bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simultaneously Geometrical and Electronic Modulation of L10‐PtZn by Trace Ge Boosts High‐performance Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Lu Shaojie , Hu Yiping , Xia Fanjie , Yang Shaokang , Jiang Shuaihu , Zhou Yu , Ma Dongsheng , Zhang Wenjing , Li Jing , Wu Jinsong , Rao Dewei , Yue Qin
Published: November 2023

Developing a highly active, durable, and low‐platinum‐based electrocatalyst for the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is for breaking the bottleneck of large‐scale applications of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Herein, ultrafine PtZn intermetallic nanoparticles with low Pt‐loading and trace germanium (Ge) involvement confined in the nitrogen‐doped porous carbon (Ge‐L10‐PtZn@N‐C) are reported. The Ge‐L10‐PtZn@N‐C exhibit superior ORR activity with a mass activity of 3.04 A mg−1Pt and specific activity of 4.69 mA cm–2, ≈12.2‐ and 10.2‐times improvement compared to the commercial Pt/C (20%) at 0.90 V in 0.1 m KOH. The cathodic catalyst Ge‐L10‐PtZn@N‐C assembled in the PEMFC shows encouraging peak power densities of 316.5 (at 0.86 V) and 417.2 mW cm–2 (at 0.91 V) in alkaline and acidic fuel‐cell, respectively. The combination of experiment and density functional theory calculations (DFT) results robustly reveal that the participation of trace Ge can not only trigger a “growth site locking effect” to effectively inhibit nanoparticle growth, bring miniature nanoparticles, enhance dispersion uniformity, and achieve the exposure of the more electrochemical active site, but also effectively modulates the electronic structure, hence optimizing the adsorption/desorption of the oxygen intermediates.
Ascorbic Acid Induced the Improved Oxygen Vacancy Defects of Bi4O5Br2 and Its Application on Photoelectrochemical Detection of DNA Demethylase MBD2 with Improved Detection Sensitivity
Authors: Cao LuLu , Zhou Yunlei , Gao Lanlan , Yin Huanshun , Zhang Miao , Zhang Haowei , Ju Peng , Dou Kunpeng , Ai Shiyun
Published: November 2023

Oxygen vacancy defects (OVs) are one of the main strategies for nanomaterials modification to improve the photoactivity, but current methods for fabricating OVs are usually complicated and harsh. It is important to develop simple, rapid, safe, and mild methods to fabricate OVs. By studying the effects of different weak reducing agents, the concentration of the reducing agent and the reaction time on fabrication of OVs, it is found that L‐ascorbic acid (AA) gently and rapidly induces the increase of OVs in Bi4O5Br2 at room temperature. The increased OVs not only improve the adsorption of visible light, but also enhance the photocurrent response. Based on this, the preparation of OVs in Bi4O5Br2 is employed to the development of a photoelectrochemical biosensor for the detection of DNA demethylase of methyl‐CpG binding domain protein 2 (MBD2). The biosensor shows a wide linear range of 0.1–400 ng mL−1 and a detection limit as low as 0.03 ng mL−1 (3σ). In addition, the effect of plasticizers on MBD2 activity is evaluated using this sensor. This work not only provides a novel method to prepare OVs in bismuth rich materials, but also explores a new novel evaluation tool for studying the ecotoxicological effects of contaminants.
Embedding Multiple Magnetic Components in Carbon Nanostructures via Metal‐Oxo Cluster Precursor for High‐Efficiency Low‐/Middle‐Frequency Electromagnetic Wave Absorption
Authors: Wang Xin , Ou Pinxi , Zheng Qi , Wang Lianjun , Jiang Wan
Published: November 2023

With the advent of wireless technology, magnetic–carbon composites with strong electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption capability in low‐/middle‐frequency range are highly desirable. However, it remains challenging for rational construction of such absorbers bearing multiple magnetic components that show uniform distribution and favorable magnetic loss. Herein, a facile metal‐oxo cluster (MOC) precursor strategy is presented to produce high‐efficiency magnetic carbon composites. Nanosized MOC Fe15 shelled with organic ligands is employed as a novel magnetic precursor, thus allowing in situ formation and uniform deposition of multicomponent magnetic Fe/Fe3O4@Fe3C and Fe/Fe3O4 nanoparticles on graphene oxides (GOs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), respectively. Owing to the good dispersity and efficient magnetic‐dielectric synergy, quaternary Fe/Fe3O4@Fe3C–GO exhibits strong low‐frequency absorption with RLmin of −53.5 dB at C‐band and absorption bandwidth covering 3.44 GHz, while ultrahigh RLmin of −73.2 dB is achieved at X‐band for ternary Fe/Fe3O4‐CNT. The high performance for quaternary and ternary composites is further supported by the optimal specific EMW absorption performance (‐15.7 dB mm−1 and −31.8 dB mm−1) and radar cross‐section reduction (21.72 dB m2 and 34.37 dB m2). This work provides a new avenue for developing lightweight low‐/middle‐frequency EMW absorbers, and will inspire the investigation of more advanced EMW absorbers with multiple magnetic components and regulated microstructures.
Excavating the Potential of Photo‐ and Electroupcycling Platforms Toward a Sustainable Future for Waste Plastics
Authors: Chang Ling , Xia Yan
Published: November 2023

