bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges and Strategies for Pakistan in the Third Wave of COVID-19: A Mini Review
Authors: Kamran Kashif , Ali Abid
Published: August 2021

The world is currently gripped by the fear of the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The causative agent of COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that attacks humans without prejudice, and primarily targets the respiratory system. Pakistan is a developing country with a large population and a weak economy. Currently, it is facing a major challenge to cope with the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially the third wave. This fatal virus has increased its presence many folds in Pakistan. On average, 100 deaths per day were being recorded in the late spring of 2021. Delay in the acquisition of vaccine has slowed down the vaccination program for this disease. This in turn will accelerate the spreading of virus, and thus will lead to a lockdown situation.
Screening High-Risk Groups and the General Population for SARS-CoV-2 Nucleic Acids in a Mobile Biosafety Laboratory
Authors: Guo Zhimin , Li Lin , Song Yuanyuan , Xu Jiancheng , Huang Jing
Published: August 2021

The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has challenged public health systems worldwide. Therefore, large-scale testing capacity is extremely important diagnosis and exclusion diagnosis. However, fixed laboratories are limited or far away from remote areas. Fortunately, MBS-Lab is characterized by high mobility and rapid on-site detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid. MBS-Lab was first used in northern Australia during a melioidosis outbreak in 1997. The MBS-Lab and a well-trained diagnostic team were dispatched to Dongchang District, Tonghua City, Jilin Province, China to assist the SARS-CoV-2 virus screening and diagnosis on January 17, 2021. Altogether, 93,952 oropharyngeal swabs samples were collected and tested among the high-risk groups and the general population in Dongchang District. Two single samples were identified as positive in the second turn screening. In the second turn screening, 3 mixed samples (10 in 1) were identified as positive; 10 mixed samples were identified as positive in the third turn screening. By resampling again, one and four cases were identified as positive, respectively. The positive cases were properly isolated and treated in hospital and avoided to visit family members, friends, colleagues and any other persons. Through this way of large-scale screening, human-human spread of SARS-CoV-2 can be effectively avoided. In addition, all staff members strictly executed multiple safety precautions and reduce exposure risks. In the end, none of the staffs was infected with SARS-CoV-2 virus or other pathogens. As an emergency facility for infectious disease control, the MBS-Lab satisfies the requirements of ports and other remote areas far from fixed laboratories and supplements the capabilities of fixed laboratories.
Dosimetry of Various Human Bodies Exposed to Microwave Broadband Electromagnetic Pulses
Authors: Chakarothai Jerdvisanop , Wake Kanako , Fujii Katsumi
Published: August 2021

In this paper, human exposures to ultra-wideband (UWB) electromagnetic (EM) pulses in the microwave region are assessed using a frequency-dependent FDTD scheme previously proposed by the authors. Complex permittivity functions of all biological tissues used in the numerical analyses are accurately expressed by the four-term Cole–Cole model. In our method, we apply the fast inverse Laplace transform to determine the time-domain impulse response, utilize the Prony method to find the Z-domain representation, and extract residues and poles for use in the FDTD formulation. Update equations for the electric field are then derived via the Z-transformation. Firstly, we perform reflection and transmission analyses of a multilayer composed of six different biological tissues and then confirm the validity of the proposed method by comparison with analytical results. Finally, numerical dosimetry of various human bodies exposed to EM pulses from the front in the microwave frequency range is performed, and the specific energy absorption is evaluated and compared with that prescribed in international guidelines.
A Theory of Social Agency for Human-Robot Interaction
Authors: Jackson Ryan Blake , Williams Tom
Published: August 2021

Motivated by inconsistent, underspecified, or otherwise problematic theories and usages of social agency in the HRI literature, and leveraging philosophical work on moral agency, we present a theory of social agency wherein a social agent (a thing with social agency) is any agent capable of social action at some level of abstraction. Like previous theorists, we conceptualize agency as determined by the criteria of interactivity, autonomy, and adaptability. We use the concept of face from politeness theory to define social action as any action that threatens or affirms the face of a social patient. With these definitions in mind, we specify and examine the levels of abstraction most relevant to HRI research, compare notions of social agency and the surrounding concepts at each, and suggest new conventions for discussing social agency in our field.
Air Pollution, Climate Change, and Human Health in Indian Cities: A Brief Review
Authors: Kaur Rajveer , Pandey Puneeta
Published: August 2021

Climate change and air pollution have been a matter of serious concern all over the world in the last few decades. The present review has been carried out in this concern over the Indian cities with significant impacts of both the climate change and air pollution on human health. The expanding urban areas with extreme climate events (high rainfall, extreme temperature, floods, and droughts) are posing human health risks. The intensified heat waves as a result of climate change have led to the elevation in temperature levels causing thermal discomfort and several health issues to urban residents. The study also covers the increasing air pollution levels above the prescribed standards for most of the Indian megacities. The aerosols and PM concentrations have been explored and hazardous health impacts of particles that are inhaled by humans and enter the respiratory system have also been discussed. The air quality during COVID-2019 lockdown in Indian cities with its health impacts has also been reviewed. Finally, the correlation between climate change, air pollution, and urbanizations has been presented as air pollutants (such as aerosols) affect the climate of Earth both directly (by absorption and scattering) and indirectly (by altering the cloud properties and radiation transfer processes). So, the present review will serve as a baseline data for policy makers in analyzing vulnerable regions and implementing mitigation plans for tackling air pollution. The adaptation and mitigation measures can be taken based on the review in Indian cities to reciprocate human health impacts by regular air pollution monitoring and addressing climate change as well.
Who Feeds The Plants? Microbes!
Authors: Lacaze Aline , Zboralski Antoine , Joly David L.
Published: August 2021

