bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Health Impact of Surgical Techniques and Assistive Methods Used in Cesarean Deliveries: A Systemic Review
Authors: Wang Li-Hsuan , Seow Kok-Min , Chen Li-Ru , Chen Kuo-Hu
Published: September 2020

Cesarean delivery is one of the most frequently performed surgeries in women throughout the world. However, the most optimal technique to minimize maternal and fetal morbidities is still being debated due to various clinical situations and surgeons’ preferences. The contentious topics are the use of vacuum devices other than traditional fundal pressure to assist in the delivery of the fetal head and the techniques of uterine repair used during cesarean deliveries. There are two well-described techniques for suturing the uterus: The uterus can be repaired either temporarily exteriorized (out of abdominal cavity) or in situ (within the peritoneal cavity). Numerous studies have attempted to compare these two techniques in different aspects, including operative time, blood loss, and maternal and fetal outcomes. This review provides an overview of the assistive method of vacuum devices compared with fundal pressure, and the two surgical techniques for uterine repair following cesarean delivery. This descriptive literature review was performed to address important issues for clinical practitioners. It aims to compare the advantages and disadvantages of the assistive methods and surgical techniques used in cesarean deliveries. All of the articles were retrieved from the databases Medline and PubMed using the search terms cesarean delivery, vacuum, and exteriorization. The searching results revealed that after exclusion, there were 9 and 13 eligible articles for vacuum assisted cesarean delivery and uterine exteriorization, respectively. Although several studies have concluded vacuum assistance for fetal extraction as a simple, effective, and beneficial method during fetal head delivery during cesarean delivery, further research is still required to clarify the safety of vacuum assistance. In general, compared to the use of in situ uterine repairs during cesarean delivery, uterine exteriorization for repairs may have benefits of less blood loss and shorter operative time. However, it may also carry a higher risk of intraoperative complications such as nausea and vomiting, uterine atony, and a longer time to the return of bowel function. Clinicians should consider these factors during shared decision-making with their pregnant patients to determine the most suitable techniques for cesarean deliveries.
Healthcare at Your Fingertips: The Acceptance and Adoption of Mobile Medical Treatment Services among Chinese Users
Authors: Li Qingchuan
Published: September 2020

Mobile health (mHealth) services have recently been receiving increasing attention. However, there is a lack of knowledge about how users accept and adopt mobile medical treatment (MMT) services, some of the most promising mHealth services that aim to extend the patient–physician relationship beyond the conventional clinic environment. To fill this research gap, this study proposes a research model for predicting consumers’ acceptance behavior toward MMT services based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). A survey was conducted among 303 Chinese MMT service users to evaluate the proposed model and relevant hypotheses using partial least squares. Several key findings were summarized from the results: (1) the attitude toward using MMT, technology anxiety, and trust are significantly associated with users’ behavioral intention to use MMT services; (2) the perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, and trust significantly influence users’ attitude toward using MMT services; (3) the perceived interactivity, perceived personalization, and privacy concerns have significant impacts on users’ perceptions of ease of use, usefulness, and trust toward MMT services. The current findings have both theoretical and practical implications that may guide practitioners and researchers to better understand consumers’ acceptance of MMT services.
Physical Activity of Children with Visual Impairments during Different Segments of the School Day
Authors: Qi Jing , Xu Jian Wei , Shao Wei De
Published: September 2020

Schools provide opportunities for children with visual impairments (VI) to accumulate recommended daily moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). This study aimed to determine physical activity (PA) across the school day among special school children with VI in China. The study objectively measured the MVPA levels of children with VI during the recess, lunchtime, physical education (PE) classes, before-school, and after-school periods segments on PE days and non-PE days. Moreover, this research compared the gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) differences in MVPA during each segment. A total of 70 children with VI aged 7–17 years (mean age = 13.7; SD = 3.4) from the special school participated in this study. Accelerometers were utilized to measure the MVPA of children with VI. The participants with VI accumulated significantly more MVPA time on PE days than on non-PE days. Before-school periods and structured PE classes showed higher percentages of MVPA time than recess, lunch break, and after-school periods during the school day. Children with VI aged 7–12 years old were significantly more physically active than those aged 13–17 years old during recess, lunch break, and after-school periods. In conclusion, PA interventions during structured PE classes are recommended. Special attention should be provided to children with VI as they grow up to increase their MVPA.
Burden of Mesothelioma Deaths by National Income Category: Current Status and Future Implications
Authors: Chimed-Ochir Odgerel , Arachi Diana , Driscoll Tim , Lin Ro-Ting , Takala Jukka , Takahashi Ken
Published: September 2020

