bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Model order reduction applied to ALE‐fluid dynamics
Authors: Baroli Davide , Zilian Andreas
Published: September 2019

The Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian formulation allows the description of fluid dynamics involving moving and deforming fluid domains as they are found in many fluid‐structure interaction problems. This paper discusses a reduced order approach for ALE incompressible Navier‐Stokes flow formulated on a fixed reference configuration. Based on the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) for generation of the reduced basis, the supermizer technique is adapted to the formulation involving a non‐affine term and used to ensure the fulfilment of the inf‐sup condition among the velocity and pressure basis. The approach is studied for an extended version of the classical driven‐cavity setup involving a non‐affine parameterization of the prescribed mesh deformation and a time‐dependent non‐homogeneous lid‐flow boundary condition.
Improved edge detection based on fractional derivatives for real‐time measurement systems
Authors: Loderer Maximilian , Beitelschmidt Michael
Published: September 2019

Since edges are one of the most commonly used recognition features in object detection and image segmentation, their robust and clear recognition as well as the calculation in real time is important for most applications. It could be shown that the fractional filter CRONE leads to significantly better results in noisy images than classical filters such as Sobel or Prewitt, especially under the condition of real‐time capability. Unfortunately, the CRONE filter is a one‐dimensional filter and only leads to good results if its filter direction is perpendicular to the edge. Therefore, this paper presents the novel approach CRONE2D, the extension of the CRONE for surface input data like images, with much better results in detection of arbitrarily oriented edges.
Imperfection Sensitivity of Stiffened Cylindrical Shells Using a Mixed‐Hybrid Finite Element Formulation
Authors: Kern Simon , Dinkler Dieter
Published: September 2019

The imperfection sensitivity of stiffened cylinders is analysed on the basis of a critical perturbation associated with a minimum of strain energy. To identify worst perturbations including displacements and stresses, the perturbation energy concept is used, which is developed for mixed finite elements. Disadvantages in modelling branched structures due to stress discontinuities are avoided by transferring the concept to a mixed‐hybrid formulation. Beside an evaluation of common design recommendations, the identification of non‐initial perturbations lead to an insight into the quite complex buckling behaviour of stiffened shells.
The Taylor‐least‐squares time integrator scheme applied to tracer equations of a sea ice model
Authors: Nisters Carina , Schröder Jörg , Niekamp Rainer , Ricken Tim
Published: September 2019

The viscous‐plastic sea ice model based on [2] describes the motion of sea ice for scales of several thousand kilometers. The numerical model for the simulation of sea ice circulation and evolution over a seasonal cycle includes the consideration of the sea ice thickness and sea ice concentration. Transient advection equations describe the physical behavior of both thickness and concentration with the velocity of the sea ice as the coupling field. Recent research on a finite element implementation of the sea ice model is devoted to formulations based on the (mixed) Galerkin variational approach, compare to [1] and [6] for instance. Here, particular treatments are necessary regarding the stabilization of the complex numerical scheme, especially for the first‐order advection equation. It is therefore suggested to utilize the mixed least‐squares finite element method (LSFEM), which is well established in the branch of, e.g., fluid mechanics. A significant advantage of the method is its applicability to first‐order systems. Thus, this method results in stable and robust formulations also for not self‐adjoint operators like the tracer equations. Moreover, in [7], the authors provide a promising higher‐order time integration scheme for transient advection equations denoted as Taylor‐least‐squares scheme, which is investigated in this article. The presented least‐squares finite element formulation is based on the unsteady sea ice equations including two tracer equations of transient advection type. The numerical problem of a Box test case is investigated.
Development and usability evaluation of an online self‐management intervention for fear of cancer recurrence (iConquerFear)
Authors: Smith Allan “Ben” , Bamgboje‐Ayodele Adeola , Butow Phyllis , Klein Britt , Turner Jane , Sharpe Louise , Fardell Joanna , Beatty Lisa , Pearce Alison , Thewes Belinda , Beith Jane ,   iConquerFear Community Advisory Group, Girgis Afaf
Published: September 2019

Objective

To develop and evaluate the usability of iConquerFear, an online self‐management adaptation of an efficacious face‐to‐face therapist‐delivered treatment for fear of cancer recurrence (FCR).

Methods

iConquerFear development was theory based and person based. Development was guided by Ritterband et al's behaviour change model for internet interventions. iConquerFear end users (cancer survivors) provided iterative feedback in accordance with Yardley et al's person‐based approach to maximise engagement and usability. Online focus groups and cognitive interviews were conducted to evaluate the usability of iConquerFear. Discussions were recorded, transcribed verbatim, and thematically analysed.

Results

Five online FCR modules were developed. Twenty‐three cancer survivors (47% of those eligible) participated; 11/23 (58%) were breast cancer survivors, and average age was 53 years (SD = 10.8). Thematic saturation was reached after six focus groups (n = 16) and seven individual think‐aloud interviews. Thematic analysis produced five overarching themes: easy navigation essential; satisfaction and engagement with content; flexible access is key; normalising and empowering; and a useful first step.

