bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Inductive Load on Photovoltaic Systems
Authors: Okpo E. , Le Roux P. F. , Okoro O. I.
Published: August 2024

The increasing demand for electrical energy, driven by technological advancements in underdeveloped and developing nations, has led to a growing reliance on renewable energy sources. Inductive loads requiring high starting currents can significantly affect power sources. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the impacts of inductive loads on photovoltaic (PV) systems. This study aims to investigate the major parameters of the asynchronous machine, a typical representation of inductive load rated at 15 kW and 7.5 kW, respectively. With the analysis performed in MATLAB/Simulink, the major parameters investigated include the machine rotor current, rotor speed and rotor electromagnetic torque. The present study will propose strategies to mitigate the impact of inductive loads on PV systems, facilitating the seamless integration of solar PV systems into our energy infrastructure.
Low Code Development Cycle Investigation
Authors: Pańkowska Małgorzata
Published: August 2024

Technology plays an important role in the advancement of end-user development of software applications. It supports the way requirements are elicited, collected, analyzed, and processed into functionalities and non-functionalities in information systems. Technology enables end-users to create their own application for particular usage. This paper aims to present low code application development methodology resulting from practical experience as well as from the literature survey. The paper findings present that the low code development cycle (LCDC) is different in comparison with traditional or agile software development methods. The LCDC should emphasize the role, competencies, and experience of the end-user, who is a low code developer. This paper consists of two main parts. The first part covers literature surveys on contemporary approaches to citizen software development and low coding. The second part covers the LCDC ecosystem and process, which reveals the main active role of end-user and supportive roles of other project stakeholders, i.e., analysts, software engineers, testers, integrators, and other facilitators.
Unveiling the Television News Puzzle: Tracking TV News Consumption Behaviors Amidst and Beyond the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Teng Chan Eang , Joo Tang Mui
Published: August 2024

Concerns have been raised about the relevance of TV news with the fast growing of media technology. Increasing opportunities of choices have been held responsible for diverting viewers away from TV news. However, the Movement Control Order due to Covid-19 pandemic has paved a new life to TV news which was once claimed to be outdated and irrelevant as people started to select online platforms such as online news websites and social media as the main source of information. In view of the limited and insufficient research about TV news viewing where concerns are always placed on newspaper news, a survey was undertaken to determine the TV news viewing behavior in Sarawak during and after Covid-19 pandemic. A total of 306 respondents was collected through the use of snowball sampling from Central, Southern and Northern Sarawak. Despite bearing a paradox, the findings offer a paradigm shift to the previous research, as it indicates that watching TV news is still important to get the latest information. TV news via other devices only intensifies the shift of forms but not the content of the news. The content of the TV news is still the major consideration to stay engaged with the viewers. Result shows not much changes of the patterns of use of TV news during and after the Covid-19 pandemic. This implies the persistent importance and relevance of TV news in the daily life of people living in Sarawak. Producing quality content which suits the needs of the viewers is the only pathway to sustain the TV news.
Exploratory Customer Discovery Through Simulation Using ChatGPT and Prompt Engineering
Authors: Ilagan Joseph Benjamin , Alabastro Zachary Matthew , Basallo Claire Louisse , Ilagan Jose Ramon
Published: August 2024

Entrepreneurship and the tech startup journey are complex, dynamic, risky, and uncertain. Risk-taking needs to consider the complexity and interconnection of different aspects of the entrepreneurial and startup context. A simulation is a model of an existing complex system and experimenting with the model to understand the whole system’s behavior. Computer simulations have been widely used to study complex environments such as entrepreneurship. Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT, by nature of their training and design, are models of humans and likely possess latent social information. As such, LLMs could extend their usefulness from mostly being assistants to simulators of human behavior. Technology startups iteratively manage risks involving the uncertainty of their business models through Lean Startup Approaches (LSAs) combined with customer development. The first step in customer development involves customer discovery, where startup co-founders start with a vision and a set of assumptions (or “hypotheses”) about their business model and seek feedback from their prospective customers. This study explores using ChatGPT as a simulation tool for customer development for technology startups. The validation of the simulator involves coming up with baseline behavior and feedback without prompt preparations, followed by preparing synthetic prospective customers as agents in the virtual environment. This involves endowment of demographic characteristics and getting behavior and feedback again afterward.
Controllable deformations in compressible isotropic implicit elasticity
Authors: Yavari Arash , Goriely Alain
Published: August 2024

For a given material, controllable deformations are those deformations that can be maintained in the absence of body forces and by applying only boundary tractions. For a given class of materials, universal deformations are those deformations that are controllable for any material within the class. In this paper, we characterize the universal deformations in compressible isotropic implicit elasticity defined by solids whose constitutive equations, in terms of the Cauchy stress $$\varvec{\sigma }$$

