bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specially developed glass fabrics for ultimate small diameter holes of high density board by build‐up method
Authors: Kimura Yasuyuki
Published: July 2002

A developmental project has been initiated to create a new type of glass fabric, whose fibers are to be uniformly distributed in the laminate so as to comply with the requirement of homogeneity. As a result, various types of glass fiber fabrics have successfully woven through the uniquely developed “MS process”, and it has been verified that each of the glass fabrics possesses the most suitable structure to attain uniform distribution in the laminates. The laminates, using the newly developed glass fabrics, have proved that the micro‐diameter drilling, that is laser drilling and mechanical drilling with 0.1mm diameter, can be performed very easily with less drill bit breakage, and produces uniform drill holes. It has also been proved that the laminates with the new glass fabrics reveal improved mechanical properties such as lower CTE, decreased warp and twist and better dimensional stability compared with conventional laminates of glass epoxy. Various styles of new glass fabric cover the wide range of thickness from 100 microns down to 27 microns.
Design for Plastic Ball Grid Array Solder Joint Reliability
Authors: Lee S.‐W.R. , Lau J.H.
Published: July 2002

Computational stress analysis was performed in this study to investigate the
solder joint reliability of plastic ball grid array (PBGA) packages with various
configurations. The packages under investigation were 27 mm body‐size, 1.27 mm
ball‐pitch, perimeter PBGAs with and without thermal balls at the centre. The diagonal
cross‐section of the PBGA‐printed circuit board (PCB) assembly
was modelled by plane‐strain elements. The model was subjected to a uniform thermal
loading and the solder joints were stressed due to the mismatch of coefficient of thermal
expansion (CTE). A total number of 24 cases, involving different solder ball
populations, chip sizes, and substrate thicknesses, were studied. The accumulated effective
plastic strain was evaluated as an index for the reliability of solder joints. The results of this
study revealed the effects of the aforementioned parameters on the solder joint reliability of
perimeter PBGA assemblies. The findings are very useful for the design of plastic ball grid array
packages.
TECHNICAL BRIEF Resist Stripping — A Simple Process?
Authors: Layhe G.
Published: July 2002

The stripping of resist after imaging the circuit pattern is an important part
of PCB manufacturing. Resist Strippers are generally operated on a ‘Run and Dump’
basis which means the stripping speed is always changing. In an attempt to make the process more
controllable and to improve process yields a resist stripper was formulated which strips fast and can be
controlled to give a constant stripping speed.
Changes in the PCB world with new packaging technologies and the integration of passive components into the PCB
Authors: Weiss Dieter G.
Published: July 2002

New developments in the semi‐conductor industry lead to higher I/O counts. Packaging is changing to new, smaller packages, like TCPs and CSPs, and the pitch density increases as well. For the fanout of such pages on the PCB, new design rules have to be applied. Blind via holes, sequential build‐up technologies, new ways to form holes, new materials, a lot of questions for the PCB manufacturer. The integration of passive components, such as bypass capacitors and pull up and pull down resistors, into the PCB, go along with the next generation of packaging technology. This adds complexity to the printed circuit boards, leading to a new generation of PCBs that could better be called Integrated Component Boards (ICB). These boards offer a much higher price/area for the PCB manufacturer and at the same time give the OEM better performance with fewer assembly steps and much smaller units.
Experimental investigation of 355nm Nd:YAG laser ablation of RCCR in PCB
Authors: Yung Winco K.C. , Liu J.S. , Man H.C.
Published: July 2002

Diameter and depth of craters and removing efficiency of the material of RCCR (resin coated copper) used in PCB by a single pulse energy of 355nm YAG laser with a variety of pulse energy, pulse width and defocus have been studied in the paper. It is shown that the ablation rates per pulse are much higher when compared with those at 248nm. The crater diameter increases monotonically with the pulse energy. However, when the pulse energy is very high and the power density is higher than 4.0 × 109W/cm2, the crater depth and removing efficiency decrease with the increase of pulse energy. The pulse width has an important influence on the crater diameter and volume when the pulse width changes from 24ns to 38ns, whereas the influence on the crater depth is little. The influences of defocus on ablation results depend on the power density of laser beam. A certain defocus can make both crater diameter and removing efficiency increase for a relatively high power density. Meanwhile, the thermal effect in the process of 355nm laser ablation of RCCR cannot be neglected.
Optimal printed wiring board design for high I/O density chip size packages
Authors: Patel Chirag S. , Martin Kevin P. , Meindl James D.
Published: July 2002

