bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of urine culture isolates in a tertiary care hospital of Jharkhand, India
Authors: Kumar Akhilesh , Kumar Rajiv , Gari Manju , Keshri Uma Shanker P. , Mahato Sumit K. , Ranjeeta Kumari
Published: June 2017

Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the common infections encountered by the clinicians. Though a good number of antimicrobial agents are available, still UTIs have become difficult to treat due to development of resistance by the uropathogens. So, regional data regarding the common uropathogens and their sensitivity pattern is required to guide the clinicians to start empirical therapy while managing UTIs. The purpose of the study was to identify different species of microorganisms, along with their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, causing urinary tract infection in outpatient and indoor patients at RIMS, Ranchi, Jharkhand.Methods: Observational study was conducted using urine culture and sensitivity reports collected retrospectively from records maintained in the department of Microbiology over a period from July 2016 to Feb 2017 in tertiary care hospital.Results: UTI was more common in females (57.74%) than in males (42.26%). Among the uropathogens isolated Escherichia coli (37.41%) was found to be the predominant organism followed by Klebsiella species (32.79%), Pseudomonas species (25.86%), and gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus accounted (3.92%) of total cases. The most common isolates were E. coli showed high sensitivity to amikacin (79.24%), followed by levofloxacin (77.21%) and gentamycin (62.26%). It was found to be resistant to norfloxacin (86%), nalidixic acid (86.76%) and cefotaxime (69.88%).Conclusions: Though various microorganisms are responsible for UTI. Escherichia coli species is the most common organism. Antimicrobial resistance has already emerged against many antibiotics, making empirical treatment of these infections challenging.
Educational intervention to improve knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacovigilance among nursing staff in tertiary care hospital
Authors: Hingorani Sadhana , Mehta Chaitali , Gajera Paresh , Srivastava S. K.
Published: June 2017

Background: The present study was planned to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice among nursing staff and to evaluate the effect of educational intervention.Methods: The questionnaire related with knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) were given to nursing staff before and after the educational intervention in a tertiary care hospital. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis.Results: The training given in different sessions has improved KAP among nursing staff. Ninety six percent of them responded correctly regarding who can report ADR as compared to pre training session (69%). Regarding pharmacovigilance as purpose of safe use of medicines was responded by 71% after training as compared to 54% before training. In questions related to PvPI, 94% of nursing staff responded correctly about the scale to be used for causality assessment in comparison to 79% before training. Majority of them were of opinion that only unknown and serious ADR should be reported whereas after training they answered that all the ADR should be reported. A significant improvement has been noticed in questions related to attitude and practice.Conclusions: The educational intervention to improve KAP among nursing staff has resulted in significant improvement.
A rare case report on cauda equina syndrome
Authors: Sreeram Sai Charitha , Sampurna Talari , Lakshmi P.
Published: June 2017

Cauda Equina Syndrome (CES) is a rare but serious neurologic condition in which neurological dysfunction affects the lumbar and sacral nerve roots within the vertebral canal. CES is a clinical entity consisting of low back ache, bilateral leg pain with motor and sensory deficits, genitourinary dysfunction, saddle anaesthesia and faecal incontinence. It is a rare condition with a prevalence in the general population estimated between 1:100000 and 1:33000. The presentation of CES may vary, especially in the early stages of compression. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the accepted gold standard modality of choice for diagnosing CES which identifies potential mimics such as aortic dissection or spinal infarction. Here we discuss a rare and unique case of CES with atypical presentation, knowledge of which is essential for early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of permanent neurological dysfunction.
MERS: an emerging disease of the 21st century
Authors: Bala Mohamed Osman , Chehab Mohamad Abdel Halim , Selim Nagah Abdel Aziz
Published: June 2017

Between September 2012 and March 2017, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), caused by an infection with the MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV), has been responsible for 1,931 laboratory-confirmed cases and at least 741 related-deaths. Despite the paucity of knowledge on the source and route of transmission, the evidence currently points to dromedary camels. Moreover, the incubation period for this disease ranges from two to sixteen days. The symptomatology of MERS-CoV is non-specific and cases are easily misdiagnosed. As most respiratory illnesses, no specific anti-viral therapies have been effective to date for the treatment of MERS. Currently, the WHO does not advise any travel or trade restrictions regarding MERS-CoV. However, the poor practice of infection control has reflected the association between the healthcare setting and the spike of disease occurrence, especially among patients. Interestingly, the adoption of the “one health” approach is critical to establish a more holistic understanding of this epidemic. Additionally, implementing strategies aimed at risk reduction of animal-to-human transmission, rapid case finding, adequate infection control, and contact tracing are key in the control and prevention of MERS-CoV.
Gabon health care system: a 20 year analysis
Authors: Obiang Obounou Brice Wilfried
Published: June 2017

