bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonclinical safety evaluation of two vaccine candidates for herpes simplex virus type 2 to support combined administration in humans
Authors: Piras Fabienne , Plitnick Lisa M. , Berglund Peter , Bernard Marie‐Clotilde , Desert Paul
Published: October 2022

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2) is the most common cause of genital disease worldwide. The development of an effective HSV‐2 vaccine would significantly impact global health based on the psychological distress caused by genital herpes for some individuals, the risk transmitting the infection from mother to infant, and the elevated risk of acquiring HIV‐1. Five nonclinical safety studies were conducted with the replication defective HSV529 vaccine, alone or adjuvanted with GLA‐SE, and the G103 subunit vaccine containing GLA‐SE. A biodistribution study was conducted in guinea pigs to evaluate distribution, persistence, and shedding of HSV529. A preliminary immunogenicity study was conducted in rabbits to demonstrate HSV529‐specific humoral response and its enhancement by GLA‐SE. Three repeated‐dose toxicity studies, one in guinea pigs and two in rabbits, were conducted to assess systemic toxicity and local tolerance of HSV529, alone or adjuvanted with GLA‐SE, or G103 containing GLA‐SE. Data from these studies show that both vaccines are safe and well tolerated and support the ongoing HSV‐2 clinical trial in which the two vaccine candidates will be given either sequentially or concomitantly to explore their potential synergistic and incremental effects.
Potential role of the apelin‐APJ pathway in sex‐related differential cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin in mice
Authors: Desai Varsha G. , Azevedo‐Pouly Ana , Vijay Vikrant , Phanavanh Bounleut , Moland Carrie L. , Han Tao , Revollo Javier , Aryal Baikuntha , Rao V. Ashutosh , Fuscoe James C.
Published: October 2022

Preclinical and clinical findings suggest sexual dimorphism in cardiotoxicity induced by a chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (DOX). However, molecular alterations leading to sex‐related differential vulnerability of heart to DOX toxicity are not fully explored. In the present study, RNA sequencing in hearts of B6C3F1 mice indicated more differentially expressed genes in males than females (224 vs. 19; ≥1.5‐fold, False Discovery Rate [FDR] < 0.05) at 1 week after receiving 24 mg/kg total cumulative DOX dose that induced cardiac lesions only in males. Pathway analysis further revealed probable inactivation of cardiac apelin fibroblast signaling pathway (p = 0.00004) only in DOX‐treated male mice that showed ≥1.25‐fold downregulation in the transcript and protein levels of the apelin receptor, APJ. In hearts of DOX‐treated females, the transcript levels of apelin (1.24‐fold) and APJ (1.47‐fold) were significantly (p < 0.05) increased compared to saline‐treated controls. Sex‐related differential DOX effect was also observed on molecular targets downstream of the apelin‐APJ pathway in cardiac fibroblasts and cardiomyocytes. In cardiac fibroblasts, upregulation of Tgf‐β2, Ctgf, Sphk1, Serpine1, and Timp1 (fibrosis; FDR < 0.05) in DOX‐treated males and upregulation of only Tgf‐β2 and Timp1 (p < 0.05) in females suggested a greater DOX toxicity in hearts of males than females. Additionally, Ryr2 and Serca2 (calcium handling; FDR < 0.05) were downregulated in conjunction with 1.35‐fold upregulation of Casp12 (sarcoplasmic reticulum‐mediated apoptosis; FDR < 0.05) in DOX‐treated male mice. Drug effect on the transcript level of these genes was less severe in female hearts. Collectively, these data suggest a likely role of the apelin‐APJ axis in sex‐related differential DOX‐induced cardiotoxicity in our mouse model.
HIV prevalence among transmasculine individuals at a New York City Community Health Centre: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Radix Asa E. , Larson Elaine L. , Harris Alexander B. , Chiasson Mary Ann
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Multiple studies have demonstrated elevated incidence and prevalence of HIV among transgender women; however, few studies have been conducted among transmasculine individuals. HIV prevalence among transgender men in the United States is estimated to be 0–4%; however, there have not been any US studies examining HIV prevalence that stratify by the gender of sexual partners. The aim of this research was to examine HIV prevalence and its association with socio‐demographic and other factors, including the gender of sexual partners and receipt of gender‐affirming care (hormones/surgery), among transmasculine individuals at the Callen‐Lorde Community Health Center in New York City.

Methods

The Transgender Data Project was an Institutional Review Board‐approved retrospective chart review of all transgender and gender diverse clients at the clinic, ages 18+, between 1 January 2009 and 12 December 2010. Charts were reviewed manually. Data included birth sex, gender, race/ethnicity, education, employment, housing, insurance status, gender of sexual partners, HIV screening and status, and receipt of gender‐affirming care. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association between HIV status and other variables.

Results and discussion

Five hundred and seventy‐seven transmasculine individuals, mean age 32.1 years (18.3–70.5), were included in this analysis. A small majority were White (55% White, 13.9% Black and 11.7% Hispanic). The majority, 78.9%, had received hormones (testosterone) and 41.6% had received at least one gender‐affirming surgery. The HIV screening rate was 43.4%. HIV prevalence was 2.8%, (95% CI: 1.13%, 5.68%) among those screened, notably higher than the US population prevalence. HIV prevalence was highest among transmasculine individuals who had sex exclusively with cisgender men (11.1%). In the multivariable model (age, education and gender of sexual partners), the adjusted odds ratio of HIV for those who had sex exclusively with cisgender male partners compared to no cisgender male partners was 10.58 (95% CI: 1.33, 84.17).

