bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying the Evolution of Selenium‐Vacancy‐Modulated MoSe2Precatalyst in Lithium–Sulfur Chemistry
Authors: Wang Menglei , Sun Zhongti , Ci Haina , Shi Zixiong , Shen Lin , Wei Chaohui , Ding Yifan , Yang Xianzhong , Sun Jingyu
Published: August 2021

Witnessing compositional evolution and identifying the catalytically active moiety of electrocatalysts is of paramount importance in Li–S chemistry. Nevertheless, this field remains elusive. We report the scalable salt‐templated synthesis of Se‐vacancy‐incorporated MoSe2architecture (SeVs‐MoSe2) and reveal the phase evolution of the defective precatalyst in working Li–S batteries. The interaction between lithium polysulfides and SeVs‐MoSe2is probed to induce the transformation from SeVs‐MoSe2to MoSeS. Furthermore, operando Raman spectroscopy and ex situ X‐ray diffraction measurements in combination with theoretical simulations verify that the effectual MoSeS catalyst could help promote conversion of Li2S2to Li2S, thereby boosting the capacity performance. The Li–S battery accordingly exhibits a satisfactory rate and cycling capability even with and elevated sulfur loading and lean electrolyte conditions (7.67 mg cm−2; 4.0 μL mg−1S). This work elucidates the design strategies and catalytic mechanisms of efficient electrocatalysts bearing defects.
Catalytic Enantioselective Access to Dihydroquinoxalinones via Formal α‐Halo Acyl Halide Synthon in One Pot
Authors: Volpe Chiara , Meninno Sara , Crescenzi Carlo , Mancinelli Michele , Mazzanti Andrea , Lattanzi Alessandra
Published: August 2021

An enantioselective one‐pot catalytic strategy to dihydroquinoxalinones, featuring novel 1‐phenylsulfonyl‐1‐cyano enantioenriched epoxides as masked α‐halo acyl halide synthons, followed by a domino ring‐opening cyclization (DROC), is documented. A popular quinine‐derived urea served as the catalyst in two out of the three steps performed in the same solvent using commercially available aldehydes, (phenylsulfonyl)acetonitrile, cumyl hydroperoxide and 1,2‐phenylendiamines. Medicinally relevant 3‐aryl/alkyl‐substituted heterocycles are isolated in generally good to high overall yield and high enantioselectivity (up to 99 % ee). A rare example of excellent reusability of an organocatalyst at higher scale, subjected to oxidative conditions, is demonstrated. Mechanistically, labile α‐ketosulfone has been detected as the intermediate involved in the DROC process. Theoretical calculations on the key epoxidation step rationalize the observed stereocontrol, highlighting the important role played by the sulfone group.
Phosphorus‐Atom Transfer from Phosphaethynolate to an Alkylidyne
Authors: Jafari Mehrafshan G. , Park Yerin , Pudasaini Bimal , Kurogi Takashi , Carroll Patrick J. , Kaphan David M. , Kropf Jeremy , Delferro Massimiliano , Baik Mu‐Hyun , Mindiola Daniel J.
Published: August 2021

A low‐spin and mononuclear vanadium complex, (Menacnac)V(CO)(η2‐P≡CtBu) (2) (Menacnac−=[ArNC(CH3)]2CH, Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3), was prepared upon treatment of the vanadium neopentylidyne complex (Menacnac)V≡CtBu(OTf) (1) with Na(OCP)(diox)2.5 (diox=1,4‐dioxane), while the isoelectronic ate‐complex [Na(15‐crown‐5)]{([ArNC(CH2)]CH[C(CH3)NAr])V(CO)(η2‐P≡CtBu)} (4), was obtained via the reaction of Na(OCP)(diox)2.5 and ([ArNC(CH2)]CH[C(CH3)NAr])V≡CtBu(OEt2) (3) in the presence of crown‐ether. Computational studies suggest that the P‐atom transfer proceeds by [2+2]‐cycloaddition of the P≡C bond across the V≡CtBu moiety, followed by a reductive decarbonylation to form the V−C≡O linkage. The nature of the electronic ground state in diamagnetic complexes, 2 and 4, was further investigated both theoretically and experimentally, using a combination of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopies, cyclic voltammetry, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) measurements, and comparison of salient bond metrics derived from X‐ray single‐crystal structural characterization. In combination, these data are consistent with a low‐valent vanadium ion in complexes 2 and 4. This study represents the first example of a metathesis reaction between the P‐atom of [PCO]− and an alkylidyne ligand.
Tuning Protein Dynamics to Sense Rapid Endoplasmic‐Reticulum Calcium Dynamics
Authors: Deng Xiaonan , Yao Xin‐Qiu , Berglund Ken , Dong Bin , Ouedraogo Daniel , Ghane Mohammad A. , Zhuo You , McBean Cheyenne , Wei Zheng Zachory , Gozem Samer , Yu Shan P. , Wei Ling , Fang Ning , Mabb Angela M. , Gadda Giovanni , Hamelberg Donald , Yang Jenny J.
Published: August 2021

Multi‐scale calcium (Ca2+) dynamics, exhibiting wide‐ranging temporal kinetics, constitutes a ubiquitous mode of signal transduction. We report a novel endoplasmic‐reticulum (ER)‐targeted Ca2+ indicator, R‐CatchER, which showed superior kinetics in vitro (koff≥2×103 s−1, kon≥7×106 M−1 s−1) and in multiple cell types. R‐CatchER captured spatiotemporal ER Ca2+ dynamics in neurons and hotspots at dendritic branchpoints, enabled the first report of ER Ca2+ oscillations mediated by calcium sensing receptors (CaSRs), and revealed ER Ca2+‐based functional cooperativity of CaSR. We elucidate the mechanism of R‐CatchER and propose a principle to rationally design genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators with a single Ca2+‐binding site and fast kinetics by tuning rapid fluorescent‐protein dynamics and the electrostatic potential around the chromophore. The design principle is supported by the development of G‐CatchER2, an upgrade of our previous (G‐)CatchER with improved dynamic range. Our work may facilitate protein design, visualizing Ca2+ dynamics, and drug discovery.
What Makes High‐Entropy Alloys Exceptional Electrocatalysts?
Authors: Löffler Tobias , Ludwig Alfred , Rossmeisl Jan , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: August 2021

