bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skimmington Revisited
Authors: George M. J.
Published: May 2007

Historical sources and their analysis in academic literature establish that intimate violence has been a cause for concern stemming from at least England's medieval times. While men-as-perpetrators of violence on wives or female partners could be prosecuted or subject to public exposure, ironically men-as-victims of their wives' violence were subject to punishment. This punishment took several forms, one of which was a form of public exposure known as a “Skimmington” procession: a public humiliation derived from Charivari rituals widespread in early Europe. The history of Skimmington is reviewed and inferences drawn.
Using the H.I.S. Model in Counseling African-American Men
Authors: Madison-Colmore Octavia , Moore James L.
Published: May 2007

The H.I.S. (History, Identity, and Spirituality) model is a three-step approach to working with African-American men. Information from both the Biopsychosocial and the Affirmation models forms the basis of the H.I.S. model. However, this conceptual framework takes on a more holistic approach, incorporating universal concepts that are essential to effective counseling. Although the model has not been empirically tested, the implications are believed to be helpful for practicing counselors.
Narratives of Contemporary Male Crisis: The (Re)production of a National Discourse
Authors: Walzer Andrew
Published: May 2007

This article examines contemporary narratives of male crisis, including two recent books on masculinity—Susan Faludi's Stiffed (1999) and Lionel Tiger's The Decline of Males (1999)—as well as two recent films—John Guare's Six Degrees of Separation (1993) and Warren Beatty's Bulworth (1998). I examine these narratives as cultural expressions that implicitly recuperate Euro-American middle-class male authority. Faludi and Tiger's narratives of the crisis of masculinity reinscribe white middle-class men at the center of a national narrative by erasing cultural, economic, and sexual difference and by offering an 19th century narrative of “national manhood” based on the ideal of the producer. Beatty and Guare also reinscribe this ideal of the male producer through their narrative of sublimity. Both use the trope of “the other” as a way of inducing sublimity that results in the reinscription of white male authority.
A Grammar of Black Masculinity: A Body of Science
Authors: Saint-Aubin Arthur F.
Published: May 2007

Science, as it developed in Europe and the U.S. during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, set out to capture, to describe, and to catalogue what was considered the “natural” black male body. Scientists succeeded not merely in describing such a body but, in effect, in producing this body and therein in creating a particular social (and psychic) reality for black men (and women). This scientific grammar of black masculinity allowed the dominant culture to discriminate dark male bodies (i.e., to set them apart from white male bodies) and to control them for materialist and psychological reasons.
What's in a Picture? Comparing Gender Constructs of Younger and Older Adults
Authors: Robertson John M. , Johnson Ann L. , Benton Stephen L. , Janey Bradley A. , Cabral Jennifer , Woodford Joyce A.
Published: May 2007

To identify tacit gender role constructs, 192 younger adults ( M age = 21.1) and 126 older adults ( M age = 70.1) were given a series of six drawings unrelated to gender, asked to create a brief description of the person who made each drawing, and then asked to guess the person's age and sex. Using the Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) system as a guide, gender prototypes were developed. Three findings were significant. First, there was widespread agreement across generations and across sexes on the central features of prototypical femininity (low self-esteem, restricted/oppressed, emotional distress) and on prototypical masculinity (successful/accomplished, risk-taking, strong/determined, problem-solving, and emotional distress). Second, significant intergenerational differences regarding masculinity were found (younger adults citing more role strain and more emotional expressiveness). Third, one within-generation difference was found (younger men versus younger women regarding prototypical femininity). Implications of these findings are discussed.
Jungian Templates for Contemporary Gay Men; Or “What Does Mary Want with That Bear and What's the Diva Dishing?”
Authors: Devoll Michael G. , Blazina Christopher
Published: May 2007

Using Jung's archetypes, one can derive models of gender specific behavior for gay men. While not necessarily endorsing the existence of a priori universals, we suggest that these archetypal templates are socially constructed models of behavior. Further, just as many within the mythopoetic movement have used various mythic themes like the Wild Man, King Warrior, Magician, and Lover for heterosexual men; we suggest that mythic themes can also be used to guide gay men. These models/guides are discussed as well as clinical implications for therapists.
Representing Men with HIV/AIDS in American Movies
Authors: Hart Kylo-Patrick R.
Published: May 2007

