bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individual Education Plan Goals and Services for Adolescents With Autism: Impact of Age and Educational Setting
Authors: Kurth Jennifer , Mastergeorge Ann M.
Published: February 2009

The purpose of this study is to describe the educational programs for adolescents with autism (age 12—16 years) in inclusion and noninclusion settings as reflected in their Individual Education Plan (IEP) goals, services, and curricular adaptations. Students who were included in general education math and language arts instruction had fewer overall IEP goals, but goals focused more on applied skill development, whereas students in noninclusion had goals addressing primarily rote and procedural skills. For students in both groups, all IEP goals were derived from kindergarten through fourth-grade standards. Likewise, for students in both groups, most IEP goals addressed core symptoms of autism (e.g., communication skills) as opposed to academic skill development, along with fewer overall goals and more curricular adaptations as students entered adolescence. Implications for practitioners are discussed.
Mental Retardation and Delinquency
Authors: Blackhurst A. Edward
Published: February 2009

This paper has examined the literature dealing with the relationship between mental retardation and delinquency. Various aspects of the problem were examined and a number of suggestions proposed; however, many questions remain unanswered and many problems unsolved. It is evident that a sustained attack on the problem is needed.

Chandler, et al. (1959) have made several proposals that would be helpful in ameliorating some of these problems. Among them, they proposed that the AAMD establish a committee to explore, with correctional authorities, problems related to the rehabilitation of the defective delinquent. This committee would develop a model code that could be used to identify and define the defective delinquent, and which would also serve as a framework in which trained personnel could work with the problem. They also called for case studies in several states, within this model code, to determine the needs of defective delinquents in order to determine the types of facilities and training that would be most appropriate for them. Hopefully, solutions to these and other problems will be forthcoming from the interdisciplinary empirical research study, “The Mentally Retarded and the Law,” which is being supported by the National Institute of Mental Health, in cooperation with the National Law Center (Allen, 1966).
Performances of Articulatory Defective, Minimal Brain Dysfunctioning, and Normal Children on Dichotic Ear Preference, Laterality, and Fine-Motor Skills Tasks
Authors: Sommers Ronald K. , Moore Walter H. , Brady William , Jackson Patricia
Published: February 2009

A dichotic word task, a measure of fine-motor skills, and a test of laterality were administered to 60 children aged 5 years-7 months to 10 years-6 months. Fifteen subjects had normal articulation, 15 mild articulatory defectiveness, 15 severe articulatory defectiveness, and 15 were diagnosed as having minimal brain dysfunction (MBD). When the results of the dichotic word test were analyzed, all Ss were found to have the expected left cerebral dominance for speech except those having severe articulation disorders. A high linear relationship was found between articulation errors and ear choices on the dichotic word task. Some relationships of moderate importance linked Ss' performances on the tests of motor skills to their dichotic ear choices. Relationships were found between ear choices and numbers of articulation errors. Traditional measures of laterality were found not to be related to cerebral processing of speech as assessed using dichotic tasks.
A Psychometric Investigation of Identification of Children with Academic Difficulties
Authors: Neel Richard S.
Published: February 2009

Restrictions must be placed on generalizing from the findings of this study. The reader should be cautious in interpreting the results of the factor analysis owing to the limited number of subjects and the lack of independence of the ITPA Language Age score. Still, based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions are suggested.

Each measurement instrument seems to be measuring a different ability of LD children. The major portion of the variance within this group of subjects was accounted for by the intelligence measure. The other abilities seem to be grouped into visual and auditory areas, but their interrelation with intelligence is unclear. Multivariate assessment may best describe an individual child, but at the time of this study it had limited value in classifying individuals into groups.
The Severely/Profoundly Handicapped
Authors: Sontag Ed , Smith Judy , Sailor Wayne
Published: February 2009

The misunderstanding and misuse of the label “severely/profoundly handicapped” may appear to call for the possible creation of yet another special education category. To create a new category would be a serious error, since it would tend to remove these children from the educational and social mainstream; it also would obscure the fact that the severely/profoundly handicapped exist across all of special education. This article examines various approaches to the problems of definition and categorization of the severely/profoundly handicapped, proposing a service-need definition, with emphasis on teacher competencies. Finally, the authors review what must be done within the profession to make it possible to achieve such a classification system.
Educating Delinquents
Authors: Gagné Eve E.
Published: February 2009

Empirical research on the education of delinquents is reviewed, covering delinquents' problems in school achievement, their psychological characteristics, and their physiological problems. Educational programs and techniques are discussed and most of those which have proven successful with delinquents have been highly structured. A survey of the literature indicates that delinquents have particular problems with verbal communication and reading. The easily observable trend towards an ever higher incidence of delinquency indicates that public school personnel must soon avail themselves of the latest and the best research findings in this important area.
An Exploratory Study of Temperament Traits in a Population of Children at Risk
Authors: Lambert Nadine M. , Windmiller Myra
Published: February 2009

