bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlates of self‐rated attachment in patients with cancer and their caregivers: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Nissen Kathrine G.
Published: January 2016

Background

This study aimed to evaluate the association between an anxious/avoidant attachment style and psychosocial variables in patients with cancer and their caregivers.

Methods

PsycINFO, PubMed, Google Scholar, and SCOPUS were searched for empirical studies published in peer‐reviewed journals between 1994 and 2015, and unpublished data from one cohort were added. Meta‐analyses synthesized results from studies investigating the correlates of attachment styles, measured with validated scales, among patients with cancer or their caregivers.

Results

Thirteen studies (k = 13) were included in the quantitative synthesis (including unpublished data from one cohort). Anxious attachment was associated with depression (r = 0.29, CI 0.19–0.38, I2 = 76%), anxiety (r = 0.34, CI 0.13–0.52, I2 = 69%), and social support (r = −0.39, CI −0.55–0.21, I2 = 87%). Avoidant attachment was associated with depressive symptoms (r = 0.20, CI 0.15–0.25, I2 = 16%), anxiety (r = 0.13, CI 0.01–0.24, I2 = 4%), and social support (r = −0.28, CI −0.42–0.14, I2 = 75%).

Conclusions

Patients with cancer and their caregivers showing high levels of insecure attachment are at risk of experiencing higher levels of depressive symptoms, anxiety, and poor social support. Findings suggest that clinicians' awareness of attachment styles may serve as important clinical insight to improve treatment outcomes. Large‐scale studies and longitudinal studies are required to investigate distinct longitudinal pathways in cancer‐related distress across different attachment styles Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effectiveness of file‐based deduplication in digital forensics
Authors: Neuner Sebastian , Schmiedecker Martin , Weippl Edgar
Published: January 2016

Over the last decades, the increasing amount of storage became a pressing problem for forensic investigators. This is caused by the computerization of everyday life and the associated increasing number of different devices in typical households. Considering multi‐terabyte storage on the suspects' side, even more storage requirements emerge on the side of the investigator for secure backup and working copies. In this paper, we improve the standardized forensic process by proposing to rigorously use file deduplication across devices as well as file whitelisting in investigations in order to reduce the amount of data that needs to be stored for analysis as early as during data acquisition. These improvements happen in an automatic fashion and are completely transparent to the forensic investigator. They may furthermore be added without negative effects to the chain of custody or artifact validity in court and are evaluated in a realistic use case. Additionally, we illustrate the effectivity of our proposed approach on a real‐world corpus by showing a notable reduction in number of reduced files as well as storage. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cryptanalysis of a certificateless aggregate signature scheme
Authors: Wang Liangliang , Chen Kefei , Long Yu , Wang Huige
Published: January 2016

An aggregate signature refers to a signature, by which n signatures σ1,...,σn corresponding to n messages m1,...,mn and n users u1,...,un can be transformed into a single short signature
. Besides, anyone can be convinced by the single short signature that the n messages m1,...,mn were definitely signed by the n users u1,...,un correspondingly. The concept of certificateless cryptography is proposed, so as to settle the key escrow problem in ID‐based cryptography and eliminate the demand for certificates in certified cryptography. A certificateless signature scheme was proposed by Chen et al. in 2014, which was extended into a certificateless aggregate signature scheme. In this paper, two attacks are firstly provided, so as to indicate that the certificateless signature scheme is insecure against a Type I adversary and a Type II adversary. And then, it is demonstrated that the certificateless aggregate signature scheme is not able to achieve the security levels they claimed due to the weaknesses of the certificateless signature scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Being the CEO's boss: An examination of board chair orientations
Authors: Krause Ryan
Published: January 2016

Research summary: Scholars have traditionally conceptualized board leadership as a dichotomous construct. A combined CEO and board chair position is interpreted as reflecting a more collaborative approach to corporate governance, whereas separate positions are interpreted as ensuring greater board control. I challenge this conceptualization and posit that a separate board chair can be oriented toward collaboration as well as—or in place of—control. I analyze newly available data from corporate proxy statements to identify these two board chair orientations and test competing perspectives on how they impact profitability growth in a sample of S&P 500 firms. The results indicate that board leadership is a more nuanced phenomenon than the extant literature would suggest.

Managerial summary: What is the role of the board chair when not the CEO? Corporate governance experts assert the board chair's role is to monitor and control the CEO. Yet, board chairs often play another, more collaborative role. Board chairs frequently provide advice and guidance to CEOs and relieve CEOs of board leadership burdens, enabling the CEOs to focus on their primary responsibilities. In this study, I examine the effect of board chair orientations on financial performance and find that, as with separating or joining the CEO and board chair positions, the profitability implications of the selected orientation are far from universal. Board chairs must consider their firm's performance context in order to get the most out of a particular approach to being the CEO's boss. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unique Cobalt Sulfide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite as an Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries with Superior Rate Capability and Long Cycling Stability
Authors: Peng Shengjie , Han Xiaopeng , Li Linlin , Zhu Zhiqiang , Cheng Fangyi , Srinivansan Madhavi , Adams Stefan , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: January 2016

