bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tradução na Matemática: conexões internas entre álgebra e geometria
Authors: Silva Melo Luciano Augusto da
Published: December 2019

A tradução de textos matemáticos é uma linha de pesquisa recente no contexto da Educação Matemática no Brasil. Este ensaio apresenta recortes de uma Tese que aborda a Tradução na Matemática na perspectiva da Filosofia da Linguagem, com ênfase na segunda fase dos escritos de Ludwig Wittgenstein. Por conseguinte, são tecidas algumas observações acerca da Teorias da Tradução em Roman Jakobson e George Steiner, para estabelecer relações e apontar distinções entre as atividades que envolvem a tradução de uma língua para outra e traduzir na matemática. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste texto consiste em mostrar conexões entre Álgebra e Geometria com ênfase no jogo de linguagem wittgensteiniano e suas aplicações na Educação. Para tanto, o aspecto metodológico definido na pesquisa, consistiu em analisar epistemologicamente como se dá a constituição de conceitos matemáticos ligados à imagens de gráficos a exemplo das curvas parábolicas, com auxílio do software GeoGebra. As ilações resultantes desta discussão, culminaram com a elaboração dos conceitos de Tradução Interna e Jogos de Imagens voltadas ao ensino da matemática.
Aydınlanmadan Modern Zamanlara: Gelişim Kültü Ve Resim Sanatındaki Yansımaları
Authors: BAYER Zehra Canan
Published: December 2019

18. yüzyılda Aydınlanma ile birlikte söz konusu olmaya başlayan aklın üstünlüğü, bilim, deney ve bilginin önemi, Avrupa'da dönüşümlerin yaşanmasında etkili olur. Çağın en mühim gelişmelerinden biri olan Sanayi Devrimi, ona eklemlenen Endüstrileşme ve Makineleşme, kentlerin çehresini ve yaşam koşullarını/biçimlerini değiştirirken bu vesileyle modern ve çağdaş bir toplum yapısının oluşması yönünde de temeller atılır. Modern ve çağdaş olma yolunda hız kazandıran gelişmeler, bazı sanatçıların üzerinde farkındalık oluşturarak çağdaş konulara sıcak bakmalarına sebep olur. Gelişimin tanıkları olan bu sanatçılardan bazıları, çağa damgasını vuran gelişmeleri resim planına aktarırken, bazıları da sömürgeleşme emellerinin soluğunu hissettirdiği farklı coğrafyaları tuvallerine yansıtırlar. Çağdaş yaşamın yabancılaşma ve yalnızlık gibi insan psikolojisi üzerindeki sarsıcı etkileri de zaman zaman Avrupalı ressamların resmettiği konular arasında yer alır. Gelişimin varacağı noktaya kaygıyla bakan sanatçılar, bir süre sonra Avrupa'dan uzaklaşarak diğer medeniyetleri/kültürleri tanımaya yönelir ve bu sanatçılar, modernleşmenin üzerlerinde yarattığı baskıdan kaçarak "primitif" kültürlere sıcak bakmaya, endüstrileşmenin ve modern yaşamın kuşattığı çağdaş dünyalarında eksik olan "saf enerjinin" kaynağına ulaşmaya koyulurlar. Gelişimin varacağı noktaya kaygıyla bakan, bununla yüzleşen sanatçılar ise "gelişim kültünün" geri tepen bir silaha dönüşmesine, kitlelerin yıkımına sebep olmasına şahitlik ederler ve sanatlarına yansıyan da saf korkunun kol gezdiği vahşet ve kâbuslar olur.
Suriye Krizinde Aktörler, Uyuşmayan Talepler Ve Çatışan Çözümler
Authors: ÇAĞLAR M. Turan , AKSU Fuat
Published: December 2019

Mart 2011’de barışçıl gösterilerle yerelde başlayan Suriye krizi, kısa zaman içerisinde ülke genelinde önce karşılıklı çatışmalara, sonra iç savaşa dönüşmüştür. Yerelde başlayan krizin tırmanması ve ülke geneline yayılmasıyla birlikte Suriye dışındaki birçok aktör, Suriye krizine müdahil olmuş ve kriz, bölgesel ve uluslararası düzlemin önemli bir sorunu haline gelmiştir. Sekiz yıldır çözülemeyen Suriye krizine çok sayıda ve farklı tipte aktör, farklı amaç ve taleplerle müdahil olurken aktörlerin uyuşmayan talepleri ve çatışan çözümleri, Suriye krizinin sonlanmasını engellemiştir. Suriye yerelinde kabaca Suriye yönetimi ve Suriyeli muhalif gruplar arasında başlayan yerel krize, kısa zamanda ulusal düzlemde silahlı devlet dışı aktörler ve devletler taraf olmuştur. Bölgesel ve uluslararası düzlemde Suriye krizine yeni devletler ve devlet dışı aktörler müdahil olurken uluslararası örgütler de kriz açısından ön plana çıkmıştır. Ayrıca krizin dönüşümüyle birlikte Suriye krizi farklı aktörler için farklı anlamlara gelmeye başlamıştır. Suriye krizindeki birçok aktör için krizin başında temel konu, Suriye içindeki çatışmalarken zamanla silahlı devlet dışı aktörlerin artan faaliyetleri, kimyasal silah kullanımı ve uluslararası terörizm gibi krizle ilintili çok sayıda sorun, aktörlerin talep ve çözümlerini etkilemiştir. Çok sayıda ve farklı tipteki aktörün Suriye krizi ve ilintili konularla ilgili talep ve hedefleri birbirleriyle çatışırken tarafların önlem ve yöntemleri krizin çözümünü zorlaştırmıştır.
Türkiye’de Belediyelerin Mali Tablolar Temelinde Yabancı Kaynak Yapısının Analizi
Authors: SERBES Halil , ÇETİNKAYA Özhan
Published: December 2019

