bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 14‐year statistics‐based semi‐idealized modeling study on the formation of a type of heavy rain–producing southwest vortex
Authors: Zhang Yuan‐Chun , Fu Shen‐Ming , Sun Jian‐Hua , Fu Rui , Jin Shuang‐Long , Ji Dong‐Sheng
Published: March 2019

On the basis of a 14‐year statistical dataset of the southwest vortex (SWV), 10 long‐lived and heavy rain–producing SWVs are selected for a series of convection‐permitting composite semi‐idealized simulations. After confirming the simulation has reproduced the common salient features of these selected vortices, the general underlying mechanisms for the formation of this type of SWV are investigated. Results show that the SWV formation is characterized by significant unevenness, as the fundamental characteristics and dominant factors for the cyclonic‐vorticity production vary from place to place. Overall, the eastern/western section of SWV mainly features favorable/unfavorable conditions for the cyclonic‐vorticity enhancement. The vorticity budget indicates the convergence‐related horizontal shrinking and convection‐related tilting contribute to the cyclonic‐vorticity enhancement in the SWV's eastern section, whereas in the western section, the terrain‐related tilting and horizontal transport result in the cyclonic‐vorticity reduction.
High‐energy emission and its variability in young stellar objects
Authors: Argiroffi C.
Published: March 2019

Young stars show a variety of highly energetic phenomena, from accretion and outflow processes to hot coronal plasmas confined in their outer atmosphere, all regulated by the intense stellar magnetic fields. Many aspects on each of these phenomena are debated, but, most notably, their complex mutual interaction remains obscure. In this work, I report how these phenomena are simultaneously responsible for the high‐energy emission from young stars, with a special focus on the expected and observed variability in the X‐ray band. Investigating variations in the X‐ray emission from young stars allows us to pose constraints on flare and coronal plasma properties, coronal heating, accretion stream properties, and accretion geometries. All these results are important building blocks for constructing a comprehensive picture of the complex magnetosphere of young stars.
Energy‐dependent timing studies of the low‐hard state of black hole X‐ray binaries with XMM‐Newton
Authors: Stiele Holger , Kong Albert K. H.
Published: March 2019

Almost all low‐mass black hole X‐ray binaries are transient sources. Most of these sources show a hysteresis: they evolve from the low‐hard state through intermediate state(s) into the high‐soft state and then return to the hard state at lower luminosity, again passing through the intermediate states. However, there are outbursts that remain in the hard state (so called “failed” outbursts). While mean X‐ray spectra allow us to study the time‐averaged spectral shape, we need to make use of “variability spectra,” like, for example, covariance spectra, to investigate the variability of individual spectral components on different time scales. Comprehensive studies of covariance spectra of a sample of black hole X‐ray binaries observed in the low‐hard state of “normal” outbursts revealed an increase of the covariance ratios toward lower energies that has been interpreted as the sign of additional disk variability on long time scales. In the case of GX 339‐4, we found that the covariance ratio increases and steeps during outburst decay, consistent with increased disk instabilities. There are two sources (H 1743‐322 and GS 1354‐64) that do not show an increase toward lower energies in their covariance ratio. We show that there is no correlation between the shape of the covariance ratio and the amount of fractional rms variability. Both these sources have been observed during “failed” outbursts and their photon indices are at the hard end of the photon index range usually observed in black hole X‐ray binaries.
Understanding the Effect of Polydopamine Interlayer on the Long‐Term Cycling Performance of Silicon Anodes: A Multiphysics‐Based Model Study
Authors: Appiah Williams A. , Kim Dohwan , Song Jihun , Ryou Myung‐Hyun , Lee Yong M.
Published: March 2019

To understand the effect of a polydopamine interlayer between a copper current collector and a silicon composite electrode, a physics‐based model is used to analyze the cycle performance of silicon‐based lithium‐ion half‐cells with bare and polydopamine‐treated copper current collectors. We investigate the capacity‐fading mechanisms of the two cell configurations by analyzing the model parameters that change with cycling. The major capacity‐fading mechanisms in the silicon‐based anodes are the increase in film resistance (solid electrolyte interphase resistance and contact resistance) and the isolation of silicon active material. The polydopamine interlayer reduced the contribution of the film resistance and isolation of the silicon active material to the capacity fade by 22 % and 10 %, respectively. The insulating‐nature of the polydopamine interlayer resulted in an increase in the charge transfer resistance contributing to 15 % reduction in the capacity retention. The efficacy of the physics‐based model is validated with experimental data obtained from silicon‐based half‐cells with bare and polydopamine‐treated copper current collectors.
The mismeasure ofTerrystops: Assessing the psychological and emotional harms of stop and frisk to individuals and communities
Authors: Bandes Susan A. , Pryor Marie , Kerrison Erin M. , Goff Phillip Atiba
Published: March 2019

