bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COENZYME Q (UBIQUINONE) LEVELS OF TISSUES OF RATS DURING ACCLIMATION TO COLD
Authors: Beyer Robert E. , Noble Walter M. , Hirschfeld Thomas J.
Published: December 2009

Coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) levels have been determined in rat liver, skeletal muscle, heart muscle, kidney, and brain after various periods of exposure to 0–2 °C. Coenzyme Q is unaffected in brain, but is elevated in other tissues by 2 weeks of cold exposure, reaches a peak at 1 month, and remains elevated for at least 6 months. These results are discussed in relation to the possible role of coenzyme Q in calorigenesis.
THE HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC ACTIVITY OF VITAMIN A AND RELATED COMPOUNDS AS INFLUENCED BY THEIR CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
Authors: Wood J. D.
Published: December 2009

The hypocholesterolemic properties of vitamin A and related compounds were studied with a view to ascertaining the importance of chemical structure on the activity of the substances. The compounds were incorporated into the diet of cholesterol-fed chicks and their ability to prevent the dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia was determined. The vitamin A type structure appeared to be necessary for activity because compounds chemically related to vitamin A but not having the general structure, such as β-carotene, citral, and phytol, had little or no activity. Variations in groupings and type of bonds within the general structure were less critical with regard to hypocholesterolemic properties. The all-trans, 9-mono-cis, and the 13-mono-cis vitamin A aldehydes possessed the same activity, and vitamin A, free and esterified, and vitamin A aldehyde were all active although the latter compound was considerably more so than the first two mentioned.
ACID-SOLUBLE PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS AND FREE SUGARS IN FISH MUSCLE AND THEIR ORIGIN
Authors: Tarr H. L. A. , Leroux M.
Published: December 2009

An ion-exchange system capable of separating the principal sugar phosphates and nucleotides in fish muscles was developed and used to study the distribution of these in muscles of freshly killed fish, and in certain of these muscles after several days at 0 °C. The results indicate that there are extreme quantitative variations in these compounds. Intravenous introduction of C14-labelled glucose or G6P* into salmonoid fish results in rapid labelling of glycolytic intermediates such as F6P, FDP, and lactate in both muscle and liver. Evidence was obtained, using C14fish muscle glycogen, which indicates that this substance is degraded to maltose and glucose post mortem both by an amylase and by the Embden–Meyerhof system, and that very little glucose arises by hydrolysis of G6P. When introduced into fish muscle post mortem, C14ATP yielded radioactive IMP and ribose, G6P and glucose being unlabelled. Radioactive R5P (or ribose) was never found in muscle of fish injected with C14-labelled glucose or G6P, indicating that these are not formed via the hexosemonophosphate shunt system. R5P was not found in muscle of living fish and only in comparatively small amounts post mortem. Evidence is presented which shows that F1P does not occur in appreciable amounts in fish muscles, and that the evidence so far presented in support of the occurrence of R1P is unsatisfactory.
EFFECTS OF REPRODUCTIVE STAGE, SEX, AND GONADAL HORMONES ON HEXOSAMINE AND PROTEIN LEVELS OF AVIAN AND BOVINE SERA
Authors: Grant D. L. , Anastassiadis P. A.
Published: December 2009

The levels of avian and bovine sera were determined for a number of animals of both sexes and different reproductive stages. The contents of both hexosamine and protein were higher in bovine than in avian serum. Maturation brought a large increase of the serum hexosamine in the female fowl and a small increase in the cow. Pregnancy brought a moderate increase of the hexosamine level in the cow. The hexosamine: protein ratio was smaller and more constant in the bovine than in the avian serum. The variances of the serum hexosamine and protein determinations were partitioned into analytical and biological variance and the analytical variance of hexosamine determination was partitioned into hydrolytic and colorimetric variance. The biological variance was much larger than the analytical, and for the determination of hexosamine the colorimetric variance was larger than the hydrolytic.In another study the effect o gonadal hormones on the level of serum hexosamine and on the value of hexosamine: protein ratio in the fowl was investigated by two experiments with immature pullets. Administration of estrogen increased the hexosamine content of serum and decreased the hexosamine: protein ratio. There were indications that the effect of estrogen on serum hexosamine was enhanced by androgen and was depressed by androgen plus progesterone.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF NITROGEN MUSTARD (HN2), CHLORAMBUCIL (CB 1348), AND BUSULPHAN (MYLERAN) ON THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD AND THE FERROKINETIC PATTERNS IN DOGS
Authors: Israels L. G. , Sinclair C. , Graf J. , Zipursky A.
Published: December 2009

Three alkylating agents, HN2 (methyl-bis(betachlorethyl)amine), chlorambucil (p-(di-2-chlorethylamino)-phenylbutyric acid), and busulphan (1,4-dimethanesulphonoxybutane) were studied with regard to their effects on leukocyte and red cell production in dogs. This was assessed by estimation of the peripheral blood leukocyte and reticulocyte changes as well as alterations in the plasma iron, Fe59 disappearance rate, plasma iron turnover, and red cell incorporation of radioactive iron. The two chlorethylamines had a similar effect on both leukocyte and red cell production. The effect on peripheral leukocyte counts was evident in 24 hours and the reticulocyte response indicated maximum interference with erythropoiesis on the third to seventh day following the drug. The effect of busulphan on both granulocytes and lymphocytes was slower to appear and slowly progressive. A difference in ferrokinetic pattern between the chlorethylamines and busulphan was also noted. The dissimilarity in ferrokinetic patterns may indicate a difference not only in mechanism of these agents on proliferating normoblasts but also in the inhibitory effects on the acceptance of iron by the red cell precursors and other body iron pools.
GAS–LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC FRACTIONATION OF NATURAL TRIGLYCERIDE MIXTURES BY CARBON NUMBER
Authors: Kuksis A. , McCarthy M. J.
Published: December 2009

