bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Development of Localized Neutral Density Increases During the 24 August 2005 Geomagnetic Storm
Authors: Horvath Ildiko , Lovell Brian C.
Published: November 2017

We investigate localized thermospheric neutral density increases (or density spikes) developed during the 24 August 2005 geomagnetic storm and utilize a multi‐instrument database for monitoring the underlying thermospheric, ionospheric, magnetospheric, and solar wind conditions. We study five scenarios occurring under eastward/westward BY dominations and demonstrating the development of density spikes during various events. These scenarios show (1) a northern density spike associated with enhanced antisunward polar flows driven by dayside merging along old‐open field lines during the initial phase, (2) some southern density spikes associated with enhanced sunward auroral flows caused by auroral brightening events during the storm initial phase and main phase, (3) two pairs of southern dayside‐nightside density spike configuration associated with enhanced antisunward polar flows caused by dayside merging and nightside magnetotail reconnections along old‐open field lines during the underlying substorm activity, and (4) a series of enhanced polar sunward flows developed in the polar cap driven by different processes during the recovery phase. We provide a detailed analysis of these events including the specification of underlying field aligned current systems, flow channel types, and auroral forms. Observational results demonstrate the various density spikes and their associated auroral forms and/or flow channels and thus provide a better understanding of their development during this intense geomagnetic storm.
Ionospheric Electron Densities at Mars: Comparison of Mars Express Ionospheric Sounding and MAVEN Local Measurements
Authors: Němec F. , Morgan D. D. , Fowler C. M. , Kopf A. J. , Andersson L. , Gurnett D. A. , Andrews D. J. , Truhlik V.
Published: November 2017

We present the first direct comparison of Martian ionospheric electron densities measured by the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding (MARSIS) topside radar sounder on board the Mars Express spacecraft and by the Langmuir Probe and Waves (LPW) instrument on board the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution Mission (MAVEN) spacecraft. As low electron densities are not measured by MARSIS due to the low power radiated at low sounding frequencies, MARSIS electron density profiles between the local electron density and the first data point from the ionospheric sounding (≈104 cm−3) rely on an empirical electron density profile shape. We use the LPW electron density measurements to improve this empirical description and thereby the MARSIS‐derived electron density profiles. We further analyze four coincident events, where the two instruments were measuring within a 5° solar zenith angle interval within 1 h. The differences between the electron densities measured by the MARSIS and LPW instruments are found to be within a factor of 2 in 90% of measurements. Taking into account the measurement precision and different locations and times of the measurements, these differences are within the estimated uncertainties.
Neotectonic Deformation in Central Eurasia: A Geodynamic Model Approach
Authors: Tunini Lavinia , Jiménez‐Munt Ivone , Fernandez Manel , Vergés Jaume , Bird Peter
Published: November 2017

Central Eurasia hosts wide orogenic belts of collision between India and Arabia with Eurasia, with diffuse or localized deformation occurring up to hundreds of kilometers from the primary plate boundaries. Although numerous studies have investigated the neotectonic deformation in central Eurasia, most of them have focused on limited segments of the orogenic systems. Here we explore the neotectonic deformation of all of central Eurasia, including both collision zones and the links between them. We use a thin‐spherical sheet approach in which lithosphere strength is calculated from lithosphere structure and its thermal regime. We investigate the contributions of variations in lithospheric structure, rheology, boundary conditions, and fault friction coefficients on the predicted velocity and stress fields. Results (deformation pattern, surface velocities, tectonic stresses, and slip rates on faults) are constrained by independent observations of tectonic regime, GPS, and stress data. Our model predictions reproduce the counterclockwise rotation of Arabia and Iran, the westward escape of Anatolia, and the eastward extrusion of the northern Tibetan Plateau. To simulate the observed extensional faults in the Tibetan Plateau, a weaker lithosphere is required, provided by a change in the rheological parameters. The southward movement of the SE Tibetan Plateau can be explained by the combined effects of the Sumatra trench retreat, a thinner lithospheric mantle, and strik‐slip faults in the region. This study offers a comprehensive model for regions with little or no data coverage, like the Arabia‐India intercollision zone, where the surface velocity is northward showing no deflection related to Arabia and India indentations.
Permeability During Magma Expansion and Compaction
Authors: Gonnermann Helge. M. , Giachetti Thomas , Fliedner Céline , Nguyen Chinh T. , Houghton Bruce F. , Crozier Joshua A. , Carey Rebecca J.
Published: November 2017

