bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interactions within the Hand Representation in Primary Somatosensory Cortex of Primates
Authors: Lipton Michael L. , Liszewski Mark C. , O'Connell M. Noelle , Mills Aimee , Smiley John F. , Branch Craig A. , Isler Joseph R. , Schroeder Charles E.
Published: November 2010

Previous studies indicate that primary somatosensory cortical area 3b in macaques contains a somatotopic map of the hand, encompassing representations of each digit. However, numerous observations including recent findings in anesthetized New World monkeys indicate that that the digit representations within the map are not discrete. We assessed the generality and spatial extent of these effects in awake macaques. We show that, within a given digit representation, (1) there is response to stimulation of all other digits tested, extending across most or all of the digit map, and (2) response to stimulation of the locally preferred digit is modulated by concurrent stimulation of each of the other digits. Control experiments rule out effects of attention and mechanical spread of stimulation. We thus confirm that, even at the first level of somatosensory cortical processing, inputs from potentially all of the digits frame the context within which the input to a single digit is represented.
Die Rolle der lokalen Eliten abhängiger griechischer Städte vor dem Hintergrund der Entwicklung königlicher Administration und städtischer Politik im 2. Jh. v. Chr.
Authors: Dreyer Boris
Published: November 2010

Die vorliegende Untersuchung geht von der Rolle der Eliten griechischer Städte im attalidischen Reich aus. Die Koordinaten des politischen Raums, den die Attaliden für die abhängigen Städte schufen, bestimmten auf lange Sicht die Position lokaler Eliten ungleich weniger als die Rahmenbedingungen in den Städten selbst, und zwar relativ unabhängig davon, ob die Städte abhängig waren oder nicht: Im Laufe des 3. und 2. Jh.s wurden die formal nach athenischem Vorbild geprägten städtischen Demokratien immer stärker von Gruppen reicher Mitbürger dominiert. Ihre ab der Mitte des 2. Jh.s immer deutlicher angesprochenen Privilegien sind Ergebnis eines langen Prozesses, in den auch die Entwicklung des Institutionengefüges eingebunden war. Diese Privilegien rechtfertigen ein neues Selbstverständnis der Eliten, das auf die Perpetuierung des eigenen Einflusses und die dauerhafte Etablierung der Position der eigenen Familie in den Städten ausgerichtet war. Nach Bedeutung der Stadt, je nach Region und abhängig von der politischen ,Großwetterlage konnten die Etappen der zunehmenden Elitisierung zwar unterschiedlich einsetzen, aber schließlich führten sie um die Mitte des 2. Jh.s zu demselben Ergebnis. Eine Zäsur bildete am Ende die römische Vorherrschaft, die zu unterschiedlichen Zeiten begann und im Sinne einer Konzentration wirkte: Die Eliten bewährten sich unter den Attaliden auf einer immer stärker normierten Ebene des Austauschs zwischen lokaler Ebene und Reichszentrale. Dieser ,Mittelbau fiel mit Beginn der direkten römischen Herrschaft ab 133 zunächst weg, weswegen die Eliten ihre Bewährungsfelder verloren – ein Feld für Konfliktstoff, denn nur wenige konnten nunmehr noch dauerhaft Kontakt zu Vertretern der Vormacht knüpfen.
El impacto de las guerras mitridáticas en la creación de una nueva clase dirigente. Evergetas y evergetismo en Asia Menor
Authors: Morales Isaías Arrayás
Published: November 2010

El artículo estudia la formación de una nueva oligarquía mixta en las poleis minor-asiáticas, valorando la trascendencia que, en este sentido, tuvieron las secuelas dejadas por las guerras mitrid ticas. Se analiza también el rol jugado por los evergetas locales, que, tras sobrevivir a la crisis global que comportó el conflicto mitridático, se erigieron en salvadores de sus respectivas patrias. Tales evergetas, bien relacionados con las autoridades romanas, protagonizaron una frenética actividad diplomàtica durante el siglo I a. C., encaminada a conseguir o defender los privilegios de sus poleis.
Influence of added and differently attached methyl groups on the crystal structure of 2,6-diphenyl substituted p-nitrophenol
Authors: Kurjatschij Sanrda , Eißmann Diana , Seichter Wilhelm , Weber Edwin
Published: November 2010

In order to find out the consequences of a methyl substitution on the crystalline packing behaviour of the parent compound 2,6-diphenyl-4-nitrophenol, three analogous nitrophenols being substituted at different positions of the lateral phenyl rings were comparatively studied with regard to their crystal structures. While the molecular structures do not suggest marked differences, the network structures do, showing dependency on the presence and positional substitution of the methyl groups. This is revealed by the formation of weakly O—H…π bonded dimers or supramolecular chains, more strongly hold together through interacting OH and nitro groups.
REEAl2.07(B4O10)O0.60 dimetaborates (REE = La, Pr); synthesis and X-ray structural characterization
Authors: Capitelli Francesco , Chita Giuseppe , Leonyuk Nikolay I. , Koporulina Elizaveta V. , Bellatreccia Fabio , Ventura Giancarlo Della
Published: November 2010

