bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The New Economic Regionalism: A Rural Policy Framework
Authors: COOPER RONALD S.
Published: March 2007

A conceptual framework is presented that clarifies issues involved in the rural policy debate. A new economic regionalism is emerging in which rural areas develop only as integral parts of larger regional economies. Advances in technology and new forms of economic competition that transcend both industrial and national boundaries have created a new regional dimension to the development process. The economic hardships and future opportunities of rural areas are better understood as the focus moves from rural economic development to the new regional development framework.
Federal Aid for Rural Economic Development
Authors: BERBLINGER ANNE
Published: March 2007

Federal economic development programs for rural communities work. They do indeed help rural communities to create new jobs, raise income levels, diversify their economies, sustain local businesses and help them grow, and create new businesses. In this article, programs are described, and the author shares some thoughts on federal aid for rural economic development.
Changing Trading Patterns of the Caribbean Basin
Authors: ROSENBERG MARK , HISKEY JONATHAN T.
Published: March 2007

This article examines current trade patterns of the Caribbean Basin and the likely impact that changes in the international trade environment will have on them. The numerous bilateral and subregional preferential agreements that sustain the region's economy will be the framework in which Caribbean trade is examined. Also examined are the threats posed to these relationships by the implementation of free trade arrangements and the changing political alliances throughout the global community. We conclude with an evaluation of potential Caribbean responses to the challenges of the international economy of the twenty-first century.
Enforcing the Minimum Wage and Employer Sanctions
Authors: NORTH DAVID S.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the interaction between the enforcement of the minimum wage and of employer sanctions—fining employers for hiring illegal aliens—in Los Angeles County. Los Angeles was selected because there is, proportionately, more immigration, legal and illegal, there than in any other urban county in the nation, and work in the secondary labor market has become progressively less well paid with the passage of time, two trends said to be intertwined. The roles of four groups of agencies are examined: unions, community-based organizations, employment standards agencies, and the Immigration and Naturalization Service. The expected interagency cooperation to raise wages for those at the bottom of the labor market was not found. Further, resources for enforcing the minimum wage turned out to be minimal, with social service agencies and foundations much more interested in a more fashionable, if less pervasive, labor market problem, namely, sanction-caused discrimination against foreign-appearing workers.
Arms Transfers, Military Assistance, and Defense Industries: Socioeconomic Burden or Opportunity?
Authors: NEUMAN STEPHANIE G.
Published: March 2007

More than thirty years of research on the positive or negative consequences of various military activities for the civilian sector has failed to yield strong and unambiguous evidence one way or the other. This article briefly describes the history of this gunsversus-butter controversy, noting the close relationship between U.S. policy needs and the response of the research community. The article then focuses on the debate over the role that arms transfers, military assistance, and defense industries play in Third World economic growth and development. Finally, it assesses the relevance of the debate for today's post-Cold War world.
Job Security for Pregnant Employees: The Model Employment Termination Act
Authors: FEITSHANS ILISE L.
Published: March 2007

This article examines dismissal law regarding pregnant employees. Under U.S. law, wrongful dismissals are covered by the terms and conditions of employment. Employment termination based on pregnancy is discriminatory, but enforcement of a pregnant employee's rights to continued employment and preservation of a position with seniority are problematic. This article reviews the changing values and attitudes toward pregnancy and employment reflected in case and statutory law. It outlines the shift from twentieth-century protectionism, the treatment of pregnant employees before and after Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, interpretations in case law, the 1978 Pregnancy Discrimination Act, and the Supreme Court's ending of exclusionary policies. The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act is discussed, as are the limitations of this law to protect certain categories of pregnant employees. The Model Employment Termination Act is considered in light of these developments. Its possible adoption is viewed as offering a necessary safety net for pregnant employees, who are least able to pursue court action to protect their rights.
Public Perceptions of Ethics in Government
Authors: FREDERICKSON H. GEORGE , FREDERICKSON DAVID G.
Published: March 2007

To explain negative perceptions of government ethics, and particularly of the ethics of public administrators, the authors use the paradox of distance and the absence of role differentiation. In the paradox of distance, the public holds negative views of government generally and public administrators in the abstract, but they have favorable to very favorable views of governmental programs with which they interact and favorable views of the bureaucrats whom they encounter. Much of the negative perception of government ethics and the ethics of public officials is based on public observations of the misdeeds of those who are elected or politically appointed. These negative perceptions are well founded. Unfortunately, the public holds similarly negative views of merit civil servants, although these public officials are much less often associated with corruption or unethical behavior. Finally, the authors suggest that several contemporary governmental reforms will, in the long run, result in more rather than less government corruption.
Continental Union
Authors: MARTIN LAWRENCE
Published: March 2007

