bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
OCULAR SHOCK FRONT IN THE COLLIDING GALAXY IC 2163
Authors: Kaufman Michele , Elmegreen Bruce G. , Struck Curtis , Elmegreen Debra Meloy , Bournaud Frédéric , Brinks Elias , Juneau Stephanie , Sheth Kartik
Published: November 2016

ALMA observations in the 12CO

line of the interacting galaxy pair IC 2163 and NGC 2207 at 2″ × 1.″5 resolution reveal how the encounter drives gas to pile up in narrow, ∼1 kpc wide, “eyelids” in IC 2163. IC 2163 and NGC 2207 are involved in a grazing encounter, which has led to the development in IC 2163 of an eye-shaped (ocular) structure at mid-radius and two tidal arms. The CO data show that there are large velocity gradients across the width of each eyelid, with a mixture of radial and azimuthal streaming of gas at the outer edge of the eyelid relative to its inner edge. The sense of the radial streaming in the eyelids is consistent with the idea that gas from the outer part of IC 2163 flows inward until its radial streaming slows down abruptly and the gas piles up in the eyelids. The radial compression at the eyelids causes an increase in the gas column density by direct radial impact and also leads to a high rate of shear. A linear regression of the molecular column density

on the magnitude of

across the width of the eyelid at fixed values of azimuth finds a strong correlation between

and

. Substantial portions of the eyelids have high velocity dispersion in CO, indicative of elevated turbulence there.
THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE AND PROPAGATION OF MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICAL THERMONUCLEAR FLAMES
Authors: Remming Ian S. , Khokhlov Alexei M.
Published: November 2016

We present general equations for non-ideal, reactive flow magnetohydrodynamics (RFMHD) in the form best suited for describing thermonuclear combustion in high-density degenerate matter of SNe Ia. The relative importance of various non-ideal effects is analyzed as a function of characteristic spatial and temporal scales of the problem. From the general RFMHD equations, we derive the one-dimensional ordinary differential equations describing the steady-state propagation of a planar thermonuclear flame front in a magnetic field. The physics of the flame is first studied qualitatively using a simple case of one-step Arrhenius kinetics, a perfect gas equation of state (EOS), and constant thermal conductivity coefficients. After that, the equations are solved, the internal flame front structure is calculated, and the flame velocity, S

l
, and flame thickness, δ

l
, are found for carbon–oxygen degenerate material of supernovae using a realistic EOS, transport properties, and detailed nuclear kinetics. The magnetic field changes the flame behavior significantly, both qualitatively and quantitatively, as compared to the non-magnetic case of classical combustion. (1) The magnetic field influences the evolutionarity of a flame front and makes it impossible for a flame to propagate steadily in a wide range of magnetic field strengths and orientations relative to the front. (2) When the flame moves steadily, it can propagate in several distinct modes, the most important being the slow C

S
and super-Alfvénic C
sup modes. (3) The speed of the flame can be diminished or enhanced by up to several factors relative to the non-magnetic laminar flame speed.
ELUCID—EXPLORING THE LOCAL UNIVERSE WITH RECONSTRUCTED INITIAL DENSITY FIELD. III. CONSTRAINED SIMULATION IN THE SDSS VOLUME
Authors: Wang Huiyuan , Mo H. J. , Yang Xiaohu , Zhang Youcai , Shi JingJing , Jing Y. P. , Liu Chengze , Li Shijie , Kang Xi , Gao Yang
Published: November 2016

A method we developed recently for the reconstruction of the initial density field in the nearby universe is applied to the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7. A high-resolution N-body constrained simulation (CS) of the reconstructed initial conditions, with 30723 particles evolved in a

box, is carried out and analyzed in terms of the statistical properties of the final density field and its relation with the distribution of Sloan Digital Sky Survey galaxies. We find that the statistical properties of the cosmic web and the halo populations are accurately reproduced in the CS. The galaxy density field is strongly correlated with the CS density field, with a bias that depends on both galaxy luminosity and color. Our further investigations show that the CS provides robust quantities describing the environments within which the observed galaxies and galaxy systems reside. Cosmic variance is greatly reduced in the CS so that the statistical uncertainties can be controlled effectively, even for samples of small volumes.
DISENTANGLING THE VIRGO OVERDENSITY WITH RR LYRAE STARS
Authors: Vivas A. Katherina , Zinn Robert , Farmer John , Duffau Sonia , Ping Yiding
Published: November 2016

We use a combination of spatial distribution and radial velocity to search for halo substructures in a sample of 412 RR Lyrae stars (RRLSs) that covers a region of ∼525 square degrees of the Virgo overdensity (VOD) and spans distances from the Sun from 4 to 75 kpc. With a friends-of-friends algorithm we identified six high-significance groups of RRLSs in phase space, which we associate mainly with the VOD and with the Sagittarius stream. Four other groups were also flagged as less significant overdensities. Three high-significance and three lower-significance groups have distances between ∼10 and 20 kpc, which places them in the distance range attributed by others to the VOD. The largest of these is the Virgo stellar stream at 19 kpc, which has 18 RRLSs, a factor of two increase over the number known previously. While these VOD groups are distinct according to our selection criteria, their overlap in position and distance and, in a few cases, similarity in radial velocity are suggestive that they may not all stem from separate accretion events. Even so, the VOD appears to be caused by more than one overdensity. The Sagittarius (Sgr) stream is a very obvious feature in the background of the VOD at a mean distance of 44 kpc. Two additional high-significance groups were detected at distances

