bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emotion Elicitation with Neurological Patients
Authors: Levenson Robert W
Published: November 2023

This chapter presents a set of issues and methods related to studying emotional functioning in neurological patients. It incorporates discussions of the advantages and disadvantages of two primary paradigms for studying neural substrates of human emotion (patient studies and activation studies); the importance of studying multiple emotion processes, emotion types, and emotion response systems; and the details of specific elicitation methods (along with modifications that may be necessary for use with patients). Throughout, there is a recounting of “lessons learned,” based on our own experience taking methods that we had developed and used over several decades for studying emotion in normal individuals and adapting them to study patients suffering from focal lesions (e.g., orbitofrontal lesions), congenital brain damage (e.g., Moebius syndrome), and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis).
Assessing Positive and Negative Affect via Self-Report
Authors: Gray Elizabeth K , Watson David
Published: November 2023

Affect plays a central role in human experience, providing the ongoing hedonic tone that colors the everyday lives of individuals. Not surprisingly, therefore, affect occupies an equally prominent role in the psychological and social science literature. As such, a number of different approaches exist for assessing mood and emotion. This chapter focuses on outlining and describing a variety of self-report measures that are available to affect researchers. In outlining the available means for measuring affect, we must address two central issues. First, we must be clear about the definitions of affect, emotion, and mood that will be used within this chapter. The constructs of mood and emotion are similar in that they both refer to feeling states that can be broadly characterized as pleasant or unpleasant (i.e., as positive or negative) and that reflect what is happening within the organism (Parkinson, Totterdell, Brinner, & Reynolds, 1996). It is also widely believed that they contain some common components and are controlled by similar processes (Clark & Watson, 1999; Parkinson et al., 1996).
Observer-Based Measurement of Facial Expression with the Facial Action Coding System
Authors: Cohn Jeffrey F , Ambadar Zara , Ekman Paul
Published: November 2023

Facial expression has been a focus of emotion research for over a hundred years (Darwin, 1872/1998). It is central to several leading theories of emotion (Ekman, 1992; Izard, 1977; Tomkins, 1962) and has been the focus of at times heated debate about issues in emotion science (Ekman, 1973, 1993; Fridlund, 1992; Russell, 1994). Facial expression figures prominently in research on almost every aspect of emotion, including psychophysiology (Levenson, Ekman, & Friesen, 1990), neural bases (Calder et al., 1996; Davidson, Ekman, Saron, Senulis, & Friesen, 1990), development (Malatesta, Culver, Tesman, & Shephard, 1989; Matias & Cohn, 1993), perception (Ambadar, Schooler, & Cohn, 2005), social processes (Hatfield, Cacioppo, & Rapson, 1992; Hess & Kirouac, 2000), and emotion disorder (Kaiser, 2002; Sloan, Straussa, Quirka, & Sajatovic, 1997), to name a few.
Measuring Emotion-Related Vocal Acoustics
Authors: Owren Michael J , Bachorowski Jo-Anne
Published: November 2023

Recent years have seen great advances in digital-audio technology, making it much easier to incorporate work with sound as a routine component of emotions research. Where there once were, for instance, only a few programs available for sound analysis, synthesis, and editing, there now are many. These developments present unparalleled opportunities for investigating how human emotion may be reflected in both verbal and nonverbal vocal behavior. However, acoustics work is nonetheless a challenging endeavor, for it requires both care and some specialized knowledge in order to apply the analysis tools effectively. The purpose of this chapter is, therefore, to present basic information about analyzing human vocal acoustics for the purpose of extracting correlates of affect-related states, with particular emphasis on avoiding some of the fundamental errors that can occur.
The Specific Affect Coding System (SPAFF)
Authors: Coan James A , Gottman John M
Published: November 2023

In 1989, Gottman and Krokoff introduced the Specific Affect Coding System (SPAFF) for the purpose of systematically observing affective behavior in the context of marital conflict. The original SPAFF conferred a host of advantages over earlier “microanalytic” coding strategies, the primary innovation being the ability to code affect at the construct level instead of at the level of extremely discrete bits of behavior, such as specific gestures or facial movements (Gottman, McCoy, Coan, & Collier, 1995).
In Search of the Holy Grail of Senescence
Authors: Olshansky S Jay , Carnes Bruce A
Published: November 2023

