bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rheumatology Questions and Answers
Authors: Ficalora Robert D.
Published: February 2014

Chapter 6 presents multiple-choice, board review questions on rheumatologic diseases including nonarticular rheumatism, vasculitis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, antirheumatic drugs, spondyloarthropathies, and miscellaneous rheumatic conditions. Full explanations are provided with the correct answers.
Endocrinology Questions and Answers
Authors: Ficalora Robert D.
Published: February 2014

Chapter 7 presents multiple-choice, board review questions on endocrinology including thyroid disease, diabetes mellitus, hypoglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, nutrition, pituitary disorders, gonadal disorders, adrenal disorders, and bone and parathyroid disease. Full explanations are provided with the correct answers.
Oncology Questions and Answers
Authors: Ficalora Robert D.
Published: February 2014

Chapter 8 presents multiple-choice, board review questions on oncology including lung cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. Full explanations are provided with the correct answers.
Hematology Questions and Answers
Authors: Ficalora Robert D.
Published: February 2014

Chapter 9 presents multiple-choice, board review questions on hematology including anemia, myeloid malignancies, coagulation disorders, and lymphoid malignancies. Full explanations are provided with the correct answers.
Psychiatry Questions and Answers
Authors: Ficalora Robert D.
Published: February 2014

Chapter 12 presents multiple-choice, board review questions on psychiatry including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance abuse, and pharmacologic treatment. Full explanations are provided with the correct answers.
Neurology Questions and Answers
Authors: Ficalora Robert D.
Published: February 2014

Chapter 13 presents multiple-choice, board review questions on neurology including neuropathy, neuromuscular disease, central nervous system lesions, inflammatory disorders, cerebral infarction, seizure disorders, and movement disorders. Full explanations are provided with the correct answers.
Dermatology Questions and Answers
Authors: Ficalora Robert D.
Published: February 2014

Chapter 14 presents multiple-choice, board review questions on dermatology including skin findings, rashes, ulcers, central nervous drug reaction, and pruritus. Full explanations are provided with the correct answers.
Cross-Content Area Questions and Answers
Authors: Ficalora Robert D.
Published: February 2014

Chapter 15 presents multiple-choice, board review questions on cross-content areas including geriatrics, preventive medicine, women’s health, general internal medicine, quality improvement, medical ethics, palliative care, and perioperative medicine. Full explanations are provided with the correct answers.
Atlas of EEG, Seizure Semiology, and Management
Authors: E. Misulis Karl
Published: February 2014

This resource is a richly-illustrated guide to the performance and interpretation of EEG and management of epilepsy. This second edition has been thoroughly revised and updated, and features hundreds of detailed EEGs covering the science in extensive scope and detail, beginning with basic electronics and physiology, followed by EEG interpretation, epilepsy diagnosis, and ultimately epilepsy management. It also includes all basic classifications and definitions of seizures and epilepsy, making it the perfect clinical companion. Full-color EEG presentations are featured alongside easy-to-read syntheses of anatomy, physiology, and available treatment modalities. These detailed explanations of wave pattern, presentation, and treatment provide the most informed sense of clinical application and readiness, covering every type of seizure, both epileptic and non-epileptic.
Clinical EEG
Authors: Misulis Karl E
Published: February 2014

Clinical EEG includes normal and abnormal EEG. Among the normal EEG patterns are a host of normal transients and variants which can be mistaken for epileptiform activity. Abnormal EEG patterns include both epileptiform and nonepileptiform activities. Some of the abnormal EEG patterns correlate with specific diagnostic entities, others have a more general clinical implication.
Seizure Semiology
Authors: Abou-Khalil Bassel , Misulis Karl E
Published: February 2014

Semiology is the study of signs, and had its origin not in medicine but in philosophy. The medical use of the study of signs began in the 17th century and since then the study of clinical signs has been the key to diagnosis in medicine. Seizure semiology is discussed in depth and correlated with the types and locations of epileptic generators. While semiology cannot, itself, produce precise localization, knowledge of seizure signs and other aspects of clinical presentation provides a powerful context for EEG and imaging data.
Samples and Case Discussions
Authors: Misulis Karl E
Published: February 2014

Hundreds of images have already been shown in this text, all with clinical correlation. This section presents a series of cases with EEG samples with interpretation as appropriate. These are typical of EEGs seen in routine clinical practice. At the end of this chapter are a series of surgical case scenarios.
Visual Representation of Film Sound as an Analytical Tool
Authors: Altman Rick
Published: February 2014

