bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wavelet Transform-Spectrum Sensing
Authors: Monga Himanshu , Gautam Dikshant , Katwal Saksham
Published: July 2022

Spectrum sensing is a vital cognitive radio function that protects licensed users from dangerous interference and finds accessible spectrum for better spectrum use. In practice, however, multipath fading, shadowing, and receiver uncertainty frequently degrade detection performance. Communication performance and continuity in cognitive radio networks are heavily dependent on how well the spectrum sensing function is implemented. The significance of selecting the right wavelet system is discussed.
MedMetrics: Biometrics Passports in Medical and Clinical Healthcare That Enable AI and Blockchain
Authors: Yvonne Lu Huiqi
Published: July 2022

The term biometrics was defined to suggest any measurable biological and biomedical metrics that can be used to identify and confirm the uniqueness of individuals. In this chapter, we would like to introduce an emerging area of biometrics, MedMetrics, that combines patient and drug information managed in coded passports to keep medical information accessible, safe and fraud-resistance. Medmetics includes medical and biological biometrics of patients based on their electronic health records, International Classification of Disease codes, Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes, Defined Daily Doses, time-series test results, and personalizsed biological data. By combining the blockchain technology, Medimetrics enables sensitive data sharing in between different clinical settings, allowing monitoring patients’ health and care, as well as avoiding identification-related medical mistakes or frauds. MedMetrics Blockchain Passport can be used to identify patients and confirm their previous health conditions without the right of modifying or removing previous records. Medmetrics can revolutionary change the user demographic, shift safety restrictions, define new user applications, and encourage ethical AI regulations in medical science and health care. This chapter will discuss these directions and provide insights into the next generation of biometrics in medical science and health care.
Interferons Horizon Therapeutics
Authors: Aiman Ayesha , Farhat Basir Seemi , Islam Asimul
Published: July 2022

Interferons (IFNs) are a family of multi-functional proteins, called cytokines, that are produced by immune cells such as leukocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, macrophages, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells. The minute amount of these α-helical glycoproteins, produced by mammalian cells, are firm components of the innate arm of the immune system providing rapid and broad protection against numerous types of invading pathogens. Interferons, from their discovery in the 19th century, have always held out a promise of important clinical utility first as an antiviral agent and more recently holding anti-inflammatory and regenerative effects for treating various neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis, encephalopathies, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), etc. IFNs elicit anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties by inducing transcription of multiple IFN stimulated genes (ISG), a response that is partly mediated by Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs). This chapter provides a brief introduction of the interferon system as well as an in-depth assessment of the interferon signature and the various assay procedures for synthesizing non-natural interferon analogs for structural analysis, which may be helpful in designing improved products and act as a diagnostic tool for neurodegenerative disorders.
Hydrogels: Smart Materials in Drug Delivery
Authors: Sathian Aiswarya , Vijay Namitha , Joshy K.S. , Bharat Dalvi Yogesh , Mraiche Fatima
Published: July 2022

The prominence of hydrogels in various fields of life sciences is due to their significant and functional three-dimensional biopolymeric networks, which tend to imbibe water due to -OH, -CONH2, -SO3H, -CONH,-COOR groups which have a hydrophilic tendency enabling them to be an excellent super absorbent and remain insoluble in water. Hydrogels can embed physiologically active molecules in their water-swollen network and are appealing materials for the controlled release of medicines. Several significant advancements in the realm of hydrogels for therapeutic delivery have resulted from recent advances in organic and polymer chemistry, bioengineering, and nanotechnology. We offer our perspective on the state-of-the-art in the field in this chapter, focusing on several intriguing issues such as current trends in hydrogel-based drug delivery, stimuli-responsive hydrogels, nanogels, and therapeutic release from 3D printed hydrogels. We also discuss the obstacles that must be solved to promote translation from academia to the clinic, as well as our predictions for the future of this quickly changing field of research.
Challenges and Advances in the Production of Export-Quality Macadamia and Its Integral Use with Green Technologies
Authors: Graciela Mereles Laura , Smidt Mario , Patricia Martínez Karen , Eugenia Soledad Coronel Eva , Velázquez Edelira , Correa Laura
Published: July 2022

Macadamia nut is an alternative crop for agricultural production in tropical Latin American countries. Its cultivation in itself constitutes a challenge for countries with high relative humidity temperatures, especially in the postharvest period. Environmentally friendly technologies suggest a comprehensive nut in shell (NIS) and kernels treatment, taking advantage of the waste generated in the drying process, critical point. This chapter explores the methods of the literature and those applied in local research for the integral use, drying of macadamia nuts, and their processing until obtaining products of high nutritional quality (dried nut and oil) and with clean technologies applicable to small producers.
Epigenetics: Science of Changes without Change in DNA Sequences
Authors: Dhargawe Jayisha , Lakkakul Rita , Hirapure Pradip
Published: July 2022

