bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tactical Organisation in a Contested Election: Sir Edward Dering and the Spring Election at Kent, 1640
Authors: Peacey Jason
Published: October 2009

The document printed below, from a notebook compiled by the prominent Kentish gentleman Sir Edward Dering of Pluckley in Surrenden, was occasioned by the prospect of an electoral contest, and probable poll, in the Kent county election for what became known as the Short Parliament in the Spring of 1640. The contest in question was between Dering and his (second) cousin Sir Roger Twysden. The circumstances surrounding the Kent election are well known, and have been explored thoroughly by scholars such as Mark Kishlansky, Derek Hirst, and Alan Everitt. Indeed, the election has been cited as evidence by historians with very different views on the nature of early seventeenth century elections.
‘Particular Businesses’ in the Long Parliament: The Hull Letters 1644–1648
Authors: Scott David
Published: October 2009

One of the least studied aspects of the Long Parliament is its role in addressing the legislative needs of private or sectional interests such as trading companies and borough corporations. In the field of parliamentary studies, the dissolution of the 1628–9 Parliament represents a major watershed. The pioneering work of Geoffrey Elton, Conrad Russell and others has allowed us to appreciate a long-overlooked facet of Parliaments before 1629 – their function as a ‘market-place of legislative business’. But the Parliaments called after the collapse of the Personal Rule tend to be scrutinised in a very different light. Understandably, perhaps, the focus is almost exclusively upon the debates and factionalism that attended the nation's slide into civil war and subsequent endeavours to restore peace. The general assumption among historians of the civil war period is diat the two Houses were so preoccupied with the great issues of the moment that they had little time to devote to any business of a more private nature. There is certainly no denying that the Long Parliament was often consumed with ‘greate & weightie affaires’, nor diat many of the MPs who remained at Westminster after the outbreak of war were under little pressure to promote the interests of their constituents or indeed of any private individuals. Even so, where the relationship between a serving Parliament-man and those who had elected him remained strong, it is unlikely diat he could have ignored entirely his obligation to act as their spokesman and lobbyist. One of the best and yet most neglected sources for examining the role of MPs as promoters of ‘particular businesses’ in the Long Parliament is the Hull letters.
III. Miscellaneous Documents
Authors: Austen Judith
Published: October 2009

1712An accountt of whatt I laid outt on the sickness, death, and buriall of my deer husband, Percy Frek, Esqr; taken outt of the severall bills in my uper closett and paid by me, Elizabeth Frek, his unhappy wife, within the year of 1707

Butt now comes the dismalls and fattasst day of my life, for on the second of June, Sunday, aboutt three a clock (the very day and howre my son was borne, hee being then thirty two years of age), my deer husband, Percy Frek, Esqr, to compleatt all the miseryes of my life, affter seven monthes torture of a dropsey and an astma, in which time I think I never wentt seven nights into a bed butt I were one of the three thatt watched with him nightt and day for fear of him.
The Letters of Simon Taylor of Jamaica to Chaloner Arcedekne, 1765–1775
Authors: Wood Betty , Clayton T.R. , Speck W.A.
Published: October 2009

Acknowledgements 4

Editorial note 4

Introduction 5

The Letters 7

Index 157
The challenges of quantitative evaluation of a multi-setting, multi-strategy community-based childhood obesity prevention programme: lessons learnt from the eat well be active Community Programs in South Australia
Authors: Wilson Annabelle M , Magarey Anthea M , Dollman James , Jones Michelle , Mastersson Nadia
Published: October 2009

Objective

To describe the rationale, development and implementation of the quantitative component of evaluation of a multi-setting, multi-strategy, community-based childhood obesity prevention project (the eat well be active (ewba) Community Programs) and the challenges associated with this process and some potential solutions.

Design

ewba has a quasi-experimental design with intervention and comparison communities. Baseline data were collected in 2006 and post-intervention measures will be taken from a non-matched cohort in 2009. Schoolchildren aged 10–12 years were chosen as one litmus group for evaluation purposes.

Setting

Thirty-nine primary schools in two metropolitan and two rural communities in South Australia.

Subjects

A total of 1732 10–12-year-old school students completed a nutrition and/or a physical activity questionnaire and 1637 had anthropometric measures taken; 983 parents, 286 teachers, thirty-six principals, twenty-six canteen and thirteen out-of-school-hours care (OSHC) workers completed Program-specific questionnaires developed for each of these target groups.

Results

The overall child response rate for the study was 49 %. Sixty-five per cent, 43 %, 90 %, 90 % and 68 % of parent, teachers, principals, canteen and OSHC workers respectively, completed and returned questionnaires. A number of practical, logistical and methodological challenges were experienced when undertaking this data collection.

