bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil polluted system shapes endophytic fungi communities associated with Arundo donax: a field experiment
Authors: Wang Xiaohui , Wang Yao , Sun Yingqiang , Wang Keyi , Yang Junbo , Zeng Danjuan , Mo Ling , Liao Jianxiong , Peng Qianshu , Yao Yu , Pu Gaozhong
Published: January 2025

With the expansion of the mining industry, environmental pollution from microelements (MP) and red mud (RM) has become a pressing issue. While bioremediation offers a cost-effective and sustainable solution, plant growth in these polluted environments remains difficult. Arundo donax is one of the few plants capable of surviving in RM-affected soils. To identify endophytic fungi that support A. donax in different contaminated environments and to inform future research combining mycorrhizal techniques with hyperaccumulator plants, we conducted a field experiment. The study compared endophytic fungal communities in A. donax grown in uncontaminated, MP soils contaminated with cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb), and RM-contaminated soils. Our findings showed that soil nutrient profiles differed by contamination type, with Cd concentrations in MP soils exceeding national pollution standards (GB 15168-2018) and RM soils characterized by high aluminum (Al), iron (Fe), and alkalinity. There were significant differences in the endophytic fungal community structures across the three soil types (p < 0.001). Co-occurrence network analysis revealed that endophytic fungi in MP soils exhibited competitive niche dynamics, whereas fungi in RM soils tended to share niches. Notably, Pleosporales sp., which accounted for 18% of the relative abundance in RM soils, was identified as a dominant and beneficial endophyte, making it a promising candidate for future bioremediation efforts. This study provides valuable insights into the role of endophytic fungi in phytoremediation and highlights their potential as resources for improving plant-microbe interactions in contaminated environments.
Application of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) enhances agronomic, physiological and antioxidant traits of Salvia fruticosa under saline conditions: a practical approach
Authors: Tan Uğur
Published: January 2025

Background

Salinity stress is a significant challenge in agriculture, particularly in regions where soil salinity is increasing due to factors such as irrigation practices and climate change. This stress adversely affects plant growth, development, and yield, posing a threat to the cultivation of economically important plants like Salvia fruticosa. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness by proactively applying indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) to Salvia fruticosa cuttings as a practical and efficient method for mitigating the adverse effects of salinity stress.

Methods

The factors were arranged as three different IBA doses (0, 1, and 2 g/L) and four different salinity concentrations (0, 6, 12, and 18 dS/m) in controlled greenhouse conditions. Plant height (PH), flower spike length (FSL), fresh shoot length (FRL), root length (RL), fresh root weight (FRW), fresh shoot weight (FSW), dried root weight (DRW), dried shoot weight (DSW), root/shoot index, drog (g/plant), relative water content (RWC), relative membrane permeability (RMP), chlorophyll content (SPAD), extraction yield (%), DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), phenol content, flavonoid content, and ABTS (2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) values were measured.

Results

The results show that as salinity doses increased, all parameters showed a decline. However, with a one-time IBA application to the plant cuttings before the rooting stage, particularly at a concentration of 2 g/L, was effective for mitigating the negative effects of salinity stress. Across all measured parameters, IBA significantly reduced the adverse impacts of salinity on Salvia fruticosa.
Effect of Goat Breeds on the Milk Composition under Climatic Conditions of Bhandarej Tahsil of Dausa District, Rajasthan, India
Authors: Singh Gitam , Sharma Khushboo , Tandon Chahak , Pandya Parth , Verma Amit , Kumar Neeraj
Published: January 2025

The aim of the study is to assess milk composition at specific location. The study was designed as per the resources available at local situation. The research has conducted at the Bhandarej tahsil of Rukmani Devi College of Agriculture, Dausa district of Rajasthan during 2021-23. The specific gravity of Jamunapari goat breed’s milk was greater than that of Sirohi animals. 05 milk samples of Jamunapari Goat and 05 milk samples were collected from Sirohi goat breed during the lactation at different villages of dausa tahsil of dausa district throughout two years. The overall fat per cent in the both breeds during 2021- 23 of all the 1200 samples was found to be 4.68±0.021, Solids Not Fat (SNF) 8.45±0.030 per cent and total solids percentage was found to be 13.32 ± 0.035. The protein per cent during 2021 - 22 conditions was significantly (p <0.01) greater than that of farm rearing goat milk in both the breeds. The statistical analysis also revealed that the lactose content in 2021 – 22 has significantly higher than that of 2022 -23 in Sirohi as well as Jamunapari goat breeds at p <0.05.The overall average ash content in both breed’s milk during 2021 - 23 of all samples was found to be 0.815±0.007 per cent. Breed had conspicuous effects on milk quality of goats under study.
Assessing the Ecological Impact of Excreta Disposal on Lagos Lagoon, Nigeria
Authors: Oyekan Mojisola Adejoke , Jacob Omotoso Ayodele , Ajayi Raji Kazeem , Oluwafemi Odeleye Jonathan
Published: January 2025

