bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Diet Fortified with Okra Powder on Blood Quality in Broiler Chickens Under Heat Stress Conditions
Authors: Al-Hatchami Ameer F. , Alshukri Aqeel Yousif A.
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted in the poultry farm of the Department of Animal Resources-College of Agriculture - University of Kufa for the period from 10/10/2022 to 11/13/2022. The purpose of the study was to test the effect of adding okra fruits powder or seeds to the diet on some productive traits of broiler under Daily temperature stress conditions. 360 unsexed broiler chicks, Rose 308 hybrid, one day old, with an average weight of 37 g/chick were used. The chicks were fed on three diets that are from the age of 1 day-10 days, the second diet from the age of 11 days-24 days, and the third diet from the age of 25 days-35 days. The energy level of the three diets, respectively, was 3015, 3081, 3210 kcol / kg, and the protein level was 23.11, 21.51. 19.58 The one-day old chicks were randomly divided into 6 treatments with 4 replications 15 chicks each. The treatments were T1 the control (standard diet), T2 ration with okra seed powder 5 g/Kg feed, T3 was okra seed powder by 10 g/Kg feed, T4 was with okra fruit powder by 5 g/Kg feed, T5 was okra fruit powder at 10 g/Kg of feed, and T6 ration with 5 g seed powder + 5 g of fruit powder. The results showed that adding powdered okra fruits or seeds to the chicken diet affected blood quality. Compared with the control treatment, a significant increase in the concentration of the SOD enzyme was recorded in T6, T5, and T3 treatments, a significant decrease in the concentration of MAD enzyme in all treatments, and a significant decrease in the H/L cells ratio in the chicks of the two treatments T5 and T3 compared to the control T1, as the other treatments did not differ. Most of the treatments containing okra powder recorded a significant decrease in blood glucose especially for treatment T5, with a significant difference from all treatments that differed from T1. The blood content of total protein increased in the T6, T5, T4, and T3 treatments compared to the control T1 and T2. There was a significant decrease in the concentration of uric acid for all the treatments and a higher significant decrease in blood cholesterol for T6 chicks compared to the control.
Study of some Growth Parameters of Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella V. Cultured in Floating Cages
Authors: Nasser Zahraa Hussein , Fahad Kamil K.
Published: December 2023

This study included different densities to obtain a better culture density, three densities were used (16-20-25 fish/m3), 500 fish in the first treatment, 650 fish in the second treatment, 800 fish in the third treatment, and average weights ranged between 100-200 gm. Saudi origin diet was used. The experiment was conducted in Thi Qar Governorate, city of Nasiriyah on one of the private farms on the Euphrates River, in which grass carp was farmed. Fish samples were collected monthly from 8/11/2022 to 8/4/2023. Air and water temperatures were also measured during sampling. The air temperature varied between 11-29 C, the water temperature ranged between 9-25 C. The results showed the highest weight gain (17.333, 12.000 and 29.331) during April for all treatments. The results showed that there were significant differences (P≤0.05). In January, there was no significant difference for all treatments, as for the rest of the months, a significant difference (P≤0.05) between the three treatments and the studied densities. The highest qualitative growth rate was recorded in T1 (10.170 gm/fish), T2 (8.193 gm/fish), and T3 (9.186 gm/fish), there were no significant differences in December and March for the three treatments, at the rest of the months, there were significant differences between the three studied treatments at the level (P≤0.05, P≤0.01). The relative growth rate recorded the highest concentrations (22.940, 10.460 and 16.820 gm/fish), T1 during the months of January, February, March and April outperformed the rest of the transactions, At December, T2 outperformed compare others. The results showed that there were significant differences in the three treatments (P≤0.05) during April, as for the rest of the months and for all treatments. The highest feed conversion rate was recorded in T3 at February (25,000 feed/gm), T1 at January (17,000 feed/gm) and T2 at February (8,093 feed/gm). There was no significant difference for the three treatments in December, February and March, but in January and April significant differences were recorded at the level (P≤0.05, P≤0.01). The highest feed conversion efficiency rate (97.733, 39.996 and 57.773%) was recorded in March for the three treatments. There were no significant differences in December and for all treatments, as for the rest of the months and for all treatments, there were significant differences (P≤0.05). The results of the current study showed the superiority of the first treatment in most of the growth criteria over the rest of the treatments. The chemical analysis of fish muscles showed that, at the beginning of the experiment and at the end of the experiment, there were slight changes in the elements of the chemical analysis at the end of the experiment compared to the beginning of the experiment.
Effect of Selenomethionine or Yeast Enriched with Selenium on Reproductive Performance, Progesterone and Estrogen Hormones in Iraqi Ewes
Authors: Alwardy Ibrahem Abdul Jabbar , Mohammed T. R. , Abdullah Ali N.
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted at the animal farm affiliated with the college of agriculture, university of anbar, ramadi, iraq, to investigate the effects of selenomethionine or selenium-enriched yeast on the reproductive performance and hormone levels (progesterone and estrogen) in Iraqi ewes. the study was carried out from July 26, 2022, to january 27, 2023. eighteen ewes with an average age of 2-3 years and an average body weight of 43 ± 2.5 kg were used. the ewes were randomly divided into three equal groups, with six ewes in each group. all ewes were fed the same ration. group 1 served as the control group and received no treatment, while group 2 was treated with selenomethionine at a dose of 0.03 g/kg/bw. group 3 was treated with selenium-enriched yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae-selenium) at the same dose, following the guidelines of the national research council (nrc, 1980). the treatments were administered orally for 45 days by dissolving the samples in 30 ml of distilled water. blood samples were collected from the jugular vein to assess changes in hormone concentrations. the results showed a significant increase in progesterone levels during the second period for groups 1 and 2 compared to group 3 (p ≤ 0.01). group 1 exhibited a significant increase in the time of the first appearance of estrus and the average time for estrus compared to group 2. group 2 showed a significant increase in estrus rate compared to group 1 and group 3. both group 2 and group 3 exhibited a significant increase in fertility rate, fertilization rate, pregnancy rate, and lambing rate. group 2 and group 3 also showed a significant increase in fecundity, twinning rate, and litter size compared to group 1. In conclusion, the supplementation of Selenomethionine and Selenium-enriched yeast positively affected reproductive performance in Iraqi ewes, as evidenced by improved hormone levels, estrus characteristics, fertility rates, and lambing outcomes.
The Ability of Some Clay Minerals and Activated Charcoal to Reduce the Negative Effects of Aflatoxin B1, a Contaminant of Broiler Diet
Authors: Obaid Roa S. , Al-Warshan Salim H. S. , Abed Idham A.
Published: December 2023