In response to a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS and malaria, the government of Gabon launched the National Insurance and Social Welfare Fund in 2008. It is a national health insurance fund voted by the parliament to extend health-care coverage to the country’s different socioeconomic groups, bringing everyone under one social health insurance roof. Analysis of the WHO, World Bank and available data from 1995 to 2014 to evaluate progress before and after the creation of the universal health coverage. Maternal health is fully covered and the cost of medical care is reimbursed by 80-90%. However, out-of-pocket spending (21.87%) as a percentage of total health care spending is still higher that other Sub-Saharan African countries classified in the upper-middle income countries. The government and policy makers should increase health care system financing and work in partnership with private clinics regarding over-servicing and over billing.
Knowledge, attitude and practice towards blood donation and its associated factors among university students in Shah Alam, Malaysia
Authors: Elnajeh Maged , Ghazi Hasanain Faisal , Abdalqader Mohammed A. , Baobaid Mohammed Faez
Published: June 2017

Background: The aim of this research is to find out the relationship between knowledge, attitude, practice towards blood donation and its association with socio-demographic factors, field of study, and blood groups of the students.Methods: A cross-section study was conducted among 679 university students using self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaires consist of 4 parts mainly socio-demographic data, knowledge towards blood donation (10 questions), attitude towards blood donation (6 questions) and practice towards blood donation (1 question).Results: Majority of respondents have good knowledge (97.1%), good attitude (88.8%); however majority of them have poor practice (70.3%). There was an association between Knowledge, and gender (p=0.001), attitude and field of study, blood group (p<0.001, 0.001 respectively). By using regression analysis, the only factor associated with Knowledge was gender with adjusted OR of 5.2.Conclusions: Most of the students have good knowledge and attitude but they have poor practice towards blood donation. More promotion and education are needed to encourage students for more blood donation in the future.
Assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards infection prevention among healthcare workers in Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Unakal Chandrashekhar G , Nathaniel Anoop , Keagan Bajnath , Alexandria Bharat , Lauralee Burgess , Varun Chatoo , Reneé Defour , Sarah Duverney , Uniqué Thurston , Akpaka Patrick E.
Published: June 2017

Background: The objective of the study was assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards infection prevention among healthcare workers (HCW) in Trinidad and Tobago.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 HCWs from three regional hospitals in Trinidad and Tobago about their knowledge, attitude, and practice towards infection prevention in the country. All information’s were collected through interview using structured questionnaires. The data was collected from April to June 2016; thoroughly checked and cleaned for completeness before analysis with SPSS version 20 statistical software. The 95% confident interval and the p value were used to check for association between the dependent and independent variables. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Finally, the findings of the study were explained using tables.Results: A total of 300 HCW participated in the study, with a 100% response rate. In this study only 20.3% respondents were knowledgeable, 46.7% had good attitude and 44% had good practices toward infection prevention, suggesting less than satisfactory scores in this study.Conclusions: The results highlight generally poor knowledge, attitudes and practices towards infection prevention in the three hospitals in Trinidad and Tobago. Therefore, policies and measures should be put in place to ensure regular training programs for HCW, providing strong understanding and a positive outlook on infection prevention.
A study on prevalence of myopia among high school children in an urban area of Shivamogga: a cross sectional study
Authors: Kotabal Rajashree , Belur Mangala N. , C. Nandini , Nagendra Kanchan
Published: June 2017

Background:Blindness is one of the significant social problem in India with uncorrected refractive error as the second major cause accounting for 19.7% of the blindness. Prevalence of myopia in children varies between the countries and it ranges from 7% to 30%. Among all refractive problems myopia is the major cause of disability in children. The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and causes of myopia among high school children.Methods:This study was a descriptive Cross sectional study. Present study was conducted among high-school children of 13 - 16 years in an urban area of Shivamogga city of Karnataka state from July- August 2015. With expected frequency of 20%, confidence limit at 5% and confidence level at 95% the total sample size was 246. A pretested questionnaire was used for collection of data. Snellen's chart was used to find out the myopia.Results: The overall prevalence of myopia was found to be 23%.  Out of 300 students 16%, 5%, and 1.7% of the students had mild, moderate and sever visual impairment respectively. Conclusions:The prevalence of myopia was higher among high school children in urban area and it was more among girls than the boys. Early diagnosis and correction of the refractive error has to be done to prevent future development of blindness.
Knowledge of diabetes, its complications and treatment adherence among diabetic patients
Authors: B. S. Deepali , Subramanian Mangala , G. Soumya , B. R. Vikyath , P. Aarudhra , M. Ankitha , R. Deepashree , N. Nagashree
Published: June 2017

