bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kepler observations: Light shed on the hybridγDoradus –δScuti pulsation phenomenon
Authors: Grigahcène A. , Uytterhoeven K. , Antoci V. , Balona L. , Catanzaro G. , Daszyńska‐Daszkiewicz J. , Guzik J.A. , Handler G. , Houdek G. , Kurtz D.W. , Marconi M. , Monteiro M.J.P.F.G. , Moya A. , Ripepi V. , Suárez J.‐C. , Borucki W.J. , Brown T.M. , Christensen‐Dalsgaard J. , Gilliland R.L. , Jenkins J.M. , Kjeldsen H. , Koch D. , Bernabei S. , Bradley P. , Breger M. , Di Criscienzo M. , Dupret M.‐A. , García R.A. , García Hernández A. , Jackiewicz J. , Kaiser A. , Lehmann H. , Martín‐Ruiz S. , Mathias P. , Molenda‐Żakowicz J. , Nemec J.M. , Nuspl J. , Paparó M. , Roth M. , Szabó R. , Suran M.D. , Ventura R.
Published: November 2010

Through the observational study of stellar pulsations, the internal structure of stars can be probed and theoretical models can be tested. The main sequence ‐γDoradus (Dor) andδScuti (Sct) stars with masses 1.2–2.5 M⊙are particularly interesting for asteroseismic study. The ‐γDor stars pulsate in high‐order gravity (g) modes, with pulsational periods of order of one day. TheδSct stars, on the other hand, show low‐order g and pressure (p) modes with periods of order of 2 hours. Theory predicts the existence of ‘hybrid’ stars, i.e. stars pulsating in both types of modes, in an overlap region between the instability strips of ‐γDor andδSct stars in the Hertzsprung‐Russell diagram. Hybrid stars are particularly interesting as the two types of modes probe different regions of the stellar interior and hence provide complementary model constraints. Before the advent of Kepler, only a few hybrid stars had been confirmed. The Kepler satellite is providing a true revolution in the study of and search for hybrid stars. Analysis of the first 50 days of Kepler data of hundreds of ‐γDor andδSct candidates reveals extremely rich frequency spectra, with most stars showing frequencies in both theδSct and ‐γDor frequency range. As these results show that there are practically no pureδSct or ‐γDor pulsators, a new observational classification scheme is proposed by Grigahcène et al. (2010). We present their results and characterize 234 stars in terms ofδSct, ‐γDor,δSct/‐γDor or ‐γDor/δSct hybrids (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ground‐based follow‐up in relation to Kepler asteroseismic investigation
Authors: Uytterhoeven K. , Briquet M. , Bruntt H. , De Cat P. , Frandsen S. , Gutiérrez‐Soto J. , Kiss L. , Kurtz D.W. , Marconi M. , Molenda‐Żakowicz J. , Østensen R. , Randall S. , Southworth J. , Szabó R. , KASC Working Groups on ground‐based observations
Published: November 2010

The Kepler space mission, successfully launched in March 2009, is providing continuous and high‐precision photometry of thousands of stars simultaneously. The uninterrupted time‐series of stars of all known pulsation types are a precious source for asteroseismic studies. The Kepler data do not provide information on the physical parameters, such as log g, metallicity, and v sin i, which are crucial for successful asteroseismic modelling. Additional ground‐based time‐series data are needed to characterize mode parameters in several types of pulsating stars. Therefore, ground‐based multi‐colour photometry and mid/high‐resolution spectroscopy are needed to complement the space data. We present ground‐based activities within KASC on selected asteroseismic Kepler targets of several pulsation types (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Observations and interpretation of solar‐like oscillations in red‐giant stars
Authors: Hekker S.
Published: November 2010

Over the past decade the study of solar‐like oscillations in red‐giant stars has developed significantly. Not only the number of red‐giant stars for which solar‐like oscillations have been observed has increased, but the quality of these observations has improved as well. These steps forward were possible thanks to the development of instrumentation to measure radial velocity variations with a precision of the order of m/s, as well as the launch of dedicated space missions, which provide timeseries of data with unprecedented photometric precision. Many more exciting discoveries are to be expected in the (near) future. This article provides an overview of the development of the field over the last decade, discusses difficulties encountered and overcome in interpreting the observational data, and addresses some challenges and opportunities for further research (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inference from adiabatic analysis of solar‐like oscilations in red giants
Authors: Montalbán J. , Miglio A. , Noels A. , Scuflaire R. , Ventura P.
Published: November 2010

The clear detection with CoRoT and Kepler of radial and non‐radial solar‐like oscillations in many red giants paves the way to seismic inferences on the structure of such stars. We present an overview of the properties of the adiabatic frequencies and frequency separations of radial and non‐radial oscillation modes, highlighting how their detection allows a deeper insight into the properties of the internal structure of red giants. In our study we consider models of red giants in different evolutionary stages, as well as of different masses and chemical composition. We describe how the large and small separations computed with radial modes and with non‐radial modes mostly trapped in the envelope depend on the stellar global parameters and evolutionary state, and we compare our theoretical predictions and first Kepler data.Finally, we find that the properties of dipole modes constitute a promising seismic diagnostic of the evolutionary state of red‐giant stars (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Frequency spacings of p‐modes in red giants observed by CoRoT
Authors: Barban C. , Baudin F. , Mosser B. , Goupil M.J. , De Ridder J. , Samadi R. , Weiss W.W. , Auvergne M. , Baglin A. , the CoRoT Red Giant team
Published: November 2010