This paper addresses the issues involved in the design of high‐density boards for high‐density chip scale packages. An analytical model is developed to calculate the number of I/Os accommodated by the printed wiring board. The model is placed under constraints of package area, package I/O pitch, number of lanes per channel, PWB device feature sizes (I/O, via pad, signal traces), number of routing layers on board and the partition of routing regions on each level. The model is utilized to study the precise impact of number of routing layers and device feature size on the I/O density of PCB. The scheme for optimally partitioning each layer to achieve maximum I/O density is discussed. Specific guidelines are provided pertaining to the usage of higher board layers and/or reduced device feature sizes to design high‐density boards for future electronic products.
A distance learning course in research skills for public librarians – an evaluation
Authors: Mynott Glen , Thebridge Stella , Shoolbred Michael
Published: July 2002

Considers a number of issues related to the development, at the University of Central England in Birmingham, of a distance learning course in research skills for public librarians. The course was initially developed as part of the Library and Information Commission funded project, Developing Research in Public Libraries. Discusses the need for a stronger culture of research in public libraries and the immediate and long‐term benefits, for public librarians, of a distance learning course in research skills. The evaluation of a pilot distance‐learning course indicated that librarians enrolled on the course perceived it as offering much needed training in a range of research skills. The main concerns relate to the lack of support from public library managers and the limited opportunities for librarians to share their knowledge with their colleagues. Reinforces the arguments for a distance learning course in research training that offers librarians the opportunity to develop and consolidate their research skills in their own time and at their own pace. However, the authors recognise that such a course can only accomplish its aims if public library authorities are prepared to support and encourage staff enrolled on the course.
Collection development in academic libraries: a Brazilian library’s experience
Authors: Andrade Diva , Vergueiro Waldomiro
Published: July 2002

Discusses collection development in academic libraries, using the practices of a Brazilian academic library as an example. Outlines several theoretical models for collection development provided by professional literature and chooses Evans’s model as a tool for the study. Concludes that the model is adequate for use in libraries in developing countries.
Marketing: an information‐intensive territory of the modern private company
Authors: Knudsen Per
Published: July 2002

Explains that database marketing (DBM) allows the return on investment of marketing activities to be assessed. Interprets the concepts of DBM, and illustrates the typicality of the subject with a bibliometric analysis. Examines the components of a DBM system, and identifies the relationships between the components using practical examples.
Kirkpatrick’s Mirror
Authors: Dyer Steve
Published: July 2002

Although Kirkpatrick’s four‐level evaluation system is universally
renowned, virtually no organization implements it. Describes a model
that would suit all organizations by mirroring Kirkpatrick’s system, z
i.e. working backwards from level 4 to level 1 and then from level 1
back to level 4. Concludes by suggesting that this model should make the
individual more business focused and should provide efficient and
effective training throughout any organization.
Management development: the neglected domain
Authors: Wightman Stephen , McAleer Eddie
Published: July 2002

Examines management development requirements in small companies
within the software industry, and suggests that firms′ effectiveness in
this sector in the long term requires the presence of a significant
proportion of managers who can demonstrate both managerial and technical
expertise. Based on the findings from a study of training practices and
management development needs within 24 software firms in Northern
Ireland. The training needs identified are the building blocks which are
being used to design a suite of post‐experience courses for middle
managers in the software sector in Northern Ireland. It is hoped that
the framework adopted will be useful to other training providers who are
considering training provision on a sectorial basis.
The labour market in East Germany revisited
Authors: Lange Thomas
Published: July 2002

Revisits the problems of the East German labour market post‐unification, the emergence and persistence of unemployment and possible scenarios for future development. Examines active labour market programmes, highlights gender inequalities in the East German labour market and discusses potential labour market remedies. Pays particular attention to wage policies as the key to economic success and potentially regained competitiveness in East Germany.
Professional code and ethics for training professionals
Authors: Bergenhenegouwen G.J.
Published: July 2002

Training implies certain dealings in which one has to make a choice among various options. Choosing to solve a certain problem implies formulating a value judgement about the available alternatives. Such choices are generally based on ethical decisions. Hardly any ethical professional code for industrial trainers has been explicitly formulated until now. Investigates the issue of professional code and standards in this profession compared to other professions. At the same time describes a working method that benefits the process of realization necessary in dealing with the ethical issue in training.
Career mobility within organizations: implications for career development ‐ part 2 ‐ a case study
Authors: Garavan Thomas N. , Coolahan Michael
Published: July 2002

Focuses on career mobility and development in a large multi‐disciplinary organization. Discusses a case study, analysing career opportunities of all employees in one organizational unit, concentrating on barriers to career mobility and the human resource development implications. Examines the existing internal labour market structure and uses information from an attitude survey within the organization. Discusses some critical issues which emerge and outlines a number of human resource development interventions which may remove career mobility barriers.
Human resource development ‐ a contingency function? (Whatever happened to theory Y?)
Authors: Kilcourse Tom
Published: July 2002