Background: Diabetes Mellitus not only debilitates, but also kills. It may lead to microvascular and macrovascular complications. This study was undertaken a) to assess the knowledge of diabetes and its complications among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, b) to assess treatment adherence of the above patients, c) to determine association of knowledge and treatment adherence.Methods: Across sectional study was conducted on a total of 120 patients coming to Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bangalore over a period of 2 months. A semi-structured questionnaire consisting of questions on patients’ knowledge of diabetes, its complications and adherence to treatment was administered and each patient was interviewed face-to-face. The data was analyzed using SPSS Version 21.0. Statistical analysis was done based on percentages and proportions.Results: Out of 120 diabetics, 67 (55.8%) had more than 80% knowledge regarding diabetes mellitus and its complications, 45 (37.5%) patients had 60-79% knowledge and only 8 (6.7%) patients had less than 60% knowledge. The study revealed that 77 patients (64.2%) scored greater than 80% in the treatment adherence, 27 patients (22.5%) scored between 60-79% and 16 (13.3%) scored below 60%. Patients having more knowledge better adhered to the treatment. Therefore 55.8% of the people who had greater than 80% knowledge, better adhered to their treatment.Conclusions: Patients having more knowledge better adhered to the treatment. This highlights the importance of empowering patients with knowledge regarding the disease to obtain maximum benefit from their treatment.
Prevalence of acute morbidities and their health seeking behaviour among under-five children of urban slums in a city in Karnataka
Authors: B. N. Yamuna , K. Ratnaprabha G. , Kengnal Prakash
Published: June 2017

Background: Morbidity and lack of health facility especially in the first five years of life would cause irreparable damage. Therefore it is important to assess the magnitude of morbidities, and their health seeking behaviour. The objectives of the study were to assess the prevalence of acute morbidities and their associated factors among Under-five (U5) children residing in slums of Davanagere city, Karnataka, and to assess the health-seeking behaviour of their mothers/caregiversMethods: It was a cross sectional study done in the slums of Davanagere city during August-September 2016. Using 30 cluster sampling technique, the estimated sample size was 656. A total of 22 children were included in each cluster. Questionnaire consisting of demographic details, history of acute morbidities in the past two weeks and their treatment details was administered to the mother/caregiver. Data was entered in Microsoft Excel sheet and analyzed using SPSS Version 20.Results: Totally 656 mothers/caregivers of U5 children were contacted, majority of the children were in the age group of 13 to 60 months. Total of 348 (53%) children suffered from some acute morbidity in the past 2 weeks, of whom 282 (81%) children were taken to some health care facility, and majority preferred private practitioner (73.4%). Most common reason for poor health seeking behaviour was “following the medicines which were prescribed for previous illness”.Conclusions: More than half of the children suffered from some acute morbidity in the past 2 weeks and 81% of them were taken to health care facility.
A cross sectional study to assess the diagnostic and management practices of general practitioners regarding tuberculosis in an urban slum of Mumbai, Maharashtra
Authors: Sawase G. B. , Achrya S. M. , Shinde R. R.
Published: June 2017

Background: India has large and growing private medical sector and it is observed that Private Practitioners are generally the first point of contact for significant proportion of patients with tuberculosis. Hence the present study was carried out to assess the diagnostic and management practices for tuberculosis among the private practitioners in an urban slum area. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in the field practice area of Urban Health Centre attached to the teaching hospital and medical college. A total of 76 Private Practitioners practising in the field practice area were contacted, explained the purpose and benefits of the study, 67 private practitioners gave consent for involvement in the study. A semi structured and pretested questionnaire was used to interview the private practitioners. Data was analyzed by using SPSS software version 17.0. Results: Among 67 Private Practitioners in the area only 19 (28.4%) doctors mentioned that they diagnose TB patients in their clinic and start the diagnosed TB patients on treatment. Persistent cough (97%), fever (86.5%), weight loss (58.2%) were the most common symptoms of TB identified by these doctors. The mean duration for suspecting TB mentioned was 3.79 weeks. Chest x-ray was the most common (85.1%) investigation advised. HRZE was the drug regimen of choice whereas few doctors gave various anti-TB drugs including 2nd line drugs like kanamycin, PAS, cycloserine to their patients. Conclusions: In present study showed majority of the private practitioners are neither updated nor very particular about the diagnosis and correct regimen of anti TB therapy. A few doctors also used 2nd line anti-TB drugs drugs like kanamycin, PAS, cycloserine to their patients which shows the likely irrational use of the few available anti-tuberculosis drugs, which may favour the emergence and spread of drug resistance.
A study of the morbidity pattern among the elderly population in Vadodara, Gujarat
Authors: Jadav Pranay A. , Bavarva Neha R.
Published: June 2017

Background: Aging is an inevitable process. Old age persons are more vulnerable to physical and social problems. The objective was to study the prevalence of health problems among elderly population.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 600 old age persons living in villages of Vadodara district. Their socio-demographic profile and morbidity pattern were assessed by face to face interview. Data were analysed by epi info version 7.Results: Around 65% of study participants have musculoskeletal problems; obesity was prevalent in 46.2% which was more in females (53%) than in males (41%). Depression was more in females 76.2% as compared to males (40%). Prevalence of diabetes and hypertension were 18.7% and 30.33% respectively.Conclusions: Present study reveals that old age persons from various health problems which show the need for comprehensive health programs especially for elderly population.
Correlates of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis: a case control study from a hilly district of North India
Authors: Mazta Salig Ram , Singh Harshvardhan , Lal Prem
Published: June 2017

