bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ROMANTIC EDITOR AS MODERN MEDIA PRACTITIONER: THE POETICS OF READING IN LUDWIG TIECK'S MINNELIEDER ANTHOLOGY
Authors: McGillen Petra
Published: January 2017

As cumulative forms, anthologies pose aesthetic challenges. They lack typical ‘artwork’ features and thus leave it unclear how to read the multitude of texts they present. Ludwig Tieck responds to these challenges by accompanying his anthology of courtly love songs, Minnelieder aus dem Schwäbischen Zeitalter (1803), with a complex poetics of reading. His famous preface to the collection instructs the reader to combine two modes of reading: one that is fluid and aims at emotional involvement, and another that is repetitive, meticulous, and focused on detail. These blended modes of reading, Tieck claims, yield enriched aesthetic effects and lend the anthology artwork status. His editing practices support this poetics of reading. The material features of the anthology as print medium (typeface, page layout, etc.) increase the reading flow, yet at the same time Tieck's translations from medieval into modern German contain moments of resistance that keep the reader attentive. Tieck's twofold mode became an influential model in the development of philological reading practices around 1800. Rather than approaching his Minnelieder edition as an instance of a ‘revival’ of medieval poetry, this article emphasises Tieck's contribution to the history of reading. It profiles the Romantic editor as a modern media practitioner.

Die Anthologie als sammelnde Textform stellt den Leser vor ästhetische Herausforderungen, da ihr typische Eigenschaften von Kunstwerken fehlen und völlig unklar ist, wie die präsentierte Textvielfalt zu lesen sei. Ludwig Tiecks Anthologie Minnelieder aus dem Schwäbischen Zeitalter (1803) antwortet auf diese Herausforderungen mit einer ausgefeilten Lesepoetik. In der berühmten Vorrede weist Tieck seine Leserschaft an, zwei Lektüremodi miteinander zu kombinieren: Eine flüssige und auf emotionalen Nachvollzug setzende Lektüre soll mit einer äußerst sorgfältigen, auf Details achtenden Wiederholungslektüre unterfüttert werden. Die Gratifikation für diese aufwendige Kombination besteht Tieck zufolge in intensivierten ästhetischen Effekten, die der Anthologie Kunstwerk‐Charakter verleihen. Tiecks Einrichtung der Anthologie als Printmedium steht im Dienst dieser Lesepoetik. Während die Materialität der Ausgabe (z. B. Schriftart und Seitengestaltung) den Lesefluss fördert, erfordern Widerstandsmomente in den Übersetzungen aus dem Mittelhochdeutschen gesteigerte Aufmerksamkeit vom Leser. Gerade in dieser Widersprüchlichkeit sollte der von Tieck vertretene doppelte Lektüremodus ein einflussreiches Modell für die Entwicklung philologischer Lesepraktiken um 1800 werden. Statt also die Minnelieder‐Ausgabe als Beispiel für die romantische ‘Erneuerung’ mittelalterlicher Poesie zu sehen, stellt diese Analyse Tiecks Beitrag zu einer Geschichte des Lesens in den Vordergrund und profiliert den romantischen Herausgeber als modernen Medienpraktiker.
Anatomical distribution and outcome of surgical excision of fibrokeratoma – a clinical analysis of 124 cases
Authors: Tsai Yi‐Chiun , Hsiao Pa‐Fan , Wu Yu‐Hung
Published: January 2017

Background

Fibrokeratoma is a benign, cutaneous, fibrous tumor usually occurring on the digits. There is little data about their occurrence on nondigital areas and their surgical outcomes.

Objectives

We sought to retrospectively characterize the distribution and surgical outcome of fibrokeratoma.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical information of patients with a histopathological diagnosis of fibrokeratoma, including age, gender, lesion site, number of lesions, symptoms and signs, history of trauma, and any recurrence.

Results

We identified 124 patients diagnosed with fibrokeratoma in a 13‐year period. The mean age was 42 years. There was a male predilection (2 : 1), and all lesions were solitary. Twenty patients (16%) had symptoms, and 13 patients (10%) had a history of trauma. Thirty patients (24%) had lesions on nondigital areas, including the upper and lower extremities and buttocks. The overall recurrence rate was 4% (five cases). Among them, three recurrent lesions were located on the periungual area of the toe. Nine patients (7%) had giant fibrokeratoma (>1 cm) but none recurred.

Conclusion

Although most fibrokeratomas appeared on the digits, a certain number of cases (24%) were located on nondigital areas. The periungual area of the toe was the most common local recurrent site.
Evidence of regulatory myeloid dendritic cells and circulating inflammatory epidermal dendritic cells‐like modulated by Toll‐like receptors 2 and 7/8 in adults with atopic dermatitis
Authors: dos Santos Vanessa G. , Orfali Raquel L. , de Oliveira Titz Tiago , da Silva Duarte Alberto J. , Sato Maria N. , Aoki Valeria
Published: January 2017

Backgroud

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by intense pruritus and xerosis. Dendritic cells (DC) play an essential role in tissue inflammation in atopic dermatitis (AD) skin, especially the inflammatory epidermal dendritic cells (IDEC), a particular subset of myeloid dendritic cells (mDC). The aim of the present study was to assess the phenotype and function of mDC and circulating IDEC‐like in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of adults with AD.