This content-analytic study explores representations of male characters with HIV/AIDS in nearly four dozen feature-length narrative movies produced and released in the United States during the first two decades of the AIDS pandemic. It offers insight into the cumulative messages communicated in these works about men in relation to HIV/AIDS and the influence of such messages on the social construction of HIV/AIDS during the 1980s and 1990s. Problematic effects pertaining to gay men as well as members of various other demographic groups in American society are addressed.
Re/Constructing Black Masculinity in Prison
Authors: Nandi M.
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this article is to explore the ways in which incarcerated Black males construct masculinities. Qualitative research methods are employed, and narratives from 37 males currently confined to various state and federal institutions are examined. Attention is given to understanding the dynamics of prison culture, and numerous definitions of masculinity and manhood are discussed. It is discovered that males reconstruct normative versions of masculinity to concur with resources available to them. Such resources include the use of language, the negotiation of physical space, and a shift in thinking about oneself as a responsible citizen. This finding is examined within the Black racial context of masculine identity construction, particularly in terms of the conceptual and behavioral mechanisms by which Black males define their manhood.
Masculinity, Social Support, and Sense of Community: The Men's Group Experience in Western Australia
Authors: Reddin Julie A. , Sonn Christopher C.
Published: May 2007

Different self-help groups exist to help deal with emotional health issues unique to men. There is, however, a dearth of research on the experiences men have in these groups in Australia. This study aimed to gain an understanding of men's experiences in men's groups in Western Australia. Twelve men were interviewed about their experiences in men's groups using a semi-structured interview schedule developed to explore how the groups facilitate self-understanding and personal change. Thematic analysis of the data showed that symbols, rituals, and group rules played a role in providing a safe environment for identity change and the groups provided strong emotional support. Analyses also revealed a process of personal change and identity transformation that takes place because of involvement in the men's groups. Implications of the findings are discussed with reference to strategies for change such as community-based education and discussion forums for men.
Peace Theology and Apocalyptic Metaphor: A “Queer” Perspective
Authors: Clark J. Michael
Published: May 2007

This essay continues to examine certain connections between masculinity, economics and ecotheology, and global violence (cf., Clark, 2002b), by focusing primarily on a single, recently published text, God in the Balance: Christian Spirituality in Times of Terror (Heyward, 2002). Heyward's “peace theology” will be set alongside a metaphorical, apocalyptic reading of current events, not only to better understand global terrorism and U.S. responses to such violence, but also to begin articulating alternatives to any violence that is fueled by human desperation. To that end, theories of nonviolence and both environmental and socioeconomic justice will also be explored.
Deconstructing the Paterfamilias: British Magazines and the Imagining of the Maternal Father, 1850–1910
Authors: Nelson Claudia
Published: May 2007

While British periodicals between 1850 and 1910 typically expressed anxiety about fatherhood in the abstract, often portraying fathers as cold, detached, sexually irresponsible, or brutal, periodical fiction and “life writing” took a different tack by presenting their readership with portraits of ideal individual fathers. This article explores the ways in which this ideal inverts the usual stereotype of the Victorian paterfamilias by investing the father with the selflessness, sexual purity, and commitment to domesticity that were also crucial to the ideal of the good Victorian mother.
Preparing African-American Males for Postsecondary Options
Authors: Bailey Deryl F.
Published: May 2007

For more than a decade, there has been a dramatic decline in the percentage of African American males attending postsecondary institutions. In an effort to reverse this trend, some institutions (i.e., University of Georgia) have commissioned task forces and committees to investigate the causes of this decline as well as provide recommendations to address this problem. One of the recommendations presented to the University System Board of Regents included the development and support of not only initiatives designed to prepare African American males for postsecondary options, but programs that offer academic and social support once enrolled. This article describes one of the six programs selected by the Board of Regents to address the aforementioned decline in one Southeastern state.
The Prove-Them-Wrong Syndrome: Voices from Unheard African-American Males in Engineering Disciplines
Authors: Moore James L. , Madison-Colmore Octavia , Smith Dionne M.
Published: May 2007

Using the grounded theory approach as a conceptual framework, this study sought to explore the phenomenon of persistence. More specifically, the purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions, attitudes, and experiences of African-American males who were able to persist in engineering at a predominately White institution (PWI) located in the southeastern part of the United States. This study revealed, through extensive individual and group interviews, that persistent African-American male students possess personality characteristics that help them persist in engineering majors. The “prove-them-wrong syndrome” is offered as an explanation to better understand the phenomenon of persistence for the African-American males in the study.
Differential Reactions to Men and Women's Gender Role Transgressions: Perceptions of Social Status, Sexual Orientation, and Value Dissimilarity
Authors: Sirin Selcuk R. , McCreary Donald R. , Mahalik James R.
Published: May 2007

This study examined the influence of gender role transgressions on perceptions of men and women's social status, homosexual orientation, and value dissimilarity. Because past research has shown that men who transgress gender role norms are punished more harshly than women, it was hypothesized that male transgressors would be perceived more negatively than female transgressors in each of these domains. Participants read vignettes of two hypothetical gender role transgressors, one described using gender role personality traits and another described using gender role behaviors. The trait-based male gender role transgressor was perceived to be lower in social status and was considered more likely to be homosexual than the female transgressor. The behavioral-based male gender role transgressor was perceived to be lower in social status, and was perceived to be more value-dissimilar than the female gender role transgressor.
Between a Rock and a Hard Place: Men Caught in the Gender Bind of Early Childhood Education
Authors: Sargent Paul
Published: May 2007

