bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specific Optical Rotation and Absolute Configuration of Flexible Molecules Containing a 2‐Methylbutyl Residue
Authors: Lu Jia‐Min , Yang Bei‐Bei , Li Li
Published: July 2020

Establishing the absolute configuration of flexible molecules is difficult, and specific optical rotation (SOR) might be an optional strategy. However, complex conformation distributions inevitably generate ambiguous results. Herein, the relationship between SORs and the absolute configuration of flexible molecules containing a 2‐methylbutyl residue was studied using quantum chemical calculations. The existence of a nitrogen atom might increase the uncertainty of the predicted SOR. Compared with the optical rotation calculation step, the geometry optimization step is more influential. Computational parameters including hybrid functionals, basis sets, and solvation models could exert a great effect on the Boltzmann distribution, leading to substantial variation in the SORs. To achieve unambiguous SOR prediction results for flexible molecules, the calculation needs to be performed using at least two combinations of different levels.
Systemic inflammatory markers in neck pain: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Farrell Scott F. , de Zoete Rutger M. J. , Cabot Peter J. , Sterling Michele
Published: July 2020

Background and Objective

Mechanisms underpinning symptoms in non‐traumatic neck pain (NTNP) and whiplash‐associated disorder (WAD) are not comprehensively understood. There is emerging evidence of systemic inflammation in musculoskeletal pain conditions, including neck and back pain. The aim of this systematic review was to determine if raised blood inflammatory markers are associated with neck pain.

Databases and Data Treatment

MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and Web of Science databases were searched. Two independent reviewers identified studies for inclusion and extracted data. Meta‐analysis was performed by random effects model to calculate standard mean differences (SMDs). Risk of bias of individual studies was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Overall quality of evidence from meta‐analysis was assessed by Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach.

Results

In total, 10 studies were included comprising 706 participants. Three studies provided data for acute WAD, two for chronic WAD, four for chronic NTNP and one for chronic mixed WAD and NTNP. Meta‐analysis indicated increased interleukin 1β (SMD: 0.84 [95% CI 0.24, 1.44], p = .01, I2 = 59%) and tumour necrosis factor α (SMD: 0.59 [0.09, 1.09], p = .02, I2 = 45%) in chronic neck pain compared to controls, but no increase in monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1. Some inflammatory markers were associated with clinical variables (including pain intensity and disability). Quality of evidence was mostly low due to small samples and high heterogeneity.

Conclusions

Findings imply that raised blood inflammatory markers are present in chronic neck pain, which may represent an ongoing inflammatory process in this population.

Significance

This systematic review advances our understanding of neck pain pathophysiology by demonstrating the presence of systemic inflammation in chronic neck pain, in the form of raised IL‐1β and TNFα. Further, numerous inflammatory markers were associated with clinical variables, including pain intensity, disability and hyperalgesia. These findings imply that systemic inflammation may contribute to mechanisms underlying neck pain.
Movement, posture and low back pain. How do they relate? A replicated single‐case design in 12 people with persistent, disabling low back pain
Authors: Wernli Kevin , O'Sullivan Peter , Smith Anne , Campbell Amity , Kent Peter
Published: July 2020

Background

Movement and posture are commonly believed to relate to non‐specific low back pain (NSLBP). While people with NSLBP appear to move and posture themselves differently from those without NSLBP, changes in movement and posture infrequently relate to improvements in NSLBP when analysed at a group‐level. Additionally, little is known about how movement or posture change when clinical outcome improves.

Methods

Within‐person relationships were investigated using a replicated, repeated measures, single‐case design in 12 people with persistent, disabling NSLBP. Individually relevant movement and posture were captured using wearable sensors on up to 20 occasions over a 22‐week period (5‐week baseline, 12‐week physiotherapy‐led intervention, 5‐week follow‐up), while pain and activity limitation were collected concomitantly. A series of cross‐correlation analyses estimated the presence, strength, and direction of relationships.

Results

Many participants (n = 10/12) had strong (e.g. r = 0.91, p = <0.001) relationships between changes in movement or posture and changes in pain and activity limitation, while some showed no strong association. Where relationships were observed, clinical improvement predominantly (93% or 57/61 relationships) related to increased spinal movement range and velocity during forward bending and lifting, reduced lumbar muscle EMG activity at maximum voluntary flexion, and increased posterior‐pelvic‐tilt during sitting and standing.

Conclusion

Within‐person changes to individually relevant movement and posture appear to often relate to clinical outcome, but not always. When changes were related, movement and posture appear to return towards being ‘less protective’, however causal directions remain unknown. Important activities, movements, and postural parameters varied across the participants, highlighting the potential importance of individualized management.

