bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Process Model of Voluntary Travel Behavior Modification and Effects of Travel Feedback Programs
Authors: Taniguchi Ayako , Fujii Satoshi
Published: January 2008

This study tested an integrated process model of travel behavior modification. The model combined a theory of planned behavior, a theory of norm activation, a theory of implementation intention, and theories of habit. To test the integrated model, panel data (n = 208) obtained before and after travel feedback programs (TFPs) were used (the TFP is a communication program aimed at voluntary modification of travel behavior, from automobile use to nonautomobile means of travel such as public transit and bicycle). A structural equations model using the collected data tested the integrated model. The results indicated that habit prevented people from forming behavioral intentions for behavior change; behavior change was induced by implementation intentions, which were influenced by behavior intentions; behavioral intentions were influenced by altruistic determinants.
Modeling the Timing of User Responses to a New Urban Public Transport Service
Authors: Chatterjee Kiron , Ma Kang-Rae
Published: January 2008

When a new service is introduced into the transport market (or an existing service is modified), the timing and nature of the responses of individuals can be expected to vary considerably. The aggregated responses of individuals will determine overall usage of the service. This paper reports how a panel survey was used to obtain information on the timing and nature of responses to a new public transport service. The survey results indicate how awareness, perceptions, and usage of the service change over time. Duration modeling was applied to analyze the factors that influenced the time taken to use the new service. It indicates that being younger, being from a household without a car, gaining a bus service that is physically closer to the home than services previously available, and using buses frequently before the new service was introduced all reduce the time taken to use the new service. The duration modeling provides useful results for operators to consider in marketing new transport services. For forecasting the overall usage of a new service, predicting new users and their frequency of usage need to be considered. It is anticipated that this type of analysis will lead to better understanding of the impacts of transport policy interventions and to improved transport forecasting tools.
Flux growth of straw‐like rutile monocrystals
Authors: Bloise A. , Barrese E. , Ferraris G.
Published: January 2008

Millimetric straw‐like rutile monocrystals were grown by the flux growth technique. A suitable mixture of flux (MoO3, V2O5, Li2CO3) and amorphous TiO2 gel was slowly cooled down to 750°C from 1250°C or 1350°C. The best yields of straw‐like rutile were obtained with a nutrient/flux ratio and a cooling rate in the range 0.015‐0.006 and 1.8‐1.9 K h‐1, respectively. The hollowed crystals were characterized by powder and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, microthermometry, and µ‐Raman spectroscopy. As for skeletal crystal, the formation of axial canals in rutile is attributed to a lack of nutrient due to the viscosity of the melt and the high growth rate along [001]. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantitative screening for steroids in animal feeding water using reversed phase LC with gradient elution
Authors: Muñiz‐Valencia Roberto , Gonzalo‐Lumbreras Raquel , Santos‐Montes Ana , Izquierdo‐Hornillos Roberto
Published: January 2008

Several isocratic separations for the determination of 20 steroids (STER) in animal feeding water samples (AFWS) from drinking‐trough by LC using a mobile phase ACN/H2O (35:65 v/v) and different RP columns (Hypersil C18, Gemini C18 (GM), Purospher Star C18, Synergi Max C12, and Synergi Fusion) and UV detection were obtained. The elution order was the same: a first group of corticoids (CC) was early eluted, a second group of CC and anabolics (AAS) exhibited intermediate retention, and a third group constituted by AAS was strongly retained. To improve the separation performances of the isocratic separations an ACN gradient elution optimization was carried out for each column. The most satisfactory results were obtained using a Purospher column which allowed the separation of 19 STER in an analysis time close to 26 min. After sample preparation using SPE, method validation was performed in an AFWS spiked with STER according to the EC decision criteria established for quantitative screening methods. For this purpose calibration graphs, extraction efficiencies, decision limits, detection capabilities, precision (repeatability and within‐laboratory reproducibility), accuracy, selectivity, and robustness were evaluated. The proposed method was applied to other AFWS with satisfactory results.
Nucleation in electrochemical growth of the Ag(100) crystal face: Determining the nucleus size via the nucleation theorem
Authors: Kashchiev Dimo , Bostanov Vesselin
Published: January 2008

We employ the nucleation theorem for a model-independent determination of the size of the two-dimensional (2D) Ag nucleus with the aid of experimental data for the nucleation-mediated electrochemical growth of the Ag(100) crystal face in aqueous solution of AgNO3 at 318K. These data are for the stationary rate of 2D nucleation, for the initial portion of the potentiostatic current transient pertaining to atomically smooth face, and for the galvanostatic current corresponding to stationary growth of the face. It turns out that the 2D nucleus is constituted of 17–64 Ag atoms when the overpotential is in the range of 12–22.4mV. Upon expressing the overpotential in terms of supersaturation, it is found that the experimental data for the size of the 2D Ag nucleus are in conformity with existing simulation data for the size of the 2D nucleus on the (100) face of Kossel crystal (the simulation nucleus contains 1–30 atoms). It is found as well that the Gibbs-Thomson equation of the classical theory of 2D nucleation describes very well the supersaturation dependence of the size of both the Ag and the simulation nucleus.
Geothermal energy
Authors: BURGESS WILLIAM G.
Published: January 2008

