bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contamination by Heavy Metals in the Sediments of Sirwan/Diyala River, Garmian Region
Authors: Sarhat Abdulmutalib Raafat , Al-Obaidi Basim Shakir
Published: April 2023

This research was conducted to evaluate the contamination of some heavy metals including (Cadmium, Cupper, Lead, Nickel, Zink, Cobalt and Chromium) in the sediments of Sirwan/Diyala River. Sampling was conducted in different sites within the river banks, and four indices/factors including ecological risk factor (ER), enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), and geo-accumulation factor (Igeo) were used for this purpose. The result indicated that the concentrations of the observed metals were with the following order: Ni>Cr>Zn>Pb>Co>Cu>Cd. The values of enrichment factor were ranged from low of Co with a value of (EF = 1.12) to significant enrichment of Ni (EF = 9.13). However, the values of contamination factor indicated low contamination of sediments by Cu, Cd, Pb, Co and Zn with mean values of (0.74), (0.46), (0.49), (0.85) and (0.24) respectively, to significant contamination by Ni and Cr with mean values of (2.4) and (1) respectively. In terms of ecological risk factor, the average values of (Er) of all the observed elements were under low ecological risk category. The values of (Igeo) index for Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn and Co were under (unpolluted) category; while, Ni was under (unpolluted to moderate) category with a mean value of (0.61) and Cu fall under moderate category with a mean value of (1.04).
The Application of Remote Sensing Technologies for Enhancing Agroecosystems Performance
Authors: Omidi Anahita , Mehdizadeh Mohammad , Al-Taey Duraid K. A.
Published: April 2023

Human activity has dramatically altered the environment around the world. Most of these modifications occurred in natural habitats due to human activities. On the other hand, the variations in climatic conditions required to sustain appropriately performing ecosystems are becoming increasingly challenging for managers and policymakers. Often, pollution associated with human activities is diffuse, occurs over a wide geographic area, and accumulates over time. Assessing, monitoring, and eventually connecting relevant environmental variables with landscape development is crucial to overcoming these problems. Remote monitoring and evaluation of agroecosystem changes, using sensors, global positioning systems, and satellite-based platforms, provides for constant monitoring and assessment of field environment dynamics on a large scale. This study reviewed critical advances in remote sensing for the sustainable development of the agroecosystem.
Effect of Trichoderma Harzianum and Algae Chara sp and Levels of Mineral Fertilizer on Plant NPK Concentration and Wheat Yield Triticum aestivum L.
Authors: Al-Ziadi Hanan Awad Hammoud , Al-Jubouri Abdullah Kareem Jabar
Published: April 2023

A factorial experiment was conducted in alluvial mixture soil using the design (RCBD in research) Agricultural Research and Experiment Station - in the Al Bandar area located on the banks of the Euphrates River, affiliated to the College of Agriculture / University of Al-Muthanna for the winter agricultural season (2021-2022), with the aim of studying the effect of adding Trichoderma fungus harzianum and alga Chara sp and chemical fertilizers (0, 25, 50, 75) and the interaction between them in the concentration of NPK in the plant and the yield of the plant, and the results indicated the moral superiority of the double addition of the fungus T.harzianum and the alga Chara sp in all the studied traits of nitrogen concentration in the plant. (2.04%) the concentration of phosphorous in the plant (0.632), the concentration of potassium in the plant (2.235%), the number of grains of a spike (62.17 grains of a spike-1), and the weight of 1000 grains (52.36 g) of an enzyme, as significant differences were recorded. As a result of adding mineral fertilizer at different levels, level 75 recorded the highest values in nitrogen concentration in the plant (1.82%), phosphorous concentration in the plant (0.534%), potassium concentration in the plant (1.865%), the number of grains spike (56.94 grains of a spike-1) and weight 1000 tablets (51.39 g).
Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons Accumulated on Pholcidea Spider Webs in Basra Province
Authors: Taher Huda Zuhair , Azeez Nayyef M. , Najim Shurooq A.
Published: April 2023

The study determined the concentrations of poly aromatic hydrocarbons accumulated on Pholcidea spider webs in Basra province from September 2021 to August 2022. It included five distributed stations over The province (Basra Center, Qurma Ali, Shatt Al-Arabs, Abu Al-Khasib and Al-Rumaila). The content of aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in spider web samples was determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS), Japanese-made and located at the Basra Oil Company, Nahran Bin Omar site, Shimadzu type. The results showed that the average concentration of hydrocarbons is higher in Basra station at 0.2798 dry weight and less in Al-Khasib station at 0.0028 dry weight. High temperatures compared to average temperatures, and the results showed a decrease in the level of deposition of aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the detected hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of other countries showed a high level of concentration compared to the results of the current study, and it was proved that the aromatic hydrocarbons in the nets of Pholcidea spiders are caused by A major determinant of traffic emissions is that the main determinant of hydrocarbon accumulation in spider webs is that only high molecular weight compounds can be effectively measured using spider webs. The aromatic hydrocarbons pattern showed similar levels of the compounds in all collected samples. However, these PAH levels were compounds from different sources such as industrial or traffic activities at different locations.
Using Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) and CO2 as Environmentally Friendly Method for Reducing Residual Oil Saturation
Authors: Al-Assal Jawad R. , Al-Rubaye Ameer H. , Al-Robai Hazim Aziz
Published: April 2023