Conclusions

Learnings from the process of quantitative baseline data collection for the ewba Community Programs can provide insights for other researchers planning similar studies with similar methods, particularly those evaluating multi-strategy programmes across multiple settings.
To work or to work out: a moral-hazard interpretation of labor supply, retirement, and investments in longevity
Authors: HUPFELD STEFAN
Published: October 2009

In a moral-hazard model with multiple tasks, an agent engages in different activities, labelled work, delayed retirement, and work out (investments in longevity). The latter imposes higher effort costs on weekly labor supply, but increases possibilities for life time labor supply. Work out does not affect aggregate output and does therefore not accrue to the benefit of the principal. Second-best incentives for work out areU-shaped in the agent's ability, and so is the effort level supplied by the agent. These theoretical findings are supported by recent empirical evidence on longevity, which is not always monotonically increasing in ability.
THE MYSTERY OF THE UNIVERSE
Authors: Lyth Peter
Published: October 2009

The ‘why’ question is very deep seated in human nature. Children indeed are always asking such questions: Why is there lightning and thunder? Why is there the sun and moon? Sometimes they ask questions which confound their mentors: e.g. ‘Why is there a universe?’
EBENEZER SCROOGE – MAN OF PRINCIPLE
Authors: Lowe Scott C.
Published: October 2009

‘Bah! Humbug!’ It's the most famous line in Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol, but is it the most important? Surely not, for this Christmas classic is not centrally about Christmas, but about a man, the holiday being the convenient setting for his transformation. What kind of transformation? Why a moral transformation of course, because the man, Ebenezer Scrooge, through multiple encounters with the spirit world, becomes a good man by the end of the story. But where does this story begin, what are we to think of Scrooge at the outset and how is his transformation accomplished? These are the questions I take up here, for while Scrooge is tightfisted, covetous and hard-hearted, he is still a man of principle. Judged by the standards of some views on ethics, Scrooge isn't actually all that bad. How can that be? Let's start with a quick overview of two centuries of ethical theory.
HOORAY! WE'RE NOT MORALLY RESPONSIBLE!
Authors: Harrison Gerald
Published: October 2009

Being morally responsible means being blameworthy and deserving of punishment if we do wrong and praiseworthy and deserving reward if we do right. In what follows I shall argue that in all likelihood we're not morally responsible. None of us. Ever.
DON'T FEAR THE REGRESS: COGNITIVE VALUES AND EPISTEMIC INFINITISM
Authors: Aikin Scott
Published: October 2009

We are rational creatures, in that we are beings on whom demands of rationality are appropriate. But by our rationality it doesn't follow that we always live up to those demands. In those cases, we fail to be rational (and it is appropriate to use the term ‘irrational’), but it is in a way that is different from how rocks, tadpoles, and gum fail to be rational. For them, we use the term ‘arational.’ They don't have the demands, but we do. The demands of rationality bear on us because we have minds that can move us to act, inspire us to create, and bring us to believe in ways that are responsible and directed. My interests here are the demands rationality places on our beliefs. Beliefs aim at the truth, and so one of the demands of being a rational creature with beliefs is that we manage them in a way that is pursuant of the truth. Reasons and reasoning play the primary role in that management – we ought to believe on the basis of good reasons. That is, if you believe something, you think that you're right about the world in some way or another. You believe because you think that something (call it ‘p’) is true. Now, p's truth is different from all ways it could be false, and your being right about p isn't just some arbitrary commitment, one that could just as well have been its negation. This non-arbitrary specificity of beliefs is constituted by the fact that they are held on the basis of reasons. Arguments are our model for how these reasons go – we offer some premises and show how they support a conclusion. Of course, arbitrary premises won't do, so you've got to have some reason for holding them as opposed to some others. Every premise, then, is a conclusion in need of an argument, and for arguments to be acceptable, we've got to do due diligence on the premises. This, however, leads to a disturbing pattern – for every premise we turn into a conclusion, we've got at least one other premise in need of another argument. Pretty soon, even the simplest arguments are going to get very, very complicated.
IdentityversusIdentity: Israel and Evangelicals and the Two-Front War for Jewish Votes
Authors: Uslaner Eric M. , Lichbach Mark
Published: October 2009

Republicans made major efforts to win a larger share of the Jewish vote in 2004 by emphasizing their strong support for Israel. They partially succeeded, but did not make a dent in the overall loyalty of American Jews to the Democratic party, since they lost approximately as many votes because of Jews' negative reactions to the party's evangelical base. We argue that both Israel and worries over evangelical influence in the country reflect concerns about Jewish identity, above and beyond disagreements on specific social issues. We compare American Jewish voting behavior and liberalism to the voting behavior of non-Jews in 2004 using a survey of Jews from the National Jewish Democratic Coalition and the American National Election Study. For non-Jews, attitudes toward evangelicals are closely linked to social issues, but for Jews this correlation is small. The Jewish reaction to evangelicals is more of an issue of identity and the close ties of evangelicals to the Republican Party keep many Jews Democratic. Attitudes toward evangelicals are far more important for Jewish voting behavior than for non-Jewish voters.
Vergleich zwischen HAWIK-III und HAWIK-IV für Testanwender
Authors: Lipsius Maike , Petermann Franz
Published: October 2009

