bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First‐in‐class cardiolipin‐protective compound as a therapeutic agent to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics
Authors: Szeto Hazel H
Published: October 2013

A decline in energy is common in aging, and the restoration of mitochondrial bioenergetics may offer a common approach for the treatment of numerous age‐associated diseases. Cardiolipin is a unique phospholipid that is exclusively expressed on the inner mitochondrial membrane where it plays an important structural role in cristae formation and the organization of the respiratory complexes into supercomplexes for optimal oxidative phosphorylation. The interaction between cardiolipin and cytochrome c determines whether cytochrome c acts as an electron carrier or peroxidase. Cardiolipin peroxidation and depletion have been reported in a variety of pathological conditions associated with energy deficiency, and cardiolipin has been identified as a target for drug development. This review focuses on the discovery and development of the first cardiolipin‐protective compound as a therapeutic agent. SS‐31 is a member of the Szeto‐Schiller (SS) peptides known to selectively target the inner mitochondrial membrane. SS‐31 binds selectively to cardiolipin via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. By interacting with cardiolipin, SS‐31 prevents cardiolipin from converting cytochrome c into a peroxidase while protecting its electron carrying function. As a result, SS‐31 protects the structure of mitochondrial cristae and promotes oxidative phosphorylation. SS‐31 represents a new class of compounds that can recharge the cellular powerhouse and restore bioenergetics. Extensive animal studies have shown that targeting such a fundamental mechanism can benefit highly complex diseases that share a common pathogenesis of bioenergetics failure. This review summarizes the mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of SS‐31 and provides an update of its clinical development programme.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed issue on Mitochondrial Pharmacology: Energy, Injury & Beyond. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐8
Genetic regulation of immunoglobulin E level in different pathological states: integration of mouse and human genetics
Authors: Gusareva Elena S. , Kurey Iryna , Grekov Igor , Lipoldová Marie
Published: October 2013

Immunoglobulin E (IgE) first evolved in mammals. It plays an important role in defence against helminths and parasitic infection and in pathological states including allergic reactions, anti‐tumour defence and autoimmune diseases. Elucidation of genetic control of IgE level could help us to understand regulation of the humoral immune response in health and disease, the etiology and pathogenesis of many human diseases, and to facilitate discovery of more effective methods for their prevention and cure. Herein we summarise progress in the genetics of regulation of IgE level in human diseases and show that integration of different approaches and use of animal models have synergistic effects in gaining new knowledge about both protective and pathological roles of this important antibody.
Dental visiting history between ages 13 and 30 years and oral health‐related impact
Authors: Brennan David S. , Spencer A. John
Published: October 2013

Background

The aim was to assess the role of visit history factors between the age of 13 and 30 years on oral health‐related impact.

Materials and Methods

In 1988‐89, n = 7 673 South Australian school children aged 13 years were sampled with n = 4 604 children (60.0%) and n = 4 476 parents (58.3%) returning questionnaires. In 2005‐06, n = 632 baseline study participants responded (43.0% response of those traced and living in Adelaide). Oral health impact was measured at age 30 years using OHIP‐14.

Results

Multivariate regression showed that OHIP scores were significantly higher (P < 0.05) for those with episodes of relief of pain visits once (β = 1.487) or two or more times (β = 2.883), and episodes of extraction once (β = 1.301) or two or more times (β = 3.172). Higher positive dental visit attitude scores were associated with lower OHIP scores (β = −1.265), as were being male (β = −0.637), having a job (β = −1.555) and being tertiary educated (β = −0.632).

Conclusions

History of adverse dental events between the age of 13 and 30 years such as episodes of relief of pain visits and episodes of extraction was associated with higher impact of oral health problems at age 30 suggesting a cumulative effect.
The NLRP3 inflammasome: role in airway inflammation
Authors: Im H. , Ammit A. J.
Published: October 2013

Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness and airway remodelling. Uncontrolled airway inflammation or repeated asthma exacerbations can lead to airway remodelling, which cannot be reversed by current pharmacological treatment, and consequently lead to decline in lung function. Thus, it is critical to understand airway inflammation in asthma and infectious exacerbation. The inflammasome has emerged as playing a key role in innate immunity and inflammation. Upon ligand sensing, inflammasome components assemble and self‐oligomerize, leading to caspase‐1 activation and maturation of pro‐IL‐1β and pro‐IL‐18 into bioactive cytokines. These bioactive cytokines then play a pivotal role in the initiation and amplification of inflammatory processes. In addition to facilitating the proteolytic activation of IL‐1β and IL‐18, inflammasomes also participate in cell death through caspase‐1‐mediated pyroptosis. In this review, we describe the structure and function of the inflammasome and provide an overview of our current understanding of role of the inflammasome in airway inflammation. We focus on nucleotide‐binding domain and leucine‐rich repeat protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome as it is the best‐characterized subtype shown expressed in airway and considered to play a key role in chronic airway diseases such as asthma.
Developments in the field of allergy in 2012 through the eyes of Clinical & Experimental Allergy
Authors: Mari A. , Antonietta Ciardiello M. , Passalacqua G. , Vliagoftis H. , Wardlaw A. J. , Wickman M
Published: October 2013