Traditionally, waste plastics have been recycled using crude recycling processes, which pose serious environmental pollution and low recycling efficiency. The best option for managing waste plastics is to upgrade them into high‐value‐added chemicals by breaking down specific chemical bonds in plastic polymers. Herein, this article reviews recent representative research advancements in photo‐ and electrodegradation of plastics for obtaining small‐molecule, high‐value‐added chemicals. The focus is on the application and analysis of emerging technological processes and catalytic materials concepts in these upcycling pathways, with particular emphasis on the diverse functions exhibited by various catalysts. Through the optimization of plastic degradation processes with the rational design of degradation technical processes and catalysts, efficient and selective access to the target products, with the assistance of light and electrical energy with similar action principles, can be achieved. These efforts have yielded promising results, paving the way for resourceful plastic recycling. Particularly, the challenges that arise in upcycling of waste plastics are seriously discussed, and reasonable recommendations have been made to understand future developments and prospects in this research area. It is believed that photocatalysis and electrocatalysis, two emerging degradation methods, play an increasingly important role in the field of plastic upcycling.
Molecular Cooperation of Ion‐Free Ternary Complexes Enhances Efficiency and Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Dong Peiyao , Wu Xuejiao , Yang Li , Zhang Jinbao
Published: November 2023

Chemical dopants such as ionic additives are essential in hole‐transport layers (HTLs) to enhance their charge‐transport abilities in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, these ionic components often cause issues of ion migration and phase segregation, which limit the reliability and stability of PSCs. Herein, an effective strategy of cooperative ternary components (CTC) is developed to enhance device efficiency and stability by combining molecular additives and conjugated polymers into the conventional 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis (N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenyl‐amine) 9,9′‐spirobifluorene (Spiro)‐based HTLs. All‐molecule‐based CTC enables negligible phase segregation in the HTL compared to ionic doping. The collaborative roles of small molecules and conducting polymer in the CTC blend facilitate to enhance the interfacial charge extraction and the charge transport in the bulk HTL. Consequently, the CTC strategy contributes to a substantial increase of the device efficiency from 14.97% (the control) to 20.14% (CTC), which is among the highest reported efficiency for the ion‐free spiro‐based PSCs. More encouragingly, the CTC‐based devices demonstrate remarkable environmental stability, maintaining 90% of the initial efficiency after about 2500 h under ambient conditions without any encapsulation. In this work, a novel doping approach is provided for the fabrication of stable and efficient PSCs.
Understanding the Enhanced Osmotic Energy Conversion in Heterogeneous Membranes Using Engineered Branched Alumina Nanochannel Membranes
Authors: Su Yen-Shao , Fauziah Amalia Rizki , Wong Chung-Yi , Huang Ting-Yi , Yeh Li-Hsien
Published: November 2023

Heterogeneous membranes with two composite layers of distinct pore sizes have emerged as promising candidates for efficient osmotic energy extraction from salinity gradients. Previous studies about heterogeneous membranes report a strong link between the induced diode‐like rectification property and improved osmotic energy conversion performance. Nevertheless, the inherently large interfacial resistance of heterogeneous membranes may offset such enhancement. To further understand the osmotic energy conversion behavior in heterogeneous membranes, a series of the branched alumina nanochannel (BAN) membranes consisting of large stem channels interconnected with small branched channels are designed. The interconnected and orderly aligned structure of the stem and branched channels ensures high effective driving force and ion selectivity while reducing interfacial resistance at the same time. Experimental and simulation results confirm the rectification effect induced by the asymmetric pores of BAN, which can achieve an osmotic power ≈130% higher than that of the conventional cylindrical nanochannel membranes. Additionally, a power density as high as 5.42 W m−2 is obtained by mixing seawater and river water, surpassing most of the existing heterogeneous membranes and the commercial benchmark. The BAN membrane proposed in this work provides a promising platform for the development of highly efficient osmotic energy harvesting devices.
Enhanced Interface with Strong Charge Delocalization toward Ultralow Overpotential CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Tang Yu-Feng , Zhang Tong , Mi Hong-Cheng , Yu Mulin , Sui Peng-Fei , Fu Xian-Zhu , Luo Jing-Li , Liu Subiao
Published: November 2023

The construction of an interface has been demonstrated as one of the most insightful strategies for designing efficient catalysts toward electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2RR). However, the weak interfacial interaction and inherent instability inevitably hinder a further performance enhancement in CO2RR attributable to the interface effect. Herein, 2 nm Ag nanoclusters (Ag NCs) are embedded onto CeO2 nanospheres (CeO2 NSs) with highly interconnected porosity (Ag NCs@CeO2 NSs) to exclusively study the pure interface effect toward CO2RR. The enhanced Ag–CeO2 pure interface endows Ag NCs@CeO2 NSs with a remarkably larger current density, significantly higher Faraday efficiency (FE), and energy efficiency as compared to Ag NCs, CeO2 NSs, and the one with Ag NCs dispersed on CeO2 nanoparticles. More importantly, an impressively high CO FE of over 70.0% is achieved at an ultralow overpotential (η) of 146 mV. The free energy and differential charge calculations, coupled with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy results jointly imply that the effective initiation of CO2RR to CO at a lower η over Ag NCs@CeO2 NSs derives from the enhanced interface‐induced charge delocalization, which enhances the electron transfer ability toward *COOH intermediate, thus overcoming the energy barrier demanded for the rate‐determining step.
Understanding the Dominant Physics Mechanisms on the p‐i‐n Perovskite Solar Cells Fabricated by Scalable Slot‐Die Coating Process in Ambient Air
Authors: Glowienka Damian , Huang Shih-Han , Lee Pei-Huan , Tsai Feng-Yu , Su Wei-Fang
Published: November 2023

