bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcription Factors in Development of the Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Leifer Dana
Published: November 2015

The molecular mechanisms that control development of the cerebral cortex are now beginning to be delineated. In particular, a variety of transcription factors have recently been identified that are expressed in the cortex. The factors that have been characterized have overlapping distributions, so it is likely that they form a network that controls the development of the laminar architecture of the cortex and the differentiation of the many types of cortical neurons. The Neuroscientist 2:7–11, 1996
The Lineages of Neuroglial Cells
Authors: Skoff Robert P.
Published: November 2015

The study of neuroglial cell lineages in the CNS identifies the time in development, when astrocytes and oligodendrocytes diverge from a common precursor cell. Recent studies using retroviral tracing show that the lineages for astrocytes and oligodendrocytes begin to diverge as early as embryonic day 13 (E13) in the cerebellum and as early as E15 in the forebrain. A very small percentage of glial precursor cells present in late pre- and postnatal development are pluripotential, but the vast majority of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the brain are derived from “committed” precursors. The precursors for these postmitotic astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are immature astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (progenitors) that express molecular properties unique to each of these cell types.

It is critical to distinguish glial lineage (thought of in terms of a glial cell's ancestry in normal development) from glial plasticity (the potential of a glial cell to alter its fate when its normal environment is changed). In tissue culture, a bipotential cell known as the O-2A cell generates oligodendrocytes under one set of culture conditions and retains plasticity to become a subtype of astrocyte under another set. Whether all cells phenotyped as O-2A cells in culture are bipotential or whether only a subset displays this capacity is still unclear.
Transgenic Mouse Models: New Tools for Psychiatric Research
Authors: Holsboer Florian
Published: November 2015

The revolution in molecular genetics promises to identify genes that are responsible for susceptibility to psychopathology and to clarify how genes interact with environmental factors. To date, most studies reporting abnormal behavior have disrupted one specific gene and examined changes in emotionality, cognition, and consumption of food or addictive drugs. Although relating the absence of the product of a deleted gene to a specific behavior is tempting, more refined analysis has shown that the phenotype of a mutant may be a combination of a lacking gene product and the organism's attempt to compensate for the loss. Thus, an absent behavioral phenotype in a mouse with targeted gene disruption does not necessarily indicate the irrelevance of a gene product for behavior, and, vice versa, a specific behavioral abnormality in a mutant does not allow for attribution of this alteration to the lacking gene product. With these limitations in mind, it becomes clear that psychiatric research can expect major profit from the more recently developed gene technologies. The possibility of directing a mutation to specific cell types and sites in the CNS avoids the confounds imposed by changed gene function throughout the body. With few exceptions, psychiatric disorders precipitate in adulthood; thus, an animal model is preferred where the gene under study can be site-specifically turned on or off by a drug-driven “genetic switch.” Recent developments suggest that such tempting research tools will become available in the near future. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:328–336, 1997
Neurobiological Mechanisms of Fever
Authors: Sundgren-Andersson Anna K. , Gatti Silvia , Bartfai Tamas
Published: November 2015

Increased body temperature (fever or hyperthermia) is a physiological response to many different stimuli. In fact, fever (a 1-4°C elevation of the body temperature) is not only a clinical symptom common to many infectious diseases but also a side effect of immunostimulating or antiviral therapies. Hyperthermic reactions, on the other hand, can be observed after treatment with antipsychotic drugs, 5-hydroxytryptamine-receptor agonists, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and as a reaction to anesthesia. Moreover, hyperthermic reactions can be related to particularly stressful emotional states, to the menstrual ovulatory cycle, and to pregnancy. Transient hyperthermia or fever is also a common consequence of cerebral ischemic events, and it is present during stress as well as intense physical exercise. This review focuses on fever, one of the main components of the systemic acute-phase reaction to external proinflammatory stimuli. Special emphasis is given to neuronal mechanisms of fever induction, in which the hypothalamus plays a crucial role in both control of the febrile response as well as other centrally mediated neurological signs of inflammation, such as increased sleep, activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, anorexia, and sickness behavior. This review pays particular attention to the role of proinflammatory cytokines as endogenous pyrogens. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:113-121, 1998
Man, Monkey, and Blindsight
Authors: Moore Tirin , Rodman Hillary R. , Gross Charles G.
Published: November 2015

