bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Choosing the right drug to fit the patient when selecting oral anticoagulation for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation
Authors: Shields A. M. , Lip G. Y. H.
Published: March 2015

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia worldwide and is a growing health problem that is associated with a significantly increased risk of stroke and thromboembolism. Oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapy reduces the risk of stroke and all‐cause mortality in patients with AF. OAC therapy is commonly given as a well‐controlled vitamin K antagonist (VKA; e.g. warfarin) and can reduce the risk of stroke in AF patients by almost two‐thirds. However, the widespread use of VKAs has been hampered by the unpredictable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the drugs and justifiable concerns about the consequent risk of haemorrhage. The non‐VKA OACs (NOACs) have revolutionized thromboprophylaxis in AF by providing therapeutic options with predictable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties that are as efficacious as warfarin in the prevention of stroke and thromboembolism but are more convenient to use. In this review, we provide a patient‐centred framework to assist clinicians in recommending the right OAC therapy to fit the individual patient with AF, including methods for stratifying the risk of stroke and haemorrhage and the chances of achieving tight control of VKA anticoagulation, and we discuss the properties of the NOACs that favour their use in particular patient cohorts.
How to predict and treat increased fracture risk in chronic kidney disease
Authors: West S. L. , Patel P. , Jamal S. A.
Published: March 2015

Men and women with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at an increased risk of fracture, and this risk increases as kidney function deteriorates. Fractures are associated with morbidity, mortality and economic costs. Despite this, there is a paucity of data regarding how to evaluate risk for fractures in CKD and how to treat high‐risk patients. Evidence suggests that bone mineral density (BMD) as assessed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) is associated with fractures and can also predict future fractures in predialysis (stages 1–3) patients with CKD. In the absence of considerable abnormalities in markers of mineral metabolism, treatment with antiresorptive agents in men and women with early CKD at high fracture risk may be appropriate. Of note, recent data suggest that low BMD as measured by DXA can also predict fractures in patients with more advanced CKD (stages 4, 5 and 5D). However, treatment in patients with advanced CKD requires bone biopsy, the gold standard to assess bone turnover, prior to treatment. Further research, focusing on noninvasive methods to assess fracture risk and bone turnover, together with randomized controlled trials of treatments to reduce fractures in patients at all stages of CKD, is required.
Association of GDF5, SMAD3 and RUNX2 polymorphisms with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis in female Han Chinese
Authors: Xiao J.‐L. , Meng J.‐H. , Gan Y.‐H. , Zhou C.‐Y. , Ma X.‐C.
Published: March 2015

Temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA) is a complex disease and has a strong genetic component in its pathogenesis. Experimental evidence suggests the involvement of biological pathway in the disease. This case–control study was designed to investigate whether five common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GDF5, SMAD3, RUNX2, TGFβ1 and CHST11, respectively, are associated with TMJOA in female Han Chinese patients. A total of 240 participants were evaluated comprising 114 female patients diagnosed with TMJOA based on Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders and 126 healthy female controls. The SNPs of the five genes in the genomic DNA were examined by sequencing, and their allelic, genotypic and carriage rate frequency distributions, as well as the triple combination of the risk genotypes, were analysed using the logistic regression model. The SNP in GDF5 or SMAD3 showed significant association with TMJOA, a relatively weak association was observed in RUNX2. In the triple combinational analysis, the risk of TMJOA grew 5·09 times in the patients with five or six risk alleles (P < 0·01). This is the first study to evaluate the association of GDF5, SMAD3, RUNX2, TGFβ1 and CHST11 with TMJOA in female Han Chinese. Our study suggests that the SNPs of genes related to TGFβ family might contribute to the risk of TMJOA.
Estimation of the rate of tooth wear in permanent incisors: a cross‐sectional digital radiographic study
Authors: Ray D. S. , Wiemann A. H. , Patel P. B. , Ding X. , Kryscio R. J. , Miller C. S.
Published: March 2015

This study used conventional digital radiography to estimate the rate of tooth wear (TW) of maxillary and mandibular central incisors based on a cross‐sectional study design. The crown length of 1239 permanent maxillary and mandibular central incisors from 346 persons (age groups: 10, 25, 40, 55 and 70 years ±3) were measured by three calibrated dentists. Study teeth were intact incisally, had clearly visible incisal edges and cementoenamel junctions and had natural tooth antagonists. Measures were based on digital radiographic images (N = 666) archived in MiPACS within the electronic health record (axiUm®) from the College of Dentistry patient database. Incisor crown length decreased at a linear rate in both arches over the 60 years represented by the age groups. The average crown length for maxillary incisors in the youngest age group was 11·94 mm, which decreased by an average of 1·01 mm by median age 70. For mandibular incisors, the average crown length in the youngest age group was 9·58 mm, which decreased by an average of 1·46 mm in the oldest age group. Males and females showed similar rates of TW. Regardless of age, females demonstrated smaller mean crown height for maxillary incisors than males (P < 0·0001). Measures by the examiners demonstrated good agreement, with an interclass correlation coefficient of 0·869 and an average intra‐examiner correlation of 99·5%, based on repeated measurements (n = 100). TW was estimated to average 1·01 mm for maxillary central incisors and 1·46 mm for mandibular central incisors by age 70 years.
Family acceptability of school‐based echocardiographic screening for rheumatic heart disease in a high‐risk population in New Zealand
Authors: Perelini Fiona , Blair Nikki , Wilson Nigel , Farrell Alan , Aitken Andrew
Published: March 2015

Aim

Echocardiographic screening for rheumatic heart disease has been piloted in high‐risk areas in New Zealand and internationally, and fulfils most of the criteria for a targeted screening programme. The question of acceptability of rheumatic heart disease screening has not been assessed, and the aim of our study was to assess parental acceptability of a school‐based echocardiographic screening programme in a high‐risk population in New Zealand.

