bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Europe’s Gift to the United Kingdom’s Unwritten Constitution – Juridification
Authors: Young Alison L. , Birkinshaw Patrick , Mitsilegas Valsamis , Christou Theodora A.
Published: May 2019

The United Kingdom constitution is the only uncodified constitution in Europe, and is described in the report as evolutionary, historical and predominantly political, responding piecemeal to developments through pragmatic solutions. A central concept is parliamentary sovereignty. The Supreme Court, replacing the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords, started its work in 2009; it can make a declaration of incompatibility with the ECHR, but has no power to annul legislation (although prior to Brexit, the courts were willing to disapply legislation which contravened directly effective provisions of EU law). Fundamental rights are predominantly protected by the Human Rights Act 1998, which incorporates the ECHR into UK law and the common law. A proactive role in raising fundamental rights issues, also in relation to EU law, is played by parliamentary scrutiny committees, NGOs and other institutions. These have contributed e.g. to the subsequent introduction of rights-based safeguards to European Arrest Warrant legislation and of a forum bar with regard to international extradition treaties. In terms of the main comparative influences, UK law is more likely to refer to the principles found in the common law of the US, Australia, Canada and New Zealand. Although European influences are present and have increased, it is unclear how far these influences will remain post Brexit. The report observes that membership of the EU and of the ECHR has helped to subject the UK constitution to juridification. In general, EU law has in many areas enhanced rights protection, e.g. as regards the right to privacy and the general principles of law; indeed, the latter were introduced into the UK through EU and ECHR law. The report does not address the Brexit process, although a brief post scriptum note has been added.
Strong gravitational radiation from a simple dark matter model
Authors: Baldes Iason , Garcia-Cely Camilo
Published: May 2019

Abstract

A rather minimal possibility is that dark matter consists of the gauge bosons of a spontaneously broken symmetry. Here we explore the possibility of detecting the gravitational waves produced by the phase transition associated with such breaking. Concretely, we focus on the scenario based on an SU(2)
D
group and argue that it is a case study for the sensitivity of future gravitational wave observatories to phase transitions associated with dark matter. This is because there are few parameters and those fixing the relic density also determine the effective potential establishing the strength of the phase transition. Particularly promising for LISA and even the Einstein Telescope is the super-cool dark matter regime, with DM masses above

$$ \mathcal{O} $$

O

(100) TeV, for which we find that the gravitational wave signal is notably strong. In our analysis, we include the effect of astrophysical foregrounds, which are often ignored in the context of phase transitions.
Statistical mechanics of a two-dimensional black hole
Authors: Kitaev Alexei , Suh S. Josephine
Published: May 2019

Abstract

The dynamics of a nearly-AdS2 spacetime with boundaries is reduced to that of two particles in the anti-de Sitter space. We determine the class of physically meaningful wavefunctions, and prescribe the statistical mechanics of a black hole. We demonstrate how wavefunctions for a two-sided black hole and a regularized notion of trace can be used to construct thermal partition functions, and more generally, arbitrary density matrices. We also obtain correlation functions of external operators.
Two-point correlators in non-conformal $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 gauge theories
Authors: Billò M. , Fucito F. , Korchemsky G. P. , Lerda A. , Morales J. F.
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We study the two-point correlation functions of chiral/anti-chiral operators in

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 2 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theories on

$$ \mathbb{R} $$

ℝ

4 with gauge group SU(N) and N

f
massless hypermultiplets in the fundamental representation. We compute them in perturbation theory, using dimensional regularization up to two loops, and show that field-theory observables built out of dimensionless ratios of two-point renormalized correlators on

$$ \mathbb{R} $$

ℝ

4 are in perfect agreement with the same quantities computed using localization on the four-sphere, even in the non-conformal case N

f
≠ 2N.
Some aspects of entanglement wedge cross-section
Authors: Velni Komeil Babaei , Mohammadi Mozaffar M. Reza , Vahidinia M. H.
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We consider the minimal area of the entanglement wedge cross section (EWCS) in Einstein gravity. In the context of holography, it is proposed that this quantity is dual to different information measures, e.g., entanglement of purification, logarithmic negativity and reflected entropy. Motivated by these proposals, we examine in detail the low and high temperature corrections to this quantity and show that it obeys the area law even in the finite temperature. We also study EWCS in nonrelativistic field theories with nontrivial Lifshitz and hyperscaling violating exponents. The resultant EWCS is an increasing function of the dynamical exponent due to the enhancement of spatial correlations between subregions for larger values of z. We find that EWCS is monotonically decreasing as the hyperscaling violating exponent increases. We also obtain this quantity for an entangling region with singular boundary in a three dimensional field theory and find a universal contribution where the coefficient depends on the central charge. Finally, we verify that for higher dimensional singular regions the corresponding EWCS obeys the area law.
Using synthetic semiochemicals to train canines to detect bark beetle–infested trees
Authors: Johansson Annette , Birgersson Göran , Schlyter Fredrik
Published: May 2019

Key message

The dog detection allows timely removal by sanitation logging of first beetle-attacked trees before offspring emergence, preventing local beetle increases. Detection dogs rapidly learned responding to synthetic bark beetle pheromone components, with known chemical titres, allowing search training during winter in laboratory and field. Dogs trained on synthetics detected naturally attacked trees in summer at a distance of > 100 m.