. Their radial velocities and locations differ from the expected path of the Sgr debris in this part of the sky, and they are likely to be remnants of other accretion events.
THE LONG-TERM DYNAMICAL EVOLUTION OF DISK-FRAGMENTED MULTIPLE SYSTEMS IN THE SOLAR NEIGHBORHOOD
Authors: Li Yun , Kouwenhoven M. B. N. , Stamatellos D. , Goodwin Simon P.
Published: November 2016

The origin of very low-mass hydrogen-burning stars, brown dwarfs (BDs), and planetary-mass objects (PMOs) at the low-mass end of the initial mass function is not yet fully understood. Gravitational fragmentation of circumstellar disks provides a possible mechanism for the formation of such low-mass objects. The kinematic and binary properties of very low-mass objects formed through disk fragmentation at early times (<10 Myr) were discussed in our previous paper. In this paper we extend the analysis by following the long-term evolution of disk-fragmented systems up to an age of 10 Gyr, covering the ages of the stellar and substellar populations in the Galactic field. We find that the systems continue to decay, although the rates at which companions escape or collide with each other are substantially lower than during the first 10 Myr, and that dynamical evolution is limited beyond 1 Gyr. By t = 10 Gyr, about one third of the host stars are single, and more than half have only one companion left. Most of the other systems have two companions left that orbit their host star in widely separated orbits. A small fraction of companions have formed binaries that orbit the host star in a hierarchical triple configuration. The majority of such double-companion systems have internal orbits that are retrograde with respect to their orbits around their host stars. Our simulations allow a comparison between the predicted outcomes of disk fragmentation with the observed low-mass hydrogen-burning stars, BDs, and PMOs in the solar neighborhood. Imaging and radial velocity surveys for faint binary companions among nearby stars are necessary for verification or rejection of the formation mechanism proposed in this paper.
RADIATIVE TRANSFER MODELS FOR GAMMA-RAY BURSTS
Authors: Vurm Indrek , Beloborodov Andrei M.
Published: November 2016

We present global radiative transfer models for heated relativistic jets. The simulations include all relevant radiative processes, starting deep in the opaque zone and following the evolution of radiation to and beyond the photosphere of the jet. The transfer models are compared to three gamma-ray bursts GRB 990123, GRB 090902B, and GRB 130427A, which have well-measured and different spectra. The models provide good fits to the observed spectra in all three cases, and we obtain estimates for the jet magnetization parameter

and the Lorentz factor Γ. In the small sample of three bursts,

varies between 0.01 and 0.05, and Γ varies between 300 and 1200.
MagAO IMAGING OF LONG-PERIOD OBJECTS (MILO). II. A PUZZLING WHITE DWARF AROUND THE SUN-LIKE STAR HD 11112
Authors: Rodigas Timothy J. , Bergeron P. , Simon Amélie , Arriagada Pamela , Faherty Jacqueline K. , Anglada-Escudé Guillem , Mamajek Eric E. , Weinberger Alycia , Butler R. Paul , Males Jared R. , Morzinski Katie , Close Laird M. , Hinz Philip M. , Bailey Jeremy , Carter Brad , Jenkins James S. , Jones Hugh , O’Toole Simon , Tinney C. G. , Wittenmyer Rob , Debes John
Published: November 2016

HD 11112 is an old, Sun-like star that has a long-term radial velocity (RV) trend indicative of a massive companion on a wide orbit. Here we present direct images of the source responsible for the trend using the Magellan Adaptive Optics system. We detect the object (HD 11112B) at a separation of 2.″2 (100 au) at multiple wavelengths spanning 0.6–4 μm and show that it is most likely a gravitationally bound cool white dwarf. Modeling its spectral energy distribution suggests that its mass is 0.9–1.1 M
⊙, which corresponds to very high eccentricity, near edge-on orbits from a Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis of the RV and imaging data together. The total age of the white dwarf is >2σ, which is discrepant with that of the primary star under most assumptions. The problem can be resolved if the white dwarf progenitor was initially a double white dwarf binary that then merged into the observed high-mass white dwarf. HD 11112B is a unique and intriguing benchmark object that can be used to calibrate atmospheric and evolutionary models of cool white dwarfs and should thus continue to be monitored by RV and direct imaging over the coming years.
SOLAR ERUPTION AND LOCAL MAGNETIC PARAMETERS
Authors: Lee Jeongwoo , Liu Chang , Jing Ju , Chae Jongchul
Published: November 2016

It is now a common practice to use local magnetic parameters such as magnetic decay index for explaining solar eruptions from active regions, but there can be an alternative view that the global properties of the source region should be counted as a more important factor. We discuss this issue based on Solar Dynamics Observatory observations of the three successive eruptions within 1.5 hr from the NOAA active region 11444 and the magnetic parameters calculated using the nonlinear force-free field model. Two violent eruptions occurred in the regions with relatively high magnetic twist number (0.5–1.5) and high decay index (0.9–1.1) at the nominal height of the filament (12″) and otherwise a mild eruption occurred, which supports the local-parameter paradigm. Our main point is that the time sequence of the eruptions did not go with these parameters. It is argued that an additional factor, in the form of stabilizing force, should operate to determine the onset of the first eruption and temporal behaviors of subsequent eruptions. As supporting evidence, we report that the heating and fast plasma flow continuing for a timescale of an hour was the direct cause for the first eruption and that the unidirectional propagation of the disturbance determined the timing of subsequent eruptions. Both of these factors are associated with the overall magnetic structure rather than local magnetic properties of the active region.
La « quenelle » d'Anelka
Authors: Hochmann Thomas
Published: November 2016

