bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lack of teratogenicity of microcystin‐LR in the mouse and toad
Authors: Chernoff N. , Hunter E. S. , Hall L. L. , Rosen M. B. , Brownie C. F. , Malarkey D. , Marr M. , Herkovits J.
Published: August 2002

Microcystin‐LR (MC‐LR) is a cyanobacterial toxin generated by the organism Microcystis aeruginosa. Although the hepatotoxicity of this chemical has been characterized, the potential developmental toxicity in vertebrates has not been well studied. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of this toxin on the in vivo and in vitro development of mammals and the development of an Anuran (toad). Initial acute toxicity experiments with female CD‐1 mice were accomplished with MC‐LR administered i.p. in saline. Lethality occurred at 128 and 160 µg kg −1 and histopathology revealed massive hepatic necrosis with diffuse hemorrhage. Developmental toxicity studies were done with MC‐LR administered i.p. for 2‐day periods: gestation days 7–8, 9–10 or 11–12. Doses used ranged from 2 to 128 µg kg−1. On gestation day 17, fetuses were weighed and analyzed for gross morphological and skeletal defects. No treatment‐related differences were seen in litter size, viability, weight or the incidence of anomalies. Groups of dams dosed with 32–128 µg kg−1 on gestation days 7–8, 9–10 or 11–12 were allowed to give birth and the growth and development of their pups were followed postnatally. There were no significant effects noted in the offspring of the treated dams. Neurulation‐staged CD‐1 mouse conceptuses were exposed to 50–1000 nM MC‐LR in whole embryo culture for 24 h. No significant increase in abnormalities or developmental delays was observed. Finally, exposure of the developing toad. Bufo arenarum was done from stage 17 (tail bud) for 10 days at concentrations of 1–20 mg l−1. No effect on morphological development or survival was noted in any exposed groups. These data indicate that microcystin does not appear to affect development adversely in the mouse (in vivo or in vitro) or the toad at the doses and exposure parameters used. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prosthetic metals have a variable necrotic threshold in human fibroblasts: An in vitro study
Authors: Mostardi Richard A. , Pentello Amie , Kovacik Mark W. , Askew Michael J.
Published: August 2002

The generation of metal particles from prosthetic joints has been an evolving problem in orthopedics. Numerous factors have been involved including cells, metals, and responding cytokines, but determining roles of these factors or cascades of factors has been elusive. This laboratory has published threshold levels for commercially pure titanium (CpTi), which led to cell necrosis, but noted that cell viability differed among donor patients. To compliment the previous work we examined two other metals, Tantalum (Ta) and cobalt‐chrome (CoCr), while making comparative measurements in these different donor patients. Retrieved human fibroblasts (superior medial plica) were cultured in a standard manner and exposed to various dosages of the three metals. Cell counts and interleukin (IL) 6 were used as dependent variables within a three‐way analysis of variance. The data show that fibroblast necrosis was significantly affected by both type and mass of metal, with each metal having a distinct threshold (CpTi most necrotic, followed by Ta and CoCr). The cell counts and IL‐6 at control levels varied significantly among all three donors. However, the response to the metals and dosages did not differ among tissue donors. Thus, although each patient had a different starting value for cell counts and IL‐6, they responded to the metal particles in the same proportionate manner. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 605–610, 2002
Trabecular bone response to injectable calcium phosphate (Ca‐P) cement
Authors: Ooms E. M. , Wolke J. G. C. , van der Waerden J. P. C. M. , Jansen J. A.
Published: August 2002

The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical, biological, and handling properties of a new developed calcium phosphate (Ca‐P) cement when implanted in trabecular bone. Ca‐P cement consisting of a powder and a liquid phase was implanted as a paste into femoral trabecular bone of goats for 3 days and 2, 8, 16, and 24 weeks. The cement was tested using three clinically relevant liquid‐to‐powder ratios. Polymethylmethacrylate bone cement, routinely used in orthopedics, was used as a control. The Ca‐P cement was easy to handle and was fast setting with good cohesion when in contact with body fluids. X‐ray diffraction at the different implantation periods showed that the cement had set as an apatite and remained stable over time. Histological evaluation after 2 weeks, performed on 10 μm un‐decalcified sections, showed abundant bone apposition on the cement surface without any inflammatory reaction or fibrous encapsulation. At later time points, the Ca‐P cement implants were totally covered by a thin layer of bone. Osteoclast‐like cells, as present at the interface, had resorbed parts of the cement mass. At locations where Ca‐P cement was resorbed, new bone was formed without loss of integrity between the bone bed and the cement. This demonstrated the osteotransductive property of the cement, i.e., resorption of the material by osteoclast‐like cells, directly followed by the formation of new bone. Histological and histomorphometrical evaluation did not show any significant differences between the Ca‐P cement implanted at the three different liquid/powder ratios. The results indicate that the investigated Ca‐P cement is biocompatible, osteoconductive, as well as osteotransductive and is a candidate material for use as a bone substitute. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 61: 9–18, 2002
Surface and biological evaluation of hydroxyapatite‐based coatings on titanium deposited by different techniques
Authors: Massaro C. , Baker M. A. , Cosentino F. , Ramires P. A. , Klose S. , Milella E.
Published: August 2002

