bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
105 Functional Recovery in Older Women Undergoing Surgery for Gynaecological Malignancies: A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis
Authors: Martin F E , Kalsi T , Dhesi J K , Partridge J S L
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Older women are increasingly undergoing surgery for gynaecological malignancies. Although survival data is available other outcomes such as functional recovery are less well described. However older people are both more vulnerable to changes in function and often prioritise function over survival. There is limited published research examining function outside of context of sexual or urodynamic function following gynaeoncology surgery but a large body or research exists examining health-related quality of life (HrQOL) both as a pre-operative risk factor for survival and as a post-treatment outcome measure in its own right. HRQOL tools may report on physical function as a subcomponent within composite tools.

This systematic review and narrative synthesis describes functional recovery after gynae-oncology surgery with respect to baseline characteristics which - if identified – could enable pre- or post-operative risk reduction.

Methods

Systematic search of MEDLINE and EMBASE databases and Cochrane Library between 1974-2018. Two reviewers independently reviewed abstracts/papers for inclusion against the following criteria:Mean/median age >60Gynaeoncological treatment includes surgery (RCTs, observational or mixed methods studies).Any measure of functional ability as defined by WHO ICF classification section D1–D7 inclusive, D855, D860-79 and D9 using validated tool.Minimum pre-operative and one post-operative measure.

Results analysed and presented using narrative synthesis.

Results

Sixteen studies identified (7 Endometrial, 2 Ovarian, 2 Vulval, 6 mixed cancer types).

1/16 used a standalone functional assessment tool, 15/16 used Health-Related Quality of Life tools (EORTC QLQ C30 (10), FACT-G (3), SF-36 (3)) comprising items describing function.

More studies showed full recovery to baseline (n=11) than incomplete recovery (n=5 including 2 reporting age as a negative association). Recovery was more likely and occurred faster in minimally-invasive surgery. 1 study demonstrated failure to recover baseline functional independence by 12 months.
106 How do Geriatricians View Their Future Old Age?
Authors: Braithwaite E , Thomas D , Ninan S
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Despite, being a specialty intimately acquainted with growing old, there has been little research on how geriatricians view ageing in the terms it might affect themselves in the future. We wished to survey geriatricians as to how they viewed their own futures as they grew older.

Methods

We constructed a short survey using survey monkey and sent it to all BGS members, electronically. We also tweeted links to the survey from our personal accounts publicly. Only geriatricians were asked to reply. The survey was open between 25th March and 26th June 2019.

Results

143 people responded to the survey49% agreed or strongly agreed that they were looking forward to old age65% agreed or strongly agreed that they were worried about the thought of being frail70% agreed or strongly agreed that they were worried about developing dementia

Despite these responses89% agreed or strongly agreed that old age will be an enjoyable time of life76% agreed or strongly agreed that they promoted a positive image of older age to friends and colleagues85% agreed or strongly agreed that they would be enthusiastic about life in older age74% agreed or strongly agreed that they looked forward to the social life they would have in older age

Themes that arose in the free text responses regarding greatest fears for old age included dependence, physical disability and frailty, dementia, loneliness, bereavement, financial difficulties and the future of society. Respondents hopes for old age included independence and health, enjoying relationships, having more time, and contributing to society.

Conclusions

Despite, or perhaps because of, looking after frail older people as part of their profession, geriatricians have mixed feelings towards growing old themselves. Despite most agreeing that old age will be enjoyable, only half of respondents were looking forward to older age.

Dementia, dependency and loneliness were common fears for geriatricians. Geriatricians’ experience of older age is often in the form of looking after the people who are the frailest of their age group, with the most marked disease burden. Strategies for geriatricians to consider the breadth and variety of old age might come through engagement with the field of medical humanities, reflective practice and spending more time with older people who have less disease burden.
107 Increased Hospitalisation Associated with Nasogastric Feeding in Advanced Dementia: Experience of A Geriatric Unit in Singapore
Authors: Yang D , Fong E L , Chan M
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Tube feeding is not recommended in persons with advanced dementia and dysphagia; it does not improve nutrition, reduce infections or mortality. In Singapore, limited data exists on the prevalence of oral versus tube feeding in persons with advanced dementia, and the alignment between the mode of administering food and fluids and a prior advanced care plan (ACP) discussion.

Methods

Retrospective review of 120 patients from January to October 2017 was conducted to examine the prevalence of oral and tube feeding in advanced dementia patients with ACP, and the alignment of the chosen mode of intake with their ACP. Outcomes include rates of readmission, pneumonia, ACP revisions and mortality at six months.

Results

42 subjects fulfilling criteria were analysed. 81.0% continued oral feeding. There was a statistically significant difference in the decision for tube insertion between oral and tube feeding groups (p=0.02), which was influenced by the ACP discussion. Concordance with ACP discussion in the tube feeding group was mixed, with 50% agreeing for tube insertion and 33.3% who were clinically guided. Surrogates made the decisions in 90.5% of the discussions.

