bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reactive Flux Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Band Gaps of AInS2 (A: Rb, Cs).
Authors: Zeng Hui‐Yi , Zheng Fa‐Kun , Chen Rui‐Ping , Dong Zhen‐Chao , Guo Guo‐Cong , Huang Jin‐Shun
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Growth and Characterization of Non‐Linear Optical Crystal ZnCd(SCN)4.
Authors: Joseph G. P. , Rajarajan K. , Vimalan M. , Thomas P. C. , Madhavan J. , Kumar S. M. Ravi , Mohamed M. Gulam , Mani G. , Sagayaraj P.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Layer‐Engineering of High‐Tc Superconductors: (Cu,Mo)Sr2 (Ce,Y)4Cu2O13+δ with a Quadruple‐Fluorite‐Layer Block Between CuO2 Planes.
Authors: Grigoraviciute Inga , Yamauchi Hisao , Karppinen Maarit
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Intermetallic Phases and Phase Reactions in Zn—Mg (<40 at.%)—Y (<20 at.%) Region
Authors: Li M. R. , Kuo K. H.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nanoblock Coupling Effect in Iodine Intercalated [Bi0.82CaO2]2 [CoO2]1.69 Layered Cobaltite.
Authors: Guilmeau E. , Pollet M. , Grebille D. , Hervieu M. , Muguerra H. , Cloots R. , Mikami M. , Funahashi R.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Crystal‐Structure Determination and Magnetic Properties of Two New Transition‐Metal Carbodiimides: CoNCN and NiNCN.
Authors: Krott Manuel , Liu Xiaohui , Fokwa Boniface P. T. , Speldrich Manfred , Lueken Heiko , Dronskowski Richard
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Ln14Na3Ru6O36 (Ln: Pr, Nd): Two New Complex Lanthanide‐Containing Oxides of Ruthenium.
Authors: Gemmill William R. , Smith Mark D. , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Direct α‐Alkynylation of Cyclic β‐Ketoesters.
Authors: Poulsen Thomas B. , Bernardi Luca , Aleman Jose , Overgaard Jacob , Joergensen Karl Anker
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
1‐Zircona‐2‐cyclohexenes: Novel Synthesis and Preliminary Reactions.
Authors: Wang Qifeng , Fan Hongtao , Xi Zhenfeng
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rational Design of Sterically and Electronically Easily Tunable Chiral Bisimidazolines and Their Applications in Dual Lewis Acid/Broensted Base Catalysis for Highly Enantioselective Nitroaldol (Henry) Reactions.
Authors: Ma Kuoyan , You Jingsong
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyclopropyl Building Blocks for Organic Synthesis. Part 137. Pauson—Khand Carbonylative Cocyclizations of Acetylenes with Cyclopropylallenes.
Authors: Ahmar Mohammed , Knoke Mario , de Meijere Armin , Cazes Bernard
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Convenient Method for the Preparation of Oxazaborolidine Catalysts in situ Using (S)‐α,α‐Diphenylpyrrolidinemethanol, Tetrabutylammonium Borohydride, and Methyl Iodide for the Asymmetric Reduction of Prochiral Ketones.
Authors: Anwar Shaik , Periasamy Mariappan
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Studies on the Zirconium‐Mediated Alkyne—Aldehyde Coupling Reactions: A Facile Synthesis of Stereodefined Allylic Alcohols and (Z)‐2‐En‐4‐yn‐1‐ols.
Authors: Guo Shenghai , Zhang Hao , Song Feijie , Liu Yuanhong
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 2(1H)‐Pyrazinone Phosphonates via an Arbuzov‐Type Reaction.
Authors: Alen Jo , Dobrzanska Liliana , De Borggraeve Wim M. , Compernolle Frans
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Derivatives of Dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepin‐1‐ones by an Efficient Synthesis and Spectroscopy.
Authors: Cortes Cortes Eduardo , Valencia Cornejo Ana L. , Garcia‐Mellado de Cortes Olivia
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Metathesis Approach Towards Macrocyclic Bis‐ethers (II) and in Sequence Use of Barbier Reaction and RCM for Spirocyclic Ethers
Authors: Brahma Sulagna , Maity Susama , Ray Jayanta K.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
4,4,6‐Trimethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborinane: A Practical Reagent for Palladium‐Catalyzed Borylation of Aryl Halides.
Authors: Murata Miki , Oda Takeshi , Watanabe Shinji , Masuda Yuzuru
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Highly Enantioselective Hydrosilylation/Cyclization of 1,6‐Enynes Catalyzed by Rhodium(I) Complexes of Spiro Diphosphines.
Authors: Fan Bao‐Min , Xie Jian‐Hua , Li Shen , Wang Li‐Xin , Zhou Qi‐Lin
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Facile Preparation of Selenohydantoins Using Isoselenocyanate.
Authors: Koketsu Mamoru , Takahashi Ayako , Ishihara Hideharu
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Shearinines D—K, New Indole Triterpenoids from an Endophytic Penicillium sp. (Strain HKI0459) with Blocking Activity on Large‐Conductance Calcium‐Activated Potassium Channels.
Authors: Lin Wenhan , et al. et al.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Belactosin C (Ia) and Its Derivatives Using a Catalytic Proline‐Catalyzed Crossed‐Aldol Reaction.
Authors: Kumaraswamy G. , Markondaiah B.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of (+)‐Blastmycinone and Formal Synthesis of (+)‐Antimycin A3b.
Authors: Chakraborty Tushar Kanti , Chattopadhyay Amit Kumar , Ghosh Subhash
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Convergent Synthesis of the ABCDE‐Ring Fragment of the Caribbean Ciguatoxin C‐CTX‐1.
Authors: Inoue Masayuki , Saito Fumihito , Iwatsu Masafumi , Ishihara Yuuki , Hirama Masahiro
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Organometallic Coordination Networks Based on π‐Bonded Transition Metal Quinonoid Complexes
Authors: Reingold Jeffrey A. , Son Seung Uk , Carpenter Gene B. , Sweigart Dwight A.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Type II Polyketide Synthases: Gaining a Deeper Insight into Enzymatic Teamwork
Authors: Hertweck Christian , Luzhetskyy Andriy , Rebets Yuri , Bechthold Andreas
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Indolizidine and Quinolizidine Alkaloids
Authors: Michael Joseph P.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Formazans and Their Metal Complexes
Authors: Sigeikin G. I. , Lipunova G. N. , Pervova I. G.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
High Pressure Synthesis and Properties of Intercalated Silicon Clathrates
Authors: Toulemonde P. , San Miguel A. , Merlen A. , Viennois R. , Le Floch S. , Adessi Ch. , Blase X. , Tholence J. L.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of Domain‐Selective Angiotensin I‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Authors: Redelinghuys Pierre , Nchinda Aloysius T. , Sturrock Edward D.
Published: May 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pyramidal inversion mechanism of simple chiral and achiral sulfoxides: A theoretical study
Authors: Marom Hili , Biedermann P. Ulrich , Agranat Israel
Published: May 2007