P‐modes observed in red giants are acoustic resonances similar to those observed in the Sun, stochastically excited by turbulent convection. The high‐quality and quasi‐uninterrupted space data obtained by CoRoT allow us to make a big step forward in the study of such oscillations in red giants by increasing significantly the number of stars for which such oscillations can be detected. We present here the data analysis of a sample of red giants observed during the first long run of CoRoT (142 days). Detailed p‐modes properties are estimated with a particular emphasis on the frequency spacings (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structure and evolution of pulsating hot subdwarfs
Authors: Kawaler S.D.
Published: November 2010

Hot subdwarfs are evolved low‐mass stars that have survived core helium ignition and are now in (or recently finished with) the core helium burning stage. At the hot end of the Horizontal Branch (HB), many of these stars are multiperiodic pulsators. These pulsations have revealed details of their global and internal structure, and provide important constraints on the origin of hot HB stars. While many features of their structure deduced from seismic fits have confirmed what we expected from evolutionary considerations, there have been some surprises as well (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
V391 Peg: Identification of the two main pulsation modes from ULTRACAM u′g′r′ amplitudes
Authors: Silvotti R. , Randall S.K. , Dhillon V.S. , Marsh T.R. , Savoury C.D. , Schuh S. , Fontaine G. , Brassard P.
Published: November 2010

V391 Peg (HS 2201+2610) is an extreme horizontal branch subdwarf B (sdB) star, it is an hybrid pulsator showing p‐ and g‐mode oscillations, and hosts a 3.2/sin i MJup planet at an orbital distance of about 1.7 AU. In order to improve the characterization of the star, we measured the pulsation amplitudes in the u′g′r′ Sloan photometric bands using ULTRACAM at the William Herschel 4.2 m telescope and we compared them with theoretical values. The preliminary results presented in this article conclusively show that the two main pulsation periods at 349.5 and 354.1 s are a radial and a dipole mode respectively. This is the first time that the degree index of multiple modes has been uniquely identified for an sdB star as faint as V391 Peg (B = 14.4), proving that multicolor photometry is definitely an efficient technique to constrain mode identification, provided that the data have a high enough quality (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theoretical study of γ Doradus pulsations in pre‐main sequence stars
Authors: Bouabid M.‐P. , Montalbán J. , Miglio A. , Dupret M.‐A. , Grigahcène A. , Noels A.
Published: November 2010

The question of the existence of the pre‐main sequence (PMS) γ Doradus (γ Dor) pulsators has been raised by observations of young clusters such as NGC 884 hosting γ Dor members. We have explored the properties ofγ Dor‐type pulsations with a grid of PMS models covering the mass range 1.2 < M*/M⊙ < 2.5 and we derive the theoretical instability strip (IS) for the PMS γ Dor pulsators. We explore the possibility of distinguishing between PMS and MS γ Dor by the behaviour of the period spacing of their high order gravity modes (g‐modes) (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
P‐modes in rapidly rotating stars: Looking for regular patterns in synthetic asymptotic spectra
Authors: Lignières F. , Georgeot B. , Ballot J.
Published: November 2010

According to a recent ray‐based asymptotic theory, the high‐frequency p‐mode spectrum of rapidly rotating stars is a superposition of frequency subsets associated with dynamically independent regions of the ray‐dynamics phase space. At high rotation rates corresponding to typical δ Scuti stars, two frequency subsets are expected to be visible: a regular frequency subset described by a Tassoul‐like formula and an irregular frequency subset with specific statistical properties. In this paper, we investigate whether the regular patterns can be detected in the resulting spectrum. We compute the autocorrelation function of synthetic spectra where the frequencies follow the asymptotic theory, the relative amplitudes are simply given by the modes' disk‐averaging factors, and the frequency resolution is that of a CoRoT long run. Our first results are that (i) the detection of regular patterns strongly depends on the ratio of regular over irregular modes, (ii) low inclination angle configurations are more favorable than near equator‐on configurations, (iii) in the absence of differential rotation, the 2Ω rotational splitting between m = 1 and m = –1 modes is an easy feature to detect (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Complex asteroseismology of the hybrid B‐type pulsatorγPegasi: A test of stellar opacities
Authors: Walczak P. , Daszyńska‐Daszkiewicz J.
Published: November 2010

Using the updated oscillation spectrum ofγPegasi, we construct a set of seismic models which reproduce two pulsational frequencies corresponding to the ℓ = 0, p1and ℓ = 1, g1modes. Then, we single out models which reproduce other well identified modes. Finally, we extend our seismic modelling by a requirement of fitting also values of the complex, nonadiabatic parameterfassociated to each mode frequency. Such complex asteroseismology of the B‐type pulsators provides a unique test of stellar metallicity and opacities. In contrast to our previous studies, results forγPeg indicate that both opacity tables, OPAL and OP, are equally preferred (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Asteroseismology of OB stars with CoRoT
Authors: Degroote P. , Aerts C. , Samadi R. , Miglio A. , Briquet M. , Auvergne M. , Baglin A. , Baudin F. , Catala C. , Michel E.
Published: November 2010

