bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sub-50 nm patterning of alloy thin films via nanophase separation for hydrogen gas sensing
Authors: Baig Sherjeel Mahmood , Ishii Satoshi , Abe Hideki
Published: April 2024

A novel patterning method achieves two-dimensional nano-patterning of metal nanofibers by depositing a platinum–cerium alloy film on a silicon wafer and inducing phase separation in an oxygen–carbon monoxide atmosphere.
Once in a blue stream
Authors: Martínez-Delgado David , Roca-Fàbrega Santi , Gil de Paz Armando , Erkal Denis , Miró-Carretero Juan , Makarov Dmitry , Voggel Karina T. , Leaman Ryan , Bolchin Walter , Pearson Sarah , Donatiello Giuseppe , Rubtsov Evgenii , Akhlaghi Mohammad , Gomez-Flechoso M. Angeles , Raji Samane , Lang Dustin , Block Adam , Gallego Jesus , Carrasco Esperanza , García-Vargas María Luisa , Iglesias-Páramo Jorge , Pascual Sergio , Cardiel Nicolas , Pérez-Calpena Ana , Castillo-Morales Africa , Gómez-Alvarez Pedro
Published: April 2024

Aims. In this work we study the striking case of a narrow blue stream with a possible globular cluster-like progenitor around the NGC 7241 galaxy and its foreground dwarf companion. We want to figure out if the stream was generated by tidal interaction with NGC 7241 or if it first interacted with the foreground dwarf companion and later both fell together toward NGC 7241.

Methods. We used four sets of observations, including a follow-up spectroscopic study of this stream based on data taken with the MEGARA instrument at the 10.4 m Gran Telescopio Canarias using the integral field spectroscopy mode, the Mount Lemmon 0.80 m telescope, the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo, the DESI Imaging Legacy surveys, and GALEX archival data. We also used high-resolution zoomed-in cosmological simulations.

Results. Our data suggest that the compact object we detected in the stream is a foreground Milky Way halo star. Near this compact object we detect emission lines overlapping a less compact, bluer, and fainter blob of the stream that is clearly visible in both ultraviolet and optical deep images. From its heliocentric systemic radial velocity derived from the [O III]λ5007 Å lines (Vsyst = 1548.58 ± 1.80 km s−1) and new UV and optical broadband photometry, we conclude that this overdensity could be the actual core of the stream, with an absolute magnitude of Mg ∼ −10 and a g − r = 0.08  ±  0.11, consistent with a remnant of a low-mass dwarf satellite undergoing a current episode of star formation. From the width of the stream and assuming a circular orbit, we calculate that the progenitor mass can be typical of a dwarf galaxy, but it could also be substantially lower if the stream is on a very radial orbit or if it was created by tidal interaction with the companion dwarf instead of with NGC 7241. These estimates also suggest that this is one of the lowest mass streams detected to date beyond the Local Group. Finally, we find that blue stellar streams containing star formation regions are commonly predicted by high-resolution cosmological simulations of galaxies lighter than the Milky Way. This scenario is consistent with the processes explaining the bursty star formation history of some dwarf satellites, which are followed by a gas depletion and a fast quenching once they enter within the virial radius of their host galaxies for the first time. Thus, it is likely that the stream’s progenitor is undergoing a star formation burst comparable to those that have shaped the star formation history of several Local Group dwarfs in the last few gigayears.
Integral assessment of the environment using the bioindication methods
Authors: Kuznetsova Yu.S. , Modina M.A. , Khekert E.V. , Kondratiev S.I. , Somko M.L. , Nekrasova I.E.
Published: April 2024

Bioindication is an assessment of environmental factors and their dynamics based on the properties of ecological or biological systems. Bioindication methods are easily applied in monitoring of the environment. Bioindication is one of the areas of modern ecology based on the environmental laws, assessing (diagnosing) environmental factors and the state and dynamics of ecosystems by the biotic characteristics. Its object is ecological properties and biological characteristics, and its subject is patterns of the relationship of these characteristics (properties) between themselves and with biotic factors. Bioindication reflects the influence of factors external to the biosystem, including the anthropogenic ones. The main purpose of this study is to assess the state of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and soil using thebioindication and biomonitoring methods. A comparative analysis and mathematical processing of data were carried out depending on the level of soil pollution.
Hardware and software complex for modeling the modes of operation of an intelligent climate chamber in conditions of maintaining an optimal microclimate
Authors: Lebed N.I. , Tokarev K.E.
Published: April 2024

In the course of research on improving the methods of increasing the productivity of agrocenoses, a multi-sectional climate chamber for growing plants is being developed, which allows implementing various combinations of microclimate inside independent sections. An intelligent control system for thermoregulation, air humidity, ventilation and maintenance of biological purity has been developed, as well as tools for an automation system based on a software and hardware complex have been implemented.
Investigating irrigation system by using drainage water in the cultivation of repeated millet crop
Authors: Isaev S.X. , Juraev A.Q. , Juraev U.A. , Murodov O.U. , Atamuradov B.N. , Najmiddinov M.M. , Ruziyeva M.A.
Published: April 2024

