bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Graduated Compression Stockings for Runners: Friend, Foe, or Fake?
Authors: Bovenschen H. Jorn , Booij Mariëlle te , van der Vleuten Carine J. M.
Published: March 2013

Objective:

To assess the effect of graduated compression stockings (GCS) on lower leg volume and leg complaints in runners during and after exercise.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre and an outdoor running track in Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Patients or Other Participants:

Thirteen Dutch trained recreational runners.

Intervention(s):

Participants used a GCS on 1 leg during running.

Main Outcome Measures:

(1) Lower leg volume of both legs was measured at baseline, directly after running, and at 5 minutes and 30 minutes after running using a validated perometer. (2) Leg complaints were reported on questionnaires at set intervals.

Results:

(1) In both experiments, the legs with GCS showed a reduction in mean (± SEM) leg volume directly after running, as compared with the leg without GCS: −14.1 ± 7.6 mL (P = .04) for the 10-km running track and −53.5 ± 17.8 mL (P = .03) for the maximum exercise test. This effect was not observed at 5 and 30 minutes after running. (2) No differences in leg complaints were reported in either experiment.

Conclusions:

The GCS prevented an increase in leg volume just after the running exercise. However, this result was not accompanied by a reduction in subjective questionnaire-reported leg complaints. The practical consequences of the present findings need further study.
Instruction and Jump-Landing Kinematics in College-Aged Female Athletes Over Time
Authors: Etnoyer Jena , Cortes Nelson , Ringleb Stacie I. , Van Lunen Bonnie L. , Onate James A.
Published: March 2013

Context:

Instruction can be used to alter the biomechanical movement patterns associated with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries.

Objective:

To determine the effects of instruction through combination (self and expert) feedback or self-feedback on lower extremity kinematics during the box–drop-jump task, running–stop-jump task, and sidestep-cutting maneuver over time in college-aged female athletes.

Design:

Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Forty-three physically active women (age = 21.47 ± 1.55 years, height = 1.65 ± 0.08 m, mass = 63.78 ± 12.00 kg) with no history of ACL or lower extremity injuries or surgery in the 2 months before the study were assigned randomly to 3 groups: self-feedback (SE), combination feedback (CB), or control (CT).

Intervention(s):

Participants performed a box–drop-jump task for the pretest and then received feedback about their landing mechanics. After the intervention, they performed an immediate posttest of the box–drop-jump task and a running–stop-jump transfer test. Participants returned 1 month later for a retention test of each task and a sidestep-cutting maneuver. Kinematic data were collected with an 8-camera system sampled at 500 Hz.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

The independent variables were feedback group (3), test time (3), and task (3). The dependent variables were knee- and hip-flexion, knee-valgus, and hip- abduction kinematics at initial contact and at peak knee flexion.

Results:

For the box–drop-jump task, knee- and hip-flexion angles at initial contact were greater at the posttest than at the retention test (P < .001). At peak knee flexion, hip flexion was greater at the posttest than at the pretest (P = .003) and was greater at the retention test than at the pretest (P = .04); knee valgus was greater at the retention test than at the pretest (P = .03) and posttest (P = .02). Peak knee flexion was greater for the CB than the SE group (P = .03) during the box–drop-jump task at posttest. For the running–stop-jump task at the posttest, the CB group had greater peak knee flexion than the SE and CT (P ≤ .05).

Conclusions:

Our results suggest that feedback involving a combination of self-feedback and expert video feedback with oral instruction effectively improved lower extremity kinematics during jump-landing tasks.
Plant communities along the Eerste River, Western Cape, South Africa: Community descriptions and implications for restoration
Authors: Meek Clifton S. , Richardson Dave M. , Mucina Ladislav
Published: March 2013

Riparian plant communities fulfil many functions, including the provision of corridors linking protected areas and other zones of high conservation value. These habitats across much of South Africa’s Cape Floristic Region, especially in the lowlands, have been heavily impacted and degraded by human activities. There is increasing interest in the restoration of degraded riparian zones and the ecosystem services they provide to enhance the conservation value of landscapes. Previous studies of riparian vegetation in the Cape Floristic Region focused on pristine headwater systems, and little is known about human-impacted communities that make up most of the riparian vegetation in downstream areas. More information is needed on the composition of these plant communities to establish a baseline for management intervention. The riparian zone of the Eerste River in South Africa’s Western Cape province provides a good opportunity to study the features of riparian vegetation along the entire gradient, from pristine vegetation in a protected area through different levels of human-mediated degradation. Riparian vegetation was surveyed in 150 plots along the entire length of the Eerste River (ca. 40 km). Data were analysed using the vegetation classification and analysis software package JUICE. Final groupings were plotted onto a two-dimensional detrended correspondence analysis plane to check the position of the communities in the reduced multidimensional space. Ten distinct plant communities were identified, including several novel communities dominated by alien plant species. Descriptions of each plant community are presented. Diagnostic, constant and dominant species are listed and the major structural and ecological characteristics of each community are described.Conservation implications: Major changes to hydrological and soil properties, nutrient dynamics and disturbance regimes and plant species composition along sections of the riparian zone mean that restoration of many of these habitats to their historic condition is not feasible. However, several native plant species that provide key ecosystem services persist in and adjacent to transformed communities, offering substantial opportunities for restoration to achieve certain goals.
Functional and evolutionary analysis of two CBF genes in Prunus mume
Authors: Zhang J. , Yang W. R. , Cheng T. R. , Pan H. T. , Zhang Q. X.
Published: March 2013