The pyramidal inversion mechanism of simple sulfoxides was studied, employing ab initio and DFT methods. The convergence of the geometrical and energetic parameters of H2SO and DMSO with respect to the Hamiltonian and basis set was analyzed in order to determine a computational level suitable for methyl phenyl sulfoxide (3), methyl 4‐cyanophenyl sulfoxide (4), diphenyl sulfoxide (5), 4,4′‐dicyanodiphenyl sulfoxide (6), benzyl methyl sulfoxide (7) and benzyl phenyl sulfoxide (8). The DFT B3LYP/6‐311G(d,p) level was chosen for further calculations of larger sulfoxides. The barriers ΔE‡ calculated for the pyramidal inversion mechanism of sulfoxides 3–8 are in the range of 38.7–47.1 kcal/mol. These values are in good agreement with the experimental barriers for racemization via the pyramidal inversion mechanism. A resonance effect of a phenyl ring selectively stabilizes the transition state conformations, decreasing the energy barrier for pyramidal inversion by about 3 kcal/mol, compared to a similar molecule without a phenyl substituent. Introducing electron withdrawing groups (cyano) at the para positions of the phenyl ring(s) causes a further decrease of the energy barrier. Chirality, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantioselective and diastereoselective separation of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides on a novel chiral stationary phase by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Tan Xulin , Hou Shicong , Wang Min
Published: May 2007