Why is the average duration of life 1000 days for most strains of mice, 5000 days for beagle dogs, and 29,000 days for humans? Why is the risk of death extraordinarily high at birth for most forms of life, followed by a notable decline in age¬ specific mortality until puberty and then an exponential increase from sexual maturity throughout most of the remaining life span? Why are the bodies that carry the immortal genetic instructions not themselves immortal? These and other related questions about life, death, and the duration of life have not only occupied the minds of the greatest thinkers of every era, but have led to countless efforts to combat aging and forestall death (Gruman, 1966).
The Metabiology of Life Extension
Authors: Rose Michael R
Published: November 2023

Despite hysteria on both sides, extending human life now seems about as difficult as building an atomic bomb in 1935. But unlike the atomic physicists of that time, who were motivated by the threat of Hitler, biologists generally are not inclined to develop the tools appropriate to the problem of extending human life. A few biologists have set about developing the tools required for such life extension, and they may yet triumph over the hostility of the National Institutes of Health, the medical establishment generally, and many of their religiously or politically biased allies. On the other hand, this lonely band of biologists could succumb to the Alice-in¬ Wonderland illusions of the anti-aging movement, with its dubious nostrums and raging optimism. What would be surprising is the suc¬ cess of any effort to extend human life substantially on this darkling plain, where benighted armies clash over biological ideologies. Surprising, but perhaps not impossible.
Anti-Aging Research and the Limits of Medicine
Authors: Juengst Eric T
Published: November 2023

According to the AMA News, 2500 physicians have established specialty practices devoted to longevity medicine in the past de¬ cade, and an American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine (A4M) already boasts 11,000 members. The goal of this clinical com¬ munity is to extend the time its patients can live without the morbidities of the aging process: “memory loss, muscle loss, visual impairment, slowed gait and speech, wrinkling of the skin, hardening of the arteries and all the other maladies we call aging” (Shelton, 2000, p. 25). At the moment, there is little the practitioners of anti¬ aging medicine can prescribe that has any scientific validation (Butler et al., 2002; Olshansky et al., 2002).
Modeling experimental error
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

The goal of regression is to find best-fit values for the parameters of the model (e.g., slope and intercept for linear regression, other parameters, such as rate constants, for nonlinear regression). More precisely, the goal is to find values for the parameters that are most likely to be correct. It turns out that you can’t decide which parameter values are most likely to be correct without making an assumption about how the data are scattered around the line or curve.
How nonlinear regression minimizes the sum-of-squares
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

Nonlinear regression is more complicated than linear regression. You can’t compute the best-fit values of the parameters directly from the X and Yvalues of the data points. Instead, nonlinear regression requires an iterative approach. You won’t be able to understand the mathematical details of nonlinear regression unless you first master matrix algebra. But the basic idea is pretty easy to understand. Every nonlinear regression method follows these steps: We wish to fit this to an exponential decay model, fixing the top to 100 and the bottom plateau too, leaving only one parameter, the rate constant (k), to fit to this model: Since we are only finding the best-fit value of one parameter, we can do so in a brute-force manner. By looking at the data, and knowing the meaning of the rate constant, we can be quite sure the best-fit value is between 0.2 and 0.7. From the goals of the experiment, we can say that we only need to know the best-fit value to two decimal places. So there are only 50 possible values of k (0.20, 0.21, 0.22, ..., 0.69, o.70). For each of these values, construct a curve, and compute the sum-of-squares of the distances of the points from the curve. Below is a graph of sum-of-squares as a function of k. Note that this graph was constructed specifically for this example. With different data, the graph would look different.
Asymptotic standard errors and confidence intervals
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

In most situations, the whole point of regression is to find the best-fit values of the parameters. Your goal is to understand your system, or perhaps to look at how a parameter changes with a treatment. If this is your goal, then you will certainly care about how precisely you know the best-fit values of the parameters. It isn’t enough to know, for example, that the best fit value of a rate constant is 0.10 min-1• Your conclusion will be very crisp if the program tells you that you can be 95% sure the true rate constant lies between 0.09 and 0.11 min-1• On the other hand, you’ll know the results are pretty sloppy if the program tells you that you can be 95% sure the true rate constant lies between o.o and 0.5 min-1• This tells you very little except that you need to redesign your experiment. Your entire interpretation of the results, and your decision on what to do in future experiments, depends on knowing the confidence intervals (or standard errors) of the parameters.
Comparing the three methods for creating confidence intervals
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

The last three chapters presented three distinct methods for obtaining confidence intervals from our sample data. The three methods gave similar, but not identical, results as shown in this graph. The simple method always gives a confidence interval that is symmetrical and tends to be a bit optimistic (too narrow). Monte Carlo simulations also tend to be a bit optimistic-the interval is too narrow. The model comparison method (via F test) is probably the most accurate method, but is also most cumbersome.
Using global fitting to test a treatment effect in one experiment
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

