bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growing Food with Garbage: Effects of Six Waste Amendments on Soil and Vegetable Crops
Authors: Long Rebecca J. , Brown Rebecca N. , Amador José A.
Published: July 2017

Using organic wastes as agricultural amendments is a productive alternative to disposal in landfills, providing nutrients for plant growth and carbon to build soil organic matter. Despite these benefits, a large fraction of organic waste is sent to landfills. Obstacles to the adoption of wastes as sources of plant nutrients include questions about harmful effects to crops or soils and the wastes’ ability to produce satisfactory yields. We compared six organic waste amendments with a mineral fertilizer control (CN) to determine effects on soil quality, soil fertility, crop quality, and crop yield in 2013 and 2014. Waste amendments were applied at a rate sufficient to supply 10,000 kg organic C/ha over two seasons, and mineral fertilizer was applied to control plots to provide 112 kg-N/ha/yr. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with four replicates and three crops: sweet corn (Zea mays L. cv. Applause, Brocade, and Montauk), butternut squash (Cucurbita moschata Duchesne cv. JWS 6823), and potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Eva). Amendment with biosolids/yard waste cocompost (BS), dehydrated restaurant food waste (FW), gelatin manufacturing waste (GW), multisource compost (MS), paper fiber/chicken manure blend (PF), and yard waste compost (YW) did not have a negative impact on soil moisture, bulk density, electrical conductivity (EC), or the concentration of heavy metals in soil or plant tissue. Our results indicate potential uses for waste amendments including significantly raising soil pH (MS) and increasing soil organic matter [OM (YW and BS)]. The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C:N) of waste amendments was not a reliable predictor of soil inorganic N levels, and only some wastes increased potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN) levels relative to the control. Plots amended with BS, FW, and GW produced yields of sweet corn, butternut squash, and potatoes comparable with the control, whereas plots amended with YW, PF, and MS produced lower yields of sweet corn, squash, or both, although yields for potatoes were comparable with the control. In addition, the marketability of potatoes from PF plots was significantly better than that of the control in 2014. None of the wastes evaluated in this study had negative impacts on soil properties, some provided benefits to soil quality, and all produced comparable yields for at least one crop. Our results suggest that all six wastes have potential to be used as sources of plant nutrients.
Enhanced Plantlet Regeneration in Two Cacao (Theobroma cacao) Clones from Immature Inflorescence Explants
Authors: Kahia Jane , Kone Siaka , Diby Lucien , Ngoran Georges , Dadjo Colombe , Kouame Christophe
Published: July 2017

Theobroma cacao L. (cacao) is a major tropical crop, grown for its oil-rich seed, which is used in the manufacture of chocolate, its derivatives, and cosmetics. Cacao is cultivated mainly by smallholders and represents a significant export commodity for some developing countries such as Côte d’Ivoire. It is conventionally propagated by seeds, grafting, and cuttings. Somatic embryogenesis offers an alternative method for propagation where large-scale production of planting materials is possible. In the current study, the effect of different concentrations of 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) and kinetin on induction of somatic embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration in two cocoa clones (coded as C1 and C14) were evaluated. Flowers were collected early in the morning, sterilized, explants excised and cultured on Driver, and Kuniyuki Walnut (DKW) media supplemented with different concentrations of 2, 4-D (9, 10, and 20 µM) and kinetin (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, and 25 µM) in separate experiments. The frequently used media in somatic embryogenesis of cacao [DKW supplemented with 0.022 µM thidiazuron (TDZ) and 9 µM 2, 4-D] was used as a control. The results of the study showed that explants cultured on media supplemented with 10 µM 2, 4-D and 5 µM kinetin produced the highest (28.0 ± 1.1) mean number of embryos/explant in C1 and this was a 9-fold increase in the number of embryos compared with the control. Explants cultured on media supplemented with 10 µM 2, 4-D and 2.5 µM kinetin produced the highest (7.0 ± 4.0) mean number of embryos/explant in C14 whereas the explants cultured on media supplemented with 20 µM 2, 4-D and 2.5 µM kinetin gave the highest (22.0 ± 1.7) mean number of embryos in clone C1 and C14. The regenerated embryos were germinated and successfully weaned in the green house with a survival rate of 70% being recorded. The paper describes an improved protocol compared with previous work in terms of embryo recovery and survival rate of the elite clones of cocoa through somatic embryogenesis. The results of the current study confirm that somatic embryogenesis of cacao clones is genotype dependent.
Palabras del rector
Authors: Ramírez Prado Fidel
Published: July 2017

No presenta resumen
Hydraulic transient wave separation algorithm using a dual-sensor with applications to pipeline condition assessment
Authors: Shi He , Gong Jinzhe , Zecchin Aaron C. , Lambert Martin F. , Simpson Angus R.
Published: July 2017

Over the past two decades, techniques have been developed for pipeline leak detection and condition assessment using hydraulic transient waves (i.e. water hammer waves). A common measurement strategy for applications involves analysis of signals from a single pressure sensor located at each measurement site. The measured pressure trace from a single sensor is a superposition of reflections coming from upstream, and downstream, of the sensor. This superposition brings complexities for signal processing applications for fault detection analysis. This paper presents a wave separation algorithm, accounting for transmission dynamics, which enables the extraction of directional travelling waves by using two closely placed pressure sensors at one measurement site (referred to as a dual-sensor). Two typical transient incident pressure waves, a pulse wave and a step wave, are investigated in numerical simulations and laboratory experiments. Comparison of the wave separation results with their predicted counterparts shows the wave separation algorithm is successful. The results also show that the proposed wave separation technique facilitates transient-based pipeline condition assessment.
Climate resilience strategies of Beijing and Copenhagen and their links to sustainability
Authors: Liu Li , Jensen Marina Bergen
Published: July 2017