Context

An early detection of first beetle-attacked trees would allow timely sanitation felling before offspring emergence, curbing local beetle increase.

Aims

We tested if detection dogs, trained off-season on synthetic pheromone components from Ips typographus, could locate naturally bark beetle–infested spruce trees.

Methods

Indoor training allowed dogs to discriminate between the infestation odours (target) and natural odours (non-target) from the forest. Odour stimuli were shown by chemical analysis to be bioactive at extremely low-levels released (< 10−4 ng/15 min) in the laboratory.

Results

Detection dogs, trained to recognise four different synthetic pheromone compounds in the wintertime, were able to detect naturally infested spruce trees unknown to humans the following summer. The dog-handler pairs were able to detect an infested spruce tree from the first hours of beetle attack until several weeks after first attack, long before discolouration of the crown. Trained sniffer dogs detected infested spruce trees out to ≥ 100 m, as measured by GPS-collar tracks.

Conclusion

Dog-handler pairs appear to be more efficient than humans alone in timely detecting bark beetle infestations due to the canine’s ability to cover a greater area and detect by olfaction infestations from a far longer distance than can humans.
Emotional and Physical Child Abuse in The Context of Natural Disasters: A Focus on Haiti
Authors: Subedi Sony , Bartels Susan , Davison Colleen
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To investigate the social and living conditions of households in Haiti before and after the 2010 earthquake and to determine the prevalence of emotional and physical abuse of children aged 2 to 14 in households after the earthquake.

Methods:

Nationally representative samples of Haitian households from the 2005/2006 and 2012 phases of the Demographic and Health Surveys were used. Descriptive data were summarized with frequencies and measures of central tendency. Chi-squared and independent t tests were used to compare pre-earthquake and post-earthquake data. Basic mapping was used to explore patterns of child abuse in relation to proximity to the epicenter.

Results:

Comparison of pre-earthquake and post-earthquake data showed noteworthy improvements in the education attainment of the household head and possession of mobile phones after the earthquake. The prevalence of emotional, physical, and severe physical abuse in 2012 was estimated to be 78.5%, 77.0%, and 15.4%, respectively. Mapping revealed no conclusive patterns between the proximity of each region to the epicenter and the prevalence of the different forms of abuse. However, the prevalence of severe physical abuse was notably higher in settlement camps (25.0%) than it was in Haiti overall (15.4%).

Conclusions:

The high prevalence of child abuse in Haiti highlights an urgent need for interventions aimed at reducing occurrences of household child abuse.
Property and the Obligation to Support the Conditions of Human Flourishing
Authors: Mautner Menachem
Published: May 2019

American rights discourse makes it difficult to generate responsibilities for the well-being of the communities within which human personhood is formed. Gregory S. Alexander’sProperty and Human Flourishing(2018) focuses on the obligations that property owners owe to the communities in which they are embedded. Drawing on a communitarian ontology—as opposed to atomist ontology—and writing in the spirit of Aristotle, John Stuart Mill, and thinkers of the liberalism of flourishing, Alexander endorses human flourishing as the central ideal of the good life, and argues that ownership of property is justified insofar as it facilitates the opportunity of persons to live flourishing lives.
Difference of source regions between fast and slow coronal mass ejections
Authors: Filippov B.
Published: May 2019

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are tightly related to filament eruptions and usually are their continuation in the upper solar corona. It is common practice to divide all observed CMEs into fast and slow ones. Fast CMEs usually follow eruptive events in active regions near big sunspot groups and associated with major solar flares. Slow CMEs are more related to eruptions of quiescent prominences located far from active regions. We analyse 10 eruptive events with particular attention to the events on 2013 September 29 and on 2016 January 26, one of which was associated with a fast CME, while another was followed by a slow CME. We estimated the initial store of free magnetic energy in the two regions and show the resemblance of pre-eruptive situations. The difference of late behaviour of the two eruptive prominences is a consequence of the different structure of magnetic field above the filaments. We estimated this structure on the basis of potential magnetic field calculations. Analysis of other eight events confirmed that all fast CMEs originate in regions with rapidly changing with height value and direction of coronal magnetic field.
On the Written Constitution
Authors: Shamgar Meir
Published: May 2019

Since 1950 four Basic Laws have been enacted: The Knesset, Israel Lands, The President of the State and The Government.