Nonstoichiometric REEAl2.07(B4O10)O0.60 (REE = La, Pr) borates have been crystallized and analyzed by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compounds resulted to be isostructural within hexagonal space group P-62m (n. 189), with the following unit cell parameters: a = 4.6170(1) Å, c = 9.3640(3) Å and V = 172.87(1) Å3 (La); a = 4.5990(1) Å; c = 9.3270(2) Å and V = 170.87(1) Å3 (Pr). REE cations make up a trigonal prismatic coordination, by means of six REE-O bonds under 2.5 Å; aluminium cation is five-coordinated, displaying a square pyramidal coordination, while the boron atom forms BO4 tetrahedral units. The present borates belong to the structural type of NdAl2.07(B4O10)O0.60 dimetaborate [1]: thus, the three-dimensional framework can be described as a structure packed down crystallographic axis c, with layers of six-membered rings of B tetrahedra alternated by inter-layers REE cations and layers of Al polyhedra. An intricate network of Al···O and REE···O interactions complete the array.
Control of Germline torso Expression by the BTB/POZ Domain Protein Pipsqueak Is Required for Embryonic Terminal Patterning in Drosophila
Authors: Grillo Marco , Furriols Marc , Casanova Jordi , Luschnig Stefan
Published: November 2010

Early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster is controlled by maternal gene products, which are deposited in the egg during oogenesis. It is not well understood how maternal gene expression is controlled during germline development. pipsqueak (psq) is a complex locus that encodes several nuclear protein variants containing a PSQ DNA-binding domain and a BTB/POZ domain. Psq proteins are thought to regulate germline gene expression through epigenetic silencing. While psq was originally identified as a posterior-group gene, we show here a novel role of psq in embryonic terminal patterning. We characterized a new psq loss-of-function allele, psqrum, which specifically affects signaling by the Torso (Tor) receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). Using genetic epistasis, gene expression analyses, and rescue experiments, we demonstrate that the sole function impaired by the psqrum mutation in the terminal system is an essential requirement for controlling transcription of the tor gene in the germline. In contrast, the expression of several other maternal genes, including those encoding Tor pathway components, is not affected by the mutation. Rescue of the psqrum terminal phenotype does not require the BTB/POZ domain, suggesting that the PSQ DNA-binding domain can function independently of the BTB/POZ domain. Our finding that tor expression is subject to dedicated transcriptional regulation suggests that different maternal genes may be regulated by multiple distinct mechanisms, rather than by a general program controlling nurse-cell transcription.
Important Characteristics of Sequence-Specific Recombination Hotspots in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Steiner Walter W , Davidow Peter A , Bagshaw Andrew T M
Published: November 2010

In many organisms, meiotic recombination occurs preferentially at a limited number of sites in the genome known as hotspots. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, simple sequence motifs determine the location of at least some, and possibly most or all, hotspots. Recently, we showed that a large number of different sequences can create hotspots. Among those sequences we identified some recurring motifs that fell into at least five distinct families, including the well-characterized CRE family of hotspots. Here we report the essential sequence for activity of two of the novel hotspots, the oligo-C and CCAAT hotspots, and identify associated trans-acting factors required for hotspot activity. The oligo-C hotspot requires a unique 8-bp sequence, CCCCGCAC, though hotspot activity is also significantly affected by adjacent nucleotides. The CCAAT hotspot requires a more complex and degenerate sequence, including the originally identified seven nucleotide CCAATCA sequence at its core. We identified transcription factors, the CCAAT-binding factor (CBF) and Rst2, which are required specifically for activity of the CCAAT hotspots and oligo-C hotspots, respectively. Each of these factors binds to its respective motifs in vitro. However, unlike CRE, the sequence required for hotspot activity is larger than the sequence required for binding, suggesting the involvement of additional factors.
A Novel Interaction Between hedgehog and Notch Promotes Proliferation at the Anterior–Posterior Organizer of the Drosophila Wing
Authors: Casso David J , Biehs Brian , Kornberg Thomas B
Published: November 2010

Notch has multiple roles in the development of the Drosophila melanogaster wing imaginal disc. It helps specify the dorsal–ventral compartment border, and it is needed for the wing margin, veins, and sensory organs. Here we present evidence for a new role: stimulating growth in response to Hedgehog. We show that Notch signaling is activated in the cells of the anterior–posterior organizer that produce the region between wing veins 3 and 4, and we describe strong genetic interactions between the gene that encodes the Hedgehog pathway activator Smoothened and the Notch pathway genes Notch, presenilin, and Suppressor of Hairless and the Enhancer of split complex. This work thus reveals a novel collaboration by the Hedgehog and Notch pathways that regulates proliferation in the 3–4 intervein region independently of Decapentaplegic.
Sero-epidemiologia de la toxoplasmosis en dos comunidades de Rwanda (Africa Central)
Authors: Gascon Joaquim , Torres-Rodriguez Josep M. , Soldevila Montserrat , Merlos Anna M.
Published: November 2010

Se ha estudiado la prevalência de anticuerpos antitoxoplasma en dos comunidades rurales rwandesas, utilizando sangre total desecada en papel de filtro que se procesó por la técnica de Aglutinación Directa. En ambas comunidades están afectados el 50% de los adultos. La adquisición de los anticuerpos se hace tardiamente en NGD (a los 14 años sólo un 12% de la problación muestra anticuerpos antitoxoplasma) y más pronto en NVU (31% de la población estudiada tiene anticuerpos antitoxoplasma a los 14 años). Se destaca el posible papel que juega esta enfermedad en la patología materno-fetal, y la necesidad de nuevos studios que aumenten el conocimiento de la epidemiología de la toxoplasmosis y sus mecanismos de transmisión en Rwanda.
Loxoscelismo en Chile: estudios epidemiológicos, clínicos y experimentales
Authors: Schenone Hugo , Saavedra Tirza , Rojas Antonio , Villarroel Fernando
Published: November 2010