Zusammenfassung. Mit der vorliegenden Studie soll anhand eines Vergleichs zwischen HAWIK-III und HAWIK-IV, beides Versionen des Wechsler-Intelligenztests für Kinder und Jugendliche zwischen 6 und 16 Jahren, dem Testanwender eine Hilfestellung gegeben werden, wie mit den Modifikationen zwischen beiden Testversionen umgegangen werden kann. Dafür wurden 223 Kinder und Jugendliche mit beiden Testversionen untersucht. Es zeigen sich sehr hohe Korrelationen zwischen beiden Gesamt-IQ. Auf Indexebene ergaben sich höhere Korrelationen in den Indizes, die nur geringe Unterschiede zwischen HAWIK-III und HAWIK-IV aufweisen. Dagegen zeigten diejenigen Indizes niedrigere Zusammenhänge, bei denen einschneidende Veränderungen durch eine neue Untertestzusammensetzung vorgenommen wurden. Um dem Testanwender eine Richtlinie vorzugeben, welche HAWIK-IV-Werte zu erwarten sind, wenn die HAWIK-III-Ergebnisse vorliegen, wurden die erwarteten Werte und ihre Konfidenzintervalle berechnet und für ausgewählte IQ-Werte dargestellt. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie sprechen dafür, im Regelfall den HAWIK-IV dem Vorgängerverfahren vorzuziehen. In der Verlaufsdiagnostik kann der HAWIK-III weiterhin Anwendung finden, sofern er in der Eingangsdiagnostik eingesetzt wurde.
On the effects of anisotropic rheology on ice flow, internal structure, and the age‐depth relationship at ice divides
Authors: Martín Carlos , Gudmundsson G. Hilmar , Pritchard Hamish D. , Gagliardini Olivier
Published: October 2009

We use numerical modeling with a full‐system Stokes solver to elucidate the effects of nonlinear rheology and strain‐induced anisotropy on ice flow at ice divides. We find that anisotropic rheology profoundly affects the shape of both isochrone layering and surface topography. Anisotropic effects cause the formation of a downward curving fold, i.e., a syncline, in isochrones in the lower central area beneath the ice divide. When the resulting syncline is superimposed on the well‐known Raymond anticline, a double‐peaked Raymond bump is formed. Furthermore, to each side of the Raymond bump, flanking synclines are formed. In addition, anisotropic effects are found to give rise to a subtle concavity in the surface profile to both sides of the summit. The lower center syncline, the flanking synclines, and the near‐summit surface concavity have all previously been observed in nature, but hitherto no explanation for the genesis of these features has been given. We compare modeling results with radiograms collected from Fuchs Ice Piedmont and Kealey Ice Rise, Antarctica. Good overall agreement is found. In particular, we are able to reproduce all observed qualitative features of surface geometry and internal layering by including, and only by including, the effects of induced nonlinear rheological anisotropy on flow. Rheological anisotropy has the potential to profoundly affect the age distribution with depth, and caution must be exercised when estimating age of ice from ice cores with an isotropic model. The occurrence of linear features parallel to the ridge of ice divides, often seen in satellite imagery, is indicative of long‐term stability rather than signs of ongoing ice divide migration as previously suggested. Such ice divides are ideal locations for extracting ice cores.
On the link between ocean biota emissions, aerosol, and maritime clouds: Airborne, ground, and satellite measurements off the coast of California
Authors: Sorooshian Armin , Padró Luz T. , Nenes Athanasios , Feingold Graham , McComiskey Allison , Hersey Scott P. , Gates Harmony , Jonsson Haflidi H. , Miller Steven D. , Stephens Graeme L. , Flagan Richard C. , Seinfeld John H.
Published: October 2009

Surface, airborne, and satellite measurements over the eastern Pacific Ocean off the coast of California during the period between 2005 and 2007 are used to explore the relationship between ocean chlorophyll a, aerosol, and marine clouds. Periods of enhanced chlorophyll a and wind speed are coincident with increases in particulate diethylamine and methanesulfonate concentrations. The measurements indicate that amines are a source of secondary organic aerosol in the marine atmosphere. Subsaturated aerosol hygroscopic growth measurements indicate that the organic component during periods of high chlorophyll a and wind speed exhibit considerable water uptake ability. Increased average cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) activity during periods of increased chlorophyll a levels likely results from both size distribution and aerosol composition changes. The available data over the period of measurements indicate that the cloud microphysical response, as represented by either cloud droplet number concentration or cloud droplet effective radius, is likely influenced by a combination of atmospheric dynamics and aerosol perturbations during periods of high chlorophyll a concentrations.
Magnetic field microscopy of rock samples using a giant magnetoresistance–based scanning magnetometer
Authors: Hankard Fatim , Gattacceca Jérôme , Fermon Claude , Pannetier‐Lecoeur Myriam , Langlais Benoit , Quesnel Yoann , Rochette Pierre , McEnroe Suzanne A.
Published: October 2009

