bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jeanne Lapointe et Eva Kushner. Deux femmes chez les sociologues
Authors: Robert Lucie
Published: December 2019

En 1964, le colloque organisé par la revue Recherches sociographiques, sous le thème « Littérature et société canadiennes-françaises », réunit des spécialistes chargés de dresser l’état des lieux de la littérature canadienne-française, mais aussi d’engager « un débat méthodologique qui pourrait donner lieu à un fructueux dialogue entre les visées de l’esthétique et celles de la sociologie ». Deux femmes étaient invitées : Jeanne Lapointe, de l’Université Laval, et Eva Kushner, de l’Université McGill. Ni l’une ni l’autre n’étaient des spécialistes de la littérature canadienne-française, ni l’une ni l’autre ne pratiquaient une approche de la critique qui s’approcherait de la sociologie, une approche à laquelle elles étaient alors, à vrai dire, plutôt hostiles. Le présent article s’interroge sur la présence de ces deux femmes invitées à commenter les propositions émises par Clément Lockquell et Fernand Dumont, dans un ordre à première vue incongru (Kushner répondant à Lockquell ; Lapointe à Dumont). Nul doute que les organisateurs ont agi là sciemment : plus que quiconque, en effet, ces deux femmes encore jeunes, aux trajectoires universitaires distinctes, ont présenté des approches méthodologiques qui, bien que discordantes à maints égards, heurtaient la tradition et témoignaient des orientations à venir de la critique littéraire au Canada français.
Jeanne Lapointe et Anne Hébert : une longue amitié
Authors: Watteyne Nathalie
Published: December 2019

On connaît le rôle exercé par Jeanne Lapointe dans la valorisation des textes d’Anne Hébert. La professeure de littérature de l’Université Laval signe, en 1954 et 1961, des articles importants sur la poésie de cette auteure dans la revue Cité libre. Et c’est Jeanne Lapointe qui demande à Pierre Emmanuel un texte de présentation pour Le Tombeau des rois. En plus de signer une note explicative au Dialogue sur la traduction, Lapointe aura présidé aux échanges de ce dialogue entre Anne Hébert et Frank Scott. Nous rendrons compte de son projet de publier un choix de poèmes des Songes en équilibre, projet auquel l’auteure s’est montrée un temps réceptive. Mais la contribution de Lapointe ne s’arrête pas à sa lecture attentive de l’oeuvre et aux réseaux de sociabilité qu’elle développe. Dans la nouvelle « Shannon », publiée en 1960, se profile, sous les traits du personnage de Claire, la présence de l’amie. D’autres interventions privées et publiques d’Hébert ou de Lapointe nous renseignent sur les dates, voire sur le sens de certaines oeuvres. Nous en examinerons les différentes facettes pour offrir un portrait complet de l’apport de Jeanne Lapointe à l’oeuvre d’Anne Hébert.
Jeanne Lapointe, mentore et amie
Authors: Bédard Mylène
Published: December 2019

Dans L’Institution du littéraire, Lucie Robert souligne l’apport de Jeanne Lapointe à l’émergence d’une critique littéraire moderne au Québec. Robert note en effet que Lapointe a non seulement « énoncé les conditions d’exercice d’un enseignement universitaire de la littérature et les critères d’une pratique de recherche alors originale », mais qu’elle a « contribué à former des générations d’étudiants et d’étudiantes qui, à partir de la fin des années 1960, donneront des assises institutionnelles à la recherche littéraire ». Par l’étude de la correspondance qu’a entretenue Jeanne Lapointe avec des écrivaines comme Marie-Claire Blais, Louky Bersianik, Madeleine Gagnon et Gabrielle Roy, cet article se propose de mettre en lumière un autre pan de la contribution de Lapointe à l’infiltration d’idées modernes dans la littérature québécoise, et plus particulièrement dans la littérature des femmes. La correspondance, par la dimension relationnelle qu’elle implique, semble constituer, pour Lapointe, une voie de prolongement à l’enseignement, c’est-à-dire à la transmission du savoir et à l’échange intellectuel. Ainsi, l’analyse des lettres permettra d’appréhender le rôle de mentore – rarement examiné dans une perspective féminine – de Lapointe et de mesurer l’étendue de son influence sur le parcours et les oeuvres de certaines écrivaines.
Féminin singulier, transmission plurielle
Authors: Saint-Martin Lori
Published: December 2019

Ce texte offre à la fois quelques souvenirs personnels de Jeanne Lapointe et une lecture de ses textes féministes, où s’observe un double mouvement de démystification des savoirs androcentristes et de construction de nouvelles formes où les femmes figurent à titre de sujets de plein droit. Ce n’est qu’à ce prix que peut cesser « le meurtre psychique » des femmes, qui va en droite ligne de la persécution des sorcières à l’attentat de l’École Polytechnique et à la marginalisation culturelle des femmes.
Juste la fin du monde de Xavier Dolan : du cercle infini à la ligne droite
Authors: Fullà Anna Corral
Published: December 2019