The Conservative years under Prime Minister Brain Mulroney, 1984-93, marked a watershed in the history of Canada-U.S. relations. During this period, Canada dismantled its long-standing pillars of nationalism and openly embraced continentalist economic policies. The country's two solitudes, Quebec and English Canada, had always been vigilant in securing their identities. Quebec feared assimilation by English Canada, and English Canada, by the United States. While Quebec kept up the fight through the 1980s, upping the ante on nationalism, English Canada drew down its protectionist curtain. Thus one solitude's identity is secured; the other's, more vulnerable than ever before. As evidenced by support for free trade in the 1988 election and the absence of opposition to new levels of Americanization since that time, English Canadians appear more and more willing to embrace the American way and, perhaps, an American destiny. With the turn south in the Mulroney years secured by landmark treaties, treaties that the new Liberal government has ratified, a de facto economic union is being formed. Economic unions, by definition, argue for joint political management. Canada's borderline will increasingly become a formality. The country, should member parts not seek American annexation in the meantime, will eventually find membership in a North American federation of some kind.
The Role of the United States in Small Wars
Authors: LORD CARNES
Published: March 2007

In spite of the end of the Cold War, the United States will undoubtedly continue to involve itself in small wars. This article briefly discusses the nature of small wars (that is, limited or lowintensity conflicts), examines the emerging international political and military environment and its implications for the United States, and analyzes related trends in American policy and doctrine. It concludes that improved performance in this arena will require important changes in the American approach at the strategic and political levels.
Public Values in Risk Research
Authors: FISCHHOFF BARUCH
Published: March 2007

Risk research is a complex social enterprise, reflecting the beliefs and values of those closest to its creation. For public values to be expressed in risk research, the public needs the same access as those who conduct and directly sponsor that research. Providing that access requires more open research management and more responsive research methods.
Science, Values, and Risk
Authors: KUNREUTHER HOWARD , SLOVIC PAUL
Published: March 2007

In the context of health, safety, and environmental decisions, the concept of risk involves value judgments that reflect much more than just the probability and consequences of the occurrence of an event. This article conceptualizes risk as a game, in which the rules must be socially negotiated within the context of a specific problem. This contextualist view of risk provides insight into why technical approaches to risk management often fail with problems such as those involving radiation and chemicals, where scientific experts and the public disagree on the nature of the risks. It also highlights the need for the interested parties to define and play the game, thus emphasizing the importance of institutional, procedural, and societal processes in risk management decisions. This contextualist approach is illustrated using the problem of siting hazardous waste facilities.
Negotiating Emigration and the Family: Individual Solutions to the 1997 Anxiety
Authors: KUAH KHUN ENG
Published: March 2007

In an environment of decolonization and Sino-British disagreement, the Hong Kong people are reevaluating their status relating to the transfer of sovereignty from Britain to China. This is coupled with a sense of anomie resulting from the rapid shift to a postindustrial, postmodern era. The return to China could bring authoritarianism, yet movement toward postindustrialism and postmodernism represents liberalism. How do Hong Kong people cope with these two dialectically opposed sociopolitical and socioeconomic processes? This article explores how individuals and families cope with political uncertainty through negotiating emigration and marriage strategies. In selecting their strategies, they face dislocation in their host countries. All the while they must wrestle with issues of loyalty and identity; they must answer to themselves, ultimately to the Chinese government, and to the government of their adopted home.
NAFTA and the Mesoamerican States System
Authors: ALMAZAN MARCO A.
Published: March 2007

Mexico's indigenous communities and the Mexican government can be viewed as forming a Mesoamerican states system. In this article, the evolution of this system is traced, and it is argued that the process leading to the signing and implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) had a double impact on it: the process eroded the Mexican government's legitimacy in the eyes of the indigenous communities, and it unintentionally strengthened a rebel group—the Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN)—that claims to speak on behalf of these communities. In early 1996, negotiations between the Mexican government and the EZLN resulted in an agreement that could mark the beginning of a substantial transformation of the Mesoamerican states system.
Developing Conflict Resolution in Transcaucasia: A University-Based Approach
Authors: SANDOLE DENNIS J. D.
Published: March 2007

This article provides an overview of the author's efforts, together with those of colleagues, to help institutionalize the teaching and practice of conflict resolution in the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union and Eastern and Central Europe. These include his institute's university-based programs in Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Turkey funded primarily by the U.S. Institute of Peace, and his work, in conjunction with Partners for Democratic Change, in the Czech Republic, Lithuania, Poland, and the Slovak Republic. The article concludes by locating these activities within the context of the author's model for a new European peace and security system.
Israel in Transition from Zionism to Post-Zionism
Authors: KELMAN HERBERT C.
Published: March 2007

