bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Adolescent Boys Dream of Becoming Professional Athletes
Authors: Stiles Deborah A. , Sebben Daniel J. , Gibbons Judith L. , Wiley Deane C.
Published: August 2011

A review of studies which investigated drawings of the ideal man and the occupational aspirations of boys (ages 11–18 years) from several countries indicated that becoming a professional athlete was a popular but unrealistic aspiration for many adolescent boys. Boys who were athletes and nonathletes from diverse ethnic groups and nationalities dreamed of becoming professional athletes. In two additional studies in the United States of America, adolescents were asked why they thought boys most often selected professional athlete as a possible future occupation. Adolescents perceived professional athletes as rich, famous, and glorified. Enhancement of status and financial gain were ranked as more important than the desire to play sports.
Leaders' Motivation and Perception of Followers' Motivation as Predictors of Influence Tactics Used
Authors: Barbuto John E. , Scholl Richard W.
Published: August 2011

This description and test of motivation as a dispositional and situational variable for predicting leaders' influence tactics was based on 83 leader-member dyads sampled from a national restaurant chain. Results support a dispositional perspective, as leaders' sources of motivation best predicted their behaviors. Hypothesized relationships between motivation and leaders' influence tactics were also well supported.
Physiological and Psychological Effects of Active-Alert Hypnosis
Authors: DeVos Hendrik M. , Potgieter Justus R. , Blaauw Johannes H.
Published: August 2011

10 female physical education students were given posthypnotic suggestions alluding to economy of effort in exercise. These suggestions were affirmed under self-hypnosis over two weeks. Experimental subjects pedalled on an exercise bicycle for 20 min. at 60% of their maximal work capacity while listening to suggestions from a hypnotist. The Control group ( n = 9) showed no differences between mean pretest and posttest scores on physical self-efficacy, trait anxiety, state anxiety, heart rate, blood pressure, and perceived rate of exertion. The average systolic blood pressure of the experimental group was the only positive significant difference between the pretest and posttest scores.
Gloves as Vanishing Personal “Stuff”: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

A definition of “personal stuff,” a qualitative illustration, and why “personal stuff” vanishes are considered.
Hiring Practices in Canadian Legal Education: Linkages among Top Ranked Law Schools
Authors: Bair Jeffrey H. , Boor Myron , Montalvo Alfredo
Published: August 2011

The top ranked Canadian law schools were not linked to one another by employing one another's graduates as were the top ranked U.S. law schools. The four top ranked Canadian law schools, however, employed more faculty members with terminal law degrees from the 10 top ranked U.S. law schools than did the 12 lower ranked Canadian law schools.
Exploring Effects of Different Pictorial Stimuli on Written Expression
Authors: McLeod Jennifer S. , Boyer Katrina M. , Ouchi Bryan Y. , Cole Jason C. , Callaghan Rebecca L.
Published: August 2011

This study explored how the type of pictorial stimulus affects the quality of an individual's written expression. Cole, Muenz, Ouchi, Kaufman, and Kaufman in 1997 furnished initial evidence supporting Hooper, et al.‘s 1994 theory. A pictorial stimulus different from that used by Cole, et al. was developed from Hooper, et al.'s specifications, i.e., pictorial stimuli should be photographs rather than line drawings, should have a clear protagonist and should present a novel problem–situation that can be solved in a stepwise manner and compared to a conventional line drawing stimulus (from PIAT–R Written Expression) in its ability to evoke writing samples. It was hypothesized that the “Hooper” stimulus would yield higher scores than an atheoretical stimulus on items assessing structure and cohesiveness of the story, but not on items that assess writing mechanics. Participants comprised 25 men and women aged 17 to 46 years. Results indicate that Hooper, et al.‘s theory is more plausible than a conventional line-drawing stimulus.
Sentences and Rehearsals Increase Rated Similarity: Support for Assimilation-in-Salience Theory
Authors: King Donald L.
Published: August 2011

The present study concerns how organization produces good retention. Exp. 1 indicated that college students rated two words in sentences as more similar than the same two words alone. In Exp. 2 they rated the two words of old presumably rehearsed pairs as more similar than the two words of new pairs. A sentence is a type of organization, and words that are rehearsed together are frequently subjectively organized. Therefore, the two experiments suggest that organized stimuli also assimilate among themselves (and evidence in the literature concurs). Organized stimuli also produce a highly salient (activated) single memorial group (unit) such as the meaning that a simple sentence comes to have according to evidence in the literature. So, the two experiments support the hypothesis that organized stimuli produce good retention, assimilation among themselves, and a highly salient group. Consequently, organized stimuli may also assimilate to the highly salient group and thereby increase in salience, with this increase enabling the good retention. This assimilation-in-salience theory of how organization produces good retention accords with perceptual evidence suggesting that a target increases in salience through its assimilation to a more salient simultaneously present context.
Verbal Ability Predicts Abstinence from Drugs and Alcohol in a Residential Treatment Population
Authors: Wehr Allison , Bauer Lance O.
Published: August 2011

