bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probing the Reactivity of Functionalized Surfaces by Porphyrin Metalation
Authors: Nowakowski Jan , Nowakowska Sylwia , Srivastava Gitika , Baljozovic Milos , Girovsky Jan , Ballav Nirmalya , Jung Thomas A.
Published: April 2016

The presence of N‐ and Cl‐induced superstructures is shown to drastically alter the physicochemical properties of the Cu(001) substrate. We present coherent evidence that N‐ and Cl‐c(2x2) superstructures on Cu(001) decisively impact the metalation reaction of 5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylporphyrin (2HTPP) as well as the on‐surface diffusion and assembly of this molecule. The N superstructure facilitates the metalation reaction and self‐assembled molecular domains of CuTPP are formed at room temperature (RT). In contrast, the Cl superstructure completely inhibits the self‐metalation reaction requiring metal atoms to be deposited from the top and causes 2HTPP to assemble into small clusters. A spectro‐microscopy correlation approach combining X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy (UPS), Low Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) has been utilized in this study.
Photoactivated drug delivery and bioimaging
Authors: Yang Yanmei , Mu Jing , Xing Bengang
Published: April 2016

Among the various types of diseases, cancer remains one of the most leading causes of mortality that people are always suffering from and fighting with. So far, the effective cancer treatment demands accurate medical diagnosis, precise surgery, expensive medicine administration, which leads to a significant burden on patients, their families, and the whole national healthcare system around the world. In order to increase the therapeutic efficiency and minimize side effects in cancer treatment, various kinds of stimuli‐responsive drug delivery systems and bioimaging platforms have been extensively developed within the past decades. Among them, the strategy of photoactivated approach has attracted considerable research interest because light enables the precise control, in a highly spatial and temporal manner, the release of drug molecules as well as the activation of bioimaging agents. In general, several appropriate photoresponsive systems, which are normally sensitive to ultraviolet (UV) or visible light irradiation to undergo the multiple reaction pathways such as photocleavage and photoisomerization strategy etc. have been mainly involved in the light activated cancer therapies. Considering the potential issues of poor tissue penetration and high photoctotoxicity of short wavelength light, the recently emerged therapies based on long‐wavelength irradiation, e.g., near‐infrared (NIR) light (700–1000 nm), have displayed distinct advantages in biomedical applications. The light irradiation at NIR window indicates minimized photodamage, deep penetration, and low autofluorescence in living cells and tissues, which are of clinical importance in the desired diagnosis and therapy. In this review article, we introduce the recent advances in light‐activated drug release and biological imaging mainly for anticancer treatment. Various types of strategies such as photocage, photo‐induced isomerization, optical upconversion, and photothermal release by which different wavelength ranges of light can play the important roles in the controlled therapeutic or imaging agents delivery, and activation will be systemically discussed. In addition, the challenges and future perspectives for photo‐based cancer theranostics will be also summarized. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1408. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1408

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Ba1.63La7.39Si11N23Cl0.42:Ce3+ – A Nitridosilicate Chloride with a Zeolite‐Like Structure
Authors: Schultz Peter , Durach Dajana , Schnick Wolfgang , Oeckler Oliver
Published: April 2016

The nitridosilicate chloride Ba1.63La7.39Si11N23Cl0.42:Ce3+ was synthesized by metathesis reaction starting from LaCl3, BaH2, CeF3 and the product of the ammonolysis of Si2Cl6. The title compound is stable towards air and moisture. Diffraction data of a microcrystal were recorded using microfocused synchrotron radiation. X‐ray spectroscopy confirms the chemical composition of the crystal. IR spectra corroborate absence of N–H bonds. The compound is homeotypic to Ba2Nd7Si11N23 and crystallizes in space group Cmmm with a = 11.009(3), b = 23.243(8), c = 9.706(4) Å and Z = 4, R1(all) = 0.0174. According to bond valence sum calculations, some crystallographic positions show complete occupancy by Ba or La whereas others contain significant amounts of both elements. In contrast to the structure prototype Ba2Nd7Si11N23, Ba1.63La7.39Si11N23Cl0.42:Ce3+ contains chloride ions in channels of the SiN4 tetrahedra network, hinting at various substitution possibilities of the complex zeolite‐like structure.
Non‐Obstetric Surgical Care at Three Rural District Hospitals in Rwanda: More Human Capacity and Surgical Equipment May Increase Operative Care
Authors: Muhirwa Ernest , Habiyakare Caste , Hedt‐Gauthier Bethany L. , Odhiambo Jackline , Maine Rebecca , Gupta Neil , Toma Gabriel , Nkurunziza Theoneste , Mpunga Tharcisse , Mukankusi Jeanne , Riviello Robert
Published: April 2016

Background

Most mortality attributable to surgical emergencies occurs in low‐ and middle‐income countries. District hospitals, which serve as the first‐level surgical facility in rural sub‐Saharan Africa, are often challenged with limited surgical capacity. This study describes the presentation, management, and outcomes of non‐obstetric surgical patients at district hospitals in Rwanda.

Methods

This study included patients seeking non‐obstetric surgical care at three district hospitals in rural Rwanda in 2013. Demographics, surgical conditions, patient care, and outcomes are described; operative and non‐operative management were stratified by hospitals and differences assessed using Fisher’s exact test.

