bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practical approach to reconstruction of wounds in small animal practice Part 1
Authors: Anderson Davina
Published: October 2010

WOUND reconstruction in small animal practice may be performed as part of a routine surgical procedure or in the management of a traumatic skin deficit. More recently, developments in oncologic surgery and the principle of achieving wide surgical margins have created a need for the reconstruction of large skin deficits. Whatever the aetiology of the wound, the basic principles of reconstruction apply. This article, divided into two parts, presents a practical approach to wound reconstruction. Part 1 discusses the surgical principles of reconstructive surgery of the skin. Careful management of the tissue and a thorough understanding of surgical pathology are important in order to gain the most from the surgical techniques described in Part 2, to be published in the next issue, which covers the management of large skin deficits.
Cardiovascular disease in cattle
Authors: Jackson Peter , Slater Josh
Published: October 2010

ALTHOUGH severe cardiovascular disease is relatively uncommon in cattle it is important that the clinician examines this body system with care during the routine clinical examination of the bovine patient. Early detection of cardiovascular disease may enable appropriate remedial action be taken and an accurate prognosis of the patient's condition to be offered.
Veterinary nurse training: the case for a more coordinated approach
Authors: More Jane , Butcher Ray
Published: October 2010

MUCH concern has been voiced over the past few years about the high percentage of student veterinary nurses who fail their examinations each year. Does this high failure rate reflect the quality of the teaching, the standard of the examination, an inadequate input from the approved training centres (ATCs) or the aptitude of the students? There may be no straightforward answer but, as discussed by Jane More and Ray Butcher, the ATC plays a critical role in veterinary nurse training.
Clinical conditions of pigs in outdoor breeding herds
Authors: Potter Richard
Published: October 2010

CURRENTLY over 25 per cent of the UK sow population is kept outdoors, compared to around 4 per cent in the early 1980s. The health of outdoor pigs tends to be better than that of their indoor counterparts. Nevertheless, there are a number of problems and diseases that commonly affect the outdoor breeding herd and these are considered in this article.
Targets for rearing dairy heifers ‐ weaning to calving
Authors: Drew Bridget
Published: October 2010

THE management of dairy heifers between weaning and calving has a considerable effect on potential milk yield, fertility, the incidence of difficult calvings, and longevity. Insufficient growth during the rearing period results in small‐framed heifers with disappointing milk yields, low pregnancy rates and delayed entry into the herd. Milk production potential will be maximised when heifers are reared to a plan, with careful control over performance at all stages of the rearing period. Target growth rates and intermediate target weights should be set as soon as the date of first calving has been predicted. Optimal growth rates will depend on age at calving, estimated mature body size, management after calving and the average herd yield. The targets given in this article are for Holstein/Friesian heifers calving at two years of age.
Introducing clinical audit to veterinary practice
Authors: Mosedale Pam
Published: October 2010

MONITORING the standards of the buildings and equipment in a veterinary practice is relatively straightforward, but how easy is it to measure the standards of patient care? Do you know how many of your clients were seen at their appointment time in the past month, or how many postoperative infections have occurred in the past year? In this article, Pam Mosedale explains how you can find out.
Poisoning in small animals from commonly ingested plants
Authors: Campbell Alexander
Published: October 2010

POISONING or suspected poisoning as a result of plant ingestions is a relatively common occurrence. Some 12 per cent of inquiries received by the Veterinary Poisons Information Service (VPIS) concern plant ingestions, most of these involving dogs and cats, although a number involve livestock as well. While in many cases animals remain asymptomatic or suffer little more than gastrointestinal upset, there are a few instances where more severe clinical effects have resulted. This article reviews the data available on a number of plants about which the VPIS receives regular inquiries. Other recognised toxic plant species, such as yew, acorns, ragwort, bracken, rhododendron, brassicas, laburnum, water dropwort and also mycotoxins, have been covered in earlier articles in this series.
Conducting a veterinary practice through a limited company 2. Taxation considerations
Authors: Swan Philip
Published: October 2010

‘YOU can save a lot of tax if your veterinary practice is organised through a limited company.’ It's an often quoted statement, but is it really true? In the last issue of In Practice, Nick Openshaw looked at the legal aspects of incorporation. Here, Philip Swan considers the taxation aspects.
Part‐time working: making the transition
Authors: Orpin Peter
Published: October 2010

THE traditional job description of the vet in practice ‐ working long hours, seven days a week ‐ is no longer seen by recent graduates as the most effective use of their professional skills. The challenge that lies ahead for many practices is how to adapt their way of working without jeopardising client service and practice harmony. In this article, Peter Orpin sets out a practical method of integrating part‐time workers into the practice team, based on a points system for determining a fair pay structure.
Endotoxaemnia in horses
Authors: Murray Rachel
Published: October 2010

