bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constraints of instantaneous reactive power p−q theory
Authors: Czarnecki Leszek S.
Published: August 2014

The instantaneous reactive power (IRP) p–q theory can be acknowledged as the first concept that provided fundamentals for switching compensator control and very often such a control is satisfactory. There are situations when this control can result in objectionable effects, however. Instantaneous active and reactive powers, p and q, defined in the IRP p−q theory, were introduced with the emphasis that the definitions of these powers are valid for any three‐phase system, without any constraints as to the system properties with respect to the load structure and the supply voltages and load currents waveform. This may imply a conclusion that the instantaneous powers p and q specify the power properties of the three‐phase systems regardless of such systems properties. This assurance regarding the lack of constraints has contributed to the dissemination of the IRP p−q theory, especially as a fundamental of the algorithms for switching compensator control. This study shows that such a conclusion has no ground, however. In fact, only at very specific properties of the three‐phase system some conclusions on its power properties can be derived from the values of the instantaneous active and reactive powers. Also, it shows that the IRP p−q theory identifies the power properties of the three‐phase loads correctly only on the condition that such loads are supplied with symmetrical and sinusoidal voltage.
Theoretic optimisation of microfluidic and magnetic self‐assembly of carbon nanotubes
Authors: Shim Joon S.
Published: August 2014

In this reported work, a magnetic and fluidic analysis has been performed to theoretically analyse the self‐assembly mechanism of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and to characterise the assembling environments for the high‐density integration of individual CNTs. In previous work by the present author, the residual iron (Fe) catalyst at one end of a CNT was magnetically captured and the captured CNT was aligned along the flow direction by fluid drag force, leading to precise individual integration of CNTs between electrodes. To advance the previous work and technique, theoretic characterisations were executed to optimise the assembling conditions which increased the number of attached CNTs with a high density of integration. For calculating the fluidic force applied to the individual CNT, the slender‐body theory was adopted by modelling the CNT as a slender object. Moreover, magnetic simulation was performed to calculate the magnetic force applied to the residual Fe catalysis at one end of the CNT. These simulation results were combined and used to determine the critical height where the fluidic force was equal to the magnetic force. On the basis of these analyses, the array of CNT‐assembled electrodes was implemented with a 2 m interval, whereas only a single CNT‐assembled electrode was achieved in the previous work. A result of the present work, enables dense integration of the CNT circuit as a highly functional nanodevice.
Power capacity of mixed modes in overmoded slow wave structures
Authors: Zhang Dian , Zhang Jun , Zhong Huihuang , Jin Zhenxing , Yuan Yuzhang
Published: August 2014

In slow wave structures (SWSs) of overmoded relativistic backward wave oscillators (RBWOs), multiple symmetric transversal magnetic (TM0n) modes frequently present coexistence. Since the power capacity of higher order TM0n mode is apparently higher than that of TM01 mode, the introduction of higher order TM0n mode in SWSs seems to be beneficial for improving the power capacity of overmoded RBWOs. However, our analysis indicates that the power capacity of TM0n mixed modes is lower than that of pure TM01 mode, in exception of the condition that the power proportions of higher order TM0n modes are sufficiently high, or the phases of TM0n modes in finitely long SWSs are cautiously manipulated. In addition, we realize that higher mode purity brings about higher power capacity in SWSs.
Ecology and Conservation of Mudminnow Species Worldwide
Authors: Kuehne Lauren M , Olden Julian D
Published: August 2014

We review and summarize the ecology and conservation status of the group of fishes commonly known as “mudminnows” (formerly known as the family Umbridae but recently reclassified as Esocidae), consisting of only five species distributed on three continents. These small-bodied fish—residing in freshwater habitats and exhibiting limited mobility—often occur in isolated populations across landscapes and are subject to conservation threats common to highly endemic species in close contact with anthropogenic impacts, such as pollution, habitat alteration, and nonnative species introductions. Herein we summarize current knowledge of the distributions, phylogenetic relationships, ecology, and conservation status of each species of mudminnow, including nonnative occurrence and distribution. We also outline the primary conservation threats to particular species and make recommendations for future research to promote much needed knowledge and conservation attention.

RESUMEN

en este trabajo, se revisa y resume la ecología y estado de conservación del grupo de peces comúnmente conocido como “lucios” (anteriormente conocidos como la familia Umbridae, pero recientemente reclasificados en la Esocidae) los cuales se constituyen de sólo cinco especies distribuidas en tres continentes. Estos peces de cuerpo pequeño—que viven en hábitats de agua dulce y presentan movilidad limitada—suelen presentar poblaciones aisladas a lo largo de distintos paisajes y son sujetos a las típicas amenazas que enfrentan las especies endémicas que se encuentran en contacto directo con los impactos antropogénicos como la contaminación, alteración de hábitat e introducción de especies no nativas. Aquí se resume el conocimiento actual acerca de la distribución, relaciones filogenéticas, ecología y estado de conservación de cada especie de lucio, incluyendo aquellas que son de ocurrencia y distribución no nativa. También se identifican las principales amenazas a nivel género o especie y se hacen recomendaciones para investigaciones futuras encaminadas a promover tanto el conocimiento como la atención de conservación hacia este grupo.
Pain in cultural and communicative contexts
Authors: Clemente Ignasi
Published: August 2014

