bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of an Antioxidant Phytoextract ofLantana grisebachiiwith Lymphoprotective Activity againstIn VitroArsenic Toxicity
Authors: Soria Elio A. , Quiroga Patricia L. , Albrecht Claudia , Ramos Elizagaray Sabina I. , Cantero Juan J. , Bongiovanni Guillermina A.
Published: June 2014

Phytochemicals have been presumed to possess prophylactic and curative properties in several pathologies, such as arsenic- (As-) induced immunosuppression. Our aim was to discover a lymphoprotective extract fromLantana grisebachiiStuck. (Verbenaceae) (LG). We assessed its bioactivity and chemical composition using cell-based assays. Fractions produced from a hexane extract acutely induced nitrite formation in T-activated cell culturesP<0.0001. Water extraction released a fraction lacking nitrite inducing activity in both lymphocyte types. Aqueous LG was found to be safe in proliferated and proliferating cells. The infusion-derived extract presented better antioxidant capacity in proportion to phenolic amount in lymphocytes (infusive LG-1i at 100 μg/mL), which protected them againstin vitroAs-induced lymphotoxicityP<0.0001. This infusive LG phytoextract contained10.23±0.43 mg/g of phenolics, with 58.46% being flavonoids. Among the phenolics, the only predominant compound was 0.723 mg of chlorogenic acid per gram of dry plant, in addition to 10 unknown minor compounds. A fatty acid profile was assessed. It contained one-third of saturated fatty acids, one-third ofω9, followed byω6 (~24%) andω3 (~4%), and scarceω7. Summing up,L. grisebachiiwas a source of bioactive and lymphoprotective compounds, which could counteract As-toxicity. This supports its phytomedical use and research in order to reduce As-related dysfunctions.
Role of Microbiota and Innate Immunity in RecurrentClostridium difficileInfection
Authors: Bibbò Stefano , Lopetuso Loris Riccardo , Ianiro Gianluca , Di Rienzo Teresa , Gasbarrini Antonio , Cammarota Giovanni
Published: June 2014

RecurrentClostridium difficileinfection represents a burdensome clinical issue whose epidemiology is increasing worldwide. The pathogenesis is not yet completely known. Recent observations suggest that the alteration of the intestinal microbiota and impaired innate immunity may play a leading role in the development of recurrent infection. Various factors can cause dysbiosis. The causes most involved in the process are antibiotics, NSAIDs, acid suppressing therapies, and age. Gut microbiota impairment can favorClostridium difficileinfection through several mechanisms, such as the alteration of fermentative metabolism (especially SCFAs), the alteration of bile acid metabolism, and the imbalance of antimicrobial substances production. These factors alter the intestinal homeostasis promoting the development of an ecological niche forClostridium difficileand of the modulation of immune response. Moreover, the intestinal dysbiosis can promote a proinflammatory environment, whereasClostridium difficileitself modulates the innate immunity through both toxin-dependent and toxin-independent mechanisms. In this narrative review, we discuss how the intestinal microbiota modifications and the modulation of innate immune response can lead to and exacerbateClostridium difficileinfection.
Paeonol Inhibits Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells Stimulated by High Glucose via Ras‐Raf‐ERK1/2 Signaling Pathway in Coculture Model
Authors: Chen Junjun , Dai Min , Wang Yueqin
Published: June 2014

Paeonol (Pae) has been previously reported to protect against atherosclerosis (AS) by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation or vascular endothelial cell (VEC) injury. But studies lack how VSMCs and VECs interact when Pae plays a role. The current study was based on a coculture model of VSMCs and VECs to investigate the protective mechanisms of Pae on atherosclerosis (AS) by determining the secretory function of VECs and proliferation of VSMCs focusing on the Ras‐Raf‐ERK1/2 signaling pathway. VECs were stimulated by high glucose. Our data showed that high concentration (35.5 mM) of glucose induced damage in VECs. Injury of VECs stimulated VSMC proliferation in the coculture model. Pae (120 μM) decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet derivative growth factor B (PDGF‐B) release from VECs and inhibited overexpression of Ras, P‐Raf, and P‐ERK proteins in VSMCs. The results indicate that diabetes modulates the inflammatory response in VECs to stimulate VSMC proliferation and promote the development of AS. Pae was beneficial by inhibiting the inflammatory effects of VECs on VSMC proliferation. This study suggests the inhibitory mechanism of Pae due to the inhibition of VEGF and PDGF‐B secretion in VECs and Ras‐Raf‐ERK1/2 signaling pathway in VSMCs.
N-[3-(Aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine (1400 W) as a Potential Immunomodulatory Agent
Authors: Mertas Anna , Duliban Hanna , Szliszka Ewelina , Machorowska-Pieniążek Agnieszka , Król Wojciech
Published: June 2014

