bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revealing pest patterns: A comparative spatial distribution analysis of insect threats in Kharif rice across the key agricultural regions in the Eastern India
Authors: Garai Koushik
Published: October 2024

BACKGROUND

This study investigates the spatial distribution and aggregation patterns of major insect pests in Kharif rice fields during the 2023 growing season in Eastern India. The analysis focuses on key pests such as yellow stem borer (YSB), gall midge, green leaf hopper (GLH), and brown planthopper (BPH), as well as rice thrips, caseworm, whorl maggot, Gundhi bug, grasshopper, and leaf folder. Using statistical indices, this study aims to understand pest behavior across Standard Meteorological Weeks (SMWs) to better inform pest control strategies.

RESULTS

The study reveals significant clustering and aggregation patterns among the pests. YSB exhibited variance–mean ratio (VMR) values between 1.14 (40th SMW) and 1.96 (31st SMW), with dispersion parameter (K) values ranging from 0.57 to 21.65, and a peak index of dispersion of 132.66 (43rd SMW). Similarly, gall midge showed VMR values from 6.19 to 10.48, whereas GLH and BPH recorded VMR ranges of 1.19 to 132.10 and 1.01 to 1.50, respectively. These spatial distribution trends were confirmed through values for Iwao's patchiness index and Taylor's power law, indicating strong pest aggregation in specific areas.

CONCLUSION

The results underscore the need for region‐specific integrated pest management strategies that take into account pest clustering and environmental factors influencing pest distribution. Although an S‐curve pattern of infestation—showing gradual population increases, rapid peaks, and eventual decline—was observed, the primary focus remains spatial patterns, which are critical for optimizing pest management and improving rice crop sustainability in the region. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Trehalose metabolism mediates trade‐offs between reproduction and survival in beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis, under heat stress
Authors: Tian Zhiqiang , Qiao Yijie , Xie Dianjie , Puqian A , Zhang Lei , Cheng Yunxia , Jiang Xingfu , Michaud JP
Published: October 2024

BACKGROUND

Temperature is an important determinant of developmental and reproductive rates in insects. Here, we investigated the physiological responses of adult beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis L. (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), to three temperatures (16, 23 and 30 °C) focusing on trehalose metabolism.

RESULTS

Exposure of moths to 30 °C accelerated eclosion and ovarian development, but shortened the oviposition period and adult longevity, whereas exposure to 16 °C had opposite effects. Transcriptome analysis revealed that vitellogenin (VG) and vitellogenin receptor (VR) genes were up‐regulated at 30 °C, as were numerous genes related to energy metabolism, including those involved in the insulin signaling pathway, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and glycolysis. Expression of the trehalose transporter gene TRET1 was also induced at high temperature, primarily in the ovaries, where trehalose content increased, accompanied by lipid degradation in the fat body. Treatment with the trehalase inhibitor validamycin A reduced female fecundity and longevity at 23 °C, but enhanced the expression of genes related to stress resistance and reproduction, mimicking the effect of high temperature.

CONCLUSION

Besides their practical utility for predicting the oviposition behavior and geographic distribution of L. sticticalis in the field, these results elucidate the various physiological roles of trehalose in L. sticticalis during exposure of moths to high temperature and may provide insights into the relationship between stress resistance and reproduction in insects more generally. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Impairing protein–protein interactions in an essential tRNA modification complex: An innovative antimicrobial strategy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Bollati Michela , Fasola Elettra , Pieraccini Stefano , Freddi Francesca , Cocomazzi Paolo , Oliva Francesco , Klußmann Merlin , Maspero Angelo , Piarulli Umberto , Ferrara Silvia , Pellegrino Sara , Bertoni Giovanni , Gazzola Silvia
Published: October 2024

Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) have been recognized as a promising target for the development of new drugs, as proved by the growing number of PPI modulators reaching clinical trials. In this context, peptides represent a valid alternative to small molecules, owing to their unique ability to mimic the target protein structure and interact with wider surface areas. Among the possible fields of interest, bacterial PPIs represent an attractive target to face the urgent necessity to fight antibiotic resistance. Growing attention has been paid to the YgjD/YeaZ/YjeE complex responsible for the essential t6A37 tRNA modification in bacteria. We previously identified an α‐helix on the surface of Pseudomonas aeruginosa YeaZ, crucial for the YeaZ‐YeaZ homodimer formation and the conserved YeaZ‐YgjD interactions. Herein, we present our studies for impairing the PPIs involved in the formation of the YeaZ dimers through synthetic peptide derivatives of this helical moiety, both in vitro with purified components and on P. aeruginosa cells. Our results proved the possibility of targeting those PPIs which are usually essential for protein functioning and thus are refractory to mutational changes and antibiotic resistance development.
Phenol Photostatic Spectra and Quantum‐Classical Photodynamic Deprotonation
Authors: Pomogaev Vladimir , Bocharnikova Elena , Tchaikovskaya Olga , Avramov Pavel
Published: October 2024