The logic underlying model comparisons described in the previous two chapters can also be extended to instances where you might want to compare one or more parameters of the same model applied to different data sets. Some examples are shown below. Below is a graph of a dose-response curve in control and treated conditions. We want to know if the treatment changes the EC50. Are the two best-fit logEC50 values statistically different? One hypothesis is that both data sets have the same EC50. We fit that model by doing a global fit of both data sets. We fit two dose-response curves, while sharing the best-fit value of the logEC50. Fitting this model requires a program that can do global fits with shared parameters.
Using two-way ANOVA to compare curves
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

The graph below shows a typical situation. You’ve measured a response at four time points, and compared control and treated conditions. You could fit to a simple model, say fit a straight line, but the response may not be linear with time. You’d need some theory to help pick a model, but may not have any theoretical reasons to pick a model. Even if you can pick a sensible model, you may have too few data points for nonlinear regression to work.
Analyzing kinetic binding data
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

A dissociation binding experiment measures the “off rate” for radioligand dissociating from the receptor. Initially ligand and receptor are allowed to bind, perhaps to equilibrium. At that point, you need to block further binding of radioligand to receptor so you can measure the rate of dissociation. There are several ways to do this: •If the tissue is attached to a surface, you can remove the buffer containing radioligand and replace with fresh buffer without radioligand.
Constraining and sharing parameters
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

The Constraints tab of the nonlinear regression dialog is very versatile. For each parameter, you can choose to fix it to a constant value, constrain it to a range of values, or share its value between data sets. In many cases, it makes sense to constrain one (or more) of the parameters to a constant value. For example, even though a dose-response curve is defined by four parameters (bottom, top, logEC5o and Hill slope), you don’t have to ask Prism to find best-fit values for all the parameters. If the data represent a “specific” signal (with any background or nonspecific signal subtracted), it can make sense for you to constrain the bottom of the dose-response curve to equal zero. In some situations, it can make sense to constrain the Hill slope to equal a standard value of 1.0.
Prism’s nonlinear regression dialog
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

Choose whether you want to fit your model with nonlinear regression. The alternative is to plot the curve defined by the initial values. This is a very useful choice, as it lets you be sure that the initial values are sensible and generate a curve that comes near your data. Use the Comparison tab of the Nonlinear Regression Parameters dialog to specify one of three kinds of comparisons.
Understanding Hope: A Review of Measurement and Construct Validity Research
Authors: Edwards Lisa M , Rand Kevin L , Lopez, Shane]. , Snyder C R
Published: November 2023

Hope has been discussed by philosophers, theologians, educators, and scientists, to name but a few groups of people, over the preceding two millennia. During the last 15 years, C. R. Snyder and his colleagues at the University of Kansas have developed a theory and associated measures of the hope construct that have received extensive, detailed attention both within and outside the field of psychology. In this chapter, we describe Snyder’s hope model and some of the research findings that have supported the validity of this construct. Beginning with a conceptual definition of hope, we move to relevant findings about the usefulness of hope in the lives of individuals in various life arenas. We describe measures developed for assessing hope in children and adults, as well as current issues associated with the validity of hope measurement. Finally, we discuss future directions for further investigation of hope.
Some Measurement Issues in the Study of Affect
Authors: Isen Alice M , Erez Amir
Published: November 2023

This volume addresses methods in the field of positive psychology. Within that topic, this chapter focuses on methodological issues associated with induced positive affect. In this context, we focus especially on the assessment of induced affect and its impact on other processes and behavior. In the course of this, we discuss several problems that are associated with the traditional self-report measures of affect, describe some conceptual alternatives to self-report measures, and consider some empirical alternative indicators of positive affect. We also consider some theoretical implications of the use of different methods of assessing affect. And we pay some attention to the requirements and limitations, from a measurement perspective, inherent in some of the methods of inducing positive affect that are used in the literature.
Structure and Properties of Water
Authors: Dingman S Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Water moves in response to forces acting on it, and its physical properties determine the qualitative and quantitative relations between those forces and the resulting motion. Thus, it is important for the student of hydraulics to have an understanding of these properties. This chapter begins with a description of the atomic and molecular structure of water that give rise to its unique properties, including the fact that it occurs in the gaseous, liquid, and solid phases at the earth’s surface. The nature of water in its three phases and the phenomena that accompany phase transitions in nature are briefly described. The last portion of the chapter uses a series of thought experiments to elucidate the properties of liquid water that are crucial to understanding its behavior in open-channel flows. This section emphasizes the dimensional nature of the various properties, and you may want to refresh your understanding of physical dimensions by reviewing appendix A.
The Typical Course of Aging
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

