bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Process‐oriented large‐eddy simulations of a midlatitude cirrus cloud system based on observations
Authors: Sölch Ingo , Kärcher Bernd
Published: March 2011

We apply a cloud‐resolving model with explicit aerosol and ice microphysics and Lagrangian ice particle tracking to simulate the evolution of a cirrus cloud field observed during the US Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Intensive Operational Period in March 2000. This comprehensive data set includes remote sensing, radiosonde, and aircraft measurements of a midlatitude cirrus cloud system, supported by estimates of the dynamical cloud forcing. The dataset allows us to evaluate and study in great detail the process‐oriented representation of the microphysical processes relevant to the formation and evolution of deep, stratiform cirrus (in particular ice crystal sedimentation and aggregation). The suite of explicitly resolved physical processes in our model enables us to better understand the sensitivity of the simulated cirrus properties on a large number of microphysical and environmental parameters.

The evolution of the domain‐integrated cloud optical depth is largely dominated by homogeneous freezing processes. We find that the evolution of the observed cirrus cloud system is most dependent on updraught speed and ice supersaturation and that homogeneous freezing leads to a total, cloud‐averaged ice crystal concentration of 0.1 cm−3 of air. It is not necessary to invoke heterogeneous ice nuclei to explain most of the data, but we cannot rule out that a small concentration (up to 0.002 cm−3) of such particles may have affected the cirrus cloud field in nature. Cloud‐averaged ice particle size distributions are bimodal, separating two distinct growth regimes in the developed cloud. The small mode (ice particle sizes below a few 100μm) forms by homogeneous freezing of supercooled aerosol droplets and grows by deposition of water molecules from the gas phase. The large mode (sizes up to several 1000μm) forms and grows by aggregation. We demonstrate that the formation of the largest crystals by aggregation in deep cirrus is controlled in part by the nucleation of new ice crystals in dynamically active, highly supersaturated upper cloud regions. Furthermore, a pronounced increase in the number of aggregation events is predicted in sublimation zones. The combined effect of sublimation and sedimentation leads to the formation of a very thin (vertical extension ∼ 100 m) sublimation microlayer mainly composed of aggregated ice crystals, containing relatively high total ice crystal number concentrations (∼ 0.02 cm−3) comparable to those generated locally by homogeneous freezing in the upper cloud layers. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Analysis of two atmospheric dispersion schemes from CO2 surface concentrations at a rural site
Authors: Pérez Isidro A. , García M. Ángeles , Paredes Vanessa , Luisa Sánchez M.
Published: March 2011

Two atmospheric dispersion schemes, the transport index and the Bultynck–Malet scheme, have been analysed and combined by means of a three‐year database obtained at a rural site comprising CO2 surface concentrations and meteorological variables (wind and temperature profiles) from a RASS sodar. The most noticeable feature of the transport index is its ability to split the influence of local effects and transport, whereas the Bultynck–Malet scheme is based on seven stability classes and requires temperature gradient and wind data not too close to the surface. The transport index was obtained in the layer from 40 to 100 m. Medians of the transport index were below 600 m, particularly at night, revealing that local effects prevailed during this period. CO2 concentrations were parametrized as a function of distance, and a boundary of the transport index was calculated to establish two regions, the inner region affected by local effects and the outer, affected by transport. Dependence of this boundary on height was also analysed. The original Bultynck–Malet scheme was adapted to the database by modifying the limit of high winds. As a result, only a few observations were transferred to more stable classes. A successful relationship between CO2 concentrations and stability classes was obtained and a detailed analysis revealed the noticeable influence of temperature gradient on the two most stable classes. Finally, the relationship between both dispersion schemes enabled us to propose an extremely simplified scheme retaining the two most stable Bultynck–Malet classes and grouping the remaining observations into a third class with lower concentrations. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Evolution of stratosphere–troposphere singular vectors
Authors: de Vries Hylke , Hooghoudt Jan‐Otto , Verkley W. T. M.
Published: March 2011

Stratospheric conditions affect the tropospheric circulation on a variety of time‐scales. This article addresses two issues in stratosphere–troposphere interaction that are relevant for time‐scales up to a week: the basic growth mechanisms involved and the role of the stratospheric shear. Idealized simulations are conducted of initially stratospheric perturbations that maximize tropospheric total disturbance energy with a lead time of 5 days, assuming linear quasi‐geostrophic dynamics and simplified zonal flow. The evolution is analysed in terms of the basic interactions between three Rossby‐wave components. On the f‐plane (constant Coriolis parameter), the three‐component analysis is very accurate (the error stays within 1% of vertically integrated total energy) because all available growth mechanisms are captured. Energy growth occurs initially through the Orr mechanism, subsequently through resonance and finally through (normal‐mode) shear instability. On the β‐plane (Coriolis parameter varying linearly with latitude), errors increase because westward retrogression of the untilting potential vorticity structure is neglected by the three‐component model. Further study reveals that the tropospheric energy growth strongly depends on the value of the stratospheric shear. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Relative stabilities of transition states determine diastereocontrol in sulfur ylide additions onto chiral N‐sulfinyl imines
Authors: Salter E. Alan , Forbes David C. , Wierzbicki Andrzej
Published: March 2011