Background: Drug resistance has emerged as a major threat to global TB control efforts in recent years. India, with the highest burden of Tuberculosis worldwide, faces a looming epidemic of drug resistant TB due to initial irrational, irregular and incomplete treatment outside the purview of the robust national programme. Himachal Pradesh, a north Indian hilly state with a population of about 7 million has a considerable burden of Tuberculosis with geographical challenges. The present study envisaged to identify the potential risk factors to the emergence of drug resistance TB in the settings of district Shimla.Methods: A pilot case control study, all patients (n=11) enrolled for MDR-TB in Tuberculosis Unit Shimla during the period (2013-14) were included. 3 of who died were excluded. Thrice the number of controls (n=24) were selected after matching for age, sex and approximate geographical location.Results: The univariate analysis showed that, compared with controls, risk factors significantly associated with primary MDR-TB were Socioeconomic status lower than class 3 (OR=13.8; p=0.02), poor ventilation (OR=5; p=0.05), absent BCG scar (OR=23; p=0.002), history of default (p=0.002) and initial treatment from a private practitioner (OR=6.60; p=0.04). The Multivariate analysis showed that the risk factors independently associated with primary MDR-TB were absent BCG scar (OR=28.15; 95% CI=1.51524.38) and initial irrational and incomplete treatment from a private practitioner (OR=16.77; 95% CI =1.12-319.26).Conclusions: In our stud, poor ventilation, lower socioeconomic condition and initial default have been found to be significantly associated with the disease whereas absent BCG scar and initial irrational treatment from private practitioners have emerged as independent risk factors for the emergence of drug resistant Tuberculosis further reiterating the need for strengthening Immunization and early diagnosis and treatment aspect of the disease involving private practitioners. Larger and extensive studies on these aspects are further warranted.
A synopsis of current practices in minimally invasive surgery for adult spinal deformity
Authors: Agrawal Aniruddh V. , Agrawal Vinod A. , Singhal Adit A. , Maniar Adit
Published: June 2017

To provide a comprehensive summary of the status, indications and developments in the use of minimally invasive surgery in the field of adult spinal deformity. This study was performed by expert review of literature which has been published and is indexed on PubMed. The most appropriate and recent articles were selected to obtain a consolidation of information and knowledge on use and benefits of minimally invasive surgery in adult spinal deformity. Various MIS techniques have been developed to perform the complex ASD surgeries. These include the transforaminal lateral interbody fusion (TLIF), percutaneous segmental fixation as well as the lateral body interbody fusion (LLIF). It is important for a surgeon to obtain a holistic view of current literature and recommended guidelines on the procedures available for ASD surgeries. Overall, minimally invasive spine surgery has resulted in less use of pain medicine, less blood loss, lower infection rates, less requirement for intensive care, less hospitalization, reduction in physiologic stress, reduction in complication rates, reduction in muscle atrophy and preservation of normal motion with fusion rates being as high as 80-95%. More articles consolidating the vast literature on minimally invasive spine surgery need to be published to allow a surgeon to effectively weight the benefits and drawbacks of it. More research needs to be performed to compare the efficacy of sub-types of minimally invasive spine surgery.
A comparative evaluation of intanasal salmon calcitonin and intravenous zolondrinic acid in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis
Authors: . Santosha
Published: June 2017

Background: Osteoporosis is a progressive disorder of the bones which is characterized by reduction in bone mass and increased risk of fractures. Various drugs are available for the treatment of osteoporosis and prevention of osteoporotic fractures. Zolindronic acid and salmon calcitonin are the first line of therapy among these. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness intanasal salmon calcitonin and intravenous zolondrinic acid the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis

Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Orthopaedics at a tertiary care centre from January 2015 to Jan 2017. One group received treatment with intravenous zolindronic acid 5mg administered as a single dose. Other group received a salmon calcitonin which was administered intranasally 100IU/day. Results were compared.

Results: Total 80 patients were included in the study. Forty patients were allotted to each group. Mean T score of BMD of the patients in the salmon calcitonin group before the start of study was -3.38 and mean T score of the patients in the zolindronic acid group was -3.4. Which improved to -1.9 and -1.49 for the calcitonin group and zolindronic acid treated group respectively.

Conclusions: Once yearly intravenous zolindronic acid is superior to intranasal salmon calcitonin in the treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis.
Hoffa fracture: analysis of factors affecting the final outcome after treatment with partially threaded screws
Authors: Lohiya Ramprakash , Jindal Nipun , Bachhal Vikas , Garg Sudhir Kumar , Bhowmik Sabyasachi
Published: June 2017

Background: Coronal fractures of the femoral condyles are rare injuries.

