bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐term gastrointestinal sequelae in colon cancer survivors: prospective pilot study on identification, the need for clinical evaluation and effects of treatment
Authors: Larsen Helene M. , Mekhael Mira , Juul Therese , Borre Mette , Christensen Peter , Mohr Drewes Asbjørn , Thorlacius‐Ussing Ole , Laurberg Søren , Krogh Klaus , Ladefoged Fassov Janne ,   Danish Cancer Society Centre for Research on Survivorship and Late Adverse Effects after Cancer in the Pelvic Organs Study Group
Published: January 2021

Aim

The aim of the present pilot study was to describe the type and frequency of long‐term gastrointestinal symptoms within a well‐defined cohort of colon cancer survivors, their wish for clinical evaluation and treatment outcomes.

Method

A screening survey was sent to colon cancer survivors 12, 24 and 36 months after surgery. Based on their main symptoms, patients who wished to have a consultation were referred to the gastroenterological or surgical unit of our late cancer sequelae clinic. Treatment effect was monitored by questionnaires on bowel symptoms and the EuroQol five‐dimensional (EQ‐5D) quality‐of‐life score.

Results

Overall, 953 patients who had survived colon cancer received the screening survey and 767 replied (response rate 80.5%). Of these, 76 (9.9%; 95% CI 7.9%–12.2%) were referred for algorithm‐based clinical evaluation and treatment of bowel dysfunction. The majority were women (69.7%) who had undergone a right‐sided colonic resection (65.8%). Patients reported various symptoms, mainly including urgency, fragmented defaecation, loose stools and incontinence for liquid stools. Patients with emptying difficulties and low anterior resection syndrome‐like symptoms were referred to the surgical unit and patients with diarrhoea were referred to the gastroenterological unit for clinical work‐up. Our main endpoint, mean EQ‐5D index after treatment, was improved compared with baseline (baseline 0.809, after treatment 0.846; p = 0.049). After treatment, self‐rated bowel function and several bowel symptoms were improved as well.

Conclusion

This study highlights the importance of identifying colon cancer survivors in need of treatment of late gastrointestinal sequelae and clinical management in a multidisciplinary team setting.
Incremental learning framework for real‐world fraud detection environment
Authors: Anowar Farzana , Sadaoui Samira
Published: January 2021

For detecting malicious bidding activities in e‐auctions, this study develops a chunk‐based incremental learning framework that can operate in real‐world auction settings. The self‐adaptive framework first classifies incoming bidder chunks to counter fraud in each auction and take necessary actions. The fraud classifier is then adjusted with confident bidders' labels validated via bidder verification and one‐class classification. Based on real fraud data produced from commercial auctions, we conduct an extensive experimental study wherein the classifier is adapted incrementally using only relevant bidding data while evaluating the subsequent adjusted models' detection and misclassification rates. We also compare our classifier with static learning and learning without data relevancy.
Substance use disorder and the baby boom generation: Does Berlin outpatient addiction care face a sustained change?
Authors: Specht Sara , Braun‐Michl Barbara , Schwarzkopf Larissa , Piontek Daniela , Seitz Nicki‐Nils , Wildner Manfred , Kraus Ludwig
Published: January 2021

Introduction

The ageing of baby boomers is expected to confront addiction care with new challenges. This cohort had greater exposure to psychoactive substances in youth than earlier cohorts. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether Berlin addiction care is confronted with a sustained change in its clientele initiated by the baby boomers.

Methods

Using data from Berlin outpatient addiction care facilities, we contrasted type of primary substance use disorder and number of comorbid substance use disorders in baby boomers with an earlier and a later cohort. To isolate cohort effects, two‐level random intercept regression models were applied in the overlapping age groups of the baby boomer cohort with each of the other cohorts.

Results

Compared with the earlier cohort, alcohol use disorder lost importance whereas illicit substance use disorder gained importance in the baby boomers. Baby boomers presented a higher number of comorbid substance use disorders than the earlier cohort. Comparing baby boomers with the later cohort, these relationships pointed in the opposite direction.

Discussion and Conclusions

Outpatient addiction care faces a sustained change to more illicit and comorbid substance use disorders. With increasing life expectancy and the ageing of baby boomers marked by higher substance use than previous cohorts, older clients, who had been under‐represented in outpatient addiction care, will gain relevance. Hence, addiction care has to adapt its offers to appropriately meet the changing needs of its clientele.
Bibliodiversity at the Centre: Decolonizing Open Access
Authors: Berger Monica
Published: January 2021