Results

Of the 2660 patients who sought surgical care at the three hospitals, most were males (60.7 %). Many (42.6 %) were injured and 34.7 % of injuries were through road traffic crashes. Of presenting patients, 25.3 % had an operation, with patients presenting to Butaro District Hospital significantly more likely to receive surgery (57.0 %, p < 0.001). General practitioners performed nearly all operations at Kirehe and Rwinkwavu District Hospitals (98.0 and 100.0 %, respectively), but surgeons performed 90.6 % of the operations at Butaro District Hospital. For outcomes, 39.5 % of all patients were discharged without an operation, 21.1 % received surgery and were discharged, and 21.1 % were referred to tertiary facilities for surgical care.

Conclusion

Significantly more patients in Butaro, the only site with a surgeon on staff and stronger surgical infrastructure, received surgery. Availing more surgeons who can address the most common surgical needs and improving supplies and equipment may improve outcomes at other districts. Surgical task sharing is recommended as a temporary solution.
Root decomposition ofArtemisia halodendronand its effect on soil nitrogen and soil organic carbon in the Horqin Sandy Land, northeastern China
Authors: Luo Yongqing , Zhao Xueyong , Li Yuqiang , Zuo Xiaoan , Lian Jie , Wang Tao
Published: April 2016

Root decomposition is a critical feedback from the plant to the soil, especially in sandy land where strong winds remove aboveground litter. As a pioneer shrub in semi‐mobile dunes of the Horqin sandy land,Artemisia halodendronhas multiple effects on nutrient capture and the microenvironment. However, its root decomposition has not been studied in terms of its influence on soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen (N). In this study, we buried fine (≤2 mm) and coarse roots in litterbags at a depth of 15 cm below semi‐mobile dunes. We measured the masses remaining and the C and N contents at intervals during 434 days of decomposition. The soils below the litterbags were then divided into layers and sampled to measure the SOC and N contents. After rapid initial decomposition, both coarse and fine roots decomposed slowly. After 53 days, 36.2 % of coarse roots and 39.8 % of fine roots had decomposed. In contrast, only 18.4 % of coarse roots and 30.5 % of fine roots decomposed in the following 381 days. Fine roots decomposed significantly faster, and their decomposition rate after the initial rapid decay was strongly related to climate (R2= 0.716,P< 0.05). Root decomposition increased SOC and N contents below the litterbags, with larger effects for fine roots. The SOC content was more variable between soil layers than the N content. Thus, decomposition ofA. halodendronroots cannot be ignored when studying SOC and N feedbacks from plants to the soil, particularly for fine roots.
Process Optimization of Dual-Laser Beam Welding of Advanced Al-Li Alloys Through Hot Cracking Susceptibility Modeling
Authors: Tian Yingtao , Robson Joseph D. , Riekehr Stefan , Kashaev Nikolai , Wang Li , Lowe Tristan , Karanika Alexandra
Published: April 2016

Laser welding of advanced Al-Li alloys has been developed to meet the increasing demand for light-weight and high-strength aerospace structures. However, welding of high-strength Al-Li alloys can be problematic due to the tendency for hot cracking. Finding suitable welding parameters and filler material for this combination currently requires extensive and costly trial and error experimentation. The present work describes a novel coupled model to predict hot crack susceptibility (HCS) in Al-Li welds. Such a model can be used to shortcut the weld development process. The coupled model combines finite element process simulation with a two-level HCS model. The finite element process model predicts thermal field data for the subsequent HCS hot cracking prediction. The model can be used to predict the influences of filler wire composition and welding parameters on HCS. The modeling results have been validated by comparing predictions with results from fully instrumented laser welds performed under a range of process parameters and analyzed using high-resolution X-ray tomography to identify weld defects. It is shown that the model is capable of accurately predicting the thermal field around the weld and the trend of HCS as a function of process parameters.
4‐Hydroxyderricin, as a PPARγ Agonist, Promotes Adipogenesis, Adiponectin Secretion, and Glucose Uptake in 3T3‐L1 Cells
Authors: Li Yongjia , Goto Tsuyoshi , Yamakuni Kanae , Takahashi Haruya , Takahashi Nobuyuki , Jheng Huei‐Fen , Nomura Wataru , Taniguchi Masahiko , Baba Kimiye , Murakami Shigeru , Kawada Teruo
Published: April 2016

Adipocyte differentiation plays a pivotal role in maintaining the production of small‐size adipocytes with insulin sensitivity, and impaired adipogenesis is implicated in insulin resistance. 4‐Hydroxyderricin (4‐HD), a phytochemical component of Angelica keiskei, possesses diverse biological properties such as anti‐inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antitumor. In the present study, we investigated the effects of 4‐HD on adipocyte differentiation. 4‐HD promoted lipid accumulation in 3T3‐L1 cells, upregulated both peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐γ mRNA and protein expression, and acted as a ligand for PPARγ in the luciferase assay. Moreover, 4‐HD increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of adiponectin. Additionally, it promoted insulin‐dependent glucose uptake into 3T3‐L1 adipocytes and increased Akt phosphorylation and glucose transporter (GLUT) 4 mRNA expression. In summary, these findings suggest that 4‐HD, which promoted adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity in 3T3‐L1 cells, might be a phytochemical with potent insulin‐sensitizing effects.
CAEP/9-agreed certification requirement for the Aeroplane CO2Emissions Standard: a comment on ICAO Cir 337
Authors: Green J.E. , Jupp J.A.
Published: April 2016

