bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring Cybercrime in Calls for Police Service
Authors: Kwon Doy , Borrion Hervé , Wortley Richard
Published: July 2024

Conventional police databases contain much information on cybercrime, but extracting it remains a practical challenge. This is because these databases rarely contain labels that could be used to automatically retrieve all cybercrime incidents. In this article, we present a supervised machine learning method for extracting cybercrime incidents in calls for police service datasets. Data from the Korean National Police (2020, 9 months, N = 15 million call logs) is used for the demonstration. We combined methods of keyword query selection, minority oversampling, and majority voting techniques to develop a classifier. Three classification techniques, including Naïve Bayes, linear SVM, and kernel SVM, were tested, and the kernel model was chosen to build the final model (accuracy, 93.4%; F1-score, 92.4). We estimate that cybercrime only represents 4.6% of the cases in the selected dataset (excluding traffic-related incidents), but that it can be prevalent with some crime types. We found, for example, that about three quarters (76%) of all fraud incidents have a cyber dimension. We conclude that the cybercrime classification method proposed in this study can support further research on cybercrime and that it offers considerable advantages over manual or keyword-based approaches.
Active runout compensation using the guide elements on metal band saws for a longer tool life and reduced material loss
Authors: Tandler Tobias , Möhring Hans-Christian
Published: July 2024

At a time of rising energy and material costs, manufacturing process efficiency is becoming increasingly important. This is one reason why cutting and especially sawing processes, usually the first step in most manufacturing chains in discrete part production, have to be investigated more intensively. Due to problems with runout and poor surface finishes, raw material is conventionally cut to oversize by either circular sawing or band sawing. This oversize has to be removed by following processes, costing extra energy and wasting material. Since the problem of runout increases with increasing tool wear due to higher deflections of the thin and compliant tools, an even larger oversize is required. This paper describes an approach to reduce the need of oversize even with increasing tool wear in band sawing by tilting the saw band in order to compensate for tool deflections during cutting. To achieve this, it is necessary to measure and understand the saw band runout. The next step is to present a system design and controller for tilting the saw band. Finally, tests are carried out to analyse the effectiveness of the system. In addition, the approach allows the use of increased process parameters to the end of the tool life without losing more material. The tool can therefore be used productively for a longer time period.
Die Novellierung des § 64 StGB – Vorschläge zur Anwendung aus rechts- und erfahrungswissenschaftlicher Sicht
Authors: Stübner Susanne , Werner Raik , Groß Gregor , Schwarz Michael , Kaspar Johannes
Published: July 2024

Die Novellierung des § 64 des Strafgesetzbuches (StGB) ist am 01.10.2023 in Kraft getreten. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den rechts- und erfahrungswissenschaftlichen Voraussetzungen der Anwendung des neu gefassten § 64 StGB und soll als Übersicht und Anregung für die Praxis von Begutachtung und Rechtsprechung dienen.
Elastin-derived peptides (EDPs) as a potential pro-malignancy factor in human leukemia cell lines
Authors: Szychowski Konrad A. , Skóra Bartosz
Published: July 2024

The extracellular matrix (ECM) is currently considered to be an important factor influencing the migration and progression of cancer cells. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the mechanism of action of elastin-derived peptides in cancerous cells derived from the immunological system, i.e., HL-60, K562, and MEG-A2 cell lines. Moreover, an attempt to clarify the involvement of c-SRC kinase in EDP mechanism of action was also undertaken. Our data show that the VGVAPG and VVGPGA peptides are not toxic in the studied cell lines. Moreover, due to the involvement of KI67 and PCNA proteins in the cell cycle and proliferation, we can assume that neither peptide stimulates cell proliferation. Our data suggest that both peptides could initiate the differentiation process in all the studied cell lines. However, due to the different origins (HL-60 and K562—leukemic cell line vs. MEG-A2—megakaryoblastic origin) of the cell lines, the mechanism may differ. The increase in the ELANE mRNA expression noted in our experiments may also suggest enhancement of the migration of the tested cells. However, more research is needed to fully explain the mechanism of action of the VGVAPG and VVGPGA peptides in the HL-60, K562, and MEG-A2 cell lines.

Highlights

• VGVAPG and VVGPGA peptides do not affect the metabolic activity of HL-60, K562, and MEG-A2 cells.

• mTOR and PPARγ proteins are involved in the mechanism of action of VGVAPG and VVGPGA peptides.

• Both peptides may initiate differentiation in HL-60, K562, and MEG-A2 cell lines.

