bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contribution of lianas to plant area index and canopy structure in a Panamanian forest
Authors: Rodríguez‐Ronderos M. Elizabeth , Bohrer Gil , Sanchez‐Azofeifa Arturo , Powers Jennifer S. , Schnitzer Stefan A.
Published: September 2016

Lianas are an important component of tropical forests, where they reduce tree growth, fecundity, and survival. Competition for light from lianas may be intense; however, the amount of light that lianas intercept is poorly understood. We used a large‐scale liana‐removal experiment to quantify light interception by lianas in a Panamanian secondary forest. We measured the change in plant area index (PAI) and forest structure before and after cutting lianas (for 4 yr) in eight 80 m × 80 m plots and eight control plots (16 plots total). We used ground‐based LiDARto measure the 3‐dimensional canopy structure before cutting lianas, and then annually for 2 yr afterwards. Six weeks after cutting lianas, mean plotPAIwas 20% higher in control vs. liana removal plots. One yr after cutting lianas, mean plotPAIwas ~17% higher in control plots. The differences between treatments diminished significantly 2 yr after liana cutting and, after 4 yr, trees had fully compensated for liana removal. Ground‐based LiDARrevealed that lianas attenuated light in the upper‐ and middle‐forest canopy layers, and not only in the upper canopy as was previously suspected. Thus, lianas compete with trees by intercepting light in the upper‐ and mid‐canopy of this forest.
Computational methods for trajectory inference from single‐cell transcriptomics
Authors: Cannoodt Robrecht , Saelens Wouter , Saeys Yvan
Published: September 2016

Recent developments in single‐cell transcriptomics have opened new opportunities for studying dynamic processes in immunology in a high throughput and unbiased manner. Starting from a mixture of cells in different stages of a developmental process, unsupervised trajectory inference algorithms aim to automatically reconstruct the underlying developmental path that cells are following. In this review, we break down the strategies used by this novel class of methods, and organize their components into a common framework, highlighting several practical advantages and disadvantages of the individual methods. We also give an overview of new insights these methods have already provided regarding the wiring and gene regulation of cell differentiation. As the trajectory inference field is still in its infancy, we propose several future developments that will ultimately lead to a global and data‐driven way of studying immune cell differentiation.
Thirty Years of the Drug Candidate NAMI‐A and the Myths in the Field of Ruthenium Anticancer Compounds: A Personal Perspective
Authors: Alessio Enzo
Published: September 2016

As anticipated in the title, this contribution is basically divided into two, strictly connected, parts. The first is a personal overview of the ruthenium drug candidate NAMI‐A, almost 30 years after its synthesis and the discovery of its unprecedented antimetastatic properties in animal models at nontoxic dosages. The sections relating to the chemical and biological behavior of the complex, and the hypotheses on its mechanism(s) of action, are kept to a minimum, whereas more space is devoted to discussion of the results of the clinical investigations. The second part deals in detail with a number of undemonstrated misconceptions (or myths) that, over the years, have thrived around NAMI‐A and other ruthenium drug candidates, thus negatively affecting the whole field of Ru anticancer drugs.
Bioactive compounds of oils extracted from fruits seeds obtained from agroindustrial waste
Authors: da Silva Ana Carolina , Jorge Neuza
Published: September 2016

This study aimed at evaluating the oils extracted from seeds originating from agroindustrial wastes, in order to identify the presence of bioactive compounds. The oils extracted from seeds of apple, citron, grape, guava, kumquat, mangaba, mango, melon, orange, papaya, passion fruit, pumpkin, soursop, strawberry, and tomato were studied. Therefore, determination of fatty acid profile, triglycerides, composition of tocopherols, phytosterols and phenolic compounds, and total carotenoids was performed in the oils. Strawberry seed oil stood out for its high content of linolenic acid (31.5%), which is classified as essential fatty acid, and also for its high content of phenolic compounds, compared to the other samples. The concentrations of tocopherols ranged from nd (not detected), in kumquat seed oil, to 534.53 mg/kg, in apple seed oil. The main phytosterol found among the samples was β‐sitosterol.

Practical applications: The analyses accomplished indicate that these oils can be a new source of oils for human consumption. The information presented might be directly used for developing of functional foods, as well chemical, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.

This study aimed at evaluating the oils extracted from seeds originating from agroindustrial wastes. Determination of fatty acid profile, composition of tocopherols, phytosterols and phenolic compounds, and total carotenoids was performed in the oils extracted from seeds of apple, citron, grape, guava, kumquat, mangaba, mango, melon, orange, papaya, passion fruit, pumpkin, soursop, strawberry, and tomato.
Online bioprocess data generation, analysis, and optimization for parallel fed‐batch fermentations in milliliter scale
Authors: Nickel David Benjamin , Cruz‐Bournazou Mariano Nicolas , Wilms Terrance , Neubauer Peter , Knepper Andreas
Published: September 2016

