bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The application of NN technique to automatic generation control for the power system with three areas including smes units
Authors: Demirören A. , Zeynelgil H. L. , Sengör N. S.
Published: July 2007

The study includes an application of layered neural network controller to study automatic generation control (AGC) problem of the power system, which contains superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) units. The effectiveness of SMES unit over frequency oscillations improvement against load perturbations in power system is well known. In addition, the proposed control scheme provides the steady state error of frequency and inadvertent interchange of tie‐lines to be maintained in steady state values. The power system considered has three areas two of which including steam turbines while the other containing a hydro turbine, and all of them contain SMES units, in addition. In the power system each area with a steam turbine contains the non‐linearity due to reheat effect of the steam turbine and all of the areas contain upper and lower constraints for generation rate. Only one neural network (NN) controller, which controls all the inputs of each area in the power system, is considered. In the NN controller, back propagation‐through‐time algorithm is used as neural network learning rule. The performance of the power system is simulated by using conventional integral controller and NN controller for the cases with or without SMES units in all areas, separately. By comparing the results for both cases, it can be seen that the performance of NN controller is better than conventional controllers.
“Northern adventure”: A personnel selection game
Authors: Stolovitch Harold D. , Keeps Erica J. , Okros Alan C.
Published: July 2007

Better selection of personnel can reduce training costs and attrition rates by matching candidates more effectively with jobs. But what can trainers do to improve their selection of personnel? One answer is illustrated in an adventure game designed to help measure problem sensitivity in potential candidates for the Canadian Navy's Maritime Surface and Subsurface officer program. This article examines problem sensitivity as an important criterion for officer candidates and the resulting development and testing of the adventure game to measure this attribute. The authors provide ways to adapt this procedure and the test instrument for use with other groups in other situations.
Human resource development already embraces total quality management—or does it?
Authors: Swanson Barbara L.
Published: July 2007

HRD professionals who understand total quality management (TQM) have two major challenges: to enlighten management regarding what customer focus and leadership mean and to refuse to assume responsibility that is not theirs. The premise that managers own the human development process in their organizations still requires acceptance and clarification from both parties. Following that, a customer‐supplier partnership between managers and HRD that is based on trust and an understanding of what is needed from each is crucial. The partnership must be clearly defined, engaged in, and then continually evaluated to ascertain its contribution to human resource development for meeting the organization's goals of financial security and growth through continuous improvement.
On estimating the effects of peak demand pricing
Authors: Veall Michael R.
Published: July 2007

Extreme value distributions are seldom used in economics, despite what seems to be a natural application to peak demand pricing. This paper estimates the effect of an individual peak demand charge which is a component of the standard industrial electricity rate structure. The extreme value distribution is used in forming the likelihood function of individual peak demand which is then estimated on a sample of five Ontario cement firms from 1970–1977. Goodness‐of‐fit tests tend to support the use of the extreme value distribution.
A parametric test of the negativity of the substitution matrix
Authors: Kodde David A. , Palm Franz C.
Published: July 2007

The negativity of the substitution matrix implies that its latent roots are non‐positive. When inequality restrictions are tested, standard test statistics such as a likelihood ratio or a Wald test are not X2‐distributed in large samples. We propose a Wald test for testing the negativity of the substitution matrix. The asymptotic distribution of the statistic is a mixture of X2‐distributions. The Wald test provides an exact critical value for a given significance level. The problems involved in computing the exact critical value can be avoided by using the upper and lower bound critical values derived by Kodde and Palm (1986). Finally the methods are applied to the empirical results obtained by Barten and Geyskens (1975).
A double‐hurdle model of cigarette consumption
Authors: Jones Andrew M.
Published: July 2007

This paper shows the importance of the double‐hurdle approach for modelling individuals' cigarette consumption, using data from the UK General Household Survey, and argues that participation and consumption should be treated as separate individual choices. The likelihood function for the full double‐hurdle is derived, and it is shown how restrictions on the stochastic specification of the model and auxillary information, which identifies ex‐smokers, allow it to be decomposed. The empirical results highlight the value of the sample separation information and the need to model starting and quitting as separate decisions.
Structural time series analysis and modelling package: A review
Authors: Diebold Francis X.
Published: July 2007

This package performs specialized tasks related to specification, estimation, prediction and diagnostic checking in the context of a particular class of unobserved‐components models. It is menu‐driven and easy to use. Although the present (first) release suffers from a number of limitations, omissions and bugs, it is nevertheless a useful tool in the hands of a knowledgeable user.
Statistical properties of data stretching
Authors: Greenberg E. , Pollard W. A. , Alpert W. T.
Published: July 2007

