bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die griechischen Orthographien aus Spätantike und Byzantinischer Zeit
Authors: Alpers Klaus
Published: February 2008

Die besonderen Bedingungen der griechischen Sprache und ihrer langen Geschichte seit den Zeiten Homers haben schon seit der klassischen Epoche und zunehmend im Hellenismus und der Kaiserzeit Probleme der korrekten Akzentuierung und Orthographie aufgeworfen. Zumal die gelehrten hellenistischen und kaiserzeitlichen Editoren und Interpreten der homerischen Gedichte und anderer frühgriechischer und klassischer Poesie mußten zu unzähligen strittigen Fragen des Akzents und der richtigen Schreibung Stellung beziehen. Im 2. Jahrhundert n. Chr. hat der aus Alexandreia gebürtige, in Rom tätige Grammatiker Ailios Herodianos über beide Bereiche umfassende Bücher verfaßt. Auf Aufforderung Kaiser Mark Aurels (und diesem gewidmet) schrieb er sein gewaltiges Hauptwerk in 21 Büchern, die Καθολιϰη πϱοσωδία („Allgemeine Akzentlehre“) und ebenfalls ein umfangreiches Buch Πεϱι οϱθογϱαϕίας. Beide sind wie alle seine anderen Werke bis auf die Schrift Πεϱι μονήϱους λέξεως verloren. Mit geradezu herodianischem Fleiß hat A. Lentz eine Rekonstruktion des Verlorenen unternommen. Man muß leider sagen, daß die Zeit für eine solche Rekonstruktion noch nicht reif war; einerseits mußte Lentz für fast alle Quellschriften auf Editionen zurückgreifen, die auf völlig unzureichender handschriftlicher Basis erstellt waren, andererseits konnte er noch nicht die spektakulären Handschriftenfunde R. Reitzensteins und die daraus resultierenden umstürzenden Ergebnis zur Kenntnis nehmen. „Es liegt eine Tragik darin, daß ein unter den größten Schwierigkeiten geleistetes Lebenswerk durch die Fahrlässigkeit der Herausgeber, deren Leistungen Lentz zugrunde legen mußte, von vornherein auf ungenügendem Fundament ruhte.“ Sowohl für den Bereich der Akzentlehre („Orthoepik“) wie den der Orthographie der Spätantike und der byzantinischen Zeit hat Peter Egenolff in zwei bahnbrechenden Schulprogrammen einen Überblick über die unzähligen Traktate in der Nachfolge Herodians und die sie tradierenden Handschriften geliefert. Egenolffs Arbeiten sind naturgemäß stark veraltet, da zahlreiche Handschriften erst nach ihm bekannt wurden und sehr viele neue Erkenntnisse auf dem Gebiet der griechischen Grammatik und Lexikographie seither erzielt worden sind. Aber Egenolffs Sammlungen und Überblicke sind bisher nicht überholt worden und werden auch für das Gebiet der Orthographien durch das hier zu behandelnde Werk leider nicht wirklich ersetzt.
Growth of CeO2 thin films deposited on biaxially textured nickel substrates
Authors: Eyidi D. , Croitoru M. D. , Eibl O. , Nemetschek R. , Prusseit W.
Published: February 2008

CeO2 films are technologically important as buffer layers for the integration of superconducting YBa2Cu3O7−δ films on {100}-biaxially textured Ni substrates, yielding a Ni–CeO2–YBa2Cu3O7−δ layer sequence. The Ni–CeO2 interface is a metal–oxide interface, and the misfit between substrate and film is about 9%. An epitaxial growth model was suggested for this system in the literature. The investigated films were deposited by a reactive thermal evaporation process at substrate temperatures of 650–670 °C with a thickness of 100 nm after deposition. The CeO2 films were characterized by plan-view and cross-section transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The CeO2 films had a strong {100} biaxial texture with a roughness of approximately 90 nm. No intermediate layer could be found by cross-section transmission electron microscopy at the Ni–CeO2 interface. The films had columnar grains with diameters of 20–50 nm, much smaller than the grain size of the Ni substrate, which was larger than 1 μm. Small-angle grain boundaries and small amounts of 〈111〉-oriented grains were evidenced in plan-view samples by diffraction patterns. The Moiré fringes technique was applied and was ideally suited to image the small rotations (≤3°) of the small CeO2 grains with respect to the Ni substrate. These small rotations of small grains showed that the growth was nonepitaxial, however, biaxially textured. In the CeO2 film samples, nanovoids 5–10 nm in size were observed and were mostly located close to the film surface. A model for the growth of CeO2 thin films on nickel substrates can be proposed on the basis of our results.
Phase stability of epitaxial KTaxNb1−xO3 thin films deposited by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Nichols B. M. , Hoerman B. H. , Hwang J-H. , Mason T. O. , Wessels B. W.
Published: February 2008