L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser le lien unissant le cinéma et le théâtre dans Juste la fin du monde (2016) de Xavier Dolan, adaptation cinématographique de la pièce de théâtre éponyme de Jean-Luc Lagarce, et d’examiner le passage du texte dramatique au récit filmique conduisant à la naissance d’une nouvelle oeuvre d’art distincte et autonome. Pour ce faire, nous nous appuyons sur les écrits des auteurs suivants : Robert Stam et André Gaudreault, pour aborder les enjeux et les dynamiques créatives mises à l’oeuvre dans l’adaptation cinématographique ; Gérard Genette, pour ce qui est de l’approche transtextuelle ; et Deleuze et Guattari, pour la notion de plan de composition.
¡Entonemos del revés!: algunas estrategias para mejorar la entonación emocional de los alumnos de ELE / Let’s modulate our voice inside out!: some strategies to practice the emotional intonation with Spanish as a foreign language students
Authors: Arlandis Toledano Carla , Meseguer Monfort Elena
Published: December 2019

En este artículo se propone una secuencia de actividades basada en algunas ideas del Método verbo-tonal (Guberina/Murillo, 2008; Padilla, 2018) la cual consta de cinco actividades, secuenciadas en percepción-producción/consciente-inconsciente (Padilla, 2015), para practicar la entonación expresiva. El elemento motivador que se emplea a lo largo de la secuencia didáctica es la película Del revés. En esta secuencia de actividades perseguimos dos objetivos: contrastar la entonación neutra con la emotiva y practicar la entonación neutra y emotiva en enunciados declarativos. Para ello, haremos una contrastación de los valores emotivos con los neutros, trabajando las seis emociones básicas: alegría, miedo, asco, enfado, tristeza y sorpresa.
 
Palabras clave: verbo-tonal, actividades, entonación, expresiva, emociones
 
This article aims to develop a sequence of five activities based on some of the ideas of the verbo-tonal method (Guberina/Murillo, 2008; Padilla, 2018). They are classified as different processes in order to practice the expressive intonation: perception and production in a conscious and unconscious way (Padilla, 2015). The primary motivation is the movie- Inside out. This sequence of activities has two objectives: contrasting the neutral intonation with the emotional intonation and practicing the neutral and emotional intonation when using declarative statements. To do so, this sequence of activities will contrast the neutral values with the emotional ones by working with the six basic emotions: happiness, fear, disgust, anger, sadness and surprise.

Key words: verbo-tonal, activities, intonation, expressive, emotions
El aprendizaje del español como lengua extranjera: la importancia de utilizar el diccionario adecuado
Authors: Onieva Palomar Rafael
Published: December 2019

La lengua española es estudiada por millones de personas en todo el mundo, dada su gran importancia en la sociedad actual. Sin embargo, los diccionarios no son aprovechados al máximo, por los estudiantes ya que, generalmente, estos usan el diccionario bilingüe durante toda su trayectoria de aprendizaje. Además, estos cuentan con el beneplácito de los docentes, a pesar de la existencia de otras obras lexicográficas que se adaptan mejor a las diferentes etapas que existen en el aprendizaje de un idioma extranjero.
Palabras clave: español como lengua extranjera, lexicografía, diccionario bilingüe, diccionario de aprendizaje.
Learning Spanish as a foreign language: the importance of using the right dictionary
The Spanish language is learnt by millions of people all around the world, due to its great importance in the current society. However, students do not take full advantage of dictionaries, since, generally, they only use bilingual dictionaries throughout their whole learning process. Besides, teachers green-light their usage, even though there are other dictionaries that may adapt in a better way to the different stages that exist when learning a foreign language.
Keywords: Spanish as a foreign language, lexicography, bilingual dictionary, monolingual learner’s dictionary.
¿Hablando se entiende la gente? Una propuesta práctica para desarrollar la interacción oral en la clase de lengua extranjera
Authors: Barros Lorenzo Mónica , Pazos Anido Marta
Published: December 2019

Con este trabajo se pretende reflexionar sobre la interacción oral en clase de lengua extranjera, sus protagonistas, cómo llevarla al aula y con qué objetivos. Asimismo, se considerarán algunas directrices para analizar y diseñar actividades y tareas de interacción oral que además respondan a las necesidades e intereses de nuestros estudiantes. Posteriormente, siguiendo las orientaciones anteriores, se desarrollará pormenorizadamente la propuesta práctica titulada «¡Camarero, por favor!», dirigida a alumnos de nivel B1, cuyo objetivo principal es participar en una situación social –en este caso en un restaurante– (alumno como agente social) y actuar según las normas y convenciones sociales de la cultura meta (alumno como hablante intercultural), aplicando las estrategias y los procedimientos metacognitivos necesarios y reflexionando sobre su uso a lo largo del proceso de aprendizaje (alumno como aprendiente autónomo).
HACCP Plan and Adoption of HACCP Metasystem in the Tea Industries of Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmad I. , Chowdhury R. S. , Uddin Rayhan , Shakawat A. , Rahman W. U. , Zzaman Wahidu
Published: December 2019

HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points) metasystem is a concept not much familiar to the tea industries of Bangladesh. This study was conducted to investigate the issue of food safety through HACCP metasystem and conduct a hazard analysis to make a comprehensive model of HACCP plan for the tea industries of Bangladesh. Both qualitative and quantitative data analysis was used to determine the CCPs (Critical Control Points) or OPRPs (Operational Pre-Requisite Programs) and design a HACCP plan through risk assessment and seven logical approaches. Two OPRPs and CCPs were determined. The derived CCPs were the biological hazard in the cultivation stage and the physical hazard in the processing step namely CTC (Crush, Tear and Curl) and Googy shifter step. The biological hazard in the cultivation stage can be controlled by proper application of GAP (Good Agricultural Practice) while the physical hazard can be controlled in the processing step by proper maintenance of the magnetic arrestor. Considering the benefits and constraints, standard processing procedures and guarantees of food safety of tea as well as to stay in the competitive global market the tea industries should adopt HACCP metasystem.
Factors Associated with the Implementation of the WHO Breastfeeding Recommendations in Momo Division, North-West Region of Cameroon
Authors: Boh Nwachan Mirabelle , Richard Ejoh Aba
Published: December 2019