The CoRoT satellite is revolutionizing the photometric study of massive O‐type and B‐type stars. During its long runs, CoRoT observed the entire main sequence B star domain, from typical hotβCep stars, via cooler hybrid p‐ and g‐mode pulsators to the SPB stars near the edge of the instability strip. CoRoT lowers the sensitivity barrier from the typical mmagprecision reached from the ground, to theµmag‐level reached from space. Within the wealth of detected and identified pulsation modes, relations have been found in the form of multiplets, combination of frequencies, and frequency‐ and period spacings. This wealth of observational evidence is finally providing strong constraints to test current models of the internal structure and pulsations of hot stars. Aside from the expected opacity driven modes with infinite lifetime, other unexpected types of variability are detected in massive stars, such as modes of stochastic nature. The simultaneous observation of all these light curve characteristics implies a challenge for both observational asteroseismology and stellar modelling (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the use of rotational splitting asymmetries to probe the internal rotation profile of stars: Application to β Cephei stars
Authors: Suárez J.C. , Andrade L. , Goupil M.J. , Janot‐Pacheco E.
Published: November 2010

Rotationally‐split modes can provide valuable information about the internal rotation profile of stars. This has been used for years to infer the internal rotation behavior of the Sun. The present work discusses the potential additional information that rotationally splitting asymmetries may provide when studying the internal rotation profile of stars. We present here some preliminary results of a method, currently under development, which intends: 1) to understand the variation of the rotational splitting asymmetries in terms of physical processes acting on the angular momentum distribution in the stellar interior, and 2) how this information can be used to better constrain the internal rotation profile of the stars. The accomplishment of these two objectives should allow us to better use asteroseismology as a test‐bench of the different theories describing the angular momentum distribution and evolution in the stellar interiors (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photometric study of two β Cephei pulsators in ecipsing systems
Authors: Drobek D. , Pigulski A. , Shobbrook R.R. , Narwid A.
Published: November 2010

We present results of a photometric study of the young southern open cluster Stock 14. This cluster is known to contain two eclipsing systems with presumed β Cephei components, HD 101794 and HD 101838. We confirm variability due to pulsations and eclipses in both targets and announce the discovery of other variable stars in the observed field (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Towards ensemble asteroseismology of the young open clusters χ Persei and NGC 6910
Authors: Saesen S. , Pigulski A. , Carrier F. , Michalska G. , Aerts C. , De Ridder J. , Briquet M. , Handler G. , Kołaczkowski Z. , Acke B. , Bauwens E. , Beck P.G. , Blom Y. , Blommaert J. , Broeders E. , Cherix M. , Davignon G. , Debosscher J. , Degroote P. , Decin L. , Dehaes S. , De Meester W. , Deroo P. , Desmet M. , Drummond R. , Eggen J.R. , Fu J. , Gazeas K. , Gelven G.A. , Gielen C. , Huygen R. , Jiang X. , Kalomeni B. , Kim S.‐L. , Kim D.H. , Kopacki G. , Kwon J.‐H. , Ladjal D. , Lee C.‐U. , Lee Y.‐J. , Lefever K. , Leitner A. , Lenz P. , Liakos A. , Lorenz D. , Narwid A. , Niarchos P. , Østensen R. , Poretti E. , Prins S. , Provencal J. , Puga Antolin E. , Puschnig J. , Raskin G. , Reed M.D. , Reyniers M. , Schmidt E. , Schmitzberger L. , Spano M. , Steininger B. , Stęślicki M. , Uytterhoeven K. , Vanautgaerden J. , Vandenbussche B. , Van Helshoecht V. , Vanhollebeke E. , Van Winckel H. , Verhoelst T. , Vučković M. , Waelkens C. , Wolf G.W. , Yakut K. , Zhang C. , Zima W.
Published: November 2010

As a result of the variability survey in χ Persei and NGC 6910, the number of β Cep stars that are members of these two open clusters is increased to twenty stars, nine in NGC 6910 and eleven in χ Persei. We compare pulsational properties, in particular the frequency spectra, of β Cep stars in both clusters and explain the differences in terms of the global parameters of the clusters. We also indicate that the more complicated pattern of the variability among B‐type stars in χ Persei is very likely caused by higher rotational velocities of stars in this cluster. We conclude that the sample of pulsating stars in the two open clusters constitutes a very good starting point for the ensemble asteroseismology of β Cep‐type stars and maybe also for other B‐type pulsators (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Disaggregate safety evaluation for signalized intersections and evaluation tool
Authors: Kweon Young‐Jun
Published: November 2010

