bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In the Back Yard of Agnon's House: Between The Liberated Bride by A. B. Yehoshua and S. Y. Agnon
Authors: Ben-Dov Nitza
Published: February 2012

At the beginning of his career, A. B. Yehoshua was the outstanding imitator of Agnon. His first short story, "The Death of the Old Man" ( Mot hazaken , 1957), was written in a language that was labeled "Agnonian." Yehoshua eventually freed himself from Agnon's mesmerizing chains of influence, developing creative and increasingly sophisticated ways to refer to Agnon in his important novels. This article first demonstrates the way in which A. B. Yehoshua integrates Agnon's works in Mr. Mani ( Mar Mani , 1990); I then apply a more in-depth analysis to The Liberated Bride ( Hakala hameshahrereth , 2001). In Mr. Mani a specific allusion to one of Agnon's works serves to illustrate Yehoshua's ideological thrust and his sharp irony regarding the Diaspora Jew. In The Liberated Bride Yehoshua weaves a complex intertextual web incorporating several Agnon works, aiming to introduce a humorous and playful dimension to the novel. Not only does he locate much of the novel's central action adjacent to Agnon's house in Jerusalem, but Yehoshua also names one of the novel's main female characters after one of Agnon's best-known female characters. Thus, Yehoshua expressly directs his readers to search for the subtle connections between The Liberated Bride and both famous and lesser-known writings of the Nobel Prize winner, S. Y. Agnon.
Radical Recasting of Tradition: On Abraham Shlonsky's Hegemony in the Hebrew Poetry of the 1930s
Authors: Ofengenden Ari
Published: February 2012

This article addresses a conceptual difficulty in recent post-Zionist accounts of the "center" of Hebrew literature in the 1930s. These accounts claim that this "center," often personified by the poet Abraham Shlonsky, pursued a poetics of literary complexity and abundance which was linked to a socialist-Zionist outlook. This "center," as these depictions maintain, actively marginalized an alternative poetics of simplicity and directness, a poetics claimed to represent a non-socialist-Zionist outlook. The article proposes that the style of complexity and abundance cannot explain or even adequately describe the literary map of center-periphery of the 1930s. After considering various possible reasons for Shlonsky's centrality, an explanation is provided which focuses on the way his poetry forged a radical, modernist transformation of Jewish tradition. This poetics corresponds to and echoes the Zionist project of the 1930s. Hence, the centrality of Shlonsky's work at that time.
My Imaginary Offspring: Reality and Fantasy in Days of Ziklag by S. Yizhar and in If There is a Heaven by Ron Leshem
Authors: Ben-Dov Nitza
Published: February 2012

The union of language and life bought upon us by the modern age of the internet—that truism that the world has become one global village—does not apply to the unique army experience of young people in Israel. At the same time, it is surprising that this elemental experience of the Israelis enjoys only an indirect, not a central, reflection in Israeli literature. The article compares two stark war novels: Days of Ziklag (1958) by S. Yizhar, considered the epic of Israel's War of Independence, and If There Is a Heaven (2005) by Ron Leshem, deemed the most important novel of the first Lebanon war. Both novels use factual historical material in the literary design of the war experience, and the Aristotelian separation of literature from history is blurred in them. In fact, in the second novel this separation hardly exists. Yizhar's work still evinces clear marks of fiction, such as the name Ziklag, which is a fictive biblical place where the battle took place, and is written by the stream-of-consciousness technique; the "Yizharian" language too is highly literary. By contrast, all these "literary" components are missing from Ron Leshem's war novel of the 2000s. Place, language, events, and characters are drawn from a concrete and known reality. For all that, If There Is a Heaven is a work of fine literature.
Consciousness of Time and Mission in S. Y. Agnon's Shira
Authors: Feldman Ahuva
Published: February 2012

The article presents the novel Shira as a portrait of time in which the map of history unfurls, as seen by S. Y. Agnon through the afflictions of the modern era to which he belonged. The narrator's consciousness of time is relentless and vindictive, gradually developing against the background of mandatory Jerusalem, Germany, and Byzantium. The places and events described reflect a pattern of anti-Semitic persecution in its religious-political guise. In the inner circle, the Jews, the Christians, the English, and the Arabs in Jerusalem demonstrate a "master-slave" pattern of relationships. The perception and understanding of time are developed through the story of Professor Herbst and Shira, an enigmatic figure who governs Herbst's actions and shapes the plot. The structure that organizes and activates the protagonist's actions is portrayed as a super-Kabbalistic structure by means of which the Jewish author points out the path of tikkun as a spiritual mission that allows man to have an influence on the world.
The Dybbuk as Imagery and as Psychological State in the Work and Life of Yona Wallach
Authors: Mark Zvi
Published: February 2012

