bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retrospective Study of Clinical and Genetic Profiles of Alpha‐Mannosidosis Patients From the UAE
Authors: Saad Ali K. , Al‐Hammadi Tasneem , Al‐Ameri Shaikha , Al‐Shamsi Aisha , Al‐Dhaheri Noura , Al Tenaiji Amal , Al Jasmi Fatma
Published: February 2025

Alpha‐mannosidosis (AM; OMIM 248500) is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in MAN2B1, which codes for the lysosomal alpha‐mannosidase enzyme (LAMAN; EC:3.2.1.24). Clinical characteristics include developmental delay, hearing impairment, and recurrent infections. A retrospective analysis of nine case series of patients with AM (23 months–42 years) from six consanguineous families in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was conducted. In two Emirati families, homozygous nonsense mutations were present: c.2368C> T, p.(Gln790*) and c.2119C> T, p.(Gln707*). Further, in the Emirati and Syrian families two splicing variants c.2356‐2A>G and c.1929‐2A>G were present, respectively. All patients had infantile‐onset and common clinical features, including coarse facies, developmental delays, hearing loss, and recurrent infections. Macrocephaly was observed in all patients with documented head circumference, except one microcephalic patient who had a dual genetic diagnosis. Hepatosplenomegaly and autoimmune diseases were reported in one and three patients, respectively. Additionally, psychiatric manifestations were noted in two adult patients. The mean age of diagnosis was 14 years for adults (> 16 years) and 2 years for pediatric patients (< 16 years). Significant diagnostic delay comparing older and younger generations is likely due to the increasing awareness of genetic disorders and the availability of genetic testing. In terms of treatment, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) was administered to two patients, alleviating recurrent infections. Two patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), whereas one patient underwent combined ERT and HSCT. This retrospective analysis identified different truncating mutations associated with early‐onset AM. The clinical presentations of these mutations range from attenuated to moderate. Our analysis clearly highlights the high birth prevalence of AM in the UAE, indicating the need for awareness and genetic counseling for prevention.
Sex based disparities in hospitalization and readmission outcomes for complete atrioventricular block: Insights from United States readmission data
Authors: Abdallah Nadhem , Samra Mohammed , Alsayed Momen
Published: February 2025

Background

Sex disparities in cardiovascular disorders are well‐documented, but data on hospitalization and readmission outcomes in the context of sex for Complete Heart Block (CHB) remains limited.

Methods

We analyzed the 2016–2020 Nationwide Readmission Database to identify patients with a principal diagnosis of CHB. Men served as the control group, while women comprised the study cohort. The primary outcome was mortality. Secondary outcomes included odds of cardiac arrest, ventricular tachycardia, heart failure, mechanical ventilation use, all‐cause 30‐day readmission, total and early pacemaker use, length of stay (LOS), and total hospitalization charges (THC). Multivariate regression models adjusted for confounders.

Results

Among 175,257 patients with CHB, 45% were female. Female sex was associated with higher odds of mortality (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.42, 95% CI 1.3–1.55) compared to males. Additionally, females had higher odds of cardiac arrest (aOR 1.13, 95% CI 1.06–1.2), ventricular tachycardia (aOR 1.1, 95% CI 1.05–1.17), heart failure (aOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.14–1.22), mechanical ventilation use (aOR 1.1, 95% CI 1.03–1.17), and all‐cause 30‐day readmission (aOR 1.1, 95% CI 1.03–1.14). Women also had lower odds of total pacemaker use (aOR 0.92, 95% CI 0.88–0.96) and early pacemaker use (aOR 0.89, 95% CI 0.86–0.82). Female patients exhibited longer LOS (4.13 days vs. 3.86 days, p < 0.001) but incurred lower THC ($89,908 vs. $94,590, p = 0.002).

Conclusion

Female sex in CHB patients was associated with higher mortality and adverse events but lower pacemaker use compared to male patients.
Gas tungsten arc welding of titanium tube: Microstructure, mechanical properties and numerical prediction of tensile strength
Authors: Kamal K. G. , Perumal R. , Subramaniyan M. K. , Veeman D.
Published: February 2025

Commercially pure titanium‐grade 2 tube was fabricated using gas tungsten arc welding, which yielded perfect welds suitable for usage in several industries. Through conducting extensive testing and determining the optimal process parameters, this approach was optimized. The welded microstructure of the material was analyzed using optical microscopy which revealed columnar and equiaxed dendrites that were primarily composed of α and β‐Titanium phases. These microstructural modifications, the product of constitutional supercooling and thermal histories, have significantly improved the mechanical properties of the welded pipe. The tensile strength increased by 3 % to 360.52 MPa ±2.5 MPa, while the strength of the base metal was 350.01 MPa ±2.5 MPa. Significantly, the welded pipe outperformed the base metal in terms of mechanical strength, and a 180° bend test demonstrated its ductility by obviating any signs of fracture. Microhardness evaluations showed that the weld metal had maximum values (172 HV 0.5 to 195 HV 0.5) while the base metal area had lower values (150 HV 0.5 to 157 HV 0.5). This in‐depth examination demonstrates potential of commercially pure titanium‐grade 2 for a range of industrial uses and offers insight into effective production of the material via gas tungsten arc welding.
Iron overload is closely associated with metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Qu Huanjia , Zhou Lingling , Wang Jing , Tang Dong , Zhang Qiuling , Shi Junping
Published: February 2025

Objective

The relationship between iron metabolism disturbances and metabolic dysfunction‐associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the association of iron overload with MAFLD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

This study included 155 Chinese inpatients with T2DM. MAFLD was diagnosed and grouped using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI biomarkers such as proton density fat fraction and iron accumulation () were measured. Their clinical characteristics were compared, and the association of iron metabolism markers with MAFLD in patients with T2DM was analyzed.