Synthetic and naturally occurring triglyceride mixtures have been successfully separated according to their carbon number by gas–liquid chromatography on stainless steel columns (18 in. × 1/8 in. diameter) packed with 60–80 mesh Chromosorb W coated with 2.25% (w/w) SE-30. Complete and apparently quantitative separations of the simple triglycerides from trioctanoin to tristearin were achieved within 40 minutes in the temperature range of 200 to 320 °C. Under the working conditions (temperature programming), the columns had a theoretical plate number of 3500 to 5000 when calculated for tristearin. Although losses of the higher molecular weight triglycerides were occasionally encountered because of incomplete volatilization, there was no evidence of a fragmentation of the triglyceride molecules at the moment of volatilization (325 °C).
FACTORS AFFECTING THE IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF NON-ESTERIFIED FATTY ACID FROM ADIPOSE TISSUE
Authors: Perry W. F. , Bowen H. F.
Published: December 2009

The incubation of rat adipose tissue (epidymal fat) in the presence of growth hormone, ACTH, or epinephrine led to an increased production of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). The increased NEFA production induced by maximal concentration of the hormones was inhibited if insulin was also present in the medium but unaffected by the addition of glucose at a concentration of 300 mg%. Lower concentrations of growth hormone, however, were counteracted by this concentration of glucose.Adipose tissue from 72-hour fasted rats also exhibited increased NEFA production. Unlike the hormonally induced NEFA increase, the increase NEFA production by tissue from fasted animals was unaffected by insulin in the medium but was inhibited by the addition of glucose.
CHOLINOLYTICS IN THE TREATMENT OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE POISONING: II. TREATMENT OF SARIN POISONING WITH AN OXIME AND VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF CHOLINOLYTIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: Coleman I. W. , Little P. E. , Bannard R. A. B.
Published: December 2009

Thirty-four cholinolytic compounds were screened for protective activity in mice and rats exposed to sarin. All compounds were examined at a dosage of 50 μmoles/kg in the presence of 30 mg/kg of N-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime methanesulphonate (P-2-S). In the first trials, the compounds were administered in combination with 50 μmoles/kg of atropine sulphate. With mice, 17 of the compounds demonstrated protection significantly greater than that afforded by P-2-S and atropine sulphate alone. Best protection was obtained with the addition of 2′-diethylaminoethyl 1-phenylcyclobutanecarboxylate hydrochloride (G-5130), the combined treatment increasing the LD50of sarin 10-fold. Triflupromazine in combination with atropine sulphate raised the LD50of sarin 8.5-fold while 4′-N-methylpiperidyl 1-phenylcyclopentanecarboxylate hydrochloride (G-3063) with atropine sulphate increased the LD50of sarin by a factor of 6.6. When 16 of the combinations most active in the mouse were repeated using rats, highest protection was obtained with the l-isomer of 2′-diethylaminoethyl α-cyclohexane-α-(2″-thienyl)glycolate d-bitartrate (Win 5779-6), which increased the LD50of sarin 23-fold. Diparcol plus atropine sulphate and Parpanit plus atropine sulphate increased the LD50of sarin by factors of 19 and 14.7 respectively.In further studies on mice in which combinations of cholinolytic drugs were examined in the absence of atropine sulphate, the most effective combined treatment, which raised the LD50of sarin 24-fold, involved the use of G-3063 with Triflupromazine. G-3063 in combination with atropine methylbromide or Diparcol increased the LD50of sarin 15- and 14-fold respectively.
INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE PRODUCTION OF LIPIDS BY SUBMERGED CULTURES OF THE MUSHROOM TRICHOLOMA NUDUM: II. STUDIES WITH UNIFORMLY LABELLED GLUCOSE
Authors: Leegwater D. C. , Craig B. M.
Published: December 2009

Tricholoma nudum mycelium, grown in a medium with a low nitrogen content, was adapted to a basal medium containing glucose and incubated with glucose-U-C14for 25 hours. The time – specific activity relations of the major fatty acids produced were determined for both the neutral lipids and the phospholipids. The results confirm a previous finding that in the phospholipids of T. nudum linoleic acid becomes labelled under the conditions used at almost the same rate as palmitic, stearic, or oleic acid, but that in the neutral lipids the specific activity of this acid initially lags considerably behind those of the latter three. It is postulated that this phenomenon is due to a difference in the relative sizes of the linoleic acid pools involved in the synthesis of the two lipid fractions. Only part of the material used for the formation of the fatty acids is derived directly from the substrate, the remainder apparently being provided by material already present in the mycelium. The various results, together with those of earlier workers, are critically evaluated, and it is concluded that the order in which fatty acids are labelled in tracer studies with intact cells is determined to a large extent by the conditions of the experiment and does not necessarily provide information on possible product–precursor relations.
PAPER ELEGTROPHORETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF PROTEINS AND LIPOPROTEINS OF HEN'S EGG YOLK
Authors: McCully K. A. , Mok Chi-Ching , Common R. H.
Published: December 2009

