bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SELECTION FOR INCREASED NUMBERS OF EXTRA HETEROCHROMATIC CHROMOSOMES IN THE TOMATO
Authors: Quiros Carlos F
Published: April 2021

Crossing two parental plants carrying two types of extra chromosomes, 2n+2(5L•7S) by 2n+3(2S•2S) permitted effective selection for individuals with up to eight 2S•2S chromosomes in later generations. The crossing of 2n + 3(2S•2S) by 2n+1(8S•8L) and by the wild tomato relative, diploid L. pimpinellifolium, produced plants with up to four extra chromosomes. The tolerance of 2S•2S chromosomes through both gametophytes is at least four extras. The presence of two to eight extra 2S•2S chromosomes decreased pollen fertility between 82 to 41%. Progeny tests reveal that 2S•2S chromosomes tend to be lost in transmission. Progenies of self-pollinated individuals with 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30 chromosomes averaged 24.3, 25.1, 25.5, 27.1, 28.2 and 27.9 chromosomes respectively. The offspring of crosses between diploid and extrachromosomal plants showed similar tendencies. Evidently tomato 2S•2S chromosomes lack the mechanisms for accumulation characteristic of some plant species with naturally occurring accessory chromosomes.—Extra 2S•2S chromosomes are very stable mitotically and are not eliminated from the somatic tissue of unmodified plants. Severe pruning of certain plants induced loss or gain of these chromosomes.—The importance of accumulating two to 18 nucleolar organizer regions in a cell by addition of 2S•2S chromosomes is discussed.
DEPILATED (dep), A MUTANT GENE THAT AFFECTS THE COAT OF THE MOUSE AND ACTS IN THE EPIDERMIS
Authors: Mayer Thomas C , Kleiman Norman J , Green Margaret C
Published: April 2021

Depilated is a recessive mutation on Chromosome 4 in the position b-1.93±0.51- dep-3.45±0.68.-Pt. It causes severe abnormalities of hair structure. The site of action of dep was investigated by the method of dermal-epidermal recombination. Skins from 14-day mutant and normal mouse embryos were separated into dermal and epidermal components, recombined, and grown in histocompatible mouse testes for 20 days. The recombinations made were +/+ epidermis with +/+ dermis, +/+ epidermis with dep/dep dermis, dep/dep epidermis with +/+ dermis and dep/dep epidermis with dep/dep dermis. Grafts that contained mutant epidermis as one of the components produced hairs that were similar to those found in depilated mice. There was no observable effect of the dermis on hair types produced in this experiment.
GLUCOSAMINE RESISTANCE IN YEAST. I. A PRELIMINARY GENETIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Ball A J S , Wong D K , Elliott J J
Published: April 2021

Mutants of the yeast Saccaromyces cerevisiae which can grow on glycerol medium in the presence of 0.05% D (+) glucosamine have been isolated. Genetic analysis of 13 of these glucosamine resistant (GR) mutants demonstrated two modes of inheritance. One group of mutants (GR 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10) gave results characteristic of non-Mendelian inheritance and it is suggested that these mutants represent one or more new mitochondial loci. Four of the remaining mutants showed clear-cut Mendelian inheritance. These mutants fell into two complementation groups and subsequent mapping experiments demonstrated that two independent loci, gay 1 and gay 2, unlinked to each other or to the centromeres of chromosomes I, II, IV, VIII or IX, were responsible for conferring glucosamine resistance in these mutants.
MEIOTIC ORIGIN OF TRIPLOIDY IN THE FROG DETECTED BY GENETIC ANALYSIS OF ENZYME POLYMORPHISMS
Authors: Wright David A , Huang Chun-Ping , Chuoke Barbara D
Published: April 2021

A female frog heterozygous at two unlinked loci, specifying electrophoretic forms of mannosephosphate isomerase (MPI) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) was crossed to male frogs homozygous for different alleles at each locus. In the offspring approximately ten percent proved to be triploid according to nucleolar and chromosome counts of tail tip cells. Most of these triploids had both maternal alleles at the MDH and MPI loci suggesting that the first meiotic division was repressed. Others seemed to represent a repressed second meiotic division and one animal, a pentaploid, could only have resulted from inhibition of both meiotic divisions of the egg. Densitometer tracings of starch gels stained for 6 phosphogluconate and isocitrate dehydrogenases, expected to be heterozygous in a particular cross, demonstrated that the triploids had twice as much maternal as paternal gene product for each locus, similar to patterns found in triploids produced by nuclear transplantation.
ALLOSOMAL AND AUTOSOMAL CONTROL OF SEX RATIO IN PHH AND PHL MICE
Authors: Weir J A
Published: April 2021

