bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Negotiating Control
Authors: Stephens Keri K.
Published: August 2018

In this book, the author shows how employees, organizations, and even friends and family are struggling to understand how the expected norms for mobile-communication connectedness function when people are working. Until the early 2000s workplaces provided most of the computers and portable devices that employees used to do their jobs and communicate with others. Now, people bring their own mobile devices to work, use them to circumvent official organizational channels, and create new norms for how communication occurs. Managers and organizations set policies, enforce rules, and create their own workarounds to navigate the ever-changing mobile-communication environment. This book draws on over two decades of research studies and fieldwork, consisting of 150 distinct interviews and focus groups, representing people in over 35 different types of jobs, to claim that people assume mobile communication is a uniform practice. Instead, the book reveals underlying—often hidden—issues of control and power that shape how people are permitted and expected to use mobiles to communicate while working. The stories and extended examples reveal a wide-ranging account of how these portable tools are used across work environments today. The book develops a grounded theory describing the ongoing negotiation for control when people use their personally owned devices while working. These lifelines integrate information, communication, and data, and they connect people in unexpected and often conflicting ways.
Meetings as a Site to Negotiate Mobile Control
Authors: Stephens Keri K.
Published: August 2018

When mobile devices entered organizational meetings, there was a flurry of responses that sometimes resulted in misunderstandings. Olivia is a manager who’s trying to adapt to her vice president’s strict rule of “no thumbs under the table.” But her direct boss keeps bugging her while she’s in other meetings. Cedric is a mid-level manager in a global advertising firm who is confident his constant BlackBerry use conveys how productive he is; but the president thinks mobile use in his meetings hinders listening. Four key findings emerge: (1) some managers establish meeting ground rules, while others are not so clear; (2) subordinates using their mobiles in meetings are often oblivious as to how they’re being judged; (3) people often multicommunicate in meetings to essentially be two places at once; and (4) concertive control puts a normative pressure on groups that practically forces them to agree to be always reachable.
BYOD Challenges for New College Graduates
Authors: Stephens Keri K.
Published: August 2018

Those who are about to graduate from college are probably looking forward to getting a job, and with that comes some much-needed cutting-edge technologies. Not only do many students need new laptop computers as they graduate, but some of them decided to skip that costly accessory while in college and have done most of their work on a mobile device with a tiny screen. Just because today’s new college graduates have grown up with mobile technologies doesn’t mean that they always know how to use them productively in the workplace. Another concern is disparity because many students won’t be able to afford the tools they need to start their careers successfully. This chapter encourages people working in information technology and human resources to consider new graduates’ needs while developing future BYOD policies.
Mobile Workers in a Hospital
Authors: Stephens Keri K.
Published: August 2018

Hospitals are busy places, and healthcare professionals are literally always on the move. These mobile workers have challenging communication needs because they shift from being with patients and collaborating with peers to dictating and entering patient data into electronic healthcare records. As if being mobile and having many communication partners weren’t enough, these workers also have to worry about patient privacy and their high-stakes decisions. This chapter features a study of a hospital implementing a permissive BYOD policy and a mobile text-messaging app. It’s hard to develop trust when teams are constantly changing, something essential for successful mobile text messaging. Their devices serve to reinforce job-role status and hierarchy differences. Finally, some people don’t want to combine their private and work conversations on a personal mobile device, the stakes being simply too high. Control still exists at multiple levels in this organization, even though mobile use is encouraged.
Understanding Mobile Negotiation
Authors: Stephens Keri K.
Published: August 2018

There are four contributions of this book that are illustrated in this chapter. Being able to provide a two and a half–decade longitudinal perspective on how mobile devices have diffused into organizations allows a big-picture understanding of communication practices. The chapter shows how the society-level phenomenon of information technology consumerization, combined with norms of connectedness, can be overlaid with the struggles for control that organizations and individuals experience. The data also illustrates the nuances of the affordance of reachability and that people must learn to negotiate their unavailability as well as their availability. Perceived acceptability of mobile communication at work is harder to negotiate but still possible, depending on the level of job prestige and job-role requirements. Finally, there’s a dialectic of control because organizations and their members have both dependence on and control over one another. It’s a seesaw, a tug-of-war, and a negotiation for mobile-communication control.
Motivational Interviewing and Pain Management
Authors: Jensen Mark P.
Published: August 2018

