bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiphase Flow Loop Testing of Autonomous Inflow Control Valve for Light Oil
Authors: Taghavi Soheila , Ismail Ismarullizam Mohd , Aakre Haavard , Mathiesen Vidar
Published: March 2021

To increase the production and recovery of marginal, mature, and challenging oil reservoirs, developing new inflow control technologies is of great importance. In cases where production of surrounding reservoir fluids such as gas and water can cause negative effects on both the total oil recovery and the amounts of energy required to drain the reservoir, the multiphase flow performances of these technologies are of particular significance.

In typical cases, a Long Horizontal Well (LHW) will eventually start producing increasing amounts of these fluids. This will cause the Water Cut (WC) and/or Gas Oil Ratio (GOR) to rise, ultimately forcing the well to be shut down even though there still are considerable amounts of oil left in the reservoir.

In earlier cases, Inflow Control Devices (ICD) and Autonomous Inflow Control Devices (AICD) have proven to limit these challenges and increase the total recovery by balancing the influx along the well and delaying the breakthrough of gas and/or water. The Autonomous Inflow Control Valve (AICV) builds on these same principles, and in addition has the ability to autonomously close when breakthrough of unwanted gas and/or water occurs. This will even out the total drawdown in the well, allowing it to continue producing without the WC and/or GOR reaching inacceptable limits.

As part of the qualification program of the light-oil AICV, extensive flow performance tests have been carried out in a multiphase flow loop test rig. The tests have been performed under realistic reservoir conditions with respect to variables such as pressure and temperature, with model oil, water, and gas at different WC's and GOR's. Conducting these multiphase experiments has been valuable in the process of establishing the AICV's multiphase flow behavior, and the results are presented and discussed in this paper. Single phase performance and a comparison with a conventional ICD are also presented. The results display that the AICV shows significantly better performance than the ICD, both for single and multiphase flow.

A static reservoir modelling method have been used to evaluate the AICV performance in a light-oil reservoir. When compared to a screen-only completion and an ICD completion, the simulation shows that a completion with AICV's will outperform the above-mentioned completions with respect to WC and GOR behavior. A discussion on how this novel AICV can be utilized in marginal, mature, and other challenging reservoirs will be provided in the paper.
Completion Design and Optimization to Assure Flow in Gas Wells Life Cycle
Authors: Mehran Fatemeh
Published: March 2021

There are 26 sedimentary basins in Asia divided into four categories on the basis of hydrocarbon prospectivity. A total of about 3.14 million square kilometres area is covered by these sedimentary basins which includes both onshore and offshore. One of the most prominent category-1 (commercially producing) basin of Asia is XXX basin with an estimated hydrocarbon potential of about 1130 million metric tonnes. It covers an area of 15000 square kilometres onshore and about 25000 square kilometrs offshore, upto a water depth of about 1000 m (National Data Repository, DGH-MoPNG, GOI). It is believed that Asia relies heavily on XXX Basin for its energy security. However, one of the major challenges being faced in the XXX Basin offshore field development is Flow Assurance. Since most of the fields offshore basin are in deepwater setting, high pressure and low temperature conditions aggravate flow assurance problems.

Flow assurance is identified as a significant deepwater offshore development challenges and hence has emerged as a prominent discipline in the oil and gas industry. There are several definitions of Flow Assurance, one of the most common of which is: Flow Assurance is the analysis of thermal, hydraulic and fluid related threats to flow and product quality and their mitigation using equipment, chemicals and procedure (Makogon T.Y., 2019). It can be understood as an all-encompassing holistic approach of fluid flow from the reservoir to point of sale with an integrated perspective of asset development. In simple terms flow assurance aims to ensure fluid flow irrespective of flow trajectory, fluid chemistry and environmental conditions (Brown L.D., 2002). It has become increasingly important in recent times as the industry has turned to deepwater resources for energy sources. There are multiple examples where the proper utilization of Flow Assurance technology has saved billions of dollars for oil and gas companies. Norske Shell saved approximately 30 billion NOK in the Troll field by resorting to direct electrical heating of produced fluids. The same was utilized by Italian company ENI for its Goliath development and by BP in its Skarv field (Makogon T.Y., 2019).

This paper describes a comprehensive workflow to identify and mitigate flow assurance risks for the deepwater block in XXX Basin.
Making Things Right in Development and Management of Highly Contaminated Giant Carbonate Gas Field and Returning the CO2 to Subsurface Sequestration
Authors: Tewari Raj Deo , Sedaralit Mohd Faizal
Published: March 2021

Natural gas is the noble fuel of 21st century. Consumption increased nearly 30% in last decade. Exploitation of conventional, unconventional, and contaminated gas resources are in focus to meet the demand. There are number of giant gas fields discovered worldwide and some of them with higher degree of contaminants viz. CO2, H2S and Hg. Additionally, they have operating challenges of high pressure and temperature. It becomes more complex when discovery is in offshore environment. This study presents the development and production, separation, transportation and identification & evaluation of storage sites and sequestration and MMV plan of a giant carbonate gas field in offshore Malaysia.