Exploitation of high‐performance anode materials is essential but challenging to the development of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Among all proposed anode materials for SIBs, sulfides have been proved promising candidates due to their unique chemical and physical properties. In this work, a facile solvothermal method to in situ decorate cobalt sulfide (CoS) nanoplates on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to build CoS@rGO composite is described. When evaluated as anode for SIBs, an impressive high specific capacity (540 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1), excellent rate capability (636 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 306 mAh g−1 at 10 A g−1), and extraordinarily cycle stability (420 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 1000 cycles) have been demonstrated by CoS@rGO composite for sodium storage. The synergetic effect between the CoS nanoplates and rGO matrix contributes to the enhanced electrochemical performance of the hybrid composite. The results provide a facile approach to fabricate promising anode materials for high‐performance SIBs.
Plant Polyphenol‐Assisted Green Synthesis of Hollow CoPt Alloy Nanoparticles for Dual‐Modality Imaging Guided Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Song Xiao‐Rong , Yu Shu‐Xian , Jin Gui‐Xiao , Wang Xiaoyong , Chen Jianzhong , Li Juan , Liu Gang , Yang Huang‐Hao
Published: January 2016

Theranostic nanomedicines that integrate diagnostic and therapeutic moieties into a single nanoscale platform are playing an increasingly important role in fighting cancer. Here, a facile and green synthetic strategy for hollow CoPt alloy nanoparticles (HCPA‐NPs) using plant polyphenols as assisted agents is reported for the first time. This novel strategy enables size‐controlled synthesis of HCPA‐NPs through the control of the molecular sizes of polyphenols. It is also a versatile strategy for synthesizing other hollow alloy nanoparticles with various metal compositions due to the diverse metal‐chelating ability of the polyphenols. Further studies show that HCPA‐NPs have good biocompatibility and can be successfully implemented for magnetic resonance and photoacoustic dual‐modal imaging guided photothermal therapy. This work brings new insights for the green synthesis of hollow nanoparticles and extends these biocompatible nanoparticles for theranostic applications.
Introduction of 3‐(trimethylammonium chloride)‐2‐hydroxypropyls onto starch chains for improving the grafting efficiency and sizing property of starch‐g‐poly(acrylic acid)
Authors: Zhu Zhifeng , Zhang Linyan , Feng Xianmin
Published: January 2016

Acid‐converted cornstarch was subjected to a pretreatment of cationization using N‐(3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxypropyl) trimethylammonium chloride to introduce 3‐(trimethylammonium chloride)‐2‐hydroxypropyl (TMACHP) substituents onto starch chains. Then, the quaternized starch was further modified via a graft copolymerization of the starch with acrylic acid in aqueous medium using Fe2+‐H2O2 initiator. The investigation was carried out to reveal the influence of TMACHP substituents on the graft copolymerization and sizing properties. The graft copolymerization was evaluated with grafting efficiency, grafting ratio, and conversion of monomer to polymer while the sizing properties considered included paste viscosity, adhesions to fibers, film performances, mechanical properties of sized yarns, and desizability. It was found that the TMACHP substituents introduced was able to increase the grafting efficiency and ratio of the copolymerization. In addition, the quaternized starch‐g‐poly(acrylic acid) (QS‐g‐PAA) was superior to starch‐g‐poly(acrylic acid) (S‐g‐PAA) in the adhesions. The cationization was capable of toughening starch film due to significant increase in breaking elongation, work‐to‐break, and bending endurance of the film. Moreover, the mechanical properties of the yarns sized with QS‐g‐PAA were better than those with S‐g‐PAA. Furthermore, the QS‐g‐PAA was stable in paste viscosity and desizable from sized yarns. A low level of the quaternization could be adopted to improve the grafting efficiency and sizing properties.
Characterization of nanoscale retrograded starch prepared by a sonochemical method
Authors: Ding Yongbo , Kan Jianquan
Published: January 2016

Nanoscale retrograded starch (RS III) particles were prepared using high‐intensity ultrasonication combined with water‐in‐oil (w/o) miniemulsion cross‐linking technique. Results showed that ultrasonication effectively fragmented RS III to nanoparticles 600–700 nm in size. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that ultrasonic treatment produced notches and grooves on the surface of nanoscale RS III. X‐ray diffraction analysis indicated that ultrasonication destroyed the crystalline structure of the clustered amylopectin and apparently led to amorphous, or low‐crystallinity nanoscale RS III. Differential scanning calorimetry results showed that nanoscale RS III exhibited lower ΔH values, which indicated the lower stability of the crystals. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed two new peaks at 1532.30 and 1450.40 cm−1. The new peak at 1532.30 cm−1 can be considered the most satisfying evidence of the crosslinking reaction between starch molecule and MBAA. The new peak at 1450.40 cm−1 resulted from the opening of starch chains by alkali. Thus, ultrasonication increased the amylose content and decreased the RS contents with weakened swelling power. In vitro studies showed that nanoscale RS III retained its antidigestibility property, so it could be used as a drug‐carrier material. The drug‐absorption properties of nanoscale RS III improved, and the adsorption kinetics described the contact time on the adsorption of captopril onto nanoscale RS III.
Chemokine CCL15 Mediates Migration of Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Toward Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Gao Yun , Zhou Zhong , Lu Sen , Huang Xinli , Zhang Chuanyong , Jiang Runqiu , Yao Aihua , Sun Beicheng , Wang Xuehao
Published: January 2016