Hydroxyapatite coatings have been deposited on titanium cp by plasma spray, sol‐gel, and sputtering techniques for dental implant applications. The latter two techniques are of current interest, as they allow coatings of micrometer dimensions to be deposited. Coating morphology, composition, and structure have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). All coatings were homogeneous and exhibited a rough morphology suitable for implant applications. The sputtered (after annealing), plasma spray, and sol‐gel coatings all showed diffraction peaks corresponding to hydroxyapatite. The surface contaminants were observed to be different for the different coating types. The sputtered coatings were found to have a composition most similar to hydroxyapatite; the sol‐gel deposits also showed a high concentration of hydroxyl ions. A discrepancy in the Ca/P ratio was observed for the plasma spray coatings, and a small concentration of carbonate ions was found in the sputter‐deposited coatings. The in vitro cell‐culture studies using MG63 osteoblast‐like cells demonstrated the ability of cells to proliferate on the materials tested. The sol‐gel coating promotes higher cell growth, greater alkaline phosphatase activity, and greater osteocalcin production compared to the sputtered and plasma‐sprayed coatings. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 58: 651–657, 2001
Bioactive sol‐gel foams for tissue repair
Authors: Sepulveda Pilar , Jones Julian R. , Hench Larry L.
Published: August 2002

Bioactive glasses are known to have the ability to regenerate bone, but their use has been restricted mainly to powder, granules, or small monoliths. This work reports on the development of sol‐gel foams with potential applications as bone graft implants or as templates for the in vitro synthesis of bone tissue for transplantation. These bioactive foams exhibit a hierarchical structure with interconnected macropores (10–500 μm) and a mesoporous framework typical of gel–glasses (pores of 2–50 nm). The macroporous matrixes were produced through a novel route that comprises foaming of sol‐gel systems. Three glass systems were tested to verify the applicability of this manufacturing route, namely SiO2, SiO2‐CaO, and SiO2‐CaO‐P2O5. This new class of material combines large pores to support vascularization and 3‐D tissue growth with the ability that bioactive materials have to provide bone‐bonding and controlled release of ionic biologic stimuli to promote bone cell proliferation by gene activation. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 340–348, 2002
Control of wound infections using a bilayer chitosan wound dressing with sustainable antibiotic delivery
Authors: Mi Fwu‐Long , Wu Yu‐Bey , Shyu Shin‐Shing , Schoung Jen‐Yu , Huang Yaw‐Bin , Tsai Yi‐Hung , Hao Jong‐Yun
Published: August 2002

A novel bilayer chitosan membrane was prepared by a combined wet/dry phase inversion method and evaluated as a wound dressing. This new type of bilayer chitosan wound dressing, consisting of a dense upper layer (skin layer) and a sponge‐like lower layer (sublayer), is very suitable for use as a topical delivery of silver sulfadiazine (AgSD) for the control of wound infections. Physical characterization of the bilayer wound dressing showed that it has excellent oxygen permeability, that it controls the water vapor transmission rate, and that it promotes water uptake capability. AgSD dissolved from bilayer chitosan dressings to release silver and sulfadiazine. The release of sulfadiazine from the bilayer chitosan dressing displayed a burst release on the first day and then tapered off to a much slower release. However, the release of silver from the bilayer chitosan dressing displayed a slow release profile with a sustained increase of silver concentration. The cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in agar plates showed effective antimicrobial activity for 1 week. In vivo antibacterial tests confirmed that this wound dressing is effective for long‐term inhibition of the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus at an infected wound site. The results in this study indicate that the AgSD‐incorporated bilayer chitosan wound dressing may be a material with potential antibacterial capability for the treatment of infected wounds. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 438–449, 2002
In vitro generation of differentiated cardiac myofibers on micropatterned laminin surfaces
Authors: McDevitt Todd C. , Angello John C. , Whitney Marsha L. , Reinecke Hans , Hauschka Stephen D. , Murry Charles E. , Stayton Patrick S.
Published: August 2002

Cardiac muscle fibers consist of highly aligned cardiomyocytes containing myofibrils oriented parallel to the fiber axis, and successive cardiomyocytes are interconnected at their ends through specialized junctional complexes (intercalated disks). Cell culture studies of cardiac myofibrils and intercalated disks are complicated by the fact that cardiomyocytes become extremely flattened and exhibit disorganized myofibrils and diffuse intercellular junctions with neighboring cells. In this study we sought to direct the organization of cultured cardiomyocytes to more closely resemble that found in vivo. Lanes of laminin 5–50 μm wide were microcontact‐printed onto nonadhesive (BSA‐coated) surfaces. Adherent cardiomyocytes responded to the spatial constraints by forming elongated, rod‐shaped cells whose myofibrils aligned parallel to the laminin lanes. Patterned cardiomyocytes displayed a striking, bipolar localization of the junction molecules N‐cadherin and connexin43 that ultrastructurally resembled intercalated disks. When laminin lanes were widely spaced, each lane of cardiomyocytes beat independently, but with narrow‐spacing cells bridged between lanes, yielding aligned fields of synchronously beating cardiomyocytes. Similar cardiomyocyte patterns were achieved on the biodegradable polymer PLGA, suggesting that patterned cardiomyocytes could be used in myocardial tissue engineering. Such highly patterned cultures could be used in cell biology and physiology studies, which require accurate reproduction of native myocardial architecture. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 472–479, 2002; DOI 10.1008/jbm.1292
IS integration: Your most critical M&A challenge?
Authors: Harrell Horace W. , Higgins Leslee
Published: August 2002