Conclusions

Online self‐management interventions like iConquerFear have the potential to address the unmet supportive care needs reported by burgeoning numbers of cancer survivors. However, that potential may not be realised unless interventions are rigorously developed and user tested, as benefits are constrained by limited engagement. Themes from the usability testing of iConquerFear highlight the importance of developing flexible, tailored, interactive, and contextual online self‐management interventions for people with cancer.
The Effect of Annealing Pressure on Perovskite Films and Its Thin‐Film Field‐Effect Transistors' Performance
Authors: Zhou Zhou , Guo Ning , Peng Yuze , Tang Linlin , Zhang Jianjun , Cai Hongkun , Ni Jian , Sun Yanyan , Li Juan
Published: September 2019

The effect of annealing pressure on the properties of organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite is investigated. A novel and facile low‐pressure annealing strategy is proposed to obtain high‐quality perovskite films with full coverage, micrometer‐sized grains, and small roughness. Herein, it is found that a low‐pressure annealing environment is favorable for the volatilization of the residual solvent in the initial film to further improve the nucleation rate of the perovskite. The grain size has a great correlation with the annealing pressure and time. As a result, the thin‐film field‐effect transistors fabricated by this optimized film exhibit a relatively high field‐effect mobility of 1.8 × 10−2 cm2 Vs−1. Herein, it is significant that fabricating high‐quality perovskite films by the solution process in air is made possible.
Large dam removal and early spontaneous riparian vegetation recruitment on alluvium in a former reservoir: Lessons learned from the pre‐removal phase of the Sélune River project (France)
Authors: Ravot Charlotte , Laslier Marianne , Hubert‐Moy Laurence , Dufour Simon , Le Coeur Didier , Bernez Ivan
Published: September 2019

The restoration of ecological continuity along the Sélune River (Normandy, France) involves the removal of two tall hydroelectric dams (36 m removed in 2019 and 16 m in 2021), a project without precedent in Europe. During the pre‐removal phase (2014–2018), we performed scientific monitoring of the vegetation that was colonizing alluvium in the former dam reservoir (length: 19 km; surface area: 151 ha).

Our study aimed to analyse if spontaneous vegetation could ecologically restore the riparian zone and help maintain fine sediment after dam removal. We used colonization indicators related to vegetation structure, taxonomic richness and diversity, and composition. These indicators were calculated at two spatial scales (local, at a single site, and broad, along the reservoir). The aim was to (a) characterize the spontaneously established species pool; (b) analyse longitudinal patterns in vegetation colonization; and (c) assess temporal changes in the species community.

Our results show that diverse plant communities have developed. Slight differences in longitudinal and lateral patterns existed; they were linked with habitat heterogeneity and the reservoir's slow pace of draining. We observed fast spontaneous terrestrialization, which has resulted in cover stabilization, decreased diversity, and the development of herbaceous riverbank communities, with very few invasive species. This finding suggests stabilization potential is high and passive ecological restoration could occur, at least locally. Further analyses focusing on functional traits could help inform future management decisions regarding revegetation on reservoir alluvium.
Promoting Neuro-Supportive Properties of Astrocytes with Epidermal Growth Factor Hydrogels
Authors: Chan Su Jing , Niu Wanting , Hayakawa Kazuhide , Hamanaka Gen , Wang Xiaoying , Cheah Pike See , Guo Shuzhen , Yu Zhangyang , Arai Ken , Selim Magdy H. , Kurisawa Motoichi , Spector Myron , Lo Eng H.
Published: September 2019

Biomaterials provide novel platforms to deliver stem cell and growth factor therapies for central nervous system (CNS) repair. The majority of these approaches have focused on the promotion of neural progenitor cells and neurogenesis. However, it is now increasingly recognized that glial responses are critical for recovery in the entire neurovascular unit. In this study, we investigated the cellular effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) containing hydrogels on primary astrocyte cultures. Both EGF alone and EGF-hydrogel equally promoted astrocyte proliferation, but EGF-hydrogels further enhanced astrocyte activation, as evidenced by a significantly elevated Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene expression. Thereafter, conditioned media from astrocytes activated by EGF-hydrogel protected neurons against injury and promoted synaptic plasticity after oxygen–glucose deprivation. Taken together, these findings suggest that EGF-hydrogels can shift astrocytes into neuro-supportive phenotypes. Consistent with this idea, quantitative-polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) demonstrated that EGF-hydrogels shifted astrocytes in part by downregulating potentially negative A1-like genes (Fbln5 and Rt1-S3) and upregulating potentially beneficial A2-like genes (Clcf1, Tgm1, and Ptgs2). Further studies are warranted to explore the idea of using biomaterials to modify astrocyte behavior and thus indirectly augment neuroprotection and neuroplasticity in the context of stem cell and growth factor therapies for the CNS. Stem Cells Translational Medicine  2019;8:1242&1248
Substitution Effect on Luminescence of 5H‐Indeno[1,2‐b]pyridin‐5‐one Based Isomers
Authors: Liu Di , Wei Qinhe , Li Deli , Dong Ruizhi , Jiang Wenfeng
Published: September 2019