Plinian lapilli from the 1060 Common Era Glass Mountain rhyolitic eruption of Medicine Lake Volcano, California, were collected and analyzed for vesicularity and permeability. A subset of the samples were deformed at a temperature of 975°, under shear and normal stress, and postdeformation porosities and permeabilities were measured. Almost all undeformed samples fall within a narrow range of vesicularity (0.7–0.9), encompassing permeabilities between approximately 10−15 m2 and 10−10 m2. A percolation threshold of approximately 0.7 is required to fit the data by a power law, whereas a percolation threshold of approximately 0.5 is estimated by fitting connected and total vesicularity using percolation modeling. The Glass Mountain samples completely overlap with a range of explosively erupted silicic samples, and it remains unclear whether the erupting magmas became permeable at porosities of approximately 0.7 or at lower values. Sample deformation resulted in compaction and vesicle connectivity either increased or decreased. At small strains permeability of some samples increased, but at higher strains permeability decreased. Samples remain permeable down to vesicularities of less than 0.2, consistent with a potential hysteresis in permeability‐porosity between expansion (vesiculation) and compaction (outgassing). We attribute this to retention of vesicle interconnectivity, albeit at reduced vesicle size, as well as bubble coalescence during shear deformation. We provide an equation that approximates the change in permeability during compaction. Based on a comparison with data from effusively erupted silicic samples, we propose that this equation can be used to model the change in permeability during compaction of effusively erupting magmas.
Analysis of an Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection by a Spacecraft Radio Signal: A Case Study
Authors: Molera Calvés G. , Kallio E. , Cimo G. , Quick J. , Duev D. A. , Bocanegra Bahamón T. , Nickola M. , Kharinov M. A. , Mikhailov A. G.
Published: November 2017

Tracking radio communication signals from planetary spacecraft with ground‐based telescopes offers the possibility to study the electron density and the interplanetary scintillation of the solar wind. Observations of the telemetry link of planetary spacecraft have been conducted regularly with ground antennae from the European Very Long Baseline Interferometry Network, aiming to study the propagation of radio signals in the solar wind at different solar elongations and distances from the Sun. We have analyzed the Mars Express spacecraft radio signal phase fluctuations while, based on a 3‐D heliosphere plasma simulation, an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) crossed the radio path during one of our observations on 6 April 2015. Our measurements showed that the phase scintillation indices increased by a factor of 4 during the passage of the ICME. The method presented here confirms that the phase scintillation technique based on spacecraft signals provides information of the properties and propagation of the ICMEs in the heliosphere.
The Developmental Biology of Pollen
Authors: Twell David
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Microsporogenesis

Microgametogenesis

Sporophytic–Gametophytic Interactions

Microspore Development

Asymmetric Division, Cell Fate and Polarity

Generative and Sperm Cell Development

Male Gametophytic Gene Expression

Male Gametophytic Gene Functions

Advances in Gametophytic Genetics

Conclusions and Perspective

Acknowledgements
Cell Cycle and Endosperm Development
Authors: Sabelli Paolo A. , Nguyen Hong , Larkins Brian A.
Published: November 2017

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Endosperm Development: A Cell Cycle Perspective

Genetic Control of Endosperm Cell Proliferation

The Cell Cycle Molecular Engine during Endosperm Development

Role ofCDKAin the Endoreduplication Cell Cycle

Environmental and Hormonal Control of the Cell Cycle

Epigenetic Control

Perspectives

Acknowledgments
Heterotrimeric
G
‐Protein‐Coupled Signaling in Higher Plants
Authors: Ding Lei , Chen Jin‐Gui , Jones Alan M. , Assmann Sarah M.
Published: November 2017

Abstract: Heterotrimeric G proteins are key signaling elements in eukaryotes. The fundamental building blocks of this pathway, the Gα, Gβ, and Gγ subunits, are encoded in plant genomes, as are regulator of G‐protein signaling (RGS) proteins, and candidate seven‐transmembrane (7TM) G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs). However, plants are distinguished from other metazoans by having far fewer genes encoding these functions: for example, the genome of the model plant species
Arabidopsis thaliana
encodes single canonical Gα and Gβ subunits, two Gγ subunits, one RGS protein (which, unlike animal RGS proteins, contains a 7TM domain), and many fewer candidate GPCRs than mammalian genomes. Nevertheless, genetic approaches have demonstrated the importance of heterotrimeric G‐protein signaling in a wide diversity of responses that are fundamental to plant growth and survival, including cell division, ion channel regulation, responses to most of the major plant hormones, and aspects of light signaling, oxidative stress, and pathogen response. These studies have also demonstrated that, similar to the situation in other eukaryotes, some responses are primarily mediated by the Gα subunit and others by the Gβ subunit (βγ dimer). The role that a given G‐protein component plays in a given signaling process can differ between different plant cell types, as illustrated most thoroughly for regulation of cell division and hormonal response. These results imply that different plant cell types may employ different upstream and downstream proteins to couple with the heterotrimeric subunits. However, to date, only a few proteins have been shown to physically interact with plant G‐protein subunits, and this is a fertile area for future research.
The Molecular Networks of Abiotic Stress Signaling
Authors: Gong Zhizhong , Chinnusamy Viswanathan , Zhu Jian‐Kang
Published: November 2017

