bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Musculoskeletal Injury and Objectively Measured Physical Activity Levels: A Critically Appraised Topic
Authors: Barchek Amy R. , Baez Shelby E. , Hoch Matthew C. , Hoch Johanna M.
Published: May 2019

Clinical Scenario:Physical activity is vital for human health. Musculoskeletal injury may inhibit adults from participating in physical activity, and this amount may be less than adults without a history of musculoskeletal injury.Clinical Question:Do individuals with a history of ankle or knee musculoskeletal injury participate in less objectively measured physical activity compared with healthy controls?Summary of Key Findings:Four studies were included. Two studies concluded patients who have undergone an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) spent less time in moderate to vigorous physical activity levels when compared with healthy controls, but still achieved the daily recommended amount of physical activity. One study determined that participants with CAI took fewer steps per day compared with the control group. The fourth study determined patients with patellofemoral pain were less physically active than healthy controls as they took fewer steps per day and spent less time participating in mild and high activity.Clinical Bottom Line:There is consistent, high quality evidence that demonstrates individuals with a history of ankle or knee musculoskeletal injury participate in less objectively measured physical activity compared with healthy individuals.Strength of Recommendation:Due to nature of study designs of the included articles in this critically appraised topic, we recommend a grade of 3B.
The Effect of Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation on Joint Position Sense: A Systematic Review
Authors: Takasaki Hiroshi , Okubo Yu , Okuyama Shun
Published: May 2019

Context: Accurate joint position sense (JPS) is necessary for effective motor learning and high performance in activities that require fine motor control. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) can be a promising intervention. Objective: To examine existing peer-reviewed original studies that have investigated the effect of PNF techniques on the JPS in terms of the methodological quality, PNF techniques, outcomes, and participant characteristics. Evidence Acquisition: A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, CINAHL, SocINDEX, Scopus, and Cochrane Library from inception to January 2018. The following inclusion criteria were used: (1) assessment of the JPS; (2) peer-reviewed original studies with a randomized controlled trial or quasi-randomized controlled trial design; (3) participants with musculoskeletal disorders or healthy individuals (ie, neither animal studies nor those involving neurological problems); and (4) no cointervention with PNF, except for warm-up procedures. The methodological quality was assessed using PEDro scale and 5 additional criteria. Effect size (η2) was calculated where a positive value indicated an increased JPS after PNF as compared with other approaches including the wait-and-see method. Evidence Synthesis: Nine studies were examined for their methodological quality, and only one study scored >6 on the PEDro scale. Positive and large effect size (η2 > .14) was detected in 2 studies where JPS of the knee with contract-relax and replication techniques was assessed in healthy individuals. However, the methodological quality of these studies was poor (PEDro scores of 3 and ≤5 in the total quality score out of 16, respectively). Conclusions: The current study did not find multiple studies with high methodological quality and similar PNF techniques, outcomes, and characteristics of participants. More high-quality studies are required to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the effect of PNF on the JPS.
Team-Based Learning in a Coaching Education Course: Impact on Student Learning
Authors: Collins Karen E. , Overson Catherine E. , Benassi Victor A.
Published: May 2019

Purpose: The authors implemented an active learning teaching strategy in a coaching education course utilizing a modified team-based learning (TBL) approach, assessing the learning benefits and satisfaction of students’ experience. Method: After reviewing preparatory background materials, 35 students responded in-class to prompts in developing coaching action plans. Students completed two in-class learning activities: one on their own (Solo) and one as a group (TBL). The authors examined student performance on exam transfer questions for the two activities. Later, students reported on their satisfaction with the learning activities. Results: Students performed better on exam transfer questions related to their TBL and Solo conditions (p < .003, d = 0.75). Students reported a preference for working in teams compared with working on their own in developing case studies (p < .06, d = 0.63). Discussion/Conclusion: Results highlight the benefits of TBL in a coaching education classroom emphasizing how preparation, collaboration, and applied learning activities impact student learning outcomes.
Restoring tumor suppression
Authors: Parsons Ramon
Published: May 2019

Restoring enzymatic activity of a tumor suppressor can prevent and treat cancer
Visual improvement in amblyopic eye following treatment-induced vision loss in dominant eye with uveal melanoma
Authors: Vagge Aldo , Shields Carol L , Shields Jerry A , Pointdujour-Lim Renelle , Schnall Bruce
Published: May 2019

Objective

To determine the frequency and amount of visual improvement in amblyopic eyes of adults following visual loss in the dominant eye resulting from treatment of uveal melanoma.

Methods and analysis

Retrospective case series of adult patients with amblyopia and dominant eye visual loss resulting from treatment of uveal melanoma. Review of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in each eye (amblyopia eye vs melanoma eye) at date first seen and over time following treatment of uveal melanoma. BCVA in each eye was graded as improved (>2 logarithm of minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) lines) or unimproved (<2 logMAR lines).