Belediye bilançolarında yabancı kaynak hesapları, belediyelerin borçluluk durumunu göstermektedir. Bu hesaplar, belediyelerin sürdürülebilir bir mali yapıya sahip olup olmadıklarını tespit edebilme ve gerektiği durumda iyileştirme olanağının olup olmayacağını gösterebilmektedir. Dolayısıyla belediyelerin yabancı kaynaklarının bilançolarında yer alan farklı alt hesap grupları itibariyle analizinin yapılması önem arz etmektedir. Bu hesap gruplarından kamu idarelerine mali borçlar, faaliyet borçları, emanet yabancı kaynaklar, alınan avanslar, ödenecek diğer yükümlülükler, borç ve gider karşılıkları ile gelecek aylara ve yıllara ait gelirler ve gider tahakkukları kamuoyu tarafından fazla bilinmemektedir. Nitekim çalışma ile Türkiye’deki belediyelerin kamuoyuna fazla yansımayan yabancı kaynaklarının bilançolar aracılığıyla analiz edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada belediyelerin kısa ve uzun vadeli yabancı kaynak hesaplarında yer alan tutarların toplam yabancı kaynaklar içerisindeki paylarında artış yaşandığı tespit edilmiştir.
Spor Ayakkabısı Sektöründe Marka Bağlılığı Ve Öncülleri: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Araştırma
Authors: TAŞKIN Çağatan , SÜRMELİ Ezgi
Published: December 2019

Spor ayakkabısı sektöründe markalar arası yoğun bir rekabet yaşanmaktadır. Özellikle genç kuşaktan oluşan pazarın hâkimi olmak isteyen köklü ve yeni markalar rekabet etmektedir. Adidas ve Nike gibi köklü markaların oluşturduğu pazara daha sonradan yeni markalar girmiştir. Bunlar arasında en fazla tercih edilen marka New Balance markasıdır. Dolayısıyla bütün markalar için rekabetçi avantaj elde ederek gerek payını koruma gerekse de arttırma temel amaçtır. Bu çalışmanın amacı Adidas, Nike ve New Balance spor ayakkabı markalarını tercih eden tüketicilerin, marka bağlılığı öncülleri arasındaki ilişkileri tespit etmek ve elde edilen sonuçlara göre spor ayakkabısı sektöründe faaliyet gösteren işletmelere strateji önerilerinde bulunmaktır. Araştırmanın evrenini, Bursa il merkezinde ikamet eden ve spor ayakkabısı kullanan nihai tüketiciler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri 2018 yılı Mart ile Eylül ayları arasında toplanmıştır. Araştırma verilerinin toplanmasında kolayda örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Analize uygun toplam 377 adet anket verisi elde edilmiştir. Araştırmanın ölçeği Karjaluoto vd.(2016), Ünal ve Aydın(2013) ve Taşkın(2014) çalışmalarından uyarlanmıştır. Araştırmadan elde edilen bulgulara göre; New Balance markasının tüketicide yarattığı imaj ve güvenin, diğer markalara göre tüketici marka sevgisi daha fazla etkilediği belirlenmiştir. Ağızdan ağıza iletişim ve marka sevgisinin marka bağlılığına etkileri marka tercihleri bazında incelendiğinde; ağızdan ağıza iletişim ve marka sevgisinin New Balance markası için marka bağlılığını diğer markalara göre daha fazla etkilediği bulunmuştur.
FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS BETWEEN SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL IMPERATIVES AND THE NATIONAL PRIORITIES
Authors: Ilina Mariia , Shpyliova Yulia
Published: December 2019

Relations between national priorities of the social development and up-to-date social, ecological and economic imperatives are determined. The process of mutual transformation of the national priorities, imperatives and rise of efficiency of the territorial assets’ use is represented. Choice of the priorities, tools and levers of their achievement depends on a type of a territory and its assets. National priorities for Ukraine are identified and according to their impact, functions and goals are integrated with imperatives to be realized on different rural areas.
Distrubution of Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase and AMPC-β Lactamase Among Bacteria Isolated From Urine Samples
Authors: Shrestha Bishal , Acharya Jyoti , Chhetri Jyoti , Gurung Krishna , Khaling Rai Mamita
Published: December 2019

This study was designed to determine the distribution of bacterial strains isolated from patients with urinary tract infections (UTI) at Sukrararj Tropical and Infectious Disease Hospital (STIDH) with special reference to ESBL, ABL and the co-existence of the phenotype (ESBL and ABL in the population of different uropathogens. Urine samples from 500 patients suspected of UTI were analyzed by conventional semi-quantitative culture technique. The antimicrobial susceptibility to various drugs was studied by the Modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, by following the ClSI guidelines. Confirmation of the extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamase production was done by the phenotypic confirmatory disc diffusion test (PCDDT) and the AmpC disk test (ADT). Overall, the prevalence of ESBL and ABL and the co-existence of the phenotype (ESBL and ABL) in urinary isolates were found to be 39.22%, 15.69% and 5.88%. The implementation of appropriate infection control measures and the formulation of an antibiotic policy must be done, to prevent the spread of these strains.