The promise of open access for the global South has not been fully met. Publishing is dominated by Northern publishers, which disadvantages Southern authors through platform capitalism and open access models requiring article processing charges to publish. This article argues that through the employment of bibliodiversity — a sustainable, anticolonial ethos and practice developed in Latin America — the South can reclaim and decolonize open access and nurture scholarly communities. Self‐determination and locality are at the core of bibliodiversity which rejects the domination of international, English‐language journal publishing. As articulated by the Jussieu Call, wide‐ranging, scholarly‐community‐based, non‐profit and sustainable models for open access are integral to bibliodiversity, as is reform of research evaluation systems. Predatory publishing exploits open access and perpetuates the marginalization of Southern scholars. Predatory journals are often also conflated with legitimate Southern journals. The article concludes with a discussion of Southern open access initiatives, highlighting large‐scale infrastructure in Latin America and library‐based publishing in Africa, which express the true spirit of open access as a commons for knowledge as a public good.
Where Can the Crow Make Friends? Sci‐Hub's Activities in the Library of Development Studies and its Implications for the Field
Authors: Sagemüller Frederik , Meißner Luise , Mußhoff Oliver
Published: January 2021

This study examines data on the worldwide use of the shadow library website Sci‐Hub. It focuses particularly on the discipline of development studies, taking a critical look at current practices in scientific publishing and their implications for scientific conduct in this field. In the context of discussions about open science, the data demonstrate that Sci‐Hub represents an existing network of open access literature. The study first describes the extent and geographic distribution of download requests from Sci‐Hub and then identifies the underlying socio‐economic drivers (i.e. GDP and population). The authors find that Sci‐Hub is used the most by researchers from the global South, primarily from middle‐income countries, whereas researchers from the poorest countries in the data set use Sci‐Hub the least. This approach allows some conclusions to be drawn about factors that have an effect on a functioning open access network.
The effects of foreign aid on rebel governance: Evidence from a large‐scale US aid program in Syria
Authors: Carnegie Allison , Howe Kimberly , Lichtenheld Adam , Mukhopadhyay Dipali
Published: January 2021

Existing research generally finds that foreign aid is ineffective in bolstering perceptions of governance, especially in conflict‐affected countries. Yet while most studies have focused on aid provided to state actors, this paper examines the link between aid and popular support for governing institutions in rebel‐held territory. We argue that aid can improve opinions of these institutions when they are embedded in the demographic, aspirational, and experiential solidarities of their communities. To evaluate our theory, we analyze new perceptions of data collected from residents of 27 rebel‐held communities inside Syria from 2014 to 2016. We find a modest but positive effect of aid on perceptions of local institutions, but only when the institutions were not imposed by outside actors. These results are further supported by a case study of Raqqa City, which shows that aid only boosted citizens’ views of the local governing body when it was embedded within the community.
Effect on thickness of a single‐layer mouthguard of positional relationship between suction port of the vacuum forming device and the model
Authors: Takahashi Mutsumi , Bando Yogetsu
Published: January 2021

Background/Aim

Wearing a mouthguard reduces the risk of sport‐related injuries, but the thickness has a large effect on its efficacy and safety. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect on the thickness of a single‐layer mouthguard of the positional relationship between the suction port of the vacuum forming device and the model.

Materials and Methods

Ethylene‐vinyl‐acetate sheets of 4.0‐mm‐thickness and a vacuum forming machine were used. Two hard plaster models were prepared: Model A was 25‐mm at the anterior teeth and 20‐mm at the molar, and model B was trimmed so the bucco‐lingual width was half that of model A. Three model positions on the forming table were examined: (a) P20, where the model anterior rim was located in front of the suction port, (b) P30, where the model anterior rim and front edge of the suction port were close, and (c) P43, where the model anterior rim and palatal rim were located on the suction port. Six mouthguards were fabricated for each condition. Thickness differences due to model form and model position were analyzed.

Results

Thickness differences due to model form were observed at the incisal edge and labial surface, and model A was significantly thicker than model B in P43 (P<.01). The thickness of the incisal edge and labial surface was significantly greatest in P43 for model A, but in P30 for model B.

Conclusions

The effect of the model position on the forming table on suppressing the labial thickness reduction of the mouthguard depended on the bucco‐lingual width of the model. It is important to position the model anterior rim away from the sheet frame if the bucco‐lingual width of the model is large and to place the model anterior rim in front of the suction port if the width is small.
Dental students’ perceptions on a simulated practice using patient‐based customised typodonts during the transition from preclinical to clinical education
Authors: Lee Bora , Kim Jong‐Eun , Shin Seung‐Ho , Kim Jang‐Hyun , Park Ji‐Man , Kim Ki‐Yeol , Kim Soo‐Yoon , Shim June‐Sung
Published: January 2021

Purpose/Objectives

Dental students experience difficulties during the transition from preclinical to clinical curriculum. In order to help the students to adapt to the clinical education programme, a simulated practice using patient‐based customised models was introduced in this study to prepare for their first clinical practice.

Methods

This study included 45 third‐year predoctoral students (D3 students) who were about to perform the preparation of a single crown abutment on their first patient. After practicing abutment preparation using simulated models and providing the actual treatment to their own patient, the students were surveyed to investigate their perceptions on the simulated practice using the 3D‐printed customised typodont model. The statistical analysis of the quantitative data and the thematic analysis of the qualitative data were conducted.