Dioxide carbon is essentially blamed to be the main factors causing the climate change effect because it is the most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is widely embraced as one of the leading and easiest Environmentally Friendly ways of mitigating carbon emissions to the atmosphere. By reducing interfacial tension and enhancing oil mobility, surfactant flooding increases oil production by improving the displacement of the oil by water injection. When porous rocks’ wettability is improved with surfactant EOR, more oil is displaced from the water that passes through them more efficiently. One of the major problems with Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) operations is surfactant adsorption. The injection of surfactants into the field to reduce interfacial tension, modify wettability, and regulate mobility in order to increase the amount of oil recovered from a previously water-flooded reservoir is one method of enhanced oil recovery (the extraction of previously unattainable petroleum from an oil deposit using non-traditional methods). The loss of surfactant resulting from adsorption on formation rocks is one of the process’ major challenges. In fact, significant surfactant adsorption can cause chemical EOR procedures uneconomical. After studying the phase behavior and the interfacial characteristics of 10 surfactants with oil, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was chosen as the surfactant. Since sodium dodecyl sulfate had a higher oil recovery rate than the other surfactants, it was chosen among those Furthermore, it can produce stable emulsions at low concentrations without the need of a co-surfactant or an alkaline agent, and it can also do so while maintaining ultra-low interfacial tension (IFT). Carbon dioxide injection is a safe way to reduce its concentration in the atmosphere.
Effect of Fertilizing with Sludge and Two Strains of PGPB Bacteria on Improving Growth and Yield of Broccoli
Authors: Alshwaili Nisreen S. , Mijwel Abbas K. , Jasman Ammar K.
Published: April 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the autumn season 2021-2022 in the Al-Azzawiya area of Al-Mahaweel District, which is located 30 km north of the center of Babylon provainc, to study the effect of sludge, and it was used with four concentrations (0,10,20,30) tons. ha-1 and two types of microorganisms are (Enterobacter aerogenes and Serratia marcescens) isolated from soil in growth and yield of broccoli. As sludge was added to the main plot before planting, and then microorganisms were added when planting seedlings. The results showed that the addition of sludge caused a significant effect and gave the highest significant increase in leaf area 14422.93 cm 2, chlorophyll concentration 76.88 spad, the total yield of the plant 66.9 tons. ha-1, the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves is 2.30%. The percentage of phosphorous in the leaves is 0.45%, the percentage of potassium in the leaves is 2.91%, and ascorbic is 133.06 mg per 100 g in curd. Also, the microorganisms gave a significant response in all traits of vegetative growth, yield and qualitative indicators. The bacterial isolate of S. marcescens achieved a significant response and gave the best percentage in leaf area, total yield of the plant, percentage of phosphorous in leaves, percentage of potassium in leaves, percentage of nitrogen in leaves, ascorbic in curd except for chlorophyll, which affected E. aerogenes bacteria signifacnt in this respect. As the treatment 20 tons. ha-1 excelled and gave the highest total yield of 66.9 tons. ha-1. As for the interaction between sludge and microorganisms, it had a significant and positive effect on all the studied growth traits. As the treatment 20 tons. ha-1 x S. marcescens excelled and gave the best values for all studied indicators except for leaf area and chlorophyll concentration, where the treatment 20 tons. ha-1 x E. aerogenes increase excelled in this trait.
Effect of Organic Compounds (Alghum and Bactosan) and Zinc Fertilization on some Yield Traits of Broccoli Brassica oleracea Var. Italica
Authors: Hameed Mohammed Mahmood , Obaid Mohammed Hadi
Published: April 2023

This study investigated the influence of adding the two organic compounds (Alghum and Bactosan) and spraying with zinc on some indicators of broccoli yield in the agricultural growth season 2021-2022. The study was designed according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD); it contained three factors, the first with three levels of the organic compound Alghum (0, 8 and 12) kg. ha-1and the second with three levels of the organic compound Bactosan (0, 6 and 8) L. ha-1and the third with two concentrations of elemental zinc (0 and 1) g. L-1. The individual effect for the organic compound Alghum showed a significant increase in all yield attributes, particularly A12 treatment (12 kg. ha-1) compared with the other treatments. The addition of organic compound Bactosan also made significant differences at level B8 (8 L. ha-1) which outperformed all levels in all yield attributes. In contrast, the level of B0 (L. ha-1) recorded the lowest values for the studied traits. As for spraying zinc at the concentration Z1 (1 g. L-1) it gave a significant increase in all yield attributes except for the number of days to complete the harvesting process was not necessary, knowing that the treatment of non-spray Z0 (0 g. L-1) gave the lowest rate in the mentioned attributes above. The impact of the bilateral interaction between the two organic compounds showed a significant improvement in all yield characteristics in treatment A12B8 (12 kg. ha-1 and 8 L. ha-1). The bilateral interactions between the organic compound Alghum and zinc spray significantly affected all yield attributes as the treatment A12Z1 (12kg.ha-1and 1g.L-1) outperformed the other interaction treatments. The two interactions between organic compound Bactoson and spraying with zinc element significantly increased the studied yield attributes in treatment B8Z1 (8L. ha-1 and 1g.L-1). The triple interaction between adding the two organic compounds Alghum and Bactosan and spraying with zinc was significantly superior as the treatment A12B8Z1 (12kg.ha-1, 8L. ha-1and 1g.L-1) recorded the highest growth indicators in yield attributes (Number of days to harvest flower disks from 50% of experimental unit plants, the number of days to complete the harvesting process, the curd head weight, the curd head diameter and the total yield of the curd head.
Effect of Foliar Application of Jasmonic Acid and Ennne Fertilizer on Growth and Chemical Content of Local Cultivars and Blood Orange
Authors: Al-Zobaie Hatam Ahmed Khashef , Al-Habbabi Adib Jassem Abbas
Published: April 2023

