bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Success Profiles for Student Examination Performance in a Large-Lecture Management Course: An Empirical Study
Authors: Schermerhorn John R. , Gardner William L. , Dresdow Sally A.
Published: July 2008

Two studies of student performance on multiple-choice examinations in a large-lecture introductory management course are reported. Study 1 used focus groups to isolate potentially meaningful patterns differentiating high and low performers. Study 2 used discriminant analysis to further examine these patterns. Results indicate that students' undergraduate majors, selected study habits, process variables, and learning styles all make a difference in their examination performance. The findings regarding study habits suggest a number of specific guidelines to help students better prepare for large-lecture multiple-choice examinations. The findings overall raise a number of additional questions worthy of further research and instructional consideration.
Manager and Staff: A Business Communication Course Goes Live!
Authors: Finan Mary Casey
Published: July 2008

Business commuication courses often ignore the critical context in which writing and oral presentation occurs in organizations. A course format is presented that simulates the relationship between manager and staff members during communication activities. Interviews match students, renegotiation sessions structure feedback, and groups shift for business tasks. Student role evaluations from this pilot course point toward future course expansion. Ideas and simulations are adaptable for any organizational communication course.
Treatment Retention in a Prison-based Residential Sex Offender Treatment Program
Authors: Pelissier Bernadette
Published: July 2008

This study assessed the role of static factors, a dynamic factor (motivation to change sexually deviant behavior), and an administrative factor in predicting treatment retention within a prison-based sex offender treatment program. The analyses also included assessing differences in initial levels of motivation and differences in beginning-versus end-of-treatment motivation scores for various types of program discharges. The sample consisted of 251 individuals who were admitted to a residential prison-based sex offender treatment program where 46% completed the program. Paired comparison t-tests showed higher motivation scores at the end of treatment only among treatment completers. Multivariate analyses showed that treatment retention was associated with higher initial motivation scores, higher levels of education and admission to treatment within 3 months of initial commitment to prison. Implications for motivational enhancement programming as well as for changes in admission criteria are discussed.
Effects of Electrical Stimulation at Different Frequencies on Regeneration of Transected Peripheral Nerve
Authors: Lu Ming-Chin , Ho Chien-Yi , Hsu Sheng-Feng , Lee Han-Chung , Lin Jia-Horng , Yao Chun-Hsu , Chen Yueh-Sheng
Published: July 2008

Background. Electrical stimulation of damaged peripheral nerve may aid regeneration. Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether 1 mA of percutaneous electrical stimulation at 1, 2, 20, or 200 Hz augments regeneration between the proximal and distal nerve stumps. Methods. A10-mm gap was made in rat sciatic nerve by suturing the stumps into silicone rubber tubes. A control group received no stimulation. Starting 1 week after transection, electrical stimulation was applied between the cathode placed at the distal stump and the anode at the proximal stump every other day for 6 weeks. Results. Higher frequency stimulation led to less regeneration compared to lower frequencies. Quantitative histology of the successfully regenerated nerves revealed that the groups receiving electrical treatment, especially at 2 Hz, had a more mature structure with a smaller cross-sectional area, more myelinated fibers, higher axon density, and higher ratio of blood vessel to total nerve area compared with the controls. Electrophysiology showed significantly shorter latency, longer duration, and faster conduction velocity. Conclusion. Electrical stimulation can have either a positive or negative impact on peripheral nerve regeneration. Clinical trials that combine stimulation with rehabilitation must determine the parameters that are most likely to be safe and effective.
Immigration, Masculinity, and Intimate Partner Violence From the Standpoint of Domestic Violence Service Providers and Vietnamese-Origin Women
Authors: Bui Hoan , Morash Merry
Published: July 2008

Data from in-depth interviews with Vietnamese immigrant women residing in the United States and both interviews and a focus group with service providers for abused Vietnamese immigrants suggest a complex relationship among job market context, changing norms about appropriate feminine behavior, immigration adaptation, masculinity, and men's violence against intimate partners. During immigration resettlement, men's economic status can worsen, there can be gender role reversals, and men can feel a profound loss of power and social status. Aggression is one way to overcome the perceived loss of one form of masculine identity through a symbolic reassertion of power and privilege as it is constructed in Vietnamese culture and reinforced by aspects of U.S. culture. These dynamics suggest that interventions into domestic violence require not only increasing economic opportunities for immigrants to reduce adaptation stress but also changing gender relations that do not reproduce the belief in male supremacy and men's control of women as part of masculine identity.
Controlled Burn
Authors: Kurtz Don L.
Published: July 2008

