bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative phylotranscriptomics reveals a 110 million years-old symbiotic program
Authors: Libourel Cyril , Keller Jean , Brichet Lukas , Cazalé Anne-Claire , Carrère Sébastien , Vernié Tatiana , Couzigou Jean-Malo , Callot Caroline , Dufau Isabelle , Cauet Stéphane , Marande William , Bulach Tabatha , Suin Amandine , Masson-Boivin Catherine , Remigi Philippe , Delaux Pierre-Marc , Capela Delphine
Published: September 2022

Symbiotic interactions have structured past and present ecosystems and shaped the evolution of life. As any trait, the symbiotic state observed in extant species builds on ancestral and conserved features, and lineage-specific innovations. From these mixed origins, defining the ancestral state of symbiotic associations is challenging although it is instrumental for understanding how symbiotic abilities emerge from non-symbiotic states. Here we aimed at reconstructing the intermediate steps leading to the root-nodule nitrogen-fixing symbiosis (RNS) observed in some extant flowering plants. For this, we compared the transcriptomic responses of nine host plants in response to symbiotic bacteria. We included the mimosoid legume Mimosa pudica for which we assembled a chromosome-level genome and generated the transcriptomic response to experimentally evolved bacterial symbionts. With this dataset, we reconstructed the ancestral RNS transcriptome, composed of most already described symbiotic genes together with hundreds of novel candidates. We found that the response to the chemical signals produced by the symbiont, nodule organogenesis and nitrogen-fixation are predominantly linked to ancestral responses, although these traits have diversified in the different nitrogen-fixing lineages. We detected a clear signature of recent and convergent evolution for the ability to release intracellular symbiosomes in two legume lineages, exemplified by the expression of different classes of small proteins in each group, potentially leading to the convergent gain of symbiotic evolutionary stability. Our findings demonstrate that most of the novelties for RNS were mostly in place in the most recent common ancestor of the RNS-forming species that lived on Earth 110 million years ago.

Graphical abstract

A little graphical/nice phylogeny with nodes of interest

Highlights

We sequenced a high-quality genome of the Mimosoideae Mimosa pudica

The nitrogen-fixing root-nodule symbiosis relies on an ancestral transcriptomic response

All symbiotic traits involve genes of the ancestral symbiotic program

Symbiont perception, nodule organogenesis and nitrogen-fixation are essentially ancestral processes

Convergent evolution of intracellular accommodation of symbionts additionally involves lineage-specific genes
White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) may serve as a wildlife reservoir for nearly extinct SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern
Authors: Caserta Leonardo C. , Martins Mathias , Butt Salman L. , Hollingshead Nicholas A. , Covaleda Lina M. , Ahmed Sohel , Everts Mia , Schuler Krysten L. , Diel Diego G.
Published: September 2022

The spillover of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from humans into white-tailed deer (WTD) and its ability to transmit from deer-to-deer raised concerns about the role of WTD in the epidemiology and ecology of the virus. In the present study, we conducted a comprehensive investigation to assess the prevalence, genetic diversity, and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in WTD in the State of New York (NY). A total of 5,462 retropharyngeal lymph node (RPLN) samples collected from free-ranging hunter-harvested WTD during the hunting seasons of 2020 (Season 1, September-December 2020, n=2,700) and 2021 (Season 2, September-December 2021, n=2,762) were tested by SARS-CoV-2 real-time RT-PCR. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 17 samples (0.6%) from Season 1 and in 583 (21.1%) samples from Season 2. Hotspots of infection were identified in multiple confined geographic areas of NY. Sequence analysis of SARS-CoV-2 genomes from 164 samples demonstrated the presence multipls SARS-CoV-2 lineages as well as the co-circulation of three major variants of concern (VOCs) (Alpha, Gamma, and Delta) in WTD. Our analysis suggests the occurrence of multiple spillover events (human-to-deer) of the Alpha and Delta lineages with subsequent deer-to-deer transmission of the viruses. Detection of Alpha and Gamma variants in WTD long after their broad circulation in humans in NY suggests that WTD may serve as a wildlife reservoir for VOCs no longer circulating in humans. Thus, implementation of continuous surveillance programs to monitor SARS-CoV-2 dynamics in WTD are warranted, and measures to minimize virus transmission between humans and animals are urgently needed.