Methods

We selected 21 AD patients and 21 non‐AD controls, age and gender matched. Expressions of FcεRI, CD36, TNF, IFN‐ γ, and IL‐10 in mDC were analyzed by flow cytometry under various stimuli, such as staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), TLR2 (Pam3CSK4), TLR4 (LPS), and TLR7/8 (CL097) agonists.

Results

The most prominent findings in AD patients were: (i) enhanced frequency of IL‐10 under TLR4 (LPS), and decreased frequency of IFN‐γ and TNF under TLR2 (Pam3CSK4) and 7/8 (CL097) stimulation in classic mDC; (ii) elevation of circulating IDEC‐like frequency with TLR2 (Pam3CSK4) stimuli, augmented frequency of IFN‐γ in nonstimulated condition, and of IL‐10 under TLR7/8 (CL097) stimuli in IDEC‐like population.

Conclusions

In AD individuals, classic mDC showed an immunomodulatory profile, favoring tolerance in a combined action with IDEC‐like, and inducing Th1 polarization. Our findings indicate a potential role of IDEC‐like in the maintenance of inflammation in atopic dermatitis patients; moreover, IDEC‐like may exert a regulatory impact on T cells of AD individuals through IL‐10, often induced by agonist mimicking single stranded RNA virus.
Treatment of patients with Waldenström macroglobulinaemia: clinical practice guidelines from the Myeloma Foundation of Australia Medical and Scientific Advisory Group
Authors: Talaulikar Dipti , Tam Constantine S. , Joshua Douglas , Ho Joy Phoebe , Szer Jeff , Quach Hang , Spencer Andrew , Harrison Simon , Mollee Peter , Roberts Andrew W. , Horvath Noemi , Lee Cindy , Zannettino Andrew , Brown Ross , Augustson Bradley , Jaksic Wilfrid , Gibson John , Kalff Anna , Johnston Anna , Trotman Judith , Kalro Akash , Grigoriadis George , Ward Chris , Prince H. Miles
Published: January 2017

Waldenström macroglobulinaemia (WM) is an indolent B‐cell malignancy characterised by the presence of immunoglobulin M (IgM) paraprotein and bone marrow infiltration by clonal small B lymphocytes, plasmacytoid lymphocytes and plasma cells. The symptoms of WM are protean, often follow an asymptomatic phase and may include complications related to the paraneoplastic effects of IgM paraprotein. The revised 2016 World Health Organization classification includes the MYD88 L265P mutation, which is seen in >90% of cases, within the diagnostic criteria for WM. While treatment of WM has often been considered together with other indolent B cell lymphomas, there are unique aspects of WM management that require specific care. These include the unreliability of IgM and paraprotein measurements in monitoring patients prior to and after treatment, the lack of correlation between disease burden and symptoms and rituximab‐induced IgM flare. Moreover, while bendamustine and rituximab has recently been approved for reimbursed frontline use in WM in Australia, other regimens, including ibrutinib‐ and bortezomib‐based treatments, are not funded, requiring tailoring of treatment to the regional regulatory environment. The Medical and Scientific Advisory Group of the Myeloma Foundation Australia has therefore developed clinical practice guidelines with specific recommendations for the work‐up and therapy of WM to assist Australian clinicians in the management of this disease.
Successful treatment of type B insulin resistance with mixed connective tissue disease by pulse glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide
Authors: Yang Hongbo , Zhao Jiuliang , Li Yuepeng , Lv Fang , Zhang Songyun , Li Yuxiu
Published: January 2017

Type B insulin resistance syndrome is a very rare condition caused by autoantibodies against the insulin receptor. We report the successful treatment of a patient with refractory type B insulin resistance with pulse glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide. The medical record of a patient with type B insulin resistance was reviewed. A 36‐year‐old Chinese woman presented with menopause, weight loss and refractory hyperglycemia for 3 months, which could not be controlled by up to 972 of insulin units per day. Mixed connective tissue disease was diagnosed with high titers of antinuclear antibody, ribonucleoprotein antibody and interstitial lung disease. Type B insulin resistance was diagnosed with positive immunoprecipitation assay of anti‐insulin‐receptor antibodies in serum. We started one cycle of pulse methylprednisolone (1,000 mg/day for 3 days) then tapered to prednisone 1 mg/kg/day, and cyclophosphamide 0.4 g/week was added on. Three weeks after pulse glucocorticoid therapy, fasting glucose returned to 4.4 mmol/L. Fasting insulin decreased from 647.27 to 12.95 uIU/mL 6 weeks later. The patient had gained 15 kg during 20 months of uneventful following up, and glycated hemoglobin decreased from 10.1 to 5.1%.In this patient with type B insulin resistance, a combination of pulse glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide was successful in inducing a complete remission. Close cooperation between endocrinologists and rheumatologists will ensure an individualized regimen for this rare condition.
Testing the use of reimbursement data to obtain damage curves in urbanised areas: the case of the Piedmont flood on October 2000
Authors: Bignami D.F. , Rulli M.C. , Rosso R.
Published: January 2017