One of the most critical challenges companies face during a merger is integrating their information systems. Seventy‐five percent of merging companies run into problems—causing delays, lost opportunities, and decreased revenues. The authors present a comprehensive strategy for avoiding these pitfalls.© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of trichostatin A on human T cells resembles signaling abnormalities in T cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A new mechanism for TCR ζ chain deficiency and abnormal signaling*†
Authors: Nambiar Madhusoodana P. , Warke Vishal G. , Fisher Carolyn U. , Tsokos George C.
Published: August 2002

Trichostatin A (TSA) is a potent reversible inhibitor of histone deacetylase, and it has been reported to have variable effects on the expression of a number of genes. In this report, we show that TSA suppresses the expression of the T cell receptor ζ chain gene, whereas, it upregulates the expression if its homologous gene Fcε receptor I γ chain. These effects are associated with decreased intracytoplasmic‐free calcium responses and altered tyrosine phosphorylation pattern of cytosolic proteins. Along with these effects, we report that TSA suppresses the expression of the interleukin‐2 gene. The effects of TSA on human T cells are predominantly immunosuppressive and reminiscent of the signaling aberrations that have been described in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J. Cell. Biochem. 85: 459–469, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR analysis of human bone marrow stromal cells during osteogenic differentiation in vitro
Authors: Frank Oliver , Heim Manuel , Jakob Marcel , Barbero Andrea , Schäfer Dirk , Bendik Igor , Dick Walter , Heberer Michael , Martin Ivan
Published: August 2002

We developed and used real‐time RT‐PCR assays to investigate how the expression of typical osteoblast‐related genes by human bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) is regulated by (i) the culture time in medium inducing osteogenic differentiation and (ii) the previous expansion in medium enhancing cell osteogenic commitment. BMSC from six healthy donors were expanded in medium without (CTR) or with fibroblast growth factor‐2 and dexamethasone (FGF/Dex; these factors are known to increase BMSC osteogenic commitment) and further cultivated for up to 20 days with ascorbic acid, β‐glycerophosphate and dexamethasone (these factors are typically used to induce BMSC osteogenic differentiation). Despite a high variability in the gene expression levels among different individuals, we identified the following statistically significant patterns. The mRNA levels of bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP‐2), bone sialo protein‐II (BSP), osteopontin (OP) and to a lower extent cbfa‐1 increased with culture time in osteogenic medium (OM), both in CTR‐ and FGF/Dex‐expanded BMSC, unlike levels of alkaline phosphatase, collagen type I, osteocalcin, and osteonectin. After 20 days culture in OM, BMP‐2, BSP, and OP were more expressed in FGF/Dex than in CTR‐expanded BMSC (mRNA levels were, respectively, 9.5‐, 14.9‐, and 5.8‐fold higher), unlike all the other investigated genes. Analysis of single‐colony‐derived strains of BMSC further revealed that after 20 days culture in OM, only a subset of FGF/Dex‐expanded clones expressed higher mRNA levels of BMP‐2, BSP, and OP than CTR‐expanded clones. In conclusion, we provide evidence that mRNA levels of BMP‐2, BSP, and OP, quantified using real‐time RT‐PCR, can be used as markers to monitor the extent of BMSC osteogenic differentiation in vitro; using those markers, we further demonstrated that only a few subpopulations of BMSC display enhanced osteogenic differentiation following FGF/Dex expansion. J. Cell. Biochem. 85: 737–746, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nuclear apoptotic changes: An overview
Authors: Martelli Alberto M. , Zweyer Marina , Ochs Robert L. , Tazzari Pier Luigi , Tabellini Giovanna , Narducci Paola , Bortul Roberta
Published: August 2002

Apoptosis is a form of active cell death essential for morphogenesis, development, differentiation, and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. The activation of genetically controlled specific pathways that are highly conserved during evolution results in the characteristic morphological features of apoptosis that are mainly evident in the nucleus. These include chromatin condensation, nuclear shrinkage, and the formation of apoptotic bodies. The morphological changes are the result of molecular alterations, such as DNA and RNA cleavage, post‐translational modifications of nuclear proteins, and proteolysis of several polypeptides residing in the nucleus. During the last five years our understanding of the process of apoptosis has dramatically increased. However, the mechanisms that lead to apoptotic changes in the nucleus have been only partially clarified. Here, we shall review the most recent findings that may explain why the nucleus displays these striking modifications. Moreover, we shall take into consideration the emerging evidence about apoptotic events as a trigger for the generation of autoantibodies to nuclear components. J. Cell. Biochem. 82: 634–646, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of osteoclastogenesis and RANK expression by TGF‐β1
Authors: Yan Tao , Riggs B.L. , Boyle W.J. , Khosla S.
Published: August 2002

