bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RIM1 and RIM2 redundantly determine Ca2+ channel density and readily releasable pool size at a large hindbrain synapse
Authors: Han Yunyun , Babai Norbert , Kaeser Pascal , Südhof Thomas C. , Schneggenburger Ralf
Published: October 2014

The localization and density of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels at active zones are essential for the amount and kinetics of transmitter release at synapses. RIM proteins are scaffolding proteins at the active zone that bind to several other presynaptic proteins, including voltage-gated Ca2+ channel α-subunits. The long isoforms of RIM proteins, which contain NH2-terminal Rab3- and Munc13-interacting domains, as well as a central PDZ domain and two COOH-terminal C2 domains, are encoded by two genes, Rim1 and Rim2. Here, we used the ideal accessibility of the large calyx of Held synapse for direct presynaptic electrophysiology to investigate whether the two Rim genes have redundant, or separate, functions in determining the presynaptic Ca2+ channel density, and the size of a readily releasable vesicle pool (RRP). Quantitative PCR showed that cochlear nucleus neurons, which include calyx of Held generating neurons, express both RIM1 and RIM2. Conditional genetic inactivation of RIM2 at the calyx of Held led to a subtle reduction in presynaptic Ca2+ current density, whereas deletion of RIM1 was ineffective. The release efficiency of brief presynaptic Ca2+ “tail” currents and the RRP were unaffected in conditional single RIM1 and RIM2 knockout (KO) mice, whereas both parameters were strongly reduced in RIM1/2 double KO mice. Thus, despite a somewhat more decisive role for RIM2 in determining presynaptic Ca2+ channel density, RIM1 and RIM2 can overall replace each other's presynaptic functions at a large relay synapse in the hindbrain, the calyx of Held.
Long-range traveling waves of activity triggered by local dichoptic stimulation in V1 of behaving monkeys
Authors: Yang Zhiyong , Heeger David J. , Blake Randolph , Seidemann Eyal
Published: October 2014

Traveling waves of cortical activity, in which local stimulation triggers lateral spread of activity to distal locations, have been hypothesized to play an important role in cortical function. However, there is conflicting physiological evidence for the existence of spreading traveling waves of neural activity triggered locally. Dichoptic stimulation, in which the two eyes view dissimilar monocular patterns, can lead to dynamic wave-like fluctuations in visual perception and therefore, provides a promising means for identifying and studying cortical traveling waves. Here, we used voltage-sensitive dye imaging to test for the existence of traveling waves of activity in the primary visual cortex of awake, fixating monkeys viewing dichoptic stimuli. We find clear traveling waves that are initiated by brief, localized contrast increments in one of the monocular patterns and then, propagate at speeds of ∼30 mm/s. These results demonstrate that under an appropriate visual context, circuitry in visual cortex in alert animals is capable of supporting long-range traveling waves triggered by local stimulation.
The horizontal brain slice preparation: a novel approach for visualizing and recording from all layers of the tadpole tectum
Authors: Hamodi Ali S. , Pratt Kara G.
Published: October 2014

The Xenopus tadpole optic tectum is a multisensory processing center that receives direct visual input as well as nonvisual mechanosensory input. The tectal neurons that comprise the optic tectum are organized into layers. These neurons project their dendrites laterally into the neuropil where visual inputs target the distal region of the dendrite and nonvisual inputs target the proximal region of the same dendrite. The Xenopus tadpole tectum is a popular model to study the development of sensory circuits. However, whole cell patch-clamp electrophysiological studies of the tadpole tectum (using the whole brain or in vivo preparations) have focused solely on the deep-layer tectal neurons because only neurons of the deep layer are visible and accessible for whole cell electrophysiological recordings. As a result, whereas the development and plasticity of these deep-layer neurons has been well-studied, essentially nothing has been reported about the electrophysiology of neurons residing beyond this layer. Hence, there exists a large gap in our understanding about the functional development of the amphibian tectum as a whole. To remedy this, we developed a novel isolated brain preparation that allows visualizing and recording from all layers of the tectum. We refer to this preparation as the “horizontal brain slice preparation.” Here, we describe the preparation method and illustrate how it can be used to characterize the electrophysiology of neurons across all of the layers of the tectum as well as the spatial pattern of synaptic input from the different sensory modalities.
Synthesis and Characterisation of Copper(II) Complexes with Tridentate NNO Functionalized Ligand: Density Function Theory Study, DNA Binding Mechanism, Optical Properties, and Biological Application
Authors: Hazra Madhumita , Dolai Tanushree , Pandey Akhil , Dey Subrata Kumar , Patra Animesh
Published: October 2014

The photo physical properties of two mononuclear pentacoordinated copper(II) complexes formulated as [Cu(L)(Cl)(H2O)] (1) and [Cu(L)(Br)(H2O)] (2)HL = (1-[(3-methyl-pyridine-2-ylimino)-methyl]-naphthalen-2-ol) were synthesized and characterized by elemental, physicochemical, and spectroscopic methods. The density function theory calculations are used to investigate the electronic structures and the electronic properties of ligand and complex. The interactions of copper(II) complexes towards calf thymus DNA were examined with the help of absorption, viscosity, and fluorescence spectroscopic techniques at pH 7.40. All spectroscopy's result indicates that complexes show good binding activity to calf thymus DNA through groove binding. The optical absorption and fluorescence emission properties of microwires were characterized by fluorescence microscope. From a spectroscopic viewpoint, all compounds strongly emit green light in the solid state. The microscopy investigation suggested that microwires exhibited optical waveguide behaviour which are applicable as fluorescent nanomaterials and can be used as building blocks for miniaturized photonic devices. Antibacterial study reveals that complexes are better antimicrobial agents than free Schiff base due to bacterial cell penetration by chelation. Moreover, the antioxidant study of the ligand and complexes is evaluated by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical assays, which demonstrate that the complexes are of higher antioxidant activity than free ligand.
Effects of Noncommutativity on the Black Hole Entropy
Authors: Gupta Kumar S. , Harikumar E. , Jurić Tajron , Meljanac Stjepan , Samsarov Andjelo
Published: October 2014