Significance

Changes to individually relevant movement and posture appear to often relate to clinical outcome, but not always. Patient‐specific activities, and movement or postural parameters that related to improved pain and activity limitation, varied across the 12 participants, highlighting the potential importance of individualised management. Where clinical improvements were related to changes in movement or posture, participants consistently returned towards being ‘less protective’ (increased range and speed of movement, increased posterior‐pelvic‐tilt during sitting and standing). Mechanisms and generalizability remain unclear.
Could K+‐Based Electrolytes Be the Reliable Environmental‐Friendly Alternative to Li+ in Gr//LMO Battery We Searched for?
Authors: Sayegh Adnan , Yeadon Darius J. , Phadke Satyajit , Anouti Mérièm
Published: July 2020

Manganese oxide LiMn2O4 (LMO) is one of the most promising cathode materials because it benefits from the low cost and availability of manganese, a high electrochemical stability, and a neutral environmental impact. In the same vein, the full or partial replacement of lithium salt in electrolyte by a more available and less expensive potassium salt contributes to reducing the environmental impact of batteries. Herein, the impact of the partial or total replacement of LiPF6 by KPF6 in a binary mixture of alkyl carbonate (EC/EMC) for LMO/graphite full battery is reported. The physicochemical properties of the electrolyte and its consequence on the kinetic and thermodynamic intercalation controls of each cation on cyclability are explored. Without protection with an additive, at a high current density (1 C), the nonselective intercalation of the two cations induces an optimum observed with an equimolar salt composition (0.5 m LiPF6 + 0.5 m KPF6), whereas in the presence of 5% of fluoroethylene (FEC), the replacement of part of the lithium is achievable without significant loss of performance. However, LMO/Gr cycling seems to depend on the discharge current density.
Measurements and calculations of seasonal evaporation rate from bare sandstone surfaces: Implications for rock weathering
Authors: Slavík Martin , Bruthans Jiří , Weiss Tomáš , Schweigstillová Jana
Published: July 2020

Evaporation from porous rock plays an important role in weathering processes. In the case of salt weathering, the evaporation rate controls supersaturation of salt solutions within pores and the amount of precipitated aggressive salts, therefore weathering occurs mostly in places with intense evaporation. Evaporation also strongly affects frost, hydric and biogenic weathering, as these are influenced by water content and its temporal changes. Despite its importance, evaporation from porous rocks has seen little scientific focus. We present a study on evaporation from bare sandstone, one of the most common rocks affected by weathering. A new method that measures the evaporation rate from the surfaces of sandstone samples under field microclimate was developed and tested. Also, a simple calculation of 1D evaporation rate from bare sandstone surfaces based on Fick's law of diffusion is presented. The measurement was performed using sandstone cores (with a set depth of the vaporization plane) in a humid continental climate and measured on a roughly monthly interval for about 1 year. For the calculations, a laboratory‐measured water‐vapour diffusion coefficient of the sandstone, in‐situ seasonally measured vaporization plane depth, and values of air humidity and temperature were used. The sensitivity analyses showed that the most important factor controlling the evaporation rate was the vaporization plane depth, while seasonal and spatial changes of air humidity and temperature were of lesser importance. The calculated evaporation rate reasonably follows measured values. For its simplicity and the small number of parameters required, the proposed method has the potential to improve knowledge of weathering and living conditions of endolithic and epilithic organisms. Further research should focus on factors affecting the evaporation rate (wind, hygroscopicity, hydrophobicity, etc.) to improve the accuracy of the calculations, as well as to test the applicability of the method for other lithologies and climates. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strong slope‐aspect control of regolith thickness by bedrock foliation
Authors: Leone Jordan D. , Holbrook W. Steven , Riebe Clifford S. , Chorover Jon , Ferré Ty P.A. , Carr Bradley J. , Callahan Russell P.
Published: July 2020

The porous near‐surface layer of the Earth's crust – the critical zone – constitutes a vital reservoir of water for ecosystems, provides baseflow to streams, guides recharge to deep aquifers, filters contaminants from groundwater, and regulates the long‐term evolution of landscapes. Recent work suggests that the controls on regolith thickness include climate, tectonics, lithology, and vegetation. However, the relative paucity of observations of regolith structure and properties at landscape scales means that theoretical models of critical zone structure are incompletely tested. Here we present seismic refraction and electrical resistivity surveys that thoroughly characterize subsurface structure in a small catchment in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, USA, where slope‐aspect effects on regolith structure are expected based on differences in vegetation. Our results show a stark contrast in physical properties and inferred regolith thickness on opposing slopes, but in the opposite sense of that expected from environmental models and observed vegetation patterns. Although vegetation (as expressed by normalized difference vegetation index [NDVI]) is denser on the north‐facing slope, regolith on the south‐facing slope is four times thicker (as indicated by lower seismic velocities and resistivities). This contrast cannot be explained by variations in topographic stress or conventional hillslope morphology models. Instead, regolith thickness appears to be controlled by metamorphic foliation: regolith is thicker where foliation dips into the topography, and thinner where foliation is nearly parallel to the surface. We hypothesize that, in this catchment, hydraulic conductivity and infiltration capacity control weathering: infiltration is hindered and regolith is thin where foliation is parallel to the surface topography, whereas water infiltrates deeper and regolith is thicker where foliation intersects topography at a substantial angle. These results suggest that bedrock foliation, and perhaps by extension sedimentary layering, can control regolith thickness and must be accounted for in models of critical zone development. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of calanchi and rill–interrill erosion susceptibilities using terrain analysis and geostochastics: A case study in the Oltrepo Pavese, Northern Apennines, Italy
Authors: Bosino Alberto , Giordani Paolo , Quénéhervé Geraldine , Maerker Michael
Published: July 2020

