bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electroluminescence Spectra of a Gate Switched MOSFET at Cryogenic and Room Temperatures Agree with Ab Initio Calculations of 4H-SiC/SiO2-Interface Defects
Authors: Weger Magdalena , Biermeier Dominik , Feil Maximilian Wolfgang , Cottom Jonathon , Bockstedte Michel , Pobegen Gregor
Published: June 2023

To reach the theoretical performance limit of 4HSiCMOSFETs the SiC/SiO2interfacedefects along the inversion channel need to be fully identified in order to be avoided. We employa measurement technique that allows to observe energetically resolved trap states at the SiC/SiO2 interface by measuring the electrolumiscence of a gate pulsed MOSFET. The spectra are recorded at room and cryogenic temperatures with a spectrometer and two different amplitudes of the gate pulse. Comparison of the results to literature allows for identification of the L1 line of the D1 center with an energy of 2.9 eV and suggests donoracceptorpair recombination or Z1/2 to be responsible for the emission around 2.5 eV. Ionization energies of PbC and related vacancy centers determined via ab initio calculations show similar results as the experimental data and provide a possible classification of the trap level around 1.8 eV.
External Shear Strengthening of RC Beams with Anchored Geopolymer Fiber Mortar Panel: An Experimental Study
Authors: Fakhruddin Fakhruddin , Irmawaty Rita , Putri Januarti Jaya Eka
Published: June 2023

Failure due to shear deficiency in reinforced concrete (RC) structures, particularly RC beams, is one of the most common problems encountered in RC structures. As a result, the effectiveness of using externally anchored geopolymer fiber mortar panels were investigated in the scope of this experimental study. The variable of the test programmed herein was the change in anchor bolt spacing. Two strengthened beams with 200 mm and 300 mm anchor bolt spacings, respectively, were tested. In addition, one un-strengthened beam was prepared as the reference beam to compared the load-deflection behavior, shear capacity, and failure mode of the strengthened beams. All the beams were tested under monotonic loading until reached the failure load. The experimental results of all strengthening beams showed an increase in the shear strength of the RC beams by 34.9% (spacing 200 mm) and 22.8% (spacing of 300 mm) compared to the reference beam. In addition to increasing shear capacity, the failure mode of the strengthened beam with 200 mm anchors spacing changed from brittle shear failure to ductile flexural failure with increased stiffness. This indicated that geopolymer fiber mortar panel is considered a promising technique that could be utilized to repair and rehabilitate shear deficient RC beams.
Comparison of the Performance-Degrading Near-Interface Traps in Commercial SiC MOSFETs
Authors: Chaturvedi Mayank , Dimitrijev Sima , Haasmann Daniel , Moghadam Hamid Amini , Pande Peyush , Jadli Utkarsh
Published: June 2023

This paper presents a comparison of the density of performance-degrading near-interface traps (NITs) in the most commonly available 1200 V commercial N-channel SiC power metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). A recently developed integrated-charge technique was used to measure the density of NITs with energy levels aligned to the conduction band, which degrade MOSFET’s performance by capturing and releasing electrons from the channel biased in the strong-inversion condition. Trench MOSFETs of one manufacturer have lower densities of these NITs in comparison to MOSFETs with the planar gate structure, corresponding to observed higher channel-carrier mobility in trench MOSFETs. Different response-time distributions were also observed, corresponding to different spatial location of the measured NITs.
Pulsed Forward Bias Body Diode Stress of 1200 v SiC MOSFETs with Individual Mapping of Basal Plane Dislocations
Authors: Kochoska Sara , Domeij Martin , Pham Thanh Toan , Maslougkas Sotirios , Sunkari Swapna , Justice Joshua , Das Hrishikesh
Published: June 2023

Bipolar degradation is a known problem in the development of SiC MOSFETs when the body diodes (p+ body/ n-drift layer) are forward biased. Mostly higher voltage classes like the 1.7 kV or 3.3 kV SiC MOSFETs have been studied in literature resulting with significant Rdson increase [1-2]. In this work, body diode stress was conducted for 1.2kV SiC MOSFETs, which were mapped with Infra-Red photoluminescence (IR-PL) to determine and localize the exact number of BPDs present in the drift layers of each die [3, 4] and grouped by this criterion. Devices were stressed at extremely high current densities (1200 – 1700 A/cm2) under pulsed conditions. The post-stress analysis shows non-negligible increase of Rdson and Vf. Bipolar degradation occurring from stressing the body diodes at high forward current densities was confirmed by electroluminescence analysis.
Impact of Turn-Off Gate Voltage and Temperature on Threshold Voltage Instability in Pulsed Gate Voltage Stresses of SiC MOSFETs
Authors: Deb Arkadeep , Ortiz-Gonzalez Jose , Taha Mohamed , Jahdi Saeed , Mawby Philip  Andrew , Alatise Olayiwola
Published: June 2023