The BTZ black hole geometry is probed with a noncommutative scalar field which obeys theκ-Minkowski algebra. The entropy of the BTZ black hole is calculated using the brick wall method. The contribution of the noncommutativity to the black hole entropy is explicitly evaluated up to the first order in the deformation parameter. We also argue that such a correction to the black hole entropy can be interpreted as arising from the renormalization of the Newton’s constant due to the effects of the noncommutativity.
Downregulation ofMDR1Gene by Cepharanthine Hydrochloride Is Related to the Activation of c-Jun/JNK in K562/ADR Cells
Authors: Han Li , Wang Yafeng , Guo Xiaojuan , Zhou Yubing , Zhang Jingmin , Wang Ning , Jiang Jinhua , Ma Fang , Wang Qingduan
Published: October 2014

The purpose of the study was to determine the signal transduction mechanism of cepharanthine hydrochloride (CH) on reversing tumor multidrug resistance. RT-PCR and Western blot analysis were used to determine the effects of CH on the expression ofMDR1mRNA and P-glycoprotein in K562/ADR cells when CH was used alone and combined with SP600125, a JNK inhibitor, to explore the effects of CH on JNK pathway. Western blot analysis was used to determine the effects of CH on c-Jun protein expression and phosphorylation, to explore the regulating effects of CH on c-Jun and phosphorylated c-Jun (p-c-Jun) proteins. Our results showed that the inhibitory effect of CH onMDR1mRNA increased with the concentrations of CH (5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 μM) and the inhibitory effects of CH onMDR1mRNA and P-glycoprotein increased with the incubation time of CH (0, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours). The inhibitory effect was weakened after CH combined with SP600125. The expressions of c-Jun and p-c-Jun proteins increased with the incubation time of CH (0, 6, 12, and 24 hours). These findings suggest that CH downregulated the expressions ofMDR1mRNA and P-glycoprotein in a time and concentration manner; the mechanism may be mediated via activating c-Jun/JNK pathway.
Benjamin-Ono-Burgers-MKdV Equation for Algebraic Rossby Solitary Waves in Stratified Fluids and Conservation Laws
Authors: Yang Hongwei , Jin Shanshan , Yin Baoshu
Published: October 2014

In the paper, by using multiple-scale method, the Benjamin-Ono-Burgers-MKdV (BO-B-MKdV) equation is obtained which governs algebraic Rossby solitary waves in stratified fluids. This equation is first derived for Rossby waves. By analysis and calculation, some conservation laws are derived from the BO-B-MKdV equation without dissipation. The results show that the mass, momentum, energy, and velocity of the center of gravity of algebraic Rossby waves are conserved and the presence of a small dissipation destroys these conservations.
A Novel Method for Detecting Abnormal Energy Data in Building Energy Monitoring System
Authors: Zhao Liang
Published: October 2014

This paper presents a novel abnormal data detecting algorithm based on the first order difference method, which could be used to find out outlier in building energy consumption platform real time. The principle and criterion of methodology are discussed in detail. The results show that outlier in cumulative power consumption could be detected by our method.
Ultrasound‐Guided Miniscalpel‐Needle Release versus Dry Needling for Chronic Neck Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Zheng Yongjun , Shi Dongping , Wu Xiaotong , Gu Minghong , Ai Zisheng , Tang Kun , Ye Le , Wang Xiangrui
Published: October 2014

Objective. To compare ultrasound‐guided miniscalpel‐needle (UG‐MSN) release versus ultrasound‐guided dry needling (UG‐DN) for chronic neck pain. Methods. A total of 169 patients with chronic neck pain were randomized to receive either UG‐MSN release or UG‐DN. Before treatment and at 3 and 6 months posttreatment, pain was measured using a 10‐point visual analogue scale (VAS). Neck function was examined using the neck disability index. Health‐related quality of life was examined using the physical component score (PCS) and mental component score (MCS) of the SF‐36 health status scale. Results. Patients in the UG‐MSN release had greater improvement on the VAS (by 2 points at 3 months and 0.9 points at 6 months) versus in the UG‐DN arm; (both P <  0.0001). Patients receiving UG‐MSN release also showed significantly lower scores on the adjusted neck disability index, as well as significantly lower PCS. No severe complications were observed. Conclusion. UG‐MSN release was superior to UG‐DN in reducing pain intensity and neck disability in patients with chronic neck pain and was not associated with severe complications. The procedural aspects in the two arms were identical; however, we did not verify the blinding success. As such, the results need to be interpreted with caution.
Coexisting Mantle Cell Lymphoma and Prostate Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Rajput Ashish B. , Burns Bruce , Gerridzen Ronald , Jagt Richard van der
Published: October 2014