Methods

A post‐screening questionnaire was developed to survey parents of children who underwent echocardiographic screening. The families of 34 children with abnormal scan results and a sample of 80 children with normal scan results were surveyed by phone within 4 months of screening.

Results

Positive results were seen in all survey questions in both normal and abnormal scan groups. All families were supportive of an ongoing screening programme. Of children with abnormal results, 62% of their parents reported that they would treat their child differently; however, all responses were positive health‐promoting outcomes.

Conclusion

The study showed strong positive support for school‐based echocardiographic screening by a community with high acute rheumatic fever incidence. The study did not detect any short‐term negative effects in those with abnormal results. The survey result shows family and community support for the establishment of echocardiographic screening programmes in high acute rheumatic fever areas provided there is adequate infrastructural support.
Retinopathy of prematurity: New developments bring concern and hope
Authors: Darlow Brian A
Published: March 2015

Blindness from retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in Australian and New Zealand is an uncommon event although 3% of <31 weeks gestation infants receive treatment for the disease. New world‐wide estimates of the incidence of blindness from ROP are much higher than previously at 20 000 children annually. The impact of severe ROP can be reduced through good evidence‐based care of very preterm infants and careful organisation of eye examinations and follow‐up services. Recent oxygen saturation targeting trial results might mean the adoption of higher targets than formerly in very preterm infants and will require vigilance to ensure all eligible infants are examined appropriately. A true screening examination for acute ROP might involve non‐opthalmologists obtaining photographic retinal images and remote reading of these. Although treatment with laser gives good outcomes, there is interest in intravitreal anti‐vascular endothelial factor agents, but issues concerning the systemic safety and retinal results of such treatment are unresolved.
In vitro susceptibility testing of amphotericin B for Cryptococcus neoformans variety grubii AFLP1/VNI and Cryptococcus gattii AFLP6/VGII by CLSI and flow cytometry
Authors: Morales Bernardina Penarrieta , Trilles Luciana , Bertho Álvaro Luiz , Junior Ivan Neves , de Oliveira Raquel de Vasconcellos Carvalhaes , Wanke Bodo , Lazéra Márcia dos Santos
Published: March 2015

Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii AFLP1/VNI is the main causative agent of cryptococcosis associated with AIDS in the world. Cryptococcus gattii AFLP6/VGII causes mainly endemic primary infection in immunocompetent hosts. To determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of C. neoformans var. grubii AFLP1/VNI and C. gattii AFLP6/VGII against amphotericin B (AMB) in a short period of time, flow cytometry (FCM) with FUN‐1 fluorochrome was used to compare with broth microdilution method (CLSI M27‐A3). The minimum incubation period was evaluated by minimum fungicidal concentration procedure. Seventeen clinical isolates of C. neoformans var. grubii AFLP1/VNI and 18 of C. gattii AFLP6/VGII were analysed. The time for the determination of MICs by FCM was 2 h against 72 h by CLSI M27‐A3 and the comparison of MIC showed a positive significant correlation (P = 0.048). It is important to highlight the role of the FCM as an alternative method to determine the MICs for AMB in within a day, with positive cost‐benefit.
On the Innocence and Determinacy of Plural Quantification
Authors: Florio Salvatore , Linnebo Øystein
Published: March 2015

Plural logic is widely assumed to have two important virtues: ontological innocence and determinacy. It is claimed to be innocent in the sense that it incurs no ontological commitments beyond those already incurred by the first‐order quantifiers. It is claimed to be determinate in the sense that it is immune to the threat of non‐standard (Henkin) interpretations that confronts higher‐order logics on their more traditional, set‐based semantics. We challenge both claims. Our challenge is based on a Henkin‐style semantics for plural logic that does not resort to sets or set‐like objects to interpret plural variables, but adopts the view that a plural variable has many objects as its values. Using this semantics, we also articulate a generalized notion of ontological commitment which enables us to develop some ideas of earlier critics of the alleged ontological innocence of plural logic.
Functional analysis of the Fusarium graminearum phosphatome
Authors: Yun Yingzi , Liu Zunyong , Yin Yanni , Jiang Jinhua , Chen Yun , Xu Jin‐Rong , Ma Zhonghua
Published: March 2015

Phosphatases are known to play important roles in the regulation of various cellular processes in eukaryotes. However, systematic characterization of the phosphatome has not been reported in phytopathogenic fungi.

The wheat scab fungus Fusarium graminearum contains 82 putative phosphatases. The biological functions of each phosphatase were investigated in this study.

