bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Regulation of Firms in Globally Intertwined Markets: The Case of Payment Systems
Authors: Robertson Donald
Published: July 2019

Intertwined markets and disaggregated means of production give rise to new types of economic entities. Organized along global value chains, the relevance of state borders for the legal norms that apply to them are often reduced and new governance responses have emerged. Modern retail payment systems are an example of cross-border, network structures requiring both private (contractual) and public (regulatory) governance. The two main legal responses—private international law and harmonization—fail to deal effectively with coherence. Based in a principled regulatory approach which relies on public reason, megaregional trade and investment agreements such as TPP provide a route to effective transnational governance of global and regional value chains in this area.
Digital Megaregulation Uncontested? TPP’s Model for the Global Digital Economy
Authors: Streinz Thomas
Published: July 2019

The United States championed the creation of new rules for the digital economy in TPP. Analyzing this effort as “digital megaregulation” foregrounds aspects that the conventional “digital trade” framing tends to conceal. On both accounts, TPP’s most consequential rules for the digital economy relate to questions of data governance. In this regard, TPP reflects the Silicon Valley Consensus of uninhibited data flows and permissive privacy regulation. The chapter argues that the CPTPP parties endorsed the Silicon Valley Consensus due to a lack of alternatives and persistent misperceptions about the realities of the global digital economy, partly attributable to the dominant digital trade framing. It suggests a new approach for the inclusion of data governance provisions in future international trade agreements that offers more flexibility for innovative digital industrial policies and experimental data regulation.
Choices and Consequences: Internationalizing Competition Policy After TPP
Authors: Francis Daniel
Published: July 2019

The development of international systems for the coordination and constraint of competition law and policy offers a complex blend of rewards and costs. In this chapter, I evaluate the promises and problems of this endeavor in the realms of government procurement, antitrust, and the regulation of state-owned enterprises, and outline some options for internationalization in this area and some of their respective implications. I argue that, in a field dominated by deep conflicts of value and interest, real progress will require creativity and pluralism in the forms and tools of internationalization. I emphasize the importance of regionalism as a complement to multilateralism and bilateralism; frameworks of contingent cooperation as a complement to traditional treaties and networks; and a mixed strategy of linkage to, and separation from, international trade to ensure that jurisdictions are able to pursue their shared goals.
How Ready Is Indonesia to Open Government Procurement à la TPP?
Authors: Bahar Wahyuni , Koesnaidi Joseph Wira
Published: July 2019

Government procurement is an important area of economic regulation in every nation, and free trade and comprehensive economic agreements are becoming central venues for adopting procurement standards. Based on arguments for efficient government spending on goods and services, opening commercial opportunities for local firms abroad, and larger concerns of social protection and policy pursued through procurement decisions, countries like Indonesia now need to consider whether they are ready to go down this path. This chapter analyzes in some detail the requirements of the World Trade Organization (WTO)’s Government Procurement Agreement and similar provisions of the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) to assess which reforms, and political choices, Indonesia would need to make to bring its current system into compliance with these international norms. It argues that the costs, benefits, and challenges must be carefully weighed and counsels for a cautious and phased-in opening.
Japan: Leveraging National Regulatory Reform and the Economic Modeling of Trade Agreements
Authors: Kawasaki Kenichi , Sunami Atsushi , Ikeda Yoko , Huang Michael C.
Published: July 2019

After the withdrawal of the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) in 2017, Japan has taken the lead in advancing the TPP framework via the CPTPP to reform its highly regulated sectors such as agriculture and medical services. This chapter analyzes Japan’s participation in the TPP regime by (1) examining the expected impact of changes in rules and regulations that have come to be institutionalized as “entrenched regulations” or ganban in those sectors; and (2) simulating the macroeconomic impact of TPP membership on Japan and other TPP member countries, using a GTAP database and a CGE model to analyze global trade outcomes. The simulation scenarios show the framework of TPP12 and model the economic impact of and third party country spillover from the reduction of non-tariff measures (NTMs).
Japan: Interest Group Politics, Foreign Policy Linkages, and TPP
Authors: Davis Christina L.
Published: July 2019