Breastfeeding is essential to break the spiteful cycle of malnutrition in children. In spite of the WHO recommendations on optimum breastfeeding practices and their extensively acknowledged benefits, adherence to these recommendations in Cameroon remains incredibly low. The aim of this study was to identify the factors associated with the implementation of the WHO breastfeeding recommendations among mothers whose children are aged 0 to 24 months in Momo Division, Cameroon. To achieve this goal, 540 mothers attending 22 health units in the 5 sub divisions of Momo division completed structured interviewer administered questionnaire. Through this questionnaire, information on their socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, their knowledge and cultural beliefs about breastfeeding practices and the characteristics of their babies were collected. Results show that 51.5% of babies were girls and 46.1% of mothers had secondary education as their highest level of education. The monthly household income of most (80%) of the mothers was less than 100000frs CFA. Factors found to influence pre-lacteal feeding were mode of delivery, mother’s attitude on the type of first food to be given to the baby and birth order. Breastfeeding initiation within one hour following delivery was associated with place of delivery and mode of delivery. Exclusive breastfeeding was influenced by breast problems, mother’s employment status and misconceptions. The only factor associated with frequency of breastfeeding was the infant’s age. Duration of breastfeeding was associated with birth weight, and maternal knowledge on recommended duration of breastfeeding. The main impairments to breastfeeding practices were mistaken ideas based on misinformation, inadequate or no maternity leave, caesarian method of delivery, delayed breast milk secretion, breast problems and non-satiation of the baby after breastfeeding. The misconceptions noticed amongst mothers in this Division was the belief that breast milk alone is not enough to meet the nutritional needs of the baby for up to six months, expressed breast milk should not be fed to the baby and that infants below 6 months need water to quench their thirst. Maternal knowledge on breastfeeding was good as many knew the importance of breast milk.
Effects of Yeast Autolysate in the Practical Diet on the Growth Performance, Immune Response, and Disease Resistance of Pacific White Shrimp
Authors: Ma Shuoli , Wang Xiaoxia , Gao Weihua , Xu Weiqi , Zhang Wenbing , Mai Kangsen
Published: December 2019

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementing the practical diet with yeast autolysate (YA) on the growth performance, immunity, and disease resistance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Four isonitrogenous and isolipidic practical diets were formulated. The relatively high-fish-meal control diet contained 25% fish meal without YA supplementation (E1). The other control diet contained 20% fish meal without YA (E2). With the E2 diet as the basis, two additional experimental diets were created by further supplementation with 1% YA (E3) and 2% YA (E4). The shrimp (initial weight: 0.30 ± 0.02 g) were fed with the four experimental diets for 8 weeks and then challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The results indicated that there were no significant differences in survival rate (SR) or feed intake (FI) among these groups. The weight gain rate (WGR) of group E1 was not significantly different from that of groups E3 and E4. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) in group E4 was lower than that of group E2, and group E4 had the highest protein efficiency ratio (PER). The total hemocyte counts (THC) and lysozyme activities in group E3 and group E4 were significantly higher than those of the other groups. Group E3 had the highest respiratory burst (RB). After V. parahaemolyticus administration, group E3 and group E4 had significantly lower cumulative mortalities than group E1 did. In conclusion, the 20% fish meal diet without YA supplementation (E2) yielded a significantly lower growth rate than the 25% fish meal diet without YA supplementation (E1) did. Furthermore, the Pacific white shrimp that received dietary supplementation with 1% YA demonstrated improved growth rate, immune response, and resistance to the V. parahaemolyticus challenge compared with those that were fed the 20% fish meal diet without YA supplementation (E2).
Dynamically Crystalizing Liquid‐Crystal Elastomers for an Expandable Endplate‐Conforming Interbody Fusion Cage
Authors: Volpe Ross H. , Mistry Devesh , Patel Vikas V. , Patel Ravi R. , Yakacki Christopher M.
Published: December 2019

Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is the leading cause of low back pain and radiating leg pain. DDD is commonly treated surgically using spinal fusion techniques, but in many cases failure occurs due to insufficient immobilization of the vertebrae during fusion. The fabrication and demonstration of a 3D‐printed semi‐crystalline liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) spinal fusion cage that addresses these challenges in particular subsidence are described. During implantation of the fusion cage, the LCE is rubbery and capable of deforming around and conforming to delicate anatomy. In the hours following implantation, the device crystallizes into a rigid, structural material with the modulus increasing tenfold from 8 to 80 MPa. In the crystalline regime, a 3D‐printed prototype device is capable of enduring 1 million cycles of physiologic compressive loading with minimal creep‐induced ratcheting. Effects of LCE molecular architecture on the rate and magnitude of modulus increase, material processability, and mechanical properties are explored. This fundamental characterization informs a proof‐of‐concept device—the first bulk 3D printed LCE demonstrated to date. Moreover, the novel deployment strategy represents an exciting new paradigm of spinal fusion cages, which addresses real clinical challenges in expandable interbody fusion cages.
Targeting YAP1/LINC00152/FSCN1 Signaling Axis Prevents the Progression of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Ou Chunlin , Sun Zhenqiang , He Xiaoyun , Li Xiaoling , Fan Songqing , Zheng Xiang , Peng Qiu , Li Guiyuan , Li Xiayu , Ma Jian
Published: December 2019