Plants get their food from the soil they grow in. But this food is only available thanks to a great diversity of microbes, especially bacteria and fungi, that can chemically and mechanically transform materials in the soil into nutrients. These soil microbes have received a lot of attention from scientists all around the world, because these organisms could improve the way we grow our food and could make agriculture more sustainable. In this article, we explore some of the main mechanisms used by these microbes to feed plants.
Bacteria and Chemicals in My Bottled Water?!
Authors: Souza Helena de Oliveira , Quadra Gabrielle Rabelo , Costa Rafaela dos Santos , Brovini Emília Marques , Vilas-Boas Jéssica Andrade , Fernandez Marcos Antonio
Published: August 2021

As sale of bottled water has grown worldwide, the reuse of plastic bottles has also increased. Reusing plastic bottles is necessary to reduce plastic pollution. However, there are chemicals in the plastic that may end up in the bottled water. It is also possible to find bacteria in bottled water! These are only two of the problems plastic bottles can cause! They are also dangerous for the environment. If you want to better understand the issues with plastic water bottles and how to help prevent them, keep reading!
Practical Limits on Nanosatellite Telescope Pointing: The Impact of Disturbances and Photon Noise
Authors: Douglas Ewan S. , Tracy Kevin , Manchester Zachary
Published: August 2021

Accurate and stable spacecraft pointing is a requirement of many astronomical observations. Pointing particularly challenges nanosatellites because of an unfavorable surface area–to-mass ratio and a proportionally large volume required for even the smallest attitude control systems. This work explores the limitations on astrophysical attitude knowledge and control in a regime unrestricted by actuator precision or actuator-induced disturbances such as jitter. The external disturbances on an archetypal 6U CubeSat are modeled, and the limiting sensing knowledge is calculated from the available stellar flux and grasp of a telescope within the available volume. These inputs are integrated using a model-predictive control scheme. For a simple test case at 1 Hz, with an 85-mm telescope and a single 11th magnitude star, the achievable body pointing is predicted to be 0.39 arcseconds. For a more general limit, integrating available star light, the achievable attitude sensing is approximately 1 milliarcsecond, which leads to a predicted body pointing accuracy of 20 milliarcseconds after application of the control model. These results show significant room for attitude sensing and control systems to improve before astrophysical and environmental limits are reached.
RETRACTED: Open Nephroureterectomy Compared to Laparoscopic in Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Liu Guihong , Yao Zeqin , Chen Guoqiang , Li Yalang , Liang Bing
Published: August 2021

Background: In this meta-analysis, we will focus on evaluating the effects of open nephroureterectomy compared with laparoscopic nephroureterectomy on postoperative results in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma subjects.

Methods: A systematic literature search up to January 2021 was performed, and 36 studies included 23,013 subjects with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma at the start of the study; of them, 8,178 were laparoscopic nephroureterectomy, and 14,835 of them were open nephroureterectomy. They were reporting relationships between the efficacy and safety of open nephroureterectomy compared with laparoscopic nephroureterectomy in the treatment of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) or the mean difference (MD) with 95% CIs to evaluate the efficacy and safety of open nephroureterectomy compared with laparoscopic nephroureterectomy in the treatment of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma using the dichotomous or continuous method with a random or fixed-effect model.

Results: Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy in subjects with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma was significantly related to longer operation time (MD, 43.90; 95% CI, 20.91–66.90, p < 0.001), shorter hospital stay (MD, −1.71; 95% CI, −2.42 to −1.00, p < 0.001), lower blood loss (MD, −133.82; 95% CI, −220.92 to −46.73, p = 0.003), lower transfusion need (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.47–0.67, p < 0.001), and lower overall complication (OR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.70–0.90, p < 0.001) compared with open nephroureterectomy.

However, no significant difference was found between laparoscopic nephroureterectomy and open nephroureterectomy in subjects with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma in 2–5 years recurrence-free survival (OR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.69–1.18, p = 0.46), 2–5 years cancer-specific survival (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.69–1.28, p = 0.68), and 2–5 years overall survival (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 0.91–1.87, p = 0.15).

