bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond the ‘people’s community’: the anarchist movement from the fin de siècle to the First World War in Germany
Authors: Keller Lukas
Published: January 2018

This article interrogates the position of the anarchist movement towards state authorities and the mainstream society from fin de siècle to the end of the First World War in Germany. Looking both at its ideological contents and propagandistic means, the article interprets anarchism as a movement beyond the sphere of ‘legitimate politics’. During the late 19th century, the movement was perceived and represented as a both criminal and insane organisation that aimed at political murderer and social upheaval. With the early twentieth century, especially the anti-militarist aspect of the anarchist ideology arose the suspicion of the security organs. With the outbreak of war in August 1914, anarchist press largely fall prey to a rigorous censorship. Under military rule, many activists were imprisoned and others conscribed to the army, leading to the quasi extinction of the movement by the end of the conflict.
Aestheticising revolution
Authors: Antliff Allan
Published: January 2018

I examine anarchist debates in the U.S. concerning revolutionary violence before and after America joined the conflict in April, 1917, the strategies adopted by movement artists to address Statist violence and the cataclysm of war, and critiques of Communist violence during the Russian Revolution. Topics include reporter-artist Robert Minor's war coverage in the mass circulation New York Call newspaper (1915-16); Man Ray's 1914 painting War AD MCMXIV; the print portfolio Seven Ages of Man (1918) by Rockwell Kent; and critiques of war, capitalism and the State in the Blast, Mother Earth, Revolt and other publications. I track the ways in which anarchists, working across different sites of social engagement, condemned war as a Statist institution while promoting revolutionary violence in aesthetic terms as path to anarchism.
Techniques to extend the body and its senses
Authors: Howard Penny McCall
Published: January 2018

Chapter Three begins by examining the importance of boats as technologies for living and working at sea - in contrast to a great deal of literature about the sea and fishing that focusses on human-environment relations only. The chapter draws on Marcel Mauss’ analysis of techniques to ethnographically and phenomenologically examine the way in which boats and other tools are used to extend people’s bodies and sensory perception deep into the sea. As a result of these extensions, the sea is treated as a familiar workspace and caring relationships of maintenance develop between people and their tools and boats. The chapter investigates how human subjectivities and bodily safety are affected by the struggle to remain in control of the extended practices often used to work at sea. This control also depends on the ownership of boats and their gear. The chapter engages with the history of the Scottish herring fishery, the anthropology of the senses, and Lucy Suchman’s and Michael Jackson’s anthropology of human-machine relations. It also draws on anthropologies of labour-action, enskilment and task-orientation by Michael Jackson, Gísli Pálsson, and Tim Ingold.
‘You just can’t get a price’ The difference political economy makes
Authors: Howard Penny McCall
Published: January 2018

Chapter Five focuses on the structuring effect of political economy on commercial fishers in Scotland (and elsewhere). It outlines how sea creatures like crabs and lobsters were made into tradeable commodities, and how commodity relations affected ownership of boats and gear, and the distribution of fishing surplus among owners and crew. Commodity relations extended to the commodification of people’s own labour, and permeated and structured social relations between fishermen, generating new forms of class relations. Following Henry Bernstein’s key questions of political economy, the chapter investigates ‘who owns what’ and ‘who gets what’ and how these relations have changed historically. Over time, ownership of boats has been centralised and the fishing share system has been modified so that owners appropriated a greater portion of the fishing surplus. The position of crew has moved in the opposite direction, as they have shifted from being part owners of boats and gear, to a pool of casual waged labourers, to migrant workers (mainly Filipino) on very low wages. In ecological terms, commodity relations encouraged a strategy of catching tiny prawns in bulk, a fishing strategy which is facilitated the employment of low-waged fishers.
The Welsh borderlands in the Lives of St Guthlac1
Authors: Brady Lindy
Published: January 2018

Chapter Two focuses on a corpus of Old English and Latin works about the popular Anglo-Saxon saint Guthlac of Croyland (673-714) whose Mercian youth and later career as a hermit in the fens of East Anglia link him indelibly to two of Britain’s most nebulous geographical spaces. This chapter argues that the various Lives of Guthlac depict the borderlands as a locus of military advancement for Mercian and Welsh elites. As in Bede’s Historia Ecclesiastica, this region is a place where a young Mercian warrior can advance his career by living among the British and leading a multi-ethnic war band, features of military life in the borderlands that are also evident in contemporary Welsh and Cambro-Latin texts. The geographically fluid nature of this region is also evident in this chapter’s second significant argument: that even within this Anglo-Saxon saint’s life, the politics of land control are much less clear-cut than has been assumed. While St. Guthlac’s battles with demons have been understood to reflect Anglo/Welsh ethnic division, this chapter argues that the Old English poem Guthlac A is far more conflicted towards land ownership, reflecting the fluid boundaries of Mercia itself.
Sharing lives, shaping values, and voluntary civic education
Authors: Fives Allyn
Published: January 2018