This scientific article shows the results and results of research on harvesting quality crops efficiently and repeatedly in the condition of water shortage, as well as irrigating system with supply of different quality water in order to improve the reclamation of lands. The study shows the results of experiments of the irrigating systems and the impact of irrigation water on the growth and yield of replanted millet in the grassland alluvial soils of Bukhara region, where the groundwater level is 1.5–2.0 meters. In the first experiment the mineralization of the drainage water was 4.1 g/l in the field that has been controlled and the seasonal irrigation rate of millet was 2580 cbm/ha. In the second experiment, the mineralization of irrigation water which has been taken from river was 0.9 g/l, and the seasonal irrigation norm was 2372 cbm/ha. In the third experiment, the mineralization of irrigation water which has been combined river water with the ditch water was 2.3 g/l and the seasonal irrigation norm was 2485 cbm/ha, while in the fourth experiment, the mineralization of irrigation water to which biosolvent has been added for the seasonal irrigation norm was 2464 cbm/ha. The yield of replanted millet was 2.6 t/ha in first experiment, 2.71 t/ha in second one, 2.66 t/ha in third experiment, and the yield of millet in the last experiment was 2.68 t/ha. High economic efficiency was observed in the third experiment.
Efficiency of drip irrigation technology of cotton in the saline soils of Bukhara oasis
Authors: Khamidov M.Kh. , Juraev U.A. , Buriev X.B. , Juraev A.K. , Saksonov U.S. , Sharifov F.K. , Isabaev K.T.
Published: April 2024

This article presents the results of scientific research on the use of cotton drip irrigation technology in conditions of water scarcity, saving water resources, assessing the growth and yield of cotton. At the same time, the technology of drip irrigation in the cultivation of “Bukhara-102” variety of cotton was compared with the options grown in the traditional way. During the experiments, in the control field for the cultivation of Bukhara-102 variety of cotton, ie in the 1st variant, which was irrigated by land invasion, irrigation was carried out 5 times during the growing season according to the scheme 1-3-1. 1240 cbm∙ha–1, the seasonal irrigation norm was 4780 cbm∙ha–1, drip irrigation In variant 2, the irrigation regime was 8 times the cotton was irrigated according to the scheme 2-5-1. During the period of cotton growing and irrigation, irrigation works were carried out at the rate of 462-488 cbm∙ha–1 and seasonal irrigation at the rate of 3339 cbm∙ha–1. less water was used than in 1916 cbm∙ha–1. When the effect of drip irrigation technology on the yield of cotton was studied, the yield of cotton in the first variant was 3.58 t∙ha–1, while in the second variant of drip irrigation it was 4.49 t/ha–1. This is 0.91 t∙ha–1 higher than the control variant.
Pulse gear reducer model to improve the efficiency and quality of onion sets
Authors: Ovtov V.A. , Tsurenko P.D. , Gorshkov K.A. , Tretyakov N.E.
Published: April 2024

Currently, one of the main directions for the development of the agro-industrial complex is the development of vegetable production, in particular onions, which occupies a significant place in the total production of vegetables, but the production structure currently in Russia is not able to fully provide the population with the domestic product year-round, which leads to dependence on imports. Thus, the industrial production of commercial onions, and therefore the study aimed at improving the quality of onion planting with the development and use of onion seed planters that increase their productivity seem quite relevant. The paper presents the designed three-dimensional model of the pulse reducer, describes its operation, and provides a justification of the design parameters of the parts of the proposed pulse gear reducer of the onion planter, which makes it possible to ensure the downward planting of the onion bulb stem in the speed range from 3.6 m/s to 5.4 m/s.
Utilization of industrial production waste as a component of the artificial soil mix composition
Authors: Pendyurin E.A. , Starostina I.V. , Kiryushina N.Yu.
Published: April 2024

The technological development of mankind is accompanied with extracting a large amount of natural resources, which are then returned to the environment in the form of production and consumption waste. The problem of organizing industrial waste recycling is of high priority nowadays for all countries of the world, including the Russian Federation, due to the necessity to reduce the amounts of waste dumping at landfills. It is determined that 89 % of the waste, generated in the Belgorod region, result from the mining and metals sector and chemical industry. At present about 11 % of land resources in the world are disturbed lands, which require recultivation processes. As an alternative solution the application of artificial soil mixes on the basis of industrial waste is possible. It is demonstrated that the designed multicomponent compositions of artificial soil mixes with the use of industrial waste have no phytotoxic action on the development of higher plants, and can form a nutrient-rich fertile soil mix, which would provide the proceeding of physical-chemical processes between all its components, which increases the crop yield of higher plants – through the example of garden cress – by 20–40 % in comparison with the control sample. The designed soil mixes can be used when implementing the biological stage of recultivating technologically disturbed lands.
Adoption of optimal wastewater treatment system for fruit and vegetable production
Authors: Zelenina V.A. , Vizir A.D. , Basamykina A.N.
Published: April 2024