Bias temperature instability (BTI) in SiC MOSFETs has come under significant academic and industrial research. Threshold voltage (VTH) shift due to gate voltage stress has been demonstrated in several studies investigating gate oxide reliability in SiC MOSFETs. Results have shown positive.VTH shift occurs due to electron trapping (PBTI), and negative VTH shift occurs due to hole trapping (NBTI). In this paper, VTH shift is studied for unipolar and bipolar gate pulses with frequencies ranging from 1Hz to 100 kHz. The turn-OFF voltage for the unipolar VGS pulse is 0 V. In the case of the bipolar VGS pulses, two turn-OFF voltages are investigated, namely VGS-OFF = -3V and VGS-OFF= -5V. VTH shift is measured after 1000 seconds with recovery times in the range of 20 milliseconds, and preconditioning is performed before VTH measurement. These measurements have been performed at 25°C and 150°C on a commercially available SiC Planar MOSFET and a SiC Trench MOSFET. The results show that -3 V is enough for de-trapping sufficient electrons while -5V results in increased NBTI, which is accelerated by higher temperatures.
Sound Absorption Coefficient Analysis for Composite Made of Agricultural Waste
Authors: Wicaksono Ariawan Bayu , Djafar Zulkifli , Kusno Asniawaty
Published: June 2023

The background of this study is to reduce and reuse agricultural waste, specifically rice husk and rice straw waste. This research aimed to determine the sound absorption coefficient / noise absorption coefficient (NAC) of a composite material made of rice husk and rice straw so that it can be used as an alternative acoustic material. Rice husk and straw were processed into composite materials using a polyester matrix with a volume fraction of 30:70 and sample thickness variations of 25 mm and 40 mm. In addition to treating variations in sample thickness, samples were made with different cavity holes diameter variations, including flat (without cavity holes), 3 mm, and 4 mm with 10 mm cavity depth. Samples were tested using a type 4206 impedance tube with two microphones according to the ASTM E1050 standard in the 200 – 1600 Hz frequency range. According to the findings of this study, the maximum sound absorption coefficient value of the rice straw composite material is obtained from samples with a thickness variation of 40 mm and a cavity diameter of 3 mm, with α value of 0.87 at a high frequency of 1,600 Hz. Meanwhile, the rice husk composite material's maximum sound absorption coefficient value was obtained from samples with a thickness variation of 40 mm and a cavity diameter of 3 mm with α value of 0.65 at a low frequency of 400 Hz. According to the findings of this study, rice straw composite material and rice husk composite material have different properties as sound absorbing materials and can be used as acoustic materials in a specific frequency range.
SiC MOSFETs Biased C-V Curves: A Temperature Investigation
Authors: Matacena Ilaria , Maresca Luca , Riccio Michele , Irace Andrea , Breglio Giovanni , Castellazzi Alberto , Daliento Santolo
Published: June 2023

In this paper, SiC MOSFETs capacitance is monitored when a DC bias is applied between Drain and Source. The arising capacitance exhibits a sharp peak in the inversion region which is related to the SiC/SiO2 interface traps properties. Temperature effects on such peak are investigated using both experimental and numerical results. The peak shifts toward lower Gate voltage as temperature increases, in agreement with the threshold voltage reduction at higher temperature.
Assessment of Stone Ash as a Fine Aggregate Material to Meet the Value of Normal Concrete Compressive Strength
Authors: Budiman Budiman
Published: June 2023

The concrete industry in Indonesia is very advanced and developing, so the use of construction materials is increasing. The need for other materials as a substitute for fine aggregate for the manufacture of concrete, namely stone ash comes from the stone slate industry waste. 20% stone ash, 80% sand) and (30% rock ash, 70% sand) with a concrete quality target of Fc' 17.5 Mpa. The method used is the laboratory experimental method referring to the SNI standard. The results showed that the use of stone ash (AB) as a normal concrete mixture affected the compressive strength of concrete. The higher the percentage of stone ash (AB), then the value of the compressive strength of concrete increases. The value of the compressive strength of concrete from stone ash (AB) at the composition of AB 10%, AB 20% and AB 30% was 173.50 kg/cm2, 235.11 kg/cm2 and 239.88 kg/cm2 while normal concrete was 18.59 MPa at 28 days.
Measurement and Analysis of Body Diode Stress of 3.3 kV Sic-Mosfets with Intrinsic Body Diode and Embedded SBD
Authors: Lee Geon Hee , Lim Jang Kwon , Koo Sang Mo , Bakowski Mietek
Published: June 2023