In response to harsh changing environmental conditions, sessile plants mobilize complex regulatory networks to modulate physiological changes, allowing them to tolerate and adapt to these conditions. Both abiotic stresses and diurnal rhythm regulate biosynthesis and metabolism of abscisic acid (ABA), which plays a crucial role in integrating various environmental as well as cellular signals. ABA is perceived by several receptor systems including flowering time control protein A (FCA), ABA receptor (ABAR/CHLH, H subunit of Mg‐chelatase), and G‐protein‐coupled receptor 2 (GCR2). These receptors regulate ABA responses in seed dormancy, germination, root growth, and stomatal responses. Cold stress signaling mechanism consists of both CBF (CRT/DRE‐binding factor)‐dependent and ‐independent pathways inArabidopsis. The CBF regulon is conserved across many plant species. The MYC‐type bHLH transcription factor ICE1 (inducer of CBF expression 1) regulates freezing tolerance by activating the transcription ofCBFsand some other cold‐induced regulons. ICE1 is negatively regulated by the HOS1 (high expression of osmotically responsive gene 1)‐mediated ubiquitination and proteosomal degradation and positively regulated by SIZ1 [SAP (scaffold attachment factor) and Miz1 (Msx2‐interacting zinc finger)] mediated sumoylation under cold stress. Salt stress tolerance is primarily conferred by the SOS (salt overly sensitive) pathway, in which a calcium‐responsive SOS3–SOS2 protein kinase complex controls the activity of ion transporters such as SOS1. The SOS pathway is conserved betweenArabidopsisand rice. Several transcription factors and their target genes induced under various abiotic stresses have been identified. Cross talks in environmental stress signaling networks appear to occur at various levels ranging from second messengers and secondary signals to phosphorelay and transcriptional regulators. Furthermore, RNA metabolism especially small RNA‐mediated mRNA cleavage translation repression, and chromatin remodeling are emerging hot topics in abiotic stress studies.
Genome Biology Cracks Enigmas of Oomycete Plant Pathogens
Authors: Bouwmeester Klaas , van Poppel Pieter M.J.A. , Govers Francine
Published: November 2017

All plant species, wild and cultivated alike, suffer from diseases. By far the most devastating plant pathogens are fungi and their look‐alikes, the oomycetes. Oomycetes cause severe problems not only in agriculture but also in natural ecosystems. Best known isPhytophthora infestans, the species that caused the Irish potato famine in the mid‐nineteenth century. Oomycetes and oomycete diseases have been the subject of numerous investigations, but the tactics exploited by these successful plant pathogens are still largely an enigma. In recent years, oomycete genomics uncovered a treasure trove of new information and that has enormously stimulated oomycete research. A major discovery was the highly diverse superfamily of secreted RxLR‐dEER effectors that play important roles during plant infection. RxLR‐dEER is a conserved motif in proteins encoded by oomycete avirulence genes that interact in a gene‐for‐gene manner with resistance genes. It has similarities to a motif in proteins secreted by malaria pathogens and helps targeting effectors into host cells. In this chapter some of the latest discoveries and insights into oomycete biology and pathology are presented. We describe several oomycete diseases and highlight species that feature as model organisms. We also summarize the genomic resources that are currently available and emphasize the impact of genomics on gene discovery in oomycetes. Finally, we refer to proteins secreted by oomycete pathogens and their potential roles in host–pathogen interactions.
Chemical Ecology of Plant–Insect Interactions
Authors: Mithöfer Axel , Boland Wilhelm , Maffei Massimo E.
Published: November 2017

Interactions between plants and herbivores are central to all ecosystems. Although numerous types of interaction have evolved, there is considerable overlap in recognition, signal transduction and gene expression events that orchestrate the plant defence. Responses to herbivore damage can be triggered by simple wounding or insect‐derived elicitors such as certain enzymes, fatty acid‐derived conjugates, other low‐molecular‐weight aliphatic compounds and peptides generated from degradation of ingested plant material. Early induced responses in host plants are characterised by membrane depolarisation, intracellular [Ca2+] transients and reactive oxygen species production, followed by the activation of protein kinases and a downstream phytohormone networks that coordinate particular responses. Induced and constitutive toxic or harmful secondary metabolites are crucial components of host defence. Also, proteinase inhibitors or threonine deaminase can reduce the nutritional value of the plant tissue by interfering with the herbivore digestion. Synergistic effects between plant constituents ensure efficient mobilisation of defences that cannot be bypassed easily. Emissions of induced volatile compounds influence local and long‐range interactions by repelling herbivores and attracting parasites and parasitoids from a distance, thus employing a third trophic level. Moreover, uninfested parts of the same and neighbouring plants can respond to volatiles by upregulating defence‐related genes (priming), allowing an accelerated response to actual damage and thereby reducing the metabolic costs that are associated with a fully operational defence system.
Synthesis of Cyclobutene‐Fused Eight‐Membered Carbocycles through Gold‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Enyne [2+2] Cycloaddition
Authors: Iwai Tomohiro , Ueno Masahiro , Okochi Hiori , Sawamura Masaya
Published: November 2017

Cationic gold(I) complexes with hollow‐shaped triethynylphosphine ligands efficiently catalyzed intramolecular [2+2] cycloaddition of 1,9‐enynes to afford cyclobutene‐fused eight‐membered carbocycles that were difficult to synthesize by other catalytic systems. Various 1,9‐enynes with carbon linkers with or without a fused ring underwent efficient [2+2] cycloaddition with 5 mol% of the Au catalyst bearing the triarylmethyl‐end‐capped triethynylphosphine in CH2Cl2 at rt in the presence of MS 4A as an additive. More challenging 1,9‐enyne substrates with fully saturated acyclic carbon linkers underwent eight‐membered ring formation at 60 °C in ClCH2CH2Cl in the absence of MS 4A, forming monocyclic 1,3‐dienes as major products.