Like numerous other cities, Beijing and Copenhagen are experiencing more frequent urban flooding due to increased impervious cover and climate change. Consequently, huge investments are foreseen to maintain resilience. Analyses of planning documents and interviews with key stakeholders reveal that in their climate resilience strategies both cities do employ alternative approaches based on on-site retention-detention of stormwater runoff. However, when there is an emergency situation with heavy downpours, both cities rely heavily on conventional concepts involving deep tunnels for rapid discharge. The applied alternative solutions tend to be more engineering-based, like underground tanks in Beijing and detention-discharge plazas in Copenhagen. More nature-based solutions lag behind. Both cities are simultaneously targeting specific additional sustainability goals. Nevertheless, other potential goals seem to be neglected, like livability improvements in Beijing and biodiversity support and water footprint reduction in Copenhagen. The main barriers for implementing more nature-based solutions with greater sustainability potentials were a combination of time constraints caused by external political pressures for rapid problem solving, lack of routines for the innovation and documentation of solutions for dense urban areas, and insufficient multi-sectorial collaboration. These factors limit the propagation of alternative solutions and tip the balance of current investments towards a conventional approach.
Integrating water distribution system efficiency into the water conservation strategy for California: a Los Angeles perspective
Authors: Naik Kartiki S. , Glickfeld Madelyn
Published: July 2017

Improving water management in California requires a transition from imported to local water resources used efficiently. To assess this transitional capacity of water retailers in metropolitan Los Angeles County, we focused on a key water management metric: the water distribution efficiency. We traced the evolution of water loss reduction policy and practices globally with emphasis on California. California Senate Bills 1420 and 555 mandate annual water auditing and reporting for urban water suppliers. We surveyed and evaluated ten water retailers' approaches to monitor and reduce losses. Four of ten sampled water retailers monitored real losses, averaging 3–4% of total water supplied. Only three of ten sampled water retailers employed leak detection technology. Of the six sampled retailers with annual pipe replacement strategies, four retailers followed inadequate rehabilitation schedules. Most of the sampled retailers monitor water losses in percent, which misrepresents the actual volume. While a necessary step, California water loss legislation relies on the American Water Works Association Water Audit software. Verifying reported data for randomly selected retailers can ensure high data quality. Small retailers are exempt from mandatory water loss monitoring, and they need state support and resource pooling to improve their water distribution efficiency.
Biomarkers Associated with Stroke Risk in Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Ioannou Adam , Papageorgiou Nikolaos , Falconer Debbie , Rehal Onkar , Sewart Emma , Zacharia Effimia , Toutouzas Konstantinos , Vlachopoulos Charalambos , Siasos Gerasimos , Tsioufis Costas , Tousoulis Dimitris
Published: July 2017

Background:

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with an increased risk of cardioembolic stroke. The risk of cardioembolism is not adequately reduced with the administration of oral anticoagulants, since a number of patients continue to experience thromboembolic events despite receiving treatment. Therefore, identification of a circulating biomarker to identify these high-risk patients would be clinically beneficial.

Objective:

In the present article, we aim to review the available data regarding use of biomarkers to predict cardioembolic stroke in patients with AF.

Methods:

We performed a thorough search of the literature in order to analyze the biomarkers identified thus far and critically evaluate their clinical significance.

Results:

A number of biomarkers have been proposed to predict cardioembolic stroke in patients with AF. Some of them are already used in the clinical practice, such as d-dimers, troponins and brain natriuretic peptide. Novel biomarkers, such as the inflammatory growth differentiation factor-15, appear to be promising, while the role of micro-RNAs and genetics appear to be useful as well. Even though these biomarkers are associated with an increased risk for thromboembolism, they cannot accurately predict future events. In light of this, the use of a scoring system, that would incorporate both circulating biomarkers and clinical factors, might be more useful.

Conclusions:

Recent research has disclosed several biomarkers as potential predictors of cardioembolic stroke in patients with AF. However, further research is required to establish a multifactorial scoring system that will identify patients at high-risk of thromboembolism, who would benefit from more intensive treatment and monitoring.
Potential Biomarkers Selection for Bipolar Disorder Identification
Authors: Li Yuanzhang , Yolken Robert , Cowan David N. , Boivin Michael R. , Niebuhr David W.
Published: July 2017

A biomarker is a measurable indicator of the severity or presence of some disease. A biomarker is anything that can be used as an indicator of a particular disease state or some other physiological state of an organism. The space Decomposition-Gradient-Regression (DGR) method has been developed (Li et al., 2012; Li et al., 2015) to select biomarkers for schizophrenia. This study performs the DGR approach on data for bipolar disorder patients, which contains 56 biomarkers and 8 infectious agent’s antibodies. Serum specimens were collected from 132 United States military service members (118 males and 14 females) with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder from 1992 to 2005 and their matched healthy controls.. Trefoil Factor3 (TFF3), Gliadin, prolactin (PRL), Apolipoprotein A-II (Apo A-II) and Immunoglobulin A (IGA) were found to be significant predictors of Bipolar Disorder (BD) in males. Macrophage-Derived Chemokine (MDC), Alpha-1-Antitrypsin (AAT), Gliadin, Beta-2-Microglobulin (B2M) and Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 2 (MCP-2) might be used to identify bipolar disorder in females. A predictive biomarker panel for BD offers the potential to aid in the diagnosis, initiate treatment earlier and ideally alter the course of disease with reduced morbidity and functional impairment.
SCENE AND OBJECT CLASSIFICATION USING BRAIN WAVES SIGNAL
Authors: Khade Darshan A , N Ilakiyaselvan
Published: July 2017

