bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermo mechanical and microstructural constituents of dissimilar S700MC-S960QC high-strength steel welded joints using overmatched filler wire
Authors: Njock Bayock Francois , Tony Kibong Marius , Timba Sadrack , Nelson Che Nji
Published: January 2022

In this study, a mechanical and microstructural constituent of welded joints of dissimilar high-strength and ultra-high-strength steels (S700MC/S960QC) using overmatched filler wire was evaluated. Three different heat inputs (18 kJ/cm, 8 kJ/cm, and 10 kJ/cm) and overmatched filler wire were applied using the GMAW process. Micro-hardness measurement was conducted using Vickers hardness test, tensile test, and microstructural constituents by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were performed in this analysis. A dissimilar welded sample with a cooling time of 51s (18 kJ/cm) showed a substantial hardness reduction in the fine grain heat-affected zone (HAZ) of the S700MC steel side, which was between 220-240 HV5. The cause could be the increase of heat input but also the use of overmatched filler wire, which can be the result of an increase of ferrite to austenite formation in the HAZ. SEM/EDS results confirmed the increase of carbide clusters, and tempered Martensite in the CGHAZ of the S960QC side, and ferrite-bainite on the S700MC side. An increase in the presence of high carbide content and the formation of Ni, Mo, and Mn were observed on the S960QC side. The increase of carbide formation in the CGHAZ of both sides reduced the hardness and strength of the welded joints. The tensile test confirms the softening observed in the FGHAZ of the S700MC side, which caused the joint fracture on this side during the test.Â Â
Ethylene glycol poisoning treated using combination of ethanol and haemodialysis therapy instead of fomepizole: a case report
Authors: Une Kazunobu , Kishi Yasumasa , Hidaka Yui , Esaki Takashi
Published: January 2022

We report a case of ethylene glycol poisoning in a 70-year-old man with headache and dysarthria. Blood tests showed a marked increase in the anion gap (29.8 mOsm/kg) and osmotic gap (14 mOsm/kg). The estimated blood concentration of ethylene glycol was 86.8 mg/dL. Ethanol was administered and he underwent haemodialysis for 7 cycles, which was discontinued on day 12. Fomepizole, which competes with alcohol dehydrogenase, is an effective treatment for ethylene glycol poisoning. However, it is usually prescribed within 24 h after poisoning, and studies on its use in cases of severe acute renal injury over time are limited. We were able to obtain good results with haemodialysis without using fomepizole. Conventional treatments such as haemodialysis may be more useful than fomepizole in terms of cost benefits in patients with addiction who have been taking the drug for a long time or who have advanced renal injury.Â Â Â
Electromagnetic field in a rectangular cavity: an example of second quantization
Authors: Otieno  Ndinya Boniface
Published: January 2022

We consider the case of electromagnetic field inside a rectangular cavity with conducting walls as a form of a system described by classical mechanics equations. We pass these equations through the Lagrangian formalism to obtain the Hamiltonian formulation. Finally we apply canonical quantization to end up with a quantum theory of the electromagnetic field. Since classical electrodynamics can be interpreted as the quantum theory of a one photon system, then the above quantization is taken as the â€œquantization of the quantum theory of the electromagnetic fieldâ€ or simply second quantization.Â Â
Direito à educação e universalização do ensino médio no Brasil: Ações do poder legislativo federal (2009-2016)
Authors: Silva Monica Ribeiro , Jakimiu Vanessa Campos de Lara
Published: January 2022