SiC MOSFETs display reliability issues related to the quality of SiO2/SiC interface and bulk material due to the presence of near interface traps and point and extended material defects [1]. These material related issues give rise to a degradation of device reliability and ruggedness. One of them are basal plane dislocations (BPDs) introduced in the drift-layer during the epitaxial growth process which causes a s.c. bipolar degradation. Growth and movement of BPDs fueled by recombination energy has a very significant impact on conduction loss and on-resistance degradation. For 3.3 kV voltage capability, the probability of the appearance of BPDs is greater because the drift region is about three times larger compared to 1.2 kV devices [2-3]. We present measurement results and analysis of bipolar degradation in 3.3 kV MOSFETs with conventional body diode and embedded schottky barrier diode (SBD). The measurements were performed applying 50 % and 80 % of rated current with duty cycle 80 %, under total time of 100 hrs at constant case temperature of 54 °C. The 3rd-quadrant performance of both types of MOSFETs in pre-stress conditions was characterized at 25 and 150 °C with different gate biases of -10 V, 0 V, and +17 V. To evaluate the bipolar degradation, the diode conduction characteristics were measured at 25 °C after different stressing times by diode conduction the MOSFET output characteristics were measured at 25 and 54 °C before and after stressing the intrinsic body diode and embedded SBD. No VSD shift was observed in diode conduction characteristics. The results indicate that the MOSFETs were fabricated on appropriate material with a sufficiently low number basal plane dislocation (BPD). The on-state resistance with VGS = +17 V was decreased by temperature due to increased JFET resistance rather than bipolar degradation. On the other hand, the on-state resistance with VGS = +11 V was impacted by the increased temperature and VTH instability.
Shear Strength Analysis of Rock due to the Effect of Surface Roughness Based on Laboratory Testing and Numerical Modeling
Authors: Purwanto Purwanto , Qaidahiyani Nirmana Fiqra , Ikbal Muhammad S. , Djamaluddin Djamaluddin
Published: June 2023

The shear strength of rocks was influenced by internal and external factors whose presence can reduce the shear strength of rocks. Therefore, it was important to analyze the shear strength of rock that has joints in carrying out mining planning in excavations. This study was focused on determining the shear stress of rock samples resulting from direct shear tests by considering the joint roughness coefficient (JRC) so the relationship between the two can be determined and validated using numerical modeling. In this case the author uses the finite element method using Phase2 software. Determination of surface roughness using the Z2 coefficient, the sample was grouped into several sets based on the roughness value. Other tests carried out are physical properties test, compressive strength test, and Brazilian test, the results of which were used as rock characteristics in modeling. Numerical modeling requires rock characteristics in the form of compressive strength, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, tensile strength, internal friction angle, cohesion, normal joint stiffness, and joint shear stiffness. Laboratory test results analyzed using linear regression showed that at peak conditions, JRC’s influences on shear stress was very strong at each loading (R2 = 0.93 to 0.97). For the residual condition, a very strong influence occurs only at the highest loading of 640 N (R2 = 0.91). The results of the comparison of the weak plane shear test with the modeling results showed the error percentage of 1.4% - 41.7%, this error percentage value was estimated because the analysis used was 2D-based numerical modeling so that the interpretation results only included the cross section of each sample 3D-based laboratory test covering the entire surface of the shear plane.
Study on some Properties of Sustainable Mortar Incorporating Processed Waste Tea Ash
Authors: Caronge Muhammad Akbar , Tjaronge Muhammad Wihardi , Djamaluddin Abdul Rachman , Tjaronge Hikari Khalilah
Published: June 2023

The use of industrial waste materials as a substitute for cement in the manufacture of mortar is an alternative approach to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in building construction. In this study, processed waste tea ash (PWTA) obtained from the extraction tea plant was used to partially replace 0-40% cement in the manufacture of mortar. The effects of PWTA on the basic engineering properties of mortar are evaluated and compared to mortar without PWTA. Test results showed that workability and density of mortar decreased with increases in the PWTA content. Furthermore, no decline in compressive strength of concrete was observed up to 20% replacement of cement with PWTA at 7, 28 and 90 days and beyond that, the compressive strength decreased. Results obtained from this study indicate that PWTA can be used as partial replacement of cement up to 20% with comparable strength with normal mortar. This approach helps to minimize the usage of cement in mortar production and can reduce the negative impact of PWTA on the environment.
Investigation on Switching Characteristics of 3.3kV SiC Power MOSFETs with SiO2/ SiN Gate Stack
Authors: Romano Gianpaolo , Mihaila Andrei , Arango Yulieth , Ruiz Anotnio , Knoll Lars
Published: June 2023

This paper focuses on reporting the switching behaviour of our Silicon Carbide (SiC) power MOSFETs, rated 3.3kV – 25A. The devices are based on a gate stack formed by SiO2/SiN and have been tested during Inductive Load Switching (ILS) in different conditions (nominal and SOA) with different chip configurations (single/multiple dies). In this contribution, the turn–on and turn–off curves are reported, along with the extracted RBSOA and switching energies.
Body Diode of 1.2kV SiC MOSFET: Unipolar and Bipolar Operation
Authors: Pham Thanh Toan , Franchi Jimmy , Domeij Martin
Published: June 2023

In this work, we investigate the Body Diode (BD) of a 40mOhm, 1.2kV SiC MOSFETs. We performed DC measurements and switching measurements, at Room Temperature (RT) and High Temperature (HT) (T=175°C), together with TCAD simulation and calibration. In switching measurements, we focused on the low side (LS) switch turn-on event, i.e., the BD turn-off event. We demonstrated that unipolar and bipolar BD can both be achieved with different VGS. With VGS=-5V, BD conducts in bipolar mode with carriers being injected via pn junction. This is rather well known in literature and is well characterized by the Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) of BD VF. Switching with BD VGS=-5V show strong reverse recovery-temperature dependent that caused by the augmented minority carrier injection at high temperature. Unipolar BD is achieved by channel conduction at VGS=0V and it is well characterized by BD VF - Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC). Thanks to the unipolar nature, turn-on switching with BD VGS=0V show no reverse recovery-temperature dependent.
Requirements of IL-4 during the Generation of B Cell Memory
Authors: Chakma Clarissa R , Good-Jacobson Kim L
Published: June 2023