The study of aging cannot be divorced from the rest of life, because growing old merges gradually with one’ s beginnings in childhood. Most diseases of old age can also be found in the young, though not nearly as frequently. In other words, diseases that are life-threatening or that create serious handicaps are not infrequent even in the very young and represent heartrending tragedies. A child’ s struggle with cancer is even more poignant than the same struggle in an aging person.
The Emotions and Research Problems
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

We are about to embark on a series of chapters dealing with changes over the life course, the role of family and friends, issues of health and illness, the function of work in later life, treatment of emotional disturbances, and principles of successful aging. Looking at this list, the reader might expect us to make pronouncements in each of the next chapters about what aging is like that are based strictly on reviews of the findings of aging research. But no! We shall, indeed, make statements about aging, but most of them do not deserve to be treated as the appropriate conclusions of formal research. In this I am at variance with a high percentage of my colleagues, how many I cannot say—in any case, what is usually called “the establishment.” There is, believe it or not, a poor research base for describing much of what old age is like. I explain why in this chapter, which addresses the most serious problems of the most commonly employed methodologies of psychology in general and aging research in particular.
The Environment
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

Here we are concerned with environmental change, and we address the physical and social environmental changes over the lives of people in general and especially those who are aging. What has changed or stayed the same in the environment during our lifetime remains one of the most confusing and important issues of psychology. It has not been much explored, which suggests it is not easy to do with good sense. It must be evident that those who are growing up now—that is, the children of today—do not think of environmental change as anything special because they are learning now about what currently exists. However, being old means that we grew up under circumstances that have greatly changed during our lifetime, and so it will be for the young when they begin to experience change. The world that exists now is very different from the one that existed when we were children. Expectations that were created then are no longer appropriate. This aspect of social change increases the discrepancy between the outlooks of the elderly, their children, and their grandchildren, thus promoting the generation gap and producing the cohort problem, as discussed in chapter 2.
The Personality
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

Having dealt with environmental change, we now come to the important question of whether the personality of an individual changes over a lifetime and, if so, in what ways. If we consider personality development from birth, it should be obvious that early childhood psychological and physical changes are rapid and dramatic. Until a personality has been thoroughly established, the way an individual looks at things, beliefs about the self and the world, skills, and whatever that individual desires in life are still forming and changing. That individual will ultimately develop into a more or less stable and distinctive person.
Principles of Successful Aging
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

Who among us wants to grow old? Because it is natural to cling to life short of deep despair and suicide, the answer is, no doubt, all or most of us. After all, we have to consider the alternative. As a result of our advanced brain and mind, it is probable that only humans, and maybe to a lesser extent a few other primates, are able to recognize clearly that we have a past, present, and future. This makes it possible both to anticipate and to dread death. Still, even more than death, most of us dread being demented, helpless, utterly dependent, in constant pain, and unable to function with reasonable adequacy.
Children without Language From Dysphasia to Autism
Authors: Grieve James
Published: November 2023

Communication and language disorders are often considered from one particular point of view - either psychological or neurological. Danon-Boileau argues that this is a serious mistake. He emphasizes that a child’s trouble can stem from a variety of causes: neurological problems similar to those of aphasia, cognitive impairments, and psychological disorders, and, thus, the interaction of these elements needs to be taken into account. In precise case studies, Danon-Boileau describes the situations he has confronted and traces the causes of changes in the child when they happen. Combining linguistic, cognitive, and psycholanalytic approaches, Children without Language provides a unique perspective on speech and communication disorders in children and will be an essential volume for speech therapists, developmental psychologists, linguistics scholars and anyone wishing to reflect seriously on why we speak and how communication occurs.
Communication Disorder and Its Signs
Authors: Grieve James
Published: November 2023

While there is broad scientific and medical agreement about the particular symptoms that indicate a disorder of communication in a young child, there are also, as I have said, large divergences of view about how to classify the nosographical entities that they can be said to identify. For instance, no one disputes that pointing is an essential marker of good nonverbal communication or that evasion of eye contact is a bad sign, but the nosographies based upon these symptoms do not coincide. I have already touched upon the nosographical repercussions of having or not having a category of “psychosis” and how its use or nonuse alters the meaning given to terms used to define the remaining categories, in particular the ubiquitous “autism.” This makes for a large problem, though that is not actually the main thing, there being two further problems of greater importance. The first of these is that certain essential features are ignored in the standard nosographical descriptions. None of these (not excluding DSM-IV) canvasses the child’s history. They describe how the child presents and not what has happened to him. Yet there is a bothersome incidence of children who present with autistic features and to whom something else has happened. Many families, for example, report that their child’s early development was normal and that it was not until the age of twelve or eighteen months, after an event that was relatively minor, albeit traumatic for the child (a brief separation, often caused by a stay in hospital, though for a comparatively benign purpose, or by the birth of a younger sibling) that the child started to regress and lose some of the skills that he or she had already acquired.
Joint Attention
Authors: Grieve James
Published: November 2023

