bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transformed Religion and a Proliferation of Churches
Authors: Reed Christopher Robert
Published: May 2017

The roles of religion and accompanying church life in the modern age remained one of the major wellsprings of black agency. It was within these spheres that E. Franklin Frazier observed a type of religious freedom and expression that permeated the African American class and cultural spectrum. Blacks attended religious services and practiced a variety of beliefs ranging from Christian Science teaching to genuine Islam to elevated Baha'ism to black Judaism to various esoteric strains of Christianity. This chapter covers this transformation, which also witnessed the city's black clergy bridging the constitutional gap between church and state in a most dramatic fashion.
Conclusion
Authors: Fousekis Natalie M.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter argues that California's low-income working mothers and educators saved public child care as it vanished across the nation, leaving a one-of-a-kind program between World War II and the War on Poverty. While California's child care centers provided women with a valuable service, they also produced a few generations of active democratic subjects, women who realized a need beyond their own and took political action. Indeed, whether for a year or two, women who participated in the movement learned how to express their political rights. Some of the women were leftists or members of labor unions but for most, joining parents' councils or the statewide association was their first foray into the world of politics.
Guest Workers of the World
Authors: Ness Immanuel
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter lays out the major themes to be explored in this book, and positions guest workers (as opposed to undocumented migrant workers) at the center of discussion. Ineffectual regulatory policies have bifurcated migrant workers into two groups—undocumented laborers and guest workers. Focusing on guest workers rather than on undocumented laborers foreshadows the potential prospects and pitfalls of the program for foreign workers as well as U.S. nationals, and the potential influence of such a program on the broader labor movement and working class. Moreover, the chapter focuses the U.S. as the world's leading recipient of foreign workers in order to briefly examine the intersection between labor, capital, and government policies in advancing corporate profits.
The Coming and Early Challenges
Authors: Chung Sue Fawn
Published: May 2017

