bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Konzentrationsschwankungen und Intermittenz in turbulenten, isothermen Freistrahlen
Authors: Haberda F.
Published: June 2007

In Freistrahlen unterschiedlicher Dichte und verschiedener Reynoldszahl wurden Streulichtmessungen der Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte der Konzentration durchgeführt. Daraus wurden die Mittel‐ und Schwankungswerte der Konzentration und die dritten und vierten Momente der Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte abgeleitet. Zusätzlich wurden die Intermittenzfaktoren für den Außenluft‐ und den Kernbereich in Abhängigkeit vom Turbulenzgrad der Konzentration bestimmt.
Dynamics of Initially Stressed Hyperelastic Solids
Authors: Reismann H. , Pawlik P. S.
Published: June 2007

This investigation presents a linear, three‐dimensional theory for the incremental motion of initially stressed, hyperelastic solids. The magnitude of the initial deformation and the form of the strain energy density function are both arbitrary except for the usual restrictions placed on them by the principles of mechanics and thermodynamics. A variational approach, using Hamilton's Principle, is used to derive the equations of motion and the proper natural boundary conditions for the incremental motion. This approach yields a variational principle which, because of its scalar form, can be used to derive the appropriate equations in any particular coordinate system. This variational principle also provides a framework for the systematic development of special, approximate theories, for the incremental motion of rods, beams, plates, shells, etc. The investigation concluded with an application: the theory of the initially stressed beam.
Die Invarianzgruppe des Oszillator‐Kepler‐Problems
Authors: Baumgarte J.
Published: June 2007

Es wird eine sechsparametrige Gruppe kanonischer Transformationen konstruiert, welche die Hamiltonfunktion der Kepler‐bewegung — mit der exzentrischen Anomalie als unabhängiger Variablen — invariant lassen. Diese Gruppe ist isomorph zur vierdimensionalen Drehgruppe SO(4) und ist dadurch ausgezeichnet, daß sich die Impulse untereinander transformieren. Der Weg, der zur Konstruktion der Invarianz‐Gruppe SO(4) und ist dadurch ausgezeichnet, daß sich die Impulse untereinander transformieren. Der Weg, der zur Konstruktion der Invarianz‐Gruppe SO(4) führt, liefert auch die für die Dynamik der Kepler‐bewegung wichtige Nicht‐Invarianz‐Algebra so(4,2) mit der Invarianz‐Algebra so(4) als Unteralgebra. Im Falle der ebenen Keplerbewegung sind die Transformationen der Impulse durch die stereografische Projektion der Kugeldrehungen gegeben. Über die Konkretisierung von abstrakten Isomorphismen erhält man die KS‐Transformation, welche die dreidimensionale Keplerbewegung auf die vierdimensionale Oszillatorbewegung abbildet.
Über positive Lösungen von Eigenwertgleichungen mit Anwendungen auf elliptische Gleichungen zweiter Ordnung und auf ein Beulproblem für die Platte
Authors: Miersemann E.
Published: June 2007

Wir studieren positive Lösungen linearer symmetrischer und auch nichtlinearer Eigenwertgleichungen. Dabei wird das Eigenwertproblem direkt im Kegel der nichtnegativen Funktionen gestellt. Die Lösungen genügen zunächst einer Variationsungleichung. Anschließend wird, unter gewissen Voraussetzungen, mit Hilfe eines Zerlegungssatzes von Moreau gezeigt, daß der erste Eigenwert einfach ist und eine positive Eigenfunktion zum ersten Eigenwert gehört. Die Resultate wenden wir an auf elliptische Gleichungen zweiter Ordnung und auf ein Beulproblem für die dünne elastische Platte.
Quality in Mixed Integer Nonconvex and Nondifferentiable Programming
Authors: Chandra Suresh , Chandramohan M.
Published: June 2007

In this paper we formulate the duals of linear and nonlinear fractional programs and certain nondifferentiable programs in which some variables are integer constrained. We also show that in one of the cases an algorithm can be developed as an immediate consequence of this duality theory.
Eine exakte Lösung des Problems der optimalen Randwertsteuerung für eine Klasse örtlich verteilter Systeme
Authors: Knöpp U.
Published: June 2007

Für die Aufgabe, einen eindimensionalen Wärmeleiter über eine Randbedingung optimal zu steuern, wird eine exakte Lösung hergeleitet. Vorausgesetzt ist ein quadratisches Kostenfunktional, das ein unendliches Zeitintervall berücksichtigt. Die Lösung stützt sich auf eine Arbeit von Aliferow und Egorow, die das Optimierungsproblem auf ein unendliches algebraisches Gleichungssystem zurückführen. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz wird gezeigt, daß dieses Gleichungssystem exakt lösbar ist. Die optimale Steuerfunktion wird explizit angegeben, und diese Lösungsformel wird diskutiert.
Stress and Couple‐Stress Fields Produced by Circular Dislocations in an Isotropic Elastic Micropolar Continuum
Authors: Minagawa Sitro
Published: June 2007

The elastic fields produced by discrete dislocations in an infinitely extended isotropic micropolar continuum are calculated from the author's theory (cf. [1]). The expressions for the stress and couple‐stress fields produced by circular dislocations are derived. They are specialized to those for the fields produced by infinitesimal loops. For loops of finite radii, numerical estimations are carried out to investigate the stress and couple‐stress fields in the close vicinity of those loops. The results are plotted on the figures.
Zum Druckberg in der Magneto‐Gasdynamik
Authors: Hölder E.
Published: June 2007