The dumping of raw faecal waste at Iddo Jetty poses serious environmental and public health issues for the Lagos Lagoon. The effects of these behaviors on the health of communities, fish safety, and the quality of water are examined in this study. The study is to evaluate how lagoon water usage is affected by the dumping of faeces, how common waterborne illnesses are among residents and waste handlers, and to offer practical suggestions for better cleanliness.Surveys and interviews were conducted with 163 respondents and 33 garbage handlers to gather field data. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed on observations about lagoon water utilization, sanitation procedures, and health outcomes. The results showed that, despite serious contamination, 74.2% of respondents depend on the lagoon for fishing, and 2.5% drink the water. Residents reported 13.5% typhoid, 16.6% cholera, and 23.9% dysentery. Waste handlers who came into touch with raw faecal effluent reported getting typhoid (12.1%) and diarrhea (18.1%). Furthermore, 23.3% of those surveyed said that fish from the lagoon were unfit for human eating due to faecal pollution. The investigation comes to the conclusion that Iddo Jetty's poor waste management and sanitation seriously endanger the community's health and harm the lagoon ecology. To guarantee the lagoon's sustainable use, immediate actions include installing centralized sewage systems, building adequate sanitary facilities, raising public knowledge of health hazards, and upholding environmental protection laws.
From Chaos to Calm: Using Meditation to Navigate Women’s Work-life Balance Challenges
Authors: Kumari Puja , Sahu Sudesh Kumar
Published: January 2025

The modern workplace has become increasingly demanding, with longer work hours, higher stress levels, and constant pressure to balance professional and personal responsibilities. This is particularly true for working women, who often bear the brunt of domestic and caregiving duties in addition to their careers. The current study investigates the use of meditation as a tool to help working women achieve a healthier work-life balance. The findings suggest that meditation can be a powerful resource, helping working women reduce stress, improve focus and productivity, and foster a greater sense of work-life integration. Meditation can provide working women with valuable coping mechanisms to navigate the challenges of the modern workplace. By taking time to quiet the mind and focus on the present moment, working women can achieve a greater sense of control and balance in their lives. This, in turn, can lead to improved mental and physical well-being, as well as enhanced job performance and career satisfaction. Ultimately, the study highlights the potential for meditation to serve as a transformative tool for working women, empowering them to thrive in both their professional and personal spheres.
Assessment of the Concentration of Mercury Metal in Sediment and Water Column, Taluduyunu River, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia
Authors: Herlinda  , Hasim  , Rahim Sukirman
Published: January 2025

Mercury pollution can have a negative impact on the environment and the health of local communities. However, there is no scientific information related to the mercury content in the Taluduyuno River, which is the location of unlicensed mining activities. The purpose of this study is to analyze mercury levels in the sediment and water column of the Taluduyunu River. This information is critical in developing effective strategies to reduce mercury pollution. The sampling location was Taluduyunu River, Hulawa Village, Buntulia District, Pohuwato Regency. The number of stations was 12 from upstream to downstream. This research used a survey method, field measurement and laboratory analysis. The results showed that mercury content in sediment and water column was above the permitted standard with varying concentrations. The highest was at station 2 in the sediment (3.75 ppm), while in the water column (0.90 ppm). In general, the concentration pattern decreased towards the downstream stations, including the sediment and water columns. Moreover, the results also show that the mercury content in the sediment is higher than in the water column. The high mercury content in the Taluduyunu River has the potential to threaten the health of river ecosystems and humans. It is necessary to educate and socialize the dangers of mercury for ecosystems and humans by involving community leaders and law enforcement.
The Importance of Educating Political Consciousness for Students in Vocational Colleges in Vietnam in the Current Context
Authors: Hang Luu Thi Thu , Tam Nguyen Thi
Published: January 2025

Political consciousness education, in general, and the education of political consciousness for vocational college students, in particular, play a crucial role in equipping students with a scientific worldview and methodology, building a revolutionary outlook on life and ideals, and reinforcing students' trust in the Party’s leadership in the country’s renewal process. The article emphasizes the significance of political consciousness education for vocational college students in Vietnam, especially in the context of the country's ongoing industrialization and modernization. The author discusses the theoretical foundations of political consciousness, which involves understanding the ideological principles of Marxism-Leninism, Ho Chi Minh Thought, and the Party's guidelines. The article stems from solutions to improving political awareness education, including modernizing curricula, enhancing teachers' qualifications, investing in facilities, and fostering self-education among students. The political education of vocational college students is presented as vital for ensuring they are not only skilled workers but also active, responsible citizens contributing to the success of the socialist revolution.
Impact of Sowing Date and Variety on the Performance of Chickpea in the Western-Terai Region of Nepal
Authors: Pokhrel Anil , Dangi Sangharsh Raj , Poudel Padam Prasad
Published: January 2025