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) has been shown to both inhibit and to stimulate bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis. This may be due, in part, to differential effects on bone marrow stromal cells that support osteoclastogenesis vs. direct effects on osteoclastic precursor cells. In the present study, we used the murine monocytic cell line, RAW 264.7, to define direct effects of TGF‐β on pre‐osteoclastic cells. In the presence of macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (M‐CSF) (20 ng/ml) and receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANK‐L) (50 ng/ml), TGF‐β1 (0.01–5 ng/ml) dose‐dependently stimulated (by up to 120‐fold) osteoclast formation (assessed by the presence of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) positive multinucleated cells and expression of calcitonin and vitronectin receptors). In addition, TGF‐β1 also increased steady state RANK mRNA levels in a time‐ (by up to 3.5‐fold at 48 h) and dose‐dependent manner (by up to 2.2‐fold at 10 ng/ml). TGF‐β1 induction of RANK mRNA levels was present both in undifferentiated RAW cells as well as in cells that had been induced to differentiate into osteoclasts by a 7‐day treatment with M‐CSF and RANK‐L. Using a fluorescence‐labeled RANK‐L probe, we also demonstrated by flow cytometry that TGF‐β1 resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of RANK+ RAW cells (P < 0.05), as well as an increase in the fluorescence intensity per cell (P < 0.05), the latter consistent with an increase in RANK protein expression per cell. These data thus indicate that TGF‐β directly stimulates osteoclastic differentiation, and this is accompanied by increased RANK mRNA and protein expression. J. Cell. Biochem. 83: 320–325, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New parallel optimal‐parameter fast multipole method (OPFMM)
Authors: Choi Cheol Ho , Ruedenberg Klaus , Gordon Mark S.
Published: August 2002

The three key translation equations of the fast multipole method (FMM) are deduced from the general polypolar expansions given earlier. Simplifications are introduced for the rotation‐based FMM that lead to a very compact FMM formalism. The optimum‐parameter searching procedure, a stable and efficient way of obtaining the optimum set of FMM parameters, is established with complete control over the tolerable error (ε). This new procedure optimizes the linear scaling with respect to the number of particles for a given ε. In addition, a new parallel FMM algorithm, which requires virtually no internode communication, is suggested that is suitable for the parallel construction of Fock matrices in electronic structure calculations. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 22: 1484–1501, 2001
Computational alanine scanning of the 1:1 human growth hormone–receptor complex
Authors: Huo Shuanghong , Massova Irina , Kollman Peter A.
Published: August 2002

The MM‐PBSA (Molecular Mechanics–Poisson–Boltzmann surface area) method was applied to the human Growth Hormone (hGH) complexed with its receptor to assess both the validity and the limitations of the computational alanine scanning approach. A 400‐ps dynamical trajectory of the fully solvated complex was simulated at 300 K in a 101 Å×81 Å×107 Å water box using periodic boundary conditions. Long‐range electrostatic interactions were treated with the particle mesh Ewald (PME) summation method. Equally spaced snapshots along the trajectory were chosen to compute the binding free energy using a continuum solvation model to calculate the electrostatic desolvation free energy and a solvent‐accessible surface area approach to treat the nonpolar solvation free energy. Computational alanine scanning was performed on the same set of snapshots by mutating the residues in the structural epitope of the hormone and the receptor to alanine and recomputing the ΔGbinding. To further investigate a particular structure, a 200‐ps dynamical trajectory of an R43A hormone–receptor complex was simulated. By postprocessing a single trajectory of the wild‐type complex, the average unsigned error of our calculated ΔΔGbinding is ∼1 kcal/mol for the alanine mutations of hydrophobic residues and polar/charged residues without buried salt bridges. When residues involved in buried salt bridges are mutated to alanine, it is demonstrated that a separate trajectory of the alanine mutant complex can lead to reasonable agreement with experimental results. Our approach can be extended to rapid screening of a variety of possible modifications to binding sites. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 15–27, 2002
Prescription privileges for psychologists: Constituencies and conflicts
Authors: Hayes Steven C. , Walser Robyn D. , Bach Patricia
Published: August 2002

The pros and cons of the proposal to link prescription privileges specifically to psychological training vary from the point of view of the constituencies involved. The present article analyzes those differences. Two surprising facts are noted. First, it is scientist–practitioners who are resisting the move toward prescription privileges, not so much the basic science organizations. Second, while the practice‐based organizations have been avid in their support of prescription privileges, the same cannot be said for rank and file private practitioners. On closer examination, the costs, benefits, and views of the different constituencies make sense of these anomalies. The resistance to prescription privileges is not arbitrary or unreasonable and it is not likely to go away any time soon. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 697–708, 2002.
Thought Field Therapy clinical applications: Utilization in an HMO in behavioral medicine and behavioral health services
Authors: Sakai Caroline , Paperny David , Mathews Marvin , Tanida Greg , Boyd Geri , Simons Alan , Yamamoto Charlene , Mau Carolyn , Nutter Lynn
Published: August 2002

