bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Disruption of a high‐pressure unit during exhumation: Example of the Cycladic Blueschist unit (Thera, Ios and Naxos islands, Greece)
Authors: Peillod Alexandre , Patten Clifford G. C. , Drüppel Kirsten , Beranoaguirre Aratz , Zeh Armin , Gudelius Dominik , Hector Simon , Majka Jarosław , Kleine-Marshall Barbara I. , Karlson Andreas , Gerdes Axel , Kolb Jochen
Published: December 2023

Reconstructing the original geometry of a high‐pressure tectonic unit is challenging but important to understand the mechanisms of mountain building. While a single nappe is subducted and exhumed, nappe‐internal thrusts may disrupt it into several subunits. The Middle‐CBU nappe of the Cycladic Blueschist Unit (Hellenide subduction orogen, Greece) shows evidence of such disruption along a Trans‐Cycladic‐Thrust (TCT), however, the timing of this thrusting is unknown. Here, we report multi‐petrological and geochronological data from the Middle‐CBU nappe from the Thera and Ios islands (Greece). Using Zr‐in‐rutile thermometry coupled with quartz‐in‐garnet elastic barometry, average P–T and phase equilibrium thermodynamic modelling, we show that garnet growth in Ios occurred during prograde metamorphism at 6.7 ± 1.4 kbar to 13.0 ± 1.6 kbar and 326 ± 20°C to 506 ± 13°C (2σ uncertainty) followed by early exhumation to 10.1 ± 0.6 kbar and 484 ± 14°C and a greenschist facies overprint at 5.7 ± 1.2 kbar and 416 ± 14°C. For Thera, we constrain peak HP conditions of 7.6 ± 1.8 kbar and 331 ± 18°C, followed by exhumation and equilibration at ~2 kbar and ~275°C using average P–T and phase equilibrium thermodynamic modelling. For Ios, Uranium‐Pb garnet geochronology provides ages of 55.7 ± 5.0 Ma (2σ uncertainties) for prograde and 40.1 ± 1.4 Ma for peak HP metamorphism. Combining our new P–T–t data from Thera and Ios islands with existing data from Naxos island, we conclude that the studied nappe segments represent remnants of a former coherent nappe. The P–T–t data define an Eocene subduction rate of 2.1 ± 1.0 km/Ma, which is distinctly slower than the current subduction rate of 40–45 km/Ma. After subduction, the exhumation of the Middle‐CBU nappe occurred during the Oligocene at different rates for different localities. The Middle‐CBU nappe of Naxos was exhumed at a rate of ~6 km/Ma, contrasting with the exhumation rate of ~3 km/Ma calculated for Ios. This result suggests that the Middle‐CBU nappe of Naxos rocks was thrust on the Ios one during the Oligocene. Using P–T–t data and assuming realistic subduction angles during the Eocene and the Oligocene, we present a 2D structural reconstruction of the Middle‐CBU nappe of these islands. This reconstruction helps to understand the mechanisms of subduction of a continental margin and its disruption during exhumation.
The inhibited response of accessory minerals during high‐temperature reworking
Authors: March Samantha , Hand Martin , Morrissey Laura , Kelsey David
Published: December 2023

U–Pb zircon and monazite geochronology are considered to be among the most efficient and reliable methods for constraining the timing of high‐temperature (HT) metamorphic events. However, the reliability of these chronometers is coupled to their ability to participate in reactions. A case study examining the responsiveness of zircon and monazite has been conducted using granulite facies metapelitic and metamafic lithologies in the Warumpi Province, central Australia. In some instances, metapelitic granulites from this locality are polymetamorphic, with an early M1 assemblage containing orthopyroxene, cordierite, biotite, quartz, ilmenite and magnetite, and an M2 assemblage represented by garnet, sillimanite, orthopyroxene, cordierite, biotite, sapphirine, ilmenite and magnetite. M2 metamorphism is linked to HT peak conditions of 8–10 kbar and 850–915°C. Detrital and metamorphic zircon and monazite from these rocks dominantly record U–Pb dates of 1670–1610 Ma and have trace element compositions suggesting they grew prior to peak M2 garnet in the rock. Lu–Hf geochronology from M2 garnet gives ages of c. 1150 Ma. Zircon and monazite are therefore suggested to have remained largely inert during HT metamorphism. We attribute the relatively minor response of zircon and monazite during high‐temperature Mesoproterozoic metamorphism to the localized development of refractory bulk compositions at c. 1630 Ma during M1 metamorphism. This created refractory Mg–Al‐rich bulk compositions that were unable to undergo significant partial melting, despite experiencing subsequent temperatures of ~900°C at c. 1150 Ma. In contrast, metapelitic and metamafic rocks in the area that did not develop refractory bulk compositions during M1 metamorphism were able to partially melt and record c. 1150 Ma accessory mineral U–Pb ages. These results contribute to a small, but growing number of case studies investigating the systematics of the U–Pb system in zircon and monazite in polymetamorphic HT terranes and their apparent resistance to isotopic resetting. Where disequilibrium is apparent, garnet Lu–Hf geochronology can form an important tool to interrogate the significance of accessory U–Pb ages. In the Warumpi Province in central Australia, c. 1640 Ma zircon U–Pb ages had previously been interpreted to reflect the formation of HT garnet‐bearing granulites during a collisional event. Instead, the garnet‐bearing assemblages formed at c. 1150 Ma during the Mesoproterozoic, calling into question the existence of a late Palaeoproterozoic collisional system in central Australia.
The efficacy of the analgesic GlyT2 inhibitor, ORG25543, is determined by two connected allosteric sites
Authors: Chater Ryan Cantwell , Quinn Ada S. , Wilson Katie , Frangos Zachary J. , Sutton Patrick , Jayakumar Srinivasan , Cioffi Christopher L. , O'Mara Megan L. , Vandenberg Robert J.
Published: December 2023

