bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proinflammatory Cytokines, Adhesion Molecules, and Lymphocyte Integrin Expression in the Internal Jugular Blood of Migraine Patients Without Aura Assessed Ictally
Authors: Sarchielli Paola , Alberti Andrea , Baldi Antonio , Coppola Francesca , Rossi Cristiana , Pierguidi Laura , Floridi Alessandro , Calabresi Paolo
Published: July 2006

Objective.—The aim of the present research was to verify the levels of the soluble adhesion molecules sL‐ and sE‐selectins, intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)‐1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 in serial samples of internal jugular venous blood taken from migraine patients without aura (MWoA) during attacks. The expression of leukocyte function antigen (LFA)‐1 and very late activation antigen (VLA)‐4 was also assessed on lymphocytes obtained from jugular venous blood. Levels of certain proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor‐α[TNF‐α], interleukin‐1β[IL‐1β], IL‐4, and IL‐6) were also determined and correlated with those of adhesion molecules.

Patients and Methods.—Seven MWoA patients were admitted in the hospital during attacks and blood samples were taken immediately after catheter insertion, at 1, 2, and 4 hours after attack onset, and within 2 hours after its termination. The levels of adhesion molecules and cytokines were measured with ELISA method. The expression of LFA‐1 and VLA‐4 was assessed by flow cytometry.

Results.—A parallel transient increase of sICAM‐1, TNF‐α, and IL‐6 was observed in the first 2 hours after attack onset compared with the time of catheter insertion (P < .0001, <.001, and <.003, respectively). The proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T‐cells expressing high levels of LFA‐1 showed instead a progressive down‐regulation with significantly lower percentages at 2 and 4 hours after attack onset (P < .01 and <.022, respectively). No variation in the percentage of VLA‐4 expressing cells was observed at any time of the study.

Conclusions.—The transient increase in sICAM‐1 and TNF‐α found in the internal jugular blood of MWoA patients assessed ictally can be induced by sensory neuropeptides released from activated trigeminal endings. The progressive decrease in sICAM‐1 levels during attacks and the down‐regulation of LFA‐1 expression by lymphocytes could antagonize their transvascular migration, supporting the hypothesis of sterile inflammation in the dura mater during migraine attacks.
Sumatriptan Nasal Spray in Adolescent Migraineurs: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled, Acute Study
Authors: Winner Paul , Rothner A. David , Wooten John D. , Webster Chris , Ames Michael
Published: July 2006

Objective.—To compare the efficacy and tolerability of sumatriptan nasal spray (NS) (5, 20 mg) versus placebo in the acute treatment of migraine in adolescent subjects.

Background.—Currently, no triptan is approved in the United States for the treatment of migraine in adolescent subjects (12 to 17 years). In a previous randomized, placebo‐controlled study of 510 adolescent subjects, sumatriptan NS at 5, 10, and 20 mg doses was well tolerated. However, the primary efficacy analysis for headache relief with 20 mg at 2 hours did not demonstrate statistical significance (P= .059). A second study was initiated to evaluate the efficacy of sumatriptan NS in this population.

Methods.—This was a randomized (1:1:1), placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, parallel‐group study. Overall, 738 adolescent subjects (mean age: 14 years) with ≥6‐month history of migraine (with or without aura) self‐treated a single attack of moderate or severe migraine. The primary endpoints were headache relief at 1 hour and sustained relief from 1 to 24 hours. Pain‐free rates, presence/absence of associated symptoms, headache recurrence, and use of rescue medications were also assessed. Tolerability was based on adverse events (AEs) and vital signs.

Results.—Sumatriptan NS 20 mg provided greater headache relief than placebo at 30 minutes (42% vs. 33%, respectively; P= .046) and 2 hours (68% vs. 58%; P= .025) postdose, but did not reach statistical significance at 1 hour (61% vs. 52%; P= .087) or for sustained headache relief from 1 to 24 hours (P= .061). Significant differences (P < .05) in favor of sumatriptan NS 20 mg over placebo were observed for several secondary efficacy endpoints including sustained relief from 2 to 24 hours. In general, sumatriptan NS 5 mg percentages were slightly higher than placebo but the differences did not reach statistical significance. Both doses of sumatriptan NS were well tolerated. No AEs were serious or led to study withdrawal. The most common event was taste disturbance (2%, placebo; 19%, sumatriptan NS 5 mg; 25%, sumatriptan NS 20 mg).

Conclusions.—This study suggests that sumatriptan may be beneficial to some adolescents and is generally well tolerated in the acute treatment of migraine in this population.
Population‐Based U.S. Study of Severe Headaches in Adults: Psychological Distress and Comorbidities
Authors: Strine Tara W. , Chapman Daniel P. , Balluz Lina S.
Published: July 2006

Objective.—To examine the associations between severe headaches (SH), psychological distress, and comorbid conditions among U.S. adults.

Background.—The lifetime prevalence of headaches is over 90% and headaches, particularly migraines, have been associated with disability, increased healthcare costs, and mood disorders.

Methods.—We analyzed data obtained from adults aged 18 years or older (n = 29,828) who participated in the 2002 National Health Interview Survey, an ongoing, computer‐assisted personal interview of a representative sample of the U.S. population.

