bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterization of NanostructuredMnO2on Nitrogen-Incorporated Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Chen Ying-Chu , Hsu Yu-Kuei , Lin Yan-Gu , Chen Li-Chyong , Chen Kuei-Hsien
Published: January 2012

This paper investigated the layered manganese dioxide with hydrate (MnO2⋅xH2O) deposits onto nitrogen-containing carbon nanotube (CNxNTs) as a hierarchical electrode for an energy-storage device. The dense and entangled CNxNTs were directly grown by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD) on a carbon cloth (CC), and subsequently used as a current collector. By controlling the pH value of KMnO4precursor solution, and incorporating nitrogen into CNTs as a reducing agent, the MnO2thin layer was uniformly fabricated on the CNxNTs at room temperature by using a spontaneous reduction method. The role of incorporation nitrogen is not only capable of creating active sites on the CNT surface, but can also donate electrons to reduceMnO4-to MnO2spontaneously. From the measurements of cyclic voltammograms and galvanostatic charge/discharge, MnO2/CNxNTs/CC composite electrodes illustrated excellent specific capacitance of 589.1 Fg-1. The key factor for high performance could be attributed to the thin-layered MnO2nanostructure, which resulted in the full utilization of MnO2deposits. Hence, the hierarchically porous MnO2/CNxNTs/CC electrodes exhibited excellent capacitive behavior for electrochemical capacitor application.
A Safe Protocol for Amalgam Removal
Authors: Colson Dana G.
Published: January 2012

Today's environment has different impacts on our body than previous generations. Heavy metals are a growing concern in medicine. Doctors and individuals request the removal of their amalgam (silver mercury) restorations due to the high mercury content. A safe protocol to replace the silver mercury filling will ensure that there is minimal if any absorption of materials while being removed. Strong alternative white composite and lab-processed materials are available today to create a healthy and functioning mouth. Preparation of the patient prior to the procedure and after treatment is vital to establish the excretion of the mercury from the body.
Isolation of Cellulose-Degrading Bacteria and Determination of Their Cellulolytic Potential
Authors: Gupta Pratima , Samant Kalpana , Sahu Avinash
Published: January 2012

Eight isolates of cellulose-degrading bacteria (CDB) were isolated from four different invertebrates (termite, snail, caterpillar, and bookworm) by enriching the basal culture medium with filter paper as substrate for cellulose degradation. To indicate the cellulase activity of the organisms, diameter of clear zone around the colony and hydrolytic value on cellulose Congo Red agar media were measured. CDB 8 and CDB 10 exhibited the maximum zone of clearance around the colony with diameter of 45 and 50 mm and with the hydrolytic value of 9 and 9.8, respectively. The enzyme assays for two enzymes, filter paper cellulase (FPC), and cellulase (endoglucanase), were examined by methods recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The extracellular cellulase activities ranged from 0.012 to 0.196 IU/mL for FPC and 0.162 to 0.400 IU/mL for endoglucanase assay. All the cultures were also further tested for their capacity to degrade filter paper by gravimetric method. The maximum filter paper degradation percentage was estimated to be 65.7 for CDB 8. Selected bacterial isolates CDB 2, 7, 8, and 10 were co-cultured withSaccharomyces cerevisiaefor simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Ethanol production was positively tested after five days of incubation with acidified potassium dichromate.
Visualization of Laterally Spreading Colorectal Tumors by Using Image-Enhanced Endoscopy
Authors: Tamai Naoto , Saito Yutaka , Sakamoto Taku , Nakajima Takeshi , Matsuda Takahisa , Vikneswaran Namasivayam , Tajiri Hisao
Published: January 2012

Laterally spreading tumors may sometimes evade detection by colonoscopy. This study aimed to evaluate the use of image-enhanced endoscopy for visualizing laterally spreading tumors of the nongranular type. We reviewed consecutive patients with 47 non-granular-type laterally spreading tumors that had been examined using white-light imaging, autofluorescence imaging, narrow-band imaging, and chromoendoscopy with indigo carmine. The quality of visualization was evaluated using a 5-point scale by less- and more-experienced endoscopists. Autofluorescence imaging provided significantly better visualization than white-light imaging for both less-experienced and experienced endoscopists. On the other hand, no significant differences were observed between the quality of visualization provided by white-light imaging and narrow-band imaging for less-experienced endoscopists. Autofluorescence imaging provides high-quality visualization of non-granular-type laterally spreading tumors on still images. Multicenter trials should be conducted to confirm the usefulness of autofluorescence imaging in detecting laterally spreading colorectal tumors.
Clinical Implications of the Transversus Abdominis Plane Block in Adults
Authors: Young Mark J. , Gorlin Andrew W. , Modest Vicki E. , Quraishi Sadeq A.
Published: January 2012

The transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is a relatively new regional anesthesia technique that provides analgesia to the parietal peritoneum as well as the skin and muscles of the anterior abdominal wall. It has a high margin of safety and is technically simple to perform, especially under ultrasound guidance. A growing body of evidence supports the use of TAP blocks for a variety of abdominal procedures, yet, widespread adoption of this therapeutic adjunct has been slow. In part, this may be related to the limited sources for anesthesiologists to develop an appreciation for its sound anatomical basis and the versatility of its clinical application. As such, we provide a brief historical perspective on the TAP block, describe relevant anatomy, review current techniques, discuss pharmacologic considerations, and summarize the existing literature regarding its clinical utility with an emphasis on recently published studies that have not been included in other systematic reviews or meta-analyses.
Experience of Initial Symptoms of Breast Cancer and Triggers for Action in Ethiopia
Authors: Dye Timothy D. , Bogale Solomon , Hobden Claire , Tilahun Yared , Deressa Teshome , Reeler Anne
Published: January 2012

Objective. This study assessed the initial experiences, symptoms, and actions of patients in Ethiopia ultimately determined to have breast cancer.Methods. 69 participants in a comprehensive breast cancer treatment program at the main national cancer hospital in Ethiopia were interviewed using mixed qualitative and quantitative approaches. Participants’ narratives of their initial cancer experience were coded and analyzed for themes around their symptoms, time to seeking advice, triggers for action, and contextual factors. The assessment was approved by the Addis Ababa University Faculty of Medicine Institutional Review Board.Results. Nearly all women first noticed lumps, though few sought medical advice within the first year (average time to action: 1.5 years). Eventually, changes in their symptoms motivated most participants to seek advice. Most participants did not think the initial lump would be cancer, nor was a lump of any particular concern until symptoms changed.Conclusion. Given the frequency with which lumps are the first symptom noticed, raising awareness among participants that lumps should trigger medical consultation could contribute significantly to more rapid medical advice-seeking among women in Ethiopia. Primary care sites should be trained and equipped to offer evaluation of lumps so that women can be referred appropriately for assessment if needed.
Expression of the Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis during Balb/c Thymus Ontogeny and Effects of Growth Hormone upon ex vivo T Cell Differentiation
Authors: Kermani Hamid , Goffinet Lindsay , Mottet Marie , Bodart Gwenaelle , Morrhaye Gabriel , Dardenne Olivier , Renard Chantal , Overbergh Lut , Baron Frédéric , Beguin Yves , Geenen Vincent , Martens Henri J.
Published: January 2012

Aims: We address the question of the expression and the role of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis in the thymus. Methods: Using RT-qPCR, the expression profile of various components of the somatotrope GH/IGF axis was measured in different thymic cell types and during thymus embryogenesis in Balb/c mice. The effect of GH on T cell differentiation was explored via thymic organotypic culture. Results: Transcription of Gh, Igf1, Igf2 and their related receptors predominantly occurred in thymic epithelial cells (TEC), while a low level of Gh and Igf1r transcription was also evidenced in thymic T cells (thymocytes). Gh, Ghr, Ins2, Igf1, Igf2, and Igfr1 displayed distinct expression profiles depending on the developmental stage. The protein concentrations of IGF-1 and IGF-2 were in accordance with the profile of their gene expression. In fetal thymus organ cultures (FTOC) derived from Balb/c mice, treatment with exogenous GH resulted in a significant increase of double negative CD4–CD8– T cells and CD4+ T cells, together with a decrease in double positive CD4+CD8+ T cells. These changes were inhibited by concomitant treatment with GH and the GH receptor (GHR) antagonist pegvisomant. However, GH treatment also induced a significant decrease in FTOC Gh, Ghr and Igf1 expression. Conclusion: These data show that the thymotropic properties of the somatotrope GH/IGF-1 axis involve an interaction between exogenous GH and GHR expressed by TEC. Since thymic IGF-1 is not increased by GH treatment, the effects of GH upon T cell differentiation could implicate a different local growth factor or cytokine.
Risk Factors for Gametocyte Carriage in Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria in Children before and after Artemisinin-Based Combination Treatments
Authors: Sowunmi Akintunde , Okuboyejo Titilope M. , Gbotosho Grace O. , Happi Christian T.
Published: January 2012

Background: Artemisinin-based combination treatments (ACTs) are the recommended first-line antimalarials globally, but their influence on the risk factors associated with gametocyte carriage has had little evaluation in endemic areas. Methods: The risk factors associated with gametocytaemia at presentation and after ACTs were evaluated in 835 children assigned to artesunate, artesunate-amodiaquine, artesunate-mefloquine or artemether-lumefantrine. Results: Gametocyte carriage at enrolment was 8.4%. During follow-up, 24 patients (2.8%) developed gametocytaemia, which in 83% (20 patients) had developed by day 7 following treatment. In a multiple regression model, 2 factors were independent risk factors for the presence of gametocytaemia at enrolment, namely age <3 years (adjusted odds ratio 2.03, 95% confidence interval 1.01–4.05; p = 0.04) and enrolment before 2009 (adjusted odds ratio 4.2, 95% confidence interval 2.09–8.44; p < 0.001). Haematocrit <25% and parasitaemia <50,000/µl blood were associated with an increased risk of gametocytaemia. Following treatment, 3 factors were independent risk factors for gametocytaemia, namely gametocytaemia at enrolment (adjusted odds ratio 46.39, 95% confidence interval 22.3–96.46; p < 0.0001) and treatment with artesunate (adjusted odds ratio 6.74, 95% confidence interval 1.79–25.27; p = 0.005) or artesunate-mefloquine (adjusted odds ratio 9.66, 95% confidence interval 2.87–32.46; p < 0.0.0001) relative to other ACTs. Conclusion: ACTs modified the risk factors associated with gametocyte carriage after use.
Potential Preventive Effects of a New Visual Intervention for Accommodative Insufficiency and Asthenopia due to Sustained Near Task
Authors: Iwasaki Tsuneto , Nagata Tatsuo , Tawara Akihiko
Published: January 2012

