bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reassessing the Wider Aspects of Newton’s Thought – A Symposium
Authors: Henry John
Published: June 2021

After a brief introduction, this “symposium” presents four essay reviews of three recent major studies of Newton’s life and works beyond the mathematics, physics and natural philosophy for which he is principally known: Jed Buchwald’s and Mordechai Feingold’s Newton and the Origin of Civilization (2013), Rob Iliffe’s Priest of Nature: The Religious Worlds of Isaac Newton (2017), and William R. Newman’s Newton the Alchemist (2019); and they address Newton’s work on history, chronology, theology and alchemy. The four reviewers are leading Newton scholars in their own right, and assess how these three studies advance our understanding of Newton the “scientist”, as well as Newton the man in his times. Niccolò Guicciardini considers their relevance to our understanding of Newton’s mathematics; Scott Mandelbrote assesses how they advance our understanding of Newton’s local and historical context; Steffen Ducheyne focuses on what we can learn about Newton’s methodological concerns and working practices; while Stephen Snobelen considers how these studies can help us understand the place of religion in Newton’s life and work. We conclude with responses from each of the reviewed authors: Feingold (representing also his co-author Jed Buchwald), Iliffe, and Newman. New insights into key questions are afforded throughout. Should Newton’s work in these different areas be considered continuous with his more “scientific” works, or compartmentalized according to his rigorous disciplinary procedures?
When Politics Prevail Over the Rule of Law: The Demise of the sadc Tribunal
Authors: Magliveras Konstantinos D , Naldi Gino J
Published: June 2021

The article questions whether the Tribunal of the Southern Africa Development Community (sadc) ought to have entertained human rights cases given that the sadc Treaty does not endow it with such jurisdiction. It then analyses its demise in 2010, which was prompted by several rulings against Zimbabwe, whose policy of expropriating land without compensation was held to violate human rights. The pertinent aspects of these cases are reviewed, and the significance of Zimbabwe’s land reform programme is explained. The article elucidates why sadc leaders were prepared to suspend the Tribunal’s operation. This was a combination of alarm that it could evolve into a quasi-regional human rights court but also solidarity with the then President Mugabe, a hero of Africa’s liberation struggle. Finally, the pronouncements of the Constitutional Court of South Africa and the High Court of Tanzania on the lawfulness of the sadc Tribunal’s suspension are considered.
Beyond Expansion or Restriction? Models of Interaction between the Living Instrument and Margin of Appreciation Doctrines and the Scope of the echr
Authors: Ita Rachael , Hicks David
Published: June 2021

The living instrument doctrine of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) is criticised as restricting the margin of appreciation of States and expanding the scope of the European Convention on Human Rights (echr). Systematic examination of this claim is usually overlooked in the context of the relationship between the admissibility and merits phase of ECtHR cases. This article considers this claim in the context of jurisdictional arguments on incompatibility ratione materiae (subject matter outside the scope of the Convention) and the link to the merits of the case. Case law of the ECtHR from January 1979 to December 2016 is assessed to elaborate four models of interaction between the margin of appreciation and living instrument doctrines. The article argues the need to go beyond consideration of expansion and restriction of the scope of the echr, and to assess the Court’s appetite for allocating new duties to States based upon the case arguments and positioning of living instrument and margin of appreciation doctrines.
Constructing the Text of the View of the Present State of Ireland before the New Bibliography
Authors: Brink Jean R.
Published: June 2021

This paper begins with an account of the history of modern editions of Spenser’s View, analyzes textual scholarship, and concludes with a skeptical reexamination of Spenser’s rhetorical objectives. As this paper will demonstrate, a critical bibliography is needed to clarify the dates, scribes, and provenance of the twenty-one complete manuscripts of the View of the Present State of Ireland.
Edmund Spenser’s View of Christendom: New Legal and Theological Contexts for A View of the Present State of Ireland
Authors: Lockey Brian C.
Published: June 2021

This paper considers how Spenser’s conception of conscience and universal law and justice in A View of the Present State of Ireland can be understood within the context of jurist Christopher St. German’s early sixteenth-century tract on equity and the common law and his subsequent tracts on the reformation of Church corruption. The paper attempts to re-situate Spenser’s engagement with legal and political theory within the context of English legal education as it had developed throughout the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Ultimately, it shows that Spenser’s engagement with law, theology and politics reflected a commitment to a new Protestant conception of transnational Christendom as well as a re-conception of England as a Protestant nation within that transnational entity.
50th anniversary of IAB (Cover)
Authors: STECH MICHAEL , VON KONRAT MATT , CÂMARA PAULO E.A.S. , MEDINA RAFAEL , MUÑOZ JESÚS , QUANDT DIETMAR
Published: June 2021

Cover of 50th anniversary of IAB
Island biogeography: an avenue for research in bryology
Authors: PATIÑO JAIRO , VANDERPOORTEN ALAIN
Published: June 2021

