bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phosphatidylinositol‐4 kinase III beta and oxysterol‐binding protein accumulate unesterified cholesterol on poliovirus‐induced membrane structure
Authors: Arita Minetaro
Published: February 2014

Studies on anti‐picornavirus compounds have revealed an essential role of a novel cellular pathway via host phosphatidylinositol‐4 kinase III beta (PI4KB) and oxysterol‐binding protein (OSBP) family I in poliovirus (PV) replication. However, the molecular role for this pathway in PV replication has yet to be determined. Here, viral and host proteins modulating production of phosphatidylinositol 4‐phosphate (PI4P) and accumulation of unesterified cholesterol (UC) in cells were analyzed and the role of the PI4KB/OSBP pathway in PV replication characterized. Virus protein 2BC was identified as a novel interactant of PI4KB. PI4KB and VCP/p97 bind to a partially overlapped region of 2BC with different sensitivity to a 2C inhibitor. Production of PI4P and accumulation of UC were enhanced by virus protein 2BC, but suppressed by virus proteins 3A and 3AB. In PV‐infected cells, a PI4KB inhibitor suppressed production of PI4P, and both a PI4KB inhibitor and an OSBP ligand suppressed accumulation of UC on virus‐induced membrane structure. Inhibition of PI4KB activity caused dissociation of OSBP from virus‐induced membrane structure in PV‐infected cells. Synthesis of viral nascent RNA in PV‐infected cells was not affected in the presence of PI4KB inhibitor and OSBP ligand; however, transient pre‐treatment of PV‐infected cells with these inhibitors suppressed viral RNA synthesis. These results suggest that virus proteins modulate PI4KB activity and provide PI4P for recruitment of OSBP to accumulate UC on virus‐induced membrane structure for formation of a virus replication complex.
Managing oxidative stresses in Shewanella oneidensis: intertwined roles of the OxyR and OhrR regulons
Authors: Li Ning , Luo Qixia , Jiang Yaoming , Wu Genfu , Gao Haichun
Published: February 2014

Shewanella oneidensis, renowned for its remarkable respiratory abilities, inhabit redox‐stratified environments prone to reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Two major oxidative stress regulators, analogues of OxyR and OhrR, specifically respond to H2O2 and organic peroxides (OP), respectively, are encoded in the genome based on sequence comparison to well‐studied models. Presumably, these analogues provide protection from ROS. An understanding of S. oneidensis OxyR has been established recently, which functions as both repressor and activator to mediate H2O2‐induced oxidative stress. Here, we report the first study of elucidating molecular mechanisms underlying the S. oneidensis response to OP‐induced oxidative stress. We show that S. oneidensis has OhrR, an OP stress regulator with two novel features. The sensing and responding residues of OhrR are not equally important for regulation and the regulator directly controls transcription of the SO1563 gene, in addition to the ohr gene which encodes the major OP scavenging protein. Importantly, we present evidence suggesting that the OxyR and OhrR regulons of S. oneidensis appear to be functionally intertwined as both OxyR and OhrR systems can sense and response to H2O2 and OP agents.
nifH pyrosequencing reveals the potential for location‐specific soil chemistry to influence N2‐fixing community dynamics
Authors: Collavino Mónica M. , Tripp H. James , Frank Ildiko E. , Vidoz María L. , Calderoli Priscila A. , Donato Mariano , Zehr Jonathan P. , Aguilar O. Mario
Published: February 2014

A dataset of 87 020 nifH reads and 16 782 unique nifH protein sequences obtained over 2 years from four locations across a gradient of agricultural soil types in Argentina were analysed to provide a detailed and comprehensive picture of the diversity, abundance and responses of the N2‐fixing community in relation to differences in soil chemistry and agricultural practices. Phylogenetic analysis revealed an expected high proportion of Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria and Deltaproteobacteria, mainly relatives to Bradyrhizobium and Methylosinus/Methylocystis, but a surprising paucity of Gammaproteobacteria. Analysis of variance and stepwise regression modelling suggested location and treatment‐specific influences of soil type on diazotrophic community composition and organic carbon concentrations on nifH diversity. nifH gene abundance, determined by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, was higher in agricultural soils than in non‐agricultural soils, and was influenced by soil chemistry under intensive crop rotation but not under monoculture. At some locations, sustainable increased crop yields might be possible through the management of soil chemistry to improve the abundance and diversity of N2‐fixing bacteria.
TheUnitedStates' Experience with the Incident Command System: What We Think We Know and What We Need to Know More About
Authors: Jensen Jessica , Waugh William L.
Published: February 2014

In the wake of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, organizations involved in emergency management at the local, state and federal level were mandated to utilize the Incident Command System (ICS) to structure on‐scene response efforts. The system is currently relied upon as an organizing mechanism for response in the United States, and its widespread use outside of the United States is being advocated. Yet, there is little evidence that the system is consistently used as designed or a salve to common response problems. This paper reviews the evolution of ICS in practice and the available research on its use and effectiveness. The review makes clear that more research on the system is urgently needed.
On the Need for a Paradigm Shift in the Dutch Command and Information System for the Acute Phase of Disasters
Authors: Scholtens Astrid , Jorritsma Jan , Helsloot Ira
Published: February 2014

