bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Removal of Heavy Metals from Water and Wastewater Using Moringa oleifera
Authors: Noori Ali Eman
Published: February 2020

One of the contaminants in wastewater is the heavy metals. Treatment of heavy metals is of great importance because they can be harmful and dangerous for human being health. Conventional removal methods used include: ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, ion exchange, solvent extraction, sedimentation, and chemical precipitation, and each method has some disadvantages besides high costs. In this chapter, Moringa oleifera cake residue, Moringa oleifera press cake, and Moringa oleifera leaves are introduced as a proposed alternative to replace conventional methods for heavy metal ions’ removal. The results of using Moringa oleifera cake residue showed that iron (Fe) was fully removed; copper (Cu) and cadmium (Cd) were successfully removed up to 98% and reduction of lead (Pb) of 82.17%. The heavy metals were successfully reduced using Moringa oleifera press cake. The removal percentage of iron, copper, and chromium reached 69.99%, 88.86%, and 93.73%, respectively. Moringa oleifera leaves were used to remove Cd (II) from synthetic water; the optimization was performed and each parameter was affecting the Cd (II) removal with different percentages, but pH was insignificant. As a conclusion, the Moringa oleifera seeds and leaves can be considered as a promising alternative in water treatment for heavy metal ions removal.
Food Safety and Food Security in the Informal Sector
Authors: Grwambi Bukelwa
Published: February 2020

Food markets in the informal sector play a vital role in the livelihoods of the poor in developing countries. However, the conditions under which the informal sector operates raise concerns relating to the safety and quality of food sold. This chapter makes reference to case studies conducted by the International Livestock Research Institute’s Safe Food Fair Food project to facilitate the implementation of food safety in Sub-Saharan Africa. The purpose is to illustrate the relevance and applicability of a food chain approach in the implementation of food safety in the informal sector. Results show that some milk gets contaminated during milking, processing, cooling and handling. Such practices as adulteration and pooling were also reported to contaminate milk. The chapter concludes that it is the responsibility of all stakeholders to ensure the safety of milk along the chain.
Chalcones in Dermatology
Authors: Jumina  , Harizal  , Steven Kurniawan Yehezkiel
Published: February 2020

The human skin is pivotal for protecting the body from various stresses and diseases, regulating several physiological aspects, and sensing any signal changes around the environment. To work and function optimally, the skin should be protected and cared regularly by using some treatments. Chalcone, as a privileged structure, exhibits wide and unique bioactivities related to several skin disorders such as in preventing and treating pigmentation disorders (melasma and vitiligo), cutaneous leishmaniasis, rashes (acne vulgaris, seborrheic dermatitis and dandruff, psoriasis and atopic dermatitis), and rosacea. In this chapter, the role of chalcone derivatives in treating several skin disorders as mentioned above is discussed to provide a brief and comprehensive perspective regarding the role of chalcone in dermatology including in vitro, preclinical, and clinical assays.
The risk of losing national identity in the twenty-first century Romania, or national identity from adaptation to self-censorship
Authors: Suciu Andreia-Irina , Culea Mihaela
Published: February 2020

In the contemporary world of extremely dynamic movements in the fields of territorial state reconfiguration, economic “colonization”, globalization, Europeanization, migration of population, borrowing of cultural values and intensified cultural exchange or transfer, defining national identity has become a process which registers numerous changes and encounters various challenges. The classical features that assisted this process of defining national identity in the past – a historic territory, common myths, historical memories and values, a common public culture, common legal rights and duties, a common economy with territorial mobility (A. D. Smith 1991: 14) – undergo significant transformations each decade and the definition of a nation’s identity calls for important reconsiderations. One aspect worth considering is that of losing or self-censoring one’s national identity due to a nation’s own intention or some external demands of adaptation to general aspects of political, economic, financial, social, or cultural nature. Our paper intends to explore some of the causes or factors that might lead to twenty-first century Romania’s weakening, degradation or loss of national identity and suggest some possible solutions against such a process.
Orality versus literacy in the Nigerian SMS discourse
Authors: Patrick C. Endong, Floribert , Eugenie Grace Essoh, Ndobo Eugenie Grace
Published: February 2020

The SMS discourse is generally known to be hybrid in nature, as it very often combines
features of both orality and literacy. In line with this, numerous labels – such as oral-written text, netlish, netspeak and the like – have been employed in reference to the phenomenon. These appellations point to the hybrid nature of the phenomenon. This article attempts to show to what extent orality shapes the content of Nigerian SMS discourse. It probes into the various linguistic features observable in 2000 SMS texts messages generated by both literate and semi-literate texters from 5 Nigerian towns (including Lagos, Enugu, Calabar, Uyo and Oweri), in view of evaluating the extent to which features of orality may be found in the Nigerian SMS discourse. It argues that the Nigerian SMS discourse has more literacy features than it has characteristics of oral language. These literacy features are dominantly observable in SMS messages composed by literate Nigerian texters. On the other hand, orality features are dominantly present in SMS texts generated by semi-educated texters. The principal orality features observable in these SMS texts (from both literate and semiliterate texters) include graphones, vowel deletion, initialisation, onomatopoeic expressions,
truncation among others.
Testing Purchasing Power Parity Hypothesis for Azerbaijan
Authors: Agazade Seymur
Published: February 2020