This chapter traces some of the important developments in China and provides a background to the advent of Chinese miners and merchants and the challenges they faced. Economic, social, and political dislocations, combined with natural disasters, characterized southeastern China in the mid-nineteenth century. During economic declines, the Chinese in Guangdong and neighboring Guangxi and Fujian provinces had a long tradition of seeking new opportunities overseas. Thus the Chinese came to the United States hoping to become rich and escape the problems in China. After arriving in the American West, they adapted some of their traditional methods of operation and established organizations that assisted them. They encountered discriminatory laws, practices, and actions, but despite all of the negativism, they continued to seek that elusive gold.
Farther East: Island Mountain and Gold Creek
Authors: Chung Sue Fawn
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides a more in-depth study of a small Nevada mining town called Island Mountain and the Chinese miners, merchants, and other residents. Founded by Emanuel Penrod, the town was predominantly Chinese and economic interdependence led to positive social interactions. Penrod had recognized the need for Chinese workers and adopted a policy of working with them, thus providing a harmonious atmosphere. Other residents followed his lead. This allowed the Chinese merchant China Lem (the name given to two brothers who lived there, one after the other), and his friends and associates who were miners, to live in Island Mountain for many decades without the racism and anti-Chinese prejudice present in other mining towns.
Futuria Fantasia
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Ray Bradbury's fanzine Futuria Fantasia, in which he championed the Technocracy movement based on the premise that if the technological infrastructure were more efficient, then everyone's life would be better. It discusses Bradbury's editorship of Futuria Fantasia, the second issue of which reflected his emerging editorial insight; it contained essays written by Henry Hasse and Henry Kuttner. It suggests that, in soliciting the Hasse and Kuttner contributions, Bradbury was initiating a debate on the state of writing in the science fiction field. The second issue also featured two stories by Hannes Bok, whose illustrations graced all of the fanzine's covers, as well as Bradbury's anonymous story “The Pendulum” and a poem entitled “Satan's Mistress.” The chapter concludes with an assessment of Bradbury's problems with the production of Futuria Fantasia, culminating in its demise after the fourth issue, which carried Bradbury's story “The Piper,” his first solo sale to the genre prozines.
Living in Two Worlds
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Ray Bradbury's experience living and writing in two worlds, both in Los Angeles, during the war years: at a rental house in Venice Beach and in a downtown tenement. In the spring of 1942 Bradbury moved with his family to Venice Beach, settling in a rental house attached to a power substation. Bradbury set up a work area in the garage and worked there off and on until his marriage in 1947. He also maintained a parallel writing regimen at a day-office in the Los Angeles tenement, with neighborhoods that were dominated by a Mexican-American population. This chapter describes Bradbury's life in both Venice Beach and downtown Los Angeles, as well as his experiences during the so-called Pachuco riots of June 1943. It also considers how Bradbury's passion for the cinema led him to discover new influences on his writing, including the informal writing group sponsored by mystery author Virginia Perdue.
A New World of Reading
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines how Ray Bradbury extended his reading of mainstream modern and contemporary British and American writers in all genres during the final years of World War II and beyond. Bradbury's road to all his mature fiction was paved to a large extent by a great wartime shift in his personal reading agenda. The most surprising transition in his reading is his sudden and permanent shift away from reading new science fiction sometime in 1944. This chapter discusses Bradbury's broadening reading and maturing tastes in literature by looking at some of the stories he read, from Katherine Anne Porter's Flowering Judas and The Leaning Tower to Thomas Wolfe's The Face of the Nation, Charles Jackson's The Lost Weekend, Martha Foley's Best American Short Stories of 1944, Cornell Woolrich's Rendezvous in Black, and A Touch of Nutmeg and More Unlikely Stories by John Collier.
On the Shoulders of Giants
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the lessons learned by Ray Bradbury from his readings during the war years. There were Modernists who appealed to Bradbury in more mature ways than Frederic Prokosch had done, and there were in fact abiding lessons that he could take away from some of these other writers such as Somerset Maugham and Christopher Morley. Maugham and Morley provided Bradbury the narrative models that were reinforced by Thornton Wilder's The Cabala (1926). This chapter considers two other novels read by Bradbury and what he learned from each one of them: the English translation of Arthur Koestler's Darkness at Noon (1941) and Ayn Rand's The Fountainhead (1944). It shows that Darkness at Noon's ethical insights inspired Bradbury to embark on a work of fiction that would evolve, over a period of six years, into Fahrenheit 451.
Exploring the Human Condition
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Ray Bradbury's exploration of the human condition during the war years, and how he broadened his horizons through books and beyond. In July 1944, Henry Kuttner suggested a trip East. Bradbury turned to the South instead. Later that summer, he traveled to Mexico. He was interested in understanding not only the multiplicity of cultures in the region, but also his own personality—who he was, and what he believed in. Bradbury believed that the wartime boom in novels exploring faith and the modern crisis of faith distracted from what he called the “real, factual, scientific problems” of the day. This chapter discusses Bradbury's views on the causes of World War II, along with his evolving sense of the challenges facing the future postwar world, and how they were influenced by Philip Wylie's books such as Generation of Vipers (1942). It also considers Bradbury's sentiments about living with the choices we make as individuals, with self-reflection as the key, as well as education, philosophies, aesthetics, and science and technology.
The Miracle Year: Summer and Fall