Graphical Abstract
Epidemiology and diagnosis of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease
Authors: Fouad Yasser , Alboraie Mohamed , Shiha Gamal
Published: July 2024

The most common chronic liver illness worldwide is metabolic dysfunction linked to fatty liver disease (MAFLD), which is poorly understood by doctors and patients. Many people with this disease develop steatohepatitis, cirrhosis and its consequences, as well as extrahepatic manifestations; these conditions are particularly common if they are linked to diabetes mellitus or obesity. A breakthrough with numerous benefits is the switch from NAFLD to MAFLD in terms of terminology and methodology. The diagnosis of MAFLD is based on affirmative criteria; unlike NAFLD, it is no longer based on exclusion. The diagnosis of MAFLD and the evaluation of steatosis and fibrosis is achieved using liver biopsy and non-invasive laboratory or radiographic techniques. We briefly address the most recent developments in MAFLD epidemiology and diagnosis.
Individualism, collectivism, and emotion regulation: a cross-cultural examination among young adults from seven countries
Authors: Klein Neelamberi D. , Bravo Adrian J. , Conway Christopher C. , Keough Matthew T. , Pilatti Angelina , Mezquita Laura ,   Cross-Cultural Addictions Study Team, Bravo Adrian J. , Conway Christopher C. , Henson James M. , Hogarth Lee , Ibáñez Manuel I. , Kaminer Debra , Keough Matthew , Mezquita Laura , Ortet Generós , Pearson Matthew R. , Pilatti Angelina , Prince Mark A. , Read Jennifer P. , Roozen Hendrik G. , Ruiz Paul
Published: July 2024

Individualism and collectivism are dimensions of cultural variation thought to shape differences in emotion regulation tendencies, yet research to date has examined these cultural dimensions as country-level features, emphasizing variability across nations. The present study takes the approach of examining cultural differences within nations as predictors of emotion regulation strategies, shifting the perspective instead to individual differences. This present study aimed to address how individual endorsement of individualism-collectivism (i.e. prioritizing individual versus group goals) and vertical-horizontal attitudes (preference for hierarchy versus equality) are associated with use of emotion regulation strategies (i.e., reappraisal and suppression) among college students from seven countries (n = 5,900; female = 70.80%). Overall, we found that individual differences in individualism-collectivism and vertical-horizontal attitudes had strong connections with young adults’ emotion regulation styles. Results of our multivariate (i.e., all variables were simultaneously examined) regression model revealed: a) higher endorsement of horizontal individualism and horizontal collectivism were associated with higher use of reappraisal strategies; b) higher endorsement of horizontal individualism and vertical collectivism were associated with higher use of suppression strategies; while higher endorsement of horizontal collectivism was associated with lower use of suppression strategies. A multi-group model supported the generalizability of these associations across countries. These findings demonstrate the value of approaching cultural differences in emotion regulation from an individual differences framework, and not assuming country-level differences are representative of individuals’ affective experiences. Further work is needed examining models within-country to examine cultural variation in individualism vs collectivism compared to country-level norms.
Prevalence of Verticillium spp. and Pratylenchus spp. in Commercial Potato Fields in Atlantic Canada
Authors: Chen Dahu , Barrett Ryan , Mimee Benjamin , Arseneault Tanya , Comeau Louis-Pierre , Nahar Kamrun , Jimenez Sebastian Ibarra , Zebarth Bernie J.
Published: July 2024

A survey of New Brunswick (NB) and Prince Edward Island (PEI) potato fields in crop rotation phase prior to potato production was conducted in fall (October and November) between 2017 and 2021. A total of 113 and 126 fields for NB and PEI, respectively, were surveyed with 20 to 35 fields each year tested in each province. Root lesion nematodes (RLN, Pratylenchus spp.) were detected in 99 and 98% of the fields for NB and PEI, respectively, and two root lesion nematode species, P. crenatus and P. penetrans, were identified in both provinces from 2017 to 2021. Based on 2019 and 2020 results, all surveyed fields in NB and PEI were detected with P. crenatus, while only 29 and 43% of the fields in NB and PEI were detected with P. penetrans, respectively. P. crenatus accounted for 96 and 89% of the populations for NB and PEI, respectively, while P. penetrans accounted for 4 and 11% in commercial fields, respectively. In a single in-depth sampled experimental field with a history of severe potato early dying complex in 2018 in NB, P. crenatus accounted for 88% and P. penetrans was 12%. Verticillium dahliae was detected in 94 and 92% of potato fields in NB and PEI, respectively. All isolates obtained from potato cv. “Russet Burbank” in a baiting trial were V. dahliae, belonging to two lineages. V. albo-atrum was detected in a few fields at very low level, except two fields in NB where V. albo-atrum was predominating over V. dahliae. Rotation crops did not affect V. dahliae population densities for NB and PEI, and did not affect RLN population in NB, but significantly affected RLN in PEI. Fall green cover crop did not affect the populations of RLN and V. dahliae in PEI. The present study revealed that the potato pathogenic root lesion nematode P. penetrans was present in less than 50% of surveyed fields and accounted for around 10% of root lesion nematode population in NB and PEI, and V. dahliae was the dominant species and was present in greater than 90% of surveyed fields in both provinces.
Quantifying Environmental and Spatial Patterns of Fish on Log Snags to Optimise Resnagging in Coastal Seascapes
Authors: Gaines Lucy A. Goodridge , Mosman Jesse D. , Henderson Christopher J. , Olds Andrew D. , Perry Hannah J. , Gilby Ben L.
Published: July 2024