After years of reluctantly opening its markets in the face of pressure from abroad, Japan led the campaign to save the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). This chapter evaluates the agreement from the perspective of Japan to investigate why the government chose to join TPP negotiations after years of delays, and why it became one of the first members to ratify the agreement even as US support for the agreement wavered amidst a fraught presidential campaign. TPP represents by far the most ambitious free trade agreement undertaken by Japan. It has been subject to tremendous resistance from farm groups and other interests, and moderate advocacy from industry. Against this backdrop, the value of the agreement as part of a geopolitical strategy was essential to Japanese support of TPP. The chapter argues that foreign policy interests were necessary to overcome domestic obstacles to liberalization. But the role of geopolitics in Japanese trade policy has moved beyond reaction to US pressure for liberalization. In the proactive use of economic statecraft, Japan seeks to deepen regional integration in East Asia and balance against China. Changes in the administrative process within the Japanese government and the decision to position the international trade agreement within the framework of policies for domestic economic restructuring further strengthened the resilience of Japanese commitment to the agreement and show how megaregulation can be embedded within domestic political reform agendas.
Structuring Participation: Public Comments and the Dynamics of US Trade Negotiations
Authors: Gulotty Robert
Published: July 2019

TPP was faulted both for its expansive mandate and its secrecy. In this chapter, I examine the effect of information about the negotiations on the content of public engagement. To do so, I use automated text analysis techniques on 4,000 comments submitted by businesses, individuals, governments, and activist groups to the US Trade Representative (USTR) during the course of the negotiations. These comments address various aspects of the treaty, and offer a comparable baseline of interest group activity surrounding TPP. After describing the topical content of these statements, I statistically test the association between these topics and the information environment—comparing periods prior to and following official and unofficial public disclosures of the content of the agreement. I find that while unofficial disclosure had little effect on the content of concerns surrounding TPP, publication enabled mass participation and engagement on topics that undercut the US negotiations. The official publication of the text elicited vocal opposition, particularly from critics of the balance between corporate interests and national sovereignty.
Hegel’s antiquity
Authors: Lev Kenaan Vered
Published: July 2019

Chapter 2 presents the question of the unconscious in the context of the history of nineteenth-century German reflection on the encounter between moderns and ancients. The Hegelian dialectic of negation and preservation serves to unpack the received, modified memory of antiquity. In contrast to the common nineteenth-century view that regards classical antiquity as humanity’s remote childhood—its primordial past—Hegel’s notion of antiquity emphasizes rather its connectedness to present circumstances. For Hegel, the memory of antiquity is part of the present and therefore has a formative influence on the openness of modern consciousness to its future.
Introduction
Authors: Lev Kenaan Vered
Published: July 2019

A fresco of the Oedipus drama from the second-century Egyptian Nile Valley is a springboard for an analysis that illustrates how unconscious knowledge is formed and activated by communication across eras and cultures. The fresco is shown to reproduce a visual possibility in which being unconscious and gaining consciousness coalesce, and conveys the idea that searching for the truth and turning to futural horizons of meaning are always evocative of the past. We are introduced to the notion that the modern construction of Oedipus by Freud does not simply leave the ancient character without an unconscious; the interdependence of historical periods and places is too great for any such hierarchy.
Evolutionary Genetics
Authors: Sætre Glenn-Peter , Ravinet Mark
Published: July 2019

Evolutionary genetics is the study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary change. With the recent explosion in the availability of whole genome sequence data, vast quantities of genetic data are being generated at an ever-increasing pace with the result that programming has become an essential tool for researchers. Most importantly, a thorough understanding of evolutionary principles is essential for making sense of this genetic data. This up-to-date textbook covers all the major components of modern evolutionary genetics, carefully explaining fundamental processes such as mutation, natural selection, genetic drift, and speciation, together with their consequences. In addition to the text, study questions are provided to motivate the reader to think and reflect on the concepts in each chapter. Practical experience is essential when it comes to developing an understanding of how to use genetic data to analyze and address interesting questions in the life sciences and how to interpret results in meaningful ways. Throughout the book, a series of online, computer-based tutorials serves as an introduction to programming and analysis of evolutionary genetic data centered on the R programming language, which stands out as an ideal all-purpose platform to handle and analyze such data. The book and its online materials take full advantage of the authors’ own experience in working in a post-genomic revolution world, and introduce readers to the plethora of molecular and analytical methods that have only recently become available.
The foundations of evolutionary genetics
Authors: Sætre Glenn-Peter , Ravinet Mark
Published: July 2019

The fields of evolutionary biology and genetics were founded as separate disciplines in the mid-1800s, largely due to the works of Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel respectively. It would, however, take decades before biologists finally understood the deep connection between the principles of heredity and the processes of evolution and that neither could be fully understood without the other. This chapter takes a brief look at the history of these disciplines, including how the key concepts, ideas, and technologies, fundamental to all of biology, were discovered and how these have affected our ways of thinking. Many important concepts are foreshadowed here that will be handled at greater depth in later chapters. The chapter ends with a brief review of important methods in contemporary evolutionary genetics and a hint towards future developments in the field.
The power of natural selection
Authors: Sætre Glenn-Peter , Ravinet Mark
Published: July 2019