Since the original goals of Zionism have largely been accomplished or are less relevant today, conditions are ripe for Israel's transition from Zionism to post-Zionism. A post-Zionist Israel—while maintaining its Jewish character and special relationship to world Jewry—would be a state primarily committed to protecting and advancing the interests of its citizens, regardless of ethnicity. In a post-Zionist Israel, the status of non-Jewish Israelis would be up-graded and the status of non-Israeli Jews downgraded. Moreover, Israel would be integrated into the region and engaged in normal, peaceful relations with its neighbors. Many forces are promoting this transition, including the peace process, changes in Israel-Diaspora relations, and the liberalization of the society. Countervailing forces stem mostly from the ultranationalist and Orthodox religious sectors in the society. To advance the transition, Israel will have to address four major divisions within the society: the divisions between citizens and noncitizens, Jewish and Palestinian citizens, Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews, and religious and secular Jews.
The Politics of Mass Communication in Israel
Authors: DORON GIDEON
Published: March 2007

Since Israel's independence in 1948, three changes have occurred in the relationship between the Israeli state and its citizens. These changes are reflected in the country's communication map. During the first phase of nation building, the nonliberal state had a monopoly over the means and content of mass communication. In the 1980s and early and middle 1990s, privatized means of communication were formed, permitting the market to affect public preferences. As we approach the end of the 1990s, the map may be altered again by a proposal for a new multicultural model. The article traces conceptually and historically the multifaceted nature of the interactions that have taken place between politics and communication in Israel.
Employer Participation in School-to-Work Programs
Authors: CAPPELLI PETER , SHAPIRO DANIEL , SHUMANIS NICHOLE
Published: March 2007

This article assesses the extent to which employers participate in school-to-work partnerships and work-based learning, using data from the National Employer Survey (NES). It opens with a brief discussion of the history of the school-to-work movement and the development of the School-to-Work Opportunities Act, which seeks to improve the preparation of college- and non-college-bound students for the workforce. The authors then present a review of the literature that focuses on incentives for employer participation in these programs and obstacles to implementing the programs on a national scale. The authors then report on previous attempts to measure the number of participating employers and compare these estimates with a recent analysis of data from the NES. They find that, while 25 percent of U.S. companies participate in a school-to-work partnership and another 40 percent provide a work-based learning experience, it is not clear how substantive such involvement and experiences are.
Objectivity as a Problem: An Attempt at an Overview
Authors: MARGOLIS JOSEPH
Published: March 2007

Objectivity has become a contested notion. The chief contending models, which may be conveniently abstracted from Thomas Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions and Ludwig Wittgenstein's Tractatus, may be termed, respectively, constructivism and objectivism. There are difficulties, but of different sorts, confronting each. Objectivism is now seriously challenged, but constructivism is not yet cast in any canonically compelling way. There is an increasing tendency, now, to construe knowledge as a construct of historical experience and to challenge any principled disjunction between objectivity in the natural sciences and in the human sciences and practical life. To favor these themes is, effectively, to deny any privilege or hierarchical order of knowledge favoring the natural sciences.
How Journalists Visualize Fact
Authors: ERICSON RICHARD V.
Published: March 2007

Fact is a product of the communication practices of journalists. Journalists rarely have the resources or access to penetrate their sources' informational worlds to establish facts independently. Moreover, the norms of objectivity in journalism often preclude efforts to establish facts independent of sources' accounts. Therefore, journalists visualize the fact value of a story on the basis of a source's face value as an authoritative, normative witness to events. While television visuals offer a greater capacity for believability, the need for an orderly visual narrative leads to staged news events, retakes, reenactments, use of stock footage, and other fakes. These communication practices blur distinctions between fact, value, information, and knowledge and have literary properties. Like literary fiction, news requires the willing suspension of disbelief in order to have its knowledge accepted. This important literary character of news may be fading as the news institution breaks down into segmented markets and specialized information services.
Unintended, Inexorable
Authors: SZASZ ANDREW , MEUSER MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