Le geste de la quenelle, inventé par Dieudonné, pose des problèmes d’interprétation particuliers. Symbole antisémite pour certains, il n’est qu’une provocation « anti-système » pour d’autres. La réalisation de ce geste par le footballeur Nicolas Anelka a donné l’occasion aux instances disciplinaires du football anglais d’analyser en détail les implications de la quenelle. Mais l’intérêt de la décision rendue dépasse largement les faits de l’espèce. Elle permet de réfléchir sur les difficultés juridiques soulevées par les tactiques d’insinuation qu’utilise la « nouvelle vague » du discours de haine, si l’on veut bien appeler ainsi la mouvance qui s’inscrit dans le sillage de Dieudonné.
Liberté d’expression et quête de la vérité
Authors: Canto-Sperber Monique
Published: November 2016

Résumé La liberté d’expression est au fondement de l’État libéral. Selon ses défenseurs les plus radicaux, elle doit se traduire par le fait que tout individu a le droit d’exprimer ses opinions, aussi irrationnelles, choquantes ou immorales soient-elles, les seules limites envisageables ayant trait aux dommages directs qu’elles peuvent produire sur un individu. La justification la plus fameuse de la liberté d’expression tend à la doter d’une vertu cognitive dans la mesure où l’expression sans contraintes des opinions augmenterait les chances d’accéder à des opinions vraies et de perfectionner les raisons de ses opinions. Toutefois les caractéristiques de la culture contemporaine et du domaine public amènent à contester ce fondement (certaines opinions vraies pouvant devoir être prohibées et la réfutation des opinions fausses n’ôtant rien à leur pouvoir de persuasion) et à réfléchir d’autres modes de neutralisation des effets éventuellement nocifs d’une liberté d’expression radicale.
Hors champs
Authors: Venturini Tommaso , Jacomy Mathieu , Baneyx Audrey , Girard Paul
Published: November 2016

Cet article reprend une recherche de Luc Boltanski sur les enseignants de l’IEP de Paris. Dans cette recherche, Boltanski s’appuie sur une représentation tabulaire des champs sociaux pour montrer que la classe dominante se caractérise avant tout par sa multipositionnalité, c’est-à-dire par la tendance de ses membres à occuper plusieurs positions dans plusieurs champs. En remplaçant le tableau de Boltanski par un graphe d’individus et d’institutions, nous discuterons les caractéristiques et les avantages d’une sociologie de réseaux hétérogènes.
Économie politique de la communication et théorie critique des médias
Authors: Magis Christophe
Published: November 2016

Cet article s’intéresse à deux traditions de recherche critique en communication, ainsi qu’à leurs rapports : d’un côté la Théorie critique des médias de l’École de Francfort et, de l’autre, l’économie politique de la communication. S’il est communément admis un héritage qu’emprunte la seconde à la première, c’est souvent de manière assez peu investie épistémologiquement, ce qui mène quelquefois les travaux à des ambiguïtés quant à ce que l’économie politique de la communication, notamment dans ses traditions anglo-françaises et québécoise, reprend des concepts et épistémologies de la Théorie critique. En s’intéressant à deux éléments spécifiques d’importance pour les deux approches (rapport au matérialisme, place et rôle des productions culturelles et médiatiques), nous proposons d’investir épistémologiquement cet héritage, au-delà des simples effets d’affichage habituels.
Par-delà la contrainte politique ?
Authors: Chupin Ivan , Daucé Françoise
Published: November 2016

La question des engagements politiques des journalistes semble, par définition, propre aux sociétés démocratiques. Pourtant, elle se pose aussi dans des contextes politiques contraints, comme le montre l’exemple de la Russie contemporaine. Depuis l’arrivée au pouvoir de V. Poutine en 2000, les recherches en sociologie des médias font généralement état d’une polarisation de l’espace médiatique entre, d’un côté, des titres dominants acquis à la ligne interprétative du pouvoir et de l’autre, des rédactions critiques et alternatives marginalisées. Ce clivage suggère des assignations politiques fortes des journalistes dans l’espace médiatique. Or, une enquête au plus près des acteurs montre paradoxalement l’instabilité de leurs carrières professionnelles et des possibilités, pour certains d’entre eux, de passage d’un pôle éditorial à l’autre. Ces trajectoires énigmatiques témoignent d’une mise à distance de la politique au profit d’autres considérations (économiques, techniques, amicales…) pour justifier des bifurcations professionnelles dans l’espace médiatique russe. Au-delà de ce cas d’étude, elles invitent à la réflexion sur l’affaiblissement des assignations politiques dans les médias contemporains.
Le vote au village des Corses de l’extérieur
Authors: Briquet Jean-Louis
Published: November 2016