To maximize their effectiveness, rehabilitation programs for chronic pain require patient motivation and involvement. Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a patient-centered approach that incorporates four key processes designed to reduce patient ambivalence and enhance motivation to engage in self-consistent adaptive behaviors. In this chapter, the essential processes of engaging, focusing, evoking, and planning, along with their associated techniques, are described, and examples (short clinical vignettes) are provided of how MI operates in practice. The chapter concludes with a review of the empirical data in support of the beneficial effects of MI in chronic pain populations. Although additional research is warranted, the available evidence demonstrates the efficacy of MI for facilitating adaptive responding such as increased patient participation and engagement in physical exercise.
Rousseau, Smith, and Kant on Becoming Just
Authors: Hanley Ryan P.
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the ways in which three of the most prominent thinkers of the eighteenth century—Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Adam Smith, and Immanuel Kant—understood the process by which we come to appreciate, embrace and practice one of the crucial virtues for human flourishing: justice. It begins with an analysis of Rousseau’s specifically relational conception of justice. It then turns to Rousseau’s contemporary Smith and his definition of justice as a virtue of nonmalfeasance. The chapter concludes with an examination of Kant, whose anthropological understanding of the person and conception of our duties to others offer a nuanced understanding of our duty to become just which also synthesizes elements of both Rousseau’s and Smith’s positions.
Should Epistemic Injustices Be Redressed by the “Corrective Virtues”?
Authors: Thomas Alan
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the kind of wronging of a person involved in cases of epistemic injustice and whether or not epistemic injustice, so understood, is better remedied by state action or by what Miranda Fricker calls the “corrective virtues.” It is argued that there is a trade off between arguing that such injustices are very pervasive, or identifying what it is distinctively to wrong a person in their capacity as a knower. Focusing on the idea of an epistemic capacity, it is argued that the core sense of the concept involves cases where a person attempts to disqualify another from the status of being an epistemic subject at all. It is a form of expressively injurious speech or conduct that attack a person’s status thereby indirectly undermining their rights. This attempt to introduce stratification into the standing of free and equal citizens explains why both Fricker and her critics are partially correct. There is an ethos inherent to liberal democracy that requires that citizens refrain from interfering in the legitimate projects of others. When the state speaks in its expressive capacity it both exemplifies, and seeks to entrench, such an ethos at the level of individual conduct.
How to Write Anti-Roman History
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, Tim Whitmarsh reconstructs an example of a type of history writing—accounts with a pronounced anti-Roman bias—that has left only exiguous traces in the extant collection of ancient textual sources. Whitmarsh traces this oppositional history by scrutinizing the several categories of professed opponents whom Dionysius of Halicarnassus ventriloquizes. Whitmarsh tentatively identifies Metrodorus of Scepsis as a likely target of Dionysius’ critiques and then reverse engineers Metrodorus’ arguments, drawing also on criticisms that Plutarch appears to have directed at Metrodorus. Whitmarsh finds, in the arguments he excavates from Metrodorus’ opponents, an anti-providential idea of random historical “swerves” that served to undercut Roman claims to greatness. He concludes by lamenting the loss of Metrodorus’ work, arguing that it would have provided not just a counterweight to the heavily pro-Roman emphasis in extant Greek historiography, but also an example of an entirely different philosophical underpinning.
The Feeling of Morality
Authors: Jeske Diane
Published: August 2018

Emotions play a critical role in both moral deliberation and moral action. Understanding the emotions and how they ought to interact with theoretical principles is an important part of fulfilling our duty of due care in moral deliberation. By examining the Nazi police squads and the Nazi virtue of “hardness,” we can come to see how ordinary people can suppress their emotions in order to carry out morally odious tasks. We can then see that the methods we use to live with our treatment of nonhuman animals bear striking similarities to the methods used by those in the police squads. Ted Bundy, a psychopath, suggests that a lack of emotions can hinder our ability to grasp moral concepts, thus showing that even while emotions must be regulated by theory, they also play an important role in any full understanding of the significance of moral demands.
Moral Evasion
Authors: Jeske Diane
Published: August 2018

The case studies of Albert Speer, Charles Colcock Jones, and Franz Stangl illustrate ways in which people can engage in moral evasion. Moral evasion comes in many forms, such as self-deception, wishful thinking, and rationalization. Stangl refused to engage with the full horror of what he was doing by refusing to use his imagination in thinking about hypothetical scenarios, using a highly rule-bound conception of duty, and compartmentalizing his thought. All of Stangl’s strategies are mirrored in those we often use in thinking about our treatment of nonhuman animals. Speer engaged in belief avoidance: by focusing on the demands of his job, he was able to avoid knowing what he could easily have come to know. Jones engaged in wishful compromise: he convinced himself that by becoming a missionary to the slaves he was taking the best route that he could within the confines of an evil institution.
Introduction
Authors: Gamble Ruth
Published: August 2018