Adaptations are the products of natural selection—traits that evolved because they proved useful at some level. Often adaptations evolved because they enhanced the survival or reproductive output of individuals, but selection can also operate at other levels—genes, individuals, populations, and species. Sometimes a genetic change has positive effects on all levels. A mutation that increases the survival of its carrier would increase in frequency; populations that become fixed for that allele may be less prone to extinction, which in turn may increase the longevity of that species. Other times there can be conflicting fitness effects at the different levels. This chapter explores the power of natural selection in shaping the living world by investigating the complexities of multilevel selection, biological solutions to heterogeneity and unpredictability in the environment, and how interactions between species can shape evolution. However, the chapter starts by investigating factors that may constrain adaptive evolution.
Inferring evolutionary processes from DNA sequence data
Authors: Sætre Glenn-Peter , Ravinet Mark
Published: July 2019

The allelic evolutionary genetic models explored so far are applicable to genetic markers. However, DNA sequences harbor a lot of information about the evolutionary past that would be missed if different sequences were simply treated as different alleles. This chapter introduces some important methods and concepts applicable to the analysis of DNA-sequence data. The null models for analyzing sequence data are derived from the neutral theory of molecular evolution. Historically, however, the neutral theory has made a large impact on evolutionary genetics. Therefore, this chapter starts by reviewing its important contribution. Then, important parameters and statistics for analyzing sequence variation are introduced, including a plethora of neutrality tests. The chapter ends with a cautious focus on the powerful tool of genome scan analysis and its utility for identifying regions of the genomes potentially under selection. This includes a section on more recently derived statistics which incorporate information on haplotype structure.
Sequencing the genome and beyond
Authors: Sætre Glenn-Peter , Ravinet Mark
Published: July 2019

Science is defined by continual progress and new technologies. This final chapter starts with introducing what it means to sequence and assemble a reference genome. It is easy to forget that the true genome is not linear but has structure and function. In this chapter the genome is explored as a 3D entity—from how it is transcribed, to how proteins interact with it, and finally to how it is actually structured. This also gives an opportunity to focus on epigenetics and how to interpret processes such as DNA methylation in an evolutionary context. The second part of the chapter focuses on ways we can interact with the genome—exploring how we might test the function and role that candidate genes play. The chapter introduces transgenics, in particular the transformative technology of CRISPR/CAS9, and explores how this might change the face of evolutionary biology in the near future.
Introduction: Some General Remarks on Aristotle’s Physics I
Authors: Natali Carlo
Published: July 2019

Physics I is a well-constructed logos. It aims at knowledge of the principles of physical change: it establishes that there are such principles and determines what they are and how many. Even if the results are general, its theories are fundamental for the entire Aristotelian study of the natural world. This introduction reconstructs the general structure of Physics I and its connection to Physics II. It distinguishes four stages in Physics I: an introduction, a doxographical section in which Aristotle is in dialogue with previous philosophers, a section in which he solves the main puzzles about change, and an endoxical confirmation of the theory established in the preceding section. Other points discussed are: to what kind of public Physics I is addressed, the difference between Aristotle’s theory and ancient cosmologies, the examples he uses, how to identify a single event, and his conception of essences.
The Path to the Principles
Authors: Menn Stephen
Published: July 2019

Physics I 1 is a methodological introduction, not just to physics, but specifically to the investigation of principles. To gain scientific knowledge of nature, we must first determine its principles, but how do we determine these if we don’t know them already? This chapter distinguishes two readings of Aristotle’s claim that ‘at first it is rather confused things which are evident and clear to us, but afterwards, starting from these, the elements and principles become knowable when we divide these things’. On Reading A, we start by knowing compounds but not their elements. On Reading B, we start by knowing the compound more clearly than its elements, but also confusedly knowing the elements. We start by knowing the elements under universal descriptions and come to know them more clearly in substituting more particular descriptions. The chapter defends Reading B and show how it fits Aristotle’s procedure in Physics I and beyond.
Looking for a Starting Point—The Eleatic Paradox Put to Good Use
Authors: Crubellier Michel
Published: July 2019

This chapter starts the discussion about principles that runs throughout book I, as well as the discussion about Melissus and Parmenides that continues in chapter 3. It raises the paradoxical question of how to arrive at the principles of natural philosophy and how to establish that these are indeed the sought-after principles. In order to do so, Aristotle inquires into Eleatism, the position that denies the very existence of nature: this means that the best way to the principles might be discovered by taking on those who utterly reject them. That explains the equally paradoxical move of discussing the theses of people with whom it would seem impossible to discuss since they do not agree on the basics. Yet that can be done through the specific dialectical tactics of lusis. Certain ancient attempts at squaring the circle, mentioned in the course of the argument, are dealt with in Appendix I.
One and Many
Authors: Betegh GÁbor
Published: July 2019