This article analyses the assessment of economic damages in urbanised flooded areas by testing the use of reimbursement data to obtain damage curves. Data coming from field observation of the 2000 flood in Piedmont, Italy, are used and the influence of local features and topography, as well as urban patterns are studied. Our starting point is the assessment of individual flooded elements, whose damages result from slightly more than 7000 refund claims. Damage functions estimation is carried out by using water depth and flow velocities obtained by 2D inundation model. Results show the relationship of damage versus water depth and versus flow velocity are strongly nonlinear and urban patterns playing a major role in explaining the amount of damage under given conditions. Moreover, results provide useful information for future ex ante estimation of potential flood damages and rewarding risk reductions and management actions.
Annual Report of the Perinatology Committee, Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2015: Proposal of urgent measures to reduce maternal deaths
Authors: Takeda Satoru , Takeda Jun , Murakami Keisuke , Kubo Takahiko , Hamada Hiromi , Murakami Maki , Makino Shintaro , Itoh Hiroaki , Ohba Takashi , Naruse Katsuhiko , Tanaka Hiroaki , Kanayama Naohiro , Matsubara Shigeki , Sameshima Hiroshi , Ikeda Tomoaki
Published: January 2017

Perinatal care in Japan has progressed rapidly in recent decades, remarkably reducing maternal, perinatal and neonatal mortality rates. This is attributable not only to the sustained efforts and dedication of past obstetricians and midwives, but also to the collective results achieved by the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology and healthcare administration, including research on advanced medical care, education, medical care improvements and establishing perinatal care centers. Although the maternal mortality rate was in steady decline until 2007 (3.1/100 000 births), it repeatedly fluctuated thereafter, plateauing at 3.4 per 100 000 births in 2013 and 2.7 per 100 000 births in 2014. Thus, the Perinatology Committee has analyzed the current situation of maternal deaths and has proposed countermeasures to reduce such death. The items deliberated upon by related subcommittees in 2015 are presented herein.

The addition of indications for ‘fibrinogen concentrate’, ‘eptacog alfa’ and approval of the PGE2 vaginal tablet for cervical ripening were discussed in the subcommittee for unapproved drug review. Thus, a request for approval for health insurance coverage was submitted to the ‘Evaluation committee on unapproved or off‐label drugs with high medical needs’ of the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare.

Maternal and late‐maternal deaths from suicide during the 10 years from 2005 to 2014 in Tokyo's 23 wards were jointly examined with the Tokyo Medical Examiner's Office. The suicide rate in the 23 wards is very high, at 8.7 per 100 000 births. Thus, the subcommittee for the reduction of maternal death discussed countermeasures for the eradication of maternal death and maternal suicide and the revision of death certificates.
Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of Implants in Osteotome Sinus Floor Elevation with and without Grafting: A Systematic Review and a Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Chen Mei‐Hua , Shi Jun‐Yu
Published: January 2017

Purpose

To systematically appraise the clinical and radiological outcomes after osteotome sinus floor elevation (OSFE) with or without grafting in the published dental literature.

Methods

An electronic search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial to identify studies after OSFE from January 1, 1994 to August 30, 2015. The primary outcome was the implant survival rates after OSFE with and without grafting materials.

Results

After search and evaluation of the literature according to the inclusion criteria, 7 studies were included in the review. The random‐effect model meta‐analysis based on 463 implants in patients without grafting and 415 implants in patients with grafting showed that the risk ratio difference of survival rates was 1.010 (95%CI 0.910, 1.120), which did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.99). The membrane perforation rates ranged from 0% to 10.80%. No significant difference of crestal bone loss was reported between graft and nongraft groups.

Conclusions

Based on currently available evidence, OSFE techniques with and without grafting were both predictable in the short term. In addition, survival rates of dental implants in OSFE with or without grafting did not show any significant difference in the short term.
Evaluating Active Parental Consent Procedures for School Programming: Addressing the Sensitive Topic of Suicide Prevention
Authors: Totura Christine M. Wienke , Kutash Krista , Labouliere Christa D. , Karver Marc S.
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

Suicide is the second leading cause of death for adolescents. Whereas school‐based prevention programs are effective, obtaining active consent for youth participation in public health programming concerning sensitive topics is challenging. We explored several active consent procedures for improving participation rates.

METHODS

Five active consent methods (in‐person, students taking forms home, mailing, mailing preceded by primers, mailing followed by reminder calls) were compared against passive consent procedures to evaluate recruitment success, as determined by participation (proportion who responded yes) and response (proportion who returned any response) rates.

RESULTS

Participation acceptance rates ranged from 38 to 100% depending on consent method implemented. Compared with passive consent, active consent procedures were more variable in response and participation rates. In‐person methods provided higher rates than less interpersonal methods, such as mailing or students taking consents home. Mailed primers before or reminder calls after consent forms were mailed increased response but not participation rates. Students taking consents home resulted in the lowest rates.