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Ray Bradbury's phenomenal year as a writer during the summer and fall of 1950. A chance meeting with Christopher Isherwood at a Los Angeles bookstore in early July 1950 provided the critical breakthrough that Bradbury needed to bring The Martian Chronicles more fully into mainstream literary appreciation. The timing of Bradbury's review copy gift could not have been better; Isherwood had just agreed to write extended book reviews for Tomorrow, a new literary magazine. Isherwood's review of the Chronicles appeared in the October 1950 issue of Tomorrow. This chapter first considers the impact of Isherwood's friendship on Bradbury's career before turning to Bradbury's new “Illustrated Man” concept for Doubleday and his creation of a 100-page typescript titled Long after Midnight. It also discusses Bradbury's deal with Bantam for an anthology of new fantasy and science fiction stories.
New York, 1951
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Ray Bradbury's 1951 trip to New York, describing it as more personally stressful than any of his previous visits. While in New York, Bradbury wrote two new pages for “The Magical Kitchen” and produced a new page for a very short time-travel piece titled “The Dragon.” He also felt that he could handle the unpredictability of the New York publishing world this time around. This chapter begins with a discussion of Bradbury's itinerary in New York, including meetings with magazine editors such as Eleanor Stierham of Today's Woman and a lecture on writing at Columbia University; he also watched a first-run performance of Darkness at Noon, the Sidney Kingsley adaptation of Arthur Koestler's novel. The chapter then turns to a series of unpleasant encounters that unnerved Bradbury, particularly the four editorial parties he attended and his confrontation with a group of ballet dancers. Bradbury articulated his feelings in “A Flight of Ravens,” his highly autobiographical story of the final days of his New York trip.
Controversial Fictions
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Ray Bradbury's decision to write controversial fictions at a time when his career was blossoming even further. Bradbury's 1951 trip to New York almost immediately began to reap dividends. He reached a contract with Doubleday for The Illinois Chronicles, and his first major-market interview, conducted during the last days of his New York trip by columnist Harvey Breit, was featured in the August 5, 1951, issue of the New York Times Book Review. Bradbury was also now trying to publish short stories with politically charged themes such as freedom of speech, freedom from fear, and the Civil Rights movement. This chapter examines the sources of Bradbury's stories that touched on controversial topics, including his racial experiences, and how he developed a very particular historical view in fashioning stories of race and racism for science fiction. It also considers some of the challenges encountered by Bradbury as he tried to have such stories published, two examples of which were “Way in the Middle of the Air” and “The Other Foot.”
Southern Strivings
Authors: Gellman Erik S. , Roll Jarod
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the respective backgrounds of the two preachers under discussion, highlighting the similarities in their life stories—particularly their shared frustrations growing up as ambitious, talented young men in the rural South. Their youths were defined by the tensions between family survival and an individual sense of calling, between agricultural labor and adventure, and between physical hunger and the thirst for deeper meaning in life. Moreover, the laws and culture of the Jim Crow South also held sway over both their lives, and made Claude Williams's youth at once very similar to, yet completely separate from, Owen Whitfield's experience. Both men would, however, come to the same religious calling as they came of age.
Dred and the Freedom of Marriage
Authors: Chakkalakal Tess
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the marriage plots running through Harriet Beecher Stowe's antislavery trilogy. Relying on the slave-marriage between George and Eliza, Uncle Tom's Cabin establishes two distinct marital categories: legal and nonlegal. Reading the opposition between slave and legal marriage plots in her subsequent antislavery novels, Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856) and The Minister's Wooing (1859), with a particular emphasis on the former, the chapter examines the ways in which Stowe's novels posit the slave-marriage as a method of reforming conventional religious-legal marriage. Wedding her argument against slavery to her critique of marriage, Stowe aligns her antislavery principles with her proto-feminist ideas.
Wedded to Race
Authors: Chakkalakal Tess
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Charles Chesnutt's postslavery fiction and criticism that, in some respects, might be read as offering one of the most effective counterarguments to Harper's view of marriage and vision of freedom. Chesnutt casts a surprisingly critical eye on the movement to legitimate slave-marriages during Reconstruction, a movement celebrated by historians of marriage and slavery alike. While Harper views marriage as essential to preserving relations formed in slavery, Chesnutt presents it as a way of breaking free of those relations, of forming new relations that eschew the racial principles that made it impossible for former slaves and their descendants to marry according to self-interest and personal desire. The differences between their positions are suggestive of a broader political debate about the formation of a postslavery slave community.
Introduction
Authors: Simons Margaret A.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter presents the literary writings of Simone de Beauvoir (1908–86), the renowned French existentialist author of The Second Sex. Such insight into her own thought is often provided by Beauvoir's prefaces to works by other authors. For instance, Beauvoir's 1964 “Preface” to La Bâtarde has been described as more reflective of her philosophy than of author Violet Leduc's life. Beauvoir's confrontation with her critics is another source of drama in this study. A criticism that spans the decades of these texts is the charge that an existential novel, with its focus on action and philosophical questions, forsakes the aesthetic function of literature. Yet, for Beauvoir, the true mission of the writer is to describe in dramatic form the relationship of the individual to the world in which he stakes his freedom.
An American Renaissance in France
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone , Moy Janella D.
Published: May 2017