Staining for ester-linked protein phosphorus (ELPP) gave positive reactions with both of the main lipoprotein zones (P-1 and P-2) of paper electropherograms of egg yolk in certain buffers, including veronal buffer, pH 8.6. Treatment of the yolk with 1.0 M NaCl or with complexing agents (ethylenediaminetetraacetate, veronal–citrate buffer) resulted in the appearance of larger amounts of ELPP in the phosvitin (PT) zone. The distribution of the livetin zones suggested that the lipoprotein zone P-1 overlapped the greater part of the γ-livetin zone. This suggestion was supported by the results of immunoelectrophoretic experiments.Yolks in which the phosphorus had been labelled with P32were separated by ultracentrifugation into (a) granule material; (b) low density fraction (LDF); and (c) the soluble livetin fraction. Paper electrophoretic studies of whole egg yolk and of these preparations showed (a) that the P-1 zone of electropherograms of whole egg yolk in veronal buffer comprised all of the LDF plus most of the γ-livetin plus a proportion of the phosvitin that depended on the strength of the salt solution used to disperse the yolk, the nature of the buffer, and the absence or presence of complexing agents; and (b) that the P-2 zone comprised the lipovitellin fraction together with more or less of the phosvitin. Dispersion of the yolk in 1.0 M NaCl, pretreatment of the yolk with ethylenediaminetetraacetate, or use of veronal–citrate buffer led to the appearance of relatively high proportions of the total protein-bound phosphorus and P32in the 'fast' phosvitin (PT) zone.
THE EFFECT OF REPEATED ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION ON ADRENAL ASCORBIC ACID AND CHOLESTEROL IN THE RAT
Authors: Kalant H. , Czaja Caroline
Published: December 2009

Groups of adult male and female albino rats received daily gavage of 1.25 ml of water or of 20% ethanol per 100 g body weight for a period of 1 month, and were killed either 1.5 hours or 24 hours after the last dose. Such daily treatment with either water or alcohol, ending 24 hours before death, did not result in any significant change from control values in the relative weight of the adrenal glands, or their ascorbic acid and cholesterol contents. No changes in these values were found in animals which received an additional dose of water or alcohol 1.5 hours before death. The female rats showed lower values for adrenal ascorbic acid content than the males in corresponding groups, but did not differ from the males with respect to the effects of the various treatments. A similar experiment with male rats only, carried on for 2 months, also showed no significant differences among any of the treatment groups.Measurements of the degree of intoxication produced by single doses of ethanol were carried out by means of the inclined-plane test. Intraperitoneal injection of 2 g/kg produced much more rapid and marked intoxication than did gavage with either 2 or 4 g/kg.It was concluded that daily gavage for 1-2 months with ethanol in a moderately intoxicating dose (2 g/kg) does not constitute a stimulus to adrenal cortical activity or result in exhaustion atrophy of the adrenal cortex, and that adrenal cortical stimulation is not an invariable accompaniment of acute or chronic alcoholic intoxication.
OLIGOSACCHARIDES OF BIRCH SAP
Authors: Haq S. , Adams G. A.
Published: December 2009

Fractionation of concentrated fresh sap from white birch (Betula papyrifera) yielded polysaccharide material (mainly arabinogalactan), oligosaccharides, and D-glucose and D-fructose. Separation of the oligosaccharides by a combination of charcoal column and filter paper chromatography yielded seven sugars (I–VII). These were identified as sucrose (I); 6G-fructosylsucrose [Formula: see text] (II); a F-glucosylsucrose (III); gentiobiose [Formula: see text] (IV); melibiose [Formula: see text] (V); manninotriose [Formula: see text] (VI); and verbascotetraose [Formula: see text] (VII). The small amount of sucrose found in the sap and the absence of raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose indicated that enzymic hydrolysis by a β-fructofuranosidase had occurred in the cells or vessels of the tree. The oligosaccharides are not related in either structure or composition to the polysaccharides present in the sap and wood.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF 1-AMINOCYCLOPENTANE CARBOXYLIC ACID IN NORMAL AND CANCEROUS MICE
Authors: Berlinguet L. , Bégin Nicole , Babineau L. M.
Published: December 2009

Normal and cancerous mice were injected with 1-aminocyclopentane C14-carboxylic acid and the distribution of the drug in the animals was studied by autoradiography. In normal mice, the amino acid is concentrated selectively by the pancreas and the bone marrow. In cancerous mice (Ehrlich ascites tumor and sarcoma-180), the tumor cells also intensively accumulate the amino acid.
AN ENZYMIC METHOD FOR THE ESTIMATION OF GLYCEROL IN BLOOD AND ITS USE TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF NORADRENALINE ON THE CONCENTRATION OF GLYCEROL IN BLOOD
Authors: Hagen Jean Himms , Hagen Paul B.
Published: December 2009

A sensitive, specific method is described for the estimation of plasma glycerol. It depends on the reduction of DPN in the presence of a partially purified glycerol dehydrogenase prepared from Aerobader aerogenes. With this method rabbit plasma has been found to contain 8 to 16 μmoles of glycerol per 100 ml. Intravenous infusion of noradrenaline causes an increase in plasma glycerol, which returns to its resting level about half an hour after the end of the infusion.
ELEVATED INCIDENCE OF EXPERIMENTAL THROMBOSIS AFTER HEPARIN
Authors: Ashwin James G.
Published: December 2009

Increased incidence of thrombosis after anticoagulants has been reported intermittently. The present work utilizes a new technique for studying the effect of various drugs and procedures on thrombus production in rats. Two hundred and forty rats in lots of 24 were given single or repeated intravenous injections of saline or heparin. At various intervals after clotting times had returned to normal, the jugular vein was bared, 10% formalin solution applied, and the incision closed. Four hours later veins were examined for clots. Rats receiving heparin averaged 73.9% thrombosis. Those receiving saline averaged 58.6% thrombosis. The differences between the groups were consistent. A single high dose of heparin given 1 minute before the operation reduced the incidence of thrombosis to 16%. Tests for platelet stickiness on blood taken from rats 4 and 24 hours after heparin injection showed that heparin had not caused increased stickiness in rat platelets over these periods.
STUDIES ON THE PREVENTION OF SENSITIZATION BY BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS IN ALLOXAN DIABETIC MICE
Authors: Ganley Oswald H.
Published: December 2009