It is possible to identify in the background of Wallach's creative output two general frames of reference, frames that possess a distinct terminology, both of them dealing with the unconscious by giving pride of place to its non-rational characteristics. One is the psychological frame of conceptualization, which Wallach uses broadly and freely, and the other frame of reference is the mystical system of explanations, a central source of that inspiration being the world of Kabbalah. In this essay, I will focus on states of consciousness in Wallach's poetry similar to that associated with a "dybbuk," and I will argue that such descriptions comprise an attempt to give meaning to a complex and non-defined identity—an attempt that expresses an alternative to psychological conceptualization and medical diagnosis, forming in its stead a different path to express those states of mind.
Sh. Y. Agnon's Community Rhetoric: The Heroism and Crisis of Power in Two Tales of Gabbais (Treasurers) from Ir U-Meloah (The City and All It has in It)
Authors: Katsman Roman
Published: February 2012

Agnon's Buchach stories, which were posthumously collected in the monumental volume Ir U-meloah , being written in the perspective of the Holocaust and two World Wars, provide the boldest and finest representation of the cultural crisis in the twentieth century, and the deepest insight in its inner mechanisms. The current article is focused on one of them: the crisis of power and leadership—in the Jewish community as well as in the surrounding culture. However, the simple conception of the generations' decline, supported, for example, by Shulamit Almog in her work City, Law, Story , is hardly applicable to the book, and the whole picture is supposedly much more complicated.
Orly Castel-Bloom's Perception of Coupledom and Women's Oppression in Light of Impressionist Features and Intertextual Connections in the Novel Where Am I
Authors: Rudin Shai
Published: February 2012

This study suggests a radical feminist reading of Orly Castel-Bloom's first novel, Where Am I . The research shows Castel-Bloom's adaptation of impressionist motifs and the intertextual connections to classics works— Anna Karenina, The Visit of the Old Lady , and Prometheus Bound —in order to express and characterize her version of women's oppression. In this novel, Castel-Bloom chooses to undermine the most central institute of patriarchy—coupledom, and by describing the heroine's two flawed marriages, she leads her readers to an apocalyptic conclusion that the collapse of the couple model leads the individual to remain alone in the world, not as a solution or as salvation, but as an inevitable course in view of the inability to establish ties that realize even slightly the romantic perceptions. Castel-Bloom's impressionist poetics in this work (unlike her other postmodern stories) tries to reflect the tension generated in the course of the active processes of constant change of reality, which make women weak, fragile, and in danger of victimization.
"Enough of a Bad Gamble": Correcting the Misinformation on Hemingway's Captain James Gamble
Authors: Brenner Gerry
Published: February 2012

Scholars and biographers continue to perpetuate three canards about Hemingway's World War I friend Captain James Gamble: that he came from Cincinnati, that his wealth was from the Procter & Gamble Company, and that he was homosexual. In fact he came from Williamsport, Pennsylvania, and his family's wealth from the timber industry. Research on his life and interviews with his niece reveal his 1926 marriage in Paris, a modest career as a painter, and other details. As to his identification as a gay, the evidence is either speculation, insinuation, or fabrication.
"Where Do We Go From Here?": Ernest Hemingway's "Soldier's Home" and American Veterans of World War I
Authors: Trout Steven
Published: February 2012

Criticism on Ernest Hemingway's "Soldier's Home" has emphasized the story's autobiographical dimension; however, the story also examines the problems encountered by a group to which Hemingway did not actually belong: the combat veterans of the American Expeditionary Forces (A.E.F.). Hemingway's title, a play on the term "soldiers' home," evokes the Veterans' Bureau scandal of 1923, an event that symbolizes the mistreatment of Americans who fought in the Great War. Krebs's service in the casualty-ridden Second Division and the story's setting in rural Oklahoma (a region that contributed relatively few soldiers to the A.E.F.'s hardest-hit units) also contribute to the story's central theme—that in its post-war pursuit of normalcy, the United States had failed to provide a "home" for its most tested soldiers.
Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises and James's The Ambassadors
Authors: Hays Peter L.
Published: February 2012

Despite his protestations to the contrary, Hemingway read and learned from Henry James. A pattern of influence is most noticeable in Hemingway's first major novel, The Sun Also Rises , which, like The Ambassadors , concerns a journalist protagonist as first person narrator, expatriates in sinful Paris, an attractive woman with a scandalous reputation, and questions of morality. Both novels involve innocents abroad—Strether and Cohn—and both reveal character through the speech and actions of individuals contrasted to each other. Even the dissimilar styles of Hemingway and James have parallels in their insistence on close reading and moral ambiguity.
A Note on Hemingway's "Ten Indians" and Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury
Authors: Carter Steven
Published: February 2012

Two scenarios, one from Ernest Hemingway's "Ten Indians" (1927), the other from William Faulkner's The Sound and the Fury (1929), mirror each other in significant ways. Both feature a young person engaged in uncomfortable conversation with a male authority figure during a meal; both also feature the conspicuous absence of the mother. Furthermore, in both stories the male adults (Dr. Adams in "Ten Indians," Jason Compson in The Sound and the Fury ) demonstrate a puritanical disapproval of adolescent sex by punning on the word "piece." Because the scenarios are so strikingly similar, we may conclude that Faulkner borrowed from Hemingway's story for his characterization of Jason Compson.
"The Law of an Ancient God" and the Editing of Hemingway's Garden of Eden: The Final Corrected Typescript and Galleys
Authors: Nesmith Chris L.
Published: February 2012

