bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differing profiles of periodontal disease in two similar South Pacific island populations
Authors: Cutress T. W. , Powell R. N. , Ball M. E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The periodontal condition of a cross‐section of individuals aged between 15–59 years was characterised from clinical and radiographic observations of dental calculus, gingival inflammation, the level of the gingival attachment, alveolar bone loss, teeth missing or requiring extraction for periodontal reasons. The common characteristics of the profile in Tonga and W. Samoa were a high prevalence of the factors common to periodontal disease: calculus and gingival inflammation; a progressive apical movement of the gingival attachment; and alveolar bone Joss. All these criteria showed a positive age dependency with calculus (particularly subgingival calculus) and gingival inflammation being very commonly associated with all tooth types at an early age, less than 30 years. Tooth loss observed was presumed to be previously associated with periodontal disease because the prevalence of dental caries was very low in both populations. Substantial differences were observed in the number of missing teeth between Tongan and Samoan populations, the Tongan subjects having a high rate of tooth loss. From radiographic interpretations of the periodontal conditions fewer subjects in Tonga were assessed as having no disease, and there was a higher prevalence of progressive destructive disease in Tonga than in W. Samoa. The proportion of subjects in both countries with no disease decreased rapidly with age. There was no evident explanation of the greater severity of disease in Tonga than in W. Samoa. The prevalence of microbial plaque, calculus and gingival inflammation was very high in all subjects at all ages particularly over 30 years in both populations.
Orthodontic treatment priorities in the Danish Child Dental Health Services
Authors: Helm Sven
Published: May 2006

Abstract In 1980, the population of Danish schoolchildren in grade 9 formed the first cohort which, throughout all school grades, had been covered by the Child Dental Health Services including free orthodontic care. National statistics on prevalence of malocclusion for this cohort of about 60000 children in grades 3, 6, and 9 (approximate ages: 9, 12, and 15 years) were compared with corresponding frequencies in a population of schoolchildren in the 1960s among whom orthodontic treatment was rare. From the comparison it is inferred that treatment priority, based on professionally defined need, had been given to occlusal anomalies of the incisor segment transverse anomalies of the lateral segments, and crowding.
Method for automated entry of a dental chart schematic using a computer card reader
Authors: Cohen Mark E. , Cecil James C.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A method was developed in which a dental chart schematic, printed on a standard 80‐column computer card, could be used to record DMF data for analysis using mark sensing technology. The binary image of each column was read by a standard card reader and this information was used to create a detailed DMF analysis. This method uses readily available technology and could be modified for many research purposes.
Development in dental caries among children in 1961–79 in a Danish community with school dental service
Authors: Hesselgren Kurt , Thylstrup Anders
Published: May 2006

Abstract Data on prevalence of dental caries and increment of treated teeth are reported from children receiving dental care from a Public Child Dental Health Service established in 1959. Data are obtained from records in three periods: 1961–63, 1968–70, and 1976–78. The prevalence of dental caries in 8‐year‐olds (n∼ 300) after initial dental care remained at the same level in 1961 and 1968. In 1976 the prevalence was reduced by 30%. Increments of treated teeth in 8–11‐year‐old children (n∼ 1600) were reduced by more than 50% from 1961–63 to 1968–70, but remained then at the same level in 1976–78. Increments of restored surfaces of permanent incisor teeth were reduced by 90% in 1968–70 and further by 50% to almost nil in 1976–78. These data suggest a remarkable reduction in caries activity in the population, presumably resulting from the school‐based preventive programs introduced in 1960, and widespread use of fluoridated dentifrice in Denmark from 1968. The apparently maintained level of restorative work in the last period is discussed and interpreted in the light of the more favorable dentist to population ratio and the markedly reduced intervals of recall visits in the same period.
Fluoride in mixed human saliva after different topical fluoride treatments and possible relation to caries inhibition
Authors: Bruun Carsten , Lambrou Demitri , Larsen Mogens Joost , Fejerskov Ole , Thylstrup Anders
Published: May 2006

Abstract Fluoride concentrations in mixed saliva were measured at different intervals following topical treatments with various fluoride preparations and procedures such as dentifrice, tablets, mouthrinse and topical solution. The results were related to available caries reduction data from corresponding clinical trials previously published. Salivary fluoride levels varied widely reflecting the different dosages applied, whereas the caries reduction data irrespective of type of treatment appear very similar, with a magnitude of about 30%. When combining salivary fluoride data with recent understanding of enamel‐fluoride kinetics it was possible to explain the clinical caries reductions.
Orthodontic treatment and socioeconomic status in Danish children aged 11–15 years
Authors: Rölling Steen
Published: May 2006