In Physics I 4 Aristotle turns to those who, in his view, practised bona fide natural philosophy by allowing change and multiplicity. But instead of providing a survey of the pluralist options, Aristotle focuses on those who produced plurality out of an initial one. He singles out Anaxagoras and provides a detailed discussion and refutation of his theory of mixture. This chapter examines what features of Anaxagoras’ theory could motivate Aristotle’s exclusive focus on him. It suggests that Anaxagoras is particularly interesting for Aristotle, because he offers a model in which the character that emerges as the outcome of the change is already there at the beginning, without however being manifest. In this sense, Anaxagoras’ theory gets closest to Aristotle’s solution to the puzzle of change. In assessing Aristotle’s objections, the chapter also argues against the widely held view that his critical discussion commits him to the theory of minima naturalia.
The Route to Solving the Eleatic Puzzle
Authors: Leunissen Mariska
Published: July 2019

This chapter analyses Aristotle’s solution to the infamous ‘old Eleatic problem’ about coming to be and passing away. According to Aristotle, the ‘old philosophers’ got off track due to their inexperience and concluded that since nothing can come to be from what is, since it already is, and since nothing can come to be from what is not, there is no generation at all and also no plurality of things. Aristotle’s solution involves making the right kind of conceptual distinctions, first, in terms of what it means for something to come to be from what is or from what is not qua what it is or qua what it is not, and second, by distinguishing coming to be in an accidental and in an absolute way. Aristotle concludes by solving again the same problem via a different method, namely by distinguishing between coming to be in actuality and in potentiality.
Responding to the Platonists
Authors: Broadie Sarah
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines Aristotle’s rejection of a Platonist theory positing two principles: Form and the Great and Small. He complains that, under the latter, privation is not distinguished from the subject of coming to be. This chapter discusses the background for this dyadic theory in the Philebus and the Timaeus. It suggests that Aristotle’s opposition only makes sense if Platonists were proposing to extend it to cover comings to be such as biological reproduction. It also discusses whether, dialectically, Aristotle wins against Platonism within Physics I 9, and in the wider context of his biology. The chapter notes that when the explanandum is eternal motion, the triad of principles is useless, because there is no distinct principle of privation. So, Aristotle himself is chained to a Platonist-style dyadism. The chapter concludes by drawing a connection between this theory and Aristotle’s first mover as both final and efficient cause of eternal motion.
Bonhoeffer’s Hermeneutic Theology
Authors: Zimmermann Jens
Published: July 2019

Chapter 5 explains and delineates the fundamentally hermeneutic quality of Bonhoeffer’s theology or what may be called his Christological hermeneutic. The chapter begins by describing Bonhoeffer’s hermeneutic consciousness evident from structural similarities between philosophical hermeneutics and hermeneutic elements in his early works. It then describes Bonhoeffer’s Christ-Reality as the hermeneutical circle that grounds his participatory ontology and enables a hermeneutic phenomenology, i.e., a fundamentally interpretive stance toward human experience. This hermeneutic stance is then illustrated by the concept of simple minded obedience of discipleship, exemplified by the unified self, described in the previous chapter. Contrary to critics like John Webster, Bonhoeffer deliberately combines single-minded obedience with the need for hermeneutical discernment. The final sections of this chapter further deepen the hermeneutics of discipleship as engaged knowing by describing the importance of the incarnational structure of manger, cross, and resurrection together with the eschatological structure of ultimate-penultimate things for Bonhoeffer’s Christological hermeneutic. Both structures determine the interpretive discernment required for striving to live a Christ-shaped life characterized by the kind of freedom Bonhoeffer calls “realistic responsibility.”
Long-period weather observations elsewhere in the British Isles and Europe
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

This chapter summarises other long-period weather observations from both the British Isles and Europe. The Radcliffe Observatory possesses the longest continuous series of weather records in Britain for one site: the first observations date from the mid-1760s, with unbroken daily temperature records since November 1813. It includes references to Gordon Manley’s Central England Temperature series. There are brief descriptions of the longest-running weather stations in Europe, including Uppsala and Stockholm in Sweden, Padua and Milan in Italy, Hohenpeissenberg in Germany, and the British observatories at Kew, Armagh and Durham, many (like Oxford) starting life as astronomical observatories in the eighteenth or early nineteenth centuries. The chapter ends with a brief comment as to why such long weather records remain important in the present day.
January
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