The spectral‐luminescence properties and photochemical conversions of phenol were analyzed for an isolated molecule as well as in water solvents in a continuum implicit model and explicit atomistic surroundings. This involved employing cut‐edge hybrid quantum‐classical methodologies to generate static optical spectra and the excited dissipative crossing potential energy curves. A combination of electronic excitations, gradient calculations, and embedding electrostatic potential fitting charges on quantum‐classical molecular dynamic propagation trajectories provided statistically averaged absorption spectra. The mixed‐reference spin‐flip multiconfigurational linear response method based on reference triplet preprocessed in the time‐dependent density‐functional theory was utilized to determine conical intersections between the lowest excited and ground states, as well as two‐stage transitions from the second excitation to the ground state. Non‐adiabatic quantum‐classical molecular dynamics defined photodissipative trajectories of excited states, their lifetimes, and crossing points through trajectory surface hopping together with the mixed‐reference spin‐flip and embedding electrostatic potential fitting approaches. Dyson orbitals of the extended Koopmans' theorem were applied to reveal the nature of molecular states at conical intersections and key points on photodynamic trajectories. Potential hydroxyl group cleavage predicted with conical intersections searching turns to “swift” OH deprotonation through |π→⟩ transition along photodynamic propagations in contrast with “long” processes leading to benzene ring deformation with stable OH bond.
Mem‐Transistor‐Based Gaussian Error–Generating Hardware for Post‐Quantum Cryptography Applications
Authors: Kim Moon‐Seok , Rehman Shania , Khan Muhammad Farooq , Kim Sungho
Published: October 2024

Quantum computing can potentially hack the information encrypted by traditional cryptographic systems, leading to the development of post‐quantum cryptography (PQC) to counteract this threat. The key principle behind PQC is the “learning with errors” problem, where intentional errors make encrypted information unpredictable. Intentional errors refer to Gaussian distributed data. However, implementing Gaussian distributed errors is challenging owing to computational and memory overhead. Therefore, this study proposes a Gaussian error sampler that employs the intrinsic Gaussian properties of nanometer‐scale semiconductor devices. The proposed Gaussian error sampler significantly reduces computational and memory overhead. This work comprehensively evaluates the effectiveness of the proposed device by conducting statistical normality tests and generating quantile–quantile plots. The optimal programming voltage is identified to be −5.25 V, and the experimental results confirmed the Gaussian distribution of error data generated by the proposed module, aligning closely with software‐generated Gaussian distributions and distinct from uniform random distributions.
A case of cytomegalovirus cystic lung disease and review of literature
Authors: Wordui Seyram M. , Singh Shivani , Pillay Tanyia , Zampoli Marco , Daniels Adriaan , Brooks Andre , Vanker Aneesa , Gray Diane
Published: October 2024

A 31‐week gestation male infant with respiratory distress since day of delivery had lobectomy at 8 weeks of age for symptomatic, suspected congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM). Histology of resected lung showed cytomegalovirus (CMV) inclusion bodies and emphysematous changes. The infant was treated with antiviral therapy with improvement in symptoms. CMV infection of the lung should be considered in any neonate presenting with lung cysts.
Factors Influencing Instrumental Assisted Births: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Evans Madison M. , Nanu Douglas P. , Alemayehu Gabriel , Rangel Teresa
Published: October 2024

Objective

To evaluate the rate of instrument‐assisted deliveries among parturient patients hospitalized for live, vaginal births across 5 years and test for factors influencing the use of this procedure.

Methods

Hospitalizations of pregnant people age 18 years or older presenting for a live vaginal birth between October 2017 and 2022 were included for gestational ages between 35.0 and 42.0 weeks. The outcome measured the presence of neonatal instrument‐assisted birth utilizing forceps or a vacuum. Independent variables tested as influencing the outcome included hospitalization year, maternal age, BMI, parity, gestational age, admission to birth time, labor induction, neonate weight, intrapartum analgesia, gestational diabetes and preeclampsia. Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate statistics were conducted in Excel to compare those with and without instrument‐assisted birth.

Results

The descriptive analysis demonstrated that cases receiving an instrument‐assisted birth had significantly longer admission to birth time (17.8 h [SD = 11.0] vs. 14.1 h [SD = 14.5], p < 0.001) and received intrapartum analgesics as follows: continuous labor epidural (92.1% vs. 80.6%, p < 0.001), opioids (12.6% vs. 5.9%, p < 0.001) and acetaminophen (20.3% vs. 11.1%, p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression model demonstrated that intrapartum analgesics were significantly associated with instrument‐assisted births as follows: continuous labor epidural (OR 2.12, 95% CI 1.63−2.75), opioids (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.10−1.72) and acetaminophen (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.24−1.80). Conversely, multiparous status demonstrated decreased odds of having an instrument‐assisted birth (OR 0.32, 95% CI 0.27−0.37).

Conclusion

Among pregnant patients, having a longer admission to birth time or receiving an intrapartum analgesic (continuous labor epidural, opioids and/or acetaminophen) was significantly associated with an instrument‐assisted birth, whereas multiparity reduced the odds of the procedure.
Reduced ligninase‐cellulase ratio enhances soil carbon sequestration following afforestation of agricultural land
Authors: Wen Shuhai , Yu Dailin , Feng Jiao , Liu Yu‐Rong
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Afforestation of agricultural land is one of the most essential approaches to mitigate climate change by enhancing the sequestration of atmospheric carbon (C) into the soil. C‐degrading extracellular enzymes produced by soil microbes regulated the decomposition and fate of sequestrated soil organic carbon (SOC), with potential divergent variations following afforestation across different ecosystem scales. However, the feedbacks of different C‐degrading enzymes and their relationships with SOC following afforestation of agricultural land remain unclear.

Materials and Methods

We investigated the changes in enzyme activity and their relationships with SOC in soil aggregates across two typical climatic vegetation restoration regions in China, and explored the mechanisms through which changes in enzyme activity contribute to SOC sequestration following afforestation of agricultural land.