To find out the impact of spraying with jasmonic acid at 0, 5, and 10 ml/litre-1 and adding a high nitrogen fertilizer (NPK) (30,10,10) at 0, 2.5, and 5 g/l-1 on the chemical content characteristics of two types of citrus fruits in the year 2021, the experiment was carried out in the wooden canopy of the College of Agriculture/University of Samarra (domestic and blood orange). When the plants were sprayed with (JA) 10 ml/L-1 + (NPK) fertilizer at 5 g/L-1, the percentage of nitrogen in the leaves and roots was much higher than the control, as was the percentage of total nitrogen in the plant. Leaf and root concentrations of phosphorus. In the leaves and roots, the amount of potassium. Carbohydrate content in leaves as a proportion of total weight.
Effect of Silicone Application on the Ratio of Volatile Oil, Physical Properties and Active Substances of Mentha piperita L. Under Saline Stress Conditions
Authors: Hassan Hassan Sobeih , Tawfeeq Anas Mounir
Published: April 2023

This experiment was carried out during the 2021 agricultural season in the wooden canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping - College of Agriculture - Tikrit University to study the effect of adding two types of silicone on the properties of volatile oil, physical properties, and the active substance of the mint plant Mentha piperita L. grown under the influence of salt tension. The experiment was designed using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) as a factorial experiment with two factors and with three replicates, and each replicate contains nine experimental units, each unit consisting of 3 pots; the first factor is the addition of two types of silicon oxide, in addition to the comparison factor (S0 control, S1 Silicone Nanomaterials, and S2 Silicone Normal). In contrast, the second factor is the addition of pure sodium chloride NaCl in three concentrations with control (N0 0 g.L-1, N1 0.45 g.L-1, N2 1.45 g.L-1). The study showed significant differences between the experimental factors. Silicon and sodium chloride application achieved higher values in active substances of Menthol, Menthone, cineole, limonene, Linalool, and Geraniol.
The Effect of Plant Metabolism on Some Physiological Immune Responses Under Biotic Stress
Authors: Abdul-Ameer Maha Ali , Abdul-Ameer Zainab
Published: April 2023

This work is part of a larger research project studying the immune responses of a variety of plants. Once image-based (unpublished data) and another time, as in this study, biochemical parameters based. Plant models included three metabolically different plants, Vica faba L. (C3), Zea mays L. (C4), Mesembryanthemum L. (CAM). Pathogen models had Alternaria alternate and Pseudomonas syringe. All of which, along with the control treatment, represent nine plant-pathogen systems applied with three replicates of each studied species. To investigate the extent to which the immune response is transferred from infected leaves to uninfected leaves on the same plant, several physiological and biochemical immune responses were examined, including: two plant hormones, abscisic acid and Salicylic acid, and two active enzymes, Catalase enzyme and Peroxidase enzyme, two free radicals, ROS and H2O2. Results show that The studied hormones were significantly affected by the type of plant metabolism and the type of pathogen, sometimes by an increase and sometimes by a decrease in which ABA and SA increased in C3 and CAM plants when infected by Alternaria and varied when infected by pseudomonas syringe. At the same time, both ABA and SA decrease in C4 plants. The studied enzymes did not follow a specific pattern of increasing and decreasing response to a bacterial or fungal infection. Still, they differed significantly between plants of different metabolism according to the type of pathogen causing the infection. Infection of all three studied plants by Alternaria alternate and Pseudomonas syringae did not cause any significant changes at p≤ 0.05 in the free radical production of the leaves for both ROS and H2O2.
Impact of Organic Fertilizer and Silica with Potassium Humate Acid on Growth and Yield of Two Lettuce Varieties
Authors: Ismail Duaa Sabah , Obeid Mohammed Hadi
Published: April 2023

A field study was carried out during the 2021 Agriculture season in the vegetative field of the Department of Horticulture, University of Kerbala (Al-Hussainiya) to field out the effect of adding poultry manure and humic acid on the growth and yield of two varieties of lettuce, the study included two factors, the first factor being the varieties (local variety and Lceberg Crisphead Lettuce), and the poultry litter and Silica with potassium humate acid were used as the second factor, in order to know the effect and effectiveness of natural and manufactured organic fertilizers on the growth and yield characteristics of two varieties of lettuce, as a result of the decrease in studies on environmentally friendly soil fertilizers, the experiment was conducted based on Spilt - Plot system within the R.C.B.D. design, The results showed that the local variety recorded the rise in most of the study parameters, While the Lceberg Crisphead Lettuce variety achieved an rise in the content of proline in the leaves and dry matter in the vegetable total, the fertilizer combinations caused significant differences compared to the control treatments, treatments F8:( poultry litter 20 tons.h-1 + Silica with potassium humate 0.4 g + 10 g of peatmoos plant-1 ) achieved the best rates in most of the studied traits, while control treatment (0g) the rise values were recorded in percentage of dry matter in the total vegetables.
Effect of Humic Acid, Atonic and Salicylic Acid Spray on some Vegetative Traits on Sweet Orange Transplants cv.Local and Bloody
Authors: Mohammed Maysam H. , Al-Hayany Ali M.
Published: April 2023