Key words: MDR, ESBLs. AmpC β-lactamase
Psychological Effects of Social Media among Pre-University Adolescences in Bangalore, India
Authors: Ojha Jenny , Jayapalan Sharmila
Published: December 2019

For feeling safe and developing trust adolescences need a stable and caring environment. Their basic emotional and physical needs must be consistently met. Adolescences those are not properly guided and are not aware of proper use of social media may become distressful and avoid social contact. Some adolescence may also show signs and symptoms of the psychological effect caused by social media. Psychological effects like sleep disorder, sexual problems, attention deficiency, hyperactivity disorder, addiction, eating disorder, anxiety and depression may vary among adolescents as per the exposure of media. This study focused to assess the exposure of social media and its psychological effects among pre-university adolescences in Bangalore, India. This was institutional based cross-sectional descriptive study design. We carried out this study in purposively selected colleges in Bangalore City. We involved 80 adolescences using non-probability convenience sampling technique. We adopted quantitative method and used structured self-administered questionnaire for collecting required information. We consulted supervisors and experts in the field of nursing and medicine to assure content validity of the tools. We performed descriptive as well as inferential statistical analysis using SPSS 20 version for drawing and interpreting the findings. We assessed adolescences knowledge on social media whereas more than half (55.0%) were average, nearly one third (33.8%) had high and 11.3% had low knowledge. Similarly regarding the attitude of adolescents more two-thirds (71.3%) had constructive attitude, nearly one-third (28.8%) had positive attitude. The overall mean scores and standards deviations (SD) of knowledge and attitude were 15.11 and 2.38 out of maximum possible score 48 and 48.47 and 4.20 out of maximum possible score 60 . The total scores of knowledge and attitude were statistically significant(r = 0.348, P<0.05). We further assessed association of knowledge and attitude with socio-demographic factors. All almost all factors were not found to be associated with knowledge and attitude. Psychological effects of social media among pre-university adolescences in Bangalore, India varied considering their knowledge and attitude. However knowledge and attitude were significantly associated each other. Social media had constructive as well as destructive effect among adolescences. Family and academic institutions should closely monitor the adolescents and focused them on to use social media for academic purpose rather than entertainment.

Keywords: Knowledge, attitude, psychological effects of social media, adolescences
Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern and Plasmid Profile Of Urinary Tract Infection Isolates among Children Below 10 Years Of Age
Authors: Wagle Ram , Timilsina Rajendra , Thapa Rojesh , Adhikari Nabaraj , Thapa Shrestha Upendra , Jaiswal Suresh , Tiwari Bishnu Raj
Published: December 2019

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is defined as colonization of pathogen anywhere along the urinary tract. UTI has been classified by site of infection as Upper urinary tract infection and lower urinary tract infection and by severity as Complicated and uncomplicated UTI. This community based cross sectional study was conducted to determine the Antibiotic sensitivity pattern and plasmid profile of most prevalent urinary tract infection isolates among children below 10 years of age, from December 2013 to February 2014. Among the total 800 sample collected from the community 390(48.8%) were female and 410(51.2%) were male. The prevalence rate was found to be 44(5.5%) of total cases and was statistically significant (p<0.05). Among significant growth, 15(1.9%) and 29(3.6%) were male and female respectively (p<0.05). Out of 44 total isolates frequency of Escherichia coli (E. coli) was 20 followed by Staphylococcus aureus(12), which accounted for 45.5% and 27.3% respectively. Remaining were Pseudomonas(11.4%), Klebsiella(11.4%), Proteus(2.3%)and Citrobacter sps.(2.3%). Tobramycin(100%) and Amikacin(97.73%) were found to be the most sensitive antibiotics followed by Chloramphenicol(93.18%), Imipenem(90.91%) and Ciprofloxacin(75%) respectively.Out of 20 E. coli isolates, no plasmid was seen in 7(35%) while 8(40%) showed single plasmid which was present in 8 isolates. Plasmid copy number of 2, 3 and 4 were displayed by 2(10%), 2(10%) and 1(5%) of the isolates respectively. A common (>21 kilobases) plasmid was the most common among isolates under study. This study revealed that E. coli was the most prevalent organism causing community acquired pediatric UTI. Antibiotics that are commonly used for the management of UTI and other cases are being more resistant i.e., Ampicillin. Plasmid analysis showed the presence of plasmids in resistant E. coli isolates that might harbor resistant genes. So that further analysis is required for the detection of responsible genes.

Key words: Antibiotic sensitivity pattern, Plasmid profile, Urinary tract infection
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and It’s Associated Factors among Secondary Level Students in Chautara Municipality, Nepal
Authors: Gurung Trima , Paneru Damaru Prasad
Published: December 2019

Children and adolescents are more prone to developing Post Traumatic Stress Disorders. Objective of this study was to assess the magnitude of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and associated factors among secondary level students in Chautara Municipality, Nepal. A cross sectional study was conducted among 249 secondary level students. Data were collected using population proportionate sampling method along with UCLA PTSD RI with 31 questionnaires DSM V tool was used to assess the PTSD symptom. Questionnaire was design to obtain socio demographic factor and earthquake exposure. Factor associated with PTSD development was assessed through chi square and binary logistic regression. Mean age of respondents was 15.42±1.079 years. Majority of them were middle adolescents (74.3%) and 25.7 percent were early adolescents. More than half of respondents were female 54.6 percent. This study revealed that PTSD was found to be among 27(10.8%) respondents and dissociative subtype PTSD was among 14(5.6%) respondents. Age was significantly associated with development of PTSD. Earthquake exposures like financial constraints after earthquake food deficiency displacement due to earthquake was the major factors associated with PTSD development. Psychological tutorship for PTSD is found to be protective factors for PTSD development in adolescents. PTSD was quite high among the secondary level students after six month of earthquake in Chautara municipality, Sindupalchwok district and psychological tutorship and humanitarian program for traumatized students could prevent development of PTSD.

