bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Argentina adulterina (Rosaceae‐Potentilleae), a new species from New Guinea
Authors: Soják Jiří
Published: October 2012

Argentina adulterina Soják sp. nova from New Guinea (Irian Jaya) is described and compared with allied species. Habitually it is similar to A. irianensis, but in leaflet dentation it agrees with A. biloba. Leaves and leaflets of these three species are illustrated and a depiction of calyces of A. adulterina and A. irianensis is presented (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Differential glial activation during the degeneration of Purkinje cells and mitral cells in the PCD mutant mice
Authors: Baltanás Fernando C. , Berciano María T. , Valero Jorge , Gómez Carmela , Díaz David , Alonso José R. , Lafarga Miguel , Weruaga Eduardo
Published: October 2012

Purkinje Cell Degeneration (PCD) mice harbor a nna1 gene mutation which leads to an early and rapid degeneration of Purkinje cells (PC) between the third and fourth week of age. This mutation also underlies the death of mitral cells (MC) in the olfactory bulb (OB), but this process is slower and longer than in PC. No clear interpretations supporting the marked differences in these neurodegenerative processes exist. Growing evidence suggests that either beneficial or detrimental effects of gliosis in damaged regions would underlie these divergences. Here, we examined the gliosis occurring during PC and MC death in the PCD mouse. Our results demonstrated different glial reactions in both affected regions. PC disappearance stimulated a severe gliosis characterized by strong morphological changes, enhanced glial proliferation, as well as the release of pro‐inflammatory mediators. By contrast, MC degeneration seems to promote a more attenuated glial response in the PCD OB compared with that of the cerebellum. Strikingly, cerebellar oligodendrocytes died by apoptosis in the PCD, whereas bulbar ones were not affected. Interestingly, the level of nna1 mRNA under normal conditions was higher in the cerebellum than in the OB, probably related to a faster neurodegeneration and stronger glial reaction in its absence. The glial responses may thus influence the neurodegenerative course in the cerebellum and OB of the mutant mouse brain, providing harmful and beneficial microenvironments, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thinking through health capacity development for Fragile States
Authors: Mark Annabelle , Jones Mike
Published: October 2012

The purpose of this paper is to consider capacity development for healthcare in Fragile States and its roles, for example, in securing civil and political stability, as well as improved health, within the various contexts prevailing in fragile settings across the world. As a precursor to this, however, it is important to understand how, in rapidly changing environments, the role and contribution of different donors will have an impact in different ways. This paper sets out to interpret these issues, and what becomes apparent is the need to develop an understanding of the value base of donors, which we demonstrate through the development of a value‐based framework. This highlights the separate motivations and choices made by donors, but what is apparent is that all remain within the positivist perspective perhaps for reasons of accountability and transparency. However, the emergence of new interpretations drawing on systems thinking, and followed by complexity theory more recently, in understanding contexts, suggests that the favouring of any one of these perspective can be counterproductive, without a consideration of the contexts in which they occur. In seeking an explanation of these environmental contexts, which also address the perspectives in use, we suggest the use of wider multi‐ontology sense‐making framework such as Cynefin. Through this approach, analytical insights can be given into the interpretation, decision and intervention processes available in these different and often changing environments, thus enabling greater coherence between donor values and recipient contexts. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ON RAINWATER HARVESTING AND CONSERVATION BY THE WATER RESEARCH COMMISSION
Authors: Sanewe A. J. , Backeberg G. R.
Published: October 2012

South Africa's dryland cropping potential is small due to a combination of low, erratic and inefficient rainfall and poor quality soils. Several management strategies have been used in the country to improve rainwater productivity in dryland cropping, among them deep trenching and rainwater harvesting, both of which are micro‐catchment methods. The in‐field rainwater harvesting and conservation (IRWH&C) technique falls within the category of on‐farm methods, such as contour ridges and runoff strips. This innovation is a result of investment in research and development over a period of more than 15 years. Throughout the early stages of research on IRWH&C, a concerted effort was made to gain social acceptance of IRWH&C in homestead gardens, as measured by the indicators of enhanced levels of mobilization, capacity building, empowerment and community participation. The success recorded with rainwater harvesting for crop production presents the opportunity of upscaling from household food gardens to communal croplands. Following many years of research investment in IRWH&C, innovations have been successfully developed and applied, capacity building carried out and training and extension manuals produced. Lessons for future action are to strengthen the links between research, extension and training. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy analysis and mapping the biodistribution of inhaled carbon nanotubes in the lungs and blood of mice
Authors: Ingle Taylor , Dervishi Enkeleda , Biris Alexandru R. , Mustafa Thikra , Buchanan Roger A. , Biris Alexandru S.
Published: October 2012

Because of their small size, robust structure and unique characteristics, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are increasingly being used in a variety of biomedical applications, materials and products. As their use increases, so does the probability of their unintended release and human exposure. Therefore, it is important to establish their potential biodistribution and biopersistence to better understand the potential effects of their exposure to humans. This study examines the distribution of CNTs in CD‐1 mice after exposure by inhalation of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and investigates the possibility that inhaled nanoparticles could enter the circulatory system via the lungs. Raman spectroscopy was employed for the detection of CNTs in lung tissue and blood based on their unique spectroscopic signatures. These studies have important implications concerning the potential effects of exposure to SWCNTs and their use as potential transport vehicles in nanomedicine. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A nonredundant structure dataset for benchmarking protein‐RNA computational docking
Authors: Huang Sheng‐You , Zou Xiaoqin
Published: October 2012