The Earth's heat may be concentrated under particular structural and hydrogeological conditions, when it can represent a valuable alternative source of energy. Thermal groundwater can be used directly for heating, and natural steam reservoirs can be tapped to drive turbines for electricity generation.
Monitoring active volcanoes
Authors: McGUIRE W. J.
Published: January 2008

1990 saw the start of a major international research initiative aimed at the development of a better understanding of how active volcanoes behave and of the threat that some pose to life and property, with a view to reducing the effects of volcanic disasters in the 1990s. The initiative forms part of a multidisciplinary approach devoted to reducing natural disasters of all kinds in the last decade of the millenium, designated by the United Nations as the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). Critical to the success of the initiative is the development and utilization of better volcanic surveillance programmes. These will be partly based on the use of established techniques such as seismic and ground‐deformation monitoring, but will increasingly incorporate more innovative methods such as satellite remote sensing and the measurement of microgravity and micromagnetic changes.
ELECTROCHEMICAL GENERATION OF SOLUTION LUMINESCENCE—II: LUMINOL AND PHTHALHYDRAZIDE
Authors: Epstein Barry , Kuwana T.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The electrochemical techniques of voltage‐scan, chronopotentiometry, chrono‐amperometry, coulometry and square‐wave pulse have been applied to the electro‐oxidation of luminol and phthalhydrazide in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism and species responsible for electroluminescence in the presence of oxygen and base. The rate of electro‐oxidation has been shown to be diffusion controlled with no evidence of a reverse reduction wave. Monitoring of light intensity decays after a potential‐pulse has given a first order rate of 1.63 times 103 sec‐1 at 25“. A heat of activation of 2.89 + 0.12 kcal/mole was determined for the reaction from the temperature dependence of the rate. A general reaction sequence for the electroluminescent pathway is proposed.
Instant messaging in informal learning via interactive television
Authors: Aarreniemi-Jokipelto Paivi
Published: January 2008

In the past few years, instant messaging (IM) has become increasingly popular on the Internet; IM via interactive television (iTV) is a new approach. The Education Department at the Finnish Broadcasting Company (YLE) offers a new afternoon club service for schoolchildren ages 9 to 11 via a program called "Tuu juttuun" (Get Along). The central goals of the MHP-based instant messaging service are to form and support a reciprocal community of users, as well as to utilize the community's interactions. Online community refers to the communication and social interaction that takes place on the Internet and web-based list servers, bulletin boards, newsgroups, and chat rooms. It aims to bring people closer and to link those who share the same interests, goals, activities, and governance. The goals of our research are to examine children's interactions and community in an iTV environment and to understand and identify the attributes of their instant messaging via iTV.
Studies of visible oscillating chemiluminescence in luminol–H2O2–KSCN–CuSO4 system using (2‐hydroxyethyl) trimethylammonium hydroxide
Authors: Samadi‐Maybodi Abdolraouf , Akhoondi Reza
Published: January 2008

Visible oscillating chemiluminescence (CL) of luminol–H2O2–KSCN–CuSO4 was studied using the organic base (2‐hydroxyethyl)trimethylammonium hydroxide. The effect of concentrations of luminol, H2O2, KSCN, CuSO4 and the base were investigated in a batch reactor. This report shows how the concentration of components involved in the oscillating CL system influenced the oscillation period, light amplitude and total time of light emission. The oscillating CL with different bases was also investigated. Results indicated that using 2‐HETMAOH causes regular oscillating CL with nearly the same oscillating period. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Awakening in hypnosis
Authors: Tschugguel Walter , Hunter Marlene
Published: January 2008

The phenomenology and paradigm of a therapeutic method, referred to as ‘hypnotherapy’, are overviewed here. Phenomenological descriptions of the terms ‘waking state’ and ‘trance state’ are offered. Both states together constitute an experience referred to as ‘reality’ and thus the question arises as to whether it is important to induce such a trance state if it already exists in our daily reality.

In this opinion piece, the authors suggest that the trance state has been long since buried under a surface of culture and education‐driven complaisant behaviour. However, complaisant behaviour fails to be supported by our secret demands and wishes. In contrast, the hypnotic or trance experience delineates the fact that we, as human beings, are far more than a function of alien conceptions and demands provided by our cultural and education system.

Second, a description of the paradigm of how hypnosis could act within an individual is offered. Epistemological arguments are provided to designate the hypnotic experience as a process which, in turn, generates authenticity. Copyright © 2007 British Society of Experimental & Clinical Hypnosis. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From conventionally fractionated radiation therapy to hyperfractionated radiation therapy alone and with concurrent chemotherapy in patients with early‐stage nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Jeremić Branislav , Miličić Biljana
Published: January 2008

BACKGROUND

The authors' single‐institution experience in patients with early‐stage (I and II) nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who were treated between 1980 and 1998 with either conventionally fractionated (CF) radiation therapy (RT), or hyperfractionated (HFX) RT, or HFX RT with concurrent paclitaxel/carboplatin (HFX RT‐Pac/C) was reviewed.

METHODS

Seventy‐eight patients received 60 grays (Gy) in 30 daily fractions (CF), 116 patients received 69.6 Gy (1.2 Gy twice daily), and 56 patients received 67.6 Gy (1.3 Gy twice daily) with concurrent, low‐dose, daily C (25 mg/m2) and Pac (10 mg/m2). Biologically equivalent doses for the 3 groups were 72 Gy, 78 Gy, and 76 Gy, respectively, for acute effects (α/β = 10 Gy) and 120 Gy, 111 Gy, and 111 Gy, respectively, for late effects (α/β = 2 Gy).