Bioprocess development, optimization, and control in mini‐bioreactor systems require information about essential process parameters, high data densities, and the ability to dynamically change process conditions. We present an integration approach combining a parallel mini‐bioreactor system integrated into a liquid handling station (LHS) with a second LHS for offline analytics. Non‐invasive sensors measure pH and DO online. Offline samples are collected every 20 min and acetate, glucose, and OD620 subsequently analyzed offline. All data are automatically collected, analyzed, formalized, and used for process control and optimization. Fed‐batch conditions are realized via a slow enzymatic glucose release system. The integration approach was successfully used to apply an online experimental re‐design method to eight Escherichia coli fed‐batch cultivations. The method utilizes generated data to select the following experimental actions online in order to reach the optimization goal of estimating E. coli fed‐batch model parameters with as high accuracy as possible. Optimal experimental designs were re‐calculated online based on the experimental data and implemented by introducing pulses via the LHS to the running fermentations. The LHS control allows for various implementations of advanced control and optimization strategies in milliliter scale.
Y90‐Ibritumomab tiuxetan (Y90‐IT) and high‐dose melphalan as conditioning regimen before autologous stem cell transplantation for elderly patients with lymphoma in relapse or resistant to chemotherapy: a feasibility trial (SAKK 37/05)
Authors: Voegeli Michèle , Rondeau Stephanie , Berardi Vilei Simona , Lerch Erika , Wannesson Luciano , Pabst Thomas , Rentschler Jochen , Bargetzi Mario , Jost Lorenz , Ketterer Nicolas , Bischof Delaloye Angelika , Ghielmini Michele
Published: September 2016

Standard conditioning regimens for autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) are often not tolerated by elderly patients, on one hand. Single high‐dose melphalan, on the other hand, has been shown to be safe and active as a pretransplant preparative regimen in elderly patients. Y90‐Ibritumomab tiuxetan (Y90‐IT) is well tolerated and feasible in the transplantation setting. We therefore investigated the combination of high‐dose melphalan and Y90‐IT as a conditioning regimen for patients ≥65 years of age.

Patients with relapsed or resistant CD20‐positive lymphoma in remission after salvage chemotherapy could be enrolled. High‐dose therapy consisted of standard dose Y90‐IT (0.4‐mCi/kg body weight) followed by melphalan at escalating doses (100, 140, 170 and 200 mg/m2) and ASCT. The primary objective was to identify the maximum tolerated dose; secondary end points were complete response (CR) rate 100 days after transplantation and toxicity.

Twenty patients (median age 72 years) were included. No DLT occurred at any dose level. Thirteen patients completed the treatment, 11 were evaluable for response. Seven patients did not complete treatment because of mobilization failure (n = 3), progressive disease (n = 2), worsening of cardiac function (n = 1), and grade 3 dyspnea (n = 1).

Seven patients achieved a CR/complete remission/unconfirmed (CRu) and 2 had stable disease. Five out of 7 responding patients were still alive more than 3 years after transplantation. The 2 patients with SD had a long‐term survival of 3 and 5 years, respectively.

Nonhematological grade 3 or higher treatment related adverse events (AEs) were infection (n = 6), including 2 cases of febrile neutropenia, diarrhea (n = 3), mucositis, anorexia, viral hepatitis, hypokalemia, dehydration, and multiorgan failure (n = 1 for each).

The combination of Y90‐IT and high‐dose melphalan is feasible before ASCT for elderly patients, with promising activity and manageable toxicity.
The role of global public health strategy in non‐profit organisational change at country level: lessons from the joining of Save the Children and Merlin in Myanmar
Authors: Campbell Fiona M. , Balabanova Dina , Howard Natasha
Published: September 2016

Introduction

The paper presents a case study that critically assesses the role of global strategy ‘Public Health on the Frontline 2014–2015’ (‘the Strategy’) in supporting Merlin and Save the Children's organisational change and future programme of the combined organisation in Myanmar.

Materials and methods

Research was undertaken in 2014 in Myanmar. Twenty‐six individual and three group interviews were conducted with stakeholders, and 10 meetings relevant to the country organisational transition process were observed. A conceptual framework was developed to assess the role of the global strategy in supporting the country change process.

Results

Several positive aspects of the global strategy were found, as well as critical shortcomings in its support to the organisational change process at country level. The strategy was useful in signalling Save the Children's intention to scale up humanitarian health provision. However, it had only limited influence on the early change process and outcomes in Myanmar.

Conclusions

Results highlight several aspects that would enhance the role of a global strategy at country level. Lessons can be applied by organisations undertaking a similar process. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
mRECIST response combined with sorafenib‐related adverse events is superior to either criterion alone in predicting survival in HCC patients treated with TACE plus sorafenib
Authors: Wang Wenjun , Bai Wei , Wang Enxin , Zhao Yan , Liu Lei , Yang Man , Cai Hongwei , Xia Dongdong , Zhang Lei , Niu Jing , Yin Zhanxin , Zhang Zhuoli , Fan Daiming , Xia Jielai , Han Guohong
Published: September 2016

The mRECIST and dermatologic adverse events (AEs) can be used to assess the patient response to transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and/or sorafenib for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we aimed to combine the two criteria to stratify the prognosis in patients with unresectable HCC receiving TACE plus sorafenib (TACE‐S). In total, 176 consecutive HCC patients treated with TACE‐S were enrolled. CT scans and laboratory tests were conducted pretreatment (at baseline, 5–7 days before the TACE‐S) and post‐treatment (at 1, 2 and 3 months). The radiological response was assessed according to mRECIST. Sorafenib‐related AEs were recorded every 2 weeks after oral administration, and patients with dermatologic AEs of Grade 2 or more were defined as dermatologic responders. The earliest time at which mRECIST and dermatologic responses correlated with survival was 2 months after therapy. The mRECIST‐dermatologic AE combination assessment stratified patients into three different prognoses; responders on both assessments exhibited the longest median overall survival (OS), followed by responders on one assessment and non‐responders on both assessments (30.5, 17.4 and 8.3 months, respectively; p < 0.001). Achieving the highest C‐index, the mRECIST‐dermatologic AE combination showed better performance in predicting survival than either mRECIST or dermatologic AEs alone. Furthermore, the mRECIST‐dermatologic AE combination remained a significant predictor of OS, even when the patients were stratified according to the BCLC stage, ECOG score or alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) value. This study showed that the combination of mRECIST response and dermatologic AEs is superior to either criterion used alone for predicting the survival of HCC patients treated with TACE‐S.
Application of Surface Cover Materials for Reduction of NPS Pollution on Field‐Scale Experimental Plots
Authors: Shin Minhwan , Jang Jeongryeol , Lee Suin , Park Younshik , Lee Youngjoon , Shin Yongchul , Won Chulhee
Published: September 2016