In der Gasdynamik ist A. Busemann's Druckberg gerade die Figuratrix des zugehörigen Variationsproblems. Auf die Magneto‐Gasdynamik konnte ich das bereits früher übertragen [4c,d]. Dabei fehlte aber noch der Nachweis der Parallelität der sich entsprechenden Flächenelemente der Strömungsfläche und des „Druck‐Magnetberges”︁. Dieser geht im Fall der ebenen Strömung aus dem Busemannschen einfach durch eine Lie'sche Berührungstransformation hervor. Bei den Machschen Wellen bleiben nur zwei übrig, wenn man — etwa beim Anfangswertproblem — eine in den Gleichungen und im Variationsproblem auftretende, auf jeder Stromlinie konstante Funktion m(Ψ) festhält; das ist eine Vereinfachung.
Ein hinreichendes Kriterium für die Durchführbarkeit des Intervall‐Gauss‐Algorithmus bei Intervall‐Hessenberg‐Matrizen ohne Pivotsuche
Authors: Reichmann Karl
Published: June 2007

Es wird eine Klasse von Intervall‐Hessenberg‐Matrizen angegeben, bei der der Intervall‐Gauss‐Algorithmus ohne Pivotsuche durchführbar ist. Anschließend wird gezeigt, daß unter einigen schwachen Voraussetzungen an die Maschinenrundung diese Eigenschaft auch bei der Berechnung mit einem Komputer erhalten bleibt. Das Kriterium wird mit zwei bekannten Kriterien von Alefeld und Herzberger bzw. Barth und Nuding verglichen.
Mehrdimensionale Spline‐Interpolation und ableitungsfreie Fehlerabschätzungen bei nichtlinearen parabolischen Differenzenverfahren
Authors: Böther Hans‐Heinrich
Published: June 2007

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist die Realisierung ableitungsfreier Fehlerabschätzungen für nichtlineare parabolische Differenzenschemata. Die diskreten Näherungswerte ergänzen wir mittels eines speziellen n‐kubischen Polynom‐Splines zu einer stückweise glatten Funktion und weisen nach, daß nach Addition einer leicht zu berechnenden Korrekturfunktion und nach Anwendung einer Verallgemeinerung des Lemmas von Nagumo‐Westphal die Summe aus Spline und Korrekturfunktion eine obere bzw. untere Schranke der gesuchten Lösung ist. Für die so berechneten Schrankenfunktionen werden Konvergenzsätze bewiesen.
Integral Representations in Couple Stress Theory of Fluids
Authors: Ramkissoon H.
Published: June 2007

The system of differential equations characterizing the slow, steady, incompressible flow of couple stress fluids is examined. Integral representation for the velocity vector is obtained with the aid of a constructed fundamental singular solution and a derived reciprocity theorem. The very form of this integral representation suggests the introduction of potentials whose properties are stated. Matrix Green's functions are then introduced and the formal solutions to two types of boundary value problems are expressed by integral representations involving these functions, given body forces and surface data.
Implizit definierte orthogonale Polynome
Authors: Engels H.
Published: June 2007

Bei den klassischen Orthogonalpolynomen ist die Gewichts‐oder Belegungsfunktion unabhängig von den dazu gehörenden orthogonalen Polynomen. Es wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit gezeigt, daß es orthogonale Polynomsysteme auch dann noch geben kann, wenn die Gewichtsfunktion von ihnen abhängt. Dabei geht i. a. die Eindeutigkeit verloren während einige Minimaleigenschaften analog zur Theorie klassischer Orthogonalpolynome erhalten bleiben. Anwendungen findet man in der Theorie der Quadraturformeln.
Spectral Representation of Stresses Near a Cylindrical Cavity in an Elastic Half‐Space Loaded by Rayleigh Surface Waves
Authors: Höllinger F. , Ziegler F.
Published: June 2007

The linear elastodynamic problem of a halfspace with a circular cylindrical cavity, parallel to the free surface, is considered for the case of a Rayleigh surface wave loading. Reflections of the P‐ and S‐wave systems at the cavity surface are described exactly, whereas reflections at the plane free surface of the halfspace are approximated. For this purpose the plane surface is replaced by a cylindrical surface of small curvature. Using a Fourier series expansion in the polar angle of all waves, including the incident Rayleigh wave, the solution is given in terms of cylindrical waves. By means of this procedure it is relatively simple to numerically calculate the power spectra of the stresses in the near field around the cavity.
Zur Existenz und Eindeutigkeit der Görtler‐Funktionen II. Das Existenzproblem
Authors: Schwierz K. P.
Published: June 2007

Wie in Teil I des vorliegenden Aufsatzes (siehe [25]) sei die ebene und stationäre Strömung einer inkompressiblen und reibenden Flüssigkeit in einer laminaren Wandgrenzschicht gegeben. Zur Berechnung dieser Strömung wurde in [3], [4] und [18] die Görtler‐Reihe eingeführt. Die Koeffizientenfunktionen dieser Reihe sind die Lösungen eines unendlichen Systems von gewöhnlichen Randwertaufgaben dritter Ordnung, die von unendlich vielen Strömungsparametern abhängen. Nach [24] führt ein linearer Ansatz für die Koeffizientenfunktionen der Görtler‐Reihe auf ein zweifach unendliches System von Randwertaufgaben für die Ansatzfunktionen. Diese Randwertaufgaben hängen nur noch von einem einzigen Strömungsparameter ab. Die Ansatzfunktionen sind in der Literature unter dem Namen „Görtler‐Funktionen”︁ bekannt. – In Teil I des vorliegenden Artikels wurde die Eindeutigkeit der Görtler‐Funktionen bewiesen. Im hier folgenden Teil II wird ein Existenzsatz mit asymptotischen Aussagen angegeben. Dazu werden die Randwertaufgaben umgewandelt in Fixpunktaufgaben in einem geeigneten Funktionenraum. Für diese Fixpunktaufgaben liefert der Fixpunktsatz von Schauder und Tychonoff einen Fixpunkt.
Galerkin‐Differenzenmethode zur Lösung zweidimensionaler Boussinesq‐Gleichungen
Authors: Prochnow D.
Published: June 2007

