bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Ritual of Midsummer: A Pattern for A Midsummer Night's Dream
Authors: Vlasopolos Anca
Published: April 2006

Interpretations of A Midsummer Night's Dream have suffered from a hesitation or a downright refusal on the part of critics to consider the full significance of the ritual of Midsummer, or Saint John's Day, in Shakespeare's comedy. The play, like the ritual which informs its structure, maintains a dual frame of reference, Christian and pagan. Within this frame such seemingly unrelated subjects as the moon and dew imagery, the frequent reference to eyes, and the business of magic plants, particularly the peacemaking ‘Dians bud,’ become thematic components of the comic movement toward reconciliation of natural and lawful love. The lovers’ progression from the night of misrule to the light of the holy day parallels the pagan nature of the Midsummer festival and its Christian conclusion.
The First Performance of Calderòn'sEl sitio de Bredà
Authors: Whitaker Shirley B.
Published: April 2006

At the expiration of the Twelve Years’ Truce in 1621, the renewal of hostilities between Spain and the United Provinces opened another phase in the long struggle for mastery of the Low Countries. From the Spanish viewpoint, one of the most heartening events in the years immediately following was the capitulation of the city of Breda, of great strategic importance by reason of its location on the main route to Utrecht and Amsterdam. The Dutch resistance was vigorous, for it was only after a siege lasting many months that the city yielded to Ambrosio Spinola, military commander of the Spanish Netherlands, on June 5, 1625. Ten days later the news reached Madrid.
Revenge and Revenge Tragedy in Renaissance England
Authors: Broude Ronald
Published: April 2006

When we speak of ‘revenge tragedy,’ we are often unaware of the extent to which our approach to these important Renaissance plays has been conditioned by the name we have given them. Elizabethans themselves recognized no distinct dramatic type called revenge play. The term is a modern one, made current at the turn of the century by A. H. Thorndike, and first defined at length by Fredson Bowers more than thirty years ago. As a critical term, it depends upon the modern meaning ofrevenge, and it simultaneously reflects and shapes both modern assumptions about the subject matter of the plays and modern prejudices about the ethical principles upon which they are assumed to be predicated.
The Bacchus Who Wouldn't Wash: Faerie Queene II.i-ii
Authors: Kaske Carol V.
Published: April 2006

Few sources or targets of allusion have been adduced for the complex and tragic episode of the Nymph's Well early in Book II of Spenser's Faerie Queene; hence we lack that check on our interpretations and that isolation of the individual author's emphases which literary history can provide. Perhaps the only characterization of the episode which all Spenser critics would accept is that it is about acrasia and that it is extraordinarily rich in meanings—one of those which stand out, as Kermode remarked of the Mammon's Cave episode, from the generally thinner allegorical texture of its surroundings. Its resulting complexity and difficulty have divided its many recent critics into two main camps, the secular and the theological.
Marsilio Ficino as a Man of Letters and the Glosses Attributed to Him in the Caetani Codex of Dante*
Authors: Kristeller Paul Oskar
Published: April 2006

The Archivio Caetani, now owned by the Fondazione Camillo Caetani, is one of the most important and interesting family archives that have been preserved in Rome. In addition to numerous old documents, it also contains many letters and papers of writers and scholars of the sixteenth century, and a certain number of valuable literary manuscripts. The most famous among them is the Caetani Codex of Dante'sDivine Comedy, which has been well known to Dante scholars since the last century and which was made available, along with the numerous Latin glosses accompanying the text, through a beautiful and accurate edition published by Don Gelasio Caetani in 1930. The manuscript is written on parchment in a beautiful calligraphic hand of the late fourteenth or very early fifteenth century and contains in its margin numerous Latin glosses.
Marsilio Ficino on Plato, the Neoplatonists and the Christian Doctrine of the Trinity
Authors: Allen Michael J. B.
Published: April 2006

We are accustomed to thinking of Marsilio Ficino (1433-1499) as the great Renaissance champion of Plato from a Christian point of view and the leader of those who wished to effect an accommodation between Platonism (or more accurately Neoplatonism) and Christianity, as the most distinguished of Plato's several Medicean apologists. Many texts lend credibility to this interpretation of Ficino's goals, and it is essentially correct. However, it is important that we appreciate just where he traced the boundaries of accommodation between Catholic dogma and what he regarded as authentic Platonism; and in particular that we appreciate the care and circumspection with which he approached the problem of analyzing the relationship between the dogma of the Trinity and the various texts in Plato that lent themselves to a trinitarian interpretation that Plato himself could not have intended or even fully conceived.
Humanism and Modernity: A Reconsideration of Bruni's Dialogues
Authors: Quint David
Published: April 2006

