bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the company intellectual capital based on the Norton–Kaplan balanced indicator system
Authors: Garafiev I Z , Garafieva G I
Published: March 2021

The paper is devoted to the issue of evaluating the intellectual capital of companies. The authors propose a model based on the Norton-Kaplan balanced indicator system. For each of the projections, such as “Finance”, “Clients”, “Business processes”, “Education”, indicators are systematized, determined by the company reporting data. The practical application of the Norton-Kaplan balanced indicator system modified by the authors on the example of PJSC Tatneft has shown that the proposed model allows for a comprehensive evaluation of the intellectual capital of companies.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of using microfertilizers and biologic drug to increase the yield of new soybean varieties
Authors: Zubareva K Yu , Polukhin A A
Published: March 2021

The area of soybean acreage in the Russian Federation is growing rapidly, including due to new soybean-growing regions. Over the past 20 years, production has increased by 2.9 times. However, the progress of soybean production is not as fast as national demand. To obtain high and high-quality yields, it is necessary to develop new technologies for soybean cultivation, which include solving the problem of optimizing the conditions of external resources by using minimized doses of mineral nutrition and sparing methods of application. It was found that complex pre-sowing treatment of seeds of new varieties of soybean Zusha and Osmon, containing fungicidal pickling in a tank mixture with an amino acid stimulator 14 days before sowing and inoculation on the day of sowing, caused the formation of a larger number of active nitrogen-fixing nodules on the roots, an increase in the yield of soybean and, as a rule, the highest collection of raw protein from 1 hectare compared to sowing untreated seeds. The economic effect of combining chemical and biological drugs at the stage of pre-sowing seed treatment is expressed in this case in an increase in the quantity and quality of yield and low production costs, which are characterized, among other things, by the low cost of minimized doses of implemented drugs. This agricultural method can be recommended for the production of soybean seeds of new varieties of Zusha and Osmon as an element of biologization in already proven modern technologies.
The yield of new varieties of lentil Lens culinaris Medik
Authors: Suvorova G N , Ikonnikov A V , Bobkov S V
Published: March 2021

During 2014 – 2019, in the conditions of the Oryol region, the study of yield indicators and protein content in grain in four varieties of lentils created by various methods was carried out. Rauza and Aida were obtained by classical breeding methods. When creating the Vostochnaya variety, the wildlife species L. orientalis was used, and the Flamenco variety - L. tomentosus. the Flamenco variety had the best yield, with an average yield of 2.27 t/ha over 6 years. The lowest yield of 1.84 t/ha was shown by the Rauza variety. Aida and Vostochnaya with yields of 2.04 and 1.93 t/ha, took an intermediate position. The coefficient of yield regression on the index of environmental conditions in all varieties is close to 1, and deviations from the regression line are insignificant, which indicates their stability. The protein content varied over the years, and the maximum accumulation of protein in the grain was observed in years with low yields. Differences in varieties are less expressed. The average protein content of the Rauza variety was 26.6%, Aida – 26.7%, Vostochnaya – 26.8%, Flamenco - 27.3%. A new variety of Flamenco lentils, with high yield and protein content, remained stable with a regression coefficient for environmental conditions equal to 1. The use of germ plasma of wildlife relatives in breeding new varieties did not affect negatively their response to environmental conditions and the ability to accumulate high protein content in the grain.
Public-private partnership as the basis for creating a crossborder cluster (Russia-Kazakhstan) for deep grain processing: the essence and specifics of the formation
Authors: Nechaev V , Paptsov A , Mikhailushkin P
Published: March 2021

The subject-object area of the research is organizational relations based on public-private partnership (hereinafter - PPP) between its participants to create a cross-border cluster (Russia-Kazakhstan) for deep processing of grain. There were considered the present forms, models and mechanisms of PPP and the possibility of their implementation in the formation of a cluster. The characteristic features and distinctive features of relations between PPP participants that can be used in the preparation of normative acts regulating the system of relations between partners both in the Russian Federation and in the EEU member States are identified. The author substantiates the need to solve a number of fundamental issues on the formation of an international cluster based on PPP: effective PPP cannot be considered only as attracting investment, it is necessary to take into account the interests of all participants, especially business, for which stable "rules of the game" must be defined.
Economic efficiency of bacterial fertilizers application on soybean in the Oryol region
Authors: Vasilchikov A G , Semenov A S , Zotikov V I
Published: March 2021

