CONCLUSIONS

The authors underlined the entwining of biologic, psychosocial, and spiritual factors as determinants of the QOL of patients with cancer, thus supporting the multidimensional definition and modeling of the construct. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Hyperreal transients on transfinite distributed transmission lines and cables
Authors: Zemanian A. H.
Published: January 2005

A prior work showed how non‐standard analysis could be used to derive hyperreal transients in transfinite electrical networks containing lumped inductors, capacitors, resistors and sources. In this work, hyperreal transients are derived for transfinite electrical networks whose parameters are distributed. In particular, explicit expressions are derived for hyperreal transients on uniform transmission lines and cables that ‘extend beyond infinity’ transfinitely. This requires a substantially altered technique as compared to the prior work. The present one uses a different kind of truncation procedure that reduces the transfinite line or cable to a conventionally infinite one and then expands the latter in steps to ‘fill out’ the transfinite line or cable. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Power‐delay optimization of D‐latch/MUX source coupled logic gates
Authors: Alioto M. , Palumbo G.
Published: January 2005

In this paper a design strategy for MUX, XOR and D‐latch source coupled logic (SCL) gates is proposed. To this end, an analytical model of the delay and the noise margin as a function of the transistors' aspect ratio and bias current is first introduced. Successively, analytical equations of the transistors' aspect ratio to meet a given noise margin specification are derived as a function of the bias current, and are then used along with the delay model to express the delay as an explicit function of the bias current and noise margin.

The simplified delay expression explicitly relates speed performance to power dissipation and the noise margin, thereby providing the designer with the required understanding of the trade‐offs involved in the design. Therefore, the criteria proposed allow the designer to consciously manage the power‐delay trade‐off. The delay dependence on the logic swing is also investigated with results showing that this delay is not necessarily reduced by reducing the logic swing, in contrast with the usual assumption. Since the results obtained are valid for all SCL gates and are independent of the CMOS process used, the guidelines provided afford a deeper understanding of SCL gates from a design point of view. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chromatin supraorganization and extensibility in mouse hepatocytes following starvation and refeeding
Authors: Moraes Alberto S. , de Campos Vidal Benedicto , Guaraldo Ana Maria A. , Mello Maria Luiza S.
Published: January 2005

Background

The effect of 48 h of starvation and of 48 h of refeeding subsequent to starvation on chromatin supraorganization and extensibility was studied in hepatocytes from adult mice.

Methods

Methods used involved topochemical assays, image analysis, gravity action, and polarization microscopy.

Results

Starvation increased the chromatin packing states, especially in areas of noncondensed chromatin, and induced drastic decreases in concanavalin A reactivity due to nuclear matrix glycoproteins and the frequency of nuclei with chromatin extensibility under gravity. Changes in chromatin packing state were accompanied by shifts of nuclear areas of part of the nuclear population to smaller values but did not affect the respective Feulgen‐DNA amounts except for a few nuclei. The extent of chromatin unpackaging, but not of frequency of nuclei with formation of extended chromatin fibers, in starved mice that were refed was greater than in well‐fed controls. Refeeding induced increase in Feulgen‐DNA amounts and regain and redistribution of concanavalin A–reactive nuclear glycoproteins. However, the duration of refeeding used was probably insufficient to reestablish the stereo arrangement of the chromatin‐nuclear matrix and to restore chromatin fluidity to the level seen in well‐fed mice.

Conclusions

The changes in the liver cell nuclei associated with starvation and refeeding of adult mice involved chromatin supraorganization, hepatocyte proliferation (refeeding), and the loss, regain, and redistribution of nuclear proteins, especially nuclear matrix components, related to chromatin organization and extensibility. These changes are suggested as favoring the silencing and reactivation of transcriptional activities, depending on the organism's nutritional state. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel role for CD28 in thymic selection: elimination of CD28/B7 interactions increases positive selection
Authors: Vacchio Melanie S. , Williams Joy A. , Hodes Richard J.
Published: January 2005