Results

Afforestation of agricultural land generally decreased ligninase activity and increased cellulase activity across various aggregate fractions, compared to the adjacent croplands in both subtropic (Danjiangkou Reservoir, DJK) and temperate (Maoershan, MES) region. Additionally, the ratio of ligninase to cellulase (L:C) was lower in afforested lands than in the croplands, with L:C as the major factor explaining the variations of SOC sequestration following afforestation. Specifically, ligninase and L:C were negatively correlated with SOC, whereas cellulase showed positive correlations with SOC. Further analyses suggested that microbial biomass C and nitrogen (MBC and MBN) and the ratio of SOC and total nitrogen (SOC:TN) were important factors influencing L:C and subsequently regulating SOC. These results suggest that shifts in microbial enzyme production from ligninase to cellulase following afforestation, reduced the decomposition of recalcitrant C, thus contributing to SOC sequestration.

Conclusion

Our work underscores the critical role of reduced L:C in enhancing SOC sequestration following the restoration of croplands to afforested lands. These findings advance the understanding of the influence of microbial community physiological adaptations on C sequestration across different land use types.
Changes in soil quality during different ecological restoration years in the abandoned coal mine area of southern China
Authors: Li Hao , Chen Wenbo , Fu Kaixin , Zhang Cheng , Liang Haifen
Published: October 2024

Understanding the effects of abandoned coal mine ecological restoration on soil quality and function is important to protect the regional ecological environment. This study aims to evaluate the ecological restoration effects of soil quality in abandoned coal mine area. Taking Fengcheng County, a typical coal‐rich area in southern China, as a case, this study took 120 soil samples to investigate the influence of restoration years on soil quality by using an integrated soil quality index (SQI). Results indicated that restoration years had significant effects on the saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) by affecting the soil bulk density, clay content, and soil water content. Furthermore, clay, soil organic matter, Ks, and pH were selected to assess the effect of ecological restoration years on soil quality. It was found that the ecological restoration 8 years (ER8) site had higher SQI value, indicating ecological restoration years showed a positive correlation with SQI in abandoned coal mine area. Since there was a 4‐year gap between ecological restoration 4 years site and ER8 site, the ecological restoration may be effective between 5 and 8 years. The results of this study are of great significance for improving the effects of ecological restoration and management in abandoned coal mine area.
Enhancing the Purification and Stability of Superoxide Dismutase by Fusion with Thermoresponsive Self‐Assembly of Elastin Like Polypeptide
Authors: Wang Weiwei , Wang Yinfeng , Xia Zhenzhu , Hao Guijie , Tuffour Alex , Yan Lirong , Chen Jinping , Zhu Yiying , Lin Feng , Zhou Yang
Published: October 2024

Elastin‐like polypeptide (ELP) is a thermo‐sensitive biosynthetic polymer composed of a Val‐Pro‐Gly‐Xaa‐Gly repeating unit possessing a sharp reversible phase transition property at specific temperatures. Here, ELP was fused to human superoxide dismutase 1 (hSOD1) modified with His tag to produce recombinant hSOD1‐Linker‐ELP‐His (hSODLEH) which was expressed in E. coli and purified via inverse thermal cycling (ITC) and Ni‐NTA resin. The results showed that ELP tag did not affect the soluble expression of SOD1. The purification by ITC was superior to Ni‐NTA resin due to its convenient purification process, improved recovery rate and purification fold, thus indicating industrial suitability for large scale protein purification in a cost‐ and time‐efficient manner. Moreover, one round of ITC was sufficient for the recovery of highly purified recombinant SOD. The results further showed that ELP improved the stability of the SOD, and did not affect its secondary structure nor its ability to bind divalent metal ions. Overall, ELP‐protein fusion system could be a promising tool for large scale enzyme purification.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Interaction Studies of Naphtho‐[2,3]‐furan‐Based Molecules with CTAB as Model Surfactant
Authors: Ali Sonia , Kaur Khushwinder , Agarwal Jyoti
Published: October 2024

The synthesis of highly sensitive UV–visible active naphthofuran derivatives, namely naphtho‐[2,3]‐furan‐3‐yl acetate (NF), 9‐bromonaphtho‐[2,3]‐furan‐3‐yl acetate (BNF), 9‐nitronaphtho‐[2,3]‐furan‐3‐yl acetate (NNF), 9‐iodonaphtho‐[2,3]‐furan‐3‐yl acetate (INF), and naphtho‐[2,1‐b]‐furan‐4‐carboxylic acid (ONF) as solvatochromic molecules, was carried out through multistep synthetic approach. These molecules possess different substituents that tend to form micelles in cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) aqueous system. During the micellization process, the absorption spectrum of the synthesized molecule exhibits sensitivity towards the polarity of the environment, which affects the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of CTAB. This study demonstrates that synthesized molecules can be used for estimating solvent polarity and cmc.
An Aggregation Induced Emission Binuclear Pt(II) Complex with Mitochondria Targeting and Cell Necrosis Inducing Capability
Authors: Yang Xiaofei , Fang Siyu , Shi Junli , Yang Yi , Zhang Yuefei , Qian Ding , Fan Hongying , Yao Hang , Chong Hui , Wang Chengyin , Xu Qin
Published: October 2024

In this study, we synthesized a novel binuclear Pt(II) derivative with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) property (DPT) through a straightforward route. The IC50 of DPT in the Hela cell line was calculated to be 44.3±1.4 μM. Experimental data showed DPT could induce a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS). Necrosis was observed in DPT‐treated Hela cells. In addition to the cytotoxicity, DPT also displayed mitochondrial imaging capability. Thus, this complex might potentially serve as a theragnostic reagent.
Efficiently Catalyzing Xylose to Furfural by Synthesizing Solid Acid Catalysts from Lignocellulosic Residues
Authors: Tang Wei , Qian Haojie , Wang Xinyue , Huang Caoxing
Published: October 2024