Background: This study compares estimates of the global-level mesothelioma burden with a focus on how existing national mortality data were utilized and further assesses the interrelationship of country-level mesothelioma burden and asbestos use with national income status. Methods: Country-level mesothelioma deaths in the WHO Mortality Database as of December 2019 were analyzed by national income category of countries in terms of data availability and reliability. Numbers of mesothelioma deaths from the study of Odgerel et al. were reanalyzed to assess country-level mesothelioma death burdens by national income status. Results: Among 80 high-income countries, 54 (68%) reported mesothelioma to the WHO and 26 (32%) did not, and among 60 upper middle-income countries, the respective numbers (proportions) were 39 (65%) countries and 21 (35%) countries, respectively. In contrast, among 78 low- and lower middle-income countries, only 11 (14%) reported mesothelioma deaths while 67 (86%) did not. Of the mesothelioma deaths, 29,854 (78%) were attributed to high- and upper middle-income countries, and 8534 (22%) were attributed to low- and lower middle- income countries. Conclusions: The global mesothelioma burden, based on reported numbers, is currently shouldered predominantly by high-income countries; however, mesothelioma burdens will likely manifest soon in upper middle-income and eventually in low and lower middle-income countries.
The Spatial Dimension of COVID-19: The Potential of Earth Observation Data in Support of Slum Communities with Evidence from Brazil
Authors: Brito Patricia Lustosa , Kuffer Monika , Koeva Mila , Pedrassoli Julio Cesar , Wang Jiong , Costa Federico , Freitas Anderson Dias de
Published: September 2020

The COVID-19 health emergency is impacting all of our lives, but the living conditions and urban morphologies found in poor communities make inhabitants more vulnerable to the COVID-19 outbreak as compared to the formal city, where inhabitants have the resources to follow WHO guidelines. In general, municipal spatial datasets are not well equipped to support spatial responses to health emergencies, particularly in poor communities. In such critical situations, Earth observation (EO) data can play a vital role in timely decision making and can save many people’s lives. This work provides an overview of the potential of EO-based global and local datasets, as well as local data gathering procedures (e.g., drones), in support of COVID-19 responses by referring to two slum areas in Salvador, Brazil as a case study. We discuss the role of datasets as well as data gaps that hinder COVID-19 responses. In Salvador and other low- and middle-income countries’ (LMICs) cities, local data are available; however, they are not up to date. For example, depending on the source, the population of the study areas in 2020 varies by more than 20%. Thus, EO data integration can help in updating local datasets and in the acquisition of physical parameters of poor urban communities, which are often not systematically collected in local surveys.
Specific miRNA and Gene Deregulation Characterize the Increased Angiogenic Remodeling of Thoracic Aneurysmatic Aortopathy in Marfan Syndrome
Authors: D’Amico Federico , Doldo Elena , Pisano Calogera , Scioli Maria Giovanna , Centofanti Federica , Proietti Giulia , Falconi Mattia , Sangiuolo Federica , Ferlosio Amedeo , Ruvolo Giovanni , Orlandi Augusto
Published: September 2020

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a connective tissue disease caused by mutations in the FBN1 gene, leading to alterations in the extracellular matrix microfibril assembly and the early formation of thoracic aorta aneurysms (TAAs). Non-genetic TAAs share many clinico-pathological aspects with MFS and deregulation of some microRNAs (miRNAs) has been demonstrated to be involved in the progression of TAA. In this study, 40 patients undergoing elective ascending aorta surgery were enrolled to compare TAA histomorphological features, miRNA profile and related target genes in order to find specific alterations that may explain the earlier and more severe clinical outcomes in MFS patients. Histomorphological, ultrastructural and in vitro studies were performed in order to compare aortic wall features of MFS and non-MFS TAA. MFS displayed greater glycosaminoglycan accumulation and loss/fragmentation of elastic fibers compared to non-MFS TAA. Immunohistochemistry revealed increased CD133+ angiogenic remodeling, greater MMP-2 expression, inflammation and smooth muscle cell (SMC) turnover in MFS TAA. Cultured SMCs from MFS confirmed higher turnover and α-smooth muscle actin expression compared with non-MFS TAA. Moreover, twenty-five miRNAs, including miR-26a, miR-29, miR-143 and miR-145, were found to be downregulated and only miR-632 was upregulated in MFS TAA in vivo. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that some deregulated miRNAs in MFS TAA are implicated in cell proliferation, extracellular matrix structure/function and TGFβ signaling. Finally, gene analysis showed 28 upregulated and seven downregulated genes in MFS TAA, some of them belonging to the CDH1/APC and CCNA2/TP53 signaling pathways. Specific miRNA and gene deregulation characterized the aortopathy of MFS and this was associated with increased angiogenic remodeling, likely favoring the early and more severe clinical outcomes, compared to non-MFS TAA. Our findings provide new insights concerning the pathogenetic mechanisms of MFS TAA; further investigation is needed to confirm if these newly identified specific deregulated miRNAs may represent potential therapeutic targets to counteract the rapid progression of MFS aortopathy.
Implication of Membrane Androgen Receptor (ZIP9) in Cell Senescence in Regressed Testes of the Bank Vole
Authors: Profaska-Szymik Magdalena , Galuszka Anna , Korzekwa Anna J. , Hejmej Anna , Gorowska-Wojtowicz Ewelina , Pawlicki Piotr , Kotula-Balak Małgorzata , Tarasiuk Kazimierz , Tuz Ryszard
Published: September 2020

