bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ascl1 Is Required for the Development of Specific Neuronal Subtypes in the Enteric Nervous System
Authors: Memic Fatima , Knoflach Viktoria , Sadler Rebecca , Tegerstedt Gunilla , Sundström Erik , Guillemot Francois , Pachnis Vassilis , Marklund Ulrika
Published: April 2016

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is organized into neural circuits within the gastrointestinal wall where it controls the peristaltic movements, secretion, and blood flow. Although proper gut function relies on the complex neuronal composition of the ENS, little is known about the transcriptional networks that regulate the diversification into different classes of enteric neurons and glia during development. Here we redefine the role of Ascl1 (Mash1), one of the few regulatory transcription factors described during ENS development. We show that enteric glia and all enteric neuronal subtypes appear to be derived from Ascl1-expressing progenitor cells. In the gut ofAscl1−/−mutant mice, neurogenesis is delayed and reduced, and posterior gliogenesis impaired. The ratio of neurons expressing Calbindin, TH, and VIP is selectively decreased while, for instance, 5-HT+neurons, which previously were believed to be Ascl1-dependent, are formed in normal numbers. Essentially the same differentiation defects are observed inAscl1KINgn2transgenic mutants, where the proneural activity of Ngn2 replaces Ascl1, demonstrating that Ascl1 is required for the acquisition of specific enteric neuronal subtype features independent of its role in neurogenesis. In this study, we provide novel insights into the expression and function of Ascl1 in the differentiation process of specific neuronal subtypes during ENS development.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe molecular mechanisms underlying the generation of different neuronal subtypes during development of the enteric nervous system are poorly understood despite its pivotal function in gut motility and involvement in gastrointestinal pathology. This report identifies novel roles for the transcription factor Ascl1 in enteric gliogenesis and neurogenesis. Moreover, independent of its proneurogenic activity, Ascl1 is required for the normal expression of specific enteric neuronal subtype characteristics. Distinct enteric neuronal subtypes are formed in a temporally defined order, and we observe that the early-born 5-HT+neurons are generated inAscl1−/−mutants, despite the delayed neurogenesis. Enteric nervous system progenitor cells may therefore possess strong intrinsic control over their specification at the initial waves of neurogenesis.
Prolonged Inner Retinal Photoreception Depends on the Visual Retinoid Cycle
Authors: Zhao Xiwu , Pack Weston , Khan Naheed W. , Wong Kwoon Y.
Published: April 2016

In addition to rods and cones, mammals have inner retinal photoreceptors called intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which use the photopigment melanopsin and mediate nonimage-forming visual responses, such as pupil reflexes and circadian entrainment. After photic activation, photopigments must be reverted to their dark state to be light-sensitive again. For rods and to some extent cones, photopigment regeneration depends on the retinoid cycle in the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). By contrast, ipRGCs are far from the RPE, and previous work suggests that melanopsin is capable of light-dependent self-regeneration. Here, we usedin vitroipRGC recording andin vivopupillometry to show that the RPE is required for normal melanopsin-based responses to prolonged light, especially at high stimulus intensities. Melanopsin-based photoresponses of rat ipRGCs were remarkably sustained when a functional RPE was attached to the retina, but became far more transient if the RPE was removed, or if the retinoid cycle was inhibited, or when Müller glia were poisoned. Similarly, retinoid cycle inhibition markedly reduced the steady-state amplitude of melanopsin-driven pupil reflexes in both mice and rats. However, melanopsin photoresponses in RPE-separated rat retinas became more sustained in the presence of an11-cis-retinal analog. In conclusion, during prolonged illumination, melanopsin regeneration depends partly on11-cis-retinal from the RPE, possibly imported via Müller cells. Implications for RPE-related eye diseases and the acne drug isotretinoin (a retinoid cycle inhibitor) are discussed.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIntrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) contain the photopigment melanopsin and drive subconscious physiological responses to light, e.g., pupillary constriction and neuroendocrine regulation. In darkness, each photopigment molecule in ipRGCs, as well as rod/cone photoreceptors, contains11-cis-retinal (a vitamin A derivative) and light isomerizes it toall-trans-retinal, which activates the photopigment. To make this photopigment excitable again,all-trans-retinal must be reisomerized to11-cis-retinal. For rods and to some extent cones, this reisomerization occurs in the adjacent retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), but because ipRGCs are far from the RPE, they are thought to regenerate excitable melanopsin exclusively through RPE-independent means. Here, we present electrophysiological and behavioral evidence that ipRGCs depend on the RPE to continuously regenerate melanopsin during intense prolonged photostimulation.
Merkel Cell-Driven BDNF Signaling Specifies SAI Neuron Molecular and Electrophysiological Phenotypes
Authors: Reed-Geaghan Erin G. , Wright Margaret C. , See Lauren A. , Adelman Peter C. , Lee Kuan Hsien , Koerber H. Richard , Maricich Stephen M.
Published: April 2016