Additions of methylphenylsulfonium methylide onto chiral nonracemic N‐sulfinyl imines (R′SONCHR, R′ = t‐butyl, R = protected diol), followed by ring closure, yield terminal aziridines with high diastereoselectivity. Control reactions have established that both N‐ and C‐ iminyl substituents impact product preference, and when properly matched, one addition product is selected almost exclusively. Using solution‐phase density functional computational methods, minima and transition state (TS) searches have been performed to reveal the structural origins of the diastereoselectivity. Our computational findings indicate that ring closure is fast and irreversible, and consequently, the relative energies of the TSs for the competing Re/Si addition steps determine the product diastereomeric ratios. Analysis of addition TS structures reveals the causes of selectivity as arising from the N‐ and C‐ iminyl substituents, and we identify the S (R) configuration of the N‐sulfinyl sulfur atom as the dominant director of Si (Re) addition. The control attributed to the sulfur configuration is tied to an important favorable internal interaction between the sulfinyl oxygen and the iminyl hydrogen. The protected diol acts as a secondary director, owing to steric/electrostatic interactions with the approaching ylide. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Density functional studies of LiN and LiN+ (N = 2–30) clusters: Structure, binding and charge distribution
Authors: Goel Neetu , Gautam Seema , Dharamvir Keya
Published: March 2011

Density functional calculations using B3LYP/6‐311G method have been carried out for small to medium‐sized lithium clusters (LiN, N = 2–30). The optimized geometries of neutral and singly charged clusters, their binding energies, ionization potential, electron affinity, chemical potential, softness, hardness, highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO–LUMO) gap, and static dipole polarizability have been investigated systematically. In addition, we study the distribution of partial charges in detail using natural population analysis (NPA) in small‐sized clusters (LiN, N = 2–10), both neutral and cationic, and demonstrate the correlation between symmetry and charge. Uniform distribution of charges in cationic clusters confirms them to be energetically more favorable than the neutral counterparts. Whenever possible, results have been compared with available data. An excellent agreement in every case supports new results as reliable predictions. A careful study of optimized geometries shows that Li9 is derivable from bulk Li structure, i.e., body centered cubic cell, and higher clusters have optimized shapes derived from this. Further, the turnover form two to three dimensional structure occurs at cluster size N = 6. The quantity α1/3 (α = polarizability) per atom is found to be broadly proportional to softness (per atom) as well as inverse ionization potential (per atom). The present work forms a sound basis for further study of large‐sized clusters as well as other atomic clusters. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
EVALUATION OF RIPARIAN HABITAT RESTORATION IN A LOWLAND RIVER
Authors: Mouton A. M. , Buysse D. , Stevens M. , van den Neucker T. , Coeck J.
Published: March 2011

For many years, navigable lowland rivers have been embanked artificially or suffered from substantial shipping wave action, leading to habitat degradation. Recently, riparian habitats were restored by creating foreshores and spawning grounds in the river Yser, a lowland river in Flanders, Belgium. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the role of these restored habitats for spawning and nursery of juvenile fish. To cover a wide range of anthropogenic disruption, four riparian mesohabitat types were selected and compared, ranging from semi‐natural over artificial spawning grounds and foreshores to artificial embankments. Juvenile fish were subjected to sampling by using electrofishing between June and September 2009 at different microhabitats located in five sites of each riparian mesohabitat type. Juvenile fish strongly preferred natural riparian habitats, whereas artificial embankments showed the lowest species richness, abundance and functional organization of juvenile fish species. Restored riparian habitats appeared to be an appropriate alternative for artificial embankments in navigable lowland rivers but still score significantly less than natural habitats. Juvenile fish avoided bare microhabitats but did not prefer any other microhabitat type (reed, woody or grassy vegetation), emphasizing the importance of microhabitat diversity. This paper provides valuable insights into riparian habitat restoration to river managers and stakeholders. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inflammatory cytokine gene expression in THP‐1 cells exposed to Stachybotrys chartarum and Aspergillus versicolor
Authors: Pei Ruoting , Gunsch Claudia K.
Published: March 2011

Very little is known about the mechanisms that occur in human cells upon exposure to fungi as well as their mycotoxins. A better understanding of toxin‐regulated gene expression would be helpful to identify safe levels of exposure and could eventually be the basis for establishing guidelines for remediation scenarios following a water intrusion event. In this research, cytokine mRNA expression patterns were investigated in the human monocytic THP‐1 cell line exposed to fungal extracts of various fragment sizes obtained from Stachybotrys chartarum RTI 5802 and/or Aspergillus versicolor RTI 3843, two common and well‐studied mycotoxin producing fungi. Cytokine mRNA expression was generally upregulated 2–10 times following a 24 h exposure to fungal extracts. Expression of the proinflammatory interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐8, and tumor necrosis factor‐α genes increased while the anti‐inflammatory gene interleukin‐10 also increased albeit at very low level, suggesting that negative feedback regulation mechanism of production of proinflammatory cytokines initiated upon 24 h of incubation. In addition, submicron size extracts of A. versicolor caused significant death of THP‐1 cells, whereas extracts of S. chartarum caused no cell death while the mixture of the two fungi had an intermediate effect. There was no general correlation between gene expression and fragment sizes, which suggests that all submicron fragments may contribute to inflammatory response. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2013.
Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Bonate Peter L.
Published: March 2011