Generally speaking, the question of what it is that prevents a child from speaking and communicating has different meanings, depending on whether it is asked by an aphasiologist, a neuropsychologist, a psychiatrist, a pediatrician, a speech therapist, a psychoanalyst, or a specialist in occupational therapy, psycholinguistics, linguistics, or education. Each of these diverse approaches gives a different meaning to the terms “speaking” and “communicating” and also to the idea of what “prevents.” Notably, there are some practitioners for whom the key factor is a breakdown of the neurological mechanism, while others suspect a farther-reaching disorder that bears on a child’s whole personality and ways of relating to others. There are always two ways of thinking: on the one hand, some focus on the neuron; on the other, some focus on the psychic process. The first school of thought speaks of deficiencies, the second of defense mechanisms. According to the first school, there is something missing in the child, who must therefore be coached and reeducated; the second school insists that there is nothing to be taught, and especially nothing to be asked of the child, that the way to proceed is to wait for the appearance of a spontaneous urge to communicate and the emergence of speech, however rudimentary and fragmentary these may be. Such assumptions lead to professional mindsets that are very familiar to anyone working with children in difficulty. Though I mention these fixed assumptions, I have at least two reasons for not sharing them. The first is that in any reeducative practice there is bound to be a measure of psychotherapeutic effect (by the nature of the thing, I mean, and not because the reeducator turns into a psychoanalyst).
From Communication to Language
Authors: Grieve James
Published: November 2023

Up to now, I have spoken of the creation of a space for communication as above all an attempt to build joint attention. This element is essential. The ability to cope with sharing of attention, to accept thinking jointly without feeling overwhelmed by the presence of the other person, is a necessary condition for the later growth of exchange.
Simon and the Magic Dictation
Authors: Grieve James
Published: November 2023

In the nineteenth century, it was commonly held that children’s inner life and language were products of the richness of their exchanges within the family circle and that there could be nothing in a child’s monologue with self that had not first emerged in dialogue with others. In an analogous way, it was taken for granted that oral language always came before writing and that only those children who were proficient in the spoken language could ever hope to become good readers. Though such common-sense principles may well be valid in the great majority of cases, there are notable exceptions that radically contradict some of our assumptions about the sequence of stages that have to be gone through by the notional baby we all have in mind when we try to understand and judge our everyday observation and treatment of children’s speech disorders. In the story of Simon we see one such exception. Over the first four years of his treatment, I had to rethink some of my ideas about the necessary sequence of semiotic abilities crucial to the emergence of language. As will be seen, here was a little boy who was capable of spelling and reading before he could speak distinctly enough to be understood. Today, at almost eight years old, he speaks, though he has not fully developed expertise in verbal exchanges or a mode of speech that enables him to communicate easily with all interlocutors. If verbal exchange is to be possible with him, he needs to be treated with some considerateness by an interlocutor, as he is given to changes of subject and tone that can be very disturbing. Nevertheless, despite his agitation and the difficulty he has in abiding by rules within a group, he can be a part-time member of an ordinary class, and this enables him to make significant progress, though he does of course require teachers with a degree of tolerance.
Cognitive Implications
Authors: Grieve James
Published: November 2023

