bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Misallocation of Entrepreneurial Talent in Postconflict Environments
Authors: Sanders M. , Weitzel U.
Published: November 2012

Entrepreneurship is generally regarded as a productive force of change, innovation, and development in modern economies. Particularly for institutionally less developed environments, however, it has been argued that the same energy and talent can also be allocated to unproductive ends. In this article, we present a model that analyzes the allocation of entrepreneurial talent into productive activities and raiding in Postconflict environments, where most formal and informal institutions have broken down. We show that the distribution of initial wealth and entrepreneurial talent play a decisive role. Our analysis also suggests that microcredits can support the transition to a productive equilibrium, because they help to overcome credit constraints without creating incentives for raiding.
Estimating Heterogeneous Treatment Effects with Observational Data
Authors: Xie Yu , Brand Jennie E. , Jann Ben
Published: November 2012

Individuals differ not only in their background characteristics but also in how they respond to a particular treatment, intervention, or stimulation. In particular, treatment effects may vary systematically by the propensity for treatment. In this paper, we discuss a practical approach to studying heterogeneous treatment effects as a function of the treatment propensity, under the same assumption commonly underlying regression analysis: ignorability. We describe one parametric method and two nonparametric methods for estimating interactions between treatment and the propensity for treatment. For the first method, we begin by estimating propensity scores for the probability of treatment given a set of observed covariates for each unit and construct balanced propensity score strata; we then estimate propensity score stratum-specific average treatment effects and evaluate a trend across them. For the second method, we match control units to treated units based on the propensity score and transform the data into treatment-control comparisons at the most elementary level at which such comparisons can be constructed; we then estimate treatment effects as a function of the propensity score by fitting a nonparametric model as a smoothing device. For the third method, we first estimate nonparametric regressions of the outcome variable as a function of the propensity score separately for treated units and for control units and then take the difference between the two nonparametric regressions. We illustrate the application of these methods with an empirical example of the effects of college attendance on women’s fertility.
Ways of Measuring Agency
Authors: Franzosi Roberto , De Fazio Gianluca , Vicari Stefania
Published: November 2012

This paper advocates an actor-centered, relational view of agency and proposes Quantitative Narrative Analysis (QNA) as a promising method for operationalizing and measuring agency. QNA organizes the information contained in narrative texts by exploiting the invariant linguistic structural properties of narrative—namely, sets of SVOs (Subject, Verb, Object) organized in predictable sequences and where in narrative S are actors and V are actions. The relational data made available by QNA are ideally suited for analysis with geographic information systems (GIS) tools, sequence analysis, or network analysis. These tools preserve the centrality of agency (actors and their actions) in social scientific explanation of social reality. An application of QNA to newspaper stories of lynchings in Georgia (1875–1930) will illustrate the power of this approach. The paper complements the illustration of this quantitative way of measuring agency with discourse analysis—another popular social science approach to texts. We will rely on this approach to illustrate how linguistic and rhetorical strategies can be used to hide agency in texts and the challenges (and solutions) this poses for measurement: How can we measure something that is not there?
Zero-Tolerance Policing, Stealth Real Estate Development, and the Transformation of Public Space
Authors: Davis Diane E.
Published: November 2012

Rising criminality and violence in key neighborhoods surrounding Mexico City’s historic center have limited easy access to downtown public spaces that used to host much of the city’s social, commercial, and political life. In 2002 a group of powerful local businessmen hired the international security consultant Rudolph Giuliani to design security measures that might remedy the city’s crime problems. The Giuliani plan not only called for restrictions on free movement and intense scrutiny of public behavior associated with the strategy of “zero tolerance” but also suggested the criminalization of certain behaviors and made recommendations for police reform that called into question the distinction between public and private police. One of the principal consequences of its implementation was to circumscribe public access to downtown space. Stated simply, the widening of downtown’s public sphere brought a narrowing of access to it along class lines. An examination of the context in which the plan was pursued traces the Giuliani invitation to the dynamics of downtown real estate development and land-use collusion between elected officials and private developers in the name of security policy.

