bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discrimination Of Women As Seen In Hendrick Ibsen’s A Doll House
Authors: Nuraida Nuraida
Published: August 2019

Problems in this thesis is about women, because of discrimination against women, there were resistance can be seen from the main character in the play A Doll's House and his struggle to obtain equality between women and men. Because women do not have to live forever under the pressure of men and not women may not work forever and forever no woman should take care of the children and her husband, like the main character Nora who willingly broke the law for the sake of getting the equality between men and women.
This research method is a method of data collection, data analysis methods while the author does a systematic procedure with an understanding of the drama. Engineering data collection using the technique of qualitativ in finding relevant data with subject and author data analysis techniques using structural engineering by way of analyzing the drama based on the elements that shape it. In analyzing this drama author using psychology approach discusses the human personality which is the theory of Sigmund Freud includes the id, ego, superego man.
Research results from the play A Doll House, the authors have found that the presence of the Suppression of freedom 1) inside the Doll House, 2) the existence of discrimination on the main character Nora in a doll's House, 3) as well as the struggle to be free from discrimination that had befallen him.
Feminist Rights Equality Education And Occupation As Seen In Maya Angelou’s Poems
Authors: Fernandes Derik Tri
Published: August 2019

The problem in this thesis is feminism in education, occupation and social as seen in Maya Angelou’s poems. Feminism is the struggle of movement women rights in economic, education, occupation, politic, social and different culture with men. In these poems, having the theme like struggle rights of women, women rights in self-confidence, hidden beauty, although the skills of her own feels more superior than men
The finding in this analysis is 1). Angelou wants to voice the women must be more educated that can stand in patriarchal society, in basically women must get the rights equality in education like men. 2). Angelou wants to voice the women must get rights equality in occupation, like equality wages between men and women. 3). Angelou wants to voice nobody can do insult in physical or non-physical. In basically, degree of human its same front of Allah and society.
Application of chiral 2-isoxazoline for the synthesis of syn-1,3-diol analogs
Authors: Feng Juanjuan , Li Tianyu , Zhang Jiaxin , Jiao Peng
Published: August 2019

The asymmetric cycloaddition of TIPS nitronate catalyzed by “Cu(II)-bisoxazoline” gave the 2-isoxazoline product in 95% yield, which was converted into tert-butyl (3S,5R)-6-hydroxy-3,5-O-isopropylidene-3,5-dihydroxyhexanoate in 14 steps through a β-hydroxy ketone.
Rituximab-associated Vasculitis Flare: Incidence, Predictors, and Outcome
Authors: Desbois Anne Claire , Biard Lucie , Sène Damien , Brocheriou Isabelle , Rouvier Philippe , Lioger Bertrand , Musset Lucile , Candon Sophie , Zenone Thierry , Resche-Rigon Matthieu , Piette Jean-Charles , Benameur Neila , Cacoub Patrice , Saadoun David
Published: August 2019

Objective.

To report the incidence, predictors, and outcome of rituximab (RTX)-associated autoimmune disease flare.

Methods.

We conducted a retrospective study in a tertiary referral center from 2005 to 2015. Disease flare was defined as the onset of a new organ involvement or worsening of autoimmune disease within 4 weeks following RTX.

Results.

Among the 185 patients, we identified 7 disease flares (3.4%). All were due to type II mixed cryoglobulinemia vasculitis. Vasculitis flare occurred after a median time of 8 days (range 2–16) following RTX infusion and included acute kidney insufficiency (n = 7), purpura with cutaneous (n = 7), gastrointestinal (GI) tract involvement (n = 4), and myocarditis (n = 1). Patients with RTX-associated cryoglobulinemia vasculitis flare had these conditions more frequently: renal involvement (p = 0.0008), B cell lymphoproliferation (p = 0.015), higher level of cryoglobulin (2.1 vs 0.4 g/l, p = 0.0004), and lower level of C4 (0.02 vs 0.05, p = 0.023) compared to patients without flare after RTX (n = 43). Four patients (57%) died after a median time of 3.3 months. The 1-year survival rate was poorer in patients with vasculitis flare after RTX compared to their negative counterpart [43% (95% CI 18–100) vs 97% (95% CI 92–100), p < 0.001]. Immunofluorescence analysis of kidney biopsy in patients with worsening RTX-associated vasculitis highlighted the presence of RTX-, IgM-, and IgG1-positive staining of endomembranous deposits and thrombi within kidney lesions.

Conclusion.

