bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill
Published: August 2023

This chapter explains that the entire history of the music industry is one of repeated technological disruption. It lays out the 10 formats that we will examine in detail, starting with the invention of the phonograph through the streaming era and today’s emergence of voice control and artificial intelligence. It describes how multiple innovations come together to enable the creation of new formats for experiencing music—and how once that new format occupies a dominant market position, the other elements of the business shift as well. It introduces the framework we use to analyze each of these disruptive changes, called the 6Cs, and its components: cutting-edge technology, creators, channels, cash, consumers, and copyright.
Streaming Video
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the rise of streaming video services and apps as popular means of distributing and consuming music. It details the rapid rise of both YouTube in the mid-2000s and TikTok in the late 2010s. The chapter covers the roles of user-uploaded content, audio recognition technology, and laws such as the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), all of which enabled services like YouTube and TikTok to leverage “opt-out” music licensing as opposed to the “opt-in” licensing used by services like Spotify. It discusses the various attempts to address the so-called value gap that has resulted from opt-out licensing, and the global nature of opt-out licensing facilitating the rise of global megastars like Justin Bieber and Luis Fonsi. The chapter also covers phenomena such as viral hits on YouTube, back-catalog music that has been revitalized on TikTok, and the increasing influence on the creative process of user-selected short clips on TikTok.
Coda
Authors: Singer Howie , Rosenblatt Bill
Published: August 2023

This chapter applies in two ways the lessons of the 6C Framework described in the book. First, it considers each of the 6Cs (cutting-edge technology, creators, channels, consumers, cash, and copyright) across the music distribution formats discussed in the book. These discussions include the triumph of convenience over quality in music formats; economic difficulties giving rise to risk tolerance; artists discovering the creative possibilities in new formats; the law’s growing struggle to keep up with technological advances; and record labels’ constant underestimation of fans’ tolerance for racial diversity. Second, the chapter considers how each of the 6Cs applies to another industry. Industries covered here include coffee, textbook publishing, newspapers, ride-sharing services, professional basketball, and movies.
Movies, Examples, and Morality
Authors: Carroll Noël
Published: August 2023

Movies can engender moral learning through the viewer’s admiration for characters as examples. The chapter discusses the nature of emotions in life and at the movies. Admiration can be a long-term cognitive state, or it can be an occurrent emotion. Movies are criterially prefocused to elicit admiration for certain characters. The chapter uses the example of the movie Little Women and its elicitation of admiration for Jo. It then discusses the notion of virtue wheels, whereby characters are designed explicitly to be compared and contrasted with one another vis-à-vis virtues and vices. Here the chapter uses the example of Parenthood, influenced by Joseph Kupfer’s discussion of the film in his Visions of Virtue in Popular Film.
Out for Blood
Authors: Miller Elizabeth M.
Published: August 2023

Although the embryo protection hypothesis can help explain why women’s iron levels are lower, biomedical practitioners tend to favor another explanation: menstruation. This chapter uses both evolutionary and feminist thought to understand menstruation’s relationship to iron deficiency, beginning with its taboo status in many cultures—including the culture of biomedicine. It argues that taboo drove physicians to view menstruation as pathology, casting women as “the weaker sex.” Despite the efforts of early women doctors to explain that menstruation did not make women weak, tired, or drained of blood, the idea of menstruation as a pathology persists, including as a cause of iron deficiency. This sets up the core question of this chapter: If menstruation involves the loss of iron—a precious reproductive resource—why would menstruation evolve? This chapter covers three explanations for the evolution of menstruation and the implications for women, busting misconceptions about its relationship to iron status.
Blood from a Stone
Authors: Miller Elizabeth M.
Published: August 2023

Racial disparities in iron status persist among U.S. women, a phenomenon with a long social reach. This chapter argues that iron deficiency in the United States is gendered and racialized, tracing the history of two distinct iron-related ailments pre-20th century: chlorosis and Cachexia Africana. Colonialist race science shaped the way each illness was defined; and each illness disappeared as the social need for them changed with time. Iron status was also targeted as the science of heredity exploded in the early 20th century. The chapter discusses the racialization of iron status by scientists and anthropologists who saw racial disparities as genetic, the cause of different bloods, and further proof that Black and White people had fundamentally different genes. This structural racism has profoundly unequal effects on maternal morbidity and mortality, an enduring legacy of a racist science.
Economic Ethics
Authors: Niditch Susan
Published: August 2023