A novel chiral packing material for high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was prepared by connecting (R)‐1‐phenyl‐2‐(4‐methylphenyl) ethylamine (PTE) amide derivative of (S)‐isoleucine to aminopropyl silica gel through 2‐amino‐3,5‐dinitro‐1‐carboxamido‐benzene unit. This chiral stationary phase was applied to the enantioselective and diastereoselective separation of five pyrethroid insecticides by HPLC under normal phase condition. To achieve satisfactory baseline separation an optimization of the variables of mobile phase composition was required. The two enantiomers of fenpropathrin and four stereoisomers of fenvalerate were baseline separated using hexane‐1,2‐dichloroethane‐2‐propanol as mobile phase. The results show that the enantioselectivity of CSP is better than Pirkle type 1‐A column for these compounds. Only partial separations for the cypermethrin and cyfluthrin stereoisomers were observed. Seven peaks and eight peaks were observed for cypermethrin and cyfluthrin, respectively. The elution orders were assigned by using different stereoisomer‐enriched products. Chirality, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
C‐fosexpression at the spinal dorsal horn of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats
Authors: Morgado C. , Tavares I.
Published: May 2007

Background

Pain during diabetic neuropathy is associated with peripheral nerve damage but recent evidences suggest the occurrence of central effects. We used the activation of the c‐fosprotooncogene to study the activity of spinal dorsal horn neurons in streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rats in the absence of stimulation or in response to innocuous or noxious stimuli.

Methods

Four weeks after saline or STZ (50 mg/kg) injection, rats were anaesthetized and either not further manipulated or submitted to innocuous (gentle touch), noxious mechanical (pinching) or noxious thermal (radiant heat) stimulation of the hindlimb skin. In each experimental situation, the numbers of Fos‐immunoreactive (Fos‐IR) neurons occurring in the superficial (laminae I–II) or deep (laminae III–V) dorsal horn were compared.

Results

In the absence of stimulation, STZ‐injected rats presented significantly higher numbers of Fos‐IR neurons than controls, both in the superficial and deep dorsal horn (DDH). In comparison with the respective baseline levels, innocuous stimulation did not induce a significant increase in the numbers of Fos‐IR neurons in controls or STZ‐rats. Noxious mechanical and noxious thermal stimuli increased the numbers of Fos‐IR neurons, both in control and STZ‐rats, but in a more pronounced manner when diabetic rats were subjected to noxious mechanical stimulation.

Conclusions

The present study demonstrates that the responses of spinal cord neurons are strongly affected during diabetes. The higher baseline neuronal activity probably underlies the spontaneous pain detected during diabetes since the spinal dorsal horn is the major relay station in the ascending transmission of nociceptive input to the brain. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Responsibility attribution by groups and individuals: The effects of the interaction episode
Authors: Forgas Joseph P.
Published: May 2007

Studied the effects of formal and informal interaction styles on the extremity of responsibility attribution judgements by groups. The stimuli were eight scenarios describing typical ‘life dilemmas’, incorporating the manipulation of the following two variables in a 2 × 2 design: (a) the risky‐cautious decision taken by the actor in response to the dilemma, and (b) the outcome of the decision (success‐failure). Subjects (N = 130) provided judgements about the attributed responsibility of the actor, and their perception of the actor and the situation first as individuals, followed by (a) formal or (b) informal group discussion, leading to consensus judgements. Results showed that group attributions were significantly more extreme than individual attributions, but only following the informal group interaction. The actors' riskiness and success were also significantly related to the size of the extremity shift. The findings are discussed in terms of the importance of the social context and the specific interaction episode in attribution judgements, and the possible implications of the results for such real life decision‐making groups as committees and interviewing panels are considered.
Explanations, attributions and the social context of unexpected behaviour
Authors: Lalljee Mansur , Watson Margaret , White Peter
Published: May 2007

The study investigated the effect of the expectancies a perceiver holds about the occurrence of a particular behaviour and his or her familiarity with the situation in which the behaviour occurs, for the way in which an event is explained. Subjects were presented with brief descriptions of hypothetical events which varied in terms of the familiarity of the situation. Dependent variables included ratings of causality to personal and situational causes as well as open‐ended explanations which were content analysed to distinguish between four different types of person and four different types of situation elements. The results showed that explanations for unexpected behaviour are more complex than for expected behaviour; that if the situation is familiar to the subject, unexpected behaviour is explained by introducing more person elements while if it is unfamiliar, unexpected behaviour is explained by introducing more situation elements; and that the distribution of different types of person and situation elements is affected by familiarity and expectancy.
Creative problem solving as a result of majority vs minority influence
Authors: Nemeth Charlan Jeanne , Wachtler Joel
Published: May 2007