Instead of demonstrating the existence of environmental race and class inequalities at one point in time, social scientists must now do historical studies that explain how such inequalities are generated over time. The authors use 1990 census and 1989 Environmental Protection Agency Toxics Release Inventory data to document environmental race and class inequalities in Santa Clara County, California. They then use earlier censuses and historical land use data to generate a series of demographic and industrial maps spanning 30 years, 1960 to 1990. They also consult existing local histories, planning reports, and other documents to interpret the maps and describe the county's economic, residential, and demographic development. They find that the environmental inequalities observed in 1990 were not the result of intentional siting decisions. Rather, they were the result of the combination of several “normal” processes: economic boosterism, unregulated development, and racial and ethnic differences in education, occupation, and income.
Treatment of the Depressions of Bereavement
Authors: ZISOOK SIDNEY , SHUCHTER STEPHEN R.
Published: March 2007

Although the onset, exacerbation, or persistence of major depressive episodes are among the most frequently encountered complications of bereavement, there is scant empirically based literature on the treatment of bereavement-associated depressions. Whereas uncomplicated bereavement rarely requires formal treatment, for bereavement that is complicated by a major depressive episode, treatment can greatly diminish suffering and promote well-being. When establishing a treatment plan for major depressive episodes following the death of a loved one, clinicians must keep in mind that they are dealing with both grief and depression; thus, an ideal intervention targets both components, often simultaneously. The authors present an integrative model of treatment that incorporates basic principles of grief therapy along with the same combinations of psychoeducation, psychotherapy, and pharmacotherapy generally applied to the treatment of nonbereavement-related major depressive episodes. The authors emphasize that treatment must be individualized and focused to address specific needs and resources of each unique patient.
Examining the Delayed Grief Hypothesis Across 5 Years of Bereavement
Authors: BONANNO GEORGE A. , FIELD NIGEL P.
Published: March 2007

Traditional bereavement theories emphasize that it is crucial to work through the emotional meanings of a loss and that the failure to do so typically results in delayed grief symptoms. This article reports data examining these assumptions prospectively across the first 5 years of bereavement. Based on previous validity data, elevated symptoms were defined in terms of 6-month median scores for each measure. Delayed elevations were observed on isolated measures for 3 (7%) participants. However, these elevations were more parsimoniously explained by random measurement error. Furthermore, when a weighted grief-depression composite score was used to maximize the probability of capturing the true (latent) grief variable, not a single case of delayed symptom elevations was observed. Finally, data on emotional processing of the loss at 6 months failed to support the traditional assumption that minimal emotional processing of the loss would lead to delayed grief.
The National Newspaper Sample
Authors: Carter Roy E.
Published: March 2007

The Director, Communications Research Division, at the School of Journalism, University of Minnesota, offers a modest proposal for gathering and storing valuable social data.
The Traditional and the Behavioral
Authors: Moreno Frank Jay
Published: March 2007

Professor Moreno issues a critique of the traditional and behavioral approaches to the study of Latin American politics. He cites relevant literature of the past that still carries weight, and urges its synthesis with the modern field study. The author is at New York University when not studying politics first-hand in Cuba, Venezuela, Chile, and elsewhere.
Intellectual Honesty and the Contemporary Scientist
Authors: Wiener Norbert
Published: March 2007

Originality, eccentricity, flaws and perfections and the limits of moneys and machines are subjects of one of the last contributions to thought of the late famed mathematician who sired cybernetics and other good ideas too numerous to mention. These are a set of remarks delivered to the members of B'nai B'rith Hillel Foundation last year at M.I.T. and recorded on tape by Rabbi Herman Pollack. ABS owes thanks to M.I.T.'s Technology Review for the privilege of publishing Dr. Wiener's remarks.
Philosophy as Problem-Solving
Authors: Wikler Daniel
Published: March 2007

Dan Wikler's paper describes how a philosophy department can contribute centrally to a problem-solving program. The course's success has been outstanding, and the approach is exemplary.
The Integration of Business, Science, and Human Resources: A Superparadigm?
Authors: JOHNSSON BERTIL
Published: March 2007

The role of business as a forerunner of societal change might be in dispute, but the reality is that the main resource of society is the business enterprise. The observations and reflections presented in this article are especially oriented toward the use of and attitudes toward human resources and the unlimited reserves of human talent. Researchers within the disciplines of psychology and sociology often reveal a gap between different worldviews easily resulting in misunderstandings between their realms of research and application. Do these differing views point to the main reason for a relative inapplicability of research results from behavioral science to the working life? It might be pressure on the researchers in those sciences to be “scientific” in a way that better suits the natural sciences, although those traditional scientific ideas are also coming into question. In business, it is often necessary to adopt methods based on the fact that they feel reasonable. Such methods often prove effective later but may not be objectively proven in a way that meets scientific standards. Business functions in both modes, using “trial and error” as a source of knowledge as well as stringency and objective measures, reflecting the virtues of established science. If we look more closely at these phenomena, we find the same kind of conflict among people advocating, respectively, objective and nonobjective approaches to their discipline, whether in science or in business. Such conflicts consume energy, which would be better used in the understanding and integration of different “strategies of knowing” or, which is a point here, “ways of being.” A number of questions that have emerged when models and theories have met with “real life” are proposed. It is assumed that consideration of these questions supports a transformation of psychological and sociological disciplines in their relationship with the emerging transformation of business.
Human Resource Management and Organizational Performance
Authors: KALLEBERG ARNE L. , MOODY JAMES W.
Published: March 2007