Argues that much of what has been taught in recent years on human resource management ignores the reality of globalization. Deregulation and new technology have shifted power to the employer, leaving sellers of labour competing in a buyers’ market: labour is divided into a core élite, necessary to corporate strategy, a highly skilled second rank, probably self employed, and “the rest”. Contends that if a country such as the UK is to attract investment by offering a highly trained human “resource”, we may have to abandon our egalitarian approach which pretends that any one of “the rest” can become a “second ranker” or a member of the élite. Predicts shrinkage in the human resource development function.
An integrative concept for technical, personnel and organizational development for professional skill enhancement
Authors: Kröll Martin
Published: July 2002

Suggests that coping with technical and organizational change is a particular challenge for small and medium‐sized companies. As a result, senior management will increasingly be required to carry out strategic further training and skills enhancement. Identifies restraints on this process as, among others, lack of systematic organization of further training; the effects of organizational structures; and differences in interpretation of managerial tasks. Concludes that it is necessary to use self‐initiative in order to develop professional skills enhancement, and in order to create the necessary organizational conditions.
Roles, competences and outputs of HRD practitioners ‐ a comparative study in four European countries
Authors: Nijhof Wim J. , de Rijk Robina N.
Published: July 2002

Early in the 1990s, at the University of Twente it was felt that research was needed on the content of human resource development (HRD) jobs in Europe. In the USA such studies had been initiated by Nadler in the early 1980s. Studies that built on his work were “Models of excellence” and “Models for HRD practice”, both undertaken by the American Association for Training and Development (ASTD). The International Board of Standards for Training, Performance and Instruction studied the qualifications needed by training managers, training instructors and training evaluators. The only research done in Europe, as far as we know, was a large‐scale study by the Training & Development Lead Body, carried out in, and concentrating on, the UK. The University of Twente aims to contribute to a description of the HRD field in Europe by describing job profiles of European HRD practitioners in terms of tasks as well as roles. Additionally, a comparison between the role analyses in the USA and European countries is made to check the validity of the US‐roles for Europe. The outcomes will be helpful in defining job profiles and (in a later stage) developing standards for HRD practitioners, both of which are important elements in the development of a profession. The outcomes can be used by HRD practitioners in their individual development.
1. Workforce requirements: the basis for relevant occupational training
Authors: Campbell Clifton P.
Published: July 2002

By supplying the skilled workers needed, occupational training plays a fundamental role in the maintenance of a healthy economy. Although planners are not accountable for ensuring a perfect fit between training offerings and employment opportunities, they should anticipate shortages and surpluses of skilled workers. Decision makers can then take corrective action to expand, improve, curtail, or discontinue existing training or add new offerings. In order to discern skilled worker shortages/surpluses, the labour market demand must be determined. Workforce projection and forecasting approaches and labour market signalling approaches are used to make these determinations. The strengths and weaknesses of each approach must be considered when selecting the ones to use. Discusses a number of viable approaches and lists their strengths and weaknesses in tables to facilitate comparisons. Also includes supplemental instruments as examples and to provide guidance in determining workforce requirements. An appendix defines the terminology used.
Labour markets, unemployment and training for quality: Germany and Japan
Authors: Lange Thomas , Maguire Keith
Published: July 2002

This article examines the cases of Germany and Japan where education and training is orientated towards producing workers who can consistently deliver high standards of quality control in manufacturing industry. It begins by examining why unemployment is such a serious problem for Europe and then moves on to analyse the significance of training for quality. The discussion contains a case study on Germany. It considers the dilemma between reducing the problem of too much regulation while ensuring that standards remain to ensure high quality training. A second case study looks at Japan and the question of training for quality there.
Portability of qualifications: an answer to the qualificational demands of globalisation?
Authors: Heise Wulf
Published: July 2002

The article introduces the concept of the “portability of qualifications” as a framework for discussing the consequences of globalisation for labour markets and for the systems and agencies of initial and continuous vocational education and training. It defines the concept in relation to terms such as “mobility”, “flexibility”, “core skills” and “key qualifications”. It provides examples from industry and from the craft trades in Europe. It discusses the role of “portability of qualifications” in developing regions through inward investment and the benefits and risks of “portability of qualifications” from the perspective of the company, the individual worker and labour markets of Europe. Finally, it looks at pathways to foster and maintain the portability of qualifications in vocational education and training.
Adaptive FEM in 3D non‐linear magnetostatics
Authors: Alotto P. , Castagnini A. , Girdinio P. , Nervi M.
Published: July 2002

An adaptive FEM for 3D magnetostatic problems involving non‐linear materials and permanent magnets is presented. The problems are formulated in terms of scalar potentials and discretized on a tetrahedral mesh using linear shape functions. Local error is estimated by approximately solving an independent differential problem in each tetrahedral element.
Adaptive harmonic estimation for power system protection
Authors: Haweel T.I.
Published: July 2002