Parents of 327 elementary school children classified as hyperactive, poorly adjusted, low-achieving, or control subjects were interviewed on questions pertaining to their child's infancy and early childhood. On a factor analysis, six temperament traits emerged: (a) attention span, (b) threshold level, (c) activity level, (d) distractibility, (e) adaptability, and (f) rhythmicity. Temperament patterns of the subject groups were compared by ANOVA and Scheffe contrasts. On all dimensions the hyperactive group showed the most extreme scores; however, they differed significantly from the others only on distractibility. Findings suggest that hyperactive children appear to have a biological system that overreacts in both home and school environments, which makes it difficult for parents and teachers to accommodate to their behavior, producing a circular, persistent pattern of overactive and overresponsive behavior in the child.
Colloquy
Authors: Burton Thomas A. , Burton Susanne F. , Hirshoren Alfred
Published: February 2009

Recent court decisions regarding the rights of institutionalized retarded to appropriate care, treatment, and education have a cataclysmic potential, particularly for those states who must meet the court-ordered minimum standards. In the case of Alabama, state lands could be encumbered, and the courts could significantly alter the state budget. This action could bankrupt the State of Alabama and other states which may be required to substantially alter their budget in order to comply with the courts. The authors, although sympathetic to the issue, view the court action as draconian and caution that such action could once again relegate the position of the mentally retarded to that of “menace to society.”
Non-Psychoeducational Foundations of Learning Disabilities
Authors: Algozzine Robert F. , Sutherland John
Published: February 2009

In discussing the question of how many learning-disabled children there are, Helmer Myklebust has said, “Tell me how many you want to find and I'll write you a definition that will find that many” (McCarthy, 1968). This discussion takes a critical look at the assumptions underlying the learning disabilities field. Conclusions and implications regarding this relatively new category of exceptionality are discussed.
Citizen Advocate, Meet Richard Oastler
Authors: Steer Michael
Published: February 2009

This article outlines the triumphs and tragedy of Richard Oastler, a citizen advocate of the 19th century who earned the title “Factory King.” His story has much in common with those of several well known professional special educators who in the last decade took notebooks and cameras into state-controlled institutions for the retarded in order to loosen the medical administrative model's iron grip on residential services for societally devalued children and adults.
Actual and Perceived Peer Status of Learning-Disabled Students in Mainstream Programs
Authors: Bruininks Virginia L.
Published: February 2009

Those few studies which have examined the peer relationships of learning disabled (LD) students in mainstream educational programs have not investigated the ability of such students to assess their own social status, a factor that may affect social interactions with peers. Further information would help in understanding the status of LD students in mainstream programs and tn planning educational experiences, if needed, to enhance their relationships with peers. This study, therefore, investigated the peer status of these students in regular classrooms and the accuracy with which they perceived their social position in the peer group. Results showed that LD students in mainstream programs were significantly less socially accepted than their classmates in regular classrooms and that they were less accurate than their classmates in assessing their own personal status in the group. Implications of these findings for instructional planning and further research are discussed.
Role Taking
Authors: Kitano Margie K. , Stiehl Jim , Cole Jack T.
Published: February 2009

The behavior of peers toward a child may have a powerful influence on that child's self-concept and academic achievement. For this reason, educators are particularly concerned with the social interactions of handicapped children, who often face rejection by their nonhandicapped peers. As a first step in increasing understanding of the social problems experienced by exceptional youngsters, this article reviews theoretical and empirical literature which links social behavior to role- or perspective-taking ability. Implications point to a need to investigate handicapped and nonhandicapped children's ability to take each other's role.
A Community Prevalence Study of Mental Retardation in New York State
Authors: Kirk Daniel
Published: February 2009

A prevalence study was undertaken of the number of retarded persons in Dutchess County, New York. The study indicated a large discrepancy between the New York State Department of Mental Hygiene's projected figures and the actual number of retarded reported. The projection indicated about 3.3% of the county population would be retarded. The actual figure was closer to 5%. The projection estimated 11% of the retarded population with IQs below 50, whereas the actual figure was 33%. The findings for Dutchess County have not altered or qualified the Department of Mental Hygiene's projections. In terms of planning facilities and services, the magnitude of error is evident.
Overcorrection
Authors: Axelrod Saul , Brantner Jennie P. , Meddock Terry D.
Published: February 2009