When we consider civic education, we are led to ask whether parents have a right to share a way of life with their children and whether the State may justifiably shape the values of its future citizens. And when we try to answer these questions, we may on occasion have to deal with tensions and conflicts between respecting diversity and protecting adults’ rights to religious freedom, promoting the autonomy of the adults children will one day, and protecting the liberty of children. It is indeed the case that parents should not be permitted to sacrifice their children’s future autonomy for the sake of their (the parents’) religious beliefs, and nor should children’s license be permitted to undermine the project of education itself. But nonetheless, there are cases where we should accept some sacrifices in respect of future autonomy so as to better protect the liberty of children or their parents. For instance, in some cases we should allow children greater freedom to influence the design and delivery of civic education classes and to opt out of certain aspects of those programmes, if in doing so we guarantee gains in children’s liberty; and we should allow parents to remove their children from civic education classes, for short periods, and so as to engage in religious ceremonies, so as to respect diversity and protect parents’ right to liberty.
Dancing in the English Style
Authors: Abra Allison
Published: January 2018

Dancing in the English style explores the development, experience, and cultural representation of popular dance in Britain from the end of the First World War to the early 1950s. It describes the rise of modern ballroom dancing as Britain’s predominant popular style, as well as the opening of hundreds of affordable dancing schools and purpose-built dance halls around the country. It focuses in particular on the relationship between two emerging commercial producers – the dance profession and dance hall industry – and the consumers who formed the dancing public. Together these groups negotiated the creation of a ‘national’ dancing style and experience, which constructed, circulated, and commodified ideas about national identity. At the same time, the book emphasizes the global, exploring the impact of international cultural products on national identity construction, the complexities of Americanisation, and Britain’s place in a transnational system of production and consumption that forged the dances of the Jazz Age.
Introduction
Authors: Abra Allison
Published: January 2018

The introduction presents the book’s arguments and historiographical interventions, outlines its structure, and provides an explanation of the study’s periodisation. The years between the end of the First World War and the early 1950s saw what was known as ‘modern ballroom dancing’ rise and fall as Britain’s foremost popular style, and witnessed the professionalisation and commercialisation of popular dance. The introductory chapter also provides definitions for the book’s framing concepts and key terms. It defines ‘commercial nationalism’ as the process through which national identity was commodified by the ballroom dance profession and dance hall industry, producing an explicitly ‘national’ dancing style, which was in turn accepted, rejected, or transformed by the dancing public. This dialectical relationship between the producers and consumers of dance also accounts for why the book employs the term ‘popular dance’, rather than ‘social dance’. The ‘popular’ references theoretical frameworks from cultural studies and the history of popular culture, to encapsulate the mechanisms of the culture industry that surrounded dancing.
At the palais: the dance hall industry and the standardisation of experience
Authors: Abra Allison
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the evolution of the dance hall industry – one of the major cultural producers that shaped the commercialisation and experience of popular dance in Britain during the interwar and wartime periods. The new purpose-built dancing spaces that began to emerge after the war were affordable to Britons of almost every class, and many adopted a standard layout and format, providing an increasing uniformity of experience throughout the nation. A standard dancing experience was in fact a major objective of figures like Carl L. Heimann, managing director of Mecca, Britain’s largest chain of dance halls. However, despite this commercial might and cultural authority, the chapter shows that patrons entered into ongoing negotiations with the dance hall industry. A great disparity remained in terms of the access to and quality of public dancing spaces for Britons of different regions and classes, but most significantly, the dancing public made important choices as to where, how, and why they consumed dancing. This served to individualise their experience and kept going to the palais from becoming a wholly homogenised experience.
The ‘infernal jitterbug’ and the transformation of popular dance
Authors: Abra Allison
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides a case study of the jitterbug, an American import which became the great dance sensation of the Second World War. Questions about Americananisation took on a new valence in wartime, owing to the physical presence in Britain of large numbers of American GIs. The dance profession and dance hall industry thus shifted tactics with respect to American culture, choosing to embrace the jitterbug – in a toned down Anglicised form. However, as part of ongoing negotiations with producers, the dancing public expressed greater interest in the ‘authentic’, American jitterbug than the Anglicised versions presented to them by the profession and industry, in ways that reflected contemporary deliberations over racial difference. As a dance, the jitterbug also heralded a critical shift away from modern ballroom dancing as the nation’s favoured style.
Population displacement in East Prussia during the First World War
Authors: Leiserowitz Ruth
Published: January 2018