Protein–RNA interactions play an important role in many biological processes. The ability to predict the molecular structures of protein–RNA complexes from docking would be valuable for understanding the underlying chemical mechanisms. We have developed a novel nonredundant benchmark dataset for protein–RNA docking and scoring. The diverse dataset of 72 targets consists of 52 unbound–unbound test complexes, and 20 unbound–bound test complexes. Here, unbound–unbound complexes refer to cases in which both binding partners of the cocrystallized complex are either in apo form or in a conformation taken from a different protein–RNA complex, whereas unbound–bound complexes are cases in which only one of the two binding partners has another experimentally determined conformation. The dataset is classified into three categories according to the interface root mean square deviation and the percentage of native contacts in the unbound structures: 49 easy, 16 medium, and 7 difficult targets. The bound and unbound cases of the benchmark dataset are expected to benefit the development and improvement of docking and scoring algorithms for the docking community. All the easy‐to‐view structures are freely available to the public at http://zoulab.dalton.missouri.edu/RNAbenchmark/. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
HOW IDENTIFICATION PROCESSES AND INTER‐COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIPS AFFECT SENSE OF COMMUNITY
Authors: Mannarini Terri , Rochira Alessia , Talò Cosimo
Published: October 2012

Based on the Social Identity and Social Categorization Theory framework, this study investigated how identification with the physical component of a community (i.e., the place identity), the perception of a community (i.e., the ingroup) in terms of cohesion and entitativity, and the perception of one or more territorial communities as laying beyond a community's boundaries (i.e., the outgroup) affect a psychological sense of community (PSOC). A survey was conducted with 477 residents (55.1& female; aged 16‐80 years) in the Salento region, Italy. The results showed that the more individuals identified with the spatial community, the more they felt connected to their fellow residents and the more satisfied they were with their social relationships. More importantly, the findings highlighted the contribution of ingroup‐outgroup relationships on shaping PSOC, which suggests that determinants of PSOC should include both the internal identification processes and the processes that lead communities to behave towards other communities.
A SCHOOL‐BASED MINDFULNESS INTERVENTION FOR URBAN YOUTH: EXPLORING MODERATORS OF INTERVENTION EFFECTS
Authors: Gould Laura Feagans , Dariotis Jacinda K. , Mendelson Tamar , Greenberg Mark. T.
Published: October 2012

This study examines gender, grade‐level, and baseline depressive symptoms as potential moderators of a school‐based mindfulness intervention's impact on the self‐regulatory outcomes of urban youth. Ninety‐seven participants from four urban public schools were randomly assigned to an intervention or wait‐list control condition. Fourth and fifth graders in the intervention condition received a 12‐week yoga‐inspired mindfulness program. Using methods outlined by Aiken and West (1991), a series of models estimated the interaction effect of moderators of interest on adjusted posttest self‐regulatory outcomes. Results indicate that gender and grade did not moderate intervention impacts. However, baseline depressive symptoms moderated both impulsive action and involuntary engagement stress responses such that intervention youth reporting lower levels of baseline depressive symptoms were more likely to evidence decreases in these problematic stress responses relative to control youth. Findings highlight the need for future studies to examine moderators of mindfulness‐based interventions impacts on youth outcomes.
PERCEIVED NEIGHBORHOOD VIOLENCE, PARENTING STYLES, AND DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMES AMONG SPANISH ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Gracia Enrique , Fuentes Maria C. , Garcia Fernando , Lila Marisol
Published: October 2012

This article analyzed perceptions of neighborhood violence of Spanish adolescents (N = 1,015) from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families, and its association with three sets of developmental outcomes (psychological, behavioral, and academic). Tests of main and interactive effects were conducted to answer research questions regarding the potential moderating role of perceived neighborhood violence on the relationship between parenting styles and developmental outcomes. Results yielded only main effects of parenting styles and perceived neighborhood violence on developmental outcomes, as well as an interaction between gender and perceived neighborhood violence. Parenting styles and perceived neighborhood violence made an independent contribution to adolescent outcomes. Adolescents from authoritative and indulgent families were those who performed better in all developmental domains examined, and adolescents who perceived their neighborhoods as violent performed worse in all outcomes. Results suggested, however, that irrespective of parental behavior, perceived neighborhood violence was a developmental risk in adolescence.
YOUTH AND ADULT PERSPECTIVES ON VIOLENCE PREVENTION STRATEGIES: A COMMUNITY‐BASED PARTICIPATORY STUDY
Authors: Dodington James , Mollen Cynthia , Woodlock Joseph , Hausman Alice , Richmond Therese S. , Fein Joel A.
Published: October 2012