Despite the interest in the interplay between subcultural attitudes, organizational structure, and high stress events, most research on police stress fails to address a fundamental concern—that of gender. In fact, the majority of research addressing officer stress fails to mention gender or concentrates on gender as a simple control variable. Data from the Police Stress and Domestic Violence in Police Families in Baltimore, Maryland, 1997-1999 study were analyzed to examine how gender affects stress and burnout in law enforcement. Findings indicate that stress and burnout by officers is embedded in the gender structure and process of policing and not simply a response to high stress events.
Uniformity of temperature in cathodic cage technique in nitriding of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316
Authors: de Sousa R. R. M. , de Araújo F. O. , Ribeiro K. J. B. , da Costa J. A. P. , de Sousa R. S. , Alves C.
Published: July 2008

A series of austenitic stainless steel AISI 316 cylindrical samples with different heights and samples with the same height placed at different positions were simultaneously nitrided using the cathodic cage technique. In this technique the samples are placed on an insulate plate inside a metallic cage which shield the cathodic potential, therefore it stays under a floating potential. A systematic study of the nitriding temperature variation effects was carried out to evaluate the temperature uniformity inside the cage. The samples were characterised through optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction and microhardness measurement. The results were compared with those obtained through conventional ionic nitriding, and it was verified that the samples nitrided by conventional technique present similar surface hardness, less uniformity and lower nitrided layer thickness than the samples treated under similar conditions through this new technique.
Computer-Aided Plant Species Identification (CAPSI) Based on Leaf Shape Matching Technique
Authors: Du Ji-Xiang , Huang De-Shuang , Wang Xiao-Feng , Gu Xiao
Published: July 2008

In this paper, an efficient computer-aided plant species identification (CAPSI) approach is proposed, which is based on plant leaf images using a shape matching technique. Firstly, a Douglas - Peucker approximation algorithm is adopted to the original leaf shapes and a new shape representation is used to form the sequence of invariant attributes. Then a modified dynamic programming (MDP) algorithm for shape matching is proposed for the plant leaf recognition. Finally, the superiority of our proposed method over traditional approaches to plant species identification is demonstrated by experiment. The experimental result showed that our proposed algorithm for leaf shape matching is very suitable for the recognition of not only intact but also partial, distorted and overlapped plant leaves due to its robustness.
The Basic Variety (or: Couldn't natural languages be much simpler?)
Authors: Klein Wolfgang , Perdue Clive
Published: July 2008

In this article, we discuss the implications of the fact that adult second language learners (outside the classroom) universally develop a well-structured, efficient and simple form of language–the Basic Variety (BV). Three questions are asked as to (1) the structural properties of the BV, (2) the status of these properties and (3) why some structural properties of ‘fully fledged’ languages are more complex. First, we characterize the BV in four respects: its lexical repertoire, the principles according to which utterances are structured, and temporality and spatiality expressed. The organizational principles proposed are small in number, and interact. We analyse this interaction, describing how the BV is put to use in various complex verbal tasks, in order to establish both what its communicative potentialities are, and also those discourse contexts where the constraints come into conflict and where the variety breaks down. This latter phenomenon provides a partial answer to the third question,concerning the relative complexity of ‘fully fledged’ languages–they have devices to deal with such cases. As for the second question, it is argued firstly that the empirically established continuity of the adult acquisition process precludes any assignment of the BV to a mode of linguistic expression (e.g., ‘protolanguage’) distinct from that of ‘fully fledged’ languages and, moreover, that the organizational constraints of the BV belong to the core attributes of the human language capacity, whereas a number of complexifications not attested in the BV are less central properties of this capacity. Finally, it is shown that the notion of feature strength, as used in recent versions of Generative Grammar, allows a straightforward characterization of the BV as a special case of an I-language, in the sense of this theory. Under this perspective, the acquisition of an Ilanguage beyond the BV can essentially be described as a change in feature strength.
On the basis of the Basic Variety...
Authors: Schwartz Bonnie D.
Published: July 2008

The goal of this essay is to consider, from a generativist acquisition standpoint, the interplay between source language and target language in relation to two of the central points in the Klein and Perdue article. The first point concerns the stance Klein and Perdue take towards L2 data. The authors argue that the analysis of the target language should not be used as the model for analyzing interlanguage data,and I agree. I add,however, that the grammar of the L1 should be used (initially) and, in fact, argue that the structure of the L1 is pivotal to understanding L2 development and hence to theorizing about L2 acquisition. The second point addresses the authors' most theoretical claim: that under the technical assumptions of Minimalism, the Basic Variety is a ‘ “perfect”I-language’–‘perfect’ in that all its features are [weak]. I contest this proposal. First I show–granting for the sake of argument that the allegedly universal characteristics of the Basic Variety hold–that this analysis fails and that L1 feature strength instead must be appealed to initially. Second, I suggest that the apparent universal characteristics of the Basic Variety are just that: apparent. The fact that the Basic Variety has the particular characteristics it does is but a function of the particular target languages in the project.
The L2 Basic Variety as an I-language
Authors: Meisel Jürgen M.
Published: July 2008