We have developed a new scanning magnetic microscope to image with micrometric resolution magnetic fields originating from room temperature polished samples. This microscope is based on a giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensor working at room temperature. These magnetic sensors are sensitive to the in‐plane components of the magnetic field. The size of the sensing element is 9 μm × 36 μm. The noise of the GMR sensor is dominated by a low‐frequency 1/f noise. The field equivalent noise of the sensors is 10 nT at 1Hz and decreases to 0.3 nT above 1 kHz for a 1 mA sensing current. The spatial resolution of the system is ∼20 μm, and its peak‐to‐peak noise during operation is ∼250 nT. Its high spatial resolution and a minimum sensor‐to‐sample distance of 30 μm compensate for its rather moderate field sensitivity. This room temperature small‐sized and rugged magnetic microscope appears as a powerful instrument for small‐scale rock magnetic investigations.
Deep low‐frequency earthquakes in tremor localize to the plate interface in multiple subduction zones
Authors: Brown Justin R. , Beroza Gregory C. , Ide Satoshi , Ohta Kazuaki , Shelly David R. , Schwartz Susan Y. , Rabbel Wolfgang , Thorwart Martin , Kao Honn
Published: October 2009

Deep tremor under Shikoku, Japan, consists primarily, and perhaps entirely, of swarms of low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) that occur as shear slip on the plate interface. Although tremor is observed at other plate boundaries, the lack of cataloged low‐frequency earthquakes has precluded a similar conclusion about tremor in those locales. We use a network autocorrelation approach to detect and locate LFEs within tremor recorded at three subduction zones characterized by different thermal structures and levels of interplate seismicity: southwest Japan, northern Cascadia, and Costa Rica. In each case we find that LFEs are the primary constituent of tremor and that they locate on the deep continuation of the plate boundary. This suggests that tremor in these regions shares a common mechanism and that temperature is not the primary control on such activity.
On the accuracy of the CO2 surface fluxes to be estimated from the GOSAT observations
Authors: Chevallier Frédéric , Maksyutov Shamil , Bousquet Philippe , Bréon François‐Marie , Saito Ryu , Yoshida Yukio , Yokota Tatsuya
Published: October 2009

This paper quantifies the value added by the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) to numerical models of the global carbon cycle for the estimation of CO2 surface fluxes. The metric used here is the theoretical uncertainty reduction, defined as one minus the ratio of the posterior flux uncertainty to the prior ones. Our results indicate that GOSAT should significantly improve our knowledge of the CO2 surface fluxes over terrestrial vegetated areas, even at the scale of a week and of a few hundred kilometres. Over ocean and in spite of the GOSAT sun‐glint‐pointing capability, large improvements are seen only when the fluxes are aggregated both over ocean basins and over a year.
Emissions of trace gases and aerosols during the open combustion of biomass in the laboratory
Authors: McMeeking Gavin R. , Kreidenweis Sonia M. , Baker Stephen , Carrico Christian M. , Chow Judith C. , Collett Jeffrey L. , Hao Wei Min , Holden Amanda S. , Kirchstetter Thomas W. , Malm William C. , Moosmüller Hans , Sullivan Amy P. , Wold Cyle E.
Published: October 2009

We characterized the gas‐ and speciated aerosol‐phase emissions from the open combustion of 33 different plant species during a series of 255 controlled laboratory burns during the Fire Laboratory at Missoula Experiments (FLAME). The plant species we tested were chosen to improve the existing database for U.S. domestic fuels: laboratory‐based emission factors have not previously been reported for many commonly burned species that are frequently consumed by fires near populated regions and protected scenic areas. The plants we tested included the chaparral species chamise, manzanita, and ceanothus, and species common to the southeastern United States (common reed, hickory, kudzu, needlegrass rush, rhododendron, cord grass, sawgrass, titi, and wax myrtle). Fire‐integrated emission factors for gas‐phase CO2, CO, CH4, C2–4hydrocarbons, NH3, SO2, NO, NO2, HNO3, and particle‐phase organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), SO42−, NO3−, Cl−, Na+, K+, and NH4+generally varied with both fuel type and with the fire‐integrated modified combustion efficiency (MCE), a measure of the relative importance of flaming‐ and smoldering‐phase combustion to the total emissions during the burn. Chaparral fuels tended to emit less particulate OC per unit mass of dry fuel than did other fuel types, whereas southeastern species had some of the largest observed emission factors for total fine particulate matter. Our measurements spanned a larger range of MCE than prior studies, and thus help to improve estimates of the variation of emissions with combustion conditions for individual fuels.
Can the nutrient dynamics of a northern hardwood forest explain variation in its trophic structure?
Authors: Stange Erik , Ayres Matthew
Published: October 2009

Background/Question/Methods:

A time series of Lepidoptera larvae (caterpillar) abundance and biomass in the northern hardwood forests of central New Hampshire, USA, shows large interannual fluctuations in aggregated caterpillar biomass (52-fold variation in mg caterpillars/ 8000 leaves) that were spatially correlated across a regional landscape. Primary production of these mature forests has not varied over this period, and many hundreds of Lepidoptera species share comparatively few host plants. Therefore, interannual changes in nutritional quality of even one host plant species may be capable of generating correlated population dynamics for many species in the Lepidoptera community. We tested the hypothesis that variation in soil nutrient availability influences foliar chemistry and ultimately produces a bottom-up force capable influencing the aggregated biomass of the forest's dominant herbivores.