Abstract The orthodontic situation in 2042 children in 4th to 8th schoolgrades was described by placing each child in one of five orthodontic categories (percentage refers to observed frequencies): I. No anomaly (25%), II. Malocclusion ‐ under observation only (40%), III. Undergoing orthodontic treatment (20%), IV. Orthodontic treatment completed (12%) and V. Orthodontic treatment discontinued (3%). The socioeconomic status of the child's family, determined by the occupation of the father or mother, was described by one of the following live terms: A. Low, B. Lower middle, C. Middle, D. Upper middle and E. Upper socioeconomic group. The distribution of the orthodontic categories within the socioeconomic groups were found to be almost equal, but three trends could be noted: a slightly higher frequency of malocclusion in the low socioeconomic group; children from the middle socioeconomic group represented a relatively large part of the orthodontic treatment group and children in the two lowest socioeconomic groups showed a greater frequency of discontinued orthodontic treatment than the rest of the children.
Detailed examination of caries progression in 4‐year‐old children in a non‐fluoridated area in Ireland
Authors: Holland Timothy J. , Crowley Michael J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract 314 4‐year‐old children were examined in Mallow, Ireland (a non‐fluoridated area). 30.6% were found to be caries free. Investigation of the pattern of decay in the dentitions of these children showed the primary second molar as the tooth most commonly affected by caries irrespective of def score. The distribution of the disease is examined on a surface by surface basis. Decay occurring on the occlusal surface is predominant and no homogeneous pattern is found among the other surfaces. A statistical method for examining possible patterns of surface involvement is introduced.
Endemic fluorosis and partial defluoridation of water supplies – A public health concern in Kenya
Authors: Walvekar Sudhir Vishvanath , Qureshi Bashir Ahmed
Published: May 2006

Abstract Endemic fluorosis is a public health problem in many parts of Kenya clue to high fluoride content in the drinking water. The Kenyan Government is committed to development of water sources with the object of supplying safe and sufficient water to the entire population by the year 2000. This water will contain high amounts of fluoride thereby increasing the incidence of severe endemic fluorosis in Kenya. Development of procedures for partial defluoridation should therefore be considered. Various defluoridation methods adopted in different places affected with endemic fluorosis are reviewed in the present article, with special reference to problems of operation and limitations in their application.
Supervised weekly rinsing with a 0.2 % neutral NaF solution: results after 5 years
Authors: Ripa Lous W. , Leske Gary S. , Levinson Sposato Alice , Rebich Theodore
Published: May 2006

Abstract The effect on caries prevalence of the permanent dentition was evaluated alter 5 years of weekly rinsing (139 scheduled rinses') with a 0.2% neutral NaF solution. The program was conducted in the Three Village Central School District. New York, U.S.A. (F≤0.1 part/106). First to sixth grade children who rinsed From 1 to 5 years respectively had a caries prevalence reduction of 45.3% (DMFT) and 47.4% (DMFS) compared to baseline scores of children who were examined be lore the rinsing program began. The highest caries reduction, 81.3%, was found on proximal surfaces. Two variables influenced the cariostatic benefits associated with fluoride rinsing. The younger that children entered the program and the longer that they rinsed, the greater were the accumulated benefits.
Combined effects of a fluoride dentifrice and mouthrinse on the incidence of dental caries
Authors: Blinkhorn A. S. , Holloway P. J. , Davies T. G. H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract 751 14‐ and 15‐year old children completed a 3‐year, double‐blind, caries preventive program. The effects of daily, supervised toothbrushing with an 0.76% sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice, rinsing with a 0.05% sodium fluoride mouthrinse, and the combined effects of the two treatments were investigated. Both the dentifrice and mouthrinse reduced the incidence of dental caries, but their combined use at die same lime had no greater effect than either used alone.
Peer appraisal in Leicestershire Community Dental Service
Authors: Baxter J. A. G.
Published: May 2006

Abstract During the period 1976 to 1980 inclusively a form of staff appraisal amongst dental officers was introduced into the Community Dental Service in Leicestershire. The aim was to observe and review the output performance and potential of individual dental officers. In practical terms it was noticed that during this period there was a distinct change in work output and treatment patterns. Routine fillings and extractions showed a marked downward trend; the number of crowns per operator, the number of orthodontic appliances fitted, the number of root treatments performed, the patients radiographed and, above all, the total visits per full time equivalent dental officer all showed a noticeable and at times a highly pronounced increase. Although the downward trend in fillings and extractions reflects what now appears to be the overall tendency in developed countries, it is felt that the increase in other items was, to a large extent, due to peer appraisal.
Epidemiologic indices for pulp treatment and extraction of primary molars
Authors: Friis‐Hasché Erik , Höffding Jesper
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of the present study is to introduce and discuss four indices to be used in epidemiologic recording of pulp treatment and extraction of primary molars. The indices are constructed on the basis of the four combinations existing between pulp treatment/no pulp treatment and extraction/no extraction. The NPE‐index (No Pulp treatment or Extraction) reflects the relative number of teeth which are neither extracted nor pulp treated. EPM‐index (Extracted Primary Molars) reflects the relative number of teeth, which have been extracted. PPM‐index (Pulp treated Primary Molars) reflects the relative number of teeth which have been pulp treated. PNE‐index (Pulp treatment No Extraction) reflects the relative number of pulp treated and not extracted teeth.
An epidemiologic survey of oral health in Swaziland
Authors: Klausen Bjarne , Fanöe Jan Gregers
Published: May 2006

