bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reformbedarf für eine effizienzorientierte kollektive Wahrnehmung von Online-Rechten an Musikwerken
Authors: Rhode Paul
Published: April 2019

The ‘Collecting Societies Directive’ has allowed German legislators to aim at creating a uni-form level of regulation in terms of the multi-territorial licensing of rights in musical works for online use at the European level for the first time. In light of a so far nationally determined practice of collective licensing and the unsuccessful regulation policy of the EU in the past, the question arises of whether this new legal framework is an adequate response to structural economic inefficiencies within collecting societies’ system of rights management.
In this study, Paul Rhode examines this harmonised regulation in the field of online music in the form of its transposition into German law, the VGG, taking into account the foundations of competition economics and new information technologies. On this basis, he detects a remaining factual and legal need for reform to create an efficient collective rights management system, which is currently experiencing an unprecedented transition phase due to globalisation and digitalisation.
Redesigning the Academic Library Materials Budget for the Digital Age: Applying the Power of Faceted Classification to Acquisitions Fund Management
Authors: Savova Maria , Price Jason S.
Published: April 2019

Most academic libraries are facing increasing funding challenges that necessitate improved budget communication and advocacy, in addition to the more traditional planning and monitoring of funds. Moreover, electronic resources continue to evolve rapidly, spawning new material types and modes of acquisition. This paper defines four key facets of a materials budget that has been optimized for the electronic resources environment and describes a process that can be used to redesign any academic library budget structure for the digital age. Specific examples of important practical advantages that have accrued over the six years since the fully-faceted materials budget structure was implemented, are included.
A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF RAIL DEFECTS
Authors: MORIS MORO DAVID , VIÑA OLAY JAIME , ARGÜELLES AMADO ANTONIO
Published: April 2019

The railway industry has been developed from the second decade of XIX century till the modern high speed lines we have now in these days or the heavy haul corridors which can be found in Russian Federation, Brazil, China, Australia o United States. It has been more than two centuries of continuous improvements, developments and innovations like no other industry has suffered and one of the crucial components, such the steel rail, is showing this spectacular expansion. The steel making industry, devoted to the production of those steel rails, has developed along with the worldwide rail road’s expansion. One important topic during this process is the performance of the rails at the different tracks and the flaws which can be found both during the manufacturing and the operation of the lines. In this paper the authors intend to classify the defects into a robust system that allows the integration of new defects that may show up in the railway industry and update the existing ones.