RTX-associated cryoglobulinemia vasculitis flare is associated with high mortality rate. We provided evidence that kidney lesions are due to immune complex deposition and to glomerular obstruction by cryoglobulinemia and RTX.
Ontology and Rule-Based Recommender System for E-learning Applications
Authors: Bouihi Bouchra , Bahaj Mohamed
Published: August 2019

The continuous growth of the internet has given rise to an overwhelming mass of learning materials. Which has increased the demand for a recommendation system to filter information and to deliver the learning materials that fit learners learning context. In this paper, we propose an architecture of a semantic web based recommender system. The proposed architecture is a redesigned architecture of the classical 3-tiers web application architecture with an additional semantic layer. This layer holds two semantic subsystems: an Ontology-based subsystem and SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language) rules one. The Ontology subsystem is used as a reusable and sharable domain knowledge to model the learning content and context. The SWRL rules are used as a recommendation and filtering technique based on learning object relevance and weighting. These rules are organized into four categories: Learning History Rules (LHR), Learning Performance Rules (LPR), Learning Social Network Rules (LSNR) and Learning Pathway Rules (PR).
An Innovative English Teaching Mode Based on Massive Open Online Course and Google Collaboration Platform
Authors: Liang Xiufang , Pang Jin
Published: August 2019

The web-based collaborative teaching mode is the key to reforming the teaching mode and developing the teaching practice. To improve the traditional English teaching mode, this paper puts forward an innovative English teaching method for elementary, secondary and higher education based on the massive open online course (MOOC) and Google Collaboration platform. The research shows that it is possible for students to learn collaboratively under the guidance of teachers; the students can broaden their horizon by searching for more materials on the online collaboration platform, according to the objectives and themes laid down by the teachers; the proposed innovative English teaching method can improve the learning efficiency of the students, encourage them to participate in learning and collaboration, arouse their interest and enthusiasm in foreign language learning, and help them to gain insights into learning. The research findings provide technical support to the reform and innovation of English teaching mode, and lays a theoretical basis for deepening the reform of teaching methods in various disciplines.
Estágio supervisionado na Educação Física: a mobilização dos saberes docente
Authors: Carvalho Taynara Franco de , Souza Neto Samuel De
Published: August 2019

Este trabalho focaliza a formação de professores de Educação Física no Estágio Supervisionado. Ele tem como objetivo central compreender os saberes que são mobilizados no Estágio Supervisionado.  Opta-se pela pesquisa qualitativa, estudo descritivo, utilizando como técnicas: entrevista com 10 estagiários e sete professores e análise de conteúdo. Os participantes apontaram que a construção dos saberes e o resgate das experiências são continuas, tendo como influências a escolarização, a prática docente e a realização de cursos. A mobilização dos saberes (disciplinar, curricular, tradição pedagógica, ação pedagógica) pelos estudantes no estágio ocorreu de acordo com as necessidades e desafios desse processo, formando uma espécie de reservatório. Desse reservatório de saberes, os professores mobilizam o saber experiencial (uma amálgama de saberes) na supervisão e orientação do estágio. Nessa base de conhecimento, o professor se abastece, enquanto que o estudante se orienta na prática de ensino.
Conhecimentos declarados por treinadores de bocha paralímpica para a intervenção profissional
Authors: Da Silva Daiane Cardos , Brasil Vinicius Zeilmann , Do Nascimento Juarez Vieira , Kuhn Filipy , Backes Ana Flávia , Ramos Valmor
Published: August 2019

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os conhecimentos de treinadores de Bocha Paralímpica de Santa Catarina para sua intervenção profissional. Foram adotados procedimentos de pesquisa qualitativa, a partir de estudos de caso múltiplos, com quatro treinadores com reconhecida competência na formação de atletas de bocha. A coleta foi realizada através de entrevista semiestruturada, e a análise dos dados, por meio da técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados evidenciaram que os treinadores valorizaram um conjunto de conhecimentos para sua intervenção, destacando os conhecimentos profissionais sobre as características dos atletas, os medicamentos e a funcionalidade dos equipamentos. Além dos conhecimentos interpessoais para estabelecer relações com staffs, auxiliares, pais dos atletas e demais atores do contexto esportivo, os conhecimentos intrapessoais para assumir os papéis de amigo, psicólogo e familiar dos atletas, também foram indicados como conhecimentos importantes para a sua intervenção profissional. Conclui-se que a valorização deste conjunto de conhecimentos pelos treinadores de Bocha Paralímpica está evidentemente relacionada ao elevado grau de deficiência dos atletas.
Respostas neuromusculares e fisiológicas durante o jogo em atletas de futsal feminino
Authors: Kassiano Witalo , Jesus Karla , Assumpção Cláudio , Lamboglia Carminda , Mendes Alisson , Barbosa Ralciney , Sabóia Wilson , Simim Mário , Medeiros Alexandre Igor Araripe
Published: August 2019