In 2012, we received 683 submissions and published 20 editorials, 38 reviews, 11 letters and 128 original articles. This represents an acceptance rate for original papers in the range of 20%. About 30% of original papers were triaged not to go out to review, either because the editors did not feel they had sufficient priority for publication or because the topic did not feel right for the readers of the journal. We place great emphasis on obtaining sufficient high‐quality reviews to make our decisions on publication fair and consistent. Inevitably, however, there is a degree of luck about what gets published and which papers miss out, and we are always happy to receive an appeal on our decisions either at the triage stage or after review. This gives us the opportunity to revisit the decision and revise it or explain in more detail to the authors the basis for the decision. Once again in 2012, we were delighted by the quality of the papers submitted and the breadth and depth of research into allergic disease that it revealed. The pattern of papers submitted was similar in previous years with considerable emphasis on all aspects of asthma and rhinitis. We were particularly pleased with our special issue on severe asthma. Elucidating mechanisms using either animal models or patients has always been a major theme of the journal, and the excellent work in these areas has been summarized by Harissios Vliagoftis with a particularly interesting section on early‐life events guiding the development of allergic disease, which understandably continue to be a major theme of research. Magnus Wickman summarized the papers looking at the epidemiology of allergic disease including work from birth cohorts, which are an increasingly rich source of data on risk factors for allergic disease, and two papers on the epidemiology of anaphylaxis. Giovanni Passalacqua discussed the papers in the clinical allergy section of the journal, and Adriano Mari who runs the excellent Allergome website discussed the papers looking at allergens including characterization and the relative usefulness of allergen arrays versus single extracts in diagnosis and management.
Understanding the causation of primary angle closure disease using the sufficient component cause model
Authors: Thomas Ravi , Mengersen Kerrie , Thomas Aleysha , Walland Mark J
Published: October 2013

Background

Several risk factors have been associated with primary angle closure disease, but their actual role in causation of an individual case is not clear.

Design

Concept paper.

Participants/Samples

No patient participation.

Methods

The sufficient component cause model is briefly explained in the context of primary angle closure disease. The framework is used to conceptualize the role of individual mechanisms of disease. The possibility of personalized treatment for primary angle closure disease is discussed in this context.

Main Outcome Measures

Qualitative concepts in disease causality may refine research and treatment in primary angle closure disease.

Results

The minimum set of conditions that are sufficient for primary angle closure disease to occur is considered the sufficient component cause model for that individual case. Described risk factors (including genes) as well as currently unknown influences play a role in the model. There may be many such models and all complementary components in any sufficient‐cause model must be present for disease to occur. Interruption of any one component in that model can be used for treatment. Pupillary block is likely a component of most such models and may currently be considered a universally necessary component of these models.

Conclusions

The sufficient component cause model can be used as a framework to explain the role of individual mechanisms of causation and treatment of primary angle closure disease. It also aids understanding of the proportion of disease due to specific causes.
Nanosecond‐laser application in intermediate AMD: 12‐month results of fundus appearance and macular function
Authors: Guymer Robyn H , Brassington Kate H , Dimitrov Peter , Makeyeva Galina , Plunkett Malcolm , Xia Wie , Chauhan Devinder , Vingrys Algis , Luu Chi D
Published: October 2013

Background

A novel, ultra‐low energy nanosecond laser (retinal rejuvenation therapy) has been developed with the aim to slow progression of early age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). The safety, changes in fundus characteristics and macular function in a cohort of participants with bilateral intermediate AMD are reported.

Design

Prospective non‐randomised, pilot intervention study.

Participants or Samples

Subjects with bilateral intermediate AMD (n = 50, aged 50–75 years).

Methods

Ultra‐low energy laser pulses applied in 12 spots around the macula of one eye (0.15–0.45 mJ), using 400 μm diameter spot, 3 nanosecond pulse length, 532 nm wavelength and energy titrated to each patient.

Main Outcome Measures

Best corrected visual acuity, drusen area and macular sensitivity (flicker perimetry) at baseline and at 3, 6 and 12 months post‐laser.

Results

Treatment was painless with no clinically visible lesions. No participant developed choroidal neovascularization, while two with thin central retinal thickness at baseline developed atrophy at 12‐month follow up. Drusen area was reduced in 44% of treated eyes and 22% of untreated fellow eyes, with changes in drusen and function not being coincident. Improvement in flicker threshold within the central 3° was observed in both the treated and untreated fellow eyes at 3 months post‐laser. Of the 11 eyes at greatest risk of progression (flicker defect >15 dB), seven improved sufficiently to be taken out of this high‐risk category.

Conclusions

A single unilateral application of nanosecond laser to the macula produced bilateral improvements in macula appearance and function. The nanosecond retinal rejuvenation therapy laser warrants ongoing evaluation as an early intervention for AMD.
Immediate Occlusal versus Non‐Occlusal Loading of Implants: A Randomized Clinical Pilot Study
Authors: Vogl Susanne , Stopper Marlene , Hof Markus , Wegscheider Walther A. , Lorenzoni Martin
Published: October 2013

Background

Immediate occlusal and non‐occlusal loading protocols have been discussed and, despite varying success rates, are considered viable in selected cases. Preoperative implant planning and intraoperative transfer are essential to the success of implant‐supported reconstructions in partially or completely edentulous jaws.