Six-month readmission rate was 32.4% for orally-fed patients versus 75% for tube-fed patients (p=0.045). 52.9% of admissions were attributed to pneumonia. 8.8% of orally fed patients revised their ACP to opt for a trial of treatment in their own home instead of readmission to the hospital. There was no difference in 6-month mortality (p=0.123).

Conclusions

Oral feeding was continued for most advanced dementia patients. Tube feeding does not offer survival benefit or prevent aspiration at 6 months, yet is associated with increased hospitalisations. ACP discussion should be initiated earlier to provide persons with dementia the opportunity to express their preferences for the mode of food and fluid intake.
108 Poor Appetite is Common in Hospitalised Older People and Associated with Subclinical Low Mood
Authors: Cox N J , Lim S E R , Baylis D , Howson F , Sayer A A , Robinson S M , Roberts H C
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Appetite loss in older people -anorexia of ageing (AA) - is common. Recognised consequences include undernutrition, sarcopenia, frailty, and increased mortality after discharge from hospital. Identification and management of AA may prevent onset of these health burdens. Whilst appetite can be assessed, this is often not routine.

Methods

Cross-sectional data from three studies (carried out 2010-2017), with comparable data collection methods and drawn from the same population, were combined. Participants were over 70 years, admitted to acute wards within a large UK hospital. Appetite was assessed using the simple 4 item Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ); a score of ≤14/20 defines poor appetite. Correlates of SNAQ scores were evaluated.

Results

The dataset included 474 participants (64% female) with mean age 84 (6.5), median Barthel 78 (IQR 53-91), mini-mental state exam (MMSE) 27 (IQR 23-29) and comorbidity index 5 (IQR 4-7). The median GDS for the population was 4 (IQR 4-6). The mean SNAQ score was 13.9 (SD 2.6), and 265 (56%) participants scored ≤14 indicating poor appetite. There was no significant difference between mean SNAQ scores of men and women (P=.26), or those living alone and with others (P=.62).

Age, MMSE, comorbidity index, and total number of medications were not related to SNAQ score in continuous analyses but geriatric depression score (GDS-15) was (adjusted coefficient -.248; P<.001); such that lower mood was associated with poorer appetite.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the importance of assessing appetite in hospitalised older people, as poor appetite is very common. Appetite can be assessed in hospital using the simple 4 item SNAQ tool. Subclinical low mood, measured by GDS-15, had the strongest association with SNAQ score whilst in hospital. Therefore, for those with poor appetite in hospital, clinicians should have a low threshold to evaluate and treat low mood.
Population genetic variability and distribution of the endangered Greek endemic Cicer graecum under climate change scenarios
Authors: Stathi Efthalia , Kougioumoutzis Konstantinos , Abraham Eleni M , Trigas Panayiotis , Ganopoulos Ioannis , Avramidou Evangelia V , Tani Eleni
Published: February 2020

The Mediterranean hot spot includes numerous endemic and socio-economically important plant species seriously threatened by climate change and habitat loss. In this study, the genetic diversity of five populations of Cicer graecum, an endangered endemic species from northern Peloponnisos, Greece and a wild relative of the cultivated Cicer arietinum, was investigated using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers in order to determine levels and structure of genetic variability. Nei’s gene diversity by ISSR and AFLP markers indicated medium to high genetic diversity at the population level. Moreover, AMOVA results suggest that most of the variation exists within (93 % for AFLPs and 65 % for ISSRs), rather than among populations. Furthermore, Principal Component Analysis based on ISSRs positively correlated the genetic differentiation among the populations to the geographic distances, suggesting that the gene flow among distant populations is limited. The ecological adaptation of C. graecum populations was also investigated by correlation of their genetic diversity with certain environmental variables. Aridity arose as the dominant factor positively affecting the genetic diversity of C. graecum populations. We modelled the realized climatic niche of C. graecum in an ensemble forecasting scheme under three different global circulation models and two climate change scenarios. In all cases, a severe range contraction for C. graecum is projected, highlighting the high extinction risk that is probably going to face during the coming decades. These results could be a valuable tool towards the implementation of an integrated in situ and ex situ conservation scheme approach for activating management programmes for this endemic and threatened species.
Circadian and multiday seizure periodicities, and seizure clusters in canine epilepsy
Authors: Gregg Nicholas M , Nasseri Mona , Kremen Vaclav , Patterson Edward E , Sturges Beverly K , Denison Timothy J , Brinkmann Benjamin H , Worrell Gregory A
Published: February 2020