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess the ability to migrate toward tumor sites and are regarded as promising gene delivery vehicles for cancer therapeutics. However, the factors that mediate this tropism have yet to be completely elucidated. In this study, through cytokine array analysis, chemokine CCL15 was found to be the most abundant protein differentially expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines compared with a normal liver cell line. Serum CCL15 levels in HCC patients determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay were shown to be profoundly elevated compared with healthy controls. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that CCL15 expression was much stronger in HCC tumor tissues than in adjacent nontumor tissues. Transwell migration assay suggested that CCL15 may be involved in chemotaxis of human MSCs (hMSCs) toward HCC in vitro and that this chemotactic effect of CCL15 is mediated via CCR1 receptors on hMSCs. Orthotopic animal models of HCC were established to investigate the role of CCL15 in hMSCs migration toward HCC in vivo. Both histological and flow cytometric analysis showed that significantly fewer hMSCs localized within 97H-CCL15-shRNA xenografts compared with 97H-green fluorescent protein xenografts after intravenous delivery. Finally, the possible effects of hMSCs on HCC tumor growth were also evaluated. Coculture experiments showed that hMSCs had no apparent effect on the proliferation of HCC cells in vitro In addition, systemic administration of hMSCs did not affect HCC tumor progression in vivo. Our data in this study help to elucidate the mechanism underlying the homing capacity of hMSCs toward HCC.
Bioengineering of noncoding RNAs for research agents and therapeutics
Authors: Ho Pui Yan , Yu Ai‐Ming
Published: January 2016

The discovery of functional small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs and small interfering RNAs, in the control of human cellular processes has opened new avenues to develop RNA‐based therapies for various diseases including viral infections and cancers. However, studying ncRNA functions and developing RNA‐based therapeutics relies on access to large quantities of affordable ncRNA agents. Currently, synthetic RNAs account for the major source of agents for RNA research and development, yet carry artificial modifications on the ribose ring and phosphate backbone in sharp contrast to posttranscriptional modifications present on the nucleobases or unmodified natural RNA molecules produced within cells. Therefore, large efforts have been made in recent years to develop recombinant RNA techniques to cost‐effectively produce biological RNA agents that may better capture the structure, function, and safety properties of natural RNAs. In this article, we summarize and compare current in vitro and in vivo methods for the production of RNA agents including chemical synthesis, in vitro transcription, and bioengineering approaches. We highlight the latest recombinant RNA approaches using transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and optimal ncRNA scaffold (OnRS), and discuss the applications of bioengineered ncRNA agents (BERAs) that should facilitate RNA research and development. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:186–197. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1324

This article is categorized under:

Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Regulatory RNAs

RNA Methods > RNA Analyses In Vitro and In Silico

RNA Methods > RNA Analyses in Cells
Effects of small boundary perturbation on flow of viscous fluid
Authors: Marušić‐Paloka Eduard
Published: January 2016

We study the effects of small boundary perturbation on the flow of viscous fluid using asymptotic analysis. A small perturbation of magnitude is applied on part of the boundary of the fluid domain. The complete asymptotic expansion of the solution of the Stokes system, in powers of ε is derived. First two terms are explicitly computed. A simple example shows that the perturbation is nonlocal, i.e. not concentrated near the boundary. The convergence of the expansion is proved. The results are applied on a simple optimal shape design problem.
First Report of Metamict Alluaudite (A Sodium Iron Manganese Phosphate Mineral) from Pisangan, Ajmer District, Rajasthan
Authors: Singh Yamuna , Viswanathan R. , Mundra K. L. , Jagadeesan P. , Sharma A. K.
Published: January 2016

For the first time we report alluaudite from India, which is metamict and is hosted in a zoned pegmatite, near Pisangan, Ajmer district, Rajasthan. Alluaudites known till date, all over the world, are non-metamict type. Therefore, the alluaudite reported from the area is the first locality in the world for the metamict-type of alluaudite. The most conspicuous features exhibited by the alluaudite are various types of cracks in different directions and shapes, including its isotropic nature. The calculated crystallographic parameters of the reported alluaudite are: a0 = 11.9874 Å, b0 = 12.5144 Å, and c0 = 6.4136 Å, β = 114.240 with unit-cell volume (V) = 877.31 Å3, which are in agreement with the values of alluaudite standard. Geochemical data indicates high content of P (32.30% P2O5), Fe (30.2% Fe2O3), Mn (10.62% MnO), besides Mg (7.71% MgO), Ca (5.60% CaO), Na (3.40% Na2O) and Si (2.30% SiO2), and appreciable amount of water of hydration (3.50% LOI). It is highly radioactive due to uranium (2.28% U3O8) and thorium (185 ppm Th). Calculated structural formula of the alluaudite is Na1+0.59Ca2+0.54Mn2+0.80Mg2+1.02Fe3+2.03Al3+0.037U4+0.043P5+2.45O12. The chondrite-normalised plot shows enrichment of HREE relative to LREE with pronounced negative Eu-anomaly (Eu/Eu* = 0.46). Such a high negative Eu-anomaly suggests extremely fractionated nature of the host pegmatite.
The influence of regime type on Russian foreign policy toward “the West,” 1992–2015
Authors: Lynch Allen C.
Published: January 2016