In the present review, we provide an updated account on the level of knowledge in island bryophyte biogeography. In the framework of the 50 most fundamental questions for present and future island biology research highlighted by Patiño et al. (2017), we summarize current knowledge in bryophyte island biogeography and outline main research avenues for the future in the field. We found that only about 50% of the key current questions in island biogeography have been addressed to some extent, at least once, in bryophytes. Even fundamental questions that have caught the attention of ecologists since more than one century, such as the species-area relationship, have only rarely been dealt with in bryophytes. The application of the Island Biogeography Theory therefore opens an avenue for research in bryology, and we discuss the most salient features, including species and community phylogenetics, biotic interactions, and invasion biology.
Bryophytes as key indicators of ecosystem function and structure of northern peatlands
Authors: VITT DALE H. , HOUSE MELISSA
Published: June 2021

Bryophytes play a number of important roles in the functioning and structure of northern peatlands where they form the ground layer of fens and bogs. Sphagnum, dominant in bogs and poor fens, and brown mosses, dominant in rich fens, make up a large percentage of the organic matter that is stored as deep deposits of peat. In this paper we review the mechanisms of resistance to decay in these two moss groups. We then document a case study of a rich fen dominated mostly by Hamatocaulis vernicosus, that has remained stable for over 8000 calendar years. At this site, we use macrofossil abundances, including bryophyte habitat positions on water level and chemistry gradients, to infer past environmental conditions. Lastly, we provide a new ecohydrologic framework for wetland classes centered on bryophyte abundances across water level, nutrient, and salinity gradients and argue that bryophyte species are among the most significant indicators for classifying wetland site-types.
50th anniversary of IAB (Table of Contents)
Authors: STECH MICHAEL , VON KONRAT MATT , CÂMARA PAULO E.A.S. , MEDINA RAFAEL , MUÑOZ JESÚS , QUANDT DIETMAR
Published: June 2021

Table of Contents
Advances in understanding of mycorrhizal-like associations in bryophytes
Authors: PRESSEL SILVIA , BIDARTONDO MARTIN I. , FIELD KATIE J. , DUCKETT JEFFREY G.
Published: June 2021

Mutually beneficial associations between plants and soil fungi, mycorrhizas, are one of the most important terrestrial symbioses. These partnerships are thought to have propelled plant terrestrialisation some 500 million years ago and today they play major roles in ecosystem functioning. It has long been known that bryophytes harbour, in their living tissues, fungal symbionts, recently identified as belonging to the three mycorrhizal fungal lineages Glomeromycotina, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Latest advances in understanding of fungal associations in bryophytes have been largely driven by the discovery, nearly a decade ago, that early divergent liverwort clades, including the most basal Haplomitriopsida, and some hornworts, engage with a wider repertoire of fungal symbionts than previously thought, including endogonaceous members of the ancient sub-phylum Mucoromycotina. Subsequent global molecular and cytological studies have revealed that Mucoromycotina symbionts, alongside Glomeromycotina, are widespread in both complex and simple thalloid liverworts and throughout hornworts, with physiological studies confirming that, in liverworts at least, these associations are mycorrhizal-like, and highlighting important functional differences between Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycotina symbioses. Whether a more prominent role of Mucoromycotina symbionts in plant nitrogen nutrition, as identified in liverworts, extends to other plant lineages, including the flowering plants, is a major topic for future research.

         The latest finding that ascomycete symbionts of leafy liverworts are not restricted to one fungus, Rhizoscyphus ericae, but include species in the genus Meliniomyces, as shown here in Mylia anomala, together with the recent demonstration that R. ericae forms nutritional mutualisms with the rhizoids of Cephalozia bicuspidata, fill other major gaps in our growing knowledge of fungal associations across land plants.
Fossil mosses: What do they tell us about moss evolution?
Authors: IGNATOV MICHAEL S. , MASLOVA ELENA V.
Published: June 2021

The moss fossil records from the Paleozoic age to the Eocene epoch are reviewed and their putative relationships to extant moss groups discussed. The incomplete preservation and lack of key characters that could define the position of an ancient moss in modern classification remain the problem. Carboniferous records are still impossible to refer to any of the modern moss taxa. Numerous Permian protosphagnalean mosses possess traits that are absent in any extant group and they are therefore treated here as an extinct lineage, whose descendants, if any remain, cannot be recognized among contemporary taxa. Non-protosphagnalean Permian mosses were also fairly diverse, representing morphotypes comparable with Dicranidae and acrocarpous Bryidae, although unequivocal representatives of these subclasses are known only since Cretaceous and Jurassic. Even though Sphagnales is one of two oldest lineages separated from the main trunk of moss phylogenetic tree, it appears in fossil state regularly only since Late Cretaceous, ca. 70 million years ago (Ma), while earlier they were found twice as small leaf fragments from Lower Jurassic (ca. 200 Ma) and Late Ordovician (ca. 455 Ma). Pleurocarpous mosses appear in fossil state near the border between Jurassic and Cretaceous, although most Cretaceous mosses belong to acrocarps. Only in Eocene amber pleurocarps become more numerous than acrocarps. Some Eocene mosses can be assigned to extant families and sometimes genera, although the majority of Eocene pleurocarps are difficult to identify up to the family, as their morphology often allows placement of a particular specimen into several different families.
The mitochondrial genomes of bryophytes
Authors: DONG SHANSHAN , LIU YANG
Published: June 2021