The Basic Variety, as defined by Klein and Perdue (this volume), is understood as an instantiation of the essential properties of the human language capacity, and although, as the ‘initial fossilization point’ of adult second language acquisition, it lacks crucial features of fully fledged languages, the claim is that the BV is a natural language in the sense that it is constrained by principles of Universal Grammar (UG). In this discussion I raise a few points which may cast some doubt on the claim that the BV is an I-language. At the core of this debate, as far as (morpho)syntactic issues are concerned, one finds the problem of determining the role of functional categories in BV grammar. Crucially, in L2 acquisition in general and in the BV in particular, one does not find the same kind of developmental relation between the acquisition of overt inflectional morphology and word order patterns as is evidenced in L1 development. I conclude that neither UG nor the universal component of the language faculty, as envisaged by Klein and Perdue, can account adequately for the essential properties of L2 interlanguages, including the BV. One important reason is that, rather than relying on structure-dependent operations, as in L1 development, L2 learners resort to strategies referring to sequential ordering of surface strings. If this is correct, L2 varieties are a mix of both UG-constrained and non-grammatical cognitive processes.
Functional data analysis in longitudinal settings using smoothing splines
Authors: Guo Wensheng
Published: July 2008

Data in many experiments arise as curves and therefore it is natural to use a curve as a basic unit in the analysis, which is termed functional data analysis (FDA). In longitudinal studies, recent developments in FDA have extended classical linear models and linear mixed effects models to functional linear models (also termed varying-coefficient models) and functional mixed effects models. In this paper we focus our review on the functional mixed effects models using smoothing splines, because functional linear models are special cases of this more general framework. Due to the connection between smoothing splines and linear mixed effects models, functional mixed effects models can be fitted using existing software such as SAS Proc Mixed. A case study is presented as an illustration.
Anaesthesia in trauma
Authors: Gwinnutt Carl , Bethelmy Liesel , Nolan Jerry
Published: July 2008

Trauma patients may need to be anaesthetized at the scene of an accident, in the emergency department or most commonly in the operating theatre. The principles of safe management of anaesthesia in each of these very different environments are discussed along with the common anaesthetic problems encountered and advice on their solution.
Miracles take a little longer: the challenges of the uncompensated major incident
Authors: Woollard Malcolm
Published: July 2008

The challenges of managing uncompensated major incidents (UMI) are many and complex. A concomitant loss of infrastructure is common in large-scale disasters. Significant planning, including liaison with relevant agencies on an international basis is necessary to facilitate a rapid and co-ordinated response to such events. UMIs must be managed in a structured manner in common with that utilized for smaller-scale major incidents, although some modification may be appropriate. Use of the ‘expectant’ triage category should be implemented at an early stage to prevent scarce health service resources being monopolized by patients with no possibility of survival. Many patients will be suitable for treatment at the scene without subsequent urgent referral to hospital facilities. The early involvement of military forces is vital to provide manpower, tents (for casualty clearing stations and temporary shelter), high volume transportation and forward dressing stations at the scene and at receiving hospitals. The military can also facilitate the restoration of infrastructure, including access and egress routes. The risk of uncompensated major incidents occurring is real and is not limited to natural catastrophes occurring in developing countries.
Achilles tendinopathy
Authors: Luscombe KL , Sharma P , Maffulli N
Published: July 2008

Achilles tendinopathy is a common clinical condition. The aetiology of Achilles tendinopathy remains unclear, but is probably multifactorial resulting from a combination of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Excessive loading of the tendon during vigorous training activities is regarded as the main pathological stimulus. The Achilles tendon may respond to repetitive overload beyond physiological threshold by either inflammation of its sheath, degeneration of its body, or a combination of both. Conservative management, including relative rest, anti-inflammatory drugs, physiotherapy and orthoses may be beneficial. Surgery is generally recommended after exhausting conservative management, usually after at least three to six months. Long-standing Achilles tendinopathy is associated with poor postoperative results, with a greater rate of reoperation before reaching an acceptable outcome.
Minor head injuries in adults: a review of current guidelines
Authors: Batchelor JS , Jenkins DW , Dunning J
Published: July 2008

