bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A FEW CRITICAL REMARKS ON GLOBALISATION, DEMOCRACY AND SPATIALITY
Authors: Zientara Piotr
Published: June 2009

Globalisation has come in for a lot of criticism. With its emphasis on the unimpeded circulation of capital, it is increasingly regarded as a negative phenomenon that prompts ‘creative destruction’ of politico‐economic spaces at various geographical scales. Globalisation is also thought to cause wage stagnation, widening inequalities, higher unemployment and greater insecurity as well as to undermine local democracy and environmental sustainability. This paper argues that those criticisms should not be unproblematically accepted and makes a case for a less biased and more nuanced interpretation.
PREDICTING THE COSTS AND BENEFITS OF MEGA‐SPORTING EVENTS: MISJUDGEMENT OF OLYMPIC PROPORTIONS?
Authors: Barclay Jonathan
Published: June 2009

The economic benefits of hosting mega‐sporting events are often exaggerated. Ex‐ante impact studies typically overestimate the gains and underestimate the costs involved. It is therefore difficult to explain in economic terms the intense competition among cities to hold such events.
SIR ALAN WALTERS' ROLE IN THE REVIVAL OF CURRENCY BOARDS1
Authors: Greenwood John
Published: June 2009

In a speech given in 2004, at a meeting held at the Institute of Economic Affairs in honour of Sir Alan Walters who died in 2009, John Greenwood explains Sir Alan's critical role in the creation of a currency board in Hong Kong in 1983.
THE FUTURE OF THE SEABED
Authors: Lewis Russell
Published: June 2009

Increased commodity prices and improved technology have combined to increase the incentives to exploit natural resources located under the seas. However, an international seabed regime under the auspices of the United Nations presents dangers for free markets, sovereignty and security. Alternative institutional arrangements based on privatisation would produce better outcomes.
20 YEARS AFTER: THE FALL AND RISE OF SOCIALISM IN EAST GERMANY
Authors: Niemietz Kristian
Published: June 2009

Twenty years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, public opinion in East Germany is dominated by a deep hostility towards free markets and an uncritical attitude towards state intervention. This article argues that the mistakes that have been made in the economic transformation of East Germany continue to have an effect to this day. Supporters of the free economy failed to explain why the grievances people faced were not caused by allegedly ‘unbridled’ markets, but by false policies. Hopefully, a future reunified Korea will avoid repeating these mistakes.
THE FATAL ERROR OF SOLVENCY II
Authors: Huerta de Soto Jesús
Published: June 2009

The introduction of the Solvency II insurance company regulatory regime is based on a flawed application of scientific ideas to areas to which they are simply not applicable. The new regime will endanger the solvency of the insurance industry in the long run.
‘MONEY MEANS NOT MONEY’– REFLECTIONS ON THE MEANING OF MONEY 1909–2009
Authors: Edwards Arthur
Published: June 2009

Hartley Withers' classic book, The Meaning of Money, sees its centenary this year. Although the financial landscape has substantially changed since 1909, Withers' book remains insightful, informative and readable. A symposium is being held in late 2009 to explore what echoes can be heard today.
THE CASE AGAINST MELIORISM: VEILED TRAGEDIES, OR WHEN COST–BENEFIT ANALYSIS IS IN PRINCIPLE IMPOSSIBLE
Authors: Fulda Joseph S.
Published: June 2009

The philosophy of meliorism seeks to spread the cost of the tragedies of the few over the many, thus easing the suffering of the few, while hardly burdening the many. The problem with this is that such cost‐spreading itself causes tragedies, except that the tragedies are veiled – they are not only unknown; they cannot, in principle, be known. Thus meliorism distributes not from the tragic few to the ordinary many, but from the visibly tragic few to another group of tragic few, the latter group unseen and unknown, hence unable to complain about this state of affairs.
Sumatriptan alleviates nitroglycerin-induced mechanical and thermal allodynia in mice
Authors: Bates EA , Nikai T , Brennan KC , Fu Y-H , Charles AC , Basbaum AI , Ptáček LJ , Ahn AH
Published: June 2009

The association between the clinical use of nitroglycerin (NTG) and headache has led to the examination of NTG as a model trigger for migraine and related headache disorders, both in humans and laboratory animals. In this study in mice, we hypothesized that NTG could trigger behavioural and physiological responses that resemble a common manifestation of migraine in humans. We report that animals exhibit a dose-dependent and prolonged NTG-induced thermal and mechanical allodynia, starting 30–60 min after intraperitoneal injection of NTG at 5–10 mg/kg. NTG administration also induced Fos expression, an anatomical marker of neuronal activity in neurons of the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and cervical spinal cord dorsal horn, suggesting that enhanced nociceptive processing within the spinal cord contributes to the increased nociceptive behaviour. Moreover, sumatriptan, a drug with relative specificity for migraine, alleviated the NTG-induced allodynia. We also tested whether NTG reduces the threshold for cortical spreading depression (CSD), an event considered to be the physiological substrate of the migraine aura. We found that the threshold of CSD was unaffected by NTG, suggesting that NTG stimulates migraine mechanisms that are independent of the regulation of cortical excitability.
Interictal Metabolic Changes in Episodic Migraine: A Voxel-Based FDG-PET Study
Authors: Kim JH , Kim S , Suh S-I , Koh S-B , Park K-W , Oh K
Published: June 2009

