bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
D 1069 - 58 Standard Methods of Test for Suspended and Dissolved Matter (Suspended and Dissolved Solids) in Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These methods describe procedures for the determination of suspended and dissolved matter in industrial water of all types, including industrial waste water. They may be applied for the determination and differentiation of total, suspended, dissolved, ignited, and volatile matter, including solids and nonaqueous liquids which are settleable, nonsettleable, or floating. The methods are not intended for the determination of materials normally classified as “oily matter,” such as vegetable oils, animal oils, and petroleum oils that are volatile at the boiling point of water or extractable with organic solvents. (b) These methods are divided according to specific application as follows:
D 1125 - 59 T Tentative Methods of Test for Electrical Conductivity of Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

These methods cover the measurement of the electrical conductivity of industrial water and industrial waste water. These methods are applicable for such purposes as the detection of ionized impurities dissolved in condensed steam, the approximate determination of dissolved electrolytes in natural and treated waters, such as boiler feedwater, boiler water, evaporator salines, and cooling water. The following methods are included:
D 1126 - 60 Standard Methods of Test for Hardness in Industrial Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These methods cover the determination of hardness in industrial water. The following two methods are included: (b) The referee method is the most dependable for industrial water of unknown composition. The non-referee method is simpler but less accurate in the presence of interferences. When interferences do not exceed the specified limits in concentration, the non-referee method is as accurate as the referee method.
D 1128 - 60 Standard Method for Identification of Types of Microorganisms and Microscopic Matter in Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers the identification by microscopic examination of bacterial cells, mold filaments, algae,protozoa and other small animals, and such particles of inert material as may be found in industrial water and industrial waste water.
D 1141 - 52 Standard Specifications for Substitute Ocean Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These specifications cover the preparation of solutions containing inorganic salts in proportions and concentrations representative of ocean water. Note 1.—Since the concentration of ocean water varies with sampling location, the gross concentration employed herein is an average of many reliable individual analyses. Trace elements, occurring naturally in concentrations below 0.005 ppm., are not included. (b) These specifications provide three stock solutions, each relatively concentrated but stable in storage. For preparation of substitute ocean water, aliquots of the first two stock solutions, with added salt, are combined in larger volume. An added refinement in adjustment of heavy-metal concentration is provided by the addition of a small aliquot of the third stock solution to the previous solution.
D 1178 - 60 Standard Method of Test for Chloroform-Extractable Matter in Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) This method covers the separation of chloroform-extractable matter from industrial water and industrial waste water, and the gravimetric determination of that portion of the extract which is not lost upon evaporation of the chloroform. This residue may contain one or more members of several classes of compounds, among which are heavy-oils and fats, trace amounts of phenols, rubber and certain resins, asphaltenes and carbenes, and decomposition products of tannin. (b) This method is applicable to the determination of heavy oils in industrial water and industrial waste water. It is not intended to determine materials that volatilize under the conditions of test nor to determine specific oils, greases, and organic compounds. When such information is desired, the residue obtained by this method may be subjected to further extraction with specific solvents agreed upon by the interested parties. Note 1.—The Joint Committee on Uniformity of Methods of Water Examination has concluded that uniformity of methods for the determination of grease and oily matter is not practical on the basis of present technical knowledge. Commonly used solvents are hexane, petroleum ether, benzene, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride. These solvents exert selective extraction of specific greases and oily constituents. In addition, nonoily materials, such as phenolic type material and colloidal sulfur, are selectively extracted to varying degrees by these solvents. The selectivity of extraction is affected by the sample-to-solvent ratio. Oily matter and grease may be of mineral, animal, or vegetable origin. The solvent action exerted on material of such different chemical structure will vary to a marked degree. Thus, application of a test method for oily matter or grease to such materials will necessarily produce a variety of results depending on the solvent used. In one case, a solvent may be an excellent extractant of mineral oil and a poor extractant of vegetable oil. In another case, a second solvent may be a poor extractant for mineral oil but excellent for extracting vegetable oil. The definition of grease and oily matter by necessity is based on the procedure used because of the above considerations. The source of the grease or oily matter, the solvent used, the sample-to-solvent ratio, the pH of the sample, and the inclusion of nonoily matter will dictate the material determined and influence the interpretation of the results obtained.
D 1179 - 58 Standard Methods of Test for Fluoride Ion in Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These methods cover the determination of fluoride ion in industrial water and industrial waste water. Three methods are given as follows: (b) The Referee Method covers the accurate measurement of fluoride ion in water through isolation of the fluoride by distillation. The Non-Referee Methods provide more convenient and faster means of determining fluoride ion when interfering substances are not present or when they are within tolerable limits.
D 1245 - 55 Standard Method for Examination of Water-Formed Deposits by Chemical Microscopy
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) This method describes a procedure for the examination of water-formed deposits by means of chemical microscopy. The procedures of chemical microscopy are applicable to all water-formed deposits. They are much less time consuming than chemical macroanalysis, and, when they can be supplemented by optical data, sufficient information may be obtained to make complete chemical analysis unnecessary. The sample required is small. The method can be applied in cases where there is not sufficient sample available for a macroanalysis. (b) The petrographic procedure which is a part of this method is limited to deposits that are composed of individual particles or crystals having a diameter of at least 10 µ, unless the particles have a characteristic form, cleavage, or highly specific identifying optical properties.
D 1256 - 59 T Tentative Scheme for Analysis of Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) This is a systematic scheme for the examination of industrial water and industrial waste water. The order of application of methods for chemical and physical measurements permits the determination of existing constituents and properties in logical sequence. (b) This scheme is intended to aid the water analyst in choosing an analytical course that he can follow to determine one or all of the constituents or properties of industrial water. The outline indicates by general groupings of water constituents and properties the general procedures that must be followed in obtaining the sample, depending upon the information desired. By further sub-grouping it also indicates what general precautions must be observed in preserving the character of the sample with respect to the desired analysis. (c) There are four schematic outlines. The first (Fig. 1) shows the general schematic relationship of the principal groups of samples. The remaining three (Tables I to III) list the constituents and properties that can be determined on each group of samples. (d) The constituents or properties in each group appear in alphabetical order, where possible. Where a simple, acceptable test for a given constituent or property is desirable in providing information useful in subsequent analyses to be performed on a sample, it is indicated by an asterisk. For example, a colorimetric silica determination would indicate the volume of sample that would contain silicon compounds equivalent to at least 10 mg of SiO2, as specified in the referee method for SiO2 in the Methods of Test for Silica in Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water (ASTM Designation: D 859). Completion of such a simple preliminary test would save considerable time. (e) Each constituent or property of a sample group that is listed without indentation from the margin (see Tables I to III) indicates that a separate portion is required for the analysis for that particular constituent. Where an analytical scheme is possible or desirable, and one or more constituents may be determined on a single sample by a scheme of successive analyses of filtrates or aliquots, the constituents determined in the scheme are indented in reference to the appropriate preceding constituent.