σ

and the left Cauchy-Green strain $$\textbf{b}$$
b
, have the implicit form $$\varvec{\textsf{f}}(\varvec{\sigma },\textbf{b})=\textbf{0}$$

f

(

σ

,
b
)
=
0

. We prove that universal deformations are homogeneous. However, an important observation is that, unlike Cauchy (and Green) elasticity, not every homogeneous deformation is constitutively admissible for a given implicit-elastic solid. In other words, the set of universal deformations is material-dependent, yet it remains a subset of homogeneous deformations.
Association Between Frailty and Pelvic Organ Prolapse in Elderly Women: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Obinata Daisuke , Hara Makoto , Hashimoto Sho , Nakahara Ken , Yoshizawa Tsuyoshi , Mochida Junichi , Yamaguchi Kenya , Takahashi Satoru
Published: August 2024

Introduction and Hypothesis

This study evaluated the association between pelvic organ prolapse (POP), frailty, and sarcopenia to explore how POP treatment can extend healthy life expectancy in elderly women.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study of prospectively collected data, comparing women with mild POP (stages 0–II) with those with advanced POP (stages III and IV). The inclusion criteria for this study were women who visited the clinic with at least one symptom of pelvic floor dysfunction and underwent imaging studies between April 2020 and November 2022. Initially, 119 patients met these inclusion criteria. Patients were excluded if they had a history of previous POP treatment, did not respond to the study survey, or were lost to follow-up. After applying these exclusion criteria, 82 patients were included in the final analysis, of whom 65 underwent surgery (laparoscopic sacrocolpopexy, colpocleisis, tension-free vaginal tape, and native tissue repair). Assessments included POP Quantification, Kihon Checklist, Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quality of Life (P-QOL) questionnaire, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS), and Incontinence Symptom Questionnaire (ICIQ-SF). Pelvic muscles were measured using MRI or CT. Immunohistochemical analysis of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), estrogen receptor beta , and androgen receptor was performed on surgical specimens from 43 patients.

Results

The median age of participants was 75 years. Of the 82 patients, 48 (58.5%) were classified as frail or pre-frail, and 22 (26.8%) exhibited motor impairment. Advanced POP (stages 3 and 4) was seen in 41 patients. These patients had more motor function impairments (advanced, 16; mild, 6; p = 0.01). Patients with advanced POP had poorer P-QOL, ICIQ-SF (median: 9.5 vs 4, p = 0.006) and OABSS (7 vs 4, p = 0.008) scores, and smaller pubococcygeus muscle diameter (2.5 vs 3 cm, p = 0.017). Postoperatively, significant improvements were seen in P-QOL (all domains except personal relationships: p < 0.001), total IPSS (11 vs 4, p < 0.001), OABSS (6 vs 5, p = 0.033), and ICIQ-SF scores (6 vs 2, p < 0.001). ERα expression was associated with preoperative frailty (r = −0.37, p = 0.014).

Conclusions

Advanced POP correlates with poorer QOL, worse urinary symptoms, and reduced pubococcygeus muscle diameter, consistent with sarcopenia, compared with mild POP.
Possible protective effects of vanillin against stress-induced seminiferous tubule injury via modulation of Nrf2 and ZO1
Authors: Abdel Hafez Sara Mohamed Naguib , Saber Entesar Ali , Aziz Neven Makram , Aleem Mohammed Mustafa Abd El , Mohamed Manar Samir , Abdelhafez Elshimaa M. N. , Ibrahim Randa Ahmed
Published: August 2024

Around 20% of the human population is distressed. Previous studies have looked into the relationship between restraint immobilization stress (IS) and sexual behavior in male rats. The current study aimed to provide a brief explanation of the mechanisms that generated testicular injury with chronic IS and an attempt to evaluate the mechanisms and effects of vanillin as a novel protective agent. Forty-eight adult male albino rats were divided into six groups: control, vanillin-treated, chronic 2-h IS, 2-h stressed-vanillin-treated, chronic 6-h IS, and 6-h stressed-vanillin treated. The rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected for biochemical study. The testes were processed for biochemical and histological study, as well as histological Johnsen score. The results showed that prolonged IS increased both corticosterone and TNF-α levels as well as decreased testosterone, luteinizing hormone, catalase, and Nrf2 levels. This effect was more pronounced after 6 h of IS compared to 2 h. It also induced various testicular injuries with weak ZO-1 and CD34 immunoreactions. On the contrary, vanillin improved all mentioned biochemical and histological alternations induced by stress. Additionally, computational molecular docking analyses were conducted on the compound vanillin within the active site of Zona Occludens-1 (PDB ID: 2JWE). The results demonstrated remarkable docking scores and binding affinity, corroborating its potential protective efficacy. It could be concluded that vanillin is a promising treatment alternative for protecting testicular tissue from the harmful effects of IS via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
Algorithm for the Treatment of Tip Malformation Combining a Clinical Qualitative Assessment and Specific Closed-Rhinoplasty Techniques Based on Retrospective Analysis of Pellegrini’s Fellows 40 Years’ Experience
Authors: Scattolin Alberto , D’Ascanio Luca , Galzignato Pier-Francesco , De Luca Pietro , Orlando Niana , Ralli Massimo , Di Stadio Arianna
Published: August 2024

Background

The aesthetic importance of nasal tip and the complexity of its surgical correction make the surgery of this area one of the most fascinating facial surgical procedures. Despite description of different sculpturing techniques to correct nasal tip defects, this surgery remains one of the most discussed and challenging aesthetic procedures.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to define an algorithm of treatment for nasal tip surgery based on 40-year experience on Caucasian patients evaluated by our proposed clinical qualitative assessment, who were treated by closed rhinoplasty.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 19,643 Caucasian patients (15,266 females and 4,377 males) who underwent primary closed rhinoplasty from 1979 to 2019 due to different tip defects. The patients were evaluated by volume projection rotation (VPR) assessment. The surgical indications options, long-term aesthetic results and complications were analysed.

