bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
[RETRACTED] Big Alert:- Power CBD Gummies (Is CBD Help or Harm) Elite Power CBD Gummies In 2022 v1
Authors: Hemp CBD Gummies Eagle
Published: January 2022

[RETRACTED]

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[RETRACTED] The Advantages of a PhD Dissertation Sample v1
Authors: Ayalon Bar
Published: January 2022

[RETRACTED]

he Advantages of a PhD Dissertation Samplehe Advantages of a PhD Dissertation Sample
Endoscopic-assisted removal of ventricular catheter in high-risk patients
Authors: Puzzolante A. , Pavesi G. , Feletti A.
Published: January 2022

Introduction. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt carries a non-negligible failure rate often requiring multiple surgical procedures during patient’s lifetime. The most common cause is obstruction of the ventricular catheter that can be embedded in adhesions with choroid plexus, ependymal tissue, and fibrous material. In such cases, or when an intraventricular tumor is present, particular attention must be paid when removal of the ventricular catheter is required. The potential adhesions with the tip of the ventricular catheter results in an increased risk of life-threatening hemorrhage.Materials and methods. We present the case of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt proximal revision in a von Hippel–Lindau affected patient. The neuroendoscopic exploration to restore the patency of the ventricular system made it possible to notice a fibrous adhesion between the tip of the catheter and a pituitary hemangioblastoma abutting into the third ventricle. Discussion. Pituitary stalk hemangioblastoma is an infrequent localization, although it represents the most common supratentorial site of hemangioblastoma in patients affected by von Hippel–Lindau syndrome. In this and in similar cases, endoscopic-assisted shunt revision allows visualizing the tip of the ventricular catheter and eventual adhesions that can be coagulated and cut by simple maneuvers, without any morbidity for patients.Conclusion. In a ventriculoperitoneal shunt revision with the concomitant presence of an intraventricular tumor or lesion at risk of bleeding, the surgical procedure should be performed under neuroendoscopic observation to reduce the risk of intraventricular hemorrhage.
THE FUTURE UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR'S BUSINESS REPUTATION AS A SCIENTIFIC PHENOMENON
Authors:   National Pedagogical Dragomanov University, Yunyk O.
Published: January 2022

The existing interpretations of the concept "business reputation of the individual", developed by researchers in various fields of science: marketing, management, accounting and auditing, law, political science, sociology, psychology, military pedagogy, etc. are considered. The following types of person's business reputation are singled out, in particular: professional, financial, legal, administrative, social (personal), etc. It is emphasized that there is a misconception about the synonymy of the terms "business person" and "entrepreneur", associated with the stereotypical perception of both terms as those that characterize a person engaged in entrepreneurship and business. It is noted that the assessment of the business reputation of individual in any field of professional activity (both civilian and military), which provided by representatives of both one and different target audiences, has some differences. Emphasis is placed on the inadequacy of consideration of business reputation in pedagogical science, which is represented by a limited number of works of scientists. The public opinion about the personality of the university professor within the limits of its positive and negative perception is characterized. The unconsidered elements of the business reputation of the future university professor are revealed. The specifics of identifying the modality of their business reputation, which is manifested in the possibility of distinguishing not only the positive characteristics of its carrier, but also negative and neutral (zero) is justified. The specifics of the target audience's perception of the bearer of business reputation, which occurs due to the separation of dominant qualities in his behavior and unconscious comparison of their number and weight, are described. It is proved that the dominance of the bearer of business reputation of positive qualities over negative ones shows the positive modality of the specified phenomenon, in case of predominance of negative qualities over positive ones – negative. The existence of zero business reputation of the future university professor is possible only if the target audience is insufficiently informed about the behavior and personal qualities of its bearer.
GENDER MAINSTREAMING IN JUSTICE: CURRENT CHALLENGES
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko national University of Kyiv, Bobrova Yu.
Published: January 2022