Chapter 7 provides a detailed analysis of the long weather record at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford for January. Averages and extremes of temperature, precipitation and sunshine are presented, with coverage relevant to the month or season including the incidence of snowfall, thunderstorms, gales and the like, illustrated by contemporary accounts and photography. Each chapter ends with a complete time series of the mean temperature, total precipitation and total sunshine for the month or season from the entire record, updated to 2018.
April
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

Chapter 10 provides a detailed analysis of the long weather record at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford for April. Averages and extremes of temperature, precipitation and sunshine are presented, with coverage relevant to the month or season including the incidence of snowfall, thunderstorms, gales and the like, illustrated by contemporary accounts and photography. Each chapter ends with a complete time series of the mean temperature, total precipitation and total sunshine for the month or season from the entire record, updated to 2018.
June
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

Chapter 12 provides a detailed analysis of the long weather record at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford for June. Averages and extremes of temperature, precipitation and sunshine are presented, with coverage relevant to the month or season including the incidence of snowfall, thunderstorms, gales and the like, illustrated by contemporary accounts and photography. Each chapter ends with a complete time series of the mean temperature, total precipitation and total sunshine for the month or season from the entire record, updated to 2018.
August
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

Chapter 14 provides a detailed analysis of the long weather record at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford for August. Averages and extremes of temperature, precipitation and sunshine are presented, with coverage relevant to the month or season including the incidence of snowfall, thunderstorms, gales and the like, illustrated by contemporary accounts and photography. Each chapter ends with a complete time series of the mean temperature, total precipitation and total sunshine for the month or season from the entire record, updated to 2018.
October
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

Chapter 16 provides a detailed analysis of the long weather record at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford for October. Averages and extremes of temperature, precipitation and sunshine are presented, with coverage relevant to the month or season including the incidence of snowfall, thunderstorms, gales and the like, illustrated by contemporary accounts and photography. Each chapter ends with a complete time series of the mean temperature, total precipitation and total sunshine for the month or season from the entire record, updated to 2018.
Winter
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

Chapter 20 provides a detailed analysis of the long weather record at the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford for winter. Averages and extremes of temperature, precipitation and sunshine are presented, with coverage relevant to the month or season including the incidence of snowfall, thunderstorms, gales and the like, illustrated by contemporary accounts and photography. Each chapter ends with a complete time series of the mean temperature, total precipitation and total sunshine for the month or season from the entire record, updated to 2018.
Chronology
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

This chapter deals with extreme events and spells of weather in Oxford, some of them before the Radcliffe Observatory was built, but mostly based on the weather observations since 1767. Events such as heat waves, cold spells, severe gales, floods, droughts, snowfall and even the solar eclipse of 11 August 1999 are included. The chapter concludes with coverage of the most recent year, 2018, with its exceptionally hot summer. The description includes more descriptive coverage of some specific events, including the day in July 1862 when Lewis Carroll took Alice Liddell and her sisters boating on the River Thames, a day out which led directly to him writing Alice in Wonderland.
Notable heatwaves and cold spells, sunny and dull periods, in Oxford since 1815
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim
Published: July 2019

This chapter sets out the extremes of temperature and sunshine, here considering longer multi-day ‘spells’ such as the longest heatwaves and cold spells, on the long record from the Radcliffe Observatory, Oxford, fully updated to 2018.
Magnitudes
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: July 2019

A new realistic account of an ontology of extensive magnitudes is developed, formulated in Seven Principles. The principles are defended by the role of magnitudes in scientific explanation and in counterfactuals. Scientific laws can be formulated using this ontology of magnitudes. A metaphysics-first view of the perception of magnitudes is then defended by using this metaphysics of magnitudes. The metaphysics-first treatment permits explanation of features of the perception of extensive magnitudes. Notions of analogue computation, analogue representation, and analogue content are explained using this apparatus. Deployment of the resulting theory allows the development, against Kuhn, of a case for the objectivity of analogue perceptual content.
Whitman and the Transformations of Labor
Authors: Riley Peter
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines Whitman’s entanglement within the broader politics of labor relations in the mid-nineteenth century. Whitman is seen as thinking through an alternative figuration of Marx’s labor theory of value, with the various corporeal metaphors and formal experiments in his poetry serving as a counterpart to Marx’s gothic dystopian depictions of alienated labor. The laboring body becomes a conceptual balm in Whitman’s poetic imaginary, informing the dimensions of his alternative social vision. His own complicity in the fluctuating tensions of his laboring environment, embodied chiefly by the rising tensions between slavery and the expanding market, rescued his poetic vision from restating the reactionary vocational essentialisms that defined the popular labor movements of the 1850s. Ultimately, he articulated a politically subversive poetics that resisted contemporary fictions of racial purity, and along with it any transparent notion of free market exchange.
Introduction
Authors: Riley Peter
Published: July 2019