This study was to evaluate traffic safety of four‐legged signalized intersections and to develop a spreadsheet tool for identifying high‐risk intersections taking into consideration vehicle movements, left‐turn signal phase types, and times of day. The study used data from Virginia and employed count data models and the empirical Bayes (EB) method for safety evaluation of such intersections. It was found that crash pattern defined by vehicle movements involved in a crash and time of day are important factors for intersection crash analysis. Especially for a safety performance function (SPF), a model specification (Poisson or NB), inclusion of left‐turn signal types, type of traffic flow variables, variable functional forms, and/or magnitudes of coefficients turned out to be different across times of day and crash patterns. The spreadsheet application tool was developed incorporating the developed SPFs and the EB method. As long as Synchro files for signal plans and crash database are maintained, no additional field data collection efforts are required. Adjusting the developed SPFs and the spreadsheet for recent traffic and safety conditions can be done by applying the calibration methods employed in the SafetyAnalyst software and the Highway Safety Manual. Implementing the developed tool equipped with streamlining data entry would greatly improve accuracy and efficiency of safety evaluation of four‐legged signalized intersections in localities and highway agencies that cannot operate the SafetyAnalyst. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A decision support system for total airport operations management and planning
Authors: Zografos Konstantinos G. , Madas Michael A. , Salouras Yiannis
Published: November 2010

The airport planning and decision making process exhibits various trade‐offs and complications due to the large number of stakeholders having different, and sometimes conflicting, objectives regarding the assessment of airport performance. As a result, the airport performance assessment necessitates the use of advanced modelling capabilities and decision support systems or tools in order to capture the multifaceted aspects, interests and measures of airport performance like capacity, delays, safety, security, noise and cost‐effectiveness. Presently, airport decision makers lack decision support tools able to provide an integrated view of total airport (both airside and landside) operations and analyse at a reasonable effort and decision‐oriented manner the various trade‐offs involved among different airport performance measures. The objective of this paper is twofold: (i) to describe the decision‐oriented modelling framework and development process of a decision support system for total airport operations management and planning, and (ii) to demonstrate the decision support capabilities and basic modelling functionalities of the proposed system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Life cycle assessment of selected future energy crops for Europe
Authors: Rettenmaier Nils , Köppen Susanne , Gärtner Sven O. , Reinhardt Guido A.
Published: November 2010

Life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology is increasingly used to determine the potential environmental impacts of biofuels and bioenergy. This paper presents the outcomes of screening LCAs of 13 future energy crops for Europe summarizing the results of the EC‐funded project4F CROPS – Future Crops for Food, Feed, Fiber and Fuel. For analysis, these dedicated energy crops – representing seven environmental zones in Europe – are combined with a multitude of processing and utilization options, resulting in 120 different biofuel and bioenergy chains. Compared to fossil fuels and energy carriers, all biofuel and bioenergy chains show environmental advantages in terms of life‐cycle energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions but mostly disadvantages regarding other environmental impact categories. Quantitative results vary widely across environmental zones, depending on crop species, agricultural inputs, and yield. Moreover, coproduct accounting and coproduct utilization, as well as the agricultural and fossil reference system play an important role. In view of environmental advantages and disadvantages, subjective trade‐offs are required between the environmental impact categories. If saving GHG emissions is given the highest environmental priority, combined heat and power generation from herbaceous lignocellulosic crops is the most efficient option in terms of land use, provided that the biomass is cultivated on surplus agricultural land, thus avoiding indirect land‐use change. © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Economic viability of energy crops in the EU: the farmer's point of view
Authors: Soldatos Peter , Lychnaras Vassilis , Panoutsou Calliope , Cosentino Salvatore L.
Published: November 2010

Nowadays, the cultivation of energy crops is, in most cases, directly or indirectly subsidized at EU and global levels. However, their financial viability, i.e. sustainable profitability in the absence of subsidies, is not too remote any more given the increasing cost of fossil fuels, pressing environmental concerns, and the rapid technological progress in the renewable energies field.

This analysis presents a number of case studies examining the viability of the most promising oil and sugar crops for the production of first‐generation biofuels. The presented outputs of this work indicate that today, the viability of energy crops, such as rapeseed (Brassica napus), Brassica carinata, sunflower and sweet sorghum, can be attained under favorable conditions. Detailed cost analysis of these crops in various European regions leads to the estimation of profitability and illustrates their financial profile. Comparative analyses are made with the most widespread conventional food crops, such as wheat and maize.

The results of the study have shown that first‐generation oil producing crops in Europe are worth cultivating under current support regimes and under favorable market conditions. In view of the prevailing instability in the price of crops, the farmer has to make decisions on a rather short‐term basis. Sweet sorghum in southern Europe appears to be a very promising proposition for the production of bioethanol, as it appears much more efficient than cereals and sugarbeets, which are used today in the bioethanol industry. © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Direct and indirect land‐use competition issues for energy crops and their sustainable production – an overview
Authors: Fritsche Uwe R. , Sims Ralph E. H. , Monti Andrea
Published: November 2010

Biofuel production from energy crops is land‐use intensive. Land‐use change (LUC) associated with bioenergy cropping impacts on the greenhouse gas (GHG) balance, both directly and indirectly. Land‐use conversion can also impact on biodiversity.

The current state of quantifying GHG emissions relating to direct and indirect land‐use change (iLUC) from biomass produced for liquid biofuels or bioenergy is reviewed. Several options for reducing iLUC are discussed, and recommendations made for considering LUC in bioenergy and biofuel policies.