The food industry and agro-industrial branch produce large amount of wastewater containing organic substances in high concentrations, suspended solids and cleaning agents. For small pollutant concentrations, plants dilute wastewater to standard values. However, expensive treatment is required for most of the water production process. Adoption of the most suitable wastewater treatment scheme for a fruit and vegetable enterprise is relevant because it assumes economic benefits primarily for the enterprise. The article provides an overview of existing purification systems that are suitable for cleaning specific juices of fruit and vegetable production. Using the hierarchy analysis method in this paper, an optimal wastewater treatment system of a fruit and vegetable enterprise has been selected, the main advantage of which is the possibility of returning wastewater to production.
Improving production efficiency through the implementation of digital projects in the agricultural sector
Authors: Burimsky A.D. , Nikolenko V.A. , Gerasidi V.V.
Published: April 2024

The article deals with the digitalisation of agriculture in Russia and abroad. The article considers the projects on implementation of digital technologies in agriculture. In Russia, the digitalisation of agriculture has been actively developing in recent years. There are many projects to improve the efficiency of agricultural production, covering crop monitoring, machinery management, animal welfare control and product quality tracking. Abroad, the digitalisation of agriculture is also at the forefront. The US and France are adopting advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, the internet of things and blockchain to increase production efficiency, reduce costs and improve product quality. The article reveals that Russia is well positioned in the world in the digitalisation of agriculture, owing to its developed infrastructure, skilled workforce and more affordable digital solutions compared to foreign ones.
Analysing the use of biofuels in agriculture
Authors: Uryupin A.V. , Gerasidi V.V. , Modina M.A.
Published: April 2024

This paper poses the problem of fuel energy and ecology in Russia. The paper discusses in detail the operation of biogas production plants. Advantages and disadvantages of such production, material costs, and raw material costs are presented. The statistics of biofuel production in the countries of the world is visualised. The paper compares different types of propulsion systems using different fuels, identifies the advantages and disadvantages, and examines the operation of one of the largest biogas plants in the world.
Diagnostics of nitrogen nutrition of winter barley crops using spectral analysis
Authors: Kozenkova Galina , Shtyrkhunova Natalia , Modina Marina , Voskanyan Angeliea , Kuznentsova Yulia
Published: April 2024

To increase crop productivity, improve quality and soil fertility, it is necessary to study the processes of nutrient transformation in the soil, their supply to plants and regulation of methods of influence on these processes. It is necessary to learn how to manage the cycle of chemical elements and maintain the unity of organism and habitat. The article deals with the method of spectral analysis: a method of determining the chemical composition and structure of substances by their spectrum.
Study of variants of pre-sowing preparation of melon seeds in high voltage electric fields
Authors: Daus Yulia V. , Romaniuk Nikolai N. , Eviev Valery A. , Yudaev Igor V. , Badrudinova Amina N.
Published: April 2024

The research was conducted to study the influence of electrophysical effects on melon seeds and their development, as well as to identify the most effective variant of pre-sowing stimulation and treatment mode. As an agro-technological task, we evaluated the possibility of realising the development potential inherent in the seeds of melon plants, which could be realised using electrical stimulation, with minimal negative impact on the ecology of the environment. To study the effect of high voltage electric fields (DC, AC, pulse) on gourd seeds before sowing, a specially assembled setup was used. Treatment of pumpkin seeds in the electric field of constant high voltage showed that on the 3rd day there were 100% of germinated seeds, in the electric field of variable high voltage – 50%, in the electric field of pulsed high voltage – 30%, pumpkin seedling in the treatment in the electric field of constant high voltage was longer in 9.0 and 3.6 times than in the control and other treatments; treatment of watermelon seeds in the electric field of constant high voltage showed that on the 3rd day there were 70 % of germinated seeds, in the electric field of variable high voltage – 20 %, in the electric field of pulse high voltage – 40 %; watermelon germ at treatment of seeds in the electric field of constant high voltage was longer in 1,5…2,0 times than in the control and other treatments.2.0 times longer than in other treatments. High effect on the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms was observed when seeds were treated in the electric field of pulsed high voltage – the number of pathogenic microorganisms on the seed coat of watermelon and pumpkin was 4.25 and 4.1 times lower compared to the control; when treated in the electric field of constant high voltage, their number was also 3.0 times less, but the treatment of seeds in the electric field of alternating high voltage recorded an increase in pathogenic microflora in 2.0 and 1.2 times. The highest yields of watermelon and pumpkin were obtained with pre-sowing seed treatment in the electric field of constant high voltage – by 25.5 and 37.8 %; in the field of alternating voltage – by 15.7 and 27.0 %; in the field of pulse voltage – by 9.8 and 5.4 %.
Implementation of ESG agenda principles in the green region project Voronezh region
Authors: Lopatin Viktor L. , Babkina Svetlana A.
Published: April 2024

The article deals with the issues related to the development of the concept of “green” economy in the Voronezh region. The prerequisites of transition to ESG principles in the regional ecosystem management system are shown. The article provides information on the number and composition of the forest fund lands affected by fires and shows the role of green investments in increasing the forest cover of the region.
To the issue of training and retraining of forestry personnel
Authors: Netrebskaya Oksana A. , Orobinsky Vyacheslav A.
Published: April 2024