Geological, Geophysical and petrophysical data used to describe the reservoir architecture, property distribution and spatial variation in more than 1000m thick gas bearing formation. Laboratory studies carried out to generate the rock and fluid representative SCAL (G-W), EOS and Supercritical CO2-brine relative permeability, geomechanics and geochemical data for recovery and storage estimates in simulation model and evaluating the post storage scenario. These data are critical in hydrocarbon gas prediction and firming up the number of development wells and in the simulation of CO2 storage depleted carbonate gas field. Important is to understand the mechanism in the target field for storage capacity, types of storage- structural and stratigraphic trapping, solubility trapping, residual trapping and mineral trapping. Study covers methodologies developed for minimization of hydrocarbon loss during contaminants separation and utilization of CO2 in usable products. Uncertainty and risk analysis have been carried out to have range of solution for production prediction and CO2 storage.

Coupled Simulation studies predict the production plateau rate and 5 Tscf recovery separated contaminants profile and volume > one Tscf in order to have suitable geological structure for storage safely forever. Major uncertainties in the dynamic and coupled geomechanical-geochemical dynamic model has been captured and P90, P50, P10 forecast and storage rates and volumes have been calculated. Results includes advance methodologies of separation of hydrocarbon gas and CO2 like membrane and cryogenics for bulk separation of CO2 from raw gas and its transportation in liquid and supercritical form for storage. Study estimates components of sequestration mechanism, effect of heterogeneity on transport in porous media and height of stored CO2 in depleted reservoir and migration of plume vertically and horizontally. Generation of chemical product using separated CO2 for industrial use is highlighted.
Drilling Across a Highly Unstable Zone in an Exploratory Well in South Mexico
Authors: Cardenas Miguel Angel , Martinez Araceli , Hernandez Marce , Luna Octavio , Cano Ramon , Rodriguez Efrain
Published: March 2021

The Comalcalco Fault is a regional discontinuity that can present highly unstable zones when crossing it or its influence zone. This instability can lead to notorious increase in drag forces, cavings, stuck pipe events and ultimately loss of sections or the well. In the 12 ¼" hole of this exploratory well, this fault was present and despite some of the wells in the field managed to cross it without consequences, the influence was more notorious, and the problems lead to catastrophic results.

While drilling the 12 ¼" section, the team was able to drill up to 4368 m without any relevant problems. The fault was intersected and drilled pass to section TD with the previous casing shoe at 2966 m. However, when a trip to surface was necessary, abnormal drag forces that avoided further movement of the string were experienced. This event led to the loss of the section and the need to perform a sidetrack, right across the influence zone of the fault at 3200 m.

The risk was reassessed, and numerous preventive and mitigation measures were put in place, including drilling the section with a 12 ¼" pilot bit, enlarging the pilot hole to 13 ½" to cover the influence zone and having a contingency plan to run the 11 ¾" liner. Additionally, the formations were reinforced through drilling fluids design, and drilling and tripping strategies were optimized to minimize zonal invasion and influence zone disturbances that could lead to additional cavings.

After the successful sidetrack, the section was drilled to 3600 m, 200 m below the fault’s influence zone. Good ROPs and low levels of stick and slip were observed despite several reaming runs while drilling. The contingency liner was run to TD, achieving the objective of isolating the influence zone of the Comalcalco Fault. With the problematic zone placed behind pipes, drilling the remaining of the original 12 ¼" sections with a 10 5/8" × 12 ¼" reamer resulted in the longest and fastest enlarged section to be realized in the field. With all the preventive measures put in place, the original 9 5/8" casing was set at its planned depth, avoiding an additional casing string and a change of the design of the completion.
Engineered High-Performance Lightweight Thixotropic Lost Circulation Solution for Vugular and Natural Fractured Formations UAE Case History
Authors: Phyoe Thein Zaw , Salazar Jose , Albuja Eduardo Herrera , Kapoor Saurabh , Orfali Mohd Waheed , Kondo Kazuyoshi , Sajid Muhammad , Rahhal Gilbert
Published: March 2021

Lost circulation while drilling across vugular or naturally fractured formations is a difficult challenge which will come with high cost for the oil and gas industry. When lost circulation encounter, the drilling company will result in nonproductive time and remedial operational expenses. Most of the fields in UAE are encountering lost circulation problems while drilling across surface sections, which are difficult to control with conventional lost circulation solutions. Newly engineered high-performance lightweight thixotropic proves beneficial to control losses in vugular and natural fractured formations. The main challenge while drilling the surface section in one UAE field is the total loss of returns and flowing formation. This leads to the inability to continue drilling due logistics to continue producing drilling fluid and to keep the well under control and risk of stuck pipe due to poor cuttings removal. Conventional low-density cement slurries have been widely used to cure losses while drilling, but with low effectiveness. A new lost circulation solution that combines lightweight (10.5–lbm/galUS) high-performance cement and a thixotropic agent produce an engineered high-performance lightweight thixotropic lost circulation solution with fast gel strength and improved compressive strength, enabling the plugging of large voids and fractures to recovery wellbore integrity required to continue drilling.