Aims: An appropriate date of sowing and selecting a suitable variety are the most important factors to produce chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Thus, a field experiment was conducted to determine the impact of sowing dates on the growth and yield of chickpea varieties.
Study Design: The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design.
Place and Duration of Study: This experiment was conducted at the Grain Legumes Research Program (28° 06'' 45'N latitude, 81° 35'' 58' E longitude, and 182 masl) during the winter season of two consecutive years, 2022/23 and 2023/24.
Methodology: The experiment was conducted under three replications involving five sowing dates viz., 1st November, 8th November, 15th November, 22nd November, and 29th November as a main factor, and two promising varieties viz., KPG 59 and ICCV 97207 as a sub-factor in ten treatment combinations.
Results: Findings show that the sowing date was highly significant (P = .01) and influenced the days to flowering and maturity, while the yield and harvest index was significantly (P = .05) influenced. The 15th November sown chickpea produced the highest seed yield (2679 kg/ha) and harvest index (38.9%) compared to the other sowings. Comparatively, the variety ICCV 97207 took a longer number of days to flower and mature (98 and 148 days), produced a taller plant (65.5 cm) with a higher 100 seed weight (24.5 g(, and ultimately higher seed yield (2544 kg/ha) and harvest index (37.4%) than the KPG 59 variety which yields lower (2338 t/ha).
Conclusion: It can be concluded that the higher seed yield of chickpea was found from variety ICCV 97207 with the sowing on 1st November (2826 kg/ha).
Date Palm Nutrition Using Trunk Injection: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Shareef Hussein J.
Published: January 2025

Date palm is an important agricultural crop in arid environments, vital for food and economic security. Conventional fertilization approaches are usually ineffective and wasteful due to nutrient leaching and soil salinity. Trunk injection is a new fertilization method based on injecting nutrients into the vascular system of date palms, which improves nutrient uptake and reduces environmental pollution. The review highlights the historical progression, approaches, and technological innovations of trunk injection while demonstrating its merits to traditional methods by providing target nutrient delivery and reduced fertilizer input. Selected research shows the effectiveness of different nutrients, such as iron, potassium, and nano-fertilizers, in increasing vegetative growth and fruit yield. It also covers challenges related to infection risk and labor requirements. Trunk injection of date palms offers great promise for sustainable crop production systems, and the prospects for its integration with precision agriculture technologies are considered, along with the need for research to optimize this technology.
The Insecticidal Action of the Premix Formulation of Spinetoram and Methoxyfenozide against Non-target Insects of Pigeon Pea
Authors: Thilagam P. , Srividhya S. , Jamuna E. , Gopikrishnan A. , Deivamani M.
Published: January 2025

The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of premix formulation of spinetoram and methoxyfenozide towards predatory insects viz., coccinellids and spiders. Many insecticides have been evaluated against these pests without considering the specificity to manage these pests besides increasing residues, environment hazards and toxic to non-target organisms. An experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station, Virinjipuram, Vellore during 2019-20 and 2020-21 to study the bioefficacy of premix formulation of (spinetoram 6% + methoxyfenozide 30%) to gram podborer, H. armigera and spotted podborer, M. vitrata in pigeonpea and its safety to natural enemies viz., coccinellids and spiders, along with phytotoxicity studies. Analysis is performed using R 3.2.1 and Box-Cox method is applied to determine the transformation function when needed, Residual Vs fitted value plots and Q-Q plots were checked to ensure the Equal variance and normality assumptions are satisfied. There was a significant difference in the population of natural enemies among the treatments, none of the treatments were reported with zero occurrence of natural enemies which is toxic to non-target organisms and there was an increase in the population of natural enemies in treated as well as untreated plots gradually with respect to increase in the host population.
Integrated Nutrient Management Practices for Sustainable Chickpea: A Review
Authors: Kumar Anil , Prakash Ram , Pawar Yogeshwari Anusaya Satishrao , Jain Manjul , Shekhar Chandra , Bochalya Ranjeet Singh , Mehta Lovely , Dwibedi Suchismita
Published: January 2025

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a vital legume crop which considerably contributes to the nutritional security of millions. Sustainable production of chickpea requires optimizing nutrient management practice to improve productivity while sustaining soil health. Integrated Nutrient Management (INM) is an approach by which chemical fertilizers, organic manures, and bio-fertilizers are applied judiciously to meet balanced nutrient supply. This review collates recent research on INM strategies in chickpea, discussing their effect on yield, soil fertility, and environmental sustainability.
Functional Mobility Assessment after Unilateral Knee Arthroplasty: A Comparative Study of Two Prosthesis Types
Authors: Rezende Leonardo Pinheiro , Trindade Andrei Machado Viegas , Araujo Helder Rocha da Silva , Torres Marcelo Rodrigues , Vitória Ulric Araújo , Parreira Rodolfo Borges , Oliveira Cláudia Santos
Published: January 2025

Aims: To evaluate and compare the functional mobility of patients undergoing unilateral knee arthroplasty using two prostheses: fixed tibial plateau and rotating platform. This study addresses a gap in the existing literature by providing detailed insights into functional mobility patterns and prosthesis-specific outcomes.
Study Design:  A prospective, observational, and comparative study with assessments conducted at two-time points: 12 to 24 months after surgery.
Place and Duration of Study: Conducted at a tertiary hospital for rehabilitation and readaptation, in partnership with a private university from March 2022 to December 2024.
Methodology: Thirty-six patients who had previously undergone unilateral knee arthroplasty were included, equally divided between fixed and rotating platform prostheses. The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, performed with the G-WALK inertial sensor, captured 15 functional mobility variables across two time points. Statistical analyses included variance tests and correlations to identify changes between time points and groups.
Results: The mean TUG time increased from 14.47 ± 3.03 seconds to 15.24 ± 3.85 seconds without statistical significance (P=.301). However, the Sit-to-Stand phase significantly reduced duration (P=.036). The turning phase demonstrated significant improvements in both duration (P<.001) and speed (P<.001). No statistically significant differences were observed between prosthesis types in most variables. The comparison between fixed and rotating platform prostheses is clinically important as it provides insights for tailoring postoperative rehabilitation strategies.
Conclusion: Fixed and rotating platform prostheses demonstrated comparable functional performance, with specific improvements noted over time. The findings emphasize the value of inertial sensors in conducting detailed clinical assessments and suggest opportunities for further research to enhance prosthesis selection and rehabilitation protocols. This study contributes to clinical practice by offering evidence that supports personalized rehabilitation strategies.
Impact of Improved Crop Management Practices in Rabi Groundnut through Frontline Demonstrations in Nagarkurnool District, Telangana, India
Authors: Mamatha K. , Sravanthi K. , Seshu G. , Rani Ch. V. Durga , Kumar K. Avil
Published: January 2025