Long-term declines in coastal water quality and sedimentation can affect the restoration success of ecosystems such as seagrass and shellfish reefs. Resnagging coastal seascapes offers a potential alternative restoration method that is not reliant on abiotic conditions and which may enhance degraded landscapes for fish and fisheries. While common in freshwater ecosystems, such interventions are unusual for coastal seascapes despite log snags supporting significant benefits for coastal fish. In this study, we identify the spatial (e.g. seascape connectivity), habitat condition (e.g. log snag complexity and food availability) and water quality variables that best explain variation in fish assemblages on log snags to help prioritise the placement and design of resnagging efforts in estuaries. We surveyed fish assemblages on log snags using underwater videography at 363 sites across 13 estuaries in southeast Queensland, Australia, over 3 years. Sites less than 10,000 m from the estuary mouth, more than 2500 m from urban structures and located in water depths of < 3 m harboured more diverse fish assemblages. Sites less than 10,000 m from the estuary mouth with lower (< 25%) algae cover harboured greater total fish abundance and harvested fish abundance. Similar trends were found for the abundance of individuals from key functional groups, although these trends were mediated by other seascape contexts (e.g. the area of natural habitat) and water quality variables (e.g. chlorophyll-a concentration and dissolved oxygen saturation). Our results indicate that log snag placement in estuaries for benefits to fish and fisheries can be maximised if sites are planned strategically.
Multicenter survey about leg length discrepancy and total hip arthroplasty: preoperative and intraoperative management
Authors: Stimolo Davide , Lo Giudice Salvatore , Matassi Fabrizio , Innocenti Matteo , Civinini Roberto , Boniforti Filippo
Published: July 2024

Background

We created a multicenter survey for Italian orthopedic surgeons on how they approach leg length discrepancy (LLD) when dealing with primary total hip arthroplasty. Aim of the study was to show how surgeons manage LLD and follow the literature recommendations during clinical practice.

Methods

The survey was composed of 25 questions divided into four sections: 1—surgeon’s profile, 2—preoperative and 3—intraoperative evaluation, and 4—postoperative management. In this paper, we report results to answer Sects. 1 and 2. Absolute and relative frequencies of answers to Sects. 2 and 3 are reported. We divided the participants in subgroups based on the “surgeon’s profile” and evaluated difference in the answers given.

Results

Absolute and relative frequencies demonstrate low agreement among participants in all phases of LLD management. We demonstrated a statistically significant difference based on the surgeon’s profile regarding these questions: radiographic measure of LLD depending on working experience, p = 0.008; digital planning based on surgeons’ age, p < 0.001, and workplace, p = 0.026; intraoperative anatomical landmarks based on numbers of procedures per year, p = 0.020; and use of intraoperative X-rays based on working experience, p = 0.002.

Conclusions

LLD is a debated topic with no definitive recommendations. Many decisions still depend on tradition and surgeons’ preference.
Examination of the efficacy of machine learning approaches in the generation of flood susceptibility maps
Authors: Wahba Mohamed , Sharaan Mahmoud , Elsadek Wael M. , Kanae Shinjiro , Hassan H. Shokry
Published: July 2024

Flash floods stand as a substantial peril linked to climate change, imposing a severe menace to both human existence and built structures. This study aims to assess and compare the effectiveness of four distinct machine learning (ML) methodologies in the production of flood susceptibility maps (FSMs) in Ibaraki prefecture, Japan. Additionally, the investigation aims to examine the influence of excluding plan and profile curvature factors on the accuracy of the resulting maps. The dataset comprised 224 spots, consisting of 112 flooded and 112 non-flooded locations, and 11 environmental factors. The models were trained using 70% of the dataset, while the remaining 30% was utilized for model evaluation using the ROC curve method. The results indicated that both the ANN-MLP and SVR models achieved notable accuracy, with area under curve values of 95.23% and 95.83% respectively. An intriguing observation was made when the plan and profile curvature factors were excluded, as it led to an improvement in the accuracy of the ANN-MLP model, resulting in an accuracy of 96.7%. Furthermore, the generated FSMs were classified into five distinct hazard levels. The northern region of the maps predominantly exhibited very low and low hazard levels, while areas located in the southern region, closer to main streams, demonstrated considerably higher hazard levels categorized as very high and high. Ultimately, this study marks novel endeavor to investigate the impact of the curvature factor on the precision of machine learning algorithms in the creation of FSMs, which serve as fundamental tools for subsequent investigations.
Honey bee (Apis cerana) queen rearing methods influence queen morphological characteristics and reproductive related gene expression
Authors: Zhong Wei-Lai , Ding Gui-Ling , Yuan Chun-Ying , Huang Jia-Xing , Feng Mao
Published: July 2024