Results

Regarding this simulation, more than 80% of the students gave positive feedback on their practice of (a) operative positions and postures, (b) finger rest, (c) occlusal reduction, (d) axial reduction and (e) proximal reduction. Student responses on the open‐ended questions about how they perceived the usefulness of this simulation were categorised as “First clinical case,” “Patient‐based model” and “Realistic simulation environment.” In addition, a number of improvements of the simulation were also suggested by the students including the typodont and the manikin.

Conclusions

This study gives insights into the significance of simulated practice using patient‐based customised typodonts as a transitional education tool and its direction of development in the field of restorative treatments accompanied by irreversible tooth preparations.
The action of hyaluronan in functional properties, morphology and expression of matrix effectors in mammary cancer cells depends on its molecular size
Authors: Tavianatou Anastasia‐Gerasimoula , Piperigkou Zoi , Koutsakis Christos , Barbera Carlo , Beninatto Riccardo , Franchi Marco , Karamanos Nikos K.
Published: January 2021

Breast cancer constitutes a heterogeneous disease. The expression profiles of estrogen receptors (ERs), as well as the expression patterns of extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules, determine its development and progression. Hyaluronan (HA) is an ECM molecule that regulates breast cancer cells' properties in a molecular size‐dependent way. Previous studies have shown that 200‐kDa HA fragments modulate the functional properties, morphology, and expression of several matrix mediators of the highly metastatic ERα−/ERβ+ MDA‐MB‐231 cells. In order to evaluate the effects of HA fragments (< 10, 30 and 200‐kDa) in ERβ‐suppressed breast cancer cells, the shERβ MDA‐MB‐231 cells were used. These cells are less aggressive when compared with MDA‐MB‐231 cells. To this end, the functional properties, the morphology, and the expression of the molecules associated with breast cancer cells metastatic potential were studied. Notably, both cell proliferation and invasion were significantly reduced after treatment with 200‐kDa HA. Moreover, as assessed by scanning electron microscopy, 200‐kDa HA affected cellular morphology, and as assessed by qPCR, upregulated the epithelial marker Ε‐cadherin. The expression profiles of ECM mediators, such as HAS2, CD44, and MMP7, were also altered. On the other hand, cellular migration and the expression levels of syndecan‐4 (SDC‐4) were not significantly affected in contrast to our observations regarding MDA‐MB‐231 cells. These novel data demonstrate that the molecular size of the HA determines its effects on ERβ‐suppressed breast cancer cells and that 200‐kDa HA exhibits antiproliferative effects on these cells. A deeper understanding of this mechanism may contribute to the development of therapeutic strategies against breast cancer.
The transcriptional regulation of normal and malignant blood cell development
Authors: Edginton‐White Benjamin , Bonifer Constanze
Published: January 2021

Development of multicellular organisms requires the differential usage of our genetic information to change one cell fate into another. This process drives the appearance of different cell types that come together to form specialized tissues sustaining a healthy organism. In the last decade, by moving away from studying single genes toward a global view of gene expression control, a revolution has taken place in our understanding of how genes work together and how cells communicate to translate the information encoded in the genome into a body plan. The development of hematopoietic cells has long served as a paradigm of development in general. In this review, we highlight how transcription factors and chromatin components work together to shape the gene regulatory networks controlling gene expression in the hematopoietic system and to drive blood cell differentiation. In addition, we outline how this process goes astray in blood cancers. We also touch upon emerging concepts that place these processes firmly into their associated subnuclear structures adding another layer of the control of differential gene expression.
Human transfer RNA modopathies: diseases caused by aberrations in transfer RNA modifications
Authors: Chujo Takeshi , Tomizawa Kazuhito
Published: January 2021

tRNA molecules are post‐transcriptionally modified by tRNA modification enzymes. Although composed of different chemistries, more than 40 types of human tRNA modifications play pivotal roles in protein synthesis by regulating tRNA structure and stability as well as decoding genetic information on mRNA. Many tRNA modifications are conserved among all three kingdoms of life, and aberrations in various human tRNA modification enzymes cause life‐threatening diseases. Here, we describe the class of diseases and disorders caused by aberrations in tRNA modifications as ‘tRNA modopathies’. Aberrations in over 50 tRNA modification enzymes are associated with tRNA modopathies, which most frequently manifest as dysfunctions of the brain and/or kidney, mitochondrial diseases, and cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms that link aberrant tRNA modifications to human diseases are largely unknown. In this review, we provide a comprehensive compilation of human tRNA modification functions, tRNA modification enzyme genes, and tRNA modopathies, and we summarize the elucidated pathogenic mechanisms underlying several tRNA modopathies. We will also discuss important questions that need to be addressed in order to understand the molecular pathogenesis of tRNA modopathies.
Interspecific and intraspecific phenotypic diversity for drought adaptation in bioenergy Arundo species
Authors: Faralli Michele , Williams Kevin , Corke Fiona , Li Mingai , Doonan John H. , Varotto Claudio
Published: January 2021