Here, we studied the impact of exposure to short daylight conditions on the expression of senescence marker (p16), membrane androgen receptor (ZIP9) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2), as well as cyclic AMP (cAMP) and testosterone levels in the testes of mature bank voles. Animals were assigned to groups based on an analysis of testis diameter, weight, seminiferous tubule diameter and the interstitial tissue area: group 1, not fully regressed (the highest parameters); group 2 (medium parameters); or group 3, regressed (the lowest parameters). Cells positive for p16 were observed only in the seminiferous tubule epithelium. However, in groups 1 and 2, these were mostly cells sloughed into the tubule lumen. In group 3, senescent cells resided in between cells of the seminiferous epithelium. Staining for ZIP9 was found in Sertoli cells. Western blot analysis showed a trend towards a decreased expression of p16 and ZIP9 in the testes of the voles in groups 2 and 3, compared to group 1. In addition, a trend towards an increased expression of ERK, as well as an increase of cAMP and testosterone levels, was revealed in group 2. In the regressed testes, a functional link exists between senescence and androgen levels with implication of ZIP9 and cAMP/ERK signaling pathways.
Novel Gene Rearrangement and the Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Cynoglossus monopus: Insights into the Envolution of the Family Cynoglossidae (Pleuronectiformes)
Authors: Wang Chen , Chen Hao , Tian Silin , Yang Cheng , Chen Xiao
Published: September 2020

Cynoglossus monopus, a small benthic fish, belongs to the Cynoglossidae, Pleuronectiformes. It was rarely studied due to its low abundance and cryptical lifestyle. In order to understand the mitochondrial genome and the phylogeny in Cynoglossidae, the complete mitogenome of C. monopus has been sequenced and analyzed for the first time. The total length is 16,425 bp, typically containing 37 genes with novel gene rearrangements. The tRNA-Gln gene is inverted from the light to the heavy strand and translocated from the downstream of tRNA-Ile gene to its upstream. The control region (CR) translocated downstream to the 3’-end of ND1 gene adjoining to inverted to tRNA-Gln and left a 24 bp trace fragment in the original position. The phylogenetic trees were reconstructed by Bayesian inference (BI) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods based on the mitogenomic data of 32 tonguefish species and two outgroups. The results support the idea that Cynoglossidae is a monophyletic group and indicate that C. monopus has the closest phylogenetic relationship with C. puncticeps. By combining fossil records and mitogenome data, the time-calibrated evolutionary tree of families Cynoglossidae and Soleidae was firstly presented, and it was indicated that Cynoglossidae and Soleidae were differentiated from each other during Paleogene, and the evolutionary process of family Cynoglossidae covered the Quaternary, Neogene and Paleogene periods.
Discovery of Novel Hsp90 C-Terminal Inhibitors Using 3D-Pharmacophores Derived from Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Tomašič Tihomir , Durcik Martina , Keegan Bradley M. , Skledar Darja Gramec , Zajec Živa , Blagg Brian S. J. , Bryant Sharon D.
Published: September 2020

Hsp90 C-terminal domain (CTD) inhibitors are promising novel agents for cancer treatment, as they do not induce the heat shock response associated with Hsp90 N-terminal inhibitors. One challenge associated with CTD inhibitors is the lack of a co-crystallized complex, requiring the use of predicted allosteric apo pocket, limiting structure-based (SB) design approaches. To address this, a unique approach that enables the derivation and analysis of interactions between ligands and proteins from molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories was used to derive pharmacophore models for virtual screening (VS) and identify suitable binding sites for SB design. Furthermore, ligand-based (LB) pharmacophores were developed using a set of CTD inhibitors to compare VS performance with the MD derived models. Virtual hits identified by VS with both SB and LB models were tested for antiproliferative activity. Compounds 9 and 11 displayed antiproliferative activities in MCF-7 and Hep G2 cancer cell lines. Compound 11 inhibited Hsp90-dependent refolding of denatured luciferase and induced the degradation of Hsp90 clients without the concomitant induction of Hsp70 levels. Furthermore, compound 11 offers a unique scaffold that is promising for the further synthetic optimization and development of molecules needed for the evaluation of the Hsp90 CTD as a target for the development of anticancer drugs.
An Update on CARD Only Proteins (COPs) and PYD Only Proteins (POPs) as Inflammasome Regulators
Authors: Devi Savita , Stehlik Christian , Dorfleutner Andrea
Published: September 2020

Inflammasomes are protein scaffolds required for the activation of caspase-1 and the subsequent release of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-18, and danger signals, as well as the induction of pyroptotic cell death to restore homeostasis following infection and sterile tissue damage. However, excessive inflammasome activation also causes detrimental inflammatory disease. Therefore, extensive control mechanisms are necessary to prevent improper inflammasome responses and inflammatory disease. Inflammasomes are assembled by sequential nucleated polymerization of Pyrin domain (PYD) and caspase recruitment domain (CARD)-containing inflammasome components. Once polymerization is nucleated, this process proceeds in a self-perpetuating manner and represents a point of no return. Therefore, regulation of this key step is crucial for a controlled inflammasome response. Here, we provide an update on two single domain protein families containing either a PYD or a CARD, the PYD-only proteins (POPs) and CARD-only proteins (COPs), respectively. Their structure allows them to occupy and block access to key protein–protein interaction domains necessary for inflammasome assembly, thereby regulating the threshold of these nucleated polymerization events, and consequently, the inflammatory host response.
Novel Highly Soluble Chimeric Recombinant Spidroins with High Yield
Authors: Jia Qiupin , Wen Rui , Meng Qing
Published: September 2020