D 1293 - 58 Standard Method of Test for pH of Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers the procedure for the electrometric measurement of pH of industrial water and industrial waste water by means of the glass electrode, and is intended for control and routine use.
D 1341 - 57 Standard Method for Determination of Thickness of Internal Deposits on Tubular Heat Exchange Surfaces
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers a procedure for the determination of deposit thickness on the inside surface of tubes, conduits, and tubular ducts constructed of magnetic material. It is intended primarily for the nondestructive examination of boiler tubes.
D 1345 - 59 Standard Method of Test for Evaluating Acute Toxicity of Industrial Waste Water to Fresh-Water Fishes
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) This bio-assay procedure is intended as a non-referee batch method (Note 1) for evaluating acute toxicity of wastes and of other water pollutants to fresh-water fishes. The test provides information on the relative acute toxicity (Note 2) of the substance tested under prescribed experimental conditions. Note 1.—Tests may be performed using a standard reference water and reference chemicals (Section 6, Paragraphs (b) and (c)). The reference water is recommended for obtaining basic comparative research data. Test chemicals are recommended for standardizing the lot of fish under test. Note 2.—Chronic or cumulative toxicity can interfere seriously with the growth and reproduction of organisms and may eventually cause death. This method detects only acute toxicity. (b) The test is applicable to industrial waste water and to the determination of the toxicity of pure chemical compounds in water solution. Wastes having volatile or readily oxidizable constitutents (Note 3) and excessive biochemical or other oxygen demand (Note 4) may also be tested by this method. Note 3.—The concentration of highly volatile and unstable toxicants may decline throughout the test. In the case of highly volatile toxicants, it may be possible to obtain more reliable data by substituting initial oxygenation of the diluent in place of the standard controlled artificial oxygenation procedure. In the case of readily oxidizable constituents, it may be advisable to use test solution renewal techniques. Note 4.—A distinction is made between death due to deficiency of dissolved oxygen in polluted water and death due to toxicity. In order to detect and evaluate the direct lethality of test material, it is necessary to maintain adequate dissolved oxygen concentrations during toxicity tests. (c) The results of the test data are reported in terms of median tolerance limits (Section 2(b)). The critical concentration range may be reported, also, as supplementary information (Section 2(c)). (d) The test data is applicable for use as a guide in estimating “safe concentrations” of the discharge of industrial wastes (see Appendix III).
D 1385 - 58 T Tentative Method of Test for Hydrazine in Industrial Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers the colorimetric determination of hydrazine in industrial water.
D 1427 - 58 Standard Methods of Test for Residual Chlorine in Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These methods cover non-referee procedures for the determination of residual chlorine in industrial waste water. A referee method and two non-referee methods for the determination of residual chlorine in industrial water other than that containing waste are given in the Methods of Test for Residual Chlorine in Industrial Water (ASTM Designation: D 1253). Provision is made in these methods for the determination of total chlorine and free available chlorine. Provision is also made for the determination of the total chlorine in the presence of most of the interfering constituents found in industrial waste water, either through choice of the method employed or by a modification of the same. Two methods are given, as follows: (b) Both methods are applicable to the determination of total chlorine in industrial waste water. Only non-referee method B is applicable to the determination of free available chlorine in industrial waste water. (c) The type of residual chlorine to be determined depends on the objective of chlorination. When a free chlorine residual is not required, a determination of the total chlorine normally suffices regardless of the composition of the chlorine residual. (d) Modifications of these methods are provided to eliminate one or more interferences present either initially in the industrial waste water or present subsequent to chlorination. The methods are most dependable when used with industrial waste water of known composition.
D 1428 - 56 T Tentative Methods of Test for Sodium and Potassium Ions in Industrial Water and Water-Formed Deposits by Flame Photometry
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These methods cover the determination of sodium and potassium ions in industrial water and water-formed deposits, using both direct-measuring and internal-standard type flame photometers. A procedure for each type is included in these methods. The direct-intensity method is used for both types of instrument in the analysis of water of high purity. Three methods are given, as follows: (b) Non-instrumental methods for sodium and potassium ions in industrial water are given in the Methods of Test for Sodium and Potassium in Industrial Water (ASTM Designation: D 1127).
D 1498 - 59 Standard Method of Test for Oxidation-Reduction Potential of Industrial Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method describes the apparatus and procedure for the electrometric measurement of oxidation-reduction potentials of industrial water. It does not deal with the manner in which the solutions are prepared, the theoretical interpretation of the oxidation-reduction potential, or the establishment of a standard oxidation-reduction potential for any given system. It is applicable to all types of industrial water at temperatures below 38 C. It is particularly valuable where oxidation or reduction are pertinent properties, as in chlorinated waters.
D 1588 - 60 Standard Methods of Test for Dissolved and Gaseous Hydrogen in Industrial Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These methods cover procedures for collection and measurement of dissolved and gaseous hydrogen in industrial water. Two methods are given, as follows: (c) The referee method entails the separation of hydrogen and its measurement by thermal conductivity. The non-referee method entails the separation of hydrogen and its measurement volumetrically.
D 1589 - 60 Standard Methods of Test for Dissolved Oxygen in Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These methods describe procedures for the determination of dissolved oxygen in industrial waste water in the presence of certain interfering substances. Common interfering substances which may occur in such water are nitrites, ferrous iron, organic material, sulfites, or other oxidizing or reducing substances. Provisions incorporated in this method will, in most cases, lessen the interference of such substances in the determination of dissolved oxygen. Four methods are given, as follows: (b) Selection of the method to use for the dissolved oxygen determination will be determined by the nature of the sample and the type or types of interferences present. (1) The Alsterberg (azide) method is the most effective method for removing interference caused by nitrites. Nitrites are the most common interferences found in surface waters. This method can also be used in the absence of other interfering substances. (2) The Rideal-Stewart (permanganate) method is used only in the presence of ferrous iron and not in the presence of organic matter. (3) The Pomeroy-Kirshman-Alsterberg method is used for waters supersaturated with oxygen or those having a high organic content. (4) The polarographic method is suggested for certain industrial wastes, particularly where sulfites are present. This method is in an early stage of development and is provisionally recommended only for wastes after dilution with natural water by a factor of 4 to 100.
D 1590 - 60 Standard Method of Test for Surface Tension of Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) This method covers the procedure for quantitative measurement of the surface tension of industrial water and industrial waste water. The method is based on instrumental measurement by the ring method and offers the most precise and accurate determination. (b) This test is not intended to show any direct relationship between surface tension and concentration of surface-active agents.
D 1688 - 59 T Tentative Method of Test for Copper in High-Purity Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