Some months ago the Ministry of Justice presented to the Ministerial Committee on Legislation the draft of a new Basic Law called Basic Law: Legislation. If this draft is approved by the Government, it will be presented to the Knesset as a Government Bill. The draft includes an outline of the basic principles and powers relating to legislation and the provisions which call for specific attention are as follows:

a) A Basic Law shall bear the name “Basic Law”.

b) A Basic Law, a law amending a Basic Law or a provision of law contradicting a provision of a Basic Law, shall require—on its final reading—the vote of a majority of members of the Knesset, provided the Basic Law involved does not explicitly require a larger majority.

c) A provision amending a Basic Law or contradicting it shall have the force of law only if it states explicitly that it is to have that effect.
The Status of Fundamental Individual Rights in the Absence of a Written Constitution
Authors: Shapira Amos
Published: May 2019

To reconcile the true boundaries between the individual and the community is the highest problem that thoughtful consideration of human society has to solve. Jellinek,The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of Citizens(1901).

The legislative authority in Israel is all-powerful. Like the English Parliament, the Knesset “can do everything but make a woman a man, and a man a woman”. In the absence of a formal written Constitution, the Legislature enjoys legislative supremacy: the laws of the Knesset stand at the top of the normative legal order of the State, paramount in the prevailing legal system. Ranged against such a Legislature-giant, whose power knows no formal restraint, the Courts often feel like Lilliputians facing a Gulliver. There is, indeed, justification for this sense of inferiority harboured by the Judiciary. It is undoubtedly true that in the process of adjudicating disputes—between two individuals and between an individual and the authorities—judges apply, construe, and develop the existing rules of law and impart life to them.
Redemption of Security Interests under Israel Law
Authors: Weisman Joshua
Published: May 2019

The English “Equity of Redemption” was applied by the courts in Israel long before the enactment of the Security Interests Law, 1967. The courts did not hesitate to transplant this doctrine of English law into the body of Ottoman law which was then applicable in Israel in the field of secured transactions. Yet, the extent to which this symbiosis succeeded had still to be examined, and many questions relating to the right of redemption were still unanswered when the decision was taken to prepare the new Security Interests Law. In the new Law the right of redemption was expressly recognized. The influence of English law on this subject was so marked that on one occasion a Supreme Court Justice characterized the right of redemption provided by sec. 13(a) of the Law, as “actually only legislating the equity of redemption of English law”. It is the purpose of this article to examine the way in which Israel law formulated its “equity of redemption”, to analyze it, to point out its main features and expose its shortcomings.
Jewish Law of Warranties: Some Comparative Aspects
Authors: Haut Irwin H.
Published: May 2019

Aspects of Jewish Sales Law which may be referred to as the law of warranties are the subject of this article. Only the sale of personalty is dealt with and comparison is made with parallel developments in American Sales Law.

The temptation to engage in extensive discussion of the sources of Jewish Law and of its nature and developments has been resisted and only some brief preliminary remarks concerning Jewish Law have been included but the interested reader is referred elsewhere for further discussion of these matters.

Unlike the Common law, which developed on a case to case basis, Jewish law developed along several lines. Jewish law developed in part on a case to case basis as exemplified by Talmudic discussions and expositions; in part in an enormous and still growingResponsaliterature; and in the decisions of Rabbinical Courts throughout Jewish history. On the other hand, the development of Jewish law depended in great part on various Codes, the most important for our purposes being those of Maimonides, Asherides and Karo.
The Effect of Foreign Law on the Law of Israel: Remnants of the Ottoman Period
Authors: Friedmann Daniel
Published: May 2019

This series of articles is intended to deal with one aspect of the sources of Israel law, namely the influence of foreign legal systems and principles derived therefrom on Israel law and on the attempt in recent years to independent creation of local law.

Foreign law constitutes on occasion an actual legal source for the law of Israel. This occurs when a local enactment refers to foreign law and makes it applicable in certain situations. In such case the foreign law which we are to apply constitutes an obligatory legal norm in Israel and is, in fact, part of the Israel legal system. In other cases foreign law influences the process of creation of local law but does not constitute a formal source of law in the Israel system. This happens, for example, when Israel case law relies for authority upon some rule established in an American decision (which is, of course, not binding in Israel) or when the Israel legislator is influenced by a principle of law derived from another legal system. We might say there that the foreign law is an historical source for the Israel rule.
Infusion of the Common Law into the Legal System of Israel
Authors: Friedmann Daniel
Published: May 2019

At the end of the Ottoman rule the legal system in Israel was ripe for change. The British conquest was welcomed, at least by the Jewish population, and under the circumstances there was no objection to absorbing the legal system of the new conqueror.

British conquest in 1917 brought military rule but by 1920 a civil administration headed by High Commissioner Sir Herbert Samuel had already been installed. On July 24, 1922 the League of Nations bestowed upon Britain the Mandate over Palestine, and less than a month thereafter, on August 10, 1922, the Palestine Order-in-Council was enacted. This legislation was designed to serve as a “Constitution” for Mandatory Palestine. It established institutions of the Government—the executive authority, the legislative branch, the judiciary—and defined their powers. In particular, the sources of law to be applied by the civil courts were enumerated in Art. 46, while matters of personal status jurisdiction remained vested in the courts of the various religious communities.
A phenomenological study of the experience of domestic violence in Iranian women with HIV
Authors: Gharacheh Maryam , Mohammadi Nooredin , Ranjbar Fahimeh , Emadi Kochak Hamid , Montazeri Simin
Published: May 2019