Spider silk has been a hotspot in the study of biomaterials for more than two decades due to its outstanding mechanical properties. Given that spiders cannot be farmed, and their low silk productivity, many attempts have been made to produce recombinant spidroins as an alternative. Herein, we present novel chimeric recombinant spidroins composed of 1 to 4 repetitive units of aciniform spidroin (AcSp) flanked by the nonrepetitive N- and C-terminal domains of the minor ampullate spidroin (MiSp), all from Araneus ventricosus. The spidroins were expressed in the form of inclusion body in E. coli with high yield. Remarkably, the aqueous solubility of the four spidroins ranged from 13.4% to over 50% (m/v). The four spidroins could self-assemble into silk-like fibers by hand-drawing. The secondary structures of these proteins, determined by circular dichroism spectrum (CD) and Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), indicated a prominent transformation from α-helix to β-sheet after fiber formation. The mechanical properties of the hand-drawn fibers showed a positive correlation with the spidroin molecular weight. In summary, this study describes promising biomaterials for further study and wide application.
Etamycin as a Novel Mycobacterium abscessus Inhibitor
Authors: Hanh Bui Thi Bich , Kim Tae Ho , Park June-Woo , Lee Da-Gyum , Kim Jae-Sung , Du Young Eun , Yang Chul-Su , Oh Dong-Chan , Jang Jichan
Published: September 2020

The increase in drug-resistant Mycobacterium abscessus, which has become resistant to existing standard-of-care agents, is a major concern, and new antibacterial agents are strongly needed. In this study, we introduced etamycin that showed an excellent activity against M. abscessus. We found that etamycin significantly inhibited the growth of M. abscessus wild-type strain, three subspecies, and clinical isolates in vitro and inhibited the growth of M. abscessus that resides in macrophages without cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the in vivo efficacy of etamycin in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) infection model was greater than that of clarithromycin, which is recommended as the core agent for treating M. abscessus infections. Thus, we concluded that etamycin is a potential anti-M. abscessus candidate for further development as a clinical drug candidate.
Implications of the Orb2 Amyloid Structure in Huntington’s Disease
Authors: Hervás Rubén , Murzin Alexey G. , Si Kausik
Published: September 2020

Huntington’s disease is a progressive, autosomal dominant, neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expanded CAG repeat in the huntingtin gene. As a result, the translated protein, huntingtin, contains an abnormally long polyglutamine stretch that makes it prone to misfold and aggregating. Aggregation of huntingtin is believed to be the cause of Huntington’s disease. However, understanding on how, and why, huntingtin aggregates are deleterious has been hampered by lack of enough relevant structural data. In this review, we discuss our recent findings on a glutamine-based functional amyloid isolated from Drosophila brain and how this information provides plausible structural insight on the structure of huntingtin deposits in the brain.
3D Bone Morphology Alters Gene Expression, Motility, and Drug Responses in Bone Metastatic Tumor Cells
Authors: Dadwal Ushashi C. , Merkel Alyssa R. , Page Jonathan M. , Kwakwa Kristin A. , Kessler Michael , Rhoades Julie A.
Published: September 2020

Patients with advanced skeletal metastases arising from primary cancers including breast, lung, and prostate suffer from extreme pain, bone loss, and frequent fractures. While the importance of interactions between bone and tumors is well-established, our understanding of complex cell–cell and cell–microenvironment interactions remains limited in part due to a lack of appropriate 3D bone models. To improve our understanding of the influence of bone morphometric properties on the regulation of tumor-induced bone disease (TIBD), we utilized bone-like 3D scaffolds in vitro and in vivo. Scaffolds were seeded with tumor cells, and changes in cell motility, proliferation, and gene expression were measured. Genes associated with TIBD significantly increased with increasing scaffold rigidity. Drug response differed when tumors were cultured in 3D compared to 2D. Inhibitors for Integrin β3 and TGF-β Receptor II significantly reduced bone-metastatic gene expression in 2D but not 3D, while treatment with the Gli antagonist GANT58 significantly reduced gene expression in both 2D and 3D. When tumor-seeded 3D scaffolds were implanted into mice, infiltration of myeloid progenitors changed in response to pore size and rigidity. This study demonstrates a versatile 3D model of bone used to study the influence of mechanical and morphometric properties of bone on TIBD.
The Importance of Tumor–Host Interactions in Adult B-Cell Leukemias and Lymphomas
Authors: Deaglio Silvia , Hartmann Tanja Nicole
Published: September 2020

The tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in driving the behavior and the aggressiveness of neoplastic cells [...]
The Product of Matrix Metalloproteinase Cleavage of Doxorubicin Conjugate for Anticancer Drug Delivery: Calorimetric, Spectroscopic, and Molecular Dynamics Studies on Peptide–Doxorubicin Binding to DNA
Authors: Butowska Kamila , Żamojć Krzysztof , Kogut Mateusz , Kozak Witold , Wyrzykowski Dariusz , Wiczk Wiesław , Czub Jacek , Piosik Jacek , Rak Janusz
Published: September 2020