Le nombre élevé d’électeurs votant en Corse sans y résider est une constante de l’histoire politique de l’île, depuis les vagues migratoires à la charnière des 19 e et 20 e siècles jusqu’à l’époque contemporaine où continue à exister une importante diaspora conservant des liens avec le village familial. Ce phénomène s’accompagne de dispositifs particuliers de contrôle et de mobilisation politiques des électeurs non-résidents ainsi que de formes d’attachement au territoire d’origine chez ces derniers. L’article porte sur ces deux aspects du vote des Corses de l’extérieur, en insistant sur leur histoire depuis les débuts de la Troisième République, sur leurs modes de fonctionnement, ainsi que sur les critiques et controverses auxquelles le phénomène a régulièrement donné lieu.
Les parachutes dorés et autres contrats en or
Authors: Chaigneau Pierre
Published: November 2016

Hautement médiatisés, les « parachutes dorés » ont souvent été vivement critiqués. En effet, il peut sembler difficilement justifiable de payer généreusement ceux qui se font mettre à la porte en raison de leur incompétence et d’ainsi récompenser l’échec. Et si ces fameux contrats de séparation avaient des vertus insoupçonnées ?
Les énergies vertes : sommes-nous sur la bonne voie ?
Authors: Normandin François
Published: November 2016

Alors que les réserves mondiales de combustibles fossiles s’épuisent, le choix des énergies renouvelables apparaît désormais non plus comme une option mais comme une nécessité. L’humanité progresse-t-elle à ce chapitre ? Quels sont les États qui ont déjà fait un pas en avant à l’approche du virage vers les énergies vertes ? Vos réponses à ces questions en un clin d’œil !
La culture stratégique chinoise : comment les gestionnaires peuvent-ils s’en inspirer ?
Authors: Hafsi Taïeb , Yan Li
Published: November 2016

Les valeurs intégrées dans leur philosophie ont façonné, au fil des millénaires, le comportement des Chinois. Or, celui-ci est souvent déroutant pour les Occidentaux qui cherchent à faire affaire avec eux. Mieux connaître les différentes écoles de pensée chinoises peut donc non seulement aider à comprendre ce peuple mais aussi inspirer à son tour le management stratégique moderne.
La famille Lemaire : le succès à travers le temps
Authors: Lord Simon , Lemaire Patrick , Cisneros Martinez Luis Felipe
Published: November 2016

À ce jour, quatre générations de Lemaire ont été actives dans Cascades et Boralex, des entreprises que la famille a bâties et qui ont établi sa réputation. Mais pour en arriver là, ses membres ont dû se frayer un chemin en démontrant leur talent. Portrait d’une famille où la gestion s’est étalée sur plusieurs générations. ✏ SIMON LORD
Comment gérer la croissance et la succession dans les entreprises familiales
Authors: King Brian L. , Gebhardtt Gary F. , Brunet Johanne
Published: November 2016

La transmission du pouvoir d’une génération à l’autre au sein d’une entreprise familiale est un processus délicat qui requiert du doigté, du discernement et une excellente communication. Examen des obstacles et des moyens de les surmonter.
Entreprises en démarrage : des outils pour garder le cap
Authors: Théoret Claude , Goldapple Naomi
Published: November 2016

Intel l’a conçu et Google l’utilise pour son personnel. Comment ce système d’objectifs et de résultats clés, mieux connu sous l’acronyme OKR, peut-il aider les nouvelles entreprises à forte croissance à mieux se structurer ?
Salles de pilotage : un nouveau mode de gestion de la performance
Authors: Lagacé Denis , Landry Sylvain
Published: November 2016

Au Québec, l’entrée en vigueur de la Loi modifiant l’organisation et la gouvernance du réseau de la santé et des services sociaux (loi 10) a amené son lot de changements. Pour soutenir son implantation, un mode intégré de gestion de la performance centré sur des salles de pilotage est en cours de déploiement. Aperçu du fonctionnement et des résultats d’un système qui peut tout aussi bien servir à l’extérieur du réseau de la santé.
Comment réussir son projet de transformation
Authors: Bareil Céline
Published: November 2016

Vouloir transformer son organisation peut s’avérer soit un long périple semé d’embûches organisationnelles et humaines, soit un voyage stimulant qui permettra d’obtenir les bénéfices escomptés. Pour réussir, une approche structurée qui intègre le volet humain est un aspect incontournable.
Êtes-vous un gestionnaire digne de confiance ?
Authors: Bertholet Jean-François , Gaudet Marie-Claude
Published: November 2016

Nombreuses sont les formations destinées aux gestionnaires sur les thèmes du leadership, de la communication ou de la reconnaissance. Mais qui parmi nos lecteurs a déjà suivi une formation sur la confiance ? Très peu d’entre vous, n’est-ce pas ? Pourtant, le prix à payer est élevé lorsque les employés sont méfiants envers leur gestionnaire et leur employeur.
Les imports idéologiques dans les groupes : leurs fonctions et leurs limites face à des vécus de terreur sociétale
Authors: Duez Bernard , Duez Christiane
Published: November 2016