Glycine Transporter 2 (GlyT2) inhibitors have shown considerable potential as analgesics for the treatment of neuropathic pain but also display considerable side effects. One potential source of side effects is irreversible inhibition. In this study, we have characterized the mechanism of ORG25543 inhibition of GlyT2 by first considering three potential ligand binding sites on GlyT2—the substrate site, the vestibule allosteric site and the lipid allosteric site. The three sites were tested using a combination of molecular dynamics simulations and analysis of the inhibition of glycine transport of a series point mutated GlyT2 using electrophysiological methods. We demonstrate that the lipid allosteric site on GlyT2 is the most likely binding site for ORG25543. We also demonstrate that cholesterol derived from the cell membrane can form specific interactions with inhibitor‐bound transporters to form an allosteric network of regulatory sites. These observations will guide the future design of GlyT2 inhibitors with the objective of minimising on‐target side effects and improving the therapeutic window for the treatment of patients suffering from neuropathic pain.

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Digenic FLNA and UCHL1 variants resulting in a complex phenotype
Authors: Pernice Helena F. , O'Donnell Luke F. , Rossor Alexander M. , Laura Matilde , Record Christopher J. , Skorupinska Mariola , Blake Julian , Poh Roy , Polke James , Reilly Mary M.
Published: December 2023

Aim

X‐linked variants in Filamin A (FLNA) are associated with the Ehlers‐Danlos‐syndrome‐variant form of periventricular heterotopia, and autosomal dominant variants in ubiquitin C‐terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) are associated with a late‐onset spastic ataxia, peripheral neuropathy and optic atrophy. Here we present a rare case involving both a novel heterozygous whole‐gene deletion of UCHL1 and a heterozygous frameshift variant in the FLNA gene resulting in a complex phenotype.

Methods

A 67‐year‐old female with a confirmed pathogenic variant in the FLNA gene, resulting in an enlarged aorta and joint pains, presented with a 4‐year history of severe sensory ataxia, upper motor neuron signs, eye movement abnormalities and severe sensory loss.

Results

Neurophysiology including Somatosensory‐evoked potentials confirmed the sensory loss as predominantly preganglionic with denervation. Genetic testing revealed a digenic cause of her complex presentation, confirming a pathogenic frameshift variant in the FLNA gene and a heterozygous loss of function deletion in the UCHL1 gene.

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case with concomitant pathogenic variants in the FLNA and UCHL1 genes which explain the complex phenotype. The severe preganglionic sensory loss is also a rare finding and expands the phenotype of UCHL1 variants.
Could there be a slower physiological healing process in vegan individuals?
Authors: Dias Laís Ferreira , Acosta‐Navarro Julio Cesar , da Silva Tuane Cassemiro
Published: December 2023

The article “Comparing Tattoo Removal Responses in Vegan and Omnivore Patients” by Fusano et al. investigates the clinical outcomes of Q‐switched laser tattoo removal in vegans and omnivores. The study reveals that vegans required more laser sessions, exhibited poorer clinical responses, and experienced extended healing periods compared to omnivores. When well‐planned vegetarian diets offer numerous health benefits. Unfortunately, the study does not assess the diets of the groups, nor does it address factors like hydration levels and prior skincare regimens, limiting the interpretation of results.
Hyaluronic acid filler‐induced vascular occlusion—Three case reports and overview of prevention and treatment
Authors: Wang Rong , Li Yukun , Li Zhaoxin , Yao Haifeng , Zhai Zhaohui
Published: December 2023

Background

Vascular occlusion induced by hyaluronic acid injections is rare, but can lead to severe adverse events, including necrosis, blindness, and cerebral infarction.

Objective

This study aims to explore methods of reducing the risk of complications such as embolism induced by hyaluronic acid injection, and to study the impact of comprehensive systematic treatment on the prognosis of patients with hyaluronic acid embolism.

Methods

The clinical data of three female patients with vascular occlusion due to hyaluronic acid injection was analyzed. Their median age was 26 years, with symptoms presenting 1–6 h postinjection. Hospital stays averaged 6 days. Two patients had ptosis, diplopia, and severe pain after injection of eyebrows. The other, who had a nose enhancement, experienced facial skin color changes and intense pain.

Results

Two patients received comprehensive, systematic treatment based on injectable hyaluronidase. One patient self‐discharged after receiving injectable hyaluronidase, antispasmodic, and vasodilator treatment on the night of embolism and returned to the hospital 3 days later with worsening embolism symptoms and received symptomatic treatment again. Two patients who received comprehensive, systematic treatment based on injectable hyaluronidase showed significant improvement, while the patient who did not undergo systematic treatment left scars on the face.