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are extracellular matrix degradation factors, promoting cancer progression. Hence, they could provide an enzyme-assisted delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) in cancer treatment. In the current study, the intercalation process of DOX and tetrapeptide–DOX, the product of the MMPs’ cleavage of carrier-linked DOX, into dsDNA was investigated using stationary and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectrophotometry and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on the same tetrapeptide–DOX…DNA and DOX…DNA systems were also performed. The undertaken studies indicate that DOX and tetrapeptide–DOX can effectively bond with dsDNA through the intercalation mode; however, tetrapeptide–DOX forms less stable complexes than free DOX. Moreover, the obtained results demonstrate that the differences in DNA affinity of both forms of DOX can be attributed to different intercalation modes. Tetrapeptide–DOX shows a preference to intercalate into DNA through the major groove, whereas DOX does it through the minor one. In summary, we can conclude that the tetrapeptide–DOX intercalation to DNA is significant and that even the lack of non-specific proteases releasing DOX from the tetrapeptide conjugate, the presence of which is suggested by the literature for the efficient release of DOX, should not prevent the cytostatic action of the anthracycline.
Targeting Aging Pathways in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Easter Molly , Bollenbecker Seth , Barnes Jarrod W. , Krick Stefanie
Published: September 2020

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has become a global epidemic and is the third leading cause of death worldwide. COPD is characterized by chronic airway inflammation, loss of alveolar-capillary units, and progressive decline in lung function. Major risk factors for COPD are cigarette smoking and aging. COPD-associated pathomechanisms include multiple aging pathways such as telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, altered nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell senescence, stem cell exhaustion and chronic inflammation. In this review, we will highlight the current literature that focuses on the role of age and aging-associated signaling pathways as well as their impact on current treatment strategies in the pathogenesis of COPD. Furthermore, we will discuss established and experimental COPD treatments including senolytic and anti-aging therapies and their potential use as novel treatment strategies in COPD.
Sensing through Non-Sensing Ocular Ion Channels
Authors: Kabra Meha , Pattnaik Bikash Ranjan
Published: September 2020

Ion channels are membrane-spanning integral proteins expressed in multiple organs, including the eye. In the eye, ion channels are involved in various physiological processes, like signal transmission and visual processing. A wide range of mutations have been reported in the corresponding genes and their interacting subunit coding genes, which contribute significantly to an array of blindness, termed ocular channelopathies. These mutations result in either a loss- or gain-of channel functions affecting the structure, assembly, trafficking, and localization of channel proteins. A dominant-negative effect is caused in a few channels formed by the assembly of several subunits that exist as homo- or heteromeric proteins. Here, we review the role of different mutations in switching a “sensing” ion channel to “non-sensing,” leading to ocular channelopathies like Leber’s congenital amaurosis 16 (LCA16), cone dystrophy, congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB), achromatopsia, bestrophinopathies, retinitis pigmentosa, etc. We also discuss the various in vitro and in vivo disease models available to investigate the impact of mutations on channel properties, to dissect the disease mechanism, and understand the pathophysiology. Innovating the potential pharmacological and therapeutic approaches and their efficient delivery to the eye for reversing a “non-sensing” channel to “sensing” would be life-changing.
Interactions among Genetic Background, Anesthetic Agent, and Oxygen Concentration Shape Blunt Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Scharenbrock Amanda R. , Schiffman Hannah J. , Olufs Zachariah P. G. , Wassarman David A. , Perouansky Misha
Published: September 2020

Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), the time window during which secondary injuries develop provides a window for therapeutic interventions. During this time, many TBI victims undergo exposure to hyperoxia and anesthetics. We investigated the effects of genetic background on the interaction of oxygen and volatile general anesthetics with brain pathophysiology after closed-head TBI in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. To test whether sevoflurane shares genetic risk factors for mortality with isoflurane and whether locomotion is affected similarly to mortality, we used a device that generates acceleration–deceleration forces to induce TBI in ten inbred fly lines. After TBI, we exposed flies to hyperoxia alone or in combination with isoflurane or sevoflurane and quantified mortality and locomotion 24 and 48 h after TBI. Modulation of TBI–induced mortality and locomotor impairment by hyperoxia with or without anesthetics varied among fly strains and among combinations of agents. Resistance to increased mortality from hyperoxic isoflurane predicted resistance to increased mortality from hyperoxic sevoflurane but did not predict the degree of locomotion impairment under any condition. These findings are important because they demonstrate that, in the context of TBI, genetic background determines the latent toxic potentials of oxygen and anesthetics.
Characterization of Tauopathy in a Rat Model of Post-Stroke Dementia Combining Acute Infarct and Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion
Authors: Back Dong Bin , Choi Bo-Ryoung , Han Jung-Soo , Kwon Kyoung Ja , Choi Dong-Hee , Shin Chan Young , Lee Jongmin , Kim Hahn Young
Published: September 2020