Perovskite solar cells (PSC) are emerging technologies that have shown continuous improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability. However, a very important aspect that has been seldom considered is the reproducibility of PCE of PSC devices. It is possible to achieve PCE from 10.21% to 17.05% using scalable slot‐die‐coating technique. However, a spatial distribution of performance is clearly observed for device samples on a 4 × 4 cm substrate. The relatively low PCE is mainly coming from the losses of electrical mechanism. To have in‐depth understanding of the losses, the dominant loss analysis techniques including numerical simulations are used to explore the mechanism. In the results, it is indicated that a part of efficiency decrease is due to the increase of bulk defect density which linearly changes with the quality of the perovskite layer and related to recombination process. However, extremely high‐charge‐carrier transportation losses are found at the HTL/perovskite interface that are related to the Fermi‐level pinning mechanism for low‐efficiency device. The result of physics insight of perovskite solar cells leads to a strategy, where chemical passivation technique is used to achieve the PCE from 13.81% to 18.07% for the batch of devices with good reproducibility.
Detektion von Vorspannkraftverlusten in Schraubenverbindungen auf Basis elektromechanischer Impedanzspektren
Authors: Pak Daniel , Sahm Daniel , Dreisbach Anna‐Lena , Fritzen Claus‐Peter
Published: November 2023

Das FOSTA‐Forschungsprojekt P 1403 „Detektion von Vorspannkraftverlusten in Schrauben auf Basis elektromechanischer Impedanzspektren“ zielt auf die Entwicklung eines statistisch abgesicherten Verfahrens ab, welches im Rahmen eines Structural Health Monitorings (SHM) eine kostengünstige, kontinuierliche Überwachung von Schraubenkräften in vorgespannten HV‐Verbindungen auf Basis von elektromechanischen Impedanzspektren (EMI) ermöglicht. Die EMI‐Methode basiert auf der indirekten Messung der frequenz‐ und vorspannkraftabhängigen mechanischen Impedanz der Schraube. Im Rahmen des Projekts konnte ein Indikator von den Messdaten abgeleitet werden, der mit der Vorspannkraft korreliert. Des Weiteren wurden im Rahmen des Projekts zusätzliche Effekte auf EMI‐Spektren, die für eine zuverlässige Vorspannkraftüberwachung von dem Einfluss der Vorspannkraft selbst unterschieden werden müssen, untersucht. Hierbei handelt es sich u. a. um den Einfluss der Temperatur. In dieser Veröffentlichung werden diese Einflüsse näher untersucht. Dies geschieht zum einen auf Basis von Simulationen, die mithilfe einer FE‐Software durchgeführt wurden, und zum anderen mithilfe von Experimenten.
Vaccination of African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) against high‐pathogenicity avian influenza
Authors: Roberts Laura Christl , Abernethy Darrell , Roberts David Gordon , Ludynia Katrin , O'Kennedy Martha Magaretha , Abolnik Celia
Published: November 2023

Background

High‐pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) has become a conservation threat to wild birds. Therefore, suitable vaccine technology and practical application methods require investigation.

Methods

Twenty‐four African penguins (Spheniscus demersus) were vaccinated with either a conventional inactivated clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 HPAI whole virus or a tobacco leaf‐produced H5 haemagglutinin‐based virus‐like particle (VLP). Six birds received a second dose of the inactivated vaccine. Antibody responses were assessed and compared by employing haemagglutination inhibition tests.

Results

A second dose of inactivated vaccine was required to induce antibody titres above the level required to suppress virus shedding, while a single dose of VLP vaccine produced these levels by day 14, and one bird still had antibodies on day 430.

Limitations

Bacterial contamination of the VLP vaccine limited the monitoring period and sample size in that treatment group, and it was not possible to perform a challenge study with field virus.

Conclusion

VLP vaccines offer a more practical option than inactivated whole viruses, especially in logistically challenging situations involving wild birds.
Re-thinking Science Education for the Anthropocene
Authors: Gilbert Jane
Published: November 2023