Conclusion

Vascular occlusion caused by hyaluronic acid facial filling is a severe adverse event, and timely, comprehensive, systematic treatment can effectively improve irreversible damage caused by thrombosis, and even cure it.
Medical device‐related pressure injuries in paediatric patients: An incidence study in a children's hospital
Authors: Başbakkal Zümrüt , Yilmaz Hatice Bal , Gümüş Merve , Belli Mustafa , Erçelik Zübeyde Ezgi
Published: December 2023

Aim

To determine the incidence of pressure injuries from medical devices in children.

Background

Medical devices can cause pressure injuries on skin and soft tissues.

Design

A prospective, descriptive study adhering to STROBE guidelines.

Methods

This study was conducted in the third‐level Paediatric Intensive Care Unit of Ege University Hospital in İzmir, Türkiye between April 2019 and October 2019 in Türkiye. Patients aged between 1 month and 18 years with medical devices were observed for pressure injuries using Braden scales and a specific monitoring form.

Results

In this study, we followed 522 medical devices applied to 96 patients. The three most commonly used medical devices were the ECG probe (21%), the blood pressure cuff (16%) and the saturation probe. Out of the 522 medical devices followed, 36 caused pressure injuries (6.8%).

Conclusion

The incidence of medical device‐related pressure injuries was found to be high. Effective training and implementation strategies need to be devised for paediatric nurses to prevent pressure injuries associated with medical devices.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

The results of this study reveal that pressure injuries related to medical devices are an important health problem in paediatric hospitals. Therefore, awareness‐raising and educational activities among health professionals and nurses should be accelerated.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution in the study.
Phenotypic and transcriptional features of Araliaceae species under distinct light environments
Authors: Niu Yu‐Qian , Zhang Yu‐Xin , Wang Xin‐Feng , Wen Jun , Wang Zhen‐Hui , Yang Ji , Wang Yu‐Guo , Zhang Wen‐Ju , Song Zhi‐Ping , Li Lin‐Feng
Published: December 2023

Elucidating how plant species respond to variable light conditions is essential to understanding the ecological adaptation to heterogeneous environments. Plant performance and gene regulatory network underpinning the adaptation have been well documented in heliophytic species. However, it remains largely unclear how the sciophytic plants respond to distinct light conditions. We measured phenotypic and transcriptomic features of four sciophytic (Fatsia japonica, Metapanax delavayi, Heptapleurum arboricola, and Heptapleurum delavayi) and one heliophytic woody species (Tetrapanax papyrifer) of the Araliaceae family under distinct light conditions. Our phenotypic comparisons demonstrate that the four sciophytic species maintain similar photosynthesis efficiency between high light and low light conditions. However, a significantly decreased photosynthesis rate was observed under the low light conditions of the heliophytic species compared with the high light conditions. In addition, our leaf anatomical analyses revealed that, while all five species showed different anatomical structures under distinct light conditions, the sciophytic species possessed a lower degree of phenotypic plasticity relative to the heliophytic species. Further comparisons of the transcriptome profiling showed that differentially expressed genes identified in the five species were functionally related to photosynthesis, secondary metabolites, and other basic metabolisms. In particular, differential regulation of the photosynthesis‐related and photomorphogenesis‐related genes were potentially correlated with the phenotypic responses to the distinct light conditions of the five species. Our study provides evolutionary and ecological perspectives on how the heliophytic and sciophytic woody species respond to shade and sunlight environments.
Evaluation of the clinical outcome of hypercalcemia of malignancy and concurrent azotemia in dogs with lymphoma
Authors: Strumpf Alyssa A. , Selmic Laura , Husbands Brian
Published: December 2023

Background

Hypercalcemia of malignancy (HM) secondary to lymphoma in dogs has the potential to cause renal injury.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Characterize outcomes related to acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to HM. We hypothesized that dogs do suffer AKI regardless of HM severity at the time of lymphoma diagnosis or relapse.

Animals

Retrospective study. Twenty‐nine dogs with lymphoma, HM, and azotemia (International Renal Interest Society [IRIS] grade II or higher AKI) that underwent chemotherapy were identified at 2 veterinary institutions.

Methods

Logistic regression and descriptive statistical analysis were performed to evaluate data for potential prognostic factors.

Results

After initiating treatment, resolution of hypercalcemia and azotemia occurred in 100% (29/29) and 79.3% (23/29) of dogs, respectively. Resolution of azotemia was influenced by serum creatinine concentration (odds ratio [OR], 0.148; Confidence interval [CI], 0.03‐0.734; P = .02) and total hypercalcemia (OR, 0.36; CI, 0.14‐0.93; P = .04) at diagnosis, whereas blood urea nitrogen concentration, IRIS grade, sex, and whether or not dogs were hospitalized were not significant factors. At data analysis, 13.8% (4/29) of dogs were alive or lost to follow‐up. Of those dead, 4 dogs (15%) had renal disease at the time of death, 2/4 having concurrent lymphoma progression.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Although AKI may be of clinical concern in dogs with HM secondary to lymphoma at diagnosis, death secondary to renal impairment appears to be infrequent.
Plastic and genomic change of a newly established lizard population following a founder event
Authors: Sabolić Iva , Mira Óscar , Brandt Débora Y. C. , Lisičić Duje , Stapley Jessica , Novosolov Maria , Bakarić Robert , Cizelj Ivan , Glogoški Marko , Hudina Tomislav , Taverne Maxime , Allentoft Morten E. , Nielsen Rasmus , Herrel Anthony , Štambuk Anamaria
Published: December 2023