Conclusions

Although HIV prevalence has been estimated to be low among transgender men, the analysis found heterogeneous results when stratified by gender of sexual partners. The results underscore the need to understand sexual risk among transmasculine individuals and to disaggregate HIV data for those having sex with cisgender men, thus also allowing for better inclusion in HIV prevention efforts.
Modelling cervical cancer elimination using single‐visit screening and treatment strategies in the context of high HIV prevalence: estimates for KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa
Authors: Rao Darcy White , Bayer Cara J. , Liu Gui , Chikandiwa Admire , Sharma Monisha , Hathaway Christine L. , Tan Nicholas , Mugo Nelly , Barnabas Ruanne V.
Published: October 2022

Introduction

In settings with high HIV prevalence, cervical cancer incidence rates are up to six‐fold higher than the global average of 13.1 cases per 100,000 women‐years. To inform strategies for global cervical cancer elimination, we used a dynamic transmission model to evaluate scalable screening and treatment strategies, accounting for HIV‐associated cancer risks and weighing prevention gains against overtreatment.

Methods

We developed a dynamic model of HIV‐HPV co‐infection and disease progression, which we calibrated to KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. Our baseline scenario reflects the current practice of HPV vaccination with a multi‐visit screening and treatment strategy involving cytology and colposcopy triage. We evaluated 13 comparator scenarios with increased vaccination coverage and one‐time, two‐time or repeat HIV‐targeted cervical cancer screening with the following single‐visit strategies: HPV DNA testing, HPV genotyping, automated visual evaluation (AVE) and HPV DNA with AVE triage. In all scenarios, HIV antiretroviral therapy, condom use and voluntary male medical circumcision continue at baseline levels. We simulated cancer incidence under each scenario from 2020 to 2120 using the 25 best‐fitting parameter sets. We present the median and range of model output from these simulations to account for parameter uncertainty.

Results

We estimate that cervical cancer incidence will decrease by 87% with the continuation of current cervical cancer and HIV prevention strategies, from an age‐standardized rate per 100,000 women of 80.4 (range 58.2, 112.1) in 2020 to 10.7 (4.2, 29.9) in 2120. Scenarios scaling up vaccination and single‐visit strategies resulted in near‐ and long‐term gains. With repeat HIV‐targeted screening, incidence rates were projected to be 29–34% lower in 2030 relative to the baseline scenario, and elimination (incidence <4/100,000) was achieved with HPV DNA testing in 2095 and with AVE in 2114. A strategy of HPV DNA with AVE triage optimized the tradeoff between cancer cases averted and overtreatment.

Conclusions

Single‐visit screening strategies could avert a substantial burden of cervical cancer and accelerate progress towards elimination in settings with a high burden of HIV. Increasing the screening frequency among women with HIV and reducing loss‐to‐follow‐up for treatment will be key components of a successful elimination strategy.
Clinical features of Japanese patients with acute hepatic porphyria
Authors: Horie Yutaka , Yasuoka Yuka , Adachi Tomohide
Published: October 2022

Acute hepatic porphyria (AHP) is a family of rare genetic diseases of heme biosynthesis characterized by severe neurovisceral attacks. The clinical characteristics of patients with AHP as well as the prevalence of AHP in Japan are not well understood. The objectives of this study were to describe clinical characteristics of AHP at time of diagnosis in Japanese patients and to estimate the prevalence of AHP. Patients with porphyria were selected from Japan's Medical Data Vision health care claims database between April 2008 and June 2020. Patient characteristics before and at time of AHP diagnosis were evaluated. Prevalence per 100 000 was estimated during the study period. A total of 391 cases of AHP were included. At time of AHP diagnosis, mean age was 44 years, and the most common type was acute intermittent porphyria. Median time to diagnosis was 3 months, but some patients remained undiagnosed for several years. The most common complications included metabolic disorders (54%) and diabetes mellitus (39%). In addition, the well‐known complications of AHP, including hypertension (22%) and malignant neoplasms of digestive organs (22%), were observed. About 10% of patients received medications that may have aggravated porphyria attacks. The estimated prevalence of AHP in Japan during the study period was 1.18 cases per 100 000 population. At time of diagnosis, many patients with AHP in Japan are already experiencing a high burden of disease‐related complications. Raising AHP awareness may aid physicians in providing an earlier diagnosis and reducing lifetime disease burden.
Molecular dynamics simulation study on the structures of fascin mutants
Authors: Wu Xiaodong , Xu Li‐Yan , Li En‐Min , Dong Geng
Published: October 2022

