bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Children and work‐related stress among physicians
Authors: Töyry Saara , Kalimo Raija , Äärimaa Markku , Juntunen Juhani , Seuri Markku , Räsänen Kimmo
Published: June 2004

The aim of this study was to analyse the influence of gender and children on physicians' stress and burnout and to obtain information on the compromises physicians make between family and work. The study was based on a nationwide survey of 3313 Finnish physicians. The results showed that work was the commonest reason for stress for both male and female physicians. If physicians had children, combining work and family was the commonest reason for stress among the women, but work still remained the commonest reason for stress among the men. The female physicians had made compromises between family and work more often than the male physicians (limited the number of children, delayed having children, given up postgraduate or continuing medical education, worked part‐time because of family, and given up a job because of a spouse's need to move). The female physicians—with or without children—were more likely than the male physicians to experience severe or moderate exhaustion and less likely than the male physicians to experience cynicism as components of burnout. Among both genders of physicians, having children was associated with less cynicism and reduced personal accomplishment, but the children did not affect exhaustion. In conclusion, having children is associated with a lower level of some burnout symptoms. Additional studies are needed to explain the health effects of work–family balance for physicians. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of a mindfulness‐based stress reduction program on stress, mindfulness self‐efficacy, and positive states of mind
Authors: Chang Vickie Y. , Palesh Oxana , Caldwell Rebecca , Glasgow Nathan , Abramson Mark , Luskin Frederic , Gill Michelle , Burke Adam , Koopman Cheryl
Published: June 2004

Mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) has grown in popularity over the last two decades, showing efficacy for a variety of health issues. In the current study, we examined the effects of an MBSR intervention on pain, positive states of mind, stress, and mindfulness self‐efficacy. These measures were collected before and following an 8‐week intervention. Post‐intervention levels of stress were significantly lower than pre‐intervention levels, while mindfulness self‐efficacy and positive states of mind were at significantly higher levels. The findings underscore the potential for stress management, awareness and attention training, and positive states of mind using MBSR. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The significance of urethral hyperechogenicity in female lower urinary tract symptoms
Authors: Yang J.‐M. , Huang W.‐C.
Published: June 2004

Objective

To explore the significance of hyperechogenic spots in the urethra on ultrasound cystourethrography.

Methods

One hundred and five women with lower urinary tract symptoms who had undergone urodynamic study and ultrasound cystourethrography were included. Ultrasound cystourethrography was used to evaluate the morphology of the lower urinary tract, including the bladder neck position, bladder wall thickness at the trigone and dome, and presence or absence of hyperechogenic spots (urethral hyperechogenicity) in the urethra and their location and number.

Results

Of the 105 women, 30 (29%) had hyperechogenic spots in the urethra, including 26 (87%) with only one spot; 17 (53%) of the echogenic spots were located in the proximal urethra, including four cases with multiple echogenic spots. No significant differences were found in the demographics, urinary symptoms, ultrasonographic, urodynamic and urethrocystoscopic findings between those women with and without urethral hyperechogenicity, except for parity (P = 0.030). There was no association between urethral hyperechogenicity and urinary symptoms. A weak but negative correlation between the number of echogenic spots in the urethra and maximum urethral pressure was found in the subgroup with urethral hyperechogenicity (r = −0.421; P = 0.023).

Conclusion

On ultrasound cystourethrography, a single echogenic spot in the urethra is not associated with specific urinary symptoms and does not affect urethral function. Copyright © 2004 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multicenter randomized trial of a comprehensive hospital discharge and outpatient heart failure management program
Authors: Atienza Felipe , Anguita Manuel , Martinez‐Alzamora Nieves , Osca Joaquín , Ojeda Soledad , Almenar Luis , Ridocci Francisco , Vallés Federico , de Velasco José A.
Published: June 2004

Aims:

Disease management programs can reduce hospitalizations in high‐risk heart failure (HF) patients, but generalizability to the population hospitalized for HF remains to be proven. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of a discharge and outpatient management program in a non‐selected cohort of patients hospitalized for HF.

Methods and results:

Patients admitted with decompensated HF were randomized to receive usual care (n=174) or an intervention (n=164) consisting of a comprehensive hospital discharge planning and close follow‐up at a HF clinic. After a median of 509 days, there were fewer events (readmission or death) in the intervention as compared with the control group (156 vs. 250), which represents 47% (95%CI: 29–65; P<0.001) event reduction per observation year. At 1‐year, time to first event, time to first all‐cause and HF readmission, and time to death were increased in the intervention group (P<0.001). All‐cause and HF readmission rates per observation year were significantly lower, quality of life improved and overall cost of care was reduced in the intervention group.

Conclusions:

This comprehensive hospital discharge and outpatient management program prolonged time to first event, reduced hospital readmissions, improved survival and quality of life of patients hospitalized for HF, while reducing cost of management.
Regulation of caspase 3 and Fas in pressure overload‐induced left ventricular dysfunction
Authors: Philipp Sebastian , Pagel Ines , Höhnel Klaus , Lutz Jens , Buttgereit Jens , Langenickel Thomas , Hamet Pavel , Dietz Rainer , Willenbrock Roland
Published: June 2004

Background:

The presence of apoptotic cell death in cardiac myocytes is now well established and the contribution of apoptosis for the development of heart failure has been suggested. However, the mechanism responsible for the induction of apoptosis remains unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the involvement of Fas and caspase 3 in the transition from pressure overload‐induced left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) to left ventricular dysfunction (LVD).