As a region bordering the Russian Empire, East Prussia was (apart from Alsace-Lorraine) the only part of the German Empire to be directly affected by the military operations of the First World War. The refugee crisis in 1914 found everyone totally unprepared. In August 1914 two distinct waves of forced migration took place: in the first, the population fled westwards before returning to their homes in 1916. The second wave concerned Germans who were seized by Russian occupying forces and forcibly settled in the Russian interior. Their repatriation was complicated by the Russian revolution and the ensuing civil war. This chapter discusses the experiences of these two groups, attempts to assist them and how population displacement was represented by contemporaries.
‘Human waves’: refugees in Russia, 1914–18
Authors: Belova Irina
Published: January 2018

Mass population displacement in Russia began at the very outset of war. People left their homes to evade enemy invasion, but the Russian army also targeted subjects of the Tsar who were suspected of cooperating with the enemy and resettled them in the Russian interior. German and Jewish subjects were disproportionately affected by this policy. The Tsarist state struggled to come to terms with the mass displacement, but finally articulated a policy towards refugees at the end of August 1915 by giving a new Special Council for Refugees overall responsibility for managing the refugee crisis. Local welfare provision became the responsibility of provincial governors. Local authorities played an important role, but refugees relied heavily upon the semi-official Tatiana committee, private philanthropy, religious communities and new national committees.. Social and political upheaval in 1917 created new structures of authority, complicating the process of repatriation. This chapter draws on Russian archives and refugees’ memoirs to trace the contours of the refugee crisis in Russia’s provinces.
From imperial dreams to the refugee problem: population movements during Greece’s ‘decade of war’, 1912–22
Authors: Salvanou Emilia
Published: January 2018

This chapter is divided into three parts, each one of which is connected with the appearance of an important refugee wave in the region. The first refers to nationalist ideas in the Ottoman Empire during the 19th century and how this process caused the first important population mobility. The second part focuses on national antagonisms in the region during the early 20th century and the Balkan wars that caused mass population mobility and witnessed ethnic cleansing. The third focuses on the Great War and the broader politics of nation and state building, at the end of which emerged not only nation-states but the consolidation of a ‘refugee problem’ that was an important part of the modernist condition that emerged during the interwar period.
On measuring the nineteenth century
Authors: Schad John
Published: January 2018

In this chapter John Schad offers a theoretical consideration of the concept of the nineteenth century, paying particular attention to how it might be measured (if it is not to be defined in simple calendrical terms). The essay takes as its primary text Walter Benjamin’s famous work The Arcades Project (1927-40), with its myriad insights into the nineteenth century, not least its claim that Paris is ‘the capital of the nineteenth century.’ Particularly important both to Benjamin and to the essay are the voices of such major nineteenth-century thinkers as Baudelaire, Proudhon, Bakunin, Michelet, Marx and Nietzsche. Schad sets these continental figures alongside various contemporaneous British figures, such as Arnold, Carlyle and Wilde to explore a number of defining themes of the century – in particular: revolution, democracy, realism, bureaucracy, the university, the death of God, the arcade, the exhibition, and the fear of hell. The chapter concludes by bringing together a number of these themes in an exploration of Poe’s seminal story, ‘The Man of the Crowd’ (1840), which, following Benjamin, is read as an allegory of the nineteenth century, seeing in its central figure not only what Baudelaire calls ‘the man of the century’ but also its very face.
Literature and science
Authors: Amigoni David
Published: January 2018

In this chapter David Amigoni focuses on Arnold Bennett’s essay entitled 'The Rising Storm of Life' written for the popular magazine T.P's Weekly in 1907. While there has emerged a canon of Victorian literature and science writers, shaped substantially by the work of Gillian Beer and George Levine and their focus on Darwin, a focus on Bennett's essay permits a concentration on the retrospective and prospective moods that structured the self-conscious end of century transition. Bennett's essay enables a reconsideration of science's contribution to the experience of modernity through technological development and the harnessing of energy sciences (the work of Crosbie Smith on 'North British' science is also considered). The relative impacts of evolutionary thinkers is also explored, and Bennett's sense of the importance of Herbert Spencer's evolutionism provides an opportunity to discuss some of the revisionist work that has appeared on Spencer (from Thomas Dixon and Chris Renwick), to balance against the dominance of Darwin. Finally, Bennett's use of the popular essay/popular magazine format provides an opportunity to review developments in the 'history of the book', and contributions to Victorian literature and science studies, from the work of James Secord to the work of Gowan Dawson
The global circulation of Victorian actants and ideas: liberalism and liberalisation in the niche of nature, culture, and technology
Authors: Gagnier Regenia
Published: January 2018