Land used for energy cropping is subject to competing demands for conventional agriculture and forest production, as well as for nature protection and conservation. Biomass to be used for bioenergy and biofuels should therefore be produced primarily from excess farm and forest residues or from land not required for food and fiber production. The overall efficiency of biomass production, conversion, and use should be increased where possible in order to further reduce land competition and the related direct and iLUC risks.

This review of several varying approaches to iLUC substantiates that, in principle, GHG emissions can be quantified and reductions implemented by appropriate policies. Such approaches can (and should) be refined and substantiated using better data on direct LUC trends from global monitoring, and be further improved by adding more accurate estimates of future trade patterns where appropriate.

This brief discussion of current policies and options to reduce iLUC has identified a variety of approaches and options so that a quantified iLUC factor could be translated into practical regulations – both mandatory and voluntary – with few restrictions.

Depending on the future development of energy cropping systems and yield improvements, sustainable bioenergy production could make a significant contribution to the future global energy demand. © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Potential land availability for energy crops production in Europe
Authors: Krasuska Ewa , Cadórniga Carlos , Tenorio José L , Testa Giorgio , Scordia Danilo
Published: November 2010

The European Union (EU) has set quite an ambitious goal for biofuels contribution to the makeup of the renewable energy mix in the next decades. While substantial efforts have been made to develop the technologies for the transformation of biomass into biofuels, it is still uncertain to what extent the EU will be able to generate the biomass needed to meet its targets without compromising domestic food security. Using a bottom‐up approach, this review addresses one of the key elements: the potential availability of land for non‐food crops in the EU. The assessment is based on a land allocation model, which calculates surplus land that would be available for non‐food crops after satisfying food and feed demands. Projections of future agriculture productivity and changes in population are the most important parameters of the modeling applied for two future scenarios established for the years 2020 and 2030. The total area potentially available for non‐food crops in the EU‐27 (excluding Cyprus and Malta) is estimated to be 13.2 million ha in the current situation, with fallow land the largest contributor. In scenarios 2020 and 2030, additional land would be released from food and fodder crops, resulting in total land potential of 20.5 million ha in 2020 and 26.2 million ha in 2030. Results presented on a regional basis indicate potential locations for biomass transformation plants in terms of feedstock production. A set of non‐food crops can be recommended for the diverse climate and agronomic conditions of the entire EU area. © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Toward biofuels: an ongoing journey in the EU
Authors: Monti Andrea , Askew Melvyn F.
Published: November 2010

Evidence points to an enduring development of biofuels in the EU and elsewhere. © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Human Resource Management Practices and the Importance of Managers' Perceptions
Authors: Castrogiovanni Gary J. , Garrigos‐Simon Fernando Jose´ , Peris‐Ortiz Marta
Published: November 2010

We argue that managers likely differ in the degree to which they accurately perceive the business environment, and that these differences should ultimately be reflected in business outcomes. In 2002, we used industry experts to generate a consensus view concerning the likely impact of the Internet on the international tourism industry. Their perspective was then compared to that of chief executives of small and medium sized hotels. The magnitude of the difference between the consensus view and that of the chief executives was then examined for its association to the strategies used at the hotels, and to various measures of enterprise performance. Among other findings, top managers with the most accurate perceptions tended to adopt strategy that was most strongly related to firm performance. Copyright © 2010 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hyperpolarized choline molecular probe for monitoring acetylcholine synthesis
Authors: Allouche‐Arnon Hyla , Gamliel Ayelet , Barzilay Claudia. M. , Nalbandian Ruppen , Gomori J. Moshe , Karlsson Magnus , Lerche Mathilde H. , Katz‐Brull Rachel
Published: November 2010

Choline as a reporter molecule has been investigated byin vivomagnetic resonance for almost three decades. Accumulation of choline metabolites (mainly the phosphorylated forms) had been observed in malignancy in preclinical models,ex‐vivo,in vivoand in patients. The combined choline metabolite signal appears in1H‐MRS of the brain and its relative intensity had been used as a diagnostic factor in various conditions. The advent of spin hyperpolarization methods forin vivouse has raised interest in the ability to follow the physiological metabolism of choline into acetylcholine in the brain. Here we present a stable‐isotope labeled choline analog, [1,1,2,2‐D4,2‐13C]choline chloride, that is suitable for this purpose. In this analog, the13C position showed 24% polarization in the liquid state, following DNP hyperpolarization. This nucleus also showed a longT1(35 s) at 11.8 T and 25 °C, which is a prerequisite for hyperpolarized studies. The chemical shift of this13C position differentiates choline and acetylcholine from each other and from the other water‐soluble choline metabolites, namely phosphocholine and betaine. Enzymatic studies using an acetyltransferase enzyme showed the synthesis of the deuterated‐acetylcholine form at thermal equilibrium conditions and in a hyperpolarized state. Analysis using a comprehensive model showed that theT1of the formed hyperpolarized [1,1,2,2‐D4,2‐13C]acetylcholine was 34 s at 14.1 T and 37 °C. We conclude that [1,1,2,2‐D4,2‐13C]choline chloride is a promising new molecular probe for hyperpolarized metabolic studies and discuss the factors related to its possible usein vivo. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inaccuracies in assignment of clinical stage for localized prostate cancer
Authors: Reese Adam C. , Sadetsky Natalia , Carroll Peter R. , Cooperberg Matthew R.
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND:

Recent data have suggested that clinical T stage is not independently associated with biochemical recurrence of localized prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. One explanation for this lack of predictive power may be the inaccurate application of staging criteria.