In contrast to the highly variable mitogenomes of vascular plants, the composition and architecture of mitogenomes within the three bryophyte lineages appear stable and invariant. Currently, complete mitogenomes are available from 113 bryophyte accessions of 71 genera and 28 orders. Liverworts and mosses hold a rich mitochondrial (mt) gene repertoire among land plants with 40–42 protein-coding genes, whereas hornworts maintain the smallest functional gene set among land plants, of only around two dozen protein-coding genes, with the majority of ribosomal genes pseudogenized and all cytochrome c maturase genes lost. The rRNA and tRNA genes are also conserved and rich in mosses and liverworts, whereas subject to patchy losses in hornworts. In contrast to the conserved gene set, intron content varies significantly with only one intron shared among the three bryophyte lineages. Bryophytes hold relatively compact mitogenomes with narrow size fluctuations. Among the three bryophyte lineages, intergenic spacers and repeat content are smallest in mosses, largest in hornworts, and intermediate in liverworts, mirroring their size differences and levels of structural dynamics among the three lineages. Mosses, with the least repeated sequences, show the most static genome structure; whereas hornworts, with a relatively large set of repeated sequences, experience 1–4 rearrangements; liverworts, with intermediate repeat levels, see only one structural variant that requires two inversions to gain collinearity with the mitogenome of other liverworts. Repeat sequences were evoked to explain the mt gene order rearrangements in hornwort and liverwort mitogenomes; with the latter also supported by sequencing read evidence, which suggests that the conserved mitogenome structure observed in bryophyte lineages might be shaped by low repeat recombination level, and/or along with the intensified nucleus’ surveillance. Mitochondrial RNA editing is abundant in hornworts, with medium frequency and high variation in liverwort species, and generally limited in mosses, reflecting the diversity of nuclear encoded PPR proteins that are functionally related to RNA editing processes.
Cladophialophora bromeliacearum (Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales), a novel endophytic species from the Brazilian tropical dry forest
Authors: NASCIMENTO SANDY S. , FERRO LAYANNE O. , FREIRE KARLA T.L.S. , BARBOSA RENAN N. , PAIVA LAURA M. , SOUZA-MOTTA CRISTINA M. , BEZERRA JADSON D.P.
Published: June 2021

Two isolates of fungal endophytes were obtained from the leaves of Tillandsia catimbauensis (Bromeliaceae) in the Brazilian tropical dry forest (Caatinga), according to their morphology, they were previously identified as Phialophora-like fungi. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis using ITS and LSU rDNA sequences, along with morphological features, these isolates are here described as Cladophialophora bromeliacearum sp. nov. The new species is morphologically characterized by Phialophora-like conidiogenous cells, subspheric to ellipsoid conidia, and the production of chlamydospores in culture.
Taxonomic notes on American Heriades Spinola, 1808 and Leioproctus Smith, 1853 (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae, Colletidae)
Authors: GONZALEZ VICTOR H. , SEPÚLVEDA PAULA A. , GRISWOLD TERRY L.
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this paper is to document the males of Leioproctus rosellae Gonzalez in Gonzalez & Florez, 2011 (Colletidae, Paracolletini) and Heriades tayrona Gonzalez & Griswold, 2011 (Megachilidae, Osmiini), two solitary bee species recently described based on females from the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Leioproctus rosellae is currently known only from the holotype, while H. tayrona is known from a few specimens from the type locality. The discovery of these species in northern Colombia considerably extended the distribution of Leioproctus Smith (sensu Michener, 2007) and Heriades Spinola in the Western Hemisphere. In the Americas, Leioproctus was known from Chile and Argentina to central Peru and northeastern Brazil, while Heriades was known from southern Canada to Panama and the Greater Antilles (Michener 2007). The discovery of H. tayrona also represented the first record of the tribe Osmiini for South America.
A new species of Truljalia Gorochov 1985 from Taiwan (Orthoptera: Gryllidae; Podoscirtinae; Podoscirtini)
Authors: HE ZHUQING
Published: June 2021

A new species, Truljalia formosa sp. nov., is described and illustrated from Dahan Mountain, Pingdong County, Taiwan. All type specimens are deposited in Shanghai Entomological Museum (IEAS).
Taxonomic and nomenclatorial revision within the Neotropical genera of the subtribe Odontocheilina W. Horn in a new sense—23. Odontocheila parafemoralis sp. nov., a new species of the O. cajennensis species-complex (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae)
Authors: MORAVEC JIŘÍ
Published: June 2021