Keywords: Steel rail, steel making industry, defects, manufacturing, operation, track, railway.
AN ANALYSIS ON THE PREPAREDNESS FOR IMPLEMENTING THE MINIMAL STANDARDS FOR SERVICE IN THE HEALTH FIELD AT DEPOK CITY IN 2017
Authors: Rokib Zakiah Muhammad , Junadi Purnawan
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Health is one of the fundamental rights for every person, therefore it must be provided by the government. To guarantee the quality and type of health services, the Minimal Standards for Services (SPM) must be established. This includes the SPM for the productive age healthcare services (SPM BKUP). This type of healthcare is important since it covers about 60-70% of the current population. In this research, we analyzed the discrepancy between the reality and the ideal in the implementation of the SPM BKUP qualitatively through in-depth interviews, focus group discusions, and studying the related documents. We discovered that in Depok City 10 of the 13 indicators for implementation were incomplete. These were the Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) risk factor conseling, technical trainings for the screening officer and web-based surveillance, NCDs integrated services, recording and reporting, monitoring and evaluation, communication, the attitude of the implementer, manpower, facilities, and funding. And that the other three indicators, incentives for the implementers that reached the target, standard operational procedures for the implementation of the SPM BKUP, and a specialized team for the implementation. Therefore, Depok City was only minimally prepared to implement the SPM.Abstrak. Kesehatan adalah hak yang sangat mendasar bagi manusia, untuk itu negara harus hadir dalam pemenuhannya. Dalam era otonomi daerah, Standar Pelayanan Minimal (SPM) bidang kesehatan menjadi jaminan penyelenggaraan pelayanan kesehatan dengan jenis dan mutu pelayanan dasar yang sama. Salah satu jenis layanan dasar adalah SPM bidang kesehatan pada usia produktif (SPM BKUP). Jenis layanan dasar ini bernilai strategis bagi kinerja Pemerintah Daerah, karena berdasarkan BPS (2017) komposisi penduduk usia produktif menempati proporsi 60-70% dari seluruh jumlah penduduk dan nilai strategis bagi pengendalian Penyakit Tidak Menular (PTM) karena bentuk skrining. Analisis kesiapan ditujukan untuk melihat seberapa besar jarak antara kondisi ideal dengan kenyataan yang sebenarnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan teknik WM, FGD dan telaah dokumen terkait.  Hasil penelitian didapatkan 10 dari 13 indikator kesiapan implementasi, belum lengkap dimiliki Kota Depok, meliputi konseling faktor risiko PTM, Pelatihan teknis petugas skrining dan surveilans berbasis web,  pelayanan terpadu PTM, pencatatan pelaporan, monitoring evaluasi, komunikasi, sikap pelaksana, ketersediaan SDM, fasilitas dan dana. Sementara 3 indikator yang belum sama sekali dimiliki yaitu insentif bagi pelaksana yang mencapai target, SOP pelaksanaan SPM BKUP dan Tim penanggung jawab penyelenggaraan SPM BKUP. Kesimpulan didapatkan bahwa Kota Depok memiliki kesiapan yang minimal dalam rangka implementasi SPM BKUP.
ACCUPRESSURE PROGRAM AT THE HEALTH CENTERS IN SOUTH JAKARTA IN 2018
Authors: Rini Sandra Octaviani Dyah Puspita , Achadi Anhari
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Traditional Health Services is a treatment or therapy using methods and medication that is based on the experience and skills of our ancestors that can be accounted for and is in accordance with the norms prevailing in the community. One example is acupressure, ehich is a healing method that uses pressure on certain points of the body or acupuncture points. This type of service has been regulated in various laws on traditional health. However, not all Health Centers provide this service. In South Jakarta City, there are only two Health Centers that provide acupressure services. This is a qualitative research, and aims to analyze the policies and implementation of the implementation of acupressure services in the Health Centers and its obstacles. The data was collected through in-depth interviews and document review. In this study we found that the quality and quantity of health workers trained in acupressure and their comprehension of the program was inadequate. In addition, the room for acupressure is only found in health centers that have provided this service. Communication is still a problem, because there is no regulation socialization regarding the regulation of acupressure services for policy implementers. However, 60% of patients were satisfied with the services provided. Abstrak. Pelayanan Kesehatan Tradisional adalah pengobatan/atau perawatan dengan cara dan obat yang berdasarkan pada pengalaman dan keterampilan turun temurun secara empiris, dapat dipertanggungjawabkan dan diterapkan sesuai dengan norma yang berlaku di masyarakat. Salah satu diantaranya adalah akupresur. Akupresur merupakan suatu cara penyembuhan dengan teknik penekanan titik-titik tertentu pada tubuh (titik-titik akupunktur) yang menggunakan jari-jari tangan ataupun alat bantu seperti batang kayu. Pelayanan jenis ini sudah dituangkan dalam berbagai undang-undang tentang kesehatan tradisional. Namun, tidak semua puskesmas menyelenggarakan layanan ini. Di Kota Jakarta Selatan, hanya terdapat dua Puskesmas yang menyelenggarakan pelayanan akupresur. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif, dan bertujuan untuk menganalisis kebijakan dan implementasi pelaksanaan pelayanan akupresur di Puskesmas serta hambatannya. Metode pengumpulan data melalui wawacara mendalam dan telaah dokumen. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa kualitas dan kuantitas tenaga kesehatan yang terlatih akupresur dan mengerti tentang program masih belum mencukupi. Selain itu, ruangan untuk akupresur hanya terdapat pada puskesmas yang sudah menyediakan pelayanan ini. Komunikasipun masih menjadi masalah, karena belum ada sosialisasi regulasi tentang pengaturan pelayanan akupresur bagi pelaksana kebijakan.
Long-read viral metagenomics captures abundant and microdiverse viral populations and their niche-defining genomic islands
Authors: Warwick-Dugdale Joanna , Solonenko Natalie , Moore Karen , Chittick Lauren , Gregory Ann C. , Allen Michael J. , Sullivan Matthew B. , Temperton Ben
Published: April 2019

Marine viruses impact global biogeochemical cycles via their influence on host community structure and function, yet our understanding of viral ecology is constrained by limitations in host culturing and a lack of reference genomes and ‘universal’ gene markers to facilitate community surveys. Short-read viral metagenomic studies have provided clues to viral function and first estimates of global viral gene abundance and distribution, but their assemblies are confounded by populations with high levels of strain evenness and nucleotide diversity (microdiversity), limiting assembly of some of the most abundant viruses on Earth. Such features also challenge assembly across genomic islands containing niche-defining genes that drive ecological speciation. These populations and features may be successfully captured by single-virus genomics and fosmid-based approaches, at least in abundant taxa, but at considerable cost and technical expertise. Here we established a low-cost, low-input, high throughput alternative sequencing and informatics workflow to improve viral metagenomic assemblies using short-read and long-read technology. The ‘VirION’ (Viral, long-read metagenomics via MinION sequencing) approach was first validated using mock communities where it was found to be as relatively quantitative as short-read methods and provided significant improvements in recovery of viral genomes. We then then applied VirION to the first metagenome from a natural viral community from the Western English Channel. In comparison to a short-read only approach, VirION: (i) increased number and completeness of assembled viral genomes; (ii) captured abundant, highly microdiverse virus populations, and (iii) captured more and longer genomic islands. Together, these findings suggest that VirION provides a high throughput and cost-effective alternative to fosmid and single-virus genomic approaches to more comprehensively explore viral communities in nature.
The influence of online video learning aids on preparing postgraduate chiropractic students for an objective structured clinical examination
Authors: Fong Kevin K. , Gilder Susannah , Jenkins Rebecca , Graham Petra L. , Brown Benjamin T.
Published: April 2019

Objective

To investigate the influence of providing online procedural videos to postgraduate chiropractic students preparing for an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE).