The phase stability of epitaxial KTaxNb1−xO3 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) thin films, with compositions over the entire solid solution range, was investigated. KTaxNb1−xO3 thin films were deposited on (100) MgAl2O4 substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Films with compositions x ≤ 0.30 were orthorhombic, as determined by x-ray diffraction. Dielectric measurements at room temperature indicated the presence of morphotropic phase boundaries at x = 0.30 and at x = 0.74. Temperature-dependent measurements of the dielectric constant for KNbO3 from 80 to 800 K indicated three structural phase transitions at 710, 520, and 240 K. For intermediate compositions, a decrease in the Curie and tetragonal–orthorhombic transition temperatures was observed with increasing Ta atomic percent, similar to the bulk phase equilibrium. In contrast to bulk materials, an increase in the orthorhombic–rhombohedral transition temperature with increasing x was observed for the films, resulting in the stabilization of a rhombohedral phase at room temperature for compositions 0.45 ≤ x ≤ 0.73. Differences between the phase stability for the thin films and bulk were attributed to lattice misfit strain.
Writing on the Left: The Remarkable Career of Edna Ocko
Authors: Garafola Lynn
Published: February 2008

I first met Edna Ocko in the early 1980s. She was my mother-in-law's best friend from college days, someone who wrote about dance in the 1930s and took a dim view of critics since. My husband was a little in awe of Edna, and the first time she came to the house, I was told to cook an extra pound of pasta because Edna was coming. To my amazement, she was almost as tiny as my grandmother. We had a lot of pasta left over.

Edna Ocko, or Edna Meyers, as we knew her, was a formidable woman. She had been a communist in the 1930s and remained at heart a member of the Party, bonded by decades of friendship to the comrades-in-arms of her youth. She was punchy and articulate, with strong opinions and political convictions that never wavered even when she was named as a communist by Jerome Robbins before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1953. She was also a first-rate dance critic who knew the difference between art and propaganda, could tell good choreography from bad, and wrote with verve. She was a crack editor, with a nose for a story, who understood intuitively how to balance different voices and views: unsurprisingly, her best days as a dance journalist coincided with the Popular Front, which embraced liberals and leftists alike. Finally, she was an intellectual, curious, well read, stimulated by ideas, who counted even balletomanes like Lincoln Kirstein among her colleagues.
Rehearsing Heterosexuality: Unspoken Truths in Dance Education
Authors: Risner Doug
Published: February 2008

While recent research in the United States indicates that gay and bisexual men comprise half the male population in dance, a very limited amount of scholarship focuses on the experiences of gay men and boys in dance education (Hamilton 1999). Cultural heterosexism and homophobia certainly contribute to this conspicuous absence of scholarship and discourse, as does institutionalized heterosexism in concert dance and Western social dance forms (Adair 1992; Burt 1995; Hanna 1988). Given the rich and compelling dance research in gender (Albright 1997, 1998; Bond 1994; Case et al. 1995; Crawford 1994; Daly 1998; Stinson et al. 1990; Stinson 1998; Thomas 1993) and feminist theory (Albright 1990; Banes 1998; Daly 1991, 2000; Foster 1996; Shapiro 1998; Stinson 1993), one questions the absence of scholarly analysis surrounding gay issues in dance education. Unfortunately, dance and dance education may unwittingly reproduce asymmetrical power relationships, social inequities, and sexist patriarchy by reaffirming the status quo operating in contemporary American culture. In doing so, the profession ignores vast educative opportunities for diminishing homophobia and antigay bias. In view of the relatively large numbers of gay men and young adults in the field, the lack of serious discourse and study of these critical issues is disheartening. I am reminded that Susan Stinson importantly asked the dance community these ethical questions nearly two decades ago. Regrettably, her cogent questions remain largely unanswered:
De Beneficiisand Roman Society
Authors: Griffin Miriam
Published: February 2008

The exchange ofbeneficia— gifts and services — was an important feature of Greek and Roman society at all periods. Its prominence was reflected in the number of philosophical works that analysed the phenomenon. From the fourth century B.C. onwards, εὐεργεσία and χάρις became subjects of moral discourse. Xenophon, particularly in his Socratic works and theCyropaideia, and Aristotle, in his rhetorical and ethical writings, already anticipate much of what the Hellenistic schools were to elaborate. One of Aristotle's followers gave the first clear formulation we have of the idea that ‘the giving and interchange of favours holds together the lives of men’. Aristotle's successor Theophrastus wrote the first treatise we know of to deal wholly and specifically with the subject of χάρις. HisOn Gratitude(περὶ χάριτος: D.L. 5.48) had a long line of successors, including Epicurus'On Gifts and Gratitude(περὶ δώρων καὶ χάριτος: D.L. 10.28) and Chrysippus' Stoic treatments of the subject, both as part of a general workOn Duties(περὶ κατορθωμάτων) and in a separate workOn Favours(περὶ χαρίτων) (SVF3.674; 2.1081 ).
Depicting Democracy: An Exploration of Art and Text in the Law of Eukrates
Authors: Blanshard A.J.L.
Published: February 2008