A plethora of minor head injury guidelines have been published in the last few years. The aim of many of these guidelines has been either to subcategorize groups of patients with minor head injuries, or to identify clinical risk factors for an abnormal head computed tomography (CT) scan in patients with a minor head injury. The original definition of minor head injury was a Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of 13- 15. This has now been superseded by a more narrow definition of patients with a GCS of 15 only. A variety of clinical correlates have been identified that enable GCS 15 patients to be subcategorized into high or low risk for an abnormal head CT. This article aims to review the commonly used clinical correlates that appear in many minor head injury guidelines. The current, most widely used minor head injury guidelines are discussed.
Watering down the clots, or are we?
Authors: Roche Anthony M , James Michael FM
Published: July 2008

Fluid resuscitation is an essential part of managing patients with major trauma, as well as in the perioperative setting. Common misconceptions exist regarding the role of fluid therapy in maintaining, enhancing or inhibiting normal coagulation and haemostasis. This review provides an overview of the basic coagulation processes, as well as the influence of intravenous crystalloid and colloid preparations on haemostasis and coagulation. The use of point-of-care devices is encouraged as a feasible way of monitoring these effects in the acute setting.
Sports injuries in children
Authors: Sharma P , Luscombe KL , Maffulli N
Published: July 2008

Sports injuries in children affect both growing bone and soft tissues, and can result in damage of growth mechanisms with subsequent lifelong growth disturbance. During growth, there are significant changes in the biomechanical properties of bone. In young athletes, as bone stiffness increases and resistance to impact diminishes, sudden overload may cause bones to bow or buckle. Epiphyseal injuries are usually due to shearing and avulsion forces, although compression also plays a significant role. Given the remarkable healing potential of bone in childhood, fractures that initially united with some deformity can completely remodel, and the bone may appear totally normal in later life. Most injuries in children’s sports are minor and self-limiting, suggesting that children and youth sports are safe. However, as the risk of injuries sustained by young athletes can be significant, training programmes should take into account their physical and psychological immaturity, so that growing athletes can adjust to their own body’s changes.
Good grief: a medical challenge
Authors: Klein Susan , Alexander David A
Published: July 2008

Management of the bereaved is an important element in trauma care. Clinicians need to be familiar with the features of normal and pathological grief reactions. The latter have important implications for the physical and mental welfare of the bereaved. Trauma staff are not expected to provide specialist bereavement care for bereaved relations and families, but there is much they can do by way of providing information for the bereaved as well as through their attitudes and behaviour toward them. What happens in the immediate aftermath of the patient’s death is likely to influence the outcome for the bereaved. We need also to remember that grief itself is not a clinical pathology and that most individuals do learn to adjust satisfactorily without specialist help. Indeed, many will come through a bereavement the stronger.
Challenges of daylighting with the luminosity and variability of the tropical sky
Authors: Chirarattananon Surapong , Chaiwiwatworakul Pipat , Patanasethanon Singthong
Published: July 2008

Sky luminance and illuminance measurements from the daylight measurement station at the Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand show that there is usable daylight throughout office hours on every day of the year. The variability of daylight, however, poses a challenge when attempting to characterize the sky and to develop models of daylight availability. Calculation of interior daylight and heat gain, and integration of electric lighting with daylighting are also a challenge. The disadvantages of glare and heat gain can overwhelm the benefits of daylighting in air-conditioned buildings if care is not taken. These problems are associated with clear and intermediate skies, and the combined frequency of occurrence of these conditions is 60%.
Surface Diffusion and Interaction of Metastable Formate on Ni(110) Investigated by Low-temperature Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: Katano Satoshi , Kim Yousoo , Kagata Yuma , Kawai Maki
Published: July 2008

An atomic scale analysis of the surface diffusion and interaction of formate adsorbed on Ni(110) has been performed using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at low temperatures. Our results revealed that formate adsorbed at long-bridged site is in a metastable adsorption state and diffuses along the trough of Ni(110). We found that the diffusion barrier of L-formate decreased when it interacted with the neighboring formate molecule.
Nadir CD4 count and monthly income predict cervical squamous cell abnormalities in HIV-positive women in a resource-limited setting
Authors: Mangclaviraj Somsamorn , Kerr Stephen J , Chaithongwongwatthana Surasith , Ananworanich Jintanat , Hirschel Bernard , Emery Sean , Cooper David A , Chotnopparatpattara Pichai , Ruxrungtham Kiat , Phanuphak Praphan
Published: July 2008