Questions about people’s uneven access to material and cultural resources are central to contemporary discourse about the nature of society, obligations of the well-off to share the benefits they enjoy, and the role of governments and individuals in approaches to the causes and consequences of wealth and poverty. These questions are increasingly informed by awareness of intersectionality, that is, the ways in which economic status interplays with attitudes toward and conditions experienced by people of various races, genders, classes, and ethnicities, however these are culturally and socially defined. This chapter focuses on attitudes to and recommendations for dealing with poverty in the legal traditions preserved in the biblical books of Exodus, Leviticus, and Deuteronomy, and then turns to a Tannaitic halakik midrash Sifra to explore how the early Rabbinic tradition interprets a few key verses in Leviticus. The preserved legal texts in the Pentateuch admit of variation, nuance, and development.
The Nature of Supply Networks
Authors: Choi Thomas Y.
Published: August 2023

Supply chains are networks. Supply chains are a simplification of what actually happens, and supply networks are much closer to what is real. When two companies engage in business as a buyer and a supplier, they form a buyer-supplier relationship. That is a dyad—two entities linked in a relationship. Yet, triads are the smallest unit where we can begin to observe network dynamics. A common triad in supply networks is the buyer-supplier-supplier relationship. If we extend the supplier-supplier relationship horizontally, we get a supply base to a buying company. If we extend the buyer-supplier relationship vertically, we see an extended supply chain. If we combine the supply bases and extended supply chains, we end up with supply networks. Using the network concepts and theories, we study the structural and behavioral patterns of supply networks. Further, using the theoretical lens of complex adaptive systems, we examine the dynamic and evolutionary patterns of supply networks. By doing so, we consider how to help make supply networks become more resilient and robust.
Companies, Supply Chains, and Supply Networks
Authors: Choi Thomas Y.
Published: August 2023

Companies transform goods from one state to another state to satisfy customer requirements. To do that, they procure goods and services from their suppliers. These suppliers, as companies, do the same thing with their suppliers. When we line up all buying companies and supplying companies, we end up with a supply chain. Supply chains behave as a system of autonomous companies that exhibit systems-level dynamics. To bring a product to the market, many supply chains that include companies from different industries crisscross one another and form networks of companies we call supply networks. In other words, what we have in reality resembles a network more than a chain. In this regard, supply chains are a simplification of what actually happens. Supply networks are much closer to what is real.
Dyads in Supply Networks
Authors: Choi Thomas Y.
Published: August 2023

When two companies engage in business as a buyer and a supplier, they form a buyer-supplier relationship. That is a dyad—two entities linked up in a relationship. Examining how suppliers are embedded in their extended ties, we discover the duality of buyer-supplier relationships; for instance, a deep buyer-supplier relationship offers stability but also poses rigidity. We consider another form of a dyad in supplier-supplier relationships. The relationship between suppliers matters because sometimes the buyer would want the suppliers to work together, as in a new product development project; other times, the buyer would not want the suppliers to even talk to each other, especially when they are bidding on the same contract. These relationships between suppliers, in general, operate in varying degrees of co-opetition involving cooperation and competition.
Supply Chains as Networks
Authors: Choi Thomas Y.
Published: August 2023

This chapter maps the actual supply networks of the center console module for the Honda Accord, Acura CL/TL, and DaimlerChrysler Grand Cherokee. The chapter characterizes the structural behavior of supply networks. The chapter then subjects the data to software to compute the network structural indexes both at the node level and network level. Building on the lessons learned from the network analysis, a new type of critical supplier whose importance comes from their structural position in the network is proposed. They are called nexus suppliers, and an algorithm is developed for the nexus supplier index. It is then discussed how supply network mapping should be considered as one anticipates more extreme events that will disrupt global supply networks in the coming years.
Supply Networks as a Complex Adaptive System
Authors: Choi Thomas Y.
Published: August 2023

Supply networks are theorized as complex adaptive systems. Interactions between the complex adaptive system and the environment lead to co-evolution, and what comes out of the co-evolution can affect what happens in the environment and the complex adaptive system. Through such dynamic interactions, supply networks emerge over time with no single entity (i.e., a focal company) orchestrating its entire activities. A focal company makes a strategic decision as to how much of that supply network to control. Beyond the realm of control and visibility, things simply emerge for the companies in a supply network. We apply these concepts to theorize the behaviors of supply chains and how supply networks may operate more resiliently through a jury-rigging process. Computational studies are conducted using Wolfram’s cellular automata and Kauffman’s NK model.
Presence
Authors: Bushman Richard Lyman
Published: August 2023

The historian of religion Robert Orsi calls moments when a divine presence is believed to have entered human life “abundant events.” Such occurrences reshape personal relationships, he notes, as happened to the people around Joseph Smith when he brought home the gold plates. Each member of the Smith family was affected: Joseph Smith Jr., Lucy Smith, Joseph Smith Sr. and his greater family, and Emma Smith. The early believers accepted the plates without proof of their reality except Martin Harris and his wife Lucy who were more skeptical. They were caught up in what the literary theorist Tzvetan Todorov calls the fantastic. They could neither believe nor disbelieve. Martin Harris was only satisfied when he saw the plates himself as one of the three witnesses and Lucy never accepted them. The Whitmers, another set of friends affected by the plates, developed their own family tradition of seeing the plates and receiving divine messengers
The Eros Variations
Authors: Coles Elizabeth Sarah
Published: August 2023