RESULTS

For all 250 patients, the overall median survival was 27 months, the cause‐specific survival was 27 months, the local progression‐free survival was 32 months, and distant metastasis‐free survival was not achieved; and the respective 5‐year survival rates were 27%, 32%, 45%, and 68%. CF achieved significantly inferior survival than either HFX RT alone or HFX RT‐Pac/C (P = .0332 and P = .0013, respectively), and no difference was observed between the 2 HFX RT regimens (P = .1934). Only acute hematologic high‐grade toxicity (grade ≥3) was more frequent with HFX RT‐Pac/C than with either RT alone, whereas other toxicities were similar between the 3 treatment groups.

CONCLUSIONS

HFX RT with or without concurrent chemotherapy may be better than CF in patients with early‐stage NSCLC. The role of chemotherapy deserves further investigation, because the group that received chemotherapy in the current study had a higher incidence of acute high‐grade hematologic toxicity. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Study on transmission characteristics in photonic crystals with negative effective index of refraction
Authors: Shen Tinggen , Li Zhenghua , Ma Junfeng , Sheng Yong , Jiao Pengpeng , Wu Bin , Xu Chenghua
Published: January 2008

Transmission spectra from equivalent negative refractive photonic crystals (PCs) composed of a triangular array of air cylinders in a GaAs matrix are studied by finite‐difference time‐domain method in the paper. Mechanism of wave resonance is probed and propagation of optical waves in the PCs is described in terms of effective refraction index and Bloch waves. Our numerical results show that probability of spontaneous radiation would be enhanced extremely under the influence of Bloch resonance waves, stimulated emission and photon tunnel effect, resulting in the optical waves localized greatly in the PCs at particular frequencies. In addition, we find out that the position of transmission peaks, with values far greater than unit, can be controlled by tuning the central frequency of waveguide source. It means that photon current in the PCs also can be controlled to optimize transmission properties of PCs, so as to meet the requirements of novel optical devices based on PCs. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation of the Structure‐Directing Effect of Surfactants on the Distribution of Silicate Species Using 29Si‐NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Samadi‐Maybodi Abdolraouf , Goudarzi Naser , Kirby Christopher W. , Huang Yining
Published: January 2008

Silicate anions were studied using 29Si NMR to investigate the structure‐directing effect of a surfactant (sodium dodecylsulfate‐SDS) on the distribution of silicate species present in alkaline silicate solutions. The distribution of the anions in the presence of polyelectrolytes was also investigated by 29Si NMR through the use of different bases including tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). Both SDS and the polyelectrolytic solutions were shown to stabilize low molecular weight silicate species and thus inhibit polymerization.
Intentions help children learn meaningful rules*
Authors: PATAEL SMADAR , DIESENDRUCK GIL
Published: January 2008

The present study investigated the roles of pattern detection capacities and understanding of intentions in children's learning of linguistic rules. We taught two-year-olds a Hebrew morphological distinction between noun and verb forms using two different training protocols. The protocols were identical in all parameters except that only in an Intentional, but not in a Control condition, were children introduced to the stimuli in an intentional communicative context. We found that children learned the morphological rule only in the Intentional condition. Thus, besides their pattern detection capacities, children's understanding of intentions substantially boosts their learning of meaningful rules.
Water wettability of close-packed metal surfaces
Authors: Meng Sheng , Kaxiras Efthimios , Zhang Zhenyu
Published: January 2008

We propose a new microscopic criterion to determine surface wetting: water wets the surface whenever its overlayer has a larger adsorption energy than three-dimensional clusters on the bare or water-covered substrate. This conceptually intuitive criterion is validated by detailed first-principles calculations of the energetics of layers and clusters of water on different metal surfaces. This criterion resolves naturally the current discrepancy between theory and experiment on the wetting behavior of undissociated water on Ru(0001), as well as the hydrophobic nature of the Au(111) surface. It also explains the Stranski-Krastanov ice growth on Pt(111) observed experimentally.
Photoabsorption in sodium clusters on the basis of time-dependent density-functional theory
Authors: Joswig Jan-Ole , Tunturivuori Lasse O. , Nieminen Risto M.
Published: January 2008

The photoabsorption spectra of a continuous series of Nan clusters (n⩽14, n=20, n=40) have been calculated using a time-dependent density-functional scheme. Accordingly, we present these spectra and show that they are in very good agreement with other theoretically and experimentally obtained photoabsorption spectra. Furthermore, we discuss the influence of the cluster structure on the photoabsorption spectrum for some selected clusters and present for several cluster sizes photoabsorption spectra of different geometrical isomers. The spectra of clusters with five or more atoms are dominated by a few large peaks which can be interpreted as collective plasmon excitations.
Light-induced instability in current conduction of aluminum nitride thin films embedded with Al nanocrystals
Authors: Liu Z. , Chen T. P. , Liu Y. , Ding L. , Yang M. , Wong J. I. , Cen Z. H. , Li Y. B. , Zhang S. , Fung S.
Published: January 2008