Zhang, J., Yang, W. R., Cheng, T. R., Pan, H. T. and Zhang, Q. X. 2013. Functional and evolutionary analysis of two CBF genes in Prunus mume . Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 455–464. Primers based on the C-repeat (CRT)/dehydration responsive element (DRE) binding factor of peach (Prunus persica), sweet cherry (Prunus avim) and other related family member sequences found in GenBank were designed. Fragments of C-repeat binding factor (CBF) genes were isolated from Prunus mume by PCR and RT-PCR. The two CBF genes, designated PmCBFa and PmCBFb, were 821 bp and 741 bp long, encoding putative proteins of 238 and 225 amino acids, respectively, which contain all the conserved CBF protein domains. Similar to other CBF homologs, PmCBFa and PmCBFb may be constitutive and can be induced at a low temperature. Phylogenetic analysis using known CBF homologs indicated that all monocot CBF genes belong to the same group, separated from the eudicot CBF genes. The PmCBF genes are the homologs of the sweet cherry PaDREB gene. Sequencing of 16 cultivars and a wild species, ‘Zang’ Mei, characterized the intraspecific molecular evolution of the Prunus mume CBF genes, and the preliminary analysis indicates that the nucleotide diversity is low in coding area of PmCBFa.
Measuring heat balance residual at lake surface using Distributed Temperature Sensing
Authors: van Emmerik T.H.M. , Rimmer A. , Lechinsky Y. , Wenker K.J.R. , Nussboim S. , van de Giesen N.C.
Published: March 2013

This research presents a new method to verify the measurements of surface fluxes and the heat balance at a lake surface, by means of Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) measurements from 0.5 m above to 1.5 m below the surface. Using a polyvinyl chloride hyperboloid construction, a floating standalone measuring device was developed. Being an open construction, it is almost insensitive to direct radiation. With this construction, a spiral‐shaped fiberoptic cable setup was created that obtained temperature measurements with a vertical spatial resolution of 0.0002 m and a temporal resolution of 1 min. DTS measured the detailed variations in air and surface water temperature. The new method was tested in the deep Lake Kinneret (Israel) from 6 to 9 Oct 2011 and in the shallow Lake Binaba (Ghana) from 24 to 28 Oct 2011. With the developed method, it is possible to capture the heat storage change in the top water layer, and therefore verify the water surface heat balance on a time scale of several minutes. Furthermore, a comparison was made between the measured temperature profiles of the airwater interface in Lake Kinneret and Lake Binaba. It was shown that the usage of DTS measurements for the verification of surface energy balance was applicable for Lake Kinneret, but probably not suitable for the conditions in the shallow Lake Binaba. In the latter, heat storage changes near the lake surface were not only caused by surface energy fluxes, but by internal heat waves and currents that bring cooler water to the upper layer.
An improved noninvasive method for measuring heartbeat of intertidal animals
Authors: Burnett Nicholas P. , Seabra Rui , de Pirro Maurizio , Wethey David S. , Woodin Sarah A. , Helmuth Brian , Zippay Mackenzie L. , Sarà Gianluca , Monaco Cristián , Lima Fernando P.
Published: March 2013

Since its emergence two decades ago, the use of infrared technology for noninvasively measuring the heartbeat rates of invertebrates has provided valuable insight into the physiology and ecology of intertidal organisms. During that time period, the hardware needed for this method has been adapted to currently available electronic components, making the original published description obsolete. This article reviews the history of heartbeat sensing technology, and describes the design and function of a modern and simplified infrared heartbeat rate sensing system compatible with many intertidal and marine invertebrates. This technique overcomes drawbacks and obstacles encountered with previous methods of heartbeat rate measurement, and due to the sensor's small size, versatility, and noninvasive nature, it creates new possibilities for studies across a wide range of organismal types.
Challenges to the Multilateral Trading System and Possible Responses
Authors: Panagariya Arvind
Published: March 2013

This paper develops three major themes. First, the atmosphere of gloom around the multilateral trading system due to dim prospects of a successful conclusion of the Doha Round notwithstanding, global trade regime remains open and the institution in charge of it, the World Trade Organization, is in sound health. If anything, the Doha Round has been a victim of its own success: considerable de facto liberalization in agriculture has been achieved since the launch of the round. Second, to secure the future of the multilateral trading system, it is nevertheless crucial that the Doha Round is brought to a conclusion even if in a highly diluted form. The damage to the system from an outright failure will be very substantial. Finally, closing the Doha Round will require the United States leading the negotiations. Suggestions that as the largest merchandise exporter, China should now take the lead are frivolous.
Multilateralism and Regionalism from an American Perspective: Parallels and Contrasts with the Langhammer Vision
Authors: Hufbauer Gary Clyde
Published: March 2013

The paper discusses various milestones in the process of multilateral trade negotiations, pinpoints current challenges facing the world trading order, and proposes possible ways out of the persistent impasse. Hufbauer argues that the success of the multilateral approach is at least partly because the GATT departed from the strictly unconditional definition of the most-favored nation (MFN) rule in the late 1970s already. Regional agreements such as NAFTA complemented, rather than hindered, multilateral trade liberalization in the past. The political economy of further multilateral liberalization has become increasingly complicated since countries such as Brazil, China, and India have emerged as relevant players. Against this backdrop, Hufbauer expects regionalism to become the strongest vehicle for delivering liberalization in the future. This could still leave a bright future for the WTO as a “house of plurilaterals”, i.e., agreements on specific issues such as services liberalization with conditional MFN treatment of varying membership.
Gout – new diagnostic and therapeutic options
Authors: Majdan Maria
Published: March 2013