The article deals with the issues related to the analysis of human resources potential in forestry. The data on the number of entrants and students studying forestry specialities in vocational and higher education institutions are given. The problems of personnel training at the present stage are revealed. An assessment of the existing system of personnel retraining and support measures for young specialists in forestry is given.
Open data and the labor market: A study of vacancies in the forestry industry
Authors: Garafiev Ilshat Z. , Nezhmetdinova Farida T. , Zinurova Raushaniya I. , Tuzikov A.R.
Published: April 2024

The article deals with a study of vacancies in the forestry industry, based on data from the “Work of Russia” portal. The study analyzes various job parameters such as company size, type of employment, work schedule and salary offered. Most of the vacancies were published in December 2023 and relate to the profession “Forester (senior state forest protection inspector)”. Offered salary is about 20 000-35 000 rubles a month. The majority of vacancies posted on the portal are posted by small companies (85.7%) and do not require previous work experience, but require full-time employment (95.1%) and a full-time work schedule (64.7%). The typology of vacancies based on the level of minimum and maximum wages showed that the optimal choice is to identify two clusters. The first cluster included vacancies with a salary of 40,000 rubles or more, the second cluster - with a salary less. This work is an example of the use of open data and can be used by employers and job seekers to make more informed decisions in the labor market.
Amaranth cake as a source of food isolate of vegetable protein for the meat processing industry
Authors: Danyliv Maksim M. , Vasilenko Olga A. , Ozherelyeva Olga N. , Kutsova Alla E.
Published: April 2024

Recently, improving the nutrition structure of the population and reducing the harmful effects of animal products on the environment are important indicators in ensuring food security and achieving sustainable development goals. All over the world, the demand for vegetable substitutes for meat raw materials has increased significantly, contributing to the improvement of functional and organoleptic properties, but not taking into account the most important role of meat raw materials as the main source of high-grade protein, which requires the creation of combined products. The purpose of this work is to develop a technology for a food protein isolate based on the agricultural crop of amaranth to reduce the mass fraction of saturated fatty acids and partial enrichment with polyunsaturated fatty acids. The work used traditional methods for determining the mass fraction of protein, fat, moisture, as well as chromatographic methods for determining methyl esters of fatty acids. The work determined the general chemical composition of amaranth cake, which showed a mass fraction of moisture 6.48%, crude fat 6.29, crude protein 28.86%, starch 48.26%, crude fiber 6.82%, ash 3.29%. To reduce the mass fraction of fat in order to achieve the residual oil content of amaranth cake in the range of 1.0-1.5%, it is proposed to treat the raw material with CO2-gas. After treatment with CO2 gas, studies of the total chemical composition of CO2-meal of amaranth cake showed a decrease in the mass fraction of fat to 1.31%. Important characteristics of the obtained amaranth food protein isolate are its neutral organoleptic characteristics and high functional and technological properties, which allow us to recommend it for use in the technology of most meat products, such as sausages, semi-finished products, etc. The novelty of this work is in the use of the CO2-extraction method to reduce mass fraction of fat.
Methodology for measuring the mass fraction of monosodium glutamate in meat matrices
Authors: Knyazeva A.C. , Vostrikova N.L. , Kulikovsky A.V. , Utyanov D.A. , Kurzova A.A.
Published: April 2024

Over the past century, human lifestyles and eating habits have changed dramatically as people in developed countries resort to fast food, they are indiscriminate and get used to frequent snacking. Production of dietary dishes and increase in the range of food products lead to the fact that the manufacturer has to use a large number of functional ingredients, such as those that improve the flavor. One widely used additive is monosodium glutamate. Monosodium L-glutamate (E621) is the sodium salt of glutamic acid present in all protein products which is used worldwide as a food flavor enhancer. The legislation of the Russian Federation sets the level of introduction of monosodium glutamate, or additive E621, into a food product. In connection with the above, there was a need to develop a method for quantitative determination of the mass fraction of introduced monosodium glutamate in the production of food products. A new method for identification of added monosodium glutamate in food products is proposed within the framework of the work under consideration. The authors have developed a technique for the determination of the mass fraction of sodium glutamate in food products by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with precolumn derivatization. The metrological evaluation of the developed methodology is presented, accuracy and reproducibility indices in two concentration ranges are established.
Computer simulation of separation performance of the horizontal rotating disc extractor for 2-ethyl-1-hexanol/water system
Authors: Cui Ningyi , Lyu Ling , Dai Mengyao , Dang Wanyu , Liu Xiangru
Published: April 2024

The horizontal rotating disc contactor (HRDC) for extraction consists of a mixing chamber and two settling chambers, which enables continuous cycling of the dispersion-mass transfer-separation processes and achieves higher mass transfer efficiency compared to a single equilibrium stage. For O/W emulsion systems, it allowed for continuous separation of the oil phase. In order to further improve the separation performance of the extractor, the structure was optimized by simulating the coalescence and breakup process of O/W emulsions using computer software. A two-dimensional model was established to study the effects of flow rate, droplet size, and wall wettability on coalescence efficiency in kerosene/water systems. The results showed that coalescence efficiency in narrow channels initially increased with flow rate before decreasing, indicating an optimal flow rate exists. When droplet size was smaller than channel dimensions, larger droplets were more prone to coalesce. Additionally, hydrophobic walls exhibited better coalescing effects. These findings provided theoretical support for optimizing HRDC equipment and achieving continuous extraction in different O/W emulsion systems.
Producing uncertainties and covariance matrix from intermediate data using a Monte-Carlo method
Authors: Henning Greg , Claeys François , Dari Bako Nicolas , Dessagne Philippe , Kerveno Maëlle
Published: April 2024