The research was conducted at FSCLGC in 2015-2019. The responsiveness of new varieties to inoculation with a set of active nodule bacteria strains 634, 626, 640, 645, 650 was studied in comparison with the standard Lanceolate variety on dark gray forest medium loamy soil. The scheme of the experiment included options without inoculation and fertilization (control), with inoculation with the specified strains, as well as with the introduction of mineral nitrogen at a dose of 60 kg of a.s./ha. The experience is replicated four times. The area of plots is 10m2. Sowing was carried out with a SKS-6-10 seeder in a wide-row method (row spacing 45 cm) in the second decade of May. The seeding rate is 600 thousand germinating seeds. Both inoculation of seeds and application of mineral nitrogen at a dose of 60 kg per hectare caused an increase in soybean yield. Crop increases, depending on the year and variant, were 0.6-2.7 C/ha. The highest yield – 28.2 C/ha (on average for 2 years) formed the Leader-10 variety. The analysis of the economic efficiency of cultivation of various soybean varieties showed that the profitability of cultivation of the Leader-10 variety, which is characterized by a higher level of productivity, is significantly higher than other evaluated varieties. According to the strain factor, soybean cultivation using inoculants based on highly active nodule bacteria strains complementary to each variety is more cost-effective than using mineral nitrogen fertilizers.
Physiological features of the accumulation and distribution of whole protein in the organs of plants of soybean varieties of the Northern ecotype
Authors: Golovina E V
Published: March 2021

Soybean is a valuable protein crop. Promotion of its production in the northwestern direction became possible by the creation of varieties of the Northern ecotype. The physiological mechanisms of the adaptive potential of these varieties and, in particular, the features of protein accumulation in grain under contrasting weather conditions are insufficiently studied. Physiological factors that determine the level of whole protein accumulation in vegetative organs and in plant grain were studied on 7 varieties and 2 lines of breeding of the FRC of LGC. Effective assimilation activity of leaves; adaptive changes in the pigment complex, consisting in an increase in the number of carotenoids in adverse conditions; active nitrogen fixation of nodule bacteria lead to increased accumulation of nitrogen in the plant, followed by its remobilization into generative organs. The intensity of nitrogen accumulation and reutilization processes in soybean varieties of the Northern ecotype is especially high in unfavorable conditions of high humidity and lack of heat. In adverse weather conditions, correlations were established between the protein content in leaves and grains and elements of the pigment and symbiotic systems.
Experimental verification of cluster analysis to identify valuable breeding samples of spring wheat
Authors: Sidorenko V S , Tugareva F V , Starikova Zh V
Published: March 2021

The article provides experimental data on the study of breeding material of spring wheat, spelt and lines of interspecific hybrids. On the basis of structural and cluster analyzes, the morphological similarity of the new breeding lines of interspecific hybrids (Triticum durum x Triticum dicoccum) with spring durum wheat varieties and their significant difference from the Runo spelt variety were revealed. Cluster analysis by indicators of structural analysis in 2018-2019 of varieties, breeding lines and interspecific hybrids made it possible to form 7 clusters. Cluster No. 1 deserves attention, in which the high-yielding variety Triada and the hybrid Hordeiform 1461-15, obtained as a result of interspecific hybridization, are grouped (Triticum durum x Triticum dicoccum). The short-stemmed (76 cm) line leukurum 1560-18, allocated in a separate cluster, has a well-grained ear, the most resistant to lodging. Cluster analysis of grain quality made it possible to identify varieties and lines that ensure the collection of protein above the standard varieties of soft wheat Daria, Granny. A new valuable source material with a complex of positive traits for breeding for high productivity was revealed (varieties Triada, Donskaya elegy, hybrid Hordeiform 1461-15). Yield of the Triada variety in 2020 was 5.3 t/ha, of the Donskaya elegy 4.36 t/ha, of interspecific hybrid No. 1461-15 - 4.27 t/ha with LSD05 = 0.4 t/ha, which is significantly higher indicators of other varieties and lines.
A novel dual phase high entropy casting alloy with high damping capacity
Authors: Xu Cheng , Geng Ningning , Xiang Qingchun , Qu Yingdong , Yu Bo , Qiu Keqiang
Published: March 2021

The microstructure, phase structure, mechanical properties and damping capacity of Al
x
Fe2CrNiCu (x = 0.0, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5) (x in molar ratio) HEAs were investigated. The results show that with the increase of x value, the volume fractions of BCC phase increase from 0 for x = 0.0 to 100% x = 1.5 for the as-cast Al
x
Fe2CrNiCu HEAs. Among them, a novel dual phase microstructure consisting of 51 vol.% FCC and 49 vol.% BCC with large interface area was obtained in Al0.5FeCrNiCu HEA. Especially the compressive yield strength of the alloy with BCC structure is more than 5 times larger than that of the alloy with FCC structure, indicating that a typical damping alloy with a soft second phase distributed on the hard matrix was successfully fabricated. Compared with other HEAs, the damping capacity (Q−1) of Al0.5 HEA is 0.1, which is the largest one obtained up to now. The foundational contribution of this paper is to show that the damping capacity of the HEAs can be adjusted by tuning the volume fraction of BCC and FCC phases.
Small-volume vitrification and rapid warming yield high survivals of one-cell rat embryos in cryotubes
Authors: Fukuda Yasuyoshi , Higashiya Misako , Obata Takahiro , Basaki Keita , Yano Megumi , Matsumura Kazuaki , Ono Kyoichi , Ohba Takayoshi , Okamoto Yosuke , Nishijima Kazutoshi , Seki Shinsuke
Published: March 2021