Purpose

This study was performed to compare clinical outcomes of immediate occlusal versus non‐occlusal loading of posterior implants.

Materials and Methods

Of 19 patients with 52 screw‐type implants replacing mandibular molars or premolars, nine patients with 21 implants were randomized to a study group that received immediate restorations with occlusal loading, whereas 10 patients with 31 implants were randomized to a control group that received provisional restorations without occlusal loading. Occlusal loading was defined as full loading in maximum intercuspidation. Single‐tooth or splinted multiunit restorations were incorporated by screw retention or cementation. Marginal bone defects (MBD), implant survival, and implant success were evaluated 12 months after insertion.

Results

Both groups revealed similar MBD levels consistent with previous reports. No implants were lost (overall survival: 100%) or found to fail (overall success: 100%). No significant intergroup differences were noted for any of the evaluated parameters.

Conclusions

Immediate restorations in partially edentulous mandibles demonstrated successful clinical and radiographic 12‐month results. Larger long‐term prospective studies are needed to confirm the final evidence and predictability of immediate functional loading as a standard treatment concept for partially edentulous jaws.
Crestal bone loss related to immediate implants in crestal and subcrestal position: a pilot study in dogs
Authors: Calvo‐Guirado Jose Luis , López‐López Patricia Jara , Mate Sanchez Jose Eduardo , Gargallo Albiol Jordi , Velasco Ortega Eugenio , Delgado Ruiz Rafael
Published: October 2013

Objectives

The aim of the present study was to compare crestal bone loss with different implant designs inserted immediately in crestal or subcrestal position in post‐extraction sockets in a dog model.

Materials and Methods

The mandibular second, third, fourth premolars, and the first molars of six adult fox hound dogs were extracted bilaterally, and 48 implants were placed immediately in both hemi‐arches of each dog. Randomly, eight implants (sky classic ® and blue sky ®) were inserted, four crestally (control group) and four 2 mm subcrestally (test group). Both groups were treated with a minimal mucoperiosteal flap elevation approach. After a 12‐week healing period, the animals were sacrificed, and samples were obtained. Biopsies were processed for ground sectioning. Histomorphometric analysis was carried out to compare buccal and lingual bone height loss.

Results

All implants were clinically and histologically osseointegrated. Healing patterns examined microscopically at eight and 12 weeks for both groups (crestal and subcrestal) yielded similar qualitative bone findings. At 12 weeks, the distance from the top of the implant collar to the first BIC (ISBc) showed significant difference between implant positions (crestal or subcrestal) in the buccal aspect (P = 0.1253), values for the crestal group being higher (1.79 ± 0.3 mm) in comparison with the subcrestal group (0.89 ± 0.5 mm). Better results were achieved by both implant designs when implants were placed in the deeper position. No significant differences were found in BIC values (P > 0.05). The total BIC at 8 weeks was (46.22 ± 4.29%) for the crestal group and (49.72 ± 2.21%) for the subcrestal group; at 12 weeks, it was (41.54 ± 3.87%) for the crestal group and (56.87 ± 3.46%) for the subcrestal group.

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this study, the findings suggest that apical positioning of the top of the implant does not jeopardize bone crest and peri‐implant tissue remodeling. However, less resorption of the lingual and buccal crest may be expected when implants are placed 2 mm subcrestally, but this is not related to implant design. Moreover, implants placed subcrestally produced better bone‐to‐implant contact measurements.
Experience of a specialist centre in the management of anastomotic sinus following leaks after low rectal or ileal pouch–anal anastomosis with diverting stoma
Authors: Zhuo C. , Trencheva K. , Maggiori L. , Milsom J. W. , Sonoda T. , Shukla P. J. , Vitellaro M. , Makino T. , Lee S. W.
Published: October 2013

Aim

The natural history and appropriate management of anastomotic sinus has not been clearly defined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence, management and outcomes of anastomotic sinus.

Method

The medical records of all patients who underwent a low anterior resection (LAR) or an ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) with a diverting loop ileostomy (LI) and with contrast enema performed before planned stoma closure between 2001 and 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. The radiological features of the sinus tract, treatment and outcome of anastomotic sinus were studied.

Results

Twenty patients (8.2%) were found to have anastomotic sinuses out of the total of 244 patients who had undergone LAR (n = 146) or IPAA (n = 98) with LI. Of these, 13 (65%) had prior symptomatic leaks, while seven did not. Twelve patients (60%) were found to have simple sinus tracts, while eight had complex sinuses (associated with either pelvic cavities or severe strictures). Five patients with simple tracts were treated with observation alone. Fifteen patients underwent surgical interventions. Overall, with a median follow‐up of 28 (6–73) months, 16 patients (80%) had resolution of their sinuses. All of 12 patients (100%) with simple sinus tracts and four of eight patients (50%) with complex sinuses underwent successful stoma reversals after 8 (3.5–24) months following the initial surgery (P = 0.01).