A comparison of influence processes exerted by a majority versus a minority is made, both theoretically and empirically. In this study, comparing the two processes in the same experimental setting, it was hypothesized that subjects would ‘follow’ the majority more than the minority, that is, they would be more influenced to adopt the exact same position. However, it was predicted that subjects exposed to the minority would be stimulated to find new solutions to the problem, solutions that were not offered by the minority but that the subjects would not have found by themselves. Further, these solutions would tend to be correct rather than incorrect. Results support these predictions.
Accuracy in perceptions of consensus: Differential tendencies of people with majority and minority positions
Authors: Sanders Glenn S. , Mullen Brian
Published: May 2007

When people are interested in how common one or more of their attributes is in a reference population, they must often generate their own comparison information based on a limited sample of acquaintances and experiences. Subjects in the present research were asked to describe themselves in terms of a variety of attributes, and were also asked to estimate the percentage of other college students who would indicate possession of each attribute. For each attribute, subjects were assigned a majority or minority status, depending on whether the majority of the population did or did not share their attribute. The principle findings were (1) the majority subjects generated more accurate comparison information than did the minority; (2) the majority subjects were better than chance and better than minority subjects in distinguishing between attributes for which there was high versus moderate consensus; and (3) the minority subjects tended to overestimate the consensus for their attributes, while the majority subjects tended to err in the direction of underestimation of their Consensus. The discussion focused on possible causes of these tendencies, and on research implications involving attributional biases and intergroup conflict.
Effects of salience of rape on sex role attitudes, trust, and self‐esteem in non‐raped women
Authors: Schwarz Norbert , Brand Julianne F.
Published: May 2007

Women who thought about rape prior to answering questions about themselves reported lower self‐esteem, stronger belief in traditional sex roles, and lower trust in other persons than women who were not induced to think about rape. Achievement motivation and locus of control, on the other hand, were not affected by the salience of rape. The data suggest that rape has an intimidating effect on non‐raped women as previously suspected in feminist literature, although not all variables suspected may be affected.
Actors' and Observers' attributions, self‐serving bias and positivity bias
Authors: van der Pligt Joop , Eiser J. Richard
Published: May 2007

An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of evaluative factors upon preference for situational and dispositional attributions. Subjects listened to a tape recording of a group discussion on smoking, two actors presenting arguments in favour of smoking and two actors arguing against smoking. Subjects were then asked to explain in attributional terms the actors' behaviour and their own smoking behaviour, their evaluation of smoking being separately assessed. Results provided no support for a general self‐other attributional difference; subjects did not explain their own behaviour in more situational terms while explaining the behaviour of others in more dispositional terms. Findings indicated that individuals generally attributed positively evaluated behaviour to dispositional factors and negatively evaluated behaviour to situational factors, regardless of attributor role (actor or observer). The results are interpreted as offering support for a positivity bias in attributional preference.
The protestant work ethic: A review of the psychological literature
Authors: Furnham A.
Published: May 2007

Despite criticism of Weber's thesis concerning the Protestant Work Ethic (PWE) and the rise of Capitalism, few have challenged the specification of the behaviour patterns, goals and values of those adhering to this ethic. Whereas psychologists have not been very interested in the nature of the historical, political and sociological arguments concerning the PWE, they have devoted a great deal of research to its measurement and correlates. In this paper the concept of the PWE; the literature on the instruments devised to measure the PWE; studies on the relationship between the PWE and work and unemployment; as well as research on the PWE and individual differences is reviewed. Despite great heterogeneity in aims, methodology and instruments used in different studies, a coherent picture of PWE beliefs emerges. Finally an elaboration of a new perspective on PWE research is suggested.
Social dilemmas and leadership
Authors: Ruve C. G. , Wilke H. A. M.
Published: May 2007

Subjects acted in a social dilemma situation. Two variables were experimentally manipulated: use and variance. One third of the subjects thought that the others in their group were overusing the common resource, one third thought that the others were underusing it, and the remaining third were led to believe that the others were using the resource optimally. Moreover, half of the subjects thought that the others took relatively similar harvests (low variance) while the other half thought the others differed greatly (high variance). Support was found for Homans' assumption that the internal function of leaders is to allocate outcomes equitably over group members, whereas their external function is to deal efficiently with the external environment.