Although 11 phosphatase genes appeared to be essential, deletion mutants of the other 71 phosphatase genes were obtained and characterized for changes in 15 phenotypes, including vegetative growth, nutrient response and virulence. Overall, the deletion of 63 phosphatase genes resulted in changes in at least one of the phenotypes assayed. Interestingly, the deletion of four genes (Fg06297, Fg03333, Fg03826 and Fg07932) did not dramatically affect hyphal growth, but led to strongly reduced virulence. Western blot analyses showed that three phosphatases (Fg10516, Fg03333 and Fg12867) functioned as negative regulators of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathways. In addition, we found, for the first time, that FgCdc14 is dispensable for growth, but plays an important role in ribosome biogenesis.

Overall, in this first functional characterization of the fungal phosphatome, phosphatases important for various aspects of hyphal growth, development, plant infection and secondary metabolism were identified in the phytopathogenic fungus F. graminearum.
Designing optogenetically controlled RNA for regulating biological systems
Authors: You Mingxu , Jaffrey Samie R.
Published: March 2015

Light‐responsive proteins have been used in the field of optogenetics to control cellular functions. However, surprisingly, analogous approaches to regulate and alter the functions of RNA molecules by light remain underdeveloped. RNA aptamers and RNA devices can perform diverse intracellular functions and are important tools in synthetic biology. This report explores the challenges of and potential strategies for engineering light regulation into functional RNAs in cells. We discuss approaches for using existing light‐regulated proteins and small molecules to control RNA function in living cells. In addition, applications of light‐regulated RNAs for synthetic biology and for studying functions of endogenously expressed RNAs are discussed.
Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo: opportunities squandered
Authors: Kerber Kevin A.
Published: March 2015

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) presentations are unique opportunities to simultaneously improve the effectiveness and efficiency of care. The test and treatment for BPPV—the Dix–Hallpike test (DHT) and the canalith repositioning maneuver (CRM), respectively—are supported by two evidence‐based guidelines (American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery and American Academy of Neurology). With these processes, patients can be readily identified and treated at the bedside, quickly and without expensive tests. Patients randomized to the CRM have a cure rate of 80% at 24 h, compared to only 10% of controls. Despite this large effect size, less than 10% of affected patients receive the treatment, which shows that the management of BPPV in routine care is suboptimal. Future research is necessary to disseminate and implement the DHT and the CRM into routine practice.
VV′ Alternans Triplets on Near‐Field ICD Intracardiac Electrogram is Associated with Mortality
Authors: BAUMERT MATHIAS , KABIR MUAMMAR M. , DALOUK KHIDIR , HENRIKSON CHARLES A. , TERESHCHENKO LARISA G.
Published: March 2015

Background

In heart failure patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) the risk of death from causes other than tachyarrhythmia is substantial. Benefit from ICD is determined by two competing risks: appropriate ICD shock or nonarrhythmic death. The goal of the study was to test predictors of competing outcomes.

Methods

Patients with structural heart disease (N = 234, mean age 58.5 ± 15.1; 71% men, 80% whites, 61% ischemic cardiomyopathy) and primary (75%) or secondary prevention ICD underwent a 5‐minute baseline near‐field electrogram (NF EGM) recording. VV′ alternans triplets were quantified as a percentage of three sinus VV′ cycles sequences of “short‐long‐short” or “long‐short‐long” order. Appropriate ICD shock for fast ventricular tachycardia (FVT, cycle length ≤240 ms)/ventricular fibrillation (VF) and composite nonarrhythmic death (pump failure death or heart transplant) served as competing outcomes.

Results

Over a median follow‐up of 2.4 years, 26 patients (4.6% per person‐year of follow‐up) developed FVT/VF with ICD shock, and 35 (6.3% per person‐year of follow‐up) had nonarrhythmic death. In competing risk analysis, after adjustment for demographics, left ventricular ejection fraction, New York Heart Association class, cardiomyopathy type, use of class I antiarrhythmics, and diabetes, increased percentage of VV′ alternans triplets (>69%) was associated with nonarrhythmic death (subhazard ratio [SHR] 2.09; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–4.23; P = 0.041), rather than with FVT/VF (SHR 1.05; 95% CI 0.45–2.46; P = 0.901). Risk of nonarrhythmic death was especially high in diabetics with VV′ alternans triplets in the highest quartile (SHR 3.46; 95% CI 1.41–8.50; P = 0.007).

Conclusion

In ICD patients with structural heart disease sinus VV′ alternans triplets on NF EGM is independently associated with nonarrhythmic death, rather than with FVT/VF.
Pleomorphism during Ventricular Tachycardia: A Distinguishing Feature between Cardiac Sarcoidosis and Idiopathic VT
Authors: PANDA SUBHANARAYAN , KAUR DALJEET , LALUKOTA KRISHNAMOHAN , SUNDAR GOMATHI , PAVRI BEHZAD B. , NARASIMHAN CALAMBUR
Published: March 2015

Background

Ventricular tachycardia (VT), a common manifestation of cardiac sarcoidosis (CS), is associated with high morbidity and mortality. It could be mistaken for idiopathic VT (IVT) in the absence of systemic manifestations and overt cardiac structural abnormality. We studied the electrocardiogram (ECG) characteristics of VT in CS that may distinguish from IVT and also explored the relationship of the ECG characteristics with imaging findings in patients with CS.