Methods

Eighty-three postgraduate chiropractic students enrolled in a diagnostic unit during 2017 received supplemental video resources prior to their final OSCE. Ninety students enrolled in the 2016 offering of the unit acted as the control group. Two-sample t tests were used to compare OSCE results between groups and paired t tests were used for within-group comparisons. Regression analysis was used to examine the association of age, undergraduate grade point average, and gender with the final OSCE scores. Students were also surveyed regarding their perceptions of the video resources using a purpose-built questionnaire.

Results

A paired t test comparing initial and final OSCE scores found a small but significant increase in scores for the 2017 (mean change 3.6 points; p = .001) but not the 2016 (mean change −1.1 scores; p = .09) cohort. The 2017 cohort had significantly more change than the 2016 cohort (mean difference 4.7 points; p < .001). Analysis of responses to the questionnaire highlighted overall positive feedback for the procedural videos.

Conclusion

Online procedural videos as learning resources had a small but positive effect on OSCE performance for a group of postgraduate chiropractic students. Students perceived the resource as being helpful for OSCE preparation.
The Double Auxiliary Equations Method and its Application to Some Nonlinear Evolution Equations
Authors: Moussa A. A. , Abdelstar I. M. E. , Osman A. K. , Alhakim L. A.
Published: April 2019

Throughout this article, symbolic computation will be used in order to construct a more general exact solutions of the nonlinear evolution equations through a new method called the double auxiliary equations' method, the method represent the study focus of this article. The method has proven applicable and practical through its applications to the generalized regularized long wave (RLW) equation and nonlinear Schrodinger equation.
Survey the Effect of Educational Program Based on Precaution Adoption Process Model on Screening Cervical Cancer Behaviors among Rural Women, Mixed Method Development
Authors: Bahmani Afshin , Bahmani Nasrin , Enjezab Behnaz , Baghianimoghadam Hossein , Mahmoodabad Seyed Saeed Mazloomy
Published: April 2019

Background and Objectives: Cervical cancer is considered as a preventable cancer in women. Pap smear test is an effective screening program for diagnosing cervical cancer, but for some reasons its use is low. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors affecting the women's participation in the Pap smear test based on precaution adoption process model and effect of educational program based on model on doing the Pap test with a Mixed Method approach.

Materials and Methods: This study was a Mixed Method approach. Thirty women voluntarily participated in this study in sarvabad city of Iran. The sampling began purposefully and continued until saturation. Semi-structured interviews were the primary method of data collection. Data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis and continuous comparisons. Quantitative study was conducted implementing a quasi-experimental method. Participants were divided into two groups as experimental and control groups using Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) among 180 rural females in Sarvabad. In treating the experimental group, the methods of lecturing with question and answer, playing videos, specialized consulting and pamphlet were used. The questionnaire including a demographic characteristic and variables that affecting the stages of the Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM). Data analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney, chi-square and descriptive statistical methods. P <0.05 was considered as the significance level.

Results: In qualitative study Model-based themes included, awareness, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, social norms. Women`s awareness about cervical cancer and Pap smear test is not enough, but, they perceived the severity of the disease. In quantitative study in comparison of the means of the scores of psychological variables affecting the decision process in Pap smear test, there was a significant relationship between the experimental and control groups based on Mann-Whitney test and control groups based on variables, perceived susceptibility, awareness and social norms. But the perceived severity was not statistically significant.

Conclusion: Findings of this study will help health managers and health planners to plan and train ways to facilitate the participation of women in the Pap smear test.
Development and Characterization of Liposome-Enriched Ketoprofen Liposomal Hydrogels
Authors: Amjad Muhammad Wahab , Raja Maria Abdul Ghafoor
Published: April 2019

The purpose of this study was to develop liposome-enriched Ketoprofen liposomal hydrogels and carry out in vitro release profile experiment. The aim was to achieve sustained topical drug delivery for extended time interval from liposomal gels. Phosphatidylcholine, Cholesterol and Ketoprofen were dissolved in chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) mixture and subsequently transferred to a flask attached to rotavapor. The liposomes were assessed for particle size and percent drug entrapment. F-7 and F-8 batches were found to be optimized batches having optimum sizes, drug entrapment efficiencies and cumulative drug releases. F-8 batch was further evaluated for stability. The results show that the prepared liposomes of Ketoprofen might turn out to be potential candidates for effective and safe sustained drug delivery thereby resulting in the reduction of dosing frequency.
Interfacial Engineering and Photon Downshifting of CsPbBr3 Nanocrystals for Efficient, Stable, and Colorful Vapor Phase Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Cong , Wu Yanjie , Liu Le , Gao Yanbo , Chen Xinfu , Bi Wenbo , Chen Xu , Liu Dali , Dai Qilin , Song Hongwei
Published: April 2019