The experiment was conducted in the nursery of Diyala Agriculture Directorate during the growing seasons 2021 from March to November 2021 to study the effect of growth promoters Humic acid, Atonic and Salicylic growth promoters acid spray on some chemical and vegetative parameters of Local and bloody orange transplants budded on sour orange rootstock. The experiment included two factors, the first one was two orange cultivars (Local and bloody), and the second was the spray of growth promoters(Humic acid, Atonic and Salicylic acid). Humic acid was sprayed at 1%, Atonic at 1 ml L-1, and salicylic acid at 300 mg L-1. Results revealed the superiority of bloody cultivar compared to local orange in most studied characteristics (plant height, scion diameter, leaf area, leaves chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content). The interaction between salicylic and atonic showed a significant increase in scion diameter, leaf area, leaf chlorophyll content, nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium content compared to untreated transplants.
Effect of Blue and Red LED Light and some Plant Extract on Lettuce Growth and Yield in NFT Technique
Authors: Salman A. D. , Hussein W. A.
Published: April 2023

This experiment was carried out in the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, Univ. of Baghdad, during autumn 2021 growing season to investigate possibility study of increase lettuce antioxidant and biological yield, growing and producing lettuce hydroponically under film technique (NFT) using a globally approved standard solution (Cooper solution), Nested design with three replications adopted in the experiment, each of them included in main plot the first factor, which is LED light (B and R), Then levels of second factor were randomly distributed within each replicate, which included spraying with organic nutrients which was Cymbopogon citratus and Hibiscus sabdariffa at two concentrations 2.5 and 5 % for each of them, As well as control treatment T0, symbolized as T1, T2, T3, T4 respectively. The results showed R led light and T4 increase most parameters, B Led light treatment maximized lettuce quality parameters (chlorophyll, V.C., Total and Beta Carotene), T3 increase Total chlorophyll and Carotene T4 increased V.C. and Beta carotene, R led light and T4 increased yield.
Study of Effect of Foliar Spraying with Salicylic Acid and Organic Nutrient (Disper chlorophyll) on some Vegetative and Chemical Characteristics of Three Date Palm Cultivars (Phoenix dactylifera L.)
Authors: Abdulaziz Narmin Asaad , Khalaf Jassim Mohammad
Published: April 2023

This study was carried out in the fields of the Department of Horticulture and garden engineering at the College of Agriculture/University of Kirkuk/Iraq. During a period from 1-9-2020 to 1-5-2022. To study the effect of spraying with salicylic acid and the organic nutrient (disper chlorophyll) at five concentrations (zero, 150 salicylic acid, 300 disper chlorophyll, 600 disper chlorophyll) mg.l-1 each on some vegetative and chemical properties of three date palm cultivars. The experiment was carried out according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with a factorial experiment with two factors according to the inhaler system and with three replications. The results were statistically analyzed using the ready-made (SAS) program and the averages were compared according to Duncan’s polynomial selection at the probability level (0.05). The results obtained can be summarized as follows: Al-Shuwathi al-Asfar cultivar was superior to the rest of the cultivars in most of the studied traits: (seedling (shoot) height, frond length, number of fronds, percentage of nitrogen, phosphorous and protein in wicker), while Khadrawi cultivar outperformed the other two cultivars in traits (percentage of potassium and carbohydrates in wicker). As for the treatments, it was noticed that the concentration of (300 mg.l-1) of chlorophyll disper in the height of the seedling (shoot) and the length of the fronds exceeded the rest of the concentrations. The concentration (600 mg.L-1) of chlorophyll disper gave the highest percentage in the studied chemical properties. The dual interactions of the studied factors had a clear significant effect on the studied traits.
Effect of Spraying with Glutathione and Bio-Fertilizer (Algacell) in some Growth Characteristics of (Moringa Oleifera L.) Under Water Stress
Authors: Khalaf Raad Abbas , Abdullah Kadum Mohammed
Published: April 2023

Abiotic stresses, including water stress, negatively affect the growth and development of plants. The study was carried out in the canopy of the Horticulture and Landscaping Department / College of Agriculture / University of Kerbala during the spring season 2021 in order to study the vegetative growth indicators of Moringa plants(Moringa OleiferaL.) after treatment with glutathione and bio-fertilizer (Algacell) under water stress conditions. The study included exposing moringa seedlings to water stress at three field capacities (40%, 50%, 60%) of the total field capacity and the seedlings were sprayed with three concentrations of glutathione (0, 100, 200 mg. L-1) and two concentrations of biofertilizer (0, 10 mL. L-1). The factorial experiment was designed according to a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D). The results showed that spraying plants with a concentration of 200 mg. L-1glutathione gave a significant increase in the traits (stem diameter, leaf area, chlorophyll) and this treatment did not differ significantly from (100 mg. L-1) in the traits (plant height, number of leaves, relative moisture content), while no Biofertilizer had no significant effect on most of the studied traits. The results also showed the contribution of glutathione in reducing harmful effects and helped the plant to withstand water stress conditions.
Effect of Bio-Fertilizer and Potassium Spraying on the Growth and Yield of Potatoes for Autumn Season
Authors: Mahdi Rafal Salih , Ibadi Manea Ali , Aubied Imad Ali
Published: April 2023