Al nanocrystals (nc-Al) embedded in AlN thin films have been synthesized by rf magnetron sputtering. The influence of ultraviolet (UV) illumination on electrical characteristics of the nc-Al∕AlN thin film system has been investigated. It is shown that the UV illumination could lead to a random change in the conductance of the thin film system. The change in the conductance is attributed to the charge trapping and detrapping in the nc-Al due to the UV illumination.
Impact of different defects on the kinetics of negative bias temperature instability of hafnium stacks
Authors: Zhang J. F. , Zhao C. Z. , Chang M. H. , Zahid M. B. , Peaker A. R. , Hall S. , Groeseneken G. , Pantisano L. , De Gendt S. , Heyns M.
Published: January 2008

For SiO2 or SiON, negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) generally follows a power law. There is less information available for the NBTI of Hf stacks and it will be studied and compared with that of SiO2 in this work. We found that the power factor for Hf stacks was substantially smaller and the NBTI kinetics has a “flat-then-rise” feature. The flat region at short stress time originates from the preexisting cyclic positive charge in Hf stacks, which is different from the defect responsible for the rising part at longer time and leads to the smaller power factor for Hf stacks.
Detection of phase transitions in sodium bismuth titanate–barium titanate single crystals by acoustic emission
Authors: Dul’kin E. , Mojaev E. , Roth M. , Greicius S. , Granzow T.
Published: January 2008

Acoustic emission measurements are combined with strain, dielectric, and polarization measurements to detect phase transitions in 0.94Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–0.06BaTiO3 single crystals during thermal cycling as well as electric field cycling at both room temperature and 140°C. All phase transitions known from the literature (cubic↔tetragonal↔trigonalI↔trigonalII) are determined to be of first order, and the existence of the ferroelectric trigonal II phase at room temperature and its transformation into an antiferroelectric phase during heating above 130°C is established.
Excitonic bright-to-dark transition induced by spin-orbit coupling
Authors: Wang Jian-Wei , Li Shu-Shen
Published: January 2008

The center-of-mass motion of quasi-two-dimensional excitons with spin-orbit coupling is calculated within the framework of effective mass theory. The results indicate that the spin-orbit coupling will induce a controllable bright-to-dark transition in a quasi-two-dimensional exciton system. This procedure can work as a way to increase the lifetime of excitons.
Optical polarizer integrated with suppression of higher harmonics in the vacuum ultraviolet and soft x-ray spectral regions
Authors: Yang Minghong , Cobet Christoph , Werner Christoph , Esser Norbert
Published: January 2008

Based on a concept of Au–Si–Au triple reflection, we present a low pass polarizer that suppresses higher-order harmonics from vacuum ultraviolet and soft x-ray monochromators. By appropriate optimization of the material and the angle of incidence, the polarizer enables the possibility to tune its cutoff edge of photon energy, and therefore to suppress higher-order diffraction light. Vacuum ultraviolet ellipsometry experiments with BESSY II synchrotron radiation in 9–23eV have demonstrated the suppression of higher-order harmonics.
Early start for experiments at Homestake underground lab
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram
Published: January 2008

South Dakota has taken the initiative to begin installing a variety of experiments in the 8000-foot-deep mine this year–long before the federal government can make its final decision.
Remote sensing
Authors: ROTHERY DAVID A.
Published: January 2008

Pictures in digital form taken from space or aircraft can be processed to reveal useful structural and compositional information on geology. Widespread, uniform coverage enhances our understanding of large areas of this and other planets. Continuing improvements in technology suggest that remote sensing will play an increasingly important role in geological research and exploration.
Ophiolites
Authors: MASON ROGER
Published: January 2008

An ophiolite is an association of igneous and metamorphic rocks, including basalts, dolerites, gabbros and peridotites, which may be a fragment of crust and mantle formed by spreading at a ridge beneath an ancient ocean. This remarkable conclusion is supported by many features of the structure, field relationships, petrology and geochemistry of ophiolites. Although recent research has led to a degree of disillusionment with the idea that ophiolites are fragments of typical ocean floor, these rocks have a good deal to tell us about processes of ocean floor construction and mountain building.
Oil in Chalk
Authors: HANCOCK JAKE
Published: January 2008

Chalk is not the sort of rock that you would expect to yield oil. Although it has a high porosity when first formed, the permeability is low. Even the porosity is normally much reduced under overburdens of more than 1000 m. Yet in the North Sea there are special conditions that allow major reservoirs in the Chalk beneath thousands of metres of Tertiary sediments.
One billion years of Archean history, Pilbara Craton, Western Australia
Authors: BOULTER C.A.
Published: January 2008

The Pilbara is an important region for the study of early Earth history, primarily because it contains large areas of volcanics and sediments, as old as 3550 million years, that are commonly extremely well preserved as a result of an exceptionally heterogeneous tectonic overprint during cratonisation. This latter event was completed by 2800 million years ago and hence much of the cover sequence up to the classic Hamersley banded iron formation is Archean in age.
Fossil vertebrate footprints
Authors: SARJEANT W. A. S.
Published: January 2008