Pain and culture are complex and multifactorial phenomena. They defy objectification, isolation, and simplification. They can neither be defined nor measured easily, since they intersect with the biological, psychological, and social realms. Taking into account the intrinsic multidimensionality of each phenomenon, we are only beginning to understand the myriad of ways in which culture may influence pain. As a consequence, (1) the study of the relationship between culture and pain is fraught with methodological and theoretical challenges; and (2) there is no conclusive evidence to support specific guidelines on how to assess and treat pain of specific cultural groups.
Concepts and Principles of Integrative Nursing
Authors: Koithan Mary
Published: August 2014

Integrative nursing is a way of being-knowing-doing that advances the health and well-being of persons, families, and communities through caring/healing relationships. Six principles of integrative nursing are described: Human beings are inseparable from their environments; human beings have the innate capacity for health and well-being; nature has healing and restorative properties that contribute to health and well-being; integrative nursing is person-centered and relationship-based; integrative nursing practice is informed by evidence and uses the full range of therapeutic modalities to support/augment the healing process, moving from least intensive/invasive to more, depending on need and context; and integrative nursing focuses on the health and well-being of caregivers as well as those they serve.
An Alternative “No Resection” Technique for Posterior Mitral Leaflet Prolapse Repair: Reverse T-Plasty
Authors: Cagli Kerim , Lafci Gokhan , Cicek Omer
Published: August 2014

Reverse T-plasty is an alternative “no resection” technique for posterior mitral leaflet prolapse repair that is inspired by butterfly resection. It combines mediolateral and anteroposterior plane foldings of the posterior leaflet without any resection and shortens cardiopulmonary bypass and cross-clamping time.
Learning Curve to Lymph Node Resection in Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy for Cancer
Authors: Dhamija Ankit , Rosen Joshua E. , Dhamija Anish , Rothberg Bonnie E. Gould , Kim Anthony W. , Detterbeck Frank C. , Boffa Daniel J.
Published: August 2014

Objective

Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) is a safe alternative to open approaches, yet the impact of the minimally invasive approach on oncologic efficacy is unclear. The objectives of the current study were to compare lymph node yields and surgical margins during a single-surgeon series to examine the learning curve to oncologic aspects of MIE.

Methods

A retrospective review of a prospectively maintained institutional database was performed. The sequential MIE experience for esophageal cancer was subcategorized into terciles (first 25 MIEs as early, next 24 as middle, and most recent 24 as later).

Results

Seventy-three patients underwent MIE for cancer between 2008 and 2013. Complete resections (R0) were performed in 71 cases (93%), and there were no significant differences in the number of complete resections with negative margins during the MIE experience ( P = 0.54). The number of lymph nodes harvested during MIE increased significantly with progressive experience, with a mean of 22, 29, and 28 nodes recovered in the early, middle, and late subgroups, respectively ( P = 0.038). On multivariate analysis, only increasing surgeon experience (1.4-fold increase in nodal yield for the latter two thirds relative to the first third, P = 0.0011) and histology of high-grade dysplasia (0.54-fold decrease in nodal yield relative to adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma, P = 0.025) were significant predictors of lymph node yield.

Conclusions

The ability to execute a complete lymphadenectomy during MIE is affected by surgeon experience and improves over time, plateauing after the first 25 cases.
Crystal structure of 2,3,5,6-tetrakis[(methylsulfanyl)methyl]pyrazine
Authors: Assoumatine Tokouré , Stoeckli-Evans Helen
Published: August 2014

The title compound, C12H20N2S4, synthesized by the reaction of 2,3,5,6-tetrakis(bromomethyl)pyrazine with sodium methanethiolate, crystallizes with a half -molecule in the asymmetric unit. The whole molecule is generated by inversion symmetry; the inversion centre being located in the centre of the pyrazine ring. The molecule has an S-shaped conformation with two (methylsulfanyl)methyl substituent arms directed above the plane of the pyrazine ring and two below. The C(H3)—S—C(H2)—C(aromatic) torsion angles are 70.47 (18) and −67.65 (17)°, respectively. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviaweak C—H...S hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [001] and enclosingR22(12) ring motifs. The chains are linked by further weak C—H...S hydrogen bonds, forming sheets lying parallel to (101).
Crystal structure of tetraguanidinium [hexahydrogen hexaarsenato(V)tetravanadate(V)] tetrahydrate
Authors: Harrison William T. A.
Published: August 2014

The complete polyoxidometallate anion in the title compound, (CH6N3)4[H6V4As6O30]·4H2O, is generated by crystallographic inversion symmetry. The polyhedral building units are distorted VO6octahedra and AsO3OH tetrahedra. The VO6units feature a short formal V=O double bond and are linked by a common edge. Two such V2O6double octahedral units are linked by four isolated AsO3OH tetrahedra to complete the anion, which features two internal O—H...O hydrogen bonds. In the crystal, O—H...O hydrogen bonds between the polyoxidometallate anions generate (01-1) sheets. The sheets are connected by cation-to-cluster N—H...O hydrogen bonds, and cation-to-water N—H...O links also occur. The O atom of one of the water molecules is disordered over two sites in a 0.703 (17):0.297 (17) ratio.
Crystal structure of K[Hg(SCN)3] – a redetermination
Authors: Weil Matthias , Häusler Thomas
Published: August 2014