This study aims to classify the scene and object using brain waves signal. The dataset captured by the electroencephalograph (EEG) device by placing the electrodes on scalp to measure brain signals are used. Using captured EEG dataset, classifying the scene and object by decoding the changes in the EEG signals. In this study, independent component analysis, event-related potentials, and grand mean are used to analyze the signal. Machine learning algorithms such as decision tree, random forest, and support vector machine are used to classify the data. This technique is useful in forensic as well as in artificial intelligence for developing future technology.
CHARACTERIZATION OF STROKE LESION USING FRACTAL ANALYSIS
Authors: Karthik Chunduri , R Karthik , R Menaka
Published: July 2017

Objective: The characterization of stroke lesions is a challenging research issue due to the wide variability in the structure of lesion patterns. The objective of this research work is to characterize the stroke lesion structures using fractal analysis.Methods: To characterize the complex nature of the lesion structures, fractal box counting analysis is presented in this work. Three parameters from fractal dimension (FD) are considered to characterize the nature of the normal and abnormal brain tissues.Results: The experimental results are presented for 15 different datasets. Three different parameters namely FD average, FD deviation, and FDlacunarity are extracted to quantify the properties of the stroke lesion. The observations indicate that there is a significant proportion of separationof feature values between the normal and abnormal brain tissues.Conclusion: This work presents an efficient scheme for characterizing the stroke lesions using fractal parameters. It could be further enhanced by incorporating features extracted from other non-linear techniques.
INTERNET OF VEHICLES-BASED REAL-TIME VEHICLE TRACKING
Authors: Yeddula Raghunath Reddy , P Vetrivelan
Published: July 2017

The leading-edge vehicle tracking and scanning system based on embedded board is intended and executed to observe any vehicle from different locations. Every year, many numbers of vehicles are stolen. To prohibit thievery, a phenomenal type of negator is preowned, like padlock, disk break lock and more which is a defensive motion, but it is not safe for all designs. The main impartial is to initiate a control entity that shows the locale spot of a vehicle proving by global position system (GPS) to find the position. Here, global system for mobile (GSM) is accepting for communicating with the vehicle that easily finding a steal. The entity is built for trying out the mastery of the locale spot that transmits to the user when the motion is in exciting direction and stable in the city and some other areas. This whole entity is built by bringing together a Raspberry Pi with GPS, general packetradio service (GPRS), and GSM. The preferred entity makes better use of unique automation that based on the Raspberry Pi. This entity works on the GPS and GSM SIM 900A modules which consists all the three things for communication. GPS and GPRS circulate the chasing information to the server to transmit the message to the mobile number which is saved in this sector for communicating through GSM. This preferred entity also acquires the traveler’s protection by testing liquefied petroleum gas effused gas sensor MQ135 and temperature DS18B20 sensor.
ENERGY EFFICIENT LOAD BALANCING FOR CLOUD DATA CENTER
Authors: Rivankar Amey , G Anusooya
Published: July 2017

Cloud computing is the latest trend in large-scale distributed computing. It provides diverse services on demand to distributive resources such asservers, software, and databases. One of the challenging problems in cloud data centers is to manage the load of different reconfigurable virtual machines over one another. Thus, in the near future of cloud computing field, providing a mechanism for efficient resource management will be very significant. Many load balancing algorithms have been already implemented and executed to manage the resources efficiently and adequately. The objective of this paper is to analyze shortcomings of existing algorithms and implement a new algorithm which will give optimized load balancingresult.
A GENERIC TRUST MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR HETEROGENEOUS SENSORS IN CYBER PHYSICAL SYSTEMS
Authors: V Kanchana Devi , R Ganesan
Published: July 2017

Objective: “Wireless Technology” is the magic word in today’s era. In which, Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) is the booming world which binds the physical world and cyber world together. The CPS is also called as Safety Critical System because of the human life involvement. In this emerging technology, lots of heterogeneous sensors are involved and each sensor will play an important role. If something goes wrong with sensor or sensor data. It will definitely affect the human life involved in it.Methods: In this paper, we proposed a generic trust management framework for heterogeneous sensors which will detect the sensor data falsification (Data Integrity), faulty sensor reading, and packet dropping nodes (Selfish Nodes) through rules and rating concept.Results: The efficiency of the proposed framework is evaluated with the help of Network Simulator 2 (NS-2.35). The maximum numbers of untrusted nodes are identified in point 0.40 than Multi-Level Trust Framework for Wireless Sensor Network (MTF-WSN) and Framework for Packet-Droppers Mitigation (FPDM). It is also evident that Trust Management Framework for Cyber Physical Systems (TRMF-CPS) identifies maximum number of untrusted nodes in the detection range of 0.35 and 0.45. Therefore, 0.35 and 0.45 are considered as maximum and minimum threshold points for effective untrusted nodes. Conclusion:The experimentation results and comparative study shows that, our trust management framework will easily detected sensors which misbehave.
SCOPE OF INTERNET OF THINGS: A SURVEY
Authors: E Umamaheswari , Dm Ajay
Published: July 2017