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between NO, IL-12, and TNF-αproduction by J774A.1 macrophages activated with LPS and IFN-γin the presence of N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine (1400 W). 1400 W is a novel, highly selective inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). We compared the obtained data with the effect of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) (a nonselective NOS inhibitor) and L-NG-(1-iminoethyl)lysine (L-NIL) (a relatively selective inhibitor of iNOS activity) on cells in this model. To investigate the involvement of an exogenous NO on IL-12 and TNF-αproduction we used NO donor—S-nitrosocaptopril (S-NO-Cap). The most potent inhibitor of NO generation was 1400 W. This compound also markedly increased IL-12 p40 secretion and decreased TNF-αrelease. L-NIL suppressed both NO and TNF-αproduction, but it did not change IL-12 p40 synthesis. The effect of L-NMMA on NO generation was weaker than other inhibitors. Moreover, it decreased TNF-αsecretion slightly but not significantly. IL-12 p40 production by stimulated cells was inhibited by S-NO-Cap in a dose dependent manner, but no effect on TNF-αrelease was observed. The potency and selectivity of 1400 W as an inhibitor of iNOS and cytokine release modifier are encouraging for therapeutic use.
Comparative Study on the Effects of Surfactants on the Electroless Copper Coated Solar Cell and Optimizing Its Process Parameters
Authors: Jeevarani M. , Elansezhian R.
Published: June 2014

An experimental investigation on optimizing process parameters in the electroless copper coatings on solar photovoltaic cells under specific coating conditions has been carried out and reported. Coating parameters such as pH, temperature, and surfactants concentration were varied, and corresponding coating thickness and voltage were measured. To optimize the above parameters, design of experiment was conducted using full factorial method. The pH was varied at 4 different values such as 4-5, 5-6, 8-9, and 9-10 and temperature was varied at different values such as 75°C, 80°C, 85°C, and 90°C. The two different surfactants such as Sodium Do-decyl sulfate and Cetyl tri ammonium bromide were added and their concentration was varied from 0–1.5 g/L to 0–1.8 g/L, respectively. When pH was 8-9, the coating thickness was maximum of 12 μm and 11.63 μm and it was minimum of 3 μm and 2.6 μm, when pH was at 4-5 for Sodium Do-decyl sulfate and Cetyl tri ammonium bromide respectively. The coating thickness increases up to 12 μm when the temperature was 85°C and further increase in temperature destabilizes the electroless bath. The coating thickness was a maximum of 11.25 μm/hr and 10.53 μm/hr, when the Sodium Dodecyl sulfate and Cetyl tri ammonium bromide concentrations were 1.2 g/L and 1.5 g/L, respectively. The increased coating thickness of solar cells imparts increased open circuit voltage from 0.43 V to 0.65 V. The detailed experimental results and their analysis are presented in the main paper.
In Vitro Antifungal Evaluation of Seven Different Disinfectants on Acrylic Resins
Authors: Yildirim-Bicer A. Z. , Peker I. , Akca G. , Celik I.
Published: June 2014

Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate alternative methods for the disinfection of denture-based materials.Material and Methods. Two different denture-based materials were included in the study. Before microbial test, the surface roughness of the acrylic resins was evaluated. Then, the specimens were divided into 8 experimental groups(n=10), according to microorganism considered and disinfection methods used. The specimens were contaminated in vitro by standardized suspensions ofCandida albicansATCC#90028 andCandida albicansoral isolate. The following test agents were tested: sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl 1%), microwave (MW) energy, ultraviolet (UV) light, mouthwash containing propolis (MCP), Corega Tabs, 50% and 100% white vinegar. After the disinfection procedure, the number of remaining microbial cells was evaluated in CFU/mL. Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA, and Dunn’s test were used for multiple comparisons. Mann WhitneyUtest was used to compare the surface roughness.Results. Statistically significant difference(P<0.05)was found between autopolymerised and heat-cured acrylic resins. The autopolymerised acrylic resin surfaces were rougher than surfaces of heat-cured acrylic resin. The most effective disinfection method was 100% white vinegar for tested microorganisms and both acrylic resins.Conclusion. This study showed that white vinegar 100% was the most effective method for tested microorganisms. This agent is cost-effective and easy to access and thus may be appropriate for household use.
On the Minimal Polynomials and the Inverses of Multilevel Scaled Factor Circulant Matrices
Authors: Jiang Zhaolin
Published: June 2014

Circulant matrices have important applications in solving various differential equations. The level-kscaled factor circulant matrix over any field is introduced. Algorithms for finding the minimal polynomial of this kind of matrices over any field are presented by means of the algorithm for the Gröbner basis of the ideal in the polynomial ring. And two algorithms for finding the inverses of such matrices are also presented. Finally, an algorithm for computing the inverse of partitioned matrix with level-kscaled factor circulant matrix blocks over any field is given by using the Schur complement, which can be realized by CoCoA 4.0, an algebraic system, over the field of rational numbers or the field of residue classes of modulo prime number.
Impact of a Detailed Urban Parameterization on Modeling the Urban Heat Island in Beijing Using TEB-RAMS
Authors: Jiang Lei , Lu Lixin , Jiang Lingmei , Qi Yuanyuan , Yang Aqiang
Published: June 2014

