bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do Target and Non-Target Ethnic Group Adolescents Process Advertisements Differently?
Authors: Butt Muhammad Mohsin , de Run Ernest Cyril
Published: January 2011

Research on ethnic advertisements has identified attitudinal differences between target and non-target groups. However, investigators have largely failed to explain the reasons behind these differences. Accordingly, this study examines the process by which target and non-target group adolescents build attitudes towards ethnically focused advertisements. The Elaboration Likelihood Model and Dual Mediation Hypothesis models are used as theoretical and operational frameworks. This study uses a modified DMH model that incorporates ethnic identity strength and self-reference as important antecedents of ad attitude and ad cognition in the context of ethnic advertising. The data are analysed with the help of structural equation modelling procedures. The results suggest that non-target ethnic group adolescents generally process advertisements in a peripheral manner, whereas target ethnic group adolescents tend to engage in both central and peripheral processing. More importantly, for both majority and minority groups, the strength of subjects’ ethnic identity and self-reference impact their response to ethnic advertisements when the advertisement is compatible with their ethnic background.
Procedural influences on judgments and behavioral decisions
Authors: Wyer Robert S.
Published: January 2011

Individuals' decisions are not only influenced by their immediate objective and the relevance of the available information to the attainment of this objective. When several different cognitive procedures could be used to make a decision, the nature of this decision can depend on the procedure that happens to be used. The selection of this procedure, which might come into play at different stages of cognitive functioning, can be affected by factors that are totally irrelevant to the judgment or decision to be made or to the goal that is being pursued. In fact, procedures that have been employed in one situation can influence behavior in a quite different situation in the pursuit of a quite unrelated objective. Examples of these effects are reviewed and interpreted in terms of three basic principles of cognitive functioning that pertain to cognitive efficiency, knowledge accessibility and the impact of subjective experience.
Pleistocene–Holocene environmental change in the Canary Archipelago as inferred from the stable isotope composition of land snail shells
Authors: Yanes Yurena , Yapp Crayton J. , Ibáñez Miguel , Alonso María R. , De-la-Nuez Julio , Quesada María L. , Castillo Carolina , Delgado Antonio
Published: January 2011

The isotopic composition of land snail shells was analyzed to investigate environmental changes in the eastern Canary Islands (28–29°N) over the last ~ 50 ka. Shell δ13C values range from −8.9‰ to 3.8‰. At various times during the glacial interval (~ 15 to ~ 50 ka), moving average shell δ13C values were 3‰ higher than today, suggesting a larger proportion of C4 plants at those periods. Shell δ18O values range from −1.9‰ to 4.5‰, with moving average δ18O values exhibiting a noisy but long-term increase from 0.1‰ at ~ 50 ka to 1.6–1.8‰ during the LGM (~ 15–22 ka). Subsequently, the moving average δ18O values range from 0.0‰ at ~ 12 ka to 0.9‰ at present. Calculations using a published snail flux balance model for δ18O, constrained by regional temperatures and ocean δ18O values, suggest that relative humidity at the times of snail activity fluctuated but exhibited a long-term decline over the last ~ 50 ka, eventually resulting in the current semiarid conditions of the eastern Canary Islands (consistent with the aridification process in the nearby Sahara). Thus, low-latitude oceanic island land snail shells may be isotopic archives of glacial to interglacial and tropical/subtropical environmental change.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WEIGHT LOSS AND TIME AND RISK PREFERENCE PARAMETERS: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Authors: TAKADA AKEMI , NAKAMURA RYOTA , FURUKAWA MASAKAZU , TAKAHASHI YOSHIMITSU , NISHIMURA SHUZO , KOSUGI SHINJI
Published: January 2011

This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of intervention (specifically, intervention by telephone and mails, known as ‘tele-care’) relative to self-help as a weight-loss method. The question of whether there is a correlation between changes in two preference parameters – time discounting (i.e. impatience) and risk aversion – and the level of commitment was examined. The study, spanning a period of 24 weeks in 2006–2007, comprised 118 participants, each of whom was randomly assigned to either the tele-care or the self-help group. A public-health nurse provided support through telephone and mail communications to the tele-care group, aiming to reduce their calorie intake and increase exercise via this intervention. There was a significant decrease in the body weight of the participants of the tele-care group from the baseline; however, there were no significant differences in the weight loss, median time discounting or risk aversion between the two groups. The subsequent analysis for weight loss with changes in time and risk parameters revealed a significant difference in the weight loss in the time-discounting–loss and risk-aversion–gain groups. From the results of the multiple regression analysis, the time discounting was noted to be associated with age, initial BMI and marital status among men, and risk aversion was associated with age and job status among women. There is a possibility that a decrease in time discounting and increase in risk aversion might correlate with the weight loss or effectiveness of commitment in this trial. This study suggests that time discounting and risk aversion may be useful in anti-obesity efforts, since they are accurate criteria of behavioural patterns associated with weight problems.
Continual skipping on water
Authors: HEWITT I. J. , BALMFORTH N. J. , McELWAINE J. N.
Published: January 2011