The spread of humanism in fifteenth-century Italy was extraordinarily rapid and complete, so much so that it could instill an uncritical complacency in its adherents and practitioners. By midcentury, humanist Latin had become the language of the Roman Curia, and it soon became the language of peninsular diplomacy. Humanists filled positions in the bureaucracies of princely courts and city-republics, and they took jobs as teachers and secretaries in the houses of the powerful. While humanists kept alive the bogeyman of the unlettered scholastic, whose barbarous Latin threatened a return to an age of gothic ignorance, there were, in fact, few obstacles which might slow down their cultural and professional advancement. The way to a career in the clerisy now began in the grammarian's classroom, and the successful humanist rarely cared to question the assumptions of the literary and educational movement to which he owed his livelihood.
“Such Monstrous Births”: A Neglected Aspect of the Antinomian Controversy
Authors: Schutte Anne Jacobson
Published: April 2006

The Antinomian controversy of 1636-1638, the earliest major theological conflict in colonial New England, has attracted much scholarly attention. For many, the central figure in the drama, Anne Hutchinson, is a heroine, a champion of religious freedom against the bigoted theocratic Puritan establishment of Massachusetts Bay captained by the elder John Winthrop, Governor of the colony. Others have interpreted the Puritan prosecution of the Antinomians as perhaps regrettable but absolutely necessary; theological splintering might well have led, as most contemporaries believed it would, to a fatal political weakening of the young colony at a critical moment. One feature of the Antinomian episode, however, has not yet received the attention it deserves: the occurrence of two monstrous births, one in the midst of the controversy (although belatedly discovered) and the other at its denouement.
Erudition and the Idea of History in Renaissance England
Authors: Woolf D. R.
Published: April 2006

It has become a commonplace that Tudor and early Stuart historical authors recognized a formal distinction between “antiquities” and “history,” yet neither the grounds nor the extent of the distinction has been explored in depth. Because some Tudor historical writers could and, on occasion, did ignore it in practice, the distinction has sometimes been deemed a technicality of only minor interest. Nearly twenty-five years ago, F. Smith Fussner described what he termed an English “historical revolution” between 1580 and 1640, a revolution which witnessed the rise of historical writing in something like its modern form. From Fussner's point of view, it mattered only that men were bringing new sources and innovative, critical research methods to the study of the past; whether they called themselves historians, scholars, philologists or antiquaries was of little importance.
Agrippa's Dilemma: Hermetic “Rebirth” and the Ambivalences of De vanitate and De occulta philosophia*
Authors: Keefer Michael H.
Published: April 2006

When in 1625 Gabriel Naudé wished to clear the name of Cornelius Agrippa (1486-1535) from the pious slanders of the demonologists of the intervening century, he argued that this learned man, “who was not only a new Trismegistus in the three higher faculties of Theology, Law, and Medicine, but who desired to travel in body through every part of Europe, and to exercise his mind on all sciences and disciplines,” deserved better than to be abused with stories “which would be much more appropriate in the magical tales of Merlin, Maugis, and of Doctor Faust, than in writings which are (or rather should be) serious and well-examined… . “ Naudé's words provide an accurate anticipation of the three principal reasons for the interest of modern scholars in the writings of this enigmatic humanist and magician.
Leda and the Swan: Rabelais's Parody of Michelangelo
Authors: Rigolot Francois
Published: April 2006

“oysons bridez … et aultres telles painctures contrefaictes à plaisir pour exciter le monde à rire.” (Gargantua, Prologue)

It is no novelty to stress the paradistic aspects of Rabelais's style. As early as 1915, Emile Besch had described Gargantua and Pantagruel as “une parodie des romans de chevalerie,” and this broad critical assessment has not really been seriously challenged ever since. Yet most of the studies devoted to Rabelais's comical imitations seem to concentrate either on what he owes to the ancient, medieval or humanistic tradition, or on the specific techniques through which he mocks or distorts various genres, modes or styles. More specifically, very little attention has been paid so far to Rabelais's attitude vis-à-vis art works of his time, although we know very well that, like many other contemporary writers, he had a keen interest in pictorial compositions.
The Art of Mourning: Autobiographical Writings on the Loss of a Son in Italian Humanist Thought (1400–1461)
Authors: McClure George W.
Published: April 2006

The theory and practice of proffering consolation commanded a prominent place in humanist moral thought and literature. Reviving and furthering the tradition of the ancient consolatio, Renaissance writers formulated solace for such problems as bereavement, the fear of death, illness, despair, and misfortune. In the Trecento and Quattrocento there appeared many consolatory letters and funeral orations as well as numerous consolatory dialogues and treatises. The coherence and importance of this consolatory tradition in Renaissance culture have not been fully recognized. By studying this tradition more closely we can learn much about the psychological functions of rhetoric and philosophy in Renaissance thought. Equally important, we can begin to see more clearly how the history of ideas has sometimes been changed and enriched by its quiet counterpart, the “history of emotions.”
The Pharisee Against the Hellenist: Edward Lee Versus Erasmus
Authors: Coogan Robert
Published: April 2006

The Moriae Encomium and the Novum Instrumentum of Erasmus provoked remarkable storms. Even now the bitter sarcasm at the center of the Encomium shocks many as does the boldness of In principio erat Sermo, his alternative to the Vulgate's words that had a millennial sanction in theological discourse and in liturgy—In principio erat Verbum. Turbulence also radiates from the uniquely significant Romans 5:12 where he rendered eph hô by quatenus (in as much as), replacing in quo (in whom) of the Vulgate. Because of his translation and his annotations of the texts of Romans 5:12 and 14, Catholics and non-Catholics accused him of Pelagianism soon after the publication of the first edition of the Novum Instrumentum (1516).
“To Speak Metaphorically”: Sidney in the Subjunctive Mood
Authors: Dundas Judith
Published: April 2006