The crystal structure of the room-temperature modification of K[Hg(SCN)3], potassium trithiocyanatomercurate(II), was redetermined based on modern CCD data. In comparison with the previous report [Zhdanov & Sanadze (1952).Zh. Fiz. Khim.26, 469–478], reliability factors, standard deviations of lattice parameters and atomic coordinates, as well as anisotropic displacement parameters, were revealed for all atoms. The higher precision and accuracy of the model is, for example, reflected by the Hg—S bond lengths of 2.3954 (11), 2.4481 (8) and 2.7653 (6) Å in comparison with values of 2.24, 2.43 and 2.77 Å. All atoms in the crystal structure are located on mirror planes. The Hg2+cation is surrounded by four S atoms in a seesaw shape [S—Hg—S angles range from 94.65 (2) to 154.06 (3)°]. The HgS4polyhedra share a common S atom, building up chains extending parallel to [010]. All S atoms of the resulting1∞[HgS2/1S2/2] chains are also part of SCN−anions that link these chains with the K+cations into a three-dimensional network. The K—N bond lengths of the distorted KN7polyhedra lie between 2.926 (2) and 3.051 (3) Å.
Crystal structure of allylammonium hydrogen succinate at 100 K
Authors: Dziuk Błażej , Zarychta Bartosz , Ejsmont Krzysztof
Published: August 2014

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C2H8N+·C4H5O4−, consists of two allylammonium cations and two hydrogen succinate anions (Z′ = 2). One of the cations has a near-perfectsyn-periplanar (cis) conformation with an N—C—C—C torsion angle of 0.4 (3)°, while the other is characterized by agaucheconformation and a torsion angle of 102.5 (3)°. Regarding the anions, three out of four carboxilic groups are twisted with respect to the central C–CH2–CH2–C group [dihedral angles = 24.4 (2), 31.2 (2) and 40.4 (2)°], the remaining one being instead almost coplanar, with a dihedral angle of 4.0 (2)°. In the crystal, there are two very short, near linear O—H...O hydrogen bonds between anions, with the H atoms shifted notably from the donor O towards the O...O midpoint. These O—H...O hydrogen bonds form helical chains along the [011] which are further linked to each other through N—H...O hydrogen bonds (involving all the available NH groups), forming layers lying parallel to (100).
Crystal structure ofN1-benzyl-N1,N2,N2-trimethylethane-1,2-diaminium dichloride
Authors: Singh Pushpendra , Singh Harkesh B. , Butcher Ray J.
Published: August 2014

In the title molecular salt, C12H22N22+·2Cl−, which was obtained as a by-product in the attempted synthesis of a mercury derivative, the conformation of the N—C—C—N bond in the cation isanti[torsion angle = 175.1 (10)°]. In the crystal, the cations are linked to the anions by N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, generating ion-triplets. These are linked by numerous weak C—H...Cl interactions, generating a three-dimensional network. The structure was refined as an inversion twin.
Crystal structure of chloridopentakis(dimethyl sulfoxide-κO)chromium(III) dichloride
Authors: Son Kyung-sun , Woo Jeong Oh , Kim Namhun , Kang Sung Kwon
Published: August 2014

In the complex cation of the title salt, [CrCl(C2H6OS)5]Cl2, the CrIIIion is coordinated by one chloride ligand and five O atoms from dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) ligands, leading to a slightly distorted octahedral coordination environment [O—Cr—O angles range from 86.69 (16) to 92.87 (16)°]. In the crystal, complex cations are arranged in hexagonally packed rows parallel to [010], with the chloride counter-anions situated in between. The interactions between cations and anions are mainly ionic in nature.
Crystal structure of 2-amino-5-methylsulfanyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-3-ium chloride monohydrate
Authors: Soudani Sarra , Aubert Emmanuel , Jelsch Christian , Ben Nasr Cherif
Published: August 2014

The title salt, C3H6N3S2+·Cl−·H2O, crystallized with two organic cations, two chloride anions and two water molecules in the asymmetric unit. The methyl C atoms deviate from their respective bound ring planes by 0.081 and 0.002 Å. In the crystal, the components are connectedviaN—H...O, N—H...Cl and O—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, forming sheets lying parallel to (100). The sheets are linked into bilayers by O—H...Cl hydrogen bonds involving the chloride ions and water molecules. Within the bilayers there are π–π interactions [inter-centroid distances = 3.4654 (4) and 3.4789 (4) Å] involving inversion-related cations.
Crystal structure of (E)-2-[(2S,5R)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexylidene]hydrazine-1-carbothioamide
Authors: Oliveira Adriano Bof de , Beck Johannes , Daniels Jörg , Farias Renan Lira de , Godoy Netto Adelino Vieira de
Published: August 2014

The title compound, C11H21N3S, consists of a menthone moiety attached to an extended thiosemicarbazone group with the N—N—C—N torsion angle being 11.92 (16)°. The cyclohexane ring has a chair conformation and the conformation about the C=N bond isE. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviapairs of N—H...S hydrogen bonds, forming chains along theaaxis. The absolute structure could be assigned with reference to the starting material,i.e.enantiopure (−)-menthone [Flack parameter = 0.05 (5)].
Crystal structure of (benzenecarbothioamide-κS)chloridobis(triphenylphosphane-κP)silver(I)
Authors: Ruangwut Wattana , Pakawatchai Chaveng
Published: August 2014

In the mononuclear mixed-ligand title complex, [AgCl(C7H7NS)(C18H15P)2], the AgIion is four coordinated by one S atom of a benzenecarbothioamide ligand, two P atoms of two triphenylphosphane ligands and one chloride ion, displaying a distorted tetrahedral coordination geometry. In the crystal, pairs of N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds form inversion dimers. An intramolecular N—H...Cl hydrogen bond is also observed.
Crystal structure of poly[[trans-diaquabis[μ2-trans-4,4′-(diazenediyl)dipyridine]nickel(II)] diiodide ethanol disolvate]
Authors: Perles Josefina , Cortijo Miguel , Herrero Santiago
Published: August 2014

