bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of Extraction Methods on the Composition and Physicochemical Properties of Vegetable Oil from the Seeds of Ricinus communis
Authors: Nguedap Richard Daris Tegaboue , Tchuifon Donald Raoul Tchuifon , Conde Mariam Asseng , Mengounou Ghislain Mengata , Ndom Jean Claude , Azebaze Anatole Guy Blaise
Published: August 2020

This paper carries out the effects of the extraction methods on the quantities and qualities of vegetable oil from Ricinus communis. The same initial quantities of Ricinus communis were used to extract oil by the physical methods, hot and cold hydraulic press, and screw press; and the chemical method of solvent extraction using various solvents at the same temperature. The resulting oils were characterized to obtain the acid index, saponification index, iodine index, peroxide index, water content, specific density, kinematic viscosity at 40°C, color, hydrogen potential (pH), refractive index, the fatty acid profile of the oils by gas chromatography (GC) and the density at 15°C; in accordance with the ASTM standard specification. The results obtained show that, quantitatively, the hydraulic press has the best yield (46.25%) and qualitatively, the screw press extract has the best properties on a wide range of properties.  This result allows us to conclude that the extraction methods depend on the use or application of the vegetable oil.
Antimicrobial Evaluation of the Extract/Fractions of the Millettia aboensis (Leguminosae) Stem against Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Ajaegbu Eze E. , Ezugworie Flora N. , Dieke Adaobi J. , Ezeh Ukachukwu C. , Ikuesan Adeniran J. , Onuora Adaora L. , Nduka Florence O. , Izekor Ese S. , Tunde Aduloju A. , Bassey Nnyeneime U. , Ewa-Elechi Jennifer N.
Published: August 2020

Aims: Millettia aboensis (Hook.f.) Baker belongs to the Leguminosae family, known locally as nduezi in Igbo, erurumesi in Edo, and Òdúdū in Efik. Millettia aboensis stem is a rich source of flavonoids, phenolic acid, alkaloids, and steroids, hence with medicinal and physiological potentials. It is used in traditional medicine for general healing of diseases including ulcers and laxatives. The present study was aimed at evaluating the antibacterial potential of the extract/fractions of the stem of M. aboensis against Streptococcus mutans – dental caries causative organism and detection of its principles.

Methodology: Cold maceration in methanol and liquid-liquid fractionation techniques using hexane, ethyl acetate, and butanol as solvents were utilized for the extraction and fractionation processes respectively. Some phytochemicals from the fractions were suspected using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD). The crude methanol stem extract/fractions were screened to analyze its antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans.

Results: The results showed for the fractions that aqueous fraction extract had the highest percentage yield (57.73%), followed by ethyl acetate (16.79%), butanol (12.17%), hexane (9.48%), while the percentage yield of the methanol extract is 2.98%. The HPLC-DAD analysis detected the following phytochemical constituents from the stem fractions: pestalotioprolide C - 1, corynesidone D - 2, enniatin B - 3, dipiperamide E - 4, isopranetin 8-C-glucoside - 5, genistein 8-C-glucoside - 6, genistein 6-C-glucoside - 7, and peniciaculin B - 8. In relatively low and high concentrations (6.25 – 50 mg/ml), the extract/fractions of M. aboensis were found ineffective against Streptococcus mutans.

Conclusion: The plant – M. aboensis with its phytochemicals present could be an excellent source of novel biologically active compounds with pharmaceutical and industrial importance.
Risk Factors for Occupational Transmission of Tuberculosis among Healthcare Workers in Zambia
Authors: Chisompola Namaunga Kasumu , Kamanga Kapambwe Mwape , Matafwali Pipina Vlahakis
Published: August 2020

Healthcare workers (HCWs) play a critical role in the management and control of nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis (TB). At the same time, working in TB healthcare facilities such as hospital wards, diagnostic and treatment facilities increases the risk of acquiring TB due to occupational exposure in HCWs. The risk is further heightened in high TB prevalence populations, such as Zambia, as HCWs are exposed both occupationally and in the community. This review aims to provide a better understanding of the risk factors associated with occupational transmission of TB in HCWs in Zambia, by synthesising available data on TB in HCWs in Zambia and the surrounding region. A search of peer reviewed original research on the transmission of TB among HCWs in Zambia was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar. Studies were eligible for inclusion in the analysis if they described TB amongst HCWs in Zambia, risk factors for TB in HCWs, and nosocomial transmission of TB in Zambia and the surrounding region. The prevalence of TB in HCWs has been demonstrated to be higher than that of the general population. Transmission of TB in healthcare facilities is driven by several factors centred on the lack of adherence to TB infection prevention and control (IPC) practices. Nosocomial transmission of TB in HCWs is further driven by the HIV epidemic and the rise in lifestyle diseases such as diabetes mellitus. However, there is very scarce data on the association of diabetes mellitus and TB among HCWs in Zambia. Prolonged contact with TB patients on wards has been demonstrated to play a vital role in occupational transmission of TB amongst nurses in Zambia. To curb the transmission of TB in HCWs several measures will require implementation such as; administrative support, IPC training and annual TB and HIV screening for all HCWs.
Knowledge, Attitude and Utilization of School Health Services among Senior Secondary School Students in Egor Local Government Area, Benin City, Edo State
Authors: Osian Eunice Amaechi , Ehwarieme Timothy Aghogho , Igbinoba Osagumwenro
Published: August 2020

Background: The knowledge of school health services among all students in various schools are essential in ensuring that students are equipped with the expected benefits and right attitude of utilizing the services.