IL-4 has long been established as a key regulator of Th cells and for promoting effective B cell survival and isotype class switching. Yet, despite having been extensively studied, the specific role of IL-4 in generating humoral memory in vivo is unclear. In this review, we explore the recent studies that unravel the cellular sources and spatiotemporal production of IL-4, the relationship between IL-4 and IL-21 during germinal center responses and the formation of Ab-secreting cells, and the current understanding of whether IL-4 promotes or suppresses memory B cell generation in vitro and in vivo.
Sero-prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among communities between July and August 2022 in Bangui, Central African Republic
Authors: Manirakiza Alexandre , Malaka Christian , Longo Jean De Dieu , Yambiyo Brice Martial , Diemer Saint-Calver Henri , Namseneï Joella , Coti-Reckoundji Cathy Sandra Gomelle , Bouhouda Modeste , Darnycka Belizaire Marie Roseline , Roungou Jean Baptiste , Komas Narcisse Patrice , Grésenguet Gérard , Vernet Guy , Vernet Marie-Astrid , Nakoune Emmanuel
Published: June 2023

Background. Large-scale population-based seroprevalence studies of SARS-CoV-2 are essential to characterize the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and to extrapolate the prevalence of presumptive immunity at the population level.Objective. The objective of our survey was to estimate the cumulative population immunity for COVID-19 and to identify individual characteristics associated with positive serostatus.Materials and Methods. This was a clustered cross-sectional study conducted from July 12 to August 20, 2021, in households in the city of Bangui, the capital of the Central African Republic. Information regarding demographic characteristics (age, gender, and place of residence), and comorbidities (chronic diseases) was collected. A venous blood sample was obtained from each participant to determine the level of total anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using a WANTAI SARS-CoV-2 Ab ELISA kit.Results. All up, 799 participants were surveyed. The average age was 27 years, and 45.8% of the respondents were male (sex ratio: 0.8). The overall proportion of respondents with positive serostatus was 74.1%. Participants over 20 years of age were twice as likely to have positive serostatus, with an OR of 2.2 [95% CI: (1.6, 3.1)].Conclusions. The results of this survey revealed a high cumulative level of immunity in Bangui, thus indicating a significant degree of spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the population. The public health implications of this immunity to SARS-CoV-2 such as the post-vaccination total antibody kinetics remain to be determined.
Multiple imputation using chained equations for missing data in survival models applied to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and HIV data
Authors: Mbona Sizwe Vincent , Ndlovu Principal , Mwambi Henry , Ramroop Shaun
Published: June 2023

Background. Missing data are a prevalent problem in almost all types of data analyses, such as survival data analysis. Objective. To evaluate the performance of multivariable imputation via chained equations in determining the factors that affect the survival of multidrug-resistant-tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and HIV-coinfected patients in KwaZulu-Natal. Materials and Methods. Secondary data from 1542 multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients were used in this study. First, data from patients with some missing observations were deleted from the original data set to obtain the complete case (CC) data set. Second, missing observations in the original data set were imputed 15 times to obtain complete data sets using a multivariable imputation case (MIC). The Cox regression model was fitted to both the CC and MIC data, and the results were compared using the model goodness of fit criteria [likelihood ratio tests, Akaike information criterion (AIC), and Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC)]. Results. The Cox regression model fitted the MIC data set better (likelihood ratio test statistic =76.88 on 10 df with P0.01, AIC =1040.90, and BIC =1099.65) than the CC data set (likelihood ratio test statistic =42.68 on 10 df with P0.01, AIC =1186.05 and BIC =1228.47). Variables that were insignificant when the model was fitted to the CC data set became significant when the model was fitted to the MIC data set. Conclusion. Correcting missing data using multiple imputation techniques for the MDR-TB problem is recommended. This approach led to better estimates and more power in the model./p
Residents’ experience and training in obstetric anal sphincter injury repair in the United States
Authors: Narayanamoorthy Sujatha , Balhotra Kimen Singh , Silver Michael , McLaren Jr. Rodney , McKay Elishia
Published: June 2023

With the reduction in obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) cases, it is unknown if learning and exposure to their repair is compromised during obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN) residency in the United States (US). The aim of this study was to evaluate the exposure and confidence level of the US OBGYN residents to OASIS repair. Residents’ education on OASIS repair was also assessed. This was a cross sectional online survey that collected residents’ demographics, characteristics of residency program, the number of deliveries and OASIS repairs performed, the site and technique of OASIS repair, post-repair care provided, residents’ confidence level in OASIS repair and their education on the repair. Descriptive analyses, Fisher’s Exact tests, Ordinal regression models and Spearman’s correlation were performed. Response from 160 residents (11% response rate) was obtained. Confidence was higher with increasing level of training (OR = 3.442, 95% CI, 2.473-4.791, p<0.004), a greater number of deliveries (OR=2.672, 95% CI, 1.511-4.723, p<0.001), third-degree repairs (OR=5.522, 95%CI, 3.67-8.308, p<0.001) and fourth-degree repairs (OR=4.364, 95% CI, 2.785-6.837, p<0.001) performed. Exposure to lecture or/and simulation improved confidence than no exposure to either (OR= 0.225, 95% CI, 0.092-0.545, p<0.001). Residents’ confidence level increased with a greater number of simulations attended (r=0.368, p< 0.001). Lectures and simulations enhance residents’ knowledge and skills in OASIS repair. Surgical skill curriculum is essential to maintain good quality training, prompt recognition, and meticulous perineal repair among OBGYN physicians despite the declining OASIS cases.
Are we moving from symptomatic to asymptomatic syphilis
Authors: Kaur Ravneet , Gupta Sharang , Sarangal Rishu , Chopra Dimple , Singh Harmeet
Published: June 2023

