bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in heart rate, arrhythmia frequency, and cardiac biomarker values in horses during recovery after a long-distance endurance ride
Authors: Flethøj Mette , Kanters Jørgen K. , Haugaard Maria M. , Pedersen Philip J. , Carstensen Helena , Balling Johanne D. , Olsen Lisbeth H. , Buhl Rikke
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE To evaluate heart rate, heart rate variability, and arrhythmia frequency as well as changes in cardiac biomarker values and their association with heart rate in horses before and after an endurance ride.

DESIGN Cross-sectional study.

ANIMALS 28 Arabian horses competing in a 120- or 160-km endurance ride.

PROCEDURES ECG recordings were obtained from each horse before (preride) and after (recovery) an endurance ride to evaluate changes in heart rate and the SD of normal R-R intervals (SDNN) during the initial 12 hours of recovery. Frequencies of supraventricular and ventricular premature complexes before and after the ride were evaluated. Blood samples were obtained before the ride and twice during recovery. Hematologic analyses included measurement of serum cardiac troponin I concentration and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity.

RESULTS Heart rate was significantly increased and SDNN was decreased during the recovery versus preride period. Frequency of ventricular premature complexes increased during recovery, albeit not significantly, whereas frequency of supraventricular premature complexes was not significantly different between preride and recovery periods. Serum cardiac troponin I concentration and creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity were significantly increased in the recovery versus preride period. No associations were identified between cardiac biomarkers and velocity, distance, or mean heart rate.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Heart rate increased and SDNN decreased in horses after completion of an endurance ride. These and other cardiac changes suggested that prolonged exercise such as endurance riding might have cardiac effects in horses. Additional studies are needed to clarify the clinical relevance of the findings.
Rb2Na(NO3)3: A Congruently Melting UV-NLO Crystal with a Very Strong Second-Harmonic Generation Response
Authors: Zou Guohong , Lin Chensheng , Kim Hyung , Jo Hongil , Ok Kang
Published: April 2016

Crystals of congruently melting noncentrosymmetric (NCS) mixed alkali metal nitrate, Rb2Na(NO3)3, have been grown through solid state reactions. The material possesses layers with NaO8 hexagonal bipyramids and NO3 triangular units. Rb+ cations are residing in the interlayer space. Each NaO8 hexagonal bipyramid shares its corners and edges with two and three NO3 units, respectively, in order to fulfill a highly dense stacking in the unit cell. The NaO8 groups share their six oxygen atoms in equatorial positions with three different NO3 groups to generate a NaO6-NO3 layer with a parallel alignment. The optimized arrangement of the NO3 groups and their high density in the structure together produce a strong second-harmonic generation (SHG) response. Powder SHG measurements indicate that Rb2Na(NO3)3 has a strong SHG efficiency of five times that of KH2PO4 (KDP) and is type I phase-matchable. The calculated average nonlinear optical (NLO) susceptibility of Rb2Na(NO3)3 turns out to be the largest value among the NLO materials composed of only [NO3]− anion. In addition, Rb2Na(NO3)3 exhibits a wide transparency region ranging from UV to near IR, which suggests that the compound is a promising NLO material.
Optimal Design of an Axial-Flux Permanent-Magnet Motor for an Electric Vehicle Based on Driving Scenarios
Authors: Yang Yee , Shih Guan
Published: April 2016

This paper proposes a driving-scenario oriented optimal design of an axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) motor for an electric vehicle. The target torque and speed (TN) curve is defined as three operation zones-constant torque, maximum direct current, and maximum voltage—based on the driving scenario. The AFPM motor is designed to minimize energy consumption based on the motor weight and the frequent operating points of a driving cycle. The final result shows that the electric vehicle driven by the proposed AFPM motor consumes about 15% less energy than motors designed using traditional methods.
A Preliminary Link between Hydroxylated Metabolites of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Free Thyroxin in Humans
Authors: Dirinck Eveline , Dirtu Alin , Malarvannan Govindan , Covaci Adrian , Jorens Philippe , Van Gaal Luc
Published: April 2016

Background: Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their hydroxylated metabolites (HO-PCBs) interfere with thyroid hormone action both in vitro and in vivo. However, epidemiologic studies on the link between PCB exposure and thyroid function have yielded discordant results, while very few data are available for HO-PCBs. Objectives: Our study aimed at investigating the relationship between clinically available markers of thyroid metabolism and serum levels of both PCBs and HO-PCBs. Subjects and Methods: In a group of 180 subjects, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxin (fT4), 29 PCBs (expressed both in lipid weight and in wet weight) and 18 HO-PCBs were measured in serum. Results: In regression models, adjusted for gender, age, current smoking behavior, BMI and total lipid levels, serum levels of 3HO-PCB118 and 3HO-PCB180, and PCB95lw, PCB99lw and PCB149lw were independent, significant predictors of fT4. A stepwise, multiple regression with gender, age, current smoking behavior, BMI and total lipid levels and all five previously identified significant compounds retained age, BMI, PCB95lw, PCB99lw and 3HO-PCB180 as significant predictors of fT4. TSH levels were not predicted by serum levels of any of the PCBs or HO-PCBs. Conclusions: Our study indicates that in vivo, circulating fT4 levels can be linked to serum levels of several PCBs and hydroxylated PCB metabolites.
Insights into the Antimicrobial Mechanism of Action of Human RNase6: Structural Determinants for Bacterial Cell Agglutination and Membrane Permeation
Authors: Pulido David , Arranz-Trullén Javier , Prats-Ejarque Guillem , Velázquez Diego , Torrent Marc , Moussaoui Mohammed , Boix Ester
Published: April 2016