Results/Conclusions:

Over a period of four years, measures of nutritional quality for herbivores in three of the forest's four dominant understory tree species (Acer saccharum, Acer pensylvanicum, and Viburnum alnifolium) displayed considerable variation that was consistent across the landscape. Foliar nitrogen (N) content and two metrics of secondary metabolite concentration—total phenolics and condensed tannin—all varied by up to 20% among years. Resin bag extracts of NH4+, NO2- /NO3- and PO4+ showed soil mineral nutrient availability displayed six-fold variation that was consistent with the pattern in foliar N, and a whole tree in situ fertilization experimental manipulation produced rapid effects on foliar chemistry. Finally, variation in the forewing lengths of free-flying moths showed an interannual concordance among species within the group of early season feeders that was also consistent with patterns in foliar quality—suggesting collections of species experience correlated variations in larval growth performance.
Air Quality in Urban Environments
Authors: Hertel Ole , Salmond Jennifer , Bloss William , Salma Imre , Vardoulakis Sotiris , Maynard Robert , Williams Martin , Goodsite Michael E
Published: October 2009

Urban air quality is a topic which remains high on the scientific and political agenda. Concentrations of most air pollutants are higher in urban areas than in the surrounding rural regions, and given the high population densities, it is within urban areas that the majority of the population receive their air pollutant exposure. Despite the continued implementation of abatement measures, concentrations of air pollutants within urban areas frequently exceed health-based guidelines and stricter measures to restrict emissions are required. This comprehensive volume, written by authoritative authors, deals with the basic science of urban air pollution in relation to the sources and concentrations, and the atmospheric chemical and physical processes which determine those concentrations and lead to the formation of secondary pollutants by chemical reactions in the atmosphere. The health effects of urban air pollution are described as is the policy response designed to mitigate the problems. Some of the highest air pollutant exposures occur within underground railway systems and this topic is considered explicitly in its own chapter. With comprehensive coverage from sources through atmospheric processes, to human exposure and effects on health and the policy response, this topical work will be of interest to scientists and policy makers within this field as well advanced students.
Urban Air Pollution Climates throughout the World
Authors: Hertel* Ole , Evan Goodsite Michael
Published: October 2009

The extent of the urban area, the local emission density, and the temporal pattern in the releases govern the local contribution to air pollution levels in urban environments. However, meteorological conditions also heavily affect the actual pollution levels as they govern the dispersion conditions as well as the transport in and out of the city area. The building obstacles play a crucial role in causing generally high pollutant levels in the urban environment, especially inside street canyons where the canyon vortex flow governs the pollution distribution. Of the pollutants dominating urban air pollution climates, particulate pollution in general together with gaseous and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals are those where further field measurements, characterization and laboratory studies are urgently needed in order to fully assess the health impact on the urban population and provide the right basis for future urban air pollution management.
Atmospheric Chemical Processes of Importance in Cities
Authors: Bloss William
Published: October 2009

Chemical processes affect the current and future composition of the atmosphere, controlling the abundance of a range of pollutants harmful to health, vegetation and materials. Atmospheric composition above a city is a function of the incoming air mass, emissions associated with the urban environment and chemical processing which affects the levels of primary pollutants and creates secondary species. In the city environment, local emissions and their short-timescale chemical processing tend to dominate atmospheric composition. Key atmospheric components include hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen emitted from vehicles and a range of domestic and industrial activities, and particulate matter produced mechanically and chemically within the atmosphere. In this article the key emissions and the dynamical environment within which the chemistry occurs are briefly introduced, followed by a description of the predominant chemical processes occurring in cities. In the gas phase the focus is upon the evolution of nitrogen oxides over the city scale, the role of atmospheric free radicals, nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons in the production of ozone, and the different emission control regimes which are encountered. In the condensed phase, the origins, composition and chemistry of atmospheric particles found in urban environments are described, together with their interactions with the gas-phase component of the aerosol mixture. The chapter concludes by considering the limitations introduced by the chemical complexity of the urban environment, and some current uncertainties in our understanding of the chemistry occurring above our cities.
Air Pollution in Underground Railway Systems
Authors: Salma Imre
Published: October 2009

Metropolitan underground railway transport systems are a very important part of the urban traffic since they carry millions of passengers per day in a number of cities around the world. They represent a segregated traffic microenvironment because of their closed character and restricted ventilation, lack of sunlight, specific emission sources and meteorological conditions. Concentrations of some air pollutants including aerosol particles are usually higher in underground railways than in corresponding external outdoor areas, which can considerably increase commuters’ daily exposures. At the same time, the chemical composition and properties of indoor aerosol particles differ substantially from those for outdoor air; the particles are larger and heavier, are mainly composed of Fe, and contain less soot, and, therefore, their impact on morbidity and mortality is expected to be different. Nevertheless, some transition metals, i.e., Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu and Cr can be of concern. In the present paper we overview the physical and chemical properties and behaviour of the aerosol particles, as well as their major emission sources, compare the information and knowledge available for the underground railways, and discuss their health implications and conclusions in general.
Health Effects of Urban Pollution
Authors: Maynard Robert L.
Published: October 2009