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess knowledge, attitude and utilization of school health services among senior secondary school students in Egor local government area, Edo State.

Methods: Using a multistage sampling two secondary schools were selected from the thirteen public secondary schools in the Egor LGA and a sample size of 274 using Taro Yamane formula. A self-structured questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection with a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.82 which show that the instrument was reliable. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics and hypotheses were tested using Pearson Correlation Coefficient at 5% significant level.

Results: Findings showed that majority 150(57.6%) of the respondents have good knowledge of school health services, 80(30.5%) have fair knowledge while 31(11%) have poor knowledge.  All the respondents have a positive attitude toward school health services with an average grand mean of 3.078±0.428. However, 113.2(43.4%) have poor utilization of the school health services, 40(15.3%) have moderate while 107.8(41.3%) have high utilization. Positive correlation (p =0.01) was found between knowledge and utilization of school health services. Significant difference was found (p= 0.002; ˂0.05) in the utilization of school health services between male and female students.

Conclusion: Government should ensure adequate provision of facilities, inspection and supervision of the school health services. Sensitization/Awareness campaign of school health services should be made available to all school children in the state.
Available Sulphur Status in Soybean Growing Areas of Northern Telangana Zone
Authors: Venugopal G. , Sharma S. Harish Kumar , Qureshi Abdul Aziz , Sagar G. E. Ch. Vidya
Published: August 2020

The black soils of Adilabad and Nizamabad districts of Northern Telangana zone most prominent for the cultivation of soybean. From this region of soils, sixty soil samples were collected and analysed for available sulphur and its fractions. The results indicated that available sulphur content ranged from 5.9 mg kg-1 to 52.6 mg kg-1 with a mean of 13.8 mg kg-1. The available sulphur content was low to medium in status. The extent of sulphur deficiency of soybean growing areas of Adilabad and Nizamabad are 50 and 43.4 per cent respectively. The water-soluble sulphur ranged from 5.4 mg kg-1 in rural samples of Nizamabad to 7.3 mg kg-1 in sonala soils of Adilabad district. Whereas KH2PO4 and Heat soluble sulphur content ranged from 19.2, 29.6 mg kg-1 in Armoor village to 28.7, 37.3 mg kg-1 in Sonala village respectively.  The highest total sulphur content was recorded in soils of Adilabad district.
Effectiveness of Fortified Liquid Organic Manure and Inorganic Fertilizer on the Growth, Physiological and Pesticidal Response of African Nightshade (Solanum scabrum)
Authors: Tellen Valantine Asong , Mbiseh Stephanie
Published: August 2020

Aims: To assess the effectiveness of fortified liquid organic manure, zero fertilizer applications and urea on the growth, physiological and pesticidal response of Solanum scabrum.

Study Design: Complete randomized block experimental design.

Place and Duration of Study: The green house facility and agricultural research farm at the Pan African Institute for Development – West Africa (PAID-WA), Buea, Cameroon, from August to November 2017.

Methodology: Four experimental units with 4 treatments including: two fortified liquid organic manure (T1 and T2,) control (T3) and urea (T4), were established using 96 planting pots. The quantity and application rates for the liquid manure and urea were 4000 L/ha, once and twice a week, and 200 kg/ha, respectively. Leaf colour, leaf size, number of leaves per plant, plant height, stem collar diameter and growth rate were measured. Two plots with three soil beds each, was also established to record pesticide treatment response by counting the number of leaves eaten by insects

Results: T2 had darker green leaves, tallest plants (27.57±11.87 cm), highest number of leaves (27.65±25.46 units), largest leaf size (38.56±21.96 cm2), biggest stem collar diameter (1.54±0.41 cm) and highest growth rates (2.54±1.02, 5.18±3.40, and 0.11±0.03 cm/week for height, number of leaves and stem collar diameter, respectively). T2 effects differed significantly (P = 0.00) from T3 and T4. T2 and T1 also reduced pest attacks on leaves significantly (P = 0.00) compare to T3.