Today, international and national legislation requires Ukraine to ensure and implement the principle of gender equality in all spheres of public life, which is related to the European integration course of the Ukrainian legal system. In connection with the above, gender studies are becoming increasingly popular in all spheres of public life, and the judiciary is no exception. This is due to the fact that judges, in their daily activities, in resolving litigation, give a legal assessment of people's actions. Thus, court decisions are a kind of indicator of the rule of law and a marker of society's compliance with democratic principles of the state. Thus, courts have the opportunity to ensure access to justice and eliminate gender discrimination through a gender approach. They have a huge potential to correct formal, material and structural inequalities through court decisions, which provides a practical opportunity to translate gender symmetry into legal reality. The article considers the mechanism of gender mainstreaming in justice as a set of measures (institutional policy) to ensure equality before the law and the court on the basis of gender; access to justice and equality in access to the profession of judge, judicial remuneration, career advancement, participation in judicial governance and self-government, and maternity protection, in a fair work-life balance for both men and women. it, etc. An integrated essential understanding of the gender perspective as a real, practical application and implementation of appropriate measures, carrying out certain actions to achieve gender equality is proposed; in ensuring gender mainstreaming in all aspects of the justice system and understanding how gender identity affects the legal status of litigants (institutional policy). The integration of a gender perspective into the judiciary is the strengthening of gender equality in all aspects of the judiciary, as judges and judges are agents of change who, through the application of the law, enable people to feel equal in their own country.
Geoarchaeological Investigation in Azerbaijan in 2021
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Anoikin A.A. , Zeynalov A.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography ANAS, Kulakov S.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS,   Institute for the History of Material Culture RAS, Otcherednoy A.K. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS,   Institute for the History of Material Culture RAS, Idrisov I.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS,   Institute of Geology DSC RAS, Kurbanov R.N. ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University,   Institute of Geography RAS
Published: January 2022

In 2021 a joint Russian-Azerbaijani geoarchaeological studies were carried out in Republic of Azerbaijan. The coastal area of the Mingechevir Reservoir was investigated, primarily the beaches of the south-western shore at the foots of the Bozdag and Garaja Ranges. A representative collection of stone artifacts (136 specimens) and Pleistocene faunal remains (35 specimens) were collected at the Garaja site. Among the cores, 80 % are simple nuclei of the parallel reduction strategy; few radial and citron cores were found. The main tool categories are choppers and large bifacially worked artifacts, pebble scrapers were also noted. The Garaja complex represents a homogenous lithic industry, well-correlated with the pan-Caucasus context of early Paleolithic complexes with bifacial tools and corresponds to the chronological period (the Bakunian period of the Caspian region) determined by geological and paleontological data. In addition to the Garaja site, another location of artifact concentration was discovered at 2 km eastwards of the main site. Here, 18 stone tools and a fragment of deer antler were found on a stretch of the beach about 100 m long; the artifact composition is similar to the Garaja collection. A test pit was established at Girmizi-Gaya in the outskirts of Ganja city. Four layers were distinguished in the trench; the two upper layers bore archaeological material. The total collection of artifacts (excavation and surface collection) amounted to more than 300 items. A fragment of a vessel rim found in layer 2 suggests attribution of the material to the late Neolithic or later period. Preliminary data make it possible to define this site as a short-term transit camp. In Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Gazma Cave, the only known Paleolithic site in this part of Azerbaijan, was studied. Here, the excavation trench was uncovered, the profile was cleaned up and a series of samples were taken for radiocarbon and OSL dating.
Stone Industries of Early Stages of the Middle Paleolithic at the Darvagchay-Zaliv-4 Site (Research of 2021)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kandyba A.V. , Rybalko A.G. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

The territory of Primorsky Dagestan is one of the places on the Eurasian continent, where a constant and massive presence of Neanderthal populations in antiquity was noted. In particular, this is evidenced by a large number of Middle Paleolithic sites in a relatively small territory of the Darvagchay geoarchaeological region (Southeastern Dagestan), discovered and studied in the last decade. This article is devoted to the results of the latest studies of the Middle Paleolithic complexes of the Darvagchay-Zaliv-4 site, the materials of which belong to the early stages of the Middle Paleolithic and significantly supplement the evidence material of this cultural-chronological period in the territory of the North-Eastern Caucasus. In the field season of 2021, two sets of artifacts related to different stages of the Middle Paleolithic were discovered at the site. The age of the geological horizons, where they were discovered, was previously based on the results of absolute dating by OSL. The stone industry of the first complex is characterized by the Levallois technique and a typical Middle Paleolithic toolkit; artifacts were located in horizon 1c. Chronologically, the time of its existence is determined by the period of the Riess-Wurm (Eem, Mikulino) interglacial, in the range of 120-110 ka BP (MIS 5e). Artifacts of another complex, discovered at the site for the first time, were found in the middle part of Layer 2 (light loam, loess). Aeolian-deluvial processes played a leading role in sedimentation here. The technical and typological characteristics of a small collection of stone products make it possible to attribute it to the earliest stages of the Middle Paleolithic. The age of the culture-bearing horizon was based on a series of the OSL dates in the range of 200-180 ka BP (MIS 8).
Chronology and Periodization of Paleolithic Complexes of South-Eastern Dagestan (Based on the Evidence from the Darvagchai-Zaliv-4 Site)
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Kurbanov R.N. , Rybalko A.G. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Yanina T.A. ,   Lomonosov Moscow State University
Published: January 2022