The visual function that survives damage to the primary visual cortex (V1) in humans is often unaccompanied by awareness. This type of residual vision, called “blindsight,” has raised considerable interest because it implies a separation of conscious from unconscious vision mechanisms. The monkey visual system has proven to be a useful model in elucidating the possible neural mechanisms of residual vision and blindsight in humans. Clear similarities, however, between the phenomenology of human and monkey residual vision have only recently become evident. This article summarizes parallels between residual vision in monkeys and humans with damage to V1. These parallels Include the tendency of the remaining vision to require forced-choice testing and the fact that more robust residual vision remains when V1 damage is sustained early in life. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:227–230
Spinal Cord Injury: Lessons from Locomotor Recovery and Axonal Regeneration in Lower Vertebrates
Authors: McClellan Andrew D.
Published: November 2015

After severe spinal cord injury in adult higher vertebrates (birds and mammals), there normally is little or no axonal regeneration and virtually no recovery of voluntary locomotor function below the lesion. In contrast, certain lower vertebrates, including lamprey, fish, and some amphibians, exhibit robust axonal regeneration and substantial recovery of locomotor function after spinal cord injury. The remarkable behavioral recovery of lower vertebrates with spinal cord injuries is due to at least three factors: 1) minimal hemorrhagic necrosis at the injury site and the lack of a neurite growth–inhibiting astrocytic scar, 2) an environment in the spinal cord that is permissive for axonal regeneration, and 3) mechanisms for directed axonal elongation and selection of appropriate postsynaptic targets. The latter two features probably represent developmental mechanisms for axonal guidance and synaptogenesis that persist in the nervous systems of these animals well beyond the main phase of neural development. In the injured spinal cords of higher vertebrates, the full complement of manipulations necessary to promote functional regeneration and behavioral recovery is unknown. An understanding of the mechanisms that result in repair of spinal cord injuries in lower vertebrates may provide guidelines for identifying the requirements for functional spinal cord regeneration in higher vertebrates, including humans.
Glial Precursor Cells in the Adult Human Brain
Authors: Scolding Neil
Published: November 2015

Oligodendrocytes, the glial cells responsible for laying down and maintaining myelin sheaths in the central nervous system, were first described only 75 years ago. The lineage of these cells, and its relationship with that of the second type of macroglia, the astrocyte, was much studied in vivo and in situ in the rodent over the next 60 years. In the early 1980s, progress in oligodendrocyte biology was markedly amplified by the application of tissue culture techniques–-not without some element of controversy, although this is now largely resolved. Oligodendrocytes have always been given more attention than many other cells as a consequence of their role as a key target in human demyelinating diseases; in fact, few studies of rodent oligodendrocytes fail to draw conclusions regarding multiple sclerosis. Now, however, techniques for studying human glia and their lineage more directly have emerged, and differences in rodent and human oligodendrocyte biology are becoming apparent. It is increasingly clear that some caution must accompany the uncritical extrapolation of rodent experimental data to human oligodendrocyte biology and, indeed, to human disease.
Apoptosis in Degenerative Diseases of the Basal Ganglia
Authors: Burke Robert E.
Published: November 2015

Degenerative disorders of the basal ganglia are characterized by disturbances of motor control. Prototypic examples are Parkinson's disease, which is caused by degeneration of dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra, and Huntington's disease, which is caused by degeneration of neurons of the striatum. In recent years, it has been postulated that some of these disorders may be caused by programmed cell death or apoptosis, a genetically regulated form of cell death. There is clear evidence that apoptosis occurs in neurons of the basal ganglia during normal development, that it can be regulated, and that it can be induced in some animal models of these disorders. Although there is some suggestive direct evidence that apoptosis may occur in the human brain in these disorders, the evidence to date is partial and not yet compelling. Nevertheless, programmed cell death is an important new hypothesis for the pathogenesis of these disorders and warrants vigorous further investigation, particularly with molecular markers in addition to classic morphological markers. The concept of programmed cell death is relevant not only to the pathogenesis of these diseases but also to therapeutic issues, such as transplantation approaches.
Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis: a Tool for Elucidating the Role of Ions in Neuronal Physiology and Pathophysiology
Authors: Lopachin Richard M.
Published: November 2015

Electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPMA) is a quantitative electron microscope technique that measures both water content (percentage water) and total (free plus bound) concentrations of biological elements in selected morphological compartments. Unlike other methods for determination of ion/element concentrations, EPMA permits simultaneous quantitation of several elements (Na, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, and Mg) and allows optical differentiation of nervous tissue cell types (i.e, neurons, glia) with subsequent analysis of respective submembrane regions or organelles (e.g, axoplasm, mitochondria, nuclei). EPMA, therefore, represents a powerful tool for extending our current understanding of elements/ions in neurophysiological processes. In addition, it is presumed that neuropathic injury disrupts normal intraneuronal Na+, K+, and Ca2+ distribution and that the structural and functional consequences are mediated by ion translocation. However, little specific information is available regarding how translocated ions distribute among subcellular anatomical compartments after injury. EPMA quantification of ion/element changes associated with various nervous tissue injury models has helped to elucidate corresponding pathophysiological mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss EPMA and the realized, as well as potential, contributions of this technique to deciphering the role of ions in neuronal physiology and pathophysiology. Our recent studies of axon degeneration during acrylamide intoxication will be described to illustrate the utility of EPMA.
Don't Tie Me down!
Authors: Minges Norma , Gato Jeanette , Kresser Robert
Published: November 2015

The individual can simultaneously probe deeply into innermost thoughts while reaching expansively into the world. The ability to turn inward allows one to live a life that is personally satisfying. The opportunity to encounter the richness of the outer world permits one to live in community with others. Qualities of being alone and being in community must combine in the same person to assure a rich, full life.

—Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, Feeling, Valuing and the Art of Growing, prepared by the 1977 Yearbook Committee, page 1.
Riggs vs. Riggs
Authors: Riggs Gina Ginsberg , Riggs S. Kenneth
Published: November 2015

I am very angry. I have just had another interview with my child's teacher who wants me to keep after my daughter to pay more attention in school and to complete her homework assignments. I have no intention of doing that because the school instruction does not fit her high ability, and the homework is a joke. My daughter is very advanced — and much smarter than her classmates who have the poor manners to tease her and call her names. I see no point in her working at something which she already knows. She learns more by following her own interests which are more sophisticated than the school curriculum. The teacher does not even seem to want to meet her special needs and keeps talking about having to fit her in with everybody. Does that make any sense to you?
Maestro Ben
Authors: Cohen Leonora M.
Published: November 2015

The author of this article began research on the interests of young, gifted children in 1980, based on a theory she constructed to explain the development of giftedness and creativity (Cohen, 1984). She has been following 18 such children from infancy and plans to continue collecting information on them through at least their school lives. She is adding more cases to this study, including average and at risk youngsters.
Frontiers of the Mind
Authors: Workman Susan , Gage Jim , Johnson Aileen
Published: November 2015

Abraham is a bright, 7-year-old Hispanic student who lives in a remote area of West Texas. He has been retained in second grade and was referred for special education services. His lack of proficiency in English, coupled with a vision problem (uncorrected amblyopia, or lazy eye) has greatly interfered with his learning to read. Yet Abraham proved to be one of the most creative thinkers in his class, one who frequently offered unique and divergent solutions to problems posed by the teacher. He was not identified for his school's gifted program, however, because his scores on IQ and achievement tests were low.
Australia's System of Cadet Training for Journalists
Authors: Holden W. Sprague
Published: November 2015

Australia, a British Commonwealth nation of 10,000,000 population, is an increasingly important outpost of Western civilization in the Far East. Examined here is a perhaps unique half-century-old phase of Australian newspaper operation that bears upon education for journalism.
The Distribution of Urban Government Services in Theory and Practice the Case of Recreation in Detroit
Authors: Gold Steven D.
Published: November 2015

Differences in the provision of recreation services are analyzed in terms of neighborhood socioeconomic characteristics which reflect distributive weights, rates of use of services, and costs. Income, race, age, population density, juvenile delinquency rate, and population change are included in multiple regressions to explain service levels. While the study concentrates upon 1968–1969, analysis of earlier periods shows how past changes in neighborhood demographic characteristics have affected the present service distribution. The results indicate that, in contradiction to the pessimistic assertions of several economists, it is feasible to study the distribution of urban government services.
Welfare Programs and Donor-Recipient Adjustments
Authors: Yandle Bruce
Published: November 2015

Recent discussions of in-kind contributions versus money transfers in welfare programs provide the point of departure for this article. Using a two-person model where utility interdependencies exist, a donor-recipient interaction process is described. The conditions under which donor-desired consumption might be elicited from the recipient are also presented. Through the use of the model, potential donor-recipient adjustments are identified which might frustrate the intent of in-kind welfare programs.
A Note on Production Externalities and Technical Change
Authors: Smith V. Kerry
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this paper is to consider the effects of an efficient charge scheme on the generation of production externalities in the context of a two-firm model. The model suggests that, in the absence of such charges, firms are likely to select new technologies which increase residual generation. Thus, Pigouvian taxes are one means to provide the signals which the market cannot.
Toward the More Optimal Provision of Local Public Goods: Internalization of Benefits or Intergovernmental Grants?
Authors: McMillan Melville L.
Published: November 2015