This chapter argues that the arrival of the Anthropocene era requires a substantial re-set of science education. It makes a case for re-orienting science education to foreground meta-level understanding of science (looking at it “from above,” in the social/political/cultural/historical context in which it arose) over science’s “content,” its modes of inquiry, and/or its internal social practices. The chapter posits using deconstruction-based approaches to create, not the “used futures” science education is currently entangled with, but the new futures we need. The approaches set out in the chapter would be quite unlike the forms of science education we know today, but, given science’s role in bringing about the Anthropocene era, that is its central point.
Renormalization group evolution with scalar leptoquarks
Authors: Banik Sumit , Crivellin Andreas
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Leptoquarks are theoretically well-motivated and have received increasing attention in recent years as they can explain several hints for physics beyond the Standard Model. In this article, we calculate the renormalisation group evolution of models with scalar leptoquarks. We compute the anomalous dimensions for all couplings (gauge, Yukawa, Higgs and leptoquarks interactions) of the most general Lagrangian at the two-loop level and the corresponding threshold corrections at one-loop. The most relevant analytic results are presented in the appendix, while the notebook containing the full expressions can be downloaded at https://github.com/SumitBanikGit/SLQ-RG. In our phenomenological analysis, we consider some exemplary cases with focus on gauge and Yukawa coupling unification.
Exploiting stochastic locality in lattice QCD: hadronic observables and their uncertainties
Authors: Bruno Mattia , Cè Marco , Francis Anthony , Fritzsch Patrick , Green Jeremy R. , Hansen Maxwell T. , Rago Antonio
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Because of the mass gap, lattice QCD simulations exhibit stochastic locality: distant regions of the lattice fluctuate independently. There is a long history of exploiting this to increase statistics by obtaining multiple spatially-separated samples from each gauge field; in the extreme case, we arrive at the master-field approach in which a single gauge field is used. Here we develop techniques for studying hadronic observables using position-space correlators, which are more localized, and compare with the standard time-momentum representation. We also adapt methods for estimating the variance of an observable from autocorrelated Monte Carlo samples to the case of correlated spatially-separated samples.
A general algorithm to build mixed real and virtual antenna functions for higher-order calculations
Authors: Braun-White Oscar , Glover Nigel , Preuss Christian T.
Published: November 2023

Abstract

The antenna-subtraction technique has demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in providing next-to-next-to-leading order in αs (NNLO) predictions for a wide range of processes relevant for the Large Hadron Collider. In a previous paper [1], we demonstrated how to build real-radiation antenna functions for any number of real emissions directly from a specified list of unresolved limits. Here, we extend this procedure to the mixed case of real and virtual radiation, for any number of real and virtual emissions. A novel feature of the algorithm is the requirement to match the antenna constructed with the correct unresolved limits to the other elements of the subtraction scheme. We discuss how this can be achieved and provide a full set of real-virtual NNLO antenna functions (together with their integration over the final-final unresolved phase space). We demonstrate that these antennae can be combined with the real-radiation antennae of ref. [1] to form a consistent NNLO subtraction scheme that cancels all explicit and implicit singularities at NNLO. We anticipate that the improved antenna functions should be more amenable to automation, thereby making the construction of subtraction terms for more complicated processes simpler at NNLO.
Islands and dynamics at the interface
Authors: Afrasiar Mir , Basu Debarshi , Chandra Ashish , Raj Vinayak , Sengupta Gautam
Published: November 2023

Abstract

We investigate a family of models described by two holographic CFT2s coupled along a shared interface. The bulk dual geometry consists of two AdS3 spacetimes truncated by a shared Karch-Randall end-of-the-world (EOW) brane. A lower dimensional effective model comprising of JT gravity coupled to two flat CFT2 baths is subsequently realized by considering small fluctuations on the EOW brane and implementing a partial Randall-Sundrum reduction where the transverse fluctuations of the EOW brane are identified as the dilaton field. We compute the generalized entanglement entropy for bipartite states through the island prescription in the effective lower dimensional picture and obtain precise agreement in the limit of large brane tension with the corresponding doubly holographic computations in the bulk geometry. Furthermore, we obtain the corresponding Page curves for the Hawking radiation in this JT braneworld.
interplay between black holes and ultralight dark matter: analytic solutions
Authors: Bucciotti Bruno , Trincherini Enrico
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Dark matter (DM) can consist of a scalar field so light that DM particles in the galactic halo are best described by classical waves. We investigate how these classical solutions are influenced by the presence of a non-rotating supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy, using an analytical, albeit approximate, approach.

Relying on this analytic control, we examine the consequences of imposing causal boundary conditions at the horizon, which are typically overlooked. First, we examine the scenario where the backreaction of dark matter can be neglected. The scalar field decays like a power law at large distances, thus endowing the black hole with “hair”. We derive solutions for the field profile over a wide range of parameters, including cases with rotating dark matter. As a by-product, we extract the dynamical Love numbers for scalar perturbations. Next, we determine the spectrum of bound states and their behaviour.

Finally, we incorporate the self-gravity of the scalar field, with a focus on the situation where dark matter forms a soliton (boson star) at the center of the galaxy. We derive an analytical expression for the soliton at every distance from the center. With a solution that remains applicable even at horizon scales, we can reliably compute the accretion rate of the black hole.
Eavesdropping on Tinnitus Using MEG: Lessons Learned and Future Perspectives
Authors: Reisinger Lisa , Demarchi Gianpaolo , Weisz Nathan
Published: November 2023

Tinnitus has been widely investigated in order to draw conclusions about the underlying causes and altered neural activity in various brain regions. Existing studies have based their work on different tinnitus frameworks, ranging from a more local perspective on the auditory cortex to the inclusion of broader networks and various approaches towards tinnitus perception and distress. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) provides a powerful tool for efficiently investigating tinnitus and aberrant neural activity both spatially and temporally. However, results are inconclusive, and studies are rarely mapped to theoretical frameworks. The purpose of this review was to firstly introduce MEG to interested researchers and secondly provide a synopsis of the current state. We divided recent tinnitus research in MEG into study designs using resting state measurements and studies implementing tone stimulation paradigms. The studies were categorized based on their theoretical foundation, and we outlined shortcomings as well as inconsistencies within the different approaches. Finally, we provided future perspectives on how to benefit more efficiently from the enormous potential of MEG. We suggested novel approaches from a theoretical, conceptual, and methodological point of view to allow future research to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of tinnitus and its underlying processes.
The Formal Layer of {Brain and Mind} and Emerging Consciousness in Physical Systems
Authors: Król Jerzy , Schumann Andrew
Published: November 2023