O presente estudo testou se existem diferenças, nas respostas fisiológicas e neuromusculares em atletas de futsal durante um jogo amistoso. A amostra foi composta por seis atletas de futsal do sexo feminino (21,8 ± 3,9 anos; 57,4 ± 4,1 kg; 159,0 ± 2,7 cm de altura; 19,0 ± 3,3% gordura corporal e 7,8 ± 1,8 anos de tempo de prática). A frequência cardíaca (FC) foi monitorada durante toda a partida. O salto com contramovimento, resistência de força explosiva de membros inferiores e lactato sanguíneo foram avaliados antes, após o final do primeiro e segundo tempo de jogo. Para comparação das variáveis neuromusculares e fisiológicas entre os diferentes momentos, nós utilizamos as diferenças de médias estandardizadas (DME), intervalo de confiança (IC = 90%) e probabilidades de haver diferenças com relevância clínica. A FC máxima (FCmáx) foi de 186,6 ± 10,6 e 185,8 ± 8,3, primeiro e segundo tempo, respectivamente. Houve um aumento substancial do lactato do momento que antecedeu o início da partida para o final do primeiro (2,1 ± 0,3 para 6,3 ± 2,3 mmol/L-1, DME = 5,25 (3,28: 7,21), 100/0/0; most likely) e segundo tempo (2,1 ± 0,3 para 5,4 ± 1,3 mmol/L-1, DME = 4,62 (3,19: 6,04), 100/0/0; most likely) de partida. A performance de atletas femininas de futsal não foi suprimida após uma partida amistosa, sugerindo que, em dias de jogos consecutivos, o desempenho para o sistema neuromuscular possa ser restaurado logo após o término do jogo.
Improving Safety of Intravenous Prostacyclin Administration to Pediatric Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: McSweeney Julia , Rosenholm Emily , Penny Katherine , Mullen Mary P. , Kulik Thomas J.
Published: August 2019

Background

Pulmonary hypertension is a rare, life-threatening disease with limited therapeutic options and no definitive cure. Continuous intravenous prostacyclin therapy is indicated for treatment of severe disease. These medications have a narrow therapeutic index and a brief half-life; therefore, administration errors can be lethal.

Objective

To reduce medication errors through an inpatient program to improve, standardize, and disseminate continuous intravenous prostacyclin therapy practice guidelines.

Methods

Data were collected from the electronic safety reporting system of a single hospital to determine the number and types of continuous intravenous prostacyclin therapy errors that were reported over an 8-year period. A clinical database and hospital pharmacy records were used to determine the number of days on which hospitalized pediatric patients received the therapy.

Interventions

A nursing-directed quality improvement initiative to enhance the safety of continuous intravenous prostacyclin therapy for pediatric patients was begun in January 2009. Efforts to improve safety fell into 4 domains: policy, process, education, and hospital-wide safety initiatives.

Results

The number of therapy errors per 1000 patient days fell from 19.28 in 2009 to 5.95 in 2016. Chi-square analysis was used to compare the result for 2009 with that for each subsequent year, with P values of .66, .35, .16, .09, .03, .12, and .25 found for 2010 through 2016, respectively.

Conclusions

The trend in reduction of continuous intravenous prostacyclin therapy errors suggests that proactive processes to standardize its administration, emphasizing both policy and education, reduce medication errors and increase patient safety.
Coupled and Trimmed Aerodynamic and Aeroacoustic Simulations for Airbus Helicopters' Compound Helicopter RACER
Authors: Öhrle Constantin , Frey Felix , Thiemeier Jakob , Keßler Manuel , Kräamer Ewald
Published: August 2019

In recent years, various helicopter manufacturers increasingly have been focusing on the development of new high-speed rotorcraft configurations, one of them being the compound helicopter RACER (rapid and cost-efficient rotorcraft) of Airbus Helicopters (AH). However, these new configurations
encounter new aeromechanic challenges, in terms of aerodynamic interactions, flight mechanics stability, rotor dynamics, or aeroacoustic noise emission, to name only a few. To support AH at the minimization of risk of RACER's first flight, the Institute of Aerodynamics and Gas Dynamics provides
high-fidelity coupled and trimmed aerodynamic and aeroacoustic simulations of the complete helicopter by the application of a multidisciplinary tool chain. In its first part, the work focuses on the description of this advanced tool chain and on important features for the analysis of this
new configuration. In the second part, exemplary simulation results for a hover and a high-speed cruise flight condition are shown, and the main aerodynamic interactions between the different components are identified. As expected for this configuration, numerous interactions are found for
both flight cases, e.g., main rotor–propeller interaction in hover or main rotor–wing interaction in high-speed flight. Finally, aeroacoustic results are shown for hover with a close look at the propellers' contribution.
Alliance challenges in the treatment of a narcissistic patient: the case of Alex
Authors: Zalman Hemrie , Aafjes-van Doorn Katie , Eubanks Catherine F.
Published: August 2019

People with pathological narcisism, with their conflicted sense of grandiosity and vulnerability, often pose a variety of therapeutic challenges, which may impede these patients’ ability to benefit from psychotherapy. To offer a case illustration and provide insight into the intrinsic difficulties of working with this patient group, we examined the treatment of a fictional character, Alex, from the TV series In Treatment. Based on the Shedler-Westen Assessment Procedure-200 we diagnosed Alex with pathological narcissism, and evaluated the treatment process (seven sessions) by reporting on measurements of session-by-session change in explicit working alliance, implicit language alliance, and ruptures and repairs. Over the course of treatment, the working alliance (Working Alliance Inventory-Observer scale) fluctuated with a particularly low bond at session five, identified as a rupture (Rupture Resolution Rating System). Language analysis (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count) showed that the unconscious aspects of the alliance started to deteriorate just before the rupture occurred. The results illustrate how therapists might be pulled to collude with narcissistic patients’ grandiosity, with the risk of neglecting their vulnerability. This fictional portrayal of a treatment with a narcissistic patient may be widely shared with researchers, students and therapists alike, offering a common locus of scholarly attention, and an innovative tool for teaching. Given the lack of empirical treatments for pathological narcissism and the great therapeutic challenges narcissistic patients present, further research and development of clinical guidelines are warranted.
Psychological and physiological effects of emotion focused training for self-compassion and self-protection
Authors: Halamová Júlia , Koróniová Jana , Kanovský Martin , Kénesy Túniyová Mária , Kupeli Nuriye
Published: August 2019