This article examines the validity of purchasing power parity hypothesis for Azerbaijan.
Econometric investigation uses linear and nonlinear unit root tests and are based on the
time series characteristics of the real exchange rate of Azerbaijan’s manat versus the
national currencies of its major trading partners; USA, European Union, Russia and Turkey.
Findings support the validity of the purchasing power parity hypothesis between Azerbaijan and its market economy dominated trading partners, but not support between Azerbaijan and its former centrally controlled partner.
Contributions of the cognitive, affective and linguistic domains to strategy use and degree of strategy use to effective reading performance
Authors: Talebi Seyed Hassan , Seifallahpur Behnaz
Published: February 2020

According to Oxford (1990), different learner variables affect the choice of learning
strategy. It was also found that effective L2 readers know how to use strategies to foster reading comprehension and ineffective readers have little awareness of strategies to read effectively (Yang, 2002). This study investigates the contribution of three relatively important variables and their components (namely, the cognitive domain or awareness and use of strategies, the linguistic domain or general English proficiency level, and the affective domain or attitude toward reading in L2), to reading strategy use in English. The second purpose of the study is to find out the effect of reading strategy use on reading comprehension. For these purposes, 100 undergraduate Iranian EFL students participated in this study. They were given Language Proficiency Test, Test of reading comprehension in English, Reading Strategy Awareness and Use Questionnaire, and finallvy a questionnaire on attitude toward Reading. The obtained data were analysed using descriptive statistic (means, standard deviations), Pearson correlation procedure, regression analysis, ANOVA, and Scheffe post-hoc multiple range test. Analysis of data showed the three aforementioned variables, namely awareness and use of reading strategies, linguistic proficiency, and
attitude toward reading had significant contributions to strategy use. However, strategy
awareness showed to have the most contribution to strategy use. In addition, among the subgroups of strategy awareness, the metacognitive component showed to contribute more to strategy use. In this study it was also found students with higher strategy use gain better scores on the reading test. It is concluded that as degree of strategy use affects reading performance, in order to improve effective use of reading strategies teachers and learners should pay more attention to the development of awareness of reading strategies, especially the metacognitive component in order to have a good use of reading strategies for efficient reading.
Assessments Regarding Development Issues in the Azerbaijani Steel Industry in the Last 20 years of the 20th Century
Authors: Samandarov Seyfaddin
Published: February 2020

The article investigates the ideas expressed about the development of steel industry in the
economic literature of Azerbaijan during the first 10 years of Soviet power. The subject is of
interest from different aspects. In terms of exploring the economic history, the history of the development of different sectors of the economy of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the ideas associated with the development of non-oil sector are important for the study of the history.
The Determination of the Needs of the Families with a Mentally Handicapped Child According to Their Mood
Authors: Sanli Esat , Barut Yasar
Published: February 2020

Numerous domain experts who provide service to disabled individuals have focused on
only disabled children for many years and the family has not generally dwelled on during
this time. But today, it is more clearly seen that meeting the needs of family means meeting the needs of the child. The families may reveal different sensual reactions according to their children’s special condition. In case it is known whether these sensual reactions affect their requirement areas and the intensity of their needs, the quality of the given assistance can be increased.This research was made to determine which requirement areas are affected by the mood of parents with a mentally handicapped child attending special education and rehabilitation centers and the level of it.The population of this research consists of the families whose mentally handicapped children attend special education and rehabilitation centers inside the Samsun provincial border in 2011-2012. The families of 443 mentally handicapped children who attend 14 special education and rehabilitation centers in Samsun city center, Çarşamba and Bafra districts were chosen via simple random sampling technique. In this research, Family Needs Assesment Survey (FNAS), which was developed by Bailey and Simeonsson, adapted into Turkish by Sucuoğlu, revised by Cavkaytar and friends, was used as the data collection tool. FNAS and the personal information form which was developed by the researcher were applied to the families of 443 mentally handicapped children who attend special education and rehabilitation centers.The average points of the parents they got from four subscales differ according to their mood.
Investigating Effective Factors on Designing of Educational Spaces with an Approach to Increase Learning Rate and to Improve Creativity among Children
Authors: Shojaei Leila , Shahbazi Majid
Published: February 2020

The environment and space in which we are living affectour spirit and thought. Creativity is a potential ability within thehuman being. This ability is flourished in the proper and cherishing environment. An environment that is able to flourish a child’s potential abilities seems to be necessary, regarding the importance of the childhood ages and learning at that time. At the first stage, an environment designed to develop a child’s creativity should be able to fulfill his physical and mental needs. Securing tranquility and safety of children is the first requirement of a proper environment for children. It will prepare the ground for children’s creativity. In the present research, we studied child’s behavior in the environment by field studies, and some solutions and models extracted and presented to design proper environments by applying the psychological study of children and approaches to develop creativity in educational systems as well as investigating children behaviors in the environment. First of all, the present theories of the psychology about designing educational spaces is discussed and then hypothesis test is carried out by an inductive approach and applying a survey research. So, we prepared a questionnaire to measure indices and then distributed the questionnaire on some nurseries. After that accumulated data were described and analyzed by applying (SPSS)software, finally, a model is presented to show the manner of the effectiveness of the factors. it was concluded that creativity is not limited to certain people and it can be acquired and learned. Developing creativity in childhood will have major effects on adulthood creativities. The elements which have an effect on children creativity are play and their ability to explore in the environment. Stimulation of the curiosity sense as an external factor in guided discovery learning is deemed to be one of the major constituents of guided discovery learning.
Boredom and Wonder in the Work of Arthur Schopenhauer
Authors: Wadhams Luke ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: February 2020