The Town Energy Budget (TEB) model coupled with the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) is applied to simulate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon in the metropolitan area of Beijing. This new model with complex and detailed surface conditions, called TEB-RAMS, is from Colorado State University (CSU) and the ASTER division of Mission Research Corporation. The spatial-temporal distributions of daily mean 2 m air temperature are simulated by TEB-RAMS during the period from 0000 UTC 01 to 0000 UTC 02 July 2003 over the area of 116°E~116.8°E, 39.6°N~40.2°N in Beijing. The TEB-RAMS was run with four levels of two-way nested grids, and the finest grid is at 1 km grid increment. An Anthropogenic Heat (AH) source is introduced into TEB-RAMS. A comparison between the Land Ecosystem-Atmosphere Feedback model (LEAF) and the detailed TEB parameterization scheme is presented. The daily variations and spatial distribution of the 2 m air temperature agree well with the observations of the Beijing area. The daily mean 2 m air temperature simulated by TEB-RAMS with the AH source is 0.6 K higher than that without specifying TEB and AH over the metropolitan area of Beijing. The presence of urban underlying surfaces plays an important role in the UHI formation. The geometric morphology of an urban area characterized by road, roof, and wall also seems to have notable effects on the UHI intensity. Furthermore, the land-use dataset from USGS is replaced in the model by a new land-use map for the year 2010 which is produced by the Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth (RADI), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). The simulated regional mean 2 m air temperature is 0.68 K higher from 01 to 02 July 2003 with the new land cover map.
Contribution of Individual Risk Factor Changes to Reductions in Population Absolute Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Cochrane Thomas , Davey Rachel , Gidlow Christopher , Iqbal Zafar , Kumar Jagdish , Mawby Yvonne , Chambers Ruth
Published: June 2014

Background. Few studies have investigated individual risk factor contributions to absolute cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Even fewer have examined changes in individual risk factors as components of overall modifiable risk change following a CVD prevention intervention.Design. Longitudinal study of population CVD risk factor changes following a health screening and enhanced support programme.Methods. The contribution of individual risk factors to the estimated absolute CVD risk in a population of high risk patients identified from general practice records was evaluated. Further, the proportion of the modifiable risk attributable to each factor that was removed following one year of enhanced support was estimated.Results. Mean age of patients (533 males, 68 females) was 63.7 (6.4) years. High cholesterol (57%) was most prevalent, followed by smoking (53%) and high blood pressure (26%). Smoking (57%) made the greatest contribution to the modifiable population CVD risk, followed by raised blood pressure (26%) and raised cholesterol (17%). After one year of enhanced support, the modifiable population risk attributed to smoking (56%), high blood pressure (68%), and high cholesterol (53%) was removed.Conclusion. Approximately 59% of the modifiable risk attributable to the combination of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and current smoking was removed after intervention.
Effect of SiC Nanowhisker on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of WC-Ni Cemented Carbide Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Ren Xiaoyong , Peng Zhijian , Fu Zhiqiang , Wang Chengbiao
Published: June 2014

Ultrafine tungsten carbide-nickel (WC-Ni) cemented carbides with varied fractions of silicon carbide (SiC) nanowhisker (0–3.75 wt.%) were fabricated by spark plasma sintering at 1350°C under a uniaxial pressure of 50 MPa with the assistance of vanadium carbide (VC) and tantalum carbide (TaC) as WC grain growth inhibitors. The effects of SiC nanowhisker on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the as-prepared WC-Ni cemented carbides were investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that during spark plasma sintering (SPS) Ni may react with the applied SiC nanowhisker, forming Ni2Si and graphite. Scanning electron microscopy examination indicated that, with the addition of SiC nanowhisker, the average WC grain size decreased from 400 to 350 nm. However, with the additional fractions of SiC nanowhisker, more and more Si-rich aggregates appeared. With the increase in the added fraction of SiC nanowhisker, the Vickers hardness of the samples initially increased and then decreased, reaching its maximum of about 24.9 GPa when 0.75 wt.% SiC nanowhisker was added. However, the flexural strength of the sample gradually decreased with increasing addition fraction of SiC nanowhisker.
Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Flesh ofCatla catlafrom Ravi River, Pakistan
Authors: Akhtar Mobeen , Mahboob Shahid , Sultana Salma , Sultana Tayyaba , Alghanim Khalid Abdullah , Ahmed Zubair
Published: June 2014

The levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, carbofuran, and cartap which were estimated in the flesh ofCatla catlasampled from ten sites of Ravi River between its stretches from Shahdara to Head Balloki were studied to know the level of contamination of the selected pesticides by GC-ECD method. All fish samples were found contaminated with different concentrations of DDT, DDE, endosulfan, and carbofuran; however, DDT and DDE concentrations were more than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) about food standards, while endosulfan sulfate and cartap were not detected. Pesticide concentrations in the fish flesh were ranged from 3.240 to 3.389 for DDT, 2.290 to 2.460 for DDE, 0.112 to 0.136 for endosulfan, and 0.260 to 0.370 μg g−1for carbofuran. The findings revealed that the pesticide concentrations in the fish flesh decreased in the order: DDT > DDE > carbofuran > endosulfan. After Degh fall and After Hudiara nulla fall river sampling sites were found severely contaminated. It is proposed that a constant monitoring programs are needed to be initiated to overcome the present alarming situation.
Application of Remote Sensing and Developed Allometric Models for Estimating Wood Carbon Stocks in a North-Western Miombo Woodland Landscape of Tanzania
Authors: Soka Geofrey , Nzunda Nanjiva
Published: June 2014