The research was conducted to determine the effect of four types of clay minerals (Iraqi bentonite, English bentonite, Turkish bentonite, and Iraqi kaolin) and activated charcoal on reducing the negative effects of aflatoxin B1, which contaminates poultry feed at a concentration of 350 ppb. The results showed that the average bird weight reached 1134.5 grams in the aflatoxin treatment alone, with a significant difference compared to the control treatment (1690 grams). Adding English bentonite to the contaminated feed was efficient in reducing the impact of aflatoxin, as the bird weight did not differ significantly from the control treatment and reached 1686.9 grams, followed by Turkish bentonite, with an average bird weight of 1618.8 grams, and then Iraqi bentonite with an average weight of 1533.2 grams. The results also indicated that the relative weights of the liver, spleen, and pancreas increased in birds treated with aflatoxin alone. However, the addition of different clay minerals and activated charcoal led to a decrease in the relative weights of the internal organs. The relative weight of the heart and Proventriculus was not affected by the addition of aflatoxin to the feed. Blood analysis results showed a significant decrease in protein and albumin concentrations in the blood of birds treated with aflatoxin alone compared to the control treatment. Additionally, the different additions of clay minerals and activated charcoal had a positive effect on protein concentrations in the blood. Aflatoxin also caused a decrease in blood hemoglobin and red blood cell counts, an increase in white blood cell counts, and an increase in the Neutrophil/Lymphocyte index in birds treated with aflatoxin. However, blood viscosity did not change between the aflatoxin treatment and the other treatments.
Genetic Variation of rs429976637, rs416717560, rs403555643 and rs427046713 in BMPRP1B Gene and its Frequency of Awassi Sheep
Authors: Essa A. H. , Mohammed T. R. , Al-Anbari N. N.
Published: December 2023

Bone protein receptor gene (BMPR1B) is a significant fertility gene found in sheep globally and associated to reproductive and fertility features. This study verified the relationship between the BMPR1B gene’s 893 G A SNP1, SNP2, SNP3, and SNP4 C T 893. 35 Awassi ewe blood samples were acquired from the Agricultural Research Department in Anbar Governorate – Al Dawar, followed by DNA extraction to validate the BMPR1B gene and PCR amplification. The Sanger Sequences technique of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was employed to determine each ewe’s special alleles using the gene primer. Four BMPR1B gene sites had substantially varied genotype and allele frequencies (P < 0.01). The association study indicated that the rs429976637 (G>A) locus had three polymorphisms, GG, GA, and AA, with percentages of 92.16, 7.68, and 0.16%, respectively, and allelic frequencies of G - 0.96 and A-0.04. Polymorphisms differed (P=0.01). rs416717560 (G>A) had three polymorphisms: GG, GA, and AA. The allelic frequency of the G alleles was 0.91, and polymorphism was 82.82, 16.38, and 0.80%. Polymorphism differed by 0.09 (P=0.01). The rs403555643 locus (A>G) has three polymorphisms, AA, AG, and GG, with percentages of 92.14, 7.68, and 0.16%, respectively, and allelic frequencies of A-0.96 and G - 0.04 (P < 0.01). The locus rs427046713 (C>T) had three polymorphisms, CC, CT, and TT, with percentages of 94.09, 5.82, and 0.09%, respectively. The allelic frequency of C alleles was 0.97- and T 0.03--P < 0.01. The allelic frequency of the BMPR1B gene for four loci is considerably greater for genotypes GG, GG, AA, and CC.
Impact of Different Levels of Insulin on Cryopreservation Local Roosters Stored Semen Biomarkers
Authors: Kattoof Husam Majeed , Al-Hayani Waleed khalid A. , Hussien Firas Mezahem
Published: December 2023