This chapterexplores graphical representations of film sequences and the importance of visual representations of film sound as a tool for film analysis. It provides several historical examples that combine drawings or screen grabs with musical notation, including those by Sergei Eisenstein for his 1938 film Alexander Nevsky andClaudia Gorbman’s representation of the images and music used in Jean Vigo’s 1933 film Zéro de conduite. It argues thatgraphical representations of film sequences have set a new standard for intellectual discussion and argumentation on cinema issues, but havealso exacerbated a prior tendency to favor the visual over the aural.
Ontological, Formal, and Critical Theories of Film Music and Sound
Authors: Buhler James
Published: February 2014

This chapterexamines film music and sound theories. It charts some major trends in interpretive research on the soundtrack, using Francesco Casetti’s model of the development of film theory. It explains that Casetti’s developmental model of film theory traces the progressive academic institutionalization of film studies in shifts from an ontological paradigm to a methodological paradigm to a field paradigm, and suggests that the goals of ontological theories have antecedents in formalism. This chapteralso highlights critical theories’ focus on how music and sound can bear particular cultural and ideological values in a film.
When the Music Surges
Authors: Pisani Michael V.
Published: February 2014

This chapterexamines the influence of the theater music of the nineteenth century on modern film music practices. It shows that the soundscape of the theater was considerably richer and more varied than has previously been suggested and that the techniques of the nineteenth-century melodrama also leapt beyond the silent film to influence underscoring practices in the sound film of the 1930s and 1940s. It provides examples to illustrate that many more useful connections could be made between the practice of composing music for the theater and composing for film melodramas.
Opera and Film
Authors: Citron Marcia J.
Published: February 2014

This chapterexamines the relation between opera and film. It describes how opera is integrated into films and how it can signify in wide-circulation dramatic feature films. It analyzes opera in mainstream film and opera-films that have attracted scholarly attention, and suggests that future movies will continue to find imaginative ways to involve opera, as suggested by the postmodern opera visit in the film Quantum of Solace.
Drawing a New Narrative for Cartoon Music
Authors: Goldmark Daniel
Published: February 2014

This chapter provides a historical account of animated films and their music. It describes the variety of early studio practices, the centrality of production for music, and the effects of technological changes after 1950. It compares Disney’s Steamboat Willie and The Fairly OddParents with the works of Pixar, which deliberately avoided making a musical in the Disney mold. This chapteralso suggests that while the score of Pixar’s animated films are rich, provoking, and complex as any live-action Hollywood film, they still dip into some good old-fashioned cartoonism.
The Compilation Soundtrack from the 1960s to the Present
Authors: Hubbert Julie
Published: February 2014

This chapterexamines the film soundtrack compilation from the 1960s to the present. It describes the music video compilation, the compilation by Tower Records, and the digital records of the 1990s, and suggests that the compilation soundtrack has been deeply and directly affected by a parallel evolution in the technology of recorded music. It shows that the compilation score since the 1960s has seen three separate incarnations and discusses how magnetic tape, videotape, and the iPod have affected the use of preexisting music in film.
Classical Music, Virtual Bodies, Narrative Film
Authors: Kramer Lawrence
Published: February 2014

This chapterexamines the connections between music, particularly classical music, and the representation of the human body in narrative films. It evaluates the validity of several relevant theories, including the theses that cinema is about moving images of bodies, that classical music is particularly adept at enabling the cinematic embodiment that screen images alone cannot, and that cinematic bodies are “primarily or originarily erotic.” It contends that musical embodiment in cinema goes beyond the framing of erotic energy and that music is the animate substance that completes the transformation of the image from the mimetic to the virtual.
Genre Theory and the Film Musical
Authors: McDonnell Cari
Published: February 2014

This chapteris about genre theory related to the film musical. It highlights the long-standing critical bias toward the integrated musical, where narrative considerations are primary rather than performance opportunities. It summarizes relevant issues in genre theory within the film studies discipline, considers the critical treatment of the classical Hollywood musical, and offers a critique of the historical narrative of the integrated musical. This chapteralso considers singing cowboy films of the 1930s, particularly those starring Gene Autry.
Strange Recognitions and Endless Loops
Authors: McQuinn Julie
Published: February 2014

This chapterexamines the musical score for Terry Gilliam’s film 12 Monkeys. It explains that Gilliam’s intention was to let the audience maintain total uncertainty about whether the future was real or only in the mind of the character of James Cole. It discusses how this uncertainty and the role of music are sustained to the end of the film. This chapteralso explains the concept of musical recognition and suggests that the power of the music has significant influence on the audience’s interpretation of the ending and of the film as a whole.
The Order of Sanctity
Authors: Morris Mitchell
Published: February 2014