Conclusion: Liquid extracts concoctions of biomass and pesticidal botanicals prove useful towards the development of effective bio-repellent organic fertilizers. These can contribute to reducing the use of synthetic agro-chemicals, hence decreasing residual environmental and human health hazards.
Phytochemical Analysis and Antifungal Activity of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Trema guineensis (Ulmaceae), A Plant from the Ivoirian Pharmacopoeia
Authors: Ouattara Lacinan , N’gou M’boh Epi Reine Elisabeth , Bagré Issa , Sika Andrée Emmanuelle , Ouattara Karamoko
Published: August 2020

Trema guineensis is a woody plant distributed in tropical forest of which leaf and bark extracts are traditionally used for the treatment of various diseases including fever, bronchitis, and gastrointestinal disorders. Previous studies have highlighted their antibacterial activity. So, present work was designed to examine the phytochemical and antifungal properties of aqueous crude extract of T. guineensis leaves. The bioactive components extracted from leaves were tested against pathogenic fungi using the agar tube dilution method. Antifungal activity of aqueous leaves extracts was carried out against selected pathogenic fungal strains as Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans. The phytochemical analysis of the aqueous crude extract revealed the presence of secondary metabolites widely reported as antifungal such as flavonoids, saponins, quinones, alkaloids, polyphenols. The results showed that the aqueous crude leaves extract of T. guineensis was effective in inhibiting the fungal growth and were active against A. fumigatus, C. neoformans and C. albicans with MIC and MFC ranged from 20 to 200 mg/mL and 100 to 400 mg/mL, respectively. The efficient antifungal activity of T. guineensis from the present investigation revealed that aqueous leaf crude extract of the selected plant had a moderate potential to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungal strains. This finding showed that the aqueous extract of T. guineensis exerted an antifungal effect on C. albicans, A. fumigatus and C. neoformans and supports its traditional use in herbal medicine.
Water Quality Assessment of Elechi Creek Receiving Effluent Discharges from Industrial Activities in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Meregini-Ikechukwu P. C. , Ogbonna D. N. , Akani N. P.
Published: August 2020

The Physico-chemistry and heavy metal analyses of Elechi creek were assessed to determine the level of contamination and concentration of metals in the water body. Standard analytical procedures were used during the study. The study showed that pH recorded 7.00-7.35 in surface water; 6.60-7.00 in wastewater while Temperature of the surface water samples ranged from 27.9-29.0°C, Wastewater samples also recorded temperatures values of 26.9-27.8°C in all sampled stations. The values of metals in the surface water ranged from 0.14 to 0.26 mg l-1 for Fe, 0.04 to 0.09 mg l-1 for Cu and 1.21 to 1.42 mg l-1 for Zn. The mean values for Pb, Cr, Mn and Cd were 0.001 mg l-1 in all the stations. The mean values in the wastewater samples ranged from 7.25 to 16.62 mg l-1 for Fe, 4.70 to 8.50 mg l-1 for Zn, 0.21 to 0.34 mg l-1 for Mn, 0.13 to 0.22 mg l-1 for Cr, 0.06 to 0.12 mg l-1 for Pb, 0.03 to 0.07 mg l-1 for Cu and 0.001 mg l-1 for Cd. There were no significant differences across the sampled stations; although some of the metals were below permissible limits. The study revealed that the water is heavily polluted but not contaminated with the waste products it receives, although the accumulated presence of these pollutants in the water can pose an environmental threat in the near future.
The Pharmacotherapy of Blood Intoxication (Methmoglobinemia) Induce by Exposure to Ortho-Chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS) in Public Protests
Authors: Salman Muhi N.
Published: August 2020

Background: Acquired Methemoglobinemia(MetHb) is a rare, but potentially serious and unfamiliarity with this complication may delay diagnosis and appropriate therapy.

Presentation: A case  of methemoglobinemia occurring in male teenage  demonstrator as a complication of re-current  exposure  to ortho-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS)  in public protests , the patient became cyanotic with a decrease in his level of consciousness, by the effect of hydrogen cyanide as by-product of (CS),  resulting in a  toxic methemoglobinemia level in his blood.  Methemoglobin is incapable of carrying oxygen and is formed when the ferrous iron in the heme molecule is oxidized to the ferric state. The diagnosis should be entertained when cyanosis, unresponsive to 100% oxygen therapy, appears suddenly, especially when exposure to an oxidant agent is established.

Treatment: The patient received a 1 mg/kg dose of methylene blue intravenously. A cooximetry done 1 hour later showed a methemoglobin level of 43%. A second 1 mg/kg dose of methylene blue was given and another hour later the methemoglobin level had dropped to 13%. The patient also showed clinical improvement with resolution of the cyanosis and return of his mental status to baseline.

Conclusion: Methylene blue is the specific antidote, but should be reserved for more severe cases or if co-morbid conditions make mild hypoxia un advisable.
An Empirical Time Series Econometric Study of the J-curve Effect of Exchange Rate in Trade Balance between China and the US
Authors: Wu Ming-Lu
Published: August 2020

Background and Aims: With the tensed relationship between China and the US, investigating the trade relationship between the two big countries has received more attention than before. This paper is just towards that direction to empirically examine the relationship between China’s real effective exchange rate (REER) and trade balance with the US in both the long-run and short-run, which may exhibit the J-curve effect – currency depreciation deteriorates trade balance in the short-run but promotes trade balance in the long-run – in China’s international trade with the US.

Data and Methodology: Quarterly data on China’s REER, trade balance and gross domestic product (GDP, for income) and the US GDP from 2001 to 2017 are retrieved from relevant official websites for the current study. Unit-root test is first conducted on each modeling variable and its first difference to examine the stationarity of the variables. Autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach with error-correction modeling (ECM) cointegration is then adopted to test the popular hypothesis of J-curve effect using the available quarterly data.