magnified image
Copper‐Mediated Tandem C(sp2)‐H Amination and Annulation of Arenes with 2‐Aminopyridines: Synthesis of Pyrido‐fused Quinazolinone Derivatives
Authors: Liu Jidan , Zou Jinhui , Yao Jiawei , Chen Guoshu
Published: November 2017

An efficient and convenient copper‐mediated tandem C(sp2)‐H amination and annulation of arenes with 2‐aminopyridines to provide 11H‐pyrido[2,1‐b]quinazolin‐11‐ones has been developed. A variety of benzamides and 2‐aminopyridines bearing different substituents are compatible with this transformation

magnified image
Unraveling the Light‐Induced Degradation Mechanisms of CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Films
Authors: Nickel Norbert H. , Lang Felix , Brus Victor V. , Shargaieva Oleksandra , Rappich Jörg
Published: November 2017

Organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells have experienced a remarkable development. In a short period of time power conversion efficiencies have jumped to values of more than 22%. However, the stability of these devices is an important subject. The stability of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films is investigated using visible and ultraviolet light in oxygen atmosphere and in vacuum. Illumination in O2 atmosphere results in a swift degradation. Oxygen acts as a catalyst decomposing methylammonium ions (CH3NH3+) into CH3NH2 and hydrogen. In vacuum, another degradation mechanism is observed. Prolonged illumination of the samples with photons from blue and UV light‐emitting diodes also results in dissociation of the methylammonium ion into CH3NH2 and hydrogen. In both cases the resulting molecules are highly mobile at room temperature and diffuse out of the samples. The light‐induced dissociation of CH3NH3+ is accompanied by the generation of localized defects in the band gap of the perovskite. Furthermore, the experimental data clearly show that the molecular orbitals of CH3NH3+ are not in resonance with the energy bands of the perovskite lattice.
Palladium‐Catalyzed ortho‐Alkoxylation of Tertiary Benzamides: H2SO4 as an Effective Additive
Authors: Qiu Fang‐Cheng , Xie Qi , Guan Bing‐Tao
Published: November 2017

Transition metal‐catalyzed C−H bond alkoxylation reactions represent a direct and efficient strategy for the synthesis of aryl ethers. However, the substrate scope of these methods has been greatly limited so far. Herein, we report a palladium‐catalyzed ortho‐alkoxylation of tertiary benzamides. Using Pd(OAc)2 as a catalyst and H2SO4 as an additive, benzamides with various functional groups underwent the alkoxylation reaction with alcohols efficiently.
Identifying Particle Correlations in Quantum Hall Regime
Authors: Łydżba Patrycja , Jacak Janusz
Published: November 2017

We introduce a method that allows the disclosure of correlations between particle positions in an arbitrary many‐body system. The method is based on a well‐known simulated annealing algorithm and the proposed artificial distribution technique. Additionally, we investigate correlations in quantum Hall liquids (we consider many‐body wave functions that have been recently determined via the cyclotron subgroup model) and present three‐dimensional plots of configuration probability distributions that have been established from numerical simulations. We demonstrate that the preferred simultaneous positions of particles (configurations of positions, which correspond to large values of a system's probability distribution, ) tend to form complicated geometric structures, which are equivalent to classical Wigner crystals only for Laughlin states. Furthermore, we claim that quantum Hall liquids attributed to non‐Laughlin fillings are correlated on subdomains rather than on a whole particle domain (due to a quantizing magnetic field, which modifies the topology of a system's dynamics). Finally, we characterize Hall‐like internal orders in terms of statistical correlations (one‐dimensional unitary representations of cyclotron subgroups). Our conclusions concerning the stability of many‐body states agree with transport measurements and various numerical studies.
Oxidative Dissolution of Resoles: A Versatile Approach to Intricate Nanostructures
Authors: Zhang Min , Song Hao , Yang Yannan , Huang Xiaodan , Liu Yang , Liu Chao , Yu Chengzhong
Published: November 2017

Resoles are resins obtained by base‐catalyzed phenol–formaldehyde condensation with a three‐dimensional cross‐linked framework. They are considered as highly chemical‐resistant, and calcination is thus generally used in the treatment of resole‐type resins, which significantly limits the diversity of nanostructured materials that can be derived from resole‐type resins. Herein, we report that selected metal nitrate solutions can be used to dissolve various types of nanostructured resoles through an oxidative dissolution process. This strategy not only enables the controlled dissolution of resoles, but more importantly provides a new approach to selectively etch resole‐based nanocomposites to give rise to a variety of nanostructured materials with unprecedented architectures and great potential in bioapplications.
An interactive computer lab of the galvanic cell for students in biochemistry
Authors: Ahlstrand Emma , Buetti‐Dinh Antoine , Friedman Ran
Published: November 2017