Measures of cognitive ability, depression, anxiety, antisocial personality, as well as length, type and severity of addiction were obtained from 122 substance abusers enrolled in residential treatment programs. Over a subsequent 6-mo. monitoring period, relapse to substance use was detected in 46 subjects. 17 subjects withdrew from treatment for other reasons and their relapse status was unknown. The remaining 59 maintained abstinence from alcohol or drug use throughout the monitoring period. The only variables to differentiate the groups significantly on outcome were IQ and the Verbal subtest from the Shipley Institute of Living Scale. Stepwise discriminant function analysis indicated that the Verbal component alone correctly identified 64.4% of patients who would successfully remain abstinent.
Development of the Diversity Practices Survey
Authors: Gilbert Jacqueline A. , Ones Deniz S.
Published: August 2011

The purpose is to describe the development of and findings from the organizational Diversity Practices Survey, designed to measure the extent to which an organization engages in management of diversity practices. 28 persons from 16 Fortune 500 organizations completed this. A number of inventories measure individual attitudes toward diversity in the workplace; however, none concentrate on organizational attempts specifically aimed at integrating minorities and women. The theoretical bases and the development of the measure are described. Coefficients alpha for scale components are reported.
Monitoring and Assessing Symptoms of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Use of Time Series Regression
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Tryon Warren W. , Taylor Renee R. , King Caroline , Frankenberry Erin L. , Jordan Karen M.
Published: August 2011

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome's principal symptoms are severe and include prolonged fatigue and a number of other minor symptoms. Behavioral data collection methods were used in a case study to show some of the benefits that can be derived from monitoring symptoms hourly and daily. Using time series regression, several statistically significant correlates of fatigue were found both within days and between days. Perceived energy, physical exertion, and mental exertion were significantly related to fatigue in both analyses. Collection of such data may help resolve a number of theoretical and methodological problems in research on the Chronic Fatigue Syndrome.
Sex Differences in Self-Silencing
Authors: Duarte Linda M. , Thompson Janice M.
Published: August 2011

The construct of self-silencing was proposed to account for women's greater vulnerability to developing depression. This study of 1,117 students (795 women and 322 men) explored possible explanations for the empirical finding that men self-silence to the same or greater extent than women. Analysis showed that men reported more self-silencing than women. A factor analysis confirmed the subscale structure of the Silencing the Self Scale for women and men, with relatively few departures from the originally proposed subscales. Depression and self-silencing scores were correlated positively for both men and women. The results of two multiple regressions, performed separately for men and women, showed that depressive symptomatology accounted for a significant percentage of the variance in self-silencing but that social desirability did not account for a significant increment in the variance accounted for in silencing the self. The scores on the Care as Self-sacrifice and the Divided Self subscales were intercorrelated for women, but not for men, indicating that there may be a sex difference in perception of self-silencing behavior.
Using the Short Form-36 with Multiple Sclerosis Patients in Five Countries: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Authors: Pfennings Lilian , Cohen Leo , Miller Deborah , Gerbaud Laurent , Vleugels Luc , Freeman Jenny , Vernay Didier , Biolay Sylvie , Ketelaer Pierre , Thompson Alan , Polman Chris , van der Ploeg Henk
Published: August 2011

Questionnaires measuring health-related quality of life are increasingly used in international studies of medical effectiveness. It is important to know if data from these instruments are comparable across countries. We initiated a collaboration among five research groups—from the USA, The Netherlands, Belgium, France, and the UK—in the field of health-related quality of life in multiple sclerosis. All groups used the 36-item Short Form Health Survey. The goal of our study was to make a cross-cultural comparison. In the five countries under study the sample size varied from 50 to 134 patients with multiple sclerosis. The survey was completed by a total of 457 patients, who were heterogeneous in relation to age, duration of illness, severity and type of multiple sclerosis. There appeared to be major differences among the samples in scores on each of the eight scales. These findings may be influenced by differences in method of recruitment, demographic and disease-related characteristics, administration, and cultural factors. After having performed a number of analyses, it appeared that the differences were mainly attributable to sampling effects; however, cultural influences could not be excluded.
Predicting the Suicide Rate of Children in America
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The time-series regressions for suicide rates by race and sex for those aged 5 to 14 years in the USA from 1933–1980 were predicted by scores on two factors which had high loadings for year and for the marriage rate.
Television Audience's Response to “Mature Subject Matter” Advisories
Authors: Ingold Charles H.
Published: August 2011

73% of survey respondents said television advisories of “mature subject matter” did not influence their decisions to view or not view programs. Among those influenced, younger respondents were significantly more likely than older respondents to say they would be more likely to watch a program with advisories. Men were significantly more likely than women to say they would watch a program with advisories. The survey was mailed to a random sample of 1,119 persons, and 568 were returned for a return rate of 51%.
Homosexual Parents: Testing “Common Sense”—A Literature Review Emphasizing the Golombok and Tasker Longitudinal Study of Lesbians' Children
Authors: Cameron Paul
Published: August 2011