This article examines Arthur Schopenhauer’s theory of boredom. In traditional interpretations of this theory, boredom is understood to be a form of suffering and a key component in Schopenhauer’s argument for the claim that all life is suffering. While such interpretations are correct, I argue that they only capture a single feature of the experience that Schopenhauer describes. Schopenhauer also understands boredom to occasion a unique insight into the nature of reality, and boredom should thereby additionally be thought of as an epistemically significant emotion. To elucidate this epistemic quality, I interpret Schopenhauer’s concept of boredom as revealing the miserable condition of the world, where such revelation compels one to wonder about the nature of this condition, thereby founding a philosophical attitude. Through an evaluation of Schopenhauer’s conceptions of boredom and wonder, I demonstrate that Schopenhauer ultimately conceives boredom as crucial for the development of a philosophical attitude toward existence.
Uso problemático de Internet en adolescentes: relación con sexo, edad, nivel socioeconómico y frecuencia de uso de Internet [Problematic Internet Use among Adolescents: Relationship with Gender, Age, Socioeconomic Status, and Frequency of Internet Use]
Authors: Piqueras Rodríguez Jose Antonio , Garcia-Oliva Carlos , Marzo Juan Carlos
Published: February 2020

ResumenEl uso habitual de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TICs) se da en todos los colectivos y sectores, si bien su mayor exposición en adolescentes ha hecho que nos preocupemos por las consecuencias negativas que pueda causar en esta población. Se estudia la frecuencia del uso problemático de Internet en adolescentes. Se administró el Cuestionario de Experiencias Relacionadas con Internet (CERI) y medidas ad-hoc para evaluar la frecuencia de uso de Internet y variables sociodemográficas en una muestra de 712 adolescentes de 12 a 18 años de la provincia de Alicante (sureste de España). Los resultados muestran que al menos el 14.8 % presenta puntuaciones elevadas en uso problemático de Internet. Además, se observa que el 20.9 % utiliza más de 4 horas al día Internet, mientras que el 45.4 % hace uso a diario de Internet, y el 51 % más de 10 horas a la semana. Se halló una relación significativa entre PIU y la frecuencia de uso diario, no así entre PIU y variables sociodemográficas. Estos datos suponen una primera aproximación al fenómeno en la provincia de Alicante que sugiere la necesidad de profundizar en estudios sobre este fenómeno emergente.AbstractThe common use of the information and communication technologies (ICT) occurs in all groups and sectors, while its greater exposure among adolescents has made us to worry about the negative consequences that may cause in this population. We study the frequency of experiences re­lated to the problematic use of Internet (PIU) in adoles­cents. The Questionnaire of Experiences Related with In­ternet (CERI) and ad hoc measures to assess the frequency of Internet use and socio-demographic variables were ad­ministered in a sample of 712 adolescents from 12 to 18 years of the province of Alicante (southeast of Spain). The results showed that at least 14.8 % presents elevated scores on PIU. Furthermore, 20.9 % of the sample used Internet more than 4 hours a day, while the 45.4 % makes use Internet daily, and 51 % more than 10 hours a week. We found a significant relationship between PIU and the frequency of daily use, but not between PIU and socio-demographic variables. These data represent a first ap­proach to the phenomenon in our community, which sug­gests the need for further studies on this emerging phe­nomenon.
Effects of an Intervention Program Based on Job Crafting Behaviors on the Work Engagement of Teachers [Efectos de un programa de intervención basado en los comportamientos de rediseño del trabajo sobre el engagement laboral de profesores]
Authors: Silva júnior Domingos Isidorio , Ferreira Maria Cristina , Freitas Clarissa Pinto
Published: February 2020

ResumenLos estudios han puesto de relieve que es posible potenciar el engagement en el trabajo mediante intervenciones que buscan aumentar los recursos que el empleado posee y disminuir sus demandas laborales. El objetivo es evaluar la eficacia de un programa de intervención basado en los comportamientos de rediseño del trabajo en el engagement laboral de profesores. La muestra estaba integrada por 82 profesores brasileños de educación pública dividida en dos grupos. El grupo de intervención se realizó con 41 profesores de ambos sexos (81 % femenino) y el grupo de comparación también con 41 profesores de ambos sexos (79.1 % del sexo femenino). Al final de la intervención, las puntuaciones de los participantes del grupo de intervención, en las escalas de engagament en el trabajo y de comportamientos de rediseño, excedieron significativamente las puntuaciones del grupo de comparación. Los hallazgos encontrados recomiendan la implementación de programas de intervención basados en los comportamientos de rediseño que concienticen los docentes más de sus demandas y de sus recursos como forma de aumentar su engagament con el trabajo.AbstractResearch has evidenced that interventions to increase em­ployees’ resources and decrease their work demands can enhance their work engagement. Objective assess the effi­cacy of an intervention program based on job crafting be­haviors on the job crafting behaviors and work engage­ment of teachers. The sample consisted of 82 public edu­cation teachers divided in two groups. The intervention group consisted of 41 male and female teachers (81 % fe­male), while the comparison group also consisted of 41 male and female teachers (79.1 % female). At the end of the intervention, the scores of the participants in the inter­vention group on the work engagement and job crafting behaviors scales were significantly higher than the scores in the comparison group. The findings recommend the im­plementation of intervention programs based on the job crafting behaviors, enhancing the teachers’ awareness of their demands and resources as a way to increase their work engagement.
Mono- and Bis- Maleimide Resins in Preimpregnated Fibres
Authors: Horacek Heinrich
Published: February 2020