InTerry v. Ohio, the US Supreme Court relied on a balancing test to uphold the reasonableness of the practice known as “stop and frisk,” balancing the contribution of the practice to effective crime prevention and detection against the nature and quality of the intrusion to individual rights. In recent years, statistics have been powerfully deployed by legal scholars, jurists, and policymakers to challenge the assumption that stop and frisk leads to frequent discovery of contraband or other criminal behavior, and to address stark racial and ethnic disparities in the deployment of stop and frisk. However, the other side of theTerryequation—the nature and quality of the intrusion—has received far less attention from the legal community. With few exceptions,Terryjurisprudence portrays theTerryfrisk simply as a brief pat‐down of the outer clothing and treats eachTerrystop as an isolated encounter for purposes of measuring the harm involved. Yet there is a robust social science literature on the effects of stop and frisk on individuals, including data on its effects on individuals from marginalized or vulnerable groups, on individuals over time, and on communities as a whole. Moreover, stop and frisk in the current era has evolved from a tool in the arsenal of individual officers to a systematic, widely deployed strategy. This article argues that the failure to grapple with the application of modern knowledge to modern policing practices leads to a mismeasurement on both sides of theTerryequation. Not only does stop and frisk cause a wide range of emotional and psychological harms; these harms may also interfere with the ability of law enforcement to prevent and investigate crime. Even apart from any legal doctrinal implications for stop and frisk jurisprudence, recognizing the flawed assumptions described in this article should encourage all the relevant stakeholders to re‐evaluate the consequences of theTerryregime.
Positional relationship of superior and inferior labial artery by ultrasonography image analysis for safe lip augmentation procedures
Authors: Lee Kyu‐Lim , Lee Hyung‐Jin , Youn Kwan‐Hyun , Kim Hee‐Jin
Published: March 2019

The aim of this study was to use ultrasonography to determine the locations and distributions of the superior labial artery (SLA) and the inferior labial artery (ILA) relative to the vermilion border (VB). Sixty healthy Korean volunteers (35 males, 25 females; age, 21–36 years) were investigated using ultrasonography. The participants had not received any noninvasive treatment or surgical procedure in the facial regions during the previous 6 months. Based on the VB, the overall thicknesses of the upper and lower lips were 9.4 ± 0.4 mm (mean ± SD) and 10.9 ± 0.7 mm, respectively. In most cases, the labial arteries were located in the wet mucosal layer on both the upper (35–57%) and lower lips (28–55%), respectively. In the upper lip, the SLA was in the intramuscular layer in 20–45% of cases, making it the second most common type. At some of the measuring points, the SLA was observed more often in the intramuscular layer than in the wet mucosal layer. In the lower lip, the ILA was also located in the dry mucosa (5–27%). The dry–wet mucosal junction is unclear in the lip area, and the ILA was commonly observed at the dry–wet mucosal junction. The arterial depth was 5.3 ± 0.3 mm in the upper lip and 4.2 ± 0.4 mm in the lower lip. The SLA and ILA are evenly distributed over all parts of the oral mucosa. Injection procedures for lip augmentation should therefore use very superficial approaches. Clin. Anat. 33:158–164, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Manganese‐Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Aldimines
Authors: Wei Duo , Bruneau‐Voisine Antoine , Dubois Maxime , Bastin Stéphanie , Sortais Jean‐Baptiste
Published: March 2019

The reduction of imines to amines via transfer hydrogenation was achieved promoted by phosphine‐free manganese(I) catalyst. Using isopropanol as reductant, in the presence of tBuOK (4 mol %) and manganese complex [Mn(CO)3Br(κ2N,N‐PyCH2NH2)] (2 mol %), a large variety of aldimines (30 examples) were typically reduced in 3 hours at 80 °C with good to excellent yield.
UF4 and the High‐Pressure Polymorph HP‐UF4
Authors: Scheibe Benjamin , Bruns Jörn , Heymann Gunter , Sachs Malte , Karttunen Antti J. , Pietzonka Clemens , Ivlev Sergei I. , Huppertz Hubert , Kraus Florian
Published: March 2019

A laboratory‐scale synthesis of UF4 is presented that utilizes the reduction of UF6 with sulfur in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride. An excess of sulfur can be removed by vacuum sublimation, yielding pure UF4, as shown by powder X‐ray diffraction, micro X‐ray fluorescence analysis, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, as well as magnetic measurements. Furthermore, a single‐crystalline, high‐pressure modification of UF4 was obtained in a multi‐anvil press at elevated temperatures. The high‐pressure polymorph HP‐UF4 was characterized by means of single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction, as well as by magnetic measurements, and presents a novel crystal structure type. Quantum‐chemical calculations show the HP‐modification to be 10 kJ mol−1 per formula unit higher in energy compared to UF4.
The Equatorial Ligand Effect on the Properties and Reactivity of Iron(V) Oxo Intermediates
Authors: Pattanayak Santanu , Cantú Reinhard Fabián G. , Rana Atanu , Gupta Sayam Sen , de Visser Sam P.
Published: March 2019

High‐valent metal oxo oxidants are common catalytic‐cycle intermediates in enzymes and known to be highly reactive. To understand which features of these oxidants affect their reactivity, a series of biomimetic iron(V) oxo oxidants with peripherally substituted biuret‐modified tetraamido macrocyclic ligands were synthesized and characterized. Major shifts in the UV/Vis absorption as a result of replacing a group in the equatorial plane of the iron(V) oxo species were found. Further characterization by EPR spectroscopy, ESI‐MS, and resonance Raman spectroscopy revealed differences in structure and the electronic configuration of these complexes. A systematic reactivity study with a range of substrates was performed and showed that the reactions are affected by electron‐withdrawing substituents in the equatorial ligand, which enhance the reaction rate by almost 1016 orders of magnitude. Thus, the long‐range electrostatic perturbations have a major influence on the rate constant. Finally, computational studies identified the various electronic contributions to the rate‐determining reaction step and explained how the equatorial ligand periphery affects the properties of the oxidant.
Selenolation of Aryl Iodides and Bromides Enabled by a Bench‐Stable PdIDimer
Authors: Senol Erdem , Scattolin Thomas , Schoenebeck Franziska
Published: March 2019