El alza del crimen y la violencia en barrios claves rodeando el centro histórico de la Ciudad de México han limitado el acceso a los espacios públicos céntricos que antes recibían una gran parte de la vida social, comercial y política de la ciudad. En el 2002, un grupo de poderosos empresarios locales contrataron al asesor de seguridad internacional, Rudolph Giuliani para que volvieran a diseñarse medidas de seguridad que pudieran remediar los problemas del crimen de la ciudad. El plan Giuliani no solo recomendaba la restricción de la movilidad libre y escrutinio intenso del comportamiento público asociado con la “cero tolerancia” sino que también la criminalización de ciertos comportamientos y en donde se hicieron recomendaciones de reforma policiaca que cuestionan la distinción entre la policía pública y la particular. Una de las consecuencias principales de su implementación fue la forma en que se circunscriba el acceso público al espacio céntrico. Puesto simplemente, el anchar de la esfera pública del centro urbano conllevo al estrechar del acceso al mismo según líneas de clase. Un examen del contexto en el cual se prosigue en el plan traza la invitación que se le hizo a Giuliani con la dinámica del desarrollo urbano en bienes raíces y la colusión en uso de la tierra entre oficiales electos y empresarios urbanizadores en nombre de la seguridad.
Effect of epoxidation and surface modification on backing-required properties of peroxide prevulcanized natural rubber–based films
Authors: Wirasate Supa , Chokbunpiam Chompoonuch , Thonggoom Rattaporn , Tangboriboonrat Pramuan
Published: November 2012

The effect of epoxidation and surface modification by acrylamide grafting on backing-required properties of peroxide prevulcanized natural rubber (PPNR)-based films was investigated. Backing-required properties including oxygen transmission rate (OTR), water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) and Young’s modulus were determined. In situ epoxidation of natural rubber (NR) latex was carried out using hydrogen peroxide/formic acid system. Both NR and epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) latexes were prevulcanized by tert-butyl hydroperoxide/fructose system before film casting. In the case of surface modification, acrylamide was grafted on PPNR surface by dipping the PPNR strip treated with O2 plasma into an aqueous solution of acrylamide monomer (AAm). Epoxidation showed more pronounced effect on the backing-required properties than surface grafting. As mole percentage epoxide increased, OTR decreased by 22–35%, whereas WVTR and Young’s modulus increased by 116–170% and 56–138%, respectively, depending on mole percentage epoxide. In the case of surface grafting, it was found that all OTR, WVTR and Young’s modulus were slightly higher than those of unmodified films.
Effect of Hyperalimentation and Insulin‐Treated Hyperglycemia on Tyrosine Levels in Very Preterm Infants Receiving Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Mayes Kelly , Tan Maw , Morgan Colin
Published: November 2012

Background: Hyperalimentation describes the increase in glucose, amino acids (AAs), and lipid intake designed to overcome postnatal growth failure in preterm infants. Preterm infants are dependent on phenylalanine metabolism to maintain tyrosine levels because of tyrosine concentration limits in parenteral nutrition (PN). We hypothesized that hyperalimentation would increase individual AA levels when compared with the control group but avoid high phenylalanine/tyrosine levels. Aim: To compare the plasma AA profiles on days 8–10 of life in preterm infants receiving a hyperalimentation vs a control regimen. Methods: Infants <29 weeks’ gestation were randomized to receive hyperalimentation (30% more PN macronutrients) or a control regimen. Data were collected to measure macronutrient (including protein) intake and PN intolerance, including hyperglycemia, insulin use, urea, and AA profile. Plasma profiles of 23 individual AA levels were measured on days 8–10 using ion exchange chromatography. Results: One hundred forty‐two infants were randomized with 118 AA profiles obtained on days 8–10. There were no differences in birth weight or gestation between groups. There was an increase (P < .05) in 8 of 23 median individual plasma AA levels when comparing hyperalimentation (n = 57) with controls (n = 61). Only tyrosine levels (median; interquartile range) were lower with hyperalimentation: 27 (15–52) µmol/L vs 43 (24–69) µmol/L (P < .01). Hyperalimentation resulted in more insulin‐treated hyperglycemia. No difference between the groups was apparent in tyrosine levels when substratified for insulin‐treated hyperglycemia. All insulin vs no insulin comparisons showed lower tyrosine levels with insulin treatment (P < .01). Conclusion: Hyperalimentation can result in paradoxically low plasma tyrosine levels associated with an increase in insulin‐treated hyperglycemia.
Children’s relationships with homeroom teachers as a protective factor in times of terror
Authors: Yablon Yaacov B. , Itzhaky Haya
Published: November 2012

The contribution of students’ relationships with their homeroom teachers to their ability to cope with terror and specifically to posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth was studied. Participants consisted of 1101 Israeli high school students who lived under constant terror attacks. Positive relationships with homeroom teachers were found to be linked to higher posttraumatic growth though not to lower posttraumatic stress disorder. In addition, girls were found to have higher levels of posttraumatic stress disorder and posttraumatic growth than boys, and both posttraumatic growth and posttraumatic stress disorder were found to be positively correlated with exposure to terror. The contribution of student–homeroom teacher relationships to students’ well-being when living under terror is discussed.
The Internet and other ICTs as tools and catalysts for sustainable development: innovation for 21st century
Authors: Zelenika Ivana , Pearce Joshua M.
Published: November 2012