Frontline Demonstrations were conducted in the rabi, 2020-21 in bijinepally mandal of nagarkurnool district. Groundnut is a major crop in nandivaddeman village having 70-80% of the area under groundnut in rabi season. A total of 25 demonstrations allotted were conducted in nandivaddeman village of bijinepally mandal in nagarkurnool district. The study aims to demonstrate improved crop management practices in groundnut to increase the productivity and profitability of groundnut crop. The study revealed that improved crop management practices enhanced groundnut production and profitability to groundnut farmers. The results indicate that, demonstrated ICM practices increased the pod yield (2762 kg ha-1) over the conventional method of farming (farmer's practice) (2276 kg ha-1) with 17.4% increase in the pod yield. The technology gap ranged from 250 kg ha-1 and the extension gap ranged from 486 kg ha-1 with an average technology Index of 49.5%. In conclusion, The ICM practices have reduced the cost of cultivation by Rs.2807/- per hectare and increased the gross returns by 17.3%, net returns by 26% over farmer's practice. The study revealed that, improved crop management practices can enhance productivity and profitability of rabi groundnut.
Knowledge Level, Challenges Perceived by Traders in the Functioning and Price Variation of Apple Marketing through e-NAM in Sant Kabir Nagar District of Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Maurya Balkrishna , Kumar Anil , Kushwaha R.R. , Gopal Monmath
Published: January 2025

The e-NAM (electronic National Agriculture Market) is a pan-India, e-trading platform that networks the traditional APMC mandis to create a unified national market for agricultural and horticultural commodities, providing a transparent price discovery mechanism to ensure profitable prices for farmers. This research explores the potential and utilization of the e-NAM portal for agricultural produce sales, focusing on apple marketing, price realization in Sant Kabir Nagar district, Eastern Uttar Pradesh. Naveen Sabji Mandi, Khalilabad, was registered via the e-NAM portal from Sant Kabir Nagar district. A total of 120 traders were chosen randomly from the registered traders list using the proportionate allocation method and data were collected with pre-structured survey schedule. In this study Guttman scale was used to assess traders awareness, it was observed that traders had lack information about e-NAM and its process. Garrett ranking technique was used to assess constraints which were faced by trader’s i.e. Dissatisfaction with APMC's grading system, complexity of e-NAM trading compared to open auctions, traders lacked sufficient training,  struggled to purchase produce without manual price inspection, last-minute bidding, time-consuming auctions, and limited bidding time. Apple market through e-NAM were able to fetch higher price as compared to the without e-NAM market. Implementing targeted awareness campaigns to educate farmers and traders about the advantages of utilizing e-NAM.
Biophysical Studies with Liquid Model Systems during the Conditions of Electric Corona Discharge and NaCl Solution
Authors: Ignatov Ignat , Pesotskaya Ludmila , Gluhchev Georgi
Published: January 2025

The effects of biophysical fields on water and model systems of aqueous solutions have been investigated. In two of three experimental models, an electric field was applied under conditions of corona gas discharge. The biophysical influence was exerted on 120 mL water samples. Following exposure to the biophysical fields, drops of the treated water were analyzed using corona gas discharge at the air-liquid interface. The control sample comprised water drops that were not exposed to biophysical fields. In the first method, the corona glow was examined as a function of the dielectric permittivity of the water. In the second method, brightness histograms of the corona discharge were analyzed. The third experimental approach utilized a physiological solution containing 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl). The comprehensive analysis, incorporating these three methodologies, facilitates a robust evaluation of the effects of biophysical fields on liquid systems.
Enhancement of Al Microsphere Fabrication by Utilizing Electromigration in Sudden Change in Geometrical Shape of Sample
Authors: Kamal Faizul Mohammad , Hoque Sheikh Manjura
Published: January 2025

The utilization of electromigration for enhancement of microspheres using sudden change in geometrical shape
of sample was investigated. The experimental sample of Al metal line is formed on a TiN layer and covered with
a SiO2 passivation layer. The experimental results revealed that sudden change in geometrical shape of
specimen significantly affects temperature, current density and current stressing time to enhance atomic
accumulation for growing microspheres. The experimental results are explained in the discussion. A finite element analysis was done to investigate the effect of temperature profile due to sudden change in crosssectional area of a sample structure
The Effect Of Augmented Reality (AR) On Improving Motor Learning Skills In Students
Authors: Antonopoulos Nikolaos
Published: January 2025