Results

Iron metabolism markers, including MRI‐, ferritin, serum iron, hepcidin, and total iron‐binding capacity, were overloaded in groups with MAFLD (p < 0.001 for trend). They were positively correlated with MAFLD and reflected the severity of MAFLD. The five markers of logistic regression analysis revealed an increased MAFLD risk (p < 0.001 for trend). The areas under the curve of five markers all exceeded 0.5, indicating certain predictive values for MAFLD.

Conclusions

MAFLD is associated with significant iron overload in Chinese patients with T2DM. Serum iron, ferritin, total iron‐binding capacity, hepcidin, and value are essential iron metabolism markers to evaluate and predict the progression of MAFLD in patients with T2DM.
Associations Between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Dyslipidemia: Results From the PERSIAN Guilan Cohort Study (PGCS)
Authors: Shahraz Jahangir , Joukar Farahnaz , Sheida Fateme , Yeganeh Sara , Maroufizadeh Saman , Baghaee Massood , Naghipour Mohammadreza , Mansour‐Ghanaei Fariborz
Published: February 2025

Background

Obesity and dyslipidemia are interconnected complex conditions and their prevalence differs across different geographical regions. As a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemia is often misdiagnosed and inadequately treated, highlighting the need for region‐specific public health policies. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the associations between BMI and dyslipidemia in the Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in Iran (PERSIAN) Guilan Cohort study (PGCS) population.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study analyzed the demographic and biochemical data from 10,519 participants of the PGCS population. Participants were divided into two groups with and without dyslipidemia and were compared based on BMI. Data analysis was performed in SPSS v16 with a significance level of < 0.05.

Results

The average age of the participants was 51.52 ± 8.90 years. The prevalence of dyslipidemia in all participants was equal to 75.83%. Among those with dyslipidemia, 41.18% and 35.39% had overweight and obesity, respectively. There was a positive association between BMI and the prevalence of dyslipidemia (unadjusted OR = 1.09, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08–1.10) (p < 0.01), indicating that for a one‐unit increase in participants' BMI, the probability of having dyslipidemia increased by 9%, which remained statistically significant even after adjusting. Analysis of dyslipidemia components and BMI revealed a significant association between elevated TG and cholesterol, as well as low HDL levels and higher BMI (unadjusted OR = 1.04, 1.01, and 1.09, respectively) (p < 0.01). However, this was not statistically significant for high LDL levels (unadjusted OR = 1.01) (p = 0.05).

Conclusion

Given the high prevalence of dyslipidemia in our studied region and its strong association with obesity, prioritizing obesity management in public health decision‐making is vital. Greater focus should be given on accessing and modifying the components of dyslipidemia, particularly LDL particles, as a potentially significant research target to prevent the mismanagement of dyslipidemia in individuals with obesity.
Examining the Obstacles to Timely Otolaryngology Care in Ethiopia and Zimbabwe: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Eyassu Daniel G. , Candelo Estephania , Green Katerina J. , Wallerius Katherine P. , Asgedom Brhanu H. , Wiedermann Joshua P.
Published: February 2025

This study compares delays in otolaryngologic care between patients in Mekelle, Ethiopia and Harare, Zimbabwe using the Three Delays model. Patient surveys conducted among 46 patients in Zimbabwe during October 2022 and 105 patients in Ethiopia during June 2023 revealed a significantly higher prevalence of delays in seeking and reaching care in Ethiopia. This was in the aftermath of the Tigray War, which damaged the region's health care infrastructure and diminished the trust of patients. In Zimbabwe, there was poor awareness among patients and nonotolaryngologist providers of otolaryngology disease and care capacity leading to delays in seeking and reaching care. Patients in both countries faced delays in receiving appropriate care due to resource limitations, with Ethiopia's constraints worsened by the recent war and Zimbabwe's by consistent health care underfunding. The longest delays were observed in head and neck oncology care. These findings provide a foundation for understanding otolaryngologic care delays in these low‐ and middle‐income countries.
Experimental and numerical study on postbuckling response of natural fiber based functionally graded hybrid composite plates under uniaxial compression
Authors: Pulleti Siva Sankar , Singh Shamsher Bahadur
Published: February 2025

Natural fibers in fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are emerging in engineering applications due to their high renewability and sustainability. In recent years, natural fiber based functionally graded hybrid (FH) composites have been developed by combining natural‐synthetic fibers along the thickness by varying the material properties. This study examines the buckling and postbuckling response of the natural fiber based plain and FH composites. Carbon FRP(CFRP), hemp FRP(HFRP) and natural fiber based FH composites are developed with the stacking sequences of (0/90)4s, (−45/+45)4s and (−45/+45/0/90)2s. The experimental tests are conducted on cross‐ply stacking sequence with the help of uniaxial test fixture. For numerical analysis, linear eigenvalue analysis followed by static‐Riks analysis is implemented for the buckling and first‐ply failure (FPF) loads. Later, FH‐based composites are analyzed with small, medium, and big‐size cutouts in circular (C), diamond (D), elliptical‐horizontal (EH), elliptical‐vertical (EV), and square (S) shapes. FH quasi‐isotropic plates (−45/+45/0/90)2s have outperformed the cross‐ply and angle‐ply laminates with an improvement of 73.19% and 12.75% in buckling load and 50% and 22.50% in FPF loads, respectively. Small‐size cutouts performed better than those with medium and big‐size cutouts. Among the cutout shapes on FH based quasi‐isotropic sequence, the elliptical horizontal (EH) small cutout outperformed the other cutout shapes, it had an increased buckling load of 9%, 7.5%, 8%, and 9% over the C, D, EV, and S shape cutouts, respectively. Finally, this study proposes that the natural fiber based FH composites stacked in quasi‐isotropic (−45/+45/0/90)2s sequence with elliptical‐horizontal cutouts in small sizes benefit structural, automotive and architectural applications.