A person’s way of experiencing the outside world has a bearing on his or her communication and language. This may in turn affect the ways in which the objects of thought to be deployed are separated from one another and constructed. It may also have an effect not only on the signs (whether linguistic or nonlinguistic) that a speaker can construct during an exchange but on the representation he or she may have of an interlocutor.
Positive Psychology Traditions in Classical European Psychology
Authors: PlÉH Csaba
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this chapter is to show the insights of 19thand 20thcentury European psychology that can be regarded as predecessors of present-day positive psychology. To see this in context, I will present an overview of some modern European epistemological predecessors of positive psychology. Basically there are four topics to be highlighted: I will anchor my points around speciflc heroes, such as John Stuart Mill, William Stern, and Karl Bühler. Yet these persons should be understood as representatives of entire streams of thought. During the long prehistory of positive psychology, many central issues emerged at various times. We can consider the tradition of positive psychology as one whose roots are based in an opposition to a passive, hedonistic, and at the same time helpless image of man.
Strategies for Achieving Well-Being
Authors: Henry Jane
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers a variety of strategies people use to improve their well-being over the long term. It begins by examining the main strategies found in psychotherapy and contrasting these with approaches advocated in self-help and spiritual practice. The chapter goes on to compare the approaches adopted by mental health professionals with strategies derived from studies of people who exhibit well-being and strategies people judge to have helped them personally. Perhaps the dominant method currently used by professionals to help people develop more constructive thoughts and behaviors is some kind of talking therapy. This holds for consultations with clinical psychologists, psychotherapists, counselors, and a variety of other mental health and development professionals, including nurses, social workers, organizational trainers, life coaches, and educational psychologists.
Adaptive Resources in Later Life Tenacious Goal Pursuit and Flexible Goal Adjustment
Authors: BrandtstÄDter Jochen
Published: November 2023

The question of what conditions promote desirable forms of development over a lifespan has often been approached by listing criteria such as inner harmony, meaningful activity, personal fulfillment, accomplishment, agency, belongingness, leading a life of purpose, and the like. “Happiness” and “satisfaction” are often considered to be the consequence or quintessence of such conditions. Serious theoretical work, however, begins with asking what personal and contextual conditions can promote or impede such desired states.
Afterword Breaking the 65 Percent Barrier
Authors: Seligman Martin E P
Published: November 2023

First, I want to assert clearly that positive psychology is not remotely intended as a replacement for or competitor to clinical psychology. It is intended as a supplement, another arrow in the quiver of those who treat patients in the clinic. But I have come to have more and more reservations about clinical psychology as it is now practiced. I will contrast the future of positive psychology to the history of clinical psychology to illuminate why I believe that clinical psychology is reaching a dead end—the 65% barrier.
Representational Foundations of Intentional Action
Authors: Prinz Wolfgang
Published: November 2023

We speak of intentions from both a first- and a third-person perspective. From the external, third-person perspective, we speak of somebody (or perhaps an animal) entertaining a certain intention (1) when we believe that she is pursuing a certain goal, and (2) when we perceive him/her trying to perform certain actions suited to attain that goal. The same applies to the internal, first-person perspective. We speak of ourselves as entertaining an intention when we want to attain a particular goal (say, eat a hamburger) and, at the same time, plan for certain actions to reach this goal (say, head toward a McDonald’s restaurant). An important difference is that, when described from a first-person perspective, intentions always go along with conscious awareness (e.g., awareness of the goal being pursued and/or the action to be planned), whereas when ascribed to other persons, they may or may not be considered to imply conscious awareness. Often, when we speak of some other person entertaining an intention, we think of that intention in terms of both a functional and a phenomenal state. Yet, we may also think of others’ (or animals’) intentions in purely functional terms, that is, without any implications regarding phenomenal awareness.
Introduction
Authors: Suh Nam P
Published: November 2023

The New York Times on May 6, 1997, carried an article entitled “Researchers on Complexity Ponder What It’s All About.” The appearance of such an article in a daily newspaper indicates that the issue of complexity is moving toward center stage in science and technology. The article stated that Some of the grandest phenomena, like the coursing of comets around the sun, are marvelously predictable. But some of the most mundane, like weather, are so convoluted that they continue to elude the most diligent forecasters. They are what scientists call complex systems. Though made up of relatively simple units-like the molecules in the atmosphere-the pieces interact to yield behavior that is full of surprise[s]. We must ask: “Is the weather really convoluted and complex?” If so, why?
Complexity Theory Based on Axiomatic Design
Authors: Suh Nam P
Published: November 2023

This chapter is a treatise on the fundamental principles of the complexity theory presented in this book. The concepts and theory presented in this chapter form the foundation for the subsequent chapters. In chapters 4 through 10, the basic ideas presented in this chapter are illustrated, amplified, and applied to a variety of different problems, ranging from engineering and biology to socioeconomic-political issues.
Reduction of Complexity by Means of Geometric Functional Periodicity
Authors: Suh Nam P
Published: November 2023

The subject of this chapter is the use of geometry as the basis for creating functional periodicity. We will use geometry to transform a system with time-dependent combinatorial complexity to a system with periodic complexity. Based on this basic concept, we can reduce the complexity of the following systems that depend on geometry: The following case studies will be presented in this chapter: the use of undulated surfaces for reduction of friction, the Tribotek electric connectors, seals for long life, and a pin-joint. In chapter 5, the process of transforming a system with time-dependent combinatorial complexity to one with periodic complexity was stated as: Determine a set of functions that repeat on a periodic (or cyclic) basis. Identify the design parameter of a system that may make the system range of the FR undergo a combinatorial process.
Reduction of Complexity in Materials through Functional Periodicity
Authors: Suh Nam P
Published: November 2023