Se presenta un enfoque panorámico de estudios epidemiológicos, clínicos y experimentales referentes a Loxosceles laeta y loxoscelismo efectuados en 1955-1988 en Santiago, Chile. Se estudiaron 216 casos de loxoscelismo. Los hechos más relevantes fueron: 52,8% correspondió a mujeres; edad entre 7 meses y 78 años; 84,3% fué loxoscelismo cutáneo (LO y 15,7% loxoscelismo cutáneo-visceral (LCV); 73,6% sucedió en época calurosa; en 86,6% el accidente ocurrió en la vivienda, especialmente en dormitorios, mientras la persona dormía o se vestía. La araña fué vista en 60,2% de los casos e identificada en laboratorio como L. laeta en 17,7% (10,6% de los 216 casos). Los sitios más frecuen temente afectados fueron las extremidades con 67,6%, lancetazo urente fué el síntoma inicial más frecuente. Dolor, edema y placa livedoide, la cual posteriormente se transformaría en escara necrótica, fueron las manifestaciones locales predominantes. En LCV hematuria y hemoglobinuria fueron constantes, ictericia, fiebre y compromiso de conciencia se presentaron en la mayoría de los casos. Tratamiento: LC con antihistamínicos o corticoides inyectables, LCV con corti-coides inyectables. La condición de los pacientes en el último control fué: curación completa en 75,5%, curación con secuela cicatrizal en 8,3%, muerte en 3,7% (todos con LCV) y abandono en 12,5%. Adicionalmente, se ha efectuado una serie de estudios experimentales, tanto in vivo como in vitro para esclarecer aspectos básicos sobre el veneno de L. laeta y el tratamiento del loxoscelismo.
Cyclophosphamide effect on coccidioidomycosis in the rat
Authors: Remesar Mirta C. , Blejer Jorgelina L. , Negroni Ricardo , Nejamkis Marta R.
Published: November 2010

Coccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis, endemic in arid areas of the American continent. The rat was employed as an experimental host, since it had been shown to reproduce human lesions and present a chronic course of disease with granulomas mainly restricted to lungs. Given the influence of immunosuppressive therapy on the clinical course of human coccidioidomycosis, we studied the effect of cyclophosphamide (CY) in the experimental rat model. Accordingly, animals were inoculated with 400 Coccidioides immitis arthroconidia of the Acosta strain, by intracardiacal route. As single CY doses failed to alter the course of disease, three schedules were used: A) 4 daily doses of 20 mg/kg each, prior to C. immitis inoculation; B) 4 similar daily doses after infection; and C); 6 doses of 20 mg/kg each, given from day +1 to +4, then on days +8 and +9, post infection (pi), taking day 0 as the time of fungal inoculation. The first two schedules inhibited antibody formation up to day 28 pi, without modifying cellular response to coccidioidin as measured by foodpad swelling. Initially, there was greater fungal spread than in controls receiving C. immitis alone, which proved self-limiting in the latter. In contrast, schedule C led to 559r mortality, with both humoral and cellular response abrogation, accompanied by extensive C. immitis dissemination. Histology disclosed significant alterations, such as the persistence of primary infection sporangia, corresponding to the acute stage of coccidioidomycosis in the absence of granuloma development. Therefore, the observed depression in cellular immunity seems responsible for the lack of inflammatory reaction capable of restricting sporangia proliferation in tissues which, in turn, enhances pathogen spread and mortality rate.
Effects of uterine cervix constriction on Wistar rats
Authors: Raposo-Amaral Cassio Eduardo , Almeida Ana Beatriz , Raposo-Amaral Cesar Augusto , Vulcano Luiz Carlos , Passos-Bueno Maria Rita , Alonso Nivaldo
Published: November 2010

PURPOSE: To verify if uterine cerclage can induce craniosynostosis or any cranial deformity in new born Wistar rats. METHODS: One pregnant female Wistar rat underwent laparotomy on day 18 of gestation and the uterus cervix was closed with a 3-0 nylon suture to avoid delivery, that occurs normally on the 21 day. The suture was released after 48 hours beyond the normal gestation period. The female rat delivered 11 pups. Six surviving rats from the delivery (group A - constrained group). Two rats were born from another mother and in the same age were used as control group (group B - 2 nonconstrained controls) were allowed to grow. They were sacrificed 1.2 years after their birth all the eight animals. Linear measurement, routine histology and computed tomography of the skull were performed at the time of their death to evaluate the cranial asymmetries by mesurements of the anatomical landmarks of the craniofacial skeleton of the rats on the two groups and compared then. RESULTS: We did not observe statistically significant differences in any of the compared measurements (p>0.05) obtained through the morphologic and radiologic methods. Histologic examinations did not reveal any sign of premature fusion or suture imbrications. Critical decrease in longitudinal body size was noticed as the limbs too in all the animals of group A. CONCLUSION: Constriction of uterine cervix leads to fetus suffering, even death for a few animals, associated to small body size, but not to craniosynostosis.
Root perforations treatment using mineral trioxide aggregate and Portland cements
Authors: Silva Neto José Dias da , Brito Rafael Horácio de , Schnaider Taylor Brandão , Gragnani Alfredo , Engelman Mírian , Ferreira Lydia Masako
Published: November 2010