Conclusion

Patients with simple tracts are significantly more likely to have complete resolution of sinuses than patients with complex sinuses. Persistent sinus associated with either a pelvic cavity or severe stricture despite surgical intervention is likely to lead to a permanent stoma.
Mini‐probe ultrasonography for the staging of colon cancer: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gall T. M. H. , Markar S. R. , Jackson D. , Haji A. , Faiz O.
Published: October 2013

Aim

With an increasing array of treatment modalities available for colon cancer, it is increasingly important to stage tumours accurately to allocate the appropriate management. This study evaluated the accuracy of mini‐probe endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in assigning clinical stage to colon cancer.

Method

An electronic search was performed in January 2013 using the Embase, MEDLINE and Cochrane databases. This was supplemented by a hand search of published abstracts from scientific meetings. Trials evaluating the accuracy of the mini‐probe EUS compared with histopathological grade in determining the clinical stage of colon cancer were included in this pooled analysis. The main outcome measures included accuracy, sensitivity and specificity for T and N staging.

Results

Ten studies were identified which compared the mini‐probe EUS staging of 642 colon or rectal cancers with the histopathological specimen. The pooled sensitivity and specificity for staging were 0.91 and 0.98 for T1 tumours, 0.78 and 0.94 for T2 tumours, 0.97 and 0.90 for T3/T4 tumours and 0.63 and 0.82 for nodal staging. Eight per cent of T1/T2 tumours were upstaged to T3/T4 tumours and 5% of T3/T4 tumours were downstaged.

Conclusion

Mini‐probe EUS is highly effective for assigning clinical stage in colon cancer and in identifying patients who may be suitable for nonsurgical treatment including neoadjuvant chemotherapy or endoscopic resection.
Abdominal computed tomography, colonography and radiation exposure: what the surgeon needs to know
Authors: Steward M. J. , Taylor S. A. , Halligan S.
Published: October 2013

Aim

Abdominal computed tomography (CT) improves the accuracy of clinical diagnosis and facilitates patient management. Radiation exposure must be considered by requesting clinicians and is especially relevant owing to the increasing use of CT colonography for diagnosis and screening of colorectal disorders. This review describes the radiation dose of abdominopelvic CT and colonography and attempts to quantify the risk for the clinician.

Method

Articles were searched in the PubMed and Medline databases using combinations of the MeSH terms ‘radiation’, ‘abdominal computed tomography’ and ‘colonography’. Electronic English language abstracts were read by two reviewers and the full article was retrieved if relevant to the review.

Results

Abdominopelvic CT and CT colonography convey significant radiation dose to the patient but also have considerable diagnostic potential. In the right clinical context, the radiation risk should not be overestimated. Techniques to reduce the dose should be used. Repeated imaging in certain patients is a concern and should be monitored.

Conclusion

Radiation risk can be quantified and presented simply in a manner that both patients and doctors can comprehend and evaluate. This approach will diminish misconceptions and allow a rational choice of diagnostic test.
Evaluating Conservation Flagships and Flagship Fleets
Authors: Veríssimo Diogo , Fraser Iain , Girão Weber , Campos Alberto A. , Smith Robert J. , MacMillan Douglas C.
Published: October 2013

Flagship species are widely used in conservation but this single species approach has attracted criticism. One response is the “flagship fleet,” which uses several flagship species in one conservation marketing campaign. However, marketing theory suggests multibrand campaigns can be counter‐productive. Here, we develop an evaluation strategy for conservation flagships, and use it to: measure the effectiveness of an existing bird flagship species; detect whether additional species are needed; and, if appropriate, identify which species should be added to create a flagship fleet. We show the bird species has high levels of visibility and recognition, but has traits that appeal to only half the target audience. We also show that this shortcoming could be overcome by forming a flagship fleet based on adding an endemic mammal or fish species but there are additional strategic considerations that must be taken into account, namely in terms of costs and potential future conflicts.
Higher anti‐tumour efficacy of platinum(IV) complex LA‐12 is associated with its ability to bypass M‐phase entry block induced in oxaliplatin‐treated human colon cancer cells
Authors: Vondálová Blanářová O. , Jelínková I. , Hyršlová Vaculová A. , Sova P. , Hofmanová J. , Kozubík A.
Published: October 2013

Objectives

Therapeutic potential of conventionally used platinum‐based drugs in treatment of colorectal tumours has been limited due to high incidence of tumour resistance to them and to their severe side effects. This evokes a search for more suitable anti‐cancer drugs. We have compared ability of oxaliplatin and a novel platinum(IV) complex, LA‐12, to modulate the cell cycle and induce apoptosis in human colon adenocarcinoma HCT116 wt and p53/p21 null cells, and have investigated molecular mechanisms involved.

Materials and methods

Cell cycle‐related changes were analysed by flow cytometry (bromodeoxyuridine/propidium iodide staining, histone H3 phosphorylation). Apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry (assays monitoring caspase activity) and fluorescence microscopy (nuclear morphology). Changes in levels of genes/proteins involved in cell cycle and apoptosis regulation were examined by RT‐PCR and western blotting.