Whereas there are many H215O-positron emission tomography (PET) studies demonstrating neuronal activation during acute migraine attacks, little information is available on the interictal (headache-free period) glucose metabolic changes in migraine. We therefore conducted voxel-based statistical parametric mapping analysis of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-PET to evaluate interictal metabolic differences between 20 episodic migraine patients (four with aura; three men; mean age 34.0 ± 6.4 years) and 20 control subjects. Separate correlation analyses were performed to delineate a possible relationship between regional glucose metabolism and disease duration or lifetime headache frequency in migraine patients. Group comparison showed that migraine patients had significant hypometabolism in several regions known to be involved in central pain processing, such as bilateral insula, bilateral anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, left premotor and prefrontal cortex, and left primary somatosensory cortex (uncorrected P < 0.001, corrected P < 0.05 with small volume corrections). Correlation analyses showed that regional metabolism of the insula and anterior cingulate cortex had significant negative correlations with disease duration and lifetime headache frequency (uncorrected P < 0.001, corrected P < 0.05 with small volume corrections). Our findings of progressive glucose hypometabolism in relation to increasing disease duration and increasing headache frequency suggest that repeated migraine attacks over time lead to metabolic abnormalities of selective brain regions belonging to the central pain matrix.
The Abnormal Recovery Cycle of Somatosensory Evoked Potential Components in Children with Migraine can be Reversed by Topiramate
Authors: Vollono C , Ferraro D , Miliucci R , Vigevano F , Valeriani M
Published: June 2009

The aim of this study was to compare the recovery cycle of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in children with migraine without aura before and after treatment with topiramate. Eleven migraine children were studied before and after a 3-month treatment with topiramate at the average dose of 1.3 mg/kg/day. We calculated the SEP latency and amplitude modifications after paired electrical stimuli at 5, 20 and 40 ms interstimulus intervals, comparing them with a single stimulus condition assumed as baseline. In nine patients, who had a significant reduction in headache frequency after treatment, the recovery cycles of the P24 ( P = 0.03) and N30 ( P < 0.005) potentials were longer after than before topiramate treatment. In two migraineurs who did not show any improvement, the recovery cycles of the cortical SEP components were even shorter after treatment. Our results suggest that topiramate efficacy in paediatric migraine prophylaxis is probably related to restored cortical excitability.
Prevalence of Migraine in a Rural Community in South Benin
Authors: Houinato D , Adoukonou T , Ntsiba F , Adjien C , Avode D-G , Preux P-M
Published: June 2009

Migraine is a very common neurological disorder worldwide. Its prevalence is lower in developing countries. There were no data concerning the general population in Benin. We aimed to determine the prevalence of migraine in a rural community of Benin. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a rural area of Abomey from February to April 2003 and included 1113 persons selected by a two-stage survey. A case was defined according to International Headache Society criteria (1988). Of the 1113 persons, 37 had migraine. The lifetime prevalence of migraine was 3.3% (male 2.2%, female 4.0%). The peak prevalence was found in persons in the second decade of life. Higher levels of education were associated with migraine. Migraine without aura was the more frequent form (67.5%). The most frequent triggers of migraine were annoyance (73.0%), exposure to the sun (73.0%), heat (65.0%) and anxiety (51.4%). The low prevalence rate of migraine in Benin confirmed the results of the few available African studies. The disease is severe and occurs in a young population and could lead to a high socio-economical burden.
Prevalence of chronic migraine and medication overuse headache in Germany—the German DMKG headache study
Authors: Straube A , Pfaffenrath V , Ladwig K-H , Meisinger C , Hoffmann W , Fendrich K , Vennemann M , Berger K
Published: June 2009

Population-based epidemiological studies about the prevalence of chronic migraine using the 2004 International Headache Society (IHS) classification definition are rare. We analysed the data of the Deutsche Migräne und Kopfschmerz Gesellschaft headache study, which included 7417 adults in three regions of Germany, with respect to their headache. Additionally, body mass index, alcohol consumption and smoking behaviour were recorded. Using the IHS definition from 2004, chronic migraine was diagnosed in 0.2% of the population. Half of these patients also fulfilled the criteria of medication overuse headache (MOH). The distribution of migraine attacks per subject was highly skewed, with only 14% of all migraine patients having more than six migraine attacks per month. Patients with chronic migraine or MOH seem more often to be active smokers than controls without headache. A body mass index of ≥ 30 was present significantly more often in patients with MOH than in controls or in patients with episodic migraine. The skewed distribution of the numbers of attacks per patient supports the recommendation to differentiate between episodic migraine with low and high attack frequency, as is done in the classification of tension-type headache. It further suggests that migraine with high attack frequency might be biologically different. The higher prevalence of smokers and of patients with a body mass index ≥ 30 in chronic migraine or MOH supports the idea of a frontal dysfunction in these patients.
Obesity and Paediatric Migraine
Authors: Kinik ST , Alehan F , Erol I , Kanra AR
Published: June 2009