Research on overcorrection was analyzed along a number of dimensions. Two types of overcorrection have been described — restitutional overcorrection and positive-practice overcorrection (Foxx & Azrin, 1972). In restitutional overcorrection an individual who disrupts the environment must restore, and then improve, the environment over its previous state. In positive-practice overcorrection, an offending individual must repeatedly perform an appropriate behavior. The literature indicates that overcorrection has been effective with a wide variety of behaviors, but that its effectiveness compared with alternative procedures is unclear. An adequate assessment of the side effects of overcorrection has been hampered by a lack of objective data and a failure to specify, in advance, which behaviors are of interest. Investigations of various parameters of overcorrection indicate that topographical similarity between an offense and the restitutional procedure is unnecessary, that the duration of time that the process must be administered is unclear, and that a more precise specification of the components of overcorrection is necessary. Finally, it is concluded that Foxx and Azrin have not been sufficiently explicit in relating overcorrection to the punishment process.
Phonetic, Linguistic, and Sight Readers Produce Similar Learning with Exceptional Children
Authors: Neely Malcolm D. , Lindsley Ogden R.
Published: February 2009

Three years of computer-stored reading frequencies and celerations yielded average learning pictures for the 94 books in 17 different reading curricula. The median test with both Fisher's exact and with chi-square probabilities determined the significance of differences between the distributions of the average learning produced by the books in each curricular series. The pupils ranged from 5 to 21 years of age and included almost all exceptionalities. Major conclusions are: (a) The different curricula are functionally identical: they produce the same learning. (b) The average learning of these exceptional children was the same as that of regular children (x 1.2 per week), (c) Children can learn faster when starting at a low correct frequency (5 per minute), and when starting at high error frequencies (5 to 10 per minute). Strategies for improving learning include: (a) Teachers and children should treat errors as something to be aware of and eliminate, rather than as something to stay away from. (b) Curricula should start with low correct frequencies and high error frequencies, making room for steeper learning of both.
Sex Bias in Vocational Programming for Handicapped Students
Authors: Danker-Brown Pamela , Sigelman Carol K. , Flexer Robert W.
Published: February 2009

Data for 204 handicapped students in 68 work-study programs were analyzed to determine the nature and extent of sex differences in student characteristics and competencies, experiences, and outcomes. Females, who were underrepresented in the programs, did not differ from males in characteristics, intelligence, and school achievement. While the two sexes did not differ extensively in the amount of vocational training they received, qualitative differences in training were consistent with sex-role stereotypes, and females were more likely to have been exposed to sheltered forms of employment. At graduation, females were clustered in the service occupations, working fewer hours, and receiving less pay than males. These findings support the need for efforts to expand the vocational opportunities of handicapped females.
`Trojan Horse' or `Vehicle for Organizing'? Non-Union Collective Agreement Making and Trade Unions in Australia
Authors: Cooper Rae , Briggs Chris
Published: February 2009

Unions have historically had a central place in industrial relations in Australia. However, they have been sidelined in recent years by, among other things, the development of non-union forms of agreement making. In the context of declining union density and power, this article examines the dynamics and outcomes of collective non-union agreement making in Australia between 1996 and 2005. In particular, it questions the extent to which these agreements have been used as a vehicle for deunionization or whether, on the other hand, they have offered unions opportunities to organize in non-union worksites. The study finds that the direct effect upon Australian unions, as measured by non-union agreement coverage 1996—2005, was limited. Nevertheless, there is evidence of employers using agreements to undermine union activity. They have been used as instruments to stymie organizing drives and to pre-empt or to undo union collective bargaining. On the other hand, unions have been presented with some opportunities to leverage organizing activities by the structured, collective processes of the non-union agreement-making stream. The study concludes that the uses and effects of non-agreement making were contingent upon a number of variables including: the relative power of unions and employers in a given worksite; the relationship between unions and their members over time; the bargaining history of the parties; and the intentions and choices of employers seeking to make agreements.
Effects of Social Belonging on Homesickness: An Application of the Belongingness Hypothesis
Authors: Watt Susan E. , Badger Alison J.
Published: February 2009

Belongingness theory proposes that humans possess an innate drive for a minimum number of lasting interpersonal relationships. On geographic relocation, people leave their existing social networks. This greatly threatens belongingness needs, and the authors propose this is one cause of homesickness. Two studies investigated whether homesickness arises in the need to belong. Study 1 used a correlational design to test the relationship between need to belong and homesickness while controlling for other variables. A significant positive relationship was found. Study 2 then used an experimental design to test for a causal effect of need to belong on homesickness, and a significant effect was found. An additional finding showed that individuals who felt accepted in the community were less homesick. This was independent of number of friends and demonstrates an important link between community attitudes and adjustment. Implications for belongingness theory are discussed.
Living Arrangements Over the Life Course
Authors: Bures Regina M.
Published: February 2009