The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Circular Cir 337 is the first step towards ICAO establishing an Aeroplane CO2Emissions Standard to form part of Annex 16, Volume III to the Chicago Convention. It describes itself as ‘a work in progress’. This paper reviews Cir 337 against the background of flight physics, the published literature on aircraft fuel burn and CO2emissions and the current practices of the aircraft and engine manufacturers and the airline operators. We have taken, as our starting point, the aim of ICAO to reduce the fuel used per revenue tonne-kilometre performed and argue that the Breguet range equation, which captures all the relevant flight physics, should be the basis of the metric system underpinning the standard. Our overall conclusion is that Cir 337 provides an excellent basis for the initial regulation of aviation's CO2emissions and, further in the future, for developing measures to increase the fuel efficiency of the operational side of civil aviation. Our main criticism of the circular in its current form is that it does not address the ICAO goal of reducingfuel used per revenue tonne-kilometre performedand makes no reference to payload. This defect could be eliminated simply by omission of the exponent 0.24 of the Reference Geometric Factor (RGF) in the formula for the metric given in Chapter 2 (paragraph 2.2) of the circular. Retaining theRGFto the power unity in the metric and multiplying it by an appropriate value of the effective floor loading would convert it to what the 37thAssembly of ICAO called for – a statement of fuel used per revenue tonne-kilometre performed. Finally, correlating the amended metric against design range, as determined from the measured specific air range and the key certificated masses, provides a sound scientific basis for an initial regulation to cap passenger aircraft emissions.
Localized travelling waves in the asymptotic suction boundary layer
Authors: Kreilos Tobias , Gibson John F. , Schneider Tobias M.
Published: April 2016

We present two spanwise-localized travelling-wave solutions in the asymptotic suction boundary layer, obtained by continuation of solutions of plane Couette flow. One of the solutions has the vortical structures located close to the wall, similar to spanwise-localized edge states previously found for this system. The vortical structures of the second solution are located in the free stream far above the laminar boundary layer and are supported by a secondary shear gradient that is created by a large-scale low-speed streak. The dynamically relevant eigenmodes of this solution are concentrated in the free stream, and the departure into turbulence from this solution evolves in the free stream towards the walls. For invariant solutions in free-stream turbulence, this solution thus shows that the source of energy of the vortical structures can be a dynamical structure of the solution itself, instead of the laminar boundary layer.
Dating WF16: Exploring the Chronology of a Pre-Pottery Neolithic A Settlement in the Southern Levant
Authors: Wicks Karen , Finlayson Bill , Maričević Darko , Smith Sam , Jenkins Emma , Mithen Steven
Published: April 2016

A pre-requisite for understanding the transition to the Neolithic in the Levant is the establishment of a robust chronology, most notably for the late Epi-Palaeolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) periods. In this contribution we undertake a dating analysis of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic site of WF16, southern Jordan, drawing on a sample of 46 AMS14C dates. We utilise Bayesian methods to quantify an old wood effect to provide an offset that we factor into chronological models for a number of individual structures at WF16 and for the settlement as a whole. In doing so we address the influence of slope variations in the calibration curve and expose the significance of sediment and sample redeposition within sites of this nature. We conclude that for the excavated deposits at WF16 human activity is likely to have started by c. 11.84 ka calbpand lasted for at least c. 1590 years, ceasing by c. 10.24 ka calbp. This is marked by a particularly intensive period of activity lasting for c. 350 years centred on 11.25 ka calbpfollowed by less intensive activity lasting a further c. 880 years. The study reveals the potential of WF16 as a laboratory to explore methodological issues concerning14C dating of early Neolithic sites in arid, erosional environments.
A SHORT NOTE ON RUTILIUS NAMATIANUS 1.632
Authors: Rocchi Stefano
Published: April 2016

Near the end of the first book of his De reditu the poet Rutilius is delayed in Triturrita, on the Tuscan coast, because of the dark and stormy weather. The South-West Wind with its dripping wings—says the poet in an Ovidian imitation—does not cease from summoning pitch-black clouds and obfuscating the sun's light for several days (631–2). Elegant images of constellations (633–8)—perhaps not just ornamental, but also indicating the dates and the duration of the delay—and the reference to the tempestuous sea and to two possible explanations of ocean's tides (639–44) round the first book off (1.631-9):
interea madidis non desinit Africus aliscontinuos picea nube negare dies.iam matutinis Hyades occasibus udae;iam latet hiberno conditus imbre Lepus,exiguum radiis, sed magnis fluctibus, astrum, 635quo madidam nullus nauita linquat humum;namque procelloso subiungitur Orioniaestiferumque Canem roscida praeda fugit.

632 negare B: necare VR

Although the meaning of the first couplet (631–2) is clear, a textual difficulty seems to affect the pentameter. Since the editio princeps by Giovanni Battista Pio (B, dated to 1520), a well-established tradition of scholars has preferred the vulgate reading negare to necare, a reading found in V (Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, lat. 277, dated to 1502) and R (Rome, Bibl. Corsiniana, Caetani 158; c.1520/30). However we reconstruct the stemma (bipartite: VB R, V BR; tripartite: V B R), necare was the reading of the archetype, whereas negare could be a banalization of necare or a conjecture of the editor princeps.
Occult level IV metastases in clinically node-negative patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Motiee-Langroudi M , Amali A , Saedi B , Emami H , Ensani F , Lotfi A , Rabbani Anari M
Published: April 2016

Objective:

The present study was conducted to determine the rate of level IV lymph node involvement among node-negative (N0) necks in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue.