Experiments are conducted to study the planing and skipping of a rectangular paddle on the surface of a shallow stream. The paddle is allowed to move freely up and down by attaching it to a pivoted arm. A steady planing state, in which the lift force from the water balances the weight on the paddle, is found to be stable for small stream velocities but to become unstable above a certain threshold velocity which depends upon the weight and the angle of attack. Above this threshold, the paddle oscillates in the water and can take off into a continual bouncing, or skipping, motion, with a well-defined amplitude and frequency. The transition is sometimes bistable so that both a steady planing state and a regular skipping state are possible for the same experimental parameters. Shallow-water theory is used to construct simple models that explain the qualitative features of the planing and skipping states in the experiments. It is found that a simple parameterisation of the lift force on the paddle proportional to the depth of entry is not sufficient to explain the observations, and it is concluded that the rise of water ahead of the paddle, in particular the way this varies over time, is responsible for causing the planing state to become unstable and for enabling a continual skipping state.
A bug on a raft: recoil locomotion in a viscous fluid
Authors: CHILDRESS STEPHEN , SPAGNOLIE SAVERIO E. , TOKIEDA TADASHI
Published: January 2011

The locomotion of a body through an inviscid incompressible fluid, such that the flow remains irrotational everywhere, is known to depend on inertial forces and on both the shape and the mass distribution of the body. In this paper we consider the influence of fluid viscosity on such inertial modes of locomotion. In particular we consider a free body of variable shape and study the centre-of-mass and centre-of-volume variations caused by a shifting mass distribution. We call this recoil locomotion. Numerical solutions of a finite body indicate that the mechanism is ineffective in Stokes flow but that viscosity can significantly increase the swimming speed above the inviscid value once Reynolds numbers are in the intermediate range 50–300. To study the problem analytically, a model which is an analogue of Taylor's swimming sheet is introduced. The model admits analysis at fixed, arbitrarily large Reynolds number for deformations of sufficiently small amplitude. The analysis confirms the significant increase of swimming velocity above the inviscid value at intermediate Reynolds numbers.
Pulsatile jets
Authors: HEWITT RICHARD E. , DUCK PETER W.
Published: January 2011

We consider the evolution of high-Reynolds-number, planar, pulsatile jets in an incompressible viscous fluid. The source of the jet flow comprises a mean-flow component with a superposed temporally periodic pulsation, and we address the spatiotemporal evolution of the resulting system. The analysis is presented for both a free symmetric jet and a wall jet. In both cases, pulsation of the source flow leads to a downstream short-wave linear instability, which triggers a breakdown of the boundary-layer structure in the nonlinear regime. We extend the work of Riley, Sánchez-Sans & Watson (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 638, 2009, p. 161) to show that the linear instability takes the form of a wave that propagates with the underlying jet flow, and may be viewed as a (spatially growing) weakly non-parallel analogue of the (temporally growing) short-wave modes identified by Cowley, Hocking & Tutty (Phys. Fluids, vol. 28, 1985, p. 441). The nonlinear evolution of the instability leads to wave steepening, and ultimately a singular breakdown of the jet is obtained at a critical downstream position. We speculate that the form of the breakdown is associated with the formation of a ‘pseudo-shock’ in the jet, indicating a failure of the (long-length scale) boundary-layer scaling. The numerical results that we present disagree with the recent results of Riley et al. (2009) in the case of a free jet, together with other previously published works in this area.
Particle dispersion by random waves in the rotating Boussinesq system
Authors: HOLMES-CERFON MIRANDA , BÜHLER OLIVER , FERRARI RAFFAELE
Published: January 2011

We present a theoretical and numerical study of horizontal particle dispersion due to random waves in the three-dimensional rotating and stratified Boussinesq system, which serves as a simple model to study the dispersion of tracers in the ocean by the internal wave field. Specifically, the effective one-particle diffusivity in the sense of Taylor (Proc. Lond. Math. Soc., vol. 20, 1921, p. 196) is computed for a small-amplitude internal gravity wave field modelled as a stationary homogeneous and horizontally isotropic Gaussian random field whose frequency spectrum is bounded away from zero. Dispersion in this system does not arise simply because of a Stokes drift effect, as in the case of surface gravity waves, but in addition it is driven by the nonlinear, second-order corrections to the linear velocity field, which can be computed using the methods of wave–mean interaction theory. A formula for the one-particle diffusivity as a function of the spectrum of the random wave field is presented. It is shown that this diffusivity is much smaller than might be expected from heuristic arguments based on the magnitude of the Stokes drift or the pseudomomentum. This appears to stem from certain incompressibility constraints for the Stokes drift and the second-order velocity field. Finally, the theory is applied to oceanic conditions described by a typical model wave spectrum, the Garrett–Munk spectrum, and also by detailed field observations from the North Atlantic tracer release experiment.
Microvascular decompression may be an effective treatment for nervus intermedius neuralgia
Authors: Saers S J F , Han K S , de Ru J A
Published: January 2011

Objective:

To report microvascular decompression as a possible effective treatment for patients with nervus intermedius neuralgia, and to contribute to the literature regarding both this syndrome and this specific form of treatment.

Method:

Case report of a patient with intermedius neuralgia. The main complaint was severe otalgia in the area innervated by the nervus intermedius, possibly caused by neurovascular compression of the nervus intermedius by the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. Microvascular decompression was undertaken, with good results.

Results:

Post-operatively, the patient felt immediate and total relief of her otalgia, with normal facial nerve function and no otological morbidity. One year post-operatively, she was still free from otalgia.