The necessary improvement of evaluated nuclear data for nuclear applications development is possible through new and high quality experimental measurements. In particular, improving (n, n’) cross section evaluations for fast neutrons is a goal of interest for new reactor fuel cycles, such as 232Th/233U or 238U/239Pu. Our group at CNRS-IPHC developed an experimental program to measure (n, n’γ) cross section using prompt γ-ray spectroscopy and neutron energy determination by time-of-flight with a focus on reaching the highest achievable level of accuracy. The collected partial cross sections can then be used to infer the total (n, n’) one and contribute to evaluation improvement. The extraction of the exclusive (n, n’γ) cross sections from the recorded data involves using many parameters and processing that may introduce uncertainties and correlations. In that case, the usual method for combining and computing uncertainties based on the perturbation theory can be long and complex. It also makes the calculation of covariance hard and the inclusion of some unusual forms of uncertainty even more difficult. To overcome this issue, we developed a process relying on random sampling methods that processes intermediate analysis data to compute cross sections, uncertainties and covariance. As a benchmark, we used this Monte Carlo method on 232Th, 233U and 238U data and reproduced the central values and uncertainties calculated using the analytical method, while also producing covariance matrices for (n, n’γ) cross sections. For particular cases, the random sampling method is able to produce uncertainties that better reflect the input data, compared to the analytical method.
Evaluation of thermal neutron scattering law of nuclear-grade isotropic graphite
Authors: Nakayama Shinsuke , Iwamoto Osamu , Kimura Atsushi
Published: April 2024

Graphite is a candidate of moderator in innovative nuclear reactors such as high-temperature gas-cooled reactors and molten salt reactors. Scattering of thermal neutrons by a moderator material has a significant impact on the reactor core design. To contribute to the development of the innovative nuclear reactors, thermal neutron scattering law data for nuclear-grade graphite were evaluated. Inelastic scattering component due to lattice vibration was evaluated based on phonon density of states computed with first-principles lattice dynamics simulations. The simulations were performed for ideal crystalline graphite. The evaluated inelastic scattering component well reproduced the experimental double-differential cross sections of scattered neutrons from nuclear-grade isotropic graphite measured at Materials and Life science experimental Facility (MLF) of J-PARC. Coherent elastic scattering component due to crystal structure was evaluated based on the neutron scattering and transmission experiments performed at MLF of J-PARC. Regarding comparison with the neutron transmission experiment, it was found that the quantification of small-angle neutron scattering due to structures larger than crystal, such as pores in graphite, is important.
Age-Dependent Detection of Atrial Fibrillation with Implantable Cardiac Monitors in Patients with Cryptogenic Stroke
Authors: Uhe Tobias , Keilitz Janina , Berrouschot Jörg , Wachter Rolf
Published: April 2024

Background Continuous monitoring using implantable cardiac monitors (ICMs) results in atrial fibrillation (AF) detection rates of up to 30% in patients with cryptogenic stroke (CS). Although higher age is an independent risk factor for AF, there are no age-specific recommendations for the implantation of ICM.

Objective The aim of this study was to analyze age-related AF rates in patients with CS and continuous rhythm monitoring, to determine the rates of oral anticoagulation (OAC) and recurrent cerebrovascular events (stroke or transient ischemic attack) in patients with ICM-detected AF, and to describe the temporal relationship of AF detection and recurrent cerebrovascular events.

Methods In this observational study, patients with CS provided with ICMs were systematically followed. All patients underwent 72-hour electrocardiography monitoring, transcranial Doppler ultrasound, and transthoracic echocardiography prior to ICM insertion. Follow-up included a regular outpatient presentation every 3 months with medical history, physical examination, and interrogation of the ICM.

Results One-hundred eighty-six patients (mean age: 65 ± 12 years, 54% female) were included in this analysis. AF was detected in 6, 27, 56, and 65% (p < 0.001) of patients aged less than 60, 60 to 69, 70 to 79, and more than or equal to 80 years, respectively. All patients with AF under 60 years had an impaired left ventricular systolic function. OAC was initiated in 85% of the patients with AF. Recurrent cerebrovascular events occurred in 34 patients of whom 14 had a diagnosis of AF. In nine patients, AF was diagnosed before the occurrence of a recurrent cerebrovascular event.