The introduction begins with a brief overview of Rangjung Dorje’s life. It describes his birth in the high Himalaya in southern Tibet, his recognition as the reincarnation of the second Karmapa, Karma Pakshi (1204–1283), his studies, his teaching and meditation career, and his journey to the Mongolian capitals of Dadu and Xanadu. It then gives an overview of the book’s primary topic, Tibet’s reincarnation traditions and institutions, and outlines Rangjung Dorje’s role in their invention. The introduction next describes the book’s theoretical framework; it highlights the book’s use of the New Historicist approach to Rangjung Dorje’s writings and its focus on the twin themes of time and place in his writing. A final overview explains that part 1 will examine several phenomena key to the reincarnation tradition’s development and part 2 will analyze how they influenced Rangjung Dorje’s life story.
Lifetimes
Authors: Gamble Ruth
Published: August 2018

Chapter 1 describes the Karmapas’ multi-life tale and the construction of their narrative. It does this by outlining the life stories of the first two Karmapas and then describes how the second Karmapa, Karma Pakshi, Rangjung Dorje, and later storytellers retold their individuals’ tales as part of the grander Karmapa narrative. To contextualize this process, chapter 1 then looks at the broader tradition of Buddhist biography and the two primary genres that the Karmapa tradition employed to tell its tale: birth stories, or jātaka (Tib. skyes rabs), and liberation stories (rnam thar). It ends by looking more specifically at the most influential retellings of the early Karmapas’ tale and the texts in which their tale has been preserved.
Between Kongpo and Xanadu
Authors: Gamble Ruth
Published: August 2018

The final chapter begins with Rangjung Dorjé in retreat in Kongpo, southern Tibet. Because of his growing reputation, however, he is soon forced to return to central Tibet to mediate between a group of rebels and members of the ruling Mongol-Sakya alliance. In 1329, the Mongol emperor summonses him to the capitals. He eventually arrives in Dadu nearly two years later, during the short reign of Irinjibal (1326–1332, r. 1332), and witnesses the enthronement of the final Mongol emperor, Toghon Temür (1320–1370, r. 1333–1370), who becomes his student. Once at the young emperor’s court, he is only allowed to return to Tibet briefly in 1334. He dies in Xanadu in the summer of 1339. According to his biographers, his death was enacted to facilitate his escape from the emperor’s decree that he stay in the capital. It enabled him, through rebirth, to return to his beloved mountains.
Conclusion
Authors: Gamble Ruth
Published: August 2018

The conclusion reviews the transformation in identity that Rangjung Dorje undertook between his life and death and then describes the traditions and institutions that Rangjung Dorje left behind. It looks at what remained after his lifetime, in two parts. Part 1 looks at things, people, and texts. It reviews the objects and buildings he had constructed, the students he mentored, and the works he composed. Part 2 focuses specifically on his reinvention of reincarnation. It explains that the traditions and institutions of reincarnation lineages developed slowly, and it was, therefore, easy to assume that they had always been there. It explains that most of the work Rangjung Dorje did to systemize, sacralize, and locate the lineage was contained within his liberation stories and poetry. It finishes by examining briefly the broader influence of reincarnation traditions on the social and political life of Tibet, the Himalaya, and even internationally.
Arts of Allusion
Authors: Graves Margaret S.
Published: August 2018

The art of the object reached unparalleled heights in the medieval Islamic world, yet the deep intellectual dimensions of ceramics, metalwares, and other plastic arts in this milieu have not always been acknowledged. Arts of Allusion reveals the object as a crucial site where premodern craftsmen of the eastern Mediterranean and Persianate realms engaged their creations in fertile dialogue with poetry, literature, painting, and, perhaps most strikingly, architecture. Through close studies of objects from the ninth to the thirteenth centuries, this book reveals that allusions to architecture abound across media in the portable arts of the medieval Islamic world. Arts of Allusion draws upon a broad range of material evidence as well as medieval texts, from works of philosophy and ethics to marketplace manuals, to locate its subjects in a nuanced cultural landscape where the material, visual, and verbal realms were intertwined. Moving far beyond the initial identification of architectural types with their miniature counterparts in the plastic arts, it develops a series of new frameworks for exploring the intelligent art of the allusive object. These address materiality, representation, and perception, and examine contemporary literary and poetic paradigms of metaphor, description, and indirect reference as tools for approaching the plastic arts. Arts of Allusion makes a powerful case for the role of the intellect in the applied arts and for the communicative potential of ornament. Simultaneously, it argues for the reinstatement of craftsmanship into Islamic intellectual history.
Material Metaphors
Authors: Graves Margaret S.
Published: August 2018