Dna moczanowa jest chorobą będącą następstwem odkładania się kryształów moczanu sodu w tkankach i narządach organizmu, ze szczególną predyspozycją do stawów, w których rozwija się stan zapalny. Lepsze poznanie uwarunkowań rozwoju zapalenia w dnawym zapaleniu stawów pozwoliło na opracowanie nowych schematów leczenia. Podstawą terapii jest skuteczne zmniejszenie stężenia kwasu moczowego w surowicy. Mimo coraz częstszego występowania choroby oraz większej dostępności skutecznych leków tylko niewielu chorych na dnę jest właściwie leczonych. Celem pracy jest przeanalizowanie możliwości całościowej, skutecznej terapii choroby prowadzonej zgodnie z najnowszymi rekomendacjami na podstawie nowych danych o patogenezie dnawego zapalenia stawów.
Etanercept in a therapeutic program for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis – 7 years’ personal experience
Authors: Majdan Maria , Kiełbik Zofia , Seweryn Renata
Published: March 2013

Aim of the study: To investigate the effectiveness and safety of etanercept (ETA) treatment in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) enrolled in the national therapeutic program.

Material and methods: The study was conducted in 55 adult patients with active RA (DAS28 > 5.8) and 33 adult patients with active AS (BASDAI > 7) who were enrolled in the ETA national therapeutic program as a first (40 RA patients) or second (15 RA patients) line biological therapy. The period of observation of RA patients lasted from 3 months to 9 years, whereas in AS patients it lasted from 1 to 30 months. The safety; rate of long-term remissions and primary or secondary ineffectiveness of ETA treatment were analyzed.

Results: Permanent remission (over 12 months without biological therapy) occurred in a similar percentage of RA patients (5–9%) and AS patients (3–9%). There were 7 non-responders (12.7%) to the initial treatment with ETA in a group of RA patients and 3 (9%) in AS patients (NS). Secondary ineffectiveness of ETA therapy was observed in 19 (34.5%) RA patients and in 2 (6.1%) AS patients. Side effects (infections and allergic skin reactions) were relatively rare, mainly at the beginning of therapy.

Conclusions: We conclude that ETA treatment is a safe and effective form of therapy in patients with active, long-term RA previously treated with various DMARDs, and in patients with active form of AS. Primary ineffectiveness of ETA therapy is relatively rare in RA and AS patients. On the other hand, the secondary ineffectiveness of therapy in RA patients is the reason for its discontinuation in about one-third of patients after ca. 28 months of treatment.
The role of environmental factors in the etiology of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Jędryka-Góral Anna
Published: March 2013

Toczeń rumieniowaty układowy (TRU) jest układową chorobą tkanki łącznej o zróżnicowanym obrazie klinicznym, w której występują liczne zaburzenia serologiczne. U podłoża tej choroby leżą czynniki genetyczne, hormonalne i środowiskowe, które sprzyjają zaburzeniom odpowiedzi immunologicznej. W artykule omówiono znaczenie czynników środowiskowych, takich jak ekspozycja na UVB, infekcje, leki, czynniki chemiczne, dietetyczne, socjoekonomiczne i psychospołeczne, niedobór witaminy D, estrogeny egzogenne, nikotynizm, szczepienia ochronne oraz środowisko in utero w etiologii TRU i chorób z kręgu TRU.
Lesions of alimentary tract in the course of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Cichoż-Lach Halina , Celiński Krzysztof
Published: March 2013

Toczeń rumieniowaty układowy jest przewlekłą, zapalną chorobą tkanki łącznej o podłożu autoimmunologicznym, w przebiegu której mogą być zajęte różne narządy i układy. Objawy ze strony przewodu pokarmowego występują u 25–40% pacjentów z aktywną chorobą. Są one zwykle niespecyficzne i wynikają z istniejącej choroby bądź działań niepożądanych zastosowanej terapii. Zmiany w przewodzie pokarmowym mogą obejmować każdy z jego odcinków, a także dotyczyć wątroby i trzustki. W artykule przedstawiono najczęstsze i najcięższe objawy gastroenterologiczne w przebiegu tocznia rumieniowatego układowego, wśród nich toczniowe zapalenie naczyń krezki, enteropatię białkową, rozedmę pęcherzykową jelita, uszkodzenie wątroby i ostre zapalenie trzustki.
Raynaud’s phenomenon – etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, management
Authors: Wisłowska Małgorzata
Published: March 2013

Objaw Raynauda to napadowy skurcz tętnic, przeważnie w zakresie palców rąk, będący reakcją nadwrażliwości naczyń na czynniki fizyczne (zimno, wibracje), psychiczne (emocje) lub bez uchwytnej przyczyny. Wyróżnia się objaw pierwotny (idiopatyczny, określany chorobą Raynauda) oraz wtórny, który może wyprzedzać rozwój innych chorób, np. układowych chorób tkanki łącznej (zespół Raynauda). Objaw Raynauda należy różnicować z naturalną reakcją na zimno występującą w akrocyjanozie, z bolesnym rumieniem kończyn (erytromelalgią), sinicą i zmianami zakrzepowo-zatorowymi kończyn. Rokowanie u chorych z objawem Raynauda jest dobre. U ok. 10% osób objawy całkowicie ustępują, a powikłania w postaci owrzodzeń opuszek palców występują bardzo rzadko. U chorych z zespołem Raynauda rokowanie zależy od przebiegu chorób towarzyszących. U osób tych stwierdza się często powikłania naczyniowe w postaci zapalenia naczyń oraz owrzodzenia opuszek palców.
Continuity of monitoring the rheumatic diseases course in patients after 18 years of age
– the point of view of internist
Authors: Zimmermann-Górska Irena
Published: March 2013