Data are presented which indicate that, in mice, alloxan-induced diabetes inhibits the sensitizing properties of Bordetella pertussis as measured by challenge with histamine, serotonin, and induction of anaphylaxis. This effect of alloxan is reversed by insulin, thereby ruling out non-specific toxicity as the cause of the observed inhibitory reaction.The possible mechanism of the inhibitory action of alloxan diabetes on pertussis sensitization is discussed.
NEUROANATOMICAL STUDY OF OBESE AND NON-OBESE HYPOTHALAMIC MONKEYS IN RELATION TO FOOD INTAKE, LOCOMOTOR ACTIVITY, AND TEMPERATURE REGULATION
Authors: Poirier Louis J. , Mouren-Mathieu Anne-Marie , Richer Claude-Lise
Published: December 2009

Obesity, hypoactivity, and an impairment of ability to maintain body temperature in moderate cold were encountered in combination, or separately, following experimental bilateral destruction between the optic chiasma and the mammillary bodies in the hypothalamus. An impairment in the ability to regulate temperature against cold was present in all six obese monkeys of this series following lesions which destroyed extensively the periventricular system and the paraventricular and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei. This was associated with hypoactivity in two out of three obese animals in which this function was studied. Obesity occurred without any increase in food intake in three animals in which the diet was controlled; only one of these showed a slight hyperphagia when free access to food was permitted. One non-obese animal showed marked hyperactivity associated with a voracious appetite and an inability to regulate against cold following small bilateral lesions in the central area of the hypothalamus.
THE RATE OF PASSAGE OF FEED THROUGH THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF THE MINK
Authors: Sibbald I. R. , Sinclair D. G. , Evans E. V. , Smith D. L. T.
Published: December 2009

The time required for carmine-dyed rations to pass through the digestive tracts of mink in the late stages of growth was observed in four separate experiments with the same nine groups of animals, all of which were involved in a nutritional study. Each group received a different ration; five of the rations were based on conventional moist ingredients and four were composed of dry ingredients. In a total of 502 observations the mean time of passage was 142 minutes with a range from 62 minutes to 215 minutes. No consistent sex or diet differences in passage time were demonstrated.
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN HYPOTHERMIC RATS AND HAMSTERS
Authors: Maur J. M. , McComiskey D. M. , Haynes J. W. , Beaton J. R.
Published: December 2009

Unanesthetized female animals were cooled without artifical ventilation in cylindrical screen cages under ice until the desired rectal temperature was attained. When fasted rats are cooled 15 minutes after the intraperitoneal administration of either glucose or sodium pyruvate, there is an impaired utilization of the glucose but not of the pyruvate. Rate of decrease of liver glycogen formed from administered glucose was not affected. The elevated level of blood lactic acid typical of hypothermic rats was further elevated by administration of pyruvate but not of glucose, suggesting increased production of lactic acid via pyruvic acid. Glucose utilization patterns of hamsters (hibernators) and rats (non-hibernators) were similar during hypothermia. In non-fasted rats rendered hypothermic there is a progressive increase in blood level of glucose accompanied by an initial decrease in liver glycogen level. Subsequent to this decrease in liver glycogen level, there is a marked increase in the plasma level of ketone bodies. It is concluded that although in hypothermia there is an impairment in glucose utilization, this probably represents decreased oxidative metabolism of carbohydrate, there being no apparent decrease in the formation of lactic acid via pyruvic acid. From the results of experiments with insulin- and alloxan-treated rats, it is concluded that metabolic alterations of hypothermia in rats may be modified in degree but are not eliminated by a prior state of diabetes or by prior administration of insulin.
UPTAKE OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTOPHAN-3-C14AND ITS METABOLISM IN RAT BRAIN CORTEX SLICES
Authors: Wartburg J. P. von
Published: December 2009

Rat brain cortex slices were incubated with 5-hydroxytryptophan-3-C14. A method for determination of 5-hydroxytryptamine-C14and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid-C14formed in brain slices is described. Effects of inhibitors of 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase and monoamine oxidase on the metabolic pathway of 5-hydroxytryptophan-3-C14were measured. α-Methyl dopa (0.33 mM) decreased the level of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid to a greater amount than that of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Iproniazid (3.3 mM) resulted in an accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine and a decrease of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid formation of 65%. Pheniprazine (0.1 mM) exerted an inhibitory effect on both 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase and monoamine oxidase. Chlorpromazine (0.5 mM) decreased the level of 5-hydroxytryptamine 60% and had a synergistic effect with the inhibition on respiration of brain slices and 5-hydroxytryptophan transport exerted by 0.2 M n-propanol.
X-IRRADIATION OF RIBOSE AND DEOXYRIBOSE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Myers D. K.
Published: December 2009