Background:

Syphilis remains a global health problem with recent reports of resurgence from various parts of the world. We undertook this study to analyze the current epidemiological and clinical trends of syphilis in our part of the country.

Aim and Objectives:

To analyze the changing trends in clinical presentation of syphilis and the current status of HIV/AIDS-syphilis co-infection in our area.

Materials and Methods:

This is a hospital-based retrospective analysis of records of sexually transmitted disease (STD) patients enrolled in “Suraksha clinic” in the department of Skin and VD at a Tertiary Care Hospital in North India. Patient records were analyzed from January 2018 to December 2021. The demographic, clinical, and serological profiles of patients were assessed to study the percentage of syphilis patients attending the STD clinic and their clinical presentations.

Results:

A total of 7153 patients were enrolled in the”Suraksha clinic” from January 2018 to December 2021, these included the venereal disease patients (3137) and nonvenereal disease patients (4016) who were registered for HIV and venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) screening from the dermatology outpatient department. Out of 3137 sexually transmitted infection (STI) patients, 139 patients tested positive for VDRL. Treponema pallidum hemagglutination was found positive in 137 patients and negative in two patients. Hence, 137 patients were confirmed syphilis cases, constituting 4.36% of total STD cases in our STI clinic in 4 years. Out of 137 patients, 2 (1.45%) presented with primary chancre, 6 (4.37%) with lesions of secondary syphilis and 129 (94.16%) were found serologically reactive without any symptoms or clinical signs, i.e., in latent syphilis. Our records also showed 14 (10.21%) cases of HIV and syphilis co-infection.

Conclusion:

In our study, a remarkable rise in the number of patients in the latent syphilis stage is observed over primary and secondary syphilis stage. This signifies the persistence of syphilis in subclinical phase in the community and unfortunately, it goes unnoticed. These could be “warning signs” for changing disease pattern of syphilis in India and points toward hidden resurgence of syphilis as being reported in various parts of the world. To actively look for these “hidden cases,” there is a need to strengthen “Suraksha clinics.” VDRL testing should be mandatory along with routine testing in all patients visiting the hospital irrespective of their disease. We also propose for the central registration of syphilis patients on lines of HIV-infected patients' registry.
Immunovirological discordance among people living with human immunodeficiency virus at a center in Western India
Authors: Kacker Mayank , Vashisht Rohit , Menon Anil S.
Published: June 2023

Background and Objectives:

Treatment of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLHIV) is monitored using plasma HIV viral load levels and CD4 counts. Patients with either immunological nonresponse (virological suppression achieved) or virological nonresponse (immune reconstitution achieved) are termed as having a discordant response. These patients are at higher risk for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related infections/diseases/neoplasms, non-AIDS-related illnesses (cardiovascular, neurological, renal, hepatic diseases), and all-cause death. This study was conducted to assess the prevalence of immunovirological discordance among PLHIV after completion of at least 1 year of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) at an antiretroviral therapy (ART) plus center in India and analyze contributory factors.

Methods:

The study was a retrospective study of PLHIV receiving cART at the ART plus clinic in Western India from January 18 to December 21. Four hundred and ninety-six patients were studied based on sample size calculated and assessed for CD4 and viral load response at 0, 6, and 12 months of ART.

Results:

Of the 496 patients, 48 patients (9.7%) had immunovirological discordance. Out of them, 36 patients (75%) had a virological response (immunological nonresponse) and 12 (25%) patients had an immunological response (virological nonresponse). The factors contributing to immunological nonresponse were as follows – low baseline CD4 levels (<100 cells) (36.1%), adherence <95% (33.3%), presence of opportunistic infections (16.6%), and failure on first-line therapy (11.1%). Other factors noted included higher baseline viral load (2.7%), chronic kidney disease (5.5%), and chronic hepatitis B virus co-infection (5.5%). Virological nonresponse was associated with poor adherence to therapy <95% (33%) and failure of first-line regimen (33%). Opportunistic infections were noted among 33% of patients and 8.3% of patients were found to have higher baseline viral load.