Extensive laboratory qualification tests were performed for static gel strength development to confirm the plugging efficiency and compressive strength development. The results were promising with more than 110 lbf/100 ft2 of static gel strength in 10 minutes and compressive strength development of 1,000 psi within 24 hours at low surface temperature. In addition, a transition time (TT) with on-off-on test demonstrated more faster gel strength development was developed when the reduction of the shear rate and regained pumpable with reapplication of shear. In one of the wells, total losses were encountered while drilling across surface section. The lightweight high-performance thixotropic solution was pumped for the first time worldwide, proved that the innovative lost circulation solution was effective in curing the losses, and enabled the operator to continue drilling the section to TD.

This case study demonstrates that the engineered system is effective in curing losses and reducing nonproductive time. The unique properties of more faster gel strength and enhanced compressive strength make this system more effective for treating a different types of lost circulation scenarios during drilling (Jadhav and Patil, 2018). New high-performance lightweight thixotropic cement lost circulation solution exhibits strong performance in curing total losses and establishing well integrity with reliability.
Light Weight Cement Slurry Tailored With Suspended Beads For Optimum Isolation of Highly Depleted Reservoirs in Offshore Malaysia: A Case Study
Authors: Patil Mayank , Annamalai Ramesh , Tan Brendon , Kumar Avinash Kishore , Lau Chee Hen , Bin Saari Muhammad Syazwan
Published: March 2021

Hollow-glass microspheres (beads) are widely used to generate light weight cement slurries for cementing across highly depleted zones and weaker formations; this paper discusses tailoring of a cement slurry and the execution of cementing operations for the successful deployment of an innovative liquid bead solution instead of the conventionally blended beads to achieve zonal isolation for a development well in Malaysia.

Usage of dry bulk blended beads poses many challenges, such as rig and vessel silo management, quality control of beads, multiple blends on the rig and excess back-up blends. A new approach has been proposed using a liquid bead system to produce a light weight cement slurry by adding beads stabilized within a suspension fluid as another liquid additive to help eliminate the need of dry bulk blending of beads and at the same time accomplishing all the obligatory cement properties for a production casing section in depleted zones.

A successful offshore application of liquid beads was executed in a production casing, meeting all the necessary property requirements for cementing in a depleted zone. The cement slurry was developed in a local field laboratory with standard laboratory testing techniques and equipment. Liquid beads can be added to the cement slurry using liquid additive pumps or batch mixed on the surface. Considering the slurry volume of the production section and the importance of a homogeneous cement slurry, liquid beads were injected into the recirculating line of the cement batch mixer. A yard trial was performed prior to the actual job which validated the easy transfer of liquid beads. Relative to the conventional dry-blended approach, this economically more efficient liquid bead cement system was easy to mix and achieved the required design density without any operational issues. The cementing operation was executed with full returns throughout the job at maximum planned displacement rates. To evaluate cement placement, a post job analysis was performed.

The first application of this liquid bead technology in Malaysia was to generate a light-weight cement slurry and was successfully implemented for a 9-5/8" production casing where 167 bbl of the liquid bead base cement slurry was mixed, pumped & effectively placed.
Progressive Cavity Pump Self Optimising System Argentina Field
Authors: Iguaran Marco , Suarez Leonardo , Paz Juan , Altube Martin , Nicoletti Ariel , Bustamante Mario
Published: March 2021

One of the greatest challenges for wells using an artificial lift system (ALS) is the ability to optimize production while minimizing expenditure. This process involves a perfect balance between effective oil production management, extending ALS longevity, and ensuring energy efficiency, to produce the lowest operational cost. In oil fields under secondary recovery and mature or depleting conditions, production optimization involves continuous monitoring and surveillance of operational variables affecting changes in flow rates caused by surface and subsurface conditions, such as water injection, pressures, obstructions, etc. To achieve the desired goal of a properly optimized process, strong technical expertise is required almost continuously. Based on years of experience in ALS monitoring, surveillance and optimization, various tools and software have been developed to assist in parameter monitoring.

Traditionally, the well optimization of progressive cavity pumps (PCP's) is completed on a daily or weekly basis through the analysis of continuous monitoring and surveillance data by a technical expert. As an alternative, downhole (DH) gauges have been installed to directly measure the exploitation conditions, however, such gauges can be costly relative to the production lifting method. To improve the process, well optimization control units have been produced to maximize oil production using algorithms. These systems take advantage of surface variables such as velocity, current, torque, flow rate, and wellhead and casing pressures to respond to changes in operational conditions, ensuring maximum system uptime and reducing intervention costs by increasing the mean runtime between failures.

This paper will focus on the well monitoring and optimization system implemented in a YPF well in Neuquen, Argentina. The theoretical bases, concerns, benefits and results will be discussed throughout. The evaluated well used a surface flow meter to allow the system to converge to an optimal flow rate by changing velocity while considering system performance in terms of submergence, torque, current, and wear between the tubing and rod string at high operating speeds. Post-implementation, by optimizing the flow rate, the oil production doubled while reducing the manhours required, ultimately increasing profit while reducing operational costs.