The present study examines the possibility of integrating Augmented Reality (AR) into the teaching of Physical
Education, with the aim of improving motor learning and the overall educational experience. AR technology,
with its ability to combine the physical and virtual worlds, offers new perspectives for teaching motor skills,
facilitating experiential and personalized learning. In this context, the study examines how AR can enhance
students' participation, performance and interest in PE. The research was based on an analysis of data from
existing studies describing the effectiveness of AR in teaching physical education and learning motor skills. The
methods used include literature review and comparative case analysis, aiming to collect qualitative and
quantitative data on the applications of AR in Physical Education. The analysis showed that AR offers
significant benefits, such as immediate and personalized feedback, enhancing motor memory through interactive
models, and incorporating recreational elements that increase student engagement. The study's findings
highlight the potential of AR to enhance the teaching of motor skills in ways that were not possible with
traditional methods. The prospects for the use of AR in physical education appear positive. While there are
challenges and difficulties in implementing it, the rapid evolution of technology offers opportunities to create
more accessible and easy-to-use applications, making AR a viable option for educational environments. At the
same time, the integration of AR paves the way for the development of innovative teaching methods that enhance
interaction, autonomy and multidimensional learning. Continued research and development in this area can redefine Physical Education, enhancing the educational experience and skills development for students.
Pseudoexfoliative Deposits on an Intraocular Lens
Authors: Bhattacharjee Harsha , Mishra Sakshi , Garg Mohit
Published: June 2023

This case report discusses the finding of pseudoexfoliative material on the intraocular lens implant of a patient with a history of pseudoexfoliation syndrome and secondary glaucoma.
Three‐dimensional assessment of interfractional cervical and uterine motions using daily magnetic resonance images to determine margins and timing of replanning
Authors: Kishigami Yukako , Nakamura Mitsuhiro , Nakao Megumi , Okamoto Hiroyuki , Takahashi Ayaka , Igaki Hiroshi
Published: June 2023

Purpose

This study was conducted to determine the margins and timing of replanning by assessing the daily interfractional cervical and uterine motions using magnetic resonance (MR) images.

Methods

Eleven patients with cervical cancer, who underwent intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) in 23–25 fractions, were considered in this study. The daily and reference MR images were converted into three‐dimensional (3D) shape models. Patient‐specific anisotropic margins were calculated from the proximal 95% of vertices located outside the surface of the reference model. Population‐based margins were defined as the 90th percentile values of the patient‐specific margins. The expanded volume of interest (expVOI) for the cervix and uterus was generated by expanding the reference model based on the population‐based margin to calculate the coverage for daily deformable mesh models. For comparison, expVOIconv was generated using conventional margins: right (R), left (L), anterior (A), posterior (P), superior (S), and inferior (I) were (5, 5, 15, 15, 10, 10) and (10, 10, 20, 20, 15, 15) mm for the cervix and uterus, respectively. Subsequently, a replanning scenario was developed based on the cervical volume change. ExpVOIini and expVOIreplan were generated before and after replanning, respectively.

Results

Population‐based margins were (R, L, A, P, S, I) of (7, 7, 11, 6, 11, 8) and (14, 13, 27, 19, 15, 21) mm for the cervix and uterus, respectively. The timing of replanning was found to be the 16th fraction, and the volume of expVOIreplan decreased by >30% compared to that of expVOIini. However, margins cannot be reduced to ensure equivalent coverage after replanning.

Conclusion

We determined the margins and timing of replanning through detailed daily analysis. The margins of the cervix were smaller than conventional margins in some directions, while the margins of the uterus were larger in almost all directions. A margin equivalent to that at the initial planning was required for replanning.
CuI Encapsulated within Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks with High Current Carrying Capacity and Excellent Conductivity
Authors: Zhang Rong , Wang Xiujun , Zhang Zhen , Zhang Wendi , Lai Junqi , Zhu Siqi , Li Yunfei , Zhang Yong , Cao Kecheng , Qiu Song , Chen Qi , Kang Lixing , Li Qingwen
Published: June 2023

High current carrying capacity and high conductivity are two important indicators for materials used in microscale electronics and inverters. However, it is challenging to obtain high conductivity and high current carrying capacity at the same time since high conductivity requires a weakly bonded system to provide free electrons, while high current carrying capacity requires a strongly bonded system. In this paper, CuI@SWCNT networks by filling the single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) with CuI is ingeniously prepared. CuI@SWCNT shows good stability due to the confinement protection of SWCNTs. Through the host‐guest hybridization, CuI@SWCNT networks exhibit a current carrying capacity of 2.04 × 107 A cm−2 and a conductivity of 31.67 kS m−1. Their current carrying capacity and conductivity are significantly improved compared with SWCNT. The Kelvin probe force microscopy measurements show a drop of surface potential energy after SWCNT filled with CuI, indicating that the CuI guest molecules regulate the position of the Fermi level of SWCNTs, increasing carrier concentration, achieving high conductivity and high current carrying capacity. This study offers ideas and solutions for the regulation of high‐performance carbon tube networks, which hold great promise for future applications in carbon‐based electronic devices.
Field‐Induced Multiscale Polarization Configuration Transitions of Mesentropic Lead‐Free Piezoceramics Achieving Giant Energy Harvesting Performance
Authors: Lin Jinfeng , Ge Guanglong , Li Jiangfan , Qian Jin , Zhu Kun , Wei Yongqi , Shi Cheng , Li Guihui , Yan Fei , Li Wenxu , Zhang Jialiang , Zhai Jiwei , Wu Haijun
Published: June 2023