ENDOTOXAEMIA is the presence of endotoxin in the blood. The term is also used to describe the clinical syndrome associated with circulating endotoxins which, without appropriate management, can result in serious disease, shock and, potentially, death of the animal.
Incorporation and its implications for veterinary practice
Authors: Gripper John
Published: October 2010

FOLLOWING a decision by its Council in November last year, the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons modified its advice on incorporation and acknowledged that the College has no legal powers to prevent members forming a company for the ownership and management of a veterinary practice. Here, John Gripper attempts to predict the consequences of a decision which, he says, has far‐reaching implications for practice.
Treatment and rehabilitation of wildlife casualties: legal and ethical aspects
Authors: Kirkwood James , Best Richard
Published: October 2010

THE treatment and rehabilitation of sick or injured wildlife presents the veterinary surgeon in practice with a number of dilemmas. In many cases treatment may well be possible, but can it always be justified? Here, James Kirkwood and Richard Best highlight the relevant legislation and discuss some of the ethical issues which need to be considered.
Skin disease in ornammental fish: identifying common problems
Authors: Wildgoose William
Published: October 2010

OWNERS of ornamental fish are increasingly approaching veterinary surgeons for assistance with disease diagnosis and treatment. Although some veterinarians may be unfamiliar with fish health, our training provides us with a unique understanding of disease processes and comparative medicine which can be applied directly to fish. Many cases seen in veterinary practice are those which do not appear to respond to proprietary medicines and these often require simple investigations in order to reach a diagnosis. The aims of this article are to assist in the recognition of the common skin diseases in ornamental fish and to act as a guide to disease investigation. A problem‐orientated approach is used, reflecting the way in which fish diseases are generally presented in the practice situation.
Decision making in the diagnosis and management of bone spavin in horses
Authors: Gough Martin , Munroe Graham
Published: October 2010

BONE spavin is one of the more common causes of chronic hindlimb lameness in mature horses. Achieving a definitive diagnosis and identifying the best method of treatment are perceived as problem areas. This article describes the diagnostic signs and tests that the authors find most useful and discusses the various treatment options.
Diagnosis and management of chronic coughing in cats
Authors: Foster Darren
Published: October 2010

CHRONIC coughing is a frequent clinical presentation in feline medicine and can be a frustrating problem to treat. The condition poses many challenges due to the fact that relatively little is known about the specific diseases that affect the cat's airways. The aim of this article is to present a practical guide to the diagnosis and management of the coughing cat based on the current state of knowledge.
Health, safety and the case of the helpful farmer
Authors: Copson Malcolm
Published: October 2010

HEALTH and safety legislation may seem complicated but it is no less important for that. In the first of an occasional series of articles, Malcolm Copson presents a hypothetical case scenario, asking what responsibilities an employer has under health and safety legislation, before going on to consider the areas of the law which are particularly relevant to this example.
Feeding requirements for breeding sows: complex is clever, but simple is safer
Authors: Whittemore Colin
Published: October 2010

FAULTY sow feeding causes chronic (extended days to conception and low litter size) and acute (anoestrus and early culling) reproductive failure. The fact that feeding errors are so frequently the cause of poor breeding herd performance is a cause for concern; not least, because they are avoidable. In nine out of 10 cases, sow feeding problems are not those of vitamins, minerals, or even of protein, but of quantity of feed given.
Housing the breeding sow
Authors: Edwards Sandra
Published: October 2010

FROM 1 January 1999, the housing of pigs in stall or tether systems will be banned in the UK. This does not affect the use of stalls for temporary confinement during veterinary treatment or feeding, or the use of farrowing crates from seven days before predicted farrowing until weaning. However, it precludes any other housing of non‐lactating sows in pens with an internal area of less than the square of the length of the pig, or with any side shorter than 75 per cent of this length. While it is still permissible to house dry sows individually in pens meeting these conditions, it is uneconomic to do so routinely in practice and all farms will consequently be obliged to adopt some form of group housing. Farms which are setting up new herds, or have still to change from individual housing systems, are faced with a wide array of alternative housing systems. There is no single ideal system, as location, farm system, standards of stockmanship, capital availability and personal preference will all influence the selection. Each individual case must therefore be carefully considered before making a commitment to the most appropriate longterm investment.
Making the transition from student to veterinary surgeon
Authors: Eddy Roger
Published: October 2010

THE successful introduction of a new graduate to veterinary practice depends as much on the support and encouragement provided by the practice as on the individual themselves. In this article, Roger Eddy outlines a general programme for integrating a new graduate into practice.
Options for the use of chemotherapy in small animals Part 1. Anticancer drugs
Authors: Dobson Jane
Published: October 2010