Background: The objective of this study was to experimentally investigate whether a new visual intervention with optical and binocular vergence demands prevents accommodative insufficiency and asthenopia after sustained periods of visual task. Methods: Fourteen female students were given the intervention with optical and binocular vergence demands for 1.5 min immediately after 20 min of a sustained task on a three-dimensional display. Before and after the trial, their ocular functions were measured and their symptoms assessed. A new type of intervention was developed that can vary optical and binocular vergence demands. For control, the subjects rested with eyes closed for 1.5 min after the task instead of the intervention. Results: In the control group, accommodative contraction time (from far to near) and accommodative relaxation time (from near to far) was delayed from 1.13 to 1.68 s and from 1.36 to 1.60 s, respectively, and the symptom of asthenopia increased after rest. In the intervention group, however, changes in those functions were smaller than those in the control group. Conclusions: These results suggest that the new intervention with optical and binocular vergence demands is effective for the treatment of accommodative insufficiency that follows sustained periods of visual task, and consequently, the symptom of asthenopia induced by accommodative insufficiency may decrease.
Validation Study of the Italian Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised in a Young-Old and Old-Old Population
Authors: Pigliautile M. , Ricci M. , Mioshi E. , Ercolani S. , Mangialasche F. , Monastero R. , Croce M.F. , Federici S. , Mecocci P.
Published: January 2012

Aims: The main aims of the study were the translation and the subsequent validation in Italian of the Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R), and the evaluation of its usefulness in discriminating cognitively normal subjects from patients with mild dementia in an elderly population. Methods: The ACE-R was translated and adapted into Italian. The Italian ACE-R was administered to a group of 179 elderly subjects (72 cognitively healthy and 107 subjects with mild dementia, mean age 75.4 ± 6.4 years). The group was stratified into two subsamples according to age, i.e. a young-old (<75 years) and an old-old (≧75 years) group, in order to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the test in detecting dementia in different age strata of elderly subjects. Results: The reliability of the Italian ACE-R was extremely good (α-coefficient = 0.85). Two different cutoffs were identified for young-old (cutoff 79; sensitivity 90% and specificity 80%) and old-old subjects (cutoff 60; sensitivity 82% and specificity 100%). Conclusions: The Italian ACE-R is a valid screening tool to detect dementia, especially in the old-old population, which represents not only the fastest growing age group but also the group at the highest risk of dementia in Western countries.
Search for Novel Target Molecules for the Effective Treatment or Prevention of Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Tsujii Masahiko
Published: January 2012

The 5-year survival rate is more than 70% for patients without distant metastasis, while it is 10–20% for those with distant metastatic disease, suggesting the essential development of effective perioperative therapy. In a combination of cetuximab and FOLFIRI, the rate of conversion to resectable liver metastases is about 30%, and oncogenic activation of intracellular signaling pathway downstream of epidermal growth factor receptor, like KRAS mutations, is an important mechanism of resistance to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor therapy. Other molecules in oncogenic signal transduction and microRNA are attracting attention as candidates for new molecular targets. A cancer stem cell theory has been advocated even in gastrointestinal tract cancer and thought to be involved in multidrug resistance via ATP-binding cassette transport and active DNA repair. Despite newly-devised therapeutic ways, curative treatment of advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) leading to development of prevention is still difficult. Currently, the most effective preventive strategy is endoscopic polypectomy. A most recent report showed removal of adenoma was conducive to a 77% lower risk for CRC after 10 years. However, another means of prevention needs to be developed for familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary non-polyposis CRC. Adding to the micronutrients, several key molecules have been investigated as target candidates for chemoprevention. A deeper understanding of the biology of CRC has been expanded, which is resulting in the development of novel therapies.
Criteria for Non-Surgical Treatment of Perforation during Colorectal Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection
Authors: Hotta Kinichi , Shinohara Tomoaki , Oyama Tsuneo , Ishii Eiji , Tomori Akihisa , Takahashi Akiko , Miyata Yoshinori
Published: January 2012