Prostatic mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a very rare entity with only 5 reported cases in the literature. We report a case of coexisting MCL and prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa) in an elderly male and review the morphologic features of classic and rare prostatic MCL subtypes. Careful morphologic evaluation and immunohistochemical findings of positive CD5, CD20, and cyclin D1 and negative CD23 and CD3 can guide us to the diagnosis of MCL. Given the fact that transurethral resection of prostate is done quite routinely, this paper draws attention to the manner in which long standing bladder outlet obstruction and postbiopsy prostate specimens with dense lymphoid infiltration can masquerade as lymphoma. It highlights the importance of exercising care while reviewing prostate specimens with evidence of chronic prostatitis so as not to miss this rare neoplasm.
Effect of Fabric Layers on the Relationship between Fabric Constructional Parameters and Percentage Reflectance Values of Polyester Fabrics
Authors: Akgun Mine , Becerir Behcet , Alpay Halil Rifat
Published: October 2014

This paper focused on the assessment of the relation between constructional properties and percentage reflectance values of fabrics woven from polyester yarns through fabric layer numbers. Reflectance measurements were conducted on pretreated but undyed fabric samples at five different fabric layers. Twelve polyester fabrics having different constructional parameters were used and fabrics differed from each other by their weft yarn densities, weave patterns, and weft yarn filament fineness. Warp yarn properties (type, count, and density) were the same at all the fabrics. Percentage reflectance values of the fabrics changed according to yarn density, weave pattern, and filament fineness in accordance with fabric layer numbers during reflectance measurement. Percentage reflectance values gradually increased as fabric layer numbers increased. The highest reflectance values were obtained at 16 layers of fabric. The effects of single constructional parameters on reflectance values disappeared as fabric layer numbers increased. Percentage reflectance values were analyzed according to ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and statistical results revealed the cross relations obtained. Light-trap phenomenon was discussed according to reflectance characteristics of woven fabrics.
Adaptive Fault-Tolerant Tracking Control of Nonaffine Nonlinear Systems with Actuator Failure
Authors: Zhou Hongcheng , Xu Dezhi , Wang Daobo , Ge Le
Published: October 2014

This paper proposes an adaptive fault-tolerant control scheme for nonaffine nonlinear systems. A model approximation method which is a solution that bridges the gap between affine and nonaffine control systems is developed firstly. A joint estimation approach is based on unscented Kalman filter, in which both failure parameters and states are simultaneously estimated by means of the argument state vector composed of the unknown faults and states. Then, stability analysis is given for the closed-loop system. Finally, the proposed approach is verified using a three-degree-of-freedom simulation of a typical fighter aircraft and the significantly improved system response demonstrates the practical potential of the theoretic results obtained.
Indefinite LQ Problem for Irregular Singular Systems
Authors: Fang Qingxiang , Peng Jigen , Cao Feilong
Published: October 2014

The indefinite LQ problem for irregular singular systems is investigated. Under some general conditions, the optimal control‐state pair is obtained by solving an algebraic Riccati equation. The optimal control is synthesized as state feedback. All the finite poles of the closed‐loop system are located on the left‐half complex plane. An example is given to show the validity of the proposed conclusion.
Miniaturized CPW-Fed Triband Antenna with Asymmetric Ring for WLAN/WiMAX Applications
Authors: Huang Shanshan , Li Jun , Zhao Jianzhong
Published: October 2014

A compact CPW-fed triband slot antenna for WLAN/WiMAX applications is proposed. The proposed antenna is formed by an asymmetric ring, an inverted L-strip, and a straight strip. By employing these structures, the antenna can generate three operation bands with compact size and simple structure. The measured and simulated results show the presented antenna has impedance bandwidths of 100 MHz (2.39–2.49 GHz), 360 MHz (3.36–3.72 GHz), and 760 MHz (5.13–5.89 GHz), which covers both WLAN in the 2.4/5.2 GHz bands and WiMAX in the 3.5/5.5 GHz bands. The antenna is successfully simulated and measured, showing triple bands can be obtained by using three different radiators and also indicating that the proposed antenna is suitable for the WiMAX/WLAN applications.
Femoral Nerve Palsy due to Anticoagulant Induced Retroperitoneal Hematoma
Authors: Gurbuz Orcun , Ercan Abdulkadir , Kumtepe Gencehan , Karal İlker Hasan , Velioglu Yusuf , Ener Serdar
Published: October 2014

A forty-one-year-old man who, sought evaluation for a sudden hip flexion contracture and groin pain with a history of mechanical mitral valve replacement, had been misdiagnosed and treated as having lumbar discopathy for two days. This patient finally was diagnosed with compressive femoral neuropathy due to warfarin-induced retroperitoneal hematoma and successfully managed nonoperatively. This case is reported in order to draw attention to this rare presentation.
Prevention and Treatment of Esophageal Stenosis after Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Early Esophageal Cancer
Authors: Wen Jing , Lu Zhongsheng , Liu Qingsen
Published: October 2014

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for the treatment of esophageal mucosal lesions is associated with a risk of esophageal stenosis, especially for near-circumferential or circumferential esophageal mucosal defects. Here, we review historic and modern studies on the prevention and treatment of esophageal stenosis after ESD. These methods include prevention via pharmacological treatment, endoscopic autologous cell transplantation, endoscopic esophageal dilatation, and stent placement. This short review will focus on direct prevention and treatment, which may help guide the way forward.
Pseudotumor of Ciliary Body
Authors: Varghese Mary , Ramappa Raghavendra , Kamath Sripathi
Published: October 2014