The use of an air‐ and moisture‐stable dinuclear PdIcomplex as an efficient catalyst for the formation of C(sp2)−SeR bonds is here reported. The privileged reactivity of the PdIdimer allows for the direct use of selenolates as nucleophiles in the cross‐coupling. Although previous methodologies suffer from catalyst poisoning through the formation of Pd‐ate complexes, the mechanistically distinct dinuclear PdIcatalyst circumvents this challenge. A wide variety of aryl bromides and iodides were efficiently coupled under relatively mild reaction conditions with broad functional group tolerance. Mechanistic and computational data are presented in support of direct PdIreactivity.
Electrochemical Oxidative Csp3—H/S—H Cross‐Coupling with Hydrogen Evolution for Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Olefins
Authors: Lu Fangling , Yang Zengzhuan , Wang Tao , Wang Tianhao , Zhang Yuying , Yuan Yong , Lei Aiwen
Published: March 2019

Summary of main observation and conclusion

Tetrasubstituted olefins are significant scaffolds as they are prevalent in many biologically active compounds and versatile building blocks for organic synthesis. Herein, we report an electrochemical oxidative Csp3—H/S—H cross‐coupling reaction, in which various tetrasubstituted olefins were prepared under base‐free, transition metal‐free, and oxidants‐free reaction conditions.
FOLFOX plus ziv‐aflibercept or placebo in first‐line metastatic esophagogastric adenocarcinoma: A double‐blind, randomized, multicenter phase 2 trial
Authors: Cleary James M. , Horick Nora K. , McCleary Nadine Jackson , Abrams Thomas A. , Yurgelun Matthew B. , Azzoli Christopher G. , Rubinson Douglas A. , Brooks Gabriel A. , Chan Jennifer A. , Blaszkowsky Lawrence S. , Clark Jeffrey W. , Goyal Lipika , Meyerhardt Jeffrey A. , Ng Kimmie , Schrag Deborah , Savarese Diane M. F. , Graham Christopher , Fitzpatrick Bridget , Gibb Kathryn A. , Boucher Yves , Duda Dan G. , Jain Rakesh K. , Fuchs Charles S. , Enzinger Peter C.
Published: March 2019

Background

Antiangiogenic therapy is a proven therapeutic modality for refractory gastric and gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. This trial assessed whether the addition of a high affinity angiogenesis inhibitor, ziv‐aflibercept, could improve the efficacy of first‐line mFOLFOX6 (oxaliplatin, leucovorin, and bolus plus infusional 5‐ fluorouracil) in metastatic esophagogastric adenocarcinoma.

Methods

Patients with treatment‐naive metastatic esophagogastric adenocarcinoma were randomly assigned (in a 2:1 ratio) in a multicenter, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial to receive first‐line mFOLFOX6 with or without ziv‐aflibercept (4 mg/kg) every 2 weeks. The primary endpoint was 6‐month progression‐free survival (PFS).

Results

Sixty‐four patients were randomized to receive mFOLFOX6 and ziv‐aflibercept (43 patients) or mFOLFOX6 and a placebo (21 patients). There was no difference in the PFS, overall survival, or response rate. Patients treated with mFOLFOX6/ziv‐aflibercept tended to be more likely to discontinue study treatment for reasons other than progressive disease (P = .06). The relative dose intensity of oxaliplatin and 5‐fluorouracil was lower in the mFOLFOX6/ziv‐aflibercept arm during the first 12 and 24 weeks of the trial. There were 2 treatment‐related deaths due to cerebral hemorrhage and bowel perforation in the mFOLFOX6/ziv‐aflibercept cohort.

Conclusions

Ziv‐aflibercept did not increase the anti‐tumor activity of first‐line mFOLFOX6 in metastatic esophagogastric cancer, potentially because of decreased dose intensity of FOLFOX. Further evaluation of ziv‐aflibercept in unselected, chemotherapy‐naive patients with metastatic esophagogastric adenocarcinoma is not warranted.
High‐intensity end‐of‐life care among children, adolescents, and young adults with cancer who die in the hospital: A population‐based study from the French national hospital database
Authors: Revon‐Rivière Gabriel , Pauly Vanessa , Baumstarck Karine , Bernard Cecile , André Nicolas , Gentet Jean‐Claude , Seyler Catherine , Fond Guillaume , Orleans Veronica , Michel Gérard , Auquier Pascal , Boyer Laurent
Published: March 2019

Background

Efforts to improve the quality of end‐of‐life (EOL) care depend on better knowledge of the care that children, adolescents, and young adults with cancer receive, including high‐intensity EOL (HI‐EOL) care. The objective was to assess the rates of HI‐EOL care in this population and to determine patient‐ and hospital‐related predictors of HI‐EOL from the French national hospital database.

Methods

This was a population‐based, retrospective study of a cohort of patients aged 0 to 25 years at the time of death who died at hospital as a result of cancer in France between 2014 and 2016. The primary outcome was HI‐EOL care, defined as the occurrence of ≥1 chemotherapy session <14 days from death, receiving care in an intensive care unit ≥1 time, >1 emergency room admission, and >1 hospitalization in an acute care unit in the last 30 days of life.

Results

The study included 1899 individuals from 345 hospitals; 61.4% experienced HI‐EOL care. HI‐EOL was increased with social disadvantage (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03‐1.65; P = .028), hematological malignancies (AOR, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.57‐2.77; P < .001), complex chronic conditions (AOR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.23‐2.09; P = .001) and care delivered in a specialty center (AOR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.22‐2.36; P = .001). HI‐EOL was reduced in cases of palliative care (AOR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.24‐0.41; P < .001).