Results

Our results highlight the outstanding ability of LA‐12 to induce effective elimination of colon cancer cells independently of p53/p21, and in significantly lower doses compared to oxaliplatin. While oxaliplatin induced p53‐ and p21‐dependent G2‐phase arrest associated with downregulation of cyclin B1 and Cdk1, LA‐12 allowed cells to enter M‐phase of the cell cycle regardless of p53/p21 status.

Conclusions

Higher malignant cell toxicity and ability to bypass cell cycle arrest important for the cell damage repair suggest LA‐12 to be a more effective candidate for elimination of colon tumours from a variety of genetic backgrounds, compared with oxaliplatin.
ABO incompatible living donor kidney transplantation in Korea: highly uniform protocols and good medium‐term outcome
Authors: Kong Jin Min , Ahn Jeongmyung , Park Jae Beom , Chung Byung‐Ha , Yang Jaeseok , Kim Joong Kyung , Huh Kyu Ha , Kim Jong Man
Published: October 2013

The organ shortage is as serious in Korea as in other parts of the world. As about one‐third of the potential living donors are ABO incompatible (ABOi), transplantation across the blood group barrier can help overcome this shortage. One hundred and twenty‐five ABOi kidney transplantations (KTs) were performed between 2007 and 2010 in Korea. We collected the perioperative and follow‐up data for 118 of these patients until September 2011. The preconditioning and immunosuppressive protocols were almost identical across the different transplant centers, with rituximab but no splenectomy; pre‐transplant plasmapheresis (PP) with target anti‐A/B titer 8 or 16 on transplant day, on‐demand, rather than routine, post‐transplant PP, and tacrolimus‐based immunosuppressants. The number of patients and participating centers showed a rapid increase over time, and in 2010, ABOi KT (n = 79) comprised 10% of all the living donor KTs in Korea. The mean follow‐up period was 21 months (range, 1–56 months). Sixteen (14%) patients developed acute rejection, and three of these had antibody‐mediated rejection (AMR). Two‐yr patient and graft survival were 99.2% and 97.5%, respectively. No graft was lost due to AMR. ABOi KT is rapidly expanding in Korea with excellent medium‐term outcome and will help mitigate the organ shortage.
Pilot study of non‐contrast‐enhanced MRI vs. ultrasound in renal transplant recipients with acquired cystic kidney disease: a prospective intra‐individual comparison
Authors: Mühlfeld Anja S. , Lange Christian , Kroll Gisela , Floege Jürgen , Krombach Gabriele A. , Kuhl Christiane , Eitner Frank , Schrading Simone
Published: October 2013

The incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) after kidney transplantation is 15‐fold increased. Acquired cystic kidney disease (ACKD) is one of the known risk factors. We performed a small pilot study to assess the role of non‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a tool for intensified screening in renal transplant recipients with ACKD. Renal ultrasound was used to assess the native kidneys of 215 renal transplant recipients. Thirty patients with 54 kidneys, fulfilling the criteria of ACKD, underwent non‐enhanced MRI at 1.5T using T2‐ and T1‐weighed as well as diffusion‐weighted sequences with a high spatial resolution. Among the 54 kidneys assessed by both methods, three RCCs were identified (6%). Of those, one RCC was detected by both imaging methods (33%), while two RCCs were diagnosed by MRI alone (67%). MRI identified an additional four proteinaceous or hemorrhagic cysts that did not fulfill the criteria for RCC but were classified as suspicious. All of these lesions were stable in size and appearance in follow‐up studies. In conclusion, non‐enhanced MRI was more sensitive than ultrasound in identifying RCCs and lesions suspicious for RCC and thus appears to be a useful secondary screening tool in patients with ACKD after renal transplantation.
Sample Size Verification for Clinical Trials
Authors: Shuster Jonathan J.
Published: October 2013

In this paper, we shall provide simple methods where nonstatisticians can evaluate sample size calculations for most large simple trials, as an important part of the peer review process, whether a grant, an Institutional Review Board review, an internal scientific review committee, or a journal referee. Through the methods of the paper, not only can readers determine if there is a major disparity, but they can readily determine the correct sample size. It will be of comfort to find in most cases that the sample size computation is correct, but the implications can be major for the minority where serious errors occur. We shall provide three real examples, one where the sample size need was seriously overestimated, one (HIP PRO‐test of a device to prevent hip fractures) where the sample size need was dramatically underestimated, and one where the sample size was correct. The HIP PRO case is especially troubling as it went through an NIH study section and two peer reviewed journal reports without anyone catching this sample size error of a factor of more than five‐fold.
Bioclimatic velocity: the pace of species exposure to climate change
Authors: Serra‐Diaz Josep M. , Franklin Janet , Ninyerola Miquel , Davis Frank W. , Syphard Alexandra D. , Regan Helen M. , Ikegami Makihiko
Published: October 2013

Aim

To investigate the velocity of species‐specific exposure to climate change for mid‐ and late 21st century and develop metrics that quantify exposure to climate change over space and time.