The advent of internet of things (IoT) has influenced and revolutionized the information systems and computing technologies. A computing conceptwhere physical objects used in daily life, will identify themselves by getting connected to the internet is called IoT. Physical objects embedded withelectronic, software, radio-frequency identification, sensors, actuators and smart objects converge with the internet to accumulate and share datain IoT. IoT is expected to bring in drastic changes and solutions to most of the daily problems in the real world. This paper explains in detail the keyconcepts of IoT, the applications of IoT, the challenges in establishing IoT. This work also explains in detail the future scope of IoT in different fields.
HYBRID NOISE FILTERING ALGORITHM BASED ON NEURO-TYPE 2 FUZZY SYSTEMS
Authors: Rai Ankush , R Jagadeesh Kannan
Published: July 2017

Medical images are often subjected to noise due to the failure of data acquisition hardware at the source. Thus, making it difficult for the radiologist toperform image analysis and give correct diagnosis of the disease. This research presents a new image denoising algorithm based on the combinationof neuro-type 2 fuzzy systems. The method not only preserves the information relevant for diagnostic details but also provides a cost-effective solutionfor recovery of lost information due to noise.
HYPERPROPERTIES-BASED OPTICAL FLOW-BASED AUTONOMOUS DRIVING SYSTEM
Authors: Rai Ankush , R Jagadeesh Kanna
Published: July 2017

This study presents an autonomous driving system based on the principles of trace vectors derived from hyperproperty of a modified optical flowalgorithm. This technique allows keeping track of the past motion vectors by tracking the constraint sets to overcome the non-linear attributes ofthe deformable feature points and motion vectors. The results presented in this work exhibits stable tracking and multi-step prediction in a limitednumber of steps with less training vectors.
TOUCH FREE USER INTERFACE FOR AUGMENTED REALITY SYSTEMS
Authors: Rai Ankush , R Jagadeesh Kannan
Published: July 2017

Augmented Reality is the upcoming field of research and is often suffer from the current form of user interface. In this study we present touch free user interactive system for augmented reality applications to carry out multi task operations. We validated the efficacy of the method based on the performance of several users while carrying out complex task in our sample augmented reality game.
HIGH PERFORMANCE ADAPTIVE FINITE IMPULSE RESPONSE FILTER USING NEW DISTRIBUTED ARITHMETIC ALGORITHM
Authors: Kumar Sandeep , T Vigneswaran
Published: July 2017

Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters is very important in signal Processing Applications. This research is to analyze the performance of FIR filter with the Xilinx Software. The Distributed Arithmetic (DA) algorithm is extensively used in FIR Filter to improve its speed and reducing the area of the filter. The design of low power filter will be achieved by pipelining and parallel processing concept on distributed Arithmetic. The aim is to design filter which has less delay time and supports the pipelining/parallel processing feature, helps in high speed with less power dissipation and area. The paper discusses FPGA implementation of FIR filter and due to parallel data processing its computation is fast and also provides an efficient architecture in terms of area and power consumption. New Distributed   Arithmetic is a high performance and for low power filter.
A NOVEL IMAGE THEFT IDENTIFICATION USING BIOMETRIC FEATURE
Authors: Fernandez Jincy J , Pandian Nithyanandam , Chavali Raghuvamsh , Appalaghe Ashwanth Kumar
Published: July 2017

In today’s internet world, all the data are represented and stored in digital form. Almost any entity in this world can be represented digitally, ranging from simple text to complex multimedia work. Now, the challenge is to claim the ownership and prevent theft of one’s own digital data. Multimedia theft has driven the attention of many stakeholders who spend huge money and precious time in creating or making such valuable digital data. Among all the multimedia entities, image files are more vulnerable for theft since it is the basic component of any visuals. The notion of this research work is to propose an image theft detection model which will determine whether partial theft or complete theft of an image has occurred or not. A biometric feature, i.e., fingerprint of the owner is embedded on the digital image at a micro level, such that even a very small portion of image theft can be determined, and the ownership of the image can be claimed by the owner. This research is limited to the spatial domain, i.e. raw image. Assessment metrics of the results shows that embedding the biometric feature on an image does not distort the image quality and its artifacts.
SIMULATING DRUG-TARGET INTERACTION USING LARGE SCALE MOLECULAR DYNAMICS AND FUZZY-ART
Authors: Rai Ankush , Kannan Jagadeesh
Published: July 2017

The examination of bio-molecular associations between a complex drug compound and its target is of foremost significance for the improvement of new biomarkers or bioresponsive compounds. In this paper, we exhibited a combinatorial technique of simulation of molecular dynamics (MD) and fuzzy ART to focus on the coupling factors of in the molecular binding process and its intermediary transitioning state. Here, MD simulations divided into microsecond length enable us to watch a inter-molecular coupling events, taking after different dynamical pathways and accomplishing ordered binding assembly of molecules. Results form such simulations are used to evaluate parameters corresponding to its thermodynamic and molecular kinetic properties, getting a decent concurrence with accessible experimental information. Utilizing machine learning algorithms  in conjunction with MD simulations could enhance the productive for identifying key parts of drug–target binding and localization.
THE FEASIBILITY STUDY OF RUNNING HPC WORKLOADS ON COMPUTATIONAL CLOUDS
Authors: Pathak Purvi , R Kumar
Published: July 2017