Conclusion

A majority of children, adolescents, and young adults experience HI‐EOL care. Several features (eg, social disadvantage, cancer diagnosis, complex chronic conditions, and specialty center care) were associated with HI‐EOL care. These findings should now be discussed with patients, families, and professionals to define the optimal EOL.
Impact of myocardial infarction on intraventricular vortex and flow energetics assessed using computational simulations
Authors: Chan Bee Ting , Ahmad Bakir Azam , Al Abed Amr , Dokos Socrates , Leong Chin Neng , Ooi Ean Hin , Lim Renly , Lim Einly
Published: March 2019

Flow energetics have been proposed as early indicators of progressive left ventricular (LV) functional impairment in patients with myocardial infarction (MI), but its correlation with individual MI parameters has not been fully explored. Using electro–fluid‐structure interaction LV models, this study investigated the correlation between four MI parameters: infarct size, infarct multiplicity, regional enhancement of contractility at the viable myocardium area (RECVM), and LV mechanical dyssynchrony (LVMD) with intraventricular vortex and flow energetics. In LV with small infarcts, our results showed that infarct appearance amplified the energy dissipation index (DI), where substantial viscous energy loss was observed in areas with high flow velocity and near the infarct‐vortex interface. The LV with small multiple infarcts and RECVM showed remarkable DI increment during systole and diastole. In correlation analysis, the systolic kinetic energy fluctuation index (E′) was positively related to ejection fraction (EF) (R2 = 0.982) but negatively correlated with diastolic E′ (R2 = 0.970). Diastolic E′ was inversely correlated with vortex kinetic energy (R2 = 0.960) and vortex depth (R2 = 0.876). We showed an excessive systolic DI could differentiate infarcted LV with normal EF from healthy LV. Strong flow acceleration, LVMD, and vortex‐infarct interactions were predominant factors that induced excessive DI in infarcted LVs. Instead of causing undesired flow turbulence, high systolic E′ suggested the existence of energetic flow acceleration, while high diastolic E′ implied an inefficient diastolic filling. Thus, systolic E′ is not a suitable early indicator for progressive LV dysfunction in MI patients, while diastolic E′ may be a useful index to indicate diastolic impairment in these patients.
My ideal email day
Authors: Kain Daniel L.
Published: March 2019

I made my usual swoop through email accounts early this morning, much like a city worker facing the toil of cleaning up after a rowdy parade that left only the remnants of what must have been fun for someone else. Surprisingly, I encountered an empty inbox for my work email. There was a moment of ecstasy, until I concluded there must be some sort of error in the system, because even though I'm currently enjoying a sabbatical leave, my inbox fills each day with requests, announcements, job postings, advertisements, and whatnot. It turns out that I was correct — the university email was down.
Adult learners need a variety of pathways to completion
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: March 2019

Sylvia Burgess, associate vice president of academic affairs at Cameron University, wears a lot of hats. Not only is she the associate vice president of academic affairs, but she also acts as the director for continuing and adult education at CU. Like many adult‐serving institutions, CU offers both live and asynchronous courses, and it also offers remote adult learners a third option: the option to stream and interact with faculty members from a remote location via the Zoom webinar platform. It's become a way for adult students who might have moved away or not yet completed their studies to stay connected with the university, Burgess said.
The key radiologic and cytomorphologic features of oncocytic and oncocytoid lesions of the salivary gland
Authors: Lubin Daniel , Song Sharon , Zafar Hanna M. , Baloch Zubair
Published: March 2019

Oncocytic and oncocytoid lesions represent a distinct subset of salivary gland lesions. True oncocytic lesions of the salivary gland are entirely composed of oncocytes. These are characterized by the presence of abundant eosinophilic granules due to the presence of abundant cytoplasmic mitochondria. Oncocytic lesions of the salivary gland include oncocytosis, oncocytoma, and oncocytic carcinoma. In addition to the true oncocytic lesion, there exists another group of salivary gland lesions, which demonstrate cells with abundant and occasionally granular cytoplasm. These are often termed as “oncocytoid” lesions. The recently proposed Milan System for reporting salivary gland cytology clearly states that fine‐needle aspiration specimens representing oncocytic/oncocytoid lesions of salivary gland cannot effectively distinguish between a nonneoplastic lesion, benign and malignant neoplasms. Therefore, most lesions lacking classic cytomorphologic features will be classified under the umbrella diagnostic term of “Salivary Gland Neoplasm of Uncertain Malignant Potential” (SUMP). In this review, we discuss and illustrate key clinicopathologic and radiologic features that can help the practicing cytopathologist narrow down the differential and provide the best management based diagnosis.
Visceral adiposity index outperforms common anthropometric indices in predicting 10‐year diabetes risk: Results from the ATTICA study
Authors: Koloverou Efi , Panagiotakos Demosthenes B. , Kyrou Ioannis , Stefanadis Christodoulos , Chrysohoou Christina , Georgousopoulou Ekavi N. , Skoumas Ioannis , Tousoulis Dimitrios , Pitsavos Christos ,   the ATTICA Study group
Published: March 2019

Background

Visceral adiposity index (VAI) is a novel marker of visceral adipose tissue accumulation and dysfunction. The study aim was to explore the association of VAI with the 10‐year type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) incidence in apparently healthy individuals and compare its T2DM predictive ability against common anthropometric indices.