By and large, scientists agreed on what should be the output of a good command and information system in the acute phase of a disaster. The public needs fast and accurate information and fast ‘meaning‐making’ if they are to be as self‐reliant as possible and to be in the best possible position to cope with the shock of the disaster. Operational units need decentralized command and sometimes fast strategic decision‐making. Despite this, classical command and information systems such as the three‐tier system required by law in the Netherlands fail to deliver in this regard. We sketch an analytical framework which when applied to the Dutch system predicts its failure. We also present a different command and information system, already used in the Drenthe Safety Region, which satisfies the analytical framework. Early experience with the Drenthe system shows the potential of the new system but also shows that no system is better than the people in it.
Observing Elite Firefighting Teams: The Triad Effect
Authors: Vidal Renaud , Roberts Karlene H.
Published: February 2014

In the US, Incident Management Teams (IMTs) like to define their role as ‘bringing order to chaos’. Conversely, French firefighters tend to describe their jobs as ‘organizing chaos’. For US IMTs, internal order is the means to overcome external chaos, while French IMTs consider some (minimal) disorganization as opportunities for enhanced adaptability. What accounts for this difference in the way the Incident Command System (ICS) is enacted? Most importantly, how does it relate to success? Through a set of experiments on a virtual reality‐based simulation platform, we found that optimal performance was associated with the presence of certain types of triads the interaction network. Future research avenues are suggested and implications for ICS are discussed.
Japanese Disaster Management System: Recent Developments in Information Flow and Chains of Command
Authors: Okada Aya , Ogura Kenichi
Published: February 2014

How has Japan dealt with the issue of information and chains of command in its disaster management system? In this essay, the authors provide a brief overview of the Japanese context and describe the firsthand experience of information flow and command structure in action in disaster medicine during the initial response for the Great East Japan Earthquake. Authors argue that while efforts have been made by scholars and practitioners to adapt the idea of the American Incident Command System into the Japanese system, the current structure based on ‘sectionalism’ stands as the major obstacle in developing a unified information and command system.
The Drowning Index: Implementation in Drowning, Mechanical Asphyxia, and Acute Myocardial Infarct Cases
Authors: Wardak Khalil S. , Buchsbaum Robert M. , Walyzada Frozan
Published: February 2014

Drowning is a diagnosis of exclusion based on circumstantial and autopsy correlation. Sugimura proposed a threshold value of 14.1 for the Drowning Index (DI), the ratio of lung and pleural fluid to spleen weight, as a surrogate marker to diagnose drowning. We questioned the use of DI in diagnosing drowning. We compared DI between three groups—drowning, mechanical asphyxia, and myocardial infarct—seen at Broward MEO from 2008 to 2009. Only 9.4% of 53 drownings exceeded the DI threshold of 14.1, while 30% of 10 mechanical asphyxias and 40% of 10 myocardial infarcts had DI >14.1. Sensitivity for the DI test was <10% and specificity 60–70%. Median DI values for all groups were <10. Mann–Whitney U‐test was not statistically significant between groups. The DI is neither sensitive nor specific and lacks any utility in the diagnosis of drowning.
Persistence of Biological Traces at Inside Parts of a Firearm from a Case of Multiple Familial Homicide
Authors: Courts Cornelius , Gahr Britta , Madea Burkhard , Schyma Christian
Published: February 2014

Backspatter from wounds caused by contact shots against a biological target had before been shown to be propelled into firearms' barrels where they can persist and be retrieved from as relevant forensic evidence. Herein, that insight was applied to the investigation of a case of multiple familial homicide with a firearm. Samples of backspatter were collected from the firearm using DNA‐free swabs. DNA was extracted from the swabs, and 16 STR systems were PCR‐amplified to generate DNA profiles of all victims shot by the firearm. The quality of the resulting DNA profiles was sufficient to exclude the perpetrator as donor and to differentiate the three closely related victims thereby proving that all three victims had been shot by the same firearm from very close or contact distance. A key insight gained from this case was that not only a firearms' barrel inside but other inner surfaces may be charged with profilable DNA.
Incidence of Fetal Drug Exposure in Alabama: 2004–2011
Authors: Kalin Jack R.
Published: February 2014