Background and Aim: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has recently been applied in the treatment of large colorectal tumors. However, indications for emergent surgery and criteria for conservative treatment of perforation remain unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the criteria for non-surgical treatment of perforation during colorectal ESD. Methods: 219 colorectal tumors in 215 patients (136 men and 79 women; median age 69 years) were removed by performing ESD. The procedural outcomes, complications, prognoses, and criteria for non-surgical treatment of perforation were retrospectively analyzed by using our prospectively corrected database. Results: The en-bloc and complete en-bloc resection rates were 92.7% (203/219) and 85.8% (188/219), respectively. The rate of discontinued ESD was 2.3% (5/219). The immediate and delayed perforation rates were 5.0% (11/219) and 0%, respectively. One of these patients required emergent surgery because of a residual lesion and localized peritonitis caused by an unsuccessful closure. The other 10 patients recovered with conservative treatment after successful closure with hemoclips and complete resection. The defects in all patients were successfully closed by using hemoclips. None of the patients had signs of diffuse peritonitis. The other factors, i.e. absence of localized peritonitis, high-grade fever, and acceleration of inflammatory reaction, were not associated with the success or the failure of the non-surgical treatment. Conclusions: The criteria for non-surgical treatment of perforation caused by colonic ESD were absence of diffuse peritonitis and successful closure.
Helicobacter pylori Eradication Improves Gastric Atrophy and Intestinal Metaplasia in Long-Term Observation
Authors: Kodama Masaaki , Murakami Kazunari , Okimoto Tadayoshi , Abe Takashi , Nakagawa Yoshifumi , Mizukami Kazuhiro , Uchida Masahiro , Inoue Kunimitsu , Fujioka Toshio
Published: January 2012

Background and Aim:Helicobacter pylori has been shown to cause atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia (IM), both of which are precancerous lesions. To clarify the mechanism by which H. pylori eradication prevents gastric cancer, we monitored atrophy and IM improvement in gastric mucosa over a long period after H. pylori eradication. Methods: We monitored 118 patients (72 males, 46 females; mean age 61.3 ± 5.1 years) for a mean of 8.6 years (range 5–13) after successful H. pylori eradication. Biopsy specimens were taken from the greater curvatures of the antrum (A2) and the corpus (B2). Results: Atrophy was significantly decreased in patients with successful H. pylori eradication, both at A2 (from 1.60 ± 0.09 to 1.02 ± 0.08; p < 0.001) and B2 (from 0.71 ± 0.10 to 0.02 ± 0.02; p < 0.001), and IM score was significantly decreased at B2 (from 0.17 ± 0.12 to 0.00 ± 0.00; p < 0.05), but not at A2 (from 0.60 ± 0.11 to 0.43 ± 0.09; p = NS). In patients without successful eradication, however, there were no differences in scores over time. Before eradication, IM score was significantly higher in males than in females, both at A2 (0.81 ± 0.12 vs. 0.25 ± 0.10; p < 0.05) and B2 (0.32 ± 0.08 vs. 0.07 ± 0.04; p < 0.05). Conclusion: We were able to monitor the gastric mucosa for a mean of 8.6 years after H. pylori eradication, the longest period reported to date. Significant improvements in gastric atrophy and IM after H. pylori eradication may decrease the risk of gastric cancer.
NSAIDs and Acidic Environment Induce Gastric Mucosal Cellular Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Authors: Nagano Yumiko , Matsui Hirofumi , Tamura Masato , Shimokawa Osamu , Nakamura Yukio , Kaneko Tsuyoshi , Hyodo Ichinosuke
Published: January 2012

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) often cause gastrointestinal complications such as gastric ulcers and erosions. Recent studies on the pathogenesis have revealed that NSAIDs induce lipid peroxidation in gastric epithelial cells by generating superoxide in mitochondria, independently with cyclooxygenase inhibition and the subsequent prostaglandin deficiency. More recently, gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl) has been regarded as an inciting factor of gastric mucosal injuries, and reportedly induced cellular lipid peroxidation in vitro. We hypothesized that gastric acid and NSAID treatment synergistically induce cellular injury in gastric epithelial cells. We treated gastric epithelial RGM1 cells with acidic solutions and NSAIDs, and examined cellular injury, lipid peroxidation, mitochondrial transmenbrane potential and mitochondrial superoxide. We pretreated RGM1 cells with the acidic solutions for 0.5 h and after that treated them with each NSAID for 15 h and found that the exposure to acid and NSAIDs indeed induced cellular injury. We hypothesized that gastric acid and NSAID treatment synergistically induce mitochondrial superoxide production, which induces gastric cellular injury.
A Comparison of the Validity of the Cornell Scale and the MADRS in Detecting Depression among Memory Clinic Patients
Authors: Knapskog Anne-Brita , Barca Maria Lage , Engedal Knut ,   The Cornell Study Group
Published: January 2012

Background: The aim of the study was to compare the validity of the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD) and the Montgomery-Aasberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) among memory clinic patients. Methods: The scales were independently completed for 125 patients. The diagnosis of depression was made by psychiatrists blinded to the depression scores. Results: The mean score of the Mini-Mental State Examination was 25.5 (SD: 4.6), of the CSDD 6.8 (SD: 4.9), and of the MADRS 8.5 (SD: 6.8). In receiver operation characteristics (ROC) analyses, the AUC for the CSDD was 0.73 (95% CI: 0.63–0.82) using the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) criteria for depression, and 0.68 (95% CI: 0.57–0.79) using the DSM-IV criteria. The AUC was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.81–0.95) for the MADRS using the ICD-10 criteria, and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.76–0.92) using the DSM-IV criteria. Conclusion: Both scales are suitable as screening tools. According to the ROC analyses, the MADRS seems better at distinguishing depressed from nondepressed patients.
Factors Affecting Provision of Successful Monitoring in Home Telehealth
Authors: Wade Rachael , Shaw Kelly , Cartwright Colleen
Published: January 2012