This is the first of two chapters to explore variations on the function and forms of Carson’s academic criticism. The chapter examines variations on Carson’s early reading of desire in the possessive mode in Eros the Bittersweet (1986), tracing its formal and theoretical legacies in the light-footed literary-critical sketch, The Albertine Workout (2014), and “Possessive Used as Drink (Me): A Lecture on Pronouns in the Form of 15 Sonnets” from the performance-oriented pamphlet series, Float (2016). Beginning with her early essay, Carson’s arguments on the question of eros complement or replace exposition with the imitation of an idea in the form, structure, or stylistics of the reading. This short history of the theory of eros in Carson—and of a distinctive approach to interpretive form—shows how the relationship between writing and desire in her early work becomes the framework for a longer-term inquiry into the emotions of reading literature.
Sappho in the Open
Authors: Coles Elizabeth Sarah
Published: August 2023

Carson’s minimalist, textually driven, and materially committed translation of the fragments of Sappho is the subject of this final chapter, an oeuvre whose textual history combines rigorous scholarship with fictional interpolation, misquotation, and erotic fantasy. The chapter asks what kind of intervention Carson’s uncluttered, hands-free edition is exactly, vis-à-vis her aim to translate under the fantasy she calls “transparency of self.” Coles reads If Not, Winter: Fragments of Sappho as the unlikely work that perhaps best illustrates what form is for Carson, and what is at stake in its cognitive-emotional effects. Carson’s text reproduces Sappho’s extant material, but the textual imitation of materiality produces an extreme, high-voltage lyric form whose drastic spaces, stray words, and hedged brackets still-frame the solitary speech of reading them. The role of negative form, of unmarked pages, is to capture what it is we want and need from Sappho, amplifying our logic at the edge.
Robert Nozick 1938–2002
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: August 2023

This is a eulogy for the philosopher Robert Nozick, who died in 2002.
John Searle 2009
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: August 2023

This is a tribute to the philosopher John Searle, after fifty years of teaching at Berkeley.
Ronald Dworkin 1931–2013
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: August 2023

This is a eulogy for the philosopher Ronald Dworkin, who died in 2013.
Barry Stroud 1935–2019
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: August 2023

This is a eulogy for the philosopher Barry Stroud, who died in 2019.
Objections from Other Attributes
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: August 2023

This chapter addresses objections that omnisubjectivity is incompatible with traditional divine attributes such as timelessness, immutability, impassibility, divine goodness and holiness, and infinity. It argues that omnisubjectivity does not add any additional problems to divine timelessness and immutability that are not already present in the problem of how a timeless God can grasp objective events in time. Whether God is passible depends upon whether grasping a feeling perfectly in the imagination is having a feeling. This chapter continues the argument of Chapter 3 that the imaginative grasp of a feeling is not a feeling. The same point applies to grasping immoral conscious states or states that seem inappropriate for a holy being. God can grasp states that are impossible for him to have as himself, such as fear and confusion, because God does not imagine himself being afraid or confused. Rather, God imagines being a human or an animal that is afraid or confused.
Food and Market
Authors: Azarieva Janetta , Brudny Yitzhak M. , Finkel Eugene
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on food as the key driver of Russia’s market reforms in early 1991. The authors show that the liberal market reforms and the “shock therapy” policies of President Boris Yeltsin and his liberal advisors were driven primarily by the fear of famine and the resulting state collapse. The chapter discusses the liberal reformers’ attempt to feed Russia by using the mechanism of open market and the inevitable short-term results of these policies that increased food availability in stores but made it unaffordable for large segments of the society. The authors also document the different individual and collective strategies of coping with high food prices during the period of the early and mid-1990s.
The War in Ukraine and Russia’s Food Politics
Authors: Azarieva Janetta , Brudny Yitzhak M. , Finkel Eugene
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the role of food during the first eight months after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. The goal of Russia’s nutritional independence drive was to protect the country and the regime from political instability, caused by food shortage in a case of a major political or social crisis. This system managed to survive the growing conflict with the West and an unexpected global pandemic. Yet the food import ban was just a prelude to the system’s key test—a major armed confrontation. The chapter discusses how the war affected Russia’s food policies and the expansion of the nutritional independence agenda even beyond areas identified in the Food Security Doctrine. The authors also discuss Russia’s use of food as a weapon, its attacks on Ukraine agriculture and grain exports, and deliberate attempts to use the threat of global famine as a weapon.
Nationalistic Sentiments and Mass Foreign Policy Preferences
Authors: Ko Jiyoung
Published: August 2023