Postmortem toxicological results for neonates and stillborn fetuses were examined to determine the incidence of drug exposure in utero and the relationship to fetal mortality. From 15,600 fatalities with toxicological analyses, 39 subjects were identified; 22 had positive findings (56%). Among the general population, 10,500 had positive findings (67%). Among the subject population, 22 drugs/metabolites were identified; cocaine/benzoylecgonine was most frequent (9 of 22 cases, 41%) then methamphetamine/amphetamine (7 of 22 cases, 32%). Respective incidences among the general positive population were 12% and 6%. Fetal/neonatal concentrations overlap the general population and exceed the mother. Remaining substances, detected largely in fatalities unrelated to drug exposure, were of little toxicological significance. The variety, with exceptions, reflects the general population. That the incidence of cocaine and methamphetamine among fetuses/neonates is three‐ and fivefold greater than the general population is evidence that maternal abuse of these drugs poses greater risk to fetal viability than all other substances identified.
Juvenile Economic Sanctions
Authors: Haynes Stacy Hoskins , Cares Alison C. , Ruback R. Barry
Published: February 2014

Research Summary

Economic sanctions, particularly restitution, can help juvenile offenders both learn the extent of the harm they caused and assume responsibility for repairing that harm. If that assumption is true, then restitution should be imposed in every case for which it is appropriate, other factors should not affect imposition, and paying restitution should be negatively related to recidivism. This analysis of 921 juvenile cases in five Pennsylvania counties found that restitution was imposed in only 33% of cases for which it was appropriate, whereas fees were imposed in 66% of cases. Consistent with expectations, restitution was more likely to be imposed for property offenses, but contrary to expectations, restitution was more likely to be imposed for felonies and for males. Judges were less likely to revoke the sentences of juveniles who paid a greater percentage of their total economic sanctions and of juveniles whose violation of sentencing conditions was for nonpayment of economic sanctions.

Policy Implications

Given that support for both punitive and progressive policies exists, policy makers have a unique opportunity to pursue alternatives, like economic sanctions, that appeal to both perspectives. Economic sanctions are particularly important for juveniles because they are less likely to interfere with other financial obligations (in large part because juveniles have fewer financial obligations than do adults) and because they avoid the stigma associated with more punitive sentences, such as incarceration. The negative relationship between payment of economic sanctions and recidivism, found in this study and in other studies, also suggests that, in both the short and the long term, economic sanctions are more cost‐effective. Furthermore, the restorative aspect of economic sanctions, particularly restitution, suggests that policy makers should consider how best to impose and collect economic sanctions, as they also are consistent with efforts to improve the treatment of crime victims.
Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Baglivio Michael T. , Jackowski Katherine , Greenwald Mark A. , Howell James C.
Published: February 2014

Research Summary

The prevalence of serious, violent, and chronic offenders is assessed across 5 years of delinquency referrals to a centralized juvenile justice agency. Differences in prevalence by gender and race/ethnicity and by age at first referral are compared for these youth with the other juveniles referred. Analyses examine whether subsequent official reoffending of these juveniles is predicted by similar risk and protective factors as with other youth. Stability in the proportion of youth meeting the serious, violent, and chronic classification was found. Males were more than twice as likely to be serious, violent, and chronic offenders. Serious, violent, and chronic offenders were almost three times more likely to have been first referred when 12 years old or younger. Predictive risk and protective factors are substantively different for these serious, violent, and chronic youth. Policy implications regarding appropriate delinquency interventions to address significant risk and protective factors for different subgroups of youth are discussed.

Policy Implications

Our study examines the prevalence rates of juvenile offenders classified as serious, violent, and chronic, thereby necessitating an analysis of resource allocation strategies for a juvenile justice agency. In light of this and other empirical findings, agency policies have been adjusted and new policies implemented, including a reduction in the number of residential beds by more than 50% in the last 3 years and reallocation of “deep‐end” resources to prevention and community‐based programming.
MR findings in spinal tuberculosis in an endemic country
Authors: Thammaroj Jureerat , Kitkhuandee Amnat , Sawanyawisuth Kittisak , Chowchuan Prathana , Promon Kayoon
Published: February 2014

Introduction

Spinal tuberculosis (TB) accounts for 50% or more of skeletal tuberculosis. MRI is a helpful tool for spinal TB. MR findings in spinal TB however, may have several different patterns.

Methods

The MRI features of spinal TB and classification as usual and unusual findings are reported. The MR images in 52 proven spinal TB patients in Srinagarind Hospital from 1996 to 2005 were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

There were five characteristics of unusual manifestations, including multiple skip lesions, vertebral body involvement, lamina and spinous process involvement, single vertebral collapse, and intramedullary tuberculoma. The skip lesion of spinal TB was the only distribution pattern significantly identified as being an unusual characteristic by multiple logistic regression.

Conclusion

The most common unusual pattern of spinal TB is skip lesions (11.5%). The distribution of this pattern is statistically significant as an important MRI feature for defining unusual spinal TB.
Use of rituximab to treat a patient with coexistence of rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis: 18 months follow‐up
Authors: Dundar U. , Çevik H. , Demirdal U. S. , Toktas H.
Published: February 2014

Coexistence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is rare. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor has been highly successful in controlling inflammation in many patients with AS or RA. Rituximab, which is a chimeric anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody, has been proven effective in RA. Whether rituximab may be effective in AS is presently unclear. Here we report the 18 months follow‐up result of a coexisting AS and RA TNF inhibitor failed patient that was treated successfully with rituximab.
Prevalence and associated risk factors for work disability in Egyptian patients with ankylosing spondylitis from one center
Authors: Abdul‐Sattar Amal , Abou El Magd Sahar
Published: February 2014

Objective

To determine the prevalence of work disability (WD) in Egyptian patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and to identify the main factors associated with this.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey was conducted among all patients with AS during an extended outpatient visit in the period between July, 2011 and December, 2012. Demographic data were collected and a physical examination was performed. Multivariate modeling was applied to determine the factors associated with work disability.