The results indicated that more subjects in the overuse condition voted to give up free access to the resource and to hand over the management of the resource to a leader than in the other me conditions. Moreover, more subjects in the high variance condition voted for a leader than in the low variance condition. Over all conditions, furthermore, subjects preferred themselves most as prospective leader. In addition, group members who were similar to the subject, competent at the task and concerned for the group were preferred as Leader. When subjects acted as leader they were more moderate in withdrawing harvests from the resource than as regular group member. Moreover, leaders allocated outcomes equitably to the group members.
Speech norms and perceptions of ethno‐linguistic group differences: Toward a conceptual and research framework
Authors: McKirnan David J. , Hamayan Else V.
Published: May 2007

Perceptions of social group membership are crucial both to social behaviour generally, and to social conflict: The basis for ingroup versus outgroup distinctions and the personal and social significance of such judgments are thus important areas of study. This paper describes a model of social norms as it applies to speech use and, in particular, the role of speech in perceptions of social groups. The context of this discussion is a general research and conceptual framework for studying perceptions of and reactions to social group differences. The framework is in three stages, consisting of the recognition of group differences, the ‘definition’ or evaluative interpretation of a given speech act, and the development of a ‘problem resolution’ or social change strategy. Social group distinctions are hypothesized to be based on shared norms, modelled here as structured expectancies regarding the behaviour appropriate to specific social contexts. Norms are seen as varying in their content, i.e. the specific behaviours that are socially evaluated, in their clarity, which controls the strength and certainty of social judgments based on norms, and in the size and nature of the social group sharing a given norm. The specific components of the norm model are discussed in light of existing data on language behaviour. The second stage of the model is briefly discussed via social psychological judgments that are hypothesized to control responses to a given speech event. This framework is hoped to have heuristic value in studying language use and social processes.
Birth order and person perception dispositions
Authors: Lewicki Pawel
Published: May 2007

The early social experiences of firstborn, laterborn, and only children were analyzed from the viewpoint of how those experiences influence the child's general image of human nature. It was hypothesized that there are some differences in the centrality of an evaluative dimension, that are related to birth order. Subjects in Poland and in the United States rated 20 known stimulus persons on 25 trait dimensions. The results supported the hypotheses and seem to point to some origins of individual differences in certain person perception processes.
On the origin of illusory correlations
Authors: Fiedler Klaus , Hemmeter Uli , Hofmann Carolin
Published: May 2007

Empirical attempts to explain the genesis of illusory correlations have been largely confined to the demonstration of biased recall processes, although it has been acknowledged that perception and encoding processes may also contribute to the illusion. In the present research, illusory correlations between person types (a student versus a clerk) and educational attitudes (liberal versus authoritarian statements) are demonstrated under conditions where selective recall processes are highly unlikely. The cognitive bias that gives rise to the illusion is shown to already be effective when the stimulus information is perceived. Interestingly, there are marked interindividual differences between experimental participants. The results are discussed in the context of the literature on illusory correlations.
Trait attribution: Evaluation, description and attitude extremity
Authors: van der Pligt Joop , Taylor Colin
Published: May 2007

This study examines the importance of evaluation and description in attributional inference. Sets of trait attributes were selected to remove the usual confounding of descriptive and evaluative aspects of trait attribution. Results demonstrated that both evaluative and descriptive aspects play an important role in attributional inference. Furthermore, results suggest that extremity of own attitude leads to an increasing influence of evaluative factors in the ascription of personality traits. When subjects were forced to choose between evaluative congruity and descriptive consistency, more extreme subjects tended to ignore the descriptive properties of the trait attributes. This finding suggests that more extreme subjects' trait inferences primarily reflect their evaluation of the target. Implications of these findings for attributional inference research are discussed.
Nature, culture and social psychology
Authors: Jahoda Gustav
Published: May 2007

It is proposed that ideas about ‘nature’ and ‘culture’, key concepts in structural anthropology, have an important bearing on assumptions underlying rival theoretical approaches in social psychology. Experimental social psychologists tend to make the tacit assumption that they are dealing only with nature, while ethogenists like Harré explicitly concentrate on culture and treat nature as irrelevant. Others like Tajfel and Moscovici occupy a middle ground, being concerned with both aspects. Perhaps the most radical critic is Gergen, whose rejection of nature and culture is discussed in detail and shown to be largely based on western cultural beliefs. It is further suggested that mainstream experimental social psychology, epitomized by Aronson's The Social Animal, is equally culture‐bound, although masquerading as the study of nature. This contention is supported by an account of predominant failure of replication in a not greatly dissimilar culture. It is concluded, with Doise and Berry, that we need ‘multiple social psychologies’, and with Tajfel and Pepitone that social psychological research must consider the wider system within which social behaviour takes place.
The vicissitudes of attitudes and similar representational constructs in twentieth century psychology
Authors: McGuire William J.
Published: May 2007