Interpretation and Conclusion:

Immunovirological discordance is an important factor influencing response to cART and is associated with many complications such as AIDS and non-AIDS-related events and even death. Improved adherence and timely identification and management of opportunistic infections are measures that are beneficial in reducing the incidence of immunovirological discordance.
Clinicoepidemiological study of adverse cutaneous drug reactions among immunocompromised children at a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Jarang Tulasi , Katakam Bhumesh Kumar , Bollepaka Kiran Kumar , Gindham Harilitha
Published: June 2023

Introduction:

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is used to treat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has reduced the HIV/AIDS associated morbidity and mortality significantly. But 25% of all patients discontinue treatment because of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Adverse cutaneous drug reactions (ACDR) are very common with ART regimens, which may range from mild pruritus, maculopapular rash to serious Steven Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN). ACDRs comprise 10%–30% of all reported ADRs.

Aims and Objectives:

To assess the different types of cutaneous adverse drug reactions in immunocompromised children of less than 18years.

Materials and Methods:

This is a retrospective record-based study, conducted at department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, Government Medical College (GMC)/Government General Hospital (GGH), Suryapet, Telangana, India. Data was collected from the records available at ART centre, from November 2018 to October 2021 GGH, Suryapet. All the HIV infected children ≤18 years who were on ART, were included in this study. Patients of more than 18 years and on other medications were excluded. Demographic data, socio economic status, vaccination status, height, weight, complete blood analysis, complete urine analysis, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, liver and renal function tests and CD4 counts were recorded before initiation of ART.

Results:

A total of 330 children of less than 18 years were initiated for ART, at ART centre, Government General Hospital, Suraypet. Out of 330 children, 27.8% (92) children developed ACDRs. 58.7% (54) were males and 41.3% (38) were females. Maculopapular rash was seen in 65.2% (60) cases, urticaria was seen in 15.3% (14) cases, Steven Johnson Syndrome (SJS) was seen in 9.8% (9) cases, SJS/TEN overlap was seen in 6.5% (6) cases and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) was seen in 3.2% (3) case. CD4 count was below 300 in 65.3% (60) cases above 300 in 34.7% (32) cases. Gap between initiation of the treatment and onset of reaction was less than one month in 65.3% (60) cases, and more than one month in 34.7% (32) cases.
Trends of syphilis seroprevalence at a tertiary care center in New Delhi, India
Authors: Srivastava Prakhar , Bhargava Aradhana , Bansal Shikha , Khunger Niti , Saxena Ashok Kumar
Published: June 2023

Objectives:

Syphilis has been called the great mimicker or the great imitator due to its myriad of clinical presentations. Despite strenuous concerted efforts toward the elimination of syphilis, it still remains a goal to be achieved. During recent years, many different trends of syphilis have been reported from around the globe.

Methods:

A retrospective observational clinico-investigative study was carried out to analyze the 10-year trends of syphilis at one of the largest public sector hospitals in India.

Results and Conclusion:

Both venereal disease research laboratory and Treponema pallidum Hemagglutination assay positivity rates showed a significant declining trend from 2007 to 2016, reflecting the success of the National Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention and Control Program.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Patient Relatives Regarding Face Masks in COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Das Anirban , Goswami Preetam , Sen Pronoy
Published: June 2023

Objective:

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was declared as a global pandemic on the March 12, 2020. Face masks are recommended to control COVID-19 transmission, whose filtering capability depends on the different materials mask is made of and its structural design. The knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward facemasks play an integral role to understand society's readiness to accept and follow preventive guidelines. The main objective was to estimate various factors affecting KAP in the study population and also to calculate the knowledge score (KS) from the data.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 5, 3, and 5 questions on KAP, respectively. Score of 1 was assigned to the correct response and score of 0 for the incorrect response. Accordingly, score of <3 depicted that individual had poor knowledge, while ≥3 indicated good knowledge. Data were analyzed using appropriate descriptive statistical tests. An independent t-test was used to determine differences in groups concerning mask usage.

Results:

Out of total 110 participants, majority were males (53.6%). Majority (78.2%) had a good KS and the mean KS was 3.41. The KS was higher in the 18–40 years age group (P = 0.026), males (P = 0.030), literate people (P = 0.011), and in the urban population (P = 0.021). Majority (97.3%) knew that it is necessary to wear face mask during this pandemic. Participants with higher KS covered both their nose and mouth with face mask and also, they removed their mask completely while eating.

Conclusions:

Most of the patient's relatives had satisfactory knowledge, a positive attitude, and good practices toward the use of face masks to limit the spread of COVID-19 in the community.
Are We Missing Giant Cell Arteritis?
Authors: Chakraborty Debabrata , Sundar Kaushik , Syed Khizar Uz Zaman
Published: June 2023

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is an immune-mediated vasculitis with intra and extracranial involvement commonly seen in the elderly population. However, a subgroup of patients may present with constitutional symptoms only called “masked GCA.” We diagnosed and successfully treated a patient who initially presented with cachexia, cognitive impairment, and seizure. Clinicians need to be very suspicious about the entity, as a miss can lead to life-threatening complications such as stroke, arterial dissection, and even aneurysm rupture (besides visual impairment). Although GCA involves medium and large vessels, small vessel vasculitis is also possible in GCA (as in our case). Hence, GCA may involve patients in their fifties and may present with a wide spectrum of intracranial and extracranial clinical manifestations.
Knowledge and Perceptions of Medical Students About Generic Medicines in a Medical College in North India
Authors: Kumari Anita , Chauhan Renu , Prajapati Himani
Published: June 2023

Introduction:

Prescription of generic drugs reduces the out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines by the patients. However, the lack of knowledge about generic medicines and unfavourable attitude toward them can adversely impact their prescription by doctors, as well as utilization by the patients. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitude of medical students toward generic medicines.