As a transcription coactivator, Yes‐associated protein 1 (YAP1)'s role in tumorigenesis is well established. However, the mechanism of YAP1‐regulating long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) in tumors is still largely unknown. Here, a YAP1 target gene, long intergenic noncoding RNA 00152 (LINC00152), which is highly expressed in colorectal cancer (CRC), is identified. The oncogenic functions of LINC00152 in CRC are demonstrated by a panel of in vitro and in vivo experiments. Further studies reveal the potential downstream mechanisms of LINC00152, which can act as a competing endogenous RNA sponging with miR‐632 and miR‐185‐3p to regulate Fascin actin‐bundling protein 1 (FSCN1) expression and thus promote the malignant proliferation and metastasis in CRC cells. Targeting the YAP1/LINC00152/FSCN1 axis inhibits the progression of CRC. This finding provides a new regulatory model of the “YAP1‐lncRNA” in CRC, which gives rise to a new perspective, “YAP1/LINC00152/miR‐632‐miR‐185‐3p/FSCN1,” to explore the cancer‐promoting mechanism of YAP1 involved in CRC.
Progress, Outlook, and Challenges in Lead‐Free Energy‐Storage Ferroelectrics
Authors: Sun Zixiong , Wang Zhuo , Tian Ye , Wang Ge , Wang Wen , Yang Mengdie , Wang Xiaoying , Zhang Fanghui , Pu Yongping
Published: December 2019

For energy‐storage materials, dielectric capacitors exhibit higher power density than fuel cells, Li ion batteries, and super capacitors, giving them potentional for application in hybrid electric vehicles, high‐speed trains, and even spaceplanes. However, their low energy‐storage density (ESD) has limited their commercialization, which has therefore fallen behind the other three named systems to some extent. Because of this, a key factor in the development of dielectric/ferroelectric capacitors is an increase in ESD. Optimizing electrical breakdown strength and dielectric constant are regarded as two promising ways to achieve this. Five‐state dielectric energy‐storage materials are introduced and their respective merits and demerits are summarized. Enormous efforts, including the modification of preparation techniques, have been made to improve energy‐storage performances in the past two decades; the significance of interface engineering is discussed in this context. Energy‐storage density, efficiency, thermal stability with polarization fatigue, and mechanical fatigue are all optimized, demonstrating promising potential for practical applications.
Simultaneous Contact and Grain‐Boundary Passivation in Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Using SnO2‐KCl Composite Electron Transport Layer
Authors: Zhu Pengchen , Gu Shuai , Luo Xin , Gao Yuan , Li Songlin , Zhu Jia , Tan Hairen
Published: December 2019

The performance of perovskite solar cells is sensitive to detrimental defects, which are prone to accumulate at the interfaces and grain boundaries of bulk perovskite films. Defect passivation at each region will lead to reduced trap density and thus less nonradiative recombination loss. However, it is challenging to passivate defects at both the grain boundaries and the bottom charge transport layer/perovskite interface, mainly due to the solvent incompatibility and complexity in perovskite formation. Here SnO2‐KCl composite electron transport layer (ETL) is utilized in planar perovskite solar cells to simultaneously passivate the defects at the ETL/perovskite interface and the grain boundaries of perovskite film. The K and Cl ions at the ETL/perovskite interface passivate the ETL/perovskite contact. Meanwhile, K ions from the ETL can diffuse through the perovskite film and passivate the grain boundaries. An enhancement of open‐circuit voltage from 1.077 to 1.137 V and a corresponding power conversion efficiency increasing from 20.2% to 22.2% are achieved for the devices using SnO2‐KCl composite ETL. The composite ETL strategy reported herein provides an avenue for defect passivation to further increase the efficiency of perovskite solar cells.
Relationship between parental consanguinity and digit ratios (2D:4D) among Turkish newborns in Sivas
Authors: Ertuğrul Berna , Özener Barış
Published: December 2019

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of parental consanguinity on the 2D:4D digit ratio of newborn infants, whose parents were the first cousins.

Methods

The study included healthy and full‐term newborn infants, delivered in a hospital, at the gestational ages from 37 to 41 weeks. A total of 225 newborns and their parents were included in the study. Of these 225 newborns; 100 were inbred and 125 were outbred infants. We used a Vernier caliper to measure the length of the second and fourth digits of the newborns (accuracy: 0.01 mm).

Results

Controlling for education and number of pregnancies, male newborns had lower digit ratios than female newborns, for both left and right hands. There were, moreover, differences between inbred and outbred samples. We determined that inbreeding was related to a reduction in the digit ratios regardless of the side of the hand and the sex of the infant, showing a consistent tendency to appear more masculine. Interaction between marriage type*sex was highly significant.