Soil erosion is one of the most important environmental problems distributed worldwide. In the last decades, numerous studies have been published on the assessment of soil erosion and the related processes and forms using empirical, conceptual and physically based models. For the prediction of the spatial distribution, more and more sophisticated stochastic modelling approaches have been proposed – especially on smaller spatial scales such as river basins. In this work, we apply a maximum entropy model (MaxEnt) to evaluate badlands (calanchi) and rill–interrill (sheet erosion) areas in the Oltrepo Pavese (Northern Apennines, Italy). The aim of the work is to assess the important environmental predictors that influence calanchi and rill–interrill erosion at the regional scale. We used 13 topographic parameters derived from a 12 m digital elevation model (TanDEM‐X) and data on the lithology and land use. Additional information about the vegetation is introduced through the normalized difference vegetation index based on remotely sensed data (ASTER images). The results are presented in the form of susceptibility maps showing the spatial distribution of the occurrence probability for calanchi and rill–interrill erosion. For the validation of the MaxEnt model results, a support vector machine approach was applied. The models show reliable results and highlight several locations of the study area that are potentially prone to future soil erosion. Thus, coping and mitigation strategies may be developed to prevent or fight the soil erosion phenomenon under consideration. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organophosphorus Pesticide Multiresidues in Commercialized Asian Rice
Authors: Azlan Nadiah Syafiqah Mohd , Wee Sze Yee , Ismail Nur Afifah Hanun , Nasir Hanisah Mohmad , Aris Ahmad Zaharin
Published: July 2020

The organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) commonly used in agricultural practices can pose a risk of potential exposure to humans via food consumption. We describe an analytical method for solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector (SPE–HPLC–DAD) for the detection of OPPs (quinalphos, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos) in rice grains. The isolation of targeted residues was initiated with double extraction before SPE–HPLC–DAD, crucially reducing matrix interferences and detecting a wide range of multiple residues in rice grains. Coefficients of 0.9968 to 0.9991 showed a strong linearity, with limits of detection and quantification ranging from 0.36 to 0.68 µg/kg and from 1.20 to 2.28 µg/kg, respectively. High recoveries (80.4–110.3%) were observed at 3 spiking levels (50, 100, and 200 µg/kg), indicating good accuracy. The relative standard deviations of all residues (0.19–8.66%) validated the method precision. Sample analysis of 10 rice grain types (n = 30) available in the Asian market revealed that quinalphos, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos at concentrations of 1.08, 1.11, and 1.79 µg/kg, respectively, remained far below the maximum residue limits (0.01–0.5 mg/kg). However, regular monitoring is necessary to confirm that multiresidue occurrence remains below permissible limits while controlling pests. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1908–1917. © 2020 SETAC
Mesoscale diffusion magnetic resonance imaging of the ex vivo human hippocampus
Authors: Ly Maria , Foley Lesley , Manivannan Ashwinee , Hitchens T. Kevin , Richardson R. Mark , Modo Michel
Published: July 2020

Mesoscale diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) endeavors to bridge the gap between macroscopic white matter tractography and microscopic studies investigating the cytoarchitecture of human brain tissue. To ensure a robust measurement of diffusion at the mesoscale, acquisition parameters were arrayed to investigate their effects on scalar indices (mean, radial, axial diffusivity, and fractional anisotropy) and streamlines (i.e., graphical representation of axonal tracts) in hippocampal layers. A mesoscale resolution afforded segementation of the pyramidal cell layer (CA1‐4), the dentate gyrus, as well as stratum moleculare, radiatum, and oriens. Using ex vivo samples, surgically excised from patients with intractable epilepsy (n = 3), we found that shorter diffusion times (23.7 ms) with a b‐value of 4,000 s/mm2 were advantageous at the mesoscale, providing a compromise between mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy measurements. Spatial resolution and sample orientation exerted a major effect on tractography, whereas the number of diffusion gradient encoding directions minimally affected scalar indices and streamline density. A sample temperature of 15°C provided a compromise between increasing signal‐to‐noise ratio and increasing the diffusion properties of the tissue. Optimization of the acquisition afforded a system's view of intra‐ and extra‐hippocampal connections. Tractography reflected histological boundaries of hippocampal layers. Individual layer connectivity was visualized, as well as streamlines emanating from individual sub‐fields. The perforant path, subiculum and angular bundle demonstrated extra‐hippocampal connections. Histology of the samples confirmed individual cell layers corresponding to ROIs defined on MR images. We anticipate that this ex vivo mesoscale imaging will yield novel insights into human hippocampal connectivity.
Sensory change in the chin and neck after transoral thyroidectomy: Prospective study of mental nerve injury
Authors: Tae Kyung , Lee Dong Won , Bang Hyang Sook , Ahn You Hern , Park Jung Hwan , Kim Dong Sun
Published: July 2020

Background

The study aimed to evaluate the sensory changes on the chin and neck in transoral thyroidectomy.