A new species of the genus Odontocheila Laporte de Castelnau, 1834 is described from Brazil as Odontocheila parafemoralis sp. nov. Along with other species previously treated as subspecies of O. cajennensis (Fabricius, 1787), the new species is classified here as a species of the O. cajennensis species-complex (within the O. cajennensis species-group). It was commonly confused in collections with O. bipunctata (Fabricius, 1792) and O. femoralis Chaudoir, 1860. Specimens from Itaituba, Rio Tapajoz, Pará (the type locality of the new species) were previously considered by the present author to be aberrant adults of O. oseryi (Lucas, 1857) and were also included within the species in the taxonomic revision of the genus (Moravec 2018). A recent examination of numerous specimens from Itaituba has revealed that they represent an undescribed species, which is diagnostically separated from all taxa of the O. cajennensis species-complex. Consequently, it is described here as new to science. Illustrations of the habitus, diagnostic characters and variability of the new species and distinguishing characters of similar species are presented in colour photographs. A revised key to species of the O. cajennensis species-complex (within the complete O. cajennensis species-group) is presented with reference to the taxonomic revision of the genus (Moravec 2018). An essential map of distribution is also given.
Sleep Study Measures on Postoperative Night 1 Following Implantation of the Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator
Authors: Huyett Phillip
Published: June 2021

Objective

To examine the changes in measures of sleep apnea severity and hypoxemia on the first postoperative night following implantation of the hypoglossal nerve stimulator.

Study Design

This was a single‐arm prospective cohort study.

Setting

A single academic sleep surgical practice.

Methods

Subjects with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea underwent implantation of the hypoglossal nerve stimulator (HGNS) and were discharged to home the same day as surgery. A single‐night WatchPAT study was performed on the night immediately following surgery (PON 1) and was compared to baseline sleep testing.

Results

Twenty subjects who were an average of 58.6 ± 2.5 years old, were 25% female, and had a mean body mass index of 28.1 ± 0.9 kg/m2 completed the study. Mean O2 nadir at baseline was 79.6% ± 1.1% compared to 82.7% ± 0.9% (P =. 013) on PON 1. One patient demonstrated a >10% worsening in O2 nadir. Only 2 additional patients demonstrated a worsening in O2 nadir on PON 1, each by only 1 percentage point. Neither mean time spent below SpO2 88% nor oxygen desaturation index (ODI) worsened postoperatively (mean time spent below oxygen saturation of 88%, 27.8 ± 7.85 vs 11.2 ± 5.2, P =. 03; mean ODI, 29.6 ± 5.2/h vs 21.0 ± 5.4/h, P =. 10). Mean obstructive apnea hypopnea index (AHI) was no worse (40.6 ± 4.7/h to 28.7 ± 4.2/h, P =. 02), with only 2 patients experiencing an obstructive AHI >20% more severe than baseline. Only 1 patient demonstrated a clinically meaningful increase in central AHI on PON 1.

Conclusions

Overall, AHI and measures of nocturnal hypoxemia are stable, if not improved, on PON 1 following HGNS implantation. These findings support the safety of same‐day discharge following implantation of the hypoglossal nerve stimulator.
Experimenting with 360° and virtual reality representations as new access strategies to vulnerable physical collections: Two case studies at the KB, National Library of the Netherlands
Authors: Loddo Marzia , Boersma Foekje , Kleppe Martijn , Vingerhoets Karin
Published: June 2021

In the late 1990s, the explosion of electronic resources resulted in large-scale digitisation projects amid the need for the preservation of digital information. The KB, National Library of the Netherlands, has been actively involved in these activities. Now, it is proposing better ways to both preserve physical library materials and improve their accessibility for educational purposes. This article describes two ongoing projects that involve preservation and public engagement. One, in its early stages, is to test the applicability of 360° imaging to support virtual access to the special collections’ storage. The second is the virtual reality production, for educational purposes, of children’s pop-up books. Both projects could inspire other libraries to introduce three-dimensional or virtual reality technologies and their applications to new audiences. This article describes each project, shows the methods used, and discusses the expected outcomes.
Sexting Victimization Among Dating App Users: A Comparison of U.S. and Chinese College Students
Authors: Qu Jia , Shen Shan , Sun Ivan Y. , Farmer Ashley K. , Xue Jia
Published: June 2021

The widespread use of digital technology and devices has fundamentally transformed people’s social life in recent decades, particularly in interpersonal relationships. Two popular social phenomena elucidate how social connections and interactions have dramatically evolved due to technological advancement. Sexting has surfaced as a popular way of getting attention or flirting among young populations over the past decade. Online dating also has emerged as a viable avenue for people to seek interpersonal romantic and/or sexual relationships. Based on survey data collected from two Chinese universities and one U.S. university, this study links sexting and online dating by comparatively assessing the prevalence of sexting victimization and factors influencing such victimization among young online daters. Bivariate and multiple analyses reveal that American college students are more inclined than their Chinese counterparts to be victims of receiving sexts. Chinese students with higher degrees of rape myth acceptance are more likely to experience sexting victimization, but such an association does not exist among U.S. students. Internet-related activities were only weakly connected to sexting victimization among college students. LGBT young adults, regardless of their country affiliation, are at a higher risk for sexting misconduct. Female and younger American students were more likely to experience sexting victimization, whereas Chinese students in a romantic relationship were more inclined to experience sexting victimization. If possible, future research should employ a random sampling strategy to draw a larger number of college students from different types of universities in different regions. Future studies should include other theoretically relevant variables, such as self-control and opportunity variables, into the sexting victimization research.
Impact of Holocene climate change on silicon cycling in Lake 850, Northern Sweden
Authors: Zahajská Petra , Cartier Rosine , Fritz Sherilyn C , Stadmark Johanna , Opfergelt Sophie , Yam Ruth , Shemesh Aldo , Conley Daniel J
Published: June 2021