The mechanisms for epigenetic modifications include modification of histone proteins or modifications of the DNA itself (not affecting the DNA sequence). These include acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, SUMOylation, ubiquitylation, etc. For example, DNA methylation (cytosine methylation) or histone acetylation (lysine acetylation). Recent studies have indicated that the activity of non-coding RNAs, such as microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and small interfering RNAs also affects epigenetic mechanisms. In a genome, the collection of all the modifications that regulate gene expression is called its epigenome. Improper occurrence of the epigenetic mechanisms can lead to deleterious health and behavioral effects. For instance, the most studied epigenetic modification is DNA hypermethylation, which leads to the silencing of antitumorigenic genes, and this has been shown to cause cancer. Various techniques are employed for DNA methylation profiling such as pyrosequencing, bisulfite-PCR, ChIP seq (Chromatin Immunoprecipitation), bisulfite seq, and specialized RNA seq. This chapter will introduce epigenetics, describe the different epigenetic mechanisms, and discuss in brief how to study these mechanisms and their effects on the plant as well as human health.
Asymptotic Solutions for Multi-Hole Problems: Plane Strain versus Plane Stress Boundary Conditions in Borehole Applications
Authors: Alotaibi Manal , Weijermars Ruud
Published: July 2022

The elastic response of circular cylindrical holes in elastic plates is analyzed using the linear superposition method (LSM) to assess the impact of plate thickness on the stress state for the thin- and thick-plate solutions. Analytical solutions for stress accumulations near holes in elastic plates are relevant for a wide range of practical applications. For example, detailed analyses of the stress concentrations near boreholes piercing rock formations are needed during drilling operations to avoid premature fracturing due to tensile and shear failure. Stress concentrations near tiny holes in very thick plates approach the solution of a plane strain boundary condition; for large holes in very thin plates, the solution of a plane stress boundary condition will apply. For most practical cases, the response will be intermediate between the plane stress and plane strain end members, depending on the relative dimensions of the thickness of the elastic volume penetrated and the hole diameter. A nondimensional scaling parameter is introduced to quantify for which hole radius to plate thickness ratio occurs the transition between the two types of solutions (plane strain versus plane stress). Moreover, in this study, we consider the case of the presence of the internal pressure load in the analysis of the stress concentrations near boreholes. This consideration is important to carefully assess the magnitude of the elastic stress concentrations and their orientation near the hole in the rock formation when the pressure load of the mud is added to the borehole during drilling operations. For holes subjected to an internal pressure only, there is no difference between the plane stress (thin-plate solution) and plane strain solutions (thick-plate solutions). For cases with far-field stress, the plane strain solution is more sensitive to the Poisson’s ratio than the plane stress solution. Multi-hole problems are also evaluated with LSM and the results are benchmarked against known solutions of different methods.
Hypoglycemic Activity of Plant-Derived Traditional Preparations Associated with Surinamese from African, Hindustani, Javanese, and Chinese Origin: Potential Efficacy in the Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: R.A. Mans Dennis
Published: July 2022

Diabetes represents one of the most frequent causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. Despite the availability of a wide range of efficacious forms of treatment, many patients use traditional (plant-derived) preparations for treating their disease. The Republic of Suriname (South America) has a relatively high prevalence of diabetes. Due to its colonial history, the Surinamese population comprises descendants of all continents, the largest groups being those from enslaved Africans and from indentured laborers from India (called Hindustanis), Indonesia (called Javanese), as well as China. All these groups have preserved their cultural customs including their ethnopharmacological traditions, and are inclined to treat their diseases with plant-based preparations, either alone or together with allopathic medications. This chapter opens with some generalities about diabetes; subsequently provides some information about the history, worldwide epidemiology, diagnosis, types, and treatment of this disorder; then focuses on Suriname, giving some information about its geography, demographics, and economy, as well as the epidemiology of diabetes in the country; then extensively evaluates eight blood-glucose-lowering plants that are mainly associated with the four largest ethnic groups in Suriname by reviewing phytochemical, mechanistic, preclinical, and clinical literature data; and concludes with a consideration of the potential clinical usefulness of the plants against diabetes.
Next-Generation Science and Engineering Teaching Practices in a Preschool Classroom
Authors: Ryung Won Hye , You Hyesun
Published: July 2022

