bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The “horse-meat” scandal: illegal activity in the food supply chain
Authors: Smith Robert , McElwee Gerard
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Food supply chain theory and practice generally assumes that the business practices and processes involved are ethical, legal and value-adding when this is not always so, as demonstrated by the ongoing 2013 horse-meat scandal. Although it is ostensibly a UK-based affair, it encompasses the meat processing industry across Europe. This study, thus, aims to examine supply chain criminality and to highlight “scandal scripts” which amplify underlying issues.

Design/methodology/approach

A systematic review of extant literature on the scandal adds to that body of work, updating the existing narrative to include a detailed analysis of convicted “industry insiders”, highlighting supply chain issues involved in the frauds. Micro-stories of businessmen involved are presented to enable an empirical exploration of their illegal involvement in the meat trade. Using storied data from accounts of the scandal as contemporary examples, emerging themes and issues are outlined through a mixed methods qualitative approach consisting of ethical covert research, using documentary research strategy underpinned by narrative inquiry.

Findings

Media coverage perpetuated various myths notably that the fraud was carried out by “shadowy”, Eastern European “mafia figures” exploiting the extended food supply chains. The analysis is aided by the use of media hypothesis. Far from being a mafia-inspired fraud, the criminal activity was organised in nature and committed by insider businessmen. The findings demonstrate that supply chains are complex and require an understanding of storied business practices, including the ethical and illegal.

Research limitations/implications

From an academic perspective, there are implications such as the dearth of academic research and policy-related studies into food fraud possibly because of the difficulty in obtaining data because of access to such enterprises and entrepreneurs necessitating reliance upon documentary sources and investigative journalism.

Practical implications

There are distinct policy implications, particularly the need to legislate against international criminal conspiracies and everyday ordinary organised food frauds perpetuated. Lax penalties do little to prevent such crimes which need to be taken more seriously by the authorities, and treated as major crime. In formulating food laws, rules and regulations, greater cognisance should be taken to consider how supply chains in the food industry could be better protected from predatory criminal actions.

Originality/value

This novel qualitative study will enable academics and practitioners to better understand illegal enterprise, food fraud and risk management from both operational and supply chain perspectives and will be useful to investigators by furthering our understanding of entrepreneurial practice and morality in the food industry.
Ecological engineering across a temporal gradient: Sociable weaver colonies create year‐round animal biodiversity hotspots
Authors: Lowney Anthony M. , Thomson Robert L.
Published: May 2021

Animal distribution in a landscape depends mostly on the availability of resources. This can be facilitated by other species that have positive effects on local species diversity and impact community structure. Species that significantly change resource availability are often termed ecosystem engineers. Identifying these species is key but predicting where they have large or small impacts is an even greater challenge.

The stress‐gradient hypothesis predicts that the importance of facilitative interactions that shape community structure and function will increase in stressful and harsh environments. In most environments, conditions will fluctuate between harsh and benign periods, yet how the impacts of ecosystem engineers will change in different conditions has received little attention. Monitoring for extended periods will increase the understanding of how engineers may mitigate the extreme differences between changing seasons.

We investigated the role of sociable weavers Philetairus socius as ecosystem engineers and examined how the association of species to weaver colonies may vary across a seasonal (temporal) gradient. Sociable weavers build large colonies that are home to hundreds of weaver individuals but also host a wide range of other animal species. We investigated the use of weaver colonies by terrestrial and arboreal vertebrates and birds throughout a calendar year, encompassing harsh and benign periods.

We demonstrate that the presence of sociable weaver colonies creates centres of animal activity. Colonies were used by the local Kalahari animal community for foraging, shade, territorial behaviours and roosting sites. Furthermore, animal activity increased with increased primary productivity, but this was not restricted to weaver colonies, suggesting that the importance of colonies does not directionally change across environmental conditions. Our results were not consistent with predictions of the stress‐gradient hypothesis across a temporal gradient.

We demonstrate the importance of sociable weavers as ecological engineers and the significance of their colonies in structuring the surrounding animal community. Colonies appear to provide a range of different resources for different species. Sociable weaver colonies have large ecological importance to local animal communities and, by mitigating environmental stress, may be increasingly important as human‐driven climate change advances.
Leaf traits and phylogeny explain plant survival and community dynamics in response to extreme drought in a restored coastal grassland
Authors: Luong Justin C. , Holl Karen D. , Loik Michael E.
Published: May 2021

Climate change will increase uncertainty in restoration outcomes due to greater water stress and other abiotic filters that limit plant survival. Drought‐related plant functional traits can help species withstand filters in a semi‐arid environment. Our objective was to provide guidance for selecting species to improve restoration success in a changing climate.

We planted 12 native species in ambient rainfall and under 60% rain‐out shelters in an invaded coastal grassland in central California. We measured survival and size annually for 4 years and quantified plant community and trait composition in the third and fourth years. We measured growth rate, specific leaf area (SLA), leaf C:N, leaf lobedness and leaf δ13C of all planted species and dominant extant species, and evaluated the effect of treatments, traits and phylogenetics on mortality risk using Cox proportional hazards.