Among the many issues facing sustainable technological development, dispersed and un-coordinated research, as well as poor communication and collaboration of technological knowledge to those that need it, play a major role in many failed and delayed projects. However, the Internet and its multifaceted platforms provide a potential solution to these problems. This paper examines the ways in which the Internet and other information and communication technologies (ICTs) can improve critical shortcomings to sustainable development efforts. Specifically, the strategies of open source appropriate technology (OSAT) and innovation through collaboration are reviewed. The methods are examined by which OSAT is i) accelerating innovation by building and sharing knowledge, ii) improving collaboration and iii) increasing both the efficiency and effectiveness of many programs and projects. Four OSAT case studies are presented for organizations at the forefront of open collaborative technologies for sustainable development: i) Practical Action, ii) Kopernik, iii) Engineering for Change, and iv) The Appropedia Foundation. The key features, models and the approaches employed by these organizations are discussed and conclusions are drawn from these case studies to contribute insight and better guide the development of this new innovation strategy.
The effect of deterrence policy in software piracy
Authors: Yoo Chul-Woo , Sanders G Lawrence , Rhee Cheul , Choe Young-Chan
Published: November 2012

This research focuses on the comparison of piracy behaviour between Korea and Vietnam, and empirical validation of a model of software piracy based on expected utility theory, deterrence theory and institution isomorphism theory. A survey of 132 (Korea) and 145 (Vietnam) respondents was carried out in 2008 and PLS (Partial Least Square) was utilized for the analysis. Our results indicate that the relationships between punishment certainty and attitude, and mimetic pressure and intention, are significantly different between Korea and Vietnam. Several implications are considered from the political and cultural aspects.
Sources of difficulty in L2 scope judgments
Authors: Chung Eun Seon (Eunice)
Published: November 2012

Second language (L2) learners have been found to experience difficulty in tasks that require the integration of discourse–pragmatic properties with syntactic and semantic properties (Sorace and Serratrice, 2009; Tsimpli and Sorace, 2006; Valenzuela, 2006). The present article investigates the sources of L2 difficulty in a phenomenon where multiple components of linguistic analysis are involved. The study examines L1-Korean L2-English adult learners’ interpretation of English sentences with the universally quantified object NP ( every NP) and negation using an offline contextualized acceptability judgment task. The results suggest that the sources of L2 variability reflect L2 adults’ focus on content and meaning access and L1 transfer of interpretive preferences in initial to intermediate stages of acquisition but are replaced by the difficulty of integrating L2 pragmatic properties with other aspects of linguistic analysis in the advanced stages, a difficulty which can nevertheless be overcome in ultimate attainment. The study posits pragmatic information to be one of the last considerations for L2 learners when multiple types of information need to be integrated to calculate meaning despite the fact that L2 adults possess mature cognitive mechanisms and pragmatic abilities.
Modeling mouse, human, and discipline: Epistemic scaffolds in animal behavior genetics
Authors: Nelson Nicole C.
Published: November 2012

Animal models of human disorders are a ubiquitous feature of contemporary biomedical research, but how is their value and role in understanding human disorders established? This article examines the dynamics of building up (and sometimes knocking down) claims about what a model can demonstrate in the field of animal behavior genetics. Drawing on long-standing analogies that describe scientific knowledge production as a process of construction, I introduce the metaphor of an ‘epistemic scaffold’ to illuminate how scientists create and contest claims about the utility of animal models. The flexible, temporary nature of scaffolding draws attention to the processes of building up claims to increasingly risky heights and reconfiguring the evidence supporting particular models by including or excluding particular facts and claims. As researchers include or exclude observations from epistemic scaffolds, to contest or build up different links, they gradually frame human disorders. Negotiations over how much to claim about the utility of animal models also reflect larger tensions in the discipline concerning what animal studies reveal about human disorders.
Diagnosis and Management of Superior Labral Anterior Posterior Tears in Throwing Athletes
Authors: Knesek Michael , Skendzel Jack G. , Dines Joshua S. , Altchek David W. , Allen Answorth A. , Bedi Asheesh
Published: November 2012

Injury to the superior glenoid labrum is increasingly recognized as a significant source of shoulder pain and dysfunction in the throwing athlete. Several theories have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of superior labral anterior posterior (SLAP) tears. The clinical examination of the superior labrum–biceps tendon complex remains challenging because of a high association of other shoulder injuries in overhead athletes. Many physical examination findings have high sensitivity and low specificity. Advances in soft tissue imaging such as magnetic resonance arthrography allow for improved detection of labrum and biceps tendon lesions, although correlation with history and physical examination is critical to identify symptomatic lesions. Proper treatment of throwers with SLAP tears requires a thorough understanding of the altered biomechanics and the indications for nonoperative management and arthroscopic treatment of these lesions.
Collaboration of Nonprofit Organizations with Local Government for Immigrant Language Acquisition
Authors: Wilson Catherine E.
Published: November 2012

