bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Daily and hourly chemical impact of springtime transboundary aerosols on Japanese air quality
Authors: Moreno T. , Kojima T. , Amato F. , Lucarelli F. , Nava S. , de la Rosa J. , Calzolai G. , Chiari M. , Alastuey A. , Querol X. , Gibbons W.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The regular eastward drift of transboundary aerosol intrusions from the Asian mainland into the NW Pacific region has a~pervasive impact on air quality in Japan, especially during springtime. Analysis of 24-h filter samples (ICP-AES and ICP-MS) and hourly Streaker (PIXE) samples of particulate matter collected continuously for six weeks reveal the chemistry of successive waves of natural mineral desert dust ("Kosa") and metalliferous sulphatic pollutants arriving in Western Japan during spring 2011. The main aerosol sources recognised by PMF analysis of Streaker data are mineral dust and fresh sea salt (both mostly in the coarser fraction PM2.5–10), As-bearing sulphatic aerosol (PM0.1–2.5), metalliferous sodic PM interpreted as aged, industrially contaminated marine aerosol, and ZnCu-bearing aerosols. Whereas mineral dust arrivals are typically highly transient, peaking over a few hours, sulphatic intrusions build up and decline more slowly, and are accompanied by notable rises in ambient concentrations of metallic trace elements such as Pb, As, Zn, Sn and Cd. The magnitude of the loss in regional air quality due to the spread and persistence of pollution from mainland Asia is especially clear when cleansing oceanic air advects westward across Japan, removing the continental influence and reducing concentrations of the more undesirable metalliferous pollutants by over 90%. Our new chemical database, especially the Streaker data, demonstrates the rapidly changing complexity of ambient air inhaled during these transboundary events, and implicates Chinese coal combustion as the main source of the anthropogenic aerosol component.
An integrated flask sample collection system for greenhouse gas measurements
Authors: Turnbull J. , Guenther D. , Karion A. , Sweeney C. , Anderson E. , Andrews A. , Kofler J. , Miles N. , Newberger T. , Richardson S. , Tans P.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. A one hour integrated flask sampling system to collect air in automated NOAA/ESRL 12-flask packages is described. The integrating compressor system uses a mass flow controller to regulate the flow of air through a 15 l volume, thus providing a mixture of air collected over an hour-long period. By beginning with a high flow rate of 3.8 standard liters per minute and gradually decreasing the flow rate over time to 0.29 standard liters per minute it is possible to obtain a nearly uniformly time averaged sample of air and collect it into a pressurized 0.7 l flask. The weighting function determining the air mixture obtained is described in detail. Laboratory and field tests demonstrate that the integrated sample approximates a simple mean of air collected during the one-hour sampling time.
STF Optimierung von single-bit CT ΣΔ Modulatoren basierend auf skalierten Filterkoeffizienten
Authors: Widemann C. , Zorn C. , Brückner T. , Ortmanns M. , Mathis W.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem Signalübertragungsverhalten von single-bit continuous-time (CT) ΣΔ Modulatoren. Dabei liegt der Fokus der Untersuchung auf dem Peaking der Signaltransferfunktion (STF). Dieser Effekt kann die Performance und die Stabilität des Gesamtsystems negativ beeinflussen, da bei auftretendem STF-Peaking Signale außerhalb des Signalbands verstärkt werden. In dieser Arbeit wird ein neuer Ansatz zur Reduktion des Peakings vorgestellt, der auf der Optimierung der Systemdynamik basiert. Dabei werden die Filterkoeffizienten des Modulators systematisch angepasst. Anhand eines Beispielsystems wird gezeigt, dass der Ansatz genutzt werden kann, um das Übertragungsverhalten des Modulators abhängig vom Ausgangssystem zu verändern. So kann entweder die Systemsperformance verbessert werden, ohne Peaking in der STF zu erzeugen, oder das STF-Peaking reduziert werden, ohne die Systemperformance stark zu beeinflussen.
Biogeochemistry of an Amazonian podzol-ferralsol soil system with white kaolin
Authors: Lucas Y. , Montes C. R. , Mounier S. , Loustau Cazalet M. , Ishida D. , Achard R. , Garnier C. , Coulomb B. , Melfi A. J.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The podzol-ferralsol soil systems, which cover great areas of Amazonia and other equatorial regions, are frequently associated with kaolin deposits and store and export large amounts of carbon. Although natural organic matter (NOM) plays a key role in their dynamics, little is known about their biogeochemistry. In order to assess the specific role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on NOM storage in deep horizons and to determine possible relationships between kaolin formation and DOM properties, we studied the groundwater composition of a typical podzol-ferralsol soil catena from the Alto Rio Negro region, Brazil. Groundwater was sampled using tension-free lysimeters placed according to soil morphology. DOC, EH, pH, and dissolved Si, Al3+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ were analyzed for all samples and values are given in a database. Quantification of other dissolved ions, small carboxylic acids and SUVA254 index and acid-base microtitration was achieved on selected samples. Part of the DOM produced by the hydromorphic podzols is directly exported to the blackwater streams; another part percolates at greater depth, and more than 90% of it adsorbs in the Bh-Bhs horizons, allowing carbon storage at depth. Humic substances are preferentially adsorbed with regard to small carboxylic compounds. With regard to kaolin genesis, kaolinite precipitation is favored by Al release from NOM mineralization within the Bh-Bhs and kaolin bleaching is ensured by iron reduction due to acidity and relatively low EH. Fe2+ mobility can be related to small EH variations and enhanced by the significant concentration of small carboxylic acids. The long-term result of these processes is the thickening of the kaolin, and it can be inferred that kaolin is likely to occur where active, giant podzols are close to a slope gradient sufficient enough to lower the deep water table.
High-latitude environmental change during MIS 8–12: biogeochemical evidence from Lake El'gygytgyn, Far East Russia
Authors: D'Anjou R. M. , Wei J. H. , Castañeda I. S. , Brigham-Grette J. , Petsch S. T. , Finkelstein D. B.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 11 has been proposed as an analog for the present interglacial; however, terrestrial records of this time period are rare. Sediments from Lake El'gygytgyn (67°30´ N, 172°5´ E) in Far East Russia contain a 3.56 Ma record of climate variability from the Arctic. Here, we present an organic geochemical reconstruction of environmental and climatic changes from MIS 8 through 12 (289 to 460 ka). Terrestrial vegetation changes, as revealed by plant leaf wax (n-alkane) indices and concentrations of arborinol (a biomarker for trees), show increased tree cover around the lake during interglacial periods, with higher concentrations observed during MIS 11 as compared to MIS 9. A similar pattern is also observed in records of aquatic productivity revealed by molecular indicators from dinoflagellates (dinosterol), eustigmatophyte algae (long-chain (C28–C32) 1,15 n-alkyl diols) in addition to short-chain nalkanes, where aquatic productivity is highest during MIS 11. Changes recorded in these molecular proxies track relative temperature variability as recorded by the MBT/CBT paleothermometer, based on branched glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs). Additionally, relative MBT/CBT temperature changes generally track pollen and diatom δ18O temperature estimates, compiled by other studies, which suggest glacial–interglacial temperature changes of ~ 9–12 °C. These records of environmental and climatic change indicate Arctic sensitivity to external forcings such as orbital variability and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. Overall, this study indicates that organic geochemical analyses of the Lake El'gygytgyn sediment archive can provide critical insight into the response of lake ecosystems and their sensitivity in high latitude regions.