Results

Twenty-one patients that met the inclusion criteria. Mean age at presentation was 56 years (range 39–73 years). Following treatment of the uveal melanoma and decline of BCVA in the dominant, the BCVA in the amblyopic eye improved in 11/21 (52%; 95% CI 30% to 74 %) patients. The degree of visual loss in the melanoma eye was to the level of the amblyopic eye or worse in 14 patients. In this group, BCVA improved in the amblyopic eye in 9/14 (64%; 95% CI 35% to 87 %) patients. Of these nine with improved eyes, the mean starting visual acuity was logMAR 0.6 (20/80) with mean improvement of logMAR 0.4 (4 lines±0.13 (range 0.2–0.6). Eight of nine eyes achieved a BCVA of 20/25 (n=3) or 20/20 (n=5).

Conclusion

Visual acuity in the amblyopic eye of adults can improve following visual loss in the contralateral dominant eye associated with treatment for uveal melanoma.
Association between birth weight and refractive error in adulthood: a Mendelian randomisation study
Authors: Plotnikov Denis , Williams Cathy , Guggenheim Jeremy A
Published: May 2019

Background

Pathological myopia is one of the leading causes of blindness globally. Lower birth weight (BW) within the normal range has been reported to increase the risk of myopia, although findings conflict. We sought to estimate the causal effect of BW on refractive error using Mendelian randomisation (MR), under the assumption of a linear relationship.

Methods

Genetic variants associated with BW were identified from meta-analysis of a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for self-reported BW in 162 039 UK Biobank participants and a published Early Growth Genetics (EGG) consortium GWAS (n=26 836). We performed a one-sample MR analysis in 39 658 unrelated, adult UK Biobank participants (independent of the GWAS sample) using an allele score for BW as instrumental variable. A two-sample MR sensitivity analysis and conventional ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analyses were also undertaken.

Results

In OLS analysis, BW showed a small, positive association with refractive error: +0.04 D per SD increase in BW (95% CI 0.02 to 0.07; p=0.002). The one-sample MR-estimated causal effect of BW on refractive error was higher, at +0.28 D per SD increase in BW (95% CI 0.05 to 0.52, p=0.02). A two-sample MR analysis provided similar causal effect estimates, with minimal evidence of directional pleiotropy.

Conclusions

Our study suggests lower BW within the normal range is causally associated with a more myopic refractive error. However, the impact of the causal effect was modest (range 1.00 D covering approximately 95% of the population).
Comparison of changes in corneal endothelial cell density and central corneal thickness between conventional and femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery: a randomised, controlled clinical trial
Authors: Dzhaber Daliya , Mustafa Osama , Alsaleh Fares , Mihailovic Aleksandra , Daoud Yassine J
Published: May 2019

Background/Aim

To identify changes in endothelial cell density (ECD) and central corneal thickness (CCT) in eyes undergoing femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) compared with conventional phacoemulsification surgery (CPS).

Methods

This is an intraindividual randomised, controlled clinical trial. One eye was randomised to receive FLACS, while the contralateral eye of the same patient received CPS. The femtosecond laser pretreatment included creating main and side-port corneal incisions, capsulotomy and lens fragmentation. Non-contact endothelial cell microscopy and pachymetry were performed preoperatively and at postoperative day 1, week 1, month 1 and month 3.

Results

A total of 134 paired eyes from 67 patients were included in the analysis. ECD was not significantly different between the two groups at either postoperative month 1 (2370±580 cells/mm2and 2467±564 cells/mm2in FLACS and CPS groups, respectively; p=0.18) or at postoperative month 3 (2374±527 cells/mm2and 2433±526 cells/mm2in FLACS and CPS groups, respectively; p=0.19). No significant difference was observed in the mean CCT values between the two groups over the follow-up period (p>0.05).

Conclusion

Postoperative corneal ECD and CCT were comparable between FLACS and CPS during the 3 months’ follow-up period.
Relationship between lamina cribrosa curvature and the microvasculature in treatment-naïve eyes
Authors: Kim Ji-Ah , Kim Tae-Woo , Lee Eun Ji , Girard Michael J A , Mari Jean Martial
Published: May 2019

Background/Aims

To investigate the relationship between the lamina cribrosa (LC) curvature and the microvasculature within the LC in treatment-naïve eyes with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) and in healthy eyes.

Methods

Forty-one eyes with treatment-naïve NTG and 41 age and sex-matched healthy control eyes were included. The optic nerve head (ONH) area was scanned using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) to examine the LC curvature quantified as the LC curvature index (LCCI). OCT angiography of the ONH area was performed to determine the LC vessel density (LCVD) in the en face images obtained from the layer segmented at the level of the LC. The LCVD was calculated as the percentage area occupied by vessels within the measured region.

Results

The LCCI was larger (9.53±1.33 vs 6.55±1.02, p<0.001) and LCVD was smaller (28.0%±6.1% vs 35.2±6.3%, p<0.001) in NTG eyes than in healthy eyes. There were overall significant associations of a smaller retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness (p<0.001), a smaller visual field mean deviation (MD) (p=0.003) and a larger LCCI (p≤0.004) with a smaller LCVD. In NTG group, the LCVD was positively associated with the RNFL thickness (p=0.012) and visual field MD (p=0.023), and negatively associated with the axial length (p≤0.013) and LCCI (p≤0.007). In healthy group, a smaller RNFL thickness (p=0.023) was associated with a smaller LCVD.