Methods:

The study comprised 32 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue, with tumour–node–metastasis staging of T1–3N0M0, who were admitted to the Otolaryngology Department at Tehran University of Medical Sciences from March 2012 to March 2014. After a complete diagnostic evaluation, wide primary tumour excision (with 1.5–2 cm margins) and extended supraomohyoid neck dissection (levels I–IV) were accomplished.

Results:

Occult metastasis was found in 28 per cent of the patients. Level I, II and III metastases were the most common (18.75, 18.75 and 15.62 per cent, respectively). Level IV metastasis was found in 6.25 per cent of patients.

Conclusion:

Supraomohyoid neck dissection appears to be an appropriate treatment for N0 tongue squamous cell carcinoma and there is no need for level IV lymph node dissection in a N0 patient.
Latest trends in the assessment and management of paediatric snoring and sleep apnoea
Authors: Sharma S D , Kanona H , Kumar G , Kotecha B
Published: April 2016

Objective:

To investigate the assessment and management of paediatric snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea in UK otolaryngology departments.

Method:

A telephone questionnaire survey of UK otolaryngology departments was conducted over a 16-week period.

Results:

The response rate was 61 per cent (85 out of 139 trusts). Use of pre-operative pulse oximetry was reported by 84 per cent of respondents, mainly to diagnose obstructive sleep apnoea (73 per cent) or stratify post-operative risk (46 per cent). Thirty-one per cent of respondents reported using post-operative pulse oximetry. Twenty-five per cent of respondents have a dedicated management protocol for paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea and snoring. Thirty-four per cent require prior clinical commissioning group approval before performing surgery. Fifty-eight per cent of respondents reported following up their obstructive sleep apnoea patients after surgery. The mean follow-up period (±standard deviation) was 6.8 ± 1.2 weeks.

Conclusion:

There is variation in the assessment and management of paediatric snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea across the UK, particularly in the use of pre- and post-operative pulse oximetry monitoring, and further guidelines regarding this are necessary.
Extracranial internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm in a two-year-old child: case report
Authors: Roos M , Butler I
Published: April 2016

Background:

Extracranial internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm is very rare in children.

Method:

This paper discusses the case of a boy, aged two years and six months, who presented with an enlarging neck mass and unilateral bloody otorrhoea. Special investigations revealed an extracranial internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm.

Results:

The patient made a full recovery after endovascular occlusion of the internal carotid artery and pseudoaneurysm using coils. At six months’ follow up, the internal carotid artery and pseudoaneurysm remained excluded from the circulation. The patient did not display any neurological deficits during hospital stay or follow up.

Conclusion:

This paper reports on one of the youngest patients documented to date who presented with an internal carotid artery pseudoaneurysm, possibly secondary to ear infection. Although rare, this condition should be excluded in children presenting with a mass of the neck or pharynx because of the dire consequences if left undiagnosed and untreated.
Addressing the ageing workforce: a critical examination of legal policy objectives and values in the United Kingdom
Authors: BLACKHAM ALYSIA
Published: April 2016

Population ageing is a key challenge confronting European policy makers. Ageing is a complex issue, requiring a value-driven approach to law and policy. However, there has been limited consideration of what values are driving ageing law and policy in the European Union, or if these values are appropriate. Drawing on an empirical study of United Kingdom (UK) legal policy documents, this paper identifies and critiques the primary values and objectives driving ageing law and policy in the field of employment. It is argued that the values driving UK law and policy are often contested, contradictory and under-defined, and there has been limited thought given to how they should be prioritised in the event they conflict. Thus, there is a serious need to reconsider the approach to age and employment taken by policy makers, and to clarify better the key values on which law and policy rest.
Legislative Error and the “Politics of Haste”
Authors: Lewallen Jonathan
Published: April 2016

Legislative error is an important and understudied element of the policy process. Even simple clerical mistakes—if unnoticed before enactment—can lead to ambiguity about a law’s meaning, spark political battles concerning rulemaking and implementation, and involve the courts in statutory interpretation. Understanding how and why error occurs can help us better understand how political institutions are intertwined in the design, enactment, and implementation of public policy. This article analyzes the sources of legislative error using data on corrected legislation in the US Senate from 1981 to 2012. The author finds that Senate drafting error is related to unified control of Congress and new majority parties, inexperienced committee members, and committee workload. In addition to bringing in different perspectives and preferences, elections can affect a legislature’s ability to draft clear, error-free statutes.
Predatory Publishing, Open Access, and the Costs to Academia
Authors: Rich Timothy S.
Published: April 2016

As publishing demands increase, so does the availability of open access predatory publishing options masquerading as reputable peer-review outlets. This article cautions against the broader consequences of predatory publishing and suggests means to control their influence.
How Are We Doing? Data Access and Replication in Political Science
Authors: Key Ellen M.
Published: April 2016

