bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phosphate Binding Reduces Aortic Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Enhances Nitric Oxide Bioactivity in Experimental Renal Insufficiency
Authors: Eräranta Arttu , Törmänen Suvi , Kööbi Peeter , Vehmas Tuija I. , Lakkisto Päivi , Tikkanen Ilkka , Moilanen Eeva , Niemelä Onni , Mustonen Jukka , Pörsti Ilkka
Published: May 2014

Background: Disturbed calcium-phosphorus metabolism is associated with increased kidney angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in experimental chronic renal insufficiency (CRI). However, information about the effects of phosphate binding and loading on vascular ACE is lacking. Methods: Fifteen weeks after 5/6 nephrectomy (NX), rats were placed on a phosphate-binding (NX+Ca, 3.0% Ca), phosphate-loading (NX+Pi, 1.5% Pi), or control diet for 12 weeks (NX and sham). Results: Aortic ACE, blood pressure, plasma phosphate, and parathyroid hormone were increased in the NX and NX+Pi groups, but were reduced with phosphate binding. Endothelium-mediated relaxations of isolated mesenteric conduit artery rings to acetylcholine were impaired in the NX and NX+Pi groups, but did not differ from sham in NX+Ca rats. Experiments with nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibition in vitro suggested that the NO-mediated component of acetylcholine response was lower in the NX and NX+Pi groups, but did not differ from sham in NX+Ca rats. In all NX groups, aortic endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) was reduced, while plasma and urine concentrations of NO metabolites were increased. Aortic nitrated proteins and calcification were increased in the NX and NX+Pi groups when compared with the NX+Ca and sham groups. Conclusion: Hypertension in the NX model of CRI was associated with reduced vasorelaxation, decreased eNOS, and increased ACE and nitrated proteins in the aorta. Phosphate binding with calcium carbonate enhanced vasorelaxation via endogenous NO and suppressed elevation of ACE and nitrated proteins, suggesting reduced vascular oxidative stress. Our findings support the view that correction of the calcium-phosphorus balance prevents CRI-induced vascular pathophysiology.
Stakeholder Discussion to Reduce Population-Wide Sodium Intake and Decrease Sodium in the Food Supply
Authors: Antman Elliott M. , Appel Lawrence J. , Balentine Douglas , Johnson Rachel K. , Steffen Lyn M. , Miller Emily Ann , Pappas Antigoni , Stitzel Kimberly F. , Vafiadis Dorothea K. , Whitsel Laurie
Published: May 2014

Background—

A 2-day interactive forum was convened to discuss the current status and future implications of reducing sodium in the food supply and to identify opportunities for stakeholder collaboration.

Methods and Results—

Participants included 128 stakeholders engaged in food research and development, food manufacturing and retail, restaurant and food service operations, regulatory and legislative activities, public health initiatives, healthcare, academia and scientific research, and data monitoring and surveillance. Presentation topics included scientific evidence for sodium reduction and public health policy recommendations; consumer sodium intakes, attitudes, and behaviors; food technologies and solutions for sodium reduction and sensory implications; experiences of the food and dining industries; and translation and implementation of sodium intake recommendations. Facilitated breakout sessions were conducted to allow for sharing of current practices, insights, and expertise.

Conclusions—

A well-established body of scientific research shows that there is a strong relationship between excess sodium intake and high blood pressure and other adverse health outcomes. With Americans getting >75% of their sodium from processed and restaurant food, this evidence creates mounting pressure for less sodium in the food supply. The reduction of sodium in the food supply is a complex issue that involves multiple stakeholders. The success of new technological approaches for reducing sodium will depend on product availability, health effects (both intended and unintended), research and development investments, quality and taste of reformulated foods, supply chain management, operational modifications, consumer acceptance, and cost. The conference facilitated an exchange of ideas and set the stage for potential collaboration opportunities among stakeholders with mutual interest in reducing sodium in the food supply and in Americans’ diets. Population-wide sodium reduction remains a critically important component of public health efforts to promote cardiovascular health and prevent cardiovascular disease and will remain a priority for the American Heart Association.
Sympathetic Stimulation of Thiazide-Sensitive Sodium Chloride Cotransport in the Generation of Salt-Sensitive Hypertension
Authors: Terker Andrew S. , Yang Chao-Ling , McCormick James A. , Meermeier Nicholas P. , Rogers Shaunessy L. , Grossmann Solveig , Trompf Katja , Delpire Eric , Loffing Johannes , Ellison David H.
Published: May 2014