We describe an interactive module that can be used to teach basic concepts in electrochemistry and thermodynamics to first year natural science students. The module is used together with an experimental laboratory and improves the students’ understanding of thermodynamic quantities such as ΔrG, ΔrH, and ΔrS that are calculated but not directly measured in the lab. We also discuss how new technologies can substitute some parts of experimental chemistry courses, and improve accessibility to course material. Cloud computing platforms such as CoCalc facilitate the distribution of computer codes and allow students to access and apply interactive course tools beyond the course's scope. Despite some limitations imposed by cloud computing, the students appreciated the approach and the enhanced opportunities to discuss study questions with their classmates and instructor as facilitated by the interactive tools. © 2017 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(1):58–65, 2018.
The disruptive effect of lysozyme on the bacterial cell wall explored by an in‐silico structural outlook
Authors: Primo Emiliano D. , Otero Lisandro H. , Ruiz Francisco , Klinke Sebastián , Giordano Walter
Published: November 2017

The bacterial cell wall, a structural unit of peptidoglycan polymer comprised of glycan strands consisting of a repeating disaccharide motif [N‐acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N‐acetylmuramylpentapeptide (NAM pentapeptide)], encases bacteria and provides structural integrity and protection. Lysozymes are enzymes that break down the bacterial cell wall and disrupt the bacterial life cycle by cleaving the linkage between the NAG and NAM carbohydrates. Lab exercises focused on the effects of lysozyme on the bacterial cell wall are frequently incorporated in biochemistry classes designed for undergraduate students in diverse fields as biology, microbiology, chemistry, agronomy, medicine, and veterinary medicine. Such exercises typically do not include structural data. We describe here a sequence of computer tasks designed to illustrate and reinforce both physiological and structural concepts involved in lysozyme effects on the bacterial cell‐wall structure. This lab class usually lasts 3.5 hours. First, the instructor presents introductory concepts of the bacterial cell wall and the effect of lysozyme on its structure. Then, students are taught to use computer modeling to visualize the three‐dimensional structure of a lysozyme in complex with bacterial cell‐wall fragments. Finally, the lysozyme inhibitory effect on a bacterial culture is optionally proposed as a simple microbiological assay. The computer lab exercises described here give students a realistic understanding of the disruptive effect of lysozymes on the bacterial cell wall, a crucial component in bacterial survival. © 2017 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(1):83–90, 2018.
Role of vascular ultrasound scanning in repeated trans‐radial coronary artery intervention (prospective randomized study)
Authors: Elmahdy Mahmoud Farouk , Hassan Mohamed , Elguindy Ahmed
Published: November 2017

Objectives

We aimed to detect if pre‐procedure vascular ultrasound scanning (VUS) of radial arteries (RAs) can increase the radial access success (RAS) rate and/or reduce the vascular access time (VAT), by guiding the choice of the proper access site for repeated trans‐radial interventions (TRIs).

Background

Currently, repeated‐TRIs are encountered more frequently in most of the cath. labs. However, structural changes of the RAs after TRA may hinder it is usage for repeated‐TRI. VUS is the most accurate noninvasive test for assessing RAs, nonetheless, its role in the setting of repeated‐TRIs has not been studied before.

Material and methods

We randomly assigned 300 patients undergoing repeated‐TRI, to either planning the vascular access site based upon the result of VUS that was performed pre‐procedural (group A, 150 patients) or to be left to the operator's discretion (group B, 150 patients).

Results

In group A (143/145 [98.6%]), RAS rate was only numerically higher than group B (143/150 [95.3%]), P = 0.08. There was a statistically significant differences between both groups in VAT [(1.25 ± 0.17 min), vs. (4.95 ± 0.87 min) for group A and B, respectively, P = 0.02] and in procedure duration [(37.2 ± 19.8 min) vs. (51.8 ± 18.6 min) for group A and B, respectively, P = 0.04]. RA spasm was more common in group B [18% (27/150)] than group A [2% (3/145)], P = 0.001.

Conclusion

VUS of RAs prior to repeated‐TRI is associated with significant reduction in VAT, procedure duration, RA spasm and a mild increase in the RAS rate.
Extra‐pulmonary primary small‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma arising from the duodenum: rare tumor, unusual location
Authors: Aamir Muhammad Awais , Sahebally Shaheel Mohammad , Gyorffy Hajnalka , Aremu Muyiwa
Published: November 2017

Key Clinical Message

Small‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma is a high‐grade carcinoma rarely encountered in extra‐pulmonary sites. A 40‐year‐old lady presented with epigastric pain and was noted to have an ulcerated small‐cell neuroendocrine carcinoma in her duodenum with liver metastases. She underwent palliative chemotherapy but unfortunately passed away. Duodenal SCNC is an unusual malignancy with an aggressive phenotype.
Ultrasensitive, Sustainable, and Selective Electrochemical Hydrazine Detection by ALD‐Developed Two‐Dimensional WO3
Authors: Wei Zihan , Hai Zhenyin , Akbari Mohammad Karbalaei , Hu Jie , Hyde Lachlan , Depuydt Stephen , Verpoort Francis , Zhuiykov Serge
Published: November 2017