The extent to which the skin instructs peripheral somatosensory neuron maturation is unknown. We studied this question in Merkel cell–neurite complexes, where slowly adapting type I (SAI) neurons innervate skin-derived Merkel cells. Transgenic mice lacking Merkel cells had normal dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron numbers, but fewer DRG neurons expressed the SAI markers TrkB, TrkC, and Ret. Merkel cell ablation also decreased downstream TrkB signaling in DRGs, and altered the expression of genes associated with SAI development and function. Skin- and Merkel cell-specific deletion ofBdnfduring embryogenesis, but not postnatalBdnfdeletion orNtf3deletion, reproduced these results. Furthermore, prototypical SAI electrophysiological signatures were absent from skin regions whereBdnfwas deleted in embryonic Merkel cells. We conclude that BDNF produced by Merkel cells during a precise embryonic period guides SAI neuron development, providing the first direct evidence that the skin instructs sensory neuron molecular and functional maturation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPeripheral sensory neurons show incredible phenotypic and functional diversity that is initiated early by cell-autonomous and local environmental factors found within the DRG. However, the contribution of target tissues to subsequent sensory neuron development remains unknown. We show that Merkel cells are required for the molecular and functional maturation of the SAI neurons that innervate them. We also show that this process is controlled by BDNF signaling. These findings provide new insights into the regulation of somatosensory neuron development and reveal a novel way in which Merkel cells participate in mechanosensation.
Mechanisms Underlying Population Response Dynamics in Inhibitory Interneurons of theDrosophilaAntennal Lobe
Authors: Nagel Katherine I. , Wilson Rachel I.
Published: April 2016

Local inhibitory neurons control the timing of neural activity in many circuits. To understand how inhibition controls timing, it is important to understand the dynamics of activity in populations of local inhibitory interneurons, as well as the mechanisms that underlie these dynamics. Here we describe thein vivoresponse dynamics of a large population of inhibitory local neurons (LNs) in theDrosophila melanogasterantennal lobe, the analog of the vertebrate olfactory bulb, and we dissect the network and intrinsic mechanisms that give rise to these dynamics. Some LNs respond to odor onsets (“ON” cells) and others to offsets (“OFF” cells), whereas still others respond at both times. Moreover, different LNs signal odor concentration fluctuations on different timescales. Some respond rapidly, and can track rapid concentration fluctuations. Others respond slowly, and are best at tracking slow fluctuations. We found a continuous spectrum of preferred stimulation timescales among LNs, as well as a continuum of ON–OFF behavior. Usingin vivowhole-cell recordings, we show that the timing of an LN′s response (ON vs OFF) can be predicted from the interplay of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic currents that it receives. Meanwhile, the preferred timescale of an LN is related to its intrinsic properties. These results illustrate how a population of inhibitory interneurons can collectively encode bidirectional changes in stimulus intensity on multiple timescales, and how this can arise via an interaction between synaptic and intrinsic mechanisms.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMost neural circuits contain diverse populations of inhibitory interneurons. The way inhibition shapes network activity will depend on the spiking dynamics of the interneuron population. Here we describe the dynamics of activity in a large population of inhibitory interneurons in the first brain relay of the fruit fly olfactory system. Because odor plumes fluctuate on multiple timescales, the drive to this circuit can vary over a range of frequencies. We show how synaptic and cellular mechanisms interact to recruit different interneurons at different times, and in response to different temporal features of odor stimuli. As a result, inhibition is recruited over a range of conditions, and there is the potential to tune the timing of inhibition as the environment changes.
TARP γ-2 and γ-8 Differentially Control AMPAR Density Across Schaffer Collateral/Commissural Synapses in the Hippocampal CA1 Area
Authors: Yamasaki Miwako , Fukaya Masahiro , Yamazaki Maya , Azechi Hirotsugu , Natsume Rie , Abe Manabu , Sakimura Kenji , Watanabe Masahiko
Published: April 2016

The number of AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) at synapses is the major determinant of synaptic strength and varies from synapse to synapse. To clarify the underlying molecular mechanisms, the density of AMPARs, PSD-95, and transmembrane AMPAR regulatory proteins (TARPs) were compared at Schaffer collateral/commissural (SCC) synapses in the adult mouse hippocampal CA1 by quantitative immunogold electron microscopy using serial sections. We examined four types of SCC synapses: perforated and nonperforated synapses on pyramidal cells and axodendritic synapses on parvalbumin-positive (PV synapse) and pravalbumin-negative interneurons (non-PV synapse). SCC synapses were categorized into those expressing high-density (perforated and PV synapses) or low-density (nonperforated and non-PV synapses) AMPARs. Although the density of PSD-95 labeling was fairly constant, the density and composition of TARP isoforms was highly variable depending on the synapse type. Of the three TARPs expressed in hippocampal neurons, the disparity in TARP γ-2 labeling was closely related to that of AMPAR labeling. Importantly, AMPAR density was significantly reduced at perforated and PV synapses in TARP γ-2-knock-out (KO) mice, resulting in a virtual loss of AMPAR disparity among SCC synapses. In comparison, TARP γ-8 was the only TARP expressed at nonperforated synapses, where AMPAR labeling further decreased to a background level in TARP γ-8-KO mice. These results show that synaptic inclusion of TARP γ-2 potently increases AMPAR expression and transforms low-density synapses into high-density ones, whereas TARP γ-8 is essential for low-density or basal expression of AMPARs at nonperforated synapses. Therefore, these TARPs are critically involved in AMPAR density control at SCC synapses.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAlthough converging evidence implicates the importance of transmembrane AMPA-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR) regulatory proteins (TARPs) in AMPAR stabilization during basal transmission and synaptic plasticity, how they control large disparities in AMPAR numbers or densities across central synapses remains largely unknown. We compared the density of AMPARs with that of TARPs among four types of Schaffer collateral/commissural (SCC) hippocampal synapses in wild-type and TARP-knock-out mice. We show that the density of AMPARs correlates with that of TARP γ-2 across SCC synapses and its high expression is linked to high-density AMPAR expression at perforated type of pyramidal cell synapses and synapses on parvalbumin-positive interneurons. In comparison, TARP γ-8 is the only TARP expressed at nonperforated type of pyramidal cell synapses, playing an essential role in low-density or basal AMPAR expression.
Monocyte-Derived Macrophages Contribute to Spontaneous Long-Term Functional Recovery after Stroke in Mice
Authors: Wattananit Somsak , Tornero Daniel , Graubardt Nadine , Memanishvili Tamar , Monni Emanuela , Tatarishvili Jemal , Miskinyte Giedre , Ge Ruimin , Ahlenius Henrik , Lindvall Olle , Schwartz Michal , Kokaia Zaal
Published: April 2016