Native perennial species cover was greater, whereas thatch depth and per cent cover of shrubs and non‐native annual grasses were lower, on drought plots. Drought plots had lower community‐weighted leaf C:N and higher leaf lobedness.

Planted species with resource conservative traits, such as higher leaf lobedness and lower growth rate, had lower mortality risk. Increased plasticity of morphological traits (SLA and lobedness) was associated with decreased mortality risk, whereas increased plasticity of physiological traits (leaf C:N and δ13C) and risk was positively correlated. Trait plasticity explained a greater degree of plant mortality risk compared to absolute trait values.

Plants that were more phylogenetically related to the surrounding plant community had lower mortality risk. Traits of planted species that were important for determining plant mortality in this coastal grassland may be conserved, which was supported by a phylogenetic signal (Blomberg's K = 0.380, Pagel's λ = 0.830) in leaf C:N.

Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that leaf traits and phylogenetics could serve as plant selection criteria for reducing plant mortality risk during drought, thereby improving restoration outcomes. Because some traits have a phylogenetic signal that explains drought survival, restoration practitioners could expand the use of trait‐based selection for closely related species when restoring other arid‐ and semi‐arid ecosystems.

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Amphibian species vary in their learned avoidance response to the deadly fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Authors: McMahon Taegan A. , Hill Megan N. , Lentz Garrett C. , Scott Electra F. , Tenouri Nadia F. , Rohr Jason R.
Published: May 2021

Lethal and sublethal effects of pathogens should theoretically select for host avoidance of these pathogenic organisms. Some amphibians can learn to avoid the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) after one infection‐clearance event.

Here, we investigated whether four taxonomically distinct amphibians, Cuban tree frogs Osteopilus septentrionalis, southern toads Anaxyrus (Bufo) terrestris, greenhouse frogs Eleutherodactylus planirostris and pine woods tree frogs Hyla femoralis, exhibited any innate or learned avoidance of Bd on a moist substrate and, if so, what cues they used to identify the fungus.

Cuban tree frogs, pine woods tree frogs and greenhouse frogs did not appear to exhibit detectable innate or learned avoidance of Bd. However, southern toads learned to avoid Bd after only one exposure. Southern toads avoided any treatment containing Bd metabolites but did not avoid treatments that lacked Bd metabolites even when dead zoospores were present.

Bd metabolites appeared to be the cues that amphibians use to avoid Bd. These metabolites may have a distinct smell or may cause discomfort, which would be consistent with a classical or Pavlovian conditioning response.

Synthesis and applications. Not all species of amphibians respond the same way to Bd exposure; some can learn to avoid Bd and the metabolites it produces, while others do not. These findings have important implications for both management practices and policy, and should be considered when developing disease models and conservation plans for amphibians.
The influence of syntactic knowledge on reading comprehension varies as a function of oral vocabulary in Spanish‐speaking children
Authors: Rodríguez‐Ortiz Isabel R. , Moreno‐Pérez Francisco J. , Simpson Ian C. , Valdés‐Coronel Marta , Saldaña David
Published: May 2021

Background

Reading comprehension is a complex process influenced by many factors. However, the abilities that are known to influence reading comprehension may not contribute equally for children with different levels of oral language.

Aims

Here we examined the relationship of two factors known to influence reading comprehension (morphology and syntax) in a group of children who varied in their levels of oral vocabulary.

Method

Two hundred seventy‐three typically developing Spanish‐speaking fourth graders were assessed on non‐verbal intelligence, word and pseudoword reading, oral vocabulary, morphological awareness and syntax, along with reading comprehension ability. Standardised oral language scores within this group ranged from the first to the 99th percentile. Mediated multiple regression with moderation was used to assess (1) whether the influence of oral vocabulary on reading comprehension was mediated by decoding, morphology or syntax and (2) whether the effects of syntax on reading comprehension varied as a function of oral vocabulary levels.

Results

There was a direct positive relationship between vocabulary and reading comprehension, and this was mediated by word reading and syntax, but not by pseudoword reading or morphology. Furthermore, the relation between syntax and reading comprehension was moderated by oral vocabulary such that the strength of this relationship diminished as oral vocabulary levels increased.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that longitudinal research is necessary to explore the possibility that a syntax intervention might be beneficial for readers with low oral vocabulary.
From parvenu to “highbrow” tastes: The rise of cultural capital in China’s intergenerational elites
Authors: Li Gordon C.
Published: May 2021

A new generation of elites distinguished by their cultural endowments has emerged in China. Unlike the older generation of elites who signaled status through the display of wealth but shared similar tastes, the new generation of cultured elites has sophisticated, often Western‐oriented “highbrow” tastes in their cultural consumption. By comparing the upbringings and the tastes of interviewees from various backgrounds, this study suggests a widening taste‐chasm between the elites and the underclasses in urban cities. The social process behind this is argued to be the rapid formation of cultural capital in China, in which parental privileges accumulated in the market economy converted into cultural privileges in the new generation of new elites.
Understanding the relationship between natural resources, renewable energy consumption, economic factors, globalization and CO2 emissions in developed and developing countries
Authors: Muhammad Bashir , Khan Sher
Published: May 2021