Testing the potential of OSL, TT-OSL, IRSL and post-IR IRSL luminescence dating on a Middle Pleistocene sediment record of Lake El'gygytgyn, Russia
Authors: Zander A. , Hilgers A.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Lake El'gygytgyn is a 12 km wide crater lake located in remote Chukotka in the far East Russian Arctic about 100 km to the north of the Arctic Circle. It was formed by a meteorite impact about 3.58 Ma ago. This study tests the paleomagnetic and proxy data-based Mid- to Late-Pleistocene sediment deposition history using novel luminescence dating techniques of sediment cores taken from the centre of the 175 m deep lake. For dating polymineral and quartz fine grains (4–11 μm grain size range) were extracted from nine different levels from the upper 28 m of sediment cores 5011-1A and 5011-1B. Polymineral sub-samples were analysed by infra-red stimulated luminescence (IRSL) and post-IR infra-red stimulated luminescence (post-IR IRSL) using single aliquot regenerative dose (SAR) sequences. SAR protocols were further applied to measure the blue light optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and thermally-transferred OSL (TT-OSL) of fine-grained quartz supplemented by a multiple aliquot TT-OSL approach. According to an independent age model, the lowest sample from 27.8–27.9 m below lake bottom level correlates to the Brunhes-Matuyama (B/M) reversal. Finally, the SAR post-IR-IRSL protocol applied to polymineral fine grains was the only luminescence technique able to provide dating results of acceptable accuracy up to ca. 700 ka. Major factors limiting precision and accuracy of the luminescence chronology are, for some samples, natural signals already approaching saturation level, and overall the uncertainty related to the sediment water content and its variations over geological times.
Causes of Greenland temperature variability over the past 4000 yr: implications for northern hemispheric temperature change
Authors: Kobashi T. , Kawamura K. , Goto-Azuma K. , Box J. E. , Gao C.-C. , Nakaegawa T.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. A new Greenland temperature record reconstructed from argon and nitrogen isotopes from trapped air in a GISP2 ice core, provides high-resolution (<20 yr) and precise annual average temperature estimates for the past 4000 yr. Due to tight age-controls and abundant paleoclimatic information from the ice core, the temperature record provides an exceptional opportunity to investigate the late Holocene climate in a multi-decadal to millennial time scale. To investigate causes of Greenland temperature variability over the past 4000 yr, we calculated high latitude (70–80° N) temperature change using a one-dimensional energy balance model with reconstructed climate forcings including orbital, solar, volcanic, and greenhouse gas forcings. Greenland temperature was calculated from the high latitude temperature, considering Greenland's negative temperature responses to solar variability due to associated changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulations. The calculated Greenland temperature was significantly correlated with the ice-core-derived Greenland temperatures with the 97% confidence level. Therefore, the past variability of climate forcings can explain at least 10% of the multi-decadal to millennial variability in Greenland temperature over the past 4000 yr. An average temperature trend for the Northern Hemisphere (NH) over the past 4000 yr was also inferred from the ice-core derived Greenland temperatures. Lines of evidence indicate that the current decadal average temperature of NH is likely warmer than at any time over the past 4000 yr. Sequential cooling events starting around 800 B.C.E. (the 2.8 ka event), which were induced by several large volcanic eruptions as well as low solar activity, had similar magnitude with the Little Ice Age cooling.
A description of the global land-surface precipitation data products of the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre with sample applications including centennial (trend) analysis from 1901–present
Authors: Becker A. , Finger P. , Meyer-Christoffer A. , Rudolf B. , Schamm K. , Schneider U. , Ziese M.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. The availability of highly accessible and reliable monthly gridded data sets of the global land-surface precipitation is a need that has already been identified in the mid-80s when there was a complete lack of a globally homogeneous gauge based precipitation analysis. Since 1989 the Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) has built up a unique capacity to assemble, quality assure, and analyse rain gauge data gathered from all over the world. The resulting data base has exceeded 200 yr in temporal coverage and has acquired data from more than 85 000 stations world-wide. This paper provides the reference publication for the four globally gridded monthly precipitation products of the GPCC covering a 111-yr analysis period from 1901–present, processed from this data base. As required for a reference publication, the content of the product portfolio, as well as the underlying methodologies to process and interpolate are detailed. Moreover, we provide information on the systematic and statistical errors associated with the data products. Finally, sample applications provide potential users of GPCC data products with suitable advice on capabilities and constraints of the gridded data sets. In doing so, the capabilities to access ENSO and NAO sensitive precipitation regions and to perform trend analysis across the past 110 yr are demonstrated. The four gridded products, i.e. the Climatology V2011 (CLIM), the Full Data Reanalysis (FD) V6, the Monitoring Product (MP) V4, and the First Guess Product (FG) are public available on easy accessible latitude longitude grids encoded in zipped clear text ASCII files for subsequent visualization and download through the GPCC download gate hosted on ftp://ftp.dwd.de/pub/data/gpcc/html/download_gate.html by the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD), Offenbach, Germany. Depending on the product four (0.25°, 0.5°, 1.0°, 2.5° for CLIM), three (0.5°, 1.0°, 2.5°, for FD), two (1.0°, 2.5° for MP) or one (1.0° for FG) resolutions are provided, and for each product a DOI reference is provided allowing for public user access to the products. A preliminary description of the scope of a fifth product – the Homogenized Precipitation Analysis (HOMPRA) – is also provided. Its comprehensive description will be handed later in an extra paper upon completion of this data product. DOIs of the gridded datasets examined: doi:10.5676/DWD_GPCC/CLIM_M_V2011_025, doi:10.5676/DWD_GPCC/CLIM_M_V2011_050, doi:10.5676/DWD_GPCC/CLIM_M_V2011_100, doi:10.5676/DWD_GPCC/CLIM_M_V2011_250, doi:10.5676/DWD_GPCC/FD_M_V6_050, doi:10.5676/DWD_GPCC/FD_M_V6_100, doi:10.5676/DWD_GPCC/FD_M_V6_250, doi:10.5676/DWD_GPCC/MP_M_V4_100, doi:10.5676/DWD_GPCC/MP_M_V4_250, doi:10.5676/DWD_GPCC/FG_M_100
A new marine ecosystem model for the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model
Authors: Keller D. P. , Oschlies A. , Eby M.
Published: September 2012