Pharmacokinetics is the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. Simply put, pharmacokinetics is what the body does to the drug, which is opposed to pharmacodynamics, which is what the drug does to the body. This review will introduce pharmacokinetics as a science showing how biochemistry, biology, pharmacology, and physiology interact to explain how a drug ‘works’. Pharmacokinetics is becoming increasingly quantitative with population pharmacokinetics–pharmacodynamics, which uses nonlinear mixed effects model methodology, becoming more and more commonplace and acting as the core to model‐based drug development. This review will show how statistics is becoming increasingly more important in pharmacokinetic analysis and provide an introduction to statistical analysis of pharmacokinetic data. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 332–342 DOI: 10.1002/wics.153

This article is categorized under:

Applications of Computational Statistics > Computational and Molecular Biology
Weibull distributions
Authors: Lai C. D. , Murthy D. N. P. , Xie M.
Published: March 2011

The basic Weibull distribution is considered the most fundamental and basic lifetime distribution. Various extensions of the Weibull distribution have been proposed since the 1970s and are useful in the modeling of complex lifetime data that are beyond the capability of the basic Weibull. This article reviews the properties of the basic Weibull distribution and lists the various extensions. It describes the use of Weibull probability plots as a tool for model selection and discusses the parameter estimation and model validation. It concludes with some topics for future research. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 282–287 DOI: 10.1002/wics.157

This article is categorized under:

Statistical Models > Model Selection
QSAR modeling of nanomaterials
Authors: Burello Enrico , Worth Andrew P.
Published: March 2011

A thorough understanding of the relationships between the physicochemical properties and the behavior of nanomaterials in biological systems is mandatory for designing safe and efficacious nanomedicines. Quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) methods help to establish such relationships, although their application to model the behavior of nanomaterials requires new ideas and applications to account for the novel properties of this class of compounds. This review presents and discusses a number of recent inspiring applications of QSAR modeling and descriptors for nanomaterials with a focus on approaches that attempt to describe the interactions that take place at the nano/bio‐interface. The paradigm shift from classic to nano‐QSAR currently relies on both theoretically and experimentally derived descriptors, and the solutions adopted for modeling are diverse, mirroring the structural and behavioral heterogeneity of nanomaterials. Research should focus on both aspects of a QSAR study: the generation of nanospecific theoretical descriptors and experimental test data. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011 3 298–306 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.137

This article is categorized under:

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials
Characterization of paternity relationships in the mole rat Spalax ehrenbergi by microsatellite genotyping
Authors: Malik Assaf , Frenkel Zeev , Hernandez Alvaro , Band Mark , Nevo Eviatar , Avivi Aaron
Published: March 2011

Spalax ehrenbergi is a species complex of blind subterranean rodents distributed along the east Mediterranean region. We studied genetic relationships within and between S. ehrenbergi sib families using microsatellite genotyping. The upper‐bound level of multiple‐paternity rate in litters was estimated using a simulation model of breeding process. Our results show that the upper bound of multiple paternity in the studied population of S. ehrenbergi is <30% (P value 2.9%), with no detected cases of multiple paternity. Our analytical model was specifically designed for a situation in which the sibling identities are known but genetic data about their parents is unavailable. The genetic similarities between groups of individuals were also tested, and it was found that the distance between breeding nests is a factor influencing the genetic similarity between litters found in the nests.
Open fractures of the femur in children: Analysis of various treatment methods
Authors: Allison Patrick , Dahan-Oliel Noémi , Jando Victor T. , Yang Stephen Su , Hamdy Reggie C.
Published: March 2011

Purpose

To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of children who presented with open femur fractures.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of all children treated for open femur fractures at the McGill University Health Center between 1980 and 2009 was conducted. Thirty-seven patients (28 males and 9 females) were identified. Union was determined clinically by the absence of pain, tenderness to palpation and crepitus with motion. Complications were reported.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 11.5 years (range 2.8–18.1 years). The mechanism of injury involved motor vehicle-related injuries in 70% of cases. There were 13 Grade I, 15 Grade II and 9 Grade III fractures. The treatment involved traction and hip spica in 11 patients, external fixator in nine patients, intramedullary nailing in seven patients, open reduction and internal fixation in six patients, and traction and an ischial weight bearing brace in four patients. Average time to union was 5.1 months (range 1.5–14.4 months). Infections occurred in ten patients, nine had delayed unions, two developed malunions, four had a refracture and four patients developed a limb length discrepancy >2 cm.