Results.—Approximately 15.1% of adults aged 18 years or older reported SH in the previous 3 months. Those reporting such headaches were significantly more likely, than those who did not, to report insomnia, excessive sleepiness, recurrent pain, and depressive or anxiety symptoms during the preceding 12 months. Approximately 88% of those who reported having had SH within the previous 3 months also indicated that they had at least one comorbid medical condition, relative to 67% of those without SH.

Conclusion.—Despite their episodic nature, our results suggest that SH are associated with impairments in both physical and mental health. As the presence of SH may serve as an indicator of significant psychological distress and medical comorbidities, eliciting information about their occurrence during a standard medical examination appears to be warranted.
Donepezil Treatment of Topiramate‐Related Cognitive Dysfunction
Authors: Wheeler Steve D.
Published: July 2006

Six migraine patients experienced significant topiramate‐related cognitive and language dysfunction that improved with donepezil treatment and allowed uninterrupted topiramate use. These patients represent the first report of topiramate‐related cognitive and language dysfunction that improved with a cholinesterase inhibitor. Although, the mechanism responsible for this effect is uncertain, cholinesterase inhibition resulting in cholinergic augmentation and enhanced cognition probably account for some if not most of the improvement.
Unilateral Orbital Bruit in an Adolescent With Daily Persistent Headache
Authors: Rozen Todd D. , Quint Douglas
Published: July 2006

The presence of an orbital bruit in a patient with daily headache suggests an underlying secondary cause. A case is presented in which a unilateral orbital bruit appeared to be the only physical sign of a dural venous sinus thrombosis.
The Relation of Brain Ouabain‐Like Compounds and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
Authors: Borsody Mark , Semenov Irene , Carroll Kathleen , Kessler Amy , Dubow Jordan , Olson Edward , Stern Jennifer , Barion Ana , Hammond Chris , Van Stavern Gregory , Raizer Jeffrey , White Rosalyn , Leenen Frans
Published: July 2006

Objectives.—To determine the relationship between levels of ouabain‐like compounds (OLC) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the occurence of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH).

Background.—OLC are naturally occurring inhibitors of the sodium‐potassium ATPase that are found in the CSF of mammals. Since the production of CSF is dependent upon sodium‐potassium ATPase activity, and since there is evidence that the increased intracranial pressure found in the condition of IIH may be the result of increased CSF production, we hypothesized that the level of endogenous OLC would be reduced in the CSF of patients with IIH.

Methods.—CSF samples were obtained from n = 7 patients with IIH and n = 31 patients with neurological disorders other than IIH (“control” patients) who had lumbar puncture as part of their routine evaluation or treatment. The concentration of OLC in the CSF samples was measured using an established ELISA.

Results.—Patients with IIH exhibited a concentration of OLC in the CSF of 0.11 ± 0.03 ng/mL. In comparison, the concentration of OLC in CSF samples from non‐IIH control patients was 0.12 ± 0.01 ng/mL. These values were not statistically different when compared with a t‐test (P= 0.31). However, the concentration of OLC did negatively correlate to the opening pressure on lumbar puncture, but only in the IIH group (r=−0.80, P= .03). Furthermore, IIH patients who were newly diagnosed or who were unsuccessfully treated (n = 5 of 7 IIH patients) exhibited OLC concentrations of 0.06 ± 0.1 ng/mL, which is nearly lower than that of the control group (P= .06).

Conclusions.—The average concentration of OLC in IIH patients (treated and untreated) is unlikely to be distinguishable from that in non‐IIH control patients with other neurological conditions. However, the concentration of OLC may be inversely related to the intracranial pressure in patients with IIH, and it may prove to be lower in the subgroup of untreated and unsuccessfully treated IIH patients.
Topiramate Prophylaxis and Response to Triptan Treatment for Acute Migraine
Authors: Becker Werner J. , Christie Suzanne N. , Ledoux Stephane , Binder Carin
Published: July 2006

Objective.—To evaluate the effect of topiramate migraine prophylaxis on subject responsiveness to triptans used for acute symptomatic migraine treatment.

Background.—Clinical experience suggests that prophylactic migraine treatment may enhance the efficacy of symptomatic medications used to treat acute migraine attacks.

Methods.—This open‐label, single‐arm multicenter study consisted of a 6‐week baseline period followed by a 16‐week topiramate treatment period. Subjects meeting International Headache Society (IHS) criteria for migraine with and without aura signed consent and entered the baseline period. Those with 3 to 12 migraine periods per month during baseline received topiramate prophylactic treatment. Only patients who completed at least 12 weeks of topiramate treatment were included in the data analysis.

Results.—Of 55 patients screened, 40 subjects entered the topiramate treatment period and 21 subjects received at least 12 weeks of treatment. Mean final dose of topiramate was 124 mg per day (range 50 to 200 mg per day). During the baseline period, the mean percentage of attacks rendered pain‐free at 2 hours for the 21 subjects was 46.9% (SD = 31.9), while during the topiramate treatment period it was 44.6% (SD = 32.2) (P= .8). On topiramate, after the first 8 weeks of dosage titration, patients experienced a mean of 3.68 migraine attacks/month, compared to 4.31 during the baseline period (P < .03). Thirteen subjects discontinued because of adverse events. The most commonly reported adverse events were paresthesia, fatigue, anxiety, and dizziness.

