bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multistimuli Sensing Adhesion Unit for the Self‐Positioning of Minimal Synthetic Cells
Authors: Xu Dongdong , Kleineberg Christin , Vidaković‐Koch Tanja , Wegner Seraphine V.
Published: August 2020

Cells have the ability to sense different environmental signals and position themselves accordingly in order to support their survival. Introducing analogous capabilities to the bottom‐up assembled minimal synthetic cells is an important step for their autonomy. Here, a minimal synthetic cell which combines a multistimuli sensitive adhesion unit with an energy conversion module is reported, such that it can adhere to places that have the right environmental parameters for ATP production. The multistimuli sensitive adhesion unit senses light, pH, oxidative stress, and the presence of metal ions and can regulate the adhesion of synthetic cells to substrates in response to these stimuli following a chemically coded logic. The adhesion unit is composed of the light and redox responsive protein interaction of iLID and Nano and the pH sensitive and metal ion mediated binding of protein His‐tags to Ni2+‐NTA complexes. Integration of the adhesion unit with a light to ATP conversion module into one synthetic cell allows it to adhere to places under blue light illumination, non‐oxidative conditions, at neutral pH and in the presence of metal ions, which are the right conditions to synthesize ATP. Thus, the multistimuli responsive adhesion unit allows synthetic cells to self‐position and execute their functions.
General Construction of 2D Ordered Mesoporous Iron‐Based Metal–Organic Nanomeshes
Authors: Ai Yan , Han Zhuolei , Jiang Xiaolin , Luo Hao , Cui Jing , Bao Qinye , Jing Chengbin , Fu Jianwei , Cheng Jiangong , Liu Shaohua
Published: August 2020

Nanomeshes with highly regular, permeable pores in plane, combining the exceptional porous architectures with intrinsic properties of 2D materials, have attracted increasing attention in recent years. Herein, a series of 2D ultrathin metal–organic nanomeshes with ordered mesopores is obtained by a self‐assembly method, including metal phosphate and metal phosphonate. The resultant mesoporous ferric phytate nanomeshes feature unique 2D ultrathin monolayer morphologies (≈9 nm thickness), hexagonally ordered, permeable mesopores of ≈16 nm, as well as improved surface area and pore volume. Notably, the obtained ferric phytate nanomeshes can directly in situ convert into mesoporous sulfur‐doped metal phosphonate nanomeshes by serving as an unprecedented reactive self‐template. Furthermore, as advanced anode materials for Li‐ion batteries, they deliver excellent capacity, good rate capability, and cycling performance, greatly exceeding the similar metal phosphate‐based materials reported previously, resulting from their unique 2D ultrathin mesoporous structure. Therefore, the work will pave an avenue for constructing the other 2D ordered mesoporous materials, and thus offer new opportunities for them in diverse areas.
Nanopore Detection of Metal Ions: Current Status and Future Directions
Authors: Roozbahani Golbarg Mohammadi , Chen Xiaohan , Zhang Youwen , Wang Liang , Guan Xiyun
Published: August 2020

In this review, recent research efforts that aimed at developing nanopore sensors for detection of metal ions, which play a crucial role in environmental safety and human health, are highlighted. Protein pores use three stochastic sensing‐based strategies for metal ion detection. The first strategy is to construct engineered nanopores with metal ion binding sites, so that the interaction between the target analytes and the nanopore can slow the movement of metal ions in the nanochannel. Second, large molecules such as nucleic acids and especially peptides can be utilized as external selective molecular probes to detect metal ions based on the conformational change of the ligand molecules induced by the metal ion–ligand chelation/coordination interaction. Third, enzymatic reactions can also be used as an alternative to the molecule probe strategy in the situation that a sensitive and selective probe molecule for the target analyte is difficult to obtain. On the other hand, by taking advantage of steady‐state analysis, synthetic nanopores mainly use two strategies (modification and modification‐free) to detect metals. Given the advantages of high sensitivity and selectivity, and label‐free detection, nanopore‐based metal ion sensors should find useful application in many fields, including environmental monitoring, medical diagnosis, and so on.
Stable Lithium Sulfur Battery Based on In Situ Electrocatalytically Formed Li2S on Metallic MoS2–Carbon Cloth Support
Authors: Wang Mingshan , Yang Hua , Shen Kangqi , Xu Hao , Wang Wenjie , Yang Zhenliang , Zhang Lei , Chen Junchen , Huang Yun , Chen Mingyang , Mitlin David , Li Xing
Published: August 2020