This chaptertraces the connections between a prevailing mode of “authenticity” in Cecil B. DeMille’s 1956 film The Ten Commandments and the music Elmer Bernstein wrote for the film. It describes how Bernstein’s musical score for the riot around the Golden Calf created the necessary orgiastic impression and how DeMille’s narration created the distance that freed the scene from any risk of censorly reproach. It also considers the devotional and political elements of the film and its religious and social impact.
Transformational Theory and the Analysis of Film Music
Authors: Murphy Scott
Published: February 2014

This chapter shows how the tools of contemporary music theory can provide a context for sound qualities particularly common in film music since the early 1980s. It considers pairs of chords that are related in ways regarded as “distant” in traditional tonal theory. It discusses the forty-eight possible such pairs, called “tonal-triadic progression classes” (TTPC), and shows that the TTPCs can be much more easily explained and grouped using neo-Riemannian theory. This chapter highlights the importance of these groupings in the analysis of film sequences.
Overview
Authors: Neumeyer David
Published: February 2014

This chapterpresents an overview of the coverage of this volume, which is about film music studies. It chronicles the development of film music studies as a discipline and suggests that its rise is associated with the commodity history of feature films. It describes the evolution of the application of music in motion pictures, from the silent films era to the present time. This chapteralso provides an outline of the chapters in the volume.
Case Studies
Authors: Stilwell Robynn J.
Published: February 2014

This chapterintroduces two case studies of film music. These are analyses of the musical scores for Cecil B. DeMille’sThe Ten Commandments and Terry Gilliam’s 12 Monkeys. It suggests that Elmer Bernstein’s score for The Ten Commandments served as the frame for a naturalistic representation that the audience will accept as real because of its recognizability, while the compilation score of 12Monkeys opens up spaces in which timelines converge and collapse.
Post-Keynesian Economics, Rationality, and Conventions
Authors: Boylan Tom , O'Gorman Paschal
Published: February 2014

The role of conventions has been an area of increasing interest to writers in the post-Keynesian tradition, particularly over the last thirty years. This has arisen from the reexamination of John Maynard Keynes’s notion of convention in the context of radical uncertainty along with the status of rationality in the face of uncertainty. This chapter discusses some of the principal tenets of Henri Poincaré’s analysis of conventions and relates them to the post-Keynesian methodological agenda, more specifically to provide a Poincaréan defense of the role of conventions in rational decision-making. It argues that this provides an innovative and more adequate philosophical defense of nonergodicity in economic theory, which has become a central axiom of post-Keynesian economics. The chapter first provides an overview of the post-Keynesian literature on uncertainty and conventions arising from Keynes’s employment of the concept. It then outlines the emergence of conventions and conventionalism in philosophy, examines Poincaré’s conventionalism and its relationship with rationality, and considers the implications of Poincaré’s conventionalism for post-Keynesian economics.
Methodology and Post-Keynesian Economics
Authors: Dow Sheila C.
Published: February 2014

Post-Keynesian economics can be defined by its particular vision of reality, from which follows its theory of knowledge and its methodology. The chapter develops this argument in general and then seeks to specify how we might classify the particular ontology, epistemology, and methodology of post-Keynesian economics. This involves exploration of such concepts as open systems and pluralism. The chapter explores how these concepts have been used differently in discussions about post-Keynesian economics, and indeed about heterodox economics more generally. In the process, therefore, we consider both the viability of demarcating schools of thought in this way and the advisability or otherwise of doing so. As well as engaging with current debate in these issues, the discussion is tied back to Keynes’s ideas on philosophy and methodology. It is argued that an explicit methodological focus is still necessary to clarify issues of methodological approach within post-Keynesian economics, particularly with respect to issues of the strategy for communication and persuasion.
Post-Keynesian Perspectives on Some Philosophical Dimensions of Keynes’s Economic Thinking
Authors: Meeks Gay
Published: February 2014

This chapter first describes philosophical influences on the young Keynes and then explores how interest in philosophical dimensions of his economic thought has grown since coming to life in the 1970s. The central themes in this burgeoning literature derive from Keynes’s analysis of how it is that ineradicable uncertainty sets the terms for decision-making processes and reasonable action. This raises interesting philosophical questions about the nature of rationality (and economic rationality in particular), of probability judgments and uncertainty, of skepticism, and of conventional behavior, as well as issues concerning the extent of continuity in Keynes’s thinking. The chapter sketches some paths discussion has taken, admires some routes, notes a degree of proliferation, and attempts to map a few misleading trails.
Post-Keynesian Economics, Critical Realism, and Social Ontology
Authors: Pratten Stephen
Published: February 2014