When male mice from inbred PHH (sex ratio.535) and PHL (.435) are mated to females of various inbred lines, the sex ratio follows the male parent. The sex ratios from litters sired by reciprocal cross F1 males (letting A represent a set of autosomes) are 0.510 from AH/AL, XL/YH and 0.469 from AH/AL, XH/YL. The difference is statistically significant but only half the difference between pure strains. The paternal effect, presumably due to the Y, persists in progeny of the two kinds of F2 males. In backcrosses to the female parent, resulting finally in AH/AH, XH/YL and AL/AL, XL/YH, and in out-crosses, the effect of the Y chromosome does not persist, indicating that neither the Y alone, nor the autosomes alone, will cause the sex ratio to depart significantly from equality of sexes. When pairs of males in all possible combinations were presented with C57BL/6 females mating success gave the following ranking: AH ∙ YL, AL ∙ YL, AH ∙ YH, AL ∙ YH. The combination of autosomes from PHH and Y-chromosome from PHL seems to confer the greatest competitive advantage.
PATTERNS OF MOLECULAR VARIATION. II. ASSOCIATIONS OF ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY AND LARVAL SUBSTRATE WITHIN SPECIES OF THE DROSOPHILA MULLERI COMPLEX
Authors: Richardson R H , Smouse Peter E , Richardson Martha E
Published: April 2021

Electromorphic variation among populations of Drosophila mojavensis, D. arizonensis and D. longicornis was examined for seven genetic loci. The average electrophoretic mobility for a population was used as the metric. D. mojavensis and D. arizonensis use larval substrates in different parts of their geographic ranges, while D. longicornis is more narrowly restricted to different species of the cactus Opuntia in different localities. There is marked electromorphic variation among populations of either D. mojavensis or D. arizonensis, and the bulk of this variation is accounted for by differences in laval substrate. There is somewhat less variation among populations of D. longicornis, and only a moderate portion of this is accounted for by larval substrate differences. There appears to be an association between the taxonomic diversity of the larval substrates and the electromorphic diversity of the Drosophila populations utilizing those substrates. Evidence is reviewed that suggests physiological mechanisms for these possibly adaptive associations.
A MORPHOGENETIC FATE MAP CONSTRUCTED FROM HABROBRACON JUGLANDIS GYNANDROMORPHS
Authors: Petters Robert M
Published: April 2021

A morphogenetic fate map is presented for the parasitic wasp, Habrobracon juglandis. Twenty adult cuticular structures of 1211 haploid-diploid gynandromorphs were placed on the fate map using the sturtoid calculation. The overall shape and organization of the Habrobracon fate map are similar to those of the Drosophila fate map, both of which approximate the shape of an insect embryo but show structures arranged in a manner resembling the adult body plan. Independent samples of gynandromorphs yield similar maps.
EFFECTS ON SPERM MORPHOLOGY BY ALLELES AT THE PINK-EYED DILUTION LOCUS IN MICE
Authors: Wolfe H Glenn , Erickson Robert P , Schmidt Linda C
Published: April 2021

Sperm head morphology was analyzed in all genotypic combinations for alleles dark pink-eye (pd) and p-sterile alleles, p  6H, pbs (p-black-eyed sterile) and p  25H. Three of these, p  6H, pbs and p  25H, were radiation induced; homozygotes and heterozygotes of these three alleles are male sterile, whereas pd/— genotypes are fertile. Sperm heads were examined by light microscopy and assigned to one of five classes: A. normal and near-normal, B. triangulate and oblate, C. spatulate, D. elongate, and E. filamentous. Males of each sterile genotype had grossly abnormal sperm and each sterile genotype differed from all other sterile genotypes and from fertile genotypes in at least one class, except p  6H/p  6H compared to pbs/pbs.

Frequency distribution profiles (1) revealed a complex pattern of allelic interaction and do not support a deletion-complementation hypothesis, (2) do not show simple bimodality, which might suggest post-meiotic (haploid) gene expression, and (3) together with unpublished breeding data, show that p  25H is not a remutation of p  6H.
HETEROSIS OR NEUTRALITY?
Authors: Watterson G A
Published: April 2021

Various statistics have been proposed on an ad hoc basis to test whether alleles at a locus are selectively neutral. By considering population models in which selection operates, this paper shows that the population homozygosity is a powerful test statistic for testing departures from neutrality, in the direction of heterozygote advantage or disadvantage. The sample homozygosity plays a similar role when only sample data are available. Some numerical examples are included, showing the application of the test.—An analysis is made of the effect of heterosis on such quantities as the expected number of alleles in the population or sample, the effective number of alleles, the expected homozygosity, and on the population and sample allele frequency distributions generally.
ISOLATION OF SPONTANEOUSLY DERIVED MUTANTS OF CAULOBACTER CRESCENTUS
Authors: Johnson Reid C , Ely Bert
Published: April 2021

Caulobacter crescentus has a penicillinase which precludes the use of penicillin for mutant enrichment. However, two other antibiotics, fosfomycin and D-cycloserine, can be used to enrich for C. crescentus mutants. In enrichment procedures for C. crescentus auxotrophs, spontaneously derived mutants occur at a frequency of 5–10% among the survivors of an enrichment procedure. Consequently, large numbers of mutants are readily obtained without any need for mutagenesis. These mutants are heterogeneous both with regard to the type of mutation and to the nutritional requirement. A similar procedure has been used to isolate temperature-sensitive mutants.
ANALYSIS OF THE NEGATIVE COMPLEMENTATION OF ABRUPTEX ALLELES IN GYNANDROMORPHS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Portin Petter
Published: April 2021