A 2‐year experimental plot study was conducted in Korea to measure the effect of different surface treatments on runoff and agricultural non‐point source (NPS) pollution. The treatments were straw mat conjunctive with polyacrylamide and gypsum (SPG), straw mat (SM) and plastic sheet (PM) mulches. Four plots on a sandy loam, mildly sloped (2–8.4%) soybean field were monitored with respect to runoff and water quality. Average annual rainfall was 1270 mm. Runoff reduction by the SPG and SM treatments ranged from 22.0 to 90.9% and from 50.0 to 68.1%, respectively, compared with runoff from the control. The SM treatment produced less runoff than did the PM treatment. Event mean concentrations did not show any consistent differences between the treatments except for suspended solids (SS), which were always lower than that from the control. The reduction of NPS pollution load by the SPG and SM treatments ranged between 27.6 and 95.0%, and between 38.7 and 96.7%, respectively. The SS reduction by the treatments ranged between 50.0 and 92.2%. The SPG and SM treatments were effective in the control of soil erosion, turbid runoff and other NPS pollution discharge. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PTHrP-Derived Peptides Restore Bone Mass and Strength in Diabetic Mice: Additive Effect of Mechanical Loading
Authors: Maycas Marta , McAndrews Kevin A , Sato Amy Y , Pellegrini Gretel G , Brown Drew M , Allen Matthew R , Plotkin Lilian I , Gortazar Arancha R , Esbrit Pedro , Bellido Teresita
Published: September 2016

There is an unmet need to understand the mechanisms underlying skeletal deterioration in diabetes mellitus (DM) and to develop therapeutic approaches to treat bone fragility in diabetic patients. We demonstrate herein that mice with type 1 DM induced by streptozotocin exhibited low bone mass, inferior mechanical and material properties, increased bone resorption, decreased bone formation, increased apoptosis of osteocytes, and increased expression of the osteocyte-derived bone formation inhibitor Sost/sclerostin. Further, short treatment of diabetic mice with parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrP)-derived peptides corrected these changes to levels undistinguishable from non-diabetic mice. In addition, diabetic mice exhibited reduced bone formation in response to mechanical stimulation, which was corrected by treatment with the PTHrP peptides, and higher prevalence of apoptotic osteocytes, which was reduced by loading or by the PTHrP peptides alone and reversed by a combination of loading and PTHrP peptide treatment. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the PTHrP peptides or mechanical stimulation by fluid flow activated the survival kinases ERKs and induced nuclear translocation of the canonical Wnt signaling mediator β-catenin, and prevented the increase in osteocytic cell apoptosis induced by high glucose. Thus, PTHrP-derived peptides cross-talk with mechanical signaling pathways to reverse skeletal deterioration induced by DM in mice. These findings suggest a crucial role of osteocytes in the harmful effects of diabetes on bone and raise the possibility of targeting these cells as a novel approach to treat skeletal deterioration in diabetes. Moreover, our study suggests the potential therapeutic efficacy of combined pharmacological and mechanical stimuli to promote bone accrual and maintenance in diabetic subjects. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
The Pharmacokinetics of Beraprost Sodium Following Single Oral Administration to Subjects With Impaired Kidney Function
Authors: Shimamura Masahiro , Miyakawa Jun , Doi Masaaki , Okada Kiyonobu , Kurumatani Hajimu , Mori Yoshitaka , Oshida Keiyu , Nakajo Ikumi , Oikawa Keishi , Ushigome Fumihiko , Miyashita Aiji , Isono Masanao , Miyamoto Yohei
Published: September 2016