Human Ribonuclease 6 is a secreted protein belonging to the ribonuclease A (RNaseA) superfamily, a vertebrate specific family suggested to arise with an ancestral host defense role. Tissue distribution analysis revealed its expression in innate cell types, showing abundance in monocytes and neutrophils. Recent evidence of induction of the protein expression by bacterial infection suggested an antipathogen function in vivo. In our laboratory, the antimicrobial properties of the protein have been evaluated against Gram-negative and Gram-positive species and its mechanism of action was characterized using a membrane model. Interestingly, our results indicate that RNase6, as previously reported for RNase3, is able to specifically agglutinate Gram-negative bacteria as a main trait of its antimicrobial activity. Moreover, a side by side comparative analysis with the RN6(1–45) derived peptide highlights that the antimicrobial activity is mostly retained at the protein N-terminus. Further work by site directed mutagenesis and structural analysis has identified two residues involved in the protein antimicrobial action (Trp1 and Ile13) that are essential for the cell agglutination properties. This is the first structure-functional characterization of RNase6 antimicrobial properties, supporting its contribution to the infection focus clearance.
Linear and Branched PEIs (Polyethylenimines) and Their Property Space
Authors: Lungu Claudiu , Diudea Mircea , Putz Mihai , Grudziński Ireneusz
Published: April 2016

A chemical property space defines the adaptability of a molecule to changing conditions and its interaction with other molecular systems determining a pharmacological response. Within a congeneric molecular series (compounds with the same derivatization algorithm and thus the same brute formula) the chemical properties vary in a monotonic manner, i.e., congeneric compounds share the same chemical property space. The chemical property space is a key component in molecular design, where some building blocks are functionalized, i.e., derivatized, and eventually self-assembled in more complex systems, such as enzyme-ligand systems, of which (physico-chemical) properties/bioactivity may be predicted by QSPR/QSAR (quantitative structure-property/activity relationship) studies. The system structure is determined by the binding type (temporal/permanent; electrostatic/covalent) and is reflected in its local electronic (and/or magnetic) properties. Such nano-systems play the role of molecular devices, important in nano-medicine. In the present article, the behavior of polyethylenimine (PEI) macromolecules (linear LPEI and branched BPEI, respectively) with respect to the glucose oxidase enzyme GOx is described in terms of their (interacting) energy, geometry and topology, in an attempt to find the best shape and size of PEIs to be useful for a chosen (nanochemistry) purpose.
Prediction of Toxin Genes from Chinese Yellow Catfish Based on Transcriptomic and Proteomic Sequencing
Authors: Xie Bing , Li Xiaofeng , Lin Zhilong , Ruan Zhiqiang , Wang Min , Liu Jie , Tong Ting , Li Jia , Huang Yu , Wen Bo , Sun Ying , Shi Qiong
Published: April 2016

Fish venom remains a virtually untapped resource. There are so few fish toxin sequences for reference, which increases the difficulty to study toxins from venomous fish and to develop efficient and fast methods to dig out toxin genes or proteins. Here, we utilized Chinese yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) as our research object, since it is a representative species in Siluriformes with its venom glands embedded in the pectoral and dorsal fins. In this study, we set up an in-house toxin database and a novel toxin-discovering protocol to dig out precise toxin genes by combination of transcriptomic and proteomic sequencing. Finally, we obtained 15 putative toxin proteins distributed in five groups, namely Veficolin, Ink toxin, Adamalysin, Za2G and CRISP toxin. It seems that we have developed a novel bioinformatics method, through which we could identify toxin proteins with high confidence. Meanwhile, these toxins can also be useful for comparative studies in other fish and development of potential drugs.
Si96: A New Silicon Allotrope with Interesting Physical Properties
Authors: Fan Qingyang , Chai Changchun , Wei Qun , Zhou Peikun , Zhang Junqin , Yang Yintang
Published: April 2016

The structural mechanical properties and electronic properties of a new silicon allotrope Si96 are investigated at ambient pressure by using a first-principles calculation method with the ultrasoft pseudopotential scheme in the framework of generalized gradient approximation. The elastic constants and phonon calculations reveal that Si96 is mechanically and dynamically stable at ambient pressure. The conduction band minimum and valence band maximum of Si96 are at the R and G point, which indicates that Si96 is an indirect band gap semiconductor. The anisotropic calculations show that Si96 exhibits a smaller anisotropy than diamond Si in terms of Young’s modulus, the percentage of elastic anisotropy for bulk modulus and shear modulus, and the universal anisotropic index AU. Interestingly, most silicon allotropes exhibit brittle behavior, in contrast to the previously proposed ductile behavior. The void framework, low density, and nanotube structure make Si96 quite attractive for applications such as hydrogen storage and electronic devices that work at extreme conditions, and there are potential applications in Li-battery anode materials.
Causes of Activation and Deactivation of Modified Nanogold Catalysts during Prolonged Storage and Redox Treatments
Authors: Kolobova Ekaterina , Kotolevich Yulia , Pakrieva Ekaterina , Mamontov Grigory , Farías Mario , Bogdanchikova Nina , Cortés Corberán Vicente , Pestryakov Alexey
Published: April 2016