Excessive renal efferent sympathetic nerve activity contributes to hypertension in many circumstances. Although both hemodynamic and tubular effects likely participate, most evidence supports a major role for α-adrenergic receptors in mediating the direct epithelial stimulation of sodium retention. Recently, it was reported, however, that norepinephrine activates the thiazide-sensitive NaCl cotransporter (NCC) by stimulating β-adrenergic receptors. Here, we confirmed this effect and developed an acute adrenergic stimulation model to study the signaling cascade. The results show that norepinephrine increases the abundance of phosphorylated NCC rapidly (161% increase), an effect largely dependent on β-adrenergic receptors. This effect is not mediated by the activation of angiotensin II receptors. We used immunodissected mouse distal convoluted tubule to show that distal convoluted tubule cells are especially enriched for β
1
-adrenergic receptors, and that the effects of adrenergic stimulation can occur ex vivo (79% increase), suggesting they are direct. Because the 2 protein kinases, STE20p-related proline- and alanine-rich kinase (encoded by STK39) and oxidative stress–response kinase 1, phosphorylate and activate NCC, we examined their roles in norepinephrine effects. Surprisingly, norepinephrine did not affect STE20p-related proline- and alanine-rich kinase abundance or its localization in the distal convoluted tubule; instead, we observed a striking activation of oxidative stress–response kinase 1. We confirmed that STE20p-related proline- and alanine-rich kinase is not required for NCC activation, using STK39 knockout mice. Together, the data provide strong support for a signaling system involving β
1
-receptors in the distal convoluted tubule that activates NCC, at least in part via oxidative stress–response kinase 1. The results have implications about device- and drug-based treatment of hypertension.
Fine Neural Tuning for Orthographic Properties of Words Emerges Early in Children Reading Alphabetic Script
Authors: Zhao Jing , Kipp Kerstin , Gaspar Carl , Maurer Urs , Weng Xuchu , Mecklinger Axel , Li Su
Published: May 2014

The left-lateralized N170 component of ERPs for words compared with various control stimuli is considered as an electrophysiological manifestation of visual expertise for written words. To understand the information sensitivity of the effect, researchers distinguish between coarse tuning for words (the N170 amplitude difference between words and symbol strings) and fine tuning for words (the N170 amplitude difference between words and consonant strings). Earlier developmental ERP studies demonstrated that the coarse tuning for words occurred early in children (8 years old), whereas the fine tuning for words emerged much later (10 years old). Given that there are large individual differences in reading ability in young children, these tuning effects may emerge earlier than expected in some children. This study measured N170 responses to words and control stimuli in a large group of 7-year-olds that varied widely in reading ability. In both low and high reading ability groups, we observed the coarse neural tuning for words. More interestingly, we found that a stronger N170 for words than consonant strings emerged in children with high but not low reading ability. Our study demonstrates for the first time that fine neural tuning for orthographic properties of words can be observed in young children with high reading ability, suggesting that the emergent age of this effect is much earlier than previously assumed. The modulation of this effect by reading ability suggests that fine tuning is flexible and highly related to experience. Moreover, we found a correlation between this tuning effect at left occipitotemporal electrodes and children's reading ability, suggesting that the fine tuning might be a biomarker of reading skills at the very beginning of learning to read.
Young Men and the Symmetrical Life
Authors: Stoneley Peter
Published: May 2014

Denman Waldo Ross (1853–1935), professor at Harvard, was one of the most influential American art theorists and collectors of the early twentieth century. Drawing on archival texts and images, this essay places Ross's innovative work within its contexts of Platonic theory, racial anthropology, and homosexuality.
Four new species and eighteen lectotypifications of Larnax from Ecuador and Peru and a new synonym of Deprea orinocensis (Solanaceae: Solanoideae, Physalideae)
Authors: DEANNA ROCÍO , GONZÁLEZ SEGUNDO LEIVA , BARBOZA GLORIA E.
Published: May 2014

Four new species of Larnax, L. macasiana, L. pumila, L. purpureocarpa, and L. toledoana, are described and illustrated and species conservation assessments presented. Eighteen lectotypifications of Peruvian Larnax: Larnax abra-patriciae, L. altomayoensis, L. bongaraensis, L. chotanae, L. dilloniana, L. kann-rasmusseniorum, L. longipedunculata, L. lutea, L. nieva, L. pedrazae, L. peruviana, L. pilosa, L. pomacochaense, L. purpurea, L. sagasteguii, L. sawyeriana, L. schjellerupiae, and L. vasquezii are proposed, mostly to replace material destroyed in a fire at HAO (Trujillo, Peru). A new synonym of Deprea orinocensis from Ecuador, Iochroma suffruticosum is also proposed and lectotypified based on an examination of original type material.
Rubus gizellae (Rosaceae), a bramble species from southeastern Europe—identification history, neotypification, and taxonomic notes
Authors: KIRÁLY GERGELY , BARINA ZOLTÁN , TRÁVNÍČEK BOHUMIL
Published: May 2014

The genus Rubus Linnaeus (1753: 492) with nearly 700 species in Europe (Kurtto et al. 2010) constitutes an extraordinarily taxonomically critical group within the Rosaceae (Rosoideae). The richness of morphotypes combined with a poor understanding of the breeding system of apomictic brambles has resulted in the description of thousands of entities. Lack of taxonomic standards and an overwhelming number of scientific names has caused nomenclatorial chaos, which mainly has been resolved by the modern species concept developed in Europe in the late 1900s (“Weberian reform”, Weber 1999; Haveman & de Ronde 2012). However, the review of older names is an extended process and re-evaluation of names has often failed due to lack of type material.
The genus Palaeagapetus Ulmer (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae, Ptilocolepinae) in North America
Authors: ITO TOMIKO , WISSEMAN ROBERT W. , MORSE JOHN C. , COLBO MURRAY H. , WEAVER III JOHN S.
Published: May 2014