Conclusion

A larger LCCI was significantly associated with a smaller LCVD in treatment-naïve NTG eyes but not in healthy eyes, indicating that mechanical strain potentially influences the perfusion within the LC in eyes with NTG.
Prevalence of treatment with glaucoma medication in Scotland, 2010–2017
Authors: Rotchford Alan P , Hughes John , Agarwal Pankaj Kumar , Tatham Andrew J
Published: May 2019

Aims

To report the number and demographic distribution of patients receiving intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering medications across the whole population of Scotland for the years 2010–2017 and, using national census data, show how the observed changes compare with those predicted by the increasing age of the population structure over this period.

Methods

Data were sourced from the Prescribing Information System of the NHS Information and Statistics Division for Scotland. The number of patients dispensed any IOP-lowering medication from a community pharmacy during each calendar year was collected by gender and by 5-year age bands. National census data were used to model the expected annual increase in treatment numbers due to population ageing.

Results

The number of treated patients in 2017 was 61 249 which represents 1.13% of the whole population (or 2.16% over 40 years of age). The number increased from 48 178 in 2010—an increase over this period of 27.13% (3.88% per year).

Prevalence increased with age, reaching 10.67% in those over 90 years. After age adjustment, more men were treated than women (OR 1.26).

The expected number treated in 2017 based on census predictions was 54 075 (an increase of 5897 (12.24%) from 2010). The observed growth of 27.13% was 2.22-fold greater than the rate expected by population changes over the period 2010–2017.

Conclusion

The number of patients on medication for glaucoma and ocular hypertension in Scotland is increasing. The rate of increase cannot be explained by changes in the size and age structure of the population alone.
Mental health symptoms and disorders in elite athletes: a systematic review on cultural influencers and barriers to athletes seeking treatment
Authors: Castaldelli-Maia João Mauricio , Gallinaro João Guilherme de Mello e , Falcão Rodrigo Scialfa , Gouttebarge Vincent , Hitchcock Mary E , Hainline Brian , Reardon Claudia L , Stull Todd
Published: May 2019

Objective

To summarise the literature on the barriers to athletes seeking mental health treatment and cultural influencers of mental health in elite athletes.

Design

Systematic review

Data sources

PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, SportDiscus (Ebsco), and PsycINFO (ProQuest) up to November 2018.

Eligibility criteria for selecting studies

Qualitative and quantitative original studies of elite athletes (those who competed at the professional, Olympic, or collegiate/university levels), published in any language.

Results

Stigma, low mental health literacy, negative past experiences with mental health treatment-seeking, busy schedules, and hypermasculinity are barriers to elite athletes seeking mental health treatment. Cultural influencers of mental health in elite athletes include: (1) the lack of acceptance of women as athletes; (2) lower acceptability of mental health symptoms and disorders among non-white athletes; (3) non-disclosure of religious beliefs; and (4) higher dependence on economic benefits. Coaches have an important role in supporting elite athletes in obtaining treatment for mental illness. Brief anti-stigma interventions in elite athletes decrease stigma and improve literary about mental health.

Conclusion

There is a need for various actors to provide more effective strategies to overcome the stigma that surrounds mental illness, increase mental health literacy in the athlete/coach community, and address athlete-specific barriers to seeking treatment for mental illness. In this systematic review, we identified strategies that, if implemented, can overcome the cultural factors that may otherwise limit athletes seeking treatment. Coaches are critical for promoting a culture within elite athletes’ environments that encourages athletes to seek treatment.
Does occupational distress raise the risk of alcohol use, binge-eating, ill health and sleep problems among medical doctors? A UK cross-sectional study
Authors: Medisauskaite Asta , Kamau Caroline
Published: May 2019

Objectives

This study aims to assess the prevalence of health problems (eg, insomnia, binge-eating, substance use and ill health) among UK doctors and to investigate whether occupational distress increases the risk of health problems.

Design

This study reports the analysis of data collected at the baseline stage of a randomised controlled trial (protocol #NCT02838290).

Setting

Doctors were invited through medical Royal Colleges, the British Medical Association’s research panel and a random selection of NHS trusts across various UK regions.

Participants

417 UK doctors with an equivalent split of gender (48% males) and seniority (49% consultants).

Main outcomes and measures

Outcomes were sleep problems (eg, insomnia), alcohol/drug use (eg, binge-drinking), ill health (eg, backache) and binge-eating (eg, uncontrollable eating). Predictor variables were occupational distress (psychiatric morbidity, burnout, job effort, work-life imbalance, coping with stress through self-blame or substances) and work factors (workplace and years practising medicine).

Results

44% of doctors binge-drank and 5% met the criteria for alcohol dependence; 24%–29% experienced negative emotions after overeating and 8% had a binge-eating disorder; 20%–61% had some type of sleep problem and 12% had severe/moderate insomnia; 69% had fatigue and 19%–29% experienced other types of ill health problems. The results show that occupational distress and job factors increase the odds of doctors using substances, having sleep problems, presenting with frequent symptoms of ill health and binge-eating. For example, burnout increased the risk of all types of sleep problems, eg, difficulty falling/staying asleep, insomnia (OR ≥1.344; p≤0.036). Even taking into consideration whether or not a doctor works in a hospital, the risk of health problems still rises when doctors have signs of occupational distress.