Quantifying ecosystem carbon stocks is vital for understanding the relationship between changes in land use and cover (LULC) and carbon emissions; however, few studies have documented the impacts of carbon cycling on Miombo ecosystems. Here, we estimate the amounts of wood carbon which is stored and lost as a result of LULC changes in Kagoma Forest Reserve (KFR) for the periods between 1988 and 2010 using GIS data, Landsat imagery, and field observations. The land cover was captured on the basis of Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 7 ETM. The amounts of wood carbon stored and lost were estimated based on four previously developed allometric models. Spatial analysis of the Landsat images shows that in the year 1988, woodlands dominated the area by covering 32.66% whereas in the year 2010 the woodlands covered only 7.34% of the total area. The findings of the current study reveal that KFR had undergone notable changes in terms of LULC for the period of 1988–2010. It was estimated that the woodlands in the KFR lost an average of 4409.79 tCyr-1. In this study, the amount of carbon stocks stored was estimated to be 21457.02 tonnes in tree stem biomass based on the area (1226.12 ha) that was covered by woodlands. We estimated that an average of 17.79 tCh-1was stored in the Miombo woodlands based on the four models. The efforts to ensure sustainable management of the Miombo ecosystem can contribute to the creation of a considerable carbon sink.
Nonlinear Variation of Parameters Formula for Impulsive Differential Equations with Initial Time Difference and Application
Authors: Wang Peiguang , Liu Xiaowei
Published: June 2014

This paper establishes variation of parameters formula for impulsive differential equations with initial time difference. As an application, one of the results is used to investigate stability properties of solutions.
Altered Modular Organization of Functional Connectivity Networks in Cirrhotic Patients without Overt Hepatic Encephalopathy
Authors: Zheng Gang , Zhang Liping , Zhang Long Jiang , Li Qiang , Pan Zhiying , Liang Xue , Shi Donghong , Lu Guang Ming
Published: June 2014

Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is associated with changes in functional connectivity. To investigate the patterns of modular changes of the functional connectivity in the progression of MHE, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was acquired in 24 MHE patients, 31 cirrhotic patients without minimal hepatic encephalopathy (non-HE), and 38 healthy controls. Newman’s metric, the modularityQvalue, was maximized and compared in three groups. Topological roles with the progression of MHE were illustrated by intra- and intermodular connectivity changes. Results showed that theQvalue of MHE patients was significantly lower than that of controlsP<0.01rather than that of non-HE patientsP>0.05, which was correlated with neuropsychological test scores rather than the ammonia level and Child-Pugh score. Less intrasubcortical connections and more isolated subcortical modules were found with the progression of MHE. The non-HE patients had the same numbers of connect nodes as controls and had more hubs compared with MHE patients and healthy controls. Our findings supported that both intra- and intermodular connectivity, especially those related to subcortical regions, were continuously impaired in cirrhotic patients. The adjustments of hubs and connector nodes in non-HE patients could be a compensation for the decreased modularity in their functional connectivity networks.
2D-QSAR Study of Indolylpyrimidines Derivative as Antibacterial against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus: A Comparative Approach
Authors: Datar Prasanna A.
Published: June 2014

A set of 15 indolylpyrimidine derivatives with their antibacterial activities in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration against the gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus were selected for 2D quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) analysis. QSAR was performed using a combination of various descriptors such as steric, electronic and topological. Stepwise regression method was used to derive the most significant QSAR equation for predicting the inhibitory activity of this class of molecules. The best QSAR model was further validated by a leave one out technique as well as by the random trials. A high correlation between experimental and predicted inhibitory values was observed. A comparative picture of behavior of indolylpyrimidines against both of the microorganisms is discussed.
Stability and Bifurcation Analysis of a Modified Epidemic Model for Computer Viruses
Authors: Li Chuandong , Hu Wenfeng , Huang Tingwen
Published: June 2014

We extend the three‐dimensional SIR model to four‐dimensional case and then analyze its dynamical behavior including stability and bifurcation. It is shown that the new model makes a significant improvement to the epidemic model for computer viruses, which is more reasonable than the most existing SIR models. Furthermore, we investigate the stability of the possible equilibrium point and the existence of the Hopf bifurcation with respect to the delay. By analyzing the associated characteristic equation, it is found that Hopf bifurcation occurs when the delay passes through a sequence of critical values. An analytical condition for determining the direction, stability, and other properties of bifurcating periodic solutions is obtained by using the normal form theory and center manifold argument. The obtained results may provide a theoretical foundation to understand the spread of computer viruses and then to minimize virus risks.
Experimental Protection of Diabetic Mice against LethalP. aeruginosaInfection by Bacteriophage
Authors: Shivshetty Nagaveni , Hosamani Rajeshwari , Ahmed Liyakat , Oli Ajay Kumar , Sannauallah Syed , Sharanbassappa Shivshetty , Patil S. A. , Kelmani Chandrakanth R.
Published: June 2014