Conclusions

Parental consanguinity appears to cause fetal masculinization of digit ratios by increasing fetal stress among Turkish newborns.
Design and fabrication of transdermal drug delivery patch with milliprojections using material extrusion 3D printing
Authors: Tang Tiffany Obog , Holmes Susan , Dean Katherine , Simon George Philip
Published: December 2019

This paper investigates the effect of various 3D printing parameters on a transdermal drug delivery system with milliprojections printed using poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The parameters studied involve printing temperature, layer thickness, extrusion width, infill width, and nozzle orifice diameter. Their effects on the final print quality were evaluated based on the surface finish and dimensional accuracy of the milliprojections. The change in the molecular weights of the polymers after extrusion and printing suggests thermal degradation. Further thermal analysis also showed that 3D printing decreases polymer crystallinity. The parameters studied showed varying effects on print quality with respect to PLA types and the dimensions involved. In general, it is sensible to process at temperature close to the melting point of a semicrystalline polymer or at the lowest temperature for which the polymer flows for an amorphous polymer. Although the layer thickness and extrusion width affect each dimension differently, it was found to be a reasonable approach to choose a thinner layer for a more accurate tip, and a thinner infill width for more accurate part diameters. Lastly, it was found that the smaller nozzle orifice and increased spacing between milliprojections produced better surface finish but had no significant effect on part accuracy. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48777.
Cranium and Vertebral Column of Xingxiulong chengi (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the Early Jurassic of China
Authors: Wang Ya‐Ming , Wang Tao , Yang Zhi‐Wen , You Hai‐Lu
Published: December 2019

The Lower Jurassic Lufeng Formation in Yunnan Province of southwestern China provides one of the most abundant records of sauropodomorphs in the world. However, most of them have not been fully described. Xingxiulong chengi is among the most complete non‐sauropodan sauropodomorphs ever discovered from Lufeng Formation and is represented by three partial skeletons. Here, we provide a detailed osteological description of its axial skeleton, including both the cranial and postcranial elements, and compare its anatomy with that of other known non‐sauropodan sauropodomorphs. In general, the cranium of Xingxiulong is more similar to those of more basal sauropodomorphs than to sauropodiforms, as evidenced by features such as an only slightly concave dorsal margin of the postorbital, a caudally placed rostral margin of the infratemporal fenestra not extending below the orbit, and long and slender basipterygoid processes divergent from each other at an angle of approximately 80 degrees. However, its postcranial axial skeleton possesses some unique or relatively derived features among basal sauropodomorphs, such as four sacral vertebrae and caudal dorsal vertebrae with laterally expanded neural spine tables. This provides future workers with a reassessment of non‐sauropodan sauropodomorphs through the lens of Xingxiulong chengi, which will serve to increase our knowledge on the anatomy, phylogeny, and furthermore, evolution of sauropodomorph dinosaurs. Anat Rec, 303:772–789, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy
Variation in accessory mental foramen frequency and number in extant hominoids
Authors: Robinson Chris , Yoakum Caitlin B.
Published: December 2019

Nerves providing sensation to the lower face and jaw exit the mandibular canal via the mental foramen. In humans, there are many documented occurrences of additional foramina (accessory mental foramina, AMFs) on the lateral mandibular surface that may also contain nervous structures. There are large discrepancies in the literature regarding how often AMFs occur in humans, and investigations of non‐human hominoid AMFs are rare. Consequently, the causes of interspecific diversity in this variable have not been explored. This project seeks to compare the frequency and number of AMFs between males and females, and among human regional groups and hominoid subspecies and species, and to investigate possible causal factors for any differences identified. No significant differences were found between males and females in any group. Gorillas and orangutans had the highest percentages of individuals with AMFs and the highest mean number of foramina, while modern humans and siamangs had the lowest figures for these variables. Significant differences (p < .05) were found for the mean number of foramina between most pairs of species. The results also showed that species with mandibles that are larger overall, have a larger area anterior to mental foramen, and a longer mandibular canal typically present more AMFs. The strongest correlation was found between the mean number of mental foramina and mandibular canal length. We suggest that these results provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that increasing mandibular canal length increases the likelihood that that nerves will ramify, leading to greater frequencies of accessory mental foramina.
“Direct” and “Indirect” Effects of Histone Modifications: Modulation of Sterical Bulk as a Novel Source of Functionality
Authors: Krajewski Wladyslaw A.
Published: December 2019

The chromatin‐regulatory principles of histone post‐translational modifications (PTMs) are discussed with a focus on the potential alterations in chromatin functional state due to steric and mechanical constraints imposed by bulky histone modifications such as ubiquitin and SUMO. In the classical view, PTMs operate as recruitment platforms for histone “readers,” and as determinants of chromatin array compaction. Alterations of histone charges by “small” chemical modifications (e.g., acetylation, phosphorylation) could regulate nucleosome spontaneous dynamics without globally affecting nucleosome structure. These fluctuations in nucleosome wrapping can be exploited by chromatin‐processing machinery. In contrast, ubiquitin and SUMO are comparable in size to histones, and it seems logical that these PTMs could conflict with canonical nucleosome organization. An experimentally testable hypothesis that by adding sterical bulk these PTMs can robustly alter nucleosome primary structure is proposed. The model presented here stresses the diversity of mechanisms by which histone PTMs regulate chromatin dynamics, primary structure and, hence, functionality.
Bakterielle Membranvesikel
Authors: Roth Tamara Heidi , Schumann Wolfgang
Published: December 2019