CONCLUSIONS

Although passive consent produces the highest student participation, these methods are not always appropriate for programs addressing sensitive topics in schools. In‐person active consent procedures may be the best option when prioritizing balance between parental awareness and successful student recruitment.
How Schools Can Promote Healthy Development for Newly Arrived Immigrant and Refugee Adolescents: Research Priorities
Authors: McNeely Clea A. , Morland Lyn , Doty S. Benjamin , Meschke Laurie L. , Awad Summer , Husain Altaf , Nashwan Ayat
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND

The US education system must find creative and effective ways to foster the healthy development of the approximately 2 million newly arrived immigrant and refugee adolescents, many of whom contend with language barriers, limited prior education, trauma, and discrimination. We identify research priorities for promoting the school success of these youth.

METHODS

The study used the 4‐phase priority‐setting method of the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative. In the final stage, 132 researchers, service providers, educators, and policymakers based in the United States were asked to rate the importance of 36 research options.

RESULTS

The highest priority research options (range 1 to 5) were: evaluating newcomer programs (mean = 4.44, SD = 0.55), identifying how family and community stressors affect newly arrived immigrant and refugee adolescents' functioning in school (mean = 4.40, SD = 0.56), identifying teachers' major stressors in working with this population (mean = 4.36, SD = 0.72), and identifying how to engage immigrant and refugee families in their children's education (mean = 4.35, SD = 0.62).

CONCLUSION

These research priorities emphasize the generation of practical knowledge that could translate to immediate, tangible benefits for schools. Funders, schools, and researchers can use these research priorities to guide research for the highest benefit of schools and the newly arrived immigrant and refugee adolescents they serve.
Classroom Nutrition Education Combined With Fruit and Vegetable Taste Testing Improves Children's Dietary Intake
Authors: Gold Abby , Larson Mary , Tucker Jared , Strang Michelle
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND

We tested the effectiveness of the Go Wild With Fruits and Veggies! (GWWFV) Extension curriculum on increasing fruit and vegetable (FV) intake of third graders.

METHODS

An intervention study was used testing self‐reported FV intake pre/post GWWFV. Recruited schools were randomized to control (12 schools, N = 369, third grade children) or intervention (14 schools, N = 378, third grade children). Measures included items from a validated FV food frequency survey. Access to the federal Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Snack Program (FFVSP), and taste testing within GWWFV were also measured. Between‐group differences in FV intake were evaluated using 1‐way ANOVA for unadjusted models and 1‐way ANCOVA for baseline adjusted models. The Tukey‐Kramer test was employed for post hoc comparisons.

RESULTS

Students with access to the FFVSP consumed more fruits (p < .01) and vegetables (p < .0001). Students who participated in the FFVSP and GWWFV with taste testing consumed more fruits and vegetables (p < .05) compared with students who participated in the FFVSP and GWWFV without taste testing, along with the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

The FFVSP and GWWFV with taste testing demonstrated a positive influence on FV intake in third grade children. Leveraging environmental approaches with interactive learning experiences create desired outcomes.
Impact of hepatitis C virus therapy on metabolism and public health
Authors: Shiffman Mitchell L. , Gunn Nadege T.
Published: January 2017

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) is associated with insulin resistance (IR) and leads to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and hepatic steatosis in many patients. These metabolic complications of HCV have been shown to accelerate the progression of fibrosis to cirrhosis and increase the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. The metabolic syndrome is a common disorder that also includes IR, T2DM and hepatic steatosis. Approximately 20%‐30% of patients with chronic HCV also have co‐existent metabolic syndrome. The cause of steatosis in patients with the features of both the metabolic syndrome and chronic HCV is sometime difficult to determine. Patients with metabolic syndrome and chronic HCV are also at risk of developing renal, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. Recent data suggest that HCV is an independent risk factor for renal, coronary and cerebral vascular disease, and may increase mortality associated with these disorders. The treatment of HCV can now result in a sustained virological response and cure nearly all patients with chronic HCV. The eradication of HCV reduces the risk of developing IR and T2DM, improves IR and 2TDM, reduces the risk of developing chronic kidney disease, end‐stage renal disease, acute cardiac syndrome and stroke in patients with 2TDM. Thus, treatment of chronic HCV can provide a significant public health benefit, but only if all patients with chronic HCV are identified and universally treated.
The impact of antiviral therapy for hepatitis C on the quality of life: a perspective
Authors: Dusheiko Geoffrey
Published: January 2017

Instruments to assess the impact of hepatitis C virus infection on health and measurements of reported outcomes in patients (health‐related quality of life [HRQOL]) are not frequently used to assign priority for treatment. Several systematic reviews have been performed that provide a comprehensive analysis to help understand patient reported outcomes (PROs) with direct acting antiviral treatment. Clinical trials with direct acting antivirals (DAAs) provide an important opportunity to assess PROs without interferon or ribavirin. Significant improvement in quality of life parameters have been noted with DAA therapy. The results show improvement in HRQOL indices when interferon‐free and particularly interferon and ribavirin‐free treatments are compared to interferon and ribavirin treatment. Improvements in HRQOL indices are an encouraging aspect of the cure of chronic hepatitis C. It is unclear whether these measurable HRQOL improvements can be translated into a net benefit improvement in work productivity and a social dimension that is significant enough to convince payers of the added value of early and more widespread treatment.
Hepatitis C: efficacy and safety in real life
Authors: Flisiak Robert , Pogorzelska Joanna , Flisiak‐Jackiewicz Marta
Published: January 2017