Methods

We prospectively assessed the cutaneous sensation of 10 zones of the chin, face, and neck in 43 patients who underwent transoral robotic or endoscopic thyroidectomy using the Semmes‐Weinstein monofilaments test, preoperatively and postoperatively at 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months.

Results

The sensation of the chin and lower lip did not differ before and after surgery. However, the pressure threshold of the submental and level VI area increased significantly after surgery, and returned to the preoperative level 1 month and 3 months postoperatively, respectively.

Conclusion

In terms of mental nerve injury, transoral thyroidectomy is safe when performed successfully. However, proper placement of oral vestibular incisions and minimal dissection of the chin is essential to avoid mental nerve injury.
Single‐port transoral robotic combined approach with sialendoscopy for sialolithiasis: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Frost Ariel S. , Byrnes Yasmeen M. , Wen Christopher Z. , Rassekh Christopher H.
Published: July 2020

Background

The da Vinci single‐port (SP) is utilized in transoral robotic surgery (TORS) procedures for malignant oropharyngeal tumors. We report a case utilizing the da Vinci SP in TORS for sialolith removal.

Methods and Results

A 75‐year‐old male with chronic right submandibular gland (SMG) sialadenitis underwent combined da Vinci SP TORS approach with sialendoscopy for multiple SMG sialoliths. We were unable to find a previous report of using the da Vinci SP in TORS for SMG sialolith removal.

Conclusion

The da Vinci SP has been utilized in a combined TORS approach with sialendoscopy for SMG sialolith removal. The da Vinci SP's additional arm provides improved retraction, enabling optimal visualization, dissection, and preservation of important structures such as the lingual nerve.
Affective symptoms and swallow‐specific quality of life in total laryngectomy patients
Authors: Kemps Glen J. F. , Krebbers Iris , Pilz Walmari , Vanbelle Sophie , Baijens Laura W. J.
Published: July 2020

Background

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of clinically relevant affective symptoms and level of swallow‐specific quality of life (QoL) in dysphagic patients with total laryngectomy (TL) and to explore the relationship between affective symptoms and swallow‐specific QoL.

Methods

Thirty‐five TL patients completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI). Student's t test and linear regression were used.

Results

Eight (23%) patients showed clinically relevant symptoms of anxiety, 8 (23%) of depression, and 11 (31%) showed either one. These groups had significantly lower mean MDADI scores. One‐point increase in HADS‐anxiety or HADS‐depression subscale score corresponds with a decrease of 2.7 or 3.0 points, on average, respectively, of the MDADI total score.

Conclusions

Clinically relevant affective symptoms were present in approximately one‐third of the TL patients. These preliminary results show that increased affective symptom scores correlate with a decreased swallow‐specific QoL.
Increasing non‐linearity of the storage‐discharge relationship in sub‐Arctic catchments
Authors: Hinzman Alexa M. , Sjöberg Ylva , Lyon Steve W. , Ploum Stefan W. , van der Velde Ype
Published: July 2020

The Arctic is warming at an unprecedented rate. We hypothesis that as seasonally frozen soils thaw and recede in extent as a response to this warming, flow path diversity and thus hydrologic connectivity increases. This enhanced hydrologic connectivity then increases the non‐linearity of the storage‐discharge relationship in a catchment. The objective of this study is to test this hypothesis by quantifying trends and spatio‐temporal differences in the degree of linearity in the storage‐discharge relationships for 16 catchments within Northern Sweden from 1950 to 2018. We demonstrate a clear increase in non‐linearity of the storage‐discharge relationship over time for all catchments with 75% showing a statistically significant increase in non‐linearity. Spring has significantly more linear storage‐discharge relationships than summer for most catchments (75%) supporting the idea that seasonally frozen soils with a low degree of hydrological connectivity have a linear storage‐discharge relationship. For the period considered, spring also showed greater change in storage‐discharge relationship trends than summer signifying that changes in recessions are primarily occurring during the thawing period. Separate storage‐discharge analyses combined with preceding winter conditions demonstrated that especially cold winters with little snow yielded springs and summers with more linear storage‐discharge relationships. We show that streamflow recession analysis reflects ongoing hydrological change of an arctic landscape as well as offering new metrics for tracking change across arctic and sub‐arctic landscapes.
Human immunodeficiency: Extragonadal comorbidities of infertility in women
Authors: Lorzadeh Nahid , Kazemirad Nastaran , Kazemirad Yasaman
Published: July 2020

Introduction

Infertility is mediated by several changes system‐wide. These changes are likely to cause other systems‐related pathologies, such as changes in systemic immune response, particularly inflammatory response can lead to cardiovascular diseases and breast cancer.

Methods

These morbidities can exist immediately or years after the diagnosis of infertility. Therefore, understanding the mechanism is important to move toward therapeutic interventions.

Results

Several extragonadal pathologies are reported due to infertility, as well as, how these might also contribute to reproductive disabilities. Detailed evidence are still not present that can give stronger result.