The genus Palaeagapetus Ulmer (Trichoptera, Hydroptilidae, Ptilocolepinae) is revised in North America. Descriptions of the western species, P. nearcticus Banks 1938, are provided with the first descriptions of the female, pupa, larva, egg and case and with notes on food, habitat and annual life cycle. The male and female of the eastern species, P. celsus Ross 1936, are described or redescribed with some ecological notes. Distributions of the two species are summarized.
Comparative morphology and taxonomy of Sciacharis s. str., Chathamaenus Franz and Maorinus Franz (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scydmaeninae)
Authors: JAŁOSZYŃSKI PAWEŁ
Published: May 2014

Sciacharis s. str. is redefined based on the morphology of its type species, S. fulva Broun, and compared with sympatric genera Chathamaenus Franz (endemic to New Zealand) and Maorinus Franz (known from New Zealand and Australia). As a result, Chathamaenus is placed as a junior synonym of Sciacharis s. str., and Maorinus, originally described as a subgenus of Euconnus Thomson (under a preoccupied name Maoria Franz), subsequently elevated in rank, is here reduced to a subgenus of Sciacharis. Forty six new combinations resulted from this action are listed and Sciacharis (Maorinus) rakiuraensis nom. n. is proposed as a replacement name for Euconnus australis Franz, 1975, a junior primary homonym of Euconnus australis Franz, 1967.
The phylogenetic position of the Critically Endangered Saint Croix ground lizard Ameiva polops: revisiting molecular systematics of West Indian Ameiva
Authors: HURTADO LUIS A. , SANTAMARIA CARLOS A , FITZGERALD LEE A.
Published: May 2014

The phylogenetic position of the critically endangered Saint Croix ground lizard Ameiva polops is presently unknown and several hypotheses have been proposed. We investigated the phylogenetic position of this species using molecular phylogenetic methods. We obtained sequences of DNA fragments of the mitochondrial ribosomal genes 12S rDNA and 16S rDNA for this species. We aligned these sequences with published sequences of other Ameiva species, which include most of the Ameiva species from the West Indies, three Ameiva species from Central America and South America, and one from the teiid lizard Tupinambis teguixin, which was used as outgroup. We conducted Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. The phylogenetic reconstructions among the different methods were very similar, supporting the monophyly of West Indian Ameiva and showing within this lineage, a basal polytomy of four clades that are separated geographically. Ameiva polops grouped in a cluster that included the other two Ameiva species found in the Puerto Rican Bank: A. wetmorei and A. exsul. A sister relationship between A. polops and A. wetmorei is suggested by our analyses. We compare our results with a previous study on molecular systematics of West Indian Ameiva.
First record of Hiroshia László, Ronkay & Ronkay from China, with description of a new species (Lepidoptera: Thyatiridae)
Authors: ZHUANG HAILING , OWADA MAMORU , WANG MIN
Published: May 2014

The monotypical genus Hiroshia and the type species, H. albinigra László, Ronkay & Ronkay, 2001 from North Vietnam are recorded for the first time from China, with description of a new species, H. nanlingana sp. n. Adults and genitalia are illustrated and a distribution map of Hiroshia is provided.
The genus Ademon Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Opiinae) from China, with descriptions of two new species
Authors: WU QIONG , HE JUN-HUA , CHEN XUE-XIN
Published: May 2014

The species of Ademon Haliday (Braconidae, Opiiinae) from China are studied. Two new species are described: A. lechrilophodes sp. nov. and A. xuthus sp. nov., and a key to the identification of Old World Ademon is provided.
Changing Work and Work-Family Conflict
Authors: Kelly Erin L. , Moen Phyllis , Oakes J. Michael , Fan Wen , Okechukwu Cassandra , Davis Kelly D. , Hammer Leslie B. , Kossek Ellen Ernst , King Rosalind Berkowitz , Hanson Ginger C. , Mierzwa Frank , Casper Lynne M.
Published: May 2014

Schedule control and supervisor support for family and personal life may help employees manage the work-family interface. Existing data and research designs, however, have made it difficult to conclusively identify the effects of these work resources. This analysis utilizes a group-randomized trial in which some units in an information technology workplace were randomly assigned to participate in an initiative, called STAR, that targeted work practices, interactions, and expectations by (1) training supervisors on the value of demonstrating support for employees’ personal lives and (2) prompting employees to reconsider when and where they work. We find statistically significant, although modest, improvements in employees’ work-family conflict and family time adequacy, and larger changes in schedule control and supervisor support for family and personal life. We find no evidence that this intervention increased work hours or perceived job demands, as might have happened with increased permeability of work across time and space. Subgroup analyses suggest the intervention brought greater benefits to employees more vulnerable to work-family conflict. This study uses a rigorous design to investigate deliberate organizational changes and their effects on work resources and the work-family interface, advancing our understanding of the impact of social structures on individual lives.
Stem Cells and Calcium Phosphate Cement Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration
Authors: Wang P. , Zhao L. , Chen W. , Liu X. , Weir M.D. , Xu H.H.K.
Published: May 2014

Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) have excellent biocompatibility and osteoconductivity for dental, craniofacial, and orthopedic applications. This article reviews recent developments in stem cell delivery via CPC for bone regeneration. This includes: (1) biofunctionalization of the CPC scaffold, (2) co-culturing of osteoblasts/endothelial cells and prevascularization of CPC, (3) seeding of CPC with different stem cell species, (4) human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUCMSC) and bone marrow MSC (hBMSC) seeding on CPC for bone regeneration, and (5) human embryonic stem cell (hESC) and induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) seeding with CPC for bone regeneration. Cells exhibited good attachment/proliferation in CPC scaffolds. Stem-cell-CPC constructs generated more new bone and blood vessels in vivo than did the CPC control without cells. hUCMSCs, hESC-MSCs, and hiPSC-MSCs in CPC generated new bone and blood vessels similar to those of hBMSCs; hence, they were viable cell sources for bone engineering. CPC with hESC-MSCs and hiPSC-MSCs generated new bone two- to three-fold that of the CPC control. Therefore, this article demonstrates that: (1) CPC scaffolds are suitable for delivering cells; (2) hUCMSCs, hESCs, and hiPSCs are promising alternatives to hBMSCs, which require invasive procedures to harvest with limited cell quantity; and (3) stem-cell-CPC constructs are highly promising for bone regeneration in dental, craniofacial, and orthopedic applications.
Understanding “Core Practices” and “Practice-Based” Teacher Education
Authors: Forzani Francesca M.
Published: May 2014

In recent years, a small but growing strand of research has investigated ways of focusing teachers’ professional education on “core” or “high leverage” practices of teaching. These efforts are easily conflated with other initiatives to develop “practice-focused” teacher education, raising questions about what these terms even mean. This article investigates what can be learned by comparing and contrasting teacher education focused on core practices with other approaches that might also be called “practice-based,” including those dating back to the 19th century. It focuses on three important periods in the history of teacher education: the heyday of the normal schools in the late 1800s, the period of scientific efficiency in the 1920s and 1930s, and the era of competency-based teacher education in the 1960s and 1970s.
The Future of Volunteer Tourism in the Asia-Pacific Region
Authors: Ong Faith , Lockstone-Binney Leonie , King Brian , Smith Karen A.
Published: May 2014

Volunteer tourism has attracted increasing attention among tourism industry practitioners and researchers. As an indication of the scale and scope of the phenomenon, most volunteer tourists have been residents of developed countries visiting developing countries to participate in community development initiatives, scientific research and ecological restoration projects. The researchers have reviewed the literature to determine the drivers of growth that have shaped volunteer tourism and have examined the trends affecting tourism and economic growth in the Asia-Pacific region over the medium to longer term. These exploratory inputs serve to inform three scenarios about the likely shape of volunteer tourism within the region leading to 2050: the first scenario predicts a steady state, the second growing participation, and the final proposition, one of diminishing viability. The prospective implications for volunteer tourism arising from these various scenarios are discussed, together with a concluding agenda for future research.
Etiology and Time to Presentation of Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis
Authors: Spataro Emily A. , Grindler David J. , Paniello Randal C.
Published: May 2014

Objective

To determine the etiology, laterality, and time to presentation of unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) at a tertiary care institution over 10 years.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Academic medical center.

Subjects and Methods

All patients seen between 2002 and 2012 by the Department of Otolaryngology at the Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), with a diagnosis of unilateral vocal fold paralysis, were included. Medical records were reviewed for symptom onset date, presentation date(s), and etiology of UVFP.

Results

Of the patients, 938 met inclusion criteria and were included. In total, 522 patients (55.6%) had UVFP due to surgery; 158 (16.8%) were associated with thyroid/parathyroid surgery, while 364 (38.8%) were due to nonthyroid surgery. Of the patients, 416 (44.4%) had nonsurgical etiologies, 124 (13.2%) had idiopathic UVFP, and 621 (66.2%) had left‐sided UVFP. The diagnosis was more common on the left side in cases of intrathoracic surgeries and malignancies, as expected, but also in idiopathic, carotid endarterectomy, intubation, and skull base tumors. In total, 9.8% of patients presented first to an outside otolaryngologist at a median time of 2.1 months after onset, but these patients presented to WUSM at a median time of 9.5 months. Overall, 70.6% of patients presented to a WUSM otolaryngologist within 3 months of onset.