The relationship of the imagination to the realities of life, whether factual or moral, was not something that Sidney could take for granted. He is forever trying to make known its proper role; and for him, this means essentially the role of metaphor. Throughout theApology, he not only identifies his metaphors but also tries to explain their workings; within theArcadia, he exercises the utmost freedom in his use of them, but also signals them, so that they are clearly identified as metaphors. Finally, the whole of theArcadiais a metaphor because it is fiction, a fiction set in pagan times and therefore needing from the Christian reader even more understanding of its relationship to higher truth. So, from small metaphors to large ones, he holds in his hands imagery to reflect the motions of the soul and the life of the affections as on a screen.
Remembering the Family: Women, Kin, and Commemorative Masses in Renaissance Florence*
Authors: Strocchia Sharon T.
Published: April 2006

In August 1465 Alessandra Macinghi Strozzi, mother of the art patron and builder Filippo Strozzi, arranged for an annual set of masses in the parish church of Santa Maria Ughi. Her purpose, as she said, was to commemorate the souls of “all our dead,” “tutti enostri passati”(sic). In her record of the commission, Alessandra carefully outlined the conditions of the bequest. She noted, for example, the location of the land donation whose proceeds subsidized the masses and the day the ten masses were to be performed, and made alternate arrangements should the priests of Santa Maria Ughi fail to uphold their obligations. Yet within this context of legal specifications and formulae, Alessandra remained curiously vague about one of the program's essential clauses: namely, the precise identity of “all our dead.“
Fifty Years of the New England Renaissance Conference*
Authors: Cranz F. Edward
Published: April 2006

I'll begin with a couple of disclaimers. First, though it is a good many years since I had to present a birth certificate in order to get my senior citizen's discount, I was not present at the beginnings of the New England Renaissance Conference (N.E.R.C.) but was still at Harvard in the Society of Fellows with a very new Ph.D. More important, I was a card-carrying medievalist at a time when medievalists were far more detached from the Renaissance than they are now. If we regarded the Renaissance at all, it was as a kind of mopping- up operation of the Middle Ages; perhaps we remembered Gilson's remark: “The difference between the Renaissance and the Middle Ages was not a difference by addition but by subtraction.” But I slowly learned wisdom and first spoke to the N.E.R.C. in 1951. I had discovered that, contrary to Gilson, joining the Renaissance was not a subtraction but very much an addition. Nevertheless anything I say about the earliest period of the Conference is based only on information received.
Writing Women and Reading the Renaissance
Authors: Lewalski Barbara Kiefer
Published: April 2006

If there is anything that scholars in the Renaissance and scholars of the Renaissance (of whatever ideological persuasion) might be expected to share, it is delight in the recovery of texts worthy of attention as aesthetic objects and/or as significant documents for interpreting the period. Arguably such new texts—and especially texts and artworks by women—will constitute the most enduring element in our ongoing reconstruction of the Renaissance. Thanks to a decade or so of feminist and cultural studies focussed on gender and the social construction of identity, we now know a good deal about how early modern society constructed women within several discourses—law, medicine, theology, courtiership, domestic advice.
The Dutch Revolt: What Kind of Revolution?
Authors: Rowen Herbert H.
Published: April 2006

A Special Place in Historical Studies belongs to those great events that everyone knows of, but few know—at least, know deeply and accurately. In such cases, received notions of sequence, character, causes and results continue to be passed on, unchallenged by any requirement that the explanation fit the facts and that the facts receive explanation. One such great event is the Revolt of the Low Countries in the sixteenth century.
Replicating Mysteries of the Passion: Rosso's Dead Christ with Angels
Authors: Stefaniak Regina
Published: April 2006

During his sojourn in Rome from 1524 to 1527, Rosso painted a panel of a dead Christ with angels for his friend Leonardo Tornabuoni, bishop of Borgo San Sepolcro. Vasari saw the painting in the house of Giovanni della Casa at mid-century, but subsequently it was lost from general sight until the 1950s, when it was acquired by the Boston Museum of Fine Arts (Fig. 1). The panel has been assessed by art historians as one of signal importance, at once a high water mark in Rosso's own work and masterpiece of the early Romanmaniera,a painting remarkable for its great beauty and artfulness, composed after long study of Michelangelo and the antique. The first considered estimation of the work emphasized its sculptural qualities, its formal tensions in pose and color, and its artistic virtuosity, suggesting that the subject was a version of theimago pietatis,reworked into a resurrecting Christ, emblematic of the patron's titular see. Although still impressed with the suavity of the panel in relation to Rosso's previous work, a subsequent critic was more conscious of its ambivalences, discerning a continuity with the young Rosso's individualistic and eccentric sensibilities, finally identifying the subject as an assertion of the eucharistic real presence. Analogies with language have been advanced, among them an allusion to the intensely equivocal nature of the painting. For one scholar the artfulness of the panel and Rosso's artistic attitudes were separate from their religious purpose; for another, they were absolutely at odds.
Titian's Helle and Ascanio de' Mori
Authors: Shiff Jonathan
Published: April 2006

In 1564 Titian traveled to Brescia to discuss a commission for a set of three allegorical paintings for the ceiling of the Council Hall. While there, according to a hitherto unnoticed reference in Ascanio de’ Mori's Giuoco piacevole, he presented a Brescian noblewoman, Barbara Calina, with a painting or drawing representing the mythological figure Helle.