The quality of the queen is crucial for the survival and growth of honey bee colonies. There have been studies related to raising queens with excellent performance since the invention of artificial queen rearing technologies. However, relatively few studies have been undertaken that evaluate the relationship between queen quality and queen morphology and the expression level of reproduction-related genes using different-aged brood in artificial queen rearing practices of Eastern honey bees (Apis cerana). Therefore, we transferred eggs, 1-day-old larvae, 2-day-old larvae, and 3-day-old larvae to queen cells to rear queens until the queen emerged. We measured 12 indicators (the acceptance rate, birth weight, length, caliber and maximum diameter of queen cells, thorax length, width and weight, head width, wing length and width, and number of ovarian tubes). Moreover, the relative expression levels of Hexamerin, Vitellogenin, and Transferrin were measured using fat bodies and ovaries dissected from the newly emerged virgin queens. The results showed that queens reared from eggs exhibited the best morphological indexes and occupied the most abundant reproductive related gene expression level. Parameter values for queen from 1-day-old larvae were significantly higher than those for queens from 2-day-old larvae and 3-day-old larvae, and there was no significant difference between values for queens from 2-day-old larvae and 3-day-old larvae in most data, except for the relative gene expression. In conclusion, as the age of the brood increased, the quality of the queen bees declined. Rearing queens from fertilized eggs are far more likely to yield a better outcome for queen performance and colony function. This study provides data support for raising high-quality queens of Apis cerana, which would be benefit for the protection and better utilization of our native honey bee species.
Approaches to Restoring Lacrimal Gland Function: From stem Cells to Tissue Engineering
Authors: Lieu Alexander C. , Shoji Marissa K. , Aakalu Vinay K. , Liu Catherine Y.
Published: July 2024

Purpose of Review

We review the latest developments in restoration of lacrimal gland function in dry eye disease and promising methods to generate functional lacrimal gland units.

Recent Findings

Mesenchymal stem cell delivery demonstrated improved tear secretion in dry eye mouse models and early human studies, likely through immune modulation and lacrimal gland repair mechanisms. Advances in regenerative strategies to create functional lacrimal gland units included new porcine scaffolds, the organ germ method, novel methods to generate lacrimal organoids, and 3-dimensional bioprinting. FGF signaling holds an important role in the development and growth of lacrimal gland epithelium.

Advances in the various approaches to restoring function and engineering lacrimal units show promise for future clinical application.
Next-Generation Green Hydrogen: Progress and Perspective from Electricity, Catalyst to Electrolyte in Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
Authors: Gao Xueqing , Chen Yutong , Wang Yujun , Zhao Luyao , Zhao Xingyuan , Du Juan , Wu Haixia , Chen Aibing
Published: July 2024

Green hydrogen from electrolysis of water has attracted widespread attention as a renewable power source. Among several hydrogen production methods, it has become the most promising technology. However, there is no large-scale renewable hydrogen production system currently that can compete with conventional fossil fuel hydrogen production. Renewable energy electrocatalytic water splitting is an ideal production technology with environmental cleanliness protection and good hydrogen purity, which meet the requirements of future development. This review summarizes and introduces the current status of hydrogen production by water splitting from three aspects: electricity, catalyst and electrolyte. In particular, the present situation and the latest progress of the key sources of power, catalytic materials and electrolyzers for electrocatalytic water splitting are introduced. Finally, the problems of hydrogen generation from electrolytic water splitting and directions of next-generation green hydrogen in the future are discussed and outlooked. It is expected that this review will have an important impact on the field of hydrogen production from water.

Graphical Abstract
Support Preferences and Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) in the Clinical Care of Autistic Children: Stakeholder Perspectives
Authors: Sulek Rhylee , Robertson Julia , Goodall Emma , Liew Alan Wee-Cheung , Pillar Sarah , Upson Gemma , Whitehouse Andrew J. O. , Wicks Rachelle , Trembath David
Published: July 2024

Objectives

Clinical decision support systems (CDSS) are increasingly utilised within healthcare settings to enhance decision making. However, few studies have investigated their application in the context of clinical services for autistic people, with no research to date exploring the perspectives of the key stakeholders who are, or in the future may be, impacted by their use. Given the importance of stakeholder perspectives in ensuring that CDSSs are relevant, feasible, and acceptable to those who use them, the aim of this study was to examine the views of key stakeholders in relation to support preferences and a proposed CDSS intended to aide in the selection of the most appropriate supports for autistic children.

Method

Using a co-designed, mixed-methods approach, 20 participants comprising autistic adults, parents of autistic children, and practitioners providing services to autistic children were invited to participate in focus groups, or an open-ended online survey, to explore views regarding support provision and any opportunities, barriers, recommendations, and support for the use of CDSSs in clinical practice.

Results

Participants highlighted potential benefits of using a CDSS in clinical practice, such as creating efficiencies and consistency in decision making when selecting therapies and supports, provided it was part of a holistic approach to working with autistic children. Potential barriers largely centred on concerns about the safety of data to be utilised within the system.

