bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Podridão estiliar em frutos de lima ‘Tahiti’: relação com horário de colheita e armazenamento
Authors: Silva Gustavo Ferreira da , Vaz Adriana Gonçalves , Machado Rodrigo Canedo , Machado Henrique Souza , Silva Maysa Gonçalves da , Silva Mariela do Amaral , Siqueira Ana Paula Silva
Published: October 2019

A lima ‘Tahiti’ tem uma expressiva importância econômica no Brasil, devido ao volume de produção. Entretanto, assim como para a grande parte dos alimentos, a sua qualidade é determinante para o escoamento da produção. Em citros os distúrbios fisiológicos que interferem na qualidade dos frutos, já foram abordados amplamente na literatura, entretanto, dados desses distúrbios nas culturas de forma específica e sua relação com a qualidade pós-colheita dos frutos, são escassos. Diante disso, objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar a relação do horário de colheita dos frutos e do impacto, neste caso, intencional, simulado por queda, com o aparecimento de podridão estilar em pós-colheita de lima ‘Tahiti’. Para isso, conduziu-se o experimento em esquema fatorial (3 x 2) 3 - horários de colheita, e 2 - presença ou ausência de impacto, sendo que cada tratamento foi constituído de 15 repetições, totalizando 90 unidades experimentais. Diariamente os frutos foram avaliados quanto a massa fresca, e presença e evolução de podridão estilar. E no último dia de avaliação, os frutos foram submetidos a análises físico-químicas de teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SS), e acidez total titulável (AT). Constatou-se que os frutos que sofreram queda são mais propícios a terem lesões originárias de podridão estilar e que o horário de colheita interfere na quantidade de ocorrências e também no tamanho das lesões, nas condições desse experimento.
The GATOR complex regulates an essential response to meiotic double-stranded breaks in Drosophila
Authors: Wei Youheng , Bettedi Lucia , Ting Chun-Yuan , Kim Kuikwon , Zhang Yingbiao , Cai Jiadong , Lilly Mary A
Published: October 2019

The TORC1 regulator GATOR1/SEACIT controls meiotic entry and early meiotic events in yeast. However, how metabolic pathways influence meiotic progression in metazoans remains poorly understood. Here we examine the role of the TORC1 regulators GATOR1 and GATOR2 in the response to meiotic double-stranded breaks (DSB) during Drosophila oogenesis. We find that in mutants of the GATOR2 component mio, meiotic DSBs trigger the constitutive downregulation of TORC1 activity and a permanent arrest in oocyte growth. Conversely, in GATOR1 mutants, high TORC1 activity results in the delayed repair of meiotic DSBs and the hyperactivation of p53. Unexpectedly, we found that GATOR1 inhibits retrotransposon expression in the presence of meiotic DSBs in a pathway that functions in parallel to p53. Thus, our studies have revealed a link between oocyte metabolism, the repair of meiotic DSBs and retrotransposon expression.
Strategies of elite Chinese gymnasts in coping with landing impact from backward somersault
Authors: Wu Chengliang , Hao Weiya , Mei Qichang , Xiao Xiaofei , Li Xuhong , Sun Wei
Published: October 2019

This study aimed to investigate how elite Chinese gymnasts manage the landing impact from a backward somersault. Six international-level male gymnasts performed backward somersault tests with a synchronous collection of kinematics (250 Hz), ground reaction forces (1,000 Hz), and surface electromyography (EMG) (2,000 Hz). A 19-segment human model was developed and lower extremity joints torques were calculated by means of a computer simulation. The angles of the lower extremity joints initially extended and then flexed. These angular velocities of extension continued to decrease and the joint torques changed from extensor to flexor within 100 ms before touchdown. The angles of the hips, knees, and ankles flexed rapidly by 12°, 36°, and 29°, respectively, and the angular velocities of flexion, flexor torque, and EMG peaked sharply during the initial impact phase of the landing. The angles of the hips, knees, and ankles flexed at approximately 90°, 100°, and 80°, respectively. The torques were reversed with the extensor torques, showing a relatively high level of muscle activation during the terminal impact phase of the landing. The results showed that the international-level gymnasts first extended their lower extremity joints, then flexed just before touchdown. They continued flexing actively and rapidly in the initial impact phase and then extended to resist the landing impact and maintain body posture during the terminal impact phase of the landing. The information gained from this study could improve our understanding of the landings of elite gymnasts and assist in injury prevention.
Generation and Trapping of Functionalized Aryl‐ and Heteroarylmagnesium and ‐Zinc Compounds
Authors: Lutter Ferdinand H. , Hofmayer Maximilian S. , Hammann Jeffrey M. , Malakhov Vladimir , Knochel Paul
Published: October 2019

Zinc and magnesium organometallic reagents are intimately linked with the development of synthetic organic chemistry. They play a fundamental role in a vast variety of synthetic transformations used in research laboratories as well as in the chemical industry. This chapter covers the most important preparative methods for the generation of functionalized aryl‐ and heteroarylmagnesium and ‐zinc organometallic reagents. These methods, including metal insertions, halogen/metal exchanges, transmetalations and directed metalations, are discussed in detail. Typical reactions with electrophilic reagents, such as addition, substitution, and cross‐coupling reactions are presented. An additional section is dedicated to the generation and use of zinc and magnesium organometallics in continuous‐flow.
ortho
‐Directed
CH
Alkylation of Substituted Benzenes
Authors: Ano Yusuke , Chatani Naoto
Published: October 2019

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed CH functionalization is emerging as a powerful method for carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond formations, and this approach has received a great deal of attention in recent years. The use of a directing group that provides chelation assistance is considered to be one of the most reliable methods for achieving high efficiencies and high site selectivities in CH functionalization reactions.