The utilization of biomass as a carbon source for the synthesis of renewable solid acid catalysts (SA) has emerged as a prominent research direction in the field of heterogeneous catalysis. Based on the challenges associated with reusing residues from lignocellulosic biorefining, the biomass‐based SA (BCSA) were prepared using poplar sawdust (PS), hydrothermally pretreated PS (PPS), and the residue of PPS's enzymatic hydrolysis (ER). The characterization revealed that all three types of BCSA were loaded with catalytic groups, and the BCSA synthesized using ER rich in lignin components exhibited a highly efficient catalytic structure. Furthermore, the catalysis of a 20 g/L xylose solution with BCSA‐ER as SA also achieved the highest furfural yield (89.3%) and furfural selectivity (90.3%). The findings of this study suggested that lignin holds significant potential as a carbon carrier for SA, thereby offering a viable solution for utilizing by‐products from lignocellulosic biorefining.
Unravelling the Spectrum: Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Phosphorous–Selenium Bonded Compounds
Authors: Hussain Feroze , Sakander Norein , Mahajan Sheena , Ahmed Qazi Naveed
Published: October 2024

The review delves into a rich tapestry of methodologies, spanning from the utilization of metals to the manipulation of light, and from electrochemical pathways to additive‐free approaches. Its aim is to meticulously compile and elucidate these diverse pathways, providing comprehensive insights into the strategies and methodologies utilized for synthesizing these compounds. By undertaking this exploration, its goal is to shed light on the intricate techniques employed in this field, consequently driving notable progress across disciplines ranging from biochemistry to medicinal research.
UV Light‐Driven Photocatalytic Performance of CeO2 and Co Ion‐Doped CeO2 Nanoparticles: High‐Efficiency Electrochemical and Chromaticity Blue LED Application
Authors: Silambarasan R. , Perisetti Uttej Siva Sai Sundar , Ramesh Ajay , Anbalagan K.
Published: October 2024

The study assesses the efficacy of CeO2 nanoparticles synthesised via the hydrothermal method for UV‐induced catalytic activity in decomposing cobalt complexes. Various analyses, including X‐ray diffractometry (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM), and UV‐Vis spectrophotometry were employed to investigate the impact of cobalt on cerium oxide's morphology, optical, electrochemical, and microstructural characteristics. The XRD analysis revealed a cubic structure in the fluorite‐type pattern, primarily oriented along the (111) direction. Raman spectroscopy supported these findings, identifying an active mode peak at 464 cm−1 and indicating the presence of F2g cubic fluorite. SEM imaging displayed cleavage and uniform, densely packed grains. Elemental analysis confirmed the presence of Ce, O, and Co, corroborated by X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) data. Optical measurements indicated a band gap starting at 3.03 eV, which decreased with increasing Co ratio, reaching 2.9 eV at 4 % cobalt incorporation. Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry experiments demonstrated that Co‐doped samples exhibited enhanced ion storage capacity. These comprehensive analyses underscore the potential of Co‐doped CeO2 nanoparticles for UV‐induced catalytic activity, offering valuable insights into their structural and functional properties.
Use of Low‐Energy Ultrasonication to Enhance the Purity and Morphology of Cellulose Nanofibers Prepared from Areca Nut Shells
Authors: Mahyudin Alimin , Emriadi  , Abral Hairul , Labanni Arniati , Muldarisnur Mulda , Rozi Muhammad Fachrul , Putri Gusliani Eka , Arief Syukri
Published: October 2024

The isolation of cellulose nanofibers from areca nut shell has been successfully carried out using a simple alkaline treatment, acid hydrolysis, and followed by a morphological modification using low‐energy sonication method. The alkaline treatment consists of dewaxing and bleaching process to remove lignin, while acid hydrolysis process was carried out to remove hemicellulose. Mechanical fibrillation was carried out via ultrasonication and low‐power homogenization with 100 W cleaner and 3 W homogenizer to obtain fine fibers. Following the scanning electron microscope (SEM) result, the ultrasonicated treatment sample showed better lignin and hemicellulose removal processes and increased dispersity, as well as reduce diameter of cellulose fibers from 710.4 to 451.6 nm. The particle size analyzer (PSA) showed that the colloidal cellulose after sonication provide a frequent diameter of 56 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy result showed that sonication is an effective removal process of noncellulosic components. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the crystallinity of nanocellulose decrease following the sonication process. Hence, low‐energy ultrasonication is a viable approach to enhance the morphology and mechanical strength of cellulose nanofiber.
Insight into the Structural Optimization and Electrical Conductivity of NiII/MnII Bipyridine–Dicyanamide Complexes
Authors: Sasmal Prithwiraj , Debnath Rakesh , Koner Subratanath , Brandao Paula , Dolai Malay , Bhaumik Prasanta Kumar , Banerjee Abhijit , Ghosh Pameli , Sinha Debopam , Chowdhury Anupam , Das Asit kumar , Mal Dasarath
Published: October 2024