The idea of a transformed or high-performance work system has attracted considerable attention in the United States as an alternative to traditional, mass-production forms of work organization. This article examines the relationships between indicators of high-performance work organizations that are available in the National Organizations Study, on one hand, and measures of organizational performance, on the other. The authors find that characteristics of high-performing work organizations tend to cluster together into a system of organizations. Moreover, the results indicate that human resource policies and practices often identified with high-performing organizations do, in fact, enhance organizational performance.
Community Medicine and the World of the Well
Authors: PIETRONI PATRICK C.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the systemic roots of the concept of community care as developed by Geoffrey Vickers in the 1960s and its subsequent elaboration in theory and in practice. It analyzes the radical 1990 reforms in the U.K. National Health Service in terms of an attempted shift to automatic market regulators to carry the gross burdens of choice that colliding expectations and relatively fixed resources are generating in health care, and it explores the changing role and possible changing training of practitioners in health and social care delivery.

I am afraid of those who look for a tendency between the lines and who insist on seeing me as necessarily either a liberal or a conservative. I am not a liberal, not a conservative, not a gradualist, not a monk and not an indifferentist.

—Anton Chekov

Letter to Alexey N. Pleshcheyev
Educating Our Youth to Prevent Central Nervous System Injuries
Authors: LEVY MICHAEL L. , LEVY KAREN M. , GIANNOTTA STEVEN L. , APUZZO MICHAEL L. J.
Published: March 2007

Traumatic injuries are epidemic in proportion and represent the greatest health hazard in America today. There are 2.3 million hospitalizations each year as a result of trauma and 142,500 deaths. The cost of traumatic injuries to the patient and economy are overwhelming. Treatment and rehabilitation for patients with severe head injuries is approximately $310,000 per patient. Treatment and rehabilitation for patients with quadriplegia is approximately $570,000 per patient. Despite this, only 2% of funding for basic research is used to study trauma. As physicians, the authors not only have a direct interest in injuries that compromise the function of the central nervous system but also are involved in the prevention of these injuries. They also feel a responsibility to provide information to high-risk populations that could prevent such injuries from occurring. Two preventive programs are discussed that specifically address these types of injuries in this population of patients.
From Enterprise Zones to Empowerment Zones
Authors: RIPOSA GERRY
Published: March 2007

Economic development policy continues to dominate city agendas as local officials vie for investment and population in the effort to generate a robust local economy. Many times, however, such policies have succeeded in building capital-intensive projects while failing to enhance the community's quality of life. Building on the enterprise zone concept, the Clinton administration's Empowerment Zone Act of 1993 attempts to avoid this pitfall by blending economic incentives and social services, as it establishes a mechanism to incorporate broader local participation in program design, implementation, and evaluation. By examining the context, origins, and dimensions of empowerment zone policy, this article clarifies policy elements, including similarities to and differences from enterprise zones, and prospects of empowerment zones to creat the community context necessary for greater local participation in economic development.
Methodological and Substantive Issues in Substance Abuse Prevention Research
Authors: JOHNSON C. ANDERSON , FARQUHAR JOHN W. , SUSSMAN STEVE
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes current issues in drug abuse prevention research through integration of other articles in this journal and by heeding historical trends in prevention science. Recommendations are made for future research directions. For prevention to advance, iterative processes are needed involving both quasi-experimental and experimental designs and involving both small, simple units and large, complex, interactive units. Accuracy of measurement and replication are of paramount importance.
Interpretive Social Science
Authors: RICHARDSON FRANK C. , FOWERS BLAINE J.
Published: March 2007