Methods and Results

Twelve‐lead ECG characteristics of VT in CS patients (Group I = 37) were compared with IVT (Group II = 49). QRS duration, axis, morphology, VT cycle length, and cycle length variation (CLV) were analyzed.

In Group I, 18 (49%) had pleomorphic VT (PLVT) and none in Group II. CLV was seen only in Group I (24%). Mean QRS duration (milliseconds) and cycle length (milliseconds) were greater in Group I (QRSd 152.49 [39.3] vs 140.9 [19.2]) and (332.2 [136.5] vs 312.9 [56.2]), the differences not statistically significant.

In Group I, myocardial scar was present in 22 of 25 patients and myocardial inflammation in 28 of 29 patients as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (delayed enhancement) and 18‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission computed tomography, respectively. PLVT was seen more commonly in patients with involvement of >1 myocardial region than focal involvement (58% and 30%, respectively, with myocardial scar and 50% and 40%, respectively, with myocardial inflammation).

Conclusion

Pleomorphism and CLV during VT may be distinguishing features between IVT and VTs of CS origin.
Outcome of Patients with Advanced Heart Failure Who Receive Device‐Based Therapy for Primary Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death: Insights from the Israeli ICD Registry
Authors: SULEIMAN MAHMOUD , GOLDENBERG ILAN , SAMNIAH NIMER , ROSSO RAPHAEL , MARAI IBRAHIM , PEKAR ALEXANDER , KHALAMEIZER VLADIMIR , MILITIANU ARIE , GLIKSON MICHAEL
Published: March 2015

Background

Randomized clinical trials have shown conflicting data on the benefit of implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in patients with more advanced heart failure (HF) symptoms. Using the Israeli ICD Registry data, we sought to examine the effect of HF functional class on the outcome of patients who receive device therapy in a real‐world setting.

Methods

The association between HF functional class (categorized as baseline New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class I and II in [61%] vs class III and IV in [39%]) and clinical outcomes was assessed among 913 patients who received an ICD (n = 514) or a cardiac resynchronization therapy with a defibrillator (CRT‐D; n = 399) device and were prospectively followed in the Israeli ICD Registry between July 2011 and June 2013.

Results

The risk associated with advanced HF functional class was significantly different in ICD and CRT‐D recipients. In the former group, patients with NYHA classes III and IV experienced >3‐fold increased risk of HF or death (hazard ratio [HR] = 3.28; P < 0.001), whereas among CRT‐D recipients the risk was similar between patients with NYHA III/IV and those with less advanced HF symptoms (HR = 0.97 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.54–1.78]; P = 0.42; P value for NYHA functional class by device type interaction = 0.002). The risk for ventricular arrhythmia (VA) was significantly lower among patients with more advanced NYHA functional class, regardless of device type (overall HR = 0.52; 95% CI 0.33–0.91; P = 0.04).

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that patients with less advanced HF symptoms experience a greater risk for VA and the development of HF is attenuated in CRT‐D recipients with more advanced NYHA functional class.
Going mobile: Non‐cell‐autonomous small RNAs shape the genetic landscape of plants
Authors: Pyott Douglas E. , Molnar Attila
Published: March 2015

RNA silencing is a form of genetic regulation, which is conserved across eukaryotes and has wide ranging biological functions. Recently, there has been a growing appreciation for the importance of mobility in RNA silencing pathways, particularly in plants. Moreover, in addition to the importance for mobile RNA silencing in an evolutionary context, the potential for utilizing mobile short silencing RNAs in biotechnological applications is becoming apparent. This review aims to set current knowledge of this topic in a historical context and provides examples to illustrate the importance of mobile RNA silencing in both natural and artificially engineered systems in plants.
CD44‐expressing undifferentiated carcinoma with rhabdoid features of the pancreas: Molecular analysis of aggressive invasion and metastasis
Authors: Ohmoto Takuji , Yoshitani Nobuyuki , Nishitsuji Kazuchika , Takayama Tetsuji , Yanagisawa Yuto , Takeya Motohiro , Sakashita Naomi
Published: March 2015