Key words: Post traumatic stress disorder; Associated factors; Earthquake; Secondary levels students
Prevalence of Tobacco Use and Its Associated Factors among School Going Adolescents in Birgunj Sub-Metropolitan, Nepal
Authors: Chaudhary Arbind Kumar , Bhandari Tulsi Ram
Published: December 2019

Tobacco use means consumption of any form of tobacco products either smoked or smokeless. Common used tobacco products are cigarette, cigars, pipe tobacco and favored Sisha tobacco, Surti/khaini, Panmasala, and Gutkha. It is one of the major causes of preventable mortality and morbidity worldwide. Objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of tobacco use and its associated factors among higher secondary school going adolescents of Birgunj Sub-metropolitan, Nepal. A schools based cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out using self-administrative questionnaire and it was prepared based on Global Youth Tobacco Survey. It was developed and validated for assessing the tobacco use among adolescents. Amongst 16 higher secondary schools, three public and three private schools were selected randomly. Similarly required sample (307) were recruited as proportionately from each school considering number of students studying in each selected school from August to December 2016. Prevalence of ever use of tobacco was 15.6 %. Cigarette was the most (70.8%) commonly used as tobacco product. The average age of initiation of tobacco use was 13.96++2.62 year. More than half (52.1%) of the tobacco users purchased tobacco from shops. Peer pressure (45.8%) was one of the major influencing factors of ever use of tobacco. Age, gender, friends pressure and parent's education were found significantly associated with ever use of tobacco among students. Nearly one-fifth adolescents used some type of tobacco products in last six month. Tobacco used by parents, peers and others family members at home and public places, and easy access of tobacco products were the major influencing factors of tobacco use among students. School and community based awareness programs and tobacco control legislations should be implemented consistently to control and discourage the consumption of tobacco products.

Keywords: Adolescents, students, associated factors, tobacco use
Awareness and Utilization of Reproductive Rights Among the Women of Reproductive Age in Kapan VDC, Nepal
Authors: Kaphle Manju
Published: December 2019

The awareness and utilization of reproductive right and health is not satisfactory in developing countries including Nepal. This study aimed to assess the awareness and utilization of reproductive rights among women of reproductive age having at least one child. Descriptive study was conducted among 101 married women of reproductive age having at least one child and residing in Kapan VDC, Ward No. 1, Kathmandu, during the year 2010 by using non-probability purposive sampling method and semistructured Nepali interview questionnaires through home visits. Of the total 101 respondents, most of them (26.5%) were of age group 35-39 years (mean age=33 years) from different ethnic groups and religions. Most were simply literate (38.6%). Of the total, 68.3% were aware of reproductive right with commonest response being family planning (30.4%). The percentages of aware respondents towards sex education, right marriage age, ideal pregnancy age, proper birth spacing and safe abortion were 59.4%, 83.2%, 98.0%, 99.0% and 66.3%, respectively. Furthermore, 38.6% got sex education (51.2% in proper age), 34.6% got married at the right age, 56.4% conceived at right age (29.7% on own will), 78.2% of them utilized any family planning methods of which 35.6% of respondents decided themselves for family planning and 77.2% maintained proper birth spacing. Moreover, 43.6% respondents did abortion due to no desire of child (36.4%) and 34.1% decided themselves for abortion. Furthermore, 65.3% respondents did ≥4 ANC visits, 52.5% delivered at health institution, 53.5% respondents did proper PNC visits with 70.3% respondents deciding themselves for PNC. The associations between awareness and utilization for Family Planning, ANC visit, PNC visit and abortion right were statistically significant (p<0.05) except for institutional delivery. Awareness and utilization of reproductive rights in the study population is higher with significant statistical associations. Similar studies in large scale are necessary for generalization of the results.

Key words: awareness, utilization, reproductive right, women, Nepal
HIV Status and High Risk Behavior of Men having Sex with Men
Authors: Bhatt Chandra Prakash , Sharma Medha
Published: December 2019

Voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) of HIV is important intervention for the prevention of HIV infection. Aim of this study was to find out HIV status and high risk behavior of men having sex with men. This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among men having sex with men (MSM) by administering structured questionnaires. The number of risk factors in a single individual ranged from one to seven out of eight. The mean risk factor was 3.38, with standard deviation 1.3. More than half (55.33%) of them perceived at low risk, 33% perceived themselves at high risk. Regarding HIV status of respondents, 8% were found to be positive. In the past 30 days the respondents had large number of sex partners; majorities of them 90% and 87.3% had 0-20 regular and casual sex partners but 9.8% of MSM had 21-40 regular sex partners and 2.9% had 81-100 casual sex partners respectively. Among the MSM 46.6% were commercial sex worker, 35% were sex drives and 18.4% were intravenous drug user. Majority of them (59.8%) always used condom but 21.56% used sometime only. Some respondents (3.9%) had sign of STIs and 5.8 % had accident of needle injured. There are higher chances for transmission of HIV and other STDS among MSM. The role of VCT centre should be strengthen to awareness raising, isolate HIV positive cases treat them with antiretroviral drugs and counseling them to behavior change.