Abstract. Earth System Climate Models (ESCMs) are valuable tools that can be used to gain a better understanding of the climate system, global biogeochemical cycles and how anthropogenically-driven changes may affect them. Here we describe improvements made to the marine biogeochemical ecosystem component of the University of Victoria's ESCM (version 2.9). Major changes include corrections to the code and equations describing phytoplankton light limitation and zooplankton grazing, the implementation of a more realistic zooplankton growth and grazing model, and the implementation of an iron limitation scheme to constrain phytoplankton growth. The new model is evaluated after a 10 000-yr spin-up and compared to both the previous version and observations. For the majority of biogeochemical tracers and ecosystem processes the new model shows significant improvements when compared to the previous version and evaluated against observations. Many of the improvements are due to better simulation of seasonal changes in higher latitude ecosystems and the effect that this has on ocean biogeochemistry. This improved model is intended to provide a basic new ESCM model component, which can be used as is or expanded upon (i.e., the addition of new tracers), for climate change and biogeochemical cycling research.
Forecast improvement in Lorenz 96 system
Authors: Basnarkov L. , Kocarev L.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Contemporary numerical weather prediction schemes are based on ensemble forecasting. Ensemble members are obtained by taking different (perturbed) models started with different initial conditions. We introduce one type of improved model that represents interactive ensemble of individual models. The improved model's performance is tested with the Lorenz 96 toy model. One complex model is considered as reality, while its imperfect models are taken to be structurally simpler and with lower resolution. The improved model is defined as one with tendency that is weighted average of the tendencies of individual models. The weights are calculated from past observations by minimizing the average difference between the improved model's tendency and that of the reality. It is numerically verified that the improved model has better ability for short-term prediction than any of the individual models.
A Model for Conjoint Shape Memory and Pseudo-Elastic Effects during Martensitic Transformation
Authors: Boubaker K.
Published: September 2012