Two monomeric octahedral complexes {[Ni(N(CN)2)2(bpy)2]2·H2O (1) and [Mn(N(CN)2)2(bpy)2] (2) where bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine} were synthesized and characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, UV–visible, and IR spectra. The geometry optimization through DFT measurements predicts that both the complexes have similar monomeric structures with hexa‐coordinated metal centers having a couple of bpy and mononegative dca anions and thus satisfying the octahedral geometry. Moreover, it is found that the HOMO–LUMO energy gaps are ΔE = 4.981 and 5.563 eV for complexes 1 and 2, respectively, which are responsible for the stabilization of the complex formation. The calculated absorption bands are located at 304 and 235 nm, which are in excellent agreement with the experimental result. Moreover, the DFT study of the electronic spectra of both complexes shows that the calculated absorption bands are in well agreement with the experimental results. In the electrical studies, direct current (dc) measurements on the copper/complex (1 or 2)/copper structure confirm a definite development in the device current with applied bias. Complex 1 has shown better electrical conductance compared to complex 2 based on the reduction of device resistance.
Metal Ion‐Endows Orange‐Red Light Fluorogenicity of an Imine‐Linkage Probe Embracing Simple Electron Donor‐Acceptor Units
Authors: Jaiswal Akash Deep , Chourasia Jyoti , Mahato Manas , Ahamed Sabbir , Tohora Najmin , Ghanta Susanta , Das Sudhir Kumar
Published: October 2024

Selectively tracking and quantifying Al3+ ions is a significant concern to the scientific communities. In the present article, an imine‐linkage electron donor‐acceptor system, DSAN, (E)‐5‐(diethylamino)‐2‐(((2‐hydroxy‐4‐nitrophenyl)imino)methyl)phenol has been introduced which shows Al3+ ions endows red light fluorogenicity which could be utilized for sequential and detection of Al3+ ions and picric acid (PA) in both solid and liquid phases. Upon addition of Al3+ ions into the DSAN solution, an orange‐red fluorescence is noticed at 604 nm caused by the formation of Al3+ ions chelated DSAN complex having detection and quantification limit 0.2 μM and 0.62 μM respectively in dimethylformamide (DMF) medium. The complex formation is found to be a 1 : 1 stoichiometric ratio as evident from Job's plot analysis. Also, the binding affinity value is found to be 3.24×104 M−1 demonstrating a high affinity of DSAN towards Al3+ ions. This orange‐red fluorescence of Al3+ ions chelated DSAN complex solution is quenched due to the introduction of PA. A super handy paper‐strips‐based detection tool also been fabricated utilizing DSAN which could be employed to track trace amounts of Al3+ ions in the solid state. The mechanism involved in the detection of Al3+ ions is elucidated by density functional theoretical analysis.
Cost‐Effective Approach for Fabrication of High‐Quality Expanded Vermiculite for Alizarin Red S Removal From Aqueous Media
Authors: Nguyen Thi Hoai Phuong , Cao Phuong Anh , Han Duy Linh , Nguyen Van Huy , Nguyen Dinh Duc , La Duc Duong
Published: October 2024

Vermiculite is extensively utilized for several applications, including as a hydroponic substrate, for soil conditioning, oil cleansing, and addressing trace metal pollution. In this study, the expansion of natural vermiculite was easily achieved by utilizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with the aid of microwave technology. The characterization of expanded vermiculite involved the use of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption isotherm (BET), and energy dissipation X‐rays (EDX). The vermiculite has been enlarged to have a structure resembling flakes, and its surface area measures 73.9 m2/g. The adsorption of Alizarin Red S onto expanded vermiculite was investigated under varying conditions, such as pH, starting concentration, adsorbent content, and duration of exposure. The enlarged vermiculite achieved a maximum adsorption capacity of 182.5 mg/g for Alizarin Red S. Out of the three adsorption isotherm models, both the Freundlich and Temkin models accurately describe the adsorption of Alizarin Red S onto expanded vermiculite. When studying adsorption kinetics, the second‐order adsorption kinetic model is more appropriate than the first‐order adsorption kinetic model, as indicated by an R2 value of 0.8964.
Eco‐Friendly Preparation of Pectin‐Stabilized Ruthenium Catalyst for Hydrogen Generation from Sodium Borohydride Hydrolysis
Authors: Ilgin Pinar , Ozay Hava , Ozay Ozgur
Published: October 2024

In this study, we report that pectin‐supported ruthenium nanoparticles (pectin@Ru0) can be easily prepared at room temperature by a simple and effective method and that they exhibit outstanding catalytic activity in the hydrolysis of sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The structure, oxidation state, morphology, and thermal studies were analyzed using XRD, XPS, SEM, TEM and TGA analysis. The kinetic performance of pectin@Ru0 biocatalyst was evaluated depending on ruthenium loading, NaBH4 concentration, NaOH concentration, temperature, reusability and storage. The pectin@Ru0 biocatalyst containing 2 wt.% Ru0 metal catalyzed the hydrolysis of 50 mM NaBH4+1 wt.% NaOH with 100 % yield. The activation energy (Ea) and the TOF values of the reaction was estimated as 54.7 kJ mol−1 and 53.1 mol H2 (mol Ru0 min) −1 at 30 °C and this is consistent with other previously reported catalysts, making it a remarkable result in comparison. Reusability and catalytic life studies reported that pectin@Ru0 biocatalyst is also highly active and relatively long‐lived catalyst in the hydrolysis of NaBH4 in a slightly basic solution.
Eco‐friendly Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Daphne Mucronata Royle Seeds Extract and the Potential Antibacterial, Antifungal, and Scolicidal Activities
Authors: Movahedi Raziyeh , Razmjoue Damoun , Bahmani Mahmoud , Lysiuk Roman , Oroojalian Fatemeh
Published: October 2024