Diatom-rich sediment in a small subarctic lake (Lake 850) was investigated in a 9400 cal. yr BP sediment record in order to explore the impact of Holocene climate evolution on silicon cycling. Diatom stable silicon isotopes ([Formula: see text]) and biogenic silica (BSi) indicate that high BSi concentrations in sediment throughout the Holocene are associated with a lighter Si isotope source of dissolved silica (DSi), such as groundwater or freshly weathered primary minerals. Furthermore, higher BSi concentrations were favoured during the mid-Holocene by low detrital inputs and possibly a longer ice-free period allowing for more diatom production to occur. The diatom [Formula: see text] signature shows a link to changes in regional climate and is influenced by length of diatom growth period and hydrological fluctuations. Lighter Si isotopic values occur during the mid-Holocene, when climate is inferred to be more continental and drier, with pronounced seasonality. In contrast, a heavier Si isotopic signature is observed in the early and late Holocene, when oceanic influences are thought to be stronger and the climate wetter. The [Formula: see text] values have generally lighter signatures as compared with other studies, which supports a light DSi source.
Parents' Thoughts Regarding Their Normal-Weight Children's Food and Physical Activity as Expressed During Health Conversations With the School Nurse: A Qualitative Analysis Informing Health-Promoting Practices
Authors: Moberg Marianna , Golsäter Marie , Norman Åsa
Published: June 2021

Parents are key to promoting children's healthy growth and development. However, school nurses need knowledge about how to best support parents' health-promoting activities. This study aimed to explore parents' thoughts regarding their normal-weight 6-year-old children's food and physical activity behaviors as expressed during health conversations with the school nurse. Qualitative content analysis of audio-recorded conversations (n = 30) showed that parents think of their children's behaviors in terms of: (a) children's personality in relation to food and physical activity; (b) recognizing children's food and physical activity behaviors; (c) parenting in relation to food and physical activity; (d) interaction with children in situations around food and physical activity; and (e) contextual circumstances to promote children's healthy food and physical activity behaviors. The study contributes with novel knowledge regarding clinical work in health promotion, with suggestions for how school nurses can engage parents in promoting and sustaining healthy food and physical activity behaviors.
Assessing Rape Myth Acceptance: A Contribution to Italian Validation of the Measure for Assessing Subtle Rape Myth (SRMA-IT)
Authors: Martini Mara , Tartaglia Stefano , De Piccoli Norma
Published: June 2021

The study aimed to validate the Italian version of the Measure for Assessing Subtle Rape Myths developed by McMahon and Farmer. A sample of 3,915 university students (70.8% female) completed the questionnaire. After an exploratory factor analysis, a confirmatory factor analysis tested the resulting four-factor structure of the Italian Subtle Rape Myth Acceptance (SRMA-IT) Scale (“She Asked for It”; “He Didn’t Mean To”; “It Wasn’t Really Rape”; and “She Lied”), consistent with McMahon and Farmer’s initial hypothesis. The Italian validation did not include items related to intoxication. Internal consistency of the subscales was good (α from .78 to .90). Convergent validity between all subscales and System Justification–Gender was detected: A strong relationship was observed ( r is from .19 to .33; p < .001). The independent-sample T test then showed that women accepted all four rape myths significantly less than men: Effect size is more than moderate for the myth “She Asked for It” (Cohen’s d = .60) and between small and moderate for the other myths ( d is from .35 to .42). Acceptance of rape myths is often associated with higher men’s proclivity to rape and with tendency to raped women’s double victimization (they can be not believed or blamed when they disclose the rape). Having a validated instrument to measure rape myth acceptance can enhance empirical research on this topic and help to develop interventions of prevention both for men in the society and for the first responders to disclosures, also sustaining a culture of respect and of contrast to violence.
The clinical effectiveness of telehealth: A systematic review of meta-analyses from 2010 to 2019
Authors: Snoswell Centaine L , Chelberg Georgina , De Guzman Keshia R , Haydon Helen M , Thomas Emma E , Caffery Liam J , Smith Anthony C
Published: June 2021

Introduction

To promote telehealth implementation and uptake, it is important to assess overall clinical effectiveness to ensure any changes will not adversely affect patient outcomes. The last systematic literature review examining telehealth effectiveness was conducted in 2010. Given the increasing use of telehealth and technological developments in the field, a more contemporary review has been carried out. The aim of this review was to synthesise recent evidence associated with the clinical effectiveness of telehealth services.

Methods

A systematic search of ‘Pretty Darn Quick’-Evidence portal was carried out in November 2020 for systematic reviews on telehealth, where the primary outcome measure reported was clinical effectiveness. Due to the volume of telehealth articles, only systematic reviews with meta-analyses published between 2010 and 2019 were included in the analysis.