O artigo é resultado de uma pesquisa que teve como objeto de análise a ampliação do acesso ao ensino médio, última etapa da educação básica no Brasil. A intenção foi a de analisar as proposições da Câmara dos Deputados e do Senado Federal com vistas a dimensionar as ações do Poder Legislativo voltadas para a efetivação do disposto na Emenda Constitucional 59/2009 que tornou obrigatória a inclusão escolar de todas as pessoas com idade entre 4 e 17 anos até 2016. No que diz respeito ao ensino médio, etapa considerada apropriada para essa faixa etária, foram encontradas 334 proposições, a maioria projetos de lei. A análise foi realizada tomando inicialmente três eixos investigativos: ampliação do acesso e qualificação da permanência; melhoria das condições de oferta e qualidade; incentivo à conclusão e terminalidade. A partir desses eixos as propostas foram categorizadas e analisadas. A pesquisa evidenciou uma expressiva predominância de projetos voltados a promover mudanças curriculares. Da totalidade das iniciativas apenas seis foram convertidas em lei.
Growth enhancement of agricultural crops using seaweed liquid fertilizer
Authors: Parab Akshada , Shankhadarwar Sunil
Published: January 2022

Extensive use of chemical fertilizer is leading to infertility of soil and various hazardous effect on the ecosystem. Using biofertilizer reduces these harmful effects. Many are commercially available, being a poor match to chemical fertilizer they are not used on a large scale. Near coastal regions seaweeds are used as biofertilizers. Recent studies show seaweeds have multiple growth regulators, macro and micronutrients, polysaccharides which are necessary for plant growth. The study is carried out to check the bioactivity of Seaweed liquid fertilizer (SLF) as a growth stimulant. Sargassum cinereum, Ulva rigida and Ahnfeltia plicata found on the Indian coastline were used. SLFs were prepared from each of three species in varying concentration (0.02%, 0.04%, 0.06%, 0.08% and 0.1% v/v) with water and Urea as control. The test plant selected was Vigna radiata. Agronomic characters like germination rate, shoot length, flowering and fruiting period of test plants were studied. Phyto-hormones from SLF were detected by thin-layer chromatography. Elemental analysis of micronutrients in SLF was carried by ICP-AES. Along with Chlorophyll and Protein estimation of grown plants were checked. SLF shelf life was studied using chemical and biological preservatives. The effect of 0.06% concentration of all SLFs showed enhancement in growth and phytochemicals in plants. Plants treated with SLF showed flowering earlier than control plants. Thus, using SLF bio-fertilizer can become an alternative method to reduce the use of harmful chemical fertilizers.
Premonitory Urges Reconsidered: Urge Location Corresponds to Tic Location in Patients With Primary Tic Disorders
Authors: Essing Jana , Jakubovski Ewgeni , Psathakis Nikolas , Cevirme Sinan N , Leckman James F , Müller-Vahl Kirsten R
Published: January 2022

Objective In patients with Tourette syndrome and other primary tic disorders (PTDs), tics are typically preceded by premonitory urges (PUs). To date, only a few studies have investigated the location and frequency of PUs, and contrary to clinical experience, the results suggest that PUs are not located in the same anatomic region as the tics. This study aimed to further explore PU location and frequency in detail, differentiating the kind and complexity of the corresponding tics, in a large sample of patients with PTD.Methods A total of 291 adult (≥ 18 years) patients with a confirmed diagnosis of chronic PTD were included. The study was conducted online, assement included tics and the general characterization of PUs and a sophisticated body drawing for locating PUs.Results We found that PUs were located in the same body area as, or in direct proximity to, the corresponding tic. Most frequently, PUs were located in the face and at the head (62.1%). Compared with simple tics, complex (motor and vocal) tics were more often preceded by a PU; but there was no difference in PU frequency observed between motor tics and vocal tics. PUs were more often experienced at the front than at the back of the body (73% vs. 27%), while there was no difference between the right and left sides (41.6% vs. 41.3%).Conclusion The strong association between PU and tic location further supports the hypothesis that PUs represent the core of PTD. Accordingly, future therapies should focus on treating PUs to achieve greater tic reduction.
Numerical equivalence of ℝ-divisors and Shioda–Tate formula for arithmetic varieties
Authors: Dolce Paolo , Gualdi Roberto
Published: January 2022

LetXbe an arithmetic variety over the ring of integers of a number fieldK, with smooth generic fiberXK{X_{K}}. We give a formula that relates the dimension of the first Arakelov–Chow vector space ofXwith the Mordell–Weil rank of the Albanese variety ofXK{X_{K}}and the rank of the Néron–Severi group ofXK{X_{K}}. This is a higher-dimensional and arithmetic version of the classical Shioda–Tate formula for elliptic surfaces.