À partir de la comparaison entre les formes de présence de l’idéologique dans les groupes psychanalytiques, cet article montre comment ces éléments idéologiques ont une fonction d’autoreprésentation qui permet le déploiement du processus psychanalytique. Dans des situations traumatiques sociétales, les imports idéologiques deviennent menaçants et les groupes convoquent alors le mode originaire de l’autoengendrement en présence de l’autre. Il montre comment les fonctionnements psychiques des clans dans les cités relèvent d’un même mouvement, mais qui s’effondre selon le mode de l’échange du dommage généralisé. En recoupant ces propositions, à partir de l’exemple de l’abstinence, il conclut en questionnant le statut et la fonction des dispositifs psychanalytiques en rapport avec l’économie psychique sociétale.
La doxa
Authors: Diet Anne-Lise
Published: November 2016

Ce texte tente de mettre à jour les particularités théorico-cliniques d’une doxa psychanalytique gardée par des institutions internationales qui semblent s’entêter à maintenir intacte une conception datée de la psychanalyse, centrée sur l’analyse de la névrose et du transfert. Les progrès considérables que la psychanalyse a permis dans la prise en charge de nombreuses affections ainsi que la centration sur l’axe transféro/contre-transférentiel, les nombreuses médiations et techniques qui ont fait leur preuve, ne parviennent pas à modifier les prescriptions de la doxa, malgré la lumineuse clarté de la clinique qui interroge ses conventions. L’auteur essaie de montrer, à partir du travail avec des patients en deuxième analyse, ce que la doxa cherche à maintenir dans l’ombre, le contexte historique, culturel et politique dans lesquels vivent les patients. Pour maintenir cette idéologie, la doxa impose une supposée neutralité aux professionnels et des conventions étrangères à la dynamique de la clinique. C’est ainsi que se pérennise aussi un entre-soi.
Réunion clinique et dispositif épistolaire : un appareil psychique de suppléance
Authors: Blanquet Brigitte
Published: November 2016

Cet article rend compte de l’importance, dans une institution, du passage par le travail psychique groupal afin de penser la question du soin. Nous développerons les effets de ce dispositif auprès d’une population de jeunes mères accueillies dans un service d’accueil maternel. Nous étudierons comment les fonctions de l’émissaire représentant du travail des liens psychiques qui structurent l’appareillage psychique de l’équipe éducative, constitue un maillon essentiel à ce dispositif de soin. Nous prendrons l’exemple du lien épistolaire qui se crée entre la patiente et le psychothérapeute lorsque la lettre du psychothérapeute est portée par un éducateur émissaire de cette fonction, auprès de la patiente. Cet émissaire participe à la construction d’un lieu et d’un lien susceptibles de faire trace et fonde pour une large part l’efficacité thérapeutique du travail psychothérapique. Dès lors l’ouverture de cet espace périphérique, grâce au soutien de l’appareillage groupal, va constituer un espace à partir duquel le transfert sur le lien va opérer.
FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ELECTROSPUN PLLA/COLLAGEN NANOFIBROUS SCAFFOLD COATED WITH CHITOSAN TO SUSTAIN RELEASE OF ALOE VERA GEL FOR SKIN TISSUE ENGINEERING
Authors: Salehi Majid , Farzamfar Saeed , Bastami Farshid , Tajerian Roksana
Published: November 2016

Background and aim: Healing of fire-induced wounds has been still a challenge in clinical issues. The aim of this study was to fabricate a nanofibrous poly (L-lactic acid)/collagen (PLLA/COL) scaffold with sustained release of aloe vera (AV) gel using a chitosan (CT)-coated layer for skin tissue engineering applications. Material and methods: Morphology, porosity, tensile strength, hydrophilicity, degradation rate, water vapor permeability and water uptake ratio of the scaffold were characterized. The behaviors of mouse fibroblasts (L929) were evaluated on the scaffold. Results: We observed that although the porosity of the scaffold was decreased, other characteristics were enhanced by coating a CT layer. The scaffold supports attachment, viability and proliferation of mouse fibroblasts. Conclusion: Consequently, the PLLA/COL scaffold coated with CT for sustained release of AV gel can be considered as a desirable scaffold for skin tissue engineering.
Role of Operations Strategy and Big Data
Authors: Upadhyay Arvind , Ali Mahmood , Kumar Vikas , Loonam John
Published: November 2016

It has been observed that the less than truck load (LTL) industry is going through significant transformation. After the last few years of decline in revenue, due to weak economy, the profitability of the LTL is on the rise. A strategy based on improving freight flow and density, and tightening terminal capacity is finally producing results for many LTL's, at the same time other LTL's are investing on expanding terminal network's while making bigger gains in the revenue. The availability of big data has revolutionised the way the LTL industry operates. The data assists in planning, efficient routing, safety control, fuel conservation, driving habits, etc. Analysts believe that big data still has a bigger role to play and it will have significant impact on the LTL industry in the coming days. This chapter discusses the challenges and opportunities for LTL carriers as it arises due to the emergence of big data.
Recent Trends, Issues, and Challenges in Water Resource Development and Global Climate Change
Authors: Rao Prakash , Patil Yogesh
Published: November 2016

Climate change impacts are being felt in many parts of the world and have become an issue of major concern. Tropical countries particularly those in the Asian region are at greater risk and vulnerable to the impacts of climate change as indicated by the report of IPCC. With regard to India there are several impacts forecast which could have adverse consequences on the natural resources and ecosystems of the country making them vulnerable and reducing their capacity to cope with a changing climatic regime. This introductory chapter of the book provides an insight to the recent trends, issues and challenges in water resource development in context to the global climate change.
Congo Basin's Shrinking Watersheds
Authors: Inogwabini Bila-Isia
Published: November 2016