Tracing parallels between material and verbal poetics, this chapter makes particular reference to changing conceptions of metaphor and imagery during the florescence of medieval Arabic literary theory. It uses textual sources as well as artifacts to demonstrate the intertwining of verbal, visual, and material realms. The first section expands an allegorical framework in medieval Arabic and Persian literary criticism that aligns poetry with manual crafts. Following this, two discrete groups of objects in the form of domed buildings are contextualized and considered as materialized metaphors. First, cast-metal incense burners of the eighth or ninth centuries are placed into an expanded context of eastern Mediterranean portable arts and architectural components. The second group, lanterns from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, reflect a later period when the central-plan domed monument had been fully assimilated into Islamic architectural practice as a standard form of commemorative architecture.
Introduction
Authors: Sandler Willeke
Published: August 2018

This introduction situates the book’s analysis of colonialist lobbying in the Third Reich within its historical and historiographical contexts. After a short background on the history of German overseas colonialism and advocacy for this empire in Germany, the introduction addresses the historiographical question of how to situate colonialism and National Socialism in German history. This chapter also explores how the activities of the colonialist movement—a group of non-Party organizations intervening publicly into political debates—can be situated within established understandings of Nazi control of the public sphere. The introduction ends with a description of the structure of the book.
Caring for Africans Here and There
Authors: Sandler Willeke
Published: August 2018

This chapter turns to the content of colonialist discourse and explores colonialists’ responses to Nazi racial laws (and to British reactions to these laws) as they integrated Nazi racism into their narrative of peaceful German-African relations. Colonialists’ image of Germans as benevolent colonizers served as the cornerstone of their imagined colonial past, but had to be situated within the Nazi worldview that condemned “racial inferiors” to persecution and extermination. Efforts to support former colonial subjects living in Germany, such as through the Deutsche Afrika-Schau (1935–1940), brought the conflict between colonialists’ benign narrative and the realities of the Nazi racial state into sharp relief. Differentiating between Africans and Jews, colonialist authors expressed support for anti-Semitism and framed Nazi racism as complementary with benevolent colonialism.
Seeing the Colonies
Authors: Sandler Willeke
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines colonialists’ use of visual culture to develop metropolitan Germans’ identification with the distant colonial territories. Colonialists mobilized a variety of visual forms, including posters and photography, to reach Germans who had seemed unresponsive to their written and oral propaganda. These images, which colonialists believed had a unique power to transcend viewers’ critical distance, would provide an “experience” of the colonies. Broadly speaking, colonialist visual culture focused on three themes: the creation of a German Heimat in the African landscape, the heroism of colonial Germans, and Germans’ protection of an “authentic Africanness” through their benevolent colonialism. In this arena as well, however, colonialists faced a wealth of visual representations of Africa created by other sources. As case studies of these other representations, the chapter examines Werner Peiner’s African paintings, the commercial imagery of Reklamesammelbilder (illustrated trading cards), and feature films with colonial or African themes.
Africa or the East?
Authors: Sandler Willeke
Published: August 2018

During the Second World War, the Nazi pursuit of race war and empire in Eastern Europe put colonialists under greater pressure to justify their African focus. While Africa remained a future possibility, Eastern Europe offered readily accessible territory for the fulfillment of colonial ambitions. In the euphoric early years of the war, colonialists presented the outbreak of war as finally providing the opportunity to fulfill their irredentist demands. Nazi officials, in particular within the Propaganda Ministry and the Nazi Party’s Reich Propaganda Office, objected to colonialists’ persistent propaganda efforts as distractions from the more urgent needs of the war effort. In the wake of the German defeat at Stalingrad and the declaration of total war, Martin Bormann, head of the Party Chancellery, shut down the colonialist organizations in January 1943, ending sixty years of organized overseas colonialist agitation in Germany.
Epilogue
Authors: Sandler Willeke
Published: August 2018

This short epilogue takes the story of the leading colonialists into the post-1945 period and assesses the historiographical narrative of post-war colonial amnesia. This amnesia did not begin in 1945, however, but in the 1930s and 1940s through the work of colonialists. In their efforts to situate overseas colonialism within the needs of the present and of value for the future, colonialists had created an overly positive narrative that emphasized an inherent German aptitude for administering Africa. After the war, these ideals could find expression through development or nature preservation, even though (or perhaps because) they no longer bore a specific association with Germany’s past of formal colonialism.
Explaining Authoritarian Containment
Authors: Reny Marie-Eve
Published: August 2018