METHODS:

Data from men in the Cancer of the Prostate Strategic Urologic Research Endeavor (CaPSURE) database with localized prostate cancer (clinical T1‐T2) were analyzed. Correct stage was determined by digital rectal examination (DRE) and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) findings and was compared with the clinical stage reported directly by the practitioner. DRE/TRUS findings and biopsy results were evaluated to determine factors influencing staging errors. The ability of corrected stage to predict biochemical disease recurrence after prostatectomy was assessed using multivariable analysis.

RESULTS:

Clinical stage was assigned incorrectly in 1370 of 3875 men (35.4%). Errors more commonly resulted in patient downstaging than upstaging (55.1% vs 44.9%; P < .001). Patients with TRUS lesions were more likely to be staged incorrectly than those with abnormal DRE findings (65.8% vs 38.2%; P < .001). Biopsy laterality was found to strongly influence stage assignment. Even after correction of staging errors, there was no association noted between clinical stage and biochemical disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy.

CONCLUSIONS:

Errors in applying clinical staging criteria for localized prostate cancer are common. TRUS findings are frequently disregarded, and practitioners incorrectly incorporate biopsy results when assigning stage. However, staging errors do not appear to account for the inconsistent reliability of clinical stage in predicting prostate cancer outcomes. These findings further challenge the utility of a DRE‐based and/or TRUS‐based staging system for risk assessment of localized prostate cancer.Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Comparison of convergence and stability properties for the state and output solutions of neural networks
Authors: Marco Mauro Di , Forti Mauro , Grazzini Massimo , Pancioni Luca , Premoli Amedeo
Published: November 2010

A typical neuron cell is characterized by the state variable and the neuron output, which is obtained by passing the state through a nonlinear active device implementing the neuron activation. The paper introduces a wide class of neural networks for which the state solutions and the output solutions enjoy the same convergence and stability properties. The class, which includes as a special case the standard cellular neural networks, is characterized by piecewise‐linear Lipschitz continuous neuron activations, Lipschitz continuous (possibly) high‐order interconnections between neurons and asymptotically stable isolated neuron cells. The paper also shows that if we relax any of the assumptions on the smoothness of the neuron activations or interconnecting structure, or on the stability of the isolated neuron cells, then the equivalence between the convergence properties of the state solutions and the output solutions is in general no longer guaranteed. To this end, three relevant classes of neural networks in the literature are considered, where each class violates one of the assumptions made in the paper, and it is shown that the state solutions of the networks enjoy stronger convergence properties with respect to the output solutions or viceversa. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Histologic follow‐up of nondiagnostic thyroid fine needle aspirations: Implications for adequacy criteria
Authors: Renshaw Andrew A.
Published: November 2010

There is limited histologic follow‐up for adequacy criteria in thyroid fine needle aspirations.

We correlated the number of benign follicular cells in nondiagnostic aspirates (excluding atypical and Hurthle cells) and the results of histologic follow‐up.

A total of 170 cases with only benign follicular cells were reviewed. The sensitivity and specificity for 60 benign follicular cells was 97% and 42%. If the threshold for adequacy was lowered to 10 cells, the specificity of a benign diagnosis increased significantly (42% to 50%, P < 0.001) without a significant change in sensitivity (97% to 96%, P = 0.45). An additional 63 cases were diagnosed as adequate with three false negative cases. Lowering the threshold to 30 cells had no change in sensitivity (97%), increased specificity to 45% but this was not significant (P = 0.08). An additional 26 aspirates could be diagnosed as adequate without any false negative cases.

Histologic follow‐up suggests that the current criteria for adequacy can be lowered to improve specificity while retaining excellent sensitivity. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012;40:E13–E15. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CSF cytology—the ongoing dilemma to distinguish neoplastic and inflammatory lymphocytes
Authors: Perske Christina , Nagel Ingelore , Nagel Holger , Strik Herwig
Published: November 2010

To evaluate different morphological criteria for the distinction between inflammatory and neoplastic lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Forty‐two cytospin preparations of CSF from patients with confirmed CSF involvement by aggressive B‐cell lymphoma or acute leukemia were compared with 26 samples of inflammatory diseases. CSF cytology was analyzed morphologically for preselected parameters of cell, cytoplasm and nucleic appearance, and the presence of mitoses or apoptoses. None of the evaluated parameters sharply discerns neoplastic and inflammatory changes. However, neoplastic cells were significantly larger. Moreover, irregular shape and pointed borders of the cytoplasm, and deep notches in the nucleus were significantly more frequent in neoplastic than in inflammatory lymphocytes. No single parameter is sufficient to detect neoplastic lymphocytes. Considering a combination of cell size and irregular shape of cell and nucleus, however, may improve the diagnostic accuracy of CSF dissemination by aggressive hematological malignancies. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration of metastatic alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma to the pancreas with fluorescence in situ hybridization: A case report
Authors: Trujillo Andrea J. , Gopez Evelyn V. , Collins Brian T.
Published: November 2010