PURPOSE: Clinical, radiological and histological evaluation of root perforations treated with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) or Portland cements, and calcium sulfate barrier. METHODS: One molar and 11 premolar teeth of a male mongrel dog received endodontic treatment and furcations were perforated with a high-speed round bur and treated with a calcium sulfate barrier. MTA, Portland cement type II (PCII) and type V (PCV), and white Portland cement (WPC) were used as obturation materials. The teeth were restored with composite resin and periapical radiographs were taken. The animal was euthanized 120 days post-surgery for treatment evaluation. RESULTS: Right lower first premolar (MTA), right lower third premolar (PCV), left lower second premolar (MTA), and right lower second premolar (WPC): clinically normal, slightly radio-transparent area on the furcation, little inflammatory infiltrate, and new-bone formation. Left lower third premolar (PCII), right upper first premolar (WPC), right upper third premolar (PCII), and left upper first molar (PCV): clinically normal, radiopaque area on the furcation, and new-bone formation. Right upper second premolar (MTA), left upper second premolar (WPC), left upper third premolar (PCII): presence of furcation lesion, large radiolucent area, and intense inflammatory infiltrate. CONCLUSION: All obturation materials used in this study induced new-bone formation.
Biotecnologia na agricultura
Authors: Carrer Helaine , Barbosa André Luiz , Ramiro Daniel Alves
Published: November 2010

A expectativa de o crescimento populacional atingir 9 bilhões de habitantes em 2050 em adição às questões da sustentabilidade e do aquecimento global nos desafiam a aumentar a oferta de alimentos. Uma metodologia alternativa que contribua para a redução do impacto desse cenário envolve a biotecnologia, que, nas últimas décadas, trouxe marcantes oportunidades tecnológicas na agricultura, resultando em relevante desenvolvimento na obtenção de novas variedades de plantas, na melhoria da qualidade de diversos alimentos e atualmente também na bioenergia. As técnicas biotecnológicas envolvendo os marcadores moleculares, a genômica e a transformação genética estão transformando a agricultura e são discutidas neste artigo.
Um estudo de simulação computacional para a análise de perfis de aprendizagem organizacional
Authors: Azevedo Debora , Vaccaro Guilherme Luís Roehe , Lima Rodrigo Costa de Souza , Silva Débora Oliveira da
Published: November 2010

Este artigo apresenta um modelo de simulação computacional que estende o modelo de aprendizagem mútua proposto por March (1991) com base no modelo SECI de Nonaka e Takeuchi (1997). Inicialmente são apresentadas considerações sobre aprendizagem organizacional e o modelo de aprendizagem mútua. Em seguida o modelo de March é revisitado, e são propostas extensões. São simulados diferentes cenários de evolução do modelo proposto, considerando as extensões, e analisados os resultados com base no referencial teórico. Finalmente, este trabalho apresenta considerações sobre a interpretação dos resultados obtidos em diferentes ambientes organizacionais, objetivando discutir a relação entre perfis de organização e aprendizagem organizacional.
Rede social e desempenho de programas de saúde: uma proposta investigativa
Authors: Gomide Marcia , Grossetti Michel
Published: November 2010

Para alcançar a descentralização dos serviços de saúde no Brasil, tem sido necessário um grande esforço. Este implica essencialmente a construção de práticas inovadoras. Diversos pesquisadores têm enfrentado o desafio de produzir estudos para avaliar a implantação dos programas de saúde. Algumas pesquisas, em andamento atualmente, têm apontado as relações interpessoais como responsáveis importantes que explicam os diferentes desfechos. Pretende-se neste artigo desenvolver uma discussão sobre a importância das relações interpessoais na implementação de programas de saúde a partir do aporte da análise de redes sociais, propondo que as investigações voltadas à compreensão das flutuações de performances dos programas de saúde incorporem tal perspectiva.
Processos de subjetivação e territórios de vida: o trabalho de transição do hospital psiquiátrico para serviços residenciais terapêuticos
Authors: Wachs Felipe , Jardim Camila , Paulon Simone Maineri , Resende Vera
Published: November 2010

O artigo discute o cuidado em saúde mental no contexto da Reforma Psiquiátrica em implementação no Brasil. Resulta de uma proposta de pesquisa-intervenção potencializadora da desinstitucionalização de moradores do Hospital Psiquiátrico São Pedro e aborda, mais precisamente, o trabalho de transição para os serviços residenciais terapêuticos Morada São Pedro, na cidade de Porto Alegre. Para além de mero deslocamento de um espaço físico para outro, a concepção de transição trabalhada diz respeito mais à apropriação de novos territórios subjetivos e de formas outras de viver e habitar. Os processos de subjetivação que emergiram entre usuários, trabalhadores e em nós pesquisadores, ao transitar por novos territórios de vida, foram tomados como dispositivos analisadores e são aqui problematizados, a fim de refletir sobre a função que a transição possa ter na produção de vida desses novos integrantes da vida urbana.
Violência e saúde: uma análise da produção científica publicada em periódicos nacionais entre 2003 e 2007
Authors: Gontijo Daniela Tavares , Alves Heliana Castro , Paiva Michelle Helena Pereira de , Guerra Ruth Maria Ribeiro , Kappel Verônica Borges
Published: November 2010