Highlights

Natural fiber based FH composites outperformed the HFRP composites.

Quasi‐isotropic composites outperformed the other stacking sequences.

Small‐size cutouts in FH composites performed better than other cutouts.

The elliptical‐horizontal cutout outperformed the other cutout shapes.

FH composites with small cutouts and elliptical‐horizontal are recommended.
Optimization of Starting Material Composition in the Synthesis of Highly Active Magnesium Ethoxide‐Supported Ziegler–Natta Catalysts for Propylene Polymerization
Authors: Hamedani Nona Ghasemi , Behrouzi‐Fardmoghadam Mina , Abedini Hossein , Bahri‐Laleh Naeimeh , Poater Albert
Published: February 2025

We aim to deepen our understanding of the structure‐performance relationship in Ziegler–Natta catalysts (ZNCs) for propylene polymerization. To this end, three different Mg(OEt)₂ supports were synthesized by reacting magnesium powder with varying amounts of MnCl₂ during the magnesium‐ethanol reaction stage. Despite similar XRD patterns among all obtained Mg(OEt)2 samples, at an optimal MnCl2/Mg ratio of 2 g/g, well‐spherically shaped Mg(OEt)2 particles with plate‐like building units were formed. The prepared support precursors were then used in ZNC synthesis with different TiCl₄/Mg(OEt)₂ ratios and internal donor types, and their behavior in propylene polymerization was thoroughly explored. The overall results indicated that the optimal Ti/Mg ratio is 8 mol/mol. Additionally, phthalate as an internal donor demonstrated higher activity compared to diethyl ether or succinate‐based internal donors. The kinetic curve of propylene uptake versus time in polymerization experiments with varying external donor content was mathematically modeled to evaluate changes in rate constants. The calculated rate constants showed that as the external donor content increases, ktrH, kd, kiED and ktED all enhance, while kp decreases significantly due to the poisoning of active sites by the external donor. These findings highlight the critical role of the type and amount of catalyst components in achieving optimal performance.
A New Al Agglomeration Model of Coupling Microscale Propellant Combustion and Its Microstructure: NEPE Propellant as a Case Study
Authors: Chen Kaixuan , Xue Xiaochun , Yu Yonggang
Published: February 2025

In this study, a new statistical model is introduced to predict the distribution of aluminium (Al) cluster sizes within nitrate ester plasticized polyether (NEPE) propellant. The methodology involves using a sequential algorithm to populate a cubic space with random spheres, effectively representing the microstructure of Al‐based NEPE propellant. The ‘Pocket model’ previously established by Cohen and Beckstead, in conjunction with a dual‐slicing technique, is utilized to derive a statistically reliable AP intercept. This intercept serves as a measure for the scale of ‘Pockets’, facilitating the management of varying sizes in the heterogeneous propellant structure. Furthermore, Price's leading edge flame (LEF) model is integrated, positing that LEF predominantly drives the formation of Al clusters laterally. In the vertical direction, the residence time of Al particles is considered a significant factor. When both factors align, agglomeration occurs. This study represents the first comprehensive attempt to model the pronounced agglomeration phenomenon in Al‐based NEPE propellant. Comparison with experimental data shows a satisfactory alignment, though some discrepancies highlight areas for further refinement of the model.
Phase I Study of the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of Inhaled Voriconazole in Healthy Volunteers and Subjects With Stable Asthma
Authors: Caponetti Giovanni , Sala Federica , Cervetti Antonio , Colombo Daniele , Tiberio Elena , Singh Dave
Published: February 2025

The aim of this study was to evaluate safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of single and multiple doses of a novel inhaled formulation of voriconazole (ZP‐059). In the single ascending dose part, 4 cohorts of 6 healthy subjects received one dose of inhaled voriconazole (5–40 mg). In the multiple ascending dose part, 3 cohorts of 6 subjects with mild asthma received voriconazole 10 mg twice daily [BID], 20 mg BID or 40 mg once daily. In the 2‐period crossover part, 16 subjects with mild to moderate asthma each received one dose of inhaled voriconazole 20 mg and one dose of oral voriconazole 200 mg. A bioanalytical method was developed and validated to simultaneously determine concentrations of voriconazole and its metabolite N‐oxide voriconazole in serum and sputum. Inhaled voriconazole was well tolerated with no treatment emergent adverse events (TEAEs) leading to treatment discontinuation. The PK profile of inhaled voriconazole showed rapid absorption, apparent greater than proportional increase in exposure with increasing dose, a consistent half‐life across dosing, and large clearance and volume of distribution. Following repeat administration limited accumulation was observed. Systemic exposure following inhaled voriconazole was much lower than following oral voriconazole. Serum data confirmed that voriconazole was extensively metabolized also when administered by inhalation. Sputum data following inhaled voriconazole were limited but demonstrated increasing exposure with increasing dose. The current study shows the newly developed dry powder inhaled formulation of voriconazole to be safe and well tolerated, providing a possible improved treatment approach for patients affected by allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.

Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04229303
Synthesis of Anabaenopeptins With a Strategic Eye Toward N‐Terminal Sequence Diversity
Authors: Venneti Naresh M. , Ramakrishna Boddu S. , Harris Zoee K. , Kasmer Sydney C. , Anderson Dennis P. , Peraino Nicholas J. , Westrick Judy A. , Stockdill Jennifer L.
Published: February 2025

A divergent synthesis strategy was developed for producing various anabaenopeptins (AP) for harmful algal bloom monitoring. The synthesis involved on‐resin stepwise pentapeptide assembly on a MeDbz linker then N‐α‐ureido amino acid attachment and cyclization. To manage N‐methylated amino acids, modified coupling conditions were employed. Lysine's ε‐amino group reacted with the activated MeDbz linker in a self‐cleaving head‐to‐side chain cyclization. Cyclization conditions were optimized by screening different pH levels to control lysine α‐amine cyclization and prevent hydrolysis. Global cleavage and purification afforded the pure anabaenopeptins. This approach proved effective as a general platform for anabaenopeptin synthesis, allowing rapid access to anabaenopeptins A, B, F, and oscillamide Y.
Berberine Inhibits Migration and Apoptosis of Rat Podocytes in Diabetic Nephropathy via the Novel lncRNA LOC102549726 Related Pathway
Authors: Wang Chen , Wu Hao , Xie Yongsheng , Wang Jiajia , Huang Lingzhi , Ni Xiayun , Deng Shujun , Zhang Yang , Chen Xinyi , Zhang Huihui , Yuan Siming , Tang Liqin
Published: February 2025

Background

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) stands as one of the most severe complications of diabetes. Podocytes injury, particularly its attachment to the lateral glomerular basement membrane, serves as a crucial indicator of DN. Growing evidence suggests that berberine (BBR) can mitigate the onset and progression of DN. However, the molecular mechanisms through which BBR exerts its beneficial effects in the treatment of DN remain incompletely elucidated.

Purpose

To explore the underlying mechanisms by which BBR exerts its therapeutic effects in DN.

Methods

High‐throughput lncRNA sequencing on the renal cortex of both the DN model group and the normal SD group was performed to dig for differentially expressed lncRNAs. The expression of LOC102549726 was evaluated using qPCR. The biological functions of LOC102549726 were analyzed in podocyets and DN rats. The bioinformatics techniques, qPCR and WB were used to explore the potential molecular mechanisms.

Results

We found that lncRNA LOC102549726 was highly expressed in renal cortex of DN rats and podocytes subjected to high glucose conditions. Silencing LOC102549726 inhibited migration and apoptosis of podocytes. Mechanistically, LOC102549726 was identified as a facilitator of the expression of EGF and forkhead box O1 (FOXO1). BBR, a known therapeutic agent for DN, exhibited the ability to diminish the level of LOC102549726, EGF and FOXO1 in both DN rats and podocytes.

Conclusion

Our findings suggested that BBR suppresses migration and apoptosis of podocytes in DN through targeting the LOC102549726/EGF/FOXO1 axis. This sheds light on a potential therapeutic avenue for mitigating the impact of DN on podocyte function.
Fixed‐Time Control Lyapunov Function for Networked Non‐Linear Uncertain Systems
Authors: Dong Yi , Chen Zhiyong
Published: February 2025

This paper introduces a novel tool based on Lyapunov functions, aimed at analyzing the fixed‐time property of networked non‐linear uncertain systems while incorporating a specifically designed control law. The applicability of this tool is demonstrated by addressing the fixed‐time synchronization challenge within non‐linear uncertain multi‐agent systems (MASs) operating in a leader‐following scenario. In this scenario, the desired trajectory stems from a general non‐linear system, and a two‐part solution is presented. Both segments of the solution leverage the innovative Lyapunov function‐based tool. The first component entails a fixed‐time non‐linear state feedback observer, engineered to estimate the leader system's state within a directed communication network. The second component offers a fixed‐time control law, designed to regulate the trajectories of the agents. This paper explores two categories of non‐linear agents with first‐order and second‐order dynamics, taking into account parametric uncertainties.
Confluence of Time and Space: An Innovation for Quantifying Dynamics of Hydrologic Floodplain Connectivity With Remote Sensing and GIS
Authors: Ahmad Hafez , Miranda Leandro E. , Dunn Corey G. , Boudreau Melanie R. , Colvin Michael E. , Dash Padmanava
Published: February 2025

Hydrologic connectivity is a crucial determinant of aquatic ecosystem services, governing the exchange of nutrients, sediments, chemicals, and biota. Various indices and metrics exist for quantifying hydrologic connectivity across diverse environments and scales. However, existing methodologies often fail to adequately capture lateral connectivity between lakes and streams across vast, low‐relief, multi‐lake floodplain systems. This study introduces a novel approach for quantifying lateral hydrologic connectivity specifically tailored for floodplain lakes connecting to streams within the expansive floodplain of the Lower Mississippi River. This approach centers on the spatial and temporal intersection of lakes and streams, leveraging remote sensing and GIS data to estimate nine distinct metrics of hydrologic connectivity. To assess the reliability of the method, the study estimated connectivity metrics for 92 randomly selected lakes, comprising 53 lakes connected to large streams, 13 lakes connected to medium streams, and 26 lakes connected to small streams. As expected, there was significant variability in hydrologic connectivity across different stream size classes. The outlined approach contributes valuable insights into the hydrologic connectivity of floodplain lakes and offers a generalizable framework applicable to other floodplains. Its versatility makes it a practical tool for understanding connectivity requirements for biota and facilitating applications in conservation and water resources management. Thus, this work represents a meaningful step toward advancing our understanding of lateral hydrologic connectivity dynamics in complex aquatic ecosystems.
Statistical Inference for Association Studies in the Presence of Binary Outcome Misclassification
Authors: Hochstedler Webb Kimberly A. , Wells Martin T.
Published: February 2025