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) is a rare tumor in adults. Cytologic diagnosis of metastatic ARMS to the pancreas diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) has been reported rarely in the literature. A 20‐year‐old male with a history of ARMS in the right maxillary sinus resected one year earlier and pancreatitis treated two months earlier, presented on routine follow‐up. Abdominal positron electron tomography‐CT scan revealed a mass in the pancreas and fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the left paraaortic lymph node. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging of the abdomen showed a 3.6 × 6.4 cm mass in the tail of the pancreas. EUS‐FNA was performed using a 22‐gauge needle. Cytologic criteria and immunohistochemistry in the smears were analyzed. A diagnosis consistent with metastatic ARMS was rendered. Subsequent FISH analysis of the case and histologic review of the primary tumor supported the final diagnosis. A diagnosis of metastatic ARMS to the pancreas can be made by EUS‐FNA. FISH can be used as an ancillary technique in diagnosing the tumor. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytological cell blocks: Predictors of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma subtypes
Authors: Loukeris Kristina , Vazquez Madeline F. , Sica Gabriel , Wagner Patrick , Yankelevitz David F. , Henschke Claudia I. , Cham Matthew D. , Saqi Anjali
Published: November 2010

Fine needle aspirations biopsies, CT‐guided and endobronchial ultrasound‐guided, as a mode of diagnosing and/or staging lung carcinoma, are becoming more frequent. Also, there is greater necessity for classification of lung cancers into subcategories of squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma for appropriate management. Cytomorphology, based on smears alone, allows this classification in many instances. The aim of the current study was to explore the potential of cell blocks to increase the specificity of diagnosis. The morphological characteristics of sixty‐two lung carcinomas were examined. Less well‐differentiated squamous cell carcinomas were more readily classified as such on cell blocks. Likewise, cell block sections with architectural patterns including strips of cells, papillae and nests of cells correlated with bronchioalveolar, papillary and acinar/mixed subtypes of adenocarcinoma on follow‐up histology. In conclusion, cell blocks provide additional morphological clues and material for ancillary studies for classification of lung carcinomas. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tumor type and single‐cell/mesothelial‐like cell pattern of breast carcinoma metastases in pleural and peritoneal effusions
Authors: Antic Tatjana , Gong Yun , Sneige Nour
Published: November 2010

Invasive ductal and lobular breast carcinomas often have different preferred metastasis sites and distinct histomorphologic characteristics. Their metastatic cytomorphologic cell features in body cavity fluids are generally readily recognized, but the single‐cell/mesothelial‐like pattern and its relationship to the primary tumor type have not been well studied, nor whether metastases have a propensity for certain body cavity sites on the basis of the primary tumor type. To further assess the tumor type and single‐cell pattern of breast carcinoma metastases in pleural and peritoneal effusions, we retrospectively studied 853 pleural and peritoneal effusions and correlated the findings with the primary tumor type. When necessary, the single‐ cell/mesothelial‐like pattern was documented immunohistochemically. Metastatic breast carcinomas represented 249 (50.8%) of 490 pleural and 51 (14.0%) of 363 peritoneal effusions. Most metastases in pleural and peritoneal effusions were ductal carcinomas (92.4% and 62.7%, respectively). Lobular carcinoma accounted for only 2 (0.8%) of 249 pleural and 11 (21.6%) of 51 peritoneal effusions. The single‐cell/mesothelial‐like cell pattern was found in all lobular carcinomas but also in 11 (6.0%) of 184 reviewed ductal carcinomas (nine pleural and two peritoneal). Awareness of these findings and the use of immunohistochemical analyses are necessary for accurately diagnosing metastatic breast carcinoma, especially lobular type. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IMP3 immunocytochemical staining increases sensitivity in the routine cytologic evaluation of biliary brush specimens
Authors: Hart Jesse , Parab Meena , Mandich Daniza , Cartun Richard W. , Ligato Saverio
Published: November 2010

Biliary brush cytology is an important diagnostic tool in the evaluation of biliary strictures. Here, we evaluated 64 patients with biliary strictures who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with bile duct brushings. We assessed the utility of combining routine Papanicolaou‐stained cytologic evaluation with immunocytochemical expression of insulin‐like growth factor mRNA‐binding protein‐3 (IMP3). Definitive diagnoses were obtained via tissue resection/autopsy, biopsy, fine needle aspiration, or clinical progression of disease. Thirty‐nine of the 64 patients were ultimately diagnosed with malignancy. The sensitivity of routine cytology for the detection of malignancy was 33.3%, immunocytochemical‐IMP3 expression was 64.1%, and the combined sensitivity was 71.8%. The specificity of each method was 100%. The sensitivity of IMP3 immunocytochemical staining in the detection of malignancy in biliary brushings was superior to routine PAP‐stained cytologic evaluation. Moreover, the combined use of biliary brushing cytology and IMP3 immunohistochemistry proved superior to the use of either method alone. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urine cytology of micropapillary carcinoma of the urinary bladder
Authors: Sakuma Takahiko , Furuta Michiko , Mimura Akihiro , Tanigawa Naoto , Takamizu Ryuichi , Kawano Kiyoshi
Published: November 2010