Rainfall time series data from three sites (Kinshasa, Luki, and Mabali) in the western Democratic Republic of Congo were analyzed using regression analysis; rainfall intensities decreased in all three sites. The Congo Basin waters will follow the equation y = -20894x + 5483.16; R2 = 0.7945. The model suggests 18%-loss of the Congo Basin water volume and 7%-decrease for fish biomasses by 2025. Financial incomes generated by fishing will decrease by 11% by 2040 compared with 1998 levels. About 51% of women (N= 408,173) from the Lake Tumba Landscape fish; their revenues decreased by 11% between 2005 and 2010. If this trend continues, women's revenues will decrease by 59% by 2040. Decreased waters will severely impact women (e.g. increasing walking distances to clean waters). Increasing populations and decreasing waters will lead to immigrations to this region because water resources will remain available and highly likely ignite social conflicts over aquatic resources.
An Approach to Sustainable Watershed Management
Authors: Kumari Sneha , Patil Yogesh , Rao Prakash
Published: November 2016

Western Maharashtra consists of drought prone villages, which around seventy years ago were facing drastic challenges regarding water requirements. People living in such areas started to migrate from these villages in need of food and water. The chapter focuses on few case studies of drought prone areas of Western Maharashtra which made a move towards sustainability and has created an excellent model of watershed projects. Several practices like ban on cutting trees, terrace farming, contour bunding, drip irrigation, sprinkle irrigation, introduction of cooking stoves, rotational grazing, efficient water distribution and change in cultivation of agricultural crops according to the climate were followed which led the village to become a model for Aadarsh Gaon (An Ideal Village). The author has used secondary data from previous research work and critically analyses the case studies on water management in drought prone areas of Western Maharashtra which managed to become a model for sustainable use of water.
Cholestatic Liver Injury: Care of Patients With Primary Biliary Cholangitis or Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Authors: Larson Laurie , James Michelle , Gossard Andrea
Published: November 2016

The most common causes of chronic cholestatic liver disease are primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). Both disease processes are characterized by a destruction of intrahepatic and/or extrahepatic biliary ducts. The etiology is not entirely clear; however, there is an underlying autoimmune component contributing to both disease processes. Although PBC and PSC are often diagnosed and managed in the outpatient setting, in some instances, a patient may have jaundice, fatigue, and pruritus requiring evaluation and determination of the cholestatic cause. Patients with PSC should be monitored for evidence of cholangiocarcinoma, colon cancer, and gallbladder polyps as they are at an increased risk of malignant neoplasms. Liver transplant has the potential for improving quality of life, although disease recurrence is a risk.
Acute Liver Failure
Authors: Grek Ami , Arasi Lisa
Published: November 2016

Acute liver failure, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, is a rare life-threatening disease that has a high mortality rate and affects many organ systems. Causes of acute liver failure vary—it can be attributed to drugs, viruses, and other uncommon sources. Complications of liver failure can include encephalopathy, cerebral edema, sepsis, renal failure, gastrointestinal bleeding, and respiratory failure. Fortunately, with advances in critical care medicine and emergent liver transplant, mortality rates have decreased in the past decade. This article reviews acute liver failure, its manifestations in different organ systems, and its treatment.
Intensive Care Unit Nurses’ Beliefs About Delirium Assessment and Management
Authors: Oosterhouse Kimberly J. , Vincent Catherine , Foreman Marquis D. , Gruss Valerie A. , Corte Colleen , Berger Barbara
Published: November 2016

Delirium, the most frequent complication of hospitalized older adults, particularly in intensive care units (ICUs), can result in increased mortality rates and length of stay. Nurses are neither consistently identifying nor managing delirium in these patients. The purpose of this study was to explore ICU nurses’ identification of delirium, actions they would take for patients with signs or symptoms of delirium, and beliefs about delirium assessment and management. In this cross-sectional study using qualitative descriptive methods guided by the theory of planned behavior, 30 ICU nurses’ responses to patient vignettes depicting different delirium subtypes were explored. Descriptive and content analyses revealed that nurses did not consistently identify delirium; their actions varied in different vignettes. Nurses believed that they needed adequate staffing, balanced workload, interprofessional collaboration, and established policy and protocols to identify and manage delirium successfully. Research is needed to determine if implementing these changes increases recognition and decreases consequences of delirium.
Intravenous Lipid Emulsion for Management of Systemic Toxic Effects of Drugs
Authors: O’Connor Jaclyn , Wilson Suprat Saely
Published: November 2016

The incidence of toxic effects of drugs leading to emergency department visits has increased in the United States in the past several years. Most of these patients can be adequately managed by supportive care alone. However, pharmacological antidotes may be necessary, particularly in patients with hemodynamic instability. In severe cases refractory to conventional antidote therapy, rescue therapy with intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) may be necessary. Traditionally, ILE has been used as an antidote of choice in treating toxic effects of local anesthetics. But data continue to emerge on the successful use of ILE to treat overdoses of drugs other than local anesthetics, particularly lipophilic medications. The recommended ILE dose is a 1.5 mL/kg bolus followed by infusion of 15 mL/kg per hour, with repeat dosing permissible for continued hemodynamic instability. Use of ILE should be considered early as a rescue therapy in the settings of lipophilic medication overdoses when cardiovascular compromise or cardiac arrest is present.
SYNTAX Score in Patients with High Computed Tomography Coronary Calcium Score
Authors: Hegde Madhav , Rajendran Ravindran
Published: November 2016

Objectives:

To study the conventional coronary angiogram ( CA) findings in patients with high coronary calcium on multidetector computed tomogram.