Conclusion: Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy in subjects with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma may have a longer operation time, shorter hospital stay, and lower blood loss, transfusion need, and overall complication compared to open nephroureterectomy. Further studies are required to validate these findings.
Experimental Research on the Influence of Roughness on Water Film Flow
Authors: Zhao Huanyu , Zhu Chunling , Zhao Ning , Zhu Chengxiang , Wang Zhengzhi
Published: August 2021

Icing phenomena are one of the hot issues in the aviation field, which has attracted the attention of many manufacturers. The physical process of water film flow determines the position and amount of icing. In this paper, the flow process of water film on a rough surface is studied. An experimental platform was built in a wind tunnel, and the digital image processing (DIP) technology was used to measure the water film flow. The water film flow under different roughness conditions of the plate was obtained in the experiments. The correction model of interfacial shear coefficient is established, and the influence of roughness on water film flow is deduced. The relationship obtained in this paper can provide data support for the study of gas-water coupled flows on rough surfaces.
Dwarf and Tall Elephantgrass Genotypes under Irrigation as Forage Sources for Ruminants: Herbage Accumulation and Nutritive Value
Authors: Souza Rayanne Thalita de Almeida , dos Santos Mércia Virginia Ferreira , Cunha Márcio Vieira da , Gonçalves Geane Dias , Silva Valdson José da , Mello Alexandre Carneiro Leão de , Muir James Pierre , Ribeiro Robson Elpídio Pereira , Dubeux José Carlos Batista
Published: August 2021

This two-year study evaluated the effect of Pennisetum purpureum genotypes under rainfed or irrigated conditions, during the dry and rainy seasons, on herbage, leaf, and stem dry matter (DM) accumulation rates, nutritive value, and carbohydrate and protein fractionation. Treatments were tall (Iri 381 and Elefante B) or dwarf (Mott and Taiwan A-146 2.37) genotypes under rainfed or irrigated conditions. Taiwan A-146 2.37 (146 kg DM ha per day) showed similar herbage accumulation rate (HAR) to tall genotypes during the rainy season (124 and 150 kg DM/ha per day, respectively). Dwarf genotypes showed differences in leaf accumulation rate (LAR) (66 and 49 kg DM/ha per day). Mott leaf had less neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (589 g/kg DM) than Taiwan A-146 2.37 (598 g/kg DM), and tall genotypes had generally greater NDF (668 g/kg DM) than the dwarf genotypes. Irrigation increased fiber deposition in the leaf. Stems of all genotypes had lower in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) (378 g/kg DM) under rainfed conditions in the rainy season. Leaf from irrigated plots had 23% more carbohydrate C fraction (160 g/kg CHO) than those from rainfed plots (122 g/kg CHO). Dwarf genotypes had generally greater nutritive value than tall genotypes. These genotypes show promise under irrigation to fill forage gaps during dry periods.
Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Agriculture and Food Production Systems in Africa: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mshana Stephen E. , Sindato Calvin , Matee Mecky I. , Mboera Leonard E. G.
Published: August 2021

In Africa, there is dearth of information on antimicrobial use (AMU) in agriculture and food production systems and its consequential resistance in pathogens that affect animal, human and environmental health. Data published between 1980 and 2021 on the magnitude of AMU and AMR in agriculture and food productions systems in Africa were reviewed. Data from 13–27 countries in Africa indicate that 3558–4279 tonnes of antimicrobials were used in animals from 2015 to 2019. Tetracyclines and polypeptides contributed the largest proportion of antimicrobials used. Cattle and poultry production account for the largest consumption of antimicrobials in Africa. Although limited studies have reported AMR in crops, fish and beekeeping, AMR from a variety of farm animals has been substantially documented in Africa. Some countries in Africa have developed policies/plans to address AMU and AMR in agriculture and food production systems; however, their enforcement is challenged by weak regulations. In conclusion, although there is limited information on the quantities of antimicrobials used in agriculture and food production system, the levels of AMR are high. There is a need to strengthen regulatory authorities with a capacity to monitor AMU in agriculture and food production systems in Africa.
Demyristoylation of the Cytoplasmic Redox Protein Trx-h2 Is Critical for Inducing a Rapid Cold Stress Response in Plants
Authors: Lee Eun Seon , Park Joung Hun , Wi Seong Dong , Chae Ho Byoung , Paeng Seol Ki , Bae Su Bin , Phan Kieu Anh Thi , Kim Min Gab , Kwak Sang-Soo , Kim Woe-Yeon , Yun Dae-Jin , Lee Sang Yeol
Published: August 2021

In Arabidopsis, the cytosolic redox protein thioredoxin h2 (Trx-h2) is anchored to the cytoplasmic endomembrane through the myristoylated second glycine residue (Gly2). However, under cold stress, the cytosolic Trx-h2 is rapidly translocated to the nucleus, where it interacts with and reduces the cold-responsive C-repeat-binding factors (CBFs), thus activating cold-responsive (COR) genes. In this study, we investigated the significance of fatty acid modification of Trx-h2 under cold conditions by generating transgenic Arabidopsis lines in the trx-h2 mutant background, overexpressing Trx-h2 (Trx-h2OE/trx-h2) and its point mutation variant Trx-h2(G/A) [Trx-h2(G/A)OE/trx-h2], in which the Gly2 was replaced by alanine (Ala). Due to the lack of Gly2, Trx-h2(G/A) was incapable of myristoylation, and a part of Trx-h2(G/A) localized to the nucleus even under warm temperature. As no time is spent on the demyristoylation and subsequent nuclear translocation of Trx-h2(G/A) under a cold snap, the ability of Trx-h2(G/A) to protect plants from cold stress was greater than that of Trx-h2. Additionally, COR genes were up-regulated earlier in Trx-h2(G/A)2OE/trx-h2 plants than in Trx-h2OE/trx-h2 plants under cold stress. Consequently, Trx-h2(G/A)2OE/trx-h2 plants showed greater cold tolerance than Col-0 (wild type) and Trx-h2OE/trx-h2 plants. Overall, our results clearly demonstrate the significance of the demyristoylation of Trx-h2 in enhancing plant cold/freezing tolerance.
A Multi-Objective Hybrid Genetic Algorithm for Sizing and Siting of Renewable Distributed Generation
Authors: Zanin Paulo S. , Garcés Negrete Lina Paola , Brigatto Gelson A. A. , López-Lezama Jesús M.
Published: August 2021