Emotion Focused Training for Self-Compassion and Self-Protection (EFT-SCP) is a novel intervention developed on the basis of the latest findings on self-criticism from Emotion-focused therapy and existing programs designed to cultivate compassion. EFT-SCP is designed to encourage participants to cultivate self-compassion and protective anger as a way of reducing selfcriticism. Our goal was to investigate the effect of this group-based intervention on self-criticism, self-protection, and self-compassion. A total of 73 students were assigned to the EFT-SCP intervention (n=19), no-treatment control (n=34) or to an active control group (n=20). The intervention group met weekly for 1.5 hours and were instructed to incorporate EFT-SCP tasks into their daily life for 12 weeks. Whilst the no-treatment group did not undergo an intervention, the active control group completed an adapted expressive writing task once a week. In addition to the assessment of heart rate variability during imagery tasks, participants also completed self-reported measures of self-compassion and self-criticism before and after the intervention. Compared with both control groups, the intervention group showed a significant increase in heart rate variability following EFT-SCP (during self-critical imagery, P=.049; probability of superiority was .63, and during self-compassionate imagery P=.007; probability of superiority was .62, both effect sizes were medium) and significant decreases in self-criticism (Hated Self P=.017; .34 and Inadequate Self P<.001; .33) and selfuncompassionate responding (P<.001; .39). All three effect sizes were small. Participating in EFT-SCP had a positive effect on psychological and physiological outcomes.
Felt reports for the 1870 magnitude 6.5 earthquake, Charlevoix, Quebec
Authors: Lamontagne M , Burke K B S , Perret D
Published: August 2019

The 20 October 1870 magnitude 6.6 Charlevoix Earthquake occurred at around 11:30am local time. The main shock was felt from Nova Scotia to the east to Sault Ste. Marie to the west and as far south as Cincinnati, Ohio, almost 1500 km from the epicenter. Newspapers
in Quebec City reported the extensive damage caused in Charlevoix by this earthquake. Based on these accounts, we know that the earthquake was sufficiently powerful to cause a few landslides and soil liquefaction in the epicentral region. Damage was reported to many houses, including complete
destruction of some dwellings, in Baie-Saint-Paul, Saint-Urbain, Ile aux Coudres and Les Éboulements. It is one of five known magnitude 6-7 earthquakes that have occurred in the Charlevoix Seismic Zone between 1663 and present. This Open File Report presents the macroseismic information and its
ratings on the Modified Mercalli Scale for a total of 192 locations in Canada and the United States. For each locality, the felt information is rated on the Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) scale and tabulated in a Microsoft Excel sheet. The text of many of the newspaper accounts were copied and
when possible, the newspaper clipping was scanned. The Open File also provides a GoogleEarth kmz file that allows the felt information reports to be viewed in a spatial tool.
Voorwoord
Authors: Barkhuizen J.H.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Gregorius van Nazianzus
Authors: Swart G.J.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Die Lydingslied
Authors: Barkhuizen J.H.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Hoofstuk 1: Inleiding
Authors: Potgieter J.H.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Hoofstuk 2: Struktuuranalise
Authors: Potgieter J.H.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Hoofstuk 3: Die poëtiese gedeeltes
Authors: Potgieter J.H.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Derde Hoofstuk
Authors: Dreyer P.S.
Published: August 2019

No absrtact available.
Inleiding
Authors: Petzer J.H.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Ter inleiding
Authors: Office Editorial
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Is there a future for the world council of churches
Authors: Oberholzer J.P.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available.
Methodological Issues in the Calculation of Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)
Authors: Oosthuizen Helena , Southwood Frenette
Published: August 2019

Mean length of utterance (MLU) is widely used as a diagnostic, monitoring and group matching measure. This study investigated methodological issues regarding the calculation of MLU. The aim was to establish whether different calculation procedures render different MLUs, and whether there is a high correlation between MLU measured in words (MLU-w) and in morphemes (MLU-m). Language samples from 15 Afrikaans-speaking 6-year-olds with and 15 without specific language impairment were analyzed. MLU was calculated eight times for each participant, varying sample size (50 or 100 utterances), unit counted (words or morphemes) and calculation method (traditional or alternate). Significant differences in resultant MLUs were due to the calculation method used, rather than sample size or unit counted. A high positive correlation (>0.96) between MLU-w and MLU-m was found. The results imply that researchers and clinicians should clearly state their MLU calculation procedures, otherwise reliable comparisons between MLU scores from different sources cannot be made. The results furthermore imply that, in order to generalize research results and make diagnostic decisions based on MLU, consistent procedures should be used, not only with regard to language sampling, but also to MLU calculation.
Size efficiency of sugarcane farms in KwaZulu-Natal
Authors: Mbowa S. , Nieuwoudt W. L. , Despins P. M.
Published: August 2019