The formation of a vast number of different multielement active sites in compositionally complex solid solution materials, often more generally termed high‐entropy alloys, offers new and unique concepts in catalyst design, which mitigate existing limitations and change the view on structure–activity relations. We discuss these concepts by summarising the currently existing fundamental knowledge and critically assess the chances and limitations of this material class, also highlighting design strategies. A roadmap is proposed, illustrating which of the characteristic concepts could be exploited using which strategy, and which breakthroughs might be possible to guide future research in this highly promising material class for (electro)catalysis.
Radical 1,4/5‐Amino Shift Enables Access to Fluoroalkyl‐Containing Primary β(γ)‐Aminoketones under Metal‐Free Conditions
Authors: Wei Dian , Liu Tuming , He Yiheng , Wei Bangyi , Pan Jiahao , Zhang Jianwu , Jiao Ning , Han Bing
Published: August 2021

A novel radical 1,4/5‐amino shift from the oxygen center of alkene‐tethered diphenyl ketoxime ethers to the carbon center to achieve high value‐added fluoroalkyl‐containing primary β(γ)‐amino‐ketones is reported. Mechanism studies reveal that the migration is triggered by the alkene addition of fluoroalkyl radical derived from the electron donor‐acceptor (EDA) complex of Togni's reagent II or fluoroalkyl iodides and quinuclidine, and involves a unique 5(6)‐exo‐trig cyclization of the carbon‐centered radical onto the N‐atom of ketoxime ethers followed by a cascade sequence of N−O bond cleavage and dehydrogenation. Notably, besides Togni's reagent II and fluoroalkyl iodides, this protocol is also compatible with other radical precursors to provide various functionalized primary aminoketones.
Hydroboration of Terminal Alkenes and trans‐1,2‐Diboration of Terminal Alkynes Catalyzed by a Manganese(I) Alkyl Complex
Authors: Weber Stefan , Zobernig Daniel , Stöger Berthold , Veiros Luis F. , Kirchner Karl
Published: August 2021

A MnI‐catalyzed hydroboration of terminal alkenes and a 1,2‐diboration of terminal alkynes with pinacolborane (HBPin) is described. For alkenes, anti‐Markovnikov hydroboration takes place; for alkynes the reaction proceeds with excellent trans‐1,2‐selectivity. The most active pre‐catalyst is bench‐stable alkyl bisphosphine MnI complex fac‐[Mn(dippe)(CO)3(CH2CH2CH3)]. The catalytic process is initiated by migratory insertion of a CO ligand into the Mn–alkyl bond to yield an acyl intermediate, which undergoes B−H bond cleavage of HBPin (for alkenes) and rapid C−H bond cleavage (for alkynes), forming the active MnI boryl and acetylide catalysts [Mn(dippe)(CO)2(BPin)] and [Mn(dippe)(CO)2(C≡CR)], respectively. A broad variety of aromatic and aliphatic alkenes and alkynes was efficiently and selectively borylated. Mechanistic insights are provided based on experimental data and DFT calculations revealing that an acceptorless reaction is operating involving dihydrogen release.
Engineered Cell‐Penetrating Peptides for Mitochondrion‐Targeted Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Xiao Qicai , Dong Xiao , Yang Fen , Zhou Shizhe , Xiang Menghua , Lou Liang , Yao Shao Q. , Gao Liqian
Published: August 2021

Mitochondrion is a promising target in cancer therapy. However, gaining access to this organelle is difficult due to the obstacles to cross the complicated mitochondrial membrane. Cell‐penetrating peptides (CPPs) with mitochondrion‐targeting ability, named mitochondrion‐targeting peptides (MTPs), are efficient tools to deliver exogenous therapeutics into mitochondria. Herein, we report several new MTPs, which can be readily synthesized via resin‐based solid‐phase peptide synthesis. In particular, MTP3 (compound 5), consisting of three positively charged arginines and two D‐ and L‐ alternating naphthylalanines, demonstrated excellent mitochondrion‐targeting ability with high Pearson's correlation coefficient, suggesting that MTP3 has good potential for mitochondrion‐targeted drug delivery. As proof‐of‐concept, the feasibility of MTP3 was validated by the preparation of a mitochondrion‐targeting prodrug (compound 17, doxorubicin‐based prodrug). This prodrug was subsequently confirmed to be specifically transported to the mitochondria of tumor cells, where it was able to release the native doxorubicin upon intracellular GSH activation, leading to mitochondrial depolarization and eventually cell death. Importantly, compound 17 showed good cytotoxicity against human tumor cells while negligible toxicity towards normal cells, indicating its potential as a potent mitochondrial medicine for targeted cancer therapy. Our study thus opens a way for engineered CPPs to be used to deliver bioactive cargos in mitochondrion‐targeted cancer therapy.
Investigation of Phase Transition from Critical Nucleus to Bi2Te3 Nanoplate Based on Screw Dislocation‐Driven Spiral Growth by Solvothermal Synthesis
Authors: Yamazaki Hideo , Eguchi Rikuo , Takashiri Masayuki
Published: August 2021