Methods:

Pressure overload induced LVH (10 days) and LVD (30 days) were induced by thoracic aortic banding. Changes in apoptosis‐related genes were studied in rats with thoracic aortic banding. After 10 and 30 days, cardiac Fas mRNA expression was measured by RT‐PCR. The mRNA expression of caspase 3 was detected by RNase protection assay. The activity of caspase 3 was measured by fluorometric assay. Protein levels of caspase 3 were measured by Western blot.

Results:

Rats with aortic banding had increased heart/body weight ratios after 10 and 30 days, compared to controls. Central venous pressure and lung weights were increased, left ventricular contractility was significantly impaired only in rats after 30 days of aortic banding, indicating LVD. Caspase 3 mRNA expression (7.1±0.1 vs. 2.8±0.4, P<0.05), caspase 3 activity (1418±181 vs. 849±154 AU, P<0.05) as well as caspase 3 protein levels were increased in rats with LVD but not with LVH. Similarly, Fas mRNA was increased in rats with LVD.

Conclusions:

The activation of Fas and caspase 3 only after 30 days of aortic banding suggests that induction of these pathways may be involved in pressure overload‐induced LVD.
Rationale and design of the GISSI heart failure trial: a large trial to assess the effects of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and rosuvastatin in symptomatic congestive heart failure
Authors: Tavazzi Luigi , Tognoni Gianni , Franzosi Maria Grazia , Latini Roberto , Maggioni Aldo Pietro , Marchioli Roberto , Nicolosi Gian Luigi , Porcu Maurizio ,   on behalf of the GISSI‐HF investigators
Published: June 2004

Background:

The GISSI Heart Failure project is a large‐scale, randomized, double‐blind study designed to investigate the effects of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and rosuvastatin on mortality and morbidity in patients with symptomatic heart failure.

Methods and results:

Patients with New York Heart Association classes II to IV heart failure, already receiving optimized recommended therapy, will be recruited in a nation‐wide network of more than 300 cardiology and internal medicine services to be randomly allocated to treatment with n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (1 g daily) or the corresponding placebo. Patients with no clear indication or contraindication to cholesterol‐lowering therapy will be further randomized to receive low‐dose rosuvastatin (10 mg daily) or placebo. According to data available in heart failure registries, it is expected that 70% of the patients will be suitable to enter both components of the trial, which assume the same co‐primary endpoints: (a) 15% reduction of all‐cause mortality and (b) 20% reduction of all‐cause mortality or cardiovascular hospitalizations. The trial is event‐driven and will continue either until at least 1252 deaths have been recorded or a reduction of all‐cause mortality will satisfy the significance boundaries, which have been established to stop the study. The recruitment of the planned sample size of approximately 7000 patients randomized in the n‐3 PUFA trial is expected to be completed within 18 months from the trial start. As of February 29, 2004, 4624 heart failure patients have been included in the trial.

Conclusion:

The GISSI‐HF project, with its protocol articulated into two independent randomization schemes, has the aim and the power to verify the hypothesis that n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and rosuvastatin can favorably modify the prognosis of patients with symptomatic heart failure.
cAMP inhibits TGFβ1‐induced in vitro angiogenesis
Authors: Valle-Pérez Beatriz del , Martı́nez-Estrada Ofelia Maria , Vilaró Senén , Ventura Francesc , Viñals Francesc
Published: June 2004

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGFβ1) is a proangiogenic factor both, in vitro and in vivo, that is mainly involved in the later phases of angiogenesis. In an attempt to identify genes that participate in this effect, we found that TGFβ1 down‐regulates expression of adenylate cyclase VI. In addition, cAMP analogs (8‐Bromo‐cAMP) and forskolin (an adenylate cyclase activator) also reduced TGFβ1‐induced in vitro angiogenesis in mouse endothelial cell lines and in primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells on collagen gels. Induction of Ets‐1 and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) by TGFβ1 was blocked by these cAMP agonists and activators, in the absence of effects on endothelial cell viability. Moreover, the signal transduction pathways stimulated by TGFβ1 were unaffected. Thus, Smad2 was normally phosphorylated and translocated to the nucleus in the presence of forskolin. In contrast, transfection studies using the PAI‐1‐promoter indicated that these cAMP analogues inhibit transcriptional stimulation by TGFβ1. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that Smad2/3 were bound normally to a TGFβ1‐response region in the presence of the cAMP analogs. In all, these data suggest that the cAMP pathway inhibits the transcriptional activity of Smads, that could be responsible for the block of the TGFβ1‐induced in vitro angiogenesis caused by this second messenger.
Neurotoxic effects of MDMA (“ecstasy”) administration to neonatal rats
Authors: Meyer Jerrold S. , Grande Mark , Johnson Kenneth , Ali Syed F.
Published: June 2004