Methods: This retrospective case series included patients with coronal fractures of the femoral condyles managed operatively. The surgeries were performed by authors NJ, RL and VB. A total of 11 patients with Hoffa fracture were operated between May 2011 and July 2012.

Results: We report the outcome of open reduction and internal fixation using partially threaded screws in 11 patients with Hoffa fracture. There were 10 male and 1 female patient operated at a mean age of 37 years. The average duration of follow up was 15.6 months. Fractures in all the patients united with a mean 115.450 range of flexion at knee at final review. The final outcome had a poor correlation with the shear angle of the fracture but fracture comminution and open nature of injury had a negative effect on the final outcome achieved. The number of screws used and the type of rehabilitation followed post operatively also had no bearing on the final range of motion achieved.

Conclusions: Partially threaded screws offer consistently good results in coronal fractures of the femoral condyles and the outcome is dictated only by perioperative factors like comminution and open nature of injury.
Study of prevalence of osteoporosis in males of above 40 years age group attending SMS Hospital, Jaipur
Authors: Qureshi Parwez , Meena R. C. , Husain Jakir , Deshwar Gaurav , Maheshwari Vineet , Yadav Lakhpat
Published: June 2017

Background: Whenever osteoporosis is discussed, the focus is on women; men are far less likely to receive a diagnosis of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fracture because of considerable gaps in knowledge on male osteoporosis. The aim and objectives were to study the prevalence of osteoporosis in males of above 40 year age group attending SMS Hospital Jaipur & to explore the influence of various modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors on BMD.

Methods: Study Location: SMS Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur. Study design: Hospital based cross sectional study. Study period: April 2015 to December 2016. Sample Size: 200. Work up: After taking ethical clearance and informed verbal consent, demographic and clinical details were noted along with S- calcium, Vitamin D and bone mineral density assessment. Osteoporosis was defined as T score ≤−2.5 bone mass −1 to −2.5 and normal as >−1. Data thus collected was analysed with help of SPSS 22.0 through frequency, percentages, Mean, SD and ANOVA.

Results: Prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis in the study population was 28.5% and 11.5%. Age wise maximum prevalence was in the age group 71-80 years (31.81%). Prevalence of osteoporosis was more among Muslim community 20.83%, more in low socio economic group (BPL). T score of study population was -0.3705±1.41. The mean BMI, S-Calcium, Vitamin D levels and T score values among osteopenic and osteoporotic patients were statistically highly significant when compared to patients without osteo-penic/porotic changes (p<0.05).

Conclusions: Osteoporosis is a silent killer and prevention is better than cure as prevention requires simple steps such as good dietary habits, active life style, good control of systemic disorders, reduced intake of tobacco and alcohol.
Follow up assessment of patients with humeral bridge plate technique with two year period
Authors: Vegad Tushar , Suthar Dipak
Published: June 2017

Background: Minimally invasive technique brings together the ease of handling of plates and the relative stability principle of nails. Although there are still only a few studies on this, the initial results have been very satisfactory. The aim of the present study was to report the experience of our shoulder and elbow surgery group relating to treatment of fractures of the humerus, by means of the bridge plate technique, using an anterior route.

Methods: The present study included twenty patients suffering from humerus shaft fracture. The study was done for a total period of two years. The immobilization of the operated shoulder was done till the stitches were removed and average period of the three weeks were kept for immobilization of the shoulder. At the end of the period of immobilization, the patients were asked to perform the active gentle limb range of motion exercises on the basis of their permission of the pain control.

Results: On the basis of the UCLA score the excellent to good score were found in 16 cases, fair score in rest 4 patients. Less than 5° of valgus angulation intra operatively and on following these patients up, in 4 of the cases the angulation was found to be of acceptable alignment. In the two cases, 5° of varus, angulations was found at the end of one year but it did not affect the functional outcome.

Conclusions: Anterior bridge plating after anterior approach is safe and reproducible option, respects the principles of biological fixation with minimal soft tissue dissection, preserves fracture haematoma and periosteal blood supply, and is more forgiving in comminute fractures of the diaphysis. 
Management of congenital talipes equino varus using Ponseti method: 3 year follow up in 166 club feet
Authors: Bansal Rahul , Jolly Angad , Farook P. B. Mohammed , Kamran Idris , Wahaj Syed , Hanasoge Vikas
Published: June 2017

Background: Our aim was to study the effectiveness of Ponseti method using Pirani score in children with club foot treated over the past three years at our hospital.

Methods: We studied 111 children with 166 idiopathic club feet who were treated at our teaching hospital between period of January 2012 and January 2017.The foot deformities were assessed using Pirani score at the time of first visit and the scores were recorded with each subsequent visit, with each casting and manipulation until correction of deformity. Tenotomy was performed on all the idiopathic club feet and continued with Steenbeek foot abduction brace (FAB) and the scores were recorded with every follow up and the progress was noted. All the relevant data in terms of treatment and demographics were recorded with dates and maintained.