Conclusion

Iatrogenic injury remains the most common cause of UVFP. Thyroidectomy remains the leading cause of surgery‐related UVFP. Patients are typically seen within 3‐4 months of onset; however, a significant delay exists for those referred to WUSM.
Identifying Best-Fitting Inputs in Health-Economic Model Calibration
Authors: Enns Eva A. , Cipriano Lauren E. , Simons Cyrena T. , Kong Chung Yin
Published: May 2014

Background. To identify best-fitting input sets using model calibration, individual calibration target fits are often combined into a single goodness-of-fit (GOF) measure using a set of weights. Decisions in the calibration process, such as which weights to use, influence which sets of model inputs are identified as best-fitting, potentially leading to different health economic conclusions. We present an alternative approach to identifying best-fitting input sets based on the concept of Pareto-optimality. A set of model inputs is on the Pareto frontier if no other input set simultaneously fits all calibration targets as well or better. Methods. We demonstrate the Pareto frontier approach in the calibration of 2 models: a simple, illustrative Markov model and a previously published cost-effectiveness model of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). For each model, we compare the input sets on the Pareto frontier to an equal number of best-fitting input sets according to 2 possible weighted-sum GOF scoring systems, and we compare the health economic conclusions arising from these different definitions of best-fitting. Results. For the simple model, outcomes evaluated over the best-fitting input sets according to the 2 weighted-sum GOF schemes were virtually nonoverlapping on the cost-effectiveness plane and resulted in very different incremental cost-effectiveness ratios ($79,300 [95% CI 72,500–87,600] v. $139,700 [95% CI 79,900–182,800] per quality-adjusted life-year [QALY] gained). Input sets on the Pareto frontier spanned both regions ($79,000 [95% CI 64,900–156,200] per QALY gained). The TAVR model yielded similar results. Conclusions. Choices in generating a summary GOF score may result in different health economic conclusions. The Pareto frontier approach eliminates the need to make these choices by using an intuitive and transparent notion of optimality as the basis for identifying best-fitting input sets.
Adiabatic and conjugate simulations on the flow field in a gas turbine vane with pressure side film cooling and trailing edge cutback
Authors: Ravelli Silvia , Barigozzi Giovanna
Published: May 2014

The present study concentrates on the numerical investigation of pressure side film cooling in a linear nozzle vane cascade typical of a high-pressure turbine in gas turbine engines. The cooling scheme features a pressure side cutback and two rows of cooling holes located upstream of the cutback. The main goal is to evaluate the applicability of a simple numerical method, i.e. the steady incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes, in such a complex industrial application. The simulations are performed according to an adiabatic and conjugate approach. Two values of the coolant-to-mainstream mass flow ratio ( MFR = 1% and 2.8%) are simulated at exit Mach number of M2 is = 0.2. The computed flow/temperature fields in the cooled regions of the vane pressure side are presented and compared to available measurements of: holes and cutback exit velocity and discharge behavior; boundary layer along traverses at strategic axial locations, adiabatic film cooling effectiveness. In addition, distributions of overall film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficients are reported for the conjugate cases. Both adiabatic and conjugate techniques provide reasonable predictions of three-dimensional aerodynamic and thermal features of the investigated cooled vane. The conjugate heat transfer is much more complicated than one-dimensional conduction within the vane material.
Evidence-Based Practice Recommendations for Hydration in Children and Adolescents With Cancer Receiving Intravenous Cyclophosphamide
Authors: Robinson Deborah , Schulz Ginny , Langley Rachel , Donze Kevin , Winchester Kari , Rodgers Cheryl
Published: May 2014

Hemorrhagic cystitis is a known complication of cyclophosphamide, an antineoplastic agent used to treat a variety of oncologic diseases in children. Hydration can prevent hemorrhagic cystitis; however, use varies in clinical practice. A team was assembled to develop evidence-based practice recommendations to address the following question: in a population of children with cancer, what is the appropriate pre- and posthydration for the administration of different dose levels of intravenous cyclophosphamide to prevent bladder toxicity? The purpose was to identify the appropriate rate, duration, and route of hydration to prevent bladder toxicity with low, intermediate, and high dose cyclophosphamide. After a systematic search of the literature, 15 pieces of evidence were evaluated and used. There is a moderate level of quality evidence related to hydration for high dose cyclophosphamide and very low quality evidence related to intermediate or low dose cyclophosphamide. Three general recommendations were made for hydration associated with cyclophosphamide. There is a need for further research related to the prevention of bladder toxicity in children with cancer receiving cyclophosphamide.
Evidence-Based Recommendations for Fertility Preservation Options for Inclusion in Treatment Protocols for Pediatric and Adolescent Patients Diagnosed With Cancer
Authors: Fernbach Alison , Lockart Barbara , Armus Cheryl L. , Bashore Lisa M. , Levine Jennifer , Kroon Leah , Sylvain Genevieve , Rodgers Cheryl
Published: May 2014