A violência, atualmente entendida como um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública mundial e cuja magnitude cresce vertiginosamente, tem sido alvo de discussões e intervenções que se explicitam tanto nos debates cotidianos da mídia, quanto nas produções divulgadas nos meios acadêmico e científico. Considerando a velocidade crescente da produção e divulgação do conhecimento científico e a necessidade de se aprofundar a discussão do fenômeno na realidade brasileira, neste trabalho objetivou-se analisar a produção científica publicada em periódicos nacionais da área da saúde sobre o tema violência e saúde de 2003 a 2007. Os dados foram coletados na base de dados LILACS e sistematizados em um protocolo no qual foram alocadas as variáveis de estudo. O processo de análise de dados, realizado através da estatística descritiva e análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática, possibilitou a constatação da pulverização do estudo sobre a violência nos periódicos da saúde, principalmente naqueles direcionados para a saúde pública. A partir de diferentes tipos e abordagens de pesquisa, os autores direcionaram sua atenção para o estudo de temáticas relacionadas às Construções Teórico-Metodológicas; Violência e Gênero; Violência e Infância e Adolescência; Violência contra Idosos; e Violência em Situações Específicas. Foi possível identificar, no período estudado, lacunas na produção do conhecimento em saúde sobre a violência direcionada a grupos especialmente vulneráveis ao fenômeno, bem como sobre a análise da efetividade de estratégias de enfrentamento.
A queixa escolar nos ambulatórios públicos de saúde mental: práticas e concepções
Authors: Marçal Viviane Prado Buiatti , Silva Silvia Maria Cintra da
Published: November 2010

O presente artigo refere-se a uma pesquisa realizada junto aos psicólogos que atuam na rede pública de Saúde Mental em uma cidade do Triângulo Mineiro com a finalidade de verificar o movimento da demanda de queixas escolares nos ambulatórios, bem como a compreensão dos profissionais a respeito dessa questão. Verificou-se a existência de um alto índice de solicitações de atendimento de crianças entre cinco e treze anos de idade, com a maioria dos encaminhamentos advindos de escolas. Quanto à compreensão da queixa, observou-se uma visão essencialmente clínica e desconectada da escola; prevalece uma concepção de que existem principalmente questões emocionais por trás dela, e que a família está diretamente relacionada às dificuldades de aprendizagem dos filhos. Este estudo confirma dados de outras pesquisas na área escolar que compartilham do mesmo referencial teórico aqui utilizado, indicando a urgência da revisão curricular dos cursos de formação de psicólogos, no sentido de melhor instrumentalizar os profissionais egressos.
Avaliação do impacto ambiental da integração lavoura-pecuária: aspecto conservação ambiental no cerrado
Authors: Galharte Caroline A. , Crestana Silvio
Published: November 2010

As atividades agrícola e pecuária são geradores de resíduos e, potencialmente, produtores de impactos ambientais, como qualquer outra atividade humana. A remediação e a avaliação dos impactos ambientais são necessidades imperiosas para sustentabilidade de uma atividade e proteção dos ecossistemas. Com o intuito de suprir tais necessidades, a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) produziu um instrumento de avaliação de impacto ambiental da inovação tecnológica agropecuária, denominado Ambitec-Agro. Dentre inúmeras inovações tecnológicas selecionou-se a Integração lavoura-pecuária, que visa recuperar áreas de lavouras degradadas, usar eficientemente a terra, recuperar e renovar pastagens degradadas, ou seja, promover sustentabilidade agropecuária. O presente trabalho propôs, por meio de estudo de caso, avaliar os impactos promovidos pela inovação tecnológica do binômio integrado lavoura-pecuária em área irrigada e de sequeiro, com o uso do Ambitec-Agro. A avaliação do impacto ambiental da Integração lavoura-pecuária no aspecto conservação ambiental foi satisfatória, visto que se obtiveram índices positivos e significativos em relação à qualidade da água, qualidade do solo e biodiversidade no âmbito do estabelecimento estudado.
Arquiteturas organizacionais para a área de P&D em empresas do setor elétrico brasileiro
Authors: Fernandino Jaelton Avelar , Oliveira Janete Lara de
Published: November 2010

Este artigo busca identificar os modelos de arquiteturas organizacionais que estão sendo adotados por empresas do setor elétrico brasileiro para gerenciar o programa de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento [P&D] instituído a partir da Lei n. 9.991 (2000) e operacionalizado pela Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica [ANEEL]. Adotaram-se as cinco dimensões propostas pelo Modelo Estrela de Galbratih (1995): estratégia, estrutura, processos, pessoas e sistemas de recompensa para analisar como as concessionárias de energia elétrica estão estruturando suas áreas de P&D. Foram pesquisadas quatro concessionárias de energia elétrica, por meio de análise documental e entrevistas; os resultados indicam a existência, basicamente, de dois modelos de arquiteturas para estruturação da área de P&D dessas empresas. O primeiro apresenta-se mais estruturado, em termos do planejamento de P&D, e é gerenciado por meio de estrutura organizacional informal e enxuta. Os investimentos para treinamento são modestos, bem como os incentivos de participação. O segundo identifica a existência de áreas formais para gerenciamento do programa, embora as estratégias para investimentos em P&D não se encontrem bem definidas. Novos estudos que possibilitem avaliar a relevância do modelo de arquitetura organizacional adotado para o desempenho das carteiras de projetos são pertinentes e relevantes.
Teaching Secondary English Learners to Understand, Analyze, and Write Interpretive Essays About Theme
Authors: Olson Carol Booth , Land Robert , Anselmi Thelma , AuBuchon Charlie
Published: November 2010