Living arrangements are influenced by social and demographic trends. Changes in social norms related to marriage, childbearing, educational attainment, and women's employment have reshaped families, making residential family membership much less continuous over the life course. The increasing complexity of family living arrangements makes a life course perspective essential for understanding families. The special issue titled "Living Arrangements Over the Life Course: Families in the 21st Century" addresses several key themes that will characterize families in the 21st century, including gender and the family, union formation and dissolution, living arrangements, and family migration.
Untreated Asymptomatic Deep Cartilage Lesions Associated with Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury
Authors: Widuchowski Wojciech , Widuchowski Jerzy , Koczy Bogdan , Szyluk Karol
Published: February 2009

Background

Chondral lesions are often documented at the time of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. They are usually asymptomatic. It is not known if these lesions change the outcome of current ACL treatments.

Hypothesis

Untreated deep cartilage lesions incidentally found during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction do not affect clinical and radiological results.

Study Design

Case control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods

From 1991 to 1995, 586 anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions were performed; 51 of these were in patients with a concomitant single focal chondral lesion of Outerbridge grade 3 or 4. The mean defect size was 2.1 cm2 (range, 0.5-4.0 cm2). The control group (anterior cruciate ligament injury only) was matched for sex, age, and operation time. Outcomes were reported at 10- and 15-year follow-up using International Knee Documentation Committee criteria, Lysholm score, and Tegner activity scale.

Results

Forty-two patients were evaluated at 10-year follow-up and 36 at 15-year follow-up. At 10-year follow-up according to Lysholm, Tegner, and International Knee Documentation Committee objective scores, no statistical differences were noted between the groups. The mean total International Knee Documentation Committee subjective score was significantly lower in the defect group than in the control group (mean, 79.6 points vs 83.7; P = .031). At 15 years, there were no statistical differences according to Lysholm, Tegner, and either objective or subjective International Knee Documentation Committee scores.

Conclusion

Deep cartilage lesions found during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, left with no treatment, do not appear to affect clinical outcome at 10- and 15-year follow-up.
The Relationship of Social Engagement to Psychological Well-Being of Older Adults in Assisted Living Facilities
Authors: Park Nan Sook
Published: February 2009

The purpose of this study is to explore social engagement and its relationship to the psychological well-being of older adults residing in assisted living facilities (ALFs). Drawing on activity theory, the study focuses on the salience of social relationships on residents' life satisfaction and depressive symptoms. A total of 82 residents were interviewed face-to-face in eight ALFs in a southern state of the United States. The data were analyzed using hierarchical regression models in that demographic and health variables, site characteristics, and social engagement variables were entered into the model in successive steps. Results indicate that perceived friendliness of residents and staff was significantly associated with life satisfaction and depressive symptoms controlling for other variables, and enjoyment of mealtimes was related to low depressive symptoms. Findings suggest that ALFs could promote residents' psychological well-being by encouraging residents to develop meaningful relationships within the facility and by designing enjoyable mealtimes.
Teachers and Challenging Behavior
Authors: Westling David L.
Published: February 2009

Seventy teachers (38 special education and 32 general education teachers) completed a questionnaire using Likert-type scales to describe several traits and conditions about themselves and students with challenging behavior. Results indicated that most teachers did not use many effective strategies or receive sufficient support, and viewed challenging behavior as having an adverse effect on them and their students. Still most believed most challenging behavior was learned and could be improved. Although they felt they had learned about how to deal with “most” challenging behavior through experience, most did not perceive their professional preparation to be adequate. Regression analysis demonstrated that inservice and preservice preparation were predictive of confidence and the number of strategies used for addressing challenging behavior.
Maternal Years of Schooling but Not Academic Skills Is Independently Associated With Infant-Feeding Practices in a Cohort of Rural Guatemalan Women
Authors: Webb Aimee L. , Sellen Daniel W. , Ramakrishnan Usha , Martorell Reynaldo
Published: February 2009

The effects of maternal academic skills on infant-feeding practices are not clear. From 1996 to 1999, the authors collected information on infant-feeding practices from birth on infants born to 279 mothers from 4 rural villages in Guatemala. They examined associations between maternal academic skills and indicators for the initiation of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) and timely introduction of complementary foods (CF). Mothers in the highest category of academic skills had greater odds of initiating EBF, but this association failed to remain significant after adjusting for schooling. Compared with mothers with < 1 year of school, mothers with > 3 to ≤ 6 years had greater odds of initiating EBF; mothers with > 6 years of school had greater odds of introducing CF early, while mothers with ≥ 1 to ≤ 3 years had greater odds of introducing CF late. Unmeasured schooling-related factors influenced infant-feeding practices to a greater extent than academic skills. J Hum Lact. 25(3):297-306.
On a Growing Dualism in Organizational Discourse Research
Authors: Bisel Ryan S.
Published: February 2009