CHEMOTHERAPY has become an accepted method of cancer treatment in small animal practice and the indications for cytotoxic drugs are ever increasing. Yet, none of the products available are licensed for veterinary application and, to many veterinary surgeons, the use of cytotoxic drugs remains an unfamiliar and complex subject. In this, the first of two articles addressing options for the use of chemotherapy in small animal practice, the basic principles of anticancer treatment are discussed, with consideration of toxicity and safety issues. Specific indications for cytotoxic drugs, treatment protocols and the results that can be achieved with the use of such agents in small animal patients will be discussed in the next issue.
Getting the most from your client database
Authors: Coutts Fergus
Published: October 2010

A COMPUTERISED client database, if used with thought, can be a powerful tool for enhancing clients' awareness of the services your practice can offer, as well as their perception of the value of those services. Here, Fergus Coutts outlines some simple ways to make the most of the information stored in a typical database.
Options for the use of chemotherapy in small animals Part 2. Indications
Authors: Dobson Jane
Published: October 2010

THIS is the second of two articles concerning the use of chemotherapy in small animal practice. In the first article (September issue, pp 403‐413), the theoretical basis for chemotherapy, dose rates, methods of administration and toxicity of cytotoxic drugs were discussed. This article considers the indications for chemotherapy in small animal cancer patients and details which drugs or drug combinations have proved efficacious in the treatment of various conditions.
Cytological and biochemical assessment of pleural and peritoneal effusions
Authors: Dunn John , Villiers Elizabeth
Published: October 2010

SIMPLE cytological techniques, as discussed in the previous two issues (July/August 1998, pages 370‐377; September 1998, pages 429‐437), can be used to determine the pathological processes that cause effusions in animals. This article describes the collection, handling and laboratory examination of pleural and peritoneal effusions in the dog and cat.
Ketosis and fatty liver in cattle
Authors: Andrews Tony
Published: October 2010

PROBABLY two‐thirds of nutritional problems in cattle centre on energy balance. Energy deficiency, particularly in early lactation, leads to fat mobilisation, the degree of which appears to be related to the level of milk production, the magnitude of the energy deficit and/or the cow's body condition score at calving. All these factors can result in increased fat utilisation and raised plasma fatty acids and ketone body levels, which in turn can lead to diseases such as clinical ketosis or fat cow syndrome. More frequently, however, there are no overt signs of disease, but the deficit has knock‐on effects such as an increased incidence of metabolic and infectious disease, excessive loss of condition, and poor fertility including poor conception rates, anoestrus, suboestrus and cystic ovarian disease. In every case there will be some increase in the fat content of the liver. Thus, the development of fatty liver appears to precede ketosis and contribute to its onset and that of a number of other energy deficiency syndromes, as described in this article.
Peripheral neuropathies in small animals
Authors: Jeffery Nick
Published: October 2010

THE usual perception of peripheral neuropathies in small animals is that they are uncommon, difficult to diagnose or treat and have a poor prognosis. However, although it is relatively rare to see cases of peripheral neuropathy that have dramatic signs, such as tetraplegia, a large number of animals are presented at small animal practices with a variety of other clinical signs caused by disease of the peripheral nervous system. In common with other neurological disorders, a systematic approach is required to categorise each case of peripheral neuropathy so that appropriate tests or treatment can be carried out. A complete aetiological diagnosis is not always possible because the cause of some of the most common peripheral neuropathies is not known. Furthermore, treatment options are limited. Nevertheless, for many animals affected by this group of diseases the prognosis is good.
Dealing with dystocia in the ewe
Authors: Winter Agnes
Published: October 2010

THE lambing ewe in difficulty represents the most common ovine patient, although the numbers seen by practices may range from one or two animals from the local city farm to the queues of patients commonly presented to farm practices in areas with high sheep populations. Shepherds' skills vary markedly. Many are very experienced (often more so than the veterinarian who sees only a few lambings each year) and their cases will tend to be those requiring a caesarean section. Others are totally inexperienced and may call for help with the simplest lambing. In some instances attempts by one or more people will have gone on for far too long, risking the lives of the ewe and lamb(s). Whatever the circumstances, management of dystocia in the ewe depends vitally on making a quick and accurate assessment of the case.
Bone tumours in small animals
Authors: Blackwood Laura
Published: October 2010

BONE tumours in the dog and cat are usually malignant and, although they display a spectrum of behaviour, many are very aggressive. Middle‐aged to older animals are generally affected. Tumours may arise from any of the tissues comprising the bone, including the periosteum, endosteum or medullary cavity. In addition, tumours arising in adjacent soft tissues may invade bone directly, and tumours may metastasise to bone from distant sites. This article discusses the management of tumours of the appendicular skeleton in the dog and cat.
Arsenic poisoning in cattle
Authors: Monies Bob
Published: October 2010