Abstract An epidemiologic survey of oral health was conducted on 480 schoolchildren and 400 adults in Swaziland. Age groups 7, 14, 20–24 and 35–44 were selected, and nine sampling sites were chosen in various parts of the country. Oral hygiene was generally poor, visible soft deposits being prevalent in all age groups and calculus in adults. Advanced periodontal disease was present in most people over 35 years of age, and intense gingivitis was widespread in all age groups. Dental caries was found to be a common problem, affecting practically every person, in many cases quite severely. There was a tendency towards accumulation of the disease in children. Some geographic variation was found in the prevalence and severity of dental caries and periodontal disease. An additional sample of privileged children was examined, and among these children 14‐year‐olds showed significantly higher DMFS values than their age mates in the rest of the country. Tooth defects, including fluorosis, and oral mucosal diseases did not seem to constitute severe problems of oral health in Swaziland. On the basis of these data a public dental health program has been initiated which emphasizes prevention.
Effect of fluoridated milk on caries: 3‐year results
Authors: Bánóczy Jolán , Zimmermann Peter , Pintér Adrienne , Hadas ÉVa , Bruszt Vera
Published: May 2006

Abstract The effect of fluoridated milk consumption has been investigated in a follow‐up study of 269 children aged 3–9 years. Children consumed 200 ml of milk daily, fluoridated in the groups 3–5 years with 0.4 mg F−, and in those aged 6–9 years with 0.75 mg F−, for 300 clays yearly. The caries data were analyzed with special regard to changes in the DMF values of the permanent first molars, the yearly examination data of the corresponding age groups compared and correlated with the length of fluoridated milk consumption. Statistical analysis of the permanent first molar data showed significant negative correlation between DMF means and length of fluoridated milk consumption in children 5–6 years old at the time of evaluation. The caries reduction after 3 years was 74% and statistically significant (P<0.001). In children 7–9 years old the caries reduction of the permanent first molars was less, and statistically not significant. A slight reduction of DMFS mean values in the front teeth of this group could be observed.
Effects of oral hygiene on periodontal tissues in a town in Yugoslavia
Authors: Djukanović Dragoslav , Zelić Obrad , Arsenijević Vladimir
Published: May 2006

Abstract We examined 1316 pupils, average age 16.6 years, in a small town in Serbia. The purpose of this study was to find out the effects of the oral hygiene on the condition of the periodontal tissues and the frequency of gingivitis and periodontal disease and their severity in this age group. The presence and quantity of dental plaque were registered according to the Silness & Löe Plaque Index. The amount of dental calculus was determined according to the Greene & Vermillion method. The condition of periodontal tissues was evaluated by Ramfjord's method. It was found that only 5.3% of the examined pupils had a clinically healthy periodontium. Gingivitis was discovered in 60.6%, and periodontal disease (with periodontal pockets) in 34.1% of the examined pupils. The average PDI was 1.8. We revealed great quantities of soil and hard deposits on the teeth of examined pupils. The average Plaque Index was very high (1.9).
Utilization of dental services and its relation to the periodontal status in a group of South Australian employees
Authors: Srikandi Tjitjik W. , Carey Sue E. , Clarke Nigel G.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The pattern of dental service utilization, the perception of periodontal disease, and the oral hygiene habits among 642 industrial employees were evaluated using a self‐administered questionnaire against background variables of age, sex, and socioeconomic strata. Of the study population, 50.5% had their most recent dental visit within the previous 12 months and 42.5% claimed to seek regular check ups. There was no significant association between time intervals since the last dental visit and age, sex, occupation, income or education. Regular visits were made more often by subjects in the higher occupation and income level. Multivariate analyses of the number of missing teeth simultaneously considering age, sex, socioeconomic level, regularity and frequency of dental visits revealed that except for age and sex, no other factors were significant. The most common reason for not seeing a dentist in the previous 12 months was an assumption that “nothing was wrong”. A large majority of the group surveyed were unaware of the presence of periodontal disease or the need for its treatment, despite the high prevalence in all subgroups. Periodontal status was not significantly associated with sex, socioeconomic levels, regularity of frequency of dental visits, but there was a significant regression on age. The study population's pattern of service utilization was found to be similar to that reported for the general population, and it was anticipated that the hygiene habits of the group was representative of the total community. If that assumption is true the high prevalence of periodontal disease of the study population probably exists in the general community.
Changes in the frequency of edentulousness and use of removable dentures in the adult population of Finland, 1970–80
Authors: Ainamo Jukka
Published: May 2006