This chapter examines how Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS)-based science engineering practices are embodied in preschool science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) teaching. A preschool teacher’s three STEM lessons were observed, videotaped, and analyzed. The teacher’s teaching practices were coded in a deductive manner using an instrument developed based on the NGSS science and engineering practices (SEPs) framework. The findings demonstrate that (1) the teacher mainly implemented two SEPs—obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information, and planning and carrying out investigations, (2) her teaching practices did not entirely cover all the SEPs of the NGSS, and (3) one important teaching practice, “redirection,” emerged as a strategy used to shift children’s attention or off-task behaviors into active engagement and emotional security. This case study provides insight into what SEPs preschool teachers can integrate into their STEM lessons and the limitations of specifically designed lessons. Implications and directions for promoting STEM teaching and future professional development strategies for preschool teachers are suggested.
Nature-Based Solutions for Climate Change Adaptation in Scholar and Social Buildings: Concepts and Pilot Solutions for Portugal and Spain
Authors: Batista Teresa , Torre Salustiano , Fermoso José , Morais Nuno , Avila Ramona , Pinto Gomes Carlos , Alexandre Castanho Rui , Cabezas Fernández José
Published: July 2022

Climate change has been recognized as one of the most serious environmental, social, and economic challenges facing the world today. Contextually, the Intermunicipal Plan for Climate Change Adaptation in Alentejo Central (PIAAC-AC) has already identified the tendencies and future scenarios of climate change in Alentejo Central until the end of the twenty-first century, namely the increase in the number of days with very high temperatures, the number of tropical nights and heat waves, and the general decrease in annual rainfall. In this scenario, the concerns with school communities and users of social services increase. The project “LIFE-myBUILDINGisGREEN”—“application of nature-based solutions for local adaptation of educational and social buildings to Climate Change,” developed in partnership with CIMAC (Portugal), CARTIF Technology Center (Spain), Diputación de Badajoz and CSIC—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (Real Jardin Botanico— Spain—Project Leader), and the Porto City Council (Portugal), focuses on the construction sector, in particular on education and social services buildings in cities in Europe. It aims to implement the prototypes (building adaptation) of nature-based solutions (NBS) on walls, roofs, playgrounds, and exterior surfaces on three pilot buildings. The overall objective is to contribute to improve resilience in these buildings using autochthone vegetation.
Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Disease
Authors: Alemu Tenaw Lebeza
Published: July 2022

Sexually transmitted diseases are among the most contagious infections caused by a variety of microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. Worldwide, the incidence of bacterial sexually transmitted infections has shown a gradual increase in recent years. Common bacterial sexually transmitted diseases are Chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Any person with signs or symptoms suggestive of bacterial sexually transmitted infections should receive a test, even if he or she does not have symptoms or know of a sex partner. Bacterial sexually transmitted diseases can be cured with the right treatment. It is important to take all medications based on the prescription to cure the sexually transmitted infection. Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection globally. Gonorrhea strains that are multi-drug resistant have been widely dispersed worldwide. Neisseria gonorrhoeae has a high level of antibiotic resistance, leading to untreatable infections that could one day pose a serious threat to public health and present the greatest obstacles to the prevention and management of sexually transmitted illnesses. Because there is no documented penicillin resistance, penicillin remains the first-line therapy for syphilis.
Perspective Chapter: Predicting Vehicle-Track Interaction with Recurrence Plots
Authors: Carlos Jauregui-Correa Juan
Published: July 2022

This chapter presents a method for identifying the dynamic response of vehicles (railcars) running on a rail track. The method is based on the recurrence plots developed from the phase diagram (phase plane). The phase plane is constructed using Hamilton’s principle for a single-mass system. The state variables are estimated from acceleration measurements registered in an experimental test rig. The measurements were recorded with accelerometers and gyroscopes mounted on the railcar that circulated on a closed-loop track. The acceleration data were integrated using the empirical mode decomposition method and the time delay principle. The acceleration data were separated into two data vectors: rigid body motion and vibration modes. The recurrence plots were built for both data vectors, and it was found that the vibration modes were more sensitive to track defects and curvature changes. The recurrence plots were analyzed with the recurrence quantification analysis, and it was found that the Recurrence Plots can determine the location and type of defects.
CuO and MWCNTs Nanoparticles Filled PVA-PVP Nanocomposites: Morphological, Optical, Dielectric, and Electrical Characteristics
Authors: A.H. Alzahrani Hassan
Published: July 2022

Copper dioxide (CuO) nanoparticles and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-filled poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) blend matrix (50/50 wt%)-based polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) have been prepared employing the solution-cast method. The X-ray diffraction explores the semicrystalline morphologies of these PNCs. The FTIR, SEM, and AFM measurements of PNCs expose the development of the miscible mix, polymer-polymer and polymer-nanoparticle interactions, and the influence of CuO and MWCNTs nanofillers on the morphology aspects on the main chain of PVA/PVP blend. The nanofiller loading for x = 14 wt% in the PVA–PVP blend matrix significantly enhances the crystalline phase, diminishing the optical energy gap to 2.31 eV. The DC conductivity is found to be maximum for x = 14 wt% loading concentration. The dielectric and electrical characteristics of these PNCs are investigated for an applied frequency range from 1 kHz to 1 MHz. The dielectric permittivity values increase substantially, owing to the decrease in the nano-confinement phenomenon at low frequency. The rise in applied frequency reduces dielectric permittivity and impedance values and enhances AC electrical conductivity. These PNCs having good dielectric and electrical characteristics can be used as frequency tunable nano-dielectric material in electronic devices.
Exploring the Effect of Genetic, Environmental and Lifestyle Factors on Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility
Authors: Deeb Omar , Salameh Sawsan , Atallah Afnan
Published: July 2022