High-performance computing (HPC) applications require high-end computing systems, but not all scientists have access to such powerful systems. Cloud computing provides an opportunity to run these applications on the cloud without the requirement of investing in high-end parallel computing systems. We can analyze the performance of the HPC applications on private as well as public clouds. The performance of the workload on the cloud can be calculated using different benchmarking tools such as NAS parallel benchmarking and Rally. The workloads of HPC applications require use of many parallel computing systems to be run on a physical setup, but this facility is available on cloud computing environment without the need of investing in physical machines. We aim to analyze the ability of the cloud to perform well when running HPC workloads. We shall get the detailed performance of the cloud when running these applications on a private cloud and find the pros and cons of running HPC workloads on cloud environment.
A REVIEW ON ENERGY EFFICIENT JOB SCHEDULING ALGORITHMS IN GREEN CLOUD COMPUTING
Authors: Mondal Juhi , Kv Pradeep , V Vijayakumar
Published: July 2017

Cloud computing is the hottest topic in today’s world and is being used by most of the information technology companies due to its benefits incost saving and ease of use. It is a dynamic, scalable, and pay-per-use distributed computing model. The cloud computing is aims to give accessto remote and geographically distributed resources. Scheduling the job from one data center to other data center or from one region of cloud toother region is truly a testing in cloud environment. However, when data are shifted from one data center to other data center, huge amount ofcarbon dioxide (CO2) gases emits and also consumes more power. Since energy is an important issue, that is, why green cloud computing comesinto the picture. Green cloud computing can be obtained by applying various techniques and algorithms, which use less power and emits lessCO2 gas, that is, damaging the environment. Cloud provides many facilities to its tenants such as sharing of resources for different purposes. Incloud domain, job scheduling is one of the biggest and hypothetical problems. Numerous investigations for scheduling a job and efforts carriedout in this regard because it is one of the main jobs to get the most profit. Scheduling can decrease the power consumption. So many algorithmshad been proposed for this purpose, and a lot more had to be done. In the paper, intends to present a variety of energy-efficient job schedulingalgorithms along with performance comparison analysis of various preexisting algorithms for scheduling jobs to provide energy efficiency ingreen cloud computing.
A REVIEW OF EXISTING CLOUD AUTOMATION TOOLS
Authors: J Prassanna , Pawar Anjali R , V Neelanarayanan
Published: July 2017

Many enterprises are running distributed applications on their on-premise servers. However, if load on those servers changes unexpectedly, then itbecomes tedious to scale the resources and requires skilled human power to manage such situations. It may increase the capital expenditure. Hence,many companies have started to migrate their on-premise applications to the cloud. This migration of the applications to the cloud is one of the majorchallenges. To setup and manage the growing complex infrastructure, after migrating these applications to the cloud are really a time-consuming andtedious process which results in downtime. Hence, we need to automate this environment. To achieve architecture for the distributed systems whichsupport security, repeatability, reliability, and scalability, we require some cloud automation tools. This paper summarizes tools such as Terraform andcloud formation for infrastructure automation and Docker and Habitat for application automation.
Macrogeographic and micrographic comparative study of risk factors for gastric cancer in Japan, China and South America
Authors: Takezaki Toshiro , Fujiyoshi Toshinobu , Tajima Kazuo
Published: July 2017

El nordeste de Asia (Japón, Corea, China) es una de las áreas que tiene el mayor riesgo en el mundo para sufrir cáncer gástrico (CG). Sin embargo, el CG es también común en Centro y Sud América en países como Costa Rica, Colombia y Chile, además de países latinos de Europa como Italia y Portugal. Un Aumento del riesgo para el CG ha sido reportado en fumadores, bebedores de alcohol, o personas con el hábito de consumir alimentos muy salados o condimentados o un amplio consumo de granos, entre otros. Una relación causal entre CG y otros factores incluyendo la infección con Helicobacter pylori no ha sido confirmada, excepto para los fumadores y la comida salada. Por otra parte se ha visto que decrece el riesgo de CG con el consumo frecuente de vegetales verdeamarillos, frutas y té verde, que incluye betacarotenos, Vitamina A, C, entre otros factores que han sido definidos en estudios previos. Con el objeto de clarificar la influencia ambiental y factores asociados con el riesgo de CG hicimos un estudio comparativo en áreas de alto riesgo (HRA) y áreas de bajo riesgo (LRA) para CG en la provincia de Jiangsu en China. Este estudio comparativo de los factores ambientales mostró que las regiones de bajo riesgo (LRA) se asociaban a un alto consumo de ajo. Además se observaron factores coayudantes como el P4502E1 y el polimorfismo de HLA DR B 1, que se encontró, jugaban un papel complementario en la disminución del riesgo para el CG.
Comparative Epidemiological Studies on Gallbladder Cancer between Chile and Japan
Authors: Yamamoto Masaharu , Serra Iván , Calvo A. , Watanabe H. , Endoh K. , Shibuya N. , Nakamura K.
Published: July 2017