This chapter defines the concept of containment, explains how it translates in practice, and accounts for why state actors contain informal religious organizations. Containment is the conditional and bounded toleration of a religious organization outside the formal reach of the state. It is conditional insofar as actors must conform with a set of rules to be tolerated. It is bounded to the extent that religious actors conforming such bargain cannot ask the authorities for more than informal autonomy. State actors contain informal religious organizations because their interests are reconcilable with authoritarian regime resilience, and organizations are part of incohesive networks. Containment also sustains authoritarian rule in three ways: it depoliticizes religious leaders, creates divisions among compliant and dissident religious leaders, and generates information that local state actors use to make local governance less coercive and less co-optive.
Everyday Forms of Containment
Authors: Reny Marie-Eve
Published: August 2018

This chapter empirically accounts for how house church leaders have complied with explicitly and implicitly transmitted rules set by local authorities containing them. They have kept a low profile by avoiding criticizing the government during sermons, refrained from attracting public attention to their activities, and in some cases, limited the size of their congregations. House church leaders have also opened up to local authorities and shared information about their activities when needed. Beyond such compliance, the authorities have sustained containment by sending house church leaders warnings when they anticipate they might be crossing red lines. Yet religious leaders have themselves accumulated information about local public security bureaus, which has facilitated the pursuit of their interests.
Containment and Authoritarian Regime Resilience
Authors: Reny Marie-Eve
Published: August 2018

Containment enables church leaders to secure themselves space for the informal practice of religion outside state institutions. It also minimizes the risks that churches are punished for avoiding the central government’s regulations on religious affairs. Yet the strategy yields uneven benefits for unregistered churches and the local state. This chapter accounts for how containment contributes to the resilience of China’s authoritarian regime. It depoliticizes house church leaders, feeds divisions between compliant and dissident church leaders, and generates information about unregistered churches that ultimately makes local governance less co-optive and less coercive. It then discusses the circumstances in which containment might not yield its intended outcome, that is, empower house churches in ways that unsettle the regime.
The Dynamic Free Speech Clause
Authors: Zick Timothy
Published: August 2018

This book examines the relational dynamics between the U.S. Constitution’s Free Speech Clause and other constitutional rights. The free speech guarantee has intersected with a variety of other constitutional rights. Those intersections have significantly influenced the recognition, scope, and meaning of rights ranging from freedom of the press to the Second Amendment right to bear arms. They have also influenced interpretation of the Free Speech Clause itself. Free speech principles and doctrines have facilitated the recognition and effective exercise of constitutional rights, including equal protection, the right to abortion, and the free exercise of religion. They have also provided mediating principles for constructive debates about constitutional rights. At the same time, in its interactions with other constitutional rights, the Free Speech Clause has also been a complicating force. It has dominated rights discourse and subordinated or supplanted free press, assembly, petition, and free exercise rights. Currently, courts and commentators are fashioning the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms in the image of the Free Speech Clause. Borrowing the Free Speech Clause for this purpose may turn out to be detrimental for both rights. The book examines the common and distinctive dynamics that have brought free speech and other constitutional rights together. It assesses the products and consequences of these intersections, and draws important lessons from them about constitutional rights and constitutional liberty. Ultimately, the book defends a pluralistic conception of constitutional rights that seeks to leverage the power of the Free Speech Clause but also to tame its propensity to subordinate, supplant, and eclipse other constitutional rights.
Politicization and Framing
Authors: Kay Tamara , Evans R. L.
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines how labor and environmental activists initially came together to broaden a labor-environmental rights frame during the fight over fast-track reauthorization in Congress. It explores how environmental activists utilized framing strategies to legitimize environmental critiques of trade liberalization and then to construct an expanded labor-environmental rights frame with labor activists that strengthened both movements’ anti-NAFTA message. The chapter looks at how anti-NAFTA organizations built their grassroots coalition and promulgated the new labor-environmental rights frame across a wide spectrum of organizations within it. It then examines how environmentalists used their alliances with other members of the anti-NAFTA coalition and members of Congress to gain legitimacy and concessions among trade officials and negotiators, ultimately forcing them to recognize and include environmental protections in the trade agreement itself.
Mobilizing Public and Legislative Hostility against NAFTA
Authors: Kay Tamara , Evans R. L.
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines how activists used outsider strategies and mobilized public pressure to increase legislative opposition to NAFTA during the substantive treaty negotiations that followed passage of fast-track reauthorization. It focuses on activists’ mobilization of a mass movement of NAFTA opponents during the year and a half of NAFTA’s substantive negotiations beginning in June 1991 until President Bush signed the agreement in December 1992. While the AFL-CIO and some environmentalists concentrated on insider strategies, labor unions and the majority of environmental organizations created a strong anti-NAFTA grassroots coalition and mobilized; they held local protests and rallies, wrote press releases, held forums with community groups and local politicians, and appeared in media outlets in over one hundred cities. The chapter also reveals how activists’ pressure led to the negotiation of additional labor and environmental side agreements.
The End of the Catholic Nineteenth Century in 1968
Authors: Massa Mark S.
Published: August 2018