Die Methode der Herleitung extern konvergenter Differenzenschemen aus Galerkin‐Verfahren mit Hilfe schwach konformer h‐lokaler Basiselemente wird bei der näherungsweisen Lösung zweidimensionaler Boussinesq‐Gleichungen untersucht.
Interaction of Torsional Wave by Penny‐shaped Crack at the Interface of Two Bonded Dissimilar Elastic Solids
Authors: Srivastava K. N. , Palaiya R. M. , Karulia D. S.
Published: June 2007

The paper deals with the problem of finding the stress distribution near a penny‐shaped crack located at the interface of two bonded dissimilar elastic solids. The crack is opened by the interaction of a torsional wave incident normally on the crack. The problem is reduced to the solution of a Fredholm integral equation. Iterative and numerical solutions of the solutions of this equation have been obtained. The solution is used to calculate the stress‐intensity factor. The results with those of Mal for homogeneous medium.
Diskretisierungsfehler und Defektkorrekturen bei der Lösung von Gleichungen in Banach‐Räumen
Authors: Lippold G.
Published: June 2007

Es ist üblich, Diskretisierungsfehler durch den Defekt in Gleichungen höherer Genauigkeit und die Lösung benachbarter Gleichungen zu schätzen. Wir zeigen, wie sich diese Techniken aus der Idee des Verfahrens der Nachiteration ableiten lassen, und geben ein Extrapolationsverfahren für lokale Diskretisierungsfehler in Gleichungen zweiter Art an.
Strömung eines magnetfeldfreien Plasmas im Rahmen der Zweiflüssigkeitstheorie
Authors: Förste J.
Published: June 2007

Die Strömung eines magnetfeldfreien Plasmas wird durch hydrodynamische Gleichungen beschrieben. Unter geeigneten Anfangs‐ und Randbedingungen werden Existenz‐ und Einzigkeitsaussagen gemacht.
Effects of Mass Transfer and Free Convection Currents on the Oscillatory Flow Past an Infinite Vertical Porous Plate with Constant Suction and Heat Flux
Authors: Soundalgekar V. M. , Gupta S. K.
Published: June 2007

Unsteady flow of a binary fluid past an infinite, porous, vertical plate has been analysed on taking into account (1) constant suction velocity (2) oscillating free stream (3) constant heat flux at the plate (4) presence of a foreign mass. Approximate solutions to coupled non‐linear equations are derived. Effects of various parameters like Gr (Grashof number), Gm (modified Grashof number), E (Eckert number), Sc (Schmidt number) and ω (frequency) on the velocity and temperature are discussed.
Plastische Deformationsgesetze in differentieller Standardformulierung
Authors: Bergander H.
Published: June 2007

Ansätze aus der Literatur zur Beschreibung aller Verfestigungstypen werden in eine einheitliche Standardformulierung (8) gebracht. Diese ist der Sonderfall eines allgemeinen Vorschlages des Autors für inelastisches Material [3]. Die Auswahl der Verfestigungsgesetze wird auf Folgefließflächen des Types der quadratischen Formen beschränkt. Die Standardformulierung wird in der Mehrzahl allein durch Umformung, in speziellen Fällen durch sinnvolle Approximationen erreicht.
Additional physical properties of diglyceride esters of succinic and adipic acids
Authors: Feuge R. O. , Ward T. L.
Published: June 2007

Diglycerides of the fat‐forming acids yield, on esterification with succinic, adipie, and other shortchain dibasic acids, a poteutially useful series of compounds ranging from hard, high‐melting waxes to viscous oils which will not crystallize. A number of the properties of these compounds were determined in carlier investigations.

In the present investigation additional properties of the 1,3‐diolein and 1,3‐distearin esters of succinic and adipic acids were determined. Surface and interfacial tensions were measured and found to be similar to those of cottonseed oil. The smoke points also were found to be similar to that of cottonseed oil. The ability of the compounds to thicken cottouseed oil was measured and found to be somewhat better than that of highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil at levels above about 12%, and the mixtures were relatively resistant to fat leakage. In hardness the distearin esters of succinic and adipic acid were comparable to carnauba wax and were over twice as hard as highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil. Permeability to water vapor was found to be greater than that of highly hydrogenated cottonseed oil and carnauba wax and about equal to that of cocoa butter.
Tung oil derivatives as plasticizers for buna‐N rubber
Authors: Placek Lida L. , Pastor H. P. , Hughes J. P. , Bickford W. G.
Published: June 2007

Eight derivatives of tung oil, namely, the methyl vinyl ketone, dimethyl maleate, methyl acrylate, and acrylonitrile adducts, and their hydrogenated products, were prepared and screened as softeners for Buna‐N rubber with dibutyl sebacate, as the control. Five of the eight products evaluated yielded stocks that met the low‐temperature flexibility requirements (−40°C.) of the automotive industry. In all cases the stocks prepared from the unhydrogenated derivatives were superior in plasticizing efficiency to the stocks prepared from their hydrogenated counterparts or to those prepared from the control.
Recording apparatus for measuring oxygen absorption
Authors: Lancaster E. B. , Bitner E. D. , Beal R. E.
Published: June 2007