The catalytic properties of modified Au/TiO2 catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation are affected by deactivation and reactivation after long-term storage and by redox treatments. The effect of these phenomena on the catalysts was studied by HRTEM, BET, SEM, FTIR CO, XPS and H2 TPR methods. The main cause for the deactivation and reactivation of catalytic properties is the variation in the electronic state of the supported gold, mainly, the proportion of singly charged ions Au+. The most active samples are those with the highest proportion of singly charged gold ions, while catalysts with a high content of trivalent gold ions are inactive at low-temperatures. Active states of gold, resistant to changes caused by the reaction process and storage conditions, can be stabilized by modification of the titanium oxide support with transition metals oxides. The catalyst modified with lanthanum oxide shows the highest stability and activity.
A Stimulated Raman Scattering CMOS Pixel Using a High-Speed Charge Modulator and Lock-in Amplifier
Authors: Lioe De , Mars Kamel , Kawahito Shoji , Yasutomi Keita , Kagawa Keiichiro , Yamada Takahiro , Hashimoto Mamoru
Published: April 2016

A complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) lock-in pixel to observe stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) using a high speed lateral electric field modulator (LEFM) for photo-generated charges and in-pixel readout circuits is presented. An effective SRS signal generated after the SRS process is very small and needs to be extracted from an extremely large offset due to a probing laser signal. In order to suppress the offset components while amplifying high-frequency modulated small SRS signal components, the lock-in pixel uses a high-speed LEFM for demodulating the SRS signal, resistor-capacitor low-pass filter (RC-LPF) and switched-capacitor (SC) integrator with a fully CMOS differential amplifier. AC (modulated) components remained in the RC-LPF outputs are eliminated by the phase-adjusted sampling with the SC integrator and the demodulated DC (unmodulated) components due to the SRS signal are integrated over many samples in the SC integrator. In order to suppress further the residual offset and the low frequency noise (1/f noise) components, a double modulation technique is introduced in the SRS signal measurements, where the phase of high-frequency modulated laser beam before irradiation of a specimen is modulated at an intermediate frequency and the demodulation is done at the lock-in pixel output. A prototype chip for characterizing the SRS lock-in pixel is implemented and a successful operation is demonstrated. The reduction effects of residual offset and 1/f noise components are confirmed by the measurements. A ratio of the detected small SRS to offset a signal of less than 10−5 is experimentally demonstrated, and the SRS spectrum of a Benzonitrile sample is successfully observed.
An Easily Fabricated Electrochemical Sensor Based on a Graphene-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Determination of Octopamine and Tyramine
Authors: Zhang Yang , Zhang Meiqin , Wei Qianhui , Gao Yongjie , Guo Lijuan , Al-Ghanim Khalid , Mahboob Shahid , Zhang Xueji
Published: April 2016

A simple electrochemical sensor has been developed for highly sensitive detection of octopamine and tyramine by electrodepositing reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) nanosheets onto the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The electrocatalytic oxidation of octopamine and tyramine is individually investigated at the surface of the ERGO modified glassy carbon electrode (ERGO/GCE) by using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Several essential factors including the deposition cycle of reduced graphene oxide nanosheets and the pH of the running buffer were investigated in order to determine the optimum conditions. Furthermore, the sensor was applied to the quantification of octopamine and tyramine by DPV in the concentration ranges from 0.5 to 40 μM and 0.1 to 25 μM, respectively. In addition, the limits of detection of octopamine and tyramine were calculated to be 0.1 μM and 0.03 μM (S/N = 3), respectively. The sensor showed good reproducibility, selectivity and stability. Finally, the sensor successfully detected octopamine and tyramine in commercially available beer with satisfactory recovery ranges which were 98.5%–104.7% and 102.2%–103.1%, respectively. These results indicate the ERGO/GCE based sensor is suitable for the detection of octopamine and tyramine.
Joint Environmental and Economical Analysis of Wastewater Treatment Plants Control Strategies: A Benchmark Scenario Analysis
Authors: Meneses Montse , Concepción Henry , Vilanova Ramon
Published: April 2016