This chapter focuses on directed C(sp
2
)H alkylation reactions with alkenes, alkyl halides, alkyl pseudohalides, and alkyl organometallics. The chapter is organized by the nature of the directing group.
Efficient OER Catalyst with Low Ir Volume Density Obtained by Homogeneous Deposition of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on Macroporous Antimony‐Doped Tin Oxide Support
Authors: Böhm Daniel , Beetz Michael , Schuster Maximilian , Peters Kristina , Hufnagel Alexander G. , Döblinger Markus , Böller Bernhard , Bein Thomas , Fattakhova‐Rohlfing Dina
Published: October 2019

A multistep synthesis procedure for the homogeneous coating of a complex porous conductive oxide with small Ir nanoparticles is introduced to obtain a highly active electrocatalyst for water oxidation. At first, inverse opal macroporous Sb doped SnO2 (ATO) microparticles with defined pore size, composition, and open‐porous morphology are synthesized that reach a conductivity of ≈3.6 S cm−1 and are further used as catalyst support. ATO‐supported iridium catalysts with a controlled amount of active material are prepared by solvothermal reduction of an IrOx colloid in the presence of the porous ATO particles, whereby homogeneous coating of the complete outer and inner surface of the particles with nanodispersed metallic Ir is achieved. Thermal oxidation leads to the formation of ATO‐supported IrO2 nanoparticles with a void volume fraction of ≈89% calculated for catalyst thin films based on scanning transmission electron microscope tomography data and microparticle size distribution. A remarkably low Ir bulk density of ≈0.08 g cm−3 for this supported oxide catalyst architecture with 25 wt% Ir is determined. This highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction catalyst reaches a current density of 63 A gIr−1 at an overpotential of 300 mV versus reversible hydrogen electrode, significantly exceeding a commercial TiO2‐supported IrO2 reference catalyst under the same measurement conditions.
An Effective Method for the Synthesis of 1,3‐Dihydro‐2H‐indazoles via N‐N Bond Formation
Authors: Zhang Xiaoke , Pan Yang , Liang Peng , Ma Xiaofeng , Jiao Wei , Shao Huawu
Published: October 2019

The [4+1] cycloaddition reaction of bifunctional amino reagents has been achieved with in situ formed aza‐ortho‐quinone methides. Specifically, N‐(tosyloxy)carbamates were used as an N1 synthon and bifunctional amino reagents for this transformation, which provides a metal‐free, catalyst‐free, and oxidant‐free strategy to form nitrogen‐nitrogen bonds.

magnified image
Efficient Intestinal Digestion and On Site Tumor‐Bioactivation are the Two Important Determinants for Chylomicron‐Mediated Lymph‐Targeting Triglyceride‐Mimetic Docetaxel Oral Prodrugs
Authors: Tian Chutong , Guo Jingjing , Wang Gang , Sun Bingjun , Na Kexin , Zhang Xuanbo , Xu Zhuangyan , Cheng Maosheng , He Zhonggui , Sun Jin
Published: October 2019

The oral absorption of chemotherapeutical drugs is restricted by poor solubility and permeability, high first‐pass metabolism, and gastrointestinal toxicity. Intestinal lymphatic transport of lipophilic prodrugs is a promising strategy to improve the oral delivery efficiency of anticancer drugs via entrapment into a lipid formulation and to avoid first‐pass metabolism. However, several basic principles have still not been clarified, such as intestinal digestibility and stability and on‐site tumor bioactivation. Herein, triglyceride‐mimetic prodrugs of docetaxel (DTX) are designed by conjugating them to the sn‐2 position of triglyceride (TG) through different linkage bonds. The role of intestinal digestion in oral absorption of TG‐like prodrugs is then investigated by introducing significant steric‐hindrance α‐substituents into the prodrugs. It is surprisingly found that poor intestinal digestion leads to an unsatisfactory bioavailability but efficient intestinal digestion of TG‐like prodrugs with a less steric‐hindrance linkage (DTX‐S‐S‐TG) facilitating oral absorption. Moreover, it is found that the TG‐like reduction‐sensitive prodrug (DTX‐S‐S‐TG) has good stability during intestinal transport and blood circulation, and on‐demand release of docetaxel at the tumor site, leading to a significantly improved antitumor efficiency with negligible gastrointestinal toxicity. In summary, the chylomicron‐mediated lymph‐targeting triglyceride‐mimetic oral prodrug approach provides a good foundation for the development of oral chemotherapeutical formulations.
Achieving High‐Voltage and High‐Capacity Aqueous Rechargeable Zinc Ion Battery by Incorporating Two‐Species Redox Reaction
Authors: Ma Longtao , Chen Shengmei , Long Changbai , Li Xinliang , Zhao Yuwei , Liu Zhuoxin , Huang Zhaodong , Dong Binbin , Zapien Juan Antonio , Zhi Chunyi
Published: October 2019