This study investigates the influence of obesity on the severity of migraine in children. One hundred and twenty-four patients (77 female, 36 with aura; mean age 12.9 ± 2.8 years; age range 4.0–17.0 years) were included. Headache features such as number and duration of attacks, pain severity and associated symptoms were compared between obese, overweight and normal weight patients. The percentage of obesity was 17.7. Although pain severity and duration were not different among groups, obese patients had more frequent attacks than the overweight and normal weight patients (5.3 ± 2.4, 4.4 ± 2.4 and 3.8 ± 2.4 attacks/month, respectively, P = 0.018). There was also a positive correlation between relative body mass index and number of attacks ( P = 0.026, r = 0.20). Obesity did not have an influence on migraine-associated symptoms including aura, phono/photophobia, nausea and vomiting. In this study, obesity appeared to be related to the frequency of headache attacks in children and adolescents with migraine.
The Use of Migraine Preventive Medications Among Patients with and without Migraine Headaches
Authors: Lafata JE , Tunceli O , Cerghet M , Sharma KP , Lipton RB
Published: June 2009

The aim was to describe the use of and adherence to migraine preventives among insured patients meeting the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd edn (ICHD-II) criteria for migraine headaches. A retrospective, case–control study was conducted using data from a telephone interview linked with health insurance claims data. Subjects were health plan enrollees aged 18–55 years who had incurred at least one encounter between June 2000 and November 2001. Interview responses were used to identify cases meeting the ICHD-II criteria for strict and probable migraine and a random sample of controls. Pharmacy claims data were used to construct measures of use and adherence. Differences in outcomes by adherence status were evaluated using generalized linear models. We identified 2517 cases and 941 controls. Among cases, the prevalence of antidepressant use was 4%, anticonvulsant use was 1.9%, antihypertensive use was 8.9%. Combined use was 13.4% among cases and did not differ significantly from that observed among controls (12.4%). Mean adherence rate between the first and last dispensing during the year was high (88%) and did not differ by migraine status. When the entire 12-month period is considered, adherence was substantially lower (56%). Patients who were adherent between dispensings reported significantly less migraine-related disability and incurred higher prescription drug costs, but did not differ in their total medical care costs. Patients with migraine are unlikely to be users of preventive medications. Among users, few are taking preventive medications continuously. Patients with migraine—especially those without a medical diagnosis for migraine or headaches—are not receiving the benefits available from existing pharmacotherapy options.
A Power‐Control Theory of Gender and Religiosity
Authors: Collett Jessica L. , Lizardo Omar
Published: June 2009

The fact that women are more religious than men is one of the most consistent findings in the sociology of religion. Miller and Stark (2002) propose that a gender difference in risk preference of physiological origin might explain this phenomenon. While acknowledging the utility of their risk‐preference mechanism, we believe that their assumption regarding the genesis of this difference is a premature concession to biology. Returning to Miller's original paper on gender, risk, and religiosity, we draw on power‐control theory (PCT), developed in the work of John Hagan and colleagues, to introduce a plausible socialization account for these differences. We evaluate these claims using data from the General Social Survey. Women raised by high‐socioeconomic status (SES) mothers are less religious than women raised by low‐education mothers, but mother's SES has little effect on men's chances of being irreligious and father's SES has a negligible effect on the gender difference in religiosity.
Gender, Risk, and Religiousness: Can Power Control Provide the Theory?
Authors: Hoffmann John P.
Published: June 2009

Collett and Lizardo (2009) offer a model of gender differences that revisits and expands earlier research, in particular nascent ideas used by Miller and Hoffmann (1995) that were borrowed, in part, from a power‐control theory of delinquency and crime. However, I am skeptical of their attempt to apply power‐control theory as a general explanation of gender differences in religiousness. In this response piece, I first set the context by describing how Alan Miller and I initially approached our risk and religion work. I then point out where I think the research stream went awry and why recent studies of risk preferences and religion have failed to provide convincing evidence one way or the other. Finally, I offer an appraisal of Collett and Lizardo's work, with particular attention to why adopting power‐control theory should be viewed with caution. I conclude with suggestions for future research on gender and religiousness.
The Nature‐Nurture Debate Is Over, and Both Sides Lost! Implications for Understanding Gender Differences in Religiosity
Authors: Bradshaw Matt , Ellison Christopher G.
Published: June 2009