Data access and research transparency (DA-RT) is a growing concern for the discipline. Technological advances have greatly reduced the cost of sharing data, enabling full replication archives consisting of data and code to be shared on individual websites, as well as journal archives and institutional data repositories. But how do we ensure that scholars take advantage of these resources to share their replication archives? Moreover, are the costs of research transparency borne by individuals or by journals? This article assesses the impact of journal replication policies on data availability and finds that articles published in journals with mandatory provision policies are 24 times more likely to have replication materials available than articles those with no requirements.
Planetary science and exploration in the deep subsurface: results from the MINAR Program, Boulby Mine, UK
Authors: Payler Samuel J. , Biddle Jennifer F. , Coates Andrew J. , Cousins Claire R. , Cross Rachel E. , Cullen David C. , Downs Michael T. , Direito Susana O. L. , Edwards Thomas , Gray Amber L. , Genis Jac , Gunn Matthew , Hansford Graeme M. , Harkness Patrick , Holt John , Josset Jean-Luc , Li Xuan , Lees David S. , Lim Darlene S. S. , Mchugh Melissa , Mcluckie David , Meehan Emma , Paling Sean M. , Souchon Audrey , Yeoman Louise , Cockell Charles S.
Published: April 2016

The subsurface exploration of other planetary bodies can be used to unravel their geological history and assess their habitability. On Mars in particular, present-day habitable conditions may be restricted to the subsurface. Using a deep subsurface mine, we carried out a program of extraterrestrial analog research – MINe Analog Research (MINAR). MINAR aims to carry out the scientific study of the deep subsurface and test instrumentation designed for planetary surface exploration by investigating deep subsurface geology, whilst establishing the potential this technology has to be transferred into the mining industry. An integrated multi-instrument suite was used to investigate samples of representative evaporite minerals from a subsurface Permian evaporite sequence, in particular to assess mineral and elemental variations which provide small-scale regions of enhanced habitability. The instruments used were the Panoramic Camera emulator, Close-Up Imager, Raman spectrometer, Small Planetary Linear Impulse Tool, Ultrasonic drill and handheld X-ray diffraction (XRD). We present science results from the analog research and show that these instruments can be used to investigate in situ the geological context and mineralogical variations of a deep subsurface environment, and thus habitability, from millimetre to metre scales. We also show that these instruments are complementary. For example, the identification of primary evaporite minerals such as NaCl and KCl, which are difficult to detect by portable Raman spectrometers, can be accomplished with XRD. By contrast, Raman is highly effective at locating and detecting mineral inclusions in primary evaporite minerals. MINAR demonstrates the effective use of a deep subsurface environment for planetary instrument development, understanding the habitability of extreme deep subsurface environments on Earth and other planetary bodies, and advancing the use of space technology in economic mining.
Der merkmalsorientierte Ansatz psychologischer Verträge
Authors: Moser Klaus , Hecker Dominik , Galais Nathalie
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung. Wir stellen den merkmalsorientierten Ansatz zur Messung psychologischer Verträge ( McLean-Parks, Kidder & Gallagher, 1998 ), ein Inventar zu deren Erfassung sowie ausgewählte Befunde vor. Kerndimensionen sind der Fokus der Beziehung (ökonomisch bzw. sozio-emotional), die Greifbarkeit, die wahrgenommene Veränderbarkeit, die Breite (Beschäftigung umfasst verschiedene Lebensbereiche bzw. ist ausschließlich arbeitsbezogen), die Einzigartigkeit und die Freiwilligkeit der Beziehung, die um die Randmerkmale Zeitrahmen (Dauer und Befristung) und Zugehörigkeit zu mehreren Organisationen ergänzt werden. Die Faktorstruktur der durch das Inventar erfassten Kernmerkmale erweist sich als replizierbar stabil. Die Beschäftigungsform ist eine zentrale Determinante einiger, aber nicht aller Merkmale des psychologischen Vertrags. Die Dimensionen des merkmalsorientierten Ansatzes lassen sich im Sinne der Gegenüberstellung relationaler und transaktionaler Verträge anordnen. Allerdings sind Breite, geringe Greifbarkeit und Veränderbarkeit eher Komponenten relationaler Verträge, gehen aber mit geringerer Arbeitszufriedenheit und mehr Beanspruchung einher. Die Angemessenheit einer positiven Bewertung relationaler im Gegensatz zu transaktionalen psychologischen Verträgen wird diskutiert.
Ein kunsttherapeutischer Projekttag zur Wohlbefindenssteigerung bei Waldorflehrern
Authors: Oepen Renate , Gruber Harald , Heusser Peter
Published: April 2016

Zusammenfassung. Trotz hoher beruflicher Zufriedenheit weisen über ein Drittel der Waldorf-lehrer eine deutliche gesundheitliche Belastung auf. Sie gehören somit zu einer burnoutgefährde-ten Berufsgruppe. Die geplante Pilotstudie prüft, ob ein kunsttherapeutisches Interventionskonzept das Wohlbefinden von Waldorflehrern aktuell und habituell steigern kann. Die Evaluation erfolgt mit quantitativen und qualitativen Methoden. In der quantitativen Analyse wird die Veränderung des habituellen Wohlbefindens mit dem SF-36 Health Survey, die Veränderung des aktuellen Wohlbefindens mit Hilfe der Beschwerdenliste (B-L) und der Aktuellen Stimmungsskala (ASTS) erfasst. Die qualitative Analyse hat die Generierung kunsttherapeutischer Wirkfaktoren, die mit einer möglichen Wohlbefindenssteigerung in Verbindung gebracht werden können, zum Ziel. Diese Wirkfaktoren werden im Rahmen einer strukturierenden Inhaltsanalyse nach Mayring auf Basis von zwei Interviews zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten nach dem Projekttag mit ausgewählten Probanden gewonnen.
Nitrogen Garners Starring Role in Refined Earth System Model
Authors: Kelleher Shannon
Published: April 2016