This paper examines the range of symbolic associations surrounding the relief sculpture (Democracy crowning the Athenian people) that accompanied the law proposed by Eukrates against the establishment of tyranny. It examines some of the investments made in it by various communities and individuals. The role of personifications in political allegory is examined. This analysis shows both the potency of personifying representations of the Athenian people and the interpretative complexities that they create.
Heracles at the Y
Authors: Sansone David
Published: February 2008

The article seeks to show that, contrary to the standard view, the ‘Choice of Heracles’ preserved at Xen.Mem.2.1.21–33 is not a summary or paraphrase, but is a very close approximation to the actual wording of Prodicus'epideixis. The language and style are shown to be uncharacteristic of Xenophon, and the fact that Prodicus' original was known to exist in both written and orally performed versions serves to explain why the piece is framed by language that disclaims strict accuracy in reproducing it. It is further shown that the way in which near-synonyms are used in the piece is not necessarily inconsistent with other evidence for Prodicus' practice: it is rather the personified character Vice whose usage conflicts with that of Prodicus himself and with that of the personification of Virtue. Finally, it is proposed that the ‘Choice of Heracles’ represented the contents, not of Prodicus' advanced teaching, but of the popular, cut-rate lecture intended for a general audience.
Toward a reconstruction ofIphigenia Aulidensis
Authors: Kovacs David
Published: February 2008

Iphigenia Aulidensiswas produced after the poet's death, probably in 405 BC. The aim of this paper is to recover the text of this production, which I call FP for First Performance. Probably Euripides left behind an incomplete draft, which was finished by Euripides Minor, the poet's son or nephew. The text we have contains, as Page showed in 1934, material added for a fourth-century revival and other still later interpolations. Diggle's edition tries to separate original Euripides from all later hands on the basis of style. But if we want to recover the amalgam that was FP we need to be attentive to the plot that is implied by the most clearly genuine portions: we can't confine ourselves to what appears to be Euripidean since more than one hand contributed to FP.

A discovery about the plot gives us some objective basis for reconstructing FP. Our transmitted text contains two different conceptions of Calchas' prophecy, only one of which belonged to FP. Several passages scattered throughout the play imply that it was public, made to the entire army, but other passages say that it was private, restricted to Agamemnon's inner circle, with the army left in the dark. The secret prophecy motif, I argue, is the work of a fourth-century producer, whom I call the Reviser. Its purpose was to introduce into the play scenes where Greek soldiers, ignorant of the real reason for Iphigenia's coming to Aulis, might make naive comments or ask questions that are highly ironic in view of the actual situation, this being an emotional effect he found congenial. We find two such passages in places that are under grave suspicion: the entrance of Clytaemestra, where there is a chorus of Argives who felicitate Iphigenia on her wonderful prospects, and the first messenger, who reports naive questions from the soldiery. Both these passages have linguistic and dramaturgical features that make it virtually certain that neither Euripides nor Euripides Minor wrote them. Working from these we can detect the Reviser's hand at other places in the play and reconstruct its original lineaments. One satisfying result is that the business of baby Orestes, played by a doll, can be shown to be the work of the Reviser. The play ended with Iphigenia's departure for the altar, and there was no substitution of a stag. Like Menoeceus, Macaria and their kin, Iphigenia pays for the victory of her country with her blood, and there is no happy ending.
Nothing to do with democracy: Athenian drama and thepolis
Authors: Rhodes P.J.
Published: February 2008

A fashionable approach to the interpretation of Athenian drama concentrates on its context in performance at Athenian festivals, and sees both the festivals and the plays as products of the Athenian democracy. In this paper it is argued that, whereas the institutional setting inevitably took a particular form in democratic Athens, that was an Athenian version of institutions found more generally in the Greek world, and even in the Athenian version many features do not seem distinctively democratic. Similarly in the interpretation of particular plays themes have often been said to be democratic which are better seen as concerns ofpolis-dwelling Greeks in general, and the notion that plays questioned Athens' democratic values because the democratic ethos of Athens consciously encouraged the questioning of Athens' democratic values is far from certain.
The Greek demographic expansion: models and comparisons
Authors: Scheidel Walter
Published: February 2008

For much of the first millennium BC, the number of Greeks increased considerably, both in the Aegean core and in the expanding periphery of the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions. This paper is the first attempt to establish a coherent quantitative framework for the study of this process. In the first section, I argue that despite the lack of statistical data, it is possible to identify a plausible range of estimates of average long-term demographic growth rates in mainland Greece from the Early Iron Age to the Classical period. Elaborating on this finding, the second section offers a comprehensive rebuttal of the notion of explosive population growth in parts of the eighth and seventh centuries BC. In the third section, I seek to determine the probable scale and demographic consequences of Greek settlement overseas. A brief preliminary look at the relationship between population growth and the quality of life concludes my survey. The resultant series of interlocking parametric models is meant to contextualize the demographic development of ancient Greece within the wider ambit of pre-modern demography, and to provide a conceptual template for future research in this area.
Atarbos' base and the Panathenaia
Authors: Shear Julia L.
Published: February 2008