Certain Abruptex alleles in the Notch pseudoallelic series of Drosophila melanogaster show strong negative complementation. Heterozygous combinations of some viable alleles are lethal. As a lethal system this is unique. Analysis of this type of allelic interaction in gynandromorphs suggests that the lethal focus has a fate-map site in the anterior part of the fly, probably close to the central part of the thorax. In addition to the lethal effect, negative interaction of the alleles can also be seen in the morphogenesis of wings and chaetae of thorax and head. At this morphological level, the negative interaction of the alleles appears to be autonomous.
EXPERIMENTAL POPULATION GENETICS OF MEIOTIC DRIVE SYSTEMS I. PSEUDO-Y CHROMOSOMAL DRIVE AS A MEANS OF ELIMINATING CAGE POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Lyttle Terrence W
Published: April 2021

The experimental population genetics of Y-chromosome drive in Drosophila melanogaster is approximated by studying the behavior of T(Y;2),SD lines. These exhibit "pseudo-Y" drive through the effective coupling of the Y chromosome to the second chromosome meiotic drive locus, Segregation distorter (SD). T(Y;2),SD males consequently produce only male offspring. When such lines are allowed to compete against structurally normal SD  + flies in population cages, T(Y;2),SD males increase in frequency according to the dynamics of a simple haploid selection model until the cage population is eliminated as a result of a deficiency in the number of adult females. Cage population extinction generally occurs within about seven generations.—Several conclusions can be drawn from these competition cage studies:

(1) Fitness estimates for the T(Y;2),SD lines (relative to SD  +) are generally in the range of 2–4, and these values are corroborated by independent estimates derived from studies of migration-selection equilibrium.

(2) Fitness estimates are unaffected by cage replication, sample time, or the starting frequency of T(Y;2),SD males, indicating that data from diverse cages can be legitimately pooled to give an overall fitness estimate.

(3) Partitioning of the T(Y;2),SD fitnesses into components of viability, fertility, and frequency of alternate segregation (Y + SD from X + SD  +) suggests that most of the T(Y;2),SD advantage derives from the latter two components. Improvements in the system might involve increasing both the viability and the alternate segregation to increase the total fitness.

While pseudo-Y drive operates quite effectively against laboratory stocks, it is less successful in eliminating wild-type populations which are already segregating for suppressors of SD action. This observation suggests that further studies into the origin and rate of accumulation of suppressors of meiotic drive are needed before an overall assessment can be made of the potential of Y-chromosome drive as a tool for population control.
ESTIMATION OF THE NUMBER OF SEX ALLELES AND QUEEN MATINGS FROM DIPLOID MALE FREQUENCIES IN A POPULATION OF APIS MELLIFERA
Authors: Adams Julian , Rothman Edward D , Kerr Warwick E , Paulino Zila L
Published: April 2021

The distribution of diploid males in a population of Apis mellifera was obtained by direct examination of the sexual phenotypes of the larvae. Using these data, estimates are derived for the number of sex alleles and the number of matings undergone by the queen. The number of sex alleles is estimated to be 18.9. The estimate is larger than previous ones, which have ranged between 10 and 12. However, the increase in the number of sex alleles can be explained by the large effective population number for our data. The best estimator of the number of matings by a queen is a maximum likelihood type that assumes a prior distribution on the number of matings. For the data presented here, this estimate is 17.3. This estimate is compared to others in the literature obtained by different approaches.
Evidence for functional G-coupled protein receptors 43 and 120 in subcutaneous and intramuscular adipose tissue of Angus crossbred steers
Authors: Westbrook Lindsay , Johnson Bradley J , Gang Gyoungok , Toyonaga Kentaro , Hwang Jinhee , Chung Kiyong , Smith Stephen B
Published: April 2021

We conducted 3 independent experiments to demonstrate functional G-coupled protein receptor 43 (GPR43) and GPR120 in bovine intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) adipose tissues. We hypothesized that media volatile fatty acids and long-chain fatty acids would affect cAMP-activated protein kinase-alpha (AMPKα) protein expression and cAMP concentrations differently in i.m. and s.c. adipose tissue. Experiment 1: oleic acid (18:1n-9) decreased phosphorylated AMPKα protein (p-AMPKα) and the p-AMPKα/AMPKα protein ratio in i.m. preadipocytes, increased the p-AMPKα/AMPKα protein ratio in bovine satellite cells, and had no effect in s.c. preadipocytes. Experment 2: ex vivo explants from the 5th to 8th longissimus thoracic rib muscle section of Angus crossbred steers were cultured 48 hr in media containing 0.25 µM ciglitizone, 5 mM glucose, and 5 mM acetate, in the absence or the presence of 100 µM oleic acid. Oleic acid increased acetate incorporation into fatty acids and GPR43 gene expression in i.m. adipose tissue (P < 0.05), but oleic acid had no effect on fatty acid synthesis or GPR43 expression in s.c. adipose tissue. Experiment 3: fresh s.c. and i.m. adipose tissue from the 5th to 8th longissimus thoracic rib muscle section of Angus crossbred steers was transferred immediately to 6-well culture plates containing 3 mL of KHB/Hepes/5 mM glucose. Samples were preincubated with 0.5 mM theophylline plus 10 μM forskolin for 30 min, after which increasing concentrations of acetate or propionate (0, 10−3, 10−2.3, and 10−3 M) in the absence or the presence of 100 μM oleic acid or 100 µM palmitic acid (16:0) were added to the incubation media. Acetate had no effect on forskolin-stimulated cAMP production in s.c. adipose tissue but decreased cAMP in i.m. adipose tissue (P < 0.05); this indicates a functional GPR43 receptor in i.m. adipose tissue. The combination of 10−2 M acetate and oleic acid decrease cAMP production in s.c. adipose tissue, consistent with GPR120 receptor activity, but oleic acid and palmitic acid attenuated the depression of cAMP production caused by acetate in i.m. adipose tissue. Palmitic acid depressed cAMP production in s.c. adipose tissue, and increased cAMP production in i.m. adipose tissue (P < 0.05). Propionate had no effect on cAMP production in s.c. or i.m. adipose tissue. These results provide evidence for functional GPR43 receptors in i.m. adipose tissue and GPR120 receptors in s.c. adipose tissue, both of which would suppress lipolysis.
Inclusion of dicopper oxide instead of copper sulfate in diets for growing–finishing pigs results in greater final body weight and bone mineralization, but reduced accumulation of copper in the liver
Authors: Blavi Laia , Solà David , Monteiro Alessandra , Pérez J Francisco , Stein Hans H
Published: April 2021