This project explores the beliefs and perspectives of urban adults and youth regarding community violence prevention strategies and identifies points of overlap and differences of opinion that can contribute to the development of successful youth violence prevention programs. We coded transcript data from adults and 10–16‐year‐old youth from the same community. Research team members, including a community member research partner, created coding terms for theme development and summary statements. Adult and youth responses centered around three distinct themes: activities for youth, barriers to youth participation in activities, and ideal violence prevention strategies. When discussing community violence prevention strategies, adults and youth agreed on the importance of adult supervision, the need to improve safe transit to and egress from common sites of youth activities, and removing trash from the community. Healthcare and social service providers should take these methods and findings into consideration when counseling patients or clients.
Removal of chromium(VI) from the leachate of electronic scrap using non‐ionic Amberlite XAD‐7HP resin
Authors: Nguyen Nghiem V , Jeong Jinki , Lee Jae‐chun
Published: October 2012

Background

In order to recover the valuable metals from the leach liquor of electronic scrap, it is necessary to remove/recover chromium(VI) due to its high toxicity. The non‐ionic ion exchange resin, Amberlite XAD‐7HP has been employed in the present research to remove Cr(VI) as it possesses large surface area and porosity to adsorb chromium selectively from complex leach solutions in the presence of other ionic species.

Results

Amberlite XAD‐7HP resin effectively adsorbed chromium in the range of acidity from 0.3 to 2.0 mol L−1. The sorption capacity was found to be 16.9 mg Cr g−1 resin in 30 min under the experimental conditions used. Studies carried out with actual leach solution containing Cu, Zn, Ni, Sn, Pb, Au, Cd and Cr showed the selective adsorption of both Cr and Au as they are present in the solution in an anionic form. Cr was then selectively eluted with water/dilute sodium hydroxide from the loaded resin. Subsequently, Au could be eluted with mixed solution of hydrochloric acid and acetone to regenerate the resin for recycle.

Conclusion

Amberlite XAD‐7HP resin is suitable and effective for the removal of Cr(VI) from complex leachate of electronic scrap. The other associated metals in the leach solution could be recovered in subsequent steps generating a final solution which could be discharged to the environment.
Extraction, purification and characterisation of chondroitin sulfate in Chinese sturgeon cartilage
Authors: Zhao Ting , Zhou Ye , Mao Guanghua , Zou Ye , Zhao Jiangli , Bai Shiqi , Yang Liuqing , Wu Xiangyang
Published: October 2012

BACKGROUND

Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis), a rare species, is an important fishery resource in China. To save this species from overfishing, damming and pollution, artificial propagation has been developed rapidly in recent years. However, the cartilage from Chinese sturgeon, which contains an abundance of chondroitin sulfate (CS), is currently discarded as solid waste after consumption of the fish. The aim of this study was to investigate the extraction, purification and characterisation of CS from Chinese sturgeon cartilage.

RESULTS

The optimal extraction parameters were a ratio of aqueous NaOH to cartilage powder of 9.2, a concentration of aqueous NaOH of 4.4% and an extraction time of 3.9 h. Under these optimal conditions the yield of crude CS from Chinese sturgeon cartilage was 26.51%, in agreement with the model prediction (26.54%). Purification by DEAE‐52 cellulose and Sephadex G‐100 column chromatography yielded a single fraction, CS‐11. Its characterisation indicated that CS‐11 was consistent with the polysaccharide backbone structure –4GlcAβ–3GalNβ– and was present in the form of chondroitin‐4‐sulfate and chondroitin‐6‐sulfate.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study provide a basis for promoting the utilisation of Chinese sturgeon resources and are significant for the development and utilisation of CS from Chinese sturgeon cartilage in the food industry.
Water‐soluble macromolecular co‐assemblies of star‐shaped polyelectrolytes
Authors: Pergushov Dmitry V , Babin Ivan A , Zezin Alexander B , Müller Axel HE
Published: October 2012

This mini‐review reports on complex macromolecular architectures (interpolyelectrolyte complexes) based on star‐shaped polyelectrolytes. These complexes can be prepared in aqueous media via electrostatically driven co‐assembly of star‐shaped polyions (a) with oppositely charged linear homopolyelectrolytes or (b) with oppositely charged double hydrophilic (ionic/non‐ionic) diblock copolymers. In case (a), the complexes can be water‐soluble if the charge of the star‐shaped macromolecule is only partially compensated by a linear polyion. In case (b), the complexes retain their solubility in aqueous media even under a full charge compensation of the polymeric components. In both cases, the complex macromolecular architectures based on star‐shaped polyelectrolytes are characterized by a distinct compartmentalized structure of a micellar (‘core–corona’) type with an insoluble core, which is assembled from coupled monomer units of the oppositely charged polymeric components, and a hydrophilic, either ionic or non‐ionic, corona. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Photoinitiated polymerization of acrylate, methacrylate, and vinyl ether end‐functional polyisobutylene macromonomers
Authors: Tripathy Ranjan , Crivello James V. , Faust Rudolf
Published: October 2012