Understanding how phenotypic divergence arises among natural populations remains one of the major goals in evolutionary biology. As part of competitive exclusion experiment conducted in 1971, 10 individuals of Italian wall lizard (Podarcis siculus (Rafinesque‐Schmaltz, 1810)) were transplanted from Pod Kopište Island to the nearby island of Pod Mrčaru (Adriatic Sea). Merely 35 years after the introduction, the newly established population on Pod Mrčaru Island had shifted their diet from predominantly insectivorous towards omnivorous and changed significantly in a range of morphological, behavioural, physiological and ecological characteristics. Here, we combine genomic and quantitative genetic approaches to determine the relative roles of genetic adaptation and phenotypic plasticity in driving this rapid phenotypic shift. Our results show genome‐wide genetic differentiation between ancestral and transplanted population, with weak genetic erosion on Pod Mrčaru Island. Adaptive processes following the founder event are indicated by highly differentiated genomic loci associating with ecologically relevant phenotypic traits, and/or having a putatively adaptive role across multiple lizard populations. Diverged traits related to head size and shape or bite force showed moderate heritability in a crossing experiment, but between‐population differences in these traits did not persist in a common garden environment. Our results confirm the existence of sufficient additive genetic variance for traits to evolve under selection while also demonstrating that phenotypic plasticity and/or genotype by environment interactions are the main drivers of population differentiation at this early evolutionary stage.
Disruption of a Plasmodium falciparum patatin‐like phospholipase delays male gametocyte exflagellation
Authors: Pietsch Emma , Niedermüller Korbinian , Andrews Mia , Meyer Britta S. , Lenz Tobias L. , Wilson Danny W. , Gilberger Tim‐Wolf , Burda Paul‐Christian
Published: December 2023

An essential process in transmission of the malaria parasite to the Anopheles vector is the conversion of mature gametocytes into gametes within the mosquito gut, where they egress from the red blood cell (RBC). During egress, male gametocytes undergo exflagellation, leading to the formation of eight haploid motile microgametes, while female gametes retain their spherical shape. Gametocyte egress depends on sequential disruption of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane and the host cell membrane. In other life cycle stages of the malaria parasite, phospholipases have been implicated in membrane disruption processes during egress, however their importance for gametocyte egress is relatively unknown. Here, we performed comprehensive functional analyses of six putative phospholipases for their role during development and egress of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes. We localize two of them, the prodrug activation and resistance esterase (PF3D7_0709700) and the lysophospholipase 1 (PF3D7_1476700), to the parasite plasma membrane. Subsequently, we show that disruption of most of the studied phospholipase genes does neither affect gametocyte development nor egress. The exception is the putative patatin‐like phospholipase 3 (PF3D7_0924000), whose gene deletion leads to a delay in male gametocyte exflagellation, indicating an important, albeit not essential, role of this enzyme in male gametogenesis.
Epidemiological and CBCT characterizations of odontomas: A retrospective study of 87,590 subjects
Authors: Liu Shu , Lin Zitong , Wen Shanhui , Teng Yuehui , Xie Kaipeng , Huang Yanhua
Published: December 2023

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the epidemiological and three‐dimensional (3D) radiological characterizations of odontomas, as well as the spatial relationship between odontomas and gubernaculum tracts (GT).

Materials and Methods

We retrieved the cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) data of 87,590 patients. Dentition, location, type, diameter of the odontomas, width of the dental follicle (DF), the spatial relationship between the odontoma and GT, and the influence on adjacent teeth were evaluated.

Results

Significant differences were found in age, dentition, location, Max/Min diameter, width of DF, impaction, retention, and root bending of adjacent teeth among different spatial relationships between the odontoma and GT (all p < 0.05), as well as in age, type and size, absence, impaction, malposition, and retention of adjacent teeth among different locations of odontomas (all p < 0.05). Compared to the odontomas without impaction, those with impaction had larger diameter (p < 0.05 in all directions). This statistically significant association was consistent for odontomas with malposition, while no similar result was observed in the maximum diameter.

Conclusion

Our findings provide the preliminary data for clinicians to comprehensively understand the incidence, radiographic characterizations and symptoms of odontoma in Chinese population.
Retronychia in children: A case series
Authors: Díaz María Sol , Boggio Paula , Calvano Roberta , Scacchi María Florencia , Giachetti Ana
Published: December 2023

Background

Retronychia is characterized by proximal ingrowing of the nail plate into the proximal nail fold. It is always associated with the presence of two or more overlapping nail plates under the proximal nail fold, clinical signs of chronic proximal paronychia refractory to antimicrobial treatment, and a yellowish nail that does not grow. It mainly affects young female adults, with less than 30 pediatric cases described in the literature so far.

Methods

Retrospective and observational study of patients between 0 and 18 years with a clinical and/or ultrasound diagnosis of retronychia attending a pediatric dermatology service between December 2020 and January 2022.

Results

We identified 9 patients with retronychia, 7 girls and 2 boys. In all cases, the hallux nails were affected with 5 unilateral and 4 bilateral cases. On physical examination we observed the following signs: thickened and opaque nail plate (one patient), yellowish nail plate (7 patients), double nail plate (6 patients), and erythema with edema, pain, and suppuration of the proximal nail fold (7 patients). Ultrasound was performed in 7 patients and specific findings of retronychia were found in 5 of them. All patients received topical treatment and were referred for the appropriate surgical treatment. To date, only one patient underwent nail avulsion, which was followed by complete recovery.