CASES of arsenic poisoning from naturally occurring forms of the metal are relatively rare ‐ most poisoning incidents are the result of the incorporation of arsenic into other chemical forms for agricultural and industrial use and accidental access of livestock to them. Increased knowledge of the toxic properties of arsenic, as well as the replacement of arsenical compounds by new non‐arsenical, organic compounds, has resulted in a sharp decline in the use of arsenic in recent years. This has been accompanied by a decline in the number of incidents of arsenic poisoning.
Business agreements: points to consider before signing
Authors: Rayman Rosalind
Published: October 2010

TAKING time to consider a few simple points before signing a business agreement can help to prevent problems arising later on if something should go wrong. In this article, Rosalind Rayman looks at the implications of some of the clauses that may be included in a business agreement and describes some of the legislation in place to protect those signing such contracts.
Development of a management information system for small animal practitioners
Authors: Cormack David
Published: October 2010

AN initiative begun in 1994 was the catalyst for the development of a management tool to harness the wealth of valuable information locked away in the databases of practice computer systems, in order to measure and monitor health status and responsible pet ownership and, by so doing, help shape the future direction of individual practices. This initiative has become known as the ‘Fort Dodge Index’ and, in this article, David Cormack explains how it originated. Some of the trends and findings that the index has revealed will be discussed in a later article.
Emergency management of fractures in horses
Authors: Walmsley John
Published: October 2010

THE development of internal fixation techniques and better hospital facilities have significantly improved the success of fracture repair in horses. A practitioner, therefore, has an obligation to be prepared to administer adequate splinting in fracture cases unless he or she is absolutely certain that the injury is irreparable and warrants euthanasia. Properly applied initial first aid for the fracture case can be critical to the success of any subsequent repair, while poorly applied first aid can wreck the chance of treatment. Effective splinting does not require specialist equipment, but knowledge of the basic principles is important.
Partnership: RIP?
Authors: I'Anson Roderick
Published: October 2010

WITH assistants in practice seemingly becoming increasingly reluctant to move into partnership, the veterinary profession is beginning to consider incorporation as a possible solution. However, contrary to popular opinion, says Roderick l'Anson Banks, the partnership structure continues to offer many advantages, not the least of which is a flexible working relationship for all concerned.
AI and embryo transfer for genetic improvement in sheep: the current scene
Authors: McKelvey Bill
Published: October 2010

SCIENTIFICALLY based programmes for the genetic improvement of sheep which combine the objective assessment of body composition with the reproductive technologies of artificial insemination (Al) and multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) are now beginning to make a significant impact on the UK sheep industry. The economic benefits of these techniques, however, require to be weighed against the welfare costs of the procedures involved, and efforts need to be made to improve the available methodologies. This article reviews the current applications of these reproductive technologies within sheep breeding and the ongoing research aimed at improving their efficiency and acceptability.
Management considerations for the specialist practice
Authors: Jevring Caroline
Published: October 2010

IN recent years there has been a definite trend in veterinary practice towards clinical specialisation, with both first opinion practices increasingly offering a referral component, and wholly referral practices springing up. Referral practice has different management needs from those of general practice, and, according to Caroline Jevring, this is an issue which has still to be seriously addressed by the profession.
Decisions leading to caesarean section in the cow
Authors: Green Martin , Butterworth Siriol , Husband James
Published: October 2010

CAESAREAN section is probably the most common surgical procedure performed in cattle practice. While the technique is straightforward, a successful outcome depends largely on the appropriate selection of cases for surgery. The decision‐making process which leads to a caesarean section is often complex and improves with experience of handling parturition. This article aims to present a logical approach to decision making, to help the inexperienced veterinarian.
Rationale for the use of drugs in the treatment of cardiovascular disease 3. Positive inotropes
Authors: Boswood Adrian
Published: October 2010

THE quest for the ideal positive inotrope has led to the development of many agents, to the extent that even a limited review of the literature can be a bewildering experience. Most of these drugs have been developed for use in human heart failure patients, but some have 'crossed over' to be used in veterinary patients. A number of recent long‐term clinical studies in human heart failure patients receiving positive inotropes have produced some unexpected results which have led to many questions being posed about the rationale behind the use of such drugs. This article discusses the reasoning behind inotrope administration as well as some of the controversies in this area. The inotropes most widely used in veterinary medicine are reviewed and some guidelines are given for when these agents should be administered according to current understanding. The use of diuretics and vasodilators in the treatment of heart failure patients was discussed in earlier articles (Boswood 1996, 1998).
Balancing consumer protection with professional standards: the role of the RCVS
Authors: Hern Jane
Published: October 2010

THE Royal College has been established over 150 years. In this article, the College's Registrar, Jane Hern, outlines the current functions and responsibilities of the College, and highlights challenges to be faced in the 21st century.
Pericardial disease in the dog
Authors: Martin Mike
Published: October 2010