A stable lean‐electrolyte operating lithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery based on a cathode of Li2S in situ electrocatalytically deposited from L2S8 catholyte onto a support of metallic molybdenum disulfide (1T‐MoS2) on carbon cloth (CC) is created. The 1T‐MoS2 significantly accelerates the conversion Li2S8 catholyte to Li2S, chemically adsorbs lithium polysulfide (LiPSs) from solution, and suppresses crossover of the LiPSs to the anode. These experimental findings are explained by density functional theory calculations that show that 1T‐MoS2 gives rise to strong adsorption of polysulfides on its surface and is electrocatalytic for the targeted reversible Li–S conversion reactions. The CC/1T‐MoS2 electrode in a Li–S battery delivers an initial capacity of 1238 mAh g−1, with a low capacity fade of only 0.051% per cycle over 500 cycles at 0.5 C. Even at a high sulfur loading (4.4 mg cm−2) and low electrolyte/S (E/S) ratio of 3.7 µL mg−1, the battery achieves an initial reversible capacity of 1176 mA h g−1 at 0.5 C, with 87% capacity retention after 160 cycles. The post 500 cycles Li metal opposing 1T‐MoS2 is substantially smoother than the Li opposing CC, with XPS supporting the role of 1T‐MoS2 in inhibiting LiPSs crossover.
Properties and road engineering application of carbon fiber modified‐electrically conductive concrete
Authors: Liu Shuhua , Ge Yuchuan , Wu Meiqiang , Xiao Henglin , Kong Yaning
Published: August 2020

In order to solve the impact of road ice and snow on traffic, carbon fiber modified‐electrically conductive concrete (ECON) was prepared in the laboratory and applied in road engineering. The workability, mechanical properties, electrical conductivity and electro‐thermal effect of ECON were investigated. The microstructure was analyzed by scanning electron microscope. The results show that ECON with compressive strength grade of 30 MPa and resistivity of 0.1 Ω∙cm can be prepared by using carbon fibers with volume content of 0.75% and length of 9 mm. Semi‐dry mixing method and the use of cellulose ether have good dispersion effect on the carbon fibers. The performance of ECON in laboratory and field was compared and the ECON had a good workability, higher strength and lower resistivity in site construction for the high‐power force mixer was used.
Diagnosis as Topic and as Resource: Reflections on the Epistemology and Ontology of Disease in Medical Sociology
Authors: Weinberg Darin
Published: August 2020

This article notes an enduring ambivalence in medical sociology concerning the epistemology and ontology of disease and shows this is precisely an ambivalence concerning whether biomedical disease categories are best understood as topics of, or as resources for, medical sociological research. The first section critically reviews the topic/resource debate in ethnomethodology. The second section elaborates upon the pertinence of this debate to sociological debates directly concerned with the epistemology and ontology of disease. The article concludes by demonstrating how framing the epistemology and ontology of disease in terms of the topics and resources of medical sociological analysis serves to clarify the work of thinking sociologically about disease and helps overcome protracted theoretical challenges that have persistently troubled medical sociological research.
Typification of the Linnaean name Arctotis radicans (Asteraceae, Arctotideae)
Authors: McKenzie Robert J.
Published: August 2020

The name Arctotis radicans was published by Linnaeus in Mantissa plantarum altera. No original material has been traced, and Linnaeus's intended application of the name is unclear. Arctotis radicans was synonymized with the earlier name A. angustifolia in early post‐Linnaean taxonomic works and since the mid‐19th century has been overlooked in taxonomic treatments of Arctotis. A specimen in LINN that best conforms with the diagnosis for A. radicans is selected as the neotype for A. radicans. Based on the identity of the neotype, A. radicans is placed in the synonymy of A. stoechadifolia.
Determination of Cardiac Output by Peripheral Electrical Bioimpedance
Authors: Mansouri Sofiene
Published: August 2020

This paper presents the noninvasive determination of cardiac output by peripheral electrical bioimpedance. We validate our approach first with small animals and then with human. We established an experimental protocol that allowed us to perform the measurements of several cardiovascular parameters by two methods, echocardiography and bioimpedance. For the rats, we used a group of 19 Wistar rats. Peripheral bioimpedance allowed us to obtain the blood flow index at the level of the rat's tail without sacrificing it. The objective being the determination of the cardiac output, a correlation with the measurements of the cardiac output by ultrasound has been established. The correlation obtained ‘0.83’ can be considered satisfactory and comparable to those obtained in similar human studies. For humans, a group of 32 healthy women, (age 21.3 ± 1.5 years) has participated in this study. Peripheral bioimpedance allowed us to obtain the index of blood flow at the patient's left arm and echocardiography allowed us to obtain the cardiac output. Then, we established a linear correlation between the two methods. The strength of the correlation obtained is ‘0.89’ and can be considered very satisfactory. The mean percentage of error in estimating cardiac output by the proposed method is 5.6%. © 2020 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
The top 5 FERPA sections: Practical applications, what happens when someone really messes up, part 3
Authors: Rainsberger Richard
Published: August 2020

The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act regulations do not say what a college must do if a school official illegally discloses education records. To correct that, I have provided several best practices in past columns.
Classical flutter analysis of composite wind turbine blades including compressibility
Authors: Farsadi Touraj , Kayran Altan
Published: August 2020

For wind turbine blades with the increased slenderness ratio, flutter instability may occur at lower wind and rotational speeds. For long blades, at the flutter condition, relative velocities at blade sections away from the hub center are usually in the subsonic compressible range. In this study, for the first time for composite wind turbine blades, a frequency domain classical flutter analysis methodology has been presented including the compressibility effect only for the outboard blade sections, which are in the compressible flow regime exceeding Mach 0.3. Flutter analyses have been performed for the baseline blade designed for the 5‐MW wind turbine of NREL. Beam‐blade model has been generated by making analogy with the structural model of the prewisted rotating thin‐walled beam (TWB) and variational asymptotic beam section (VABS) method has been utilized for the calculation of the sectional properties of the blade. To investigate the compressibility effect on the flutter characteristics of the blade, frequency and time domain aeroelastic analyses have been conducted by utilizing unsteady aerodynamics via incompressible and compressible indicial functions. This study shows that with use of compressible indicial functions, the effect of compressibility can be taken into account effectively in the frequency domain aeroelastic stability analysis of long blades whose outboard sections are inevitably in the compressible flow regime at the onset of flutter.
Investigation of wake characteristics of the MEXICO wind turbine using lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: Li Linmin , Xu Chang , Shi Chen , Han Xingxing , Shen Wenzhong
Published: August 2020