Advances in ambulatory intracranial EEG devices have enabled objective analyses of circadian and multiday seizure periodicities, and seizure clusters in humans. This study characterizes circadian and multiday seizure periodicities, and seizure clusters in dogs with naturally occurring focal epilepsy, and considers the implications of an animal model for the study of seizure risk patterns, seizure forecasting and personalized treatment protocols. In this retrospective cohort study, 16 dogs were continuously monitored with ambulatory intracranial EEG devices designed for humans. Detailed medication records were kept for all dogs. Seizure periodicity was evaluated with circular statistics methods. Circular non-uniformity was assessed for circadian, 7-day and approximately monthly periods. The Rayleigh test was used to assess statistical significance, with correction for multiple comparisons. Seizure clusters were evaluated with Fano factor (index of dispersion) measurements, and compared to a Poisson distribution. Relationships between interseizure interval (ISI) and seizure duration were evaluated. Six dogs met the inclusion criteria of having at least 30 seizures and were monitored for an average of 65 weeks. Three dogs had seizures with circadian seizure periodicity, one dog had a 7-day periodicity, and two dogs had approximately monthly periodicity. Four dogs had seizure clusters and significantly elevated Fano factor values. There were subject-specific differences in the dynamics of ISI and seizure durations, both within and between lead and clustered seizure categories. Our findings show that seizure timing in dogs with naturally occurring epilepsy is not random, and that circadian and multiday seizure periodicities, and seizure clusters are common. Circadian, 7-day, and monthly seizure periodicities occur independent of antiseizure medication dosing, and these patterns likely reflect endogenous rhythms of seizure risk.
The potential role of bacteria in pancreatic cancer: a systematic review
Authors: Li Ping , Shu Yongqian , Gu Yanhong
Published: February 2020

Pancreatic cancer is a lethal and devastating disease in the worldwide. Recognized risk factors for pancreatic cancer include cigarette smoking, obesity, type II diabetes and chronic pancreatitis. Other factors such as variant ABO blood type and Helicobacter pylori may also play an important role in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Recently, growing evidence suggests that the association between bacteria and pancreatic cancer is positive and related immune/inflammation activation and increased nitrosamine exposure may be its potential mechanism. Interestingly, it is debatable whether the relationship of bacteria and pancreatic cancer is causative, reactive or parallel and future studies are in progress. Here we review recent progress in pancreatic cancer and its related bacteria.
Inhibitor-contaminated NADH: Its Influence on Dehydrogenases and Dehydrogenase-coupled Reactions
Authors: Klotzsch Sigrid G , Klotzsch Helmut R
Published: February 2020

Preparations of reduced NAD are known to be prone to contain a substance which inhibits the catalytic activity of LDH. (1-Lactate: NAD oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27).
Light sheet fluorescence microscopy as a new method for unbiased three-dimensional analysis of vascular injury
Authors: Buglak Nicholas E , Lucitti Jennifer , Ariel Pablo , Maiocchi Sophie , Miller Francis J , Bahnson Edward S M
Published: February 2020

Aims

Assessment of preclinical models of vascular disease is paramount in the successful translation of novel treatments. The results of these models have traditionally relied on two-dimensional (2D) histological methodologies. Light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) is an imaging platform that allows for three-dimensional (3D) visualization of whole organs and tissues. In this study, we describe an improved methodological approach utilizing LSFM for imaging of preclinical vascular injury models while minimizing analysis bias.

Methods and results

The rat carotid artery segmental pressure-controlled balloon injury and mouse carotid artery ligation injury were performed. Arteries were harvested and processed for LSFM imaging and 3D analysis, as well as for 2D area histological analysis. Artery processing for LSFM imaging did not induce vessel shrinkage or expansion and was reversible by rehydrating the artery, allowing for subsequent sectioning and histological staining a posteriori. By generating a volumetric visualization along the length of the arteries, LSFM imaging provided different analysis modalities including volumetric, area, and radial parameters. Thus, LSFM-imaged arteries provided more precise measurements compared to classic histological analysis. Furthermore, LSFM provided additional information as compared to 2D analysis in demonstrating remodelling of the arterial media in regions of hyperplasia and periadventitial neovascularization around the ligated mouse artery.

Conclusion

LSFM provides a novel and robust 3D imaging platform for visualizing and quantifying arterial injury in preclinical models. When compared with classic histology, LSFM outperformed traditional methods in precision and quantitative capabilities. LSFM allows for more comprehensive quantitation as compared to traditional histological methodologies, while minimizing user bias associated with area analysis of alternating, 2D histological artery cross-sections.
A shunt decision-making protocol in the surgical palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome from 2004 to 2016
Authors: Kelly Thomas John , Zannino Diana , Brink Johann , Konstantinov Igor E , Cheung Michael M , d’Udekem Yves , Brizard Christian Pierre
Published: February 2020

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to study the impact of a decision-making protocol for shunt type in the Norwood procedure for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Our cohort extends from 2004 to 2016. In era 1 (pre-2008), there was no policy for the choice of Norwood shunt. In era 2 (post-2008), a standard protocol was implemented. The right ventricle (RV)-to-pulmonary artery conduit was utilized for low-birth weight patients (<2.5 kg). The right modified Blalock–Taussig Shunt (RBTS) was constructed for normal birth weight patients.

METHODS

The records of 133 consecutive operative patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome anatomy between 2004 and 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Survival risk factors were analysed using the Cox proportional hazards risk model.