Conclusion

Early recognition of occupational distress can prevent health problems among UK doctors that can reduce the quality of patient care because of sickness-related absence.
Intramucosal fat is uncommon in large bowel polyps but raises three differential diagnoses
Authors: Wong Newton A C S , O'Mahony Orla
Published: May 2019

Aims

This case series intends to expand currently limited knowledge regarding the existence and diagnostic significance of intramucosal fat in colorectal polyps.

Methods

Clinicopathological features of nine such polyps were reported following histopathological review, including S100 and EMA immunohistochemistry.

Results and conclusions

Such review subdivided seven polyps into three groups: (1) mucosal perineurioma/serrated polyps with fat among the perineurial stroma (three cases); (2) submucosal lipomas with adipose tissue extending into the overlying mucosa (two cases) and (3) polyps with intramucosal adipose tissue only, that is, the newly described but less-recognised entity known as intramucosal lipoma (two cases). The two remaining polyps of this series did not include submucosa but, from assessing their muscularis mucosae, were favoured to represent intramucosal lipomas. The first two phenomena are formally described for the first time by this case series. The last of these three diagnoses should prompt investigations for Cowden syndrome, but intramucosal lipomas are more often sporadic/non-syndromic.
Bilateral volume reduction in posterior hippocampus in psychosis of epilepsy
Authors: Allebone James , Kanaan Richard , Maller Jerome , O'Brien Terry , Mullen Saul Alator , Cook Mark , Adams Sophia J , Vogrin Simon , Vaughan David N , Connelly Alan , Kwan Patrick , Berkovic S F , D'Souza Wendyl J , Jackson Graeme , Velakoulis Dennis , Wilson Sarah J
Published: May 2019

Objective

Psychosis of epilepsy (POE) occurs more frequently in temporal lobe epilepsy, raising the question as to whether abnormalities of the hippocampus are aetiologically important. Despite decades of investigation, it is unclear whether hippocampal volume is reduced in POE, perhaps due to small sample sizes and methodological limitations of past research.

Methods

In this study, we examined the volume of the total hippocampus, and the hippocampal head, body and tail, in a large cohort of patients with POE and patients with epilepsy without psychosis (EC). One hundred adults participated: 50 with POE and 50 EC. Total and subregional hippocampal volumes were manually traced and compared between (1) POE and EC; (2) POE with temporal lobe epilepsy, extratemporal lobe epilepsy and generalised epilepsy; and (3) patients with POE with postictal psychosis (PIP) and interictal psychosis (IP).

Results

Compared with EC the POE group had smaller total left hippocampus volume (13.5% decrease, p<0.001), and smaller left hippocampal body (13.3% decrease, p=0.002), and left (41.5% decrease, p<0.001) and right (36.4% decrease, p<0.001) hippocampal tail volumes. Hippocampal head volumes did not differ between groups.

Conclusion

Posterior hippocampal volumes are bilaterally reduced in POE. Volume loss was observed on a posteroanterior gradient, with severe decreases in the tail and moderate volume decreases in the body, with no difference in the hippocampal head. Posterior hippocampal atrophy is evident to a similar degree in PIP and IP. Our findings converge with those reported for the paradigmatic psychotic disorder, schizophrenia, and suggest that posterior hippocampal atrophy may serve as a biomarker of the risk for psychosis, including in patients with epilepsy.
Experience from the selection and nutritional preparation for Expedition ICE MAIDEN: the first successful all-female unassisted Antarctic traverse
Authors: Taylor Natalie , Gifford R M , Cobb R , Wardle S L , Jones S , Blackadder-Weinstein J , Hattersley J , Wilson A , Imray C , Greeves J P , Reynolds R , Woods D R
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Expedition ICE MAIDEN (Ex IM) was the first all-female unsupported crossing of Antarctica. We describe the prerequisite selection and training, comparing those who formed the final team with other participants, and discuss how the expedition diet was established.

Methods

All women serving in the British Army were invited to participate. Following initial assessments, successful women completed three training/selection ski expeditions. Between expeditions 1 and 2, participants completed 6 months rigorous UK-based training. Weight was measured before and after the 6 months UK-based training, expeditions 2 and 3, and body composition by skinfold before and after expedition 2. Participant feedback, body composition and weight changes were applied to modify the expedition diet and provide weight gain targets prior to Ex IM.

Results

Following 250 applications, 50 women were assessed and 22, 12 and seven women attended training expeditions 1, 2 and 3, respectively. The final team of six women lost more weight than other participants during UK-based training (mean (SD) change −1.3 (1.5) kg vs −0.5 (1.6) kg, respectively, p=0.046) and during training expedition 2 (−2.8 (0.8) kg vs −1.7 (0.4) kg, respectively, p=0.048), when they also gained more lean mass (+2.1 (0.8) kg vs +0.4 (0.7) kg, respectively, p=0.004). The Ex IM diet provided 5000 kCal/day, comprising approximately 45% carbohydrate, 45% fat and 10% protein. Median (range) weight change between expedition 3 and Ex IM was +8.7 (−1.9 to +14.3) kg.