Results

22% patients with minimal nasal defects were treated by non-delivery approach and 78% patients with important tip malformation by delivery approach. In all cases, the surgery was performed to reduce tip volume and modify tip projection and rotation based on the specific nasal defects. 67% patients, who needed important reduction of tip projection, were treated by tip-interrupting techniques. 88.7% patients declared full satisfaction after surgery, and only 12.3% needed a requiring minor revision surgery during the 20 years follow-up.

Conclusion

The proposed algorithm may be a useful tool to plan surgery. The use of an adequate technique depending on the evaluation of volume, projection and rotation may guarantee higher patients satisfaction and a stable long-term aesthetic result.

Level of Evidence III

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
Differential strategies developed by two light-dependent scleractinian corals to extend their vertical range to mesophotic depths
Authors: Pérez-Rosales Gonzalo , Rouzé Héloïse , Pichon Michel , Bongaerts Pim , Bregere Nelly , Carlot Jérémy , Parravicini Valeriano , Hédouin Laetitia ,   Under The Pole Consortium
Published: August 2024

Mesophotic coral ecosystems are characterised by the presence of photosynthetic scleractinian corals despite the decreasing amounts of light available with depth. To better understand physiological strategies across a broad depth gradient, we studied the biological trait responses of Pocillopora cf. verrucosa from 6 to 60 m depth and Pachyseris “speciosa” spp. from 20 to 90 m depth at four islands of French Polynesia. Specifically, we characterised associated Symbiodiniaceae communities, photophysiological traits (Symbiodiniaceae density and chlorophyll concentrations), micro-morphology and trophic plasticity (autotrophy vs heterotrophy inferred from stable isotopes). Our results showed that both taxa can live at mesophotic depths without significant genetic structuring in their generic Symbiodiniaceae communities, mainly composed of Cladocopium and Durusdinium. Yet, the prevalence of Symbiodiniaceae ITS2 profiles revealed location-based variations that sometimes interact with depth and highlight putative shallow- or depth-tolerant taxa. For both taxa, symbiont density and chlorophyll pigment concentrations increased with increasing depth. We also found a change in their skeletal micro-morphology with an increase in the inter-corallite distance for Pocillopora cf. verrucosa and a decrease in the height of septa for Pachyseris “speciosa” spp. with depth. Finally, we found no isotopic evidence of switching to a more heterotrophic diet as their primary energy source, although host–tissue δ13C ratios became more negative with depth in both corals. Overall, our findings show similarity (across the two species) and species-specific strategies (biological trait patterns with increasing depth) underlying the capacity of symbiotic scleractinian corals to live in low-light environments.
Cologne ergonomic measurement for robotic surgery (CEMRobSurg) using the Hugo™ RAS System
Authors: Brunner Stefanie , Müller Dean , Krauss Dolores T. , Datta Rabi Raj , Eckhoff Jennifer A. , Storms Christian , von Reis Benedikt , Chon Seung-Hun , Schmidt Thomas , Bruns Christiane J. , Fuchs Hans F.
Published: August 2024

Background

The ergonomic advantages and potential challenges that robotic surgery poses to the well-being of surgeons are mainly unexplored. The most recent surgical robot introduced on the European market is the Hugo™ RAS System by Medtronic. This study aims to evaluate the ergonomic benefits of the Hugo™ RAS System, which is available in our training laboratory, CeMIT (Center for Medical Innovation and Technology Cologne).

Methods and procedures

Using the previously established Cologne Ergonomic Measurement Setup for Robotic Surgery (CEMRobSurg), we measured three parameters related to ergonomic posture from subjects with different levels of surgical expertise (laypeople, medical students, surgical residents, and expert robotic surgeons). The heart rate was measured continuously using a polar band. The noise level was measured while using the Hugo™ RAS System, and automated photographs using our locally developed methodology were captured of the participant every 2 s to assess body posture. The ergonomic measurements were conducted while the subject performed the same standardized robotic training exercises (Peg Board, Rope Walk, and Ring Walk).

Results

A total of 53 participants were enrolled in this study. The average noise level during all measurements was 54.87 dB. The highest stress level was measured in surgical residents with a sympathetic nervous system index (SNS index) of 1.15 (min − 1.43, max 3.56). The lowest stress level was measured in robotic experts with an SNS index of 0.23 (min − 0.18, max 0.91). We observed a risk-prone positioning of the neck and elbow in medical students (mean 39.6° and 129.48°, respectively). Robotic experts showed a risk positioning in the knee and hip region (mean 107.89° and 90.31°, respectively).