Biomass crops are commonly grown in low‐grade land and selection of drought‐tolerant accessions is of major importance to sustain productivity. In this work, we assess phenotypic variation under different environmental scenarios in a series of accessions of Arundo donax, and contrast it with two closely related species, Arundo donaciformis and Arundo plinii. Gas‐exchange and stomatal anatomy analysis showed an elevated photosynthetic capacity in A. plinii compared to A. donax and A. donaciformis with a significant intraspecific variation in A. donax. The three species showed significantly contrasting behaviour of transpiration under developing water stress and increasing vapour pressure deficit (VPD), with A. donax being the most conservative while A. plinii showed an elevated degree of insensitivity to environmental cues. Under optimal conditions, A. donax had the highest estimated leaf area (projected leaf area) and plant dry weight although a significant reduction under water stress was observed for A. donax and A. donaciformis accessions while no differences were recorded for A. plinii between optimal growing conditions (well‐watered [WW]) and reduced soil water availability (water‐stressed [WS]). A. donax displayed a markedly conservative water use behaviour but elevated sensitivity of biomass accumulation under stress conditions. By contrast, in A. plinii, biomass and transpiration were largely insensitive to WS and increasing VPD, though biomass dry weight under optimal conditions was significantly lower than A. donax. We provide evidence of interspecific phenotypic variation within the Arundo genus while the intraspecific phenotypic plasticity may be exploited for further selection of superior clones under disadvantageous environmental conditions. The extensive trade‐off between water use and biomass accumulation present in the three species under stress conditions provides a series of novel traits to be exploited in the selection of superior clones adapted to different environmental scenarios. Non‐destructive approaches are provided to screen large populations for water‐stress‐tolerant A. donax clones.
Boric acid as an adjunct to periodontal therapy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Bashir Nasir Zeeshan , Krstic Milan
Published: January 2021

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of boric acid as an adjunct to non‐surgical periodontal therapy, in comparison with a placebo adjunct, in terms of changes in probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL), in patients with periodontitis.

Methods

Four electronic databases were searched from inception to May 2020 (PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, EMBASE via OVID and Web of Science). Clinical outcomes were extracted, pooled and meta‐analyses conducted using mean difference with standard deviations.

Results

For PPD, a mean additional reduction of 0.58 mm (95% CI: −0.03–1.19 mm, p = 0.06) was observed at 3 months and a mean additional reduction of 1.18 mm (95% CI: 0.97–1.40 mm, p < 0.05) at 6 months, compared with placebo.

For CAL, a mean additional gain of 0.62 mm (95% CI: −0.07–1.32 mm, p = 0.08) was observed at 3 months and a mean additional gain of 1.24 mm (95% CI: 0.89–1.58 mm, p < 0.05) at 6 months, compared with placebo. No adverse events were reported in any studies.

Conclusions

The adjunctive use of boric acid in non‐surgical periodontal therapy results in improved treatment outcomes at 3 and 6 months, with no adverse events reported.
Comprehensive approach for preserving cavernous nerves and erectile function after radical prostatectomy in the era of robotic surgery
Authors: Haga Nobuhiro , Miyazaki Takeshi , Tsubouchi Kazuna , Okabe Yu , Shibayama Kan , Emoto Daiki , Matsuoka Wataru , Maruta Hiroko , Aoyagi Chikao , Matsuzaki Hiroshi , Irie Shinichiro , Nakamura Nobuyuki , Matsuoka Hirofumi
Published: January 2021

A nerve‐sparing procedure during robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy has been considered one of the most important techniques for preserving postoperative genitourinary function. The reason is that adequate nerve‐sparing procedures could preserve both erectile function and lower urinary tract function after surgery. When a nerve‐sparing procedure is carried out, the cavernous nerves themselves cannot be visualized, despite the magnified viewing field during robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy. Thus, nerve‐sparing procedures have been considered challenging operations, even now. However, because not all surgeons have carried out a sufficient number of nerve‐sparing procedures, the development of new nerve‐sparing procedures or new methods for mapping the cavernous nerves is required. Recently, various new operative techniques, for example, Retzius‐sparing robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy, transvesical robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy and retrograde release of neurovascular bundle technique during robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy, have been developed. In addition, new surgical devices, for example, biological/bioengineering solutions for cavernous nerve protection and devices for identifying the cavernous nerves during radical prostatectomy, have developed to preserve the cavernous nerves. In contrast, limitations or problems in preserving cavernous nerves and postoperative erectile function have become apparent. In particular, the recovery rate of erectile function, the positive surgical margin rate at the site of nerve‐sparing and the indications for nerve sparing have become obvious with the accumulation of much evidence. Furthermore, predictive factors for postoperative erectile function after nerve‐sparing procedures have also been clarified. In this article, the importance of a comprehensive approach for early recovery of erectile function in the robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy era is discussed.
Ubiquitin E3 ligase MID1 inhibits the innate immune response by ubiquitinating IRF3
Authors: Chen Xiangjie , Xu Ying , Tu Wenhui , Huang Fan , Zuo Yibo , Zhang Hong‐Guang , Jin Lincong , Feng Qian , Ren Tengfei , He Jiuyi , Miao Ying , Yuan Yukang , Zhao Qian , Liu Jiapeng , Zhang Renxia , Zhu Li , Qian Feng , Zhu Chuanwu , Zheng Hui , Wang Jun
Published: January 2021

Interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) is a critical transcription factor for inducing production of type I interferons (IFN‐I) and regulating host antiviral response. Although IRF3 activation during viral infection has been extensively studied, the inhibitory regulation of IRF3 remains largely unexplored. Here, we revealed that Midline‐1 (MID1) is a ubiquitin E3 ligase of IRF3 that plays essential roles in regulating the production of IFN‐I. We found that MID1 physically interacts with IRF3 and downregulates IRF3 protein levels. Next, we demonstrated that MID1 can induce K48‐linked polyubiquitination of IRF3, thus lowing the protein stability of IRF3. Our further studies identified Lys313 as a major ubiquitin acceptor lysine of IRF3 induced by MID1. Finally, MID1‐mediated ubiquitination and degradation of IRF3 restrict IFN‐I production and cellular antiviral response. This study uncovers a role of MID1 in regulating innate antiviral immunity and may provide a potential target for enhancing host antiviral activity.
Women entrepreneurs' digital social innovation: Linking gender, entrepreneurship, social innovation and information systems
Authors: Suseno Yuliani , Abbott Ling
Published: January 2021

This article responds to increasing discourses on digital social innovation (DSI) from the perspectives of women entrepreneurs. Using the individual differences theory of gender and information technology (IDTGIT), this research explores how digital technology is used by women entrepreneurs to create opportunities in response to the challenges associated with individual identity, individual influences, social influences and structural influences. We also extend the IDTGIT by exploring how technology is used by women entrepreneurs in their DSI ventures and how technology facilitates the social impact of such ventures. This paper draws on a qualitative study using interviews with 17 women entrepreneurs in Australia, and our findings indicate that individual identity, individual influences and social and structural influences play a significant role in inhibiting women entrepreneurs' business ventures but technology helps to create opportunities for women entrepreneurs to address these factors. We also found that technology plays a role in helping women entrepreneurs to pursue social innovation in two different ways: through social innovation that is embodied by technology and social innovation that is enabled by technology. Our findings further indicate the social impact of DSI in the areas of education, employment, environment and climate, community development and progress and healthcare. The theoretical and practical implications of DSI for women entrepreneurs are provided.
Reaction behaviors and specific exposed crystal planes manipulation mechanism of TiC nanoparticles
Authors: Dong Bai‐Xin , Ma Xu‐Dong , Liu Tian‐Shu , Li Qiang , Yang Hong‐Yu , Shu Shi‐Li , Zhang Bing‐Qi , Qiu Feng , Jiang Qi‐Chuan
Published: January 2021

Titanium carbide (TiC) nanoparticles with well‐designed exposed crystal planes perform intriguing prospects for functional and engineering applications. In this study, a simple and controllable in situ synthesis strategy was proposed for the synthesis of TiC nanoparticles with specific morphology. Reaction behaviors suggested that most of TiC nanoparticles were formed by an instantaneous reaction between Al3Ti and Al4C3 in the Al‐rich melt and the resultant morphology was controlled by the discrepant growing rates of (100) and (111) crystal planes. In addition, a growth morphology control model was presented for the prediction and manipulation of the morphology of TiC nanoparticles by the doping of different alloying elements Me (Me = Cu, Mg, Mn, Zn, and Si). According to the morphological observations and density functional theory analyses including the interface energy, charge density differences, and orbital hybridization: Cu, Mg, and Zn atoms could stabilize the Al/TiC(111) interface, whereas Mn and Si atoms promoted the rapid growing and disappearance of the TiC(111) planes in the Al melt. This work provides a feasible way to intelligently design and manipulate TiC nanoparticles with desirable exposed crystal planes, and exhibits a promising prospect for personalized applications.
Fine TiC dispersed Al2O3 composites fabricated via in situ reaction synthesis and conventional process
Authors: Shi Shengfang , Cho Sunghun , Goto Tomoyo , Sekino Tohru
Published: January 2021

To further improve the mechanical performance and reduce the percolation threshold by controlling microstructures, Al2O3‐TiC composites containing 0‐20 vol% TiC were fabricated via in situ reaction synthesis. Graphite (ATC) and carbon nanotubes (ATCT) were used as carbon sources. The composites were also fabricated via a conventional process using a TiC starting powder (AT). X‐ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy observation results indicated successful fabrication of the composites with various microstructures. TiC particles in ATCT were completely dispersed at grain boundaries, whereas in ATC and AT, these particles were either intragranular or intergranular dispersed. The composites could be listed as follows, ATCT > ATC > AT, that is, in descending order of the reinforcing flexural strength and fracture toughness. The nanoindentation measurement indicated the optimum hardening effect of ATCT. The ATCT composite also exhibited the highest fracture toughness, which was 49% higher than that of the monolithic Al2O3. Crack deflection was considered as the main toughening mechanism while crack bridging behavior also occurred in ATCT. For a given TiC content, ATCT exhibited the lowest electrical resistivity, owing mainly to the complete grain‐boundary dispersion of the relatively large TiC particles. The similarity of the Al2O3 grain size and TiC particle size of ATCT contributed to the lowest percolation threshold achieved (11.2%), which (to date) is the lowest value that has been reported for the Al2O3‐TiC system.
Characteristics of pedagogical change in integrating digital collaborative learning and their sustainability in a school culture: e‐CSAMR framework
Authors: Shamir‐Inbal Tamar , Blau Ina
Published: January 2021