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that inclusion of Cu oxide (Cu2O) in diets for growing–finishing pigs improves body weight (BW) and bone mineralization, and reduces accumulation of Cu in the liver compared with pigs fed diets containing Cu sulfate (CuSO4). Two hundred growing pigs (initial BW: 11.5 ± 0.98 kg) were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 2 blocks of 100 pigs, 5 dietary treatments, 5 pigs per pen, and a total of 8 pens per treatment. Treatments included the negative control (NC) diet that contained 20 mg Cu/kg, and 4 diets in which 125 or 250 mg Cu/kg from CuSO4 or Cu2O were added to the NC diet. The experiment was divided into 4 phases and concluded when pigs reached market weight. Pig weights were recorded on day 1 and at the end of each phase and feed provisions were recorded throughout the experiment. On the last day of phases 1 and 4, 1 pig per pen was sacrificed to obtain samples of liver and spleen tissue, and the right metacarpal was collected. Results indicated that pigs fed diets containing 250 mg Cu/kg from CuSO4 had greater BW at the end of phases 1 and 2 than pigs fed NC diets. Pigs fed diets containing 250 mg Cu/kg from Cu2O had greater (P < 0.05) BW at the end of phases 1, 2, 3, and 4 compared with pigs fed NC diets, and these pigs also had greater BW at the end of phases 3 and 4 than pigs fed all other diets. Pigs fed the diets with 250 mg Cu/kg tended to have greater (P < 0.10) feed intake than pigs fed the NC diet at the end of phase 2, and for the overall experimental period, pigs fed diets containing 250 mg Cu/kg from Cu2O had greater (P < 0.05) feed intake than pigs on all other treatments. However, no differences in gain:feed ratio were observed among treatments. Copper accumulation in liver and spleen increased with Cu dose, but at the end of phase 1, pigs fed 250 mg Cu/kg from CuSO4 had greater (P < 0.05) Cu concentration in liver and spleen than pigs fed 250 mg Cu/kg from Cu2O. Pigs fed diets containing 250 mg Cu/kg from Cu2O had greater (P < 0.05) quantities of bone ash and greater (P < 0.05) concentrations of Ca, P, and Cu in bone ash than pigs fed NC diets or the 2 diets containing CuSO4, but Zn concentration in bone ash was less (P < 0.05) in pigs fed diets containing 250 mg Cu/kg from Cu2O. To conclude, supplementing diets for growing pigs with Cu2O improves growth performance and bone mineralization with less Cu accumulation in liver compared with pigs fed diets containing CuSO4.
Evolutionary genetic algorithm identifies IL2RB as a potential predictive biomarker for immune-checkpoint therapy in colorectal cancer
Authors: Alderdice Matthew , Craig Stephanie G , Humphries Matthew P , Gilmore Alan , Johnston Nicole , Bingham Victoria , Coyle Vicky , Senevirathne Seedevi , Longley Daniel B , Loughrey Maurice B , McQuaid Stephen , James Jacqueline A , Salto-Tellez Manuel , Lawler Mark , McArt Darragh G
Published: April 2021

Identifying robust predictive biomarkers to stratify colorectal cancer (CRC) patients based on their response to immune-checkpoint therapy is an area of unmet clinical need. Our evolutionary algorithm Atlas Correlation Explorer (ACE) represents a novel approach for mining The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data for clinically relevant associations. We deployed ACE to identify candidate predictive biomarkers of response to immune-checkpoint therapy in CRC. We interrogated the colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) gene expression data across nine immune-checkpoints (PDL1, PDCD1, CTLA4, LAG3, TIM3, TIGIT, ICOS, IDO1 and BTLA). IL2RB was identified as the most common gene associated with immune-checkpoint genes in CRC. Using human/murine single-cell RNA-seq data, we demonstrated that IL2RB was expressed predominantly in a subset of T-cells associated with increased immune-checkpoint expression (P < 0.0001). Confirmatory IL2RB immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis in a large MSI-H colon cancer tissue microarray (TMA; n = 115) revealed sensitive, specific staining of a subset of lymphocytes and a strong association with FOXP3+ lymphocytes (P < 0.0001). IL2RB mRNA positively correlated with three previously-published gene signatures of response to immune-checkpoint therapy (P < 0.0001). Our evolutionary algorithm has identified IL2RB to be extensively linked to immune-checkpoints in CRC; its expression should be investigated for clinical utility as a potential predictive biomarker for CRC patients receiving immune-checkpoint blockade.
Acute kidney injury is associated with subtle but quantifiable neurocognitive impairments
Authors: Vanderlinden Jessica A , Semrau Joanna S , Silver Samuel A , Holden Rachel M , Scott Stephen H , Boyd J Gordon
Published: April 2021

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with long-term morbidity and mortality. The effects of AKI on neurocognitive functioning remain unknown. Our objective was to quantify neurocognitive impairment after an episode of AKI.