Młodzież w okresie dojrzewania i młodzi dorośli mogą chorować na postępujące, aktywne zapalne choroby reumatyczne, w szczególności na młodzieńcze idiopatyczne zapalenie stawów. Wymagają oni kontynuacji leczenia i przeniesienia spod opieki pediatrów pod opiekę lekarzy zajmujących się osobami dorosłymi. Proces „przeniesienia” powinien polegać na współpracy między tymi lekarzami, a także na samodzielnym udziale chorego, który znalazł się w nowej sytuacji. Niezwykle ważne jest przekazanie odpowiedniej dokumentacji.
Central nervous system lupus – three different manifestations of the disease
Authors: Koszarny Arkadiusz , Parada-Turska Jolanta , Majdan Maria
Published: March 2013

Toczeń rumieniowaty układowy (TRU) jest chorobą autoimmunizacyjną o zróżnicowanym obrazie klinicznym, w przebiegu której mogą wystąpić objawy neurologiczne i/lub psychiatryczne. Celem opracowania jest przedstawienie różnorodnego przebiegu TRU z zajęciem ośrodkowego układu nerwowego, analiza profilu serologicznego chorych oraz dyskusja nad problemami terapeutycznymi.
A new source of oxygenated organic aerosol and oligomers
Authors: Liggio J. , Li S.-M.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. A large oxygenated organic uptake to aerosols was observed when exposing ambient urban air to inorganic acidic and non-acidic sulfate seed aerosol. For non-acidic seed aerosol the uptake was attributed to the direct dissolution of primary vehicle exhaust gases into the aqueous aerosol fraction, and was correlated to the initial seed sulphate mass. The uptake of primary oxygenated organic gases to aerosols in this study represents a significant amount of organic aerosol (OA) that may be considered primary when compared to that reported for primary organic aerosol (POA), but is considerably more oxygenated (O : C ~ 0.3) than traditional POA. Consequently, a fraction of measured ambient oxygenated OA, which correlates with secondary sulphate, may in fact be of a primary, rather than secondary source. These results represent a new source of oxygenated OA on neutral aerosol and imply that the uptake of primary organic gases will occur in the ambient atmosphere, under dilute conditions, and in the presence of pre-existing SO4 aerosols which contain water. Conversely, under acidic seed aerosol conditions, oligomer formation was observed with the uptake of organics being enhanced by a factor of three or more compared to neutral aerosols, and in less than 2 min, representing an additional source of SOA to the atmosphere. This resulted in a trajectory in Van Krevelen space towards higher O : C (slope ~ −1.5), despite a lack of continual gas-phase oxidation in this closed system. The results demonstrate that high molecular weight species will form on acidic aerosols at the ambient level and mixture of organic gases, but are otherwise unaffected by subsequent aerosol neutralization, and that aerosol acidity will affect the organic O : C via aerosol-phase reactions. These two processes, forming oxygenated POA under neutral conditions and SOA under acidic conditions can contribute to the total ambient OA mass and the evolution of ambient aerosol O : C ratios. This may be important for properly representing organic aerosol O : C ratios in air quality and climate models.
Tropospheric ozone changes, radiative forcing and attribution to emissions in the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP)
Authors: Stevenson D. S. , Young P. J. , Naik V. , Lamarque J.-F. , Shindell D. T. , Voulgarakis A. , Skeie R. B. , Dalsoren S. B. , Myhre G. , Berntsen T. K. , Folberth G. A. , Rumbold S. T. , Collins W. J. , MacKenzie I. A. , Doherty R. M. , Zeng G. , van Noije T. P. C. , Strunk A. , Bergmann D. , Cameron-Smith P. , Plummer D. A. , Strode S. A. , Horowitz L. , Lee Y. H. , Szopa S. , Sudo K. , Nagashima T. , Josse B. , Cionni I. , Righi M. , Eyring V. , Conley A. , Bowman K. W. , Wild O. , Archibald A.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Ozone (O3) from 17 atmospheric chemistry models taking part in the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP) has been used to calculate tropospheric ozone radiative forcings (RFs). All models applied a common set of anthropogenic emissions, which are better constrained for the present-day than the past. Future anthropogenic emissions follow the four Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios, which define a relatively narrow range of possible air pollution emissions. We calculate a value for the pre-industrial (1750) to present-day (2010) tropospheric ozone RF of 410 mW m−2. The model range of pre-industrial to present-day changes in O3 produces a spread (±1 standard deviation) in RFs of ±17%. Three different radiation schemes were used – we find differences in RFs between schemes (for the same ozone fields) of ±10%. Applying two different tropopause definitions gives differences in RFs of ±3%. Given additional (unquantified) uncertainties associated with emissions, climate-chemistry interactions and land-use change, we estimate an overall uncertainty of ±30% for the tropospheric ozone RF. Experiments carried out by a subset of six models attribute tropospheric ozone RF to increased emissions of methane (44±12%), nitrogen oxides (31 ± 9%), carbon monoxide (15 ± 3%) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (9 ± 2%); earlier studies attributed more of the tropospheric ozone RF to methane and less to nitrogen oxides. Normalising RFs to changes in tropospheric column ozone, we find a global mean normalised RF of 42 mW m−2 DU−1, a value similar to previous work. Using normalised RFs and future tropospheric column ozone projections we calculate future tropospheric ozone RFs (mW m−2; relative to 1750) for the four future scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5) of 350, 420, 370 and 460 (in 2030), and 200, 300, 280 and 600 (in 2100). Models show some coherent responses of ozone to climate change: decreases in the tropical lower troposphere, associated with increases in water vapour; and increases in the sub-tropical to mid-latitude upper troposphere, associated with increases in lightning and stratosphere-to-troposphere transport. Climate change has relatively small impacts on global mean tropospheric ozone RF.
Measurements of natural deposition ice nuclei in Córdoba, Argentina
Authors: López M. L. , Ávila E. E.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Ice nucleation in the atmosphere is of practical and fundamental importance since ice crystals influence the release of snow, rain and hail. Suspended aerosols in the atmosphere typically initiate freezing at temperatures below −15 °C; although occasionally freezing occurs at higher temperatures. In this work we describe an experimental device designed to measure the concentration of natural ice nuclei under controlled temperature and supersaturation conditions. The measurements were performed at Córdoba City, for temperatures between −15 °C and −30 °C and the sampled air was supersaturated with respect to ice and subsaturated with respect to liquid water; under these conditions the deposition ice nuclei were quantified. There are few studies reported in the literature regarding measurements of deposition ice nuclei concentration and, to our knowledge, there are no previous laboratory data of this kind of ice nuclei for T < −20 °C. The results show that the number of deposition ice nuclei increases at colder temperatures and higher supersaturations. These results are in general in good agreement with results previously reported by other authors. A fitting function which depends on temperature and supersaturation is proposed to parameterize the results obtained in the present work.