Herein, a two‐species redox reaction of Co(II)/Co(III) and Fe(II)/Fe(III) incorporated in cobalt hexacyanoferrate (CoFe(CN)6) is proposed as a breakthrough to achieve jointly high‐capacity and high‐voltage aqueous Zn‐ion battery. The Zn/CoFe(CN)6 battery provides a highly operational voltage plateau of 1.75 V (vs metallic Zn) and a high capacity of 173.4 mAh g−1 at current density of 0.3 A g−1, taking advantage of the two‐species redox reaction of Co(II)/Co(III) and Fe(II)/Fe(III) couples. Even under extremely fast charge/discharge rate of 6 A g−1, the battery delivers a sufficiently high discharge capacity of 109.5 mAh g−1 with its 3D opened structure framework. This is the highest capacity delivered among all the batteries using Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) cathode up to now. Furthermore, Zn/CoFe(CN)6 battery achieves an excellent cycling performance of 2200 cycles without any capacity decay at coulombic efficiency of nearly 100%. One further step, a sol–gel transition strategy for hydrogel electrolyte is developed to construct high‐performance flexible cable‐type battery. With the strategy, the active materials can adequately contact with electrolyte, resulting in improved electrochemical performance (≈18.73% capacity increase) and mechanical robustness of the solid‐state device. It is believed that this study optimizes electrodes by incorporating multi redox reaction species for high‐voltage and high‐capacity batteries.
Morphometric characterization of the very young child mandibular growth pattern: What happen before and after the deciduous dentition development?
Authors: Remy Floriane , Godio‐Raboutet Yves , Captier Guillaume , Burgart Philippe , Bonnaure Pierre , Thollon Lionel , Guyot Laurent
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Numerous tools have been developed to characterize the morphometry of 3D models. The aim of this study was to apply these techniques to better understand the morphometric growth pattern of healthy children's mandibles.

Material and Methods

The study sample was composed of 480 very young children aged from 36 gestational weeks to 7 years old. The sample was divided into three subsamples according to the development stages of their deciduous dentition. Several biometric data were collected on 3D mandibular models.

Results

There was homothetic growth during the first years of life. Once all deciduous teeth were fully erupted, the mandibular corpus warped more independently of the ramus, and the inter‐individual variability was more pronounced. Throughout the growth period, several subgroups could be identified, highlighting the morphological growth pattern of the mandible.

Conclusions

A particular morphogenesis of the mandible during the growth period was observed, which was correlated with deciduous dentition development. In younger individuals, this morphological pattern was mainly characterized by the progressive closure of the chin symphysis and ramus growth. The tongue movements in the oral space, depending on whether the child was bottle‐ or breast‐fed, may explain this result. As the children grew older, the mandible widened to create sufficient space for the developing teeth buds. During the eruption of deciduous dentition, the mandible took on various morphologies, which was likely based on the child's sex and diet. Therefore, we assume that this mandibular morphogenesis is induced by the functional strains affecting the mandible during deciduous teeth development.
An empirical assessment of a single family‐wide hybrid capture locus set at multiple evolutionary timescales in Asteraceae
Authors: Jones Katy E. , Fér Tomáš , Schmickl Roswitha E. , Dikow Rebecca B. , Funk Vicki A. , Herrando‐Moraira Sonia , Johnston Paul R. , Kilian Norbert , Siniscalchi Carolina M. , Susanna Alfonso , Slovák Marek , Thapa Ramhari , Watson Linda E. , Mandel Jennifer R.
Published: October 2019

Premise

Hybrid capture with high‐throughput sequencing (Hyb‐Seq) is a powerful tool for evolutionary studies. The applicability of an Asteraceae family‐specific Hyb‐Seq probe set and the outcomes of different phylogenetic analyses are investigated here.

Methods

Hyb‐Seq data from 112 Asteraceae samples were organized into groups at different taxonomic levels (tribe, genus, and species). For each group, data sets of non‐paralogous loci were built and proportions of parsimony informative characters estimated. The impacts of analyzing alternative data sets, removing long branches, and type of analysis on tree resolution and inferred topologies were investigated in tribe Cichorieae.

Results

Alignments of the Asteraceae family‐wide Hyb‐Seq locus set were parsimony informative at all taxonomic levels. Levels of resolution and topologies inferred at shallower nodes differed depending on the locus data set and the type of analysis, and were affected by the presence of long branches.

Discussion

The approach used to build a Hyb‐Seq locus data set influenced resolution and topologies inferred in phylogenetic analyses. Removal of long branches improved the reliability of topological inferences in maximum likelihood analyses. The Astereaceae Hyb‐Seq probe set is applicable at multiple taxonomic depths, which demonstrates that probe sets do not necessarily need to be lineage‐specific.
Investigating mental health crisis in youth with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Vasa Roma A. , Hagopian Louis , Kalb Luke G.
Published: October 2019