Fascin is a filamentous actin (F‐actin) bundling protein, which cross‐links F‐actin into bundles and becomes an important component of filopodia on the cell surface. Fascin is overexpressed in many types of cancers. The mutation of fascin affects its ability to bind to F‐actin and the progress of cancer. In this paper, we have studied the effects of residues of K22, K41, K43, K241, K358, K399, and K471 using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. For the strong‐effect residues, that is, K22, K41, K43, K358, and K471, our results show that the mutation of K to A leads to large values of root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) around the mutated residues, indicating those residues are important for the flexibility and thermal stability. On the other hand, based on residue cross‐correlation analysis, alanine mutations of these residues reinforce the correlation between residues. Together with the RMSF data, the local flexibility is extended to the entire protein by the strong correlations to influence the dynamics and function of fascin. By contrast, for the mutants of K241A and K399A those do not affect the function of fascin, the RMSF data do not show significant differences compared with wild‐type fascin. These findings are in a good agreement with experimental studies.
The Impact of Hypertension on Left Ventricular Function and Remodeling in Non‐Ischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy Patients: A 3.0 T MRI Study
Authors: Shen Meng‐Ting , Li Yuan , Guo Ying‐Kun , Gao Yue , Jiang Li , Shi Rui , Yang Zhi‐Gang
Published: October 2022

Background

Hypertension (HTN) is highly prevalent in non‐ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (NIDCM) patients, but little is known about its impact on left ventricular (LV) function and remodeling.

Purpose

To evaluate the effect of hypertension on LV function and remodeling in NIDCM patients.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

Two‐hundred and twelve NIDCM (HTN−) patients, 91 NIDCM (HTN+) patients, and 74 normal controls.

Field Strength/Sequence

3.0 T/bSSFP and phase‐sensitive inversion recovery sequence.

Assessment

The LV geometry, myocardial strain, remodeling index (calculated as LVM/LVEDV), and LGE were measured and compared between groups. Determinants of LV strain and remodeling in NIDCM were investigated.

Statistical Tests

Student's t‐test, Mann–Whitney U test, one‐way analysis of variance, Kruskal–Wallis test, univariable and multivariable linear regression. A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Compared with normal controls, NIDCM patients had significantly higher LVEDV and significantly impaired LV strains, including LV global peak strain (PS) and peak systolic and diastolic strain rates in the radial, circumferential, and longitudinal directions. The NIDCM (HTN+) group had significantly decreased LV global longitudinal PS and peak diastolic strain rate (PDSR), and significantly increased LV mass index and remodeling index compared to the NIDCM (HTN−) group, despite there being no significant difference in ejection fraction (P = 0.241). The prevalence of LV LGE was significantly higher in the NIDCM (HTN+) group than in the NIDCM (HTN−) group. In multivariable regression models adjusted for potential confounders, hypertension was independently associated with LV global longitudinal PS and PDSR. Male sex, resting heart rate, and log(NT‐proBNP) level were independent determinants of LV strains. Moreover, male sex, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and presence of LGE were independent determinants of LV remodeling index.

Data Conclusion

These findings suggest that coexistence of hypertension may further exacerbate the reduction in LV global strain and the aggravation of LV remodeling in NIDCM patients.

Level of Evidence

3

Technical Efficacy

Stage 3
Changes in muscle quality identified by shear‐wave elastography and association with sarcopenia
Authors: Okyar Baş Arzu , Baş Hakan , Ceylan Serdar , Güner Oytun Merve , Koca Meltem , Hafızoğlu Merve , Şahiner Zeynep , Öztürk Yelda , Balcı Cafer , Doğu Burcu Balam , Cankurtaran Mustafa , Halil Meltem Gülhan
Published: October 2022

Background and Aims

This study aimed to investigate the potential role of shear‐wave elastography (SWE) in evaluating muscle quality and assess its association with muscle strength and mass.

Methods

A total of 129 patients aged 18–87 years were included. Patients aged >65 years underwent comprehensive geriatric assessment. Anthropometric measurements, assessment of physical performance, muscle strength (handgrip strength [HGS]), muscle mass (B‐mode muscle ultrasonography), and muscle quality (identified via SWE) were performed for all patients.

Results

The median (interquartile range) age of participants was 69 (59–76) years and 62% (n = 80) were female. According to HGS, patients were divided into normal and low HGS groups, and there were 85 (65.9%) and 44 (34.1%) patients in each group, respectively. The median average value of SWE measurement (Vmean) of the rectus femoris (RF) in passive stretching was significantly lower in the low HGS group. In regression analyses, Vmean was significantly associated with HGS independently of age, sex, and body mass index. Optimal cutoff values of the Vmean value (m/s) of RF in passive stretching for predicting low HGS were ≤2.62 for male (area under the curve [AUC], 0.882; 95% CI, 0.705–0.938; P = <0.0001), and ≤2.52 for female (AUC, 0.719; 95% CI, 0.605–0.833; P = 0.002).

Conclusion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study revealing SWE is a good predictor of muscle strength, and it could be a useful tool for evaluating muscle quality in clinical practice. Further randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm the presented cutoff values.
Developing an Artificial Intelligence Tool to Predict Vocal Cord Pathology in Primary Care Settings
Authors: Compton Evan C. , Cruz Tim , Andreassen Meri , Beveridge Shari , Bosch Doug , Randall Derrick R. , Livingstone Devon
Published: October 2022

Objectives

Diagnostic tools for voice disorders are lacking for primary care physicians. Artificial intelligence (AI) tools may add to the armamentarium for physicians, decreasing the time to diagnosis and limiting the burden of dysphonia.