This study is not only important for policy creators but also useful for governments of both developed and developing countries in which to improve their carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and also to maintain growth in renewable electricity production. This study is concerned with the impact that renewable energy consumption, economic factors, globalisation and natural resources have on CO2 emissions in 31 developed and 155 developing countries over the period 1991 to 2018, and utilises time pair dynamic fixed effect and time pair dynamic generalised method of moments (GMM) and system generalised method of moments (system GMM) estimators. The results indicate that renewable energy and social globalisation play a very important role in a CO2 emission reduction of both developed and developing countries. Moreover, in developed countries fuel exports, economic growth, and economic globalisation increase CO2 emissions. Although in developing countries, fuel exports and economic globalisation reduce CO2 emissions, and economic growth and political globalisation increase CO2 emissions. Therefore, policy implications are suggested for both the developed and developing countries' not only for environmental reasons, but also for sustaining growth in fuel exports and for increasing renewable electricity.
The Changing Face of Wealth Inequality in the USA
Authors: Gastwirth Joseph L. , Shi Qing
Published: May 2021

Joseph L. Gastwirth and Qing Shi use three decades of data from a triennial survey of consumer finances to calculate the “number of families needed” to equal the wealth of the Forbes 400 rich list
A chromosomal assembly of the soybean cyst nematode genome
Authors: Masonbrink Rick E. , Maier Tom R. , Hudson Matthew , Severin Andrew , Baum Thomas
Published: May 2021

The soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) is a sedentary plant parasite that exceeds billion USD annually in yield losses. This problem is exacerbated by H. glycines populations overcoming the limited sources of natural resistance in soybean and by the lack of effective and safe alternative treatments. Although there are genetic determinants that render soybeans resistant to nematode genotypes, resistant soybeans are increasingly ineffective because their multiyear usage has selected for virulent H. glycines populations. Successful H. glycines infection relies on the comprehensive re‐engineering of soybean root cells into a syncytium, as well as the long‐term suppression of host defences to ensure syncytial viability. At the forefront of these complex molecular interactions are effectors, the proteins secreted by H. glycines into host root tissues. The mechanisms that control genomic effector acquisition, diversification, and selection are important insights needed for the development of essential novel control strategies. As a foundation to obtain this understanding, we created a nine‐scaffold, 158 Mb pseudomolecule assembly of the H. glycines genome using PacBio, Chicago, and Hi‐C sequencing. A Mikado consensus gene prediction produced an annotation of 22,465 genes using short‐ and long‐read expression data. To evaluate assembly and annotation quality, we cross‐examined synteny among H. glycines assemblies, and compared BUSCO across related species. To describe the predicted proteins involved in H. glycines’ secretory pathway, we contrasted expression between preparasitic and parasitic stages with functional gene information. Here, we present the results from our assembly and annotation of the H. glycines genome and contribute this resource to the scientific community.
Chromosome‐level genome assembly of the bean bug Riptortus pedestris
Authors: Huang Hai‐Jian , Ye Yu‐Xuan , Ye Zhuang‐Xin , Yan Xiao‐Tian , Wang Xin , Wei Zhong‐Yan , Chen Jian‐Ping , Li Jun‐Min , Sun Zong‐Tao , Zhang Chuan‐Xi
Published: May 2021

The bean bug (Riptortus pedestris) causes great economic losses of soybeans by piercing and sucking pods and seeds. Although R. pedestris has become the focus of numerous studies associated with insect–microbe interactions, plant–insect interactions, and pesticide resistance, a lack of genomic resources has limited deeper insights. Here, we report the first R. pedestris genome at the chromosomal level using PacBio, Illumina, and Hi‐C technologies. The assembled genome was 1.080 Gb in size with a contig N50 of 2.882 Mb. More than 96.3% of the total genome bases were successfully anchored to six unique chromosomes. Genome resequencing of male and female individuals and chromosomic staining demonstrated that the sex chromosome system of R. pedestris is XO, and the shortest chromosome is the X chromosome. In total, 19,026 protein‐coding genes were predicted, 18,745 of which were validated as being expressed. Temporospatial expression of R. pedestris genes in six tissues and 37 development stages revealed 4,657 and 7,793 genes mainly expressed in gonads and egg periods, respectively. Evolutionary analysis demonstrated that R. pedestris and Oncopeltus fasciatus formed a sister group and split ∼80 million years ago (Mya). Additionally, a 5.04 Mb complete genome of symbiotic Serratia marcescens Rip1 was assembled, and the virulence factors that account for successful colonization in the host midgut were identified. The high‐quality R. pedestris genome provides a valuable resource for further research, as well as for the pest management of bug pests.
Bioimpedance as a measure of fluid status in critically ill patients: A systematic review
Authors: Madsen Janne M. , Wichmann Sine , Bestle Morten H. , Itenov Theis S.
Published: May 2021

Objective

Precise measurements of fluid status lack valid methods. Bioimpedance is an attractive diagnostic tool because it is noninvasive, quick, and relatively cheap. This systematic review aims to assess the existing evidence of bioimpedance as an accurate measure of fluid status in critically ill patients.