Given the spatial character of many local “public” goods, the traditional recommendations for internalizing benefits–either rejurisdiction or grants–appear insufficient to achieve the optimal levels of output. This analysis indicates that frequently both rejurisdiction and grants are necessary. Contrary to the conventional opinion, the economically optimal constitution may allow spillovers, and such internalization as is required can be more appropriately accomplished not by the extension of boundaries, but by their restriction and the addition of more jurisdictions.
The Role of Innovation in the Provision of Local Public Goods
Authors: Smith V. Kerry
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this paper is to extend the theory of clubs model of how jurisdictions select the level of local public goods to include innovation in their production and delivery systems. The results of the analysis indicate that cost-sharing rules influence not only the levels of public goods provided and the size of the community, but also the incentives to innovation. Moreover, the objective function implied by the theory of clubs behavioral model calls for innovational choices which are not Pareto efficient.
The Effects of Capital Cost Allowance Measures on Capital Accumulation in the Canadian Manufacturing Sector
Authors: McFetridge D. G. , May J. D.
Published: November 2015

During the past twenty-five years, the Canadian federal government has introduced capital cost allowance measures eight times in order to change the direction or level of investment expenditures. Although the effectiveness of these measures has been the subject of a good deal of recent public controversy, no econometric studies exist which measure their impact. In this paper we examine the change in net machinery and equipment investment in the manufacturing sector of the Canadian economy caused by the capital cost allowance measures. We discover the timing and size of the impacts of the measures to be quite different from that which fiscal policy authorities currently believe.
“Externality Mix”: A Case of Terminological Variability
Authors: Davis J. Ronnie , Needy Charles W.
Published: November 2015

Buchanan has made a significant contribution to joint supply theory by emphasizing the relevance of technological variability to welfare optimality conditions. This paper shows that it is the joint supply relationship in his analysis—not the externality relationship—that should be labeled multidimensional. Buchanan's graphical model is replaced with a modified version of Lancaster's consumption model so that Buchanan's “externality mix” can be readily identified as a misnomer for “joint-product mix.” This demonstrates what Buchanan himself asserts: an externality implies, but is not implied by. the presence of joint supply.
Employee Contributions to Local Government Retirement Systems: A Theoretical Analysis of Effects
Authors: Mumy Gene E.
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this article is to construct a theoretical model capable of assessing the extent to which required employee contributions to a local government retirement system necessitate increased levels of employee compensation. It is found that increased compensation is required if the before-tax yield on retirement system assets is less than the before-tax yield on alternative assets that would be held by employees. It is also found that such increased levels of compensation generally take the form of increased pensions rather than increased wages. These theoretical results are compared with some recent empirical results obtained by Ehrenberg.
Property Taxation in Bogota, Colombia: An Analysis of Poor Revenue Performance
Authors: Linn Johannes F.
Published: November 2015

Property taxation is an important local revenue source in many cities of developing countries, but one which suffers frequently from sluggish revenue growth. For the case of Bogota (Colombia) this poor revenue performance is explained by a low rate of growth in the market value of properties. This result follows from a review of the property tax structure, assessment procedures, collection practices, and exemption policies, and from an analysis of property value growth. Some policy recommendations for improved revenue performance are suggested; but since increased reliance on property taxation in Bogota would imply repeated discretionary and highly visible policy actions, the likelihood of an expanding role of property taxation in that city appears slim. While different conclusions might be derived for other cities, the analytical approach chosen for this study may be applied elsewhere.
Telemedicine and Changes in the Distribution of Tasks between Levels of Care
Authors: Aas I H Monrad
Published: November 2015

The present investigation, which was part of a larger study, was designed to answer the question ‘Has telemedicine produced changes in the distribution of tasks between the general practitioner and specialist, or between the local hospital and university/central hospital?’ Qualitative interviews were carried out with 30 persons involved in four telemedicine services in Norway: teledermatology, tele-otolaryngology, telepsychiatry, and a telepathology frozen-section service. The results indicated that telemedicine does not produce large changes in the distribution of tasks. The reported effects were largest and most complex for telepsychiatry, followed by teledermatology. Local variations in how telemedicine is practised may explain the variation in the findings between telemedicine applications.
Patient Satisfaction with Telemedical Access to Specialty Services in Rural California
Authors: Brown-Connolly Nancy E
Published: November 2015

We assessed patient satisfaction with the use of telemedicine in rural California, in comparison with usual face-to-face care. A standardized patient satisfaction questionnaire was developed using a five-point scale to measure dimensions of care in a telemedicine environment. Twenty-four primary care sites in 18 Californian counties submitted satisfaction data. The patient response rate was 61% ( n=793). Consultations were provided in 27 specialties. The responses to the questionnaires indicated that telemedicine made it easier for patients to receive specialty care (91% of patients satisfied, mean score 4.6). There was general satisfaction with telemedicine (87%, mean 4.5), a willingness to continue receiving services (90%, mean 4.6) and most patients felt that they would not receive better care in person (61%, mean 2.3). Patients stated that they received the necessary information from specialists (85%, mean 4.5) and had their questions answered by a primary care provider or nurse (89%, mean 4.7). Seven hundred and forty-one patients submitted travel information. There was an average decrease in travel distance of 1 70 km and time savings of 1 30 min using telemedicine. The average cost of travel to a specialty appointment was $83 ( n= 310). The present study suggests that telemedicine is acceptable to patients as a method of improving access to specialty expertise, and compares favourably with face-to-face care.
Development of a Website for Clinical Microbiology in Brazil
Authors: Rossi F , Andreazzi D , Chao L W
Published: November 2015