In the title compound, {[Ni(C10H8N4)2(H2O)2]I2·2C2H5OH}n, the complex shows an octahedral environment of the Ni2+cation in which it is located on a centre of symmetry, linked to two water molecules and the pyridine-N atoms of four 4,4′-(diazenediyl)dipyridine ligands bridging Ni2+cations along theb- andc-axis directions, giving rise to a two-dimensional arrangement. The Ni—N bond lengths are in the range 2.109 (4)–2.186 (3) Å and the Ni—O bond length is 2.080 (3) Å. The 4,4′-(diazenediyl)dipyridine ligand lies on an inversion centre. An O—H...O hydrogen-bond interaction is observed between water and ethanol molecules. The I−ions can be regarded as free anions in the crystal lattice.
Crystal structure of bis(4-nitroaniline-κN1)(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato-κ4N)cobalt(III) chloride dichloromethane monosolvate
Authors: Belghith Yassine , Mansour Anissa , Nasri Habib
Published: August 2014

The reaction of [CoIII(TPP)Cl] (TPP is the dianion of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin) with an excess of 4-nitroaniline in dichloromethane leads to the title compound, [CoIII(C44H28N4)(C6H6N2O2)2]Cl·CH2Cl2. The CoIIIion lies on an inversion centre and is octahedrally coordinated by two N atoms of the NH2groups of the two 4-nitroanilinetrans-axial ligands and four pyrrole N atoms of the porphyrin. The asymmetric unit contains one half of the [CoIII(TPP)(4-nitroaniline)2]+ion complex, one chloride counter-ion (lying on a twofold rotation axis) and one half dichloromethane solvent molecule, where the C atom lies on a twofold rotation axis. The average equatorial Co—N(pyrrole) distance (Co—Np) is 1.982 (2) Å and the axial Co—N(4-nitroaniline) bond length is 2.006 (2) Å. The crystal packing is stabilized by an N—H...Cl hydrogen bond between the N atom of the amino group of the 4-nitroaniline axial ligand and the chloride counter-ion. The supramolecular architecture is further stabilized by weak C—H...π interactions.
Crystal structure of 2-tert-butyl-1,3-thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridine
Authors: El-Hiti Gamal A. , Smith Keith , Hegazy Amany S. , Masmali Ali M. , Kariuki Benson M.
Published: August 2014

The title compound, C10H12N2S, does not contain any strong hydrogen-bond donors but two long C—H...N contacts are observed in the crystal structure, with the most linear interaction linking molecules along [010]. The ellipsoids of thetert-butyl group indicate large librational motion.
Crystal structure of 4-methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide
Authors: Wang Zhijun , Lei Haiying , Jin Linhua , Zhu Ruitao
Published: August 2014

In the title molecule, C14H13NO2, the dihedral angle between the planes of the benzene rings is 65.18 (4)°. The central amide group has about the same degree of twist with respect to both ring planes, as indicated by the dihedral angles of 34.70 (8) and 30.62 (8)° between its plane and that of the phenyl and 4-methoxybenzene rings, respectively. The C atom of the methoxy group is close to being coplanar with its attached ring [deviation = −0.112 (2) Å]. In the crystal, molecules are linked by inter-amide N—H...O hydrogen bonds, which generateC(4) chains propagating in the [100] direction. Adajcent molecules in the chain are related by translational symmetry.
Crystal structure of anilazine
Authors: Jeon Youngeun , Kim Jineun , Kang Gihang , Kim Tae Ho
Published: August 2014

The title compound [systematic name: 4,6-dichloro-N-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine], C9H5Cl3N4, is a triazine fungicide. The dihedral angle between the planes of the triazine and benzene rings is 4.04 (8)°. In the crystal, two weak C—H...N hydrogen bonds and short Cl...Cl contacts [3.4222 (4) Å] link adjacent molecules, forming two-dimensional networks parellel to the (112) plane. The planes are linked by weak intermolecular π–π interactions [3.6428 (5) and 3.6490 (5) Å], resulting in a three-dimensional architecture.
Crystal structure of diethyl [(4-chloroanilino)(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]phosphonateN,N-dimethylformamide monosolvate
Authors: Wang Qing-Ming , Zhu Ming-Juan , Yang Jin-Ming , Wang Shan-Shan , Shang Yan-Fang
Published: August 2014

In the title compound, C17H21ClNO4P·C3H7NO, the dihedral angle formed by the aromatic rings is 83.98 (7)°. In the crystal, O—H...O, N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into double layers parallel to (011).
Crystal structure of 1,3-dimethyl-3-phenylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione: a clinically used anticonvulsant
Authors: Ordonez Carlos , Pavlovetc Ilia M. , Khrustalev Victor N.
Published: August 2014

In the title compound, C12H13NO2, the five-membered ring has an envelope conformation; the disubstituted C atom lies out of the mean plane through the four other ring atoms (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0038 Å) by 0.1877 (18) Å. The plane of the phenyl substituent is practically perpendicular to that of the planar part of the five-membered ring, with a dihedral angle of 87.01 (5)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers. The dimers are linked by further C—H...O hydrogen bonds, as well as carbonyl–carbonyl attractive interactions [O...C = 3.2879 (19) Å], forming a three-dimensional framework structure.
Crystal structure of triclopyr
Authors: Cho Seonghwa , Kim Jineun , Jeon Youngeun , Kim Tae Ho
Published: August 2014