The aim of this research to examine the impact of different level of Insulin certain biomarkers of local roosters semen after being cooling for varying lengths of periods, roosters semen pooled, diluted with extender, and distributed randomly among five groups: Diluted semen put through the semen cryopreservation technique; the control treatment (C1) 0 insulin; (C2) contained 4 IU/insulin; (C3) contained 5 IU/insulin; (C4) contained 6 IU/insulin; and (C5) contained 7 IU/insulin. After 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours, cooling semen were evaluated for plasma membrane integrity(MI), acrosome integrity(AI), malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TCA). The result showed significant differences between the treatments in terms of MI, AI and TCA in sperm with C5, C3, C2 respectively, but there were no significant differences in terms of MDA. TCA were found to be significantly improved in the fourth storage period.
Effect Using Feed Additives Instead of Imported Premixes Affects the Physiology of Broiler Chickens
Authors: Shaman Ameen M. , Mohammed Th. T.
Published: December 2023

This study aimed to investigate how using feed additives instead of imported premixes affects the productivity and physiology of broiler chickens. The study used 120 one-day-old Russian chickens that weighed 44g at the start. The chickens were divided into four groups, with three repetitions each. Each repetition had 10 experimental units distributed randomly. The first group (T1) served as the control, while the second group (T2) used a mix of 30% feed additives and 70% imported premix (Wafi). The third group (T3) used a mix of 60% feed additives and 40% imported premix (Wafi). The fourth group (T4) used 100% feed additives, with no imported premix (Wafi). The study results showed no statistically significant differences in productivity and cumulative performance of the birds at a significance level of 0.05.
The Effect of Adding Levels Hibisscus sabdariffa.L of Powder in the Ration on the Productive Performance of Broiler Chickens
Authors: Faris Esraa Qaysar , Shanoon Ammar Qathan , Aldeen Mohammed Sabah Baha
Published: December 2023

The study was carried out in the poultry farms affiliated to Animal Production Research - College of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk. 250 one-day-old, unsexed chickens were used for a period of 45 days, to find out the effect of the local currant powder added to the diet on the productive performance of broiler chickens of the Rose 308 type distributed randomly into 6 treatments divided into 5 replications for each replicate. 10 birds included, the first treatment being control the second contains 0.05 mg of BHT, and the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth contain 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2% of Hibisscus Sabdariffa.L, respectively. The results showed that there were significant differences at the level of P≤0.05. Forage consumption increased in the sixth treatment for all weeks, and the total rate, except for the sixth week, was superior to T4, T5, and T6. The weight gain recipe outperformed the sixth treatment for all weeks, and in the food conversion treatment T1 decreased in the first week, while in the second week it decreased in T5, while in the third and fifth weeks, and the total rate decreased T6, T5, but in the sixth week it was lower in T6. There were no significant differences in the percentage of purification and in the weights of the carcass, heart and liver, and the gizzard excelled at T6.
Effect of Replacing Rice Impurities Instead of Wheat Bran or Barley on Digestibility and Productive Performance of Awassi Lambs
Authors: Al-Kinani Jaafar Karim , Al-Ani Jamal A. Tawfeeq
Published: December 2023

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of substitution three levels of rice impurities 0%, 50% and 100% instead of wheat bran or barley grains on digestibility and productive performance of Awassi lambs. In the morning, concentrated feed was given individually at 3% of live body weight as a dry matter basis for 56 days preceded by 14 days as an adaptation period. Roughage intake (wheat straw) was given ad-libitum (with residue) and recorded. Twenty-four male lambs aged 3-4 months with an initial weight 24.66 ± 2.81kg divided into six treatments with replacing rice impurities 0%, 50% and 100% instead of wheat bran (T1), T2, T3) or barley grains (T4, T5, T6) in a 2×3 factorial experiment/Completely Randomized Design. The results showed no significant differences in daily intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), soluble carbohydrates (NFE) and metabolizable energy (Me), and an increase (P < 0.05) in the intake of ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF) (P < 0.01) and ash in T6 (100% rice impurities instead of barley), while daily gain and total gain increased significantly (P<0.05) for treatment T3 (100% rice impurities instead of wheat bran) 198.21g/day and 11.1kg in contrasted to others. feed efficiency and digestibility didn’t differ when replacing rice impurities. In conclusion: It’s possible to use rice impurities instead of barley grain or wheat bran to achieve low-priced feed ingredients with a higher weight gain and sustainable development.
The Regression of Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar) Egg External Traits After One Generation of Inbreeding
Authors: Ameen Questan A. , Mohammed Mohammed S. , Al-Jobouri Hiyam M , Shaker Ahmed S.
Published: December 2023