‘Attitudes’ has been the central concept of social psychology in three different periods, over which the interest evolved to three progressively more sophisticated topics. The first of these three peakings was the 1920s and 1930s preoccupation with the static topics of attitude scaling and relation to behaviour. Then, after a 1935–1955 interlude in which the study of group processes supplanted attitude as the central concern of social psychology, attitude research re‐emerged as the dominant interest during the 1950s and 1960s enthusiasm for the dynamic topic of attitude change, approached by a convergent style in the 1950s and a divergent style in the 1960s. During the 1965–1985 period interest shifted from attitudes to social cognition, including representational reductions in information encoding and decoding as well as inferential extrapolations in meaning attribution, person perception, and cognitive ramifications. Now we are experiencing the beginnings of a third flourishing of attitude research likely to dominate the 1980s and 1990s, this third peaking focused on more evolved structural issues, including the structure of individual attitudes, of systems of attitudes, and of attitudinal systems as they relate to other systems within the person. Intrinsic and extrinsic forces underlying these shifts of interest are considered.
Mood and memory for tightly organized social information
Authors: Fiedler Klaus , Pampe Heidi , Scherf Ulrike
Published: May 2007

The frequently cited finding that mood‐congruent information can be better recalled than mood‐incongruent information is tested using categorically organized stimulus material which imposes a systematic structure on the recall process. A target person was described with respect to six categories of social behaviour, with predominantly desirable behaviours in some categories and predominantly undesirable behaviours in others. Participants were induced either an elated mood state or a neutral state using Velten's procedure. Instructions (impression formation versus memory) were also manipulated. Although the mood manipulation apparently worked and did influence the impression judgments of the target person, it did not selectively facilitate the recall of mood‐congruent material, neither at the level of specific items nor at the categorical level. However, when only deviating behaviours are considered which do not fit the structural constraints, mood‐congruent information is indeed better recalled. To interpret these results, it is argued that the manifestation of mood effects depends on the restrictions of different tasks or response modes. Three other findings were obtained: Superior recall of redundant, structurally consistent information compared with deviating information; an advantage of positive over negative information which is confined to the impression formation condition; and, surprisingly, an incongruency effect for the encoding mood which may reflect the deeper processing of incongruent material.
Differentiation Processes for Social Stimuli with Different Degrees of Category Representativeness
Authors: Capozza Dora , Nanni Renato
Published: May 2007

The influence of the categorization process is investigated in the context of conceptions of categories as fuzzy sets, represented by prototypes. The experiment specifically considers two social categories corresponding to Italian regional groups: for each of these, stimuli were constructed which represented the respective categories in different degrees. We hypothesized that the accentuation of the degree in which individual exemplars represent a category, obtained by the addition of an attribute of the category, produces the effect of accentuating inter‐category differences and intra‐category similarities. Our results confirm the hypothesis regarding differentiation, but not that regarding assimilation. The effect of differentiation is strong at the category borders, i.e. for the less representative exemplars.

A final issue considered is the theoretical problem of distinguishing, within the prototype of a category, between stereotypical attributes and those which permit categorial identification of individual cases.
Negotiation versus influence
Authors: Nemeth Charlan , Brilmayer Alice G.
Published: May 2007

The bargaining and minority influence literatures offer contradictory theories for the efficacy of compromise for influence. Assuming that the relative merits of these two classes of theories lie in their concentration on the public versus the private aspect of influence, we predicted that consistency (without compromise) would be more effective for attitude change but that compromise would be more effective for public concessions. We further predicted that the timing or context of the compromise could change the meaning and the consequences of that strategy. In particular, compromise ‘at the last minute’ was assumed to be a negotiating tactic that fostered both public concessions and private attitude change. The predictions were generally confirmed.
The intuitive personologist and the individual differences model
Authors: Beauvois Jean‐Léon
Published: May 2007

Subjects are required to estimate sociability as expressed in questionnaires supposedly completed by different individuals and make a prediction of conduct for each of these individuals. The results are compared to four models: three versions of the individual differences model (IDM) and a dialectical model. Two rudimentary versions of the IDM give the best approximations to results obtained, one for absolute value judgments of sociability, the other for conduct prediction. The conclusion is that the IDM does exist as a model in implicit psychology before becoming a model in learned psychology. The fact that such a model be preponderant in intuitive psychology in spite of its known inadequacies is discussed in terms of self‐fulfilling prophecy in the exercise of power.
Paradoxical effects of categorization in minority influence: When being an outgroup is an advantage
Authors: Pérez Juan A. , Mugny Gabriel
Published: May 2007