This article maintains that local government and nonprofit organizations are key collaborative agents in the delivery of language access services in the City of Philadelphia. Based on research conducted from February 2009 through September 2010, this article utilizes personal interviews, document analyses, and other data to situate the shared responsibility forged between the public and nonprofit sectors in the realm of language access. Local government relies on a range of nonprofit networks for both public support and community outreach in immigrant neighborhoods. Nonprofits, on the other hand, rely on the welcoming political climate that protocols and municipal directives provide for immigrants at the local level. As Philadelphia touts itself as a reemerging destination for immigrants, this article highlights the prominent role that nonprofit organizations play in the work of immigrant accompaniment by ensuring equal access to city services, regardless of linguistic ability.
Physical and thermal properties of thermoplastic poly(azo-urethane)s
Authors: Kausar Ayesha , Hussain Syed Tajammul
Published: November 2012

New thermoplastic segmented poly(azo-urethane)s (PAUs) have been synthesized by one-step polycondensation from aromatic diazo-diol, ( E)-1-(4-(4-(3-hydroxypyridyl-azo)thiocarbamoylaminobenzyl)-phenyl)-3-(3-hydroxypyridylazo)thiourea, as chain extenders, phenylene diisocyanate and 20–60 mol % polyethylene glycol (PEG) with the molecular weight of 2000 g/mol. The effect of diazo-diol used in the structure and some physicochemical, thermal and mechanical properties of the segmented polyurethanes were studied. The structure was examined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses. Polyazos were the products with good processability and high molar mass in the range 120 × 103–135 × 103 g/mol. Thermal properties, investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry indicated that PAUs up to 40 mol % polyol were fairly stable above 530°C, having initial weight loss of around 528–539°C, 10% gravimetric loss in the range 553–567°C and own high glass transition temperature 259–264°C. The polymers also demonstrated higher tensile strength (56.53–63.83 MPa) and elongation at break (1.58–1.63). However, compared with typical polyurethanes, PAUs with lower polyol content displayed higher Tgs, heat and mechanical stability owing to warily designed rigid hard segment structure.
Synthesis, characterization, and properties of aniline-p-phenylenediamine copolymers
Authors: Li Tingxi , Yuan Chengqian , Zhao Yuhua , Chen Quanliang , Wei Meng , Wang Yanmin
Published: November 2012

Polyaniline (PANI), poly(aniline- co- p-phenylenediamine) (P(Ani- co- pPD)), and poly( p-phenylenediamine) (P pPD) have been synthesized by oxidative polymerization using ammonium persulphate as an oxidant in hydrochloric acid medium. Several important properties such as solubility, electrical conductivity, and crystallinity of these polymers were comprehensively compared. The polymers were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and a four-point probe conductivity method. The results reveal that PANI shows the maximum conductivity and thermal stability among the polymers; P(Ani- co- pPD) exhibits the best solubility, P pPD presents the highest crystallinity, and all the polymers exist in granular morphology.
Die-sinking electrical discharge machining with oxygen-mixed water-in-oil emulsion working fluid
Authors: Zhang Yanzhen , Liu Yonghong , Shen Yang , Ji Renjie , Wang Xiaolong , Li Zhen
Published: November 2012

Water-in-oil emulsion has been proposed as the working fluid of die-sinking electrical discharge machining in our previous research. Compared with the traditional mineral oil–based working fluid, the water-in-oil emulsion was more environmentally benign and efficiency. This study presents a new method of die-sinking electrical discharge machining that uses oxygen-mixed water-in-oil emulsion as the working fluid. Experimental results showed that the material removal rate can be highly improved, and the relative electrode wear ratio can be significantly reduced by mixing oxygen into the water-in-oil emulsion. The recast layer was much thinner with this oxygen-assisted machining method.
Processes of International Collaboration in Management Research
Authors: Jonsen Karsten , Butler Christina L. , Mäkelä Kristiina , Piekkari Rebecca , Drogendijk Rian , Lauring Jakob , Lervik Jon E. , Pahlberg Cecilia , Vodosek Markus , Zander Lena
Published: November 2012

Scientists and academics increasingly work on collaborative projects and write papers in international research teams. This trend is driven by greater publishing demands in terms of the quality and breadth of data and analysis methods, which tend to be difficult to achieve without collaborating across institutional and national boundaries. Yet, our understanding of the collaborative processes in an academic setting and the potential tensions associated with them remains limited. We use a reflexive, autoethnographic approach to explicitly investigate our own experiences of international collaborative research. We offer systematic insights into the social and intellectual processes of academic collaborative writing, identifying six lessons and two key tensions that influence the success of international research teams. Our findings may benefit the formation of future coauthor teams, the preparation of research proposals, and the development of PhD curricula.
Managing Musically
Authors: Bathurst Ralph J. , Williams Lloyd P.
Published: November 2012