High resolution VHF radar measurements of tropopause structure and variability at Davis, Antarctica (69° S, 78° E)
Authors: Alexander S. P. , Murphy D. J. , Klekociuk A. R.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Two years of Very High Frequency (VHF) radar echo power observations are used to examine the structure and variability of the tropopause at Davis, Antarctica. Co-located radiosonde and ozonesonde launches provide data with which to calculate the lapse-rate and chemical tropopauses. The radar tropopause, defined as the maximum vertical gradient of echo return power, can be used as a definition of the Antarctic tropopause throughout the year under all meteorological conditions. During the extended summer period of December–April (DJFMA) inclusive, radar tropopauses are (0.2 ± 0.4) km lower than radiosonde lapse-rate (i.e. the World Meteorological Organisation – WMO) tropopauses and during the extended winter period of June–October (JJASO) inclusive, the radar tropopauses are (0.8 ± 1.0) km lower. A potential vorticity tropopause is defined as the altitude of the −2 PVU surface (where 1 PVU = 106 m2 s−1 K kg−1). This is (0.3 ± 0.5) km lower than the radar tropopause during DJFMA and (0.5 ± 1.0) km lower during JJASO. The radar, potential vorticity and ozone tropopauses decrease in altitude during increasingly strong cyclonic conditions, in contrast to the radiosonde WMO tropopause which remains nearly constant. During strong JJASO cyclonic conditions, there are large (several km) differences between WMO tropopause altitudes and radar tropopause altitudes. A seasonal cycle in tropopause fold occurrence is observed, with approximately a three-fold increase during JJASO.
Quantitative comparison of the variability in observed and simulated shortwave reflectance
Authors: Roberts Y. L. , Pilewskie P. , Kindel B. C. , Feldman D. R. , Collins W. D.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) is a climate observation system that has been designed to monitor the Earth's climate with unprecedented absolute radiometric accuracy and SI traceability. Climate Observation System Simulation Experiments (OSSEs) have been generated to simulate CLARREO hyperspectral shortwave imager measurements to help define the measurement characteristics needed for CLARREO to achieve its objectives. To evaluate how well the OSSE-simulated reflectance spectra reproduce the Earth's climate variability at the beginning of the 21st century, we compared the variability of the OSSE reflectance spectra to that of the reflectance spectra measured by the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Cartography (SCIAMACHY). Principal component analysis (PCA) is a multivariate decomposition technique used to represent and study the variability of hyperspectral radiation measurements. Using PCA, between 99.7% and 99.9% of the total variance the OSSE and SCIAMACHY data sets can be explained by subspaces defined by six principal components (PCs). To quantify how much information is shared between the simulated and observed data sets, we spectrally decomposed the intersection of the two data set subspaces. The results from four cases in 2004 showed that the two data sets share eight (January and October) and seven (April and July) dimensions, which correspond to about 99.9% of the total SCIAMACHY variance for each month. The spectral nature of these shared spaces, understood by examining the transformed eigenvectors calculated from the subspace intersections, exhibit similar physical characteristics to the original PCs calculated from each data set, such as water vapor absorption, vegetation reflectance, and cloud reflectance.
Weak global sensitivity of cloud condensation nuclei and the aerosol indirect effect to Criegee + SO2 chemistry
Authors: Pierce J. R. , Evans M. J. , Scott C. E. , D'Andrea S. D. , Farmer D. K. , Swietlicki E. , Spracklen D. V.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. H2SO4 vapor is important for the nucleation of atmospheric aerosols and the growth of ultrafine particles to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) sizes with important roles in the global aerosol budget and hence planetary radiative forcing. Recent studies have found that reactions of stabilized Criegee intermediates (CIs, formed from the ozonolysis of alkenes) with SO2 may be an important source of H2SO4 that has been missing from atmospheric aerosol models. For the first time in a global model, we investigate the impact of this new source of H2SO4 in the atmosphere. We use the chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem, with the online aerosol microphysics module, TOMAS, to estimate the possible impact of CIs on present-day H2SO4, CCN, and the cloud-albedo aerosol indirect effect (AIE). We extend the standard GEOS-Chem chemistry with CI-forming reactions (ozonolysis of isoprene, methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein, propene, and monoterpenes) from the Master Chemical Mechanism. Using a fast rate constant for CI+SO2, we find that the addition of this chemistry increases the global production of H2SO4 by 4%. H2SO4 concentrations increase by over 100% in forested tropical boundary layers and by over 10–25% in forested NH boundary layers (up to 100% in July) due to CI+SO2 chemistry, but the change is generally negligible elsewhere. The predicted changes in CCN were strongly dampened to the CI+SO2 changes in H2SO4 in some regions: less than 15% in tropical forests and less than 2% in most mid-latitude locations. The global-mean CCN change was less than 1% both in the boundary layer and the free troposphere. The associated cloud-albedo AIE change was less than 0.03 W m−2. The model global sensitivity of CCN and the AIE to CI+SO2 chemistry is significantly (approximately one order-of-magnitude) smaller than the sensitivity of CCN and AIE to other uncertain model inputs, such as nucleation mechanisms, primary emissions, SOA (secondary organic aerosol) and deposition. Similarly, comparisons to size-distribution measurements show that uncertainties in other model parameters dominate model biases in the model-predicted size distributions. We conclude that improvement in the modeled CI+SO2 chemistry would not likely lead to significant improvements in present-day CCN and AIE predictions.
Variability of carbonaceous aerosols in remote, rural, urban and industrial environments in Spain: implications for air quality policy