This method covers the determination of copper in high-purity industrial water, boiler water, and steam condensate. It is specifically applicable to concentrations of copper from 2 to 1000 ppb.
D 1690 - 59 T Tentative Method for Measurement of Gamma Radioactivity of Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) This method covers the measurement of gamma radioactivity of industrial water and industrial waste water. It is applicable to gamma emitters in the energy range above 0.1 Mev and in the concentration range of 10−2to10−5 microcuries per milliliter of radioactively homogeneous water. (b) The method can be used for either absolute or relative determinations. In tracer work, the results may be expressed by comparison with an initial concentration which is taken as 100 per cent. For radioassay it may be expressed in terms of a known isotopic standard if the radionuclides concerned are known or it may be expressed arbitrarily in terms of some other standard such as cesium-137. General information on radioactivity and measurement of radiation has been published.
D 1691 - 59 T Tentative Method of Test for Zinc in Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) This method covers the colorimetric determination of zinc in industrial water and industrial waste water. Interferences from many metals are eliminated or minimized in this method. (b) A large portion of precipitated or suspended zinc is dissolved and measured in the test when a shaken sample is analyzed. Total zinc will be determined if insoluble zinc compounds are solubilized by acid treatment as given in Note 2. Dissolved zinc is determined on a filtered sample.
D 1783 - 60 T Tentative Methods of Test for Phenolic Compounds in Industrial Water and Industrial Waste Water
Authors: Committee D-19
Published: September 2009