A series of novel fluorescent isomers were designed by using 5H‐indeno[1,2‐b]pyridin‐5‐one (IP) as electron acceptor and triphenylamine (TPA) as electron donor, and were synthesized through Suzuki coupling reactions. The substitution position of TPA on IP was adjusted to form 6‐(4‐(diphenylamino)phenyl)‐5H‐indeno[1,2‐b]pyridin‐5‐one (IP‐6‐TPA), IP‐7‐TPA, IP‐8‐TPA, and IP‐9‐TPA. The photophysical, thermal, and electrochemical properties of these isomers were systematically studied through experimental and theoretical methods. It was observed that the substitution position of TPA on IP results in different molecular conformation and finally determine the luminescent behavior of these isomers. The 6‐ and 9‐substituted isomers IP‐6‐TPA and IP‐9‐TPA with larger torsion angles exhibited thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) feature with long fluorescence lifetimes of microsecond range, while another two isomers IP‐7‐TPA and IP‐8‐TPA are only normal fluorescent molecules. Relatively higher photoluminescence quantum yields were detected for IP‐6‐TPA (0.70) and IP‐8‐TPA (0.69), while IP‐7‐TPA is poor emissive (0.23). These isomers were used as doped emitters to fabricate organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), among which IP‐6‐TPA realized the best performance with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 9.0% and a current efficiency of 24.2 cd A−1.
Rolling up MoSe2 Nanomembranes as a Sensitive Tubular Photodetector
Authors: Zhou Xuefei , Tian Ziao , Kim Hyuk Jin , Wang Yang , Xu Borui , Pan Ruobing , Chang Young Jun , Di Zengfeng , Zhou Peng , Mei Yongfeng
Published: September 2019

Transition metal dichalcogenides, as a kind of 2D material, are suitable for near‐infrared to visible photodetection owing to the bandgaps ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 eV. However, limited light absorption restricts photoresponsivity due to the ultrathin thickness of 2D materials. 3D tubular structures offer a solution to solve the problem because of the light trapping effect which can enhance optical absorption. In this work, thanks to mechanical flexibility of 2D materials, self‐rolled‐up technology is applied to build up a 3D tubular structure and a tubular photodetector is realized based on the rolled‐up molybdenum diselenide microtube. The tubular device is shown to present one order higher photosensitivity compared with planar counterparts. Enhanced optical absorption arising from the multiple reflections inside the tube is the main reason for the increased photocurrent. This tubular device offers a new design for increasing the efficiency of transition metal dichalcogenide–based photodetection and could hold great potential in the field of 3D optoelectronics.
Design, Fabrication, and Mechanics of 3D Micro‐/Nanolattices
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Wang Yujia , Ding Bin , Li Xiaoyan
Published: September 2019

Over the past several decades, lattice materials have been developed and used as engineering materials for lightweight and stiff industrial structures. Recent advances in additive manufacturing techniques have prompted the emergence of architected materials with minimum characteristic sizes ranging from several micrometers to hundreds of nanometers. Taking advantage of the topological design, structural optimization, and size effects of nanomaterials, various 3D micro‐/nanolattice materials composed of different materials exhibit combinations of superior mechanical properties, such as low density, high strength (even approaching the theoretical limits), large deformability, good recoverability, and flaw tolerance. As a result, some micro‐/nanolattices occupy an unprecedented area in Ashby charts with a combination of different material properties. Here, recent advances in the fabrication and mechanics of micro‐/nanolattices are described. First, various design principles and advanced techniques used for the fabrication of micro‐/nanolattices are summarized. Then, the mechanical behaviors and properties of micro‐/nanolattices are further described, including the compressive Young's modulus, strength, energy absorption, recoverability, and tensile behavior, with an emphasis on mechanistic insights and origins. Finally, the main challenges in the fabrication and mechanics of micro‐/nanolattices are addressed and an outlook for further investigations and potential applications of micro‐/nanolattices in the future is provided.
Neuroprotective Effect of Nerve Growth Factor Loaded in Porous Silicon Nanostructures in an Alzheimer's Disease Model and Potential Delivery to the Brain
Authors: Zilony‐Hanin Neta , Rosenberg Michal , Richman Michal , Yehuda Ronen , Schori Hadas , Motiei Menachem , Rahimipour Shai , Groisman Alexander , Segal Ester , Shefi Orit
Published: September 2019

Nerve growth factor (NGF) plays a vital role in reducing the loss of cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, its delivery to the brain remains a challenge. Herein, NGF is loaded into degradable oxidized porous silicon (PSiO2) carriers, which are designed to carry and continuously release the protein over a 1 month period. The released NGF exhibits a substantial neuroprotective effect in differentiated rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells against amyloid‐beta (Aβ)‐induced cytotoxicity, which is associated with Alzheimer's disease. Next, two potential localized administration routes of the porous carriers into murine brain are investigated: implantation of PSiO2 chips above the dura mater, and biolistic bombardment of PSiO2 microparticles through an opening in the skull using a pneumatic gene gun. The PSiO2‐implanted mice are monitored for a period of 8 weeks and no inflammation or adverse effects are observed. Subsequently, a successful biolistic delivery of these highly porous microparticles into a live‐mouse brain is demonstrated for the first time. The bombarded microparticles are observed to penetrate the brain and reach a depth of 150 µm. These results pave the way for using degradable PSiO2 carriers as potential localized delivery systems for NGF to the brain.
Guidelines for Fostering Student Affairs‐Academic Affairs Partnerships in Hispanic‐Serving Institutions
Authors: Allen Taryn Ozuna , Thompson Melissa Laird , Calderón Galdeano Emily
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes the policy context that led to the establishment of Hispanic‐Serving Institutions (HSIs), and reviews relevant literature related to student success at HSIs. The chapter concludes with guidelines for developing partnerships between academic affairs and student affairs at HSIs.
Final Thoughts
Authors: Khalil Deena , Allen Taryn Ozuna , Arroyo Andrew T. , Palmer Robert T. , Maramba Dina C.
Published: September 2019