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system inflammatory illness that begins with immune system dysregulation and impairs information flow inside the brain as well as between the brain and the rest of the body. The cause of MS is yet unknown. The interplay of genetic predispositions with environmental/lifestyle factors, such as smoking, obesity, viral exposure, and insufficient sun exposure, has led to numerous theories. This is reinforced by a major discovery of gene–environment (GxE) interaction, which could provide information on the disease’s molecular pathways to aid in the identification of new therapy and preventative strategies, as well as steer disease exploration to new lifestyle suggestions. While some persons with the major susceptibility to MS have a human leukocyte antigen (HLA) Class II gene, according to genetic studies. We will cover recent studies relating to several genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors, as well as their impact on MS, in this chapter.
A Review on Condensation Process of Refrigerants in Horizontal Microfin Tubes: A Typical Example
Authors: Nhan Phan Thanh
Published: July 2022

Heat transfer performance of refrigerant on the condensation process is very important in the designing of condensation equipment, especially in air conditioning and refrigeration systems. The outstanding advantages of microfin tubes are reducing the weight and size of condensers and also reducing the amount of refrigerant on the system. Reviewing the general concept of condensation and detailing the formation of flow pattern map that is also the procedure to determine heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop during condensation process of refrigerant inside the horizontal microfin tubes would be considered. Also, a typical example will be presented to illustrate a detailed procedure to calculate the value of heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop during the condensation process in horizontal microfin tubes. The data results show that microfin tube J60 with 60 number of fins inside 8.96 mm inner diameter, 0.2 mm height of fin, 40o of apex angle and 18o of helix angle, the condensation procedure of R1234ze at 35°C, heat flux of 8.62 kW/m2, and mass flux of 222 kg/m2s that could be estimated with heat transfer coefficient would be reduced from 8160.4 [W/m2 K] to 1413.8 [W/m2 K] follow with quality x changes from 0.99 to 0.01, and the maximum pressure drop of this process is 3173.8 [Pa/m].
Clinical Considerations for Modern Dosimetry and Future Directions for Treatment Planning
Authors: Ding Linda , D. Bradford Carla , Ulin Kenneth , Smith Koren , Kuo I-Lin , Fan Yankhua , Khalifeh Abdulnasser , Liu Fenghong , Lu Suhong , Bushe Harry , Larosa Salvatore , Bunaciu Camelia , Saleeby Jonathan , Higgins Shannon , Trifone Julie , Britton Maureen , Taylor Joshua , Croos Marious , Figura Katie , Quinn Thomas , O’Connor Linda , Briggs Kathleen , Suhl Sherri , Quigley Jean , Reifler Heather , Kirby Shawn , Prior Fred , Saltz Joel , Bishop-Jodoin Maryann , J. FitzGerald Thomas
Published: July 2022

Technology and computational analytics are moving forward at an extraordinary rate with changes in patient care and department workflows. This rapid pace of change often requires initiating and maintaining the educational support at multiple levels to introduce technology to radiation oncology staff members. Modern physics quality assurance and dosimetry treatment planning now require expertise beyond traditional skill based in computational algorithms and image management including quality assurance of the process of image acquisition and fusion of image datasets. Expertise in volumetric anatomy and normal tissue contouring are skills now performed by physics/dosimetry in collaboration with physicians and these skills are required in modern physics dosimetry training programs. In this chapter, challenges of modern radiation planning are reviewed for each disease site. Skills including future applications of image integration into planning objects and the future utility of artificial intelligence in modern radiation therapy treatment planning are reviewed as these issues will need to be added to modern training programs.
Bacteriophage Therapy for Urinary Tract Infections Caused by Escherichia coli
Authors: Bhonchal Bhardwaj Sonia
Published: July 2022

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most prevalent bacterial diseases affecting 150 million people annually worldwide. Around 85% of UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli from the Enterobacteriaceae family. The pathogenesis of uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC ) involves adherence, colonization, evading host defenses, and damage to host tissue to achieve virulence. The uncontrolled use of antibiotics worldwide during therapy of UTIs has resulted in increased antibiotic resistance and the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) and extensive drug resistant (XDR) to UPEC. Bacteriophages have the potential to eliminate and manage resistant biofilm-forming uropathogenic organisms, such as E. coli and control UTIs. The chapter discusses the use of phages as an alternative treatment for UTIs caused by UPEC.
Colorectal Cancer Stages, Progress, Genetic Predisposition, and Immune Surveillance
Authors: Abdullah Samaa
Published: July 2022