3,4‐Methylenedioxymethamphetamine damages fine serotonergic fibers and nerve terminals in adult organisms. Developing animals seem to be less susceptible to this effect, possibly due to a lack of drug‐induced hyperthermia. We tested this hypothesis by producing hyperthermia in neonatal rats for 2 h after each of twice‐daily MDMA (10 mg/kg s.c.) or saline injections administered from postnatal days 1–4. Other drug‐treated and control litters were maintained at normothermic temperatures following injection. Changes in forebrain serotonergic innervation were assessed at postnatal day 25 (serotonin transporter binding and serotonin levels), postnatal day 60 (serotonin transporter binding), and 9 months of age (serotonin transporter immunohistochemistry). We also determined the influence of MDMA treatment on apoptotic activity by means of immunohistochemistry for cleaved caspase‐3 at postnatal day 5. The hippocampus showed significant MDMA‐related reductions in serotonergic markers at postnatal day 25 and postnatal day 60. At 9 months, there was no effect of prior MDMA exposure on serotonin transporter‐immunoreactive fiber density in the hippocampus; however, significant reductions in fiber density were observed in two neocortical areas and a hyperinnervation was found in the caudate‐putamen and nucleus accumbens shell. MDMA treatment also produced a two‐fold increase in the number of cleaved caspase‐3‐immunoreactive cells in the rostral forebrain and hippocampus. All of these effects were completely independent of pup body temperature. These findings demonstrate that neonatal MDMA administration exposure stimulates apoptotic cell death in various forebrain areas and also leads to a long‐term reorganization of the forebrain serotonergic innervation. Consequently, offspring of MDMA‐using women may be at heightened risk for abnormal neural and behavioral development.
THE POLITICS OF FREE SPEECH
Authors: Gerber Scott D.
Published: June 2004

Freedom of speech long has been regarded as one of the
“preferred freedoms” in the United States: one of the
freedoms the U.S. Supreme Court deems “implicit in the concept of
ordered liberty.” However, what freedom of speech does—and
should—mean is a highly charged question in American
constitutional law. I will explore this question by examining how
several prominent constitutional theorists have proposed particular
approaches to free speech law in order to further their political
objectives. I will examine the free speech theories of the
nation's leading feminist legal theorist (regarding pornography),
critical race theorists (regarding hate speech), libertarian (regarding
commercial speech), and legal republican (regarding deliberative
democracy). I also will discuss the principal criticisms of each of
these theories, whether the courts have been influenced by any of them,
and, in conclusion, whether it is possible to advance a nonpolitical
(i.e., a purely law-based or value-free) theory of free speech.
PROPERTY RIGHTS AND FREE SPEECH: ALLIES OR ENEMIES?
Authors: Ely James W.
Published: June 2004

Free speech has been treated as a preeminent constitutional
right in the United States for more than half a century.
The rights of property owners, on the other hand, have received little
constitutional protection since the New Deal period of the 1930s. This
modern dichotomy is particularly striking because it obscures an older
constitutional tradition that equated economic liberty and freedom of
expression. This tradition saw both property rights and speech rights
as essential to the protection of personal freedom by restraining the
power of government.
CURRENT PROPOSALS FOR MEDIA ACCOUNTABILITY IN LIGHT OF THE FIRST
AMENDMENT
Authors: Rotunda Ronald D.
Published: June 2004

The year 1999 witnessed the horrific shootings at Columbine
High School in Littleton, Colorado, where two teenage boys
killed twelve of their classmates, a teacher, and then themselves. What
lessons are to be learned from this tragedy? Certainly, it tells us
that in a nation with approximately one third of a billion people, even
an infinitesimal percentage of mentally unstable persons can create
mayhem. Are there other lessons?
Retrotransposon‐derived elements in the mammalian genome: A potential source of disease
Authors: Druker R. , Whitelaw E.
Published: June 2004

Summary: The plethora of genomic information gathered by the sequencing of the human and mouse genomes has paved the way for a new era of genetics. While in the past we focused mainly on the small percentage of DNA that codes for proteins, we can now concentrate on the remainder, i.e. the noncoding sequences that interrupt and separate genes. This portion of the genome is made up, in most part, of repetitive DNA sequences including DNA transposons, long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons, LINEs (long interspersed nuclear elements) and SINEs (short interspersed nuclear elements). Some of these elements are transcriptionally active and can transpose or retrotranspose around the genome, resulting in insertional mutagenesis that can cause disease. In these cases, insertions have occurred in the coding sequence. However, recent evidence suggests that the main effect of these elements is their ability to influence transcription of neighbouring genes. The elements themselves contain promoters that can initiate transcription of flanking genomic DNA. Furthermore, they are susceptible to epigenetic silencing, which is often stochastic and incomplete, resulting in complex patterns of transcription. This review discusses some diseases in both human and mouse that are caused by these repetitive elements.
Mitochondrial disorders: Prevalence, myths and advances
Authors: Thorburn D. R.
Published: June 2004