Many power system protection problems necessitate the measurement and track of the underlying current/voltage phasors. Adaptive LMS spectrum analyzers provide an ideal solution to such problems. This paper introduces a class of adaptive trigonometric spectrum analyzers. The underlying current/voltage is fed as a desired signal to an LMS adaptive algorithm. The reference input is a periodic regression derived from the basis set of the specified trigonometric discrete transform. The proposed algorithm is simple, computationally efficient, and exhibits a guaranteed stability and uniform convergence. A comparative study recommends the discrete Hartley transform. Simulations are provided to prove that the proposed spectrum analyzer is efficient in modeling faulty power system currents/voltages such as these arising from an over‐excitation of a power transformer.
Computer‐aided design of an air‐cored high‐voltage coil for switching impulse tests
Authors: Harid N. , German D.M. , Waters R.T.
Published: July 2002

Self‐inductance calculations are presented for coils of modular construction. Individual modules have a fixed winding density, so that a complete multi‐module coil will be characterized by larger inter‐turn spacing at its extremities to provide suitable insulation strength under impulse voltage conditions. Gives inductance computations using finite‐element analysis, so that empirical correction factors to take account of end‐effects and inter‐turn spacing are unnecessary. Comparison where possible with established empirical methods shows consistency. Gives an example of oscillatory high‐voltage tests.
Influence of motor and converter non‐linearities on dynamic properties of DC drive with field weakening range
Authors: Deskur Jan , Kaczmarek Tadeusz , Zawirski Krzysztof
Published: July 2002

Improvement of the dynamic properties of DC drive in the field weakening range was the aim of investigation. The non‐linear model of the drive system was applied. In the paper results of the comparative analysis of two emf control structures are presented. The classic emf control structure with subordinated excitation current control loop was compared with this one consisting of a non‐linear compensation block. For both control structures different kinds of the parameter designing for the emf and excitation controllers are considered. Verification of the theoretical assumptions and synthesis methods of the investigated control structures are made by simulation tests using the PSpice language.
Three‐dimensional coupled thermo‐magnetic analysis of toroidal field coils of resistive high field tokamaks by FEM
Authors: Alotto P. , Molfino P. , Molinari G. , Nervi M. , Orlando R.
Published: July 2002

In this paper a code for the solution of nonlinear thermo‐magnetic problems, arising in the transient analysis of thermal and electromagnetic fields in resistive toroidal field coils of tokamak devices, is presented. A formulation based on the electric vector potential T and the magnetic total scalar potential Ψ for the analysis of the thermo‐magnetic skin effect phenomenon in the toroidal field coils of proposed tokamaks has been used, and the results obtained are reported, reviewed and discussed.
Application of higher‐order spectra for signal processing in electrical power engineering
Authors: Lobos T. , Leonowicz Z. , Szymanda J. , Ruczewski P.
Published: July 2002

During recent years, higher order statistics (HOS) have found a wide applicability in many diverse fields, e.g. biomedicine, harmonic retrieval and adaptive filtering. In power spectrum estimation, the signal under consideration is processed in such a way that the distribution of power among its frequency is estimated and phase relations between the frequency components are suppressed. Higher order statistics and their associated Fourier transforms reveal not only amplitude information about a signal, but also phase information. If a non‐Gaussian signal is received along with additive Gaussian noise, a transformation to higher order cumulant domain eliminates the noise. These are some methods for estimation of signal components, based on HOS. In the paper we apply the MUSIC method both for the correlation and the fourth order cumulant, to investigate the state of asynchronous running of synchronous machines and the fault operation of inverter‐fed induction motors. When the investigated signal is distorted by a coloured noise, more exact results can be achieved by applying cumulants.
Remark on Maxwell’s divergence equations
Authors: Hillion P.
Published: July 2002

The divergence equations in Maxwell’s theory are Gauss law and the statement that magnetic monopoles do not exist; from this point of view these two equations are fundamental. However, from a practical point of view, it is generally believed that Maxwell’s divergence equations are redundant and may be ignored provided that they are satisfied at some time t‐0. It has been proved recently that this idea is not correct for boundary‐initial value problems. To make mathematical arguments more accessible, we analyse here the role of the divergence equations in the framework of 2D‐electromagnetism.
Selected ideas of the theory of non‐linear electrical circuits
Authors: Dabrowski Miroslaw
Published: July 2002

In this paper an outline of the development of methods for the analysis of non‐linear circuits is presented. Non‐inert and inert elements have been discerned and an inertia measure has been proposed. For this purpose, an exponential function with time constant T equal to TR, TL, or TC is formulated for an element of type R, L, or C, respectively. In circuits with the imposed cause, which varies sinusoidally in time with period Te, the following situations are distinguished and considered: Te ≫ T; Te ≪ T; and Te ≈ T. In the first case, the effect changes in time according to the non‐linear characteristic of the element. In the second case, the respective circuit is referred to as the “quasi‐linear”, because for the sinusoidal cause the effect is also sinusoidal. In the third case, the hysteresis occurs and the effect is a two‐valued function. The hysteresis effect occurs also in resistive elements.
Highly non‐linear field diffusion in HTC superconducting tapes
Authors: Sykulski J.K. , Rotaru M. , Stoll R.L.
Published: July 2002