Renewable generation has been addressed in several aspects but it still represents a new paradigm for the expansion of the electricity supply. This paper aims to propose a new model for the sizing and siting problem of distributed generation (DG), based on renewable sources and considering three main aspects: technical, from the distribution utility viewpoint; economical, from the DG owner’s viewpoint, and environmental, from a sustainability perspective. A multi-objective Genetic Algorithm and the Maximin metric are implemented to obtain optimal Pareto sets; also, three decision criteria, considering the concept of preference, are applied to select a final solution from Pareto sets. Case-studies are carried out in medium voltage systems: the 69-bus distribution test system, known from literature, and a 918-bus Brazilian distribution system. Diversity of alternatives in the obtained Pareto sets testify algorithm effectiveness in searching for solutions to the distributed generation sizing and siting problem, in order to ensure power loss reductions, investment return, and environmental benefits. The proposed methodology contributes to the discussions and perspectives among electricity utilities, DG owners, society, and regulators regarding planning and decision making tools.
Valkyrie—Design and Development of Gaits for Quadruped Robot Using Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Srinivas Taarun , Madhusudhan Adithya Krishna Karigiri , Manohar Lokeshwaran , Stephen Pushpagiri Nikhit Mathew , Ramanathan Kuppan Chetty , Janardhanan Mukund , Nielsen Izabela
Published: August 2021

Over the past decades, developments and scientific breakthroughs in the field of robotics have shown the replacement of wheeled robots with legged robots, which are often inspired by the biological characteristics of legged animals. Many industries and urban-based applications promote quadruped robots because of their dexterous ability to efficiently handle multiple tasks in the working environment. Motivated from the recent works in the field of quadruped robots, this research aims to develop and investigate gaits for a 2 DoF mammal-inspired quadruped robot that incorporates 4 hip and 4 knee servo motors as its locomotion element. Forward and inverse kinematic techniques are used to determine the joint angle required for the locomotion and stability calculation are presented to determine the center of mass/center of gravity of the robot. Three types of gaits such as walk, trot, and pace are developed while keeping the center of mass inside the support polygon using a closed-loop control system. To minimize errors and improve the performance of the robot due to its non-linearity, a meta-heuristic algorithm has been developed and addressed in this work. The fitness function is derived based on the Euclidean distance between the target and robot’s current position and kinematic equations are used to obtain the relation between joints and coordinates. Based on the literature, particle swarm optimization (PSO) was found to be a promising algorithm for this problem and is developed using Python’s ‘Pyswarms’ package. Experimental studies are carried out quantitatively to determine the convergence characteristics of the control algorithm and to investigate the distance traveled by the robot for different target positions and gaits. Comparison between experimental and theoretical results prove the efficiency of the proposed algorithm and stability of the robot during various gait movements.
Spatiotemporal Inversion and Mechanism Analysis of Surface Subsidence in Shanghai Area Based on Time-Series InSAR
Authors: Li Jiahao , Zhou Lv , Ren Chao , Liu Lilong , Zhang Di , Ma Jun , Shi Yujun
Published: August 2021

Abnormal surface subsidence has become a widespread geological problem being faced by cities. As a first-tier city in the world, there are problems such as unclear analysis of subsidence mechanism. Therefore, the monitoring of the Shanghai surface is particularly important. In this paper, the Sentinel-1A satellite SAR image data of 36 scenes covering Shanghai area from January 2018 to March 2020 were processed on the basis of time-series interferometry synthetic aperture radar technique. The subsidence rate field and accumulated surface subsidence in Shanghai area during the study period were obtained, and the spatial–temporal distribution characteristics of subsidence in the study area were discussed and analyzed from many different aspects. Moreover, the correlation between regional subsidence and geological structure, precipitation, urbanization, and other influencing factors were analyzed and established. Results show that the non-uniform subsidence in Shanghai area is clear, and those of the districts of eastern Songjiang, southern Jinshan, and Fengxian are more serious with a maximum subsidence rate of −26.2 mm/year. After analyzing the causes of subsidence, the special foundation of soft soil in Shanghai area is determined as the main reason for the subsidence, and the uneven subsidence is mainly caused by the over-exploitation of groundwater, human activities, and the subsidence of soil layer. Through comparative analysis, factors, such as rainfall, groundwater, and urbanization process, have high correlation with surface subsidence.
Towards Possible Laminar Channels through Turbulent Atmospheres in a Multifractal Paradigm
Authors: Roșu Iulian-Alin , Nica Dragos-Constantin , Cazacu Marius Mihai , Agop Maricel
Published: August 2021