Evidence suggests that youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at increased risk for experiencing a mental health crisis. Yet, limited systematic research exists on this topic. This study examines the prevalence, phenomenology, and correlates of mental health crisis in children, adolescents, and young adults with ASD. Participants included 462 parents of individuals with ASD (83% male, 86% Caucasian, M = 13.7 years, SD = 4.7) who were enrolled in the Interactive Autism Network, a large online registry of families of individuals with ASD. Parents completed the Mental Health Crisis Assessment Scale, a psychometrically sound measure of mental health crisis for youth with ASD, as well as measures of parental depression, family quality of life, and mental health treatment history. Overall, 32% of parents reported that their child had experienced a mental health crisis during the last 3 months. In the younger group, elopement (88%) and self‐injury (81%) were the most frequent behaviors contributing to crisis; physical (60%) and verbal (42%) aggression were the most frequent crisis behaviors in the older group. Correlates of crisis included younger age, increased parental depressive symptoms, and lower family quality of life. Approximately 75% of individuals in crisis had seen a psychiatrist or behavioral therapist/psychologist within the last 3 months and 25% were not engaged in any mental health treatment. In summary, mental health crises were quite prevalent in this online sample of youth with ASD. Identification and treatment of these serious events is critical to reduce morbidity in this population. Autism Res 2020, 13: 112–121. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

This study examines the prevalence and characteristics of mental health crisis in children, adolescents, and young adults with autism spectrum disorder. We found that 32% of individuals in our study had experienced a mental health crisis within the last 3 months. Younger age, increased parental depression, and lower quality of life were associated with crisis. These findings emphasize the importance of developing child and family‐based interventions to prevent and treat the mental health crisis in this population.
Untersuchung der dynamischen Kennwerte einer Eisenbahnbrücke bei unterschiedlichen Ausbauzuständen
Authors: Reiterer Michael , Lachinger Stefan
Published: October 2019

Die dynamischen Kennwerte einer zweigleisigen Eisenbahnbrücke, ausgeführt als Stahlbetonrahmentragwerk, werden unter Anwendung der krafterregten Schwingungsanregungsmethode bei unterschiedlichen Ausbauzuständen untersucht. Ziel der experimentellen Untersuchungen ist die quantitative Bewertung des Steifigkeits‐ und Dämpfungsbeitrags von unterschiedlichen, bei Stahlbetonrahmentragwerken ausgeführten Ausbauelementen. Die bei unterschiedlichen Ausbauzuständen messtechnisch ermittelten dynamischen Kennwerte werden mit Ergebnissen aus einer parallel zur Messung durchgeführten numerischen Simulationsberechnung verglichen und diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen zeigen, dass bei zeitlich nahe aufeinanderfolgenden Messungen das Hinzufügen von Ausbauelementen einen geringen Einfluss auf die erste Eigenfrequenz des Tragwerks hat. Die zur ersten Eigenfrequenz zugehörige Lehrsche Dämpfung nimmt mit zunehmendem Fertigstellungsgrad des Tragwerks durchwegs zu.
Assemble a threat assessment team to prevent campus violence
Authors: Rahn Josh
Published: October 2019

Rick Parfitt has been on the front lines of threat assessment for 20 years, with much of that time spent in higher education. Today, Parfitt is the Director of Safety and Security for Florida's Lee County School District. He's also the Florida Chapter President of the Association of Threat Assessment Professionals, a nationwide organization of people whose daily work involves threat assessment. Parfitt shared some of the key principles of threat assessment, suggesting how campus police departments can adopt this approach as the “standard of care” for identifying students or employees in crisis and preventing violent incidents.
Benchmarking vs. assessments — A matter of taste, teamwork, and trust
Authors: Skipworth Stan
Published: October 2019

Over the course of this summer, I enjoyed my subscription to the MasterClass online series, in which accomplished professionals in a variety of fields provide insights and highly developed strategies for viewers to incorporate into their own opportunities in the same arena. I was especially intrigued by one episode from James Suckling, a world‐class sommelier, who discussed blind tastings, among other techniques, to build expertise and deeper understanding of the making of wine.
Use generational theory as a guide to understanding college students
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: October 2019

When I was in graduate school, I read William Strauss and Neil Howe's book Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069 (1991) when it was hot off the press. I was hooked on studying research about what defines each generation.
Generation of a MOR‐CreER knock‐in mouse line to study cells and neural circuits involved in mu opioid receptor signaling
Authors: Okunomiya Taro , Hioki Hiroyuki , Nishimura Chika , Yawata Satoshi , Imayoshi Itaru , Kageyama Ryoichiro , Takahashi Ryosuke , Watanabe Dai
Published: October 2019

Mu opioid receptor (MOR) is involved in various brain functions, such as pain modulation, reward processing, and addictive behaviors, and mediates the main pharmacologic effects of morphine and other opioid compounds. To gain genetic access to MOR‐expressing cells, and to study physiological and pathological roles of MOR signaling, we generated a MOR‐CreER knock‐in mouse line, in which the stop codon of the Oprm1 gene was replaced by a DNA fragment encoding a T2A peptide and tamoxifen (Tm)‐inducible Cre recombinase. We show that the MOR‐CreER allele undergoes Tm‐dependent recombination in a discrete subtype of neurons that express MOR in the adult nervous system, including the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, striosome compartments in the striatum, hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, hypothalamus, interpeduncular nucleus, superior and inferior colliculi, periaqueductal gray, parabrachial nuclei, cochlear nucleus, raphe nuclei, pontine and medullary reticular formation, ambiguus nucleus, solitary nucleus, spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglia. The MOR‐CreER mouse line combined with a Cre‐dependent adeno‐associated virus vector enables robust gene manipulation in the MOR‐enriched striosomes. Furthermore, Tm treatment during prenatal development effectively induces Cre‐mediated recombination. Thus, the MOR‐CreER mouse is a powerful tool to study MOR‐expressing cells with conditional gene manipulation in developing and mature neural tissues.
Monitoring nanobubble nucleation at early‐stage within a sub‐9 nm solid‐state nanopore
Authors: Li Qiao , Ying Yi‐Lun , Hu Yong‐Xu , Liu Shao‐Chuang , Long Yi‐Tao
Published: October 2019