Methods

Voice recordings of patients were collected from 2019 to 2021 using smartphones. The Saarbruecken dataset was included for comparison. Audio files were converted to mel‐spectrograms using TensorFlow. Diagnostic categories were created to group pathology, including neurological and muscular disorders, inflammatory, mass lesions, and normal. The samples were further separated into sustained/a/and the rainbow passage.

Results

Two hundred three prospective samples and 1131 samples were used from the Saarbruecken database. The AI detected abnormal pathology with an F1‐score of 98%. The artificial neural network (ANN) differentiated key pathologies, including unilateral paralysis, laryngitis, adductor spasmodic dysphonia (ADSD), mass lesions, and normal samples with 39%–87% F‐1 scores. The Calgary database models had higher F‐1 scores in a head‐to‐head comparison to the Saarbruecken and combined datasets (87% vs. 58% and 50%). The AI outperformed otolaryngologists using a standardized test set of recordings (83% compared to 55% ± 15%).

Conclusion

An AI tool was created to differentiate pathology by individual or categorical diagnosis with high evaluation metrics. Prospective data should be collected in a controlled fashion to reduce intrinsic variability between recordings. Multi‐center data collaborations are imperative to increase the prediction capability of AI tools for detecting vocal cord pathology. We provide proof‐of‐concept for an AI tool to assist primary care physicians in managing dysphonic patients.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 133:1952–1960, 2023
Using multiple ecological evaluators to introduce a proper management plan for urban vacant lots: A case‐study from Iran
Authors: Mohammad Alnoiji Esraa , Erfanian Mohammad Bagher , Atashgahi Zohreh , Ejtehadi Hamid
Published: October 2022

Urban vacant lots (VLs) can harbour a large number of rare and endangered species. In the present study, we evaluated species composition and biodiversity of plant communities inhabiting VLs in the City of Mashhad, northeastern Iran. We used a line transect sampling method to sample 98 random VLs along different districts of the City. We classified VLs based on their species composition and environmental factors. Then, a significant difference in the community composition along with the dominant and indicator species of clusters was evaluated. Also, we compared species and phylogenetic diversities of clusters. We identified four clusters. The species composition of the four clusters was different. One cluster (i.e., D912) had more range‐restricted species than the other clusters. This cluster also had a higher species and phylogenetic diversity than the others. Two clusters had the lowest phylogenetic diversity in comparison with the others. Our results implied that income distribution in the city had indirect effects on plant communities of VLs. Vegetation of VLs in areas with higher average income was less damaged than that of the lower‐income areas. Because of its most diverse and range‐restricted plants, the D912 cluster should be managed to maintain the biodiversity in the city. Land use change to parks or urban agricultural lands is suggested for degraded and species‐poor VLs.
Study on the coupling effect of silica‐reinforced silicone foam material in irradiation and corrosive solution environment
Authors: Yu Lei , Liu Bo , Pan Qi , Liu Shuai , Wang Pucheng , Huang Wei , Ao Yinyong
Published: October 2022

To evaluate the suitability of silica‐reinforced silicone foam materials under extreme conditions, we studied the coupling effect of silica‐reinforced silicone foam material in irradiation and corrosive solution environment. The results showed that irradiation at 5 wt% KMnO4 attenuated the increase in crosslink density of silicone foams, while a different observation was found when the samples were treated with a 5 wt% HNO3 solution. The HNO3‐treated samples showed a significant decrease in elongation at break compared to the untreated samples. Mechanical properties, swelling, TGA, SEM, and XPS showed that HNO3 had a severe effect on the structure of the silicone foam. This may be due to the fact that the highly corrosive HNO3 disrupts the connecting structure between the silicone foam matrix and the filler. Based on this analysis, the damage mechanism of silicon foam material under the coupling conditions of corrosive solution and irradiation was proposed.
Nonlocal fractional elliptic equations and applications
Authors: Shakhmurov Veli , Kurulay Muhammet
Published: October 2022

The Lp‐coercive properties of a nonlocal fractional elliptic equation is studied. Particularly, it is proved that the fractional elliptic operator generated by this equation is sectorial in Lp space and also is a generator of an analytic semigroup. Moreover, by using the Lp‐separability properties of the given elliptic operator the maximal regularity of the corresponding nonlocal fractional parabolic equation is established.
Water‐soluble π‐conjugated polyfluorene bearing 6‐N1‐hexylcytosine and 6‐trimethylammoniumhexyl side chains: Synthesis, chemical properties, and sensing ability for nucleoside and telomere DNA
Authors: Yamaguchi Isao , Ooe Ryoga , Wang Aohan
Published: October 2022