Re-examination of the well-known Atarbos base in the Akropolis Museum shows that the monument had two distinct phases which have generally been ignored in previous discussions: it originally consisted of a pillar supported by the extant right block decorated with the relief ofpurrhikhistai; subsequently, the pillar was removed, the base was doubled in size, and three bronze statues were erected. Close examination of the remains and the style of the reliefs indicates that the original period dates to 323/2 BC with the second phase following within a year. In light of this chronology, the prosopography of the family is reviewed and new restorations are suggested for the base's inscriptions. In its first phase, the monument belonged to a newly identified series of memorials consisting of rectangular bases with pillars supporting either a relief or a Panathenaic amphora. Such structures commemorated victories in various tribal events of the Panathenaia and were set up both by individuals and by tribes. The earliest known example appears in a vase painting ofc.430-420 and the type continued to be used until at least 323/2. The identification of this series also provides further evidence for history of thepurrhikhē, the cyclic chorus, theanthippasia, and the apobatic race at the Panathenaia, as well as the identities of specific victors in these contests.
Maximum likelihood estimation in generalized broken‐line regression
Authors: Gill Ryan
Published: February 2008

The author examines the existence, uniqueness, and identifiability of estimators produced by maximum likelihood for a model where the canonical parameter of an exponential family gradually begins to drift from its initial value at an unknown change point. He illustrates these properties with theoretical examples and applies his results to global warming data and failure data for emergency diesel generators.
Two‐stage model selection procedures in partially linear regression
Authors: Bunea Florentina , Wegkamp Marten H.
Published: February 2008

The authors propose a two‐stage estimation procedure for the partially linear modelY=fo(T)+X'βo+ ψ. They show how to estimate consistently the location of the nonzero components of βo. Their approach turns out to be compatible with minimax adaptive estimation of foover Besov balls in the case of penalized least squares. Their proofs are based on a new type of oracle inequality.
Nonlinear mixed‐effect models with nonignorably missing covariates
Authors: Wu Lang
Published: February 2008

Nonlinear mixed‐effect models are often used in the analysis of longitudinal data. However, it sometimes happens that missing values for some of the model covariates are not purely random. Motivated by an application to HTV viral dynamics, where this situation occurs, the author considers likelihood inference for this type of problem. His approach involves a Monte Carlo EM algorithm, along with a Gibbs sampler and rejection/importance sampling methods. A concrete application is provided.
Semiparametric efficient estimation for the auxiliary outcome problem with the conditional mean model
Authors: Chen Jinbo , Breslow Norman E.
Published: February 2008

The authors consider semiparametric efficient estimation of parameters in the conditional mean model for a simple incomplete data structure in which the outcome of interest is observed only for a random subset of subjects but covariates and surrogate (auxiliary) outcomes are observed for all. They use optimal estimating function theory to derive the semiparametric efficient score in closed form. They show that when covariates and auxiliary outcomes are discrete, a Horvitz‐Thompson type estimator with empirically estimated weights is semiparametric efficient. The authors give simulation studies validating the finite‐sample behaviour of the semiparametric efficient estimator and its asymptotic variance; they demonstrate the efficiency of the estimator in realistic settings.
How to Make Congress Popular
Authors: HIBBING JOHN R.
Published: February 2008

Abstract:Conventional wisdom holds that Congress is unpopular because it does not measure up to the people's populist expectations. Instead of being the “citizen's legislature” that the people desire, it is an institutionalized legislature with well‐paid, longtime members and an elaborate infrastructure of committees, caucuses, parties, and perquisites. The people, it is alleged, desire more of a voice in the decisions made by Congress, they want congressional procedures to be more open so ordinary people know what is going on in the halls of power, and they want more accountability and more representation of the interests of real people. In this paper, I argue that the enactment of this populist reform agenda would actually make Congress substantiallylesspopular with the people. In other words, I contend that the more Congress gives people voice, accountability, representation, and open, visible procedures, the more the people will be dissatisfied with Congress. The real cause of congressional unpopularity is not that people would rather make decisions themselves but that people do not trust members of Congress to make decisions in a non‐self‐interested fashion.
The Color of Their Skin or the Content of Their Behavior? Race and Perceptions of African American Legislators
Authors: HAYNIE KERRY L.
Published: February 2008