Shape memory alloys (SMA) are metals which can restore their initial shape after having been subjected to a deformation. They exhibit in general both nonlinear shape memory and pseudoelastic effects. In this paper, shape memory alloy (SMA) and its constitutive model with an empirical kinetics equation are investigated. A new formulation to the martensite fraction-dependent Young modulus has been adopted and the plastic deformation was taken into account. To simulate the variations, a one-dimensional constitutive model was constructed based on the uniaxial tension features.
Risk of Cancer Mortality in Spanish Towns Lying in the Vicinity of Pollutant Industries
Authors: Ramis Rebeca , Fernandez-Navarro Pablo , Garcia-Perez Javier , Boldo Elena , Gomez-Barroso Diana , Lopez-Abente Gonzalo
Published: September 2012

Spatial aggregation of different industrial facilities leads to simultaneous release of pollutant emissions. Our objective is to study cancer mortality risk associated with residence in the vicinity of pollutant factories. We used data on industries for year 2007 (3458 facilities). For the 8,098 Spanish towns, we defined a factor with 4 levels based on the number of factories in a radius of 2.5 km from the centroid of each town (industrial factor). We also used data of land cover use to approximate the percentage of municipal land used for industrial activities in each Spanish town (land-used variable). For both variables we fitted Poisson models with random terms to account for spatial variation. We estimated risk trends related with increasing number of factories or percentage of land used for industrial activities. We studied 33 cancer causes. For the industrial factor, 11 causes showed trend associated with increasing factor level. For the land use variable, 8 causes showed statistically significant risks. Almost all tumours related to the digestive system and the respiratory system showed increased risks. Thus mortality by these tumours could be associated to residence in towns nearby industrial areas with positive trend linked to increasing levels of industrial activity.
Comparison of Lipase Production byEnterococcus faeciumMTCC 5695 andPediococcus acidilacticiMTCC 11361 Using Fish Waste as Substrate: Optimization of Culture Conditions by Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Ramakrishnan Vrinda , Goveas Louella Concepta , Narayan Bhaskar , Halami Prakash M.
Published: September 2012

A medium using fish waste as substrate was designed for production of lipase byEnterococcus faeciumMTCC 5695 andPediococcus acidilacticiMTCC 11361. Medium components and culture conditions (fish waste protein hydrolysate (FWPH) concentration, fish waste oil (FWO) concentration, pH, temperature, and fermentation time) which affect lipase production were screened using factorial (5 factors∗2 levels) design of which FWPH concentration, FWO concentration, and fermentation time showed significance (). The levels of these factors were optimized further by Box-Behnken design using response surface methodology (RSM). Optimized conditions were found to be 5% v/v FWO, 0.15 mg/mL FWPH and 24 h of fermentation time for MTCC 5695, and 4% v/v FWO, 0.15 mg/mL FWPH and 24 h of fermentation for MTCC 11361, which were further validated. Under optimized conditions, MTCC 5695 and MTCC 11361 showed 3.15- (543.63 to 1715 U/mL) and 2.3- (214.74 to 493 U/mL) fold increase in lipase production, respectively, as compared to unoptimized conditions.
Potassium but Not Lactate Dehydrogenase Elevation Due To In Vitro Hemolysis Is Higher in Capillary Than in Venous Blood Samples
Authors: Oostendorp Marlies , van Solinge Wouter W. , Kemperman Hans
Published: September 2012

Context.—Elevated potassium concentrations due to in vitro hemolysis can lead to errors in diagnoses and treatment. Recently, we observed that potassium elevation in capillary samples appeared higher than expected, based on hemolytic index (H-index).

Objective.—To investigate the relation between potassium increase and H-index for capillary samples. As a control, the same analysis was performed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).

Design.—Potassium results of 332 760 venous and 2620 capillary samples were selected. For LDH, 135 974 venous and 999 capillary samples were included. Venous and capillary samples were differentiated by using patient age, as we perform mostly capillary blood sampling in children and venous sampling in adults. Results were obtained with Beckman-Coulter DxC800 analyzers.

Results.—The increase in potassium with increasing H-index was considerably higher for capillary samples than venous samples. Linear regression revealed a potassium increase of 0.38 mEq/L per increment in H-index for capillary samples, whereas a 0.17 mEq/L increase was found for venous samples. For LDH, no differences were found between venous and capillary samples.

Conclusions.—At identical H-index, capillary samples showed higher potassium elevations than venous samples. A possible explanation is that capillary sampling causes increased leakage of ions, such as potassium, from erythrocytes, compared with proteins such as hemoglobin and LDH. These results are especially important considering the increasing use of whole blood point-of-care analyzers, where the H-index is often not determined. Potassium results should therefore be interpreted with caution to avoid severe misdiagnosis of hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.
Negative Loop Electrosurgical Cone Biopsy Finding Following a Biopsy Diagnosis of High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion: Frequency and Clinical Significance
Authors: Witt Benjamin L. , Factor Rachel E. , Jarboe Elke A. , Layfield Lester J.
Published: September 2012

Context.—Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) is a therapeutic option following biopsy diagnosis of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). Most LEEPs will confirm the HSIL biopsy diagnosis but a number of them will not. Such negative findings suggest the possibility of an incorrect biopsy diagnosis, removal of the lesion by biopsy, or insufficient LEEP sampling.

Objective.—To determine the frequency of negative LEEP findings following HSIL biopsies and better understand the clinical significance of negative LEEP findings.

Design.—The Department of Pathology's records were searched for all patients undergoing LEEP excision who had prior cervical biopsies and subsequent clinical follow-up.