Conclusion.—Although topiramate prophylaxis did reduce migraine attack frequency, in this pilot study topiramate prophylactic migraine treatment did not increase the proportion of patients pain‐free 2 hours after symptomatic triptan therapy.
Behavioural responses of the Colorado potato beetle to trichomes and leaf surface chemicals of Solanum tarijense
Authors: Pelletier Y. , Dutheil J.
Published: July 2006

Wild Solanum species constitute a source of resistance to several pests and diseases of potato. Several species of wild tuber‐bearing potato have been identified as resistant to the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), including Solanum tarijense Hawkes (Solanaceae). Our objective was to determine the mechanism of resistance of S. tarijense to the Colorado potato beetle and, because the resistance is limited to the adult stage of the insect, to study the host selection behaviour on resistant plants.

In the field, Colorado potato beetles demonstrated a unique behaviour when in contact with S. tarijense, abandoning the plant by falling to the ground after a few minutes. The abundant trichomes on the leaves of S. tarijense induced the falling behaviour. However, on S. tarijense feeding remained low even after the trichomes were mechanically removed. Observations demonstrated that the normal sequence of behaviour leading to feeding was interrupted before adult beetles fed on S. tarijense leaves. Feeding experiments using volatile and non‐volatile fractions of leaf surface extracts identified a phagodeterrent effect of the volatile fraction. Our results contrast with a similar evaluation of the mode of resistance of Solanum berthaultii Hawkes, a close relative of S. tarijense, on which some feeding occurred and adults did not show falling behaviour. This study presents information on S. tarijense as a new source of resistance to the Colorado potato beetle that can be used for potato breeding.
Arachidonic acid inhibits osteoblast differentiation through cytosolic phospholipase A2‐dependent pathway
Authors: Yoshida K , Shinohara H , Suryono  , Haneji T , Nagata T
Published: July 2006

Objective: Arachidonic acid, a precursor of prostaglandins (PGs), is released by phospholipase A2(PLA2) and plays an important role in biological reactions. We examined the roles of arachidonic acid on the pathway of PG synthesis and osteoblast differentiation by using clone MC3T3‐E1 cells.

Materials and Methods: The effect of arachidonic acid was evaluated by the measurement of alkaline phosphatase activity, cells shape, production of arachidonic acid and the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX).

Results: Arachidonic acid dose dependently decreased alkaline phosphatase activity and increased PGE2production in MC3T3‐E1 cells. The cell shape changed from polygonal to fibroblastic following treatment with arachidonic acid. These effects were recovered by the treatment of NS‐398 and indomethacin. Arachidonic acid increased the expression of COX‐2 mRNA and the PGE2production. The exogenous arachidonic acid induced the release of cellular arachidonic acid in MC3T3‐E1 cells. Moreover, methylarachidonyl fluorophosphonate suppressed the arachidonic acid release and the expression of COX‐2 mRNA.

Conclusion: The present results indicate that exogenous arachidonic acid stimulated the activity of PLA2, leading to the new release of membranous arachidonic acid. The amplified arachidonic acid enhanced PGE2production by COX‐2, which inhibits the differentiation of MC3T3‐E1 cells. Our results provide a new insight into the molecular mechanisms by which exogenous arachidonic acid plays a role as a paracrine/autocrine amplifier of PGE2biosynthesis by coupling with PLA2and COX‐2.
Relationship between chewing ability and 4‐year mortality in a cohort of 80‐year‐old Japanese people
Authors: Ansai T , Takata Y , Soh I , Akifusa S , Sogame A , Shimada N , Yoshida A , Hamasaki T , Awano S , Fukuhara M , Takehara T
Published: July 2006

Objective:  Poor oral health has been reported to be a risk indicator of mortality, however, few data are available regarding the relationship between chewing ability and mortality. We examined the relationship between self‐assessed chewing ability and mortality in elderly subjects.

Design:  Prospective study.

Subjects and methods:  Participating in the study were 697 people (277 males, 420 females) from 1282 individuals (80 years old) residing in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. Data on oral and systemic health status through questionnaires, accompanied by physical and laboratory blood examinations were obtained. Chewing ability was assessed based on the number of types of food each subject reported as able to chew by questionnaire.

Results:  A total of 108 subjects died between 1998 and 2002. Those with the lowest number of chewable foods were associated with higher risk of mortality than those with the ability to chew all of the 15 types of food surveyed [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.38, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 1.07–5.29], though other parameters including current smoking, low serum albumin, and poor physical health status were more significant. Further, reduced chewing ability of soft foods increased the risk (HR = 2.65, 95% CI = 1.20–5.87).

Conclusion:  Chewing ability was associated with mortality in a population of 80‐year‐old community residents, and may be a predictor for survival rate.
Green leaf area decline of wheat flag leaves: the influence of fungicides and relationships with mean grain weight and grain yield
Authors: GOODING M J , DIMMOCK J P R E , FRANCE J , JONES S A
Published: July 2006

A modified Gompertz model was derived to describe the fractional decline in green area of wheat flag leaves in field experiments where green leaf area at time t=100exp[‐exp(‐k(t‐m))]. Curves fitted over time to visual assessments of green leaf area (% of total leaf area) throughout flag leaf life accounted for more than 98% of variation in 45 of 48 wheat cultivar × fungicide treatment (+/−) comparisons. This data set spanned 17 yr and therefore included cultivars of contrasting parentage and age. In the absence of fungicide, green leaf area decline was associated with drought or infection with a number of foliar pathogens including Septoria tritici (sexual stage Mycospherella graminicola), Erysiphe graminis and Puccinia striiformis. Fungicides applied to the flag leaf included propiconazole, propiconazole plus tridemorph, flusilazole or azoxystrobin. Fungicide effects on m (i.e. time to 37% green area) were closely related to fungicide effects (% of untreated) on mean grain weight (variation accounted for (VAF) = 80%) and grain yield (VAF = 85%).
Resistance to oat powdery mildew in Britain and Europe: a review
Authors: RODERICK H W , JONES E R L , ŠEBESTA J
Published: July 2006