The current experiment was done form (20/12/2018) until (28/7/2019); One hundred eggs were supplied from local farm to hatch the base family. When the flock was reaching the sexual maturity, the eggs were collected to measure the external traits (egg length, egg breadth and egg shape index). The data were analysed by using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) software, to calculate the descriptive values concerning mean, standard deviation, and then multiple linear regression analyses were performed to determine the equation of estimating the two geometric elements. The egg shape index was decrease because of the egg length; it increases from 41.01 to 42.92 in generation 1, and 2 respectively. The correlation between the egg shape index and egg length is negative with high significant. Furthermore the correlation was decreased in the generation two comparing with the generation one. The correlation between the egg shape index and the egg breadth approximate stable in generation one and two (0.713, 0.699) respectively. As it was described above the egg length affected by environment. The result showed that both the linear multiple regression model adequate for select the models in the two generations (p<0.001). The value of R2 for both generations was (0.999, and 0.990) respectively. The regression equation for the egg shape index is changed according to the environments, these changes happened according the egg length value unlike the egg breadth, which is genetically controlled.
Genetic Polymorphism of Estrogen Receptor Alpha Gene (ESRα) and Its Effect on Production and Biochemical Traits of White Quails
Authors: Al-Hadeedy Ismail Younis , Mohammed Ayhan Kamal , Al-Tikriti Samwal Saadi
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted in the poultry field of Animal Production Department - College of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk for the period from 28/3/2022 to 15/1/2023, to determine the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of alpha estrogen receptor gene (ESRα) and evaluation of some productive and biochemical traits of white Japanese quail, One-day-old quails were obtained from Animal Production Department - College of Agriculture, and they were reared for 35 days until reaching age of sexual maturity. Then they were randomly distributed to 30 families, with male and female for each family. The birds were fed on a diet with 20% crude protein and 2850 k.cal/kg metabolism energy of feed. At the end of the experiment, the female of each family was slaughtered and DNA was extracted from liver by using kit to determine the polymorphism of the length restriction fragment (RFLP) for estrogen receptor alpha gene (ESRα) and evaluation of some productive and biochemical traits by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology and the use of the restriction enzyme (EcoRI) and electrophoresis to determine the length of bundles of ESRα gene. The results of the study showed that the CC genotype resulting from the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of estrogen receptor alpha (ESRα) gene had a significant effect on egg production of white Japanese quail compared with CT and TT genotypes, and CC and TT genotypes were superior to CT genotypes in estrogen level, while CC and CT genotypes were superior to the TT genotype in glucose level in blood serum of female white Japanese quail. The study recommended to selection CC and TT genotypes of estrogen receptor alpha (ESRα) gene because it is positively and significantly associated with egg production of white Japanese quail.
Effect of Adding Kojic Acid and Sodium Alginate to Semen Extender of Buffalo Bulls on some Biological and Bacteriological Parameters
Authors: Mahdi Zainab Adel , Banana Husam Jasim Hussein , Mohammed Omar Adel
Published: December 2023

This experiment examined the effects of adding sodium alginate and Kojic acid as substitutes for conventional antibiotics to Skim milk extender on the characteristics of cryopreserved and frozen buffalo bull semen, as well as the evaluation of their additions as antibiotics that help lower the microbial load. Following the collection and dilution of the Skim milk extender, the experimental treatments were separated into five groups, as follows: T1: (control-) without adding any antibiotics; T2: (control+) adding the conventional antibiotics Gentamicin 0.4 IU and Tylosin 0.08 IU per 100 ml; T3: adding Kojic acid at (0.06 g/L) T4: adding sodium alginate at (0.6 mg/mL)T5: adding a combination of Kojic acid (0.06 g/liter) with sodium alginate (0.6 mg/ml) The diluted semen was cryopreserved in accordance with the recommended procedure, and the characteristics of the cryopreserved semen were then assessed. These characteristics included plasma membrane integrity and individual motility, as well as bacteriological tests that measured the total number of bacteria in the treatments, the total number of E. coli bacteria, and the total number of Staphylococcus bacteria for both cooled and frozen semen after 2 hours, 48 hours, 2 months, and 3 months post cryopreservation. The results of the study revealed There were significant enhancement differences (p 0.05) for the treatments T3, T4, and T5 in the percentages of individual motility and viability in comparison to the two control groups, as well as a significant reduction (p 0.05) in the total number of bacteria and the total number of E. coli and Staphylococcus bacteria for treatments T3, T4, and T5 after all periods of cooling and freezing in comparison with the two control groups. It is concluded from the current experiment that the addition of sodium alginate and kojic acid as an alternative substitute for commonly used antibiotics to the semen extender has a significant role in enhancing some characteristics of the buffalo bulls’ semen and helping to reduce the microbial load to a minimum.
Comparing the Addition of Different Levels of Lemon Verbena Leaves Powder (Aloysia citriodora) and the Antibiotic Oxtetracycline to Diets Broiler in the Qualitative Traits of Broiler Carcasses
Authors: Al-Bahadly Z. A. , Al-Himdany H. Q.
Published: December 2023

From October 29, 2022, to December 10, 2022, researchers from the University of Baghdad’s College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences monitored birds at the Abu Ghraib chicken farm as part of a 42-day comparative study. Analyzing the effects on the quality of broiler meat from varying amounts of oxtetracycline and lemon verbena leaves powder (aloysia citriodora) in their meals. Three hundred commercial hybrid broiler chicks (ROSS 308) were employed, all of which were unnaturalized at one day old and had an initial weight of 42.42 g/chicken. T1 chicks were fed a standard broiler diet without any additives, T2 chicks were fed diets containing 250 mg of oxytetracycline antibiotic powder per kilogram of body weight, and T3 chicks, T4 chicks, and T5 chicks were fed diets containing 1%, 1.5%, and 2% of aloysia citriodora leaves extract powder. There were no unethical changes in live weight or carcass weight between transactions (p>0.05), but the clearing ratio for the third transaction was much better than the rest of the transection. This study also demonstrated the beneficial effect of adding powdered lemon verbena leaves on flavor oxidation markers after two months of freezing, with a marked reduction in comparison to both the control treatment and the antibiotic treatment.
Relationship of Body Weights with the Productive Performance of Lambs of the Awassi and Karakul Breeds and Crossbred Sheep
Authors: Ali Ali Hussein Mohammed , Altaei Hafedh Mossa Ali
Published: December 2023