In a 2 × 2 factorial design, 165 high school girls gave their opinions about abortion (direct influence) and about contraception (indirect ifluence) after reading a message advocating abortion said to have been written by either an ingroup (same sex) or an outgroup (opposite sex) minority and explicitly opposed by the majority opinion of either the ingroup or the outgroup. Results show that there is less direct influence when the ingroup majority is opposed to the minority, and more direct influence when the process of identification is less involved. Indirect influence appears in an intergroup context where categorization of majority and minority into different groups is superimposed on their ideological dissent, which has the effect of allowing recognition of the minority's distinctiveness and validity over and above the discrimination that appears at the direct influence level. In discussing the results, a theoretical integration of social comparison and validation processes is proposed as a step towards explaining the diversity of minority influence phenomena.
Lay conceptions of personality: Eliciting tiers of a scientific conception of personality
Authors: Semin Gün R. , Krahé Barbara
Published: May 2007

Two studies are reported which examine the availability of scientific propositions of personality in lay conceptions of personality. It is argued from a social constructivist perspective that models of personality must derive from and refer to lay conceptions of persons. Eysenck's trait‐type model of introversion‐extraversion, containing specific propositions about phenotypic and genotypic differences between extraverts and introverts, was utilized as the scientific model of personality and its availability in lay conceptions of personality was examined in two studies. In the first study, subjects were presented with a genotypic characterization of either an introvert or an extravert target person and asked to infer corresponding phenotypic differences. In the second study, the inference process was reversed with subjects being asked to infer genotypic characteristics of introverts versus extraverts on the basis of phenotypic target person desecrations of the two types. Results from both studies show a high degree of accuracy in subjects' inferences, suggesting that laypersons have well‐formed conceptions about personality containing ‘higher‐order’ psychogenetic propositions corresponding to Eysenck's trait‐type model. The implications of the findings for theory construction are discussed.
Person‐positivity bias in political perception?
Authors: Nilsson Ingrid , Ekehammar Bo
Published: May 2007

Two samples of Swedish high school student3 rated political party leaders and parties on evaluative scales to test two person‐positivity bias hypotheses: (1) evaluations of persons are more often positive than negative, and (2) individual persons are evaluated more positively than les personal representations of the same object. The hypotheses were confirmed only under certain conditions. Explanations for the bias are suggested.
Status differenttals and intergroup behaviour
Authors: Sachdev Itesh , Bourhis Richard Y.
Published: May 2007

This study investigated the independent effects of status differential on intergroup behaviour. Using a variant of the minimal group paradigm (Tueland Turner, 1979), subjects were categorized into groups of differing status (high, equal, low) with two levels of category salience (high, low). Using Tajfel's matrices subjects rated the creativity of products ostensibly produced by ingroup and outgroup members. Own group identification, intergroup perceptions and self‐reported strategies on the matrices constituted the other dependent measures. Results indicated a main effect for group status but none for salience. Equal status groups discriminated against each other thus replicating the minimal intergroup discrimination effect. High and equal status group members were more discriminatory against outgroups and more positive about their own group membership than were low status group members. In contrast, low status group members engaged in significant amounts of outgroup favouritism. Results also showed that social categorization per se was sufficient to elicit more ingroup than outgroup liking amongst all group members regardless of status differentials between groups. Overall, the results illustrate important aspects of the interplay between group status, social identity, prejudice and discrimination.
Affective consequences of mere ownership: The name letter effect in twelve European languages
Authors: Nuttin Jozef M.
Published: May 2007

The hypothesis is tested that mere ownership of an object is a sufficient condition to enhance its likelihood to become one of the most attractive items of the entire set of similar objects. Evidence is presented that isolated visual letter stimuli belonging to one's own name are more often ranked among the six most preferred letters of the entire alphabet than identical not‐own name letters. Across 12 different European languages, an (own) name letter effect was found for (initial and/or not‐initial) letters belonging to own first and/or family name. The fundamental theoretical relevance of the effect is outlined as well as its heuristic value for research on individual versus collective ownership and on affective asymmetry. A cross‐lingual analysis of the six least preferred letters‐while also confirming the mere ownership hypothesis‐calls for a critical reformulation of Zajonc's mere exposure theory.
Attitude‐behaviour relationship: Attitude relevance and behaviour relevance
Authors: Prislin Radmila
Published: May 2007