This study explores the lived experience of domestic violence in HIV-infected women in Iran using a qualitative phenomenological approach. Data were collected in 2014 through in-depth interview of twelve HIV-infected women purposefully selected from a counselling centre in Tehran. The qualitative data were analysed using a thematic analysis approach. The main theme that emerged was ‘the sunset of life’ – an emotional numbing and fragile marital relationship resulting from the violence suffered by the women. From this, three sub-themes expressing women’s feelings of hopelessness were extracted: ‘the destroyed life’, ‘being in the destiny prison’ and ‘living on the edge of annihilation’. The results revealed that although the experience of domestic violence had devastating effects on women’s lives, HIV infection was the factor that forced them to remain trapped in violent relationships. The findings emphasize the importance of designing comprehensive violence prevention strategies tailored to meeting the needs of HIV-infected women in Iran.
Further parasites of the family Garniidae (Coccidiida: Haemosporidiidea) in Brazilian lizards. Fallisia effusa gen.nov., sp.nov. and Fallisia modesta gen.nov., sp.nov
Authors: Lainson R. , Landau Irène , Shaw J. J.
Published: May 2019

Fallisia effusa gen.nov., sp.nov. (Haemosporidiidea: Garniidae) is described in the teiid lizard, Neusticurus bicarinatus, from Pará State, north Brazil. Schizogony and gametogony both take place within thrombocytes and white cells of the peripheral blood. There is no development in the red blood cells, by which character the organism is differentiated from Garnia, the other known genus within the family. Another species, Fallisia modesta gen.nov., sp.nov., is described in the iguanid lizard, Tropidurus torquatus hispidus, also from Pará, Brazil. It is distinguished from F. effusa by its development principally in the lymphocytes, as opposed to the thrombocytes. There are other, striking morphological differences between the two species. It is recommended that great care is needed in the interpretation of so-called ‘exo-erythrocytic stages’ of saurian plasmodia, which may well really belong to members of the Garniidae, in mixed infections.
The activation of cystacanths ofPolymorphus minutus(Acanthocephala)in vitro
Authors: Lackie Ann M.
Published: May 2019

The factors responsible for stimulating activation of cystacanths ofPolymorphus minutus in vitrohave been investigated. Under the conditions used, the optimum temperature for activation was found to be 42–44 °C, at a pH of 7·0. A marked enhancement of activation rate was observed after preincubation in a 1 mM solution of sodium taurocholate and in solutions of sodium cholate, sodium glycocholate or sodium deoxycholate. This apparent effect of bile salts has been compared with that of other detergents, and a significant enhancement of activation rate above control was observed with saponin and sodium fusidate. Trypsin did not affect the rate of activation, and some inhibition occurred with lipase. The osmotic pressure of the surrounding medium has an effect on activation, the rate of which varies inversely with osmolarity. The conditions for activationin vitroare compared with those of the physicochemical environmentin vivo.
Studies on the effects of cercarial concentration and length of exposure on the infection of mice by St Lucian Schistosoma mansoni cercariae in a natural running-water habitat
Authors: Upatham Edward Suchart
Published: May 2019

The effects of cercarial concentration and length of exposure on the infection of mice by St Lucian Schistosoma mansoni cercariae were investigated in a running-water habitat.

For all exposure times, mice exposed to cercarial concentrations from 2·5 to 40 cercariae per mouse acquired no infections. At higher concentrations, infection rates and worm burdens of mice increased in direct proportion to cercarial concentrations and exposure times. The highest infection rate (57·9 %) and worm burden (46 worms) were obtained in mice exposed for 256 mm to 1280 cercariae per mouse.

Cercarial concentrations are low in St Lucian running waters, a fact suggesting that the risk of persons becoming infected while fording, collecting domestic water, washing clothes and swimming in habitats with reasonable flows is very low. It appears that most infected individuals acquire a low worm burden over a rather long period of time.
Phosphoglucoseisomerases in the sporocyst of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni and its intermediate host Biomphalaria alexandrina (Pulmonata)
Authors: Wium-Andersen Gudrun , Simonsen Vibeke
Published: May 2019

It has been found by use of electrophoresis that the hepatopancreas of the snail Biomphalaria alexandrina (Ehrenberg) contains one phosphoglucoseisomerase. Snails which have secondary sporocysts of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni contain an additional phosphoglucoseisomerase which is also found in the adult trematode. It is supposed that the secondary sporocysts are secreting phosphoglucoseisomerase into the hepatopancreas of the snail in order to increase the transformation of glycogen to simpler carbohydrates, in which form the parasite is able to absorb the carbohydrates necessary for metabolism.
Soil Adsorption and Volatility of Dinitroaniline Herbicides
Authors: Harvey R. G.
Published: May 2019