SIGNIFICANCE

White-tailed deer (WTD) are highly susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and are known to efficiently transmit the virus to other susceptible animals. Evidence of natural exposure or infection of wild WTD in North America raised significant concerns about their role on the ecology of the virus and its impact on the control of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This comprehensive study demonstrates widespread infection of SARS-CoV-2 in the WTD populations across the State of New York. Additionally, we showed co-circulation of three major SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) in this wildlife population, long after their broad circulation in humans. These findings indicate that WTD – the most abundant large mammal in North America – may serve as a reservoir for variant SARS-CoV-2 strains that no longer circulate in the human population.
The epigenetic role of proteasome subunit RPT6 during memory formation in female rats
Authors: Farrell Kayla , Auerbach Aubrey , Musaus Madeline , Jarome Timothy J.
Published: September 2022

Reports of sex differences in the neurobiology of memory formation are becoming more prevalent. Despite this, much remains unknown about the role of sex in this process. We previously reported the first evidence of a novel epigenetic role for proteasome subunit RPT6 during memory formation in the hippocampus of male rodents whereby it associated with monoubiquitinated histone H2B (H2Bubi). Here, we used molecular, biochemical, and behavioral approaches to investigate whether RPT6 has a similar epigenetic role during memory formation in female rats. Following contextual fear conditioning, we found that RPT6 levels and DNA binding at regions coding for c-fos, the previously identified target of RPT6 in males, were unchanged in the hippocampus of females and that loss of RPT6 did not alter learning-induced increases in c-fos. However, RPT6 was in complex with H2Bubi in the female hippocampus and this association increased with fear conditioning, suggesting that it could still retain an epigenetic function. Consistent with this, hippocampal siRNA-mediated knockdown of the RPT6-coding gene, Psmc5, impaired memory in females. These results suggest that while RPT6 does associate with epigenetic H2Bubi during memory formation in both males and females, it has sex-specific gene targets during the memory consolidation process.
Sex differences in cognition following variations in endocrine status
Authors: Bowman Rachel , Frankfurt Maya , Luine Victoria
Published: September 2022

Spatial memory, mediated primarily by the hippocampus, is responsible for orientation in space and retrieval of information regarding location of objects and places in an animal's environment. Since the hippocampus is dense with steroid hormone receptors and is capable of robust neuroplasticity, it is not surprising that changes in spatial memory performance occur following a variety of endocrine alterations. Here, we review cognitive changes in both spatial and nonspatial memory tasks following manipulations of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and gonadal axes and after exposure to endocrine disruptors in rodents. Chronic stress impairs male performance on numerous behavioral cognitive tasks and enhances or does not impact female cognitive function. Sex-dependent changes in cognition following stress are influenced by both organizational and activational effects of estrogen and vary depending on the developmental age of the stress exposure, but responses to gonadal hormones in adulthood are more similar than different in the sexes. Also discussed are possible underlying neural mechanisms for these steroid hormone-dependent, cognitive effects. Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor, given at low levels during adolescent development, impairs spatial memory in adolescent male and female rats and object recognition memory in adulthood. BPA's negative effects on memory may be mediated through alterations in dendritic spine density in areas that mediate these cognitive tasks. In summary, this review discusses the evidence that endocrine status of an animal (presence or absence of stress hormones, gonadal hormones, or endocrine disruptors) impacts cognitive function and, at times, in a sex-specific manner.
Heterocyclic 1,3-diazepine-based thiones and selones as versatile halogen-bond acceptors
Authors: Ragusa Arianna C. , Peloquin Andrew J. , Shahani Marjan M. , Dowling Keri N. , Golen James A. , McMillen Colin D. , Rabinovich Daniel , Pennington William T.
Published: September 2022

Utilizing the N-heterocyclic chalcogenones hexahydro-1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2H-1,3-diazepine-2-thione (SDiazMesS) and hexahydro-1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-2H-1,3-diazepine-2-selone (SDiazMesSe) as halogen-bond acceptors, a total of 24 new cocrystals were prepared. The solid-state structures of the parent molecules were also determined, along with those of their acetonitrile solvates. Through the reaction of the chalcogen atom with molecular diiodine, a variety of S—I—I and Se—I—I fragments were formed, spanning a wide range of I—I bond orders. With acetone as a reaction solvent, molecular diiodine causes the oxidative addition of acetone to the chalcogen atom, resulting in new C—S, C—Se and C—C covalent bonds under mild conditions. The common halogen-bond donors, iodopentafluorobenzene, 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene, 1,3,5-trifluorotriiodobenzene and tetraiodoethylene resulted in halogen-bond-driven cocrystal formation. In most cases, the analogous SDiazMesS and SDiazMesSe cocrystals are isomorphic.
The influence of consumer ethnocentrism on purchase of domestic fruits and vegetables: application of the extended theory of planned behaviour
Authors: Miguel Luis , Marques Susana , Duarte Ana Patricia
Published: September 2022

Purpose

With the crescent globalisation together with economic and food crisis, consumers are increasingly confronted with food products from different origins and appeals to consume “national”. If many food products can be related to a specific region or country, many are sold as commodities with Portuguese origin indication. One factor influencing the purchase behaviour of domestic food products is the consumer ethnocentrism (CE) characteristic. The aim of this paper is to study consumers' purchase behaviour intention towards “produce in Portugal” fruits and vegetables applying a CE extended model of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB).