Fibres are preimpregnated by solutions of mono- and bis-maleimides with comonomers. Imides alone polymerize to resins with too low energies of fracture. In the presence of Methylene dianiline or Aniline Diphenylmethylenebismaleimide reacts via Michael addition to equimolar addition products. When fibres are preimpregnated with these addition compounds alone or in combination with flame retardants, B-prepregs are obtained, which after curing show high glass temperatures and sufficient energies of fracture. 2.5 moles of Diphenylmethylene bismaleimide and 1mol Methylene dianiline or 1mole Aniline react to resins with glass temperatures of 350 and 380°C and energies of fracture of 75 and 100J/m2. The resins contain no carcinogen or blood harming free amines. A one pot reaction starting from Methylene dianiline and Maleic anhydride is possible and more economic. As polymerized bismaleimides possess their imide bonds in the side chain, they are strictly spoken no polyimides with imide bonds in the main chain. Diphenylmethylenebismaleimide and styrene as copolymer react to an insoluble crosslinked polymer. Fibres are preimpregnated with equimolar mixtures of 2- Bromophenylmaleimide and styrene. After curing laminates with 285°C glass temperature and sufficient energies of fracture are obtained. The heat resistant resins are charring polymers and display higher Limiting Oxygen Indices, when the heats of combustion are increased. Differential Scanning Calorimetry determines the temperatures and the heats of glass transition, which indicate that the glass temperature is raised, when the enthalpy is increased and the entropy reduced, which is achievable by Diphenylbismaleimide and 2-Bromophenylmaleimide with their large side groups appropriate for intermolecular forces and steric hindrance.
Cell-type specific innervation of cortical pyramidal cells at their apical dendrites
Authors: Karimi Ali , Odenthal Jan , Drawitsch Florian , Boergens Kevin M , Helmstaedter Moritz
Published: February 2020

We investigated the synaptic innervation of apical dendrites of cortical pyramidal cells in a region between layers (L) 1 and 2 using 3-D electron microscopy applied to four cortical regions in mouse. We found the relative inhibitory input at the apical dendrite’s main bifurcation to be more than 2-fold larger for L2 than L3 and L5 thick-tufted pyramidal cells. Towards the distal tuft dendrites in upper L1, the relative inhibitory input was at least about 2-fold larger for L5 pyramidal cells than for all others. Only L3 pyramidal cells showed homogeneous inhibitory input fraction. The inhibitory-to-excitatory synaptic ratio is thus specific for the types of pyramidal cells. Inhibitory axons preferentially innervated either L2 or L3/5 apical dendrites, but not both. These findings describe connectomic principles for the control of pyramidal cells at their apical dendrites and support differential computational properties of L2, L3 and subtypes of L5 pyramidal cells in cortex.
Revisiting the role of Dcc in visual system development with a novel eye clearing method
Authors: Vigouroux Robin J , Cesar Quénol , Chédotal Alain , Nguyen-Ba-Charvet Kim Tuyen
Published: February 2020

The Deleted in Colorectal Carcinoma (Dcc) receptor plays a critical role in optic nerve development. Whilst Dcc is expressed postnatally in the eye, its function remains unknown as Dcc knockouts die at birth. To circumvent this drawback, we generated an eye-specific Dcc mutant. To study the organization of the retina and visual projections in these mice, we also established EyeDISCO, a novel tissue clearing protocol that removes melanin allowing 3D imaging of whole eyes and visual pathways. We show that in the absence of Dcc, some ganglion cell axons stalled at the optic disc, whereas others perforated the retina, separating photoreceptors from the retinal pigment epithelium. A subset of visual axons entered the CNS, but these projections are perturbed. Moreover, Dcc-deficient retinas displayed a massive postnatal loss of retinal ganglion cells and a large fraction of photoreceptors. Thus, Dcc is essential for the development and maintenance of the retina.
The functional organization of excitation and inhibition in the dendrites of mouse direction-selective ganglion cells
Authors: Jain Varsha , Murphy-Baum Benjamin L , deRosenroll Geoff , Sethuramanujam Santhosh , Delsey Mike , Delaney Kerry R , Awatramani Gautam Bhagwan
Published: February 2020