Water‐soluble π‐conjugated polyfluorene bearing 6‐N1‐cytosinehexyl and 6‐trimethylammoniumhexyl bromide side chains, namely polymer‐1, was synthesized by Suzuki polycondensation. The absorption onset wavelength (λonset) of the polymer was longer than that of the monomer and confirmed the presence of the π‐conjugated system along the polymer chain. The cyclic voltammetry and UV–vis analyses showed that the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels of the polymer were −5.5 and −2.6 eV, respectively. The photoluminescence (PL) intensity of the polymer decreased with increasing DNA chain length (m) upon adding (TTAGGG)m (T = thymine, A = adenine, and G = guanine; m = 2, 4, 6, and 8), indicating that the polymer could detect telomere DNA chain lengths with higher precision than previously reported DNA sensors. Similarly, the PL intensity decreased with the addition of nucleosides. Photoinduced charge transfer in the complex between the polymer and DNA or nucleoside played an important role in the PL response of the polymer toward analytes. The sensing behavior was analyzed using the Stern–Volmer and Benesi–Hildebrand methods.
Postextubation dysphagia in critically ill children: A prospective cohort study
Authors: da Silva Paulo S. L. , Reis Maria E. , Fonseca Thais S. M. , Kubo Emerson Y. , Fonseca Marcelo C. M.
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Postextubation dysphagia (PED) is reported mainly in adults and is associated with poor outcomes. However, data on pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients are scarce. We aimed to assess the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes associated with PED in a PICU population.

Methods

Between 2019 and 2021, we conducted a prospective, observational cohort study of patients aged 1 month to 15 years. Within 24 h after extubation, a speech‐language pathologist routinely screened all consecutive patients receiving mechanical ventilation (>24 h) for dysphagia. A Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) score of less than 6 indicated dysphagia.

Results

A total of 161 patients were included, with a PED incidence of 69%. After adjusting for confounding variables, five variables were significantly associated with PED (odds ratio; 95% confidence interval): age <24 months (4.84; 1.5–15.60), neurological comorbidities (7.47; 1.36–40.96), iatrogenic withdrawal syndrome (5.52; 1.31–23.14), use of neuromuscular blocking agents (4.19; 1.18–14.82), and duration of intubation >72 h (3.22; 1.08–9.64). Dysphagia was significantly associated with longer PICU and hospital stays and a longer delay to oral feeding than patients without PED, 14 versus 7.5 days, 21 versus 15 days, and 6 versus 1 day, respectively. Ten participants (9%) failed to resume total oral intake at hospital discharge.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that PED is highly prevalent in children and associated with adverse patient outcomes. Identifying a core of risk factors might improve prompt recognition of patients at risk for PED and implement preventive approaches and early interventions.
Salivary and plasmatic levels of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha do not correlate with the clinicopathological profile in breast cancer patients
Authors: Opolski Marcelo Marcos , Maito Vitor Teixeira , Kawassaki Aedra Carla Bufalo , da Silva Janaína Carla , Kern Rodrigo , Rech Daniel , de Oliveira Stefania Tagliari , Lonardoni Micheletti Pâmela , Panis Carolina , Grassiolli Sabrina
Published: October 2022

Herein, we evaluated the salivary and plasmatic levels of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) in women diagnosed with breast cancer (BC; n = 20) versus women with benign breast conditions (Control; n = 29) and correlated the TNF‐α findings with BC clinicopathological parameters. TNF‐α was higher in the saliva samples from both groups than in plasma levels. BC and Control patients presented similar plasmatic and salivary values of TNF‐α. The salivary and plasmatic values of TNF‐α did not correlate with tumor features (estrogen receptor; progestogen receptor; Ki67, and HER2), indicating that its salivary content does not correlate with the parameters of disease prognosis. Therefore, TNF‐α is not helpful as a salivary marker in breast cancer patients.
An adaptive nonhydrostatic dynamical core using a multimoment finite‐volume method on a cubed sphere
Authors: Huang Pei , Chen Chungang , Li Xingliang , Shen Xueshun , Xiao Feng
Published: October 2022

Abstract: An adaptive nonhydrostatic atmospheric dynamical core was developed on a Cartesian grid and extended to spherical geometry with the application of a cubed‐sphere grid. To assure a practical Courant‐Friedrichs‐Lewy number for stability, a horizontally explicit and vertically implicit algorithm was applied in this model through a third‐order implicit–explicit Runge–Kutta scheme. A two‐dimensional adaptive grid was applied in the horizontal directions to generate the computational meshes, with variable resolutions according to the evolution of the predicted variables during the simulations, while the vertical grid is fixed considering the characteristics of atmospheric flows and the computational efficiency in practical applications. The Berger–Oliger block‐structured adaptive algorithm was adopted in this study. Blocks with different resolutions can be constructed straightforwardly on each patch of the cubed sphere and an algorithm to exchange both solution and block information between adjacent patches was designed in order to implement a global model. The nonhydrostatic governing equations are solved by a three‐point multimoment constrained finite‐volume scheme. Using the compact stencil for spatial reconstructions, the interpolation operations between coarse–fine blocks can be implemented efficiently and the local‐based scheme is also helpful to suppress the computational modes around the coarse–fine interfaces due to the abrupt change of grid resolution. Additionally, flux corrections were conducted along the block boundaries and the resulting dynamical core is rigorously conservative. The proposed model was evaluated by calculating several idealized benchmark tests, and the effectiveness of the adaptive model in saving computational costs was verified in this study.
22‐4: Invited Paper: Display on Demand
Authors: Hsu Ya-Ling , Lin Shang-Chiang , Yang Hao-Shiun , Chen Chien-Chi , Liao Cheng-Hsien , Su Jenn-Jia
Published: October 2022