Members of a site of the California Writing Project conducted the study in this article in partnership with a large, urban, low‐SES school district where 93% of the students speak English as a second language and 69% are designated Limited English Proficient. Over an eight‐year period, a relatively stable group of 55 secondary teachers engaged in ongoing professional development implemented a cognitive strategies approach to reading and writing instruction, making visible for approximately 2,000 students per year the thinking tools experienced readers and writers access in the process of meaning construction. This article describes the final year of the project which addressed teaching students to understand, analyze, and write interpretive essays about theme. Students who received cognitive strategies instruction focused on theme significantly out‐gained peers on holistically scored assessments of academic writing, on a high stakes statewide writing assessment, and on English placement exams at the local community college.
Aboriginal Students Engaging and Struggling With Critical Multiliteracies
Authors: Pirbhai‐Illich Fatima
Published: November 2010

This article reports on findings from a school‐based action research project with aboriginal adolescent students attending an alternative school in Canada. As a Freirean response to these marginalized students' school failures, the researcher engaged students in a critical multiliteracies approach to language and literacy learning. Based on participant observation, video recordings, teacher journals, and field notes, key findings from this study indicated that (a) students were more likely to engage in school literacy projects when rules about how to speak in school and what topics could be discussed in school were suspended, (b) students' literacy levels benefited from a critical multiliteracies project that asked to them to draw on their own cultural funds of knowledge and use and develop the computer technologies skills they were interested in, and (c) students were more likely to engage in critical discussion of social issues when they chose the topic for study.
Inviting Outsiders Inside Disciplinary Literacies: An Interview With Cynthia Greenleaf, Gayle Cribb, and Heather Howlett
Authors: Greenleaf Cynthia , Cribb Gayle , Howlett Heather , Moore David W.
Published: November 2010

In this Research Connections column, Editor David Moore interviews Cynthia Greenleaf, Gayle Cribb, and Heather Howlett. Greenleaf codirects the Strategic Literacy Initiative and leads professional development projects in its Reading Apprenticeship instructional framework. Her approach to disciplinary literacy instruction is based on her findings that readers do well to clarify and develop their reading processes through metacognitive conversations. Cribb and Hoslett are secondary teachers who have participated in the Reading Apprenticeship training. Cribb realized the value of linking literacy with her history teaching when her initial attempts at engaging students in conversations about historical texts were productive and students more and more began reading and thinking historically. Howlett was persuaded to link literacy with science especially when her students who struggled in science benefited from discussing their thoughts and understandings of various science texts.
Critical Literacy for Xenophobia: A Wake‐Up Call
Authors: Stevens Lisa Patel , Stovall David Omotoso
Published: November 2010

Critical literacy has been on the map of literacy pedagogy internationally since the time of Freire, and more commonplace in the United States in the last few decades. However, in this column the authors argue that the common practices of critical literacy are insufficient for critical engagement with texts. The tools of critical literacy are employed to explore ways in which recent legislation about immigration and ethnicity in Arizona is connected to racialized laws of exclusion and inclusion in the United States.
Meaningful Practice: Test Prep in a Third‐Grade Public School Classroom
Authors: Kontovourki Stavroula , Campis Carolyn
Published: November 2010

Preparation for high‐stakes testing, while unavoidable, may become meaningful, these authors argue. The article illustrates the case of a third‐grade classroom in a metropolitan public school, where test preparation was approached as genre study. In addition to examining the specific unit of study, the authors describe the efforts of the classroom teachers to make test preparation useful for their students, who participated in such testing for the first time. The analysis of test preparation practices is combined with the teacher's perspectives on what was effective in the particular context. The authors provide insights into effective test preparation and argue that success on testing depends also on the unique ways teachers—and schools—invent to make such curriculum relevant and meaningful to their students. The article concludes with thoughts on the ways this example may inform test preparation instruction.
Does a Visor an Editor Make?
Authors: Bradshaw Glorianne
Published: November 2010

Teacher Glorianne Bradshaw's students create a classroom newspaper as a way to develop their editing skills.
A consideration on motion‐image‐quality improvement of LCDs and video systems
Authors: Kurita Taiichiro
Published: November 2010

Abstract— The motion image quality of video systems with hold‐type displays, such as LCDs or OLEDs, were studied with regard to dynamic spatial frequency response and data from subjective evaluations on motion blur. The system parameters of motion image quality, or frame rate (F) and temporal aperture (At), were investigated and their required values were derived. A smaller temporal aperture and/or higher frame rate can improve the dynamic response and motion image quality, but the parameters required in order to maintain a good dynamic response for high motion image velocity seems very difficult to implement, such as a frame rate of 900 Hz. Therefore, the performance goal of video systems is set on “limit of acceptance” for motion image quality, as a compromise. An equation or the relational expression between motion image velocity and required parameter values is derived based on dynamic response and data from subjective evaluations found in published studies. Possible examples of parameter sets are obtained from the equation. Those are (F = 300 Hz, At = 5/6), (F = 240 Hz, At = 2/3), (F = 120 Hz, At = 1/3), and (F > 360 Hz, At = 1).
Improving resolution and image space in a static volumetric 3‐D display
Authors: Refai Hakki H.
Published: November 2010