(a) These methods cover preparation of the sample and determination of the concentration of phenolic compounds in industrial water and industrial waste water. Phenolic compounds with a substituent in the para position usually do not produce color with 4-aminoantipyrine. However, para substituents of the phenol such as a carboxyl, halogen, hydroxyl, methoxyl or sulfonic acid group, are expelled. Such phenolic compounds produce color with 4-aminoantipyrine. (b) The methods are divided according to specific application as follows:
E70 - 52T Tentative Method for Determination of pH of Aqueous Solutions with the Glass Electrode
Authors: Committee E-1
Published: September 2009

This method covers the definition of pH and the apparatus and procedure for the electrometric measurement of pH values of aqueous solutions or extracts with the glass electrode. It does not deal with the manner in which the solutions or extracts are prepared.
Towards Realizing the Health-Related Millennium Development Goals for Migrants from Burma in Thailand
Authors: Ditton Mary J. , Lehane Leigh
Published: September 2009

Ethical issues in health-related research on politically oppressed migrant populations differ in significant ways from community health research in other contexts. The United Nations has set goals for such research. The health-related Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) were investigated in communities (“clusters”) of migrants from Burma living in villages in the Sangkhlaburi District of Thailand, adjacent to the Thai-Burma border. Hunger was experienced regularly in 70% of the households, and 26% of children under 5 years were underweight. Malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS were prevalent. Few households took part in family planning, and there were many large families and disabled children. The health of the migrant populations was compromised by poverty, social exclusion, and under- or unemployment. Stakeholders in discussion groups concurred with the authors that tuberculosis detection and treatment and food production activities were important issues to address in developing projects to improve migrant health. This case study illustrates how the MDGs can be operationally defined.
Parents' Online Portrayals of Pediatric Treatment and Research Options
Authors: Schaffer Rebecca , Henderson Gail E. , Churchill Larry R. , King Nancy M. P. , Rothschild Barbra B. , Lohser Sara , Davis Arlene M.
Published: September 2009

Parents of seriously ill children face difficult decisions when standard therapies are limited or ineffective. In their search for information, they may turn to websites created by other parents facing similar experiences. We conducted a qualitative content analysis of 21 websites created by families with children affected by cancer or genetic disease, two serious conditions with a range of treatment and clinical trial options. Our research questions address how parent authors portray serious pediatric illness, available options, parties to decision making, and sources of influence. In addition, we examine what these sites reveal about family vulnerability to various risks, particularly the risk of misunderstanding the distinction between standard treatment and research and the risk of overestimating the likely benefits of research participation, as well as whether vulnerability varies by type of condition. Our results demonstrate typically favorable views on research, but with inadequate distinctions between research and treatment and a complex set of trade-offs in consideration of research risks and potential benefits. While portraits of vulnerability emerge for both parents and children, so do portraits of strength and resilience. As a result, parents describe frustration with both under- and over-protection from research participation. Our discussion of these findings clarifies the potential for parent-authored websites to inform and influence families considering research and treatment options for their seriously ill children.
Benefits and Burdens of Participation in a Longitudinal Clinical Trial
Authors: Lazovski Jaime , Losso Marcelo , Krohmal Benjamin , Emanuel Ezekiel J. , Grady Christine , Wendler David
Published: September 2009

Systematic data on the impact that longitudinal clinical trials have on patient participants are needed to ensure that all the risks and potential benefits of participating in clinical research are properly evaluated and disclosed. Recognizing the lack of systematic data on this topic, we surveyed 582 individuals from Argentina, Brazil, and Thailand who were participating in the ESPRIT study, a Phase III randomized trial of interleukin-2 in HIV disease. Respondents were asked about the benefits and burdens of participating in ESPRIT using a self-administered survey. We found that 91% of respondents in the IL-2 treatment arm and 79% in the no IL-2 control arm reported medical benefits from their participation. In addition, 68% in the IL-2 treatment arm and 60% of the no IL-2 controls reported non-medical benefits. Thirteen percent of the IL-2 respondents and 5% of the non-IL2 respondents reported problems with their jobs due to study participation. Given that respondents, including those in the control arm, reported medical and non-medical benefits and burdens from their research participation, investigators and review committees should be aware of and respond to the potential for research participants to experience benefits and burdens that are unrelated to the intervention being tested.
Revisiting the Branch Davidian Mass Suicide Debate
Authors: Wright Stuart A.
Published: September 2009