In this final chapter, we refamiliarize the readers with each of the Minority‐Serving Institution (MSI) chapters by highlighting important points and questions to consider. We conclude with a discussion on the implications for research, policy, and practice and future directions in student services and academic affairs partnerships at MSIs.
Comparative study of load distribution ratio of various piled raft foundations based on coupled stiffness matrix
Authors: Kim Dohyun , Jeong Sangseom
Published: September 2019

Load distribution ratio of piled raft foundation was investigated based on an interactive foundation analytical method that considers the coupling effect between the stiffness of the superstructure, the piled raft, and the soil. Series of numerical analysis was performed to verify the proposed analytical routine in comparison with various methods and field measurements. Through the comparative studies between various piled rafts with different aspects, it was found that the proposed analytical method derived accurate results in structural response compared with actual field data, in settlement, load distribution ratio, and raft bending moment. And it was also found that the proposed analytical method was capable of considering interaction between superstructure and foundation in predicting the behavior of building structures. As a result, it was found that in most cases, the pile in the piled raft foundation supports a majority portion of the structural load. However, for cases where the length of the pile was short and acts as a short column, the load distribution ratio between raft and pile may be overturned and shows significantly different behavior and load distribution ratio.
Short‐term photovoltaic power dynamic weighted combination forecasting based on least squares method
Authors: Yang Mao , Meng Lingjian
Published: September 2019

In recent years, in photovoltaic (PV) power forecasting research, there are certain limitations in single forecasting methods. In traditional combined forecasting methods, such as the average weight combined method and the fixed weight combined method, the determination of the weight value cannot guarantee that the forecasting error at each moment is the smallest. In order to reduce the PV power forecasting error, this paper proposes a short‐term PV power dynamic weighted combination forecasting based on the least squares (LS) method. First, the random components of the PV power are extracted using the periodogram method, and then the dynamic weight value of each method is determined with the LS method. The combined model forecasts the random components of PV power and superimposes them with the periodic component to obtain the final PV power forecast. Using the data from a PV power plant in Ashland, USA, we verify the effectiveness of the proposed method proposed. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tip‐vortex breakdown of wind turbines subject to shear
Authors: Kleusberg Elektra , Benard Sabrina , Henningson Dan S.
Published: September 2019

Sheared velocity profiles pervade all wind‐turbine applications, thus making it important to understand their effect on the wake. In this study, a single wind turbine is modeled using the actuator‐line method in the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The tip vortices are perturbed harmonically, and the growth rate of the response is evaluated under uniform inflow and a linear velocity profile. Whereas previous investigations of this kind were conducted in the rotating frame of reference, this study evaluates the excitation response in the fixed frame of reference, thus necessitating a frequency transformation. It is shown that increasing the shear decreases the spatial growth rate in the upper half of the wake while increasing it in the lower half. When scaled with the local tip vortex parameters, the growth rate along the entire azimuth collapses to a single value for the investigated wavenumbers. We conclude that even though the tip‐vortex breakdown is asymmetric in sheared flow, the scaled growth rates follow the behavior of axisymmetric helical vortices. An excitation amplitude reduction by an order of magnitude extends the linear growth region of the wake by one radius for uniform inflow. In the sheared setup, the linear growth region is extended further in the top half than in the bottom half because of the progressive distortion of the helical tip vortices. An existing model to determine the stable wake length was shown to be in close agreement with the observed numerical results when adjusted for shear.
Should fertilizer recommendations be adapted to parkland agroforestry systems? Case studies from Ethiopia and Rwanda
Authors: Sida Tesfaye Shiferaw , Baudron Frédéric , Ndoli Alain , Tirfessa Dereje , Giller Ken E.
Published: September 2019

Aims

This study aimed to disentangle tree-crop-fertilizer interactions in agroforestry systems, which has been suggested as an entry point for sustainable intensification of smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Although tree-crop systems generate multiple economic and ecological benefits, tree-crop competition commonly occurs. We hypothesized that mineral fertilizers affect facilitative and competitive interactions differently in tree-crop systems.

Methods

Tree-crop-fertilizer interactions were explored for wheat growing underFaidherbia albida,and maize growing underAcacia tortilisandGrevillea robustathrough omission trials of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in open fields and fields under tree canopy, using a split plot design. The experiments were conducted in Ethiopia and Rwanda, replicated four times, and over two seasons.