Stroke is a leading cause of disability and currently lacks effective therapy enabling long-term functional recovery. Ischemic brain injury causes local inflammation, which involves both activated resident microglia and infiltrating immune cells, including monocytes. Monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) exhibit a high degree of functional plasticity. Here, we determined the role of MDMs in long-term spontaneous functional recovery after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Analyses by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry revealed that monocytes home to the stroke-injured hemisphere., and that infiltration peaks 3 d after stroke. At day 7, half of the infiltrating MDMs exhibited a bias toward a proinflammatory phenotype and the other half toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, but during the subsequent 2 weeks, MDMs with an anti-inflammatory phenotype dominated. Blocking monocyte recruitment using the anti-CCR2 antibody MC-21 during the first week after stroke abolished long-term behavioral recovery, as determined in corridor and staircase tests, and drastically decreased tissue expression of anti-inflammatory genes, including TGFβ, CD163, and Ym1. Our results show that spontaneously recruited monocytes to the injured brain early after the insult contribute to long-term functional recovery after stroke.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTFor decades, any involvement of circulating immune cells in CNS repair was completely denied. Only over the past few years has involvement of monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) in CNS repair received appreciation. We show here, for the first time, that MDMs recruited to the injured brain early after ischemic stroke contribute to long-term spontaneous functional recovery through inflammation-resolving activity. Our data raise the possibility that inadequate recruitment of MDMs to the brain after stroke underlies the incomplete functional recovery seen in patients and that boosting homing of MDMs with an anti-inflammatory bias to the injured brain tissue may be a new therapeutic approach to promote long-term improvement after stroke.
Nucleosomal arrays self‐assemble into supramolecular globular structures lacking 30‐nm fibers
Authors: Maeshima Kazuhiro , Rogge Ryan , Tamura Sachiko , Joti Yasumasa , Hikima Takaaki , Szerlong Heather , Krause Christine , Herman Jake , Seidel Erik , DeLuca Jennifer , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Hansen Jeffrey C
Published: April 2016

The existence of a 30‐nm fiber as a basic folding unit for DNA packaging has remained a topic of active discussion. Here, we characterize the supramolecular structures formed by reversible Mg2+‐dependent self‐association of linear 12‐mer nucleosomal arrays using microscopy and physicochemical approaches. These reconstituted chromatin structures, which we call “oligomers”, are globular throughout all stages of cooperative assembly and range in size from ~50 nm to a maximum diameter of ~1,000 nm. The nucleosomal arrays were packaged within the oligomers as interdigitated 10‐nm fibers, rather than folded 30‐nm structures. Linker DNA was freely accessible to micrococcal nuclease, although the oligomers remained partially intact after linker DNA digestion. The organization of chromosomal fibers in human nuclei in situ was stabilized by 1 mM MgCl2, but became disrupted in the absence of MgCl2, conditions that also dissociated the oligomers in vitro. These results indicate that a 10‐nm array of nucleosomes has the intrinsic ability to self‐assemble into large chromatin globules stabilized by nucleosome–nucleosome interactions, and suggest that the oligomers are a good in vitro model for investigating the structure and organization of interphase chromosomes.
Correlation between global longitudinal peak systolic strain and coronary artery disease severity as assessed by the angiographically derived SYNTAX score
Authors: Vrettos Apostolos , Dawson David , Grigoratos Chrysanthos , Nihoyannopoulos Petros
Published: April 2016

Background In this study, we investigate the correlation between reduced global longitudinal peak systolic strain (GLPSS) and the SYNTAX score (SS) in patients undergoing coronary angiography.

Methods: We examined 71 patients undergoing both echocardiogram and coronary angiography within 15 days. All patients had normal global and/or regional wall motion on resting echocardiogram. We calculated GLPSS using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. SS was calculated for each group of patients based on the presence and/or the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD): no CAD on angiogram (n=10, control group), low SS (n=36, SS<22) and high SS (n=25, SS≥22). We hypothesised that GLPSS at rest is inversely correlated with the angiographically derived SS.

Age, sex and most of the risk factors were equally distributed among the groups. There was a significant inverse correlation between GLPSS and SS values (r
2=0.3869, P<0.001). This correlation was weaker in the low-SS group (r
2=0.1332, P<0.05), whereas it was lost in the high-SS group (r
2=0.0002, P=NS). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified that the optimal cut-off for the detection of high-SS patients was 13.95% (sensitivity=71%, specificity=90%, P<0.001).