Data sources

PubMed and Embase up till March 2021 were systematically searched (PROSPERO: CRD42020157436).

Study selection

Eligibility criteria were studies reporting original data from cohorts of adult patients in intensive care units and doing at least one whole‐body bioimpedance and one reference test. In addition, studies assessing internal reproducibility were included.

Data extraction

An extraction form was designed for the purpose.

Data synthesis

Nine hundred five studies were screened for eligibility, and 28 studies, comprising 1482 individual patients, were included in the final analysis. Eight studies compared bioimpedance with a gold standard, and two of those reported the results adequate. We found a low mean difference, but the 95% limits of agreements had wide limits. The remaining studies applied different surrogates as reference tests. Correlations ranged from 0.05 to 0.99. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) certainty of evidence for all outcomes was very low.

Conclusions

The accuracy of bioimpedance as a measure for fluids in critically ill patients in the intensive care unit cannot be determined. Due to the lack of a gold standard, numerous studies compared bioimpedance with surrogate outcomes with great variability in both designs and results. Assessing the internal reproducibility of bioimpedance had the same limitations, but the studies overall reported good internal reproducibility.
Attachment styles moderate Theory of Mind differences between persons with schizophrenia, first‐degree relatives and controls
Authors: Varela Luis F. , Wong Katie H. T. , Shergill Sukhi S. , Fett Anne‐K. J.
Published: May 2021

Objectives

Theory of Mind (ToM) plays a role in social functioning and is impaired in patients with schizophrenia and to a lesser degree in first‐degree relatives, compared to healthy controls. This study investigates whether attachment styles moderate these observed group differences in ToM.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included a sample of 51 patients, 23 first‐degree relatives, and 49 controls who completed assessments of anxious and avoidant attachment (Psychosis Attachment Measure), ToM (Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test), and estimated cognitive ability. Patients’ symptoms were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale.

Results

Patients differed from controls and relatives in ToM performance but not in attachment avoidance or attachment anxiety. Attachment anxiety showed an interaction with group over ToM. The interaction was significant only between patients and controls but not between patients and relatives or relatives and controls. Post‐hoc analysis showed that patients and controls showed differential ToM performance at average and high attachment anxiety. In patients, symptom levels did not moderate the association between attachment and ToM.

Conclusions

Attachment anxiety is related to poorer levels of ToM in patients, suggesting this may have a contributory role in schizophrenia. The findings stress the need for longitudinal research into the directionality of the relationship between ToM and attachment anxiety.

Practitioner points

Relationships with significant others might be a factor that influences the way in which social information is processed by persons with a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder.

In patients, higher levels of attachment anxiety – that is, low self‐worth, fear of abandonment and rejection, continuous vigilance of threat‐related cues – were associated with a lower ability to understand the mental states of others. However, at lower levels of attachment anxiety, their ToM performance was comparable to that of relatives and controls. This effect was not influenced by symptom severity.

Further research is required to confirm the potential influence of attachment insecurity on ToM ability as the latter is strongly related to patient’s functional outcomes.
Subgroup analysis of ICARIA‐MM study in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma patients with high‐risk cytogenetics
Authors: Harrison Simon J. , Perrot Aurore , Alegre Adrian , Simpson David , Wang Ming Chung , Spencer Andrew , Delimpasi Sosana , Hulin Cyrille , Sunami Kazutaka , Facon Thierry , Vlummens Philip , Yong Kwee , Campana Frank , Inchauspé Marlène , Macé Sandrine , Risse Marie‐Laure , van de Velde Helgi , Richardson Paul
Published: May 2021

Treatment benefit in multiple myeloma (MM) patients with high‐risk cytogenetics remains suboptimal. The phase 3 ICARIA‐MM trial (NCT02990338) showed that isatuximab plus pomalidomide–dexamethasone prolongs median progression‐free survival (mPFS) in patients with relapsed/refractory MM (RRMM). This subgroup analysis of ICARIA‐MM compared the benefit of isatuximab in high‐risk [defined by the presence of del(17p), t(4;14) or t(14;16)] versus standard‐risk patients. The efficacy of isatuximab in patients with gain(1q21) abnormality was also assessed in a retrospective subgroup analysis. In ICARIA‐MM, 307 patients received isatuximab–pomalidomide–dexamethasone (n = 154) or pomalidomide–dexamethasone (n = 153). Isatuximab (10 mg/kg intravenously) was given weekly in the first 28‐day cycle, and every other week thereafter. Standard pomalidomide–dexamethasone doses were given. Isatuximab–pomalidomide–dexamethasone improved mPFS (7·5 vs 3·7 months; HR, 0·66; 95% CI, 0·33–1·28) and overall response rate (ORR, 50·0% vs 16·7%) in high‐risk patients. In patients with isolated gain(1q21), isatuximab addition improved mPFS (11·2 vs 4·6 months; HR, 0·50; 95% CI, 0·28–0·88) and ORR (53·6% vs 27·6%). More grade ≥3 adverse events occurred in high‐risk patients receiving isatuximab (95·7%) versus the control group (67·6%); however, isatuximab did not increase events leading to discontinuation or treatment‐related mortality. Isatuximab–pomalidomide–dexamethasone provides a consistent benefit over pomalidomide–dexamethasone treatment in RRMM patients regardless of cytogenetic risk.
Graft‐versus‐host disease risk after chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapy: the diametric opposition of T cells
Authors: Sanber Khaled , Savani Bipin , Jain Tania
Published: May 2021