Results.—Three hundred seventy-eight women were found who had index biopsies, subsequent LEEPs, and clinical follow-up averaging 25.8 months. Three hundred six women had HSIL on biopsy with 223 (73%) showing HSIL on LEEP. Seventy-three (24%) LEEPs in women with HSIL index biopsy results yielded negative findings or disclosed low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). Twenty-nine of 223 patients (13%) with an HSIL result both on biopsies and LEEPs had HSIL on biopsy and/or excisional clinical follow-up. Seven of 73 patients (10%) with positive (HSIL) biopsy results but negative LEEP findings or LSIL had HSIL on biopsy and/or excisional follow-up.

Conclusions.—Twenty-four percent of patients with HSIL on biopsy had negative findings or LSIL on LEEP. There is no statistical difference in development of HSIL after LEEP for those with positive biopsy and positive LEEP results (13%) versus positive biopsy and negative LEEP results (10%). The occurrence of a negative LEEP finding following a positive biopsy finding was frequent (24%) and does not portend a different clinical follow-up from a positive biopsy and positive LEEP result.
The Separation of Benign and Malignant Mesothelial Proliferations
Authors: Churg Andrew , Galateau-Salle Francoise
Published: September 2012

Context.—The separation of benign from malignant mesothelial proliferations is crucial to patient management but is often a difficult problem for the pathologist.

Objective.—To review the pathologic features that allow separation of benign from malignant mesothelioma proliferations, with an emphasis on new findings.

Data Sources.—Literature review and experience of the authors.

Conclusions.—Invasion is still the most reliable indicator of malignancy. The distribution and amount of proliferating mesothelial cells are important in separating benignity from malignancy, and keratin stains can be valuable because they highlight the distribution of mesothelial cells. Hematoxylin-eosin examination remains the gold standard, and the role of immunochemistry is extremely controversial; we believe that at present there is no reliable immunohistochemical marker of malignancy in this setting. Mesothelioma in situ is a diagnosis that currently cannot be accurately made by any type of histologic examination. Desmoplastic mesotheliomas are characterized by downward growth of keratin-positive spindled cells between S100-positive fat cells; some cases of organizing pleuritis can mimic involvement of fat, but these fatlike spaces are really S100-negative artifacts aligned parallel to the pleural surface. Fluorescence in situ hybridization on tissue sections to look for homozygous p16 gene deletions is occasionally useful, but many mesotheliomas do not show homozygous p16 deletions. Equivocal biopsy specimens should be diagnosed as atypical mesothelial hyperplasia and another biopsy requested if the clinicians believe the process is malignant.
Update for Pathologists on Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
Authors: Larsen Brandon T. , Colby Thomas V.
Published: September 2012

Context.—Idiopathic interstitial pneumonias are a subset of diffuse pulmonary interstitial diseases classified by international consensus in 2002 as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, nonspecific interstitial pneumonia, cryptogenic organizing pneumonia, acute interstitial pneumonia, respiratory bronchiolitis interstitial lung disease, desquamative interstitial pneumonia, and lymphoid interstitial pneumonia. Each is associated with a characteristic histopathologic pattern. In 2011, updated consensus guidelines were released for diagnosis and management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The entire group of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias is currently undergoing refinement, with updates expected in a forthcoming consensus classification. Many of these recent and anticipated changes are relevant to pathologists.

Objectives.—To review international consensus guidelines for diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other idiopathic interstitial pneumonias and to discuss recent and expected future classification updates.

Data Sources.—Published peer-reviewed literature and personal experience of the authors.

Conclusions.—Diagnosis of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias by multidisciplinary discussion among clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists is now strongly encouraged. Diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis no longer requires surgical lung biopsy; high-resolution computed tomography is an acceptable surrogate. In the context of clinical trials, pathologists are being asked to assign levels of confidence for histologic diagnosis of usual interstitial pneumonia in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is now accepted and should be considered when acute lung injury is superimposed on a background of usual interstitial pneumonia. The updated classification of idiopathic interstitial pneumonias will include a separate category for rare entities, including lymphoid interstitial pneumonia and idiopathic pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis.
Neoplastic and Nonneoplastic Benign Mass Lesions of the Lung
Authors: Borczuk Alain C.
Published: September 2012

While most lung neoplasms are malignant, a subset of true neoplasms are benign, the most common of which are pulmonary hamartomas. In addition, a substantial proportion of lung mass lesions are nonneoplastic; granulomas are among the commonly encountered nonneoplastic masses. There is also a group of relatively rare, mainly inflammatory and fibrous tumorlike lesions that are encountered on core biopsy and excisions of lung tissue.
Classification of Lung Cancer: Proposals for Change?
Authors: Kerr Keith M.
Published: September 2012

Clinical need and developments in pathology and molecular biology require our cancer classifications to be constantly updated to keep them relevant and useful. A review of lung cancer classification is due and has been initiated with new proposals on classification of lung adenocarcinoma. Other major lung cancer types also deserve a similar consideration. As well as addressing the categories of tumor, as signed out in surgical resection specimens, recent proposals on small diagnostic-sample reporting would be an important addition to any new classification. The huge increase in data on the molecular biology of lung cancer has improved our understanding of these diseases, has driven improved therapy for some patients, and must be reflected in the way lung cancer is classified.
Precision Medicine for Lung Cancer: Role of the Surgical Pathologist
Authors: Cagle Philip T. , Myers Jeffrey
Published: September 2012