This article lists editorial emendations to the final edited typescript of The Garden of Eden archived at the Thomas Cooper Library at the University of South Carolina. In the introduction, the author summarizes the controversy over editor Tom Jenks's massive cutting of the original materials, and argues that his final typescript provides evidence that even the text retained by Jenks was altered and emended to a greater degree than previously believed.
My Pilgrimage; Fishing for Religion with Hemingway
Authors: Pratt John Clark
Published: February 2012

This memoir-essay covers the time period from 1952 to the present and chronicles the author's efforts to define and explain Hemingway's use of religious allusion in his fiction. Cited are letters from Hemingway, Malcolm Cowley, Maxwell Geismar, Robert M. Brown, and Carlos Baker, as well as interviews with William Carlos Williams, Orville Prescott, and Lewis Leary as the author does research first for his M.A. and PH.D. theses, then for subsequent publications and papers on Hemingway. This essay tells a detailed story about a student-turned-professor's critical maturing and is designed to exemplify the effects of intellectual and scholarly growth.
"There Was a Woman Having a Kid"—From Her Point of View: An Unpublished Draft of In Our Time 's Chapter II
Authors: Cohen Milton
Published: February 2012

Chapter II of In Our Time is celebrated for its coolly detached depiction of civilian suffering. But Hemingway originally planned to present the Greek evacuation from the perspective of the "woman having a kid." In this unpublished draft, entitled "Exodus," we see and feel only what "Helene" does, riding in the back of a cart: her labor pains, the jolting cart, the camel's manure-matted rump bobbing up and down, her vomiting. This draft joins other early stories that empathize with women or depict childbirth, but its unsubtle, allegorical references clashed with the interchapters' matter-of-fact realism.
A Tribute to Gregory Hemingway
Authors: Miller Linda Patterson
Published: February 2012

A scholar shares memories and impressions of Ernest Hemingway's youngest son Gregory, who died in Miami, Florida on 1 October 2001.
The Garden of Eden: A Question of Dates
Authors: Leonard John
Published: February 2012

Hemingway biographers and critics have proposed a wide variety of conflicting dates, ranging from 1946 to 1958, for composition of the sprawling manuscript that makes up The Garden of Eden . After reviewing what is known about the various identifiable sections of The Garden of Eden , this essay proposes that the central section of the novel—Folder 8 (Chapter 13) through Folder 28 (Chapter 35)—was composed between 20 May and 11 September 1957. The essay treats a series of marginal dates in Hemingway's handwriting (months and days given without the year) discovered in the body of the manuscript, and overlays these dates year by year on events in Hemingway's life from 1946 to 1958.
Espacio de Juan Ramón Jiménez: extremos del poema en prosa, impura inclusividad, hundimiento del yo y resistencia a la fusión total
Authors: Cózar Ernesto Estrella
Published: February 2012

El presente artículo toma Espacio como lugar para la reevaluación definitiva de la obra última de Juan Ramón Jiménez. Tras un análisis del conflicto entre prosa y verso que inquietó a Juan Ramón desde su exilio, se estudia una prolongación poco conocida del debate en torno a la poesía pura que lo enfrentó a Pablo Neruda en los años treinta. En esta indagación se revela una cercanía entre ambos poetas que es concluyente en el caso de Espacio . También con la intención de renovar la lectura de Juan Ramón, se abandona el paradigma del yo, para centrarse en el poema como trabajo de amplia inclusividad y localizar algunas de las coordenadas desde las que esta se realiza. Por último, se postula Espacio como poema excesivo que muestra, no obstante, una clara resistencia a la fusión en el todo y una opción alternativa a la noción de obra de arte total.
Biographical Emulation of Dante in Mena's Laberinto de Fortuna and Coplas de los siete pecados mortales
Authors: Hartnett Daniel
Published: February 2012

Rather than borrow simple words or motifs from Dante's Commedia as Imperial and Santillana did, Juan de Mena decided to emulate the figure of the Italian in his public presentation. Direct references to Dante are nearly absent in Mena's works, but the similarities between Dante's Iberian reputation and Mena's cultivated persona are striking. Mena crafted his image as an Iberian Dante by undertaking literary projects that defined erudition for his community, redefined the role of that community in a new cosmogony, and offered Mena himself as the interpreter of that cosmogony. This essay examines Mena's Laberinto de Fortuna and Coplas de los siete pecados mortales in order to explain the role of Dante in Mena's cultural agenda.
El amor platónico "en pelota": desenmascaramiento del sublimado apetito sexual en la Rima I de Bécquer
Authors: Mizrahi Irene
Published: February 2012