Orbital pseudotumor is a benign disease involving the orbital structures. Pseudotumor of the ciliary body is rare. We present a case of a 27-year-old male who presented with gradual visual loss, pain, and redness in his left eye. On examination he was found to have a yellowish white mass at the periphery of anterior chamber in his left eye and ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) revealed a ciliary body mass in the same eye. He was treated with systemic steroids, which was tapered over a period of 8 weeks. His symptoms improved and the ciliary body mass disappeared with no recurrence over the next 6 months. UBM is an important diagnostic tool for diagnosing ciliary body mass. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment with systemic steroids may help resolve pseudotumor of the ciliary body.
Catalytic Autoxidation of Fatty Acid Methyl Esters from Jatropha Oil
Authors: Endalew Abebe K. , Kiros Yohannes
Published: October 2014

Metal catalysts for transesterification of vegetable oils can cause autoxidation side reactions which reduces the fuel quality of the biodiesel. On the other side, oxidation of highly unsaturated oils can open opportunities for the synthesis of other important renewable chemical products. This study reports catalytic oxidation of fatty acids of Jatropha curcas oil (JCO) by Li-CaO/Fe2(SO4)3 catalyst during transesterification at mild reaction conditions. The catalytic oxidation of the triglycerides was shown to be enhanced by the presence of lithium incorporated in the otherwise active catalyst combination of CaO/Fe2(SO4)3 used for high conversion into FAME. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was used to assess the reaction products.
Representing and Counting the Subgroups of the Group Zm×Zn
Authors: Hampejs Mario , Holighaus Nicki , Tóth László , Wiesmeyr Christoph
Published: October 2014

We deduce a simple representation and the invariant factor decompositions of the subgroups of the group Zm×Zn, where m and n are arbitrary positive integers. We obtain formulas for the total number of subgroups and the number of subgroups of a given order.
TETRA Backhauling via Satellite: Improving Call Setup Times and Saving Bandwidth
Authors: Donner Anton , Saleemi Jawad Ahmed , Mulero Chaves Javier
Published: October 2014

In disaster management scenarios with seriously damaged, not existing, or saturated communication infrastructures satellite communications can be an ideal means to provide connectivity with unaffected remote terrestrial trunked radio (TETRA) core networks. However, the propagation delay imposed by the satellite link affects the signalling protocols. This paper discusses the suitability of using a satellite link for TETRA backhauling, introducing two different architectures. In order to cope with the signal delay of the satellite link, the paper proposes and analyzes a suitable solution based on the use of a performance enhancing proxy (PEP). Additionally, robust header compression (ROHC) is discussed as suitable technology to transmit TETRA voice via IP-based satellite networks.
Hemostatic Markers in Congestive Heart Failure Dogs with Mitral Valve Disease
Authors: Prihirunkit Kreangsak , Sastravaha Amornrate , Lekcharoensuk Chalermpol , Chanloinapha Phongsak
Published: October 2014

Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), fibrinogen, D-dimer, antithrombin III (AT III), protein C (PC), factor VII (F.VII), and factor VIII (F.VIII), as well as hematocrit (HCT), platelets number (PLT), total plasma protein (TP), and albumin (ALB), were studied on fifty-eight congestive heart failure (CHF) dogs with mitral valve disease (MVD) and fifty control dogs. All of variables of MVD group, except APTT, were significantly different(P<0.5)from control group. The variables were also compared among functional classes of CHF dogs and control dogs. It was determined that the higher the functional class of CHF dogs was, the greater the levels of fibrinogen and D-dimer were, whereas the lesser the activities of AT III and PC were presented. Additionally, TP had linear correlation with fibrinogen, D-dimer, HCT, and PLT (r=0.31, 0.30, 0.43, and 0.38, resp.,P<0.5). These findings suggested that fibrinogen and D-dimer were the factors predisposing hypercoagulability through an increase in blood viscosity. The hemorheological abnormalities would shift an overall hemostatic balance toward a more thrombotic state in CHF dogs with MVD.
Genetic Algorithm-Based Test Data Generation for Multiple Paths via Individual Sharing
Authors: Yao Xiangjuan , Gong Dunwei
Published: October 2014

The application of genetic algorithms in automatically generating test data has aroused broad concerns and obtained delightful achievements in recent years. However, the efficiency of genetic algorithm-based test data generation for path testing needs to be further improved. In this paper, we establish a mathematical model of generating test data for multiple paths coverage. Then, a multipopulation genetic algorithm with individual sharing is presented to solve the established model. We not only analyzed the performance of the proposed method theoretically, but also applied it to various programs under test. The experimental results show that the proposed method can improve the efficiency of generating test data for many paths’ coverage significantly.
Experimental and Empirical Time to Corrosion of Reinforced Concrete Structures under Different Curing Conditions
Authors: Abouhussien Ahmed A. , Hassan Assem A. A.
Published: October 2014