Methods

Survivors of AKI were compared with age-matched controls, as well as a convenience sample of patients matched for cardiovascular risk factors with normal kidney function (active control group). Patients with AKI completed two assessments, while the active control group completed one assessment. The assessment included a standardized test: the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS), and a robotic assessment: Kinarm.

Results

The cohort consisted of 21 patients with AKI, 16 of whom completed both assessments, and 21 active control patients. The majority of patients with AKI had Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Stage 3 AKI (86%), 57% received dialysis and 43% recovered to ≤25% of their baseline serum creatinine by their first assessment. Compared with the RBANS, which detected little impairment, the Kinarm categorized patients as impaired in visuomotor (10/21, 48%), attention (10/20, 50%) and executive tasks (11/21, 52%) compared with healthy controls. Additionally, patients with AKI performed significantly worse in attention and visuomotor domains when compared with the active controls. Neurocognitive performance was generally not impacted by the need for dialysis or whether kidney function recovered.

Conclusions

Robotic technology identified quantifiable neurocognitive impairment in survivors of AKI. Deficits were noted particularly in attention, visuomotor and executive domains. Further investigation into the downstream health consequences of these neurocognitive impairments is warranted.
Conclusion
Authors: Korver-Glenn Elizabeth
Published: April 2021

The Conclusion returns to the book’s overarching question of how racism among housing market professionals contributes to persistent racial segregation. In addition to summarizing the findings from previous chapters, the Conclusion foregrounds housing consumers’ perspectives and experiences, showing that housing market professionals exert significant influence in shaping consumers’ options, decisions, and outcomes. The Conclusion also discusses the book’s contributions to existing racial segregation theory, namely the “big three” mechanisms of racial discrimination, racial residential preferences, and economic inequality. It concludes by highlighting the imperative to intervene in housing market racism and create equal housing opportunities for housing consumers and neighborhoods.
Fortress Dark and Stern
Authors: Goldman Wendy Z. , Filtzer Donald
Published: April 2021

The book tells the story, largely unknown to Western readers, of the Soviet home front during World War II. After Hitler’s invasion in 1941, German troops conquered the heartland of Soviet industry and agriculture and turned the occupied territories into mass killing fields. In one of the greatest wartime feats in history, Soviet workers rapidly evacuated factories, food, and people thousands of miles to the east and built a new industrial base beyond the reach of German bombers. As millions of refugees and evacuees streamed east, mass epidemics engulfed the country. Health officials battled to establish new public health regulations. The Soviet state reached the height of its power, imposing military discipline and mobilizing millions of people to work thousands of miles from home. The state assumed responsibility for feeding the nation through a strict ration system. Given terrible food shortages, many people, including workers, began to starve. This book examines the dark and painful war years from a new perspective, telling the stories of evacuees, refugees, teenaged and women workers, runaways from work, Gulag prisoners, and deportees. The narrative follows the Red Army as it retreated east and then battled back westward after Stalingrad, presenting “total war” behind the front lines in a chronicle of spirited defense efforts, draconian state directives, teeming black markets, and selfless heroism. Based on a vast trove of new archival materials, the book tells the story of suffering, sacrifice, and commitment that made the Allied victory possible.
The Staff of Life: Feeding the People
Authors: Goldman Wendy Z. , Filtzer Donald
Published: April 2021

The evacuation of millions of people and the loss of the agricultural base in the occupied territories dealt a double blow to the Soviet Union. Major grain-producing lands were lost, and millions of evacuees and refugees had to be fed. Home cooking everywhere gave way to communal dining in canteens. The state established a highly differentiated rationing system. During the war’s grimmest years, hunger and starvation-related disease, so well documented in Leningrad, also claimed many lives in the Soviet rear. Civilians could not live on rations alone. State stocks provided most of the calories, and a parallel system of subsidiary farms, local procurement, gardens, and collective farm markets supplemented the ration. State, party, and union organizations played an essential role. Scientists and canteen workers experimented with substitute foods. Despite terrible hunger, state food policy had widespread support, allowing the country to survive the terrible shortages of the war years.
“Our Cause Is Just”: Loyalty, Propaganda, and Popular Moods
Authors: Goldman Wendy Z. , Filtzer Donald
Published: April 2021