Fossil vertebrate footprints occur in sediments of all ages, from the first venturings onto land early in the Devonian to the present. They are to be found in sediments from which bones are not recovered, thus adding to our knowledge of animal distribution in the past, and allowing stratigraphical correlation and the interpretation of ancient environments. Most importantly, however, footprints furnish a dynamic record of the way in which animals lived and moved, even telling us something of their social behaviour.
The history of oil exploration and development in the northern North Sea
Authors: STEWART DAVID
Published: January 2008

Discovery of the southern North Sea gas fields and, by 1970, several billion‐barrel oil fields in the central North Sea encouraged oil companies to explore in the deeper, less hospitable waters of the northern North Sea. There, seismic surveys revealed a pre‐Cretaceous unconfmity with ‘highs’ forming potential oil traps. One of the largest of these buried ‘highs’ was drilled by ShelllEsso, and oil was found in quantity in Middle Jurassic deltaic sandstones. This led to the discovery of eight major oil fields with reserves in excess of 7500 million barrels. Detailed studies of the sandstone reservoirs of the Brent Delta are enabling petroleum geologists and engineers to maximize recovery from these northern fields.
Simulating active volcanoes
Authors: McGUIRE BILL
Published: January 2008

The problem with trying to understand how active volcanoes such as Mount Etna work is that we cannot see what is going on inside them. We can try to get around the difficulty by examining the exposed interiors of ancient volcanoes and by utilizing geophysical techniques that allow us to monitor subterranean magma behaviour by recording associated ground deformation, locating thermal anomalies and monitoring seismic tremors. In conjunction with this geophysical work, we can simulate the internal ‘plumbing’ of an active volcano using that common culinary aid, gelatine
Caves: new and old
Authors: SIMMS MICHAEL J.
Published: January 2008

Caves represent underground drainage routes formed by the passage of water through soluble rocks. Caves and the deposits they contain preserve evidence of landscape evolution and climatic change together with sediments and fossils that elsewhere have been destroyed by erosion.
Evolution of the Earth's atmosphere and its geological impact
Authors: KERSHAW STEVE
Published: January 2008

Current problems with the ozone layer and rising carbon dioxide levels have highlighted the importance of the atmosphere, with its delicate balance of gases. In fact, the atmosphere has been changing since the Earth formed. From anoxic beginnings to its current oxygenated state, it has influenced depositional processes on the Earth's surface and helped the development of active, oxygen‐breathing life forms that culminated in ourselves. Evidence for changes in the atmosphere is found in the sediments accumulated on the Earth's surface, where fossils are also preserved. In this article the major geological aspects of the atmosphere's evolution are considered; in particular, the role of oxygen is aired.
Sun, sand and sea urchins
Authors: DONOVAN STEPHEN K.
Published: January 2008

Jamaica, land of holiday dreams, is also fascinating to the geologist. In particular, the fossil record is diverse, the ancient fauna containing many rarities. The fossil ochinoid fauna is especially large and varied for such a small island, with about 130 nominal species ranging from the late Cretaceous to the Pleistocene.
A SOLUBLE PROTEIN‐CHLOROPHYLL COMPLEX FROM SPINACH CHLOROPLASTS—III DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND COMPARTSON OF COMPLEX ISOLATED FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES*
Authors: Kahn Joseph S. , Chang Irene C.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— Work on the purification and characterization of the soluble protein‐chlorophyll complex isolated from spinach chloroplasts has led to these results: (a) The sedimentation constant Sw,20 of the complex bound to the Triton micelle is 2.28. With excessive dialysis however, it aggregates and sediments with varied Sw,20 values that are multiples of 2.28. (b) The micelle has a partial specific volume V= 0.920 and a diffusion coefficient D= 5.53 ± 10‐7 cm2/sec. A molecular weight of 120,200 for the micelk was calculated from these data. From the ratio of Triton to protein and chlorophyll in the preparation, the molecular weight for the complex alone was calculated as 17,200. (c) The complexes isolated from different species have similar physical and photochemical characteristics. (d) The percent of the chloroplast‐chlorophyll extractable as the protein‐chlorophyll complex is low in young, expanding leaves, reaches a peak in mature leaves and drops off with senescence. (e) Under strictly anaerobic conditions the complex will reduce cytochromes at rates similar to those of ferricyanide reduction.
ACTION SPECTRA FOR THE APPEARANCE OF DIFFERENCE ABSORPTION BANDS AT 480 AND 520 mμ IN ILLUMINATED CHLORELLA CELLS AND THEIR POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANCE TO A TWO‐STEP MECHANISM OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Authors: Govindjee R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract— In the difference absorption spectrum of thin, actively growing* aerobic suspensions of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, both the 480 mμ (negative) and the 520 mμ (positive) bands are produced by light absorbed in chlorophyll b and chlorophyll a; the ratio of absorption changes caused by equal number of incident quanta of 650 mμ light and those of 680 mμ light, is about 1.2. Both effects are partially inhibited by DCMU. Upon replacing air with argon, the effects are increased several fold and become relatively insensitive to DCMU. The increase is stronger in the absorption region of chlorophyll a, than in that of chlorophyll b; the ratio of the absorption changes, caused by equal numbers of 650 mμ and 680 mμ quanta decreases to about 0.8, for both effects. Variable (as regards the exact ratios of absorption changes), but parallel results for 480 and 520 mμ bands were obtained with cultures having low quantum yield of photosynthesis. This parallelism in the behavior of the 480 mμ and the 520 mμ band suggests that at least part of these two bands have a common origin. However, many observations suggest that both difference bands may have a multiple origin; as a working hypothesis, this origin is discussed in terms ofthree reactions: Reaction A—Photoreduction of chlorophyll a in system II; Reaction B—Photooxidation of chlorophyll b in system II; and Reaction C—Photooxidation (perhaps of a carotenoid) in system I.
RNA suppression of ERK2 leads to collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential with acute oxidative stress in human lens epithelial cells
Authors: Flynn James M. , Lannigan Deborah A. , Clark David E. , Garner Margaret H. , Cammarata Patrick R.
Published: January 2008