RESULTS

The Norwood procedure was performed at a mean age of 2.9 ± 1.9 days. Bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt was performed at a median age of 99 days (interquartile range 91–107). In era 1, 38.6% (22/57) of patients received the RBTS and 61.4% (35/57) of patients received the RV-to-pulmonary artery conduit. In era 2, 86.8% (66/76) of patients received the RBTS and 13.2% (10/76) of patients received the RV-to-pulmonary artery conduit. The actuarial survival to Fontan was 72.2% (96/133). Era 1 patients were more likely to die within the 1st year (hazard ratio = 2.310, P = 0.025).

CONCLUSIONS

The shunt protocol may improve outcomes in high-risk patients, and we have demonstrated the reliability of the RBTS in low-risk patients. The short- and mid-term outcomes of our Norwood population justify the continued efforts to improve surgical and perioperative management.
Integration of culture-dependent and independent methods provides a more coherent picture of the pig gut microbiome
Authors: Fenske Gavin J , Ghimire Sudeep , Antony Linto , Christopher-Hennings Jane , Scaria Joy
Published: February 2020

Bacterial communities resident in the hindgut of pigs, have profound impacts on health and disease. Investigations into the pig microbiome have utilized either culture-dependent, or far more commonly, culture-independent techniques using next generation sequencing. We contend that a combination of both approaches generates a more coherent view of microbiome composition. In this study, we surveyed the microbiome of Tamworth breed and feral pigs through the integration high throughput culturing and shotgun metagenomics. A single culture medium was used for culturing. Selective screens were added to the media to increase culture diversity. In total, 46 distinct bacterial species were isolated from the Tamworth and feral samples. Selective screens successfully shifted the diversity of bacteria on agar plates. Tamworth pigs are highly dominated by Bacteroidetes primarily composed of the genus Prevotella whereas feral samples were more diverse with almost equal proportions of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The combination of metagenomics and culture techniques facilitated a greater retrieval of annotated genes than either method alone. The single medium based pig microbiota library we report is a resource to better understand pig gut microbial ecology and function. It allows for assemblage of defined bacterial communities for studies in bioreactors or germfree animal models.
Comparing Analytical Methods for the Gut Microbiome and Aging: Gut Microbial Communities and Body Weight in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study
Authors: Shardell Michelle , Parimi Neeta , Langsetmo Lisa , Tanaka Toshiko , Jiang Lingjing , Orwoll Eric , Shikany James M , Kado Deborah M , Cawthon Peggy M
Published: February 2020

Determining the role of gut microbial communities in aging-related phenotypes, including weight loss, is an emerging gerontology research priority. Gut microbiome datasets comprise relative abundances of microbial taxa that necessarily sum to 1; analysis ignoring this feature may produce misleading results. Using data from the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) study (n = 530; mean [SD] age = 84.3 [4.1] years), we assessed 163 genera from stool samples and body weight. We compared conventional analysis, which does not address the sum-to-1 constraint, to compositional analysis, which does. Specifically, we compared elastic net regression (for variable selection) and conventional Bayesian linear regression (BLR) and network analysis to compositional BLR and network analysis; adjusting for past weight, height, and other covariates. Conventional BLR identified Roseburia and Dialister (higher weight) and Coprococcus-1 (lower weight) after multiple comparisons adjustment (p < .0125); plus Sutterella and Ruminococcus-1 (p < .05). No conventional network module was associated with weight. Using compositional BLR, Coprococcus-2 and Acidaminococcus were most strongly associated with higher adjusted weight; Coprococcus-1 and Ruminococcus-1 were most strongly associated with lower adjusted weight (p < .05), but nonsignificant after multiple comparisons adjustment. Two compositional network modules with respective hub taxa Blautia and Faecalibacterium were associated with adjusted weight (p < .01). Findings depended on analytical workflow. Compositional analysis is advocated to appropriately handle the sum-to-1 constraint.
Parental comorbidity and medication use in the USA: a panel study of 785 000 live births
Authors: Sun Andrew J , Li Shufeng , Zhang Chiyuan A , Jensen Tina K , Lindahl-Jacobsen Rune , Eisenberg Michael L
Published: February 2020

STUDY QUESTION

How prevalent is paternal medication use and comorbidity, and are rates of these rising?

SUMMARY ANSWER

Paternal medication use and comorbidity is common and rising, similar to trends previously described in mothers.

WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY

Maternal medication use and comorbidity has been rising for the past few decades. These trends have been linked to potential teratogenicity, maternal morbidity and mortality and poorer fetal outcomes.

STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION

This is a Panel (trend) study of 785 809 live births from 2008 to 2016.

PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS

We used the IBM© Marketscan®™ database to gather data on demographic information and International Classification of Diseases codes and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) during the 12 months prior to the estimated date of conception for mothers and fathers. We similarly examined claims of prescriptions in the 3 months prior to conception. We performed companion analyses of medications used for >90 days in the 12 months prior to conception and of any medication use in the 12 months prior to conception.

MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE

We confirmed that both maternal medication use and comorbidity (e.g. hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia) rose over the study period, consistent with prior studies. We found a concurrent rise in both paternal medication use 3 months prior to conception (overall use, 31.5–34.9% during the study period; P < 0.0001) and comorbidity (CCI of ≥1 and 10.6–18.0% over study period; P < 0.0001). The most common conditions seen in the CCI were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for mothers (6.6–11.6%) and hyperlipidemia for fathers (8.6–13.7%). Similar trends for individual medication classes and specific comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia were also seen. All primary result trends were statistically significant, making the role of chance minimal.

LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION

As this is a descriptive study, the clinical impact is uncertain and no causal associations may be made. Though the study uses a large and curated database that includes patients from across the USA, our study population is an insured population and our findings may not be generalizable. Mean parental age was seen to slightly increase over the course of the study (<1 year) and may be associated with increased comorbidity and medication use.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS

As parental comorbidity and certain medication use may impact fecundability, temporal declines in parental health may impact conception, pregnancy and fetal outcomes.

STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S)

None.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

N/A
Efficacy and safety of colistin loading dose: a meta-analysis
Authors: Bellos Ioannis , Pergialiotis Vasilios , Frountzas Maximos , Kontzoglou Konstantinos , Daskalakis Georgios , Perrea Despina N
Published: February 2020

Objectives

Colistin represents a polypeptide used for the treatment of MDR microorganisms, although the optimal dosing strategy is under investigation. The present meta-analysis aims to determine whether the administration of a colistin loading dose in patients receiving high-dose maintenance regimens changes the rates of treatment success and the risk of nephrotoxicity.

Methods

Medline, Scopus, CENTRAL, Clinicaltrials.gov and Google Scholar were systematically searched from inception to 18 November 2019. Studies were considered eligible if they reported clinical outcomes among patients receiving high-dose colistin therapy with and without the administration of a loading dose. Meta-analysis was performed by fitting a random-effects model.

Results

Eight (three prospective and five retrospective cohort) studies were included, comprising 1115 patients. The administration of a colistin loading dose was associated with significantly higher microbiological [risk ratio (RR) = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.10–1.39] but not clinical (RR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.87–1.24) success. No significant associations were calculated for nephrotoxicity (RR = 1.31, 95% CI = 0.90–1.91) and mortality (RR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.82–1.29) risk. The results remained stable after adjustments for small sample size, credibility ceilings, publication bias and risk of bias.

Conclusions

Observational evidence suggests that the administration of a colistin loading dose in patients receiving high maintenance dosage regimens is significantly associated with higher rates of microbiological response, but does not change clinical cure, mortality or nephrotoxicity risk. The dosing regimen that would provide the optimal balance between treatment efficacy and safety needs to be determined by future randomized controlled trials.
Mitochondrial oxygen consumption in early postmortem permeabilized skeletal muscle fibers is influenced by cattle breed
Authors: Ramos Patricia M , Li Chengcheng , Elzo Mauricio A , Wohlgemuth Stephanie E , Scheffler Tracy L
Published: February 2020

Functional properties and integrity of skeletal muscle mitochondria (mt) during the early postmortem period may influence energy metabolism and pH decline, thereby impacting meat quality development. Angus typically produce more tender beef than Brahman, a Bos indicus breed known for heat tolerance. Thus, our objectives were to compare mt respiratory function in muscle collected early postmortem (1 h) from Angus and Brahman steers (n = 26); and to evaluate the effect of normal and elevated temperature on mt function ex vivo. We measured mt oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in fresh-permeabilized muscle fibers from Longissimus lumborum (LL) at 2 temperatures (38.5 and 40.0 °C) and determined citrate synthase (CS) activity and expression of several mt proteins. The main effects of breed, temperature, and their interaction were tested for mt respiration, and breed effect was tested for CS activity and protein expression. Breed, but not temperature (P > 0.40), influenced mt OCR (per tissue weight), with Brahman exhibiting greater complex I+II-mediated oxidative phosphorylation capacity (P = 0.05). Complex I- and complex II-mediated OCR also tended to be greater in Brahman (P = 0.07 and P = 0.09, respectively). Activity of CS was higher in LL from Brahman compared to Angus (P = 0.05). Expression of specific mt proteins did not differ between breeds, except for higher expression of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase subunit 5 alpha in Brahman muscle (P = 0.04). Coupling control ratio differed between breeds (P = 0.05), revealing greater coupling between oxygen consumption and phosphorylation in Brahman. Our data demonstrate that both Angus and Brahman mt retained functional capacity and integrity 1-h postmortem; greater oxidative phosphorylation capacity and coupling in Brahman mt could be related to heat tolerance and impact early postmortem metabolism.
Stability and Degradation Pathways of Different Psychoactive Drugs in Neat and in Buffered Oral Fluid
Authors: Marchei Emilia , Malaca Sara , Graziano Silvia , Gottardi Massimo , Pichini Simona , Busardò Francesco Paolo
Published: February 2020