Drawing upon research in social psychology and international relations, this chapter elucidates how nationalistic sentiments shape mass foreign policy preferences. Specifically, it unpacks the common micro-level assumptions on which studies of nationalism and war have relied by examining the following questions: What are nationalistic sentiments? What psychological and cognitive traits do nationalistic sentiments have? How do they affect people’s foreign policy preferences? In what contexts do these sentiments cause adverse foreign policy preferences? Can those adverse preferences be easily reversed? The chapter closes by discussing why popular nationalism matters to political elites in their foreign policy decision-making and how they observe it.
Rigid Borders, Spasmodic Wars
Authors: Kadercan Burak
Published: August 2023

IR scholarship tends to define the territorial model on which the present-day arrangements are built in terms of so-called Westphalian territoriality. In this conventional thinking, territoriality is also seen as a synonym for Westphalian territoriality. This chapter challenges the conventional wisdom in two ways. First, it distinguishes between mosaic territoriality and monolithic territoriality; while these territorial orders are both built on rigid borders, they differ in terms of sociospatial organization. Mosaic territoriality entails a heterogeneous approach to sociospatial organization, while monolithic territoriality privileges sociospatial homogeneity. Historically speaking, the transition from mosaic orders to monolithic orders was a function of the rise of nationalism as a core component of state ideologies. It follows that the dominant territorial model of the present-day is categorically distinct from the one usually attributed to the Peace of Westphalia. The second claim is that mosaic and monolithic orders are associated with distinct motives and methods for fighting over territory. These claims are examined in the context of two paradigmatic cases, France and Prussia/Germany, before and after the rise of nationalism.
Introduction to Transnationalism, Intersectionality, and Migration Ecological Trajectories
Authors: Shizha Edward , Makwarimba Edward
Published: August 2023

Migration and transnationalism are central to human settlement in contemporary societies. Most industrialized countries are experiencing low birth rates and are dependent on migrants to satisfy their labor markets. Political and economic instability in the Global South result in mass movements to prospering and stable countries in the Global North. However, migration is a complex phenomenon grounded in the diversity of transnational migrants. This introductory chapter explains these complexities by introducing three theoretical frameworks applied in the chapters in this volume: transnationalism, Kimberlé Crenshaw’s intersectionality, and Uri Bronfenbrenner’s socioecological systems model. These key terms are defined and explained to avoid confusion of usage and to show how interconnected the concepts are in discussing immigrants’ transnational lives. Overlapping intersectional factors are connected to how ecological systems work to support or create barriers for the settlement and integration of immigrants in host societies, thus influencing transnational migration and experiences.
The European Union’s Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex)
Authors: Karasapan Omer
Published: August 2023

This chapter explains how Frontex was created in 2004, with the objective of guaranteeing safe, secure, and well-functioning EU external borders and reducing their vulnerability. The chapter observes that Frontex is the European Union’s only uniformed agency, with a budget of €320 million and a staff of 700 in 2018 and a planned expansion to 10,000 border guards by 2027. It argues that with this growth comes controversies around how the European Union manages the inflow of migrants and asylum seekers, especially those from Libya and Turkey, and that it has been accused of harsh migrant pushbacks, mistreatment, and deaths, often with the complicity of Frontex staff and officials. The chapter concludes that the establishment of the agency and the policies and principles that guide it have resulted in the European Union subsequently weakening migrants’ human rights in Member States.
The (In)Coherence of European Migration Policy
Authors: del Miño Paloma González , Olmedo Concepción Anguita
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines the multidimensional nature of the Mediterranean migrant “crisis” and its consequences and challenges for the European Union. The chapter argues that to solve this impasse, the European Union has implemented new mechanisms in addition to improving the efficiency of those already in the EU countries. It challenges the European Union’s response to primarily limit border securitization through the delayed and weak reinforcement of the external borders and turning toward internal security, rather than respecting international and European Community treaties and the promotion of their values, which is clearly in contradiction with the leadership of this global actor. Starting with the migratory or refugee crisis in the Mediterranean, this chapter discusses the implications of the adoption of security policies versus humanitarian responses, which has undoubtedly deepened the differences within the European Union and generated a crisis of governance.
Food Self-Sufficiency
Authors: Jorissen Elsemarie , Uthuman Maliamungu Habib
Published: August 2023