Abstract In 1970 an interview study was conducted which revealed that 23% of the adult population of Finland was edentulous. The sample comprised 1000 Finns aged 15 year's and over and was rendered representative of the entire population by means of stratified random sampling. All interviews were performed by the commercial poll Organization Suomen Gallup. In 1980 the same questions were presented to a new representative sample of of equal size. A comparison of the results revealed that the frequency of edentulousness in the total population was exactly the same as in 1970. A decrease had occurred in age groups up to 49 years whereas in the oldest age group of over 64 years the frequency of edentulousness had further increased from 54 % in 1970 to 67 % in 1980. Insufficient periodontal treatment was suggested as one of the main reasons for frequency loss of teeth at advanced age. The comparison further revealed that edentulous subjects more often used removable dentures in 1980 than in 1970. It would seem that having neither natural nor artificial teeth has become socially less acceptable. The frequency of removable partial dentures had decreased.
Traumatic dental injuries in preschoolchildren from Santo Domingo
Authors: García‐Godoy Franklin , Morbán‐Laucer Fernando , Corominas Luis R. , Franjul Rafaela A. , Noyola Miriam
Published: May 2006

Abstract The purpose of this retrospective study was to analyze, by age and sex, 1) the prevalence of traumatic injuries to primary incisors and canines, and 2) their distribution according to type, in preschoolchildren from the city of Santo Domingo, in the Southern part of the Dominican Republic, which is located in the Caribbean Archipelago. The sample consisted of 800 children aged 3–5 years enrolled in 24 public‐ and private preschools. The prevalence of injuries was 35% (32.8 in boys and 37.2 in girls). The largest number of injuries was presented by the 5‐year‐old children. More girls suffered traumatic injuries than boys (not significantly) with a boy‐lo‐girl ratio of 0.9:1. Combining both sexes, the most common type of injury was the enameldentin fracture (32.6%). followed by enamel fracture (31.2%) and concussion (23.5%).
Cereal availability and dental caries
Authors: Sreebny Leo M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The present study examines the relation between three cereals: wheat, rice, and maize, to dental caries in 12‐year‐old children in 47 nations of the world. DMFT data were obstained from the World Health Organization's Oral Epidemiology Bank; data on cereal supplies were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organizations (Rome). The relation between these functions was examined by the methods of correlational and rank order analysis. The data show that: 1) the relation of each of the cereals to canes is different; 2) the consumption of wheat is positively correlated to the DMFT values obtained for the 47 nations: 3) maize consumption is negatively associated with caries; and 4) the consumption of rice shows no correlation. In keeping with these observations, nations in die upper quintile of caries prevalence consumed more wheat and less maize than those in the lower quintile. Although these findings do not ipso‐facto demonstrate any cause and effect relationships between cereal availability and caries, they do suggest that starch in the form of wheat may contribute to the prevalence of dental caries in nations throughout the world.
Dental practice in Northern Ireland, UK
Authors: Swallow J. N.
Published: May 2006

Abstract A postal survey concerning clinical practice by general practitioners in Northern Ireland U.K. had a response rate of 71.2%. There were little differences in practice between chose who had graduated at the Dental School in Belfast (70%) and those who qualified elsewhere. Older dentists appeal‐ to undertake less ambitious dentistry and while this might be a reflection of their training, there were some practices of younger dentists such as not using a rubber dam for endodontic treatment which was certainly not taught to them at Dental School.
Prevalence of root caries in the adult Finnish population
Authors: Vehkalahti Miira , Rajala Matti , Tuominen Risto , Paunio Ilkka
Published: May 2006

Abstract A sample of 8000 persons was drawn to represent the Finnish population aged 30 years and over. The participation rate was 89.9%. Root caries was recorded when the lesion was obviously soft and more than half of it was located on cementum. Lesions adjacent to fillings were not included. The reproducibility and the standard of the clinical recordings were tested by re‐examining 20% of the studied population 2–6 months after the first clinical examination. The overall prevalence of root caries was 21.6% for men and 14.5% for women. The prevalence increased for both sexes almost consistently with age. Root caries was found 1.6 times more often among men than women. Among men 2.23% and among women 1.19% of teeth were affected by root caries.
Factors influencing oral hygiene and gingival health in Greek schoolchildren
Authors: Anagnou‐Vareltzides Alice , Tsami Alexandra , Mitsis Fotis J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract 397 children aged 12–17 years from different schools were divided into two groups. Group 1 comprised 192 children from private schools in Athens and Group II comprised 205 children from state schools of an industrial area in Piraeus. They were also subgrouped according to their socioeconomic class. They were interviewed with regard to their oral health habits, frequency of dental visits, etc., and subjected to clinical examination using the criteria and indices described by Silness & Löe and Löe & Silness. Stepwise regression analysis was used in the statistical evaluation of factors related to GI and Pl I. The following factors were found to be statistically significant in relation to GI: socioeconomic class, tooth brushing frequency, sex, and group examined. For PI I statistically significant factors were found to be: age, group examined, and sex. All other variables were not significantly correlated to GI and Pl I.
Effect of variation in caries diagnosis and degree of caries on treatment decisions by dental teachers using bitewing radiographs
Authors: Mileman Philip , Purdell‐Lewis David , van der Weele Leo
Published: May 2006