Polyisobutylene‐based UV cured networks potentially useful as sealants were synthesized by photopolymerization of well‐defined polyisobutylene methacrylate (PIB‐MA), acrylate (PIB‐A) and vinyl ether (PIB‐VE) di‐ and trifunctional macromonomers. The kinetics of photocrosslinking were measured using an optical pyrometer apparatus and optimized with respect to different experimental parameters. PIB‐MA/A macromonomers displayed enhanced reactivity in radical photopolymerization in the presence of a bis(acylphosphine) oxide photoinitator. PIB‐VE macromonomers exhibited a high rates of photopolymerization with (4‐n‐octyloxyphenyl)phenyliodonium hexafluroantimonate as the photoinitiator. The rates as well as the ultimate monomer conversions were increased by increasing the irradiation light intensity. The inherent induction period associated with oxygen inhibition in the photopolymerization of PIB‐MA was significantly reduced by optimizing the choice of photoinitiator. A detailed investigation of the concentration of MA/A/VE end groups revealed the presence of a prominent saturation effect in the photopolymerization of PIB‐A, which was absent with PIB‐MA and PIB‐VE. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013
Synthesis and morphology investigations of a novel alkyne‐functionalized diblock copolymer
Authors: Wei Xinyu , Gu Weiyin , Li Le , Shen Xiaobo , Kim Jung‐Keun , Russell Thomas P.
Published: October 2012

We reported the synthesis and morphology of a novel alkyne‐functionalized diblock copolymer (di‐BCP) poly(methyl methacrylate‐random‐propargyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(4‐bromostyrene). The di‐BCPs were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization and postpolymerization deprotection, with good control over molecular weight and polydispersity index. Microphase separation in bulk di‐BCPs was confirmed by thermal analysis, small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Microphase‐separated morphologies were also observed in thin films, and the orientation of the microdomains can be conveniently controlled by annealing under different solvents. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Fast printing of thin, large area, ITO free electrochromics on flexible barrier foil
Authors: Søndergaard Roar R. , Hösel Markus , Jørgensen Mikkel , Krebs Frederik C.
Published: October 2012

Processing of large area, indium tin oxide (ITO) free electrochromic (EC) devices has been carried out using roll‐to‐roll (R2R) processing. By use of very fine high‐conductive silver grids with a hexagonal structure, it is possible to achieve good transparency of the electrode covered substrates and when used in EC devices switching times are similar to corresponding ITO devices. This is obtained without the uneven switching of larger areas, which is generally observed when using ITO because of its high‐sheet resistance. The silver electrode structures for 18 × 18 cm2 devices can be processed at high speed (10 m/min) on PET by flexographic printing and the EC polymer ECP‐Magenta as well as a minimal color changing polymer MCCP by slot‐die coating, showing the potential for fast fabrication of large volumes of low‐priced flexible EC devices by use of R2R processing techniques. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013
Guide to current recommended management of obesity
Authors: Chen Mimi , Andrews Robert
Published: October 2012

Obesity levels continue to rise and patients can present with a wide range of medical and psychosocial problems. Here the authors discuss the importance of taking a thorough history and targeting treatment to the underlying causes of the condition.
What GPs need to know about palliative‐care drugs: methadone
Authors: Howard Rachel , Howard Paul
Published: October 2012

This is the second in a short series of articles that focus on what GPs should consider when monitoring and prescribing specialist‐initiated palliative‐care drugs. Here, the authors summarise the key issues around the use of methadone for pain management.
Non‐oral contraceptive options: their efficacy and suitability
Authors: Everett Marian , Wokoma Tonye
Published: October 2012

There are a wide range of non‐oral contraceptives and the risks and benefits of each option should be discussed to allow an informed decision. Our drug review discusses the properties, efficacy and suitability of the available non‐oral contraceptives, followed by sources of further information.
Photoluminescence of obsidian: A particle‐dispersed natural glass
Authors: Tanaka Keiji , Nemoto Noriyuki
Published: October 2012

Structural and optical properties of an obsidian, called Tokachi stone, have been studied from a standpoint of optical glasses. The absorption edge rises from ∼3.2 eV, which is governed by Fe3+ oxides in almino‐silicate glassy matrices. It is discovered that, under excitations of ultraviolet light, the obsidian exhibits visible luminescence, the intensities varying with excitation energy and temperature. The characteristics are related to the localized‐extended excitations in inhomogeneous noncrystalline structures (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical properties and electronic band structure of Cu2ZnSnSe4kesterite semiconductor
Authors: Ozaki Shunji , Namba Toru
Published: October 2012

Optical properties of a kesterite‐type semiconductor Cu2ZnSnSe4 have been studied by optical absorption, spectroscopic ellipsometry, and thermoreflectance measurements. Optical absorption measurements suggest that Cu2ZnSnSe4 is a direct‐gap semiconductor having the band gap of ∼1.02 eV at 300 K. The complex dielectric‐function spectra, ϵ (E)=ϵ1(E)+iϵ2(E), measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry reveal distinct structures at energies of the critical points in the Brillouin zone. Thermoreflectance spectrum facilitates the precision determination of the critical point energy. By performing the band‐structure calculation, these critical points are successfully assigned to specific points in the Brillouin zone (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evaluation of the Antinociceptive Activity of Ocimum gratissimum L. (Lamiaceae) Essential Oil and its isolated Active Principles in Mice
Authors: Paula‐Freire L. I. G. , Andersen M. L. , Molska G. R. , Köhn D. O. , Carlini E. L. A.
Published: October 2012