Conclusions

The selected Ex IM team demonstrated favourable training-associated body composition changes. Training-associated weight loss informed the expeditionary diet design.
Label-free proteomic analysis reveals large dynamic changes to the cellular proteome upon expression of the miRNA-23a-27a-24-2 microRNA cluster
Authors: Piragasam Ramanaguru S. , Hussain S. Faraz , Chaulk Steven G. , Siddiqi Zaeem A. , Fahlman Richard P.
Published: May 2019

In deciphering the regulatory networks of gene expression controlled by the small non-coding RNAs known as microRNAs (miRNAs), a major challenge has been with the identification of the true mRNA targets by these RNAs within the context of the enormous numbers of predicted targets for each of these small RNAs. To facilitate the system-wide identification of miRNA targets, a variety of system wide methods, such as proteomics, have been implemented. Here we describe the utilization of quantitative label-free proteomics and bioinformatics to identify the most significant changes to the proteome upon expression of the miR-23a-27a-24-2 miRNA cluster. In light of recent work leading to the hypothesis that only the most pronounced regulatory events by miRNAs may be physiologically relevant, our data reveal that label-free analysis circumvents the limitations of proteomic labeling techniques that limit the maximum differences that can be quantified. The result of our analysis identifies a series of novel candidate targets that are reduced in abundance by more than an order of magnitude upon the expression of the miR-23a-27a-24-2 cluster.
Effects of dietary vitamin E on the growth performance, antioxidative status, and some immunological blood parameters in growing mink (Mustela vison) fed dry feed
Authors: Zhang Ting , Sun Weili , Yang Yahan , Zhong Wei , Bao Kun , Zhang Tietao , Guo Xiaolan , Li Guangyu
Published: May 2019

Ninety standard dark male minks (8 wk of age) were used to investigate the effects of vitamin E (VE) supplementation on growth performance, antioxidative status, and some immunological blood parameters. The dietary treatments included a basal diet (containing 20.86 mg kg−1VE) supplemented with 0 (control), 50, 100, 200, 400, or 800 mg kg−1VE. The results showed that VE supplementation of 200–400 mg kg−1increased (P < 0.05) the body weight, average daily feed intake, average daily gain, and gain to feed ratio of the mink from days 1 to 30. At days 30 and 60, the minks fed diets supplemented with 400 mg kg−1VE had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of serum superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase than either the control or the VE50 groups but had activity levels similar to those of the VE200 and VE800 groups. Feeding a high dose of VE (400–800 mg kg−1diet) resulted in a significant increase in the concentrations of α-tocopherol and a reduction in the reactive oxygen species content in the serum. Vitamin E supplementation of 200–400 mg kg−1increased (P < 0.05) the concentrations of immunoglobulin G, interleukin-2, and soluble CD4/soluble CD8and decreased (P < 0.05) the content of soluble CD8in the serum. Overall, the suitable level of VE supplementation was found to be 200–400 mg kg−1diet for growing mink.
Performance-based regulations for safety management systems in the Canadian railway industry: an analytical discussion
Authors: Lefsrud Lianne , Macciotta Renato , Nkoro Anne
Published: May 2019

The Canadian Railway Safety Act regulations require that railways implement safety management systems (SMS). The intent of this requirement was to promote companies’ safety culture, better management of safety risks, and demonstration of compliance with rules and engineering standards in day-to-day operations, while also reflecting on their processes and becoming more innovative. Yet, the railway disaster at Lac Mégantic in 2013 — which claimed 47 lives — demonstrated that SMS have been applied unevenly by railroads. A Canadian Pacific railroad derailment on 3 February 2019 with strikingly similar circumstances — which claimed 3 lives — demonstrates that these safety issues persist. In this article, we discuss and propose the adaptation of enhanced SMS implementation, within clearer performance-based regulation and risk management methods. We draw from other jurisdictions and research to demonstrate how this would encourage continuous improvement and innovation by railway operators and in concert with partners and relevant stakeholders.
The cost of anadromy: marine and freshwater mortality rates in anadromous Arctic char and brown trout in the Arctic region of Norway
Authors: Jensen Arne Johan , Finstad Bengt , Fiske Peder
Published: May 2019

It is hypothesized that in diadromous fish, migrations may occur because of differences in the availability of food in marine and freshwater habitats. The benefits of migration to sea may be increased growth opportunities and reproductive output, while the costs may be increased mortality and increased energy use. Here we examine mortality rates of anadromous Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and brown trout (Salmo trutta) in fresh water and at sea over a 25-year period to test these hypotheses. Daily mortality rates were 5–15 times higher at sea than in fresh water, with highest rates for first-time migrants, inferring a clear trade-off between increased mass gain and mortality risk during the sea migration. Descending smolts were caught in a trap at the outlet of the river, individually tagged, and thereafter recorded each time they passed through the trap on their annual migration between the river and the sea. Brown trout females seemed to benefit to a higher degree from migrating to sea than did female Arctic char, probably because of the higher growth rate at sea, and hence higher reproductive output.
On the structures of hive algebras and tensor product algebras for general linear groups of low rank
Authors: Kim Donggyun , Kim Sangjib , Park Euisung
Published: May 2019