The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains has become a global crisis and is vulnerable for the exploration of alternative antibacterial therapies. The present study emphasizes the use of bacteriophage for the treatment of multidrug resistantP. aeruginosa.P. aeruginosawas used to induce septicemia in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic and nondiabetic mice by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 3 × 108 CFU, resulting in a fatal bacteremia within 48 hrs. A single i.p. injection of 3 × 109 PFU phage GNCP showed efficient protection in both diabetic (90%) and nondiabetic (100%) bacteremic mice. It was further noted that the protection rate was reduced in diabetic mice when phage GNCP was administered after 4 h and 6 h of lethal bacterial challenge. In contrast, nondiabetic bacteremic mice were rescued even when treatment was delayed up to 20 h after lethal bacterial challenge. Evaluation of results confirmed that a single intraperitoneal injection of the phage dose (3 × 109 PFU/mL) was more effective than the multiple doses of imipenem. These results uphold the efficacy of phage therapy against perniciousP. aeruginosainfections, especially in cases of immunocompromised host.
A Wireless Sensor Network Testbed for the Evaluation of Energy-Aware Routing Schemes
Authors: Grobler Magdalena J. , Marais Henri-Jean , Krige Joubert G. J.
Published: June 2014

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are receiving a lot of research attention due to continual improvement in the technologies used by these networks. The energy efficiency of sensor nodes and the network as a whole is of specific importance. One possible area where energy savings can be made lies within the routing protocols employed; however, these protocols are typically only simulated. In this work we develop a WSN testbed and conduct investigations on the fidelity of simulated energy-aware WNS routing protocols. It was found that the real-world performance of these energy-aware protocols was significantly lower than that predicted by simulation models. This can be mainly attributed to chip-level effects not taken into account by simulation models, leading to simulated results that cannot be achieved in real-world deployments. This work illuminates the shortfalls of existing simulation models and suggests ways in which these models can be improved. Additionally the testbed allows other energy-aware routing protocols to be investigated easily.
Clinicopathological and Molecular Findings in a Case of CanineAnaplasma phagocytophilumInfection in Northern Italy
Authors: Dondi Francesco , Russo Samanta , Agnoli Chiara , Mengoli Nicola , Balboni Andrea , Alberti Alberto , Battilani Mara
Published: June 2014

A documented case of canine granulocytic anaplasmosis coupled with the molecular characterization of the etiological agent is reported for the first time in Northern Italy. The patient showed nonspecific clinical signs such as fever and weight loss. The most relevant clinicopathological findings were thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia, and normal azotemic proteinuria consistent with glomerular diseases. Blood smear examination revealed the presence of intracytoplasmatic inclusions in neutrophils associated with high positive serology forAnaplasma phagocytophilum. PCR analysis and sequencing of the amplicon confirm serological diagnosis ofA. phagocytophilum. Phylogenetic analysis evidenced that the detected bacterial strain belongs to theA. phagocytophilumEurope 1 lineage. Data indicates thatA. phagocytophilumcirculates in natural environments of Emilia-Romagna region (Northern Italy) and its prevalence in dogs could be underestimated because the clinical signs are frequently nonspecific and a certain diagnosis requires the combination of clinicopathological and molecular assays. Pets living in this area should be regularly monitored and treated for ectoparasites to minimize health risks for humans and pets. Also, surveillance ofA. phagocytophilumshould be improved in Northern Italy and canine anaplasmosis should be considered in differential diagnosis of persistent proteinuria.
An Exploratory Study of the Nature and Extent of Nonsuicidal Self-Injury among College Women
Authors: Kokaliari Efrosini D.
Published: June 2014

This study assessed the extent and nature of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among 165 students attending an all-women’s college. Associations between NSSI behaviors and demographics, borderline personality disorder (BPD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and attachment styles were investigated. Statistically significant relationships between the severity of NSSI and demographic characteristics and BPD and PTSD were explored using bivariate analysis. Within this population, presence of NSSI behavior was significantly associated with age, years in college, nonheterosexual orientation, BPD, PTSD, and preoccupied attachment styles. There were also marginally significant associations with race and financial status. Severity of NSSI behaviors was significantly associated with age, years in college, BPD pathology, and primary parent’s level of education. A logistic regression analysis was developed that predicted NSSI behavior with 67% accuracy based on these findings. This study has implications for clinical practice.
XB130—A Novel Adaptor Protein: Gene, Function, and Roles in Tumorigenesis
Authors: Bai Xiao-Hui , Cho Hae-Ra , Moodley Serisha , Liu Mingyao
Published: June 2014

Several adaptor proteins have previously been shown to play an important role in the promotion of tumourigenesis. XB130 (AFAP1L2) is an adaptor protein involved in many cellular functions, such as cell survival, cell proliferation, migration, and gene and miRNA expression. XB130’s functional domains and motifs enable its interaction with a multitude of proteins involved in several different signaling pathways. As a tyrosine kinase substrate, tyrosine phosphorylated XB130 associates with the p85αregulatory subunit of phosphoinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and subsequently affects Akt activity and its downstream signalling. Tumourigenesis studies show that downregulation of XB130 expression by RNAi inhibits tumor growth in mouse xenograft models. Furthermore, XB130 affects tumor oncogenicity by regulating the expression of specific tumour suppressing miRNAs. The expression level and pattern of XB130 has been studied in various human tumors, such as thyroid, esophageal, and gastric cancers, as well as, soft tissue tumors. Studies show the significant effects of XB130 in tumourigenesis and suggest its potential as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer treatments.
Boundary Layer of Photon Absorption Applied to Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Solar Flat Plate Reactor Design
Authors: Otálvaro-Marín Héctor L. , Mueses Miguel Angel , Machuca-Martínez Fiderman
Published: June 2014