Reinforced concrete structures, especially those in marine environments, are commonly subjected to high concentrations of chlorides, which eventually leads to corrosion of the embedded reinforcing steel. The total time to corrosion of such structures may be divided into three stages: corrosion initiation, cracking, and damage periods. This paper evaluates, both empirically and experimentally, the expected time to corrosion of reinforced concrete structures. The tested reinforced concrete samples were subjected to ten alternative curing techniques, including hot, cold, and normal temperatures, prior to testing. The corrosion initiation, cracking, and damage periods in this investigation were experimentally monitored by an accelerated corrosion test performed on reinforced concrete samples. Alternatively, the corrosion initiation time for counterpart samples was empirically predicted using Fick’s second law of diffusion for comparison. The results showed that the corrosion initiation periods obtained experimentally were comparable to those obtained empirically. The corrosion initiation was found to occur at the first jump of the current measurement in the accelerated corrosion test which matched the half-cell potential reading of around −350 mV.
Closed-Form Equation of Data Dependent Jitter in First Order Low Pass System
Authors: Byun Sangjin
Published: October 2014

This paper presents a closed-form equation of data dependent jitter (DDJ) in first order low pass systems. The DDJ relates to the system bandwidth, the bit rate, the input rise/fall time, and the number of maximum consecutive identical bits of the data pattern. To confirm the derived equation, simulations have been done with a first order RC low pass circuit for various system bandwidths, bit rates, input rise/fall times, and data patterns. The simulation results agree well with the calculated DDJ values by the derived equation.
Dental Fear among Medical and Dental Undergraduates
Authors: Hakim H. , Razak I. A.
Published: October 2014

Objective. To assess the prevalence and level of dental fear among health related undergraduates and to identify factors causing such fear using Kleinknecht’s Dental Fear Survey (DFS) questionnaire.Methods. Kleinknecht’s DFS questionnaire was used to assess dental fear and anxiety among the entire enrollment of the medical and dental undergraduates’ of the University of Malaya.Results. Overall response rate was 82.2%. Dental students reported higher prevalence of dental fear (96.0% versus 90.4%). However, most of the fear encountered among dental students was in the low fear category as compared to their medical counterpart (69.2 versus 51.2%). Significantly more medical students cancelled dental appointment due to fear compared to dental students (P=0.004). “Heart beats faster” and “muscle being tensed” were the top two physiological responses experienced by the respondents. “Drill” and “anesthetic needle” were the most fear provoking objects among respondents of both faculties.Conclusion. Dental fear and anxiety are a common problem encountered among medical and dental undergraduates who represent future health care professionals. Also, high level of dental fear and anxiety leads to the avoidance of the dental services.
Validation of Effective Models for Simulation of Thermal Stratification and Mixing Induced by Steam Injection into a Large Pool of Water
Authors: Li Hua , Villanueva Walter , Puustinen Markku , Laine Jani , Kudinov Pavel
Published: October 2014

The Effective Heat Source (EHS) and Effective Momentum Source (EMS) models have been proposed to predict the development of thermal stratification and mixing during a steam injection into a large pool of water. These effective models are implemented in GOTHIC software and validated against the POOLEX STB-20 and STB-21 tests and the PPOOLEX MIX-01 test. First, the EHS model is validated against STB-20 test which shows the development of thermal stratification. Different numerical schemes and grid resolutions have been tested. A48×114grid with second order scheme is sufficient to capture the vertical temperature distribution in the pool. Next, the EHS and EMS models are validated against STB-21 test. Effective momentum is estimated based on the water level oscillations in the blowdown pipe. An effective momentum selected within the experimental measurement uncertainty can reproduce the mixing details. Finally, the EHS-EMS models are validated against MIX-01 test which has improved space and time resolution of temperature measurements inside the blowdown pipe. Excellent agreement in averaged pool temperature and water level in the pool between the experiment and simulation has been achieved. The development of thermal stratification in the pool is also well captured in the simulation as well as the thermal behavior of the pool during the mixing phase.
Mellin Transform Method for European Option Pricing with Hull-White Stochastic Interest Rate
Authors: Yoon Ji-Hun
Published: October 2014

Even though interest rates fluctuate randomly in the marketplace, many option-pricing models do not fully consider their stochastic nature owing to their generally limited impact on option prices. However, stochastic dynamics in stochastic interest rates may have a significant impact on option prices as we take account of issues of maturity, hedging, or stochastic volatility. In this paper, we derive a closed form solution for European options in Black-Scholes model with stochastic interest rate using Mellin transform techniques.
Analysis of Economic Efficiency and Farm Size: A Case Study of Wheat Farmers in Nakuru District, Kenya
Authors: Mburu Samuel , Ackello-Ogutu Chris , Mulwa Richard
Published: October 2014

The primary objective of this study is to examine the effect of farm size on economic efficiency among wheat producers and to suggest ways to improve wheat production in the country. Specifically, the study attempts to estimate the levels of technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies among the sampled 130 large and small scale wheat producers in Nakuru District. The social-economic factors that influence economic efficiency in wheat production have also been determined. Results indicate that the mean technical, allocative, and economic efficiency indices of small scale wheat farmers are 85%, 96%, and 84%, respectively. The corresponding figures for the large scale farmers are 91%, 94%, and 88%, respectively. The number of years of school a farmer has had in formal education, distance to extension advice, and the size of the farm have strong influence on the efficiency levels. The relatively high levels of technical efficiency among the small scale farmers defy the notion that wheat can only be efficiently produced by the large scale farmers.
Scropolioside B Inhibits IL-1βand Cytokines Expression through NF-κB and Inflammasome NLRP3 Pathways
Authors: Zhu Tiantian , Zhang Liuqiang , Ling Shuang , Duan Ju , Qian Fei , Li Yiming , Xu Jin-Wen
Published: October 2014