Abstract Nine teachers of clinical dentistry were presented with 12 pairs of duplicated bitewings on four different occasions. At the first two examinations they indicated the presence of caries in need of treatment and at the second two the degree of caries. The diagnostic sessions were repeated to measure reproducibility. A norm for the validity of degree of enamel caries and for the estimation of specificity and sensitivity of the diagnostic categories was applied. The teachers saw on average less caries and less deep caries than the norm. Variability by the teachers was especially large between examinations for enamel lesion categories. There was a mean of 69% agreement by the teachers with their own treatment indication criteria. Over recording of treatment need (mean 19%, SD 20%) and under recording (mean 36%, SD 17%) occurred at the same viewing periods. Using Cohen's kappa, it was found that despite their variation and inaccuracy this group of teachers should select caries in dentin as the teaching criterion for treatment need. It is suggested that the sensitivity and specificity with which dental practitioners can use a criterion should be taken into account firstly when selecting it, and secondly when choosing the frequency of radiographic screening.
Changes in the caries prevalence of 11–12‐year‐old schoolchildren in the North‐West of England from 1968 to 1981
Authors: Clerehugh Valerie , Blinkhorn Anthony S. , Downer Martin C. , Hodge Hilary C. , Rugg‐Gunn Andrew J. , Mitropoulos Cynthia M. , Worthington Helen V.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Since 1968, six caries clinical trials have been conducted in the North‐West of England by different examiners using the same diagnostic system, and a steady reduction in caries prevalence in 11–12‐yr‐old schoolchildren has been recorded. In the present study, five of the examiners revisited some of the schools which participated in their original trials and each examined between 196 and 296 children. The time intervals between the original and repeat examinations were 12, 10, 8, 5 and 3 yr. Percent caries reductions (PCRs) ranged from 19 to 33 for DMFT and from 24 to 35 for DMFS but the PCRs did not relate to the time intervals between examinations. The PCRs were greater on free smooth and approximal surfaces than on fissure surfaces and for the anterior teeth than for the mouth as a whole, suggesting that fluoride may have played a role in the reductions.
Prevalence of oral leukoplakia in Havana City, Cuba
Authors: Rodríguez Irene , Santana Julio C. , Sanabria José , Bánóczy Jolán
Published: May 2006

Abstract A survey related to the detection of precancerous lesions of the oral cavity has been done in Cuba for the first time. The sample comprised 749 randomly selected workers from Havana City Province, taking into account the censal records of the Cuban population up to 1979. Prevalence of lesions and their relation to age, sex and predisposing factors, such as smoking, alcohol habits and mechanical trauma were studied. 4.4% of leukoplakia and preleukoplakia considered together and 2.1 % leukoplakia alone, and two cases of oral lichen planus and leukokeratosis nicotina palati (0.1 % of each) were found. The former lesions were more frequently encountered in people above 50 years old, specially in males and specifically among those who had smoked for more than 10 years. Sites of location most frequently encountered were the buccal mucosa and the labial commissures.
Evaluation of the effect of interexaminer reliability in clinical trials of dental caries prevention
Authors: Horowtiz Herschel S.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Data from a 3‐yr clinical trial were used to assess reliability of two dentists who, without standardizing techniques, independently examined 286 continuous participants. Only 13.1 of 128 tooth surfaces (third molars excluded) showed a change in caries status during the trial by one or both examiners' findings. Although there was poor agreement between the examiners (46.5%) on these changes, they agreed very closely on measuring the cariostatic effects in the various treatment groups because the disagreements were random and were similar among groups.
Effect of oral hygiene instruction on brushing skills in preschoolchildren
Authors: Simmons Stephen , Smith Roger , Gelbier Stanley
Published: May 2006

Abstract
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This study provides new information on the assessment of toothbrushing skills in preschoolchildren. 420 children aged 2–4 years were given a single lesson on toothbrushing. Their levels of toothbrushing skills, in terms of the locations of the tooth surfaces brushed, were recorded before and after the lesson. The number of skills per child possessed before the lesson (innate skills) and the number acquired from the lesson, both increased with age. A high correlation was found between the proportion of children innately possessing a particular skill and the proportion who subsequently learned it from the lesson. An effectiveness index was devised to help compare the relative difficulty and utility of teaching different skills at different ages.
State and development of dental care for employees in Finland
Authors: Nyyssönen Viljo , Rajala Matti , Paunio Ilkka
Published: May 2006