Two‐dimensional bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) nanoplates have great potential for thermoelectrics and topological insulators. The material performance increases as the nanoplate size decreases. However, the initial stage of the crystal growth of the nanoplates has not been significantly investigated. The Bi2Te3 nanoplates are prepared by solvothermal synthesis and the phase transition based on the screw dislocation‐driven spiral growth of the nanoplates is investigated. The optimal synthesis conditions are first determined by controlling the Te concentration in the precursor solution. The spiral‐grown nanoplates are collected from the synthesized products. The diameter of the critical nucleus is calculated to be in the range of 5.0–7.2 nm from the step width in the spiral. Subsequently, the solvothermal synthesis is implemented by changing the synthesis time from 15 to 1200 min under the optimal conditions of the precursor solution. Crystals are not grown in the solution at 15 min. At 25 min, an intermediate phase of Bi2TeO5 with an approximate grain size of 5.0 nm is formed, which corresponds to the calculated diameter of the critical nucleus. Another intermediate phase of Te is formed, and the Bi2Te3 nanoplates with a lateral size of 300 nm grow slowly at the expense of Bi2TeO5 and Te.
Protective function of interleukin‐22 in pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Gu Peiyu , Wang Dandan , Zhang Ji , Wang Xin , Chen Zhiyong , Gu Lina , Liu Mengying , Meng Fanqing , Yang Jun , Cai Hourong , Xiao Yonglong , Chen Yin , Cao Mengshu
Published: August 2021

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic and progressive scarring disease with unknown etiology. The evidence of a pathogenic role for transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) in the development and progression of IPF is overwhelming. In the present study, we investigated the role of interleukin‐22 (IL‐22) in the pathogenesis of IPF by regulating the TGF‐β pathway. We measured parameters and tissue samples from a clinical cohort of IPF. IL‐22R knock out (IL‐22RA1−/−) and IL‐22 supplementation mouse models were used to determine if IL‐22 is protective in vivo. For the mechanistic study, we tested A549, primary mouse type II alveolar epithelial cell, human embryonic lung fibroblast, and primary fibroblast for their responses to IL‐22 and/or TGF‐β1. In a clinical cohort, the expression level of IL‐22 in the peripheral blood and lung tissues of IPF patients was lower than healthy controls, and the lower IL‐22 expression was associated with poorer pulmonary function. IL‐22R−/− mice demonstrated exacerbated inflammation and fibrosis. Reciprocally, IL‐22 augmentation by intranasal instillation of recombinant IL‐22 repressed inflammation and fibrotic phenotype. In vitro, IL‐22 treatment repressed TGF‐β1 induced gene markers representing epithelial‐mesenchymal‐transition and fibroblast‐myofibroblast‐transition, likely via the inhibition of TGF‐β receptor expression and subsequent Smad2/3 activation. IL‐22 appears to be protective against pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting TGF‐β1 signaling, and IL‐22 augmentation may be a promising approach to treat IPF.
Adult stem cell niches for tissue homeostasis
Authors: Mannino Giuliana , Russo Cristina , Maugeri Grazia , Musumeci Giuseppe , Vicario Nunzio , Tibullo Daniele , Giuffrida Rosario , Parenti Rosalba , Lo Furno Debora
Published: August 2021

Adult stem cells are fundamental to maintain tissue homeostasis, growth, and regeneration. They reside in specialized environments called niches. Following activating signals, they proliferate and differentiate into functional cells that are able to preserve tissue physiology, either to guarantee normal turnover or to counteract tissue damage caused by injury or disease. Multiple interactions occur within the niche between stem cell‐intrinsic factors, supporting cells, the extracellular matrix, and signaling pathways. Altogether, these interactions govern cell fate, preserving the stem cell pool, and regulating stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Based on their response to body needs, tissues can be largely classified into three main categories: tissues that even in normal conditions are characterized by an impressive turnover to replace rapidly exhausting cells (blood, epidermis, or intestinal epithelium); tissues that normally require only a basal cell replacement, though able to efficiently respond to increased tissue needs, injury, or disease (skeletal muscle); tissues that are equipped with less powerful stem cell niches, whose repairing ability is not able to overcome severe damage (heart or nervous tissue). The purpose of this review is to describe the main characteristics of stem cell niches in these different tissues, highlighting the various components influencing stem cell activity. Although much has been done, more work is needed to further increase our knowledge of niche interactions. This would be important not only to shed light on this fundamental chapter of human physiology but also to help the development of cell‐based strategies for clinical therapeutic applications, especially when other approaches fail.
Corticosteroids for COVID‐19 symptoms and quality of life at 1 year from admission
Authors: Catalán Ignacio Pérez , Martí Celia Roig , Sota Daniela Palomo de la , Álvarez Alejandro Cardenal , Gimeno Maria José Esteve , Juana Sergio Fabra , Rodríguez Germán Herrero , Bajo Elena Domínguez , Gaya Nuria Tornador , Blasco Jorge Usó , Rincón Jose Manuel Ramos
Published: August 2021