Results: Total of 166 feet of 111 children was treated out of which 72 were males and 39 were females. 55 children had bilateral involvement remaining were unilateral. Mean Pirani score was 5.5 (range 4-6) when the treatment was started. On an average 5.7 casts (range 3-9) were required before preforming a tenotomy. Tenotomy was performed on all the feet (100%) with idiopathic club foot. Foot abduction orthosis was given to all the patients and 108 patients (97.3%) were compliant. Mean Pirani score after three years of treatment was 0.26. Skin complications like blister formation were seen in three children during the course of the treatment. Four patients did not follow up and defaulted. Three patients had relapse or worsening of Pirani score. The recurrence or worsening of scores is thought to be due to poor compliance while using the foot abduction brace.

Conclusions: Ponseti method of treatment for CTEV is very effective, simple, non-invasive and convenient with excellent outcomes over long term with no significant complications.
Empowerment of Zimbabwean Women through Entrepreneurship an Economic and Social Perspective
Authors: Nhuta Stephen , Mukumba Ellen
Published: June 2017

The objectives of the study were to identify socio-economic characteristics of female entrepreneurs in Zimbabwe and to ascertain the relationship between women empowerment in entrepreneurship and economic/social development. The research looked at economic and social independent variables that affect women empowerment in entrepreneurship. Literature covered but not limited to, power in households, decision making, ownership of property, access to capital, networking and freedom of movement. This study adopted a mixed research methodology that combined the positivism and the interpretivism paradigms. With regard to this study, the target population was the female entrepreneurs in Harare, Zimbabwe. Non-probability was chosen as the sampling technique for this study because it is quicker, easier and cheaper. Convenience and judgmental sampling techniques shall were employed. The questionnaire was used to collect primary data for this study.The study revealed that married female entrepreneurs continue to be absent from the household decision-making that shapes the allocation of the economic and financial resources, which further perpetuates gender inequality.  The study also confirmed that education and training as well as previous work experience are important success characteristics for empowerment, required by emerging female entrepreneurs as they start and grow their business. The study also confirmed that the lack of access to capital exacerbated by lack of collateral and high interest rates is one of the major deterrents for empowering women through entrepreneurship. Recommendations include coalition among female entrepreneurs, mentoring schemes and changing entrenched patriarchal cultural norms.
Access to finance problems for small retail businesses in South Africa: comparative views from finance seekers (retailers) and finance providers (banks)
Authors: J. Schmidt Holger , B. Mason Roger , Bruwer Juan-Pierré , Aspeling Jonathan
Published: June 2017

Small retail businesses are essential for the growth of the South African economy. Though many of these business entities need more assets to seize business opportunities, previous research studies suggest that their overall access to finance through banks and other finance providers seems to be limited. In general, small retail businesses are usually managed by entrepreneurs who lack financial knowledge, but banks, when deciding on credit applications, rely heavily on financial information, which is provided by these entrepreneurs. Notwithstanding the aforementioned, this study aimed to explore barriers that limit access to finance for South African small retailers, from the perspectives of finance providers (banking institutions) and finance seekers (small retailers). Additionally, measures were highlighted to show how those hurdles could be overcome. Qualitative research was conducted, whereby data were collected via semi-structured interviews with management personnel at banks and other financial institutions, as well as independent experts and small retail business owners and managers. The findings show that many financing opportunities are available to small retail businesses, but access to these opportunities is limited mainly owing to, inter alia, strict bank regulations and factors that are inherent to small retail business owners.
Rational, emotional and spiritual marketing strategies in Shariah banking in Medan, Indonesia
Authors: Sulistya Rini Endang , Absah Yeni
Published: June 2017

This study was aimed to discover the direct influences of rational, emotional, and spiritual marketing on satisfaction, trust, and loyalty of Shariah banking customers in Medan. This study was an associative research, which is a research connecting two variables or more to see the influence of one variable on another. This study was conducted by means of an exploratory approach. The population in this study was Shariah Banking customers in Medan. Total sample was 200 customers from 64 branches of Shariah banks across Medan. By using path analysis with SPSS 21 program, the results showed that there were direct and indirect influences of rational, emotional, and spiritual marketing on customer satisfaction, trust, and loyalty. Only emotional marketing variable had insignificant influence on the satisfaction of Shariah banking customers in Medan. This study was limited to impact of rational, emotional, spiritual marketing variables on satisfaction, trust, and loyalty of Shariah banking customers. Other variables which influence satisfaction, trust, and loyalty such as customer relationship management (CRM) and portfolio performance should be used, because they’re factors which influence consumer behavior. For Shariah banking in Medan, the research result was expected to give useful suggestions and inputs for Shariah banking in Medan in implementing marketing strategies, especially rational, emotional, and spiritual.
Antecedents of attitudes towards and usage behavior of mobile banking amongst Generation Y students
Authors: van Deventer Marko , de Klerk Natasha , Bevan-Dye Ayesha
Published: June 2017