Abstract: Previous studies have shown that, because of their race, African American candidates for public office are often evaluated less favorably than their colleagues by voters. Does this dynamic continue when black candidates become elected officials? Using data on the North Carolina General Assembly, I address this question by examining the effects of race on perceptions of legislative effectiveness. When the dependent variable is the average effectiveness rating given by three groups—lobbyists, journalists, and other legislators—there is evidence that African American representatives are evaluated negatively because of their race. When the dependent variable is disaggregated into the separate effectiveness ratings given by each of the respondent groups individually, these negative perceptions of blacks on account of race remain on the part of lobbyists and other legislators, but not for journalists. Moreover, the negative perceptions of black representatives are not mitigated by these representatives possessing certain characteristics (e.g., seniority and leadership positions) that previous studies have found to be correlated with positive effectiveness evaluations. The presence of an African American Speaker in one legislative session did, however, seem to attenuate the negative perceptions.
Expressive Qualities in Music Perception and Music Education
Authors: Levi David S.
Published: February 2008

This paper seeks to extend the significance of musical expressiveness in music education through the consideration of Gestalt perceptual concepts. The concept of expressive quality is discussed and two defining characteristics identified. First, the presence of expressive qualities, as phenomenal attributes, is indicated when emotional terms are applied to perceptions. Second, expressive qualities are determined by the structure of the percept to which they belong and are thus products of perceptual organization. The theoretical implications of the concept for music are explored and the classic objections of Hanslick reconsidered. The empirical support for extending the concept to music draws on studies showing listener agreement on emotional attributions to music and work on melodic perception that shows that music does have the kind of perceptual structure required by the concept. An expressive method, based on the relation of expressive qualities to music structure, is suggested as an educational device. An illustration of the method is given and its advantages for the student are summarized.
A Comparison of the Singing Formant in the Voices of Professional and Student Singers
Authors: Magill Paul C. , Jacobson Loren
Published: February 2008

Quality singing has a characteristic “ring” identified as a harmonic strength centering around 2.8 kHz. This timbral quality is relatively independant of other factors, and has been labeled the singing formant (SF). This investigation dealt with whether the SF is a significant aspect of all singing voices, and the comparisons of SF strength in the performances of trained professionals and relatively untrained students. Nine vowel-tasks were recorded and analyzed using a fast Fourier spectral analyzer. Resulting plots were analyzed and SF values assigned to 198 tasks performed by nine students and thirteen professionals from all major voice categories.

The results indicated that the SF in males and females is a significant factor in all vocal categories, and 222 percent greater SF strength occurred in professional groups compared to student groups. Implications for further study and future use of SF information for singing teachers and students were discussed.
The Ethical and Environmental Limits of Stakeholder Theory
Authors: Orts Eric W. , Strudler Alan
Published: February 2008

We argue that though stakeholder theory has much to recommend it, particularly as a heuristic for thinking about business firms properly as involving the economic interests of other groups beyond those of the shareholders or other equity owners, the theory is limited by its focus on the interests of human participants in business enterprise. Stakeholder theory runs into intractable philosophical difficulty in providing credible ethical principles for business managers in dealing with some topics, such as the natural environment, that do not directly involve human beings within a business firm or who engage in transactions with a firm. Corporate decision-making must include an appreciation of these ethical values even though they cannot be captured in stakeholder theory.
Cognition, Metacognition, and Achievement of College Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Trainin Guy , Swanson H. Lee
Published: February 2008

This study examined the way successful college students with LD compensated for their deficits in phonological processing. Successful was defined as average or above-average grades in college coursework. The study compared the cognitive and metacognitive performance of students with and without LD (N=40). Although achievement levels for both groups were comparable, students with LD scored significantly lower than students without LD in word reading, processing speed, semantic processing, and short-term memory. Differences were also found between groups in self-regulation and number of hours of studying. Results showed that students with LD compensated for their processing deficits by relying on verbal abilities, learning strategies, and help seeking.
The Effects of Disability Labels on Special Education and General Education Teachers' Referrals for Gifted Programs
Authors: Bianco Margarita
Published: February 2008

This study investigated the effect of the disability labels learning disabilities (LD) and emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) on public school general education and special education teachers' willingness to refer students to gifted programs. Results indicated that teachers were significantly influenced by the LD and EBD labels when making referrals to gifted programs. Both groups of teachers were much less willing to refer students with disability labels to gifted programs than identically described students with no disability label. Additionally, when compared to general education teachers, special education teachers were less likely to refer a gifted student, with or without disabilities, to a gifted program.
Children with Reading Disabilities: Does Dynamic Assessment Help in the Classification?
Authors: Swanson H. Lee , Howard Crystal B.
Published: February 2008

This study was conducted to determine whether the cognitive performance of reading disabled and poor readers can be separated under dynamic assessment procedures, and whether measures related to dynamic assessment add unique variance, beyond IQ, in predicting reading achievement scores. The sample consisted of 70 children (39 females and 31 males). Within this sample four groups of children were compared: children with reading disabilities ( n=12), children with math/reading disabilities ( n=19), poor readers ( n=14), and skilled readers ( n=25). Intelligence, reading and math tests, and verbal working memory (WM) measures were administered (presented under static and dynamic testing conditions). Two important findings emerged: (a) hierarchical regression analyses found that a dynamic assessment measure factor score contributed unique variance to predicting reading and mathematics, beyond what is attributed to verbal IQ and initial scores related to WM; and (b) poor readers and skilled readers were more likely to change and maintain their WM score gained under the dynamic testing conditions than children with reading disabilities or children with a combination of math/reading disabilities. Implications for a valid classification of reading disabilities are discussed.
Designing Conversation: Book Discussions in a Primary Inclusion Classroom
Authors: Berry Ruth A. Wiebe , Englert Carol Sue
Published: February 2008