Conclusion

This review highlights some of the most frequent comorbidities that are seen in infertile women, hence requiring a need for complete clinical screening and care, as well as diagnosis and treatment in early stages.
Postdiagnosis weight change is associated with poorer survival in breast cancer survivors: A prospective population‐based patient cohort study
Authors: Jung Audrey Y. , Hüsing Anika , Behrens Sabine , Krzykalla Julia , Obi Nadia , Becher Heiko , Chang‐Claude Jenny
Published: July 2020

More women are surviving after breast cancer due to early detection and modern treatment strategies. Body weight also influences survival. We aimed to characterize associations between postdiagnosis weight change and prognosis in postmenopausal long‐term breast cancer survivors. We used data from a prospective population‐based patient cohort study (MARIE) conducted in two geographical regions of Germany. Breast cancer patients diagnosed 50 to 74 years of age with an incident invasive breast cancer or in situ tumor were recruited from 2002 to 2005 and followed up until June 2015. Baseline weight was ascertained at an in‐person interview at recruitment and follow‐up weight was ascertained by telephone interview in 2009. Delayed entry Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess associations between relative weight change and all‐cause mortality, breast cancer mortality, and recurrence‐free survival. In total, 2216 patients were included. Compared to weight maintenance (within 5%), weight loss >10% increased risk of all‐cause mortality (HR 2.50, 95% CI 1.61, 3.88), breast cancer mortality (HR 3.07, 95% CI 1.69, 5.60) and less so of recurrence‐free survival (HR 1.43, 95% CI 0.87, 2.36). Large weight gain of >10% also increased all‐cause mortality (HR 1.64, 95% CI 1.02, 2.62) and breast cancer mortality (HR 2.25, 95% CI 1.25, 4.04). Weight maintenance for up to 5 years in long‐term breast cancer survivors may help improve survival and prognosis. Postdiagnosis fluctuations in body weight of greater than 10% may lead to increased mortality. Survivors should be recommended to avoid large deviations in body weight from diagnosis onwards to maintain health and prolong life.
Public health insurance and cancer‐specific mortality risk among patients with breast cancer: A prospective cohort study in China
Authors: Xie Yuxin , Valdimarsdóttir Unnur A. , Wang Chengshi , Zhong XiaoRong , Gou Qiheng , Zheng Hong , Deng Ling , He Ping , Hu Kejia , Fall Katja , Fang Fang , Tamimi Rulla M. , Luo Ting , Lu Donghao
Published: July 2020

Little is known about how health insurance policies, particularly in developing countries, influence breast cancer prognosis. Here, we examined the association between individual health insurance and breast cancer‐specific mortality in China. We included 7436 women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer between 2009 and 2016, at West China Hospital, Sichuan University. The health insurance plan of patient was classified as either urban or rural schemes and was also categorized as reimbursement rate (ie, the covered/total charge) below or above the median. Breast cancer‐specific mortality was the primary outcome. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we calculated hazard ratios (HRs) for cancer‐specific mortality, contrasting rates among patients with a rural insurance scheme or low reimbursement rate to that of those with an urban insurance scheme or high reimbursement rate, respectively. During a median follow‐up of 3.1 years, we identified 326 deaths due to breast cancer. Compared to patients covered by urban insurance schemes, patients covered by rural insurance schemes had a 29% increased cancer‐specific mortality (95% CI 0%‐65%) after adjusting for demographics, tumor characteristics and treatment modes. Reimbursement rate below the median was associated with a 42% increased rate of cancer‐specific mortality (95% CI 11%‐82%). Every 10% increase in the reimbursement rate is associated with a 7% (95% CI 2%‐12%) reduction in cancer‐specific mortality risk, particularly in patients covered by rural insurance schemes (26%, 95% CI 9%‐39%). Our findings suggest that underinsured patients face a higher risk of breast cancer‐specific mortality in developing countries.
Improving the safety of induction of labor in low‐resource settings using a 20‐point toolkit
Authors: Ngene Nnabuike Chibuoke , Moodley Jagidesa
Published: July 2020

Labor induction in low‐resource settings has challenges that may be resolved by using a 20‐point toolkit.
Half a century of bacteriophage lambda recombinase: In vitro studies of lambda exonuclease and Red‐beta annealase
Authors: Brewster Jodi L. , Tolun Gökhan
Published: July 2020

DNA recombination, replication, and repair are intrinsically interconnected processes. From viruses to humans, they are ubiquitous and essential to all life on Earth. Single‐strand annealing homologous DNA recombination is a major mechanism for the repair of double‐stranded DNA breaks. An exonuclease and an annealase work in tandem, forming a complex known as a two‐component recombinase. Redβ annealase and λ‐exonuclease from phage lambda form the archetypal two‐component recombinase complex. In this short review article, we highlight some of the in vitro studies that have led to our current understanding of the lambda recombinase system. We synthesize insights from more than half a century of research, summarizing the state of our current understanding. From this foundation, we identify the gaps in our knowledge and cast an eye forward to consider what the next 50 years of research may uncover.
Pharmacokinetics of the Monoclonal Antibody MHAA4549A Administered in Combination With Oseltamivir in Patients Hospitalized With Severe Influenza A Infection
Authors: Deng Rong , She Gaohong , Maia Mauricio , Lim Jeremy J. , Peck Melicent C. , McBride Jacqueline M. , Kulkarni Priya , Horn Priscilla , Castro Aide , Newton Elizabeth , Tavel Jorge A. , Hanley William D.
Published: July 2020