Carcinoma with rhabdoid features is a rare malignant tumor with a poor prognosis whose molecular mechanism for aggressive behavior is unclear. We describe an undifferentiated pancreatic carcinoma with rhabdoid features that demonstrated extensive invasion and metastasis. Examination of a 63‐year‐old man with back pain disclosed a retroperitoneal tumor with multiple metastases. Lymph node biopsy revealed an undifferentiated carcinoma of unknown origin. Intensive chemotherapy was ineffective; the patient died 3 months after initial symptoms. Autopsy showed that the tumor displaced the retroperitoneal space: it diffusely invaded and destroyed the pancreas and duodenum. Histology demonstrated tumor cells with eccentric vesicular nuclei, large nucleoli, juxtanuclear eosinophilic inclusions, and poor cell adhesion. Immunohistochemistry showed that tumor cells expressed cytokeratin and vimentin, and electron microscopy confirmed a perinuclear mass of intermediate fibrils and lipid droplets, which indicated an undifferentiated carcinoma with rhabdoid features. Tumor tissue contained hyaluronan; tumor cells strongly expressed CD44, matrix metalloproteinase‐9, hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α, hyaluronan synthase 2, and acyl‐CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 and had a high Ki‐67+ ratio. Since hyaluronan is a ligand for CD44, formation of CD44‐hyaluronan complex on the cell surface activates CD44 and this activation may explain why the tumor manifested aggressive invasion and metastasis throughout the clinical course.
The Odense Child Cohort: Aims, Design, and Cohort Profile
Authors: Kyhl Henriette Boye , Jensen Tina Kold , Barington Torben , Buhl Susanne , Norberg Lene Annette , Jørgensen Jan Stener , Jensen Ditlev Frank Granhøj , Christesen Henrik Thybo , Lamont Ronald F. , Husby Steffen
Published: March 2015

Background

The importance of the environment on the development of the fetus and infant throughout early life is increasingly recognised. To study such effects, biological samples and accurate data records are required. Based on multiple data collection from a healthy pregnant population, the Odense Childhood Cohort (OCC) study aims to provide new information about the environmental impact on child health by sequential follow‐up to 18 years of age among children born between 2010 and 2012.

Methods

A total of 2874 of 6707 pregnancies (43%) were recruited between January 2010 and December 2012. Three hundred seventy‐four have since left the study, leaving 2500 active families. The non‐participants act as controls contributing data through local registries. Biological material, questionnaires, and registry data were compiled. Anthropometric data and other physical data were collected.

Results

Two thousand five hundred families actively participated in the study with 2549 children. Sixty‐four per cent of the fathers and 60% and 58% of the mothers, respectively, donated a blood sample at 10 and 28 weeks of gestation. On average, 69% completed questionnaires, 78% of the children were regularly examined, and had a blood sample taken (46%). The participating pregnant women differed from the non‐participants in several respects: age, body mass index, smoking, parity, education, and ethnicity. The infants were comparable with respect to gender and mode of delivery.

Conclusions

The OCC provides material for in‐depth analysis of environmental and genetic factors that are important for child health and disease. Registry data from non‐participating women and infants are available which ensures a high degree of comparable data.
Can physical activity be used as a tool to reduce depression in patients after a cardiac event? What is the evidence? A systematic literature study
Authors: Janzon Ellis , Abidi Taha , Bahtsevani Christel
Published: March 2015

A reduction in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) has been reported in the Western world, but post‐infarction depression often occurs and is related to poor medical outcomes. The aim of this study was to examine the scientific literature by a systematic review, in order to find evidence for whether physical activity can be a tool to reduce depression in patients who have suffered a cardiac event. Three databases were systematically searched (PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane), and the GRADE protocol was used in combination with a revised Amstar‐protocol for the systematic review. Scientific reports fitting the area were scarce. Finally, ten studies were included in this study: one meta‐analysis, five randomized controlled trials, and four clinical trials. The results showed low to moderate evidence for the use of low to moderate levels of exercise as a tool to reduce depression in post‐coronary artery event patients. This study concluded positive effects of physical activity as a tool to reduce depression in post‐coronary artery event patients. Physiotherapists could be further involved in increasing physical activity after cardiac events. More studies are needed in the area.
Utilization of maternal health services among adolescent women in Bangladesh: A scoping review of the literature
Authors: Shahabuddin A. S. M. , Delvaux Thérèse , Abouchadi Saloua , Sarker Malabika , De Brouwere Vincent
Published: March 2015

Objective

To understand the health‐seeking behaviour of adolescent women in Bangladesh with respect to the use of maternal health services.

Methods

Literature review of seven electronic databases: PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge, PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL, POPLINE and Global Health. Studies published in English between 1990 and 2013 which describe Bangladeshi adolescent women's healthcare‐seeking behaviour during pregnancy, delivery and post‐partum were included.

Results

Twelve studies were included in this review. 11 used quantitative methods and one used a mixed‐methods approach. All studies included married adolescent women only. Women with lower educational levels are less likely to seek skilled maternal health services than those with higher levels of education. Use of maternal health services is also less common among rural married adolescent women than women in urban areas. Being part of the richest bands of wealth, having had previous experiences of childbirth and higher women's autonomy positively influence the use of skilled maternal health services among married adolescent women in Bangladesh. Antenatal care is a key predictor of the use of skilled birth attendants for delivery and post‐natal care.

Conclusion

Maternal health‐related programmes should be designed targeting rural and uneducated married adolescent women in Bangladesh. More qualitative investigations are required to broaden our understanding on maternal health‐seeking behaviour of both married and unmarried adolescent women.
In vitro affinity reduction of biologic response modifiers from production buffy coat platelets exposed to recombinant protein receptors
Authors: Sandgren Per , Rönnmark Jenny , Axelsson Jonas
Published: March 2015

BACKGROUND

Recent studies link biologic response modifiers found in donor platelet (PLT) concentrates to transfusion reactions. We tested a novel method to deplete BRMs from PLT concentrates using apheresis.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Whole blood from 25 donors was treated to yield PLTs for in vitro measurements on Days 2, 5, and 7. On Day 7, PLTs were filtrated through columns with either antibody‐coated agarose or rh‐megalin bound to antibody‐coated agarose. In addition, we also tested the naked matrix (agarose) and another apheresis surface containing rh‐cubilin bound to agarose. Megalin and cubilin are parts of the protein complex mediating BRM endocytosis in the human kidney.