Mainstream social sciences in the 20th century have always been highly fragmented, with considerable isolation among disciplines such as psychology, sociology, and political science and many disconnected islands of theory and research pursued within each field. Today, even more fundamental epistemological questions about the nature of human action or social life and the proper way to explain or understand it are hotly debated and remain quite unresolved. This article argues that it may be helpful broadly to classify diverse approaches to social or human science as (a) explanatory, (b) descriptivist, (c) critical, (d) postmodern/social constructionist, and (e) hermeneutic or interpretive approaches to such inquiry. Every such typology is shaped by its own epistemological ideals and value commitments. The authors try to make their commitments explicit and explain some of the ways they feel that an interpretive social science or hermeneutic viewpoint offers a relatively coherent view of social inquiry that assists them in incorporating the virtues and avoiding the limitations of other approaches.
Narrative Explanation in Psychotherapy
Authors: GUIGNON CHARLES
Published: March 2007

This article examines the field of psychotherapy as an interesting and illustrative example of human science inquiry. Three approaches to understanding human intentionality and action that have appeared in theories of psychotherapy over the years are distinguished. Naturalist approaches assume explanation involves describing underlying causes operating beneath the surface phenomena of thought and action. In recent years, difficulties this view encounters in doing justice to human agency have given rise to constructionist conceptions of psychotherapy. In this view, action is structured by narratives or stories understood as free creations that swing free of any facts and do not involve discovering any truth about a person's life or history. The author suggests that this approach involves a number of excesses and shortcomings and argues for a more moderate, narrativist viewpoint that draws on the ideas of ontological hermeneutics.
Loose Change
Authors: TOMLINS CHRISTOPHER
Published: March 2007

Money has been called the human artifact that confirms the impossibility of disentangling the cultural and the symbolic from the economic. The terms of that entanglement are richly and rewardingly explored in this issue's articles by Helleiner, Curruthers and Espeland, and Siegel. The author assesses the many contributions made by these three articles. The author also considers how ideas about evidence and analysis are pursued in different disciplines. Can social scientists divorce empirical examples from historical contexts in order to substantiate or illustrate analytical strategies? Should they? This is posed primarily by Helleiner, and by Carruthers and Espeland, the latter of which comprises attempts to develop frameworks for subsequent empirical investigations. Siegel offers a useful contrast, in that its empiricism is deliberately sensitive to context.
Introduction
Authors: BULMER MARTIN
Published: March 2007

The social survey is primarily an American product, although it originated in England about the beginning of the 20th century. American society is now the most surveyed society in the world. The export of social survey research is a major American product. The articles examine these issues by means of discussion of comparative, cross-national survey research, and articles discussing survey research in five countries, South Africa, Russia, Mexico, Bangladesh, and Mali, provide contrasting perspectives on the issues of adaptation. These are discussed in terms of the national context, political problems facing survey researchers, technical and methodological issues, ethical problems in exporting surveys, and multimethod approaches.
Isolating Cultural Choice Patterns in the U.S. Population
Authors: HUGHES MICHAEL , PETERSON RICHARD A.
Published: March 2007

Using a hand-crafted clustering technique, Hughes and Peterson isolate eight patterns of cultural choice in a national survey collected in 1973. The resulting patterns cannot be arranged in hierarchical order by social class, bringing into question the hypothesized association between culture class and social class.
Does Tolerance Lead to Better Partnering?
Authors: Bellinger Larry , Hillman Amy J.
Published: March 2007

Many mergers and acquisitions stumble due to the postmerger integration process. The authors examine the relationship between organizational tolerance and market reaction to merger announcements. Tolerant organizations are those that value plurality and diversity and because of these values may have easier merger integration. The authors test this hypothesis with a sample of 200 acquiring firms and find evidence that organizational tolerance explains a significant portion of the variance in market reactions to merger announcements.
Commitment, Revelation, and the Testaments of Belief: The Metrics of Measurement of Corporate Social Performance
Authors: Mitnick Barry M.
Published: March 2007

Three characteristic problems in the measurement of corporate social performance (CSP) center around the need to measure three “metrics”: the metric of performance evaluation (M1), the metric of performance measurement (M2), and the metric of performance perception and belief (M3). The central issues in each metric are commitment, revelation, and belief, respectively. This article discusses each metric and provides sets of theoretical propositions under M2 and M3 describing behavior in those contexts. Some of the propositions inM2form an explicit partial theory of factors affecting the likelihood of CSP measurement. Those under M3 are developed from more general ones in the theory of testaments.
Governance and Corporate Philanthropy
Authors: Bartkus Barbara R. , Morris Sara A. , Seifert Bruce
Published: March 2007

Although corporate decision makers may justify charitable contributions on strategic grounds, extremely large corporate philanthropic contributions may beperceived by shareholders as unnecessary. If stockholders attempt to limit corporate philanthropy, then governance mechanisms should put a cap on giving amounts. Using a matched-paired sample to control for industry and company size, theauthors compared big givers and small givers. The authors find that blockholders and institutional owners limit corporate philanthropy. This suggests that high levels of corporate philanthropy may be perceived as excessive by influentialstockholders, and some governance mechanisms act to curtail it.
Determining an Industry's Political Effectiveness with the U.S. International Trade Commission
Authors: Rehbein Kathleen , Lenway Stefanie
Published: March 2007