Conclusion:

Patients with nervus intermedius neuralgia who do not respond to medical treatment may benefit from microvascular decompression.
Optic nerve compression in allergic fungal sinusitis
Authors: Thakar A , Lal P , Dhiwakar M , Bahadur S
Published: January 2011

Objective:

To describe the syndrome of optic nerve involvement in cases of allergic fungal sinusitis.

Setting:

Academic tertiary care centre.

Methods:

Analysis of prospectively accrued data for 10 consecutive cases (three bilateral, giving 13 eyes) with visual loss secondary to optic nerve compression, from a total of 70 cases of allergic fungal sinusitis undergoing surgical treatment between June 1997 and May 2007.

Results:

The mean duration of rhinological symptoms prior to the onset of visual loss was 22 months. At presentation, visual loss ranged from a visual acuity of 6/12 to complete loss of light perception. Bilateral involvement was noted in three of the 10 cases. Urgent surgical decompression with removal of all fungal debris and decompression of the optic nerve resulted in visual recovery in seven of the 13 eyes. On univariate analysis, recovery was less likely in cases with long standing visual loss, and in cases with complete visual loss.

Conclusion:

Long standing allergic fungal sinusitis may be complicated by visual loss due to compression of the optic nerve. Urgent surgery to clear the sinuses and decompress the optic nerve is successful in reversing visual loss in cases with partial visual loss.
Middle-ear surgery under sedation: comparison of midazolam alone or midazolam with remifentanil
Authors: Lee J J , Lee J H
Published: January 2011

Objective:

Performance of middle-ear surgery under local anaesthesia has several advantages, but many patients complain of pain, anxiety and adverse events (e.g. dizziness and nausea). To minimise such problems, we compared sedation with midazolam alone versus midazolam with remifentanil.

Patients and methods:

We initially observed 19 patients undergoing middle-ear surgery under local anaesthesia, as controls. We then sedated a further 40 patients undergoing such surgery, with either midazolam or midazolam plus remifentanil.

Results:

The sedated patients had significantly lower incidences of local anaesthesia injection pain (p < 0.001), intra-operative pain (p < 0.001), intra-operative anxiety (p < 0.001) and adverse events, compared with the control group. Patients sedated with midazolam plus remifentanil reported less intra-operative anxiety (p = 0.010) and greater post-operative satisfaction with sedation (p = 0.007), compared with those sedated with midazolam only.

Conclusion:

Patients undergoing middle-ear surgery under local anaesthesia alone frequently report pain, anxiety and adverse events. However, the majority of our patients who were sedated with midazolam satisfactorily overcame pain, anxiety and adverse events. Results were better still when midazolam was accompanied by remifentanil.
Differences in temperament and character dimensions in patients with bipolar I or II or major depressive disorder and general population subjects
Authors: Jylhä P. , Mantere O. , Melartin T. , Suominen K. , Vuorilehto M. , Arvilommi P. , Holma I. , Holma M. , Leppämäki S. , Valtonen H. , Rytsälä H. , Isometsä E.
Published: January 2011

Background

Whether temperament and character differ between bipolar disorder (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD) patients and general population subjects, or between BD I and BD II patients, remains unclear.

Method

BD patients (n=191) from the Jorvi Bipolar Study and MDD patients (n=266) from the Vantaa Depression Study (VDS) and the Vantaa Primary Care Depression Study were interviewed at baseline, at 6 and 18 months, and in the VDS at 5 years. A general population comparison group (n=264) was surveyed by mail. BD patients' scores on the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised were compared at an index interview, when levels of depression and mania were lowest, with scores of MDD patients and controls. BD I (n=99) and BD II (n=92) patients were compared.

Results

Compared with controls, both BD and MDD patients had higher harm avoidance [odds ratio (OR) 1.027, p<0.001 and OR 1.047, p<0.001, respectively] and lower persistence (OR 0.983, p=0.006 and OR 0.968, p<0.001, respectively) scores. Moreover, BD patients had lower self-directedness (OR 0.979, p=0.003), MDD patients lower reward dependence (OR 0.976, p=0.002) and self-transcendence (OR 0.966, p<0.001) scores. BD patients scored lower in harm avoidance (OR 0.980, p=0.002) and higher in novelty seeking (OR 1.027, p<0.001) and self-transcendence (OR 1.028, p<0.001) than MDD patients. No differences existed between BD I and II patients.

Conclusions

The patterns of temperament and character dimensions differed less between BD and MDD patients, than patients from their controls. The most pronounced difference was higher novelty seeking in BD than MDD patients. The dimensions investigated are unlikely to differ between BD I and BD II patients.
Biomolecular modeling and simulation: a field coming of age
Authors: Schlick Tamar , Collepardo-Guevara Rosana , Halvorsen Leif Arthur , Jung Segun , Xiao Xia
Published: January 2011

We assess the progress in biomolecular modeling and simulation, focusing on structure prediction and dynamics, by presenting the field's history, metrics for its rise in popularity, early expressed expectations, and current significant applications. The increases in computational power combined with improvements in algorithms and force fields have led to considerable success, especially in protein folding, specificity of ligand/biomolecule interactions, and interpretation of complex experimental phenomena (e.g. NMR relaxation, protein-folding kinetics and multiple conformational states) through the generation of structural hypotheses and pathway mechanisms. Although far from a general automated tool, structure prediction is notable for proteins and RNA that preceded the experiment, especially by knowledge-based approaches. Thus, despite early unrealistic expectations and the realization that computer technology alone will not quickly bridge the gap between experimental and theoretical time frames, ongoing improvements to enhance the accuracy and scope of modeling and simulation are propelling the field onto a productive trajectory to become full partner with experiment and a field on its own right.
Inflation of strongly connected networks
Authors: AGARWAL NIKITA
Published: January 2011