We conducted a cross-sectional study with 385 HIV-positive women in Bangkok to assess the prevalence and predictors of cervical abnormalities on Papanicolaou (Pap) smear. Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), high-grade SIL (HSIL) and invasive cervical cell cancer (ICC) were assessed by cytological examination after Pap smear and logistic regression models were used to assess associations with patient characteristics. Overall prevalence of LSIL, HSIL and ICC were 11.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 8.2-14.7%), 4.7% (95%CI 2.8-7.3%) and 0.5% (95%CI 0.06-1.9%), respectively. In multivariate models, only the nadir CD4 count and income remained significantly associated with cytological abnormalities, whereas smoking, hormonal contraceptive or antiretroviral use, condom use, parity and number of lifetime sexual partners were not associated. The odds ratio for having cytological abnormalities was 2.6 (95% CI 1.24-5.34) in those with a nadir CD4 count <200 cells/mm3 compared with those with a higher nadir CD4 count, and 1.99 (1.11 -3.57) in those with an income of <125 US dollars/month compared with those with higher incomes. In settings where access to affordable treatment is improving, this study reinforces the importance of regular Pap smear screening in HIV-positive women, particularly those with low nadir CD4 counts and lower incomes.
Solid variant of primary effusion lymphoma in successfully treated HIV infection: a case report
Authors: Mylona E , Baraboutis I G , Georgiou O , Rondogianni D , Lekakis L J , Papastamopoulo V , Apostolidis I , Skoutelis A T
Published: July 2008

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a unique form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, mainly met in severely immunocompromised, HIV-positive patients. PEL is aetiologically related to human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) and it usually presents as a lymphomatous body cavity effusion in the absence of a solid tumour mass. Recently, cases of HIV-positive patients with HHV-8-positive solid tissue lymphomas, not associated with an effusion, have been reported (solid variant of PEL). The prognosis of PEL is reported to be poor. We report a case of an HIV-positive patient with a typical solid variant of PEL without effusion. Interestingly, his disease developed while being on stable antiretroviral therapy (ART) with high CD4 counts. He had a relatively long survival with chemotherapy and ART.
Factors associated with health-related quality-of-life in HIV-infected Brazilians
Authors: Razera Fernanda , Ferreira Jair , Bonamigo Renan Rangel
Published: July 2008

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome HIV/(AIDS) infection has become a chronic disease. This change led to a growing interest in outcomes focusing on the individual, such as health-related quality-of-life (QoL), to assess the impact of treatments. Our study evaluated the impact of the use of antiretroviral drugs, factors related to the infection and socioeconomic factors on the HQoL of HIV-infected patients. A total of 367 patients answered the questionnaire based on the World Health Organization QoL for HIV brief version. According to the modified-Poisson regression approach, the use of antiretroviral drugs was associated with worse QoL in the domain of the level of independence ( P = 0.016). Being unemployed was associated with a worse QoL ( P < 0.05) in five out of six domains; the only exception was the domain of spirituality ( P > 0.05). Among the factors assessed, the socioeconomic aspects were most significant in determining the HQoL of the patients studied.
Contraception and medical gynaecology for HIV-positive women in a one-stop clinic
Authors: Samuel M I , Welch J , Tenant-Flowers M , Brady M , Poulton M , Savvas M , Kumar U , Taylor C
Published: July 2008

HIV-positive women may be reluctant to attend gynaecology or family planning clinics for fear of divulging their condition. Therefore, a referral clinic was opened within the HIV clinic. Retrospective case-note reviews of 197 new patients revealed 109 with a variety of medical gynaecology conditions (menorrhagia being the commonest) and 88 sought contraception. The full range of contraceptives was used, including Mirena for the treatment of menorrhagia as well as contraception and the combined pill adjusted for interaction with liver enzyme-inducing antiretroviral drugs. The acceptance of contraceptive advice and gynaecological evaluation by the patients has resulted in improved reproductive health services for these HIV-positive women. In centres with large cohorts of HIV-positive women, this type of one-stop specialist clinic will be very effective in providing high-quality reproductive health care and hence, this type of clinic is recommended for such centres.
Combined endovenous laser treatment and ambulatory phlebectomy for the treatment of saphenous vein incompetence
Authors: Jung I M , Min S I , Heo S C , Ahn Y J , Hwang K-T , Chung J K
Published: July 2008

Objectives

The aim of this retrospective study is to assess the safety and effectiveness of endovenous laser treatment (EVLT) combined with ambulatory phlebectomy (AP) as a single procedure for treating saphenous vein incompetence.

Methods

The study enrolled 148 patients with saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction reflux associated with saphenous vein incompetence and enlarged branch veins. Patients were treated with EVLT (135 great saphenous veins, 41 small saphenous veins) concomitantly with AP as a single procedure. All patients were followed up by clinical assessment and duplex ultrasound at one week and 12 weeks after the procedure.

Results

No postprocedural deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism occurred. Saphenous vein recanalization rate at three months was 5.7%. Residual varicosities were found in 11.4% of the patients at three months after procedure, but only 2.3% of those required subsequent interventions.