Conclusions

Retronychia is underdiagnosed, particularly in the pediatric population. We present a series of 9 cases of retronychia in children, with clinical and ultrasonographic findings consistent with those of adults. We emphasize the importance of recognizing this entity, which will allow early and adequate treatment.
Streptozotocin induced hyperglycaemia in the invertebrate diabetic model Bombyx mori
Authors: Ankola Kunal , Chiome Tafadzwa Justin , Srinivasan Asha , H. B. Manjunatha
Published: December 2023

Worldwide spread in the incidence of diabetes justified the need of extensive research in an appropriate model system to develop an effective treatment strategy for diabetology. In recent years, because of animal ethical issues and limitations, the silkworm (Bombyx mori) has emerged as a perfect invertebrate model for various biomedical experiments. However, there are several issues related to induce hyperglycaemia in the mammalian system that have not been studied in the silkworms. In the present study, we investigated the consequences of induced hyperglycaemia by oral and intravascular administration of streptozotocin (STZ) and glucose in the silkworms. Interestingly, results confirmed the competence of STZ to induce hyperglycaemia when administered through intravascular route, but suppress the glucose concentration if administrated orally in the silkworms. Comparatively, the severity of induced hyperglycaemia in the silkworms remained nearly the same in response to the oral and intravascular administration of glucose. Furthermore, prolonged administration of STZ has recorded negative effect on the growth rate of the silkworms, whereas a drastic decline in the same was reported in the silkworms administered with glucose. Notably, these results confirm that the response shown by the silkworms to STZ is very similar to that of mammals, making it an excellent model to study diabetic complications and consequences associated with STZ in diabetology.
Decoding the guardians of cotton resilience: A comprehensive exploration of the βCA genes and its role in Verticillium dahliae resistance
Authors: Yang Mengying , Umer Muhammad Jawad , Wang Heng , Han Jiale , Han Jiangping , Liu Qiankun , Zheng Jie , Cai Xiaoyan , Hou Yuqing , Xu Yanchao , Wang Yuhong , Khan Muhammad Kashif Riaz , Ditta Allah , Liu Fang , Zhou Zhongli
Published: December 2023

Plant Carbonic anhydrases (Cas) have been shown to be stress‐responsive enzymes that may play a role in adapting to adverse conditions. Cotton is a significant economic crop in China, with upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) being the most widely cultivated species. We conducted genome‐wide identification of the βCA gene in six cotton species and preliminary analysis of the βCA gene in upland cotton. In total, 73 βCA genes from six cotton species were identified, with phylogenetic analysis dividing them into five subgroups. GHβCA proteins were predominantly localized in the chloroplast and cytoplasm. The genes exhibited conserved motifs, with motifs 1, 2, and 3 being prominent. GHβCA genes were unevenly distributed across chromosomes and were associated with stress‐responsive cis‐regulatory elements, including those responding to light, MeJA, salicylic acid, abscisic acid, cell cycle regulation, and defence/stress. Expression analysis indicated that GHβCA6, GHβCA7, GHβCA10, GHβCA15, and GHβCA16 were highly expressed under various abiotic stress conditions, whereas GHβCA3, GHβCA9, GHβCA10, and GHβCA18 had higher expression patterns under Verticillium dahliae infection at different time intervals. In Gossypium thurberi, GthβCA1, GthβCA2, and GthβCA4 showed elevated expression across stress conditions and tissues. Silencing GHβCA10 through VIGS increased Verticillium wilt severity and reduced lignin deposition compared to non‐silenced plants. GHβCA10 is crucial for cotton's defense against Verticillium dahliae. Further research is needed to understand the underlying mechanisms and develop strategies to enhance resistance against Verticillium wilt.
Electroporation‐based delivery of proteins in Penium margaritaceum and other zygnematophycean algae
Authors: Carrillo‐Carrasco Vanessa Polet , Hernández‐García Jorge , Weijers Dolf
Published: December 2023

Zygnematophycean algae represent the streptophyte group identified as the closest sister clade to land plants. Their phylogenetic position and growing genomic resources make these freshwater algae attractive models for evolutionary studies in the context of plant terrestrialization. However, available genetic transformation protocols are limited and exclusively DNA‐based. To expand the zygnematophycean toolkit, we developed a DNA‐free method for protein delivery into intact cells using electroporation. We use confocal microscopy coupled with fluorescence lifetime imaging to assess the delivery of mNeonGreen into algal cells. We optimized the method to obtain high efficiency of delivery and cell recovery after electroporation in two strains of Penium margaritaceum and show that the experimental setup can also be used to deliver proteins in other zygnematophycean species such as Closterium peracerosum‐strigosum‐littorale complex and Mesotaenium endlicherianum. We discuss the possible applications of this proof‐of‐concept method.
Target of rapamycin (TOR) plays a role in regulating ROS‐induced chloroplast damage during cucumber (Cucumis sativus) leaf senescence
Authors: Ma Lifeng , Song Tiefeng , Yu Yongbo , Liu Linghao , Qu Mengqi , Zhou Shuang , Meng Xiangnan , Fan Haiyan
Published: December 2023