As survival rates improve for pediatric cancers, increased attention has been paid to late effects of cancer therapy, in particular, infertility. Fertility preservation options are available for pre- and postpubertal cancer patients; however, many providers lack knowledge regarding options. The aim of this article is to provide a comprehensive synthesis of current evidence and recommendations regarding fertility preservation options for children, adolescents, and young adults undergoing cancer treatment. A systematic search was performed to identify fertility preservation evidence. Fifty-three studies and 4 clinical guidelines were used for the review. Final recommendations consisted of 2 strong and 1 weak recommendation for both female and male fertility preservation options. The treatment team should be knowledgeable about fertility preservation so that they can educate patients and families about available fertility preservation options. It is important to consider and discuss all available fertility options with patients at the time of diagnosis.
An Ethnographic Exploration of Postoperative Pain Experiences Among Ghanaian Surgical Patients
Authors: Aziato Lydia , Adejumo Oluyinka
Published: May 2014

Background: The experience of pain associated with surgery has been a challenge for health care professionals for many years, and culture is said to influence pain. Purpose: This study focused on patients’ experiences of postoperative pain (POP) and factors that affect POP. Design: The study employed qualitative ethnographic principles. Method: Data were collected through individual face-to-face interviews. Data were saturated after analyzing data from 13 patients from two hospitals in Ghana. Findings: Themes that emerged were the subjective nature of pain, which described pain dimensions and communication; psycho-sociocultural factors, such as personal inclinations and sociocultural background; and health system factors, such as personnel attitudes and health financing. Implications for Future Research and Practice: Health professionals need to understand the sociocultural effects of pain in order to give effective care. Conclusion: The study highlighted the need for patient education and the importance that health care professionals understand context-specific factors that influence POP management.
Perceived Unsatisfactory Care as a Barrier to Diabetes Self-Management for Coeur d’Alene Tribal Members With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Tiedt Jane A. , Sloan Rebecca S.
Published: May 2014

The prevalence of diabetes and related complications are disproportionally higher in Native Americans. Diabetes self-management (DSM) is instrumental in preventing complications. The results presented here are a part of a larger hermeneutic phenomenology study to explore living with diabetes for one Pacific Northwest tribe. This study identified barriers to DSM within the worldview of the tribal people. Using purposive sampling, 10 Coeur d’Alene tribal members, ages 26 to 86 years, participated in in-depth interviews. Data interpretation used a three-step method leading to integrated themes across the transcripts. Perceived unsatisfactory care emerged as the major barrier to self-management, including communication barriers (distrust, misunderstanding, and educational methods) and organizational barriers (quality of care and access issues). Findings highlight the need to improve cross-cultural communication and calls for different approaches to diabetes education. Our profession is challenged to create new DSM and diabetes educational approaches for acceptable and compassionate cross-cultural nursing care.
Use of Multiple Informants to Identify Children at High Risk for ADHD in Turkish School-Age Children
Authors: Güler Ayşegül Selcen , Scahill Lawrence , Jeon Sangchoon , Taşkın Beril , Dedeoğlu Ceyda , Ünal Selin , Yazgan Yankı
Published: May 2014

Objective: To examine the distribution of parent- and teacher-rated ADHD symptoms in a Turkish community sample to identify children at high risk for ADHD and to explore the psychosocial correlates of these high-risk children. Method: An 18-item SNAP-IV (Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham) and a three-item impairment scale were completed by parents and teachers on 3,110 children between 7 and 14 years of age from three public schools in Istanbul. Results: Using various case definitions for ADHD, we observed a range of prevalence estimates based on parent (2.7%-9.6%) and teacher (2%-10.1%) reports. Teacher-identified ADHD was associated with low family income and low parental education; parent-identified ADHD was associated with perceived need for mental health treatment. Conclusion: Statistically driven threshold on a symptom scale may overestimate the rate of high-risk children. Relying on one informant is likely to miss some children at high risk. As in clinical practice, therefore, data from multiple informants and evidence of impairment are essential for identifying ADHD.
Bridging gaps and jumping through hoops: First-year History students’ expectations and perceptions of assessment and feedback in a research-intensive UK university
Authors: Skinner Kate
Published: May 2014

The wider context of arts and humanities education in the UK has demanded that university teachers and administrators focus on ‘end points’. Increased emphasis on the generic and transferable skills attained through arts and humanities programmes, along with intense concern to raise students’ reported levels of satisfaction, do not necessarily help university teachers to make the best use of the expanding body of research on how students actually learn from assessment and feedback. This article focuses not on the final-year students, whose views are increasingly solicited in satisfaction surveys, but on two cohorts of first-year History students as they write their first essays and have their first experiences of feedback in a research-intensive institution. The article explores at a micro-level some of the factors which earlier research has identified as critical to the development of assessment and feedback practices which are conducive to students’ self-regulation and future learning.
Scholarship on Women and Policing
Authors: Kringen Anne Li
Published: May 2014