This paper investigates the characteristics of turbine wake which is the major factor determining the turbulence in wind farm and overall wind farm performance. Using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) and the large eddy simulation (LES) approach, dynamic simulations of detailed fluid flow and wake trajectory induced by the MEXICO wind turbine were carried out. Moreover, with the help of adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) method, the lattice units were allowed to be automatically refined to allocate more grid points on the solid walls and in the wake region. The simulation results were firstly compared with the experimental data for validation of the numerical model, as well as for investigation of the impact of sub‐grid scale (SGS) turbulence models. Within the present modeling framework, the characteristics of transient wake propagation, detailed flow field, and rotor‐tower interaction were investigated, and the effect of tip‐speed ratio was also analyzed. The present work indicates that, with a suitable SGS turbulence model, the LBM‐LES method is an effective way for dynamic simulations of wake structures induced by a wind turbine with a rotating rotor.
Introduction
Authors: Peng-Keller Simon , Neuhold David
Published: August 2020

The introduction provides a rationale for this edited volume and presents its main topics: the emerging digital age and the development of electronic medical records (EMRs), the question of spirituality and documentation in a larger interprofessional context, as well as the sustainability of future spiritual care. In the second part, it gives an overview of the state of research on charting spiritual care. Five different but intertwined areas of research are defined: (a) evoking conceptual questions or fundamental debates like that of confidentiality and (b) highlighting the connection between spiritual assessment and documentation procedures, as well as (c) recent models and (d) actual practices of documentation. Lastly (e), we take a look on the integration of patients’ views and perspectives into documentation processes. We conclude this introduction with a short survey of the following chapters.
Charting Spiritual Care: Psychiatric and Psychotherapeutic Aspects
Authors: Frick Eckhard
Published: August 2020

Proactively addressing religious and spiritual (r/s) issues has a strong intervention effect on patients, which is generally more important than the detailed content of spiritual screenings and assessments. When asked about r/s needs or problems, patients may feel bothered, surprised, annoyed, or, conversely, satisfied, supported, acknowledged in their coping efforts. Consequently, documentation should first and foremost reflect the patient’s reaction towards the clinician’s r/s intervention and to what extent the patient wishes this interaction to be shared within the healthcare team. In psychiatry and psychotherapy, patients’ spirituality is less pathologized than in former times and more and more accepted as a universal dimension of human experience, transcending individual religions. In mental health and in other medical fields, r/s may be part of the problem or part of the solution (K. Pargament), or both. Consequently, spiritual charting should not only differentiate pathological/negative and resilient/positive coping but consists of the patient’s r/s healthcare preferences and goals as well as the role he or she attributes to the health professional.
Palliative Chaplain Spiritual Assessment Progress Notes
Authors: Galchutt Paul , Connolly Judy
Published: August 2020

Research question “What is helpful as well as missing from palliative chaplain spiritual assessment progress notes?” arose from the context of seeking to know how palliative chaplain spiritual assessment progress notes can best be relevant and make a difference for a patient’s care. Seven focus groups, two of which were in a children’s hospital context, were hosted with 42 non-chaplain palliative team participants. The major results revealed four important considerations for palliative care chaplains. First, palliative interprofessional team members want more help and information regarding a patient’s decision-making, especially related to a patient’s religion and/or spirituality. Second, and in line with palliative care principles, the participants discussed their desire for relevant notation on a patient’s sense of suffering and coping. Third, a request was made for the chaplain to consistently document his/her perception of emotion emerging from the patient and/or family. The last major result to emerge was that the progress notes should have a summary content section at the top of the note with the most important information contained there.
Charting Spiritual Care: Ethical Perspectives
Authors: Jobin Guy
Published: August 2020

The introduction of electronic health records (EHRs) into clinical practice appears to be irreversible. Where EHRs are used, chaplains have cooperated willingly with this way of reporting and sharing information with other members of the care team. They will have to, as a result, adapt their own note-taking practices to ensure effective, relevant and meaningful communication as part of the joint decision-making process. Although the specialized literature has addressed some of the “classic” ethical issues raised by EHRs, in particular those in connection with confidentiality and access, other questions, no less crucial, have received less attention and are addressed here. They include questions about the recognition of all players in the care relationship (both patients and caregivers) as subjects, and the communication of “non-generic” information about emotions, values, life history, etc. The fact that chaplains contribute to EHRs is both a sign of and a vector for recognition of their work within healthcare institutions – yet a recognition that could involve a price to pay for chaplains and patients.
A Short History of Documenting Spiritual Care
Authors: Peng-Keller Simon , Neuhold David
Published: August 2020