In biomedical and public health association studies, binary outcome variables may be subject to misclassification, resulting in substantial bias in effect estimates. The feasibility of addressing binary outcome misclassification in regression models is often hindered by model identifiability issues. In this paper, we characterize the identifiability problems in this class of models as a specific case of “label‐switching” and leverage a pattern in the resulting parameter estimates to solve the permutation invariance of the complete data log‐likelihood. Our proposed algorithm in binary outcome misclassification models does not require gold standard labels and relies only on the assumption that the sum of the sensitivity and specificity exceeds 1. A label‐switching correction is applied within estimation methods to recover unbiased effect estimates and to estimate misclassification rates. Open‐source software is provided to implement the proposed methods. We give a detailed simulation study for our proposed methodology and apply these methods to data from the 2020 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS).
Estimating Average Treatment Effects With Support Vector Machines
Authors: Tarr Alexander , Imai Kosuke
Published: February 2025

Support vector machine (SVM) is one of the most popular classification algorithms in the machine learning literature. We demonstrate that SVM can be used to balance covariates and estimate average causal effects under the unconfoundedness assumption. Specifically, we adapt the SVM classifier as a kernel‐based weighting procedure that minimizes the maximum mean discrepancy between the treatment and control groups while simultaneously maximizing effective sample size. We also show that SVM is a continuous relaxation of the quadratic integer program for computing the largest balanced subset, establishing its direct relation to the cardinality matching method. Another important feature of SVM is that the regularization parameter controls the trade‐off between covariate balance and effective sample size. As a result, the existing SVM path algorithm can be used to compute the balance‐sample size frontier. We characterize the bias of causal effect estimation arising from this trade‐off, connecting the proposed SVM procedure to the existing kernel balancing methods. Finally, we conduct simulation and empirical studies to evaluate the performance of the proposed methodology and find that SVM is competitive with the state‐of‐the‐art covariate balancing methods.
Layered All‐Polymer Solar Cells with Efficiency of 18.34% by Employing Alloyed Polymer Donors
Authors: Zhou Hang , Zhang Lu , Tian Hongyue , Ni Yuheng , Xie Yongchao , Jeong Sang Young , Huang Tianhuan , Woo Han Young , Zhang Jian , Zhu Xixiang , Lu Lifang , Ma Xiaoling , Zhang Fujun
Published: February 2025

A series of layered all‐polymer solar cells (LA‐PSCs) with the normal or inverted structure are prepared by employing a sequential spin‐coating method with PBQx‐TCl, PM1 as polymer donor, and PY‐DT as polymer acceptor. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of normal LA‐PSCs can be improved from 17.20% to 18.34% by incorporating 30 wt.% PM1 into the PBQx‐TCl layer, resulting from simultaneously increased JSC of 25.35 mA cm−2, VOC of 0.971 V and FF of 74.49%. The PCE improvement of inverted LA‐PSCs can also be achieved by employing PBQx‐TCl:PM1 as donor layers. The mixed PBQx‐TCl and PM1 prefer to form the alloyed states in the LA‐PSCs, which can be confirmed by the gradually increased VOCs of LA‐PSCs with more PM1 content in donor layers. Meanwhile, the photogenerated excitons in donor layers can also be dissociated at the interface between PBQx‐TCl and PM1, especially for the excitons located near the ITO electrode. The exciton dissociation between PBQx‐TCl and PM1 can provide an additional channel for improving the exciton utilization efficiency, as confirmed by the positive external quantum efficiency spectral difference (∆EQE) values for the normal and inverted LA‐PSCs with PBQx‐TCl:PM1 or PBQx‐TCl as donor layers. Over 6.6% PCE improvement of LA‐PSCs can be realized by using alloyed PBQx‐TCl:PM1 as the donor layer.
Mixed‐Solvent‐Induced Phase Separation Enables Anisotropy and Strengthening of Hydrogels Composed of Flexible Network Chains
Authors: Hu Longyu , Luo Hongmei , Xie Jiacen , Li Min , Lu Honglang , Shen Huanwei , Cui Wei , Ran Rong
Published: February 2025