Duality arguments are now a common perspective employed in organizational discourse research to avoid the problematic dualism of necessarily prioritizing structure or agency. Despite this considerable philosophical maturity, not all duality approaches are created equal. In fact, duality theorizing in current organizational discourse research has developed into two perspectives— structured in action or acted in structure. This article outlines the characteristics of each research program and provides an illustration of how similar organizational phenomena may be interpreted differently depending on paradigmatic orientation. Then, methodological recommendations and two emerging theoretical myopias—duality and organizing biases—are described to challenge scholars to employ dialectically these seemingly incommensurate perspectives in their theorizing of 21st-century organizational discourse.
Building Global Health Research Competencies at the Undergraduate Level
Authors: Hatfield Jennifer M. , Hecker Kent G. , Jensen Ashley E.
Published: February 2009

Faculty from the University of Calgary’s bachelor of health sciences (BHSc) Global Health Program argue for the development of global health research competencies to prepare students for international placements in low- and middle-income countries. These competencies include the ability to define and describe (a) how to use the concept of health research systems to investigate and describe health research activities in a given country, (b) the concept of health research capacity building, (c) the importance of building equitable and sustainable research partnerships, and (d) the role of knowledge mobilization and translation in health research. This article begins by outlining a rationale for preparing students for global health research activities and the BHSc Global Health Research Program. It then outlines these competencies and provides practical guidance to assist faculty and mentors preparing students for international placements. Finally, a case study of a student-led investigation of the health research system in Ethiopia is presented.
Parental Fears Following Their Child's Brain Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Anclair M. , Hovén E. , Lannering B. , Boman K.K.
Published: February 2009

The objective of this study is to portray the ill- ness-related threats experienced by parents of children after the diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) tumor. Parents were asked to rate the extent to which they experienced a set of specific fears related to their child's brain tumor and its treatment. Outcomes for parents of CNS tumor patients (n = 82) were compared with those of reference parents of patients treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n = 208). The fears about an illness recurrence and the late effects of treat- ment were most prominent among parents of CNS tumor patients. For 7 out of 11 kinds of fear, parents of CNS tumor patients expressed a stronger fear than the reference group. More than a quarter of the parents of children treated for CNS tumors feared a complete decline of the child. Parents of CNS tumor patients experience relatively heightened cancer related fears in several domains. The fear of devastating consequences felt by one fourth of parents signals the need of indi- vidualized psychological support and information at diagnosis and follow-up to facilitate parental coping with the posttreatment situation.
Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Oncology Phase I Clinical Trials According to The Belmont Report
Authors: Haylett Wendy J.
Published: February 2009

Whether to suggest enrollment of pediatric oncology patients with advanced or refractory disease into a Phase I clinical trial may present a significant ethical dilemma for health care professionals. Phase I trials are experimental and unpredictable by nature, yet health care professionals must ensure the trial's therapeutic intent as well as address the many vulnerabilities of the child with terminal cancer. After reviewing the role and phases of clinical research in pediatric oncology, this article discusses ethical considerations in Phase I clinical trials according to The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects in Research and discusses specific applications of these key ethical principles.
To Heller and Back
Authors: Kopel David B. , Blackman Paul H.
Published: February 2009

Extensive legal research confirmed a Standard Model of the Second Amendment: the Founders' intended to recognize and protect a preexisting individual right to own and use firearms for self-defense. Although most gun laws will remain constitutional, despite their irrelevance to crime control, the Supreme Court's 2008 decision in District of Columbia v. Heller invalidated the nation's most restrictive law, which had banned the possession of handguns and had banned the use of any firearm for home protection. It remains to be seen whether the Supreme Court will “incorporate” the Second Amendment in the Fourteenth Amendment so that it limits excessively restrictive state and local laws as well. Criminologically, Heller will probably lead to an increase in gun use against home invasions and a possible decrease of such invasions. Unfortunately, specific data about home invasions are not collected, so the results may be impossible to measure.
Reading and Rhythm: Binding Language Arts and Music in an Academic Notebook
Authors: Pearman Cathy J. , Friedman Tessa
Published: February 2009