Conclusion

Combined EVLT and AP could be a safe and effective treatment modality for the saphenous vein incompetence.
Promoting drivers' compliance with speed limits: Testing an intervention based on the theory of planned behaviour
Authors: Elliott Mark A. , Armitage Christopher J.
Published: July 2008

The efficacy of a theory of planned behaviour (TPB)‐based intervention to promote drivers' compliance with speed limits was tested. Participants (N=300) were randomly assigned to an experimental condition, and received persuasive messages designed to change beliefs as specified in the TPB, or a control condition. Baseline and follow‐up (1 month post‐baseline) measures of TPB variables and behaviour were collected using postal questionnaires. Results showed that the intervention had a significant effect on one control belief, and significantly increased perceived behavioural control and reported behaviour. Mediation analyses confirmed that the control belief change generated the perceived behavioural control change and that the perceived behavioural control change generated the behaviour change. Implications for promoting road safety are discussed.
An investigation of the effectiveness of a Swedish glide + vowel segment for speaker discrimination
Authors: Eriksson Erik Johannes , Sullivan Kirk Patrick Haig
Published: July 2008

Research based on the Australian English diphthong and the British English segment vowel+/r/+vowel has shown that the dynamics of F1, F2, and F3 frequencies can be used for speaker discrimination. This study investigates whether this method can be applied to Swedish. Five male speakers of Swedish were recorded reading a newspaper article that contained seven glide+vowel target tokens. F1, F2, F3, and F4 frequencies were examined at equidistant time-normalized intervals through these tokens. Discriminant analysis based on six predictors from all four formants yielded a classification rate of 88%. This is comparable to earlier research based on a larger predictor set and with recordings that were more controlled by the researcher than the ones used in this study. The present study confirms the power of this approach for speaker discrimination.
The role of Gallo in the identity of Upper-Breton school pupils of the language variety and their parents
Authors: Nolan John Shaun
Published: July 2008

Whilst recent studies have provided pivotal insights into the relationship between Bretons and the principle languages of Brittany, Breton and French, this paper aims to shed light on the relationship between Brittany’s northern French near language (Oïl) variety, Gallo, and the identity of the inhabitants of the territory with which it is historically associated, Upper-Brittany. This is done through questionnaires of both a quantitative and qualitative nature and follow-up interviews with school pupils of Gallo and their parents in 2003 and 2004. Results suggest that although Gallo has been historically subject to a highly negative linguistic culture in both the French and Breton language contexts, for many respondents Gallo is perceived as continuing to play a role in their identity. This role, whilst it is restricted to the Upper-Breton region, tradition, the countryside and the family is of a positive nature for many respondents, but particularly for the younger generation. However, this identity role does not necessarily require it to be spoken and Gallo, which has up to recent years been socially marginalised in favour of Breton and French, may find a place for itself in Brittany’s identity consciousness as an ‘associated language’ to Upper-Breton identity.
Bilingual minds: Emotional experience, expression, and representation. Aneta Pavlenko (ed.) (2006)
Authors: Wilson Rosemary
Published: July 2008

Bilingual minds: Emotional experience, expression, and representation. Aneta Pavlenko (ed.) (2006) Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. pp. 336. ISBN 1–85359–872–0
Discourse and identity. Bethan Benwell and Elisabeth Stokoe (2006)
Authors: Ros i Solé Cristina
Published: July 2008

Discourse and identity. Bethan Benwell and Elisabeth Stokoe (2006) Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 256. ISBN 0 7486 1749 3.
The Routledge companion to sociolinguistics. Carmen Llamas, Louise Mullany and Peter Stockwell (2007)
Authors: Renaud Vianna
Published: July 2008

The Routledge companion to sociolinguistics. Carmen Llamas, Louise Mullany and Peter Stockwell (2007) London: Routledge. pp. 288. ISBN 78–0-415–33850–9
C.G. JUNG'S PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC TECHNIQUE OF ACTIVE IMAGINATION IN HISTORICAL CONTEXT
Authors: Swan Wendy
Published: July 2008

This essay in the history of psychoanalysis investigates C.G. Jung's psychotherapeutic technique of active imagination, a state of consciousness in which images from the unconscious are brought to conscious awareness and are expressed artistically in a number of different forms such as writing, painting, sculpting, or dance. This essay outlines the state of psychotherapeutics at the turn of the twentieth century and situates Jung's practice of active imagination in other researches concurrently being undertaken in France, England, Switzerland, Germany, and the United States.
Explanatory Genealogies and Historical Testimony
Authors: Jardine Nick
Published: July 2008