Photovoltaic devices employing lead halide perovskites as the photoactive layer have attracted enormous attention due to their commercialization potential. Yet, there exists challenges on the way to the practical use of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), such as light stability and current–voltage (J–V ) hysteresis. Inorganic perovskite nanocrystals (IPNCs) are promising candidates for high‐performance photovoltaic devices due to their simple synthesis methods, tunable bandgap, and efficient photon downshifting effect for ultraviolet (UV) light blocking and conversion. In this work, CsPbBr3 IPNCs modification could give rise to the vapor phase and solution‐processed PSCs with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.4% and 20.8%, respectively, increased by 11.6% and 5.6% compared to the control devices for more efficient UV utilization and carrier recombination suppression. As far as is known, 11.6% is the most effective enhanced factor for PSCs based on photon downshifting effect inside of devices. The CsPbBr3 layer could also significantly retard light‐induced degradation, leading to the lifetime over 100 h under UV illumination for PSCs. Additionally, the modified PSCs exhibit weak hysteresis and multiple colors of fluorescence. These results shed light on the future design of combining a photon downshifting layer and carrier interfacial modification layer in the applications of perovskite optoelectronic devices.
CRISPR/Cas9 Delivery Mediated with Hydroxyl‐Rich Nanosystems for Gene Editing in Aorta
Authors: Zhang Xiaoping , Xu Chen , Gao Shijuan , Li Ping , Kong Yu , Li Tiantian , Li Yulin , Xu Fu‐Jian , Du Jie
Published: April 2019

A CRISPR/Cas9 system has emerged as a powerful tool for gene editing to treat genetic mutation related diseases. Due to the complete endothelial barrier, effective delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to vasculatures remains a challenge for in vivo gene editing of genetic vascular diseases especially in aorta. Herein, it is reported that CHO‐PGEA (cholesterol (CHO)‐terminated ethanolamine‐aminated poly(glycidyl methacrylate)) with rich hydroxyl groups can deliver a plasmid based pCas9‐sgFbn1 system for the knockout of exon 10 in Fbn1 gene. This is the first report of a polycation‐mediated CRISPR/Cas9 system for gene editing in aorta of adult mice. CHO‐PGEA/pCas9‐sgFbn1 nanosystems can effectively contribute to the knockout of exon 10 in Fbn1 in vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro, which leads to the change of the phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and the increased expression of two downstream signals of Fbn1: Mmp‐2 and Ctgf. For in vivo application, the aortic enrichment of CHO‐PGEA/Cas9‐sgFbn1 is achieved by administering a pressor dose of angiotensin II (Ang II). The effects of the pCas9‐sgFbn1 system targeting Fbn1 demonstrate an increase in the expression of Mmp‐2 and Ctgf in aorta. Thus, the combination of CHO‐PGEA/pCas9‐sgFbn1 nanosystems with Ang II infusion can provide the possibility for in vivo gene editing in aorta.
Floral traits influence the opportunity for selection among male gametophytes: independent and combined effects of style length and petal area
Authors: Mazer Susan J. , Chellew Joseph P. , Peach Kristen
Published: April 2019

Premise

Strong correlations between traits can obscure their independent effects on components of reproduction. Style length (SL) and petal area (PA) vary within species, for example, but their independent effects on the opportunity for selection among pollen genotypes are poorly understood. Previous work in Clarkia detected a positive effect of SL on pollen receipt, potentially intensifying selection. However, this apparent effect of SL may be influenced by a correlated trait, such as PA. Here, we examine the independent effects of these two traits on pollen receipt and performance.

Methods

We collected petals and styles from wild populations of two insect‐pollinated Clarkia taxa and estimated the independent and combined effects of SL and PA on pollen receipt and performance.

Results

In both taxa, SL and PA are positively correlated. In C. unguiculata, both traits positively and independently affect pollen receipt, but in C. xantiana ssp. xantiana, the two traits act only in combination to affect pollen receipt. In both taxa, pollen receipt positively affects the numbers of pollen tubes entering and penetrating the style, as well as pollen tube attrition.

Conclusions

The effects of SL and PA on pollen receipt and performance are taxon specific. In C. unguiculata, both traits may be independent targets of selection due to their effects on pollen receipt. In C. xantiana ssp. xantiana, by contrast, the combined (but not independent) effects of SL and PA influence pollen receipt. Ecological differences between these taxa require exploration to understand the mechanisms by which these traits affect pollinator behavior.
Recommendations and privacy in the arXiv system: A simulation experiment using historical data
Authors: Menkov Vladimir , Ginsparg Paul , Kantor Paul B.
Published: April 2019

Recommender systems may accelerate knowledge discovery in many fields. However, their users may be competitors guarding their ideas before publication or for other reasons. We describe a simulation experiment to assess user privacy against targeted attacks, modeling recommendations based on co‐access data. The analysis uses an unusually long (14 years) set of anonymized historical data on user‐item accesses. We introduce the notions of “visibility” and “discoverability.” We find, based on historical data, that the majority of the actions of arXiv users would be potentially “visible” under targeted attack. However, “discoverability,” which incorporates the difficulty of actually seeing a “visible” effect, is very much lower for nearly all users. We consider the effect of changes to the settings of the recommender algorithm on the visibility and discoverability of user actions and propose mitigation strategies that reduce both measures of risk.
Strain‐specific altered nicotine metabolism in 3,3′‐diindolylmethane (DIM) exposed mice
Authors: Bloom A. Joseph , Upadhyaya Pramod , Kharasch Evan D.
Published: April 2019