This article explores the notion of management as an acoustic phenomenon and approaches this through examining musical performance, especially how symphony orchestra musicians develop musicianship, achieve ensemble, and work together in relationship with the conductor. We explore these ideas under the rubric of “managing musically” and offer as a comparison Captain Holly Graf being relieved of her position commanding the U.S.S. Cowpens. Managing musically implies becoming sensitized to gestural nuances within the environment and among team members.
Planning method of creative and collaborative design process with prediction model of technical performance and product integrity
Authors: Nomaguchi Yutaka , Tsutsumi Daisuke , Fujita Kikuo
Published: November 2012

This article proposes a new method of design process planning based on a growth curve model with a fuzzy number managing uncertain design progress. Because a product consists of many interdependent subsystems, an engineering design process consists of two different knowledge creation activities, that is, an activity to enhance the technical performance level of each subsystem, which is called task, and an activity to enhance the integrity level among the subsystems. This research models the progress of the technical performance and the integrity with the growth curve. A numerical design structure matrix is used to represent task dependency and collaboration efficiency. A design process plan is evaluated by the probability that the technical performance will achieve the target level of design target. A proposed method facilitates a project manager to explore various process plans, to assess their risks, and to decide better plans. A planning example of a student formula car design project demonstrates that a project manager can quantitatively compare alternative process plans and choose the better plan. That result shows the possibility of the proposed model toward an optimization of process planning.
GM Crops and Smallholders
Authors: Jacobson Klara , Myhr Anne Ingeborg
Published: November 2012

There is currently limited knowledge about the effects of introducing genetically modified (GM) crops into smallholder farming or about how biosafety requirements are interpreted and adopted by smallholders. A case study was conducted on introduction of GM (Bt) maize to South African smallholders. The results reveal low general awareness about agricultural technology among smallholders and an incompatibility between smallholder practices and biosafety requirements. The implications are low understanding of biosafety measures and low compliance. Therefore, essential prerequisites for the safe introduction of GM crops to smallholders are increased smallholder knowledge on modern plant varieties and improved agricultural advisory services that better match the smallholder context. In addition, information about GM crops and biosafety implementation must be modified to better suit smallholders.
Mast Cell Inhibition Attenuates Myocardial Damage, Adverse Remodeling, and Dysfunction During Fulminant Myocarditis in the Rat
Authors: Mina Yair , Rinkevich-Shop Shunit , Konen Eli , Goitein Orly , Kushnir Tammar , Epstein Frederick H. , Feinberg Micha S. , Leor Jonathan , Landa-Rouben Natalie
Published: November 2012

Background:

Myocarditis is a life-threatening heart disease characterized by myocardial inflammation, necrosis, and chronic fibrosis. While mast cell inhibition has been suggested to prevent fibrosis in rat myocarditis, little is known about its effectiveness in attenuating cardiac remodeling and dysfunction in myocarditis. Thus, we sought to test the hypothesis that mast cell inhibition will attenuate the inflammatory reaction and associated left ventricular (LV) remodeling and dysfunction after fulminant autoimmune myocarditis.

Methods and Results:

To induce experimental autoimmune myocarditis, we immunized 30 rats with porcine cardiac myosin (PCM) twice at a 7-day interval. On day 8 animals were randomized into treatment with either an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of 25mg/kg of cromolyn sodium (n = 13) or an equivalent volume (∼0.5 mL IP) of normal saline (n = 11). All animals were scanned by serial echocardiography studies before treatment (baseline echocardiogram) and after 20 days of cromolyn sodium (28 days after immunization). Furthermore, serial cardiac magnetic resonance was performed in a subgroup of 12 animals. After 20 days of treatment (28 days from first immunization), hearts were harvested for histopathological analysis. By echocardiography, cromolyn sodium prevented LV dilatation and attenuated LV dysfunction, compared with controls. Postmortem analysis of hearts showed that cromolyn sodium reduced myocardial fibrosis, as well as the number and size of cardiac mast cells in the inflamed myocardium, compared with controls.