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire was presented to random sample of 700 individuals older than 18 and responsible for the household food purchase by computer-assisted telephone interview (CAT) system. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was conducted to examine direct and indirect effects of attitude (ATT), subjective norms (SuBNs), perceived behavioural controls (PBCNTRLs), intention and self-congruity on domestic fresh fruits and vegetables purchases.

Findings

Findings suggest that TPB model is applicable in determining the consumers' intention to buy domestic fruits and vegetables in Portugal. CE has been shown to successfully influence purchase intention.

Research limitations/implications

This study provides the food industry and retail with informative basis about which mechanisms underlie the consumers' intention to buy domestic food. Also, this study provides useful insight into how different food categories and label affect the consumers' intentions, which can serve for communication strategies in order to increase purchase of domestic products as fruits and vegetables. New food categories should be studied.

Originality/value

This study gives a new approach on Portuguese consumer ethnocentric tendencies and opens a discussion on consumer purchase intention on Portuguese low value food products. This gives a first insight on Portuguese consumer ethnocentric behaviour.
Comfort and performance improvement through the use of cooling vests for construction workers
Authors: Roelofsen Paul , Jansen Kaspar
Published: September 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to analyze the question “In what order of magnitude does the comfort and performance improvement lie with the use of a cooling vest for construction workers?”.

Design/methodology/approach

The use of personal cooling systems, in the form of cooling vests, is not only intended to reduce the heat load, in order to prevent disruption of the thermoregulation system of the body, but also to improve work performance. A calculation study was carried out on the basis of four validated mathematical models, namely a cooling vest model, a thermophysiological human model, a dynamic thermal sensation model and a performance loss model for construction workers.

Findings

The use of a cooling vest has a significant beneficial effect on the thermal sensation and the loss of performance, depending on the thermal load on the body.

Research limitations/implications

Each cooling vest can be characterized on the basis of the maximum cooling power (Pmax; in W/m²), the cooling capacity (Auc; in Wh/m2) and the time (tc; in minutes) after which the cooling power is negligible. In order to objectively compare cooling vests, a (preferably International and/or European) standard/guideline must be compiled to determine the cooling power and the cooling capacity of cooling vests.

Practical implications

It is recommended to implement the use of cooling vests in the construction process so that employees can use them if necessary or desired.

Social implications

Climate change, resulting in global warming, is one of the biggest problems of present times. Rising outdoor temperatures will continue in the 21st century, with a greater frequency and duration of heat waves. Some regions of the world are more affected than others. Europe is one of the regions of the world where rising global temperatures will adversely affect public health, especially that of the labor force, resulting in a decline in labor productivity. It will be clear that in many situations air conditioning is not an option because it does not provide sufficient cooling or it is a very expensive investment; for example, in the situation of construction work. In such a situation, personal cooling systems, such as cooling vests, can be an efficient and financially attractive solution to the problem of discomfort and heat stress.

Originality/value

The value of the study lies in the link between four validated mathematical models, namely a cooling vest model, a thermophysiological human model, a dynamic thermal sensation model and a performance loss model for construction workers.
Sustainability reporting of major electricity retailers in line with GRI: Australia evidence
Authors: Mamun Mehadi
Published: September 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to comprehensively analyse the sustainability reporting practices of Australian electricity retailers in comparison with global sustainability reporting indicators outlined in the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) framework.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the GRI G4 sector-specific guidelines, the paper investigated Australian electricity retailers’ reporting in three broad areas of sustainability, namely, economic, environmental and social. The 2018/2019 annual reports along with websites, corporate social responsibility reports and standalone sustainability reports of the major electricity retailers listed on the Australian Energy Regulator were analysed and coded using a content-based technique.

Findings

The findings inform that electricity retailers’ disclosures are substantially varied between and within the three categories of sustainability reporting, and the majority of the retailers have failed to address over two-third of the GRI indicators. This study also shows that positive information is the dominant form of the disclosures, and reporting with declarative information without providing any quantifiable data is a common practice of the retailers who fail to address an indicator that requires information in numerical terms.

Originality/value

Electric utilities provide essential services to society and have a significant influence on sustainable development. This study contributes to the social disclosure literature, in particular in a developed countries energy sector context, and captures insights about the sustainability reporting and accountability behaviour of the major electricity retailers operating in Australia.
The mediating effect of family business self-efficacy on parental support and succession intention relationship
Authors: Suhartanto Eko
Published: September 2022

Purpose

Drawing on the social cognitive theory, this research examines the relationship of perceived parental support factors and the next-generation succession intention in the family business regarding the mediating effect of family business self-efficacy factors.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses the structural equation modelling method to analyse 16,521 cases from the global university entrepreneurial students' spirit survey (GUESSS) 2018 project.

Findings

This study provides evidence that parental support can influence the family business self-efficacy of the next-generation members, leading to succession intention of the family business. However, having high self-efficacy towards non-family members does not necessarily increase next-generation members' intention to engage in family business succession.

Research limitations/implications

This research lacks information about the next-generation's perception of parental psychological control, which is needed to examine the model of next-generation engagement more comprehensively in the family business.