Collaborative learning is perceived as an important component of Information Communication Technologies (ICT) integration in schools. The purpose of this study was to examine an initiative of the Ministry of Education that promoted intra‐school and inter‐school digital collaborative learning projects. The participants were 159 district ICT leaders, who designed 37 digital collaborative projects containing 73 learning activities to promote inter‐school student interactions. The study was conducted within the qualitative research paradigm through analysis of digital collaborative learning activities. Additionally, the participants were required to share their experiences regarding digital collaboration through an open‐ended online questionnaire. The thematic analysis revealed all four levels of the SAMR model, rating pedagogical changes during technological integration; the most common were the model's two middle levels: Augmentation and Modification. Moreover, we explored the degree of teamwork (information sharing, cooperation, or collaboration), complexity of collaboration (intra‐school vs. inter‐school) and sustainability of collaborative learning within the school culture. Most of the activities reflected the cooperation level of teamwork, while in the highest level—collaboration was less common. Surprisingly, complexity of collaboration and its sustainability in school culture were negatively interconnected. Regarding the extent of collaboration, some activities were categorized as “Islands of innovation,” the majority were comprehensive and conducted on the organizational level, while only few involved the wider community‐parents or other stakeholders. Based on the bottom‐up analysis of pedagogical changes in digital collaboration activities, we suggested a comprehensive e‐CSAMR framework. The implications for educational theory and practice are discussed.
Left atrial appendage morphology predicts the formation of left atrial appendage thrombus
Authors: Negrotto Sara M. , Lugo Ricardo M. , Metawee Mohamed , Kanagasundram Arvindh N. , Chidsey Geoffrey , Baker Michael T. , Michaud Gregory F. , Piana Robert N. , Benjamin Shoemaker Moore , Ellis Christopher Randall
Published: January 2021

Background

Nonchicken wing left atrial appendage (LAA) morphology is associated with higher risk for stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) than chicken wing (CW) morphology.

Objective

Assess whether LAA morphology predicts the formation of LAA thrombus independent of age, sex, presenting rhythm, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), or anticoagulant use.

Methods

A cross‐sectional analysis was performed on patients prospectively enrolled in the Vanderbilt LAA Registry or presenting for transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE) between January 1, 2015, and November 1, 2017 (n = 306). Two physicians independently reviewed TEEs interpreted as having LAA thrombus. Determination of LAA morphology, ejection velocity, and presence of thrombus (n = 102) were based on 0°, 45°, 90°, and 135° TEE views. The control cohort (n = 204) included consecutive AF patients undergoing TEE without LAA thrombus.

Results

LAA morphology in patients with LAA thrombus was: 35% windsock, 47% broccoli, and 12% CW. Windsock (odds ratio [OR], 4.0; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.7–9.3, p = .001) and broccoli (OR, 6.6; 95% CI: 2.6–16.6; p < .001) morphology were higher risk for thrombus compared to CW. Female sex predicted higher‐odds for LAA thrombus (OR, 2.6; 95% CI: 1.4–4.8; p = .002) as did LAA‐EV < 20 cm/s (OR, 11.12; 95% CI: 5.6–22.1). Anticoagulation use (OR, 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3–0.9; p = .03) and higher LVEF (OR, 0.95; 95% CI: 0.93–0.98; p < .001) were associated with lower risk. In patients with a CW morphology who had LAA thrombus, 4 of the 7 had an LAA‐EV < 20 cm/s and acute systolic heart failure with LVEF < 30% or active malignancy. In multivariable linear regression analysis controlling for presenting rhythm, anticoagulant use, age, sex, and LVEF, CW morphology appears relatively protective from LAA thrombus (p = .001).

Conclusion

CW LAA morphology appears relatively protective against the formation of LAA thrombus.
Healing of buccal gingival recessions following treatment with coronally advanced flap alone or combined with a cross‐linked hyaluronic acid gel. An experimental study in dogs
Authors: Shirakata Yoshinori , Nakamura Toshiaki , Kawakami Yoshiko , Imafuji Takatomo , Shinohara Yukiya , Noguchi Kazuyuki , Sculean Anton
Published: January 2021

Aim

To clinically and histologically evaluate in dogs the healing of gingival recessions treated with coronally advanced flap (CAF) with or without cross‐linked hyaluronic acid (HA).

Materials and methods

Gingival recession defects were surgically created on the vestibular side of both maxillary canines in 8 dogs. After 8 weeks of plaque accumulation, the 16 chronic defects were randomly treated with either CAF alone or CAF and HA‐gel (CAF/HA). Clinical and histological outcomes were evaluated at 10 weeks post‐surgically.