The article presents the results of interdisciplinary research at the Darvagchai- Zaliv-4 site. Long-term excavations at the site have revealed archaeological evidence confirming the presence of three complexes of artifacts belonging to different periods. A preliminary chronological framework of stone industries has been proposed based on malacofaunal analysis and paleomagnetic studies. For establishing the exact age, absolute dating of all geological horizons of the site was carried out using the OSL method, yielding thirteen dates which make it possible to determine the age of cultural horizons at the site. The collection of artifacts from the first complex is distinguished by Levallois splitting technique and typical Middle Paleolithic toolkit; the artifacts were located in the paleosoil horizon (layer 1b). Chronologically, this horizon belongs to the Riess-Wurm (Eem, Mikulin) interglacial in the interval of 125,000-110,000 BP (MIS 5e). Artifacts of another complex discovered in layer 3 (pebble-gravel deposits) belong to the Final Acheulean. Their age corresponds to the chronological range of 250,000-220,000 BP (MIS 7). The collection of stone objects from layer 5 (sea pebbles and sands) belongs to the Late Acheulean and testifies to the earliest appearance of ancient humans in that territory in 370,000-330,000 BP (MIS 11-10).
New Stratifi ed Paleolithic Sites in Akhangaran Valley (Uzbekistan)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Pavlenok K.K. , Pavlenok G.D. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kogai S.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Leloch M. ,   Faculty of Archaeology University of Warsaw, Jakubczak M. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Mukhtarov G. ,   National Center of Archaeology Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Kholmatov A. ,   National Center of Archaeology Academy of Sciences Republic of Uzbekistan, Kot M. ,   Faculty of Archaeology University of Warsaw
Published: January 2022

The paper deals with survey data recorded in 2021 in Uzbekistan by joint team of the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Warsaw University, and National Center of Archaeology Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Based on 2018-2019 data, we carried out local excavations, and the Paleolithic artifacts were recorded in the cross-sections of two sites—Ertashsai-12 and Kuksarai-2 located on the right side of the Akhangaran valley in its midstream. The stratified archaeological material of Ertashsai-12 occurs in three lithological positions (layers 2b, 3, and 4) and is represented mainly by fragments of flakes and wastes of lithic production. Together with the surface complex, these materials can be attributed to the Middle to Upper Paleolithic. Materials from the Kuksarai-2 site are more representative; they occur in four layers (layers 2, 3, 5, and 6). In total, the lithic collection includes 43 artifacts. The technical and typological characteristics of the stratified part of the Kuksarai-2 collection are consistent with the appearance of the exposed materials and contain features of the Levallois technology with an admixture of features transitional from the Middle to Upper Paleolithic. The material complexes of Ertashsai-12 and Kuksarai-2 discovered in the buried state are probably correlated with periodic and long-term visits to these territories by human paleopopulations, and the ancient population was a carrier of the Middle Paleolithic and Upper Paleolithic process skills. In future, the presence of stratified complexes in the landscape situation of low mountains with the process features of the Middle and Upper Paleolithic can provide a new array of data on the problems of correlating features of the material culture with specific species of ancient hominins, as well as in the context of their relationship with the environment.
First Anthracological Study of Charcoal in Eastern Siberia Using the Evidence of the “A.P. Okladnikov Workshop” Site
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Phylatova M.O. , Phylatov E.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

Archaeological wood is a rich source of information about people and paleoenvironment. Wood usually survives from the Paleolithic in the form of charcoal. That is why anthracological analysis or identification of timber species is the best way to study the remains of Paleolithic wood. Charcoal fragments found during the excavations in 1961 by V.E. Larichev and A.P. Okladnikov at the “A.P. Okladnikov Workshop” site located on Titovskaya Sopka (near the city of Chita) in the Eastern Transbaikal region, have been studied. Unique terrain, favorable location near a river valley, and presence of rich deposits of isotropic raw materials attracted humans to that area in the ancient times. Anthracological methods were employed for answering the questions about the strategies of using wood both for household needs and ritual purposes. The analysis of macroscopic features of anatomical wood structure has revealed that the samples belonged to the species of Rhododendron dauricum L. (Ericaceae). This species is widespread in the Eastern Transbaikal region and grows next to the archaeological site. For reconstructing the vegetation cover, the sources need to be expanded. The problem of the main type of fuel at that time remains open, since the Daurian rhododendron is a small shrub. Another curious question is how it was preserved after thermal exposure out of the variety of wood species. It might have been used for fumigation or for ritual purposes. Anthracological research is just beginning to be introduced into archeology, and therefore, testing the methodology on Siberian evidence is of crucial importance.
Urochiche Balchikova V – New Early Upper Paleolithic Site in Altai
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kharevich V.M. , Bocharova E.N. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kolobova K.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