Methods

In 2001 to 2002, the ATTICA study (Greece) recruited a random sample of 1514 and 1528 CVD‐free men (18‐87 years old) and women (18‐89 years old), respectively. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, clinical, and biochemical characteristics of participants were measured at baseline, and the 10‐year follow‐up was performed during 2011 to 2012. After excluding participants with diabetes at baseline and participants without complete follow‐up information regarding diabetes status and/or baseline VAI values, the working sample consisted of 1049 participants. In this sample, the predictive value of baseline VAI value was studied in relation to 10‐year diabetes incidence.

Results

One hundred thirty‐three incident cases of diabetes were documented (10‐year incidence: 12.7%). In the fully adjusted model, VAI significantly increased diabetes risk by 22% (OR per 1‐unit increase =1.22; 95%CI, 1.09‐1.37). Markers of oxidative stress and inflammation were found to, at least partly, mediate this relationship. Also, a moderating effect of menstruation status was revealed among women. VAI showed the highest predictive ability and contributed the most, along with waist‐to‐height ratio, to the correct classification of participants who developed diabetes.

Conclusions

The present findings suggest that VAI may be a useful index for predicting long‐term diabetes development and may exhibit better predictive ability to commonly used anthropometric indices.
Phylogeography of Potamon ibericum (Brachyura: Potamidae) identifies Quaternary glacial refugia within the Caucasus biodiversity hot spot
Authors: Parvizi Elaheh , Keikhosravi Alireza , Naderloo Reza , Solhjouy‐Fard Samaneh , Sheibak Farahnaz , Schubart Christoph D.
Published: March 2019

Refugia are critical for the maintenance of biodiversity during the periods of Quaternary climatic oscillations. The long‐term persistence of refugial populations in a large continuous refugium has resulted in a homogenous pattern of genetic structure among populations, while highly structured evolutionary lineages characterize the restriction of refugial populations to smaller subrefugia. These mechanisms have resulted in the identification of hot spots of biodiversity within putative glacial refugia. We studied phylogeography of Potamon ibericum (Brachyura: Potamidae) in the drainages of the western Caucasus biodiversity hot spot (i.e., Colchis and the Caucasus) to infer spatial genetic structure and potential refugia for a freshwater crab in this region. These areas have traditionally considered as a refugium due to the presence of Tertiary relict species. We integrated population genetic data and historical demographic analysis from cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequences and paleoclimatic data from species distribution modeling (SDM). The results revealed the lack of phylogeographic structure and provided evidence for demographic expansion. The SDM presented a rather homogenous and large refugium that extended from northeast Turkey to Colchis during the last glacial period. In contrast to these findings, previous phylogeographic study on P. ibericum of the eastern Caucasus biodiversity hot spot (i.e., Hyrcania) identified multiple independent refugia. By combining these results, we explain the significance of this important western Palearctic hot spot of biological diversity in shaping the geographic distribution of intraspecific genetic diversity in a freshwater taxon.
Molecular basis underlying the successful invasion of hexaploid cytotypes ofSolidago canadensisL.: Insights from integrated gene and miRNA expression profiling
Authors: Xu Chanchan , Ge Yimeng , Wang Jianbo
Published: March 2019

Dissecting complex connections between cytogenetic traits (ploidy levels) and plant invasiveness has emerged as a popular research subject in the field of invasion biology. Although recent work suggests that polyploids are more likely to be invasive than their corresponding diploids, the molecular basis underlying the successful invasion of polyploids remains largely unexplored. To this end, we adopted an RNA‐seq and sRNA‐seq approach to describe how polyploids mediate invasiveness differences in two contrasting cytotypes ofSolidago canadensisL., a widespread wild hexaploid invader with localized cultivated diploid populations. Our analysis of the leaf transcriptome revealed 116,801 unigenes, of which 12,897 unigenes displayed significant differences in expression levels. A substantial number of these differentially expressed unigenes (DEUs) were significantly associated with the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, and environmental adaptation pathways. Gene Ontology term enrichment‐based categorization of DEU‐functions was consistent with this observation, as terms related to single‐organism, cellular, and metabolic processes including catalytic, binding, transporter, and enzyme regulator activity were over‐represented. Concomitantly, 186 miRNAs belonging to 44 miRNA families were identified in the same leaf tissues, with 59 miRNAs being differentially expressed. Furthermore, we discovered 83 miRNA‐target interacting pairs that were oppositely regulated, and a meticulous study of these targets depicted that several unigenes encoding transcription factors, DNA methyltransferase, and leucine‐rich repeat receptor‐like kinases involved in the stress response were greatly influenced. Collectively, these transcriptional and epigenetic data provide new insights into miRNA‐mediated gene expression regulatory mechanisms that may operate in hexaploid cytotypes to favor successful invasion.
Overcompensation: a 30‐year perspective
Authors: Ramula Satu , Paige Ken N. , Lennartsson Tommy , Tuomi Juha
Published: March 2019

Biomass removal by herbivores usually incurs a fitness cost for the attacked plants, with the total cost per unit lost tissue depending on the value of the removed tissue (i.e., how costly it is to be replaced by regrowth). Optimal defense theory, first outlined in the 1960s and 1970s, predicted that these fitness costs result in an arms race between plants and herbivores, in which selection favors resistance strategies that either repel herbivores through morphological and chemical resistance traits in order to reduce their consumption, or result in enemy escape through rapid growth or by timing the growth or flowering to the periods when herbivores are absent. Such resistance against herbivores would most likely evolve when herbivores are abundant, cause extensive damage, and consume valuable plant tissues. The purpose of this Special Feature is to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the phenomenon of overcompensation, specifically, where the finding has brought us and where it is leading us 30 yr later. We first provide a short overview of how the phenomenon of overcompensation has led to broader studies on plant tolerance to herbivory, summarize key findings, and then discuss some promising new directions in light of six featured research papers.
Lutetium‐Methanediide‐Alkyl Complexes: Unique Reactivity toward Carbodiimide and Pyridine
Authors: Yan Fangbin , Li Shihui , Li Lei , Zhang Wanxi , Cui Dongmei , Wang Meiyan , Dou Yanli
Published: March 2019