Ascanio Pipino de’ Mori da Ceno (1533—1591) is most often remembered today for his fourteen stories which are said to epitomize the adjustment of novellieri to the new moral climate of the Counter Reformation. In his own day, however, this Mantuan courtiersoldier- turned-author was perhaps best known for his Giuoco piacevole, which was popular enough to warrant three editions, in 1575, 1580, and 1590.
Schooling in Western Europe
Authors: Grendler Paul F.
Published: April 2006

Renaissance boys and girls attended a variety of different kinds of pre-university schools in England, France, Italy, and Spain. Renaissance Europe inherited from the Middle Ages a large educational establishment that was not a "school system" in a modern sense. Instead, there were different kinds of schools which complemented or overlapped each other. The many and confusing names for pre-university schools, such as song school, grammar school, and collège, further confuse matters.
The Studia Humanitatis: Contemporary Scholarship and Renaissance Ideals
Authors: Proctor Robert E.
Published: April 2006

Let me pursue for a moment the question that Professor Nauert raised at the end of his paper: how successful were the new classical schools of the Renaissance in achieving the highest goal of the humanist educational program, that of inspiring their students to seek wisdom and virtue?

This is a difficult question for us to answer for two reasons. First, as a result of the deterioration of the tradition of moral philosophy in the west after the Enlightenment, the kind of deterioration that Alasdair Maclntyre describes in his well-known book After Virtue, our society is deeply confused about the meaning, purpose and possibility of moral education.
The Adaptation of a Shakespearean Genre: Othello and Ford's Tis Pity She's a Whore
Authors: Powell Raymond
Published: April 2006

O Thello'sPopularity in the Early seventeenth century is indicated both by the frequency of its revival and by its influence over many of the dramatists of the period. It seems to have exerted a lasting hold over Ford's imagination, the effects traceable in three plays written at different stages in his career:The Queen,published anonymously in 1653 but now generally reckoned to be an early work,Love's Sacrifice(1633), andThe Lady's Trial(1638). The extent and significance of the influenceofOthelloonLove's Sacrificehas been much discussed. In the words of one commentator, “So close are the parallels withOthelloin the middle scenes of the action that it is tempting to imagine that Ford wrote with a copy of the play at his side.
Miscellanea Curiositae Michelangelae: A Steep Tariff, a Half Dozen Horses, and Yards of Taffeta
Authors: Wallace William E.
Published: April 2006

There is such an abundance of documentary information about the life of Michelangelo Buonarroti that we necessarily are selective in our use of the primary sources: nearly 1,400 letters to and from the artist, more than three hundred published pages of his personal and professional ricordi, and an extensive correspondence among members of his immediate family. In addition to what they tell us about the artist and his commissions, these primary sources offer a rich and detailed picture of everyday life in Renaissance Italy. The following miscellany is offered as diverse glimpses into the world and work of Michelangelo, a sort of micro-historical view of a major historical figure.
Dutch Proverbs and Ancient Sources in Erasmus'sPraise of Folly
Authors: Wesseling Ari
Published: April 2006

Clarence Miller, the learned editor and commentator of Erasmus'sPraise of Folly, made a challenging remark in a recent issue ofRenaissance Quarterly. In discussing a collection of essays on theMoriaand theColloquies,he observes in conclusion that it is “very difficult to say much that is both new and true” about Erasmus's satire. With a view to the flood of secondary literature on the subject, his observation seems quite to the point.

I shall illustrate a number of basic textual ingredients in theMoriawhose origin has escaped the attention of Erasmus specialists, namely, Dutch proverbs and expressions. More than once it is Folly herself that suggests she is going to quote from the vernacular.
Johann Valentin Andreae's Utopian Brotherhoods*
Authors: Dickson Donald R.
Published: April 2006

Howbeit we know after a time there wil now be a general reformation, both of divine and humane things, according to our desire, and the expectation of others: for it's fitting, that before the rising of the Sun, there should appear and break forthAurora, or some clearness, or divine light in the sky; and so in the mean time some few, which shall give their names, may joyn together, thereby to increase the number and respect of ourFraternity, and make a happy and wished for beginning of ourPhilosophical Canons, prescribed to us by our brother R.C. and be partakers with us of our treasures (which never can fail or be wasted) in all humility, and love to be eased of this worlds labor, and not walk so blindly in the knowledge of the wonderful works of God.