A systematic review of the literature on women and policing for the period of 1972 to 2012 was undertaken to determine how gender was incorporated in research and how this scholarship changed over time. The analysis indicates that the majority of research on women in policing is typically directed at understanding the role of gender in policing. The volume of published research increased over the period, but of the three major domains of research (job performance, job experience, and blocked opportunities), the majority of growth occurred in job experience domain. Blocked job opportunity research, which has important policy implications, experienced only a moderate increase. The majority of research on women in policing was found to be published in specialty academic journals including gender specialty journals and policing specialty journals. The impact of publishing primarily in these outlets is discussed.
Rethinking the Baseline in Diversity Research
Authors: Apfelbaum Evan P. , Phillips Katherine W. , Richeson Jennifer A.
Published: May 2014

It is often surprisingly difficult to make definitive scientific statements about the functional value of group diversity. We suggest that one clear pattern in the group diversity literature is the prevailing convention of interpreting outcomes as the effect of diversity alone. Although work in this arena typically compares diverse groups with homogeneous ones, we most often conceive of homogeneous groups as a baseline—a reference point from which we can understand how diversity has changed behavior or what type of response is “normal.” In this article, we offer a new perspective through a focus on two propositions. The first proposition is that homogeneity has independent effects of its own—effects that, in some cases, are robust in comparison with the effects of diversity. The second proposition is that even though subjective responses in homogeneous groups are often treated as a neutral indicator of how people would ideally respond in a group setting, evidence suggests that these responses are often less objective or accurate than responses in diverse groups. Overall, we believe that diversity research may unwittingly reveal important insights regarding the effects of homogeneity.
An Ethical Approach to Peeking at Data
Authors: Sagarin Brad J. , Ambler James K. , Lee Ellen M.
Published: May 2014

When data analyses produce encouraging but nonsignificant results, researchers often respond by collecting more data. This may transform a disappointing dataset into a publishable study, but it does so at the cost of increasing the Type I error rate. How big of a problem is this, and what can we do about it? To answer the first question, we estimate the Type I error inflation based on the initial sample size, the number of participants used to augment the dataset, the critical value for determining significance (typically .05), and the maximum p value within the initial sample such that the dataset would be augmented. With one round of augmentation, Type I error inflation maximizes at .0975 with typical values from .0564 to .0883. To answer the second question, we review methods of adjusting the critical value to allow augmentation while maintaining p < .05, but we note that such methods must be applied a priori. For the common occurrence of post-hoc dataset augmentation, we develop a new statistic, paugmented, that represents the magnitude of the resulting Type I error inflation. We argue that the disclosure of post-hoc dataset augmentation via paugmented elevates such augmentation from a questionable research practice to an ethical research decision.
Safeguard Power as a Protection Against Imprecise Power Estimates
Authors: Perugini Marco , Gallucci Marcello , Costantini Giulio
Published: May 2014

An essential first step in planning a confirmatory or a replication study is to determine the sample size necessary to draw statistically reliable inferences using power analysis. A key problem, however, is that what is available is the sample-size estimate of the effect size, and its use can lead to severely underpowered studies when the effect size is overestimated. As a potential remedy, we introduce safeguard power analysis, which uses the uncertainty in the estimate of the effect size to achieve a better likelihood of correctly identifying the population effect size. Using a lower-bound estimate of the effect size, in turn, allows researchers to calculate a sample size for a replication study that helps protect it from being underpowered. We show that in most common instances, compared with nominal power, safeguard power is higher whereas standard power is lower. We additionally recommend the use of safeguard power analysis to evaluate the strength of the evidence provided by the original study.
Sailing From the Seas of Chaos Into the Corridor of Stability
Authors: Lakens Daniël , Evers Ellen R. K.
Published: May 2014

Recent events have led psychologists to acknowledge that the inherent uncertainty encapsulated in an inductive science is amplified by problematic research practices. In this article, we provide a practical introduction to recently developed statistical tools that can be used to deal with these uncertainties when performing and evaluating research. In Part 1, we discuss the importance of accurate and stable effect size estimates as well as how to design studies to reach a corridor of stability around effect size estimates. In Part 2, we explain how, given uncertain effect size estimates, well-powered studies can be designed with sequential analyses. In Part 3, we (a) explain what p values convey about the likelihood that an effect is true, (b) illustrate how the v statistic can be used to evaluate the accuracy of individual studies, and (c) show how the evidential value of multiple studies can be examined with a p-curve analysis. We end by discussing the consequences of incorporating our recommendations in terms of a reduced quantity, but increased quality, of the research output. We hope that the practical recommendations discussed in this article will provide researchers with the tools to make important steps toward a psychological science that allows researchers to differentiate among all possible truths on the basis of their likelihood.
Aortic distensibility in bicuspid aortic valve patients with normal aortic diameter
Authors: Moaref Alireza , Khavanin Mohammad , Shekarforoush Shahnaz
Published: May 2014

Objective:

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is associated with aortic abnormalities. The ascending aorta tends to dilate and its elasticity deteriorates. The morphology of the BAV and the elasticity of the proximal ascending aorta seem to influence the outcome. This study aimed to determine the distensibility of the ascending aorta with normal diameter in BAV patients and its relation to its morphology.