This research examines the properties of an estimation procedure frequently used because observations on some variables are available only at higher levels of aggregation than others. When this occurs, data are often stretched by repeating observations on variables at higher levels of aggregation. We show that this procedure results in biased estimators of coefficients and error variances. Under some circumstances the estimation based on stretched data has a smaller covariance matrix than that based on aggregated data. Comparisons of mean squared errors depend on unknown coefficients.
From a var model to a structural model, with an application to the wage–price spiral
Authors: Monfort A. , Rabemananjara R.
Published: July 2007

In this paper a VAR model is considered as a general framework in which a structural model can be tested. We carefully describe the hypotheses defining a structural model; this leads us to discuss various notions such as: predeterminedness, non‐causality, exogeneity, contemporaneous identification, overall identification, weak and strong structural forms. Then we propose a test procedure, based on the asymptotic least‐squares method, which allows successive testing of each aspect of a structural model. This procedure is applied to the wage–price spiral.
An algorithm for the solution of stochastic optimal control problems for large nonlinear econometric models
Authors: Hall S. G. , Stephenson M. J.
Published: July 2007

This paper considers the problem of solving an optimal control problem for large dynamic economic models which are both nonlinear and stochastic. It proposes a technique which combines conventional deterministic optimal control algorithms with the procedure of stochastic simulation, which calculates a numerical approximation to the distribution of the models endogenous variables. The new technique is computationally feasible for even large nonlinear models and, as an illustration of this, the Bank of England's large quarterly forecasting model is used in an example.
Price formation in commodity markets
Authors: Lord M. J.
Published: July 2007

This paper develops a theory‐consistent market model for storable commodities and illustrates its characterization of the data‐generating process for a set of major traded commodities. The dynamics of the system incorporate recent advances in modelling techniques. Cointegrated variables in the demand functions are represented by the error correction mechanism (ECM), and expected prices in the stock demand relationship are generated by a rational expectations process. The outside‐sample performance of the model is tested against the pure time‐series model used to formulate expected prices, and is shown to have a smaller mean square error than that of the time‐series model. Thus the model provides comparatively efficient forecasts and, unlike models constructed in their reduced form, permits consideration of key behavioural relationships in commodity markets.
Testing a discrete switching disequilibrium model of the UK labour market
Authors: Hall S. G. , Henry S. G. B. , Pemberton M.
Published: July 2007

This paper develops a test procedure for serial correlation for discrete switching disequilibrium models which include both an endogenous price adjustment equation and lagged dependent variables. The tests are applied to a model of the UK labour market and the model is respecified in the light of the test results.
A symmetric approach to the labour market with the household as the unit of observation
Authors: Eggink E. , Hop J. P. , Van Praag B. M. S.
Published: July 2007

In this paper a model for the labour market is developed which extends the traditional microeconomic studies of the labour market in two ways. First, the household is taken as the unit of observation and is considered to be the (potential) supplier of the labour of both husband and wife. The labour supply of the spouses is assumed to be jointly determined by characteristics of the household as well as individual characteristics. Second, following an earlier paper (Van Praag et al. (1991), where the female labour market is analysed separately, both the supply behaviour of the spouses and the labour demand behaviour of the employers is modelled. We apply an algorithm which needs only a few simulations per observation, while the simulation procedure generates drawings from the eight‐dimensional intervals in an efficient way. Empirical results are presented for a sample of Dutch households in 1983. With the model the impact of policy measures on employment can be evaluated. It follows that a substantial part of participation can be attributed to the ‘insider‐advantage’ for employed individuals. Further it appears that the labour market for women is more sensitive to changes in the socio‐economic environment than the labour market for men.
The structure of technology in Brazilian sugarcane production, 1975–87: An application of a modified symmetric generalized McFadden cost function
Authors: Rask Kevin
Published: July 2007

Sugarcane‐based ethanol has become a primary automotive fuel in Brazil over the past 15 years. Because sugarcane costs are over two‐thirds of the costs of ethanol production, the economic efficiency of this renewable petroleum substitute hinges on the structure of technology in sugarcane production. In this paper a modified symmetric generalized McFadden (SGM) cost function for sugarcane is estimated and the presence of technical change and economies of scale are investigated. The original SGM proposed by Diewert and Wales (1987) is modified to allow for fixed factors of production. This allows the cost function to be applied to processes which have fixed factors. The results suggest that there is no empirical evidence of economies of scale and very little technical change, only in the north of Brazil. The implications for the future economic efficiency of this petroleum substitute are discussed.
Institutional hypothesis of the long‐run income velocity of money and parameter stability of the equilibrium relationship
Authors: Raj Baldev
Published: July 2007