Colon cancer (CC) is highly malignant and is considered the second cause of death worldwide. However, the overall CC survival rate is improving due to the rapid development of screening tools and improved treatment options. This raised the need to develop effective approaches for medical intervention. Moreover, CC is classified into four stages: stages I, II, III, and IV. On the other hand, the driver genes played vital regulatory roles in essential pathways for cellular division, cell survival, fate, and genome stability. For example, the RAS mitogen-activated protein kinase is essential for cellular division. Additionally, carcinogenesis is linked to the mutations, which are reported in the Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog gene, Adenomatous Polyposis Coli gene, Tumor Protein 53 gene, and SMAD family member 4 genes, Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 gene. In addition, the immune system reactions have different impacts on CC growth and management. The inflammation process is described as one of the innate responses. The inflammation process is initiated and exacerbated by various types of immune cells included the macrophages, and neutrophils for their activation, margination, extravasation, and migration to the damaged tissue. The preferred role of inflammation against cancer is at stages I and II.
Safety and Efficiency of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty in Ambulatory Surgery Centers
Authors: N.W. Wohns Richard
Published: July 2022

Introduction Anterior cervical surgeries have been safely performed in ambulatory surgery centers since 1995 with the first cases being one level anterior cervical discectomies without fusion, then in 1996, one level anterior cervical discectomies with fusion (ACDF). When it is was certain that outpatient fusion was safe, the number of ACDF levels slowly and methodically were increased to the now standard outpatient maximum of four level ACDF. During this evolution, with the introduction of arthroplasty surgery, one level arthroplasties were considered appropriate for outpatient surgery and now two-level outpatient cervical arthroplasties are routine and some three level arthroplasties have been performed with no additional morbidity compared to one level procedures. The author first reported a series of 27 patients in 2010 who underwent cervical disc replacement at an ASC. (Wohns, R. Safety and cost-effectiveness of outpatient cervical disc arthroplasty. Surg. Neurol. Int. 1, 77, 2010). The average operative time was 40 minutes and the patients were observed over a period of three hours prior to discharge. None of the patients had major complications and there were no reports of worsening or persistent pain. The results of a Delphi study in 2018 compared the safety and efficiency of one-level and two-level arthroplasty procedures performed in an ASC and in a hospital setting. (Gornet et al. Safety and Efficiency of Cervical Disc Arthroplasty in Ambulatory Surgery Centers vs Hospital Settings. Int’l J of Spine Surgery. Vol. 12, No.5, 2018, pp. 557-564). The study analyzed outcomes of 145 ASC patients, 348 hospital outpatients and 65 hospital inpatients and the conclusion was that both one and two-level arthroplasties may be performed safely in an ASC. Surgeries in ASCs are of shorter duration and performed with less blood loss without increased AEs. At the present time, there does not appear to be any contra-indication to performing the vast majority of cervical arthroplasties in an ambulatory surgery center (ASC). Furthermore, the cost of an outpatient arthroplasty is commonly 30% to 50% of the cost of hospital-based procedures.
Pediatric Antinuclear Antibody Negative Full-House Nephropathy: A Clinical Conundrum
Authors: Abu Bakar Karmila Binti , Jie Chuah Ming , Hui Lim Min , Rao Prakash Rao Rama , Chin Yap Yok , Yin Caroline Eng Siew
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Lupus nephritis is common in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The presence of full-house immunoglobulin deposits is a unique feature for histopathological diagnosis in lupus nephritis. Our case report highlights two cases with antinuclear antibody (ANA) negative full-house nephropathy (FHN), their clinical phenotypes and intermediate long-term renal outcome. A review of the pediatric literature on this clinical entity ensued. Case Presentation: Two girls, aged three and nine years old presented with acute onset of kidney impairment. One needed temporary dialysis support. Both showed hypocomplementemia and biopsies concurred with FHN. Notably, ANA was absent in both patients. They achieved complete remission soon after introducing immunosuppressive therapy and the disease remained quiescent for many years thereafter. ANA remained negative during surveillance. Conclusions: There have been reports on a possible incomplete form when the characteristic of FHN is seen in isolation. Although natural history of this entity remains uncertain, most literature reports apparent long-term remission following the initial episode. ANA positivity, as an obligatory criterion of diagnosing lupus nephritis (LN), recommended in the new EULAR/ACR 2019 guideline, may raise many uncertainties for this group of patients. There is a need to elucidate whether this should continue to be perceived as part of a lupus continuum or it may be considered a unique clinical entity? Such uncertainties possibly subject the child and his/her caregivers to perpetual mental stress.
The role of Industry 4.0 in digitalization of production and supply chains
Authors: Milovanović Goran , Milovanović Slavoljub , Popović Gabrijela
Published: July 2022