This paper revisits the controversy, recently revived by British religious studies scholar, Kenneth C. G. Newport, that the Branch Davidians had a theological rationale for mass suicide and likely set fire to their own home. Newport couples the theological argument with assertions of "unassailable evidence" regarding the government's reports as if no alternative explanation is plausible. The paper challenges Newport's claim to the "unassailable evidence" found in government reports. Despite his largely uncritical acceptance of the official version of events, the reliability of the government's case is hampered in a number of ways. These include, among other things: false or misleading statements by federal officials; lost, mishandled, and/or concealed evidence; an independent arson report that challenges the government's conclusions; the suppression of evidence through extensive redaction and the use of procedural rulings; and exclusion of evidence in the federal civil trial. I also contend that the tragic dénouement at Waco has to be viewed in the cultural context in which it emerged. Waco came to symbolize a deep political divide during a period of growing fears about "big government" and broad swaths of antigovernment sentiment, and, as such, served as a proxy for culture war battles in the early-to-mid 1990s. When examined against the backdrop of these disturbing machinations and conditions, the evidence supporting mass suicide at Mount Carmel is hardly unassailable.
The Sheltered Genetic Load Linked to the S Locus in Plants: New Insights From Theoretical and Empirical Approaches in Sporophytic Self-Incompatibility
Authors: Llaurens Violaine , Gonthier Lucy , Billiard Sylvain
Published: September 2009

Inbreeding depression and mating systems evolution are closely linked, because the purging of deleterious mutations and the fitness of individuals may depend on outcrossing vs. selfing rates. Further, the accumulation of deleterious mutations may vary among genomic regions, especially for genes closely linked to loci under balancing selection. Sporophytic self-incompatibility (SSI) is a common genetic mechanism in angiosperm that enables hermaphrodite plants to avoid selfing and promote outcrossing. The SSI phenotype is determined by the S locus and may depend on dominance relationships among alleles. Since most individuals are heterozygous at the S locus and recombination is suppressed in the S-locus region, it has been suggested that deleterious mutations could accumulate at genes linked to the S locus, generating a “sheltered load.” In this article, we first theoretically investigate the conditions generating sheltered load in SSI. We show that deleterious mutations can accumulate in linkage with specific S alleles, and particularly if those S alleles are dominant. Second, we looked for the presence of sheltered load in Arabidopsis halleri using CO2 gas treatment to overcome self-incompatibility. By examining the segregation of S alleles and measuring the relative fitness of progeny, we found significant sheltered load associated with the most dominant S allele (S15) of three S alleles tested. This sheltered load seems to be expressed at several stages of the life cycle and to have a larger effect than genomic inbreeding depression.
TEN1Is Essential forCDC13-Mediated Telomere Capping
Authors: Xu Ling , Petreaca Ruben C , Gasparyan Hovik J , Vu Stephanie , Nugent Constance I
Published: September 2009

Telomere binding proteins protect chromosome ends from degradation and mask chromosome termini from checkpoint surveillance. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cdc13 binds single-stranded G-rich telomere repeats, maintaining telomere integrity and length. Two additional proteins, Ten1 and Stn1, interact with Cdc13 but their contributions to telomere integrity are not well defined. Ten1 is known to prevent accumulation of aberrant single-stranded telomere DNA; whether this results from defective end protection or defective telomere replication is unclear. Here we report our analysis of a new group of ten1 temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants. At permissive temperatures, ten1-ts strains display greatly elongated telomeres. After shift to nonpermissive conditions, however, ten1-ts mutants accumulate extensive telomeric single-stranded DNA. Cdk1 activity is required to generate these single-stranded regions, and deleting the EXO1 nuclease partially suppresses ten1-ts growth defects. This is similar to cdc13-1 mutants, suggesting ten1-ts strains are defective for end protection. Moreover, like Cdc13, our analysis reveals Ten1 promotes de novo telomere addition. Interestingly, in ten1-ts strains at high temperatures, telomeric single-stranded DNA and Rad52-YFP repair foci are strongly induced despite Cdc13 remaining associated with telomeres, revealing Cdc13 telomere binding is not sufficient for end protection. Finally, unlike cdc13-1 mutants, ten1-ts strains display strong synthetic interactions with mutations in the POLα complex. These results emphasize that Cdc13 relies on Ten1 to execute its essential function, but leave open the possibility that Ten1 has a Cdc13-independent role in DNA replication.
Impact of Changes in Serum Sodium Levels on 2-Year Neurologic Outcomes for Very Preterm Neonates
Authors: Baraton Louis , Ancel Pierre Yves , Flamant Cyril , Orsonneau Jean Luc , Darmaun Dominique , Rozé Jean Christophe
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to analyze the relationship between changes in serum sodium levels during the first month of life and impaired functional outcomes at 2 years of age for very preterm infants.

METHODS: All very preterm infants who were born at <33 weeks of gestation between January 1, 2003, and July 31, 2004, were hospitalized in the NICU, and survived to discharge were included in this study. Changes in serum sodium levels were measured, and infants were evaluated at corrected age of 2 years.