The long‐term evolution of COVID‐19 is unknown, making it necessary to study the persistence of symptoms over time and their impact on quality of life in people who have had the disease. We analyzed these aspects 1 year after admission for COVID‐19 and explored the influence of treatment with systemic corticosteroids during the acute phase of the illness. This observational cohort study took place in a tertiary hospital in March and April 2021 and included people admitted due to infection with SARS‐CoV‐2 in March, April, or May 2020. We excluded patients who had died, were unreachable or had substantial cognitive impairment. A telephone survey was undertaken to assess the presence of symptoms related to COVID‐19 and to administer the SF‐36 quality of life questionnaire. Other variables collected were demographic and clinical data along with the treatment received and the evolution over time. We analyzed 76 patients, including 44 who did not receive corticosteroids and 32 who did. Most symptoms were less frequent in the group that received corticosteroids, with statistically significant differences for headache, dysphagia, chest pain, and depression. These patients also showed significantly better outcomes in the SF‐36 domains for “bodily pain” and “mental health.” Corticosteroids administered in the acute phase of COVID‐19 could attenuate the presence of long‐term symptoms and improve patients’ quality of life.
Hyperactivation of MEK/ERK pathway by Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase kinase 2 promotes cellular proliferation by activating cyclin‐dependent kinases and minichromosome maintenance protein in gastric cancer cells
Authors: Najar Mohd. A. , Aravind Anjana , Dagamajalu Shobha , Sidransky David , Ashktorab Hassan , Smoot Duane T. , Gowda Harsha , Prasad T. S. Keshava , Modi Prashant K. , Chatterjee Aditi
Published: August 2021

Although CAMKK2 is overexpressed in several cancers, its role and relevant downstream signaling pathways in gastric cancer (GC) are poorly understood. Treatment of AGS GC cells with a CAMKK2 inhibitor, STO‐609, resulted in decreased cell proliferation, cell migration, invasion, colony‐forming ability, and G1/S‐phase arrest. Quantitative phosphoproteomics in AGS cells with the CAMKK2 inhibitor led to the identification of 9603 unique phosphosites mapping to 3120 proteins. We observed decreased phosphorylation of 1101 phosphopeptides (1.5‐fold) corresponding to 752 proteins upon CAMKK2 inhibition. Bioinformatics analysis of hypo‐phosphorylated proteins revealed enrichment of MAPK1/MAPK3 signaling. Kinase enrichment analysis of hypo‐phosphorylated proteins using the X2K Web tool identified ERK1, cyclin‐dependant kinase 1 (CDK1), and CDK2 as downstream substrates of CAMKK2. Moreover, inhibition of CAMKK2 and MEK1 resulted in decreased phosphorylation of ERK1, CDK1, MCM2, and MCM3. Immunofluorescence results were in concordance with our mass spectroscopy data and Western blot analysis results. Taken together, our data reveal the essential role of CAMKK2 in the pathobiology of GC through the activation of the MEK/ERK1 signaling cascade.
The value of primary transcripts to the clinical and non‐clinical genomics community: Survey results and roadmap for improvements
Authors: Morales Joannella , McMahon Aoife C. , Loveland Jane , Perry Emily , Frankish Adam , Hunt Sarah , Armean Irina M. , Flicek Paul , Cunningham Fiona
Published: August 2021

Background

Variant interpretation is dependent on transcript annotation and remains time consuming and challenging. There are major obstacles for historical data reuse and for interpretation of new variants. First, both RefSeq and Ensembl/GENCODE produce transcript sets in common use, but there is currently no easy way to translate between the two. Second, the resources often used for variant interpretation (e.g. ClinVar, gnomAD, UniProt) do not use the same transcript set, nor default transcript or protein sequence.

Method

Ensembl ran a survey in 2018 to sample attitudes to choosing one default transcript per locus, and to gather data on reference sequences used by the scientific community. This was publicised on the Ensembl and UCSC genome browsers, by email and on social media.

Results

The survey had 788 responses from 32 different countries, the results of which we report here.

Conclusions

We present our roadmap to create an effective default set of transcripts for resources, and for reporting interpretation of clinical variants.
Reflectometry with Polarized Neutrons on In Situ Grown Thin Films
Authors: Kreuzpaintner Wolfgang , Schmehl Andreas , Book Alexander , Mairoser Thomas , Ye Jingfan , Wiedemann Birgit , Mayr Sina , Moulin Jean-François , Stahn Jochen , Gilbert Dustin A. , Gabold Henrik , Inanloo-Maranloo Zahra , Heigl Michael , Masalovich Sergey , Georgii Robert , Albrecht Manfred , Mannhart Jochen , Böni Peter
Published: August 2021

Originating from the demand for obtaining depth‐resolved magnetization profiles from thin films and heterostructures, polarized neutron reflectometry (PNR) has developed into a unique research tool, which also finds application in the analysis of superconducting or soft matter thin films. While certain in situ sample environments such as gas‐loading or humidity cells were quickly realized after PNR first emerged, preparing and growing thin magnetic films directly in the neutron beam could only be realized in recent years. Herein, a dedicated insight is given on the history and development of in situ thin film growth capabilities for PNR, from early pioneering experiments to the present day. The scientific and technological challenges as well as the advances of neutron sources, neutronics, and data treatment that have led to its realization are highlighted together with the unique research opportunities that it provides and recently obtained experimental results.
Therapeutic potential of isobavachalcone, a natural flavonoid, in murine experimental colitis by inhibiting NF‐κB p65
Authors: Zhou Yishan , Zhong Bingling , Min Xiangjing , Hou Ying , Lin Ligen , Wu Qin , Shi Jingshan , Chen Xiuping
Published: August 2021

The incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC), one of the two types of inflammatory bowel disease, is increasing in many countries. Various natural products have been demonstrated with therapeutic potentials for UC. Herein, the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of isobavachalcone (IBC), a natural chalcone, were evaluated in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced colitis mice and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. The results demonstrated that IBC treatment significantly improved the clinical symptoms, assessed by the disease activity index (DAI) scores and the histological changes of the colon. The levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), TNF‐α, IL‐6, IL‐1β, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in colon tissues were suppressed by IBC. The upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), and NF‐κB p65 in colon tissues were reversed by IBC as well. Furthermore, IBC significantly inhibited LPS‐triggered secretion of TNF‐α, IL‐6, and nitrite, and nuclear translocation of NF‐κB p65, in RAW264.7 cells. The luciferase reporter assay indicated that IBC significantly inhibited LPS‐triggered transcription of toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4). Molecular docking results showed that the binding pocket of IBC was adjacent to Ser276 of p65‐p50 heterodimer and IBC could form H‐bond with Thr191. Collectively, these results demonstrated that IBC ameliorated colitis in mice possibly through inhibition of NF‐κB p65.
Global EPD regulation of uncertain nonlinear systems without global normal forms
Authors: Zhao Cheng , Guo Lei
Published: August 2021