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of beraprost sodium (BPS) and its active enantiomer, BPS‐314d, in Japanese subjects with impaired kidney function. The plasma and urine concentrations of BPS and BPS‐314d were measured following the single oral administration of 120 μg of BPS as the sustained‐release tablet, TRK‐100STP, under fasting conditions to 18 subjects with impaired kidney function (stage 2, 3, and 4 chronic kidney disease [CKD] as categorized by the estimated glomerular filtration rate) and to 6 age‐, body weight‐, and gender‐matched subjects with normal kidney function (stage 1 CKD). The Cmax values (mean ± SD) of BPS in stage 1, 2, 3, and 4 CKD, respectively, were 84.9 ± 22.9, 119.8 ± 36.4, 190.6 ± 137.3, and 240.2 ± 110.5 pg/mL; its AUC0‐48h were 978 ± 226, 1252 ± 427, 1862 ± 964, and 1766 ± 806 pg·h/mL, respectively, and its cumulative urinary excretion rates were 0.704 ± 0.351%, 0.638 ± 0.292%, 0.485 ± 0.294%, and 0.159 ± 0.136%. The Cmax values of BPS‐314d were 22.4 ± 6.4, 30.8 ± 8.5, 46.7 ± 30.6, and 54.4 ± 25.2 pg/mL, its AUC0‐48h were 155 ± 56, 226 ± 67, 341 ± 176, and 329 ± 143 pg·h/mL, and its cumulative urinary excretion rates were 0.428 ± 0.242%, 0.349 ± 0.179%, 0.356 ± 0.270%, and 0.096 ± 0.099%, respectively. Adverse events were reported in 2 subjects with stage 2 CKD and 1 subject with stage 4 CKD. The Cmax and AUC0‐48h of BPS and BPS‐314d were higher based on the severity of impaired kidney function. No relationship was observed between the incidence of adverse events and the severity, and tolerability was confirmed. We consider that dose adjustment is not necessary, but BPS is more carefully treated in patients with impaired kidney function.
Biobutanol recovery from model solutions using potassium pyrophosphate
Authors: Xie Shaoqu , Zhang Yulei , Yi Conghua , Qiu Xueqing
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

Biobutanol has tremendous advantages over bioethanol, from use as an industrial solvent to a superior next‐generation biofuel. In order to compete with synthetic 1‐butanol or bioethanol, biobutanol still faces the challenge of developing product recovery methods to reduce production cost over the long term. Here we describe an in situ salting‐out technique utilizing potassium pyrophosphate (K4P2O7) as dehydrating agent to form new organic phases in acetone + 1‐butanol + ethanol (ABE) model solutions.

RESULTS

A higher K4P2O7 content resulted in higher distribution coefficients of ABE. A change in temperature led to no appreciable change in the liquid–liquid phase equilibria. More than 90 wt% of ABE could be recovered and more than 99.75% of water remained in the bulk aqueous phase. Higher solvent level permits higher recovery of ABE. The linear correlation between the solubility of ABE and the molality of K4P2O7 was demonstrated.

CONCLUSION

The salting‐out separation technique has potential for the selective recovery of ABE from fermentation broths to reduce the energy consumption in the subsequent distillation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Dynamic left ventricular changes in patients with gestational diabetes: A speckle tracking echocardiography study
Authors: Meera Srinidhi J. , Ando Tomo , Pu Daniel , Manjappa Shivaprasad , Taub Cynthia C.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

The left ventricle (LV) undergoes physiologic remodeling in adaptation to the hemodynamic changes that occur in pregnancy. Speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is a novel and reliable tool to evaluate subtle myocardial alterations that have been utilized to assess myocardial changes in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) but not in patients with gestational DM (GDM). We seek to evaluate changes in LV function using STE in patients with GDM compared with women with normal pregnancy.

Methods

This was a single‐center retrospective cohort study. A total of 312 pregnant patients that underwent transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) between 2009 and 2014 were screened. After excluding patients with comorbidities or insufficient data, 90 women were included. TTE from the second and third trimester for each patient were then reviewed, and STE analysis was performed.

Results

Of the 90 subjects, 72 had normal pregnancies and 18 developed GDM. There was no difference in LV end‐diastolic diameter (4.73 ± 0.40 versus 4.60 ± 0.56, p = 0.25), LV end‐systolic diameter (3.12 ± 0.35 versus 2.91 ± 0.61, p = 0.152), or ejection fraction (62.26 ± 4.12 versus 63.50 ± 5.24, p = 0.314) between the two groups. Global longitudinal strain was lower (−19.8 ± 3.34 versus −17.2 ± 2.18, p < 0.001) in patients with GDM, while time‐to‐peak strain was greater (0.43 ± 0.05 versus 0.50 ± 0.06, p < 0.001). Circumferential and radial strains were preserved in both groups.

Conclusions

Although conventional TTE variables show preserved LV size and function, LV longitudinal strain suggests subclinical myocardial dysfunction in patients with GDM. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 45:20–27, 2017
N,N,N′,N′‐Tetrabromobenzene‐1,3‐disulfonamide Catalyzed Synthesis of New Spiro[chroman‐3,2′‐chromeno[2,3‐b]furan]‐2,4,4′‐(3′H)‐trione Derivatives
Authors: Ghorbani‐Vaghei Ramin , Malaekehpoor Seyedeh Mina
Published: September 2016

An efficient approach for one‐pot synthesis of biologically active new spiro[chroman‐3,2′‐chromeno[2,3‐b]furan]‐2,4,4′‐(3′H)‐trione derivatives from tandem Knoevenagel–Michel addition–heterocyclization reaction between 4‐hydroxycumarin and various aldehydes in the presence of N,N,N′,N′‐tetrabromobenzene‐1,3‐disulfonamide as an efficient catalyst at ambient temperature under solvent‐free conditions was reported. Simple procedure, high yields, easy work‐up, and reusability of the catalyst are the significant advantages of this process.
Feasibility of ferumoxytol‐enhanced neonatal and young infant cardiac MRI without general anesthesia
Authors: Lai Lillian M. , Cheng Joseph Y. , Alley Marcus T. , Zhang Tao , Lustig Michael , Vasanawala Shreyas S.
Published: September 2016

Purpose

To assess the feasibility of ferumoxytol‐enhanced anesthesia‐free cardiac MRI in neonates and young infants for complex congenital heart disease (CHD).