In the debate about biological dispositions or differential sex‐role socialization, too much emphasis is given to an either‐ or dichotomy. We argue that the higher religiosity of women is likely the product of both biological and environmental influences by discussing: (1) the fallacy of nature “versus” nurture; (2) biological influences on religious outcomes; (3) biological influences on the predictors of religious involvement; (4) causality and confounding in social science; and (5) interdisciplinary models of biology‐environment interplay.
Rescuing the Baby from the Bathwater: Continuing the Conversation on Gender, Risk, and Religiosity
Authors: Lizardo Omar , Collett Jessica L.
Published: June 2009

In this short response, we selectively address some of the key issues and criticisms raised by our esteemed commenters. First, we clarify our standpoint vis à vis “biological” arguments, underscoring that our article is not to be read as hostile to all forms of explanations that incorporate biology into the explanation of religious behavior and belief, but only against those explanations that attempt to imply that socialization plays no role (“the it's all biology” argument). Second, we defend the explanatory scope of our proposal by showing that our argument is not vulnerable to the “simpler” counterexplanation proposed by Hoffmann. Finally, we contextualize where our contributions fit in terms of more encompassing arguments regarding the operation of gender and gendering processes as multicausal, multilevel phenomena, as well as explicitly stating our perspective on the role that “risk” should play in the explanation of religious behavior and belief.
Religion and Higher Education: Current Knowledge and Directions for Future Research
Authors: Mayrl Damon , Oeur Freeden
Published: June 2009

In light of increased scholarly and public discussion about the proper position of religion in higher education, we take stock of existing social scientific studies to illuminate what we know—and what we don't know—about religion and higher education. We argue that research shows that college students are more religiously engaged than has traditionally been thought, but that this interest appears to be more broad than deep; that the college experience does not lead to apostasy in most students, though its effect on students' religious engagements is still unclear; and that religion has a beneficial effect on some student outcomes, but not on others. We conclude by proposing three new directions for research that offer the potential to expand our understanding of the interaction of religion and higher education.
Conflict Between Religion and Science Among Academic Scientists?
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Park Jerry Z.
Published: June 2009

Using new survey data (N= 1,646), we examine the attitudes academic scientists at 21 elite U.S. research universities have about the perceived conflict between religion and science. In contrast to public opinion and scholarly discourse, most scientists do not perceive a conflict between science and religion. Different from what other studies would indicate, this belief does not vary between social and natural scientists. We argue that maintaining plausibility frameworks for religion is an important correlate of whether scientists will reject the conflict paradigm, with such frameworks taking surprising forms. When scientists do not attend religious services they are more likely to accept the conflict paradigm. When scientists think their peers have a positive view of religion, they are less likely to agree there is a conflict between science and religion. Religious upbringing is associated with scientists adopting the conflict paradigm. Spirituality is much more important in this population than other research would lead us to believe. Results reformulate widely cited earlier research, offer new insights about how scientists view the connection between religion and science, and expand public discussion about religious challenges to science.
Redeeming, Ruling, and Reaping: British Missionary Societies, the East India Company, and the India‐to‐China Opium Trade
Authors: Miller Jon , Stanczak Gregory
Published: June 2009

At the end of the 19th century, British missionaries campaigned to abolish the India‐to‐China opium trade, whose profits were crucial for British ambitions in Asia. This challenge by the missionaries had been slow to emerge, however, and focusing only on that well‐known opposition masks the preceding half‐century of accommodations and compromises with the opium traffic, both on the production end (Bengal) and on the receiving end (in Macau and Canton). Our research addresses the subjective calculus that was at work for the missionaries and asks how their reading of that calculus affected their movement across the spectrum from unconcern to outrage about opium. At the core of their enterprise from beginning to end was their unwavering commitment to the evangelical “Great Commission,” which spelled out the obligation to bring the Christian gospel to unsaved multitudes around the world. We argue that they consistently embraced whatever was pragmatically necessary to advance that goal and resisted whatever threatened to block movement toward it. Beneath changeability on the surface, a thread of value‐rational coherence ran through a century of calculated and strategic missionary activity. The same thread is likely to be in evidence in other theaters of global evangelism where missionaries were (are) involved in secular controversies.
Catholic Schooling, Protestant Schooling, and Religious Commitment in Young Adulthood
Authors: Uecker Jeremy E.
Published: June 2009

If and how Catholic and Protestant schools influence the religious lives of their students once they have graduated is unclear. Methodological limitations and inconsistencies in previous studies have resulted in confusing and often contradictory findings. Using data from two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 11,212), I compare the religious lives of young adults who attended Catholic, Protestant, and secular schools as adolescents. The results suggest that Protestant schoolers are far more religious as young adults than those who attended a secular school, a difference that is at least partially explained by the schools' religious environment. But young adults who attended Catholic schools report levels of religiosity that are similar to those educated in a secular school, and are actually lower for some outcomes. Studies of religious schoolers that ignore the religious tradition of the school overlook these differing effects and forfeit statistical explanatory power.
Are Religious People More Prosocial? A Quasi‐Experimental Study with Madrasah Pupils in a Rural Community in India
Authors: Ahmed Ali M.
Published: June 2009