The quality of Brazilian health services, including clinical microbiology laboratories, varies enormously. We established a Website to provide different professionals with up-to-date information and to create a virtual Brazilian microbiology community. The Website became operational in February 2000 and had 198,976 hits in the subsequent 20 months. There were 1031 user registrations in its virtual community. Different microbiology topics were discussed and three virtual training courses (representing about 300 printed pages of information) were given. The e-learning centre and the Brazilian virtual community created by this Website have facilitated distance learning, and have encouraged professional integration within Brazilian clinical microbiology.
A Telemedicine System to Support a New Model for Care of Chronically Ill Patients
Authors: de Toledo Paula , Jimenez Silvia , Del Pozo Francisco
Published: November 2015

We have developed a new model for the care of chronically ill patients, based on home care supported by remote monitoring technology and telemedicine. The variables monitored included non-invasive blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, three-lead electrocardiogram, spirometry (including flow-volume curve) and respiratory rate. The telemedicine system consisted of a home-based patient unit and a management centre that received information from the home units. The chronic care management centre was installed in two hospitals, in Spain (Barcelona) and Belgium (Leuven). We expect this to result in significant cost-savings and a better quality of care.
Telemedicine Applications for the Regional Paediatric Cardiology Service in Northern Ireland
Authors: Grant B , Wallace J G , Hobson R A , Craig B G , Mulholland H C , Casey F A
Published: November 2015

The regional paediatric cardiology centre in Northern Ireland has a telemedicine network linking the neonatal units of three district general hospitals using ISDN and IP-compliant equipment. We have previously reported the use of ISDN transmission at 128 kbit/s for remote echocardiography. In a series of 61 patients, a total of 59 transmitted scans were of sufficient diagnostic quality to confirm or exclude the presence of major congenital heart disease (CHD). There were three diagnostic errors (7%). Subsequently, we have examined the use of ISDN transmission at 384 kbit/s. Echocardiographic studies were carried out on 21 patients and all were followed up. Fourteen patients (67%) had CHD confirmed. There were two diagnostic errors (10%). Our experience of transmitting live echocardiographic images suggests that ISDN at 384 kbit/s provides the optimum balance between the clarity of the transmitted images and costs. We expect that IP videoconferencing will offer similar quality but at a lower running cost, and are currently assessing it in a pilot study. All sites within our network will remain capable of ISDN transmission until the efficacy and reliability of IP transmission has been demonstrated in a controlled trial. The clinical telemedicine service has led to the earlier diagnosis of and instigation of appropriate treatment for CHD.
PaSent—The Patient's Personal Health Adviser
Authors: Bellika J G , Bønes E , Hartvigsen G
Published: November 2015

We have attempted to automate the search for medical information that is relevant to a patient's electronic record. We used anonymous medical reports sent from the University Hospital of Tromsø to general practitioners as input data. The medical reports were matched against the NEL, a Web-based medical dictionary and document collection service for general practitioners. We evaluated only the three top-scoring documents automatically selected by the system. A medical professional evaluated whether a selected document from the NEL was very relevant to the contents of the input report, relevant or irrelevant. Initial tests showed that 60% of the top three selected documents found by the PaSent system were very relevant or relevant to the contents of the medical report used as input data. Our preliminary conclusion is that automatic location of relevant information is possible using medical reports as input data.
A System for Teleconsulting, Communication and Distance Learning for People with Disabilities
Authors: Lauruska Vidas , Kubilinskas Eligijus
Published: November 2015

Telemedicine and telelearning applications should greatly improve the quality of life of all patients but especially those with a disability. However, people with severe physical disabilities are often unable to benefit from them because they cannot use the man-machine interfaces of most telecommunication equipment. We have therefore constructed a system that allows access to three methods of communication: text files, email messages and SMS messages. The user interacts using a switch-type interface. The system consists of a PC with a networking adapter, a switch interface adapter and special software. The main advantages of the system are the possibility of using rapid communication (email, SMS mobile phone messages) for teleconsulting and emergencies, and participation in distance learning.
Can Paediatric Radiographs Be Accurately Interpreted Using an Inter-Hospital Telemedicine System?
Authors: Palombo A , Haigh T , Ferguson J , Pedley D
Published: November 2015