Nanobubble nucleation study is important for understanding the dynamic behavior of nanobubble growth, which is instructive for the nanobubble applications. Benefiting from nanopore fabrication, herein, we fabricated a sub‐9 nm SiNX nanopore with the comparable size to nanobubbles at early‐stage. The confined nanopore interface serves as a generator for producing nanobubbles by the chemical reaction between NaBH4 and H2O and as an ultra‐sensitive sensor for monitoring the H2 nanobubble nucleation process. By carrying out the NaBH4 concentration‐dependent experiments, we found the life‐time of nanobubbles decreased 250 times and the frequency of nanobubble generation increased 38 times with the NaBH4 concentration increasing from 6 to 100 mM. The long‐time equilibrium between gas molecules inward flux and outward flux could prolong the life‐time of nanobubbles to hundreds of milliseconds at low NaBH4 concentration. The raw current trace depicted that the transient accumulation and dissolution of cavity occurred during all the life‐time of nanobubbles. Therefore, the sub‐9 nm SiNX nanopore shows a strong ability for real‐time monitoring the nanobubble nucleation at early‐stage with high temporal and spatial resolution. This work provides a guide to study the dynamic and stochastic characteristics of nanobubbles.
Congestion avoidance and fault detection in WSNs using data science techniques
Authors: Kazmi Hafiza Syeda Zainab , Javaid Nadeem , Awais Muhammad , Tahir Muhammad , Shim Seong‐o , Zikria Yousaf Bin
Published: October 2019

Transmission rate is one of the contributing factors in the performance of wireless sensor networks. Congested network causes reduced network response time, queuing delay, and more packet loss. To address the issue of congestion, we have proposed transmission rate control methods. To avoid the congestion, we have adjusted the transmission rate at current node based on its traffic loading information. Multiclassification is done to control the congestion using an effective data science technique, namely support vector machine (SVM). In order to get less miss classification error, differential evolution (DE) and grey wolf optimization (GWO) algorithms are used to tune the SVM parameters. The comparative analysis has shown that the proposed approaches DE‐SVM and GWO‐SVM are more proficient than other classification techniques. Moreover, DE‐SVM and GWO‐SVM have outperformed the benchmark technique genetic algorithm–SVM by producing 3% and 1% less classification errors, respectively. For fault detection in wireless sensor networks, we have induced four types of faults in the sensor readings and detected the faults using the proposed enhanced random forest. We have made a comparative analysis with state of the art data science techniques based on two metrics, ie, detection accuracy and true positive rate. Enhanced random forest has detected the faults with 81% percent accuracy and outperformed the other classifiers in fault detection.
Matching theory as enabler of efficient spectrum management in 5G networks
Authors: Tsirakis Christos , Lopez‐Aguilera Elena , Agapiou George , Varoutas Dimitris
Published: October 2019

This paper analyzes the spectrum trading problem in virtualized fifth generation networks to enhance the network performance with respect to the spectrum utilization. The problem is modeled as a many‐to‐many matching game with utility‐based preferences and determines the matching between mobile network operators and mobile virtual network operators. The two proposed versions of utility functions for each set aim at maximizing the satisfaction of both sets with conflicting interests and improving the overall spectrum efficiency. In the simulation evaluation, the proposed scheme is compared with three different schemes in terms of the system utility, individual, and pair matching satisfaction. We also investigate the scalability aspects, the strategy plan impact on the matching performance of our proposed scheme, and at the same time, we attempt to make appropriate assumptions closer to reality. Our proposed scheme shows much better performance than the other schemes achieving a quite high level of satisfaction for the matching result on both sets.
The anaphase‐promoting complex: A key mitotic regulator associated with somatic mutations occurring in cancer
Authors: Melloy Patricia G.
Published: October 2019

The anaphase‐promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that helps control chromosome separation and exit from mitosis in many different kinds of organisms, including yeast, flies, worms, and humans. This review represents a new perspective on the connection between APC/C subunit mutations and cancer. The complex nature of APC/C and limited mutation analysis of its subunits has made it difficult to determine the relationship of each subunit to cancer. In this work, cancer genomic data were examined to identify APC/C subunits with a greater than 5% alteration frequency in 11 representative cancers using the cBioPortal database. Using the Genetic Determinants of Cancer Patient Survival database, APC/C subunits were also studied and found to be significantly associated with poor patient prognosis in several cases. In comparing these two kinds of cancer genomics data to published large‐scale genomic analyses looking for cancer driver genes, ANAPC1 and ANAPC3/CDC27 stood out as being represented in all three types of analyses. Seven other subunits were found to be associated both with >5% alteration frequency in certain cancers and being associated with an effect on cancer patient prognosis. The aim of this review is to provide new approaches for investigators conducting in vivo studies of APC/C subunits and cancer progression. In turn, a better understanding of these APC/C subunits and their role in different cancers will help scientists design drugs that are more precisely targeted to certain cancers, using APC/C mutation status as a biomarker.
Serum levels of glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor and multiple neurotransmitters: In relation to cognitive performance in Parkinson's disease with mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Liu Yi , Tong Shuyan , Ding Li , Liu Na , Gao Dianshuai
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Mild cognitive impairment is a common non‐motor feature of Parkinson's disease, termed PD‐MCI. But there is a scarcity of data on the role of glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurotransmitters in pathogenesis of PD‐MCI. The aim of this project was to detect the serum levels of GDNF and multiple neurotranmitters and explore their relationships with cognitive performance in PD‐MCI patients.