One of the significant events in French literature during the period between the two wars was the discovery of American literature.1 I remember with what fervor the initiated, those who could read English, passed along the first books of Dos Passos, Hemingway and Faulkner....
Introduction
Authors: Tidd Ursula
Published: May 2017

In the following short radio broadcast, in which Simone de Beauvoir reflects upon her engagement with the autobiographical genre and its relation to fiction, a meta-narrative of her autobiographical project is briefly emplotted. Beauvoir echoes here certain of her “in-flight” observations on autobiography in The Prime of Life...
Introduction
Authors: Hengehold Laura
Published: May 2017

“To will that there be being,” Simone de Beauvoir wrote in The Ethics of Ambiguity, “is also to will that there be men by and for whom the world is endowed with human significations. … To make being ‘be’ is to communicate with others by means of being.”...
What Can Literature Do?
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone , Moy Janella D. , Simons Margaret
Published: May 2017

Well, I do not need to tell you that my conception of literature is not that of Ricardou.1 For me, literature is an activity carried out by men, for men, in order to disclose the world to them, this disclosure being an action.2...
Preface To Amélie 1
Authors: de Beauvoir Simone , Moy Janella D.
Published: May 2017

This book is the true story of a youth that is consumed in a potash mine in Alsace twenty years ago.1 With fascinating precision, it introduces us to the techniques of an exhausting and dangerous job that—at least to my knowledge—has never been described. But its value surpasses, and by far, that of a simple document. In a darkly passionate tone, the author reconstitutes an entire human experience for us—the experience of a “wood-louse of a man who scrapes at the salt nine hundred meters down.” He tells us of his fatigue, his fear, his resignation, his rebellion, his suffering: “A suffering measurable in centigrade degrees, in dry temperature, in liters of sweat lost, in the number of scabs on the skin where the potash penetrates like an acid, like a tongue of fire.” He has us enter into his night: an exhausting obscurity that “consumes both the living strength of man and his thoughts.” Yet something human remains in these annihilated individuals, each of whom feels like “the twin brother of the other.” This humanness is found in the relationships that they maintain with each other. Henri Keller tells us about them ...
Introduction
Authors: Altman Meryl
Published: May 2017

I started [writing] a vast novel; the heroine was to live through all my own experiences; she was to be awakened to the meaning of “the true life,” enter into conflict with her environment, then be disillusioned by everything: action, love, knowledge. I never knew what the ending was because I ran out of time and gave up halfway through....
Introduction
Authors: Beal Amy C.
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter provides a background of Carla Bley and her music. Bley is a prolific and influential American composer. And though her career, which began in the 1950s, has taken place largely within the venues and institutions of the jazz world, her music is often characterized as Third Stream, postmodernist, or just plain experimental—these labels due in part to her ability to write conventional big-band charts as well as classically influenced chamber works. Her compositions fall into a number of overlapping categories: lead sheets and short jazz tunes designed for improvising, completely notated and orchestrated chamber music, big-band ensemble parts, and larger works containing multiple connected parts. Indeed, her oeuvre offers a staggering amount of variety, and for the most part, her compositional style is impossible to classify.
Copyright Royalties
Authors: Beal Amy C.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the New Music Distribution Service (NMDS), a nonprofit organization designed to provide a “desperately needed alternative to the music industry machine.” The NMDS constituted a musician-run service “for the distribution of all independently produced recordings of new music regardless of commercial potential or personal use.” It aimed, namely, to give musicians total artistic and economic control over their recorded work. Moreover, the NMDS focused on new music in a broad sense, with inclusiveness at its core. This diverse array reflected Bley's growing identification with a wider variety of musical styles and her ongoing exploration of jazz's position with regard to both mass-marketed popular music and the niche genres of the classical avant-garde.
Business Unionism and Rank-and-File Unionism at the Turn of the Millennium
Authors: Cloud Dana L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter introduces the arguments of the book in the context of a summary of the critique of traditional American union leadership as pro-business and dangerously invested in partnerships with management. First, it chronicles the two waves of the American union movement, telling the story of the rise of democratic unionism with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) and its subsequent decline in the postwar years. It then provides some examples from the 1990s and 2000s of instances in which conservative unions led workers to defeats, primarily because of the failure to prioritize rank-and-file action in favor of more administrative, legalistic, and consumer-oriented strategies. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the changing situation of labor today. It argues that that the story of the rise of the CIO provides an inspiring model of the birth of a fighting labor movement out of a period of fragmentation, exclusivity, and weakness in existing labor institutions. It further suggests that present conditions of economic crisis and the stirrings of a new militancy are ripe for a similar transformation.
The Problem with “Jointness”
Authors: Cloud Dana L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter goes into depth about union reformers' overarching critique, that the union engages in too much cooperation with the company. Such cooperation often manifests itself in joint safety, performance, and team-based management initiatives. These workers' assessment of programs such as Total Quality Management and the implementation of the High Performance Work Organization illustrate two arguments. First, workers possess the resources of their experience to recognize and reject ideological efforts to align their interests with those of the company. Second, scholars and labor union members alike should be skeptical about worker inclusion programs that ask the workers to give up their autonomy from and antagonism toward their employer. Such independence is necessary to the fight to defend and extend workers' standard of living during contract negotiations and grievance procedures.
Trauma in War, Trauma in Life
Authors: Underwood Doug
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the traumatic history of journalist–literary figures as military correspondents and observers of and participants in war, including the part they have played in developing the “code” of courageous conduct that has come to shape the “heroic” ideal of the journalist operating under dangerous conditions. The discussion begins by looking at journalists and novelists who have incorporated trauma into their awareness and their willingness to be candid about war's impact on the psyche, including Ambrose Bierce, Tobias Smollett, Walt Whitman, Kurt Vonnegut, John Hersey, and Vera Brittain. The chapter then considers the expression of the hero's code in the fiction of Stephen Crane, Rudyard Kipling, Ernest Hemingway, and other journalist–literary figures. It also explores the satire and ambivalence in attitudes about war and peace among the journalist–literary figures who have experienced military conflict firsthand.
New Challenges, New Treatments
Authors: Underwood Doug
Published: May 2017