Este estudio busca mostrar cómo el deseo sexual se esconde tras el discurso de "amor divino" que se parodia en la rima I de Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer. Aunque no se analiza aquí Los Borbones en pelota , el título del artículo se inspira en el de esa colección de acuarelas porque en ella aparecen sátiras de evidente contenido sexual contra figuras del poder político y religioso del momento histórico del autor. A fin de mostrar cómo Bécquer insinúa su empleo de la parodia y la ironía en tanto vehículos para desenmascarar y subvertir las jerarquías sexuales y sociales y para simbolizar su visión alternativa del amor, en la primera parte de este trabajo se investigan algunos de sus textos metapoéticos, especialmente sus "Cartas literarias a una mujer". En la segunda parte, se ilustra la perspectiva ética del amor que Bécquer privilegia a través del análisis de la rima I como parodia del "amor platónico" que oprime a la mujer, cuya historia silenciada se oculta en el fondo del poema.
América en la España de Antonio Machado: la presencia y función de Ultramar en Soledades. Galerías. Otros poemas y Campos de Castilla
Authors: Flores Francisca González
Published: February 2012

Este artículo se acerca a las primeras obras de Antonio Machado, Soledades. Galerías. Otros poemas (1907) y Campos de Castilla (1912), para mostrar la presencia de las antiguas colonias americanas en los temas y símbolos que articulan ambas obras. Tal presencia surge de una motivación doble del autor: como intelectual comprometido, es una reflexión sobre el proceso de formación de la identidad nacional española tras el Desastre; como miembro de la familia Machado (con un abuelo, un tío abuelo, el padre y un hermano emigrantes), es una meditación personal sobre América como lugar de oportunidad perdido. El tema aparece, además, como hilo conductor que uniría Soledades. Galerías. Otros poemas y Campos de Castilla y corroboraría la preocupación histórica del autor ya desde sus primeros poemas.This essay investigates the presence and importance of the former Spanish American colonies in Antonio Machado's first works, Soledades. Galerías. Otros poemas (1907) and Campos de Castilla (1912). Machado's interest in America originated not only from his intellectual concern regarding the building of a Spanish nation after the loss of the last Spanish colonies in 1898, but also from his personal life, since the Machado family (grandfather, great uncle, father, and brother) had a history of emigration to the former colonies all throughout the 19th century. This article also shows that the presence of America connects Soledades. Galerías. Otros poemas with Campos de Castilla , showing how the author's social and historical commitment already appears in his first poems.
La retórica de la adulación en la literatura de los españoles exiliados en la República Dominicana: el caso de Enrique López Alarcón
Authors: Cañete Quesada Carmen
Published: February 2012

Este artículo analiza cinco poemas prácticamente desconocidos, comprendidos en Flor de sonetos (1940) y publicados por el escritor español Enrique López Alarcón (¿1881?-1963) durante su breve exilio en la República Dominicana. Pese a su compromiso por el bando republicano en España, el autor rindió homenaje con estos sonetos a la figura del general Rafael L. Trujillo y logró con ello la aprobación del régimen en su nuevo lugar de residencia. La naturaleza de estos versos laudatorios nos ayuda a comprender la política de control que el dictador ejerció no solo entre los ciudadanos dominicanos, sino también entre los extranjeros que arribaron a las costas caribeñas huyendo de las guerras en Europa. La presencia de estos visitantes antifascistas en un país gobernado por una tiranía similar a la de Francisco Franco, Adolf Hitler o Benito Mussolini fue posible gracias al discurso adulatorio que algunos profesaron y que les permitió recibir algún tipo de recompensa económica y moral.This article analyzes five little-known poems included in Flor de sonetos (1940) which were published by Spanish writer Enrique López Alarcón (1881?–1963) during his short exile in the Dominican Republic. Despite his commitment to the Republican cause in Spain, this author paid homage to the tyrant Rafael L. Trujillo in order to gain the regime's approval in his new place of residence. The nature of these laudatory verses allows us to understand the political control that the dictator established not only over the Dominican citizens but also over foreigners who arrived on the Caribbean coasts to escape from the wars in Europe. The presence of these anti-fascist visitors in a country governed by a tyranny similar to that of Franco, Hitler, or Mussolini, was possible due to the adulatory discourse professed by some of them, for which they received some economic and moral compensation.
David Hume, Paternalist
Authors: Ridge Michael
Published: February 2012

A standard worry about Hume’s account of justice is that it leaves those who are most vulnerable outside the circumstances of justice. An equally standard reply is that those who are so vulnerable as to fall outside the scope of justice need not thereby fall outside the scope of morality altogether, because on Hume’s account we will often have duties of humanity to treat vulnerable creatures decently. It is not clear that this reply is adequate, for given the apparent priority of justice over natural virtues like those of humanity, it is not clear that duties of humanity provide enough protection for the weak. This paper identifies another problem with Hume’s reply: if those who are extremely vulnerable are nonetheless rational and fully capable of autonomous judgment about how to live, then Hume’s theory still delivers the wrong sorts of protections for them. In particular, it is very plausible to suppose that it would be immoral to engage in paternalistic interference with the decisions of such weak but rational agents about how to live, as long as they are not thereby harming or wronging anyone else. Treating such rational but vulnerable agents paternalistically seems unjust, but Hume’s account cannot vindicate this intuition. Indeed, Hume not only cannot explain why such paternalism is unjust, he seems forced to conclude that we will often be obligated by duties of humanity to engage in such paternalism. For Hume seems committed to the unpalatable conclusion that morality speaks unambiguously in favour of paternalistic interference in such cases as long as we can be reasonably sure that the intended beneficiaries really will be made better off. In this paper, I develop and press this new objection from paternalism against Hume’s account of the circumstances of justice.
Exciting Reasons and Moral Rationalism in Hutcheson's Illustrations upon the Moral Sense
Authors: Tilley John J.
Published: February 2012