Summary: Disorders of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) are renowned for their variability in clinical features and genetic causes. This makes it difficult to determine their true prevalence, but recent studies have documented a minimum birth prevalence of 13.1/100 000 or 1/7634 for oxidative phosphorylation disorders with onset at any age. This clearly remains an underestimate but it indicates that oxidative phosphorylation disorders can be regarded as the most common group of inborn errors of metabolism. Pathogenic mutations causing human oxidative phosphorylation disorders have now been identified in more than 30 of the 37 mitochondrial DNA genes and in more than 30 nuclear genes. Most of the nuclear gene defects cause autosomal recessive diseases, but autosomal dominant and X‐linked disorders also occur. It is likely that at least another 30, and perhaps over 100, nuclear‐encoded oxidative phosphorylation disorders await identification. Oxidative phosphorylation genetics are complex and there appear to be a number of common misconceptions about mitochondrial DNA mutations that may impede optimal investigation and management of patients. In our experience, mitochondrial DNA mutations are not a negligible cause of OXPHOS disorders in children but account for 20–25% of cases. Similarly, a family history suggesting maternal inheritance is the exception rather than the norm for children with mitochondrial DNA mutations, many of whom have de novo mutations. Only some mitochondrial DNA mutations disappear from cultured cells, so deficient enzyme activity in fibroblasts does not imply the presence of a nuclear defect. Finally, it is still widely thought that there are very few reproductive options that can be offered to women at risk of transmitting a mitochondrial DNA mutation. While a cautious approach is needed, there is now a consensus that prenatal diagnosis should be offered to some women, particularly those at lower recurrence risk. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis can also be an option.
Protein substitutes for PKU: What's new?
Authors: Macdonald A. , Daly A. , Davies P. , Asplin D. , Hall S. K. , Rylance G. , Chakrapani A.
Published: June 2004

Summary: Protein substitutes are an essential component in the management of phenylketonuria. A series of studies at Birmingham Children's Hospital have investigated their optimal dosage, timing and practical administration as well as the efficacy and tolerance of novel protein substitutes. The key findings are as follows. (1) Lower dosages of protein substitute (1.2 g/kg per day of protein equivalent) adversely affect blood phenylalanine control in children aged 1–10 years. (2) There is wide variability in 24 h blood phenylalanine concentrations. (3) Adjusting protein substitute timing during daytime does not reduce blood phenylalanine variability. (4) Repeated 4 h administration of protein substitute throughout 24 h markedly reduces phenylalanine variability and leads to lower phenylalanine concentrations. (5) The new, concentrated, low‐volume protein substitutes and amino acid tablet preparations are efficacious and well tolerated by patients. (6) Administration of protein substitute as a gel or paste has reduced difficulties with administration of protein substitute in children. These findings are important in rationalizing treatment strategies, improving patient compliance and overall in improving blood phenylalanine control.
Poisson's ratio in the lower mantle beneath Alaska: Evidence for compositional heterogeneity
Authors: Saltzer Rebecca L. , Stutzmann Eléonore , van der Hilst Robert D.
Published: June 2004

Using waveform cross correlation, we have measured ∼17,000 P and S wave differential travel times from earthquakes and receivers near a great circle path from Japan, across Alaska, to North America. We jointly invert the data for variations in shear and bulk sound speed and derived Poisson's ratio variations in the mantle beneath 1000 km depth. We explore the model space using different levels of regularization and our conclusions are based on a range of models that give acceptable data fits. The correlation between vS and vP variations is good to ∼1500 km depth but gradually degrades in the bottom 1000 km, whereas the ratio R = ∂lnvS/∂lnvP is between 1.0 and 1.8 at most depths. Our data suggest that there is no significant correlation between bulk and shear wave speed, but they appear anticorrelated in several regions. We estimate the effect on the Poisson's ratio of changes in temperature, iron content, and the magnesiowüstite (mw) to perovskite (pv) ratio. At all depths the effect of temperature is largest and that of the pv to mw ratio smallest. Our data cannot resolve the trade‐off between thermal and compositional effects, but explaining the Poisson's ratio variability by temperature alone would require unrealistic perturbations and it would not explain the inferred anticorrelation between shear and bulk sound speed. Our results suggest that despite R being significantly smaller than 2.5 we need a combination of thermal and compositional effects in order to explain the elastic parameter variations in the deep mantle beneath Alaska, with realistic values of ΔT of ∼300–800 K, variation in XFe of ∼4%, and pv enrichment (or depletion) of up to ∼10% just sufficient for explaining the data.
Gamma‐ray measurements from Lunar Prospector: Time series data reduction for the Gamma‐Ray Spectrometer
Authors: Lawrence D. J. , Maurice S. , Feldman W. C.
Published: June 2004