MHAA4549A is a human anti‐influenza A monoclonal antibody developed to treat influenza A. We report MHAA4549A serum, nasopharyngeal, and tracheal aspirate pharmacokinetics from a phase 2b study in hospitalized patients with severe influenza A. Patients were randomized 1:1:1 into 3 groups receiving single intravenous doses of 3600 mg (n = 55) or 8400 mg (n = 47) MHAA4549A or placebo (n = 56). Patients also received oral oseltamivir twice daily for ≥5 days. Serum, nasopharyngeal, and tracheal aspirate pharmacokinetic samples were collected on days 1‐60 from MHAA4549A‐treated groups. Day 5 plasma samples from all groups were collected for assessing the pharmacokinetics of oseltamivir and its active metabolite, oseltamivir carboxylate. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using Phoenix WinNonlin. Data were collected during a preplanned interim analysis that became final when the trial terminated because of a lack of efficacy. Serum MHAA4549A concentrations were dose‐proportional and biphasic. Mean MHAA4549A clearance was 288‐350 mL/day, and mean half‐life was 17.8‐19.0 days. Nasopharyngeal MHAA4549A concentrations were non‐dose‐proportional. We detected MHAA4549A in tracheal aspirate samples, but intersubject variability was high. MHAA4549A serum and nasopharyngeal exposures were confirmed in all MHAA4549A‐treated patients. Serum MHAA4549A had faster clearance and a shorter half‐life in influenza A‐infected patients compared with healthy subjects. MHAA4549A detection in tracheal aspirate samples indicated exposure in the lower respiratory tract. Oseltamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate exposures were similar between MHAA4549A‐treated and placebo groups, suggesting a lack of MHAA4549A interference with oseltamivir pharmacokinetics.
Closed depressions and soil phosphorus influence subsurface phosphorus losses in a tile‐drained field in Illinois
Authors: Andino Luis F. , Gentry Lowell E. , Fraterrigo Jennifer M.
Published: July 2020

Artificial subsurface (tile) drainage systems can convey phosphorus (P) from agricultural fields to surface waters; however, controls of subsurface dissolved reactive P (DRP) losses at the sub‐field scale are not fully understood. We characterized subsurface DRP loads and flow‐weighted mean concentration (FWMC) from January 2015 through September 2017 to determine seasonal (growing vs. non‐growing) patterns from 36 individually monitored plots across a farm under a corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation in east‐central Illinois. Using linear mixed models, we investigated the effects of soil test P (STP), depression depth, and their interaction with precipitation and P fertilization on subsurface DRP losses. Dissolved reactive P loads in drainage tiles increased with precipitation and were greatest during the non‐growing season (NGS) in 2016 and 2017. Annual subsurface DRP loads were positively related to STP, and during the NGS, there was a positive relationship between depression depth quantified at the plot‐scale and subsurface DRP loads and FWMC. Along a depression‐depth gradient, piecewise regression displayed a threshold at a depth of 0.38 m at which STP increased, indicating soil P accumulation in deeper closed depressions. Our study highlights the need to identify areas with the greatest risk of subsurface P losses to implement sub‐field scale nutrient management practices.
Plasma thymus and activation‐regulated chemokine (TARC) as diagnostic marker in pediatric Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Zijtregtop Eline A. M. , Meyer‐Wentrup Friederike , Wong Wai‐Chu , Hoogendijk Raoull , Lopez‐Yurda Marta , Zwaan Christian M. , Beishuizen Auke
Published: July 2020

Pediatric classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL) is characterized by Hodgkin Reed‐Sternberg cells located in an inflammatory microenvironment. Blood biomarkers result from active crosstalk between these cells. One promising biomarker in adult cHL patients is “thymus‐and‐activation‐regulated chemokine” (TARC). The objectives of this study were to define normal TARC values in non‐cHL children and to investigate and correlate pretherapy TARC as diagnostic marker in pediatric cHL. In this multicenter prospective study, plasma and serum samples were collected of newly diagnosed cHL patients before start of treatment (n = 49), and from randomly selected non‐cHL patients (n = 81). TARC levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The non‐cHL patients had a median plasma TARC value of 71 pg/mL (range: 18‐762), compared to 14 619 pg/mL (range: 380‐73 174) in cHL patients (P < .001). TARC values had a high discriminatory power (AUC = .999; 95% confidence interval, .998‐1). A TARC cutoff level of 942 pg/mL maximized the sum of sensitivity (97.9%) and specificity (100%). TARC plasma levels were associated with age, treatment level, bulky disease, B‐symptoms, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. TARC was found to be a highly specific and sensitive diagnostic marker for pediatric cHL. This noninvasive marker could be of great value as screening test in the work‐up for pediatric patients with lymphadenopathy.
Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of some new heterocycles incorporating cyclohepta[b]thiophene‐3‐carboxamide derivatives
Authors: Gouda Moustafa A. , Al‐Ghorbani Mohammed , Al‐Zaqri Nabil
Published: July 2020