Precision medicine is altering the traditional role of the surgical pathologist in caring for patients with lung cancer. Diagnosing specific cell type is now a foundation for selecting lung cancers for predictive-biomarker testing by molecular techniques. Using conventional techniques and familiar equipment, the surgical pathologist's role goes beyond this important step and will include screening for, and possibly diagnosis of, predictive biomarkers as we illustrate for one predictive biomarker. Pathologists should embrace the innovations described at the Houston Lung Symposium but must recognize that their traditional expertise will be an important component of precision medicine for the foreseeable future.
Mathematical Lens: Mathematics in the London Eye
Authors: Thomas Christine D. , Gitonga Isaac
Published: September 2012

London is a city with striking Old World architectural beauty. In stark contrast to Westminster Abbey and the Westminster Bridge stands the London Eye (see photographs 1 and 2). This landmark was featured prominently in the television broadcasts of the Olympic Games in August 2012.
Exploroing Polar Curves with GeoGebra
Authors: Phan-Yamada Tuyetdong , Yamada Walter M.
Published: September 2012

Most trigonometry textbooks teach the graphing of polar equations as a two-step process: (1) plot the points corresponding to values of θ such as π, π/2, π/3, π/4, π/6, and so on; and then (2) connect these points with a curve that follows the behavior of the trigonometric function in the Cartesian plane. Many students have difficulty using this method to graph general polar curves. The difficulty seems to stem from an inability to convert changes in the value of the trigonometric equation as a function of angle (abscissa vs. ordinate in Cartesian coordinates) to changes of the radius as a function of angle (r[θ] in polar coordinates). GeoGebra provides a tool to help students visualize this relationship, thus significantly improving students' ability
Increasing Participation through Differentiation
Authors: Christenson Bridget , Wager Anita A.
Published: October 2012

The Balanced Mathematics framework addresses differential needs of all learners.
D’une génération à l’autre : lecture et interprétation des paysages de bocage par les agriculteurs de trois régions laitières en Basse-Normandie (France)
Authors: Marie Maxime , Madeline Philippe
Published: September 2012

En Basse-Normandie, comme dans une grande partie des espaces ruraux européens, les transformations des systèmes de production agricole entamées au cours des années 1960 ont radicalement modifié les paysages et les rapports entretenus par les individus avec ces derniers. Cet article propose une étude des représentations paysagères des agriculteurs à partir d’une méthode d’enquête éprouvée. Nous présentons d’abord la méthode qui a conduit à l’élaboration du corpus de photographies utilisé pour analyser les représentations des exploitants agricoles. Puis nous examinons les différentes lectures des paysages qui peuvent être faites par les agriculteurs suivant un facteur générationnel. L’analyse fine des discours produits par ces derniers nous conduit ainsi à identifier des différences marquées entre les exploitants ayant participé aux principales phases d’intensification agricole durant les années 1970 et ceux, plus jeunes, installés dans les années 1980. Enfin, l’étude des discours sur les friches et les cultures révèle la place centrale des identités professionnelles dans la construction des représentations paysagères des agriculteurs.
La peine de mort au Texas : un objet géographique
Authors: Giband David , Lemartinel Bertrand
Published: September 2012

La peine de mort n’a pas donné lieu à beaucoup de travaux en géographie, parce qu’elle semble d’abord une affaire de droit et de morale. Pourtant, elle présente une expression spatiale, en particulier aux États-Unis qui la pratiquent encore. Loin d’être une affaire d’État, elle s’y caractérise par une différenciation spatiale extrêmement marquée jusqu’à l’instance locale du comté. Pour le montrer, l’exemple du Texas, qui assume presque la moitié des exécutions étasuniennes, a été privilégié. Se fondant sur le dépouillement de 464 fiches de condamnés, complété par une approche qualitative, l’hypothèse de cette étude consiste à montrer que la variabilité spatiale de l’application de la peine de mort repose sur la présence et l’ancrage de dispositifs spatiaux légaux.
La fin d’un règne qui en annonce un autre
Authors: Morin Dominique
Published: September 2012

Cet article analyse la démarche critique de Gérald Fortin (1929-1997) dans la saisie de ce qu’on pouvait considérer jusqu’aux années 1960 comme étant urbain ou rural. En 1971, dans La fin d’un règne, Fortin déclare avoir été le témoin de la disparition du rural, et écrit que le Québec est une ville à inventer. Ce recueil de publications donne à voir un parcours inscrit dans le dernier segment d’une trentaine d’années de discussions sur le devenir du Québec qui ont bouleversé nos références aux notions de l’urbain et du rural. La signification de ces concepts évolue, chez Fortin, dans la poursuite et le discernement d’un idéal du développement en conflit avec d’autres. Sur le fond de références par rapport auxquelles ses textes se démarquent, l’élaboration de sa visée du devenir du monde rural et des villes du Québec est schématisée en trois phases d’une sociologie toujours actuelle.
Communautés francophones minoritaires et grappes culturelles émergentes dans les villes moyennes : une comparaison Moncton-Sudbury
Authors: Allain Greg , Chiasson Guy , Comeau Gina Sandra
Published: September 2012