A survey was carried out by a team from IAET SB RAS in the area of Urochiche Balchikova V( Balchikov locality V) situated in northwestern Altai in 2021. This article presents the preliminary results of studies at this site. The the site is located is in the vicinity of the Sentelek village in the Charyshskiy District of Altai Krai. In geomorphological terms, this area is a cirque formed by an extension of the Sentelek River valley framed by mountains. The exposed artifacts are confined to a promontory on the left bank of the Sentelek River representing the diluvium train of Voskudarnaya Teplukha Mountain. P.I. Shulga found the first stone tools at this site in 1991. The 2021 collection counts 8 artifacts. The most representative part of the exposed complex consists of artifacts associated with primary reduction: a sub-prismatic double platform blade core of the bidirectional reduction pattern with one flaking surface; a preform of the double platform core and technical spalls. The tool kit is represented by a scraper-shaped tool made on a silicite tablet. The few artifacts collected from the surface are technologically-diagnostic. Their morphology and characteristic technological features suggest attribution of the assemblage to the early stages of the Upper Paleolithic. The flaking technique aimed at production of large thin blades under the bidirectional prismatic flaking strategy is characteristic of the industries of the Initial and Early Upper Paleolithic of North and Central Asia. The closest parallels to these materials are in lithic assemblages of the Early Upper Paleolithic of Altai (Kara-Bom, UP complexes 1 and 2, Ust-Karakol-1, layers 8-11), Mongolia (Tolbor-4, horizons 5 and 6) and Eastern Kazakhstan (Ushbulak, layers 6 and 7).
Features of Impressions of Serrated Ornaments on Ceramics of the Andronovo (Fedorovo) Culture Burial Ground in the Altai Foothills Chekanovsky Log-2
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Savko I.A. ,   Altai State University
Published: January 2022

The article is devoted to the analysis of the impressions of serrated ornaments on the vessels of the Andronovo (Fedorovo) culture Chekanovsky Log-2. The aim of the study is to analyze the impressions of serrated ornaments and to identify products ornamented by the same (or similar) tools, which could be made by the same master or a group of related masters. Out of 49 analyzed items, 26 were ornamented with serrated tools. All impressions were divided into two groups: coarse-toothed (2.5 mm and more) and fine-toothed (1 mm and more), and six subgroups. The subgroups united vessels belonging to fragments of the same product, and also dishes characterizing technological traditions of manufacture of tools of different masters, apparently belonging to one close in cultural (or chronological) relation to the population. The correlation between the size of the teeth and their number has been revealed. The larger the size of the teeth, the greater the length of the working surface and the smaller the number of teeth. The atypical impressions of the serrated ornaments were supplemented by the non-standard ornamental composition of the items. Vessels ornamented with coarse toothed stamp were mostly jar-shaped, had single-zone ornamentation and simple ornamental elements. Punctuated by fine-toothed stamps, the ornamented vessels were potted, which were decorated more with geometric motives with two or three zonal breakdown of the composition. In the burial area, these groups of vessels are fixed in both parts of the necropolis, however, for the southern (coastal) area, the vessels decorated mainly with a coarse-toothed stamp, and for the northern one, with a fine-toothed stamp are typical. This can be explained by the difference in the time of construction of these two parts of the necropolis.
Original Findings from the Burla-3 Settlement of the Late Bronze Age
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Stepanova N.F. , Papin D.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Fedoruk A.S. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

The article discusses the results of the study of the original findings from the Late Bronze Age settlement Burla-3, located in the northern part of the Kulunda steppe of the Altai Territory. These are the bottoms of two vessels. Their thickness is unusual exceeding the thickness of bottoms of standard vessels by 3-3.5 times. The vessels were probably of unusual size, i.e. very large. A technical and technological analysis of the ceramics was carried out according to the method of A.A. Bobrinsky in order to compare the initial raw materials and the composition of molding masses with ceramics of different cultural and chronological groups from this site. As a result, it was established that they were made following an unusual recipe: clay + chamotte + organic matter of plant origin + animal hair. Several vessels were used for chamotte, one of which, in terms of raw materials, fully corresponds to one of the stands from the settlement. The technical and technological analysis of the remaining samples confirmed the previously recorded cultural traditions and skills in the selection of raw materials and the preparation of molding masses and revealed unusual—the addition of grit to one of the vessels made on a potter’s wheel, as well as several cases of the use of plant organic matter in high concentrations and animal hair. For this site, both the use of chamotte and the addition of animal hair are not typical. Organics of plant origin in this concentration are also rare. The obtained results confirm that the processes of interaction between different groups of the population took place at the site. The conclusion about the existence of a pottery center specializing in the production of circular ceramics in Altai in the Late Bronze Age is substantiated.
A New Stage in Paleogenetic Study of the Odino Culture Population (Baraba Forest-Steppe): First Results
Authors:   Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Trapezov R.O. , Cherdantsev S.V. ,   Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Tomilin M.A. ,   Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Pristyazhnyuk M.S. ,   Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Pilipenko I.V. ,   Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Nesterova M.S. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Pozdnyakov D.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Molodin V.I. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Pilipenko A.S. ,   Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS
Published: January 2022