Counter to claims by the American Psychological Association and the National Association of Social Workers as well as numerous reviewers that children raised by homosexuals and married heterosexuals do not differ, the elaborate social-personality theory called “common sense” predicts that because “like produces like” and because psychopathy/sociopathy informs the major expressions of social deviance including homosexuality, children of homosexuals will (1) be more frequently subjected to parental instability (of residence and sexual partners) and (2) have poorer peer and adult relationships. Also, as is held to be true of their parents, homosexuals' children will be more apt to (3) become homosexual, (4) be unstable (have emotional problems and difficulty forming lasting bonds) with reduced interest in natality, and (5) be sexually precocious and promiscuous. Differences between homosexual and heterosexual comparison groups that bore on “common sense” were considered suggestive “bits” of empirical evidence. Differences that emerged within studies conducted by sympathetic researchers utilizing volunteer samples were considered bits of adverse evidence. Of 171 bits, 82 adverse and 55 nonadverse bits supported, while 34 bits fell against “common sense.” From this tentative method of counting, support was found for common sense beliefs that children of homosexuals will be more apt to become homosexual and have poorer peer relationships, while weaker support was found for some of the other predictions. As assessed in this way, the empirical evidence in the literature tended to lean against claims of “no differences” between children raised by homosexuals and heterosexuals. In particular, the strongly worded official claims of there being “no differences” are overstatements. They amount to the organizations and some prominent researchers asserting that they have proven the null hypothesis, which is fundamentally impossible. It is likely that the nonsignificant statistical findings stressed thus far include Type Two errors created by use of volunteer samples, inadequate identification and measurement of likely differences, and refusal to interpret results in ways contrary to the sympathies of subjects, investigators, and the organizations.
MMPI Screening Scales for Somatization Disorder
Authors: Wetzel Richard D. , Brim John , Guze Samuel B. , Cloninger C. Robert , Martin Ronald L. , Clayton Paula J.
Published: August 2011

44 items on the MMPI were identified which appear to correspond to some of the symptoms in nine of the 10 groups on the Perley-Guze checklist for somatization disorder (hysteria). This list was organized into two scales, one reflecting the total number of symptoms endorsed and the other the number of organ systems with at least one endorsed symptom. Full MMPIs were then obtained from 29 women with primary affective disorder and 37 women with somatization disorder as part of a follow-up study of a consecutive series of 500 psychiatric clinic patients seen at Washington University. Women with the diagnosis of somatization disorder scored significantly higher on the somatization disorder scales created from the 44 items than did women with only major depression. These new scales appeared to be slightly more effective in identifying somatization disorder than the use of the standard MMPI scales for hypochondriasis and hysteria. Further development is needed.
Manic-Depressiveness and its Correlates
Authors: Thalbourne Michael A. , Keogh Edmund , Crawley Susan E.
Published: August 2011

Manic-depressiveness is the name here given to a hypothesized personality continuum that has, at one extreme, manic-depressive psychosis. A Manic-Depressiveness Scale is described, which comprises three scales, Manic Experience, Depressive Experience, and the sum of the two, since they are correlated. 250 undergraduate psychology students at the University of Adelaide and at Goldsmiths' College, London, were administered the Manic-Depressiveness Scale along with 12 measures including the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Revised). Scores on the total Manic-Depressiveness Scale tended (in order of size of association) to be correlated with Schizotypal Personality (and three subscales), Neuroticism, Magical Ideation, Mystical Experience, Belief in the Paranormal, absence of Social Naïveté, and Psychoticism. Manic Experience showed a pattern of relationships with the above variables broadly similar to that of Depressive Experience but included Creative Personality, while Depressive Experience included introversion. The relationship between manicdepressiveness and schizotypy is discussed.
Authorities and Research Emphasized in the Annual Review of Psychology, 1975–1998
Authors: Tatman Anthony W. , Gilgen Albert R.
Published: August 2011

The Annual Review of Psychology, which has been published since 1950, provides a useful profile of post-World War II developments in American psychology. In 1979, Gilgen and Hultman identified the authorities and subject matter areas emphasized in the volumes for the 1950 through 1974 period. The present study extends that investigation through 1998. Based on the earlier analyses, American psychology during the third quarter of the century was characterized by a strong interest in research methodologies and psychometrics, Hullian and then Skinnerian perspectives on learning and conditioning, animal research, the perceptual theory of James J. Gibson, Gestalt inspired social psychology, and the emerging perspective of Carl Rogers on personality and psychopathology. The present work shows that, while psychometrics and methodological matters remained salient, many American psychologists shifted attention to study cognitive processes especially as manifested in social and developmental contexts. Interest in gender and women's studies, gerontological questions, and psychological aspects of both health and sport also accelerated, and many more women were highly (very frequently) cited during the final quarter of the century than during the earlier post-World War II years.
Is the Demise of the Original MMPI Premature?
Authors: Sinnett E. Robert , Downey Ronald G.
Published: August 2011