The results of implementing this well monitoring and optimization system have been validated through field trial, creating a trusted method to extend throughout Argentina fields and aiding production engineers in their optimization targets.
Minimising Torsional Vibration Due to Stick Slip Using Z Technology for Drilling Energy Efficiency in Multiple Hard Stringers Field in Offshore Malaysia
Authors: Nordin Mohamad Haikal , Looi Lai Keng , Slagel Pete , Othman Mohamad Hafiz , Affandi Abdul Razak , Zurhan Mohamad Syahmi
Published: March 2021

Field T is well known with its multiple layers of hard stringers that can go up to 25 ksi UCS at certain intervals, predominantly in 12-1/4" and 8-1/2" hole section. This can lead to stick-slip problem whereby the drill bit momentarily stalls due to high static friction, while the drill string keeps rotating. As a result, torque will buildup in pipe until it overcomes the friction at the bit, resulting in the drill pipe unwinding itself. Over time, this issue results in reduced drilling efficiency (i.e. lower ROP), eventually causing damage to the bit or worse, twisting off the BHA, which translates into high cost exposure to the Operator.

During the exploration phase, the Operator required on average, 4 to 7 bit trips to drill 12-1/4" hole section and 2 to 4 trips were required to drill 8-1/2" hole section. The most reported reason to pull out of the hole were, BHA change out, downhole tool failure (DTF) and low rate of penetration (ROP). The bits’ inner & outer cutters were also reported to be damaged with dull grading as high as wear value of 7 or 8.

Z technology is a torsional vibration mitigation system that uses wide band impedance (Z) matching concept that aims to absorb all torque waves arriving at top drive by overcoming inertia of motor & gearbox. The Z Technology changes the conventional hard boundary condition of a standard top drive (TD) RPM controller that is "stiff" (constant RPM) which results in full reflection of all torsional waves. A "stiff" TD control system leads to growth of standing waves (A combination of TD constant RPM & stick-slip "unwind" RPM) in the string which eventually may lead to torsional vibrations to the drill bit and/or motor housing/BHA.

While drilling Development Phase 1B, Z Technology was seen to be effective in mitigating stick-slip. As a result, more mechanical specific energy (MSE) was available to be transmitted to the bit for formation rock removal. All three wells in the Phase 1B campaign managed to achieve the highest ROP in T field. This translated into cost savings in rig time and cost avoidance to Operator due to BHA damage.

The paper will discuss the details of the Z Technology mechanism, its implementation and evaluating its effectiveness in minimizing torsional vibration due to the stick-slip issue.
Successful Collision Risk Management with Realtime Advanced Survey Correction in A Challenging Horizontal Well
Authors: Tossapol Tongkum , Siritheerasas Khamawat , Abu Jafar Feras , Phu Trinh Dinh , Hieu Pham Nam
Published: March 2021

The Well X in Nong Yao field, is an infill-well designed for the Gulf of Thailand which presented several interesting challenges due to its complexity, tortuosity, and potential collision risks with other wells. This paper demonstrates the application of a Real-time Advanced Survey Correction (RASC) with Multi Station Analysis (MSA) to correct the Measurement While Drilling (MWD)'s azimuth.

The Well X is a 3D Complex design with a high drilling difficulty index (DDI) at 6.9, high tortuosity of 316 degree, and which has an aggressive build on inclination and azimuthal U-turning well path. The well also creates difficult doglegs severity (DLS) up to 5.5deg/100ft, which is near the limit of the flexibility required to achieve the horizontal landing point. The conventional MWD survey, with proximity scanning with the nearby Well A, demonstrates high risk with a calculated Oriented Separation Factor (OSF) of 1.01. The RASC-MSA method is applied with a clearly defined workflow during execution in real-time and provide significant improvement in calculated OSF.

RASC-MSA is applied for every 1,000 ft interval drilling below the 9.625in casing shoe. The workflow ensures that the directional driller follows the corrected survey along the well path and especially in the last 300 ft before reaching the electrical submersible pump (ESP) tangent section. The result from RASC-MSA, indicated a 29 ft lateral shift on the left side of the MWD standard surveys. Without this technique, Well X has a high potential to collide with Well A and Well B (Figure 1) as the actual OSF may less than 1 while drilling. The final 3D Least Distance proximity scanning with Well A shows a minimum OSF = 1.35, which is a 30% improvement compared to the conventional MWD survey. Another nearby well, Well B, indicates a minimum OSF=1.66 and passed the anti-collision OSF rule. In consideration of the drilling efficiency, availability, cost effectiveness and time saving, the RASC-MSA analysis to correct the MWD's azimuth are applied and the separation factor can be improved by 30%. In conclusion, the collision risk management technique applied successfully met the complex challenges of Well X, which was successfully drilled and safely delivered.

Figure 1 3D visualization to exhibit the collision issue between Well X and nearby existing Wells A and Well B.
The classical capacity achievable by a quantum channel assisted by limited entanglement
Authors: Shor P.W.
Published: March 2021

We give the trade-off curve showing the capacity of a quantum channel as a function of the amount of entanglement used by the sender and receiver for transmitting information. The endpoints of this curve are given by the Holevo-Schumacher-Westmoreland capacity formula and the entanglement-assisted capacity, which is the maximum over all input density matrices of the quantum mutual information. The proof we give is based on the Holevo-Schumacher-Westmoreland formula, and also gives a new and simpler proof for the entanglement-assisted capacity formula.
Quantum and classical message protect identification via quantum channels
Authors: Winter A.
Published: March 2021