The evolution of virulence in UK oat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp. avenae) populations is presented along with comparative information on the deployment of resistant cultivars. Virulence frequencies have followed classical gene‐for‐gene principles, and there are no effective resistance genes currently deployed in cultivars grown in the UK. The incidence of powdery mildew in continental Europe and pathogen variation is reviewed as well as other strategies for the control of this disease. New resistant sources have been identified and are being used in breeding programmes throughout Europe.
Occurrence and relative incidence of viruses infecting papaya in Venezuela
Authors: MARYS E E , CARBALLO O , IZAGUIRRE‐MAYORAL M L
Published: July 2006

A survey of the main papaya (Carica papaya L.) production fields in Venezuela during 1997, indicated that crops were heavily affected with various virus‐like symptoms. A total of 745 samples from papaya plants showing symptoms suggestive of virus infection were collected and analysed using electron microscopy and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) and Papaya mild yellowing virus (PMYV) were the most frequently found viruses, which also occurred, in mixed infections. Rhabdovirus‐like particles were found only in samples collected in Distrito Federal (D.F). Papaya mosaic virus (papMV) and Tomato spotted wild virus (TSW V) were not detected during the survey.
Partial characterisation of a new virus in brusca from the Venezuelan lowlands
Authors: MARYS E E , LIU H‐Y , CARBALLO O , ROMANO M , UZCATEGUI R , COLMENARES M , IZAGUIRRE‐MAYORAL M L
Published: July 2006

Flexuous thread‐like virus particles c. 650–700 nm in length were isolated from brusca (Senna pallida) plants showing stunting, mosaic, vein yellowing and leaf malformation. The virus was mechanically transmitted to healthy Senna pallida, Cassia obovata and Cassia emarginata L. plant species. Virus particles sedimented in sucrose density gradients as one component, with a bouyant density of 1.2 g cm−3 in caesium chloride equilibrium gradients. Virions contained a molecule of ssRNA with an apparent size of 6.4 kb. The dsRNA pattern showed one main band of about 12 kb, and two subgenomic dsRNA of c. 10 and c. 5.4 kb. Analyses of purified virus preparations by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) resolved two coat protein subunits, with mol. wt of c. 28 000 and 26 000 daltons. In Western blotting the virus coat proteins reacted with an homologous polyclonal antiserum and with an antiserum to Lettuce infectious yellow virus. Electron microscopic observations of cells from infected plants showed the accumulation of cytoplasmic vesiculate inclusion bodies and crystalline aggregates of virus particles within phloem tissue. Some of the physicochemical and ultrastructural properties of this virus resemble those of a Closterovirus; however, differences show it to be sufficiently distinct from any previously reported viruses. We proposed the name of Senna chlorotic stunt (SeCSV) for this virus.
Glyphosate applied to genetically modified herbicide‐tolerant sugar beet and ‘volunteer’ potatoes reduces populations of potato cyst nematodes and the number and size of daughter tubers
Authors: DEWAR A M , HAYLOCK L A , MAY M J , BEANE J , PERRY R N
Published: July 2006

Glyphosate, applied early or later or twice to genetically modified glyphosate‐tolerant sugar beet, gave excellent control of planted ‘volunteer’ potatoes growing within the crop compared to conventional herbicide programmes with or without clopyralid. In three out of four trials, this resulted in significant reductions in the numbers of eggs and cysts of potato cyst nematodes (Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida) where infestations were moderate (23–89 eggs g−1 soil). In the fourth trial, which had very high initial populations (130 eggs −1 soil), none of the herbicide treatments had any significant effect on numbers of nematode eggs or cysts. This was probably due to competition for feeding sites, and the early death of the potatoes in all treatments caused by feeding damage by the nematodes and infection by blight, which prevented the nematodes from completing their life cycle. Glyphosate also significantly reduced the number and size of daughter tubers produced, thus helping to prevent a further volunteer problem in the next crop in the rotation. This was achieved by one or two applications of one chemical compared to 2–5 applications of cocktails of conventional herbicides.
The influence of genetic background on resistance to the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) in Kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala)
Authors: KIFT N B , ELLIS P R , TATCHELL G M , PINK D A C
Published: July 2006

Resistance to Brevicoryne brassicae has been identified in the progeny of two selected kale (B. oleracea var. acephala) plants, one from the F1 hybrid cultivar ‘Arsis RS’ and one from the landrace ‘Butzo’. These plants were crossed with susceptible B. oleracea morphotypes that have different periods to flowering. The type of susceptible plant line used had an effect on the resistance phenotypc of the progeny. Tested F2 populations derived from these crosses show that resistance is not under simple genetic control. This, in addition to variation in aphid numbers within accessions, suggests that separation of genetic components of control from environmental ‘noise’ for any accession may only be possible by the production of double haploid plant lines.
Biological properties of necrotic and non‐necrotic strains of bean yellow mosaic virus in cool season grain legumes
Authors: CHENG Y , JONES R A C
Published: July 2006