The tensor product algebra [Formula: see text] for the complex general linear group [Formula: see text], introduced by Howe et al., describes the decomposition of tensor products of irreducible polynomial representations of [Formula: see text]. Using the hive model for the Littlewood–Richardson (LR) coefficients, we provide a finite presentation of the algebra [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text] in terms of generators and relations, thereby giving a description of highest weight vectors of irreducible representations in the tensor products. We also compute the generating function of certain sums of LR coefficients.
On a coupled system of a Ginzburg–Landau equation with a quasilinear conservation law
Authors: Dias João-Paulo , Oliveira Filipe , Tavares Hugo
Published: May 2019

We study a coupled system of a complex Ginzburg–Landau equation with a quasilinear conservation law [Formula: see text] which can describe the interaction between a laser beam and a fluid flow (see [I.-S. Aranson and L. Kramer, The world of the complex Ginzburg–Landau equation, Rev. Mod. Phys. 74 (2002) 99–143]). We prove the existence of a local in time strong solution for the associated Cauchy problem and, for a certain class of flux functions, the existence of global weak solutions. Furthermore, we prove the existence of standing wave solutions of the form [Formula: see text] in several cases.
Energy Harvesting Performance of a Wing Panel for Aeroelastic Vibration
Authors: Shan Xiaobiao , Tian Haigang , Xie Tao
Published: May 2019

This paper focuses on the aeroelastic vibration energy harvesting performance of a wing panel. A nonlinear mathematical model of fluid-structure-electric coupling field was established based on the aeroelastic vibration equation and piezoelectric equation. Numerical analysis was performed to explore the influences of the airflow velocity and the piezoelectric material structural parameters on both the dynamic response and the energy harvesting performance. A small experimental wind tunnel and several prototypes of energy harvesters of the wing panel were designed and fabricated. The experimental results show that the vibration amplitude and output power of the wing panel increase with the airflow velocity; the average output power first increases until it attains the maximum values, and then decreases with the increase of the dimensionless length ([Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] and the thickness of the piezoelectric patch. It shows that the theoretical and experimental results are in good agreement. The experimental optimal output power is 3[Formula: see text]mW at the airflow velocity of 12[Formula: see text]m/s, and the piezoelectric patch length, width and thickness of 40, 20 and 0.2[Formula: see text]mm, respectively. This work provides an effective theoretical and experimental basis for studying energy harvesting and vibration control of airfoil aircrafts.
Multi-Response Optimization of Process Parameters for Grinding Aided Electrical Discharge Machining of Metal Matrix Composite
Authors: Yadav Ravindra Nath , Yadava Vinod
Published: May 2019

Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a thermal energy based non-traditional shaping process for shaping of hard and brittle electrically conductive materials, but it suffers with low machinability and recast layer formations. The combination of grinding with EDM means enhancement in machining capability, but the process becomes highly complex. Therefore, the assortment of control factors for optimum results is greatly challenging for the industries. The objective of present study is to optimize the control factors such as current, pulse on-time, pulse off-time, wheel RPM and abrasive grit number (GN) to optimize the material removal rate (MRR) and average surface roughness (Ra) for Grinding Aided-EDM process. For this purpose, the simultaneous application of soft computing methods such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) has been employed. The results demonstrate that combination of ANN with GA effectively predicts the data and provides optimal results with adequate percentage errors in MRR and Ra positively.
How protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase inhibitors and transgenesis contribute to elucidate plant tetrapyrrole pathway
Authors: Ambrosini Veronica , Issawi Mohammad , Leroy-Lhez Stéphanie , Riou Catherine
Published: May 2019

Several families of herbicides, especially diphenyl ether (DPE) and pyrimidinedione, target the plant tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathways and in particular one key enzyme, protoporphyrinogen IX oxidase (PPO). When plants are treated with DPE or pyrimidinedione, an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX, the first photosensitizer of this pathway, is observed in cytosol where it becomes very deleterious under light. Indeed these herbicides trigger plant death in two distinct ways: (i) inhibition of chlorophylls and heme syntheses and (ii) a huge accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in cytosol. Recently, a strategy based on plant transgenesis that induces deregulation of the tetrapyrrole pathway by up- or down-regulation of genes encoding enzymes, such as glutamyl-[Formula: see text]RNA reductase, porphobilinogen deaminase and PPO, has been developed. Against all expectations, only transgenic crops overexpressing PPO showed resistance to DPE and pyrimidinedione. This herbicide resistance of transgenic crops leads to the hypothesis that the overall consumption of herbicides will be reduced as previously reported for glyphosate-resistant transgenic crops. In this review, after a rapid presentation of plant tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, we show how only PPO enzyme can be the target of DPE and how transgenic crops can be further resistant not only to herbicide but also to abiotic stress such as drought or chilling. Keeping in mind that this approach is mostly prohibited in Europe, we attempt to discuss it to interest the scientific community, from plant physiologists to chemists, who work on the interface of photosensitizer optimization and agriculture.
Photoproperties, PVP formulation and 19F NMR of a Zn phthalocyanine with 24 magnetically pseudo-equivalent fluorine atoms
Authors: Küçük Tuğba , Alpugan Serkan , Davarcı Derya , Pehlivan Eda Gazel , Bayır Sümeyra , Tazebay Uygar Halis , Dumoulin Fabienne
Published: May 2019