One of the most oft-cited parts of Francis Hutcheson's Illustrations upon the Moral Sense (1728) is his discussion of "exciting reasons." In this paper I address the question: What is the function of that discussion? In particular, what is its relation to Hutcheson's attempt to show that the rationalists' normative thesis ultimately implies, contrary to their moral epistemology, that moral ideas spring from a sense? Despite first appearances, Hutcheson's discussion of exciting reasons is not part of that attempt. Mainly, it is part of Hutcheson's comeback to Gilbert Burnet's objections to Hutcheson's Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (1725).
Spinozist Pantheism and the Truth of "Sense Certainty": What the Eleusinian Mysteries Tell us about Hegel's Phenomenology
Authors: Bowman Brady
Published: February 2012

In all phases of his career, Hegel makes reference to the Eleusinian Mysteries, most prominently in the unpublished early poem "Eleusis: To Hölderlin" and again in the Phenomenology's opening section, "Sense Certainty." This paper demonstrates the link in Hegel's thought between the Eleusis motif and his critical interpretation of Spinozism as a form of pantheism. Attention to this link leads opens a new perspective on the opening arguments of the Phenomenology and their place in the work as a whole. I argue that the influential approach to "Sense Certainty" in terms of singular demonstrative reference must be revised to accommodate Hegel's metaphysical premises.
The Reporting of the September 11 th Terrorist Attacks in American Social Studies Textbooks: A Muslim Perspective
Authors: Saleem Mohammed M. , Thomas Michael K.
Published: February 2012

This study analyzes the reporting of the September 11 th terrorist attacks in social studies textbooks from a Muslim perspective and reports on findings from a study of the responses of American Muslim children to the treatment of the events of September 11 th in social studies textbooks. Constructivist grounded theory was used to centralize the participant's perspective in the readings of social studies textbooks leading to emergent themes that developed into a theoretical framework about basic social processes within the reading. Propaganda-making is suggested here as a theoretical conceptualization of the processes undertaken by textbook authors, and the category "Muslim reactions" is suggested as a typology of Muslim responses to these characterizations. Exploring how readers engage with the text and how the text engages with the reader in the construction of knowledge, the framework developed in the study can be used to inform a culturally relevant pedagogy and curricula in the teaching of 9/11 in social studies classrooms.
The Challenges of Political Instruction in a Post-9/11 United States
Authors: Journell Wayne
Published: February 2012

In the decade since the attacks of September 11 th , the political climate in the United States has become increasingly intolerant of opposing viewpoints. This climate, made nearly ubiquitous by 24-hour news cycles and increased exposure to political media, poses quite a challenge to teachers wishing to broach political topics as part of their curriculum. This article highlights a few of the issues secondary educators will face when engaging in political instruction and offers practical, research-based solutions to these issues.
Catachresis: Blu's Hanging and the Epistemology of the Given
Authors: Tsou Elda E.
Published: February 2012

Elda Tsou takes the 1998 award controversy as the springboard for a sharp critique of the field's approach to representation as an "epistemology of the given." Suggesting that the field's response to literature reflects deeply held and problematic assumptions about the nature of agency, language and subjectivity, the essay explores the novel as a formal engagement with the trope of catachresis. Demonstrating how both the narrator and controversial Filipino character are staged by the novel as necessary abuses, the essay profoundly alters our understanding of both the novel and Asian American identity politics.
Bitter Pills: Colonialism, Medicine and Nationalism in Burma, 1870-1940
Authors: Edwards Penny
Published: February 2012

This article examines medicine as a field of knowledge deeply implicated in the emergence of new ways of articulating national difference. Specifically, it aims to shed light on the symbiosis between perceptions of political space and sovereignty, and conceptualizations of human anatomy. The article offers an analysis of the presentation, dissemination, and institutionalization of western medicine by colonial researchers, missionaries, educators and policy-makers in Burma, and correlates these generally ethnocentric perceptions with European presumptions about indigenous medicine. Reflecting upon the place of medicine as a strategic handmaiden to both military expeditions and missionary ambitions, it considers proposals for medical education and medical rights in Burma by Burmese advocates of educational and labour reform and the specific place of medicine in the training of Karen nationalist leader Dr. San C. Po and Burmese nationalist U Thein Maung.
Syphilis and the Kachin Regeneration Campaign, 1937-1938
Authors: Sadan Mandy
Published: February 2012