By using the special optical properties of liquid crystals, displays can be integrated into our environment. With unique optical design, the invisible displays integrated into the entire surrounding environment can also display undisturbed images when needed. In this article, we will discuss the challenges and solutions from optical design point of view. In addition, some design concepts will be introduced to realize the application scenario of "display on demand".
Improving shear deficiency of prestressed concrete sleepers by crack resisting stirrups
Authors: Jirawattanasomkul Tidarut , Tongmanee Pongsakorn , Jongvivatsakul Pitcha , Likitlersuang Suched
Published: October 2022

Prestressed concrete (PC) sleepers are used in modern railway systems worldwide. Although the PC sleepers are durable under harsh environmental conditions, frequent cracks can be found hindering the railway's capacities. This article investigates an improvement of placing steel stirrups in shear deficient PC sleepers commonly used in railways of Thailand. PC sleepers with a cross‐section of 258 × 205 mm2 varied with five different stirrup's ratios were tested under a three‐pointed bending load to observe the improvement of shear resistance. From the experimental results, the peak load of PC sleepers with stirrups can be enhanced from 14.1% to 21.2%, whilst the failure deformation can also be enhanced from 87.5% to 176.6%, compared with PC sleeper without any stirrup. With increasing stirrup's ratio, failure modes of PC sleepers were shifted from brittle shear to ductile flexural failures. Moreover, the PC sleepers with deformed‐bar stirrups exhibited better bond interfaces than that with rounded‐bar. Then, the proper stirrup's ratio and type of steel stirrups are recommended to enhance the shear resistance of the PC sleeper. In addition, a finite element analysis results based on advanced constitutive models and the fixed‐cracking approach showed good agreement with the results from experiment.
What the Car Industry Can Do, Volvo Cars
Authors: Eugensson Anders , Ivarsson Jan
Published: October 2022

Motor vehicle manufacturers have a central and a very important role in reaching the target of zero fatalities and serious injuries in road traffic. Although the continuous development of safer products has made a significant contribution in reducing the number of casualties, the responsibility still remains profoundly with motor vehicle manufacturers in continuing the process of protecting car occupants and not harming other road users. However, the possible contributions do not end here. Sharing research data based on real-life traffic crashes and incident experiences, cooperating with other traffic safety stakeholders, and sharing real-time data on traffic information with authorities and other road users also have a role to play in reducing the number of road casualties. In addition to this, motor vehicle manufacturers will be able to contribute by assuming the corporate social responsibility in using safe transportation linked to producing vehicles, parts, and services and sharing the latest level of technology advancement with customers in countries without government mandates on safety.

It is important to stress that all these efforts need to have a global perspective. For the vehicle manufacturers, this implies that all the technical developments in motor vehicle safety, collaborating with governments and sharing knowledge on safety, must be performed and available also in parts of the world with a vehicle fleet of traditionally lower advancement levels.

In line with the efforts of reaching zero fatalities, Volvo Cars has defined its own Safety Vision. This states that no one is to be seriously injured or killed in a new Volvo vehicle.

The aim here is to share the view of Volvo Cars on the possible contributions and actions of motor vehicle manufacturers in the collaborative efforts of reaching towards zero fatalities and serious injuries within the road transportation sector.
Augmenting Sonic Experiences Through Haptic Feedback
Authors: Fontana Federico , Järveläinen Hanna , Papetti Stefano
Published: October 2022

Sonic experiences are usually considered as the result of auditory feedback alone. From a psychological standpoint, however, this is true only when a listener is kept isolated from concurrent stimuli targeting the other senses. Such stimuli, in fact, may either interfere with the sonic experience if they distract the listener, or conversely enhance it if they convey sensations coherent with what is being heard. This chapter is concerned with haptic augmentations having effects on auditory perception, for example how different vibrotactile cues provided by an electronic musical instrument may affect its perceived sound quality or the playing experience. Results from different experiments are reviewed showing that the auditory and somatosensory channels together can produce constructive effects resulting in measurable perceptual enhancement. That may affect sonic dimensions ranging from basic auditory parameters, such as the perceived intensity of frequency components, up to more complex perceptions which contribute to forming our ecology of everyday or musical sounds.
Procedural Modeling of Interactive Sound Sources in Virtual Reality
Authors: Avanzini Federico
Published: October 2022