Children make up a significant proportion of attendances at accident and emergency departments but there is little published information about the use of telemedicine for viewing paediatric radiographs in the emergency setting. The radiographs and case-notes of 30 children were randomly selected from attendances at an accident and emergency department and were then transmitted over a telemedicine link equipped with a document camera. The doctor recorded the diagnosis and proposed management, along with the confidence in diagnosis and satisfaction with the image. This process was repeated using hard-copy radiographs and a standard viewing box. Five accident and emergency specialists took part in the study; there were in total 300 radiograph viewings. There was one missed fracture out of 75 positive radiographs viewed by telemedicine compared with no missed fractures on direct inspection of the film. Thirteen radiographs viewed over the telemedicine link were thought to be positive or suspicious of injury when the formal report was of no bony injury. The sensitivity of fracture diagnosis using telemedicine was 98.6% compared with 100% on direct inspection of the film, and specificities were 82.6% and 86.6%, respectively. Our study suggests that telemedicine can be used to aid diagnosis and make management decisions in children with minor trauma.
An Assistive Home Care Environment for People with Special Needs
Authors: Rodriguez-Ascaso A , Villalar J L , Arredondo M T , Valles M , Cabrera M F
Published: November 2015

We have developed a system for supporting people with special needs. It allows remote monitoring of electrocardiographic and other signals together with multimode environmental control. The multimodal approach allows users with disabilities to interact more with the home environment. Telemedicine devices were integrated into the system to provide a link to health services. The system provided support for the independent living of people with special needs. The pilot site was a rehabilitation service attached to the National Paraplegic Hospital of Toledo, Spain. During the six-week trial period, the system did not fail, nor was any unauthorized access reported. Twelve people with special needs and three staff evaluated aspects of the system on a scale from 0 to 9, on which higher scores indicated a positive assessment. The mean score for efficiency was 7.8, for satisfaction 8, for helpfulness 7.4, for controllability 7.2 and for learnability 8.
Establishing a Low-Cost Telemedicine Link in Far-Eastern Russia
Authors: Schulman Elizabeth D , Burton Deborah C , Domatov Elena R
Published: November 2015

A community-based primary care partnership was established between the University of Kentucky and the Central Hospital in Pereyaslavka, Russia. To assess community health needs, a community-initiated decision-making process was employed. As part of the primary care partnership, we conducted a telehealth pilot trial between a primary care hospital in Pereyaslavka and a tertiary care facility in Khabarovsk. Videoconferencing and the transmission of heart and lung sounds via telephone lines were successful within the Pereyaslavka Hospital. Videoconferencing was successful between the two hospitals (60 km apart) but the telephone lines were too noisy for the electronic stethoscopes. Telephone-based videoconferencing may prove to be important in helping rural medical practitioners in the Khabarovsk Territory to enhance the quality of health-care.
Restructuring Rural Continuing Medical Education through Videoconferencing
Authors: Davis Paul , McCracken Peter
Published: November 2015

We piloted a videoconferencing continuing medical education programme for rural physicians in Alberta and compared its feasibility, acceptability and cost implications with currently existing telephone conferencing and regional conference programmes. Videoconferencing clearly had advantages over telephone conferencing but was not as well appreciated by consumers as the existing regional conference programme. Nonetheless, the videoconferencing programme, although somewhat more costly than telephone conferencing, was associated with considerable cost-savings compared with the regional conference programme. On balance, we concluded that further development of the videoconferencing programme is warranted and we will slowly replace existing telephone conferencing programmes. However, there remains a need for the current regional conference programme.
Promoting walking in older adults: Perceived neighborhood walkability influences the effectiveness of motivational messages
Authors: Notthoff Nanna , Carstensen Laura L
Published: November 2015

Positively framed messages seem to promote walking in older adults better than negatively framed messages. This study targeted elderly people in communities unfavorable to walking. Walking was measured with pedometers during baseline (1 week) and intervention (4 weeks). Participants ( n = 74) were informed about either the benefits of walking or the negative consequences of not walking. Perceived neighborhood walkability was assessed with a modified version of the Neighborhood Walkability Scale. When perceived walkability was high, positively framed messages were more effective than negatively framed messages in promoting walking; when perceived walkability was low, negatively framed messages were comparably effective to positively framed messages.
Home cooking trends and dietary illness: nutritional compliance of recipes in a Swedish food magazine 1970–2010
Authors: Muharemovic Kanita , Taboul Nicole , Håkansson Andreas
Published: November 2015