This epilogue considers the lessons that might be taken from the lives of journalist–literary figures that would be helpful to psychologists, journalists, and the researchers who study the impact of trauma, stress, and risk-taking experiences on today's journalists and their emotional well-being. It also examines some of the challenges confronting contemporary journalists and writers in the face of various economic, demographic, and technological pressures. In particular, it discusses the ways that digital computing is altering the traditional culture of journalism—for instance, the world of the newsroom and the activities of the professional journalist. It also looks at the implications of a host of other factors that assault our psyches, such as threats of terrorism, video and televised violence, fear of crime, increases in divorce and broken families, and illegal drug use and gang hostilities. Finally, it evaluates the prospects for new treatment options available to journalist–literary figures suffering from mental health disorders and other psychological effects of traumatic experience, including psychotropic drugs that combat depression and anxiety.
The Turing Text
Authors: Ramsay Stephen
Published: May 2017

This chapter delves deeper into the terms of programming as variety of textual activity, in an attempt to unite the reductive calculus of computation to the broader act of critical narrative. Programming, which algorithmic criticism reframes as the enactment of a critical reading strategy, undergirds all of the meditations presented in the previous chapter. Thus, using the Turing test as a guide, this chapter attempts to locate the theoretical components that would allow computer-assisted criticism to be situated within the broader context of literary study. It demonstrates how at the heart of the Turing test lies a brilliant, if unsuccessful, attempt to move attention away from the “how” of imperative process toward the results of rhetorical persuasion.
The Collective Conscience
Authors: Emerich Monica M.
Published: May 2017

This chapter deals with LOHAS in the context of “community-building” and the formation of a collective conscience. LOHAS is ultimately a narrative about how to change the world using consumer culture. The lens of globalization is used to examine how LOHAS attempts, on the one hand, to overcome a legacy of anthropocentrism, Eurocentrism, cultural and economic imperialism, and Westernization in capitalism, while, on the other hand, self-consciously reinforcing the capitalist imperative to sell more and different things to more people. As a market-based movement and as a claim to a reformatory effort, LOHAS is only as successful as the quantity of consumers and producers that support its premises. With its sweeping global agenda, LOHAS texts try to position the concept as a nonpartisan movement, one based on commonalities rather than differences. This chapter is a study of the rise of community and collectivity in LOHAS culture, which is chiefly occurring through mediated means, particularly through social media. It historicizes LOHAS within social movements, examining the importance of media and the central role of communication in democratic efforts. This sets the stage for a closer look at the ways in which media and market enable and disable participation in the communication process. An important part of this is the working of ideology in the construction of truth claims.
Whose Development Is It?
Authors: McNeil Bryan T.
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyzes how West Virginia's economic development policies and practices, built on neoliberal influences, systematically favor the coal industry and fail to create a diverse economy or reduce poverty. The most striking characteristic of West Virginia's economic development is that there seems to be no focus on the quality of jobs created. As a policy, the state's economic development efforts do not form a coherent and effective plan to create jobs and long-term economic growth in West Virginia. Projects like the Hatfield-McCoy ATV trails, racetracks, and baseball stadiums create geographically isolated, relatively low-paying service jobs that typically offer no benefits. Implicitly, the state's various development policies protect Coal's status as the dominant economic engine in southern West Virginia.
Epilogue
Authors: McNeil Bryan T.
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter talks about how strong continuities endure between the movement against mountaintop removal as it existed in 2003 and the various forms that have emerged through 2010. Particular attention is given to several important developments that warrant specific mention. Efforts challenging the coal industry and regulatory agencies continued to succeed in federal district courts. Working with grassroots organizations and national environmental law organizations like Earth Justice, Joe Lovett, and others have successfully challenged several specific pieces of mine regulation and enforcement, including the so-called Nationwide-21 permit procedure. Seasoned coalfield residents provided powerful firsthand testimony that yielded credibility to the MTR movement. Meanwhile, youthful enthusiasm and civil disobedience often drew public attention and new interest to the cause, particularly among young people and college students.
Introduction
Authors: Ramirez-Valles Jesus
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter discusses the importance of studying the role of Latino GBT activists in the AIDS movement in the United States. Scholars and the general media have overlooked the work and the voices of Latino GBTs in the AIDS movement, creating a void in the history of the AIDS movement, the social sciences, and public health in the United States. This is troubling because ethnic and sexual minorities are currently more affected by the epidemic than their white counterparts, and because the larger Latino population in the United States is less supportive of civil liberties for homosexuals than for whites and African Americans. Indeed, the absence of Latino GBTs' voices hinders one's understanding of how a group already marginalized because of their ethnicity and skin color confronts adversity, such as the AIDS epidemic.
Multicultural Hegemony
Authors: Lusane Clarence
Published: May 2017