We consider consciousness attributed to systems in space-time which can be purely physical without biological background and focus on the mathematical understanding of the phenomenon. It is shown that the set theory based on sets in the foundations of mathematics, when switched to set theory based on ZFC models, is a very promising mathematical tool in explaining the brain/mind complex and the emergence of consciousness in natural and artificial systems. We formalise consciousness-supporting systems in physical space-time, but this is localised in open domains of spatial regions and the result of this process is a family of different ZFC models. Random forcing, as in set theory, corresponds precisely to the random influence on the system of external stimuli, and the principles of reflection of set theory explain the conscious internal reaction of the system. We also develop the conscious Turing machines which have their external ZFC environment and the dynamics is encoded in the random forcing changing models of ZFC in which Turing machines with oracles are formulated. The construction is applied to cooperating families of conscious agents which, due to the reflection principle, can be reduced to the implementation of certain concurrent games with different levels of self-reflection.
Transient infiltration tests in pyroclastic soils with double porosity
Authors: Sepe Ciro , Calcaterra Domenico , Damiano Emilia , Di Martire Diego , Greco Roberto , Pappalardo Lucia , Ramondini Massimo , Vitale Enza , Russo Giacomo
Published: November 2023

Fallout volcanic deposits of Somma- Vesuvius (Campania, southern Italy), characterized by the presence of layers with contrasting textural and hydraulic properties, are frequently affected by shallow landslides during rainwater infiltration. The soils of the stratigraphic sequence present intra- particle pores, originated by the gases escaped during magma decompression in the volcanic conduit, thus are characterized by double porosity (i.e., intraparticle and interparticle pores), which is expected to affect their hydraulic behaviour, and to play a key role in rainwater infiltration through layered deposits. To understand the effect of double porosity on the hydraulic behaviour of the involved soils, controlled experiments have been carried out in an infiltration column. The experimental apparatus is provided with newly designed non-invasive Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) probes, not buried in the investigated soil layers so as to minimize disturbance to the flow, allowing water content measurement during vertical flow processes. Specifically, transient flow experiments are carried out through reconstituted specimens of black scoriae and grey pumices, both loose pyroclastic granular soils from fallout deposits of Somma-Vesuvius, featuring double porosity with different pore size distributions, that were estimated by X-ray tomography and Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry. The experimental results highlight the effects of the double porosity and clearly indicate the different behaviour of the two soils during wetting and drying processes, mainly related to the different dimensions of intraparticle pores.
Liraglutide 3.0 mg (Saxenda©) for Weight Loss and Remission of Pre-Diabetes. Real-World Clinical Evaluation of Effectiveness among Patients Awaiting Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Wilmington Rebekah , Ardavani Arash , Simenacz Amelia , Green Carol , Idris Iskandar
Published: November 2023

Objective

The effectiveness of liraglutide 3.0 mg (Saxenda) therapy to induce weight loss among obese patients prior to bariatric surgery remains uncertain.

Methods

Clinical data was retrospectively obtained from patients with prediabetes (HbA1c 42-47 mmol/mol) and selected patients on the waiting list for bariatric surgery at the Royal Derby Hospital. Clinical data was collected retrospectively at 6, 12, 26 and 52 week intervals. The outcomes included mean weight change, proportion of patients achieving ≥ 5% and ≥ 10% weight loss and achieving HbA1c reduction to normal range values.

Results

Fifty patients (mean age of 46.2 ± 10.5 years; 76% female and 94% had Class III obesity) who completed 52 and/or 26 weeks of treatment were included. Liraglutide 3.0 mg produced a consistent and statistically significant reduction in weight (kg), BMI (kg/m2) and HbA1c (mmol/mol) across all four time intervals. Average ± SD reduction for weight, BMI and HbA1c respectively at 26 weeks were: -10.9 ± 9.1 (P < 0.01), -3.67 ± 3.5 (P < 0.01), -4.7 IQR 4.95 (P < 0.001), and at 52 weeks were: -14 ± 9.2 kg (P < 0.001), -4.64 ± 4.0 (P < 0.001 and -5.5 IQR 4 (P = 0.009). 85.7% and 33.3% of patients achieved ≥ 5% and 10% weight loss target respectively at 52 weeks. 92.3% and 72.2% achieved remission of pre-diabetes by 6 and 12 months respectively. Liraglutide 3.0 mg was well-tolerated with only 10% discontinuing medication due to tolerability issues.

Conclusion

Liraglutide 3.0 mg, with lifestyle management, reduced weight and improved glycaemic control. These results support liraglutide’s application in certain high-risk populations, including patients waiting for bariatric surgical intervention.
Genomic Landscape of Pleural Mesothelioma and Therapeutic Aftermaths
Authors: Nash Alistair , Creaney Jenette
Published: November 2023

Purpose of Review

In this article, we provide a comprehensive analysis of recent progress in the genetic characterisation of pleural mesothelioma, and the translation of these findings to clinical practice.

Recent Findings

Advancements in sequencing technology have allowed the identification of driver mutations and improved our understanding of how these mutations may shape the mesothelioma tumour microenvironment. However, the identification of frequently mutated regions including CDKN2A, BAP1 and NF2 have, to date, not yet yielded targeted therapy options that outperform standard chemo- and immunotherapies. Similarly, the association between mutational profile and the immune microenvironment or immunotherapy response is not well characterised.