RESULTS: The analysis involved 237 patients, for whom 3927 serum sodium determinations were performed during the first month of life. We defined 3 tertiles of changes in serum sodium levels. A total of 84 infants demonstrated small changes in serum sodium levels (<8 mEq/L), 86 demonstrated large changes (8–13 mEq/L), and 67 demonstrated very large changes (>13 mEq/L). The reference group was represented by the first tertile. At 2 years of age, large and very large changes in serum sodium levels were significantly associated with risk of impaired functional outcomes, after adjustment for gestational age and perinatal and neonatal hospitalization characteristics (large changes: odds ratio: 3.5 [95% confidence interval: 1.1–11.8]; P = .04; very large changes: odds ratio: 5.1 [95% confidence interval: 1.3–13.6]; P = .02).

CONCLUSIONS: Although large and very large changes in serum sodium levels may simply reflect the severity of illness and/or the quality of care, a causal relationship with outcomes cannot be excluded. Cautious fluid and electrolyte management is recommended for very premature infants.
Sugar-coaters and Straight Talkers: Communicating About Developmental Delays in Primary Care
Authors: Sices Laura , Egbert Lucia , Mercer Mary Beth
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVES: The goals were to investigate parents' and early intervention (EI) specialists' beliefs and experiences regarding discussing child development in primary care and to identify communication barriers and opportunities.

METHODS: Focus groups were held with (1) mothers of young children with typical development, (2) mothers of young children who received EI services, and (3) EI specialists. Seven groups (N = 46 participants) were conducted in the greater Cleveland, Ohio, area. Meetings were audio-recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed, to identify themes.

RESULTS: Most mothers reported a preference for a nonalarmist style of communication when developmental delays are suspected. In contrast, some mothers preferred a more direct style, including the use of labels to help them understand their child's development. The importance of preparation to accept information about developmental delays emerged as a theme in all groups. Elements contributing to preparedness included information about expected developmental skills, suggestions for promoting skills, and a specific time frame for follow-up evaluation. Mothers of children with disabilities perceived that early reassurance of normalcy by providers in response to their concerns led to self-doubt and increased difficulty accepting the diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONS: Mothers and EI specialists have clear ideas about factors that promote or impede communication regarding child development. This information can inform primary care providers' approaches to monitoring and screening the development of young children and to communicating with parents regarding suspected developmental delays.
Ethics and Professionalism in the Pediatric Curriculum: A Survey of Pediatric Program Directors
Authors: Lang Colleen Walsh , Smith Peter J. , Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE: Since 1982, pediatric residency programs have been asked to evaluate trainees for ethical behavior. In 2007, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education required documenting teaching and evaluation of professionalism. Pediatric residency program directors were surveyed to ascertain what they know about the content and process of their ethics and professionalism curricula.

METHODS: From February to May 2008, 394 program directors from the Association of Pediatric Program Directors were surveyed.

RESULTS: Of 386 eligible survey respondents, 233 (60%) returned partial or complete surveys. Programs were evenly divided on whether ethics was taught as an organized curriculum or integrated. Professionalism was combined with the ethics curriculum in 27% of programs and taught independently in 38% of programs, but 35% had no professionalism curriculum. More than one third of the respondents did not answer each content and structure question. Approximately two thirds of those who responded stated that their program dedicated <10 hours per year to ethics and professionalism, respectively. Nearly three fourth of programs identified crowding of the curriculum and one third identified lack of faculty expertise as curricular constraints. Respondents expressed interest in more curricular materials from the American Board of Pediatrics or Association of Pediatric Program Directors.

CONCLUSIONS: Despite requirements to train and evaluate residents in ethics and professionalism, there is a lack of structured curriculum, faculty expertise, and evaluation methodology. Effectiveness of training curricula and evaluation tools need to be assessed if the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requirements for competencies in these areas are to be meaningfully realized.
Satisfação dos usuários do sistema de saúde brasileiro: fatores associados e diferenças regionais
Authors: Gouveia Giselle Campozana , Souza Wayner Vieira de , Luna Carlos F. , Souza-Júnior Paulo Roberto Borges de , Szwarcwald Célia Landmann
Published: September 2009