Two sensitive but inexpensive electrical circuits have been described which translate change in mercury level in a manometer to an electromotive force of sufficient magnitude so that it may be applied to a standard d.c. potentiometric recorder. The recording manometer, when coupled with a simple closed system containing a small amount of lipid material and oxygen or air, can be adapted to determine continuously the cumulative absorption of oxygen by the oil or fat. The break‐point, a measure of the stability of the sample, may be obtained from the resulting curve. The apparatus has been successfully employed to determine the oxidative stability of hydrogenated soybean oil, and because of the small amount of attention required, it should be readily adaptable to quality control of edible oil and fat products. The recording manometer should be useful also for measuring and recording pressure changes in other systems.
Fractionation of heat‐bodied linseed oil with urea and acetone
Authors: Mehta T. N. , Sharma S. A.
Published: June 2007

During heat‐bodying of linseed oil at 300°C. the drop in iodine value is high in the initial stages, without a corresponding increase in molecular weight. These changes are due partly to conjugation and partly to intradimerization and cyclization. However the amounts of conjugation (5 to 6%) and intradimerization (3 to 7%) are insufficient to explain the large drop in iodine value. Cyclization of linolenic acid takes place to the extent of 8 to 17% at the earlier stages of polymerization and hence is the principal cause of the large drop in iodine values. This cyclized product of linolenic acid was isolated by urea and characterized by determinations of saponification value, iodine value, and mean molecular weight.
Regioselective lipase‐catalyzed transesterification of tributyrin. Influence of salt hydrates on acyl migration
Authors: Sjursnes Birte J. , Kvittingen Lise , Anthonsen Thorleif
Published: June 2007

The influence of the nature of solid salt hydrates on the rate of hexanoic acid catalyzed acyl migration in 1,2‐dibutyrin has been examined in hexane. The results show that the rate of acyl migration is faster when hydrogen phosphate salts are included compared to sulfate salts. The rate is essentially the same in the presence of sulfate salts and without salts. In regioselective lipase‐catalyzed acidolysis of tributyrin with hexanoic acid, the use of hydrogen phosphate salts to control water activity leads to a higher rate of migration than the use of sulfate salts. Minor differences are observed in interesterification with ethyl hexanoate.
Fatty acid vinyl esters as acylating agents: A new method for the enzymatic synthesis of monoacylglycerols
Authors: Bornscheuer Uwe T. , Yamane Tsuneo
Published: June 2007

Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of monoacylglycerols (MAG) was performed by transesterification reactions between fatty acid vinyl esters and either glycerol (1) or 1,2‐O‐isopropylidene‐rac‐glycerol (2), without solvents or in the presence ofn‐pentane. Vinyl decanoate, vinyl laurate, vinyl stearate and vinyl palmitate have been converted to the corresponding monoacylglycerols. As expected for the reaction with1, a mixture of mono‐, di‐ and triacylglycerols was synthesized. The highest concentrations of MAG were achieved with vinyl stearate (30% 2‐MAG and 15% 1‐MAG). The reactions of fatty acid vinyl esters with the protected glycerol (2) led to the corresponding protected 3‐monoacylglycerols with 100% conversion after short reaction times. The subsequent cleavage of these acetonides was performed by four different methods. The fastest cleavage was found with trifluoroacetic acid as catalyst, whereas the highest concentration of MAG (100%) was obtained for the boric acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of the acetonides.
A method for the determination of linoleic acid and conjugated dienoic acids in materials containing eleostearic acids
Authors: O'Connor R. T. , Heinzelman D. C. , Pack F. C. , Planck R. W.
Published: June 2007

A procedure has been described which extends the scope of the spectrophotometric method for polyun‐saturated acids to the determination of linoleic and conjugated acids in the presence of large quantities of conjugated trienoic acids.

Basis for the proposed method rests on equations which are offered to correct the “end” or “back‐ground” absorption of the highly absorbing triene conjugated acids at 233 mμ, the position of maximum absorption of conjugated dienoic acids and alkali isomerized linoleic acids. The method is limited to samples which do not contain nonconjugated trienoic acids (linolenic acids).

The method has been tested by the analysis of several mixtures of cottonseed and dehydrated castor oils of known composition, to which varying amounts of alpha, beta, and mixtures of alpha‐ and beta‐eleostearic acids have been added. These samples have been used to demonstrate the application of the proposed method for the determination of dienoic conjugated acids, alpha‐eleostearic acid, beta‐eleostearic acid linoleic acid, oleic acid, and total saturated fatty acids.

Comparisons of the results obtained with similar values, calculated from the known composition of the mixtures, prove that the proposed method gives reasonable results. Standard deviations between determined and calculated results vary from 0.36 for diene conjugated acids to 1.40 for oleic acid.