— Fama fraternitatis (1614)
Palm Sunday Prophets and Processions and Eucharistic Controversy*
Authors: Erler Mary C.
Published: April 2006

In the Fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, as part of their Palm Sunday liturgical celebration, various London parishes purchased or rented costumes, wigs, and props for prophets, and paid to build scaffolds for them to stand on (“pageanttes“). Six other cities too had Palm Sunday prophets between 1498 and 1559 and it is perhaps significant that in all these places a substantial tradition of religious dissent existed. It is in London, however, that such Palm Sunday celebrations are first recorded and most numerous.
Rabelais, Renaissance, and Reformation: Recent French Works on the Renaissance
Authors: Schiffman Zachary Sayre
Published: April 2006

The Renaissance is Protean, forcing us to fix it with descriptive labels or bracket it with interpretive structures in order to make any sense of it. Recent works on Rabelais—himself a shifting and many faceted figure—not only illustrate this tendency but also illuminate the need for new interpretative models of the French Renaissance. Whereas some of these works attempt to fix Rabelais with the “humanist/humanism” label, others attempt to bracket him with post-modern interpretative structures, generally blending phenomenology, critical theory, and structuralism. And whereas some of these works unwittingly reveal the poverty of their interpretive frameworks, others point the way toward a new one that takes Rabelais's own cultural milieu more seriously.
Florence, 1492: The Reappearance of Plotinus*
Authors: Saffrey Henri D.
Published: April 2006

In the western world, Plotinus was only a name until 1492. None of his treatises had been translated during the Middle Ages, and the translations dating back to antiquity had been lost. He was not totally unknown, however, thanks to scholars like Firmicus Maternus, Saint Augustine, Macrobius, and to those parts of the works of Proclus translated in the thirteenth century by William of Moerbeke. But Plotinus's own writings remained completely unknown,and as Vespasiano da Bisticci observed in hisVite, “senza i libri non si poteva fare nulla” (“without the books, nothing can be done”). This fact was to change completely only with the publication by Marsilio Ficino of his Latin translation of theEnneads.
Abacus and Humanism*
Authors: Rowland Ingrid D.
Published: April 2006

Renaissance humanism was not, and probably could never have been, permanently confined to the restricted company that had once created it. Even its most esoteric branches — Neoplatonism, magic, cabala, alchemy—had their practical side, for they had been conceived and continued to operate in a world of practical needs. By the first two decades of the early sixteenth century, fundamental concepts of Neoplatonism, though they may have retained their esoteric charm for self-conscious cognoscenti, had also become common coin, the imagery in which merchants, professionals, and technicians couched their own philosophical yearnings. At the same time, humanistic patterns of thought had come to govern actions in the political and financial sphere no less than they governed the progress of letters and art.
Rabelais's Unreadable Books*
Authors: Bowen Barbara C.
Published: April 2006

About twenty-five years ago, in the lobby of the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, a friend introduced me to the already legendary Eugénie Droz. As kindly as her rather haughty manner permitted, she asked me what I was working on, and when I replied “Rabelais” she said condescendingly: “Oh, do you think there is any more work to be done on Rabelais?”

In the generation since that conversation a good deal of work has been done on Rabelais, much of it interesting and some of it new and exciting. M. A. Screech and his followers, most notably Jean Céard, Edwin Duval, and Florence Weinberg, have greatly expanded our understanding of Rabelais the Evangelical Christian humanist; Carol Clark and Samuel Kinser have corrected many of Bakhtin's outdated views on Rabelais and carnival; Walter Stephens has illuminated Renaissance attitudes to giants and their relevance to Rabelais.
Embodying Dislocation:A Mirror for Magistratesand Property Relations*
Authors: Ellis Jim
Published: April 2006

This paper argues thatA Mirror for Magistrates's fascination with the mutilated bodies of its subjects, and its compulsive retelling of ambition punished offer evidence of cultural trauma. The works of legal theorist Margaret fane Rodin and psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan are combined to explore the subjective consequences of changing conceptions of property.
The Gendering of the Lute in Sixteenth-Century French Love Poetry*
Authors: Zecher Carla
Published: April 2006

Blame not my lute for he must sound Of this or that as liketh me.

Sir Thomas Wyatt

Lute-poems came into vogue in France in the 1540s and 1550s. Because of the lute's shape, it could be gendered either as masculine or feminine; male and female poets therefore made use of lute imagery in different ways. Their references to the lute are informed by the gendered culture surrounding the instrument in this period and by the etiquette and technicalities of lute playing. Even more than painters and engravers, poets could invest the lute with human qualities, conflating it with bodies and body parts. It could thus be adapted to serve a variety of amorous scenarios.
Anatomizing the Past: Physicians and History in Renaissance Culture*
Authors: Siraisi Nancy
Published: April 2006

In many different ways Renaissance physicians concerned themselves with the reading and writing of history. This article examines the role of historical interests in learned medical culture and the participation of physicians in the broader historical culture of the period.
Translating (Anne) Askew: The Textual Remains of a Sixteenth-Century Heretic and Saint*
Authors: Kemp Theresa D.
Published: April 2006