The introduction considers why certain archival materials come preloaded with particular discomforts. What unspoken assumptions, for example, quietly distance Whitman the poet from a seemingly insignificant sample of wallpaper with a poem drafted on the back? And what happens when it becomes apparent that such a fragment actually provides an alternative documentary perspective on a creative process that produced a book of poems while distracted by, and incorporating other, decidedly non-poetic forms of labor? Theorizing such ephemera as “archives of distraction,” the introduction figures the work of certain poets not as any discrete or discernible form of labor, but as a living sensuous activity that equivocates at the thresholds of labor’s emerging divisions and hierarchies. It goes on to demonstrate how such activity challenges some of the foundational tenets of what this book terms “vocational modernity.”
Quantum optics with diamond color centers coupled to nanophotonic devices
Authors: Sipahigil Alp , Lukin Mikhail D.
Published: July 2019

Chapter 1 reviews recent advances towards the realization of quantum networks based on atom-like solid-state quantum emitters coupled to nanophotonic devices. Specifically, focus is on experiments involving the negatively charged silicon-vacancy color center in diamond. These emitters combine homogeneous, coherent optical transitions and a long-lived electronic spin quantum memory. Optical and spin properties of this system at cryogenic temperatures and experiments where silicon-vacancy centers are coupled to nanophotonic cavities are discussed. Finally, the chapter discusses experiments demonstrating quantum nonlinearities at the single-photon level and two-emitter entanglement in a single nanophotonic device.
Matter-wave physics with nanoparticles and biomolecules
Authors: Brand Christian , Eibenberger Sandra , Sezer Ugur , Arndt Markus
Published: July 2019

The chapter discusses advances in matter-wave optics with complex molecules, generalizing Young’s double slit to high masses. The quantum wave-particle duality is visualized by monitoring the arrival patterns of molecules diffracted at nanomechanical masks. Each molecule displays particle behavior when it is localized on the detector; however, the overall interference pattern requires their delocalization in free flight. Internal particle properties influence the de Broglie waves in the presence of surfaces or fields—even in interaction with atomically thin gratings. To probe the quantum nature of high-mass molecules, universal beam splitters are combined in a multi-grating interferometer to observe high-contrast matter-wave fringes even for 500 K hot molecules, containing 810 atoms with a mass of 10 000 amu. The high sensitivity of the nanoscale interference fringes to deflection in external fields enables non-invasive measurements of molecular properties. The chapter concludes by discussing research on beam techniques that extend molecular quantum optics to large biomolecules.
Schrödinger cat states in circuit QED
Authors: Girvin Steven M.
Published: July 2019

Circuit quantum electrodynamics (‘circuit QED’) describes the quantum mechanics and quantum optics of superconducting electrical circuits operating in the microwave regime near absolute zero temperature. It is the analog of cavity QED in quantum optics with the role of the atoms being played by superconducting qubits. The present lecture notes present a brief overview of circuit QED and then focus on some of the novel quantum states that can be produced and measured (via photon number parity and the Wigner function) using the strong coupling between an artificial atom and one or more cavities. Of particular importance are Schrödinger cat states of photons. Despite long being considered exemplars of frail quantum superpositions that quickly decohere, such states have recently been used as the basis for quantum error correction codes which have reached the long-sought goal of enhancing the lifetime of quantum information through active quantum error correction.
The Age of Enlightenment in Russia
Authors: Obolevitch Teresa
Published: July 2019

Chapter 2 tackles the relationship between science and religion in the eighteenth century known as the Age of Enlightenment. The state policy of Westernization which was promoted chiefly by Peter I and Catherine II caused an immensely expansive spread of scientific knowledge and, in consequence, resulted in the first attempts to establish a relationship between science and theology. The chapter analyses this problem from both scientific and theological perspectives. First of all, in the eighteenth century the Russian Academy of Sciences was opened and Russian philosophy at that time tried to interpret scientific data in accordance with theological truths. Yet, on the other hand, a number of Orthodox theologians highlighted the limitation of scientific knowledge. This chapter analyzes the thought of Michael Lomonosov, Gregory Skovoroda, Theophan Prokopovich, and others representatives of the Russian Age of Enlightenment.
Russian Academic Philosophy
Authors: Obolevitch Teresa
Published: July 2019

Chapter 3 is dedicated to the so-called academic philosophy which was a unique Russian phenomenon. Russian theological academies were the place of the development of philosophical investigations, including those connected with the question of the role of science for theology. The proponents of this way of philosophizing elaborated the interesting project of the so-called scientific and natural apologetics which enabled them to protect religion from atheist attacks. Academy professors interpreted particular scientific theories in the spirit of the reconciliation between faith and reason, which they broadcast, although that position often existed at the expense of not abiding by the competence of science and subordinating its facts to the unbending dogmas of Christianity.
The Slavophile Contribution
Authors: Obolevitch Teresa
Published: July 2019