Results

Our results demonstrated that the presence ofF. albida significantlyimproved N and P use efficiencies, leading to significantly higher (P < 0.001) grain yields in wheat. This tree species contributed around 64 kg ha−1 yr.−1of mineral N. The P use efficiency of wheat underF. albidawas double that of open field wheat. By contrast,G. robustaandA. tortilistrees lowered nutrient use efficiencies in maize, leading to significantly less maize grain yields compared with open fields receiving the same fertilization. Probabilities of critically low crop yields and crop failure were significantly greater for maize growing under the canopy of these species.

Conclusions

Our results showed that recommended fertilizer rates led to facilitative interaction only withF. albida,highlighting that fertilizer recommendations need to be adapted to agroforestry systems.
Microstructural Modeling of the α + β Phase in Ti-6Al-4V: A Diffusion-Based Approach
Authors: Villa M. , Brooks J. W. , Turner R. P. , Wang H. , Boitout F. , Ward R. M.
Published: September 2019

Complex heat treatment operations and advanced manufacturing processes such as laser or electron-beam welding will see the metallic workpiece experience a considerable range of temperatures and heating/cooling rates. These intrinsic conditions will have a significant bearing upon the microstructure of the material, and in turn upon the thermo-mechanical properties. In this work, a diffusion-based approach to model the growth and shrinkage of precipitates in the alpha + beta field of the common titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V is established. Further, the numerical model is extended using a JMA-type approach to explore the dependency of the beta-transus temperature on extremely high heating rates, whereby dissolution alone is too slow to accurately describe the alpha to beta-phase transformation. Experimental heat treatments at rates of 5, 50, and 500 °C/s were performed, and metallographic analysis of the samples was used to validate the numerical modeling framework predictions for lamellar shrinkage, while data from the literature has been used to evaluate the numerical modeling framework for the growth of equiaxed microstructures. The agreement between measurements and numerical predictions was found to be good.
Eschatology and the Saviour
Authors: Parkhouse Sarah
Published: September 2019

This book focuses on the 'Gospel of Mary' in the context of a broader analysis of early Christian dialogue gospels - a popular literary genre used to present Jesus as conversing with select disciples and answering a series of questions on life, death and the cosmos at the conclusion of his earthly career. Jesus' teachings in these texts can vary greatly, from affirming the resurrection of the flesh to denying it completely. This book highlights the diversity of perspective within this genre, bringing together New Testament, 'gnostic' and (proto-)orthodox texts. Yet each text is based on the premise that it contains new or clarified teaching from the risen or glorified Lord, often in the form of a final revelation concerned with the disciples' eschatological salvation. This book offers a fresh and in-depth analysis of the 'Gospel of Mary' in the context of the dialogue gospel genre, concentrating on the narrative frame, the eschatological teachings, and the relationship between the two.
MODELLING ZERO-INFLATED COUNT DATA WITH A SPECIAL CASE OF THE GENERALISED POISSON DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Calderín-Ojeda Enrique , GóMez-Déniz Emilio , Barranco-Chamorro Inmaculada
Published: September 2019

A one-parameter version of the generalised Poisson distribution provided by Consul and Jain (1973) is considered in this paper. The distribution is unimodal with a zero vertex and over-dispersed. A generalised linear model related to this distribution is also presented. Its parameters can be estimated by using a Fisher-Scoring algorithm which is equivalent to iteratively reweighted least squares. Due to its flexibility and capacity to describe highly skewed data with an excessive number of zeros, the model is suitable to be applied in insurance settings as an alternative to the negative binomial and zero-inflated model.
The Essence of the Fundamental Rights to Privacy and Data Protection: Finding the Way Through the Maze of the CJEU’s Constitutional Reasoning
Authors: Brkan Maja
Published: September 2019

In the constitutional shaping of the concept of essence of fundamental rights, the case law of the Court of Justice of the EU (“CJEU” or “the Court”) in the field of privacy and data protection plays a crucial role. The Court’s interpretation of this notion had a considerable impact not only jon perception of the essence in other fields of law, but also on the constitutional doctrine more generally. This Article focuses on specificities of the notion of essence of fundamental rights to privacy and the protection of personal data from Articles 7 and 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU. After a general analysis, situating this notion into the framework of multi-level protection of fundamental rights in Europe, the Article addresses further interpretative challenges relating to the essence in the Court’s case law. At the core of the analysis are the Schrems and Digital Rights Ireland cases, where the CJEU developed, for the first time, the modalities of the breach of essence of fundamental rights to privacy and data protection and laid down constitutional foundations for interpretation of this notion. Further jurisprudence, including the Tele2 Sverige and Opinion 1/15 cases, is analyzed as an example of fine-tuning of the CJEU’s approach towards the normative understanding of this concept. Against this backdrop, the Article elaborates on the importance of insights in the fields of privacy and data protection for the general constitutional understanding of the concept of essence and proposes a generalized method for determination of infringement of essence in fundamental rights jurisprudence.
Psychiatry as a specialization: influential factors and gender differences among medical students in a low- to middle-income country
Authors: Agyapong V. I. O. , Owusu-Antwi R. , Ritchie A. , Agyapong-Opoku G. , Khinda H. , Hrabok M. , Ohene S. , Ulzen T. , Osei A.
Published: September 2019

Objectives

To assess the perception of Ghanaian medical students about factors influencing their career interest in psychiatry and to explore gender differences in these perceptions.