Conclusion AF prevalence increased with age and was absent in CS patients younger than 60 years and with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction. The temporal relationship of AF and recurrent cerebrovascular events was weak.
How popularising higher education affects economic growth and poverty alleviation: empirical evidence from 38 countries
Authors: Li Jian , Xue Eryong , Wei Yukai , He Yunshu
Published: April 2024

The popularisation of higher education supports UNESCO’s aim of developing inclusive and equitable quality education to achieve the fourth Sustainable Development Goal. However, the effect of popularising higher education on economic growth and poverty alleviation remains unexplored. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of higher education and adult education within populations (popularisation of higher education) on economic growth (gross domestic product; GDP) and the poverty line using panel data from 38 countries. OLS and quantile regression were performed using data for the period 1995–2021 extracted from the OECD and World Bank databases. The results showed that the population segments with higher education had a significantly positive impact on GDP growth. Moreover, an increased proportion of the population with higher education, of working age, was found to be a contributing factor to GDP growth. Popularising higher education also played a positive role during the initial stage of social and economic development. This study also highlighted that popularising higher education play a key role to influence a country’s educational development and scientific and technological innovation drives the deepening of a country’s economy. It suggested that both national and local governments worldwide should pay much attention to the popularisation degree of higher education to greatly improve the innovative ability of talents and scientific and technological innovation in higher education for both the economic growth and poverty alleviation.
An energy-band modulated p-GaN/InGaN/AlN p-channel MESFET with high ION/IOFF ratio and steep subthreshold swing
Authors: Su Huake , Zhang Tao , Xu Shengrui , Tao Hongchang , Gao Yuan , Liu Xu , Xie Lei , Xiang Peng , Cheng Kai , Hao Yue , Zhang Jincheng
Published: April 2024

In this work, we report on the high-performance p-GaN/InGaN/AlN multi-heterostructure p-channel metal–semiconductor field effect transistors (MESFETs) with energy-band modulated quantum well-like InGaN channel and low work function metal tungsten (W) as the gate material. A negative threshold voltage (VTH) of −0.35 V is achieved by precisely controlling the self-aligned etching depth at the active region. Benefiting from the enhanced hole confinement, the ION/IOFF ratio and subthreshold swing of the fabricated-channel MESFET are extracted to be 1.2 × 107 and 66 mV/dec, respectively, at room temperature. The idealized Schottky interface with TMAH and post-gate-annealing treatment shows an ultra-low voltage hysteresis of 0.08 V extracted at subthreshold area in the dual-sweep transfer curves.
Mg alloys with antitumor and anticorrosion properties for orthopedic oncology: A review from mechanisms to application strategies
Authors: Lin Zhensheng , Wei Yuhe , Yang Huazhe
Published: April 2024

As a primary malignant bone cancer, osteosarcoma (OS) poses a great threat to human health and is still a huge challenge for clinicians. At present, surgical resection is the main treatment strategy for OS. However, surgical intervention will result in a large bone defect, and some tumor cells remaining around the excised bone tissue often lead to the recurrence and metastasis of OS. Biomedical Mg-based materials have been widely employed as orthopedic implants in bone defect reconstruction, and, especially, they can eradicate the residual OS cells due to the antitumor activities of their degradation products. Nevertheless, the fast corrosion rate of Mg alloys has greatly limited their application scope in the biomedical field, and the improvement of the corrosion resistance will impair the antitumor effects, which mainly arise from their rapid corrosion. Hence, it is vital to balance the corrosion resistance and the antitumor activities of Mg alloys. The presented review systematically discussed the potential antitumor mechanisms of three corrosion products of Mg alloys. Moreover, several strategies to simultaneously enhance the anticorrosion properties and antitumor effects of Mg alloys were also proposed.
Characterization of environmental airborne hydrocarbon contaminants by surface-enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Tolman Nathan L. , Li Sunny , Zlotnikov Samuel B. , McQuain Alex D. , Liu Haitao
Published: April 2024

This paper explores the unintentional contamination of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) substrates by ambient hydrocarbon contaminants and their contribution to SERS spectra. Previous studies have identified amorphous carbon as a potential complicating factor in data analysis in SERS experiments, although its origin has been elusive. Our work showed that ambient hydrocarbon contamination and its decomposition products can be detected by SERS on a gold substrate. We propose that ambient air itself is a source of amorphous carbon contamination on SERS substrates. This understanding is crucial for the correct interpretation of SERS data and highlights the need for careful consideration of potential environmental contaminants in SERS analysis.
MnO(001) thin films on MgO(001) grown by reactive MBE using supersonic molecular beams
Authors: Pedersen Andrew J. , Liu Junchen , Li Fanxing , Lamb H. Henry
Published: April 2024

MnO(001) thin films were grown on commercial MgO(001) substrates at 520 °C by reactive molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) using Mn vapor and O2-seeded supersonic molecular beams (SMBs) both with and without radio frequency (RF) plasma excitation. For comparison, MnO(001) films were grown by reactive MBE using O2 from a leak valve. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the Mn2+ oxidation state and 10%–15% excess oxygen near the growth surface. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction and x-ray diffraction evidenced that the films were rock salt cubic MnO with very strong (001) orientation. High-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy demonstrated abrupt MnO/MgO interfaces and indicated [(001)MnO||(001)MgO] epitaxial growth. Ex situ atomic force microscopy of films deposited without RF excitation revealed smooth growth surfaces. An SMB-grown MnO(001) film was converted to Mn3O4 with strong (110) orientation by post-growth exposure to an RF-discharge (RFD) SMB source providing O atoms; the surface of the resultant film contained elongated pits aligned with the MgO110 directions. In contrast, using the RFD-SMB source for growth resulted in MnO(001) films with elongated growth pits and square pyramidal hillocks aligned along the MgO110 and 100 directions, respectively.
Far-gate synaptic transistors utilizing ion-charge dual-transfer mechanism for neurotransmitter-multiplexing temporal coding
Authors: Li Xi'an , Feng Yanyan , Shi Lei , Zhou Jianlin , Ni Yao
Published: April 2024