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T‐cell therapy has brought a paradigm shift in the management of haematological malignancies and has opened novel avenues of investigational therapeutic strategies. Given these encouraging responses, it has become imperative to understand the full spectrum of biology and potential toxicities that can arise from these novel agents, as well as those under investigation. With the increasing use of CAR T‐cell therapy for relapse following allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) and the imminence of allogeneic CAR T cells, risks from T cell‐based therapy, such as the previously well‐recognised graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD), have gained prominence and warrant explanation. In the present review, we discuss the risk of GVHD in the: (1) post‐HCT setting using recipient or donor‐derived CAR T cells, as well as (2) non‐HCT setting using autologous, as well as allogeneic T‐cell therapies. A better understanding of this risk is important to advance the field and ensure safe development and use of these agents in the clinic.
The role of ligand endocytosis in notch signalling
Authors: Seib Ekaterina , Klein Thomas
Published: May 2021

The Notch signalling receptor is a mechanoreceptor that is activated by force. This force elicits a conformational change in Notch that results in the release of its intracellular domain into the cytosol by two consecutive proteolytic cleavages. In most cases, the force is generated by pulling of the ligands on the receptor upon their endocytosis. In this review, we summarise recent work that shed a more detailed light on the role of endocytosis during ligand‐dependent Notch activation and discuss the role of ubiquitylation of the ligands during this process.
Global sourcing under uncertainty
Authors: Gervais Antoine
Published: May 2021

This paper develops a general equilibrium model of international trade in homogenous intermediate inputs. In the model, trade between countries is driven exclusively by uncertainty in the delivery of inputs. Because their managers are risk‐averse, final good firms contract with multiple suppliers located in different countries in an attempt to decrease the variability of their profits. The analysis shows that risk diversification provides an incentive for international trade over and above such reasons as comparative advantages (emphasized in classical models of international trade) and economies of scale (emphasized in new trade models) and highlights a new channel—a reduction in uncertainty—through which trade liberalization increases welfare.
Detection of viral gene expression in risk‐stratified biopsies reveals no active HPV in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Vandiver Amy R. , Thomas Brandon J. , Karimzada Mohammad , Knowles Byron C. , Botten Giovanni A. , Spreafico Roberto , Rotman Jeremy N. , Gharavi Nima M , Chesnut Cameron , Wesel Kevin , Mangul Serghei , Soriano Teresa , Scumpia Philip O.
Published: May 2021

Background

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is known to promote the development of mucosal squamous cell carcinoma (mSCC), including pathologically high‐grade lesions, but its role in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cuSCC) remains unclear, particularly in lesions that are considered high risk.

Objective

We aimed to determine whether enhanced HPV transcriptional activity can be detected in high‐risk cuSCC samples compared with low‐grade SCC samples or normal skin.

Methods

We performed RNA sequencing of cuSCC across 23 risk‐stratified skin lesions. A subset of samples was tested for the presence of HPV DNA. High‐quality, non‐human reads from each sample group were used for viral analysis using Microbiome Coverage Profiler.

Results

None of the samples analysed had detectable expression of HPV RNA, while 64% of samples tested positive for HPV DNA. All samples were found to have expression of human endogenous retrovirus, and multiple samples showed expression of other viruses.

Conclusions

Viral and prophage gene expression can be monitored in cuSCC or normal skin biopsies, yet no sample in our study showed evidence of active HPV gene expression despite evidence of HPV genome presence. This suggests HPV transcription does not play a role in differentiating high‐risk cuSCCs from low‐risk cuSCCs or normal skin.
Habitats and seasons differentiate the assembly of bacterial communities along a trophic gradient of freshwater lakes
Authors: Jiao Congcong , Zhao Dayong , Huang Rui , He Fei , Yu Zhongbo
Published: May 2021

Freshwater lakes are subject to variable degrees of eutrophication. Within lakes, the planktonic bacterial community (PBC) and sediment bacterial community (SBC) are both significant participants in biogeochemical processes of lake ecosystems. However, how the assembly patterns of bacterial communities vary seasonally along a trophic gradient in freshwater lakes is poorly understood.