Aim: To investigate acceptance and usage issues in relation to Telehealth products as used by frail older clients of the Transition Care Program and their carers. Method: The study design was a quasi-randomised controlled clinical trial. A stratified random sample of participants was allocated to one of five groups using a random number table. Study participants who were already in possession of a pendant alarm provided by the study service provider at study commencement, or were assessed as needing a pendant alarm, were allocated to the first number out of 1 (control group), 4 or 5 (home Telehealth monitoring with a pedant alarm up to 12 or 24 weeks) on the random number table list. If they were in possession of a pendant alarm that was not from the study service provider they were automatically allocated to the control group. If they were assessed as not needing a pendant alarm they were allocated to the first number on the list out of 2 or 3 (home Telehealth monitoring up to 12 or 24 weeks). In all instances, when a participant was allocated to the first applicable number on the list, that number was crossed off the list. Results: A total of 43 participants who commenced the study used Teleheath equipment. There was a 13% Telehealth reading failure rate. There was no significant difference between clients with and clients without carers for the reading failure rate. This non-significant difference was consistent across all of the identified reasons for why readings failed including staff not following up, participant non-compliance (with and without carer), equipment failure, participants not returning a call from the staff investigating non-reading and user error. Conclusion: If the health of the client requires high reading rate reliability, the fact that the client has a carer to assist them cannot be assumed to increase the safe usage of the Telehealth equipment for reading rate reliability. As such staff should ensure that they are diligent in monitoring in-home Telehealth regardless of the presence or absence of a carer.
A High Density of Human Communication-Associated Genes in Chromosome 7q31-q36: Differential Expression in Human and Non-Human Primate Cortices
Authors: Schneider E. , Jensen L.R. , Farcas R. , Kondova I. , Bontrop R.E. , Navarro B. , Fuchs E. , Kuss A.W. , Haaf T.
Published: January 2012

The human brain is distinguished by its remarkable size, high energy consumption, and cognitive abilities compared to all other mammals and non-human primates. However, little is known about what has accelerated brain evolution in the human lineage. One possible explanation is that the appearance of advanced communication skills and language has been a driving force of human brain development. The phenotypic adaptations in brain structure and function which occurred on the way to modern humans may be associated with specific molecular signatures in today’s human genome and/or transcriptome. Genes that have been linked to language, reading, and/or autism spectrum disorders are prime candidates when searching for genes for human-specific communication abilities. The database and genome-wide expression analyses we present here revealed a clustering of such communication-associated genes (COAG) on human chromosomes X and 7, in particular chromosome 7q31-q36. Compared to the rest of the genome, we found a high number of COAG to be differentially expressed in the cortices of humans and non-human primates (chimpanzee, baboon, and/or marmoset). The role of X-linked genes for the development of human-specific cognitive abilities is well known. We now propose that chromosome 7q31-q36 also represents a hot spot for the evolution of human-specific communication abilities. Selective pressure on the T cell receptor beta locus on chromosome 7q34, which plays a pivotal role in the immune system, could have led to rapid dissemination of positive gene variants in hitchhiking COAG.
Use of Functional Genomics to Identify Candidate Genes Underlying Human Genetic Association Studies of Vascular Diseases
Authors: Yang Xia
Published: January 2012

Recent genome-wide association studies have identified hundreds of genetic loci as being associated with vascular diseases or traits and their risk factors. Many of the loci uncovered represent novel discoveries with no obvious candidate genes and molecular mechanisms, testifying to the complexity of vascular diseases. To understand the functional consequences of genetic variations and help pinpoint the underlying genes and mechanisms of common complex diseases, functional genomics that integrate genetic variations and intermediate molecular traits such as gene expression has been extensively studied in the past few years. This review summarizes the key concepts of functional genomics, the current state of the field, and its application in vascular diseases.
Outcomes After Stent Implantation for the Treatment of Congenital and Postoperative Pulmonary Vein Stenosis in Children
Authors: Balasubramanian Sowmya , Marshall Audrey C. , Gauvreau Kimberlee , Peng Lynn F. , Nugent Alan W. , Lock James E. , McElhinney Doff B.
Published: January 2012

Background—

Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is a rare condition that can lead to worsening pulmonary hypertension and cardiac failure in children, and it is frequently lethal. Surgical and transcatheter approaches are acutely successful but restenosis is common and rapid.

Methods and Results—

We reviewed outcomes among patients who underwent transcatheter pulmonary vein stent implantation for congenital or postoperative PVS at <18 years of age. A total of 74 pulmonary veins were stented with bare metal, drug-eluting, or covered stents in 47 patients. Primary diagnoses included PVS associated with anomalous venous return in 51%, PVS associated with other congenital cardiovascular defects in 36%, and congenital (“de novo”) PVS in 13% of patients. Median age at the time of pulmonary vein stent implantation was 1.4 years. During a median cross-sectional follow-up of 3.1 years, 21 patients died. Estimated survival was 62±8% at 1 year and 50±8% at 5 years after pulmonary vein stent implantation. Stent placement acutely relieved focal obstruction in all veins. Of the 54 stents reexamined with catheterization, 32 underwent reintervention. Freedom from reintervention was 62±7% at 6 months and 42±7% at 1 year. Stent occlusion was documented in 9 cases and significant in-stent stenosis in 17 cases. Stent implantation diameter ≥7 mm was associated with longer freedom from reintervention (hazard ratio, 0.32;
P
=0.015) and from significant in-stent stenosis (hazard ratio, 0.14;
P
=0.002). Major acute complications occurred in 5 cases.