Studies were conducted to determine both the extent and relative strengths of adsorption of twelve dinitroaniline herbicides to a Piano silt loam soil. The effects of soil on the growth of foxtail millet [Setaria italica(L.) Beauv.] in vitro on agar media containing 1.0 and 0.1-μM concentrations of the various herbicides and on the relative phytotoxicities of herbicide vapors arising from the agar media to the same species were also measured. Although considerable differences in the extents and strengths of adsorption of the respective herbicides to soil were noted, correlations with herbicide performance under field conditions were low. Extrapolation of laboratory results to a Piano silt loam soil under field conditions suggests that field applications of 0.32 kg/ha of the respective herbicides might result in herbicide concentrations between 0.00062 and 0.026 ppmw in the soil solution. These concentrations appeared to be less than those necessary to produce substantial plant injury from most of the dinitroaniline herbicides. High correlations between the effects of herbicide vapors on growth of the foxtail millet under laboratory conditions and the relative effectiveness of seven of the herbicides under field conditions suggest that absorption of vapors of the dinitroaniline herbicides by plants may be more important than absorption of the herbicides from soil solutions.
Selective Herbicidal Action of Barban on Oat and Wheat Plants
Authors: Kobayashi Katsuichiro , Ishizuka Kozo
Published: May 2019

Effects of barban (4-chloro-2-butynlm-chlorocarbanilate) were investigated on the growth and metabolism of oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Victoria’) (susceptible) and wheat (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Ushio’) (tolerant) plants. Barban remarkably retarded the growth of oat seedlings but not that of wheat seedlings. Respiration and photosynthesis of both plant species were not inhibited. Protein and RNA synthesis of oat seedlings were remarkably inhibited even 1 day after the barban treatment, while the protein and RNA synthesis of wheat seedlings were inhibited less.
Effects of Triazines on Energy Relations of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Authors: Thompson O. C. , Truelove B. , Davis D. E.
Published: May 2019

The effects of eights-triazines on respiration of (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Black Valentine’) bean and rat liver mitochondria and on cyclic photophosphorylation of pea (Pisum sativumL. ‘Thomas Laxton’) chloroplasts were determined. All triazines inhibited state 3 respiration and cyclic photophosphorylation. The degree of inhibition was similar in both rat liver and bean mitochondria. Prometryne [2,4-bis-(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] was the most potent inhibitor of both respiration and cyclic photophosphorylation. Triazines with the methylthio group showed the most activity, followed by those with the methoxy and chloro substituents in that order.
A Small-Plot Granular Herbicide Applicator That Requires No Calibration
Authors: Andersen Robert N.
Published: May 2019

An applicator is described that uses the principle of the cone seeder to obtain uniform distribution of granules along the length of the plot and conventional, commercially manufactured, granular spreaders for distribution across the width of the treated area. If plot size is held constant, no calibration or adjustment is necessary when rates of application are varied or when different formulations of granules are used.
Competition Between Winter Wheat and Downy Brome
Authors: Rydrych D. J.
Published: May 2019

Four experiments were conducted to develop controls for downy brome (Bromus tectorum L.) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ‘Gaines’). In three experiments downy brome was removed at monthly intervals from emergence to harvest. In the third and fourth experiments, hand weeded and weedy controls were compared to chemical control with R11913 (3′-hydroxypropionanilide isopropylcarbamate). Downy brome, which emerged with wheat, was most competitive during March of each year. For maximum effectiveness, R11913 should be applied when downy brome has less than one to three tillers or chemical control will be erratic. On a silt loam soil with an average annual precipitation of 42 cm, downy brome densities of 108 to 160 plants/m2 lowered wheat yields 6% when competition was eliminated by March. When competition was permitted until wheat harvest (July), yield was reduced 40%.
Surfactant Effects on Isolated Plant Cells
Authors: John J. B. St. , Bartels P. G. , Hilton J. L.
Published: May 2019

Isolated plant cells from leaf tissue of soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Harosoy’] and wild onion (Allium canadenseL.) were used to study the effects of four surfactants on cell permeability as measured by loss of intracellular material and on photosynthetic14CO2fixation. Surfactant-induced alteration in cell permeability could not be related to surfactant-ionogenic class but could be related to reported phytotoxicity. Surfactants that altered cell permeability also inhibited photosynthetic14CO2fixation, indicating that surfactant effects were not restricted to the outer-cell membrane. Isolated cells from the monocotyledonous wild onion were more susceptible to surfactant-induced alterations in cell permeability than were cells from the dicotyledonous soybean. Efflux of intracellular material was modified by Ca++and Mg++to a greater extent for soybean than for wild onion. Integrity of the isolated cells, before and after surfactant treatment, was verified by microscopic observation.
Linuron-Trifluralin Combinations in Irrigated Cotton
Authors: Arle H. F. , Hamilton K. C.
Published: May 2019

Three methods of applying linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] with trifluralin (α,α,α-triflu-oro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) were compared for control of annual weeds in furrow-irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Deltapine 16′). The linuron-trifluralin combinations controlled annual weeds effectively until harvest. There was no difference in cotton yield, boll components, or fiber properties among the three methods of applying combinations of linuron and trifluralin.
Yellow Nutsedge Control with Soft-Incorporated Herbicides
Authors: Keeley P. E. , Thullen R. J.
Published: May 2019