This paper presents the results of a series of in-depth interviews with men who work in early childhood education (ECE), their women peers, their supervisors, and faculty members of colleges of education. The findings cast considerable doubt on the prevailing idea that men are “high status tokens” in ECE. In addition, the narratives of all involved give clear indication that repairing the low participation of men in ECE will require changes in deeply entrenched institutional practices rather than in the perspectives or behaviors of individual men.
Deconstructing Self-Defense in Wife-to-Husband Violence
Authors: Sarantakos Sotirios
Published: May 2007

Members of 68 families with allegedly violent wives were studied to explore the nature of women's violence at home and to ascertain whether wives assault their spouses in self-defense. Accounts of children and the wives' mothers were contrasted with husbands' and wives' accounts to ensure a high degree of accuracy of the assessment of the problem and to test the validity of the spouses' accounts. Qualitative analysis revealed that the credibility of the wives' accounts of violence was highly questionable and a justification of self-defense for female-to-male violence was unfounded in a majority of cases.
Social Networks of Aging Gay Men
Authors: Shippy R. Andrew , Cantor Marjorie H. , Brennan Mark
Published: May 2007

Social support becomes an increasingly important resource for people as they age. Research has shown that the needs of older gay men are no different than those of their heterosexual counterparts, nor are older gay men more isolated than older men in general. Research has shown gay men rely on friendship networks more often than on family while heterosexual men rely more on family for social support. Using the most conservative estimates, there are more than two million gay men over the age of 60 in the United States. Results from the first large-scale research project of caregiving in the gay and lesbian communities in NYC challenge the myth of the isolated aging gay man. Two hundred-thirty three gay men, ages 50–87, reported an average of five friends, with whom they were close. Thirty-six percent were partnered, and nearly 90% reported at least fair health and being at least somewhat satisfied with their lives, despite 30% reporting feelings of depression. Results dispel the myth that gay men are not involved with their biological families; when present, biological family members were close to and maintained contact with respondents. Yet relatives were much less likely to be called upon for help. Respondents were most likely to turn to partners, if available, followed by friends.
Social Support Resources of Poor Widowed Men during the Depression
Authors: Matthews Sarah H. , Dunkle Ruth E.
Published: May 2007

Sources of social support for 24 widowed, “worthy” elderly men who were clients of a privately funded foundation in Detroit, Michigan, beginning in 1929 or 1930 until their deaths are described. Beginning with the application for admission, each man's file documents delivery of services in notes recorded each time he had contact with anyone in the foundation. Letters written by and about a man were also kept in his file as well as reports from physicians and other health professionals who treated him. Sources of support for the widowers were fourfold: kin, friends, proprietors of the various residences in which they lived, and the social workers employed by the foundation. The use of each type of support is described. In the final section of the paper, general themes of support are placed in an historical context.
Hegemonic Complicity, Friendship, and Comradeship: Validation and Causal Processes among White, Middle-Class, Middle-Aged Men
Authors: Levy Donald P.
Published: May 2007

Working within a gender relations paradigm, the voluntary same-sex relationships of white, middle-class, middle-aged men are theorized to conform to two separate and distinct patterns; friendship and comradeship. Complicity with both the current manifestation of dominant masculinity as well as the underlying epistemological structure is seen to determine the interactional choices, friendship or comradeship, of men. A Web-based survey is used to gather data from a sample of the target population. Data are analyzed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, multiple regression, and structural equation modeling. Statistical findings support the hypothesis that complicity with hegemonic masculinity tends to predict comradeship while resistance to hegemonic complicity predicts the practice of friendship.
Life Stories of Black Male and Female Professionals: An Inquiry into the Salience of Race and Sports
Authors: Murphy Angela J.
Published: May 2007

This research examined 57 self-authored life stories to discern the extent to which race and sports contributed to the life structures of Black professional males and females. The vast majority of participants did not mention their awareness of being Black or desires to enhance the condition of their racial group. There were also no significant gender differences in how much and in what ways they discussed their racial identity. Black men utilized sports for personal achievement, self-reflection, and learning significantly more often than Black women. Additionally, males were somewhat more likely than females to mention both themes. Overall, the findings suggest further research is needed to distinguish between simple racial classification and the salience of race for elite young Black professionals. Furthermore, the results indicate that physical activity may be a powerful connecter for male learning, achievement, and awareness.
The Male Villain as Domestic Tyrant in Daniel Deronda: Victorian Masculinities and the Cultural Context of George Eliot's Novel
Authors: MacHann Clinton
Published: May 2007