Despite the benefits that mobile banking has to offer, coupled with positive mobile penetration rates, the use of mobile devices to perform banking transactions and access financial information is not as widespread as expected. The significantly sized Generation Y cohort is a rewarding market segment for retail banks. In South Africa, however, this cohort’s mobile banking adoption is largely under-researched. Understanding the antecedents that positively influence Generation Y students’ attitudes towards and usage behavior of mobile banking will assist retail banks in their efforts to tailor their business and marketing strategies effectively towards this cohort, and in doing so, foster increased acceptance of their mobile channels. As such, the purpose of this study was to extend the technology acceptance model (TAM) and determine the influence of perceived ease of use, relative advantage, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, perceived integrity and the perceived system quality of mobile banking on South African Generation Y students’ attitudes towards and usage behavior of mobile banking. Following a descriptive research design, self-administered questionnaires were completed by a non-probability convenience sample of 334 students registered at the campuses of three registered public South African universities located in the Gauteng province. Data analysis included correlation analysis and structural equation modeling. The findings suggest that while perceived ease of use, perceived integrity and the perceived system quality predict Generation Y students’ mobile banking usage behavior, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and the perceived relative advantage of mobile banking predict attitudes towards mobile banking, which, in turn, predict their mobile banking usage behavior.
ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚĆ UBEZPIECZYCIELA W UBEZPIECZENIU OC P OSIADACZY POJAZDÓW MECHANICZNYCH NA TLE ORZECZNICTWA SĄDOWEGO
Authors: Fuchs Dariusz
Published: June 2017

The Insurer’s Liability in a Civil Liability Insurance of Mechanic Vehicles in the Light of Courts’ JudgementsSummaryThe article presents the verdicts of the com m on courts regarding the scope of the insurer’s liability in a civil liability insurance of mechanic vehicles. At the same time an attention is drawn to the relationship of the insurer’s liability as being of an accessorial and guarantee nature and the liability of the perpetrator of the accident - the insured. The article also contains comparative remarks, including in particular the jurisprudence of English courts. At the same time the attention was drawn to the legal limitations of the insurer’s liability, above all on the basis of the act on the obligatory insurance o f 2003. The analysis also concern the relationship between relevant provisions of the insurance activity and the act on the obligatory insurance. Finally, the particularity of the regulation regarding the time scope of the insurer’s liability. The author positively evaluates the regulatory environment de lege lata, however, he also indicates proposals for possible amendments.
DOPUSZCZALNOŚĆ SKARGI KASACYJNEJ ZE WZGLĘDU NA PRZEDMIOT ZASKARŻENIA
Authors: Kincbok Agnieszka
Published: June 2017

Admissibility of Cassation Complaint Subject to the Matter of AppealSummaryThe cassation complaint is an appeal from sentences or decisions of courts of the second instance. After more than 40 years the cassation was reintroduced to the Polish civil proceedings by the amendment to the Civil Proceedings Code (CPC) of 1 March 1996. The court which handles cassation complaints is the Supreme C ourt located in Warsaw. The Supreme Court does not consider cases but examines whether the judicial decisions comply with applicable laws.The cassation complaint cannot be filed in all cases. The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court is limited by the type of the case and by the amount of the claim. This article addresses the question of when the cassation complaint is admissible (in civil proceedings, non - litigious proceedings, execution and bankruptcy proceedings and procedure for recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments) because of the criteria ratione materiae, i.e. subject, type of the case. The above-mentioned instrument is excluded, for example, in the cases examined in the simplified procedure, in alimony cases, some inheritance cases and from divorce sentences.This paper also discusses the ratione valoris criteria. According to the Rom an law rule de minimis non curat praetor, in cases concerning property rights cassation complaint is inadmissible when the am ount of the claim does not exceed the sum specified in the CPC.
ŻOŁNIERZ I TRYBUNAŁY W SIEDEMNASTOWIECZNEJ KORONIE
Authors: Gawron Przemysław
Published: June 2017

ŻOŁNIERZ I TRYBUNAŁY W SIEDEMNASTOWIECZNEJ KORONIE
UZNANIE ZA ZMARŁEGO I STWIERDZENIE ZGONU (GENEZA, ROZWÓJ INSTYTUCJI I POSTĘPOWANIA)
Authors: Bartoszewicz Anna
Published: June 2017