The paper presents an extension to previous work on modelling AC losses in high‐temperature superconducting tapes as a highly non‐linear diffusion process. Following successful formulation for a bulk superconductor the presence of silver in a tape has now been included, using a “sandwich” model, to represent more realistically the practical arrangement. The results of the extended 1‐D model are included and a new 2‐D scheme is described using finite difference formulation. Effects of non‐linearity are emphasised.
Noninvasive cardiac source imaging from potential and magnetic field data
Authors: Wach Paul , Fischer Gerald , Tilg Bernhard , Modre Robert
Published: July 2002

Ventricular surface activation time maps are estimated from simulated and measured body surface potential (BSP) maps and extra‐corporal magnetic field maps. In a first step the transfer matrix, relating the primary cardiac sources to the measured potential and/or magnetic field data, is calculated applying the boundary element method. Activation times are determined by minimizing a cost function which is based on this transfer matrix. This optimization method is solved by a quasi Newton method. The critical point theorem is used in order to estimate the starting column matrix.
The optimisation of electromagnetic devices using a combined finite element/neural network approach with on‐line training
Authors: Seguin J. , Dandurand F. , Lowther D.A. , Sykulski J.K.
Published: July 2002

The paper presents a novel method of utilising neural networks for optimisation systems. First, a conventional magnetic circuit model of the device is developed to create a set of sensitivity rules which guide the optimisation. The rules are coded in a knowledge‐based neural network. Second, an error network is developed to correct the approximations inherent in the magnetic circuit approach and this combines with the first network to generate realistic outputs. Finally, the error network can be trained on‐line with a finite element system. Over time, the network replaces the finite element analysis, thus speeding up the optimisation process.
STEP standard’s evaluation for modeling in electromagnetism
Authors: Ma Singva
Published: July 2002

The new set of standards ISO 10303 “STEP” makes it possible to give a complete representation of a product, using the description language EXPRESS. A part of STEP is devoted to the finite element analysis. This paper presents a brief overview of the architecture and the methodology of STEP and EXPRESS, with special attention to the part concerning the finite element analysis. The possibility to use it in modelling electromagnetic phenomena will be discussed. An example showing the description of a typical problem in electromagnetism will be implemented using EXPRESS.
BEM‐computation of antenna near field reactions on conducting materials using curvilinear edge elements
Authors: Huber C.J. , Rieger W. , Buchau A. , Rucker W.M.
Published: July 2002

A boundary element method in terms of the field variables is applied to three‐dimensional electromagnetic scattering problems. Especially, the influence of a dipole excited field on low conducting materials situated very close to the antenna will be discussed. We use higher order edge elements of quadilateral shape for the field approximation on curved surfaces. The tangential components of the unknown field variables are interpolated by vector element functions. The Galerkin method is implemented to obtain a set of linear equations. The applicability of the proposed edge element is investigated by the comparison of different BEM‐formulations and FEM‐results.
Dual formulations for the modeling of thin conducting magnetic shells
Authors: Geuzaine C. , Dular P. , Legros W.
Published: July 2002

Two sets of dual magnetodynamic and magnetostatic finite element formulations taking thin conducting magnetic shells into account are proposed. The abstraction of the thin region from the computational domain is performed by an appropriate treatment of the surface integral terms arising in the weak formulations. Results are presented for two three‐dimensional test‐problems.
Effective reluctivity calculation versus time step calculation of magnetic shielding with ferromagnetic material
Authors: Lederer Dieter , Igarashi Hajime , Kost Arnulf , Honma Toshihisa
Published: July 2002

The calculation of magnetic shielding with ferromagnetic material by an effective reluctivity method and a time step method based on the finite element calculation is investigated. The calculation results of both methods are compared with measurement results and with each other in order to check their reliability and accuracy. It turns out that both methods give similar results for the field inside the shielding material, whereas in the surrounding air the effective reluctivity method gives more accurate results than the present time step method.
Magnetic modelling and magneto‐hydro‐dynamic simulations of an aluminium production electrolytic cell
Authors: Chiampi M. , Repetto M. , Chechurin V. , Kalimov A. , Leboucher L.
Published: July 2002

A simulation of the motion of molten aluminium inside an electrolytic cell is presented. Since the driving term of the aluminium motion is the Lorentz (j × B) body force acting within the fluid,this problem involves the solution of the magneto‐hydro‐dynamic equations. Different solver modules for the magnetic field computation and for the fluid motion simulation are coupled together. The interactions of all these are presented and discussed.
Finite element analysis of electromagnetic torque saturation harmonics in a squirrel cage machine
Authors: Demenko Andrzej
Published: July 2002