In an attempt to investigate its potential as a PDT [Formula: see text]F MRI molecular theranostic, a Zn phthalocyanine with 24 pseudo-equivalent fluorine atoms was designed and prepared. Compared to its H analogues, the fluorinated derivative has a much higher generation of singlet oxygen. [Formula: see text]F NMR signals in CDCl3 showed that all the fluorine atoms are magnetically pseudo-equivalent with only two close fluorine signals. Formulation in PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), a FDA-approved additive, enabled water-solubilization of the phthalocyanines but no satisfying [Formula: see text]F NMR signal could be obtained, probably due to self-quenching caused by aggregation.
Fluorescence life-time imaging microscopy (FLIM) monitors tumor cell death triggered by photothermal therapy with MoS2 nanosheets
Authors: Liang Hongda , Peng Zheng , Peng Xiao , Yuan Yufeng , Ma Teng , Song Yiwan , Song Jun , Qu Junle
Published: May 2019

Recently, photothermal therapy (PTT) has been proved to have great potential in tumor therapy. In the last several years, MoS2, as one novel member of nanomaterials, has been applied into PTT due to its excellent photothermal conversion efficacy. In this work, we applied fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) techniques into monitoring the PPT-triggered cell death under MoS2 nanosheet treatment. Two types of MoS2 nanosheets (single layer nanosheets and few layer nanosheets) were obtained, both of which exhibited presentable photothermal conversion efficacy, leading to high cell death rates of 4T1 cells (mouse breast cancer cells) under PTT. Next, live cell images of 4T1 cells were obtained via directly labeling the mitochondria with Rodamine123, which were then continuously observed with FLIM technique. FLIM data showed that the fluorescence lifetimes of mitochondria targeting dye in cells treated with each type of MoS2 nanosheets significantly increased during PTT treatment. By contrast, the fluorescence lifetime of the same dye in control cells (without nanomaterials) remained constant after laser irradiation. These findings suggest that FLIM can be of great value in monitoring cell death process during PTT of cancer cells, which could provide dynamic data of the cellular microenvironment at single cell level in multiple biomedical applications.
THE ECONOMIC, ENERGY, AND EMISSIONS IMPACTS OF CLIMATE POLICY IN SOUTH KOREA
Authors: WINCHESTER NIVEN , REILLY JOHN M.
Published: May 2019

Using an economy-wide model, we evaluate the impact of policies to meet South Korea’s Paris pledge to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 37% relative those under business as usual (BAU) in 2030. Simulated BAU emissions in 2030 are 840.8 million metric tons (Mt) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e), indicating that economy-wide emissions should be constrained to 529.7 MtCO2e. Under South Korea’s Emissions Trading System (KETS) and fuel economy standards, a 2030 carbon price of $88/tCO2e is needed to meet this goal. Without considering benefits from avoided climate damages, these policies reduce 2030 GDP by $21.5 billion (1.0%) and consumer welfare by 8.1 billion (0.7%). Declines in sectoral production are largest for fossil-based energy sectors and chemical, rubber and plastic products, and iron and steel sectors.
Application of Multi-Input Hamacher-ANFIS Ensemble Model on Stock Price Forecast
Authors: Zhang Fengyi , Liao Zhigao , Hu Hongping
Published: May 2019

The stock market is a complex, evolving, and nonlinear dynamic system. Forecasting stock prices has been regarded as one of the most challenging applications of modern time series forecasting. This paper proposes a novel multi-input Hamacher-ANFIS (adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system based on Hamacher operator) ensemble model to forecast stock prices in China’s stock market and achieve good prediction performance. We selected five stocks with the largest total market capitalization from the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges, measured their historical volatility over the same time period, and weighed the performance of each stock forecasting model based on the above volatility. Then, the experiment was repeated 100 times for each data set, and we calculated the comprehensive [Formula: see text] of the testing set according to the weight that we obtained earlier. The statistical test of the experimental results shows that: (1) In terms of comprehensive [Formula: see text] of the stock price, the multi-input Hamacher-ANFIS model is superior to other conventional models; (2) when compared with the nonensemble forecasting strategy, the ensemble strategy of the Hamacher-ANFIS model has significant advantages.
Augmented, Virtual, and Mixed: How the realities are impacting our L&D reality
Authors: Rollins Ann , Pizer Tom
Published: May 2019

The realities of learning are upon us. As learning practitioners, it is tough to keep on top of the emerging technology landscape. In this article, we define augmented, virtual, and mixed reality and provide use cases and context as to how each fits in the learning landscape based on our experience. We also share design considerations and a starting guide for practitioners as they begin to bring the realities into their learning ecosystems.
Deposition of Gold Nanoparticles via Galvanic Replacement in DMSO and Their Influence on Formation of Silicon Nanostructures
Authors: Shepida Mariana , Kuntyi Orest , Nichkalo Stepan , Zozulya Galyna , Korniy Sergiy
Published: May 2019