The ability of artificial synapses to replicate multiplexed-transmission is a significant advancement in emulating complex brain activities. However, it generally required more stringent material requirements of intrinsic-ambipolarity and more complex structures of P/N dual-channel. Here, we proposed a far-gate synaptic transistor (FGST) just using a single-channel composed of a common unipolar semiconductor to emulate the cooperation and competition between two excitatory neurotransmitters. FGST exhibits a unique ion-charge dual-transfer mechanism, enabling distinct behavioral regulation modes with switchable synaptic plasticity: ion-dominant potentiation-depression with short-term plasticity and hole-dominant potentiation with enhanced memory. Moreover, FGST with dual-excitatory enhancement can be used for temporal contrast encoding, dividing currents into multiple memory states based on a fixed threshold; by comparing the variations in postsynaptic currents with different thresholds, it offers a method for further expanding the number of temporal states in the device. This work is a step toward constructing multifunctional artificial intelligent systems.
Enhancement of TN induced by magnetic dilution in the linear magnetoelectric Mn4Nb2O9
Authors: Maignan Antoine , Martin Christine
Published: April 2024

Ferroelectric polarization induced by the magnetic field is one of the properties reported in honeycomb antiferromagnetic linear magnetoelectrics (LME) belonging to the A4M2O9P3¯c1 class of corundum compounds with A = Co, Fe, and Mn and M = Nb or Ta. Among them, Mn4Nb2O9 exhibits the highest TN of 108 K. We show that it can even be increased by substituting partly Mn by Fe. The study of Mn4−xFexNb2O9 allows one to reach a TN up to 126 K at x = 1.5. This beneficial effect, confirmed also for Fe substituted Mn4Ta2O9, is compared to substitutions by Co or by Zn, both cations inducing a TN decrease. The linear decrease in the unit cell volume with x in Mn4−xFexNb2O9 shows that the cation size effect only cannot be inferred to explain the TN(x) curve. Furthermore, the spin flop magnetic field of Mn4Nb2O9 decreases, thanks to the Fe for Mn substitution, a LME effect is evidenced at 10 K, ΔP(9T)10K = 11 μC/m2. These features, TN increase and LME properties, demonstrate the important role of substitutions to enhance the properties of such antiferrromagnets.
Molecular simulation of flow-enhanced nucleation of polyethylene crystallites in biaxial flows
Authors: Gangal Chinmay S , Rutledge Gregory C.
Published: April 2024

Flow-enhanced nucleation (FEN) of n-pentacontahectane (C150) under biaxial extensional flows of varying strain rate ratios is studied using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation. The nucleation rates thus calculated are used to test previously published FEN models based on invariants of the conformation tensor of Kuhn segments and the extra stress tensor. Models based on the conformation tensor provide a more accurate description of FEN observed in biaxial flow simulations than those based on the extra stress tensor. In addition, the formation of nematic domains previously reported to be stabilized by shear or extensional flow is absent in equibiaxial flows. However, such domains do form in non-equibiaxial flows, and nucleation occurs in these domains preferentially. The shape and orientation of nuclei formed under biaxial flows of various strengths and strain rate ratios are also reported.
Complementary optoelectronic interaction of n+-Si/p-Ge heterojunctions fabricated via transfer printing toward broadband photodetectors
Authors: Lin Pingling , Guo Qinglei
Published: April 2024

Heterojunctions have been recognized as promising candidates for the fabrication of broadband photodetectors. However, currently demonstrated heterojunctions suffer from one or more disadvantages in limited light absorption, incompatible fabrication with the current semiconductor technology, and/or abundant interface defects induced by lattice/thermal mismatches. In this work, we use traditional elemental semiconducting materials to construct n+-Si/p-Ge heterojunctions by the transfer printing method, which are further explored as broadband photodetectors. Key advantages are in capabilities for avoiding the defects induced by the lattice and thermal expansion mismatches, and for detecting the illuminated light with the wavelength covering the visible-near-infrared range. Controlling the layer stacking order of the heterojunction could enable a complementary optoelectronic interaction between Si and Ge, which facilitates the effective generation of electron–hole pairs in a wide spectrum of light illumination. This work adds to the portfolio of material strategies and fabrication approaches in high-performance broadband photodetectors.
Precisely tunable and predictable index-near-zero modes across continuous and broad bands
Authors: He Panpan , Shen Yun , Xiao Sanshui , Hong Lujun , You Yun , Tsakmakidis Kosmas L. , Luo Yamei , Xu Jie
Published: April 2024