This article proposes that a general theory of assessment of historical testimony should do justice to the long tradition of adjudication in accordance with maxims of reliability and competence. I argue that an explanatory genealogical theory (along lines first adumbrated by Charles Seignobos) satisfies this condition, and that it has further notable virtues: respect for the strengths of rival theories, regard for the links between adjudication of testimony and other basic procedures of historical inquiry, and the promise of profitable lines of investigation.
Bayesianism, Convergence and Social Epistemology
Authors: Shaffer Michael J.
Published: July 2008

Following the standard practice in sociology, cultural anthropology and history, sociologists, historians of science and some philosophers of science define scientific communities as groups with shared beliefs, values and practices. In this paper it is argued that in real cases the beliefs of the members of such communities often vary significantly in important ways. This has rather dire implications for the convergence defense against the charge of the excessive subjectivity of subjective Bayesianism because that defense requires that communities of Bayesian inquirers share a significant set of modal beliefs. The important implication is then that given the actual variation in modal beliefs across individuals, either Bayesians cannot claim that actual theories have been objectively confirmed or they must accept that such theories have been confirmed relative only to epistemically insignificant communities.
Quantum Scattering Studies of Reactions
Authors: Althorpe Stuart C
Published: July 2008

Quantum scattering studies of reactions entail solving the Schrödinger equation that describes the motion of the atomic nuclei during a reactive collision. This yields a wave function that describes the dynamics on the potential surface, and yields scattering observables that can be compared directly with experiment. The resulting interpretation of the experimental data yields unparalleled insight into the dynamics of the reaction. This article summarizes recent progress, focusing on prototypical reactions with three or four atoms.
The Relationship Between Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes—The Role of Neuroendocrine and Autonomic Factors
Authors: Björntorp Per
Published: July 2008

The significance of a primary defect in lipid rather than glucose metabolism has attracted increased attention recently in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The primary problem then becomes to find out where such a defect is originating. In this overview it is suggested that abdominal obesity, with evidence of elevated fat mobilization through primary elevated neuroendocrine and autonomic dysregulations, leads to diabetes via increased fat oxidation in muscle as well as effects on hepatic metabolism and β‐cell function. A number of important environmental factors include among others overeating, low physical activity, stress factors, abuse, and mood changes. The currently marked increase of incidence of type 2 diabetes may then be considered as a consequence of lifestyle changes, part of a “civilization syndrome,” based on genetic susceptibility at different levels.
Islet Transplantation
Authors: Ryan Edmond A. , Lakey Jonathan R.T. , Paty Breay W. , Shapiro A.M. James
Published: July 2008

The discovery of insulin dramatically changed the outcome for patients with type 1 diabetes and the acute lethal complications of diabetes like diabetic ketoacidosis could be effectively treated. However, the improved survival allowed the development of the secondary complications of diabetes. Typically the patient with type 1 diabetes develops retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, or vascular disease over time. It was not until 1993 that definitive proof for the value of good glycemic control was established. Controlling glycemia with exogenous insulin remains a challenge. Given the nonphysiological subcutaneous route of insulin administration, its inherent delay in absorption, the variability of serum levels obtained, and the systemic versus portal venous delivery, it is perhaps remarkable how well the glucose levels are actually controlled. Many efforts have been made to generate a closed‐loop system for glucose control, including the Biostator® and insulin infusion pumps. The goal of any closed‐loop system is to have reliable glucose sensing linked to appropriate insulin delivery on a continuous basis. Mechanical closed‐loop systems may in the future achieve this but have been fraught with problems despite early promise. Transplantation of islets of Langerhans or of the whole pancreas can achieve a physiological closed‐loop system today.
Atherogenesis and Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Tracy Russell P.
Published: July 2008

There are two major pathways by which atherosclerosis progresses: excess lipids in blood, which end up in atherosclerotic plaque, and inflammatory forces. Much recent research has demonstrated the association of chronic low‐level inflammation (microinflammation) with both diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It appears that microinflammation is not only a result of these diseases but also exhibits “positive feedback,” causing the disease process to accelerate. This downward spiral has a slope that is modified by genetic architecture and environmental variables, and may prove difficult to interrupt or modify effectively, since the pathways involved represent not only pathophysiology but also normal homeostatic physiology. We currently have some medications that do seem to work to modify this process, such as aspirin and statins. The role of the environment is clearly important, but the role of genetic architecture is only now emerging. There is a need for more effective public health efforts in education and behavior modification, as well as economic and political approaches to arrest the burgeoning global epidemic of obesity. We already know that if the lipid burden is decreased, atherosclerosis will decrease. If we can understand the microinflammatory pathways in enough detail, and learn how to modify these activities, we may be able to decrease atherosclerosis through this mechanism as well, and also affect the development of the other chronic diseases of old age. By attacking both major arms we may finally be able to limit chronic progressive atherosclerosis, and possibly the other chronic diseases of old age as well.
Organization of Care: Diabetes Community Programs
Authors: Lee Warren
Published: July 2008