PERICARDIAL diseases are not as common as valvular, myocardial or congenital heart diseases. However, they are encountered reasonably frequently in practice and are probably one of the most common causes of right‐sided congestive heart failure in dogs. In contrast, clinically significant pericardial disease is rare in the cat. This article focuses on the diagnosis and management of pericardial effusion in the dog.
Women in the profession 1. Manpower implications
Authors: Shield Christine
Published: October 2010

THE relative proportions of men and women in the veterinary profession have changed significantly in recent years, as increasing numbers of women enter veterinary school and go on to qualify. Here, Christine Shield explores what demographic implications these increasing numbers of women in the profession will have and what the effects on manpower and recruitment will be. A second article will deal with the implications for practice structure and organisation.
Making work experience a pleasure, not a trial
Authors: Glover Liz
Published: October 2010

MOST practices will receive requests from local schools to provide work experience placements for pupils. With a little preparation, the whole 'work experience' experience can be made into an enjoyable and profitable aspect of practice life for all concerned. Here, Liz Glover, a school's careers adviser turned practice manager, offers some practical advice.
Control of ectoparasites in horses
Authors: Littlewood Janet
Published: October 2010

THIS article discusses the control of the important ectoparasitic diseases of horses. The elimination of ectoparasites will, in most cases, resolve the associated clinical disease. However, occasionally additional therapy may be required to manage the concurrent dermatosis. In a number of ectoparasitic conditions hypersensitivity can develop, which may require appropriate therapeutic intervention.
Imported diseases in small animals
Authors: Trees Alexander , Shaw Susan
Published: October 2010

IN the light of recent changes to quarantine legislation in the UK, it is expected that there will be a huge increase in the number of travelling pets going abroad for short holiday periods and also a rise in the number of conventional importations from Europe. These animals will be exposed to a number of parasitic infections which are currently exotic to the UK. Veterinary surgeons in the UK are, as yet, ill‐equipped to diagnose, treat or prevent such diseases. This article discusses vector‐borne infections which pose a health risk to pet animals and aims to provide a concise summary of the most relevant diseases, offering advice to indicate a diagnosis and suggesting further sources of information. The vast majority of importations are expected to be dogs; the article therefore concentrates on diseases in dogs, although cats are also discussed briefly.
Integrating complementary medicine into general practice
Authors: Hoare John
Published: October 2010

THE demand for complementary veterinary therapies is on the increase, but how best can these be integrated into general practice? Here, John Hoare considers the costs and implications of introducing some of the more common complementary therapies into day‐to‐day practice.
Drugs used to treat osteoarthritis in the horse
Authors: Clegg Peter , Booth Todd
Published: October 2010

LAMENESS is an important cause of equine morbidity, and osteoarthritis is the single most common cause of lameness in the horse. Osteoarthritis and its management is therefore of considerable economic and welfare concern. This article reviews the medical treatments available for the management of this disease in the horse. These may be broadly divided into symptomatic agents (predominantly the NSAIDs) and disease‐modifying agents (glycosaminoglycan compounds and, potentially, the corticosteroids). The disease‐modifying agents may also have a major symptomatic effect. The nutraceuticals (oral glycosaminoglycans), a new type of compound, may also be disease modifying; however, critical evidence of their efficacy in vivo in the horse is currently lacking.
Planning retirement 1. Why and when?
Authors: Gripper Peter
Published: October 2010

RETIREMENT, is something that, hopefully, will come to everyone. However, the decision of when to retire (if, indeed, there is a choice) depends very much on an individual's personal circumstances. In the first of two articles on planning for retirement, Peter Gripper considers some of the personal decisions that come with planning for retirement. A second article will look at the personal financial aspects of retirement.
Planning retirement 2. How?
Authors: Gripper Peter
Published: October 2010

HAVING decided that you wish to retire, how do you establish whether you can actually afford to do so? In the second of two articles on planning for retirement, Peter Gripper explains the financial aspects that need to be considered.
The practice website ‐ tool or toy?
Authors: McNeill Ewan
Published: October 2010

RECENT business reports all seem to use the magic phrase 'e‐commerce' ‐ the claim being that for businesses to survive and prosper, an Internet presence is not just desirable but essential. In this article, Ewan McNeill considers the costs and benefits of setting up a practice website.
On becoming a vet
Authors: Stobbs Christine
Published: October 2010

THE transition from being a student to being a practising veterinary surgeon brings with it many changes and new responsibilities. Coping with these changes can render new graduates particularly vulnerable to stress. In this article, Christine Stobbs discusses this transition period and provides some suggestions for helping to ensure that it is as pain‐free as possible.
Acquired feline oral cavity disease Part 2: Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions
Authors: Johnston Norman
Published: October 2010