In this paper, a joint environmental and economic analysis of different Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) control strategies is carried out. The assessment is based on the application of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as a method to evaluate the environmental impact and the Benchmark Simulation Model No. 1 (BSM1). The BSM1 is taken as the benchmark scenario used to implement the control strategies. The Effluent Quality Index (EQI) and the Overall Cost Index (OCI) are two indicators provided by BSM1 and used to evaluate the plant’s performance from the effluent quality and the economic points of view, respectively. This work conducts a combined analysis and assessment of ten different control strategies defined to operate a wastewater treatment plant. This analysis includes the usual economic and performance indexes provided by BSM1 joined with the LCA analysis that determines the environmental impact linked to each one of the considered control strategies. It is shown how to get an overall evaluation of the environmental effects by using a normalized graphical representation that can be easily used to compare control strategies from the environmental impact point of view. The use of only the BSM1 indexes provides an assessment that leads to a clustering of control strategies according to the cost/quality tradeoff they show. Therefore, regarding the cost/quality tradeoff, all strategies in the same group are almost equal and do not provide an indication on how to proceed in order to select the appropriate one. It is therefore shown how the fact of adding a new, complementary, evaluation (LCA based) allows either to reinforce a decision that could be taken solely on the basis of the EQI/OCI tradeoff or to select one control strategy among the others.
Effects of New Roads on Environmental Resource Use in the Central Himalaya
Authors: Charlery Lindy , Nielsen Martin , Meilby Henrik , Smith-Hall Carsten
Published: April 2016

Construction of roads into remote rural areas can improve livelihoods by reducing transportation costs, but may also have negative environmental impacts, such as increased deforestation. However, evidence of the effect of rural roads on household environmental income and reliance, as well as local level forest stand conservation is limited. This study, conducted in Mustang District in Nepal, contributes to answering the following questions: (i) what are the impacts of the establishment of rural roads on household environmental income and reliance; (ii) what are the determinants of environmental income and reliance, and how are they affected by road establishment; and (iii) what are the short-term impacts of the construction of a rural road on local forest conservation? Following the Poverty Environment Network (PEN) methodology, income data from 176 randomly-sampled households were collected in 2006 from two similar Himalayan villages, Lete and Lulang, and again in 2012 after a new road was constructed in 2008 in Lete. Forest strata data were collected in Lete through permanent sample plots (n = 59) measured in 2005 and 2010 and used to estimate stock change (before and after road construction), annual increment and annual wood extraction. Results show that the new road had significant positive effects on absolute household environmental income, but negative effects on reliance as other income options became available. Wood product extraction levels remained below increment levels, indicating that the road did not (yet) have negative implications for local forest conservation.
TOWARD A GLOBAL EVOLUTIONARY MODEL OF PROTOPLANETARY DISKS
Authors: Bai Xue-Ning
Published: April 2016

A global picture of the evolution  of protoplanetary disks (PPDs) is key to understanding almost every aspect of planet formation, where standard α-disk models have been continually employed for their simplicity. In the meantime, disk mass loss has been conventionally attributed to photoevaporation, which controls disk dispersal. However, a paradigm shift toward accretion driven by magnetized disk winds has taken place in recent years, thanks to studies of non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic effects in PPDs. I present a framework of global PPD evolution aiming to incorporate these advances, highlighting the role of wind-driven accretion and wind mass loss. Disk evolution is found to be largely dominated by wind-driven processes, and viscous spreading is suppressed. The timescale of disk evolution is controlled primarily by the amount of external magnetic flux threading the disks, and how rapidly the disk loses the flux. Rapid disk dispersal can be achieved if the disk is able to hold most of its magnetic flux during the evolution. In addition, because wind launching requires a sufficient level of ionization at the disk surface (mainly via external far-UV (FUV) radiation), wind kinematics is also affected by the FUV penetration depth and disk geometry. For a typical disk lifetime of a few million years, the disk loses approximately the same amount of mass through the wind as through accretion onto the protostar, and most of the wind mass loss proceeds from the outer disk via a slow wind. Fractional wind mass loss increases with increasing disk lifetime. Significant wind mass loss likely substantially enhances the dust-to-gas mass ratio and promotes planet formation.
SINTERING-INDUCED DUST RING FORMATION IN PROTOPLANETARY DISKS: APPLICATION TO THE HL TAU DISK
Authors: Okuzumi Satoshi , Momose Munetake , Sirono Sin-iti , Kobayashi Hiroshi , Tanaka Hidekazu
Published: April 2016

The latest observation of HL Tau by ALMA revealed spectacular concentric dust rings in its circumstellar disk. We attempt to explain the multiple ring structure as a consequence of aggregate sintering. Sintering is known to reduce the sticking efficiency of dust aggregates and occurs at temperatures slightly below the sublimation point of the constituent material. We present a dust growth model that incorporates sintering and use it to simulate global dust evolution due to sintering, coagulation, fragmentation, and radial inward drift in a modeled HL Tau disk. We show that aggregates consisting of multiple species of volatile ices experience sintering, collisionally disrupt, and pile up at multiple locations slightly outside the snow lines of the volatiles. At wavelengths of 0.87–1.3 mm, these sintering zones appear as bright, optically thick rings with a spectral slope of

≈
2

, whereas the non-sintering zones appear as darker, optically thinner rings of a spectral slope of

≈
2.3

–2.5. The observational features of the sintering and non-sintering zones are consistent with those of the major bright and dark rings found in the HL Tau disk, respectively. Radial pileup and vertical settling occur simultaneously if disk turbulence is weak and if monomers constituting the aggregates are