This chapter addresses the first building block of sonic interactions in virtual environments, i.e., the modeling and synthesis of sound sources. Our main focus is on procedural approaches, which strive to gain recognition in commercial applications and in the overall sound design workflow, firmly grounded in the use of samples and event-based logics. Special emphasis is placed on physics-based sound synthesis methods and their potential for improved interactivity. The chapter starts with a discussion of the categories, functions, and affordances of sounds that we listen to and interact with in real and virtual environments. We then address perceptual and cognitive aspects, with the aim of emphasizing the relevance of sound source modeling with respect to the senses of presence and embodiment of a user in a virtual environment. Next, procedural approaches are presented and compared to sample-based approaches, in terms of models, methods, and computational costs. Finally, we analyze the state of the art in current uses of these approaches for Virtual Reality applications.
Supporting Sonic Interaction in Creative, Shared Virtual Environments
Authors: Men Liang , Bryan-Kinns Nick
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines user experience design for collaborative music making in shared virtual environments (SVEs). Whilst SVEs have been extensively researched for many application domains including education, entertainment, work and training, there is limited research on the creative aspects. This results in many unanswered design questions such as how to design the user experience without being detrimental to the creative output, and how to design spatial configurations to support both individual creativity and collaboration. Here, we explore multi-modal approaches to supporting creativity in collaborative music making in SVEs. We outline an SVE, LeMo, which allows two people to create music collaboratively. We then present two studies; the first explores how free-form visual 3D annotations instead of spoken communication can support collaborative composition processes and human–human interaction. Five classes of use of annotation were identified in the study, three of which are particularly relevant to the future design of sonic interactions in virtual environments. The second study used a modified version of LeMo to test the support for a creative collaboration of two different spatial audio settings, which according to the results, changed participants’ behaviour and affected their collaboration. Finally, design implications for the auditory design of SVEs focusing on supporting creative collaboration are given.
Trustworthiness and Well-Being: The Ethical, Legal, and Social Challenge of Robotic Assistance
Authors: Beetz Michael , Engel Uwe , Hoyer Nina , Kähler Lorenz , Langer Hagen , Schultheis Holger , Straube Sirko
Published: October 2022

If a technology lacks social acceptance, it cannot realize dissemination into society. The chapter thus illuminates the ethical, legal, and social implications of robotic assistance in care and daily life. It outlines a conceptual framework and identifies patterns of trust in human–robot interaction. The analysis relates trust in robotic assistance and its anticipated use to open-mindedness toward technical innovation and reports evidence that this self-image unfolds its psychological impact on accepting robotic assistance through the imagined well-being that scenarios of future human–robot interaction evoke in people today. All findings come from the population survey of the Bremen AI Delphi study.
Artificial Intelligence and the Labor Market: Expected Development and Ethical Concerns in the German and European Context
Authors: Engel Uwe , Dahlhaus Lena
Published: October 2022

The chapter examines the question of whether people must fear for their jobs due to artificial intelligence (AI). A “competitive scenario” with a design to test for this appeared in the Delphi survey. The chapter shows how realistic this scenario is and its sociological implications, with a basis in expert opinions. In addition, the chapter sheds light on how much people see AI affecting themselves in their jobs, their future standard of living, and quality of life. The results in these respects paint a much more positive picture than the public discussion of AI leads us to expect. The chapter deals with ethical concerns that AI could lead to discrimination in the labor market and the perceived need for public policy interventions to ensure that AI develops ethically. An aggregate data analysis reveals substantial variations across EU countries and significant correlations with a country’s prosperity, risk of poverty, multi-ethnicity, and inherent trust in institutions and fellow men. We examine the odds of such concerns in Germany, as a function of socio-structural variables.
The Bremen AI Delphi Study
Authors: Engel Uwe , Dahlhaus Lena
Published: October 2022

The chapter introduces the Bremen AI Delphi study, recently conducted in Germany’s city-state of Bremen. This study consists of a large Delphi survey of scientists from different backgrounds and involves a subsample of stakeholders from politics (N = 297 participants). The study consists also of a closely related population survey (N = 216 participants). The chapter describes sampling and survey design and introduces basic features of questionnaire architecture.
The Challenge of Autonomy: What We Can Learn from Research on Robots Designed for Harsh Environments
Authors: Straube Sirko , Hoyer Nina , Will Niels , Kirchner Frank
Published: October 2022

In addition to areas of application in people’s everyday lives and the area of education and services, robots are primarily envisioned in non-immediate living environments by the society—i.e., in inaccessible or even hostile environments to humans. The results of this population survey clearly demonstrate that such application options come across with a high level of acceptance and application potential among the population. Nevertheless, it is expected that the underlying AI in such systems works reliably and that safety for humans is guaranteed.

In this chapter, the results of the study are compared with state-of-the-art systems from classical application environments for robots, like the deep-sea and space. Here, systems have to interact with their environment to a large extent on their own over longer periods of time. Although typically the designs are such that humans are able to intervene in specific situations and so external decisions are possible, the requirements for autonomy are also extremely high. From this perspective one can easily derive what kind of requirements are also necessary, and what challenges are still in front of us, when robots should be acting largely autonomous in our everyday life.
Engaging Stakeholders by Implementing RRI in the Social Lab Process – A Single Case Study
Authors: Frankus Elisabeth , Hönigmayer Helmut
Published: October 2022

With new and emerging technologies, process of Research and Innovation (R & I) changed. Some point out an “increasingly growing complexity” (Gianni 2020: 14) that needs to be addressed. Other scholars note that “the pace of technological change has increased dramatically” (Gould 2012: 2) This complexity requires new modes of engaging stakeholders to the R & I process. As mentioned in Chap. 1 of this book, the concept of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) (von Schomberg 2013) was created as a way to better engage stakeholders and their needs.
Public Engagement in the Tradition of Participatory Approaches – An Approximation
Authors: Warnke Philine , Bratan Tanja , Wunderle Ulrike
Published: October 2022