A collection of 51 bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) isolates was transmitted from infected Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) to Lupinus angustifolius (narrow‐leafed lupin) by Myzus persicae (green peach aphid). Depending on isolate and L. angiistifolius genotype used, two distinct responses developed in L. angustifolius plants, either systemic necrosis and plant death or non‐necrotic reactions of varying severity. Ten isolates caused necrosis and plant death in cv. Danja. However, when nine of these were inoculated to breeding line 90L423‐07‐13, seven induced non‐necrotic reactions, while two caused necrosis and plant death. Thirty seven isolates always produced non‐necrotic reactions regardless of genotype of L. angustifolius inoculated. Non‐necrotic and necrotic isolates originally came both from lupins and other species, and the non‐necrotic isolates were no less efficiently transmitted by M. persicae than the necrotic ones. When one isolate of each type was inoculated together to T. subterraneum and nine months later this culture was used as an acquisition source for aphid transmission to L. angustifolius, only the necrotic type was detected. Previous infection of L. angustifolius plants with a non necrolic isolate prevented subsequent infection by a necrotic one. All necrotic and non‐necrotic isolates reacted with BYMV antiserum in ELISA but only two cross‐reacted with antiserum to clover yellow vein virus (CYVV). When selected necrotic and non‐necrotic isolates were inoculated to differential hosts, all behaved like BYMV and not CYVV. When three isolates of each type were transmitted to 11 other cool season grain legume species, except in Cicer arietinum (chickpea), there were no necrotic reactions, but symptom severity varied with the isolate and species inoculated. The two isolates that caused necrosis in C. arietinum did not do so in L. angustifolius. The six isolates from Vicia faba (faba bean) all caused non‐necrotic reactions in L. angustifolius cv. Danja and 90L423‐07‐13. These and two necrotic isolates readily infected five genotypes of V. faba always causing severe symptoms. However, three non‐necrotic isolates from L. angustifolius and a further necrotic isolate were poorly infectious on V. faba in which they generally induced mild symptoms.

These results show that at least three strain groups of BYMV can be distinguished by their reactions in different L. angustifolius genotypes, one causing necrosis and death in cv. Danja and 90L423‐07‐13, one causing necrosis and death in Danja but not 90L423‐07‐13, and one causing non‐nccrotic reactions in both. These strain groups could not be distinguished when representative necrotic and non‐necrotic isolates were inoculated to other grain legume species. However, inoculation to V. faba distinguished two other BYMV strain groupings differing in severity of symptoms and ability to infect this species.
Screening of non‐tuber bearing Solanaceae for resistance to and induction of juvenile hatch of potato cyst nematodes and their potential for trap cropping
Authors: SCHOLTE K
Published: July 2006

Ninety accessions of non‐tuber bearing Solanaceae were screened for (i) resistance to and (ii) stimulatory effect on juvenile hatch of potato cyst nematodes, and (iii) their growth under temperate climatic conditions. All plant species belonging to the genus Solanum tested induced hatching but this effect was most pronounced for plant species of the Solanum nigrum complex. Hatching of juveniles was hardly or not stimulated by other plant genera of the Solanaceae. Solanum sisymbriifolium combined a high hatching effect with complete resistance to both Globodera rosiochiensis and G pallida. Two S. nigrum varieties showed full resistance to G rostochiensis and a high level of resistance to G pallida. Moreover, S. sisymbriifolium and the two varieties of S. nigrum performed very well under Dutch field conditions and, therefore, they are suggested as candidate trap crops for the control of potato cyst nematodes.
Density, distribution and dispersal of the carabid beetle Nebria brevicollis in two adjacent cereal fields
Authors: GARCÍA AVELINA FERNÁNDEZ , GRIFFITHS GEORGIANNE J K , THOMAS C F GEORGE
Published: July 2006

The distribution of the carabid beetle Nebria brevicollis was monitored in the summer during a period of declining activity associated with aestivation in a hedgerow. After emergence from aestivation, population density, distribution and dispersal of N. brevicollis were studied during autumn 1994 in a mark‐recapture experiment. 3560 beetles were marked and 1887 were recaptured in a grid of pitfall traps spanning a hedgerow and extending approximately 32 m either side into two recently harvested cereal fields. Population size, estimated from a Lincoln index, increased slightly with time with a mean population density of approximately 0.9 beetles m−2. Activity‐density varied during the experiment and was significantly related to maximum temperature. The population was aggregated within the hedgerow during aestivation and in several spatially stable hot‐spots of activity‐density within the field during autumn. There was considerable movement within fields but the hedgerow was a significant barrier to dispersal between fields, with potential effects on the metapopulation structure of the species.
Toxicity of 1,3‐dichloropropene and fosthiazate to wireworms (Agriotes spp.)
Authors: GROVE I G , WOODS S R , HAYDOCK P P J
Published: July 2006

Wireworms (Agriotes spp.) are sporadic but increasingly important pests of potatoes, sugar beet and cereals. Whilst effective chemical control is possible, the granular organophosphates normally require high rates of application and the seed dressings containing lindane (gamma‐HCH) have been withdrawn from use.