Thought Field Therapy (TFT) is a self‐administered treatment developed by psychologist Roger Callahan. TFT uses energy meridian treatment points and bilateral optical–cortical stimulation while focusing on the targeted symptoms or problem being addressed. The clinical applications of TFT summarized included anxiety, adjustment disorder with anxiety and depression, anxiety due to medical condition, anger, acute stress, bereavement, chronic pain, cravings, depression, fatigue, nausea, neurodermatitis, obsessive traits, panic disorder without agoraphobia, parent–child stress, phobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, relationship stress, trichotillomania, tremor, and work stress. This uncontrolled study reports on changes in self‐reported Subjective Units of Distress (SUD; Wolpe, 1969) in 1,594 applications of TFT, treating 714 patients. Paired t‐tests of pre‐ and posttreatment SUD were statistically significant in 31 categories reviewed. These within‐session decreases of SUD are preliminary data that call for controlled studies to examine validity, reliability, and maintenance of effects over time. Illustrative case and heart rate variability data are presented. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 57: 1215–1227, 2001.
Lessons in cultural competence: Adapting research methodology for Latino participants
Authors: Skaff Marilyn McKean , Chesla Catherine A. , de los Santos Mycue Victoria , Fisher Lawrence
Published: August 2002

Recent publications have suggested that research with diverse ethnic groups requires a reexamination of the methods and measures that have been developed on European‐American samples. This is a methodological paper, sharing the lessons learned in the field by one research team. It reports on a study of persons with type 2 diabetes and their partners that included both Latino and European‐American participants. Involvement of a multiethnic research team, the willingness to be flexible, and a healthy skepticism about our current methods are among the suggestions that emerge. More specifically, the article addresses such topics as the establishment of trust in the participants, language and meaning, the practical implications of cultural values, and the impact of social class on procedures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sexual assault history, PTSD, and mental health service seeking in a national sample of women
Authors: Ullman Sarah E. , Brecklin Leanne R.
Published: August 2002

This study examined correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and mental health service seeking for women sexually assaulted in childhood and/or adulthood (N = 619) identified from the National Comorbidity Survey (1990–1992). Factors related to correlates of PTSD and mental health service seeking varied according to sexual assault history. Ethnic minority women with less formal education, more traumatic and stressful life events, and longer duration of sexual abuse had greater odds of PTSD within certain sexual assault history subgroups. Mental health service seeking was predicted by demographics (e.g., more education, Caucasian race), as well as other psychosocial factors (e.g., life events, social support), and medical insurance status, especially for adult sexual assault victims. Implications for mental health treatment and intervention are drawn for women with different sexual assault histories. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An exploration of sense of community, Part 3: Dimensions and predictors of psychological sense of community in geographical communities
Authors: Obst Patricia , Smith Sandy G. , Zinkiewicz Lucy
Published: August 2002

Within the discipline of community psychology there remains considerable debate as to the latent structure of psychological sense of community (PSOC). One of the few theoretical discussions is that of McMillan and Chavis (1986), who hypothesized four dimensions: Belonging, Fulfillment of Needs, Influence, and Shared Connections. Discussion has also emerged in the literature regarding the role of identification within PSOC. However, few studies have empirically investigated the role of identification in PSOC. The current study explored PSOC in a sample of residents of rural, regional, and urban geographical communities (N= 669). In an endeavor to clarify the underlying dimensions of PSOC, a test battery included several measures of PSOC as well as measures of identification with the community. The study also examined the role of demographic factors in predicting PSOC. Results provided support for McMillan and Chavis' (1986) four dimensions of PSOC. Further, a fifth dimension emerged, that of Conscious Identification, suggesting that identification is separate to existing dimensions of PSOC. The demographic factors significantly associated with PSOC were type of region, with rural participants displaying higher PSOC than their urban counterparts; participation in local organizations; having children; and a vision of one's neighborhood as broader than just a street or block. These results, and the implications for PSOC research, are discussed. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
IL‐1‐ and TNF‐induced bone resorption is mediated by p38 mitogen activated protein kinase*
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Votta Bartholomew J. , Rieman David J. , Badger Alison M. , Gowen Maxine , Lee John C.
Published: August 2002