Conclusion

This is the first study to analyze and objectify the ergonomic posture of medical students, surgical trainees, surgeons, and laypeople using the open console, modular Hugo™ RAS System. Our findings offer recommendations for operating surgeons and allow for a comparative analysis between the different robotic systems. Further evaluations in real-time operative scenarios will follow.
Crowd behavior detection: leveraging video swin transformer for crowd size and violence level analysis
Authors: Qaraqe Marwa , Yang Yin David , Varghese Elizabeth B , Basaran Emrah , Elzein Almiqdad
Published: August 2024

In recent years, crowd behavior detection has posed significant challenges in the realm of public safety and security, even with the advancements in surveillance technologies. The ability to perform real-time surveillance and accurately identify crowd behavior by considering factors such as crowd size and violence levels can avert potential crowd-related disasters and hazards to a considerable extent. However, most existing approaches are not viable to deal with the complexities of crowd dynamics and fail to distinguish different violence levels within crowds. Moreover, the prevailing approach to crowd behavior recognition, which solely relies on the analysis of closed-circuit television (CCTV) footage and overlooks the integration of online social media video content, leads to a primarily reactive methodology. This paper proposes a crowd behavior detection framework based on the swin transformer architecture, which leverages crowd counting maps and optical flow maps to detect crowd behavior across various sizes and violence levels. To support this framework, we created a dataset comprising videos capable of recognizing crowd behaviors based on size and violence levels sourced from CCTV camera footage and online videos. Experimental analysis conducted on benchmark datasets and our proposed dataset substantiates the superiority of our proposed approach over existing state-of-the-art methods, showcasing its ability to effectively distinguish crowd behaviors concerning size and violence level. Our method’s validation through Nvidia’s DeepStream Software Development Kit (SDK) highlights its competitive performance and potential for real-time intelligent surveillance applications.

Graphical abstract
Ammonium transporter genes in millets: insights into structure, function, evolutionary conservation, divergence, and phylogenetic analysis
Authors: Sarkar Tanushree , Bakshi Suman
Published: August 2024

Millets, resilient and nutritionally rich crops, are increasingly recognized for their potential in sustainable agriculture. Ammonium transporter (AMTs) gene family significantly contribute to the absorption and transport of NH4
+ form of nitrogen in plants. The information about the structure and function of ammonium transporter genes in millet species is lacking. The millet crops such as pearl millet, proso millet, finger millet, sorghum, foxtail millet and green foxtail millet exhibit genetic variation in AMTs, which can be harnessed to improve NUE. Thus, genomic sequences of the six millet species were used and a total of 53 AMT genes were identified. Further, comprehensive analysis of chromosomal distribution, transmembrane structure prediction, presence of exons and introns, domain and motif organization, phylogeny, and synteny analysis were carried out. The phylogenetic analysis illustrated that millet AMTs belong to two subfamilies AMT1 and AMT2 (AMT2/AMT3/AMT4). Ka/Ks analysis showed that segmental duplications have contributed considerably in the evolution of millet AMTs. Phylogenetic classification of members of Poaceae using the amino acid sequences of AMT1.1 genes confirms the speciation patterns shown by matK gene sequence. Promoter analysis of millet AMTs showed presence of cis-elements related to light response, anaerobic induction, growth hormones, drought stress, biotic stress and several endogenous signals related to plant growth and development. This research provides insights into the structural and functional aspects of ammonium transporter genes in millets, and will serve as a foundation for utilizing AMTs for devising NUE strategies.

Graphical abstract
Mössbauer spectroscopy in studying industrial catalysts and processes in recycling
Authors: Lázár Károly
Published: August 2024

Advantageous properties of Mössbauer spectroscopy allow the method to be used for the examination of industrial catalysts as well. The method is confined for catalysts containing Mössbauer nuclei (57Fe and 119Sn in most practical cases), on the other side the obtained information is rather unique. Some further limitations emerge in studies for industrial catalysts with this technique in comparison to common catalyst studies, namely the extreme operating conditions, i.e. the elevated temperature and pressure. Thus the in situ conditions for studies cannot be completed easily. To circumvent this difficulty the states of catalysts prior and after the usage can be compared (ex situ conditions). Further, since real catalysts are used for long time period in the industry, their studies can be replaced by accelerated studies performed under ‘conditions relevant to real processes’. Beside catalysis, recycling and reuse of former industrial waste is also an important field for application of the method. A personal selection from reports from recent years on application of the method in representative large scale industrial processes is presented in the overview.
Forbidden Subposets in the Cycle Poset
Authors: Behnia Aysan , Fath-Tabar Gholam Hossein , Katona Gyula O. H.
Published: August 2024