A new stage in the paleogenetic study of the Odino culture populations includes the analysis of a series of paleoanthropological samples from four Odino burial grounds: Sopka-2/4a, Ust-Tartas-2, Tartas-1, and Preobrazhenka-6. The total number of the expanded Odino series includes more than 200 paleoanthropological samples (individuals). The research plan includes a significant increase in the number of mtDNA samples (up to ~150 samples) and obtaining data on the male genetic variability of the Odino population (~50 samples of the Y chromosome). In this paper, we present the results of the analysis of an extended mtDNA sample series from the Sopka-2/4a burial ground. The study covers paleoanthropological samples from 88 individuals. The structure of mtDNA lineages and their phylogenetic position were defined for 60 individuals (~68 % of the initial sample). Twenty mtDNA haplotypes were identified among the studied samples. The Odino population is characterized by a mixed composition of the mtDNA gene pool, represented by the East Eurasian (A8, A10, C, D, Z) and West Eurasian (U2e, U4. K, HV6, I) haplogroups. New data confirmed the previously obtained preliminary inferences about the dominance of the East Eurasian components in the gene pool and the high role of autochthonous components marking genetic continuity with the previous population groups in the region (A10, D, Z, U2e haplogroups) in the process of formation of the Odino population. At the same time, new components associated with the influx of a genetically contrasting population (K, HV6 haplogroups) into the Baraba forest-steppe were identified in the extended mtDNA series. Obviously, the interaction of autochthonous and migration-related genetic components, most likely, was the mechanism for the formation of genetic features of the Odino population. New genetic data are discussed here in the context of current data on directions of external cultural relations of the Odino population from the Baraba forest-steppe.
Dendrochronological Dating of Wooden Buildings in the Novosibirsk Region
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Phylatova M.O. , Myglan V.S. ,   Siberian Federal University, Zharnikov Z.Yu. ,   Siberian Federal University, Taynik A.V. ,   Siberian Federal University, Barinov V.V. ,   Siberian Federal University, Phylatov E.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Utkin M.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

Сreation of a long-term tree-ring calendar chronology based on archaeological wood in the Novosibirsk region is directly linked with mass dating of wooden buildings. In 2021, for the first time, successful calendar dating of two wooden houses located in Sarachevka, the Novosibirsk Region, was carried out. To study the architectural appearance of each building, a 3D model was built using a high-resolution camera installed aboard an unmannedflying machine. The dendrochronological method was used to date buildings. Cameralprocessing of the samples was carried out according to the standard procedure. Dating of the houses was carried out in two stages: for both of them, a “floating” chronology it was created, after which each of them were standardized and dated relative to the 377-year regional tree-ring chronology. As a result of this, 14 samples from building No. 1 were dated. It was found out that the wood for construction of the building was harvested not earlier than 1904, although the building itself was erected at the beginning of the 20th century. From building No. 2, 10 samples were dated, which made it possible to assert that the wood for the construction was harvested not earlier than 1907, although the building itself was erected in the first quarter of the 20th century. The obtained results updated the dates based the architectural features of both buildings by more than half a century and proved that the archaic features of traditional house building, which were brought by the Russian population to the Novosibirsk Region, preserved until the beginning of the 20th century.
Finding of a Stone Stele with Rare Decoration at the Rschaan-Udsuer-Had Burial Ground in Mongolia
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Khudiakov Yu.S.
Published: January 2022

The article is intended to analyze and study a rare finding of a small stone stele found on a surface of archaeological site Rschaan-Udsuer-Had in Mongolia in the beginning of the 1980s. During the archaeological research consisting of the Soviet-Mongolian Historical and Cultural Expedition, the author had a chance to inspect this archaeological site, on the surface of which a low stele with an unconventional decoration was found. A narrow perpendicular stripe dividing the stone base into two unequal parts is embossed on the stone stele. A small circle is embossed on the front-end surface of a smaller part of the stone stele. Possibly, the stone stele may symbolize an ancient anthropomorphic character. Other various ancient objects were found in the site, related to different archaeological cultures. They include an ancient mound khirigsuur, menhirs, and plate entombment of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age located in the Central Asia. We have some reasons to suggest that the stone stele under study, divided by a perpendicular stripe and having an embossed circle on the front-end part, was used to schematically represent an ancient warrior, in whose memory it could be installed. In contrast to the “deer stones”, whereon different kinds of weaponry and military equipment including bows, arrows, gorytoses, swords, and daggers, are represented, this stele does not contain such images. It is possible that this rare finding of the stone stele should be related to pseudo anthropomorphic stone plates preceding ancient and medieval tradition of installing anthropomorphic stone statues.
Dongheigou and Heigouliang Burial Grounds in Northeastern Xinjiang (China)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Shulga P.I.
Published: January 2022