A study was carried out on 60 ewes of the Awassi and Karakul breeds, and cross at age of birth, weaned and 6 months in Barakat Abi Al-Fadl Al-Abbas Station in Karbala Governorate, Iraq from the first of June 2022 until the first of June of the year 2023.with the aim of studying relationship between body weights (BW) of lambs and productive performance (PP) through a set of factors (Genetic group - Sex of lamb - Age of dams - Month of birth - Weight of dams), The statistical analysis system (SAS) was used to analyze the data. The result is displayed as follows: The genetic group, the sex of lambs, the age of the ewe, and the month of birth didn’t affect BW and average weight gain (AWG) of lambs at birth, weaning, and 6 months of age. Only weight of the ewe had a significant effect (P<0.05) on weight of lambs at 6 months of age. The ewes weighing more than 48 kg were superior to the rest of the other weights, with an average weight of 28.35 kg, while the weight of the ewe did not affect the weight of lambs at birth and weaning, also affected weight of the ewe on rate of weight gain at birth, weaning, and 6 months, with the superiority of ewes weighing more than 48 kg over the rest of the weights. Weaning weight was positively correlated with birth weight and highly significant (P<0.01), and the regression coefficient between 6-month-old body weight and weaning weight was high and significant (P<0.01).
Effect of Breeds on some Semen Characteristics of Awassi Ram and Its Crossbreed
Authors: Al-Janabi Yasser Ammar Ahmood , Habeeb Hayder Mohammed Hassan , Al-Qasimi Rahman H. H.
Published: December 2023

Ram fertility is important for herd productivity. However, low fertility of local Awassi sheep is present. The objective of this study was to study the effect of Awassi, Krishi, and its crossbreed on some physical and chemical semen characteristics. Twelve rams were used in the study, including (4) Awassi, (4) Krishi, and (4) Crossbreed (Awassi X Krishi). Semen was collected from all rams. Samples were evaluated immediately following collection. Volume, concentration, mass activity, individual motility, live and dead sperm (%), abnormal sperm (%), pH, Aspartate aminotransferase (G.O.T), alanine aminotransferase (G.P.T), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were evaluated in this study. The results indicated that the mass activity and individual motility were significantly greater (P<0.01) in (Awassi X Krishi) compared to Awassi and Krishi, respectively. Also, life sperm was significantly greater in (Awassi X Krishi) compared to Krishi but not Awassi Ram. In addition, dead and abnormal sperm was significantly reduced in (Awassi X Krishi) compared to Krashi but did not differ from Awassi. However, volume, concentration, pH, G.O.T, G.P.T, and ALP were not significantly different among groups. In conclusion, ram semen characteristics differed between breeds. This research brings new promising results regarding crossbreeding (Krishi X Awassi) on sperm parameters. An additional study is prepared to evaluate the effect of breed on antioxidant parameters.
Soil Erosion Risk Assessment Using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation RUSLE Model: a Case Study in Shwan Sub basin, Kirkuk, Iraq
Authors: Noori Noorjan E. , Azeez Dalshad R.
Published: December 2023

The revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) was used in order to predict the amounts of soil lost by water erosion in the study area. The equation depends mainly on the factors that affect soil erosion represented by soil characteristics, rain fall, topography, vegetation cover, and conservation factor. The study showed that the study area was divided into three classes according to the degree of severity. The class1, the low risk of soil erosion, concentrated in all western parts and some central parts of the study area, occupying an area of 42525.61 hectares, at a rate of 41% of the total area. The class 2, a moderate risk of soil erosion, occupied an area estimated at (40451.19) hectares (39%), spread in the northern, northeastern, some central and southern parts of the study area, while the class 3, the high risk of erosion, had an area of 20744.20 hectares (20% of the area of the region), concentrated in the eastern and southeastern parts of the study area. Generally, the total amounts of soil lost annually due to water erosion in the study area amounted to 1,570,748 tons. The results also showed that the RUSLE model of soil water erosion risk mapping is a highly effective and cost-effective approach.
The Effect of Adding Poly-γ-Glutamic Acid (γ-PGA) on the Moisture Content of Gypsiferous Soil Under Partial Drip Irrigation System
Authors: Tawfeeq S. Q. , Al-Kayssi A. W.
Published: December 2023

The alternate partial root-zone irrigation APRI is a modern irrigation method to save irrigation water. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of the conventional irrigation(CI) system and the APRI system, using different levels of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) (0, 15, 30, 60, and 120) kg ha-1 in Gypsiferous Soil, on soil moisture content and water use efficiency. The APRI method achieved the best water extraction efficiency of 3.25 kg.m-3. The depths of water added in the traditional irrigation method were (435.58, 420.52, 416.71, 410.98, and 398.67) mm, and in the alternating irrigation method, they were (390.42, 370.50, 361.27, 340.40, and 322.40) mm for the additional levels of (γ-). PGA), respectively. The APRI method achieved an abundance of irrigation water compared with the CI of (11.57, 13.50, 15.35, 20.74, and 23.66)% for the different addition levels of (γ-PGA), respectively. The decrease in moisture content with the increase in the applied water voltage. There is a direct relationship between the amount of water available to the plant and the level of addition of (γ-PGA).
Deficient Irrigation and Its Impact on Water Use Efficiency, Maize Yield and some of Its Components
Authors: Al-Rubaie Esraa Haider Diab , Bressem Hamza Kazem
Published: December 2023