Ocimum gratissimum is used in popular medicine to treat painful diseases. The antinociceptive properties of O. gratissimum essential oil (OgEO) and two of its active principles (eugenol and myrcene) were tested in classic models of pain (hot plate test and formalin test). Adult male C57BL/6 J mice acutely received corn oil (control group, p.o.), morphine (positive control group, 5 mg/kg, i.p.), OgEO (10, 20, or 40 mg/kg, p.o.), eugenol or myrcene (both at 1, 5, or 10 mg/kg, p.o.). The highest doses of all tested drugs significantly increased the latency to lick the paw(s) in the hot plate test compared with the control group. OgEO at a dose of 40 mg/kg and eugenol and myrcene at a dose of 10 mg/kg were effective in minimizing animal pain in the first and second phases of the formalin test. The antinociceptive effect shown by all drugs tested in hot plate test was reverted by naloxone administration (1 mg/kg), indicating opiod system participation. These results demonstrate the beneficial effects of OgEO and its active principles against neurogenic and inflammatory pain. Our findings demonstrate that OgEO and its isolated active principles exhibited antinociceptive activity in murine pain models. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cooperative enhancement of water binding to antiparallel β‐sheet models: Analysis by ab initio calculations
Authors: Sun Chang‐Liang , Jiang Xiao‐Nan , Wang Chang‐Sheng
Published: October 2012

The cooperative enhancement of water binding to the antiparallel β‐sheet models has been studied by quantum chemical calculations at the MP2/6‐311++G**//MP2/6‐31G* level. The binding energies of the two antiparallel β‐sheet models consisting of two strands of diglypeptide are calculated by supermolecular approach. Then water molecules are gradually bonded to the diglypeptide by NH···OH2 and CO···HOH hydrogen bonds. Our calculation results indicated that the hydrogen bond length and the atom charge distribution are affected by the addition of H2O molecules. The binding energy of antiparallel diglypeptide β‐sheet models has a great improvement by the increasing of the hydrogen bond cooperativity and the more H2O molecules added the more cooperativity enhancement can be found. The orbital interactions are calculated by natural bond orbital analysis, and the results indicate that the cooperative enhancement is closely related to the orbital interaction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Time‐varying coefficient proportional hazards model with missing covariates
Authors: Song Xiao , Wang Ching‐Yun
Published: October 2012

Missing covariates often arise in biomedical studies with survival outcomes. Existing approaches for missing covariates generally assume proportional hazards. The proportionality assumption may not hold in practice, as illustrated by data from a mouse leukemia study with covariate effects changing over time. To tackle this restriction, we study the missing data problem under the varying‐coefficient proportional hazards model. On the basis of the local partial likelihood approach, we develop inverse selection probability weighted estimators. We consider reweighting and augmentation techniques for possible improvement of efficiency and robustness. The proposed estimators are assessed via simulation studies and illustrated by application to the mouse leukemia data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesoporous Block‐Copolymer Nanospheres Prepared by Selective Swelling
Authors: Mei Shilin , Jin Zhaoxia
Published: October 2012

Block‐copolymer (BCP) nanospheres with hierarchical inner structure are of great interest and importance due to their possible applications in nanotechnology and biomedical engineering. Mesoporous BCP nanospheres with multilayered inner channels are considered as potential drug‐delivery systems and templates for multifunctional nanomaterials. Selective swelling is a facile pore‐making strategy for BCP materials. Herein, the selective swelling‐induced reconstruction of BCP nanospheres is reported. Two poly(styrene‐block‐2‐vinylpyridine) (PS‐b‐P2VP) samples with different compositions (PS23600‐b‐P2VP10400 and PS27700‐b‐P2VP4300) are used as model systems. The swelling reconstruction of PS‐b‐P2VP in ethanol, 1‐pyrenebutyric acid (PBA)/ethanol, or HCl/ethanol (pH = 2.61) is characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. It is observed that the length of the swellable block in BCP is a critical factor in determining the behavior and nanostructures of mesoporous BCP nanospheres in selective swelling. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the addition of PBA modifies the swelling structure of PS23600‐b‐P2VP10400 through the interaction between PBA and P2VP blocks, which results in BCP nanospheres with patterned pores of controllable size. The patterned pores can be reversibly closed by annealing the mesoporous BCP nanospheres in different selective solvents. The controllable and reversible open/closed reconstruction of BCP nanospheres can be used to enclose functional nanoparticles or drugs inside the nanospheres. These mesoporous BCP nanospheres are further decorated with gold nanoparticles by UV photoreduction. The enlarged decoration area in mesoporous BCP nanospheres will enhance their activity and sensitivity as a catalyst and electrochemical sensor.
A Complex Adaptive Systems View of Resilience in a Project Team
Authors: Edson Mary C.
Published: October 2012