This chapter provides a holistic view of Intersectional factors that influence food self-sufficiency through agricultural production among South-Sudanese refugees in Uganda. The chapter points to conflict and instability in the region that contribute to making Uganda a long-term recipient of refugees from neighboring countries. It explains that the nature of asylum in protracted refugee situations has influenced Uganda’s policy to move away from long-term care and maintenance to a durable developmental approach by allocating land to refugee households in designated settlements. The policy assumes that by having access to land, refugees are enabled to produce agricultural output from the land to become food self-sufficient. Using Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model, the chapter analyzes results from a case study in Mungula refugee settlement and describes land security macro-level factors that influence food self-sufficiency at the micro level for South-Sudanese refugee households.
Why Do Ethnic Citizens Identify More with Their Cultural Groups Than with the State in Canada?
Authors: Madut Kon K.
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores how social and public institutions influence ethnic groups’ identities in Canada. The chapter argues that historical, social, and systematic categorization of ethnic groups in Canada and their imagined communities of racialized minorities and citizenship provide arbitrary classifications that have undermined racialized immigrants’ citizenship rights, effective socioeconomic integration, and political participation. Data presented in this chapter are from transcribed stories of 120 participants interviewed between 2015 and 2018. The findings indicate that Canadian social and public institutions are influenced by systemic sociopolitical constructions of citizenship based on ethnocultural “facts” that arbitrarily link ethnic groups to a primordial identification with an imagined ethnocultural community. The chapter concludes that Canadian institutions should support ethnic communities’ agency to identify with the state by ensuring fair and equitable participation in all aspects of socioeconomic and political spheres.
Gender Norm Attitudes Among Nigerian and Angolan Migrants in the Netherlands
Authors: Dito Bilisuma B. , Cebotari Victor
Published: August 2023

This chapter points out that literature that investigates migrants’ gender norm attitudes are scant. It further argues that while existing research views gender norms as fixed values shared collectively, emerging studies show that norms are constructed and interpreted at an individual level and can intersect with one’s socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. This chapter contributes to this emerging research by investigating the factors that determine the gender norm attitudes of two African migrant groups, Nigerians, and Angolans living in the Netherlands. The chapter presents findings based on analysis of survey data on gender norm attitudes of these migrants. It shows the presence of a dynamic process that shape migrants’ gender norm attitudes with differences observed across both inter-migrant group and intra-migrant groups from various countries of origin in destination countries. The chapter emphasizes the important intra-migrant group differences tied to their individual, social, and economic positioning in destination countries.
Interpersonal Traits as Predictors of Accommodation
Authors: Gaines Stanley O.
Published: August 2023

In this chapter, attachment styles (i.e., dismissing, fearful, preoccupied, and secure) and attachment orientations (i.e., anxious and avoidant) within a heretofore untested interpersonal circumplex model of attitudes are incorporated, ignoring accommodation empirically (if not conceptually). The chapter conceptualizes positivity of attitude toward self in relation to significant others as an agentic attitude, and positivity of attitude toward significant others in relation to the self as a communal attitude. Using previously unpublished data by Gaines , and including the Relationship Styles Questionnaire (RSQ) plus the Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) inventory, results of a circulant correlation analysis indicate that an “equal-spacing, equal-communality” model yields satisfactory fit. Furthermore, results of confirmatory factor analyses indicate that a two-factor model yields satisfactory fit. The chapter ends by previewing Chapter 9.
Culture and Personality of the Specialists in Horrific Death
Authors: Aran Gideon
Published: August 2023

Chapter 3 relates to the distinctive ethos of ZAKA and to the characteristic personality, biography, and habitus of its members. This chapter acquaints the readers with the peculiar rites and folklore of ZAKA’s volunteers along with their typical informal norms of behavior, including a reference to some aspects of which that are often regarded bizarre or deplorable.
God-Fearing Acrobats
Authors: Aran Gideon
Published: August 2023

Chapter 7 concerns religious brinkmanship: the delicate risky art of seeking a higher level of Jewish life through challenging Orthodox taboos. ZAKA activists’ virtuosity is manifested in practicing death management that involves antinomian and hypernomian religiosity at the same time. The suicide terrorism arena provided a a controversial but still legitimate way to become haredi culture heroes while creatively violating traditional rabbinic norms. This point and others is illustrated with the help of Hindu analogy: A detailed comparison of two types of sacred death specialists. The chapter depicts the ritual prodedures by which both priests of the macabre make a bad death into a good one.
Voodoo: The History of a Racial Slur
Authors: Boaz Danielle N.
Published: August 2023

The word “voodoo” originated in the United States nearly two hundred years ago. Since its inception, “voodoo” has been a mechanism for prejudiced individuals to invoke all their anxieties and stereotypes about people of African descent. It has been a way to call them uncivilized, superstitious, hypersexual, violent, and cannibalistic, by merely uttering a single word. This book explores public perceptions of “voodoo” as they have varied over time and have shifted to encompass different religious communities, distinct practices, and evolving perceptions about people of African descent, with an emphasis on the intricate connection between stereotypes of “voodoo” and debates about race and human rights. The research for this project has consisted of examining texts published for public consumption such as newspapers, travelogues, magazines, and books.
Love Cults and “White Slaves” in the 1920s
Authors: Boaz Danielle N.
Published: August 2023