We present the reactivity of four‐coordinate lutetium‐methanediide‐alkyl complexes 1 and 2 ((BODDIR)Lu2(CH2SiMe3)2(µ2‐CHSiMe3)(THF)2, R = iPr (1), R = Et (2)). The reaction of 2 with N,N‐diisopropylcarbodiimide (iPrN=C=NiPr) afforded a nucleophilic adduct 3 through insertion of three molecules of iPrN=C=NiPr into the Lu‐µ2‐CHSiMe3 or Lu‐CH2SiMe3 bonds. In subsequent three component reactions of 1 with N,N‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (CyN=C=NCy) and pyridine, different addition patterns led to completely different products. Addition of CyN=C=NCy first and then pyridine into complex 1 resulted in the formation of (BODDIiPr)Lu2(CH2SiMe3)[CyNC(NCy)CHC(NCy)NCy(SiMe3)][CyNC(C6H4N)NCy] (4) with insertion of two molecules of CyN=C=NCy into the Lu‐µ2‐CHSiMe3 bond. Reversing the addition sequence generated (BODDIiPr)Lu2[CyNC(NCy)C6H4N][CyNC(=CHSiMe3)NCy)][CyNC(C6H4N)NCy] (5) with insertion of only one molecule of CyN=C=NCy into the Lu‐µ2‐CHSiMe3 bond. The possible mechanistic pathway to generate 4 was elucidated by DFT calculations.
Allyl Palladium Complexes of Cycloheptatrienyl‐Cyclopentadienyl Phosphane Ligands in Buchwald‐Hartwig Amination Reactions
Authors: Tröndle Sabrina , Freytag Matthias , Jones Peter G. , Tamm Matthias
Published: March 2019

A series of well‐defined palladium allyl chloride pre‐catalysts was synthesized using previously reported troticenyl phosphane ligands [(η7‐C7H7)Ti(η5‐C5H4PR2)] and [(η7‐C7H6PR2)Ti(η5‐C5H5)] (R = Cy,tBu) as ancillary ligands. The formation of a dimeric µ‐chloro‐, µ‐allyl‐bridged PdIspecies was observed with the ligand [(η7‐C7H7)Ti(η5‐C5H4PtBu2)], whereas L2Pd0{L = [(η7‐C7H6PtBu2)Ti(η5‐C5H5)]} was formed in presence of KOtPent. In addition, the catalytic activity of the palladium allyl chloride pre‐catalysts was investigated in Buchwald‐Hartwig amination reactions with various aryl halogenides andN‐methylaniline or morpholine. The cyclohexyl derivatives show almost no catalytic activity, whereas for thetert‐butyl derivatives a significant difference could be observed, depending on whether the seven‐membered ring or the five‐membered ring is functionalized.
Compositional Changes Among Triglycerides and Phospholipids During FATP4 Sensitization with Palmitate Lead to ER Stress in Cultured Cells
Authors: Seessle Jessica , Liebisch Gerhard , Schmitz Gerd , Stremmel Wolfgang , Chamulitrat Walee
Published: March 2019

FATP4 expression is upregulated in acquired obesity and polymorphisms in the FATP4 gene are associated with increased blood triglycerides (TG). Since non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a manifestation of obesity, it is of interest to understand how FATP4 upon fat overload mediates alterations of lipids that lead to pathogenesis of fatty liver. A model system with FATP4‐overexpressed (FATP4) and control Huh‐7 cell lines is used to determine FATP4 response to palmitate (Pal). By lipidomics methods, cellular phospholipids (PL), neutral lipids TG, free cholesterol (FC), and cholesterol esters (CE) as well as lipoprotein secretion are determined. Without Pal, FATP4 cells show a significant increase of TG, phosphatidylcholine (PC), and the release of TG‐rich and cholesterol‐rich low density lipoproteins. Pal‐treated FATP4 cells show an increase of all PL subclasses except for phosphatidylserine (PS), TG, FC, and CE. By analyses of ratios among PL subclasses and between PL and neutral lipids, it is determined that FATP4 in response to Pal causes sequentially fatty‐acid channeling with a shift from PC and phosphatidylinositol (PI) to neutral lipids and from neutral lipids to PS and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). This response is concomitant with an activation of CAAT/enhancer binding homologous protein and MAP Kinase JNK. Thus, FATP4 overexpression in response to Pal leads to enhancement of neutral lipids which play a central role in fatty‐acid distribution from PC and PI to PE and PS that led to an alteration of ER and mitochondrial membranes and subsequent stress signalling.

Practical Applications: Activation of fatty acids by fatty acid transport proteins (FATP) plays an important role in development of obesity and NAFLD. This work highlights functional role of FATP4 on fatty‐acid distribution among neutral lipids and phospholipids upon fat overload. These changes may contribute to stress signalling in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.