The experiment was conducted in the fields of a farmer in the Al-Dila area / south of Babylon provainc, at a longitude of 44.39 E and a latitude of 32.3 N, 17 km south of the Hilla city. To study the effect of biofertilizer and potassium source on improving the performance, growth and production of potatoes, the experiment was designed according to a split plot-System using a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The results of the experiment were statistically analyzed according to the method of analysis of variance and according to the significant differences between the treatments at the probability level of 0.05 using the least significant difference LSD. The results showed that there were significant differences when adding bio-fertilizer in most of the vegetative, quantitative and qualitative traits of potato plants, as the addition of bio-fertilizer Fulzyme (12 kg. ha-1) was significantly excelled in plant height, number of stems, number of leaves, number of total tubers and number of marketable tubers, As for the qualitative traits, it gave the highest rate in the percentage of protein and carbohydrates. The results of spraying with potassium source indicated that there were significant differences in most of the vegetative, quantitative and qualitative traits, where the spraying treatment with potassium sulfate at a concentration of (3 ml. L-1) was achieved. Significantly excelled in the number of main stems, the average marketing weight of the tuber, and the treatment of spraying with nano-potassium at a concentration (2 g. L-1) was significantly excelled in the total plant yield amounting to (1.069 kg. plant-1 and 56.44 tons. ha-1), the yield marketable (54.26 tons. ha-1), the percentage of carbohydrates in the tubers, While the spraying treatment with potassium silicate at a concentration of (3 ml. L-1) achieved significantly excelled in plant height, number of leaves, number of total and marketable tubers, and the percentage of protein in tubers. The two interactions showed a significant effect on most of the vegetative, quantitative and qualitative growth traits of potato plants. The bi-interaction treatment, adding Fulzyme + spraying with potassium silicate, achieved a significantly excelled in the traits of the total yield per ton, which amounted to (61.56 tons. ha-1) and the marketable yield per ton reached(59.41 tons. ha-1).
Effectiveness of Soaking with Gibberellic Acid and Kinetin on Germination and Growth Indicators of Two Cultivars of Pistachio Plant Pistaciavera L.
Authors: Kadhim Zaid Khaleel
Published: April 2023

The study was conducted in the plant canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape/College of Agriculture/University of Kerbala during the season 2021-2022 to study the effect of three factors, the first factor is two cultivars (Ajami and Nab Al-Jamal) and the second factor is gibberellic acid in three concentrations (0,100,200 mg. L-1) respectively, and the third factor is kinetin in three concentrations and symbolizes (0, 15, 30 mg. L-1) respectively. The results of the statistical analysis showed the following: Nab Al-Jamal cultivar, kinetin at a concentration of (15) mg. L-1 and gibberellin at concentration (100 and 200) mg. L-1 were superior in most of the studied traits as single factors. For bilateral interactions, the concentration of gibberellin with kinetin is (200 + 15) mg. L-1 has outperformed in most of the studied traits. As for the interaction of the cultivar with gibberellin, the interaction treatment (Nab Al-Jamal + 100 mg. L-1 gibberellin) gave the best results in the percentage of germination, speed of germination and germination energy, while the treatment (Ajami + 200 mg. L-1 gibberellin) gave the best results in plant height and stem diameter, while the interaction treatment (Nab Al-Jamal +200 mg. L-1 gibberellin) gave the best results in the number of leaves. The triple interaction was (Ajami + 200 gibberellin + 15 kinetin) mg. L-1 was superior in the results of the following traits: percentage of germination, germination energy, stem diameter and number of leaves. As for the overlap treatment (Nab Al-Jamal + 100 gibberellin + 0 kinetin) mg. L-1 has outperformed in germination speed and plant height.
Estimation of Hybrid Vigor for Flowering and Yield Cherry Tomato Hybrids
Authors: Al-Mfargy Othman Khalid Alwan , Al-Juwari Mohammed Salman Mohammed
Published: April 2023

The experiment was carried out in the greenhouses of the extension farm in Diyala governorate for the seasons (2020-2021) and (2021-2022), where ten strains of cherry tomatoes imported from the Tomato Genetic Resources Center (TGRS) at the University of California Davis Institute were planted in the first season. Tomatoes were selected (5 ) pure lines (LA4451, LA4753, LA3334, LA3538 and LA4689) and their symbols (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5), respectively, and entered into a Full Diallel crossing program to produce individual hybrids, and in the second season it included an experiment to evaluate the genotypes (5 parents + 20 hybrids) according to the RCBD design and with three replications, and the results were as follows: Genotypes: There was a significant effect of genotypes, as the parent (1) outperformed in the average fruit weight, per plant yield and total yield (8.41 g, 2.72 kg and 3.40 tons), respectively. The parent (2) outperformed the contract (94.11). parent (5) was superior in the number of flowers in the inflorescence, the number of total flowers and the number of fruits per plant (82.66 inflorescences. plants, 937.00 flowers. plants, and 512.33 fruits. plants). The hybrid (1×4) was also significantly superior in the percentage of the fruit set (95.13), the average fruit weight, the yield of one plant and the total yield (13.45 g, 4.66 kg and 5.82 tons, respectively). While the hybrid (2×5) was superior in the number of total flowers (941.33 flowers). Hybrid (5×2) outperformed in the number of flowers in the inflorescence (90.00 flowers). The superiority of the hybrid (5×4) in the number of fruits (521.33 fruits). Genetic analysis: The hybrid (1×5) showed desirable and significant hybrid vigor for the characteristics of the number of flowers in the inflorescence, the number of total flowers and the number of fruits in the plant). It was also found that the hybrid (5×2) showed a significant hybrid strength for the two traits (one plant yield and total yield). While the hybrid (2×5) and (5×1) recorded the strength of the hybrid for one trait for each of them (the percentage of the knot and the average weight of the fruit) respectively for the best parents.
Effect of Soil Mulching and Spraying with Amino Acids on some Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Cauliflower
Authors: Ghazal Ali Hamza , Al-Nussairawi Adnan Ghazi Salman
Published: April 2023