This article considers the global regulation problem for a class of non‐affine nonlinear uncertain systems. We will investigate the extended proportional‐derivative (EPD) controller together with its parameters design. The EPD controller is the natural extension of the classical PD control, which adjusts the input signal by using the regulation error together with its derivatives only. We will show that under some suitable conditions on nonlinearity and uncertainty of the systems, the regulation error of the closed‐loop system will converge to 0 exponentially, provided that the EPD controller parameters are chosen from an n‐dimensional unbounded set constructed in the article. In contrast to most of the existing literature on controller design of nonlinear systems, we do not require such special system structures as normal or triangular forms. We will also give an example where the regulation problem is solvable globally by the classical PD control, while the controlled system cannot be transformed into the nonlinear normal form globally.
5: Application Solution for Supersize Automobile Curved Bar Display
Authors: Li Huiyan , Zhang Yu , Geng Shixin , Wang Bochang , Bu Zhangchang
Published: August 2021

A supersize UHD automobile curved LCD Bar display has been developed by using a newly‐designed curved structure, which has excellent curvature radius tolerance precision and good stability performance. This module contains ADS panel with special shape COFs and multiple‐section XPCBs, EGI bezel with obround hole, and D‐LED BLU, the BLU main parts that impacting module curvature precision includes Al back cover riveted EGI reinforcement ribs, double layer frames and vertical fixed multiple‐section LED bars. With this design the module curvature tolerance is improved from traditional industry precision ±10% to ±4.5%R , and this curvature tolerance could finely meet automobile display cover glass full bonding process requirement, resolve cover glass broken issue effectively. Base on the perfect precision curvature radius tolerance and well stability character, the 48inch UHD automobile curved LCD display has been applied to an intelligent electric car.
1.2: Self‐Diver‐Intelligent‐Pixel Architectures in In‐Ga‐Zn‐O Technology for Special‐Shaped Panel
Authors: Shu Yang , Wang Zhijun , Xu Shangjun , Wang Huaipei , Fei Mi , Bian Cunjian , Yuan Ling
Published: August 2021

With the wide application of liquid crystal display (LCD), people have higher and higher requirements on various screen shapes. Especially in the field of Automotive display. However, the irregular LCD displays on the market still have limitations in shape. Not only is the display often uneven, but the border is also wide because of driver circuitry outside the Active area. Therefore, we proposed a “Self‐Driven Intelligent Pixel(SDIP)” architecture, which can independently complete the scan driver without additional configuration of GOA circuit or gate IC, and it can arbitrarily splice these pixel units to obtain any display area. Based on the SDIP technology, this paper designs a 5.9‐inch circular LCD display with a frame of 4.8mm. It provides a new design direction for arbitrary LCD screen and ultra‐narrow border technology.
2.3: High Mobility Top‐Gate Self‐Aligned and BCE a‐IGTO TFTs Application to Micro‐LED and Mini‐LED Display
Authors: Luo Chuanbao , Zhou Kai , Zhang Lijun , Hu Chen , Mei Xueru , Jia Shasha , Jin Shuang , Ding Wei , Seo Hyun-Sik , Chang Tsunglung , Yao Jiangbo , Zhang Xin
Published: August 2021

The top‐gate self‐aligned structure and back channel etched (BCE) structure have been conducted employing InGaSnO (IGTO) as an active layer in this study. The mobility of IGTO TFT is around 35 cm2/Vs for both TFT structures by optimizing the fabrication process. The 7.1 inch 270 x 320 (x RGB) micro‐LED display driven by top‐gate self‐aligned IGTO TFTs and 35 inch pitch 1.6mm mini‐LED display tiled by 4(L)*2(W) sheets of 10.7 inch 120 x 120 (x RGB) panel driven by BCE IGTO TFTs are demonstrated. The power consumption of panel driven by IGTO TFTs is the 43% of IGZO, resulting in the outstanding merits of high mobilitydevices.
3.1: Invited Paper: Electrowetting display: Towards full‐color video reflective display
Authors: Guo Yuanyuan , Tang Biao , Yuan Dong , Bai Pengfei , Li Hao , Yi Zichuan , Deng Yong , Zhou Rui , Zhong Benpeng , Jang Hongwei , Henzen Alex , Zhou Guofu
Published: August 2021

Current mainstream display technologies include liquid crystal displays (LCD), Organic Light‐Emitting Diode (OLED), and electrophoretic paper displays (EPD). The electrowetting display (EWD) is expected to become a new member of the display family due to its fast response speed, paper‐like reflective display. In recent years, technology breakthroughs of electrowetting have been made in EWD. EWD has achieved playing dynamic videos with the comparable performance of LCD and displays print‐level color images. The current EWD has reached the color gamut NTS 50%, refresh time 12ms, and 260000 colors display. The potential applications of EWD including education, mobile terminals, e‐book readers, outdoor billboards, etc. The advantage of EWD will create new markets which are not accessible now.
3.2: Invited Paper: Color E‐paper: Current Performance and Achievable Goals
Authors: Henzen Alex , Zhong Benpeng , Liu Linwei , Jiang Hongwei , Zhou Guofu
Published: August 2021