∼
1

μ
m

in radius. For the radial gas temperature profile of

T
=
310

(
r

/

1

au
)

−
0.57

K

, our model perfectly reproduces the brightness temperatures of the optically thick bright rings and reproduces their orbital distances to an accuracy of

≲
30
%

.
THE MECHANISMS OF ELECTRON ACCELERATION DURING MULTIPLE X LINE MAGNETIC RECONNECTION WITH A GUIDE FIELD
Authors: Wang Huanyu , Lu Quanming , Huang Can , Wang Shui
Published: April 2016

The interactions between magnetic islands are considered to play an important role in electron acceleration during magnetic reconnection. In this paper, two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations are performed to study electron acceleration during multiple X line reconnection with a guide field. Because the electrons remain almost magnetized, we can analyze the contributions of the parallel electric field, Fermi, and betatron mechanisms to electron acceleration during the evolution of magnetic reconnection through comparison with a guide-center theory. The results show that with the magnetic reconnection proceeding, two magnetic islands are formed in the simulation domain. Next, the electrons are accelerated by both the parallel electric field in the vicinity of the X lines and the Fermi mechanism due to the contraction of the two magnetic islands. Then, the two magnetic islands begin to merge into one, and, in such a process, the electrons can be accelerated by both the parallel electric field and betatron mechanisms. During the betatron acceleration, the electrons are locally accelerated in the regions where the magnetic field is piled up by the high-speed flow from the X line. At last, when the coalescence of the two islands into one big island finishes, the electrons can be further accelerated by the Fermi mechanism because of the contraction of the big island. With the increase of the guide field, the contributions of the Fermi and betatron mechanisms to electron acceleration become less and less important. When the guide field is sufficiently large, the contributions of the Fermi and betatron mechanisms are almost negligible.
Représentations d’attachement chez les enfants, âgés de 3 à 7 ans, exposés aux violences conjugales
Authors: Berdot-Talmier Laurence , Aubrion Christine , Pierrehumbert Blaise , Zaouche-Gaudron Chantal
Published: April 2016

L’objectif de cette étude est d’analyser les représentations d’attachement auprès d’un échantillon clinique constitué de dix enfants vivant en Centre d’hébergement et de réinsertion sociale (CHRS) avec leur mère ayant été exposés aux violences conjugales. Au plan méthodologique, nous avons adapté le protocole de l’ASCT (Attachment Story Completion Task) (Bretherton, Ridgeway, et Cassidy, 1990) afin d’explorer les modèles internes opérants de ces enfants. Une grille d’observation a été établie afin de pallier à l’absence de l’enregistrement vidéo habituellement préconisé. Au sein de notre échantillon clinique, les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence l’absence de représentation d’attachement qualifiée de « sécure ». Nos résultats semblent confirmer l’intérêt d’une telle évaluation clinique.
The semantics-pragmatics interface: The role of speaker intentions and the nature of implicit meaning aspects
Authors: Börjesson Kristin
Published: April 2016

Définir la nature de la sémantique et de la pragmatique et leur mode d’interaction dans l’interprétation des énoncés est un objectif de recherche qui a beaucoup retenu l’attention depuis une quinzaine d’années (cf. Carston 1999 ; Turner 1999 ; Dölling 2001 ; Bianchi 2004 ; Borg 2004b ; Cappelen & Lepore 2005 ; Horn 2006 ; Dölling & Zybatow 2007 ; Carston 2009 ; Frisson 2009 ; Recanati 2010 ; Borg 2012 ; Carston & Hall 2012 ; Börjesson 2014). Dans cet aperçu synthétique, je recenserai diverses approches théoriques des questions suivantes concernant la recherche d’une démarcation adéquate entre sémantique et pragmatique : le rôle des intentions du locuteur en sémantique et en pragmatique, et la nature des aspects pragmatique du sens qui s’appliquent à la proposition nucléaire d’un énoncé.
Traduire sans comprendre ? La place de la sémantique en traduction automatique
Authors: Poibeau Thierry
Published: April 2016

Une bonne traduction implique de comprendre le texte à traduire pour le transposer aussi finement que possible dans une langue-cible. La traduction automatique a longtemps reposé sur ce constat et c’est essentiellement par une absence ou du moins une déficience au niveau de l’analyse sémantique que l’on a longtemps expliqué l’échec de la première vague de systèmes de traduction automatique (1950-1965). Les recherches se sont alors orientées vers la « compréhension automatique » visant justement à fournir une représentation formelle du contenu d’un texte. À rebours de cette conception quasi unanimement acceptée à la fin des années 1980, on a vu se généraliser depuis les années 1990 des systèmes reposant sur une approche statistique et sans représentation explicite de la sémantique des textes. On s’interrogera sur cet état de choses, sur la raison du succès des systèmes actuels et sur leurs limites éventuelles.
Le débat sur la place de la sémantique dans l’acquisition des structures argumentales
Authors: François Jacques
Published: April 2016