George Eliot's characterization of the tyrannous husband Henleigh Grandcourt is a key to understanding the construction of masculinities in her final—and most experimental and controversial—novel, Daniel Deronda (1876). Her use of Grandcourt as the mate of the principal female character, Gwendolen Harleth, and as a foil to the eponymous male protagonist, Daniel Deronda, is more complex than is usually assumed, and, unlike the contemporary poet Robert Browning in his portrayal of tyrannous husbands, she resists the “polarization into moral absolutes” inherent in the melodramatic mode. Eliot's commitment to certain “traditional” aspects of gender roles at the same time she acknowledges the need for profound social and cultural change is parallel with her continuing appreciation for the power and efficacy of religious values and states of mind after her loss of Christian faith. A close look at her treatment of Grandcourt's masculinity elucidates the widely discussed theme of individual and national consciousness in the novel, and reading her novel in this context against contemporary works helps us to understand Eliot's overall cultural vision, of which gender identity is one important component.
The Agrarian Male: Economic and Ecological Challenges in the New Century
Authors: Clark J. Michael
Published: May 2007

Insofar as most farming and otherwise agrarian families are still primarily male head-of-household families, examining the challenges facing agrarian communities is necessarily to examine the challenges facing the agrarian male. Those challenges fall mainly into two categories—economic and environmental (or ecological). Men in agrarian communities are wrestling specifically with the constrictions of (1) the increasing agribusiness pressures that continue to endanger the small-scale farmer, (2) the “Wal-Martization” of the agrarian economy that not only raises ethical questions but also limits local economic options, and (3) the suburbanization of the land, as more and more farms are sacrificed to economic realities and converted into upscale housing developments for the economically privileged. This essay elucidates a number of the challenges facing agrarian men—whether full-time farmers, part-time farmers, or others embedded in local agrarian communities and their interrelated economic and ecological systems. The intellectual framework draws heavily on the wisdom of eastern Kentucky's own “gentlemen farmer,” Wendell Berry, as well as upon a number of ecotheologians, while pragmatically drawing equally heavily on the lived experience of specific men in rural western North Carolina. The paper argues that the 19th-century paradigm of virtually self-sufficient, small family farms no longer works and must be superceded by an alternative 21st-century paradigm of small farms, full- and part-time farm families, and their communities in collaborative networks, thereby collectively challenging the predominating and ever-globalizing 21st-century economic, geopolitical, and environmental status quo.
Who Seeks Help? Examining the Differences in Attitude of Turkish University Students toward Seeking Psychological Help by Gender, Gender Roles, and Help-Seeking Experiences
Authors: Türküm Ayse Sibel
Published: May 2007

The present study investigated the differences in Turkish university students' attitudes toward seeking psychological help and the effects of gender and gender roles on their help-seeking experiences. The Bem Sex Roles Inventory and The Scale of Attitudes toward Seeking Psychological Help—Shortened were administered to 398 undergraduate students. The results found male and female students differed in their attitudes toward help-seeking. However, no significant interaction was found for students' gender roles and their attitude scores toward help-seeking. The findings and future research needs are discussed.
Male Adolescents' Contributions to Household Labor as Predictors of Later-Life Participation in Housework
Authors: Anderson Gillian , Robson Karen
Published: May 2007

This article examines childhood influences on adult males' behavior in the domestic sphere. Informed by social learning theory and the concept of latent socialization, we test whether adolescent participation in housework-related activities resulted in a continued contribution to household labor in later-life adult partnerships. This study uses time-use data collected from a cohort of British births at age 16, as well as data collected from the cohort members 13 years later (age 29). Our findings suggest a positive relationship between spending time on household chores in youth and the likelihood of men becoming primarily responsible for a number of routine household tasks. Our analyses fail to demonstrate that adolescents' task performance facilitated equitable task sharing between adult partners. However, we find support for our hypothesis that adult men's attitudes and participation in housework is latently shaped across the life course.
Conferring Meaning onto Alcohol-Related Violence: An Analysis of Alcohol Use and Gender in a Sample of College Youth
Authors: Peralta Robert L. , Cruz J. Michael
Published: May 2007

Alcohol-related violence among youth remains a significant social problem. This study examines the meanings students attach to alcohol-related violence. Seventy-eight in-depth, face-to-face interviews were conducted with college students at a mid-sized, mid-Atlantic university. The perceptions of these college students are analyzed for social meaning of alcohol-related violence. As to their experiences with alcohol-related violence, respondents overwhelmingly believed alcohol to be causally related to violence, especially for young males whose behavior was viewed as demonstrative of “macho” behavior. The gendered nature of alcohol-related violence on campus, its expectation among students, and its tie to socio-cultural constructs of masculinity are discussed in reference to future research and social policy.
Researching Sensitive Topics through Autoethnographic Means
Authors: Philaretou Andreas G. , Allen Katherine R.
Published: May 2007