Results

The questionnaire was completed by 90 patients (85 males; 94.4%). The mean age of the participants was 37.8 (SD 9.7) years, mean disease duration was 12.1 (SD 8.9) years, and the mean symptom duration was 15 (SD 2.9) years. A total of 36 (40%) patients of working age were not working due to AS. The factors that associated with work disability, after completing logistic regression models, were older age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.8, 95%, confidence interval [CI] = 1.04–1.17), longer disease duration (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.12–2.8), increasing diagnostic delay (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.0–3.4), lower educational level (OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.6–6.4), manual profession (OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.10–2.6), living in a rural zone (OR = 3.14, 95% CI = 1.98–5.05), peripheral arthritis (OR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.20–3.43) and psychological symptoms (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.9–4.6).

Conclusion

The prevalence of WD among Egyptian patients with AS is considerably high. Clinical and psychosocial factors, in particular, appear to be associated with WD and should therefore be prioritized in clinical practice.
Validity of covariance models for the analysis of geographical variation
Authors: Guillot Gilles , Schilling René L. , Porcu Emilio , Bevilacqua Moreno
Published: February 2014

Due to the availability of large molecular data sets, covariance models are increasingly used to describe the structure of genetic variation as an alternative to more heavily parameterized biological models.

We focus here on a class of parametric covariance models that received sustained attention lately and show that the conditions under which they are valid mathematical models have been overlooked so far.

We provide rigorous results for the construction of valid covariance models in this family.

We also outline how to construct alternative covariance models for the analysis of geographical variation that are both mathematically well behaved and easily implementable.

The full R code to reproduce the numerical analysis is available from: http://www2.imm.dtu.dk/~gigu/MEE_GSPB/covariance_validity.html
glUV: a global UV‐B radiation data set for macroecological studies
Authors: Beckmann Michael , Václavík Tomáš , Manceur Ameur M. , Šprtová Lenka , von Wehrden Henrik , Welk Erik , Cord Anna F.
Published: February 2014

Macroecology has prospered in recent years due in part to the wide array of climatic data, such as those provided by the WorldClim and CliMond data sets, which has become available for research. However, important environmental variables have still been missing, including spatial data sets on UV‐B radiation, an increasingly recognized driver of ecological processes.

We developed a set of global UV‐B surfaces (glUV) suitable to match common spatial scales in macroecology. Our data set is based on remotely sensed records from NASA's Ozone Monitoring Instrument (Aura‐OMI). Following a similar approach as for the WorldClim and CliMond data sets, we processed daily UV‐B measurements acquired over a period of eight years into monthly mean UV‐B data and six ecologically meaningful UV‐B variables with a 15‐arc minute resolution. These bioclimatic variables represent Annual Mean UV‐B, UV‐B Seasonality, Mean UV‐B of Highest Month, Mean UV‐B of Lowest Month, Sum of Monthly Mean UV‐B during Highest Quarter and Sum of Monthly Mean UV‐B during Lowest Quarter. We correlated our data sets with selected variables of existing bioclimatic surfaces for land and with Terra–MODIS Sea Surface Temperature for ocean regions to test for relations to known gradients and patterns.

UV‐B surfaces showed a distinct seasonal variance at a global scale, while the intensity of UV‐B radiation decreased towards higher latitudes and was modified by topographic and climatic heterogeneity. UV‐B surfaces were correlated with global mean temperature and annual mean radiation data, but exhibited variable spatial associations across the globe. UV‐B surfaces were otherwise widely independent of existing bioclimatic surfaces.

Our data set provides new climatological information relevant for macroecological analyses. As UV‐B is a known driver of numerous biological patterns and processes, our data set offers the potential to generate a better understanding of these dynamics in macroecology, biogeography, global change research and beyond. The glUV data set containing monthly mean UV‐B data and six derived UV‐B surfaces is freely available for download at: http://www.ufz.de/gluv.
A critical first assessment of the new pre‐market approval regime for new psychoactive substances (NPS) in New Zealand
Authors: Wilkins Chris
Published: February 2014

Background

New Zealand has recently attempted to address the underlying drivers of the escalating new psychoactive substances (NPS) (‘legal highs’) problem by establishing the world's first pre‐market approval regulatory regime for NPS. NPS products which can be shown with clinical trial data to pose a ‘low risk’ of harm will be approved for legal manufacture and sale.

Aims and method

This paper critically assesses the new regime, drawing on experience of the pharmaceutical sector and legal BZP market.