This article discusses the introduction of a policy known as the Kachin Regeneration Campaign in the Kachin Hills from 1937 to 1938. Initiated by a belief that the Kachin people were on the verge of dying out because of an epidemic of syphilis, the campaign reveals much about the realities of Kachin dissociation from the late colonial regime, contrasting sharply with the conventional historical narrative of Kachin compliance with imperial control. A significant part of the Regeneration Campaign’s agenda was a less publicly acknowledged awareness that former Kachin soldiers were becoming a potentially volatile interest group and that there was increasing discontent across the Kachin Hills with regard to the administration, the military and the missions. The article uses the concept of a sick role to describe the approach of the Regeneration Campaign to Kachin society and discusses how the rhetoric of the campaign became embedded in the sermons of the local Christian missions, justifying changes to women’s roles and more recently impacting upon early responses to the spread of HIV/AIDS in the region.
The Saint Who Did Not Want to Die: The Multiple Deaths of an Immortal Burmese Holy Man
Authors: Rozenberg Guillaume
Published: February 2012

Translated from French by Ward Keeler (University of Texas at Austin) The events preceding, surrounding, and following the demise of the person considered the greatest Burmese holy man of the late twentieth century, the great monk of Thamanya (1912–2003), reveal much about how a community seeks to gain some control over death. In attempts to prevent the monk’s death, in efforts to preserve his presence despite his death, and in arguments about how to organize his funeral, we see that the body lies, as the French anthropologist Robert Hertz long pointed out, at the center of conceptions and activities related to death. Whether doubled, used as the subject of rites, preserved or burned, the body is an instrument that is manipulated when people confront death’s effects on their community.
The Position of the Rājāvaṁsa Katnā in Mon History-Telling
Authors: McCormick Patrick
Published: February 2012

The Mons are are considered one of the foundational peoples of Burma. In comparison with Burmese-language sources, there are fewer Mon-language texts concerning history. The Rājāvaṁsa Kathā is a collection of Mon-language historical texts and includes some of the longest, most elaborated, and well-known narratives in the Mon language. One of these concerns the rise and career of the Mon military hero and ruler, Rājādhirāj, forming a work perhaps better known in its Thai and Burmese “retellings” as a classic somewhere between history and literature. Yet for Mon scholars and intellectuals, this narrative seems to hold an equivocal position: while no one would dismiss it, it nevertheless does not seem to have the position of importance that it would seem to deserve. This essay is an attempt to understand where and how Mon scholars position these narratives within the Mon intellectual environment. This environment, in turn, is contingent upon the wider Burmese intellectual environment, itself a development out of indigenous practices and conceptions introduced through contact with British educational and intellectual traditions. This discussion touches on how history is conceived of, written, and retold in modern Burma, and the consequences that these conceptions have for Mon history. One of the most salient of these is that many Mon intellectuals consider the first millennium as the most important for Mon history, with more recent centuries–and the sources associated with them –less important to what is most central to be transmitted and told to the story of Mon history.
"A Base and Unmanly Conspiracy": Catholicism and the Hogan Schism in the Gendered Religious Marketplace of Philadelphia
Authors: Hessinger Rodney
Published: February 2012

When the Catholic priest William Hogan was charged with the attempted rape and assault of parishioner Mary Connell in 1821, the ensuing trial fed a debate about gender and religion in the early national era. Fears about gender disruption had already been at the heart of the so-called Hogan Schism. St. Mary's Church in Philadelphia, like many other Catholic and Protestant congregations, felt the market strains of the Second Great Awakening, as followers pushed for more authority in their churches. Hogan had accommodated this desire, crafting a republican message and charismatic persona that appealed to male and female congregants alike. In doing so, he inflamed a long standing fight for power between the church hierarchy and elected trustees. As competing churchmen fought for adherents they found that women's efforts on their behalf were central to their struggle. Hogan would resent the bishop's seeming deployment of a female agent to bring him down. Yet Hogan himself had relied on this same woman, Mary Connell, to advance his cause. In addition, Hogan, a noted dandy, saw his very manhood interrogated from several quarters amidst these disputes. His seeming charm over female parishioners opened difficult questions about the nature of masculinity within a church that demanded celibacy of its clergy. In the long term, the schism and trial encouraged damaging criticism of Catholicism that would inform antebellum strains of nativism. Hogan himself would exploit this potential by portraying women as one of the primary victims of the unchecked power vested in priests. In both literal and metaphorical fashion, the Hogan Schism proved an "unmanly" dispute.
The Transformation of Local Governance in Monmouth County, New Jersey, during the War of the American Revolution
Authors: Adelberg Michael S.
Published: February 2012

Several recent locality-focused studies suggest that the American Revolution was not particularly 'revolutionary'. These studies note continuity of pre and post-independence institutions and local leadership. But the American Revolution was experienced differently in different communities, and the American Revolution was likely more 'revolutionary' along the military frontiers—the subset of localities that experienced prolonged civil warfare—than in more peaceful locales. This study examines one wartorn locality, Monmouth County, New Jersey, to substantiate this hypothesis. The American Revolution split the pre-war leadership in Monmouth County into Whig and Loyalist blocs, and about half of the county's pre-war leaders dropped out of leadership as the war began. The gaps created by Loyalists dropping out of leadership plus the approximate doubling of local offices created a permeable and democratic, new leadership. Men of modest means came into leadership positions; men disaffected from the cause of independence continued being elected into local offices. Local leaders split into antagonistic factions that faced off at the polls, in the courts, and through a series of rival associations. Local political institutions, such as courts and elections, were scandal-plagued and dysfunctional for long stretches. The State legislature was compelled to censure county leaders for provocative and illegal conduct; twice, it voided the results of the county elections. The crucible of civil warfare created extraordinary stresses in Monmouth County, and by war's end, its leadership and governing institutions were substantially transformed. The pre-war elite were marginalized, new families achieved parity with established families in the leadership ranks, local institutions were re-made, and, despite the tribulations, competent local governance eventually emerged.
John Heckewelder’s “Pieces of Secrecy”: Dissimulation and Class in the Writings of a Moravian Missionary
Authors: Murray Keat
Published: February 2012