Originality/value

Attempting to complement the family business literature, this study provides evidence about the determinants of next-generation members' succession intention and extends prior discussions on family business self-efficacy.
“Social media technologies: a waste of time or a good way to learn and improve technological competences?”
Authors: Lardón-López María Esmeralda , Martín-Rojas Rodrigo , García-Morales Víctor Jesús
Published: September 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to deepen understanding of the effects of using social media technologies to acquire technological knowledge and organizational learning competences, of technological knowledge competences on organizational learning and finally of organizational learning on organizational performance.

Design/methodology/approach

The study was performed by analyzing data from a sample of 197 technology firms located in Spain. The hypotheses were tested using a structural equations model with the program LISREL 8.80.

Findings

This study’s conceptual framework is grounded in complexity theory – along with dynamic capabilities theory, which complements the resource-based view. The study contributes to the literature by proposing a model that reflects empirically how business ecosystems that use social media technologies enable the development of interorganizational and social collaboration networks that encourage learning and development of technological knowledge competences.

Research limitations/implications

It would be interesting for future studies to consider other elements to conceptualize and measure social media technologies, including (among others) significance of the various tools used and strategic integration. The model might also analyze other sectors and another combination of variables.

Practical implications

The results of this study have several managerial implications: developing social media technologies and interorganizational social collaboration networks not only enables the organizational learning process but also encourages technological knowledge competences. Through innovation processes, use of social media technologies also contributes to strengthening companies’ strategic positioning, which ultimately helps to improve firms’ organizational performance.

Social implications

Since social media technologies drive information systems in contemporary society (because they enable interaction with numerous agents), the authors highlight the use of complexity theory to develop a conceptual framework.

Originality/value

The study also deepens understanding of the connections by which new experiential learning contributes to the generation of coevolutionary adaptive business ecosystems and digital strategies that enable development of interorganizational and social collaborative networks through technological knowledge competences. Only after examining the impact of social media technologies on organizational performance in prior literature, did the authors underscore that both quantity and frequency of social media technology use are positively related to improvement in knowledge processes that lead to employees’ creation and acquisition of new metaknowledge.
Exploring intellectual capital disclosure and its determinants in knowledge-based institutions: empirical evidence from international universities
Authors: Vitolla Filippo , Raimo Nicola , Nicolò Giuseppe , Ricciardelli Alessandra
Published: September 2022

Purpose

This study aims to add empirical evidence to the intellectual capital (IC) literature by enhancing understanding of voluntary online IC disclosure (ICD) practices in knowledge-based institutions such as universities from an international standpoint. The ultimate purpose of this study is to examine how different variables related to size, internet visibility and certain corporate governance attributes (i.e. board size and board gender diversity) affect the extent to which universities from different world’s countries convey ICD through websites.

Design/methodology/approach

This study investigates a sample of 100 international universities selected according to the QS World University Rankings 2020 to examine the level of ICD provided through their official websites. It uses a content analysis to measure the actual amount of IC information disclosed by these universities and a regression model to test the impact of the explanatory variables.

Findings

Empirical results demonstrate a negative impact of the board size and a positive effect of board gender diversity and internet visibility on the level of IC information disclosed by international universities on their website. They also demonstrate a non-significant effect of university size.

Originality/value

This study contributes to enriching the academic literature in different ways. In the first place, it extends the field of application of the stakeholder theory. In the second place, this study sheds light on the actual ICD level of international universities. In the third place, it examines the ICD through a channel – websites – which are still little explored by the academic literature. Finally, this study increases knowledge about the factors that can influence the ICD disclosure of international universities.
The preconditions of interreligious education in Hong Kong: religious heterogeneity, freedom of religion, and secularity
Authors: Fedorov Alexander
Published: September 2022

Purpose

In the light of intensifying academic discourses on contemporary religious education in Hong Kong, this paper aims to examine how the interreligious model (i.e. that features teaching religious variety rather than a particular faith) is consistent with Hong Kong’s social context. It begins with a theoretical conceptualization that interreligious education originates from certain preconditions and is only understood contextually. Next, the analysis identifies the preconditions within Hong Kong milieus: sociodemographic, sociocultural and legal.

Design/methodology/approach

Theoretically driven case study. The paper analyses Hong Kong's development toward interreligious education.

Findings

Albeit most conceptualizing of interreligious education has been conducted in Europe, the study finds the model functional to Hong Kong. Moreover, these preconditions-religious heterogeneity, freedom of religion and secularity – are met, although with their specifics. These preconditions, however, do not imply imperativeness yet rather feasibility if the interreligious model adheres to Hong Kong’s educational aims.