Scientists create a more realistic representation of plant nitrogen uptake and usage to improve global climate simulations.
The Role of Water in Earth's Tectonic Plumbing Systems
Authors: Wheeling Kate
Published: April 2016

Tidal forces act on well water around the San Andreas Fault, giving researchers a new window into the hydrogeological structure of fault zones.
Deep data science to prevent and treat growth faltering in Maya children
Authors:   the Healthy Birth, Growth, and Development – Knowledge Integration (HBGDki) Initiative, Varela-Silva M I , Bogin B , Sobral J A G , Dickinson F , Monserrat-Revillo S
Published: April 2016

The Maya people are descended from the indigenous inhabitants of southern Mexico, Guatemala and adjacent regions of Central America. In Guatemala, 50% of infants and children are stunted (very low height-for-age), and some rural Maya regions have >70% children stunted. A large, longitudinal, intergenerational database was created to (1) provide deep data to prevent and treat somatic growth faltering and impaired neurocognitive development, (2) detect key dependencies and predictive relations between highly complex, time-varying, and interacting biological and cultural variables and (3) identify targeted multifactorial intervention strategies for field testing and validation. Contributions to this database included data from the Universidad del Valle de Guatemala Longitudinal Study of Child and Adolescent Development, child growth and intergenerational studies among the Maya in Mexico and studies about Maya migrants in the United States.
Low excitatory innervation balances high intrinsic excitability of immature dentate neurons
Authors: Dieni Cristina V. , Panichi Roberto , Aimone James B. , Kuo Chay T. , Wadiche Jacques I. , Overstreet-Wadiche Linda
Published: April 2016

Persistent neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus produces immature neurons with high intrinsic excitability and low levels of inhibition that are predicted to be more broadly responsive to afferent activity than mature neurons. Mounting evidence suggests that these immature neurons are necessary for generating distinct neural representations of similar contexts, but it is unclear how broadly responsive neurons help distinguish between similar patterns of afferent activity. Here we show that stimulation of the entorhinal cortex in mouse brain slices paradoxically generates spiking of mature neurons in the absence of immature neuron spiking. Immature neurons with high intrinsic excitability fail to spike due to insufficient excitatory drive that results from low innervation rather than silent synapses or low release probability. Our results suggest that low synaptic connectivity prevents immature neurons from responding broadly to cortical activity, potentially enabling excitable immature neurons to contribute to sparse and orthogonal dentate representations.
Nanostructured photoelectrochemical solar cell for nitrogen reduction using plasmon-enhanced black silicon
Authors: Ali Muataz , Zhou Fengling , Chen Kun , Kotzur Christopher , Xiao Changlong , Bourgeois Laure , Zhang Xinyi , MacFarlane Douglas R.
Published: April 2016

Ammonia (NH3) is one of the most widely produced chemicals worldwide. It has application in the production of many important chemicals, particularly fertilizers. It is also, potentially, an important energy storage intermediate and clean energy carrier. Ammonia production, however, mostly uses fossil fuels and currently accounts for more than 1.6% of global CO2 emissions (0.57 Gt in 2015). Here we describe a solar-driven nanostructured photoelectrochemical cell based on plasmon-enhanced black silicon for the conversion of atmospheric N2 to ammonia producing yields of 13.3 mg m−2 h−1 under 2 suns illumination. The yield increases with pressure; the highest observed in this work was 60 mg m−2 h−1 at 7 atm. In the presence of sulfite as a reactant, the process also offers a direct solar energy route to ammonium sulfate, a fertilizer of economic importance. Although the yields are currently not sufficient for practical application, there is much scope for improvement in the active materials in this cell.
Erratum: Differential effects of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial products on morphine induced inhibition of phagocytosis
Authors: Ninkovic Jana , Anand Vidhu , Dutta Raini , Zhang Li , Saluja Anuj , Meng Jingjing , Koodie Lisa , Banerjee Santanu , Roy Sabita
Published: April 2016

Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 21094; published online: 19 February 2016; updated: 20 April 2016. The original version of this Article contained errors in the spelling of the authors Jana Ninkovic, Vidhu Anand, Raini Dutta, Lisa Koodie, Santanu Banerjee and Sabita Roy which were incorrectly given as Ninkovic Jana, Anand Vidhu, Dutta Raini, Koodie Lisa, Banerjee Santanu and Roy Sabita.
Mutations in human C2CD3 cause skeletal dysplasia and provide new insights into phenotypic and cellular consequences of altered C2CD3 function
Authors: Cortés Claudio R. , McInerney-Leo Aideen M. , Vogel Ida , Rondón Galeano Maria C. , Leo Paul J. , Harris Jessica E. , Anderson Lisa K. , Keith Patricia A. , Brown Matthew A. , Ramsing Mette , Duncan Emma L. , Zankl Andreas , Wicking Carol
Published: April 2016