Conclusions: The results of our study suggest that GLPSS might be promising for the detection of patients with high SYNTAX score on coronary angiogram. There is an inverse correlation between resting GLPSS and SS as assessed by coronary angiography. In patients with the highest SS, however, the correlation with GLPSS was less significant.
Depression in Romanian patients with type 2 diabetes: prevalence and risk factors
Authors: Mocan Andreia S. , Iancu Silvia S. , Duma Livia , Mureseanu Camelia , Baban Adriana S.
Published: April 2016

Background and aims. Co-existing major depression was found to have a negative impact on the diabetes outcome and the quality of life. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms in Romanian diabetes patients and to identify the risk factors associated with depression.Methods. A total of 144 type 2 diabetes patients were included in the study. Five models of presumed predictors were used to assess the risk factors for depressive symptoms, using hierarchical regression analysis.  Together with demographics, disease, lifestyle predictors, previous depressive symptoms and diabetes distress were taken into account.Results. In our sample the prevalence of depression was 12.6%. Main risk factors for depressive symptoms were previous depressive symptoms which were associated with depression in both Model 4 (β=0.297, p=0.013) and Model 5 (β=0.239, p=0.017) and diabetes distress in Model 5 (β=0.540, p≤0.001). Employment (β =-0.276, p=0.029) and increased number of diabetes complications (β=0.236, p=0.017) became significant when diabetes distress was added to the analysis.Conclusions. The overall prevalence of depressive symptoms was found to be in range with the prevalence identified in the literature. Previous depression and diabetes distress were both independently associated with depression, confirming the bidirectional relationship between depression and diabetes distress. Due to the consequences for daily living, screening for diabetes distress and depression should be done in primary care units both by physicians and trained nurses.
HPV IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL TESTING AND CERVICAL DYSPLASIA
Authors: Mureşan Daniel , Rotar Ioana Cristina , Apostol Silvana , Coroiu Georgiana , Stamatian Florin
Published: April 2016

Background and aim. HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) infection represents a necessary condition for cervical carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of HPV testing using an immunohistochemical staining kit with implications upon both diagnosis and treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).Methods. Seventy-nine patients and eighty-six controls were enrolled in the study. Each patient had completed a physical examination, gynecological examination with cervical sampling using a liquid-based cytology system and also colposcopy. The cervical samples were analyzed according to Bethesda terminology and HPV-HR immunohistochemical staining was performed. In all the patients with high-grade lesion a surgical excision procedure was performed followed by pathological examination of the specimen. The collected data were analyzed using statistical software.Results. The colposcopic examination has detected acetowhite modifications of the cervical epithelium in 47% of patients with ASC-US (Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance) in 71% of patients with LSIL (Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion) and in 100% of patients with HSIL ( High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion). The biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of LSIL in 27% of biopsy specimens in patients with ASC-US and in 79.99% of patients with LSIL respectively. In all patients with HSIL the diagnosis was CIN II or higher. The percentage of HPV-HR (Human Papilloma Virus – High Risk) positivity porportionaly increased with the severity of cytological diagnosis: 30% in ASC-US, 42.86% in LSIL and 75% in HSIL patients. The sensitivity of detection of HPV-HR was 50% with CI 95% [17.45;82.55] for ASC-US, 77.77% with CI 95% [51.91;92.62] for LSIL and 81.81% with CI 95% [58.99;94.00] for HSIL.Conclusion. HPV testing can be an important screening tool for cervical dysplasia. The HPV testing targeting high risk types is indicated for ASC-US and LSIL triage. The present work sustains the idea of introducing HPV testing as a primary  screening tool for cervical cancer.
Small-cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: where do we stand?
Authors: Ghervan Liviu , Zaharie Andreea , Ene Bogdan , Elec Florin I.
Published: April 2016

Small-cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is a very rare pathology, but with a very aggressive behavior and disappointing prognosis. The literature concerning this type of cancer is scarce and physicians may encounter difficulty trying to manage it. Most articles involve the study of case series, without definite results due to the small number of patients. The present article aims at gathering the most significant articles and results in order to offer a broad perspective on the existing literature concerning this pathology.
A Study of Teacher Training in the United States and Europe
Authors: Ries Francis , Cabrera Cristina Yanes , Carriedo Ricardo González
Published: April 2016

Governments and multilateral organizations frequently employ comparative studies, which are receiving increased attention in the contemporary process of globalization. Within the assessment of educational policies, this comparison is used to define the parameters of quality and the models of efficiency, and it allows us to see the roles that policy-makers pursue to confer upon the educators. The present paper focuses on the teacher training for general secondary school teachers in Spain, United States (Texas) and in two small states in Europe, namely Luxembourg and Iceland. In Spain, the adaptation of university degrees to the European Higher Education System (EHES) has resulted in the creation of a new compulsory Master’s degree, which is required in order to become a secondary education teacher. In Luxembourg, future secondary school teachers need to pursue their Master’s degree abroad, whereas in Iceland and due to new legislation teachers need to complete a Master’s degree consisting of 300 ECTS or equivalent, plus training, in order to become a qualified compulsory and upper secondary teacher. The aim of this study is to perform a comparison of the main elements that make up the three models analyzed of teacher training: duration, curriculum (disciplinary training, teaching and practice) and the induction process, in order to draw conclusions that provide elements of analysis for evaluating models of initial teacher training.
Adaptation and Validation of Aricak’s Professional Self- Esteem Scale for use in the Pakistani Context
Authors: Iqbal Hafiz Muhammad , Bibi Fariha , Gul Asma
Published: April 2016