Diabetes care must be available, affordable, and accessible, and must be the best we can provide. There is no one ideal model for the organization of care for people with diabetes mellitus. However, there is always room for improvement in the way we organize and deliver this care, no matter how complex or rudimentary the existing health care services. If diabetes care is properly organized to make the best use of available resources, delivered care can be markedly improved. Process and outcome audits run at the local, regional, national, or international level can help benchmark care standards and identify problem areas. Stakeholder‐led efforts to reorganize care and resource utilization, adoption of alternative care models such as rural health worker, nurse or family practitioner led shared care, automatic patient recall systems, and national diabetes associations with bulk buying will lead to measurable improvements in the way we provide care to people affected by diabetes.
Life with Diabetes Problems: Human and Social Rights
Authors: Benedetti M. Massi , Calabrese G. , Federici M. Orsini , Akwe J. , Cesarini A.
Published: July 2008

The presence of diabetes is still an element for discrimination. This chapter shows the most important aspects of human and social rights violations which involve life expectations (birth, survival, physical autonomy, etc.), expectations related to the family, education and work, leisure time, best exploitation of individual resources and equal opportunities for everyone regarding all possible life events. The expression of these violations can vary depending on environmental conditions which go from violation of the right to life, violation of procreation in cases where pregnant women may lack appropriate care, lack of education, impossibility to express working capacities, the right to be insured, and many others. Several actions have been undertaken in various countries related to the approval of appropriate legislation and the promotion of cultural evolution. Both professional and nonprofessional volunteering associations are progressively assuming more and more important and definite responsibilities and roles in the protection of the human and social rights of people with diabetes.
Economics of Diabetes Care in the Middle East
Authors: Arab Morsi
Published: July 2008

The economics of diabetes care cannot be separated from general health economics, and this in turn is not separable from the socioeconomic situation of a particular country or group of countries. Again, the economic aspects of a particular region of the world are part of the general world economy and development. In the Middle East, with all of its countries belonging to the developing world, the limited economy in general may have a restrictive effect on the provision of health services and their standards, not excluding those for diabetes care.
Intranets
Authors: Schiano William T.
Published: July 2008

An intranet is defined by the use of Internet technologies (HTTP, TCP/IP, FTP, SMTP) within an organization. This chapter describes the features of an intranet and the technologies underlying them. Using the perspectives of enterprise systems, corporate portals, knowledge management, Internet systems development, and corporate strategy, the value of intranets and strategies for successfully implementing, managing, and maintaining them are explored.
Load Balancing on the Internet
Authors: Wei Jianbin , Xu Cheng‐Zhong , Zhou Xiaobo
Published: July 2008

This chapter gives a survey of state‐of‐the‐art load‐balancing strategies on the Internet. Internet services must be scalable, available, and responsive to handle large traffic volumes and support up to millions of concurrent clients. This scalability requirement goes beyond the capability of any single machine servers. Cluster server architecture is gaining momentum in support of scalable Internet services. The servers in a cluster can be either distributed locally at the same site or globally distributed in different geographical locations. Load balancing is a key integration technology at both layers for performance. This chapter presents a characterization of Web services and gives a classification of load balancing strategies according to their deployment locations (server, network, and client sides), information taken into account (state‐blind, client‐state aware, and server‐state aware), and implementation levels (network and application layers). Representative load balancing strategies in each category are reviewed.
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
Authors: Housley Russ
Published: July 2008

To use public key cryptography effectively on the Internet, one must know the owner of the private key that corresponds to a published public key. Public key infrastructure (PKI) provides this information. The workings of public key cryptography are not addressed here (for more on that topic, see the chapter on encryption). Rather, this chapter describes the basic concepts and components of PKI, comparing and contrasting alternative PKI architectures. Public key certificates, certificate revocation, and the protocols used in PKI management are described. Policies and procedures employed by a certification authority (CA) are also discussed. Attribute certificates, when used in conjunction with public key certificates, provide authorization information in addition to identification and authentication. Finally, future PKI developments are discussed.
Wireless Internet
Authors: Zarki Magda El , Heijenk Geert , Lee Kenneth S.
Published: July 2008

This chapter addresses the topic of wireless Internet, the extension of the wireline Internet architecture to the wireless domain. As such the chapter introduces the reader to the dominant characteristics of the Internet, from its structure to the protocols that control the forwarding of data and the its delivery. The chapter then describes the current status of wireless networking, focusing on current and future cellular technologies, wireless LANs mobile IP, and the newly emerging personal area networking (PAN) systems.