A series of 2‐amino‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐4H‐cyclohepta[b]thiophene‐3‐carboxamide‐heterocyclic hybrids were synthesized, characterized and their cytotoxic potencies were assessed on four human cell lines. Cyanoacetamide derivative (5) was used as the key synthetic intermediate for the synthesis many derivatives in this study, derivatives 9, 11, 12 were formed by coupled compound 5 with different aryl/heteryl diazonium chlorides, Gewald reaction and Knoevenagel condensation were used for synthesis derivatives 13, 14, 16 by treated cyanoacetamide (5) with different reagents. In another route, compound 5 treated with phenyl isothiocyanate give thiocarbamoyl derivative (7) which used as intermediate underwent oxidative cyclization with different moieties to offer the corresponding thiazoles and thiophene 18, 19, 20, 21, respectively. in vitro cytotoxic activity of prepared compounds were tested against four human tumor cell lines. The result revealed that compound 11a displayed promising cytotoxic activity against HepG2, HCT‐116, MCF‐7, and PC3 cancer cell lines comparing to the positive control (Doxorubicin).
Examining the Use of Digital Storytelling and Immersion in a Multicultural Counseling Course
Authors: Parikh‐Foxx Sejal , Grimmet Marc , Dameron Merry Leigh
Published: July 2020

This article explored the use of digital storytelling as a method to support multicultural counseling competency. Thematic analysis examined the experiences of 9 students who created a digital story through an immersion activity in a multicultural counseling course. Qualitative data revealed 4 themes: (a) initial discomfort with technology, (b) initial reservations with group work, (c) digital storytelling as a learning tool, and (d) multicultural counseling competency. Recommendations for counselor education and future research are provided.

Este artículo exploró el uso de la narrativa digital como método para apoyar la competencia en consejería multicultural. Un análisis temático examinó las experiencias de 9 estudiantes que crearon una historia digital mediante una actividad de inmersión en un curso de consejería multicultural. Los datos cualitativos revelaron 4 temas: (a) una carencia inicial de familiaridad con la tecnología, (b) reservas iniciales en cuanto al trabajo en equipo, (c) la narrativa digital como herramienta de aprendizaje y (d) la competencia en consejería multicultural. Se ofrecen recomendaciones para la educación de consejeros e investigaciones futuras.
Capitalizing on Diversity in Counselor Education: An Application of the Interaction for Learning Framework
Authors: Chun Jina , Connor Annemarie , Alsaman Marwa , Urkmez Bilal , Kosciulek John F.
Published: July 2020

This article presents a systematic, pedagogical approach to infusing multicultural interaction across curricula using the interaction for learning framework (ILF; Arkoudis et al., 2013) as a tool for exploring bias and, ultimately, promoting multicultural competence in counselor education programs. The authors provide educators with a description of the course curricula, instructional methods, student learning outcomes, and challenges from application of the ILF in a master's‐level assessment course in rehabilitation counseling.

Este artículo presenta un enfoque pedagógico sistemático en la inclusión de interacciones multiculturales en múltiples planes de estudios usando el marco de interacción para el aprendizaje (ILF por sus siglas en inglés; Arkoudis et al., 2013) como herramienta para explorar sesgos y, a largo plazo, promover la competencia multicultural en los programas de educación de consejeros. Los autores proporcionan a los educadores una descripción de los planes de estudios, métodos didácticos, resultados del aprendizaje de los alumnos y retos derivados de la aplicación del ILF en un curso de evaluación de nivel máster en consejería en rehabilitación.
Evaluation of temperature, excipients impact on the primary structure of Ganirelix in an injectable formulation, and comparison with Orgalutran® using MALDI‐TOF/TOF‐MS
Authors: Ummiti Kumarswamy , Kumar J.V. Shanmukha
Published: July 2020

Ganirelix is a linear polypeptide consisting of covalently bonded 10 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence in a peptide determines the properties of the molecule. The slightest change in the primary structure (amino acid sequence) of therapeutic peptides can significantly impact its safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity. Hence, the primary structure analysis of therapeutic peptides is regarded as a critical quality attribute (CQA). A vast array of analytical techniques can be used to capture the primary structure of the peptide. In this study, we applied matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)/tandem time of flight mass spectroscopic (TOF/TOF MS) method to demonstrate the primary structure of Ganirelix in an injectable formulation. The apparent monoisotopic molecular mass of Ganirelix is 1,568.9 Da. The attained primary amino acid sequence of Ganirelix in temperature‐stressed generic product matched with the theoretical sequence and showed homology with those of the reference listed drug (RLD).
An improved sealed quartz‐tube method for the determination of hydrogen isotopes in water
Authors: Li Hongwei , Feng Lianjun
Published: July 2020

Hydrogen stable isotope analysis has been a valuable tool in the fields of geochemistry and ecological research as well as many other research fields. The methods are mainly divided into the dual‐inlet method (off‐line method) and continuous flow method. The dual‐inlet method is complicated and inefficient, but it is still important because of its high precision and wide application range. Although the continuous flow method improves the experimental efficiency, the memory effect is noticeable and the accuracy is reduced.