More research on the effects of air pollutants on health is probably being done today than at any time in history. This is remarkable in view of the fact that, in many developed countries, concentrations of many air pollutants are now low in comparison with earlier periods. The position is much more alarming in the developing world: there pollutant concentrations are rising and effects on health are increasing. Present concerns about even low concentrations of air pollutants have been fuelled by developments in epidemiological techniques: time-series analysis has played a large part in demonstrating that even for common and non-carcinogenic air pollutants such as ozone and sulfur dioxide there may be no threshold of effect - at least, not at a population level. Findings from these studies are discussed in this chapter. Another remarkable advance has been the realisation that long-term exposure to the ambient aerosol increases the likelihood, at all adult ages, of death from cardiovascular disease. This effect may be due to an increased rate of development of atheromatous plaques in the coronary arteries with rupture of plaques leading to myocardial infarction. Time-series studies have revealed that even short-term exposure to particles increases the likelihood of cardiovascular “events” and abnormalities in the rhythm of the heart. It has been suggested that the ultrafine component of the ambient aerosol plays a large part in causing these effects. This has, in part, led to the current surge of interest in nano-toxicology. The suggestion remains unproven.
The Policy Response to Improving Urban Air Quality
Authors: Williams Martin
Published: October 2009

This chapter provides a brief historical perspective on the policy measures and their effect on improving urban air quality over the past few decades. The emphasis has shifted from fairly crude source related controls, involving curbs on the use of coal in the formative years of urban air quality management in the 1956 Clean Air Act, through to the combination of source related emission standards for vehicles and larger industrial emitters in combination with a series of air quality standards which we currently use. As our knowledge of the atmospheric science of air pollutants has improved and as our knowledge of their harmful effects has become increasingly quantitative, more sophisticated urban air quality management systems have become practicable. A ‘third generation’ of air quality management has been developed using advances in epidemiology in combination with more widespread air quality monitoring together with modelling, to develop an approach known as ‘exposure reduction’ to target air quality management to deliver more effective means of reducing the adverse impacts on public health on a wider scale than simply using a single air quality standard. The chapter finally discusses the challenge of maximising the co-benefits of climate change and air quality policies, and minimising the adverse effects of one set of policies on the other.
A nondestructive stratigraphic and radiographic neutron study of Lorenzo Ghiberti’s reliefs from paradise and north doors of Florence baptistery
Authors: Festa G. , Andreani C. , De Pascale M. P. , Senesi R. , Vitali G. , Porcinai S. , Giusti A. M. , Schulze R. , Canella L. , Kudejova P. , Mühlbauer M. , Schillinger B. ,   the Ancient Charm Collaboration
Published: October 2009

A neutron study on two gilded bronze reliefs by Lorenzo Ghiberti is presented. The two reliefs, representing heads of prophets, come from the north and east doors of the Baptistery of Florence. The east door will be permanently located at the Museo dell’Opera di Santa Maria del Fiore museum at the end of its restoration, which is still in progress at the Metals Conservation Department of the Opificio delle Pietre Dure in Florence. The north door is kept in the original site, on the north facade of the Florentine Baptistery. Both reliefs exhibit critical aspects regarding their state of conservation in particular the stability of the gold layer on the bronze surface. Moreover the east head presents a remelting of which extension and composition are still unknown. The present work describes a non-destructive study of the subgilding area and bulk. The two main objectives of such analyses are: (1) to study the manufacturing technique and state of conservation of the reliefs; and (2) to assess the two cleaning techniques (laser cleaning and Rochelle salts chemical cleaning) used by the conservators during the restoration process of the east door. The experiment was carried out using prompt gamma-ray activation imaging combined with neutron radiography and conventional neutron radiography. The former method was applied to map the elemental composition of the two reliefs, while neutron radiography was used to investigate the bulk. The results provide significant information about subsuperficial areas, elemental composition of the objects from the surface down to a depth of 1 mm below gilding, and bulk structure of the remelting. Such information will guide the curators in the selection of the most suitable microclimatic conditions for the exhibition of the east door and for future conservation work on the north door.
Effects of varying CoCrV seed layer deposition pressure on Ru crystallinity in perpendicular magnetic recording media
Authors: Joost W. , Das A. , Alford T. L.
Published: October 2009

The effects of varying deposition parameters of a CoCrV seed layer under Ru on the structural and interfacial properties of both layers were studied. While sputtering power showed little effect on film structure, sputtering pressure during deposition of the seed layer had a significant effect on the structural properties of the seed layer. In particular, the grain morphology and crystallinity of the seed layer varied considerably with deposition pressure. Deposition of Ru using a constant recipe for all samples demonstrated the effect of varying seed layer deposition pressure on the Ru layer. The strain energy of the Ru film, a measurement of contraction due to the registry with the seed layer, was greatest at moderate seed layer sputtering pressures, while the Ru(0002) peak area was greatest at low sputtering pressures. The competing contributions of interfacial energy and strain energy describe this effect, with interfacial energy dominating at low sputtering pressures.
In situ passivation of InP surface using H2S during metal organic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Lu Hong-Liang , Terada Yuki , Shimogaki Yukihiro , Nakano Yoshiaki , Sugiyama Masakazu
Published: October 2009