This study extends previous empirical work on the payoffs associated with an industry's political investments by examining the political strategies and tactics employed by industries involved with the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC). In using a comprehensive framework of regulatory decision making to analyze the ITC's decision-making process, the authors also find that industries facing relatively low costs of collective action are able to secure affirmative decisions from ITC commissioners.
The Unexplored Territory Linking Rewards and Ethical Behavior
Authors: Kurland Nancy B.
Published: March 2007

Rewards research typically examines how well incentives increase employees' productivity. By comparison, research in business ethics research focuses more on employees' ethical behavior than on their productivity per se. Yet, despite the bounty of literature in these two areas, little research specifically (a) links incentives to (un)ethical behavior and (b) focuses on relationships other than that between the employee-employer. This article reviews this neglect in detail, urges that future research address these gaps, and proposes a diagnostic model for use by scholars to guide this future research and by practitioners to implement rewards in their organizations.
A Structural Analysis of Corporate Political Activity
Authors: Mullery Colleen B. , Brenner Steven N. , Perrin Nancy A.
Published: March 2007

During the past 2 decades, business has become increasingly active in the political process, and scholars continue to debate the extent to which this activity is organized. This fundamental issue is addressed by using multidimensional scaling to structurally analyze political action committee (PAC) campaign contributions within the context of resource dependence and class cohesion theories. Results indicate that resource dependence theory can better explain the forces that drive business participation in the U.S. public policy process. Both theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
Implementing Multilateral Regulation
Authors: Getz Kathleen A.
Published: March 2007

A theory of implementation for multilateral regulation of business is introduced. Four types of implementation actors (international organizations, states, nongovernmental organizations, and business associations) and three implementation tasks (communicate, monitor, and sanction) are identified. The ease of implementation is affected by issues and events that occur early in the life cycle of a policy. Ten propositions are put forward regarding the effects of problem definition and policy formulation on implementation. The theory is illustrated with the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer.
Quality of Management and Quality of Stakeholder Relations
Authors: Waddock Sandra A. , Graves Samuel B.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an integrative conceptual framework for linking corporate social performance, stakeholders, and quality of management, then tests this framework empirically. Results provide strong support for the hypothesis that perceived quality of management can be explained by the quality of performance with respect to specific primary stakeholders: owners, employees, customers, and (marginally) communities, but treatment of ecological environmental considera- tions is not a significant factor.
The Mother-Child Paradigm and Its Relevance to the Workplace
Authors: Derry Robbin
Published: March 2007

In response to Frederick’s exhortation to thoroughly examine the interaction of natural and cultural values, this article considers the mother-child paradigm proposed by Virginia Held and its potential for application to business ethics. The application of the model is done in two parts: the recognition of the centrality of the mothering person and child to our social well-being, and an application of the lessons learned from parenting to our civic roles and work environments.
Democracies without Parties
Authors: ANCKAR DAG , ANCKAR CARSTEN
Published: March 2007

The belief that modern democracy is party democracy is widespread. However, the belief may be questioned. A number of small independent island states that subscribe to a high extent to democratic values, standards, and institutions manage without political parties. In all, six such cases exist, namely, Belau (Palau), the Federated States of Micronesia, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, and Tuvalu. The analysis of these cases is guided by three general assumptions: (a) the impact of diminutive size on the existence and number of parties, (b) the corresponding impact of geographical noncontiguity, and (c) the impact of culturally defined resistances against party life and party rule. Comparisons with conditions in other small island states suggest that the assumptions are valid given that extreme values are entered into the analysis. Extreme smallness, an extremely archipelagic geography, and an intense cultural resistance all contribute to an absence of political parties in democracies.
Political Attitudes and Participation of Informal and Formal Sector Workers in Mexico
Authors: THORNTON DOUGLAS S.
Published: March 2007

This work addresses the political attitudes and participation of informal sector workers in Mexico. Conventional wisdom leads to the expectation that informal sector workers would have lower levels of system-supportive political attitudes and lower levels of political participation. This article, using data from 514 surveys conducted in Mexico in 1997, examines the relationship between informal sector employment and system-supportive political attitudes and participation by comparing informal and formal sector workers. Analysis here shows that for those attitudes and forms of participation in which informal sector workers differ, they are likely to have more supportive attitudes toward the state and to participate in politics at a higher level than their formal sector counterparts.
Statics and Dynamics of Dissent
Authors: McCAUGHRIN CRAIG
Published: March 2007