In cucumber production, delaying leaf senescence is crucial for improving cucumber yield and quality. Target of rapamycin (TOR) is a highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinase in eukaryotes, which can integrate exogenous and endogenous signals (such as cell energy state levels) to stimulate cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. However, no studies have yet examined the regulatory role of TOR signalling in cucumber leaf senescence. In this study, the effects of TOR signalling on dark‐induced cucumber leaf senescence were investigated using the TOR activator MHY1485 and inhibitor AZD8055 combined with transient transformation techniques. The results indicate that TOR responds to dark‐induced leaf senescence, and alterations in TOR activity/expression influence cucumber leaf resistance to dark‐induced senescence. Specifically, in plants with elevated TOR activity/expression, we observed reduced expression of senescence‐related genes, less membrane lipid damage, decreased cell apoptosis, lower levels of reactive oxygen species production, and less damage to the photosynthetic system compared to the control. In contrast, in plants with reduced TOR activity/expression, we observed higher expression of senescence‐related genes, increased membrane lipid damage, enhanced cell apoptosis, elevated levels of reactive oxygen species production, and more damage to the photosynthetic system. These comprehensive results underscore the critical role of TOR in regulating dark‐induced cucumber leaf senescence. These findings provide a foundation for controlling premature leaf senescence in cucumber production and offer insights for further exploration of leaf senescence mechanisms and the development of more effective control methods.
Examining the validity of the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and its domains using network analysis
Authors: Truong Quoc Cuong , Cervin Matti , Choo Carol C. , Numbers Katya , Bentvelzen Adam C. , Kochan Nicole A. , Brodaty Henry , Sachdev Perminder S. , Medvedev Oleg N.
Published: December 2023

Background

The Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) is the most widely used standardised screener for impairments across a range of cognitive domains. However, the degree to which its domains (orientation, registration, attention, recall, language, and visuospatial) capture cognitive functioning measured using standardised neuropsychological tests is unclear.

Method

A longitudinal research design with four biannual assessments over a 6‐year period was used with an initial sample of 1037 older adults (aged above 70 years). Participants completed MMSE and neuropsychological tests at each assessment. Network analysis was utilised to investigate unique associations among the MMSE and its domains and neuropsychological test performance at each time point.

Results

The total MMSE and two of its domains, language and recall, were associated with neuropsychological memory performance. The MMSE orientation, registration and visuospatial domains did not have any unique associations with neuropsychological performance. No stable internal interconnections between MMSE domains were found over time. The association of total MMSE as well as its recall domain with neuropsychological memory performance remained very similar over the 6‐year period.

Conclusions

The present study adds evidence to the validity of the MMSE and supports the clinical usage of the MMSE, whereby the total score is used for screening patients with or without cognitive impairments, with repeated administration to monitor cognitive changes over time, to inform intervention. However, the tool is not able to diagnose the cases for changes in specific cognitive domains and as such, should not replace a complete neuropsychological assessment.
Ameliorative effect of crocin on post‐thaw quality, fertility‐associated gene expression and fertilization potential of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) bull sperm
Authors: Khan Ghulam Shabbir , Tahir Muhammad Zahid , Zahoor Muhammad Yasir , Rahman Hifz‐ul‐ , Riaz Amjad
Published: December 2023

Buffalo bull sperm suffer more cryoinjuries due to lipid peroxidation of high structural polyunsaturated fatty acid contents than cattle sperm. Consequently, the post‐thaw fertilization potential of buffalo bull sperm is compromised. Crocin is a carotenoid known for its antioxidant potential through scavenging reactive oxygen species. Objectives of the current study were to investigate the effect of crocin addition in the semen extender on post‐thaw quality, fertility‐associated gene expression and fertilization potential of buffalo bull sperm. Semen samples (n = 32) from four Nili‐Ravi buffalo bulls were extended with tris‐citric acid extender containing different concentrations of crocin (0 mM; control, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mM). The extended semen was packed in 0.5 mL French straws (25 × 106 sperm/straw) and cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen. Computer‐assisted semen analysis, hypo‐osmotic swelling test, normal apical ridge assay, Rhodamine 123, acridine orange, propidium iodide staining, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay were performed to assess sperm motility parameters, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential, DNA integrity, viability, and lipid peroxidation, respectively. Expression levels of sperm acrosome‐associated SPACA3, DNA condensation‐related PRM1, anti‐apoptotic BCL2, pro‐apoptotic BAX, and oxidative stress‐associated ROMO1 genes were evaluated through qPCR. The fertility of semen doses containing the most potent concentration of crocin (based on optimum post‐thaw semen quality) was compared with control during the breeding season. Buffaloes (n = 400; 200/group) were inseminated 24 h after the onset of oestrus and transrectally palpated for pregnancy at least 60 days post‐insemination. Results revealed that 0.5 and 1 mM crocin improved sperm post‐thaw total motility, plasma membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, mitochondrial membrane potential and viability, and 1 and 1.5 mM crocin enhanced catalase activity and reduced lipid peroxidation compared to control (p < .05). Moreover, 1 mM crocin improved sperm post‐thaw progressive motility, kinematics, and DNA integrity, and 1.5 mM crocin enhanced plasma membrane integrity than control (p < .05). Expression levels of SPACA3, PRM1 and BCL2 genes were higher (p < .05) with 1 mM crocin compared to other groups. In contrast, no difference (p > .05) was noticed in expressions of BAX and ROMO1 genes among all groups. The fertility rate of semen doses containing the most potent concentration (1 mM) of crocin was higher (p = .0465) compared to control (56 ± 0.03% vs. 46 ± 0.04%, respectively). In conclusion, 1 mM crocin in the semen extender improves post‐thaw quality, fertility‐associated gene expression and fertilization potential of buffalo bull sperm.
Effectiveness of picture‐based interventions of toothbrush training on improvement of oral hygiene in children with autism spectrum disorders: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Godbole Neil , Tirupathi Sunny Priyatham , Nair Sneha , Afnan Lamea , Nallapu Anusha , Nallapu Anoop
Published: December 2023

Background

Children with autism exhibit a higher risk of poor oral health due to difficulty in the performance of simple tasks such as toothbrushing.