This study argues for the utility of autoethnographic self-reflective approaches for the study of sensitive topics such as cabaret sex work, Internet pornography, codependence, and sexual addiction. Self-reflective accounts, derived from personal documents such as diary entries, interviews with significant others, personal recollections, and correspondence, constitute the primary data resource for autoethnographic research. Themes and by-themes are derived from such accounts, and they are carefully recorded and analyzed to ensure validity and reliability. Self-reflective accounts also have considerable therapeutic utility, since they can be utilized in narrative techniques to enable clients to retell, relive, and reconstruct their subjugated stories, thereby empowering them for positive change.
Narrating (French) Masculinities: Building Male Identity in André Gide's The Immoralist
Authors: Fagley Robert M.
Published: May 2007

This study examines the representation of masculinity in André Gide's The Immoralist, an early work by the author, in which he depicts his anti-hero's rediscovery and reinvention of himself after a prolonged illness. One aim of the paper is to frame the sociohistorical context in France, specifically those elements that concern gendered social identities, during the time the récit was written, around the turn of the last century. Gide's character, Michel, comes to define himself as a man by rejecting the imposition of hegemonic French masculinity. Gide illustrates the possibility of plural masculinities in his creation of an alternative masculine identity.
Men's Heterosexual Initiation: Sexual Agency and Empowerment in Post-World War II American Culture
Authors: Mundy L.A.
Published: May 2007

Scholars suggest that heterosexual initiation is a social process that inhibits women yet entitles men to shape and control the pace and practices within sexual interaction. Radical feminists in particular have successfully detailed the patriarchal organization within the institution of heterosexuality. Yet their critical insights have tended to neglect or minimize the changing contours of the sexual landscape as well as the question of what exactly makes men's sexual agency patriarchal. Studying 60 white, non-Hispanic, middle-class men from Philadelphia, this article highlights the possible conditions for men to assert various patriarchal configurations of sexual agency in post-World War II American culture during initial forays into heterosexuality. The social psychological analysis suggests that younger men perceive women today as the symbolic keepers of masculine sexual standards, enabling them to judge sexual performances through their previous experiences with other men. While men appear more aware and concerned about women's sexual pleasure, they still use women's orgasms (as opposed to vaginal penetration) to bolster their masculine identities. The changing sexual landscape offers hope for both men and women to approach sex as a mutual, nongenitally focused, sharing of bodily pleasure, instead of using sex as a way to gain a gender.
“Everyday Joe” versus “Pissy, Bitchy, Queens”: Gay Masculinity on StraightActing.com
Authors: Clarkson Jay
Published: May 2007

This paper analyzes discourse on Straight-Acting.com . I argue that straight-acting gay men model their version of masculinity on working-class aesthetics. Furthermore, this masculinity is dependent upon a high level of antifemininity and homophobia. The members of this community condemn any gender performances they label “in your face” gayness. While their rejection of the link between effeminacy and homosexuality has the potential to undermine dominant gender ideology, ultimately they reinscribe hegemonic masculinity through their marginalization of women and other gay men.
Exposure to Sexually Explicit Material and Variations in Body Esteem, Genital Attitudes, and Sexual Esteem among a Sample of Canadian Men
Authors: Morrison Todd G. , Ellis Shannon R. , Morrison Melanie A. , Bearden Anomi , Harriman Rebecca L.
Published: May 2007

Most research on sexually explicit material (SEM) uses a harm-based discourse, a central tenet of which is that pornographic media deleteriously affect male viewers' attitudes and behaviours toward women. Consequently, minimal attention has been directed toward examining associations between men's exposure to SEM and their self-perceptions in terms of physical appearance and sexual functioning. To investigate this topic, 188 men attending a comprehensive college in Alberta, Canada, were given a questionnaire measuring exposure to various pornographic media and three forms of esteem (sexual, genital, and body). As predicted, significant negative correlations were obtained between exposure to pornographic imagery on the Internet and levels of genital and sexual esteem. Limitations of the current study and directions for future research are provided.
Punch-Drunk Masculinity
Authors: Stanley Timothy
Published: May 2007

Punch-Drunk Love exposes the complexity and kitsch superficialities of masculine gender constructions. Written and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson, this film deconstructs masculine gender performance without pretending to offer overly simplistic alternatives. The following is an exploratory essay that asks what kind of masculinity Punch-Drunk Love represents. If it is true that men no longer hold the patriarchal sway on a domestic level, then how is masculine gender constructed? In order to elucidate the relationship between the film and postpatriarchal masculinity, we will need to explicate an approach to gender and masculinity in general. Having explored postpatriarchy, we can then begin to address what this contemporary film tells us about the possibility of a punch-drunk masculinity.
Resources for Gay and Bisexual Students in a Catholic College
Authors: Yoakam John R.
Published: May 2007