This study provides information to design heterogeneous photocatalytic solar reactors with flat plate geometry used in treatment of effluents and conversion of biomass to hydrogen. The concept of boundary layer of photon absorption taking into account the efficient absorption of radiant energy was introduced; this concept can be understood as the reactor thickness measured from the irradiated surface where 99% of total energy is absorbed. Its thickness and the volumetric rate of photons absorption (VRPA) were used as design parameters to determine (i) reactor thickness, (ii) maximum absorbed radiant energy, and (iii) the optimal catalyst concentration. Six different commercial brands of titanium dioxide were studied: Evonik-Degussa P-25, Aldrich, Merck, Hombikat, Fluka, and Fisher. The local volumetric rate of photon absorption (LVRPA) inside the reactor was described using six-flux absorption-scattering model (SFM) applied to solar radiation. The radiation field and the boundary layer thickness of photon absorption were simulated with absorption and dispersion effects of catalysts in water at different catalyst loadings. The relationship between catalyst loading and reactor thickness that maximizes the absorption of radiant energy was obtained for each catalyst by apparent optical thickness. The optimum concentration of photocatalyst Degussa P-25 was 0.2 g/l in 0.86 cm of thickness, and for photocatalyst Aldrich it was 0.3 g/l in 0.80 cm of thickness.
An Unusual Case of Anti-GBM Antibody Elevation in HIV-Associated Nephropathy
Authors: Minocha Vinay , Makary Raafat , Poenariu Andreea
Published: June 2014

Introduction.The most commonly seen glomerular disease in HIV infected patients is HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN); however, a multitude of other nephropathies can occur in HIV infection with an almost equal cumulative frequency. We report an unusual case of a patient with clinical and histological evidence of HIVAN in which the diagnosis was initially confounded by the finding of an elevated serum anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody.Case Presentation.We present a case of a 27-year-old African American female with a history of schizophrenia, cocaine abuse, and HIV infection who upon admission to our hospital was found to have severe acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis. Urine studies revealed nephrotic range proteinuria and a serological workup was positive for anti-GBM antibody elevation with a value of 91 units (normal: 0–20 units). A renal biopsy revealed HIVAN with no evidence of crescentic glomerulonephritis or anti-GBM disease.Conclusion.This case highlights the need for careful interpretation of anti-GBM antibody tests in HIV infected patients with kidney disease and, in particular, the need for biopsy confirmation of the diagnosis prior to starting therapy. More research is needed to study the prognostic correlation between the degree of anti-GBM antibody elevation in HIVAN and disease severity.
Hypoxia Promotes Nuclear Translocation and Transcriptional Function in the Oncogenic Tyrosine Kinase RON
Authors: Chang Hong-Yi , Liu Hsiao-Sheng , Lai Ming-Derg , Tsai Yuh-Shyan , Tzai Tzong-Shin , Cheng Hong-Ling , Chow Nan-Haw
Published: June 2014

Tumor hypoxia drives metastatic progression, drug resistance, and posttreatment relapses, but how cancer cells adapt and evolve in response to hypoxic stress is not well understood. In this study, we address this question with the discovery that the receptor tyrosine kinase RON translocates into the nucleus of hypoxic cancer cells. In response to hypoxia, nuclear RON interacts with the hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1α in a manner that relies on RON tyrosine kinase activity, binding to the c-JUN promoter and activating it. Mechanistic investigations revealed unexpectedly that nuclear RON played a more important role in activation of the c-JUN promoter than HIF-1α, leading to increased cell proliferation, survival adaptation, in vitro migration, and tumorigenicity under hypoxic conditions. Taken together, our results pointed to a novel function for RON as a transcriptional regulator that promotes the survival of cancer cells subjected to hypoxia. These results suggest novel implications for the use of small-molecule inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies targeting the RON kinase in the prevention or treatment of advanced cancer. Cancer Res; 74(16); 4549–62. ©2014 AACR.
Self-Reported Skin Morbidities and Health-Related Quality of Life: A Population-Based Nested Case-Control Study
Authors: Vinding G.R. , Knudsen K.M. , Ellervik C. , Olesen A.B. , Jemec G.B.E.
Published: June 2014

Background: Impaired dermatological health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has been observed in hospital-based studies, but little is known on a population-based level. Objective: To investigate self-reported dermatological HRQoL in the general population. Methods: Hidradenitis suppurativa, psoriasis, pimples, hand rash or atopic eczema were identified using questionnaires in a 15,177 person population sample. A nested case-control study of 180 cases and 259 controls was made using the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), Skindex-29 and EQ-5D. Results: Cases had higher scores in DLQI and Skindex-29 and a lower score in EQ-5D, suggesting lower HRQoL. Adjusting for age and sex, the differences in Skindex-29 and DLQI were significant (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Persons with self-reported skin morbidity had lower HRQoL than the general population. The impairment is not as significant as in studies of hospital-based cases, but considering the high prevalence of skin diseases it may still represent a significant burden of disease on society in aggregate.
Management of Bone Metastases in Patients with Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Cathomas Richard , Bajory Zoltan , Bouzid Mounira , El Ghoneimy Ahmed , Gillessen Silke , Goncalves Frederico , Kacso Gabriel , Kramer Gero , Milecki Piotr , Pacik Dalibor , Tantawy Wahid , Lesniewski-Kmak Krzystof
Published: June 2014