It has recently been argued that when the conventional specification of M2 income velocity is extended to include proxies for two types of institutional change, as emphasized by Bordo and Jonung (1987, 1990), corresponding to the processes of monetization and increasing financial sophistication of financial developments, this extended model is stable in the sense that one can reject the null hypothesis of no cointegration against the alternative of a single cointegrating vector. There may be implications that such an equilibrium relation is a structural income velocity of money function. The evidence based on century‐long data from 1880 to 1986 presented in this paper about parameter instability of the cointegrating vector of velocity with its determinants for Canada, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom casts doubt on this interpretation. The evidence is based on using formal stability tests. Moreover, it has an ‘eyeball’ support from the sequential estimates of various parameters of the cointegrating relationship including income and interest semi‐elasticities.
The Maple computer algebra system: A review
Authors: Hutton John , Hutton James
Published: July 2007

We set out the main features of Maple V, Release 3, and discuss its potential value to econometricians. Computer algebra systems, of which Maple is a leading example, have developed with the increased power of modern computers, but require skill and patience to use. It seems likely they will find a place in the econometrician's toolkit for work at the interface between analytic and numerical work, where they should prove valuable. However, although Maple has many of the features of conventional statistical/econometric/numerical software, it should not be seen as a substitute.
On the measurement of the size characteristics of powders by photo‐extinction methods. I. Theoretical considerations
Authors: Rose H. E. , Lloyd H. B.
Published: July 2007

In recent years a considerable number of apparatus for the determination of the size characteristics of fine powders has been devised but, on the grounds of general convenience, the email sample of powder necessary for a teat and the high accuracy with which the fundamental measurements may be carried out, the typos of apparatus involving photo‐extinction methods appear to be without equal.

Unfortunately the method is subject to a considerable number of errors, some arising from the motion of the particles in the necessary suspension fluid and others from the fact that the mathematical laws of transmission of light through a suspension of particles, upon which the calculations are based, are only partially obeyed in practice so, although the measurements may be made with high precision, considerable errors may arise unless due allowance is made for the effects of these deviations.

In the present work the errors arising from the second only of the sources enumerated above will be considered, since there appears to have been no systematic investigation into the errors arising from this cause.
A procedure for the characterisation of the acetic acid bacteria‐part I
Authors: Tošić Jezdimir , Walker Thomas Kennedy
Published: July 2007

Consideration is given to the precautious which must he adopted in standardising the conditions for the examination of cultures of Aectobacter species in order that comparisons may be obtained for diagnostic purposes. The media and the technique which were employed for thin purpose are then deseribed. Particulars are also given of ten species of Acctobacter which were examined under the standardised conditions adopted. The results of this examination will form the subject of part II.
Solvent extraction of penicillin
Authors: Rowley D. , Steiner H , Zimmen E.
Published: July 2007

The extraction method for the purification and concentration of penicillin is reviewed. The theoretical basis underlying the extraction process is examined. A simple distribution formula reproduces the results well and in used to examine the dependence of the selectivity of a solvent on pH of extraction. A number of solvents were tested, most of them show better solvent power for penicillin than the widely‐used amyl acetate. Outstanding amongst these solvents are the cyclic ketones such as methylcyclo‐hexanone and dimethylcyclohexanone.* With these solvents efficient extraction at pH4 is possible, thus avoiding contact of penicillin with solutions of greater acidity where it becomes unstable. The selectivity of these solvents is examined and found to increase with the pH of extraction. At pH4 the selectivity of methylcyclobexanone approached that of chloroform, the latter being a very selective solvent for penicillin.
Insecticidal tests with analogues of DDT
Authors: Busvine J. R.
Published: July 2007

The insecticidal powers of forty‐one compounds analogous to DDT (αα‐bis‐(γ‐chlorphenyl)‐βββ‐trichlorethane) have been examined by tests with human lice and bed bugs. Wherever possible, the substances were dissolved in refined mineral oil and sprayed directly at the insects. Compounds insoluble in oil were tested as dry powders or aqueous solutions. Some of the compounds examined showed insectieidal powers of the same type as DDT, the most toxic compounds being those whoso molecules most resembled DDT. All the effective compounds were to some extent oil‐soluble but only a small degree of this property appears to be essential. Two theories concerning the mode of action of DDT are discussed but they do not receive support from the present data.
Adhesion between binders and individual rock‐forming minerals
Authors: Douglas John F.
Published: July 2007

This paper deals with the question of adhesion between binders and aggregates used for road surfacing. Although the materials normally used for road aggregates are not homogeneous but consist of a number of rock‐forming minerals, most of the experimental work on this subject has consisted of measurements of adhesion between a binder and the natural stone surface. It seemed unsatisfactory to try to take measurements on a surface which is heterogeneous in mineral composition unless it could be assumed that the mineralogical composition of the material was of no importance. To check this assumption the author carried out a number of tests, described in the paper, to determine the adhesion between a tar hinder and individual rock‐forming minerals from which it uppcars that the adhesion varies for different minerals, poor adhesion being found with materials such as Orthoclaso and Horneblcndo while adhesion with Augito and Olivine was extremely good. From these results an attempt has been made to estimate the behaviour of a number of ordinary aggregates from consideration of their mineral composition.
The vitamin C content of potatoes grown on reclaimed land
Authors: Baker L. C. , Parkinson T. L. , Lampitt L. H.
Published: July 2007