A case of micropapillary carcinoma (MPC) of urinary bladder is presented, in which the urine smear was studied in detail in an attempt to better characterize the cytologic findings of MPC. When the voided urine was examined in low power, cancer cells were scattered in the specimens as compact papillary/spheroidal clusters composed of pleomorphic cancer cells. Solitary carcinoma cells were occasionally observed. High power view of the smear revealed that the papillae/spheroids consisted of high‐grade urothelial carcinoma cells. The cancer cells had pleomorphic nuclei with coarsely granular chromatin and thickened, irregular nuclear membrane, and thick cytoplasm. Histologically, the tumor in the resected bladder appeared as small nests with surrounding hallo both in the luminal surface and in the site of wall involvement. These tightly bound papillary/spheroidal clusters comprised of highly atypical cancer cells were the most specific cytologic finding in the urine of MPC, which were considered as a key diagnostic clue of MPC. The background of the urine smear showed numerous granulocytes and bacilli compatible with cystitis, which is a previously known complication of MPC. Differential diagnoses of MPC from those with pertinent cytologic findings such as conventional UC (including glandular differentiation), and primary/secondary adenocarcinoma of urinary bladder are discussed with a brief review of literature. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytopathologic characteristics and differential diagnostic considerations of neuroglial heterotopia of the retropharyngeal space
Authors: Hayashi Toshitetsu , Haba Reiji , Kushida Yoshio , Kadota Kyuichi , Katsuki Naomi , Bando Kenji , Miyai Yumi , Shibuya Shinsuke , Matsunaga Toru
Published: November 2010

Neuroglial heterotopias (NGH) are rare congenital head and neck lesions composed of differentiated neuroectodermal tissue and representing developmental heterotopias rather than true neoplasms. The case of a male neonate with respiratory distress and early feeding problems depicting a retropharyngeal space mass which in the intraoperative squash smears revealed glial cells with multiple cytoplasmic processes is reported here. Small clusters of cuboidal epithelial cells with rosette‐like ependymal structures and cuboidal cells arranged in sheets or branching folds suggestive of choroid plexus cells were also identified. Through this cytological approach a cytologic diagnosis of a NGH or low‐grade astrocytoma was suggested. Further evaluation and immunohistochemical studies were conducted on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded material. Glial cells, ependymal structures and choroid plexus were identified on H&E sections. Immunohistochemically, the glial cells showed diffuse and strong cytoplasmic staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S‐100 protein and focal immunoreactivity for synaptophysin and neurofilament. The proliferative index with MIB‐1 was around 4%. The diagnosis of NGH of the retropharyngeal space was confirmed based on the clinical, cytopathologic, histopathology, immunohistochemical results, and the location of the tumor. We demonstrated here for the first time the cytopathological features of NGH of the retropharyngeal space with emphasis on differential diagnostic considerations. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low cost‐effectiveness of CD3/CD20 immunostains for initial triage of lymphoid‐rich effusions: An evidence‐based review of the utility of these stains in selecting cases for full hematopathologic workup
Authors: Walts Ann E. , Marchevsky Alberto M.
Published: November 2010

CD3/CD20 immunostains are often performed in the initial cytological evaluation of lymphoid‐rich pleural effusions (LR‐PE). Most benign LR‐PE are predominantly composed of T(CD3+) cells while most malignant LR‐PE are of B(CD20+) cell lineage. As part of the effort to contain laboratory costs and improve diagnostic accuracy, there is increasing interest in applying principles of evidence‐based pathology to the use of immunostains. In this retrospective study, we reviewed the effectiveness of CD3/CD20 immunostains as a diagnostic or triage tool during the initial evaluation of 258 consecutive LR‐PE. 196 (76%) of the LR‐PE were ultimately diagnosed as reactive lymphocytosis and 62 (24%) as lymphoma/leukemia (L/L). There was a previous diagnosis of L/L, concurrent diagnostic tissue, and/or clinical evidence of L/L in 44 (71%) of the L/L effusions. An initial diagnosis of L/L was made in the remaining 18 (29%) cases. Sixteen of these 18 cases showed large cells with high‐grade features that mandated L/L workup. In only 2 (0.8%) of the 258 LR‐PE, CD3/CD20 stains were helpful to identify small cell lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) in patients without concurrent peripheral lymphocytosis. CD3/CD20 immunostains do not appear to provide a cost‐effective method to diagnose or triage the vast majority of LR‐PE submitted to a clinical cytology laboratory. An algorithm that considers history, blood counts, and cytomorphology allows for cost‐effective selection of LR‐PE that warrant comprehensive hematopathologic workup. Our findings underscore the feasibility of applying evidence‐based principles to develop guidelines for the cost‐effective utilization of immunostains in cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.