The electromagnetic torque oscillations caused by saturation harmonics in a squirrel cage machine are analysed. Special attention is paid to the most important saturation harmonic of alternating field that has three times as many poles as fundamental harmonic and three times its frequency. The operations of the machine as a motor and as a self‐excited generator have been investigated. The 2D finite element time‐stepping method has been applied to the analysis of a particular machine performance. The finite element equations are coupled with circuits equations which describe the winding connections. The skew of the rotor slots is taken into account.
Cybernetics and systems in the 1980s
Authors: Rudall Brian H.
Published: July 2002

Considers the material impact of computers and cybernetics in the 1980s. Summarizes some of the then current principal applications. Looks at the contribution made by cybernetics to computer development in the period 1940‐1981. Emphasises the widely held belief of the day that “anyone must have some understanding of computers and their operation to understand much about cybernetics”. The re‐published work served as a guide and introduction to using the digital computers of the 1980s in systems and cybernetics research and developments and was one in a series of 12 texts prepared by some well‐known cyberneticians and systemists on important topics in these inter‐ and trans‐disciplinary sciences.
Sen’s endowment‐entitlement mapping in development economics
Authors: Ghosal A.
Published: July 2002

Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen developed the concept of endowment‐entitlement mapping in his studies on famine, poverty and deprivation in various regions of the world. Such a map can be interpreted as an input‐output relationship with feedback and feedforward channels in complex structures. There is also scope for applying such mapping in various facets of development economics.
International Migration as a Dynamic Process
Authors: Diamantides N.D.
Published: July 2002

Structures a model of the macrodynamics of international migration using a differential equation to capture the push‐pull forces that propel the migratory current. The model’s architecture is based on the functioning of information feedback between settled friends and family at the destination (migrant stock) and a pool of potential emigrants created by socioeconomic conditions prevailing at the origin. The intensity of the ensuing migratory flow is determined by a nexus of mediators functioning in either society and comprising: (a) legal imperatives such as migration laws; (b) economic imperatives measured by the ratio of income‐per‐capita between destination and origin; (c) political imperatives such as war or other forms of compulsion; (d) natural stimulants such as epidemics and climatic extremes; (e) societal conditions such as job‐hierarchy differences and migration network characteristics; and (f) causes other than the ones motivating the pool members, such as the reasons of the so called “brain drain”. The mathematical function representing the collective of these causes is named the mediating factor, and comprises both steady‐state and transient components. While the model’s architecture is independent of any geographic or temporal specificity, the model is capable of portraying the migration flow between any given origin/destination pair, and over any designated historical period: this through the numerical values of the model parameters derived from the historical, demographic, and economic data of the case. Two specific paradigms serve to demonstrate the model’s tenets and pertinence.
Knowing Norbert
Authors: Beer Stafford
Published: July 2002

Gives an account of Norbert Wiener’s works and how they influenced the author. The seminal Cybernetics or Control and Communications in the Animal and Machine introduces the scientific world to the notion of cybernetics and indeed, according to the author, split it down the middle. Goes on to describe Wiener’s other major works and the impact they had not only on the author but also on other writers, researchers and scientists. Concludes with a brief description of how the author helped Wiener to arrange a European trip in 1964.
Remarks on Scientific Creativity Considered as a Cybernetic Process
Authors: Nicolau Edmond V.
Published: July 2002

Considers the central nervous system as a data‐processing system, in which one can model (simulate) an operating system, a knowledge processor, a monitor, a model of the Universe and a linguistic model. Artistic creativity is compared with scientific activity and it is stressed that scientific creativity can also mean small advances in given areas. Considers it essential not to propose new paradigms, but to elaborate efficient imaginary ideas, to create new concepts and to propose new areas of research. In these directions, some simple methods are suggested.
The Seeds of Wiener and the Cybernetic Tree
Authors: Rodríguez‐Delgado Rafael
Published: July 2002

Proposes two tentative projects for ordering the scientific concepts in relation to a systemic theory of knowledge, based on cognitive sciences. It tries to develop some basic ideas of Wiener in the framework of modern physics. The concept of complementarity is extended to ideologies. Cybernetics, it is assumed, could have an important role in the transformation of conflicts into synergetic trends.
Entropy, Quality and Wastivity: A Unified View of System Performance
Authors: Sharma Hemendra D. , Gupta Sushil D. , Gupta Anand D.
Published: July 2002

Considers that when efficiency and effectiveness of systems are measured by the quantity and quality of their output they may be inadequate for the purpose of comparing one system with another. Seeks new criteria and defines entropy, wastivity and quality concepts in relation to system performance. Establishes the interdependence of the three concepts. Proposes that system wastivity should be used as a measure of system performance.
Towards Inherently Useful Theory: A Management Example
Authors: Walker Crayton C. , Motwani Jaideep G.
Published: July 2002