The soil fumigant 1,3‐dichloropropene (1,3‐D as Telone II) and the granular nematicide fosthiazate (Nemathorin 10G) are currently used for the control of potato cyst nematodes. We investigated the effects of both of these chemicals on wireworms. Air‐vapour phase toxicities for 1,3‐D against wireworm were LD50 2.74 mg.litre.day and LD99 5.05 mg.litre.day. The in vitro soil phase toxicity was LD99 8.15 mg.litre.day. 1,3‐D soil phase activity against wireworm may be associated more with air‐vapour phase than a soil‐water phase activity. In glasshouse experiments 16.0 mg.litre.day of 1,3‐D gave 75% control. Fosthiazate, which is applied at approximately 2 μg g−1 of soil for potato cyst nematode control, achieved an LC50 at 3.20 μg g−1.

In both in vitro and glasshouse studies 1,3‐dichloropropene showed high toxicity to wireworm at dosages below the current commercial application rate for potato cyst nematode control and fosthiazate also showed useful efficacy. These chemicals may therefore prove to be valuable additional tools for limiting initial wireworm plant damage or reducing wireworm populations.
Response of Globodera rostochiensis to exogenously applied hatching factors in soil
Authors: DEVINE K J , JONES P W
Published: July 2006

The exogenous application of hatching factors (HFs) to soil in the field gave an approximately 50% reduction in the population size of Globodera rostochiensis. This control was found to be due to a combination of suicide hatch and increased in‐egg mortality caused presumably by incomplete hatch stimulation. The rates of hatch and emergence of J2s from cysts of G. rostochiensis were found to be dependent on hatching factor concentration in vitro and in the field. Encysted eggs of G. rostochiensis in the field during the first year of rotation after the previous year's potato crop were found to be more sensitive to HF concentration than those in the second year of rotation.
Partial resistance to rust (Puccinia allii) in cultivated leek (Allium ampeloprasum ssp.porrum): estimation and improvement
Authors: SMITH B M , CROWTHER T C , CLARKSON J P , TRUEMAN L
Published: July 2006

The extent to which resistance to leek rust (Puccinia allii) in commercially useful cultivars of leek (Allium ampeloprasum) could be developed by selection within current commercial cultivars or their recent predecessors was investigated. Differences in resistance among commercial cultivars was not great. However, a wide range of resistance levels was found in both half‐sib and inbred progeny derived from these cultivars. In a crop simulation, one of the breeding lines showed a reduction in the rate of new pustule appearance of 44% compared to cv. Wintra. It is concluded that selection within modern cultivar level material is a potentially productive strategy for the commercial development of leek rust resistance in the short to medium term.
Viability of plum ovules at different temperatures
Authors: CEROVIć R , RUŽIć Ð , MIćIć N
Published: July 2006

The viability of ovules was studied in five plum cultivars under laboratory conditions at four constant temperatures: 5°C, 10°C, 15°C and 20°C and under field conditions over two years. During 10 days from the onset of full bloom, ovule viability in cvs ‘Čačanska Rana’, ‘Čačanska Najbolja’ and ‘Čačanska Lepotica’ was between 80–100 % at the temperatures of 5°C, 10°C and 15°C, in both years. In the same period, ovule viability in cvs ‘Wangenheims Frühzwetsche’ and ‘Požegača’ was lower, but never below 50%. At the constant temperature of 20°C, all plum cultivars showed a decline in longevity of ovule viability, which was pronounced in cv. ‘Čačanska Rana’. During the 10 days from the onset of full bloom, ovule viability in all five plum cultivars under field conditions showed a high viability, which approximated to the ovule viability of the cultivars at the constant temperatures of 5°C, 10°C and 15°C, in both years. Determination of the longevity of ovule viability in the mentioned plum cultivars is of great importance due to its effect on the effective pollination period and fertilisation success. This paper deals in detail with the interrelations between the temperature effects on ovule viability, pollen tube growth and fertilisation, as well as on fruit setting.
Herbicide resistant rice (Oryza sativa L.): Global implications for weedy rice and weed management*
Authors: OLOFSDOTTER M , VALVERDE B E , MADSEN K H
Published: July 2006

Rice cultivars resistant to broad‐spectrum herbicides have been developed and their commercial release is imminent, especially for imidazolinone and glufosinate resistant varieties in the USA and Latin America. Glyphosate‐resistant rice should follow within a few years. Rice growers throughout the world could benefit from the introduction of herbicide‐resistant rice cultivars that would allow in‐crop, selective control of weedy Oryza species. Other perceived benefits are the possibility to control ‘hard‐to‐kill’ weed species and weed populations that have already evolved resistance to herbicides currently used in rice production, especially those of the Echinochloa species complex. Weed management could also be improved by more efficient post‐emergence control. Introduction of herbicide resistant rice could also bring areas heavily infested with weedy rice that have been abandoned back to rice production, allow longer term crop rotations, reduce consumption of fossil fuels, promote the replacement of traditional chemicals by more environmentally benign products, and provide more rice grain without adding new land to production. There are also concerns, however, about the impact of releasing herbicide‐resistant rice on weed problems. Of most concern is the possibility of rapid transfer of the resistance trait to compatible weedy Oryza species. Development of such herbicide resistant weedy rice populations would substantially limit the chemical weed management options for farmers. Herbicide‐resistant rice volunteers also could become problematic, and added selection pressure to weed populations could aggravate already serious weed resistance problems. Because of the risk of weedy Oryza species becoming resistant to broad‐spectrum herbicides, mitigating measures to prevent gene flow, eventually attainable by both conventional breeding and molecular genetics, have been proposed. With commercialisation of the first herbicide resistant varieties planned for 2001, these mitigating measures will not be available for use with this first generation of herbicide resistant rice products. Release of herbicide resistant rice should depend on a thorough risk assessment especially in areas infested with con‐specific weedy rice or intercrossing weedy Oryza species. Regulators will have to balance risks and benefits based on local needs and conditions before allowing commercialisation of herbicide‐resistant rice varieties. If accepted, these varieties should be considered as components of integrated weed management, and a rational herbicide use and weedy rice control should be promoted to prevent losing this novel tool.
Assessment of winter wheat cultivars for changes in straw composition and digestibility in response to fungicide and growth regulator treatments
Authors: SHARMA H S S , FAUGHEY G , CHAMBERS J , LYONS G , STURGEON S
Published: July 2006