Abstract
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The aim of this study was to analyze the present state of occupational dental care in Finland. In addition, the viewpoints of employees and employers concerning possibilities for developing occupational dental care were evaluated. Five percent of employers had arranged dental services for their employees. Twenty‐four firms either had their own dentist or had made an agreement with a dentist about dental care for their employees. Most of these dentists delivered all kinds of dental treatment to employees, and the costs of treatment were usually paid from the worker's sickness benefit funds. Many such funds also subsidized the costs of dental treatment delivered in other dental offices. In 1978 about 49% of the workers covered by such funds received subsidies for their dental expenses. The most important means of developing adult dental care in Finland was considered to be widening the scope of public dental care. The second means was widening the scope of the national health insurance system. In third place, the employers supported development of private dentistry. Employees, however, preferred to include dental care in agreements made by collective bargaining.
Geographic effects on dental caries prevalence and tooth loss in Australia
Authors: Powell Robin N.
Published: May 2006

Abstract
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Geographic effects on caries prevalence have been noted in studies in the United States, Australia and South Africa. Australia, because of its large land mass, is a useful standpoint from which 10 gauge such effects, particularly since countrywide data From the School Dental Service is processed centrally, and since the Australian Bureau of Statistics has recently conducted a nationwide survey of adult dental health status. Both studies reveal a distinct impact of geographical factors on dental morbidity. DMF scores in 12‐yr‐old children are higher in the southern states, and rates of edentulousness in 35–44‐yr‐olds in Tasmania (latitude 40deg;‐45deg;S) are double those for the more northerly states.
Comparison of use of dental services by Finnish immigrants and Swedes using national health statistics
Authors: Wldstrom Eeva , Martinsson Thore
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Dental statistics and treatment information collected by the National Social Insurance Board (NSIB) since the Dental Insurance Scheme was introduced in Sweden in 1974, give a unique opportunity to study the use of dental services by the adult population. Earlier studies showed that adult Finnish immigrants utilized dental services less, and had a greater need of dental care, than the Swedish population. The possible confounding effects of age and social class were not, however, controlled. The aim of this study was to compare use of dental services and dental treatment performed in matched groups of Finnish immigrants and Swedes using central statistics. All Finnish citizens between 17 and 64 yr old born on the 20th of any month and living in the county of Stockholm in 1975, altogether 1378 persons, were selected from the population register. For each Finn a Swedish “social twin” was selected with respect to age, sex and occupation. Information about use of dental services and treatment performed during 1975 was collected from the patient register at the NSIB. Thestudy showed that Finnish immigrants in 1975 visited a dentist less often than the corresponding Swedish group. Those Finnish immigrants who received treatment had had more comprehensive and more expensive care than the Swedish comparison group. The study shows that there were significant differences in use of dental services by and treatment performed on Finnish immigrants and Swedes even when differences in demographic and socioeconomic distribution were controlled.
Comparison of dental status determined in an epidemiological survey with prosthetic treatment received
Authors: Eddie Susan , Elderton Richard J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The potential need for prosthetic treatment among 720 dentate Scottish subjects of the 1978 UK Adult Dental Health Survey, was assessed by applying treatment criteria to the epidemiological data. The need was compared with the prosthetic treatment that was received under the National Health Service within 1 and 3 yr. It was found that 220 people had a need for dentures. 12.7% of the people who attended a dentist with a prosthetic need received the predicted treatment within I yr and 21.3% within 3 yr. Considered at the community level, as would be the case when planiiing a service, only 10% of those with a predicted need received the predicted treatment within 3 yr. 5.1% ofthe whole sample received more than the predicted treatment. This included 25 of the 500 people for whom the criteria predicted no need for dentures. 25.3% of the sample received less treatment than predicted. Taken overall, these findings indicate that the amount of prosthetic treatment demanded in the community was 28.6% of the amount predicted by the epidemiological survey. It would seem that prosthetic services in Scotland should be planned on this basis.
Dietary habits and oral hygiene as predictors of caries in 3‐year‐old children
Authors: Schröder Ulla , Granath Lars
Published: May 2006

Abstract— The value of defined levels of oral hygiene and dietary habits for predicting caries was investigated. The material comprised 143 3‐yr‐olds. Three levels of oral hygiene and dietary habits, respectively, were used. Oral hygiene was registered as gingival status. Dietary habits were recorded by interview. Two groups were then formed by pooling stepwise the caries data for the nine possible combinations of oral hygiene and dietary habits and setting the most discriminating border, screening level, where the properties sensitivity and specificity simultaneously reached their highest value. Children with clean teeth, irrespective of dietary habits, and children with suitable dietary habits, provided they did not have general gingivitis with bleeding, might be regarded as no caries risks, while children with other combinations of oral hygiene and dietary habits were caries risks. The difference in decayed surfaces between the two groups was statistically significant (p<0.001). The sensitivity was 0.89 and the specificity 0.70. The predictive value of a negative test (0.91) was higher than that of a positive test (0.64).
Edentulousness in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Authors: Clarkson John J. , O'Mullane Dennis M.
Published: May 2006