Critical realism in economics is centrally concerned with demonstrating how an explicit focus on social ontology can help identify the nature of contemporary mainstream economics and promote the further development of more relevant alternatives. In examining the relationship between critical realism and post-Keynesian economics two issues are considered. First, this chapter addresses the question of how a project that is primarily concerned with social ontology can productively inform, or offer directionality to, a more substantive program such as that of post-Keynesian economics. Second, the chapter considers how post-Keynesian economics can provide certain important resources for those seeking to stake out a distinctive position in social ontology. The argument is that the two projects can be mutually supportive. Critical realism can clarify what post-Keynesianism is and how it relates to other projects. Post-Keynesian economics, meanwhile, through its accounts of central social categories, offers material with which to work to those critical realists seeking to focus on issues in social ontology at a less abstract level than has been typical in the project.
The Traverse, Equilibrium Analysis, and Post-Keynesian Economics
Authors: Halevi Joseph , Hart Neil , Kriesler Peter
Published: February 2014

The traverse refers to the movement of the economy outside equilibrium. It requires a consideration of how an economy may achieve equilibrium, and how it may navigate toward a new one if conditions change. Analysis of these themes, from the classical economists onward, leads to the conclusion that it is difficult to envisage any useful role for equilibrium theory in the absence of some evidence that there are forces in the economy that propel it to equilibrium, without influencing the position to which the economy is gravitating toward. Complicating factors, emphasized in the post-Keynesian literature, include the existence of path dependency, hysteresis, cumulative causation, and the evolutionary nature of economic change.
How Sound are the Foundations of the Aggregate Production Function?
Authors: Felipe Jesus , McCombie John
Published: February 2014

The aggregate production function, one of the most widely used concepts in macroeconomics, is also the one whose theoretical rationale is perhaps the most suspect. The aggregate production function is one where output has to be a value, rather than a physical, measure, regardless of the precise unit of observation, whether, for example, it is for the firm or an individual industry. The value measure has to be used because of the heterogeneity of output and capital, such as value added or gross output in the case of output. These constant price measures are not physical quantities. This chapter shows that the specifications of all aggregate production functions, using value data, are nothing more than approximations to an accounting identity. After describing the accounting identity and the Cobb-Douglas production function, the chapter demonstrates that the results of the estimation of production functions that find increasing returns to scale and externalities are simply due to misspecification of the underlying identity, and that the estimated biased coefficients may actually be predicted in advance.
Macroeconomics and the L-Shaped Aggregate Supply Curve
Authors: Forder James
Published: February 2014

The “L-shaped aggregate supply curve” is routinely treated as nothing more than a primitive version of a Phillips curve. This is misleading because it is in fact a later reconstruction, based on a presumption of the superiority of the Phillips curve, of a well-developed theoretical outlook. That outlook saw the problems of inflation and unemployment as substantially separate ones. The theory of wage determination, in particular, was intensively studied with little reference to the level of unemployment and understood with little regard to the marginal product of labor. Contact with that vision was lost as econometric and other work on the Phillips curve developed, and this explains the later failure to appreciate the ideas of the 1950s. It is suggested that the older ideas are worth revisiting not just for their historical interest, but also on their merits.
A Post-Keynesian Perspective on the Rise of Central Bank Independence
Authors: Bibow Joerg
Published: February 2014

Central bank independence (CBI) refers to the relation between the central bank and the state, the legislature and executive. In practice, central banks typically engage in a wide range of activities related to the currency sphere and the financial system. The mainstream literature popularizing CBI features a “narrow central bank” approach that concentrates on central banks’ monetary policy functions only, ignoring important interdependencies between monetary policy on the one hand, and central banks’ historical role as government’s banker (as one link to fiscal policy) and their role in safeguarding the financial system’s stability on the other. This chapter investigates the rise in CBI as an apparent success story in modern monetary economics. The worldwide rise in CBI is partly due to the advent of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) in Europe. This chapter also discusses the time-inconsistency argument for CBI, post-Keynesian criticisms of CBI, and whether John Maynard Keynes’s model of CBI strikes a sound balance between democracy and efficiency.
The Post-Keynesian Critique of the Mainstream Theory of the State and the Post-Keynesian Approaches to Economic Policy
Authors: Holt Richard
Published: February 2014

One very important area where post-Keynesian economics differs from neoclassical economics is in public policy. Neoclassical economists believe in the efficacy of markets in most situations. As a result, they tend to oppose government interference in market economies. On the other hand, from a post-Keynesian perspective, it is not unusual for markets to fail. In such instances, government actions are necessary to improve economic performance and social welfare. Economic development and public policy should be based on improving the overall standard of living and should reflect the values and goals of equity and social justice as well as efficiency. This article provides a critique of the mainstream theory of the state by looking at the post-Keynesian responses to neoclassical economics and their approaches to public policy starting with the Great Depression. In mainstream economics, the state plays a minimal role. In contrast, post-Keynesians look at the state as playing an integral and vital role for the development and stability of markets and achieving sustainable economic growth.
A Modern Kaleckian-Keynesian Framework for Economic Theory and Policy
Authors: Arestis Philip , Sawyer Malcolm
Published: February 2014