This study examined the nature of student talk and the teacher's role during book discussions. The participants were 17 first- and second-graders with and without disabilities in an inner-city inclusion classroom. Applied conversation analysis techniques were employed to analyze two videotaped book discussions. Results indicated that student-selected topics and contingent talk were necessary for fluent conversational discourse. Additionally, the teacher's role was crucial in apprenticing students to deal with a novel participant structure and its attendant complex linguistic and cognitive requirements. Results also demonstrated the competence with which students with disabilities assumed influential and decisive roles in the discussions. Implications for students with disabilities are discussed in terms of opportunities for self-expression and involvement in constructing and negotiating the activity.
Balanced, Strategic Reading Instruction for Upper-Elementary and Middle School Students with Reading Disabilities: A Comparative Study of Two Approaches
Authors: Manset-Williamson Genevieve , Nelson Jason M.
Published: February 2008

In this study we compared the use of two supplemental balanced and strategic reading interventions that targeted the decoding, fluency, and reading comprehension of upperelementary and middle school students with reading disabilities (RD). All students had significant delays in decoding, fluency, comprehension, and language processing. Two comparable, intensive tutorial treatments differed only in the degree of explicitness of the comprehension strategy instruction. Overall, there was meaningful progress in students' reading decoding, fluency, and comprehension. Gains in formal measures of word attack and reading fluency after five weeks of intervention translated into grade-equivalent gains of approximately half a school year. Analysis of the trends in the daily informal fluency probes translated into a weekly gain of 1.28 correct words per minute. The more explicit comprehension strategy instruction was more effective than the less explicit treatment. Findings are discussed in light of the question of how to maximize the effects of reading interventions for older children with RD.
The Effects of Self-Regulated Strategy Development on the Writing Process for High School Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Chalk Jill C. , Hagan-Burke Shanna , Burke Mack D.
Published: February 2008

Many students with learning disabilities (LD) exhibit deficiencies in the writing process. In order to achieve an adequate level of writing competence, these students must apply strategies that enable them to effectively plan, organize, write, and revise a written product. Explicit strategy instruction involving a structured style of learning has been found to increase students' writing competence (De La Paz & Graham, 1997a). The current study examined the effects of the Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD) model on the writing performance of 15 high school sophomores with LD. Students were taught to apply the SRSD model as a strategy for planning and writing essays and to self-regulate their use of the strategy and the writing process. The effects of strategy instruction were examined using a repeated-measures design.
From Free Privilege to Regulation: Wireless Firms and the Competition for Spectrum Rights before World War I
Authors: Kruse Elizabeth
Published: February 2008

The activities of commercial wireless companies in the United States before World War I were critical forerunners of the unique system of property rights in the radio spectrum that developed in the United States between 1899 and 1927. These activities formed the basis for commercial claims to property rights in the spectrum during the 1920s, when radio broadcasting developed. The early wireless companies provided the material, institutional, and ideological foundations for commercial rights in the spectrum that are still a striking part of mass communication in the United States today. The De Forest/United Wireless succession of companies, although ultimately business failures, nonetheless laid the groundwork for commercial radio in the United States. Most historians of radio have overlooked the importance of the pre–World War I period, and all have neglected the contribution of the De Forest/United Wireless companies.
IBM's Early Adaptation to Cold War Markets: Cuthbert Hurd and His Applied Science Field Men
Authors: Akera Atsushi
Published: February 2008

The International Business Machines Corporation adapted early on to the opportunities created by the cold war economy in the United States. This account of IBM's adjustment to the circumstances of that time unveils the detailed process by which a firm situated outside the traditional defense industries forged new institutional allegiances between business and government and between science and industry. Beginning in 1949, IBM's Applied Science Department, under the leadership of Cuthbert Hurd, enabled the company to enter new technical markets that had been created by federal research and defense expenditures. But there were also broader consequences to IBM's decision to embrace scientific culture, among them the transformation of its traditional sales and product development strategies in ways that were not indisputably functional.
Graceful Exits and Missed Opportunities: Xerox's Management of its Technology Spin-off Organizations
Authors: Chesbrough Henry
Published: February 2008