A coupled cell network is an inflation of if the dynamics of is embedded in as a quotient network. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of a strongly connected inflation of a strongly connected network. We provide a simple algorithm for the construction of a strongly connected inflation as a sequence of simple inflations.
Counting models of genus one curves
Authors: SADEK MOHAMMAD
Published: January 2011

LetCbe a soluble smooth genus one curve over a Henselian discrete valuation field. There is a unique minimal Weierstrass equation definingCup to isomorphism. In this paper we consider genus one equations of degreendefiningC, namely a (generalised) binary quartic whenn= 2, a ternary cubic whenn= 3 and a pair of quaternary quadrics whenn= 4. In general, minimal genus one equations of degreenare not unique up to isomorphism. We explain how the number of these equations varies according to the Kodaira symbol of the Jacobian ofC. Then we count these equations up to isomorphism over a number field of class number 1.
Irredundant families of subcubes
Authors: ELLIS DAVID
Published: January 2011

We consider the problem of finding the maximum possible size of a family of d-dimensional subcubes of the n-cube {0, 1}n, none of which is contained in the union of the others. (We call such a family ‘irredundant’). Aharoni and Holzman [1] conjectured that for d > n/2, the answer is $\({n \choose 2}\)$ (which is attained by the family of all d-subcubes containing a fixed point). We prove this in the case where all the subcubes go through either (0, 0, . . . , 0) or (1, 1, . . . , 1). We also give a new proof of an upper bound of Meshulam [6]. Finally, we consider the case d ≤ n/2. We give a probabilistic construction showing that in this case, Meshulam's upper bound is correct to within a constant factor. When n = 2d, we construct an irredundant family of size $\((1+\tfrac{1}{8}+o(1)){n \choose d}\)$.
The synchrony and diachrony of differential object marking in Paraguayan Guaraní
Authors: Shain Cory , Tonhauser Judith
Published: January 2011

This paper explores the synchrony and diachrony of differential object marking in Paraguayan Guaraní on the basis of a quantitative study of a corpus of naturally occurring data of the modern language and an investigation of object marking in a 17th-century catechism. We show that both animacy and topicality, but not definiteness, affect whether a direct object is marked in modern Guaraní, a finding that has implications for cross-linguistic theories of differential object marking, not all of which recognize topicality as a factor. We also find no categorical constraints on differential object marking in Guaraní, contrary to Bossong (1985b). Our study of the 17th-century catechism provides further support for Bossong's (1985b, 2009) claim that Guaraní did not have differential object marking when it came into contact with Spanish. The paper concludes with a discussion of the hypothesis that differential object marking in Guaraní resulted from contact with Spanish.
A SEM-EDS Study of Cultural Heritage Objects with Interpretation of Constituents and Their Distribution Using PARC Data Analysis
Authors: van Hoek Corrie J.G. , de Roo Michiel , van der Veer Grishja , van der Laan Sieger R.
Published: January 2011

Two cultural heritage objects studied with scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) are presented in this article: (1) archeological iron present in a soil sample and (2) a chip from a purple-colored area of an undisclosed 17th century painting. Novel PARC software was used to interpret the data in terms of quantitative distribution of mineral and organo-mineral phases as well as their chemical composition. The study serves to demonstrate the power of PARC rather than solving specific archeological issues. The observations on archeological iron potentially can assist in (1) studing the source of iron-metal and the style of forging, (2) learning about alteration processes of artifacts in the particular soil from which the sample originated, and (3) determining the nature of the fractures in the Fe-oxide envelope (desiccation of the sample after excavation, or as primary feature caused by volume change from oxidation). In the paint chip, 11 consecutive layers can be distinguished using the PARC software. In general, each layer consists of a carrier supporting inorganic fragments. In the basal layer the fragments are dominant; in the superimposed layers the carrier usually is. Both organic and inorganic carriers appear to be present. Organic carriers can contain typically inorganic constituents (e.g., Pb, Al), beyond the chemical spatial resolution of EDS (i.e., <1 μm).
AVIAN INFLUENZA OPTIMAL SEASONAL VACCINATION STRATEGY
Authors: AGUSTO F. B. , OGUNYE O. R.
Published: January 2011

We present an application of optimal control theory to a simple SIR disease model of avian influenza transmission dynamics in birds. Basic properties of the model, including the epidemic threshold, are obtained. Optimal control theory is adopted to minimize the density of infected birds subject to an appropriate system of ordinary differential equations. We conclude that an optimally controlled seasonal vaccination strategy saves more birds than when there is a low uniform vaccination rate as in resource-limited places.
Treatment of spasmodic vomiting and lower gastrointestinal distress related to travel anxiety
Authors: Seim Richard W. , Spates C. Richard , Naugle Amy E.
Published: January 2011