In the title compound {systematic name: 2-[(3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl)oxy]acetic acid}, the herbicide triclopyr, C7H4Cl3NO3, the asymmetric unit comprises two independent molecules in which the dihedral angles between the mean plane of the carboxylic acid group and the pyridyl ring plane are 79.3 (6) and 83.8 (5)°. In the crystal, pairs of intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds form dimers through anR22(8) ring motif and are extended into chains along [100] by weak π–π interactions [ring centroid separations = 3.799 (4) and 3.810 (4) Å]. In addition, short intermolecular Cl...Cl contacts [3.458 (2) Å] connect the chains, yielding a two-dimensional architecture extending parallel to (020). The crystal studied was found to be non-merohedrally twinned with the minor component being 0.175 (4).
Crystal structure of 4-chloro-2-iodoaniline
Authors: Quinn Taylor R. , Tanski Joseph M.
Published: August 2014

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C6H5ClIN, the amino group engages in N—H...N hydrogen bonding, creating [100] chains. A Cl...I contact is observed [3.7850 (16) Å]. The parallel planes of neigbouring molecules reveal highly offset π-stacking characterized by a centroid–centroid distance of 4.154 (1), a centroid-to-plane distance of 3.553 (3) and ring-offset slippage of 2.151 (6) Å.
Crystal structure of ethyl 2-chloro-6-methylquinoline-3-carboxylate
Authors: Hayour Hasna , Bouraiou Abdelmalek , Bouacida Sofiane , Benzerka Saida , Belfaitah Ali
Published: August 2014

In the title compound, C13H12ClNO2, the dihedral angle between the planes of the quinoline ring system (r.m.s. deviation = 0.029 Å) and the ester group is 54.97 (6)°. The C—O—C—Cm(m = methyl) torsion angle is −140.62 (16)°. In the crystal, molecules interactviaaromatic π–π stacking [shortest centroid–centroid separation = 3.6774 (9) Å] generating (010) sheets.
Crystal structure of (E)-2-(4-methoxystyryl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine acetonitrile monosolvate
Authors: Manimekalai A. , Vijayalakshmi N. , Selvanayagam S.
Published: August 2014

The title compound, C20H18N2O·CH3CN, a perimidine derivative, crystallized as an acetonitrile monosolvate. The planes of the naphthalene ring system and the methoxyphenyl ring are oriented almost perpendicular to one another, with a dihedral angle of 87.61 (6)°. The conformation about the C=C bond isE. The hexahydropyrimidine ring has an envelope conformation, with the methine C atom as the flap. In the crystal, the molecules are linked by N—H...N hydrogen bonds involving the acetonitrile solvent molecule as acceptor, forming zigzag chains propagating along [100].
Crystal structure of (Z)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-4-[(naphthalen-1-ylamino)(p-tolyl)methylidene]-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one
Authors: Sharma Naresh , Parihar Sanjay , Jadeja R. N. , Kant Rajni , Gupta Vivek K.
Published: August 2014

The title Schiff base compound, C28H21Cl2N3O, was synthesized by the condensation of 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-4-(4-methylbenzoyl)-1H-pyrazol-5(4H)-one with 1-aminonaphthalene. Thep-tolyl ring is normal to the pyrazole ring, with a dihedral angle of 88.02 (14)°, and inclined to the naphthalene ring system by 78.60 (12)°. The pyrazole ring is inclined to the naphthalene ring system and the dichloro-substituted benzene ring by 63.30 (12) and 11.03 (13)°, respectively. The amino group and carbonyl oxygen atom are involved in an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond enclosing anS(6) ring motif. There is also a short C—H...O contact involving the carbonyl O atom and the adjacent benzene ring. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...π interactions, forming a three-dimensional structure.
Crystal structure of 1-methyl-2-[(E)-2-(4-methylphenyl)ethenyl]-4-nitro-1H-imidazole
Authors: Alliouche Hayette , Bouraiou Abdelmalek , Bouacida Sofiane , Merazig Hocine , Belfaitah Ali
Published: August 2014

In the title molecule, C13H13N3O2, the planes of the benzene and imidazole rings form a dihedral angle of 7.72 (5)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked by weak C—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to (100). A weak C—H...π interaction connects these layers into a three-dimensional network. A π–π stacking interaction, with a centroid–centroid distance of 3.5373 (9) Å, is also observed.
Crystal structure of cyclic tris(ferrocene-1,1′-diyl)
Authors: Shekurov Ruslan , Miluykov Vasili , Kataeva Olga , Tufatullin Artem , Sinyashin Oleg
Published: August 2014

The molecular structure of the trinuclear title compound, [Fe3(C10H8)3] {systematic name: tris[μ-(η5:η5)-1,1′-bicyclopentadienyl]triiron(II)}, consists of three ferrocene subunits (each with an eclipsed conformation) that are condensedviaC—C bonds of the fulvalene moieties into a cyclic trimer. The angles between the planes of the cyclopentadienyl (Cp) rings within the three fulvalene moieties are 76.1 (3), 80.9 (3) and 81.7 (3)°. In the crystal, C—H...π interactions between neighbouring molecules lead to the cohesion of the structure.
‘Porque Las Raizes No Se Olvidan’: Continuity and Change among Mexican Migrants in New Jersey
Authors: ROTHSTEIN FRANCES A.
Published: August 2014

This paper examines how, as in the past in their home community in Mexico, Mexican immigrants in the United States use a system of flexible kinship and ritual practices to adapt to new circumstances of living and working in communities with new neighbours, new challenges and new threats. The paper focuses particularly on how the increased presence of women who have not always been a large part of the Mexican migrant community in the United States and their ‘kin work’ allows migrants to maintain and extend their social networks. Through various family and ritual events, migrants integrate new friends and acquaintances with new resources into their social networks and thus facilitate their survival in their new home.
Conversion to everolimus dramatically improves the prognosis of de novo malignancies after liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Thimonier Elsa , Guillaud Olivier , Walter Thomas , Decullier Evelyne , Vallin Mélanie , Boillot Olivier , Dumortier Jérôme
Published: August 2014