We discuss concepts of message identification in the sense of Ahlswede and Dueck via general quantum channels, extending investigations for classical channels, initial work for classical--quantum (cq) channels and ``quantum fingerprinting''. We show that the identification capacity of a discrete memoryless quantum channel for classical information can be larger than that for transmission; this is in contrast to all previously considered models, where it turns out to equal the common randomness capacity (equals transmission capacity in our case): in particular, for a noiseless qubit, we show the identification capacity to be 2, while transmission and common randomness capacity are 1. Then we turn to a natural concept of identification of quantum messages (i.e. a notion of ``fingerprint'' for quantum states). This is much closer to quantum information transmission than its classical counterpart (for one thing, the code length grows only exponentially, compared to double exponentially for classical identification). Indeed, we show how the problem exhibits a nice connection to visible quantum coding. Astonishingly, for the noiseless qubit channel this capacity turns out to be 2: in other words, one can compress two qubits into one and this is optimal. In general however, we conjecture quantum identification capacity to be different from classical identification capacity.
Non-stabilizer quantum codes from Abelian subgroups of the error group
Authors: Arvind V. , Kurur P.P. , Parthasarathy K.R.
Published: March 2021

This paper is motivated by the computer-generated nonadditive code described in Rains et al\cite{rains97nonadditive}. We describe a theory of non-stabilizer codes of which the nonadditive code of Rains et al is an example. Furthermore, we give a general strategy of constructing good nonstabilizer codes from good stabilizer codes and give some explicit constructions and asymptotically good nonstabilizer codes. Like in the case of stabilizer codes, we can design fairly efficient encoding and decoding procedures.
Optical demonstrations of statistical decision theory for quantum systems
Authors: Barnett S.M.
Published: March 2021

The work of Holevo and other pioneers of quantum information theory has given us limits on the performance of communication systems. Only recently, however, have we been able to perform laboratory demonstrations approaching the ideal quantum limit. This article presents some of the known limits and bounds together with the results of our experiments based on optical polarisation.
Classical capacity of free-space optical communication
Authors: Giovannetti V. , Guha S. , Lloyd S. , Maccone L. , Shapiro J.H. , Yen B.J. , Yuen H.P.
Published: March 2021

The classical-information capacity of lossy bosonic channels is studied, with emphasis on the far-field free space channel.
Comments on multiplicativity of maximal p-norms when p=2
Authors: King C. , Ruskai M.B.
Published: March 2021

We consider the maximal p-norm associated with a completely positive map and the question of its multiplicativity under tensor products. We give a condition under which this multiplicativity holds when p = 2, and we describe some maps which satisfy our condition. This class includes maps for which multiplicativity is known to fail for large p. Our work raises some questions of independent interest in matrix theory; these are discussed in two appendices.
Qubit channels which require four inputs to achieve capacity: Implications for additivity conjectures
Authors: Hayashi M. , Imai H. , Matsumoto K. , Ruskai M.B. , Shimono T.
Published: March 2021

An example is given of a qubit quantum channel which requires four inputs to maximize the Holevo capacity. The example is one of a family of channels which are related to 3-state channels. The capacity of the product channel is studied and numerical evidence presented which strongly suggests additivity. The numerical evidence also supports a conjecture about the concavity of output entropy as a function of entanglement parameters. However, an example is presented which shows that for some channels this conjecture does not hold for all input states. A numerical algorithm for finding the capacity and optimal inputs is presented and its relation to a relative entropy optimization discussed.
Asymmetric phase covariant d-dimensional cloning
Authors: Lamoureux L.-P. , Cerf N.J.
Published: March 2021

We consider cloning transformations of d-dimensional states of the form $e^{i\phi_0}|0> + e^{i\phi_1}|1> +...+ e^{i\phi_{d-1}}|d-1>$ that are covariant with respect to rotations of the phases $\phi_i$'s. The optimal cloning maps are easily obtained using a well-defined general characterization of state-dependent $1 \rightarrow 2$ cloning transformations in arbitrary dimensions. Our results apply to symmetric as well as asymmetric cloners, so that the balance between the fidelity of the two clones can be analyzed.
Some attacks on quantum-based cryptographic protocols
Authors: Lo H-K , Ko T-M
Published: March 2021

Quantum-based cryptographic protocols are often said to enjoy security guaranteed by the fundamental laws of physics. However, even carefully designed quantum-based cryptographic schemes may be susceptible to subtle attacks that are outside the original design. As an example, we give attacks against a recently proposed ``secure communication using mesoscopic coherent states'', which employs mesoscopic states, rather than single-photon states. Our attacks can be used either as a known-plaintext attack or in the case where the plaintext has not been randomized. One of our attacks requires beamsplitters and the replacement of a lossy channel by a lossless one. It is successful provided that the original loss in the channel is so big that Eve can obtain $2^k$ copies of what Bob receives, where $k$ is the length of the seed key pre-shared by Alice and Bob. In addition, substantial improvements over such an exhaustive key search attack can be made, whenever a key is reused. Furthermore, we remark that, under the same assumption of a known or non-random plaintext, Grover's exhaustive key search attack can be applied directly to "secure communication using mesoscopic coherent states", whenever the channel loss is more than 50 percent. Therefore, as far as information-theoretic security is concerned, optically amplified signals necessarily degrade the security of the proposed scheme, when the plaintext is known or non-random. Our attacks apply even if the mesoscopic scheme is used only for key generation with a subsequent use of the key for one-time-pad encryption. Studying those attacks can help us to better define the risk models and parameter spaces in which quantum-based cryptographic schemes can operate securely. Finally, we remark that our attacks do not affect standard protocols such as Bennett-Brassard BB84 protocol or Bennett B92 protocol, which rely on single-photon signals.
Notes on super-operator norms induced by Schatten norms
Authors: Watrous J.
Published: March 2021