Se ha realizado un estudio del cáncer vesicular entre 1991 y 1998 en Chile. Presentamos los principales hallazgos encontrados en esta investigación y se comparan con los datos equivalentes de Japón.1) Hemos examinado el índice de mortalidad del cáncer vesicular en 39 países del mundo. Chile y Japón tienen dos de las más altas tasas de mortalidad por cáncer biliar, expresado en el cáncer de vesícula biliar y la vía extrahepática.2) La actividad mutagénica de la bilis fue comparada entre las mujeres chilenas y japonesas con cálculos de vesícula por el test de Ames (Ta 98+S9 mix y TA 100+S9 mix) con absorción de blue rayon. Los rangos mutagénicos observados entre las muestras de bilis chilenas y japonesas fueron casi idénticas (83,3% vs 80,8%), pero la bilis de pacientes chilenas mostró una alta actividad mutagénica en términos del número de colonias revertidas (128 vs 62)3) El estudio control de cáncer de vesícula biliar fue realizado con 74 mujeres chilenas portadoras de cálculos biliares, en el sentido de si los cálculos eran un factor definitivo de riesgo para el cáncer de vías biliares. En estos estudios se encontró que existen otros factores de riesgo de cáncer, que pudieran contribuir asociadamente, como el consumo habitual de ají que conlleva un significativo mayor riesgo en Chile, pero no ha sido consignado como factor de riesgo en Japón. Ahora es necesario, buscar la identificación de substancias químicas presentes en el ají que pueden contribuir a la ocurrencia de cáncer de vesícula.4) El rango de alteraciones p53 presentes en el cáncer de vesícula es casi idéntica en Chile y Japón (55,0% vs 50,0%) pero el aspecto-base difiere grandemente, siguiendo una diferencia regional en las  causas carcinogénicas.
Adult T Cell Leukemia / Lymphoma in Chile
Authors: Cabrera María Elena , Labra Silvia , Ford Anthony , Matutes Estrella
Published: July 2017

Se describen las características clínicas y de laboratorio de 26 pacientes chilenos caucásicos, con leucemia/lymphoma T del adulto, asociado a HTLV- 1 (LLTA). El criterio diagnóstico incluyó características clínicas, morfología celular, inmunofenotipo, serología para HTLV-1 y/o análisis de ADN por Southern blot o PCR. De acuerdo a la presentación clínica, 12 casos presentaron la forma aguda de LLTA, 6 el tipo linfoma, 4 la forma crónica y 4 la forma latente. La edad media de presentación fue de 50 años, menor que los pacientes japoneses, pero significativamente mayor que los pacientes de otros países sudamericanos (ej. Brasil, Jamaica, Colombia). Las características clínicas más importantes como adenopatías, lesiones cutáneas y hepatoesplenomegalia, fueron similares en frecuencia a aquellas de otros países, excepto por la alta incidencia de enfermedad neurológica asociada. La paraparesia espástica se observó en un tercio de nuestros pacientes (8/26). El inmunofenotipo T se demostró en los 26 casos y la serología para HTLV1 fue positiva en 25/26. El análisis molecular del paciente seronegativo mostró integración monoclonal del ADN proviral en el ADN de los linfocitos y por lo tanto puede haber sido un mal respondedor a la infección retroviral. La integración del ADN proviral fue demostrada en 15/16 pacientes estudiados, siendo clonal en 10, policlonal en 3, todos ellos con enfermedad de tipo latente y oligoclonal en 1. En resumen, la LLTA en Chile tiene características clínicas y de laboratorio semejantes a las observadas en otras partes del mundo, excepto por una menor edad que los pacientes japoneses, pero mayor que la de los otros países latinoamericanos y una alta incidencia (31%) de pacientes con paraparesia asociada. El 1. Hospital del Salvador, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. 2. Leukemia Research Fund Centre, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, UK. 3. Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK. análisis morfológico y de inmunofenotipo de los linfocitos anormales circulantes, junto con la documentación de la serología para HTLV- 1 y/o el análisis de ADN, son los exámenes claves para la identificación de esta enfermedad.
Epidemiological and clinico-pathological findings of HAM/TSP from Chile and Japan
Authors: Cartier Luis
Published: July 2017

En Japón el HAM/TSP está particularmente ligado a la seroprevalencia del virus; Kyushu tiene una seroprevalencia para HTLV-I del 8% y cuenta con el 71.5% de los HAM/TSP de todo el Japón. En Chile la seroprevalencia para HTLV-I es del 1% en todo el país y la prevalencia del HAM/TSP se relaciona más bien con la densidad poblacional; el 45% de los pacientes son nacidos en Santiago. Tanto en Chile como en Japón sólo el 80% de los pacientes con paraparesia espástica progresiva se asocian con HTLV-I. En definitiva, la prevalencia del HAM/ TSP en Chile es de 2 por 10.000 habitantes y de 0,68 100.000 en Japón. Sin embargo, la expresión clínica de la enfermedad es idéntica en Japón y Chile, con una edad de comienzo de 43,8 años en Japón y 46,6 años en Chile. En ambos grupos hay un claro predominio del sexo femenino 2,2 y 2,9 a 1 en Japón y Chile, respectivamente. El trastorno de la marcha es la forma más frecuente de comienzo que se manifiesta en el 65 al 70% de los pacientes, así como los trastornos de la micción (vejiga neurogénica) entre 20 y 33% de los casos. La evolución clínica de la paraparesia también resulta semejante tanto en la forma de progresión, como en el tiempo de llegar a la paraplejia. Los cambios en los exámenes de laboratorio tales como aumento de IgG, pleocitosis en el líquido encefalorraquideo en el 35% de los casos. Atrofia de la médula espinal y los cambios de señal en la substancia blanca subcortical en la RNM; así como las alteraciones en los potenciales evocados en el 75% de los casos. Difieren en que los casos japoneses muestren trastornos periféricos en la EMG que no tienen los pacientes chilenos. Desde el punto de vista neuropatológico las lesiones de la médula espinal y encefálicas son idénticas. La diferencia entre investigadores chilenos y japoneses reside en la interpretación patogénica. Las enfermedades asociadas a HTLV-I como el Síndrome de Sjügren es mucho más frecuente entre los pacientes chilenos (40%) que entre los japoneses que sólo llega al 25%. Asimismo las lesiones cutáneas paralinfomatosas, se observan en el 25% de los HAM/TSP en Chile, no siendo tan frecuentemente observadas en Japón. Los linfomas asociados a HAM/ TSP, que es muy alta, superan el 10% en Chile, siendo excepcionales en Japón. Por otra parte, artropatías y broncoalveolitis son mucho más frecuentes en Japón así como la ubeitis que no ha sido descrita en Chile. En conclusión, el HAM/TSP es similar en Chile y Japón, difiriendo en aspectos epidemiológicos y de patologías asociadas, donde factores genéticos o ambientales seguramente juegan algún rol.
Archaeological evidence for transpacific voyages from Asia since 6000 BP
Authors: Meggers Betty
Published: July 2017