Such an analogy is strengthened by the fact that we show that the numerically trivial arithmeticℝ{\mathbb{R}}-divisors onXare exactly the linear combinations of principal ones. This result is equivalent to the non-degeneracy of the arithmetic intersection pairing in the argument of divisors, partially confirming a conjecture by H. Gillet and C. Soulé.
Early medieval glass smoothers as a manifestation of the spread of Christianity in Mainland Europe
Authors: Ježek Martin , Zavřel Jan
Published: January 2022

Archaeology has been attempting to explain the purpose of medieval hemispherical artefacts called glass smoothers, found in much of Europe, for a century and a half. The oldest and most widespread opinion considers them to be tools designed for the care of clothing. This article presents the results of SEM observations of the surface of selected specimens. The identification of streaks of non-ferrous, especially precious metals, shows that they were intended for another purpose. After discussing the anthropological contexts, including burial finds, the authors conclude that glass smoothers were developed and primarily intended for gilding murals with metal leaves. The inertness of glass to mercury also made it possible to use these artefacts in another method of gilding – amalgamation. It was the contact with precious metal that justified the transformation of a glass smoother on the occasion of a funeral from a working tool into an object with symbolic value. Therefore, the occurrence of glass smoothers in graves cannot be associated with the activities of the deceased individual.
THE TRANSITION FROM EDUCATION TO THE LABOUR MARKET DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC: THE ATTITUDES AND EXPERIENCES OF UNEMPLOYED YOUTH IN LITHUANIA
Authors: Brazienė Rūta , Gruževskis Boguslavas , Okunevičiūtė-Neverauskienė Laima
Published: January 2022

This paper presents a subjective evaluation of the attitudes and experiences in the Lithuanian labour market of currently unemployed youths (aged 18 to 35) registered at the public employment service (PES). The main focus is on identifying the main issues related to the successful transition of youths from education to the labour market. Research questions: How do currently unemployed young people evaluate their prospects on the labour market? What is the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on youth transitions? What are the obstacles in the search for a (first) job? The study is based on survey research that was carried out in Lithuania from February to April 2021. A total of 453 young people who are currently unemployed and registered at the PES participated in the study. The results reveal that the Covid-19 pandemic has affected more vulnerable young people with a lower educational level and less work experience living in rural areas. Respondents with lower levels of education indicated greater difficulties in the search for a first job and in obtaining a stable working position. The Covid-19 pandemic has affected the transition from education to the labour market for young women more than for men.
Long-Range Amplitude Coupling Is Optimized for Brain Networks That Function at Criticality
Authors: Avramiea Arthur-Ervin , Masood Anas , Mansvelder Huibert D. , Linkenkaer-Hansen Klaus
Published: January 2022