Further research into the link between tumour mutational profile and response to therapy is critical for identifying targetable vulnerabilities and stratifying patients for therapy.
Zum Wesen der Strafe und seiner begrifflichen Verschleierung in der Gegenwart
Authors: Wilder Nicolaus , Magiera Kim
Published: November 2023

Wiedergutmachung wird in der „Neuen Autorität“ als positive und gewaltfreie Erziehungspraktik gelobt. Eine Auseinandersetzung mit ihrem Verhältnis zur Strafe vor dem Hintergrund von Überlegungen aus dem Kontext von „Restorative Justice“ ergibt, dass es sich dabei nicht nur um eine mögliche begriffliche Verschleierung von Strafe handelt, sondern zugleich eine problematische Verantwortungsabgabe von Erziehenden an Zu-Erziehende vorgenommen wird.
The impact of COVID-19 on tourism, employment, and population of the Azores islands
Authors: Sass Karina Simone , Maciel Raquel Ferreira , Dentinho Tomaz Ponce
Published: November 2023

Tourism is a very important economic sector and, for many regions, the main economic activity. Tourism was one of the main sectors affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper aims to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on tourism, employment, and the population of the Azores, highlighting the resilience of the different islands and the sustainability of their tourism. To do that, we estimate an economic base model for the Azores islands that relates total employment per island with performance indicators of the basic activities (hosts, milk production, fish captures, external public support, and the service of the public debt). The results show that employment on the islands was reduced by around 7% because of the reduction in tourism activities. The analyses also revealed that the western small islands of Flores and Corvo, which had fewer COVID-19 cases in 2020, increased their specialization in tourism and Terceira island showed a relative touristic attractiveness at the expense of the nearby Graciosa and São Jorge. We also estimated a model that relates employment with the population to evaluate the potential impact of job losses in the population change in the Azores. The results show the loss of jobs did not affect significantly the population movement in the short run.
An efficient operation strategy for dispersed generation sources in bipolar asymmetric DC distribution networks: a sequential quadratic approximation
Authors: Sepúlveda-García Simón , Montoya Oscar Danilo , Garces Alejandro
Published: November 2023

This paper proposes a sequential quadratic optimization of the optimal power flow (OPF) in bipolar direct current (DC) grids. This formulation is based on Taylor’s expansion applied to the non-convex constraints, thus transforming them into affine equations. This approach, suitable for both radial and meshed grids, considers that the neutral terminal is only grounded at the substation bus. Other groundings can be considered in the loads without a loss of generality. Two test feeders composed of 21 and 33 nodes are considered in order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed sequential quadratic convex approximation model. Since this approach is based on convex optimization, a fast convergence, the uniqueness of the solution, and the global optimum are ensured. Simulations were performed using Python with the CvxPy library, a modeling system specialized in convex programming, as well as the ECOS solver. The 21-bus grid was employed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed convex model regarding power losses minimization, and the 33-bus one was used to evaluate the effect of the efficient dispatch of renewable generators within day-ahead operation environments.
Study on the pore evolution of Xinjiang oil shale under pyrolysis based on joint characterization of LNTA and MIP
Authors: Liu Zhijun , Ma Haotian , Wang Zhen , Liu Gang , Guo Yuzhen
Published: November 2023

During the in-situ exploitation of oil shale, the evolution of pore structure will affect the heat transfer medium and the transport capacity of products. In this study, using the oil shale from Jimsar region of Xinjiang, in combination with the low-temperature nitrogen adsorption experiment (LNTA) and high-pressure mercury injection experiment (MIP), the effect of temperature on evolution law of its pores during pyrolysis were analyzed according to the LNTA and MIP joint characterization results. The results show as follows: the change curve of oil shale porosity with pyrolysis final temperature in Xinjiang shows an “S” shape. The pore volume increases slightly before 300 °C, and it shows an increasing trend in the subsequent temperature range, with the mesopore volume change being the most noticeable. However, the increase slows down after 600 °C. The evolution of full-scale pores in the pyrolysis process of oil shale is reflected by the joint characterization of LNTA and MIP, which indicates that the temperature has a controlling effect on the evolution of pore, and provides basic theoretical support for how to improve the oil recovery rate of exploitation of oil shale.
Underlying reasons and factors associated with changes in earthworm activities in response to biochar amendment: a review
Authors: Cui Jiaqi , Jiang Jun , Chang E. , Zhang Feng , Guo Lingyu , Fang Di , Xu Renkou , Wang Yujun
Published: November 2023

Numerous studies have unequivocally demonstrated that biochar and, to a lesser degree, earthworms can independently improve soil fertility and crop productivity, although information about their co-application effects on soil characteristics is limited. In this review, (1) earthworm biomarkers and underlying influencing factors, as well as the changes in the amended soil quality in response to co-application of earthworms and biochar are presented, (2) the functional interactions between earthworms and biochar in soil are summarized; (3) the principles governing the synergetic effects of biochar and earthworms on soil quality enhancement are probed; and (4) alternative strategies to optimize the efficacy of earthworm and biochar amendments are provided. It is noteworthy that while low doses of biochar can have a positive effect on various earthworm biomarkers, including growth and reproduction, restoration of the intestinal environment, and the mitigation of cellular organelle toxicity and genetic damage, high biochar dosages can yield adverse effects. Conversely, earthworms play a crucial role in distributing biochar particles deeper into the soil matrix, bolstering carbon sequestration potential, and enhancing the persistence and efficiency of biochar utilization. Moreover, earthworms stimulate the production of soil extracellular enzymes by microorganisms, which are pivotal to the processing, stabilization, and decomposition of soil organic matter, as well as nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Additionally, they enhance the binding affinities of these enzymes to biochar. Significantly, changes in earthworm biomarkers in response to biochar integration are predominately governed by biochar properties and dosage, contact time, and soil type.