Wafer‐scale two‐dimensional (2D) WO3 films with different thicknesses of 0.78, 1.4, 3.6, and 6.5 nm were fabricated on Au‐SiO2/Si substrates using an atomic layer deposition technique. Their surface morphologies and chemical components were examined by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were utilized for the analysis of the electrochemical behavior of 2D WO3 films towards hydrazine detection under various conditions. The effect of the thickness of 2D WO3 on the electrochemical performance was also analyzed. Significant improvement in hydrazine sensing capabilities was obtained for monolayer 2D WO3 (0.78 nm), demonstrating a high sensitivity of 1.24 μA μM−1 cm−2, a linear hydrazine concentration detection ranging from 0.2 to 2100 μM, great long‐term stability, excellent selectivity and the lowest limit of detection of 0.015 μM reported to date, which provide a great potential method for materials fabrication in the development of high‐performance hydrazine detection.
Direct Evidence for the Origin of Bis‐Gold Intermediates: Probing Gold Catalysis with Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Lu Mei , Su Yijin , Zhao Pengyi , Ye Xiaohan , Cai Yi , Shi Xiaodong , Masson Eric , Li Fengyao , Campbell J. Larry , Chen Hao
Published: November 2017

Gold‐catalyzed alkyne hydration was studied by using in situ reacting mass spectrometry (MS) technology. By monitoring the reaction process in solution under different conditions (regular and very diluted catalyst concentrations, different pH values) and examining the reaction occurrence in the early reaction stage (1–2 ms after mixing) with MS, we collected a series of experimental evidence to support that the bis‐gold complex is a potential key reaction intermediate. Furthermore, both experimental and computational studies confirmed that the σ,π‐bis‐gold complexes are not active intermediates toward nucleophilic addition. Instead, formation of geminally diaurated complex C is crucial for this catalytic process.
Readily Exfoliated TiSe2 Nanosheets for High‐Performance Sodium Storage
Authors: Zhang Dan , Zhao Guoqiang , Li Peng , Zhang Yu , Qiu Wenbin , Shu Jie , Jiang Yinzhu , Dou Shi Xue , Sun Wenping
Published: November 2017

Materials with sheet‐like morphologies are highly desirable candidates for energy storage and conversion applications, due to the confined atomic thickness and high surface area, which would largely improve the electrochemical reaction kinetics. In this work, the sodium storage performance of TiSe2 nanosheets and corresponding sodiation/desodiation reaction mechanism are studied for the first time. TiSe2 nanosheets are readily exfoliated from bulk TiSe2 after quick ultrasonication or grinding. The TiSe2 nanosheets exhibit a reversible capacity of 147 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, and show excellent rate capability with a capacity of 103 mAh g−1 at an ultra‐high current density of 10.0 A g−1. The combined in situ XRD and ex‐situ HRTEM results suggest that sodium storage in TiSe2 is achieved through a multi‐step intercalation/deintercalation mechanism. Besides, TiSe2 might be a promising 2D nanomaterial platform for other energy and electronic applications due to its easy exfoliation and unique physicochemical properties.
Quantitative Analysis of the Self‐Assembly Process of Hexagonal PtII Macrocyclic Complexes: Effect of the Solvent and the Components
Authors: Baba Ayako , Kojima Tatsuo , Hiraoka Shuichi
Published: November 2017

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Shuichi Hiraoka at the University of Tokyo. The image depicts a stylized view of a hexagonal platinum macrocyclic complex. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201702955.
Highly Stable Molecular Borromean Rings
Authors: Lu Ye , Lin Yuejian , Li Zhenhua , Jin Guoxin
Published: November 2017

A series of Cp*Rh‐based molecular Borromean rings (BRs) are prepared from naphthazarine or metallaligand. Some of as‐synthesized BRs display high stability and are formed in high yields in solution. The reason is related to the length ratio of the long‐arm linker and short‐arm linker, where smaller aspect ratios of the metallarectangles promote improved stability and yields of the BRs in solution. Increasing the width of the metallaligand or pyridyl ligand hinders the formation of BRs and leads to unoccupied monomeric rectangles, which were further used as catalysts for the acyl transfer reaction between N‐acetylimidazole and (4‐(pyridin‐4‐yl)phenyl) methanol.
Spatial autoregressive models for statistical inference from ecological data
Authors: Ver Hoef Jay M. , Peterson Erin E. , Hooten Mevin B. , Hanks Ephraim M. , Fortin Marie‐Josèe
Published: November 2017

Ecological data often exhibit spatial pattern, which can be modeled as autocorrelation. Conditional autoregressive (CAR) and simultaneous autoregressive (SAR) models are network‐based models (also known as graphical models) specifically designed to model spatially autocorrelated data based on neighborhood relationships. We identify and discuss six different types of practical ecological inference using CAR and SAR models, including: (1) model selection, (2) spatial regression, (3) estimation of autocorrelation, (4) estimation of other connectivity parameters, (5) spatial prediction, and (6) spatial smoothing. We compare CAR and SAR models, showing their development and connection to partial correlations. Special cases, such as the intrinsic autoregressive model (IAR), are described. Conditional autoregressive and SAR models depend on weight matrices, whose practical development uses neighborhood definition and row‐standardization. Weight matrices can also include ecological covariates and connectivity structures, which we emphasize, but have been rarely used. Trends in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in southeastern Alaska from 463 polygons, some with missing data, are used to illustrate the six inference types. We develop a variety of weight matrices and CAR and SAR spatial regression models are fit using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Profile likelihood graphs illustrate inference for covariance parameters. The same data set is used for both prediction and smoothing, and the relative merits of each are discussed. We show the nonstationary variances and correlations of a CAR model and demonstrate the effect of row‐standardization. We include several take‐home messages for CAR and SAR models, including (1) choosing between CAR and IAR models, (2) modeling ecological effects in the covariance matrix, (3) the appeal of spatial smoothing, and (4) how to handle isolated neighbors. We highlight several reasons why ecologists will want to make use of autoregressive models, both directly and in hierarchical models, and not only in explicit spatial settings, but also for more general connectivity models.
Lanthanide DO3A‐Tropone Complexes: Efficient Dual MR/NIR Imaging Probes in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Hashami Zohreh , Martins Andre F. , Funk Alexander M. , Jordan Veronica Clavijo , Petoud Stéphane , Eliseeva Svetlana V. , Kovacs Zoltan
Published: November 2017