Findings

A number of characteristics of the recreational use of NPS may not be well addressed by standard medical clinical trials, including binge use, polydrug use, use by vulnerable groups and high‐risk modes of administration. The overt advertising and covert promotion of approved NPS products on the internet may make them fairly visible to young people. The black market for unapproved NPS may be difficult to suppress given that unapproved NPS will be physically identical to approved NPS. If the legal market for NPS encourages the use of NPS, alcohol and other drugs there may be an increase in drug‐related harm. Alternatively, if the legal NPS market reduces the use of more harmful drugs, there may be a considerable public health benefit.

Conclusions

The clinical trials required for NPS products should address the characteristics of recreational NPS use. Enforcement resources and technical solutions are required to clearly distinguish legal NPS products. The impact the new NPS regime has on other drug use is a key issue and demands further study.
Evaluation of a novel approach in the prevention of white spot lesions around orthodontic brackets
Authors: Yap J , Walsh LJ , Naser‐ud Din S , Ngo H , Manton DJ
Published: February 2014

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the relative efficacy of a resin fissure sealant, nano‐filled self‐adhesive protective coating, resin infiltrant, glass ionomer cement (GIC), and GIC containing casein phosphopeptide‐amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP‐ACP) in preventing the formation of subsurface lesions of enamel (SLE) adjacent to orthodontic brackets by acting as an enamel surface sealant (ESS).

Methods

Eighty‐five enamel specimens with molar tubes bonded at their centre were randomly divided into five groups, each treated with a different material at the bracket's periphery. Specimens were stored in an acetate demineralization solution at pH 4.5 for 7 days at 37 °C then imaged using quantitative light‐induced fluorescence (QLF) to determine the difference in fluorescence (∆F) between sound‐ and acid‐exposed enamel. Lesion cross‐sections were then examined using backscattered scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to measure lesion depth.

Results

The use of GIC alone or incorporating CPP‐ACP significantly reduced ∆F compared with other materials. Backscattered SEM images showed no measurable demineralization for enamel treated with either GIC material in contrast with other groups, which showed statistically significant demineralization levels.

Conclusions

The fluoride‐releasing effects and CPP‐ACP benefits of the GIC materials show promise as an effective ESS in inhibiting enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets.
Wettability of chlorhexidine treated non‐carious and caries‐affected dentine
Authors: Ricci HA , Scheffel DLS , de Souza Costa CA , dos Santos FJ , Jafelicci M , Hebling J
Published: February 2014

Background

The wettability of a surface is a prerequisite for adhesion and the type of dentine plays an important role in this property. This study evaluated the effect of different excipients of chlorhexidine (CHX) on sound and caries‐affected dentine wettability.

Methods

Flat dentine surfaces were prepared (n = 100) and artificial caries was induced in half of the sample. For each substrate, sound and caries‐affected dentine, surfaces were assigned to five groups: (1) smear‐covered dentine; (2) smear‐free dentine saturated with water; (3) ethanol; (4) 1% CHX in water; or (5) 1% chlorhexidine in ethanol. The infected dentine was ground with 320‐grit silicon carbide paper to the level of affected dentine. The smear layer was removed with acid, followed by rinsing, blot drying and the application of each solution (60 seconds). Single Bond 2 was applied to each surface and contact angles were measured using a goniometer. Data were analysed by ANOVA and Student–Newman–Keuls (α = 0.05).

Results

Contact angles were higher on sound dentine, regardless of the treatment. For sound and caries‐affected dentine significantly higher angles were obtained on smear‐covered dentine. Acid‐etched dentine saturated with ethanol and ethanol/CHX resulted in significantly lower angles but only for sound dentine. Neither water and water/CHX nor ethanol and ethanol/CHX solutions differ with respect to dentine wettability.

Conclusions

Caries‐affected dentine wettability is higher than sound dentine, and chlorhexidine does not influence this property.
Technologies of truth in the anthropology of conflict: AES/APLA Presidential Address, 2013
Authors: MERRY SALLY ENGLE , COUTIN SUSAN BIBLER
Published: February 2014

Science and technology studies can help to unveil invisible modes of power that are embedded in the ways conflicts are known, debated, and resolved. Legal forms of adjudication, reporting systems used by international commissions, and data gathering on the part of governmental and nongovernmental agencies shape how conflicts are fought out on the ground and in policy arenas. Assumptions about evidence, categorization, adjudication, and measurement privilege certain forms of suffering over others, even as they omit phenomena that defy categorization. Using two examples—a global survey of violence against women and a U.S. government initiative to defer the deportation of certain undocumented immigrants—we bring insights from science and technology studies to bear on sociolegal phenomena. In so doing, we highlight tensions between measurement and invention, visibility and invisibility, and objectivity and discretion that are intrinsic to new forms of governance. We thus examine what measurement initiates and precludes, the reactive and proactive nature of technologies, and how new practices reproduce established techniques.
Commentary on Andrew Orta's “Managing the Margins”: The anthropology of transnational capitalism, neoliberalism, and risk
Authors: HO KAREN
Published: February 2014