We have previously shown that p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, which block the production and action of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), are effective in models of bone and cartilage degradation. To further investigate the role of p38 MAPK, we have studied its activation in osteoblasts and chondrocytes, following treatment with a panel of proinflammatory and osteotropic agents. In osteoblasts, significant activation of p38 MAPK was observed following treatment with IL‐1 and TNF, but not parathyroid hormone, transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), 1,25(OH)2D3, insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), or IGF‐II. Similar results were obtained using primary bovine chondrocytes and an SV40‐immortalized human chondrocyte cell line, T/C28A4. SB 203580, a selective inhibitor of p38 MAPK, inhibited IL‐1 and TNF‐induced p38 MAPK activity and IL‐6 production (IC50s 0.3–0.5 μM) in osteoblasts and chondrocytes. In addition, IL‐1 and TNF also activated p38 MAPK in fetal rat long bones and p38 MAPK inhibitors inhibited IL‐1‐ and TNF‐stimulated bone resorption in vitro in a dose‐dependent manner (IC50s 0.3–1 μM). These data support the contention that p38 MAPK plays a central role in regulating the production of, and responsiveness to, proinflammatory cytokines in bone and cartilage. Furthermore, the strong correlation between inhibition of kinase activity and IL‐1 and TNF‐stimulated biological responses indicates that selective inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway may have therapeutic utility in joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sp1 and krüppel‐like factor family of transcription factors in cell growth regulation and cancer
Authors: Black Adrian R. , Black Jennifer D. , Azizkhan‐Clifford Jane
Published: August 2002

The Sp/KLF family contains at least twenty identified members which include Sp1‐4 and numerous krüppel‐like factors. Members of the family bind with varying affinities to sequences designated as ‘Sp1 sites’ (e.g., GC‐boxes, CACCC‐boxes, and basic transcription elements). Family members have different transcriptional properties and can modulate each other's activity by a variety of mechanisms. Since cells can express multiple family members, Sp/KLF factors are likely to make up a transcriptional network through which gene expression can be fine‐tuned. ‘Sp1 site’‐dependent transcription can be growth‐regulated, and the activity, expression, and/or post‐translational modification of multiple family members is altered with cell growth. Furthermore, Sp/KLF factors are involved in many growth‐related signal transduction pathways and their overexpression can have positive or negative effects on proliferation. In addition to growth control, Sp/KLF factors have been implicated in apoptosis and angiogenesis; thus, the family is involved in several aspects of tumorigenesis. Consistent with a role in cancer, Sp/KLF factors interact with oncogenes and tumor suppressors, they can be oncogenic themselves, and altered expression of family members has been detected in tumors. Effects of changes in Sp/KLF factors are context‐dependent and can appear contradictory. Since these factors act within a network, this diversity of effects may arise from differences in the expression profile of family members in various cells. Thus, it is likely that the properties of the overall network of Sp/KLF factors play a determining role in regulation of cell growth and tumor progression. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure, texture and surface acidity studies of a series of mixed zinc–aluminum (60–90 molar % Al) phosphate catalysts
Authors: Mtalsi Karim , Jei Taib , Montes Mario , Tayane Souad
Published: August 2002

A series of mixed zinc–aluminum phosphate (ZnAlP) catalysts containing 40–90 aluminum molar % were synthesized by a coprecipitation method and characterized by nitrogen adsorption–desorption, X‐ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of ammonia. The presence of aluminum greatly affected the surface properties of Zn3(PO4)2 by delaying the crystallization process of Zn3(PO4)2. All amorphous samples were shown to be mesoporous and they contained two types of aluminum surface hydroxyl groups and one type of phosphorus hydroxyl group, as shown by DRIFT spectra. The specific surface area and the acidity of ZnAlP increased on increasing the aluminum content. On the other hand, a great difference in the texture and the concentration of surface acid sites was found by changing the precipitating agent and calcination temperature. Thus these factors also play an important role in the final properties of these catalysts.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Increased activity and stability ofCandida rugosalipase in reverse micelles formed by chemically modified AOT in isooctane
Authors: Wu J C , He Z M , Yao C Y , Yu K T
Published: August 2002

Sodium bis (2‐ethylhexyl polyoxyethylene) sulfosuccinates, which can be structurally viewed as chemically modified AOT (MAOT), were prepared and successfully used to form reverse micelles in isooctane. The activity and stability ofCandida rugosalipase (glycerol‐ester hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) appreciably increased in the MAOT/isooctane reverse micellar system compared with the AOT/isooctane system taking the hydrolysis of olive oil as a model reaction. The best polymerization number of oxyethylene group was found to be 2.0, which corresponded to a maximum enzyme activity of twice that in the AOT/isooctane system. The half‐life of lipase in the MAOT micellar system was twice that in the AOT micellar system. The optimal operational conditions remained unchanged. The Michaelis kinetics showed that the maximum reaction rate obviously increased in the MAOT micellar system compared with that in the AOT micellar system, while the change in the Michaelis constant was insignificant.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterisation of bottom ash from municipal solid waste incineration in Catalonia
Authors: Izquierdo Maria , López‐Soler Ángel , Vazquez Ramonich Enric , Barra Marilda , Querol Xavier
Published: August 2002

Bottom ash from municipal solid waste incinerator plants in Catalonia was characterised to investigate some alternatives for its utilisation and their potential environmental impact. After a detailed chemical and mineralogical characterisation, physical and geotechnical properties were investigated. The study focused on the use of bottom ash as an aggregate substitute in pavement applications. The results show that this material may be successfully used as a compacted material in unbound road sub‐bases. According to Spanish Specifications for road construction, bottom ash complies with the technical requirements for sub‐bases. Data obtained from the leaching test satisfy the limit values established by Catalan Specifications for bottom ash utilisation. The use of bottom ash in the envisaged application should therefore not result in any environmental impact.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Nerve fibers innervating the cranial and spinal meninges: Morphology of nerve fiber terminals and their structural integration
Authors: Fricke Britta , Andres Karl Hermann , Von Düring Monika
Published: August 2002