Macroeconomic policies come from the “vision” of the ways in which an economy works. A “vision” of the economy where unemployment is a frequent occurrence gives rise to quite different policies from a “vision” of the economy in which there is little room for unemployment of labor, as, for example, in the New Classical macroeconomics. The macroeconomic vision that underlies the policy agenda of this chapter is described as Kaleckian-Keynesian, as it draws on the works and ideas of Michal Kalecki and John Maynard Keynes and others that approach the matter in a similar fashion. This chapter explores a modern Kaleckian-Keynesian framework for economic theory and policy. It first discusses fiscal policy, the main instrument of macroeconomic policy, before turning to monetary policy as well as financial policy, inflation, and policies that relate to product markets and labor markets.
Post-Keynesian Principles and Economic Policies
Authors: Bortis Heinrich
Published: February 2014

John Maynard Keynes was, probably, the political economist most acutely aware of the inadequacies of unfettered capitalism and of Soviet-style socialism. His social philosophy, to be most appropriately called social liberalism, does not form a tight system but is scattered over the whole of his work. The economic theory associated with the doctrine of social liberalism is classical-Keynesian political economy, the synthesis of post-Keynesian economics at the level of principles and, as such, the alternative to (liberal) neoclassical-Walrasian economics. This chapter explores the classical-Keynesian political economy, its genesis, its present state, and its implications for political philosophy and economic policy. It examines the making of classical-Keynesian political economy, the classical-Keynesian system of political economy, the role of finance and the interactions between the real and the financial sector, and classical-Keynesian political economy in the wider context of political philosophy and socioeconomic policies. The chapter concludes by considering some issues of transition from capitalism to social liberalism.
Post-Keynesian Distribution of Personal Income and Pay
Authors: Galbraith James K.
Published: February 2014

This chapter presents an approach to the analysis of the personal distribution of income and pay consistent with post-Keynesian economic analysis. Since the Keynesian tradition is macroeconomic, this raises the question: what is the relationship between inequality and macroeconomics? After a brief discussion of theory and review of recent work in related traditions, the chapter surveys empirical efforts to develop dense and consistent measures of economic inequality suitable for use in macroeconomic studies, using a method based on the between-groups component of Theil’s T statistic. A principal contribution is to show that dense and consistent inequality measures can be computed from many diverse and mundane sources of information, including regional tax collections, employment and earnings, census of manufacturing, and harmonized international industrial data sets. The rich data environment so constructed permits new analyses of patterns of economic change, by region, by sector, and by country, and broadly supports the idea that the movement of inequality is closely related to macroeconomic events at the national and the global level, including war, revolution, and financial crises. Indeed, there is strong evidence that the movement of inequality within countries is dominated by a single global pattern, closely related to changes in the international financial regime.
Environmental Economics and Policy
Authors: Perry Neil
Published: February 2014

Post-Keynesian environmental economics provides a realistic view of the impact of different environmental policy instruments in modern capitalist economies and, in turn, guides the design of policy aimed at improving environmental conditions and reducing energy and material throughput. Post-Keynesian environmental economists criticize the orthodox approach to the environment and the framework of those ecological economists relying on neoclassical principles, since these models neglect fundamental uncertainty, endogenous preferences, path dependence, a foundational role for money, the distribution of income, nonergodic processes, complex system dynamics, and economic power relations. This chapter begins with a brief history of post-Keynesian environmental economics before addressing the reasons for the lack of attention devoted to environmental issues in post-Keynesian economics. It also explores justifications for prioritizing environmental sustainability within post-Keynesian theory and discusses some of the ways the environment can be embedded within post-Keynesian theory. The chapter concludes with a critique of orthodox environmental economic policy and a post-Keynesian alternative.
The Neoclassical Sink and the Heterodox Spiral
Authors: Dymski Gary
Published: February 2014

The global financial crisis, when it first emerged in 2007–2008, appeared to be a silver bullet aimed at the heart of neoliberal macroeconomics and efficient-markets financial theory. Several years later, the United States and many Eurozone nations are loaded with cascading debt flows that apparently exceed repayment capacity. Why has the neoliberal approach to financial governance and macroeconomic policy not been repudiated by an economics mainstream whose collective reputation is clearly at stake amid the warning signs of a looming global depression? And what does this turn of events mean for the future of heterodox economic theory? This chapter explores why the twin global crisis has not transformed economics. It first differentiates among three perspectives that shape much thinking in economics: neoliberal economics, neoclassical economics, and heterodox economics. It then looks at the subprime crisis and argues that the subprime crisis and financial market meltdown clearly pointed to failure of government regulation.
Introduction
Authors: Harcourt G. C. , Kriesler Peter
Published: February 2014