The article analyzes materials from Dongheigou and Heigouliang burial grounds of the 7th-3rd (2nd) centuries BC, located in Hami and Balikun settlements area (northeastern part of Xinjiang, China). Particular attention is paid to the Heigouliang burial ground of the 5th-3rd (2nd) centuries BC explored in 1993-1994 but, in fact, unknown to archaeologists outside of China. At present, this is the only large east Xinjiang Caucasian single-culture burial ground where inventory and animal style almost completely correspond to the Scythian-Siberian circle cultures in Kazakhstan, Sayan-Altai, and Xinjiang. These include medal-shaped and side-looped mirrors widespread from Altai to Transbaikal. Вelt fittings details, “vorvorka”, hairpins, and bell-shaped pendants as well as an ornament in the form of an “asymmetric leaf’ on the hooks, which is the most typical of the Pazyryk culture have approximately the same range of analogies. Stylized beak-shapedfigures and earrings found in the 5th-3rd centuries BC sites from the Urals to Northern China have the widest range of parallels. However, Heigouliang burial ceramic vessels and burial rite have local forms that existed in the Hami region already in the 7th century BC or possibly earlier. The sites from Hami outline the southern part of the Caucasian Scythian cultures distribution area including the western part of Mongolia burial grounds—the Pazyryk culture near the boundaries with the Altai Republic (Russia) and the Chandman culture near the borders with Tyva Republic (Russia).
The History of Expansion of Lake Areas in the Omsk Region by the West Siberian Tatars in the Late 17th–early 21st Century (Based on Lakes Kazatovo and Rakhtovo)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Tikhomirova M.N.
Published: January 2022

The article is based on the research materials of the expeditions in the summer and autumn of2021 to the Bolsherechensky and Tevrizsky Districts of the Omsk Region. Oral information is supplemented by archival documents. The purpose of the work is to introduce new data on the expansion of lake areas and territories around them by the Tatars into scientific circulation. Determination of the presence or absence of the features in the expansion of the lake areas Kazatovo and Rakhtovo. New data are expanding knowledge about the use of natural resources of the West Siberian Tatars. The first part provides information on the lakes and the use of their resources according to the written sources of the late 18th-19th centuries. Plan, toponymy, infrastructure of Lakes Kazatovo and Rakhtovo, and the use of their resources in the late 20th-early 21st centuries are further described. The use of natural resources of neighboring lake is also described. Conclusions are made that Lakes Kazatovo and Rakhtovo are centers of a microdistrict including small swamp reservoirs, watercourses, wetlands, dry areas of meander scars. On the example of ecosystem exploitation, Lakes Kazatovo and Rakhtovo show two types of expansion of the lake areas and creation of infrastructure. In the first case, the lake created an isolated arable lands, then the settlement complex, in the second—the expansion of lake areas was made for commercial purposes. The observation made by the author on the materials of the Tyumen Region is confirmed in that, with an extensive type of farming, water bodies located at significant distances can also be used. This is shown on the example of Lake Rakhtovo. In one period, the use of its resources was assigned to the Tatars living 20 or even more kilometers away from it.
Archaeological Excavations at the “Skalnaya” burial grounds in 2021 (The Republic of Khakassia)
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Bogdanov E.S. , Timoshchenko A.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Ivanova A.S. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

In 2021, an excavation team from the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS carried out rescue archaeological works at the “Skalnaya” burial complex (Askiz district of the Republic of Khakassia) as a part of the Preservation project of the archaeological heritage objects during the construction of the second railway line at the Kamyshta - Uytag section of the Krasnoyarsk railway. According to the project requirements, 3 burial mounds were examined; 4296 sq. m. were excavated to terrestrial deposits; 7 burials (grave pits) yielded more than 100 individual finds (items made of bronze, iron, clay, gypsum and organic materials). All collective human burials in earthen grave pits with wooden log cabins were constructed inside stone fences under overhead stone and wooden coverings. Objects from the crypts and the diagnostic features of the funeral rite allow these burials to be dated to the Podgornovskiy (Skalnaya 7) Saragashenskiy (Skalnaya 6) and “Tesinskiy” stages (Skalnaya 5). Single kurgan Skalnaya 5 is an elite complex. This is evidenced by a massive aboveground and intra-grave structures, clay-plaster death masks, and preserved grave goods. Despite the serious robbery, the burial is very valuable because of all the details of two-levelled burial bed (boards, posts, support beams and traces of their attachment) preserved in the crypt. Burnt wood from the burial structures of the mound was analyzed in 2021. Comparison with the other materials obtained enabled us to establish clear chronological frame for mentioned in this article sites. Fence slabs of the Tagar kurgans with various embossed decorations (humanoidfigures, animals, hunting scenes, etc.) are very important objects of study.
Kurgans of Afanasyevo Culture at the Kazanovka-13 Burial Ground in the Askizskiy District of the Republic of Khakassia
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Vybornov A.V. , Nesterova M.S. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Timoshchenko A.A. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS
Published: January 2022