The first chapter of this edited volume traces the history of documenting spiritual care. By referring to ancient and early modern practices, the relationship between spiritual (self-) care and various forms of documentation is outlined. The focus lies on developments in the twentieth and the twenty-first century, although the question of what constitutes an adequate practice of documenting healthcare chaplaincy is as old as the profession itself. The pioneers of Clinical Pastoral Education (CPE) – Richard Cabot, Anton Boisen, Russell L. Dicks, and others – developed distinctive forms of recording for different purposes. For example, procedures of documentation that are prepared for and helpful to the pastors themselves as “self-criticism,” “self-improvement,” or even “self-revelation” have been distinguished from documentation practices that are intra- or interprofessional. Regarding more recent developments in documentation, the introduction of electronic patient records (EMRs) was critical. We present a case study from Kenya to show how the issues discussed here are encountered in a non-Euro-American context.
Spiritual Care and Electronic Medical Recording in Dutch Hospitals
Authors: Smeets Wim , de Vries Anneke
Published: August 2020

Among Dutch healthcare professionals, it is not a foregone conclusion that conversations with patients should be recorded electronically. This article first describes the discussion among patients about the pros and cons of electronic medical records (EMR). The authors then discuss the Dutch and European legislators’ requirements for the protection of patients’ privacy and therefore of their stories and how these requirements work out in the practice of EMR. The third section is devoted to the question of why spiritual caregivers should record their conversations with patients. The authors put forward various arguments for this. In their view, charting appears to serve both the interests of patients and those of the healthcare providers and of the spiritual care professionals themselves. The authors then describe various possible methods of registration, including G. Fitchett’s model in an adapted, more secular form. By means of two case descriptions, one fairly extensive and one more concise, they show how registration takes place in practice at the Radboud University Medical Center in Nijmegen, Netherlands. The article concludes with the formulation of a plan and goals for the near future.
On-shell electroweak sector and the Higgs mechanism
Authors: Bachu Brad , Yelleshpur Akshay
Published: August 2020

Abstract

We describe a new approach towards the development of an entirely on-shell description of the bosonic electroweak sector of the Standard Model and the Higgs mechanism. We write down on-shell three particle amplitudes consistent with Poincaré invariance and little group covariance. Tree-level, four particle amplitudes are determined by demanding consistent factorization on all poles and correct UV behaviour. We present expressions for these 2 → 2 scattering amplitudes using massive spinor helicity variables. We show that on-shell consistency conditions suffice to derive relations between the masses of the W

±

, Z , the Weinberg angle and the couplings. This provides a completely on-shell description of the Higgs mechanism without any reference to the vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field.
Current status and muon g − 2 explanation of lepton portal dark matter
Authors: Kawamura Junichiro , Okawa Shohei , Omura Yuji
Published: August 2020

Abstract

In this paper, we summarize phenomenology in lepton portal dark matter (DM) models, where DM couples to leptons and extra leptons/sleptons. There are several possible setups: a DM field is either a complex/real scalar or a Dirac/Majorana fermion, and chiralities of leptons that couple to the DM are different according to the spin of the DM. We discuss the prediction of each model and compare it with the latest experimental constraints from the DM detections, the LHC, and the flavor experiments. We also propose simple setups to resolve the discrepancy in the anomalous magnetic moment of muon.
Constructing smooth and fully faithful tropicalizations for Mumford curves
Authors: Jell Philipp
Published: August 2020

The tropicalization of an algebraic variety X is a combinatorial shadow of X, which is sensitive to a closed embedding of X into a toric variety. Given a good embedding, the tropicalization can provide a lot of information about X. We construct two types of these good embeddings for Mumford curves: fully faithful tropicalizations, which are embeddings such that the tropicalization admits a continuous section to the associated Berkovich space $$X^{{{\,\mathrm{an}\,}}}$$

X

an

of X, and smooth tropicalizations. We also show that a smooth curve that admits a smooth tropicalization is necessarily a Mumford curve. Our key tool is a variant of a lifting theorem for rational functions on metric graphs.
Rekonstruktion großer osteochondraler Defekte des distalen Femurs und der proximalen Tibia
Authors: Fleischhacker E. , Ehrl D. , Fürmetz J. , Meller R. , Böcker W. , Zeckey C.
Published: August 2020

Die Rekonstruktion großer osteochondraler Defekte stellt nach wie vor eine Herausforderung in der muskuloskeletalen Chirurgie dar. Frisch gefrorene Allografts sind eine häufig genutzte Ressource für die Behandlung solcher Gewebedefekte. Darüber hinaus ermöglichen 3D-gedruckte Kunststoffmodelle vielfältige Optionen in der präoperativen Planung und bei der intraoperativen Anpassung der Transplantate, sodass sie optimal einheilen und das bestmögliche funktionelle Ergebnis für den Patienten erreicht wird.
An algebraic model for rational naïve-commutative ring SO(2)-spectra and equivariant elliptic cohomology
Authors: Barnes David , Greenlees J. P. C. , Kędziorek Magdalena
Published: August 2020

Equipping a non-equivariant topological $$\text {E}_\infty $$

E
∞

-operad with the trivial G-action gives an operad in G-spaces. For a G-spectrum, being an algebra over this operad does not provide any multiplicative norm maps on homotopy groups. Algebras over this operad are called naïve-commutative ring G-spectra. In this paper we take $$G=SO(2)$$