While the importance of the CD28/B7 costimulation pathway is well established for mature T cells, the role of CD28 in thymocyte selection is less well defined. The role of CD28 in both negative and positive selection was assessed using H‐Y‐specific TCR‐transgenic (Tg) RAG‐2‐deficient (H‐Yrag) mice. Negative selection in male H‐Yrag mice was not affected by deficiency in CD28 or B7. Surprisingly, absence of CD28 or B7 in H‐Yrag females resulted in increased numbers of CD8 single‐positive (SP) thymocytes. The CD8 SP thymocytes found in these females were mature and functionally competent. Furthermore, double‐positive (DP) thymocytes from CD28‐knockout (CD28KO) or B7.1/B7.2 double‐KO (B7DKO) females had higher levels of both CD5 and TCR than those from WT females, consistent with a stronger selecting signal. CD28KO H‐Yrag fetal thymic organ cultures also had elevated numbers of thymic CD8 SP cells, reflecting increased thymic differentiation and not recirculation of peripheral T cells. Finally, increased selection of mature CD4 and CD8 SP T cells was observed in non‐TCR‐Tg CD28KO and B7DKO mice, indicating that this function of CD28‐B7 interaction is not unique to a TCR‐Tg model. Together these findings demonstrate a novel negative regulatory role for CD28 in inhibiting differentiation of SP thymocytes, probably through inhibition of thymic selection.
Virus infection‐associated bone marrow B cell depletion and impairment of humoral immunity to heterologous infection mediated by TNF‐α/LTα
Authors: Borrow Persephone , Hou Sam , Gloster Simone , Ashton Miranda , Hyland Lisa
Published: January 2005

We previously showed that influenza virus infection of mice induces a depletion of bone marrow B lineage cells due to apoptosis of early B cells mediated by a mechanism involving TNF‐α/LTα. Here we demonstrate that this effect is also observed with acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection and resulted in a deficiency of both splenic transitional B cells and mature follicular B cells. To determine whether there was an associated impairment of humoral immunity, we infected mice with LCMV and 10 days later at the peak of the B cell depletion, inoculated them with influenza virus. We found that influenza virus‐specific antibody titers were dramatically reduced in mice recovering from LCMV infection compared to those in mice infected with influenza virus alone. Further, we showed that there was no reduction of the influenza virus‐specific antibody response in LCMV‐infected TNF‐α/LTα‐deficient mice, suggesting that TNF‐α/LTα‐mediated effects on bone marrow and/or peripheral lymphocytes were responsible for the observed impairment in humoral immunity. These results show that the TNF‐α/LTα production induced following infection with diverse viruses has detrimental effects on early B cells in the bone marrow, and may be among the factors that lead to the severely compromised humoral immunity observed to subsequent heterologous infections.
A critical role for lipophosphoglycan in proinflammatory responses of dendritic cells to Leishmania mexicana
Authors: Aebischer Toni , Bennett Clare L. , Pelizzola Mattia , Vizzardelli Caterina , Pavelka Norman , Urbano Matteo , Capozzoli Monica , Luchini Alessandra , Ilg Thomas , Granucci Francesca , Blackburn C. Clare , Ricciardi‐Castagnoli Paola
Published: January 2005

Recognition of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMP) influences the response of dendritic cells (DC) and therefore development of innate and adaptive immunity. Different forms of Leishmania mexicana have distinct effects on DC, with promastigotes and amastigotes being activating and apparently neutral, respectively. We investigated whether stage‐specific differences in surface composition might account for these distinct effects. Amastigotes and promastigotes lacking the lpg1 gene needed for lipophosphoglycan (LPG) biosynthesis could not activate DC in vitro. Genome‐wide transcriptional profiling of DC infected with wild‐type or mutant promastigotes or wild‐type amastigotes revealed that wild‐type promastigotes induce an inflammatory signature that is lacking in DC exposed to the other parasite forms. The proinflammatory response pattern was partly recovered by reconstitution of lpg1 expression in lpg1–/– parasites, and exposure to purified LPG increased the expression of MHC class II and CD86 on DC. Infection with wild‐type but not lpg1–/– promastigotes increased the number of activated DC in draining lymph nodes, and this was correlated with lower early parasite burdens in wild‐type‐infected animals. These in vivo and in vitro results suggest an LPG‐dependent activation of DC that contributes to host defense and agree with the notion that the parasites evolved under immune pressure to down‐regulate PAMP expression in mammalian hosts.
Proton Transfer to Hydride Ligands with Formation of Dihydrogen Complexes: A Physicochemical View
Authors: Bakhmutov Vladimir I.
Published: January 2005

Protonation of hydridic hydrogens has attracted increasing interest from chemists over the past decade. This review, focusing on key physicochemical data, describes general rules governing proton transfer to hydride ligands and discusses kinetic schemes for the protonation as a process starting from dihydrogen‐bonded adducts and H‐bonded contact ion pairs and ending in dihydrogen complexes as solvent‐separated ion pairs or free ions. It has been shown that the particulars of proton transfer to hydride ligands and to conventional organic bases are similar. The difference between them is apparent in the contact ion pair formation step. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Quadratic jerk regulation and the seismic control of civil structures
Authors: Geoffrey Chase J. , Barroso Luciana R. , Hunt Stephen
Published: January 2005