In spring 2021, a clay mixture soil field experiment was conducted in one of Babylon province’s Al-Ataij agricultural fields, 2 km from Hilla’s centre (32°29"24.178″N 43°26"56.459″E) to study the effects of incomplete irrigation on crop sensitivity, water use efficiency, maize yield, and some of its components. Three-replicate RCBDs. Eight treatments were used: the full irrigation treatment (control) after 50% of the available water was drained, and seven incomplete irrigation treatments (25% of the available water was provided after the soil moisture content reached the permanent wilting point) within the root zone. Negative or incomplete irrigation during vegetative development, blossoming, crop output, or both. The number of grains, 1000-grain weight, total yield, crop and field irrigation efficiency, additional water, and real water consumption were calculated. All farming followed rules. Water balance equations calculated effective evapotranspiration (Eta). Full irrigation used 335.26 mm, partial irrigation 341.55 mm, and 147.10 mm. Partial irrigation only lowered real water use by 9.61% in crop formation, 12.90% in vegetative development, and 26.11% in blooming. Insufficient irrigation did not alter yield components, number of grains, 1000-grain weight, or grain yield during yield development. Irrigation decreased characteristics by 1.2, 1.7, and 5.0%. Incomplete vegetative and flowering watering elevated attribute drop rates to 28.2, 9.4, and 54.6. Incomplete watering affects blooming more than vegetative growth and production. Except during growth phases, incomplete irrigation during crop development outperformed all other incomplete and full irrigation treatments. Incomplete crop irrigation was most efficient (1.075 kg/grain 1) and least average (0.75) kg/grain. Water-tolerant crop growth. Water-sensitive plant growth. Correcting poor flower watering boosted crop irrigation efficiency. Partial irrigation only improved crop development ethically.
Behavior and Distribution of Free Aluminum Oxides in some Soil Orders in North of Iraq
Authors: Al-Hamawandi Marwah Jumah , Azeez Dalshad Rasool , Ali Dhahir Khaleel
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the behavior of free aluminium oxides in some soil orders in Iraq. Soil samples were collected from five Pedons for soil orders Entisols, Aridisols, Inceptisols, Vertisols and Mollisols. Total free aluminium oxides (Ald) were extracted by (striate-bicarbonate, sodium dithionite), amorphous aluminium oxides by acid ammonium oxalate and aluminium oxide associated with organic matter by alkaline Sodium pyrophosphate. The results showed that the amorphous aluminium oxides followed the same behavior in the vertical distribution and did not take a homogeneous pattern among the study pedons, noting that the Vertisols and Mollisols had outperformed the rest of the orders when it was observed that the highest values of 1.42 g / kg soil appeared in the horizon Ck1 of the Mollisols order, and that the highest values of the active ratio Alo/Ald also appeared in these two orders, which reflects the effect of the development state of the soil in releasing larger amounts of these oxides. Crystalline aluminium oxides appeared at lower values than the amorphous form in the Vertisols and Mollisols, unlike the Entisols, Aridisols and Inceptisols, in which these values excelled, noting that the values of crystalline oxides were somewhat superior in Vertisols. The aluminium oxide associated with the organic matter was concentrated in the surface horizons of all the study pedons, and the degree of soil development had no effect on that.
The Effect of Inoculation with Mycorrhiza Fungi and Organic Fertilization on the Content of Plant Nutrient-Absorbing and Heavy Elements of Chrysanthemum Calendula Officinalis L.
Authors: Al-Qaisi Alaa Ahmed Dakhil , Altai Salahaldeen H.M.
Published: December 2023

The experiment was carried out in the wooden canopy of the Department of horticulture and garden Engineering - Faculty of Agriculture-Tikrit University - during the agricultural season 2020-2021 in plastic pots and planting Chrysanthemum seedlings, the seeds of which were planted in Cork dishes on 10/1/2020, transferring seedlings to plastic pots with a diameter of 14 cm. When forming from 5-4 real leaves. 1-Use Two-level compost (with and without compost) manufactured from printing papers in a ratio of (1: 3), i.e. 3 paper compost and 1 soil. It will be served by an industrial batmoos with a ratio of (2-1). And mixed soil for (Control). 2-inoculation with mycorrhiza fungus of the type Glomus mosseae at two levels (with and without inoculation. 3-use chemical fertilizer with three levels (without fertilizer, half recommendation and full recommendation) It produces 18 transactions that are repeated three times to make 54 trial units. The results showed that inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi led to a significant increase in the dry weight rate and the relative chlorophyll content of the Chrysanthemum plant, the favorable increase for pollinated plants over non-pollinated plants was (32.3, 7 %) the increase in the absorbing elements nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (37, 37, 33.3 %) respectively, while inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi reduced the absorption of heavy elements by (45.7,60,40,16.6 %) for the elements zinc, lead, cadmium and arsenic respectively, The results showed the importance of inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi in increasing plant growth by increasing the efficiency of absorption of plant nutrients and reducing the absorption of heavy elements.
Effect of Mycorrhizae Inoculation and Spraying with Amino Acids on some Yield Traits and Leaf Proline Content of Corn Plant
Authors: Chfat Luay Manhal , Oleiwi Mohammed Sallal
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted in the spring season in the field of the College of Agriculture of the University of Babylon to study the effect of mycorrhizae inoculation and spraying with amino acids on some growth indicators of corn according to The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) using three factors. The second factor is the amino acids with four levels (0, 200 proline, 200 arginine, (200 + 200) mixed mg liter (PPM) and the third factor is the use of two water stresses for water which is irrigation when draining (50-75)% of available water. The inoculation with mycorrhizae was significantly excelled by giving higher yields in grain yield 3.83 tons.ha-1, biological yield 11.30 tons.ha-1, the weight of 1000 grains (g) 96.08 g, proline 5.07 μmol g-1, 2-Spraying with amino acids at treatment A3 gave the highest values for all studied traits. The water stress treatment, which was designated W1, considerably outperformed its competitors by producing the highest values for growth markers from.
Some Growth Characteristics of Maize were Affected by Inoculation with Mycorrhizae and Spraying with Amino Acids
Authors: Chfat Luay Manhal , Oleiwi Mohammed Sallal
Published: December 2023