There is a movement to terminate the use of the MMPI. Based on the demonstrated lack of comparability of MMPI and MMPI-2, it appears that linkages to the 50-yr. MMPI database are not satisfactory. Given the above limitations, caution needs to be used while the MMPI-2 database is being developed.
Dairy-Product Intake and HIP Fracture among Older Women: Issues for Health Behavior
Authors: Turner Low W. , Hunt Sharon , Kendrick Olivia , Eddy James
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between dairy-product intake and hip fracture among a national sample of women aged 50 years and older. Univariate analyses using SAS procedures showed dairy-product intake was significantly associated with hip fracture. Women who had suffered hip fracture reported higher dairy use than women who had not experienced these fractures, a finding that is dramatically inconsistent with the literature. This finding may reflect positive behavioral changes resulting from the hip fracture event. Further research must focus on changes in health behavior after fracture, which may assist in understanding the roles of specific theories of health behavior. Application of principles of health behavior could improve the effectiveness of preventive treatment programs for osteoporosis.
The Cost of Funerals
Authors: Duggan Gerald , Mastapeter Anthony P. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

The cost of funerals in one funeral home was significantly associated with the year and whether the funeral included cremation or burial but not with the sex or age of the deceased, or cause of death.
An Investigation of How People of Different Age, Sex, and Temperament Estimate the World
Authors: Trofimova Irina
Published: August 2011

Results of a study on 167 subjects demonstrated that the basic semantic structure of consciousness is associated with a person's temperament, age, and sex. Concrete particularities of estimations and structure of the semantic space depend upon these biologically based characteristics. The results suggest the presence of a phenomenon of “projection through capacities”: when a person registers only those aspects of objects or situation that he can properly react to and deal with in their own behavior.
Dating Violence at Three Time Periods: 1976, 1992, and 1996
Authors: Billingham Robert E. , Bland Rachel , Leary Amity
Published: August 2011

Data collected over the past 10 years were used to investigate whether there have been changes in the incidence of violence when dating reported at a large university. Responses to Straus's 1979 Conflict Tactics Scale in 1986 ( n = 603), 1992 ( n = 414), and 1996 ( n = 571) were compared. Analyzes indicated that there has been a reduction in both verbal aggression and violence scores over the 10-yr. period. In addition, the percentage of respondents who reported being in nonviolent relationships increased while the percentage of respondents in the three categories of relationship that include violence (mutual, perpetrator, and victim) decreased. These findings indicate that there may be an over-all reduction in both verbal aggression and violence between dating partners as they attempt to resolve conflicts.
Changes in Women's Fear of Success and Fear of Appearing Incompetent in Business
Authors: Tomkiewicz Joe , Bass Kenneth
Published: August 2011

The primary purpose of this research was to examine whether fear of success and of appearing incompetent among women have changed recently. Another purpose was to examine whether such fears differed among women who hold Traditional views and those who hold Progressive views about the roles of women in the workplace. The Fear of Success Scale, the Fear of Appearing Incompetent Scale, and the Attitude Toward Women Scale were completed by 61 male and 52 female graduating seniors. Significant differences were found between the groups for scores on the Attitude Toward Women Scale, but none between the sexes for scores on the Fear of Success Scale or the Fear of Appearing Incompetent Scale. Significant differences were found, however, on the latter two scales when women were separated into Traditional and Progressive groups.
Smokeless Tobacco Use among Urban White and Black South Africans
Authors: Peltzer Karl
Published: August 2011

A telephone survey was conducted to compare the extent of smokeless tobacco use and perception of related health risks by white and black urban South Africans. Using systematic random sampling, one out of every 20 phone numbers was selected from the Seshego (blacks) and Pietersburg (whites) telephone directory until 300 tobacco users in each site were identified. Among the white group, cigarette smoking was clearly predominant (290) and only 10 used snuff, whereas among the black sample almost half (46.7%) of the tobacco users used snuff, especially women (40%). Although a majority acknowledged negative effects of snuff use on their health and its addictive character, 42% either do not believe or do not know that snuff contains nicotine and causes cancer.
A New Beginning in Application of Frankl's Work to Emerging Issues in Psychotherapy
Authors: Kovacs George
Published: August 2011

Recent interest in Frankls' system of thought, supported by Längle, paves the way for its critical and fruitful appropriation in psychotherapy and existential analysis.
Alexithymic Characteristics of HIV-Positive Patients
Authors: Fukunishi Isao , Hirabayashi Naotsugu , Matsumoto Tomoko , Yamanaka Kyoko , Fukutake Katsuyuki
Published: August 2011