Two indole compounds, indole‐3‐carbinol (I3C) and its acid condensation product, 3,3′‐diindolymethane (DIM), have been shown to suppress the expression of flavin‐containing monooxygenases (FMO) and to induce some hepatic cytochrome P450s (CYPs) in rats. In liver microsomes prepared from rats fed I3C or DIM, FMO‐mediated nicotine N‐oxygenation was decreased, whereas CYP‐mediated nicotine metabolism to nicotine iminium and subsequently to cotinine was unchanged. Therefore, it was hypothesized that in mice DIM would also suppress nicotine N‐oxygenation without affecting CYP‐mediated nicotine metabolism. Liver microsomes were produced from male and female C57BL/6 J and CD1 mice fed 2500 parts per million (ppm) DIM for 14 days. In liver microsomes from DIM‐fed mice, FMO‐mediated nicotine N‐oxygenation did not differ from the controls, but CYP‐mediated nicotine metabolism was significantly increased, with results varying by sex and strain. To confirm the effects of DIM in vivo, control and DIM‐fed CD1 male mice were injected subcutaneously with nicotine, and the plasma concentrations of nicotine, cotinine and nicotine‐N‐oxide were measured over 30 minutes. The DIM‐fed mice showed greater cotinine concentrations compared with the controls 10 minutes following injection. It is concluded that the effects of DIM on nicotine metabolism in vitro and in vivo differ between mice and rats and between mouse strains, and that DIM is an effective inducer of CYP‐mediated nicotine metabolism in commonly studied mouse strains.
Child Maltreatment in the Media: Analyses of Media Coverage and Reader Comments on Child Maltreatment in Israel
Authors: Katz Carmit , Glucklich Talia , Piller Shir
Published: April 2019

The media plays a significant role in our lives and constitutes a very powerful socialising agent with the potential to influence public opinion and policymakers regarding social issues, such as child maltreatment. The present study was designed to explore how child maltreatment is portrayed in the media and to examine public perception regarding this phenomenon, as expressed by reader comments. Articles about child maltreatment published on the five official news websites in Israel were assessed using descriptive and qualitative analysis. It was found that most of the coverage of child maltreatment could be characterised as episodic. The majority of news articles failed to provide information regarding the potential risk/causal factors and often missed opportunities to discuss solutions to maltreatment. Of the stakeholders presented in the articles, only rarely could the voices of child victims or their families be heard, whereas the presence of legal professionals was frequent. A high frequency of reader comments referred to rage and despair. The results demonstrate the need to develop various practices in order to narrow the gaps between findings and statistics about child maltreatment and the way in which the phenomenon is currently portrayed in the media, as such portrayals exert an impact on both public perceptions and policymakers' attitudes. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘Explore[s] how child maltreatment is portrayed in the media and examine[s] public perception… as expressed by reader comments’

Key Practitioner Messages

The media is a significant tool with the potential to influence public opinion and policymakers regarding social issues.

The study indicates that media coverage of child maltreatment often fails to present it as an extensive social problem and does not discuss possible solutions and prevention strategies for this phenomenon.

Practitioners within the field of child maltreatment should be provided with training in working with the media.

Joint collaboration between practitioners, the media and researchers is needed in order to narrow the gap between the worrisome figures regarding this phenomenon and its non‐proportional representation in the media.
Case report: The long‐term effects of anabolic steroids on the female voice over a 20‐year period
Authors: Bensoussan Yael , Anderson Jennifer
Published: April 2019

Key Clinical Message

Anabolic steroids and androgenic steroids (AAS) can have long‐term effects on the female voice. These changes are clinically relevant since they are difficult to treat and therefore should be disclosed to patients using AAS or receiving androgenic steroid therapy.
Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium (CPIC) Guideline for CYP2B6 and Efavirenz‐Containing Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Desta Zeruesenay , Gammal Roseann S. , Gong Li , Whirl‐Carrillo Michelle , Gaur Aditya H. , Sukasem Chonlaphat , Hockings Jennifer , Myers Alan , Swart Marelize , Tyndale Rachel F. , Masimirembwa Collen , Iwuchukwu Otito F. , Chirwa Sanika , Lennox Jeffrey , Gaedigk Andrea , Klein Teri E. , Haas David W.
Published: April 2019

The HIV type‐1 nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, efavirenz, is widely used to treat HIV type‐1 infection. Efavirenz is predominantly metabolized into inactive metabolites by cytochrome P450 (CYP)2B6, and patients with certain CYP2B6 genetic variants may be at increased risk for adverse effects, particularly central nervous system toxicity and treatment discontinuation. We summarize the evidence from the literature and provide therapeutic recommendations for efavirenz prescribing based on CYP2B6 genotypes.
Global sustainability under uncertainty: How do multinationals craft regulatory policies?
Authors: Durugbo Christopher , Amankwah‐Amoah Joseph
Published: April 2019