Abstract— Surveys of adult (16 yr and over) dental health were conducted in England/Wales and Scotland (n=5967) and in Ireland (n=1764) and Northern Ireland (n=1176) in 1979. From the results of these surveys a comparison is made between levels of edentulousness, attendance patterns, attitude to loss of teeth and the wearing of full dentures. Scotland had the highest level of edentulousness (39%) and Ireland the lowest (26%). England/Wales had a level of 29% and Northern Ireland 33 %. The percentage edentulous increased considerably with age and females had a higher level of edentulousness than males. Regular attendance at the dentist was lowest in Ireland and in all countries there was a greater preference for filling rather than extraction of teeth. Levels of edentulousness do not appear to be directly related to any of the parameters investigated.
Time trends in exposure to optimally fluoridated water supplies among Australian adolescents
Authors: Spencer A. J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The aim of the present study was to examine yearly increments in exposure, cumulative exposure, and mean proportion of lifetime exposure to optimally fluoridated water supplies of Australian adolescents over the period 1960 to 1978 and to conditionally predict trends in those exposure measures from 1979 to 1990. The basis of the study was the history of the introduction of water fluoridation. Yearly increments were found to have been most varied, but cumulative exposure has continued to increase from a negligible level in 1960 to approximately two‐thirds of adolescents being exposed in 1978. Proportion of lifetime exposure was represented by a smooth sigmoidal curve with time‐lagging of successive curves for higher ages between 12 and 17‐yr‐old. Proportion of lifetime exposure was predicted to increase through to 1990 and 1996 for 12‐and 17‐yr‐olds, respectively. This prediction showed little sensitivity to yearly increment conditions from 1979 to 1990.
Measurement of dental caries experience‐modification of the DMFT index
Authors: Anaise Joseph Z.
Published: May 2006

Abstract The DMFT index is one of the simplest and most commonly used indices in epidemiologic surveys of dental caries. It quantifies dental health status based on the number of carious, missing and filled teeth. The index, however, does not provide an accurate description of previous dental care. Nor does it provide information regarding the severity of the carious attack or the indicated treatment. Thus, a revision of the DMFT index was developed. This involved a division of the “D” component into four separate categories. With the addition of these categories, the index remains simple, and yet provides a description of one's previous dental experience. It further shows the extent of dental services needed by the population, which can be interpreted in terms of treatment hours and costs. This modified index has been successfully utilized in a dental epidemiologic survey of 1672 schoolchildren, 14–16 yr of age. It was apparent that the additional components provided significant data for treatment planning as well as dental health status.
Use of the Kaplan‐Meier estimate to reduce biases in estimating the rate of caries progression
Authors: Shwartz Michael , Pliskin Joseph S. , Gröndahl Hans‐Göran , Boffa Joseph
Published: May 2006

Abstract An important determinant of how often to perform dental radiography is how rapidly dental caries progress. Estimates of the rate of progression of dental caries have been biased by the elimination of filled lesions and non‐progressing lesions (i.e. censored data) from the analysis. We illustrate the use of the Kaplan‐Meier estimate to incorporate information from these cases and demonstrate the effect of using this information on estimates of the rate of progression of approximal caries.
Computerized method for the graphic representation of multivariate periodontal data
Authors: Cohen Mark E. , Cecil James C. , Schroeder Dawn C.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Appreciation of the multivariate features of data from periodontal research studies is sometimes difficult. This appears to be due to the form of tables and graphs in which information is made available in published studies. A computerized graphical technique, which appears well suited to the multivariable situation, is described. It uses structural analogy between the measurement scales and the variables measured and provides what can be a compelling iconic description of multifaceted data.
Tooth mortality in plantation workers and residents in Sri Lanka
Authors: Ekanayaka Asoka
Published: May 2006

Abstract The tooth mortality of 787 Sri Lanka tea plantation workers and residents aged between 15 and 85 yr was studied in terms of missing teeth as well as teeth requiring extraction for various reasons. The mean number of missing teeth per person was 6.7±9.0. A pattern relating actual tooth loss and tooth loss adjusted to lake account of teeth needing extraction was observed. Such adjustment increased the mean number of missing teeth per person by about two teeth in most age groups. The age specific pattern of tooth loss was calculated. There was an abrupt increase in tooth mortality at the ages 45–54. The age specific tooth mortality for the Sri Lankan group was consistently less than for people in several Western countries. These trends were also apparent in the mortality pattern of individual tooth types. Although there was a tendency for more women to be edentulous, a significantly higher proportion of women than men had a full complement of teeth.
Investigation into the relationship between deviations in X‐ray angulation and images of proximal overlapping on bite‐wing radiographs
Authors: McDonald S. P.
Published: May 2006