Ciliopathies are a group of genetic disorders caused by defective assembly or dysfunction of the primary cilium, a microtubule-based cellular organelle that plays a key role in developmental signalling. Ciliopathies are clinically grouped in a large number of overlapping disorders, including the orofaciodigital syndromes (OFDS), the short rib polydactyly syndromes and Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy. Recently, mutations in the gene encoding the centriolar protein C2CD3 have been described in two families with a new sub-type of OFDS (OFD14), with microcephaly and cerebral malformations. Here we describe a third family with novel compound heterozygous C2CD3 mutations in two fetuses with a different clinical presentation, dominated by skeletal dysplasia with no microcephaly. Analysis of fibroblast cultures derived from one of these fetuses revealed a reduced ability to form cilia, consistent with previous studies in C2cd3-mutant mouse and chicken cells. More detailed analyses support a role for C2CD3 in basal body maturation; but in contrast to previous mouse studies the normal recruitment of the distal appendage protein CEP164 suggests that this protein is not sufficient for efficient basal body maturation and subsequent axonemal extension in a C2CD3-defective background.
Drug target identification using network analysis: Taking active components in Sini decoction as an example
Authors: Chen Si , Jiang Hailong , Cao Yan , Wang Yun , Hu Ziheng , Zhu Zhenyu , Chai Yifeng
Published: April 2016

Identifying the molecular targets for the beneficial effects of active small-molecule compounds simultaneously is an important and currently unmet challenge. In this study, we firstly proposed network analysis by integrating data from network pharmacology and metabolomics to identify targets of active components insinidecoction (SND) simultaneously against heart failure. To begin with, 48 potential active components in SND against heart failure were predicted by serum pharmacochemistry, text mining and similarity match. Then, we employed network pharmacology including text mining and molecular docking to identify the potential targets of these components. The key enriched processes, pathways and related diseases of these target proteins were analyzed by STRING database. At last, network analysis was conducted to identify most possible targets of components in SND. Among the 25 targets predicted by network analysis, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) was firstly experimentally validated in molecular and cellular level. Results indicated that hypaconitine, mesaconitine, higenamine and quercetin in SND can directly bind to TNF-α, reduce the TNF-α-mediated cytotoxicity on L929 cells and exert anti-myocardial cell apoptosis effects. We envisage that network analysis will also be useful in target identification of a bioactive compound.
Correction: Corrigendum: ACEMg Diet Supplement Modifies Progression of Hereditary Deafness
Authors: Green Kari L. , Swiderski Donald L. , Prieskorn Diane M. , DeRemer Susan J. , Beyer Lisa A. , Miller Josef M. , Green Glenn E. , Raphael Yehoash
Published: April 2016

Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 22690; published online: 11 March 2016; updated: 20 April 2016 This Article contains errors in the legend of Fig. 5. “Post-weaning dietary supplement slowed or reversed hearing loss in Diap3-Tg mutant mice.” should read: “Post-weaning dietary supplement accelerated hearing loss in Diap3-Tg mutant mice.
Osmotin attenuates LPS-induced neuroinflammation and memory impairments via the TLR4/NFκB signaling pathway
Authors: Badshah Haroon , Ali Tahir , Kim Myeong Ok
Published: April 2016

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling in the brain mediates autoimmune responses and induces neuroinflammation that results in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The plant hormone osmotin inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TLR4 downstream signaling, including activation of TLR4, CD14, IKKα/β, and NFκB, and the release of inflammatory mediators, such as COX-2, TNF-α, iNOS, and IL-1β. Immunoprecipitation demonstrated colocalization of TLR4 and AdipoR1 receptors in BV2 microglial cells, which suggests that osmotin binds to AdipoR1 and inhibits downstream TLR4 signaling. Furthermore, osmotin treatment reversed LPS-induced behavioral and memory disturbances and attenuated LPS-induced increases in the expression of AD markers, such as Aβ, APP, BACE-1, and p-Tau. Osmotin improved synaptic functionality via enhancing the activity of pre- and post-synaptic markers, like PSD-95, SNAP-25, and syntaxin-1. Osmotin also prevented LPS-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration via inhibition of PARP-1 and caspase-3. Overall, our studies demonstrated that osmotin prevented neuroinflammation-associated memory impairment and neurodegeneration and suggest AdipoR1 as a therapeutic target for the treatment of neuroinflammation and neurological disorders, such as AD.
Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase 1 (PHD1) deficiency promotes hepatic steatosis and liver-specific insulin resistance in mice
Authors: Thomas Amandine , Belaidi Elise , Aron-Wisnewsky Judith , van der Zon Gerard C. , Levy Patrick , Clement Karine , Pepin Jean-Louis , Godin-Ribuot Diane , Guigas Bruno
Published: April 2016

Obesity is associated with local tissue hypoxia and elevated hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) in metabolic tissues. Prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) play an important role in regulating HIF-α isoform stability. In the present study, we investigated the consequence of whole-body PHD1 gene (Egln2) inactivation on metabolic homeostasis in mice. At baseline, PHD1−/− mice exhibited higher white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, despite lower body weight and impaired insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance when compared to age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. When fed a synthetic low-fat diet, PHD1−/− mice also exhibit a higher body weight gain and WAT mass along with glucose intolerance and systemic insulin resistance compared to WT mice. PHD1 deficiency led to increase in glycolytic gene expression, lipogenic proteins ACC and FAS, hepatic steatosis and liver-specific insulin resistance. Furthermore, gene markers of inflammation were also increased in the liver, but not in WAT or skeletal muscle, of PHD1−/− mice. As expected, high-fat diet (HFD) promoted obesity, hepatic steatosis, tissue-specific inflammation and systemic insulin resistance in WT mice but these diet-induced metabolic alterations were not exacerbated in PHD1−/− mice. In conclusion, PHD1 deficiency promotes hepatic steatosis and liver-specific insulin resistance but does not worsen the deleterious effects of HFD on metabolic homeostasis.
Levels of human platelet-derived soluble CD40 ligand depend on haplotypes of CD40LG-CD40-ITGA2
Authors: Aloui Chaker , Prigent Antoine , Tariket Sofiane , Sut Caroline , Fagan Jocelyne , Cognasse Fabrice , Chakroun Tahar , Garraud Olivier , Laradi Sandrine
Published: April 2016