Les deux ouvrages de S. Pinker (1984, 1989 réédité en 2013) consacrés à l’acquisition des structures argumentales ont entraîné une réplique de M. Tomasello (1992) basée sur des observations développementales mettant en avant l’acquisition de fragments syntaxiques associés à un contenu sémantique et des conditions pragmatiques d’emploi. En 2008, M. Bowerman et W. Croft ont soumis la thèse de S. Pinker à une critique détaillée intégrant les acquis de M. Tomasello pour l’acquisition de l’anglais et ceux du Modèle de Compétition de E. Bates et B. MacWhinney. Le débat dont cet article rend compte tourne autour de la réalité du « paradoxe de Baker » (la distinction progressive par le jeune locuteur entre des verbes de sens apparenté, les uns permettant des constructions en alternance, les autres les excluant). Je suggère finalement une approche dynamique tenant compte de l’évolution de structures instables.
Sémantique et Aphasie – Approche neuropsycholinguistique des processus cognitifs/linguistiques de haut niveau
Authors: Nespoulous Jean-Luc
Published: April 2016

Dans le présent article, nous tentons tout d’abord de montrer en quoi l’observation de dissociations comportementales – verbales et non-verbales – chez le sujet cérébrolésé, aphasique ou non, est susceptible d’enrichir la modélisation de l’architecture fonctionnelle du langage et de la cognition humaine. Parallèlement, nous identifions certaines lacunes et limitations dans la manière dont se trouvent souvent définis, par des non-spécialistes en Sciences du langage, les notions et les phénomènes soumis à investigation : en particulier, le périmètre de la sémantique et des processus (conceptuels) de haut niveau demeure encore trop souvent imprécis en amont, rendant fort délicate l’interprétation des données recueillies en aval.
Les styles du dialogue dans Rousseau juge de Jean-Jacques
Authors: Perrin Jean-François
Published: April 2016

Rousseau juge de Jean-Jacques développe par fiction et sous forme dialogique un procès resté en souffrance depuis l’affaire de l’ Émile en 1762. Ce texte relève donc du dialogue d’idées considéré depuis ses racines platoniciennes. On examine ce que Rousseau y a tenté sur le plan littéraire, en travaillant son argumentation au plus près de quatre formes dialogiques avérées : l’éloge paradoxal, la maïeutique socratique, l’ironie des Provinciales et le style de la comédie. On termine par une réflexion sur l’énigme de l’occultation prolongée de cette œuvre, aujourd’hui de plus en plus traduite et commentée.
« Fantaisies » montaigniennes dans la Première journée (1623) de Théophile de Viau
Authors: Rouiller Dorine
Published: April 2016

Cet article interroge, dans ses fonctions et ses effets, le dialogue subtil que Théophile de Viau entretient avec Montaigne dans la prose libertine de sa Première journée . Prenant pour fil conducteur certaines occurrences du terme « fantaisie », employé par les deux auteurs avec des connotations diverses, il dégage un réseau d’échos très dense et en révèle la dimension stratégique : le jeu intertextuel permet à Théophile de contourner la censure et d’exprimer à mots couverts un formidable affranchissement intellectuel et moral.
RC Lens, de la mine au terrain ?
Authors: Fontaine Marion
Published: April 2016

Dans l’ancien bassin minier du Nord-Pas-de-Calais, où se sont succédé, jusqu’à la fin des années 1960, Belges, Polonais, puis Algériens et Marocains, le Racing Club de Lens a-t-il été le miroir de cette immigration et le vecteur d’intégration que ses dirigeants vantent aujourd’hui ? En réalité, l’histoire du RCL montre que les relations entre football, immigration et intégration sont plus complexes que la mémoire idéalisée du partage d’une même identité à la fois sociale et locale.
De la cible à la fête : les concours de tir au XVe et au XVIe siècle
Authors: Bischoff Georges
Published: April 2016

La mode des concours de tir à l’arbalète et à l’arquebuse connaît son apogée au XVe et au XVIe siècle, principalement dans les pays germaniques.Elle est stimulée par la multiplication des sociétés de tir, à la rencontre de la préparation militaire et des exercices sportifs, et s’inscrit dans un contexte de militarisation de la société civile dans le cadre des villes ou des principautés.Ces compétitions ont lieu à la belle saison, à l’échelle locale, entre voisins, à l’échelle régionale ou interrégionale. Elles rassemblent des dizaines d’équipes et des centaines de participants, en attirant des milliers de spectateurs qui viennent encourager leurs champions ou prendre part aux réjouissances qui les accompagnent.La fête la plus connue est celle qui se tient à Strasbourg en 1576, pour célébrer le centenaire des Guerres de Bourgogne, mais ce n’est pas la seule : les concurrents alsaciens, rhénans, souabes et suisses se retrouvent au moins une fois par an dans les villes partenaires. L’organisation de ces championnats donne lieu à une grande concurrence entre les autorités, villes et seigneurs, qui en retirent un grand prestige, sans compter leurs retombées économiques.
Les fêtes commémoratives dans les nouveaux édifices cultuels vues par la presse alsacienne au XIXe siècle (1840-1870)
Authors: Baumann Fabien
Published: April 2016