Materials and Methods:

Fifty patients with coronary calcium high enough in its extent and location to interfere with the interpretation of a contrast-filled coronary artery for a significant lesion were studied with conventional CA. Framingham risk score (FRS), computed tomography (CT) coronary calcium score (CCS), and SYNTAX score (SS) from the CA were calculated by separate investigators who were blinded to other scores. Effectively, 250 coronary arteries (left main, left anterior descending, left circumflex, and right coronary artery and posterior descending artery in each subject) with calcium scores were studied for lesions on CA.

Results:

Thirty-five subjects had high FRS, 10 had intermediate FRS, and 5 had low FRS. Eight subjects of 25 (32%) with CCS between 350 and 1000 had no significant coronary artery disease (CAD). Overall, the CCS and the SS had a strong agreement with each other (r = 0.68, P < 0.01) that persisted in those with very high scores >1000 (r = 0.55, P < 0.01, n = 30), but only a nonsignificant weak correlation with scores between 350 and 1000 (r = 0.1, P = 0.62, n = 20). Individual vessel calcium scores correlated strongly for the presence of any lesion (r = 0.52, P < 0.01) in the same artery but only weakly for a significant lesion (r = 0.29, P = 0.05).

Conclusion:

High CT CCS in this cohort of intermediate to high (Framingham score) risk patients correlated strongly with the subject's global burden of the CAD as derived by the SS, more so for subjects with very high scores. Similarly, CCS correlated strongly with the presence of any lesion but only weakly for a significant stenosis; also, about one-third of patients with CCS between 350 and 1000 may not have significant disease on conventional CA.
Do Smoking Bans Always Hurt the Gaming Industry? Differentiated Impacts on the Market Value of Casino Firms in Macao
Authors: Zhang Jing Hua , Tam Kwo Ping , Zhou Nan
Published: November 2016

The gaming economy has expanded rapidly in East Asia over the past decade. Despite the known public health hazards of secondhand smoking, smoking bans in casinos remain controversial due to concerns over the potential economic harm to casino firms. Applying an event study, the authors examine the abnormal returns of casino stocks in response to three unexpected smoking ban announcements from 2011 to 2015 in Macao. Their analysis reveals that these announcements were associated with differentiated abnormal returns of casino stocks. Stocks of traditional casinos suffered abnormal losses of 0.58–3%, while the Las Vegas themed casinos enjoyed positive abnormal returns of up to 3%. Furthermore, the authors find that low air quality in gaming venues and high dependence on gaming revenues are associated with abnormal losses, while positive management initiatives are significantly correlated with positive abnormal returns. The findings of this study provide a full picture of the impacts of smoking bans on casinos and thus will be a useful policy references for the Macao government, as well as for the rapidly growing gaming industry in Asia and developing economies elsewhere.
Particle size traces modern Saharan dust transport and deposition across the
equatorial North Atlantic
Authors: van der Does Michèlle , Korte Laura F. , Munday Chris I. , Brummer Geert-Jan A. , Stuut Jan-Berend W.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Mineral dust has a large impact on regional and global climate, depending on its particle size. Especially in the Atlantic Ocean downwind of the Sahara, the largest dust source on earth, the effects can be substantial but are poorly understood. This study focuses on seasonal and spatial variations in particle size of Saharan dust deposition across the Atlantic Ocean, using an array of submarine sediment traps moored along a transect at 12° N. We show that the particle size decreases downwind with increased distance from the Saharan source, due to higher gravitational settling velocities of coarse particles in the atmosphere. Modal grain sizes vary between 4 and 32 µm throughout the different seasons and at five locations along the transect. This is much coarser than previously suggested and incorporated into climate models. In addition, seasonal changes are prominent, with coarser dust in summer and finer dust in winter and spring. Such seasonal changes are caused by transport at higher altitudes and at greater wind velocities during summer than in winter. Also, the latitudinal migration of the dust cloud, associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone, causes seasonal differences in deposition as the summer dust cloud is located more to the north and more directly above the sampled transect. Furthermore, increased precipitation and more frequent dust storms in summer coincide with coarser dust deposition. Our findings contribute to understanding Saharan dust transport and deposition relevant for the interpretation of sedimentary records for climate reconstructions, as well as for global and regional models for improved prediction of future climate.
Potential of remote sensing of cirrus optical thickness by airborne
spectral radiance measurements in different viewing angles and
nadir geometry
Authors: Wolf Kevin , Ehrlich André , Hüneke Tilman , Pfeilsticker Klaus , Werner Frank , Wirth Martin , Wendisch Manfred
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Spectral radiance measurements from two airborne passive solar remote sensing instruments, the Spectral Modular Airborne Radiation measurement sysTem (SMART) and the Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer (mini-DOAS), are used to compare the remote sensing of cirrus optical thickness τ in nadir and off-nadir geometry. The comparison is based on a sensitivity study using radiative transfer simulations and on measurements during the North Atlantic Rainfall VALidation (NARVAL) mission, the Mid-Latitude Cirrus Experiment (ML-CIRRUS) and the Aerosol, Cloud, Precipitation, and Radiation Interactions and Dynamics of Convective Cloud Systems (ACRIDICON) campaign. Radiative transfer simulations are used to quantify the sensitivity of measured upward radiance I with respect to cirrus optical thickness τ, effective radius τeff, viewing angle of the sensor σL, surface albedo α and ice crystal shape. From the calculations it is concluded that off-nadir measurements at wavelengths larger than λ = 900 nm significantly improve the ability to measure clouds of low optical thickness. The comparison of nadir and off-nadir retrievals of τ from mini-DOAS, SMART and independent estimates by the Water Vapour Lidar Experiment in Space (WALES) show general agreement within the range of measurement uncertainties. For the selected example case a mean optical thickness of 0.54±0.2 is derived by SMART and 0.49±0.2 by mini-DOAS nadir channels, while WALES obtained a mean value of 0.32 at 532 nm wavelength respectively. The mean of τ derived from the scanning mini-DOAS channels is 0.26. For the few simultaneous measurements, the scanning mini-DOAS measurements systematically underestimate (−17.6 %) the nadir observations from SMART and mini-DOAS, most likely due to the different probed scenes. The different values of τ derived by SMART, mini-DOAS and WALES can be potentially linked to spatial averages, ice crystal shape and the measurement strategies. The agreement of the simulations and retrievals indicate that off-nadir measurements are generally suited better to retrieve τ of thin clouds.
BVOC emissions from English oak (Quercus robur) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) along a latitudinal
gradient
Authors: van Meeningen Ylva , Schurgers Guy , Rinnan Riikka , Holst Thomas
Published: November 2016