Aim

This current systematic review aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Picture based intervention of toothbrush training on improvement of oral hygiene in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

Materials and methods

Prospero registered (CRD42023450156). PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus databases are searched from years January 1, 1980 to August 1, 2023 using broad search terms (brush) AND (autism).

Results

The search queries have identified 853 titles, from three databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane), after application of filters for exclusion of systematic reviews and meta‐analysis, duplicate exclusion and removal of irrelevant titles led to the final inclusion of 24 articles for full text screening. From the 24 included studies, 10 studies (four RCTs and six non‐randomized clinical studies) sustained the final rigorous PICO search. Quantitative pooling of data were performed for limited articles.

Conclusion

Low quality evidence suggest that picture‐based intervention of toothbrush training has significant improvement (p ≤ .05) in improving toothbrushing habit as well as performance as indicated by the Plaque Index score (PI), Gingival index (GI) and Oral hygiene index score (OHI‐S).
Genome architecture and genetic diversity of allopolyploid okra (Abelmoschus esculentus)
Authors: Nieuwenhuis Ronald , Hesselink Thamara , van den Broeck Hetty C. , Cordewener Jan , Schijlen Elio , Bakker Linda , Diaz Trivino Sara , Struss Darush , de Hoop Simon‐Jan , de Jong Hans , Peters Sander A.
Published: December 2023

The allopolyploid okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) unveiled telomeric repeats flanking distal gene‐rich regions and short interstitial TTTAGGG telomeric repeats, possibly representing hallmarks of chromosomal speciation. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes organize into 5S clusters, distinct from the 18S–5.8S–28S units, indicating an S‐type rRNA gene arrangement. The assembly, in line with cytogenetic and cytometry observations, identifies 65 chromosomes and a 1.45 Gb genome size estimate in a haploid sibling. The lack of aberrant meiotic configurations implies limited to no recombination among sub‐genomes. k‐mer distribution analysis reveals 75% has a diploid nature and 15% heterozygosity. The configurations of Benchmarking Universal Single‐Copy Ortholog (BUSCO), k‐mer, and repeat clustering point to the presence of at least two sub‐genomes one with 30 and the other with 35 chromosomes, indicating the allopolyploid nature of the okra genome. Over 130 000 putative genes, derived from mapped IsoSeq data and transcriptome data from public okra accessions, exhibit a low genetic diversity of one single nucleotide polymorphisms per 2.1 kbp. The genes are predominantly located at the distal chromosome ends, declining toward central scaffold domains. Long terminal repeat retrotransposons prevail in central domains, consistent with the observed pericentromeric heterochromatin and distal euchromatin. Disparities in paralogous gene counts suggest potential sub‐genome differentiation implying possible sub‐genome dominance. Amino acid query sequences of putative genes facilitated phenol biosynthesis pathway annotation. Comparison with manually curated reference KEGG pathways from related Malvaceae species reveals the genetic basis for putative enzyme coding genes that likely enable metabolic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of dietary and therapeutic compounds in okra.
A note on the Hasse norm principle
Authors: Koymans Peter , Rome Nick
Published: December 2023

Let be a finite, abelian group. We show that the density of ‐extensions satisfying the Hasse norm principle exists, when the extensions are ordered by discriminant. This strengthens earlier work of Frei–Loughran–Newton, who obtained a density result under the additional assumption that is cyclic with denoting the smallest prime divisor of .
Synchronization of a Class of Nonlinear Systems With and Without Uncertainty Using State Feedback and Extended Kalman Filter Based Control Scheme
Authors: Ranjan Ravi Kumar , Sharma Bharat Bhushan
Published: December 2023

The paper elaborates on various synchronization aspects for nonlinear systems belonging to a specific class, under different scenarios. The method proposed in the article refers to the Lyapunov direct method and Extended Kalman Filter technique to ensure the convergence of the slave state trajectories to the corresponding master state trajectories. Initially, an output feedback-based synchronization approach is attempted, assuming that bounds of unmeasurable states are available for controller synthesis. However, this approach has limitations in handling complete parametric uncertainty for the considered class of systems. To overcome this limitation, a state feedback-based synchronization scheme is presented, and an appropriate state feedback controller and parametric adaptation laws are designed analytically. In the case where only output states are accessible for feedback, and the system is subjected to complete parametric uncertainty, an Extended Kalman Filter based estimation scheme is used. This approach facilitates achieving synchronization despite the presence of external channel noise disturbances with a Gaussian distribution. The potency of the proposed results is successfully substantiated for the chaotic Lorenz system, which belongs to the considered class of nonlinear systems. Ultimately, numerical simulations are provided to corroborate the efficacy of proposed synchronization and estimation strategy.
Using the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 With Athletes: A Psychometric Evaluation of Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance
Authors: DeWolfe Christopher E.J. , Romero-Sanchiz Pablo , Watt Margo C. , Stewart Sherry H.
Published: December 2023