AN earlier article discussed the diagnosis and treatment of two common oral cavity problems in cats, periodontal disease and the chronic lymphoplasmacytic gingivitis stomatitis complex of diseases (In Practice, April 1998, pp 171‐179). This article discusses the aetiology, classification and treatment of the so‐called feline odontoclastic resorptive lesion (FORL) or 'neck lesion' ‐ a phenomenon that the veterinary world has become increasingly aware of over the past 20 years.
A practitioner in residence
Authors: Jones Boyd , Miller Aidan , Bell Rory , Jones Alison
Published: October 2010

IN 1999, a Practitioner in Residence programme was set up at University College Dublin, with the support of Hill's Pet Nutrition, to bring the reality of veterinary practice to students during their clinical rotation. In this article, the views of the participating department, the practitioner, a student and the programme's sponsor are discussed a year down the line.
Debt: the price of a veterinary education?
Authors: Doherty Simon
Published: October 2010

IN 1999, the BVA, in association with NatWest and the Association of Veterinary Students, conducted a survey of veterinary students at the six schools in England and Scotland. Asking questions about, for example, students' secondary education, their financial situation and their thoughts about their veterinary education, the results of the survey illustrate some significant trends within the student population. In this article, Simon Doherty, a final year student at Glasgow, concentrates on the issue of student finances, looking at what levels of debt students accrue during the five‐year course, and why.
Fluid therapy for cats 1. Providing fluids to the feline patient
Authors: Cannon Martha
Published: October 2010

PROVIDING appropriate fluid therapy is essential for the successful management of many medical and surgical conditions, but supplying intravenous fluids to a cat may present some practical difficulties. This article reviews the relevant techniques and the equipment that is available to overcome these problems. A second article, to be published in a later issue, will address the choice of which fluid to use, how much of it to supply and at what rate.
Successful recruitment: preparation is the key
Authors: Warre‐Dymond Sharon
Published: October 2010

THE aim of recruitment can be defined as filling a job vacancy with the best candidate at minimum cost. The implications of poor selection decisions are enormous. If a wrong selection is made or the individual chooses to leave soon after starting work, it can be very expensive in terms of management time and having to recruit a replacement. This can have an impact on your clients, the quality of work and team morale. It is important, therefore, to match the 'right person' to the 'right job'. In this article, Sharon Warre‐Dymond explains how to ensure that the process of recruitment is as straightforward and successful as possible.
Clinical approach to the recumbent adult horse
Authors: Chandler Keith
Published: October 2010

THE recumbent horse presents a diagnostic, management and therapeutic challenge to the attending veterinary surgeon, who is faced with an array of differential diagnoses. Often a definitive diagnosis cannot be reached in the first instance and treatment must be initiated before one is reached. Horses that are recumbent require meticulous nursing care in order to prevent and treat any complications that may develop, including pressure sores, self‐trauma, compressive myopathy and neuropathy, dehydration and malnutrition, and abnormalities of the gastrointestinal system.
Farm assurance schemes ‐ what is the veterinarian's role?
Authors: Main David , Cartledge Vince
Published: October 2010

MANY industries in the UK have begun to develop quality assurance programmes. Farm assurance schemes provide assurances to the consumer on food safety, animal welfare and environmental issues. The veterinary profession has a vital role to play, both in the development of standards for these schemes and in their implementation. Veterinary practitioners are in an ideal position to provide advice to clients on compliance with legislation and scheme standards and veterinary involvement in written health and welfare programmes presents an opportunity for farmers and veterinary surgeons to clearly demonstrate proactive management of disease issues. Provided that veterinary surgeons can deliver cost‐effective advice, these programmes should also improve production and welfare. In this article, David Main and Vince Cartledge describe how such schemes operate.
Standard operating procedures ‐ the why and the how
Authors: Gunn Dixon
Published: October 2010

STANDARD operating procedures (SOPs) bring a variety of benefits to the veterinary practices that use them. A properly constructed SOP can improve practice efficiency, possibly save money, act as a training manual for staff and, as a last resort, be used by the practice to defend itself should any charges of wrongdoing be levied. In this article, Dixon Gunn gives details of how to go about introducing SOPs, emphasising that clarity and continual reassessment are essential to ensure that they remain effective in the workplace.
Intervertebral disc disease in the dog 1. Pathophysiology and diagnosis
Authors: McKee Malcolm
Published: October 2010

DEGENERATIVE intervertebral disc disease is the most common spinal disorder in the dog. This article discusses the pathophysiology of intervertebral disc and spinal cord disease, the associated historical and clinical features, differential diagnoses and aids to diagnosis. A second article, to be published in the next issue, will focus on the management options for dogs with intervertebral disc disease.
Feline leukaemia virus: an update
Authors: Caney Sarah
Published: October 2010

IN the 1980s, feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) infection was a particular problem in breeding catteries but, as a result of increased awareness and 'test and removal' control policies, it is rarely encountered in this situation today and it is now mainly in non‐pedigree cats that the infection is diagnosed. This, the second of two articles on feline infectious diseases, outlines the various clinical manifestations of FeLV‐related disease and discusses the diagnostic challenges posed by the virus. The first article (In Practice, May 2000, pp 255‐260) provided an update on feline immunodeficiency virus.
Planning health care on dairy farms
Authors: Sibley Richard
Published: October 2010