To cryopreserve cells, it is essential to avoid intracellular ice formation during cooling and warming. One way to achieve this is to convert the water inside the cells into a non-crystalline glass. It is currently believed that to accomplish this vitrification, the cells must be suspended in a very high concentration (20–40%) of a glass-inducing solute, and subsequently cooled very rapidly. Herein, we report that this belief is erroneous with respect to the vitrification of one-cell rat embryos. In the present study, one-cell rat embryos were vitrified with 5 μL of EFS10 (a mixture of 10% ethylene glycol (EG), 27% Ficoll, and 0.45 M sucrose) in cryotubes at a moderate cooling rate, and warmed at various rates. Survival was assessed according to the ability of the cells to develop into blastocysts and to develop to term. When embryos were vitrified at a 2613 °C/min cooling rate and thawed by adding 1 mL of sucrose solution (0.3 M, 50 °C) at a warming rate of 18 467 °C/min, 58.1 ± 3.5% of the EFS10-vitrified embryos developed into blastocysts, and 50.0 ± 4.7% developed to term. These rates were similar to those of non-treated intact embryos. Using a conventional cryotube, we achieved developmental capabilities in one-cell rat embryos by rapid warming that were comparable to those of intact embryos, even using low concentrations (10%) of cell-permeating cryoprotectant and at low cooling rates.
Haematology and plasma biochemistry reference intervals for the critically endangered western Santa Cruz Galapagos tortoise (Chelonoidis porteri)
Authors: Nieto-Claudín Ainoa , Palmer Jamie L , Esperón Fernando , Deem Sharon L
Published: March 2021

Reference intervals (RIs) are an increasingly valuable tool for monitoring captive and free-living wildlife populations. Galapagos tortoises are one of the most emblematic species on Earth with 9 of the 12 extant species considered endangered due to human activities. As part of a long-term health assessment within the Galapagos Tortoise Movement Ecology Programme, we sampled a total of 210 free-living Santa Cruz Galapagos tortoises (Chelonoidis porteri). We collected blood from the brachial vein and performed packed cell volume (PCV), total solids (TS), morphological evaluation, white blood cell (WBC) count estimates and differentials and a VetScan biochemistry panel for each individual. We calculated 95% RIs and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) using the Reference Value Advisor tool and following international standard guidelines. Tortoises were categorized by estimated age and sex, with RI and CI reported here for 164 adult tortoises and 46 sub-adult tortoises. We found significant differences between sexes, with adult females presenting a lower PCV and higher values for both calcium and potassium. Among age groups, adult tortoises presented higher PCV, TS and albumin and lower WBC counts, aspartate aminotransferase and creatine kinase than sub-adult tortoises. We also found that tortoises presented higher numbers of lymphocytes during the dry season, but higher basophils, eosinophils, phosphorus, potassium and TS during the humid season. The heterophil:lymphocyte ratio did not differ between groups. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of formal plasma biochemistry and haematology RI for free-living Galapagos tortoises. With the present study we provide an important diagnostic tool for captive-breeding programs in the Galapagos and zoological institutions globally that care for giant tortoises. The ultimate goal of this study is to contribute to the understanding of giant tortoise baseline health parameters and to inform local management decisions that help to conserve these emblematic species.
Potential Role of Epithelial Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Anterior Gradient Protein 2 Homologue in Crohn’s Disease Fibrosis
Authors: Vieujean Sophie , Hu Shurong , Bequet Emeline , Salee Catherine , Massot Charlotte , Bletard Noëlla , Pierre Nicolas , Quesada Calvo Florence , Baiwir Dominique , Mazzucchelli Gabriel , De Pauw Edwin , Coimbra Marques Carla , Delvenne Philippe , Rieder Florian , Louis Edouard , Meuwis Marie-Alice
Published: March 2021

Background and Aims

Intestinal fibrosis is a common complication of Crohn’s disease [CD]. It is characterised by an accumulation of fibroblasts differentiating into myofibroblasts secreting excessive extracellular matrix. The potential role of the intestinal epithelium in this fibrotic process remains poorly defined.

Methods

We performed a pilot proteomic study comparing the proteome of surface epithelium, isolated by laser-capture microdissection, in normal and fibrotic zones of resected ileal CD strictures [13 zones collected in five patients]. Proteins of interests were validated by immunohistochemistry [IHC] in ileal and colonic samples of stricturing CD [n = 44], pure inflammatory CD [n = 29], and control [n = 40] subjects. The pro-fibrotic role of one selected epithelial protein was investigated through in-vitro experiments using HT-29 epithelial cells and a CCD-18Co fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation model.