G
=
S
O
(
2
)

and we show that commutative algebras in the algebraic model for rational SO(2)-spectra model rational naïve-commutative ring SO(2)-spectra. In particular, this applies to show that the SO(2)-equivariant cohomology associated to an elliptic curve C of Greenlees (Topology 44(6):1213–1279, 2005) is represented by an $$\text {E}_\infty $$

E
∞

-ring spectrum. Moreover, the category of modules over that $$\text {E}_\infty $$

E
∞

-ring spectrum is equivalent to the derived category of sheaves over the elliptic curve C with the Zariski torsion point topology.
Added value of systematic biopsy in men with a clinical suspicion of prostate cancer undergoing biparametric MRI-targeted biopsy: multi-institutional external validation study
Authors: Falagario Ugo , Jambor Ivan , Taimen Pekka , Syvänen Kari T. , Kähkönen Esa , Merisaari Harri , Montoya Perez Ileana , Knaapila Juha , Steiner Aida , Verho Janne , Tewari Ashutosh , Aronen Hannu J. , Carrieri Giuseppe , Boström Peter J. , Ettala Otto
Published: August 2020

Purpose

We aimed to develop and externally validate a nomogram based on MRI volumetric parameters and clinical information for deciding when SBx should be performed in addition to TBx in man with suspicious prostate MRI.

Materials and methods

Retrospective analyses of single (IMPROD, NCT01864135) and multi-institution (MULTI-IMPROD, NCT02241122) clinical trials. All men underwent a unique rapid biparametric magnetic resonance imaging (IMPROD bpMRI) consisting of T2-weighted imaging and three separate DWI acquisitions. Men with IMPROD bpMRI Likert scores of 3–5 were included. Logistic regression models were developed using IMPROD trial (n = 122) and validated using MULTI-IMPROD trial (n = 262) data. The model’s performance was evaluated in the terms of PCa detection with Gleason Grade Group 1 (clinically insignificant prostate cancer, iPCa) and > 1 (clinically significant prostate cancer, csPCa). Net benefits and decision curve analyses (DCA) were compared. Combined biopsies were used for reference.

Results

The developed nomogram included age, PSA, prostate volume, MRI suspicion score (IMPROD bpMRI Likert or PIRADsv2.1 score), MRI-suspicion lesion volume percentage, and lesion location. All these variables were significant predictors of csPCa in SBx in multivariable analysis. In the validation cohort (n = 262) using different nomogram cutoffs, 19–43% of men would have avoided SBx while missing 1–4% of csPCa and avoiding detection of 9–20% of iPCa. Similar performance was found for nomograms using IMPROD bpMRI Likert score or v2.1.

Conclusions

The developed nomogram demonstrated potential to select men with a clinical suspicion of PCa who would benefit from performing SBx in addition to TBx. Public access to the nomogram is provided at:https://petiv.utu.fi/multiimprod/.
Concentration-based velocity reconstruction in convective Hele–Shaw flows
Authors: Alipour Mobin , De Paoli Marco , Soldati Alfredo
Published: August 2020

We examine the process of convective dissolution in a Hele–Shaw cell. We consider a one-sided configuration and we propose a newly developed method to reconstruct the velocity field from concentration measurements. The great advantage of this Concentration-based Velocity Reconstruction (CVR) method consists of providing both concentration and velocity fields with a single snapshot of the experiment recorded in high resolution. We benchmark our method vis–à–vis against numerical simulations in the instance of Darcy flows, and we also include dispersive effects to the reconstruction process of non-Darcy flows. The absence of laser sources and the presence of one low-speed camera make this method a safe, accurate, and cost-effective alternative to classical PIV/PTV velocimetry processes. Finally, as an example of possible application, we employ the CVR method to analyse the tip splitting phenomena.

Graphic abstract
Aerodynamic performance of a bristled wing of a very small insect
Authors: Kolomenskiy Dmitry , Farisenkov Sergey , Engels Thomas , Lapina Nadezhda , Petrov Pyotr , Lehmann Fritz-Olaf , Onishi Ryo , Liu Hao , Polilov Alexey
Published: August 2020

Aerodynamic force generation capacity of the wing of a miniature beetleParatuposa placentisis evaluated using a combined experimental and numerical approach. The wing has a peculiar shape reminiscent of a bird feather, often found in the smallest insects. Aerodynamic force coefficients are determined from a dynamically scaled force measurement experiment with rotating bristled and membrane wing models in a glycerin tank. Subsequently, they are used as numerical validation data for computational fluid dynamics simulations using an adaptive Navier–Stokes solver. The latter provides access to important flow properties such as leakiness and permeability. It is found that, in the considered biologically relevant regimes, the bristled wing functions as a less than$$50\%$$50%leaky paddle, and it produces between 66 and$$96\%$$96%of the aerodynamic drag force of an equivalent membrane wing. The discrepancy increases with increasing Reynolds number. It is shown that about half of the aerodynamic normal force exerted on a bristled wing is due to viscous shear stress. The paddling effectiveness factor is proposed as a measure of aerodynamic efficiency.