This chapter first locates Obama's politics and policy positions relative to the broad political and ideological objectives of U.S. foreign policy. The Obama doctrine is in process, but its tenets and principles are being set, in part, by an array of close advisors and political appointments whose own political roots are telling. Second, it assesses specific policies that have been espoused by Obama in terms of a general approach to foreign policy and policies aimed at specific regions. Third, it examines the Obama doctrine's fealty to what can be called the black foreign policy consensus, the set of evolved political and policy positions related to international affairs held overwhelmingly by black Americans historically and contemporarily. This is not a racial check specific to Obama, but a calculus that all presidents must face from the black community and its opinion leaders and activists.
Puerto Rican Poets in Chicago
Authors: Zimmerman Marc
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Chicago Rican poetry. From the beginning, Chicago Puerto Rican poets were to speak of Latin or Latino identity, and Latin or Latino poetry. Indeed, they, more than their Mexicano counterparts, tended to decenter or go beyond national identifications to Latino and third world/minority ones even to the degree that they affirmed their particular parameters of identity. Thus, the question of Latino as opposed to strictly Puerto Rican identity is one of the major contributions of Chicago Puerto Rican writers to an overall national Latino literary scene. The chapter then provides an overview of Chicago Puerto Rican writing and examines the first consolidated wave of Chicago Puerto Rican poetry.
Küpal
Authors: Course Magnus
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the aspect of the person referred to as küpal, a term Mapuche people translate as “descent.” As well as being the vehicle for the transmission of certain physical and behavioral characteristics, it is the sharing of descent that is the basis for relations between patri-relatives. It is these relations of patrilineality between those who share descent that are paradigmatic of what can be called “sociality of descent.” Such a mode of sociality is characterized by obligatory mutual assistance, shared identity, and the potential for inequality. The chapter then suggests that a full understanding of the importance of descent helps in reconsidering the complex and flexible nature of Mapuche social aggregates—a long-standing problem in the relevant ethnographic literature.
Conclusions
Authors: Course Magnus
Published: May 2017

This concluding chapter argues that one of the key challenges facing rural Mapuche people is maintaining individual autonomy while entering into various kinds of social relations with others. It is in the very act of creating oneself as che, as a true person, that one runs the greatest risk of losing oneself, of slipping from being the autonomous author of one's own person to being the product of somebody else's intention. Mapuche life is therefore about the maintenance of a delicate balance, the careful judging of social relationships, a fulfillment of the need to enter into sociality enough to be a true person but not so much that one's self disappears in the process.
Scripting Hitchcock
Authors: Raubicheck Walter , Srebnick Walter
Published: May 2017

This book explores the collaborative process between Alfred Hitchcock and the screenwriters he hired to write the scripts for three of his greatest films: Psycho, The Birds, and Marnie. Drawing from extensive interviews with the screenwriters and other film technicians who worked for Hitchcock, this book illustrates how much of the filmmaking process took place not on the set or in front of the camera, but in the adaptation of the sources, the mutual creation of plot and characters by the director and the writers, and the various revisions of the written texts of the films. Hitchcock allowed his writers a great deal of creative freedom, which resulted in dynamic screenplays that expanded traditional narrative and defied earlier conventions. Critically examining the question of authorship in film, the book argues that Hitchcock did establish visual and narrative priorities for his writers, but his role in the writing process was that of an editor. While the writers and their contributions have generally been underappreciated, this book reveals that all the dialogue and much of the narrative structure of the films were the work of screenwriters Jay Presson Allen, Joseph Stefano, and Evan Hunter. The writers also shaped American cultural themes into material specifically for actors such as Janet Leigh, Tippi Hedren, and Tony Perkins. This book gives due credit to those writers who gave narrative form to Hitchcock's filmic vision.
The Black Mother/Wife
Authors: Mitchell Koritha
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on plays written by Georgia Douglas Johnson in the late 1920s as she hosted a literary salon in her Washington, D.C., home. These texts present the black mother/wife, whose existence is shaped by attempts to delay death. In Blue Blood, she prevents the murder of the men in her family by hiding the fact that she has been raped by a powerful white man. In Safe, she becomes desperate to avoid what she believes to be the inevitable fate of her newborn son: humiliating death at the hands of a mob. In Blue-Eyed Black Boy, she protects her adult son, but ultimately her success in stopping the mob underscores her family's vulnerability. In short, Johnson shows that the black mother/wife must forge romantic and parental bonds in a society that allows white men to rape black women and kill black men with impunity.
Black Internationalist Feminism
Authors: Higashida Cheryl
Published: May 2017