Conclusions

Open fractures of the femur are often accompanied by associated injuries, indicating the importance of early and comprehensive treatment. Treatment may include hip spica application in school-age children and solid intramedullary nails in adolescents. In children with multiple injuries, specifically those with higher fracture grades, treatment with an external fixator provides immediate stability of the fracture and allows early mobilization and ease of management of associated injuries.
Revisiting the composition puzzles of the household portfolio: New evidence
Authors: Jin Fangyi
Published: March 2011

This paper presents new evidence which contradicts the existence of the portfolio composition puzzles concerning household finance: portfolio risk increases empirically with age and wealth which contradicts Merton's (1971) solution. The puzzles cause serious problems when assessing the classical theoretical models that have been developed to rationalize households' portfolio choices. This paper investigates the 2005 Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) data and shows that, when the household portfolio includes real estate and private business and allows for leverage, the portfolio risk for young and low‐wealth households is in general higher than that in older and richer households, which is consistent with the predictions of classical models.
Evolutionary Transients in the Rice Transcriptome
Authors: Wang Jun , Zhang Jianguo , Li Ruiqiang , Zheng Hongkun , Li Jun , Zhang Yong , Li Heng , Ni Peixiang , Li Songgang , Li Shengting , Wang Jingqiang , Liu Dongyuan , McDermott Jason , Samudrala Ram , Liu Siqi , Wang Jian , Yang Huanming , Yu Jun , Wong Gane Ka-Shu
Published: March 2011

In the canonical version of evolution by gene duplication, one copy is kept unaltered while the other is free to evolve. This process of evolutionary experimentation can persist for millions of years. Since it is so short lived in comparison to the lifetime of the core genes that make up the majority of most genomes, a substantial fraction of the genome and the transcriptome may—in principle—be attributable to what we will refer to as “evolutionary transients”, referring here to both the process and the genes that have gone or are undergoing this process. Using the rice gene set as a test case, we argue that this phenomenon goes a long way towards explaining why there are so many more rice genes than Arabidopsis genes, and why most excess rice genes show low similarity to eudicots.
Jackknife and Bootstrap Tests of the Composition Vector Trees
Authors: Zuo Guanghong , Xu Zhao , Yu Hongjie , Hao Bailin
Published: March 2011

Composition vector trees (CVTrees) are inferred from whole-genome data by an alignment-free and parameter-free method. The agreement of these trees with the corresponding taxonomy provides an objective justification of the inferred phylogeny. In this work, we show the stability and self-consistency of CVTrees by performing bootstrap and jackknife re-sampling tests adapted to this alignment-free approach. Our ultimate goal is to advocate the viewpoint that time-consuming statistical re-sampling tests can be avoided at all in using this alignment-free approach. Agreement with taxonomy should be taken as a major criterion to estimate prokaryotic phylogenetic trees.
The Woman Clothed in the Sun: Pacifism and Apocalyptic Discourse among Russian Spiritual Christian Molokan-Jumpers
Authors: Clay J. Eugene
Published: March 2011

With its violent images of heavenly and earthly combat, the book of Revelation has been criticized for promoting a vengeful and distorted version of Christ's teachings. Gerd Lüdemann, for example, has attacked the book as part of the “dark side of the Bible,” and Jonathan Kirsch believes that the pernicious influence of Revelation “can be detected in some of the worst atrocities and excesses of every age, including our own.” Yet, surprisingly, nonviolent pacifists have also drawn on the Apocalypse for encouragement and support. This was especially true for generations of Russian Spiritual Christians (dukhovnye khristiane), a significant religious minority whose roots trace at least as far back as the 1760s, when the first “spirituals” (dukhovnye) were arrested and tried in Russia's southern provinces of Tambov and Voronezh. Although they drew upon apocalyptic martial imagery, the Spiritual Christians were pacifists, some of whom came to identify themselves with the Woman Clothed in the Sun of Revelation 12.
Drift–Alfvén vortices in dusty plasmas with non-zero ion-temperature effects
Authors: POKHOTELOV O. A. , ONISHCHENKO O. G. , SHUKLA P. K. , STENFLO L.
Published: March 2011

Reduced two-fluid equations governing the nonlinear dynamics of drift–Alfvén waves in dusty plasmas with non-zero ion temperature are derived. In the
linear limit, we find a dispersion relation that shows the coupling between the
ion-drift–Shukla–Varma mode, and electron-drift (magnetostatic) and (inertial or
kinetic) Alfvén waves due to the finite collisionless electron skin depth or Larmorradius corrections. In contrast to the case of an electron–ion plasma, when the
nonlinear drift–Alfvén vortices are weakly localized, i.e. decrease at infinity as r−1, the presence of the charged dust grains makes exponential localization possible.
The physical meaning of such a localization is connected with the fact that charged
massive dust granules provide an additional screening that results in stronger localization of the vortex. In several intermediate-β plasmas with 1 [Gt ] β [Gt ] me/mi
(me,i is the electron or ion mass), the localization length approaches a minimum
value when the vortex velocity is of the order of the ion diamagnetic drift. It then
reaches the value ρiδ−1/4d where ρi is the ion Larmor radius and δd is the ratio of
the dust to ion densities multiplied by the dust charge number Zd. In the case of
very low plasma pressure, β [Lt ] me/mi, the vortex is localized with typical scale
(λeρi)1/2δ−1/4d where λe is the electron skin depth. Our investigation can thus predict the velocities of coherent nonlinear structures in space plasmas.
Nonlinear theory of non-axisymmetric resonant slow waves in straight magnetic flux tubes
Authors: BALLAI I. , ERDÉLYI R. , GOOSSENS M.
Published: March 2011