Ethnographic examinations of neoliberalism are increasingly nuanced and varied, intersecting vertical power relations to enter such sites as MBA curricula and the training and cultivation of business executives. Andrew Orta's “Managing the Margins” exemplifies such research. In it, he investigates how professionalizing business subjects are socialized to approach “the market” and showcase their business expertise through commensurating techniques such as executive summaries and value‐chain analyses. At the same time, the distinctiveness of their education is often forged through singular, seemingly incommensurable study‐abroad trips to “emerging markets,” where the experiences and adventure of encountering “risky” margins construct the self as daring and enterprising. Incommensurable experiences at the margins are translated and reabsorbed into the normative production of professional selves. Careful attention is required, in ethnographic projects such as these, not to reinscribe dominant assumptions of what constitutes capitalist motivations and approaches to risk, not to mention, the very context of capitalism itself.
True life, real lives: Revisiting the boundaries between ethnography and fiction
Authors: FASSIN DIDIER
Published: February 2014

Ethnography and fiction have long been in dialogue in their common endeavor to understand human life and through their shared foundation on writing. Recently, anthropologists and sociologists have expressed concern that the worlds they study might be depicted more compellingly, accurately, and profoundly by novelists or filmmakers than by social scientists. Discussing my work on the embodiment of history in South Africa and on urban policing in France in light of, respectively, J. M. Coetzee's novel The Life & Times of Michael K and David Simon's television series The Wire, I analyze their commonalities and singularities. Using Marcel Proust's meditation on life and suggesting the heuristic value of distinguishing true life from real lives, I propose, first, to differentiate horizontal and vertical approaches to lives and, second, to complicate the dichotomy associating ethnography with the former and fiction with the latter. This reflection, which borrows from Georges Perec's rumination on the puzzle‐maker, can be read as a defense of ethnography against a certain prevailing pessimism.
Economy in practice: Islamic finance and the problem of market reason
Authors: RUDNYCKYJ DAROMIR
Published: February 2014

Proponents of Islamic finance are working to make Kuala Lumpur the “New York of the Muslim World”: the central node in a global Islamic alternative to the conventional financial system. Amidst this ambitious project, I document how Islamic finance experts represent economic rationality as an object of reflection and I examine their responses to the economism intrinsic to market reason. Islamic finance is not wholly opposed to economic rationality, but the market calculations endemic to what experts term “conventional finance” serve as an unavoidable point of reference, comparison, and differentiation. I refer to reflection on economic rationality as “economy in practice,” a conceptualization that seeks to illuminate the various techniques through which humans are made economic subjects.
On the monopoly: Speculation, pharmaceutical markets, and intellectual property law in Nigeria
Authors: PETERSON KRISTIN
Published: February 2014

The drug patent monopoly has been described as a key deterrent to Africans’ access to brand‐name, life‐saving drugs. Research in Nigeria, however, shows that another factor restricts access in that country: Brand‐name pharmaceutical companies’ pricing and marketing strategies keep patented drugs off the market. In this article, I retheorize the question of monopoly in the pharmaceuticals industry. I first track the historical precedents of this particular iteration of the drug monopoly. I then situate the monopoly in the context of ethnographic research I conducted on pharmaceutical markets and drug marketing (2005–10) as well as on Nigeria's compliance struggles with the WTO's Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPs) Agreement (1999–2003). TRIPs enforces patent holders’ rights and mandates intellectual property harmonization across nation‐states. In analyzing these two ethnographic sites together, I argue that rather than its purported short‐term legal existence, the current drug monopoly operates as though it has an indefinite life.
Bringing Kierkegaard into anthropology: Repetition, absurdity, and curses in Fiji
Authors: TOMLINSON MATT
Published: February 2014

The Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard offers two concepts that can strengthen anthropological analyses of Christianity. The first is “repetition,” or the act of “recollecting forward,” which provides a model of transformation that depends neither on deep continuity nor on decisive break. The second is “absurdity,” the faithful but painful acceptance of paradox as irreducible to logical resolution, which challenges eudemonic understandings of Christianity as a religion oriented toward comfort and satisfaction. I demonstrate the usefulness of Kierkegaard's concepts through an analysis of indigenous Fijian Methodists’ interest in repeatedly engaging with curses from ancestors as a way to overcome them.
Ethnography at its edges: Introduction to new AE book review essay series
Authors: GABLE ERIC
Published: February 2014

“Ethnography at Its Edges,” a new feature in American Ethnologist, presents review essays that explore the relationship between the use of ethnographic techniques in disciplines other than anthropology and contemporary trends within the discipline. The first two essays look at how anthropology overlaps with and differs from journalism and fiction.
Kasai hepatoportoenterostomy in South Australia: a case for ‘centralized decentralization’
Authors: Tu Chen Gang , Khurana Sanjeev , Couper Richard , Ford Andrew W. D.
Published: February 2014

Background

Recent follow‐up studies have demonstrated significant improvement in overall survival as well as survival with native liver following geographic centralization of services to three centres in the UK. However, this model has not been replicated in countries with relatively low population density such as Australia and Canada.