This research used The Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) to conduct a springtime field experiment at the College of Agriculture, University of Babylon. The second factor is irrigating while draining (50-75) percent of available water; the third is the use of two water stressors for water; and the fourth is the amino acids with four levels (zero, two hundred milligrams per milliliter (mg/l) proline; two hundred milligrams per milliliter (mg/l) arginine; and two hundred milligrams per milliliter (mg/l) mixed PPM). In comparison to the control group, plants treated with mycorrhizae grew taller (169.15 cm), had a higher chlorophyll index (48.378 Spad Unit), covered more ground (55.82 dm2), produced more biomass (5.45 tons of vegetative dry matter and 4.15 tons of root dry matter per hectare), and weighed significantly less (4.15) than control plants. Protein amino acid spray (treatment A3) resulted in the maximum plant height, chlorophyll index, leaf area, vegetative and root dry weight. The W1 water stress treatment resulted in significantly increased plant height (177.05 cm), chlorophyll index (49.52 Spad Unit), leaf area (52.54 dm2), vegetative dry weight (5.2 tons ha-1), and root dry weight (4.2 tons ha-1). The bi-interaction of water stress and bio fertilization with mycorrhizae resulted in the highest values for plant height, chlorophyll index, leaf area, and root dry weight in the M1W1 condition of corn.
Isolation and Identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteria and Testing Their Efficiency in the Solubility of Tri-Calcium Phosphate
Authors: Altai Mohammed Abood A. , Jabbar Abdullah Karem , Al-Mousawi Kawthar Mowaffak
Published: December 2023

A laboratory experiment was conducted to isolate and diagnose bacterial isolates from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and test their efficiency in dissolving tri-calcium phosphate in solid cultures. 10 samples were collected from the soil and rhizosphere of different crops such as (coffee, barley, radishes, alfalfa) for several geographical regions, namely Thi-Qar, Muthanna, Qadisiyah and Najaf. Serial decimal dilutions of soil samples were carried out in order to isolate the bacteria, as King B medium was used to isolate the bacteria. The results showed obtaining bacterial isolates belonging to the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which were diagnosed based on phenotypic traits and biochemical tests and by using special keys for diagnosis. With isolates P2, P10, and P1, the values were 2.46, 2.41, and 2.33, respectively, and the lowest values were represented by isolate 3P, which amounted to 21.4. The values of the other isolates varied in their phosphate solubility values, and the results indicated that there were no significant differences between P2 and P10.
The Effect of some Soil Conditioners on the Readiness and Absorption of Nutrients
Authors: Kadim Bayan Habeeb , Assi Sabah Latef
Published: December 2023

In the fall of 2022–2023, students from the Department of Plant Production at the Technical College / Musayyib, which is part of the Musayyib project area, conducted a potting experiment under the canopy of the college to investigate the impact of various soil conditioners on nutrient availability and uptake. The experiment followed a completely randomized block design (R.C.B.D.), with four replicates (1, 2, 3, 4 replicates) using four different soil conditioners (humic acid, agricultural sulfur, stucco and vermicompost waste). With 48 treatments across three replicates, we were able to compare means using the L.S.D. (0.05) test for statistical significance. The results showed that the readiness and absorption of nutritional elements were significantly affected by the overlap between the type of conditioners and the number of batches, that agricultural sulfur treatment was significantly superior compared to the rest of the treatments, and that the fourth batch was superior to the first.
Preparing Soil Class Distribution Maps Using Geographic Information Systems
Authors: Ameen Warda Jawad , Al-Qureshi Amal Radi
Published: December 2023

Ten pedons were discovered in the soils of Al-Raranjiyeh located in the province of Babylon, within longitudes 44012′0" to 44030′0" east and latitudes 32012′0" to 32024′0" north. To the laboratory and make the necessary laboratory measurements on it. As the size distribution of the soil classes was measured, and then maps of the spatial distribution of these soils were drawn by means of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) program As the results showed that these artifacts were distributed within different ranges, as the silt content was dominant in most of the horizons of the pavilions. As for the spatial distribution, the areas with a high silt content occupied the largest area.
The Effect of Mycorrhiza Inoculation and Organic Fertilization on some Growth and Flowering Qualities of the Chrysanthemum Plant Calendula officinalis L.
Authors: Al-Qaisi Alaa Ahmed Dakhil , Altai Salahaldeen H. M.
Published: December 2023