An improved sealed quartz‐tube method is proposed in this paper. The sample is sealed in a capillary tube and placed in a quartz tube containing chromium powder. It is then packaged, evacuated, reacted at a high temperature, and analyzed for hydrogen isotope ratio. Excellent data accuracy, good reproducibility (<1‰), and no memory effect occurred in the method. The process is relatively simple, and the experimental efficiency is greatly improved, which provides an effective method for the analysis of hydrogen isotopes in complex liquid samples.
Investigation of space charge effects and ion trapping capacity on direct introduction ultra‐high‐resolution mass spectrometry workflows for metabolomics
Authors: Hohenester Ulli M. , Barbier Saint‐Hilaire Pierre , Fenaille François , Cole Richard B.
Published: July 2020

Ultra‐high‐resolution mass spectrometry, in the absence of chromatography, is finding its place for direct analyses of highly complex mixtures, such as those encountered during untargeted metabolomics screening. Advances, however, have been tempered by difficulties such as uneven signal suppression experienced during electrospray ionization. Moreover, ultra‐high‐resolution mass spectrometers that use Orbitrap and ICR analyzers both suffer from limited ion trapping capacities, owing principally to space‐charge effects. This study has evaluated and contrasted the above two types of Fourier transform mass spectrometers for their abilities to detect and identify by accurate mass measurement, small molecule metabolites present in complex mixtures. For these direct introduction studies, the Orbitrap Fusion showed a major advantage in terms of speed of analysis, enabling detection of 218 of 440 molecules (<2 ppm error, 500 000 resolution at m/z 200) present in a complex mixture in 5 min. This approach is the most viable for high‐throughput workflows, such as those used in investigations involving very large cohorts of metabolomics samples. From the same mixture, 183 unique molecules were observed by FT‐ICR in the broadband mode, but this number was raised to 235 when “selected ion monitoring‐stitching” (SIM‐stitching) was employed (<0.1 ppm error, 7 T magnet with dynamic harmonization cell, 1.8 million resolution at m/z 200, both cases). SIM‐stitching FT‐ICR thus offered the most complete detection, which may be of paramount importance in situations where it is essential to obtain the most complete metabolic profile possible. This added completeness, however, came at the cost of a more lengthy analysis time (120 min including manual treatment). Compared to the data presented here, future automation of processing, plus the use of absorption mode detection, segmented ion detection (stepwise detection of smaller width m/z sections), and higher magnetic field strengths, can substantially reduce FT‐ICR acquisition times.
Deep throat saliva as an alternative diagnostic specimen type for the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Leung Eddie Chi‐man , Chow Viola Chi‐ying , Lee May Kin‐ping , Lai Raymond Wai‐man
Published: July 2020

Nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) are widely accepted as specimens for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) in the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019. However, the collection procedures for NPS specimens causes sneezing and coughing in most patients, which generate droplets or aerosol particles that are hazardous to the healthcare workers collecting these specimens. In this study, 95 patient‐matched paired deep throat saliva (DTS) and NPS specimens from 62 patients were analyzed. Samples were tested for SARS‐CoV‐2 by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). The rates of detection for DTS (53.7%) and NPS (47.4%) samples were comparable (P = .13). It is important to note that the patients should be clearly instructed or supervised during DTS collection. In conclusion, SARS‐CoV‐2 detection by RT‐PCR was equivalent in DTS and NPS specimens.
Evaluation of sex‐related hormones and semen characteristics in reproductive‐aged male COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Ma Ling , Xie Wen , Li Danyang , Shi Lei , Ye Guangming , Mao Yanhong , Xiong Yao , Sun Hui , Zheng Fang , Chen Zhimin , Qin Jyuling , Lyu Jing , Zhang Yuanzhen , Zhang Ming
Published: July 2020

In the past several months, the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)‐associated infection (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID‐19]) developed rapidly and has turned into a global pandemic. Although SARS‐CoV‐2 mainly attacks respiratory systems, manifestations of multiple organs have been observed. A great concern was raised about whether COVID‐19 may affect male reproductive functions. In this study, we collected semen specimens from 12 male COVID‐19 patients for virus detection and semen characteristics analysis. No SARS‐CoV‐2 was found in semen specimens. Eight out of 12 patients had normal semen quality. We also compared the sex‐related hormone levels between 119 reproductive‐aged men with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and 273 age‐matched control men. A higher serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and a lower ratio of testosterone (T) to LH were observed in the COVID‐19 group. Multiple regression analysis indicated that serum T: LH ratio was negatively associated with white blood cell counts and C‐reactive protein levels in COVID‐19 patients. It's the first report about semen assessment and sex‐hormone evaluation in reproductive‐aged male COVID‐19 patients. Although further study is needed to clarify the reasons and underlying mechanisms, our study presents an abnormal sex hormone secretion among COVID‐19 patients, suggesting that attention should be paid to reproductive function evaluation in the follow‐up.