Interferon‐free combinations were registered in 2014 and 2015 for the treatment of chronic HCV infection. As a result, real‐world experience has been gathered in the last year and this paper presents data available in September 2016. Real‐world studies on the efficacy of the ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF)±ribavirin (RBV) regimen showed a sustained virologic response (SVR) rate of between 91% and 98%. The SVR rate in the 13858 patients included in this paper was 94%, and 92% in the 3506 patients with cirrhosis. In a number of recently published real‐world studies evaluating ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir (OBV/PTV/r)±dasabuvir (DSV)±RBV, the SVR rate was between 92% and 100%. The SVR rate of the 4260 patients included in the studies in this paper was 97% and the rate was the same in the 1647 patients with cirrhosis. Recently, data evaluating SOF/simeprevir±RBV showed an SVR rate >90%, while in combination with daclatasvir this rate reached approximately 95%. The safety data available for LDV/SOF±RBV and OBV/PTV/r±DSV±RBV show that discontinuation due to adverse events was necessary in no more than 3% of patients and the frequency of serious adverse events was between 0 and 11%, in particular in real‐world studies. Because of the similar efficacy and safety, real‐world data support the use of either the LDV/SOF±RBV or OBV/PTV/r±DSV±RBV regimen in patients with genotypes 1 or 4. There is still not enough real‐world data in patients with genotype 3 and other genotypes.
Pathology of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Bedossa Pierre
Published: January 2017

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) covers a spectrum of lesions ranging from steatosis (Non‐alcoholic Fatty Liver or NAFL) to a complex pattern with hepatocellular injury and inflammation (non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis; NASH) in the absence of alcohol intake. However, it is increasingly clear that intermediate patterns may exist. The histopathological evaluation of liver biopsy samples is central in the diagnosis of NAFLD and NASH in the absence of sufficiently accurate non‐invasive tests because a precise definition of each group is a key issue. When at least 5% of hepatocytes display steatosis, patients can be defined as having NAFLD in an appropriate clinical context. When, in addition, lobular inflammation and liver cell clarification/ballooning are present, then the lesion is usually defined as NASH. Evaluation of the stage of fibrosis is even more fundamental than necroinflammation since it is the main prognostic factor of this disease. Semi‐quantitative histological scoring systems have been proposed for NAFLD, but they are not useful in clinical practice and each has certain limitations. For comprehensive purposes, we suggest describing histopathological lesions in NAFLD using the SAF (Steatosis, Activity, Fibrosis) score which assesses separately the grade of steatosis (S, from S0 to S3), the grade of activity (A from A0 to A4 by adding grades of ballooning and lobular inflammation, both from 0 to 2) and the stage of fibrosis (F from F0 to F4).
The future of liver transplantation for viral hepatitis
Authors: Durand François , Francoz Claire
Published: January 2017

In hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected patients, transplantation can be justified by decompensated cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or both. During the last decade, HCV infection accounted for about 30% of the indications for transplantation in Europe and North America. Direct antiviral agents (DAAs) are highly effective at curing HCV, even in patients with end‐stage cirrhosis. In the future, the incidence of HCV‐related decompensated cirrhosis will continue to decrease. The incidence of HCC will also decrease, but a large cohort of patients with cirrhosis will still be at risk of developing HCC even after HCV has been cured. They will continue to represent potential candidates for transplantation. Overall, HCV will account for a significantly lower proportion of indications for transplantation in the future. However, generalization of DAAs is unlikely to affect the total transplantation volume as the gap between donors and potential recipients markedly exceeds 30%. In addition, non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a rapidly growing indication for transplantation. The high barrier to resistance nucleos(t)ide analogues (NUCs) have been used for several years to treat hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Decompensated HBV cirrhosis now represents a very uncommon indication for transplantation. HCC remains the leading indication in HBV‐infected patients awaiting transplantation. NUCs plus anti‐HBs immune globulins or NUCs alone are highly effective at preventing post‐transplant HBV recurrence. However, continuous prophylaxis is still needed as extrahepatic HBV particles persist with a potential for recurrence. Post‐transplant immunosuppression facilitates recurrence. In the future, an important challenge will be to cure HBV by eliminating residual HBV particles
Municipal Leadership of Climate Adaptation Negotiations: Effective Tools and Strategies in Houston and Fort Lauderdale
Authors: Williams Mark K. , Green Alex , Kim Ella
Published: January 2017

Negotiation analysis of climate change–related issues has largely focused on public dispute resolution mechanisms that are typically applied in the face of specific environmental crises, or on multiparty diplomacy relating to international climate agreements. Mayors and other municipal leaders, however, are increasingly taking steps to negotiate urban planning efforts with stakeholders to implement policies for managing the intensifying impact of climate change. In this article, we analyze negotiations in Houston, Texas, and Fort Lauderdale, Florida, to identify which methods municipal leaders employed to conduct negotiations to implement climate adaptation policies and also consider whether those methods were effective. The two cities present two differing city management structures: Houston has a strong mayor‐driven system, while Fort Lauderdale uses a city commission and city manager system. In this article, we examine the barriers that leaders must overcome and consider their options for negotiating lasting agreements.
Metaphysical Causation
Authors: Wilson Alastair
Published: January 2017