Pachymeninx and leptomeninx of cranial cavity and spine are considerably different in their collagenous fiber texture, cellular composition, vascularization, and innervation. The majority of meningeal nerve fibers terminate as free nerve endings whereas encapsulated and lamellated nerve terminals additionally occur in higher vertebrates including man. With respect to nerve fiber classification, arborization pattern, topography, and organization of the microenvironment at the termination site afferent and efferent nerve terminals are differentiated. Only the dura mater and the pial subcompartment of the leptomeninx possess the morphological prerequisites for neurogenic inflammation. In the current review, the results of morphological studies regarding the meningeal innervation including the sites of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) production and absorption are discussed with emphasis on their structure‐function relationships. Microsc. Res. Tech. 53:96–105, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Markers for the lymphatic endothelium: In search of the holy grail?
Authors: Sleeman Jonathan P. , Krishnan Jaya , Kirkin Vladimir , Baumann Petra
Published: August 2002

The ability to discriminate reliably at the histological level between blood and lymphatic microcapillaries would greatly assist the study of a number of biological and pathological questions and may also be of clinical utility. A structure–function comparison of these types of microcapillary suggests that differences which could function as markers to allow discrimination between blood and lymphatic endothelium should exist. Indeed, to date a variety of such markers have been proposed, including basement membrane components, constituents of junctional complexes such as desmoplakin and enzymes such as 5′‐nucleotidase. Additionally, a variety of cell surface molecules are thought to be differentially expressed, including PAL‐E, VEGFR‐3, podoplanin, and LYVE‐1. Several of the lymphatic markers proposed in the literature require further characterization to demonstrate fully their lymphatic specificity and some have proven not to be reliable. The relative merits and drawbacks of each of the proposed markers is discussed. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:61–69, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental expression of cytochrome P450 aromatase genes (CYP19a and CYP19b) in zebrafish fry (Danio rerio)
Authors: Trant John M. , Gavasso Sonja , Ackers Jared , Chung Bon‐Chu , Place Allen R.
Published: August 2002

Cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19) is the terminal enzyme in the steroidogenic pathway that converts androgens (e.g., testosterone) into estrogens (e.g., estradiol). Regulation of this gene dictates the ratio of androgens to estrogens; therefore, appropriate expression of this enzyme is critical for reproduction as well as being pivotal in sex differentiation for most vertebrates. It is assumed that most vertebrates have a single CYP19 gene that is regulated by multiple tissue‐specific promoter regions. However, the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has two genes (CYP19a and CYP19b), each encoding a significantly different protein and possessing its own regulatory mechanism. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of expression of each of the CYP19 genes in the developing zebrafish. A fluorescent‐based method of real‐time, quantitative RT‐PCR provided the sensitivity and specificity to determine transcript abundance in single embryos/juveniles harvested at days 0 through 41 days post‐fertilization (dpf), which encompasses the developmental events of sex determination and gonadal differentiation. CYP19 transcripts could be detected as early as 3 or 4 dpf, (CYP19a and CYP19b, respectively) and peak abundance was detected on day five. In general, the CYP19 genes differed significantly in the ontogeny of their expression. In most cases, the gonadal form of CYP19 (CYP19a) was more abundant than the brain form (CYP19b); however, unlike CYP19a, the pattern of CYP19b expression could be clearly segregated into two populations, suggesting an association with sex differentiation. Pharmacological steroids (ethinylestradiol and 17α‐methyltestosterone) enhanced the expression of the CYP19b gene at all three days examined (4, 6, and 10 dpf). These data suggest that the timely and appropriate expression of CYP19 is important in development and that the expression of CYP19b (the “extra‐gonadal” form) may be associated with sexual differentiation if not sexual determination. J. Exp. Zool. 290:475–483, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural and regulatory macromolecules in sex differentiation of gonads
Authors: Pelliniemi Lauri J. , Fröjdman Kim
Published: August 2002

The manifestations of sex determination were studied in vivo by detection and localization of structural and regulatory macromolecules (type IV collagen α1, α2, α3, α4, and α5; laminin α5, β1, and β2; cytokeratins 18 and 19, desmin, vimentin; integrin α6;anti‐Müllerian hormone (AMH); and SOX9 in developing male and female gonads by light and electron microscopy, immunocytochemistry, and protein analysis. The goal has been to find sex‐related differences and on this basis to offer new molecules to be tested further for a possible role in sex determination. Specific antibodies for each molecule or for a defined subchain were used to allow tentative correlation with specific genes. Sex‐dependent differences in timing and localization were found in laminin α5; collagen, α3, α4, and α5; cytokeratin 19; AMH; and SOX9. On this basis we hypothesize that the transcription factors for the mentioned structural proteins must be directly or indirectly involved in the regulatory chain of gonadal sex differentiation. Especially promising is the finding in the rat that laminin α5 chain disappears from the basement membrane of embryonic testicular cords (Sertoli cells) when AMH secretion by Sertoli cells starts, and that the same chain reappears as the AMH disappears two weeks after birth. Via AMH as an intermediary factor, we now have for the first time a putative cascade of regulatory molecules from SRY, SF1, and SOX9 to a component of a structural protein (laminin α5 chain) which directly participates in the formation of the basement membrane of the testicular cords.J. Exp. Zool. 290:523–528, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrinsically knotted graphs
Authors: Foisy Joel
Published: August 2002