The use of an academic notebook in an elementary music classroom is an effective way of integrating language arts into music instruction while helping students to reflect and think critically about music. Academic notebooks are student-created tools that help organize and track learning while students gain conceptual knowledge. The notebooks are designed to foster discussion, encourage reading and writing strategy development, and provide application activities to further strengthen the learning of music concepts. Combining music instruction with language arts reinforces integration of curriculum areas while providing academic support for a liberal arts program by enhancing its connection to the teaching and learning of literacy.
More Multiplication
Authors: Felton Sandra , Rusinow Roslyn W. , Banas Norma , Wills I. H.
Published: February 2009

In the Winter 1973-74 issue of Academic Therapy, in this column, appeared an article by Sandra Felton, entitled “A Multiplication Process.” Not long ago, we received a letter from Mrs. Roslyn W. Rusinow, who feels that some additional comments are in order. Sandra Felton's response also follows.
Experiences with the QNST
Authors: Sterling Harold M. , Sterling Patricia J.
Published: February 2009

The Denver Developmental Screening Test was ”positive“ in only 17 percent of children who were identified by physical examination to have organic neurological disorders, while 56 percent of those with neurologic disorders passed all four subtests of the DDST.

Contrary to previous reports, young children in this study were able to perform successfully on the double simultaneous stimulation test with eyes closed. Only about one third of the group of children under five years of age failed the test. Overall, 36 percent of all children under six years of age failed the test. Of the 64 percent that were able to succeed with the test, 41 percent performed all items with no difficulty, and an additional 23 percent succeeded but showed some type of problem in doing so.
Nutritional Tools for LD Teachers
Authors: Jani Subhash Natwerlal , Jani Linda Aylesworth
Published: February 2009

This paper has attempted to provide practical pointers for teachers in preventing nutrition related learning problems. In the first part, suggestions for educating children on the importance of nutrition to learning are provided. Ideas at both the theoretical and practical levels are included. Particular emphasis is placed in the use of the Basic Four Food Guide. In the second part, an Appearance, Behaviors, Complaints (A,B,C) checklist for identification of nutritionally deprived learners is presented. We propose that such tools will provide a systematic base for improved nutritional programming at home and at school.
Chasing Away the Times Tables Blues
Authors: Armstrong Thomas
Published: February 2009

The times tables have traditionally been associated with drudgery, boredom, and frustration. But there's a better, more enjoyable way to master this basic arithmetic skill.
Applause For Movement! The Breakfast of Learning
Authors: Herman P. J.
Published: February 2009

Children with problems in structured or unstructured classroom activities may not be developmentally ready for these tasks. The answer? Try movement exercises.
The Is And Should Be Of Assertive Discipline
Authors: Brown William E.
Published: February 2009

A look at Lee Canter's approach to structuring the classroom for behavioral controls
Teaching Map Reading To LD Children
Authors: Britton Richard Aquinas
Published: February 2009

Map reading should be high on the list of “survival skills” for LD youngsters.
I Never Knew How Light A Pencil Was ‘Till …
Authors: Davies Rebecca
Published: February 2009

It's never too late to offer assistance to the learning disabled, whether thefre children or adults.
How to Get Parents Involved in Your Program
Authors: Cummings Rhoda , Maddux Cleborne D.
Published: February 2009

Here are sixteen helpful ways to get apathetic, burned-out, intimidated, and resigned parents working with you in your special education program.
Cognitive Mapping
Authors: Gold Patricia Cohen
Published: February 2009

A form of “drawing” helps build understanding and recall for relating ideas in texts.
Reducing Reversals in Reading and Writing
Authors: Heydorn Bernard L.
Published: February 2009

Helpful hints useful in regular or special classrooms and in clinical situations, as well.
Winning at Reading Games
Authors: Kusik Patricia
Published: February 2009

Here's a four-phase reading game plan to help students and teachers make the most of the learning game experience and, as a result, develop reading skills.
“I Don't Understand. Can You Tell Me Again?”
Authors: Kidder Jean
Published: February 2009

Specific teaching strategies can help improve an LD child's ability to request clarification when he does not understand a speaker's message.
A Historical Picture of Family and Consumer Science Careers in Children's Literature
Authors: Scholl Jan F.
Published: February 2009

Five family and consumer sciences career novels written for young people were reviewed for commonalities in theme, experience and setting. Professionals in these books were portrayed as resourceful in designing effective solutions to solve local problems. Since most of the books are about Extension careers and the last book was written in the 1960s, additional promotion of family and consumer sciences as a career is suggested.
Costa Rican Research Experiences: Mid‐1950s and Early 1960s
Authors: Nelson Linda
Published: February 2009