Methods

This is a cross-sectional quantitative survey of 5th and 6th year medical students in four public medical schools in Ghana. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 20.

Results

Responses were obtained from 545 medical students (response rate of 52%). Significantly, more male medical students expressed that stigma is an important consideration for them to choose or not to choose a career in psychiatry compared to their female counterparts (42.7%v.29.7%, respectively). Over two-thirds of the medical students perceived that psychiatrists were at risk of being attacked by their patients, with just a little over a third expressing that risk was an important consideration for them to choose a career in psychiatry. There were no gender differences regarding perceptions about risk. Around 3 to 4 out of 10 medical students will consider careers in psychiatry if offered various incentives with no gender differences in responses provided.

Conclusion

Our study presents important and novel findings in the Ghanaian context, which can assist health policy planners and medical training institutions in Ghana to formulate policies and programs that will increase the number of psychiatry residents and thereby increase the psychiatrist-to-patient ratio in Ghana.
A proposal for the use of Core and Buffer Zones to protect the heritage of the Cyrenean landscapes
Authors: Menozzi Oliva , Cherstich Luca , Di Valerio Eugenio , Di Antonio Maria Giorgia , Abdalrahim Shariff Saad A.
Published: September 2019

The ancient landscapes surrounding Cyrene, which have been incredibly well preserved for centuries, have suffered more destructions in the past 7 or 8 years than in the whole of the last millennium. Urban encroachment, strong demographic pressure, unsustainable exploitation of resources and unplanned growth of infrastructures and services are threatening the archaeological heritage of this splendid site. The Department of Antiquities (DoA) has always struggled against these phenomena, but today the destructions are so great that the DoA is often powerless to act. This paper continues previous works on the damage to the Cyrenean necropoleis after 2011(Abdulkariem and Bennett, 2014; Al Raeid et al. 2016; Menozzi, Di Valerio et al. 2017; Menozzi, Tamburrino et al. 2017) and proposes strategies to help, on the basis of a preliminary report organised by the Mission of the University of Chieti in collaboration with the Departments of Antiquities of Cyrene and Tripoli, as requested by UNESCO. This preliminary step towards further improvements and needs to be discussed with other institutions and missions. The first part presents a proposal for controlling the core and buffer zones around Cyrene; the second part is an update on the recent damages to the necropoleis.
Modelling organisational vicarious liability
Authors: Witting Christian
Published: September 2019

This paper identifies two paradigms of vicarious liability. One is an established paradigm of ‘liberal agency’ found in cases where owner-managers ‘act through’ workers, with whom they have personal relations, in undertaking work tasks. The second paradigm is found in cases concerning bureaucratic organisations, which are characterised by chains of command and variegated decision-making procedures. Courts have grounded organisational responsibility in features such as structure, hierarchy, and control, which this paper uses to construct a model of the ‘deterrable organisation’. The deterrable organisation has important capacities to effect change in behaviour that courts rely on in order to prevent worker wrongdoing. The paper tests the viability of the model against the empirical literature and argues that courts could improve outcomes by a more targeted use of powers to award remedies.
Impact of calcium, vitamin D, vitamin K, oestrogen, isoflavone and exercise on bone mineral density for osteoporosis prevention in postmenopausal women: a network meta-analysis
Authors: Xu Zijun , Wang Huwen , Shi Yue , Shen Qiuming , Tsamlag Lhakpa , Wang Zezhou , Yu Shoukai , Shen Tian , Wang Ying , Cai Yong
Published: September 2019

The aim of this network meta-analysis is to compare bone mineral density (BMD) changes among different osteoporosis prevention interventions in postmenopausal women. We searched MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Library from inception to 24 February 2019. Included studies were randomised controlled trials (RCT) comparing the effects of different treatments on BMD in postmenopausal women. Studies were independently screened by six authors in three pairs. Data were extracted independently by two authors and synthesised using Bayesian random-effects network meta-analysis. The results were summarised as mean difference in BMD and surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA) of different interventions. A total of ninety RCT (10 777 participants) were included. Ca, vitamin D, vitamin K, oestrogen, exercise, Ca + vitamin D, vitamin D + vitamin K and vitamin D + oestrogen were associated with significantly beneficial effects relative to no treatment or placebo for lumbar spine (LS). For femoral neck (FN), Ca, exercise and vitamin D + oestrogen were associated with significantly beneficial intervention effects relative to no treatment. Ranking probabilities indicated that oestrogen + vitamin D is the best strategy in LS, with a SUCRA of 97·29 % (mean difference: +0·072 g/cm2compared with no treatment, 95 % credible interval (CrI) 0·045, 0·100 g/cm2), and Ca + exercise is the best strategy in FN, with a SUCRA of 79·71 % (mean difference: +0·029 g/cm2compared with placebo, 95 % CrI –0·00093, 0·060 g/cm2). In conclusion, in postmenopausal women, many interventions are valuable for improving BMD in LS and FN. Different intervention combinations can affect BMD at different sites diversely.
The application of Neodymium isotope as a chronostratigraphic tool in North Pacific sediments
Authors: Zhang Wenfang , Li Gaojun , Chen Jun
Published: September 2019