This introduction discusses the main themes of post-Keynesian economics and the manner in which they are dealt with by the contributors to the Handbook. In particular, the important aspects of post-Keynesian analysis are identified, and their main critiques of mainstream theory are discussed. According to Joan Robinson, “post-Keynesian has a definite meaning; it applies to an economic theory or method of analysis which takes account of the difference between the future and the past” (1979b, 210). In other words, historical time forms the basis of post-Keynesian analysis, which also stresses the importance of history, uncertainty, society, and institutions in understanding economic phenomena.
Construction Grammar
Authors: Hoffmann Thomas , Trousdale Graeme
Published: February 2014

This chapter discusses the history and principles of Construction Grammar. It explains that Construction Grammar has its roots in the Saussurean notion of the linguistic sign, and the chapter outlines some of the unifying principles of constructional approaches to the architecture of language. The chapter also provides a summary of the other contributions to the volume.
Usage-based Theory and Exemplar Representations of Constructions
Authors: Bybee Joan L.
Published: February 2014

This chapter outlines a view of Construction Grammar in which the mental grammar of speakers is shaped by the repeated exposure to specific utterances, and in which domain-general cognitive processes such as categorization and cross-modal association play a crucial role in the entrenchment of constructions. Under this view, all linguistic knowledge is viewed as emergent and constantly changing. The chapter emphasizes that the process of chunking along with categorization leads to the creation of constructions. It also provides semantic/pragmatic and phonetic arguments for exemplar representation and a discussion of the role of type and token frequency in determining the structure of the schematic slots in constructions, as well as the productivity of constructions.
Constructions in the Parallel Architecture
Authors: Jackendoff Ray
Published: February 2014

This chapter discusses what the Parallel Architecture has taken from Construction Grammar and what it might contribute to Construction Grammar. After outlining the fundamentals of the architecture, it explains why rules of grammar should be formulated as lexical items encoded as pieces of structure: there is no hard line between words, constructions, and standard rules. The chapter also argues for a “heterogeneous” variety of Construction Grammar, which does not insist that every syntactic construction is invested with meaning. Finally, it discusses the crucial issue of semiproductivity, usually thought to be a property of morphology, showing that constructions too can be either productive or semiproductive.
Berkeley Construction Grammar
Authors: Fillmore Charles J.
Published: February 2014

This chapter discusses the Berkeley Construction Grammar (BCG), the framework through which grammatical phenomena of English were organized and described in that class. It explains the basic concepts of feature structures and unification, and introduces the valence requirements of predicating words and the devices for their satisfaction. The chapter also presents BCG analyses of various constructions, such as the Subject-Predicate construction, Head-Complement construction, and Inversion construction or Left-Isolation construction.
Morphology in Construction Grammar
Authors: Booij Geert E.
Published: February 2014

This chapter presents a whole range of arguments for a Construction Grammar approach to morphology. It shows that the lexicon contains both (simplex and complex) words and word formation schemas of various degrees of abstraction, and provides evidence supporting the view that morphological construcitons have holistic properties. The chapter considers both word formation and inflectional morphology and discusses the relationship between morphological and syntactic constructions. The findings confirm that the lexicon is to be reinterpreted as the "constructicon," a structured and hierarchically ordered array of constructions and constructs with phrasal or word status.
Information Structure
Authors: Leino Jaakko
Published: February 2014

This chapter examines the role of information structure in constructionist approaches. It evaluates the central notions of information structure and how these factors can be incorporated into a Construction Grammar view of mental grammar. The chapter explains that information structure is an important element of sentence grammar because it influences by which construction a particular meaning is expressed and why speakers therefore choose one construction over alternative ones in specific situations
Brain Basis of Meaning, Words, Constructions, and Grammar
Authors: Pulvermüller Friedemann , Cappelle Bert , Shtyrov Yury
Published: February 2014

This chapter examines the neurophysiological plausibility of some of the claims of Construction Grammar with regard to syntactic structures. It suggests that evidence from neuroscience has highly important repercussions for linguistic theory building in general and argues that the constructionist enterprise receives considerable empirical support from neurolinguistic studies. The chapter examines views on the embodiment of grammar in neuronal circuitry and contends that neurological evidence indicates that it makes sense to postulate flexible constructional templates as distinct from lexical construction storage.
Principles of Constructional Change
Authors: Fried Mirjam
Published: February 2014