Nonlinear resonant slow magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves are
studied in weakly dissipative isotropic plasmas for a cylindrical equilibrium model. The
equilibrium magnetic field lines are unidirectional and parallel with the z axis. The
nonlinear governing equations for resonant slow magnetoacoustic (SMA) waves are
derived. Using the method of matched asymptotic expansions inside and outside
the narrow dissipative layer, we generalize the connection formulae for the Eulerian
perturbation of the total pressure and for the normal component of the velocity.
These nonlinear connection formulae in dissipative cylindrical MHD are an
important extention of the connection formulae obtained in linear ideal MHD [Sakurai
et al., Solar Phys. 133, 227 (1991)], linear dissipative MHD [Goossens et al., Solar
Phys. 175, 75 (1995); Erdélyi, Solar Phys. 171, 49 (1997)] and in nonlinear
dissipative MHD derived in slab geometry [Ruderman et al., Phys. Plasmas4, 75 (1997)].
These generalized connection formulae enable us to connect the solutions at both
sides of the dissipative layer without solving the MHD equations in the dissipative
layer. We also show that the nonlinear interaction of harmonics in the
dissipative layer is responsible for generating a parallel mean flow outside the dissipative
layer.
Poly-functionality of the preverbal “acquire” in the Nanning Yue dialect of Chinese: an areal perspective
Authors: Bit-Chee Kwok , Chin Andy C. , Tsou Benjamin K.
Published: March 2011

This paper aims to explore the origin and to reconstruct the path of the development of a preverbal element, glossed as ACQ here, in the Nanning Yue dialect (NY) spoken in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in south-western China. Apart from being a full verb meaning “acquire”, this morpheme can also appear in preverbal and post-verbal positions, expressing different modalities. It is argued that the preverbal ACQ in Early Cantonese (i.e. the ancestral language of modern Cantonese spoken in the Pearl River Delta as well as NY) is relatively non-productive, and this leads us to consider that the emergence of this peculiar grammatical element in modern NY might involve external factors. One possible such factor is language contact. Specifically, we argue that the new readings derived from the preverbal ACQ in NY were transferred from Zhuang, the most common non-Sinitic language of the Tai-Kadai family in Guangxi, by contact-induced interference.
Together but separate: How Muslim scholars conceived of religious plurality in South Asia in the seventeenth century
Authors: Khalfoui Mouez
Published: March 2011

TheAl-Fatāwā al-Hindiyya Al-ʿĀlamjīriyyais a compendium of Islamic Ḥanafi law. It was written in South Asia during the second half of the seventeenth century with the goal of filling the gap between local social reality and Islamic legal theory. In order to establish an authoritative ruling, the authors compared the views of Central Asian scholars on Ḥanafi law, like those from Balakh and Bukhārā, with the opinions held by the Iraqi scholars, in particular Abū Ḥanīfa and his two disciples. This paper argues that the South Asian scholars shared more similarities with their Iraqi colleagues than with the Central Asian branch of the Ḥanafi school of law, although the latter were closer to them chronologically than the Iraqi scholars. Furthermore, the South Asian scholars' “permissive” point of view regarding non-Muslim residents may be ascribed to the pressure of the social reality in South Asia, which pushed them to search for a compromise between the population's ruling Muslim minority and the non-Muslim majority.
Economic Change in South-West Ireland, 1960–2009
Authors: STEAD DAVID R.
Published: March 2011

This article reflects on the striking economic changes recently experienced in a part of peripheral south-west rural Ireland. In 1960, west Cork's economy was largely dependent on low-productivity agriculture and was undergoing long term decline. Unexpectedly the region began to be revitalised from the turn of the 1990s, reflected in a rapid reversal of chronic depopulation and growth of employment in the service sector. Important to this process was the area's ability to capitalise on several familiar national and global socioeconomic changes, including the ‘Celtic tiger’ macroeconomic boom and the rise of counter-urbanisation and rural-urban commuting. A pioneering regional brand network has been one notable local initiative. However west Cork's historic east/west division in affluence persists, and the adverse impacts of the national economic downturn during 2007–9 highlight that the fortunes of the area are somewhat fragile and still linked to those of the macroeconomy.
Behavioural Expressions, Imagery and Perfectionism
Authors: Lee Michelle , Roberts-Collins Cara , Coughtrey Anna , Phillips Lindsey , Shafran Roz
Published: March 2011