The cycle poset consists of the intervals of the cyclic permutation of the elements 1, 2, ..., n, ordered by inclusion. Suppose that F is a set of such intervals, none of them is a less than s others. The maximum size of F is determined under this condition. It is also shown that if the largest size of a set in this poset without containing a small subposet P is known, it solves the same problem, up to an additive constant, in the grid poset consisting of the pairs $$(i,j) (1\le i,j\le n)$$

(
i
,
j
)
(
1
≤
i
,
j
≤
n
)

and ordered coordinate-wise.
Cognitive Capacities as Functional Natural Kinds
Authors: García Claudia-Lorena , Salcedo-Gómez Mariana , Vázquez-del-Mercado Alejandro
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we articulate a functional approach to cognitive capacities. It is a restricted functionalism for various reasons, but especially because it does not claim that all cognitive (and/or mental) entities and processes are functional in the sense of a systemic capacities approach. One of the central aims of a cognitive theory consists in providing explanations of behavioral phenomena of (human and non-human) animals, and of the phenomena that are involved in those explanations. We accept that part of what lies at the heart of these explanations are certain functional entities –we call them “cognitive functional systems” –which in our view stand for most of the cognitive capacities of an organism; that is, systems that are individuated primarily by the main cognitive functions they undertake. Additionally, in the paper, we go into further detail concerning these functional systems, their internal organization, the nature of their causal interactions, etc. We also argue that some of these classes of cognitive functional systems (i.e., cognitive capacities) can be construed as “natural kinds” whenever their kinds of functional organizations are understood as kinds of hierarchically ordered classes of information processing events that are related among each other in regular (often complex) ways.
Hoe een landelijke bewustwordingscampagne over drugs een goed idee kan worden
Authors: Hilbink-Smolders Mirrian , van Dongen Alex
Published: August 2024

Samenvatting

Begin dit jaar heeft de Tweede Kamer een motie aangenomen waarin werd voorgesteld om een landelijke campagne dan wel brede communicatie op te starten over de risico’s en de schadelijke gevolgen van drugsgebruik. Deze uitslag riep ophef en weerstand op vanuit het drugspreventieveld. Er is echter voldoende ervaringskennis en wetenschappelijk bewijs dat publiekscampagnes gericht op preventie en het verminderen van middelengebruik effectief kunnen zijn als onderdeel van een integraal aanbod. In dit artikel zetten wij uiteen waarom een campagne wel degelijk een goed idee kan zijn. Ook beschrijven we welke aandachtspunten en bouwstenen belangrijk zijn voor een succesvolle campagne die drugsgebruik moet ontmoedigen.
Reasons influencing the nurses’ prioritization process while preventing and managing delirium: findings from a qualitative study
Authors: Sist Luisa , Ugenti Nikita Valentina , Chiappinotto Stefania , Messina Rossella , Rucci Paola , Palese Alvisa
Published: August 2024

Background

Nurses play an important role in the prevention and management of delirium episodes. However, some studies have reported that not all interventions recommended are applied due to time and resource constraints, resulting in patients receiving less care than required because other patients and/or interventions are prioritised. The concept of prioritization is part of the broader concept of decision-making as the ability to choose between two or more alternatives to ensure patient safety. Understanding the reasons influencing the prioritization process in patients at risk or with delirium may inform interventions to prevent and/or minimise the unfinished nursing care.

Aim

The purpose of this study was to explore the reasons that inform the prioritisation process among nurses when they are challenged to make decisions for patients at risk and with delirium.

Methods

A descriptive qualitative study performed according to the COnsolidated criteria for Reporting guidelines, in 2021. An intentional sample of nurses working full-time with older patients in medical, geriatric, and post-acute care facilities affiliated with the National Health System was involved. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and narratives thematic analysed.

Results

A total of 56 nurses (55.4% in internal medicine, 26.8% in geriatrics and 17.8% in post-acute/intermediate care) participated with an average age of 31.6 years. The reasons informing the prioritisation process while providing preventive or managerial interventions towards a patient at risk of or with delirium are set at three levels: (1) unit level, as reasons belong to the inadequacy of the ‘Environment’, the ‘Human Resources’, and the ‘Organisation and Work Processes’, (2) nurse’s level, as issues in ‘Competencies’ and ‘Attitudes’ possessed, and (3) patient level, due to the ‘Multidimensional Frailty’.

Conclusion

Nurses caring for patients at risk of and with delirium face several challenges in providing care. To prioritise preventive and managerial interventions, it is essential to implement multilevel and multifaced organizational and educational strategies.
Addressing Racial Disparities in the Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy: A Plan for Action from the Preeclampsia Foundation’s Racial Disparities Task Force
Authors: Graves Cornelia R. , Firoz Tabassum , Smith Skylar N. , Hernandez Natalie , Haley Shaconna , Smith Kim , D’Oria Robyn , Celi Ann C.
Published: August 2024