Regulation of the total structural jerk is a means of managing the structural energy and enhancing the performance of civil structures undergoing large seismic events. A quadratic regulator is derived for the total structural jerk that produces a single algebraic Riccati equation to define the control gains. The resulting control method is tested using a realistic non‐linear structural control case study where the structural response is statistically quantified for large suites of scaled earthquakes. The control method developed is shown to be more effective than typical displacement‐focused active and semi‐active civil structural control methods. In particular, quadratic jerk regulation provides better performance than typical structural control methods for near‐field seismic events where the response is dominated by a large impulse, and relatively poorer results for far‐field seismic inputs where the response is vibratory. Hence, this type of control approach has strong potential for mitigating the damage for large impulse, near‐field events, where jerk regulation provides much more efficient response and damage management. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Upwinding and implicit residual smoothing on cell‐vertex unstructured grids
Authors: Catalano L. A. , Daloiso V. S. E.
Published: January 2005

A new line‐search algorithm for cell‐vertex unstructured triangular grids is proposed in this paper and combined with an implicit residual smoothing procedure, to accelerate convergence of a recently developed upwind finite‐volume method for the Euler and the Navier–Stokes equations. Both the standard implementation with two smoothing lines and a new procedure using four directions are considered and fully tested to evaluate their efficiency and to determine the optimal smoothing parameters. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fully conservative model for compressible two‐fluid flow
Authors: Wackers Jeroen , Koren Barry
Published: January 2005

A five‐equation model for compressible two‐fluid flow is proposed, that is based on physical flow equations only. The model is conservative and pressure‐oscillation free. Equations for continuous flow and jump conditions for discontinuities are given, as well as a discretization of the equations and an adaptation of the HLL Riemann solver to two‐fluid flow. Numerical tests in 1D and 2D show the accuracy of the method. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proliferating resident microglia express the stem cell antigen CD34 in response to acute neural injury
Authors: Ladeby Rune , Wirenfeldt Martin , Dalmau Ishar , Gregersen Rikke , García‐Ovejero Daniel , Babcock Alicia , Owens Trevor , Finsen Bente
Published: January 2005

Reactive microgliosis is a highly characteristic response to neural injury and disease, which may influence neurodegenerative processes and neural plasticity. We have investigated the origin and characteristics of reactive microglia in the acute phase of their activation in the dentate gyrus following transection of the entorhino‐dentate perforant path projection. To investigate the possible link between microglia and hematopoietic precursors, we analyzed the expression of the stem cell marker CD34 by lesion‐reactive microglia in conjunction with the proliferation marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and the use of radiation bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice. We found that CD34 is upregulated on early‐activated resident microglia, rather than by infiltrating bone marrow‐derived cells. The number of CD34+ microglia peaked at day 3 when 67% of the resident CD11b/Mac‐1+ microglia co‐expressed CD34, and all CD34+ cells co‐expressed Mac‐1, and decreased sharply toward day 5, unlike Mac‐1, which was maximally expressed at day 5. Approximately 80% of the CD34+ cells in the denervated dentate gyrus had incorporated BrdU into their nuclei at day 3. We also showed that CD34 is upregulated on early‐activated microglia in the facial motor nucleus following peripheral axotomy. The results suggest lesion‐reactive microglia to consist of functionally distinct subpopulations of cells; a major population of activated resident CD34+Mac‐1+ microglia with a high capacity for self‐renewal, and a subpopulation of CD34−Mac‐1+ microglia which has a mixed extrinsic and intrinsic origin and whose proliferative capacity is unknown. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glial restricted precursors protect against chronic glutamate neurotoxicity of motor neurons in vitro
Authors: Maragakis Nicholas J. , Rao Mahendra S. , Llado Jeronia , Wong Victor , Xue Haipeng , Pardo Andrea , Herring Joseph , Kerr Douglas , Coccia Carol , Rothstein Jeffrey D.
Published: January 2005