17β-Estradiol (E2) reduces oxidative stress-induced depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in cultured human lens epithelial cells (HLE-B3). The mechanism by which the nongenomic effects of E2contributed to the protection against mitochondrial membrane depolarization was investigated. Mitochondrial membrane integrity is regulated by phosphorylation of BAD, and it is known that phosphorylation of Ser112inactivates BAD and prevents its participation in the mitochondrial death pathway. We found that E2rapidly increased both the phosphorylation of ERK2 and Ser112in BAD. Ser112is phosphorylated by p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), a Ser/Thr kinase, which is a downstream effector of ERK1/2. Inhibition of RSK by the RSK-specific inhibitor SL0101 did not reduce the level of E2-induced phosphorylation of Ser112. Silencing BAD using small interfering RNA did not alter mitochondrial membrane depolarization elicited by peroxide insult. However, under the same conditions, silencing ERK2 dramatically increased membrane depolarization compared with the control small interfering RNA. Therefore, ERK2, functioning through a BAD-independent mechanism regulates MMP in humans lens epithelial cells. We propose that estrogen-induced activation of ERK2 acts to protect cells from acute oxidative stress. Moreover, despite the fact that ERK2 plays a regulatory role in mitochondrial membrane potential, estrogen was found to block mitochondrial membrane depolarization via an ERK-independent mechanism.
Satellite Rainfall Uncertainty Estimation Using an Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Bellerby T. J.
Published: January 2008

This paper describes a neural network–based approach to estimate the conditional distribution function (cdf) of rainfall with respect to multidimensional satellite-derived input data. The methodology [Conditional Histogram of Precipitation (CHIP)] employs a histogram-based approximation of the cdf. In addition to the conditional expected rainfall rate, it provides conditional probabilities for that rate falling within each of a fixed set of intervals or bins. A test algorithm based on the CHIP approach was calibrated against Goddard profiling algorithm (GPROF) rainfall data for June–August 2002 and then used to produce a 30-min, 0.5° rainfall product from global (60°N–60°S) composite geostationary thermal infrared imagery for June–August 2003. Estimated rainfall rates and conditional probabilities were validated against 2003 GPROF data. The CHIP methodology provides the means to extend existing probabilistic and ensemble satellite rainfall error models, conditioned on a single, scalar, satellite rainfall predictor or upon scalar rainfall-rate outputs, to make full use of multidimensional input data.
Role of Oxidants and Antioxidants in Atherosclerosis: Results of In Vitro and In Vivo Investigations
Authors: Siekmeier Rüdiger , Steffen Christian , März Winfried
Published: January 2008

Both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that oxidants are central in the development of atherosclerosis. Consequently, additional studies evaluated the protective effects of various natural and synthetic antioxidants, alone and in combination, with most studies focusing on α-tocopherol (vitamin E). Here, we summarize the role of oxidants in the pathomechanism of atherosclerosis. We also discuss epidemiological studies and others focused on the protective effect of vitamin E against atherosclerosis. Other antioxidants are also considered if they were included in studies involving vitamin E. The protective effect of antioxidants on atherosclerotic pathomechanisms has been confirmed in vitro, but only in some animal studies. Various epidemiological and observational studies have produced conflicting results on the protective effect of antioxidants. Most studies of primary or secondary prevention failed to show a protective effect. These conflicting results are biased by a number of factors, including differences between the study groups. Therefore, we describe these studies in detail.
Seguindo as pipas com a metodologia da TAR
Authors: Melo Maria de Fátima Aranha de Queiroz e
Published: January 2008

À luz das idéias de Bruno Latour, buscamos elaborar os rudimentos para uma psicologia social do brinquedo, tomando a Teoria Ator-Rede como metodologia para registrar tal construção. Elegemos a pipa, objeto de tradição milenar que encerra múltiplas histórias, como objeto a ser investigado nas redes que garantem a sua sobrevivência, nas aprendizagens que suscita, nos efeitos que promove. Discutiremos os princípios e regras metodológicas da Teoria Ator-Rede, testando a sua aplicabilidade ao nosso objeto de pesquisa, tentando, sempre que possível, fertilizar uma reflexão para o campo de estudo da psicologia, que é onde se situa o seguimento de nossa ação.
Efeitos genéticos e ambientais sobre o perímetro escrotal de animais da raça Caracu
Authors: Mattar Maira , Oliveira João Ademir de , Meirelles Sarah Laguna , Queiroz Sandra Aidar de
Published: January 2008