The Xerox Corporation has devised several strategies for managing the numerous spin-off firms that independently commercialized many of its technologies. From 1979 to 1998, thirty-five technology-based organizations emerged from Xerox's research centers. Contradicting the common perception that Xerox “fumbled the future” by letting its technology walk out the door, in fact the company set in motion a series of deliberate initiatives to manage its spin-off organizations. After initially adopting a laissez-faire approach, the company soon turned to ad hoc methods, which evolved into a formal internal venture capital structure and culminated in a triage process, with the result that only companies perceived by Xerox as fitting into its overall corporate strategy were retained. By using spin-offs to withdraw gracefully from areas it considered to be marginal, Xerox for feited the potential to realize value from their research. Some, but not all, of the spin-offs obtained venture capital financing from outside sources and thus prospered independently. Their success demonstrated the opportunity that Xerox missed in managing its spin-offs.
Competition and Business Strategy in Historical Perspective
Authors: Ghemawat Pankaj
Published: February 2008

A review of theories of competition and business strategy over the last half-century reveals a fairly linear development of early work by academics and consultants into efforts to understand the determinants of industry profitability and competitive position and, more recently, to add a time or historical dimension to the analysis. The possible implications of the emergence of a market for such ideas are also discussed.
The Failure of the Foreign Bondholders Protective Council Experiment, 1934–1940
Authors: Adamson Michael R.
Published: February 2008

This article explores the contentious U.S. State Department–Foreign Bondholders Protective Council relationship in the context of interwar foreign economic policy and bureaucratic competition. U.S. officials created the council in 1933 to represent the interests of U.S. investors in the settlement of the numerous dollar bond issues that had gone into default. The article shows why the council failed to perform as U.S. officials expected and outlines the process by which they increasingly interposed themselves in debt negotiations. In doing so, it considers the limitations of using private organizations to accomplish the objectives of public policy.
Late Archaic Totemism in the Greater American Southwest
Authors: Coulam Nancy J. , Schroedl Alan R.
Published: February 2008

Split-twig figurines, willow branches bent to resemble miniature animals and dating between 2900 B.C. and 1250 B.C., have been found at 30 Late Archaic period archaeological sites in the Greater American Southwest. Two different and geographically distinct construction styles, Grand Canyon and Green River, have been identified for split-twig figurines. Application of ethnographic analogy to the current split-twig figurine archaeological record supports the postulate that the two different styles of split-twig figurines served two different functions. The Grand Canyon-style figurines generally functioned as increase totems whereas the Green River-style functioned as social totems. This is the first example of increase totemism reported for the region. Ritual and social attitudes toward the animal and totem eventually ended and the last split-twig figurine was discarded around 1250 B.C.
Little Bighorn on the Scioto: The Rocky Mountain Connection to Ohio Hopewell
Authors: DeBoer Warren R.
Published: February 2008

Identification of probable bighorn sheep representations at Mound City prompts reconsideration of the Rocky Mountain connection to Ohio Hopewell. Following James Griffin's “one-shot” hypothesis, it is argued that the bighorn finds, along with the imported bulk of obsidian from the Hopewell site, are likely to pertain to a single expedition taking place about A.D. 200.
Correcting an Error in “Early Irrigation on the Colorado Plateau near Zuni Pueblo, New Mexico”
Authors: Dean Glenna
Published: February 2008

Damp et al. (2002:667) quote me as stating “Old fields in New Mexico in the fertile Rio Grande Valley produced maize pollen, typically at levels of less than 2.0 grains per cc (Dean 1998)” (emphasis added). In actuality, my statement reads, “It is not uncommon for as few as five corn pollen grains/g of sample to be the only evidence of a prehistoric cornfield” (Dean 1998:55; emphasis added). There is no “standard correction factor” that will allow sediment weights to be transformed to volumes or vice versa. Pollen concentrations for cultigens in pre-Columbian New Mexico fields can be very small numbers and reproducibility of laboratory methods is crucial.
Memory, Meaning, and Masonry: The Late Bonito Chacoan Landscape
Authors: Dyke Ruth M. Van
Published: February 2008

The monumental architecture of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico was constructed to convey, reinforce, and challenge ideas about social, ritual, and cosmological order. The concept of social memory can help clarify how architecture was employed in the transformation of Chacoan society at the beginning of the Late Bonito phase (A.D. 1100–1140). During the preceding century, Classic Bonito phase architecture expressed basic tenets of a Chacoan worldview—directionality, balanced dualism, and the canyon as a center place. At the beginning of the Late Bonito phase, confidence in the Chacoan ritual order was shaken by environmental and social developments. Leaders sought to re-formalize Chaco as a center place by instituting a new building scheme. Six new great houses were positioned on the landscape in a patterned, nested series of oppositional relationships. This re-formalization of the Chacoan landscape was legitimated through direct alignments and indirect architectural references to the Classic Bonito past. The new buildings were meant to bolster confidence in leaders and to attract followers by offering a combination of the familiar and the novel.
Plazas as Architecture: An Example from the Raffman Site, Northeast Louisiana
Authors: Kidder Tristram R.
Published: February 2008