Despite extensive psychiatric research on HIV-positive patients, there are no published studies on alexithymia. Alexithymic characteristics and related factors were examined in a sample of 81 HIV-positive patients using the modified Beth Israel Psychosomatic Questionnaire and the Social Support of Stress and Coping Inventory. The seventy of alexithymia was significantly higher in HIV patients than healthy controls, suggesting the presence of secondary alexithymia Scores on two alexithymic characteristics, affect awareness and operational thinking, significantly correlated with ratings of poor utilization and perception of social support. As the severity of HIV infection progressed, affect awareness was higher, controlling for poor utilization and perception of social support. These results suggest that secondary alexithymia, associated with poor utilization and perception of social support, may be manifest as a state reaction to approaching death.
On the Asymmetry of g
Authors: Evans Martin G.
Published: August 2011

In this paper the strength of general intelligence at different levels of g is explored. This represents a replication of 1996 work by Dreary, et al. using a very large sample of young persons. By examining differences in correlation between subscales and by undertaking a confirmatory factor analysis of a standard ability measure, the Armed Services Vocational Ability Battery, at high and low levels of g ( n = c. 600 at each level), it is shown that at lower levels of g the factor structure is quite similar to, although not as well defined as, the factor structure for the complete sample, that is, a single general factor; however, at higher levels of g, the factor structure is not as clear-cut. The differences in mean correlations between the high and low intelligence groups ranged from .12 to .46 depending on the specific analysis. We established the level of g in three different ways using different indicators of g with different strengths and weaknesses. Results of all three analyses converged. The results imply that people with high intelligence demonstrate this in quite different ways, while those with low g have intellectual deficits in all domains of intelligence. The dominance of g in the factor structure reflects this similarity of scores at the low end of the set of abilities. The prevalence of specific abilities is due to the variety of ways in which people can demonstrate high ability. One can visualize this in three dimensions by imagining the various abilities as flowers arranged in a narrow vase—at the bottom they are bound together tightly, at the top they spread out broadly.
Reactance to Perceived External Pressure to Introduce Quality Assurance Standards in Organizations
Authors: Steensma Herman , Erkel Diederik
Published: August 2011

In a telephone survey, 50 managers were interviewed about ISO quality certificates, i.e., certificates which guarantee that products and processes meet prescribed standards. Most measures were single-item scores. Perceptions that other organizations exert pressure to certify may lead to psychological reactance but did not co-vary with striving for higher quality management (Total Quality Management, TQM). Striving for TQM correlated significantly with ratings for Red Tape and Efficiency as possible consequences of ISO certification (correlations are, respectively, −.25 and .37).
Changes in Distribution of Mean Scores on Locus of Control by Staff Level in Public Accounting Firms
Authors: Bernardi Richard A. , Nydegger Rudy V.
Published: August 2011

One would anticipate that the distribution of scores on the locus of control test would remain relatively constant across staff level in public accounting unless factors within the work environment differentially affect those with one type of locus of control. This research indicated that on the mean locus of control score becomes more internal as staff level increases. There was a dramatic reduction in the frequency of the most external scores in the locus of control profiles across higher staff level.
Manic-Depression, Suicidality, and Obsessive-Compulsive Tendencies
Authors: Lester David , Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M.
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 73 undergraduates, obsessional-compulsive tendencies (and especially checking) were associated with scores on measures of manic, depressive, and suicidal tendencies.
Criterion-Related Validity of the Arabic Obsessive–Compulsive Scale in Kuwaiti and American Students
Authors: Abdel-Khalek Ahmed M. , Lester David
Published: August 2011

The Arabic Obsessive–Compulsive Scale and the Maudsley Obsessional–Compulsive Inventory were administered to 159 Kuwaiti (Arabic version) and 72 American college students (English version). Pearson correlations for total score on the two scales were .68 and .64 for Kuwaiti and Americans, respectively, denoting a good convergent validity of the new Arabic Obsessive–Compulsive Scale against scores on the Maudsley Obsessional–Compulsive Inventory in the two different national groups.
Sex, Temperament, and Language-Related Differences in Examination Performance: A Study of Multiple-Choice and Written-Answer Tests
Authors: Robinson David L. , Behbehani Jaafar , Shukkur Mumtaz
Published: August 2011

Arousability theory of Robinson predicts sex differences in temperament and in verbal ability and cognitive processing. Related hypotheses were tested in a sample of 73 Kuwaiti 3rd-year medical students by analysis of data obtained from administration of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and from questions requiring written answers or multiple-choice answers in an examination in psychology. Principal components analysis yielded a large sex difference in word production and indicated that variance of written answers loaded on two uncorrelated “linguistic” and “knowledge/cognition” components. Sex differences in temperament were also manifest but these contributed little to the observed differences in examination performance. Statistical tests indicated no sex difference in multiple-choice performance, but the women produced more words than the men and did better on the written-answer questions. In addition, there were substantial and statistically significant correlations between word production and performance on both types of test. The results confirmed predictions from arousability theory that the multiple-choice questions provided a more equitable basis than short written answers for examining classes of men and women in medical school. Written answers for questions could penalise students who are shown to be less proficient in the use of English as a second language.
Disorder Concept Scales and Personality Dimensions in a Young Adult Sample
Authors: Moyer R. Diane , Schuerger James M.
Published: August 2011