Gastrointestinal distress is a common symptom of anxiety. While these symptoms are usually transient and not severe, in some cases they can cause significant impairment. This report details the treatment of a 45-year-old male who presented with symptoms of diarrhoea and vomiting which occurred every time he travelled more than 10 miles away from his home. These symptoms arose suddenly and without warning, and on at least two occasions the vomiting was so severe that it caused the patient to vomit blood. Due to this problem, the patient had developed agoraphobia which had affected his life for over 15 years. The patient was treated in 14 sessions which involved educating him about gastrointestinal reactivity and having him perform a series of emotional tolerance, opposite-action, and real-life exposure exercises. After receiving treatment, the patient embarked on a series of vacations and business trips, all without experiencing diarrhoea or vomiting, and a follow-up assessment showed that the treatment gains were maintained 1 year later.
Differentieller Konzentrationstest für Kinder (DKT-K)
Authors: Funsch Karin , Martín Beatriz Arias , Halder-Sinn Petra
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung. Konzentrationsprobleme stellen im Kindesalter ein häufiges Phänomen dar und treten in verschiedener Weise in Erscheinung. So haben Kinder mit ADHS Probleme sich längerfristig zu konzentrieren, wohingegen ihre kurzfristige Konzentrationsleistung unauffällig ist. Neben dieser zeitlichen Komponente umfasst Konzentration unterschiedliche Facetten der Informationswahrnehmung und -verarbeitung. Zur differenzierten Überprüfung der verschiedenen Aspekte wurde der Differentielle Konzentrationstest für Kinder (DKT-K) entwickelt. Er umfasst sechs Testdurchgänge und vier unterschiedlich schwere Skalen. Die Ergebnisse der ersten empirischen Überprüfung des DKT-K an einer Stichprobe von n = 230 Kindern im Vor- und Grundschulalter belegen, dass der DKT-K ein reliables und valides Testverfahren zur differenzierten Erfassung der Konzentrationsleistung ist. An einer Stichprobe von n = 35 Kindern mit einer diagnostizierten ADHS konnte zudem aufgezeigt werden, dass der DKT-K die zentralen Konzentrationsprobleme dieser Störung erfasst. Diese Kinder unterscheiden sich signifikant von einer in Geschlecht und Alter parallelisierten Kontrollgruppe.
Psychologische Ambivalenz in Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen
Authors: Michels Tom , Albert Isabelle , Ferring Dieter
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung. Ambivalenz in der Beziehung zu Mutter und Vater und anderen Familienmitgliedern stellt neben dem Solidaritätskonzept eine bedeutsame Dimension für die Beschreibung intergenerationeller Beziehungen dar. Psychologische Ambivalenz ist dabei definiert durch das gleichzeitige Auftreten von widersprüchlichen Motiven, Emotionen und Handlungstendenzen gegenüber einer Person. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde ein „Fragebogen zur Erfassung von Ambivalenz in Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen im Erwachsenenalter” entwickelt, der k = 23 Items umfasst und in einer Mutter- respektive Vaterversion vorliegt. Exploratorische und konfirmatorische Analysen in einer Stichprobe von N = 210 Personen jungen und mittleren Erwachsenenalters zeigten unterschiedliche zweifaktorielle Strukturen des Verfahrens für die Vater- und die Mutterversion. Es wurde weiter eine Kurzversion der Instrumente entwickelt, die Vergleiche zwischen elterlichen Beziehungen erlaubt. Die Prüfung der psychometrischen Kennwerte zeigte zufriedenstellende Reliabilitätsschätzungen; ebenso ergaben sich erste Hinweise auf eine substantielle kriterienbezogene Validität der Skalen.
Konstruktvalidität einer Kurzversion des Fragebogens zum Erleben von Sexualität in engen Partnerschaften (FESP-K)
Authors: von Irmer Jörg , Kemper Christoph J.
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung. Es wird die Kurzfassung des Fragebogens zum Erleben von Sexualität in Partnerschaften (FESP-K) vorgestellt. Sie wurde entwickelt, um ein ökonomisches und reliables Instrument zur Messung von Physischer und Affektiver Anziehung in engen Partnerschaften bereitzustellen. Anhand von zwei Stichproben mit 1582 und 1723 Teilnehmern und Teilnehmerinnen, die an Onlineuntersuchungen teilnahmen, wurde das angenommene zweifaktorielle Modell schrittweise entwickelt und kreuzvalidiert. Das zweifaktorielle Modell erwies sich als invariant zwischen den Geschlechtern und zwischen Gruppen mit unterschiedlichem Alter, unterschiedlicher Beziehungsdauer und unterschiedlichem Beziehungsstatus. Aus konvergenten und diskriminanten Korrelationen der beiden Faktoren mit Beziehungszufriedenheit, sexueller Zufriedenheit, Respekt sowie Bindungsängstlichkeit und -vermeidung ergaben sich weitere Hinweise auf die Konstruktvalidität. Der FESP-K kann in vielen Bereichen der Paar- und Sexualitätsforschung eingesetzt werden.
Die deutsche Version des „Early Trauma Inventory” (ETI)
Authors: Wingenfeld Katja , Driessen Martin , Mensebach Christoph , Rullkoetter Nina , Schaffrath Camille , Spitzer Carsten , Schlosser Nicole , Beblo Thomas , Heim Christine