An in situ surface passivation of InP(100) using H2S during metal organic vapor phase epitaxy has been characterized by x-ray photoemission spectroscopy and photoluminescence. X-ray photoelectron spectra indicate that the H2S-treated InP at 300 °C is free of P and In oxides even after exposure to air. The enhancement of photoluminescence intensity confirms that H2S passivation of an InP epilayer can reduce the surface defects. It is shown that H2S treatment results in In–S bonds, which dominate the sulfur-passivated InP surface, effectively suppressing interface oxidation during the subsequent ultrathin Al2O3 dielectric film growth.
Experimental method for in situ determination of material textures at simultaneous high pressure and high temperature by means of radial diffraction in the diamond anvil cell
Authors: Liermann Hanns-Peter , Merkel Sébastien , Miyagi Lowell , Wenk Hans-Rudolf , Shen Guoyin , Cynn Hyunchae , Evans William J.
Published: October 2009

We introduce the design and capabilities of a resistive heated diamond anvil cell that can be used for side diffraction at simultaneous high pressure and high temperature. The device can be used to study lattice-preferred orientations in polycrystalline samples up to temperatures of 1100 K and pressures of 36 GPa. Capabilities of the instrument are demonstrated with preliminary results on the development of textures in the bcc, fcc, and hcp polymorphs of iron during a nonhydrostatic compression experiment at simultaneous high pressure and high temperature.
A model for reversible reaction in a subdiffusive regime
Authors: Li Xicheng , Xu Mingyu
Published: October 2009

In this study, a model of reversible reaction in subdiffusive regime is set up by incorporating a reversible reaction term to a subdiffusion equation. Some models discussed previously are special cases of the model here and can be obtained by selecting proper parameters in the equations. Two different forms of the solution are given among which one is more suitable for computation. Though the physical interpretation is not clear, the discussions show that it is reasonable for describing the reaction-diffusion process.
Magnetism of single-crystalline Co nanorods
Authors: Soulantica K. , Wetz F. , Maynadié J. , Falqui A. , Tan R. P. , Blon T. , Chaudret B. , Respaud M.
Published: October 2009

We report on the synthesis and preparation of oriented nanomaterials of single crystalline metallic Co nanorods of 6 nm in diameters and two different aspect ratios (7 and 15). They display optimized magnetic properties, with a spontaneous magnetization just below the bulk one, and large coercive fields (up to 6.5 kOe at 300 K) as a result of coherent switching (i.e., Stoner and Wohlfarth mechanism). We measured a strong effective anisotropy very close to the expected value resulting from the sum of shape and magnetocrystalline contributions.
Permutations and time series analysis
Authors: Cánovas Jose S. , Guillamón Antonio
Published: October 2009

The main aim of this paper is to show how the use of permutations can be useful in the study of time series analysis. In particular, we introduce a test for checking the independence of a time series which is based on the number of admissible permutations on it. The main improvement in our tests is that we are able to give a theoretical distribution for independent time series.
Pulsed laser deposition of high Mg-content MgZnO films: Effects of substrate temperature and oxygen pressure
Authors: Liu C. Y. , Xu H. Y. , Wang L. , Li X. H. , Liu Y. C.
Published: October 2009

High Mg-content, wurtzite MgZnO films were grown on sapphire (0001) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. It was found that the compositions, defect states, optical, and electrical properties of MgZnO films depend critically on the substrate temperature and oxygen pressure. As the substrate temperature increases, Mg content in single-phase wurtzite MgZnO films increases significantly from 27 close to 46 at. %, and corresponding band gap is widened from 3.49 to 3.88 eV. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies show that plenty of Zn interstitials are present in MgZnO films grown at lower oxygen pressures, which lead to the lattice expansion and the high electron concentration as native donor defects; while the films grown at higher oxygen pressure exhibit high resistivity with indeterminate conductivity type and the relatively wide band gap.
Controlling the exchange bias in multiferroic BiFeO3 and NiFe bilayers
Authors: Dho Joonghoe , Blamire M. G.
Published: October 2009

We have investigated how the exchange bias and coercive field of NiFe/BiFeO3 bilayers on (001)SrTiO3 is affected by changes in substrate temperature, oxygen pressure, and film thickness for BiFeO3 deposition. Our results suggest that the exchange bias and the coercive field are mainly dependent on the roughness at the interface because (001)BiFeO3 has a compensated surface. The change in exchange bias associated with training effect and/or time relaxation, which are probably caused by a rearrangement of BiFeO3 domains under magnetic fields opposite to the initial magnetic field, may limit future spintronic applications of BiFeO3.
Polarons in magnetoelectric K3FeII3CrIII2F15
Authors: Levstik A. , Filipič C. , Bobnar V. , Goreshnik E. , Žemva B. , Trontelj Z. , Jagličić Z.
Published: October 2009