Neste trabalho foram avaliados os efeitos de idade (IDS) e peso aos 15 meses (P15) sobre medidas de perímetro escrotal ao sobreano de 1.892 machos da raça Caracu e estimada a herdabilidade desta característica. Utilizaram-se dois modelos de análise: em um dos modelos, foram incluídos o efeito de grupo de contemporâneos (GC) e, como covariável, a idade ao sobreano (efeitos linear e quadrático); e, no outro, o efeito de GC e, como covariável, o peso ao sobreano (efeitos linear e quadrático). A idade não teve efeito significativo no perímetro escrotal, o que está relacionado à homogeneidade dos animais nos grupos de contemporâneos, enquanto os efeitos linear e quadrático de P15 foram significativos sobre o perímetro escrotal, indicando grande influência do peso sobre a variação desta característica. A herdabilidade do perímetro escrotal foi estimada pelo método Bayesiano utilizando-se um modelo animal. O modelo incluiu os efeitos de GC e P15 (linear e quadrático) e os efeitos genéticos aditivo direto e residual. O valor médio estimado de herdabilidade do PE ao sobreano foi 0,38 e comprova que esta característica pode ser utilizada como critério de seleção para precocidade sexual em programas de melhoramento genético de animais da raça Caracu.
Entomocorus melaphareus, a new species of auchenipterid catfish (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes) from the lower and middle reaches of the rio Amazonas
Authors: Akama Alberto , Ferraris, Jr. Carl J.
Published: January 2008

A new species of auchenipterid catfish, Entomocorus melaphareus, is described. The new species is readily distinguished from its two congeners, Entomocorus benjamini Eigenmann, 1917, and E. gameroi Mago Leccia, 1983, by having darkly pigmented, rather than hyaline, pectoral and pelvic fins. Entomocorus melaphareus is known from the margins of the lower and middle rio Amazonas, and is the only species of the genus known from the main channel of that river.
Costs and risks of conforming to EU traceability requirements: the case of hard red spring wheat
Authors: Wilson William W. , Henry Xavier , Dahl Bruce L.
Published: January 2008

European Union (EU) traceability requirements impose added costs and risks on suppliers. A stochastic simulation model is developed to determine optimal testing strategies and marginal costs to conform to EU traceability requirements for exports of non‐genetically modified (non‐GM) wheat from the United States. The optimal strategy is chosen to maximize an integrator's utility. Cost components include certified seed, certification and auditing, testing, traceability, quality loss, and a premium for the added risk of a dual traceability system over a single non‐traceability system. Adventitious commingling risks are defined stochastically. Results indicate that traceability requirements can be conformed to with reasonable buyer and seller risk at a total cost of $18/non‐GM mt. [EconLit Subject Descriptors: C150, C610, D810] © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Upgrading of Lowland coffee in Central America
Authors: Pelupessy Wim , Díaz Rafael
Published: January 2008

A persistent fall of coffee prices in the 1990s brought the International Coffee Organisation, national governments, and coffee companies to propose the promotion of good quality highland coffee as the exclusive strategy for Central America to neutralize the negative income effects. This implies that cultivation on low‐ and medium‐altitude lands should be discouraged, which means that 60% of the coffee growers and workers will lose their means of subsistence in this region. We have used a combined environmental‐global commodity chain approach to question the new common wisdom. In buyer‐driven chains, there are different quality attributes to satisfy consumers wants. As most food products, coffee receives quality premiums for both sensorial and non‐sensorial credence characteristics. However, mass consumption markets in developed countries are served by powerful downstream roasters with blends that contain a major part of low sensory quality coffees. Market demand and a credence characteristic as the highly rewarded environmental friendliness should both be considered in assessments. This creates opportunities for lowland growers to stay in business and for mass coffee markets to become more sustainable. [Econlit: L660, Q170, Q560] © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Linyphi: creating IPv6 mesh networks with SSR
Authors: Di Pengfei , Eickhold Johannes , Fuhrmann Thomas
Published: January 2008

Scalable source routing (SSR) is a self‐organizing routing protocol which is especially suited for networks that do not have a well‐crafted structure, e.g.ad hocand mesh networks. SSR works on a flat identifier space. As a consequence, it can easily support host mobility without requiring any location directory or other centralized service. SSR is based on a virtual ring structure, which is used in a chord‐like manner to obtain source routes to previously unknown destinations. It has been shown that SSR requires very little per node state and produces very little control messages. In particular, SSR has been found to outperform otherad hocrouting protocols such asad hocon‐demand distance vector routing, optimized link‐state routing, or beacon vector routing. In this paper we present Linyphi, an implementation of SSR for wireless access routers. Linyphi combines IPv6 and SSR so that unmodified IPv6 hosts have transparent connectivity to both the Linyphi mesh network and the IPv4/v6 Internet. We give a basic outline of the implementation and demonstrate its suitability in real‐world mesh network scenarios. Furthermore, we illustrate the use of Linyphi for distributed applications such as the Linyphone peer‐to‐peer VoIP application. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precipitation of intermetallic phase in Zn‐Ti alloy single crystals
Authors: Boczkal G. , Mikulowski B. , Hünsche I. , Oertel C.‐G. , Skrotzki W.
Published: January 2008