The effects of a combined fungicide and growth regulator treatment on the composition and dry matter digestibility of straw samples of winter wheat cultivars, Beaver, Brigadier, Hussar, Mercia, Riband, Genesis, Hunter, Spark, Cadenza and Flame, were compared. The samples were analysed for nitrogen, ash, fibre fractions and minerals. Nitrogen content of treated samples was reduced compared to the untreated control samples and in contrast the proportion of ash increased for all the treated samples. All samples were analysed by derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) to determine changes in fibre composition. Only six cultivars were analysed by chemical fractionation methods to determine changes in lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose content. The results from the two methods of fibre analysis were broadly similar. K, Ca, Mg and Na concentrations of the treated straw samples were found to be different to the untreated samples. Increase in dry matter digestibility (DMD) of treated straw was observed for all cultivars; the effects on Beaver, Brigadier, Mercia, Riband, Genesis, Hunter and Cadenza were most pronounced, but were less for Hussar, Spark and Flame. The potential impact of these changes in straw quality on organic mushroom compost preparation is briefly discussed.
How in vitro light affects growth and survival of ex vitro cassava
Authors: JORGE M A B , ROBERTSON A I , MASHINGAIDZE A B , KEOGH E
Published: July 2006

Cassava is one of the most important food crops in Africa. Meristem culture is an effective method of eliminating viruses and other systemic diseases spread through the vegetative propagation of stems. However, in semi‐arid conditions, survival of ex vitro plants in the field is often disappointing. When an increasing range of light regimes in vitro was provided, the fresh and dry masses more than doubled their values between 29 and 369 mmol s−1 m−2 PPFDs. Increases in numbers of senescent leaves and stem thickness were also recorded with increasing PPFD. However, PPFD above 101 mmol s−1 m−2 resulted in 30–70% reduction in plant survival, with the thin plants with the smallest fresh and dry masses being the ones with highest survival rates. High light and temperature levels in the greenhouse were also found to be critical for plant survival. It was also shown that transpirational loss from detached leaves and epicuticular wax deposits were not good indicators for predicting survival of ex vitro cassava plantlets during acclimatisation.
Effects of 1‐methylcyclopropene alone and in combination with polyethylene bags on the postharvest life of mango fruit
Authors: JIANG Y , JOYCE D C
Published: July 2006

Experiments were conducted to determine how 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) treatments influence ethylene‐stimulated ripening of harvested mango cv. Zihua fruit at 20°C. The ripening response of fungicide (prochloraz) treated fruit was characterised following various 1‐MCP treatments in sealed jars followed by storage in polyethylene bags and/or subsequent ethephon (ethylene) exposure. Exposure of fruit to increasing concentrations of 1‐MCP for 12 h resulted in the reduced softening of produce when subsequently held in air for 7 days after ethephon treatment. Application levels of between 1 and 100 μl litre−1 1‐MCP had increasing impact, while 200 μl litre−1 1‐MCP apparently began to approach response saturation. Exposure of fruit to 50 or 100 μl litre−1 concentrations of 1‐MCP for periods from 1 to 24 h subsequently resulted in reduced softening of produce when held in air for 7 days after ethephon treatment. Increasing periods of exposure from 1 to 12 h had increasing impact, while exposure times greater that 12 h appeared to reach saturation. In the absence of ethephon‐stimulation, the natural ripening of mangoes held in polyethylene bags was delayed by prior exposure to 100 μl litre−1 1‐MCP for 12 h. Extended holding of 1‐MCP treated and non‐1‐MCP treated control fruit in polyethyene bags encouraged physiological and pathological deterioration. Following exposure to 100 μl litre−1 1‐MCP for 12 h, mango fruit held for 10 days in polyethylene bags showed a delay in the onset of ripening relative to bagged but non‐1‐MCP treated control fruit. Treatment with 1‐MCP allowed storage of mango fruit in plastic bags at 20°C for 30 days. Observations suggest that 1‐MCP treatments do not adversely influence the quality of the post‐storage ethephon‐ripened fruit. Thus, application of 1‐MCP in combination with the use of polyethylene bags can extend the postharvest life of mango fruit at ambient temperature. Treatments that extend postharvest life are important in developing countries, such as China, where the cold chain infrastructure is often lacking.
Improving secondary pick up of insect fungal pathogen conidia by manipulating host behaviour
Authors: RODITAKIS E , COUZIN I D , BALROW K , FRANKS N R , CHARNLEY A K
Published: July 2006