Recent studies indicate that the precise timing and location of excitation and inhibition (E/I) within active dendritic trees can significantly impact neuronal function. How synaptic inputs are functionally organized at the subcellular level in intact circuits remains unclear. To address this issue, we took advantage of the retinal direction-selective ganglion cell circuit, where directionally tuned inhibition is known to shape non-directional excitatory signals. We combined two-photon calcium imaging with genetic, pharmacological, and single-cell ablation methods to examine the extent to which inhibition ‘vetoes’ excitation at the level of individual dendrites of direction-selective ganglion cells. We demonstrate that inhibition shapes direction selectivity independently within small dendritic segments (<10µm) with remarkable accuracy. The data suggest that the parallel processing schemes proposed for direction encoding could be more fine-grained than previously envisioned.
Integrated analysis of H2A.Z isoforms function reveals a complex interplay in gene regulation
Authors: Lamaa Assala , Humbert Jonathan , Aguirrebengoa Marion , Cheng Xue , Nicolas Estelle , Côté Jacques , Trouche Didier
Published: February 2020

The H2A.Z histone variant plays major roles in the control of gene expression. In human, H2A.Z is encoded by two genes expressing two isoforms, H2A.Z.1 and H2A.Z.2 differing by three amino acids. Here, we undertook an integrated analysis of their functions in gene expression using endogenously-tagged proteins. RNA-Seq analysis in untransformed cells showed that they can regulate both distinct and overlapping sets of genes positively or negatively in a context-dependent manner. Furthermore, they have similar or antagonistic function depending on genes. H2A.Z.1 and H2A.Z.2 can replace each other at Transcription Start Sites, providing a molecular explanation for this interplay. Mass spectrometry analysis showed that H2A.Z.1 and H2A.Z.2 have specific interactors, which can mediate their functional antagonism. Our data indicate that the balance between H2A.Z.1 and H2A.Z.2 at promoters is critically important to regulate specific gene expression, providing an additional layer of complexity to the control of gene expression by histone variants.
Short and sweet
Authors: Murphy Coleen T
Published: February 2020

A truncated version of the only insulin receptor in C. elegans has been discovered.
Full-annual demography and seasonal cycles in a resident vertebrate
Authors: Guimarães Murilo , Correa Decio T. , Gaiarsa Marília Palumbo , Kéry Marc
Published: February 2020

Wildlife demography is typically studied at a single point in time within a year when species, often during the reproductive season, are more active and therefore easier to find. However, this provides only a low-resolution glimpse into demographic temporal patterns over time and may hamper a more complete understanding of the population dynamics of a species over the full annual cycle. The full annual cycle is often influenced by environmental seasonality, which induces a cyclic behavior in many species. However, cycles have rarely been explicitly included in models for demographic parameters, and most information on full annual cycle demography is restricted to migratory species. Here we used a high-resolution capture-recapture study of a resident tropical lizard to assess the full intra-annual demography and within-year periodicity in survival, temporary emigration and recapture probabilities. We found important variation over the annual cycle and up to 92% of the total monthly variation explained by cycles. Fine-scale demographic studies and assessments on the importance of cycles within parameters may be a powerful way to achieve a better understanding of population persistence over time.
Pattern of Obstetric Clinic Attendance, Deliveries and Neonatal Outcome at a Tertiary Hospital during and after a Free Medical Care Programme
Authors: Awoyesuku P. A. , MacPepple D. A. , Altraide B. O. , John D. H. , Kwosah N. J.
Published: February 2020

Background: Policies and programs aimed at giving access to healthcare free of charge for some segments of the population are increasingly being put in place by low and middle-income countries. The impact of such policies has so far been rather mixed.

Objective: This study sought to determine the pattern of obstetrics clinic attendance, deliveries and neonatal outcome during and after a Free Medical Care (FMC) Programme. Was there any significant difference during and after the FMC programme? 

Methodology: This was a retrospective population-based study involving the three years of a free medical care programme (2012-2014) and the three years after the programme (2015-2017). Data on antenatal/postnatal clinic attendance, method of deliveries and neonatal outcome were retrieved from the hospital records. The Epi-Info 7 statistical software was used for analysis and statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

Results: Mean antenatal attendance was 20763.67±6085.71 and 14269.00±1932.71 during and after the programme respectively, but this difference was not significant (P = 0.143). The mean postnatal attendance of 1457.7±447.69 during and 1025.7±193.52 after was not significant (P=0.200). There was more total number of deliveries during (8596) than after (5989) but this was not significant (P=0.171). There were more operative deliveries during (51.9%) than after (39.3%) and this was significant (P=0.0001). The CS rate was 43.1% with previous CS and CPD both responsible for over 40%. Livebirths were 8,272 (58.8%) during and 5,796 (41.2%) after, which was significant (P=0.0001). There was significant difference (P=0.006) in the macerated stillborn (MSB) rate during (44.2%) and after (55.8%). The stillborn rate was 66.9 during and 98.2 after the programme.

Conclusion: There were more clinic attendance and deliveries during the programme, but it was not statistically significant. There was however statistically significant increase in operative delivery, total births and livebirths, and reduced MSB rate during the programme.
A Comparative Study of the Extraction and Characterisation of Oils from Glycine max L. (Soya Bean Seed), Elaeis guineensis (Palm Kernel Seed) and Cocos nucifera (Coconut) Using Ethanol and n-Hexane
Authors: Chioma Okenwa-ani , Alexander Okafor , Ugochi Kanayochukwu , Erasmus Anieze , Melford Egbujor , Innocencia Chidebelu , Joshua Ugwu , Ifeanyi Okoye , Chidi Edenta
Published: February 2020

Aims: To extract and characterize oils from Glycine max L. (soya bean seed), Elaeis guineensis (palm kernel seed) and Cocos nucifera (coconut) using ethanol and n-Hexane.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Industrial Chemistry, Renaissance University, Ugbawka, between December 2017 and July 2018.