Pure and 0.14 at.%Ti alloyed Zn single crystals have been grown by the Bridgman technique. The alloyed crystal exhibits a sheet‐like precipitation structure parallel to the basal plane of the hexagonal solid solution Zn‐Ti matrix. The tetragonal precipitates are intermetallic compounds of Zn16Ti composition. They are needle‐shaped with the needle axis peferentially aligned along the  axis. The approximate orientation relationship between precipitate and matrix is (0001)<11$\bar 2$0>Matrix||(010)[001]Zn16Ti. To study the influence of alloying on the mechanical properties, the critical resolved shear stress for basal slip has been measured in compression at different temperatures and strain rates. It is shown that the critical resolved shear stress can be very well explained by theories of solid solution and precipitation hardening. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High temperature synthesis and crystal structure of new representatives of the huntite family
Authors: Plachinda P. A. , Belokoneva E. L.
Published: January 2008

Single crystals of REE, Al borates, new and known representatives of huntite family are obtained by annealing of REEBO3 on Al2O3 surface at 1100°C. Phase identification for REE=Pr, Eu, Tb, Tm, Ho, Yb has been carried out using unit cell parameter determination on single crystals. Crystal structures of C 2/c (PrAl3(BO3)4) and C 2 (EuAl3(BO3)4) ‐ two polytypic modifications, previously determined for other REE's have been studied. Formation of one or another polytype in similar thermodynamic conditions is probably dependent on electronic structure of rare earth ion. Crystal field stabilization energy in crystal fields of different symmetry is a possible factor of polytype stability (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The self in conflict: The evolution of mediation
Authors: McGuigan Richard , Popp Nancy
Published: January 2008

Developmentalists such as Baldwin (1975); Basseches (1984); Cook‐Greuter (1990, 1999, 2000); Kegan (1982, 1994, 2001); Loevinger (1976, 1979, 1983, 1993, 1997, 1998, 2002); Piaget (1970); and Wade (1996) have devoted their research to the growth of different lines of development in individuals. A developmental understanding of conflict has implications for conflict theorists and interveners. In applying Kegan's staged model of adult psychological development to the experi‐ence of conflict, we can better understand the meaning‐making that underlies the behaviors that disputants exhibit in conflict, thereby allowing interveners to help the disputants expand their understanding of the conflict situation and find new pathways to its resolution.
Amphiphilic Iron(II) and Nickel(II) Complexes Based on Alkylated Diazaoxa‐ and Triazacyclononane
Authors: Domínguez‐Gutiérrez David , Eiser Erika , Elsevier Cornelis J.
Published: January 2008

It is known that including a metal into a micellar solution enhances both the colour and catalytic potential of such systems. This fact is well exemplified by the broad use of surfactant species as phase‐transfer catalysts. In the present work, we report our studies concerning the aggregation properties of a series of iron and nickel‐based triazacyclononane metalloamphiphiles. Upon multiple alkylation of the triazamacrocycle, we were able to obtain amphiphilic complexes that aggregate in toluene. We characterised the sizes and shapes of the aggregates by dynamic light scattering while their nature was assessed by atomic force microscopy.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Solid‐State Structure and Behaviour in Solution of Hypervalent Organotin(IV) Derivatives Containing 2‐(Me2NCH2)C6H4 Moieties
Authors: Varga Richard A. , Jurkschat Klaus , Silvestru Cristian
Published: January 2008

Hypervalent diorganotin(IV) dihalides of the type RBuSnX2 [R = 2‐(Me2NCH2)C6H4; X = Cl (1), F (2)] and heterocyclic derivatives of the type (RR1SnS)2 [R1 = Bu (3) and 2‐(Me2NCH2)C6H4 (4 and 4·2CHCl3)] have been prepared. Their behaviour in solution was investigated by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. The molecular structures of these compounds were established by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The strength of the intramolecular Sn→N coordination as a function of the substituent pattern at the tin atom is discussed. Weak intermolecular Sn···Cl interactions result in a “zig‐zag” polymeric chain for dichloride 1, while difluoride 2 is a polymer with a linear –Sn–F–Sn– skeleton. In both compounds, a distorted octahedral (C,N)CSnX3 configuration is observed. The thio derivatives are monomeric and exhibit distorted trigonal bipyramidal (C,N)CSnS2 (3) or distorted octahedral (C,N)2SnS2 (4 and 4·2CHCl3) configurations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
1,6‐Electrocyclization of 1‐Azatriene Derivatives
Authors: Vincze Zoltán , Mucsi Zoltán , Scheiber Pál , Nemes Péter
Published: January 2008

1‐Cyanomethylene‐6,7‐dimethoxy‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinolinium mesylate (10) readily reacted with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes to afford 1‐azatrienes 12a–h, which could be cyclized to give 6,7‐dihydro‐4H‐benzo[a]quinolizines 14a–h. The reaction mechanisms were investigated by computational methods. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Synthesis of some deuterated dialkylaminoethyls as possible standards for the mass spectrometric monitoring of chemical warfare agents
Authors: Stýskala Jakub , Cankař Petr , Soural Miroslav , Bednář Petr , Lemr Karel
Published: January 2008

Deuterium‐labelled derivatives of 2‐(dialkylamino)ethanols, 2–(dialkylamino)ethyl chlorides and 2‐(dialkylamino)ethanethiols have been prepared in which completely deuterated N‐alkyls (Me, Et, n‐Pr, iso‐Pr) have been introduced as substituents. Such labelled derivatives are of great interest in mass spectrometry as standards for monitoring chemical warfare agents and their precursors. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.