The development of high‐performance (K,Na)NbO3 (KNN)‐based lead‐free piezoceramics for next‐generation electronic devices is crucial for achieving environmentally sustainable society. However, despite recent improvements in piezoelectric coefficients, correlating their properties to underlying multiscale structures remains a key issue for high‐performance KNN‐based ceramics with complex phase boundaries. Here, this study proposes a medium‐entropy strategy to design “local polymorphic distortion” in conjunction with the construction of uniformly oversize grains in the newly developed KNN solid‐solution, resulting in a novel large‐size hierarchical domain architecture (≈0.7 µm wide). Such a structure not only facilitates polarization rotation but also ensures a large residual polarization, which significantly improves the piezoelectricity (≈3.2 times) and obtains a giant energy harvesting performance (Wout = 2.44 mW, PD = 35.32 µW mm−3, outperforming most lead‐free piezoceramics). This study confirms the coexistence of multiphase through the atomic‐resolution polarization features and analyzes the domain/phase transition mechanisms using in situ electric field structural characterizations, revealing that the electric field induces highly effective multiscale polarization configuration transitions based on T–O–R sequential phase transitions. This study demonstrates a new strategy for designing high‐performance piezoceramics and facilitates the development of lead‐free piezoceramic materials in energy harvesting applications.
Oral Delivery of Transformable Bilirubin Self‐Assembled System for Targeted Therapy of Colitis
Authors: Chen Zhejie , Chen Yi , Hao Wei , Shui Mingju , Zhang Jinming , Zhou Hefeng , Zhang Chen , Wang Yitao , Wang Shengpeng
Published: June 2023

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a high incidence disease worldwide and clinically presents as relapsing and incurable inflammation of the colon. Bilirubin (BR), a natural antioxidant with significant anti‐colitic effects, is utilized in preclinical studies as an intestinal disease therapy. Due to their water‐insolubility, the design of BR‐based agents usually involves complicated chemosynthetic processes, introducing various uncertainties in BR development. After screening numerous materials, it is identified that chondroitin sulfate can efficiently mediate the construction of BR self‐assembled nanomedicine (BSNM) via intermolecular hydrogen bonds between dense sulfate and carboxyl of chondroitin sulfate and imino groups of BR. BSNM exhibits pH sensitivity and reactive oxygen species responsiveness, enabling targeted delivery to the colon. After oral administration, BSNM significantly inhibits colonic fibrosis and apoptosis of colon and goblet cells; it also reduces the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, BSNM maintains the normal level of zonula occludens‐1 and occludin to sustain the integrity of intestinal barrier, regulates the macrophage polarization from M1 to M2 type, and promotes the ecological recovery of intestinal flora. Collectively, the work provides a colon‐targeted and transformable BSNM that is simple to prepare and is useful as an efficient targeted UC therapy.
Photo‐Induced Electron Transfer‐Triggered Structure Deformation Promoting Near‐Infrared Photothermal Conversion for Tumor Therapy
Authors: Pan Jingwei , Du Jianjun , Hu Qiao , Liu Yuan , Zhang Xiaoxue , Li Xin , Zhou Danhong , Yao Qichao , Long Saran , Fan Jiangli , Peng Xiaojun
Published: June 2023

Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising approach to cancer treatment. Heptamethine cyanine (Cy7) is an attractive photothermal reagent because of its large molar absorption coefficient, good biocompatibility, and absorption of near‐infrared irradiation. However, the photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) of Cy7 is limited without ingenious excitation‐state regulation. In this study, the photothermal conversion ability of Cy7 is efficiently enhanced based on photo‐induced electron transfer (PET)‐triggered structural deformation. Three Cy7 derivatives, whose Cl is replaced by carbazole, phenoxazine, and phenothiazine at the meso‐position (CZ‐Cy7, PXZ‐Cy7, and PTZ‐Cy7), are presented as examples to demonstrate the regulation of the energy release of the excited states. Because the phenothiazine moiety exhibits an obvious PET‐induced structural deformation in the excited state, which quenches the fluorescence and inhibits intersystem crossing of S1→T1, PTZ‐Cy7 exhibits a PCE as high as 77.5%. As a control, only PET occurs in PXZ‐Cy7, with a PCE of 43.5%. Furthermore, the PCE of CZ‐Cy7 is only 13.0% because there is no PET process. Interestingly, PTZ‐Cy7 self‐assembles into homogeneous nanoparticles exhibiting passive tumor‐targeting properties. This study provides a new strategy for excited‐state regulation for photoacoustic imaging‐guided PTT with high efficiency.
Imaging Field‐Driven Melting of a Molecular Solid at the Atomic Scale
Authors: Liou Franklin , Tsai Hsin‐Zon , Goodwin Zachary A. H. , Aikawa Andrew S. , Ha Ethan , Hu Michael , Yang Yiming , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Zettl Alex , Lischner Johannes , Crommie Michael F.
Published: June 2023