From 1922 to 1929, a series of cases arose in several mid-Atlantic states (Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and West Virginia) and in Oklahoma where Black male “voodoo doctors” were accused of kidnapping, enslaving, and murdering women. In most of these cases, the alleged victims were white. In those where the victims were nonwhite, reports connected the “voodoo doctors” back to white patronage—either through an abundance of white clients or from donations/financial backing from white people. These reports about “voodoo” revealed twentieth-century anxieties about African Americans and race relations. They reflect the complex combination of concerns that arose following African Americans’ migrations from the South to the North and the West during World War I (1914 to 1919) and the race conflicts that occurred during the “Red Summer” of 1919 and the early 1920s.
Conclusion
Authors: Boaz Danielle N.
Published: August 2023

Prejudices about African religions seem to be some of the most pervasive of the numerous stereotypes that slavery, colonization, and segregation relied on for their existence. In the twenty-first century, many people continue to use words like Obeah, voodoo, and macumba dismissively and derogatorily. This chapter explores present-day and historical examples of the persecution of African diaspora religions which provide proof of the destructive power of these racist labels and why we need to be rid of them. Specifically, it describes how public (mis)understandings of these terms generate fear that legalizing African diaspora religions will invite “witchcraft” into their communities and that the widespread practice of African “superstitions” has led to natural disasters. Additionally, people who carry out physical assaults on African diaspora religious communities continue to deploy these terms to try to rationalize acts of violence.
The Philosophy of Exploration
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the philosophy of exploration. First, scientific views are instruments for interacting with the universe and determining what the universe is like. Scientific views determine the panorama of problems, dangers, and opportunities we can be aware of. As worldviews change, the panorama changes as well. By becoming aware of them, we become able to think of new solutions and new technologies. Serendipity is thus the natural (practically inevitable) result of scientific change. Second, science is dynamic. Science is always changing because it is never complete (being a human creation), and when challenged by new circumstances, it must adapt. When challenged by new ideas, science is, once again, spurred to change. Scientific exploration places science in new circumstances and presents it with new ideas. Therefore, scientific exploration leads to change in our scientific views, and thus to serendipity. Space exploration in particular leads to significant new science.
Cosmology and Fundamental Physics
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses cosmology and fundamental physics. Physics and astronomy done from space lead to challenges to the fundamental science that applies on Earth, sometimes with significant practical consequences. For example, bombardment of iron by X-rays in stars and near black holes led to destruction of cancer tumors without damage to surrounding tissue. According to space science, the matter-energy of the universe consists of dark energy (68%) and dark matter (27%), whereas the Standard Model explains only 5%. Because of Earth’s atmosphere and radioactivity, we need telescopes in orbit. The study of the heavens at all levels has been a driving force in the development of fundamental science. The Standard Model might benefit: a particle accelerator could circle the Moon. And many new tests of the general theory of relativity have been done, with more to come, including gigantic gravitational wave detectors on the Moon and in orbit.
Humankind in Outer Space
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses humankind in outer space. Teleoperators and robots do some aspects of space exploration more efficiently; humans have advantages in other aspects. The poorly designed Space Shuttle set back both machine and human exploration. Large-scale human colonization will need faster spaceships, or large exploring O’Neill “colonies” with artificial gravity (from rotation). The obstacle to light-speed spaceships is Einstein’s velocity-addition formula, not Einstein’s mass equation. For near-relativistic spaceships, the obstacle is the gigantic amount of fuel it would carry. The Bussard ramjet would scoop hydrogen ions from space as fuel. Whitmire catalytic nuclear ramjet would be more efficient. Thorne proposes using Wheeler wormholes to travel faster than light, but his proposal is mired in time-travel paradoxes. Alcubierre argued that an engine that contracts space-time in front of the starship and expands space-time behind it (general theory of relativity) would allow the starship to go arbitrarily faster than light.
Moral Feelings, Moral Reality, and Moral Progress
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: August 2023

This book consists of two essays that are related to each other: “Gut Feelings and Moral Knowledge” and “Moral Reality and Moral Progress.” The longer second essay has not been previously published. Both are concerned with moral epistemology and our means of access to moral truth; both are concerned with moral realism and with the resistance to subjectivist and reductionist accounts of morality; and both are concerned with the historical development of moral knowledge. The second essay also proposes an account of the historical development of moral truth, according to which it does not share the timelessness of scientific truth. This is because moral truth must be based on reasons that are accessible to the individuals to whom they apply, and such accessibility depends on historical developments. The result is that only some advances in moral knowledge are discoveries of what has been true all along.
Freedom, Representation, and Consciousness
Authors: Lehrer Keith
Published: August 2023