Conclusions:

Our study suggests that mast cell inhibition with cromolyn sodium attenuates adverse LV remodeling and dysfunction in myocarditis. This mechanism-based therapy is clinically relevant and could improve the outcome of patients at risk for inflammatory cardiomyopathy and heart failure.
An overview of health-promoting compounds of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) and the effect of processing
Authors: Mahn Andrea , Reyes Alejandro
Published: November 2012

Broccoli offers many heath-promoting properties owing to its content of antioxidant and anticarcinogenic compounds. The concentration and bioavailability of polyphenols, glucosinolates, sulforaphane and selenium depend on plant biochemistry, cultivation strategy and type of processing. In this article, the main biochemical properties of broccoli are reviewed regarding their health-promoting effects. Additionally, the way these properties are affected by processing is discussed. Steaming and drying result in an apparent increment of sulforaphane content as well as antioxidant activity, most likely due to an increase of the extractability of antioxidants and sulforaphane. Freezing and boiling diminish polyphenols concentration, mainly due to volatilization and leaching into the cooking water. In view of these results, the optimization of broccoli processing in order to maximize the content of bioactive compounds should be possible. The effect of processing on selenium compounds has been poorly studied so far, and therefore this topic should be investigated in the future. Finally, the effect of operating conditions in different drying processes on the content of bioactive compounds in broccoli should be investigated in a greater depth.
Emotional Impulsivity and Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties Among Children With ADHD
Authors: Rosen Paul J. , Factor Perry I.
Published: November 2012

Objective: Children with ADHD often demonstrate impulsive shifts in emotion, characterized by sudden and intense shifts in affect. This study examined the effects of emotional impulsivity over time on the emotional and behavioral functioning of children with ADHD using ecological momentary assessment (EMA). Method: Twenty-seven 8- to 12-year-old children with ADHD, and their parents, completed baseline measures of the children’s emotional and behavioral functioning. Parents and children then completed an EMA protocol, whereby they each rated the child’s affect three times daily for 28 days. Results: Hierarchical regression analyses strongly supported the relation of greater EMA-derived emotional impulsivity to children’s increased emotional and behavioral difficulties. These effects were evident across reporters and were maintained after controlling for baseline emotion dysregulation. Conclusion: Overall, this study demonstrated the utility of EMA-based assessments and suggested that emotional impulsivity may play an important role in the emotional and behavioral functioning of children with ADHD.
Training New Instructors to Implement Discrete Trial Teaching Strategies With Children With Autism in a Community-Based Intervention Program
Authors: Downs Andrew , Downs Robyn Conley
Published: November 2012

The effects of training and supervision on instructor knowledge and performance of discrete trial teaching (DTT) within three domains (DTT Technical Skills; Work Session Preparation/Conclusion; and Student Engagement/Management) were examined in this study. Eight undergraduate student instructors received an 8-hr training in DTT and support skills accompanied by a pre- and post-test of knowledge. The instructors then taught a variety of skills to six students with autism in a community-based preschool, where instructor competence was tracked and performance feedback provided using the Discrete Trial Teaching Competency Checklist for Instructors. Competence in all three domains improved over time with performance feedback. However, significant variability was observed within and between instructors, and performance in some areas remained below optimal levels even with regular supervision and performance feedback. Implications for training and supervising instructors to implement DTT with children with autism in community-based settings are discussed.
Experimental Evidence of Tax Salience and the Labor–Leisure Decision
Authors: Hayashi Andrew T. , Nakamura Brent K. , Gamage David
Published: November 2012

Recent research in marketing and public economics suggests that consumers underestimate the effects of taxes and surcharges on total purchase prices when taxes and surcharges are made less salient. The leading explanation is that consumers anchor on base prices and underadjust for surcharges. We perform experiments that (1) extend the tax salience and price partitioning literatures to the labor supply context, (2) test the anchoring hypothesis by examining the effects of positive and negative wage surcharges on willingness to work, and (3) test whether responses to price partitioning result from imperfect calculation of all-inclusive prices or from deeper preferences. We reject the anchoring hypothesis and find that subjects are less willing to work both when their wages are partitioned with positive and with negative surcharge components. We also find evidence that partitioned pricing effects result from cognitive limitations and possibly from responses to complexity.
Strength of aluminum single-lap bonded joints in various disbond size at circular and semi-circular notches
Authors: Ouinas Djamel
Published: November 2012

Applications of assembly bonded technique have been extended currently to various industrial fields. Adhesively bonded joints are widely used in the aeronautics and astronautics industry as a result of their high strength and convenience in using the single-lap joint. The geometry of bonded single-lap joint is nonlinear and causes the eccentricity due to the non-collinear applied load, which conducts to a significant stress concentration at the extremities of overlap area, where the cracks may initiate. In this article, the finite element (FE) method is used to analyze the behavior of a bonded lap joint of aluminum adherend. The comparison of stress concentration factor and stress intensity factor of crack emanating from the circular and semi-circular notches are investigated. The single-lap bonded joints were analyzed to study the combined effect of the notch and the disbond as they pertain to joint strength and failure conditions. The results show that the stress concentration factor and stress intensity factor are affected by the negative disbond effect and their values are strongly proportional to its size.
Cohesive zone modeling of coupled buckling – Debond growth in metallic honeycomb sandwich structure
Authors: Gopalakrishnan KC , Kumar R Ramesh , Lal S Anil
Published: November 2012