The data reduction process for the Lunar Prospector Gamma‐Ray Spectrometer (LP‐GRS) time series data is described. This process takes raw data that are received directly from the spacecraft and converts them to time series gamma‐ray spectra that are used to derive elemental maps. These processed LP‐GRS time series data are used as the fundamental data set for deriving composition measurements of the lunar surface using either energy window techniques or the full modeling of the neutron and gamma‐ray transport processes. The analyses that use these gamma‐ray spectra to derive elemental abundances are beyond the scope of this manuscript but are described elsewhere in multiple publications. The processing described here to create the time series gamma‐ray spectra includes selections to eliminate bad data as well as make corrections due to time variations in the cosmic ray flux, LP‐GRS gain, LP‐GRS orientation, and altitude above the lunar surface. Descriptions are also given of data uncertainties and how the LP‐GRS data are mapped onto the lunar surface.
On the fast coronal mass ejections in October/November 2003: ACE‐SWICS results
Authors: Zurbuchen Thomas H. , Gloeckler G. , Ipavich F. , Raines J. , Smith C. W. , Fisk L. A.
Published: June 2004

Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) originate deep in the corona and, due to physical processes that are currently not well understood, are often accelerated to speeds well above the average solar wind speed. Solar wind compositional measurements provide important information about the source of such ejections, the heating profiles, and their expansion in the inner heliosphere. In this article we present data from the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS), part of the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) spacecraft, describing the kinetic and compositional properties of the solar wind associated with CMEs that occurred in late October and early November 2003. In particular, we discuss the ionic composition of C, O, and Fe, as well as the relative elemental composition of C, O, and Fe, present in those CMEs.
High dimethylsulfide photolysis rates in nitrate‐rich Antarctic waters
Authors: Toole D. A. , Kieber D. J. , Kiene R. P. , White E. M. , Bisgrove J. , del Valle D. A. , Slezak D.
Published: June 2004

The photochemistry of dimethylsulfide (DMS) was examined in the Southern Ocean to assess its impact on the biogeochemical dynamics of DMS in Antarctic waters. Very high DMS photolysis rate constants (0.16–0.23 h−1) were observed in surface waters exposed to full sunlight. DMS photolysis rates increased linearly with added nitrate concentrations, and 35% of the DMS loss in unamended samples was attributed to the photochemistry of ambient nitrate (29 μM). Experiments with optical filters showed that the UV‐A band of sunlight (320–400 nm) accounted for ∼65% of DMS photolysis suggesting that dissolved organic matter was the main photosensitizer for DMS photolysis. During the austral spring, DMS photolysis was the dominant loss mechanism under non‐bloom and non‐ice cover conditions owing to the high doses and deep penetration of UV radiation in the water column, low observed microbial consumption rates, and high in situ nitrate concentrations.
Cross‐well seismic modeling with inclusion of tube waves and tube‐wave‐related arrivals
Authors: Wu Chunling , Harris Jerry M.
Published: June 2004

Cross‐well seismic data often contain strong tube waves and tube‐wave‐related arrivals due to the effects of the presence of two boreholes. A basic requirement for accurate cross‐well seismic modeling and data processing is inclusion of these events. We use a 2‐D velocity‐stress variable‐grid finite‐difference parallel code for efficient cross‐well field data modeling with inclusion of the two perforated cased boreholes. The synthetics resemble the field observations in terms of arrival times not only on P‐ and S‐waves but also on tube waves and tube‐wave‐related secondary arrivals generated by perforations in the receiver and source wells. This study demonstrates that including boreholes into the modeling scheme can distinguish tube‐wave‐related events on seismograms to better assist data analysis and to guide data processing and interpretation.
The May 2–3, 1986 CDAW‐9C interval: A sawtooth event
Authors: Henderson M. G.
Published: June 2004

We re‐examine the CDAW‐9C interval and show that it was a sawtooth event ‐ and therefore that sawtooth events have been studied as substorms in the past. We also show that tail‐like stretching of the magnetic field can occur well inside of geosynchronous orbit and we present evidence that substorm‐associated tail reconnection can occur inside of −11 RE. We conclude that a major difference between sawtooth and non‐sawtooth substorms is that the sawtooth variety appear to represent a ‘mode’ of behavior in which substorm activity is brought anomalously close to the Earth for extended periods of time.
Absolute dune ages and implications for the time of formation of gullies in Nirgal Vallis, Mars
Authors: Reiss D. , van Gasselt S. , Neukum G. , Jaumann R.
Published: June 2004

Transverse dunes cover the valley floor of Nirgal Vallis, a 670 km long valley network at 318°E and 29°S. The dunes are superposed by small undeformed impact craters, which implies that the dunes are inactive under present atmospheric conditions. The last active phase of dune movement (absolute age) can be determined by crater size frequency distributions. The derived absolute ages from high‐resolution Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera imagery range from approximately 300,000 years to 1.4 Myr B.P. (error of factor of 2). The dunes are also superposed by gully deposits (aprons), which implies a younger age of the gullies. These superposition relationships show that the gullies in this midlatitude region are at the most 3 Myr old but might be even younger than 300,000 years.
Atomic Spectral Tables for the Chandra X-ray Observatory. Part II. Si VI–Si XII
Authors: Podobedova L. I. , Kelleher D. E. , Reader J. , Wiese W. L.
Published: June 2004