Originality/value

This study develops theoretical lenses for interreligious education in Hong Kong. First, it analyzes religious heterogeneity, freedom of religion and secularity within the Hong Kong milieus and reveals Hong Kong’s capacity to implement the interreligious model. It also advances scholarship on interreligious education in relatively underexplored settings (referring not simply to Hong Kong but to Chinese societies and contemporary Asia).
Development of pemphigus vegetans and exacerbation of pemphigus foliaceus after secukinumab loading in a patient with complicated generalized pustular psoriasis and pyoderma gangrenosum
Authors: Minai Lisa , Takeichi Takuya , Ogawa Youichi , Honobe‐Tabuchi Akiko , Okamoto Takashi , Mitsui Hiroshi , Shimada Shinji , Akiyama Masashi , Kawamura Tatsuyoshi
Published: September 2022

In dermatology, biologics that block signaling pathways of TNF‐α, IL‐4/IL13, IL‐17s, and IL‐23 are widely used for the treatment of several inflammatory skin diseases, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. They have shown excellent efficacy with an acceptable safety profile. However, these biologics targeting pathogenic cytokines and their receptors could modulate immunological balance, leading to the development of other inflammatory or autoimmune skin diseases in some cases. In this study, we present a patient who suffered pemphigus vegetans and showed an exacerbation of pemphigus foliaceus after secukinumab loading for the treatment of complicated generalized pustular psoriasis and pyoderma gangrenosum.
Glucosyltransferase‐modulated Streptococcus mutans adhesion to different surfaces involved in biofilm formation by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Wang Rui , Wang Yigan , Lei Zixue , Hao Liying , Jiang Li
Published: September 2022

Biofilm on dental restorative materials is an important determinant in the etiology of secondary caries development. Formation of biofilm involves adhesion of bacteria onto substrate, bacterial cell, and biofilm surfaces. Glucosyltransferase B and C (GtfB and GtfC) are essential factors for regulation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation, but the mechanisms involving different kinds of bacterial adhesion still lack detailed description. In this study, nanoscale adhesion force measurement was performed using atomic force microscopy. Bacteria‐coated cantilevers were used to probe S. mutans adhesion to substrates, bacterial cells, and early biofilms. Two representative dental materials, glass ionomer cement (GIC) and composite resin, served as substrates. It was found that deletion of gtfB and gtfC genes both reduced adhesion forces of S. mutans toward substrate and bacterial cell surfaces (P < 0.05). Notably, reduction of the gtfB gene remarkably decreased bacterial adhesion to biofilm surfaces (P < 0.05), while gtfC showed no obvious effect during this stage. Biofilms cultured on GIG further decreased cell–biofilm adhesion, compared with those on resin (P < 0.05). Confocal fluorescence images and scanning electron microscopy images showed that deletion of gtfB lead to reduced microcolony formation and less production of exopolysaccharides (EPSs) in the biofilm, and after bacterial culturing on GIC, the EPS content was further decreased. Our findings suggest that EPSs mainly mediate bacterial adhesion to early biofilm surface. Deletion of gtfB and coculture with GIC could significantly reduce the cell–biofilm adhesion, which is probably through decreasing of EPS production. gtfB exerts a critical role in the bacterial adhesion for the whole process of biofilm development, while gtfC possibly works only in the early stages.
Exopolysaccharides amylovoran and levan contribute to sliding motility in the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora
Authors: Yuan Xiaochen , Eldred Lauren I. , Sundin George W.
Published: September 2022

Erwinia amylovora, the causative agent of fire blight, uses flagella‐based motilities to translocate to host plant natural openings; however, little is known about how this bacterium migrates systemically in the apoplast. Here, we reveal a novel surface motility mechanism, defined as sliding, in E. amylovora. Deletion of flagella assembly genes did not affect this movement, whereas deletion of biosynthesis genes for the exopolysaccharides (EPSs) amylovoran and levan resulted in non‐sliding phenotypes. Since EPS production generates osmotic pressure that potentially powers sliding, we validated this mechanism by demonstrating that water potential positively contributes to sliding. In addition, no sliding was observed when the water potential of the surface was lower than −0.5 MPa. Sliding is a passive motility mechanism. We further show that the force of gravity plays a critical role in directing E. amylovora sliding on unconfined surfaces but has a negligible effect when cells are sliding in confined microcapillaries, in which EPS‐dependent osmotic pressure acts as the main force. Although amylovoran and levan are both required for sliding, we demonstrate that they exhibit different roles in bacterial communities. In summary, our study provides fundamental knowledge for a better understanding of mechanisms that drive bacterial sliding motility.
End of consensus? Ideology, partisan identity, and affective polarization in Finland 2003–2019
Authors: Kawecki Daniel
Published: September 2022