Results

Compared to baseline, the clinical measurements at 10 weeks revealed a statistically significant decrease in gingival recession for both CAF (p < 0.01) and CAF/HA (p < 0.001) groups. Statistically significant differences were found in clinical attachment level (p < 0.05) and width of gingival recession (p < 0.01) favouring the CAF/HA group. Bone formation was statistically significantly greater in the CAF/HA group than in the CAF group (1.84 ± 1.16 mm vs., 0.72 ± 0.62 mm, respectively, p < 0.05). Formation of cementum and connective tissue attachment were statistically significantly higher in the CAF/HA group compared with the CAF group (i.e. 4.31 ± 1.78 mm versus 2.40 ± 1.35 mm and 1.69 ± 0.98 mm versus 0.74 ± 0.68 mm, respectively (p < 0.05)).

Conclusions

The present data have for the first time provided histologic evidence for periodontal regeneration of gingival recession defects following treatment with CAF and HA.

Clinical relevance

The use of HA in conjunction with CAF may represent a novel modality for treating gingival recession defects.
Morphometric description and biological notes on the rare kitefin shark Dalatias licha (Chondrichthyes: Dalatidae) from the Hellenic waters
Authors: Kousteni Vasiliki
Published: January 2021

Deep‐sea sharks are among the less studied and most endangered elasmobranchs existing in the Mediterranean Sea, and therefore scientific research should be prioritized towards this vulnerable group of species. The aim of this study is to provide a morphometric description of the vulnerable kitefin shark by recording 55 standard morphometric measurements and to present its main biological features based on the examination of six historical specimens that were captured as by‐catch by commercial bottom trawlers in the Hellenic waters.
Diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis in a hooded capuchin (Sapajus apella)
Authors: Moresco Anneke , Han Sushan , Jankowski Gwen , Peterson Abigail
Published: January 2021

Spontaneous endometriosis is common in women, great apes and Old World monkeys, but rare in New World monkeys. We report on the clinical diagnosis and successful combination of surgical and medical treatment in a case of spontaneous endometriosis in a diabetic hooded capuchin. Addressing this painful condition had a positive welfare impact.
Ghrelin as a treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Ngo Shyuan T. , Wang Hao , Henderson Robert D. , Bowers Cyril , Steyn Frederik J.
Published: January 2021

Ghrelin is a gut hormone best known for its role in regulating appetite and stimulating the secretion of the anabolic hormone growth hormone (GH). However, there is considerable evidence to show wider‐ranging biological actions of ghrelin that favour improvements in cellular and systemic metabolism, as well as neuroprotection. Activation of these ghrelin‐mediated pathways may alleviate pathogenic processes that are assumed to contribute to accelerated progression of disease in patients with neurodegenerative disease. Here, we provide a brief overview on the history of discoveries that led to the identification of ghrelin. Focussing on the neurodegenerative disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), we also present an overview of emerging evidence that suggests that ghrelin and ghrelin mimetics may serve as potential therapies for the treatment of ALS. Given that ALS is a highly heterogeneous disease, where multiple disease mechanisms contribute to variability in disease onset and rate of disease progression, we speculate that the wide‐ranging biological actions of ghrelin might offer therapeutic benefit through modulating multiple disease‐relevant processes observed in ALS. Expanding on the well‐known actions of ghrelin in regulating food intake and GH secretion, we consider the potential of ghrelin‐mediated pathways in improving body weight regulation, metabolism and the anabolic and neuroprotective actions of GH and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1). This is of clinical significance because loss of body weight, impairments in systemic and cellular metabolism, and reductions in IGF‐1 are associated with faster disease progression and worse disease outcome in patients with ALS.
Enablers and barriers to progressing a clinical academic career in nursing, midwifery and allied health professions: A cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Avery Miriam , Westwood Greta , Richardson Alison
Published: January 2021

Aims and Objectives

This study aimed to understand the routes by which nurses, midwives and allied health professionals (NMAHPs) pursue and sustain a research career and the enablers and barriers to career progression.

Background

Robust evidence is central to practice and professional decision making of NMAHPs, with generation and translation of research arguably best led by those clinically active. Whilst countries like the UK and USA have fellowship schemes to support research career development, anecdotal reports suggest barriers exist in translating these opportunities into sustainable clinical academic careers.

Design

Online survey.

Methods

An online questionnaire addressing career choices, facilitators/barriers and support was emailed to 1074 past applicants (doctoral and post‐doctoral) to National Institute of Health Research fellowship schemes (awarded and rejected) in England between March and May 2017; 231 responded (25.6%). Study reporting adheres to STROBE checklist.

Results

Overall, 134 doctoral and 96 post‐doctoral applicants participated; two‐thirds were from allied health professions. Most were early in their research career.

Interest in research was most frequently sparked by interaction with people in research positions. Nearly half had their first research experience during their BSc project; though less often for nurses/midwives/health visitors (37.5%) than other NMAHPs (51.6%).

The award of a fellowship resulted in higher likelihood of being research‐active (doctoral level). Nearly three quarters pursuing a clinical academic career indicated ‘clearer career paths’ and ‘greater integration across clinical and academic departments’ were desirable. Most common barriers related to research roles, availability of positions and funding.