Insights derived from the theory of complex systems and theoretical biology suggest that “small‐scale modelling” may be valuable in the construction of management theory. Small‐scale modelling can be used to embed managerial perspectives in models. For that reason small‐scale modelling shows some prospect for producing what might be called inherently useful theory, namely, theory that recognizes the pragmatic limitations accompanying its use. As an example of the modelling approach, examines aspects of the management of workgroup routine. Considers directions for further research.
The direct and inverse problem of the matching of fuzzy sets depending on fuzziness
Authors: Gasos Jorge , Ralescu Anca
Published: July 2002

Addresses the problem of matching two fuzzy sets. Proposes a matching method that considers the extent to which both fuzzy sets have the same meaning. For a given degree of similarity between two sets, the same meaning decreases as the fuzziness increases and, in particular, for equal fuzzy sets the degree of matching is a function of the fuzziness only. A complete matching of two sets is obtained only when they are equal and crisp. Finally, the inverse problem is studied, of characterizing one of the sets used in the match when knowing the other set and the result of the matching.
Robotic self‐appraisal and reproduction
Authors: Parham Steven
Published: July 2002

To create a species of self‐perpetuating machines, it is necessary to review and account for the behaviour of zoological species. Explores simple rules for robotic systems to redesign and improve themselves. More generally, examines the creation, construction, operation, redesign and subsequent evolution of such cybernetic systems of this type. The ideas put forward are drawn from the behaviour patterns of the honey bee (apis mellifera) and other species.
Cybernetic theory of the stochastic process
Authors: Madan Sudhir
Published: July 2002

The cybernetic theory of the stochastic process, introduced by Madan in 1978, is presented in terms of basic concepts; the cybernetic random variable (CRV); and the cybernetic random walk (CRW). Discusses the concept of the cybernetic queueing system for communication purposes.
Perturbed living organisms: a cybernetic approach to oscillatory luminescence
Authors: Kochel Bonawentura
Published: July 2002

Discusses the efficiency of a cybernetic approach to non‐oscillatory luminescence processes, generated by perturbed biosystems, and applies it to oscillatory luminescence processes. Constructs multiplicative stochastic models of oscillatory bio‐ and chemiluminescence processes, generated by some perturbed/stimulated biosystems (a temperature‐stimulated soybean root system, light‐stimulated microporocytes of larch, antiviral drug‐treated vero cells infected by Herpes simplex virus). Determines a correlation structure for these models by analysing their transfer functions. Uses the memory function approach to compare and contrast the oscillatory processes with their non‐oscillatory analogs. Formulates a hypothesis about the dependence between the persistence and the oscillatory behaviour of biosystems and proposes stochastic perturbation measures founded on those multiplicative models.
A mathematical formalization of the principle of ethical endogeneity
Authors: Alam Choudhury Masudul
Published: July 2002

Argues that ethics and values are systemic realities and can be scientifically programmed in cybernetically oriented socio‐scientific systems. The case taken is of economic general equilibrium with possibilities of multiple equilibria. The treatment of ethics and values in this sense in economic theory makes them endogenous phenomena of socio‐economic reality. This substantive idea of ethics and values as endogenous phenomena in socio‐scientific systems is termed the principle of ethical endogeneity. Its social cybernetical possibilities are developed mathematically. While the mathematical treatment uses bilinear algebra for the formulation, greater importance may be seen in the scientific essence of the principle of ethical endogeneity applicable universally. This is particularly true of systems which need to be epistemologically unified.
A systems model of the Malaysian macro‐economy
Authors: Alam Choudhury Masudul
Published: July 2002

Undertakes the formalization and development of a simulational interactive macroeconometric model for Malaysia. Focuses on theoretical perspectives but covers applied aspects of the model relating to the factual case of Malaysia. Discusses the principal goals of attaining economic growth with distributive equity as spelt out in the Malaysian New Development Plan. Formalizes and interprets the structural model system and its reduced forms. Concludes that a demand‐driven economy governed by profit rates (yield rates) is the centrepiece of a dynamically growing economy. Shows that the interactive model system learning in and through an econometric modelling must evolve from an extensive economy‐institution‐society interface.
Implementation of the ALIENOR technique in the multidimensional bissection method and application to global optimization: a new accelerated algorithm
Authors: Ammar H. , Cherruault Y.
Published: July 2002

Using the ALIENOR transformation avoids the problem of determining the first and second derivatives of the objective functional f when using the multidimensional bissection method. Knowledge of the Lipschitzian constant C is generally sufficient for using this method, and therefore for determining the global maximum of f defined on a compact set.
The invariance of optimum solution in a multi‐objective fuzzy environment
Authors: Zhang B.X. , Chung B.T.F. , Lee E.T.
Published: July 2002