Post-stroke dementia (PSD) is a major neurodegenerative consequence of stroke. Tauopathy has been reported in diverse neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated the cognitive impairment and pathomechanism associated with tauopathy in a rat model of PSD by modeling acute ischemic stroke and underlying chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH). We performed middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery in rats to mimic acute ischemic stroke, followed by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAo) surgery to mimic CCH. We performed behavioral tests and focused on the characterization of tauopathy through histology. Parenchymal infiltration of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tracers after intracisternal injection was examined to evaluate glymphatic function. In an animal model of PSD, cognitive impairment was aggravated when BCCAo was combined with MCAO. Tauopathy, manifested by tau hyperphosphorylation, was prominent in the peri-infarct area when CCH was combined. Synergistic accentuation of tauopathy was evident in the white matter. Microtubules in the neuronal axon and myelin sheath showed partial colocalization with the hyperphosphorylated tau, whereas oligodendrocytes showed near-complete colocalization. Parenchymal infiltration of CSF tracers was attenuated in the PSD model. Our experimental results suggest a hypothesis that CCH may aggravate cognitive impairment and tau hyperphosphorylation in a rat model of PSD by interfering with tau clearance through the glymphatic system. Therapeutic strategies to improve the clearance of brain metabolic wastes, including tau, may be a promising approach to prevent PSD after stroke.
Enhanced Removal of Soluble and Insoluble Dyes over Hierarchical Zeolites: Effect of Synthesis Condition
Authors: Iryani Ani , Masudi Ahmad , Rozafia Ade I. , Hartanto Djoko , Santoso Mardi , Nur Hadi , Azami Mohammad S.
Published: September 2020

A hierarchical zeolite ZSM-5 with micro and meso-pore was prepared by optimising the most affecting parameter in sequence of desilication and dealumination. The physicochemical properties of zeolite were characterised with XRD, nitrogen adsorption–desorption, FTIR and SEM. The potential of this zeolite for decolorisation of CR, RY, MB, RhB, DB-1 and DB-14 was evaluated with adsorption isotherm, thermodynamics, kinetics, and influencing parameter for adsorption. The unique modification of ZSM-5 resulted in lower crystallinity, easier porosity control, rich terminal silanol and unbridged silanol groups which assisted in higher adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacity of the optimum ZSM-5 was 323, 435, 589, 625, 61 and 244 mg/g for CR, RY, MB, RhB, DB-1 and DB-14, respectively. The dye adsorption progressed through pseudo-first-order kinetic and close to the Langmuir model. The adsorption mechanism is proposed mainly through interaction between deprotonated silanol site and the electron-rich dye site.
Conventional and Virtual Reality Mirror Therapies in Upper Obstetric Brachial Palsy: A Randomized Pilot Study
Authors: Yeves-Lite Alba , Zuil-Escobar Juan Carlos , Martínez-Cepa Carmen , Romay-Barrero Helena , Ferri-Morales Asunción , Palomo-Carrión Rocío
Published: September 2020

The abilities of children diagnosed with Obstetric Brachial Palsy (OBP) are limited by brachial plexus injuries. Thus, their participation in the community is hindered, which involves a lower quality of life due to worse performance in activities of daily living as a consequence of the functional limitations of the affected upper limb. Conventional Mirror Therapy (Conventional MT) and Virtual Therapy improve the affected upper limb functionality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of Conventional MT and Virtual Reality MT on the spontaneous use of the affected upper limb and quality of life of children with upper Obstetric Brachial Palsy between 6 and 12 years of age. A randomized pilot study was performed. Twelve children were randomly assigned to perform Conventional Mirror Therapy or Virtual Reality Mirror Therapy for four weeks. Ten children completed the treatment. Two assessments (pre/post-intervention) were carried out to assess the spontaneous use of the affected upper limb and the quality of life using the Children’s Hand-use Experience Questionnaire (CHEQ) and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory Generic Core Scales (PedsQL TM 4.0), respectively. There was a statistically significant increment in spontaneous use, observed in independent tasks (p = 0.02) and in the use of the affected hand with grasp (p = 0.04), measured with the CHEQ, for the Virtual Reality MT group. There were no statistically significant changes (p > 0.05) for the Conventional MT group in the spontaneous use of the affected upper limb. Regarding the quality of life, statistically significant changes were obtained in the Physical and Health activity categories of the parents’ questionnaire (p = 0.03) and in the total score of the children’s questionnaire (p = 0.04) in the Virtual Reality MT group, measured using the PedsQL TM 4.0. Statistically significant changes were not obtained for the quality of life in the Conventional MT group. This study suggests that, compared to Conventional MT, Virtual Reality MT would be a home-based therapeutic complement to increase independent bimanual tasks using grasp in the affected upper limb and improve the quality of life of children diagnosed with upper OBP in the age range of 6–12 years.
Functional Progression in Patients with Interstitial Lung Disease Resulted Positive to Antisynthetase Antibodies: A Multicenter, Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Dei Giulia , Rebora Paola , Catalano Martina , Sebastiani Marco , Faverio Paola , Pozzi Maria Rosa , Manfredi Andreina , Cameli Paolo , Salton Francesco , Salvarani Carlo , Cavagna Lorenzo , Confalonieri Marco , Bargagli Elena , Luppi Fabrizio , Pesci Alberto
Published: September 2020