Previous research has shown correlations between normal personality variables of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) and Axis II personality disorder scales using the Morey, Waugh, and Blashfield Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. This study ( N = 37) compared variables from the adolescent version of the 16PF, the High School Personality Questionnaire, Revised, including the new Clinical Supplement and the MMPI scales of Morey, et al. and yielded results similar to those from earlier studies with other inventories. Extraversion scores correlated positively with those on Narcissistic and Histrionic scales, negatively with scores on Schizoid, Avoidant, and Schizotypal scales; scores on Independence had a similar pattern.
Effects of a Small Monetary Incentive and Follow-up Mailings on Return Rates of a Survey to Nurse Practitioners
Authors: Oden Lorette , Price James H.
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to examine the effectiveness of a modest monetary incentive ($1) and none in increasing the response rate of a mail survey to 600 nurse practitioners. The response rate in the incentive group was 81% and 66% in the control group, significant by chi-square test. The most cost effective survey technique for increasing the response rate of nurse practitioners was to code the envelopes and eliminate the monetary incentive.
Suicide-Intervention Trainees' Perceptions of Awareness for Warning Signs of Suicide
Authors: MacDonald Michael G.
Published: August 2011

55 trainees in suicide intervention were administered a revised version of the Suicide Opinion Questionnaire to examine the effects of suicide intervention training and experience in suicide prevention on their perceptions about the availability of suicide warning signs. Over-all, results indicated that most participants agreed with the ideas that warning signs of suicide are usually evident and that family members of those who have committed suicide may not be aware of these signs. Effects of intervention training on perceptions about the availability of suicide warning signs were not evident. Multivariate analysis indicated that participants with less than one year of experience in suicide prevention expressed significantly ( p<.01) more agreement than participants with between one and five years of experience in suicide prevention for the idea that family members may not be aware of suicide warning signs in their suicidal relatives.
Courtroom Observation of Ethnic Representation among Jurors in Harris County, Texas
Authors: Hays J. Ray , Cambron Stacy
Published: August 2011

The ethnic composition of 22 juries in Harris County, Texas was compared with the ethnic composition of the decennial census of the county. Results showed an under-representation of Hispanic members and an over-representation of Euro-American jury members in civil, family law, and criminal trials. African-American members were represented on juries in proportion to their presence in the general population in the county. Whether this misrepresentation reflects selection factors in developing the jury pools, is the result of exercise of peremptory challenges by lawyers, or some other biasing factor is unknown.
Sympathomimetic Preference and Ethnicity in Male Felons
Authors: West John , Templer Donald I.
Published: August 2011

A disproportionate number of Euro-American inmates given either an amphetamine- or cocaine-abuse diagnosis upon admission to prison were given a diagnosis of amphetamine abuse. A disproportionate number of African-American inmates were given a cocaine-abuse diagnosis. Of the 800 consecutively admitted inmates who were given one diagnosis or the other, 68% of the cocaine abusers, but only 4% of the amphetamine abusers, were African American.
Motivations for Preventing versus Assisting Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

The motivations of those seeking to prevent and assist suicide are conceptualized as defensive styles of repression versus sensitization adopted to deal with personal suicidal desires.
Use of the MMPI–2's VRIN Scale with Severely Disturbed Populations: Consistent Responding May Be More Problematic than Inconsistent Responding
Authors: Stukenberg Karl , Brady Charles , Klinetob Nadya
Published: August 2011

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory–Second Edition includes a new validity scale, the VRIN scale, intended to detect random responding. High scores are viewed as casting suspicion on the validity of the profile. For the present study, the authors evaluated some of the complexities of the VRIN scale including its interaction with the F scale. In particular, we tested two hypotheses. First is that among psychotically disturbed test takers, some inconsistent responding is an integral and expected mode of responding to a self-report measure. That is, in an inpatient psychiatric population increased confused responding (high VRIN score) is related in predictable ways to increased endorsement of pychotic scales and two-point codes and to increased psychotic diagnoses. The second hypothesis is a corollary—that the absence of inconsistency (low VRIN) in a protocol indicating acute distress (high F) may indicate that a respondent is being too consistent in presenting self as having severe difficulties. In this case, the rest of the protocol may be an exaggerated description of the clinical presentation. A sample of 521 psychiatric inpatients was used to evaluate these hypotheses. Some support for both hypotheses is reported. Further studies are recommended to evaluate the hypotheses.
Should Hispanic Persons from Different Countries of Origin be Combined into One Sample for Analysis?
Authors: Weaver Charles N. , Martinez Zaida L.
Published: August 2011