In this chapter’s terminology, belief is a first-order state, which is not something we freely choose. By contrast, acceptance is a higher-order state, something we may freely choose. Acceptance is within the power of freedom of choice and ultimate preference. This chapter explores the role of consciousness and the exemplar representation of consciousness in artistic and/or scientific construction of our world, ourselves in our world and our world in ourselves. Exemplar representation requires a special direction of attention to the exemplar. The special role of such representation in science is illustrated with a scientific example of the image of ribosomes. This representation may require a bracketing of background assumptions to gain the new exemplarization of a world.
Mutual Endangerment in Indonesia
Authors: Rithmire Meg
Published: August 2023

While Suharto’s New Order began with distrust between Chinese capitalists and the regime, its first few decades were characterized by mutual alignment. Chinese conglomerates pursued profits with political protection from the regime, but they were also constrained in their actions by the regime’s tight control of the financial system. When fiscal pressures motivated Suharto’s government to liberalize the financial system in the 1980s, however, insecure capitalists established their own banks and securities firms and state-business relations were characterized by mutual endangerment. Conglomerates engaged in asset expatriation and looting (fraud and mismanagement), and elites weaponized information about corruption against one another. These relationships culminated in, and accelerated, the Asian Financial Crisis that destroyed the New Order in the late 1990s.
Mutual Alignment and Competitive Clientelism in Malaysia
Authors: Rithmire Meg
Published: August 2023

Malaysia’s Barisan Nasional regime extracted political fealty from business while also pursuing the regime goals of ethnic redistribution and economic growth. Business elites’ historic fear of ethnic mobilization and unpredictable redistribution led them to capitulate to the regime’s program of Malay dominance and coercive, but predictable, redistribution. Before liberalization in the 1980s–1990s, the state had the power to both allocate capital and monitor its recipients. Financial liberalization, however, produced economic elites with political patrons and little oversight. Malaysia’s regime survived the Asian Financial Crisis with the political loyalty of business elites who supported the regime in the midst of economic and political crisis. In the aftermath, the regime reconstituted state control through corporate governance mechanisms, especially government-linked investment companies. But long-term mutual alignment in Malaysia has eroded both the power of business elites to allocate investments based on the pursuit of profit and the ability of the state to achieve its economic goals.
How We Hurt
Authors: Sherman Melina
Published: August 2023

How We Hurt dives into the institutional and cultural dimensions of the ongoing opioid epidemic. In a detailed analysis of pain management, opioid regulation, pharmaceutical branding, self-help, and public discourses on opioid addiction, it argues that the linchpin underlying the opioid epidemic’s evolution in North America is the problem of pain. By unpacking the politics of pain in different domains, How We Hurt shows how the crisis emerged and why it looks the way it does today. The book’s chapters begin by tracing the trajectory of opioids in pain management, where decisions regarding the measurement of pain led to relief becoming wedded to opioids in medicine. The following chapters examine the problem of pain in opioid regulation, pharmaceutical branding, and the chronic pain self-help industry. In these areas, a disastrous combination of strategic ignorance and deep-seated ties between public health entities and pharmaceutical companies drove the influx of opioids onto the market and into our medicine cabinets. The book’s penultimate chapter applies the analysis of pain to the problem of opioid addiction in popular discourse and shows how the opioid crisis has evolved alongside new conceptions of people who use opioids. These conceptions have conditioned whose pain is seen as legitimate and whose is not. Finally, the book concludes by considering the implications of its findings for the development of drug policy and future research on public health disasters, insisting on an interdisciplinary and multifaceted approach to the study of pain and its place in American culture.
Self-Help and the Rise of the Pain Patient-Expert
Authors: Sherman Melina
Published: August 2023

Chapter 4 examines the ways in which the discourses that mark the pharmaceutical branding of opioids have become integrated into and reworked in the nonpharmaceutical self-help industry, which many people in pain often turn to when attempting to stop using opioids. This chapter traces self-help’s entrance into pain management through theories and programs of chronic pain “self-management.” It discusses how the rise of self-help in the domain of chronic pain has also paralleled the creation of a new kind of pain patient—the pain patient-expert. In both the pharmaceutical industry and the self-help industry, pain is constructed as the antithesis to leading a good life, which itself is cast in terms of individual productivity and the ability to restore and then enhance one’s own capacities. Such a discourse is fundamentally incompatible with the reality that pain is a deeply social phenomenon—with socially informed causes and, potentially, solutions.
Military intervention in Syria
Authors: Tama Jordan
Published: August 2023