Results and Conclusion: The modeling results reject the J-curve effect in the short-run but show a long-lasting positive effect of Chinese yuan’s depreciation in China’s trade balance with the US. Also, the US GDP has a positive and much stronger effect than Chinese GDP on China’s trade balance. As such, it is suggested that China should maintain a good relationship with the US and a stable exchange rate for long-run trade balance and economic growth at an appropriate level or rate.
Analysis of Petro-Physico-Mechanical Properties of Coarse Aggregate and Its Implications on the Performance Characteristics of Concrete
Authors: Chegbeleh Larry Pax , Nkansah Lawrence Opanin , Ackah Frank Siaw , Mejida Richard Adams
Published: August 2020

The importance of concrete as one of the major materials in the building and construction industry cannot be over emphasized due to the myriad benefits and versatility to humankind. However, its performance characteristics on the stability of engineered structures have mostly been overlooked. In this paper, petrographic characteristics and physico-mechanical properties of ten (n=10) rock samples and some quantity of coarse aggregate representing one set of samples, each obtained from two quarry sites around Amasaman and Shai Hills in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana, have been investigated. This study aimed to determine the impact of aggregate size, content and type on the compressive strength of concrete. The study was conducted through petrographic and physico-mechanical properties analyses on the samples obtained. Petrographic studies were performed on the ten (n=10) rock samples from each quarry site, while the physico-mechanical property tests were conducted directly on the coarse aggregate. However, compressive strength tests were performed on cast concretes produced from aggregates with varying sizes and type obtained from the two quarry sites. Results of the petrographic analysis reveal two rock types: Quartzo-feldspathic gneiss and Granodiorites from Amasaman quarry and also two rock types: Gneiss and Meta-granite from Shai Hills quarry. Results of the physico-mechical properties tests are consistent with requirement of approved construction standards. Compressive strength tests show increasing compressive strength of concretes with increasing aggregate nominal sizes of classes A, B and C but show reduced compressive strength for aggregate nominal sizes of class D. It can therefore, be inferred that, aggregate size and content have profound impact on compressive strength of concrete. Also, aggregate type has influence on compressive strength of concrete, as observed in higher compressive strength of concretes produced from the quartzo-feldspathic gneiss and granodiorites than concretes produced from the gneiss and meta-granites.
SoFIA: From a Content-based to Competency-based Educational Paradigm
Authors: Koutsopoulos K. C. , Doukas Konstantinos
Published: August 2020

This paper is an attempt to show that in the educational system of the 21st century, four conditions must be met for its successful present and future: an educational philosophy that can provide an operating pedagogical framework to address the issues of educational experience and the appropriate principles and values in teaching and learning; a path to excellence in order to create innovative practices in the teaching and learning environment within which all pedagogical operations can take place; a technology integration instrument with which the fundamental educational needs and their attendant changes can be attained; and a leading in action process, which can allow new concepts and ideas to be able to be realized. But most importantly these requirements force upon the education system the need to work within an educational paradigm which is a susceptible to such necessities.

This paper presents and describes such a paradigm, named SoFIA which seeks to satisfy the conditions mentioned above. It suggests an educational philosophy offering an operating pedagogical framework to address the issues of educational experience and the appropriate principles and values in teaching and learning. The SoFia paradigm defines a path to excellence by creating innovative practices in the teaching and learning environment within which all pedagogical operations can take place. It outlines, moreover, a technology integration instrument with which the fundamental educational needs and their attendant changes can be attained; and a leading in action process whereby new concepts and ideas can be transformed into reality.
Knowledge and Awareness on the Usage of Preemptive Analgesics in Third Molar Extraction among Dental Students: A Survey
Authors: Balaji Keerthana , Prabu M. Dinesh
Published: August 2020

Postoperative pain control after extraction of third molars is important for patients because of the effect of pain symptoms on the healing process and quality of life. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and awareness of dental students towards the use of preemptive analgesics in third molar extractions. A questionnaire based survey was conducted among 100 dental students. Questionnaire was distributed through a survey link. Results were collected and analysed using IBM SPSS Statistical Analyzer (23.0 version). Frequency distribution and descriptive analysis were carried out. The variables were analysed using Pearson Chi square test. P Value less than or equal to 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. The results of the study showed that the knowledge and awareness of dental students about the usage of preemptive analgesics in day to day practice varied according to their year of study. Interns were observed to have more knowledge and awareness regarding preemptive analgesics in comparison to third years and final years. Preemptive analgesics play a significant role in the elimination of postoperative pain in patients after removal of third molars. Therefore, it is of utmost importance for dental students to gain sufficient knowledge regarding the usage and importance of preemptive analgesics in dentistry.
Awareness on Concentration of Saccharides in Drugs among College Students - A Questionnaire Based Survey
Authors: Baskaran Snehaa , Priya V. Vishnu , Gayathri R.
Published: August 2020