Conclusions—

Transcatheter stent implantation can acutely relieve PVS in children, but reintervention is common. Larger stent lumen size at implantation is associated with longer stent patency and a lower risk of reintervention.
Genetic Basis of Atherosclerosis: Insights From Mice and Humans
Authors: Stylianou Ioannis M. , Bauer Robert C. , Reilly Muredach P. , Rader Daniel J.
Published: January 2012

Atherosclerosis is a complex and heritable disease involving multiple cell types and the interactions of many different molecular pathways. The genetic and molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis have, in part, been elucidated by mouse models; at least 100 different genes have been shown to influence atherosclerosis in mice. Importantly, unbiased genome-wide association studies have recently identified a number of novel loci robustly associated with atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Here, we review the genetic data elucidated from mouse models of atherosclerosis, as well as significant associations for human coronary artery disease. Furthermore, we discuss in greater detail some of these novel human coronary artery disease loci. The combination of mouse and human genetics has the potential to identify and validate novel genes that influence atherosclerosis, some of which may be candidates for new therapeutic approaches.
Human Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Cardiomyocytes Exhibit Beat Rate Variability and Power-Law Behavior
Authors: Mandel Yael , Weissman Amir , Schick Revital , Barad Lili , Novak Atara , Meiry Gideon , Goldberg Stanislav , Lorber Avraham , Rosen Michael R. , Itskovitz-Eldor Joseph , Binah Ofer
Published: January 2012

Background—

The sinoatrial node is the main impulse-generating tissue in the heart. Atrioventricular conduction block and arrhythmias caused by sinoatrial node dysfunction are clinically important and generally treated with electronic pacemakers. Although an excellent solution, electronic pacemakers incorporate limitations that have stimulated research on biological pacing. To assess the suitability of potential biological pacemakers, we tested the hypothesis that the spontaneous electric activity of human embryonic stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs) and induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs) exhibit beat rate variability and power-law behavior comparable to those of human sinoatrial node.

Methods and Results—

We recorded extracellular electrograms from hESC-CMs and iPSC-CMs under stable conditions for up to 15 days. The beat rate time series of the spontaneous activity were examined in terms of their power spectral density and additional methods derived from nonlinear dynamics. The major findings were that the mean beat rate of hESC-CMs and iPSC-CMs was stable throughout the 15-day follow-up period and was similar in both cell types, that hESC-CMs and iPSC-CMs exhibited intrinsic beat rate variability and fractal behavior, and that isoproterenol increased and carbamylcholine decreased the beating rate in both hESC-CMs and iPSC-CMs.

Conclusions—

This is the first study demonstrating that hESC-CMs and iPSC-CMs exhibit beat rate variability and power-law behavior as in humans, thus supporting the potential capability of these cell sources to serve as biological pacemakers. Our ability to generate sinoatrial-compatible spontaneous cardiomyocytes from the patient's own hair (via keratinocyte-derived iPSCs), thus eliminating the critical need for immunosuppression, renders these myocytes an attractive cell source as biological pacemakers.
Impact of Progression of Diastolic Dysfunction on Mortality in Patients With Normal Ejection Fraction
Authors: AlJaroudi Wael , Alraies M. Chadi , Halley Carmel , Rodriguez Leonardo , Grimm Richard A. , Thomas James D. , Jaber Wael A.
Published: January 2012

Background—

Diastolic dysfunction is an independent predictor of mortality in patients with normal left ventricular ejection fraction. There are limited data, however, on whether worsening of diastolic function is associated with worse prognosis.

Methods and Results—

We reviewed clinical records and echocardiograms of consecutive patients who had baseline echocardiograms between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2009, that showed left ventricular ejection fraction ≥55% and who subsequently had a follow-up echocardiogram within 6 to 24 months. Diastolic function was labeled as normal, mild, moderate, or severe dysfunction. All-cause mortality was determined by use of the Social Security Death Index. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analysis with a proportional hazard model were performed to assess outcomes. A total of 1065 outpatients were identified (mean±SD age, 67.9±13.9 years; 58% male). Baseline diastolic dysfunction was present in 770 patients (72.3%), with mild being the most prevalent. On follow-up testing (mean±SD, 1.1±0.4 years), 783 patients (73%) had stable, 168 (16%) had worsening, and 114 (11%) had improved baseline diastolic function. Eighty-eight patients (8.3%) had a decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction to <55% and were more likely to have advanced diastolic dysfunction (
P
=0.002). After a mean±SD follow-up (from the second study) of 1.6±0.8 years, 142 patients (13%) died. On multivariate analysis, a decrease in left ventricular ejection fraction to <55% and any worsening of diastolic function were independently associated with increased risk of mortality (hazard ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.10–2.85;
P
=0.02; and hazard ratio, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.21–2.59;
P
=0.003, respectively).