Results

Proteomic study revealed an endoplasmic reticulum [ER] stress proteins increase in the epithelium of CD ileal fibrotic strictures, including anterior gradient protein 2 homologue [AGR2] and binding-immunoglobulin protein [BiP]. This was confirmed by IHC. In HT-29 cells, tunicamycin-induced ER stress triggered AGR2 intracellular expression and its secretion. Supernatant of these HT-29 cells, pre-conditioned by tunicamycin, led to a myofibroblastic differentiation when applied on CCD-18Co fibroblasts. By using recombinant protein and blocking agent for AGR2, we demonstrated that the secretion of this protein by epithelial cells can play a role in the myofibroblastic differentiation.

Conclusions

The development of CD fibrotic strictures could involve epithelial ER stress and particularly the secretion of AGR2.
The genus Anaplasma: drawing back the curtain on tick–pathogen interactions
Authors: O'Neal Anya J , Singh Nisha , Mendes Maria Tays , Pedra Joao H F
Published: March 2021

Tick-borne illnesses pose a serious concern to human and veterinary health and their prevalence is on the rise. The interactions between ticks and the pathogens they carry are largely undefined. However, the genus Anaplasma, a group of tick-borne bacteria, has been instrumental in uncovering novel paradigms in tick biology. The emergence of sophisticated technologies and the convergence of entomology with microbiology, immunology, metabolism and systems biology has brought tick–Anaplasma interactions to the forefront of vector biology with broader implications for the infectious disease community. Here, we discuss the use of Anaplasma as an instrument for the elucidation of novel principles in arthropod-microbe interactions. We offer an outlook of the primary areas of study, outstanding questions and future research directions.
Flexible behaviour in a mesopelagic fish (Maurolicus muelleri)
Authors: Christiansen Svenja , Klevjer Thor A , Røstad Anders , Aksnes Dag L , Kaartvedt Stein
Published: March 2021

Variability of mesopelagic scattering layers is often attributed to environmental conditions or multi-species layer composition. Yet, little is known about variation in behaviour among the individuals forming scattering layers. Based on a 10 months high-resolution dataset from stationary echosounders in a Norwegian fjord, we here assess short-term and long-term behaviour of a single mesopelagic fish species, the pearlside Maurolicus muelleri. The daytime vertical extension of the monospecific pearlside scattering layers spanned four orders of magnitude ambient light in the autumn and winter and less than one order of magnitude in summer. While the main layers tracked relatively stable light levels over daytime, some individuals actively crossed light gradients of up to 1.5 orders of magnitude. This included individuals that moved between scattering layers, and apparently bold individuals that made regular upward excursions beyond the main population distribution. During the daytime, M. muelleri mitigated the risk of predation by forming tight groups in the upper scattering layer and, at light levels >10−6 µmol m−2 s−1, by instantly diving into deeper waters upon encounters with predators. Our observations suggest that individual, and probably state-dependent, decisions may extend the pearlsides’ vertical distribution, with implications for predator–prey interactions.
Genomics of response to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in purebred and crossbred sows: antibody response and performance following natural infection vs. vaccination
Authors: Sanglard Leticia P , Hickmann Felipe M W , Huang Yijian , Gray Kent A , Linhares Daniel C L , Dekkers Jack C M , Niederwerder Megan C , Fernando Rohan L , Braccini Neto Joseph , Serão Nick V L
Published: March 2021

Antibody response, measured as sample-to-positive (S/P) ratio, to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) following a PRRSV-outbreak (S/POutbreak) in a purebred nucleus and following a PRRSV-vaccination (S/PVx) in commercial crossbred herds have been proposed as genetic indicator traits for improved reproductive performance in PRRSV-infected purebred and PRRSV-vaccinated crossbred sows, respectively. In this study, we investigated the genetic relationships of S/POutbreak and S/PVx with performance at the commercial (vaccinated crossbred sows) and nucleus level (non-infected and PRRSV-infected purebred sows), respectively, and tested the effect of previously identified SNP for these indicator traits. Antibody response was measured on 541 Landrace sows ~54 d after the start of a PRRSV outbreak, and on 906 F1 (Landrace × Large White) gilts ~50 d after vaccination with a commercial PRRSV vaccine. Reproductive performance was recorded for 711 and 428 Landrace sows before and during the PRRSV outbreak, respectively, and for 811 vaccinated F1 animals. The estimate of the genetic correlation (rg) of S/POutbreak with S/PVx was 0.72 ± 0.18. The estimates of rg of S/POutbreak with reproductive performance in vaccinated crossbred sows were low to moderate, ranging from 0.05 ± 0.23 to 0.30 ± 0.20. The estimate of rg of S/PVx with reproductive performance in non-infected purebred sows was moderate and favorable with number born alive (0.50 ± 0.23) but low (0 ± 0.23 to −0.11 ± 0.23) with piglet mortality traits. The estimates of rg of S/PVx were moderate and negative (−0.38 ± 0.21) with number of mummies in PRRSV-infected purebred sows and low with other traits (−0.30 ± 0.18 to 0.05 ± 0.18). Several significant associations (P0 > 0.90) of previously reported SNP for S/P ratio (ASGA0032063 and H3GA0020505) were identified for S/P ratio and performance in non-infected purebred and PRRSV-exposed purebred and crossbred sows. Genomic regions harboring the major histocompatibility complex class II region significantly contributed to the genetic correlation of antibody response to PRRSV with most of the traits analyzed. These results indicate that selection for antibody response in purebred sows following a PRRSV outbreak in the nucleus and for antibody response to PRRSV vaccination measured in commercial crossbred sows are expected to increase litter size in purebred and commercial sows.
The dynamics of the invasion of the rusty crayfish,Faxonius rusticus(Girard, 1852) (Decapoda: Astacidea), in two New York state, USA stream systems
Authors: Kuhlmann Mark L
Published: March 2021