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung. Für den deutschsprachigen Raum stehen derzeit kaum evaluierte Instrumente zur Erfassung traumatischer Ereignisse in der Kindheit und Jugend zur Verfügung. Während das strukturierte klinische Interview für DSM-IV das Vorliegen einer Traumatisierung in der Kindheit und Jugend mittels eines binären Items erfasst, wird mit dem „Early Trauma Inventory” (ETI; Bremner, Vermetten & Mazure, 2000 ) ein breites Spektrum traumatischer Ereignisse erhoben. Beim ETI handelt es sich um ein halbstandardisiertes klinisches Interview mit den Skalen „Emotionale Erfahrungen”, „Erzieherische/Körperliche Bestrafung”, „Sexuelle Erlebnisse” und „Generelle Traumata”. An einer Stichprobe von 230 Probanden wurden die Reliabilität und Validität der deutschen Übersetzung überprüft. Es konnten gute Reliabilitätskoeffizienten gefunden werden sowie hohe bis moderate Korrelationen zwischen dem ETI und einem Fragebogen zur Erfassung traumatischer Erfahrungen in der Kindheit (CTQ). Niedrigere Korrelationskoeffizienten fanden sich zwischen dem ETI und entfernt assoziierten Konstrukten, wie z.B. Depressivität. Insgesamt sprechen die Ergebnisse für eine zufriedenstellende psychometrische Qualität des ETI.
Körperliche und psychosoziale Belastung bei Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen mit einer Krebserkrankung
Authors: Ladehoff Natalie , Koch Uwe , Mehnert Anja
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung. Zielsetzung dieser Literaturanalyse ist die Erfassung des gegenwärtigen empirischen Erkenntnisstands zu den körperlichen und psychosozialen Belastungen bei Jugendlichen mit einer Krebserkrankung. Spezifische Fragestellungen beinhalten die Untersuchung der Art und der Auftretenshäufigkeit spezifischer Belastungen im körperlichen, psychischen und sozialen Bereich unter Berücksichtigung der krankheits- und behandlungsbezogenen Faktoren. Ziel ist es, den psychologischen und pädagogischen Unterstützungsbedarf sowie relevante Forschungsfragestellungen abzuleiten. Für den Suchzeitraum von 01/1986 bis 06/2009 konnten 33 Originalarbeiten in die Übersichtsarbeit einbezogen werden. Es wurden insgesamt 1751 Jugendliche mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 15.4 Jahren untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der Literaturanalyse zeigen, dass Jugendliche mit einer Krebserkrankung mit vielfältigen Belastungen konfrontiert sind, die alle elementaren Entwicklungsbereiche (physisch, psychisch, kognitiv und sozial) betreffen. Als besondere Belastungen zeigten sich in den Studien folgende Bereiche: die körperlichen Veränderungen, krebs- und behandlungsspezifische Erschöpfung (Fatigue) und die beeinträchtigte Lebensqualität, Ängste und Depression sowie ein verringertes Selbstwertgefühl, Sorgen, von den Freunden verlassen zu werden, Sorgen um verändertes Aussehen sowie darüber, die Schule zu versäumen. Als weiteres Ergebnis des Reviews kann festgehalten werden, dass für krebskranke Jugendliche der Aspekt Schule und Lernen einen großen Stellenwert einnimmt. Es besteht insgesamt ein großer Forschungsbedarf zu den psychosozialen und pädagogischen Unterstützungsbedürfnissen von jugendlichen Krebspatienten.
Auswirkungen einer psychoonkologischen Intervention für Paare auf die Sexualität bei einer Brustkrebserkrankung der Frau
Authors: Zimmermann Tanja , Heinrichs Nina
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung. Die psychosozialen Auswirkungen einer Brustkrebsdiagnose und -behandlung auf die betroffenen Frauen und auch ihre Partner beinhalten neben emotionalen Schwierigkeiten auch sexuelle und partnerschaftliche Probleme. Diese randomisiert-kontrollierte Studie untersucht die Wirksamkeit einer kurzen partnerschaftlichen Intervention (Seite an Seite) bei Paaren, bei denen die Frau an Brustkrebs erkrankt ist, auf die sexuelle Funktionsfähigkeit des Paares über einen Zeitraum von 1.5 Jahren nach Diagnosestellung. Sexualität wird dabei auf mehreren Ebenen erfasst: Sexuelle Gedanken, sexuelle Erregung, sexuelle Erfahrung, Orgasmus und sexuelles Verlangen. An der Studie nahmen 72 Paare teil, von denen 38 ein partnerschaftliches Unterstützungstraining erhielten und 34 die Kontrollgruppe bildeten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Männer in den Bereichen sexuelle Erregung (signifikante Zunahme der Häufigkeit des Erlebens sexueller Erregung) und sexuelles Verlangen (stärkeres Interesse an Sexualität sowie höhere Zufriedenheit mit der Beziehung zur Partnerin und der eigenen sexuellen Funktionsfähigkeit) von der Intervention profitieren. In Bezug auf sexuelle Erfahrungen zeigte die Intervention sowohl bei den Patientinnen als auch bei ihren Partnern eine signifikante Zunahme der Häufigkeit sexueller Aktivitäten, die auch nach 6 Monaten noch stabil blieb. Trotz andauernder medizinischer Behandlung (Chemo-, Strahlen- bzw. Hormontherapie) findet sich eine Zunahme sexueller Aktivitäten bei Paaren in der Seite an Seite Intervention. Obwohl die sexuelle Funktionsfähigkeit ein wichtiger Aspekt der Lebensqualität ist, erhält das Thema Sexualität im klinischen Kontext nur wenig Aufmerksamkeit. Die Ergebnisse zeigen jedoch, dass der offene und routinemäßige Umgang mit dem Thema Sexualität ein wichtiger Aspekt psychoonkologischer Angebote sein sollte.
The Effects of the Number of Cohorts, Degree of Overlap Among Cohorts, and Frequency of Observation on Power in Accelerated Longitudinal Designs
Authors: Moerbeek Mirjam
Published: January 2011