One of the characteristics of teachers having great bearing upon students’ learning is their professional self- esteem. Various instruments are available for measuring general self-esteem and professional self-esteem of teachers. For the present study it was deemed appropriate to use a Turkish professional self-esteem scale developed by Aricak (1999). However, before conducting the actual study, it was decided to check the construct validity of the Aricak scale and to see how the instrument behaves in the Pakistani context. This instrument is a Likert type (five points) scale having originally 30 items with 14 positive and 16 negative statements. Aricak (1999) reported a Cronbach Alpha coefficient 0.93 (n=152) and test-retest reliability coefficient 0.90 (n=92, p<01) of the scale. However, the first administration of the original English version of the scale in Pakistan resulted in 0.84 reliability of the scale, which was considered less than satisfactory. Two measures were taken to adapt the Aricak scale and to improve its validity and reliability to reflect and suit the local values. Firstly, the scale was translated into Urdu, the national language of Pakistan in order to increase its comprehensibility, resulting in the improvement of the reliability of the Urdu version of the scale with its original 30 items to 0.89. At the second stage, seven more items (4 positive and 3 negative) were added to the scale. Reliability of the revised scale with 37 items was found to be 0.93. The paper also describes that unlike the original scale having three factors, 37 items of the revised and adapted scale loaded on five factors.
Implementation of Electronic Clinical Decision Support for Pediatric Appendicitis
Authors: Kharbanda Anupam B. , Madhok Manu , Krause Ernest , Vazquez-Benitez Gabriela , Kharbanda Elyse O. , Mize William , Schmeling David
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US) are commonly used in patients with acute abdominal pain. We sought to standardize care and reduce CT use while maintaining patient safety through implementation of a multicomponent electronic clinical decision support tool for pediatric patients with possible appendicitis.

METHODS:

We conducted a quasi-experimental study of children 3 to 18 years old who presented with possible appendicitis to the pediatric emergency department (ED) between January 2011 and December 2013. Outcomes were use of CT and US. Balancing measures included missed appendicitis, ED revisits within 30 days, appendiceal perforation, and ED length of stay.

RESULTS:

Of 2803 patients with acute abdominal pain over the 3-year study period, 794 (28%) had appendicitis and 207 (26.1% of those with appendicitis) had a perforation. CT use during the 10-month preimplementation period was 38.8% and declined to 17.7% by the end of the study (54% relative decrease). For CT, segmented regression analysis revealed that there was a significant change in trend from the preimplementation period to implementation (monthly decrease –3.5%; 95% confidence interval: –5.9% to –0.9%; P = .007). US use was 45.7% preimplementation and 59.7% during implementation. However, there was no significant change in US or total imaging trends. There were also no statistically significant differences in rates of missed appendicitis, ED revisits within 30 days, appendiceal perforation, or ED length of stay between time periods.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our electronic clinical decision support tool was associated with a decrease in CT use while maintaining safety and high quality care for patients with possible appendicitis.
Caracterización reológica de almidón y evaluación morfológica de 20 variedades de musáceas (Musa sp.), del banco de germoplasma Fedeplátano, Chinchiná - Caldas, Colombia
Authors: Lucas Aguirre Juan Carlos , Quintero Castaño Víctor Dumar
Published: April 2016

Se caracterizaron veinte variedades de musáceas de diferente composición genética del banco de germoplasma de Fedeplátano (AA, AAA, AAB, ABB, AAAA y AAAB). La caracterización incluyó propiedades físicas como peso, diámetro, longitud, materia seca y porcentaje de cáscara del fruto y propiedades funcionales de almidones (curvas de empastamiento). Las variedades Cachaco Pelipita, Fougamou, Kelong Mekintu y SH-3436-9 presentaron porcentajes de materia seca superiores al 35% lo cual indica que estas variedades serian de gran importancia para el sector de las frituras ya que al contener menos agua el proceso se agilizara incrementando el rendimiento y disminuyendo la absorción de aceite. Las variedades que presentaron mejores comportamientos frente a las propiedades de viscosidad máxima, breakdown, facilidad de cocción y consistencia fueron FHIA-23, Guineo Enano, Banano Gran Enano, Pompo Comino, lo cual indica que estas variedades tenían gran capacidad para resistir los procesos de retrogradación y la sinéresis.
Efecto del nitrógeno en los parámetros fotosintéticos y de producción del cultivo de la gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus ex Hook. f.)
Authors: Corrales Gonzáles Maykoll , Rada Fermín , Jaimez Ramón
Published: April 2016