In this paper, developments are made towards simulating complex atmospheric behavior using turbulent energy cascade staging models developed through scale relativity theories. Such theoretical considerations imply gauges that describe atmospheric parameters as multifractal functions undertaking scale symmetry breaking at each stage of the turbulent energy cascade. It is found that gauges of higher complexity (in this case, a Riccati-type gauge) can exhibit more complex behavior accordingly, such as both dilation and contraction, but properly parameterizing the solutions formed by these gauges in terms of turbulent staging can be challenging given the multiple constants and parameters. However, it is found that a logistic-type approximation of the multifractal equations of motion that describe turbulent atmospheric entities can be coupled with a model produced by a simpler gauge, and this combination can reveal instances of laminar, or otherwise non-chaotic, behavior in a given turbulent flow at certain scales. Employing the theory with elastic lidar data, quasi-laminar behavior is found in the vicinity of the planetary boundary layer height, and laminar channels are revealed throughout an atmospheric column—these might be used to reveal complex vertical transport behavior in the atmospheric column.
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) in COVID-19
Authors: Picciotti Pasqualina Maria , Passali Giulio Cesare , Sergi Bruno , De Corso Eugenio
Published: August 2021

Objective: The purpose of this article is to describe BPPV in COVID-19 patients by discussing the possible mechanisms underlying the onset of this vertigo. Methods: We studied eight patients (4 F, 4 M, aged between 44 and 69 years) with COVID-19 infections complaining of vertigo. Patients were evaluated at the end of infection with an accurate clinical history, and the investigation of spontaneous, positional and positioning nystagmus. Results: The vestibular findings showed benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) in all the patients. Three patients had a mild phenotype of the COVID infection, whereas five subjects were hospitalized for the COVID infection and in three cases intensive care was required. Vestibular evaluation showed an involvement of posterior semicircular canals in five patients and horizontal in three. Three patients were treated with the Epley maneuver, two with Semont, one with Lempert and two with Gufoni maneuvers. Conclusions: We hypothesize that BPPV in COVID-19 infections can be relate to drugs, prolonged bed rest and to direct damage by viral infection on the peripheral vestibular system and in particular on the otolitic membrane due to the cytopathic effect of the virus and to the inflammatory response. Studies on large series of patients are needed to confirm our preliminary observation and to better evaluate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying BPPV in these patients.
Spherical Linear Diophantine Fuzzy Soft Rough Sets with Multi-Criteria Decision Making
Authors: Hashmi Masooma Raza , Tehrim Syeda Tayyba , Riaz Muhammad , Pamucar Dragan , Cirovic Goran
Published: August 2021

Modeling uncertainties with spherical linear Diophantine fuzzy sets (SLDFSs) is a robust approach towards engineering, information management, medicine, multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) applications. The existing concepts of neutrosophic sets (NSs), picture fuzzy sets (PFSs), and spherical fuzzy sets (SFSs) are strong models for MCDM. Nevertheless, these models have certain limitations for three indexes, satisfaction (membership), dissatisfaction (non-membership), refusal/abstain (indeterminacy) grades. A SLDFS with the use of reference parameters becomes an advanced approach to deal with uncertainties in MCDM and to remove strict limitations of above grades. In this approach the decision makers (DMs) have the freedom for the selection of above three indexes in [0,1]. The addition of reference parameters with three index/grades is a more effective approach to analyze DMs opinion. We discuss the concept of spherical linear Diophantine fuzzy numbers (SLDFNs) and certain properties of SLDFSs and SLDFNs. These concepts are illustrated by examples and graphical representation. Some score functions for comparison of LDFNs are developed. We introduce the novel concepts of spherical linear Diophantine fuzzy soft rough set (SLDFSRS) and spherical linear Diophantine fuzzy soft approximation space. The proposed model of SLDFSRS is a robust hybrid model of SLDFS, soft set, and rough set. We develop new algorithms for MCDM of suitable clean energy technology. We use the concepts of score functions, reduct, and core for the optimal decision. A brief comparative analysis of the proposed approach with some existing techniques is established to indicate the validity, flexibility, and superiority of the suggested MCDM approach.
Metabolomics Profiling of Cystic Renal Disease towards Biomarker Discovery
Authors: Sriwi Dalia , Alabdaljabar Mohamad S. , Jacob Minnie , Mujamammi Ahmed H. , Gu Xinyun , Sabi Essa M. , Li Liang , Hussein Maged H. , Dasouki Majed , Abdel Rahman Anas M.
Published: August 2021

Cystic renal disease (CRD) comprises a heterogeneous group of genetic and acquired disorders. The cystic lesions are detected through imaging, either incidentally or after symptoms develop, due to an underlying disease process. In this study, we aim to study the metabolomic profiles of CRD patients for potential disease-specific biomarkers using unlabeled and labeled metabolomics using low and high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS), respectively. Dried-blood spot (DBS) and serum samples, collected from CRD patients and healthy controls, were analyzed using the unlabeled and labeled method. The metabolomics profiles for both sets of samples and groups were collected, and their data were processed using the lab’s standard protocol. The univariate analysis showed (FDR p < 0.05 and fold change 2) was significant to show a group of potential biomarkers for CRD discovery, including uridine diphosphate, cystine-5-diphosphate, and morpholine. Several pathways were involved in CRD patients based on the metabolic profile, including aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, purine and pyrimidine, glutathione, TCA cycle, and some amino acid metabolism (alanine, aspartate and glutamate, arginine and tryptophan), which have the most impact. In conclusion, early CRD detection and treatment is possible using a metabolomics approach that targets alanine, aspartate, and glutamate pathway metabolites.
Chalcones: Synthetic Chemistry Follows Where Nature Leads
Authors: Jasim Hiba A. , Nahar Lutfun , Jasim Mohammad A. , Moore Sharon A. , Ritchie Kenneth J. , Sarker Satyajit D.
Published: August 2021