RESULTS

Compared to before filtration (951 × 109 ± 41 × 109 cells/L), PLT numbers decreased slightly after filtration over both naked (859 × 109 ± 38 × 109) and antibody‐coated (848 × 109 ± 41 × 109) matrices (both p < 0.001 vs. before). Concentrations of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐12 (p40), IL‐12 (p70), and IL‐7 all decreased by approximately 40% even in the absence of a recombinant surface. After filtration over rh‐cubilin, but not rh‐megalin, concentrations of IFN‐γ, IL‐1β, tumor necrosis factor‐α, IL‐12, and IL‐7 all further decreased by 30% to 50%.

CONCLUSION

In a pilot study of in vitro apheresis to deplete BRMs, we found that cell numbers and function remained largely unaffected by filtration. Significant reductions in BRMs occurred already with agarose. However, apheresis with the multiligand receptor rh‐cubilin was able to further decrease concentrations.
EARLY POSTOPERATIVE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS IN FIVE DOGS WITH CONFIRMED AND SUSPECTED BRAIN TUMORS
Authors: Chow Kathleen Ella , Tyrrell Dayle , Long Sam Nicholas
Published: March 2015

Early postoperative neuroimaging has been performed in people for over 20 years to detect residual brain tumor tissue and surgical complications. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe characteristics observed using early postoperative magnetic resonance imaging in a group of dogs undergoing craniotomy for brain tumor removal. Two independent observers came to a consensus opinion for presence/absence of the following MRI characteristics: residual tumor tissue; hemorrhage and ischemic lesions; abnormal enhancement (including the margins of the resection cavity, choroid plexus, meninges) and signal intensity changes on diffusion‐weighted imaging. Five dogs were included in the study, having had preoperative and early postoperative MRI acquired within four days after surgery. The most commonly observed characteristics were abnormal meningeal enhancement, linear enhancement at margins of the resection cavity, hemorrhage, and a thin rim of hyperintensity surrounding the resection cavity on diffusion‐weighted imaging. Residual tumor tissue was detected in one case of an enhancing tumor and in one case of a tumor containing areas of hemorrhage preoperatively. Residual tumor tissue was suspected but could not be confirmed when tumors were nonenhancing. Findings supported the use of early postoperative MRI as a method for detecting residual brain tumor tissue in dogs.
Reconstructing the invasion of Cyperus esculentus in Central Europe
Authors: Follak S , Aldrian U , Moser D , Essl F
Published: March 2015

Cyperus esculentus (yellow nutsedge) is a serious weed in agriculture worldwide and observational data suggest that it has recently started to spread rapidly in Central Europe. We studied its spatiotemporal invasion pattern, rate of spread and habitat affiliation in Austria, Germany and Switzerland, using retrospective distribution data from various sources and a method that accounts for sampling bias. In total, we found 265 records of C. esculentus since 1900. Multiple accidental introductions, coupled with subsequent regional radial expansion, describe the spatiotemporal range expansion of C. esculentus in the study area. Cumulative number of records and of the number of invaded grid cells showed a continuous increase, but spread has become more pronounced recently (>2005). Invasion hotspots were located in the warmest regions of the study area, as well as in regions with an oceanic climate. On average, the rate of spread within these invasion hotspots ranged between 3.1 and 5.7 km per year. Cyperus esculentus was primarily found on arable land, while other habitats have been rarely invaded. The integration of different data sources improved the cover of distribution data and was useful for reconstructing the incipient and recent invasion phase of C. esculentus. The data suggest that control may be best achieved by preventing long‐range dispersal and containing or eradicating incipient infestations of C. esculentus.
Generalized Polynomial Expansion Method for the Dynamic Analysis of Rotor-Bearing Systems
Authors: Shiau Ting Nung , Hwang Jon Li
Published: March 2015

The determination of critical speeds and modes and the unbalance response of rotor-bearing systems is investigated with the application of a technique called the generalized polynomial expansion method (GPEM). This method can be applied to both linear and nonlinear rotor systems, however, only linear systems are addressed in this paper. Three examples including single spool and dual rotor systems are used to demonstrate the efficiency and the accuracy of this method. The results indicate a very good agreement between the present method and the finite element method (FEM). In addition, computing time will be saved using this method in comparison with the finite element method.
Numerical Simulation of Three Dimensional Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer Within a Multi-Ribbed Cylindrical Duct
Authors: Taylor C. , Xia J. Y. , Medwell J. O. , Morris W. D.
Published: March 2015