Solid–liquid phase transitions are basic physical processes, but atomically resolved microscopy has yet to capture their full dynamics. A new technique is developed for controlling the melting and freezing of self‐assembled molecular structures on a graphene field‐effect transistor (FET) that allows phase‐transition behavior to be imaged using atomically resolved scanning tunneling microscopy. This is achieved by applying electric fields to 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane‐decorated FETs to induce reversible transitions between molecular solid and liquid phases at the FET surface. Nonequilibrium melting dynamics are visualized by rapidly heating the graphene substrate with an electrical current and imaging the resulting evolution toward new 2D equilibrium states. An analytical model is developed that explains observed mixed‐state phases based on spectroscopic measurement of solid and liquid molecular energy levels. The observed nonequilibrium melting dynamics are consistent with Monte Carlo simulations.
Molecular Structure and Conformational Design of Donor‐Acceptor Conjugated Polymers to Enable Predictable Optoelectronic Property
Authors: Cao Zhiqiang , Tolba Sara A. , Li Zhaofan , Mason Gage T. , Wang Yang , Do Changwoo , Rondeau‐Gagné Simon , Xia Wenjie , Gu Xiaodan
Published: June 2023

Tuning the optoelectronic properties of donor‐acceptor conjugated polymers (D‐A CPs) is of great importance in designing various organic optoelectronic devices. However, there remains a critical challenge in precise control of bandgap through synthetic approach, since the chain conformation also affects molecular orbital energy levels. Here, D‐A CPs with different acceptor units are explored that show an opposite trend in energy band gaps with the increasing length of oligothiophene donor units. By investigating their chain conformation and molecular orbital energy, it is found that the molecular orbital energy alignment between donor and acceptor units plays a crucial role in dictating the final optical bandgap of D‐A CPs. For polymers with staggered orbital energy alignment, the higher HOMO with increasing oligothiophene length leads to a narrowing of the optical bandgap despite decreased chain rigidity. On the other hand, for polymers with sandwiched orbital energy alignment, the increased band gap with increasing oligothiophene length originates from the reduction of bandwidth due to more localized charge density distribution. Thus, this work provides a molecular understanding of the role of backbone building blocks on the chain conformation and bandgaps of D‐A CPs for organic optoelectronic devices through the conformation design and segment orbital energy alignment.
Isolate Utilization of Plasmonic Hot Holes in Optoelectronic Enhancement for Copper Iodide (CuI): A Cross‐Investigation by Confocal Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy
Authors: Chen Liang , Mao Sui , Shen Zhao , Zhang Quanzhen , Zhang Can , Wang Pu , Belfiore Laurence A. , Tang Jianguo
Published: June 2023

Nonradiative decays of surface plasmon (SP) can generate photocarriers in femtosecond, and it therefore has been attracting widespread research attention in ultrafast optoelectronics. Taking advantage of the probe technique, Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) can characterize the spatial distribution of hot carriers in nanoscale and thereby provide necessary analysis for device investigation and engineering. In this work, the behavior of plasmonic hot holes is demonstrated for Ag nanoparticles (NPs) based on the fabrication of CuI hole transport layers. The morphological, optical, and electronic properties of Ag NPs and CuI films are systematically investigated. With the confocal lasers of over‐ and sub‐bandgap wavelength, reversed evolution trends of surface potentials are observed by KPFM, indicating the effective injection of hot holes into CuI valence band (VB). Cross‐verification is also performed based on the fabrication of metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) photodetectors, and the photoelectrical tests highly dovetail with the surface potential evolution. This research provides an important reference for the plasmonic photoelectronics in both device design and research methods.
Hysteresis and Photoconductivity of Few‐Layer ReSe2 Field Effect Transistors Enhanced by Air Pressure
Authors: Intonti Kimberly , Faella Enver , Viscardi Loredana , Kumar Arun , Durante Ofelia , Giubileo Filippo , Passacantando Maurizio , Lam Hoi Tung , Anastasiou Konstantinos , Craciun Monica F. , Russo Saverio , Di Bartolomeo Antonio
Published: June 2023

This study reports the optoelectronic characterization of few‐layer ReSe2field effect transistors at different pressures. The output curves reveal dominant n‐type behavior and a low Schottky barrier at the metal contacts. The transfer curves show a significant hysteresis that can be exploited in memory devices with an order ofmagnitude memory window and good cycling. The devices are dramatically affected by air pressure; their conductance and mobility increase with the lowering pressure that desorbs electronegative air molecules from the surface of the material. The photoresponse under white super‐continuum laser illumination reveals that the device exhibits positive photoconductivity (PPC) at ambient and low (≈1 mbar) pressure and negative photoconductivity (NPC) in a higher vacuum (≈10−4 mbar). The transition from PPC to NPC can be explained by considering that the photoresponse is affected by molecule desorption, which yields PPC at higher pressure, and defect trapping of photogenerated carriers, which can dominate at lower pressures. The transient behavior of the device exposed to laser pulses shows a faster response and a higher photodetection efficiency at ambient pressure, with the highest signal‐to‐noise ratio at the valley of the transfer curve between p‐ and n‐type conduction.
The Effect of Direct Electron Beam Patterning on the Water Uptake and Ionic Conductivity of Nafion Thin Films
Authors: Nguyen Ky V. , Gluschke Jan G. , Mostert A. Bernardus , Nelson Andrew , Burwell Gregory , Lyttleton Roman W. , Cavaye Hamish , Welbourn Rebecca J.L. , Seidl Jakob , Lagier Maxime , Miranda Marta Sanchez , McGettrick James D. , Watson Trystan , Meredith Paul , Micolich Adam P.
Published: June 2023