De novo malignancies are a main cause for late death after liver transplantation (LT). Everolimus (ERL) is an immunosuppressive agent with antitumoral properties. The aim of the present retrospective study was to identify prognostic factors, including conversion to ERL, for patients presenting non‐cutaneous de novo solid organ malignancy after LT for alcoholic cirrhosis. The study population consisted of 83 patients (presenting 100 tumors, including 75% of upper aerodigestive tract cancers), among the 398 patients who underwent LT for alcoholic cirrhosis in our center. After diagnosis, ERL was introduced in 38 patients and calcineurin‐inhibitor was discontinued in 64.1% of them. Tumor stage was a significant prognostic factor with a one‐yr survival at 82.6% for early stages, 63.4% for intermediate stages (N+) and 27.4% for disseminated diseases (p < 0.001). Associated relative risk factor was 2.202 (95% CI 1.044–4.644) for intermediate stages and 5.743 (95% CI 2.436–13.541) for metastatic stages. One‐ and five‐yr survival was 77.4% and 35.2% in ERL group vs. 47.2% and 19.4% in the non‐ERL group, respectively (p = 0.003). The relative risk factor for ERL was 0.447 (95%CI 0.257–0.778). Our results strongly suggest that conversion to ERL improves the prognosis of de novo malignancies after LT for alcoholic cirrhosis. Prospective studies are needed to confirm this benefit.
Patient explanations for non‐attendance at structured diabetes education sessions for newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes: a qualitative study
Authors: Winkley K. , Evwierhoma C. , Amiel S. A. , Lempp H. K. , Ismail K. , Forbes A.
Published: August 2014

Aim

To determine the reasons for non‐attendance at structured education sessions among people with a recent diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes.

Methods

This was a qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews to elicit the main themes explaining non‐attendance. A thematic framework method was applied to analyse the data. People who had not attended structured education were recruited from a population cohort of newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes from South London (the South London Diabetes cohort study), UK.

Results

A sample of 30 people was interviewed. Three main themes emerged from the qualitative data explaining non‐attendance at structured education: (1) lack of information/perceived benefit of the programme (e.g. not being informed about the course by their health professional); (2) unmet personal preferences (e.g. parking, timing); and (3) shame and stigma of diabetes (e.g. not wishing to tell others of diabetes diagnosis).

Conclusion

This is the first time that reasons for non‐attendance have been explored in depth among people who have newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes. Novel reasons identified included non‐attendance because of shame and stigma of diabetes. To improve uptake at structured education we need to: consider how health professionals in primary care communicate with their patients on the subject of structured diabetes education; offer alternatives to the traditional group education format; and understand that diabetes is associated with health‐related stigma, which may affect participation.
Expansion of circulating CD56bright natural killer cells in patients with JAK2‐positive chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms during treatment with interferon‐α
Authors: Riley Caroline H. , Hansen Morten , Brimnes Marie K. , Hasselbalch Hans C. , Bjerrum Ole W. , Straten Per thor , Svane Inge Marie , Jensen Morten Krogh
Published: August 2014

In recent years, major molecular remissions have been observed in patients with JAK2‐positive chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) after therapy with IFN‐α. IFN‐α is known to have altering effects on immune cells involved in immune surveillance and might consequently enhance anti‐tumor immune response against the JAK2‐mutated clone. The objective of this study was to investigate circulating levels and phenotype of natural killer cells in 29 JAK2‐positive MPN patients during IFN‐α treatment. Furthermore, functional studies of NK cells upon target‐cell recognition and cytokine stimulation were performed. The CD56bright and CD56dim NK cell subtypes display different properties in terms of cytokine production and cytotoxicity, respectively. Our results show a significant increase in the proportion of CD56bright NK cells and a decreasing CD56dim population during treatment with IFN‐α compared to patients that are untreated, treated with hydroxyurea and healthy controls, P < 0.0001. Furthermore, an overall increase in cytokine‐dependent (IL‐12 and IL‐15) IFN‐γ expression by CD56dim NK cells during IFN‐α treatment was observed. In contrast, our data indicate a compromised NK cell response to target‐cell recognition during treatment with IFN‐α in four patients. We also report low levels of circulating NK cells in untreated patients compared to healthy donors, patients treated with hydroxyurea and IFN‐α, P = 0.02. Based on our findings, one might speculate whether treatment with IFN‐α skews the human NK population toward a helper type that may assist in CD8+ T cell priming in lymphoid tissues at the expense of their immediate cytotoxic functions in peripheral blood and tissues.
Modelling the growth parameters of lactic acid bacteria and total viable count in vacuum‐packaged Irish cooked sausages cooled by different methods
Authors: Feng Chao‐Hui , Drummond Liana , Sun Da‐Wen
Published: August 2014

The growth kinetics of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and total viable count (TVC) in cooled sausages as a function of storage time was studied. Cooked sausages were cooled either by commercial cooling or by immersion vacuum cooling (IVC), then vacuum‐packaged and stored for up to 71 days at 4 °C. Baranyi model was used to fit the growth of LAB and TVC. Growth curve, growth rate, lag time and initial and final cell concentrations for LAB and TVC were calculated through DMFit. The coefficient of determination and root‐mean‐squared error of the Baranyi models were used to evaluate its accuracy. Sausages cooled by IVC had a longer lag time and shelf life period than commercial cooled sausages. Accuracy analysis showed that the Baranyi model was adequate for representing the bacterial growth of vacuum‐packaged cooled sausages and had a potential for shelf life prediction.
Les femmes et le travail à temps partiel: une étude dans les pays européens
Authors: SALLADARRÉ Frédéric , HLAIMI Stéphane
Published: August 2014