Sampling and drug stability in oral fluid (OF) are crucial factors when interpreting forensic toxicological analysis, mainly because samples may not be analyzed immediately after collection, potentially altering drug concentrations. Therefore, the stability of some common drugs of abuse (morphine, codeine, 6-monoacetylmorphine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ketamine) and the more commonly consumed new psychoactive substances in our environment (mephedrone, and N-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide 5F-AKB48 also known as 5F-APINACA) was investigated in an OF pool for the presence and absence of M3 Reagent Buffer® up to 1 year of storage. Fortified OF samples were stored at three different temperatures (room temperature, 4 and −20°C) to determine the best storage conditions over time. Control fortified OF samples were stored at −80°C for reference purposes. Compounds with concentration changes within ±15% of initial value were considered stable. The drugs were significantly more stable in M3 Reagent Buffer® than in neat OF samples in all storage conditions. All analytes were stable for 1 year at 4°C and −20°C in M3 Reagent Buffer®. Drugs stability in OF varied depending on the analyte, the presence of a stabilizer, the storage duration and temperature. When immediate sample analysis is not possible, we suggest to store OF samples at 4 or −20°C and test them within 2 weeks. Alternatively, OF samples may be stored at 4 or −20°C with M3 Reagent Buffer® to be tested within 1 year.
Reconstitution of yeast translation elongation and termination in vitro utilizing CrPV IRES-containing mRNA
Authors: Abe Taisho , Nagai Riku , Imataka Hiroaki , Takeuchi-Tomita Nono
Published: February 2020

We developed an in vitro translation system from yeast, reconstituted with purified translation elongation and termination factors and programmed by CrPV IGR IRES-containing mRNA, which functions in the absence of initiation factors. The system is capable of synthesizing the active reporter protein, nanoLuciferase, with a molecular weight of 19 kDa. The protein synthesis by the system is appropriately regulated by controlling its composition, including translation factors, amino acids and antibiotics. We found that a high eEF1A concentration relative to the ribosome concentration is critically required for efficient IRES-mediated translation initiation, to ensure its dominance over IRES-independent random internal translation initiation.
Psychosocial Screening in Sickle Cell Disease: Validation of the Psychosocial Assessment Tool
Authors: Reader Steven K , Keeler Colleen N , Chen Fang Fang , Ruppe Nicole M , Rash-Ellis Diana L , Wadman Jean R , Miller Robin E , Kazak Anne E
Published: February 2020

Objective

Families of youth with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) can face psychosocial adversity including emotional distress, functional impairments, and sociodemographic risk factors. Systematic screening of psychosocial risk can identify families who may benefit from further assessment and evidence-based care. The Psychosocial Assessment Tool (PAT) is a brief caregiver-report screener based on the tri-level Pediatric Psychosocial Preventative Health Model (PPPHM).

Methods

Findings are presented from the baseline assessment of a longitudinal study validating a Sickle Cell version of the PAT 2.0. Primary caregivers of 136 youth with SCD receiving care through a multidisciplinary SCD clinic in a children’s hospital completed the PAT and validation measures. A subset of 25 caregivers completed the PAT a second time within 3–5 weeks.

Results

Internal consistency for the total score was strong (α = .87), and for the subscales was moderate to strong (α  =  .74–.94), with the exception of the Family Structure (α  =  .38), Caregiver Beliefs (α  =  .48), and Stress Reactions (α  =  .56) subscales. Test–retest reliability was also strong (r = .86, p < .001). Moderate to strong correlations with all except two criteria measures provided validation for the total and subscale scores. Validation measures varied significantly across the three levels of the PPPHM.

Conclusions

Results provide support for the reliability and validity of the PAT in SCD. Systematic screening with the PAT can help identify families of youth with SCD at risk for psychosocial problems and potentially help connect them to appropriate services.
Mid-IR spectra of the M-type Mira variable R Tri observed with theSpitzerIRS
Authors: Baylis-Aguirre Dana K , Creech-Eakman M J , Güth Tina
Published: February 2020

We present analysis of mid-infrared (IR) spectra of the oxygen-rich Mira variable R Tri. The data were taken with the Spitzer Infrared Spectrometer (IRS) as part of a study tracking how Mira variables’ regular pulsations affect circumstellar envelopes. We detected strong emission lines at 13.87, 16.18, and 17.6 $\hbox{$\mu $m}$, and one strong absorption feature at 14.98 $\hbox{$\mu $m}$. The emission features at 13.87 and 16.18 $\hbox{$\mu $m}$ are excited vibrational bands of CO2, while the absorption feature is the fundamental ν2 band. The 17.6 $\hbox{$\mu $m}$ emission feature has a completely different character than the molecular lines and we report its identification as Fe i fluorescence. We used a two-slab model with the radiative transfer code radex to model the CO2 Q-branch bandheads. Our results indicate a slab of gas with T∼600 K located at ∼3–4 R*. The cool temperature discrepancy with the radius provides observational evidence for the previously theoretical ‘refrigeration zone’.
On the vortex evolution in non-isothermal protoplanetary discs
Authors: Tarczay-Nehéz D , Regály Zs , Vorobyov E
Published: February 2020