Location

California Floristic Province, south‐western USA.

Methods

Occurrences from presence/absence inventories of eight Californian endemic tree species (Pinus balfouriana [Grev.&Balf.], Pinus coulteri [D.Don], Pinus muricata [D.Don.], Pinus sabiniana [D.Don], Quercus douglasii [Hook.&Arn.], Quercus engelmannii [Greene], Quercus lobata [Nee] and Quercus wislizeni [A.DC.]) were used to develop eight species distribution models (SDMs) for each species with the BIOMOD platform, and this ensemble was used to construct current suitability maps and future projections based on two global circulation models in two time periods [mid‐century: 2041–2070 and late century (LC): 2071–2100]. From the resulting current and future suitability maps, we calculated a bioclimatic velocity as the ratio of temporal gradient to spatial gradient. We developed and compared eight metrics of temporal exposure to climate change for mid‐ and LC for each species.

Results

The velocity of species exposure to climate change varies across species and time periods, even for similarly distributed species. We find weak support among the species analysed for higher velocities in exposure to climate change towards the end of the 21st century, coinciding with harsher conditions. The variation in the pace of exposure was greater among species than for climate projections considered.

Main conclusions

The pace of climate change exposure varies depending on period of analysis, species and the spatial extent of conservation decisions (potential ranges versus current distributions). Translating physical climatic space into a biotic climatic space helps informing conservation decisions in a given time frame. However, the influence of spatial and temporal resolution on modelled species distributions needs further consideration in order to better characterize the dynamics of exposure and species‐specific velocities.
Abiotic surrogates for temperate rocky reef biodiversity: implications for marine protected areas
Authors: Rees Matthew J. , Jordan Alan , Price Owen F. , Coleman Melinda A. , Davis Andrew R.
Published: October 2013

Aim

To examine the potential of remotely sensed abiotic measures as surrogates for the abundance, diversity and community composition of temperate rocky reef fishes and sessile invertebrates.

Location

Batemans Marine Park, south‐eastern Australia.

Methods

We used high‐resolution bathymetric side‐scan sonar imagery to quantify abiotic measures of rocky reef habitat, within a marine protected area (MPA), and examine the relationship between abiotic measures and (1) sessile invertebrate abundance, (2) sessile invertebrate species richness, (3) total fish abundance, (4) fish species richness, and (5) Monacanthidae abundance using generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs). We chose GAMMs as the preferred statistical analysis to account for the spatial autocorrelation present in our data.

Results

We found a strong positive relationship between abiotic measures and sessile invertebrate abundance and diversity (r2 > 0.64). By far the most important predictor was vertical relief within a 75 m radii seascape surrounding the faunal survey. Overall, abiotic measures were poor predictors of total fish abundance (r2 = 0.175) and fish species richness (r2 = 0.276), with minimum adequate models producing low explanatory power. In contrast, Monacanthids exhibited a strong positive relationship with abiotic variables (r2 = 0.385), with increased abundance associated with greater depth and distance from soft sediment.

Main conclusions

Remotely sensed abiotic measures are important predictors in describing the spatial patterns of sessile invertebrate abundance and diversity and Monacanthid abundance. In contrast, abiotic variables were poor predictors of total fish abundance and diversity. Habitat could be a useful cost‐effective surrogate to determine areas of conservation value for certain temperate rocky reef assemblages. This information is valuable for future MPA development and design.
A cohort study on full breastfeeding and child neuropsychological development: the role of maternal social, psychological, and nutritional factors
Authors: Julvez Jordi , Guxens Monica , Carsin Anne‐Elie , Forns Joan , Mendez Michelle , Turner Michelle C , Sunyer Jordi
Published: October 2013

Aim

This study investigated whether duration of full breastfeeding is associated with child neuropsychological development and whether this association is explained by social, psychological, and nutritional factors within families.

Method

Participants in this study were a population‐based birth cohort in the city of Sabadell (Catalonia, Spain). Females were recruited during the first trimester of pregnancy between July 2004 and July 2006. Information about parental characteristics and breastfeeding was obtained through questionnaires. Full breastfeeding was categorized as never, short term (≤4mo), long term (4–6mo), or very long term (>6mo). A trained psychologist assessed the neuropsychological development of children at 4 years of age (n=434) using the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA).

Results

Full breastfeeding showed an independent association with child general MSCA scores after adjusting for a range of social, psychological, and nutritional factors (>6mo, coefficient=7.4 [95% confidence interval=2.8–12.0], p=0.011). Maternal social class, education level, and IQ were also associated with child neuropsychological scores, but did not explain breastfeeding associations. Omega‐3 (n3) fatty acid levels were not associated with child neuropsychological scores.