Regenia Gagnier in ‘The Global Circulation of Victorian Actants and Ideas: Liberalism and Liberalisation in the Niche of Nature, Culture, and Technology’ considers the implications for Victorian Studies suggested by recent developments in the fields of world literatures and globalization. The chapter draws attention to the global scope of Victorian literature as an actant in world affairs, as in processes of liberalization, democratization, and trade, but also to the specificity of each local environment and moment of transculturation, as witnessed by the example of Asia. Gagnier also makes a methodological intervention on behalf of interdisciplinary and intercultural studies by providing a framework to address two current problems. First, how may we, in language and literature studies, best study global processes of modernisation, democratization, and liberalization without losing the specificity of the local? Second, how may we best study the uniqueness of distinct locales where the forces of tradition and modernization meet? The actants discussed include Victorian geopolitical ideologies such as individualism, collectivism, nationalism, internationalism, and cosmopolitanism.
Literary folk: writing popular culture in colonial Punjab, 1885–1905
Authors: Mahn Churnjeet
Published: January 2018

In ‘Literary Folk: Writing Popular Culture in Colonial Punjab, 1885-1905’ Churnjeet Mahn explores the exchanges which took place between Indian and British cultures by exploring how writings from Punjab, which came out of complex and diverse cultural and religious contexts, were (mis)interpreted by a process of British cultural curation which erroneously formed these texts into a monolithic cannon of Punjabi folk-culture. By looking at the role played in this process by those associated with the colonial administration Mahn illustrates how acts of colonial appropriation were, in part, driven by an inability to understand the unique cultural forms of the Punjab. This chapter thus explores the ways in which Punjabi literary culture became filtered in British writing and provides a clear example of the issue of cultural exchange in the period and the factors that scholars need to take into account when examining these relationships.
‘Across the waters of this disputed ocean’: the material production of American literature in nineteenth-century Britain
Authors: McGettigan Katie
Published: January 2018

Katie McGettigan in ‘“Across the waters of this disputed ocean”: The Material Production of American Literature in Nineteenth-Century Britain’ argues that attending to the fashioning of American texts by British publishers enables us to rethink the emergence of American Literature as a material as well as an imaginative phenomenon, and one which was fashioned outside of, as much as within, America itself. This, in turn, produces new insights into the development of American national literary identity and transatlantic print culture, revealing a neglected history of transatlantic material exchange in the production of nineteenth-century American literature.
Gruesome models: European displays of natural history and anatomy and nineteenth-century literature
Authors: Talairach-Vielmas Laurence
Published: January 2018

In ‘Gruesome models: European Displays of Natural History and Anatomy and Nineteenth-Century Literature’ Laurence Talairach-Vielmas explores the process in which from the second half of the eighteenth century to the end of the nineteenth century, medical museums opened their doors throughout Europe and anatomical models circulated between Italy, Germany, France and England, serving to educate professional medical audiences and thrilling lay audiences keen on freaks and fairs. The chapter argues that the popularisation of anatomy and the circulation of anatomical models and modellers, exhibitions and anatomists throughout Europe was reflected in nineteenth-century literature, from Gothic novels to realistic narratives and even children’s fiction. Looking at the impact of the material culture of medicine upon the literary field, Talairach-Vielmas examines the relationship between literature and the European anatomical culture by exploring nineteenth-century narratives from Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1818) in the first decades of the nineteenth-century to Charles Dickens’s fiction in the 1860s, analysing novels alongside travel guides and journal articles which demonstrate how the specific example of anatomy influenced the literary culture.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Andrew , Barton Anna
Published: January 2018

The Introduction outlines two areas. First, it provides an overview of how the field of Victorian studies has developed in a global context over the past fifty years. This includes outlining the various academic associations and their national contexts as well as the development of journal publishing outlets and websites dedicated to the period. Secondly, it provides an overview of the key discussions which have taken place in nineteenth century studies and indicates how the book seeks to develop these lines of enquiry. It also indicates how the series of which the volume is a part will also seek to commission original research into the period. It also outlines the chapters which compose the book.
Introduction
Authors: Macsotay Tomas , van der Haven Cornelis , Vanhaesebrouck Karel
Published: January 2018

Taking the infamous Theatrum Crudelitatum Haereticorum nostri temporis by the Catholic priest Richard Verstegan as its starting point, this chapter introduces the reader to the over-arching agenda of the book, clearly formulating its interdisciplinary research agenda. The Hurt(ful) Body focuses on both literal and metaphorical violence, performed and depicted in early modern performing and visual arts. Indeed, Theatrum Crudelitatum is a very outspoken example of the issues at stake in this book: the violence inflicted on bodies and the representation of this very same violence, in theatres, in pictures and paintings but also in non-artistic modes of representation. In the introduction, the editors describe the threefold structure of the book. The first part will focus mainly on performing bodies (on stage), whereas the second part will discuss the pain of someone who watches the suffering of others, both in regard to theatre audiences and beholders of art, as well as to the onlooker in art: the theatre character or individual on canvas who is watching a(nother) hurt body. The third and final part will analyse how this circulation of gazes and affects functions within a specific institutional context, paying particular interest to the performative context of public space.
The economics of pain: pain in Dutch stock trade discourses and practices, 1600–1750
Authors: Leemans Inger
Published: January 2018