The analysis is based on survey data collected from small and large sugarcane farms during 1995 in the North Coast region of KwaZulu-Natal. A non-parametric research procedure to analyse farm efficiency was employed. Results indicate that farms smaller than eight hectares exhibit substantial economies of size; such economies tend to decline with size of enterprise; and farms larger than 10 hectares appear to have near constant returns to scale. This implies that efficiency of very small scale sugarcane farms can be enhanced by land consolidation while giving small scale farmers larger than 10 hectares access to the large scale commercial sector, may not lead to a loss in efficiency. Results are relevant as South Africa is embarking on settling small scale farmers on former large scale commercial farm land.
Internal service quality enhancement for external appeal: A South African perspective
Authors: Fletcher M.
Published: August 2019

The main problems in service quality programmes seem to stem from methods and strategies used rather than actual service quality improvement itself. The present study is based on a questionnaire survey of organisations that had in fact implemented a service quality strategy. Several organisations studied here, indicated that the implementation of these programmes without measuring results, ended up wasting resources on non-value adding uses. This can be partly attributed to the complexity of available software. Another problem arises because organisations fail to understand the dynamics of change. Service quality was thus seen as a quick fix, treating symptoms instead of underlying problems. This study concludes that organisations should implement such strategies not only with commitment but correct and with relevant information and knowledge.
An evaluation of listed companies by means of cash flow ratios
Authors: Jooste L. G. , Dekker G. M.
Published: August 2019

The aim of this study is to determine whether the cash flow statement succeeds in increasing the usefulness of financial data to parties interested in the results of specific companies and related institutions. This South African study uses the same industries as those in a similar study by Giacomino and Mielke (1993) in the USA. The industries concerned are chemicals and oils, food and electronics. Relative performance was measured by calculating nine sufficiency and efficiency ratios. These ratios were calculated for each institution in the industry; weighted averages were also calculated for each industry. The results were compared with the norms developed for American institutions. All the listed South African companies in the industries concerned were included in the study.
Managing diversity in Israel: Some applications for South Africa
Authors: Petersen R. J. , Vermeulen L. P.
Published: August 2019

The management of diversity manifests itself in a very specific way in Israeli society. This is so because the management process occurs at two levels: a national-political level (first order processes) and the individual enterprise level (second order processes). The interactive nature of the two processes ultimately results in most diverse national groups working together productively towards both national-economic and individual goals. Inclusiveness is a property widely found in the average Israeli enterprise. The purpose of this paper is to describe the unique Israeli approach to the management of their diverse workforce, with a view to identifying possible applications for South Africa. The study shows that South Africa has a lot to learn before we can hope to succeed in effectively managing our diverse rainbow nation.
Risk relievers in mail-order catalogue retailing: The case of the high-frequency purchaser of low-involvement products
Authors: Terblanche N. S. , Boshoff C. , Smit E. V.D.M.
Published: August 2019

This article reports on the identification of how various risk relievers, available to consumers and mail-order catalogue organisations, influence general risk perception. Consumers who have purchased low-involvement products on a number of occasions by mail-order constitute the sample. The findings are that two of the major risk relievers significantly reduce, whilst another one increases, the general risk perceptions of mail-order customers when buying low-involvement goods. These findings are important to mail-order catalogue managers because they confirm that a variety of risk relievers need to be offered to ensure that perceived risks are properly addressed.
Measuring consumer attitudes toward money
Authors: Rousseau G. G. , Venter D. J.
Published: August 2019

The main objective of this study is to compare attitudes toward money amongst English, Afrikaans and Xhosa-speaking consumers in the Eastern Cape. Based on literature in the field, hypotheses were generated for four dimensions of a money attitude scale (MAS) developed by Yamauchi and Templer. The scale was modified and applied to a convenience sample (N=326) of respondents in the Port Elizabeth/Uitenhage area. Results showed significant differences between the various groups for three of the four dimensions of the scale. Results further suggest that the money attitude scale is a reliable instrument for measuring consumer attitudes toward money in South Africa. Implications are that more attention should be paid to educating consumers in the Eastern Cape on personal money management.
A theory for industrial make-buy decisions?
Authors: Snaddon D. R. , Probert D. R.
Published: August 2019

After an introduction, the authors derive some common industrial make-buy situations. Six prominent economic theories of the firm are then outlined, before setting criteria to select the most appropriate economic theory for deciding when to make and when to buy. An augmented transactions cost theory may we1l be the most secure basis for a manager, in an industrial setting, to decide what to make within, and what to buy outside, the firm.
The stimulation of an internal locus of control in employees in a manufacturing industry
Authors: Olivier M. J. , Rothmann S.
Published: August 2019