Authors: Querol X. , Alastuey A. , Viana M. , Moreno T. , Reche C. , Minguillón M.C. , Ripoll A. , Pandolfi M. , Amato F. , Karanasiou A. , Pérez N. , Pey J. , Cusack M. , Vázquez R. , Plana F. , Dall'Osto M. , de la Rosa J. , de la Campa Sánchez A. , Fernández-Camacho R. , Rodríguez S. , Pío C. , Alados-Arboledas L. , Titos G. , Artíñano B. , Salvador P. , Dos Santos García S. , Patier Fernández R.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. We interpret here the variability of levels of carbonaceous aerosols based on a 12-yr database from 78 monitoring stations across Spain especially compiled for this article. Data did not evidence any spatial trends of carbonaceous aerosols across the country. Conversely, results show marked differences in average concentrations from the cleanest, most remote sites (around 1 μg m−3 of non-mineral carbon (nmC), mostly made of organic carbon (OC), with very little elemental carbon (EC) 0.1 μg m−3; OC/EC = 12–15), to the highly polluted major cities (8–10 μg m−3 of nmC; 3–4 μg m−3 of EC; 4–5 μg m−3 of OC; OC/EC = 1–2). Thus, urban (and very specific industrial) pollution was found to markedly increase levels of carbonaceous aerosols in Spain, with much lower impact of biomass burning. Correlations between yearly averaged OC/EC and EC concentrations adjust very well to a potential equation (OC/EC = 3.37 EC−0.67 R2 = 0.94). A similar equation is obtained when including average concentrations obtained at other European sites (y = 3.61x−0.5, R2 = 0.78). A clear seasonal variability in OC and EC concentrations was detected. Both OC and EC concentrations were higher during winter at the traffic and urban sites, but OC increased during the warmer months at the rural sites. Hourly equivalent black carbon (EBC) concentrations at urban sites accurately depict road traffic contributions, varying with distance to road, traffic volume and density, mixing layer height and wind speed. Weekday urban rush-hour EBC peaks are mimicked by concentrations of primary gaseous emissions from road traffic, whereas a single midday peak is characteristic of remote and rural sites. Decreasing annual trends for carbonaceous aerosols were observed between 1999 and 2011 at a large number of stations, probably reflecting the impact of the EURO4 and EURO5 standards in reducing the diesel PM emissions. This has resulted in some cases in an increasing trend of NO2/OC+EC ratios, because these standards have been much less effective for the abatement of NOx exhaust emissions in passenger diesel cars. This study concludes that EC, EBC, and especially nmC and OC+EC are very good candidates for new air quality standards since they cover both emission impact and health related issues.
Calibration and validation of water vapour lidar measurements from Eureka, Nunavut, using radiosondes and the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer
Authors: Moss A. , Sica R. J. , McCullough E. , Strawbridge K. , Walker K. , Drummond J.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. The Canadian Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Change and Environment Canada DIAL lidar located at the Polar Environment Atmospheric Research Laboratory (PEARL) in Eureka, Nunavut, has been upgraded to measure water vapour mixing ratio profiles. The lidar is capable of measuring water vapour in the dry Arctic atmosphere up to the tropopause region. Measurements were obtained in the February to March polar sunrise during 2007, 2008 and 2009 as part of the Canadian Arctic ACE (Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment) Validation Campaign. Before such measurements can be used to address important questions in understanding dynamics and chemistry, the lidar measurements must be calibrated against an independent determination of water vapour. Here, radiosonde measurements of relative humidity have been used to empirically calibrate the lidar measurements. It was found that the calibration varied significantly between each year's campaign. However, the calibration of the lidar during an individual polar sunrise campaign agrees on average with the local radiosonde measurements to better than 12%. To independently validate the calibration of the lidar derived from the radiosondes, comparisons are made between the calibrated lidar measurements and water vapour measurements from the ACE satellite-borne Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS). The comparisons between the lidar and satellite-borne spectrometer for both a campaign average and single overpasses show favourable agreement between the two instruments and help validate the lidar's calibration. The 39 nights of high-Arctic water vapour measurements obtained offer the most detailed high spatial-temporal resolution measurement set available for understanding this time of transition from the long polar night to polar day.
Modeling the climatic implications and indicative senses of the Guliya δ18O-temperature proxy record to the ocean–atmosphere system during the past 130 ka
Authors: Xiao D. , Zhao P. , Wang Y. , Zhou X.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Using an intermediate-complexity UVic Earth System Climate Model (UVic Model), the geographical and seasonal implications and indicative senses of the Guliya temperature proxy found in the Guliya δ18O ice core record (hereinafter, the Guliya δ18O-temperature proxy record) are investigated under time-dependent orbital and CO2 forcings with an acceleration factor of 50 over the past 130 ka. The results reveal that the simulated August–September Guliya surface air temperature (SAT) reproduces the 21-ka precession and 43-ka obliquity cycles of the Guliya δ18O-temperature proxy record, showing an in-phase variation with the latter. Moreover, the Guliya δ18O-temperature proxy record may be also an indicator of the August–September Northern Hemispheric (NH) SAT. Corresponding to the difference between the extreme warm and cold phases of the precession cycle in the Guliya August–September SAT, there are two anomalous patterns in SAT and sea surface temperature (SST). The first anomalous pattern shows increases of SAT and SST toward the Arctic, which is possibly associated with an increase of the NH incoming solar radiation that is caused by the in-phase superposition between the precession and obliquity cycles. The second anomalous pattern shows increases of SAT and SST toward the equator, which is possibly due to a decrease of incoming solar radiation over the NH polar that results from the anti-phase counteraction between the precession and obliquity cycles. The summer (winter) Guliya and NH temperatures are higher (lower) in the warm phases of the August–September Guliya than in their cold phases. Moreover, in August–September, the Guliya SAT is closely related to the North Atlantic SST, in which the Guliya precipitation might act as a "bridge" linking the Guliya SAT and the North Atlantic SST.
Coupling of eastern and western subpolar North Atlantic: salt transport in the Irminger Current
Authors: Born A. , Stocker T. F. , Sandø A. B.
Published: March 2013