Russia’s foreign policy does not follow directly from the nature of its internal political system but rather from the interaction of that political system with other political systems. Russian policy toward the Western world is best understood in terms of the capacity of Russia’s post-Soviet rulers to achieve two goals that are in implicit tension with each other. They are: a) maximizing the benefit to the Russian state of the country’s multifaceted relations with the Western world; and b) securing Russia’s status as the undisputed hegemon throughout the country’s historical borderlands. These broad policy objectives—shared by Russian liberals and nationalists alike–have been common to both the Yeltsin and Putin administrations, albeit expressed in different ways over time and with differing expectations of being able to reconcile the two. Building upon authoritarian and interventionist patterns established early in the Yeltsin years and reacting to the West’s refusal to acknowledge Russian regional primacy, Putin has consolidated an arbitrary personalist regime at home and waged war along the Russian periphery, even at the cost of relations with the Western world. In this respect, Putin’s regime may usefully be seen as a “state-nation” with a strong imperial imprint, building upon powerful legacies of Russian political development. The removal of Putin from power will not in se change that regime type or key challenges in Russiane Western relations.
Lack of Comprehensive Outbreak Detection in Hospitals
Authors: Baker Meghan A. , Huang Susan S. , Letourneau Alyssa R. , Kaganov Rebecca E. , Peeples Jennifer R. , Drees Marci , Platt Richard , Yokoe Deborah S.
Published: January 2016

Timely identification of outbreaks of hospital-associated infections is needed to implement control measures and minimize impact. Survey results from 33 hospitals indicated that most hospitals lacked a formal cluster definition and all targeted a very limited group of prespecified pathogens. Standardized, statistically based outbreak detection could greatly improve current practice.

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(4):466–468
Aspects of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Periods in Western Europe
Authors: Hawkes Jacquetta
Published: January 2016

Of all the prehistoric periods yet distinguished in Western Europe the Neolithic has suffered the hardest fate. Having in the past enjoyed a seemingly secure and important position in the field of prehistory, with an estimated duration of several thousand years, this unfortunate period has of late been so assailed before and behind that its very existence has been called in question. In Britain, however, recent researches seem to have rescued our Neolithic from complete extinction by the encroaching Mesolithic and Bronze Ages, and given it an established position once more, albeit a more humble one than it occupied in its days of undue inflation. Because it has become better understood, an epoch to which formerly thousands of yearswere allocated is now limited to hundreds.
Isborsk—a Viking Stronghold
Authors: Tudeer L.
Published: January 2016

Little has been known of the Viking expansion in the East Baltic till some 10–12 years ago, when the new states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania began an enthusiastic exploration of their antiquities, in which research they have been joined by Finnish and Swedish archaeologists. In Russia, the Viking traces in Russian history have been the object of research for many years, and there the Nestor chronicle has been a literary guide to the results, which have given glimpses of the life of those ancient times—of the long water routes over Europe, the settlements founded by the Vikings, and the great cemeteries of primitive graves, outside those towns. In the following sketch of a Viking stronghold of the 8th–9th century no attempt is made to describe the many archaeological finds in systematic excavations; it is merely the impression, a strangely living impression, of one of those ancient places upon the ordinary tourist.
Salvian and the Ruin of the Roman Empire
Authors: Thouvenot Raymond
Published: January 2016

At the moment when Attila was preparing to attack the Western Empire a priest named Salvian, driven by the invasions from the Rhineland to Marseilles, published his tract De Gubernatione Dei, one of the strangest amongst the off spring of declining Latin literature.
Modern Views on the Italian Terremare
Authors: Randall-MacIver D.
Published: January 2016

There has been for a good many years an uneasy sense that all was not well with the theory of the Italian terremare as propounded by the original explorers. Writers of general works have continued to accept and to pass it on, in perfectly good faith, as if it were a coin of full value, worth the same now that it was thirty years ago. But those who had the best opportunities of knowing were aware that there had been a very serious depreciation. It was strongly suspected that, like the dollar, it had sunk to at least 59 per cent of its nominal value; but there seemed to be no one who was at once willing and able to state the exact degree of devaluation. Pigorini’s staunchest followers, of whom the last survivor died a few years ago, began to admit that there was a considerable percentage of loss; while more impartial outsiders wondered whether the terremare coin had not become totally valueless.
The Crusaders in the Red Sea and the Sudan
Authors: Newbold Douglas
Published: January 2016

It is said that truth is stranger than fiction. The history of the Middle Ages is largely one of romance; and of all the medieval episodes, the story of the crusades is perhaps the most romantic; and of all crusading ventures the most fantastic and least known is the amphibious attack on the holy cities of Islam, Mecca and El Medina, by the famous French crusader, the prince of Antioch and lord of Transjordan, Renaud de Chatillon. To us in the Sudan Renaud's raid down the Red Sea is particularly interesting, as the crusaders actually landed in the Sudan and dominated both the Sudanese and Arabian coasts of the Red Sea for many months.
55 B.C. and 54 B.C.
Authors: Stevens C. E.
Published: January 2016