Results

We found 38 meta-analyses, covering 10 medical disciplines: cardiovascular disease ( n = 3), dermatology ( n = 1), endocrinology ( n = 13), neurology ( n = 4), nephrology ( n = 2), obstetrics ( n = 1), ophthalmology ( n = 1), psychiatry and psychology ( n = 7), pulmonary ( n = 4) and multidisciplinary care ( n = 2). The evidence showed that for all disciplines, telehealth across a range of modalities was as effective, if not more, than usual care.

Discussion

This review demonstrates that telehealth can be equivalent or more clinically effective when compared to usual care. However, the available evidence is very discipline specific, which highlights the need for more clinical effectiveness studies involving telehealth across a wider spectrum of clinical health services. The findings from this review support the view that in the right context, telehealth will not compromise the effectiveness of clinical care when compared with conventional forms of health service delivery.
Multiobjective optimization of process variables in single-point incremental forming using grey relational analysis coupled with entropy weights
Authors: Dabwan Abdulmajeed , Ragab Adham E , Saleh Mohamed A , Ghaleb Atef M , Ramadan Mohamed Z , Mian Syed Hammad , Khalaf Tamer M.
Published: June 2021

Incremental sheet forming is a specific group of sheet forming methods that enable the manufacture of complex parts utilizing computer numerical control instead of specialized tools. It is an incredibly adaptable operation that involves minimal usage of sophisticated tools, dies, and forming presses. Besides its main application in the field of rapid prototyping, incremental sheet forming processes can be used for the manufacture of unique parts in small batches. The goal of this study is to broaden the knowledge of the deformation process in single-point incremental forming. This work studies the deformation behavior in single-point incremental forming by experimentally investigating the principal stresses, principal strains, and thinning of single-point incremental forming products. Conical-shaped components are fabricated using AA1050-H14 aluminum alloy at various combinations of fundamental variables. The factorial design is employed to plan the experimental study and analysis of variance is conducted to analyze the results. The grey relational analysis approach coupled with entropy weights is also implemented to identify optimum process variables for single-point incremental forming. The results show that the tool diameter has the greatest effect on the thinning of the SPIF product, followed by the sheet thickness, step size, and feed rate.
Pectoralis Major Ruptures in the National Football League: Incidence, RTP, and Performance Analysis
Authors: Wise Patrick M. , Ptasinski Anna M. , Gallo Robert A.
Published: June 2021

Background:

While pectoralis major (PM) tears are rare injuries in National Football League (NFL) athletes (previous study reported only 10 PM ruptures between 2000 and 2010), the incidence of these injuries has increased over the past decade. The impact these injuries have on a player’s performance after return has not been measured.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

To identify player characteristics that may predispose to PM tears and to determine the impact of this injury on return to play and performance. We hypothesized that there would be no difference in performance between the year before and after their injury.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Methods:

NFL players who experienced PM tears between the years 2010 and 2018 were identified using publicly available reports. Several individual player characteristics were identified and recorded, and the return-to-play rates after injury were determined for each position. The pre- and postinjury Pro Football Focus grades of players who met inclusion criteria were compared. A paired t test analysis of the change in player performance was used for analysis.

Results:

In this study, 63 ruptures were identified between 2010 and 2018. Linebackers had the highest incidence of PM tear compared with any other position. Of all injuries, 79.3% were sustained by defensive players. The majority of PM tears occurred during games. Only 6.9% of players who sustained the injury were suspended for performance-enhancing drug use during their professional career. A total of 85.7% of players returned to play in the NFL after injury. Among those who returned to play there were no significant changes in player performance from pre- to post-injury.

Conclusion:

NFL players demonstrated 85.7% return-to-play rates and no significant drop-off in performance after PM ruptures. During the time period studied, there was an increase in incidence of PM ruptures compared with the previous decade. Further investigation is needed to determine potential causes for the increased incidence of PM ruptures in NFL players.
Multimodal Imaging of West African Crystalline Maculopathy in an Igbo Man
Authors: Umunakwe Obinna C. , Ali Mohsin H. , Bains Naina , Matthews John D. , Fekrat Sharon
Published: June 2021

Purpose:

This report describes a case of West African crystalline maculopathy.

Methods:

A case report is presented.

Results:

A 71-year-old Nigerian man was referred for evaluation of bilateral crystalline retinal deposits seen on routine examination. The patient had no acute visual symptoms and no significant ocular history except for cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation in both eyes. Dilated fundocscopic examination was notable for bilateral greenish-yellow, foveocentric intraretinal crystalline deposits, which were visible on color fundus photography, multicolor confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and spectral-domain optical coherance tomography. The crystalline deposits were not associated with abnormal short-wavelength autofluorescence or fluorescein angiography findings.