Although John Heckewelder (1743–1823) has informed non-Native views of Native peoples in history and literature since his major volumes were published in the early nineteenth century, his writings have not been interrogated for their implicit assumptions. Informed by contemporary disputes about the constitution of a “gentleman” and valuations of Heckewelder’s writings and character, a critical reading of his large corpus of published and unpublished writings reveals resounding anxieties about the viability and moral constitution of gentleman leaders at a time when egalitarianism posed a formidable challenge to elite dominance. The Moravian’s representations of “genuine Indians” and their natural social forms are not disinterested, as he claims, but invested in the genteel culture that contributed to their production. As Heckewelder’s “incontrovertible facts” about the Lenape and Mahican performed the double function of describing Indians and naturalizing the sociopolitical and moral authority of American gentlemen, his credibility was questioned in print reviews that impugned his honor, disinterestedness, patriotism, and racial loyalties. To some degree, his detractors make a point worth pursuing, for the Moravian’s personal correspondence indicates that he was quite adept in dissimulation—as a patriot spy, ethnographer, Indian agent—for personal interest and on behalf of his peers, among whom dissimulation and the careful management of “truth” were accepted practices for acquiring and fortifying cultural capital and social power. Yet the implications of dissimulation prove problematic for Heckewelder. While he privately grapples with his guilt for having violated Moravian pacifist values and engineering warfare that backfired on missions, his publications work vigorously to dissociate missionaries from hybrid frontier populations, whom he relentlessly condemns for inciting violence. Simultaneously, he quietly petitions gentlemen leaders to reform their conduct toward the missions and Indians they have betrayed, lest their immorality prompt an irrecoverable loss of cultural and political authority.
“So Truly Afflicting and Distressing to Me His Sorrowing Mother”: Expressions of Maternal Grief in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia
Authors: McMahon Lucia
Published: February 2012

In 1781, Lowry Wister produced an eight-page account of her three-year son’s death from small pox. Lowry Wister’s narrative offers important insights into the emotional landscape of mothering, mourning, and religion in late eighteenth-century America. Religious and cultural prescriptions stressed restraint throughout the mourning process, and in particular admonished women to avoid excessive displays of grief. Lowry Wister’s emotional struggles as a “sorrowing mother” enable us to examine the relationship between individual experiences and prescribed expressions of grief and mourning. While eighteenth-century conventions stressed quiet resignation to God’s will, emerging cultural changes increasingly enabled – indeed, encouraged – women to give public voice to their private emotions. By the nineteenth century, sentimental views of childhood, along with a culture of mourning, inspired parents – especially mothers – to give full expression to intense feelings of loss and sorrow. Lowry Wister’s narrative reveals how women responded to and negotiated various religious, cultural and literary conventions that shaped their understandings of motherhood and mourning. Her narrative illustrates the various ways in which individual women challenged cultural norms and helped usher in new forms of emotional and literary expression. Comparisons of Wister’s narrative to other eighteenth-century women’s writings on grief and mourning further illuminate the interplay between cultural convention and individual expression.
Walter Pater as Oxford Hegelian: Plato and Platonism and T. H. Green’s Prolegomena to Ethics
Authors: Andrews Kit
Published: February 2012

Through an analysis of Walter Pater and T. H. Green’s closely related borrowings from Kant and Hegel, this article argues that Plato and Platonism, like Green’s Prolegomena, appropriates a Kantian epistemological critique, develops a Kantian ethical subject, and then moves beyond Kant’s autonomous subject towards a more Hegelian historical evolution of individual subject and state. This article also explores Pater’s idiosyncratic survey of Greek philosophy as an implicit alternative to Green’s moral philosophy
Response to S. Adam Seagrave’s “How Old Are Modern Rights?: On the Lockean Roots of Contemporary Human Rights Discourse”
Authors: Tierney Brian
Published: February 2012

Response to S. Adam Seagrave’s “How Old Are Modern Rights? Lockean Roots of Contemporary Human Rights Discourse,” Journal of the History of Ideas, volume 72 (2011): 305–27.
Reference and Analysis: The Representation of Time in Galileo, Newton, and Leibniz
Authors: Grosholz Emily
Published: February 2012