Methods

Neuropsychological testing was administered to PD patients and healthy controls to investigate different domains of cognitive function. Serum levels of GDNF and four cognition‐related neurotransmitters including Dopamine metabolites Homovanillic acid (HVA), acetylcholine (Ach), γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis respectively.

Results

The more serious cognitive impairment of PD, the lower levels of GDNF, HVA and 5‐HT. In PD‐MCI patients, the levels of GDNF, HVA, Ach, 5‐HT, and GABA had a significant positive correlation with Digit span backward test (DSB‐T) scores and negative correlation with the scores of Trail Making Test A (TMT‐A) and Trail Making Test B (TMT‐B) respectively. Effect size analysis showed that GDNF and GDNF*Ach have a significant effect on DSB‐T, TMT‐A and TMT‐B respectively; GDNF*HVA, GDNF*5‐HT and GDNF*GABA play important part in Auditory Verbal Learning Test separately.

Conclusions

Serum GDNF may be involved in the impairment of attention, memory and executive function of PD‐MCI patients, by acting alone or in conjunction with neurotransmitters (HVA, 5‐HT, GABA, and Ach).
Passive perceptual learning modulates motor inhibitory control in superior frontal regions
Authors: Friedrich Julia , Beste Christian
Published: October 2019

Response inhibition is of vital importance in the context of controlling inappropriate responses. The role of perceptual processes during inhibitory control has attracted increased interest. Yet, we are far from an understanding of the mechanisms. One candidate mechanism by which perceptual processes may affect response inhibition refers to “gain control” that is closely linked to the signal‐to‐noise ratio of incoming information. A means to modulate the signal‐to‐noise ratio and gain control mechanisms is perceptual learning. In the current study, we examine the impact of perceptual learning (i.e., passive repetitive sensory stimulation) on response inhibition combining EEG signal decomposition with source localization analyses. A tactile GO/NOGO paradigm was conducted to measure action restraint as one subcomponent of response inhibition. We show that passive perceptual learning modulates response inhibition processes. In particular, perceptual learning attenuates the detrimental effect of response automation during inhibitory control. Temporally decomposed EEG data show that stimulus‐related and not response selection processes during conflict monitoring are linked to these effects. The superior and middle frontal gyrus (BA6), as well as the motor cortex (BA4), are associated with the effects of perceptual learning on response inhibition. Reliable neurophysiological effects were not evident on the basis of standard ERPs, which has important methodological implications for perceptual learning research. The results detail how lower level sensory plasticity protocols affect higher‐order cognitive control functions in frontal cortical structures.
Saturated areas through the lens: 2. Spatio‐temporal variability of streamflow generation and its relationship with surface saturation
Authors: Antonelli Marta , Glaser Barbara , Teuling Adriaan J. , Klaus Julian , Pfister Laurent
Published: October 2019

Investigating the spatio‐temporal variability of streamflow generation is fundamental to interpret the hydrological and biochemical functioning of catchments. In humid temperate environments, streamflow generation is often linked to the occurrence of near stream surface saturated areas, which mediate hydrological connectivity between hillslopes and streams. In this second contribution of a series of two papers, we used salt dilution gauging to investigate the spatio‐temporal variability of streamflow in different subcatchments and for different reaches in the Weierbach catchment (0.42 km2) and explored the topographical controls on streamflow variability. Moreover, we mapped stream network expansion and contraction dynamics. Finally, we combined the information on the spatio‐temporal variability of streamflow with the characterization of riparian surface saturation dynamics of seven different areas within the catchment (mapped with thermal infrared imagery, as presented in our first manuscript). We found heterogeneities in the streamflow contribution from different portions of the catchment. Although the size of the contributing area could explain differences in subcatchments' and reaches' net discharge, no clear topographic controls could be found when considering the area‐normalized discharge. This suggests that some local conditions exert control on the variability of specific discharge (e.g., local bedrock characteristics and occurrence of perennial springs). Stream network dynamics were found not to be very responsive to changes in catchment's discharge (i.e., total active stream length vs. stream outlet discharge relationship could be described through a power law function with exponent = 0.0195). On the contrary, surface saturation dynamics were found to be in agreement with the level of streamflow contribution from the correspondent reach in some of the investigated riparian areas. This study represents an example of how the combination of different techniques can be used to characterize the internal heterogeneity of the catchment and thus improve our understanding of how hydrological connectivity is established and streamflow is generated.
Application of GRACE to the estimation of groundwater storage change in a data‐poor region: A case study of Ngadda catchment in the Lake Chad Basin
Authors: Skaskevych Alla , Lee Jejung , Jung Hahn Chul , Bolten John , David John L. , Policelli Frederick S. , Goni Ibrahim B. , Favreau Guillaume , San Soma , Ichoku Charles M.
Published: October 2019