During X-irradiation of ribosides and deoxyribosides in dilute aqueous solution, purine and sugar moieties were destroyed at approximately the same rate. Pyrimidine moieties, on the other hand, were destroyed more rapidly, resulting in a fairly rapid liberation of free sugar during irradiation of pyrimidine ribosides or deoxyribosides. No marked differences in the rates of destruction of ribose and deoxyribose derivatives were observed in these experiments.Similar reactions were observed during irradiation of blood samples. However, acid-soluble ribonucleotides in the blood proved to be much more sensitive than the nucleic acids or proteins to destruction by X-radiation. The significance of these findings is discussed with relation to the damage produced in cells by X-irradiation.
AMINO ACID TRANSPORT IN BRAIN CORTEX SLICES: II. COMPETITION BETWEEN AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Abadom P. N. , Scholefield P. G.
Published: December 2009

Evidence is presented which indicates that several amino acid transport systems are present in rat brain cortex slices, each with its own specificity with regard to substrate and with regard to amino acids which produce inhibitory effects. The nature of these inhibitory effects may be either direct (competition for a limiting number of sites) or indirect (as they are when glutamate or aspartate cause a decrease in the ATP content).Comparison of the specificities of the glycine transport systems present in rat brain cortex slices and in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells indicates that these two systems have little in common and the relation of this finding to the structural requirements necessary for chemotherapeutic activity is discussed.
AMINO ACID TRANSPORT IN BRAIN CORTEX SLICES: III. THE UTILIZATION OF ENERGY FOR TRANSPORT
Authors: Abadom P. N. , Scholefield P. G.
Published: December 2009

When rat brain cortex slices are incubated with amino acids in the presence of various sugars, the ratio of amino acid transported to the steady-state level of ATP (termed the transport quotient) is constant. The actual amount of ATP maintained is greatest with glucose and mannose but somewhat less with fructose and galactose. Certain α-keto acids (pyruvate, oxalacetate, α-ketoglutarate, or glutamate which can give rise to α-ketoglutarate) also support glycine transport but with a lesser efficiency. Fumarate, malate, and succinate have little ability to support amino acid transport.The transport supported by pyruvate is particularly resistant to the action of agents which markedly reduce the transport supported by glucose as substrate. These agents include dinitrophenol, digoxin, and uranyl ions. Inhibitory effects are obtained with high concentrations of potassium ions whether the substrate is glucose or pyruvate.These results are interpreted in terms of pyruvate dismutation and acetate thiokinase leading to ATP production and in terms of intracellular localization of ATP.
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF THYROXINE TREATMENT IN NORMAL RATS
Authors: Beznák Margaret , Marcsán A. , Fournier T.
Published: December 2009

Metabolic rate, blood pressure, weight and rate of the heart, cardiac output, and work were determined at weekly intervals in groups of normal rats receiving thyroxine. The measurements were made before and during the infusion of polyvinylpyrrolidone into the right side of the heart. The maximum values of cardiac output and work obtained during infusion were considered to be an approximate measure of the strength of the heart. Cardiac output and work in thyroxine-treated rats far exceeded the normal values before as well as during infusion. The greater strength was not merely the consequence of the greater size of the heart which developed in the course of thyroxine treatment. Hearts of similar size — coming from larger normal rats or from smaller normal rats with cardiac hypertrophy due to aortic constriction — did significantly less work than the hearts of thyroxine-treated rats.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF CHROMIUM-51 IN MICE AFTER INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION
Authors: Vittorio P. V. , Wight E. W. , Sinnott B. E.
Published: December 2009

Sodium radiochromate in tracer amounts was injected intraperitoneally into mice; Cr51content of various organs was studied and the following points were noted.(i) On a percentage basis, Cr51distribution was fairly similar for corresponding organs at different time intervals after Cr51injection.(ii) The Cr51content of all organs studied was highest within the first hour after intraperitoneal injection.(iii) As the mice increased in age there was a decrease in Cr51incorporation but there was no great change in Cr51distribution in the organs studied.
THE ROLE OF RIBOFLAVIN IN MONOAMINE OXIDASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Wiseman-Distler M. H. , Sourkes T. L.
Published: December 2009

The role of riboflavin in the activity of monoamine oxidase (MAO) was investigated by omitting the vitamin from the diet of rats which were further treated with iproniazid, an irreversible inhibitor of the enzyme. The rate of recovery from the inhibition, presumably reflecting de novo synthesis of the enzyme, was estimated by measuring the excretion of the acidic metabolites formed after intraperitoneal administration of serotonin (5 HT) and dopamine. Consumption of the deficient diet did not impair the action of MAO on these amines. After injection of iproniazid, return to control levels of MAO activity was slower when measured by the oxidation of dopamine than of 5 HT; there was a small but significant effect of riboflavin deficiency upon the conversion of 5 HT to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. This was probably due to enhanced inhibition of MAO observed in deficient rats, an effect that was also obtained when inhibitors other than iproniazid were used in vivo. Similarly, disappearance of 5 HT during incubation with a supernatant prepared from liver of deficient rats was also affected to a greater extent by these inhibitors than when the enzymatic system was prepared from control livers. This finding suggests that riboflavin deficiency renders MAO more susceptible to inhibition.
THE RELEASE OF CATECHOLAMINES FROM THE ISOLATED CHROMAFFINE GRANULES OF THE ADRENAL MEDULLA BY ADRENOLYTIC DRUGS
Authors: D'Iorio A. , Laguë J. G.
Published: December 2009

The effect of various adrenolytic substances on the in vitro release of catecholamines has been studied. Phentolamine, benzodioxane, dibenamine, and phenoxybenzamine at a concentration of 10−2 M have been found to release the catecholamines and ATP of the isolated ox adrenal chromaffine granules. This release is instantaneous in phentolamine but is progressive for the other substances tested.It has also been shown that equal concentrations of glutathione will partly impair the releasing activity of these substances.
SERUM GLYCOPROTEINS IN OFFSPRING OF NORMAL AND ALLOXAN-DIABETIC RABBITS
Authors: Sirek Otakar V. , Sirek Anna , Best Charles H. , Doolan Helga , Webster Monica
Published: December 2009