The state’s mobilizing efforts could not have been sustained without the support and sacrifices of ordinary people. The initial military losses and daily conditions were so demoralizing that the state’s ability to garner popular support assumed grave importance. Although at times communication broke down, a unifying wartime culture emerged based on political education, newspaper and radio reportage, art, poetry, and song. Collective activities such as production campaigns and civil defense bound people together. Over time, propaganda became franker and more emotional. “Vengeance propaganda,” based on eyewitness accounts, reached its pinnacle with the discovery of the death camps. Propaganda changed again when the Red Army entered Germany. The state was responsive to popular moods, which evolved from the shock of invasion to anxiety over retreat, disgust with official corruption, fury at Nazi devastation, and pride in the Red Army. Propaganda was most successful when it elevated the experiences of ordinary people into a larger political understanding.
Sound Systems
Authors: Nakai You
Published: April 2021

The story of Tudor’s transition from performer to composer is undermined by the observation of archival material which reveals he continued to realize other composers’ works even after he supposedly became a composer. A list of ten realizations Tudor retrospectively selected in the early 1970s provides a preliminary guide to reflect on the complex trajectory of his musical activity in the 1960s which departed from the traditional format of score and its performance, giving birth to “sound systems” as a tentative coordination of modular instruments in which the composer’s material served as a mere pre-text or a point of departure. In order to understand the nature of Tudor’s realization of this period it is necessary to also delve into the technical specificity of equipment. A case study of Fontana Mix, a material composed by John Cage, which Tudor realized as late as 1968 is presented, triggering a discussion on the complex entanglement between the acts of realization and composition.
Reflections
Authors: Nakai You
Published: April 2021

The music Tudor made in the 1980s is difficult to understand. On the surface, it appears that he returned to the use of amplified physical objects, particularly through his partnership with Jackie Monnier. Beneath the positive appearance, however, he was pursuing an almost inaudible “negative music” based on virtually silent noises included in his past recordings extracted by using a noise gate in reverse mode. These two parallel courses intertwine in his subsequent collaboration with Monnier using radars and ultrasonic transceivers to detect the movement of kite-like volatiles reflecting the otherwise invisible movement of wind, initially conceived as an attempt to simulate the unfinished island project. These endeavors show Tudor exploring the virtual nature of silence through technology, which brings back to mind Cage’s infamous 4'33" that Tudor premiered more than thirty years before, as well as Antonin Artaud’s conception of “Virtual Reality” which first entered the English language through Tudor’s involvement. What appears at the intersection of these parallel meandering channels is the status of the actual body which processes the distinction between the virtual and the actual, a fragile instrument that at the time was beginning to fail on Tudor’s end.
Introduction
Authors: Purves Alex C.
Published: April 2021

The Introduction provides a summary of the book’s argument and chapters as well as an overview of various theories of gesture and embodiment. It begins by establishing a relationship between the repeated practices and techniques of the bard in composing epic poetry and the habits (and habitus) of the human body, showing how Homer’s bodies are formulaic much as Homer’s verse is. It draws on the work of Marey, Muybridge, and Warburg to capture gesture’s phrases and qualities, and provides a summary of studies on embodied movement practice and social conditioning (James, Mauss, Bourdieu, Butler, Foucault, Merleau-Ponty). It argues that the notion of gestural freedom provides an interpretive key to reading the movement choices of characters within the poems. The Introduction ends with a brief discussion of the question of the Homeric body in current scholarship, showing how the book intends to add to and reframe that debate.
Standing
Authors: Purves Alex C.
Published: April 2021

This chapter looks at two separate and enduring acts of standing in the Iliad and Odyssey. The first is the “standing apart” of Achilles and Agamemnon at the beginning of the Iliad. This opening act sets in motion a series of separations in the poem that come to signify the loneliness of the Homeric warrior. The second is Penelope’s signature pose of “standing beside the stathmos,” repeated four times in the Odyssey and symbolizing her reluctance to move forward through time. These two different forms of standing (one placed in relation to a series of prepositional prefixes to articulate a poetics of adjacency for the Iliad, and the other repeating without variation for the same character in the same location in the Odyssey) introduce a gendered reading of the Homeric body and its relation to both repetition and agency.
Crayfish Aquaculture
Authors: McClain W. Ray
Published: April 2021

Crayfish have been in demand as desirable food items around the globe for centuries, and entrepreneurs have capitalized on this demand by developing and applying aquaculture principals for the intentional culture of this freshwater crustacean. The current state of the art has advanced within the last half century and is centered on a handful of species, represented by three different families, with some level of commercial production occurring on all continents except Antarctica. Procambarus clarkii (family Cambaridae), a native of south central USA, is cultured in the USA and China and easily forms the bulk of farm-raised and wild-captured crayfish globally. One North American species (Pacifastacus leniusculus) and two European species (Astacus astacus and A. leptodactylus) constitute the main cultured species from the family Astacidae and are grown in small operations throughout Europe and parts of Asia. Four species (Parastacidae), all natives of Oceania, are cultured in their native ranges and were also introduced for aquaculture in several locations around the globe. Cherax destructor and C. albidus, both commonly referred to as yabby, are medium-size crayfish and share similar life histories, whereas C. quadricarinatus (redclaw crayfish) and C. cainii (smooth marron) are larger and more valuable but have very different geographical origins. While commercial crayfish aquaculture is typically based on an extensive or semi-extensive production approach in earthen ponds, more intensive approaches may involve selective breeding, improved strains, brood or nursery phases, and use of raceways or recirculation systems. Pond size can range from 0.05 to 80 ha, depending on the species cultured. Harvesting is accomplished mainly by baited trap, although other gear and techniques are sometimes employed. Global crayfish aquaculture production has expanded significantly in the last decade, due largely to the integration of Procambarus clarkii with that of rice production in the USA and China. This integrated system of production works well because rice farming has similar requirements as crayfish aquaculture, such as clay soils, irrigation systems, and suitable climates; furthermore, the rice crop residue provides the base of the food web for furnishing sustenance to growing crayfish.
Internalism and Externalism
Authors: Stoltz Jonathan
Published: April 2021