I used 20 years of sampling data to describe the dynamics of the invasion of the rusty crayfish, Faxonius rusticus (Girard, 1852), of two stream systems in New York state (USA) and compare this invasion to invasions of this species of lakes elsewhere in North America. Rusty crayfish typically increased rapidly in abundance while displacing native crayfishes, becoming > 90% of crayfish captured in an average of 9 years. As in lakes, overall crayfish abundance increased as the invasion progressed. The F. rusticus population spread at a median rate of 3 km yr–1 upstream and 8.1 km yr–1 downstream. The hypothesis that an Allee effect would occur at the invasion front was not supported, since the rate of change of F. rusticus abundance did not increase as the invasion progressed. Qualitatively, the dynamics of F. rusticus’s invasion of streams are similar to previous findings for lakes, suggesting that the main processes affecting the invasions are similar.
Re-evaluating the Economic Injury Level for Alfalfa Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Control in Low Desert Irrigated Alfalfa
Authors: Harrington K , Carrière Y , Mostafa A M
Published: March 2021

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) dominates cropping systems in the Western United States and is first in terms of acreage planted in Arizona. The alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gylenhall) and/or Hypera brunneipennis (Boheman), respectively, is the most destructive pest in terms of yield loss in low desert-grown alfalfa hay. The current economic threshold of 15–20 larvae per sweep, established in California in 1975, is currently not suitable or adopted by growers in the western U.S. low desert. Here, we conducted 4 yr of field trials to re-evaluate this economic threshold. Supporting observations of agricultural growers and professionals in the region, our results indicate that the economic threshold established in 1975 is too high. Specifically, one to three large larvae often cause a significant decrease in yield justifying weevil control based on current hay prices and costs of insecticide application. These results are discussed in the context of sustainable alfalfa production in the western U.S. low desert.
Habitat use by two sympatric species of short-tailed opossums (Didelphidae:Monodelphis) in an area in eastern Amazonia
Authors: Ardente Natália C , Ferreguetti Átilla C , Gettinger Donald , Leal Pricila , Martins-Hatano Fernanda , Banhos Aureo , Bergallo Helena G
Published: March 2021

Two short-tailed opossum species, Monodelphis glirina and M. touan, occur in sympatry in an area of eastern Amazonia. Habitat structure and resource availability may influence habitat use and, consequently, species distribution, detectability, occupancy, and abundance. We evaluated occupancy and detectability of the species M. glirina and M. touan in the Carajás National Forest to answer the following questions: (1) Do both species occur in canga and forest habitats? (2) Do detectability and occupancy of M. touan and M. glirina differ in areas of canga and forest? (3) Does the presence of one species affect the detection of the other? We undertook surveys at 50 sampling sites (26 in canga and 24 in forest habitat). In addition, we developed co-occurrence models to test the relationships between occupancy and detection of M. touan in the presence or absence of M. glirina. We captured 693 individuals of M. glirina (587 in canga and 106 in forest) and 112 of M. touan (only one individual captured in canga). Occupancy by M. glirina was positively influenced by superficial rock cover and litter depth, while detectability was negatively influenced by canopy cover. Occupancy by M. touan was influenced positively by canopy cover, number of fallen trunks on the ground, and litter depth (Ψ = 0.315). Data from forest sites where M. touan and M. glirina occurred more often corroborated our third hypothesis, that detectability of M. touan is low when M. glirina is present. Our results highlight the existence of habitat preference by the two species of Monodelphis.
Diabetes pathogenesis and management: the endothelium comes of age
Authors: Love Kaitlin M , Barrett Eugene J , Malin Steven K , Reusch Jane E B , Regensteiner Judith G , Liu Zhenqi
Published: March 2021

Endothelium, acting as a barrier, protects tissues against factors that provoke insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes and itself responds to the insult of insulin resistance inducers with altered function. Endothelial insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction occur early in the evolution of insulin resistance-related disease, can co-exist with and even contribute to the development of metabolic insulin resistance, and promote vascular complications in those affected. The impact of endothelial insulin resistance and vascular dysfunction varies depending on the blood vessel size and location, resulting in decreased arterial plasticity, increased atherosclerosis and vascular resistance, and decreased tissue perfusion. Women with insulin resistance and diabetes are disproportionately impacted by cardiovascular disease, likely related to differential sex-hormone endothelium effects. Thus, reducing endothelial insulin resistance and improving endothelial function in the conduit arteries may reduce atherosclerotic complications, in the resistance arteries lead to better blood pressure control, and in the microvasculature lead to less microvascular complications and more effective tissue perfusion. Multiple diabetes therapeutic modalities, including medications and exercise training, improve endothelial insulin action and vascular function. This action may delay the onset of type 2 diabetes and/or its complications, making the vascular endothelium an attractive therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes and potentially type 1 diabetes.
Restrictions On Privacy and Exploitation In The Digital Economy: A Market Failure Perspective
Authors: Economides Nicholas , Lianos Ioannis
Published: March 2021