Materials and Methods:

It was questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study. The study participants were final year MBBS students. Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) approval and written informed consent of study participants were taken before starting the study. SPSS software version 26 was used for the data analysis.

Results:

A total of 82 participants were included in this study, 52.4% were male and 47.6% female. Fifty-two (63.41%) students were aware that generic medicines are interchangeable with innovator drugs. Forty-two (51.21%) students knew that generic medicine can be marketed after expiry date of patent drug. 91.46% agreed that generic medicines have the same strength, safety, and effectiveness as brand name medicines. 47 (57.31%) students were aware of Jan Aushadhi scheme and 62 (75.60%) participants knew that generic medicines are bioequivalent to brand name medicines. Perception: Sixty-one (74.3%) felt that use of generic medicines can decrease health-care expenditure. Fifty-seven (69.5%) students felt that the rationale behind prescribing generic medicine must be discussed with the patients while 46 (56.1%) students disagreed that therapeutic failure is more with generic medicines.

Conclusion:

Our study shows that medical students have inadequate knowledge but favourable attitude toward generic medicines. Regular awareness and training programs should be held for doctors, students, and general public, for enhancing the knowledge and positive perceptions toward generic medicines.
Mediation Effect of Sleep Quality and Internet Addiction on Depression Among Indian Medical Graduate Students
Authors: Meratwal Gaurav , Tandon Praveena , Kumar Ashok
Published: June 2023

Introduction:

There is a complex interaction between poor sleep quality, Internet addiction (IA), and depression. This study aimed to determine whether sleep quality or IA statistically mediates the association between the other two variables.

Materials and Methods:

This cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2022 to October 2022 in a medical college in Ajmer, Rajasthan. Data were collected from 400 undergraduate medical students. Data were collected using Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Young's IA tools. Data were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression and the PROCESS program in SPSS 20.0.

Results:

The mean (standard deviation) age of the students was 20.9 (1.68) years. About 43% of students (n = 174) had depression, 40.3% (n = 161) had poor sleep, and 54% (n = 216) had IA. The age of the students (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 1.92), screen time per day (aOR = 1.06), smoking (aOR = 13.20), sleep quality (aOR = 1.16), and IA (aOR = 11.64) were significantly associated with depression. IA mediated 30.55% of the indirect effect of sleep quality on depression, whereas sleep quality mediated 18.18% of the indirect effect of IA on depression.

Conclusion:

Sleep quality and IA have a differential independent indirect effect on the association between depression and the other variable. Programs and counseling sessions that promote mental health should also address the adverse impact of poor sleep and IA.
Bi-free entropy with respect to completely positive maps
Authors: Katsimpas Georgios , Skoufranis Paul
Published: June 2023

In this paper, a notion of non-microstate bi-free entropy with respect to completely positive maps is constructed thereby extending the notions of non-microstate bi-free entropy and free entropy with respect to a completely positive map. By extending the operator-valued bi-free structures to allow for more analytical arguments, a notion of conjugate variables is constructed using both moment and cumulant expressions. The notions of free Fisher information and entropy are then extended to this setting and used to show minima of the Fisher information and maxima of the non-microstate bi-free entropy at bi-R-diagonal elements.
Case Report: Upper Thoracic Esophageal Paralysis Accompanying a Type 1 Leprosy Reaction
Authors: Zhu Jianyu , Shi Chao , Zhao Huaibo , He Rongli , Jing Zhichun , Yang Degang
Published: June 2023

Type 1 leprosy reactions (T1LRs) occur mainly in patients with borderline leprosy and an unstable immune status. The main symptoms of T1LRs include aggravated skin lesions and nerve damage. Nerve damage involving the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves causes dysfunction of the nose, pharynx, larynx, and even the esophagus, which are innervated by these nerves. Here, we report a case of upper thoracic esophageal paralysis caused by vagus nerve involvement in a patient with T1LRs. Although infrequent, this serious emergency merits attention.
Les dramaturgies de l’existence, ou le tragique quotidien au théâtre : Karolina Czerska, Tadeusz Kantor i Maurice Maeterlinck. Dramaturgie istnienia [Tadeusz Kantor et Maurice Maeterlinck. Dramaturgies de l’existence]
Authors: Kaczmarek Tomasz
Published: June 2023

The dramaturgies of existence, or the tragedy in everyday life in theatre: Karolina Czerska, Tadeusz Kantor i Maurice Maeterlinck. Dramaturgie istnienia [Tadeusz Kantor and Maurice Maeterlinck. Dramaturgies of existence]