Qualitative research projects with rural Costa Rican women in two different villages are reported. One dealt with possessed, desired, and (by default) rejected kitchen facilities. A pictorial method was used to prompt the homemakers' decisions. The other research explored time activity patterns of homemakers based on observed activities compared to their predictions and recollections of their activities for the day observed. Time use goals were inferred from the data. Detailed methodological procedures are provided for each study. Research data as well as field journal quotations are included to illustrate the cultural learning experiences and the work is written in first person.
Comparison of Environmentally Responsible Consumerism and Voluntary Simplicity Lifestyle Between U.S. and Japanese Female College Students
Authors: Roubanis Jody L.
Published: February 2009

Measuring for previous consumer behaviors, data on environmentally responsible consumerism and voluntary simplicity lifestyle were collected from students attending a women's college in the United States. These data were analyzed and compared with similar data collected by Iwata in his study on students attending a women's college in Japan. For voluntary simplicity lifestyle, the means for Japanese students and U.S. students did not differ significantly. For environmentally responsible consumerism, there was a significant difference. Students attending the U.S. college were more likely to engage in environmentally responsible consumer behaviors than were their Japanese counterparts. This study suggests an association between environmentally responsible consumer behaviors and an ethic of care promoted by the college's general education program.
The Impact of Directionality on Paint Pavement Marking Retroreflectivity
Authors: Rasdorf William J. , Guanghua Zhang  , Hummer Joseph E.
Published: February 2009

This article addresses paint centerline pavement marking retroreflectivity. The authors collect yellow centerline retroreflectivity data on two-lane highways, taking measurements in two directions. A paired t test on the data shows that there are differences and they are statistically significant. A field study is initiated to investigate the relationship between the direction the marking is painted and the retroreflectivity direction. The key result of this study is that paint centerline retroreflectivity values measured in the direction of paint striping are significantly higher than values measured in the opposite direction. Findings indicate that it is the lower retroreflectivity values of yellow centerlines (measured in the opposite direction from paint striping) that should be used to compare with the newly proposed Federal Highway Administration minimum standard because the drivers in that direction experience lower marking retroreflectivity at night. The implications for safety, for policy making, and for transportation asset management are significant.
Prior Victimization and Sexual and Contraceptive Self-Efficacy Among Adolescent Females Under Child Protective Services Care
Authors: Hovsepian S. Lory , Blais Martin , Manseau Hélène , Otis Joanne , Girard Marie-Eve
Published: February 2009

Adolescent females under Child Protective Services care in Quebec, Canada ( n = 328) completed a questionnaire designed to explore associations between prior victimization (childhood sexual abuse and four forms of dating violence) and four dimensions of sexual and contraceptive self-efficacy. Five MANCOVAs were performed. In each model, a victimization index served as the independent variable, four Contraceptive Self-Efficacy subscales as dependant variables, and age, age at first sexual intercourse, and lifetime number of sexual partners as covariates. Childhood sexual abuse was negatively associated with adolescent’s perceived ability to communicate about her sexuality and contraceptive practices. Sexual coercion in dating relationships was negatively associated with the adolescent’s perceived ability to communicate about her sexuality and contraception, her perceived control over her sexual activity, and her perceived control over her use of contraceptives in passionate situations. Sexual victimization was found to impair important aspects of adolescent females’ sexual and contraceptive self-efficacy.
The Role of Impaired Mitochondrial Lipid Oxidation in Obesity
Authors: Rogge Mary Madeline
Published: February 2009

Obesity represents a disruption in balancing fuel intake with energy expenditure in favor of energy conservation. Adiposity is known to be carefully regulated and, over time, highly resistant to major changes, raising questions about how energy homeostasis can become dysregulated in favor of fat accumulation. In obesity, the excess lipid accumulation represents a surfeit of energy, but those who are obese often experience rapid fatigue and decreased physical endurance, reflecting an energy deficiency. To develop an explanation for this apparent contradiction in energy homeostasis and the chronic overeating relative to energy used in obesity, a review of the literature was conducted. The resulting model of obesity is based on a growing body of research demonstrating that altered mitochondrial energy production, particularly in skeletal muscles, is a major anomaly capable of setting off a chain of metabolic events leading to obesity. Alterations in skeletal muscle mitochondria distribution and their oxidative and glycolytic energy capacities in obesity are described. The metabolic responses of obese and normal individuals to exercise are contrasted, and the effects of weight loss on energy production are presented. The effect of altered fat oxidation is considered in relation to energy regulation by the central nervous system and the development of major obesity comorbidities, including systemic inflammation, insulin resistance and diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Recommendations for clinical intervention and additional research are proposed based on the model presented of impaired mitochondrial function in obesity.
The Impact of Team Revenues on MLB Salaries
Authors: Brown Kenneth H. , Jepsen Lisa K.
Published: February 2009