It has been suggested that dust generation was closely linked to the development of global ice sheets and/or cooling. This feature has allowed Asian dust to be a potential chronostratigraphic tool in North Pacific Ocean (NPO) sediments. The orbital-scale age control in NPO sediments is usually established by adjusting the benthic-foraminiferal δ18O to the global δ18O stack (LR04). However, it would become difficult if the sediments did not contain enough foraminifera. This study investigates Sr and Nd isotopes, trace elements, mineralogy and grain size of the ‘operationally defined aeolian dust’ (ODED) extracted from the sediments recovered at Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) site 1209B on the Shatsky Rise in the NPO covering the past five glacial–interglacial cycles. The geochemical results show that the ODED at site 1209B is actually a mixture of Asian dust and volcanic ash. The variation of Nd isotope mimics the cycles of glacial–interglacial ice sheets as revealed by the global benthic foraminifera’s oxygen isotope stack (LR04) over the past 500 ka. The low (high)ϵNdvalues corresponded with the cool (warm) periods. We propose thatϵNdvariation reflects the evolving aeolian dust in site 1209 sediments. The excellent agreement betweenϵNdvalues at site 1209B and LR04 stack over the past 500 ka allows establishing the orbital-timescale age control by tuningϵNdto the LR04 curve. We thus propose that Nd isotope provides a chronostratigraphic technique in NPO sediments, especially for sediments with a limited amount of foraminifera.
Is Gurney's pitta Hydrornis gurneyi on the brink of extinction?
Authors: Shwe Nay Myo , Sukumal Niti , Grindley Mark , Savini Tommaso
Published: September 2019

The remaining large patches of lowland forest in Tanintharyi, southern Myanmar, are the last global stronghold for the Endangered Gurney's pitta Hydrornis gurneyi. Except for a few individuals, the remaining population is now restricted to this forest, below 150 m altitude, mostly within the Nga Wun, Lenya, and Parchan Reserved Forests. However, as in much of South-east Asia, Tanintharyi has been subjected to extensive deforestation, particularly for oil palm cultivation. The aim of this research was to determine the extent of remaining habitat suitable for Gurney's pitta. During January–October 2016 we revisited 142 locations (of 147) where the species was detected during 2003–2012, and found it in only 41 of those locations (29%); in all other locations the forest had been cleared. We measured the decline of suitable habitat since 1999 by examining all available intact forest in areas with elevations < 150 m and slope < 10 °. In less than 2 decades suitable habitat has declined from 3,225 to 656 km2 (80%). Protection of remaining lowland forest is now critical. Although the expansion of oil palm cultivation has slowed since its peak in the early 2000s, two national parks proposed by the Myanmar government in 2002, which would potentially offer legal protection for most of the remaining Gurney's pitta habitat, remain on hold because of political uncertainties. We recommend an alternative conservation approach for this species, based on an Indigenous Community Conserved Area model, and further research to improve knowledge of the species and to determine how it could be saved from extinction.
ON EFFICIENCY GAINS FROM MULTIPLE INCOMPLETE SUBSAMPLES
Authors: Chaudhuri Saraswata
Published: September 2019

Cost-effective survey methods such as multi(R)-phase sampling typically generate samples that are collections of monotonic subsamples, i.e., the variables observed for the units in subsamplerare also observed for the units in subsampler+ 1 forr= 1,…,R– 1. These subsamples represent subpopulations that can be systematically different if the selection of a unit in each phase of sampling depends on the observed variables for that unit from past phases. Our article is about optimally combining all the subsamples for the efficient estimation of a finite dimensional parameter defined by moment restrictions on a generic target population that is an arbitrary union of these subpopulations. Only theR-th subsample is assumed to contain all the variables that are arguments of the moment function. Semiparametric efficiency bounds for estimation are obtained under a unified framework, allowing for full generality of the selection on observables in the sampling design. Contribution of each subsample toward efficient estimation is analyzed; and this turns out to differ fundamentally from that in setups where the same collection of subsamples is instead generated unplanned by unknown sampling. Uniquely, our setup enables all the subsamples to contribute to the efficient estimation for all the target populations, which we show is not possible in other setups. Efficient estimation is standard. Simulation evidence of substantive efficiency gains from using all the subsamples is provided for all the targets.
Transatlantic Anxieties: Democracy and Diversity in Nineteenth-Century Discourse
Authors: Bateman David A.
Published: September 2019