The process of gold nanoparticle (AuNP) precipitation on the silicon (Si) surface by galvanic replacement (GR) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution depending on the concentration of H[AuCl4], temperature, and duration was investigated. It is established that with an increase in the concentration of [AuCl4]− ions (from 2 to 8 mM H[AuCl4]), both the size of AuNPs and their surface coverage density are increased. It is demonstrated that an increase in temperature causes the size of AuNPs to increase from 40 to 80 nm at 40°C to 80–120 and 120–160 nm at 50 and 60°C, respectively. As the duration of the GR process increases, there is a tendency of the particle size growth. Under the studied deposition conditions, the organic aprotic solvent medium contributes to the formation of spherical AuNPs with 2D substrate filling. It is established that the AuNPs deposited on the silicon surface catalyze the process of metal-assisted chemical etching (MacEtch), which makes it possible to obtain Si nanostructures in the form of nanowire arrays.
Improved T‐S Fuzzy Control for Uncertain Time‐Delay Coronary Artery System
Authors: Zhu Zhenyu , Zhao Zhanshan , Cui Haoliang , Shi Fengdong
Published: May 2019

This paper is based on the Takagi‐Sugeno (T‐S) fuzzy models to construct a coronary artery system (CAS) T‐S fuzzy controller and considers the uncertainties of system state parameters in CAS. We propose the fuzzy model of CAS with uncertainties. By using T‐S fuzzy model of CAS and the use of parallel distributed compensation (PDC) concept, the same fuzzy set is assigned to T‐S fuzzy controller. Based on this, a PDC controller whose fuzzy rules correspond to the fuzzy model is designed. By constructing a suitable Lyapunov‐Krasovskii function (LKF), the stability conditions of the linear matrix inequality (LMI) are exported. Simulation results show that the method proposed in this paper is correct and effective and has certain practical significance.
[Retracted] Examining Dent Formation Caused by Hailstone Impact
Authors: Uz Mehmet E.
Published: May 2019

Hailstorms pose significant risk for exposed building cladding materials. Steel sheeting is the most important cladding material used. The understanding of steel sheets behavior under hail impact loading is not sufficient for the manufacturing of hail‐resistant sheets. With the purpose‐built equipment, artificial hailstones of different sizes were launched to impact at steel sheets of different thicknesses and yield stresses as targets. A theoretical approach for the problem of predicting the dent size due to hailstone impact was developed and compared to the test results. The expressions developed in the theory can predict the dent depth before the impact, assuming the ratio between the dent depth and dent diameter is constant. The expression is not able to predict the depth of dents smaller than 0.75 mm and cannot predict whether the denting will occur or not. All hailstone sizes lead to visible dent on steel sheet of thicknesses 0.35 mm, 0.42 mm, and 0.55 mm. Visible denting was also obtained for the 0.75 mm steel samples with 45 mm and 55 mm hailstones; however, no denting occurred using 40 mm hailstones. It was found that the dent depth was inversely proportional with thickness and yield stress, while the dent diameter was found to be proportional to yield stress. As the yield stress of the steel sheet increased, the dent depth decreased for G300 and G550 steel. The dent diameter however increased as the yield stress increased. When the artificial hailstone shatters on impact, significant energy is lost and less energy is available to cause plastic deformation of the impacted material.
Improved Wound Healing of Airway Epithelial Cells Is Mediated by Cold Atmospheric Plasma: A Time Course-Related Proteome Analysis
Authors: Scharf Christian , Eymann Christine , Emicke Philipp , Bernhardt Jörg , Wilhelm Martin , Görries Fabian , Winter Jörn , von Woedtke Thomas , Darm Katrin , Daeschlein Georg , Steil Leif , Hosemann Werner , Beule Achim
Published: May 2019

The promising potential of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) treatment as a new therapeutic option in the field of medicine, particularly in Otorhinolaryngology and Respiratory medicine, demands primarily the assessment of potential risks and the prevention of any direct and future cell damages. Consequently, the application of a special intensity of CAP that is well tolerated by cells and tissues is of particular interest. Although improvement of wound healing by CAP treatment has been described, the underlying mechanisms and the molecular influences on human tissues are so far only partially characterized. In this study, human S9 bronchial epithelial cells were treated with cold plasma of atmospheric pressure plasma jet that was previously proven to accelerate the wound healing in a clinically relevant extent. We studied the detailed cellular adaptation reactions for a specified plasma intensity by time-resolved comparative proteome analyses of plasma treated vs. nontreated cells to elucidate the mechanisms of the observed improved wound healing and to define potential biomarkers and networks for the evaluation of plasma effects on human epithelial cells. K-means cluster analysis and time-related analysis of fold-change factors indicated concordantly clear differences between the short-term (up to 1 h) and long-term (24-72 h) adaptation reactions. Thus, the induction of Nrf2-mediated oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress response, PPAR-alpha/RXR activation as well as production of peroxisomes, and prevention of apoptosis already during the first hour after CAP treatment are important cell strategies to overcome oxidative stress and to protect and maintain cell integrity and especially microtubule dynamics. After resolving of stress, when stress adaptation was accomplished, the cells seem to start again with proliferation and cellular assembly and organization. The observed strategies and identification of marker proteins might explain the accelerated wound healing induced by CAP, and these indicators might be subsequently used for risk assessment and quality management of application of nonthermal plasma sources in clinical settings.