The average figures found for the concentration of vitamin C and dehydronscorbic acid in nine varioties of potatoes grown on reclaimed land differed to soma extent from those previously obtained for potatoes grown on normal soil in 1943–44; the data available is insufficient to differentiate between differences in season, soil or same unknown factor as the eausativo agent. The application of different manurial treatments to one variety of potato did not produeo any striking effect on the concentration of vitamin C.
The effect of heat on aqueous solutions of sucrose and other carbohydrates
Authors: Montgomery R. , Wiggins I. F.
Published: July 2007

When sucrose is heated with water in an autoclave at high temperature in an atmosphere of hydrogen, a degree of acidity is produced which is sufficient to cause first the inversion of the sucrose and secondly its conversion to 5‐hydroxymcthyl 2‐furfural, a substance which is produced also when glucose or sorbose are similarly treated. It is suggested that the acidity produced initially may he due to the formation of acetol, which has been previously encountered on treating sugars with water at high temperatures.
Trimethylamine oxide in marine products
Authors: Ronold Olav Anker , Jakobsen Finn
Published: July 2007

Following an historical introduction, a short survey is given of the chemical properties of trimethylamine oxide. The results of determinations of the content of trimethylamine oxide in Norwegian marine products, as well as results of investigations of the fate of trimethylamine oxide during bacterial decomposition of raw materials for canning, are reported. Certain chemical reactions taking place in canned products during storage, are then treated. In this connection the importance of trimediylamine oxide in the corrosion of cans and for the “maturing” of canned products is discussed.
Notes on the component acids of west indian ben and mango seed oils
Authors: Dunn H. C. , Hilditch T. P.
Published: July 2007

Ben (Behen) oil, seed fat of Moringa oleifera, was obtained in 30% yield from the kernels of Trinidad seed, and had iodine value 67·1 and free fatty acidity (as oleic) 6·5%. Its component acids were palmitic 5·5, stearic 7·8, arachidic, behenic and lignoceric (together) 9·2, hexadecenoic 0·9, and linoleic 0·8% (wt.). Its composition suggests that, if available in suitable quantity and quality, it would be equal to olive oil for edible purposes. Mango seed fat was obtained in 6% yield from Jamaican kernels; it is a solid fat (iodine value 49·1), with component acids palmitic 4·4, stearic 42·5, arachidic 3·0, oleic 44·7 and linolcic 5·4% (wt.). The composition of the West Indian mango fat differed from that recently recorded for a specimen from India, its unsaturation being distinctly higher owing to the presence of linoleic glycerides apparently absent from the Indian fat. The high stearic content of mango fat is unusual for a seed fat from its botanical family. Mango fruit contains only small traces of fat (iodine value 91).
The determination of methylol groups and dibenzyl ether linkages in phenol alcohols and derived phenolic resins. Part II. Ether linkages
Authors: Lilley H. S. , Osmond D. W. J.
Published: July 2007

The hardening of phenol alcohols yields as primary products dibenzyl ethers, which hence occur in phenolic resins. Methods for the determination of the dibenzyl ether linkage are described, which depend on its fission by hydrobromic acid. It is shown that methods depending on analysis of the resulting bromomethyl compounds may be unreliable, but that satisfactory results may be obtained if the water eliminated in the fission is estimated by the Karl Fischer reagent. The necessary apparatus and technique are described, and results given for a series of pure dibenzyl ethers and various phenolic resins.
The fractionation of potato starch part II. The reducing powers, mean molecular weights and solubilities of the fractions
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Fuller C. H. F. , Goldenberg N.
Published: July 2007

The reducing powers of the fractions from ground potato starch and the mean molecular weights calculated from them show that, as in the case of wheat starch, grinding in a ball mill causes very considerable depolymerization. This process takes place more rapidly with potato starch than with wheat starch. In contrast to wheat starch, the differences in solubility between the dried potato starch fractions are explainable by the differences in the mean molecular weights of the fractions.
Observations on the ph and related properties of meat
Authors: Bate‐Smith E. C.
Published: July 2007

Experiments are described which illustrate the effects of fatiguing exercise, recovery from exercise and training on the amount of lactic acid formed and the pH reached in the muscles of rats after death. Besides depleting its glycogen reserves, heavy exercise produces a change in muscle which is interpreted as a diffusion of base into the muscle. Both of these factors oppose the post‐mortem lowering of pH Data arc also given for the sugar, lactic acid and fat contents of the blood of normal slaughterhouse animals; for the glycogen content of different muscles of typical beef animals in full rigor; and for the connective tissue content of 29 typical beef animals. The pH reached in rigor is shown to be a function of glycogen content at death, connective tissue content, buffering power, and the ante‐mortem treatment of the animal.
South African fish products. Part XXVIII. The composition of the liver oil of the seven‐gilled shark, heptranchias pectorosus, (garman)
Authors: Karnovsky M. L. , Rapson W. S. , Schwartz H. M.
Published: July 2007