The frequency and temperature dependences of the magnetic susceptibility and the ac electrical conductivity in magnetoelectric K3FeII3CrIII2F15 were investigated. The zero-field-cooled-field-heated magnetic susceptibility reveals phase transitions at 14.2 and 36.6 K. The phase below 36.6 K is ferromagnetic. At temperatures below 200 K, the ac conductivity and dielectric constant follow the universal dielectric response (UDR), being typical for hopping or tunneling of localized charge carriers. A detailed analysis of the temperature dependence of the UDR parameter s in terms of the theoretical model for tunneling of small polarons revealed that below 200 K, this mechanism governs the charge transport in the magnetoelectric fluoride system.
Electroluminescence enhancement in polymer light-emitting diodes through hole injection layer insertion
Authors: Li Sheng , Tong Guo-Ping , George Thomas F.
Published: October 2009

After a hole injection layer is inserted into a polymer light-emitting diode (PLED), the positive polaron is easily injected into the polymer layer. An applied electrical field drives the positive polaron to approach and collide with the nonemissive triplet exciton. The collision between the positive polaron and neutral triplet exciton induces the exciton to emit light. Based on this physical picture, the maximum quantum efficiency of the PLEDs, 61.6%, is consistent with the experimental result of 60%. With the help of an external magnetic field, a structure of PLEDs with high electroluminescent efficiency is designed.
Water structure, dynamics, and vibrational spectroscopy in sodium bromide solutions
Authors: Lin Y.-S. , Auer B. M. , Skinner J. L.
Published: October 2009

We study theoretically the steady-state and ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy, in the OD-stretch region, of dilute HOD in aqueous solutions of sodium bromide. Based on electronic-structure calculations on clusters containing salt ions and water, we develop new spectroscopic maps that enable us to undertake this study. We calculate OD-stretch absorption line shapes as a function of salt concentration, finding good agreement with experiment. We provide molecular-level understandings of the monotonic (as a function of concentration) blueshift, and nonmonotonic line width. We also calculate the frequency time-correlation function, as measured by spectral diffusion experiments. Here again we obtain good agreement with experiment, finding that at the highest salt concentration spectral diffusion slows down by a factor of 3 or 4 (compared to pure water). For longer times than can be accessed experimentally, we find that spectral diffusion is very complicated, with processes occurring on multiple time scales. We argue that from 6 to 40 ps, relaxation involves anionic solvation shell rearrangements. Finally, we consider our findings within the general context of the Hofmeister series, concluding that this series must reflect only local ordering of water molecules.
Efficient evaluation of Casimir force in z-invariant geometries by integral equation methods
Authors: Xiong Jie L. , Chew Weng Cho
Published: October 2009

We introduce an efficient and accurate way to evaluate the Casimir force [H. B. G. Casimir, Proc. K. Ned. Akad. Wet. 51, 793 (1948)] between arbitrary z-invariant structures using integral equation method. It casts the evaluation of mean Maxwell stress tensor to a series of traditional two-dimensional electromagnetic scattering problems. The number of times that the scattering problem needs to be solved is independent of the number of unknowns.
Plasmonic absorption enhancement in organic solar cells with thin active layers
Authors: Shen Honghui , Bienstman Peter , Maes Bjorn
Published: October 2009

The influence of silver nanoparticles on light absorption in organic solar cells based on poly(3-exylthiophene):(6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl ester is studied by means of finite element method simulations. The metallic nanoparticles are embedded directly inside the active layer. We investigate the enhancement mechanism and the influence of factors such as the spacing between neighboring nanoparticles, the particle diameter, and the coating thickness. The plasmonic resonance of the particles has a wideband influence on the absorption, and we observe a rich interaction between plasmonic enhancement and the absorption characteristics of the active layer material. An enhancement with a factor of around 1.56 is observed for nanoparticles with a diameter of 24 nm and a spacing of 40 nm, bringing the structure to the absorption level of much thicker active layers without nanoparticles. In addition, a significant effect of the particle coating thickness is observed.
Porous silicon microtube structures induced by anisotropic strain
Authors: Xu S. H. , Wang L. W.
Published: October 2009

The porous silicon tube structures, with a diameter of 20 μm, were formed by pulsed anodization process. A phenomenological mechanical model was used to explain the formation mechanism. The agreement between the experimental data and theoretical results indicated that the stresses in parallel and perpendicular directions of the nanocolumnar structure may cause the crack and curve of the porous silicon layer to form the tube structures.
Diffusion mediated photoconduction in multiwalled carbon nanotube films
Authors: Sarker Biddut K. , Arif M. , Stokes Paul , Khondaker Saiful I.
Published: October 2009

We present a near infrared photoresponse study of large area multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) films with different electrode separations. We show that the photocurrent strongly depends on the position of the laser spot with maximum response occurring at the metal-film interface. The time constant of dynamic photoresponse is slow and increases with increasing electrode separations. The photoconduction mechanism can be explained by the Schottky barrier modulation at the metal-nanotube film interface and charge carrier diffusion through percolating MWNT networks.