The method has been applied to the analysis of foreign and domestic tung oils.
Some factors influencing foam stability
Authors: Sporck C. R.
Published: June 2007

It is believed that liquid films owe their stability to the Gibbs elasticity. How this elasticity may arise is discussed, and it is concluded that in some cases a nonequilibrium value may be the important concern. Some data on surface composition from radiochemical experiments and foam fractionation are presented. Finally an explanation of the origin of the slow and fast draining films of Ross, Miles, and Shedlovsky is offered.
Present status of the filtration‐extraction process for cottonseed
Authors: Spadaro J. J. , Vix H. L. E. , Gardner H. K. , D'Aquin E. L. , Eaves P. H. , Gastrock E. A.
Published: June 2007

Improvements and refinements in the process for filtration‐extraction of cottonseed resulting from further pilot‐plant development studies are described as well as their adaptation to the first commercial plant. These improvements which depict the present status of the process for cottonseed include principally certain modifications in the method of conditioning of the meats or flakes prior to cooking and in the procedure for crisping; selection of best conveyor type for conveying cooked material over relatively long distances without objectionable comminution; selection of filter medium combining the desired properties of durability, non‐fouling, and low fines retention; determination of optimum filter‐cake thickness; and development of a method for clarification of the product miscella by continuous recycling through the formed cake on the filter. Also discussed is the quality and color stability of the oil produced from comparable lots of cottonseed by the filtration‐extraction process, as compared with that by hydraulic pressing, and by solvent extraction of uncooked flakes.
Tocopherol retention in oils aerated in glass and iron tubes
Authors: Luckmann Frederick H. , Melnick Daniel
Published: June 2007

Aeration of vegetable oils according to a modified A.O.M. test, involving the substitution of iron tubes for the conventional glass tubes, results in a more rapid destruction of the tocopherols present. Isopropyl citrate esters, predominantly monoisopropyl citrate, greatly retard the rate of tocopherol loss by sequestering soluble iron and by protecting the oil against further tocopherol loss by minimizing the effect of contact metal catalysis. Adsorption of tocopherols on the metal wall is insignificant.
Uranyl soaps
Authors: Bhandari A. M. , Dubey S. , Kapoor R. N.
Published: June 2007

Uranyl soaps (laurate, myristate, palmitate and stearate) were prepared by reaction of aqueous solutions of uranyl chloride and the corresponding sodium soaps. Viscosity and conductivity of the laurate, myristate and palmitate dissolved in dimethylformamide were measured.
Analytical method for determing copper in edible shortenings and oils
Authors: Deck Rudolph E. , Kaiser Kay K.
Published: June 2007

A reliable, practical method was developed for the quantitative determination of sub‐ppm levels of copper in edible shortenings and oils. Copper is quantitatively extracted with a boiling solution of 0.01% EDTA in 25% HCl. The extract was analyzed with 2,9‐dimethyl‐4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (Bathocuproine), a highly specific and exceptionally sensitive reagent for the colorimetric determination of copper. An average recovery of 99.8% was obtained on 22 samples containing added oil soluble copper standards. A standard deviation of 0.002 ppm was established at the 0.05 ppm level during routine application of this method to a variety of shortenings and oils.
Investigation of the phase behavior ofCruciferae seed oils by temperature programmed X‐ray diffraction
Authors: Riiner Ü.
Published: June 2007

The phase behavior of the seed oils from different strains ofBrassica napus, Brassica campestris, Sinapis alba, Crambe abyssinica andErysimum orientale is reported. The rapeseed oils and white mustardseed oils include products from plant breeding work in Canada and Sweden. The experimental technique includes the continuous recording of X‐ray diffraction patterns vs. temperatures between −50 C and complete melting of the most stable solid phases with a new DPT (Diffraction‐Pattern‐Temperature) camera. The crystallization and melting of oils with an erucic acid content above 8% can be described in terms of the polymorphic phases α, β2 and β1 (in the order of increasing stability). The designation β2 is tentative as the phase cannot be classified unambiguously by X‐ray diffraction data alone. The phase transition temperatures for a certain species form continuous functions of the erucic acid content, thus providing a basis for the prediction of some of the properties that are relevant for the utilization of the oils in the food industry.
Diol diricinoleates from dihaloalkanes
Authors: Lyon C. K. , Garrett V. H.
Published: June 2007

A series of alkanediol diricinoleates was prepared by heating ricinoleic acid with triethylamine and dibromo‐ or dichloroalkanes containing 2 to 10 carbon atoms. As expected, the dibromides react more rapidly than the dichlorides. This method of esterification avoids the side reaction of estolide formation which occurs when ricinoleates are prepared by direct esterification or transesterification. The products are high molecular weight diols which should be useful in the preparation of polyurethanes.
Design and operation of a commercial soybean‐oil refining plant, using acetic anhydride as a degumming reagent
Authors: Myers Noel W.
Published: June 2007

The 50 oil process has been demonstrated on a commercial scale to be physically possible and economically attractive to refiners of soybean oil. The flavor and stability characteristics of the finished oil are identical to the conventional caustic‐refined product.
Identification of some marine oil constituents by chromatography
Authors: Sorrels Mary Frances , Reiser Raymond
Published: June 2007

Summary and Conclusion

A scheme for the separation and identification of some constituents of marine oils was developed. A preliminary separation on a silicic acid column with five solvent systems was followed by further separation and identification on silicic acid impregnated glass‐fiber filter paper. This method can be used successfully for qualitative determinations, but the irregularities in the density of the glass paper prevent an accurate quantitative assay.
Reactions of conjugated fatty acids. V. Preparation and properties of diels‐alder adducts and their esters fromtrans,trans‐conjugated fatty acids derived from soybean oil
Authors: Danzig M. J. , O'Donnell J. L. , Bell E. W. , Cowan J. C. , Teeter H. M.
Published: June 2007

Soybean fatty acids were conjugated with alkali, and the contained, conjugated dienoic acids were isomerized with iodine to thetrans,trans configuration. Adducts were prepared from thesetrans,trans‐conjugated acids by condensation with maleic anhydride and acrylic acid. The adducts were isolated, purified, and converted to esters by using a variety of alcohols, including methyl, ethyl,n‐propyl,n‐butyl, and allyl alcohols. Esters made from saturated alcohols were converted into the corresponding epoxy derivatives.