In chapter 3, it was stated that functional periodicity is a requirement for long-term stability of systems that are not at an equilibrium state and that many materials found in nature have functional periodicity as shown in table 3.1. Atomic elements follow a periodic structure as given by the periodic table of the chemical elements, crystalline materials have ordered structures, even some biological molecules have repeating structures, and biological cells divide on a periodic basis. The functional periodicity makes these natural materials stable. However, at a macrocontinuum scale, these materials have defects that may lead to unstable behavior and ultimate failure. This is an example of a system with time-dependent combinatorial complexity.
Complexity of Sociopolitical-Economic Issues
Authors: Suh Nam P
Published: November 2023

Washington, Nov. 22-A fiercely polarized House approved legislation on Saturday that would add prescription drug benefits to Medicare, after an all-night session and an extraordinary bout of Republican arm-twisting to muster a majority. The Senate opened its debate under threat of a filibuster. Within hours of the House vote, the Senate began considering the Medicare legislation, aiming toward a final vote on Monday. Republican strategists had expected passage to be easier in the Senate.
Macromechanical Behavior of Unidirectional Composites
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo
Published: November 2023

Composite materials can be viewed and analyzed at different levels and on different scales, depending on the particular characteristics and behavior under consideration. The discipline that investigates the behavior and interactions of materials at the atomic or molecular scale is called nanomechanics. If the scale of observation is on the order of the fiber diameter, particle size, or matrix interstices between reinforcements, we call the discipline micromechanics. It deals with the state of deformation and stress in the constituents and local failures, such as fiber and matrix failures and interface failure (debonding).
Behavior of Composite Laminated Plates and Beams
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo
Published: November 2023

The drastic increase in the use of composite materials in all types of engineering structures such as aircraft, spacecraft, automobiles, robots, machine tools, sports goods, underwater structures, medical prosthetic devices, electronic circuit boards, and infrastructures makes it necessary to design and analyze composite structures or structural components made from composite materials. Since many machine structures are composed of plates and beams, a clear foundation for the theory of laminated anisotropic plates and beams, including the problems of bending under transverse load, stability or buckling, and vibration is indispensable for the application of composite structures to these machines. Therefore, in this chapter, the governing differential equations of composite laminate plates are derived using the definitions of chapters 3 and 4 for a variety of loadings and boundary conditions. Plates and beams are treated under static and dynamic loads including bending, buckling, vibration, and impact loads. Shear deformation effects for the bending and buckling of composite plates are briefly discussed, which is necessary to assess the natural frequency and damping of composite structures. The vibration of beams is solved both by the analytic method and superposition method.
Transport Phenomena in Composite Materials
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo
Published: November 2023

The idea that materials can be designed to satisfy specific performance requirements is relatively new. Historically, materials were first produced by adding various alloying elements to a pool of molten materials based on phase diagrams, which were then cast and cooled at varying solidification rates to obtain desired microstructures. Next, the material was hotand cold-worked to refine the microstructure. It was then tested to determine its properties. After the properties were determined, it was made available to customers whose need matched the properties of the material. With the accumulation of materials data and advances in materials science and engineering, the process of developing new materials has become more sophisticated. However, the old paradigm of repetitive trial-and-error is still used in the field of materials development. Therefore, it may take a long time—more than a decade—to develop a new material and have it adopted by industry.
Machine Tool Structures
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo
Published: November 2023

The basic function of a machine tool is to produce a workpiece of the required geometric form with an acceptable surface finish and accuracy at as high a production rate as is economically possible (Lee, 1985; Lee et al., 1985; Choi and Lee, 1997). Recently, in the manufacturing field, high-precision products, as well as diversified small-quantity products have been demanded, and more advanced production technologies have constantly been developed for low production cost. Therefore, there has been a growing interest in shorter machining time with increased cutting speed (Weck and Koch, 1993). However, the increase of speed in the spindle and moving parts of machine tools for productivity improvement has also increased the self-excited vibration, noise, and heat generation of spindle bearing systems.
Ethics in Mental Health Research
Authors: DuBois James M
Published: November 2023