Methodology: Using Soxhlet extraction method, the milled seed samples (soya bean, coconut and palm kernel) were bagged and extracted with accurately measured quantity of each solvent (n-Hexane and Ethanol). Physicochemical analysis which includes: Acid values, iodine value, free fatty acid (% oleic) and saponification value was carried out on the extracted oil.

Results: The percentage oil yield from ethanol extracts were 8.58% (8.58 g), 26.01% (26.01 g) and 31.21% (31.21 g) for soya bean, coconut and palm kernel respectively while that of n-Hexane extracts were 14.69% (14.69 g), 31.85% (31.85 g) and 45.28% (45.28 g), due to the fact that 100 g of the milled sample was used. Free fatty acid values were the same in n-Hexane and ethanol extracts of soya bean oil. These values were slightly higher in the coconut and palm kernel oil extracts using ethanol. Acid values were observed to be slightly higher in the ethanol extracted oils. The Saponification values were generally higher in ethanol extracted oils than in hexane extracted oils. There was maximum oil recovered with hexane than ethanol when the extraction process was carried out for 120 minutes.

Conclusion: In spite of the fact that n-Hexane gave a better extraction yield, ethanol appeared to be a better alternative for the extraction process because it is green, less toxic and safer to handle.
CONSOLIDATION OF URBAN VILLAGE SETTLEMENT PATTERNS USING HYBRID ARCHITECTURE CONCEPT APPROACH; Case Study: Densely Populated Settlement of Sindulang Satu Village, Manado
Authors: Liem Adrianus Leo , Liem Adrianus Leo , Prayitno Budi
Published: February 2020

The hybrid concept that develops in urban community settlements in an unplaning manner has led to various forms of settlement patterns that are adapted to social, economic and environmental conditions. This hybridity condition is potential for more innovative settlement consolidation efforts. This research was conducted to examine the quality of the hybridity formed in urban village settlements in Sindulang Satu Village, Manado, and to find the consolidation principle of settlement patterns by developing hybridity values at the site location. The quality of the hybridity was examined based on the perspective of programming hybrid, operational hybrid and spatial hybrid. This study used a qualitative research method, with modeling and experimental simulation technique approach. The analysis of settlement space performance was done by statistical calculations and graphical analysis using space syntax method. The research data was obtained using questionnaire, interviews and observations methods of samples that met the criteria of purposive sampling. The results of this study showed the potential of the hybridity in site locations with good quality, so that it became a consideration in formulating the principle of settlement pattern consolidation to increase site hybridity.
ADAPTING URBAN HEAT ISLAND MITIGATION STRATEGY ON BANDUNG DOWNTOWN AREA
Authors: Indradjati Petrus Natalivan , Aisha Iztirani Nur
Published: February 2020

Urban Heat Island (UHI) mitigation research has been carried out for a long time but it requires to be sharpened to enrich mitigation strategies. In Bandung, maximum temperature has been increasing from 330C to 350C in 30 years. Bandung is getting hotter which can exaggerate the negative impact of UHI mainly in the downtown area. Suitable UHI mitigation strategies are needed to lower urban temperature. UHI mitigation has involved the use of heat-absorbing and covering man-made materials with vegetation such as green wall and roof system. Content analysis of UHI precedents and some preliminary studies are applied to assess prerequisites of UHI mitigation. The analysis showed adaptation opportunities of UHI mitigation strategy on buildings and environmental physical components. The mitigation strategies may vary depending on the typology of buildings (roof and wall) by using reflective materials, while outside the building by increasing vegetation to maximize evaporation to lower the temperature.
CONSERVATION OF TRADITIONAL SETTLEMENT PATTERN IN 3-4 ULU SUB-DISTRICT PALEMBANG CITY
Authors: Rukmi Wara Indira , Muthmainah Nyimas Atika Marwiyah , Maulidi Chairul
Published: February 2020

Pemukiman tradisional di Ulu 3-4Kecamatan ini terletak di pinggiran Sungai Musi, Kota Palembang. Ada masalah di permukiman tradisional termasuk bangunan baru yang saat ini menutupi bangunan tradisional dan tidak menyesuaikan bentuk bangunan lama serta sosial-budaya dan ekonomi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi karakteristik fisik dan non-fisik sebagai input dalam analisis deskriptif yang akan menghasilkan jenis pola pemukiman dan selanjutnya menentukan strategi konservasi. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif. Analisis deskriptif menggambarkan kondisi daerah termasuk sejarah perkembangan permukiman, kegiatan sosial ekonomi dan budaya kekerasan keluarga, bangunan fisik dan Nilai Universal Yang Luar Biasa. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian,Kecamatan Ulu . Pada setiap jenis pola pemukiman akan dilakukan strategi konservasi termasuk pelestarian, konservasi, rehabilitasi, dan rekonstruksi.
Scalp ripples as prognostic biomarkers of epileptogenicity in pediatric surgery
Authors: Tamilia Eleonora , Dirodi Matilde , Alhilani Michel , Grant P. Ellen , Madsen Joseph R. , Stufflebeam Steven M. , Pearl Phillip L. , Papadelis Christos
Published: February 2020