The problem discussed herein is whether familiar static (unchanging) and dynamic (changing) influences on dissent can interact, resulting in quite unfamiliar effects on dissent and justifying a synthesis of separate static and dynamic theories. The argument is that such influences can interact even in conventional ways in a spatiotemporal matrix, altering one another's effects unexpectedly (given current theories) on all phases of dissent from initial motivation to eventual diffusion; a tentative theoretical synthesis is thus offered. Implications include greater anticipatory adaptation to dissent by governments, renewed optimism for broad-gauge and unified theory, and reinterpretation of organized complexity's import for dissent.
Postmaterialism of the Left and Right
Authors: SAVAGE JAMES
Published: March 2007

In his attempt to predict future political conflict, Ronald Inglehart writes that traditional class cleavages and ideologies will slowly erode and be replaced by the dominant value orientation of postmaterialism. This article shows that Inglehart's postmaterialists are not a unified social and political group. Postmaterialists of the right have attitudes that differ significantly from postmaterialists of the left about the ways in which society should be directed. These conflicting values and societal goals have their basis in social class and ideology, and the existence of the two groups suggests that political conflict will have its origin in intragenerational as well as intergenerational cleavages. This distinction also suggests that future public policy issues will continue to be framed in ideological, in addition to postmaterialist, terms.
In an Environment of Insecurity
Authors: BÖLTKEN FERDINAND , JAGODZINSKI WOLFGANG
Published: March 2007

In a recent article, Ronald Inglehart (1981) reexamined his hypothesis that postwar affluence has led to intergeneration change from materialist to postmaterialist values among Western publics. Using data covering the seventies, he came to the conclusion that postmaterialism continues to prevail in an “environment of insecurity.” In this article, we will call into question both this conclusion and the hypothesis of generational change. In the first section it will be shown that the two core assumptions of postmaterialism theory can be combined in different ways and that at least two interpretations can be found in Inglehart's writings. In the second part, we attempt to test both models empirically using the same data as Inglehart (1981) did, yet applying appropriate techniques for cohort analysis and covering more time points. The cohort effects and trend effects are estimated with the program NONMET. Neither in Western Europe nor in West Germany do the patterns of value change correspond to either version of postmaterialism theory.
Testing Alternative Conceptions of the Relationship between Direct Foreign Investment and External Debt in Poor Countries
Authors: ROTHGEB JOHN M.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationship between direct foreign investment and external public debt accumulation in Third World states. Four basic connections between foreign investment and debt are examined. The first sees debt as resulting from the repatriation of profits by foreign investors. The second sees debt as a product of the effects of foreign investment on growth in the host state. The third posits that foreign investment leads to debt due to its impact on the host's terms of trade. Finally, a large foreign presence is regarded as creating greater debt by producing the desire to counterbalance the role played by foreigners. The results suggest that repatriation does lead to greater debt and that this effect is associated with investments in the manufacturing sector.
Economic Dependence and Political Democracy
Authors: GASIOROWSKI MARK J.
Published: March 2007

This study critically examines the widely held hypothesis that a simple inverse relationship exists between economic dependence and political democracy. A recent study presenting empirical evidence in support of this simple hypothesis is first criticized on methodological grounds. A reanalysis of the author's data, which takes these criticisms into account, fails to confirm the author's original findings. The simple hypothesis is then retested using other measures of economic dependence and democracy. These analyses also fail to confirm the simple hypothesis. Finally, an alternative theoretical framework for viewing the relationship between economic dependence and political democracy is developed, based on the work of O'Donnell, Cordoso, Skidmore, and Kaufman. Although this framework is not empirically tested here, it serves to highlight the weak theoretical foundation that underlies the simple hypothesis.
Cultural Origins of Public Support for Democracy in Korea
Authors: SHIN DOH CHUL , CHEY MYUNG , KIM KWANG-WOONG
Published: March 2007

Anthropologist Mary Douglas and political scientist Aaron Wildavsky have proposed a theory that people's political preferences are shaped largely by the culture in which they prefer to live. This study tests their theory with public opinion data recently collected from the Republic of Korea. Secondary analysis of the data reveals that upholders of an individualist culture are most supportive of democratic politics, whereas those of a hierarchical culture are least supportive of it. Moreover, the analysis reveals that general levels of public support in Korea depend far more on the type of culture than on any socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. On the basis of these findings it is argued that culture should be considered as a promising rival theory of political preferences.