Compositional shift among total PL subclasses and neutral lipids.
Oxidative Stability, Affective and Descriptive Sensory Properties of Roasted Peanut Flavored with Oregano, Laurel, and Rosemary Essential Oils as Natural Preservatives of Food Lipids
Authors: Olmedo Rubén H. , Grosso Nelson R.
Published: March 2019

The objective of the study is to evaluate lipid oxidation stability in roasted peanuts with essential oils as natural antioxidants. Laurel, oregano, and rosemary essential oil (LEO, OEO, and REO, respectively) provide preliminary antioxidant activity determined by free radical scavenging activity (DPPH test) of 61.1, 58.4, and 47.9% and total phenolic content of 10.3, 10.6, and 8.4 mg g−1 for LEO, OEO, and REO, respectively. Essential oil (EO; 0.02% p/p) is added to roasted peanuts and an affective sensory test (nine‐point hedonic scale) shows that samples with OEO have greater values (6.74) than those of other samples (≈6.20). Chemical (peroxide anisidine diene content and Totox values) volatile (hexanal and 2‐heptenal) and sensory (oxidized and cardboard intensity) indicators change over 84 storage days. Samples with EOs show lower values than those for controls decreasing lipid oxidation. Samples with BHT have the lowest values for deterioration indicators. Principal component analysis of EOs for all indicators and samples with EOs shows that LEO and OEO have better antioxidant properties than REO. Coefficient regression between sensory variables peroxide value and hexanal has a good correlation and can be used as a predictor equation. Essential oils can be used as flavor and natural antioxidant agent in roasted peanut.

Practical Applications: The authors believe in the importance of replacing the use of synthetic antioxidants with natural antioxidants in foods. Synthetic antioxidants are being questioned by the perception of safety that these offer by consumers. The essential oils present an antioxidant alternative since their components possess these properties and the application of them is a reason for research to be able to provide more information to the food industry. The sensory properties of essential oils are well received by consumers and the potential for their application as functional flavorings is in its initial stages. That is why this research collaborates with the use of the essential oils of oregano, laurel, and rosemary as possible antioxidants and flavors in peanuts roasted or in other food (which is susceptible to oxidative processes) evidenced its antioxidant properties and the modification of taste and sensory perception by the consumers.

Oregano, laurel, and rosemary essential oils can be used as antioxidants in peanut products and foods with high lipid content.
Effect of Water Addition on the Microstructure, Lipid Incorporation, and Lipid Oxidation of Corn Extrudates
Authors: Amft Jonas , Bauer Jonas L. , Rostek Jens , Spielvogel Sandra , Schwarz Karin
Published: March 2019

Lipid oxidation is a major cause of quality deterioration during the production and storage of fat containing extrudates, which is a result of the high‐specific surface of the matrix with increased oxygen access. During the extrusion process, corn starch gelatinizes and forms an amorphous matrix that incorporates lipids. To estimate the effect of incorporation on oxidative stability of lipids a model extrudate of corn meal, water, and a mixture of sunflower‐ and rapeseed oil is developed. The extrusion process is conducted on a laboratory twin screw extruder with varying moisture contents, affecting in turn process parameters such as the specific mechanical energy. A fractionated extraction protocol serves to obtain surface lipids, inner surface lipids, and lipids incorporated in the starch matrix. Oxidation is analyzed at different points in time during storage at 40 °C in the three lipid fractions. Furthermore, the microstructure of the extrudates is analyzed by computerized microtomography (µCT). The results show that increasing fat inclusion decreases the rate of lipid oxidation. A compact structure with low expansion is achieved by high‐water contents. These extrudates in turn exhibit an increased amount of incorporated lipids less susceptible to oxidation.

Practical Applications: The presented work investigates extrusion technology, widely used by industry. Lipid oxidation covers an important topic, as stable products are necessary in order to avoid waste. The stabilization of lipids in extrudates against oxidation is therefore of great interest. With the model extrudate used in this study and a newly developed lipid fraction extraction protocol, it is possible to define the regions in terms of oxidation status. The results of this study provide the basis for products with an enhanced stability against lipid oxidation because of their structural characteristics considering the principles of green chemistry.

The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between the microstructure and lipid oxidation in corn extrudates. Therefore, a new fractionated lipid extraction protocol is developed. Increasing feed water extrudates expand less and thicker cell walls are formed. Increasing the degree of lipid inclusion results in lower degree of oxidation.
g‐C3N4‐SiC‐Pt for Enhanced Photocatalytic H2 Production from Water under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Du Zhongyi , Sun Pengju , Wu Kuanhuai , Zheng Xiarong , Zhang Xingfeng , Huang Jiale , Sun Daohua , Zheng Yanmei , Li Qingbiao
Published: March 2019

Graphite carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) and SiC have drawn increasing attention for application in visible light photocatalytic hydrogen evolution by water splitting due to their unique band structure and high physicochemical stability. Herein, a g‐C3N4‐SiC heterojunction with loaded noble metal is constructed. The g‐C3N4‐SiC‐Pt composite photocatalysts are successfully prepared by the combination method of bio‐reduction, sol deposition, and calcination. The layers of g‐C3N4 are thinned, and both SiC and Pt nanoparticles are simultaneously tightly bound to g‐C3N4 by calcination during the preparation of g‐C3N4‐SiC‐Pt. The heterojunction formed at the interface of SiC and g‐C3N4 enhances the separation efficiency of the photogenerated electron–hole pairs. These composite photocatalysts achieve a high hydrogen evolution rate of 595.3 μmol h−1 g−1 with 1 wt% of deposited Pt, which is 3.7‐ and 2.07‐fold higher than those of g‐C3N4‐bulk and g‐C3N4‐SiC under visible light irradiation with a quantum efficiency of 2.76% at 420 nm, respectively.
Compressed and Crumpled Porous Carbon Electrode for High Volumetric Performance Electrical Double‐Layer Capacitors
Authors: Guo Hongshuai , Ding Bing , Dong Xiaowan , Dong Shengyang , Zhang Yadi , Zhu Jiajia , Dou Hui , Zhang Xiaogang
Published: March 2019