Actualmente, existe un interés por comprender los aspectos fisiológicos involucrados en la obtención de altas producciones en diferentes cultivos y su relación con la disponibilidad de nutrientes en el sustrato. Este conocimiento ayudará en las recomendaciones de dosis acertadas de nutrientes, evitando problemas asociados a desequilibrios tanto en el suelo como en el medio ambiente. Este trabajo evaluó algunas respuestas fisiológicas de Gerbera jamesonii  frente al efecto de cuatro tratamientos de fertilización nitrogenada (75, 56, 94 y 112.5 mgN planta-1 día-1). Al mismo tiempo se buscó relacionar estas posibles respuestas con características de crecimiento. Las plantas se distribuyeron en un diseño completamente al azar con 3 repeticiones, a las cuales se les midieron las variables de intercambio de gases (asimilación de CO2, transpiración, conductancia estomática), potenciales hídricos foliares y rendimiento cuántico del fotosistema II. Estas variables se relacionaron con el crecimiento vegetativo (área foliar total) y las variables de calidad y producción de flores (longitud y diámetro de tallos florales, diámetro del capítulo floral y el número de flores mensuales). Los resultados muestran que el aumento en la dosis de N a nivel del sustrato trajo como consecuencia un aumento en la asimilación de CO2 (de 9.2 a 12.1 μmol m-2 s-1). Sin embargo, es posible reducir la dosis de fertilización de N en un 25% (56 mgN planta-1 día-1) sin afectar la producción mensual de flores ni la calidad de estas (no hubo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos (P>0.05)). 
Arquitectura ecléctica salesiana como consecuencia material del contexto político republicano en Ibagué (Colombia), 1904
Authors: Francel Delgado Andrés Ernesto , Ojeda José Alejandro
Published: April 2016

A comienzos del siglo XX, la reestructuración política republicana en Colombia implicó la preeminencia de las obras civiles gubernamentales sobre las religiosas (herederas del régimen colonial). Sin embargo, la obra arquitectónica de mayores dimensiones en Ibagué fue la Iglesia del Carmen. Esta disyuntiva condujo a la indagación de fuentes notariales, colecciones fotográficas y cartográficas, de las cuales se obtuvieron datos que luego fueron comparados para comprender la relación entre la arquitectura y las dinámicas sociales subyacentes. Así, se descubrió la estructura política, educativa y religiosa que intervino en la materialización arquitectónica de las ideas de la época, consistente en que el gobierno delegó en las órdenes religiosas las labores educativas necesarias para el desarrollo nacional, amalgamando así las tendencias políticas y educativas con las religiosas, para generar una estrategia que publicitó la arquitectura como símbolo del desarrollo económico.
História Local, Espaço e Paisagem em Portugal: Panorâmica historiográfica e estudo de caso sobre a Revista de História (1912-1928)
Authors: Bessa Moreira Nuno Miguel
Published: April 2016

Este estudio pretende ofrecer una visión historiográfica general sobre el tema de la historia local, al igual que los esfuerzos de síntesis similares hechas especialmente por José María Amado Mendes. Este marco proporciona la base para un estudio de caso en un periódico. En Revista de História, dirigida por Fidelino de Figueiredo, y publicada entre 1912 y 1928, la Historia Local fue una de las áreas temáticas estudiadas. Esta investigación analiza los usos historiográficos de las nociones de espacio, territorio, lugar, lugar y paisaje en ciertos estudios en esa revista, de Manuel Paulo Rocha, Manuel Silva, Teixeira de Sampayo. Algunos de ellos muestran una visión paternalista de los activos, distintos de embarcarse en una historiografía crítica, mostrando, sin embargo, un escrúpulo documental rankeano y menos tomando prestada la Escuela Metódica francesa.
Alianzas de poder en una región histórica: el caso de la élite pamplonesa en el Virreinato de la Nueva Granada, 1795-1808
Authors: Díaz Boada Lina Constanza
Published: April 2016

Las dinámicas sociales en Pamplona de Indias, provincia del Virreinato de Nueva Granada, a finales del siglo XVIII y comienzos del XIX, muestran el ascenso y consolidación del grupo conformado por hacendados-comerciantes insertos en el circuito agroexportador que tenía salida al exterior por el lago de Maracaibo. Ponemos en diálogo el concepto región histórica con el de redes sociales, a través del análisis de las alianzas de poder establecidas por la élite pamplonesa durante los años 1795 y 1808. Nos interesa profundizar en los vínculos, en esta ocasión basados en el parentesco, que lograron tejer los miembros de la mencionada élite, los cuales le permitieron ampliar su red local alcanzando la inserción en diversos circuitos regionales tanto económicos como políticos.
Demandas y reivindicaciones de los médicos conquenses durante la epidemia de gripe en España, 1918-1919
Authors: González García Alberto
Published: April 2016

Durante la epidemia de gripe de 1918-1919 los médicos españoles se encontraban en pleno proceso de renovación profesional, fruto del convencimiento de que sus condiciones laborales habían mermado notablemente. El objetivo es analizar las demandas de los profesionales de la medicina de Cuenca para determinar si guardaban relación con las que estaban teniendo lugar en la capital de España. Para ello se toman como referencia las noticias de la revista La Información Médica, publicación del Colegio de Médicos de la provincia. La metodología utilizada es el análisis del contenido discursivo del boletín, sobre la premisa de que el estudio del contexto se hace relevante. La élite médica conquense no estuvo supeditada a los intereses de los profesionales médicos de la capital del país pese a la estructura centralizada del Estado y la proximidad geográfica de ambas ciudades. Las demandas obedecieron a las características propias de la provincia y estuvieron condicionadas por el caciquismo existente. Estas reivindicaciones se produjeron en un contexto de crítica social contra la medicina oficial.
Confrontar al peronismo. Dinámica partidaria y prácticas políticas de la Unión Cívica Radical (Tucumán, 1946-1958)
Authors: Lichtmajer Leandro Ary
Published: April 2016