The recent controversy on the intersection of competition law with the protection of privacy, following the emergence of big data and social media is a major challenge for competition authorities worldwide. Recent technological progress in data analytics may greatly facilitate the prediction of personality traits and attributes from even a few digital records of human behaviour. There are different perspectives globally as to the level of personal data protection and the role competition law may play in that context, hence the discussion of integrating such concerns in competition law enforcement may be premature for some jurisdictions. However, a market failure approach may provide common intellectual foundations for the assessment of harms associated with the exploitation of personal data, even when the specific legal system does not formally recognize a fundamental right to privacy. The paper presents a model of market failure based on a requirement provision in the acquisition of personal information from users of other products/services. We establish the economic harm from the market failure and the requirement using the traditional competition law toolbox and focusing more on situations in which the restriction on privacy may be analysed as a form of exploitation.
Travelling to polluted cities: a systematic review on the harm of air pollution on international travellers’ health
Authors: Vilcassim M J Ruzmyn , Callahan Amy E , Zierold Kristina M
Published: March 2021

Rationale for Review

In 2019, approximately, 1.4 billion people travelled internationally. Many individuals travel to megacities where air pollution concentrations can vary significantly. Short-term exposure to air pollutants can cause morbidity and mortality related to cardiovascular and respiratory disease, with the literature clearly reporting a strong association between short-term exposure to particulate matter ≤2.5 μm and ozone with adverse health outcomes in resident populations. However, limited research has been conducted on the health impacts of short-term exposure to air pollution in individuals who travel internationally. The objective of this systematic review was to review the evidence for the respiratory and cardiovascular health impacts from exposure to air pollution during international travel to polluted cities in adults aged ≥18 years old.

Key Findings

We searched PubMed, Scopus and EMBASE for studies related to air pollution and the health impacts on international travellers. Of the initially identified 115 articles that fit the search criteria, 6 articles were selected for the final review. All six studies found indications of adverse health impacts of air pollution exposure on international travellers, with most of the changes being reversible upon return to their home country/city. However, none of these studies contained large populations nor investigated vulnerable populations, such as children, elderly or those with pre-existing conditions.

Conclusions

More research is warranted to clearly understand the impacts of air pollution related changes on travellers’ health, especially on vulnerable groups who may be at higher risk of adverse impacts during travel to polluted cities.
The migration trajectory of the Benin Bronzes
Authors: Pugh Cresa L
Published: March 2021

“The contributions in this series explore the migration experience using different kinds of “data.” Our contributors use works of art, novels, songs, and movies to explore many of the same questions they generally ask in their social scientific research. What additional insights come from using arts and culture to think through the issues that concern us? What can images and notes reveal that scholarly work cannot? We also invite original stories, poems, photo essays or art works. Ideas for contributions are wholeheartedly invited at any time. Please contact Emanuela Paoletti or Peggy Levitt”.

The migration trajectory of the Benin Bronzes

The colonial looting of objects across Africa, Asia and Latin America and their relocation to Western museums has created an enduring form of cultural and spiritual alienation for the survivors and descendants of imperial violence. Material heritage is not simply reducible to objects from which we derive historical, aesthetic or financial value, but rather have embedded cultural and political meanings that shift over time as their context, ownership and location change. The pieces themselves become embodiments of the values and priorities of those who lay claim to them. As such, attending to their transplantations becomes a practice of critical witness to the shifting of our relations to one another through migration over time. Looking at the migratory trajectories of imperial plunder helps us make sense of the meaning and value that is accrued through various social interactions in which they are embedded, ultimately providing insight into the relationship between the looters and the looted. There is analytical purchase in thinking about looted objects through the framework of migration as it provides a well-established language and lens through which to grapple with the cultural disillusionment and denudation that results when one is cast adrift from its moorings. Writing through the migration of objects thus helps us envision the ways in which people have been progressively alienated from their culture, but also provides an opportunity to think critically and creatively about reunification, restitution and restoration of cultures foregone.
Hubble parameter estimation via dark sirens with the LISA-Taiji network
Authors: Wang Renjie , Ruan Wen-Hong , Yang Qing , Guo Zong-Kuan , Cai Rong-Gen , Hu Bin
Published: March 2021