All of the esters (except allyl) and all of the epoxy esters were compatible with an equal weight of polyvinyl chloride and appeared to be primary plasticizers for this plastic. The epoxy esters were effective in inhibiting heat deterioration of polyvinyl chloride.
Sharp‐melting fat fractions from cottonseed oil
Authors: Lovegren N. V. , Gray M. S. , Feuge R. O.
Published: June 2007

Solid fats of very short plastic range and melting points about equal to that of butterfat were obtained in yields up to ca. 64% by a single, fractional crystallization from hexane of byproduct stearines from the commercial winterization of cottonseed oil. One such product, consisting of approximately fourfifths 2‐linoleodipalmitin and one‐fifth 2‐oleodipalmitin, melted almost entirely between 22 and 29 C, and was harder than butterfat at equal temperatures. Use as specialty fats is indicated.
NMR chemical shift reagents in structural determination of lipid derivatives: III. Methyl ricinoleate and methyl 12‐hydroxystearate
Authors: Wineburg John P. , Swern Daniel
Published: June 2007

Chemical shift reagents (CSR) can substantially increase the amount of structural information obtainable from NMR studies of saturated and unsaturated lipid derivatives. It is theoretically possible to obtain even more information from CSR studies of unsaturated lipid derivatives by introducing additional CSR‐active functional groups into those molecules through derivatization of their double bonds. However additional CSR coordination sites complicate spectral interpretation, because they increase the number of signals that overlap. Therefore two model compounds were investigated to test the feasibility of attempting other CSR analyses of polyfunctional molecules of unknown structure. This paper describes successful CSR studies of methyl ricinoleate and methyl 12‐hydroxystearate. A series of complementary interpretive techniques was used to assign proton signals in spectra obtained during incremental Eu(fod)3 addition studies with these compounds. Individual proton signals can be observed and assigned for all the protons in methyl ricinoleate, except those on carbons 5, 6 and 7. Information obtained for methyl 12‐hydroxystearate is less specific. Signals are observed for all protons in methyl 12‐hydroxystearate, although in some cases several proton signals overlap.
Chemical reactions involved in deep fat frying of foods: VI. Characterization of nonvolatile decomposition products of trilinolein
Authors: Paulose M. M. , Chang Stephen S.
Published: June 2007

A laboratory apparatus that could be used to treat pure triglycerides under simulated deep fat frying conditions was designed and built. By the use of this apparatus, the volatile decomposition products produced during frying could be quantitatively collected at the same time. Pure trilinolein was treated in this apparatus at 185 C for 74 hr. The volatile decomposition products were collected quantitatively. Their fractionation and identification will be reported in a subsequent paper. The nonvolatile decomposition products were isolated from the treated trilinolein as the non‐urea‐adduct‐forming methyl esters. They constituted 26.3% of the treated trilinolein and were separated into seven fractions by repeated liquid column chromatography. Chemical and physical analyses of these fractions indicated that the chemical reactions taking place under simulated deep fat frying conditions were not entirely the same as those during simple heating under air. One of the seven fractions was further purified by thin layer chromatography and then identified as a cyclic carbon to carbon linked dimer which amounted to 4.9% of the treated trilinolein. Another fraction was further purified by thin layer chromatography, followed by gas chromatography, and then identified as noncyclic hydroxy dimers formed through carbon to carbon linkages. The noncyclic dimers constituted 2.8% of the treated trilinolein. The other four fractions were depolymerized by hydroiodic acid. The depolymerization products were fractionated by thin layer chromatography and then analyzed. It was estimated that the treated trilinolein contained 8.4% of trimers formed through carbon to carbon linkages, and 4.9% of dimers and trimers joined through carbon to carbon or carbon to oxygen linkages in the same molecule and also trimers, in which all the three monomeric units were joined through carbon to oxygen linkages.
Biodegradability of nonionic surfactants: Screening test for predicting rate and ultimate biodegradation
Authors: Sturm R. N.
Published: June 2007

Environmental water quality evaluations of raw materials in consumer products occupy a position of critical importance in many industries throughout the world. The rapid growth and diversity of the household detergent market requires continuous consideration of new materials needed to meet the demands of new, improved and modified products. As household cleaning products are normally disposed of as a component of domestic sewage, surface active compounds, including nonionic surfactants, would reach surface waters only as a part of a sewage effluent and would be subject to the same degree of biological treatment as the balance of the waste. For this reason, evaluations of such new materials include an environmental assessment in which biodegradability testing of organic materials is an important first step. Biodegradability characteristics of nonionic surfactants, as a class, are generally more difficult to ascertain because of wide structural diversity and a usual lack of functional groups. Such determinations usually involve intricate and laborious test methods which necessitate development of analytical techniques for each degradation product of a given material. A method has been developed, modified and used in our laboratory, that provides, after reasonable opportunity for biological acclimation, a measure of the rate and degree of ultimate biodegradation (conversion to CO2 and H2O). This method, which uses simple equipment, has been used to assess the biodegradability of a wide variety of nonionic surfactants, without necessitating the development of specific analytical methods for each surfactant under consideration. Additionally, this method can be adapted to measure degradation under conditions of anaerobiosis or low temperature.
Studies on fixed oil of seeds ofSida acuta burm
Authors: Rao R. E. , Dixit V. K. , Varma K. C.
Published: June 2007

The fixed oil of the seeds ofS. acuta growing around the University of Saugar campus was studied for its physico‐chemical characteristics and fatty acid composition. The percentage of fixed oil was found to be higher than, and its composition differed from, that reported earlier. The saponifiable fraction was found to have oleic, linoleic, palmitic, stearic, myristic and plamitoleic acids, whereas the unsaponifiable fraction contained β‐amyrin, β‐sitosterol and an unknown waxy nonsteroidal substance.
Origin of the milk fat globule
Authors: Patton Stuart
Published: June 2007