Interpretation

Very long‐term full breastfeeding was independently associated with neuropsychological functions of children at 4 years of age. Maternal indicators of intelligence, psychopathology, and colostrum n3 fatty acids did not explain this association.
Sleep difficulties after paediatric traumatic brain injury
Authors: Sumpter Ruth E , Dorris Liam , Kelly Thomas , McMillan Thomas M
Published: October 2013

Please also see the reply to this letter by Stores.
Retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy and geriatric scale scores in elderly people with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Le Floch J.‐P. , Doucet J. , Bauduceau B. , Verny C. ,   SFD/SFGG Intergroup
Published: October 2013

Aims

To analyse the relationships between retinopathy, nephropathy, peripheral neuropathy and geriatric scale scores in elderly people with Type 2 diabetes.

Methods

GERODIAB is the first French multi‐centre, prospective, observational study designed to assess the influence of glycaemic control on mortality and morbidity through a 5‐year follow‐up study in people with Type 2 diabetes aged 70 years and older. In this report the relationships at baseline between retinopathy, nephropathy and peripheral neuropathy, and five geriatric scale scores in 987 people, using bivariate and multivariate analyses are analysed.

Results

Retinopathy (26%) was significantly associated with impaired scores on the Mini Geriatric Depression Scale, the Mini Nutritional Assessment and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale. Logistic regression showed that the duration of diabetes, BMI, Mini Geriatric Depression Scale, hypoglycaemia and HbA1c were associated with retinopathy (concordance 69.1%; P < 0.001). Nephropathy (47.4%, including 34.8% with Modification of Diet in Renal Disease < 60 ml/min) was significantly associated with impaired Activities of Daily Living and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living scale scores. Using the logistic model, the most significant factors were age, duration of diabetes, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, hypoglycaemia, hypertension and BMI (concordance 66.3%; P < 0.001). Peripheral neuropathy (28.2%) was associated with impaired scores on the Mini Mental State Examination, Activities of Daily Living, Instrumental Activities of Daily Living and Mini Geriatric Depression Scales. In the logistic model, diastolic blood pressure, duration of diabetes and the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, Mini Geriatric Depression Scale and Mini Mental State Examination scales were included (concordance 69.8%; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

In this specific sample, classical microvascular complications of diabetes were found to be associated with impaired geriatric scale scores. This highlights the benefits of systematic assessment in elderly people with Type 2 diabetes.
A novel single nucleotide polymorphism in the protein tyrosine phosphatase N22 gene (PTPN22) is associated with Type 1 diabetes in a Chinese population
Authors: Pei Z. , Chen X. , Sun C. , Du H. , Wei H. , Song W. , Yang Y. , Zhang M. , Lu W. , Cheng R. , Luo F.
Published: October 2013

Aims

To examine single nucleotide polymorphisms in the protein tyrosine phosphatase N22 gene (PTPN22) and to study their association with Type 1 diabetes in a Chinese cohort.

Methods

Three hundred and sixty‐four young patients with Type 1 diabetes and 719 healthy children were included in this case‐controlled study. The genotypes of rs1217385, rs2488457 (–1123C>G), rs1217414, rs1217419, rs3765598 and rs2476601 (1858C>T) in the PTPN22 gene were determined using the SNaPshot method. Alleles, genotypes and haplotype frequencies were compared between patients with Type 1 diabetes and healthy control subjects. The association between single nucleotide polymorphisms and clinical traits/autoantibody status was also analysed.

Results

The single nucleotide polymorphism, rs1217419, located in the second intron of the PTPN22 gene was associated with Type 1 diabetes (odds ratio 1.5, 95% CI 1.14–1.97, P = 0.003). An additional single nucleotide polymorphism, rs1217385, was also associated with Type 1 diabetes; however, the association was secondary to that of rs1217419. The previously reported single nucleotide polymorphism that is associated with Type 1 diabetes (–1123G>C) had only marginal association with Type 1 diabetes in our study. A marginal association was also identified between –1123G>C and glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody positivity in patients with Type 1 diabetes. There was no association between the single nucleotide polymorphism 1858C>T and Type 1 diabetes in our studied cohort.

Conclusions

Our study confirmed that PTPN22 is a gene that contributes to Type 1 diabetes susceptibility. The primary association occurs with single nucleotide polymorphism rs1217419 and there is clear heterogeneity of the association between PTPTN22 polymorphisms and Type 1 diabetes in a Chinese population compared with other populations.
Obesity paradox in people newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes with and without prior cardiovascular disease
Authors: Thomas G. , Khunti K. , Curcin V. , Molokhia M. , Millett C. , Majeed A. , Paul S.
Published: October 2013

Aim

To address the debate on ‘obesity paradox’ in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by evaluating the cardiovascular and mortality risks associated with normal and overweight patients compared to obese at diagnosis of diabetes, separately for patients with and without cardiovascular disease (CVD) before diagnosis.

Methods

A retrospective study with two study cohorts with/without prior CVD (n = 10237/37272) with complete measures of body mass index (BMI) at diagnosis of T2DM from UK General Practice Research Database. Primary outcomes were long‐term risks of cardiovascular events (CVEs) and all‐cause mortality in patients with normal weight, overweight and obesity at diagnosis.