The Hubble parameter is one of the central parameters in modern cosmology, and describes the present expansion rate of the universe. The values of the parameter inferred from late-time observations are systematically higher than those inferred from early-time measurements by about $10\%$. To reach a robust conclusion, independent probes with accuracy at percent levels are crucial. Gravitational waves from compact binary coalescence events can be formulated into the standard siren approach to provide an independent Hubble parameter measurement. The future space-borne gravitational wave observatory network, such as the LISA-Taiji network, will be able to measure the gravitational wave signals in the millihertz bands with unprecedented accuracy. By including several statistical and instrumental noises, we show that, within a five-year operation time, the LISA-Taiji network is able to constrain the Hubble parameter within $1\%$ accuracy, and possibly beats the scatters down to $0.5\%$ or even better.
Lymphatic Dissemination and Axillary Web Syndrome in Primary Cutaneous Tuberculosis Secondary to Needlestick Injury
Authors: Malek Alexandre E , Fife Caroline E , Rasmussen John C , Karni Ron J , Morrow John R , Wanger Audrey , Sevick-Muraca Eva M , Ostrosky-Zeichner Luis
Published: March 2021

Cutaneous tuberculosis secondary to skin inoculation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is uncommon but it can occur in the health care settings. Herein, we report an unusual case of primary cutaneous tuberculosis of the thumb following a needlestick injury. The infection progressed with a necrotic granuloma, lymphatic dysfunction as visualized by near-infrared fluorescence lymphatic imaging, and the development of an axillary web syndrome.
Discovery of new changing-look quasar 3C 332 and constraints for a double-peaked emission line scenario
Authors: Wada Kazuma , Iwamuro Fumihide , Nagoshi Shumpei , Saito Tomoki
Published: March 2021

Recently, a new class of quasars, called changing-look quasars (CLQs), has been reported. CLQs exhibit significant changes in optical and mid-infrared luminosity, accompanied by the appearance or disappearance of broad emission lines. We performed spectroscopic observations at the Nishi-Harima Astronomical Observatory in 2018 May to identify objects that show long-term (∼10 yr) continuous optical luminosity variations as candidates for CLQs. We discovered significant fluctuations in the Hβ emission line of 3C 332. This source has previously been reported to have a characteristic double-peaked Hα emission line. To explain the shape of the emission lines, a ring disk model has been proposed, and the possibility of a binary black hole has also been suggested. To further investigate the characteristics of 3C 332, we performed nine spectroscopic observations at Okayama Observatory (Kyoto University) from 2020 February to June. Based on the change in the velocity offset of the emission lines and the negative correlation between the line intensity and the velocity difference between the two peaks, we conclude that the double-peaked origin of this source is consistent with the ring disk model. In addition, the timescale of the changing look (of the optical and mid-infrared luminosities) is consistent with the thermal timescale or the propagation timescale of the heating/cooling front.
Control of Hemodynamic Responses and Perioperative Outcomes in Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery: A Qualitative Systematic Review of the Available Evidence
Authors: Tsaousi Georgia G. , Tsitsopoulos Parmenion P. , Foroglou Nicolaos G. , Birba Vasiliki , Tramontana Alessio , Bilotta Federico
Published: March 2021

Transnasal transsphenoidal (TNTS) pituitary surgery is associated with short-lived but intense nociceptive stimuli which cause substantial hemodynamic perturbations that may increase blood loss and impair visualization of the surgical field. This systematic review aimed to critically appraise the clinical evidence for the efficacy and safety of various anesthetic techniques, other pharmacological modalities, and supplementary interventions by assessing intraoperative systemic hemodynamics, use of adjunct medications, quality of the surgical field, intraoperative blood loss, and recovery profiles in patients undergoing TNTS pituitary surgery. Relevant randomized clinical trials and observational studies were identified in a systematic literature search; 16 studies (13 randomized clinical trials, 3 observational studies) enrolling a total of 907 patients were identified for inclusion in this review. Propofol provided more potent hemodynamic control compared with volatile anesthetics with a sparing effect on the need for additional drugs to blunt hemodynamic responses. Recovery profiles between propofol and sevoflurane were either equivalent or favored sevoflurane, but both agents were superior to isoflurane. Regarding intraoperative analgesia, remifentanil was associated with superior hemodynamic control and recovery profiles than fentanyl. Dexmedetomidine had beneficial effects on hemodynamics, surgical field quality, recovery characteristics, and nociceptive properties compared with placebo. Although there was no clear-cut superiority of other adjunct pharmacological modalities on hemodynamic responses during surgery, regional blocks were associated with beneficial impacts on both primary and secondary outcomes. In summary, short-acting anesthetics, analgesics and dexmedetomidine seem to improve intraoperative hemodynamics, blood loss, and recovery qualities during TNTS pituitary surgery. However, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn because of methodological heterogeneity in the identified studies.
Growing Neonatal Advanced Practice Providers via Mentorship Can Fill the Need
Authors: Morris April , Smith Ronna , Fitzgerald Shannon , Bosque Elena
Published: March 2021

Background:

The need for neonatal advanced practice providers (APPs) has been described. Hospital training programs for neonatal physician assistants (PAs) have been developed by physicians. No publications exist about programs administered by neonatal APPs for both new graduate neonatal nurse practitioners (NNPs) and neonatal PAs.