Zellen aller drei Domänen des Lebens (Eukaryoten, Bakterien und Archaeen) produzieren und entlassen Membranvesikel, die von einer Lipid‐Doppelschicht umgeben sind. Diese sind meist sphärisch mit einem Durchmesser von 20–500 nm und können in ihrem Innern, dem Lumen, verschiedene Moleküle transportieren, die in ihrer Gesamtheit als Cargo bezeichnet werden. So enthalten sie in der Regel verschiedene Proteine, Polysaccharide und Metabolite, aber auch zusätzlich Nukleinsäuren (DNA, RNA) und manchmal fehlgefaltete Proteine. Sie spielen eine wichtige Rolle beim horizontalen Gentransfer und bei der Pathogenität. Außerdem können sie Phagenrezeptoren in Phagen‐resistente Zellen und nahe verwandte Spezies übertragen. Weltweit erforschen zahlreiche Firmen ihre Anwendung als Überträger von Impfstoffen beim Menschen. Zudem wird untersucht, inwieweit Membranvesikel bei der Genom‐Editierung eingesetzt werden können.
Der „Sekundenkleber“ der Stummelfüßer
Authors: Baer Alexander , de Sena Oliveira Ivo , Schmidt Stephan , Harrington Matthew J. , Mayer Georg
Published: December 2019

Der biologische Sekundenkleber der Stummelfüßer ist eine Quelle der Inspiration für die nachhaltige Produktion „intelligenter“ polymerbasierter Materialien. In der Natur jagen die Stummelfüßer ihre Beute mit dem proteinreichen Sekret, welches in der Lage ist, enorm belastbare Fasern zu bilden. Die Anleitung für diese Transformation ist in den Bausteinen programmiert und läuft selbstständig ohne jegliche Regulation durch den tierischen Körper ab. Elektrostatische Wechselwirkungen zwischen geladenen Proteinarealen und Ionen bewirken die Faltung, Zusammenlagerung (Koazervation) und Stabilisierung der Bausteine in nanoskopisch kleine Speicherpartikel. Mechanische Einwirkung von außen löst den Umwandlungsprozess zu reißfesten Fasern aus. Die Speicherpartikel verschmelzen, die Proteine entfalten sich teilweise und gehen miteinander starke Bindungen ein. Die physikalisch‐chemischen Prinzipien werden sich künftig extrahieren lassen und neue Wege der Biomaterialsynthese ermöglichen.
Jenaer Erklärung – Das Konzept der Rasse ist das Ergebnis von Rassismus und nicht dessen Voraussetzung
Authors: Fischer Martin S. , Hoßfeld Uwe , Krause Johannes , Richter Stefan
Published: December 2019

Anlässlich der 112. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft in Jena hat das Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung der Friedrich‐Schiller‐Universität Jena eine öffentliche Abendveranstaltung zum Thema „Jena, Haeckel und die Frage nach den Menschenrassen: wie Rassismus Rassen macht“ ausgerichtet. Die folgende, gemeinsame Erklärung soll darüber informieren. Der Vorstand der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft und der Präsident der Friedrich‐Schiller‐Universität Jena unterstützen die Autoren in dem Bestreben mit dieser Erklärung gegen scheinbar wissenschaftliche Rechtfertigungen für Rassismus vorzugehen.
Das Naumann‐Museum in Köthen/Anhalt
Authors: Just Bernhard
Published: December 2019

Bauer – Künstler – Wissenschaftler: Seit 1835 beherbergt das Köthener Schloss die nahezu im Original erhaltene Vogelsammlung Johann Friedrich Naumanns (1780–1857). Durch sein umfassendes wissenschaftliches und künstlerisches Werk legte er das Fundament der modernen Ornithologie Mitteleuropas.
Utilization of novel systemic therapies for multiple myeloma: A retrospective study of front‐line regimens using the SEER‐Medicare data
Authors: Goto Daisuke , Khairnar Rahul , Yared Jean A. , Yong Candice , Romanus Dorothy , Onukwugha Eberechukwu , Slejko Julia F.
Published: December 2019

The landscape of treatment for multiple myeloma (MM) has significantly changed over the last decade due to novel agents that have shown superiority in efficacy such as proteasome inhibitors (PIs) and immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) over traditional therapies. However, the real‐world utilization of these new agents has not been studied well. This study evaluated year‐to‐year changes in treatment choices in a cohort of patients aged 66 or older in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry linked with Medicare claims (SEER‐Medicare) data who were diagnosed with MM between 2007 and 2011. We identified 2477 symptomatic newly diagnosed patients who were followed for 6 months or more postdiagnosis and treated with systemic therapies but not with stem cell transplantation. Symptomatic patients were identified by evidence of hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, or bone lesions (CRAB criteria). The minimum follow‐up was imposed to ensure sufficient data to characterize treatment. Our analysis found that the proportion of treated patients increased from 75% in the 2007 cohort to 79% in the 2011 cohort. The share of PI‐based regimens including PI plus alkylating agents, PI plus IMiD, and PI‐only increased from 9% to 21%, 3% to 11%, and 16% to 22%, respectively, between 2007 and 2011. These findings translate to the share of PI‐based regimens having increased from 28% to 55% and that of IMiDs‐based regimens (excluding PI plus IMiD) having decreased from 43% to 27%. In conclusion, while the usage of PIs among elderly MM patients increased significantly replacing IMiD‐based regimens (with or without alkylating agents but not with PI) between 2007 and 2011, this significant shift did not increase the proportion of treated patients.
Desmoplastic melanoma: The role of pure and mixed subtype in sentinel lymph node biopsy and survival
Authors: Laeijendecker Annelien E. , El Sharouni Mary‐Ann , Sigurdsson Vigfús , van Diest Paul J.
Published: December 2019

Background

Desmoplastic melanoma (DM) is an uncommon type of melanoma. Two histological subtypes of DM can be distinguished: pure and mixed (PDM and MDM). We hypothesized that discrimination between these subtypes is associated with sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) status and survival.