Conclusions

The findings indicate that CDSS have the potential to play a valuable role in selecting supports for autistic children, providing appropriate safeguarding occurs.
SLAM2REF: advancing long-term mapping with 3D LiDAR and reference map integration for precise 6-DoF trajectory estimation and map extension
Authors: Vega-Torres Miguel A. , Braun Alexander , Borrmann André
Published: July 2024

This paper presents a pioneering solution to the task of integrating mobile 3D LiDAR and inertial measurement unit (IMU) data with existing building information models or point clouds, which is crucial for achieving precise long-term localization and mapping in indoor, GPS-denied environments. Our proposed framework, SLAM2REF, introduces a novel approach for automatic alignment and map extension utilizing reference 3D maps. The methodology is supported by a sophisticated multi-session anchoring technique, which integrates novel descriptors and registration methodologies. Real-world experiments reveal the framework’s remarkable robustness and accuracy, surpassing current state-of-the-art methods. Our open-source framework’s significance lies in its contribution to resilient map data management, enhancing processes across diverse sectors such as construction site monitoring, emergency response, disaster management, and others, where fast-updated digital 3D maps contribute to better decision-making and productivity. Moreover, it offers advancements in localization and mapping research. Link to the repository: https://github.com/MigVega/SLAM2REF, Data: https://doi.org/10.14459/2024mp1743877.
Analysis of the barriers and possible approaches for adopting Industry 4.0 in the fertilizer sector of Bangladesh
Authors: Shabur Md. Abdus , Ali Md. Farhad , Alam Md. Mukter
Published: July 2024

Industry 4.0 is gaining significant attention and recognition in both academic and practical spheres since to its potential to deliver substantial advantages to various industries and enable novel applications. This research aims to investigate the fertilizer production industry, evaluating its current state and identifying the barriers impeding the implementation of Industry 4.0 in this domain. The first investigation on Industry 4.0’s current state in Bangladesh entailed visiting and surveying five significant fertilizer companies. Approximately 50% of the components associated with Industry 4.0 have been successfully integrated into these manufacturing facilities. In order to ascertain the causes behind this negative circumstance, a research study was undertaken to uncover the barriers that are hindering the successful Industry 4.0 implementation. Based on the views expressed by a board of ten experts from industry and university, it has been determined that nine out of the twelve issues initially identified are deemed to be significant hurdles. A widely known decision-making approach based on numerous factors, the Best–Worst Method (BWM) was used to evaluate the ranking of these nine difficulties. Insufficient knowledge about Industry 4.0 was determined to be the most significant barrier, while the possibility of job loss was determined to be the least significant. The ranking was further improved by conducting a sensitivity analysis. Subsequently, many pragmatic strategies for overcoming these obstacles are discussed. This study is expected to have a substantial impact on the fertilizer business in Bangladesh by providing valuable insights to industry owners, policymakers, and stakeholders, therefore facilitating their adoption of the fourth industrial revolution.
Analysis of paratransit crimes in Akure, Nigeria
Authors: Adeniran Adetayo Olaniyi , Ilugbami Olanrewaju Joseph , Olorunfemi Samuel Oluwaseyi , Ojo Thomas Kolawole
Published: July 2024

Background

Paratransit is a system that operates along a more or less defined route and then stops to take passengers on demand. They offer on-demand door-to-door service from any origin to any destination in a service area, and are operated by public transit agencies, community groups or not-for-profit organizations, and for-profit private companies or operators. In transit, criminal acts including rape, kidnapping and/or abduction, robbery, carjacking, vehicle theft, and even acts of terrorism are committed. These crimes are occasionally committed by other passengers since not every individual who boards a vehicle is a real traveller. This study examined the incidence of paratransit crimes in Akure, Nigeria using a Secured System Approach.

Results

This study employed a household-based form of sampling to select the study locations in Akure. Convenient sampling was used to select two streets in each of the residential areas from which one hundred and twenty (120) houses were sampled purposively. The questionnaire was used to gather the primary data, with descriptive analysis. The study found that most of the transit crimes were perpetuated with taxi and motorcycles. Also, kidnapping was the major transit crimes in Akure. The Oba-Adesida road and Arakale road (situated along the study areas) were the hotspots for transit crimes in Akure. Finally, the respondents did not have a good perception of the proactiveness, integrity, reliability, respectability, and trustworthiness of security agencies regarding paratransit crimes in Akure.

Conclusions

Incidence of paratransit crimes in Akure, Nigeria was explored among residents in Akure households. Kidnapping was dominant in Akure along Oba-Adesida and Arakale road, and mostly perpetuated with taxi and motorcycles. Since the participant did not have a good perception concerning the proactiveness, integrity, reliability, respectability, and trustworthiness of security agencies in Akure. Recommendations were suggested.
Machine learning based urban land cover classification using PolInSAR data: a study with ALOS-2 and RADARSAT-2 datasets
Authors: Attri Luvkesh , Kumar Shashi , Maithani Sandeep
Published: July 2024