Purpose:

The purpose of this work was to mentor, train, and hire neonatal APPs in a program administered by neonatal APPs.

Methods:

We developed a 2-pronged approach to attract PAs and new graduate NNPs. Marketing strategies included receptions, information, and mentorship. A 12-month neonatal PA fellowship program included clinical mentorship and weekly didactics. Case-based presentations were provided by neonatal APPs, neonatologists, and allied professionals. The new graduate NNP program included clinical mentorship and monthly meetings with peer support, lectures, and case presentations. Neonatal APPs were clinical mentors. Team-building activities supported mentorship and collaboration among all care providers.

Findings:

In less than 5 years, 10 PAs and 11 new graduate NNPs have been trained and hired, as well as experienced neonatal APPs hired for this regional neonatology program. For the first time in years, locum tenens neonatal APPs are not required. We have developed a “tool kit” of content, activities, exercises, and evaluations to support successful attainment of expected competencies.

Implication for Research:

Future studies can measure retention, satisfaction, and clinical outcomes.

Implication for Practice:

A successful training program has been implemented to meet the growing demand. We support the values of integrity, collaboration, and equity to facilitate this successful paradigm shift among all neonatal professional team members.
Novel Magnetic Resonance Imaging Classification of Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee: A Reliability Study
Authors: Hussain Zaamin B. , Mathew Stephen T. , Feroe Aliya G. , Lins Laura A.B. , Miller Patricia , Kocher Mininder S.
Published: March 2021

Background:

Current advanced imaging classification systems for osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the knee grade severity of disease by identifying certain lesion characteristics. The most widely used are the Hefti and Nelson systems. A novel classification presents a simpler 3-group approach to diagnose knee OCD by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), compared with the Hefti (5-group) and Nelson (4-group) classifications. The purpose of this study was to compare the reliability of this novel classification with that of the more complex, established systems—an initial step in establishing validity and clinical utility.

Methods:

In total, 120 standardized knee MRIs of patients with established knee OCD were preselected to capture the spectrum of lesion types, with regard to both progression and location of the lesion. Each of the MRIs were independently classified by 2 readers into the novel, Hefti, and Nelson classification systems. A random sample was rereviewed by 1 rater 6 weeks after initial review. The inter-rater and intrarater agreements were evaluated by estimating Krippendorff α.

Results:

In total, 106 knees were classified by the novel, Hefti, and Nelson classification systems, as 14 of the knees lacked the necessary MRI sequences. There were no differences in inter-rater and intrarater agreement across classification systems. Krippendorff α for inter-rater agreement was 0.51 (95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.66) for the Hefti classification, 0.50 (0.34-0.64) for the Nelson classification, and 0.49 (0.32-0.65) for the novel classification. The intrarater agreement was 0.88 (0.75-0.97) for the Hefti classification, 0.94 (0.86-0.99) for the Nelson classification, and 0.98 (0.94-1.00) for the novel classification system.

Conclusions:

The novel classification for knee OCD demonstrated near-perfect intrarater agreement and moderate inter-rater agreement, consistent with the current, well-established classification systems. Pending a subsequent study on validity and clinical utility, this simpler classification system may offer an alternative, noninvasive diagnostic method to guide clinical treatment.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV.
“I Couldn't Be Better”: Assessing Self-Awareness With the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory-4 Following TBI
Authors: Fahey Amber M. , Bain Kathleen M. , Critchfield Edan A.
Published: March 2021

Introduction/Objective:

To describe level of awareness, as assessed by the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory-4 (MPAI-4), across physical, cognitive, functional, and emotional domains in individuals with mild, moderate, and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) participating in a residential rehabilitation program. In addition, this study aimed to examine the relationship between time since injury and awareness. A novel way the MPAI-4 can be used to measure self-awareness is also presented.

Method:

Retrospective analysis of existing data. The MPAI-4 was completed by the patient on admission, as well as by provider consensus within 2 weeks of admission. Level of awareness was determined by discrepancy scores, computed as MPAI-4 provider consensus score minus self-report MPAI-4 score, for the total score and for each index score: Ability, Adjustment, and Participation.

Participants:

A total of 101 military veterans and active duty service members admitted to a Veterans Affairs community reintegration rehabilitation program.

Results:

Discrepancies between patient and provider reports of functioning were found among all severities of TBI across the MPAI-4 total score and index domains measuring Ability, Adjustment, and Participation. Interestingly, those with mild TBI endorsed greater impairments than their providers, while those with moderate and severe TBI reported less impairment on the MPAI-4 than providers. The effect of time varied across domains, and those who were more than 1 year postinjury displayed greater self-awareness.

Conclusion:

This study highlights the importance of measuring awareness of functional ability over time and across TBI severity and introduces a novel method for doing so, using the MPAI-4 for comparison between staff and patient reports.