TWENTY‐FIVE years ago, the gurus of the veterinary profession extolled the benefits of preventive medicine and the 'whole herd' approach to cattle health care. Although the message was slow to penetrate, their ideas and ideals are now being received and applied. In this article, Richard Sibley discusses some of the important considerations when formulating and applying a herd health plan on a dairy farm.
Veterinary care of the mute swan
Authors: Routh Andrew
Published: October 2010

THE mute swan (Cygnus olor) is the United Kingdom's heaviest flying bird. Many individuals are habituated to human contact and frequent one local area. This leads to strong feelings in the animal‐loving community and, because of their high profile, sick or injured swans are often rescued and presented for treatment at veterinary practices.
Dealing with emotionally stressful situations in practice
Authors: Stobbs Christine
Published: October 2010

WORKING in veterinary practice can be emotionally stressful. It may be that experienced veterinary surgeons outwardly appear to be less affected by situations that they have dealt with many times in their careers, but new graduates may find it hard to cope with the emotional pressures that general practice exerts. In this article, Christine Stobbs explores ways to help new ‐ and experienced ‐ vets cope with the emotions that veterinary practice generates.
Anaesthesia for minor surgical procedures in the horse
Authors: Stanway Garry
Published: October 2010

EQUINE anaesthesia is a notoriously risky procedure, with around 1 per cent of horses reported to die within seven days of anaesthesia. This high mortality rate reflects psychological and physiological differences between horses and other large animals. The relative risk to the patient increases with prolonged surgery or when operations are carried out outside normal practice hours; the risk may also increase in the case of surgery performed to correct abdominal catastrophes such as colic, or caesarean sections. Therefore, in an attempt to minimise the risks to the animal, equine anaesthesia usually takes place in purpose‐built operating theatres, where the facilities for safe induction and recovery are available, along with a barrage of hi‐tech monitoring equipment. Nevertheless, it is possible to carry out minor surgical procedures in the field without recourse to these specialist facilities.
Coping with conflict in the practice 3. Prevention is better than cure
Authors: Dale Charlotte
Published: October 2010

IN the two previous articles in her series on coping with conflict in the practice, Charlotte Dale has explored ways of recognising and addressing conflict when it arises. In this final article, she discusses an approach which is altogether more proactive, the rationale being that prevention is always better than cure. It is based on building and developing a team and promoting effective teamwork.
Endocrine diseases in small mammals
Authors: Keeble Emma
Published: October 2010

ALTHOUGH endocrine diseases of small pet mammals are frequently encountered in veterinary practice, they are only rarely reported in the literature and may, therefore, go undiagnosed by the general practitioner. Diagnosis is not easy because of the small sample size, the variability in response to established diagnostic tests for endocrine diseases in dogs and cats, and the lack of normal reference range values in these species. Treatment is often complicated by the need for high dosage frequencies due to short drug half‐lives, which makes stabilisation difficult. In addition, owners find it hard to administer medication and may also be reluctant to finance further diagnostic tests. This article discusses the clinical signs associated with common endocrine diseases in small mammals and, wherever possible, describes diagnostic tests and treatment regimens.
The intricate process of merging practices
Authors: Gunn Dixon
Published: October 2010

THE current economic downturn in agriculture is having knock‐on effects on veterinary practices, with the result that some are having to consider very carefully their position in the marketplace. There are a number of alternative ways forward open to practices in this situation, one of which is for two neighbouring practices to merge. In this article, Dixon Gunn explains the process.
The car boot as an extension of the practice pharmacy
Authors: Vernon Ruth
Published: October 2010

THE car boot is a far from ideal environment for the storage of veterinary medicinal products, subject as it is to extremes of temperature, humidity and light intensity. In this article, Ruth Vernon considers the storage requirements of veterinary medicines and explains what can be done to help ensure these are met when products are kept in the car boot.
Rationale for the use of drugs in the treatment of cardiovascular disease 4. Antiarrhythmic drugs
Authors: Boswood Adrian
Published: October 2010

CARDIAC arrhythmias are commonly discovered in veterinary patients. These animals may be suffering from cardiac disease, non‐cardiac disease or may be apparently normal. Arrhythmias often result in a clinical quandary and many hours may be spent pondering the need for treatment and, if treatment is deemed necessary, the most effective therapy. This article outlines why some cardiac arrhythmias are of concern (and others are of no concern) and makes recommendations for the pharmacological management of some of the more common rhythm disturbances. This is a highly controversial topic and one in which facts are as sparse as opinions are common. The use of diuretics, vasodilators and positive inotropes in the treatment of heart failure patients was discussed in earlier articles (Boswood 1996, 1998, 1999).
Neurological examination of dogs 1. Techniques
Authors: Jeffery Nick
Published: October 2010