Abstract. Salt transport in the Irminger Current and thus the coupling between eastern and western subpolar North Atlantic plays an important role for climate variability across a wide range of time scales. High-resolution ocean modeling and observations indicate that salinities in the eastern subpolar North Atlantic decrease with enhanced circulation of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (SPG). This has led to the perception that a stronger SPG also transports less salt westward. In this study, we analyze a regional ocean model and a comprehensive global coupled climate model, and show that a stronger SPG transports more salt in the Irminger Current irrespective of lower salinities in its source region. The additional salt converges in the Labrador Sea and the Irminger Basin by eddy transports, increases surface salinity in the western SPG, and favors more intense deep convection. This is part of a positive feedback mechanism with potentially large implications for climate variability and predictability.
Antifungal Activity of a Polyacetylene against the Fungal Pathogen of Japanese Oak from the Liquid Culture of the Edible Mushroom, Hypsizygus marmoreus
Authors: Shiono Yoshihito , Haga Masatomo , Koyama Hiromasa , Murayama Testuya , Koseki Takuya
Published: March 2013

Three polyacetylene compounds, 1, 2 and 3, have been isolated from the organic extract of a liquid culture of Hypsizygus marmoreus (Peck.) Bigelow (Japanese name: Bunashimeji). The structures of 1, 2 and 3 were determined by using spectroscopic methods. Compound 3 is new, and was identified as 8(E)-decene-4,6-diyn-1,2,10-triol. Compound 1 exhibits antifungal activity against the pathogenic fungus Raffaelea quercivora responsible for Japanese oak wilt
A Spectral and Structural Study of the New Cadmium Salt [(H2L)2][Cd2I6][(NO3)2]
Authors: Hakimi Mohammad , Mardani Zahra , Moeini Keyvan , Schuh Esther , Mohr Fabian
Published: March 2013

The reaction between 2-(piperazin-1-yl)ethanol and cyclohexene oxide under microwave irradiation gave 2-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)cyclohexanol (L). The new cadmium salt [(H2L)2][Cd2I6][(NO3)2] (1) was prepared from the reaction of cadmium iodide with L and identified by elemental analysis, FT-IR and Raman spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In the crystal structure of 1, there is a [Cd2I6]2- dianion with distorted tetrahedral geometry for each cadmium atom. The piperazine and cyclohexane rings in 1 have a chair conformation. In the crystal there are several intermolecular hydrogen bonds including N-H···O, O-H···O, O-H···I, C-H···O, and C-H···I interactions.
A Silver(I) Coordination Polymer Based on a Schiff Base Ligand: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Luminescence Properties
Authors: Jin Lin Yu , Li Meng Meng , Dang Dong Bin , Bai Yan , Zheng Yan Ning
Published: March 2013