Methods

Clinicopathological data from PALGA, the Dutch Pathology Register were retrieved from patients diagnosed with DM in The Netherlands between 2000 and 2014. Clinical and pathological variables were extracted from pathology text files, including pure or mixed desmoplastic morphology. A Cox proportional hazard model was performed for overall and recurrence‐free survival (OS and RFS).

Results

A total of 239 patients with DM were included, representing 0.4% of all primary cutaneous melanoma in The Netherlands. A total of 114 PDM and 125 MDM patients were identified. MDM was significantly associated with positive SLNB status (P = .035). In multivariable analysis, age (HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.07‐1.14, P < .001) and ulceration (HR 1.98, 95% CI 1.05‐3.75, P = .036) were significant predictors for OS. For RFS, mixed subtype (HR 2.72 95% CI 1.07‐6.89, P = .035), male gender (HR 2.54, 95% CI 1.03‐6.27, P = .043), and Breslow thickness (HR 1.13 per mm, 95% CI 1.05‐1.21, P = .001) were significant predictors.

Conclusion

MDM is significantly associated with a positive SLNB status. Mixed subtype is significantly correlated with RFS, but not with OS. The distinction between pure and mixed desmoplastic subtype therefore seems to be of clinical importance.
Pacemaker syndrome due to atrial lead fracture
Authors: Nguyen Thomas , Rinaldi Christopher Aldo
Published: December 2019

Pacemaker syndrome signs and symptoms are shortness of breath, dizziness, fatigue, pulsations in the neck or abdomen, and cannon waves in the neck. Patients with pacemakers experiencing new respiratory or cardiac symptoms should undergo a chest X‐ray and a device interrogation in order to check lead integrity.
Three cases of brain metastasis from castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Shida Yohei , Hakariya Tomoaki , Miyata Yasuyoshi , Sakai Hideki
Published: December 2019

Brain metastasis from prostate cancer may be becoming more common and may be associated with occurrence of diffuse systemic metastases.
Sauerstoff im Konzert der Genregulation
Authors: Hille‐Rehfeld Annette
Published: December 2019

Sauerstoff ermöglicht einen besonders effizienten aeroben Energiestoffwechsel in Form der Atmungskette, verursacht aber auch unerwünschte, unter dem Schlagwort oxidativer Stress bekannte Oxidationsreaktionen. Deren für die Zellen toxischen Wirkungen begrenzt die sorgfältige Kontrolle des Sauerstoffpartialdrucks im Körper. Welche Steuermechanismen dabei Sauerstoffmangel (Hypoxie) vermeiden, um die Energieversorgung aufrecht zu erhalten, erforschten die drei mit dem Nobelpreis für Physiologie 2019 ausgezeichneten Mediziner William G. Kaelin Jr., Peter Ratcliffe und Gregg L. Semenza. Ihre Pionierarbeit wurde bereits im Jahr 2016 mit dem Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research gewürdigt, der höchsten US‐amerikanische Auszeichnung für die Förderung der medizinischen Grundlagenforschung.
Wenn Wasser tanzt: Das Phänomen der hüpfenden Wassertropfen
Authors: Litzius Kai
Published: December 2019

Jeden Tag passieren um uns herum interessante Dinge – und manchmal sind sie uns so vertraut, dass wir sie gar nicht mehr bemerken.
Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Metals in Urban Topsoil in Shenyang City, Northeast China
Authors: Wang Hui , Zhao Yueming , Adeel Muhammad , Liu Chunyue , Wang Yinggang , Luo Qing , Wu Hao , Sun Lina
Published: December 2019

Soil samples are collected from 74 sites in Shenyang city, northeast China, and the concentrations, spatial distribution, enrichment factors (EF), and potential ecological and human health risk (Er) of potentially toxic metals (Sr, Zn, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, and As) are investigated. The mean concentrations of potentially toxic metals in topsoil follow the order Sr > Zn > Cr > Pb > Cu > Ni > As. Compared with 2011, the contamination magnitude has improved in 2017, but the pollution status still exists, especially for As and Cr. EF and the mean Er of potentially toxic metals decrease following the order As > Pb > Cu > Ni > Zn > Cr > Sr and As > Cu > Zn > Pb > Sr > Ni > Cr, suggesting that the potentially toxic metals in the topsoil of Shenyang city mainly come from natural sources, and the potential ecological risk for potentially toxic metals is low. There are potentially non‐carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks, but they are not considered significant. For non‐carcinogenic health risks, oral ingestion is the main exposure pathway, and Cr and Pb are the major pollutants. Finally, As is found to be the main carcinogenic contamination metal.
On enhancing model‐based expectation maximization source separation in dynamic reverberant conditions using automatic Clifton effect
Authors: Gul Sania , Khan Muhammad Salman , Shah Syed Waqar , Lloret Jaime
Published: December 2019