This article demonstrates how Catholic teachings on homosexuality are moderated by the Benedictine values of respect and hospitality at St. John's University. The author details efforts to incorporate gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) topics in the curriculum and support for GLBT students in residential life and student development. The author includes resources available at other Catholic and secular colleges available to GLBT students. Comments by gay students offer their perspective on their treatment by the college administration and their peers. The author offers recommendations to increase support for and retention of GLBT students, faculty, and staff.
Peer Support for African American Male College Achievement: Beyond Internalized Racism and the Burden of “Acting White”
Authors: Harper Shaun R.
Published: May 2007

Theorists posit that the social reinforcement of racially oppressive assumptions eventually works its way into the psyche of African Americans and negatively shapes the way they see themselves and others within their race. Some scholars have attempted to prove and others have subsequently disputed the idea that school achievement within African American peer groups is seen as “acting White.” In this study, internalized racism and Fordham and Ogbu's (1986) Acting White Hypothesis were explored among high-achieving African American male undergraduates at six predominantly White universities. Findings from individual interviews contradict the hypothesis and reveal ways through which peer support for leadership and achievement were negotiated within African American peer groups on the six campuses. There was no evidence of internalized racism in the domains of academic achievement and African American male leadership. Instead, the participants attributed much of their college success to the support offered by their same-race peers.
Asian American Masculinity: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Shek Yen Ling
Published: May 2007

Asian American men have distinct histories and experiences within the context of masculinity. In considering gender role conflict, a concept that examines the negative impact of prescribed gender roles on both men and women (O'Neil, Helms, Gable, David, & Wrightsman, 1986), it is important to note that Asian American men are situated within the United States' White hegemonic masculinity while also negotiating their racialized minority status. Asian American men, as do other racial minorities, experience gender role conflict in relationship to and interaction with their racial identity. The purposes of this manuscript are to provide an overview of how Asian American masculinity has been shaped and challenged by U.S. society, present existing literature on racial identity and gender role conflict with particular attention to intersections of identity, and address the implications of gender role conflict on Asian American men.
Men Doing “Women's Work:” Elderly Men Caregivers and the Gendered Construction of Care Work
Authors: Russell Richard
Published: May 2007

This article examines the work of elderly men caregivers who care for wives with cognitive impairment related to Alzheimer's type dementia, stroke, brain injury, or other causes. Two specific areas of care work are investigate, meal preparation and personal care, as well as the subjective meanings ascribed to such work. Men's unique strengths and vulnerabilities are explored in relation to life course perspectives on the many meanings of work. From a social con-structionist perspective, deeper meanings of manhood and late life masculinity are also interrogated, as men draw upon an array of learned adaptive strategies in meeting the complex demands of care work. This qualitative study was based on in-depth, open-ended interviews with 30 elderly men caregivers in Rochester, New York. Analysis of data reveals that many men struggled with the demands of care work, especially within entrenched gender norms and masculine scripting. Data also demonstrates, however, that men are less avoidant of hands-on, personal care than has been reported in the past.
The Relationship between Masculinity Ideology, Loneliness, and Separation-Individuation Difficulties
Authors: Blazina Chris , Eddins Rachel , Burridge Andrea , Settle Anna G.
Published: May 2007

This study examined the relationship between masculinity ideology, loneliness, and separation-individuation problems in college men. The results showed a positive correlation between the variables of interest. Also, masculine ideology was a significant predicator for loneliness. Implications for future research are discussed.
Initial Validation of the Male Role Norms Inventory-Revised (MRNI-R)
Authors: Levant Ronald F. , Smalley K. Bryant , Aupont Maryse , House A. Tanner , Richmond Katherine , Noronha Delilah
Published: May 2007

This article reports the results of the initial evaluation of the revised version of the Male Role Norms Inventory (MRNI-R). The MRNI-R assesses only traditional male role norms (thus dropping the Non-Traditional Attitudes subscale of the original MRNI), revises the labeling and content of the Self-Reliance subscale, drops the Achievement/Status subscale and substitutes the Dominance subscale, and updates the language throughout the instrument. The MRNI-R was administered to 170 undergraduate and graduate students (38 men and 132 women). One hundred and seven initial items were reduced to fifty-three items following iterative analyses of item-to-subscale correlations. Improved reliabilities were found for the MRNI-R and its subscales, with Cronbach alphas ranging from .73 to .96. Significant sex and racial/ethnic differences were found with respect to the endorsement of traditional masculinity ideology, providing support for its construct validity.
Book Review
Authors: Groth Miles
Published: May 2007

Naughty Boys. Anti-Social Behaviour, ADHD and the Role of Culture by Sami Timimi. London: Palgrave, 2005, xv + 245 pp., paper.
Picturing Boys
Authors: Ibson John
Published: May 2007