The present study is to explore the feasibility of GRACE‐based estimation of a groundwater storage change in a data‐poor region using a case study of the Ngadda catchment in the Lake Chad Basin. Although the Ngadda catchment has only one set of in situ time series data of groundwater from 2006 to 2009 and a limited number of groundwater measurements in 2005 and 2009, GRACE‐based groundwater storage change can be evaluated against the in situ groundwater measurements combined with specific yield data. The cross‐correlation analysis in the Ngadda catchment shows that maximum rainfall reached in July and August, whereas both the maximum total water storage anomaly and the maximum groundwater storage anomaly occurred 2months later. Whereas the mean annual amplitude of total water storage anomaly is about 17cm from both the average total water storage anomaly from three mascon products and the one from three spherical harmonic products, the mean annual amplitude of soil moisture storage anomaly is substantially varied from 5.58cm for CLM to about 14cm for NOAH and Mosaic. The goodness‐of‐fit tests show that CLM soil moisture produces the closest estimation of groundwater storage anomaly to the in situ groundwater measurements. The present study shows that GRACE‐based estimation for groundwater storage anomaly can be a cost‐effective and alternative tool to observe how groundwater changes in a basin scale under the limitation of modelling and in situ data availability.
Growing Together: Literacy and Agency in an Early‐College Research Collaborative
Authors: Filipiak Danielle , Caraballo Limarys
Published: October 2019

This department explores how teachers can sustain students’ multilingual literacies and reimagine literacy learning across multiple contexts in conversation with researchers, practitioners, and communities.
Hepatitis B surface antigen reduction as a result of switching from long‐term entecavir administration to tenofovir
Authors: Tamaki Nobuharu , Kurosaki Masayuki , Kirino Sakura , Yamashita Koji , Osawa Leona , Sekiguchi Shuhei , Hayakawa Yuka , Wang Wan , Okada Mao , Higuchi Mayu , Takaura Kenta , Maeyashiki Chiaki , Kaneko Shun , Yasui Yutaka , Tsuchiya Kaoru , Nakanishi Hiroyuki , Itakura Jun , Takahashi Yuka , Enomoto Nobuyuki , Izumi Namiki
Published: October 2019

Background and Aim

Loss of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) is an important goal in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. We investigated whether switching from long‐term entecavir (ETV) administration to tenofovir (TFV) (tenofovir alafenamide [TAF] or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [TDF]) could contribute to the reduction of HBsAg levels.

Methods

The degree of HBsAg reduction by 48 weeks in 30 patients following switching from ETV to TFV was compared with results from 147 patients who continued ETV as a control.

Results

TFV group switched to TFV after mean 6.79 years of ETV administration. HBV‐DNA levels remained below 1.0 log IU/mL in all cases in both groups during 48 weeks. Median HBsAg reduction at 48 weeks was 0.075 (−0.05 to 0.38) log/IU/mL in the TFV switch group, and 0.070 (−0.28 to 0.50) in the ETV continuation group, which was not statistically significant (p = 0.5). In a subgroup of hepatitis B e antigen negative patients whose HBsAg had not been reduced (HBsAg reduction ≤0 log IU/mL) in the 48 weeks prior to entry into the study, HBsAg reduction was significantly higher in the TFV switch group than in the ETV continuation group (0.15 [0.07–0.135] in TFV, 0.09 [−0.14 to 0.25] log IU/mL in ETV, p = 0.04).

Conclusion

Although HBsAg reduction is equivalent with ETV continuation and switching to TFV in all patients at 48 weeks, switching from ETV to TFV could provide an alternative therapeutic strategy toward HBsAg elimination in a specific subpopulation of patients.
Interactions between an amphipathic di‐histidine peptide and a metal affinity chromatographic resin derived from a bis(tacn)butane chelating ligand
Authors: Kreher Ute , Spiccia Leone , Hearn Milton T. W.
Published: October 2019

The interactive behavior of an amphipathic peptide with the Cu2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ complexes of 1,4‐bis(triazacyclonon‐1‐yl)butane), bis(tacn)but, immobilized onto Sepharose CL‐4B, has been investigated. The effects of incubation time, as well as the incubation buffer pH and ionic strength, have been examined. The binding data have been interrogated using Langmuir, Langmuir‐Freundlich, bi‐Langmuir, and Temkin isothermal models and Scatchard plots. These results confirm that this amphipathic peptide binds with relatively high capacities to the immobilized Cu2+‐ and Ni2+‐1,4‐bis(triazacyclonon‐1‐yl)butane)‐Sepharose CL‐4B sorbents via at least two discrete sites. However, the corresponding immobilized Zn2+‐sorbent had low binding capacity. Moreover, the magnitude of the binding capacities of these sorbents was dependent on the pH and ionic strength of the incubation buffer. These results are relevant to the isolation of E. coli expressed recombinant proteins that incorporate this and related amphipathic peptide tags, containing two or more histidine residues, located at the N‐ or C‐terminus of the recombinant protein, and the co‐purification of low abundance host cell proteins of diverse structure, by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatographic methods.
Typologies of Combat Exposure and Their Effects on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Depression Symptoms
Authors: Kelber Marija Spanovic , Smolenski Derek J. , Workman Don E. , Morgan Maria A. , Garvey Wilson Abigail L. , Campbell Marjorie S. , Evatt Daniel P. , Belsher Bradley E.
Published: October 2019