Serum protein bound hexose, hexosamine, and sialic acid were determined in pregnant normal and alloxan-diabetic rabbits and their offspring. The young were delivered by cesarean section on the 26th day of gestation and close to term on the 30th day of gestation.In the mothers, pregnancy did not lead to an increase in the concentration of serum glycoproteins, with the exception of the seromucoid hexose, which was found to be elevated in both normal and diabetic rabbits at the time of delivery.In the young, the concentration of total protein bound hexose did not appreciably change, while the concentrations of hexosamine, sialic acid, and seromucoid hexose were increasing moderately and nearly to the same extent in both groups of fetuses over the last 4 days of intrauterine life. During the same period of time the average increment in body weight was 26 g in the normal series and 17 g in the diabetic series.
A STUDY OF THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF SEROTONIN (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE) AGAINST WHOLE-BODY X-IRRADIATION IN MICE WITH THE AID OF CHROMIUM 51
Authors: Vittorio P. V. , Wight E. W. , Sinnott B. E.
Published: December 2009

Studies were carried out to determine the effect of X-irradiation on the uptake of chromium 51 in different organs in the mouse. Experiments were also carried out to determine whether the initial radiation effect, if any, was lessened or the return to normal chromium 51 uptake accelerated when the animal was treated with a specific radioprotective agent (serotonin) prior to exposure to X-irradiation. If the assumption is made that early disturbances in Cr51content in different organs are a measure of the effect of various treatments and the return to normal Cr51content a measure of recovery, the results obtained could be indicative of changes caused by X-irradiation and those prevented or caused by serotonin.
ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF CATECHOLAMINES AND THYROID ACTIVITY TO VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION DURING HYPOTHERMIA IN DOGS
Authors: Varma D. R. , Gillis R. A. , Melville K. I.
Published: December 2009

The possible significance of endogenous catecholamines in the production of hypothermic ventricular fibrillation has been investigated.It is shown that in dogs under pentobarbitone anesthesia, neither iproniazid nor phenoxybenzamine pretreatment reduces the incidence of ventricular fibrillation following coronary occlusion during hypothermia. Reserpine pretreatment markedly reduced both the catecholamines content of the left ventricle and the incidence of ventricular fibrillation. This protective action of reserpine can be counteracted by combined pretreatment with liothyronine sodium, although the catecholamines of the heart remained at a low level. Conversely, thyroidectomy and methimazole treatment also greatly reduced the incidence of ventricular fibrillation without significantly reducing cardiac catecholamines. These experiments reveal no correlation between the ventricular catecholamines content and the incidence of ventricular fibrillation. It is suggested that the protective effects of reserpine and thyroidectomy or antithyroid treatment might be due to depression of tissue metabolism.
STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORESIS OF MYOGEN FROM CHICKEN BREAST MUSCLE IN CONSTANT AND GRADIENT BUFFER SYSTEMS
Authors: Neelin J. M.
Published: December 2009

By varying conditions of starch gel electrophoresis, factors contributing to the resolution of myogen proteins from chicken breast muscle have been studied. Variables examined included composition of the myogen extractant, protein concentration, ionic strength of electrophoretic media, pH of gel media, plane and direction of electrophoresis, and the nature of cations and anions in gel media and bridge solutions. The significance of anions was more closely studied with constant buffer systems, and gradient systems in which bridge electrolyte differed from, and gradually altered, the gel medium. Optimal separation was obtained in gradient systems with 0.10 M sodium chloride bridge solutions, and gel media of sodium cacodylate, pH 6.9, μ 0.010, which resolved 12 cationic zones, and sodium veronal, pH 7.4, μ 0.010, which resolved 10 anionic zones. These buffers in two-dimensional sequence revealed a total of about 24 components in this myogen.
AMINO ACID TRANSPORT IN YEAST AND EFFECTS OF NYSTATIN
Authors: Stachiewicz E. , Quastel J. H.
Published: December 2009

Nystatin, an antifungal antibiotic, inhibits the accumulation, by yeast cells, of glycine, leucine, arginine, and alanine at concentrations that have no effect on the respiration of the cells. The uptake of glycine by yeast cells that have been preincubated with nystatin and then suspended in a nystatin-free medium is much lower than that of normal cells. The longer the preincubation with nystatin, the greater is the inhibition of glycine uptake. Nystatin produces two distinct effects. At concentrations below 0.8 μg/ml, nystatin inhibits glycine or arginine uptake. At concentrations from 0.8 to 2.0 μg/ml, it causes an efflux of previously accumulated glycine or arginine. Fatty acids, such as oleic, linoleic, stearic, or palmitic acid, can protect the yeast cell from the action of nystatin. The presence of citrate or versene abolishes the protective action of these fatty acids. Calcium ions also protect the cell from the action of nystatin. The concentration of calcium ions giving complete protection depends upon the nystatin concentration. The implications of these facts on amino acid transport in yeast are discussed.
VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION INDUCED BY CORONARY OCCLUSION DURING HYPOTHERMIA IN DOGS AND THE EFFECTS OF QUINIDINE, QUINACRINE, AND OXYTOCIN
Authors: Varma D. R. , Melville K. I.
Published: December 2009