Finland is traditionally associated with a consensus‐like political culture and low partisan hostility. Despite this, concerns about political polarization have become widespread. A possible explanation is that affective polarization, a phenomenon characterized by increasing emotional distances between political groups, is increasing. This article examines trends and individual‐level predictors of affective polarization in the Finnish electorate between 2003 and 2019, using survey data from five national election studies. Additionally, it contributes to the theoretical understanding of affective polarization in multiparty settings by introducing a measure based on the absence of neutrality towards parties. This measure focuses on individual‐level polarization, thus allowing comparisons between groups of voters. The results show a general increase in affective polarization over the period. Ideological extremity is identified as the main predictor of the phenomenon. Left‐right extremity was the strongest predictor at the beginning of the period, whereas GAL‐TAN extremity became increasingly important over time. After 2011, the effects of ideological extremity became asymmetrical: extreme left and TAN positions predicted higher levels than their ideological opposites. Feeling close to a party had a mostly consistent effect on affective polarization, albeit not as large as ideological extremity. Increasing affective polarization might undermine the prevailing consensus culture in Finnish politics. However, it might also have positive effects as a corrective to voter apathy, leading to increased participation. This makes Finland an interesting case for further studies of the causes, effects, and dynamics of affective polarization.
Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals molecular adaptations underlying distinct immunity and inverted resting posture in bats
Authors: WU Jinwei , ZHANG Libiao , SHEN Chao , SIN Simon Yung Wa , LEI Caoqi , ZHAO Huabin
Published: September 2022

Understanding how natural selection shapes unique traits in mammals is a central topic in evolutionary biology. The mammalian order Chiroptera (bats) is attractive for biologists as well as the general public due to their specific traits of extraordinary immunity and inverted resting posture. However, genomic resources for bats that occupy key phylogenetic positions are not sufficient, which hinders comprehensive investigation of the molecular mechanisms underpinning the origin of specific traits in bats. Here, we sequenced the transcriptomes of 5 bats that are phylogenetically divergent and occupy key positions in the phylogenetic tree of bats. In combination with the available genomes of 19 bats and 21 other mammals, we built a database consisting of 10 918 one‐to‐one ortholog genes and reconstructed phylogenetic relationships of these mammals. We found that genes related to immunity, bone remodeling, and cardiovascular system are targets of natural selection along the ancestral branch of bats. Further analyses revealed that the T cell receptor signaling pathway involved in immune adaptation is specifically enriched in bats. Moreover, molecular adaptations of bone remodeling, cardiovascular system, and balance sensing may help to explain the reverted resting posture in bats. Our study provides valuable transcriptome resources, enabling us to tentatively identify genetic changes associated with bat‐specific traits. This work is among the first to advance our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of inverted resting posture in bats, which could provide insight into healthcare applications such as hypertension in humans.
Hybrid mixture theory‐based modeling of transport of fluids, species, and heat in food biopolymers subjected to freeze–thaw cycles
Authors: Zhao Ying , Kumar Pavitra Krishna , Sablani Shyam S. , Takhar Pawan S.
Published: September 2022

A hybrid mixture theory (HMT)‐based unsaturated transport (pores not saturated with liquid) model was applied to a food matrix subjected to freezing and freeze–thaw cycles. The model can explain the fluid, species, and heat transport, ice formation, thermomechanical changes, and the freezing point depression occurring inside food biopolymers during freezing. Volume changes during freezing were calculated using the stresses due to pore pressure and the phase‐change based mechanical strain. The Eulerian‐Lagrangian transformation was performed for solving the equations using a finite element mesh in Lagrangian coordinates. The predicted temperature profiles for constant and fluctuating freezing temperature conditions showed agreement with experimental data with reasonable accuracy (RMSE = 2.86°C and 2.23°C, respectively). The multiscale transport model coupled with a physical chemistry‐based relation was able to predict solute concentration and the freezing point depression in potatoes with greater accuracy than an empirical equation published in the literature. Sudden temperature fluctuations representing the opening and closing of a freezer door were investigated using this solution scheme, and conditions causing less damage to the food were identified.

Practical Application

Food materials are subjected to freeze–thaw cycles during storage, shipping, and distribution to the consumers. The study uses numerical modeling and experimental validation to elucidate the principles affecting ice formation, solute migration, and temperature changes. Outcomes will allow processors to improve the quality of frozen foods with improved design of freezing operation, and storage and distribution strategies.
Tenascin C in radiation‐induced lung damage: Pathological expression and serum level elevation
Authors: Toyomasu Yutaka , Matsui Kenta , Omori Kazuki , Takada Akinori , Imanaka‐Yoshida Kyoko , Tawara Isao , Shimamoto Akira , Takao Motoshi , Kobayashi Hiroyasu , Tomaru Atsushi , Fujimoto Hajime , Kobayashi Tetsu , Sakuma Haiime , Nomoto Yoshihito
Published: September 2022