Increased circulating soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) is commonly associated with inflammatory disorders. We aimed to investigate whether gene polymorphisms in CD40LG, CD40 and ITGA2 are associated with a propensity to secrete sCD40L; thus, we examined this issue at the level of human platelets, the principal source of sCD40L. We performed single polymorphism and haplotype analyses to test for the effect of twelve polymorphisms across the CD40LG, CD40 and ITGA2 genes in blood donors. ITGA2 presented a positive association with rs1126643, with a significant modification in sCD40L secretion (carriers of C allele, P = 0.02), unlike the investigated CD40LG and CD40 polymorphisms. One CD40LG haplotype (TGGC) showing rs975379 (C/T), rs3092952 (A/G), rs3092933 (A/G) and rs3092929 (A/C) was associated with increased sCD40L levels (1.906 μg/L (95% CI: 1.060 to 2.751); P = 0.000009). The sCD40L level was associated with the inter-chromosomal CD40LG/CD40/ITGA2 haplotype (ATC), displaying rs3092952 (A/G), rs1883832 (C/T) and rs1126643 (C/T), with increased sCD40L levels (P = 0.0135). Our results help to decipher the genetic role of CD40LG, CD40 and ITGA2 with regard to sCD40L levels found in platelet components. Given the crucial role of sCD40L, this haplotype study in a transfusion model may be helpful to further determine the role of haplotypes in inflammatory clinical settings.
Molecular Structures of Al/Si and Fe/Si Coprecipitates and the Implication for Selenite Removal
Authors: Chan Ya-Ting , Kuan Wen-Hui , Tzou Yu-Min , Chen Tsan-Yao , Liu Yu-Ting , Wang Ming-Kuang , Teah Heng-Yi
Published: April 2016

Aluminum and iron oxides have been often used in the coagulation processes during water purification due to their unique surface properties toward anions. In the presence of silica, the coprecipitation of Al/Si or Fe/Si might decrease the efficiency of wastewater purification and reuse. In this study, surface properties and molecular structures of Al/Si and Fe/Si coprecipitates were characterized using spectroscopic techniques. Also, the selenite removal efficiency of Al/Si and Fe/Si coprecipitates in relation to their surface and structural properties was investigated. While dissolved silicate increased with increasing pH from Fe/Si coprecipitates, less than 7% of silicate was discernible from Al/Si samples over the range from acidic to alkaline conditions. Our spectroscopic results showed that the associations between Al and Si were relatively stronger than that between Fe and Si in coprecipitates. In Al/Si coprecipitates, core-shell structures were developed with AlO6/AlO4 domains as the shells and Si frameworks polymerized from the SiO2 as the cores. However, Si framework remained relatively unchanged upon coprecipitation with Fe hydroxides in Fe/Si samples. The Si core with Al shell structure of Al/Si coprecipitates shielded the negative charges from SiO2 and thereby resulted in a higher adsorption capacity of selenite than Fe/Si coprecipitates.
Identification of a residue crucial for the angiostatic activity of human mini tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase by focusing on its molecular evolution
Authors: Nakamoto Terumasa , Miyanokoshi Miki , Tanaka Tomoaki , Wakasugi Keisuke
Published: April 2016

Human tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (TrpRS) exists in two forms: a full-length TrpRS and a mini TrpRS. We previously found that human mini, but not full-length, TrpRS is an angiostatic factor. Moreover, it was shown that the interaction between mini TrpRS and the extracellular domain of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin is crucial for its angiostatic activity. However, the molecular mechanism of the angiostatic activity of human mini TrpRS is only partly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects of truncated (mini) form of TrpRS proteins from human, bovine, or zebrafish on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-stimulated chemotaxis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We show that both human and bovine mini TrpRSs inhibited VEGF-induced endothelial migration, whereas zebrafish mini TrpRS did not. Next, to identify residues crucial for the angiostatic activity of human mini TrpRS, we prepared several site-directed mutants based on amino acid sequence alignments among TrpRSs from various species and demonstrated that a human mini K153Q TrpRS mutant cannot inhibit VEGF-stimulated HUVEC migration and cannot bind to the extracellular domain of VE-cadherin. Taken together, we conclude that the Lys153 residue of human mini TrpRS is a VE-cadherin binding site and is therefore crucial for its angiostatic activity.
Diffractive optics for combined spatial- and mode- division demultiplexing of optical vortices: design, fabrication and optical characterization
Authors: Ruffato Gianluca , Massari Michele , Romanato Filippo
Published: April 2016

During the last decade, the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light has attracted growing interest as a new degree of freedom for signal channel multiplexing in order to increase the information transmission capacity in today’s optical networks. Here we present the design, fabrication and characterization of phase-only diffractive optical elements (DOE) performing mode-division (de)multiplexing (MDM) and spatial-division (de)multiplexing (SDM) at the same time. Samples have been fabricated with high-resolution electron-beam lithography patterning a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) resist layer spun over a glass substrate. Different DOE designs are presented for the sorting of optical vortices differing in either OAM content or beam size in the optical regime, with different steering geometries in far-field. These novel DOE designs appear promising for telecom applications both in free-space and in multi-core fibers propagation.