Abstract Eleven child skulls were radiographed through a range of 50 degrees by varying the horizontal angulation of the X‐ray beam in steps of 2 or 5 degrees. The changes in the width of overlapping contact images and the ranges through which no overlap occurred were measured. A linear relationship between changes in X‐ray beam angulation and overlap width was found in all the skulls. Using the data it was calculated that for each increase in overlap width of 0.1 mm, 95% of the deviations in X‐ray beam angulation were less than 2.5 degrees. The findings of this study suggested that the positioning of the X‐ray beam so as to cause no overlapping is at best difficult, and at worst impossible. They also emphasize the importance of using identical projections in estimating the progress of carious lesions on radiographs since small changes can cause overlaps. The use of methods that reduce the error in repositioning the X‐ray beam may be important in reducing methodological errors in clinical research.
Epidemiologic survey of functional conditions of the masticatory system in Belgian children aged 3–6 years
Authors: de Vis H. , de Boever J. A. , van Cauwenberghe P.
Published: May 2006

Abstract In this epidemiologic survey 510 children aged 3–6 yr were investigated. Several occlusal and functional parameters were measured: the maximal interincisal distance, the frequency of lateral and frontal crossbite, open bite, the number of tooth contacts on lateral excursions of 3 mm, the wear facets, deviations in opening, pain in muscles and in the TM‐joints, TMJ sounds, para‐functional habits. The interincisal distance varied between 25 and 55 mm. This distance increased with age. Only five children had a hypermobility of the mandible (opening more than 55 mm) and 11 a restricted opening movement (less than 30 mm). 7.2% showed a lateral crossbite on the right, and 8.9% on the left, side. The percentage of an open bite decreased with age from 66.7% in the 3‐yr‐olds to 20.0% in the 6‐yr‐olds. 33% of the children had only one contact on the working side. As reported by the parents 7.7% had regularly bruxism but 21.8% showed wear facets on the molars and 40.7% on the front teeth. Only in three girls were the TMJ painful to palpation. Dysfunction only occurred in 3.5% of the sample.
Five‐year double‐blind fluoridated milk study in scotland
Authors: Stephen Kenneth W. , Boyle Iain T. , Campbell Dugald , McNee Stuart , Boyle Peter
Published: May 2006

Abstract A 5‐yr double‐blind fluoridated milk study has been completed and, following baseline stratification, 94 children aged 4 1/2 / 5 1/2 yr were allocated to the lest group and 93 to the control. Each subject received 200 ml school milk daily, identification between the test and control plastic packs being by colour‐coding alone with (he former containing 1.5 mgF‐ giving a potential topical benefit of approximately 7 ppm F‐ per school day. After 5 yr, 50 of the test children remained and 56 of the controls. While the mean DMFT incremental data relating to permanent teeth was always in favour of the test group, it was not until the fourth year that a significant difference was obtained (P<0.01) between the fluoridated group (mean, 1.65) and the non‐fluoridated group (mean, 2.56). For permanent teeth which were unerupted at baseline, the mean DMFS differences increased to 39.6% at the same time and to 48.0% by the fifth year. No benefit was noted for previously erupted primary teeth. Cavitation was less in the test group throughout the study. When the third, fourth and fifth year DMFT reductions obtained were compared with previously published artificial water fluoridated data where children were of comparable age at the onset of water adjustment, similar caries inhibition data were noted.
Effect of annual application of polyurethane lacquer containing silane‐fluoride
Authors: van Eck Anton A. M. J. , Theuns Harry M. , Groeneveld Arie
Published: May 2006

Abstract The effect of an annual application of an F‐lacquer on dental caries was investigated in a 3‐yr study. Two groups of children 10 and 12 yr of age at baseline were examined. Al the end of the study no significant difference in DMFS could be detected between test and control group. The following factors might have affected this negative result: firstly, the use of other forms of F‐ supplementation, secondly, the relatively low caries experience in both groups and thirdly, the frequency and mode of application of the F‐‐lacquer.
Differentiating positively and negatively health oriented Finnish university students by discriminant analyses
Authors: Murtomaa Heikki , Turtola Lauri , Rytömaa Inkeri
Published: May 2006

Abstract Dental health practices among Finnish university students were studied in 1980. In order to obtain more information about the factors associated with different health status this problem was studied using linear discriminate analyses. 360 students were separately classified into fifths according to increasing individual VPI, GBI and DMFS index scores. According to the classification, the students of the two first fifths with lowest mean index scores were combined in the positively health oriented group. The students with low VPI and GBI index scores reported that they brushed their teeth most frequently. Also the good results of the dip‐slide method for counting salivary lactobacilli correlated well with the low VPI and DMFS index scores. In the discriminate analysis toothbrushing frequency was the most important single variable related to a good VPI score. By a computer method, 64% of the students were found to be correctly placed in the group of the positively health oriented. The corresponding percentage for the negatively oriented was 69%. The most important single variable related to good GBI and DMFS scores was subjective estimation of condition of dentition. According to GBI score the method correctly placed 57% of the students in the group of the positively and 69% in the group of the negatively health oriented. The respective percentages for DMFS‐index were 65% and 68%. The predictor variables failed to make an important contribution toward explaining the great variations in the oral health status indicators.