Cet article propose une réflexion sur l’utilité du concept de grappe culturelle (cluster) dans le contexte des villes situées dans les régions périphériques, et cela, par l’entremise d’une analyse des stratégies de développement culturel francophones à Moncton et à Sudbury. Les travaux existants qui s’appuient sur ce concept portent sur l’expérience de très grandes villes capables de déployer des stratégies culturelles d’envergure mondiale, et renseignent donc peu sur les stratégies de développement culturel dans les villes situées à l’extérieur des métropoles. L’analyse des deux cas montre que le développement culturel à Moncton et à Sudbury s’appuie sur des facteurs comme la mobilisation communautaire et des dynamiques de proximité qui ne sont pas nécessairement relevés dans les études sur les grappes culturelles. L’expérience de Moncton se démarque de celle de Sudbury par l’importance accordée au quartier du centre-ville comme lieu de convergence des institutions et réseaux culturels, une dimension moins présente à Sudbury où la scène culturelle est plus éclatée géographiquement. En définitive, les études de cas suggèrent que les stratégies de développement culturel des villes périphériques sont assez différentes de celles des grandes villes et que le concept de grappe culturelle doit être utilisé de façon flexible pour bien comprendre les dynamiques à la périphérie.
La route des paniers
Authors: Mundler Patrick , Rumpus Lucas
Published: September 2012

Vus comme participant au développement durable dans ses trois dimensions – sociale, économique et environnementale –, les circuits alimentaires de proximité font l’objet d’un intérêt croissant de la part des consommateurs, des producteurs agricoles et des collectivités territoriales. Plusieurs travaux récents remettent pourtant en cause l’une des vertus supposées des circuits de proximité : celle de leur contribution à une moindre dépense énergétique pour leur distribution. Schématiquement, ces recherches montrent que le moyen de transport importe plus que les kilomètres parcourus et que la distribution alimentaire de masse en circuits longs, du fait d’économies d’échelles, présente de meilleurs bilans énergétiques que les circuits de proximité. Sur la base de mesures effectuées pour divers modes de distribution de paniers de fruits et légumes, nous montrons dans cet article que la performance de ces circuits courts, en termes d’efficacité énergétique, est comparable à celle de circuits plus longs. Les circuits de proximité étudiés se traduisent en effet par des efforts d’organisation locaux ou à l’échelle de petits réseaux territoriaux dont ne peuvent rendre compte les études reposant sur des moyennes qui ignorent les pratiques spatiales concrètes des acteurs, qu’il s’agisse des agriculteurs ou des consommateurs.
Contenidos
Authors: . .
Published: September 2012

.
Double Cubane Cluster Protein and Its Reductase
Authors: Jeoung Jae‐Hun , Dobbek Holger
Published: June 2024

Chemically demanding reductions in biology may be achieved by coupling electron transfer to ATP hydrolysis. To achieve a unidirectional electron transfer against a redox‐potential gradient, the double‐cubane cluster‐containing protein (DCCP) forms a complex with an ATP‐dependent reductase, which couples ATP hydrolysis with electron transfer from its [4Fe4S] cluster to the active site of DCCP. DCCP has been named after its cofactor, containing two cubane‐type [4Fe4S] clusters linked by a μ‐sulfido ligand. The double‐cubane cluster is coordinated by six conserved cysteine residues, with both [4Fe4S] subclusters experiencing different environments. While the physiological substrate of DCCP is unknown, it catalyzes the nonphysiological reduction of acetylene, azide, and hydrazine. DCCP and its reductase are homologous to atypical dehydratases and class‐I benzoyl‐CoA reductases and share mechanistic analogies with nitrogenases and reductive activators of corrinoid proteins.
Unfavorable Outcomes Associated With Glucocorticoid Use in Current Standard‐of‐Care Management of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in Canada
Authors: Touma Zahi , Kayaniyil Sheena , Parackal Anna , Bonilla Denisse , Su Jiandong , Qian Christina , Miller Sally D. , Johnston Adam , Gahn James , Hille Erik D. , Ohsfeldt Robert , Chandran Shelly
Published: June 2024

Objective

Our objective was to describe the administration of glucocorticoids (GCs) and characterize its association with organ damage in a longitudinal systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) cohort over a time period spanning the introduction of biologics in Canada.

Methods

A retrospective observational study was conducted using data from a large SLE cohort in Canada, including adults without lupus nephritis or central nervous system lupus. Patients were observed from time of entry into the cohort to the last available clinic visit (up to December 31, 2020), with a minimum of 24 months of follow‐up. Demographic and clinical characteristics, including average disease activity, treatment administration, and prevalence of organ damage, were examined. Organ damage was stratified by GC administration.

Results

A total of 1,255 patients were included. The mean follow‐up duration was 10.5 (SD 8.6) years. One hundred eighty‐two (15%) patients had organ damage at baseline. More than 80% of patients were prescribed GCs over the follow‐up period, almost all patients had long‐term GC treatment, and only 5% of patients took any biologics. Organ damage was more frequent in patients with a higher average GC dose and greater years of GC exposure.

Conclusion

In this large cohort of patients with SLE, the majority of patients continue to rely on GC for SLE symptom management, with limited administration of biologics. GC administration was correlated with increased irreversible organ damage. Access to novel GC‐sparing treatment options is critical to improve long‐term outcomes for patients with SLE, especially given the continued reliance on GC despite the introduction of biologics.
A Supramolecular Organic Framework‐Mediated Electrochemical Strategy Achieves Highly Selective and Continuous Uranium Extraction
Authors: Wang Chaoyi , Xu Meiyun , Wang Wenwen , Hua Daoben
Published: June 2024