The Year 1946 is the Two Thousandth Anniversary of the first historical event in our Island Story, the first Invasion of Julius Caesar ; 1947 that of the first appearance of the first British personality, the first man in England whose name we know, Cassivellaunus. It is fitting, therefore, that ANTIQUITY should choose the turn of the years for its own discussion of England's first ‘ bimillenary ’.
Herodotus on Min
Authors: Baumgartel Elise J.
Published: January 2016

HERODOTUS’S history which includes his description of the country and people of Egypt has lost nothing of its charm and interest though nearly two and a half millennia have elapsed since it was first published. As the report of an eyewitness who saw the great pagan temples still open, and met a priesthood still educated in the remnants of a great tradition serving their gods in the ancient ways, Herodotus’s account has held its place among the sources of Egyptian history. Though modern scholarship has shown some of his statements to be erroneous because based on untrustworthy sources such as popular legends and stories made up by interpreters and guides, Herodotus’s veracity as an author has become more and more recognised and he can be relied upon to repeat faithfully what was told to him.
The Sutton Hoo Shield
Authors: Maryon Herbert
Published: January 2016

For its importance in throwing light upon a dark period of history, and for the intrinsic beauty and archaeological significance of its contents the Sutton Hoo Ship burial has been rightly described as the greatest find ever made in England. The Ship was fully excavated in July and August 1939, and the treasures found therein were taken to the British Museum, where the most urgent preservative measures were immediately undertaken. During the War these valuable finds were hidden underground. Recently they were returned to the British Museum, where they are now being unpacked, cleaned, and made ready for exhibition. In anticipation of their full publication it has been decided to make a report upon some individual pieces when, from time to time, they become available for exhibition.
Groups of Circles in the Silt Fens
Authors: Riley D. N.
Published: January 2016

Concentrations of small circular ditches are among the most difficult to explain of the numerous remains shown by soil-marks and crop-marks in the Silt Fens. The writer first noticed a group south-east of Fifties Farm, March (Cambs.) when on a practice flight in early 1944, and then took it to be a group of barrow circles like those known in the Upper Thames country (1) and elsewhere (2). Later experience showed that there were so many circles—up to 30 or 40—crowded together in each group and the groups themselves so numerous, that this explanation no longer seemed adequate. Twenty-two groups of circles and two isolated examples were noted, but there must be very many more, as it was not possible to make a systematic search, nor even to keep particulars of all the sites observed. Most of the circles were shown by soil-marks.
Homer and the Mycenaean Tablets
Authors: Webster T. B. L.
Published: January 2016

Now that more than a year has elapsed since the publication of Dr Michael Ventris’ brilliant discovery that the Mycenaean tablets inscribed in Linear B contained Greek, a preliminary answer may be given to the question of their bearing on the interpretation of Homer. My purpose here is to indicate where our 8th century Iliad and Odyssey agree with the tablets and where they differ.
The Britons in Southern Scotland
Authors: Jackson Kenneth
Published: January 2016

The archaeological background of the people of what is now Scotland south of the Forth and Clyde in the Roman period was a La Téne one, and specifically chiefly Iron Age B. This links them intimately with the Britons of southern Britain in the conglomeration of Celtic tribes who called themselves Brittones and spoke what we call the Brittonic or Ancient British form of Celtic, from which are descended the three modern languages of Welsh, Cornish and Breton. To the north of the Forth was a different people, the Picts. They too were Celts or partly Celts; probably not Brittones however, but a different branch of the Celtic race, though more closely related to the Brittones than to the Goidels of Ireland and (in later times) of the west of Scotland. Not being Brittonic, the Picts may be ignored here. Our southern Scottish Brittones are nothing but the northern portion of a common Brittonic population, from the southern portion of which come the people of Wales and Cornwall. Some historians speak of the northern Brittones as Welsh, following good Anglo-Saxon precedent, but this is apt to lead to confusion. The best term for them, in the Dark Ages and early Medieval period, as long as they survived, is ‘Cumbrians’, and for their language, ‘Cumbric’. They called themselves in Latin Cumbri and Cumbrenses, which is a Latinization of the native word Cymry, meaning ‘fellow-countrymen’, which both they and the Welsh used of themselves in common, and is still the Welsh name for the Welsh to the present day. The centre of their power was Strathclyde, the Clyde valley, with their capital at Dumbarton.
South American Prehistory: a review
Authors: Pericot L.
Published: January 2016

These two articles which deal respectively with the chronological basis of Patagonian prehistory and with its rock pictures, are by the well-known prehistorian who today is Professor of Prehistory in the Faculty of Philosophy and Literature in the University of Buenos Aires. They set out a scheme of outstanding importance for the prehistory of Patagonia which strengthens our opinion, already backed by evidence from all over America, of the great antiquity of Man in the New World.