A new Ag(I) coordination polymer [AgL(NO3)]n 1 (L=4-(pyridine-2-yl)methyleneamino-1,2,4- trizaole) has been synthesized and characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The Ag(I) atom has a seesaw environment with an N3O donor set from three N atoms of two ligands and one O atom of one NO-
3 anion. Each twisted tridentate ligand is bound to two silver centers, and each silver atom is coordinated by two ligands thereby generating a zigzag chain structure. The chains interact with each other featuring a three-dimensional supramolecular network through multiple weak C-H···π interactions and C-H···O hydrogen bonds. The luminescence properties of the polymer 1 were investigated in the solid state at room temperature.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, DNA-binding Properties and Antioxidant Activities of a Lutetium(III) Complex with the Bis(N-salicylidene)-3- oxapentane-1,5-diamine Ligand
Authors: Pan Guolong , Bai Yuchen , Wang Hua , Kong Jin , Shi Furong , Zhang Yanhui , Wang Xiaoli , Wu Huilu
Published: March 2013

A Schiff base ligand bis(N-salicylidene)-3-oxapentane-1,5-diamine (H2L) and its lutetium(III) complex, with composition Lu2(L)2(NO3)2, were synthesized and characterized by physico-chemical and spectroscopic methods. The crystal structure of the Lu(III) complex has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It reveals a centrosymmetric binuclear neutral entity where Lu(III) metal centers are bridged by two phenoxo oxygen atoms. The DNA-binding properties of the Lu(III) complex were investigated by spectrophotometric methods and viscosity measurements, and the results suggest that the Lu(III) complex binds to DNA via a groove binding mode. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of the Lu(III) complex was determined by the superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging methods in vitro, which indicate that it is a scavenger for OH· and O-·
2 radicals.
Synthesis of Ce2Rh3Ge5 Crystals from a Bismuth Flux
Authors: Voßwinkel Daniel , Pöttgen Rainer
Published: March 2013

The germanide Ce2Rh3Ge5 was synthesized from the elements in a bismuth flux, and the structure was refined from single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data: U2Co3Si5 type, Ibam, a = 1010:1(2), b = 1210:4(2), c = 599:1(1) pm, wR=0.0596, 760 structure factors, 31 variables. The rhodium and germanium atoms build up a three-dimensional [Rh3Ge5] network (242 - 269 pm Rh-Ge; 300 pm Rh-Rh; 266 pm Ge-Ge) in which the cerium atoms fill cavities. Each cerium atom has coordination number 17 by ten germanium (302 - 331 pm) and seven rhodium (320 - 355 pm) neighbors. The crystal-chemical relation of the Ce2Rh3Ge5 (≡ CeRh1:5Ge2:5) structure with that of CeRh2Ge2 (ThCr2Si2 type) is discussed.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Properties of Two New Manganese(II) Coordination Polymers with Tetrafluorophthalate Ligands
Authors: Chen Sheng-Chun , Qin Jing , Zhang Zhi-Hui , Cai Xiao-Xiao , Gao Jian , Liu Li , He Ming-Yang , Chen Qun
Published: March 2013

Two new polymeric MnII complexes, {[Mn(1,2-BDC-F4)(H2O)3](EtOH)}n (1) and [Mn(1,2- BDC-F4)(H2O)2(DMF)]n (2), have been prepared from the reaction of MnII acetate with 3,4,5,6- tetrafluoro-benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid (1,2-H2BDC-F4) using different solvents, and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and single-crystal Xray structure analysis. Both complexes crystallize in the triclinic space group P1̄ and have similar one-dimensional double chain structures, consisting of a unique arrangement of 8-membered and 14- membered rings. The effects of solvent as ligand and/or guest on the self-assembly processes of the supramolecular networks and on their photoluminescence properties in the solid state are discussed.
Derivatives of the Triaminoguanidinium Ion, 2. Prototropic Tautomerism, Crystal and Molecular Structure of N,N´,N´´-Tris(propan- 2-iminyl)guanidine [1, 2]
Authors: Szabo Jan , Maas Gerhard
Published: March 2013

The title compound, C10H20N6 (2), was prepared from N,N´,N´´-triaminoguanidinium chloride. Solvent- and temperature-dependent 1H NMR spectra indicating prototropic tautomerism were observed in solution. The crystal and molecular structure was determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The compound crystallizes in the hexagonal space group P63/m. The molecules lie on crystallographic mirror planes parallel to the a,b plane, which are separated from each other by 3:37 Å . The threefold crystallographic symmetry of the molecules is due to disorder with positional averaging of individual molecules.
Unexpected Formation of Thiophene-annulated Tetrahydro-3- benzazepines by Alkylation of Thiolactams with Ethyl Bromoacetate
Authors: Sarkar Soumya , Fröhlich Roland , Wünsch Bernhard
Published: March 2013

In order to synthesize enantiomerically pure tetrahydro-3-benzazepines with diverse substitution patterns, the lactams 3 were converted into thiolactams 4 upon treatment with Lawesson’s reagent. Instead of an Eschenmoser sulfide contraction a thiophene annulation reaction occurred, when the thiolactams 4 were reacted with ethyl bromoacetate. Altogether, enantiomerically pure thiopheneannulated 3-benzazepines 7 were prepared in a very short reaction sequence (five reaction steps) starting from commercially available o-phenylenediacetic acid