Graphic abstract
Solving the questions regarding 5-aminosalitylate formulation in the treatment of ulcerative colitis
Authors: Naganuma Makoto
Published: August 2020

5-aminosalicylate is a fundamental treatment for patients with ulcerative colitis with mild-to-moderate disease; however, evidence for 5-aminosalicylate treatment is unclear in some situations. This review discusses the clinical guidelines and previous studies, and highlights the following points: (1) Although rectal 5-aminosalicylate is effective for proctitis, physicians should endeavor to reduce patient's distress when administering suppositories or enema as the first-line therapy. It should be clarified whether oral 5-aminosalicylate alone with a drug delivery system that allows higher 5-aminosalicylate concentrations to reach the distal colon would be as effective as rectal 5-aminosalicylate therapy. (2) There has been no direct evidence demonstrating the clinical efficacy of switching the 5-aminosalicylate treatment to other 5-aminosalicylate formulations. However, switching to a different 5-aminosalicylate formulation may be indicated if clinical symptoms are not progressive. (3) Several studies have shown that colonic mucosal 5-aminosalicylate concentration correlates with clinical and endoscopic severity; however, it is unclear whether a high 5-aminosalicylate concentration has therapeutic efficacy. (4) The maximum dose of 5-aminosalicylate is necessary for patients with risk factors for recurrence or hospitalization. (5) Optimization of 5-aminosalicylate dosage may be indicated even for quiescent patients with ulcerative colitis if mucosal healing is not obtained, and if patients have multiple risk factors for recurrence. (6) Furthermore, the discontinuation of 5-aminosalicylate is acceptable when biologics are used. Because there are many “old studies” providing evidence for 5-aminosalicylate formulations, more clinical studies are needed to establish new evidence.
In Situ Direct Displacement Information on Fault Reactivation During Fluid Injection
Authors: Kakurina Maria , Guglielmi Yves , Nussbaum Christophe , Valley Benoît
Published: August 2020

The three dimensional (3D) displacement induced by fluid injection was measured during two fault reactivation experiments conducted in carbonate rocks at the Rustrel Low Noise Underground Laboratory (LSBB URL), France, and in shale rocks at the Mont Terri Rock laboratory, Switzerland. The faults were activated by injecting high pressure fluid and using the Step-Rate Injection Method for Fracture In-Situ Properties, which allows a coupled pressure-flowrate-3D displacement monitoring in boreholes. Both experiments mainly show complex aseismic deformation of preexisting fractures that depend on (1) the fluid pressure variations related to chamber pressurization and leakage into the formation and (2) irreversible shear slip and opening of the reactivated fractures. Here we detail the processing of the 3D displacement data from both experiments to isolate slip vectors from the complex displacement signal. Firstly, we explain the test protocol and describe the in situ hydromechanical behavior of the borehole/fault system. Secondly, we define the methodology of the displacement data processing to isolate slip vectors with high displacement rates, which carry information about the key orientation of fault reactivation. Finally, we discuss which slip vectors can potentially be used to solve the stress inversion problem.
Frequency and characteristics of dysautonomic symptoms in multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional double-center study with the validated Italian version of the Composite Autonomic Symptom Score-31
Authors: Foschi Matteo , Giannini Giulia , Merli Elena , Mancinelli Luca , Zenesini Corrado , Viti Beatrice , Guaraldi Pietro , Cortelli Pietro , Lugaresi Alessandra
Published: August 2020

Background

Dysautonomic symptoms (DS) are frequent but often underrecognized in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, despite the relevant impact on quality of life and physical performance.

Objectives

To assess frequency and characteristics of DS in our MS population compared with healthy controls (HC). To investigate the relationship between DS and disease characteristics (MS subtype, disease duration, Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), clinical and/or radiological activity, disability progression).

Patients and methods

Cross-sectional study includes 324 MS patients (mean age 44.9 ± 10.7 years; 66% female) and 190 HC (mean age 40.60 ± 12.83 years; 63% female). DS were assessed using the Italian validated version of the Composite Autonomic Symptom Score-31 (COMPASS-31). Possible confounding factors were considered.

Results

More than 94% of enrolled MS patients reported alterations in ≥ 2 domains of the COMPASS-31 scale (score > 0) and significantly higher COMPASS-31 total and single domain median scores compared with HC, independently from possible confounding factors (orthostatic intolerance: p = 0.001; vasomotor: p = 0.017; secretomotor: p = 0.040; gastrointestinal: p = 0.047; bladder: p < 0.001; pupillomotor: p < 0.001; COMPASS-31 total score: p < 0.001). COMPASS-31 total, secretomotor, gastrointestinal, and bladder domain scores showed weak to moderate correlation with disease duration (Rho = 0.19, p < 0.001; Rho = 0.18, p = 0.01; Rho = 0.25, p = 0.030; Rho = 0.28, p < 0.001, respectively). A moderate correlation between EDSS score, COMPASS-31 total, and bladder domain scores (Rho = 0.32, p < 0.001 and Rho = 0.48, p < 0.001, respectively) was observed. Progressive subtypes showed higher COMPASS-31 total (p = 0.025), gastrointestinal (p = 0.07), and bladder (p < 0.001) domain scores vs relapsing-remitting patients.