It is inevitable that, when a European archaeologist has transferred his activities to the New World, he should see everything with European eyes, and look for parallels with the cultures he knew in the Old World. Thus it is natural that, in the few years which Professor Menghin has spent in Argentina, his untiring energy should have produced finds and theories of undoubted interest. These are summarized in a table in the first article, which boldly attempts to correlate the cultures of Patagonia with those of the Upper Palaeolithic and later periods in Europe.
The dating of the Zimbabwe Ruins
Authors: Summers Roger
Published: January 2016

Like many other spectacular monuments, Zimbabwe Ruins has attracted more attention through speculation than through research. Many of the so-called ‘archaeological excavations’ in the early days were little more than licensed treasure hunts, whilst the amount of unauthorized fossicking for gold which went on until 1902 (when the ruins were protected by legislation) destroyed acres of archaeological deposits. Two people only have published reports of widespread excavations on scientific lines at Zimbabwe: the late Dr D. Randall-Maclver, who dug there for a few weeks in 1905 and Miss G. Caton-Thompson, whose careful work during the dry season of 1929 forms the basis of our present archaeological knowledge of this site. Considering the great area involved—about 100 acres of actual buildings—and the obvious importance of the site, surprisingly little is really known about it. For the past 18 years the site has been under the protection of the Southern Rhodesian Monuments Commission and excavation has been very wisely discouraged, although on the other hand the exploration and excavation of other sites has proceeded apace. Both Maclver and Caton-Thompson agreed that the building was African. Maclver dated the ‘Temple’ (the principal single structure) as ‘not earlier than the 14th or 15th century’, but admitted that an earlier settlement prior to the present buildings was a possibility. Miss Caton-Thompson gave as her earliest date for the whole complex the 9th century A.D., or possibly a little earlier, and also considered a pre-ruin culture not unlikely. Wieschhoff after reviewing all the preceding evidence and undertaking excavations at a number of other sites found himself fully in agreement with Maclver as regards dating whilst the present writer, with still more field evidence from other Rhodesian sites, felt inclined to shorten Wieschhoff's dating still more.
The Rôle of the Philistines
Authors: Gordon Cyrus H.
Published: January 2016

Our dictionaries tell us that ‘Philistine’ denotes ‘an uncouth or uncultured person’. Archaeologically, this definition is quite unjustified for the Philistines were the main civilizing influence on the Hebrews during the critical period when Israel emerged from rude tribalism to forge a cultured empire. The magnitude of the Philistine impact is reflected in the name of ‘Palestine’ (= Hebrew peléšet ‘Philistia’) which clings to the country after more than three millennia.
Upland Houses: The Influence of Mountain Terrain on British Folk Building
Authors: Walton James
Published: January 2016

The difficulty of building in mountainous country has resulted in similar solutions over a very wide area, and certain houses and farm buildings in western Britain have many features in common with those in Scandinavia, the Vosges, the Black Forest, Switzerland, Spain, Macedonia and even in the Himalayas. The most obvious method of building in hilly terrain is to create a level platform either entirely by excavation or by excavating the upper portion and using the earth removed to build up the lower part of the platform. A single-storeyed building on such a levelled site may then be identical with any lowland type.

Primitive ‘platform’ sites dating from the Dark Ages have been recorded from several parts of Wales, notably those excavated by Aileen Fox on Gelligaer Common, Glamorgan. These homesteads, each consisting of from one to three buildings erected on platforms levelled into the hillside, were sited on a little shelf at the junction of the moorland plateau and the valley scarp at an elevation of about 1,300 feet. Each house was divided into two parts by an almost central cross-passage and the ridge-pole was supported by two or more upright posts. Dark Age and medieval houses of the platform type are known from twenty-six sites in Glamorgan, three in Radnorshire and two near Llanbadarn Fynydd, whilst many smaller homesteads of a similar character have been discovered in Caernarvonshire by Hemp and Gresham.
Nero's Golden House
Authors: Perkins J. Ward
Published: January 2016

Domus Aurea, the Golden House. The name conjures up a vision of splendour, which even a visit to the gloomy vaults beneath the southern slopes of the EsquiIine cannot altogether dispel. All too little has survived ; and unless there are surprises in store for us still below ground, it seems unlikely that we shall ever know very much more about it from the actual remains than we do at present. But with each year that passes fresh knowledge accumulates in other, related fields. Vision shifts and perspectives change, and every now and then it becomes worth while once again to take stock, to ask which of the old problems still matter, and to see what are the new ones that have now to be considered. The present article, which lays no claim to originality, is an attempt to present and assess the present state of scholarly opinion about what must, by any computation, be held to be one of the most important buildings in the whole long history of classical architecture.
Archaeology and the Ordnance Survey
Authors: Phillips C. W.
Published: January 2016

The Ordnance Survey of Great Britain is now in its 167th year. Founded in 1791, it has provided a map coverage of this country which is unexcelled in its completeness and in the range of its scales. All the most important towns are now being mapped on a 1/1250 (50-in,) scale in a new survey, over 60 per cent of which have now been completed. Only a few mountainous and uninhabited regions are excluded from the 1/2500 (25-in.) scale which otherwise covers the whole country. Consequential from this scale is a further series of maps at scales of 1/10,560 (6-in.), 1/25,000 (2½-in.), 1/63,360 (1-in.), 1/126,720 (½-in.), and 1/253,440(¼-in.). Except for the north-west of Scotland the 1/25/000 (2½-in.) scale map covers the whole of the country, but the 1/126,720 (½-in.) scale has only recently been started and will take some years to complete.