It is believed that large-scale horseshoe-like brightness asymmetries found in dozens of transitional protoplanetary discs are caused by anticyclonic vortices. These vortices can play a key role in planet formation, as mm-sized dust – the building blocks of planets – can be accumulated inside them. Anticyclonic vortices are formed by the Rossby wave instability, which can be excited at the gap edges opened by a giant planet or at sharp viscosity transitions of accretionally inactive regions. It is known that vortices are prone to stretching and subsequent dissolution due to disc self-gravity for canonical disc masses in the isothermal approximation. To improve the hydrodynamic model of protoplanetary discs, we include the disc thermodynamics in our model. In this paper, we present our results on the evolution of the vortices formed at the outer edge of an accretionally inactive region (dead zone) assuming an ideal equation of state and taking PdV work, disc cooling in the β-approximation, and disc self-gravity into account. Thermodynamics affects the offset and the mode number (referring to the number of small vortices at the early phase) of the RWI excitation, as well as the strength, shape, and lifetime of the large-scale vortex formed through merging of the initial small vortices. We found that the inclusion of gas thermodynamics results in stronger, however decreased lifetime vortices. Our results suggest that a hypothetical vortex-aided planet formation scenario favours effectively cooling discs.
Disrupted Gene Networks in Subfertile Hybrid House Mice
Authors: Morgan Katy , Harr Bettina , White Michael A , Payseur Bret A , Turner Leslie M
Published: February 2020

The Dobzhansky–Muller (DM) model provides a widely accepted mechanism for the evolution of reproductive isolation: incompatible substitutions disrupt interactions between genes. To date, few candidate incompatibility genes have been identified, leaving the genes driving speciation mostly uncharacterized. The importance of interactions in the DM model suggests that gene coexpression networks provide a powerful framework to understand disrupted pathways associated with postzygotic isolation. Here, we perform weighted gene coexpression network analysis to infer gene interactions in hybrids of two recently diverged European house mouse subspecies, Mus mus domesticus and M. m. musculus, which commonly show hybrid male sterility or subfertility. We use genome-wide testis expression data from 467 hybrid mice from two mapping populations: F2s from a laboratory cross between wild-derived pure subspecies strains and offspring of natural hybrids captured in the Central Europe hybrid zone. This large data set enabled us to build a robust consensus network using hybrid males with fertile phenotypes. We identify several expression modules, or groups of coexpressed genes, that are disrupted in subfertile hybrids, including modules functionally enriched for spermatogenesis, cilium and sperm flagellum organization, chromosome organization, and DNA repair, and including genes expressed in spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids. Our network-based approach enabled us to hone in on specific hub genes likely to be influencing module-wide gene expression and hence potentially driving large-effect DM incompatibilities. A disproportionate number of hub genes lie within sterility loci identified previously in the hybrid zone mapping population and represent promising candidate barrier genes and targets for future functional analysis.
Gatekeepers of the Profession: Using the Code of Ethics to Guide Supervision
Authors: Hicks Jennifer
Published: February 2020

Clinical practicum and internship supervisors often share the role of gatekeepers with university faculty to ensure that students meet all necessary and applicable professional competencies before moving on to the next step in their music therapy journey (Dileo, 2001; Hsiao, 2014). However, the interpretation of these competencies can be subjective, and predicting student success can be challenging (Dileo, 2000). Therefore, making the decision of whether to pass a student from a clinical practicum or internship can be complex and filled with ethical implications for all involved. This paper explores that decision through the lenses of both the past and current American Music Therapy Association (AMTA) Codes of Ethics using Dileo’s (2000) Ethical Decision-Making Model. An ethical dilemma, based upon the author’s supervisory experiences, is presented here and analyzed using the following guidelines: setting and context; problems and issues; personal responses, beliefs, and values; obligations; Codes of Ethics standards and principles; laws and institutional and professional policies; opportunities for consultation; possible solutions and consequences; and implementation.
The promise of toxicogenomics for genetic toxicology: past, present and future
Authors: David Rhiannon
Published: February 2020