Graphical Abstract
Imperatorin interacts additively with novel antiseizure medications in the mouse maximal electroshock-induced seizure model: an isobolographic transformation
Authors: Łuszczki Jarogniew J. , Kochman-Moskal Ewelina , Bojar Hubert , Florek-Łuszczki Magdalena , Skalicka-Woźniak Krystyna
Published: November 2023

Background

Anticonvulsant effects of imperatorin (IMP) have been experimentally confirmed earlier, but no information is available on the interaction profiles of this naturally occurring coumarin when combined with novel antiseizure medication (ASMs). This study aimed to determine the effects of IMP on the anticonvulsant effects of lacosamide (LCM), oxcarbazepine (OXC), pregabalin (PGB), and topiramate (TPM) in the maximal electroshock-induced seizure (MES) model in mice.

Methods

The anticonvulsant effects exerted by novel ASMs (LCM, OXC, PGB, and TPM) when combined with constant doses of IMP (25 and 50 mg/kg) underwent isobolographic transformation to precisely classify the observed interactions in the mouse MES model. Total brain concentrations of ASMs were measured with high-pressure liquid chromatography to exclude the pharmacokinetic nature of interactions among IMP and the tested ASMs.

Results

IMP (50 mg/kg) significantly enhanced (p < 0.01) the anticonvulsant potency of LCM, OXC, PGB, and TPM in the mouse MES model. IMP (25 mg/kg) mildly potentiated the anticonvulsant action of LCM, OXC, PGB, and TPM, but no statistical significance was reported for these combinations. The isobolographic transformation of data from the MES test revealed that the interactions of novel ASMs with IMP were additive. Moreover, IMP (50 mg/kg) did not affect the total brain content of any of the novel ASMs in experimental mice.

Conclusions

The additive interactions of IMP with LCM, OXC, PGB, and TPM in the mouse MES model accompanied by no pharmacokinetic changes in the total brain content of ASMs are worthy of recommendation for further studies.
Thermalization in Kitaev’s quantum double models via tensor network techniques
Authors: Lucia Angelo , Pérez-García David , Pérez-Hernández Antonio
Published: November 2023

We show that every ergodic Davies generator associated to any 2D Kitaev’s quantum double model has a nonvanishing spectral gap in the thermodynamic limit. This validates rigorously the extended belief that those models are useless as self-correcting quantum memories, even in the non-abelian case. The proof uses recent ideas and results regarding the characterization of the spectral gap for parent Hamiltonians associated to Projected Entangled Pair States in terms of a bulk-boundary correspondence.
Energy harvesting using an inverted piezohydroelastic flag with resistor–inductor–capacitor circuit
Authors: Bi Xiaobo , Wang Chenglei , Zhu Qiang , Tang Hui
Published: November 2023

We develop a high-fidelity multi-physics model and, by using it, study the energy conversion process of a piezohydroelastic flag. Instead of a regular flag with a clamped upstream leading edge, we use an inverted flag so as to make the best of fluid elastic instability for energy harvesting. Moreover, different from many previous studies where a resistor–capacitor (RC) circuit is usually used, we adopt a resistor–inductor–capacitor (RLC) circuit for electricity generation. The influences of several key parameters associated with fluid, structure and electric dynamics are studied. Significantly different response modes are identified, among which the symmetric- and asymmetric-flutter modes are most suitable for sustainable energy harvesting, both emerging with moderate bending stiffness. If only deploying the RC circuit, increasing the resistance makes the flag more stable. By adding an inductor to turn the RC circuit into an RLC one, we observe the occurrence of ‘lock-in’ between the flag frequency and the circuit frequency as first reported on a regular flag by Xia et al. (Phys. Rev. Appl., vol. 3, 2015, 014009). This phenomenon can significantly enhance the energy output, but it only happens when the circuit resistance is sufficiently large. From a derivation based on dynamic mode decomposition analysis, we further identify an optimal condition for maximizing the energy output, which can serve as a guideline to determine whether deploying an inductor can boost the performance, and, if yes, the required inductance. The findings from this study can better guide the design of flow-induced-vibration-based piezoelectric energy harvesters for microelectronic devices.
The influence of peer non-suicidal self-harm on young adults’ urges to self-harm: experimental study
Authors: Pitman Alexandra , Lowther Millie , Pike Alexandra , Davies Jessica , de Cates Angharad , Buckman Joshua E. J. , Robinson Oliver
Published: November 2023

Objective:

To test the hypothesis that exposure to peer self-harm induces adolescents’ urges to self-harm and that this is influenced by individual suggestibility.