Abstract— Improvements achieved in image resolution and volume in a volumetric display based on the two‐frequency, two‐step upconversion (TFTS) method are presented. Two digital micromirror devices (DMDs) are utilized to generate fast scanning of the image volume at high resolution. Improvements in resolution and image size over previous implementations are achieved by choosing sodium—ytterbium—fluoride for the imaging crystal instead of the conventional ytterbium—lithium—fluoride composition. Experimentally, images at 532 nm were constructed using 45 slices with each slice rendered at 1024 × 768 resolution, resulting in almost 35 million voxels. The resulting system has the potential to achieve a resolution beyond a targeted 800 million voxels without viewpoint obstruction and with expandability to three‐color imagery.
Frictional properties of VA‐mode alignment‐film surfaces studied by frictional force microscopy
Authors: Kwak Musun , Chung Hanrok , Kwon Hyukmin , Han Daekyung , Yi Yoonsun , Jeon Jongho , Lee Sangmun , Lee Chulgu , Cha Sooyeol
Published: November 2010

Abstract— The surface‐friction characteristics of the post‐bake temperature were compared to that of the rubbing condition on VA‐mode alignment films (AFs) using frictional force microscopy (FFM). The surface roughness and the surface frictional force increased when the temperature was elevated. However, the frictional asymmetry could not be detected by the frictional loop due to the instability of the side‐chain molecular arrangement. For the inter‐influences of the total friction and surface roughness, the density of the side chain was changed and it was intentionally rubbed for evaluation. The results showed that the total friction was higher when the rubbing was stronger and side‐chain density lower, and the surface roughness also increased in the same manner. This can be explained by the potential interaction due to the curved structure of the side‐chain surface that establishes the probe that is scanned and the top surface layer. In order to confirm the influence of the pre‐tilt angle on the tilt of the side chain, a test cell was produced under the same conditions and evaluated. The results showed that the pre‐tilt‐angle decreased according to the difference in density of the side chain and strength of rubbing after injecting liquid‐crystal (LC).
Fabrication of flexible organic light‐emitting‐diode display with a flexible color filter driven by In—Ga—Zn—Oxide TFTs
Authors: Kano Masataka , Arihara Keita , Motai Katsuyuki , Naitou Yasunori , Maeda Hiroki
Published: November 2010

Abstract— A novel flexible active‐matrix organic light‐emitting‐diode (OLED) display fabricated on planarized stainless—used‐steel substrates with a resolution of 85 dpi in a 4.7‐in. active area has been demonstrated. Amorphous indium—gallium—zinc—oxide thin‐film transistors were used as the backplane for the OLED display with high device performance, high electrical stability, and long lifetime. A full‐color moving image at a frame frequency of 60 Hz was also realized by using a flexible color filter directly patterned on a plastic substrate with a white OLED as the light source.
Large‐area black/white bistable cholesteric liquid‐crystal display and the thermal‐addressing system
Authors: Liu Po‐Wen , Tsai Chen‐Chu , Huang Wei‐Hsun , Chen Chao‐Wen , Wang Cheng‐Yi , Lee Kuo‐Chang
Published: November 2010

Abstract— A 3‐m‐length black/white bistable cholesteric liquid‐crystal display was made by a roll‐to‐roll process and the display area is 25 × 300 cm. The black/white performance was made by black nano‐pigment and blended ChLC droplets with different wavelengths. It was written by a thermal‐addressing system, realizing high resolution and low cost.
Analysis of speckle‐reduction performance in a laser rear‐projection display using a small moving diffuser
Authors: Kuratomi Yuhei , Sekiya Kazuo , Sato Hiroaki , Kawakami Tohru , Uchida Tatsuo
Published: November 2010

Abstract— Recently, a practical method of speckle reduction in laser rear‐projection displays that uses an optical system with a small moving diffuser has attracted much attention. In this paper, a model of the speckle generation and reduction mechanism in the system is presented. Speckle in the system was investigated, focusing on the physical aspects of its generation rather than treating it statistically, and it was found that the granularity of the speckle patterns generated by the small diffuser corresponded to the size of the coherent regions on the projection screen. This determined the efficiency of the speckle reduction when the small diffuser was rotated. By using these results, a method to estimate the performance of speckle reduction on the system was developed.
Redundancy, Deduction Schemes, and Minimum-Size Bases for Association Rules
Authors: Balcazar Jose L.
Published: November 2010

Association rules are among the most widely employed data analysis methods in
the field of Data Mining. An association rule is a form of partial implication
between two sets of binary variables. In the most common approach, association
rules are parameterized by a lower bound on their confidence, which is the
empirical conditional probability of their consequent given the antecedent,
and/or by some other parameter bounds such as "support" or deviation from
independence. We study here notions of redundancy among association rules from
a fundamental perspective. We see each transaction in a dataset as an
interpretation (or model) in the propositional logic sense, and consider
existing notions of redundancy, that is, of logical entailment, among
association rules, of the form "any dataset in which this first rule holds must
obey also that second rule, therefore the second is redundant". We discuss
several existing alternative definitions of redundancy between association
rules and provide new characterizations and relationships among them. We show
that the main alternatives we discuss correspond actually to just two variants,
which differ in the treatment of full-confidence implications. For each of
these two notions of redundancy, we provide a sound and complete deduction
calculus, and we show how to construct complete bases (that is,
axiomatizations) of absolutely minimum size in terms of the number of rules. We
explore finally an approach to redundancy with respect to several association
rules, and fully characterize its simplest case of two partial premises.
Interactive Learning-Based Realizability for Heyting Arithmetic with EM1
Authors: Aschieri Federico , Berardi Stefano
Published: November 2010