Let $\Phi$ be a super-operator, i.e., a linear mapping of the form $\Phi:\mathrm{L}(\mathcal{F})\rightarrow\mathrm{L}(\mathcal{G})$ for finite dimensional Hilbert spaces $\mathcal{F}$ and $\mathcal{G}$. This paper considers basic properties of the super-operator norms defined by $\|\Phi\|_{q\rightarrow p}= \sup\{\|\Phi(X)\|_p/\|X\|_q\,:\,X\not=0\}$, induced by Schatten norms for $1\leq p,q\leq\infty$. These super-operator norms arise in various contexts in the study of quantum information. In this paper it is proved that if $\Phi$ is completely positive, the value of the supremum in the definition of $\|\Phi\|_{q\rightarrow p}$ is achieved by a positive semidefinite operator $X$, answering a question recently posed by King and Ruskai~\cite{KingR04}. However, for any choice of $p\in [1,\infty]$, there exists a super-operator $\Phi$ that is the {\em difference} of two completely positive, trace-preserving super-operators such that all Hermitian $X$ fail to achieve the supremum in the definition of $\|\Phi\|_{1\rightarrow p}$. Also considered are the properties of the above norms for super-operators tensored with the identity super-operator. In particular, it is proved that for all $p\geq 2$, $q\leq 2$, and arbitrary $\Phi$, the norm $\|\Phi \|_{q\rightarrow p}$ is stable under tensoring $\Phi$ with the identity super-operator, meaning that $\|\Phi \|_{q\rightarrow p} = \|\Phi \otimes I\|_{q\rightarrow p}$. For $1\leq p < 2$, the norm $\|\Phi\|_{1\rightarrow p}$ may fail to be stable with respect to tensoring $\Phi$ with the identity super-operator as just described, but $\|\Phi\otimes I\|_{1\rightarrow p}$ is stable in this sense for $I$ the identity super-operator on $\mathrm{L}(\mathcal{H})$ for $\op{dim}(\mathcal{H}) = \op{dim}(\mathcal{F})$. This generalizes and simplifies a proof due to Kitaev \cite{Kitaev97} that established this fact for the case $p=1$.
Can quantum cryptography imply quantum mechanics?
Authors: Smolin J.A.
Published: March 2021

It has been suggested that the ability of quantum mechanics to allow secure distribution of secret key together with its inability to allow bit commitment or communicate superluminally might be sufficient to imply the rest of quantum mechanics. I argue using a toy theory as a counterexample that this is not the case. I further discuss whether an additional axiom (key storage) brings back the quantum nature of the theory.
Evaluation of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Patients in Regards to Co-Morbid Conditions and Personal Habits
Authors: Archana S  , Kumaresan M  , Sangeetha A  , Balaji Karunakaran  , Yuvaraj Maria Francis
Published: March 2021

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases encountered in urology practice which commonly occurs in the ageing man. Similarly, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and erectile dysfunction also increases with ageing. This study is an attempt to look at the percentage of patients presenting with any associated illness and then to assess the risk of smoking and alcohol consumption and their socioeconomic status of our group of patients by taking a thorough history of BPH patients. The study was conducted in the urology department saveetha medical college and hospital. This was a prospective cross-sectional study from October 2019 till February 2020. In this study, 150 BPH patients history was taken, and data regarding their co-morbid conditions, smoking habits and alcohol consumption were taken, and results were analyzed. Among the co-morbid conditions in this group of patients, the most typical medical condition found was diabetes (46%) and the second most common cause was erectile dysfunction (32%). Further, public health perspective research with factual data collected through various hospitals to assess future trends in BPH incidence rates and co-morbid conditions must be strongly encouraged to identify risk factors for the Indian population.
Applications of primary alkylamines in nanoparticles formation and stabilization
Authors: Al-Khafaji Enas
Published: March 2021