Green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have received lots of attention due to being used as potential therapeutic agents. For the first time, this research investigated the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using the extract of Daphne mucronata seeds, which are rich in phenolic and polyphenolic substances and evaluated their antibacterial, antifungal, and scavenging activities. The process of nanoparticle (NPs) preparation was confirmed using UV–vis spectroscopy with an absorption peak at a wavelength of 440 nm. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to determine the particles' distribution. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) validated the functional groups contributing to the reduction of Ag+ to Ag. Moreover, X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) approved the crystalline nature and spherical shape of the particles with mean and standard deviation of particle size to be 60.25 and 24.88 nm, respectively. The antibacterial, antifungal, and scolicidal activities of AgNPs were studied using disc diffusion against four standard bacteria species and microdilution methods for four Candida strains. The greatest effect of AgNPs with the highest concentration (80 µg/mL) was observed on Staphylococcus aureus (22.26 mm) and the lowest on Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.07 mm). In the case of Candida fungus, the highest effect of AgNPs was reported for Candida krusei (7.93 µg/mL) and the lowest for Candida albicans (63.49 µg/mL). Also, these nanoparticles were able to register 100% lethality on the Echinococcus granulosus parasite in 15 min at a concentration (80 µg/mL). Therefore, the production of AgNPs as a renewable and cheap material can be effective after performing all the necessary tests as antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic agents with the least side effects in biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences.
Graphene‐Based Nanomaterials are a Potent and Innovative Technology for the Treatment of Cancer: A Review
Authors: Muzammal Muhammad , Awan Mahnoor , Mukhtar Adeela , Mohsin Muhammad , Qamar Muhammad Azam
Published: October 2024

Cancer is prevailing around the world and so does its mortality rates. Conventionally used therapies have some adverse effects as they are not entirely accurate, leading researchers and investigators to explore new ways and materials. They are constantly looking into ways that can effectively cure this malicious disease and in this effort, they came across new smart materials labeled as nanoparticles (NPs). In between various sorts of nanoparticles, only graphene‐based nanomaterials (GBNMs) shine because of their particular chemical structure and properties. They have high drug loading capacity, can easily target specific tissues, and can be easily functionalized according to the stage and other factors for a patient. Several researches and trials have been executed on animal models to check the potency of these nanoparticles proving them revolutionary in the medical domain, especially for combating cancer. Through this review, we evaluate the experiments conducted by scientists in an effort to devise a platform based on graphene nanoparticles for curing cancer efficiently by using single or multiple therapeutic approaches.
Cu‐Doped 0D Bi2WO6 Nanoparticles for Efficient Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalytic Tetracycline Degradation
Authors: Wang Jianhua , Ma Fangpei , Yao Min , He Wenjing , Bi Yueyao , Shi Xiaoyuan , Liu Jiaxu , Wang Qian
Published: October 2024

Bismuth‐based photocatalysts have been widely employed in the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater. However, the lack of rational structural design and the slow generation of active free radicals have hindered its efficiency. Here, we stabilized Bi2WO6 nanoparticles by wrapping them with hydroxyl groups, introduced metal Cu doping, and underwent an annealing process to construct Cu‐BiNP nanocatalysts with exposed active sites. Under visible light irradiation, 0.03Cu‐BiNP achieved a 94.5% TC degradation efficiency, which is 15.8 times higher than the rate of bulk BiWO. The 0D structure endows Cu‐BiNP with ample opportunities for O2 adsorption and activation, and Cu atomic doping reduces the bandgap and increases the oxygen vacancy, promoting the generation of active oxygen species. This work demonstrates the rapid charge separation and activation of O2 to generate active oxygen species by 0D bismuth‐based nanocatalysts in photocatalytic oxidation reactions, providing a scalable nanocatalyst platform for TC photocatalytic degradation.
Interactions of 3‐Acylisocoumarins with Ethane‐1,2‐diamines: A Simple Route to 3,4‐Dihydro‐6H‐pyrazino[1,2‐b]isoquinolin‐6‐ones and Their Hydrogenated Derivatives
Authors: Shablykin Oleh V. , Chumachenko Svitlana A. , Konovalenko Artem S. , Shablykina Olga V. , Shishkina Svitlana V. , Kozytskyi Andrii V. , Brovarets Volodymyr S.
Published: October 2024

The recyclization of isocoumarins under the N‐nucleophile action is a well‐known route to different isoquinolones. But addition of functional groups in such substrates can provide more complicated nitrogen‐containing heterocycles. In this study, the easy formation of 3,4‐dihydro‐6H‐pyrazino[1,2‐b]isoquinolin‐6‐one system via the interaction of 3‐acylisocoumarins and ethane‐1,2‐diamines is demonstrated. As the acyl component of reaction, 3‐acetyl‐ and 3‐benzoylisocoumarins, 2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐benzo[c]chromene‐4,6‐dione, and heteroanalogs of 3‐acetylisocoumarin were successfully used; and the amino component was represented by ethane‐1,2‐diamine, some cyclic vicinal diamines, methyl 2,3‐diaminopropanoate, and N1‐methylethane‐1,2‐diamine. The variation of substrates gave different structures with 3,4‐dihydro‐6H‐pyrazino[1,2‐b]isoquinolin‐6‐one core; and the number of products can grow extremely because of this core's aptitude to reduction. Thus, 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐6H‐pyrazino[1,2‐b]isoquinolin‐6‐ones, 1,2,3,4,11,11a‐hexahydro‐6H‐pyrazino[1,2‐b]isoquinolin‐6‐ones and 1,3,4,6,11,11a‐hexahydro‐2H‐pyrazino[1,2‐b]isoquinolines were synthetized by using various reduction methods for separate 3,4‐dihydro‐6H‐pyrazino[1,2‐b]isoquinolin‐6‐ones.
BEOL‐Compatible 4F2 Oscillator Using Vertical InGaAs Biristor for Highly Scalable Monolithic 3D Ising Solver
Authors: Kim Joon Pyo , Kim Hyun Wook , Jeong Jaeyong , Park Juhyuk , Kuk Song‐Hyeon , Kim Jongmin , Woo Jiyong , Kim Sanghyeon
Published: October 2024