Brain function depends on segregation and integration of information processing in brain networks often separated by long-range anatomic connections. Neuronal oscillations orchestrate such distributed processing through transient amplitude and phase coupling, yet surprisingly, little is known about local network properties facilitating these functional connections. Here, we test whether criticality, a dynamical state characterized by scale-free oscillations, optimizes the capacity of neuronal networks to couple through amplitude or phase, and transfer information. We coupledin siliconetworks which exhibit oscillations in the α band (8–16 Hz), and varied excitatory and inhibitory connectivity. We found that phase coupling of oscillations emerges at criticality, and that amplitude coupling, as well as information transfer, are maximal when networks are critical. Importantly, regulating criticality through modulation of synaptic gain showed that critical dynamics, as opposed to a static ratio of excitatory and inhibitory connections, optimize network coupling and information transfer. Our data support the idea that criticality is important for local and global information processing and may help explain why brain disorders characterized by local alterations in criticality also exhibit impaired long-range synchrony, even before degeneration of axonal connections.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTo perform adaptively in a changing environment, our brains dynamically coordinate activity across distant areas. Empirical evidence suggests that long-range amplitude and phase coupling of oscillations are systems-level mechanisms enabling transient formation of spatially distributed functional networks on the backbone of a relatively static structural connectome. However, surprisingly little is known about the local network properties that optimize coupling and information transfer. Here, we show that criticality, a dynamical state characterized by scale-free oscillations and a hallmark of neuronal network activity, optimizes the capacity of neuronal networks to couple through amplitude or phase and transfer information.
Disrupting the Balance of Protein Quality Control Protein UBQLN2 Accelerates Tau Proteinopathy
Authors: Gerson Julia E. , Sandoval-Pistorius Stephanie , Welday Jacqueline P. , Rodriguez Aleija , Gregory Jordan D. , Liggans Nyjerus , Schache Kylie , Li Xingli , Trzeciakiewicz Hanna , Barmada Sami , Sharkey Lisa M. , Paulson Henry L.
Published: January 2022

Tau protein accumulation drives toxicity in several neurodegenerative disorders. To better understand the pathways regulating tau homeostasis in disease, we investigated the role of ubiquilins (UBQLNs)—a class of proteins linked to ubiquitin-mediated protein quality control (PQC) and various neurodegenerative diseases—in regulating tau. Cell-based assays identified UBQLN2 as the primary brain-expressed UBQLN to regulate tau. UBQLN2 efficiently lowered wild-type tau levels regardless of aggregation, suggesting that UBQLN2 interacts with and regulates tau protein under normal conditions or early in disease. Moreover, UBQLN2 itself proved to be prone to accumulation as insoluble protein in male and female tau transgenic mice and the human tauopathy progressive supranuclear palsy. Genetic manipulation of UBQLN2 in a tauopathy mouse model demonstrated that a physiological UBQLN2 balance is required for tau homeostasis. UBQLN2 overexpression exacerbated phosphorylated tau pathology and toxicity in mice expressing P301S mutant tau, whereas P301S mice lacking UBQLN2 showed significantly reduced phosphorylated tau. Further studies support the view that an imbalance of UBQLN2 perturbs ubiquitin-dependent PQC and autophagy. We conclude that changes in UBQLN2 levels, whether because of pathogenic mutations or secondary to disease states, such as tauopathy, contribute to proteostatic imbalances that exacerbate neurodegeneration.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe defined a role for the protein quality control protein Ubiquilin-2 (UBQLN2), in age-related neurodegenerative tauopathies. This group of disorders is characterized by the accumulation of tau protein aggregates, which differ when UBQLN2 levels are altered. Given the lack of effective disease-modifying therapies for tauopathies and the function of UBQLN2 in handling various disease-linked proteins, we explored the role of UBQLN2 in regulating tau. We found that UBQLN2 reduced tau levels in cell models but behaved differently in mouse brain, where it accelerated mutant tau pathology and tau-mediated toxicity. A better understanding of the diverse functions of regulatory proteins like UBQLN2 can elucidate some of the causative factors in neurodegenerative disease and outline new routes to therapeutic intervention.
A lens into the past: The history of cataract surgery
Authors: Ruparelia Sunil
Published: January 2022

Cataract surgery may be one of medicine’s greatest achievements, providing treatment for an otherwise blinding condition. These surgeries are among the most common operative procedures performed worldwide and are also among the most successful. The advancements that have been made in cataract management exemplify the progress that has been made in the field of surgery as a whole. Moreover, the story of the evolution of cataract surgery is fascinating. From humble origins with cataract couching to the use of ultrasonic energy in phacoemulsification, each milestone in the advancement of cataract surgery has had innovative physicians at its forefront, striving for better patient visual outcomes. This article seeks to review these major milestones, including couching, extracapsular cataract extraction, intracapsular cataract extraction, and intraocular lens implantation. Procedural steps of modern-day phacoemulsification and recent advancements that may be incorporated into future practice are also reviewed.
Uptake in the practice of medical assistance in dying (MAiD) and involvement by physician speciality over time in Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Munn Elizabeth , Marshall Emily Gard
Published: January 2022