Chronic inflammation is associated with various chronic illnesses including immunity disorders, cancer, neurodegeneration, and vascular diseases. Iridoids are compounds with anti-inflammatory properties. However their anti-inflammatory mechanism remains unclear. Here, we report that scropolioside B, isolated from a Tibetan medicine (Scrophularia dentataRoyle ex Benth.), blocked expressions of TNF, IL-1, and IL-32 through NF-κB pathway. Scropolioside B inhibited NF-κB activity in a dose-dependent manner with IC50values of 1.02 μmol/L. However, catalpol, similar to scropolioside B, was not effective in inhibiting NF-κB activity. Interestingly, scropolioside B and catalpol decreased the expression of NLRP3 and cardiolipin synthetase at both the mRNA and protein level. Our results showed that scropolioside B is superior in inhibiting the expression, maturation, and secretion of IL-1βcompared to catalpol. These observations provide further understanding of the anti-inflammatory effects of iridoids and highlight scropolioside B as a potential drug for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis.
Smarandache Curves according to Curves on a Spacelike Surface in Minkowski 3-Space R13
Authors: Ozturk Ufuk , Koc Ozturk Esra Betul
Published: October 2014

We introduce Smarandache curves according to the Lorentzian Darboux frame of a curve on spacelike surface in Minkowski 3-space R13. Also, we obtain the Sabban frame and the geodesic curvature of the Smarandache curves and give some characterizations on the curves when the curve α is an asymptotic curve or a principal curve. And we give an example to illustrate these curves.
Renal Protective Effect of Sirtuin 1
Authors: Dong Yi-jun , Liu Nian , Xiao Zhi , Sun Tao , Wu Shu-hui , Sun Wei-xia , Xu Zhong-gao , Yuan Hang
Published: October 2014

Silent information regulator 2 (Sir2) is a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- (NAD+-) dependent deacetylase. The homology of SIRT1 and Sir2 has been extensively studied. SIRT1 deacetylates target proteins using the coenzyme NAD+and is therefore linked to cellular energy metabolism and the redox state through multiple signalling and survival pathways. During the past decade, investigators have reported that SIRT1 activity is essential in cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other age-related diseases. In the kidneys, SIRT1 may inhibit renal cell apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Therefore its activation may also become a new therapeutic target in the patients with chronic kidney disease including diabetic nephropathy. In this paper, we would like to review the protective functions of sirtuins and the role of SIRT1 in the onset of kidney disease based on previous studies, including diabetic nephropathy, acute renal injury, chronic kidney disease as well as lupus nephritis.
On Eigenvalues of the Generator of aC0-Semigroup Appearing in Queueing Theory
Authors: Gupur Geni
Published: October 2014

We describe the point spectrum of the generator of aC0-semigroup associated with the M/M/1 queueing model that is governed by an infinite system of partial differential equations with integral boundary conditions. Our results imply that the essential growth bound of theC0-semigroup is 0 and, therefore, that the semigroup is not quasi-compact. Moreover, our result also shows that it is impossible that the time-dependent solution of the M/M/1 queueing model exponentially converges to its steady-state solution.
Microscopic Polyangiitis following Silicone Exposure from Breast Implantation
Authors: Tan Judy , Spath Fuad , Malhotra Rakesh , Hamadeh Zaher , Acharya Anjali
Published: October 2014

We describe a case of a patient who developed microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) in the setting of exposure to silicone after breast implantation. A 57-year-old Hispanic woman was admitted to our hospital with complaints of fever, cough, and hemoptysis. She had undergone silicone breast implantation two years prior to presentation. She was diagnosed as having microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) based on acute progressive renal failure, hematuria, pulmonary hemorrhage, and positivity for myeloperoxidase-anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA). A renal biopsy performed showed focal segmental necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis. The patient received high dose steroids, cyclophosphamide, and plasmapheresis with remarkable clinical response. This case report raises the possibility of the development of MPA after silicone exposure from breast implantation.
A Porous TiAl6V4 Implant Material for Medical Application
Authors: Deing Axel , Luthringer Bérengère , Laipple Daniel , Ebel Thomas , Willumeit Regine
Published: October 2014

Increased durability of permanent TiAl6V4 implants still remains a requirement for the patient’s well-being. One way to achieve a better bone-material connection is to enable bone “ingrowth” into the implant. Therefore, a new porous TiAl6V4 material was produced via metal injection moulding (MIM). Specimens with four different porosities were produced using gas-atomised spherical TiAl6V4 with different powder particle diameters, namely, “Small” (<45 μm), “Medium” (45–63 μm), “Mix” (90% 125–180 μm + 10% <45 μm), and “Large” (125–180 μm). Tensile tests, compression tests, and resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS) were used to analyse mechanical properties. These tests revealed an increasing Young’s modulus with decreasing porosity; that is, “Large” and “Mix” exhibit mechanical properties closer to bone than to bulk material. By applying X-ray tomography (3D volume) and optical metallographic methods (2D volume and dimensions) the pores were dissected. The pore analysis of the “Mix” and “Large” samples showed pore volumes between 29% and 34%, respectively, with pore diameters ranging up to 175 μm and even above 200 μm for “Large.” Material cytotoxicity on bone cell lines (SaOs-2 and MG-63) and primary cells (human bone-derived cells, HBDC) was studied by MTT assays and highlighted an increasing viability with higher porosity.
A New Approach to Designing the S-Shaped Annular Duct for Industrial Centrifugal Compressor
Authors: Yurko Ivan , Bondarenko German
Published: October 2014