Objective

To assess the ability of high‐density Electroencephalography (HD‐EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) to localize interictal ripples, distinguish between ripples co‐occurring with spikes (ripples‐on‐spike) and independent from spikes (ripples‐alone), and evaluate their localizing value as biomarkers of epileptogenicity in children with medically refractory epilepsy.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 20 children who underwent epilepsy surgery. We identified ripples on HD‐EEG and MEG data, localized their generators, and compared them with intracranial EEG (icEEG) ripples. When ripples and spikes co‐occurred, we performed source imaging distinctly on the data above 80 Hz (to localize ripples) and below 70 Hz (to localize spikes). We assessed whether missed resection of ripple sources predicted poor outcome, separately for ripples‐on‐spikes and ripples‐alone. Similarly, predictive value of spikes was calculated.

Results

We observed scalp ripples in 16 patients (10 good outcome). Ripple sources were highly concordant to the icEEG ripples (HD‐EEG concordance: 79%; MEG: 83%). When ripples and spikes co‐occurred, their sources were spatially distinct in 83‐84% of the cases. Removing the sources of ripples‐on‐spikes predicted good outcome with 90% accuracy for HD‐EEG (P = 0.008) and 86% for MEG (P = 0.044). Conversely, removing ripples‐alone did not predict outcome. Resection of spike sources (generated at the same time as ripples) predicted good outcome for HD‐EEG (P = 0.036; accuracy = 87%), while did not reach significance for MEG (P = 0.1; accuracy = 80%).

Interpretation

HD‐EEG and MEG localize interictal ripples with high precision in children with refractory epilepsy. Scalp ripples‐on‐spikes are prognostic, noninvasive biomarkers of epileptogenicity, since removing their cortical generators predicts good outcome. Conversely, scalp ripples‐alone are most likely generated by non‐epileptogenic areas.
New Lithium Salt Forms Interphases Suppressing Both Li Dendrite and Polysulfide Shuttling
Authors: Xiao Yinglin , Han Bing , Zeng Yi , Chi Shang‐Sen , Zeng Xianzhe , Zheng Zijian , Xu Kang , Deng Yonghong
Published: February 2020

Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) are considered promising candidates for the next‐generation energy‐storage systems due to their high theoretical capacity and prevalent abundance of sulfur. Their reversible operation, however, encounters challenges from both the anode, where dendritic and dead Li‐metal form, and the cathode, where polysulfides dissolve and become parasitic shuttles. Both issues arise from the imperfection of interphases between electrolyte and electrode. Herein, a new lithium salt based on an imide anion with fluorination and unsaturation in its structure is reported, whose interphasial chemistries resolve these issues simultaneously. Lithium 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3‐hexafluoropropane‐1, 3‐disulfonimide (LiHFDF) forms highly fluorinated interphases at both anode and cathode surfaces, which effectively suppress formation of Li‐dendrites and dissolution/shuttling of polysulfides, and significantly improves the electrochemical reversibility of LSBs. In a broader context, this new Li salt offers a new perspective for diversified beyond Li‐ion chemistries that rely on a Li‐metal anode and active cathode materials.
A longitudinal assessment of behavioral development in wild capuchins: Personality is not established in the first 3 years
Authors: Delval Irene , Fernández‐Bolaños Marcelo , Izar Patrícia
Published: February 2020

Animal personality is defined as consistent individual differences across time and situations, but little is known about how or when those differences are established during development. Likewise, several studies described the personality structure of adult capuchin monkeys, without assessing the ontogeny of these personality traits. We analyzed the behavioral repertoire of 12 wild infants (9 males, 3 females) yellow‐breasted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus xanthosternos), in Una Biological Reserve (Bahia, Brazil). Each infant was observed and filmed weekly from birth until 36 months, through daily focal sampling. We analyzed the behavior of each individual in 10 developmental points. By means of component reduction (principal component analysis), we obtained four behavioral traits: Sociability, Anxiety, Openness, and Activity. We investigated whether there were developmental effects on those traits by fitting regression models for the effect of time on behavioral traits, controlling for monkey identity, sex, and cohort. Sociability (decreasing) and Anxiety (increasing) changed significantly along development. By means of repeatability analysis, we did not find intra‐individual consistency across time in those traits, so we cannot discriminate stable personality traits in early ontogeny. Our results show that the personality structure of capuchin monkeys is not established during early development, in agreement with the literature on human personality.
Intensive weight loss and cognition: The dynamics of persistent organic pollutants in adipose tissue can explain the unexpected results from the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) study
Authors: Lee Yu‐Mi , Park Sun‐Hee , Lee Duk‐Hee
Published: February 2020

Objective

The aim of this paper is to propose a new hypothesis for the role of lipophilic chemical mixtures stored in adipose tissue in the development of dementia. Specifically, we present how the dynamics of these chemicals can explain the unexpected findings from the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) study, which failed to show long‐term benefits of intentional weight loss on cognition, despite substantial improvements in many known risk factors for dementia. Moreover, we discuss how the role of obesity in the risk of dementia can change depending on the dynamics of these chemicals in adipose tissue.