Using quasi‐experimental data, this article examines the relationship between religiosity and prosocial behavior. In contrast to previous studies that identify religious people by how often they attend religious services or by their self‐reported religiosity, this study compares the behavior of highly devout students who are preparing to enter the clergy to the behavior of other students in a public goods game and in the dictator game. The results show that religious students were significantly more cooperative in the public goods game and significantly more generous in the dictator game than other students.
Hindus' Evaluations of Hindus and Muslims: Religious Leaders and Pilgrims at theMagh Mela
Authors: Ruback R. Barry , Kohli Neena , Pandey Janak
Published: June 2009

Two studies examined religious and political predictors of Hindus' attitudes toward Hindus and Muslims. In the first study, data came from interviews with 311 leaders of religious groups encamped at the Magh Mela, an annual religious gathering held at the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna Rivers in northern India. Results indicated that most of the indicators of religious involvement were positively related to favoritism of the ingroup (Hindus) rather than devaluation of the outgroup (Muslims). In contrast, affiliation with the Hindu‐nationalist political party (Bharatiya Janata Party) was related to devaluation of Muslims rather than favoritism of Hindus. In the second study, which involved interviews with 107 kalpavasis (pilgrims) who visited a subsequent Mela, results indicated, consistent with the first study, that religious beliefs were positively related to favoritism of Hindus. A religious behavior, frequency of worship, was related to negative evaluations of Muslims. Overall, religious leaders and kalpavasis did not differ in their ratings of Muslims, but, congruent with the notion that the more strongly one identifies with the ingroup, the more impact it will have, religious leaders evaluated Hindus significantly more positively than did kalpavasis.
An Examination of Religious Priming and Intrinsic Religious Motivation in the Moral Hypocrisy Paradigm
Authors: Carpenter Thomas P. , Marshall Margaret A.
Published: June 2009

Reliable individual differences have not yet been identified in moral hypocrisy. This research examined whether intrinsic religious motivation combined with an experimental religious priming manipulation would predict decreased moral hypocrisy. A sample of Christian college students (N=142) completed the Religious Orientation Scale—Revised, and the moral motivation paradigm, which tests whether participants will act in accordance with their moral beliefs at a cost to themselves. Half the participants received religious priming prior to the procedure. Intrinsic religiosity predicted decreased moral hypocrisy, but only when religiosity was primed. Findings support Allport's view of intrinsic religiosity, but with an emphasis on cognitive processes in addition to motivational ones.
From “Civil Religion” to Nationalism as the Religion of Modern Times: Rethinking a Complex Relationship
Authors: Santiago Jose
Published: June 2009

Interest in civil religion periodically resurfaces in the academic world with renewed force, reflected in new theoretical contributions and empirical studies. Due to its long history, this concept has been given different interpretations and has been related to other social phenomena. One of these is nationalism. Several theoreticians have sought to explain nationalism as a manifestation of “civil religion” in modern times. This article examines the relationship between (civil) religion and nationalism. A brief review of the ideas of the main authors who have theorized about this relationship is followed by a criticism of theories concerning civil religion and nationalism as the religion of modern times. I demonstrate the significant shortcomings of those theories from a three‐fold perspective: definitional, theoretical, and empirical‐methodological.
Mirror neurons and embodied simulation in the development of archetypes and self‐agency
Authors: Knox Jean
Published: June 2009

Abstract: In this paper I explore the role of mirror neurons and motor intentionality in the development of self‐agency. I suggest that this will also give us a firmer basis for an emergent view of archetypes, as key components in the development trajectory of self‐agency, from its foundation in bodily action to its mature expression in mentalization and a conscious awareness of intentionality. I offer some ideas about the implications of these issues of self‐agency for our clinical work with patients whose developmental trajectory of self‐agency has been partially inhibited, so that their communications have a coercive effect. I discuss the possibility that this kind of clinical phenomenon may relate to Gallese and Lakoff's hypothesis that abstract thought and imagination are forms of simulated action, and that the same sensory‐motor circuits that control action also control imagination, concept formation and understanding, but with a crucial development, that of an inhibition of the connections between secondary pre‐motor cortical areas and the primary motor cortex. I shall speculate that in the earlier developmental stages of self‐agency, the separation of secondary from primary motor areas is not complete, so that imagination and thought are not entirely independent of physical action.
Archetypes as action patterns1
Authors: Hogenson George B.
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  The discovery of mirror neurons by researchers at the University of Parma promises to radically alter our understanding of fundamental cognitive and affective states. This paper explores the relationship of mirror neurons to Jung's theory of archetypes and proposes that archetypes may be viewed as elementary action patterns. The paper begins with a review of a proposed interpretation of the fainting spells of S. Freud in his relationship with Jung as an example of an action pattern that also defines an archetypal image. The challenge that mirror neurons present to traditional views in analytical psychology and psychoanalysis, however, is that they operate without recourse to a cognitive processing element. This is a position that is gaining increasing acceptance in other fields as well. The paper therefore reviews the most recent claims made by the Boston Process of Change Study Group as well as conclusions drawn from dynamic systems views of development and theoretical robotics to underline the conclusion that unconscious agency is not a requirement for coherent action. It concludes with the suggestion that this entire body of research may lead to the conclusion that the dynamic unconscious is an unnecessary hypothesis in psychoanalysis and analytical psychology.
A reappraisal of classical archetype theory and its implications for theory and practice
Authors: Merchant John
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  This paper begins with an overview of contemporary approaches to archetype theory and notes the radical nature of certain deductions. Some argue that there is no ‘archetype‐as‐such’ as a pre‐existing entity at the core of a complex driving its formation whilst the findings of current neuroscience are calling into question one very thing on which the classical theory is built – innatism. Knox's argument for image schemas raises the question as to the extent to which archetypes can be conceived in any preformationist sense.