Ising solvers are important for efficiently addressing non‐deterministic polynomial‐time (NP)‐hard combinatorial optimization problems (COPs), where scalability and compactness are crucial for practical applications. In this study, an experimental demonstration of an oscillator‐based Ising solver employing a highly scalable 4F2 InGaAs bi‐stable resistor (biristor) is presented. It is first explored the oscillation behavior of the InGaAs biristor, establishing that classical Ising spins can be emulated using the sub‐harmonic injection locking (SHIL) technique. Furthermore, capacitive and resistive coupling between two coupled InGaAs biristors is demonstrated, leading to out‐of‐phase and in‐phase coupling, respectively. Employing this foundational technology, it is experimentally achieved a solution to the MaxCUT problem with the InGaAs biristor‐based Ising solver, supplemented by simulation‐based behavior evaluations. This emerging device architecture offers a viable pathway to surmount the scaling limitations faced by present hardware‐based Ising solvers, representing a significant step forward in the development of efficient, scalable solutions for complex optimization challenges.
Boosting the Charge Storage Capability of Bi2TeO5 Cathode Using Iodide Ions in Aqueous Zinc‐Based Batteries System
Authors: Chen Liang , Cai Quan , Liu Yi , Xie Xuehui
Published: October 2024

As insertion‐type cathode materials of aqueous Zn‐based batteries (ABs), bismuth chalcogenides/oxychalcogenides exhibits relatively limited capacities in ZnSO4 baseline electrolyte. This work finds that Bi2TeO5 (BTO) cathode with pre‐added I− electrolyte additive can simultaneously achieve conversion and insertion chemistries, which enables aqueous BTO‐Zn batteries to deliver an extraordinary electrochemical performance. As shown in the experiment results, the BTO cathode showcases an ultrahigh specific capacity of 534.9 mA h g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, excellent rate capability (237.3 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1). In the estimation of cyclic durability, the capacity of the BTO cathode decreases from 271.2 to 171.1 mA h g−1 during 2000 cycles at 10 A g−1.
Microstructural Evolution and High‐Temperature Tensile Properties of 15Cr‐Reduced Activation Ferritic Steel Processed by Hot Powder Forging of Mechanically Alloyed Powders
Authors: Pal Himanshu , Dabhade Vikram V.
Published: October 2024

Reduced activation ferritic steels are being explored as possible cladding tube materials for nuclear reactors because of their low activation and excellent irradiation resistance. In the current investigation, reduced activation ferritic steel (Fe–15Cr–2W) is processed by mechanical alloying of elemental powders followed by hot powder forging. Mechanical alloying is carried out in a Simoloyer attritor mill (Zoz GmbH), after which the powders are placed in a mild steel can and forged at 1200 °C in H2 atmosphere. X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigation reveal that 10 h of mechanical alloying is required to achieve complete dissolution of Cr and W in the Fe matrix powder. The relative density and hardness distribution of the forged slab is evaluated in longitudinal as well as transverse direction to optimize the powder forging operation. Electron backscatter diffraction analysis showed dynamic recrystallization to take place during the course of hot powder forging. Tensile tests are performed at room temperature as well as at elevated temperatures (600 and 700 °C). The yield strength and ultimate tensile strength at room temperature as well as at elevated temperatures are found to be higher than those reported in literature for reduced activation ferritic steels consolidated by other techniques.
Kinetic Study of NaF Gas Formation During Mold Flux Melting Based on Different Fluorides by Experimental and Computational Methods
Authors: Li Qiuping , Wang Zhe , Duan Zerong , Yang Haoyan , Wen Guanghua , Tang Ping , Hou Zibing
Published: October 2024

Low‐basicity fluorine‐containing mold flux, which forms a porous slag film with NaF pores, is expected to solve the contradiction between heat transfer and lubrication in the continuous casting of peritectic steel. Herein, the kinetic mechanism and the influence of NaF gas formation based on the different fluorine raw materials (NaF, CaF2, and Na3AlF6) at 0.9 basicity and 6 wt% fluorine are investigated by the combination of experiments and calculations. The results show that CaF2 is the first to generate NaF gas at 1189 K, followed by Na3AlF6 (1238 K) and NaF (1328 K). NaF raw material produces the most NaF gas with the lowest activation energy in the three raw materials, due to high Na ion kinetic energy, the simple degree of polymerization, and Na‐F1 bonds. Correspondingly, NaF bubbles in the molten slag are the largest based on their aggregation. Na3AlF6 and CaF2 raw materials rank second and third, with F atoms primarily bonded as Al‐Fx and Ca‐Fx and the higher proportion of and structure. Notably, at 0.9 basicity and 6 wt% fluorine, Na3AlF6 as raw material generates a suitable amount of gas, making diffuse and fine NaF bubbles in the molten slag.
Treatment of Sarcoptic Mange in Wombats With Topical Moxidectin
Authors: Stannard Hayley J. , Wynan Marie B. , Wynan Ray J. , Cox Amanda , Ralph Howard , Doran Gregory S.
Published: October 2024