Industry 4.0 enables intelligent manufacturing that focuses on designing, creating and delivering products and services tailored to individual customer requirements. This industry encourages the integration of various intelligent manufacturing systems and advanced information technologies, such as cyberphysical systems, the Internet of Things and the Internet of Services. The aim of this paper is to prove, on the basis of analysis of selected academic sources and examples from business practice, that Industry 4.0, as a global transformation of production and other business segments based on digitalization and the Internet, increasingly transforms existing supply chains into supply chains 4.0 and affects their business performance. There are three key parts of this paper. The first part presents the conceptual and business framework of Industry 4.0, as well as its dependence on certain digital technologies. The second part points to the business relevance of supply chains 4.0 and the technological conditionality of their adaptation to customer expectations. The last part proves the fact that Industry 4.0 enables the company to be transformed into a digital supply chain (supply chain 4.0) that can successfully respond to changes in the environment.
The European Union convergence in the achieved levels of human development
Authors: Milutinović Sonja
Published: July 2022

The paper examines the existence of convergence in the achieved levels of human development among countries of the European Union in the period 1995-2018. The aim of the research is to test the hypothesis, There is convergence in the achieved levels of human development among the integrated countries of the European Union. The Human Development Index is used as a measure of human development. Using regression analysis and coefficient of variation, the existence of band s-convergence is tested in this paper. In addition to the entire European Union, convergence is being tested for a group of developed countries of the European Union, as well as among so-called "New Member States". The obtained results indicate the existence of convergence (both b and s) in the achieved levels of human development in the European Union, where it is more pronounced and stable in the group of "New Member States" compared to the group of developed countries of the European Union. The main contribution of this paper is to increase the number of papers in the field of convergence in terms of human development, given that so far, a small number of papers have explored this topic.
Substantiating optimum parameters and efficiency of rotary brush cutters
Authors: Bukhtoyarov Leonid , Kunickaya Ol'ga , Urazova Alina , Perfiliev Pavel , Druzyanov Varvara , Egipko Sergey , Burgonutdinov Albert , Tikhonov Evgeniy
Published: July 2022

The problem of untimely forest thinning is quite common in today's society. It leads to the emergence of the underbrush, which negatively impacts the growth and development of young trees. Therefore, this work aims to estimate the feasibility of applying a new rotary brush cutter model to eliminate excessive vegetation. The dependence of the tractor's speed when removing underbrush with different diameters of tree trunks was established by performing mathematical modeling to optimize the brush cutter parameters. Three types of flexible inertia cutting devices were investigated: flat knives, sprocket chains, and knife chains. Knife chains are the most optimal choice as they cut plants most efficiently (94.61% and 92.5% for two-year and three-year underbrush, respectively). They also show the lowest energy consumption for underbrush with a trunk between 1 and 2.4 cm in diameter. Further experiments are required to determine if the developed mathematical model can be used for more neglected forestry stands.
The qualitative composition and comparative biological potential of Lunaria annua L. (Brassicaceae) extracts
Authors: Katanić-Stanković Jelena , Nikles Stefanie , Pan San-Po , Matić Sanja , Srećković Nikola , Mihailović Vladimir , Bauer Rudolf
Published: July 2022

Lunaria annua L. (Brassicaceae) in contrast to its name is a biennial plant native to the Balkans and southwest Asia. This research aimed to evaluate the composition of phenolic compounds (total phenolics, phenolic acids, flavonoids, flavonols, and gallotannins) of methanolic extracts of the aboveground parts (LAA) and roots (LAR) of L. annua, as well as antioxidant, antigenotoxic and anti-inflammatory properties of the extracts in vitro. LAA was richer in all groups of phenolics in comparison to LAR. LAA also had higher antioxidant potential except for the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. LAA and LAR showed inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (COX-1 and -2) enzymatic activities. The anti-inflammatory potential of L. annua extracts was outstanding, especially regarding COX-2 inhibition. Presented findings can lead to the isolation of compounds in L. annua responsible for this plant's remarkable anti-inflammatory properties.
The effects of Interleukin-6 on viability, redox homeostasis and migration capacity of human placental cells JEG-3 in chemically induced hypoxia
Authors: Matić Miloš , Obradović Ana , Milošević Marija , Paunović Milica , Ognjanović Branka
Published: July 2022

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation exerting an important role in the immune and inflammatory response. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of three increasing concentrations of IL-6 (1 pg/mL, 5 pg/mL, and 10 pg/mL) on cell viability, redox homeostasis parameters (O2∙, NO2-, glutathione) and migratory potential in human trophoblast cell line JEG-3 under chemically induced hypoxia in short-term (24 h) and long-term (72 h) exposure. The obtained results show a dose-dependent reduction of cell viability and NO levels, while the concentration of O2 ∙increased. Levels of total glutathione increased in a dose-dependent manner compared to control cells, suggesting its significant antioxidative contribution in hypoxic conditions. The migratory potential of cells was significantly elevated in the two highest applied doses implying the disturbance of cell invasive homeostasis at its pathological concentrations, which could represent a risk factor in some pregnancy disorders.
Evaluation of seed priming on germination and growth of basil (Ocimum basilicum L. cv. 'Genovese')
Authors: Bojović Biljana , Kanjevac Milica , Todorović Marija , Jakovljević Dragana
Published: July 2022