Tables of critically compiled wavelengths, energy levels, line classifications, and transition probabilities are given for spectra of ionized silicon (Si VI–Si XII) in the region 25–170 Å. These tables provide data of interest for the Emission Line Project in support of analyses of astronomical data from the Chandra X-ray Observatory. They will also be useful for the diagnostics of plasmas encountered in fusion energy research. The transition probabilities were obtained mainly from recent sophisticated calculations carried out with complex computer codes.
Recommended Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium Data. Part 1. Binary Alkane–Water Systems
Authors: Ma̧czyński Andrzej , Wiśniewska-Gocłowska Barbara , Góral Marian
Published: June 2004

The recommended liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for 32 binary n-alkane, isoalkane, and cycloalkane–water systems have been obtained after critical evaluation of all data (345 data sets) reported in the open literature up to the end of 2002. The evaluation of the alkane solubility data was based on a generalized equation, which allows prediction of the alkane solubility as a function of temperature. Using the predicted alkane solubilities the concentration of water in the alkane rich phase was calculated. The LLE calculations were performed with the equation of state appended with a chemical term (EoSC) proposed by Góral. The experimental solubilities of water in various alkanes were compared to each other and to the calculated values. The recommended data are presented in the form of individual pages containing tables, all the references, and optionally figures.
Recommended Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium Data. Part 2. Unsaturated Hydrocarbon–Water Systems
Authors: Góral Marian , Ma̧czyński Andrzej , Wiśniewska-Gocłowska Barbara
Published: June 2004

The recommended liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for 24 binary unsaturated hydrocarbon–water systems have been obtained after critical evaluation of all data (80 data sets) reported in the open literature up to the middle of 2003. A new equation was developed for prediction of the unsaturated hydrocarbon solubility. Using the predicted hydrocarbon solubilities the concentration of water in the second liquid phase was calculated. The LLE calculations were performed with the equation of state appended with a chemical term (EoSC). The recommended data were presented in the form of individual pages containing tables, all the references, and optionally figures.
Energy principle for magnetohydrodynamic flows and Bogoyavlenskij’s transformation
Authors: Ilin K. I. , Vladimirov V. A.
Published: June 2004

The stability of steady magnetohydrodynamic flows of an inviscid incompressible fluid is studied using the energy method. It is shown that certain symmetry transformations of steady solutions of the equations of ideal magnetohydrodynamics have an important property: if a given steady magnetohydrodynamic flow is stable by the energy method, then certain infinite-dimensional families of steady flows obtained from the given flow by these transformations are also stable. This result is used to obtain new sufficient conditions for linear stability. In particular, it is shown that certain classes of steady magnetohydrodynamic flows in which both the magnetic field and the velocity depend on all three spatial coordinates are stable.
Anomalous behaviors of plasma parameters in unbalanced direct-current magnetron discharge
Authors: Seo Sang-Hun , Chang Hong-Young
Published: June 2004

The pressure dependences of electron distribution functions and plasma parameters are investigated in an unbalanced direct-current magnetron sputtering system. The anomalous behaviors of electron density and electron temperature, and the transition of the electron energy distribution function, which are obtained from the cylindrical probe measurement, from a bi-Maxwellian distribution at low pressures to a Druyvesteyn distribution at relative high pressures with changing pressure can be observed. The planar probe measurement shows that the low-energy electron group in the electron energy distribution function consists of electrons, which are scattered back from the sheath wall formed on the substrate and the population decreases with the decreasing plasma potential as the pressure increases. It then disappears at high pressures above 20 mTorr when the plasma potential drops to almost ground level, resulting in a Druyvesteyn electron energy distribution. These observed results are explained by considering the mechanism of the electron transport in the downstream region and the effect of the sheath boundary, which is determined by the plasma potential with respect to the grounded substrate, on the electron energy distribution, especially the depletion of the low-energy part in the electron energy distribution function.
Successful Protect-Community Discourse: Spatiality and Politics in Chicago's Pilsen Neighborhood
Authors: Wilson David , Wouters Jared , Grammenos Dennis
Published: June 2004

Protect-community movements across America are alive and well. The authors examine one such movement in a Chicago working-class neighborhood—Pilsen. They focus on a discourse oppositional to gentrification that has effectively mobilized space and historicity to speak its truths. The results reveal that diverse mental spaces were constructed and used in discourse to offer two critical constructions: positive resident identities, and developers as villains. Such spaces, grounding medium in the discourse, framed, organized, and illuminated these constructions. This visual rhetoric, Henri Lefebvre's representation of spaces, was a key ingredient in discourse. With actual and threatened opposition to gentrification, many developers formed a sense of a ‘ready-to-rumble neighborhood’. Fears of virulent street tactics (that is, harassment of gentrifiers) most discouraged developers because they could make development projects risky.
Spatial Structure of Residential Property-Value Distribution in Beijing and Jakarta
Authors: Han Sun Sheng
Published: June 2004