Two greenhouse experiments were conducted to study the influence of 12 soil-applied herbicides on the sprouting and mortality of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) tubers. Alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide], butachlor [N-(butoxymethyl)-2-chloro-2′,6′-diethylacetanilide], cycloate (S-ethyl N-ethylthiocyclohexanecarbamate), EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate), napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide], and U-27267 (3,4,5-tribromo-N,N,α-trimethylpyrazole-1-acetamide) delayed sprouting of tubers and provided 6 to 12 weeks control, but failed to kill tubers. Tubers appeared to escape injury by failing to sprout until activity of the herbicides had substantially dissipated. Herbicides known to interfere with photosynthesis, atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine], bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil), methazole [2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione], prometryne [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine], San-6706 [4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone], and terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) did not delay sprouting of tubers, but killed shoots after emergence. In addition to controlling vegetative growth, the photosynthetic inhibitors killed tubers by rapidly exhausting the food reserves of these storage organs.
The Efficiency of Arsenic Acid in Cotton Desiccation
Authors: Miller Charles S.
Published: May 2019

The application of individual droplets of an aqueous solution of As-74-labeled arsenic acid to the leaves, petioles, green stems and stalks of greenhouse-grown cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutumL. cv ‘Deltapine’) enabled the estimation of 100 ppm of As as the minimum effective internal concentration (MEIC) of arsenic from arsenic acid needed for the desiccation of cotton leaves. The spray application of arsenic acid to cotton plants (cv Lankart) in the field was calculated to have an overall efficiency of below 5 percent for this particular spraying operation. The application of aqueous arsenic acid to the abraded stalks of greenhouse-grown cotton plants (cv G-272) resulted in translocation of approximately 87% of the recovered arsenic so that treatment half-way around the stalk produced 70% desiccation. Treatment with sufficient quantities around the entire stalk resulted, in most cases, in complete desiccation and prevention of regrowth.
Propanil and Adjuvants for Barnyardgrass Control in Rice
Authors: Smith R. J.
Published: May 2019

A nonphytotoxic paraffinic oil at 2.5, 5, and 10% (v/v) or a blended alkylaryl sulfonate surfactant at 0.5, 1, and 2% (v/v) did not enhance the activity of propanil (3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide) at 1.7, 3.4, and 6.7 kg/ha applied as a foliage spray in aqueous systems on barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv.] or rice (Oryza sativaL. ‘Starbonnet’). Time and rate of applying propanil affected control of barnyardgrass. Barnyardgrass control and rice yield were best with treatments of 3.4 or 6.7 kg/ha of propanil to four-leaf grass plants. Propanil at 6.7 kg/ha controlled tillering and jointing barnyardgrass well enough to increase grain yields over those of untreated rice.
Studies on the Mechanism of Copper Toxicity inChlorella
Authors: Cedeno-Maldonado Arturo , Swader J. A.
Published: May 2019

Autotrophic growth, photosynthesis, and respiration ofChlorella sorokinianaShihira and Krauss were inhibited by the cupric ion, but photosynthesis was more sensitive than respiration. The percent inhibition was determined by the ratio of cells to cupric ions present. Photosynthesis and respiration were inhibited within 2 and 5 min, respectively, after adding 1.0 mM cupric ions.Chlorellacells which had been incubated for a short time in concentrations of the cupric ion that completely inhibited photosynthesis were not able to grow when cultured in a fresh medium without cupric ions, indicating high concentrations of the ion may have destroyed the photosynthetic apparatus and deprived the cells of their ability for autotrophic growth. Dark preincubation of the cells, as well as high bicarbonate concentrations in the assay medium, decreased inhibition. Treatment with cupric ions reduced the cellular chlorophyll and sulfhydryl content, but anaerobiosis, a condition that increased toxicity, had little effect on the sulfhydryl content. Electron transport in photosystems I and II in intactChlorellacells was inhibited, but the specific sites of inhibition in the photosynthetic electron transport chain could not be determined using intact cells.
Present Status of Projects on the Biological Control of Weeds by Insects and Plant Pathogens in the United States and Canada
Authors: Goeden R. D. , Andres L. A. , Freeman T. E. , Harris P. , Pienkowski R. L. , Walker C. R.
Published: May 2019

Weed species or genera previously and currently targeted for biological control with phytophagous insects or phytopathogens in the United States (including Hawaii) and Canada are listed. The current status of and natural enemies involved in national, federal, state, and university biological control projects are reported.
Discovery, Development, and Current Status of the Chloroacetamide Herbicides
Authors: Hamm Philip C.
Published: May 2019

This invitational paper on the α-chloroacetamides is the first of a series of historical reports on each of the major classes of chemistry that have been developed for herbicides.
The use of Metribuzin for Weed Control in Tomato
Authors: Fortino John , Splittstoesser Walter E.
Published: May 2019

Metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)one] provided adequate preemergence weed control on direct-seeded or transplanted tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.) on Plainfield sand and Drummer silty clay loam soils. Metribuzin demonstrated selective postemergence activity in the field but in glasshouse studies tomato cultivars had a wide range of tolerance to metribuzin applied to the foliage. Tomatoes were more susceptible to injury when they were less than 10-cm tall. Metribuzin was more effective in controlling broadleaf weeds than grass weeds, but grass control was acceptable with higher rates. Ultraviolet light decomposed metribuzin and weed control was improved when metribuzin was incorporated into the soil after application. Metribuzin treatment increased fruit yields. No metribuzin activity was found in the plots by the end of the growing season.
Volatilization of Formulated Butyl Esters of 2,4-D From Pyrex and Leaves
Authors: Hee Shane S. Que , Sutherland Ronald G.
Published: May 2019

The volatilities of iso and normal butyl esters of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] in a commercial formulation applied as thin films on pyrex and as aqueous droplets on pyrex and leaf surfaces increased directly with the available surface area/applied dose ratio (Q), and inversely with the adsorptive and absorptive characteristics of the surface, under the same conditions of temperature (39 ± 1.5 C), relative humidity (RH) (0%), geometry, airflow rate (750 ± 7 ml/min) and light. Partial pressures and rates of volatilization were computed. Herbicide in droplets below 200μin diameter tended to volatilize faster than it penetrated, but the reverse occurred above this diameter.
Soil Water Potential and Bromacil Uptake by Wheat
Authors: Schreiber J. D. , Volk V. V. , Boersma L.
Published: May 2019

The uptake of14C labeled bromacil [5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil] by wheat plants (Triticum aestivumL. ‘Gaines’) grown in a Woodburn silt loam was studied at soil water potentials of −0.35 and −2.50 bars, and in solutions containing 2.0 and 4.5μg/ml bromacil. Transpiration rate, shoot and root dry weight, and bromacil content were measured as a function of time. Bromacil uptake into the root and foliar portions of the wheat plants increased with time. At the low bromacil concentration, 70%, and at the high concentration, 42%, more bromacil was taken up by the plant at the higher soil water potential. Uptake of bromacil increased concurrently with increased transpiration of water. The bromacil concentration in the transpiration stream was greater at the −0.35 bar than at the −2.50 bar soil water potential at both bromacil application rates. Transpiration rates of the plants treated with bromacil were nearly the same after a 40-hr exposure at both soil water potentials. The rate of bromacil uptake and accumulation may be influenced by the effect of soil water potential on the apoplastic movement of water and solutes in the roots.
An Investigation on the Mechanism of Action of Propachlor
Authors: Duke W. B. , Slife F. W. , Hanson J. B. , Butler H. S.
Published: May 2019

Studies were conducted to examine over time the effects of propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide) on the growth of cucumber (Cucumus sativusL. ‘Straight Eight’) roots and associated biosynthetic reactions. Complete inhibition of root elongation occurred within 16 hr after exposure to propachlor. Inhibition of growth was not found to be a result of an effect on ATP formation or respiration. Protein biosynthesis was reduced several hours before the observed inhibition of growth therefore implicating it as the causal factor. Inhibition of protein synthesis occurred prior to an observed reduction in RNA synthesis suggesting that the primary effect of propachlor is on protein biosynthesis and that its effect on nucleic acid synthesis is secondary. It is concluded that the primary mechanism of action of propachlor is its effect on nascent protein biosynthesis.
Soybean Weed Control Systems in Two Southern Coastal Plain Soils
Authors: Dowler Clyde C. , Parker M. B.
Published: May 2019

We compared eight weed control systems in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] using several combinations of the herbicides trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-methoxymethyl)acetanilide], dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-,4, 6-dinitrophenol), chloroxuron [3-[p-(p-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-1,1- dimethylurea], and linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1- methoxy-1-methylurea] with or without cultivation to cultivation only and cultivation plus handhoeing. Cultivation plus handhoeing controlled the most weeds. Eight weed control systems using herbicides or herbicides plus cultivation controlled more weeds in soybeans than the system using only three cultivations. There was no significant difference in soybean yield between the system using three cultivations and six other systems using herbicides or herbicides plus cultivation. Trifluralin or alachlor applied as a preemergence treatment followed by postemergence treatments of chloroxuron, dinoseb, and linuron controlled weeds nearly as well as cultivation plus handhoeing. When dinoseb was applied repeatedly to leaves early after emergence, it severely injured soybeans, reduced soybean yield, and did not control sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.). Sicklepod was the dominant weed species remaining at harvest.
Influence of Nitrogen on Weed Competition in Cotton
Authors: Buchanan Gale A. , McLaughlin Robert D.
Published: May 2019