This chapter narrates the promulgation of Pope Paul VI’s famous letter on birth control in 1968, and the unfavorable response it received by Catholic theologians. It offers a historical overview of how St. Thomas Aquinas utilized Aristotle’s idea of natural law, making that concept basic in Catholic sexual teaching. The author describes the nineteenth-century followers of Aquinas as “neo-scholastics” who prided themselves on a systematic interpretation of Catholic doctrine in light of an unchanging law embedded in an almost objectivist understanding of “nature” by God, discoverable by human reason, the moral implications of which were equally unchanging. The author argues that it was this rigid nineteenth-century neo-scholastic natural law tradition that helped to set up the collapse within the American Catholic community in the decades after the 1960s.
Introduction
Authors: Tsutsui Kiyoteru
Published: August 2018

The chapter offers an overview of the book starting with a summary of the history of Ainu, Zainichi, and Burakumin before posing the core puzzle of the book. It then examines literatures on the history of global human rights and their impact on local social movements, and situates the book’s approach in the broader scholarly approaches in the studies of social movements, human rights, and globalization. It then points to the three key theoretical contributions of the book: (1) the transformative impact of global human rights on local actors, (2) subnational variations in how global human rights affect local politics, and (3) the feedback mechanisms through which local movements influence global human rights institutions.
Attachment Theory
Authors: Watson Marilyn
Published: August 2018

The origins of attachment theory and the work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth are described. Four types of child–parent attachment relationships—secure, insecure/anxious, insecure/ambivalent, and insecure/disorganized—are outlined along with the ways each type might manifest itself in the classroom. A longitudinal study, conducted by Alan Sroufe and his colleagues, of the development and effects on learning and interpersonal relationships of different child–parent attachment relationships is described. Teachers too have a history of attachment relationships that can affect how they relate to their students. The chapter describes adult attachment and how one’s attachment history might, positively or negatively, affect one’s ability to build positive, nurturing relationships with students. Specific examples of ways teachers can offset the negative effects of a student’s or their own history of insecure attachment are described.
Building the Teacher–Student Relationship
Authors: Watson Marilyn
Published: August 2018

Too often as teachers, we worry about doing too much for our students, lest we contribute to their dependency and fail to convey our confidence that they are capable of solving their own problems. However, especially for students who enter our classrooms full of mistrust, it is more important to convey our good intentions and trustworthiness, for example, by being “nice” and providing help in the many small instances when a helpful gesture, while unnecessary, would ease a student’s situation. Picking up a student’s dropped pencil, providing missing lunch money, or spending time talking with students about their interests are some of the many ways to convey caring and trustworthiness. Displaying affection, sharing our lives and inviting students to share their lives are also some of the many ways to build our students’ bonds of trust with us.
Managing Mistakes and Misbehavior: Taking a Teaching Stance
Authors: Watson Marilyn
Published: August 2018

After Laura believed in her students’ goodwill, even that of her frequently misbehaving students, she was able to view student misbehavior in the same light that she viewed mistakes in academic learning. Mistakes call for teaching, not punishment. Thus, Laura applied the principles of good teaching to develop her approach to classroom discipline or to respond to misbehavior. She structured the environment to make it manageable, and she tried to provide each student with the scaffolding needed for success. If the student failed, she made adjustments and tried again. She exercised clear authority, but she also worked to respect her students’ need for autonomy. She explicitly taught her students important social and emotional skills, such as how to regulate their emotions and how to guide their own behavior through self-talk.
Competition in the Classroom
Authors: Watson Marilyn
Published: August 2018

Most of Laura’s students loved competitive games, but throughout their first year together, the games almost always ended up in hurt feelings, tears, or even physical fights, unless they were closely supervised or vigorously refereed. During the second year, Laura decided to introduce cooperative games both on the playground and in the classroom. Although Laura needed to monitor the cooperative games closely to keep them cooperative, gradually a more cooperative spirit emerged, not just on the playground but in the classroom as well. Eventually, Laura reintroduced some competitive activities, helping her students play these games in a cooperative spirit. With Laura’s help, her students were able to see that playing even competitive games with a respectful and cooperative spirit was more fun.
Principled Disobedience
Authors: Delmas Candice
Published: August 2018