Background: High levels of multidimensional perfectionism may be dysfunctional in their own right and can also impact on the maintenance and treatment of Axis I psychiatric disorders. Aims: This paper sought to describe the behavioural expressions and imagery associated with perfectionism in a non-clinical sample. Method: Participants (n = 59) completed a newly developed questionnaire to assess behavioural expressions of perfectionism, and an adapted interview to assess perfectionism-related intrusive mental images. Results: The study found that those high in perfectionism took longer to complete tasks, experienced more checking and safety behaviour whilst carrying out tasks, and had greater trouble actually completing tasks compared to those low in perfectionism. In addition, those with higher levels of perfectionism experienced intrusive mental imagery, which was more distressing, harder to dismiss, and had more impact on behaviour than those with lower levels of perfectionism. Conclusions: This research provides an initial exploration of the specific behaviours and intrusive mental imagery associated with perfectionism. The new behavioural measure of perfectionism could prove useful clinically in the assessment of change; however, these findings are preliminary and warrant replication in a clinical sample in order to examine their treatment implications.
Lattice Rectification in Atom Probe Tomography: Toward True Three-Dimensional Atomic Microscopy
Authors: Moody Michael P. , Gault Baptiste , Stephenson Leigh T. , Marceau Ross K.W. , Powles Rebecca C. , Ceguerra Anna V. , Breen Andrew J. , Ringer Simon P.
Published: March 2011

Atom probe tomography (APT) represents a significant step toward atomic resolution microscopy, analytically imaging individual atoms with highly accurate, though imperfect, chemical identity and three-dimensional (3D) positional information. Here, a technique to retrieve crystallographic information from raw APT data and restore the lattice-specific atomic configuration of the original specimen is presented. This lattice rectification technique has been applied to a pure metal, W, and then to the analysis of a multicomponent Al alloy. Significantly, the atoms are located to their true lattice sites not by an averaging, but by triangulation of each particular atom detected in the 3D atom-by-atom reconstruction. Lattice rectification of raw APT reconstruction provides unprecedented detail as to the fundamental solute hierarchy of the solid solution. Atomic clustering has been recognized as important in affecting alloy behavior, such as for the Al-1.1Cu-1.7Mg (at. %) investigated here, which exhibits a remarkable rapid hardening reaction during the early stages of aging, linked to clustering of solutes. The technique has enabled lattice-site and species-specific radial distribution functions, nearest-neighbor analyses, and short-range order parameters, and we demonstrate a characterization of solute-clustering with unmatched sensitivity and precision.
Beyond the Big Picture: Gender Influences on Disaggregated and Domain-Specific Measures of Social Spending, 1980–1999
Authors: Bolzendahl Catherine
Published: March 2011

Three issues are central to, but underdeveloped in, theoretical debates about the welfare state. First, the array of welfare services is of equal, or greater, importance than welfare transfers; second, spending varies across substantively different domains; and third, the welfare state is profoundly shaped by gender. While a comprehensive body of research has provided many claims and critiques on these points, their potential for empirical examination has not been fully realized. This article addresses these points by analyzing development according to substantively disaggregated measures of welfare spending, as well as theorizing and testing explicit gender-relevant influences alongside established indicators. Results from cross-sectional and fixed-effect models indicate that established factors are particularly relevant for transfer spending, and much less so for services. Notably, gender measures emerge as strong determinants of services spending generally, but the specific impact of gender varies according to both the substantive spending domain and the aspect of gender being measured. The findings, overall, show strong support for the broader inclusion of gender, and the utility of moving beyond programmatic generalist approaches.
Studying Gender in U.S. Politics: Where Do We Go from Here?
Authors: Fox Richard L.
Published: March 2011

The prominence and acceptance of gender as an important subject of inquiry in U.S. politics has been steadily growing in political science. Indeed, in the 1960s and 1970s, small sample sizes of women in politics and disdain from the disciplinary gatekeepers made the serious study of gender in U.S. politics difficult to pursue (Flammang 1997; Tolleson-Rinehart and Carroll 2006). The world is clearly different today, as gender politics courses are finding their way into undergraduate and graduate curricula throughout the United States. While the ascension of gender analysis of U.S. politics as a critical variable for study is not complete, the future is bright. Several recent volumes have addressed the current state of the subfield, and most notably, Susan J. Carroll's (2003) edited volume Women and American Politics: New Questions, New Directions focused on the very purpose of laying out a research agenda for those studying gender in U.S. politics (see also Krook and Childs 2010; Wolbrecht, Beckwith, and Baldez 2008). In this essay, I continue the discussion of where the gender and U.S. politics subfield is headed by providing a brief overview of the state of the field and by offering suggestions for future avenues of study, primarily in the area of candidate emergence.
Translating Gender Politics Scholarship into Practice: Views from Inside and Outside the Discipline
Authors: Tolleson-Rinehart Sue
Published: March 2011

Nearly 40 years ago, the women's movement—my own passionate engagement in it, my delighted, mystified questions about what the movement and feminism were doing not just to change women's rights but also to change women's and men's whole conception of women as political actors (questions I could later phrase in the language of political psychology, though I could not do so then)—drove me from biology to political science. Freshly armed with an undergraduate biology degree from Georgia Tech (the student body of which, at that time, was more than 99% male), working the graveyard shift as a medical technologist, and spending my days marching, rallying, and lobbying for passage of the Equal Rights Amendment and many other feminist policy proposals in those heady days, I began to realize that the intellectual life I had always assumed I would pursue in biomedicine had departed from my imagination, to be replaced by an overmastering desire to study political science and, in particular, to study the political psychology of gender, as we came to define the inquiry.
Physical layer design, link budget analysis, and digital baseband implementation for 60 GHz short-range applications
Authors: Krone Stefan , Guderian Falko , Fettweis Gerhard , Petri Markus , Piz Maxim , Marinkovic Miroslav , Peter Michael , Felbecker Robert , Keusgen Wilhelm
Published: March 2011