There is a systematic and suggestive analogy between grounding and causation. In my view, this analogy is no coincidence. Grounding and causation are alike because grounding is a type of causation: metaphysical causation. In this paper I defend the identification of grounding with metaphysical causation, drawing on the causation literature to explore systematic connections between grounding and metaphysical dependence counterfactuals, and I outline a non‐reductive counterfactual theory of grounding along interventionist lines.
Open Dislocation of Ankle without Fracture Treated with an External Fixator
Authors: Sayit Emrah , Sayit Asli Tanrivermis , Zan Elcin
Published: January 2017

Ankle dislocations are orthopedic emergencies that require immediate treatment to avoid neurovascular impairment. They are usually accompanied by one or more comminuted fractures of the ankle mortis. In rare circumstances, such as high‐energy trauma, the ankle dislocations may not be accompanied by concomitant malleolar fractures and, thus, are named “pure ankle dislocations”. We presented a very rare and interesting case of an open medial dislocation of the ankle without associated fracture in an 18‐year‐old man with no known predisposing risk factors. The patient was admitted to the emergency department after sustaining a catastrophic trampoline accident resulting in severe inversion of the right ankle. The patient was treated with an external fixator and was mobilized early in the post‐surgical course. Despite initial presentation that revealed lack of posterior tibial pulse, the post‐surgical course was uneventful, with full functional recovery and joint mobility. The primary goals of treatment are immediate reduction of the joint and relief of neurovascular stress. External fixation is a prompt, fairly easy treatment that one should keep in mind in pure ankle dislocations. Nonetheless, ligamentous restoration and early mobilization were the key elements as seen in our case for full functional recovery.
The Influence of Opening the Thorax on Defibrillation Threshold in Canines
Authors: Kallok Michael J.
Published: January 2017

To determine if intraoperative testing is predictive of implantable defibrillator performance postoperatively, we measured sequential pulse defibrillation thresholds (DFTs) in 16 adult canines (28.0 ± 3.5 kg, mean ± SD body weight) at the time of epicardial defibrillation electrode implantation. Three epicardial defibrillation electrodes were sutured directly to the anterior, posterior, and left lateral epicardial surfaces of the heart through a left fifth intercostal thoracotomy. The pericardium was sutured closed over the electrodes and DFT was measured first with the thorax open and again after closing all surgical wounds, evacuating the thorax, and reinflating the lungs. Mean ± SD DFT voltage, current, and impedance (pulse 1), and total delivered energy (both pulses) for the open chest measurements were 321 ± 87 volts, 4.2 ± 1.9 amps, 80 ± 14 ohms and 5.3 ± 3.7 joules, respectively. The corresponding DFT values for the closed chest measurements were 321 ± 92 volts, 5.1 ± 1.9 amps, 64 ± 10 ohms and 6.1 ± 3.9 joules, respectively. Paired Student's t‐test comparison of open versus closed chest DFT values indicated that there were no significant differences in voltage (P > 0.80) or energy (P > 0.20), but there were significant differences in both current (P < 0.01) and impedance (P < 0.001). It is concluded that despite alterations in impedance and current flow, voltage and energy DFT are not significantly different between open and closed chest animals. This suggests that intraoperative testing of implantable defibrillators is predictive of postoperative performance.
Chimpanzee mind reading: Don't stop believing
Authors: Andrews Kristin
Published: January 2017

Since the question “Do chimpanzees have a theory of mind?” was raised in 1978, scientists have attempted to answer it, and philosophers have attempted to clarify what the question means and whether it has been, or could be, answered. Mindreading (a term used mostly by philosophers) or theory of mind (a term preferred by scientists) refers to the ability to attribute mental states to other individuals. Some versions of the question focus on whether chimpanzees engage in belief reasoning or can think about false belief, and chimpanzees have been given nonverbal versions of the false belief moved‐object task (also known as the Sally–Anne task). Other versions of the question focus on whether chimpanzees understand what others can see, and chimpanzees can pass those tests. From this data, some claim that chimpanzees know something about perceptions, but nothing about belief. Others claim that chimpanzees do not understand belief or perceptions, because the data fails to overcome the “logical problem,” and permits an alternative, non‐mentalistic interpretation. I will argue that neither view is warranted. Belief reasoning in chimpanzees has focused on examining false belief in a moved object scenario, but has largely ignored other functions of belief. The first part of the paper is an argument for how to best understand belief reasoning and offers suggestion for future investigation. The second part of the paper addresses and diffuses the “logical problem.” I conclude that chimpanzees may reason about belief, but that there is already compelling evidence that they reason about perceptions.
The Metaphysics of Identity: Is Identity Fundamental?
Authors: Shumener Erica
Published: January 2017

Identity and distinctness facts are ones like “The Eiffel Tower is identical to the Eiffel Tower,” and “The Eiffel Tower is distinct from the Louvre.” This paper concerns one question in the metaphysics of identity: Are identity and distinctness facts metaphysically fundamental or are they nonfundamental? I provide an overview of answers to this question.
The Role of SNAP in Home Food Availability and Dietary Intake among WIC Participants Facing Unstable Housing
Authors: Bruening Meg , McClain Darya , Moramarco Michael , Reifsnider Elizabeth
Published: January 2017

Objective

Little nutrition research has been conducted among families with unstable housing. The objective of this study was to examine the role of food stamps (i.e., Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; SNAP) in home food availability and dietary intake among WIC families who experienced unstable housing.