Results

The mortality rates per 1000 person‐years in normal weight, overweight and obese patients among patients without prior CVD were 13.1, 8.6 and 6.0, respectively, during 5 years of median follow‐up. For patients with prior CVD, these estimates were 30.1, 21.1 and 15.5, respectively. Among patients without and with prior CVD, normal weight patients had 47% (hazard ratio, HR CI: 1.29, 1.69) and 30% (HR CI: 1.11, 1.53) increased mortality risk respectively compared to obese patients. In the cohort without prior CVD, compared to obese patients, those with normal body weight did not have increased CVE risk. Interactions between age, HbA1c and BMI at diagnosis were observed in both cohorts.

Conclusions

Adults with normal weight at the diagnosis of T2DM have significantly higher mortality risk compared to those who are obese, with significant interactions between age, BMI and HbA1c. Elevated cardiovascular risk was not observed in normal weight patients without prior CVD.
Serum uric acid level is associated with the development of microalbuminuria in Korean men
Authors: Oh Chang‐Mo , Park Sung Keun , Ryoo Jae‐Hong
Published: October 2013

Background

Elevated serum uric acid (UA) could be a risk factor for hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. In addition, elevated serum UA may be associated with impaired renal function. However, it is unclear whether elevated serum UA is a cause of microalbuminuria or not. Therefore, we performed a prospective cohort study of the temporal relationship between baseline elevated serum UA and the development of microalbuminuria in Korean men.

Design and methods

A microalbuminuria‐free cohort of 1743 healthy Korean men, who had their urine albumin–creatinine ratio (UACR) calculated for a medical check‐up programme in 2005, was followed until 2010. Microalbuminuria was defined as a urine albumin–creatinine ratio between 30 and 300 μg/mg. Cox proportional hazards model was performed.

Results

During 5884·6 person‐years of follow‐up, 96 incident cases of microalbuminuria developed between 2006 and 2010. After adjusting for multiple covariates, the hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for incident microalbuminuria when comparing the second tertile to the third tertile of serum UA levels vs. the first tertile were 1·52 (0·86–2·70) and 2·27 (1·30–3·98), respectively (Pfor trend = 0.005).

Conclusion

Elevated serum UA level was independent risk factor for the development of microalbuminuria during a 5‐year follow‐up in Korean men.
The real role of prediagnostic high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and the cancer risk: a concise review
Authors: Vílchez Juan A. , Martínez‐Ruiz Ana , Sancho‐Rodríguez Natalia , Martínez‐Hernández Pedro , Noguera‐Velasco Jose A.
Published: October 2013

Background

In several observational and clinical studies, the association between serum cholesterol levels and cancer is still unsettled although serum total cholesterol has been associated with increased mortality from cancer. Moreover, the importance of abnormal levels of serum lipid components as the main features of dyslipidemia and the risk of individual cancers is unclear.

The prevalence of dyslipidemia is increasing worldwide but, the precise aetiology of the link between risk of cancer and the behaviour of lipid profile, prior diagnosis, has yet to be determinated. Low levels of high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) at baseline of many of the studies analyzed has to be taken into account, and continued low levels of HDL without explanation should be considered by clinicians.

Aims

The main aim of this review was to undertake the assessment of the most recent studies implying the lipid profile and cancer risk, and focused on low HDL levels at baseline and follow up, and also analyzing this behaviour on the different cancer types.

Material and Methods

A literature search was performed to identify publications. The most recent prospective and case‐control studies with multivariate Cox models were analyzed and also were considered some recent meta‐analyses.

Results and Conclusions

The findings exposed in this review suggest that the association with low HDL levels at baseline of different studies of cancer risk is shared among many types of cancer, and it is mainly linked to obesity and inflammation, suggesting a common pathway.
Students' satisfaction with a dental summer programme and importance of influencing factors for choosing dentistry as their career
Authors: Suen R. P. C. , Lai S. M. L. , Bridges S. , Chu C. H.
Published: October 2013

Aim

To study the students' satisfaction with the week‐long summer programme and the importance of common influencing factors (IFs) for choosing dentistry as their career.

Methods

Anonymous questionnaire was given to all 214 participants in July of 2011 and 2012. Demographic information including gender, age and education level was collected. The students were asked about their satisfaction with the programme with separate ratings for learning experiences, including hands‐on workshops (HOW); clinic observations (CO); problem‐based learning tutorials (PBL); and lectures (L). They also rated the relative importance of the ten common IFs. The Friedman test was used to study the order of their preferences of the programme's activities. The Chi‐square test was used to study the influence of their demographic factors on the importance of the IFs.

Results

A total of 208 students returned their questionnaires. The majority were below the age of 18 (81%), and 44% were studying in an international school. Most of the students (96%) were satisfied with the programme overall. They liked the HOWs and COs more than the PBL tutorials and Ls. ‘Altruism’ and ‘medical/health care career’ were the two most important IFs overall. ‘Altruism’ and ‘past experience with dentist’ were considered more important by those aged 18 or above. ‘Past experience with dentist’ and ‘working with hands’ were considered more important by the international school students.

Conclusions

Most participants were satisfied with the summer programme. They preferred practical, skill‐based activities to knowledge‐based activities. The importance of some IFs was associated with age and education system.