Multinational corporations (MNCs) are increasingly mindful of the significance of sustainability transitions and the need for operations that are energy efficient and environmentally sound. Achieving sustainability under conditions of uncertainty entails the involvement of multiple stakeholders in initiating and carrying out sustainability‐focused initiatives. Using longitudinal analysis of Royal Dutch Shell's sustainability policies, we developed an integrated model to elucidate how uncertainty influences sustainability policies in the specific context of MNCs. We identified three phases in the evolution of Shell's sustainability innovation: a self‐reflective phase (2000–2003) characterized by intense pressure from climate advocacy groups, an investment phase (2004–2006) for which the MNC attempted to rise to the waste disposal and pollution challenge through renewable sources of energy, and a reorganization phase (2007–2010) to streamline operations. We also uncovered themes that influence how regulatory policies are crafted: responding positively to the “community's voice,” risk spreading through joint ventures, revenue transparency for government accountability, and reporting innovation that confronts hard truths. The practical implications are outlined.
Analysis of serum B cell‐activating factor from the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) and its soluble receptors in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Vincent Fabien B , Kandane‐Rathnayake Rangi , Koelmeyer Rachel , Hoi Alberta Y , Harris James , Mackay Fabienne , Morand Eric F
Published: April 2019

Objectives

To determine the presence and clinical associations of the soluble receptors of B cell‐activating factor from the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

Serum BAFF and soluble BAFF receptor (sBAFF‐R) were quantified using ELISA, and soluble B cell maturation antigen (sBCMA) and transmembrane activator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (sTACI) by Luminex, in 87 SLE patients and 17 healthy controls (HC). Disease activity and organ damage were assessed using SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDAI‐2K) and Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC) SLE Damage Index (SDI), respectively.

Results

BAFF and all receptors were detectable in all serum samples. Serum sBCMA and sTACI, but not sBAFF‐R, were significantly higher in SLE than in HC. Serum BAFF was also increased in SLE, but this association was attenuated after adjusting for age and ethnicity. Increased serum BAFF was associated with flare and organ damage. Increased serum sBCMA was associated with the presence of anti‐dsDNA, but not with overall or organ‐specific disease activity, flare or organ damage. Neither sTACI nor sBAFF‐R was associated with any SLE clinical parameters in multivariable analysis. While serum BAFF correlated negatively with sBAFF‐R in HC, no statistically significant correlations were observed between BAFF and its receptors in SLE patients.

Conclusion

Serum BAFF was associated with flare and organ damage independent of the presence of its soluble receptors. While sBCMA was associated with anti‐dsDNA positivity, other soluble BAFF receptors were not associated with SLE clinical indicators.
Parental punitive discipline and children’s depressive symptoms: Associations with striatal volume
Authors: Merz Emily C. , Maskus Elaine A. , Melvin Samantha A. , He Xiaofu , Noble Kimberly G.
Published: April 2019

Although parental harshness has been consistently linked with increased depressive symptoms in youth, its associations with children's brain structure are not well understood. The striatum has been strongly implicated in depression in adolescents and adults. In this study, we investigated the associations among parental harsh discipline, striatal volume, and depressive symptoms in children. Participants were parents and their 5‐ to 9‐year‐old children (63% female; 29% African American; 47% Hispanic/Latino). Parents completed questionnaires about their parenting behaviors and children's depressive symptoms. Children participated in a high‐resolution, T1‐weighted MRI scan, and volumetric data for the caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens were extracted (n = 20 with both parenting and MRI data; n = 48 with both MRI and depressive symptom data). Findings indicated that more frequent parental harsh discipline was significantly associated with smaller dorsal striatal volume (caudate plus putamen). In addition, smaller dorsal striatal volume was significantly associated with increased depressive symptoms in children. These associations remained significant after accounting for child age, sex, whole brain volume, and parental depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that parental harsh discipline may be associated with children's striatal volume, which may in turn be associated with their level of depressive symptoms.
Rare plant species do not occupy water‐remote refuges in arid environments subject to livestock grazing
Authors: Fensham Roderick J. , Laffineur Boris , Rhodes Jonathan R. , Silcock Jennifer L.
Published: April 2019

In many of the world's arid regions there has been a dramatic increase in grazing pressure with herds of livestock sustained by the provision of artificial water points. In these systems it has been suggested that grazing‐sensitive plant species will have contracted to refuges distant from water points where grazing impacts are low. This association was tested using a large data set of presence/absence records for rare plant species throughout the northeastern Australian arid zone. The presence records of only one of 45 species were statistically associated with lower grazing activity, as a function of distance‐to‐water, than the absence records. The field observation that this species is rarely grazed suggests it is not susceptible to grazing pressure. In general, the study supports assertions that populations of short‐lived plants in drylands are resilient in the face of exaggerated livestock grazing because herbivores are not in sufficient densities to have an impact during the sporadic periods of high rainfall when plants can complete their life cycles. However, long‐lived palatable species may be extinction‐prone in grazed landscapes over long time frames if recruitment is curtailed by grazing.
Insect community structure covaries with host plant chemistry but is not affected by prior herbivory
Authors: Visakorpi Kristiina , Riutta Terhi , Martínez‐Bauer Angélica E. , Salminen Juha‐Pekka , Gripenberg Sofia
Published: April 2019