Cotton maintained free of annual grass and broadleaf weeds for 6 or more weeks after emergence in 1969 produced maximum yields, whereas in 1970 and 1971, 8 or more weeks of weed-free maintenance were required. Nitrogen applications at planting of 67 and 100 kg/ha did not influence the weed-free requirement of cotton in any year. Cotton yields were not reduced in 1969 when weeds were allowed to compete for 4 or 2 weeks. In 1970 and 1971 weed competition for 7 or fewer weeks did not result in yield reductions. Nitrogen did not affect the competitive relationship between cotton and weeds in 1969 and 1971. In 1970, however, cotton tolerated only 6 weeks of competition at the zero nitrogen rate, whereas it tolerated 7 weeks of competition at the 67 and 100 kg/ha nitrogen rates. Height and stem diameter of cotton were less reliable indicators of the crop-weed relationship than was yield. Neither height nor stem diameter of cotton revealed a consistent difference in the competitive relationship at the three nitrogen rates.
Effects of Prometryn and Dinoseb Combinations in an Undiluted Oil Carrier
Authors: Jordan T. N. , Warren G. F.
Published: May 2019

Prometryn [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] and dinoseb (2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol) were applied in a non-phytotoxic undiluted oil carrier to sorghum (Sorghum bicolorL. ‘RS 610’), bean (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Cascade’), and cucumber (Cucumis sativas‘Wis. SMR-18’) simultaneously or separately, where prometryn treatment was followed by dinoseb at varying intervals of time. The simultaneous application of the two herbicides resulted in an additive response on all three plants, except that a slight antagonism was observed at one rate on both bean and cucumber. A synergistic response was observed when dinoseb treatment was delayed for at least 1 day on bean and cucumber and 2 days on sorghum.14C-prometryn (14C) movement in bean leaves was not altered by simultaneous dinoseb application.
Weed Control Systems in Cotton on Tifton Loamy Sand Soil
Authors: Dowler Clyde C. , Hauser E. W.
Published: May 2019

We evaluated nine systems of weed control over a 3-year period for cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) tolerance and control of weeds on Tifton loamy sand soil. Cultivation with sweeps did not control weeds effectively, which allowed weed competition to reduce cotton yields. Five cultivations plus an annual average of 185 hr/ha hand-hoeing was required to keep cotton relatively free of weeds for 7 to 8 weeks after planting. The use of herbicides offered certain economic advantages over systems using only cultural practices in controlling weeds. A preplant application of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) reduced annual hand-hoeing requirements by 66 hr/ha. The level of weed control at harvest time increased each year in all systems that used a herbicide program, but not where only cultivation or hand-hoeing was used. The continuous use of specific weed-control systems shifted weed populations. Systems that achieved 100% control by the end of the third year included all of the following: (a) a preplanting or at planting treatment of trifluralin or EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) plus (b) a preemergence application of fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea], (c) two directed postemergence sprays with MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate), and (d) diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea]. Large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis(L.) Scop.] and Florida pusley (Richardia scabraL.) were nearly eliminated where we used trifluralin. Systems that did not include a postemergence application of MSMA allowed common cocklebur (Xanthium pennsylvanicumWallr.), Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum(Sw.) DC], and other weeds to emerge and remain in the crop row, reducing yield of lint cotton. Cotton yield appeared to be directly related to the level of early-season weed control. We did not detect biologically active soil residues at harvest time each year. Our weed-control systems did not affect cotton fiber length, strength, or color.
Weed Response to Atrazine and Alachlor Combinations at Low Rates
Authors: Akobundu I. O. , Sweet R. D. , Duke W. B. , Minotti P. L.
Published: May 2019

Early postemergence application of atrazine [2-chloro-4- (ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] at 0.28 kg/ha in combination with alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] at 0.42 kg/ha plus a non-toxic oil-surfactant blend gave season-long weed control in sweet corn (Zea maysL. var.rugosa‘Seneca Chief’). Bioassay with oats (Avena sativaL.) showed no detectable atrazine residue in the soil 3 months after herbicide application. In greenhouse studies, the response of Japanese millet (Echinochloa crus-galliL. Beauv. var.frumentacea) to early postemergence application of atrazine and alachlor combinations plus an oil-surfactant blend was synergistic. Soil uptake played a major role in the activity of the herbicides. Formulants used in commercial alachlor when added to atrazine spray, enhanced atrazine activity in a way similar to that of the non-toxic oil-surfactant.
Competition of Florida Beggarweed and Sicklepod with Peanuts I. Effects of Periods of Weed-free Maintenance or Weed Competition
Authors: Hauser E. W. , Buchanan G. A. , Ethredge W. J.
Published: May 2019

Peanut (Arachis hypogaeaL. ‘Tifspan’ or ‘Florunner’) yields were not reduced when the crop was maintained free of Florida beggarweed [Desmodium tortuosum(Sw.) DC.] or sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.) for 4 weeks after crop emergence and when vigorous crop growth was maintained for the remainder of the season. Sometimes weed-free maintenance for only 2 weeks resulted in near-normal yields, which indicated that the canopy of peanut leaves effectively suppressed the weeds. Conversely, these weeds had to compete with peanuts for more than 10 weeks before crop yield was reduced. Weeds that overtopped the peanuts at harvest emerged during the first 6 weeks after planting.