Chapter 1 surveys the literature on civil disobedience and places the author’s own approach to resistance and principled disobedience within this context. Public understanding of civil disobedience is the product of two different strands: the broadly Rawlsian philosophical conception of civil disobedience and the official narrative of the civil rights movement in the United States. This chapter calls upon history to show how the standard, broadly Rawlsian conception of civil disobedience (though not necessarily Rawls’s own) rests on an unrealistic and objectionable reading of the African American civil rights struggle. It also argues that the official reading of the civil rights movement functions as a counter-resistance ideology, deterring any form of protest against the status quo. It then examines and critiques recent “inclusive” accounts of civil disobedience, proposing instead a broad matrix of resistance that includes lawful acts of resistance and principled—civil and uncivil—disobedience.
Fairness
Authors: Delmas Candice
Published: August 2018

Chapter 4 argues that the fairness principle—the lodestar of so many arguments for the duty to obey the law—can direct us to resist injustice. It lays the grounds for the argument by analyzing the principle’s ban on free-riding and clarifying its relation to exploitative and harmful social schemes. Under certain conditions, wrongfully benefiting from harmfu and exploitative—that is, unfair—social schemes is morally akin to free-riding. Fairness demands ceasing to benefit from such schemes, and radically reforming them so that they no longer produce wrongful benefits. Since resistance is often critical to bring about reform, there is a political obligation to resist social schemes from which one wrongfully benefits. Fairness also supports solidarity with and among the oppressed in the resistance efforts.
Acting on Political Obligations
Authors: Delmas Candice
Published: August 2018

Chapter 7 attends to the following general concern: Can and should laypeople be tasked with making their own decisions about justice and how to fulfill their political obligations? Structural injustice and the lack of good civic and moral education, of ready access to unbiased information, and strong civil-society institutions hinder citizens’ recognition of their political obligations, but such hindrances can be overcome. This chapter supplements the book’s account of political obligations with two additional responsibilities: first, to form one’s beliefs responsibly and thereby exercise the civic virtue of vigilance; second, to engage with others in dialog and thereby foster the civic virtue of open-mindedness. Building on the latter responsibility, the chapter suggests that political obligations of resistance be conceived as owed to and learned with others. It concludes by comparing the proposed civic virtues of vigilance and open-mindedness with currently accepted civic virtues of patriotism and law-abidance.
Conclusion
Authors: Delmas Candice
Published: August 2018

This concluding chapter highlights the logical connections between the book’s arguments and synthesizes them into a general, multiple-principle account of political obligations in response to injustice. It reiterates the necessity to forsake the equation of political obligation with, or the exclusive focus on, the duty to obey the law, and to expand the concept of political obligation to include duties to resist injustice and disobey unjust law. The latter, given real-world injustices, are more salient than the duty to obey the law, and beg our philosophical attention. The chapter also addresses an Arendtian objection to the instrumental thinking deployed throughout the book, namely, that the account misrepresents political agency by assuming that we can know the effects our actions will have in the world.
Exploring Near-Death Experiences across Cultures
Authors: Shushan Gregory
Published: August 2018

Near-death experiences (NDEs) share many common elements worldwide, indicating that they originate in phenomena that are independent of culture. They also have many elements unique to the individual experiencers and their cultures, demonstrating a symbiotic relationship between experience and belief. There are numerous examples worldwide of religious beliefs originating in NDEs and other extraordinary experiences. This is in contradiction to widely accepted notions that all experiences and beliefs are generated entirely by culture or language. Such paradigms not only fail to explain the origins of religious beliefs or the nature of related experiences but also fail to take seriously the testimonies of their sources. Near-death experiences provide perfectly rational grounds for beliefs that the soul can leave the body, and that it can survive death and join spirits of the dead in another world. As such, the phenomenon helps to demonstrate the cross-cultural process of reasoning based on evidence.
Oceania
Authors: Shushan Gregory
Published: August 2018

Many near-death experiences (NDEs) were found in Polynesia and Melanesia, alongside claims that afterlife beliefs derived from them, and numerous relevant myths. Religious rituals and beliefs often incorporated knowledge of NDEs, and revitalization movements often had NDE origins and themes. Shamanic practices included otherworld journeys, soul-retrieval, mediumship, and invited spirit possession. Micronesia and Australia, in contrast, yielded very few NDEs, or statements that beliefs originated in them. In Micronesia, the dead were brought to the living via possession and mediumship, while Australians practiced otherworld journey shamanism. Such practices took preference over interest in NDEs, while fulfilling similar socioreligious functions. The differences between the regions also reflected different funerary practices: in Polynesia and Melanesia they often facilitated the possibility of the soul’s return, while in Micronesia and Australia they were frequently designed to prevent such a return.
Hawk in the Cold War Twilight
Authors: Bashevkin Sylvia
Published: August 2018