La identificación de similitudes genéticas entre las poblaciones indígenas del Japón y de los Andes hace necesario volver a examinar la evidencia cultural de contactos transpacíficos precolombinos. Este artículo describe cuatro casos bien documentados, dos en el Ecuador y dos en Mesoamérica, todos ellos desechados por la mayoría de los antropólogos por ser ejemplos de convergencia o invención independiente. El caso ecuatoriano más temprano, que apoya la introducción de la cerámica desde el Japón occidental en ca 6000 AP, es especialmente pertinente porque reune las dos regiones que tienen las frecuencias más elevadas del virus HTLV- 1. El segundo, fechado ca 2000 AP, introdujo varios rasgos culturales con antecedentes que estaban más difundidos en Asia. En Mesoamérica, nuevas investigaciones de la cultura Olmeca refuerzan la evidencia de antecedentes Shang, implicando un contacto ca 3200 AP. Elementos chinos adicionales se han documentado en la cultura Maya comenzando ca 2500 AP. Otros rasgos culturales con antecedentes asiáticos que incluyen cerbatanas, tela de corteza y balsas, y rasgos biológicos que incluyen parásitos intestinales y gallinas domesticadas, podrían haber sido introducidos durante uno de estos episodios o en otros todavía no documentados arqueológicamente.
Agrodiversidad de los huertos caseros de la región andina del sur de Colombia
Authors: Montenegro R. Milena , Lagos B. Tulio César , Vélez L. Jorge
Published: July 2017

Los huertos caseros son una fuente de recursos genéticos, de conocimientos ancestrales y de seguridad alimentaria para la humanidad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizada la agrodiversidad de los huertos caseros en una zona de la región Andina del sur de Colombia (Ancuya, Nariño), localizado en las coordenadas 1°15`59,52”LN, 77°31`63”LO. Se muestrearon 120 predios en 13 veredas, donde se aplicaron encuestas semiestructuradas con 31 variables. La información se procesó mediante el análisis de Correspondencias Múltiples (ACM), y análisis de agrupamiento. Para el el estudio de la composición florística del huerto tipo, se utilizó la metodología del área mínima. A las especies leñosas se les determinó el diámetro a la altura del pecho (DAP) tomando especies con DAP ≥ a 10cm. Se estimaron variables ecológicas como frecuencia, dominancia, abundancia e índice de valor de importancia (IVI). Se obtuvieron cinco factores que explican el 30,39% de la variabilidad. Predomina el factor uno cuyas variables están relacionadas con la diversidad de especies presentes en los huertos caseros. Se concluye que en la composición florística del huerto tipo, se encontraron 142 especies, entre árboles, arbustos, cultivos alimenticios y medicinales pertenecientes a 126 géneros y 66 familias. La familia predominante es Lamiaceae con 10 especies.
Rendimiento y calidad de forraje del pasto ovillo (Dactylis glomerata L.) al variar la frecuencia e intensidad de pastoreo
Authors: Villareal González Jorge Armando , Hernández Garay Alfonso , Martínez Hernández Pedro Arturo , Guerrero Rodríguez Juan De Dios , Velasco Zebadúa María Eugenia
Published: July 2017

El objetivo fue determinar el rendimiento y calidad del pasto ovillo (Dactylis glomerata L.), al variar la frecuencia e intensidad de pastoreo. Se evaluaron tres frecuencias (2, 3 y 4 semanas en primavera y verano y 4, 5 y 6 semanas durante otoño) y dos intensidades de pastoreo (severa: 3 a 5 cm y ligera: 6 a 8 cm de altura de forraje residual). Se evaluó el rendimiento de forraje, tasa de acumulación neta de forraje (TANF), composición morfológica y calidad del forraje. El mayor rendimiento acumulado y TANF se presentaron con pastoreo severo cada 4 y 6 semanas y en ambas intensidades cada 3 y 5 semanas. El mayor rendimiento estacional (7,844; 7,699; 7114 kg MS ha-1) se presentó en verano en las mismas frecuencias e intensidades de pastoreo, respectivamente (P<0.05). Durante primavera no se observaron diferencias en rendimiento y TANF entre frecuencias de pastoreo. En otoño la frecuencia de 5 semanas superó a la de 4 (P<0.05), pero no diferente a la de 6 semanas. En todas las estaciones del año la intensidad de pastoreo severo superó a la ligera, siendo diferentes en primavera y verano (P<0.05). En general, el contenido de proteína total y digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca tendieron a disminuir conforme aumentó el intervalo de pastoreo, siendo en promedio de 20 y 65 %, respectivamente. Se concluye que para obtener el mayor rendimiento y calidad de forraje, los pastoreos deben realizarse cada 4 semanas durante primavera-verano y cada 5 semanas en otoño, a una intensidad severa.
Comportamiento de la oferta y demanda regional de carne de cerdo en canal en México, 1994-2012
Authors: Rebollar Rebollar Alfredo , Gómez Tenorio Germán , Hernández Martínez Juvencio , Rebollar Rebollar Samuel , González Razo Felipe De Jesús
Published: July 2017