In the early modern period, bourses were scenes of physical exchange. As most of our stock trade has grown into a virtual interplay between online traders and algorithms, researching the embodied stock trade of the early modern bourse floor can provide insight in the performance of trade and the role violence and pain played in this sector. This chapter researches the physical practices of stock trade on the Amsterdam exchange in the 17th and 18th century, with special attention for the role of the general public in this ‘financial theatre’. While exploring economic practices and concepts through images, artists made use of concepts of physicality to make distinctions between different kinds of trade. This becomes all the more transparent in the 1720s, when the South Sea Bubble spurred a wind trade in visual and textual commentaries. Cartoons, poems and theatre plays represented speculative trade through the image of clashing and hurting bodies. When and why did the stock trade hurt? What was the role of the public and the governing bodies in this deep play? How can the economy’s sick and hurting body be cured? This chapter will analyse the sensitivities of the painful stock trade practices on the bourse floor and in the theatre.
A question of neutrality? The politics of co-operation in north-east England, 1881–1926
Authors: Allen Joan
Published: January 2018

The Co-operative Party was formed in 1917, though its obvious links with the Labour Party were not formalised until the 1920s. Whilst this development has often been seen by historians, such as G. D. H. Cole, as an immediate to conditions in the Great War and lacking in any real sense of class consciousness, Joan Allen sees it as a much more as a long-term product of the radicalisation of a membership which was gradually unwinding its links with Liberalism much along the lines suggested by Sidney Pollard. Examining the Co-operative branches in the north east of England, she argues that whilst there might have been some disagreement about establishing a political party for the co-operative movement, and difficulties with the local constitutions of co-operatives which were not geared to providing money for political activities, it is clear that was, for a long time, the direction that co-operative societies in the north east were drifting towards in a region where working-class solidarity always counted. There was not the diffidence towards political action and class consciousness in the co-operative movement which some writers have suggested.
The trade union contribution to the British Labour Party
Authors: Thorpe Andrew
Published: January 2018

Andrew Thorpe examines the long-established and continuing relationship between the trade unions and the Labour Party. He argues that whilst both organisations have changed over the years, and despite the contentious nature of the alliance, the relationship has proved enduring and profitable because it has made them stronger together than apart. In particular, he examines the origins of this relationship, how it has introduced and how it has intruded into the policy, membership, party structure and parliamentary leadership of Labour Party. Only one of Labour’s six Labour prime ministers. James Callaghan, has come from a trade union background but the others, often coming from a socialist background, have had, as Callaghan did, come to an arrangements with the trade unions movement within the context of what Lewis Minkin referred to as a ‘contentious alliance’.
Comrades in bondage trousers: how the Communist Party of Great Britain discovered punk rock
Authors: Worley Matthew
Published: January 2018

Matthew Worley’s essay on the Communist Party of Great Britain offers a fascinating insight into how the CPGB and the Young Communist League sought to engage with Punk at a time when the Party was losing membership rapidly in the decade or so before the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Stimulated by the writings of Martin Jacques, and other prominent members of the Party, the attempt to embrace the anti-commercial music establishment of the emerging youth culture in the 1970s led to serious debate within the CPGB between those still committed to mass class conflict based upon industrial struggle as a basis of political consciousness (economism) and those who sought to enact the ‘cultural turn’, by embracing gender and race as well as class. The CPGB failed in its efforts, and was rather less successful than the Socialist Worker’s Party with its ‘Rock against Racism’ campaign, but at least there was a vibrancy of campaigning within a declining organisation which did leave an impact upon subsequent interpretations of punk rock and youth culture..
Discrete stochastic marine metapopulation disease model
Authors: Bidegain Gorka , Ben-Horin Tal
Published: January 2018

Some marine microparasitic pathogens can survive several months outside the host in the water column to make contact with hosts or to be absorbed or filtered by hosts. Once inside, pathogens invade the host if they find suitable conditions for reproduction within the host. This transmission from the environment occurs via pathogens released from infected animals and dead infected animals. Some recent modeling studies concentrated on the disease dynamic imposed by this complex interaction between population and water column at the host-pathogen level in single populations. However, only when a marine disease can be understood at the metapopulation scale effective approaches to management will become routinely achievable. In this paper we explore the disease dynamics at the metapopulation applying a stochastic version. The discrete-time disease model in this paper investigates both spatial and temporal dynamics of hosts and waterborne pathogens in a three patch system. This metapopulation with a patch providing infective particles and susceptible and infected individuals by dispersal tries to imitate the effect of current forces in the ocean on the passive dispersal of organisms. The model detects system behaviors that are not present in single population continuous-time and deterministic models.
Conducting urban ecology research on private property: Advice and lessons learned in the field
Authors: Dyson Karen , Ziter Carly , Fuentes Tracy L , Patterson M S
Published: January 2018