Chapter 3 considers Jeane Kirkpatrick’s influence during the early 1980s as the first woman ambassador from the United States to the United Nations. Kirkpatrick built a reputation as an outspoken diplomat with a visceral belief in America’s greatness. She supported a muscular but prudent defense of US interests well before her cabinet appointment. As the only woman in President Ronald Reagan’s initial cabinet, Kirkpatrick helped to ensure that the foreign policy directions of his first presidency reflected her views. Critical of left feminism prior to her time in executive office, Kirkpatrick served a Republican administration that won office thanks to support from an electorate that held similar views.
Women’s Security as National Security
Authors: Bashevkin Sylvia
Published: August 2018

Chapter 6 evaluates the trajectory of Hillary Rodham Clinton from the roles of first lady, senator, and presidential candidate to secretary of state. Similar to Albright’s actions in the Balkans, Clinton endorsed NATO intervention in Libya in 2011. Military action in North Africa formed a crucial element of President Barack Obama’s first-term foreign policy record. It paralleled Clinton’s support as a senator for the US invasion of Iraq. Efforts by Clinton to make women’s rights a major pivot of her international doctrine echoed the feminist perspectives she held since early adulthood, which in turn were integral to the Democratic Party support base of the 1970s and following.
Population Trends among Religious Institutes since 1970
Authors: Gautier Mary L.
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores population trends among religious institutes since Vatican II. While the overall trend, for both institutes of men and institutes of women, has been one of overall decline, examination of patterns within individual institutes provides a more nuanced narrative. The chapter begins by exploring six patterns of change and innovation within institutes of women. Some institutes declined during this period, some broke away or merged to form new institutes, and some grew by attracting new members or by incorporating members from outside the United States. The chapter next explores patterns within institutes of men and finds patterns of decline, innovation, and growth within these institutes as well. The chapter ends with a composite overview of the general characteristics of men and women in religious institutes today.
Conclusion
Authors: du Toit Fanie
Published: August 2018

Reading South African history through the lens of interdependence helps explain the disappointment that many South Africans feel in relation to reconciliation. While they are justified in feeling let down, owing to rising inequality and social exclusion, it is wrong to blame Mandela’s strategy of just interdependence because it was abandoned too early. In seeking to overcome oppression, reconciliation is forward-looking and predicated on rebuilding relationships in divided societies. Dealing with a violent past is valuable when striving for a more just future. Reconciliation fosters just, inclusive, and fair societies and is locally owned and driven. A progressive approach to reconciliation is also needed. Reconciliation recognizes the inherent interdependence between citizens themselves, and between citizens and the state. These relationships are progressively re-established in more just ways. In so doing, it helps to create conditions in which social goods such as forgiveness, the rule of law, or democracy become possible.
First in Popularity
Authors: Norpoth Helmut
Published: August 2018

Franklin Roosevelt was the first president to have his popularity checked in polls, though without much scrutiny by the academic study of public opinion. His overall rating, it turns out, has not been surpassed by any of his successors who served at least a full term. The key to his popularity was foreign policy, not the economy. Following the outbreak of World War II in 1939, FDR abandoned the isolationist tradition and instead embarked on an interventionist course along with measures to prepare the nation for war. Those policies garnered broad support in the American public; his fireside chats, to be sure, helped gain some of it. Months before Japanese planes struck Pearl Harbor, his approval in the polls topped 70 percent. Unlike his successors, he did not see his approval decline, let alone collapse, as the war claimed an ever higher toll of American casualties. He was able to count on the American public, polls show, to be firmly behind the war and confident of victory.
Text or Intent, or Both
Authors: Greenawalt Kent
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses a wide range of issues concerning how far text and intentions should figure in judicial interpretation of legal standards and what should constitute the relevant understanding of a text and the intentions of those who enact it. The chapter makes two fundamental points. The first is that intrinsically what a communications means is closely interrelated to the perceived intentions of those who make it. Any plausible argument for disregarding intentions must rest on claimed specific obstacles, not ordinary understandings. The second basic point is that how to understand text and intentions is sometimes simple, but when it comes to debatable situations each can be complicated and controversial. The chapter also looks at the practice of judicial deference to the interpretations of others and whether that is appropriate.
Conclusion
Authors: Greenawalt Kent
Published: August 2018

This concluding chapter argues that although what the law requires is often obvious, when it comes down to difficult cases, there are no simple and straightforward ways that judges do decide, and should decide, what is required. Categorizations do not provide obvious answers in these situations. The book as a whole deals with a wide range of legal sources, including wills, contracts, trusts, statutes, administrative regulations, constitutions, and the common law. It recognizes that significant differences in these areas lead to different forms of interpretation, some of which are a bit simpler than others. A common question among many of these topics is how much weight precedents should carry, and how much deference judges should afford to the positions of other officials who have made initial determinations about the law’s application.