Buckling-induced skin–core debond growth in honeycomb sandwich cantilever beam is demonstrated using a cohesive zone model. The input parameters for the analysis are interfacial bond strength, mode I and mode II interfacial fracture toughness values, obtained from flatwise tension tests, drum-peel tests and three-point end notch flexure tests, respectively. Debonded honeycomb specimens are tested and the acoustic emission technique was used to observe the initiation of the debond growth. The load-displacement response from the cohesive zone model model shows a good agreement with the experimental results. The conventional analysis without cohesive zone model overestimates failure load by 56%. Cohesive zone model is able to predict the coupled debond growth and buckling failure in honeycomb sandwich structures.
The experimental static mechanical performance of ironed repaired GFRP–honeycomb sandwich beams
Authors: Kirollos Benjamin William Mounir , Trede Richard , Lampen Peter
Published: November 2012

Damaged glass fibre reinforced plastic–honeycomb core sandwich beams are repaired using uncured glass fibre reinforced plastic fabrics and a handheld iron. The effect of iron temperature, application time and pressure on the effectiveness of repair is investigated by measuring the failure load and flexural stiffness of the repaired beams using third span four-point bending tests. Repairs are tested in compression and tension. A repair process is suggested which consistently recovers 95% of the compressive strength and 77% of the tensile strength of the damaged beam. The repair is shown to have little effect on beam flexural stiffness.
Design and analysis of multifunctional structures with embedded electronics for thermomechanical loads
Authors: Kothari Rushabh , Sun CT
Published: November 2012

Multifunctional structures, of various forms, are being used in aerospace industry and there have been increasing efforts to enhance their performance. The design and analysis of a composite sandwich beam embedded avionics and integrated cooling systems is presented in this article. The integrated electronics inside a sandwich beam reduces the overall weight of a vehicle by eliminating most of the avionics housing, cables, interconnects, etc. The foam core of a sandwich beam is modified with a cavity to embed avionics. Since the presence of a cavity degrades the strength of the structure, various methods of reinforcement have been presented. The heat dissipation system has been designed to protect the structure from excessive thermal loads. The design of heat dissipating system consists of two parts, thermal interface materials and a highly efficient heat transfer device. Design guidelines for a thermal interface material consisting of particulate composites are presented here. Among various choices, heat pipes have been chosen as the preferred heat transfer device. An example is given for an unmanned aerial vehicle skin acting as the heat sink to maintain embedded electronics within their operational limit at subsonic air speeds.
Who are sports gamers? A large scale study of sports video game players
Authors: Stein Abraham , Mitgutsch Konstantin , Consalvo Mia
Published: November 2012

Sports video games rank among the most successful products of the game industry. Yet, very little is known about the players of sports video games resulting in a blind spot for media and video game research. Little is known about how sports video game players fit their games into a larger sports-related context, and about how their video game play informs their media usage and general sports fandom. The following empirical online investigation is an answer to this research gap, providing one of the first large-scale data sets detailing who the sports video game players are. Through an online survey of 1718 participants, general demographics of sports video game players, their habits and activities were investigated in the early 2011. While, until now our knowledge about players of sports video games has been based on anecdotal evidence or extrapolated from wider surveys of game players, this study demonstrates that there are interesting and important differences demanding further study.
Making plans for Nigel
Authors: Parkes Michael
Published: November 2012

Antipiracy campaigns have traditionally centred on the illegality of film piracy and copyright infringement, framing piracy within a discourse of crime and criminality. However, as film piracy has retreated from hard copy piracy to online downloading and file sharing, these traditional discourses and framing of piracy have become increasingly redundant. This article examines the work of The Industry Trust responsible for antipiracy campaigns in the United Kingdom, since 2003, and how they have changed the discourse of piracy, reframing the pirate as antisocial miscreant rather than criminal. The article also examines the Trust’s antipiracy campaigns that attempt to make legitimate film texts increasingly more real and add value to counter the effects of the increasingly ephemeral online film download.
Reconciling Preferences and Constraints in Online Peer Support for Youth With Asthma and Allergies
Authors: Masuda Jeffrey R. , Anderson Sharon , Letourneau Nicole , Sloan Morgan Vanessa , Stewart Miriam
Published: November 2012

In this article, we examine the opportunities and constraints of professionally mediated social networking in health promotion practice. Our analysis is based on the findings of a 12-week participatory study of a peer-led support intervention for youth with asthma and life-threatening allergies. The article begins with an overview of the preferences of youth, their parents, and young adults recruited as peer mentors for online features in the design of a customized support program. We then briefly explain the rationale behind our decision to design and host our intervention using a publicly available website called Ability Online in an effort to balance participants’ preferences with important research obligations and safety requirements. Finally, we report on participants’ level of satisfaction with the intervention as well as recommendations for health practitioners who wish to use social networking to enhance supports for youth with chronic health conditions.
Written and Spoken Narratives About Health and Cancer Decision Making
Authors: Thomas Tracey L. , Owens Otis L. , Friedman Daniela B. , Torres Myriam E. , Hébert James R.
Published: November 2012