Aims: To investigate the trends in nutritional compliance of recipes from a Swedish food magazine to offer a perspective on the effects of home cooking on public health. Methods: The nutritional content of 654 recipes from magazine issues published in 1970, 1980, 2000, and 2010 were collected. The recipes were analyzed for macronutrient energy contribution, sodium content, and composition. Results: The recipes were in poor agreement with nutritional recommendations (excessive fat, protein, and sodium and insufficient carbohydrate and fiber content). Significant changes between 1970 and 2010 were the increased calorific contribution of fat (from 38 to 46%) and the reduced contribution of proteins (from 27 to 21%). The calorific contribution from spreads, cheese, bread, and fruit and vegetables have increased significantly, whereas the contribution from meat has decreased significantly. Conclusions:The poor nutritional compliance identified in this work indicates that consumers using the recipes as norms for home cooking risk following an unhealthy diet. This might have adverse effects on public health. However, the recipes have not become less compliant over time and therefore the data do not show an adverse trend in these norms.
Host Community Residents' Attitudes: A Comparison of Environmental Viewpoints
Authors: Jones David L. , Jurowski Claudia , Uysal Muzaffer
Published: November 2015

This study explores the relationship between host community residents' attitudes about the environment and the benefits and costs of various types of tourism development. Factor cluster analysis based on participant scores on the new environmental paradigm scale revealed that the residents comprised three groups: Conservationists; Anthropocentrics; and Optimists. The Conservationists supported the development of ecotourism but were less supportive of and saw fewer benefits from the development of other forms of tourism than the other two groups. This group appears to be most concerned about the amount of abuse nature can withstand. Implications for tourism planners and developers are discussed.
An Environmental Assessment of How Technology is Reshaping the Hospitality Industry
Authors: Connolly Daniel J. , Olsen Michael D.
Published: November 2015

Leading strategists suggest that the key to winning the future is to develop industry foresight and to stake one's territorial claim before anyone else. Following this advice, however, is not as easy as it may sound, especially when one takes into account how quickly things change in the era of high-tech. Each day, the seeds of change are sown. By using disciplined approaches, these seeds can be spotted early on as they germinate, sprout and grow into something big. To help the hospitality industry develop foresight in a disciplined manner, identify the antecedents of change and prepare for the future, the International Hotel and Restaurant Association (IH&RA) called together over 160 people worldwide from various organisations, industries and geographic regions to participate in a series of Visioning Workshops and Technology Think-Tank sessions. Collectively, these sessions define the forces shaping change and identify what is in store for the industry as the future draws near.

The findings to date suggest that information technology is the single greatest force affecting change in the hospitality industry. Everywhere one looks, one can find evidence of how technology is reshaping the industry and changing the very dynamics of competition and customer/employee interaction. Going forward, technology will be the most important competitive weapon for any hospitality company. If hospitality organisations want to compete successfully, they must do so by using technology to drive value to both the customer and the firm. What follows is a detailed summary of the proceedings from three Technology Think-Tank workshops held in Singapore; Nice, France; and Vienna, Austria from 1997 to 1999.
Cultural and Heritage Tourism in Canada: Opportunities, Principles and Challenges
Authors: Boyd Stephen
Published: November 2015

Tourists today are increasingly seeking new and different experiences beyond those provided within ‘three S’ destinations and traditional holiday places. Heritage appeal within destinations is capturing the interest of a more mature and discerning market. Canada as a destination is well placed to benefit from this trend, marketing heritage over other forms of travel experience. This paper is in three parts. First, a discussion of heritage tourism in Canada is presented that stresses diversity over the myth of a product base that is limited around a few themes, namely Mounties, mountains and moose. Secondly, principles of sustainable heritage tourism are advanced that include authenticity and quality, conserving and protecting the resource base, provision of learning as integral to the experience, and the development of partnerships between hosts, guests and managers. Thirdly, based on field visits undertaken in 1998 to sites containing cultural and heritage tourism attractions within the provinces of Ontario (mainly the south-western region) and Alberta, these principles are examined and discussion is provided on the challenges managers of sites face in implementing such principles.
Student Preferences for Room Attributes at University Halls of Residence: An Application of the Willingness to Pay Technique
Authors: Poria Yaniv , Oppewal Harmen
Published: November 2015

This paper aims to identify student preferences for room attributes at university halls of residence. A sample of 152 students at one university in the UK indicated their willingness to pay (WTP) to upgrade various elements of their room and living area. The results indicate that students are willing to pay most for attributes affecting their privacy, followed by convenience-related attributes. Differences between students were found based on their gender and where they spent most of their life. Some implications for the management of halls of residence are presented. In addition, issues concerning the format of questions posed in hospitality research are discussed.
Heritage Tourism: The Contradictions between Conservation and Change
Authors: Li Yiping
Published: November 2015