In dogs under pentobarbitone anesthesia, acute occlusion of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery at normal body temperature induced ventricular fibrillation in 30% of the animals, while hypothermia by surface cooling led to fibrillation in 40% of the animals. On the other hand, temporary coronary occlusion with hypothermia at 23 °C oesophageal temperature invariably induced ventricular fibrillation (15 experiments) within an average of 5.4 minutes of occlusion. Prior injections of quinidine and quinacrine protected 40 and 70%, respectively, of the dogs against this type of ventricular fibrillation (10 experiments each). Oxytocin (1–2 i.u./kg) offered no protection (six experiments) nor did it reverse established fibrillation under these conditions. It is concluded that temporary coronary artery occlusion at 23 °C oesophageal temperature in dogs is an effective and consistent method of producing ventricular fibrillation. It is also postulated that reduction of the coronary blood supply to the heart might be a precipitating factor in hypothermic ventricular fibrillation in surgery.
SODIUM, POTASSIUM, NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, AND LIPID IN MUSCLE MITOCHONDRIA ISOLATED IN SUCROSE MEDIA OF VARYING CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: Craston A. R. , Manery J. F.
Published: December 2009

Mitochondrial pellets isolated in 0.25 M sucrose from pigeon breast muscle and washed once contained 77 ± 1.43 g water per 100 g pellet, 7.8 ± 2.0 meq K and 4.29 meq Na per kg dry weight. The Na:K ratio for mitochondria was almost 5 times that of muscle, suggesting that mitochondria might contain some of the "excess" sodium of skeletal muscle. A comparison of mitochondria isolated in three different sucrose media (0.25 M, 0.45 M, 0.88 M) was made with respect to sodium, potassium, and water concentrations of unwashed mitochondria (M1) and those washed once (M2). Washing always resulted in a loss of sodium and potassium but neither repeated washing nor suspension in hypotonic solutions removed all of the cations. These findings and the high concentration ratios observed between mitochondria and the suspension media attested to the presence of "bound" or restricted cations. A few analyses for nitrogen, phosphorus, and lipid made on the various mitochondrial preparations, on microsomal-like material, and on a "floating layer" believed to be washed out of M1preparations by resuspension, drew attention to the possibility of altering the character of the unit of reference (dry weight, mg N, etc.) used for expressing concentrations of cations. The "floating layer" was unique in being high in lipid and high in sodium. Analytical data and electron micrographs provided evidence that 0.45 M sucrose preserved the chemical and morphological integrity of the mitochondria better than the other concentrations tested.
CONCENTRATION OF GALACTOSE BY LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Kalant N. , Schucher R.
Published: December 2009

Leucocytes suspended in native plasma took up galactose and held it within the cells at a concentration 3–6 times greater than that in the plasma. Conversion to galactose-1-phosphate, uridinediphosphogalactose, and other, unidentified compounds occurred. The accumulation of galactose was not impaired in diabetes, and was not influenced by insulin. It was increased by iodoacetate. Cyanide at low concentrations caused an increase in the concentration of galactose-1-phosphate and uridinediphosphogalactose; at higher concentrations, it decreased the concentration of galactose and all metabolites. Phloridzin decreased the accumulation of galactose.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE VIABILITY OF AIR-BORNE BACTERIA: VII. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE STRUCTURE OF CHEMICAL ADDITIVES AND THEIR ACTION ON AIR-BORNE CELLS
Authors: Webb S. J.
Published: December 2009

The action of several amino-hydroxy benzenes and pyrimidines on the survival of air-borne cells has been studied. It has been found that the —OH group is largely responsible for the protectiveness or toxicity of an added compound towards air-borne cells and that the activity of an —OH group can be severely modified by an —NH2 group as well as the ring nucleus on which it is placed. The relative humidity (R.H.) at which the aerosol is held determines the toxicity or protectiveness of a given compound and different chemical configurations in added chemicals appear to be necessary in order to preserve the viability of cells as R.H. is changed.
RAT INTESTINAL SUCRASE: I. INTESTINAL DISTRIBUTION AND REACTION KINETICS
Authors: Blair D. G. R. , Tuba J.
Published: December 2009

A study of the distribution of sucrase (invertase) activity in the small intestine of the rat and of sucrase reaction kinetics was conducted. Sucrase activity was measured in water homogenates of 10-cm sections of the intestine. The sucrase activity of normal adult male rats was associated mainly with the first half of the small intestine (measured from the pylorus) and decreased to negligible amounts at the ileocolic end. A trace of sucrase activity was found in the colon, but other rat tissues examined lacked the enzyme.The third 10-cm section of the small intestine (measured from the pylorus) was used as a source of enzyme for studies of reaction kinetics. The optimum pH for intestinal sucrase was 6.25 under the conditions used. The optimum substrate concentration was 0.12 M (4.1%) to 0.5 M (17.1%) sucrose, and the Kmwas 0.0128 M. At the sucrose concentration used for routine assays (0.161 M) the enzyme action was zero order for a period of at least 20 minutes. Sucrase action followed the Arrhenius equation at temperatures between 5° and 37 °C, and an activation energy of 10,100 calories per mole was calculated.
RAT INTESTINAL SUCRASE: II. THE EFFECTS OF RAT AGE AND SEX AND OF DIET ON SUCRASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Blair D. G. R. , Yakimets W. , Tuba J.
Published: December 2009