The large bandwidth of the 60 GHz frequency band enables wireless short-range applications with data rates of several Gbit/s. The German project EASY-A has focused on early prototype implementations for selected applications, although no generally accepted 60 GHz standard has been available at the time. The implementations are based on application-oriented physical layer designs and link-budget investigations that account for the scenario-specific channel characteristics and for different integration technologies. This paper discusses the results of these investigations and details the hardware implementation of the digital baseband processing that relies on considerable parallelization. The link-budget results show that SiGe technology allows for 1 Gbit/s at a range of 3.5 m in non-line-of-sight environments, while up to 10 Gbit/s are feasible at more than 1 m in case of strong line of sight.
Y1 signalling has a critical role in allergic airway inflammation
Authors: Macia Laurence , Rao Priya T , Wheway Julie , Sierro Frederic , Mackay Fabienne , Herzog Herbert
Published: March 2011

Asthma affects 300 million people worldwide, yet the mechanism behind this pathology has only been partially elucidated. The documented connection between psychological stress and airway inflammation strongly suggests the involvement of the nervous system and its secreted mediators, including neuropeptides, on allergic respiratory disease. In this study, we show that neuropeptide Y (NPY), a prominent neurotransmitter, which release is strongly upregulated during stress, exacerbates allergic airway inflammation (AAI) in mice, via its Y1 receptor. Our data indicate that the development of AAI was associated with elevated NPY expression in the lung and that lack of NPY‐mediated signalling in NPYKO mice or its Y1 receptor in Y1KO mice significantly improved AAI. In vivo, eosinophilia in the bronchoalveolar fluid as well as circulating immunoglobulin E in response to AAI, were significantly reduced in NPY‐ and Y1‐deficient compared with wild‐type mice. These changes correlated with a blunting of the Th2 immune profile that is characteristic for AAI, as shown by the decreased release of interleukin‐5 during ex vivo re‐stimulation of T cells isolated from the thoracic draining lymph nodes of NPY‐ or Y1‐deficient mice subjected to AAI. Taken together this study demonstrates that signalling through Y1‐receptors emerges as a critical pathway for the development of airway inflammation and as such potentially opens novel avenues for therapeutic intervention in asthma.
Novel electrochemical and pH stimulus-responsive supramolecular polymer with disparate pseudorotaxanes as relevant unimers
Authors: Ma Xiang , Sun Ruyi , Li Weifeng , Tian He
Published: March 2011

The assembly/disassembly of a supramolecular polymer can be reversibly controlled electrochemically and by protonation/deprotonation with two disparate pseudo[2]rotaxanes as unimers.
Liquid mixture convection during phase separation in a temperature gradient
Authors: Lamorgese A. G. , Mauri R.
Published: March 2011

We simulate the phase separation of a low-viscosity binary mixture, assuming that the fluid system is confined between two walls that are cooled down to different temperatures below the critical point of the mixture, corresponding to quenches within the unstable range of its phase diagram. Spinodal decomposition patterns for off-critical mixtures are studied numerically in two dimensions in the creeping flow limit and for a large Lewis number, together with their dependence on the fluidity coefficient. Our numerical results reproduce the large-scale unidirectional migration of phase-separating droplets that was observed experimentally by Califano et al. [“Large-scale, unidirectional convection during phase separation of a density-matched liquid mixture,” Phys. Fluids 17, 094109 (2005)], who measured typical speeds that are quite larger than the Marangoni velocity. To understand this finding, we then studied the temperature-gradient-induced motion of an isolated droplet of the minority phase embedded in a continuous phase, showing that when the drop is near local equilibrium, its speed is of the same order as the Marangoni velocity, i.e., it is proportional to the unperturbed temperature gradient and the fluidity coefficient. However, far from local equilibrium, i.e., for very large unperturbed temperature gradients, the drop first accelerates to a speed that is larger than the Marangoni velocity, then, later, it decelerates, exhibiting an increase-decrease behavior, as described by Yin et al. [“Thermocapillary migration of nondeformable drops,” Phys. Fluids 20, 082101 (2008)]. Such behavior is due to the large nonequilibrium, Korteweg-driven convection, which at first accelerates the droplets to relatively large velocities, and then tends to induce an approximately uniform inside temperature distribution so that the drop experiences an effective temperature gradient that is much smaller than the unperturbed one and, consequently, decelerates.
Magnetic shielding of the channel walls in a Hall plasma accelerator
Authors: Mikellides Ioannis G. , Katz Ira , Hofer Richard R. , Goebel Dan M. , de Grys Kristi , Mathers Alex
Published: March 2011