The 2D carbon sheets have great potential for the construction of compact electrodes with high volumetric performance for electrical double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs), by virtue of their excellent electrical conductivity, high exposed surface area, free of interpores, and unimpeded ion‐diffusion channels. However, 2D nanosheets restack and aggregate during the preparation processes of electrodes, reducing available surface area, and limiting transport of ions. Herein, a facile and scalable method is presented to prepare highly porous crumple carbon balls (PCCBs) assembled by 2D carbon nanosheets. Such a unique nanostructure endows the PCCB electrode with large electrolyte‐accessible surface area and short ion‐diffusion pathways even when compressed at 40 MPa. Electrochemical evaluations in 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMIMBF4) electrolyte indicate that the compressed PCCB electrodes still show superior gravimetric (103 F g−1) and volumetric capacitances (127 F cm−3) at 1 A g−1. The highest volumetric energy density of symmetrical EDLC based on compressed PCCB‐based electrode is 53.9 Wh L−1. This work provides a new direction for the development of high volumetric energy density carbon‐based EDLCs.
Prediction of platinum‐resistance patients of gastric cancer using bioinformatics
Authors: Pan Jiaomeng , Xiang Zhen , Dai Qingqiang , Wang Zhenqiang , Liu Bingya , Li Chen
Published: March 2019

Lack of guidelines for personalized chemotherapy treatment after surgery has caused gastric cancer (GC) patients' unnecessary exposure to toxicity and the financial burden of chemotherapy treatments. In our study, we aimed to identify potential biomarkers to predict GC patients' susceptibility to platinum‐based on Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data sets. A total of 603 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between platinum‐resistant cell lines and platinum‐sensitive cell lines based on the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) data sets. A total of 253 patients who had accepted radical gastrectomy were recruited, of which 97 received platinum‐based chemotherapy and 156 were untreated. Three biomarkers (BRMS1, ND6, SRXN1) were then selected by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis to establish the predictive models using nomogram. Then this model was further validated through the GEO data set (GSE62254) which showed that this model could precisely predict the disease‐free survival and overall survival of patients treated with platinum‐based chemotherapy after surgery compared with untreated GC patients (P < 0.0001). This predictive model might provide helpful messages about the patients' susceptibility to platinum to guide personalized chemotherapy.
Structures, binding energies, temperature effects, infrared spectroscopy of [Mg(NH3)n = 1−10]+ clusters from DFT and MP2 investigations
Authors: Hattab Awatef , Dhaouadi Zoubeida , Malloum Alhadji , Fifen Jean Jules , Lahmar Souad , Russo Nino , Sicilia Emilia
Published: March 2019

The possible isomers of [Mg(NH3)n = 1 − 10]+ clusters have been investigated using both M06‐2X/6‐31++G(d,p) and MP2/6‐31++G(d,p) levels of theory. The isomeric distribution for each n size has been studied as a function of temperatures ranging from 25 to 400 K. To the best of our knowledge, for clusters size n > 6, this is the first theoretical study available in the literature. From the calculated values in the considered clusters and using a fitting procedure, we have evaluated the binding energies (−14.0 kcal/mol), clustering energies (−10.1 kcal/mol), clustering free energies (−2.8 kcal/mol), and clustering enthalpies (−10.3 kcal/mol). On the basis of our structural and infrared (IR) spectroscopy outcomes, we find that the first solvation shell can hold up to six ammonia molecules. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The relationship among angiotensinogen genes polymorphisms and hs‐CRP and coronary artery disease
Authors: Zhu Min , Lin Jiangbo , Wang Chen , Yang Minjun , Lv Haiyan , Yang Mengqi , Xu Baohui , Chen Xiaofeng , Jiang Jianjun
Published: March 2019

Objective

To assess the association of gene polymorphisms of angiotensinogen (AGT), the key factor in rennin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system (RAAS), with high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) and coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods

The current study recruited the patients who were hospitalized and assessed by coronary angiography for suspected CAD. The patients with documented CAD served as CAD group (n = 492) while the patients without documented CAD (n = 87) served as control group. We compared laboratory data and CAD risk factors between the two groups. Furthermore, we analyzed the association of AGT M235T, G217A, G152A, G‐6A, A‐20C genotypes with coronary artery stenosis and in‐stent restenosis.

Results

There were significantly differences between two patient groups in sex, smoking history, diabetes mellitus, carotid atherosclerosis, lower limb arteriosclerosis, hs‐CRP, blood glucose, and the level of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL; P < 0.05). In CAD group, hs‐CRP levels increased with increasing number of coronary artery branches (1, 2, or ≥3; P < 0.01), and Gensini integral was positively correlated with hs‐CRP levels (r = 0.361, P < 0.01). Frequencies of genotype and allele distribution in individual angiotensinogen loci (M235T, G217A, G152A, G‐6A, A‐20C) did not differ in two patient groups. Following stratification of patients according to hs‐CRP levels (<1 mg/L, 1‐3 mg/L, and >3 mg/L), the distribution frequency of allele M235T was statistically different among the groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

In CAD patients, M235T among several AGT gene polymorphisms is associated with elevated hs‐CRP levels with AGT C allele as the significant factor for patients with hs‐CRP level of more than 1 mg/L.