Invited for the cover of this issue are the groups of Zoltan Kovacs from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, USA, and Svetlana Eliseeva from Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, Orléans, France. The cover image shows the structure of a DOTA‐based ligand, whose lanthanide complexes are useful imaging probes.
Malting and fermentation effects on antinutritional components and functional characteristics of sorghum flour
Authors: Ojha Pravin , Adhikari Roshan , Karki Roman , Mishra Achyut , Subedi Ujjwol , Karki Tika Bahadur
Published: November 2017

The research was aimed to observe the effect of malting and fermentation on antinutritional component and functional characteristics of sorghum flour. For whole sorghum flour, cleaned sorghum grain was milled to pass through 40 mesh sieve. For malting, cleaned sorghum grain was steeped in 0.2% calcium hydroxide solution for 24 hr and then germinated for 48 hr at 90% RH and 27 ± 2°C. Sprout was removed, dried in hot air oven at 50 ± 2°C for 24 hr and milled to pass through 40 mesh sieve. For fermented sorghum flour, 13.3 mg% diastase and 2 mg % pepsin (on the basis of whole sorghum flour weight) was added to cooked (88 ± 2°C) sorghum flour and left for 1 hr. Lactobacillus plantarum (107 cfu/g) was inoculated and incubated at temperature 30 ± 2°C for 48 hr. The fermented slurry was dried at 50 ± 2°C in hot air oven for 24 hr and milled to pass through 40 mesh sieve. The lower yield of sorghum flour was obtained compared to whole and malted sorghum flour. Germination of sorghum reduced phytate, tannin, and oxalate by 40%, 16.12% and 49.1%, respectively, whereas fermentation of sorghum flour reduced above by 77%, 96.7% and 67.85%, respectively. There was no significant change in hydrogen cyanide in malted sorghum flour compared to whole sorghum flour, but fermentation of sorghum flour reduced hydrogen cyanide by 52.3%. Bulk density and viscosity was significantly reduced by the malting and fermentation, whereas water absorption capacity and oil absorption capacity was markedly increased by the malting and fermentation. Fermented flour was good due to reduced ANF and improved functional property despite of lower yield.
Binding of volatile aroma compounds to can linings with different polymeric characteristics
Authors: You Xiaorong , O'Keefe Sean F.
Published: November 2017

Flavor compounds have been shown to interact with packaging materials either by scalping, the movement of flavorings from the food product to the package, or by flavor release, movement of flavorings from the package to the food. Work has elucidated the parameters important for the scalping of flavor compounds to polyolefin packaging materials, but very little work has been conducted examining the scalping of flavor compounds by can lining materials. Can linings composed of three different polymers, polyolefin, acrylic, epoxy, were studied for binding of volatile flavor compounds (octanal, nonanal, decanal, eugenol, d‐limonene) at room temperature over a 2‐week period. Solid phase microextraction (SPME) was used with gas chromatography mass spectrometry to identify and quantify volatile compounds. Flavor compounds were studied at concentrations around 4–1,000 ppb. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to verify can lining polymer chemistry. Almost complete binding of all five of the volatile compounds studied was observed over 9–14 days at room temperature for each of the can lining chemistries. The number of time data points limited our ability to determine the order and rate constants of binding. This model system appears to be a valuable for investigating flavor binding of polymeric can lining materials.
Usability of advanced pneumatic compression to treat cancer‐related head and neck lymphedema: A feasibility study
Authors: Mayrovitz Harvey N. , Ryan Shelly , Hartman James M.
Published: November 2017

Background

This functional usability study assessed ease of use, fit, comfort, and potential clinical benefits of advanced pneumatic compression treatment of cancer‐related head and neck lymphedema.

Methods

Patient‐reported comfort and other treatment aspects were evaluated and multiple face and neck measurements were obtained on 44 patients with head and neck lymphedema before and after 1 treatment session to assess usability and treatment‐related lymphedema changes.

Results

A majority of the patients (82%) reported the treatment was comfortable; most patients (61%) reported feeling better after treatment, and 93% reported that they would be likely to use this therapy at home. One treatment produced overall small but highly statistically significant reductions in composite metrics (mean ± SD) of the face (82.5 ± 4.3 cm vs 80.9 ± 4.1 cm; P < .001) and neck (120.4 ± 12.2 cm vs 119.2 ± 12.1 cm; P < .001) with no adverse events.