Sugar is used in medicine for coating, adding volume or texture, and flavouring the medicine. It can also act as a preservative and antioxidant. Sucrose is often used in medications to impart a more pleasant taste to often unpalatable chemicals. Sucrose can be found in many medicinal forms such as chewable tablets, syrups and lozenges. The aim of the study is to create awareness on concentration of sugar in medicines among college students. A survey was administered  through survey planet link with sample size 100. The questionnaire consisted of 14 questions based on awareness on concentration of sugar. In the present study majority of the  participants felt addition of sweeteners in syrups and tablets should be decreased. Adults and children who are administered to long term medicines are prone to caries and other health problems. Chronically ill children are exposed to a greater sugar load from oral medications than healthy children leading to a greater risk of developing caries as a side effect of the treatment. Awareness may be created on the concentration of sugar in medicines and its deleterious effect on health.
Antimicrobial Efficacy of Calcium Hydroxide and Triple Antibiotic Paste Combination on E. faecalis Biofilm- an In vitro Study
Authors: Hanin S. M. Azima , K. Anjaneyulu , N. P. Muralidharan
Published: August 2020

Calcium hydroxide (CH) is an intracanal medicament that has been widely used in endodontics, which can eliminate bacteria because of its high alkalinity. However, E. faecalis is resistant to CH. Triple antibiotic paste (TAP) is a mixture of ciprofloxacin, minocycline, and metronidazole, and is highly effective against E. faecalis. Hence the main aim of this study was to find the antimicrobial efficacy of CH and TAP combination against E. faecalis. The study was done by agar diffusion method, three wells were punched in Tryptone soya agar and filled with CH, TAP, and the combination of both. The zone of inhibition values was recorded and subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS. One way ANOVA and Post Hoc tests were used to compare the means. The combination of CH with TAP was found to be significantly better than CH and TAP used alone (p-value <0.05).Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that TAP is more efficient when compared with CH,The combination of CH and TAP proved to be more effective when compared to the two when used alone.
Evaluation of Cytotoxicity of Diclofenac Sodium on L929 Fibroblasts - An in vitro Study
Authors: Sowmya Mulumoodi Rama , Ajitha P. , Pradeep S.
Published: August 2020

The aim of the study is to evaluate comparatively the cytotoxicity of diclofenac sodium and calcium hydroxide on L929 fibroblasts. L929 fibroblast cells were cultured and grown on Dulbecco modified Eagle’s medium. Intracanal medicaments tested were Diclofenac sodium, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 mM/ml) and calcium hydroxide. The human fibroblast cell lines cultured in Dulbecco Modified Eagle’s medium were used as control group. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results showed that there was a significant difference in cell viability as compared with the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the group treated with diclofenac sodium and calcium hydroxide (1.0 mM/ml). However, diclofenac sodium at concentration more than 5 mM/ml was found to be cytotoxic. The study concludes that diclofenac sodium is cytotoxic at 5 mM/ml and above. Therefore, further studies are recommended to establish the antimicrobial efficacy of the medicament. Within the limitations of the study, Diclofenac sodium at concentration more than 5mM/ml was found to be cytotoxic for the cells. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Diclofenac sodium at which the cells were viable was found to be 5.2 mM/ml. Further studies should be done to establish the antimicrobial efficacy of the medicament at these concentrations.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Dental Amalgam Restoration among Dental Students
Authors: Natarajan Kalaivani , Ranjan Manish
Published: August 2020

Amalgam has been used in Dentistry for about 150 to 200 years and is still under use due to its low cost, ease of application, strength and durability. It is an alloy of mercury, is an excellent and versatile restorative material. The development of various tooth coloured cements and resins serves as an alternative and have reduced the use of amalgam. Yet, amalgam stands as one of the excellent restorative materials. The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge, awareness and practice of dental amalgam among dental students in a private dental school. Study was conducted as a cross sectional questionnaire based study among the dental students. The study was conducted as an online survey as it is timesaving and a majority of the population can be covered. There were one hundred participants involved in this online survey from second year, third years, final years and internship. The questionnaire consisting of ten questions were posted for an online survey using google forms. The validity of the questionnaire was cross verified by experts. The data were extracted and tabulated in MS Excel sheets with respect to each question and their response. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software v20. Chi square test was done to assess the association between the variables. The descriptive data obtained were plotted in bar graphs. It was evident that interns had adequate knowledge about amalgam restorations than other participants.
Antimicrobial Activity of Iodophor and Chlorhexidine in Surgical Preparation of Skin
Authors: Jeyashree T. , Muralidharan N. P.
Published: August 2020

An effective pre surgical Preparation is important step in preventing surgical wound contamination and post operative infection. Preparing a 100% sterile surgical environment is one of the biggest challenges of surgery. Since skin is the most common source of pathogen they make the skin preparation at the time of procedure critical. The most common skin preparation agents are iodophors and chlorhexidine. The aqueous based iodophors are, such as povidone iodine is one of the few products that can be safely used on mucous membrane. Iodophor and chlorhexidine are quick sustained and durable with broader spectrum anti microbial activity. These agents are ideal for longer open surgeries. There is a need for comparison of antimicrobial activity of iodophor and chlorhexidine. In surgical preparation of the skin. In this study we used iodophor and chlorhexidine to check their anti microbial activity in surgical preparation of skin. A square of area 10 sq cm was drawn on the surface of the skin on arm and divided into upper half and lower half.2 sterilised cotton swabs were taken and they were moistened with saline water. First swab was taken before applying the disinfectant and the second swab was taken 2 mins after applying the disinfectant. Both swabs were spread in the TSA agar. Total bacterial count was counted in the before and after swab. Iodine was used as disinfectant in 5 people and chlorhexidine was used as disinfectant in 5 people. Iodophor had a better activity against the micro organisms than that of the chlorhexidine.
Effect of Oxygen Releasing Oral Gel Compared to Chlorhexidine Gel in the Treatment of Periodontitis
Authors: Niveda R. , Kaarthikeyan Gurumoorthy
Published: August 2020