Private property makes up a large proportion of urban green space, which differs from public greenspace in ecologically important ways. While including private property in urban landscape research is necessary, ecologists are frequently unprepared to work on private property and often exclude private land from empirical studies. We provide lessons learned for ecologists and others considering research on private property to help prepare future scientists for the challenges of balancing study design and scientific merit with respect for the property owners that are allowing access. To compile these lessons learned, we interviewed urban ecologists and social scientists from 7 countries, along with public health researchers and police officers using the 'expert' interview technique, then synthesized their experiences and advice. The compiled advice addresses all stages of research, including research design, sample design, gaining access to study sites, collecting data on study sites, and sharing results via post-study communication. Overall, we find that researchers must adapt their methodological approaches to the limitations imposed by private property, communicate honestly and respectfully with property owners for the duration of the research, and be prepared to adapt to unusual and unexpected challenges during fieldwork unique to urban environments. The approach we present is centered around balancing scientific merit, safety, and respect for property owners. We want to encourage scientists to expand their research to private property to better study the heterogeneous urban landscape.
Bamboos and a new perspective on nitrogen input in tropical forests
Authors: Padgurschi Maíra CG , Vieira Simone A , Stefani Edson JF , Nardoto Gabriela B , Joly Carlos A
Published: January 2018

Background. Bamboos are typical plants in tropical forests acting as resource for different animals and influencing forest structure and dynamics, but our knowledge about their influence on ecosystem functioning remains in its infancy. Nitrogen (N) is an important macronutrient that exerts control over productivity of ecosystems. Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) is one of the main N input to terrestrial systems, more specifically by free-living BNF in tropical forests. In these forests, the dominant presence of bamboo and the occurrence of free-living N-fixers in its leaf surfaces appear to play a relevant role in N cycling. Here, we explore the importance of a native bamboo to N cycle in a Neotropical forest to provide insights on bamboo’s role on ecosystem functioning.

Methods. The study was conducted in a pristine montane Atlantic Forest, Brazil. We select 100 sample units (100 m² each) and counted all bamboo clumps and live culms, estimated the leaf area, the litter production and its N content. We estimated the potential N input mediated by bamboo based on available data of free-living BNF rates for this species and then we contextualized it with information about N cycling components in the study area.

Results. We counted 4000 live culms ha-1 and estimated 4.3 x 104 m² ha-1 of bamboo leaf area for free-living N-fixers colonization. Considering the free-living BNF rates quantified for the same study area, the native bamboo may contribute up to 61.6 kg N ha-1 y-1 which represents a reduction in the N deficit of at least 25% in the Neotropical forest area we studied. Through its litter, the bamboo adds 9 kg N ha-1 y-1 to the system (15% of the total fixed on its leaf surface).

Discussion. The bamboo’s contribution for N input we found may be explained by free-living community composition on its leaf as previously indicated by other studies, as well as by the bamboo overabundance, and thus habitat availability for colonization. Such N input represents a reduction in N deficit in the study area where the rates of symbiotic BNF (0.2 kg N ha-1y-1) are lower than values in Amazon Forest (3 kg N ha-1y-1). This native bamboo may supply N to the system probably through the decomposition of its leaves which represents a return of 15% of the total N fixed. Although it is still necessary to evaluate the characteristics of bamboo that will further elucidate its role in the functioning of the forests, our findings suggest that it closely regulates N inputs and may better explain high diversity and carbon stocks of the area.
The “Place” of Language
Authors: Inkpin Andrew
Published: January 2018

This chapter sets out a general Heideggerian framework for conceiving language by extracting an overall picture of language’s role in world disclosure from Being and Time. Having introduced Heidegger’s account of how human understanding takes on determinate form, it identifies two problems in understanding where language fits into this account, problems linked with the interpretation of Heidegger’s notion of Articulacy (Rede) and its relation to intelligent nonlinguistic behaviors. Based on Heidegger’s discussion of predicative judgments (‘statements’ or ‘assertions’), particularly the relation between language and content this implies, it then argues that these two problems can be solved by interpreting Articulacy as having distinct purposive and predicative modes. This has the important consequence that a Heideggerian framework allows for ‘prepredicative’ language use that underlies and is irreducible to predication or propositional content.
The Disclosive Function of Linguistic Signs
Authors: Inkpin Andrew
Published: January 2018