An understanding of metropolitan spatial structure in property-value distribution is essential for international real-estate decisionmaking, yet knowledge accumulated in this area is limited because of data and methodology constraints. The author extends knowledge of the area by examining the spatial distribution pattern of housing prices (instead of the much-studied population and employment distributions) and two Pacific-Asia metropolises (rather than US cities or other cities in developed countries). Data were collected in Beijing, China, and Jakarta, Indonesia, from field reconnaissance surveys and interviews in 2000 and 2001. Digital terrain models were constructed for visualizing the property-value distributions. Profiles of the three-dimensional surfaces were extracted and curve-estimation statistics were used in a series of systematically selected geographical sectors in order to assess the intrametropolitan spatial variations. The findings suggest that neither of the two cities resembles a smooth surface featuring a cone, or the roof of a circus tent. Rather, Beijing's residential property value surface looks like a castellated rooftop, whereas Jakarta's resembles two television towers. The dynamic price terrains in the two cities are shaped by many factors, including their physical settings, history, and institutional frameworks. Intrametropolitan variations in property prices were remarkable in both cities. Properties in each of the systematically defined geographical sectors and in the history-development core show unique profiles and curvefitting statistics different from any other. The findings add to the existing generalizations and modeling exercises in the study of the internal structure of cities.
Market Revenue and the Scope and Scale of SME Networks in Europe's Vulnerable Regions
Authors: Clark Gordon L , Palaskas Theo , Tracey Paul , Tsampra Maria
Published: June 2004

‘For some, networks have ontological status, being associated with the embeddedness of social life in general and the necessary embeddedness of firms in their industries and regions in particular. For others less certain about ontology, networks are vital ingredients in firm-specific competitive strategies and long-term growth prospects. In this paper we approach the issue with reference to firm-specific competitive strategies, reporting the results of a large-scale pan-European survey of small and medium-sized enterprises' (SMEs) network-related responses to changing market conditions. Distinguishing between different types of production network (supply and distribution) operating at various geographical scales (regional, national, EU, and global), it is shown that the scope and scale of firm networks are strategic issues. All things being equal, firms adopt advanced technologies in response to changing market conditions, enabling their networks to change in scope and geographical scale. We also show that the significance of local as opposed to national and EU networks is changing with less ‘localism’ and wider geographical scope becoming increasingly important. Using probit models for different types of networks, we identify and distinguish between predictive variables driving network formation, including the type of SME ownership. Implications are drawn for the theoretical status of networks in industrial organisation and their significance for European economic development.
Sources of Migrant Housing Disadvantage in Urban China
Authors: Wu Weiping
Published: June 2004

The increasing level of labor mobility in China challenges the current population-management structure. In particular, recent reforms in urban housing provision seem largely to overlook the needs of the migrant population. In this paper I examine the sources of migrant housing disadvantage in cities. Specifically, I analyze the institutional and socioeconomic factors underlying migrant housing choice and conditions, and how these factors influence migrants differently from the locals. Data are drawn primarily from citywide housing surveys and interviews conducted in Shanghai and Beijing. The findings show that migrants make housing decisions based on whether they intend to settle in the cities, and market-related factors such as income and education have a significant, positive impact on migrant housing conditions. But more importantly, the general disadvantage experienced by migrants has much of its root in the institutional restrictions associated with the hukou system that outweigh the combined effects of socioeconomic factors.
Neoliberal Urban Policy and New Paths of Neighborhood Change in the American Inner City
Authors: Newman Kathe , Ashton Philip
Published: June 2004

In this paper, we examine a new form of neighborhood change that appeared towards the end of the 1990s and early 2000s and explore its causes, processes, and effects. We suggest that a neoliberal policy regime focused on revitalizing cities through deconcentrating poverty and increasing low-income and moderate-income home-ownership has created a new funding and decision environment for the redevelopment of select inner-urban neighborhoods. The results have been an emerging process of neighborhood reinvestment marked by land-use and social transformations driven not by rent-seeking private developers but primarily by local political actors and community development organizations struggling in resource-poor environments. This neighborhood change process promotes benefits for those with a vested interest in neighborhood and urban revitalization and for a small group of moderate-income, minority homebuyers. The effect of these revitalization efforts on very-low-income residents who have lived in these neighborhoods through a period of severe disinvestment is uncertain. Despite the rhetoric of neighborhood revitalization, the reality of this reinvestment looks more like a new process of gentrification than a process of community-controlled redevelopment.
Manipulation of dietary preferences by the infusion of propionic acid into the rumen of dairy cows in different body condition
Authors: Francis S. A. , Doyle P. T. , Leury B. J. , Egan A. R.
Published: June 2004