An unusual feature of the whole of these map series when compared with other national surveys is the attention it pays to the mapping of antiquities. This is not confined to the delineation of those ancient features which have size and bulk which make it impossible to omit them from any map. A big range of antiquities is shown. The current list shows 107 different types ranging in date from the earliest times down to the 18th century. Some, like burial mounds, are small; others, like major hill-forts or Roman town sites, cover many acres, while others of linear type like Hadrian’s Wall or Offa’s Dyke approach or exceed 100 miles in length. Apart from this kind of antiquity which can still be recognized on the ground, there are many places indicated where important finds of portable objects have been made, and the sites of battles and other historic events are shown.
Cropmarks in Antiquity
Authors: Fagan B. M.
Published: January 2016

‘There is one straung thing seen ther that in certen Partes of the Ground withyn the Waulles, the Corne is mervelus faire to the Yee, and ready to show Perfecture, it decayith’.

This passage, written by John Leland (1503-1552) after his visit to Silchester in 1541, is perhaps the earliest recorded observation of a cropmark. His account of Silchester was used by most serious workers on the site for the next two hundred years, and treated with the respect it deserved. Willian Camden used it on his visit, and we are not surprised to read in Britannia:

‘The inhabitants of this place told me, it had been a constant observation of theirs, that though the soil here be fat and fertile, yet in a sort of baulks that cross one another, the corn never grows so thick as in the other parts of the field; and along these they imagine the streets of the old city to have run. Here are commonly dug up British Tiles and great plenty of Roman Coins’.
Some Megalithic Follies
Authors: Daniel Glyn
Published: January 2016

The late Editor and Founder of ANTIQUITY had to deal with a difficult monument when he wrote his Long Barrows of the Cotwolds (1925). This was the Three Shire Stones which stand in an alcove in the wall on the west side of the Foss Way, two miles north of Batheaston, at the junction of Somerset, Gloucestershire and Wiltshire and the parishes of Batheaston, Marshfield and Colerne. Here are three uprights supporting a capstone. Inside is a broken boundary stone bearing the date 1736, and on the 2-in. manuscript map of the district at the Ordnance Survey (dated 1813–14) there is a note saying ‘Shire Stones, erected 1736’. As Crawford wrote, ‘The present structure is evidently a modem imitation of a “dolmen”.’

If we all accept the Three Shire Stones as an 18th-century ‘dolmen’, as we must, it prompts us to wonder what other megalithic imitations or ‘follies’ were constructed in England.

In 1792 Lord Arundel employed Josiah Lane to make a grotto for him at Wardour Castle in Wiltshire. Lane was a celebrated constructor of rock-work and his grotto at Wardour is a most remarkable and charming structure. To quote Barbara Jones’s description of it: ‘Built on a brick basis, it is of tufa and stone with the usual occasional ammonite, now covered with green moss and long ferns, for it is in a very sheltered and gloomy situation. The plan is most cunning, turning in and out with many views through jagged holes into other parts. The dark yews and the bank which it is built against, and the patternbook construction, make it the most Gothic of grottoes.’ Apparently Josiah Lane in his rock-work used part of a chamber tomb on Place Farm, Tisbury: three stones from this tomb were removed in 1792 and used at Wardour Castle.
Stone and Earth Circles in Dorset
Authors: Stuart  , Piggott C. M.
Published: January 2016

The primary purpose of this paper is to publish for the first time a complete set of plans and descriptions of the Dorset stone circles, and of certain allied monuments in which timber uprights may have played a part but whose visible remains today consist only of encircling banks and ditches. The existence of most of the sites described has been recorded, with full references, in the Ordnance Survey’sMap of Neolithic Wessex, but we have been able to add several new circles to those listed there. The field-work was undertaken and the surveys made in 1936 and 1937, while in certain instances use has been made of air-photographs to which Mr O. G. S. Crawford has drawn our attention.
The Relics of Saint Petroc
Authors: Doble Canon G. H.
Published: January 2016

The incident of the theft of the relics of Saint Petroc from his shrine in Bodmin priory church by a canon of Bodmin in 1177, their removal to the abbey of St.-Méen in Brittany, and their subsequent restoration owing to the vigorous action of Henry 11, is well-known. It is briefly referred to by the chroniclers Roger of Hoveden and Benedict of Peterborough. The long Vita Petroci in the newly discovered Gotha MS.; however, contains a full and detailed account of the whole affair by a contemporary writer of considerable literarypowers. It abounds in lifelike touches, and is one of the most interesting glimpses into the social life of the Middle Ages which we possess. It is here printed for the first time.
Greek Roads in South Attica
Authors: Young J. H.
Published: January 2016

‘Although the Greeks seem to have
undertaken the founding of their cities most
successfully looking for beauty and security of
position, harbours, and fertile country, the
[Romans] planned best those matters which the
Greeks made light of, laying down roads, and
bringing in water … They laid a network of roads
over the countryside, adding cuttings over the
hills and embankments along the valleys, so that
their wagons can accommodate whole
shiploads’