Using a complex adaptive systems perspective, this case study explored project team resilience through analysis of group development and panarchy. Three research questions focused on a team's consciousness of a need to change under adversity, its response through adaptive action, and its potential for innovation through creative destruction. The subject team consisted of approximately 200 students, building a solar house over a 2‐year period in an international competition sponsored by the US Department of Energy. A multilevel analysis culminated in an integrated systems perspective with conclusions, specifically the role of environmental feedback. Implications suggest using complex adaptive systems as a theoretical foundation for studying group development, as well as organizational culture, inflection points, nested adaptive cycles, emergence of leadership, and emergence of innovation. This research contributes a deeper understanding of project team resilience in organizational systems such as companies, non‐profits, governmental, and non‐governmental entities by revealing the importance of building adaptive capacity through organizational learning. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classification of lightning damage to wind turbine blades
Authors: Yasuda Yoh , Yokoyama Shigeru , Minowa Masayuki , Satoh Tomoyuki
Published: October 2012

Lightning damage to wind turbine blades is of great concern to wind power installations. We investigate various issues arising from lightning damage and assess the causes through actual lightning observations as well as from high‐voltage and large‐current experiments. Although installing lightning receptors and down conductors provide a good countermeasure, blade damage can still be caused by lightning still. New techniques are needed to better protect blades from lightning surges; these may include not only better performance and layout of receptors, but also independent lightning towers and new types of blade materials. This paper provides a classification of blade damage sustained in winter lightning, ranked in severity by analyzing the many incidents of damage that have actually occurred in Japan. Moreover, a list of possible causes of damage and relative countermeasures is also presented. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Smart dynamic rotor control using active flaps on a small‐scale wind turbine: aeroelastic modeling and comparison with wind tunnel measurements
Authors: Barlas T.K. , van Wingerden W. , Hulskamp A.W. , van Kuik G.A. M. , Bersee H.E. N.
Published: October 2012

In this paper, the proof of concept of a smart rotor is illustrated by aeroelastic simulations on a small‐scale rotor and comparison with wind tunnel experiments. The application of advanced feedback controllers using actively deformed flaps in the wind tunnel measurements is shown to alleviate dynamic loads leading to considerable fatigue load reduction. The numerical method for aeroelastically simulating such an experiment is described, together with the process of verifying the methods for accurate prediction of the load reduction potential of such concepts. The small‐scale rotor is simulated using the aeroelastic tool, load predictions are compared with the wind tunnel measurements, and similar control concepts are compared and evaluated in the numerical environment. Conclusions regarding evaluation of the performance of smart rotor concepts for wind turbines are drawn from this threefold research investigation (simulation, experiment and comparison). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of wind turbine surge motion on rotor thrust and induced velocity
Authors: de Vaal J.B. , Hansen M.O. L. , Moan T.
Published: October 2012

Offshore wind turbines on floating platforms will experience larger motions than comparable bottom fixed wind turbines—for which the majority of industry standard design codes have been developed and validated. In this paper, the effect of a periodic surge motion on the integrated loads and induced velocity on a wind turbine rotor is investigated. Specifically, the performance of blade element momentum theory with a quasisteady wake as well as two widely used engineering dynamic inflow models is evaluated. A moving actuator disc model is used as reference, since the dynamics associated with the wake will be inherently included in the solution of the associated fluid dynamic problem. Through analysis of integrated rotor loads, induced velocities and aerodynamic damping, it is concluded that typical surge motions are sufficiently slow to not affect the wake dynamics predicted by engineering models significantly. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogen Bond and π–π Interactions in a 3D Supramolecular Structure Containing 1D Helical Chains
Authors: Bai Fenghua , Xu Jinjin , Su Haiquan , Gu Xiaojun
Published: October 2012

The reaction of 2, 2′‐bipyridine‐6, 6′‐dicarboxylic acid (H2bpdc) with zinc nitrate and different rare earth chlorides generates two novel three‐dimensional supramolecules Zn(6‐bpc)2·2H2O (1) and Ce(bpdc)2·H2O (2) (6‐Hbpc = 2, 2′‐bipyridine‐6‐carboxylic acid). The left‐and right‐handed helical chains give rise to a 3D supramolecular framework through hydrogen‐bond and weak π–π interactions in complex 1. Interestingly, the decarboxylation occurred and the bpdc ligand was transformed into 6‐bpc species under the hydrothermal reaction in the presence of NdIII ions, while the decarboxylation did not occur when CeIII ions were used. In the structure of 2, one central Ce(IV) atom coordinates to two bpdc ligands, resulting in a discrete molecule. These discrete units are further extended into a 3D supramolecular structure through intermolecular hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions.
Preparation, Structure, and Optical Properties of the 1D Chain Red Luminescent Europium Coordination Polymer: {[Eu2L6(DMF)­(H2O)]·2DMF·H2O}n(L = C9H6ClO2–)
Authors: Zhou Xianju , Zhou Kaining , Wang Zhiliang , Yang Shuguang
Published: October 2012