This introductory chapter describes Black internationalist feminism. Black internationalist feminism challenged heteronormative and masculinist articulations of nationalism while maintaining the importance, even centrality, of national liberation movements for achieving Black women's social, political, and economic rights. As a corollary of the Communist Party's Black Belt Nation Thesis—which prioritized African American struggles for equality, justice, and self-determination—women of the Black Left asserted that Black women had special problems that could not be deferred or subsumed within the rubrics of working-class or Black oppression and that in fact were integral to the universal struggle for human rights and economic freedom. Moreover, women of the Black Left understood that essential to the liberation of African Americans, the Third World, and the worldwide proletariat was the fight against heteropatriarchy, which exacerbated oppression within as well as between nations.
The Negro Question, the Woman Question, and the “Vital Link”
Authors: Higashida Cheryl
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides a history of Black internationalist feminism. It begins with the intertwinings of Black nationalist and Old Left movements in the interwar years, with special attention to the Black Belt Nation Thesis, which produced political solidarities beyond the limited affiliations engendered and policed by U.S. liberal democracy. While putting the Black Belt Nation Thesis into practice entrenched Left masculinism more fully, several leading Black Communists transformed the meaning of self-determination to allow for intersectional analysis of race and gender and to address the “special oppressed status” of Black women. In doing so, African American Left women in particular paved the way for postwar Black feminism, which Claudia Jones definitively theorized. The chapter then demonstrates how the activism and analysis of African American women on the Old Left such as Maude White Katz and Louise Thompson Patterson laid grounds for postwar Black feminism.
Rosalind on the Black Star Line
Authors: Higashida Cheryl
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on Alice Childress to consider the legacy of Garveyism for the postwar Black Left. Despite historical animosity between Marcus Garvey and the Old Left, younger anticolonial radicals recognized Garvey as a political forefather. Childress's novel, A Short Walk (1979), contributed to and intervened in the renaissance of Garveyism among Black radicals and nationalists. Childress exposed Garveyism's rigid hierarchies of gender and sexuality through juxtaposing chronotopes of the ship and the traveling minstrel show. Through conventions of minstrelsy, Childress imagines an alternative space—the drag ball—that unmoors Black/American identities from heteropatriarchal roles. In exploring the radical potential of minstrel drag, Childress drew upon her experience as a Black Left actor and playwright.
War, Masculinity, and Native Americans
Authors: Roberts Kathleen Glenister
Published: May 2017

This chapter draws on several years of ethnographic research on Native American ceremonials to examine the metaphor of the “warrior” in some Native American communities. It discusses their views of “war,” which are expressed both in military service and in other contexts within their communities. Their perspective on war is at times an ancient one, and has impacted American history more than most non-Natives understand. Because this misunderstanding has through history often led to continued disrespect on the part of non-Natives, the chapter uses an ethnographic approach to explain the warrior ideal in the voices of those who fight to defend their homes and their cultural communities.
Beyond Jackie Chan
Authors: Balaji Murali
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the way the media implicitly frames Asian masculinities. It sketches how the portrayals of Asian masculinity in Western media are informed by Eurocentric and Orientalist ideologies as well as the economics of identity. It shows how Western media producers frame Asian masculine Otherness as a means of enhancing the normativity of white European masculinity. It argues that instead of industry producing culture, industry produces caricature in order to uphold notions of Asian masculinity. The chapter argues that creating alternative masculinities for Asian men in Western media has not been economically beneficial for media producers. Using the Rush Hour films as a case study, and guided by postcolonial and political economic frameworks, it analyzes how images of Asian masculinity conform to or cultivate notions of Otherness.
1. “The Land Flows with Milk and Honey”
Authors: Grivno Max
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines northern Maryland's economy and workforce from the 1790s through the 1810s. The region had prospered during this period, given that the Napoleonic Wars disrupted farming and trade in Europe and the Caribbean, thus creating a void that allowed Americans to reap a windfall by supplying the belligerents and their colonies with foodstuffs. As commodity prices soared, northern Marylanders waded deeper into export markets and were drawn more closely into Baltimore's commercial orbit. In these heady decades, many people cast caution to the wind, speculating in land, purchasing consumer goods on credit, and amassing fortunes in dubious notes issued by rural banks and turnpike companies.
4. “… How Much of Oursels We Owned”
Authors: Grivno Max
Published: May 2017