Methods

Retrospective evaluation of all patients born with biliary atresia (BA) in South Australia from 1989 to 2010 was performed. Thirty‐one patients with BA were discovered. Two patients were excluded because the initial Kasai procedure (KP) was performed interstate. Outcome parameters measured were (i) clearance of jaundice (bilirubin of less than 20 μmol/L, by 6 months); (ii) survival with native liver; and (iii) overall survival. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were plotted for both survival with native liver and overall survival.

Results

The incidence of BA in South Australia between 1989 and 2010 was 7.48 per 100 000 live births. Following KP, clearance of jaundice was achieved in 42.9% of patients. Five‐year actuarial survival with native liver was 55.2%, and overall 5‐year actuarial survival was 89.3%.

Conclusions

The results of KP performed at Women's and Children's Hospital from 1989 to 2010 can be considered comparable with international benchmarks. Based on these results, we propose the creation of a ‘centralized’ pool of surgeons in Australia to help continue providing ‘decentralized’ care of BA.
Caecal pneumatosis is not an absolute contraindication for endoluminal stenting in patients with acute malignant large bowel obstruction
Authors: Ngu James , Lieske Bettina , Chan Kok Hong Dedrick , Lim Tian Zhi , Cheong Wai‐Kit , Tan Ker‐Kan
Published: February 2014

Background

The computed tomographic (CT) finding of caecal pneumatosis in patients with malignant large bowel obstruction has been associated with ischaemia and impending perforation. Emergency surgery is then usually performed without consideration of endoluminal stenting. The aim of our study was to correlate caecal viability to the CT finding of caecal pneumatosis in patients with acute malignant large bowel obstruction.

Methods

A retrospective review of the CT scans of all patients presenting with acute malignant large bowel obstruction was performed. Patients with CT evidence of caecal pneumatosis were identified and this was correlated with intraoperative and histopathological findings.

Results

There were 10 patients who had caecal pneumatosis on their CT scans between 2007 and 2010. Five underwent immediate surgery while the other five had emergency endoluminal stenting performed. One failed the stenting procedure and proceeded to emergency surgery. The other four were stented successfully and underwent interval surgery in an elective setting. In the six patients who underwent emergency surgery, four were found to have a viable caecum intra‐operatively and underwent a segmental resection. The remaining two had an ischaemic caecum – one had curvilinear pneumatosis and the other had a predominantly bubbly pattern of pneumatosis on their CT scans.

Conclusion

Caecal pneumatosis alone is not a reliable predictor of caecal viability in patients with acute malignant large bowel obstruction. Such a finding on CT scan should be correlated clinically before excluding the role of endoluminal stenting.
DNA methyl transferases are differentially expressed in the human anterior eye segment
Authors: Bonnin Nicolas , Belville Corinne , Chiambaretta Frédéric , Sapin Vincent , Blanchon Loïc
Published: February 2014

Purpose

DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark involved in the control of genes expression. Abnormal epigenetic events have been reported in human pathologies but weakly documented in eye diseases. The purpose of this study was to establish DNMT mRNA and protein expression levels in the anterior eye segment tissues and their related (primary or immortalized) cell cultures as a first step towards future in vivo and in vitro methylomic studies.

Methods

Total mRNA was extracted from human cornea, conjunctiva, anterior lens capsule, trabeculum and related cell cultures (cornea epithelial, trabecular meshwork, keratocytes for primary cells; and HCE, Chang, B‐3 for immortalized cells). cDNA was quantified by real‐time PCR using specific primers for DNMT1, 2, 3A, 3B and 3L. Immunolocalization assays were carried out on human cornea using specific primary antibodies for DNMT1, 2 and 3A, 3B and 3L.

Results

All DNMT transcripts were detected in human cornea, conjunctiva, anterior lens capsule, trabeculum and related cells but showed statistically different expression patterns between tissues and cells. DNMT2 protein presented a specific and singular expression pattern in corneal endothelium.

Conclusions

This study produced the first inventory of the expression patterns of DNMTs in human adult anterior eye segment. Our research highlights that DNA methylation cannot be ruled out as a way to bring new insights into well‐known ocular diseases. In addition, future DNA methylation studies using various cells as experimental models need to be conducted with attention to approach the results analysis from a global tissue perspective.
Laser iridotomy and the corneal endothelium: a systemic review
Authors: Wang Priscilla X. , Koh Victor T. C. , Loon Seng Chee
Published: February 2014