Defines the order preservation and operator uniqueness assumption and the active assumption. Under these assumptions, presents the invariance of optimum solution in a multi‐objective fuzzy environment and gives illustrative examples. Presents applications, including in the heat transfer area, illustrated by numerical results and three dimensional figures. The results may have useful applications in fuzzy languages, fuzzy logics and other related areas.
Synthesis of one artificial neural network
Authors: Masnikosa Vukasin P.
Published: July 2002

Presents one possible synthesis of the artificial neural network using linking algebra. The mathematical model given is the basis for such a neural network organization. The problem which appears is a mode of realization of the artificial neuron. Starting with the experience gained by many experiments, the model of a neuron that can be realized in the memory of computer is presented.
Subsystems of general systems
Authors: Hu Qingping , Li Dan , Lin Yi
Published: July 2002

Studies the concept of subsystems and introduces two important classes of systems. One class contains systems with the property of complete subsystems and the other contains systems with the property of completely trivial subsystems. Discusses the following questions in great detail and uses the results in the research of linearly ordered sets, partially ordered sets, ordered groups and ordered algebras: existence, heredity, infinity, cardinality, proper classes, proper subclasses, categories, isomorphic categories, etc.
Bionics: psychocybernetics of the human memory – Part I: memory processes
Authors: Mrchev Simeon J.
Published: July 2002

Presents research on human memory modelling. Gives a description of the memory process (as a whole) in its functional details by means of adding, processing and synthesizing psychological data using the creation of a model base. Compares the created psychological equivalent to the adequate mathematical‐algorithmic multi‐apparatus descriptions. Presents the programme‐developed human memory model as a precondition for microelectronic realizations (robot technique, computers and other bionic‐cybernetical systems).
Active retrieval in natural and computational systems
Authors: Chen Zhengxin
Published: July 2002

Examines the active aspect of retrieval in several kinds of storage structures in natural and computational systems. In particular, investigates self‐adjusting data structures and self‐organization of memory structures. Also examines related issues, including the relationship between active retrieval and learning.
The mind‐body problem
Authors: George F.H.
Published: July 2002

Introduces the theory of signs and sees it as being rooted in behaviourism. Outlines classical conditioning as developed by Pavlov. Considers the theory of signs in a Peircean manner where it has great generality, and provides illustrations of this approach. Then discusses the Quine approach and his thinking in relation to behaviourism. Introduces the mind‐body problem as one of the traditional problems of philosophy. Reviews the question as to the nature of the mind as a system with consciousness. Presents a series of questions set by Levinson, based on Feigl’s definition, and considers their relevance and contribution to the theory.
The economic thought of Norbert Wiener
Authors: Masani P.R.
Published: July 2002

Explores critically the economic thought of Norbert Wiener with special reference to automatization, of which he was the father and philosopher. Considers the concept and theory in economic science and Wiener’s economics as an axiological science. Examines long‐time and short‐time (contest‐free) economic analysis as discussed by Wiener. Further considerations include the analysis of contest and Wiener’s militarology. Automatization is given special reference and Wiener’s analysis is presented and the humane resolution of the problem discussed. Wienierian ideas are further examined and related to the human condition in a final section: The mandate of heaven.
Consciousness: the Holy Grail of Science
Authors: Musès C.
Published: July 2002

Presents consciousness as not only cognitive awareness in sensory, imaginational, remembered and dream contexts, but also as the awareness in all of us that is not necessarily accessed by or immediately accessible only to the conscious mind. Sees consciousness, because of its primal and pervasive nature, as the Holy Grail of the scientific quest. Provides examples of how it can be misunderstood and exposed to sources of confusion. Discusses the resulting scenarios and considers global re‐assessments, including one of evolutionary theory.
Feedback and pullback in computer science
Authors: Virgil Negoita Constantin
Published: July 2002

Investigates some major instances of feedback and pullback in structured programming, expert systems, neural networks, and fuzzy systems. Provides details of particular cases to illustrate investigations, including construction of a knowledge‐base and the mechanism of pullback, by a fuzzy system.
Aspects of causal processes in social systems
Authors: Johannessen Jon‐Arild
Published: July 2002

Aims to facilitate the work of researchers studying problems/phenomena in social systems from a systemic point of view. Discusses the type of causal processes which exist in social systems and how patterns in social systems can be revealed. Presents four causal processes: historical, functional, cybernetic and pattern. Typologizes pattern processes into the four categories of empirical generalizations, models, theories and social laws. Elaborates on the relationship between models and theories relative to systemic research strategy.
Fundamental structure of general systems and its relation to knowability of the physical world
Authors: Lin Yi , Fan Taihe
Published: July 2002

Gives the constructions of a general system on its object set and on its set of fundamental objects. Discusses some methodological implications of the constructions. Lists several examples to show that human sense organs are limited in the comprehension of the surrounding nature.