Conclusion—

In patients with normal baseline left ventricular ejection fraction, worsening of diastolic function is an independent predictor of mortality.
Local Economic Development and Transformations of the Political Discourse and Practices in China: Case Analyses from the Zhejiang Region from the 1980s
Authors: Ganne Bernard , Lu Shi
Published: January 2012

While China has recently taken an amazing economic leap, completely transforming and liberalising its economic system, the absolute domination of the Communist party, operating in an extremely organised and centralised system and without free general elections, is the opposite of the models advocated by Western nations and remains a stumbling block for a number of Westerners.This governance from the top seems to exclude forms of expression and practices at the grassroots, but can this first reading explain the practical reality of Chinese politics?This paper looks into the links between the economic regeneration and the political transformations of two cities in Zhejiang. Studying the incredible advances of these two cities over 30 years reveals that their development was based not only on economic factors but also on a broad continuous movement of political and local reorganisation from the bottom up, promoting a new social and political dynamism, first locally then provincewide: a huge and profound change developed in a very specific way.Is this a premonitory model or announcement of the specifically Chinese methods of incorporating economic and political changes coming from the grassroots, which still affect certain sectors of the social and political spheres of Chinese society?
The Making of a Mission Field: Paradigms of Evangelistic Mission in Europe
Authors: Paas Stefan
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Since the Second World War Europe has increasingly been considered as a ‘mission field’. Sometimes it is suggested that this belief could only emerge after the collapse of the colonial empires, effectively abolishing the difference between the ‘Christian’ and the ‘pagan’ world. However, this is only partially true. There has always been a strong undercurrent within European churches, especially among missionary practitioners, that Europe was not all that ‘Christian’, even when its institutions and laws were influenced by Christianity. In this article I argue that this consciousness even increased in the post-Reformation centuries. In fact, ‘home missions’ were in every bit a part of the great Protestant missionary movement, just as ‘foreign missions’. Before the 20th century the awareness of Europe as a mission field was embodied in two missionary paradigms that I have termed ‘confessional’ and ‘revivalist’. In the 20th century a new paradigm emerged that I have called ‘ideological’.
Thermodynamic and Aerosol Controls in Southeast Pacific Stratocumulus
Authors: Mechem David B. , Yuter Sandra E. , de Szoeke Simon P.
Published: January 2012

A near-large-eddy simulation approach with size-revolving (bin) microphysics is employed to evaluate the relative sensitivity of southeast Pacific marine boundary layer cloud properties to thermodynamic and aerosol parameters. Simulations are based on a heavily drizzling cloud system observed by the NOAA ship Ronald H. Brown during the Variability of the American Monsoon Systems (VAMOS) Ocean–Cloud–Atmosphere–Land Study—Regional Experiment (VOCALS-Rex) field campaign. A suite of numerical experiments examines the sensitivity of drizzle to variations in boundary layer depth and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration in a manner consistent with the variability of those parameters observed during VOCALS-Rex. All four simulations produce cellular structures and turbulence characteristics of a circulation driven predominantly in a bottom-up fashion. The cloud and subcloud layers are coupled by strong convective updrafts that provide moisture to the cloud layer. Distributions of reflectivity calculated from model droplet spectra agree well with reflectivity distributions from the 5-cm-wavelength scanning radar aboard the ship, and the statistical behavior of cells over the course of the simulation is similar to that documented in previous studies of southeast Pacific stratocumulus. The simulations suggest that increased aerosol concentration delays the onset of drizzle, whereas changes in the boundary layer height are more important in modulating drizzle intensity.
Decadal Variation of Rainfall Seasonality in the North American Monsoon Region and Its Potential Causes
Authors: Arias Paola A. , Fu Rong , Mo Kingtse C.
Published: January 2012

This study shows that the North American monsoon system’s (NAMS) strength, onset, and retreat over northwestern Mexico exhibit multidecadal variations during the period 1948–2009. Two dry regimes, associated with late onsets, early retreats, and weaker rainfall rates, occurred in 1948–70 and 1991–2005, whereas a strong regime, associated with early onsets, late retreats, and stronger rainfall rates, occurred in 1971–90. A recovery of the monsoon strength was observed after 2005. This multidecadal variation is linked to the sea surface temperature anomalies’ (SSTAs) variability, which is a combination of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) and the warming SST trends. These SST modes appear to cause an anomalous cyclonic circulation and enhanced rainfall over the southeastern United States and the Gulf of Mexico, which in turn increases the atmospheric stability over the monsoon region. However, these SST modes cannot fully explain the circulation and rainfall anomalies observed during the early-retreat monsoons. An expansion of the North Atlantic surface high (NASH) in recent decades also contributes to the anomalous circulation associated with the early retreats of the NAMS. A northwestward expansion of the NASH further enhances the anomalous cyclonic circulation and rainfall over the southeastern United States and the Gulf of Mexico. Its associated northwestward shift of the subtropical jets over the western United States enhances subsidence over the NAMS region. The combined effects of the AMO, the warming trends, and the NASH expansion on atmospheric circulation contribute to a stronger and more persistent earlier retreat during the recent dry regime (1991–2005), while the earlier dry regime (1948–70) appears to be only influenced by the positive phase of the AMO.
Predicting exercise behaviour in Iranian college students: Utility of an integrated model of health behaviour based on the transtheoretical model and self-determination theory
Authors: Farmanbar Rabiollah , Niknami Shamsaddin , Lubans David R , Hidarnia Alireza
Published: January 2012

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate an integrated theoretical model of health behaviour based on constructs from the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) and Self-determination Theory (SDT).