In the search for acceptable reflective displays, electrofluidic / electrowetting displays have emerged as the leading technology for achieving high chromaticity gamut as well as fast switching and good reflectance. The prototypes shown demonstrate capabilities, but also have several issues that still need work. One of the most obvious areas is the spurious reflections from internal surfaces and refractive index steps. But also unwanted diffusion and absorption play a role Finally, maximizing the aperture is something that needs further development in order to promote the white state from “limit acceptable” to “top of class”.
3.4: Dual‐Mode Switching Electrophoretic Displays with Thermally Reversible Gelators
Authors: Yang Ming-Yang , Hu Wen-Jie , Qin Zong , Yang Bo-Ru
Published: August 2021

Electrophoretic displays (EPDs) play an essential role in the Internet of Things (IoT) environment with the unique eye‐friendly feature and visibility for high‐ambient‐illumination. However, good bistability is in conflict with the fast response. Here, we introduced a gelator‐doped electronic ink to demonstrate the capability of operating the EPD with both static display mode and fast‐moving mode through temperature change. The high threshold voltage and ultra‐fast response time were achieved in the same EPD device. This method may provide a new direction for the future development of the electronic paper.
4.5: A Low Power Consumption Display Solution Based on The Charge Sharing Technology
Authors: Sun Gaoming , Bi Yuxin , Hao Kexin , Liu Rui , Duan Xin , Sun Wei , Luo Xinzhong
Published: August 2021

With the development of display technology, low power consumption of display device is popular. To drive the display panel in the unit, each sub‐pixel in the panel needs to be charged. The more amount of charge for each sub‐pixel, the greater power consumption is needed for the display panel to display images. This paper provides a method to drive the display panel, which can reduce each sub‐pixel's total charge amount in the display panel. In this way, it can reduce the power consumption needed for driving the panel to display images.
6.3: Measurement of Image Quality for Laser Projection Displays based on the Audience Viewing
Authors: Wang Jianping , Mou Xi , Wen Chunao
Published: August 2021

The laser display system consists of a laser projector and a screen, and its image quality depends not only on the output image of the projector. Still, it is also closely related to the screen's performance and the installation geometries, including distance, projection ratio, inclination angle, etc. Recently, IEC TC110 Electronic Displays has published the international standard of Measuring Methods of Image Quality for Laser Projection Displays (IEC 62906‐5‐3:2021). This IS contains the requirements of measuring environmental conditions, optical measuring equipment, installation and alignment of the screen, test patterns, measurement point locations, and procedures. This paper will introduce the practical implementation methods of the measurement methods involved in the standard. At the same time, the measurement method based on audience viewpoints is studied, so the measurement is more in line with the actual laser display applications. The results of both methods were compared, especially for the Fresnel lens screen.
7.1: Invited Paper: Establishment and Simulation Optimization of Optical Fingerprint Recognition Structure in LCD Screen
Authors: Huang Jianmou , Wang Hailiang , Lin Yan , Zhou Wenqi , Yang Yan , Zhou Ting , Li Junyi
Published: August 2021

This paper reports a new type of liquid crystal screen which has an in‐screen optical fingerprint recognition collimation structure. The collimator structure in the TFT&CF glass in the screen has different opening size and height. Through simulation, the SNR(Signal to Noise Ratio)&CR(contrast ratio) evaluation criteria were obtained to judge the fingerprint identification accuracy of the collimating structure. Compared with the unoptimized structure, the optimized collimation layer improves the accuracy of fingerprint identification.
7.3: An Ultra‐Thin, High Resolution Matrix Force Sensor Enabling an Improved User Interface for Next Generation OLED Displays
Authors: Voutsas Tolis , Dempsey Sarah
Published: August 2021

A novel, thin, flexible matrix sensor has been developed which can be integrated under a flexible OLED display to provide a touch/stylus digitizer functionality. To optimize sensor design, an FEA‐based model was coupled with Peratech's proprietary electromechanical modelling software to understand how force is transferred from the touch location to the sensing elements. The resultant sensor design comprised of a high‐resolution array of sensing elements at 0.98mm pitch, which allowed both finger and stylus input to be captured with high‐fidelity from 10–600g input force. Further tuning of force dynamic range was achieved through adjusting both the sensel design (number and order of material layers) and sensing materials. Electronics hardware and software algorithms were developed which processed the sensor signal and converted to a user‐experience which can meet industry requirements for touch panel performance. In addition, the sensor showed excellent reliability after testing to 100k bend cycles at 4mm bend radius.
16.3: Flexible Liquid Crystal Displays with Fine‐Width Polymer Walls and Self‐Assembled Monolayer Alignment
Authors: Gong Youyou , Luo Qingyun , Qiu Jingshen , Yang Mingyang , Qiu Zhiguang , Zhong Min , Liu Guishi , Qin Zong , Yang Bo-ru
Published: August 2021

Flexible liquid crystal displays (LCDs) are regarded as one of the most promising candidates to achieve flexible displays. In this paper, we proposed a novel technique to fabricate flexible LCDs combining polymer walls (PWs) and self‐assembled‐monolayer(SAM). The PWs with fine morphology and line‐width (about 20 µm) were fabricated to keep uniform cell gap and provided a larger aperture opening ratio for flexible LCDs. Alignment by alkyl trichlorosilane(TS) SAM was achieved at room temperature. In this way, general flexible substrates could be used for flexible LCDs. This work is promising for the manufacture of flexible LCDs.
18.2: Invited Paper: Semipolar Micro‐LED for Full‐color Display and Visible Light Communication
Authors: Lin Wansheng , Huang Yu-Ming , Konthoujam James Singh , Lin Yue , Lu Yijun , Chen Zhong , Wu Tingzhu , Kuo Hao-Chung
Published: August 2021