An experiment using 16 cows (ranging from 11 to 127 days since the cessation of milk production) investigated how varying propionic acid concentration in rumen fluid influenced preference for chaff flavoured with either anise or vanilla. After an initial flavour preference test, cows were allocated among 4 treatments: 0, 5, 10, or 15% of daily maintenance ME requirements supplied by an intraruminal infusion of propionic acid. Cows received an infusion on alternate days in combination with a specific chaff flavour. After 10 days, each cow was offered both flavours simultaneously for 20 min and preference for the flavour associated with the infusion was calculated as the cows’ final preference for the infusion flavour (% of total DM intake) minus the initial preference for that same flavour. Concentration of propionic acid in ruminal fluid ranged between 10 and 50 mmol/L and was significantly correlated with treatment (100r
2 = 92.1). Preference for the flavour associated with elevated rumen fluid propionic acid was related to condition score (P = 0.057, 100r
2 = 23.4), liveweight (P = 0.042, 100r
2 = 26.3), and number of dry days prior to the experiment (P = 0.016, 100r
2 = 34.6). Lighter cows generally preferred the infusion flavour, and heavy cows, the alternative flavour, indicating that cows can discriminate between feeds based on rumen fluid propionic acid concentration, but preference is influenced by physiological state.
Nitrogen supply to the grain modifies the effects of temperature on starch and protein accumulation during grain filling in wheat
Authors: Zahedi Morteza , McDonald Glenn , Jenner Colin F.
Published: June 2004

Effects of nutritional status on the responses to high temperature of 2 wheat cultivars that differed in their sensitivity to high temperature were investigated in plants grown in pots in environmentally controlled growth rooms. The availability of nitrogen to the grains was altered by changing the amount and timing of the nitrogen supplied to the plants, and also by trimming the ears. Single grain weight was significantly decreased in the plants grown at 30/25°C compared with those grown at 20/15°C. The effects of nitrogen level or trimming on the response of grain filling to temperature did not seem to be mediated through alterations in the availability of carbohydrates within the grains. Neither N level nor trimming had substantial effects on the deposition of starch, but both treatments altered the accumulation of protein, and the responses of protein accumulation to the effects of temperature. At the lower temperature, increasing the nitrogen supply resulted in greater single grain weight, more protein per grain, and higher grain protein percentage. At the higher temperature, raising the supply of N increased none of these attributes; the rate of protein accumulation was not accelerated by raising the temperature as much at high as at low N, and high N reduced the duration of protein deposition. There was a linear and positive relationship between the amounts of amino acids in the grain and the rate of accumulation of protein in the endosperm, and the effects of N level and trimming were associated with changes in the concentration of amino acids in the grains. High temperature conditions appear to lower the supply of amino acids to the grain in plants well supplied with nitrogen. There was a positive relationship between the rate of protein deposition and the amount of amino acids in the grain. Although raising the level of nitrogen resulted in an increase in amino acid levels in the grain at low temperature, there was no such increase at high temperature. Trimming, however, did increase grain protein and the rate of protein deposition at high temperature as well as the amino acid levels in the grain. One possible interpretation of this paradox arises from other work showing that under high temperature and/or water deficit there is an inadequate supply of soluble carbohydrates in the shoot to metabolise high levels of nitrogen. Differences in the responses of starch deposition and protein accumulation to N level, trimming, and temperature confirm that these two components accumulate in the grain independently of each other. Consequences of the interactions between nitrogen supply, temperature, and cultivar are discussed in relation to yield and quality.
Pro-embryos of Lupinus spp. produced from isolated microspore culture
Authors: Bayliss K. L. , Wroth J. M. , Cowling W. A.
Published: June 2004

Several species of lupin (Lupinus spp.) are grown in Australia as crop and pasture plants. Lupin breeding, and legume breeding in general, is constrained by the inability to produce doubled haploid (DH) plants, which would accelerate the selection and release of new varieties. This technology is still in the developmental phase for legumes, although other major grain crops such as wheat, barley, and canola successfully use DHs on a commercial scale. A new, reproducible method of microspore culture that leads to cell division and pro-embryos in lupin is reported here. Microspores at the late uninucleate stage of development are mechanically isolated from lupin buds and embryogenesis induced by a combined heat shock and sucrose starvation stress treatment. Addition of further components to the growth medium promotes division of up to 50% of microspores to ≥16 cells within 24 h. Further development of these multicellular structures or pro-embryos appears to be limited by the rigid outer exine layer, which needs to rupture for continued cell division to the globular embryo stage. Further research is required to break this barrier to development of haploid lupin embryos.
Pollination services provided by various size classes of flower visitors to Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Hingston A. B. , Potts B. M. , McQuillan P. B.
Published: June 2004

Flowers of the commercially important tree Eucalyptus globulus Labill. ssp. globulus were visited by a wide variety of insects and birds within its natural distribution. Flowers were visited so frequently that most available nectar was consumed, but seed production within 5 m of the ground was consistently far less than the maximum possible, indicating the presence of large numbers of inefficient pollinators and few efficient pollinators. Pollen limitation was more severe on fully self-incompatible trees than on partially self-compatible trees, demonstrating that pollinator inefficiency resulted from infrequent outcrossing rather than inability to deposit pollen on stigmas. The flower visitors that were responsible for almost all nectar consumption from flowers within 5 m of the ground were insects that were able to permeate cages with 5-mm apertures but not cages with 1-mm apertures, the most abundant of which was the introduced honeybee Apis mellifera L. These insects contributed less than 20% of the maximum possible seed set, indicating that they were inefficient pollinators. Birds and smaller insects made lesser contributions to seed production, but consumed little nectar within 5 m of the ground. However, anthophilous birds appeared to mostly forage higher in the trees and probably consumed more nectar from, and provided more pollination services to, flowers higher in the trees.