The authors propose an analytical method for designing the inlet annular duct for an industrial centrifugal compressor using high-order Bezier curves. Using the design of experiments (DOE) theory, the three-level full factorial design was developed for determination of influence of the dimensionless geometric parameters on the output criteria. Numerical research was carried out for determination of pressure loss coefficients and velocity swirl angles using the software system ANSYS CFX. Optimal values of the slope for a wide range of geometric parameters, allowing minimizing losses in the duct, have been found. The study has used modern computational fluid dynamics techniques to develop a generalized technique for future development of efficient variable inlet guide vane systems. Recommendations for design of the s-shaped annular duct for industrial centrifugal compressor have been given.
Prevalence and Imaging Characteristics of Palatine Tonsilloliths Detected by CT in 2,873 Consecutive Patients
Authors: Takahashi Akira , Sugawara Chieko , Kudoh Takaharu , Uchida Daisuke , Tamatani Tetsuya , Nagai Hirokazu , Miyamoto Youji
Published: October 2014

Aim.Tonsilloliths are calcified structures that develop in tonsillar crypts. They are commonly detected in daily clinical practice. The prevalence of tonsilloliths was 16 to 24% in previous reports, but it is inconsistent with clinical experience. The aim of this study is to clarify the prevalence, number, and size distribution of tonsilloliths using computed tomography (CT) in a relatively large number of patients.Materials and Methods.We retrospectively reviewed the scans of 2,873 patients referred for CT examinations with regard to tonsilloliths.Results.Palatine tonsilloliths were found in 1,145 out of 2,873 patients (39.9%). The prevalence of tonsilloliths increased with age, and most commonly in patients of ages 50–69. The prevalence in the 30s and younger was statistically lower than in the 40s and older (P< 0.05). The number of tonsilloliths per palatine tonsil ranged from one to 18. The size of the tonsilloliths ranged from 1 to 10 mm. For the patients with multiple CT examinations,　the number of tonsilloliths increased in 51 (3.9%) and decreased in 84 (6.5%) of the tonsils.Conclusions.As palatine tonsilloliths are common conditions, screenings for tonsilloliths during the diagnosis of soft tissue calcifications should be included in routine diagnostic imaging.
EGFR Activation and Signaling in Cancer Cells Are Enhanced by the Membrane-Bound Metalloprotease MT4-MMP
Authors: Paye Alexandra , Truong Alice , Yip Cassandre , Cimino Jonathan , Blacher Silvia , Munaut Carine , Cataldo Didier , Foidart Jean Michel , Maquoi Erik , Collignon Joelle , Delvenne Philippe , Jerusalem Guy , Noel Agnès , Sounni Nor Eddine
Published: October 2014

MT4-MMP (MMP-17) is a glycosylphosphatidyl inositol–anchored matrix metalloprotease expressed on the surface of cancer cells that promotes tumor growth and metastasis. In this report, we identify MT4-MMP as an important driver of cancer cell proliferation through CDK4 activation and retinoblastoma protein inactivation. We also determine a functional link between MT4-MMP and the growth factor receptor EGFR. Mechanistic experiments revealed direct association of MT4-MMP and its positive effects on EGFR phosphorylation in response to TGFα and EGF in cancer cells. Notably, the effects of MT4-MMP on proliferation and EGFR activation did not rely on metalloprotease activity. Clinically, MT4-MMP and EGFR expressions were correlated in human triple-negative breast cancer specimens. Altogether, our results identify MT4-MMP as a positive modifier of EGFR outside-in signaling that acts to cooperatively drive cancer cell proliferation. Cancer Res; 74(23); 6758–70. ©2014 AACR.
Molecular Characterization of Chronic-type Adult T-cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
Authors: Yoshida Noriaki , Karube Kennosuke , Utsunomiya Atae , Tsukasaki Kunihiro , Imaizumi Yoshitaka , Taira Naoya , Uike Naokuni , Umino Akira , Arita Kotaro , Suguro Miyuki , Tsuzuki Shinobu , Kinoshita Tomohiro , Ohshima Koichi , Seto Masao
Published: October 2014

Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a human T-cell leukemia virus type-1–induced neoplasm with four clinical subtypes: acute, lymphoma, chronic, and smoldering. Although the chronic type is regarded as indolent ATL, about half of the cases progress to acute-type ATL. The molecular pathogenesis of acute transformation in chronic-type ATL is only partially understood. In an effort to determine the molecular pathogeneses of ATL, and especially the molecular mechanism of acute transformation, oligo-array comparative genomic hybridization and comprehensive gene expression profiling were applied to 27 and 35 cases of chronic and acute type ATL, respectively. The genomic profile of the chronic type was nearly identical to that of acute-type ATL, although more genomic alterations characteristic of acute-type ATL were observed. Among the genomic alterations frequently observed in acute-type ATL, the loss of CDKN2A, which is involved in cell-cycle deregulation, was especially characteristic of acute-type ATL compared with chronic-type ATL. Furthermore, we found that genomic alteration of CD58, which is implicated in escape from the immunosurveillance mechanism, is more frequently observed in acute-type ATL than in the chronic-type. Interestingly, the chronic-type cases with cell-cycle deregulation and disruption of immunosurveillance mechanism were associated with earlier progression to acute-type ATL. These findings suggested that cell-cycle deregulation and the immune escape mechanism play important roles in acute transformation of the chronic type and indicated that these alterations are good predictive markers for chronic-type ATL. Cancer Res; 74(21); 6129–38. ©2014 AACR.
Changes in Pyruvate Metabolism Detected by Magnetic Resonance Imaging Are Linked to DNA Damage and Serve as a Sensor of Temozolomide Response in Glioblastoma Cells
Authors: Park Ilwoo , Mukherjee Joydeep , Ito Motokazu , Chaumeil Myriam M. , Jalbert Llewellyn E. , Gaensler Karin , Ronen Sabrina M. , Nelson Sarah J. , Pieper Russell O.
Published: October 2014