This chapter explores in some detail the question of whether Buddhist accounts of knowledge should be regarded as supportive of epistemic internalism or externalism. After unpacking how the distinction between internalism and externalism can or cannot be extended to the Buddhist epistemological context, it is argued that the Buddhist account stands largely in accord with an externalist account of epistemic warrant. The second half of the chapter examines Buddhist claims about whether the determination of a cognition’s knowledge status is intrinsic or extrinsic to a given cognition. Finally, the chapter concludes by arguing that the Buddhist account must be understood to endorse a version of externalism about the constitutive nature of cognitions.
Primal Analytical Foundations of Dynamic Production Analysis
Authors: Silva Elvira , Stefanou Spiro E. , Lansink Alfons Oude
Published: April 2021

This chapter develops dynamic production analysis within the context of the adjustment cost model of the firm, where adjustment costs are associated with changes in the level of the quasi-fixed factors, also known as internal adjustment costs. The chapter characterizes axiomatically several primal representations of the adjustment cost production technology. The axiomatic approach is a cornerstone to model production technology both in theoretical and empirical work. The existence of several representations of the adjustment cost production technology is essential in the analysis of the firm’s decisions and its adjustment path that are conditioned by the technology. Three set representations of the adjustment cost production technology are discussed and characterized axiomatically. Two functional representations of the technology are also addressed using an axiomatic approach.
Telling My Side: “Limited Access” as a “Fishing” Device
Authors: Pomerantz Anita
Published: April 2021

“Telling my side” is a way of seeking information without going on record with an explicit request. The practice involves a speaker’s reporting recognizably limited access to, and knowledge of, a situation in which the recipient was an actor. A limited-access formulation may be likened to an outsider’s or observer’s version of a situation. This practice is used when there are negative sanctions for directly seeking the type of information being sought. Its success relies on participants’ orienting to a sequence of actions: the limited-access report sets up the relevance of the recipient’s providing information. The recipient needs to infer that the speaker seeks further information; furthermore, the recipient must be willing to provide it
Attributions of Responsibility: Blamings
Authors: Pomerantz Anita
Published: April 2021

In reporting an “unhappy event,” a speaker identifies an unwanted outcome without indicating what or who is responsible for the outcome. While this type of report appears to be an informing, it is used to elicit the recipient’s account if offered to a recipient who is implicated in, and possibly responsible for, the unwanted outcome. The report provides the recipient with the opportunity to volunteer an account that relates to their responsibility for the unwanted outcome. It functions as an alternative to directly accusing the recipient. The practice relies on the participants’ orientation to a sequence of actions. The report of the unwanted outcome is a sequence initial action. A relevant next action is for the recipient to offer a version of their actions and motives that speak to their responsibility for the outcome.
Commentary
Authors: Pomerantz Anita
Published: April 2021

Unlike many of my other papers in which I analyzed the ways actions are performed, this paper was built around an identifiable formulation. While there is considerable appeal in collecting words, expressions, or formulations to see how they function and what actions they perform, there are, in my view, two significant problems in doing so. The first is that although there is surface similarity in the collection, the items may function very differently and should not be in one collection. Various instances put under the rubric of Extreme Case Formulations are integral parts of different actions. The second problem is related to the first. In studying interaction, we appreciate that fact that interactants perform specific actions, moment to moment, in the course of engaging in activities. When we consider the choices or selections that participants make, those choices generally are in terms of the various ways of performing, or not performing, a relevant action in that sequential environment. However, when we put together a collection of objects, such as Extreme Case Formulations, that service quite different actions and activities, we are focused away from the fact that the Extreme Case Formulations are but one way of working to accomplish the local action, with other ways as alternatives. Instead, papers that are built around a word or phrase or formulation usually are organized to reflect some number of ways that the term or expression or formulation is used....
Commentary
Authors: Pomerantz Anita
Published: April 2021

Although the focal sequences in the paper are questions followed by answers, a central claim is that in order to respond, recipients of questions do more than analyze just the terms of the question. They also infer the questioner’s purpose-for-asking. The task I took on for this paper was to figure out how recipients infer the purpose-for-asking. When I tried to get a handle on that process, I found no single, unitary procedure to explain all the cases. Rather, the resources relied on to infer the questioner’s purpose-for-asking include the form of the query, the recipient’s understanding of the current topic, the course of action engaged in, and/or the questioner’s interactional project. However understanding the resources that recipients draw on to infer the purpose-for-asking is a far cry from uncovering the procedures that they use to make those inferences....
Rock Songs
Authors: Church Joseph
Published: April 2021