In a 2 × 2 experiment, the influence of attitude relevance and behaviour relevance on attitude‐behaviour relationship was examined. The highest attitude‐behaviour correlation was found in the situation where no external factor made relevant neither attitude nor behaviour, while the lowest correlation was found in the situation where both attitude and behaviour were made relevant.
Intergroup competition for the provision of step‐level public goods: Effects of preplay communication
Authors: Bornstein Gary , Rapoport Amnon
Published: May 2007

Thirty‐two groups of three subjects each participated once in an intergroup public goods game (IPG) in which two groups compete for the provision of step‐level public goods. Half of the groups were allowed to discuss the conflict before their members decided privately and anonymously whether to contribute their endowments to their group benefit, and half were not given this opportunity. The results show that preplay group discussion enhances the percentage of contributors and changes the players' estimates about the decisions of the other players. The theoretical implications of the results are examined within the framework of a new model which relates the individual decision to contribute or not to the reward structure, altruism, and the individual's belief structure.
Social marking in ordering tasks: Effects and action mechanisms
Authors: Gilly Michel , Roux Jean‐Paul
Published: May 2007

The same ordering task with social marking is used in two experimental training conditions. In one of the conditions, the answers based on the social norm contradict the answers that result from the cognitive processing of the examples provided. In the other condition, the two types of answers are the same. When compared to a control training condition, both of the test training conditions are shown to have the same effect. The observations made during training as well as the justifications given by the children support the hypothesis that the influence of social marking cannot be explained, at least for one of the test conditions, by the existence of socio‐cognitive conflict. Social marking may lead to better representation of the task. In one of the experimental conditions, it may also lead to the use of a problem‐solving procedure that is based on the properties of the objects to be ordered.
Comments on the motivational status of self‐esteem in social identity and intergroup discrimination
Authors: Abrams Dominic , Hogg Michael A.
Published: May 2007

The background and development of motivational hypotheses in social identity theory are examined, revealing two general motives for intergroup discrimination: a desire for cognitive coherence, or good structure; and a need for positive self‐esteem. The latter (self‐esteem hypothesis: SEH) has received most attention. Both the theoretical and empirical bases of the SEH are largely rooted in research using the minimal group paradigm. However, it remains unclear whether self‐esteem is to be considered primarily as a cause or an effect of discrimination. When real social groups are considered the SEH appears to provide only a partial explanation, and a variety of more or less powerful alternative social motives may underlie discriminatory behaviour. We explore some social‐structural, individual and interpersonal limits to the SEH, and we call for an awareness of these motives and a re‐examination of the good‐structure thesis. The SEH, as it stands, provides only a partial contribution to our understanding of the relationship between social identity and discriminatory intergroup behaviour.
What triggers causal attributions? The impact of valence and subjective probability
Authors: Bohner Gerd , Bless Herbert , Schwarz Norbert , Strack Fritz
Published: May 2007

Various field studies and experimental simulations demonstrated that causal reasoning increases after unexpected as well as after unpleasant events. However, unpleasant events are seen as less likely than pleasant ones in everyday life. Accordingly, the subjective probability of the event and its hedonic quality were naturally confounded in these studies. To isolate the contribution of both determinants, the subjective probability and the valence of an event were independently manipulated in a laboratory experiment. Subjects completed an ostensible ‘professional skills test’ and received either success or failure feedback in relation to a criterion set by the experimenter. The subjective probability of success was varied by informing subjects about the distribution of success and failure in a comparable population (either 23 per cent or 77 per cent were said to meet the criterion). The results indicate a pronounced valence effect: The intensity of causal reasoning and the number of possible reasons reported for the outcome was greater after negative than after positive feedback, independent of the a priori probability of the outcome. No evidence for an increase in causal explanations after unexpected, as compared to expected, events was obtained. Several mediating processes are discussed.
The name letter effect: Attachment to self or primacy of own name writing?
Authors: Hoorens Vera , Todorova Elka
Published: May 2007

Bulgarian students who first learned to write in the Cyrillic alphabet prefer own name letters in the Cyrillic but also in the Roman alphabet, with which they became acquainted only many years later. These findings which are intra‐individually correlated, support Nuttin S interpretation of the Name Letter Effect in terms of attachment to self and contradict a ‘primacy of own name writing’ explanation.