The Origins and Development of the Law on the Presumption of Death and Declarations of DeathSummaryThe article presents the history of the presumption of death and declaration of death. It provides an insight into the relevant concepts of the Roman law as well as chosen examples of the laws of the ancient Middle East. It also focuses on the Polish and foreign laws which were in force on the historically Polish territory during the period of the country’s loss of independence (1795-1918). It identifies the origins of the presumption of death and declaration of death in the Polish law and examines their development (including the relevant civil procedurę provisions) until 1964, when the present civil code and civil procedurę code came into force.By presenting and comparing the laws governing the presumption of death and declarations of death, the author highlights the different approaches of the laws that applied at the time of the loss of independence: those of Prussia, Russia, Austria and the Polish Kingdom, as well as the law in effect in the Grand Duchy of Warsaw. The article also considers the extent to which the laws introduced after Poland regained independence in 1918 were influenced by the foreign regimes previously in force.The gradual developments in the law following the Second World War are presented against the background of the major changes in Polish civil law over the same period, which occurred mainly via the codifications of the law in the civil code and the civil procedure code.
Marek Kuryłowicz, Prawa antyczne. Wykład z historii najstarszych praw świata, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej, Lublin 2006, ss. 270
Authors: Zabłocka Maria
Published: June 2017

Marek Kuryłowicz, Prawa antyczne. Wykład z historii najstarszych praw świata, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Sklodowskiej, Lublin 2006, ss. 270
ZARZĄD WSPÓLNOTĄ GRUNTOWĄ
Authors: Jędrejek Grzegorz
Published: June 2017

The Management of a Joint Land PropertySummaryThe article is devoted to the concept of a joint land property, the origins of which go back to the enfranchisement performed on the Polish territory in the XIXth century, which consisted in granting the property right to the hitherto users. The problem of pieces of land which were used commonly by the village’s inhabitants was solved in this manner that some parts of it were the subject of a real easement and other parts were left in the inhabitants’ hands establishing so called a joint land property. The article presents the problems connected with the management of the joint land property. The postulates de lege ferenda have been also formulated. The author suggests the elimination of the partnerships, the establishment of which is obligatory, aimed at managing the joint land properties. In his opinion respective provisions of the Civil Code related to co-ownership should apply thereto.
LICENCJE WOLNEGO OPROGRAMOWANIA
Authors: Gawrysiak Piotr
Published: June 2017

Open Source Software LicencesSummary Computer software is regarded in popular culture as a typical consumer good. Legally, it constitutes however an example of a „content”, which is protected – in a way not dissimilar to literary or audio-visual works – by copyright law. An important property of these works, closely related to recent advances in computer science and resulting ease of digitization and duplication, is a possibility of costless duplication. This allows the creator of a digital work – for example a computer program – to distribute it at no cost, hence the const of duplication itself is either minimal or even non-existent.In recent years, an emergence of a new content distribution philosophy can be observed. Its proponents postulate, that it should be possible to create such computer software, that would be available for everyone to use, modify and redistribute – all that at no cost.This paper introduces the concept of free software and discuses some legal aspects of its creation and distribution. An overview of the construction of the most popular free software licence, the GNU General Public License is also included.
ZWIĄZKI GENETYCZNE I NORMATYWNE PRAWA PRACY Z PRAWEM CYWILNYM
Authors: Roszewska Katarzyna
Published: June 2017

The Genetic and Legal Connections between Labor and Civil LawsSummaryThe author analysis genetic and legal connections between the labor and civil laws. The article starts from the analysis of the contract regulated in the Roman law – locatio conductio operarum, it describes the development of industrial law from XVIII/XIX centuries, and ends with the analysis of the total separation of the labor law from the civil one. The genetic connections between these two branches of law significantlyinfluenced the labor law, in particular they determined its obligatory character. Although the labor law constitutes a separate branch it is not entirely independent. Its development depicts a constant and strong influence of the civil law. The labor law has taken over many legal solutions of the latter one. The Labor Code expressly states that if it is not provided otherwise the Civil Code’s provisions apply accordingly, unless they are contrary to the labor law provisions (art. 300 of the Labor Law). The labor law provisions also include references to the Civil Code. Finally the author analysis the similarities between the labor law and civil law legal relationships as well as the advantages of art. 300 of the Labor Law.
PRACA TYMCZASOWA W ŚWIETLE PRAWA WSPÓLNOTOWEGO
Authors: Reda Anna
Published: June 2017

Temporary Agency Work in EU LegislationSummaryThe article is about the history of the temporary agency work in EU Legislation. The temporary agency work is an increasingly significant form of employment It involves a triangular arrangement in which an agency intermediates between the worker and the user enterprise in arranging temporary employment assignments. The regulation of temporary work in the European Union has been contentious for over twenty years since the Commission first proposed a directive in in 1982. The negotiations of the European Social Partners towards an EU – wide Collective Agreement on temporary work were broken down in 2002. The adoption was never immediate. There is only one directive in EU, adopted in 1991 which concerns temporary work and fixed term contracts and deals with the safety at work (Directive 91/383 of 25 June 1991). The article attempts to shows the main causes for establishing a suitable framework for temporary workers in the EU and the reasons for ceasing the Directive Project in 2002. The author also analyses the most important issues of the proposal of a Directive: equal treatment of temporary workers, collective representation, training and development opportunities. It is also an actual issue at the moment because the Portugal Presidency started working on the project of a directive concerning temporary work in 2007.