Conclusions

Fellowship schemes are important to NMAHPs’ research careers, but there are serious challenges to establishing and sustaining a career.

Relevance to clinical practice

Lack of a clear model of career progression, at national and local level, and barriers to creating joint posts impacts on capacity of clinical academics to strengthen integration of research with practice.
Retroperitoneal ectopic pregnancy: A case report and literature review
Authors: Hou Qingxiang , Xin Lingli , Jian Liyan , Pan Jingjing , Chen Ling , Song Weiru
Published: January 2021

Retroperitoneal ectopic pregnancy (REP) is a rare type of pregnancy with retroperitoneal implantation of the embryo. Herein, we report a case of a 29‐year‐old female with REP admitted in our department. Moreover, we review the literatures published previously reporting REP with the aim to improve the understanding of diagnosis and treatment of REP.
Cannabinoid receptor type‐1 and its correlation with CB1 gene polymorphism‐1359G/A in ectopic pregnancy compared to the control group
Authors: Moudi Bita , Heidari Zahra , Asemi‐Rad Azam , Mahmoudzadeh‐Sagheb Hamidreza , Sheibak Nadia , Ghasemi Marzieh , Eslami Sanaz
Published: January 2021

Aim

Ectopic pregnancy (EP) is one of the most important causes of maternal mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of the cannabinoid receptor type‐1 (CB1) and its association with CB1‐1359G/A gene polymorphism (rs1049353) in the fallopian tubes in EP compared to controls.

Methods

In this case–control study, 100 women with EP (cases) and 100 women that underwent abdominal surgery due to the hysterectomy or uterine tubal ligation (healthy controls) were included. Genotyping of CB1‐1359G/A polymorphism, tissue expression of CB1 at the protein and mRNA levels were studied using restriction fragment length polymorphism, IHC method, and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) analysis.

Results

Genotyping showed that in EP, the frequency of AA, AA+AG genotypes, and A allele was significantly higher than healthy control subjects (p = 0.001).

Also, patients with EP had significantly increased IHC expression of CB‐1 compared to the control samples (p = 0.016). Patients with AA and AG genotypes had a significantly higher IHC expression of CB‐1 compared to the GG genotype. qRT‐PCR analysis showed that patients with EP had significantly increased expression of CB‐1 compared to the control samples (p < 0.001). Patients with AA and AG genotypes had higher significant mRNA expression of CB‐1 compared to the GG genotype.

Conclusions

CB1 is likely to be effective in creating innate immunity in humans and can affect the process of EP in the fallopian tube. CB1 is also a pathological valuable factor in identifying the pathway of inflammation during ectopic implantation.
S‐cone contribution to the acute melatonin suppression response in humans
Authors: Brown Timothy M. , Thapan Kavita , Arendt Josephine , Revell Victoria L. , Skene Debra J.
Published: January 2021

Light influences diverse aspects of human physiology and behaviour including neuroendocrine function, the circadian system and sleep. A role for melanopsin‐expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in driving such effects is well established. However, rod and/or cone signals routed through ipRGCs could also influence “non‐visual” spectral sensitivity. In humans, this has been most extensively studied for acute, light‐dependent, suppression of nocturnal melatonin production. Of the published action spectra for melatonin suppression, one demonstrates a spectral sensitivity consistent with that expected for melanopsin while our own (using briefer 30 minute light exposures) displays very high sensitivity to short wavelength light, suggesting a contribution of S‐cones. To clarify that possibility, six healthy young male participants were each exposed to 30 minutes of five irradiances of 415 nm monochromatic light (1‐40 µW/cm2) across different nights. These data were then combined with the original action spectrum. The aggregated data are incompatible with the involvement of any single‐opsin and multi‐opsin models based on the original action spectrum (including Circadian Stimulus) fail to predict the responses to 415 nm stimuli. Instead, the extended action spectrum can be most simply approximated by an ~2:1 combination of melanopsin and S‐cone signals. Such a model also better describes the magnitude of melatonin suppression observed in other studies using an equivalent 30 minute mono‐ or polychromatic light paradigm but not those using longer (90 minute) light exposures. In sum, these data provide evidence for an initial S‐cone contribution to melatonin suppression that rapidly decays under extended light exposure.
Who’s getting the office? Party dominance and elected executives’ career path
Authors: Ramos Pastrana Julio A.
Published: January 2021

I examine the role of party dominance on elected politicians’ career path. Politicians’ career is divided between political and technical or administrative posts. To examine this relationship, I use data from the Mexican states over the period 2000‐2014. The paper exploits the 2008 US financial crisis as a source of exogenous variation in incumbents’ popularity level. Results support theoretical predictions that elected politicians’ profile in states with a dominant party changed more than in competitive states after the financial crisis. I find that after the 2008 US financial crisis, political experience of new elected governors in states with a dominant party decreased by 36 percentage points, on average, compared to states with no dominant party. Results are robust to different measures of political and technical or administrative career path.