Achieving anisotropy in hydrogels is key to replicating the structural and mechanical properties of biological tissues. However, inducing anisotropy in hydrogel systems composed solely of flexible amorphous polymers is challenging, as these polymers typically exhibit thermally unstable anisotropic states, i.e., they are easy to disorient. In this study, a mixed‐solvent‐induced phase‐separation approach to stabilize the orientation of such hydrogel networks after pre‐stretching is introduced. Using polyacrylamide, a flexible polymer with a persistence length on the order of 10−1 nm, as a model system, it is demonstrated that phase separation in a mixed solvent leads to the formation of dense and dilute polymer phases, with the dense phase effectively locking the anisotropy through robust inter‐ and intra‐polymer interactions. A series of characterizations confirm that partial orientation can be preserved in the prestretched, phase‐separated gel upon relaxation, resulting in significant mechanical enhancement along the orientation direction, including improvements in fracture stress, Young's modulus, and fracture toughness. The generality of this method, showing its effectiveness in other hydrogel systems and its adaptability to different solvent combinations is also validated. This work presents an unconventional strategy for preparing anisotropic hydrogels that typically struggle to maintain structural integrity.
Optimizing Electro‐Oxidation Kinetics via Constructing Built‐In Electric Field on Pd‐Ni(OH)2 Heterostructures for Selective Oxidation of Benzylamine to Benzonitrile
Authors: Wei Enhui , Dong Yuan , Yang Xu , Gao Hongtao , Luo Xiliang , Yang Wenlong
Published: February 2025

Rationally regulating redox properties of electrocatalysts is highly essential to accomplish selective electro‐oxidation of benzylamine (BA) to benzonitrile (BN) and concurrently promote hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at cathode. Herein, a facile built‐in electric field (BIEF) engineering strategy to optimize the electrocatalytic kinetics for the BA oxidation reaction (BOR) on Pd‐Ni(OH)2 heterostructures, is presented. Both experimental and theoretical results confirm the construction of BIEF with the direction from α‐Ni(OH)2 nanosheet to Pd nanoparticle at the heterointerface. It is unequivocally found that the creation of BIEF is favorable for not only the generation of electroactive Ni(OH)O species, but also the adsorption and dehydrogenation of BA molecules, achieving significantly promoted BOR kinetics. As expected, the Pd‐Ni(OH)2 catalyst shows excellent electrocatalytic performance toward selectively oxidizing BA to BN, which is further coupled with cathodic H2 production. The faradaic efficiency (FE) for BN production can approximate to 85% in a two‐electrode electrolyzer. In situ Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical measurements disclose that the activity origin for the BOR is dehydronated Ni(OH)O intermediate, clarifying a direct electro‐oxidation mechanism over the Pd‐Ni(OH)2 electrode. This work highlights an effective insight into design and synthesis of highly active electrocatalysts for organic upgrading.
ZnO‐Based Photomultiplication‐Type Infrared Photodetectors for Ultrasensitive Upconverters
Authors: Ge Zhenhua , Yang Shengyi , Zhang Zhenheng , Hong Mingdong , Liu Mingzhu , Zia Ayesha , Jiang Yurong , Zou Bingsuo , Tang Libin
Published: February 2025

High‐sensitivity infrared photodetectors have attracted attention due to their broad applications. Photomultiplication is an ideal choice for high‐sensitivity photodetectors since it can generate large photogenerated current under incident faint illumination, making them more user‐friendly and cost‐effective without any extra amplifier circuits. In this work, 2 wt.% acetic acid in methanol is optimized to treat the electron‐accumulated ZnO layer in photodetector ITO/ZnO/PbS/Ag by increasing its interfacial oxygen vacancies, thus the interfacial band bends at the ZnO/PbS interface due to the accumulated charges under illumination. In this way, a high‐gain photomultiplication‐type photodetector ITO/ZnO/PbS/Ag, in which PbS colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) act as the active layer, is presented. As a result, a high responsivity of 524 A/W with a high external quantum efficiency of 66516% is achieved from the photodetector ITO/ZnO/PbS/Ag under 0.2 µW cm−2 980 nm illumination at ‐1 V. Further, a low turn‐on voltage of 2 V is obtained from the upconverters ITO/ZnO/PbS(240 nm)/TAPC(50 nm)/CBP:Ir(ppy)3(60 nm)/BCP(20 nm)/LiF(1nm)/Al under 1.637 mW cm−2 980 nm illumination, exhibiting a photon‐to‐photon conversion efficiency of 11.08%. In addition, upconversion imaging through a single‐pixel device and a 16 × 16 display array is demonstrated, implying its potential scalable applications. Therefore, it provides a promising and applicable pathway for high‐performance upconverters.
A Review of Surface Reconstruction and Transformation of 3d Transition‐Metal (oxy)Hydroxides and Spinel‐Type Oxides during the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: He Biao , Bai Fan , Jain Priya , Li Tong
Published: February 2025

Developing efficient and sustainable electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for advancing energy conversion and storage technologies. 3d transition‐metal (oxy)hydroxides and spinel‐type oxides have emerged as promising candidates due to their structural flexibility, oxygen redox activity, and abundance in earth's crust. However, their OER performance can be changed dynamically during the reaction due to surface reconstruction and transformation. Essentially, multiple elementary processes occur simultaneously, whereby the electrocatalyst surfaces undergo substantial changes during OER. A better understanding of these elementary processes and how they affect the electrocatalytic performance is essential for the OER electrocatalyst design. This review aims to critically assess these processes, including oxidation, surface amorphization, transformation, cation dissolution, redeposition, and facet and electrolyte effects on the OER performance. The review begins with an overview of the electrocatalysts’ structure, redox couples, and common issues associated with electrochemical measurements of 3d transition‐metal (oxy)hydroxides and spinels, followed by recent advancements in understanding the elementary processes involved in OER. The challenges and new perspectives are presented at last, potentially shedding light on advancing the rational design of next‐generation OER electrocatalysts for sustainable energy conversion and storage applications.
Dual‐Shelled CeO2 Hollow Spheres Decorated with MXene Quantum Dots for Efficient Electrocatalytic Nitrogen Oxidation
Authors: Li Quan , Shen Dongcai , Xiao Zhengting , Liu Xin , Xu Xiang , Wu Mingrui , Wang Wentai , Liu Licheng , Li Qin , Li Xianguo
Published: February 2025