This article reconstructs a set of widely disseminated nineteenth-century ideas about the relationship between diversity and democracy and details how these informed state-building and political action. An emerging argument in nineteenth-century discourse held that representative governments in diverse societies would degenerate into anarchy without “amalgamation,” extermination, expulsion, or enslavement: Only in societies where there was sympathy across the entire community, constantly renewed through intercourse among social equals, could free institutions be sustained. This argument gave support for state-builders to regulate diversity either through an imperial politics of “moving people” or by interposing the state in intimate encounters of sexual and social intercourse. The intimate and imperial dimensions of state-building were thereby conceptually linked. This account helps explain important features of nineteenth-century politics, including the frequent criticism of abolitionists that by supporting racial civic or political equality they were encouraging “racial amalgamation.” In responding to this charge, American antislavery discourse contributed to a distinction between political and social equality that would fundamentally shape state-building after the Civil War. The article shows scholars of American political development how our accounts might be revised by situating debates and developments within a transnational perspective.
Surveillance of congenital Zika syndrome in England and Wales: methods and results of laboratory, obstetric and paediatric surveillance
Authors: Oeser C. , Aarons E. , Heath P.T. , Johnson K. , Khalil A. , Knight M , Lynn R. M. , Morgan D. , Pebody R.
Published: September 2019

The spread of the Zika virus (ZIKV) in the Americas led to large outbreaks across the region and most of the Southern hemisphere. Of greatest concern were complications following acute infection during pregnancy. At the beginning of the outbreak, the risk to unborn babies and their clinical presentation was unclear. This report describes the methods and results of the UK surveillance response to assess the risk of ZIKV to children born to returning travellers. Established surveillance systems operating within the UK – the paediatric and obstetric surveillance units for rare diseases, and national laboratory monitoring – enabled rapid assessment of this emerging public health threat. A combined total of 11 women experiencing adverse pregnancy outcomes after possible ZIKV exposure were reported by the three surveillance systems; five miscarriages, two intrauterine deaths and four children with clinical presentations potentially associated with ZIKV infection. Sixteen women were diagnosed with ZIKV during pregnancy in the UK. Amongst the offspring of these women, there was unequivocal laboratory evidence of infection in only one child. In the UK, the number and risk of congenital ZIKV infection for travellers returning from ZIKV-affected countries is very small.
Joseph Edkins and the “Discovery” of Early Chinese: the linguistic ideas behind the first (partial) reconstruction of the sound system of Early Chinese
Authors: ORLANDI GIORGIO
Published: September 2019

The ‘discovery’ of early Chinese, and its subsequent reconstruction, have allowed the modern linguist to reach a wide range of firm conclusions about the Chinese language and its position within the Tibeto-Burman family. Reverend Joseph Edkins (1823–1905) should be credited with initial work on early Chinese as the ancestor language of the various Sinitic languages, and with its first partial reconstruction. This article is an attempt to supply at least a first historical guide for those interested in obtaining a better understanding of the implicit discovery of Sinitic and the first reconstructions of early Chinese.
Folic acid deficiency declined substantially after introduction of the mandatory fortification programme in Queensland, Australia: a secondary health data analysis
Authors: Slagman Anna , Harriss Linton , Campbell Sandra , Muller Reinhold , McDermott Robyn
Published: September 2019

Objective:

To investigate the prevalence of folic acid deficiency in Queensland-wide data of routine laboratory measurements, especially in high-risk sub-populations.

Design:

Secondary health data analysis.

Setting:

Analysis of routine folic acid tests conducted by Pathology Queensland (AUSLAB).

Participants:

Female and male persons aged 0–117 years with routine folic acid testing between 1 January 2004 and 31 December 2015. If repeat tests on the same person were conducted, only the initial test was analysed (n 291 908).

Results:

Overall the prevalence of folic acid deficiency declined from 7·5 % before (2004–2008) to 1·1 % after mandatory folic acid fortification (2010–2015; P < 0·001) reflecting a relative reduction of 85 %. Levels of erythrocyte folate increased significantly from a median (interquartile range) of 820 (580–1180) nmol/l in 2008 before fortification to 1020 (780–1350) nmol/l in 2010 (P < 0·001) after fortification. The prevalence of folic acid deficiency in the Indigenous population (14 792 samples) declined by 93 % (17·4 v. 1·3 %; P < 0·001); and by 84 % in non-Indigenous residents (7·0 v. 1·1 %; P < 0·001). In a logistic regression model the observed decrease of folic acid deficiency between 2008 and 2010 was found independent of gender, age and ethnicity (ORcrude = 0·20; 95 % CI 0·18, 0·23; P < 0·001; ORadjusted = 0·21; 95 % CI 0·18, 0·23; P < 0·001).

Conclusions:

While voluntary folic acid fortification, introduced in 1995, failed especially in high-risk subgroups, the 2009 mandatory folic acid fortification programme coincided with a substantial decrease of folic acid deficiency in the entire population.
Respiratorische Heimdialyse
Authors: Brack Thomas
Published: September 2019

Zusammenfassung. Die nicht-invasive Langzeitbeatmung (NIV)kann für ausgewählte Patienten mit schwerer COPD und chronischer respiratorischer Globalinsuffizienz (chronische Hyperkapnie und Hypoxämie) hilfreich sein. Die im Fallbericht geschilderte Patientin wurde unter Langzeit-NIV normokapnisch, und sowohl ihre Schlaf- als auch ihre Lebensqualität besserten sich deutlich. Ausserdem erlitt sie weniger COPD-Exazerbationen und konnte diese mit Hilfe der NIV besser selber meistern.