We have examined the expression of glutamate transporters in primary and immortalized glial precursors (GRIPs). We subsequently transduced these cells with the GLT1 glutamate transporter and examined the ability of these cells to protect motor neurons in an organotypic spinal cord culture. We show that glial restricted precursors and GRIP‐derived astrocytes predominantly express glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT1. Oligodendrocyte differentiation of GRIPs results in downregulation of all glutamate transporter subtypes. Having identified these precursor cells as potential vectors for delivering glutamate transporters to regions of interest, we engineered a line of GRIPS that overexpress the glutamate transporter GLT1. These cells (G3 cells) have a nearly fourfold increase in glutamate transporter expression and at least a twofold increase in the Vmax for glutamate transport. To assess whether G3 seeding can protect motor neurons from chronic glutamate neurotoxicity, G3s were seeded onto rat organotypic spinal cord cultures. These cultures have previously been used extensively to understand pathways involved in chronic glutamate neurotoxicity of motor neurons. After G3 seeding, cells integrated into the culture slice and resulted in levels of glutamate transport sufficient to enhance total glutamate uptake. To test whether neuroprotection was related to glutamate transporter overexpression, we isolated GRIPS from the GLT1 null mouse to serve as controls. The seeding of G3s resulted in a reduction of motor neuron cell death. Hence, we believe that these cells may potentially play a role in cell‐based neuroprotection from glutamate excitotoxicity. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New benzylpiperazine derivatives bearing mono‐ and bis‐dialkyl substituted 1,2,4‐triazoles
Authors: Al‐Soud Yaseen A. , Qalalweh Mohammed N. A. , Al‐Sa'doni Haitham H. , Al‐Masoudi Najim A.
Published: January 2005

Cycloaddition of the 1‐aza‐2‐azoniaallenes 3 with p‐cyanobenzyl chlorides afforded, after spontaneous rearrangement, the 1,5‐dialkyl‐3‐[4‐chloromethyl)phenyl]‐1H‐[1,2,4]‐triazoles 6. A series of 1,5‐dialkyl‐1H‐[1,2,4]‐triazol‐3‐yl)benzyl‐piperazines 7 and 8 were prepared from direct condensation of 6 with piperazine and N‐methylpiperazine, respectively. The structures of the newly synthesized products were identified by 2D NMR spectroscopy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:28–32, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20061
Mildly and highly selective reductive deoxygenation of para‐di‐ and monoalkylaminophenyl ketones by borane
Authors: Wei Tiezheng , Lan Yu , Xu Jiaxi
Published: January 2005

Para‐di‐ and monoalkylaminophenyl ketones were reduced selectively to para‐alkyl N,N‐di‐ and N‐monoalkylanilines in good to excellent yields by borane under mild, convenient, and neutral conditions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:2–5, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20062
Synthetic studies using unsaturated and active phosphonium salts. A convenient preparation of furano‐ and pyrano[2,3‐c]pyridazines and substituted quinolines
Authors: Abdou Wafaa M. , Ganoub Neven A. , Fahmy Amin F. , Shaddy Abeer M.
Published: January 2005

By applying vinyl‐ (3) and allyltriphenylphosphonium bromides (9) to 4‐cyano‐5,6‐difur‐2′yl‐2H‐pyridazin‐3‐one (1) the corresponding fused 5,8‐oxazolo‐ 6, 12 (∼37%) and pyrano‐ 8, 13, 14 (∼20%) derivatives are isolated whereas with alkylphosphonium bromides 15a,b fused furans 17a,b (22%) and isopyrroles 18a,b (∼45%) are obtained. On the other hand, the reaction of 2‐[(benzylidene)amino]‐benzonitrile (2) with 3 and 9 yielded benzoazepines 20 and 21 (∼56%). With 15a,b, quinolines 23a,b (∼46%) and quinazoline 25 (∼24%) are obtained. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:56–64, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20065
Bis(trimethylsilyl)diazene revisited. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of nitrogen NMR parameters of some azo‐compounds
Authors: Wrackmeyer Bernd , Köhler Christian
Published: January 2005

Calculations of nitrogen NMR parameters [chemical shifts δN and indirect nuclear spin–spin coupling constants J(N,N), J(N,13C), J(29Si,N)] of noncyclic azo‐compounds R1NNR2 (R1, R2 = H, Me, Ph, SiH3, SiMe3) and cyclic azo‐compounds [NNCH2, NN(CH2)3 NN(CH2)2SiH2, and NN(SiH2CH2SiH2)] by density functional theory (DFT) methods [B3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p) level of theory] provide data in reasonable agreement with experimental values. The influence of cis‐ and trans‐geometry is reflected by the calculations, and amino‐nitrenes are also included for comparison. The spin–spin coupling constants are analyzed with respect to contact (Fermi contact term, FC) and non‐ contact contributions (paramagnetic and diamagnetic spin‐orbital terms, PSO and DSO, and spin‐dipole term, SD). Bis(trimethylsilyl)diazene 6a can be generated by an alternative method, using the reaction of bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfur diimide with bis‐ (trimethylsilyl)amino‐trimethylsilylimino‐phosphane. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:84–91, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20075
Effects on proliferation and melanogenesis by inhibition of mutant BRAF and expression of wild‐type INK4A in melanoma cells
Authors: Rotolo Sabrina , Diotti Raffaella , Gordon Ronald E. , Qiao Rui F. , Yao Zhong , Phelps Robert G. , Dong Jianli
Published: January 2005