Legislation on medical assistance in dying (MAiD) was enacted in Canada in 2016. There is limited research on the topic available from Atlantic Canada. This study provides early data on the uptake of MAiD in Nova Scotia based on analysis of administrative billing data. It presents the number of MAiD cases by year from 2017 through early 2020. It also provides data on physician involvement in the MAiD process by specialty, broken down by assessors and providers of MAiD. Our data agrees with provincial- and national-level data that family physicians are highly involved in the MAiD process. Our study also documents physician involvement in conducting MAiD assessments by specialty, a metric which is not widely available in the literature. This study emphasizes the need for robust, provincial-level data on the demographics of providers involved in MAiD.
Pneumorrhachis complicating acute pain management using a thoracic epidural catheter
Authors: MacDonald Sonja , Mukhida Karim
Published: January 2022

The use of thoracic epidural catheters to infuse local anaesthetics and opioids is a common practice in acute pain management to attenuate the pain associated with thoracic and abdominal surgical procedures. The placement and maintenance of epidural analgesia is known to be associated with a variety of potential complications. A rare complication is the development of air of within the spinal canal (pneumorrhachis). Although pneumorrhachis is typically asymptomatic and resolves spontaneously, it rarely can be associated with neurological dysfunction. Here we describea case of pneumorrhachis that led to symptomatic acute spinal cord compression in a 27 year old man who had a thoracic epidural placed to help with pain management following laparotomy for the management of Crohn’sdisease. Postoperatively, the patient developed unilateral weakness in his upper and lower extremities and sensory dysfunction in the upper extremity. Urgent neuroimaging demonstrated epidural air causing mass effect on the cervical spinal cord. His symptoms resolved completely following conservative management. This rare presentation of pneumorrhachis highlights the need for close vigilance regarding neurological function in patients with epidural catheters for acute pain management. This presentation also promotes mitigation of factors that may be associated withthe administration of air into the epidural space, such as changing epidural infusion solution bags and malfunction of epidural infusion pumps.
Jackstone: A Calculus “Toy” in the Bladder. A Case Report of Rare Entity and Comprehensive Review of the Literature
Authors: Symeonidis Evangelos N. , Memmos Dimitrios , Anastasiadis Anastasios , Mykoniatis Ioannis , Savvides Eliophotos , Langas Georgios , Baniotis Panagiotis , Bouchalakis Athanasios , Tsiakaras Stavros , Stefanidis Panagiotis , Stratis Michail , Mutomba Wilbert F. , Vakalopoulos Ioannis , Dimitriadis Georgios
Published: January 2022

Background: An uncommon type of urinary calculus, Jackstone was named after its distinct resemblance to the children’s game “Jacks.” It typically involves the bladder and, to a lesser extent, the upper urinary tract.Case Presentation: Herein, we report a case of Jackstone vesical calculus in a 75-year-old male undergoing elective open prostate surgery for benign prostate hyperplasia refractory to medical treatment. Preoperative clinical examination revealed intermittent gross hematuria and symptoms suggestive of bladder outlet obstruction, while radiological investigation confirmed the presence of a solitary star-shaped spike-like bladder stone along with an overly enlarged prostate. Following open simple prostatectomy and concomitant intact stone removal, our patient made an uneventful postoperative recovery.Conclusion: This case highlights an infrequent subtype of bladder lithiasis and further expands upon the importance of promptly treating the underlying cause once this rare entity is detected. A comprehensive review of the literature on Jackstone calculi is further presented.
THE REDUCTION OF MAGNETIC FIELD OF UNDERGROUND CABLE LINE IN ESSENTIAL AREAS BY MEANS OF FINITE-LENGTH COMPOSITE MAGNETIC SHIELDS
Authors:   Institute of Electrodynamics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Peremohy, 56, Kyiv, 03057, Ukraine, Shcherba A.A. , Podoltsev O.D. ,   Institute of Electrodynamics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Peremohy, 56, Kyiv, 03057, Ukraine, Kucheriava I.M. ,   Institute of Electrodynamics National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, pr. Peremohy, 56, Kyiv, 03057, Ukraine
Published: January 2022