The 1D chain red luminescent europium coordination polymer: {[Eu2L6(DMF)(H2O)]·2DMF·H2O}n(I) (L = 4‐chloro‐cinnamic acid anion, C9H6ClO2–, DMF =N, N‐dimethylformamide) was synthesized by the reaction of Eu(OH)3and 4‐chloro‐cinnamic acid ligand. The structure of the coordination polymer was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. It reveals that there exists two crystallographically nonequivalent europium atoms in each unit of this coordination polymer and Eu3+ions are connected by two alternating bridging modes to form an endless polymer structure. The luminescent properties and energy transfer process in the complex are investigated at room temperature.
Identity Continuity in the Face of Biographical Disruption: ‘It's the same me’
Authors: Wolfenden Barbara , Grace Marty
Published: October 2012

In Australia, 20% of stroke survivors are aged less than 55 years. These younger survivors value age-appropriate, identity-affirming goals, such as resuming employment. This article reports on a small qualitative research project that explored the experiences of young, higher functioning stroke survivors in re-establishing identity and returning to work. The participants understood identity as both an inner sense of self and as socially and discursively constructed. The research found that the participants actively pursued identity continuity while managing biographical disruption. Resumption of life roles and responsibilities were important for identity re-establishment, but fraught, particularly the return to work. The findings suggest that psychosocial rehabilitation could play a greater role in supporting survivors’ resumption of valued life roles, including return to work.
A Protocol for Measuring the Direct Psychological Benefit of Neuropsychological Assessment with Feedback in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Longley Wendy A. , Tate Robyn L. , Brown Rhonda F.
Published: October 2012

This article reports on the design of a two-arm, randomised controlled trial of neuropsychological assessment with feedback as a direct therapeutic intervention to improve psychological wellbeing in multiple sclerosis (MS). MS patients and their caregivers are randomly allocated to one of two groups: neuropsychological assessment with feedback (the intervention), or ‘sham wait-list’ control. The trial investigates: (1) whether the intervention directly benefits patients by leading to improved knowledge of their own specific cognitive strengths and weaknesses, and improved use of adaptive psychological strategies for coping with MS; and (2) whether the intervention directly benefits caregivers by leading to improved knowledge of the patients’ specific cognitive strengths and weaknesses, and to a more positive caregiving outcome. A range of primary and secondary measures is used to evaluate these outcomes. The protocol utilises a wait-list control method which is structured to effectively blind patients and caregivers to their group allocation. Publishing the protocol prior to the results of the trial being available has a number of important methodological benefits, and informs the research community of the work that is under way to allow for collaboration and to reduce duplication of research effort. (This trial has been registered on the ANZCTR; ACTRN12612000161820.)
Strategies to Improve Research Outcomes in the Field of Acquired Brain Injury: The Kevin Bacon Effect, Networking and Other Stories
Authors: Togher Leanne
Published: October 2012

This paper describes the added value that arises from capitalising on academic and social networks for researchers and people with acquired brain injury. First, it is proposed that brain injury researchers are connected within six degrees of separation. As a model, ‘The Oracle of Bacon’ demonstrates how any actor can be linked through his or her film roles to the actor Kevin Bacon within six steps. This concept is extrapolated to the existing networks of brain injury researchers. Capitalising on these networks can lead to potent and ground-breaking discoveries. The Clinical Centre of Research Excellence (CCRE) in Aphasia Rehabilitation provides an example of the benefits of networking and collaboration in the quest to improve the lives of people with aphasia. The CCRE uses multiple theoretical perspectives in studies evaluating the assessment and treatment of aphasia. It is utilising capacity building, knowledge translation and a community of practice to inform and expand research capacity. Networks can also be used to improve the communication of people with brain injury within their everyday environment. A recent study is described where communication partners were trained to improve the interactions of people with traumatic brain injury, which led to improvements in social networks and improved engagement in life activities. Finally, it is suggested that with the advances in e-communication, there is a great deal of scope for the use of social networking technologies in the assessment and treatment of people with acquired brain injury.
Vitamin D signalling in adipose tissue
Authors: Ding Cherlyn , Gao Dan , Wilding John , Trayhurn Paul , Bing Chen
Published: October 2012

Vitamin D deficiency and the rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity are both considered important public health issues. The classical role of vitamin D is in Ca homoeostasis and bone metabolism. Growing evidence suggests that the vitamin D system has a range of physiological functions, with vitamin D deficiency contributing to the pathogenesis of several major diseases, including obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Clinical studies have shown that obese individuals tend to have a low vitamin D status, which may link to the dysregulation of white adipose tissue. Recent studies suggest that adipose tissue may be a direct target of vitamin D. The expression of both the vitamin D receptor and 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1α-hydroxylase (CYP27B1) genes has been shown in murine and human adipocytes. There is evidence that vitamin D affects body fat mass by inhibiting adipogenic transcription factors and lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation. Some recent studies demonstrate that vitamin D metabolites also influence adipokine production and the inflammatory response in adipose tissue. Therefore, vitamin D deficiency may compromise the normal metabolic functioning of adipose tissue. Given the importance of the tissue in energy balance, lipid metabolism and inflammation in obesity, understanding the mechanisms of vitamin D action in adipocytes may have a significant impact on the maintenance of metabolic health. In the present review, we focus on the signalling role of vitamin D in adipocytes, particularly the potential mechanisms through which vitamin D may influence adipose tissue development and function.
Extra-virgin olive oil consumption improves the capacity of HDL to mediate cholesterol efflux and increases ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression in human macrophages
Authors: Helal Olfa , Berrougui Hicham , Loued Soumaya , Khalil Abdelouahed
Published: October 2012