Toxicogenomics, the application of genomics to toxicology, was described as ‘a new era’ for toxicology. Standard toxicity tests typically involve a number of short-term bioassays that are costly, time consuming, require large numbers of animals and generally focus on a single end point. Toxicogenomics was heralded as a way to improve the efficiency of toxicity testing by assessing gene regulation across the genome, allowing rapid classification of compounds based on characteristic expression profiles. Gene expression microarrays could measure and characterise genome-wide gene expression changes in a single study and while transcriptomic profiles that can discriminate between genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens have been identified, challenges with the approach limited its application. As such, toxicogenomics did not transform the field of genetic toxicology in the way it was predicted. More recently, next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have revolutionised genomics owing to the fact that hundreds of billions of base pairs can be sequenced simultaneously cheaper and quicker than traditional Sanger methods. In relation to genetic toxicology, and thousands of cancer genomes have been sequenced with single-base substitution mutational signatures identified, and mutation signatures have been identified following treatment of cells with known or suspected environmental carcinogens. RNAseq has been applied to detect transcriptional changes following treatment with genotoxins; modified RNAseq protocols have been developed to identify adducts in the genome and Duplex sequencing is an example of a technique that has recently been developed to accurately detect mutation. Machine learning, including MutationSeq and SomaticSeq, has also been applied to somatic mutation detection and improvements in automation and/or the application of machine learning algorithms may allow high-throughput mutation sequencing in the future. This review will discuss the initial promise of transcriptomics for genetic toxicology, and how the development of NGS technologies and new machine learning algorithms may finally realise that promise.
L’alimentation en milieu scolaire : appuyer l’offre d’aliments et de boissons sains
Authors: Critch Jeffrey N
Published: February 2020

L’adoption de politiques et de directives alimentaires dans les écoles canadiennes permet d’accroître l’offre et la consommation d’aliments riches en nutriments tout en réduisant l’accès à des aliments et des boissons riches en sucres, en sodium et en gras saturés. Ces politiques favorisent des changements positifs pour la santé des enfants et des adolescents, tels qu’un meilleur indice de masse corporelle. Cependant, elles ont des effets mitigés sur la performance scolaire. Le présent document de principes présente les principaux éléments des politiques alimentaires en milieu scolaire, notamment les normes nutritionnelles. Ces politiques doivent respecter les recommandations du Guide alimentaire canadien et promouvoir la consommation d’aliments et de boissons riches en nutriments, dont la teneur en gras saturé, en sucre et en sodium est plus faible.
School nutrition: Support for providing healthy food and beverage choices in schools
Authors: Critch Jeffrey N
Published: February 2020

The implementation of nutrition policies and guidelines in Canadian schools has increased the availability and consumption of nutrient-rich foods while reducing access to and consumption of foods and beverages that are high in sugars, sodium, and saturated fats. Positive changes in health outcomes for children and youth, such as improved body mass indices, have been observed. However, observed impacts of school nutrition policies on academic performance have been mixed. This statement reviews key elements of school nutrition policies, with specific focus on nutrition standards. School nutrition policies should align with recommendations in Canada’s Food Guide and promote nutrient-rich foods and beverages that are lower in saturated fat, sugar, and sodium.
Petrographic, Geochemical and Isotopic (Sr–Nd–Pb–Os) Study of Plio-Quaternary Volcanics and the Tertiary Basement in the Jorullo-Tacámbaro Area, Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field, Mexico
Authors: Guilbaud Marie-Noëlle , Siebe Claus , Rasoazanamparany Christine , Widom Elisabeth , Salinas Sergio , Castro Govea Renato
Published: February 2020

The origin of the large diversity of rock types erupted along the subduction-related Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) remains highly debated. In particular, several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the contemporary eruption of calc-alkaline and alkaline magmas along the belt. The Michoacán-Guanajuato Volcanic Field (MGVF) is an atypical, vast region of monogenetic activity located in the western-central part of the TMVB. Here we present new petrographic, geochemical, and isotopic (Sr–Nd–Pb–Os) data on recent volcanics in the Jorullo-Tacámbaro area that is the closest to the oceanic trench. TMVB-related volcanics in this area are Plio-Quaternary (<5 Ma) and mainly form a calc-alkaline series from basalts to dacites, with rare (<5 vol. %) alkaline rocks that range from trachybasalts to trachydacites, and transitional samples. Crystal textures are consistent with rapid crystallization at shallow depth and processes of mixing of similar magma batches (magma recharge). All of the samples exhibit an arc-type trace element pattern. Alkaline and transitional magmas have higher Na2O and K2O, lower Al2O3, and higher concentrations in incompatible elements (e.g. Sr, K, Ba, Th, Ce, P) compared to calc-alkaline rocks. Calc-alkaline rocks are similar isotopically to transitional and alkaline samples, except for a few low 87Sr/86Sr samples. Sr, Nd and Pb isotopes do not correlate with MgO or 187Os/188Os, indicating that they were not significantly influenced by crustal contamination. Isotopic and trace-element systematics suggest that the Tacámbaro magmas are produced by melting of a mantle wedge fluxed by fluids derived from a mixture of subducted sediments and altered oceanic crust. Alkaline and transitional magmas can be derived from a lower degree of partial melting of a similar source to that of the calc-alkaline rocks, whereas the few low 87Sr/86Sr calc-alkaline rocks require a lower proportion of fluid derived from oceanic sediments and crust. Volcanism at the trenchward edge of the MGVF was thus driven purely by subduction during the last 5 Ma, hence discarding slab rollback in this sector of the TMVB.