With the accelerated longitudinal design data of different age cohorts are used to study individual development over a broad age span during a period of shorter duration. When planning an accelerated longitudinal study one must decide on the number of cohorts, the degree of overlap among cohorts, and the frequency of observation. This paper provides a framework to study the effects of these three design factors on the statistical power to detect a linear change. As no simple mathematical formulae for these relations exist, an example is used to illustrate how the effects of these three design factors can be evaluated. It is shown that the optimal number of cohorts, the optimal degree of overlap among cohorts, and the optimal frequency of observation depend on the total number of subjects and the total number of measurements. R code for evaluating the power of longitudinal designs is provided.
A Modified Normal Scores Test for Paired Data
Authors: Wiedermann Wolfgang T. , Alexandrowicz Rainer W.
Published: January 2011

For the dependent-samples problem it is known that nonparametric tests such as the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test should be used instead of the paired t-test if the normality assumption is violated. The present study extends a family of tests for correlated samples by incorporating the concept of expected normal scores. This fusion leads to a promising significance test for paired non-normal samples, especially when distributions are highly skewed. In a simulation study we show that this modified normal scores test is robust for a wide range of non-normal distributions. Also, in most situations the test proved more powerful than traditional tests such as the paired t-test, the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, or the Fraser normal scores test. For skewed distributions the test is also more powerful than applying the modified test to original measures or on ranks.
ENERGETICS OF CLIMATE MODELS: NET ENERGY BALANCE AND MERIDIONAL ENTHALPY TRANSPORT
Authors: Lucarini V. , Ragone F.
Published: January 2011

We analyze the publicly released outputs of the simulations performed by climate models (CMs) in preindustrial (PI) and Special Report on Emissions Scenarios A1B (SRESA1B) conditions. In the PI simulations, most CMs feature biases of the order of 1 W m−2 for the net global and the net atmospheric, oceanic, and land energy balances. This does not result from transient effects but depends on the imperfect closure of the energy cycle in the fluid components and on inconsistencies over land. Thus, the planetary emission temperature is underestimated, which may explain the CMs' cold bias. In the PI scenario, CMs agree on the meridional atmospheric enthalpy transport's peak location (around 40°N/S), while discrepancies of ∼20% exist on the intensity. Disagreements on the oceanic transport peaks' location and intensity amount to ∼10° and ∼50%, respectively. In the SRESA1B runs, the atmospheric transport's peak shifts poleward, and its intensity increases up to ∼10% in both hemispheres. In most CMs, the Northern Hemispheric oceanic transport decreases, and the peaks shift equatorward in both hemispheres. The Bjerknes compensation mechanism is active both on climatological and interannual time scales. The total meridional transport peaks around 35° in both hemispheres and scenarios, whereas disagreements on the intensity reach ∼20%. With increased CO2 concentration, the total transport increases up to ∼10%, thus contributing to polar amplification of global warming. Advances are needed for achieving a self‐consistent representation of climate as a nonequilibrium thermodynamical system. This is crucial for improving the CMs' skill in representing past and future climate changes.
Understanding stakeholders' attitudes toward water management interventions: Role of place meanings
Authors: Jacobs Maarten H. , Buijs Arjen E.
Published: January 2011

Water resource managers increasingly need to take the opinions of stakeholders into account when planning interventions. We studied stakeholders' concerns in two water management planning contexts, focusing on the meanings assigned to places and on attitudes toward proposed interventions. Semistructured interviews were held, and public meetings were observed in order to collect data. Five categories of place meanings emerged from the analysis: beauty (esthetic judgments), functionality (ways of use), attachment (feelings of belonging), biodiversity (meanings pertaining to nature), and risk (worries about current or future events). These categories reflect the basic dimensions of sense of place. Our results suggest that stakeholders' attitudes toward proposed interventions are, to a great extent, derived from their place meanings. Discussing place meanings during participatory planning processes could contribute substantially to successful water management.
An efficient method using finite elements and the surface integral equation to solve the problem of scattering from infinite periodic conducting grating
Authors: Alavikia B. , Ramahi O. M.
Published: January 2011

This work presents a novel finite element solution to the problem of scattering from an infinite periodic array of two‐dimensional cavities in metallic walls. The finite element formulation is applied inside only one cavity to derive a linear system of equations associated with the nodal field values within the cavity. The surface integral equation employing the quasi‐periodic Green's function is applied at the opening of the cavity as a boundary constraint to truncate the computational domain. Effect of the infinite array of cavities is incorporated into the system of the nodal equations by the quasi‐periodic Green's function. The method presented here is highly efficient in terms of computing resources, versatile and accurate in comparison to previously published methods. The near and far fields are generated for array of cavities with different dimensions, periodicity, and fillings. The numerical simulation results are in close agreement with methods published earlier.
Database of electron density profiles from Arecibo Radar Observatory for the assessment of ionospheric models
Authors: Eccles Vince , Vo Hien , Thompson Jonathan , Gonzalez Sixto , Sojka Jan J.
Published: January 2011