The question is then posed – to what extent can Jung's classical theory of archetypes be read in light of these current models? The case examples Jung uses to evidence the existence of archetypes, his explications of synchronicity and his own Philemon experience are then reappraised.

The conclusion is drawn that it is difficult to evidence the existence of autonomous archetypes unrelated to personal affective experience. Not only would this be expected by emergent/developmental models of archetype but it can explain many of Jung's disjunctive statements about archetype constellation; the difficulties in separating personal and collective psychic content and Jung's apparent Lamarckianism. The implications of these models for theory, clinical practice and analyst training are then offered for discussion.
Tradition and originality in the transference: a Coleridgean commentary
Authors: Meredith‐Owen William
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  Some of S.T. Coleridge's observations about ‘the mind's self‐experience of itself’ and the nature of faith and trust are discussed in relation to the implicit tensions between ‘tradition’ (formal structure, received wisdom) and ‘originality’ (creativity, individuation), especially in the transference. The existential doubts of some analysands may undermine their confidence that their integrity will be fostered by the analytic relationship: so instead the trappings of ‘tradition’ (e.g. in the case of a trainee the assumption of a professionally endorsed status) may be appropriated as a spurious substitute for ‘originality’.

It is argued that an anticipatory ‘faith’, albeit initially rather cerebral, may be necessary to sustain the analytic endeavour until a more intimate, heartfelt ‘trust’ can release the potential for individuation. Further consideration is given to the ‘analytic attitude’ that might best facilitate this process, and to how sensitivity to these dynamics may inform one's reading of the transference.
Regression in the countertransference: working with the archetype of the abandoned child
Authors: Bright George
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  The author describes briefly some experiences of his sense of non‐existence as an analyst in relation to five patients. He considers the possible countertransference significance of these experiences and puts forward a hypothesis that his sense of non‐existence as an analyst might be a clue to regression in the patient to the anxieties of a baby without a mother, even though other clinical evidence of regression might be lacking. Referring back to Jung's early formulation of transference and countertransference as aspects of the unconscious identity shared between analyst and patient, he further develops his hypothesis, suggesting that, in the cases he has presented, analyst and patient were relating through shared dynamic roots in the archetype of the abandoned child. He briefly demonstrates how the understanding thus achieved was of clinical use in the analyses of the patients he has presented.
Multivariate Association Test Using Haplotype Trend Regression
Authors: Pei Yu‐Fang , Zhang Lei , Liu Jianfeng , Deng Hong‐Wen
Published: June 2009

Genetic association analyses with haplotypes may be more powerful than analyses with single markers, under certain conditions. Furthermore, simultaneously considering multiple correlated traits may make use of additional information that would not be considered when analyzing individual traits. In this study, we propose a haplotype based test of association for multivariate quantitative traits in unrelated samples. Specifically, we extend a population based haplotype trend regression (HTR) approach to multivariate scenarios. We mainly focused on bivariate HTR, and the simulation results showed that the proposed method had correct pre‐specified type‐I error rates. The power of the proposed method was largely influenced by the size and source of correlation between variables, being greatest when correlation of a specific gene was opposite in sign to the residual correlation.
Testing Hardy‐Weinberg Equilibrium using Family Data from Complex Surveys
Authors: She Dewei , Zhang Hong , Li Zhaohai
Published: June 2009

Genetic data collected during the second phase of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) enable us to investigate the association of a wide variety of health factors with regard to genetic variation. The classic question when looking into the genetic variations in a population is whether the population is in the state of Hardy‐Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE). Our objective was to develop test procedures using family data from complex surveys such as NHANES III. We developed six Pearson χ2 based tests for a diallelic locus of autosomal genes. The finite sample properties of the proposed test procedures were evaluated via Monte Carlo simulation studies and the Rao‐Scott first order corrected test was recommended. Test procedures were applied to three loci from NHANES III genetic databases, i.e., ADRB2, TGFB1, and VDR. HWE was shown to hold at 0.05 level for all three loci when only families with genotypic information available for two parents and for one or more children were used in the analysis.
Moment arms of the knee extensor mechanism in children and adults
Authors: O’Brien Thomas D. , Reeves Neil D. , Baltzopoulos Vasilios , Jones David A. , Maganaris Constantinos N.
Published: June 2009