Materials and Methods

With Institutional Review Board approval, 21 consecutive neonates and young infants (1 day to 11 weeks old; median age of 3 days) who underwent a rapid two‐sequence (MR angiography [MRA] and four‐dimensional [4D] flow) MRI protocol with intravenous ferumoxytol without sedation (n = 17) or light sedation (n = 4) at 3 Tesla (T) (except one case at 1.5T) between June 2014 and February 2016 were retrospectively identified. Medical records were reviewed for indication, any complications, if further diagnostic imaging was performed after MRI, and surgical findings. Two radiologists scored the images in two sessions on a 5‐point scale for overall image quality and delineation of various anatomical structures. Confidence interval of proportions for likelihood of requiring additional diagnostic imaging after MRI was determined. For the possibility of reducing the protocol to a single rapid sequence, Wilcoxon‐rank sum test was used to assess whether 4D flow and MRA significantly differed in anatomical delineation.

Results

One of 21 patients (4.8%, 80% confidence interval 0–11%) required additional imaging, a computed tomography angiography to assess lung parenchyma and peripheral pulmonary arteries. Only 1 of 13 patients (7.7%) with operative confirmation had a minor discrepancy between radiology and operative reports (80% confidence interval 0–17%). 4D flow was significantly superior to MRA (P < 0.05) for the evaluation of systemic arteries, valves, ventricular trabeculae, and overall quality. Using Cohen's kappa coefficient, there was good interobserver agreement for the evaluation of systemic arteries by 4D flow (κ = 0.782), and systemic veins and pulmonary arteries by MRA (κ > 0.6). Overall 4D flow measurements (mean κ = 0.64–0.74) had better internal agreement compared with MRA (mean κ = 0.30–0.64).

Conclusion

Ferumoxytol‐enhanced cardiac MRI, without anesthesia, is feasible for the evaluation of complex CHD in neonates and young infants, with a low likelihood of need for additional diagnostic studies. The decreased risk by avoiding anesthesia must be balanced against the potential for adverse reactions with ferumoxytol.

Level of Evidence: 2

J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2017;45:1407–1418
Simulated microgravity enhances oligodendrocyte mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism
Authors: Espinosa‐Jeffrey Araceli , Nguyen Kevin , Kumar Shalini , Toshimasa Ochiai , Hirose Ryuji , Reue Karen , Vergnes Laurent , Kinchen Jason , Vellis Jean de
Published: September 2016

The primary energy sources of mammalian cells are proteins, fats, and sugars that are processed by well‐known biochemical mechanisms that have been discovered and studied in 1G (terrestrial gravity). Here we sought to determine how simulated microgravity (sim‐µG) impacts both energy and lipid metabolism in oligodendrocytes (OLs), the myelin‐forming cells in the central nervous system. We report increased mitochondrial respiration and increased glycolysis 24 hr after exposure to sim‐µG. Moreover, examination of the secretome after 3 days' exposure of OLs to sim‐µG increased the Krebs cycle (Krebs and Weitzman, ) flux in sim‐µG. The secretome study also revealed a significant increase in the synthesis of fatty acids and complex lipids such as 1,2‐dipalmitoyl‐GPC (5.67); lysolipids like 1‐oleoyl‐GPE (4.48) were also increased by microgravity. Although longer‐chain lipids were not observed in this study, it is possible that at longer time points OLs would have continued moving forward toward the synthesis of lipids that constitute myelin. For centuries, basic developmental biology research has been the pillar of an array of discoveries that have led to clinical applications; we believe that studies using microgravity will open new avenues to our understanding of the brain in health and disease—in particular, to the discovery of new molecules and mechanisms impossible to unveil while in 1G. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reactive Extrusion Strategies to Fabricate Magnetite–Polyethylene Nanocomposites with Enhanced Mechanical and Magnetic Hyperthermia Properties
Authors: Situ Shu F. , Cao Jingshan , Chen Chuhang , Abenojar Eric C. , Maia João M. , Samia Anna Cristina S.
Published: September 2016

Biofouling is a major problem in water filtration units, which leads to premature system failure. Conventional treatment methods involving the use of chemicals or high‐pressure hydraulics exert mechanical strain on filter materials, leading to shortened service lifetimes. In this study, a novel magnetic polymer nanocomposite is fabricated using a blend of high density/ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene with magnetite nanoparticle (MNP) fillers. The resulting magnetite–polyethylene nanocomposite (MPE‐NC) is mechanically robust and can be externally actuated with an alternating magnetic field to generate localized heating that is effective in eradicating bacterial biofilms. The MNPs are functionalized with silane‐based coupling agents and crosslinked onto the polyethylene backbone via a reactive extrusion approach, which results in a twofold enhancement in mechanical properties of the polymer matrix. Furthermore, the magnetic hyperthermia performance of the MPE‐NC is improved eightfold by replacing undoped magnetite nanospheres with zinc‐doped magnetite nanocube fillers, and the magnetic hyperthermia treatment approach is shown to be 12 times more effective in destroying bacterial biofilms compared to a direct heat‐treatment method. During hyperthermia treatment, the mechanical integrity of the MPE‐NC is preserved, thereby validating the potential of the MPE‐NC as a new filter material with high efficiency in biofilm removal and extended durability.

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Prevalence of obesity in Malta
Authors: Cuschieri S. , Vassallo J. , Calleja N. , Camilleri R. , Borg A. , Bonnici G. , Zhang Y. , Pace N. , Mamo J.
Published: September 2016

Background

Obesity is a global epidemic with the Mediterranean island of Malta being no exception. The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified Malta as one of the European countries with the highest obesity prevalence.