Les édifices du culte construits en Alsace au cours du XIXe siècle ont donné lieu à des fêtes solennelles (poses de premières pierres, inaugurations, consécrations) dont les récits – relayés par une presse locale en plein essor – apportent des détails aussi significatifs sur les rituels adoptés que sur les cérémonies, sans oublier les nombreuses mondanités propres à cette époque. Le corpus d’articles, analysé sur une période allant de 1840 à 1870, confirme aussi l’impact non négligeable de ces festivités sur les populations. Il précise également que les insertions publiées dans les quotidiens, dont les origines et la motivation de leurs auteurs – anonymes, journalistes, notables locaux, ministres du culte, etc. – sont diverses et s’inscrivent souvent dans le cadre d’un débat d’idées faisant de la presse alsacienne une tribune destinée à exposer des considérations sur des thèmes tels que l’art sacré, la tolérance, la charité et le rôle joué par la notabilité locale dans une région au maillage serré de localités, toutes décidées à se doter d’édifices neufs dans le cadre d’une émulation sans précédent.
Modelling homogeneous regions of social vulnerability to malaria in Rwanda
Authors: Bizimana Jean Pierre , Kienberger Stefan , Hagenlocher Michael , Twarabamenye Emmanuel
Published: April 2016

Despite the decline in malaria incidence due to intense interventions, potentials for malaria transmission persist in Rwanda. To eradicate malaria in Rwanda, strategies need to expand beyond approaches that focus solely on malaria epidemiology and also consider the socioeconomic, demographic and biological/disease-related factors that determine the vulnerability of potentially exposed populations. This paper analyses current levels of social vulnerability to malaria in Rwanda by integrating a set of weighted vulnerability indicators. The paper uses regionalisation techniques as a spatially explicit approach for delineating homogeneous regions of social vulnerability to malaria. This overcomes the limitations of administrative boundaries for modelling the trans-boundary social vulnerability to malaria. The utilised approach revealed high levels of social vulnerability to malaria in the highland areas of Rwanda, as well as in remote areas where populations are more susceptible. Susceptibility may be due to the populations’ lacking the capacity to anticipate mosquito bites, or lacking resilience to cope with or recover from malaria infection. By highlighting the most influential indicators of social vulnerability to malaria, the applied approach indicates which vulnerability domains need to be addressed, and where appropriate interventions are most required. Interventions to improve the socioeconomic development in highly vulnerable areas could prove highly effective, and provide sustainable outcomes against malaria in Rwanda. This would ultimately increase the resilience of the population and their capacity to better anticipate, cope with, and recover from possible infection.
A pastoral evaluation on the issue of ‘vat en sit’ with special reference to the Black Reformed Churches of South Africa
Authors: Semenya David K.
Published: April 2016

This article attempts to investigate and give practical guidelines to the church councils of the mainly Black Reformed Churches in South Africa and also to the couples and families involved in vat en sit relationship. Vat en sit is now becoming a common thing in South Africa. This however does not only affect the black members in the Reformed Churches in South Africa but moreover affect the family structures of the society. Therefore the aim of this article is to find out why in most cases couples opt for vat en sit relationship and also how the church councils could be assisted in dealing with the issue of vat en sit.   The Biblical overview regarding the issue of vat en sit will be discussed and thereafter the practical guidelines be given in order to help both the church councils; the couples in the vat en sit relationship and also their families.
The Profile of Blow-Up for a Neumann Problem of Nonlocal Nonlinear Diffusion Equation with Reaction
Authors: Wang Rong-Nian , Liu Zhi-Xue , Zhou Yong
Published: April 2016

In this note, we consider a Neumann problem for nonlocal nonlinear diffusion equation with reaction, which may be seen as a significant generalization of the usual Neumann problem for the heat equation. For the blow-up solutions, the blow-up rate estimates and spacial localization of blow-up set are studied.
Соизмеримости и гипотеза Молчанова
Authors: Gubaidullin Marat Bajnazarovich
Published: April 2016

Примерно полвека назад А. М. Молчанов выдвинул гипотезу о существовании резонансной структуры Солнечной системы, согласно которой с течением времени ее развития планеты неизбежно выходят на такие орбиты, при которых отношение периодов их обращения вокруг Солнца становится близким к отношению небольших натуральных чисел. По мнению Молчанова, резонансность обеспечивается малыми диссипативными силами. Предлагается другое возможное объяснение этого явления, при этом диссипация не учитывается.
One-Year Simulation of Ozone and Particulate Matter in China Using WRF/CMAQ Modeling System
Authors: Hu Jianlin , Chen Jianjun , Ying Qi , Zhang Hongliang
Published: April 2016