In the present study we investigated whether there are differences in the patellar tendon moment arm (PTMA)‐knee angle relationship between pre‐pubertal children and adults, and whether the PTMA length scales to relevant anthropometric measurements in the two groups. Anthropometric characteristics and the PTMA length‐joint angle relationships were determined in 20 adults and 20 pre‐pubertal children of both genders. The anthropometric characteristics measured were height, body mass, knee circumference, medio‐lateral knee breadth, anterior‐posterior knee depth, leg length, femur length and tibia length. The PTMA was quantified from magnetic resonance images using the geometric centre of the femoral condyle method, at every 5° between 55° and 90° of knee flexion (0° is full extension). Adults had a significantly greater PTMA length at all joint angles (4.2 ± 0.4 vs. 3.6 ± 0.3 cm at 90°; P < 0.01), with the PTMA length decreasing from knee extension to knee flexion similarly in both adults and children. There were no significant and strong correlations between the PTMA and anthropometric measures in adults for any joint angle. In contrast, the PTMA correlated and scaled with anthropometric characteristics for the children (P < 0.05, r = 0.49–0.9) at all joint angles. The PTMA length in children was most accurately predicted at 85° of flexion from the equation PTMA = –0.25 + 0.083·tibia length + 0.02·leg length (R2 = 0.83). These findings indicate that the knee extensor mechanism in pre‐pubertal children should not be considered to be a ‘scaled‐down’ version of that in adults.
Functional expression of the thyrotropin receptor in C cells: new insights into their involvement in the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis
Authors: Morillo‐Bernal Jesús , Fernández‐Santos José M. , Utrilla José C. , De Miguel Manuel , García‐Marín Rocío , Martín‐Lacave Inés
Published: June 2009

Thyroid C cells, or parafollicular cells, are mainly known for producing calcitonin, a hormone involved in calcium homeostasis with hypocalcemic and hypophosphatemic effects. Classically, the main endocrine activity of this cell population has been believed to be restricted to its roles in serum calcium and bone metabolism. Nonetheless, in the last few years evidence has been accumulating in the literature with regard to local regulatory peptides secreted by C cells, such as somatostatin, ghrelin, thyrotropin releasing hormone or the recently described cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐related transcript, which could modify thyroid function. As thyrotropin is the main hormone controlling the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis and, accordingly, thyroid function, we have examined the functional expression of the thyrotropin receptor in C‐cell lines and in thyroid tissues. We have found that rat and human C‐cell lines express the thyrotropin receptor at both mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, incubation of C cells with thyrotropin resulted in a 10‐fold inhibition of thyrotropin‐receptor expression, and a concomitant decrease of the steady‐state mRNA levels for calcitonin and calcitonin gene‐related peptide determined by quantitative real‐time PCR was found. Finally, thyrotropin receptor expression by C cells was confirmed at protein level in both normal and pathological thyroid tissues by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. These results confirm that C cells, under regulation by thyrotropin, are involved in the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis and suggest a putative role in local fine‐tuning of follicular cell activity.
The intrinsic shape of the human lumbar spine in the supine, standing and sitting postures: characterization using an active shape model
Authors: Meakin Judith R. , Gregory Jennifer S. , Aspden Richard M. , Smith Francis W. , Gilbert Fiona J.
Published: June 2009

The shape of the lumbar spine in the sagittal plane varies between individuals and as a result of postural changes but it is not known how the shape in different postures is related. Sagittal images of the lumbar spines of 24 male volunteers were acquired using a positional magnetic resonance scanner. The subjects were imaged lying supine, standing and sitting. An active shape model was used to characterize shape in terms of independent modes of variation. Two modes were identified that described the total (mode 1) and distribution (mode 2) of the curvature. The spinal shape was found to be intercorrelated between the three postures for both modes, suggesting that the lumbar spine has an element of shape that is partially maintained despite postural alterations. Mode 1 values indicated that the spine was straightest when standing and curviest when sitting. Mode 2 values indicated that the distribution in the curvature was most even when sitting and least even when lying supine. Systematic differences in the behaviour of the spine, when changing posture, were found that suggest that the shape of the spine may affect its biomechanics.
Competitive interaction degrades target selection: An ERP study
Authors: Hilimire Matthew R. , Mounts Jeffrey R. W. , Parks Nathan A. , Corballis Paul M.
Published: June 2009

Localized attentional interference (LAI) occurs when attending to a visual object degrades processing of nearby objects. Competitive interaction accounts of LAI explain the phenomenon as the result of competition among objects for representation in extrastriate cortex. Here, we examined the N2pc component of the event‐related potential (ERP) as a likely neural correlate of LAI. In Experiment 1, participants responded to the orientation of a target while ignoring a nearby decoy. At small target–decoy separations, N2pc amplitude was attenuated whereas the amplitude of a later, positive component (Ptc) was potentiated. Experiment 2 ruled out sensory explanations of these effects. The N2pc results are consistent with the idea that spatially mediated competition for representation in extrastriate cortex degrades target selection. Moreover, the Ptc may reflect a bias signal needed to resolve the competition at smaller target–decoy separations.
Paraíso terrenal, mujeres bellas, gente cordial: Gender Performances and Narratives of Modernity inLa Sierra
Authors: MARTIN DEBORAH
Published: June 2009