Method

A cross‐sectional study was conducted (2014–2016) under the auspices of the University of Malta. The prevalence of overweight‐obesity in Malta was calculated and then age stratified for comparisons with previous studies.

Results

The study identified 69.75% (95% CI: 68.32–71.18) of the Maltese population to be either overweight or obese. The men overweight/obese prevalence (76.28% 95% CI: 74.41–78.14) was statistically higher than that for women (63.06% 95% CI: 60.92–65.20) (p = 0.0001). Age stratification revealed that both genders had the highest overweight prevalence rates between 55 and 64 years (Men = 23.25% 95% CI: 20.43–26.33; Women = 24.68% 95% CI: 21.44–28.22). Men obesity prevalence rates were highest in the 35 to 44 years group (22.52% 95% CI: 19.65–25.68) while for women it was highest in the 55 to 64 years group (28.90%, 95% CI: 25.44–30.63).

Conclusion

Over a 35‐year period, an overall decrease in the normal and overweight BMI categories occurred with an increase in the prevalence of obesity. An exception was observed in the women, where the prevalence of normal BMI increased over this time period. Also, it appears that while the total population obesity prevalence increased (for 2016), a percentage of the women have shifted from an obese to an overweight status.
Testing the School‐to‐Prison Pipeline
Authors: Owens Emily G.
Published: September 2016

The School‐to‐Prison Pipeline is a social phenomenon where students become formally involved with the criminal justice system as a result of school policies that use law enforcement, rather than discipline, to address behavioral problems. A potentially important part of the School‐to‐Prison Pipeline is the use of sworn School Resource Officers (SROs), but there is little research on the causal effect of hiring these officers on school crime or arrests. Using credibly exogenous variation in the use of SROs generated by federal hiring grants specifically to place law enforcement in schools, I find evidence that law enforcement agencies learn about more crimes in schools upon receipt of a grant, and are more likely to make arrests for those crimes. This primarily affects children under the age of 15. However, I also find evidence that SROs increase school safety, and help law enforcement agencies make arrests for drug crimes occurring on and off school grounds.
Main‐chain alternating fullerene and dye oligomers for organic photovoltaics
Authors: Stephen Meera , Dowland Simon , Gregori Alberto , Ramanitra Hasina H , Santos Silva Hugo , Combe Craig MS , Bégué Didier , Dagron‐Lartigau Christine , Morse Graham E , Genevičius Kristijonas , Arlauskas Kestutis , Juška Gytis , Distler Andreas , Hiorns Roger C
Published: September 2016

This work demonstrates for the first time that it is possible to prepare alternating oligomers, containing both dyes and fullerenes in repeating structures, that act as electron acceptors in bulk heterojunction devices. A sterically controlled azomethine ylide cycloaddition polymerization is employed with either C60 or phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and the dye diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP). The former results in low molecular weights of around 5600 g mol−1, whereas the latter, PCBM, enables the formation of more soluble chains with higher molecular weights of ca 11 200 g mol−1. Remarkably, cyclic voltammetry shows that the incorporation of PCBM into the main‐chain raises the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital by ca 380 meV due to the in‐chain bis‐additions. The observation of the complete quenching of DPP fluorescence by the fullerene moiety, combined with computer modelling studies, indicates both electron and energy transfers between intra‐chain moieties. Proof‐of‐concept devices show low efficiencies most likely due to as‐yet‐unoptimized preparation and structures, but hint at the possibilities of these novel bi‐functionalized, in‐chain fullerenes due to their high Voc of 0.89 V with an example low‐bandgap polymer, KP115, and reasonable charge mobilities of ca 1 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1, making this new class of materials of strong interest for applications. Furthermore, their good thermal stability to above 300 °C and their stabilization of photovoltaic devices against thermal degradation confirm that this new pathway to a wide range of dye/fullerene structures is extremely promising. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
A facile and controllable synthesis of dual‐crosslinked elastomers based on linear bifunctional polydimethylsiloxane oligomers
Authors: You Yang , Huang Weiyan , Zhang Anqiang , Lin Yaling
Published: September 2016

Dual‐crosslinked supramolecular elastomers with the hybrid network consisting of hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds combine the reversibility of hydrogen bond and mechanical properties of covalent crosslinking network. In this article, isocyanate mixture is used as curing agent to prepare dual‐crosslinked elastomer based on bifunctional polydimethylsiloxane under mild condition. This method can effectively build up a hybrid network with the designed structure. A series of elastomers with same hydrogen bond density and variable covalent crosslinking degree are obtained. Swelling measurements and 1H‐NMR spectra confirm the feasibility and controllability of curing method, the increasing of bifunctional isocyanate give rise to higher covalent crosslinking degree, improving the solvent resistance. The studies on viscoelastic property show that the introduction of an irreversible covalent crosslinking network stabilize the hybrid network, restrain the chain movement. The mechanical and self‐healing property studies reveal that the covalent crosslink significantly reinforce the whole network, while the reparable strength seems to mainly depend on the hydrogen bond density. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 3760–3768
Plasma‐driven dissociation of CO2 for fuel synthesis
Authors: Bongers Waldo , Bouwmeester Henny , Wolf Bram , Peeters Floran , Welzel Stefan , van den Bekerom Dirk , den Harder Niek , Goede Adelbert , Graswinckel Martijn , Groen Pieter Willem , Kopecki Jochen , Leins Martina , van Rooij Gerard , Schulz Andreas , Walker Matthias , van de Sanden Richard
Published: September 2016