The aim of the current study is to compare the effect of oxygen releasing oral gel and chlorhexidine gel in the treatment of periodontitis and the objective was to assess and compare the changes in clinical parameters such as Probing pocket depth, Bleeding on probing, Clinical attachment levels between oxygen releasing oral gel and chlorhexidine gel.

The current pilot study which compares oxygen releasing gel with chlorhexidine gel is a randomised split mouth clinical trial .All the patients included in the study were patients with moderate to severe periodontitis with no systemic diseases, not under any medication non smoking healthy patients. All the patients received supra and sub gingival scaling, pockets on molars with deeper probing depth on either maxillary or mandibular arch and the medication to be received by the patient were allotted randomly. Randomisation was performed using lot method.Oxygen releasing (Blue M gel) and chlorhexidine gel (Hexigel) was applied at the chosen site, patient was recalled for re application and was reassessed  for clinical parameters Paired t test was done to compare the mean difference in probing depth in Blue M gel group and Hexigel group.

The mean probing depth at the day of drug delivery was for Blue M gel group was 7.2 mm SD+/-0.42 mm and the mean probing depth six week after drug delivery was 4.7 SD+/- 0.57 mm with a significant p value of 0.42. The mean probing depth at the day of drug delivery was for Hexigel gel group was 7.0 mm SD+/-0.57 mm and the mean probing depth six week after drug delivery was 5.7 SD+/- 0.64 mm.

Within the limitations of the study from the results it is seen that there is a significant difference in reduction in probing pocket depth. The mean difference between the  probing depth reduction in group A (Blue M ) from baseline to 6 week was 2.3 and The mean difference probing depth reduction in group B  (Hexigel ) from baseline to 6 week was 1.5. Group A showed better potential in probing depth reduction. It emphasises the fact that thorough sub gingival scaling and root planing along with adjuvant topical oxygen therapy aid in reducing the periodontal pockets further research has to be done to assess the effect of oxygen delivering agents in future.
Assessment of Bacterial Micro Colonies Present in Tissue Samples Obtained Using Ozonated Water as an Irrigating Agent from Patients with Periodontitis
Authors: Rajeshwaran Niveda , Malaippan Sankari
Published: August 2020

Periodontal diseases are chronic inflammatory diseases that are constantly associated with microorganism, conventionally scaling and root planing followed by flap surgical procedure is done to treat chronic periodontitis condition, irrigating agents are used during both sub gingival scaling and root planing procedure and in flap surgical procedure. Saline and distilled water are the commonly used irrigants and they non specifically reduce the bacterial count, Ozonised water is also used as an irrigating agent. Though it’s effect on plaque is known to be effective its effect on tissues is still questionable. The study is conducted to assess the number bacterial micro colonies formed in gingival tissues after irrigating with ozonated water and comparing it with distilled water and saline water which are the commonly used irrigating agents.

The aim of the study is to assess the bacterial micro colonies formed in gingival tissues after irrigating with ozonated water and comparing it with distilled water and saline water which are the commonly used irrigating agents.

A randomized, split mouth study was performed. A total of 10 patients suffering from chronic generalised periodontitis were recruited into the study; 20 gingival tissue samples were obtained from the patients at the time of surgery. Both the patient and the clinician were blinded regarding the type of the irrigating agent used. The plaque samples were transferred into carrier medium and were cultured for 24 hours; 24 h after culture, the samples were collected and total colony forming units were calculated. On  counting  the number of  colony forming  units formed, it  was  found   that  the  amount  of colonies formed  from the samples treated with  ozone  showed mixed results, wherein it showed both increase and decrease in colony counts.
Intracanal Analgesic Solutions to Control Interappointment Pain during Root Canal Treatment in Patients with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis - A Pilot Study
Authors: Pai Sneha , Nivedhitha M. S.
Published: August 2020

Mefenamic acid is a Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drug belonging to anthranilic acid group while Aceclofenac is an acetic acid derivative. Aceclofenac is a non selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor while Mefenamic acid is a potent cyclooxygenase inhibitor with both central and peripheral actions.  The use of Mefenamic acid and Aceclofenac has reduced due to their side effect of gastrointestinal irritation. The idea of this study is to use Mefenamic acid and Aceclofenac as intracanal agents to achieve localized action without having systemic side effects.

Patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis with symptomatic apical periodontitis were identified and divided into three groups of 10 each. After cleaning and shaping of the root canals, 0.1ml of the analgesic solution was injected within the root canals. The pain was evaluated at the end of 6 hours. There was significant reduction in pain in patients who received intracanal Mefenamic acid followed by the group that received Aceclofenac.