Milk fat globules originate as fat droplets within the lactating mammary cell. These droplets are composed largely (>98%) of glycerides. Their constituent fatty acids are derived by lipolysis of very low density lipoproteins and chylomicrons of the blood and by the novo synthesis within the cell. Evidence of two principal routes for the synthesis of milk fat triglycerides has been presented: the so‐called glycerolphosphate and monoglyceride pathways. Recent findings on these pathways are discussed. The nature of the milk triglycerides with their unique compliment and distribution of short chain fatty acids appears to depend upon a closely regulated relation between the soluble multienzyme complex that synthesizes the fatty acids and the glyceride synthetase that is bound to the endoplasmic reticulum. The resulting triglycerides appear to self‐assemble into droplets from the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. No special ultrastructures (transport particles, vesicles, etc.) have been detected in relation to this process. Milk fat droplets at the time of secretion average several microns in diameter, there being species variations. The basic secretion mechanism involves envelopment of the droplet in plasma membrane and expulsion of it from the cell. As a consequence there are at least two pools of polar lipids (cholesterol and phospholipids) associated with secreted milk fat globules, i.e., one from the plasma membrane and one entrained earlier from the endoplasmic reticulum at the time of triglyceride synthesis and accumulation. In all, the polar lipids do not make up more than 1–2% of the total lipids in milk and a substantial fraction of them has been identified recently with plasma membrane fragments occurring in the skim milk phase. Radiotracer and ultrastructural studies show that this membrane material does not result simply by shedding of surface from milk fat globules. This dispersed material and the lining around milk fat globules constitute valuable sources for the study of cell membranes.
Gel permeation chromatography of heated fats
Authors: Perking E. G. , Taubold R. , Hsieh A.
Published: June 2007

The high and low molecular weight components of heated fats have been separated with gel permeation chromatography. With Sephadex LH‐20, as well as with Biobeads SX‐1, the high molecular weight components of heated fats may be directly separated when chloroform, acetone, chloroform‐methanol or tetrahydrofuran are employed as swelling agents and eluting solvents.
Component fatty acids of Aspergillus terreus fat
Authors: Singh JagjitT , Sood Madan Gopal
Published: June 2007

The component fatty acids of the fat elaborated byAspergillus terreus Thom, which was found to be a promising mold for the production of fat, have been studied. The fat has, based on gas liquid chromatographic evidence, 0.1% lauric, 1.9% myristic, 23.4% palmitic, 0.1% palmitoleic, 0.3% stearic, 14.1% oleic, 39.4% linoleic and 20.7% linolenic acids. The presence of large proportions of linoleic and linolenic acids suggests technological interest for the fat.
Removal of particulate matter from air by various pollution abatement systems
Authors: Krumbein J. P. , Becker Kenneth W.
Published: June 2007

To design proper pollution abatement systems, we must understand the causes of air pollution problems. The particle size from some industrial air contaminants, the proper selection and use of devices for contaminant removal, and several pollution control case histories are described in this paper. Also, design criteria for air vent systems are discussed. The application of the systems engineering approach to handle pollution abatement problems and the recommendations for this approach are described in this paper.
Soap based detergent formulations. V. Amphoteric lime soap dispersing agents
Authors: Parris N. , Weil J. K. , Linfield W. M.
Published: June 2007

A series of amphoteric surfactants was prepared by the reaction of 1,3‐propanesultone with fat derived primary amines, N‐methylalkylamines, N,N‐dimethylalkylamines, and N‐acyl‐N′,N′‐dimethyl‐1,3‐propanediamines. Both mono‐ and disulfopropylated derivatives of the primary amines were synthesized. All compounds were found to be excellent lime soap dispersing agents. The quaternary sulfobetaines were found to possess the best detergency properties both by themselves and when formulated with tallow soap with or without sodium silicate builder. The detergency performance of such formulations is ca. the same as that of a commercial phosphate‐built detergent.
Studies on the lipid composition of developing soybeans
Authors: Privett O. S. , Dougherty K. A. , Erdahl W. L. , Stolyhwo A.
Published: June 2007

Studies are reported on changes in fatty acid and lipid class composition in developing soybeans picked at intervals from ca. nine days after flowering to maturity. In the early stages of development of the bean, the lipid was virtually devoid of triglyceride and the major constituents consisted of glycolipids and phospholipids. As the bean developed, there was a rapid synthesis of triglyceride that paralleled the deposition of lipid. Simultaneously, unknown substances which occurred in relatively large amounts in the neutral, as well as the glycolipid and phospholipid, fractions of the immature bean diminished to less than 2% of the total lipid in the mature bean. The glycolipids and phospholipids also increased as the bean developed but at a much slower rate than the triglycerides and became minor components in the mature bean. The major component of the phospholipids in the immature bean was phosphatidic acid. It decreased as the phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl inositol, as well as triglyceride, increased. The major component of the glycolipid fraction in the early stages of the development of the bean had the same migration pattern on two‐dimensional thin layer chromatography as phosphatidic acid and gave a positive test for phosphorus; it also gave a positive test for glycolipids and was separated completely from phosphatidic acid and other phospholipids by column chromatography. It also decreased as the bean developed. Changes also occurred in the fatty acid composition of the developing bean. The percentage of saturated fatty acids decreased rapidly in the early stages of the development of the bean; oleic and linoleic increased rapidly as the bean developed. Linolenic acid increased rapidly to a maximum concentration in the early stages of the development of the bean and then gradually decreased as the bean matured.
A modified acetic anhydride‐sulphuric acid color test for oils
Authors: Azeemoddin G. , Thirumala Rao S. D. , Reddy B. R.
Published: June 2007

This article describes a color reaction involving modified acetic anhydride‐sulphuric acid test giving characteristic colors and their sequence in different oils and fats.
Ion exchange resin catalyst stability in in‐situ epoxidation
Authors: Wood W. , Termini J.
Published: June 2007

The highly oxidizing conditions of expoxidation cause decross‐linking of the ion exchange resin catalyst, resulting in swelling of the resin with its eventual dissolution if uncontrolled.