The composition of the unsaponifiablc fraction, and of the fatty acid fraction of the liver oil of Heptranchias pectorosus has been determined, Since α‐glyceryl ether esters are a major constituent of the oil, the component α‐glyceryl ethers of the unsaponifiable fraction have been quantitatively determined and their relationship to the fatty acids discussed.
The seasonal variation in chemical constitution of some of the sub‐littoral seaweeds common to scotland. Part II. Laminaria digitata
Authors: Black W. A. P.
Published: July 2007

In a previous communication, 1 the seasonal variation in chemical constitution of Laminaria cloustoni over a period of two years was given. The present paper outlines the seasonal variation in ash, crude protein, iodine, mannitol, laminarin and alginic acid of Laminaria digitata for the same period. In this case the samples were taken from two different localities, to find the effect of different degrees of exposure on the chemical constitution.
The component acids and glycerides of whale oil
Authors: Hilditch T. P. , Maddison L.
Published: July 2007

The component acids of a specimen of Antarctic whale oil, previously1 separated by means of their lithium and lead salts prior to analysis by ester‐fractionation, have now been resolved by the alternative process of crystallization from solvents at low temperatures. This method, which is preferred on account of speed and case of operation, led to results in good agreement with those obtained earlier by the salt‐separation procedure. When facilities for low‐temperature work are not available, therefore, the preliminary separation by lithium and lead salts, although more lengthy, leads to data of similar accuracy.

The component glycerides of the whale oil were re‐investigated by a more thorough segregation than that previously made, 1 by means of crystallization from acetone from ‐‐‐ 602 upwards, six groups of glycerides finally being obtained. The results were generally similar to those of the former study, but differed numerically in some respects: the oil contains about 16% of disaturated and 2·5% of trisaturated glycerides, about 30% of tri‐unsaturated glycerides, and about 50% of glycerides containing one saturated acid, one unsaturated C18 acid, and one of the other homologous unsaturated acids. About 45% of the oil contains acids of the C20 and C22 series, and oleic groups are present in over 90% of the oil.
The electrometric estimation of chloride in meat products. II. The influence of heating on the combination of silver with meat substances
Authors: Ingram M. , Bryan J. M.
Published: July 2007

The paper describes a modification of the method for the estimation of chloride in meat products by clcctromctric titration with silver nitrate in presence of nitric acid using a silver/silvcr chloride reference electrode, which was described previously.
The preparation of ethylene cyanhydrin and acrylonitrile on a laboratory and semi‐technical scale
Authors: Hands C. H. G. , Walker B. Y.
Published: July 2007

Acrylonitrile was urgently required for certai experimental work and the Ministry of Supply Undertook the requiring a minimum of special equipment. The published methods of preparation were reviewed, together with certain information from B.I.O.S. reports on German industrial processes, and a process was finally developed suitable for existing plant. This paper deals with the laboratory and semi‐technical research incidental to the preparation of about 56 1b. of acyrlonitrile starting from ethylene chlorhydrin.
The inactivation of thiamin by Bracken (Pteris aquilina)
Authors: And Brynmor Thomas , Walker H. F.
Published: July 2007

The anti‐thiamin effect of bracken, noted by Weswig, Freed and Haeg, has been confirmed. Rats on a diet containing 40% bracken, and providing adequate amounts of thiamin, lost weig it and died within thirty days. Control groups receiving large supplementary doses of thiamin made continuous increases in bodyweight. The hearts and livers of rats which had succumbed to a bracken‐containing diet were shown to be of abnormally low thiamin content. An incubation technique developed by the authors, showed that bracken had the capacity to inactivate large amounts of vitamin.
Organoleptic tests in the food industry. I. General introduction and quality of animal products
Authors: Bate‐Smith E. C.
Published: July 2007

The procedures adopted in evaluating the quality of dried eggs and carcass meat arc described. In the former case, scored samples were submitted to panels of consumers in an attempt to establish a level of acceptability in terms of flavour score. The general principles which should govern the operation of panel work are discussed in the light of these examples and of Plank's recommendations.
Mashed potato powder. IV. Deterioration due to oxidative changes
Authors: Burton W. C.
Published: July 2007

As reported previously,1 mashed potato powder is subject to two types of deterioration‐‐‐the development of a brown colour and charred taste at high storage temperatures, and the development of an ' off' flavour. The present paper is concerned with the latter type.
The transfer of DDT to foodstuffs from impregnated sacking
Authors: Butterfield D. E. , Parkin E. A. , Gale M. M.
Published: July 2007