El artículo analiza las respuestas que ensayó la Unión Cívica Radical de la provincia de Tucumán (región noroeste de Argentina) frente al peronismo en el período comprendido entre las presidencias de Juan Perón y la “Revolución Libertadora” (1946-1958). Con ese fin propone dos ejes de análisis. Por un lado, explora los conflictos que se suscitaron en las cúpulas de cara a la definición de una estrategia para enfrentar al peronismo. Por otro lado, examina el proceso de recepción, por parte de la dirigencia local, de las directivas emanadas desde las autoridades. Mediante una reducción de la escala de observación el artículo intenta aportar al conocimiento sobre las variaciones provinciales del radicalismo en la etapa referida. La investigación se basa en documentación partidaria, prensa escrita, debates legislativos y entrevistas orales.
Milicias de pardos en la región de Nueva Galicia (Virreinato de Nueva España). Un análisis de sus prácticas sociales y políticas durante segunda mitad del siglo XVIII
Authors: Rojas Galván José
Published: April 2016

El artículo analiza los factores sociopolíticos que propiciaron que los milicianos pardos de Nueva Galicia fueran protagonistas dentro de la estructura colonial. La investigación toma como referentes teóricos las perspectivas de la historia regional y la historia social en tanto que buscan hacer evidentes las transformaciones de un territorio con respecto a las condiciones de la sociedad. Las fuentes documentales utilizadas provienen de archivos de España y México. Los resultados de la investigación reflejan que las prácticas sociales y políticas generadas por los milicianos pardos les permitieron obtener pequeños, pero significativos privilegios como: gozar de fuero militar, portar armas, ser libres de pagar tributo, capacidad para negociar con el poder, entre otros. Pero además, se demuestra que si bien dichas prácticas no los condujeron a formar parte del grupo dominante, como aconteció en otras regiones de la Nueva España, sí produjeron diferenciaciones sociales con relación a otros sectores más bajos de la población neogallega, para así lograr aminorar las consecuencias negativas de su condición racial.
Mujeres frente a la incidencia de la pobreza e insalubridad pública en Cartagena (Colombia), 1915-1928
Authors: Cera Ochoa Raul Antonio
Published: April 2016

Este artículo analiza cuál fue el discurrir femenino frente a las incidencias de la pobreza e insalubridad pública en Cartagena durante 1915 y 1928. El autor reconstruye aspectos económicos, políticos y sociales del ámbito local y da cuenta de la participación de mujeres de sectores bajos, medios y altos. En un contexto donde se producen denuncias y quejas sobre  problemáticas, —que atentaban contra el orden y el bienestar físico y moral de la población—, como el desaseo, la falta de agua, la mortalidad infantil y la prostitución. Las fuentes primarias analizadas son textos de la prensa oficial y comercial localizados en el Archivo Histórico de Cartagena.
¿“Puerta y puerto del sur argentino”? Matices y debates en la representación de Bahía Blanca (Argentina) en su contexto regional a mediados del siglo XX
Authors: López Pascual Juliana
Published: April 2016

"DefaultStyle">Desde hace más de un siglo los habitantes de Bahía Blanca, ciudad portuaria argentina ubicada al sudoeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires, la han imaginado y definido no sólo como parte de los territorios patagónicos sino, también, como su legítimo centro político, económico y cultural. La voluntad de historizar y complejizar esta idea, procurando dar cuenta de los intereses que la movilizaron, de los planteos ideológicos que dejó entrever y del impacto que tuvo en la efectiva diagramación regional, es lo que motiva nuestra investigación. Para ello, este artículo hace foco en la dimensión económica e infraestructural que ciertos debates de mediados del siglo XX emplearon, simultáneamente, como elemento probatorio y como meta última de esa pretendida hegemonía. Con este fin, se recurrirá al análisis de los escritos de los Domingo Pronsato y de Ricardo M. Ortiz quienes, desde distintas perspectivas geopolíticas, idearon roles específicos para la ciudad que se ajustaban a sus planes para el desarrollo regional de la Patagonia.
Novedades Bibliográficas
Authors: Ramírez Bacca Renzo
Published: April 2016

El objetivo del libro es dejar hablar a la transgresión desde su singularidad, no como algo ahistórico, invariable y homogéneo, sino como algo sujeto al tiempo, a su variabilidad cultural, como algo fragmentario y con múltiples perspectivas.
González Gómez, Lina Marcela. 2015. Un edén para Colombia al otro lado de la civilización: Los Llanos de San Martín o Territorio del Meta, 1870-1930 Medellín: Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín Colección Folios ISBN: 9789587753714
Authors: Martinez Garnica Armando
Published: April 2016

Si juntamos esta investigación de gran aliento realizada por Lina Marcela González con la que paralelamente ejecutó Gabriel Cabrera Becerra (Los poderes en la frontera: misiones católicas y protestantes, y Estados en el Vaupés colombo-brasileño, 1923-1989), publicada en el mismo año 2015 por la misma casa universitaria, obtenemos lo que algunos ideólogos de las ciencias llaman pretensiosamente “ampliación de las fronteras del conocimiento histórico”.
Hypochloremia in cats – prevalence and associated diseases
Authors: Pagitz Maximilian , Friedrich Mona Sarah , Zeugswetter Florian K.
Published: April 2016