THE purpose of a neurological examination is to detect neurological disease and to define its location within the nervous system. It is the single most important step in the diagnosis of neurological disorders and may also be useful in the investigation of conditions that primarily affect different body systems but which can have secondary effects on the nervous system. After localising a lesion to a specific region or regions within the nervous system, a differential diagnosis can be formulated using information gained from the history and physical examination, thereby allowing diagnostic effort to be appropriately directed. Unfortunately, neurological examination is often perceived to be rather complicated and this has discouraged its more common application in clinical practice. However, with a little experience the procedure can be carried out rapidly (in 10 minutes or so) and with confidence in the results obtained. In this article, the examination procedure is described; the interpretation of findings with a view to formulating a differential diagnosis will be discussed in an article in the next issue.
Regional anaesthesia techniques in cattle
Authors: Edwards Barrie
Published: October 2010

MANY surgical procedures can be performed safely and humanely in ruminants using a combination of physical restraint, mild sedation and regional anaesthesia. Although local infiltration analgesia is adequate for minor operations, it is less suitable for more complex surgery, such as laparotomies and digit amputation. Successful regional anaesthesia requires a thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the nerve(s) in question, including the structures they innervate, their location and relationship to other structures, such as arteries, veins and fascial layers. This article describes the approach to regional anaesthesia and discusses the anatomical considerations which need to be taken into account when performing these procedures.
Management of anal furunculosis in the dog
Authors: Welsh Elizabeth
Published: October 2010

ANAL furunculosis is a chronic, painful and progressive condition of the perianal region characterised by single or multiple ulcerated tracts. These lesions may be isolated or more extensive and can affect the entire circumference of the anus. The disease is also referred to as perianal sinus or perianal fistula, although the presence of true fistulous tracts extending from the anorectal canal to the skin is uncommon. A presumptive diagnosis of anal furunculosis may be made following clinical examination but definitive diagnosis requires histopathological examination of tissue samples from the affected area. Treatment is fraught with difficulties and conservative medical therapy fails almost without exception. A number of surgical treatments have been evaluated and, recently, there has been renewed interest in medical treatment of the condition using immunomodulatory agents. The various options are discussed in this article.
Taking the plunge: treating pet fish
Authors: Wildgoose William
Published: October 2010

THERE are more pet fish in the UK than dogs and cats combined. Fish keepers are increasingly approaching veterinary practices for professional help and a greater level of care can now be offered to them and their fascinating pets. There is not only scope for involvement with private hobbyists but also with breeders, importers, dealers and public aquaria. Using a logical approach and some basic equipment it is possible to treat many fish diseases and provide a useful service to fish keepers. This article presents a practical introduction to the subject and discusses some of the opportunities for practitioners with an interest in ornamental fish.
A national fee scale ‐ a viable option?
Authors: McNeill Ewan
Published: October 2010

FROM the smallest one‐person veterinary practice to the largest multidiscipline establishment, there is one issue that rears its head again and again, year in, year out. It is, of course, the provocative subject of fees; that is, how much the profession charges ‐ or should be charging ‐ for its services. In this article, Ewan McNeill explores the concept of a national fee scale, and discusses how it might operate.
Disorders of calcium homeostasis in small animals
Authors: Barber Penney
Published: October 2010

ALTHOUGH disorders of calcium metabolism are relatively common in dogs and cats, they are frequently difficult to diagnose clinically. However, improvements in the laboratory assessment of calcium homeostasis have greatly increased the understanding of these conditions and simplified their diagnosis. This article describes the general diagnostic approach to these disorders and considers the management of individual diseases.
Welfare of farmed fish at slaughter
Authors: Southgate Peter , Wall Tony
Published: October 2010

FISH farming in the UK has grown rapidly over the past 30 years. The combined production of Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout in 1999 was approximately 200,000 tonnes, compared to 30,000 tonnes in the early 1970s. In most instances, productivity and good carcase quality go hand in hand with high welfare standards and, certainly, the growth and consolidation of the fish farming industry has led to an increased awareness of the importance of good husbandry and management practices. This article describes the principal welfare considerations relating to farmed fish production, both in the period leading up to, and at the time of slaughter.
IT in education and practice: what new graduates have come to expect
Authors: Gerrard Bill
Published: October 2010

TODAY'S newly qualified vets have been educated and trained in an educational environment that is vastly different from the one that many practising vets remember. The main difference lies in the widespread application of information technology (IT) and associated computer‐assisted learning packages within veterinary courses. In this article, Bill Gerrard explains how technology is being used in general undergraduate education, how this may influence the IT expectations of new graduates and what the knock‐on effects on veterinary practices might be.