The preliminary results of rescue excavations at the Kazanovka-13 burial mound located in the southwest part of the Khakass-Minusinsk basin (the Askizskiy district, the Republic of Khakassia) are published. The burial mound stands at the foothill part of the Askiz river valley, on the border of the steppes and the mountain taiga area of the Abakan range. The examined burial mounds are part of the Afanasievo culture burial ground. Five kurgans with the preserved elements of stone constructions and 2 burial mounds with completely destroyed above-ground structures were discovered on the inspected area. 4 kurgans with seven burials and two separate graves were excavated. The preserved stone structures display uniformity of design, represented by a stone ring enclosing an embankment over the central burial. The kurgans differ in size and in specific construction of the stone structures, as well as in number and position of the graves. Two kurgans have adjacent to the ring extensions with burials or signs of the commemoration activities. Whole human skeletons, including those of children, have been found in the graves, both intact and damaged. The deceased were buried mostly with their heads facing southwest, on their right side. In two cases, whole large ceramic vessels were preserved in the graves; several small vessels were unearthed inside the ring and in the children’s burial annexes. A stone arrowhead was found in one of the graves. The studied mounds date back to the 3rd millennium BC and represent an important part of the history of the first pastoral population in the southern part of the Minusinsk Basin and the earliest kurgans of the burial steppe on its borders.
Survey of Archaeological Sites in the Lower Ob Region in 2021
Authors:   NIPI EtnoArcheo Center Ltd., Kenig A.V. ,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Kimpitskaya A.A. ,   NIPI EtnoArcheo Center Ltd.,   Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS, Zaitseva E.A. ,   NIPI EtnoArcheo Center Ltd., Zaitsev I.A. ,   NIPI EtnoArcheo Center Ltd.
Published: January 2022

In 2021, archaeological survey of archaeological sites (monitoring) in the Lower Ob region was conducted under the guidance of Aleksandr Kenig. At the preliminary stage of research, the search, review and analysis of archival and other written sources about the previous studies, analysis of satellite images and cartographic materials in the area of archaeological works in 2021 were carried out. The monitoring was conducted in the Oktyabrsky District of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra, in the territory of 18 previously identified cultural (archaeological) heritage sites of regional importance -Starye Yurty 12 burial ground, Lysaya Gora settlement, temporal settlements Muratka 1, 2, Yurty, Yurty 2-4, Novye Yurty 1, Sherkaly 10, 11, 13, 15a, 16, hamlet Sherkaly 15, sites Old Yurty 9, Sudum-Soym 1, and Shagom-Yugan 1. In the course of the works photorecording and instrumental topographic survey of the site were conducted; exact coordinates of archaeological structures were determined; there the objects of material culture (fragments of ceramic vessels, iron and glass objects, waste products of metal production, animal bones were collected from the surface and in pits; totally more than 80 objects at 10 sites). As a result of the analyses of the fieldwork, landscape and topographic features of the area, as well as the results of previous studies, the data on the period of possible existence of the sites were clarified, the boundaries of the distribution of the cultural layer at the sites were established; the current assessment of the state of preservation of the sites was conducted and the factors affecting their integrity (mainly natural, also traces of “black diggers” activities were noted) were determined.
The influence of social support and locus of control on the well-being of men and women in the work-family domain
Authors:   , Gaitley Normandie J. , Greenhaus Jeffrey H , Parasuraman Saroj
Published: January 2022

For millions of Americans, juggling the responsibilities and activities of work and family is a difficult challenge. Independent streams of research have provided valuable insight into the sources, mediators, and consequences of stress within the domains of work and family. Much less is known about the interplay of stressors and stress reactions between these domains. It has been suggested that a fuller understanding of the processes linking work and family life will help researchers identify strategies for helping workers find satisfaction in both their work and personal roles. This study examines the effects of social support on the stress process in the work-family domain. It also considers the effects of a personality factor, locus of control, in reducing stress and in promoting well-being. Well-being is measured by indicators from both the work and family domains, i.e., job and family satisfaction, and one global indicator, quality of life. The study examines the following questions: (1) Are certain types of support more effective than others in reducing certain types of work-family conflict (WFC)? (2) Does the source of support makes a difference in the effect of support on WFC and in the effect of support on job and family satisfaction? (3) Do differences exist between individuals with respect to their locus of control in the effects of social support on WFC? (4) Are the effects of social support different for men and women? This study has several unique features. It is one of the first studies to examine WFC with respect to the direction of the interference, i.e., W > F (work interfering with family) and F > W (family interfering with work) and to relate the source of support to the source of the conflict. The direction of the conflict was thought to indicate the pressure point at which social support is best targeted and to allow for social support to be focused more precisely. Instrumental support was found to reduce the perceived severity of W > F conflict; support from the organization to reduce the perceived severity of F > W conflict. The source of support was found to determine the effect of support on specific satisfaction indices. Emotional and instrumental support from home were found to be related to family satisfaction; emotional and informational support from work to be related job satisfaction. In examining the effect of work-family conflict on well-being, F > W and behavior-based conflict were found to be related to family satisfaction; W > F conflict to be related to job satisfaction. The study extends the body of theory on social support and contributes to the literature on work and family. It is hoped that the insights gained from this study might be used by organizations to create more humane environments that foster the well-being of both the organization and the employee.
An investigation into the binding mode of novel small molecule HIV-1 capsid (CA) protein inhibitors
Authors:   , Maurancy Jean Marc , Cocklin Simon
Published: January 2022