Desenvolver modelos de avaliação de satisfação que permitam comparar sistemas de saúde de diversos países é um esforço recente no Brasil. Esse tipo de avaliação representa importante ferramenta para desenvolver estratégias de gestão para o setor. Objetivo: identificar fatores e avaliar diferenças regionais do grau de satisfação dos usuários do sistema de saúde brasileiro, analisando os resultados da Pesquisa Mundial de Saúde (PMS) e Pesquisa Mundial de Saúde com foco na Atenção Básica (PMS-AB). Foi realizado estudo avaliativo de corte transversal, onde as amostras foram selecionadas de forma aleatória. Foram incluídas pessoas maiores de 18 anos que utilizaram o sistema de saúde em períodos anteriores às coletas de dados. Enquadraram-se nos critérios de inclusão 3.932 usuários da PMS e 591 da PMS-AB. Aplicou-se modelo logístico multivariado, tendo como variável dependente a satisfação e, como variáveis independentes, sexo, idade, escolaridade, forma de pagamento de serviço, situação conjugal, autopercepção de saúde, doença de longa duração, diagnóstico de depressão, tristeza, número de moradores por domicílio, tipo de construção, estratos geográficos e indicador de bens. Os resultados revelaram que ser jovem, usuário exclusivo do SUS, ter baixa escolaridade e autopercepção de saúde ruim gerou mais chances de insatisfação dos usuários com o sistema de saúde brasileiro. Os moradores da Região Sul do país estão mais satisfeitos com o atendimento em saúde, enquanto para pernambucanos as chances de satisfação são menores quando se avalia a qualidade dos serviços de saúde. Os moradores desse estado apresentaram maior insatisfação na resolução de seus problemas de saúde quando precisaram de internação.
Color/race inequalities in oral health among Brazilian adolescents
Authors: Bastos João Luiz , Antunes José Leopoldo Ferreira , Frias Antonio Carlos , Souza Maria da Luz Rosário de , Peres Karen Glazer , Peres Marco Aurélio
Published: September 2009

This study assessed oral health outcomes (perceived dental treatment need, untreated dental caries, gingival bleeding, periodontal pockets, and pain in teeth and gums), in relation to color/race inequalities among adolescents in each Brazilian region. The database included dental examination and interview of 16,833 15-19-year-old adolescents, surveyed by the Brazilian health authority, from May 2002 to October 2003, in accordance with international diagnostic criteria standardized by the World Health Organization. Prevalence ratios estimated by Poisson regression, and controlled by socioeconomic status and access to fluoridated piped water, assessed oral health differentials among color/race groups and country's regions. Except for periodontal pockets, prevalence figures were higher in the North and Northeast: perceived dental treatment needs, untreated dental caries, gingival bleeding at probing and pain in teeth and gums varied between 80-83%, 75-76%, 38-43%, and 17-18%, respectively, in these regions. Adolescents living in the Southeast - the richest Brazilian region - presented a better general profile of oral health than their counterparts living in the remaining regions; they had a lower prevalence of untreated dental caries (54%) and unfavorable gingival status (29%). However, the Southeast presented color/race inequalities in all oral health outcomes, with a poorer profile systematically affecting browns or blacks, depending on the oral health condition under consideration. These results reinforce the need for expanding the amplitude of health initiatives aimed at adolescent oral health. Socially appropriate health programs should concurrently aim at the reduction of levels of oral disease and its inequalities.
Violência física contra menores de 15 anos: estudo epidemiológico em cidade do sul do Brasil
Authors: Martins Christine Baccarat de Godoy , Jorge Maria Helena Prado de Mello
Published: September 2009

OBJETIVO: apresentar o perfil de casos notificados de violência física contra menores de 15 anos em Londrina, Paraná, no ano de 2006. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal, com coleta retrospectiva nos prontuários dos Conselhos Tutelares e serviços de atendimento do município. Os dados foram processados e tabulados pelo programa Epi Info. RESULTADOS: Foram estudados 479 casos de violência por força corporal e 9 casos de violência por outros meios (7 por instrumentos, 1 por objeto cortante e 1 por substância corrosiva). Na violência por força corporal, predominaram vítimas do sexo feminino (53,4%) e maior risco na idade de seis anos (12,2 por 1.000). O pai foi o agressor mais frequente (48,8%) e o alcoolismo esteve presente em 64,0% dos casos. A violência por instrumentos foi praticada através de cinta (42,9%), fio (28,6%), ferro (14,3%) e instrumento de cozinha (14,3%), com vítimas do sexo feminino (85,7%), na faixa etária de doze anos (33,3%), sendo o pai (71,4%) e a mãe (28,6%) os únicos agressores, com o alcoolismo presente em 57,1% destas situações. A vítima de violência por objeto cortante era do sexo masculino, 13 anos e o agressor, desconhecido, tinha de 15 a 19 anos. A violência por substância corrosiva teve como vítima um adolescente de 13 anos, do sexo masculino, cujo agressor foi o pai, sendo o alcoolismo a situação presente. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados apontam para a importância epidemiológica do abuso físico contra crianças e adolescentes e podem contribuir para a elaboração de estratégias de prevenção e acompanhamento das vítimas.
A mulher e o acidente de trânsito: caracterização do evento em Maringá, Paraná
Authors: Davantel Pedro Paulo , Pelloso Sandra Marisa , Carvalho Maria Dalva de Barros , Oliveira Nelson Luis Batista de
Published: September 2009