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are among the leading causes of maternal mortality in the United States, with Black women and birthing people disproportionately having higher HDP-related deaths and morbidity. In 2020, the Preeclampsia Foundation formed a national Racial Disparities Task Force (RDTF) to identify key recommendations to address issues of racial disparities related to HDP. Recommendations are centered around the Foundation’s three pillars: Community, Healthcare Practice, and Research. Healthcare practices include adequate treatment of chronic hypertension in Black women and birthing people, re-branding low-dose aspirin to prenatal aspirin to facilitate uptake, and innovative models of care that especially focus on postpartum follow-up. A research agenda that examines the influence of social and structural determinants of health (ssDOH) on HDP care, access, and outcomes is essential to addressing disparities. One specific area that requires attention is the development of metrics to evaluate the quality of obstetrical care as it relates to racial disparities in Black women and birthing people with HDP. The recommendations generated by the Preeclampsia Foundation’s RDTF highlight the strategic priorities and are a call to action that requires listening to the voices and experiences of Black women and birthing people, engaging their communities, and multi-sectoral collaboration to improve healthcare practices and drive needed research.
Light–Material Interactions Using Laser and Flash Sources for Energy Conversion and Storage Applications
Authors: Park Jung Hwan , Pattipaka Srinivas , Hwang Geon-Tae , Park Minok , Woo Yu Mi , Kim Young Bin , Lee Han Eol , Jeong Chang Kyu , Zhang Tiandong , Min Yuho , Park Kwi-Il , Lee Keon Jae , Ryu Jungho
Published: August 2024

This review provides a comprehensive overview of the progress in light–material interactions (LMIs), focusing on lasers and flash lights for energy conversion and storage applications. We discuss intricate LMI parameters such as light sources, interaction time, and fluence to elucidate their importance in material processing. In addition, this study covers various light-induced photothermal and photochemical processes ranging from melting, crystallization, and ablation to doping and synthesis, which are essential for developing energy materials and devices. Finally, we present extensive energy conversion and storage applications demonstrated by LMI technologies, including energy harvesters, sensors, capacitors, and batteries. Despite the several challenges associated with LMIs, such as complex mechanisms, and high-degrees of freedom, we believe that substantial contributions and potential for the commercialization of future energy systems can be achieved by advancing optical technologies through comprehensive academic research and multidisciplinary collaborations.
Who Puts the ‘Active’ into ‘Active Learning’?
Authors: Mason John
Published: August 2024

Learning is here considered to have taken place when someone has developed the habit, propensity, and disposition to attend productively to things not previously noticed, and in ways not previously experienced, to do with some specific and particular content. ‘Active learning’ sounds like a tautology, but was introduced as a contrast to the more passive activity of students sitting in lectures listening and transcribing mathematics written on a board or screen onto their own paper. The stance taken here is that effective and efficient learning involves active engagement in activity, but includes enculturation through being in the presence of a relative expert1 who themselves is manifesting mathematical thinking, not simply passing on the records of the results of previous mathematical thought. Such ‘passivity’ does not necessarily require intention. Following Bennett2 actions are here taken to involve three agents or impulses: initiating, responding, and reconciling or mediating. All three agents are thus active, but in different ways. Interactions intended to contribute to learning are considered to be actions, and so involve three agents: learner, teacher (in some manifestation), and mathematical content, all within a culture or ethos. Since there are six different ways in which the triple of agents can be assigned to the triple of impulses, six different modes are possible. Analysing these modes sheds light on different ways in which learning could be said to be ‘active’. Activity takes place within a mode of interaction. Again following Bennett, effective activity is here taken to require appropriate relationships among the gap between current state and intended goal, the resources available, and the tasks set.

1Vygotsky (1978) pointed out that ‘higher psychological processes’ are first encountered in others.

2Bennett (1993); see also Shantock Systematics Group (1975)
Response Surface Methodology for Optimizing Water and Fertilizer Requirements for Maize (Zea mays L.) Growth in Sandy Soil
Authors: Emran Mohamed , El-Gamal Eman H. , Haddad Ahmed M. , Ibrahim Omar M.
Published: August 2024

To foster sustainable agricultural practices, the utilization of irrigation, fertilizers, and recycled soil enhancements is essential, particularly in regions with limited resources. This investigation sought to ascertain the optimal water and fertilizer prerequisites for the cultivation of maize by employing Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in arenosol enriched with spent mushroom substrate (SMS) in a controlled pot experiment. The experimental treatments were determined using the Central Composite Design based on varying levels of irrigation (50%, 75%, and 100% of soil field capacity), nitrogen (0, 1, and 2 g pot−1), and SMS (0, 5, and 10%, v/v). The investigation's findings demonstrated that augmented irrigation and nitrogen fertilization positively influenced all agronomic traits, as well as nitrogen concentrations in the roots, shoots, and soil. SMS increased shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, leaf area per plant, and dissolved and total soil organic carbon. The optimal levels of irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer, and SMS to improve agronomic attributes were determined to be 81.43–97.80%, 1.38–1.69 g pot−1, and 5.77–8.48%, respectively. The optimal amounts for NPK retention in soil and plant uptake were 69.50–98.00%, 1.20–1.98 g pot−1, and 4.72–9.74%, respectively. The study concluded that irrigation and nitrogen levels had a greater impact on optimizing maize growth response than SMS. However, SMS was found to be more effective in increasing plant biomass due to its enhancement of both dissolved and total soil organic carbon. Furthermore, the interaction of irrigation and mineral nitrogen with SMS improved soil nutrient retention, plant uptake, and plant biomass productivity.
From the quantum breakdown model to the lattice gauge theory
Authors: Hu Yu-Min , Lian Biao
Published: August 2024