The experiment was conducted in one of the agricultural fields in the Diyala governorate to examine the impact of amino acid spraying at two concentrations (0,1 and 2 m L-1) on plant development and leaf N, P, K content. Soil was mulched with colorless and black plastic, and no mulching was used. White Snow F1 variety was used. SAS was used to run a statistical analysis, and a 0.05 significance level Duncan’s polynomial test was used to compare the means. Black mulching was found to be superior to other types of mulch in terms of the percentages of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium found in the leaves, as well as plant height, total leaves, leaf area, and relative chlorophyll content. Also the results showed a significant superiority of spraying with amino acids at a concentration of 2 m L-1 four sprays of plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, plant dry weight, relative chlorophyll content, as it gave. Interactions between the study’s two components also varied, as evidenced by the findings. The highest values for N, P, and K content in the leaves, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight, and relative chlorophyll content were all obtained when black mulching was combined with spraying with amino acids at a concentration of 2 m L-1 four times. This resulted in values of 73.00 cm, 24.00 leaf-1, 271.94 cm2 plant-1, 3.33 cm, and 69.00 SPAD.
Reducing Antinutritional Hydrogen Cyanide, Phytic Acid, and Trypsin Inhibitor in Rambling Vetch, Culban (Vicia peregrina)
Authors: Abdulhalim Bayan Ahmed , Mohammad Mahmoud Ahmad
Published: April 2023

This paper aims to improve the nutritional value of culban (Vicia peregrina) by reducing the three antinutritional phytic acid, hydrogen cyanide, and trypsin inhibitor by the various process as soaking, cooking, roasting, and germination for improving its nutritional value and which process is much effective for this purpose. Result revealed that the overall effects of treatment in cyanogen reduction by mg/kg at significance (P< 0.05) comes in this rank, germination for 5 and 7 days (94-100%) > roasting for 15 and 30 minutes, cooking for 40 minutes (60%) > cooking for 20 minutes (40%) > soaking for 12 hours (24%)> soaking for 8 hours (8%). The overall effect of different process in the reduction of phytic acid mg/g at significance (P< 0.05) comes in this rank, Roasting 15 minute (92%)> Roasting 30 minute (75%) Germination 7 days >(54%)> Germination 5 days (53%)> Cooking 20 minute (39%)> Cooking 40 minute (36%)> Soaking 12 hour (17%)> Soaking 8 hour (8.5%). And the rank of all treatments in reducing trypsin inhibitor TUI/mg at significance (P< 0.05) comes in this order, Cooking 40 minute (65%)> Germination 7 days(49%)> Germination 5 days(47%)> Roasting 30 minute (42%) >Soaking 12 hours (33%)> Soaking 8 hours (30%)> Cooking for 20 minutes (28%)> Roasting for 15 minutes (27%).
The Role of Rocket (Eruca sativa) as Dietary Supplementation to Enhance Fish Nutrition and Health: A Review
Authors: Al-Rawe Saud Duraid , Al-Farha Abd Al-Bar , Mohammad Mahmoud Ahmad
Published: April 2023

The objective of this review is to compile and assess the findings of several studies on the use of Rocket (Eruca sativa) as feed additives or alternatives to fish nutrition. Antioxidant glucosinolates, flavonoids, and vitamins A and C are present in this plant, which has been shown to improve growth metrics and blood characteristics, according to the findings of the scientists. Effective oxidation against stress, the generation of free radicals, and pathogenic microorganisms, which enhances the health of fish and thus promotes growth and food utilization. In addition to its medical value as an alternative to antibiotics with negative side effects.
Relationship Between the CYP21 Marker and some Productive and Physiological Traits of Holstein-Friesian Cows
Authors: Hassooni Hadi Awad , Shadood Shahlaa Nassar
Published: April 2023

There was a difference in the genetic profiles of the CYP21 genotype, it showed three genetic polymorphisms: 250/240, 260/251 and 270/261 bp, and their distribution ratios were 51.72, 29.31, and 18.96%, respectively. The percentages showed highly significant differences (P≤0.01), and the total of the studied alleles was 116. The study showed that there were no significant differences in the production of total milk and its components between the genetic polymorphisms, as well as in the rate of milk flow. There were significant differences (P≤0.05) between the different genetic polymorphisms of cows in the heat endurance factor, as the cows carrying the genotype 250/240, 260/251 bp outperformed the genotypes 270/261 bp so the value of the thermal endurance factor was 99.73 for the genotype 270/261 bp, as for the genotypes 250/240, 260/251 bp, the coefficient of heat endurance was 101.82 and 102.43, respectively. There were a significant differences (P≤0.05) between the genotypes for the California test for mastitis, cows carrying the genotype 250/240, 270/261 bp outperformed the genotype 260/251 bp. The test values were 1.77 and 1.00 for genotypes 270/261, 250/240 bp respectively, and the value of the California test for genotype 260/251 bp was 2.45.
Effect of Ginger Powder Addition in Broiler Chicken Diets on Productive Performance
Authors: Al-Mahdawi R. S. , Al-Hassani Ali S.
Published: April 2023