By feeding on plant tissue, insect herbivores can change several characteristics of their hosts. These changes have the potential to alter the quality of the plant for other herbivore species, potentially altering the structure of the community of species attacking the plant at a later point in time. We tested whether herbivory early in the season changes host plant performance, polyphenol chemistry, and the community structure of sessile herbivores later in the season. We experimentally manipulated densities of early‐season moth caterpillars on a set of young oak trees and measured tree growth, reproduction, leaf chemistry, and the abundance and community composition of leafmining and galling species later in the season. The experimental manipulations of early‐season herbivores did not affect late‐season leaf chemistry or tree performance. Early‐season herbivores had a weak negative effect on the abundance of gallers and a positive, tree‐dependent effect on the overall diversity of late‐season sessile herbivores. The chemical composition of leaves covaried with the species composition of the late‐season leafmining and galling community. Both the chemical composition of the host tree and the late‐season insect community structure were strongly affected by the growth location of the tree. Our results suggest that plant‐mediated indirect effects between herbivores might play a limited role in this system, whereas the underlying variation in plant chemistry is an important factor structuring the associated insect community. Our results emphasize that factors other than prior herbivory can be important determinants of plant chemistry and the community composition of herbivores.
Altitudinal gradients fail to predict fungal symbiont responses to warming
Authors: Kazenel Melanie R. , Kivlin Stephanie N. , Taylor D. Lee , Lynn Joshua S. , Rudgers Jennifer A.
Published: April 2019

Climate change is shifting altitudinal species ranges, with potential to disrupt species interactions. Altitudinal gradient studies and warming experiments can both increase understanding of climate effects on species interactions, but few studies have used both together to improve predictions. We examined whether plant–fungal symbioses responded similarly to altitude and 23 yr of experimental warming. Root‐ and leaf‐associated fungi, which can mediate plants’ climate sensitivity, responded divergently to elevation vs. warming. Fungal colonization, diversity, and composition varied with altitude, but climate variables were generally weak predictors; other factors such as host plant identity, plant community composition, or edaphic variables likely drive fungal altitudinal distributions. Manipulated warming altered fungal colonization, but not composition or diversity. Leaf symbionts were more sensitive to climate and experimental warming than root symbionts. Altitudinal patterns and responses to warming differed among host plant species and fungal groups, indicating that predicting climate effects on symbioses will require tracking both host and symbiont identities. Combining experimental and observational methods can yield valuable insight into how climate change may alter plant–symbiont interactions, but our results indicate that altitude does not always serve as an adequate proxy for warming effects on fungal symbionts of plants.
Bedrock nitrogen weathering stimulates biological nitrogen fixation
Authors: Dynarski Katherine A. , Morford Scott L. , Mitchell Scott A. , Houlton Benjamin Z.
Published: April 2019

Global ecosystem models suggest that bedrock nitrogen (N) weathering contributes 10–20% of total N inputs to the natural terrestrial biosphere and >38% of ecosystem N supplies in temperate forests specifically. Yet, the role of rock N weathering in shaping ecological processes and biogeochemical fluxes is largely unknown. Here, we show that temperate forest ecosystems underlain by N‐rich bedrock exhibit higher free‐living N fixation rates than similar forests residing on N‐poor parent materials, across sites experiencing a range of climate and tectonic regimes. This seemingly counterintuitive result can be explained by increased accumulation of soil C and P in high bedrock N sites, resulting in increased energy inputs and nutrient supplies to N fixing microorganisms. Our findings advance a novel ecosystem biogeochemical framework that recognizes long‐term plant–soil–microbe feedbacks in shaping biogeochemical processes, with potentially widespread implications given the global distribution of bedrock N across Earth's terrestrial biomes.
Demographic senescence and effects on population dynamics of a perennial plant
Authors: Edelfeldt Stina , Bengtsson Karin , Dahlgren Johan P.
Published: April 2019

Demographic rates in plants are usually assumed to be more stage or size dependent than age dependent, and aging is therefore not considered in demographic models. However, little is known about the effect of age on demographic rates, as there still are few studies based on long‐term individual‐based plant population data that consider both individual age and size. In addition, little is known about how aging of individuals may affect population dynamics. We present analyses of demographic data for three populations of Fumana procumbens collected 1985–2013, on individuals with known year of germination. We modeled age‐ and size‐dependence of the vital rates of survival, growth, fruiting probability, and fruit number using thin plate spline regressions, and constructed an age × size integral projection model (IPM) to project population‐level effects of aging. We found strong correlations between age and vital rates in solely age‐based vital rate models, where vital rates initially increased with age, after which they stabilized and, in some cases, eventually declined. In survival models with both age and size, the effects of age were statistically significant, whereas size effects were insignificant at two of the sites. For other vital rates, most of the effect of age could be explained by size alone. In addition, including the age effects on survival in the IPM led to lower population growth rates compared to predictions of a size‐only IPM. These results illustrate that demographic senescence does occur in perennial plants, which has only been demonstrated clearly in a few recent detailed studies. Moreover, we show that population projections may be overly optimistic if they do not consider plant age. We conclude that the possibility of demographic senescence should be considered in demographic population models, such as those used in viability analyses of threatened species.
(Mis‐)Coordinating identities in the transition to parenthood: Investigating the co‐development of partners’ parenting, domestic and provider identities before and after the birth of the first child
Authors: Turner‐Zwinkels Felicity M. , Spini Dario
Published: April 2019