Micro‐LEDs (μ‐LEDs) are well known to have a thriving future in the next‐generation display field. However, conventional μ‐LEDs grown on c‐plane GaN have a severe wavelength shift due to the quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE), which seriously affects the color quality of μ‐LEDs display. In order to fundamentally solve this problem, we grown blue μ‐LED with a 30 µm diameter on the (20–21) semipolar GaN combined with perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) color conversion layer, to achieve high‐quality full‐color μ‐LED, realizing a wide color gamut with 99.2% National Television Standards Committee (NTSC) space and 93.0% Rec 2020 in the CIE 1931, and the peak wavelength hardly shifts, indicating an excellent inhibitory on QCSE. Meanwhile, the semipolar blue μ‐LED excitation light can achieve a wide 3‐dB bandwidth of 652 MHz due to the faster carrier recombination rate, making semipolar LEDs more attractive in the high‐speed visible light communication (VLC).
24.1: Invited Paper: Development of High‐performance Platinum Emitters for Organic Light‐emitting Diodes
Authors: Li Huiyang , Mao Mao , Dai Lei
Published: August 2021

Phosphorescent platinum emitters have played the vital important role in the development of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). The formidable challenge for commercializing platinum emitters primarily lies in the promotion of operational stability, since only moderate device lifetimes have been recorded. In this work, green OLEDs with high efficiency and color purity have been realized using a new developed platinum emitter, which shows a short emission lifetime of 2.4 µs and a high decomposition temperature of 441 °C. More importantly, a respectable device lifetime (LT95) of 572 h at 10000 cd m−2 has been achieved, evidencing its viable prospect for commercial display and light‐emitting applications.
24.3: Novel host and prime materials for efficient red emission OLEDs
Authors: Chen Zhi-Kuan
Published: August 2021

Novel host and prime materials for red light emission have been designed and synthesized. The physical and electronic properties of the materials have been well characterized. The HOMO, LUMO, S1 and T1 energy levels as well as their charge carrier mobilities have been measured. In order to pair with the state‐of‐the‐art red emitters, the energy levels and the charge carrier mobility of the host and prime materials have been carefully tailored. Through optimizing the thickness of each layer in the device, very promising device efficiency and operation lifetime based on optimal prime and host materials have been achieved. The OLED devices incorporating the best host and prime materials with top emission configurations demonstrated peak emission at 619 nm with a CIE (0.682, 0.318). The device showed a low turn on voltage of 2.09 V, current efficiencies of 66.3 cd/A at 10 mA/cm2 and very good lifetime of 400h (LT95@50mA/cm2).
24.5: High‐Performance Electron‐Blocking Layer Materials for OLED
Authors: Zeng Lichang , Liu Song
Published: August 2021

This paper reports our recent R&D efforts in developing electron‐blocking layer (EBL) materials for OLEDs. Materials of superior performance were developed by judicial selection of building blocks and substituents, in conjunction with careful optimization of energy levels.
29.4: Influence of Measuring Environment on the Electrical Characteristics of a‐IGZO thin film transistors
Authors: Liu Nian , Feng Zhengyu , Lu Macai , Mei Xueru , Liu Minggang , Gao Lu , Yao Jiangbo
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we disscuss the influence of measuring environment on the leakage current and Vth of ESL (Etching‐Stop‐Layer structure) and TG‐SA (Top‐Gate self‐aligned structure) a‐IGZO TFTs. Hydrogen and oxygen in air can accumulate on the surface of TFTs, forming electrode with floating potential. This layer coupled with input signal potential, results in Ioff increasing in both structure, and Vth shifting negatively in the ESL structure.
29.5: Reliability Enhancement of an Indium‐Gallium‐Zinc Oxide Thin‐Film Transistor by Pre‐Fluorination Non‐Oxidizing Annealing
Authors: Wang Sisi , Wong Man
Published: August 2021

Techniques of overcoming issues of device instability and negative turn‐on voltage of an fluorinated indium‐gallium‐zinc oxide (IGZO) thin‐film transistor have been investigated. Such improvement correlates with the annihilation of oxygen‐related defects in the fluorinated channels. However, further extension of the fluorination time has been found to lead to degradation of some device characteristics. An alternative process has been proposed, involving the addition of a non‐oxidizing anneal before the fluorination treatment. Consistenet with the higher fluorine content in the IGZO layer revealed using secondary ion‐mass spectrometry, more positive shift of the turn‐on voltage and improvement in reliability have been obtained, without the TFT suffering from degradation in other device characteristics.
30.4: Lifetime Improvement of Cadmium‐Free Red Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes with Double Electron Transporting Layer
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyu , Kim Baek Hyun , Acharya Krishna P. , Titov Alex
Published: August 2021

With the aim of balancing charge carriers in the active region, we investigated a double electron transporting layer with the size control of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Here, we present cadmium‐free quantum dot light‐emitting diodes that enhance the stability by 5.9 times through preventing spontaneous electron injection compared to references.
32.1: Invited Paper: Fast‐Phase Full HD Color‐Sequential LCoS‐SLM for Holographic Display Application
Authors: Ho Kung-Chu , Tsai Chun-Wei , Wang Chen , Lee Tse
Published: August 2021

We have developed a new full HD fast‐phase LCoS spatial light modulator (SLM) with color‐sequential function. Combining the optimization of liquid crystal materials with our digital driving technology, the response time can be achieved to less than 10 msec, which is expected suitable to be applied on the head‐up display (HUD) and other holographic fields. This result will increase the potential of LCoS‐SLM be used for the color holographic display in the future automotive market.
36.1: Invited Paper: High Performance PrIZO Oxide TFTs and the Target Fabrication
Authors: Xu Hua , Xu Miao , Wang Lei , Peng Junbiao
Published: August 2021