The purpose of this research was to examine the impact of varying doses of ginger powder on broiler productivity. There were 180 commercial strain Ross 308 day old chicks utilized in the experiment, and each chick was weighed and allocated randomly among four treatments. Three different treatments were tested, each with a replication of 15 chicks. The diet was supplemented with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0g/kg of ginger powder, respectively, as a control. As compared to the other treatments, the control group had considerably higher body weights, weight growth, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. Ginger powder use was shown to have a detrimental impact on growth in this investigation.
Pharmaceutical and Biological Properties of Dill : A Review
Authors: Masoody Itlal Hakim Al , Alarkwazi Raghad Khalil , Yasssiry Ayat Shanshol Al
Published: April 2023

Anethum graveolens L. (Dill) belong to the Apiaceae family This plant is extracted either in the form of powders or oils from different parts of the plant, including the leaves, seeds, flowers, or the aerial part of the plant. It contains many activity secondary metabolism compounds. These compounds are of nutritional, medicinal and natural therapeutic value. They are considered high antioxidants that are used as a treatment for humans or as flavorings for foods. The aim of the review know the pharmaceutical and biological characteristics of dill.
Effect of Foliar Application of Algaren and ALG6000 on Growth and Chemical Characteristics in Two Cultivars of Broad Bean (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Sulieman Mohammed S. , Al-Abadee Ahmad I. Y. , Al-Khashab Safwan M. H.
Published: April 2023

A field experiment was carried out in Nineveh Governorate during the winter season of 2018-2019 to study the effect of spraying with seaweed extracts Algaren and ALG6000 on some vegetative, root, qualitative and mineral growth characteristics of leaves and dry seeds of two cultivars of broad Beans. The study included eighteen treatments in each replicate, consisting of a control treatment (without any addition) and spraying with four levels of seaweed extract Algaren (2, 4, 6 and 8 cm3.l-1) as well as Four-level spraying of ALG6000 seaweed extract (2, 4, 6 and 8 cm3.l-1) on two broad bean cultivars. Algaren achieved the best value over ALG6000 in the studied traits. The French cultivar Aquadulce recorded better results than the Spanish cultivar Luzde Otono, with a dry root weight, leaf area, and nitrogen and phosphorous content of protein and carbohydrates in the dry seeds. In contrast, the Spanish bean variety Luzde Otono recorded the highest significant value in a number of root nodes, the content of leaves and dry seeds of potassium.
Evaluation of the Efficacy of some New Herbicides in Controlling Weeds Associated with Corn Crop (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Ahmed Tara Yassin , Saleh Shakir Mehdi
Published: April 2023

A field experiment was conducted in one of the fields of Alton Kupri district in Kirkuk governorate in the autumn season of 2021 to study the effectiveness of three types of Bush pesticides recently introduced into Iraq in combating the growing bush with the yellow maize crop Zea mays L. A factorial experiment was applied according to the design of R.C.B.D with two factors. The two factors were the type of pesticide, which included three types (Cornet, Astran C, and Master Power). In comparison, the second factor was pesticide spraying rates, including five factors, namely (without pesticide, manual weeding, and spraying the pesticide at a rate of ½ the recommended amount). Spray the recommended amount and spread the pesticide at the rate of 1 ½ the recommended amount. The characteristics of the bush were studied and included (the density of the weeds, the percentage of control, and the dry weight of the control bush), while the traits of the yellow corn crop were (plant height, leaf area, number of days until flowering, number of days until maturity, number of ear rows, number of grains in the ear, weight of 300 grains and grain yield plant and total grain yield). The pesticide Astran C was discerned over the rest of the other pesticides in reducing the bush density, increasing the percentage of control and decreasing the dry weight of the bush when sprayed with the recommended quantity and the higher quantity. The number of plants was four after the control, which did not differ from manual weeding, which achieved three plants, while the control percentage was Achieved 91.7% for this pesticide when sprayed with the highest amount (1½).
Effect of Subsurface Drip Irrigation System and Two Levels Nitrogen Fertilizer on Corn Growth and Yield
Authors: Alaamer Shathar A. , Alwan Alsharifi Salih K. , Al-Sultani Ahmad Thamer Kamil
Published: April 2023

The scarcity of irrigation water in Iraq and the great waste of water and saline lands and the dominance of old and unscientific methods of water management when cultivating corn, was the aim of this study is to reduce the amount of fertilizer added to the soil during the growing season for hectare area and the abundance of water large amounts, as well investigate, the effect of irrigation systems, subsurface drip irrigation system(SDIS) and, the levels nitrogen fertilizer (NF) on corn cultivars (Gadiz, IPA5012 and R-106). Completely randomly assigned to three replicates, the Gadiz cultivar outperformed the IPA5012 and R-106 cultivars in a factorial experiment. While the level nitrogen fertilizer (175 kg N.ha-1), was significantly superior to the level nitrogen fertilizer (150 kg N.ha-1), in all parameters. All interactions were significant, the best results in this study were obtained from the interaction among the level nitrogen fertilizer (175 kg N.ha-1) and corn cultivar Gadiz.
The Effect of the Level and Methods of Adding Nano-Fertilizer on the Absorption of some Elements and the Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum Aestivum. L)
Authors: Jassim Raheem Alwan Halool , Barkat Hanoon Nahi , Nassir Mohammad A. B.
Published: April 2023