Public engagement is viewed as a prominent aspect of responsible research and innovation (RRI) both in academia and policy circles. In our paper, we would like to contribute to refining the notion of public participation as an RRI element by assessing the potential of four domains of participatory R & I theory and practices that have to date received little recognition in the RRI context: 1. Participatory design, 2. user-led innovation, 3. participatory research and 4. systemic R & I policy instruments. We test the usefulness of our concepts with a set of case studies from a recent RRI research project.
Zugänge zur Teilhabeforschung mit Menschen mit Komplexer Behinderung: Methodologische und methodische Überlegungen zur Beteiligung eines nicht berücksichtigten Personenkreises
Authors: Keeley Caren
Published: October 2022

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit methodischen und methodologischen Überlegungen zur Forschung mit Menschen mit Komplexer Behinderung. Unter Bezugnahme auf das Forschungsprojekt Teilsein & Teilhaben wird insbesondere der Frage nachgegangen, wie teilhabeorientierte Forschung mit Menschen mit Komplexer Behinderung gestaltet werden kann. Die zentrale Erkenntnis lautet, dass sich der Ausschluss des Personenkreises aus der Teilhabeforschung nur verhindern lässt, wenn Teilhabe im und am Forschungsgeschehen von allen Beteiligten in achtsamer Weise gestaltet wird. Der Beitrag schließt mit den sich daraus ergebenden methodologischen Konsequenzen.
Mehr Teilhabe durch partizipative Forschung: Grundzüge eines Forschungsstils
Authors: von Unger Hella
Published: October 2022

Partizipative Forschung rückt das Konzept der Teilhabe in und durch Forschung ins Zentrum. Ziel ist es, die gesellschaftliche Teilhabe benachteiligter Gruppen zu stärken – und zwar durch deren Beteiligung an Forschungsprozessen. Drei Komponenten zeichnen den Ansatz aus: a) die doppelte Zielsetzung, Wirklichkeit zu verstehen und zu verändern, b) die Beteiligung von Co-Forschenden mit Entscheidungsmacht und c) Befähigungs-, Reflexions- und Ermächtigungsprozesse. Ausgewählte Herausforderungen, wie ungleiche Voraussetzungen für Partizipation, werden besprochen.
Teilhabe – Versuch einer Begriffsbestimmung
Authors: Bartelheimer Peter , Behrisch Birgit , Daßler Henning , Dobslaw Gudrun , Henke Jutta , Schäfers Markus
Published: October 2022

Der Teilhabebegriff findet seine Verwendung in sehr unterschiedlichen sozialpolitischen Diskursen mit ihren je spezifischen Ausrichtungen. Diese unterschiedlichen Bedeutungszusammenhänge des Teilhabebegriffs werden herausgearbeitet und zentrale Aspekte des Bedeutungskerns in Abgrenzung zu verwandten Begriffen wie Partizipation, Inklusion oder Integration identifiziert.
Zugänge zur selbstbestimmten Teilhabe in der stationären Altenhilfe. Ein sequentielles Mixed-Methods-Design zur Identifizierung teilhabefördernder und -hemmender Faktoren
Authors: Conen Ina , Schultz Laura , Bleck Christian , Henke Stefanie
Published: October 2022

Die in diesem Beitrag vorgestellte empirische Studie untersucht mit einem sequentiellen Mixed Methods-Design Bedingungen der Gewährleistung von Teilhabe von Bewohner*innen stationärer Altenpflegeeinrichtungen. Insbesondere widmet sich der Beitragzum einenden methodischen Verfahren, die geeignet sind, die Praxis von Teilhabeförderung multiperspektivisch zu erkunden sowie kognitiv eingeschränkte Menschen einzubeziehen.Zum anderenbeleuchtet er den Transfer der Ergebnisse in ein Musterrahmenkonzept, welches Einrichtungen zur Umsetzung von Teilhabeförderung dienen soll.
Ältere Menschen, die als „geistig behindert“ kategorisiert sind, und ihr Blick auf subtile Machtprozesse
Authors: Stadel Wolfgang
Published: October 2022

Im Sinne einer Enthinderungshilfe müssen subjektive Vorstellungen der Adressat*innen für die Soziale Arbeit Ausgangspunkt für helfendes Handeln sein. Menschen, die als geistig behindert kategorisiert sind und lange den Hilfesystemen zugehörig sind oder waren, berichten alsExpert*innen der Sache.Ein figurationssensibles Verständnis ermöglicht den Blick auf subtile Machtbalancen und verdeutlicht den Bedarf an unterstützten Aushandlungsprozessen.
Analysis of a Stabilised Finite Element Method for Power-Law Fluids
Authors: Barrenechea Gabriel R. , Süli Endre
Published: October 2022

A low-order finite element method is constructed and analysed for an incompressible non-Newtonian flow problem with power-law rheology. The method is based on a continuous piecewise linear approximation of the velocity field and piecewise constant approximation of the pressure. Stabilisation, in the form of pressure jumps, is added to the formulation to compensate for the failure of the inf-sup condition, and using an appropriate lifting of the pressure jumps a divergence-free approximation to the velocity field is built and included in the discretisation of the convection term. This construction allows us to prove the convergence of the resulting finite element method for the entire range $$r>\frac{2 d}{d+2}$$

r
>

2
d

d
+
2

of the power-law index r for which weak solutions to the model are known to exist in d space dimensions, $$d \in \{2,3\}$$

d
∈
{
2
,
3
}

.