Power‐to‐gas is a storage technology aiming to convert surplus electricity from renewable energy sources like wind and solar power into gaseous fuels compatible with the current network infrastructure. Results of CO2 dissociation in a vortex‐stabilized microwave plasma reactor are presented. The microwave field, residence time, quenching, and vortex configuration were varied to investigate their influence on energy‐ and conversion efficiency of CO2 dissociation. Significant deterioration of the energy efficiency is observed at forward vortex plasmas upon increasing pressure in the range of 100 mbar towards atmospheric pressure, which is mitigated by using a reverse vortex flow configuration of the plasma reactor. Data from optical emission shows that under all conditions covered by the experiments the gas temperature is in excess of 4000 K, suggesting a predominant thermal dissociation. Different strategies are proposed to enhance energy and conversion efficiencies of plasma‐driven dissociation of CO2.
Observations of Surface Mode Influence on Plasma Uniformity in PIC/MCC Simulations of Large Capacitive Discharges
Authors: Eremin Denis , Brinkmann Ralf Peter , Mussenbrock Thomas
Published: September 2016

Capacitively coupled plasmas with large electrodes, driven at high frequencies, exhibit new physics compared to small scale CCP devices or at low frequencies. This is due to excitation of two types of surface modes which arise as a result of interaction between the bulk plasma and the plasma sheaths separating the plasma from electrodes. Based on the physical effects that these modes cause, they are labeled as “self‐bias” (SB) and “plasma‐series resonance” (PSR) modes. Results of electrostatic 2d3v PIC/MCC simulations for a model geometry are used to selectively study the SB modes and demonstrate that they lead to non‐uniformities of the plasma density profile owing to the influence of the SB modes on the heating of high‐ and low‐energy electrons.
Particulate emissions from the combustion of birch, beech, and spruce logs cause different cytotoxic responses in A549 cells
Authors: Kasurinen Stefanie , Jalava Pasi I. , Happo Mikko S. , Sippula Olli , Uski Oskari , Koponen Hanna , Orasche Jürgen , Zimmermann Ralf , Jokiniemi Jorma , Hirvonen Maija‐Riitta
Published: September 2016

According to the World Health Organization particulate emissions from the combustion of solid fuels caused more than 110,000 premature deaths worldwide in 2010. Log wood combustion is the most prevalent form of residential biomass heating in developed countries, but it is unknown how the type of wood logs used in furnaces influences the chemical composition of the particulate emissions and their toxicological potential. We burned logs of birch, beech and spruce, which are used commonly as firewood in Central and Northern Europe in a modern masonry heater, and compared them to the particulate emissions from an automated pellet boiler fired with softwood pellets. We determined the chemical composition (elements, ions, and carbonaceous compounds) of the particulate emissions with a diameter of less than 1 µm and tested their cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, inflammatory potential, and ability to induce oxidative stress in a human lung epithelial cell line. The chemical composition of the samples differed significantly, especially with regard to the carbonaceous and metal contents. Also the toxic effects in our tested endpoints varied considerably between each of the three log wood combustion samples, as well as between the log wood combustion samples and the pellet combustion sample. The difference in the toxicological potential of the samples in the various endpoints indicates the involvement of different pathways of toxicity depending on the chemical composition. All three emission samples from the log wood combustions were considerably more toxic in all endpoints than the emissions from the pellet combustion. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1487–1499, 2017.
Cluster Correspondence Analysis
Authors: van de Velden M. , D’Enza A. Iodice , Palumbo F.
Published: September 2016

A method is proposed that combines dimension reduction and cluster analysis for categorical data by simultaneously assigning individuals to clusters and optimal scaling values to categories in such a way that a single between variance maximization objective is achieved. In a unified framework, a brief review of alternative methods is provided and we show that the proposed method is equivalent to GROUPALS applied to categorical data. Performance of the methods is appraised by means of a simulation study. The results of the joint dimension reduction and clustering methods are compared with the so-called tandem approach, a sequential analysis of dimension reduction followed by cluster analysis. The tandem approach is conjectured to perform worse when variables are added that are unrelated to the cluster structure. Our simulation study confirms this conjecture. Moreover, the results of the simulation study indicate that the proposed method also consistently outperforms alternative joint dimension reduction and clustering methods.
Comparative Study of the Physicochemical Properties of FAME from Seed Oils of Some Native Species of Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: Coutinho Diogenes José Gusmão , Barbosa Mariana Oliveira , de Souza Renata Janaína Carvalho , da Silva Adervando Sebastião , da Silva Suzene Izídio , de Oliveira Antonio Fernando Morais
Published: September 2016