En el marco económico de libre competencia, en las últimas dos décadas, la porcicultura mexicana enfrentó cambios significativos que ocasionaron modificaciones en la estructura productiva y comercial de este sector; sin embargo, los efectos de éstas fueron diferentes en las distintas regiones del país. El objetivo de esta investigación fue representar el funcionamiento del mercado de la carne de cerdo en canal en ocho regiones de México, así como cuantificar la magnitud del efecto de las principales variables económicas que afectan la oferta y demanda de carne en cada una de ellas. Se utilizó un modelo econométrico de regresión lineal múltiple para cada región, incluyendo las principales variables económicas y tecnológicas que determinan la oferta y demanda. La oferta de carne de cerdo en canal, en la mayoría de las regiones, se explica directa y elásticamente por la tecnología, directa e inelásticamente por el precio de la carne e inversa e inelásticamente por el precio del alimento, cuyos valores promedio regionales fueron 1.241,0.062 y -0.097. La demanda se comportó de manera elástica respecto al tamaño de la población e inelástica enrelación al precio corriente e ingreso per cápita en todas las regiones, registrando valores promedio de 1.871, -0.070 y 0.132; fue el crecimiento de la población la variable que mayor incidencia registró sobre el consumo de dicha especie pecuaria. Todos los modelos tuvieron significancia global; sin embargo, no todas las variables explicativas presentaron significancia individual.
Parámetros genéticos para producción de leche de ganado Holstein en dos modalidades de control de producción
Authors: Toledo Alvarado Hugo O. , Ruiz López Felipe De Jesús , Vázquez Peláez Carlos G. , Berruecos Villalobos José M. , Elzo Mauricio A.
Published: July 2017

Se estimaron componentes de varianza y parámetros genéticos para producción de leche total a la primera lactancia (PL1), producción de leche ajustada a 305 días y a equivalente adulto de la primera lactancia (PL1std), producción de leche total de las cinco primeras lactancias (PL5) y producción de leche ajustada a 305 días y a equivalente adulto de las primeras 5 lactancias (PL5std). Se utilizaron las bases de datos de la Asociación Holstein de México (AHM; n= 43,668) y del Banco Nacional de Información Lechera (BNIL; n= 120,217). Las varianzas fueron estimadas mediante REML, utilizando un modelo animal simple para PL1 y PL1std y un modelo animal de repetibilidad para PL5 y PL5std. Las heredabilidades estimadas fueron desde bajas a moderadas para la primera lactancia (0.17 ± 0.009 a 0.49 ± 0.019) y para las primeras cinco lactancias (0.16 ± 0.006 a 0.41 ± 0.004). Las repetibilidades para PL5 y PL5std tuvieron un rango de 0.32 ± 0.002 a 0.41 ± 0.004. La inclusión de la información del BNIL en las evaluaciones genéticas permitió incorporar datos de producción que no se estaban tomando en cuenta. Esto no solamente mejoró la precisión de los valores genéticos de los sementales para producción de leche, sino que también permitió la predicción de los valores genéticos de animales nacionales y extranjeros con progenies en México.
Síndrome reproductivo y respiratorio del cerdo (PRRS)
Authors: López-Heydeck Sandra Maricruz , Alonso-Morales Rogelio Alejandro , Mendieta-Zerón Hugo , Vázquez-Chagoyán Juan Carlos
Published: July 2017

El síndrome reproductivo y respiratorio del cerdo (PRRS), es una enfermedad de origen viral que ocasiona fallas reproductivas severas en cerdas gestantes, con menos grado en la calidad del semen en verracos y problemas respiratorios en cerdos de todas las edades pero  principalmente en lechones; también se asocia o incrementa la manifestación de otras enfermedades respiratorias. Es una de las enfermedades de mayor importancia económica mundial, en la mayoría de los países de producción de porcinos, donde en gran parte de ellos permanece endémico. El virus de PRRS (PRRSV) presenta un alto grado de mutabilidad, por lo que hay una gran diversidad genética de cepas del linaje norteamericano (PRRSV NA) y entre el PRRSV NA y el linaje europeo (PRRSV EU), lo que afecta la homogeneidad y poca o nula antigenicidad cruzada para vacunas; el virus vacunal modificado, único comercialmente accesible para generar algún grado confiable de inmunidad, ha mostrado la capacidad de revertirse a patógeno, con replicabilidad y recombinación con virus de campo; las vacunas sólo se utilizan para disminuir el grado de afección de la enfermedad; el virus muestra una capacidad de  inmunosupresión e inmunoregulación que le permite, prolongar el tiempo de viremia en los animales enfermos, quienes eliminan el virus por saliva, secreciones transplacentarias, mamarias y muy posiblemente excremento, siendo la transmisión principal por contacto directo o por objetos  contaminados; además presenta una posterior selectividad a pocos tejidos linfoides, que le permite permanecer inadvertido hasta que, en condiciones favorables, vuelve a manifestarse la enfermedad, ya sea como pequeños brotes, o como pandemia.