Design:

Cross-sectional.

Methods:

Participants ( N = 418) were students from five medical sciences universities located in northern Iran. Participants completed translated versions of Godin and Shephard’s Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire (LTEQ) and another questionnaire which included a range of constructs from the TTM and SDT. Data were analyzed using bivariate correlation and structural equation modeling.

Results:

The relationships between exercise behaviour and all of the constructs from the TTM and SDT (except external regulation) were statistically significant. The modified model provided a good fit to the data and explained 82% of the variance in current exercise behaviour. All of the structural pathways, with the exception of pros and cons, were significant and positive.

Conclusions:

Study findings support the application of an integrated model of health behaviour combining constructs from the TTM and SDT to explain the exercise behaviour of Iranian college students.
Manufacturing of a biocomposite with both thermal and acoustic properties
Authors: Liu DT , Xia KF , Yang RD , Li J , Chen KF , Nazhad MM
Published: January 2012

The present work describes a biocomposite with thermal and acoustic insulating properties from agricultural or forestry residues using a steam injection molding technique. The biocomposites showed reasonable thermal insulation properties as judged based on their thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and thermal stability data. The biocomposites had also good sound absorption properties. The dimensional stability of the biocomposites under accelerated weathering conditions was almost ideal. Although the flame retardancy of the biocomposites had rating acceptable to building products, it was yet concluded that for the biocomposites to have a wider market share, their flame-retardant capacity should be improved.
The Offensive Retreat—An Upbuilding Discourse as a Function of the Paradox
Authors: Bøggild Jacob
Published: January 2012

Kierkegaard declared that even his upbuilding discourses were communicated indirectly. This is somewhat surprising, since he published the upbuilding discourses veronymously, whereas his alledgedly aesthetic works were published pseudonymously. In my article, I analyse one of Kierkegaard’s early upbuilding discourses in order to examine whether, and if so in what way, it is an instance of indirect communication. I also discuss whether there are theological reasons for such indirectness. If Christianity for Kierkegaard was insolubly linked with the paradox does that explain why indirectness is an exigency when writing within a Christian context? The discourse analysed and discussed is the one called “Think about Your Creator in the Days of Your Youth.” Here, Kierkegaard launched his enigmatic notion of a phase in life he calls “the Retreat.” This notion appears to imply that it is too late if one attempts to attain true belief in old age and that youth therefore is a priviledged age when it comes to belief. But the paradox proves to challenge this implication in a paradoxical fashion. As a part of the investigation the emblem of the rose, which plays a part in the discourse, is also discussed.
Applied taxonomy frameworks
Authors: Flett Alan , Vernau Judi
Published: January 2012

Taxonomy is one of the most used and abused frameworks in all of Knowledge and Information Management. The attraction of taxonomies is obvious: ostensibly they have an everyday simplicity that is familiar to all – they help organize similar things into simple and accessible structures. However, their actual application often leaves a lot to be desired. There are two main issues that crop up again and again in the application of Taxonomy frameworks. First, Taxonomy often gets confused with arrangement; that is, classification and interpretation get confused with placement and presentation. Second, there is often no practicable and principled mechanism for applying the taxonomy to the content. This article addresses both these issues and maintains that, to be successful, Taxonomy should be held in clear distinction to arrangement and that it needs to be sustainably, consistently, and coherently applied to content.
Risky Disclosures on Facebook
Authors: Christofides Emily , Muise Amy , Desmarais Serge
Published: January 2012

Social network websites are widely used by adolescents, but disclosing in this environment has inherent risks, as does connecting with others online. In a sample of 256 adolescent Facebook users, the authors explore the relationship between having a negative experience, privacy knowledge, and behavior. Their reports of bad experiences on Facebook are categorized as bullying/meanness, unwanted contact, exposure/unintentional disclosure, and misunderstandings. Adolescents who report having a bad experience are more likely to protect their privacy, and this relationship is mediated by knowledge of the privacy settings. Participants who experience negative consequences are more aware of the risks of online disclosure and how to protect themselves, which results in greater information control. Implications for educating adolescents about privacy and disclosure online are discussed.
Cultural Socialization in Families With Adopted Korean Adolescents
Authors: Kim Oh Myo , Reichwald Reed , Lee Richard
Published: January 2012

Transracial, transnational families understand and transmit cultural socialization messages in ways that differ from same-race families. This study explores the ways in which transracial, transnational adoptive families discuss race and ethnicity and how these family discussions compare to self-reports from adoptive parents and adolescents regarding the level of parental engagement in cultural socialization. Of the 30 families with at least one adolescent-aged child (60% of the participants were female; average age across the sample was 17.8 years) who was adopted from South Korea, 9 families acknowledge racial and ethnic differences, 6 reject racial and ethnic differences, and 15 hold a discrepancy of views. Parents also report significantly greater engagement in cultural socialization compared to that revealed in adolescents’ reports of parental engagement. However, only adolescent self-reports of parental engagement in cultural socialization match the qualitative coding of family conversations.