Electrocatalytic nitrogen oxidation (NOR) provides a promising alternative strategy for synthesizing nitric acid from widespread N2, which overcomes the disadvantages of Haber‐Bosch‐Ostwald process. However, the NOR process suffers from the limitation of high N≡N bonding energy, sluggish kinetics, and low efficiency. It is prerequisite to develop more efficient NOR electrocatalysts. Herein, dual‐shelled CeO2 hollow spheres (D‐CeO2) are synthesized and modified with Ti3C2 MXene quantum dots (MQDs) for NOR, which exhibited a NO3− yield rate of 71.25 µg h−1 mgcat−1 and Faradic Efficiency (FE) of 31.80% at 1.7 V versus RHE. The unique quantum size effect and abundant edge active sites lead to more effective capture of nitrogen. Moreover, the dual‐shelled hollow structure will gather intermediate products in the interlayer of the core‐shell to facilitate N2 fixation. The in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the formation of *NO and NO3− species during the NOR, and the kinetics and possible pathways of NOR are calculated by density functional theory (DFT). In addition, a Zn‐N2 reaction device is assembled with D‐CeO2/MQDs as anode and Zn plate as cathode, obtaining an extremely high NO3− yield rate of 104.57 µg h−1 mgcat−1 at 1 mA cm−2.
Tailoring the Composite Polymer Electrolytes with Metal–Organic Framework for High‐Performance Li–O2 Batteries
Authors: Wang Huan‐Feng , Guan De‐Hui , Chang Xiao‐Ke , Ma Xin‐Yue , Yuan Xin‐Yuan , Wang Xiao‐Xue , Xu Ji‐Jing
Published: February 2025

Lithium‐oxygen (Li–O2) batteries with high energy density have given rise to tremendous advances in developing highly efficient energy storage devices. However, the barrier of Li dendrite growth and the liquid electrolyte volatilization under semi‐open architectures still restrict their future applications. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)‐based polymer electrolytes are considered to be an effective solution to these issues, but the presence of highly reactive residual solvents severely disrupts the long‐term cycling stability of the battery. Herein, a tailoring strategy to confine and redistribute the solvent molecules by introducing porous metal–organic framework (MOF) is proposed. The Lewis acid sites and functional groups on MOFs offer more binding sites for residual solvents, leading to more involved anions in Li+ solvation. Benefiting from the tailored coordination environment of polymer electrolytes, the Li dendrite growth and liquid electrolyte volatilization are effectively suppressed in the composite polymer electrolyte (MOF@PVDF). As a result, the MOF@PVDF enables the Li//Li symmetrical cells ultra‐stable cycling over 800 h at  0.2 mA cm−2. Meanwhile, the MOF@PVDF‐based Li–O2 battery has realized a long life above 1100 h at 200 mA g−1. This work opens a direction in developing stable polymer electrolytes for high energy density Li–O2 batteries by tailoring the solvation structures of polymer electrolytes.
Ultrafast Laser Driven Ferromagnetic‐Antiferromagnetic Skyrmion Switching in 2D Topological Magnet
Authors: Dou Kaiying , Du Wenhui , He Zhonglin , Dai Ying , Huang Baibiao , Ma Yandong
Published: February 2025

Light‐spin coupling is an attractive phenomenon from the standpoints of fundamental physics and device applications, and has spurred rapid development recently. Whereas the current efforts are devoted to trivial magnetism, the interplay between light and nontrivial spin properties of topological magnetism is little known. Here, using first principles, rt‐TDDFT and atomic spin simulations, the evolution of topological spin properties of monolayer CrInSe3 under laser is explored, establishing the ultrafast ferromagnetic‐antiferromagnetic skyrmion reversal. The physics correlates to the laser‐induced significant spin‐selective charge transfer, demagnetization, and time‐dependent magnetic interactions. Especially, an essential switching from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic exchange is generated under light irradiation. More importantly, dynamics of topological magnetic physics shows that this process accompanies with the evolution of topological magnetism from ferromagnetic to antiferromagnetic skyrmions, manifesting intriguing interplay between light and topological spin properties. The work provides a novel approach toward the highly desired ultrafast control of topological magnetism.
MXene–Metal Phosphate/Phosphide Composites for Energy Storage and Conversion
Authors: Hussain Iftikhar , Iqbal Anum , Bibi Faiza , Pandiyarajan Sabarison , Banitaba Seyedeh Nooshin , Khademolqorani Sanaz , Javed Muhammad Sufyan , Chuang Ho‐Chiao , Zhang Kaili
Published: February 2025