Radiation‐induced lung damage (RILD) is a critical problem in lung cancer radiotherapy, and it is difficult to predict its severity. Although no biomarkers for RILD have been established, tenascin C (TNC) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein involved in the remodeling of damaged tissues and has been implicated in inflammation and fibrosis. We report the unique case of a 36‐year‐old man with adenocarcinoma of the lung, Union for International Cancer Control stage IIIB, who was treated with radiotherapy before lung surgery. The surgical specimen showed histopathological expression of TNC in the region where radiation pneumonitis was observed radiographically. Serum TNC levels were elevated after radiotherapy. In this case, TNC is suggested to be implicated in RILD and may be a potential candidate as a biomarker for the onset and severity of the condition.
New insights into human immune memory from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and vaccination
Authors: Hartley Gemma E. , Edwards Emily S. J. , O’Hehir Robyn E. , van Zelm Menno C.
Published: September 2022

Since early 2020, the world has been embroiled in an ongoing viral pandemic with SARS‐CoV‐2 and emerging variants resulting in mass morbidity and an estimated 6 million deaths globally. The scientific community pivoted rapidly, providing unique and innovative means to identify infected individuals, technologies to evaluate immune responses to infection and vaccination, and new therapeutic strategies to treat infected individuals. Never before has immunology been so critically at the forefront of combatting a global pandemic. It has now become evident that not just antibody responses, but formation and durability of immune memory cells following vaccination are associated with protection against severe disease from SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Furthermore, the emergence of variants of concern (VoC) highlight the need for immunological markers to quantify the protective capacity of Wuhan‐based vaccines. Thus, harnessing and modulating the immune response is key to successful vaccination and treatment of disease. We here review the latest knowledge about immune memory generation and durability following natural infection and vaccination, and provide insights into the attributes of immune memory that may protect from emerging variants.
Production technology and knowledge transfer of calcite‐tempered grey ware bowls from 2nd‐ to 5th‐century ceNoricum (Austria)
Authors: Borgers Barbara , Ionescu Corina , Gál Ágnes , Neubauer Franz , Von Hagke Christoph , Auer Martin , Szilagyi Veronika , Kasztovszky Zsolt , Gméling Katalin , Harsányi Ildikó , Barbu‐Tudoran Lucian
Published: September 2022

Aspects of 2nd‐ to 5th‐century ce Roman production technology and knowledge transfer in southern Austria (known as Noricum) were examined. With no evidence for workshops identified in the study area, 44 grey ware bowls from two sites at Aguntum and Lavant were studied macroscopically, and combined with optical microscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction, prompt gamma activation, neutron activation and scanning electron microscopy, in order to understand whether one (large) workshop supplied these bowls, or whether the bowls were produced by several (small) workshops nearby. Combined with information from the geological background, the results were used to tentatively indicate the production location.

The results indicate that the grey ware bowls from Aguntum and Lavant were produced by local workshops nearby. The bowls were manufactured with similar clay sources, tempered with crushed calcite‐marble rocks from the Tauern Window, their surface smoothed and burnished, and fired between 800 and 850°C in a reducing atmosphere of an open fire. This is taken to suggest that Roman potters, who were located at Aguntum and Lavant, shared strategies of raw materials selection, paste preparation, finishing and firing, and transferred technological knowledge through time.
Identifying targets for interventions to support public use of face coverings
Authors: Armitage Christopher J. , Keyworth Chris , Gartland Nicola , Coleman Anna , Fishwick David , Johnson Sheena , van Tongeren Martie
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Interventions to promote the wearing of face coverings if required in the future can only be developed if we know why people do or do not wear them. Study aims were, therefore, to assess public adherence to wearing face coverings to reduce transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 and to gauge why people were or were not wearing face coverings in work, public transport, and indoor leisure settings.

Design

Cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

10,622 adults (25 January–6 February 2022) who were representative of the UK population were asked about their (a) wearing of face coverings in work, public transport, and leisure settings; (b) sociodemographic characteristics; and (c) perceptions of capabilities, opportunities, and motivations (“COM‐B"). Data were analysed descriptively, using within‐participants ANOVA and multiple linear regression.

Results

Participants reported mostly wearing face coverings in public transport settings (>80%), but substantially less in work (<50%) and leisure (<30%) contexts. Perceptions of capabilities, opportunities, and motivations to wear face coverings were consistently associated with the actual wearing of face coverings across the three settings, but there were marked deficits in automatic motivation and social opportunity. People living in England, describing themselves as White, and men were least likely to wear face coverings.

Conclusions

Interventions targeted at men, people living in England, and those describing themselves as White that focus on increasing capabilities, providing greater opportunities and boosting motivations are suggested to promote the wearing of face coverings, with particular focus on addressing automatic motivation and social opportunity.
Location, extent, and magnitude of dynamic topography in the Late Cretaceous Cordilleran Foreland Basin, USA: New insights from 3D flexural backstripping
Authors: Li Zhiyang , Aschoff Jennifer
Published: September 2022