In 1983, Conway and Gordon [J Graph Theory 7 (1983), 445–453] showed that every (tame) spatial embedding of K7, the complete graph on 7 vertices, contains a knotted cycle. In this paper, we adapt the methods of Conway and Gordon to show that K3,3,1,1 contains a knotted cycle in every spatial embedding. In the process, we establish that if a graph satisfies a certain linking condition for every spatial embedding, then the graph must have a knotted cycle in every spatial embedding. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 39: 178–187, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jgt.10017
Functional‐adaptive analysis of the hindlimb anatomy of extant marsupials and the paleobiology of the Paleocene marsupials Mayulestes ferox and Pucadelphys andinus
Authors: Argot Christine
Published: August 2002

This article analyzes the adaptations of the hindlimb of two Early Paleocene marsupials, Mayulestes ferox and Pucadelphys andinus. This analysis is based on detailed comparisons with various extant marsupials, both South American and Australian. In the case of the South American opossums, original myological data were collected and osteological–myological associations were related to their locomotor behavior. The use of Australian genera helped to improve the appraisal of the locomotory habits of the fossil taxa. Several features are indicative of the ability of Mayulestes to climb or walk on uneven surfaces (e.g., very mobile hip joint, astragalocalcaneal joint pattern), and some other features emphasize a relative agility (e.g., strongly everted iliac blades, morphology of the distal epiphysis of the femur, medially stabilized cruroastragalar joint). Pucadelphys exhibits a hindlimb relatively similar morphologically to that of Mayulestes, but with features indicating slightly increased agility and a terrestrial component that is more emphasized than in Mayulestes. The Tiupampa fossils were therefore more agile than most living didelphids and resembled the condition observed in living dasyurids more. These conclusions complement a previous study performed on the forelimb of these fossils. J. Morphol. 253:76–108, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FLAIR histogram segmentation for measurement of leukoaraiosis volume
Authors: Jack Clifford R. , O'Brien Peter C. , Rettman Daniel W. , Shiung Maria M. , Xu Yuecheng , Muthupillai Raja , Manduca Armando , Avula Ramesh , Erickson Bradley J.
Published: August 2002

The purposes of this study were to develop a method to measure brain and white matter hyperintensity (leukoaraiosis) volume that is based on the segmentation of the intensity histogram of fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images and to assess the accuracy and reproducibility of the method. Whole‐head synthetic image phantoms with manually introduced leukoaraiosis lesions of varying severity were constructed. These synthetic image phantom sets incorporated image contrast and anatomic features that mimicked leukoaraiosis found in real life. One set of synthetic image phantoms was used to develop the segmentation algorithm (FLAIR‐histoseg). A second set was used to measure its accuracy. Test retest reproducibility was assessed in 10 elderly volunteers who were imaged twice. The mean absolute error of the FLAIR‐histoseg method was 6.6% for measurement of leukoaraiosis volume and 1.4% for brain volume. The mean test retest coefficient of variation was 1.4% for leukoaraiosis volume and 0.3% for brain volume. We conclude that the FLAIR‐histoseg method is an accurate and reproducible method for measuring leukoaraiosis and whole‐brain volume in elderly subjects. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;14:668–676. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of acquisition parameters on the accuracy of velocity encoded cine magnetic resonance imaging blood flow measurements
Authors: Greil Gerald , Geva Tal , Maier Stephan E. , Powell Andrew J.
Published: August 2002

Purpose

To investigate the effect of acquisition parameters on the accuracy of 2D velocity encoded cine magnetic resonance imaging (VEC MRI) flow measurements.

Materials and Methods

Using a pulsatile flow phantom, through‐plane flow measurements were performed on a flexible vessel made of polyvinyl alcohol cryogel (PVA), a material that mimics the MR signal and biomechanical properties of aortic tissue.

Results

Repeated VEC MRI flow measurements (N = 20) under baseline conditions yielded an error of 0.8 ± 1.5%. Slice thickness, angle between flow and velocity encoding directions, spatial resolution, velocity encoding range, and radio frequency (RF) flip angles were varied over a clinically relevant range. Spatial resolution had the greatest impact on accuracy, with a 9% overestimation of flow at 16 pixels per vessel cross‐section.

Conclusion

VEC MRI proved to be an accurate and reproducible technique for pulsatile flow measurements over the range of acquisition parameters examined as long as sufficient spatial resolution was prescribed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:47–54. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.