A substantial variation in the land cover dynamics has been observed as a consequence of increasing urban expansion. Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (PolSAR) data is widely being used for land cover studies in urban areas due to its all-weather, day-and-night imaging capabilities. However, in densely built-up areas, challenge arises with buildings having large Azimuth Orientation Angles (AOAs). These buildings are often misclassified as vegetation due to the depolarization of radar signal causing volumetric scattering response from the structures. This study addresses this issue by proposing an approach that integrates polarimetric information with interferometric SAR (InSAR) coherence to improve the differentiation between urban structures and vegetated areas, enhancing the accuracy of urban land-cover classification. Vegetated areas exhibit lower temporal coherence due to changes in the orientation of its leaves and branches caused by wind, seasonal variations, growth phenology, and other factors. In contrast, urban structures, being relatively stable targets, maintain high temporal coherence values. In present research various decomposition and scattering parameters were evaluated, along with PolInSAR coherence derived from L-band (ALOS-2) and C-band (RADARSAT-2), using two machine learning algorithms namely, Random Forest (RF) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The C-band RADARSAT-2 data, particularly with six-component decomposition parameters, performed better, achieving an overall accuracy as 85.85% using RF algorithm. To further improve classification results, optical datasets from Landsat constellation were fused with SAR parameters using Gram-Schmidt fusion technique. This fusion led to significant improvements, achieving an overall accuracy of 94.50% and kappa statistics of 0.92, when CNN algorithm was applied to the fused optical and C-band RADARSAT-2 dataset. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of combining PolInSAR and optical data for more accurate urban land-cover classification, particularly in complex urban environments.
Increasing the Reproducibility and Replicability of Supervised AI/ML in the Earth Systems Science by Leveraging Social Science Methods
Authors: Wirz Christopher D. , Sutter Carly , Demuth Julie L. , Mayer Kirsten J. , Chapman William E. , Cains Mariana Goodall , Radford Jacob , Przybylo Vanessa , Evans Aaron , Martin Thomas , Gaudet Lauriana C. , Sulia Kara , Bostrom Ann , Gagne David John , Bassill Nick , Schumacher Andrea , Thorncroft Christopher
Published: July 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) pose a challenge for achieving science that is both reproducible and replicable. The challenge is compounded in supervised models that depend on manually labeled training data, as they introduce additional decision‐making and processes that require thorough documentation and reporting. We address these limitations by providing an approach to hand labeling training data for supervised ML that integrates quantitative content analysis (QCA)—a method from social science research. The QCA approach provides a rigorous and well‐documented hand labeling procedure to improve the replicability and reproducibility of supervised ML applications in Earth systems science (ESS), as well as the ability to evaluate them. Specifically, the approach requires (a) the articulation and documentation of the exact decision‐making process used for assigning hand labels in a “codebook” and (b) an empirical evaluation of the reliability” of the hand labelers. In this paper, we outline the contributions of QCA to the field, along with an overview of the general approach. We then provide a case study to further demonstrate how this framework has and can be applied when developing supervised ML models for applications in ESS. With this approach, we provide an actionable path forward for addressing ethical considerations and goals outlined by recent AGU work on ML ethics in ESS.
Evaluation and Uncertainty Analysis of the Land Surface Hydrology in LS3MIP Models Over China
Authors: Ma Xin , Wang Aihui
Published: July 2024

The Land Surface, Snow and Soil moisture Model Intercomparison Project (LS3MIP) offers valuable land surface hydrology products from the land modules of current Earth system models (ESMs). Historical hydrological variables from six ESMs driven by four meteorological forcing data sets (GSWP, WFDEI, CRU‐NCEP, and Princeton) in Land Model Intercomparison Project (LMIP) have been extensively evaluated with various high‐quality reference data sets over Chinese mainland. Compared with the reference data sets, the multi‐model ensemble means (MMEs) of most hydrological variables are underestimated, while their annual trends show high spatial consistency, with sign consistency over 56%–85% of land area. After computing and ranking four statistical metrics (bias, correlation coefficient, normalized standard deviation, and unbiased root‐mean‐square biases) between simulations and references, it is found that the CLM5 has the best performance, while the GSWP3 exhibits the highest quality. Furthermore, the analysis of variance method (ANOVA) is then used to trace sources (model, atmospheric forcing data sets and their interactions) of the uncertainty of those modeling hydrological variables for 1900–2012 (1948–2012 for runoff) over China. The results indicate that the total uncertainty and its composition vary with time and decrease significantly in recent decades, reflecting the enhanced forcing data quality. Larger forcing uncertainty existed during the early twentieth century because less available observation data sets have been adopted to constrain climate variables. For all modeling hydrological variables, the model uncertainty plays the dominant role, suggesting that the quality of LMIP products largely relies on Land surface models.
How Critical Is the Accuracy of the Atmospheric Transport Modeling to Improve the Urban CO2 Emission in India?—A Lagrangian‐Based Approach
Authors: Sukumaran Jithin , Pillai Dhanyalekshmi , Thilakan Vishnu , Lekshmi Saradambal , Udayakumar Gokul , Mathew Thara Anna , Ravi Aparnna , MG Manoj
Published: July 2024