Antisynthetase syndrome (ASSD) is a rare autoimmune disease characterized by serologic positivity for antisynthetase antibodies. Anti-Jo1 is the most frequent, followed by anti PL-7, anti PL-12, anti EJ, and anti OJ antibodies. The lung is the most frequently affected organ, usually manifesting with an interstitial lung disease (ILD), which is considered the main determinant of prognosis. Some evidences suggest that non-anti-Jo-1 antibodies may be associated with more severe lung involvement and possibly with poorer outcomes, while other authors do not highlight differences between anti-Jo1 and other antisynthetase antibodies. In a multicenter, retrospective, “real life” study, we compared lung function tests (LFTs) progression in patients with ILD associated with anti-Jo1 and non-anti-Jo1 anti-synthetase antibodies to assess differences in lung function decline between these two groups. Therefore, we analyzed a population of 57 patients (56% anti-Jo1 positive), referred to the outpatient Clinic of four referral Centers in Italy (Modena, Monza, Siena, and Trieste) from 2008 to 2019, with a median follow-up of 36 months. At diagnosis, patients showed a mild ventilatory impairment and experienced an improvement of respiratory function during treatment. We did not observe statistically significant differences in LFTs at baseline or during follow-up between the two groups. Moreover, there were no differences in demographic data, respiratory symptoms onset (acute vs. chronic), extrapulmonary involvement, treatment (steroid and/or another immunosuppressant), or oxygen supplementation. Our study highlights the absence of differences in pulmonary functional progression between patients positive to anti-Jo-1 vs. non anti-Jo-1 antibodies, suggesting that the type of autoantibody detected in the framework of ASSD does not affect lung function decline.
Clinical Course of Pseudophakic Cystoid Macular Edema Treated with Nepafenac
Authors: Aaronson Alexander , Achiron Asaf , Tuuminen Raimo
Published: September 2020

Background: To evaluate the clinical course of pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME) treated with topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Methods: An analysis of the clinical course of PCME consisting of 536 eyes of 536 patients from five consecutive randomized clinical trials aimed at the optimization of anti-inflammatory medication in patients undergoing routine cataract surgery. PCME was classified as (i) grade 0a; no macular thickening, (ii) grade 0b; macular thickening (central subfield macular thickness (CSMT) increase of at least 10%) without signs of macular edema, (iii) grade I; subclinical PCME, (iv) grade II; acute PCME, (v) grade III; long-standing PCME. Eyes with PCME classification from grade I onwards were treated with nepafenac 1 mg/mL t.i.d. for two months. Results: CSMT increase of at least 10% at any postoperative timepoint with cystoid changes—a criterion for PCME—was found in 19 of 536 eyes (total incidence 3.5%). Of these 19 eyes, 13 eyes (total incidence 2.4%) had clinically significant PCME. PCME was considered clinically significant when both of the following visual acuity criteria were fulfilled. At any timepoint after the cataract surgery both the corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) gain was less than 0.4 decimals from that of preoperative CDVA, and the absolute CDVA level remained below 0.8 decimals. Only one of the 19 eyes with criteria for PCME (total incidence 0.2%, incidence of PCME eyes 5.3%) showed no macular edema resolution within 2 months after topical nepafenac administration. Conclusions: PCME in most cases is self-limiting using topical nepafenac without any further need for intravitreal treatment.
CD200 and CD200R Expression on Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes and Serum CD200 Concentration as a New Marker of Endometriosis
Authors: Abramiuk Monika , Grywalska Ewelina , Korona-Głowniak Izabela , Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej Paulina , Polak Grzegorz , Kotarski Jan , Roliński Jacek
Published: September 2020

The causes of endometriosis (EMS) remain unknown; however, a number of immunological abnormalities contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. The cluster of differentiation-200 (CD200) and its receptor (CD200R) maintain peripheral self-tolerance by negatively regulating immune responses. In this comparative cross-sectional study, we investigated the expression of CD200 and CD200R on T and B lymphocytes and the serum level of soluble CD200 (sCD200) using flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 54 female patients and 20 healthy, age-matched controls. Results were tested for correlation with disease severity and selected clinical parameters. We demonstrated that the differences in sCD200 levels (p = 0.001), the frequencies of CD200-positive T and B lymphocytes (p < 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively), and the frequencies of CD200R-positive T and B lymphocytes (p < 0.001 for all comparisons) in the study group correlated positively with disease severity. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that aberrant expression of CD200/CD200R might serve as a marker to distinguish between EMS cases. Finally, negative co-stimulatory factors may contribute to the induction and persistence of inflammation associated with EMS. It seems that it is essential to determine whether alteration in the CD200/CD200R pathway can be therapeutically targeted in EMS.
Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Is an Independent Predictor of Coronary Artery Ectasia in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Franco-Peláez Juan Antonio , Martín-Reyes Roberto , Pello-Lázaro Ana María , Aceña Álvaro , Lorenzo Óscar , Martín-Ventura José Luis , Blanco-Colio Luis , González-Casaus María Luisa , Hernández-González Ignacio , Carda Rocío , Martín-Mariscal María Luisa , Egido Jesús , Tuñón José
Published: September 2020