Chalcones belong to the flavonoid class of phenolic compounds. They form one of the largest groups of bioactive natural products. The potential anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiparasitic properties of naturally occurring chalcones, and their unique chemical structural features inspired the synthesis of numerous chalcone derivatives. In fact, structural features of chalcones are easy to construct from simple aromatic compounds, and it is convenient to perform structural modifications to generate functionalized chalcone derivatives. Many of these synthetic analogs were shown to possess similar bioactivities as their natural counterparts, but often with an enhanced potency and reduced toxicity. This review article aims to demonstrate how bioinspired synthesis of chalcone derivatives can potentially introduce a new chemical space for exploitation for new drug discovery, justifying the title of this article. However, the focus remains on critical appraisal of synthesized chalcones and their derivatives for their bioactivities, linking to their interactions at the biomolecular level where appropriate, and revealing their possible mechanisms of action.
Toll-like Receptor 2 as a Marker Molecule of Advanced Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Sobstyl Małgorzata , Niedźwiedzka-Rystwej Paulina , Hrynkiewicz Rafał , Bębnowska Dominika , Korona-Głowniak Izabela , Pasiarski Marcin , Sosnowska-Pasiarska Barbara , Smok-Kalwat Jolanta , Góźdź Stanisław , Sobstyl Anna , Polkowski Wojciech , Roliński Jacek , Grywalska Ewelina
Published: August 2021

Ovarian cancer is a global problem that affects women of all ages. Due to the lack of effective screening tests and the usually asymptomatic course of the disease in the early stages, the diagnosis is too late, with the result that less than half of the patients diagnosed with ovarian cancer (OC) survive more than five years after their diagnosis. In this study, we examined the expression of TLR2 in the peripheral blood of 50 previously untreated patients with newly diagnosed OC at various stages of the disease using flow cytometry. The studies aimed at demonstrating the usefulness of TLR2 as a biomarker in the advanced stage of ovarian cancer. In this study, we showed that TLR2 expression levels were significantly higher in women with more advanced OC than in women in the control group. Our research sheds light on the prognostic potential of TLR2 in developing new diagnostic approaches and thus in increasing survival in patients with confirmed ovarian cancer.
Beyond the Usual Suspects: Physiological Roles of the Arabidopsis Amidase Signature (AS) Superfamily Members in Plant Growth Processes and Stress Responses
Authors: Moya-Cuevas José , Pérez-Alonso Marta-Marina , Ortiz-García Paloma , Pollmann Stephan
Published: August 2021

The diversification of land plants largely relies on their ability to cope with constant environmental fluctuations, which negatively impact their reproductive fitness and trigger adaptive responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this limiting landscape, cumulative research attention has centred on deepening the roles of major phytohormones, mostly auxins, together with brassinosteroids, jasmonates, and abscisic acid, despite the signaling networks orchestrating the crosstalk among them are so far only poorly understood. Accordingly, this review focuses on the Arabidopsis Amidase Signature (AS) superfamily members, with the aim of highlighting the hitherto relatively underappreciated functions of AMIDASE1 (AMI1) and FATTY ACID AMIDE HYDROLASE (FAAH), as comparable coordinators of the growth-defense trade-off, by balancing auxin and ABA homeostasis through the conversion of their likely bioactive substrates, indole-3-acetamide and N-acylethanolamine.
Does the Lightning Process Training Programme Reduce Chronic Fatigue in Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Survivors? A Mixed-Methods Pilot Study
Authors: Fauske Lena , Bruland Øyvind S. , Dahl Alv A. , Myklebostad Aase , Reme Silje E.
Published: August 2021

Background: We report on a pilot intervention study exploring the efficacy of the Lightning Process® training programme for reducing chronic fatigue and improving health-related quality of life in cancer survivors. Methods: 13 adolescent and young adult cancer survivors previously treated for sarcoma or Hodgkin lymphoma were enrolled. A mixed-methods approach was applied. This involved the use of five validated patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) questionnaires at baseline and the three- and six-month follow-up points to obtain quantitative data. Semi-structured interviews were conducted after the intervention with emphasis on the participants’ experiences and outcomes. A reflexive thematic analysis was applied to the transcripts. Results: A significant reduction (p < 0.001) in the total fatigue score from baseline to the three- and six-month follow-up points was documented. The correlation coefficients between the various PROMs at baseline and the six-month follow-up point indicated considerable overlap between the measures. The qualitative findings of the interviews corresponded well with the PROM findings. Most participants experienced both less fatigue and explicit improvement in their energy level. The aspects of the intervention found to be particularly helpful were the theoretical rationale and the coping techniques mediated. Conclusion: These encouraging results here reported should be of interest to the general oncological community, although they require confirmation through a larger and controlled study.
Oral Proliferative Verrucous Leukoplakia: Progression to Malignancy and Clinical Implications. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Palaia Gaspare , Bellisario Amelia , Pampena Riccardo , Pippi Roberto , Romeo Umberto
Published: August 2021