A method is described for determining the amount of DDT in foodstuffs, using monoethanolamine to dehydrochlorinate the DDT, followed by electrometric titration of the free chloride with silver nitrate; the monocthanolamine does not hydrolyse the fats and oils. The method has been used to determine the quantities of DDT transferred from DDT‐impregnated sacking to wheat, wheat flour, soya flour, decorticated groundnuts, and cocoa beans. Relatively large quantities of DDT may be transferred in B few months, particularly to finely divided and fatty foodstuffs, and much caution must be exercised in making recommendations for the use of DDT‐impregnated sacks 10 prevent or control insect infestation in stored foodstuffs. The importance of vapour‐phase transfer of DDT is discussed.
Salty flavour in bacon
Authors: Ingram M.
Published: July 2007

The flavour of bacon is usually much less salty than would be expected on the basis of the salt‐content. This is expressed by an “availability index” which is the ratio of the salty flavour observed, to that of a solution containing the same percentage of salt as the bacon, reckoned on fresh weigh. The availability index seems to be an expression of the muscular structure, since it is similar in symmetrical pairs of muscles on opposite sides of a pig, and is largely independent of the quantity of salt added to the meat. Because the availability increases with juiciness, it is suggested that the intensity of salty flavour depends on the speed at which salt is liberated in the mouth on chewing bacon. Juiciness increases with decreasing pH in muscles; hence the availability of salt increases with acidity in bacon. A bacon of pH 6·2 might perhaps contain twice as much salt as one of pH, 5·3, without tasting more salty. Besides the pH, other characters such as toughness are probably involved.
Preparation of rare earth chlorides by chlorination of monazite
Authors: Hahtley F. R. , Wylie A. W.
Published: July 2007

An investigation has been made of the reaction between monazite, chlorine and either carbon or carbon monoxide. Conditions have been established for obtaining yields up to 90% of relatively pure rare earth chlorides at chlorine efficiencies in excess of 50% The thorium content of monazite is shown to react with chlorine much more slowly than the rare earth elements. The nature of the volatile products of the reaction has been investigated and the mechanism of the reaction discussed.
Reaction of iron with monoeth anolamine
Authors: Dixon B. E. , Williams R. A.
Published: July 2007

The deterioration of ethanolamine used in absorption plant is attributed principally to the formation of complexes of iron and ethanolamine. These salts have been isolated and synthesized their constitution, properties and the effect of their presence on the absorption process are discussed.
High‐efficiency laboratory fractionation. IV. A metal laboratory‐still
Authors: Dixon O. G.
Published: July 2007

A laboratory still is described which is constructed entirely in stainless steel and which is packed with gauze rings for high efficiency. It can be used for fractionations above or below atmospheric temperature or pressure, and can handle material which is solid at normal temperatures.
Gender‐aware analysis and development economics
Authors: Elson Diane
Published: July 2007

Economic analysis that is gender‐aware, in the sense of recognizing that all economic activity works through and within gendered relationships, has the potential to generate both a better understanding of the development process and a better understanding of the policies required to diminish gender inequality. This paper investigates the extent to which neoclassical and structuralist approaches to the economics of development are gender‐aware, and finds both paradigms seriously deficient. Two recent examples of gender‐aware development economics are discussed, and suggestions are made about how to improve gender‐awareness in development economics. The potential contribution of a critical institutionalist approach is highlighted.
Development policy and the African demographic transition: Issues and questions
Authors: Lockwood Matthew
Published: July 2007

This paper gives an overview of the recent demographic history of countries in sub‐Saharan Africa, especially the start of a fertility decline. After discussing the evidence for a decline, and the nature of changes in fertility behaviour, the paper moves on to look at possible causes, in relation to development policy. Mortality, cultural structure, the status of women, education and economic crisis are all considered as candidates. The conclusion is reached that available evidence raises as many questions about the causes of fertility decline as it resolves, particularly in our understanding of the process of change. Finally, the potential consequences of falls in fertility and population growth slowdown in sub‐Saharan Africa are considered.
Alternative vision or Utopian fantasy?: Cooperation, empowerment and women's cooperative development in India
Authors: Mayoux Linda
Published: July 2007

This paper discusses research by the author on women and cooperatives in India. The findings are supplemented by information from preliminary research by the author on a number of other cooperatives in which women were involved and from secondary sources. The research indicates that producer cooperatives for women can be successful if there are even a few women with the necessary skills and time required. Many cooperatives studied failed in part because of lack of enthusiasm of the women involved, indicating the problems the promotion of producer cooperatives involves. The paper argues that a far more wide‐ranging debate is needed about the ways in which the ideals of cooperation and empowerment can be preserved, while at the same time responding to the context in which cooperatives have to operate. There is no ‘ideal cooperative’ but a range of possible options. The varying needs of women require a participatory transformation of both state and NGO cooperative development agencies. Much greater commitment is needed to assist women in relevant ways.
Financial beneficiary analysis for economic development
Authors: Yaffey Michael
Published: July 2007