Key words: HIV, MSM, Risk factor
Impact of Socio-Cultural Factors on Antenatal Practices
Authors: Ghimire Madhusudan , Gautam Gyanendra , , Ghimire Moushami , Sharma Tara Devi , Sharma Bimala
Published: December 2019

The provision for special care during pregnancy through public health services is considered by World Health organization as a part of reproductive health right of women which, however, is not achieved till date due to socio-cultural factors resulting increased maternal morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study is to observe impact of socio-cultural factors on antenatal practices. The study was conducted in three Village Development Committees (Dakhaquady, Khaira, and Belbash) of Pyuthan district. During the period Cross-sectional study was followed. Two hundred forty six respondents were selected through simple random procedure. Interview schedules were used to collect information from respondents. Data were tabulated in Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and analyzed using SPSS 11.5. The mean age of first pregnancy among respondents was 18.75 years. Forty-two percent of them were illiterate and 76.90 percent respondents were involved in agricultural field work. Early marriage and pregnancy systems were most common in study population. Socio-cultural factors were strongly associated with ANC practices.

Key words: ANC practices, early marriage, early pregnancy, Pyuthan, socio-cultural factors, traditional beliefs.
Baseline Widal Agglutination Titre in Apparently Healthy Nepalese Blood Donors
Authors: Acharya Tankeshwar , Raj Tiwar Bishnu , Mani Pokhrel Bharat
Published: December 2019

Widal test could be the useful tool for the diagnosis of Typhoid fever, provided the results of Widal test are correctly interpreted. Interpretation of Widal test is based on the baseline titre of healthy population of particular geography. This study was carried out in view to determine Widal baseline titre of healthy blood donors in Nepal from June to December 2009, in Nepal Red Cross Central Blood Transfusion Service and Department of Microbiology of National College. Blood samples were collected from 490 apparently healthy blood donors from 5 different developmental regions. Widal agglutination titre was determined with the use of standard technique as per the manufacture’s instruction. Of the total 490 blood samples, 35.1% (172) samples showed anti O titre ≥ 1:20 against serotype Typhi, similarly 32.9% and 24.1% samples had titre ≥ 1:40 and ≥ 1:80 respectively. About 10.4% population had anti-O titre ≥ 1: 160. Of the total blood samples, 29.4% (143) samples showed anti H titres ≥ 1:20 against serotype Typhi, similarly 26.1% had a titre ≥ 1:40, and 16.3% had a titre ≥ 1:160. Anti-H titres ≥ 1:20 were found in serotype Paratyphi A (6.3%) and Paratyphi B (3.1%). Both ‘O’ and ‘H’ agglutination titre varied according to the geographical location. This study showed high titres >1:160 for serotype Typhi, ‘O’(10%) and ‘H’ (16.3%) of widal agglutinin in apparently healthy individuals. This necessitates larger rise in widal agglutinin titre for a ‘positive’ diagnosis. Widal test had played a major role in the diagnosis of typhoid fever in the past, but its diagnostic significance is less now.

Keyword: Widal test, Enteric fever, Nepal
Attitude on Premarital Sex, Marriage and Family Size among Adolescents in Pokhara Valley
Authors: Raj Paudel Deepak
Published: December 2019

This is a cross-sectional descriptive study aimed to assess the attitude on premarital sex, marriage and family size among school going adolescents in Pokhara valley in 2006. The study included 400 students carried out from 170 from 8 government schools and 230 from 8 private schools of the classes X, XI, and XII of the Pokhara valley. The self administered questionnaire prepared in Nepali method was applied for collecting information from randomly selected students in each selected school. Out of total, 57.5 % students were boys and 91% were in age group of 15-18 years. About two-fifths (41%) of the students did not agree with the statement that “premarital sex is not good”. This attitude was higher in boys than girls (46% versus 34%) and in government school students than private school students (57% versus 33%). More than half (62%) students preferred arranged marriage, and it comprised 73% of girls and 53% of boys. Almost all of the students (97%) were of the opinion that a couple should not have more than two children. Of total, 85% of the students’ preferred to have one son. The preference of a son is slightly higher in girls (87%) than in boys (84%). About half of the students (53%) were aware that biologically male is responsible for the sex of the child. This knowledge was higher in the boys (54%) and those studying in government school (58%) than girl students (51%) and private school students (50%). This concludes that male were more liberal towards premarital sex, self arranged marriage, sex preference than girls.

Key words: Attitude, Premarital Sex, Marriage, Adolescents, Family Size
Medication Adherence and Blood Pressure Control among Hypertensive Patients of Pokhara Valley
Authors: Muhammad Khan Gulam , Kumar Thapa Raj , Khakurel Amrita , Shrestha Gita , Katila Nikita , Bhurtel Sunil
Published: December 2019

Hypertension is a chronic medical condition which remains inadequately managed everywhere. Medication adherence (MA) is a critical parameter for achieving strict blood pressure (BP) control in patients undergoing antihypertensive therapy (AHT). Good MA is also a key factor determining the success of preventive measures for cardiovascular (CV) risk reduction. So, the objective of this research was to study the medication adherence and blood pressure control among hypertensive patients of Pokhara Valley. A randomized community-based prospective study was conducted in different places of Pokhara. In the study, a structured questionnaire i.e. Brief medication questionnaire (BMQ) with a high sensitivity and specificity was used. Out of 79 respondents enrolled, most of the respondents (n=51, 64.6%) were shown to be non-adherent and only 28 (35.4%) were adherent to the prescribed AHT. The study showed that among adherers, 75% were undergoing monotherapy and 64.3% (n=18) had their BP under control. The comparison between BP control and the different occupation showed that the highest percentage of BP control was achieved in housewives. Most of the respondents were non-adherent to the prescribed AHT which requires special attention of the healthcare providers.