Chapter 5 considers the thought of the Slavophiles, such as Ivan Kireevsky and Alexei Khomyakov, who supported the natural and exact sciences. They criticized the Western model of the relationship between science and religion because of secularization on the one hand and the allegeable limitation of scientific investigation on the other. By contrast, Orthodoxy was perceived by the Slavophiles—too enthusiastically and inaccurately—as a place of non-conflicting coexistence of faith and science. They proposed the concept of the so-called integral life and integral knowledge. This chapter discusses the universal epistemological significance of faith which, according to the Slavophiles, is necessary also for scientific investigation.
Faith and Science in Russian Literature
Authors: Obolevitch Teresa
Published: July 2019

Chapter 6 shows the presence of the topic of the relationship between faith and science in the thought of the most influential literature figures, such as Fedor Dostoevsky and Lev Tolstoy. Although Dostoevsky stressed the role of faith, his account by no means was a mere fideism. Dostoevsky respected natural science, even if he definitively marked the limits of the scientific explanation. Hence, he strove for an integral attitude embracing faith and reason in a single spiritual unity. By contrast, Lev Tolstoy was concerned about the absolute comprehensibility and rational obviousness of Christian truths, yet denied the significance of natural science.
Vladimir Soloviev
Authors: Obolevitch Teresa
Published: July 2019

Chapter 7 is dedicated to Soloviev who elaborated the ambitious metaphysical system of all-unity which was supposed to be the organic unity of all beings. Basing on it, he tried to justify the concept of integral knowledge, positing an “external” alliance of philosophy, theology, and science. According to Soloviev, science cannot penetrate the empirical phenomena without taking into account their metaphysical, ideal foundations. This chapter also provides an analysis of the selected case study for this project: the Solovievian interpretation of the theory of evolution as coherent with Orthodoxy. It is stressed that Soloviev considered the process of evolution as being of a clear teleological and even eschatological character.
Nikolai Lossky
Authors: Obolevitch Teresa
Published: July 2019

Chapter 8 considers the project of Nikolai Lossky who tried to “justify” the truths of faith by means of philosophical terms. It shows his attempt to reconcile physics and metaphysics. The chapter presents the original metaphysical concept of the “substantival agent” of Lossky which is the base for physical phenomena. It also presents his attempt to reconcile scientific knowledge (especially the theory of evolution) and Christian dogmas. For Lossky evolution is a way into the Kingdom of God since the final stage of evolution is the achievement of unity with God. The chapter also discusses some shortages of Lossky’s concept, especially its highly speculative character.
Semen Frank
Authors: Obolevitch Teresa
Published: July 2019

Chapter 10 analyzes the thought of Semen Frank who intended to expose the absolute priority of theology and “justify” secular branches of knowledge using theological tools. For him the relationship between science and theology is nothing other than a part of the question of religion as such, the correlation between the transcendency and the immanency of God. Frank was deeply concerned about the atheistic propaganda in the Soviet Union. In particular, he objected to the alleged conflict between science and religion. In his works Frank intended to unmask the falsity of this conclusion as well as to propose such a model of the relationship between these spheres which would be in accordance with a Christian worldview.
Russian Existential Philosophy
Authors: Obolevitch Teresa
Published: July 2019

Chapter 11 presents the concepts of Nikolai Berdyaev and Lev Shestov who highlighted the mysterious dimension of the whole of reality from the perspective of his existential philosophy. For Berdyaev the main feature of the universe is mystery because it is coherent with the capacity for free, unforced cognition. On the one hand, for Berdyaev the rationality of the world illustrates divine rationality, but, on the other, he stressed that conceptual knowledge does not capture the mystery of the world and specifically does not solve the problems of existence. Lev Shestov was one of the more radical opponents of the expression religious truths by means of exploiting philosophical terms, and separated faith from reason. At the same time, he did not so much deny science, as the field of rational activity, which is scientism.
Philosophy from the Perspective of Language
Authors: Obolevitch Teresa
Published: July 2019

Chapter 12 is dedicated to the analysis of the problem of the relationship between faith and science through the prism of language, as in the thought of Sergius Bulgakov and Alexei Losev. Their reflection on the nature of language of science and theology was provoked by the religious-philosophical movement of onomatodoxy, according to which the name of God is not something conventional, dependent on the possibility of human language, but is real par excellence. This perspective determined the methodological questions concerning the possibility of theological discourse on God and its relation with scientific knowledge. Both fields use symbolical language, although the priority belongs to the first one.
Neopatristic Synthesis and Science
Authors: Obolevitch Teresa
Published: July 2019