MXenes, a family of emerging two‐dimensional materials offer enriched surface chemistry, high electrical conductivities, large specific surface area, intrinsic physicochemical properties, and excellent mechanical stability. However, restacking of MXene sheets limit their electrochemical performance. To overcome this limitation, recent advancements have focused on developing MXene composites with metal phosphates/phosphides (MXene/MPs). This review discusses the applications of MXene/MPs composites in energy storage and conversion applications. The incorporation of MPs into MXenes not only addresses the restacking issue and aggregation problems, but also enhances the overall electrochemical performance of energy storage and conversion systems. The review concludes with a summary of the current research status and future prospects for MXene/MPs‐based composites in energy applications.
Design and Analysis of Solid and Thin‐Walled Slender Structures Using Soft Materials Based on Beam Finite Elements
Authors: Sudha K.
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the design and analysis of solid and thin‐walled slender structures made of hyperelastic soft materials using high‐order beam finite elements integrated into the Carrera unified formulation (CUF) framework. The primary aim is to evaluate the load‐bearing capacity and deflection characteristics of these structures through finite element analysis (FEA). Numerical results indicate that the experimental load capacity reached up to 19,000 kN, while FEA simulations reported a capacity of 15,000 kN. Midspan deflection measurements showed experimental values peaking at 5000 mm, compared to 4200 mm in FEA results. The average ratio of experimental to numerical results (Mtest/MFEA) across various specimens was 0.943 with a standard deviation of 0.11, suggesting a strong agreement between experimental and numerical analyses. These findings validate the effectiveness of high‐order beam finite elements for modeling the behavior of slender soft material structures, thus contributing to advancements in structural engineering.
Uncertainty Analysis for Fatigue Load Estimators in Wind Turbines
Authors: Kretschmer Phillip , Fischer Boris , Laborenz Jacob , Schwarte Jörg
Published: February 2025

Like explicit measurements of fatigue loads, their estimation using suitable algorithms is subject to uncertainty. This paper proposes a method to quantify this uncertainty. It is well‐suited for two‐stage, time‐series‐based algorithms that estimate remaining useful lifetime. Key element is a model, which is used to propagate measurement and physical uncertainties. A special feature of the method is that it can take into account known deterministic errors of the estimation algorithm. The application of the procedure is illustrated using an example setup with a common algorithm for the estimation of tower bottom loads. This demonstrates that the method provides a meaningful quantification of uncertainty in form of a coefficient of variation and clearly identifies the main sources of uncertainty. Thus, the proposed method is an important contribution towards the practical application of fatigue load estimators for wind turbines.
Sex Work and Sexual Violence Laws in Each Jurisdiction
Authors: Scoular Jane , Howard Rachel , Brents Barbara G. , Sanders Teela , Abel Gillian
Published: February 2025

This chapter lays out the various formal laws, legal regulations and court cases that directly concern prostitution, sexual violence, workers’ rights, and criminal justice processes, as pertinent to addressing unwanted sexual contact in the context of sex work. We discuss the formal law for each of our case-study jurisdictions: the UK (England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland), Aotearoa New Zealand, and the USA (including Nevada, the only state where legal brothels exist). These details provide a legal backdrop for the empirical chapters that follow, which explore whether and how the legislative context affects sex workers’ attitudes, perceptions of, and behaviours towards the formal law and their experiences of the law.
After the Violation: Sex Workers’ Responses to Unwanted Incidents
Authors: Sanders Teela , Smailes Harriet , Brents Barbara G. , Abel Gillian , Scoular Jane
Published: February 2025

In this chapter, we report on sex workers’ responses to incidents of unwanted contact—such as the removal of a condom, non-payment, or other client behaviours that crossed their boundaries. We examine the actions sex workers take during and after these violations, exploring their motivations and the influence of formal law, workplace rules, and social norms. We analyse the factors that lead sex workers to various responses and how their reactions differ based on the legal context and the sex market they operate in. Survey responses reveal that sex workers rarely seek statutory support services. We explore how their legal consciousness shapes their individual actions and intersects with workplace responses. This analysis highlights the dynamics between sex workers’ understanding of formal law, workplace policies and culture, and the informal norms.
Bridging Gaps: Peer Recommendations for Better Services
Authors: Balderston Susie , Lanti Alessandra , Thomson Samuel , Griffin Jessica Hyer , Fraser Cherida , Dhónaill Caoimhe Ní , Sanders Teela
Published: February 2025

In this chapter, we present recommendations for change written by the project's peer researchers, based on their findings from the study. During qualitative interviews, the peers discussed with sex workers how services should change and what actions could be taken to bring about this change. The peer researchers then discussed potential changes in action learning sets, a problem-solving process explained in detail in Chapter 9. Their personal experiences as sex workers and/or practitioners in the field gave them a deep understanding of the challenges that sex workers face. Their analysis followed an action research approach and aligned with the trauma-informed design of the project.
Precision tests of third-generation four-quark operators: one- and two-loop matching
Authors: Haisch Ulrich , Schnell Luc
Published: February 2025

Abstract

We calculate the one- and two-loop matching corrections in the Standard Model effective field theory (SMEFT) that impact electroweak precision measurements and flavour physics observables, focusing on the contributions of third-generation four-quark operators. Our results provide a crucial ingredient for a model-independent analysis of constraints on beyond the Standard Model physics that primarily affects the sector of third-generation four-quark operators. Concise analytic expressions are provided for all considered precision observables, which should facilitate their inclusion into global SMEFT analyses.
(Anti-)Stokes scattering on the domain wall string
Authors: Guo Hengyuan , Liu Hui , Evslin Jarah
Published: February 2025

Abstract

In a general (2+1)-dimensional scalar model, we consider the scattering of a single quantum of radiation off a domain wall string, which excites or de-excites the wall’s internal shape mode. We refer to these two process as Stokes and anti-Stokes scattering. We calculate the probability densities for these processes to first order in quantum field theory, as a function of incoming momenta and angles. We include both the case in which the incident particle is transmitted and also that in which it bounces backward. Our results are given as finite-dimensional integrals of normal modes and elementary functions, and numerical results are presented in the particular case of the ϕ
4 double-well model.