The rapid decline in fossil fuel reserves in the world, rising oil prices, and growing concerns about the increase in pollutant gas emissions from this type of energy, have led to the exploration of new energy sources for the production of alternative fuels. The use of vegetable oils as a low‐cost raw material for biodiesel production is an effective way to reduce biodiesel costs. This paper reports on the production and biodiesel properties of the seed oils of six native species belonging to different families of plants from the Atlantic Forest in northeast Brazil. The results are compared with those obtained from traditional crops such as soybean and olive. The relative oil content of the seeds ranged from 31.5 to 67.4 %, while the biodiesel yield from these oils ranged from 93.2 to 97.6 wt%. The fatty acid composition is mainly constituted of oleic acid in three species (Cissampelos andromorpha, Rauwolfia grandiflora, and Tabernaemontana flavicans), eicosenoic acid in two species (Serjania caracasana and Serjania salzmanniana) and palmitic acid in Protium heptaphyllum. The physicochemical parameters of oil (density, viscosity, % FFA, and % of linolenic acid) and biodiesel (density, viscosity, acid number, copper strip corrosion, flash point, sulfur content, sulfated ash, water, oxidative stability, free and total glycerin) were in agreement with ASTM 6751 and EN 14214 standards. The fatty acid composition, biodiesel yield, oil, and biodiesel properties of the six native species studied demonstrate the high potential for producing alternative fuel in conventional diesel engines.
Nebulized C1-Esterase Inhibitor does not Reduce Pulmonary Complement Activation in Rats with Severe Streptococcus Pneumoniae Pneumonia
Authors: de Beer Friso , Lagrand Wim , Glas Gerie J. , Beurskens Charlotte J. P. , van Mierlo Gerard , Wouters Diana , Zeerleder Sacha , Roelofs Joris J. T. H. , Juffermans Nicole P. , Horn Janneke , Schultz Marcus J.
Published: September 2016

Complement activation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of pneumonia. We hypothesized that inhibition of the complement system in the lungs by repeated treatment with nebulized plasma-derived human C1-esterase inhibitor reduces pulmonary complement activation and subsequently attenuates lung injury and lung inflammation. This was investigated in a rat model of severeStreptococcus pneumoniaepneumonia. Rats were intra–tracheally challenged withS. pneumoniaeto induce pneumonia. Nebulized C1-esterase inhibitor or saline (control animals) was repeatedly administered to rats, 30 min before induction of pneumonia and every 6 h thereafter. Rats were sacrificed 20 or 40 h after inoculation with bacteria. Brochoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue were obtained for measuring levels of complement activation (C4b/c), lung injury and inflammation. Induction of pneumonia was associated with pulmonary complement activation (C4b/c at 20 h 1.24 % [0.56–2.59] and at 40 h 2.08 % [0.98–5.12], compared to 0.50 % [0.07–0.59] and 0.03 % [0.03–0.03] in the healthy control animals). The functional fraction of C1-INH was detectable in BALF, but no effect was found on pulmonary complement activation (C4b/c at 20 h 0.73 % [0.16–1.93] and at 40 h 2.38 % [0.54–4.19]). Twenty hours after inoculation, nebulized C1-esterase inhibitor treatment reduced total histology score, but this effect was no longer seen at 40 h. Nebulized C1-esterase inhibitor did not affect other markers of lung injury or lung inflammation. In this negative experimental animal study, severeS. pneumoniaepneumonia in rats is associated with pulmonary complement activation. Repeated treatment with nebulized C1-esterase inhibitor, although successfully delivered to the lungs, does not affect pulmonary complement activation, lung inflammation or lung injury.
Body Art and the Perioperative Process
Authors: Dunn Debra
Published: September 2016

Body modification, also known as body art, has been a common cultural practice for thousands of years and includes body piercings, transdermal and subdermal implants, tattoos, scarification, body stretching and sculpting, dental grills, and nail art. Perioperative nurses must learn more about body art to provide nonjudgmental, nonprejudicial care and to ensure patient safety when they prepare patients for surgery. A welcoming environment engages patients and fosters communication so that patients are more likely to share hidden body art. It is also necessary for the preoperative nurse to communicate with the perioperative team about patients’ body art to avoid airway complications, tissue trauma, pressure ulcers, burns, postoperative surgical site infections, or distorted fluoroscopy or magnetic resonance images. Identifying patients' body art in advance allows the perioperative team to be better prepared to deliver safe care.
Totally Endoscopic Robotic Mitral Valve Surgery
Authors: McCarthy James R. , Guy T. Sloane
Published: September 2016

Mitral valve dysfunction can seriously impair patients’ lives and may require valve repair or replacement. Surgery can be performed using techniques including sternotomy; right thoracotomy with or without robot assistance; and the totally endoscopic robotic technique, which requires percutaneous techniques, femoral cannulation, and endovascular aortic cross‐clamping. The totally endoscopic robotic technique has been facilitated by minimally invasive surgical techniques, the evolution of endoscopic techniques, and the development of surgical robots. These advances have enhanced the view of the surgical field and provide better exposure for the repair or replacement of the mitral valve and subvalvular apparatus. This article describes the totally endoscopic robotic approach to mitral valve surgery as performed at Temple University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Winning versus not Losing: Exploring the Effects of In-Game Advertising Outcome on its Effectiveness
Authors: Ghosh Tathagata
Published: September 2016

Prior literary works on product placement in games predominantly focus on a host of game and brand characteristics to eventually explore their effects on consumers’ psychological responses and behavior. One primary facet of in-game advertising (IGA) that has largely been ignored is game outcome in terms of winning and losing and its effect on consumers’ nature of information processing. This article explores the effect of IGA outcome and performance feedback shown to players on their motivation expressed in terms of induced regulatory focus. Further, the effects of regulatory focus are examined on players’ implicit and explicit memory, game and brand attitude, and emotions. A conceptual framework highlighting afore-mentioned relationships is developed and empirically tested which reveals that IGA outcome and performance feedback in the form of game messages plays a major role in explaining players’ motivation which in turn also affects their memory and attitude. Managerial implications, limitations, and scope for future research are also discussed.