Conclusions

Our findings confirm that MS-related DS are frequent and tend to increase paralleling disease duration and clinical worsening, reaching the highest clinical impact in progressive subtypes.
Design, Implementation, and Validation of a Pulsatile Heart Phantom Pump
Authors: Tuncay Volkan , Zijlstra Jan , Oudkerk Matthijs , van Ooijen Peter M. A
Published: August 2020

The developments in Computed Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance allow visualization of blood flow in vivo using these techniques. However, validation tests are needed to determine a gold standard. For the validation tests, controllable systems that can generate pulsatile flow are needed. In this study, we aimed to develop an affordable pulsatile pump and an artificial circulatory system to simulate the blood flow for validation purposes. Initially, the prerequisites for the phantom were pulsating flow output equal to that of the human cardiac pulse pattern; the flow pattern of the mimicked cardiac output should be equal to that of a human, a variable stroke volume (40–120 ml/beat), and a variable heart rate (60–170 bpm). The developed phantom setup was tested with CT scanner. A washout profile was created based on the image intensity of the selected slice. The test was successful for a heart rate of 70 bpm and a stroke volume of 68 ml, but the system failed to work at various heartbeats and stroke volumes. This was due to the problems with software of the microcontroller. As conclusion in this study, we present a proof of concept for a pulsatile heart phantom pump that can be used in validation tests.
Stochastic Sequential Modeling: Toward Improved Prostate Cancer Diagnosis Through Temporal-Ultrasound
Authors: Nahlawi Layan , Imani Farhad , Gaed Mena , Gomez Jose A. , Moussa Madeleine , Gibson Eli , Fenster Aaron , Ward Aaron , Abolmaesumi Purang , Mousavi Parvin , Shatkay Hagit
Published: August 2020

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common, serious form of cancer in men that is still prevalent despite ongoing developments in diagnostic oncology. Current detection methods lead to high rates of inaccurate diagnosis. We present a method to directly model and exploit temporal aspects of temporal enhanced ultrasound (TeUS) for tissue characterization, which improves malignancy prediction. We employ a probabilistic-temporal framework, namely, hidden Markov models (HMMs), for modeling TeUS data obtained from PCa patients. We distinguish malignant from benign tissue by comparing the respective log-likelihood estimates generated by the HMMs. We analyze 1100 TeUS signals acquired from 12 patients. Our results show improved malignancy identification compared to previous results, demonstrating over 85% accuracy and AUC of 0.95. Incorporating temporal information directly into the models leads to improved tissue differentiation in PCa. We expect our method to generalize and be applied to other types of cancer in which temporal-ultrasound can be recorded.
From hogs to HABs: impacts of industrial farming in the US on nitrogen and phosphorus and greenhouse gas pollution
Authors: Glibert Patricia M.
Published: August 2020

Nutrient pollution and greenhouse gas emissions related to crop agriculture and confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) in the US have changed substantially in recent years, in amounts and forms. This review is intended to provide a broad view of how nutrient inputs—from fertilizer and CAFOs—as well as atmospheric NH3 and greenhouse gas emissions, are changing regionally within the US and how these changes compare with nutrient inputs from human wastewater. Use of commercial nitrogen (N) fertilizer in the US, which now exceeds 12,000,000 metric tonnes (MT) continues to increase, at a rate of 60,000 MT per year, while that of phosphorus (P) has remained nearly constant over the past decade at around 1,800,000 MT. The number of CAFOs in the US has increased nearly 10% since 2012, driven largely by a near 13% increase in hog production. The annualized inventory of cattle, dairy cows, hogs, broiler chickens and turkeys is approximately 8.7 billion, but CAFOs are highly regionally concentrated by animal sector. Country-wide, N applied by fertilizer is about threefold greater than manure N inputs, but for P these inputs are more comparable. Total manure inputs now exceed 4,000,000 MT as N and 1,400,000 MT as P. For both N and P, inputs and proportions vary widely by US region. The waste from hog and dairy operations is mainly held in open lagoons that contribute to NH3 and greenhouse gas (as CH4 and N2O) emissions. Emissions of NH3 from animal waste in 2019 were estimated at > 4,500,000 MT. Emissions of CH4 from manure management increased 66% from 1990 to 2017 (that from dairy increased 134%, cattle 9.6%, hogs 29% and poultry 3%), while those of N2O increased 34% over the same time period (dairy 15%, cattle 46%, hogs 58%, and poultry 14%). Waste from CAFOs contribute substantially to nutrient pollution when spread on fields, often at higher N and P application rates than those of commercial fertilizer. Managing the runoff associated with fertilizer use has improved with best management practices, but reducing the growing waste from CAFO operations is essential if eutrophication and its effects on fresh and marine waters–namely hypoxia and harmful algal blooms (HABs)—are to be reduced.
Informing UK governance of resilience to climate risks: improving the local evidence-base
Authors: Howarth Candice , Morse-Jones Sian , Kythreotis Andrew , Brooks Katya , Lane Matt
Published: August 2020