Source separation algorithms based on spatial cues generally face two major problems. The first one is their general performance degradation in reverberant environments and the second is their inability to differentiate closely located sources due to similarity of their spatial cues. The latter problem gets amplified in highly reverberant environments as reverberations have a distorting effect on spatial cues. In this paper, we have proposed a separation algorithm, in which inside an enclosure, the distortions due to reverberations in a spatial cue based source separation algorithm namely model‐based expectation‐maximization source separation and localization (MESSL) are minimized by using the Precedence effect. The Precedence effect acts as a gatekeeper which restricts the reverberations entering the separation system resulting in its improved separation performance. And this effect is automatically transformed into the Clifton effect to deal with the dynamic acoustic conditions. Our proposed algorithm has shown improved performance over MESSL in all kinds of reverberant conditions including closely located sources. On average, 22.55% improvement in SDR (signal to distortion ratio) and 15% in PESQ (perceptual evaluation of speech quality) is observed by using the Clifton effect to tackle dynamic reverberant conditions.
Carbon sequestration and biodiversity co‐benefits of preserving forests in the western United States
Authors: Buotte Polly C. , Law Beverly E. , Ripple William J. , Berner Logan T.
Published: December 2019

Forest carbon sequestration via forest preservation can be a viable climate change mitigation strategy. Here, we identify forests in the western conterminous United States with high potential carbon sequestration and low vulnerability to future drought and fire, as simulated using the Community Land Model and two high carbon emission scenario (RCP 8.5) climate models. High‐productivity, low‐vulnerability forests have the potential to sequester up to 5,450 Tg CO2 equivalent (1,485 Tg C) by 2099, which is up to 20% of the global mitigation potential previously identified for all temperate and boreal forests, or up to ~6 yr of current regional fossil fuel emissions. Additionally, these forests currently have high above‐ and belowground carbon density, high tree species richness, and a high proportion of critical habitat for endangered vertebrate species, indicating a strong potential to support biodiversity into the future and promote ecosystem resilience to climate change. We stress that some forest lands have low carbon sequestration potential but high biodiversity, underscoring the need to consider multiple criteria when designing a land preservation portfolio. Our work demonstrates how process models and ecological criteria can be used to prioritize landscape preservation for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and preserving biodiversity in a rapidly changing climate.
Concealed truth: Modeling reveals unique Quaternary distribution dynamics and refugia of four related endemic keystone Abies taxa on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Xiong Qinli , Halmy Marwa Waseem A. , Dakhil Mohammed A. , Pandey Bikram , Zhang Fengying , Zhang Lin , Pan Kaiwen , Li Ting , Sun Xiaoming , Wu Xiaogang , Xiao Yang
Published: December 2019

Understanding the factors driving the Quaternary distribution of Abies in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is crucial for biodiversity conservation and for predicting future anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems. Here, we collected Quaternary paleo‐, palynological, and phylogeographical records from across the TP and applied ecological niche models (ENMs) to obtain a profound understanding of the different adaptation strategies and distributional changes in Abies trees in this unique area. We identified environmental variables affecting the different historical biogeographies of four related endemic Abies taxa and rebuilt their distribution patterns over different time periods, starting from the late Pleistocene. In addition, modeling and phylogeographic results were used to predict suitable refugia for Abies forrestii, A. forrestii var. georgei, A. fargesii var. faxoniana, and A. recurvata. We supplemented the ENMs by investigating pollen records and diversity patterns of cpDNA for them. The overall reconstructed distributions of these Abies taxa were dramatically different when the late Pleistocene was compared with the present. All Abies taxa gradually receded from the south toward the north in the last glacial maximum (LGM). The outcomes showed two well‐differentiated distributions: A. fargesii var. faxoniana and A. recurvata occurred throughout the Longmen refuge, a temporary refuge for the LGM, while the other two Abies taxa were distributed throughout the Heqing refuge. Both the seasonality of precipitation and the mean temperature of the driest quarter played decisive roles in driving the distribution of A. fargesii var. faxoniana and A. recurvata, respectively; the annual temperature range was also a key variable that explained the distribution patterns of the other two Abies taxa. Different adaptation strategies of trees may thus explain the differing patterns of distribution over time at the TP revealed here for endemic Abies taxa.
Inferring responses to climate warming from latitudinal pattern of clonal hybridization
Authors: Monette Katherine , Leung Christelle , Lafond Joelle , Wittische Julian , Angers Bernard
Published: December 2019

Climate warming may affect reproductive isolation between sympatric sister species by modifying reproductive phenology or mate choice. This is expected to result in a latitudinal progression of hybridization in response to the shifting of environmental conditions. The fish species northern redbelly dace (Chrosomus eos) and finescale dace (C. neogaeus) display a wide sympatric distribution in North America. The asexual reproduction of their hybrids allows determining where and when hybridization occurred. The aim of this study was twofold: first, to assess whether temperature affected reproductive isolation, and second, whether the effects of climate warming resulted in a latitudinal progression of hybridization. We performed a 500 km latitudinal survey (51 sites) in southeastern Quebec (Canada) and determined the distribution of clonal hybrid lineages. Results revealed a total of 78 hybrid lineages, including 70 which originated locally. We detected a significant difference between the southern and northern range of the survey in terms of the proportion of sites harboring local hybrids (20/23 vs. 8/28 sites, respectively) and hybrid diversity (57 vs. 13 lineages, respectively). This confirmed that there was more frequent interspecific mating in the warmest sites. In the southern range, diversity of lineages and simulations suggest that hybridization first took place (>7,000 years) in sites characterized by a longer growing season, followed by northerly adjacent sites (ca. 3,500–5,000 years). Moreover, evidence of hybridization occurring in present‐day time was detected. This suggests that the current warming episode is going beyond the limits of the previous warmest period of the Holocene.