The present study identified distinct classes of U.S. military service members based on their combat experiences and examined mental health outcomes and longitudinal growth curves of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression symptoms associated with each class. Participants were 551 active duty service members who screened positive for PTSD and/or depression based on DSM‐IV‐TR criteria. All participants completed the Combat Experiences Scale at baseline as well as PTSD and depression measures at baseline and at 3‐, 6‐, and 12‐month follow‐ups. A latent class analysis identified four classes of service members based on their combat experiences: limited exposure, medical exposure, unit exposure, and personal exposure. Service members in the personal exposure class were characterized by a distinct mental health profile: They reported a higher level of PTSD symptoms at baseline and a higher prevalence of traumatic brain injury and PTSD diagnoses during the course of the study. The limited exposure class was more likely to receive diagnoses of depression and adjustment disorders. All classes except the medical exposure class demonstrated a slight decrease in PTSD and depression symptoms over time. However, participants in the limited exposure class had a larger decrease in PTSD and depression symptoms earlier in care but did not demonstrate superior long‐term symptom improvements at 12 months compared to the other groups. These results inform PTSD development models and have implications for the screening and clinical management of combat‐exposed service members.
Condition Bias of Decoy‐Harvested Light Geese During the Conservation Order
Authors: Fowler Drew N. , Webb Elisabeth B. , Vrtiska Mark P.
Published: October 2019

Evidence that decoy harvest techniques primarily remove individuals of poorer body condition is well established in short‐lived duck species; however, there is limited support for condition bias in longer‐lived waterfowl species, such as geese, where decoy harvest is considered primarily additive because of their high natural survival rates. We evaluated support for the harvest condition bias hypothesis of 2 long‐lived waterfowl species, the lesser snow goose (Anser caerulescens caerulescens) and Ross's goose (Anser rossii). We used proximate analysis to quantify lipid and protein content of lesser snow and Ross's geese collected during the Light Goose Conservation Order (LGCO) in 2015 and 2016 during spring migration in Arkansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and South Dakota, USA. In each state, LGCO participants collected birds using traditional decoy techniques and we collected birds from the general population using jump‐shooting tactics. Total body lipid content in both lesser snow and Ross's geese varied with age, region of harvest, and harvest type (decoy or jump‐shooting). On average, adult lesser snow and Ross's geese harvested over decoys had 60 g and 41 g, respectively, fewer lipids than conspecifics collected using jump‐shooting. We observed lower lipid reserves in decoy‐shot geese in all 4 states sampled despite general gains in lipid reserves as migration chronology progressed. Our data support that the harvest condition bias extends to longer‐lived waterfowl species and during a life‐history event (spring migration) in which harvest is not normally observed. In the case of overabundant light geese, the disproportionate harvest of poorer‐conditioned lesser snow and Ross's geese may serve as an additional challenge against any realized effects of harvest to reduce the population, in addition to extremely low harvest rates. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.
How to Fight Kinetics in Complex Radical Polymerization Processes: Theoretical Case Study of Poly(divinyl ether‐alt‐maleic anhydride)
Authors: Bolshchikov Boris D. , Tsvetkov Vladimir B. , Alikhanova Olga L. , Serbin Alexander V.
Published: October 2019

Products of free‐radical polymerization (FRP) are usually not regulated on the molecular scale, consisting of blocks obtained through the fastest kinetic scheme pathways. The side or kinetically restricted products can be a source of impurities in a complex FRP case, or possess new properties if isolated solely. FRP synthesis of poly(divinyl ether‐alt‐maleic anhydride), known as “DIVEMA”, serves as a polymerization example with such kinetic and thermodynamic complexities. Uncertainty in factors regulating polymer structure is a challenge in advancement “DIVEMA” derivatives toward medical practice. In‐depth investigation via quantum‐chemical and molecular mechanics methods unveils mechanistic aspects of polymer stereoisomerism and confirms possible isolation of thermodynamically or kinetically controlled products on a large data set. Strategies toward regulation of 5‐exo/6‐endo cycloisomerism are theorized and then studied via microkinetic modeling. Thermodynamically controlled products can be isolated utilizing lower monomer concentrations, in range of 10−3 to 10−1 m, and/or application of a complexing agent that is better to realize via solvents, capable of formation π‐ and σ‐radical complexes. Change of electrophilic monomer is proposed as an approach for designing more molecularscale adjustable copolymerization processes. Methodology, obtained results, and conclusions for “DIVEMA” can be valuable to control other FRP processes on the molecular scale, unlocking polymers with improved or new functionalities.
Enhanced mechanical and thermal properties of polyurethane‐imide foams with the addition of expended vermiculite
Authors: Xiong Weiwen , Wu Jiali , Tian Huafeng , Xiang Aimin , Wang Chaoyang , Wu Qiangxian
Published: October 2019

Polyurethane‐imide (PUI) foams, in combination with the mechanical performance of polyurethane and flame retardancy of polyimide, were prepared by polyimide prepolymer method. Expended vermiculite (EV), with a wider layer spacing than vermiculite, was used as the filler to further enhance the mechanical and thermal properties of the PUI foams. The effect of filler content on the morphology of foams was also investigated. The results showed that the mean cell diameter of foams became smaller and the cell size distribution was more uniform at low filler content. The addition of EV resulted in a substantial increase in thermal stability. The compression strength increased from 0.024 to 0.065 MPa with an increase in EV content from 0% to 9.6%. The limited oxygen index values increased from 24% to 30.8% with an increase in filler content from 0% to 9.6%. Hence, PUI foams could significantly enlarge its application range with the addition of EV.