The one-dimensional quantum breakdown model, which features spatially asymmetric fermionic interactions simulating the electrical breakdown phenomenon, exhibits an exponential U(1) symmetry and a variety of dynamical phases including many-body localization and quantum chaos with quantum scar states. We investigate the minimal quantum breakdown model with the minimal number of on-site fermion orbitals required for the interaction and identify a large number of local conserved charges in the model. We then reveal a mapping between the minimal quantum breakdown model in certain charge sectors and a quantum link model which simulates the U(1) lattice gauge theory and show that the local conserved charges map to the gauge symmetry generators. A special charge sector of the model further maps to the PXP model, which shows quantum many-body scars. This mapping unveils the rich dynamics in different Krylov subspaces characterized by different gauge configurations in the quantum breakdown model.
Revolutionizing Personalized Health: The Frontier of Wearable Biomolecule Sensors Through 3D Printing Innovation
Authors: Rajendran Jerome , Esfandyarpour Rahim
Published: August 2024

This review article delves into the innovative intersection of 3D-printed technologies and wearable chemical sensors, highlighting a forward-thinking approach to biomarker monitoring. It emphasizes the transformative role of additive manufacturing in the development of wearable devices tailored for the precise detection of chemical biomarkers, crucial for proactive disease management and health assessment. By offering a detailed exploration of how 3D printing of nanomaterials contributes to pioneering sensor designs, this review underscores the practicality of sensor wearability, ensuring comfort and efficacy for users. We address the challenges of material resilience, sensor durability, and efficient data communication, while also charting the significant trends and future directions that promise to redefine the landscape of flexible and wearable chemical sensors. Through a comprehensive analysis, this article aims to showcase the pivotal advancements and ongoing innovations in the field, emphasizing the critical impact of 3D printing on enhancing personalized healthcare and wearable diagnostics.

Graphical Abstract
Tropical Cyclone Storm Surge‐Based Flood Risk Assessment Under Combined Scenarios of High Tides and Sea‐Level Rise: A Case Study of Hainan Island, China
Authors: Zhou Ziying , Yang Saini , Hu Fuyu , Chen Bingrui , Shi Xianwu , Liu Xiaoyan
Published: August 2024

In the context of climate change, coastal flood risk is intensifying globally, particularly in China, where intricate coastlines and frequent tropical cyclones make storm surges a major concern. Despite local government's efforts to initiate coastal monitoring networks and qualitative risk guidelines, there remains a gap in detailed and efficient quantitative assessments for combinations of multiple sea‐level components. To address this, we develop the Tropical Cyclone Storm Surge‐based Flood Risk Assessment under Combined Scenarios (TCSoS‐FRACS). This framework integrates impacts of storm surges, high tides, and sea‐level rise using a hybrid of statistical and dynamic models to balance reliability and efficiency. By combining hazard, exposure, and vulnerability, it incorporates economic and demographic factors for a deeper understanding of risk composition. Applying TCSoS‐FRACS to Hainan Island reveals that the combined effects of storm surges, high tides, and sea‐level rise significantly amplify local coastal flood risk, increasing economic losses to 4.27–5.90 times and affected populations to 4.96–6.23 times. Additionally, transitioning from Fossil‐fueled Development (SSP5‐8.5) to Sustainability (SSP1‐1.9) can reduce the risk increase by approximately half. The equivalence in flood hazard between current high tides and future sea level under a sustainable scenario boosts confidence in climate change adaptation efforts. However, coastal cities with low hazard but high exposure need heightened vigilance in flood defense, as future risk could escalate sharply. Our study provides new insights into coastal flood risk on Hainan Island and other regions with similar profiles, offering a transferable and efficient tool for disaster risk management and aiding in regional sustainable development.
Internal Tide Energy Transfers Induced by Mesoscale Circulation and Topography Across the North Atlantic
Authors: Bella Adrien , Lahaye Noé , Tissot Gilles
Published: August 2024