Conclusion

Results found the treatment to be safe, easy to use, and well tolerated while demonstrating edema reduction after a single initial treatment.
Newly discovered hepatitis C virus minicores circulate in human blood
Authors: Eng Francis J. , El‐Shamy Ahmed , Doyle Erin H. , Klepper Arielle , Muerhoff A. Scott , Branch Andrea D.
Published: November 2017

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of the most prevalent causes of chronic blood‐borne infections worldwide. Despite developments of highly effective treatments, most infected individuals are unaware of their infection. Approximately 75% of infections are in low‐ and middle‐income countries; therefore, continuing research in HCV molecular virology and the development of vaccines and affordable diagnostics is required to reduce the global burden. Various intracellular forms of the HCV nucleocapsid (core) protein are produced in cell culture; these comprise the conventional p21 core and the newly discovered shorter isoforms (minicores). Minicores lack the N‐terminus of p21 core. This study was conducted to determine if minicores are secreted in cell culture and more importantly if they circulate in the blood of individuals infected with HCV. We also developed a new monoclonal antibody that detects minicores targeting a C‐terminal region common to p21 core and minicores. Direct evidence of minicores requires western blot analysis to distinguish the detection of p21 core from minicores. However, the sensitivity for western blot detection of HCV proteins from blood is nil without their prior purification/enrichment from blood. Therefore, we developed a purification method based on a heparin/Mn+2 precipitation of apolipoprotein B‐containing lipoproteins because HCV is thought to circulate as a hybrid lipoviral particle. Minicores are secreted in culture when cells are grown in the presence of human serum. The heparin/Mn+2 precipitate from HCV‐infected cell culture supernatants and from the blood of 4 patients with high‐titer genotype‐1 HCV contained minicores. Conclusion: Minicores are major newly discovered HCV proteins that are secreted and circulate in blood during natural infections. Minicore proteins have translational potential as targets in diagnostic assays and in vaccine development. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:21–28)
iPad Animations: Powerful Multimodal Practices for Adolescent Literacy and Emotional Language
Authors: Mills Kathy A. , Unsworth Len
Published: November 2017

In an age of mobile technologies, digital animation creation can be an important tool for teaching adolescents how to communicate emotions multimodally. This article draws on appraisal theory and original research to illustrate the power of digital animation for multimodal literacy learning. Students from a culturally diverse cohort were taught how to interpret emotions in animated films and produced 2‐D cartoon animations using drawings with an iPad application and stylus. The findings show that impassioned multimodal communication is enhanced by knowledge of how feelings produce different facial expressions, gestures, body movements, and physiological changes in characters that are often exaggerated to powerful effect in animations. This includes an ability to invoke different intensities of emotions. The research has significant implications for engaging adolescents in the multimodal communication of emotions and feelings through vocabulary, images, and body language.
Design, Synthesis, and in vitro Antimycobacterial Activity of Propylene‐tethered Isatin Dimmers
Authors: Hu Yuan‐Qiang , Song Xu‐Feng , Fan Jing
Published: November 2017

A set of propylene‐tethered isatin dimmers 2a–i was synthesized via click chemistry and screened for their in vitro antimycobacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) H37Rv and multidrug‐resistant TB. In spite of all dimmers (minimum inhibitory concentration: 25– > 128 μg/mL) only exhibited weak to moderate activities against the tested MTB H37Rv and multidrug‐resistant TB, the structure–activity relationship was enriched and the results warrant further development of the anti‐TB properties of this kind of dimmers.
Parent and Child Trauma Symptoms During Child–Parent Psychotherapy: A Prospective Cohort Study of Dyadic Change
Authors: Hagan Melissa J. , Browne Dillon T. , Sulik Michael , Ippen Chandra Ghosh , Bush Nicole , Lieberman Alicia F.
Published: November 2017

Five randomized controlled trials have shown that child–parent psychotherapy (CPP) improves trauma symptoms in children. Less is known about parent symptoms or moderators of symptom change. In a sample of 199 parent (81% biological mother; 54% Latina/o) and child (aged 2 to 6 years; 52% male; 49% Latina/o) dyads who participated in an open treatment study of CPP, this study investigated whether parent and child symptoms similarly decreased during treatment and whether improvement was moderated by parent, child, and treatment characteristics. Parents completed baseline and posttreatment interviews regarding exposure to traumatic events, posttraumatic stress symptomatology (PTSS), and other mental health indices. Latent difference score analysis showed that PTSS significantly decreased by more than 0.5 SD for parents and children. The PTSS improvement in parents was associated with reductions in child avoidance, r = .19, p = .040, and hyperarousal, r = .33, p < .001. Girls showed a greater reduction than boys in reexperiencing, β = −.13, p = .018, and hyperarousal, β = −.20, p = .001. Contrary to expectations, parent and child improvement in PTSS was greater for those with fewer parental lifetime stressors, βrange = .15 to .33, and for those who participated in fewer treatment sessions, βrange = .15 to .21. The extent of improvement in parent PTSS varied based on clinician expertise, β = −.20, p = .009. Significant reductions in parent and child PTSS were observed during community‐based treatment, with CPP and symptom improvement varying according to child, parent, and treatment characteristics.