This chapter considers the application of the principles of Construction Grammar to language change. It describes a particular change in a morphological construction of Old Czech and discusses some of the ways in which constructions may change internally. The chapter explains the concept of constructionalization and establishes its connection with Construction Grammar. It highlights the gradual nature of constructional change, the micro-steps involved at different constructional levels, and the importance of context.
African Colonial States
Authors: Sharkey Heather J.
Published: February 2014

This chapter sketches a history of European colonial states in Africa, north and south of the Sahara, during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It explains when and why colonial states emerged, what they did, how they worked, and who shaped them. Noting discrepancies between the theory and practice of colonial administration, the chapter shows that colonial administration was far more diffuse and less closely coordinated than official discourses of governance suggested. The performance of colonialism involved a wide range of actors: not only European military and civilian elites and African chiefs, but also African translators and tax collectors, as well as European forestry experts, missionaries, anthropologists, and settlers. The chapter also considers debates over reconciling the violence and exploitation of colonial states with their claims to, and aspirations for, social development in Africa, particularly in light of their relationship to the postcolonial states that succeeded them.
Law, Crime, and Punishment in Colonial Africa
Authors: Roberts Richard
Published: February 2014

Law lay at the heart of the colonial encounter. This chapter examines the ‘deep effects’ that the colonial encounter had on law in Africa and how the very ‘litigiousness’ of Africans reflects both social change and African agency. Colonial officials used law to promote both legibility and stability of African societies. In practice, however, colonial legal systems promoted conflict by imposing rules and expectations that were not widely shared or deeply embedded in African discourses of political and social authority. The chapter explores how colonial legal pluralism led to the establishment of new formal legal institutions and how litigants used the multiple arenas created by overlapping systems of dispute settlement. Even though it was designed to respect ‘custom’, the colonial legal sphere involved the seepage of metropolitan concepts and procedures into native law and practice and often led to changes in the legal character and capacity of individuals. This enabled women, younger adults, and low-status individuals to confront men and higher status individuals even in courts designed to uphold custom.
Visual Cultures
Authors: Kasfir Sidney
Published: February 2014

The first collectors of African art and artefacts were nineteenth-century explorers. The second were modern art collectors and dealers, fascinated by an art, primarily sculpture, which was in every way opposite to academic European teaching. As fieldwork expanded the knowledge base of African art and performance, masquerades became a major research subject and vehicle for both African history and social theory. However, African visual culture encompasses not only these aesthetic practices but also the visual environment reproduced in print and electronic media. This wider array of imagery has affected indigenous aesthetics since the beginning of its availability in the early stages of European colonization, giving rise to modern African photography and painting.
Music in Modern African History
Authors: Erlmann Veit
Published: February 2014

The history of African music during the twentieth century is the result of complex social, cultural, and musical processes. These processes must be seen against the backdrop of the continent’s continuing attempts to come to terms with the colonial legacy; the challenges and conflicts of the postcolonial present; and the changing place of Africa in the global order. Several key factors shaped the broader contours of this history: the growth of cities; the rise of nationalism; the state as promoter and censor; the dominance of state-controlled media during much of the colonial and postcolonial era and their eventual deregulation in the 1990s; the struggles of musicians in times of economic crisis and failing governments; the ‘worldbeat’ boom of the 1980s and 1990s; the impact of global culture on African urban youth; and finally, the resurgence of counter-hegemonic religious movements.
Afterlives
Authors: Schiffer Michael Brian
Published: February 2014

This chapter develops and illustrates the concept of afterlife artefact, an important domain of modern material culture. A human that died or an artefact that lost functions or its integrity may have an afterlife. During the afterlife the original entity lives on in memories created and perpetuated by afterlife artefacts that represent, mimic, commemorate, allude to, or incorporate part of the original entity. The Great Eastern, an English steamship designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel, was broken up in 1888. The ship has a rich afterlife, represented in many kinds of artefacts ranging from mouse pads to refrigerator magnets. A brief history is given of the Great Eastern’s interesting life, and its afterlife is illustrated by discussions of trading cards and postage stamps; both kinds are targeted at hobbyist collectors. The belief that postage stamps uniquely embody political ideology is debunked.
Aluminology
Authors: Sheller Mimi
Published: February 2014

