The Power Board of the KM3NeT Digital Optical Module: Design, Upgrade, and Production
Authors: Aiello Sebastiano , Albert Arnauld , Garre Sergio , Aly Zineb , Ambrosone Antonio , Ameli Fabrizio , Andre Michel , Androutsou Eleni , Anguita Mancia , Aphecetche Laurent , Ardid Miguel , Ardid Salva , Atmani Hicham , Aublin Julien , Badaracco Francesca , Bailly-Salins Louis , Bardacova Zuzana , Baret Bruny , Bariego Adriana , Du Pree Suzan , Becherini Yvonne , Bendahman Meriem , Benfenati Francesco , Benhassi Marouane , Benoit David , Berbee Edward , Bertin Vincent , Biagi Simone , Boettcher Markus , Bonanno Danilo , Boumaaza Jihad , Bouta Mohammed , Bouwhuis Mieke , Bozza Cristiano , Bozza Riccardo , Branzas Horea , Bretaudeau Felix , Bruijn Ronald , Brunner Jurgen , Bruno Riccardo , Buis Ernst , Buompane Raffaele , Busto Jose , Caiffi Barbara , Calvo David , Campion Stefano , Capone Antonio , Carenini Francesco , Carretero Víctor , Cartraud Théophile , Castaldi Paolo , Cecchini Vincent , Celli Silvia , Cerisy Luc , Chabab Mohamed , Chadolias Michael , Champion Cèdric , Chen Andrew , Cherubini Silvio , Chiarusi Tommaso , Circella Marco , Cocimano Rosanna , Coelho João , Coleiro Alexis , Colonges Stephane , Coniglione Rosa , Coyle Paschal , Creusot Alexandre , Cuttone Giacomo , Dallier Richard , Darras Yara , De Benedittis Antonio , de Jong Maarten , de Jong Paul , De Martino Bianca , de Wolf Els , Decoene Valentin , Del Burgo Riccardo , Del Rosso Ilaria , Di Cerbo Umberto , Di Mauro Letizia , Di Palma Irene , Diaz Antonio , Martín Cristian , Diego-Tortosa Dídac , Distefano Carla , Domi Alba , Donzaud Corinne , Dornic Damien , Dörr Manuel , Drakopoulou Evangelia , Drouhin Doriane , Dvornický Rastislav , Eberl Thomas , Eckerova Eliska , Eddymaoui Ahmed , Eff Maximilian , El Bojaddaini Imad , El Hedri Sonia , Enzenhöfer Alexander , Ferrara Giovanna , Filipovic Miroslav , Filippini Francesco , Franciotti Dino , Antonio Fusco Luigi , Gabella Omar , Gabriel Jean-Louis , Gagliardini Silvia , Gal Tamas , García Méndez Juan , Garcia Soto Alfonso , Oliver Clara , Geißelbrecht Nicole , Ghaddari Houria , Gialanella Lucio , Gibson Brad , Giorgio Emidio , Goos Isabel , Goswami Pranjupriya , Goupilliere Damien , Gozzini Sara , Gracia Rodrigo , Graf Kay , Guidi Carlo , Guillon Benoît , Gutiérrez Miguel , Heijboer Aart , Hekalo Amar , Hennig Lukas , Hernandez-Rey Juan-Jose , Ibnsalih Walid , Illuminati Giulia , Jansweijer Peter , Jung Bouke , Kalaczyński Piotr , Kalekin Oleg , Katz Uli , Khatun Amina , Kistauri Giorgi , Kopper Claudio , Kouchner Antoine , Kueviakoe Vincent , Kulikovskiy Vladimir , Kvatadze Ramaz , Labalme Marc , Lahmann Robert , Larosa Giuseppina , Lastoria Chiara , Lazo Alfonso , Le Stum Sebastien , Lehaut Grégory , Leonora Emanuele , Lessing Nadja , Levi Giuseppe , Clark Miles , Litrico Pietro , Longhitano Fabio , Mańczak Jerzy , Majumdar Jhilik , Malerba Leonardo , Mamedov Fadahat , Manfreda Alberto , Marconi Martina , Margiotta Annarita , Marinelli Antonio , Markou Christos , Martin Lilian , Martínez-Mora Juan , Marzaioli Fabio , Mastrodicasa Massimo , Mastroianni Stefano , Miccichè Sandra , Miele Gennaro , Migliozzi Pasquale , Migneco Emilio , Minutoli Saverio , Mitsou Maria , Mollo Carlos , Gallegos Lizeth , Morga Michele , Moussa Abdelilah , Mateo Ivan , Muller Rasa , Musico Paolo , Musone Maria , Musumeci Mario , Navas Sergio , Nayerhoda Amid , Nicolau Carlo , Nkosi Bhuti , Fearraigh Brían , Oliviero Veronica , Orlando Angelo , Oukacha Enzo , Paesani Daniele , González Juan , Papalashvili Gogita , Parisi Vittorio , Pastor Emilio , Paun Alice , Pavalas Gabriela , Pellegrini Giuliano , Martinez Santiago , Perrin-Terrin Mathieu , Perronnel Jerome , Pestel Valentin , Pestes Rebekah , Piattelli Paolo , Poirè Chiara , Popa Vlad , Pradier Thierry , Prado Jorge , Pulvirenti Sara , Quemener Gilles , Quiroz Carlos , Rahaman Ushak , Randazzo Nunzio , Randriatoamanana Richard , Razzaque Soebur , Rea Immacolata , Real Diego , Riccobene Giorgio , Robinson Joshua , Romanov Andrey , Saina Adrian , Greus Francisco , Samtleben Dorothea , Losa Agustín , Sanfilippo Simone , Sanguineti Matteo , Santonastaso Claudio , Santonocito Domenico , Sapienza Piera , Schmelling Jan-Willem , Schnabel Jutta , Schumann Johannes , Schutte Hester , Seneca Jordan , Sennan Nour-Eddine , Setter Bastian , Sgura Irene , Shanidze Rezo , Sharma Ankur , Shitov Yury , Šimkovic Fedor , Simonelli Andreino , Sinopoulou Anna , Smirnov Mikhail , Spisso Bernardino , Spurio Maurizio , Stavropoulos Dimitris , Štekl Ivan , Taiuti Mauro , Tayalati Yahya , Thiersen Hannes , Melo Iara , Tragia Efi , Trocme Benjamin , Tsourapis Vasileios , Tzamariudaki Ekaterini , Vacheret Antonin , Melchor Angel , Valsecchi Veronica , van Beveren Vincent , van Eeden Thijs , van Eijk Daan , Van Elewyck Véronique , van Haren Hans , Vannoye Godefroy , Vasileiadis George , De Sola Francisco , Verilhac Cedric , Veutro Alessandro , Viola Salvatore , Vivolo Daniele , Wilms Joern , Ramirez Harold , Zarpapis Giorgos , Zavatarelli Sandra , Zegarelli Angela , Zito Daniele , de Dios Zornoza Juan , Zuñiga Juan , Zywucka Natalia 
Published: May 2024

The KM3NeT Collaboration is building an underwater neutrino observatory at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea, consisting of two neutrino telescopes, both composed of a three-dimensional array of light detectors, known as digital optical modules. Each digital optical module contains a set of 31 three-inch photomultiplier tubes distributed over the surface of a 0.44 m diameter pressure-resistant glass sphere. The module also includes calibration instruments and electronics for power, readout, and data acquisition. The power board was developed to supply power to all the elements of the digital optical module. The design of the power board began in 2013, and ten prototypes were produced and tested. After an exhaustive validation process in various laboratories within the KM3NeT Collaboration, a mass production batch began, resulting in the construction of over 1200 power boards so far. These boards were integrated in the digital optical modules that have already been produced and deployed, which total 828 as of October 2023. In 2017, an upgrade of the power board, to increase reliability and efficiency, was initiated. The validation of a pre-production series has been completed, and a production batch of 800 upgraded boards is currently underway. This paper describes the design, architecture, upgrade, validation, and production of the power board, including the reliability studies and tests conducted to ensure safe operation at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea throughout the observatory’s lifespan.