The interactions between the internal tide and the mesoscale circulation are studied from the internal tide energy budget perspective. To that end, the modal energy budget of the internal tide is diagnosed using a high resolution numerical simulation covering the North Atlantic. Compared to the topographic contribution, the advection of the internal tide by the low‐frequency flow component and the horizontal and vertical shear are found to be significant at global scale, while the buoyancy contribution is important locally. The advection of the internal tide by the low‐frequency currents is responsible for a net energy transfer from the large scale to smaller scale internal tide, without exchanges with the low‐frequency flow. On the opposite, the shear of the mesoscale circulation and the buoyancy field are responsible for exchanges between the internal tide and the low‐frequency flow. The importance of the shear increases in the northernmost part of the domain, and a partial compensation between the buoyancy and the shear contributions is found in some areas of the North Atlantic, such as in the Gulf Stream region. In addition, the temporal variability of these energy transfers is investigated. In contrast to topographic scattering, for which the spring‐neap cycle is the dominant frequency, the energy transfer terms driven by low‐frequency motions in areas of strong mesoscale activity are also modulated by variations of the low‐frequency current spatial distribution.
Natural Flood Management Through Peatland Restoration: Catchment‐Scale Modeling of Past and Future Scenarios in Glossop, UK
Authors: Goudarzi Salim , Milledge David , Holden Joseph , Evans Martin , Allott Tim , Johnston Adam , Shuttleworth Emma , Kay Martin , Brown David , Rees Joe , Edokpa Donald , Spencer Tom
Published: August 2024

Field‐scale experiments have shown the Natural Flood Management (NFM) potential of peatland restoration. The likelihoods of effectiveness are yet unknown at scales and storms large enough to impact human lives. Using GMD‐TOPMODEL, we upscale a rare Before‐After‐Control‐Intervention empirical data set to a 25 km2 catchment with >600 properties at flood‐risk, and test storms of up to a 1,000‐year return period (RP). Under these scales/storms, we find that it is not necessary (nor feasible) to delay the outlet flow‐peak to meaningfully attenuate it. Enhancing catchment “kinematic” storage, for example, through restoration, can be sufficient to reduce flow magnitudes without detectable changes to peak‐flow timing. NFM benefit increases exponentially with restoration area size under smaller storms, but linearly under larger storms. At RP ≤ 100 years, longer‐lasting frontal‐type storms are more challenging to defend against via NFM, but at RP > 100 years shorter‐duration convectional‐type events become more challenging. In the order of 1,000–10 years storms: (a) revegetating the bare‐peat areas in 15% of the catchment is 31%–61% likely to reduce peak‐flows by >5%; (b) revegetating & damming the erosion gullies in ∼20% of the catchment is 42%–71% likely to reduce peak‐flows by >5%; (c) Growth of Sphagnum in the dammed gullies of ∼20% and ∼40% of the catchment increase the likelihoods of >5% peak reductions to 65%–86% and 90%–98%, respectively. The numerical evidence of significant NFM benefit due to Sphagnum re‐establishment is an important finding, because it shows that meaningful flood‐risk mitigation in headwater catchments under scales/storms relevant to communities at risk can be delivered alongside other ecosystem benefits of Sphagnum re‐establishment.
Micro/nanofabrication of heat management materials for energy-efficient building facades
Authors: Wang Guanya , Ryu Keunhyuk , Dong Zhaogang , Hu Yuwei , Ke Yujie , Dong ZhiLi , Long Yi
Published: August 2024

Advanced building facades, which include windows, walls, and roofs, hold great promise for reducing building energy consumption. In recent decades, the management of heat transfer via electromagnetic radiation between buildings and outdoor environments has emerged as a critical research field aimed at regulating solar irradiation and thermal emission properties. Rapid advancements have led to the widespread utilization of advanced micro/nanofabrication techniques. This review provides the first comprehensive summary of fabrication methods for heat management materials with potential applications in energy-efficient building facades, with a particular emphasis on recent developments in fabrication processing and material property design. These methods include coating, vapor deposition, nanolithography, printing, etching, and electrospinning. Furthermore, we present our perspectives regarding their advantages and disadvantages and our opinions on the opportunities and challenges in this field. This review is expected to expedite future research by providing information on the selection, design, improvement, and development of relevant fabrication techniques for advanced materials with energy-efficient heat management capabilities.
On-chip dielectrophoretic single-cell manipulation
Authors: Tian Zuyuan , Wang Xihua , Chen Jie
Published: August 2024

Bioanalysis at a single-cell level has yielded unparalleled insight into the heterogeneity of complex biological samples. Combined with Lab-on-a-Chip concepts, various simultaneous and high-frequency techniques and microfluidic platforms have led to the development of high-throughput platforms for single-cell analysis. Dielectrophoresis (DEP), an electrical approach based on the dielectric property of target cells, makes it possible to efficiently manipulate individual cells without labeling. This review focusses on the engineering designs of recent advanced microfluidic designs that utilize DEP techniques for multiple single-cell analyses. On-chip DEP is primarily effectuated by the induced dipole of dielectric particles, (i.e., cells) in a non-uniform electric field. In addition to simply capturing and releasing particles, DEP can also aid in more complex manipulations, such as rotation and moving along arbitrary predefined routes for numerous applications. Correspondingly, DEP electrodes can be designed with different patterns to achieve different geometric boundaries of the electric fields. Since many single-cell analyses require isolation and compartmentalization of individual cells, specific microstructures can also be incorporated into DEP devices. This article discusses common electrical and physical designs of single-cell DEP microfluidic devices as well as different categories of electrodes and microstructures. In addition, an up-to-date summary of achievements and challenges in current designs, together with prospects for future design direction, is provided.