Methods:

This is a cross-sectional study. In the patients with BAV referred for echocardiography, the phenotype was defined as anteroposterior (AP) or mediolateral (ML) leaflet orientations. The aortic distensibility at 5–10 mm above the sinotubular junction was assessed using transthoracic echocardiography in 50 BAV patients, and 50 healthy controls with tricuspid aortic valve (TAV) matched by gender and age.

Results:

The ascending aorta in BAV patients had less distensibility compared with that in the control subjects (0.00298 ± 0.0023 versus 0.00805 ± 0.0028 cm2 dynes−1 × 10−6, respectively, p < 0.001). The ML phenotype of BAVs was more frequent. However, the reduced distensibility was not related to gender and morphology of the valve.

Conclusions:

Regardless of the valve morphology and also in the absence of aortic dilation, aortic distensibility is impaired in BAV subjects compared with TAV subjects. This finding supports the idea of an intrinsic aortic wall anomalies underlying the impaired elasticity of the aorta in BAV patients.
Illness Labels and Social Distance
Authors: Kroska Amy , Harkness Sarah K. , Thomas Lauren S. , Brown Ryan P.
Published: May 2014

The authors examine a key proposition in the modified labeling theory—that a psychiatric label increases vulnerability to negative evaluation and social rejection—using an experimental design wherein female participants interact with a female teammate over a computer. The authors also evaluate a hypothesis derived from the disease-avoidance account of disgust by examining this same process for a nonpsychiatric illness: food poisoning. In addition, they introduce a composite measure of social distance behavior that is easy to implement in a laboratory experiment. The authors find, as predicted, that women seek greater social distance from teammates with a history of psychiatric or food poisoning hospitalization than they do from teammates with no hospitalization history. But, contrary to predictions, a teammate’s hospitalization history does not affect participants’ ratings of her likability. The results also do not vary significantly by psychiatric diagnosis (depression vs. schizophrenia), suggesting that the stigma of depression may be just as strong as the stigma of schizophrenia when information about symptoms is not available. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for the modified labeling theory of mental illness and for the literature on disgust and stigma. They also outline avenues for future research.
Preparing Law Students for Global Practice: An Innovative Model for Teaching Lawyering Skills and Social Justice in a Large Enrolment Law Course
Authors: Bliss Lisa Radtke , Chinvinijkul Supamas
Published: May 2014

This article describes how the authors collaborated to create a large enrolment law course that had equally weighed pedagogical goals: to teach Thai law students how to read, understand and communicate legal terms using English, to teach social justice and to teach fundamental lawyering skills employing clinical legal education methodologies. The article demonstrates how such goals can be accomplished in large enrolment courses in which students are unfamiliar with participatory learning models. In the context of discussing innovations in a 300 student Legal English course, the article illustrates how a law course can both impart knowledge and help students develop a wide range of lawyering skills as well as develop their identity as thoughtful, reflective, professional practitioners for whom social justice is a value, regardless of their professional goals.
Set-valued mappings in partially ordered fuzzy metric spaces
Authors: Sadeghi Zahra , Vaezpour S Mansour , Park Choonkil , Saadati Reza , Vetro Calogero
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we provide coincidence point and fixed point theorems satisfying an implicit relation, which extends and generalizes the result of Gregori and Sapena, for set-valued mappings in complete partially ordered fuzzy metric spaces. Also we prove a fixed point theorem for set-valued mappings on complete partially ordered fuzzy metric spaces which generalizes results of Mihet and Tirado.

MSC:54E40, 54E35, 54H25.
On weak exponential expansiveness of skew-evolution semiflows in Banach spaces
Authors: Yue Tian , Song Xiao-qiu , Li Dong-qing
Published: May 2014

The aim of this paper is to give several characterizations for weak exponential expansiveness properties of skew-evolution semiflows in Banach spaces. Variants for weak exponential expansiveness of some well-known results in uniform exponential stability theory (Datko (1973)) and exponential instability theory (Lupa (2010), Megan et al. (2008)) are obtained.

MSC:93D20, 34D20.
On a weakly singular quadratic integral equations of Volterra type in Banach algebras
Authors: Yu Xiulan , Zhu Chun , Wang JinRong
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we present existence and uniqueness theorems of nonnegative, asymptotically stable, and ultimately nondecreasing solutions for weakly singular quadratic integral equations of Volterra type in Banach algebras. The concept of the measure of noncompactness and a fixed point theorem due to Darbo acting in a Banach algebra are the main tools in carrying out our proof. An effective numerical example is given to illustrate our theory results.

MSC:45G05, 47H30.
A single exponential BKM type estimate for the 3D incompressible ideal MHD equations
Authors: Liu Jianli , Wei Fenglun , Pan Kejia
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we give a Beale-Kato-Majda type criterion of strong solutions to the incompressible ideal MHD equations. Instead of double exponential estimates, we get a single exponential bound on

∥
(
u
,
h
)
∥

H
s

(

s
>

5
2

). It can be applied to a system of an ideal viscoelastic flow.

MSC:35B65, 76W05.