Fatty amines or primary alkyl-amines like hexylamine, Octylamine, Decylamine, Dodecylamine, Tetradecylamine, Hexadecylamine, and Octadecylamine have been used widely in nanoparticles formation, preparation and for stabilization issue; due to their low toxicity and easily utility. The most common use of fatty amines in many research work that has been reviewed is as capping and stabilizing agent for the nanoparticles, and that is related to their abilities to stabilize nanoparticles and reduce Ostwald ripening after nanoparticles formation. Moreover, Fatty amines surfactants have been reported in many research works to assist the formation of monodisperse size because they can be adsorbed on the surface of nanoparticles which limit variability in nanoparticles size and also they can form a coat around nanoparticles that prevent agglomeration or aggregation of nanoparticles. Also, other uses that have been addressed for fatty amines as they served as hydrophobic part due to hydrocarbon chain tail. These tails for fatty amines especially those with long hydrocarbon chain more than 12 carbons like; Dodecylamine C12, tetradecylamine C14, hexadecylamine C16 and octadecylamine C18 can be fabricated and conjugated with other molecules or polymers for many nanoparticles synthesis which can help in the self-assembly of nanoparticles. Moreover, due to their high boiling point; they used as solvents and reaction catalyst facilitate the formation of nanoparticles. Finally, fatty amines surfactant used as the ligating compound also assist the formation of nanoparticles.
THE WORK HARD ETHIC OF TEACHER (ETOS KERJA KERAS GURU) DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SEBAGAI PILAR PENDIDIKAN YANG BERKARAKTE
Authors: Sutarman Sutarman
Published: March 2021

Teacher isnâ€˜t one of all source of science in learning process. So, if the teacher needs survive in his or her contribution in the learning teaching process, they must do some innovations. Its means, the teacherÂ  must have work hard ethic in doing to do the innovation, learning approach, chosing the metode and media. In order to make the learning teaching process run well, therefore the teacher is not only has mastered his or her competence but also has mastered the emotion quotion, spiritual quotion and has mastered the information, communication and technology. Beside that, the teacher who has work hard ethic,Â  is the teacher who has optimism. It means, in doing his task of the learning teaching process must have the strong motivation. So, the teacher will get the best achievement.
PERBEDAAN TINGKAT AGRESIVITAS PADA SISWA SMU MUHI YOGYAKARTA BERDASAR POLA ASUH DAN JENIS PEKERJAAN ORANG TUA
Authors: Kistoro Hanif Cahyo Adi
Published: March 2021

This research aims at examining the difference of aggressiveness in students Senior High School of First Muhammedan (SMU MUHI) Yogyakarta from parentâ€™s rearings and parentâ€™s jobs. It based on phenomenons, suchÂ  increase of fights along students, behaviors of students less polite to teachers, and others, especially that occurs in Yogyakarta. It indicated of aggressive behaviour. It may be caused of not right of parentâ€™s rearings, and parentâ€™s rearings has correlation with parentâ€™s jobs. From these phenomenons, reseacher want to investigated about difference of aggressiveness in students Senior High School of First Muhammedan from parentâ€™s rearings (authoritarian, democratic, and permissive) and from parentâ€™s jobs (entrepreneur, official civil servant/PNS, and military) point of view to aggressiveness. Two hypotheses tested are as follows: (a) that there is a difference of agressiveness in students Senior High School of First Muhammedan (SMU MUHI) have parents tendency to authoritatif, democratic, and permissive, and b) that there is a difference of agressiveness in students Senior High School of First Muhammedan (SMU MUHI) have parents as entrepreneur, official civil servant, and military. Subjects of the research include seventy six students of first class and sixty seven students of second class in Senior High School of First Muhammedan (SMU MUHI), Yogyakarta and their parents, totally is one hundred and sixty person. The two instruments administered in data gathering (quantitative data) include parentâ€™s rearings scale for studentsâ€™ parent (within there was a identity of parentâ€™s job), agressiveness scale for students, and interview (qualitative data). Variance analysis 2-stripes (Anava 2-jalur) were applied to analyze the data. The outcome shows the following: (a) there is a significant difference of three parentâ€™s rearings to bring about aggressiveness with F=366.479, standar error p=0.000, and difference average is: authoritarian=69.344; democratic=79.283; permissive=87.862. (b) there is not a significant difference of three parentâ€™s jobs to bring about aggressiveness with F=0.054, standar error p=0.583, and differenceÂ  average is: entrepreneur=77.632; official civil servant=76.436; military=76.960. From the result of parentâ€™s rearings appeared that permissive is the most influential from all (authoritarian and democratic) to bring about aggressiveness in students of Senior High School of First Muhhammedan, Yogyakarta, and parentâ€™s rearings hasnâ€™t influence to bring about childrenâ€™s aggressiveness.
MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN BAHASA PADA ANAK PRASEKOLAH (4-6 TAHUN) DENGAN METODE PERMAINAN
Authors: Ru'iya Sutipyo
Published: March 2021

A human being is born in a state of fitrah (bring potential) are ready to be developed. Every human capabilities that should be in the teaser (stimulus) in such a way as to develop the maximum. Similarly, the ability of language to a child should be given as early as possible so that stimuli can be maximum development. To achieve maximum progress on aspects of child language development, this article offers a method that is the game. According to many research results, giving the game assessed affective stimuli in children's language development.
IMPLEMENTASI KURIKULUM TINGKAT SATUAN PENDIDIKAN (KTSP) MATA PELAJARAN PENDIDIKAN AGAMA ISLAM PADA SMK NEGERI 2 PENGASIH KULON PROG
Authors: Wardani Wardani
Published: March 2021