This proves that intracanal administration of analgesics controls inter appointment pain during endodontic treatment and also prevents systemic side effects that are likely to occur due to oral  use of the drugs.
Assessing the Risk of Wearing Short Sleeves in Dental Clinics
Authors: Rexlin P. E. Jai , Muralidharan N. P.
Published: August 2020

In the dental clinic, Bio-aerosols are an important consideration for infection control and occupational health. Dental clinicians are exposed to aerosols and splatters which contain infective agents such as bacteria, virus and fungal organisms. Hence, there is a definite risk of infection with transmittable agents as the position is very close from the patient’s mouth. Main entry points of infection for a dentist include abrasions on the skin. This surveillance study was conducted to evaluate the risk of wearing short sleeves in dental clinics. Sterilisedaluminium foil of dimension 21x28 cm was wrapped on the forearm of the 20 operating dentists and left for 30 minutes. Then it was removed, and with the help of a moistened swab the aerosol sediment from a fixed area is taken and plated on Brain Heart Infusion(BHI) agar plates. The plates were incubated and were checked for the bacterial colonies and enumerated. It was observed that, out of 20 samples collected, It was observed that, out of 20 samples collected, Streptococcus sp. were invariably seen. Coagulase negative Staphylococci were predominantly seen in 10 samples, and in the remaining 10 samples Lactobacillus sp. were predominantly seen. In some of the samples bacterial load was very high. It is the indication of the risk that the short sleeve has in dental practice. Here the demonstration of aerosol is identified by the deposition of bacterial species on the skin, and we should in mind that the aerosol may carry infectious virus also.
Outbreaking forest insect drives phase synchrony among sympatric folivores: Exploring potential mechanisms
Authors: Liebhold Andrew M. , Björkman Christer , Roques Alain , Bjørnstad Ottar N. , Klapwijk Maartje J.
Published: August 2020

We explore a common feature of insect population dynamics, interspecific synchrony, which refers to synchrony in population dynamics among sympatric populations of different species. Such synchrony can arise via several possible mechanisms, including shared environmental effects and shared trophic interactions, but distinguishing the relative importance among different mechanisms can be challenging. We analyze interannual time series of population densities of the larch budmoth,Zeiraphera griseana(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), along with six sympatric larch‐feeding folivores from a site in the European Alps 1952–1979. These species include five lepidopterans,Exapate duratella,Ptycholomoides aeriferana,Spilonota laricana,Epirrita autumnataandTeleiodes saltuum, and one hymenopteran sawflyPristiphora laricis. We document that the highly regular oscillatory behavior (period 9–10 years) ofZ.griseanapopulations is similarly evident in the dynamics of most of the sympatric folivores. We also find that all of the sympatric species are phase synchronized withZ.griseanapopulations with half of the sympatric species exhibiting nonlagged phase synchrony and three of the species exhibiting 2–5 year lags behindZ.griseanapopulations. We adapt a previously developed tritrophic model ofZ.griseanadynamics to explore possible mechanisms responsible for observed phase synchronization. Results suggest that either shared stochastic influences (e.g., weather) or shared parasitoid impacts are likely causes of nonlagged phase synchronization. The model further indicates that observed patterns of lagged phase synchronization are most likely caused by either shared delayed induced host plant defenses or direct density‐dependent effects shared withZ.griseana.
Synaptic signalling in a network of dopamine neurons: what prevents proper intercellular crosstalk?
Authors: Chen Yixi , Kunath Tilo , Simpson Joanna , Homer Natalie , Sylantyev Sergiy
Published: August 2020

Human embryonic stem cell (hESC)‐derived midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons stand out as a cell source for transplantation with their sustainability and consistency superior to the formerly used fetal tissues. However, multiple studies of DA neurons in culture failed to register action potential (AP) generation upon synaptic input. To test whether this is due to deficiency of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) coagonists released from astroglia, we studied the functional properties of neural receptors in hESC‐derived DA neuronal cultures. We find that, apart from an insufficient amount of coagonists, lack of interneuronal crosstalk is caused by hypofunction of synaptic NMDARs due to their direct inhibition by synaptically released DA. This inhibitory tone is independent of DA receptors and affects the NMDAR coagonist binding site.
Hot Hydrocarbon‐Solvent Slot‐Die Coating Enables High‐Efficiency Organic Solar Cells with Temperature‐Dependent Aggregation Behavior
Authors: Zhao Heng , Naveed Hafiz Bilal , Lin Baojun , Zhou Xiaobo , Yuan Jian , Zhou Ke , Wu Hongbo , Guo Renjun , Scheel Manuel A. , Chumakov Andrei , Roth Stephan V. , Tang Zheng , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter , Ma Wei
Published: August 2020