Singapore and Hong Kong are two geographically small economic powerhouses in Asia. In recent years both cities have been attempting to develop their tourism economies by communicating their unique cultural heritages to global tourists. While heritage culture-based tourism practice may help conserve a destination's cultural heritage, its development accelerates the change of the local society; and in the process the authenticity of the cultural heritage of the destination may be lost. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the efforts adopted by Singapore and Hong Kong to communicate their cultural heritages through the tourism developments. It focuses on three questions: (1) Do the inherent contradictions between conservation and change associated with tourism development constitute threats or resources for heritage tourism development? (2) What are the major issues in the process of portraying the past in the present for heritage tourism development? (3) What implications may be drawn, by studying these issues, for the tourism industries in their planning, conservation and promotion efforts to develop heritage tourism?
Media Construction of Britain as a Destination for Japanese Tourists: Social Constructionism and Tourism
Authors: Iwashita Chieko
Published: November 2015

Media-induced tourism, which involves visits to places associated with films, television programmes and literature, has become a growing phenomenon yet has been little studied empirically. This paper delineates the empirical study to investigate the phenomenon highlighting the theoretical position and research methodology for this specific research project. This paper, specifically, outlines a social construction theory hat provides an approach that locates tourism in a wider context of society and culture of a generating country and views contemporary tourism as a social and cultural phenomenon.
A Methodology for Researching a Sensitive Issue: Gay Men, Sexuality Discrimination and the Hospitality Industry
Authors: Laffin Trevor
Published: November 2015

This paper outlines the methodological issues involved in the research of sexuality discrimination within the context of the hospitality industry. It draws upon a recently conducted study of sexuality discrimination among a small number of gay men in the hospitality industry. The theoretical and practical perspectives of a qualitative, interactionist methodology are explored; the philosophical issues of informed consent and confidentiality are outlined and set against the practicalities of conducting research in an aspect of life which is kept within the private sphere. The ethical issues associated with this are assessed and the paper provides an insight into the conduct and application of research in an area which has largely been ignored by hospitality researchers.
Should Accommodation Providers Pay for the Olympics? A Critique of the Sydney Bed Tax
Authors: Dwyer Larry , Forsyth Peter
Published: November 2015

A bed tax has been imposed on accommodation providers in particular areas of Sydney; one of its justifications is to help pay for the 2000 Olympic Games. This paper first sets out the nature and scope of the tax. The estimated impacts of the tax on gross state product, employment, investment and government revenue are then discussed. The paper then addresses certain issues which appear to have been neglected in formulating the tax. These include the effects of the tax on tourism visitations in total and by market segment; the question of who pays the tax; and the justification for the accommodation sector to bear a disproportionate burden in supporting the Olympics. The paper concludes that the tax is not good public policy.
The Automobile Headlamp
Authors: Nelson J. H.
Published: November 2015

The beam requirements for the three principal conditions under which a headlamp must function, namely, (a) on the open road, (b) when passing, and (c) in fog, are examined and tentative specifications proposed.
Measurement of the Photometric Properties of the Upper Atmosphere
Authors: Waldram J. M.
Published: November 2015

This paper describes the procedure in and the results of measurements made of the photometric properties of the atmosphere. The data were required for the solutten of a number of visibility and similar problems; the need for data is outlined, and the relevant photometric properties of the atmosphere are described. The experiments fall into two groups: measurements made in clean air, and those made in industrial atmospheres. In both atmospheres the polar distribution of light scattered by an element of the atmosphere was measured by polar nephelometers built for the purpose.

In the clean air measurements, a nephelometer was carried on an aeroplane and a series of flights was made, several up to 30,000 ft., over different parts of the country and at different times of the year. A series was also obtained at sea level on a ship. On one series of experiments several other measurements were made in addition, including the brightness of a searchlight beam measured from the air, and the air-ground transmission. Both these formed checks to the nephelometry.

In the industrial atmospheres a nephelometer was carried on an observation balloon. In these experiments the air-ground transmission was also measured carefully; and it was possible to deduce from the results the absorption as distinct from the scattering coefficient. Three series of measurements were made over two industrial towns to heights of 3,000 ft.

The polar distributions of scattered light obtained varied greatly; there appeared to be little correlation with altitude or with scattering coefficient in most cases, though one type of curve was usual on and near the ground. Some measurements were made in extremely clear air, when distributions not unlike the Rayleigh distribution were obtained. There is a hope that the size of the scattering particles might, in some cases, be deduced from the shapes of the curves.

In industrial atmospheres the absorption coefficient seems to be independent of the scatter, and there is a slight indication that it is small away from the vicinity of sources of pollution. Its amount is very variable.

The meteorological conditions for each flight are given in an appendix, and another appendix outlines other methods which have been tried for obtaining some of the data.