This chapter adds a more specific level to the Heideggerian framework by considering the complex disclosive function linguistic signs have for Heidegger. This task is approached by considering his ambivalent attitude toward everyday language use (‘idle talk’), which is presented as both practically necessary and somehow deficient. To understand this ambivalence, it reviews Heidegger’s earlier conception of philosophical concepts’ function as ‘formal indication’, before showing how his earlier views reappear in Being and Time and how, together with the foundational role of purposive understanding discussed in chapter 1, they account for Heidegger’s ambivalence toward everyday language use. Given the disparate factors at work in Heidegger’s conception of linguistic signs, it then proposes a distinction between presentational sense and pragmatic sense, before explaining how the limitations of Heidegger’s discussion define the task for the following chapters.
The Art and Science of Indirect Sense
Authors: Inkpin Andrew
Published: January 2018

This chapter shows how Merleau-Ponty’s notion of indirect sense contributes to understanding the disclosive function of linguistic signs within the Heideggerian framework and explicates the notion of presentational sense. It focuses first on Merleau-Ponty’s appropriation of Saussure’s conception of signs to clarify the structure and preconceptual intelligibility of indirect sense. It then considers Merleau-Ponty’s use of modern painting as an analogy, which highlights the importance of embodiment in providing an innovative model for the presentational (‘pointing out’) function of linguistic signs and the intelligence involved in embodied deliberation. Having clarified how these accounts complement each other as descriptions of prepredicative intelligence, as characterized in chapter 2, the chapter concludes by showing how they fill out and improve Heidegger’s view of the disclosive function of linguistic signs in a phenomenologically convincing way.
Language and the Structure of Practice
Authors: Inkpin Andrew
Published: January 2018

This chapter uses the late Wittgenstein’s ‘praxeological’ conception of language, based on the language-game analogy, to explicate the Heideggerian framework’s notion of pragmatic sense. Having argued that Wittgenstein’s views can be integrated within a phenomenology of language, it clarifies the intrinsic connection between language and practice underlying the notion of language-games, and the reasons for Wittgenstein’s rejection of the calculus model. It shows how the later Wittgenstein develops a more relaxed attitude to rules that both reconceives the shape of rules – to resemble statistical distributions around a norm – and acknowledges several constraints and limitations on the role of rules in practice. It argues that with these revisions Wittgenstein provides suitably versatile means for describing linguistic practices and thus for explicating their disclosive function and the notion of pragmatic sense in a phenomenologically plausible manner.
The World Disclosed
Authors: Inkpin Andrew
Published: January 2018

This chapter clarifies the sense of world disclosure implied by a phenomenological conception of language. It takes the two main lessons of Heidegger’s discussion of realism and idealism in Being and Time to be that traditional debates are based on mistaken ontological presuppositions, and that there is no gap between the way the world appears ‘for us’ and the way it is ‘in itself’. Applying the second lesson to language, it shows how the mediation and constitutive role of language can be understood as genuinely disclosing the world without introducing a potentially refractive or distortive loss of contact with referents. Applying the first lesson, it contrasts the phenomenological conception of language developed here with some familiar forms of realism and nonrealism, arguing that by rejecting an inside-outside opposition it moves beyond such conventional alternatives.
Phenomenology and Beyond
Authors: Inkpin Andrew
Published: January 2018

This chapter considers what kind of explanatory approach is best suited to complement a minimalist phenomenological conception of language. It argues that two more ambitious forms of phenomenology – Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology and Heidegger’s hermeneutic phenomenology – both result in tension with the commitment to describe experience accurately, and that ‘4e’ cognitive science focusing on the embodied, embedded, enacted and extended nature of cognition is a better option. In support of this claim it considers the roles of ‘scaffolds’ and action-oriented representation in 4e cognitive science to highlight key commitments shared with a phenomenological conception of language. Finally, it argues that a minimalist phenomenology of language cannot simply be eliminated in favor of 4e cognitive science, as might be suspected, and that the two approaches should be thought of as complementary and mutually illuminating.
Intercorporeality and Intersubjectivity: A Phenomenological Exploration of Embodiment
Authors: Moran Dermot
Published: January 2018

In this paper I explore the connections, especially in the work of Husserl and Merleau-Ponty, between the phenomenological concepts of embodiment and intercorporeality in relation to their role in the constitution of intersubjective sociality and, more generally, culture. From its origins at the outset of the twentieth century to the present, phenomenology has led the way not only in exploring the first-person experience of lived embodiment (Leiblichkeit), but also in the first- and second person plural experience of “intertwining” (Verflechtung, l’interlacs) and “intercorporeality” (intercorporéité), the latter being a concept that is found in a few scattered places in Merleau-Ponty’s later writings but which is first elaborated—although not in name—by Husserl and later Sartre. In this paper I examine how embodiment and intercorporeal intertwining are necessary steps in the constitution of culture.
Consciousness, Culture, and Significance
Authors: Durt Christoph
Published: January 2018