The author describes fresh ways in which financial analysis can serve in the appraisal of development projects. The first of these introduces a new form of cash flow statement exposing the distribution of the financial benefits. The second proposes that public expenditure on infrastructure and other costs in support of projects be analysed using techniques from cost accountancy to generate overhead absorption rates issued as national parameters. The combination of these would enable improved appraisal of the impact on the Government's income and expenditure, which the author argues is very important when liberalized policies are in force.
Approaches to measuring technical efficiency on Philippine rice farms
Authors: Dawson P. J. , Lingard J.
Published: July 2007

This paper reviews three approaches to measuring technical efficiency and presents empirical results using various data sets on Philippine rice farms over the period 1970‐84. First, a production function is estimated using covariance analysis for panel data; second, cross‐section data are used to estimate a stochastic production frontier; and third, a stochastic production frontier is estimated again using panel data. Large ranges of efficiency from the first two methods and a much narrower range from the third are observed. Thus, efficiency measurement is sensitive to methodology, the data period and sample.
Adjustment with growth: Nigerian experience with structural adjustment policy reform
Authors: Oyejide T. Ademola
Published: July 2007

The paper presents an account of the origin, contents and apparent impact of the Nigerian structural adjustment programme of 1986–90. The programme arose from pressure by Nigeria's external creditors to reach an accommodation with the Bank and the Fund, but once the decision to undertake such a programme had been taken it became largely ‘home‐grown’ and contains a number of heterodox elements, including a ban on imported foodstuffs. Other major elements are a shift to a market‐determined exchange rate, the winding‐up of the six government commodity marketing boards and the gradual elimination of administrative controls on overseas trade. The design of the programme takes note of a number of recent theoretical findings, including the significance of the intermediate import constraint and the presence of crowding‐in effects of public expenditure on private investment in a number of African countries, any assessment of the programme's impact is of necessity preliminary; but, at the least, it has made possible a reduction in the burden of debt service, and the growth rate of GDP and exports, in particular export crops such as cocoa and rubber, have been much higher in the post‐than in the pre‐structural adjustment period; but inflation has worsened, real wages have fallen, and diversification of exports has not occurred. The tentative verdict is that the programme tried to achieve too much too soon, underestimated the resultant social costs, and placed too much reliance and changes in price incentives as a means of bringing about the necessary restructuring.
Intolerance of ambiguity as a moderator of the occupational role stress—strain relationship: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Frone Michael R.
Published: July 2007

Occupational role stress has received increased attention in recent years. However, there have been few systematic efforts to review potential moderators of the role stress–strain relationship. The few narrative reviews that do exist conclude that the evidence for individual difference moderators is mixed and inconclusive. The purpose of this review was to utilize meta‐analysis to determine whether intolerance of ambiguity represents a significant vulnerability factor in the role stress–strain relationship. Results indicated that intolerance of ambiguity does moderate the impact of role ambiguity. The implications of this finding for future job stress research and stress management programs are discussed.
Belief‐bias and labor unions: The effect of strong attitudes on reasoning
Authors: Lynn Monty L. , Williams Richard N.
Published: July 2007

This study compared three types of reasoning bias associated with strong belief: Judgement of plausibility, contrast effects, and social attribution. Respectively, these relate to bias in the perceived validity and extremity of statements and bias in causal interpretations of actions. Technical college students (N = 153) in two highly unionized communities completed one scale for each form of bias and a section of the IRC Union Attitude Scale which measured their attitude toward unions. Belief–bias was indicated across all three measures although there were differences in their salience. Social attribution was the strongest type of bias manifested (r = 0.58, p ⩽ 0.001) and contrast effects (r = 0.33, p ⩽ 0.001) were a second and third. The implications of these results are explored and future research directions in this new line of study are suggested.
On the relationship between objective increases in pay and employees' subjective reactions
Authors: Worley Christopher G. , Bowen David E. , Lawler Edward E.
Published: July 2007

This study explored whether two principles describe the relationship between the size of a pay increase (a bonus expressed as a percentage of current salary) and the attractiveness of that increase. Based on a sample of sales personnel (N = 639) and consistent with the constant proportion principle of the psychophysical law, pay increase attractiveness was unrelated to current salary level after controlling for the size of the percentage increase. In addition, at any given salary level, the relationship between the size of the increase and its attractiveness was curvilinear. The attractiveness of larger and larger bonus percentages continues to increase, but at a decreasing rate supporting the principle of diminishing returns.
Covariance structure modeling in organizational research: Problems with the method versus applications of the method
Authors: Williams Larry J.
Published: July 2007