We describe the reduction of the Arecibo Observatory incoherent scatter radar electron density profiles from 1966 to 2006 into a standardized database of electron density profiles useful for the assessment of ionospheric models. The database of electron density profiles covers approximately 700 days of observation over nearly 4 solar cycles and all seasons. These data are averaged into climatological conditions with special attention at maintaining a normal profile shape in altitude. The reduced profile database and the climatological average profiles are provided to the Community Coordinated Modeling Center for open access by the community and their efforts to generate ionosphere model metrics and skill scores.
Assessment of Ionospheric Models package for the Community Coordinated Modeling Center: Climatology
Authors: Eccles Vince , Thompson Jonathan , Sojka Jan J. , Vo Hien , Gonzalez Sixto
Published: January 2011

Due to the paucity of ionospheric density observations, ionospheric models are important for constructing the day‐to‐day 3‐D specifications of electron density. Quality specifications are required to mitigate ionospheric influences on modern GPS navigation and communications technologies. The Arecibo Radar Observatory Incoherent Scatter Radar has provided F region electron density profiles spanning 50 years and 4 solar cycles. We have collected, reduced, and cleaned the Arecibo radar electron density profiles to create a "ground truth database" for use in the metric assessment of the accuracy of empirical and physics‐based ionospheric models. The metrics and skill assessments within this Assessment of Ionospheric Models package are described herein. The assessment package will be implemented at the Community Coordinated Modeling Center to provide a Web‐based generator of metrics and skill scores based on several electron density profile parameters: peak density values, peak density altitudes, and the shape of the electron density profile with altitude. This Assessment of Ionospheric Models package will greatly assist in improving current models of the ionosphere.
Hysteresis and interfacial energies in smooth‐walled microfluidic channels
Authors: Liu Yihong , Nolte D. D. , Pyrak‐Nolte L. J.
Published: January 2011

Hysteresis in the capillary pressure‐saturation relationship (Pc–Sw) for a porous medium has contributions from the complex geometry of the pore network as well as the physical chemistry of the grain surfaces. To isolate the role of wettability on hysteresis, we fabricated microfluidic cells that contain a single wedge‐shaped channel that simulates a single pore throat. Using confocal microscopy of the three‐dimensional interfaces under imbibition and drainage, we demonstrate an accurate balance between mechanical work and surface free energy that was evaluated using measured advancing and receding contact angles. The closed‐loop mechanical work per surface water molecule is 95 kJ/mol, which is consistent with physisorption. Therefore, the hysteresis in the Pc–Sw relationship for a single pore throat is defined by advancing and receding contact angles that are controlled by dissipative surface adsorption chemistry.
Collaborate in conservation: A method for volunteer-scientist teams to monitor plant community composition long-term in a private old-growth forest
Authors: Fleming Erin , Galvis Nelson , Loiselle Bette , Nerbonne Julia
Published: January 2011

To date, most studies on the management of invasive species have been done in nature reserves or national parks. Few published studies demonstrate how scientists and local communities might collaborate to develop science-based management programs in private forests. We present an example of such collaboration. The Congregational Summer Assembly (CSA) is a mixture of common and privately owned lots within old-growth beech-maple forest in Lower Michigan. The community is trying to conserve the forest and, thus, is interested in ecological variables that should be considered when designing a long-term ecosystem based management plan.In this base-line study we developed methods for volunteer-scientist teams to monitor 1) the abundance of established invasive species, 2) native species abundance, 3) local environmental conditions and 4) impacts of anthropogenic disturbances on the forest community composition. In July 2009 we constructed 30 permanent plots (20 m x 20 m), within which we counted and identified to species adult and juvenile trees. We counted and identified to species herbaceous plants and tree seedlings in five 2 m x 2 m quadrats nested within each plot. We measured environmental variables (% canopy, % bare soil, % woody debris and distance from road or building) in each quadrat.The CSA forest is under stress from anthropogenic disturbance and invasive species. Long-term monitoring of forest community composition could augment the efficacy of efforts to control invasive species at the CSA. The floristic quality index value (FQI), a unitless calculation of species per area, calculated for the CSA is 30 (based on 1.2-ha). FQI values calculated for the CSA in 2009 can be compared with those measured in later years to evaluate whether the plant community composition improves over time with management.Of 69 species found in plots, 9 were non-native, 3 of which were invasive. Invasive garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) and myrtle (Vinca minor) were the dominant understory species. Garlic mustard remains the priority for eradication efforts. With the exception of garlic mustard no invasive species were found in plots further than 20 m from roads and buildings. A volunteer-based monitoring program for early detection of “founder” populations of invasive species could be effective in controlling invasive species. The CSA acquired funds for the summer of 2010 to build demonstration plots to educate the community on invasive species removal. This study provides a template for scientists to collaborate with private communities interested in science-based management programs that promote conservation.
Development of human limbs.
Authors: Ermolenko Alexander
Published: January 2011

This work offers a new view on the developmental history of tetrapods. It proposes an original evolution model of human limbs based on metameric formation of osteogenic buds in accordance to primary segmentation and biplanar symmetry. While going through evolution, osteogenic buds initially identical to each other were changing their sizes, realigning, regressing, uniting while keeping the direction of the formation in accordance to the following formula (taking into account sesamoid bones):2; 1; 2; 3; 2; 3; 5; 5; 8; 8 (in the upper limb together with the upper limb girdle); 3; 2; 3; 2; 1; 2; 8; 8; 5; 5 (in the lower limb together with the pelvic bones).