Design and Sample

Cross‐sectional study among vulnerable families. Low‐income, multiethnic families with children participating in WIC (n = 54).

Measures

Dietary intake was assessed with 24‐hr recalls. Home food availability was assessed with an adapted home food inventory for low‐income, multiethnic families. Validation results from adapted home food inventory for these families are also reported.

Results

SNAP households had more foods than non‐SNAP households; few significant associations were observed between food availability and child dietary intake.

Conclusions

With few exceptions, the home food environment was not related to children's dietary intake among these vulnerable families. More research is needed on food access for families facing unstable housing.
Color‐Blind and Multicultural Strategies in Medical Settings
Authors: West Tessa V. , Schoenthaler Antoinette
Published: January 2017

Recently, scholars have called for research that systematically examines the role of race and culture in shaping communication during racially discordant practitioner–patient interactions (i.e., patient and physician from different racial ethnic groups). In this review, we focus on two conceptual frameworks that influence the way people think about race, and subsequently, how they interact with others of a different race: color blindness and multiculturalism. We integrate basic social psychological research on interracial laboratory interactions with research on the markers of successful practitioner–patient communication to discuss how these two strategies shape interactions between Black patients and non‐Black practitioners. Given that racial discrimination is often addressed within medical education and training contexts, we also discuss how these two strategies influence how practitioners are trained to talk about race. We conclude by offering practical suggestions as to how medical interactions can be improved by taking into consideration how color‐blind and multicultural strategies shape behaviors within medical settings.
Unresolved questions in nudging research: Putting the psychology back in nudging
Authors: Marchiori David R. , Adriaanse Marieke A. , De Ridder Denise T.D.
Published: January 2017

Nudging interventions are broadly defined as a rearrangement of a choice context that gently suggests a specific choice. Their increasing popularity has attracted attention and discussion from researchers, policy makers, and practitioners alike. After some applications to domains such as health, environmental issues, and retirement savings, the next step in nudging is to understand the psychological boundary conditions when applied to varied domains of daily life. It is yet unclear for example to what extent nudging interventions can be transparent without losing effectiveness, or how permanent the effects are. These unresolved questions may have contributed to heated political and scientific discussions, on for example the ethics of using nudges in the public health domain, due to the missing scientific evidence. Indeed, this popularity may have led to forget how nudging harnesses insights from decades of research in psychology to change people's behavior. The aim of this paper is to shift the focus back to the psychological premises nudges were built upon. It summarizes several outstanding questions that future research in the psychology of nudging should address. Advancing research in nudging will help to improve our understanding of applied nudging interventions and provide clarity to debates such as ethical appropriateness, effectiveness, and public approval.
Hitchhikers at the dinner table: a revisionary study of a group of ant parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae) specializing in the use of extrafloral nectaries for host access
Authors: HERREID JUDITH S. , HERATY JOHN M.
Published: January 2017

Extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) are nectar‐secreting glands found on plants independent of their flowers. EFNs are diverse in form, present on a wide variety of plants, and their secretions are known to recruit ants. However, much less information has been published on insects with known EFN associations other than ants. Two distinct species groups of Orasema Cameron (Hymenoptera: Eucharitidae) deposit their eggs close to the EFNs of their plant hosts. The simulatrix group comprises six species found in deserts and xeric shrublands of the southwestern United States and Mexico. This species group is revised, retaining O. aureoviridis, O. beameri and O. simulatrix as valid species, and describing O. cancellata sp.n., O. difrancoae sp.n. and O. zahni sp.n. The wayqecha group is from Peru and Colombia and includes the newly described O. wayqecha sp.n. and O. quadrimaculata sp.n. Members of the simulatrix group oviposit near EFNs of Chilopsis linearis Cav. (Bignoniaceae), Prosopis glandulosa Torr. (Fabaceae), Prosopis velutina Wooton (Fabaceae) and Populus angustifolia James (Salicaceae), whereas Orasema wayqecha oviposit on leaves of two species in the family Primulaceae. Monophyly of the two species groups is proposed based on a molecular analysis of ribosomal (28S and 18S) and mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) DNA, morphological features of the adults and planidia larvae, and their shared behavioural association with EFNs. Adults of both species groups have an expanded postgena that encloses the mouthparts, but are otherwise morphologically divergent. The planidia of both groups also share several features, including long cerci that may facilitate their movements within EFNs. Oviposition near EFNs is proposed as a means of increasing encounter rates of the first‐instar larvae with their myrmicine ant host; however, it remains unclear whether the planidia are transported directly by the foraging workers of their host Pheidole (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) or indirectly with the help of an intermediate host.