This essay explores how contemporary depictions of Anne Askew's examination and execution serve as textual sites of contested power between the Henrician conservatives and Protestant reformists who vied for control of English religion and politics during the mid-sixteenth-century. Both the Anglo-Catholics who prosecute Askew as a heretic and the Protestants who vindicate her as a saint attempt to shape and exploit her identity as a woman who has been tortured and burned at the stake. Amid the inquisitional voice of the state officials and the reformist discourse of the Protestant hagiographers, Askew's own text provides yet a third version.
Authorized Versions: Measure for Measure and the Politics of Biblical Translation
Authors: Barnaby Andrew , Wry Joan
Published: April 2006

Despite the common practice of reading Shakespeare's Measure for Measure in relation to the cultural politics of the first year of the Stuart monarchy, politically-oriented criticism has largely neglected the play's connection to the politics of one of King James's most ambitious undertakings: the new biblical translation first announced in January of 1604 at the Hampton Court Conference. While maintaining that the play cannot be reduced to a simple allegory of James's effort to link his new political authority to the "authorizing" power of scripture, this essay examines how the "topicality" of that effort might be registered in the play's complex pattern of biblical allusion. We argue, finally, that with its staged conflict between ethical ideal and social practice, Measure for Measure offers a cautionary tale about the dangers of deploying religious rhetoric in secular political contexts.
How to (and How Not to) Get Married in Sixteenth-Century Venice (Selections from the Diaries of Marin Sanudo)
Authors: Labalme Patricia H. , White Laura Sanguineti
Published: April 2006

Marriage between Venetian patricians in the early decades of the sixteenth century was a matter of considerable moment. The process of joining two families — as narrated by a contemporary diarist—involved a choreography of events and a level of display in rituals more public than private in import: the lavish style of entertainment paralleled civic rituals in arguing the power of the Venetian city-state, and the strengthening of familial political and economic ties betokened the effectiveness of the city's urban polity and economic status. When private ceremonies went awry, the subsequent opprobrium underscored the community's interest in more proper procedures.
The Work of the Sixth Committee at the Fifty-First Session of the UN General Assembly
Authors: Morris Virginia , Bourloyannis-Vrailas M.-Christiane
Published: April 2006

At the fifty-first session of the General Assembly, the Sixth (Legal) Committee reviewed the annual reports of the International Law Commission (ILC), the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), the Special Committee on the Charter of the United Nations and on the Strengthening of the Role of the Organization (Special Committee) and the Committee on Relations with the Host Country (Host Country Committee). The Sixth Committee also considered proposals for two new legal instruments relating to (1) the establishment of a permanent international criminal court, and (2) the non-navigational uses of international watercourses, as well as other topics concerning international terrorism, international humanitarian law, diplomatic and consular law, the United Nations internal justice system, the United Nations Decade of International Law (Decade) and the “New International Economic Order.” The topics are discussed in the order in which they were considered by the committee.
International Law and International Relations Theory: A New Generation of Interdisciplinary Scholarship
Authors: Slaughter Anne-Marie , Tulumello Andrew S. , Wood Stepan
Published: April 2006

Nine years ago, Kenneth Abbott published an article exhorting international lawyers to read and master regime theory, arguing that it had multiple uses for the study of international law. He went as far as to call for a “joint discipline” that would bridge the gap between international relations theory (IR) and international law (IL). Several years later, one of us followed suit with an article mapping the history of the two fields and setting forth an agenda for joint research. Since then, political scientists and international lawyers have been reading and drawing on one another’s work with increasing frequency and for a wide range of purposes. Explicitly interdisciplinary articles have won the Francis Deák Prize, awarded for the best work by a younger scholar in this Journal, for the past two years running; the publication of an interdisciplinary analysis of treaty law in the Harvard International Law Journal prompted a lively exchange on the need to pay attention to legal as well as political details; and the Hague Academy of International Law has scheduled a short course on international law and international relations for its millennial lectures in the year 2000. Further, the American Society of International Law and the Academic Council on the United Nations System sponsor joint summer workshops explicidy designed to bring young IR and IL scholars together to explore the overlap between their disciplines.
The United States and the International Criminal Court
Authors: Scheffer David J.
Published: April 2006

The United States has had and will continue to have a compelling interest in the establishment of a permanent international criminal court (ICC). Such an international court, so long contemplated and so relevant in a world burdened widi mass murderers, can both deter and punish diose who might escape justice in national courts. Since 1995, the question for the Clinton administration has never been whether there should be an international criminal court, but rather what kind of court it should be in order to operate efficiently, effectively and appropriately within a global system that also requires our constant vigilance to protect international peace and security. At the same time, the United States has special responsibilities and special exposure to political controversy over our actions. This factor cannot be taken lightly when issues of international peace and security are at stake. We are called upon to act, sometimes at great risk, far more than any other nation. This is a reality in the international system.
ICJ jurisdiction under the optional clause—relevance of legality of acts to validity of reservation to jurisdiction made in contemplation of such acts—high seas—conservation and management measures
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Kwiatkowska Barbara
Published: April 2006

Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada), Jurisdiction.

International Court of Justice, December 4, 1998.