Conclusions:

A diagnosis of West African crystalline maculopathy was made after other causes of crystalline maculopathy were excluded.
Case Report of a Nipple Amputation After a Horse Bite
Authors: Wong Chloe R , McRae Mark H , Voineskos Sophocles H
Published: June 2021

Horse related injuries include falling from a horse, being stepped on by a horse, kicks, or bites. Bites are rare and often associated with fatalities. We present a case of a 41-year-old healthy female who suffered a complete amputation of her right nipple and abrasion of the areola following a horse bite. We managed the nipple injury as a full-thickness skin graft, similar to that of a compromised nipple in a reduction mammaplasty or mastopexy case. Barring a lack of projection and minor hypopigmentation, the nipple had normal sensation with no scar contracture. Overall, the patient was happy with her final outcome. With a healthy, minimally contaminated wound bed, and lack of poor wound healing risk factors, we believe that treating a nipple amputation as a full thickness skin graft in the emergency setting results in aesthetic outcomes, sensation, and patient satisfaction comparable if not superior to other means of nipple reconstruction in adults.
Reduced free asparagine in wheat grain resulting from a natural deletion of TaASN-B2: investigating and exploiting diversity in the asparagine synthetase gene family to improve wheat quality
Authors: Oddy Joseph , Alarcón-Reverte Rocío , Wilkinson Mark , Ravet Karl , Raffan Sarah , Minter Andrea , Mead Andrew , Elmore J. Stephen , de Almeida Isabel Moreira , Cryer Nicholas C. , Halford Nigel G. , Pearce Stephen
Published: June 2021

Background

Understanding the determinants of free asparagine concentration in wheat grain is necessary to reduce levels of the processing contaminant acrylamide in baked and toasted wheat products. Although crop management strategies can help reduce asparagine concentrations, breeders have limited options to select for genetic variation underlying this trait. Asparagine synthetase enzymes catalyse a critical step in asparagine biosynthesis in plants and, in wheat, are encoded by five homeologous gene triads that exhibit distinct expression profiles. Within this family,TaASN2genes are highly expressed during grain development butTaASN-B2is absent in some varieties.

Results

Natural genetic diversity in the asparagine synthetase gene family was assessed in different wheat varieties revealing instances of presence/absence variation and other polymorphisms, including some predicted to affect the function of the encoded protein. The presence and absence ofTaASN-B2was determined across a range of UK and global common wheat varieties and related species, showing that the deletion encompassing this gene was already present in some wild emmer wheat genotypes. Expression profiling confirmed thatTaASN2transcripts were only detectable in the grain, whileTaASN3.1genes were highly expressed during the early stages of grain development.TaASN-A2was the most highly expressedTaASN2homeologue in most assayed wheat varieties.TaASN-B2andTaASN-D2were expressed at similar, lower levels in varieties possessingTaASN-B2. Expression ofTaASN-A2andTaASN-D2did not increase to compensate for the absence ofTaASN-B2,so totalTaASN2expression was lower in varieties lackingTaASN-B2. Consequently, free asparagine concentrations in field-produced grain were, on average, lower in varieties lackingTaASN-B2, although the effect was lost when free asparagine accumulated to very high concentrations as a result of sulphur deficiency.

Conclusions

Selecting wheat genotypes lacking theTaASN-B2gene may be a simple and rapid way for breeders to reduce free asparagine concentrations in commercial wheat grain.
The report of anthocyanins in the betalain-pigmented genus Hylocereus is not well evidenced and is not a strong basis to refute the mutual exclusion paradigm
Authors: Pucker Boas , Singh Hidam Bishworjit , Kumari Monika , Khan Mohammad Imtiyaj , Brockington Samuel F.
Published: June 2021

Here we respond to the paper entitled “Contribution of anthocyanin pathways to fruit flesh coloration in pitayas” (Fan et al., BMC Plant Biol 20:361, 2020). In this paper Fan et al. 2020 propose that the anthocyanins can be detected in the betalain-pigmented genus Hylocereus, and suggest they are responsible for the colouration of the fruit flesh. We are open to the idea that, given the evolutionary maintenance of fully functional anthocyanin synthesis genes in betalain-pigmented species, anthocyanin pigmentation might co-occur with betalain pigments, as yet undetected, in some species. However, in absence of the LC-MS/MS spectra and co-elution/fragmentation of the authentic standard comparison, the findings of Fan et al. 2020 are not credible. Furthermore, our close examination of the paper, and re-analysis of datasets that have been made available, indicate numerous additional problems. Namely, the failure to detect betalains in an untargeted metabolite analysis, accumulation of reported anthocyanins that does not correlate with the colour of the fruit, absence of key anthocyanin synthesis genes from qPCR data, likely mis-identification of key anthocyanin genes, unreproducible patterns of correlated RNAseq data, lack of gene expression correlation with pigmentation accumulation, and putative transcription factors that are weak candidates for transcriptional up-regulation of the anthocyanin pathway.
Frequent gain- and loss-of-function mutations of the BjMYB113 gene accounted for leaf color variation in Brassica juncea
Authors: An Guanghui , Chen Jiongjiong
Published: June 2021

Background

Mustard (Brassica juncea) is an important economic vegetable, and some cultivars have purple leaves and accumulate more anthocyanins than the green. The genetic and evolution of purple trait in mustard has not been well studied.