Research at the Raffman site (16MA20), a multi-mound center in the Lower Mississippi Valley of northeast Louisiana, demonstrates that the plaza was purposefully built and extended on its northern end. Construction entailed significant earth-moving and labor effort in addition to the erection of mounds flanking the plaza. At Raffman plaza, building is dated ca. A.D. 700–1000. Like the mounds at the site, the arrangement, shape, and dimensions of the plaza changed through time. The final plan of the plaza was the result of a rapid major reconfiguration of the spatial layout of the site at approximately A.D. 1000. The effort expended on planning and construction of the plaza at Raffman and similar features at contemporary and later sites in the southeastern United States indicates that plazas are not just empty spaces that developed because architecture enclosed an open area; they must be understood as one of the central design elements of community planning and intrasite spatial organization. Further research should be devoted to exploring how southeastern mound-and-plaza groups were constructed with specific efforts devoted to comprehending how plazas were laid out and built.
Seed Processing and the Origins of Food Production in Eastern North America
Authors: Gremillion Kristen J.
Published: February 2008

Despite the fact that small seeds are often inefficient to exploit, they are consumed and sometimes cultivated in many parts of the world, including eastern North America. Foraging models predict that seeds are likely to be utilized only if preferred resources become scarce, or if their own profitability is increased through processes such as domestication or technological innovation. Ethnographic, experimental, and nutritional studies of the small grains used prehistorically in eastern North America suggest that they offered low rates of return (measured as energy per unit time spent) compared to many alternative resources. These estimates rely on the assumption that some degree of post-harvest processing was required to make seed foods palatable and nutritious. That this assumption is reasonable is supported by archaeological and archaeobotanical evidence from rockshelters in eastern Kentucky. Resource stress and technological innovation are unlikely explanations for the adoption of such low-ranking resources in this region around 3500 B.P. However, estimation of return rates does not take account of the lowered significance of time costs in the winter season, when seed processing could take place with little competition from other productive tasks. The timing of the adoption of small seeds also reflects historical factors such as spatial distribution of plant populations and habitats.
Peopling Landscapes between Villages in the Middle Gila River Valley of Central Arizona
Authors: Wells E. Christian , Rice Glen E. , Ravesloot John C.
Published: February 2008

The prehistoric Hohokam conducted a great variety of activities in the spaces between their villages, including social gatherings and ceremonial observances as well as economic and subsistence practices. Recent full-coverage pedestrian survey along the middle Gila River in central Arizona indicates that nonresidential sites are more numerous and cover considerably greater area than residential settlements. Unfortunately, in the Hohokam region researchers are not always able to distinguish residential sites from activity areas based on features observable on the surface. In this study, quantitative measures of artifact density and diversity of surface collections from artifact scatters are used to distinguish residential sites from nonresidential sites. This is accomplished by assessing the extent to which their assemblages resemble artifact collections from known habitations, campsites, or specialized or diverse activity loci. Differences in artifact density and diversity enable many ambiguous artifact scatters to be classified into these general functional site types. Knowing the distribution of site types relative to elements of the natural and cultural landscapes can provide insight into past social and ecological or economic behaviors not offered by site-specific approaches. The study concludes that considering both the physical and cultural dimensions of landscapes significantly increases the research value of nonresidential sites for understanding the use and meaning of spaces between villages.
Building Confidence in Shell: Variations in the Marine Radiocarbon Reservoir Correction for the Northwest Coast Over the Past 3,000 Years
Authors: Deo Jennie N. , Stone John O. , Stein Julie K.
Published: February 2008

In many regions, fluctuations have occurred through time in the local14C activity of seawater. Evaluating these shifts and their effects on14C age estimates is difficult, and, as a result, archaeologists working in coastal settings tend to preferentially date charcoal samples over shell. Our research on 18 charcoal–shell pairs from Puget Sound and Gulf of Georgia archaeological sites helps elucidate the spatial and temporal dynamics associated with marine reservoir effects in the Pacific Northwest. This analysis suggests that between 0 and 500 B.P. the regional correction value (ΔR) is 400 years, which agrees with the modern value determined by Stuiver and others. Between 500 and 1200 B.P., however, ΔR dips close to zero, possibly reflecting a decrease in offshore upwelling. From 1200 to 3000 B.P., ΔR returns to 400 years. These data are presented as a Puget Sound/Gulf of Georgia regional correction curve for the late Holocene, which local researchers may use to calibrate dates of marine shell. In addition, we detail our methods for constructing calibration curves and present guidelines for archaeologists working in other coastal settings to develop calibration curves for their regions.
Contesting Secularism: Reflexive Methodology, Belief Studies, and Disciplined Knowledge
Authors: Ritchie Susan J.
Published: February 2008

Reflexive methodologies are increasingly suggested as a means of correcting what is assumed to be a secular bias with the study of belief. Yet the academic study of belief like secularism itself originated with liberal Protestant presumptions that continue to inform even our methodologies. Academic considerations of belief truly open to a range of diverse traditions and opinions will require reflexivity of belief not with respect to individual scholars but as to disciplinary practice.