Praseodymium‐doped indium zinc oxide (PrIZO) has been employed as the channel layer of thin film transistors (TFTs). The TFTs with Pr doping exhibit a remarkable suppression of the light induced instability. A negligible photo‐response and remarkable enhancement in negative gate bias stress under illumination (NIBS) are achieved in the PrIZO TFTs. Meanwhile, the PrIZO TFTs show reasonable characteristics with a high field effect mobility of 26.3 cm2/Vs, SS value of 0.28V/decade, and Ion/Ioff ratio of 109. A prototype of fully transparent AMOLED display is successfully fabricated to demonstrate the potential of Pr‐doping TFTs applied in transparent devices. The G4.5 target of PrIZO has been fabricated for the future mass production.
42.1: Invited Paper: Design Considerations for Near‐eye Displays using a Holographic Display Method
Authors: Song Weitao , Li Xin , Zheng Yuanjin , Liu Yue , Wang Yongtian
Published: August 2021

Introducing holographic display methods into near‐eye displays is currently a hot topic to solve vergence accommodation conflict. Due to the etendue conservation, it is hard to achieve a near‐eye display with both a large field of view and a large eye box. Design considerations have been discussed, and these information provide give inspiration to the following researches on both near‐eye displays and holographic devices.
45.5: Research on Crosstalk of High Frequency and High Resolution OLED Display Devices
Authors: Liu Shuang , Li Xi-Ping , Yang Xiao-yan , He Wei , Xie Hai-Tao , yang Hui-Juan
Published: August 2021

Organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) displays has gradually developed into the dominant mobile display technology. But with the increasing of consumer demand on product, the high quality of display images and Fluency of refresh has become an urgent problem to be solved. The mechanism of crosstalk for OLED display device was studied, and a method to increasing the capacitance is proposed to reduce the crosstalk caused by parasitic capacitance. The method of the article is proposed to enhance its voltage stabilization effect, then to reduce the effect of parasitic capacitance.
46.2: Invited Paper: Highly Efficient Ultra‐Violet Lighting Sources by Transfer Mold Micro‐Protrusion Cathode Arrays
Authors: Nakamoto Masayuki , Moon Jonghyun , Shimizu Kosuke
Published: August 2021

Highly efficient ultra‐violet lighting sources have been developed by using the Transfer Mold micro‐protrusion cathode arrays. The intensities of UV emissions for the Transfer Mold micro‐protrusion cathode arrays are 1.6–1.9 times as high as those of flat‐type cathodes, because the discharge efficiencies are enhanced by the 1.4–1.9 times increase of the charge densities. The highly efficient UV lighting sources can be obtained by using the Transfer Mold micro‐protrusion cathode arrays. The discharge efficiencies of Transfer Mold micro‐protrusion cathode arrays can be enhanced by the size‐controlling of base lengths from 1.6 µm to 30 µm. Therefore, a highly efficient Transfer Mold micro‐protrusion cathode arrays can be expected to be applied to large area and flat‐type UV lightings to a great extent.
49.4: Long Viewing Distance and Large Depth of Field Augmented Reality (AR) 3D Display Based on MEMS Laser Projection Array
Authors: Meng Yang , Lyu Yan , Zhang Nan , Li Ruiyang , Yu Zhongyuan , Chen Laurence Lujun , Zhang Xinran , Huang Tianqi , Ma Longfei , Liao Hongen
Published: August 2021

The light collimation performance of each imaging unit in integral photography determines the viewing distance and depth of the field of the stereoscopic scene. MEMS laser projector has a good light collimation effect. Our work is to implement MEMS array extension through the subtle design of light paths. The single‐line MEMS scanning array and the multi‐mirror array are finely coordinated. Projection array realizes stereo display by transforming spatial pixels into angle information. The 3D light field is rendered using the space‐time multiplexing technology of MEMS laser scan projection. On this basis, we try to replace the multi‐mirror array with a semi‐transmission and semi‐reflection mirror array to achieve augmented reality. The mirror array can balance the number of views and pixels. The depth information of the real object is obtained using the structured light scanning technology of the depth camera. The calibration, registration, accurate fusion, and in‐situ superposition of the 3D reconstruction scene and the natural scene are realized.
56.2: Invited Paper: Evaluation of Optical See‐through Real Scene Image Quality in AR Eyewear Displays
Authors: Mou Tongsheng , Mou Xi
Published: August 2021

Augmented Reality (AR) has become a hot topic. It seems AR is finally becoming ready for the generals: Public securities have been using AR glasses to assist their public patrol activities, the museum offers the AR glasses to enhance the visitor experience, the oil evaporation workers wear AR headset to help their evaporation operation, etc. However, the one component that is probably most limiting today's popularization is the display's image quality. This paper addressed the image quality of see‐through real scene for AR glasses. Michelson contrast or namely luminance modulation, is measured to evaluate the quality of an see‐through optics. In this paper, we studied the Michelson contrast at different locations of the optics of AR displays. Two types of AR displays were selected for the evaluation and measurement. This paper discussed the two favorable AR type technologies: waveguide and combiner (prism‐combiner).
P‐3.5: An exposure method of liquid crystal polarization grating for VR/AR optical systems
Authors: Xu Dong , Guo Qi , Liu Tian , Zhao Huijie , Chigrinov V.G. , Kwok H.S.
Published: August 2021

A period control method of liquid crystal polarization grating is demonstrated, which is based on the polarization modulation of the exposure beam and can be realized by changing the angle parameters in the exposure setup. This method has the advantages in compact structure, high flexibility and good robustness. It provides a new choice for the fabrication of diffractive elements used in VR/AR optical systems.