Among the HIV-1 capsid inhibitors, PF-74 is by far the most characterized. It has a multimodal mechanism of action, preventing the uncoating of the capsid core and competitively inhibiting the interaction of the host dependency factors, such as CPSF6, by binding at an interprotomer pocket in the HIV-1 CA hexamer. Despite these attractive features, we have previously shown this inhibitor to have inferior metabolic stability, along with a relatively low potency. Using a multistep computational workflow, our group has designed three new analogs of PF-74 with much improved metabolic stability over the parental compound. To gain an understanding of the interaction of these compounds, including PF-74, within the interprotomer pocket of HIV-1 CA hexamer, we coupled docking analysis with mutagenesis and direct binding studies. Using this strategy, we identified a cluster of hydrophobic residues that contributed to the interaction of these compounds within the interprotomer pocket. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) direct binding analyses of these compounds to the mutant CA hexameric proteins concluded that residues N57, M66, and K70 contributed the most binding energy to the interaction of these compounds in the CA-interprotomer pocket. In contrast, mutagenesis of residues L56, L69, I73 to N74, and N53 had only a marginal effect upon the binding of the compounds. Taken together, these results validate our docking models and provide vital information that can be used to optimize these compounds in terms of potency.
Investigation of mitochondrially targeted proteins in blood stage malaria parasites
Authors:   , Ganesan Suresh Maddur , Vaidya Akhil B.
Published: January 2022

Malaria parasites contain reduced-function mitochondria. Nevertheless, their mitochondrion is a validated target for antimalarials, such as atovaquone, which selectively inhibits the parasite mitochondrial electron transport chain (mtETC). We previously demonstrated that a critical function of the mtETC in blood stages of Plasmodium falciparum is to regenerate ubiquinone as co-substrate of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), and that transgenic P. falciparum expressing type I DHODH from yeast (yDHODH) are resistant to all mtETC inhibitors. In this study, we constructed a transfection vector, pUF1 that uses yDHODH as a selectable marker. As a proof of concept, we disrupted the type II vacuolar proton-pumping pyrophosphatase gene in P. falciparum. This is the third selectable marker for P. falciparum transfections. Five dehydrogenases supply electrons to the mtETC: malate: quinone oxidoreductase (MQO), succinate dehydrogenase, DHODH, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and alternative NADH dehydrogenase (NDH2). Among these, we aimed to identify the roles of MQO and NDH2 in malaria parasites. Gene disruption and protein knock-down experiments of MQO and NDH2 were unsuccessful, suggesting that they may be essential in blood stages of Plasmodium. We also determined that these proteins are localized in the parasite mitochondrion. Examination of HA-tagged MQO by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that MQO might be present in larger complexes, possibly in association with other mitochondrial proteins. Combined with previous results, these findings suggest that ubiquinone-dependent mitochondrial dehydrogenases may have roles beyond their known enzymatic activities in blood stage parasites. In Plasmodium, the glycine cleavage complex (GCV) was proposed to be involved in folate metabolism within the mitochondrion. GCV is made up of 4 proteins; glycine decarboxylase, aminomethyltransferase (AMT), carrier protein and lipoamide dehydrogenase. Here, we investigated the putative AMT (AMT1). We knocked out AMT1 both in vitro and in vivo. P. falciparum AMT1 knockout (Pf[delta]AMT1) parasites exhibited no growth deficiency in vitro. Surprisingly, Pf[delta]AMT1 parasites were found to be deficient in lipoylation of the apicoplast-localized pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) E2 subunit. Complementation of Pf[delta]AMT1 appeared to rescue PDH lipoylation. Localization studies revealed that AMT1 is found mainly in the cytoplasm. Currently, we are investigating P. berghei[delta]AMT1 parasites in mosquito and liver stages.