Les auteurs analysent le travail à temps partiel féminin dans vingt‐trois pays d'Europe en distinguant temps partiel court et temps partiel long. Au niveau individuel, le temps partiel court est associé aux tranches d'âge extrêmes, à un handicap léger, à un nombre d'enfants plus important, à un moindre niveau de formation et aux services collectifs, sociaux et personnels. La comparaison entre pays montre une forte variation du niveau de l'emploi à temps partiel, le temps partiel long étant en général plus fréquent que le court. Enfin, les deux types de temps partiel apparaissent complémentaires, leurs variations d'un pays à l'autre allant dans le même sens.
Mononuclear phagocytes rapidly clear apoptotic epithelial cells in the proximal epididymis
Authors: Smith T. B. , Cortez‐Retamozo V. , Grigoryeva L. S. , Hill E. , Pittet M. J. , Da Silva N.
Published: August 2014

We have shown previously that a network of mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) expressing macrophage and dendritic cell markers such as CD11c, F4/80 and CX3CR1, lines the base of the epididymal tubule. However, in the initial segment (IS) and only in that particular segment, epididymal MPs establish extremely close interactions with the epithelium by projecting slender dendrites between most epithelial cells. We undertook the present study to determine how epididymal phagocytes respond to the transient wave of apoptosis initiated by unilateral efferent duct ligation (EDL) in the epididymal epithelium. We show profound morphological and phenotypical changes restricted to the MPs populating the proximal epididymis following EDL. Within 48 h, a large subset of IS epithelial cells had entered an apoptotic state, visualized by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay and CD11c+and CX3CR1+MPs readily engulfed TUNEL‐positive cells and other debris. Despite the high levels of apoptosis and the rapid clearance of apoptotic cells occurring after EDL, the epithelium preserved its overall architecture and maintained tight junctions of the blood–epididymis barrier (BEB). The discovery of a functional population of MPs in the epididymal epithelium responsible for maintaining the integrity of the BEB raises further questions regarding the role of these cells in clearing defective epithelial cells in the steady‐state epididymis, as well as pathogens and abnormal spermatozoa in the lumen.
Electrophoretic Deposition of Zirconia Thin Film on Nonconducting Substrate for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Application
Authors: Das Debasish , Basu Rajendra N.
Published: August 2014

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of 8 mol% yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte thin film has been carried out onto nonconducting porous NiO‐YSZ cermet anode substrate using a fugitive and electrically conducting polymer interlayer for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) application. Such polymer interlayer burnt out during the high‐temperature sintering process (1400°C for 6 h) leaving behind a well adhered, dense, and uniform ceramic YSZ electrolyte film on the top of the porous anode substrate. The EPD kinetics have been studied in depth. It is found that homogeneous and uniform film could be obtained onto the polymer‐coated substrate at an applied voltage of 15 V for 1 min. After the half‐cell (anode + electrolyte) is co‐fired at 1400°C, a suitable cathode composition (La0.65Sr0.3MnO3) thick film paste is screen printed on the top of the sintered YSZ electrolyte. A second stage of sintering of such cathode thick film at 1100°C for 2 h finally yield a single cell SOFC. Such single cell produced a power output of 0.91 W/cm2 at 0.7 V when measured at 800°C using hydrogen and oxygen as fuel and oxidant, respectively.
Determination of hematology and plasma chemistry reference intervals for 3 populations of captive Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus)
Authors: Matsche Mark A. , Arnold Jill , Jenkins Erin , Townsend Howard , Rosemary Kevin
Published: August 2014

Background

The imperiled status of Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus), a large, long‐lived, anadromous fish found along the Atlantic coast of North America, has prompted efforts at captive propagation for research and stock enhancement.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to establish hematology and plasma chemistry reference intervals of captive Atlantic sturgeon maintained under different culture conditions.

Methods

Blood specimens were collected from a total of 119 fish at 3 hatcheries: Lamar,PA(n = 36, ages 10–14 years); Chalk Point,MD(n = 40, siblings of Lamar); and Horn Point, Cambridge,MD(n = 43, mixed population from Chesapeake Bay). Reference intervals (using robust techniques), median, mean, and standard deviations were determined forWBC,RBC, thrombocytes,PCV,HGB,MCV,MCH,MCHC, and absolute counts for lymphocytes (L), neutrophils (N), monocytes, and eosinophils. Chemistry analytes included concentrations of total proteins, albumin, glucose, urea, calcium, phosphate, sodium, potassium, chloride, and globulins,AST,CK, andLDHactivities, and osmolality.

Results

Mean concentrations of total proteins, albumin, and glucose were at or below the analytic range. Statistical comparisons showed significant differences among hatcheries for each remaining plasma chemistry analyte and forPCV,RBC,MCHC,MCH, eosinophil and monocyte counts, and N:L ratio throughout all 3 groups. Therefore, reference intervals were calculated separately for each population.