On May 10, 1994, Canada filed an amended declaration accepting the jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). New paragraph 2(d) excluded “disputes arising out of or concerning conservation and management measures taken by Canada with respect to vessels fishing in die NAFO Regulatory Area, as defined in the Convention on Future Multilateral Cooperation in the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, 1978, and the enforcement of such measures.” Two days later, the Canadian Coastal Fisheries Protection Act (CFPA) and implementing regulations were amended to authorize the enforcement under certain circumstances of conservation measures applicable to foreign fishing vessels in the high seas areas to which the reservation adverted.
The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Authors: Breidenich Clare , Magraw Daniel , Rowley Anne , Rubin James W.
Published: April 2006

In December 1997, in Kyoto, Japan, over 160 parties to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC or Convention) adopted the Kyoto Protocol, which, for the first time, establishes legally binding limits for industrialized countries on emissions of carbon dioxide and other “greenhouse gases.” The Kyoto Protocol (the Protocol) is quite complex, reflecting the complicated political, economic, scientific and legal issues raised by human-induced climate change. The result of more than two years of preparatory discussions and eleven days of often-intense negotiations in Kyoto, the Protocol will be opened for signature in March 1998 for one year, although countries may accede to it after that period. It will enter into force ninety days after at least fifty-five parties to the FCCC, encompassing FCCC Annex I parties that accounted in total for at least 55 percent of the total emissions for 1990 of carbon dioxide (CO2) of Annex I parties, have ratified, accepted, approved or acceded to the Protocol.
Crimes and Accountability in Shakespeare
Authors: Meron Theodor
Published: April 2006

Accountability for crimes, a theme central to Shakespeare’s plays, is also extraordinarily pertinent to our times. Newspapers have reported on the care taken by the leaders of the former Yugoslavia to order atrocities against “enemy” populations only in the most indirect and euphemistic way. Even the Nazi leaders constantly resorted to euphemisms in referring to the Holocaust. No explicit written order from Hitler to carry out the final solution has ever been found. At the height of their power, the Nazis treated the data on the killing of Jews as top secret. Similarly, a high-ranking member of the former security police told the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission that written instructions to kill antiapartheid activists were never given; squad members who carried out the killings simply got “a nod of the head or a wink-wink kind of attitude.”
Child Labor, Trade and Investment: Toward the Harmonization of International Law
Authors: Diller Janelle M. , Levy David A.
Published: April 2006

Growing awareness of the economic exploitation of millions of children around the world has catapulted the issue of child labor into the public eye and brought it to the forefront of debate within governments, international organizations and the business sector. Arousing diverse interests, the debate juxtaposes the multilateral trade regime with international law governing labor standards and human rights. Each of the charters establishing the primary international organizations for cooperation in those areas is premised on the interdependence of economic and social progress. Nonetheless, the legal norms governing the various regimes differ in their scope and application to child labor, and formal linkages do not exist between the multilateral trade regime and international supervisory bodies dealing with labor standards and human rights.
Court to Court
Authors: Slaughter Anne-Marie
Published: April 2006

Leave aside the question whether the indication of provisional measures by the International Court of Justice in the Breard case was binding on the United States as a matter of international or domestic law. Scholars will continue to differ on this question; government decision makers will reach their own conclusions. Leave aside that the state of Virginia violated a solemn treaty obligation, a treaty that the Supreme Court is obliged to uphold as the supreme law of the land. Without denigrating the power of these arguments, a less contentious case can be made for the granting of a stay—a case based less on compulsion than on civility.
France—immunity from taxation under ICJ Statute—effect of customary international law in French administrative courts
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Riesenfeld Stefan A.
Published: April 2006

In Re Aquarone. 101 Revue Générale de Droit International Public 838 (1997).

Conseil d'Etat (Assemblée), June 6, 1997.

In this case, the French Council of State, sitting in its most authoritative formation, had to pass on a petition by Stanislav Aquarone for review of a judgment of the administrative court of appeal of Lyon, dismissing his request for annulment of die imposition by France of income taxes on his retirement pension for the years 1981-1986, paid by the United Nations. In a carefully crafted opinion, the highest administrative court of France rejected die petition and die claim of immunity from taxation of his retirement pay by Aquarone, a former Registrar of the International Court of Justice and an Australian national now living in Gordes, France.
The Ages of Erasmus and the Year of His Birth*
Authors: Vredeveid Harry
Published: April 2006

It is a Perennial Paradox of Erasmus studies that neither the wealth of autobiographical information that the Dutch humanist has left us nor the enormous mass of scholarly literature that has grown up around his life and works has ever given us a firm grip on the year of his birth and the chronology of his youth. We do not know with certainty, for example, how old Erasmus was when he entered Steyn monastery. If he were born in 1466, as he indicates at times, and became a postulant in the middle of 1487, as other information suggests, he would then have been twenty years of age. Yet in an appeal to Pope Leo X for a release from some of his monastic obligations in August 1516 Erasmus asserts that he was just sixteen when he was prevailed upon to enter the monastery. On the strength of this and other evidence R. L. DeMolen has argued with equal logic that Erasmus must have been born in 1469 and entered Steyn in 1485-86.
Irishmen, Aristocrats, and Other White Barbarians
Authors: Shuger Debora
Published: April 2006

Et virum bonum quom laudabant, ita laudabant, bonum agricolam bonumque colonum.