Intestinal sucrase activity of the rat varies with the age, but not the sex, of the animal. Sucrase activity of rats 23 days of age was approximately two-thirds that of adults.Sucrase activity of adult rats was significantly decreased by several days of fasting. The decrease was rapid during the first 2 to 4 days of the fast, but became negligible thereafter.Diets containing large (70%) amounts of sucrose, galactose, melizitose, or α-methyl-D-glucoside produced highly significant increases in intestinal sucrase levels (compared with a carbohydrate-free, high-casein control diet) when fed ad libitum for 24 hours to adult male rats previously fasted for 3 days. Similar diets containing fructose, fructose plus glucose in equimolar amounts, or maltose significantly increased sucrase activity, but diets containing glucose, mannose, xylose, or lactose were not stimulatory. A 70% raffinose diet significantly decreased sucrase activity. Normal male rats which were fed the 70% sucrose diet for 4 weeks had sucrase activities similar to those of controls fed Purina fox checkers, but animals fed the carbohydrate-free, high-casein diet for 1 day or longer had sucrase activities significantly lower than those of controls. The significance of these observations in regard to enzyme "adaptation" is discussed.
SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF THE "ELECTROLYTE-STEROID CARDIOPATHY WITH NECROSIS"
Authors: Prioreschi P.
Published: December 2009

Following the decrease of myocardial potassium produced by 9α-fluorocortisol (F-COL), the administration of certain Na-salts causes a considerable increase in the sodium content of the heart. The concomitant administration of KCl corrects the potassium depletion and inhibits the entry of Na into the cells.The author discusses these findings in relation to the pathogenesis and mechanism of prevention of the "Electrolyte–Steroid Cardiopathy with Necrosis".
PHOSPHORUS METABOLISM IN VIRAL-INDUCED NEOPLASIA: I. STRAINS OF MICE SUSCEPTIBLE TO THE MAMMARY TUMOR VIRUS
Authors: McGregor Robert F. , Cornatzer W. E.
Published: December 2009

Studies of phosphorus metabolism, using P32-injected intraperitoneally into mice susceptible to mammary tumor induction by the mammary tumor virus, were conducted at time intervals corresponding to 24, 31, 64 days of age of the animals, and 10 months and older when mammary tumors developed. Chemical and radioactivity measurements of labelled phospholipides, nucleic acids, and phosphoproteins in liver, kidney, spleen, and mammary tissue were obtained from strain A (high-cancer strain) and BALB/c females (low-cancer strain). Both high- and low-cancer strains exhibited uniform patterns of phosphorus metabolism in non-target organs throughout the time periods selected. There are significant differences in phosphorus metabolism between the two strains which may be due to a combination of virus and genetic factors. In strain A females, 10 months and older, bearing mammary tumors, the mammary glands without tumors exhibited increased synthesis of phospholipides and nucleic acids when compared to mammary glands of identical females that had not yet developed mammary tumors.
STUDIES ON PROTEIN METABOLISM OF THE CORNEA: 1. THE DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGENOUS SOLIDS IN RABBIT CORNEAS
Authors: French R. C. , Duma Z.
Published: December 2009

The normal rabbit cornea was found to contain an average of 22.7% solids (77.3% moisture), nitrogen comprising 14.7% of the dry weight. On a dry weight basis the cornea was composed of 10% as epithelium, 87% as stroma, and 3% as endothelium plus Descemet's membrane. The solid and nitrogen content of the stroma was nearly identical with that of the whole cornea. Endothelium plus Descemet's membrane and epithelium layers were relatively low in nitrogen content (10 and 12% of the dry weight, respectively) while the epithelium was relatively high in solids (30%). The partition of nitrogen, as protein and nonprotein, soluble or insoluble in physiological saline, was estimated for each corneal layer.
DISTRIBUTION OF WATER, SODIUM, AND POTASSIUM IN RESTING AND STIMULATED MAMMALIAN MUSCLE
Authors: Sréter Frank A.
Published: December 2009

Potassium and sodium concentration and inulin space were measured in samples of rat gastrocnemius after direct or indirect stimulation in situ for [Formula: see text], 1, 3, or 6 hours. The muscles in each case were cut into three pieces: (1) close to the bony origin (proximal), (2) about the middle part, and (3) close to the tendinous insertion (distal). During the first hour of stimulation the percentage change in intrafiber [Na] and [K] was marked and identical in all parts of the muscle. However, after prolonged stimulation at a rate of 10/second, the intrafiber Na and K distribution was not uniform along the muscle fiber, with K depletion and Na accumulation being significantly greater in the middle than in either the distal or proximal parts of the muscle. In about 75% of the nearly fatigued muscles changes in intrafiber [Na] and [K] were extreme, although the glycogen content was still adequate (over 200 mg%). When the muscles were stimulated more slowly over a prolonged period (6 hours, 2/second) either isotonically or isometrically, the final cationic distributions of the proximal and middle parts of the muscle were almost identical. The distal portion, however, exhibited the most marked cationic "debt". The Na–K exchange phenomenon is evidently not exclusively related to the excitation process, but may play a role in the contractile process itself. The data support the idea of a relation between fatigue and "ionic debt" in muscle, and also cast some doubt on the uniform distribution of potassium in the muscle fibers.
STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORESIS OF COBRA AND RATTLESNAKE VENOMS
Authors: Neelin J. M.
Published: December 2009

The effect of pH on gradient starch gel electrophoresis of the venoms of Crotalus adamanteus and Naja flava has been examined. Sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.1, ionic strength 0.020, appeared most effective for resolution of the former venom, and acetate buffer, pH 4.7, or cacodylate buffer, pH 6.0, for the latter. Two-dimensional starch gel electrophoresis resolved at least 20 zones from the crotaline venom and 11 from the colubrid. Two zones of hemolytic activity were separated from each venom: in C. adamanteus the less cationic zone included possibly two or more acidic proteins; the corresponding zone of N. flava was more basic, more homogeneous, and more active under the conditions of assay.