Os acidentes de trânsito são atualmente a primeira causa de mortalidade no conjunto de causas externas entre as mulheres. A mulher atual, pelas mudanças em seu papel na sociedade, vem se expondo a novos riscos. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a mulher envolvida em acidente de trânsito, assim como os eventos. Foi realizado um estudo transversal, com dados secundários obtidos nos Boletins de Ocorrência de Acidente de Trânsito - BOAT, do 4º Batalhão da Polícia Militar de Maringá, Setor de Trânsito. Os dados foram categorizados e analisados por meio de testes não-paramétricos, de correlações (Spearman) e teste de independência entre as variáveis (qui-quadrado). As mulheres envolvidas em acidente de trânsito eram em sua maioria solteiras (34,0%), com idade entre 21 e 30 anos (49,0%), nível de escolaridade acima do ensino médio (58,0%) e predominantemente condutoras (65,0%). Os eventos ocorreram principalmente em dias úteis e nos período da tarde e da noite. As lesões foram mais frequentes em mulheres até os 20 anos e acima dos 51. Maior envolvimento em colisões com automóveis (69,%), com grande proporção de atropelamentos (14,2%), envolveram mulheres acima dos 50 anos e com menor nível de escolaridade. Foram mais atentas ao uso de dispositivos de segurança quando casadas e com maior nível de escolaridade. Estes dados sugerem novo perfil da mulher no trânsito, devendo o acompanhamento destas características e das consequências destes acidentes serem mais constantes em pesquisas, direcionando medidas e campanhas preventivas.
Fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos, ambientais e comportamentais associados ao excesso de peso em adolescentes: uma revisão sistemática da literatura
Authors: Cardoso Letícia de Oliveira , Engstrom Elyne Montenegro , Leite Iuri da Costa , Castro Inês Rugani Ribeiro de
Published: September 2009

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores socioeconômicos, ambientais e comportamentais associados ao excesso de peso (EP) em adolescentes por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura. MÉTODOS: Foram consultadas seis bases de dados (Lilacs, Adolec, SciELO, Medline via Pubmed, ISI Web of Knowlwdge e Cochrane Library) entre os dias 3 e 13 de janeiro de 2008. Os descritores e respectivos termos MeSH utilizados foram: "sobrepeso", "obesidade", "adolescência", "adolescentes", "fatores de risco", "fatores associados". Foram avaliados artigos em inglês, espanhol e português publicados entre 1997 e 2007, e incluídos estudos observacionais que estudaram adolescentes com idades entre 10 e 19 anos, cujo desfecho era o EP diagnosticado por critérios internacionalmente utilizados. Foram excluídos estudos com base em amostras de conveniência ou que não investigavam fatores sociais, ambientais e psicocomportamentais entre as variáveis independentes. RESULTADOS: Da leitura dos títulos e resumos, e da aplicação inicial dos critérios de elegibilidade, resultaram 202 artigos. A revisão das publicações completas permitiu a inclusão e análise de 56 artigos. Observou-se que o nível socioeconômico associou-se inversamente com o EP em países desenvolvidos e de forma direta em países em desenvolvimento. Dieta para emagrecer, número de horas alocadas em TV/vídeo por dia, mãe e/ou pais obesos e ocorrência de EP na infância associaram-se diretamente com o EP. Foram identificados como fatores protetores o hábito de consumir desjejum e a prática de atividade física. CONCLUSÃO: Variáveis socioeconômicas, comportamentais, familiares e do início da vida associaram-se com EP e estas devem ser consideradas nas intervenções dirigidas para este agravo entre adolescentes.
Fatores associados ao consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes em Nipo-Brasileiros
Authors: Palma Raphaela Fernanda Muniz , Barbieri Patrícia , Damião Renata , Poletto Juliana , Chaim Rita , Gimeno Suely G , Ferreira Sandra Roberta Gouveia , Sartorelli Daniela Saes
Published: September 2009

A identificação de fatores associados ao consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes constitui-se em ferramenta chave na elaboração de programas de intervenção mais eficazes, visando o aumento no consumo desses alimentos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar, em análise transversal, fatores associados ao consumo adequado de frutas, verduras e legumes (> 400g/dia) em 581 nipo-brasileiros adultos, de 1ª e 2ª gerações, residentes em Bauru, SP, Brasil. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio de três inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas. Em modelos de regressão logística ajustados, verificou-se que o relato de um maior número de refeições diárias estava associado à maior chance [OR (IC 95%)]: [1,31 (1,05; 1,63)] de consumo adequado de frutas, verduras e legumes. Por outro lado, indivíduos no terceiro tercil de consumo de ácidos graxos saturados apresentaram menor chance de consumo adequado destes alimentos [0,35 (0,21; 0,60)]. Verificou-se maior tendência de consumo adequado de frutas, verduras e legumes entre indivíduos de maior idade. Os resultados sugerem que programas de intervenção mais intensivos são necessários entre indivíduos jovens e com consumo elevados de ácidos graxos saturados. Além disso, o estímulo ao maior fracionamento da dieta poderá favorecer a adesão às metas de consumo de frutas, verduras e legumes.