—Cato,De agri cultura

In 1578 Hubert Languet wrote to his young protegee Philip Sidney concerning the latter's plan to assist the Low Countries in their fight against Spain. Surprisingly, the old republican Calvinist monarchomach vetoed the idea, bluntly informing the impulsive teenager that “you and your fellows, I mean men of noble birth, consider that nothing brings you more honour than wholesale slaughter, and you are generally guilty of the greatest injustice.” This hostile assessment of the aristocratic warrior ethos — what Languet derides as “mere love of fame and honour and … displaying your courage” — bears witness to a major ideological upheaval of the early modern period: the attack on the aristocratic politics of violence and, to quote another Elizabethan, “glory got by courage of manhood.”
Discourses of Vulnerability: Pietro Alcionio's Orations on the Sack of Rome*
Authors: Gouwens Kenneth
Published: April 2006

Early on the morning of 6 May 1527, under cover of dense fog, an Imperial army led by Charles of Bourbon began its attack upon the city of Rome. When the Vatican was besieged, Pope Clement VII and several retainers fled by the Alexandrine corridor to the papal fortress, the Castel Sant' Angelo. Bourbon would die in one of the first assaults; but by sunset the entire city, with the exception of a few palaces and the papal fortress, would be at the mercy of his troops, which would occupy Rome for much of the following year. Thus began the Sack of Rome, an event of obvious political significance for papal autonomy, but also one which many historians have identified as a turning point for Roman humanistic culture.
Political Allegory, Absolutist Ideology, and the “Rainbow Portrait” of Queen Elizabeth I*
Authors: Fischlin Daniel
Published: April 2006

It is somewhat surprising, given the nature of royal investment in various forms of political and religious iconography associated with Renaissance portraiture, that the well-known “Rainbow Portrait” (c. 1600-03; fig. 1) of Queen Elizabeth I, held by Robert Cecil, Lord of Salisbury at Hatfield House, but of unknown provenance, has not received sufficient attention to its political allegories. Much has been made of the religious symbolism associated with the portrait, especially by René Graziani, who argues, for example, that “Elizabeth wears the gauntlet on her ruff in right of her title,Fidei Defensor, official champion of the Christian religion” (255), and that the hair style of the Queen with its “Thessalonian bride allusion … [contributes] to thesponsa Deitheme” (259).
Imagining the Renaissance: The Nineteenth-Century Cult of François I as Patron of Art*
Authors: Cox-Rearick Janet
Published: April 2006

A sentimental domestic scene,François I and Marguerite of Navarre, was painted in 1804 by the Salon painter Fleury Richard (fig. 1). As he explained, it illustrates an anecdote from the legend of François I. The king's sister, Marguerite de Navarre, is shown discovering on the windowpane a graffito about the inconstancy of women. François — the great royal womanizer — has just scratched it there and looks very pleased with himself.

This painting signals not only the early nineteenth century's fascination with the Renaissance king, but reveals its attitudes about the Renaissance itself. For example, the setting and the costumes betray a confusion about the periodization of Gothic and Renaissance: the room in which the scene takes place is of Gothic revival design, while another room - in neo-classical style - opens beyond; the king's costume is historically correct, but Marguerite could be Maid Marian.
Towards a Reading of Bronzino's Burlesque Poetry
Authors: Parker Deborah
Published: April 2006

In his “Capitolo in Lode Del Dappoco,” a facetious tribute to the worthless person, the painter Agnolo Bronzino (1503-72) muses to his cat Corimbo about how he likes to spend his evenings: “Tu sai Corimbo, che tal volta io leggo/ così nel letto, per adormentarmi,/ o quando, com'or teco al fuoco seggo;/ e hai veduto anche scombiccherarmi/ qualche foglio e compor qualche cosetta/ per passar tempo e ‘1 cervel ricriarmi (You know Corimbo that I read like this in bed in order to fall asleep, or when as now, I sit with you at the fire; and you have seen me scribbling on some papers and composing some little thing in order to pass the time and refresh my mind) (“Capitolo in lode del dappoco,” 3 7-42).
Caprarola's Sala della Cosmografia
Authors: Quinlan-McGrath Mary
Published: April 2006

Il pontificato non vuol esser cercato, e chi lo cerca non lo trova

Paul III Farnese to Cardinal Alessandro Farnese

The Massive Palazzo Farnese at Caprarola looms over its plain, a mute witness to the former power of the family (fig. 1). The rocca was initiated by the first Cardinal Alessandro (Pope Paul III) and fully and magnificently developed by the second Cardinal Alessandro, his grandson. Inside, its decoration boasts of family deeds and silently eliminates family failures. Much of the decoration was minutely described by contemporaries, and documents and decoration have been carefully studied by modern scholars. However one of the major halls, that which evoked the greatest contemporary admiration, the Sala della Cosmografia, can profitably be looked at again (figs. 2-4, 8, 9).