Bone metastases are a very common problem in prostate cancer. They are associated with considerable morbidity, adversely affect quality of life and frequently lead to advanced bone events (so-called skeletal-related events, SREs); SREs include fractures, spinal cord compression and the requirement for bone surgery or bone radiation. The aim of this paper was to evaluate currently available treatment options in the prevention and management of SREs and bone metastases in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer and to outline the importance of interdisciplinary management strategies. It also discusses the diagnostic workup of osseous metastases and practical considerations for the utilization of bone-targeted therapies in accordance with current guidelines to provide a consensus for special and/or difficult clinical situations.
Do Genetic Mutations and Genotypes Contribute to Onychomycosis?
Authors: Gupta Aditya K. , Simpson Fiona C. , Brintnell William C.
Published: June 2014

Background: The variability in susceptibility to onychomycosis for individuals exposed to the same environmental risk factors raises the possibility that there may be individuals with a genetic predisposition to dermatophyte infection. Objective: To determine whether there are genetic mutations or genotypes which contribute to onychomycosis. Methods: The PubMed database was searched for examples of immune deficiencies resulting in dermatophyte infections. Results: There are mutations in the innate immune receptors Dectin-1 and its adaptor protein CARD9 which result in familial mucocutaneous infections. There are also specific human leukocyte antigen genotypes that are more common in individuals and families with a high prevalence of onychomycosis. In addition, some patients have been reported with insufficient levels of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. These deficits impair a full innate and adaptive immune response and may result in chronic or recurrent infections. Conclusions: There are documented mutations and genotypes that contribute to familial and individual susceptibility to onychomycosis.
Formant and Voice Source Properties in Two Male Kunqu Opera Roles: A Pilot Study
Authors: Dong Li , Sundberg Johan , Kong Jiangping
Published: June 2014

Objective: This investigation analyzes flow glottogram and electroglottogram (EGG) parameters as well as the relationship between formant frequencies and partials in two male Kunqu Opera roles, Colorful face (CF) and Old man (OM). Participants and Methods: Four male professional Kunqu Opera singers volunteered as participants, 2 singers for each role. Using inverse filtering of the audio signal flow glottogram parameters and formant frequencies were measured in each note of scales. Two EGG parameters, contact quotient (CoQ) and speed quotient, were measured. Results: Formant tuning was observed only in 1 of the OM singers and appeared in a pitch range lower than the passaggio range of Western male opera singers. Both the CF and the OM role singers showed high CoQ values and low values of the normalized amplitude quotient in singing. For 3 of the 4 singers CoQ and the level difference between the first and second partials showed a positive and a negative correlation with fundamental frequency (F0), respectively. Conclusions: Formant tuning may be applied by a singer of the OM role, and both CF and OM role singers may use a rather pressed type of phonation, CF singers more than OM singers in the lower part of the pitch range. Most singers increased glottal adduction with rising F0.
Pharmacological Characterization of M-II, the Major Human Metabolite of Ramelteon
Authors: Nishiyama Keiji , Nishikawa Hisao , Kato Koki , Miyamoto Masaomi , Tsukamoto Tetsuya , Hirai Keisuke
Published: June 2014

The duration of action of melatonin may be important for improvements in sleep efficiency in insomniacs. Ramelteon, a selective melatonin agonist, is primarily metabolized to the active metabolite M-II, which has a longer half-life and greater systemic exposure than ramelteon. Hence, M-II may contribute significantly to the hypnotic benefits of ramelteon. We assessed the ramelteon-like activity of M-II in vitro and in vivo using cats. Binding and functional studies in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human melatonin receptors (MT1 or MT2) revealed that M-II binds melatonin receptors with lower affinity (Ki: 114 and 566 pmol/l for MT1 and MT2, respectively) and has lower potency (IC50: 208 and 1,470 pmol/l for MT1 and MT2, respectively) compared with ramelteon. However, higher M-II doses significantly improved sleep in cats. Thus, M-II may contribute to the clinical efficacy of ramelteon.
Short Bowel Syndrome and Malabsorption - Causes and Prevention
Authors: Thompson Jon S.
Published: June 2014

SummaryBackground: The short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a condition caused by extensive intestinal resection for a variety of conditions. The etiology varies by age group. Necrotizing enterocolitis is the leading cause in infants. In older children, trauma and malignancies are most common. Postoperative SBS has become most common in adults, followed by mesenteric vascular disease and cancer/irradiation. Methods: Systematic literature review. Results: Prevention of SBS should be given high priority. Each of the etiologies has been evaluated and strategies to prevent extensive resection have been developed. These include a thoughtful approach to reoperation, early identification of complications, e.g. intestinal ischemia, reducing radiation enteritis, and bowel-conserving therapies in diseases such as Crohn's disease. Conclusion: Several operative strategies to prevent SBS are useful. Timing and extent of reoperation need careful consideration. Minimizing intestinal resection, bowel-conserving techniques for complications such as fistula or strictures, and remodeling procedures are important.
Meta-Analyses of the Effect of CYP1A1 and CYP2D6 Polymorphisms on the Risk of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Han Jiming , Wang Lu , Yang Yanling , Zhang Jing
Published: June 2014