The integration of selectivity and electron transfer ability remains a primary challenge in developing electrode materials for uranium electroextraction. Herein, a phenanthroline‐based supramolecular organic framework (MPSOF) is elaborately constructed as a pioneering cathode material through the hydrogen bond‐driven self‐assembly of melamine and 1,10‐phenanthroline 2,9‐dicarboxylic acid (PDA) for selective and continuous electrochemical uranium extraction (EUE). PDA moieties selectively capture UO22+, while the hydrogen bond‐supporting frameworks provide an efficient electron transfer channel for the redox of UO22+. These structural features enable the rapid formation and spontaneous shedding of uranium precipitate from MPSOF, allowing for the regeneration of the selective adsorption sites. As a result, MPSOF‐mediated EUE exhibits a high extraction capacity of 7311 mg U g−1 at a low voltage of −3.5 V but does not reach equilibrium. Cyclic EUE is employed to uranium extraction from simulated high‐salt radioactive effluents and attains high selectivity for uranium. The electroextraction mechanism is confirmed, wherein uranium species transform into (UO2)O2·4H2O. This work not only provides an efficient electrode material for uranium electroextraction, but also presents a novel electrochemical strategy for separation and adsorption of other radionuclides and contaminant ions.
Decoupling Substitution Effects from Point Defects in Layered Ni‐Rich Oxide Cathode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Karger Leonhard , Korneychuk Svetlana , Sicolo Sabrina , Li Hang , van den Bergh Wessel , Zhang Ruizhuo , Indris Sylvio , Kondrakov Aleksandr , Janek Jürgen , Brezesinski Torsten
Published: June 2024

Ni‐rich LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathode materials offer high practical capacities and good rate capability, but are notorious for being unstable at high state of charge. Here, a series of such layered oxides with nickel contents ranging from 88 to 100 mol% is fabricated by sodium‐to‐lithium ion exchange, yielding materials devoid of substitutional defects. Examining the initial charge/discharge cycle reveals effects that are specifically caused by transition‐metal substitution, which would otherwise be obscured by changes in lithium‐site defect concentration. Lowering the nickel content helps to stabilize the high‐voltage regime, while simultaneously negatively affecting lithium diffusion. Operando X‐ray diffraction indicates mitigation of volume variation during cycling and transition toward solid‐solution behavior with sufficiently high cobalt and manganese contents, thus providing an explanation for the increased stability. The interplay between transition‐metal substitution, kinetic hindrance, and solid‐solution behavior may be a result of local inhomogeneities due to lithium‐vacancy pinning, which is further elucidated through density functional theory calculations. Overall, this work sheds new light on the effects of manganese and cobalt incorporation into the transition‐metal layer and their conjunction with defects.
An Ultrasensitive Perovskite Single‐Model Plasmonic Strain Sensor Based on Piezoelectric Effect
Authors: Li Meili , Lu Junfeng , Wan Peng , Jiang Mingming , Mo Yepei , Pan Caofeng
Published: June 2024

Interest in flexible photonics has been motivated by the development of artificial smart skins. In particular, coupling of photonics and mechanics can offer opportunities to realize ultrasensitive strain sensor, however, low‐cost fabrication of flexible sensing device with desired photonic functionality remains a challenge. Hereby, the study reports an ultrasensitive strain‐gauge sensor based on the poly(ethylenenaphthalate (PEN))/monocrystal Au/MgF2/CsPbBr3 nanorod/Al2O3/polyacrylonitrile (in short P/mAu/M/CPB@Al2O3@PAN), which are sensitive to nanoscale structure alterations of PEN substrate via the stress response of the single‐mode laser based on the piezoelectric‐effect. Wherein a low‐threshold single‐mode lasing (Pth ≈ 170 nJ cm−2) is achieved through coating Al2O3 on the CsPbBr3 nanorod, producing the higher quality factor (Q ≈ 1637) to guarantee a much higher sensitivity in sensing application. Reversible spectral regulating of ≈3 nm in single‐mode‐lasing wavelength, with a subnanometre scale resolution <0.4 nm and the wavelength sensitivity (Sλ) as high as 160 nm RIU−1, is validated in response to applied strain ranging from −1.31% to 1.31%. This work not only represents essential progress in construction of ultrasensitive and cost‐effective flexible photonic sensor, but also lays the foundation for the potential application in smart photonic skins.
Enhanced Long‐Term Performance of Sulfides in Oxygen Evolution Reaction by Sulfate Ion‐Assisted Strategy
Authors: Chen Qiming , Zhang Qicheng , Chen Bin , Zhang Jinghan , Peng Wenchao , Li Yang , Fan Xiaobin
Published: June 2024

Transition metal sulfides (TMS) exhibit significant promise as non‐noble‐metal electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline environments, notwithstanding their susceptibility to long‐term instability due to the gradual leaching of surface‐reconstructed sulfate ions (SO42−). In this study, a sulfate ion‐assisted strategy is proposed to stabilize the surface‐reconstructed SO42− of FeNiS2. The findings reveal that SO42− experiences considerable loss in KOH due to the infinite concentration gradient of SO42− on the surface. Conversely, in K2SO4/KOH, this strategy mitigates rapid leaching and preserves the predominant surface‐reconstructed SO42−, thereby enhancing stability in both accelerated degradation (5000 cycles) and long‐term (≥120 h) tests, with ≈95% current density retained. Furthermore, the optimal concentration of SO42− proves to be crucial, as supported by both experimental and theoretical results. This approach offers insights into bolstering the long‐term OER stability of TMS and similar compounds, thereby advancing the prospects for widespread application in electrocatalytic water splitting.