Organic solar cells (OSCs) have made rapid progress in terms of their development as a sustainable energy source. However, record‐breaking devices have not shown compatibility with large‐scale production via solution processing in particular due to the use of halogenated environment‐threatening solvents. Here, slot‐die fabrication with processing involving hydrocarbon‐based solvents is used to realize highly efficient and environmentally friendly OSCs. Highly compatible slot‐die coating with roll‐to‐roll processing using halogenated (chlorobenzene (CB)) and hydrocarbon solvents (1,2,4‐trimethylbenzene (TMB) and ortho‐xylene (o‐XY)) is used to fabricate photoactive films. Controlled solution and substrate temperatures enable similar aggregation states in the solution and similar kinetics processes during film formation. The optimized blend film nanostructures for different solvents in the highly efficient PM6:Y6 blend is adopted to show a similar morphology, which results in device efficiencies of 15.2%, 15.4%, and 15.6% for CB, TMB, and o‐XY solvents. This approach is successfully extended to other donor–acceptor combinations to demonstrate the excellent universality of this method. The results combine a method to optimize the aggregation state and film formation kinetics with the fabrication of OSCs with environmentally friendly solvents by slot‐die coating, which is a critical finding for the future development of OSCs in terms of their scalable production and high‐performance.
Cellulose‐Based Fully Green Triboelectric Nanogenerators with Output Power Density of 300 W m−2
Authors: Zhang Renyun , Dahlström Christina , Zou Haiyang , Jonzon Julia , Hummelgård Magnus , Örtegren Jonas , Blomquist Nicklas , Yang Ya , Andersson Henrik , Olsen Martin , Norgren Magnus , Olin Håkan , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: August 2020

Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have attracted increasing attention because of their excellent energy conversion efficiency, the diverse choice of materials, and their broad applications in energy harvesting devices and self‐powered sensors. New materials have been explored, including green materials, but their performances have not yet reached the level of that for fluoropolymers. Here, a high‐performance, fully green TENG (FG‐TENG) using cellulose‐based tribolayers is reported. It is shown that the FG‐TENG has an output power density of above 300 W m−2, which is a new record for green‐material‐based TENGs. The high performance of the FG‐TENG is due to the high positive charge density of the regenerated cellulose. The FG‐TENG is stable after more than 30 000 cycles of operations in humidity of 30%–84%. This work demonstrates that high‐performance TENGs can be made using natural green materials for a broad range of applications.
Ultrathin Conformal oCVD PEDOT Coatings on Carbon Electrodes Enable Improved Performance of Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Heydari Gharahcheshmeh Meysam , Wan Charles Tai‐Chieh , Ashraf Gandomi Yasser , Greco Katharine V. , Forner‐Cuenca Antoni , Chiang Yet‐Ming , Brushett Fikile R. , Gleason Karen K.
Published: August 2020

Surface engineering of porous carbon electrodes is an effective strategy to enhance the power output of redox flow batteries (RFBs) and may enable new cost reduction pathways for energy storage. Here, a surface modification strategy that enhances the electrochemical performance of RFBs in iron‐based electrolytes is demonstrated. Nanometric films of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) are grown conformally onto carbon cloth electrodes using oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) and the impact of film properties on electrode performance in model iron‐based electrolytes is investigated. Depositing oCVD PEDOT films on the electrode surface is found to reduce ohmic, kinetic, and mass transport resistances, with the highest current densities and lowest resistances observed for electrodes coated with a ≈78 nm thick film. As compared to unmodified electrodes, coated electrodes enhance the maximum obtained current density at an applied overpotential of 350 mV by 6.7× and 3.7× in iron sulfate and iron chloride, respectively. The oCVD PEDOT film described here represents an initial step toward electrode surfaces of tailored activity, selectivity, and wettability for specific RFB chemistries and, more generally, electrochemical systems with liquid‐phase reactants.
Compacted Self‐Assembly Graphene with Hydrogen Plasma Surface Modification for Robust Artificial Electronic Synapses of Gadolinium Oxide Memristors
Authors: Chan Ya‐Ting , Fu Yi , Yu Lu , Wu Feng‐Yu , Wang Ho‐Wei , Lin Ting‐Han , Chan Shun‐Hsiang , Wu Ming‐Chung , Wang Jer‐Chyi
Published: August 2020

The rise of artificial intelligence and Internet of Things has led to an increase in the demand for a large amount of data computing in recent years. To fulfill the requirements of neuromorphic engineering, a promising system composed of artificial neurons and synapses has to be developed. Here, a cheap and mass‐productive compacted self‐assembly (CSA) graphene with hydrogen (H2) plasma surface modification is used as the bottom electrode (BE) of gadolinium oxide (GdxOy) memristors to emulate the robust synapses in neuromorphic systems. As the plasma treatment time increases, the increased resistance ratio and reduced operating voltages of GdxOy memristors are obtained, which can be attributed to the removal of functional groups on graphene flakes and the enhancement in the redox reaction of CSA graphene during the resistive switching. The GdxOy memristors with a 10 min H2 plasma surface modified CSA graphene BE present outstanding reliabilities of data retention for more than 104 s and cycling operation up to 150 times. Additionally, superior bionic characteristics with more adjustable synaptic weight and more harmonious spike‐timing‐dependent plasticity (STDP) behaviors of GdxOy memristors with H2 plasma surface modified CSA graphene BEs are achieved, providing an opportunity for the applications in future neuromorphic computing systems.