Background: CYP1A1 and CYP2D6 are important genes encoding enzymes involved in the metabolism of toxic chemicals and carcinogens. However, inconclusive results for the association between CYP1A1 and CYP2D6 polymorphisms and the risk of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) have been reported. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the association of CYP1A1 and CYP2D6 polymorphisms with the risk of HNSCC. Methods: A database search yielded 19 relevant studies. 3 polymorphisms were included in the meta-analysis: CYP1A1, CYP2D6*4 and CYP2D6*10. Random or fixed effect models were used in the analysis. Results: The CYP1A1 polymorphism was associated with HNSCC (for m1m1 vs. m1m2: odds ratio (OR) = 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.030-1.542, pheterogeneity = 0.025; for the recessive model: OR = 1.316, 95% CI = 1.065-1.625, pheterogeneity = 0.001). The analysis showed evidence for association between the CYP2D6*4 polymorphism and HNSCC in Asian populations; however, negative results were also observed in other models. A significant association was also observed between CYP2D6*10 polymorphism and HNSCC risk. Conclusions: The current study demonstrates that the CYP1A1 and CYP2D6 polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to both development and progression of HNSCC.
B cells facilitate platelet production mediated by cytokines in patients with essential thrombocythaemia
Authors: Liu Chuan-Chuan , Wang Shu-Ching , Kao Chen-Wei , Hsieh Ruey-Kuen , Chang Ming-Chih , Chang Yi-Fang , Lim Ken-Hong , Chen Caleb Gonshen
Published: June 2014

We investigated the role of activated B cells in thrombopoiesis through the production of interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6 in patients with essential thrombocythaemia. The number of B cells did not differ between essential thrombocythaemia patients, irrespective of the presence of Janus activated kinase-2 V617F mutation or wild type, and age-matched healthy adults. However, the number of IL-1beta/IL- 6-producing B cells was significantly higher in essential thrombocythaemia patients than that in healthy controls. The relatively high level of IL-1beta/IL-6 production by B cells was associated with serum B cell-activating factor and expression of Toll-like receptor 4 on B cells. A high level of B cell-activating factor was present in essential thrombocythaemia patients with both Janus activated kinase-2 genotypes. Incubation with B cell-activating factor enhanced the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 on B cells. IL-1beta and IL-6 production was not stimulated by B cell-activating factor alone; Toll-like receptor 4 was activated by lipopolysaccharide or patients’ sera to produce IL-1beta and IL-6 in B cells. Moreover, essential thrombocythaemia patient B cells facilitated megakaryocyte differentiation when co-cultured with CD34+ haematopoietic stem cells. Antibody neutralisation of IL-1beta and IL-6 attenuated megakaryocyte differentiation. These data suggest that B cells play a crucial role in thrombopoiesis in essential thrombocythaemia patients.
Gastrointestinal angiodysplasia and bleeding in von Willebrand disease
Authors: Franchini Massimo , Mannucci Pier Mannuccio
Published: June 2014

Von Willebrand disease (VWD), the most common genetic bleeding disorder, is characterised by a quantitative or qualitative defect of von Willebrand factor (VWF). Patients with VWD suffer from mucocutaneous bleeding, of severity usually proportional to the degree of VWF defect. In particular, gastrointestinal bleeding associated with angiodysplasia is often a severe symptom of difficult management. This review focuses on the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of VWD-associated gastrointestinal angiodysplasia and related bleeding.
Effects of impaired renal function on levels and performance of D-dimer in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism
Authors: Bertoletti Laurent , Combescure Christophe , Gal Grégoire Le , Bounameaux Henri , Righini Marc , Robert-Ebadi Helia
Published: June 2014

Clinical probability and D-dimer measurement play an essential role in the non-invasive diagnostic strategies for pulmonary embolism (PE). PE can be ruled out without further imaging in patients with non-high clinical probability and negative D-dimer. D-dimer level is increased in patients with renal impairment. Whether its diagnostic usefulness is maintained in these patients is not well determined. We aimed to evaluate the effects of renal impairment on diagnostic performances of D-dimer in patients with suspected PE. A retrospective analysis of 1,625 patients with suspected PE included in a multicentre prospective study was performed. D-dimer levels and percentages of patients with a negative D-dimer were compared between three subgroups according to glomerular filtration rate (GFR) estimated by the MDRD formula: ≥90 ml/min (normal renal function), 60–89 ml/min (mild renal impairment), 30–59 ml/min (moderate renal impairment). D-dimer levels increased and the proportion of negative D-dimer decreased significantly according to renal status: 46% negative D-dimer in patients with normal GFR, 31% in patients with mild renal impairment, 11% in those with moderate renal impairment, corresponding to number of patients needed to test to obtain one negative test of 2.2, 3.2 and 9, respectively. In conclusion, the clinical usefulness of D-dimer decreases with renal impairment. However, PE can still be ruled out by negative D-dimer in a substantial proportion of patients with non-high clinical probability, avoiding exposure to contrast media.