Key words: Hypertension, medication adherence, brief medication questionnaire, anti-hypertensive therapy
Drug Injecting Practice among Adolescents in Pokhara Sub-Metropolitan City, Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Niranjan
Published: December 2019

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Baseline Titer and Diagnostc cut off value for Widal test: Comparative Study in Healthy Blood Donors and Clinically Suspected of Eneteric Fever
Authors: Pandey Deepak , Raj Rijal Komal , Sharma Bimala , Raj Kandel Suresh , Raj Tiwari Bishnu
Published: December 2019

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Prevalence of Uterine Prolapse and its Associated Factors in Kaski District of Nepal
Authors: Tamrakar Anupama
Published: December 2019

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Changing Trends of Antibiotic Resistance in Escherchia coli
Authors: Shakya Geeta , Prasad Upadhyay Bishnu , Rijal Nisha , Adhikari Shailaja , Sharma Supriya , Kansakar Palpasa
Published: December 2019

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Reproductive Tract Infection (RTI) among Married Women of Reproductive Age in Kaski District of Nepal
Authors: Prasad Paneru Damaru
Published: December 2019

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Knowledge and Practices of Treatment of Tuberculosis among Private Practitioners in the South East Boarder Areas of Nepal
Authors: Kumar Yadav Dilip
Published: December 2019

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Views of Homeopathy Treatment
Authors: Kumar Pokhrel Santosh
Published: December 2019

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Knowledge on HIV/AIDS among Secondary Level School Students in Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Ram Bhandari Tulsi
Published: December 2019

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Maternal Health Care Practices and Factors Associated with Service Delivery at Sub-health Post in Dadeldhura District of Nepal
Authors: Prasad Paneru Damaru
Published: December 2019

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Nutrition Status of Undergraduate Students in Pokhara University: An Assessment via Body Mass Index
Authors: Kumar Yadav Dipendra , Prasad Kaphle Hari , Chaudhary Umesh , Kumar Yadav Dilip
Published: December 2019

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Treatment Compliance of Tuberculosis and Factors Associated in Bhaktapur District in Nepal
Authors: Prasad Paudel Dille
Published: December 2019

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When-questions and tense in Inquisitive Semantics
Authors: Tellings Jos
Published: December 2019

Temporal questions with when and their counterparts in other languages display tense restrictions: they are incompatible with the present tense that is interpreted as 'currently ongoing', and English when-questions are incompatible with the present perfect. The existence of tense restrictions is one of the reasons why a theory of the semantics of questions should include an account of tense and aspect. I first propose an explanation of the tense restrictions based on the pragmatics of questions and partial answers. Then, I discuss how tense and aspectual operators can be added to Inquisitive Semantics (Ciardelli, Groenendijk & Roelofsen 2018).
Default agreement with subjective assertions
Authors: Rudin Deniz , Beltrama Andrea
Published: December 2019

This paper puts forward a formal proposal for a judge-dependent notion of assertion that derives asymmetries in the discourse profile of subjective and objective assertions while preserving a unary illocutionary profile for utterances of declarative sentences. We propose that when a speaker asserts a sentence, they commit to that sentence being true as judged by themself, but project acceptance of the truth of that sentence as judged by all interlocutors. This account makes different predictions, then, for assertions of declarative sentences with judge-invariant denotations, and assertions of declarative sentences with judge-variant denotations.
Types of pluractionality and plurality across domains in ʔayʔaǰuθəm
Authors: Mellesmoen Gloria , Huijsmans Marianne
Published: December 2019

In this paper, we examine two markers of verbal plurality, C1C2 reduplicationand ablaut, in PayPaju8@m, a Central Salish language. C1C2 reduplicationmarks event external pluractionality, where subevents are distributed in both spaceand time. It also applies in the nominal domain creating a plurality of individuals, butdoes not impose temporal or spatial distribution in the nominal domain. FollowingHenderson (2012, 2017), we propose that events are individuated through their temporaland spatial traces, so that events distribute in order to pluralize, whereas thisis not required in the nominal domain. Ablaut marks event-internal pluractionalitywhere subevents are grouped into a larger whole (Wood 2007; Henderson 2012,2017). While ablaut pluractionals typically involve numerous subevents that areclosely spaced in time, they can involve as few as two subevents and do not requirestrict adjacency of all subevents. We propose that they denote an atomic groupevent that is mapped to a plurality of events via a membership function (Barker1992). This contrasts with event-internal pluractionals that require a high number oftemporally adjacent subevents and have been analyzed as being grouped throughtheir temporal configuration (Henderson 2012, 2017), indicating that there is morethan one way to group events, just as there is more than one way to group individualsin the nominal domain (Barker 1992; Henderson 2012, 2017).
Deriving short answers from Hamblin sets: A case study of Mandarin wh-conditionals
Authors: Li Haoze
Published: December 2019