It is often assumed that efficient application of a mycoinsecticide involves hitting the target pest insect directly with a lethal dose of conidia. However, secondary pick‐up of conidia from surrounding vegetation may be a more important source of inoculum. We have investigated ways of increasing conidia acquisition by enhancing host movement. The aphid alarm pheromone, E‐β‐farnesene, significantly increased mortality among peach potato aphids. Myzus persicae Sulzer, that were exposed for 24 h to discs of green pepper leaf sprayed with conidia of Verticillium lecanii (Zimmerman) Viegas then transferred to fresh untreated discs to allow disease development. A more practical approach to increasing conidia pick‐up appears to be the use of sub‐lethal doses of the chloronicotinyl insecticide imidacloprid. One percent of the recommended dose, applied systemically, dramatically increased aphid movement; quantified by image analysis of videotaped aphid behaviour. This resulted in greater mortality from mycosis in experiments where aphids were exposed to insecticide‐treated leaf discs that had been sprayed with fungal conidia. A comparison with results from an experiment where conidia were sprayed directly onto aphids which were feeding on insecticide‐infused pepper discs established that synergy was due to an indirect effect of the insecticide, i.e. through increased movement, rather than a direct effect viz. predisposition of insecticide‐weakened insects to disease.
Density of the New Zealand flatworm, a predator of earthworms, in allotments in Edinburgh between 1993 and 1995
Authors: GIBSON PETER H , COSENS DEREK J
Published: July 2006

The density of the New Zealand flatworm,Artioposthia triangulata, found between 1993 and 1995 on the surface of the soil under various types of debris scattered in four allotments, was 1–2 m−2. The type of debris did not markedly affect the density of the flatworm and the distribution of the flatworm within the allotment studied was significantly clustered. Fluctuation in numbers of specimens under different sets of compost‐filled plastic sacks varied in a similar manner to one another. The flatworm was most abundant in the upper 100 mm of soil and its egg capsules were most numerous between 100 and 200 mm below the surface. The flatworm was as abundant under the soil surface shelters as it was beneath shelters buried below the soil surface.
Integrated and biological control of gladiolus corm rot and wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. gladioli
Authors: MISHRA P K , MUKHOPADHYAY A N , FOX R T V
Published: July 2006

An isolate of Trichoderma virens Miller, Giddens & Foster, carboxin and a combination of both were evaluated for the control of gladiolus corm rot and wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. gladioli in glasshouse and field experiments. All treatments significantly reduced disease incidence in both glasshouse and field conditions. T. virens gave control at least as good as carboxin in all experiments. Control was significantly improved in two field experiments by combining the biological and chemical treatments.
Agronomic and meteorological factors affecting the severity of leaf blotch caused by Mycosphaerella graminicola in commercial wheat crops in England
Authors: GLADDERS P , PAVELEY N D , BARRIE I A , HARDWICK N V , HIMS M J , LANGTON S , TAYLOR M C
Published: July 2006

Factors affecting the severity of leaf blotch on the two upper leaves of wheat plants in crops at the milky ripe growth stage (GS 73–75) were investigated using survey data from 3513 randomly selected wheat crops sampled during 1985–1996. Year‐to‐year variation in disease severity was greater than spatial variability at county level, although both showed significant differences. The presence of disease above a 5% severity threshold was modelled using random effects logistic regression (Generalised Linear Mixed Model), which enabled risk variables measured at the field level to be combined with meteorological variables estimated at county level. The final model included terms for the fixed effects of disease resistance rating, date of sowing, high risk septoria periods in May and June, number of fungicide sprays and number of days with frost (≤‐2°C) in November. The percentage of crops above the threshold decreased with later sowing, increased number of November frost days and increased number of fungicide sprays. In contrast, high risk septoria periods (rain splash events) in May and June showed a positive correlation with the percentage of crops above the threshold. There were benefits from using resistant cultivars. The model showed that a range of risk variables were of broadly equivalent importance in determining the development of leaf blotch. These risk variables should be integrated in any scheme designed to support fungicide use decisions.
High frequency of adventitious shoot regeneration from commercial cultivars of evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) using thidiazuron
Authors: DE GYVES E MENDOZA , SPARKS C A , FIELDSEND A F , LAZZERI P A , JONES H D
Published: July 2006

Evening primrose (Oenothera spp.) is grown commercially for its seed oil that contains gamma linolenic acid (GLA), a valuable food supplement and pharmaceutical. There is considerable interest in the potential of genetic engineering to improve yields of GLA in evening primrose, and attention has focused on the current state of tissue‐culture knowledge in this species which is a prerequisite for genetic transformation. Published protocols for the regeneration of plants from leaf or cotyledon material of Oenothera spp. are available, but these prove unsatisfactory when applied to commercial cultivars used in this study. An efficient method for regenerating three commercial cultivars of evening primrose Rigel, Merlin and Vulcan was developed using thidiazuron (TDZ) as a growth regulator. Explants from one month old seedlings were cultivated in vitro; a large number of buds were induced directly from strips of leaves, cotyledons and stems when cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium containing TDZ and indole‐butyric acid (IBA). Shoots that were excised and placed onto MS basal medium, supplemented with IBA, rooted with 85–90% efficiency. Plantlets were transferred to soil after 6–8 wk. TDZ stimulated the regeneration process, and its effects were enhanced when combined with IBA or indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA). The methods developed may be a useful advance toward improvement of this oil seed crop through genetic modification.