Systematic scrutiny of everyday photographs of American boys together suggests that, as never before, homophobia became a barrier for boys in 1950s America. In a time of high anxiety regarding the possible implications of male togetherness in the United States, boys’ relationships in the 1950s, with fresh physical inhibitions, came to resemble relationships typical of older American males. Although cultural concern over homosexuality was decades-old in the 1950s and had long inhibited the various associations of older males, that anxiety may not have exacted its toll on boys together until the postwar period, establishing restrictions that continue to severely limit closeness among boys.
Boys at Gender-Play inside the Muscular Christian Ideal
Authors: McDonald Janet
Published: May 2007

In elite boys’ schools there is a level of anxiety about the perceived place of the curricular subject drama and how it might interact or interfere with the ironclad essentialist and homogenous masculinity promoted by elite all-boys’ schools. The feminization of the drama and the suspicion of males who “do drama” create a duplicitous tension for boys who take the subject as they walk the gendered tightrope between the expected public display of the “muscular Christian” and the tantalizing “drama faggot.” This paper offers some reflections about observations on and interviews with boys who “do drama” inside the male-only worlds of the Great Public School (GPS) of Brisbane, Australia. In these schools I observed masculinities were constantly disrupted (perhaps uniquely) in the drama classroom and explored by male drama teachers who provided a space in which to playfully interrogate the “muscular Christian ideal” of a boys’ school.
Einfluss freilebender Wiederkäuer auf die Verjüngung des Schweizer Waldes | Influence of Wild-Living Ruminants on the Regeneration of the Swiss Forest
Authors: Odermatt Oswald
Published: May 2007

Former, mostly authoritative knowledge on the obstruction of forest regeneration through wild-living ruminants is presently replaced by figures from numerous inventories on browsing and juvenile forest in Switzerland. In practice, the percentage of browsing has shown to be an apt indicator of the level of game damage. Thus, a more objective and differentiated picture of the situation can be presented today.

On the whole, the game damage to the regeneration of the Swiss forest has not diminished during the past 25 years. However, a certain prosiness has occurred with regard to evaluation. In the Swiss Central Plateau, solutions for these conflicts have been found in the meantime. Within the alpine areas, some particularly serious cases of game damage in the forest were solved by means of problem-oriented killing-off and habitat improvements. Locally, the spread of the lynx has had its positive effects. The regeneration of the fir is a particularly significant problem. In many areas, without technical protective measures the fir has not been able to regenerate itself for decades.
Two Dutch brothers with Borrone dermato‐cardio‐skeletal syndrome
Authors: van Steensel M.A.M. , Ceulen R.P.M. , Delhaas T. , de Die‐Smulders C.
Published: May 2007

In 1993, Borrone et al. described two Italian brothers affected by a syndrome of severe acne, mitral valve prolapse, dysmorphic facies, and Scheuermann‐like changes of the vertebral column. Since then, no further cases have been reported. Here, we report on two Dutch brothers with many features suggestive of this rare syndrome. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mother to son amplification of a small subtelomeric deletion: A new mechanism of familial recurrence in microdeletion syndromes
Authors: Faravelli Francesca , Murdolo Marina , Marangi Giuseppe , Bricarelli Franca Dagna , Di Rocco Maja , Zollino Marcella
Published: May 2007

A 2.8‐Mb 4p16.3 terminal deletion, with proximal breakpoint at locus D4S182, was diagnosed by FISH in a 16‐year‐old boy who presented with a typical Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) phenotype. The deletion, which was maternally derived, was isolated, and a balanced translocation was ruled out in both parents by FISH with probe 33c6 (locus D4S43) falling within the patient's deletion interval, at a distance of about 2.3 Mb from the telomere. His older brother, who died from pneumonia at the age of 18 years, also presented with clinical signs consistent with WHS, including typical facial appearance and major malformations, but the genetic test was not performed. A smaller 4p deletion, spanning the 1.5 Mb region from locus D4S96 to the telomere was detected in the healthy mother. When critically analyzed, after the FISH results, she was noted to present with partial WHS facial “gestalt,” borderline mental delay, a few episodes of seizures as a child, normal weight and head circumference, and height at the lower limit of normal range. This report highlights a previously undescribed mechanism of familial recurrence of a microdeletion syndrome. Potential meiotic amplification is to be considered for different subtelomeric deletions that are currently interpreted as population polymorphisms. At the same time, the present report adds new insights to mapping some peculiar WHS clinical signs, such as seizures and severe growth delay. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of ultra‐low‐molecular‐weight polyethylene wax using a bulky Ti(IV) aryloxide–alkyl aluminum catalytic system
Authors: Umare Prashant S. , Tiwari Ajaykumar J. , Antony Robin , Tembe Gopal L. , Trivedi Bhavna
Published: May 2007