This study aims to determine: 1) implementation of the Education Unit Level Curriculum (SBC) Subjects Islamic Education (PAI) at SMK Negeri 2 Compassionate, 2) the factors supporting and hindering implementation of SBC Subjects PAI in SMK Negeri 2 Compassionate. This research is a descriptive study using a qualitative analysis, in SMK Negeri 2 Compassionate Progo Regency for 1 month with the object of research is the implementation of SBC subjects of Islamic Education. The subjects of the study consisted of Principals and Vice-principals, teachers of Islam, the school committee, the Administrative Officer, Students of SMK Negeri 2 Compassionate. Data collected by in-depth interviews, observation documents. Data analysis was performed after testing the validity of data triangulation. Data analysis through the stages of editing, coding, data presentation, and conclusion. The results showed as follows. First, the implementation in the preparation phase of the syllabus and Learning Implementation Plan (RPP) has been good. During the implementation phase, the activity of students in pembeJajaran PAI in N 2 Compassionate pretty good, delivery of content is appropriate RPP, but the material can not be fully controlled by the student. In the evaluation phase, the average value obtained PAI N 2 Compassionate above the KKM is Class X, XI, XII, respectively 79.80, and 81 with KKM at 75. Second, the factors that support or hinder the implementation consists of factors students, factor learning atmosphere, facilities and infrastructure factors in the classroom or in the school, teachers factors and environmental factors. In conclusion, the implementation of the curriculum subjects PAI in N 2 Compassionate generally been going well. Factors that support or hinder the implementation of SBC is not always intrusive and do not always support due to various factors depend on the ability of teachers to manage classes.
PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DAN KECERDASAN MAJEMUK (MULTI INTELLIGENCES) DI MADRASAH MUâ€˜ALLIMAAT MUHAMMADIYAH YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Sutarman Sutarman
Published: March 2021

Madrasah Muâ€˜allimat Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta is one of Charitable Enterprises Muhammadiyah.It was established by KH. Ahmad Dahlan in Yogyakarta, who can not be forgotten his contribution. It is a modern education which clings to the authentic teachings of Islam, namely the Qurâ€™an and Al-Hadith, the education and development of general science (SQ, EQ, and AQ) that all the scientific aspects of inter-connective ties. Before the Indonesiaâ€™s independence until today, Madrasah is already taking part in educating the nation that prints quality education of human resources in order to prepare a reliable and robust human resources in a comprehensive manner that an educational process of the students in the school, not only hard skills but also soft skills. In terms of hard skills, Muhammadiyah Muâ€˜allimat Madrasah curriculum prepares students to compete with graduate school / madrasah in general in Indonesia by providing an adequate portion of the curriculum with the standard SNP, the Ministry of Religion and ISMUBA and adjust to the demands of the times. Muâ€˜allimaat Madrasah Education in Yogyakarta Muhammadiyah has implemented an integrated curriculum-inter connective. According to Amin Abdullah, the curriculum-inter connective is the existence of an implementation approach to epistemology bayani, Irfani and Burhani. It means that in addition to the education teaches spiritual intelligence which is guided by al-Qurâ€™an and al-Hadith (prophetic intelligence), aspects of emotional intelligence, adversity intelligence and general science are also taught.
POSISIONING PENDIDIKAN ISLAM DI ERA GLOBALISASI
Authors: Dewantoro Mohammad Hajar
Published: March 2021

Opportunities and challenges of globalization requires a superior human resources and competitively, which needs to be responded positively by the Islamic education. These opportunities need to be met by utilizing all the positive potential of globalization, disseminating the values of Islam to the world as an attempt to save mankind from viruses skularisasi who ignore the spiritual dimension in man. In addition, Islamic education should develop spiritual-based education vigorously supported by teachers, learners andÂ  educational organizations full support prophetic transformational leadership.
KOMPETENSI PEDAGOGIK DAN KEDISIPLINAN KERJA GURU-GURU SD YANG BERSERTIFIKAT PENDIDIK DI KECAMATAN PUNDONG BANTUL
Authors: Wartomo Wartomo
Published: March 2021

This study aims to: (1) determine the extent to which the ability padagogik competence, and (2) labor discipline, for primary teachers in Pundong, Bantul. The entire study population of primary school teachers who already bersertikat educators in Pundong, Bantul, until 2012, of which there are 103 people. The research subject is determined based on the amount that is 25% of the members of the population, ie 30 persons (quota sampling), and determined by the draw of the names of elementary school teachers who received a certificate of education (random sampling). Methods of data collection using the guided interview techniques, to determine the understanding of elementary school teachers to implement pedagogical competence and extent of learning. To get the work discipline of data collection techniques used in the work of the observation of the implementation of primary school teachers. Researchers and research instruments made tested on primary school teachers in the district Bambanglipuro, Bantul many as 12 people. The validity of the instrument using content validity (content validity) and reliability of the instrument using a product moment, corrected Zumun Spearman - Brown. Both proved to be a reliable research instrument (r xy = 0.90)> rtabel (N = 12) for pedagogical instrument, and 0.759> rtabel 5% = 0.576). So the instrument can be used for data collection, because it was proven realibel. Data were analyzed using quantitative methods percentage. The results of the data analysis for variable pedagogic work well (70%), whereas for work discipline variables proved to be very good (83%). Suggested further enhanced awareness of elementary school teachers who are already certified educators, to be grateful for the teachers welfare state, through capacity building pedagogical competence and work discipline, so as to improve the quality of learning and lead to the improvement of education quality.