This chapter devotes particular attention to the unequal negotiations between masters and mistresses eager to preserve slavery and bondspeople desperate to escape. Both parties confronted two central and inescapable realities: the enslaved could inflict grievous financial losses on their owners by escaping to Pennsylvania, and slaveholders could destroy black families and communities by selling slaves south. To restore a tenuous peace and to eliminate the intertwined threats of flight and sale, slaveholders and their chattels hammered out delayed manumission or term slavery agreements whereby slave owners promised to free their slaves after a certain date, a pledge that was contingent on the slaves' continued obedience. Slave owners thus negated the threat of flight and found a new means of extracting years of labor from their slaves, while the enslaved secured protection from the ravages of the interstate trade.
Caribbean Popular Dance Transformations
Authors: Daniel Yvonne
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines Caribbean popular dances that undergo transformations over time and across borders, with particular emphasis on Cuban community rumba and how it evolved into commercial rhumba. It first considers intra-Caribbean dances and their dance music mixtures before turning to Cuban rumba to illustrate how popular dance changes shape and identities and travels across old and new borders, from local to transnational. It also discusses mixing and (con)fusion that characterize Cuban popular dances by citing the case of mambo, a descendant of son. Finally, it describes quindembo, a mixture of dance movement vocabulary that keeps refreshing itself with new trends, and the concept of liberation within Caribbean popular dance.
Resilient Diaspora Rituals
Authors: Daniel Yvonne
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the histories and connections between Afro-Latin America and the Caribbean by focusing on sacred Caribbean dance rituals. It begins with a discussion of African-derived rituals in sacred dance, paying attention to how dance reveals and forwards sacred potential and how a relationship between the sacred and the secular is forged in African Diaspora contexts. It then considers how similar religious and dance structures have emerged across the Diaspora from common beliefs and social conditions that were shared by thousands of Africans. It also explores African-derived sacred dance practices in the Caribbean islands, namely: French/Kreyol, English/Creole, Spanish Caribbean, and Dutch Caribbean sacred practices. Furthermore, it describes compares Atlantic Afro-Latin sacred practices, including those in Brazil, Suriname, and Uruguay. The chapter concludes with Afrogenic comparisons of ritual Diaspora dance.
The Brotherhood of the Union
Authors: Lause Mark A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the Brotherhood of the Union. The Brotherhood represented a particularly American version of the radical nationalist idealism characteristic of the European revolts of 1848–49. Unlike such associations abroad, it functioned within a civilization, paradoxically free in terms of a republican ideology but politically shackled to human slavery. In founding the order, Gothic writer George Lippard sought to create a mutual aid fraternal order that would play the same sort of role widely attributed to the secret political societies in Europe. Known members—a rather limited proportion of the entire order—included some of the leading socialist and radical land reformers, people with ties to the antislavery Free Democratic Party. No less than kindred associations abroad, the Brotherhood of the Union blended abstract romantic humanity and social love with political goals that required blood and iron.
Daughter of the Empire State
Authors: McLeod Jacqueline A.
Published: May 2017

This long overdue biography elevates Jane Matilda Bolin to her rightful place in American history as an activist, integrationist, jurist, and outspoken public figure in the political and professional milieu of New York City before the onset of the modern Civil Rights movement. When Bolin was appointed to New York City's domestic relations court in 1939 for the first of four 10-year terms, she became the nation's first African American woman judge. Drawing on archival materials as well as a meeting with Bolin in 2002, the author reveals how Bolin parlayed her judicial position to impact significant reforms of the legal and social service system in New York. Beginning with Bolin's childhood and educational experiences at Wellesley and Yale, the book chronicles Bolin's relatively quick rise through the ranks of a profession that routinely excluded both women and African Americans. The book links Bolin's activist leanings and integrationist zeal to her involvement in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and details her work as a critic and reformer of domestic relations courts and juvenile placement facilities.
Eugene Kinckle Jones
Authors: Armfield Felix L.
Published: May 2017

A leading African American intellectual of the early twentieth century, Eugene Kinckle Jones (1885–1954) was instrumental in professionalizing black social work in America. In his role as executive secretary of the National Urban League, Jones worked closely with social reformers who advocated on behalf of African Americans and against racial discrimination in the United States. Coinciding with the Great Migration of African Americans to northern urban centers, Jones' activities on behalf of the Urban League included campaigning for equal hiring practices, advocating for the inclusion of black workers in labor unions, and promoting the importance of vocational training and social work for members of the black community. Drawing on rich interviews with Jones' colleagues and associates, as well as recently opened family and Urban League papers, the book freshly examines the growth of African American communities and the new roles played by social workers. In calling attention to the need for black social workers in the midst of the Great Migration, Jones and his colleagues sought to address problems stemming from race and class conflicts from within the community. This book blends the biography of a significant black leader with an in-depth discussion of the roles of black institutions and organizations to study the evolution of African American life immediately before the civil rights era.