Abstract. English oak (Quercus robur) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica) are amongst the most common tree species growing in Europe, influencing the annual biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) budget in this region. Studies have shown great variability in the emissions from these tree species, originating from both genetic variability and differences in climatic conditions between study sites. In this study, we examine the emission patterns for English oak and European beech in genetically identical individuals and the potential variation within and between sites. Leaf scale BVOC emissions, net assimilation rates and stomatal conductance were measured at the International Phenological Garden sites of Ljubljana (Slovenia), Grafrath (Germany) and Taastrup (Denmark). Sampling was conducted during three campaigns between May and July 2014. Our results show that English oak mainly emitted isoprene whilst European beech released monoterpenes. The relative contribution of the most emitted compounds from the two species remained stable across latitudes. The contribution of isoprene for English oak from Grafrath and Taastrup ranged between 92 and 97 % of the total BVOC emissions, whilst sabinene and limonene for European beech ranged from 30.5 to 40.5 and 9 to 15 % respectively for all three sites. The relative contribution of isoprene for English oak at Ljubljana was lower (78 %) in comparison to the other sites, most likely caused by frost damage in early spring. The variability in total leaf-level emission rates from the same site was small, whereas there were greater differences between sites. These differences were probably caused by short-term weather events and plant stress. A difference in age did not seem to affect the emission patterns for the selected trees. This study highlights the significance of within-genotypic variation of BVOC emission capacities for English oak and European beech, the influence of climatic variables such as temperature and light on emission intensities and the potential stability in relative compound contribution across a latitudinal gradient.
Leaf trait variation and field spectroscopy of generalist tree
species on contrasting soil types
Authors: Nunes Matheus Henrique , Davey Matthew P. , Coomes David Anthony
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Understanding the causes of variation in plant functional traits is a central issue in ecology, particularly in the context of global change. Analyses of the drivers of traits variation based on thousands of tree species are starting to unravel patterns of variation at the global scale, but these studies tend to focus on interspecific variation, and the contribution of intraspecific changes remains less well understood. Hyperspectroscopy is a recently developed technology for estimating the traits of fresh leaves. Few studies have evaluated its potential for assessing inter- and intra-specific trait variability in community ecology. Working with 24 leaf traits for European tree species on contrasting soil types, found growing on deep alluvial soils and nearby shallow chalk soils, we ask: (i) What contribution do soil type and species identity make to trait variation? (ii) When traits are clustered into three functional groups (light capture and growth, leaf structure and defence, as well as rock-derived nutrients), are some groups more affected by soil than others? (iii) What traits can be estimated precisely using field spectroscopy? (iv) Can leaf spectra be used to detect inter-soil as well as inter-specific variation in traits? The contribution of species and soil-type effects to variation in traits were evaluated using statistical analyses. Foliar traits were predicted from spectral reflectance using partial least square regression, and so inter- and intra-specific variation. Most leaf traits varied greatly among species. The effects of soil type were generally weak by comparison. Macronutrient concentrations were greater on alluvial than chalk soils while micronutrient concentration showed the opposite trend. However, structural traits, as well as most pigments and phenolic concentrations varied little with soil type. Field spectroscopy provided accurate estimates of species-level trait values, but was less effective at detecting subtle variation of rock-derived nutrients between soil types. Field spectroscopy was a powerful technique for estimating cross-species variation in foliar traits and Si predictions using spectroscopy appear to be promising. However, it was unable to detect subtle within-species variation of traits associated with soil type.