This research takes a socio‐psychological perspective to studying the transition to parenthood, by longitudinally investigating how couples dyadically coordinate: (a) the changing centralities of parenting domestic and provider identities, and (b) the consequences of this for stress and relationship satisfaction. We collected longitudinal data from a Swiss community sample of 213 heterosexual, first‐time parents, in approximately the 24th week of pregnancy (T1) and 2 years later (T2). Participants completed a sociogram task, sketching the centrality of parenting, domestic and provider identities, for themselves and their partner. We applied actor partner interdependence models to model changing identity centralities at T2, from the (coordination) of T1 identities, distinguishing effects due to one's partner and the individual. Results support identity coordination in couples, especially in the development of the domestic identity. This coordination also had longitudinal effects for couples’ well‐being. Results emphasize the social forces that structure the self‐concept, and their health consequences.
What is threatening about refugees? Identifying different types of threat and their association with emotional responses and attitudes towards refugee migration
Authors: Landmann Helen , Gaschler Robert , Rohmann Anette
Published: April 2019

Threat is one of the most important predictors for attitudes towards refugees and migration. The current research addresses the role of different threat types and emotional reactions in the context of refugee migration with a multi‐method approach. Using qualitative (Study 1, N = 202) and quantitative (Studies 2–4, N = 873) methods, we identified six types of threat that majority group members in Germany experience in the face of refugee migration: Concerns about cultural differences (symbolic threat), financial strain (realistic threat), criminal acts (safety threat), conflicts within society (cohesion threat), increasing xenophobia (prejudice threat), and refugee care (altruistic threat). All these threat types elicited negative emotions and were associated with negative attitudes towards refugees and support for restrictive migration policies. Paradoxically, concerns about refugee care predicted support for restrictive migration policies particularly well (altruistic threat paradox), which can be explained by a lack of emotional responses to this type of threat. Based on these findings, we propose a bidirectional model of intergroup threat.
Whose promises are worth more? How social status affects trust in promises
Authors: Blue Philip R. , Hu Jie , Peng Lu , Yu Hongbo , Liu Huiying , Zhou Xiaolin
Published: April 2019

Promises are among the most widely used tools for increasing trust in social hierarchies; yet the effect of social status on trust in promises is unknown. Here we used a modified version of the Trust Game, in which participants, acting as Investors, were paired with Trustees of varying social status who were given the opportunity to promise (or not) to return at least half of the multiplied amount (i.e., 4 × the amount invested). No return feedback was provided. Participants invested more in partners who promised than those who did not or whose promise information was concealed. Importantly, in both lab‐manipulated (Exps. 1–3: math‐induced) and pre‐existing (Exp. 4: university‐based) hierarchies, participants invested more in promises given by high status than low status partners. Post‐experiment measures suggest that this may be due to greater expectations of honesty for high status than low status others. Potential explanations and implications are discussed.
Comparison of various chemometric analysis for rapid prediction of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in rainbow trout fillets by hyperspectral imaging technique
Authors: Khoshnoudi‐Nia Sara , Moosavi‐Nasab Marzieh
Published: April 2019

This study explores the potential application of hyperspectral imaging (HSI; 430–1,010 nm) coupled with different linear and nonlinear models for rapid nondestructive evaluation of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) value in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets during 12 days of cold storage (4 ± 2°C). HSI data and TBARS value of fillets were obtained in the laboratory. The primary prediction models were established based on linear partial least squares regression (PLSR) and least squares support vector machine (LS‐SVM). In full spectral range, the prediction capability of LS‐SVM ( = 0.829; RMSEP = 0.128 mg malondialdehyde [MDA]/kg) was better than PLSR ( = 0.748; RMSEP = 0.155 mg MDA/kg) model and LS‐SVM model exhibited satisfactory prediction performance ( > 0.82). To simplify the calibration models, a combination of uninformative variable elimination and backward regression (UB) was used as variable selection. Nine wavelengths were selected. Various chemometric analysis methods including linear PLSR and multiple linear regression and nonlinear LS‐SVM and back‐propagation artificial neural network (BP‐ANN) were compared. The simplified models showed better capability than those were built based on the whole dataset in prediction of TBARS values. Moreover, the nonlinear models were preferred over linear models. Among the four chemometric algorithms, the best and weakest models were LS‐SVM and PLSR model, respectively. UB‐LS‐SVM model was the optimal models for predicting TBARS value in rainbow trout fillets ( = 0.831; RMSEP = 0.125 mg MDA/kg). The establishing of lipid‐oxidation prediction model in rainbow trout fish was complicated, due to the fluctuations of TBARS values during storage. Therefore, further researches are needed to improve the prediction results and applicability of HIS technique for prediction of TBARS value in rainbow trout fish.