The chapter offers a new view on consciousness and culture by investigating their relation to significance. Against the widespread restriction of consciousness to phenomenal aspects and that of culture to “thick description,” Durt argues that consciousness discloses aspects of significance, while culture encompasses shared significance as well as the forms of behavior that enact significance. Significance is intersubjective and constantly re-instantiated in new contexts of relevance rather than belonging to single individuals (cf. Gallagher, this volume). It is embedded in the shared world to which we relate by cultural forms of thinking and sense-making. Bringing together insights on the role of consciousness for the constitution of the world from Husserlian phenomenology with those on cultural forms of behavior by Wittgenstein and Ryle, Durt distinguishes different levels of significance accomplished by embodied consciousness and interaction. He explains that the real issue underlying “hybrid” concepts of the mind does not consist in embodied versus disembodied systems of production (cf. Di Paolo and De Jaegher, this volume), but in different levels of significance accomplished by consciousness and culture. Consciousness is embodied on every level, and it integrates different levels of significance.
The Extent of Our Abilities: The Presence, Salience, and Sociality of Affordances
Authors: Elias John Z.
Published: January 2018

We, in virtue of our sociability and plasticity, are especially open to altering and developing our capacities and abilities, thereby expanding the scope of available affordances. The distinctively dynamic and extensive nature of abilities for human beings, however, raises questions concerning the ontology of affordances, given their relativity to abilities, their being relative to abilities. These questions are particularly pressing since much of the power of the concept comes from the claim that affordances are real, that they exist in some sense.
Resolution of these issues, I suggest, involves taking the temporal dimension of abilities and affordances seriously, particularly in terms of interaction across multiple temporal scales. Such a temporal perspective encompasses the modulating role of motivation, as well as questions concerning the presence and salience of affordances. I end by addressing abilities as they extend into, and are extended by, social interaction and coordination, and introduce the notion of joint affordances specifically, in contrast to the sociality of affordances more generally.
Ornamental Feathers without Mentalism: A Radical Enactive View on Neanderthal Body Adornment
Authors: Garofoli Duilio
Published: January 2018

Evidence of feather extraction from scavenging birds by late Neanderthal populations, supposedly for ornamental reasons, has been recently used to bolster the case for Neanderthal symbolism and cognitive equivalence with modern humans. This argument resonates with the idea that the production and long-term maintenance of body ornaments necessarily require a cluster of abilities defined here as the material symbolism package. This implies the construction of abstract meanings, which are then mentally imposed to artifacts and socially shared through full-blown mindreading, assisted by a meta-representational language. However, a set of radical enactive abilities, mainly direct social perception and situated concepts, is sufficient to explain the emergence of ornamental feathers without necessarily involving the material symbolism package. The embodied social structure created by body ornaments, augmented through behavioral-contextual narratives, suffices to explain even the long-term maintenance of this practice without mentalism. Costly neurocentric assumptions conceiving the material symbolism package as a homuncular adaptation are eschewed by applying a non-symbolic interpretation of feathers as cognitive scaffolds. It will be concluded that the presence of body adornment traditions in the Neanderthal archaeological record does not warrant the cognitive equivalence with modern humans, for it does not constrain a meta-representational level of meaning.
Painful Bodies at Work: Stress and Culture?
Authors: Henningsen Peter , Sattel Heribert
Published: January 2018

This paper presents data on significant cultural influences on pain related psychosocial work place conditions, one of the core issues of psycho-somatic medicine, and discusses consequences for a cultural neuroscience of pain.
Chronic pain encompasses the experience of the pain sensation itself and a whole universe of related emotions, thoughts, behaviors and suffering, whilst tissue damage is no necessary precondition for it. A biopsychosocial view on risk factors typically concentrates on the intra-individual level and includes genetic dispositions or injuries, e.g., whilst an embodied approach emphasizing the “body being in the world”, integrating cultural perspectives seems more appropriate. However, recent epidemiological work demonstrated the relevance of group level psychosocial risk factors for chronic pain. Lack of social support at work, injustice, high job strain and effort-reward imbalance are important here.
Nevertheless, even these perspectives do not capture all relevant differences: Studies in different societies reveal significant cultural influences, both in an “etic” and in an “emic” perspective. The link between culture and pain involves different aspects. Culturally shaped ways of world-making influence interpretation, labeling and treatment of distress. Now, additional knowledge on the relational biology of pain reveals, how culture determines differences in neural processes underlying emotion and pain experience.