Minimum metal contamination (particularly iron), low hydrogen peroxide concentration, low reaction temperature, high cross‐linked resin catalyst, and the addition of a complexing agent all contribute to maintaining resin catalyst stability. Metal contamination is by far the most detrimental factor to resin stability.

Operating with essentially a metal‐free system is most important. This can be obtained by using a resin with less than 0.005% metal contamination and by avoiding metal contamination from raw materials and equipment being used for epoxidation.

A minimum of metal contamination and perhaps a lower operating temperature provide the most practical methods for controlling resin breakdown and for improving the efficiency of the ion exchange resin catalyst inin‐situ epoxidation processes. Avoiding resin breakdown is particularly essential for the fixed resin catalyst bed and for the resin recycle batch processes. Even for the expendable resin process where resin stability is not too critical, control of metal contamination and operating temperature should result in a trouble‐free and a more economical operation.
Reactions of unsaturated fatty alcohols. V. Preparation and properties of some copolymers of unsaturated fatty vinyl ethers with lower alkyl vinyl ethers
Authors: Gast L. E. , Schneider Wilma J. , O'Donnell J. L. , Cowan J. C. , Teeter H. M.
Published: June 2007

Soybean vinyl ethers derived from soybean alcohols were copolymerized with lower alkyl vinyl ethers,e.g., ethyl, butyl, isobutyl, 2‐chloroethyl, 2‐methoxyethyl, and 2‐ethylhexyl, in methylene chloride at −30°C., using boron trifluoride etherate catalyst. Molecular weights ranging from 2,000 to 4,000 were obtained on these copolymers by cryoscopic measurements in cyclohexane. An analytical method, using infrared spectroscopy, was employed to determine the composition of the copolymers.

The properties of each alkyl‐soybean vinyl ether copolymer were studied at three molar compositions,e.g., 3∶1, 1∶1, and 1∶3. The products were water‐white to amber viscous liquids and were soluble in aromatic, chlorinated, and gasoline type of solvents.

Copolymers films were prepared under conditions that were shown to produce extensive degradation of some homopolymer films in order to magnify small differences in properties. These films were hard, wrinkle‐free, and resistant to most common solvents, also were 20 to 500 times more resistant to 5% aqueous alkali than soybean vinyl ether polymer prepared under the same conditions.

Copolymer films were baked on silver chloride plates and examined in the infrared. Oxidative degradation of the C−O−C ether linkage was observed in all copolymer films; however the 2‐chloroethyl‐soybean copolymer series was least susceptible to this degradation.
Isano oil, a conjugated triple bond glyceride
Authors: Kneeland J. A. , Kyriacou D. , Purdy R. H.
Published: June 2007

Isano oil is now commercially available. Its major constituent fatty acids, isanic and isanolic acid, are unusual in their reactivity because of a conjugated acetylenic bond system in the middle of an 18‐carbon chain. When heated sufficiently, the oil reacts exothermically with violence. This property has useful application in fire‐retardant paints. Other uses and chemical reactions are given.
Quantitative determination of traces of free gossypol in fats, oils, and fatty acids by paper chromatography
Authors: Schramm Guenter , Benedict James H.
Published: June 2007

A quantitative method for the determination of traces of free gossypol in oils and fatty acids was developed. The method is based on the concentration of gossypol by extraction and quantitative paper chromatography of the extract. The method is specific for free gossypol and is not subject to interferences. The new method is both accurate and reproducible. The lower limit of detection is 10 p.p.m. The method is intended primarily for p.p.m. levels but is suitable for all concentrations. With slight modifications the method is applicable to meals.
Castor‐based derivatives: Synthesis of some amides
Authors: Applewhite T. H. , Nelson Jane S. , Goldblatt L. A.
Published: June 2007

Various amides of ricinoleic acid and the related ricinelaidic, hydroxystearic, dihydroxystearic, and trihydroxystearic acids have been synthesized and characterized. Ester aminolysis in methanol solution with sodium methoxide catalyst at room temperature has limited utility since it suffers severe rate retadations due to steric effects with secondary amines. In addition, with primary amines and ammonia, extended reaction times are generally necessary for reasonable, yields. The use of mixed carboxylic‐carbonic anhydrides in amide syntheses was investigated and found applicable without interference from the secondary hydroxyl groups. Also, no appreciable steric effects were observed with most amines. This rapid, high yield method has been employed in the synthesis of a number of new amides from castor‐based acids, ammonia, and primary and secondary amines.
Vinyl monomers derived from fats and oils
Authors: Teeter H. M.
Published: June 2007

Preparation, properties, and uses of monomers containing saturated or unsaturated C12舑18fatty radicals derived from fats and oils and capable of polymerization or copolymerization by vinyltype mechanisms are reviewed. Principal monomers discussed are vinyl esters and ethers, acrylic esters, allylic esters and ethers, and ॅ‐olefins.