Anthropogenic CO2 emission reduction strategies depend on how well we track emission enhancements at the urban scale. The estimation system, based on inverse modeling, relies on our knowledge of atmospheric transport and prior flux distributions. Hence, the analysis framework must account for uncertainties associated with each component in order to interpret the variations in observed CO2. Using an ensemble of simulations, we quantify the uncertainties in simulating anthropogenic CO2 mixing ratio enhancements at 15 locations in India. Differences in the representation of transport mechanisms and prior emission in the forward model induce a consistently large model spread of 62.2% and 41.9%, respectively, in the simulated mixing ratio over cities. The analysis reports an average uncertainty of 2.2 ppm with a maximum of 8 ppm for representing diurnally averaged anthropogenic CO2 enhancement. Diurnal variations in emissions and transport induce a rectification effect in those enhancements. The outcome of this study can thus inform future atmospheric CO2 inversion modeling at an urban scale on the expected forward model uncertainties, which are the essential components in the Bayesian inversion framework, typically lacking in the Indian region. The first‐order inversion experiments show that the change in the transport model induces significant uncertainty (up to 84.9%) in anthropogenic CO2 flux estimation at the national scale. Hence, the confidence level of inverse‐based emission estimation in India depends considerably on the accuracy of atmospheric transport modeling.
Exploring the Behaviors of Initiated Progressive Failure and Slow‐Moving Landslides in Los Angeles Using Satellite InSAR and Pixel Offset Tracking
Authors: Li Xiang , Handwerger Alexander L. , Peltzer Gilles , Fielding Eric
Published: July 2024

Catastrophic landslides are often preceded by slow, progressive, accelerating deformation that differs from the persistent motion of slow‐moving landslides. Here, we investigate the motion of a landslide that damaged 12 homes in Rolling Hills Estates (RHE), Los Angeles, California on 8 July 2023, using satellite‐based synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) and pixel tracking of satellite‐based optical images. To better understand the precursory motion of the RHE landslide, we compared its behavior with local precipitation and with several slow‐moving landslides nearby. Unlike the slow‐moving landslides, we found that RHE was a first‐time progressive failure that failed after one of the wettest years on record. We then applied a progressive failure model to interpret the failure mechanisms and further predict the failure time from the pre‐failure movement of RHE. Our work highlights the importance of monitoring incipient slow motion of landslides, particularly where no discernible historical displacement has been observed.
Co‐Benefits of Mitigating Aerosol Pollution to Future Solar and Wind Energy in China Toward Carbon Neutrality
Authors: Ren Lili , Yang Yang , Wang Hailong , Wang Pinya , Yue Xu , Liao Hong
Published: July 2024

The climate commitment to achieving carbon neutrality before 2060 in China has been announced recently. In the context of pursuing carbon neutrality, sharing similar sources as greenhouse gases, aerosol particle and precursor emissions are projected to substantially decrease in China, which can potentially have a great impact on climate. Here, we investigate the effects of future aerosol reductions, because of achieving carbon neutrality, on solar and wind energy in China by using an earth system model. We show that significant reductions in aerosol emissions, particularly in eastern China, lead to increases in the surface downwelling shortwave radiation, surface air temperature and wind speed, which can further enhance the potential of solar and wind energy production. The findings underline that the pursuit of carbon neutrality can yield co‐benefits of not only mitigating climate change and air pollution but also fortifying the stability of renewable energy sources.
Variability in the Electrodynamics of the Small Scale Auroral Arc
Authors: Krcelic P. , Fear R. C. , Whiter D. , Lanchester B. , Brindley N.
Published: July 2024

A statistical study has been made of dynamic small‐scale auroral events in order to understand the drivers of the large variability in the electrodynamics of auroral arcs at fine scales. We used the Auroral Structure and Kinetics (ASK) instrument, located on Svalbard, in order to measure various electrodynamic properties of fine scale auroral arcs. We performed Spearman and Kendall statistical tests and found two significant correlations. The first is between the mean precipitation flux and the variability of flux, which we assume is because of the dynamic and bursty nature of the acceleration mechanism and its dependence on Alfvén waves. The second correlation is between the variability of the precipitating electron flux and the variability of the tangential component of the electric field close to the arc and perpendicular to the magnetic field. We propose that both variabilities occur because of the variability of the upward (field‐aligned) current sheet in and around the arc, which is dynamic and non‐uniform. The correlation between the two variabilities can therefore be explained by their common source.
Evaluation of a New Approach for Entrainment and Detrainment Rate Estimation
Authors: Zhu Lei , Lu Chunsong , Xu Xiaoqi , Li Yabin , Luo Shi , He Xin , Gao Sinan , Li Junjun , Chen Yiqi , Wang Yuan , Liu Yangang
Published: July 2024