In a qualification life test of a Hall thruster it was found that the erosion of the acceleration channel practically stopped after ∼5600 h. Numerical simulations using a two-dimensional axisymmetric plasma solver with a magnetic field-aligned mesh reveal that when the channel receded from its early-in-life to its steady-state configuration the following changes occurred near the wall: (1) reduction of the electric field parallel to the wall that prohibited ions from acquiring significant impact kinetic energy before entering the sheath, (2) reduction of the potential fall in the sheath that further diminished the total energy ions gained before striking the material, and (3) reduction of the ion number density that decreased the flux of ions to the wall. All these changes, found to have been induced by the magnetic field, constituted collectively an effective shielding of the walls from any significant ion bombardment. Thus, we term this process in Hall thrusters “magnetic shielding.”
Novel methods to create multielectron bubbles in superfluid helium
Authors: Fang J. , Dementyev Anatoly E. , Tempere J. , Silvera Isaac F.
Published: March 2011

An equilibrium multielectron bubble (MEB) in liquid helium is a fascinating object with a spherical two-dimensional electron gas on its surface. We discuss two ways in which they have been created. For MEBs that have been observed in the dome of a cylindrical cell with an unexpectedly short lifetime, we show analytically why these MEBs can discharge by tunneling. Using a novel method, MEBs have been extracted from a vapor sheath around a hot filament in superfluid helium by applying electric fields up to 15 kV/cm, and photographed with high-speed video. Charges as high as 1.6×10−9 C (∼1010 electrons) have been measured. The latter method provides a means of capture in an electromagnetic trap to allow the study of the extensive exciting properties of these elusive objects.
I-V measurement of NiO nanoregion during observation by transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Fujii Takashi , Arita Masashi , Hamada Kouichi , Kondo Hirofumi , Kaji Hiromichi , Takahashi Yasuo , Moniwa Masahiro , Fujiwara Ichiro , Yamaguchi Takeshi , Aoki Masaki , Maeno Yoshinori , Kobayashi Toshio , Yoshimaru Masaki
Published: March 2011

Conduction measurements with simultaneous observations by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were performed on a thin NiO film, which is a candidate material for resistance random access memories (ReRAMs). To conduct nanoscale experiments, a piezo-controlled TEM holder was used, where a fixed NiO sample and a movable Pt-Ir counter electrode were placed. After the counter electrode was moved to make contact with NiO, I-V measurements were carried out from any selected nanoregions. By applying a voltage of 2 V, the insulating NiO film was converted to a low resistance film. This phenomenon may be the “forming process” required to initialize ReRAMs. The corresponding TEM image indicated a structural change in the NiO layer generating a conductive bridge with a width of 30–40 nm. This finding supports the “breakdown” type forming in the so-called “filament model” of operation by ReRAMs. The inhomogeneity of resistance in the NiO film was also investigated.
Nonvolatile memories using deep traps formed in HfO2 by Nb ion implantation
Authors: Choul Kim Min , Oh Kim Chang , Taek Oh Houng , Choi Suk-Ho , Belay K. , Elliman R. G. , Russo S. P.
Published: March 2011

We report nonvolatile memories (NVMs) based on deep-energy trap levels formed in HfO2 by metal ion implantation. A comparison of Nb- and Ta-implanted samples shows that suitable charge-trapping centers are formed in Nb-implanted samples, but not in Ta-implanted samples. This is consistent with density-functional theory calculations which predict that only Nb will form deep-energy levels in the bandgap of HfO2. Photocurrent spectroscopy exhibits characteristics consistent with one of the trap levels predicted in these calculations. Nb-implanted samples showing memory windows in capacitance–voltage (V) curves always exhibit current (I) peaks in I–V curves, indicating that NVM effects result from deep traps in HfO2. In contrast, Ta-implanted samples show dielectric breakdowns during the I–V sweeps between 5 and 11 V, consistent with the fact that no trap levels are present. For a sample implanted with a fluence of 1013 Nb cm−2, the charge losses after 104 s are ∼9.8 and ∼25.5% at room temperature (RT) and 85°C, respectively, and the expected charge loss after 10 years is ∼34% at RT, very promising for commercial NVMs.
Effect of lattice occupation behavior of Li+ cations on microstructure and electrical properties of (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-based lead-free piezoceramics
Authors: Lei Na , Zhu Mankang , Yang Peng , Wang Lulu , Wang Longfei , Hou Yudong , Yan Hui
Published: March 2011

The multisite occupation of Li+ cations in perovskite structure of (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-based solid solution is investigated, which is rarely reported in previous studies. The multisite occupation in relation to the Li2CO3 doping level has been demonstrated with the aid of the microstructure and temperature-dependent conductivity analysis: As the addition of Li2CO3 is below 0.75 mol. %, the introduced Li+ cations precede to enter the A sites of the perovskite lattice to compensate for the A-site deficiency stemming from the high-temperature sintering process. Once the addition exceeds 0.75 mol. %, the excess Li+ cations will occupy B sites to substitute for Ti4+ and give rise to the generation of oxygen vacancies. The proposed multisite occupation behavior of Li+ cations and its derivative effects, involving the clamping effect or grain size effect, have made the piezo-/ferroelectric performances of the 0.85BNT–0.10BKT–0.05BT ceramics optimized at the Li2CO3 addition of 1.0 mol.%:d33 = 163 pC/N, Pr = 40.9 μC/cm2.