La Sierra(Martínez and Dalton, 2005), a portrait of a paramilitary‐run community on Medellín’s eastern edge, is both anthropological study and self‐conscious creator of narratives. The documentary is both globally and locally inserted, and straddles both generic and public/private boundaries. The article discusses the film’s self‐conscious examination of gender performances, describing the way it plays out the conflicting demands of masculinity on the male body. It argues that the responses of feminine desire and identity to the various masculine models may subvert dominant codes through (re) citation and failed interpellation. Central to the article’s argument is the notion that through female desire, the film performs Colombian undecidability surrounding masculine violence.
The Creation of Community? Citizen Action, Social Movements, and the Portmore Toll Controversy
Authors: DODMAN DAVID
Published: June 2009

The building of a multi‐lane tolled highway linking the suburban communities of Portmore to the capital city of Kingston in Jamaica has become the focus of citizen action from residents who are concerned about the nature of the toll and the inadequacy of alternative routes. This article assesses the extent to which this activity represents a genuine social movement; analyses the complex and ongoing negotiations between citizens, the state and global capital over the transformation of the urban environment; and discusses the relevance of this issue for a broader understanding of development.
Ideology, Institutions and Ideas: Explaining Political Change in Venezuela
Authors: SANOJA PEDRO
Published: June 2009

This article scrutinises the links between patterns and modes of political participation and the emergence of Bolivarianism in Venezuela in the early 1990s. I study how Bolivarianism triumphed over competing projects in a period characterised by widespread unrest and its relationship to the Punto‐Fijo institutional structure it overthrew. I argue that the ideas of Bolivarianism are derived from contradictions inherent to the existing institutions, and can only be understood in relation to the values and practices embedded in them, which Bolivarianism aimed to replace.
Effect of central administration of ondansetron, a 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐3 receptor antagonist on gastric and duodenal ulcers
Authors: Ramesh Salvi Tushar , Asad Mohammed , Dhamanigi Sunil Samson , Prasad V. Satya
Published: June 2009

The effect of central administration of ondansetron, a 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐3 (5‐HT3) receptor antagonist on gastric secretion and gastric cytoprotection was evaluated using four different models of gastric ulcers and cysteamine induced duodenal ulcer. Ondansetron was administered at two different doses of 20 μg/kg, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) and 40 μg/kg, i.c.v. Both doses of ondansetron showed significant increase in healing of acetic acid induced gastric ulcers and reduced the formation of ethanol‐induced and pylorus ligation‐induced gastric ulcers and cysteamine‐induced duodenal ulcer. High dose of ondansetron (40 μg/kg, i.c.v.) was more effective compared with the low dose (20 μg/kg, i.c.v.). However, both doses of ondansetron did not influence the development of cold restraint stress induced gastric ulcers. It was concluded that blocking of 5‐HT3receptors in brain decreases gastric acid secretion and increases gastric mucus secretion.
Actein activates stress‐ and statin‐associated responses and is bioavailable in Sprague‐Dawley rats
Authors: Einbond Linda Saxe , Soffritti Morando , Esposti Davide Degli , Park Taesik , Cruz Erica , Su Tao , Wu Hsan‐au , Wang Xiaomei , Zhang Yu‐Jing , Ham Justin , Goldberg Ira J. , Kronenberg Fredi , Vladimirova Antoaneta
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this study was to assess in rats the pharmacological parameters and effects on gene expression in the liver of the triterpene glycoside actein. Actein, an active component from the herb black cohosh, has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of human breast cancer cells. To conduct our assessment, we determined the molecular effects of actein on livers from Sprague‐Dawley rats treated with actein at 35.7 mg/kg for 6 and 24 h. Chemogenomic analyses indicated that actein elicited stress and statin‐associated responses in the liver; actein altered expression of cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthetic genes, p53 pathway genes, CCND1 and ID3. Real‐time RT‐PCR validated that actein induced three time‐dependent patterns of gene expression in the liver: (i) a decrease followed by a significant increase of HMGCS1, HMGCR, HSD17B7, NQO1, S100A9; (ii) a progressive increase of BZRP and CYP7A1 and (iii) a significant increase followed by a decrease of CCND1 and ID3. Consistent with actein’s statin‐ and stress‐associated responses, actein reduced free fatty acid and cholesterol content in the liver by 0.6‐fold at 24 h and inhibited the growth of human HepG2 liver cancer cells. To determine the bioavailability of actein, we collected serum samples for pharmacokinetic analysis at various times up to 24 h. The serum level of actein peaked at 2.4 μg/mL at 6 h. Actein’s ability to alter pathways involved in lipid disorders and carcinogenesis may make it a new agent for preventing and treating these major disorders.