We apply to the semantics of Arithmetic the idea of ``finite approximation''
used to provide computational interpretations of Herbrand's Theorem, and we
interpret classical proofs as constructive proofs (with constructive rules for
$\vee, \exists$) over a suitable structure $\StructureN$ for the language of
natural numbers and maps of G\"odel's system $\SystemT$. We introduce a new
Realizability semantics we call ``Interactive learning-based Realizability'',
for Heyting Arithmetic plus $\EM_1$ (Excluded middle axiom restricted to
$\Sigma^0_1$ formulas). Individuals of $\StructureN$ evolve with time, and
realizers may ``interact'' with them, by influencing their evolution. We build
our semantics over Avigad's fixed point result, but the same semantics may be
defined over different constructive interpretations of classical arithmetic
(Berardi and de' Liguoro use continuations). Our notion of realizability
extends intuitionistic realizability and differs from it only in the atomic
case: we interpret atomic realizers as ``learning agents''.
Well-definedness of Streams by Transformation and Termination
Authors: Zantema Hans H
Published: November 2010

Streams are infinite sequences over a given data type. A stream specification
is a set of equations intended to define a stream. We propose a transformation
from such a stream specification to a term rewriting system (TRS) in such a way
that termination of the resulting TRS implies that the stream specification is
well-defined, that is, admits a unique solution. As a consequence, proving
well-definedness of several interesting stream specifications can be done fully
automatically using present powerful tools for proving TRS termination. In
order to increase the power of this approach, we investigate transformations
that preserve semantics and well-definedness. We give examples for which the
above mentioned technique applies for the ransformed specification while it
fails for the original one.
Nurse Educator Pathway Project: A Competency-Based Intersectoral Curriculum
Authors: Young Lynne , Frost Linda J , Bigl Julie , Clauson Marion , McRae Cora , Scarborough Kathy S , Murphy Sue , Jillings Carol , Gillespie Frank
Published: November 2010

In this paper, we begin by providing an overview of the Educator Pathway Project (EPP), an education infrastructure that was developed in response to emerging critical nursing workplace issues, and the related demand for enhanced workplace education. We then describe the EPP competency-based curriculum designed to prepare nurses as preceptors, mentors, and educators to lead learning with diverse learner groups. This competency-based curriculum was developed through a collaboration of nurse leaders across practice, academic, and union sectors and drew from a widely embraced curriculum development model (Iwasiw, Goldenberg, & Andrusyzyn, 2005). The goal of the curriculum was to prepare nurses through a four-level career pathway model that contextualized practice and education theory to various education-related roles and levels of experience within the practice setting. Over 1,100 nurses participated in this innovative intersectoral nursing initiative.
Numerical Investigation on the Effect of Uncertainty in Thermal Diffusivity on Thermal Process Lethality of Canned Foods
Authors: Mohamed Ibrahim O.
Published: November 2010

The effect of uncertainty in thermal diffusivity on thermal process lethality was investigated for a model food of 8 percent canned bentonite suspension in two different can sizes. A developed computer program that account for can headspace thermal resistance and finite thermal resistance during cooling was used in this investigation. Six levels of errors in thermal diffusivity (±2%, ±5% and ±10%) were used to generate computer simulation time-temperature data at the geometric centre for both cans. The calculated lethality values from the time-temperature data when errors were imposed on thermal diffusivity were compared to that of the standard process. The results of the investigation revealed that error in thermal diffusivity of (-2%, -5% and -10%) resulted in under-processing, while error of (+2%, +5% and +10%) resulted in over processing. The magnitude of error in lethality from +10 percent errors in thermal diffusivity is substantial for both short can and long can investigated reaching a value of 35.4 percent for the short can and 44.5 percent for the tall can. The results from this study clearly indicate that thermal diffusivity could be a critical control point in thermal processing of foods which requires corrective action if there is deviation from the true value.
Poverty: An Existential‐Humanist Perspective
Authors: Dixon John
Published: November 2010

Being in a state of material poverty can be a persistent or an episodic experience that can be life‐threatening, life‐restricting, or life‐disempowering. When combined with being socially excluded, marginalized, or disadvantaged, it qualifies those in this dual state for membership of the underclass. They are seen, variously, as de‐motivated free‐riders, social deviants, disempowered victims, or human beings enduring the challenge of human existence in a life devoid of meaning. The contribution of existential humanism to the poverty discourse is, essentially, the proposition that everyone needs the existential freedom to search for self‐identity, thus making it possible to achieve psychological potential. From this perspective, it is incumbent upon those who design and deliver public social welfare provision to concentrate on enhancing the existential human condition of long‐term able‐bodied welfare recipients. This can be achieved by building their capacity and motivation to begin, or further, the search for their authentic selves, and by encouraging and championing those who are willing and able to take responsibility for the direction their lives are taking.