Aim: The aim of the present systematic review was to investigate the risk of malignant transformation of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL). Materials and Methods: the search was carried out using a combination of terms (leukoplakia OR leucoplakia) AND (multifocal OR proliferative) on the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science (WOS Core Collection), Cochrane Library, selecting only articles published since 1985 and in the English language. Demographic, disease-related, and follow-up data extracted from the studies included in the qualitative synthesis were combined. Weighted means ± standard deviations were calculated for continuous variables, while categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages. Dichotomous outcomes were expressed as odd ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Odd ratios for individual studies were combined using a random-effects meta-analysis, conducted using Review Manager 5.4 Software (Cochrane Community, Oxford, England). Results: twenty-two articles were included, with a total of 699 PVL patients, undergoing a mean follow-up of 7.2 years. Sixty-six percent of patients were females, with a mean age of 70.2 years, and 33.3% were males, with a mean age of 59.6 years. Most patients were non-smokers and non-alcohol users, and the gingiva/alveolar ridge mucosa was the most involved anatomical site by both PVL appearance and malignant transformation. A total of 320 PVL patients developed oral verrucous carcinoma (OVC) or conventional oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) because of malignant transformation of PVL lesions (45.8%). A statistically significant 3.8-fold higher risk of progression to conventional OSCC was found compared to OVC in PVL patients, with women being 1.7 times more likely to develop oral cancer than men, as a consequence of PVL progression. Moreover, a statistically significant higher likelihood of developing conventional OSCC in female PVL patients than in males was found. In 46.5% of patients with PVL malignant transformation, multiple carcinomas, in different oral sites, occurred during follow-up. Conclusions: PVL is an aggressive lesion, which, in a high percentage of cases (almost 50%), undergoes malignant transformation, mainly toward OSCC. The female gender is most affected, especially in the elderly, with a negative history for alcohol and tobacco consumption.
Efficient Asymmetric Simmons-Smith Cyclopropanation and Diethylzinc Addition to Aldehydes Promoted by Enantiomeric Aziridine-Phosphines
Authors: Buchcic-Szychowska Aleksandra , Adamczyk Justyna , Marciniak Lena , Pieczonka Adam Marek , Zawisza Anna , Leśniak Stanisław , Rachwalski Michał
Published: August 2021

During an implementation of current research, a set of optically pure chiral aziridines and aziridine imines bearing a phosphine moiety was prepared with high values of chemical yield. The above chiral heteroorganic derivatives were tested for catalytic utility as chiral ligands in asymmetric Simmons-Smith cyclopropanation and asymmetric diethylzinc addition to various aldehydes. Most of the desired products were formed in high chemical yields, with satisfactory values of enantiomeric excess (sometimes more than 90%) and diastereomeric ratios (in case of cyclopropanation reaction).
Cystatin C Deficiency Increases LPS-Induced Sepsis and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Mice
Authors: Biasizzo Monika , Trstenjak-Prebanda Mojca , Dolinar Klemen , Pirkmajer Sergej , Završnik Janja , Turk Boris , Kopitar-Jerala Nataša
Published: August 2021

Cystatin C is a potent cysteine protease inhibitor that plays an important role in various biological processes including cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the role of CstC in inflammation is still unclear. In this study we demonstrated that cystatin C-deficient mice were significantly more sensitive to the lethal LPS-induced sepsis. We further showed increased caspase-11 gene expression and enhanced processing of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in CstC KO bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) upon LPS and ATP stimulation. Pre-treatment of BMDMs with the cysteine cathepsin inhibitor E-64d did not reverse the effect of CstC deficiency on IL-1β processing and secretion, suggesting that the increased cysteine cathepsin activity determined in CstC KO BMDMs is not essential for NLRP3 inflammasome activation. The CstC deficiency had no effect on (mitochondrial) reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, the MAPK signaling pathway or the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. However, CstC-deficient BMDMs showed dysfunctional autophagy, as autophagy induction via mTOR and AMPK signaling pathways was suppressed and accumulation of SQSTM1/p62 indicated a reduced autophagic flux. Collectively, our study demonstrates that the excessive inflammatory response to the LPS-induced sepsis in CstC KO mice is dependent on increased caspase-11 expression and impaired autophagy, but is not associated with increased cysteine cathepsin activity.
Establishment of Pancreatobiliary Cancer Zebrafish Avatars for Chemotherapy Screening
Authors: Tavares Barroso Mariana , Costa Bruna , Rebelo de Almeida Cátia , Castillo Martin Mireia , Couto Nuno , Carvalho Tânia , Fior Rita
Published: August 2021