The priming method is a technique that can greatly improve seed performance and provide high-quality seeds for successful production. In this study, the effect of hormopriming (GA3 and IAA), halopriming (MgSO4 and KNO3), osmopriming (AA, H2O2) and hydropriming (H2O) on the germination, as well as initial stages of growth and development of basil (Ocimum basilicum L. cv. 'Genovese') were investigated. The application of different priming methods not only improved the germination performances of basil, but also significantly influenced the growth of seedlings (root length, shoot length, fresh mass, and vigor index) with the best results achieved by priming with GA3 and H2O2. In addition, it has been found that the concentration of photosynthetic pigments and soluble protein content can be improved by the appropriate priming treatment. The most favorable effect on the examined parameters was achieved during treatment with H2O2.
The first record of Dixella aestivalis (Meigen, 1818) (Diptera: Dixidae) in Serbia
Authors: Simović Predrag , Simić Vladica , Petrović Ana
Published: July 2022

The meniscus midges Dixella aestivallis (Meigen, 1818) was recorded for the first time on the territory of Serbia. This species was found in the Karamejdan Lake on the territory of the protected nature reserve Pešter plateau, the highest Karst plateau of the Balkan Peninsula. The larva of D. aestivalis was detected in a locality with well-developed aquatic vegetation and high value of oxygen concentration. Dixella aestivalis is a eurytopic species, which prefers to live in different types of small stagnant waters. This study is a result of the ongoing monitoring of freshwater ecosystems. This finding is the starting point for further studies of these species in Serbia.
The first observation of the presence of microplastics in wild common bleak (Alburnus alburnus L.) and standardization of extraction protocols
Authors: Nikolić Marijana , Milošković Aleksandra , Jakovljević Marija , Radenković Milena , Veličković Tijana , Đuretanović Simona , Kojadinović Nataša , Nikolić Marina , Simić Vladica
Published: July 2022

The presence of microplastics (MPs) in the gastrointestinal tract, muscle, and whole-body samples of common bleak Alburnus alburnus L. from Gruža Reservoir (Central Serbia) was studied for the first time. Different protocols for MPs extraction were applied to determine the most efficient one. The study aimed to modify existing protocols to be cost-effective, efficient in digestion, and with no detrimental effect on potentially present MPs polymers. In this study, the digestion with 10% KOH during 48 h at 40°C was efficient for the gastrointestinal tract and muscle. Digestion with 10% KOH during 72 h at 40°C was the most efficient for whole-body samples. The usage of NaClO proved successful in digestion of the gastrointestinal tract overnight at room temperature. Fibers detected in the samples are assumed to be of plastic origin. The general goal was to establish a protocol for extracting MPs from fish tissue in wild populations to obtain results and determine the degree of pollution.
Procedural aspects of the constitutional revision in the field of judiciary and restraints of the authorities of the National Assembly
Authors: Bálint Pásztor
Published: July 2022

The subject of this paper is an analysis of the procedure of the amendments to the "Mitrovdan" Constitution from the perspective of adherence to the procedure and protection of the constitutional continuity. Considering the multivalent effect of the constitutional revision on the strenghtening of the constitutional order, constitutional culture, and rule of law in an unique legal-political moment immediately following the proclamation of the Act on Amendments to the Constitution, but prior to the enactment of the set of judicial laws, the study aims to analyse whether the procedure of the constitutional amendment contributed to the furtherance of the constitutional democracy. The scope of the study is limited to a procedure, the sequence of formal acts following a prescribed procedure for the constitutional amendment, while the subject of the amendments is reflected upon only as it is necessary for understanding both the essence and context of the matter. It is indisputable that by adopting 29 amendments to the "Mitrovdan" Constitution and guaranteeing the independence of the judiciary and prosecution there was made an important step in the process of overcoming tensions between both the form and substance of the constitutional political culture. But, at the same time, there were some additional restraints of the authorities of the National Assembly. The process of improving the constitutional democracy, preserving the constitutional continuity, and building the constitutional culture of Serbia is analysed from a historical perspective, with a special reference to the procedure for adopting the 2006 Constitution. The methodological, historical-comparative approach is completed by analyzing the comments and interpretations of certain constitutional acts, laws, and bylaws. The additional value of the analysis stems from the methodological facts being interpreted from the perspective of a fifteen-year experience as a Member of Parliament, and a direct participant in the constitutional review process as a member of the Committee on Constitutional Affairs and Legislation of the National Assembly.
Human rights' approach to environmental protection: Practice of the Human Rights Committee
Authors: Mladenov Marijana , Serotila Igor
Published: July 2022