Here, we collected and analysed water and sediment samples from 13 shallow lakes located in an urban region of China during summer and winter, the trophic states of which ranged from mesotrophic to middle eutrophic in summer and oligo‐mesotrophic to light eutrophic in winter. High‐throughput sequencing of 16S ribosomal RNA genes was used to determine the diversity and composition of bacterial communities.

Our results indicated that bacterial communities derived from different habitats and seasons did not exhibit a uniform response to lake trophic states. Linear and nonlinear mixed effect models suggested that the α‐diversity of PBC and SBC, respectively, showed a unimodal and monotonically decreasing trend with increasing eutrophication in summer, whereas that of PBC and SBC, respectively, exhibited no obvious trend or an increased pattern along the trophic gradient in winter. In addition, the taxonomic compositional dissimilarity of the PBC was most significantly related to lake trophic differences in summer. Phylogenetic structure analysis revealed that mostly environmental selection regulated the SBC and PBC in both seasons. Moreover, dispersal limitation and homogenising dispersal contributed more to the assembly of SBC and PBC in both seasons, respectively. Water temperature, associated with seasonal variability, was the most important variable driving the PBC assembly, while sediment pH overwhelmed nutrients in regulating the seasonal patterns of SBC assemblages.

Overall, we highlighted that the water and sediments, as well as the seasons, differentiated the diversity patterns and assembly processes of bacterial communities along a trophic gradient of freshwater lakes. Our findings provide novel information for understanding the ecological responses of lacustrine bacterial communities to trophic gradients and seasonal variations. This study also contributes an important reference for predicting the changes of microbial community biodiversity under future scenarios of eutrophication.

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Can dynamic occupancy models improve predictions of species' range dynamics? A test using Swiss birds
Authors: Briscoe Natalie J. , Zurell Damaris , Elith Jane , König Christian , Fandos Guillermo , Malchow Anne‐Kathleen , Kéry Marc , Schmid Hans , Guillera‐Arroita Gurutzeta
Published: May 2021

Predictions of species' current and future ranges are needed to effectively manage species under environmental change. Species ranges are typically estimated using correlative species distribution models (SDMs), which have been criticized for their static nature. In contrast, dynamic occupancy models (DOMs) explicitily describe temporal changes in species’ occupancy via colonization and local extinction probabilities, estimated from time series of occurrence data. Yet, tests of whether these models improve predictive accuracy under current or future conditions are rare. Using a long‐term data set on 69 Swiss birds, we tested whether DOMs improve the predictions of distribution changes over time compared to SDMs. We evaluated the accuracy of spatial predictions and their ability to detect population trends. We also explored how predictions differed when we accounted for imperfect detection and parameterized models using calibration data sets of different time series lengths. All model types had high spatial predictive performance when assessed across all sites (mean AUC > 0.8), with flexible machine learning SDM algorithms outperforming parametric static and DOMs. However, none of the models performed well at identifying sites where range changes are likely to occur. In terms of estimating population trends, DOMs performed best, particularly for species with strong population changes and when fit with sufficient data, while static SDMs performed very poorly. Overall, our study highlights the importance of considering what aspects of performance matter most when selecting a modelling method for a particular application and the need for further research to improve model utility. While DOMs show promise for capturing range dynamics and inferring population trends when fitted with sufficient data, computational constraints on variable selection and model fitting can lead to reduced spatial accuracy of predictions, an area warranting more attention.
Analytical validation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 immunohistochemistry by the use of the A0485 antibody versus the 4B5 antibody and breast versus gastric scoring guidelines in ovarian clear cell carcinoma
Authors: Lin Shih‐Yao , Wang Yeh‐Han , Hsu Chih‐Yi , Chen Yi‐Jen , Lai Chiung‐Ru , Hang Jen‐Fan
Published: May 2021

Aims

The aim of this study was to evaluate human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) immunohistochemistry (IHC) in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) by using two antibodies and two scoring guidelines in correlation with HER2 amplification and clinicopathological features.

Methods and results

A tissue microarray was constructed by use of a total of 71 OCCC cases for IHC (the A0485 antibody and the 4B5 antibody) and dual‐colour silver in‐situ hybridisation (DISH). Two pathologists independently scored the IHC according to the 2018 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)/College of American Pathologists (CAP) breast cancer guidelines (breast guidelines) and the 2016 ASCO/CAP gastro‐oesophageal adenocarcinoma guidelines (gastric guidelines). IHC concordances between A0485 and 4B5 were 87.3–93.0%. Three to 16 (4.2–22.5%) cases had an IHC score of 2+/3+ with frequent basolateral/lateral membranous staining. The 4B5 antibody yielded fewer IHC 2+ cases than the A0485 antibody (n = 2–6 versus n = 5–12). Five (7.0%) cases had HER2 amplification as determined with DISH. Cases with papillary‐predominant growth patterns were significantly more likely to have HER2 amplification (P = 0.0051). In predicting DISH results, IHC scored according to the gastric guidelines yielded 100%/100% sensitivity and 83.3–95.5%/98.2–100% specificity, and IHC scored according to the breast guidelines yielded 60–80%/33.3–66.7% sensitivity and 95.5–100%/100% specificity (including/excluding IHC 2+ cases). One case had intratumoral heterogeneity, with discordant results between primary and metastatic tumour specimens.