In the past two decades, index-near-zero (INZ) modes and materials, with their spatial phase invariance and super coupling, gained increasing attention for applications in all-optical/quantum computing and communication. However, the modulation of INZ modes is typically complex and discontinuous, often achieved through intricate experimental methods, thereby hindering their widespread application. Here, we propose two deep-subwavelength magneto-optical one-way waveguides and discover three broadband tunable INZ modes, exhibiting predictable behavior dependent on the external magnetic field (EMF). By utilizing these INZ modes, we design broadband tunable all-optical phase modulators through straightforward EMF control. The tunable and predictable nature of INZ modes, combined with deep-subwavelength phase modulators, may advance miniaturized all-optical communication and computation.
Anisakid infection in the European shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis aristotelis
Authors: Abollo E. , Gestal C. , Pascual S.
Published: April 2024

A total of 100 specimens of the European shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis aristotelis were examined for anisakid infections in the south-east North Atlantic. The taxonomic status of the anisakid nematodes was studied by structural analysis using light and scanning electron microscopy. Two species, Contracaecum septentrionale and C. rudolphii A (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea), occurred in the European shag with high values of prevalence and mean intensities of infection. These constitute new host records for both parasites, widening their known geographical distribution. Although the histopathology associated with the infections indicated that the anisakids did not have the potential to cause bird death, the parasites are capable of contributing to and hastening avian mortality in the case of heavily-parasitized cormorants and when stressed by xenobiotics and/or through a synergetic effect by other bioagressors.
Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism of a triploid form of Fasciola in Japan
Authors: Itagaki T. , Honnami M. , Ito D. , Ito K. , Tsutsumi K. , Terasaki K. , Shibahara T. , Noda Y.
Published: April 2024

Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism was characterized in a triploid form of Fasciola found in Japan in comparison with F. hepatica, F. gigantica and Korean Fasciola worm. Seventy worms of Fasciola from Japan, three of F. hepatica from Uruguay and Australia, two of F. gigantica from Thailand and one of Fasciola from Korea were used in the study. Mitochondrial DNA polymorphism was detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using eight restriction enzymes, BamH I, Bgl II, Dra I, EcoR I, EcoR V, Hind III, Mfl I and Sca I. Three different types (types 1, 2 and 3) were detected from 76 Fasciola worms used in the study. Eight of 70 Japanese worms were categorized in type 2 (F. gigantica type), and the remaining 62 were in type 3 (F. hepatica type).
Algebraic classification of 2+1 geometries: a new approach
Authors: Papajčík Matúš , Podolský Jiří
Published: April 2024

We present a convenient method of algebraic classification of 2+1 spacetimes into the types I, II, D, III, N and O, without using any field equations. It is based on the 2+1 analogue of the Newman–Penrose curvature scalarsΨAof distinct boost weights, which are specific projections of the Cotton tensor onto a suitable null triad. The algebraic types are then simply determined by the gradual vanishing of such Cotton scalars, starting with those of the highest boost weight. This classification is directly related to the specific multiplicity of the Cotton-aligned null directions and to the corresponding Bel–Debever criteria. Using a bivector (that is 2-form) decomposition, we demonstrate that our method is fully equivalent to the usual Petrov-type classification of 2+1 spacetimes based on the eigenvalue problem and determining the respective canonical Jordan form of the Cotton–York tensor. We also derive a simple synoptic algorithm of algebraic classification based on the key polynomial curvature invariants. To show the practical usefulness of our approach, we perform the classification of several explicit examples, namely the general class of Robinson–Trautman spacetimes with an aligned electromagnetic field and a cosmological constant, and other metrics of various algebraic types.
DECAF cross-device characterization of tokamak disruptions indicated by abnormalities in plasma vertical position and current
Authors: Zamkovska V. , Sabbagh S.A. , Tobin M. , Berkery J.W. , Riquezes J.D. , Park Y.S. , Erickson K. , Butt J. , Bak J.G. , Kim J. , Lee K.D. , Ko J. , Yoon S.W. , Ham C.J. , Kogan L. ,   the MAST Upgrade Team
Published: April 2024

Abnormal (deviating from the target) variations in the plasma vertical positionZand currentIp(such as vertical displacements, transientIp‘spikes’ and quenches) constitute common elements of a disruption, a phenomenon that is to be mitigated, or ultimately avoided in future reactor-relevant tokamaks. While these abnormalities are generally recognized cross-shot and cross-device, details in terms of appearance (or not) and order of these abnormalities in disruption event chains (DEC) are bound to the plasma state at the time of the chain initiation. Detection of these abnormalities is thus indicative not only of the onset of the plasma collapse itself but also of the disruption driving cause that is promoted at a particular plasma state. Here, the occurrence of disruptions, explored via the detection of anIpquench, and the analysis of DEC constituted byIpandZabnormalities is reported for in total seven full device-year pairs of operation of three machines (4, 2 and 1 years of KSTAR, MAST-U and NSTX-U operation, respectively) using the DECAF code expanded tools and capabilities. It is shown that the disruption occurrence depends not only on the details of the plasma state but also on (device-dependent) technical elements of the shot exit scenario. Year-to-year changes in the main disruption causes and a reduction in the disruptivity rate, bound by device and operation upgrades, are reported. Particular trigger instances of DEC (and the full chains when applicable) are shown to occupy different parts of the operation space diagrams, in accordance with prior expectations. Plasma elongation is identified as an important factor influencing details of the chains and its role will be further explored.