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) consumption on the capacity of HDL to promote cholesterol efflux (CE) and to determine which CE pathways are modulated by EVOO consumption. Whole HDL and HDL2/HDL3subclasses were isolated from the plasma of twenty-six healthy volunteers before and after 12 weeks of EVOO consumption (25 ml/d). EVOO consumption increased the capacity of serum and HDL to mediate CE from THP-1, J774 macrophages and Fu5AH cells by 9·8–24·57 %, depending on the cell type. The increase in CE was independent of both HDL concentration and subclass distribution. The three HDL-mediated CE pathways (ATP-binding cassette (ABC) A1, ABCG1 and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI)) were modulated by EVOO consumption. The fluidity of the phospholipidic layer of HDL increased by 13 % (P< 0·001) following EVOO consumption compared with baseline. EVOO consumption also increased the release of excess cholesterol from human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) by 44 % (P< 0·001), andABCA1andABCG1mRNA transcription by 16·08 % (P< 0·001) and 35·79 % (P< 0·01), respectively. The protein expression of these two cholesterol transporters also increased after EVOO consumption. In contrast, SR-BI mRNA and protein expression in HMDM were significantly lower after 12 weeks of EVOO consumption. Incubating J774 macrophages with EVOO polyphenol extracts induced a concentration-dependent up-regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression in macrophages. After 12 weeks of EVOO consumption, the capacity of HDL to mediate CE was improved and the ability of HMDM to release excess cholesterol was enhanced by increasing the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 transporters.
Human bioavailability of flavanols and phenolic acids from cocoa-nut creams enriched with free or microencapsulated cocoa polyphenols
Authors: Vitaglione Paola , Barone Lumaga Roberta , Ferracane Rosalia , Sellitto Sereno , Morelló José Ramón , Reguant Miranda Jordi , Shimoni Eyal , Fogliano Vincenzo
Published: October 2012

Human bioavailability of cocoa flavanols and phenolic acids from a cocoa-nut cream (CC) and from CC enriched with a 1·5 % (w/w) cocoa polyphenol extract in free form (FPC) or encapsulated with a gastric-resistant high-amylose maize starch (EPC), was studied. In a randomised cross-over protocol, with 1-week wash-out in between, twelve healthy volunteers had three portions/d of each cream, providing approximately 190 μmol/d of total flavanols and 12 μmol/d of total phenolic acids with CC and 385 and 28 μmol/d with both FPC and EPC, respectively. Blood, urine and faecal samples were analysed by HPLC/MS/MS. Serum (epi)catechin was absent at baseline and after CC consumption, while 22·1 (sem 2·62) and 1·59 (sem 0·22) nmol (P <0·05) were found after FPC and EPC, respectively. The EPC increased faecal excretion of total flavanols compared to FPC (151·0 (sem 54·6) v. 28·0 (sem 14·0) nmol; P <0·05). Within 6 h after consumption, serum phenolic acid content was 50-fold higher than (epi)catechin; no difference between CC and FPC was observed, but a significant reduction after EPC (1954 (sem 236·3) and 1459 (sem 137·6) v. 726·8 (sem 73·4) nmol, P <0·05) was recorded. Short-term phenolic acid urinary excretions were significantly higher after FPC than CC and EPC, the values being 11·4 (sem 5·1) v. 3·1 (sem 1·7) and 0·9 (sem 0·5) μmol, respectively. Faecal phenolic acids were approximately 60-fold reduced after FPC (8·1 (sem 0·13) nmol) and EPC (14·7 (sem 2·7) nmol) consumption compared to CC (641·4 (sem 99·1) nmol) consumption. The data demonstrated that: (i) (epi)catechin was absorbed from CC; (ii) cocoa polyphenols' consumption increased circulating phenolic acids; and (iii) encapsulated ingredient increased flavanol delivering into the gut. Further studies should evaluate whether encapsulated cocoa polyphenols may be a functional prebiotic ingredient.
Reputation, Symmetry, and Alliance Design
Authors: Mattes Michaela
Published: October 2012

There is significant variation in the design of military alliances but scholars currently do not have a good understanding of when members choose one design over another. This article argues that alliance design is motivated, at least in part, by reliability considerations. If concerns about opportunism are high—when prospective members have a history of alliance violation—the signatories should be more willing to implement costly reliability-enhancing provisions such as greater precision in when alliance obligations apply, issue linkage, and increased institutionalization. However, this should be more likely in symmetric alliances where members of similar power levels rely on the support of their partners and thus sensitivity to opportunism is high. In asymmetric alliances, major powers may not find reliability-enhancing provisions necessary and minor powers, who do worry about the reliability of their partners, are unable to force more costly alliance designs given their limited bargaining power. The theoretical expectations are tested using data on bilateral alliances between 1919 and 2001 and the results are generally supportive of the hypotheses.