Productive scientific discourse must both search for conditions of intelligibility of the object under investigation, and it must enable successful reference. Representations apt for analysis and those apt for reference are typically not the same, and the resultant discourse may thus be heterogeneous and multivalent, a fact missed by philosophers who, like logicians, equate discursive homogeneity with rationality. I show this to be the case in texts where Galileo, Newton and Leibniz investigate the nature of time, and shed new light on the debate about time and space between Clarke (Newton’s spokesman) and Leibniz.
Legal Theories and Ancient Practices in John Selden’s Marmora Arundelliana
Authors: Wallace Joseph
Published: February 2012

This article examines John Selden’s 1628 edition of a set of Greek inscriptions in the context of his developing legal theories and his classical scholarship. While the edition has often been studied as an exercise in specialized scholarship, this essay relates it to several of Selden’s other works as well as a broad range of ancient and early modern legal thought. I argue that the edition provides a way to understand Selden’s thinking about the intersection between political and religious obligation, methods for changing existing laws, and the distribution of goods and honors in a religious society.
Popular Liberty, Princely Government, and the Roman Law in Hugo Grotius’s De Jure Belli ac Pacis
Authors: Lee Daniel
Published: February 2012

The article investigates Grotius’s use of the Roman law to articulate a concept of popular liberty. Using categories derived from the Roman law of persons, Grotius develops a concept of popular liberty that requires both the absence of dependence, as well as active rights of self-government. However, as Grotius explains, a free people may transfer some of those rights to an intermediary, such as a prince, without also compromising their liberty. One surprising result from this analysis is the view that, in special circumstances, a people may remain free even while under the government of a prince.
The Paperback Revolution: Mass-circulation Books and the Cultural Origins of 1968 in Western Europe
Authors: Mercer Ben
Published: February 2012

This article explores the relation between the “paperback revolution” of the early 1960s and the revolutions of 1968. The arrival of a mass market in books threatened to overturn the cultural order and transform reading and knowledge. Paperbacks were seen as the symbol and motor of the democratization and consumerization of knowledge. The movements of 1968 adopted a critical and democratic attitude towards “high culture” promoted by the paperback market, but also at times adopted its potential for anti-intellectualism. Paperbacks played an important role in facilitating the revolution of 1968 but the legacy of the book revolution was deeply ambiguous.
Republicanism after the French Revolution: The Case of Sismonde de Sismondi
Authors: Urbinati Nadia
Published: February 2012

Sismonde de Sismondi was perhaps the most prominent promoter of a republican theory of liberty and the government after the collapse of eighteenth-century republicanism with the Terror. In revisiting Sismondi's ideas this article shows how the French Revolution and the advent of capitalism changed the nature of republicanism without obliterating it. Contra contemporary neo-roman republicanism, we can see through Sismondi that it was not the priority of individual interests and liberty that troubled modern republicans the most. What challenged it was instead the growth of a society that praised political equality and legitimacy by electoral consent and made virtue and honor negligible. Sismondi thought that, if not tamed, the democratic transformation of society would threaten liberty, individual as well as political.
Freedom in Hobbes's Ontology and Semantics: A Comment on Quentin Skinner
Authors: Pettit Philip
Published: February 2012

The development of Hobbes's thinking about freedom illustrates a general thesis: that the conceptual shifts tracked in contextualist analysis may sometimes be 'semantic' rather than 'ontological' in character; they may be changes in how thinkers apply certain words and concepts to the social world, as they conceive of it, rather than changes in their conception of that world. Quentin Skinner has provided an illuminating account of the shifts in Hobbes's thinking about freedom, thereby illustrating his own contextualist approach, but under minor, albeit independently interesting revisions, the account bears out this claim about semantics and ontology.
The Religiosity of a Former Confucian-Buddhist: The Catholic Faith of Yang Tingyun
Authors: Liu Yu
Published: February 2012

Yang Tingyun (1557?-1627) was one of the most prominent Confucian scholar-officials converted to Catholicism in the early seventeenth century. Since he was not attracted to the Jesuits by European sciences, he has been thought of as an experimental convert who moved successively through Confucianism (Ru) and Buddhism (Chan) and finally found satisfaction in Christianity (Ye). This linear and unidirectional reading of his spiritual journey is simplistic. To understand his religiosity accurately, this essay contends for seeing his relationship with Confucianism, Buddhism, and Christianity as always a two-way, three-way, and even multiple-way interaction involving diverse kinds of both acceptance and rejection.
Writing The Fortunate Fall: “O felix culpa!” in Finnegans Wake
Authors: Mitchell Andrew J.
Published: February 2012

The idea of a felix culpa or “fortunate fall” is found throughout Finnegans Wake . More than just a phrase from the Catholic Mass or even a representation of the fall of humanity itself, the motif of the felix culpa also marks the influence of John Milton’s Paradise Lost upon the Wake and points to the murders of Lord Frederick Cavendish and Thomas Henry Burke in Phoenix Park, as well as to the exposure of Richard Pigott as a forger. Beyond these resonances, however, this essay argues that the full importance of the felix culpa for Joyce is only encountered when the fall is understood as a fall into text (becoming a word of the flesh), that the fortuity of the fall is found in the act of writing itself, and that “ felix culpa ” marks the inter-penetration of divine and human creation in writing.