International assessments of evidence on climate change (e.g. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC) or national climate change risk assessments (e.g. UK Climate Change Risk Assessment, CCRA) do not offer a sufficiently granular perspective on climate impacts to adequately inform governance of resilience to climate risks at the local level. Using an analysis of UK decision-makers managing and responding to heatwaves and flood risks, this paper argues how more robust local evidence is needed to inform decision-making regarding adaptation options for enhancing local resilience. We identify evidence gaps and issues relating to local climate change impacts, including sources and quality of evidence used, adequacy and accessibility of evidence available, ill-communicated evidence and conflicting or misused evidence. A lack of appreciation regarding how scientific evidence and personal judgement can mutually enhance the quality of decision-making underpins all of these gaps. Additionally, we find that the majority of evidence currently used is reductively based upon socio-economic and physical characteristics of climate risks. We argue that a step change is needed in local climate resilience that moves beyond current physical and socio-economic risk characterisation to a more inclusive co-constitution of social and politically defined climate risks at the local scale that are better aligned with the local impacts felt and needs of stakeholders.
Semiotics and the Origin of Language in the Lower Palaeolithic
Authors: Barham Lawrence , Everett Daniel
Published: August 2020

This paper argues that the origins of language can be detected one million years ago, if not earlier, in the archaeological record ofHomo erectus. This controversial claim is based on a broad theoretical and evidential foundation with language defined as communication based on symbols rather than grammar. Peirce’s theory of signs (semiotics) underpins our analysis with its progression of signs (icon, index and symbol) used to identify artefact forms operating at the level of symbols. We draw on generalisations about the multiple social roles of technology in pre-industrial societies and on the contexts tool-use among non-human primates to argue for a deep evolutionary foundation for hominin symbol use. We conclude that symbol-based language is expressed materially in arbitrary social conventions that permeate the technologies ofHomo erectusand its descendants, and in the extended planning involved in the caching of tools and in the early settlement of island Southeast Asia.
Frequency dependence of dielectrophoretic fabrication of single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors
Authors: Sadabad Yousef Adeli , Khodadadian Amirreza , Istadeh Kiarash Hosseini , Hedayati Marjan , Kalantarinejad Reza , Heitzinger Clemens
Published: August 2020

A new theoretical model for the dielectrophoretic (DEP) fabrication of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is presented. A different frequency interval for the alignment of wide-energy-gap semiconductor SWCNTs is obtained, exhibiting a considerable difference from the prevalent model. Two specific models are study, namely the spherical model and the ellipsoid model, to estimate the frequency interval. Then, the DEP process is performed and the obtained frequencies (from the spherical and ellipsoid models) are used to align the SWCNTs. These empirical results confirm the theoretical predictions, representing a crucial step towards the realization of carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNT-FETs) via the DEP process based on the ellipsoid model.
An evaluation of the performance of rock fall protection measures and their role in hazard zoning
Authors: Jaccard Camille-Jean , Abbruzzese Jacopo Maria , Howald Erika Prina
Published: August 2020

Rock falls threaten human lives and assets in mountainous regions all over the world. Protection measures are one of the most effective solutions for mitigating rock fall-related hazards and risks; however, their optimal working conditions must be ensured throughout their whole life span, in order for the measures to play their role properly and not to have their performance compromised. This paper presents a methodology for a simple yet effective evaluation of the performance of existing rock fall protections, whose goal is to establish their actual performance capacity and, based on that, whether they can play their mitigation role. The methodology is articulated into four main steps. In the first, data and information about the hazard affecting a site, the current state of existing protections and possible faults/causes of malfunctioning of the protections are collected. The second and third steps evaluate the actual performance capacity of the protections in comparison with their nominal capacity, after the potential influence of the factors degrading the effectiveness, detected in the first step, is considered (i.e. factors reflecting negative interaction between site and measures, structural design issues of the protections, faults and malfunctioning due to lack of maintenance, etc.). These three steps were implemented in a spreadsheet tool, allowing to store relevant data on protection measures collected during a field survey and to perform the evaluation analysis directly on site, semi-automatically, based on the data collected. Finally, once an actual performance capacity is obtained from these evaluations, the last step of the methodology is to compare this capacity to the hazard at the site, in terms of energy and return period of the events at each location of interest, to establish whether the protections can in fact mitigate such hazard or need intervention (reparations, replacement, etc.). A detailed application of the whole procedure is shown, by means of a demonstrative example carried out at a Swiss site where rock fall protections measures were previously installed and hazard zoning maps are available.
Cardiac Regeneration After Myocardial Infarction: an Approachable Goal
Authors: Giacca Mauro
Published: August 2020

Purpose of Review

Until recently, cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction has remained a holy grail in cardiology. Failure of clinical trials using adult stem cells and scepticism about the actual existence of such cells has reinforced the notion that the heart is an irreversibly post-mitotic organ. Recent evidence has drastically challenged this conclusion.

Recent Findings

Cardiac regeneration can successfully be obtained by at least two strategies. First, new cardiomyocytes can be generated from embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells and administered to the heart either as cell suspensions or upon ex vivo generation of contractile myocardial tissue. Alternatively, the endogenous capacity of cardiomyocytes to proliferate can be stimulated by the delivery of individual genes or, more successfully, of selected microRNAs.

Recent experimental success in large animals by both strategies now fuels the notion that cardiac regeneration is indeed possible. Several technical hurdles, however, still need to be addressed and solved before broad and successful clinical application is achieved.