Conclusion

We demonstrated HER2 amplification in 7% of OCCC cases, and the molecular change is significantly associated with papillary‐predominant growth patterns. In predicting HER2 amplification, a combination of 4B5 IHC and gastric guidelines provides the best sensitivity and fewer equivocal (IHC 2+) cases. Given the intratumoral heterogeneity, assessment of HER2 status on whole tissue sections and on both primary and metastatic tumour specimens is recommended.
Where in the world is Florence Nightingale’s medicine chest?
Authors: Kent‐Wilkinson A.
Published: May 2021

Background

In the 121st anniversary year of the birth of Florence Nightingale, and during the COVID‐19 pandemic, it is both interesting and salient to be reminded of the foundational work of this famous woman who began modern nursing. Her work in nursing care and nursing, health and public policy has been a continuing strong foundation to practices in societies around the world.

Methods

In this short communication about historical research, various aspects of Florence’s life and work are described, as well as the locations, memorials and museum significant to our remembrance of her.

Results

A particular focus of this paper is the description of a larger but little‐known medicine chest located at the College of Nursing, University of Saskatchewan, in Saskatoon, SK, Canada, and attributed as belonging to Florence.

Conclusion

Best known to this point in time is a smaller medicine chest at the Florence Nightingale Museum in London.
Does corporate social responsibility affect shareholder value? Evidence from the COVID‐19 crisis
Authors: Arora Somya , Sur Jagan Kumar , Chauhan Yogesh
Published: May 2021

The COVID‐19 outbreak and the subsequent lockdown were an unanticipated shock to the global stock market. Managers also had minimal time to counterbalance its effect through corporate policies. Therefore, this health crisis offers a unique opportunity to examine the effect of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on shareholder value. We observe that firms engaged in more CSR activities outperform other firms. This suggests that CSR plays a positive role in determining shareholder value, particularly for an emerging market where minority shareholder rights are weak. Collaborating with our main finding, we further find that governance metrics play a significant role.
Psychiatric nurse delivered group‐cognitive‐behavioral therapy for internalizing behavior problems among children of parents with alcohol use disorders
Authors: Omkarappa Dayananda B. , Rentala Sreevani , Nattala Prasanthi
Published: May 2021

Purpose

The present study aimed at assessing the effectiveness of group‐cognitive‐behavioral therapy for anxiety, depression, and self‐esteem among children of parents with alcohol use disorder.

Design and Methods

A randomized, controlled trial study was conducted with 70 children of parents with alcohol use disorder. The children were initially screened for the presence of behavioral problems and living with parents with alcohol use disorder, then assigned randomly to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received eight biweekly group CBT sessions.

Results

Over 3‐month study period, the results showed a statistically significant reduction in depression and anxiety scores and a significant improvement in self‐esteem scores among CBT group children compared with the control group children.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates the effectiveness of CBT group treatment for children of parents with an alcohol use disorder and that school mental health nurses/psychiatric nurses can effectively deliver psychotherapy for behavioral and emotional problems of high‐risk children.
PR11‐364P22.2/ATF3 protein interaction mediates IL‐1β‐induced catabolic effects in cartilage tissue and chondrocytes
Authors: Li Xilei , Li Yusheng , Yang Xucheng , Liao Runzhi , Chen Liang , Guo Qulian , Yang Junxiao
Published: May 2021

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease which lacks effective medical treatment due to ill‐defined molecular mechanisms underlying the pathology. Inflammation is a key factor that induces and aggravates OA. Therefore, the current study aims to explore roles of the dysregulated long non‐coding RNAs in the pro‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐1β‐mediated catabolic effects in cartilage tissue and chondrocytes. We identified RP11‐364P22.2 as dysregulated in OA patient‐derived cartilage tissues and highly responsive to IL‐1β stimulus. RNA pull‐down coupled with mass spectrometry demonstrated that RP11‐364P22.2 physically binds to activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and thus increases the protein stability and facilitates its nuclear translocation. Loss‐ and gain‐of‐function assays indicated that the interaction between RP11‐364P22.2 and ATF3 is indispensable for the detrimental effects of IL‐1β including growth inhibition, apoptosis induction as well as degradation of the key chondrocyte structural proteins of type II collage and Aggrecan and synthesis of the extracellular matrix‐degrading enzyme MMP13 in chondrocytes. In vivo, depletion of the RP11‐364P22.2 effector ATF3 drastically prevented OA development in the rats with surgical destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). These results highlight the important roles of lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of OA and indicate the RP11‐364P22.2/ATF3 regulatory axis as a potential therapeutic target of inflammation‐induced OA.
The impact of personal protective equipment and social distancing on communication and relation between nurses, caregivers and children: a descriptive qualitative study in a maternal and child health hospital
Authors: Ferrari Giada , Dobrina Raffaella , Buchini Sara , Rudan Iva , Schreiber Silvana , Bicego Livia
Published: May 2021

Aims and objectives

The main objective was to explore the impact of personal protective equipment and social distancing on nurses, caregivers and children's communication and relationship in a maternal and child health hospital.