Karolina Czerska’s book offers a comparative study in which the theater of Maurice Maeterlinck is confronted with the theatrical work of Tadeusz Kantor. The author has set herself two major objectives: on the one hand, she wants to popularize Maeterlinck’s dramaturgy with the Polish public, and on the other, she evokes the works of the Belgian writer in the context of Kantor’s stage productions, which agrees to revisit and reconsider the work of the Polish theater director from a new perspective. By comparing the work of these two theater men, Czerska examines four themes where their artistic concepts seem similar: the conceptions of the “tragique quotidien” (tragedy in everyday life) and the “invisible”, the construction and status of the character as well as the function of the actor.
Czyściec Michała Kondrata wobec współczesnej nauki Kościoła a popkulturowy zwrot w dogmatyce katolickiej
Authors: Mazur Daria
Published: June 2023

Czyściec by Michał Kondrat in the Light of Contemporary Teaching of the Church and the Pop-Cultural Turn in the Catholic Dogma

This article presents an attempt at an analysis of the fictionalised documentary Czyściec by Michał Kondrat (2020) in the context of the contemporary teaching of the Church and postulate of a popcultural turn in Catholic theology, formulated by Józef Majewski. Directing strategies, topoi, and graphic metaphors from this hybrid film – the script of which refers to Stefania Horak’s mystical experiences – are interpreted in the context of a long tradition of reflections on the topic of purgatory and the key principles of the post-conciliar teachings of the Catholic Church on this subject. These analyses and interpretations enable consideration of whether the said film aims at refreshing the forms of expression of purgatory-related topics. They also let the reader explore whether the mass-culture elements included in the film can help the viewer become more spiritually mature and whether they deepen the eschatological reflection.
The Church in Urban Structures: Tradition–Continuity–Universalism
Authors: Malinowska-Petelenz Beata , Petelenz Anna
Published: June 2023

Zmiany w duszpasterskim nastawieniu Kościoła po II Soborze Watykańskim, w szczególności zaś odnowa liturgii, zaowocowały mnogością form i rozwiązań przestrzennych w architekturze sakralnej. Odmiennie niż historycznie, nowe świątynie nie pełnią we współczesnych układach urbanistycznych roli dominującej. Autorki poddają analizie wybrane przestrzenie sakralne pod kątem ich kompozycji w strukturach miejskich, koncentrując się na ich formie, usytuowaniu, uniwersalizmie, czytelności w wymiarze symbolicznym, a także wyrazie przestrzennym łączącym pierwiastki tradycji i nowoczesności. W ramach studium przypadków autorki omawiają wybrane przykłady kościołów europejskich wybudowanych po 2000 roku.

The Church in Urban Structures: Tradition–Continuity–Universalism
Revolutionary changes after Second Vatican Council – in particular the renewal of the liturgy – resulted in a variety of forms and spatial solutions in sacred architecture. In contemporary urban layouts, they do not play a dominant role. Authors analyze selected sacred spaces regarding their composition in urban structures, focusing on their universalism, legibility in a symbolic dimension, as well as spatial expression combining elements of tradition and modernity. As a case study, authors present selected examples of European churches built after 2000.
Spatial distribution of places of religious worship in the housing environment of contemporary Krakow
Authors: Dudzic-Gyurkovich Karolina , Mroczek Arkadiusz
Published: June 2023

Obecność obiektów sakralnych w strukturze miasta jest zazwyczaj dobrze widoczna. Świątynie i kaplice dopełniają przestrzenie publiczne, stanowiąc o ich wyjątkowości. Prócz reprezentacji wymiaru duchowego i religijności, wszystkie działające zgodnie z przeznaczeniem obiekty sakralne należą do grupy budynków użyteczności publicznej, zatem powinny cechować się dobrym dostępem i logiczną dystrybucją w tkance miasta. Obecnie badania poświęcone dostępności obiektów usługowych w Krakowie są wycinkowe i nie tworzą kompleksowego obrazu. Celem niniejszej pracy jest uzupełnienie istniejącej luki badawczej przez wyjaśnienie, w jaki sposób kształtuje się dostępność obiektów kultu religijnego w relacji do środowiska mieszkaniowego Krakowa. Metoda badawcza opiera się na koncepcji stref buforowych w celu wskazania obszarów o różnym stopniu dostępności do badanych obiektów. Rezultaty analiz ukazują aktualną dystrybucję obiektów sakralnych w tkance miasta. Dodatkowo wyniki badań umożliwiły identyfikację obszarów mieszkaniowych o bardzo dobrej i akceptowalnej dostępności, jak również tych, znajdujących się poza wyznaczonymi buforami. Spatial distribution of places of religious worship in the housing environment of contemporary Krakow The presence of sacred objects in the city structure is usually clearly visible. Temples and chapels complete public spaces, making them unique. Apart from the representation of the spiritual dimension and religiosity, all sacred buildings which are functioning as intended belong to the group of public buildings, therefore they should be characterized by good access and logical distribution in the city structure. Currently, research on the availability of service facilities in Krakow is fragmentary and does not create a comprehensive picture. The aim of this study is to fill the existing research gap by explaining the accessibility of religious objects in relation to the housing environment in Krakow. The research method is based on the concept of buffer zones which allow to identify areas with varying degrees of accessibility to the studied objects. The results of the analysis show the current distribution of religious and sacred objects in the city. In addition, the results of the research made it possible to identify residential areas with very good, good and acceptable accessibility, as well as those outside the designated buffers.