Chapter 6 brings the discussion of acting and music together in examples of rock songs, some of which musical theatre singers might add to their repertoire. Each song is examined in terms of the important points raised in earlier chapters: lyrical content, form, tone, style, groove, purpose, and historical context. The selections cover the full period of the growth of rock music, from its rock ’n’ roll roots to the present day, encompassing as wide a variety of styles and sub-genres as possible, and explaining common crossovers among styles. Suggestions are offered for performance approaches by musical theatre singers to these and related songs.
Deniable Contact
Authors: Ó Dochartaigh Niall
Published: April 2021

Despite the importance of secret negotiations during the Northern Ireland conflict there is no full-length study of the use of back-channels in repeated efforts to end the ‘Troubles’. This book provides a textured account that extends our understanding of the distinctive dynamics of negotiations conducted in secret and the conditions conducive to the negotiated settlement of conflict. It disrupts and challenges some conventional notions about the conflict in Northern Ireland, offering a fresh analysis of the political dynamics and the intra-party struggles that sustained violent conflict and prevented settlement for so long. It draws on theories of negotiation and mediation to understand why efforts to end the conflict through back-channel negotiations repeatedly failed before finally succeeding in the 1990s. It challenges the view that the conflict persisted because of irreconcilable political ideologies and argues that the parties to conflict were much more open to compromise than the often-intransigent public rhetoric suggested. The analysis is founded on a rich store of historical evidence, including the private papers of key Irish republican leaders and British politicians, recently released papers from national archives in Dublin and London, and the papers of Brendan Duddy, the intermediary who acted as the primary contact between the IRA and the British government during key phases of engagement, including papers that have not yet been made publicly available. This documentary evidence, combined with original interviews with politicians, mediators, civil servants, and republicans, allows a vivid picture to emerge of the complex maneuvering at this intersection.
New Light on the Trial of Billy Budd
Authors: McAdams Richard H. , Corré Jacob I.
Published: April 2021

This essay focuses on the legality and legitimacy of the proceedings by which the young Royal Navy crewman Billy Budd is sentenced to death for a false and malicious charge of mutiny in Herman Melville’s novel Billy Budd, Sailor. Its ultimate position is that Captain Edward Vere, who oversees the proceedings and sentences Budd to death by hanging, is neither clearly a hero nor a villain. Instead, the novel embraces ambiguity by intentionally arming each side of the debate with considerable firepower, leaving readers with a quandary that would have been familiar to Melville’s readers because it paralleled the unsettled public debate over the 1842 case of the USS Somers. Billy Budd is thus neither an illustration of the bitter consequences of a strict rule of law, nor a tale of legal manipulation by an unchecked tyrant. Rather, it is “a story about confronting a case almost too hard to imagine.”
Law and Literature after the Pacific War
Authors: Ginsburg Tom
Published: April 2021

Ginsburg examines ethical questions surrounding World War II from the perspective of the Japanese. Endō’s 1958 novel explores an infamous incident in which Japanese doctors performed horrific experiments on captured American airmen. The doctors were later tried as part of the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal. As Ginsburg explains, Endō asks “the eternal question: What is morality in wartime?” Ginsburg situates this question within the totalizing context of World War II, in which dehumanization on both sides paved the way for atrocity. He connects it with the War Crimes Tribunal itself, where morality took a back seat to America’s effort to shape the Japanese postwar narrative and write its own version of winner’s history. As Ginsburg explains, this history will not necessarily persevere; there are now significant efforts underway by Japanese nationalists to paint Japan’s actions in World War II in a more favorable light. That may be the cost and consequence of promoting a history divorced from morality.
How War Makes (and Unmakes) the Democratic State
Authors: Huq Aziz Z.
Published: April 2021

Focusing on the figures of the terrorist and the migrant, Huq suggests that war in the twenty-first century, in partial contrast to its precursors, may prove costly to democracy. Whereas war once served to develop bureaucratic capacity, shrink wealth gaps, and expand the franchise, it is less likely to perform these functions in a period when war is increasingly cabined to distant zones of violence, mechanized, and privatized. Huq considers a pair of novels by Mohsin Hamid, The Reluctant Fundamentalist and Exit West. The former documents the transformation, and potential radicalization, of a young Pakistani professional in the wake of the September 11 attacks; the latter follows a couple from an unspecified city on the brink of civil war to the Greek island of Mykonos, then to London, and finally to Marin County, California, where their relationship dissolves. Whereas right-wing populists cast the terrorist and the migrant as racialized threats to civilization and national culture, Hamid’s protagonists instead embody a commitment to pluralism, inclusion, and democratic openness.
Bing Crosby’s Stardom and the Depiction of Legend in Paramount’s A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court
Authors: Woller Megan
Published: April 2021

This chapter discusses the 1949 film A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court, starring Bing Crosby. This later film does not adapt the Rodgers and Hart musical; instead, it acts as a star vehicle for Crosby and features new songs by Jimmy Van Heusen and Johnny Burke. Less influential and enduring than the other works featured within this book, this 1949 film nonetheless provides an interesting counterpoint to the Rodgers and Hart revival of a few years before. The film was a commercial success, and this chapter considers it in that light. Furthermore, the author examines the role of Bing Crosby and considers the purpose of this musical film as a star vehicle. With Crosby singing in four of the five surviving songs within the film, the music utilizes the crooner’s voice and star persona in order to tell the story and sell the film.