So says Strabo (v. 3.8), stating concisely
a great deal that has since been written
contrasting the beauty-loving Greeks with the
practical Romans. S The justly admired roads of
the Romans have long been a symbol of Rome at her
best. The Greeks come off very poorly indeed when
contrasted with Rome in the matter of
roadbuilding—so poorly that their apologists have
often felt constrained to explain it away : the
mountain-terrain, and the division into
unco-operative city-states were hostile to the
development of road-building. Yet both these
excuses are groundless, for under certain
circumstances the Greeks did build roads over
difficult terrain and across state boundaries.
Roads from quarries to temple-sites are good
examples of the first difficulty overcome, sacred
roads of the second. The truth is that the Greeks
could build good roads if the need for them was
sufficiently compelling, but they had no sense of
the ROAD, as the Romans did, and as we do
to-day.
Coal in the Ice Age: The Excavation of a
Palaeolithic Settlement at Ostrava-Petřkovice in
Silesia
Authors: KLíama Bohuslav
Published: January 2016

THE high carboniferous sandstone formation
named Landek, on the left bank of the order at
Ostrava-Petřkovice, is the site of the most
important palaeolithic settlement at present known
in Silesia. The exploratory excavations carried
out there in 1952, by the Brno Archaeological
Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences,
were continued systematically the following year,
particularly to determine whether coal had been
intentionally used as fuel by the palaeolithic
hunters.

The second season’s excavations brought to
light numerous particles of coke and coal in the
ash layers which had resulted from the dispersal
of hearths by solifluxion. Fragments of coal
unaffected by heat were rare in comparison with
the coke particles, indicating that the coal had
been almost completely converted into the ash
which colours the whole cultural stratum grey,
especially near the hearths. While the discovery
of coal is not, by itself, decisive evidence of
its use as fuel, it is corroborated by the fact
that the coal is found in various forms, and it
may be concluded as a result of the 1953
excavations that 30,000 years ago, in the
Ostrava-Petřkovice region, man used coal as a
source of heat. This remarkable conclusion is more
easily acceptable if it is borne in mind that the
Ostrava coal-measures rise to the surface in the
immediate neighbourhood of the site, and that the
use of coal, though only as a material for
ornaments, is known in other instances, e.g. at
Kesslerloch, and at Kniegrotte. That the coal-fed
fires reached high temperatures is shown by the
considerable degree of incineration of the animal
bone fragments (strongly resembling charcoal),
which occur, together with particles of mammoth
ivory, in the ash.
New Wares and Fresh Problems from Baluchistan
Authors: Cardi Beatrice De
Published: January 2016

It is perhaps axiomatic that archaeological research in Baluchistan should raise as many questions as it answers, and the fieldwork carried out in Kalat in 1957 was no exception. Gradually, however, the nature of these problems is changing.

Prior to 1950 a superfluity of unrelated wares confronted the prehistorian and obscured the wider issues. Much of this pottery had been collected by the late Sir Aurel Stein from the numerous wind-eroded dambs which represent the mudbrick walls of ancient settlements. In the absence of any scientific excavation in this region it was difficult to relate the different painted wares or to group them into cultural assemblages, and the emphasis lay firmly on decorated pottery, since there was even less hope of sorting out unstratified plain wares.
Surkh Kotal
Authors: Schlumberger Daniel
Published: January 2016

Until 1951,th e great archaeological site we now call Surkh Kotal had completely escaped notice. In the autumn of that year, a friend of mine, Sarwar Nasher Khān, informed me that some stones bearing Greek letters had just been found in Northern Afghanistan by a team of workers engaged in building a new road. A few weeks later, we visited the site. It lay some 15 km. to the north-west of Pul-i Khumri, and some 12 km. to the south of Baghlān, two modem industrial centres in the valley of the Kunduz River. Having asked for the find spot, we were shown a ruined structure bordering the new road, at the bottom of a hill (henceforth called ‘ the acropolis ’) projecting like a promontory into the valley, and we could see at once that this structure was but a part of a large fortified enclosure of irregular shape following the contours of the hill-area. Inside this enclosure could be seen a smaller rectangular enclosure, the centre of which was occupied by a large flat-topped mound. Several architectural fragments were lying about. They were made of the local limestone. They included two big column-bases, and what appeared to be the remains of a mighty stele in alto-relievo, 2.20 m. high. Inquiring about the name of the place, we got several contradictory answers, two things only being clear : (1) that the place was a ‘ Kafir Kala ’, a ‘ Heathen’s Castle ’; and (2) that the saddle or pass connecting the hill with the mountains further west was called Surkh Kotal, ‘ The Red Pass ’. In fact the ruin was anonymous, but ‘ Heathen’s Castle, of the Red Pass ’ could be considered a suitable name. We shortened it into ‘ Surkh Kotal ’, ‘ The Red Pass ’.
The Kingdom of Peleus and Achilles
Authors: Simpson R. Hope , Lazenby J. F.
Published: January 2016

And now I will tell of the men who lived in Pelasgian Argos, who dwelt in Alos and Alope, in Trechis, Phthia, and Hellas of the Fair Women. Their names were Myrmidons and Hellenes and Achaeans; and they and their fifty ships were unde Achilles’ command.’ (Iliad, 11, 681-5.)