The effect of electron‐beam patterning on the water uptake and ionic conductivity of Nafion films using a combination of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, quartz crystal microbalance studies, neutron reflectometry, and impedance spectroscopy is reported. The aim is to further characterize the nanoscale patterned Nafion structures recently used as a key element in novel ion‐to‐electron transducers by Gluschke et al. To enable this, the electron beam patterning process is developed for large areas, achieving patterning speeds approaching 1 cm2 h−1, and patterned areas as large as 7 cm2 for the neutron reflectometry studies. It is ultimately shown that electron‐beam patterning affects both the water uptake and the ionic conductivity, depending on film thickness. Type‐II adsorption isotherm behavior is seen for all films. For thick films (≈230 nm), a strong reduction in water uptake with electron‐beam patterning is found. In contrast, for thin films (≈30 nm), electron‐beam patterning enhances water uptake. Notably, for either thickness, the reduction in ionic conductivity arising from electron‐beam patterning is kept to less than an order of magnitude. Mechanisms are proposed for the observed behavior based on the known complex morphology of Nafion films to motivate future studies of electron‐beam processed Nafion.
Selenium‐Substitution Asymmetric Acceptor Enables Efficient Binary Organic Solar Cells over 18.3% via Regulating Molecular Stacking and Phase Separation
Authors: Shi Jingyu , Chen Zhenyu , Liu Hui , Qiu Yi , Yang Shuncheng , Song Wei , Ge Ziyi
Published: June 2023

Substantial efforts of A–DA′D–A type non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) molecular design have impelled power conversion efficiency (PCE) of single junction organic solar cells (OSCs) to exceed 19%. Asymmetric geometry strategy, selenium‐substitution, and end‐group engineering are proven to be effective modification methods. Here, two novel selenium substitution asymmetric NFAs, AsymSSe‐2F, and AsymSSe‐2Cl, are synthesized to investigate the synergistic modification effects on device performance compared with symmetric Y6. When blending AsymSSe‐2F with the wide‐bandgap and high crystallinity polymer D18, a remarkable PCE of 18.31% is yielded, and an excellent fill factor of 79.46% is achieved, which is attributed to the broadened absorption, enhanced π–π stacking, balanced carrier mobilities, and fine phase‐separation morphology. Notably, among the reported selenium‐substituted asymmetric NFAs based OSCs, especially combined with the seldom‐reported D18, this PCE is top‐ranked in binary bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. This work indicates that the combined modification of asymmetric geometry and selenium substitution in NFAs is a promising strategy for fabricating high performance OSCs.
NPM1‐mutated acute myeloid leukemia: New pathogenetic and therapeutic insights and open questions
Authors: Falini Brunangelo
Published: June 2023

The nucleophosmin (NPM1) gene encodes for a multifunctional chaperone protein that is localized in the nucleolus but continuously shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm. NPM1 mutations occur in about one‐third of AML, are AML‐specific, usually involve exon 12 and are frequently associated with FLT3‐ITD, DNMT3A, TET2, and IDH1/2 mutations. Because of its unique molecular and clinico‐pathological features, NPM1‐mutated AML is regarded as a distinct leukemia entity in both the International Consensus Classification (ICC) and the 5th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of myeloid neoplasms. All NPM1 mutations generate leukemic mutants that are aberrantly exported in the cytoplasm of the leukemic cells and are relevant to the pathogenesis of the disease. Here, we focus on recently identified functions of the NPM1 mutant at chromatin level and its relevance in driving HOX/MEIS gene expression. We also discuss yet controversial issues of the ICC/WHO classifications, including the biological and clinical significance of therapy‐related NPM1‐mutated AML and the relevance of blasts percentage in defining NPM1‐mutated AML. Finally, we address the impact of new targeted therapies in NPM1‐mutated AML with focus on CAR T cells directed against NPM1/HLA neoepitopes, as well as XPO1 and menin inhibitors.
Racial and ethnic disparities in the presentation size and timing of pituitary adenomas resected via endoscopic endonasal approach
Authors: Pang Jonathan C. , Nguyen Theodore V. , Dilley Katelyn K. , Mundo Zena D. Del , Abiri Arash , Hsu Frank P. K. , Kuan Edward C.
Published: June 2023

Key points

In a single‐center cohort of pituitary adenoma patients, non‐White race independently predicted larger tumor size at initial presentation.

Uninsured patients suffered a significantly higher rate of pituitary apoplexy at initial presentation.

Geographically distant care appeared to present a greater barrier for non‐White and Hispanic patients relative to their White and non‐Hispanic counterparts.