Brannick (1995) offers several criticisms of how covariance structure analysis techniques (CSA—also known as causal modeling methods) are being used by organizational researchers, as well as some suggestions for improving organizational research. This article responds to some of the issues raised by Brannick (1995), points out areas of agreement and disagreement, and offers some reactions to his suggestions for how future use of CSA methods can be improved.
Effects of application blanks and employment equity on applicant reactions and job pursuit intentions
Authors: Saks Alan M. , Leck Joanne D. , Saunders David M.
Published: July 2007

In the present study, 136 undergraduate commerce students participated in a simulation of the job application process by completing one of two application blanks (discriminatory versus non‐discriminatory), that did or did not include a statement about the organization's commitment to employment equity. The results indicated that subjects who completed the application blank without the discriminatory questions had significantly more positive reactions of organization attractiveness, job application success, motivation to pursue employment with the organization, job acceptance intention, fairness of the organization's treatment of its employees, and likelihood of recommending the organization to friends in comparison to subjects who completed the application blank with discriminatory questions. In addition, subjects who believed the organization had an employment equity program were more positive about their motivation to pursue employment with the organization, job acceptance intention, the fairness of the organization's treatment of its employees, and the likelihood of recommending the organization to friends. The research and practical implications of these findings for recruitment and selection are discussed.
CAD‐oriented formulas for the quasi‐tem parameters of shielded and semi‐enclosed (coupled) coplanar waveguides
Authors: Wan Changhua , Lin Weigan
Published: July 2007

On the magnetic‐wall approximation for their slots, shielded coplanar waveguides (SCPWs) and semienclosed CPWs (SECPWs) are analyzed through an intensive use of elliptic function transformation. CAD‐oriented formulas for the quasi‐TEM parameters of SCPWs and SECPWs, including their coupled versions, are derived. The comparison of the results calculated here with previous ones show 2% accuracy for formulas in the practical situation where the slots are not too wide, e.g., s / (s + 2w) ≥ 0.2 for an SCPW. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Resonant frequencies of shielded rectangular and circular microstrip resonators
Authors: Verma Anand K. , Rostamy Zargham
Published: July 2007

Resonant frequencies of shielded rectangular and circular microstrip patches have been determined using the modified Wolff model (MWM). The model determines effect of top‐shield, side‐walls, and end‐walls on the resonant frequency. Results of the MWM have been compared to those of SDA and FEM. The MWM has an accuracy of 0.2% compared with experimental results. Numerically, the MWM is fast even on a desktop computer. The model is suitable for CAD applications. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Inhibitory activities of dietary phenolic compounds on heterocyclic amine formation in both chemical model system and beef patties
Authors: Cheng Ka‐Wing , Chen Feng , Wang Mingfu
Published: July 2007

The correlation between radical scavenging capacity and inhibitory activity in PhIP formation of 12 food‐derived antioxidative phenolic compounds was investigated. Very poor correlation was found between their radical scavenging activity assessed by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay and PhIP formation inhibition in a model system. The effects of several of these polyphenols were further evaluated using beef patties. Remarkably, theaflavin 3,3′‐digallate, epicatechin gallate, rosmarinic acid, and naringenin were capable of simultaneously reducing the levels of PhIP, MeIQx, and 4,8‐DiMeIQx. Moreover, the inhibition of the formation of one of these HAs was not compromised by the inhibition of the formation of another HA. Naringenin, a flavonoid found in many citrus fruits, was found to be the most promising inhibitor in both chemical model system and beef patties, suggesting its great potential for practical application in daily cuisine.
Equal Access to Result in Better Service, More Innovation and Lower Costs
Authors: Kozak Rick
Published: July 2007

Local equal access—the ability to choose among local carriers versus only having the ability to use the monopoly supplier—will have far‐reaching implications for the US telecommunications infrastructure.
Managing Dial‐up with the OSI 821
Authors: Endyke Debra
Published: July 2007

Complex data management systems are causing many managers to consolidate equipment and facilities without radically altering the look and feel of their networks. Often, both leased line and dial services exist within the same network, so a network management system must be able to integrate monitoring, control and maintenance functions in a cohesive, user‐friendly environment.
Meeting the service management challenge with omnipoint
Authors: Adams Elizabeth K.
Published: July 2007

OMNIPoint is the industry's way of reducing customer and vendor risk in integrated management by fostering cross‐sector agreements, by testing those agreements against user requirements and by encouraging the development of critical enabling technologies.
International virtual private networks: Background and tariff survey
Authors: Bauer Matthew
Published: July 2007

Carriers have positioned their networks and dedicated databases to help deliver a service which looks and feels like leased lines but is, in reality, delivered over the public switched telephone network (PSTN).
Do You Know Where Your Networks Are?
Authors: Jackson Bob
Published: July 2007

Making the transition from traditional legacy systems to the new distributed client/server‐based architectures is a major strategic concern facing most organizations today. Key to this transition is the need for a new and different approach to network and asset management.