Objective: To describe the prevalence and possible causes of hypochloremia in the local hospital cat population. Material and methods: Retrospective study consisting of two parts. Data were collected from the local electronic medical records database using the search terms „chloride“ and „cats“ (part A), and „blood gas analysis“ and „cats“ (part B). The medical records of the hypochloremic cats were then reviewed to determine prior treatment or infusions and to identify major underlying disease processes. Part A included an age and gender matched non-hypochloremic control group, whereas in part B acid-base status was assessed. Results: Hypochloremia was detected in 367 (27%) of 1363 blood samples. The application of a correction formula to adjust for free water changes decreased the number of hypochloremic cats to 253 (19%). Only a minority had received glucocorticoids or loop diuretics and the prevalence of vomiting was 44%. Common associated disorders were gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases, as well as azotemia and diabetes mellitus. Polyuria/ polydipsia, dehydration, prednisolone or furosemide pretreatment, azotemia and diabetes mellitus increased, whereas fluid therapy and the diagnosis of neoplasia decreased the prevalence of hypochloremia. An inverse correlation was found between corrected chloride and standar dized base excess (rs = –0.597, p = 0.001) as well as anion gap (rs = –0.4, p = 0.026). 99% of the hypochloremic cats had derangements of acid-base balance. Conclusion: Hypochloremia is a common electrolyte disorder in the local cat population. The correction formula is ne cessary to adjust for changes in plasma osmolality. Although associated with metabolic alkalosis, most of the hypochloremic cats have a normal or decreased pH. The inverse correlation of chloride and anion gap als well as the high proportion of azotemic or diabetic animals support the concept of compensatory acidosis induced hypochlor emia. Clinical relevance: Hypochloremia should prompt the clinician to performe blood-gas analysis. Diabetes mellitus (especially ketoacidosis) and renal disease should be included in current algorithms for the evaluation of hypochloremic patients.
Unintentionally retained foreign bodies after surgical procedures. Analysis of 4547 cases
Authors: Birolini Dário Vianna , Rasslan Samir , Utiyama Edivaldo Massazo
Published: April 2016

Objective: this study aims to explore the experience of Brazilian surgeons on Unintentionally Retained Foreign Bodies (RFB) after surgical procedures. Methods: A questionnaire was sent to surgeons by electronic mail, between March and July 2012. The questions analyzed their experience with foreign bodies (FB), foreign bodies' types, clinical manifestations, diagnoses, risk factors and legal implications. Results: in the 2872 eligible questionnaires, 43% of the surgeons asserted that they had already left FB and 73% had removed FB in one or more occasions, totalizing 4547. Of these foreign bodies, 90% were textiles, 78% were discovered in the first year and 14% remained asymptomatic. Among doctors with less than five years after graduation, 36% had already left a FB. The most frequently surgical procedures mentioned were the elective (57%) and routine (85%) ones. Emergency (26%), lack of counting (25%) and inadequate conditions of work contributed (12.5%) to the occurrence. In 46% of the cases patients were alerted about the FB, and 26% of them sued the doctors or the institution. Conclusions: challenging medical situations, omission of security protocols and inadequate work conditions contributed to RFB. However, RFB occurs mostly in routine procedures such as cesarean or cholecystectomy, and at the beginning of the professional career, highlighting, particularly in poorest countries, the need for primary prevention. Textiles predominated causing clinical repercussions and they were diagnosed in the first postoperative months. Surgeons were sued in 11.3% of the RFB cases.
Iliac artery myointimal hyperplasia in rabbits submitted to angioplasty and treated with Moringa oleifera
Authors: Rolim Jânio Cipriano , Nogueira Manoel Ricardo Sena , Lima Paulo Roberto da Silva , Bandeira Francisco Chavier Vieira , Pordeus Mizael Armando Abrantes , Castro Aldemar Araújo , Pitta Guilherme Benjamin , Diniz Margareth de Fátima Formiga Melo , Pereira Adamastor Humberto
Published: April 2016

Objective: to assess post-angioplasty myointimal hyperplasia in iliac artery of rabbits treated with extract of Moringa oleifera leaves. Methods : we conducted a randomized trial in laboratory animals for five weeks of follow-up, developed in the Vivarium of Pharmaceutical Technology Laboratory of the Universidade Federal da Paraíba. We used rabbits from the New Zealand breed, subjected to a hypercholesterolemic diet and angioplasty of the external iliac artery, randomized into two groups: M200 Group (n=10) - rabbits treated with 200mg/kg/day of Moringa oleifera leaves extract orally; SF group (n=10) - rabbits treated with 0.9% saline orally. After five weeks, the animals were euthanized and the iliac arteries prepared for histology. Histological sections were analyzed by digital morphometry. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student's t test. The significance level was 0.05. Results : there was no significant difference in myointimal hyperplasia between M200 and SF groups when comparing the iliac arteries submitted to angioplasty. Conclusion : there was no difference of myointimal hyperplasia between groups treated with saline and Moringa oleifera after angioplasty.