Chapter 14 presents the current state of the discussion on this topic by paying attention to one of the most influential philosophical and theological movements in contemporary Orthodox thought—the Neopatristic synthesis. The Neopatristic synthesis is an approach to the development of patristic thought in the contemporary world and its application to different branches of knowledge, including science. According to Fr. George Florovsky, science has an imperfect character because knowledge of the empirical world is possible only from the theological point of view. The chapter also discusses some contemporary proposals of the Neopatristic synthesis, including from Alexei Nesteruk, Sergey Khoruzhy, and others.
Fisheries Sustainability
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Hilborn Ulrike
Published: July 2019

Fisheries Sustainability. Sustainability is defined as the ability of a socio-ecological system to continue to produce benefits to humans, and it has three distinct elements: biological, social, and economic. The key to biological sustainability is keeping fishing pressure at or below the level that will provide maximum long-term yield. This requires a scientific program to determine that level and a management system that can effectively regulate fishing pressure. Social and economic sustainability depend not only on biological sustainability, but also on other aspects such as who gets to fish and how the catch is allocated among different users.
The Forage Fish Rollercoaster
Authors: Hilborn Ray , Hilborn Ulrike
Published: July 2019

The Forage Fish Rollercoaster. Forage fish are the small fishes such as sardines, anchovy, mackerel, and herring that are among the most abundant fish in the sea and form the base of the fish food chain. They are often the dominant food for predatory fish, marine mammals, and marine birds. Forage fish are used both for direct human consumption and for the production of fishmeal and fish oil used as livestock and aquaculture feed. Many species of forage fish have shown vast cyclical variation in abundance long before industrial fishing began, and this complicates understanding how fishing affects their abundance. A recent concern is the effect that fishing of forage fish has on the abundance of their predators.
A. J. Raffles
Authors: Moss Eloise
Published: July 2019

Arthur J. Raffles, fictional ‘cracksman’ by night and England cricketing star by day, burst onto the literary scene in 1898. Created by Ernest William Hornung, brother-in-law of Sherlock Holmes’ author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Raffles was Holmes’ antithesis: the fun-loving master thief. Embodying the ‘pleasure culture’ surrounding the burglar, Raffles’ physical attractiveness and athleticism blurred the lines between moral virtue and romantic allure. As the original novels were continually remade in theatre and film and their characters reincarnated in those media, newspapers began to label real burglars ‘Raffles’. This chapter examines how, where criminality was concerned, distinguishing between fact and fiction presented unnecessary (and unheeded) complications to commercial success. Espying an opportunity, ex-criminals appropriated this sympathetic ‘Raffles’ title for themselves, using the idea of ‘real-life Raffles’ to fashion glamorous celebrity personae through lucrative autobiographical writings. The character became an international phenomenon, beloved by audiences across Europe and America who flocked to see his exploits at the cinema and continually identified the burglar as an English ‘hero’, akin to Robin Hood. Yet Raffles was no philanthropist. Keeping the jewels for himself and glorifying in escaping capture by police, Raffles was a figure of danger for many contemporaries, who identified the longevity of his success as a harbinger of popular unrest caused by economic depression that might seduce generations of young people into a life of crime. The chapter historicizes how cultural responses to romanticized versions of burglary were conditioned by critiques of poverty and the habits of the wealthy.
Burglary Insurance and the Culture of Fear
Authors: Moss Eloise
Published: July 2019

Terrifying images of burglars carrying knives and guns, scrambling through windows, or standing silent and masked beside householders’ beds, characterized the marketing strategy of the burglary insurance sector, which sprung into existence during the 1880s. Chapter 5 shows how, by exacerbating homeowners’ fears of the presence of the burglar within the home, and the prevalence of burglary nationally, insurers merged individual and national concerns about the crime in a calculated bid to attract custom. It analyses fear-mongering insurance adverts, with their promise to act as a bastion of security against financial loss, alongside instances when victims of burglary attempted to make a claim. Caveats dealing with the need to prove that burglars had indeed ‘broken’ in were contingent on homeowners fitting sophisticated, branded locks and latches at points of vulnerability on windows and doors. Just as this made securing financial compensation more challenging, it also instilled the idea of burglars’ expertise and professionalism should they conquer these defences. As the self-styled commercial ‘protection’ against burglary, burglary insurance became an ordinary household investment. Its prosperity therefore enables us to identify those ideas about crime and criminal that held currency in the minds of consumers. Crucially, this chapter highlights the intersection of media, state, and market discourse about crime in weaving a specific version of burglary into the very fabric of everyday life, uniting three domains that historians of crime have traditionally treated separately.