The consequences of environmental degradation and pollution have raised the issue of the significance of the link between human rights and environmental protection. Since the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights does not explicitly recognize the right to a healthy environment, the Human Rights Committee has accepted the possibility that a State Party can violate a number of civil and political rights by its acts or failures in the field of environmental protection. The main purpose of the paper is to analyze the practice of the Committee in order to define the standards in the context of violation of human rights by environmental degradation. The paper will address regular reports submitted by State Parties, as well as general comments and concluding observations of the Committee. A special attention will be paid to the views of the Committee regarding the individual complaints received under the First Optional Protocol to the ICCPR. On the basis of the analytical discussion, the authors will provide a conceptual clarity to the interpretation of standards that might be useful in articulating the civil and political rights related to environmental protection.
Legal relations between legal entities in regard to the letter of credit with a reference to the role and significance of banks in the structure of the financial sector in Serbia
Authors: Mirković Predrag , Prokopović Igor , Petrović Ivica
Published: July 2022

Banks are the most visible financial intermediaries in the field of economy. Their importance derives from the place and role in both economic and financial systems of each national economy. In the financial sector of Serbia, banks are the most important financial institutions, accounting for about 90% of total financial sector assets. The topic of the research refers to the letter of credit as a service banking business and it is extremely current topic, scientifically and socially justified, being important for domestic and foreign trade payments. The letter of credit is a complex banking business. Its complexity is reflected, among other things, in the number and types of legal relationships formed between the participants. Having in mind all previously mentioned facts, the paper analyzes the issues of the concept and classification of banking business as well as the legal aspect and legal relations formed in the letter of credit. The research part of the paper deals with the role and importance of banks in the financial sector of Serbia.
Microeconomic aspects of sustainable development: Importance for market economy
Authors: Ivana Brkić , Tomaš-Simin Mirela
Published: July 2022

The subject of the paper is a connection between certain microeconomic aspects of importance for the functioning of modern organizations in the context of sustainable development. Modern companies must be open to modern ideas, they have to become competent in viewing different problems from different perspectives, become more flexible and sensitive to the market warnings and be ready to implement the changes in the process of management. Nowadays, in a situation of a big suspense, companies are facing with more complex goals, the evolution of work organization towards its self-government and the generation of flexible working forms, with an emphasis being put on the improvement of the employees' skills and the development of some new models such as a 'career without borders'. Some research has found that when creating a model of the modern market economy, it is necessary to take into account almost all the details such as sustainable development, the development of knowledge and competences-based companies, giving employees the opportunity to build the companies by themselves using the temporary management and networking. In the process of development of a modern organization, there should be taken into account certain factors in the process of its functioning such as both internal and external requirements, the employees predispositions, in other words all the presumptions involved in the question of entrepreneurial activity. The aim of the paper is to present the selected microeconomic aspects of importance for the functioning and improvement of the work of organizations in turbulent market circumstances according to the sustainable development. The work is intended for all those who operate in a modern business environment, regardless of the form of the organization or a type of activity.
Commenting online: Attitudes and habits of Serbian citizens
Authors: Necić Neda , Milosavljević Ilija
Published: July 2022

Online commenting has, at first glance, enabled the revival of the public sphere in which practically every man has the opportunity to have his voice heard. However, practical problems and specifics of this type of public communication indicate that commenting online is significantly different from the initially predominant idealistic assumptions. The aim of this paper is to investigate how and to what extent Internet users in Serbia are involved in online commenting, why and how they see the impact and significance of this phenomenon as a whole. The research was conducted by means of a questionnaire completed by 225 respondents. The results were analyzed by descriptive and comparative statistical methods and indicate that less than a half of the citizens do comment online, that most of them do not think it is possible to change other people's opinions in this manner, but they still consider it important and influential. Certain differences have also been observed in relation to the respondents' age and level of education.
European migrant crisis as a segment of the media agenda in Serbian daily newspapers 2015-2020
Authors: Jevtović Zoran , Bajić Predrag
Published: July 2022

The research is aimed at showing the ways in which the media image of the European migrant crisis changed on the front pages of Serbia's dailies from 2015, when this crisis hit the headlines, until the end of 2020, when it subdued substantially, but continued to find its place occasionally on the front pages. The lack of discussion in public space is observed, so that the tone of the narrative is adjusted to the opinion of the ruling structures. Simplification and stigmatization are specific for tabloids that, under the guise of market competition, resort to sensationalism, problematic news and unconfirmed information, while serious press rather tends to promote the human aspect of the crisis, with a more profound analysis of the context. Since spring 2016, the writing about this topic has become less intense, but also a slight qualitative change in the narratives in which the emphasis is laid on the possibility of migrants' longer stay in this territory as well. Moreover, with time, there is a significant shift in the context from the humanitarian towards the security aspect.