Activating BRAF mutations and loss of wild‐type INK4A expression both occur at high frequencies in melanomas. Here, we present evidence that BRAF and INK4A have different effects on melanogenesis, a marker of melanocytic differentiation. Human melanoma cell line 624Mel harbors mutations in both BRAF and INK4A. The in vitro and in vivo growth of these cells was inhibited by either reduced expression of mutant BRAF using stable retroviral RNA interference (RNAi) or retrovirus‐mediated stable expression of wild‐type INK4A cDNA. Consistent with the observed growth inhibition, phosphorylation of S780 and S795 in pRB, both CDK4/6 targets, was suppressed in cells expressing either mutant BRAF RNAi or wild‐type INK4A. Interestingly, melanoma cells expressing mutant BRAF RNAi had increased pigmentation, produced more mature melanosomes and melanin and expressed higher levels of tyrosinase and tyrosinase‐related protein‐1, whereas melanogenesis was not induced by wild‐type INK4A. We found that the melanocyte lineage‐specific master control protein microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor was upregulated by inhibition of mutant BRAF, which may be the cause for the melanogenic effect of BRAF RNAi. The results suggest that, although both BRAF and INK4A lesions promote cell growth and tumor formation, mutant BRAF may also induce dedifferentiation in melanoma cells. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Professional schools: Research and assessment involving multiple constituencies
Authors: Sun Jeffrey C.
Published: January 2005

Adopting the concept of multiple constituencies as an approach to organizational effectiveness, this chapter identifies key constituents and highlights areas and circumstances in which these constituents have an impact on research and assessment of professional schools.
Religious institutions in the United States: Research challenges
Authors: Smith Nora C. , Jackson Jerlando F. L.
Published: January 2005

This chapter reviews the eclectic missions of religious institutions and sets forth an agenda for conducting research with this diverse segment of American higher education.
Transnational campuses: Obstacles and opportunities for institutional research in the global education market
Authors: Lane Jason E. , Brown II M. Christopher , Pearcey Matt‐Allen
Published: January 2005

This chapter highlights some of the issues that need to be addressed when operating international campuses and provides a list of questions to help guide relevant institutional research.
Measurement and evaluation in corporate universities
Authors: Allen Mark , McGee Philip
Published: January 2005

Corporate universities have developed a variety of useful and creative methods for mission‐specific evaluation.
Small fiber diameter fibro‐porous meshes: Tissue response sensitivity to fiber spacing
Authors: Sanders J. E. , Lamont S. E. , Mitchell S. B. , Malcolm S. G.
Published: January 2005

The purpose of this research was to determine if fiber spacing for small fiber diameter fibro‐porous meshes affected tissue response in vivo. Disk‐shaped polyurethane meshes, with mean fiber diameters of 7.6 μm and fiber spacing between 6 and 68 μm, were implanted in rat subcutaneous dorsum for 5‐week intervals and then prepared for light microscopy and morphological analysis. Results showed that implants with 12‐ to 68‐μm spacing had no histologically apparent fibrous capsule around the perimeter, a result different from that for 6‐μm spacing samples that had a capsule around a mean of 34.2% of the perimeter. For the 12‐ to 68‐μm spacing range, a mean of 21.0% of individual fibers within the meshes were encapsulated. Qualitatively, it appeared that larger fibers were encapsulated more frequently than smaller ones. When nodeless or baggy meshes were implanted, cells tended to cluster three or more fibers into groups and then encapsulate each group. Over the 6‐ to 68‐μm spacing range, cell nuclei volume fraction within the meshes increased from the 6‐ to the 29‐μm spacing (p = 0.000) and then decreased from the 29‐ to the 68‐μm spacing (p = 0.015). There was a trend of an increase in local vessel volume fraction with spacing over the 6‐ to 68‐μm range, though the relationship was weak. The results indicate that the reason for the lack of encapsulation of small‐fiber fibro‐porous meshes is not exclusively a pore boundary explanation, as is proposed for small‐pore porous meshes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 72A: 335–342, 2005