Complexes of titanium(IV) with bulky phenolic ligands such as 2‐tert‐butyl‐4 methylphenol, 2, 4‐di‐tert‐butyl phenol and 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl phenol were prepared and characterized. These catalyst precursors, formulated as [Ti(OPh*)n(OPri)4−n] (OPh* = substituted phenol), were found to be active in polymerization of ethylene at higher temperatures in combination with ethylaluminum sesquichloride (Et3Al2Cl3) as co‐catalyst. It was observed that the reaction temperature and ethylene pressure had a pronounced effect on polymerization and the molecular weight of polyethylene obtained. In addition, this catalytic system predominantly produced linear, crystalline ultra‐low‐molecular‐weight polyethylenes narrow dispersities. The polyethylene waxes obtained with this catalytic system exhibit unique properties that have potential applications in surface coating and adhesive formulations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a bilayer coating to improve the adhesion between stainless steel and in situ‐polymerized poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Pellice Sergio A. , Fasce Diana P. , Williams Roberto J. J.
Published: May 2007

A bilayer coating was developed that may be applied over a stainless steel surface to enhance the adhesive strength with in situ‐polymerized poly(methyl methacrylate). The first layer was an epoxy based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) crosslinked with N‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐3‐aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (AEAPS). A prereaction and a fast cure were needed to avoid phase separation after the dip coating process. The second layer constituted of an organic–inorganic hybrid formulation synthesized by a sol‐gel process. It was based on 2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA), 3‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPMS), and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). This layer provided silanol groups to react with the methoxysilane groups of the first layer and methacrylate groups to produce covalent bonds during the methyl methacrylate polymerization. Stainless steel plaques were successively coated with both layers (about 700 nm per layer), using a dip coating process. Both coated and uncoated plaques were bonded with a 0.55‐mm thickness of a two‐parts PMMA cement, using the standard geometry to perform single lap‐shear strength tests. The average lap‐shear strength increased from 3.4 ± 1.5 MPa for the uncoated metals to 9.7 ± 1.5 MPa for the plaques coated with the bilayer system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of styrene using a novel thiophene dithioester as the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer agent
Authors: Zhou Nianchen , Lu Lude , Zhu Jian , Yang Xujie , Wang Xin , Zhu Xiulin , Zhang Zhengbiao
Published: May 2007

Benzyl thiophene‐2‐carbodithioate and 2‐methyl‐2‐(4‐methylcyclohex‐3‐enyl)propyl thiophene‐2‐carbodithioatewere synthesized. The reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerizations of styrene with benzyl thiophene‐2‐carbodithioate and 2‐methyl‐2‐(4‐methylcyclohex‐3‐enyl)propyl thiophene‐2‐carbodithioate as chain‐transfer agents and with 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator were carried out. The polymerization kinetics were investigated. An ab initio calculation method was used to explore the differences between benzyl thiophene‐2‐carbodithioate and benzyl benzodithioate. The structure of the obtained polymers was characterized with 1H‐NMR. Chain‐extension experiments of the obtained polymer with styrene were carried out. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Task‐based information retrieval: Structuring undergraduate history essays for better course evaluation using essay‐type visualizations
Authors: Leide John E. , Cole Charles , Beheshti Jamshid , Large Andrew , Lin Yang
Published: May 2007

When domain novices are in C.C. Kuhlthau's (1993) Stage 3, the exploration stage of researching an assignment, they often do not know their information need; this causes them to go back to Stage 2, the topic‐selection stage, when they are selecting keywords to formulate their query to an Information Retrieval (IR) system. Our hypothesis is that instead of going backward, they should be going forward toward a goal state—the performance of the task for which they are seeking the information. If they can somehow construct their goal state into a query, this forward‐looking query better operationalizes their information need than does a topic‐based query. For domain novice undergraduates seeking information for a course essay, we define their task as selecting a high‐impact essay structure which will put the students' learning on display for the course instructor who will evaluate the essay. We report a study of first‐year history undergraduate students which tested the use and effectiveness of “essay type” as a task‐focused query‐formulation device. We randomly assigned 78 history undergraduates to an intervention group and a control group. The dependent variable was essay quality, based on (a) an evaluation of the student's essay by a research team member, and (b) the marks given to the student's essay by the course instructor. We found that conscious or formal consideration of essay type is inconclusive as a basis of a task‐focused query‐formulation device for IR.
Rossby wave dispersion on the C‐grid
Authors: Thuburn J.
Published: May 2007

Some spatial averaging of the Coriolis terms is unavoidable on the staggered C‐grid, and the resulting artifical slowing of near‐grid‐scale inertial waves in numerical models is well‐known. A poor treatment of near‐grid‐scale Rossby waves might also be expected. It is shown here that numerical Rossby wave dispersion on the C‐grid is sensitive to the details of the discretization of the Coriolis terms, and that quite good Rossby wave dispersion can be obtained even for near‐grid‐scale meridional wavelengths. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society