To meaningfully use the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-3 (ASI-3) with athletes, measurement invariance must be established. Thus, we sought to determine appropriate factor structures for the ASI-3 in an athlete sample, assess measurement invariance between an athlete sample and a less active sample, and compare ASI-3 scores between these groups. Two university student samples were recruited: an athlete sample (n = 216) and a less active control sample (n = 321). Results supported bifactor and hierarchical factor structures for the ASI-3 overall and in the athlete sample. Measurement invariance of these factor structures was established. ASI-3 score comparisons indicated that the athlete sample had significantly lower levels of global anxiety sensitivity, and lower physical and social concerns. Results support the use of the ASI-3 to address mental health concerns in athletes and permit meaningful comparisons between athletes and nonathletes using the ASI-3 and its subscales.
The Strength of Community: The Role of Social Support Networks in Sport Officials’ Retention
Authors: Tingle Jacob K. , Jacobs Brittany L. , Katz Matthew , Warner Stacy
Published: December 2023

Previous researchers have indicated that a sense of community and social support are vital to referee retention; however, little is known about the connection between specific characteristics of sports officials’ networks and retention. To better understand the sports officiating shortage, researchers explored the social support networks of 116 referees utilizing egocentric network analysis. The authors suggest that retention of sports officials depends on the interpersonal ties and network structures within which the referees are embedded. Specifically, resulting hierarchical models confirmed that retention relationships among officials are a multilevel phenomenon, and that outside communication and community were vital network characteristics that fostered retention relationships. Network size, tenure, and the officiating level also were significant when considering an official’s network and its impact on retention. Areas for future research and suggestions for referee managers are presented.
The Effects of Using a Cycling Desk at School on Executive Function, Physical Fitness, and Body Composition in Primary School Children: Impact of Socioeconomic Status
Authors: Chambonnière Camille , Metz Lore , Fillon Alicia , Demonteix Pauline , Fearnbach Nicole , Bailly Mélina , Boscaro Audrey , Pereira Bruno , Thivel David , Duclos Martine
Published: December 2023

Context: Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors are associated with adverse health outcomes in both adults and children. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a 9-week program using a Cycle Desk during school time in French primary school children from high or low socioeconomic status (SES) on body composition, physical fitness (PF), and executive function. Methods: Seventy-five (n = 75) children completed a test battery before and after 9 weeks of use of Cycle Desk to evaluate anthropometric characteristics, body composition, PF, and executive function. Results: Body mass index increased significantly (P = .0095), while body fat decreased after the use of Cycle Desks (P < .0001). Specifically, lean mass increased in the high-SES group while it decreased in the low-SES group (P < .0001). After 9 weeks, there was an improvement in motor skills (P < .0001), upper and lower limbs’ strength (P < .0001), and executive function performance (P < .0001). More specifically, the low-SES group had a greater improvement in motor skills and maximal aerobic speed between T0 and T1, compared to the high-SES group (P = .001, P = .023, respectively). In contrast, the high-SES group had a greater improvement in executive function at 9 weeks of use of Cycle Desk compared with the low-SES group (P = .0084). Conclusions: The promotion of low-intensity physical activity with the use of a Cycle Desk at school may help offset some adverse effects of excess sedentary behavior among children. Moreover, this strategy appears to be particularly effective in children from low-SES backgrounds. What’s New: The use of a Cycle Desk during school time has no deleterious effects on PF as well as cognitive executive functions in primary children. Modifications are more beneficial in children from low SES.
Protein kinase C delta regulates mononuclear phagocytes and hinders response to immunotherapy in cancer
Authors: Chaib Mehdi , Holt Jeremiah R. , Fisher Emilie L. , Sipe Laura M. , Bohm Margaret S. , Joseph Sydney C. , Simmons Boston W. , Eugin Simon Samson , Yarbro Johnathan R. , Tanveer Ubaid , Halle Jessica L. , Carson James A. , Hollingsworth T.J. , Wei QingQing , Rathmell Jeffrey C. , Thomas Paul G. , Hayes D. Neil , Makowski Liza
Published: December 2023

Mononuclear phagocytes (MPs) play a crucial role in tissue homeostasis; however, MPs also contribute to tumor progression and resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Targeting MPs could be an effective strategy to enhance ICB efficacy. We report that protein kinase C delta (PKCδ), a serine/threonine kinase, is abundantly expressed by MPs in human and mouse tumors. PKCδ
−/−
mice displayed reduced tumor progression compared to wild types, with increased response to anti–PD-1. Tumors from PKCδ
−/−
mice demonstrated T
H
1-skewed immune response including increased antigen presentation and T cell activation. Depletion of MPs in vivo altered tumor growth in control but not PKCδ
−/−
mice. Coinjection of PKCδ
−/−
M2-like macrophages with cancer cells into wild-type mice markedly delayed tumor growth and significantly increased intratumoral T cell activation compared to PKCδ
+/+
controls. PKCδ deficiency reprogrammed MPs by activating type I and type II interferon signaling. Thus, PKCδ might be targeted to reprogram MPs to augment ICB efficacy.