Conclusions

Reference intervals for fish maintained under differing conditions should be established per population.
An Analysis of the Potential for Deposition, Erosion, or Corrosion in Gas Turbines Fueled by the Products of Biomass Gasification or Combustion
Authors: Wright I. G. , Leyens C. , Pint B. A.
Published: August 2014

Fuel gas produced by gasifying biomass feedstocks will be expected to meet the general specifications for corrosive and particulate impurities set by the gas turbine manufacturers before being approved for use. The extent to which impurities are present in the fuel gas will be a function of the process used to produce the gas, as well as the type of feedstock from which the gas is derived. Experiences from various biomass gasification trials and hot gas filtration testing to assess the types and amounts of impurities that are likely to be present in the delivered gas during normal operation of the gasification/hot gas cleanup process and upset conditions are reviewed. Overall, it appears that biomass fuels can be separated into two classes: those derived from grass-based biomass and those from wood. Of these, the grasses have the potential to be the more troublesome since they contain the largest amounts of alkalis and total solids and have a significant excess of chlorine over sulfur species. A possible mitigating factor is that it may be possible to lower the alkali metal species (Na + K) to levels considered acceptable by operating the filters at temperatures below 500°C. There is concern that larger amounts of particulate matter than allowed in current gas turbine fuel specifications may pass through the hot gas clean-up systems in biomass gasification processes. These particles may also carry condensed alkali deposits. Therefore, it is considered essential that detailed characterization of the size and type of these particles be obtained so that their potential to cause deposition, erosion, or corrosion problems can be better assessed.
Design, Analysis, Fabrication and Testing of a CMC Combustor Can
Authors: Shi Jun
Published: August 2014

To meet the requirement of high engine efficiency and low emission, ceramic materials that can stand higher temperatures than super alloys in a corrosive environment are being considered for the gas turbine components in the hot gas path. This paper considers various issues in applying ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) to combustor can. The closely related problems in the design, analysis, manufacturing and testing of a CMC combustor can are discussed. Results of detailed thermal and stress analyses are presented.
Determination of Thermoacoustic Response in a Demonstrator Gas Turbine Engine
Authors: Arana C. A. , Sekar B. , Mawid M. A.
Published: August 2014

This paper describes an analytical and experimental investigation to obtain the thermoacoustic response of a demonstrator gas turbine engine combustor. The combustor acoustic response for two different fuel injector design configurations was measured. It was found that the combustor maximum peak to peak pressure fluctuations were 0.6 psi to 2 psi for configuration A and B respectively. Based on the measured acoustic response, another experimental investigation was conducted to identify the design features in configuration B that caused the increase in the acoustic response. The data showed that by changing the fuel injector swirler’s vane to inner passage discharge area ratio, the engine acoustic response could be lowered to an acceptable level. A simplified analytical model based on the lumped-parameter approach was then developed to investigate the effect of geometrical changes upon the engine response. The analytical model predicted the fuel injector/swirlers acoustic response as a function of the swirlers inner passage discharge area ratio and frequency. The predictions were consistent with the experimental observations, in particular, it was predicted that as the area ratio was increased, the system reactance was decreased and as a result the system changed from a damping to an amplifying system.
Local Heat Transfer and Flow Structure on and Above a Dimpled Surface in a Channel
Authors: Mahmood G. I. , Hill M. L. , Nelson D. L. , Ligrani P. M. , Moon H.-K. , Glezer B.
Published: August 2014

Experimental results, measured on and above a dimpled test surface placed on one wall of a channel, are given for Reynolds numbers from 1,250 to 61,500 and ratios of air inlet stagnation temperature to surface temperature ranging from 0.68 to 0.94. These include flow visualizations, surveys of time-averaged total pressure and streamwise velocity, and spatially-resolved local Nusselt numbers, which are measured using infrared thermography, used in conjunction with energy balances, thermocouples, and in situ calibration procedures. The ratio of channel height to dimple print diameter is 0.5. Flow visualizations show vortical fluid and vortex pairs shed from the dimples, including a large upwash region and packets of fluid emanating from the central regions of each dimple, as well as vortex pairs and vortical fluid which form near dimple diagonals. These vortex structures augment local Nusselt numbers near the downstream rims of each dimple, both slightly within each depression, and especially on the flat surface just downstream of each dimple. Such augmentations are spread over larger surface areas and become more pronounced as the ratio of inlet stagnation temperature to local surface temperature decreases. As a result, local and spatially-averaged heat transfer augmentations become larger as this temperature ratio decreases. This is due to the actions of vortical fluid in advecting cool fluid from the central parts of the channel to regions close to the hotter dimpled surface.
Simultaneous Prediction of External Flow-Field and Temperature in Internally Cooled 3-D Turbine Blade Material
Authors: Han Zhen-Xue , Dennis Brian H. , Dulikravich George S.
Published: August 2014

A two-dimensional (2-D) and a three-dimensional (3-D) conjugate heat transfer (convection-conduction) prediction codes were developed where the compressible turbulent flow Navier-Stokes equations are solved simultaneously in the flow-field and in the solid material of the structure thus automatically predicting correct magnitudes and distribution of surface temperatures and heat fluxes. The only thermal boundary conditions are the convection heat transfer coefficients specified on the surfaces of the internal coolant flow passages and the coolant bulk temperature of internally cooled gas turbine blade. This approach eliminates the need to specify hot surface temperature or heat flux distribution. The conjugate codes use hybrid unstructured triangular/quadrilateral grids in 2-D and unstructured prismatic grids in 3-D throughout the flow-field and in the surrounding structure. The codes are capable of conjugate heat transfer prediction in arbitrarily shaped internally cooled configurations. The computer codes have been successfully tested on internally cooled turbine airfoil cascades and 3-D turbine blades by the conjugate solution of the flow-field and the temperature field inside the structure.