This published work has been registered in ZooBank,
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:EA112E3D-52BE-45D1-B03B-8764E8C94BE0.
Look Before You Leap: Reconsidering Contemplative Pedagogy
Authors: Fisher Kathleen M.
Published: January 2017

This paper presents a critique of a set of teaching strategies known as “contemplative pedagogy.” Using practices such as meditation, attentive listening, and reflective reading, contemplative inquiry focuses on direct first‐person experience as an essential means of knowing that has historically been overshadowed and dismissed by an emphasis on analytical reasoning. In this essay, I examine four problematic claims that appear frequently in descriptions of contemplative pedagogy: (1) undergraduate students have a kind of spiritual hunger; (2) pedagogies focused on cognitive skills teach students only what, not how, to think; (3) self‐knowledge fosters empathy; and (4) education needs a new epistemology centered on spiritual and emotional, rather than intellectual, experience. I argue that these claims underestimate the diversity of undergraduate students, the complexity of what it means to think and know, the capacity for self‐knowledge to become self‐absorption, and the dangers of transgressing the boundaries between intellectual, psychological, and religious experiences. [See as well “Response to Kathleen Fisher's ‘Look Before You Leap,’” by Andrew O. Fort and Louis Komjathy, published in this issue of the journal.]
Geometric quality assessment of trajectory‐generated VGI road networks based on the symmetric arc similarity
Authors: Lyu Haiyang , Sheng Yehua , Guo Ningning , Huang Baoqun , Zhang Siyang
Published: January 2017

As large amounts of trajectories from a wide variety of Volunteered Geographic Information (referred to as VGI) contributors pour into the spatial database, the geometric qualities of the VGI road networks generated from these trajectories are different from the ground truth road dataset and so need to be differently assessed. To address this issue, an assessment approach based on symmetric arc similarity is proposed, and the geometric quality of a VGI road network is assessed by its conformity with the corresponding ground truth road network, the results being visualized as hierarchical thematic maps. To compute the conformity, the geometric similarity between the VGI road arc and the corresponding ground truth road arc, which is selected by the adaptive searching distance, is measured based on the symmetric arc similarity method; the geometric quality is assessed based on an assessment matrix. Also, the symmetric arc similarity method is independent of directions and with a feature of shift‐independence, which is applicable to assess the geometric qualities of different VGI road networks and makes the assessment result consistent with the actual situation of the real world. The robustness and scalability of the approach are examined using VGI road networks from different sources.
Introduction to the Issue on Computational Models of Memory: Selected Papers From the International Conference on Cognitive Modeling
Authors: Reitter David , Ritter Frank E.
Published: January 2017

Computational models of memory presented in this issue reflect varied empirical data and levels of representation. From mathematical models to neural and cognitive architectures, all aim to converge on a unified theory of the mind.
Donating blood on a regular basis appears to reduce blood pressure, but appearances can be deceiving
Authors: France Christopher R. , France Janis L. , Himawan Lina K. , Kessler Debra A. , Rebosa Mark , Shaz Beth H.
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have reported a relationship between blood donation and decreased risk for cardiovascular events, and it has been proposed that this may be due to a lowering of blood pressure among hypertensive individuals who donate on a regular basis.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

With the use of a retrospective longitudinal analysis, predonation blood pressure readings were examined across consecutive whole blood donations for New York Blood Center donors. With blood pressure levels recorded at the first, second, third, and fourth donations, the sample was divided into three subgroups including high (≥140 mmHg), intermediate (>100 and <40 mmHg), and low (≤100 mmHg) systolic blood pressure (SBP). In addition, a computational approach was used to estimate regression to the mean effects for donors with high SBP or high diastolic blood pressure (DBP) at their first, second, or third donation.

RESULTS

Visual examination of SBP and DBP patterns across donations revealed that, on average, donors with extreme values at one donation had relatively normal values at the other donations. Further, comparison of computed expected versus observed blood pressure decreases supported the notion of a subsequent regression to the mean among donors with elevated SBP or DBP at Donation 1, 2, or 3.

CONCLUSION

Among individuals who are hypertensive at initial donation, reductions in blood pressure at subsequent donations appear to result from regression to the mean as opposed to a salutary physiologic process.
Applying the One Health Concept to Mycobacterial Research – Overcoming Parochialism
Authors: Thirunavukkarasu S. , Plain K. M. , de Silva K. , Marais B. J. , Whittington R. J.
Published: January 2017

Mycobacterial infections remain a public health problem. Historically important, globally ubiquitous and with a wide host range, we are still struggling to control mycobacterial infections in humans and animals. While previous reviews have focused on individual mycobacterial infections in either humans or animals, a comprehensive review of the zoonotic aspect of mycobacteria in the context of the One Health initiative is lacking. With the purpose of providing a concise and comprehensive resource, we have collated literature to address the zoonotic potential of different mycobacterial species and elaborate on the necessity for an inter‐sectorial approach to attain a new vision to combat mycobacterial infections.
Effectiveness of robotic assisted rehabilitation for mobility and functional ability in adult stroke patients: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Lo Kenneth , Stephenson Matthew , Lockwood Craig
Published: January 2017

Review question/objective:

The objective of this review is to synthesize the best available evidence on the effectiveness of robotic assistive devices in the rehabilitation of adult stroke patients for recovery of impairments in the upper and lower limbs. The secondary objective is to investigate the sustainability of treatment effects associated with use of robotic devices.

The specific review question to be addressed is: can robotic assistive devices help adult stroke patients regain motor movement of their upper and lower limbs?