South African society is characterised by rapid change as a result of various forces. This results in feelings of frustration, helplessness and uncertainty in employees, which affects their work performance. Helplessness, frustration and uncertainty are directly related to an external locus of control, whereas an internal locus of control is related to autonomy, a sense of responsibility and job performance. A two-group design was used to determine the impact of a training programme aimed at the stimulation of an internal locus of control on employees within manufacturing industry. The training programme contributed to increasing the internal locus of control and psychological optimality of participants, whereas their need for external support decreased and they started to act more autonomously.
The economics of exchange rates: A South African model
Authors: Brink S. , Koekemoer R.
Published: August 2019

This paper attempts to capture the determination of the South African exchange rate in a theoretically plausible model with reliable forecasting ability. A sticky-price, Dornbusch-type monetary model of the rand/dollar exchange rate is proposed. The three-step Engle and Yoo cointegration procedure is applied and the test results indicate that the nominal exchange rate is cointegrated with relative real output, the relative money supplies and the inflation differential. An error correction model is estimated and shocks are applied to each of the long-run variables. Some policy implications are derived from these sensitivity tests. Finally, a fundamental equilibrium exchange rate (FEER) for the rand/dollar rate is defined and the FEER values are estimated until the year 2000.
The Whig interpretation of history
Authors: Torr Christopher
Published: August 2019

In economics, as in other disciplines, one often comes across the term "Whig" or its derivatives. One will find, for example, a particular account being branded as whiggish. Butterfield, who was a historian, introduced the idea of a Whig interpretation of history in 1931. Since then the term has usually been used to classify an approach which views the present as the culmination of a march of progress. This paper provides a brief background to the origin of the term and why Butterfield criticised what he called the Whig interpretation of history.
Aspects of fiscal devolution in South Africa
Authors: Grote M. , Schoeman N. J. , Truu M. L. , Van Heerden J. H. , Van Tonder J. J.
Published: August 2019

This paper is the joint product of a think tank, initiated in the public sector and extended to a group of academics. It may be seen as the executive summary of a rather voluminous report for internal use in the Department of Finance on fiscal federalism, one of the large economic issues facing the New South Africa. Debate on the subject continues.
Regulation, deregulation and bank marketing in Nigeria
Authors: Akpan Imoh E.
Published: August 2019

Bank marketing is deregulation friendly in Nigeria. This observation derives from the emergence of strong marketing orientation in banks following the SAP-induced liberalization of 1989. Advertising, product development/ innovation, up-front payment of interest on deposit and personal service that came with liberalization, started to wane in 1993 when government reintroduced some controls. However, marketing must not be seen as a tool needed only in a liberalized environment. It is necessary even in control regimes.
A classification of different phases of development in the export sector of Nigerian agriculture
Authors: Ilorah Richard
Published: August 2019

The Nigerian agricultural export sector has been through three different development phases: transition, peak, and de-agriculturalisation. Blending simple international trade theory with actual facts, this study supports the notion that production during the transition phase enjoyed a classical "vent for surplus" type of growth, involving increased utilisation of available factor inputs, which in turn produced increased per capita income. Coupled with the classical factors were several technological packages introduced to farmers in later years. These led to the attainment of output peaks mainly in the 1950s and 1960s. Finally. the study argues that the foundation for de-agriculturalisation was already laid during the peak phase when farmers were taxed heavily, and several agricultural projects were biased against them.
Atmospherics and the establishment of long-term customer relationships in a retail environment
Authors: Olivier I. , Fletcher M.
Published: August 2019

With the current focus on establishing long-tenn customer relationships, the enhancement of the entire shopping experience and the role of atmosphere and the emotional reactions it elicits, are becoming increasingly important. Determining the factors that contribute to the creation of pleasant or unpleasant shopping experiences can influence future strategic planning. The focus of this study falls on the way that the physical environmental factors of a store, more specifically the environmental odour, affect consumers' emotional responses. This is discussed on the basis of environmental psychology, using certain research findings as well as theoretical models to shed more light on this topic.
Debt sustainability and exchange stabilisation: Towards a new theory
Authors: Basdevant Olivier , De Wet Theuns
Published: August 2019

The sustainability of debt is a crucial issue in developing and transitional economies. In this paper, it shows that a bubble in the real exchange rate could result in a sudden collapse in the sustainability of a country's debt. Furthermore, it is shown that monetary authorities may be unable to control the exchange rate, as its dynamics also depends on that of the debt. Hence, the only feasible policy measure to stabilise the real exchange rate is to increase domestic non-price competitiveness to ensure an improvement in the trade balance of the economy.
The power of branding: Revisiting an “old friend”
Authors: North E. J. , Kotzé T. , Stark O. , De Vos R.
Published: August 2019

Branding is a key strategic tool used to create awareness, reputation and build the organisation’s image. Marketers consider brands as carriers of values, and the development and implementation of branding strategies and programmes have lately expanded to include more than the traditional corporate, product and service domains of branding. In this article we set out to define and briefly discuss the nature of branding and indicate how brands are used to define the product to the customer. One of the major challenges facing South African business and marketing executives in the new millennium is to create world-class brands that will put South African brands on the national and international map.
A study of corporate travel management in selected South African organisations and a conceptual model for effective corporate travel management
Authors: Lubbe Berendien
Published: August 2019