A short answer to a wh-question cannot be directly derived from the latter’s Hamblin–Karttunen denotation, which is a set of propositions. However, I argue that such a derivation is possible when the Hamblin-Karttunen denotation is dynamicized. In particular, wh-expressions have dynamic discourse contributions in the sense of introducing discourse referents (drefs), as evidenced by cross-sentential binding. Drefs introduced by wh-expressions not only provide a way to model short answers to wh-questions, but are also useful for modeling a non-canonical wh-construction known as wh-conditionals in Mandarin.
Unifying Universal and Existential wh’s in Mandarin
Authors: Liu Mingming
Published: December 2019

The paper aims at a unified account of Mandarin non-interrogative wh’s that have both universal and existential uses. Wh’s are argued to uniformly denote existentials obligatorily triggering alternatives, exhaustifying different types of alternatives strengthens the existential into either universal or existential free choice items corresponding to the two uses of wh’s, as is in the framework of Chierchia 2013b. Distribution and interpretation of the two types of wh’s follow from their interaction with an even-like particle dou and competition between the two.
Additives pitching in: L*+H signals ordered Focus alternatives
Authors: Göbel Alexander
Published: December 2019

Approaches to the meaning of intonational meaning differ in associatingeach subcomponent with a meaning that remains invariant across contours (e.g.Pierrehumbert & Hirschberg 1990) or treating a contour as contributing its meaningholistically (e.g. Goodhue et al. 2015). This paper argues for a common core ofthe L*+H pitch accent across two intonation contours, the Rise-Fall-Rise (RFR,e.g. Ward & Hirschberg 1985), and a novel contour coined the Downscale-Contour(DSC). Both contours are analyzed as indicating the presence of an alternative withrespect to a scale derived from the QUD, but differ in the relative strength of thisalternative, with the DSC indicating a weaker and the RFR a stronger one.
Epistemic stance without epistemic modals: the case of the presumptive future
Authors: Ippolito Michela , Farkas Donka F.
Published: December 2019

This paper deals with the non-temporal use of the future in Italian knownas ‘epistemic’ or ‘presumptive’ (PF) in declaratives and interrogatives. We firstdistinguish PF from epistemic necessity and possibility, as well as from weaknecessity modals, providing in the process the main empirical challenges PF raises.We then propose and justify a semantic account that treats PF as a special normalitymodal that involves a subjective likelihood component. Since in our account theprejacent (the proposition in the scope of the modal) is at issue, the use of PF triggersthe implicature that the speaker is not in a position to appeal to what she knows inorder to support her commitment to the prejacent. This, we claim, is the source ofthe intuition that PF is often used to offer a “guess” relative to the question underdiscussion (QUD).
Safety and quality assurance for geotechnical constructions in urban areas
Authors: Leppla Steffen , Katzenbach Rolf
Published: December 2019

Safety and quality assurance are the most important aspects for the design and the construction of geotechnical
structures. These aspects consider the optimisation by reducing the resources material, money and time. For construction
projects with a distinctive soil-structure interaction in the vicinity of existing structures special methods have to be
applied to guarantee safety and quality. Therefor numerical simulations using the Finite-Element-Method (FEM), in-situ
load tests on the construction site, special foundation techniques like the Combined Pile-Raft Foundation (CPRF),
the observational method and an independent peer review are necessary. The paper explains the application and the
combination of these tools by examples from engineering practice.
The numerical analysis of the long-term behaviour of the reinforced concrete beams strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer: Deflection
Authors: Daugevičius Mykolas , Valivonis Juozas , Skuturna Tomas
Published: December 2019

The numerical analysis of the reinforced concrete beams strengthened with CFRP is presented. The beams
previously tested experimentally under long-term loading are selected for numerical simulation. The numerical modelling is
performed by evaluating the beam’s work at various stages: the work stage before the long-term loading period, the work
stage under the long-term load action, the work stage when the external load is removed and the work stage until failure. The
work stages of all modelled beams are described in more detail. To analyse the behaviour of beams at different work stages,
the numerical modelling using the phase analysis is performed. Different finite element groups are evaluated in each phase of
analysis. The external load is increased, maintained and reduced. The finite elements of the CFRP layer are activated at a
certain work stage for evaluating the strengthening effect. To assess the accuracy of the numerical analysis, each beam is
modelled from the finite elements of various sizes. The paper presents the process of the numerical modelling and the
predicted deflections. The numerically predicted deflections are compared with the deflections of the experimental study. The
modelling of the behaviour of the strengthened beams has shown that the nature of the long-term deflection differs from that
obtained in the experiment. The increment of the numerically predicted deflection decreases gradually over the long-term
period. Meanwhile, the experimental long-term deflection increment is characterised by the sharp increase and decrease at
the start of the long-term period. This contradiction shows that the experimental long-term deflections are greater. However,
over time, the numerical model deflections may reach and exceed the experimental deflections due to steady increase. The
smaller size of the finite elements causes the increase in the cracking moment and the higher moment when the yielding of
the tensioned reinforcement occurs. However, the cracking moment obtained by the numerical modelling is much higher
than that obtained by the experimental modelling. However, when the yielding strength of the tensile reinforcement is
reached, the considered moment is smaller than the experimental one.
The numerical analysis of the long-term behaviour of the reinforced concrete beams strengthened with carbon fibre reinforced polymer: Cracking
Authors: Daugevičius Mykolas , Valivonis Juozas , Skuturna Tomas
Published: December 2019