This study aims to systemically review the effect of laser iridotomy on the corneal endothelium. Searches were performed for studies that either compared corneal endothelial cell density/count, corneal thickness and morphology pre‐ and postiridotomy, or evaluated the postiridotomy development of corneal decompensation. There were 26 eligible studies. Our review shows that the effect of laser iridotomy on the corneal endothelium has been investigated with varying results. Although it has been demonstrated to be a relatively safe procedure, there is still the potential long‐term risk of corneal decompensation, for which a corneal transplantation may be indicated eventually. The longest interval between laser iridotomy and corneal decompensation reported was 8 years. Mechanisms proposed for endothelial damage include direct focal injury, thermal damage, mechanical shock waves, iris pigment dispersion, transient rise in intraocular pressure, inflammation, turbulent aqueous flow, time‐dependent shear stress on endothelium, chronic breakdown of blood–aqueous barrier and damage from bubbles that settled onto the endothelium. Inherent risk factors identified were iridotrabecular contact, current or prior acute angle closure, pigmented irides, small iris‐to‐endothelium distance, pre‐existing endothelial disease and diabetes. Intervention‐related risk factors include laser type, delivery and quantity. The significance of the risk factors and their direct association with the development of corneal decompensation remain to be determined. Understanding these risk factors may allow physicians to counsel their patients better. They may offer opportunities for preventive strategies, allowing us to ensure that a procedure performed to prevent disease progression and visual loss does not cause further morbidity.
Intracranial haemorrhage is linked to late onset vitamin K deficiency in infants aged 2–24 weeks
Authors: Elalfy MS , Elagouza IA , Ibrahim FA , AbdElmessieh SK , Gadallah M
Published: February 2014

Aim

Late vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB) can be serious and manifest as early onset intracranial haemorrhage (ICH). This study aimed to determine the frequency of ICH in relation to vitamin K deficiency and the outcome in infants aged two to 24 weeks.

Method

A hospital‐based study was conducted in two main tertiary hospitals in Cairo, Egypt, from May 2011 to May 2012 with 40 patients with ICH and 50 age‐matched controls without ICH.

Results

Forty patients with ICH were recruited, 19 were excluded for clinical reasons and the remaining 21 had a significantly low vitamin K level. Exclusive breast feeding (81% of patients), diarrhoea lasting more than 1 week (38.1%) and antibiotic consumption within a week before the development of ICH (57.1%) were more common in the patients than in the control group (p value>0.05, <0.01 and <0.01, respectively).

Conclusion

A high frequency of ICH due to late VKDB was reported in Egyptian infants aged two to 24 weeks, with poorer outcomes than international studies. A national survey is required to evaluate the timing and protective value of a second booster vitamin K dose to reduce ICH, especially in high‐risk patients in this age group.
Left‐behind children in rural China experience higher levels of anxiety and poorer living conditions
Authors: Zhao Xue , Chen Jian , Chen Ming‐Chun , Lv Xiao‐Ling , Jiang Yu‐Hong , Sun Ye‐Huan
Published: February 2014

Aim

The number of rural Chinese parents who leave their children with family members to work in the cities has increased dramatically over the last decade. This study compared the social anxiety of left‐behind children (LBC) and children not left behind (non‐LBC).

Methods

We investigated 1694 LBC and 1223 non‐LBC, aged seven to 17 years, in a Chinese province using a structured questionnaire that included questions about socio‐demographic characteristics, social anxiety, family function, quality of life, neglect and physical abuse.

Results

LBC displayed higher social anxiety scores, more neglect, lower parental educational level, lower quality of life, lower family function and lower prevalence of physical abuse than non‐LBC. Multiple linear regression models showed that higher Social Anxiety Scales for Children (SASC) scores in LBC were clearly associated with lower quality of life, poorer family function, physical abuse, being female, having more siblings and minorities. In non‐LBC, they were associated with lower quality of life, poorer family function, neglect, being female and physical abuse.

Conclusion

LBC have a relatively higher level of social anxiety and poorer living conditions than non‐LBC, and there are differences in social anxiety, and its relevant factors, between the two groups.
Conflict between Women's Physically Active and Passive Leisure Pursuits: The Role of Self‐Determination and Influences on Well‐Being
Authors: Williams Tamara , Guerin Eva , Fortier Michelle
Published: February 2014

Background: Evidence in support of both physically active and passive leisure as significant contributors to well‐being has surfaced around the world. However, for physically active, working mothers, fitting leisure into an already busy schedule can be challenging. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of time resources and self‐determination for active and passive leisure on conflict between these two leisure domains and the influence of this conflict on well‐being. Methods: A total of 66 working mothers completed validated questionnaires measuring satisfaction with time and motivation at baseline followed by two weeks of computerized diary capture to evaluate leisure engagement with final measures of goal conflict and well‐being at the end of the two weeks. Results: Results indicated that dissatisfaction with time resources is associated with increased goal conflict as are non‐self‐determined motivation for physically active leisure and self‐determined motivation for passive leisure. Controlling for engagement in physically active and passive leisure, well‐being is negatively influenced by goal conflict. Conclusions: Time resources, goal conflict, and motivation are important factors to consider in efforts to increase well‐being among physically active working mothers. Further research is required to understand the influence of opposing motivational orientations on goal conflict.