Our purpose was to assess a possible association of inflammatory, lipid and mineral metabolism biomarkers with coronary artery ectasia (CAE) and to determine a possible association of this with acute atherotrombotic events (AAT). We studied 270 patients who underwent coronary angiography during an acute coronary syndrome 6 months before. Plasma levels of several biomarkers were assessed, and patients were followed during a median of 5.35 (3.88–6.65) years. Two interventional cardiologists reviewed the coronary angiograms, diagnosing CAE according to previously published criteria in 23 patients (8.5%). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis was used to search for independent predictors of CAE. Multivariate analysis revealed that, aside from gender and a diagnosis of dyslipidemia, only monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) (OR = 2.25, 95%CI = (1.35–3.76) for each increase of 100 pg/mL, p = 0.001) was independent predictor of CAE, whereas mineral metabolism markers or proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 were not. Moreover, CAE was a strong predictor of AAT during follow-up after adjustment for other clinically relevant variables (HR = 2.67, 95%CI = (1.22–5.82), p = 0.013). This is the first report showing that MCP-1 is an independent predictor of CAE, suggesting that CAE and coronary artery disease may share pathogenic mechanisms. Furthermore, CAE was associated with an increased incidence of AAT.
Impact of Exercise on Immunometabolism in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Afzal Remsha , Dowling Jennifer K , McCoy Claire E
Published: September 2020

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune condition characterized by demyelinating lesions and axonal degradation. Even though the cause of MS is heterogeneous, it is known that peripheral immune invasion in the central nervous system (CNS) drives pathology at least in the most common form of MS, relapse-remitting MS (RRMS). The more progressive forms’ mechanisms of action remain more elusive yet an innate immune dysfunction combined with neurodegeneration are likely drivers. Recently, increasing studies have focused on the influence of metabolism in regulating immune cell function. In this regard, exercise has long been known to regulate metabolism, and has emerged as a promising therapy for management of autoimmune disorders. Hence, in this review, we inspect the role of key immunometabolic pathways specifically dysregulated in MS and highlight potential therapeutic benefits of exercise in modulating those pathways to harness an anti-inflammatory state. Finally, we touch upon current challenges and future directions for the field of exercise and immunometabolism in MS.
Steel-Reinforced Polymers and Steel-Reinforced Composite Mortars for Structural Applications—An Overview
Authors: Krzywoń Rafał
Published: September 2020

Bonding of external reinforcement is currently the simplest, fastest, and most popular method of strengthening concrete and masonry structures. Glass and carbon organic fibers are the dominant materials used, but alternatives also include high-strength steel wires. The mechanical properties of such steel are comparable to those of carbon fiber. Due to their good compatibility with mortars, steel wires are particularly well suited to the revitalization of historic buildings. The manuscript provides an overview of research and experience in the use of steel-reinforced polymers (SRPs) and steel-reinforced composite mortars (SRCMs, also called steel-reinforced grout (SRG)) for structural strengthening. The examples described are for concrete beams, slabs and columns, walls, and masonry arches. The results of laboratory tests are discussed. The summary presents the advantages and disadvantages of composites based on ultra-high-strength steels compared with more popular carbon fiber composites.
Electrical Discharge Machining of Oxide Nanocomposite: Nanomodification of Surface and Subsurface Layers
Authors: Grigoriev Sergey N. , Volosova Marina A. , Okunkova Anna A. , Fedorov Sergey V. , Hamdy Khaled , Podrabinnik Pavel A. , Pivkin Petr M. , Kozochkin Mikhail P. , Porvatov Artur N.
Published: September 2020

The work is devoted to the research of the changes that occur in the subsurface layer of the workpiece during electrical discharge machining of conductive nanocomposite based on alumina with the use of a brass tool. The nanocomposite of Al2O3 + 30% of TiC was electroerosively machined in a water and hydrocarbon oil. The process of electrical discharge machining is accompanied by oscillations that were registered by diagnostic means. The obtained surface of the samples was researched by the means of scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The observed surface and subsurface changes provide grounding for the conclusions on the nature of processes and reactions that occur between two electrodes and nanomodification of the obtained surfaces that can be an advantage for a series of applications.
Generation and Absorption of Periodic Waves Traveling on a Uniform Current in a Fully Nonlinear BEM-based Numerical Wave Tank
Authors: Manolas Dimitris I. , Riziotis Vasilis A. , Voutsinas Spyros G.
Published: September 2020

Accurate and efficient numerical wave generation and absorption of two-dimensional nonlinear periodic waves traveling on a steady, uniform current were carried out in a potential, fully nonlinear numerical wave tank. The solver is based on the Βoundary Εlement Μethod (ΒΕΜ) with linear singularity distributions and plane elements and on the mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian formulation of the free surface equations. Wave generation is implemented along the inflow boundary by imposing the stream function wave solution, while wave absorption at both end-boundaries is effectively treated by introducing absorbing layers. On the absorbing beach side, the outflow boundary condition is modified to ensure that the solution accurately satisfies the dispersion relation of the generated waves. The modification involves a free-parameter that depends on the mass flux through the domain and is determined through a feedback error-correction loop. The developed method provides accurate time domain wave solutions for shallow, intermediate, and deep water depths of high wave steepness (wave heights up to 80% of the maximum value) that remain stable for 150 wave periods. This also holds in case a coplanar or opposing uniform current of velocity up to 20% of the wave celerity interacts with the wave.