Result

In this study, free-hand sections and metabolomics showed that the purple leaves of mustard accumulated more anthocyanins than green ones. The gene controlling purple leaves in mustard, Mustard Purple Leaves (MPL), was genetically mapped and a MYB113-like homolog was identified as the candidate gene. We identified three alleles of the MYB113-like gene, BjMYB113a from a purple cultivar, BjMYB113b and BjMYB113c from green cultivars. A total of 45 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 8 InDels were found between the promoter sequences of the purple allele BjMYB113a and the green allele BjMYB113b. On the other hand, the only sequence variation between the purple allele BjMYB113a and the green allele BjMYB113c is an insertion of 1,033-bp fragment in the 3’region of BjMYB113c. Transgenic assay and promoter activity studies showed that the polymorphism in the promoter region was responsible for the up-regulation of the purple allele BjMYB113a and high accumulation of anthocyanin in the purple cultivar. The up-regulation of BjMYB113a increased the expression of genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway including BjCHS, BjF3H, BjF3’H, BjDFR, BjANS and BjUGFT, and consequently led to high accumulation of anthocyanin. However, the up-regulation of BjMYB113 was compromised by the insertion of 1,033-bp in 3’region of the allele BjMYB113c.

Conclusions

Our results contribute to a better understanding of the genetics and evolution of the BjMYB113 gene controlling purple leaves and provide useful information for further breeding programs of mustard.
C-factor: a summary measure for systemic arterial calcifications
Authors: Kuiper Lieke M. , Ikram M. Kamran , Kavousi Maryam , Vernooij Meike W. , Ikram M. Arfan , Bos Daniel
Published: June 2021

Background

Arterial calcification, the hallmark of arteriosclerosis, has a widespread distribution in the human body with only moderate correlation among sites. Hitherto, a single measure capturing the systemic burden of arterial calcification was lacking. In this paper, we propose the C-factor as an overall measure of calcification burden.

Methods

To quantify calcification in the coronary arteries, aortic arch, extra- and intracranial carotid arteries, and vertebrobasilar arteries, 2384 Rotterdam Study participants underwent cardiac and extra-cardiac non-enhanced CT. We performed principal component analyses on the calcification volumes of all twenty-six possible combinations of these vessel beds. Each analysis’ first principal component represents the C-factor. Subsequently, we determined the correlation between the C-factor derived from all vessel beds and the other C-factors with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) analyses. Finally, we examined the association of the C-factor and calcification in the separate vessel beds with cardiovascular, non-cardiovascular, and overall mortality using Cox–regression analyses.

Results

The ICCs ranged from 0.80 to 0.99. Larger calcification volumes and a higher C-factor were all individually associated with higher risk of cardiovascular, non-cardiovascular, and overall mortality. When included simultaneously in a model, the C-factor was still associated with all three mortality types (adjusted hazard ratio per standard deviation increase (HR) > 1.52), whereas associations of the separate vessel beds with mortality attenuated substantially (HR < 1.26).

Conclusions

The C-factor summarizes the systemic component of arterial calcification on an individual level and appears robust among different combinations of vessel beds. Importantly, when mutually adjusted, the C-factor retains its strength of association with mortality while the site-specific associations attenuate.
Recumbent cycling to improve outcomes in people with hip fracture: a feasibility randomized trial
Authors: Said Catherine M. , Delahunt Marisa , Hardidge Andrew , Smith Paul , Tran Phong , McDonald Luke , Kefalianos Emmanuel , Daniel Cathy , Berney Sue
Published: June 2021

Background

Early mobilization after surgery is a key recommendation for people with hip fracture, however this is achieved by only 50% of people. Recumbent bike riding has been used in other populations with limited mobility and has potential to allow early exercise in people post hip fracture. The primary aim of this pilot trial was to demonstrate the feasibility of a trial protocol designed to determine the effect of early post-operative cycling in bed on outcomes in people with hip fracture.

Methods

Single-blinded, multi-site randomized controlled pilot trial. Fifty-one people with hip fracture were recruited within 4 days of surgery from two sites in Victoria. Participants were randomly allocated to receive either usual care (n = 25) or usual care plus active cycling in bed (n = 26). The cycling intervention was delivered on weekdays until the participant could walk 15 m with assistance of one person. The primary outcomes were trial feasibility and safety. Clinical outcomes, including mobility (Modified Iowa Level of Assistance Scale) and delirium were measured at day seven post-operatively and at hospital discharge by an assessor blinded to group. Additional outcomes at discharge included gait speed, cognition and quality of life.

Results

The intervention was safe, feasible and acceptable to patients and staff. Delivery of the intervention was ceased on (median) day 9.5 (IQR 7, 12); 73% of scheduled sessions were delivered; (median) 4 sessions (IQR 2.0, 5.5) were delivered per participant with (median) 9 min 34 s (IQR 04:39, 17:34) of active cycling per session. The trial protocol was feasible, however at day seven 75% of participants had not met the criterion (able to walk 15 m with assistance of one person) to cease the cycling intervention..

Conclusion

In bed cycling is feasible post-operatively following hip fracture, however seven days post-operatively is too early to evaluate the impact of the cycling intervention as many participants were still receiving the intervention. A fully powered RCT to explore the effectiveness and cost efficiency of this novel intervention is warranted.

Trial registration

The trial was prospectively registered (25/09/2017) with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12617001345370.