Entrainment and detrainment rates (ε and δ) constitute the most critical free parameters in mass flux schemes commonly employed for cumulus parameterizations. Recently, Zhu et al. (2021) introduced a new approach that utilizes aircraft observations to simultaneously estimate ε and δ for cumulus clouds, overcoming the limitation of other observation‐based approaches that solely yield ε without offering insights into δ. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the reliability of this new approach. First, evaluation using an Explicit Mixing Parcel Model demonstrates the capability of the new approach to back‐calculate predetermined ε and δ based on the physical properties before and after the entrainment mixing. Second, evaluation using large‐eddy simulations illustrates that the new approach yields consistent ε and δ profiles compared to the traditional approach. Sensitivity tests indicate a weak sensitivity of the estimated δ with the new approach to the entrained air source. A decrease in the proportion of cloudy air in the assumed detrained air leads to a reduction in the estimated δ, while ε remains unaffected. Finally, the most appropriate assumptions for entrained and detrained air are discussed. Estimating ε for cumulus parameterizations involves acquiring ambient air more than 500 m away from the cloud edge as entrained air. Due to implicit mean field approximations in the traditional approach, determining the optimal assumption for detrained air properties proves challenging. This study confirms the reliability of the new approach in estimating ε and δ, providing confidence in its application to extensive observational data and advancement in parameterization.
HIV-protease inhibitors potentiate the activity of carfilzomib in triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Besse Andrej , Sedlarikova Lenka , Buechler Lorina , Kraus Marianne , Yang Chieh-Hsiang , Strakova Nicol , Soucek Karel , Navratil Jiri , Svoboda Marek , Welm Alana L. , Joerger Markus , Driessen Christoph , Besse Lenka
Published: July 2024

Background

Resistance to chemotherapy is a major problem in the treatment of patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Preclinical data suggest that TNBC is dependent on proteasomes; however, clinical observations indicate that the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors in TNBC may be limited, suggesting the need for combination therapies.

Methods

We compared bortezomib and carfilzomib and their combinations with nelfinavir and lopinavir in TNBC cell lines and primary cells with regard to their cytotoxic activity, functional proteasome inhibition, and induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Furthermore, we evaluated the involvement of sXBP1, ABCB1, and ABCG2 in the cytotoxic activity of drug combinations.

Results

Carfilzomib, via proteasome β5 + β2 inhibition, is more cytotoxic in TNBC than bortezomib, which inhibits β5 + β1 proteasome subunits. The cytotoxicity of carfilzomib was significantly potentiated by nelfinavir or lopinavir. Carfilzomib with lopinavir induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and pro-apoptotic UPR through the accumulation of excess proteasomal substrate protein in TNBC in vitro. Moreover, lopinavir increased the intracellular availability of carfilzomib by inhibiting carfilzomib export from cells that express high levels and activity of ABCB1, but not ABCG2.

Conclusion

Proteasome inhibition by carfilzomib combined with nelfinavir/lopinavir represents a potential treatment option for TNBC, warranting further investigation.
A novel LGALS1-depended and immune-associated fatty acid metabolism risk model in acute myeloid leukemia stem cells
Authors: Qin Huanhuan , Peng Meixi , Cheng Jingsong , Wang Zhenyu , Cui Yinghui , Huang Yongxiu , Gui Yaoqi , Sun Yanni , Xiang Wenqiong , Huang Xiaomei , Huang Ting , Wang Li , Chen Jieping , Hou Yu
Published: July 2024

Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are recognized as the root cause of leukemia initiation, relapse, and drug resistance. Lipid species are highly abundant and essential component of human cells, which often changed in tumor microenvironment. LSCs remodel lipid metabolism to sustain the stemness. However, there is no useful lipid related biomarker has been approved for clinical practice in AML prediction and treatment. Here, we constructed and verified fatty acid metabolism-related risk score (LFMRS) model based on TCGA database via a series of bioinformatics analysis, univariate COX regression analysis, and multivariate COX regression analysis, and found that the LFMRS model could be an independent risk factor and predict the survival time of AML patients combined with age. Moreover, we revealed that Galectin-1 (LGALS1, the key gene of LFMRS) was highly expressed in LSCs and associated with poor prognosis of AML patients, and LGALS1 repression inhibited AML cell and LSC proliferation, enhanced cell apoptosis, and decreased lipid accumulation in vitro. LGALS1 repression curbed AML progression, lipid accumulation, and CD8+ T and NK cell counts in vivo. Our study sheds light on the roles of LFMRS (especially LGALS1) model in AML, and provides information that may help clinicians improve patient prognosis and develop personalized treatment regimens for AML.
Role of ferroptosis in radiation-induced soft tissue injury
Authors: Berry Charlotte E. , Kendig Carter B. , An Nicholas , Fazilat Alexander Z. , Churukian Andrew A. , Griffin Michelle , Pan Phoebe M. , Longaker Michael T. , Dixon Scott J. , Wan Derrick C.
Published: July 2024

Ionizing radiation has been pivotal in cancer therapy since its discovery. Despite its therapeutic benefits, IR causes significant acute and chronic complications due to DNA damage and the generation of reactive oxygen species, which harm nucleic acids, lipids, and proteins. While cancer cells are more vulnerable to ionizing radiation due to their inefficiency in repairing damage, healthy cells in the irradiated area also suffer. Various types of cell death occur, including apoptosis, necrosis, pyroptosis, autophagy-dependent cell death, immunogenic cell death, and ferroptosis. Ferroptosis, driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxide accumulation, has been recognized as crucial in radiation therapy’s therapeutic effects and complications, with extensive research across various tissues. This review aims to summarize the pathways involved in radiation-related ferroptosis, findings in different organs, and drugs targeting ferroptosis to mitigate its harmful effects.