Hispanic respondents to 21 nationwide surveys were grouped on the basis of country of origin into Mexican Americans ( n = 402), Puerto Ricans ( n = 119), and Other Latin Americans ( n = 105). Analysis showed no significant over-all differences among subgroups. No significant subgroup differences in work attitudes were found for women and only one for men. Analysis of subgroup attitudes across age, education, occupation, family income, and personal income also gave no significant differences. These results provide tentative evidence that Hispanic respondents from different countries of origin may be aggregated into a single sample for analysis. There may be no more reason to analyze their responses separately by country of origin than there is to do so for persons of European or African origin.
Cultural Similarities in Psychological Reactions to Infertility
Authors: Nasseri Mariam
Published: August 2011

A 74-item especially developed and validated questionnaire for Iranian culture was administered three times to 37 Iranian infertile couples and 10 fertile couples acting as control group, namely, initial consultation, during treatment, and on completion of treatment. In view of parallel data also reported for Western patients interest centered on the results of two out of the five factors measured by the questionnaire, i.e., Psychological Stress and Social Behaviour. Analysis generally showed significantly high stress and social withdrawal for the patient group, particularly at initial consultation and after an unsuccessful treatment cycle as compared to the control group. Moreover, men whose partners eventually conceived scored significantly lower on stress than men whose partners did not conceive. Similar results have also been reported for Western infertile patients. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Substance Abusers: Role of Personal and Professional Role Traits in Caregivers' Causal Attributions
Authors: Holleman Marsha Cline , Thornby John I. , Merrill Joseph M.
Published: August 2011

Substance abuse continues to be a major health problem compounded by caregivers' negative attitudes toward these patients. We investigated attributions 55 primary care physicians and 315 senior medical students make toward substance abusers. Half of both groups expressed negative causal attributions, with women slightly less negative than men. Mental models based on LISREL regression coefficients showed that higher negative attributions by both physicians and students were related to their increased authoritarianism and depressed mood. Medical students choosing careers in primary care specialties, including psychiatry, expressed a less negative attributional style toward substance abusers than those students entering nonprimary careers. Health professional educators may find that using attribution theory to redefine successful outcomes in management of substance abuse can result in better attitudes for caregivers.
Stability and Factor Structure of the Jackson Personality Inventory-Revised
Authors: Doster Joseph A. , Wilcox Susan E. , Lambert Paul L. , Rubino-Watkins Maria F. , Goven Arthur J. , Moorefield Renee , Kofman Fred
Published: August 2011

The Jackson Personality Inventory-Revised comprises 15 bipolar scales and five cluster scores concerning an individual's interpersonal patterns of interaction, cognitive styles, and value orientation. Recent reviews of this revised version raise questions about test-retest stability as well as the factor structure on which cluster scores are based. 74 men and 33 women (29–63 years of age, M = 42.3) completed the inventory while participating in a continuing education program. Of these 45 participated in a second session 13 wk. later. Test-retest correlations are significant, with 12 of the 15 scales having correlations > .75. Intercorrelations among all subscales indicate that the Jackson subscales for the most part remain distinct from each other ranging from .01 to .59. A Principal Components Analysis with a varimax rotation yielded three factors that parallel the NEO big five, i.e., Openness, Neuroticism, and Extroversion and replicated previous factor structure found for both versions of the Jackson inventory. The fourth and fifth factors here were labeled Trustworthy and Organization; however, the composition of these factors across several studies appears to be unstable, suggesting optimal certainty when interpreting the clusters of subscales associated only with Openness, Neuroticism, and Extroversion. Further research may help clarify the instability associated with the other factors of this inventory.
Relationships of Collective Orientation and Cohesion to Team Outcomes
Authors: Miles Jeffrey A.
Published: August 2011

The relationships of collective orientation and cohesion to team outcomes were compared for 373 high school students on 12 different types of two-person teams performing simple problems in mathematics. Scores on collective orientation and cohesion were highly correlated with each other and with team outcomes but not statistically distinct from each other.
Critique of Recent Empirical Research on Insight and Symptomatology in Schizophrenia
Authors: Schwartz Robert C. , Skaggs Jobie L. , Petersen Suni
Published: August 2011

During the past decade there has been a resurgence of interest in investigating the relationship between insight and symptomatology among clients with schizophrenia. The breadth and depth of the articles have dramatically increased over the past 10 years, including the number of empirical research studies. This article summarizes the strengths and limitations of the empirical research focused on the association between insight and severity of psychotic symptoms and published between 1990 and 1999.
Steven Stack's Ecological Research on Suicide Applied to Homicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 72 nations in 1980, birth rates proved to be the strongest predictor of national homicide rates.
Psychotherapy with Multiple-Sclerosis Patients
Authors: Langenmayr Arnold , Schöttes Norbert
Published: August 2011