Methods:

We recruited 97 UK-based adults aged 18–25 years with a recent history of self-harm, measuring baseline suggestibility (Resistance to Peer Influence; RPI) and perceived ability to control urges to self-harm (using an adapted item from the Self-Efficacy to Resist Suicidal Action scale; SEASA) before and after two self-harm vignettes featuring named peers from the participant’s social network (to simulate exposure to peer non-suicidal self-harm) and after a wash-out exposure. We used paired t-tests to compare mean SEASA scores pre- and post-exposure, and linear regression to test for an association between RPI and change in SEASA scores pre- and post-exposure.

Results:

Perceived ability to control urges to self-harm was significantly reduced following exposure to peer self-harm (t(96) = 4.02, p < 0.001, mean difference = 0.61; 95% CI = 0.31, 0.91), but was not significantly different from baseline after exposure to a wash-out. We found no association between suggestibility and change in urges to self-harm after exposure to peer self-harm.

Conclusion:

Our findings support social influences on self-harm in a sample of young adults, regardless of their individual degree of suggestibility.
A blast from the past: Understanding stem cell specification in plant roots using laser ablation
Authors: Smet Wouter , Blilou Ikram
Published: November 2023

In the Arabidopsis root, growth is sustained by the meristem. Signalling from organiser cells, also termed the quiescent centre (QC), is essential for the maintenance and replenishment of the stem cells. Here, we highlight three publications from the founder of the concept of the stem cell niche in Arabidopsis and a pioneer in unravelling regulatory modules governing stem cell specification and maintenance, as well as tissue patterning in the root meristem: Ben Scheres. His research has tremendously impacted the plant field. We have selected three publications from the Scheres legacy, which can be considered a breakthrough in the field of plant developmental biology. van den Berg et al. (1995) and van den Berg et al. (1997) uncovered that positional information-directed patterning. Sabatini et al. (1999), discovered that auxin maxima determine tissue patterning and polarity. We describe how simple but elegant experimental designs have provided the foundation of our current understanding of the functioning of the root meristem.
The weight, urine colour and thirst Venn diagram is an accurate tool compared with urinary and blood markers for hydration assessment at morning and afternoon timepoints in euhydrated and free-living individuals
Authors: Keefe Marcos S. , Luk Hui-Ying , Rolloque Jan-Joseph S. , Jiwan Nigel C. , McCollum Tyler B. , Sekiguchi Yasuki
Published: November 2023

The weight, urine colour and thirst (WUT) Venn diagram is a practical hydration assessment tool; however, it has only been investigated during first-morning. This study investigated accuracy of the WUT Venn diagram at morning and afternoon timepoints compared with blood and urine markers. Twelve men (21 ± 2 years; 81·0 ± 15·9 kg) and twelve women (22 ± 3 years; 68·8 ± 15·2 kg) completed the study. Body mass, urine colour, urine specific gravity (USG), urine osmolality (UOSM), thirst and plasma osmolality (POSM) were collected at first-morning and afternoon for 3 consecutive days in free-living (FL) and euhydrated states. Number of markers indicating dehydration levels were categorised into either 3, 2, 1 or 0 WUT markers. Receiver operating characteristics analysis calculated the sensitivity and specificity of 1, 2 or 3 hydration markers in detecting dehydration or euhydration. Specificity values across morning and afternoon exhibited high diagnostic accuracy for USG (0·890–1·000), UOSM (0·869–1·000) and POSM (0·787–0·990) when 2 and 3 WUT markers were met. Sensitivity values across both timepoints exhibited high diagnostic accuracy for USG (0·826–0·941) and UOSM (0·826–0·941), but not POSM in the afternoon (0·324) when 0 and 1 WUT markers were met. The WUT Venn diagram is accurate in detecting dehydration for WUT2 and WUT3 based off USG, UOSM and POSM during first-morning and afternoon. Applied medical, sport and occupational practitioners can use this tool in field settings for hydration assessment not only at various timepoints throughout the day but also in FL individuals.
The family burden of paediatric heart disease during the chronic phase of illness
Authors: Hummel Kevin , Ludomirsky Avital , Burgunder Lauren , Lu Minmin , Goldberg Sarah , Sleeper Lynn , Reichman Jeffrey , Blume Elizabeth D.
Published: November 2023

Background:

CHD is a lifelong condition with a significant burden of disease to patients and families. With increased survival, attention has shifted to longer-term outcomes, with a focus on social determinants of health. Among children with CHD, socioeconomic status is associated with disparities in outcomes. Household material hardship is a concrete measure of poverty and may serve as an intervenable measure of socioeconomic status.

Methods:

A longitudinal survey study was conducted at multiple time points (at acute hospitalisation, then 12–24 months later in the chronic phase) to determine the prevalence of household material hardship among parents of children with advanced heart disease and quality of life during long-term follow-up.

Results:

The analytic cohort was 160 children with a median patient age of 1 year (IQR 1,4) with 54% of patients <2 years. During acute hospitalisation, over one-third of families reported household material hardship (37%), with significantly lower household material hardship in the chronic phase at 16% (N = 9 of 52). For parents reporting household material hardship during acute hospitalisation, 50% had resolution of household material hardship by the chronic phase. Household material hardship-exposed children were significantly more likely to be publicly insured (56% versus 20%, p = 0.03) with lower quality of life than those without household material hardship (64% versus 82%, p = 0.013).

Conclusion:

The burden of heart disease during the chronic phase of illness is high. Household material hardship may serve as a target to ensure equity in the care and outcomes of CHD patients and their families.