“Military intervention in Syria” analyzes factors that shaped the positions of Democrats and Republicans on US military involvement in the Syrian civil war that began in 2011. Across the presidencies of Barack Obama and Donald Trump, the Democratic and Republican Parties were both internally divided over whether the United States should intervene in the Syrian conflict. These intra-party divisions were facilitated by the ideological and advocacy landscapes on the issue. The positions of US voters and elites on intervention in Syria lacked a left-right ideological fault line. At the same time, advocacy activity on the issue was largely limited to groups that lacked a partisan orientation. These conditions gave Democratic and Republican elected officials considerable discretion to cooperate across the aisle in competing pro-intervention and anti-intervention bipartisan coalitions, while making it difficult to forge consensus in support of any particular policy option.
Implications and bipartisanship under Biden
Authors: Tama Jordan
Published: August 2023

“Implications and bipartisanship under Biden” summarizes the book’s findings, examines their continued relevance during Joe Biden’s presidency, and discusses their implications for the effectiveness of US foreign policy and efforts to foster bipartisanship today. Under Biden, Democrats and Republicans have formed bipartisan coalitions on a variety of foreign policy issues, even as overall polarization in American politics has remained sky-high. Yet bipartisanship in Congress on international issues has continued to coexist often with intra-party divisions or disagreement between Congress and the president, making it more difficult for the United States to carry out a coherent and effective foreign policy. The book’s findings further suggest that people at all levels of American society, from voters to advocacy groups to elected officials, can be forces for bipartisanship, but that their capacity to bring Democrats and Republicans together varies depending on the extent of pre-existing ideological cleavages on an issue.
Baptism and Trinitarian Theology
Authors: Abecina Alexander L.
Published: August 2023

This chapter delves deeper into Gregory’s understanding of baptism, and his use of baptismal exegesis to articulate his trinitarian theology. First, this chapter investigates ep. 5, ep. 24, and Adversus Macedonianos, where it analyse Gregory’s arguments for the unity of the trinitarian persons, derived from his exegesis of the baptismal formula. This uncovers what is termed Gregory’s ‘linear’ and ‘circular’ models of trinitarian unity of activity. Second, this chapter investigates two of Gregory’s Epiphany sermons, Adversus eos qui baptismum differunt and In diem luminum, which focus upon the baptism Christ’s as the ‘first-fruit’ of the ‘common lump’ of restored humanity. These sermons, which view Christ as the prototypical recipient of the unified activity of the Father, Son, and Spirit through baptism, help to construct an emerging picture of the underlying structure of Gregory’s doctrine of human transformation and union with God.
Rediscovering the Early Medieval Past in Wales
Authors: Edwards Nancy
Published: August 2023

This chapter introduces the main themes of the book and the multidisciplinary methodology which focuses on the archaeological evidence for early medieval Wales with an analysis of changing approaches to its study from antiquarians to the twenty-first century together with a discussion of the major written sources for the period. It considers the ways in which the material record has been studied from the sixteenth century onwards and the impact of these on how our understanding has developed. It also highlights the growing archaeological resource resulting from modern research and developer-led investigations and the increasing impact of scientific and other archaeological techniques that allow a much broader and chronologically better-defined interpretation of the evidence. Secondly, it introduces the written sources concerned with early medieval Wales, including an assessment of what has survived, before a chronological discussion of the main genres and some of the difficulties associated with using them. It also considers relevant sources written beyond Wales and key later medieval sources that can shed light on the early Middle Ages together with research on place names.
Power and Authority
Authors: Edwards Nancy
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the changing nature of power, authority, and cultural identity in early medieval Wales, focusing on the archaeological evidence for assembly sites, meeting places, and increased administrative complexity, as well as the evolution of a frontier between Wales and England following construction of Offa’s and Wat’s Dykes, and the Viking impact on different regions of Wales. It begins with consideration of evolving secular power structures, the role of the Church, and evidence of violence and conflict. Assembly sites, for example that associated with the Pillar of Eliseg, are discussed and set into the broader context of research on these elsewhere in Britain and Ireland. Changing relations with England are then analysed, focusing on the impact of Offa’s and Wat’s Dykes, their routes, chronology, and functions in a wider frontier landscape that included English bids for control of Tegeingl in the north-east. Finally, from the ninth century onwards, the Scandinavian impact on Wales is considered—raiding, settlement focused on Anglesey, the integration of settled landholding communities, and the significance of the development of trading routes between Dublin and Chester and along the south Wales coast. Overall the Viking impact on Wales is clearly related to the wider Scandinavian impact on the Atlantic seaways and the Irish Sea region as well as attacks on England and settlement of the Danelaw.
Justifications and Legal Framework
Authors: King Colin , Hendry Jennifer
Published: August 2023

This chapter contextualizes civil recovery in terms of broader national and transnational ‘follow the money’ approaches to targeting criminal assets. It then details how civil recovery was both enacted and justified in Ireland and England & Wales. The chapter outlines contentions that civil recovery is compensatory, reparative, preventive, non-punitive, and/or disincentivizing. Finally, the chapter provides a comprehensive account of the legal framework in both jurisdictions.