We wanted to find out if psychotherapy may influence the course of the physical aspects of multiple sclerosis and the consequences of psychotherapy for coping processes. 46 patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis who had chosen to undergo a 1-yr. group psychotherapy treatment were compared with a control group of 24 multiple-sclerosis patients without such treatment. They were given the Giessen test (personality test), the Achievement Capacities Questionnaire by Kesselring, an intensive interview as well as the content analysis scales of verbal behavior by Gottschalk and Gleser. The various tests were carried out at each of four times of measurement with a 2-yr. follow-up. There were significant changes in the area of relationships and aggressive loosening (interview) between the Therapy and Control groups. Several changes were also found with regard to physical symptoms (Achievement Capacities Questionnaire) in the Therapy group compared to the Control group, e.g., increases in physical mobility and decreases in care of the body. The decreases appear to be a known effect of therapy with psychosomatic disorders. We interpret it psychoanalytically as resistance against releasing anxiety of countercathected motives which multiple sclerosis helps to keep unconscious. In a follow-up, the Therapy group showed greater optimism and physical improvements, e.g., decrease in feeling cold and lack of energy. Some positive changes appeared in both groups, such as, for example, an improvement of cognitive impairment (Gottschalk & Gleser). It appears that the attention from the research itself may have affected both groups because some members of both groups were in contact and hence the Control group was also informed about the research project and its underlying hypothesis.
Effects of Deceptive Packaging and Product Involvement on Purchase Intention: An Elaboration Likelihood Model Perspective
Authors: Lammers H. Bruce
Published: August 2011

From an Elaboration Likelihood Model perspective, it was hypothesized that postexposure awareness of deceptive packaging claims would have a greater negative effect on scores for purchase intention by consumers lowly involved rather than highly involved with a product ( n = 40). Undergraduates who were classified as either highly or lowly ( ns = 20 and 20) involved with M&Ms examined either a deceptive or nondeceptive package design for M&Ms candy and were subsequently informed of the deception employed in the packaging before finally rating their intention to purchase. As anticipated, highly deceived subjects who were low in involvement rated intention to purchase lower than their highly involved peers. Overall, the results attest to the robustness of the model and suggest that the model has implications beyond advertising effects and into packaging effects.
On the Nature and Properties of Appeals Used in Direct-to-Consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs
Authors: Pinto Mary Beth
Published: August 2011

The past decade has seen a steady rise in expenditures for direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical advertising. While total revenues across all media are approaching the $1 billion dollar mark, surprisingly little is known about the effectiveness of these types of advertisements, including the appropriateness of various forms of emotional and informational appeal. A content analysis of direct-to-consumer advertising in 24 popular magazines shows that these advertisements are found in every category of magazine, the advertisements employ a mix of informational and emotional appeals, all types of emotional appeals are used, and to date, the type of appeal (emotional and/or informational) tends not to be based on the type of drug advertised. Implications of this content analysis are considered and directions for research on appeals used in direct-to-consumer advertising are suggested.
Organizational Change: Initial Results in a Health Care Setting
Authors: Peterson Frederick L. , Cooper Roger F. , Scherer Robert F.
Published: August 2011

An applied study was conducted in a federal health care facility to assess change in organizational climate variables over a 7-yr. period. Using the Survey of Organizations-2000, preliminary results show improvements on five climate indicators from Time 1 to Time 2 of the survey. Potential explanations for the positive changes are provided.
Students' Perceptions and Reported Use of Their Memories after a Memory-Improvement Course
Authors: Higbee Kenneth L. , Davis Thomas C.
Published: August 2011

23 college students who had taken a memory-improvement course completed a questionnaire at three different times: the beginning of the course, the end of the course, and two months after the end of the course. The questionnaire assessed the students' perceptions of their memory abilities, e.g., how good their memories were and how confident they were in their memories and knowledge about their memories, and their reported use of the memory techniques; it did not assess actual memory performance or ability. The students' responses to the questionnaire were compared with those of 23 control students who completed the questionnaire at the same three times. The memory students reported more positive changes in how they perceived their memory abilities and knowledge, and these reported changes in perceptions were still evident two months later. The students also reported that they were still using their memory techniques two months later.
Loneliness and the Life Cycle
Authors: Rokach Ami
Published: August 2011

Loneliness is a prevailing experience which every person has experienced. This subjective experience is influenced by one's personality and situational variables. In the present study, the influence of age and sex on the experience of loneliness were examined. 711 participants volunteered to answer an 82-item yes/no questionnaire on their loneliness experience and its meaning. Four age groups were compared: 106 youths (13–18 years old), 255 young adults (19–30 years old), 314 adults (31–58 years old), and 36 seniors (60–80 years old). Within and between sex comparisons indicated that loneliness is indeed affected by one's age and sex.