We test which individual major league baseball (MLB) player characteristics, such as on-base and slugging percentages, predict a hitter's salary. We also consider whether some MLB teams pay more per individual characteristic than others by using a hierarchical linear model to allow the value that a team places on a player characteristic to vary across teams. We find that offensive statistics are key determinants of player salaries but that teams do not pay differently for them. There are team differences, however, in the salaries received by players who are eligible for arbitration.
A Descriptive Analysis of Health Care Coverage and Concerns in West Central Wisconsin
Authors: Jamelske Eric M. , Johs-Artisensi Jennifer L. , Taft Lois B. , German Katherine A.
Published: February 2009

This study examines the level of health care coverage and health care concerns among a sample of 222 West Central Wisconsin residents. More than 68% of respondents felt that Wisconsin health care has at least major problems, and only 2.7% felt that there were no problems. Approximately 60% were extremely or very worried about not being able to afford health care services, whereas more than 70% were extremely or very worried that insurance companies care more about profits than patient care. These concerns translate into a desire for reform, with more than 90% of respondents saying it is extremely or very important for Wisconsin to make health care more affordable and accessible for all residents. Despite some differences between the insured and uninsured, the call for action to expand access and control costs was significant among both groups. These results can help guide the current policy debate on health care reform.
Emotions as Moderators of Information Cue Use
Authors: Malhotra Neil , Kuo Alexander G.
Published: February 2009

Despite the extensive literature on the effects of party and other information cues on citizens' attitudes and behaviors, there exists little evidence and theory on how individuals balance multiple sources of information, particularly in the domain of blame attribution. Furthermore, we have a limited understanding of what individual characteristics moderate the use of such information. We designed a survey experiment, administered to a nationally representative population, in which respondents ranked public officials in order of how much they should be blamed for the property damage and loss of life in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina. We manipulated the information provided to respondents, with some receiving the officials' party affiliations, others receiving their job titles, and others receiving both cues. We find that strong negative emotions such as anger and sadness facilitate the prioritization of heuristics used in peripheral-route cognitive processing, whereas weak emotional reactions result in more content-rich, central-route processing.
After the Credits Roll
Authors: Albertson Bethany , Lawrence Adria
Published: February 2009

Television has replaced the newspaper as the major source of news for most people, and thus has the potential to inform the public and influence attitudes. A growing literature has demonstrated the immediate effects of television viewing, but the ability of a particular program to have lasting effects is less clear. In this article, we report on two field experiments that provide a test of the durability of media effects by examining whether two television broadcasts had a lasting influence on viewers' knowledge and attitudes. Both television programs were designed to raise awareness about particular policy issues and to persuade. We find that one of the television programs affected viewer attitudes, even weeks after it aired, while the second television program did not. We consider why particular types of television programs and particular formats are better able to have a lasting impact on the public. Our findings suggest that message repetition is a crucial mechanism for influencing attitudes over the long-term.
Severe Psychological Stress in Elderly Individuals: A Proposed Model of Neurodegeneration and Its Implications
Authors: Tsolaki Magda , Kounti Fotini , Karamavrou Sofia
Published: February 2009

During clinical practice, degenerative diseases in some patients appear after exposure to a severe psychological stress. Several studies have suggested that the duration of exposure to corticosteroids or stress, the dose of corticosteroids and the vulnerability of the hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex areas targeted by elevated stress hormones, mediate the damaging effects of elevated corticosteroids. Although understanding what triggers the transition from adaptive plasticity to the maladaptive effects of stress in the elderly is important, one of the great challenges is to determine individual differences in vulnerability to stress-induced events in both animal and human populations, and to devise strategies that may help protecting the brain from permanent damage. This review provides the basis for creating interventions and educational programs during midlife in order to prevent dementia or other neurodegenerative diseases or to halt the progress of neurodegeneration in the early stages.
Guidelines for Assessing Migrant Handicapped Students
Authors: Coballes-Vega Carmen , Salend Spencer J.
Published: February 2009

The nomadic lifestyle of migrants seriously hinders their access to and the continuity of appropriate educational services. As a result, migrant handicapped students are both underidentified and underserved. One means of insuring the delivery of appropriate educational services to migrant students is through assessment. The purpose of this article is to provide educators with guidelines for assessing the unique needs of migrant students. Specific guidelines presented include (a) identifying the student's language and cultural background, (b) examining adaptive behavior, (c) using the Migrant Student Record Transfer System (MSRTS), (d) determining the student's medical needs, (e) involving migrant parents, (f) interviewing the student's teachers, (g) choosing appropriate assessment instruments, (h) employing curriculum-based assessment, and (i) establishing a network of community resources.