Sarcoptic mange is a debilitating disease affecting free‐living/wild bare‐nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus). The disease causes thickening of the skin, pruritus, alopecia and deep fissures in the skin of infected animals, and ultimately death if left untreated. In Australia, there are approvals from the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority to use moxidectin for treating sarcoptic mange in bare‐nosed wombats; however, few published literatures document the success of treatment regimens. Two adult male bare‐nosed wombats presented with dermatitis, erythema and crusting of the skin. Evaluation of skin scrapings confirmed the presence of live Sarcoptes scabiei. Both wombats were treated with three 100‐mL doses of moxidectin topically poured on to the dorsal backline approximately 7 days apart. Both animals showed improvement, with skin becoming clear of crusting and dermatitis, and no S. scabiei mites were present on either animal after 2 weeks. Here, we presented two clinical scenarios of sarcoptic mange in wombats that were successfully treated with three 100‐mL doses of moxidectin applied topically. We recommend this treatment be used where wombats can be identified and monitored throughout their recovery.
An investigation into the performance and perikinetics of Brassica nigra meal in the treatment of real vegetable oil refinery condensate effluent
Authors: Annamalaisamy Kavithakani , Kumaran Chithra
Published: October 2024

In this study, the treatment of vegetable oil refinery plant condensate effluent (VORCE) having high total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) generated from acid oil unit was focused. The utilization of waste Brassica nigra meal (BNM) as protein flocculant in treating VORCE was explored. The B. nigra meal flocculant (BNMF) exhibited a crystalline nature, with the presence of amino and carboxyl functional groups, rendering it highly efficient (89.69% efficiency) in floc formation. Zeta potential and particle size (−5.6 mV and 240.68 nm, respectively) indicate BNMF's effectiveness in initiating floc formation. The interactive effects of pH, dosage, settling time on COD, and TSS removal were investigated using the Box–Behnken design. At an optimal pH of 6.9 and BNMF dosage of 0.77 g/L, a maximum removal of 85.38% COD and 72.56% TSS was obtained. The perikinetic theory for the coagulation–flocculation followed a second‐order rate reaction with high Kc (0.0001 L/mg min), low settling time (37.04 min), and high collision efficiency (2.703 × 1017), indicating the model's significance in achieving maximum COD and TSS removal. These findings highlight the potential use of BNMF in the treatment of VORCE, leading to circular economy by valorizing waste from mustard oil extraction and zero discharge.

Practitioner points

Valorization of waste Brassica nigra meal (BNM) as a potent protein flocculant

Optimization for vegetable oil refinery condensate effluent (VORCE) treatment was done.

Interactive effects of the process parameters were analyzed using Design expert.

Perikinetic theory for VORCE treatment follows second‐order reaction rate with high Kc.
Is It Possible to Have Episodic Memories During Non-lucid Dreams?
Authors: Gregory Daniel
Published: October 2024

The purpose of this paper is not to show that the answer to the question in the title is ‘no’, but to show that it is ‘probably not’, at least on one particular theory of memory. Assuming that an experience will only be an episodic memory if we are ‘disposed to take the relevant experience into account when judging about the past’ (Debus, Accounting for epistemic relevance: A new problem for the causal theory of memory. American Philosophical Quarterly, 47:17–29, 2010, p. 25), there are many obstacles to answering the question in the affirmative. If one holds that it is possible to have episodic memories during dreams, they will have to accept more implications than may be palatable. Specifically, they will have to believe, contra Sosa (A virtue epistemology: Apt belief and reflective knowledge (Vol. I). Clarendon Press, 2007), that we can actually make judgments during dreams and not just imagine doing so; that we retain a fairly high degree of rationality during dreams; and that there is a respectable sense in which we can refer to the past at all when we dream.
Perception in Dreams: A Guide for Dream Engineers, a Reflection on the Role of Memory in Sensory States, and a New Counterexample to Hume’s Account of the Imagination
Authors: Macpherson Fiona
Published: October 2024

I argue that dreams can contain perceptual elements in multifarious, heretofore unthought-of ways. I also explain the difference between dreams that contain perceptual elements, perceptual experiences that contain dream elements, and having a dream and a perceptual experience simultaneously. I then discuss two applications of the resulting view. First, I explain how my taxonomy of perception in dreams will allow “dream engineers”—who try to alter the content of people’s dreams—to accurately classify different dreams and explore creating new forms of perception in dreams. Second, I consider the consequences of the view for the role of memory in dreaming and imagination. I argue that not every element of dreams or sensory imaginations must rely on memory. The resultant view of sensory imagination provides a counterexample to Hume’s account of sensory imagination, according to which sensory imagination must be built up from faint copies of sensory impressions stored in memory.
Governance
Authors: Fenech Benjamin , Riedel Natalie
Published: October 2024

Governance refers to those regulatory processes, mechanisms and organizations through which political actors influence environmental actions and outcomes. Governance processes, mechanisms and organizations relevant to sound and health can vary greatly between continents, countries and even regions. In this chapter we present some examples of governance directly relevant to sound and health, from the international to the national level. We then discuss a common shortcoming of current approaches, i.e. that social variations of environmental quality and health are rarely taken into account. We propose the behaviour change wheel as a tool to identify actions that different political actors can take to ensure more equitable outcomes.