The paper presents the analysis of the long-term deformability of the reinforced concrete beams strengthened
with CFRP. The analysis is based on the obtained numerical and experimental data. The development of deformations
is divided into stages. The comparison of the cracking process in the compressed and tensioned areas is performed. The
comparative analysis of the results has shown that more attention should be paid to the creep of concrete and the influence of the tensioned reinforcement when the external load is decreased. The study has shown that the compression of
the section subjected to long-term loading turns into tension when the external load is removed. Due to the effect of the
tensile force, cracks appear on the top of the compressed section. Therefore, re-loading of the beam requires further
evaluation of the strength degradation in the concrete of the compressed area.
Structural reliability assessment of existing precast concrete building. Case study
Authors: Druķis Pēteris , Gaile Līga , Goremikins Vadims
Published: December 2019

Structural reliability of buildings has become an important issue during the last decades. Reliability of building is the practice of designing, constructing, operating, maintaining and removing buildings in such a way, which
prevents the health deterioration, injuries or death during the use of the building. Evaluation and improvement of existing
buildings becomes more and more substantial. For the most of the existing buildings the design life has been already reached or will be reached in the nearest future.
The structures of these buildings need to be reassessed in order to find out whether the safety requirements are met.
The safety requirements provided by the Eurocodes are starting point for the assessment of reliability. However, it would
be uneconomical to require all existing buildings and structures to fully comply with these new codes and corresponding
reliability levels. Therefore, the assessment of existing buildings differs from design situation. This case study describes the practice of
determination of reliability level of structures of existing public building designed in accordance with different
codes/regulations that differ from Eurocodes. It allows to reassess the actual reliability level of existing buildings under
the operational load. Also, the evaluation methodology of the global reliability level of the whole building in terms of
mechanical strength and stability of building is proposed.
Qualitative parameters of indoor lighting, impact on quality of life
Authors: Kocanovs Nikita , Kocanova Raja , Geipele Ineta
Published: December 2019

The quality of indoor lighting is a sensitive issue in the dynamic environment of daily life. The lighting industry
offers a wide range of products and solutions on the huge market. However, the existing European Union and Latvian lighting
regulations and standards cover questions related to the visual effect of lighting on the performance of the visual task, but it is
already proven, that visual effect of lighting also affects productivity and causes emotions. Standards and regulations used by
construction and real estate industries prescribe lighting parameters which are becoming outdated with a development of the
solid-state lighting technologies. The aim of the paper is to review the existing lighting planning theory and practice,
selecting the parameters which might have most sensitive effect as prerequisites for improving the quality of life, and
might be included in quality standards, handbooks and procurement procedures for the projects, over time in building
standards, norms and regulations.
Degree of MWCNT suspension dispersity and its influence on rheology of cement pastes
Authors: Skripkiunas Gintautas , Karpova Ekaterina , Bendoraitiene Joana , Barauskas Irmantas , Drochytka Rostislav
Published: December 2019

Modification of cement pastes by MWCNT (multi-walled carbon nanotubes) suspension enables to manage
by their rheological properties due to the nanometer size of MWCNT. Dispersity degree of MWCNT suspension may
be determined by the number of factors such as type and intensity of homogenization equipment, duration of homogenization and some other. The aim of present research consists in the establishment of optimal methodology of
MWCNT suspension homogenization and investigation of dependence between dispersity degree of MWCNT suspension and rheological properties of cement pastes with that suspension. Two types of homogenization methods of
MWCNT were tested such as ultrasonication and homogenization based on rotor-stator principle. The ultrasonication
treatment about 6 min was established as optimal homogenization technique in the course of the current research. The
yield stress and plastic viscosity of cement paste modified by MWCNT suspension increased in comparison with cement paste modified by polycarboxylate ether plasticizer (PCE) in 5 and 30 min after cement pastes mixing.Time of
ultrasonication of MWCNT suspension more than 6 min did not have the influence on rheological behaviour of cement pastes.Addition of MWCNT decreased the volume coefficient of water bleeding of cement paste with PCE by
18%.
Concrete modular pavement type selection based on application area
Authors: Gražulytė Judita , Vaitkus Audrius , Laurinavičius Alfredas , Čygas Donatas
Published: December 2019

Roads and other trafficked areas infrastructure starts to deteriorate as far as it is opened to traffic. Thus, it has
to be timely repaired and reconstructed. However, any interruption to traffic by implementing repair and rehabilitation
works leads to user’s discomfort and traffic congestion. Modular pavements also known as precast concrete pavements
can be constructed at night, consequently they eliminate or reduce traffic flow limitation related to repair works. They
consist of prefabricated concrete slabs that are transported to the construction site only after the curing period when the
desirable concrete strength is achieved and installed on a prepared foundation. Slabs prefabrication in a plant results in
better concrete quality, controlled concrete curing conditions, wider period for pavement construction, reduced time
before opening to traffic, elimination of early-age failures and material segregation which may occur during concrete or
asphalt mixture transportation to the project site and laying. Despite these advantageous, modular pavements are barely
used in Europe. In order to enhance the usage of modular pavements in Europe, paper focuses on the identification of
the most promising modular pavements application areas and their type selection. The most promising application areas
such as motorways and arterial streets were identified on the basis of the conducted survey among high qualified researchers. Low volume roads, private roads, bicycle and pedestrian paths could be included as modular pavements
special application areas with slightly different approach.