Abstract. China has been experiencing severe air pollution in recent decades. Although ambient air quality monitoring network for criteria pollutants has been constructed in over 100 cities since 2013 in China, the temporal and spatial characteristics of some important pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM) components, remain unknown, limiting further studies investigating potential air pollution control strategies to improve air quality and associating human health outcomes with air pollution exposure. In this study, a yearlong (2013) air quality simulation using the Weather Research & Forecasting model (WRF) and the Community Multi-scale Air Quality model (CMAQ) was conducted to provide detailed temporal and spatial information of ozone (O3), PM2.5 total and chemical components. Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) was used for anthropogenic emissions and observation data obtained from the national air quality monitoring network were collected to validate model performance. The model successfully reproduces the O3 and PM2.5 concentrations at most cities for most months, with model performance statistics meeting the performance criteria. However, over-prediction of O3 generally occurs at low concentration range while under-prediction of PM2.5 happens at low concentration range in summer. Spatially, the model has better performance in Southern China than in Northern, Central and Sichuan basin. Strong seasonal variations of PM2.5 exist and wind speed and direction play important roles in high PM2.5 events. Secondary components have more boarder distribution than primary components. Sulfate (SO42−), nitrate (NO3−), ammonium (NH4+), and primary organic aerosol (POA) are the most important PM2.5 components. All components have the highest concentrations in winter except secondary organic aerosol (SOA). This study proves the ability of CMAQ model in reproducing severe air pollution in China, identifies the directions where improvements are needed, and provides information for human exposure to multiple pollutants for assessing health effects.
An automatic precipitation-phase distinction algorithm for optical disdrometer data over the global ocean
Authors: Burdanowitz Jörg , Klepp Christian , Bakan Stephan
Published: April 2016

Abstract. The lack of high-quality in situ surface precipitation data over the global ocean so far limits the capability to validate satellite precipitation retrievals. The first systematic ship-based surface precipitation data set OceanRAIN (Ocean Rainfall And Ice-phase precipitation measurement Network) aims at providing a comprehensive statistical basis of in situ precipitation reference data from optical disdrometers at 1 min resolution deployed on various research vessels (RVs). Deriving the precipitation rate for rain and snow requires a priori knowledge of the precipitation phase (PP). Therefore, we present an automatic PP distinction algorithm using available data based on more than 4 years of atmospheric measurements onboard RV Polarstern that covers all climatic regions of the Atlantic Ocean. A time-consuming manual PP distinction within the OceanRAIN post-processing serves as reference, mainly based on 3-hourly present weather information from a human observer. For automation, we find that the combination of air temperature, relative humidity, and 99th percentile of the particle diameter predicts best the PP with respect to the manually determined PP. Excluding mixed phase, this variable combination reaches an accuracy of 91 % when compared to the manually determined PP for 149 635 min of precipitation from RV Polarstern. Including mixed phase (165 632 min), an accuracy of 81.2 % is reached for two independent PP distributions with a slight snow overprediction bias of 0.93. Using two independent PP distributions represents a new method that outperforms the conventional method of using only one PP distribution to statistically derive the PP. The new statistical automatic PP distinction method considerably speeds up the data post-processing within OceanRAIN while introducing an objective PP probability for each PP at 1 min resolution.
The influence of resistivity gradients on shock conditions for a Petschek reconnection geometry
Authors: Nabert Christian , Glassmeier Karl-Heinz
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Shock waves can strongly influence magnetic reconnection as seen by the slow shocks attached to the diffusion region in Petschek reconnection. We derive necessary conditions for such shocks in a nonuniform resistive magnetohydrodynamic plasma and discuss them with respect to the slow shocks in Petschek reconnection. Expressions for the spatial variation of the velocity and the magnetic field are derived by rearranging terms of the resistive magnetohydrodynamic equations without solving them. These expressions contain removable singularities if the flow velocity of the plasma equals a certain characteristic velocity depending on the other flow quantities. Such a singularity can be related to the strong spatial variations across a shock. In contrast to the analysis of Rankine–Hugoniot relations, the investigation of these singularities allows us to take the finite resistivity into account. Starting from considering perpendicular shocks in a simplified one-dimensional geometry to introduce the approach, shock conditions for a more general two-dimensional situation are derived. Then the latter relations are limited to an incompressible plasma to consider the subcritical slow shocks of Petschek reconnection. A gradient of the resistivity significantly modifies the characteristic velocity of wave propagation. The corresponding relations show that a gradient of the resistivity can lower the characteristic Alfvén velocity to an effective Alfvén velocity. This can strongly impact the conditions for shocks in a Petschek reconnection geometry.
A Comparative Analysis of the Upcoming Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region
Authors: Shaoqing Tang , Pengfei Jiang , Xiuli Guo
Published: April 2016

The integrated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has become one of the national economic development strategies in China. To understand this strategy, this paper studies the regional and industrial characteristics of the upcoming Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, compares the BTH region with its existing counterparts in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in China, and also compares this upcoming economic circle with other five global metropolis circles. From the theoretical perspective of integrated development, this paper analyzes the possible sustainable development path for this new economic circle. 
Noteworthy Record of Eptesicus brasiliensis (Vespertilionidae) in Honduras
Authors: Espinal Mario , Mora José Manuel
Published: April 2016

Although the Brazilian brown bat (Eptesicus brasiliensis) has been included in some Honduras bat lists, there is not an official record or a scientific publication supporting it. Here we confirm the presence of the Brazilian brown bat in Honduras. We mist-netted a female Brazilian brown bat in Choluteca, southern Honduras. The individual was captured over a path near a riparian corridor in a coffee plantation. We also include the spectrogram of the species call recorded at the same locality. The Honduras bat list achieves now 108 species although there is a debate about the real number of species in the country.