South African corporations with a substantial travel expenditure of between R1 million and R300 million per annum are faced with two main issues. The first is the management and control of travel expenditure and the second is the management of the travel process to ensure required service levels at an optimum cost-benefit ratio. The corporation depends heavily on numerous interactive relationships to achieve this. In this article the key elements of corporate travel management are identified and the results of a survey conducted on the way in which corporate travel is managed in terms of each of these elements in selected South African organisations is reported. A conceptual model, based on a “soft value management model” which highlights conflicting values of participants and their commitment to goals is proposed as a foundation on which further research can be conducted.
Institutional quality, openness, and investment in Africa
Authors: Kandiero Tonia , Wadhawan Satish
Published: August 2019

This study supports the conventional wisdom that openness to trade is good for investment and economic growth. Whether this conclusion leaves space for institutional quality as a complimentary policy to determine the success of trade liberalization in Africa is the objective of this paper. The theoretical model and empirical analysis show how the behavior of government bureaucrats can be used to explain the impact on investment of the interaction between increased openness to trade and the quality of institutions. Empirical work is conducted using panel data observed over three periods: 1985-1990, 1990-1995, and 1995-2000.
The impact of legislative changes in the tobacco industry on South Africans: Clearing the air
Authors: Fourie Leon De W. , Jager Johan De
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this article is to gain insight in the South African tobacco industry, its influence on the community and the role of anti-tobacco campaigns. This is done by conducting an empirical investigation of the attitudes and behaviour of smokers and non-smokers regarding the national government campaigns against tobacco products. Consequently, it will contribute in determining the efficiency of the anti-tobacco campaigns as well as the effect of the Tobacco Products Control Amendment Act, 1999 (Act 12 of 1999) on smokers and non-smokers. It is postulated that by applying the principles of marketing (demarketing and remarketing) it could contribute significantly in influencing smoking behaviour amongst South Africans.
HIV/AIDS and poverty: Evidence from the Free State province
Authors: Booysen F. Le R.
Published: August 2019

Poverty is likely to deepen as the AIDS epidemic takes its course, with households being caught up in a vicious cycle of poverty and HIV/AIDS. This paper shows that affected households are poorer than non-affected households, regardless of whether income is measured at the household, per capita or adult equivalent level and regardless of the poverty line or poverty measure employed in measuring poverty. The incidence, depth and severity of poverty are worse amongst affected households, particularly amongst affected households that have experienced illness or death. The evidence underscores the importance in the longer term of economic policies focused on job creation and education in mitigating the impact of HIV/AIDS, with poverty alleviation through an enhanced social safety net being important in the short to medium-term.
Sharing business information with employees
Authors: Van der Walt R.
Published: August 2019

The adoption of legislation such as the Labour Relations Act No 66 of 1995 and the Promotion of Access to Information Act No 2 of 2000 has brought about radical change in the process of disclosure of information in South African organisations. The article reviews developments in respect of information disclosure in South Africa and other countries and discusses the effects of the LRA in regard to disclosure of information to trade unions and workplace forums. It then describes a study conducted by the author and discusses the findings. It concludes with pointing out certain shortcomings in the disclosure process and urges managements and the trade unions to work together to improve this important tool for achieving success in organisations and enhancing industrial democracy.
The case of the missing aneurysm
Authors: Duncan Ian C. , Fourie Pieter A.
Published: August 2019

No abstract available
A epistemologia dialógica da análise linguística
Authors: Polato Adriana Delmira Mendes , Menegassi Renilson José
Published: August 2019

O artigo discute a epistemologia teórica da prática pedagógica de Análise Linguística (AL) na Linguística Aplicada do Brasil. Trata-se de abordagem documental e dialógica à compreensão da arquitetônica individual e conjunta de três textos fundantes dos pressupostos norteadores da proposição, refratada e refletida em conceitos que compõem a AL, dispostos em: O texto na sala de aula (GERALDI, 2006 [1984]), Criatividade e gramática (FRANCHI, 1987) e Portos de passagem (GERALDI, 2013 [1991]). Os resultados demonstram que a AL nasce oscilando entre as perspectivas cognitivista e dialógica (GERALDI, 2006 [1984]) e pende a uma perspectiva mais dialógica (GERALDI, 2013 [1991]), por meio da reenunciação pictórica de vozes teóricas consoantes (FRANCHI,1987) e de vozes dos teóricos do Círculo de Bakhtin. Decorre uma configuração teórica epistemológica dialógica, assentada em um tripé sobreposto de apreensões de ordem cognitiva, ética e estética, cujos fundamentos pragmático-pedagógicos e sociais direcionam-se à compreensão/produção valorada do discurso e à transformação de relações sociais.
Denmark
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
Published: August 2019

Selected Issues
The Bahamas
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: August 2019