Turbulent flow and heat transfer within stationary and rotating cylindrical ribbed ducts is simulated using a finite element model. The transfer of heat from the solid walls into the fluid is effected using a coupled solid/fluid model and details of the rapid local variation of local Nusselt, especially adjacent to the ribs, is predicted. The enhancement of heat transfer, when compared with heat transfer within a smooth rotating duct, due to the incorporation of ribs is demonstrated. The numerically determined bulk heat transfer rates are also compared with experimental results.
Experimental Study of Pressure Drop in a Rectangular Duct With Protuberances
Authors: Khodabakhsh-Sharifabad Fariborz , Munukutla Sastry S.
Published: March 2015

An experimental study of pressure drop over a 32 ft. length test section of 12″ × 18″ rectangular cross section with surface protuberances was conducted. Air flow tests were conducted over a Reynolds Number range of 0.5 × 105 to 5 × 105. The surface protuberances consisted of rectangular ribs attached to the duct surface. Two rib sizes of 1/2″ × 1/8″ and 1/2″ × 1/16″ were used. Rib spacings of 5 ft., 4 ft., 2 ft., 1 ft., 6 in., 3 in. and 1.5 in. were studied. Results of average friction factor are examined in the light of the standard Moody diagram and two empirical formulas proposed by earlier researchers for friction factor prediction. Finally, a new method is proposed for pressure drop prediction by decomposing the total drag into form drag due to ribs and skin friction drag due to the wall.
The Application of Convective Cooling Enhancement of Span-Wise Cooling Holes in a Typical First Stage Turbine Blade
Authors: Stankiewicz D. J. , Kirkham T. R.
Published: March 2015

A technique of heat transfer enhancement is investigated whereby the internal span-wise cooling passages of a typical first stage gas turbine blade are modified by the introduction of circumferential ribs.

The technique is verified by the use of a test rig incorporating a heated internally ribbed tube operating at the same range of Mach and Reynolds numbers as the turbine blade as well as by a test rig incorporating actual production blades immersed in a heated oil bath.
Analysis of Cracked Gas Turbine Blades
Authors: Bernstein Henry L. , Allen James M.
Published: March 2015

Results from an analysis of cracked first stage blades (or buckets) from two General Electric Frame 7001E industrial/electric utility gas turbines are presented. Numerous cracks were observed along the leading-edge and mid-chord regions of the pressure and suction surfaces. In one unit cracks were found after 874 start-stop cycles, which included 218 trips from load and 11,000 service hours. Buckets in the sister engine were examined after 1800 cycles, which included 218 trips from load and 24,000 service hours. In both cases, cracks initiated in the platinum aluminide coating and propagated into the IN-738LC base metal. For the 11,000-hour bucket, 20-mil (0.5-mm) deep cracks were observed, and for the 24,000-hour bucket, the leading edge cracks had grown to the leading edge cooling hole, a distance of 0.2 inches (5 mm). The number of cycles to crack initiation was in good agreement with thermal mechanical fatigue (TMF) predictions from the REMLIF computer program, which is part of the Electric Power Research Institute’s (EPRI) Life Management System. The cracking was greatly accelerated by the large number of trips experienced. The extensive crack propagation that occurred is thought to have been strongly assisted by oxygen and sulfur penetration along the grain boundaries. The coating on the leading edge degraded from the original platinum-aluminide plus beta phases to a gamma prime phase after 24,000 hours of service, but it was still protective except where it was cracked. Where the coating was cracked, environmental attack of the interdiffusion zone and base metal occurred, resulting in spallation of the coating and preferential grain boundary attack. Operating and maintenance considerations for optimizing bucket life in demanding cyclic duty environments are also discussed.
Fuel Oil Storage Effect and Impact on Utility’s Gas Turbine Operation
Authors: Backus Oscar
Published: March 2015

The City of Austin Electric Utility, like other utilities in the country that experienced the natural gas curtailments brought about by the Arab oil embargo of the late seventies, purchased several million gallons of fuel oil and stored it for subsequent use as an alternative fuel in the event another gas shortage crisis befell the utility industry. As the price and availability of natural gas improved, gas was once again used exclusively as the primary fuel in utility boilers and gas turbines. Remaining fuel oil inventories were secured and attention to the fuel oil’s integrity and chemical stability over the years was forgotten. This paper focuses on the potential degradation of fuel oil that has been stored for several years, its impact on gas turbine operation, its rehabilitation, and a program for continued maintenance to insure reliable operation and compliance with equipment vendor specifications and operating permit emission requirements.
Nickel Base Superalloys Single Crystal Growth Technology for Large Size Buckets in Heavy Duty Gas Turbines
Authors: Yoshinari Akira , Iijima Katsumi , Kodama Hideyo , Kano Kimio , Matsuzaki Hiroyuki
Published: March 2015

A larger size bucket with superior high temperature strength is required for future land based gas turbines. From the viewpoint of high temperature mechanical properties, single crystal alloys are rather promising. To grow larger sized single crystals of nickel base superalloys, a two stage heating and bypass process in which single crystal growth paths are incorporated into large cross sectional positions such as platforms has been developed. It results in successful single crystal growth of alloys for buckets with a total length of 170mm and large lateral cross section. Characteristics of single crystal buckets made by the bypass process and properties of an alumina mold prepared for a single crystal casting are described herein.
Improved Reliability of the TF40B Marine Gas Turbine Engine in the LCAC Fleet
Authors: Allison Eleanor M. , House Edward M.
Published: March 2015