Research holds a key to preventing and effectively treating mental disorders, including ADHD, depression, schizophrenia, and substance abuse. Yet even as research holds out promise, mental health researchers face numerous ethical challenges. Responsible for ensuring participants are able and willing to grant consent, researchers must also constantly protect privacy and confidentiality. But for so many situations, the appropriate decisions are not so clear. An individual with cognitive deficits may have difficulty understanding a research study and granting informed consent, but nevertheless wants to participate. Many studies gather private information about medical records or illegal behaviour that could lead to emotional, social, or legal harm if shared, yet state laws and institutional review boards may require researchers to breach confidentiality in specific situations. Moreover, mental health consumers and other vulnerable research participants are frequently familiar with historical cases of abuse of human subjects, and may be mistrustful of researchers or fear exploitation. At the same time, researchers are often frustrated when they feel that advocates or institutional review boards erect barriers to research, even while failing to enhance the ethical treatment of participants. Ethical research is rarely simply about avoiding bad activities, and more frequently about how to pursue good research when multiple values and commitments conflict. Ethics in Mental Health Research explores how ethical issues arise in mental health research, and offers guidance to researchers who seek to comply with regulations while conducting research that is at once ethical and scientifically credible. Case studies used throughout illustrate a variety of situations and effective problem-solving strategies. This book is essential reading for mental health researchers, IRB members, and research advocates.
Women in Congress Do They Act as Advocates for Women’s Issues?
Authors: Swers Michele L , Larson Carin
Published: November 2023

A central question about women officeholders is whether they make a policy difference in office. Michele L. Swers and Carin Larson offer compelling evidence that female members of Congress have been more likely than men to advocate for women’s issues bills, particularly feminist bills, throughout the legislative process. It is true that the prevailing political environment, such as the Democratic-controlled 103rd Congress and the Republican-controlled 104th, affects the extent to which women demonstrate their support. In particular, women’s commitment to women’s issues is mediated by both the party in power and their position in the institution, such as their status as members of the majority or minority party and their committee positions, but changing political winds have not eradicated their commitment. Whether it is bill introduction, committee markup. floor scheduling, or floor action, women are instrumental at all stages of the process, and their energy, effort, and effectiveness is demonstrable.
Indelible Effects: The Impact of Women of Color in the U.S. Congress
Authors: Bedolla Lisa Garcia , Tate Katherine , Wong Janelle
Published: November 2023

Among the most important recent research in women and politics focuses on diversity among women, not just differences between women and men. Despite much discussion in the popular media about women candidates, women officeholders, and the women’s vote, large differences exist among women that are based on race, ethnicity, employment status, marital status, age, educational attainment, number of children, and more. In this chapter, Gara’a Bedolla, Tate, and Wong illuminate the experiences of women of color in the U.S. Congress. Their in-depth focus on the backgrounds and challenges of African American, Latina, and Asian American women explores both their shared experiences as women of color and the distinctiveness that each group brings to policy and politics. Perhaps most interesting, they show that women of color are more represented within their respective racial group than are white women, even though each of the four groups is significantly underrepresented in Congress itself.
Introduction
Authors: Weiss David J
Published: November 2023

analysis of variance. The phrase sounds ominous. The word “analysis” suggests perhaps unfortunate associations with test tubes. Variance is a somewhat formal term, one whose sound is familiar from previous adventures in the world of statistics. But whether or not previous statistical experiences were painful, analysis of variance (ANOVA) can be learned. And if one postpones (perhaps indefinitely) the proofs and algebraic derivations, it can be learned relatively painlessly. ANOVA (I pronounce this acronym with the second syllable stressed) has an odd resemblance to driving; it is easier to do than to describe, and the skill is more readily acquired through practice than through an understanding of theory. This presentation presumes knowledge of basic statistics. A course in which elements of probability and hypothesis-testing logic were presented should suffice. If you have had that experience but memory has faded somewhat, a review of the Terms from Introductory Statistics (see p. 247) may be helpful. Terms included in that glossary appear in boldface type when they first occur in the text. The vocabulary of ANOVA will be further emphasized by the use of small capitals as important terms are introduced.
Using the Computer
Authors: Weiss David J
Published: November 2023

The computer is dangerously seductive for a student. The temptation is to use the machine to do the computational work, saving the conceptual components of an analysis for the human member of the team. That’s certainly not a poor general strategy, and researchers routinely follow it. I believe, though, that the manual part of the learning process is crucial, and that if one skips it, understanding will always remain at a superficial level. The machine will take on magical properties, and an analysis for which there seems to be no appropriate program will be an analysis that does not get done. Even worse, an experiment’s feasibility may be determined by the availability of a program that can analyze the data. Just as it was good for Mr. Lincoln and me to walk twenty miles in the snow to get to school, it is good for a student to do problems by hand first.