Mantle‐induced dynamic topography (i.e., subsidence and uplift) has been increasingly recognized as an important process in foreland basin development. However, characterizing and distinguishing the effects (i.e., location, extent and magnitude) of dynamic topography in ancient foreland basins remains challenging because the spatio‐temporal footprint of dynamic topography and flexural topography (i.e., generated by topographic loading) can overlap. This study employs 3D flexural backstripping of Upper Cretaceous strata in the central part of the North American Cordilleran foreland basin (CFB) to better quantify the effects of dynamic topography. The extensive stratigraphic database and good age control of the CFB permit the regional application of 3D flexural backstripping in this basin for the first time. Dynamic topography started to influence the development of the CFB during the late Turonian to middle Campanian (90.2–80.2 Ma) and became the dominant subsidence mechanism during the middle to late Campanian (80.2–74.6 Ma). The area influenced by >100 m dynamic subsidence is approximately 400 by 500 km, within which significant (>200 m) dynamic subsidence occurs in an irregular‐shaped (i.e., lunate) subregion. The maximum magnitude of dynamic subsidence is 300 ± 100 m based on the 80.2–74.6 Ma tectonic subsidence maps. With the maximum magnitude of dynamic uplift being constrained to be 200–300 m, the gross amount of dynamic topography in the Late Cretaceous CFB is 500–600 m. Although the location of dynamic subsidence revealed by tectonic subsidence maps is generally consistent with isopach map trends, tectonic subsidence maps developed through 3D flexural backstripping provide more accurate constraints of the areal extent, magnitude and rate of dynamic topography (as well as flexural topography) in the CFB through the Late Cretaceous. This improved understanding of dynamic topography in the CFB is critical for refining current geodynamic models of foreland basins and understanding the surface expression of mantle processes.
Development and implementation of fidelity assessment in first episode psychosis services in Czechia: A pilot study
Authors: Tomaskova Hana , Kondrátová Lucie , Winkler Petr , Addington Donald
Published: September 2022

Aim

The aim of the study was to evaluate fidelity in first episode psychosis (FEP) teams in Czechia and to gage the feasibility and utility of the process in a mental health system that is undergoing a transformation.

Methods

Fidelity assessment was conducted using The First Episode Psychosis Services Fidelity Scale (FEPS‐FS). Fidelity assessment was based on a review of data abstracted from the health records of active clients, program documents, administrative data, and interviews with members of staff. The mean scores were compared across the teams. Feasibility and utility were assessed by program response to their fidelity results.

Results

Three FEP teams were involved in the fidelity assessment. Across the 35 items, the mean fidelity score ranged from 2.5 to 3.1. Across the FEP teams, the percentage of the 35 items rated as 4 or 5 (satisfactory or exemplary) ranged from 34.3% to 51.4%.

Conclusions

This study provided an opportunity to implement FEPS‐FS and assess fidelity in FEP teams in Czechia. The fidelity assessment also provided a baseline for measuring change.
A globally relevant change taxonomy and evidence‐based change framework for land monitoring
Authors: Lucas Richard M. , German Sophia , Metternicht Graciela , Schmidt Rebecca K. , Owers Christopher J. , Prober Suzanne M. , Richards Anna E. , Tetreault‐Campbell Sally , Williams Kristen J. , Mueller Norman , Tissott Belle , Chua Sean M. T. , Cowood Alison , Hills Terry , Gunawardana Dayani , McIntyre Alexis , Chognard Sebastien , Hurford Clive , Planque Carole , Punalekar Suvarna , Clewley Daniel , Sonnenschein Ruth , Murray Nicholas J. , Manakos Ioannis , Blonda Palma , Owers Kate , Roxburgh Stephen , Kay Heather , Bunting Peter , Horton Claire
Published: September 2022

A globally relevant and standardized taxonomy and framework for consistently describing land cover change based on evidence is presented, which makes use of structured land cover taxonomies and is underpinned by the Driver‐Pressure‐State‐Impact‐Response (DPSIR) framework. The Global Change Taxonomy currently lists 246 classes based on the notation ‘impact (pressure)’, with this encompassing the consequence of observed change and associated reason(s), and uses scale‐independent terms that factor in time. Evidence for different impacts is gathered through temporal comparison (e.g., days, decades apart) of land cover classes constructed and described from Environmental Descriptors (EDs; state indicators) with pre‐defined measurement units (e.g., m, %) or categories (e.g., species type). Evidence for pressures, whether abiotic, biotic or human‐influenced, is similarly accumulated, but EDs often differ from those used to determine impacts. Each impact and pressure term is defined separately, allowing flexible combination into ‘impact (pressure)’ categories, and all are listed in an openly accessible glossary to ensure consistent use and common understanding. The taxonomy and framework are globally relevant and can reference EDs quantified on the ground, retrieved/classified remotely (from ground‐based, airborne or spaceborne sensors) or predicted through modelling. By providing capacity to more consistently describe change processes—including land degradation, desertification and ecosystem restoration—the overall framework addresses a wide and diverse range of local to international needs including those relevant to policy, socioeconomics and land management. Actions in response to impacts and pressures and monitoring towards targets are also supported to assist future planning, including impact mitigation actions.