Four Textron Lycoming TF40B marine gas turbine engines are used to power the U.S. Navy’s Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) vehicle. This is the first hovercraft of this configuration to be put in service for the Navy. Operation and test of the first production craft revealed deficiencies and less than desirable reliability, but confirmed the validity of its design and ability to perform the mission. After intensive efforts to resolve these problems, reliability trends began to improve as a result of corrective actions incorporated. Today, the LCAC fleet has accrued over 50,000 engine operating hours. Presented here are the changes which have been incorporated into the configuration of the TF40B engine to eliminate both engine unique and vehicle related discrepancies revealed through fleet experience. These changes have contributed significantly toward the improvement of the engine’s mean time between removal (MTBR) and mean time between failure (MTBF) rates.
An Intelligent/Learning Axial Fan Design System
Authors: Jackson Dennis G. , Wright Terry
Published: March 2015

A computer-based axial fan design system has been developed that allows the designer to rapidly obtain a preliminary axial fan design. Program FANDES allows the designer two options to determine the preliminary design parameters for a single-stage axial fan. The first option allows the designer the ability to design an axial fan using conventional blade-element design techniques. The second option enables the designer to search a database of previously designed fans for a set of scaled fans that will satisfy the current design point requirements. The designer can then refine one of the fans in this set to possibly improve the selected fan’s performance. The database of fans is utilized and maintained by FANDES and new fans are added at the user’s request. This allows for an intelligent program that is constantly learning from previous designs. As more fans are designed and saved to the database the design process becomes more of a selection and refinement process of previously designed fans.
Performance of Radial Clearance Rim Seals in Upstream and Downstream Rotor-Stator Wheelspaces
Authors: Dadkhah S. , Turner A. B. , Chew J. W.
Published: March 2015

A new experimental facility for the investigation of rim sealing is described and measurements are presented for two representative radial clearance seals with a nominally axisymmetric external flow. One radial seal has an upward rotor lip and is upstream of the rotor while the other has an upward stator lip and is downstream of the rotor. Measurements include surface pressures, tangential velocities in the core region of the disc cavity flow, and traverses of gas concentration in the cavity showing the distribution of mainstream ingestion. Tests were conducted at rotational Reynolds numbers up to 3 × 106 with nominal seal clearance to radius ratios in the range 0.002 to 0.01. For the radial seals a differential pressure criterion is found to overestimate the minimum sealing flow. Tangential velocity measurements in the wheelspace are in excellent agreement with other workers measurements and with theoretical predictions.
Development of an Innovative High-Temperature Gas Turbine Fuel Nozzle
Authors: Myers G. D. , Armstrong J. P. , White C. D. , Clouser S. , Harvey R. J.
Published: March 2015

The objective of the Innovative High-Temperature Fuel Nozzle Program was to design, fabricate, and test propulsion engine fuel nozzles capable of performance despite extreme fuel and air inlet temperatures. Although a variety of both passive and active methods for reducing fuel wetted-surface temperatures were studied, simple thermal barriers were found to offer the best combination of operability, cycle flexibility, and performance. A separate nozzle material study examined several nonmetallics and coating schemes for evidence of passivating or catalytic tendencies. Two pilotless airblast nozzles were developed by employing finite-element modeling to optimize thermal barriers in the stem and tip. Operability of these prototypes was compared to a current state-of-the-art piloted, prefilming airblast nozzle, both on the spray bench and through testing in a can-type combustor. The three nozzles were then equipped with internal thermocouples and operated at 1600F air inlet temperature while injecting marine diesel fuel heated to 350F. Measured and predicted internal temperatures as a function of fuel flow rate were compared. Results show that the thermal barrier systems dramatically reduced wetted-surface temperatures and the potential for coke fouling, even in an extreme environment.
Isothermal Flow Fields in a Research Combustor for Lean Blowout Studies
Authors: Sturgess G. J. , Heneghan S. P. , Vangsness M. D. , Ballal D. R. , Lesmerises A. L.
Published: March 2015

A propane-fueled research combustor has been designed and developed to investigate lean blowouts in a simulated primary zone of the combustors for aircraft gas turbine engines. To better understand the flow development and to ensure that the special provisions in the combustor for optical access did not introduce undue influence, measurements of the velocity fields inside the combustor were made using laser Döppler anemometry. These measurements were made in isothermal, constant density flow to relate the combustor flow field development to known jet behavior and to backward-facing step experimental data in the literature. The major features of the flow field appear to be consistent with the expected behavior, and there is no evidence that the provision of optical access adversely affected the flows measured.
Thermal Strain Tolerant Abradable Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Strangman T. E.
Published: March 2015

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are applied to hot gas path surfaces to reduce metal temperatures and thermal stresses for improved turbine component durability. Improvements in engine performance are achieved when TBCs enable reductions in cooling air usage and turbine blade tip-shroud clearances.

This paper describes the development of thick TBCs with superior strain tolerance. A pattern of grooves or slant steps incorporated into the surface to be coated enables the development of shadow gaps in the ceramic layer during plasma spray deposition. These gaps segment the TBC, permitting ceramic-metal thermal expansion mismatch and thermal strains to be accommodated by free expansion.