Photovoice is a community-based participatory research method that researchers have used to identify and address individual and community health needs. We developed an abbreviated photovoice project to serve as a supplement to a National Cancer Institute–funded pilot study focusing on prostate cancer (PrCA) that was set in a faith-based African American community in South Carolina. We used photovoice for three reasons: (a) to enhance communication between study participants and researchers, (b) to empower African American men and women to examine their health decisions through photographs, and (c) to better understand how participants from this community make health-related decisions. The 15 individuals participating in the photovoice project were asked to photograph aspects of their community that informed their health-related decisions. Participants provided written and oral narratives to describe the images in a small sample of photographs. Four primary themes emerged in participants’ photographs and narratives: (a) food choices, (b) physical activity practices, (c) community environment and access to care, and (d) influences of spirituality and nature on health. Although written and audio-recorded narratives were similar in content, the audio-recorded responses were more descriptive and emotional. Results suggest that incorporating audio-recorded narratives in community photovoice presentations may have a greater impact than written narratives on health promotion, decision making, and policy makers because of an increased level of detail and personalization. In conclusion, photovoice strengthened the parent study and empowered participants by making them more aware of factors influencing their health decisions.
Seeking Ontological Security beyond the Nation
Authors: Georgiou Myria
Published: November 2012

This article examines the role of transnational television in supporting transnational subjects’ ontological security in a world of information, risk, interconnected spaces but fragmented social relations. The discussion draws from Silverstone’s and Giddens’s work on ontological security and modernity. It revisits Silverstone’s analysis of television as a core system for managing modern subjects’ insecurities and relocates this thesis in a transnational context. Enabling symbolic as well as physical co-presence, the space around television becomes a contradictory, yet important, frame for managing everyday anxieties shared by many migrants and diasporic subjects. This is particularly the case for people torn by anxieties associated with separation, political instability in their region of origin, and the precariousness of migrant life. With reference to empirical research with Arab audiences across Europe, the article shows that television sustains its central role, even when new media make significant advances.
Youth-Generated Media
Authors: Khalil Joe F.
Published: November 2012

This article examines the contemporary configuration of youth cultural politics through self-expressive artifacts, probing in the process the changing mediascape in the Arab world. The article discusses the relationship between youth and media focusing on the way young people develop and circulate their own messages outside corporate, religious, and state institutions. Youth-generated media is introduced as a framework for analyzing these alternative forms of communication. The article focuses on the case of Lebanese blogger Fink Ployd whose blog, BloggingBeirut.com , exemplifies the characteristics of youth-generated media. Blurring old and new media, BloggingBeirut.com , was a platform for youth cultural politics surrounding the July 06 War.
Chameleon or Chimera? The Role of the Higher Level Teaching Assistant (HLTA) in a Remodelled Workforce in English Schools
Authors: Graves Susan
Published: November 2012

This article draws on research conducted with HLTAs in the North-West of England over two years and is located in the context of workforce remodelling. The respondents have presented a picture of a role which is developing outside the hegemonic discourse of rationality, testing, accountability and performativity within which the teacher role is being developed. In contrast, they suggest the role of HLTA is developing in an extemporized, contextually contingent manner, based on perceived local priorities and defined predominantly in relation to the disaggregation of the teacher role. This article argues that this situation puts HLTAs at the periphery of current policy and, while offering them some resistance to constraining discourses, ultimately places them at a disadvantage in terms of development of their professional identity. Furthermore, this situation presents a challenge to teachers’ professional status and to educational managers and leaders in terms of developing a coherent school workforce.
Global building physics
Authors: Rode Carsten
Published: November 2012

High ambitions are set for the building physics performance of buildings today. No single technology can achieve fulfilment of these ambitions alone. Integrated, multi-facetted solutions and optimization are necessary. A holistic, or ‘global’, technological perspective is needed, which includes all aspects of the building as defined in building engineering. We live in an international society and building solutions are developed across country borders. Building physics is a global theme. The International Association of Building Physics has global appeal. This brief article reports the keynote lecture and illustrates global relations to highlight some of the challenges that we see today.
Imaging techniques as predictive and prognostic biomarkers in renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Nathan Paul , Vinayan Anup
Published: November 2012

A number of imaging modalities are showing promise as predictive and prognostic biomarkers in advanced renal cell carcinoma. This review discusses progress to date in this exciting area and identifies areas of future promise.