The experiment was carried out in the wooden canopy - Faculty of Agriculture-Tikrit University - during the agricultural season 2020-2021 in plastic pots and planted Chrysanthemum seedlings, the seeds of which were grown in Cork dishes on 10/1/2020, the seedlings were transferred to plastic pots with a diameter of 14 cm when 5-4 of the real leaves were formed by 18 repeated treatments three times to make 54 experimental units using the following transactions : 1-inoculation with mycorrhiza fungus of the type Glomus mosseae at two levels (with and without inoculation). 2-using two-level compost(with and without compost) manufactured from printing papers in a ratio of (1: 3), i.e. 3 paper compost and 1 soil, Also an artificial ptomose was used with a ratio of (2-1). And mixed soils (for comparison treatment). 3-use chemical fertilizer with three levels (no fertilizer, half recommendation, full recommendation). The results showed that inoculation with mycorrhiza fungi led to a significant increase in the dry weight rate.
Studying the Effect of Biochar, Vermicompost, Potassium Silicate and Perfusion Separator on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Soil and (Vigna radiate L.)
Authors: Hammadi Alaa Shallal , Alwan Bushra Mahmood
Published: December 2023

The field experiment was carried out during the fall season 2022 at the Agricultural Research and Experiment Station (Mahatta). A affiliate To the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences / University of Baghdad /mural for a purpose A study of the effect of biochar, vermi compost, potassium silicate and its separator Perfusion on the physical and chemical properties of soil And the growth, yield and quality of the mash inthe soil. With a split split panel design Split-Split Plot Design The coefficients were distributed using RCBD with three replications And with three factors, the main factor Main plottwo levels (4 days and 6 days) and the tokens were given (W3 and W6) sequentially and the second factor, Sub plot, potassium silicate Two levels of focus(0 and 1%) and symbols were given (S1 and S2) sequentially and the third factor under the secondary - Sub plot Sub Compost It includes both (Biochar, fertilizerworm, comparison(0, 4, 4) (Mg e-1 and the symbols are given(B0, B1, and B2) in sequence The mung bean was cultivated in Soil with a silty mixture texture Measurements were taken after harvest And Results shown The level of biochar addition was significantly higher in Soil physical and chemical properties For each of the Weighted diameter, organic matter and exchange capacity cationic And nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil.
Effect of Aluminum Sulfate and Cover Crops on Some Chemical and Physical Properties of Degraded Soil
Authors: Ali A. A. , Alagele S. M.
Published: December 2023

Prevalence of saline and sodic soils has been increased in arid and semi-arid regions which are often depend on irrigated agriculture, and this has led to a major threat to the agricultural sustainable production and environment. An alum has been used as chemical amendments in reclamation of degraded and dispersive soils which are affected by higher sodium concentration. A field experiment was carried out during the fall season in July, 2022 at Karma District - Anbar Governorate to study the effects of aluminum sulfate (alum) and cover crops on some soil physical and chemical properties and crop indicators in silty clay degraded soil due to salinization and high sodicity. The experimental design for the study site was a split-plot design arrangement with a randomized completely plot design (RCBD. The whole plot factor included cover crops which included no cover crops (NCC), sesbania (CC1) and millet crop (Panicum miliceum L.) (CC2), and alum levels were a split-plot factor which included A0 (0 mg ha-1), A1 (1.8 mg ha-1), A2 (3.6 mg ha-1) and A3 (7.2 mg ha-1). Three replications within each treatment were used in this study design, and the total experimental treatments were 36 treatments. Sorghum was planted as main crop in this study. The results showed that the concentration of A3 has decreased adsorption sodium percentage (ESP), pH, soil bulk density and carbonate minerals by 64, 20, 21 and 35%, respectively as compared with A0. Also, the alum level of A3 had greater aggregate stability, total porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) by 100, 29 and 145%, respectively. Cover crops were roughly decreased by 10, 3 and 8% for ESP, soil bulk density and carbonate minerals, respectively. The water-stable aggregates and Kat were increased by averaging 8-12% and averaging 8-29 mm hr-1, respectively for cover crop systems as compared to NCC management. The treatment of CC2A3 had the highest values for all measured soil properties as compared with the control treatment of NCCA0. In conclusion, adding alum and planting cover crops have been contributed to improved overall soil chemical and physical properties in degraded soil.
Fertility Evaluation of Soils of Mahaweel District in Babil Governorate Using GIS
Authors: Gaeid Fatimah Ibrahim , Jubier Amal Radhi , Oleiwi Mohammed Sallal
Published: December 2023

The study area was chosen in the Mahaweel district of Babylon Governorate, which is located within the area confined between lonitude (44200.00 – 44650.00) to the east and latitude (32250.00-34490.00) north, as 15 pedons were detected, and their coordinates were determined by a GPS device, then their horizons were described in a fundamental morphological manner, and samples were obtained from each horizon and preserved and prepared to conduct the necessary laboratory measurements on them, as the characteristics related to soil fertility were measured, and the results showed that Soils in the horizon Ap have been classified into three classes, non fertile N, low-fertile F4, and moderately fertile F3, as the moderately-fertile variety occupied the largest area in this horizon 80669.62 hectares with a percentage of 9.97%, while in the horizon C1 it was classified into two classes: non-fertile N and low-fertile F4, and the low-fertile variety occupied the largest area of 141926.59.ha, or 87.91%, and the soils in the C3 horizon were of little fertility in general. It is concluded from this that the soil fertility gradually decreases with the depth of the soil.