Background

The spread of COVID‐19 pandemic made it necessary to apply infection prevention and control measures, including interpersonal distancing and the use of personal protective equipment. These measures may impact communication and relationship between nurses, patients and caregivers especially in a complex environment, such as a paediatric setting.

Design

A qualitative descriptive study design was adopted. Reporting followed the COREQ guidelines.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted in two wards of a maternal and child health hospital in north‐east Italy. Data were collected between September and November 2020. Transcripts were analysed using inductive content analysis.

Results

Seventeen caregivers and 17 nurses were recruited using convenience sampling.

Three themes were identified, namely: “Impact on a trustworthy relationship”; “Impact on common communication resources”; and “Strategies to overcome barriers”. Participants agreed Covid‐19 infection prevention and control measures impacted key elements of family‐centred and compassionate care. Communication strategies and play were critical to overcoming the barriers encountered.

Conclusions

COVID‐19 containment measures impact communication and family‐centred care in paediatric hospital settings. There is a need for stakeholders to consider family needs in interventions aimed at controlling pandemics’ impact.

Clinical Relevance

While COVID‐19 pandemic urgency intensified the use of PPE and social distancing, strategies to overcome issues related to family‐centred care should be considered in those wards such as oncology or infectious disease paediatric departments where these measures are continuously adopted. Beyond a greater communication awareness, strategies may comprise the implementation of virtual care to guarantee support, continuity of care and information between the child, the healthcare team and the family members that are not admitted to the hospital for safety reasons.
Properties of Acrylic Resin For CAD/CAM: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of In Vitro Studies
Authors: de Oliveira Emanuele , Zancanaro de Figueiredo Elisa , Spohr Ana Maria , Lima Grossi Márcio
Published: May 2021

Purpose

This systematic review and meta‐analysis of in vitro studies compared the prepolymerized acrylic resin used for CAD/CAM complete denture manufacturing versus the heat‐polymerized acrylic resin for conventional complete dentures in terms of surface roughness, wettability, hardness and flexural strength.

Materials and Methods

An electronic search was performed in the PubMed, Embase, LILACS and Web of Science databases, without language or date restrictions. Gray literature and manual search tools were also used. The systematic review was carried out by two researchers independently, following the inclusion criteria: in vitro studies testing the CAD/CAM acrylic resin with a control group of heat‐polymerized acrylic resin which compared at least one of the four material properties above. The meta‐analysis was performed separately for each property, using a random effect model.

Results

Of the 914 studies found by means of search strategies, 698 were selected for the systematic review. After applying the eligibility criteria, only 17 articles were selected for the qualitative analysis in the systematic review; among these, 14 were included in the quantitative meta‐analysis. The CAD/CAM prepolymerized acrylic resin in blocks had similar properties when compared to heat‐polymerized acrylic resin in almost all outcome measures, with the exception of a statistically significant reduction in surface roughness.

Conclusions

Based on the findings of this systematic review and meta‐analysis, equally satisfactory results can be expected from dental prosthesis manufactured by the CAD/CAM system when compared to conventional ones, with the additional potential of reducing the pigmentation and attached microorganisms due to the reduced surface roughness of the prepolymerized resin.
Health‐related quality of life in narcolepsy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Tadrous Ragy , O'Rourke Deirdre , Mockler David , Broderick Julie
Published: May 2021

To date, there has been no systematic analysis of the literature regarding health‐related quality of life in narcolepsy. This systematic review aimed to examine the impact of narcolepsy on health‐related quality of life, measured through standardised health‐related quality of life questionnaires such as the Short Form 36 and Functional Outcome of Sleep Questionnaire. The following databases: Medline, Embase, Cinahl, and Web of Science were searched for studies that investigated health‐related quality of life in adults with narcolepsy. Studies were reviewed independently by two reviewers, and a random‐effects meta‐analysis was performed. A total of 30 studies were eligible for inclusion in the review. Additionally, meta‐analyses were conducted for the Short Form 36 and the EQ5D. The Short Form 36 meta‐analysis identified that the pooled mean scores for the Physical Component Summary (45.91) were less affected than the Mental Component Summary (42.98). People with narcolepsy experience substantially lower health‐related quality of life when compared with the general population norms of the USA, UK, France and Norway, as well as compared with people with chronic diseases such as multiple sclerosis, diabetes, hypertension and epilepsy. Further research is warranted to identify the longitudinal effects of narcolepsy on health‐related quality of life, and to develop a narcolepsy‐specific health‐related quality of life tool.