Recent findings show that exposure to temozolomide (TMZ), a DNA-damaging drug used to treat glioblastoma (GBM), can suppress the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. To understand the mechanistic basis for this effect and its potential utility as a TMZ response biomarker, we compared the response of isogenic GBM cell populations differing only in expression of the DNA repair protein methyltransferase (MGMT), a TMZ-sensitivity determinant, after exposure to TMZ in vitro and in vivo. Hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]-pyruvate–based MRI was used to monitor temporal effects on pyruvate metabolism in parallel with DNA-damage responses and tumor cell growth. TMZ exposure decreased conversion of pyruvate to lactate only in MGMT-deficient cells. This effect coincided temporally with TMZ-induced increases in levels of the DNA-damage response protein pChk1. Changes in pyruvate to lactate conversion triggered by TMZ preceded tumor growth suppression and were not associated with changes in levels of NADH or lactate dehydrogenase activity in tumors. Instead, they were associated with a TMZ-induced decrease in the expression and activity of pyruvate kinase PKM2, a glycolytic enzyme that indirectly controls pyruvate metabolism. PKM2 silencing decreased PK activity, intracellular lactate levels, and conversion of pyruvate to lactate in the same manner as TMZ, and Chk1 silencing blocked the TMZ-induced decrease in PKM2 expression. Overall, our findings showed how TMZ-induced DNA damage is linked through PKM2 to changes in pyruvate metabolism, and how these changes can be exploited by MRI methods as an early sensor of TMZ therapeutic response. Cancer Res; 74(23); 7115–24. ©2014 AACR.
Combined Genome and Transcriptome Analysis of Single Disseminated Cancer Cells from Bone Marrow of Prostate Cancer Patients Reveals Unexpected Transcriptomes
Authors: Gužvić Miodrag , Braun Bernhard , Ganzer Roman , Burger Maximilian , Nerlich Michael , Winkler Sebastian , Werner-Klein Melanie , Czyż Zbigniew T. , Polzer Bernhard , Klein Christoph A.
Published: October 2014

Bone is the most frequent site of metastasis in prostate cancer and patients with bone metastases are deemed incurable. Targeting prostate cancer cells that disseminated to the bone marrow before surgery and before metastatic outgrowth may therefore prevent lethal metastasis. This prompted us to directly analyze the transcriptome of disseminated cancer cells (DCC) isolated from patients with nonmetastatic (UICC stage M0) prostate cancer. We screened 105 bone marrow samples of patients with M0-stage prostate cancer and 18 bone marrow samples of patients without malignancy for the presence of EpCAM+ single cells. In total, we isolated 270 cells from both groups by micromanipulation and globally amplified their mRNA. We used targeted transcriptional profiling to unambiguously identify DCCs for subsequent in-depth analysis. Transcriptomes of all cells were examined for the expression of EPCAM, KRT8, KRT18, KRT19, KRT14, KRT6a, KRT5, KLK3 (PSA), MAGEA2, MAGEA4, PTPRC (CD45), CD33, CD34, CD19, GYPC, SCL4A1 (band 3), and HBA2. Using these transcripts, we found it impossible to reliably identify true DCCs. We then applied combined genome and transcriptome analysis of single cells and found that EpCAM+ cells from controls expressed transcripts thought to be epithelial-specific, whereas true DCCs may express hematopoietic transcripts. These results point to an unexpected transcriptome plasticity of epithelial cancer cells in bone marrow and question common transcriptional criteria to identify DCCs. Cancer Res; 74(24); 7383–94. ©2014 AACR.
ERK Mutations Confer Resistance to Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Inhibitors
Authors: Goetz Eva M. , Ghandi Mahmoud , Treacy Daniel J. , Wagle Nikhil , Garraway Levi A.
Published: October 2014

The use of targeted therapeutics directed against BRAFV600-mutant metastatic melanoma improves progression-free survival in many patients; however, acquired drug resistance remains a major medical challenge. By far, the most common clinical resistance mechanism involves reactivation of the MAPK (RAF/MEK/ERK) pathway by a variety of mechanisms. Thus, targeting ERK itself has emerged as an attractive therapeutic concept, and several ERK inhibitors have entered clinical trials. We sought to preemptively determine mutations in ERK1/2 that confer resistance to either ERK inhibitors or combined RAF/MEK inhibition in BRAFV600-mutant melanoma. Using a random mutagenesis screen, we identified multiple point mutations in ERK1 (MAPK3) and ERK2 (MAPK1) that could confer resistance to ERK or RAF/MEK inhibitors. ERK inhibitor–resistant alleles were sensitive to RAF/MEK inhibitors and vice versa, suggesting that the future development of alternating RAF/MEK and ERK inhibitor regimens might help circumvent resistance to these agents. Cancer Res; 74(23); 7079–89. ©2014 AACR.