The CBOB considers increased financial inclusion as a critical reform area. In this regard, the FSAP assessed developments in financial inclusion for individuals and enterprises (SME finance), retail payments and provides recommendations for improvements. A review of the market was undertaken using the Payment Aspects of Financial Inclusion (PAFI) framework covering areas such as the legal/regulatory framework and oversight, retail payment systems and instruments, access to transaction accounts and use cases, as well as SME policy, credit infrastructure, economic empowerment funds and consumer protection and financial literacy.
Germany
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
Published: August 2019

Selected Issues
Portugal
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. European Dept.
Published: August 2019

After a strong performance in 2017, economic activity has moderated. The second half of 2018 was marked by a deceleration, coinciding with weaker economic activity in Europe. The headline fiscal balance improved, with a small increase in the structural primary balance reflecting a strict budget execution. The current account turned negative in 2018 in conjunction with a deterioration of the balance of trade in goods and services. Total credit to the nonfinancial private sector continued to decline in 2018. Nevertheless, over the last 4 years the Portuguese banking system has been strengthening its balance sheet and its performance.
Singapore
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: August 2019

Singapore is a small and very open economy and a major financial center. The financial system is highly integrated into international financial markets and serves as an important regional financial hub. After a period of subdued economic activity, growth accelerated in 2017–18, but is expected to moderate in 2019. To strengthen long-term growth prospects, amid population aging, the government is pursuing a strategy to transform the economy by harnessing emerging digital technologies. In the financial services area, this strategy has put Singapore at the forefront in fintech.
Singapore
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: August 2019

Macroprudential policy in Singapore has centered on the property market, given the importance of this market for households’ balance sheets, banks’ loan portfolios, and the potential systemic risks. In the last decade, the authorities have been proactive in using property-related macroprudential tools to promote a stable and sustainable property market and to encourage financial prudence among borrowers. The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) is the authority with a macroprudential policy mandate.
Singapore
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Monetary and Capital Markets Department
Published: August 2019

Singapore is a large financial center with a strong regulatory framework and significant external exposures. Singapore is a small and very open economy with a high saving rate and a significant foreign asset position. It boasts a highly developed and sophisticated financial sector, with many foreign branches intermediating funds throughout the region. Regulations are closely aligned to international standards. Since the last FSAP, bank solvency and liquidity has improved, and the authorities have adopted Basel III capital and liquidity requirements and the new International Financial Reporting Standards.
Djibouti
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. Statistics Dept.
Published: August 2019

In response to a request of the Central Bank of Djibouti (CBD), a mission from the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF’s) Statistics Department (STA) visited Djibouti during March 4-11, 2018, to provide technical assistance (TA) on the financial soundness indicators (FSIs). The main objectives of the mission were to: (1) ensure that the source data were adequate for the compilation of the FSIs; (2) assist the CBD in the compilation of the FSIs on the basis of the international standards set out in the IMF’s Financial Soundness Indicators Compilation Guide (FSI Guide); (3) guide the staff of the CBD in the preparation of the FSI metadata in line with the IMF metadata forms; and (4) agree with the Banking Supervision
Unit (BSU) on an action plan for the production of the FSIs and their regular reporting to STA.
Multimethod determination of the below-cloud wet scavenging coefficients of aerosols in Beijing, China
Authors: Xu Danhui , Ge Baozhu , Chen Xueshun , Sun Yele , Cheng Nianliang , Li Mei , Pan Xiaole , Ma Zhiqiang , Pan Yuepeng , Wang Zifa
Published: August 2019

Abstract. Wet scavenging is one of the most efficient processes that remove aerosols from the atmosphere. This process is not well constrained in chemical transport models (CTMs) due to a paucity of localized parameterization regarding below-cloud wet scavenging coefficient (BWSC). Here we conducted field measurements of the BWSC during the Atmospheric Pollution and Human Health-Beijing (APHH-Beijing) campaign of 2016. Notably, the observed BWSC values based on the updated aerosol mass balance agree well with another estimation technique by the updated aerosol mass balance, and they fall in a range of 10−5 s−1. The measurement in this winter campaign, combined with that in summer of 2014, supported an exponential power distribution of BWSCs with rainfall intensity. The observed parameters were also compared with both the theoretical calculations and modeling results. We found that the theoretical estimations can effectively characterize the observed BWSCs of aerosols with size smaller than 0.2 μm and larger than 2.5 μm. However, the theoretical estimations were one magnitude lower than observed BWSCs within 0.2–2.5 μm, a domain size range of urban aerosols. Such an underestimation of BWSC through theoretical method has been confirmed not only in APHH-Beijing campaign but also in all the rainfall events in summer of 2014. Since the model calculations usually originated from the theoretical estimations with simplified scheme, the significant lower BWSC would well explain the underprediction of wet depositions in polluted regions as reported by the Model Inter-Comparison Study for Asia (MICS-Asia) and the global assessment of the Task Force on Hemispheric Transport of Atmospheric Pollutants (TF-HTAP). The findings highlighted that the wet deposition module in the CTMs requires improvement based on field measurement estimation to construct a more reasonable simulation scheme for BWSC, especially in polluted regions.