Background: Cancers of the pancreas and biliary tree remain one of the most aggressive oncological malignancies, with most patients relying on systemic chemotherapy. However, effective biomarkers to predict the best therapy option for each patient are still lacking. In this context, an assay able to evaluate individual responses prior to treatment would be of great value for clinical decisions. Here we aimed to develop such a model using zebrafish xenografts to directly challenge pancreatic cancer cells to the available chemotherapies. Methods: Zebrafish xenografts were generated from a Panc-1 cell line to optimize the pancreatic setting. Pancreatic surgical resected samples, without in vitro expansion, were used to establish zebrafish patient-derived xenografts (zAvatars). Upon chemotherapy exposure, zAvatars were analyzed by single-cell confocal microscopy. Results: We show that Panc-1 zebrafish xenografts are able to reveal tumor responses to both FOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine plus nanoparticle albumin-bound (nab)-paclitaxel in just 4 days. Moreover, we established pancreatic and ampullary zAvatars with patient-derived tumors representative of different histological types. Conclusion: Altogether, we provide a short report showing the feasibility of generating and analyzing with single-cell resolution zAvatars from pancreatic and ampullary cancers, with potential use for future preclinical studies and personalized treatment.
2-Phenylimidazole Corrosion Inhibitor on Copper: An XPS and ToF-SIMS Surface Analytical Study
Authors: Finšgar Matjaž
Published: August 2021

This work presents a surface analytical study of the corrosion inhibitor 2-phenylimidazole (2PhI) adsorbed on a Cu surface from 3 wt.% NaCl solution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) were used to investigate the surface phenomena. Various XPS experiments were performed, i.e., survey- and angle-resolved high-resolution XPS spectra measurements, gas cluster ion beam sputtering in conjunction with XPS measurements, and XPS imaging in conjunction with principal component analysis. These measurements were used to detail the composition of the surface layer at depth. In addition, various ToF-SIMS experiments were performed, such as positive ion ToF-SIMS spectral measurements, ToF-SIMS imaging, and cooling/heating in conjunction with ToF-SIMS measurements. This study shows that organometallic complexes were formed between 2PhI molecules and Cu ions, that the surface layer contained entrapped NaCl, that the surface layer contained some Cu(II) species (but the majority of species were Cu(I)-containing species), that the surface was almost completely covered with a combination of 2PhI molecules and organometallic complex, and that the temperature stability of these species increases when 2PhI is included in the organometallic complex.
An Improved Extended Kalman Filter for Radar Tracking of Satellite Trajectories
Authors: Coelho Milca de Freitas , Bousson Kouamana , Ahmed Kawser
Published: August 2021

Nonlinear state estimation problem is an important and complex topic, especially for real-time applications with a highly nonlinear environment. This scenario concerns most aerospace applications, including satellite trajectories, whose high standards demand methods with matching performances. A very well-known framework to deal with state estimation is the Kalman Filters algorithms, whose success in engineering applications is mostly due to the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Despite its popularity, the EKF presents several limitations, such as exhibiting poor convergence, erratic behaviors or even inadequate linearization when applied to highly nonlinear systems. To address those limitations, this paper suggests an improved Extended Kalman Filter (iEKF), where a new Jacobian matrix expansion point is recommended and a Frobenius norm of the cross-covariance matrix is suggested as a correction factor for the a priori estimates. The core idea is to maintain the EKF structure and simplicity but improve its accuracy. In this paper, two case studies are presented to endorse the proposed iEKF. In both case studies, the classic EKF and iEKF are implemented, and the obtained results are compared to show the performance improvement of the state estimation by the iEKF.
Current Trends and Controversies in the Management of Warthin Tumor of the Parotid Gland
Authors: Quer Miquel , Hernandez-Prera Juan C. , Silver Carl E. , Casasayas Maria , Simo Ricard , Vander Poorten Vincent , Guntinas-Lichius Orlando , Bradley Patrick J. , Tong-Ng Wai , Rodrigo Juan P. , Mäkitie Antti A. , Rinaldo Alessandra , Kowalski Luiz P. , Sanabria Alvaro , de Bree Remco , Takes Robert P. , López Fernando , Olsen Kerry D. , Shaha Ashok R. , Ferlito Alfio
Published: August 2021

Purpose: To review the current options in the management of Warthin tumors (WTs) and to propose a working management protocol. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed and ScienceDirect database. A total of 141 publications were selected and have been included in this review. Publications were selected based on relevance, scientific evidence, and actuality. Results: The importance of parotid WTs is increasing due to its rising incidence in many countries, becoming the most frequently encountered benign parotid tumor in certain parts of the world. In the past, all WTs were treated with surgery, but because of their slow growth rate, often minimal clinical symptoms, and the advanced age of many patients, active observation has gradually become more widely used. In order to decide on active surveillance, the diagnosis of WT must be reliable, and clinical, imaging, and cytological data should be concordant. There are four clear indications for upfront surgery: uncertain diagnosis; cosmetic problems; clinical complaints, such as pain, ulceration, or recurrent infection; and the patient’s wish to have the tumor removed. In the remaining cases, surgery can be elective. Active surveillance is often suggested as the first approach, with surgery being considered if the tumor progresses and/or causes clinical complaints. The extent of surgery is another controversial topic, and the current trend is to minimize the resection using partial parotidectomies and extracapsular dissections when possible. Recently, non-surgical options such as microwave ablation, radiofrequency ablation, and ultrasound-guided ethanol sclerotherapy have been proposed for selected cases. Conclusions: The management of WT is gradually shifting from superficial or total parotidectomy to more conservative approaches, with more limited resections, and to active surveillance in an increasing number of patients. Additionally, non-surgical treatments are emerging, but their role needs to be defined in future studies.