A field experiment was carried out in the winter agricultural season 2020 in the agricultural fields of the Najaf governorate to study the effect of Nanofertilizer consisting of the following elements (zinc, iron and manganese with concentrations 8: 8: 8) with 7 treatments ( 0, 2 soil, 2 foliar, 4 soil, 4 foliar, 6 soil, 6 foliar ) gm.L-1 on uptake of some elements and growth and yield of wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.). The number of treatments was 7 for each replicate in three replications. The results were shown Superior of foliar application on 6 gm. L-1 on all of studied parameters, superior soil and foliar application on control treatment on all of levels on all studied parameters.
Identification of the Active Compounds in Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) by GC MS Technique Under the Effect of Foliar Nutrient with Nano Organic Fertilizer
Authors: Al-Kraiti Haider Ghatar Aswad , Al-Bahadly Hind Adnan H. , Hadi Zaidoun Saad Chiyad , Sachit Dhafer Kareem
Published: April 2023

With the aim of knowing the effect of foliar nutrient with Optimus Plus nano organic fertilizer and spraying date on growth and the type of medically active compounds in Hibiscus sabdariffa L. by detecting and diagnosing them by GC-MS technology and determining the appropriate concentration based on the type and number of compounds appearing in each treatment. The experiment was carried out according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), in the order of factorial experiments, and with three replicates. The experiment included two factors, the first included spraying three different concentrations of (Optimus Plus), which are (zero,1 and 3 ml L-1). The second factor included two spraying dates (spraying one month after cultivation and spraying three months after cultivation). The results showed that spraying the concentration (3 ml L-1) after three months of cultivation was significantly superior in all the studied traits. The results of the examination with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry device also showed the emergence of many effective compounds, as (17 chemical and medical compounds) were diagnosed in the treatment of nano organic fertilizer spray after three months of cultivation at a concentration of (3 ml. L-1).
Investigating Sowing Date and Foliar Application of Boron Effects on some Growth and Yield Parameters of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
Authors: Sabry Nawfal A. , El-Fahdawi Waleed A. T. , Hamed Malath A.
Published: April 2023

This field study was conducted at Almashtal area-Heet District-Anbar province during the summer season 0f 2017 in clay loam soil. The layout was a split-plot design with three replicates, the three sowing times (20 April, 20 June, 20 July) occupy experiment the main plots while the Boron concentration (0mg L-1, 100mg L-1, 200mg L-1) occupies the subplots. The field was fertilized with superphosphate fertilizer (P2O5 %46) at the ratio of 80 kg.ha-1 and potassium sulfate (K43%) at the rate of 80kg ha-1 before sowing process during soil preparation. Also, urea fertilizer (N46%) was added at a ratio of 80 kg.ha-1 with two doses the first one at planting and the second after 30 days. Results drawn from this experiment are summarized as follows: Plant height, the height of first capsule, Number of leaves per plant, Seeds yield, biological yield decreased with the delay of sowing time by giving 78.1, 22, 238.8, 242, 982kg ha-1 respectively. While the foliar application with boron led to an increase in seed yield and biological yield by giving 541, 2252 kg ha-1 respectively. Also, some characters values decreased with boron concentration such as first capsule height and number of leaves per plant by giving 29.6 cm, 334.8 leaves per plant inthe treatment of 200 mg L-1.
Stability Study of Cotton Genotypes Cultivated in Different Environments
Authors: Al-Obaidi Othman Nassif Jassim , Al-Jubouri Jassim Mohammed Aziz
Published: April 2023

In order to evaluate a group of cotton genotypes in different environments and study their genetic stability, thirteen cotton genotypes were tested, namely (ST468 - BA440 - DP396 - FLASH - EDESSA - Lashta - Cipro - Buck Cot 189 - IK259 - W888 - Coker 310 - Montana CANDIA). It was planted in Haditha district - Barwana district, by designing the Completely Randomized Design, according to the split-plot system and with three replicates. It was planted in six environments represented by planting distances of 7 cm and 14 cm between plants and three crop succession systems (cultivation after wheat crop, cultivation after barley crop, cultivation after fallow land) according to the no-tillage system and in the late cultivation, The study included eight traits: the number of fruiting branches, the total number of boll per plant, the number of open boll per plant, the number of seeds per boll, the average weight of the boll, the percentage of Earliness yield, the percentage of dressing and the yield of seed cotton. The results are summarized as follows: The study of genetic stability showed that the two cultivars (CANDIA and DP396) were distinguished by being stable and suitable for all different agricultural environments for the trait of seed cotton yield, The cultivars (BA440, FLASH, EDESSA and W888) were characterized by being stable and suitable for all different agricultural environments and for the traits of the number of fruiting branches, the total number of bolls, the number of open bolls, the number of seeds in boll and the average weight of bolls. The cultivars (BA440, FLASH, Lachata, Coker 310, and CANDIA) were characterized by being stable and suitable for all different agricultural environments and for the traits of the early percentage and the percentage of dressing. While the cultivar (EDESSA) was Earliness in yield and genetically stable.