New hypothesis

Human adipose tissue is widely contaminated with various neurotoxic chemicals. Typical examples are persistent organic pollutants (POPs), strong lipophilic chemicals with long half‐lives. Both unintentional and intentional weight loss increases the release of POPs from adipocytes into the circulation. As POPs in the blood can easily reach the brain, the intentional weight‐loss group of the Look AHEAD study may have experienced an unappreciated and long‐term disadvantage on their cognition. Additionally, POPs may be involved in the link between obesity and dementia, as dysfunctional hypertrophic adipocytes enhance the release of POPs from adipocytes to the circulation through uncontrolled lipolysis. In contrast, metabolically healthy obese people may have a low risk of dementia because the safe storage of POPs in adipose tissue would decrease the amount of POPs reaching the brain.

Major challenges for the hypothesis

In human studies, there are practical difficulties involved with measuring POPs in the blood, including high costs and complex assays. As the serum concentrations of POPs are continuously affected by weight loss and gain, prospective studies may require serial measurements of POPs. In in‐vitro and in‐vivo experimental studies, how to simulate the exposure dose, duration, and mixture patterns in humans would be critical.

Linkage to other major theories

Even though POPs are direct neurotoxins at a high dosage, low‐dose POPs are mitochondrial toxins. Therefore, chronic exposure to low‐dose POPs is linked to known key interrelated mechanisms in the pathogenesis of dementia, such as mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation.
Zielgerichtete Wirkstoffe für die Krebstherapie: Aktuelle Entwicklungen und Perspektiven
Authors: Chen Weihua , Sun Zhen , Lu Lehui
Published: February 2020

Schwerwiegende Nebenwirkungen und mangelhafte therapeutische Wirksamkeit sind die primären Nachteile der derzeitigen Krebsmedikamente. Diese Problematik kann durch gezielte Ansteuerung, das sogenannte Targeting, minimiert werden, jedoch ist die zielgerichtete Wirksamkeit gegenwärtiger Medikamente noch dürftig und benötigt dringend Verbesserungen. Vor diesem Hintergrund fasst dieser Aufsatz zunächst die aktuellen Targetingstrategien in der Krebstherapie hinsichtlich Krebsgewebe und Organellen zusammen. Anschließend analysieren wir das systematische Targeting mit Krebsmedikamenten und schlussfolgern, dass der typische Verlauf eines zielgerichteten Medikaments, das durch intravenöse Injektion verabreicht wurde, eine CTIO‐Kaskade von mindestens vier Schritten durchläuft. Des Weiteren werden zur Sicherstellung einer hohen Gesamt‐Targetingeffizienz die in jedem Schritt benötigten Eigenschaften eines zielgerichteten Wirkstoffs weiter untersucht sowie einige Richtlinien für die Strukturoptimierung zur Gewinnung effektiver Targetingmedikamente offeriert. Zum Schluss beleuchten wir die wesentlichen Probleme und potenziellen Herausforderungen für die künftige Erforschung zielgerichteter Krebstherapien. Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, die Entwicklung von Arzneimitteln für die Hochtechnologiemedizin gegen Krebs aktiv voranzutreiben.
Bacterial Autoimmune Drug Metabolism Transforms an Immunomodulator into Structurally and Functionally Divergent Antibiotics
Authors: Park Hyun Bong , Goddard Tyler N. , Oh Joonseok , Patel Jaymin , Wei Zheng , Perez Corey E. , Mercado Brandon Q. , Wang Rurun , Wyche Thomas P. , Piizzi Grazia , Flavell Richard A. , Crawford Jason M.
Published: February 2020

Tapinarof is a stilbene drug that is used to treat psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, and is thought to function through regulation of the AhR and Nrf2 signaling pathways, which have also been linked to inflammatory bowel diseases. It is produced by the gammaproteobacterial Photorhabdus genus, which thus represents a model to probe tapinarof structural and functional transformations. We show that Photorhabdus transforms tapinarof into novel drug metabolism products that kill inflammatory bacteria, and that a cupin enzyme contributes to the conversion of tapinarof and related dietary stilbenes into novel dimers. One dimer has activity against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE), and another undergoes spontaneous cyclizations to a cyclopropane‐bridge‐containing hexacyclic framework that exhibits activity against Mycobacterium. These dimers lack efficacy in a colitis mouse model, whereas the monomer reduces disease symptoms.
Toughening a Self‐Healable Supramolecular Polymer by Ionic Cluster‐Enhanced Iron‐Carboxylate Complexes
Authors: Deng Yuanxin , Zhang Qi , Feringa Ben L. , Tian He , Qu Da‐Hui
Published: February 2020

Supramolecular polymers that can heal themselves automatically usually exhibit weakness in mechanical toughness and stretchability. Here we exploit a toughening strategy for a dynamic dry supramolecular network by introducing ionic cluster‐enhanced iron‐carboxylate complexes. The resulting dry supramolecular network simultaneous exhibits tough mechanical strength, high stretchability, self‐healing ability, and processability at room temperature. The excellent performance of these distinct supramolecular polymers is attributed to the hierarchical existence of four types of dynamic combinations in the high‐density dry network, including dynamic covalent disulfide bonds, noncovalent H‐bonds, iron‐carboxylate complexes and ionic clustering interactions. The extremely facile preparation method of this self‐healing polymer offers prospects for high‐performance low‐cost material among others for coatings and wearable devices.