This chapter examines how the light yet strong metal aluminium shaped modern material cultures around practices and ideologies of speed and mobility. Aluminium-based light modernity became definitive of the twentieth century through both military air power and innovative civil applications, informing modernist visions of a streamlined future. The archaeology of metallic modernity opens up a space for thinking about the material remains that contemporary cultures of mobility have left on the Earth, and beyond, in outer space. By tracing the infiltration of this unique metal into the material cultures of modernity the chapter uncovers a layer of modern artefacts-buildings, aircraft, vehicles, appliances, satellites-that express a certain moment in human existence, and also express that period’s hopes for the future of humanity.
Anthropological Approaches to Contemporary Material Worlds
Authors: Harvey Penny
Published: February 2014

This chapter explores the place of materials in contemporary anthropological research. Moving away from semiotic approaches to material culture, the focus is on the diverse ways in which the vitality of materials is invoked in different analytical traditions and diverse ethnographic settings. Phenomenological approaches to craft practice emphasize the intrinsic relationality and vitality of materials over and beyond the capacity of human intention to impose form. This celebration of the vital force of materials is contrasted to a darker and more explicitly material politics that emerges from contemporary studies of waste disposal and resource extraction where toxicity and deathly effects characterize the transformational force of material life. Anthropological investigations into material agency and the personhood of things also attend to the immaterial and affective dimensions of material relations and pose ontological questions about the social consequences of material life.
Archaeologies of the Postindustrial Body
Authors: Penrose Sefryn
Published: February 2014

The archaeological body is dead to us. Forensic studies of skeletal remains and studies where the body’s materials stand as a proxy for the body itself are the closest the discipline comes to the lived embodied experience. In archaeologies of the contemporary, however, sites are frequently characterized by their closeness to lived experience. The closeness and familiarity of the contemporary past lies precisely in our bodily experience of it, and the proximity to us of others for whom it is memory, part of life. In addressing the industrial/postindustrial transition, this chapter tracks influences on and of the body as the way we work has changed. It proposes a more careful consideration of the human body in contemporary archaeology, and conceives of the body as an archaeological site in its own right, in interdependent relationships with the non-corporeal matter of our archaeological studies.
Difference
Authors: Byrne Denis
Published: February 2014

This chapter looks to the contribution an archaeology of the contemporary past can make to reframing conceptions of Indigenous authenticity. Drawing on archaeological fieldwork experiences from the 1980s in New South Wales, Australia, the author, in retrospect, realizes the extent to which what he had framed, in positivist terms, as prehistoric stone artefacts that comprised a field of affective intensity for his Aboriginal co-worker. The chapter reviews new thinking on archaeological materiality and the potential it offers for a reconsideration of concepts such as authenticity and assimilation which have so influenced and constrained white thinking about the cultural ‘validity’ of contemporary Indigenous material culture.
Memory
Authors: Olsen Bjørnar
Published: February 2014

It is common to claim that the past is gone, leaving us with a void that can only be filled by our historical reconstructions. Things, however, object to this modern, historicist conception of an ended past. By stubbornly lingering on they expose us to a present past which constantly gathers and thus sediments into potentially new environments of memory. Drawing on so-called symmetrical archaeology, this chapter explores how the conception of a gathering past allows-and impels-us to rethink the way we conceive of memory and the archaeological exposition of the past. Using the abandoned Soviet mining town of Pyramiden as a case study, the chapter considers how the ruins of our own time may trigger critical and involuntary memories-memories that illuminate what conventional cultural history has discarded.
Modernism
Authors: González-Ruibal Alfredo
Published: February 2014

Modernity is usually considered a creative and productive force. However, modern dreams have also generated destruction and ruins and often failed with disastrous results, especially during the last hundred years. An archaeology of high modernism, then, has to look at the material effects of failed modernist fantasies and utopian projects. In this chapter, representative cases of modern failures are examined, with a particular focus on materiality and ruination, and some areas for future research will be proposed, such as the study of material tactics of resistance. Usually, modernist fantasies are linked to totalitarian ideologies (fascism, communism). Along with the ruins of fascism and communism, other failed utopias are taken into consideration here, which have been seldom studied by archaeologists; this is the case with the political fantasies of liberal western regimes and of postcolonial countries.
Scale
Authors: Edgeworth Matt
Published: February 2014

Moving Between Scales has Always been Important to Archaeologists. This chapter examines the extent to which spatial and temporal scales of investigation are transformed when the focus of archaeological study is shifted from the distant past to the present or recent past. It notes how new multi-scalar domains have been opened up through recent technological development, and acknowledges the extent to which disciplinary ways of seeing and doing have been altered by rapid adoption of some of the very devices (for example, computers) that might also be objects of study. The fractal nature of modern synthetic materials and environments, with artefactual structure observable at almost every level or scale of analysis from the very large to the very small, is also explored. Archaeology, it is argued, is inevitably changed by its encounter with modern materials and the multiple scales encapsulated therein.