In the article, the numerical calculation and analysis of three-dimensional magnetic field of underground power cable line with finite-length magnetic shields used to reduce the level of this field on the ground are carried out. Both fill-up soil and filling soil containing magnetic particles and then having effective magnetic properties (=1÷1000) are proposed to used as magnetic shields. The shielding efficiency is studied for underground 330 kV cable line depending on the dimensions and effective magnetic permeability () of the shields. As shown, the use of filling soil with magnetic properties gives a possibility to reduce the field on the ground five times. This type of shielding is more efficient as compared to magnetic fill-up soil. The computed results reveal the non-monotonic variation of magnetic field on the ground above the soil edge zones. The longitudinal size of these zones is in the order of the depth of the cables. References 16, figures 9.
Observer-based speed estimation for vector controlled induction motors
Authors:   National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” 37, Pr. Peremohy, Kyiv, 03056, Ukraine, Peresada S.M. , Nikonenko Y.O. ,   National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” 37, Pr. Peremohy, Kyiv, 03056, Ukraine, Kovbasa S.M. ,   National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” 37, Pr. Peremohy, Kyiv, 03056, Ukraine, Rodkin D.I. ,   National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” 37, Pr. Peremohy, Kyiv, 03056, Ukraine, Kiselychnyk O.I. ,   University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
Published: January 2022

A speed observer for field-oriented controlled induction drives is presented. The proposed solution exploits the concept of the classic full-order flux observer which is adaptive to the rotor resistance variations. Due to the structural similarity of the rotor speed and active rotor resistance in motor model, the speed observer can be designed using similar structure. The observer guarantees local asymptotic estimation of the rotor fluxes, stator currents and rotor speed in all operating conditions, excluding DC stator excitation. The stability properties of the observer are studied using Lyapunov’s second method. It is experimentally shown that the observer provides an acceptable dynamics of the speed estimation if speed is slowly varying. The proposed observer is suitable for the applications with medium requirements for speed regulation performance. References 13, figures 5.
Trends in Survival for Pediatric Transplantation
Authors: Hickner Brian , Anand Adrish , Godfrey Elizabeth L. , Dunson Jordan , Reul Ross M. , Cotton Ronald , Galvan Nhu Thao Nguyen , O’Mahony Christine , Goss John A. , Rana Abbas
Published: January 2022

OBJECTIVES

Progress in pediatric transplantation measured in the context of waitlist and posttransplant survival is well documented but falls short of providing a complete perspective for children and their families. An intent-to-treat analysis, in which we measure survival from listing to death regardless of whether a transplant is received, provides a more comprehensive perspective through which progress can be examined.

METHODS

Univariable and multivariable Cox regression was used to analyze factors impacting intent-to-treat survival in 12 984 children listed for heart transplant, 17 519 children listed for liver transplant, and 16 699 children listed for kidney transplant. The Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used to assess change in waitlist, posttransplant, and intent-to-treat survival. Wait times and transplant rates were compared by using χ2 tests.

RESULTS

Intent-to-treat survival steadily improved from 1987 to 2017 in children listed for heart (hazard ratio [HR] 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.96–0.97), liver (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.94–0.97), and kidney (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.95–0.99) transplant. Waitlist and posttransplant survival also improved steadily for all 3 organs. For heart transplant, the percentage of patients transplanted within 1 year significantly increased from 1987 to 2017 (60.8% vs 68.7%); however, no significant increase was observed in liver (68.9% vs 72.5%) or kidney (59.2% vs 62.7%) transplant.

CONCLUSIONS

Intent-to-treat survival, which is more representative of the patient perspective than individual metrics alone, steadily improved for heart, liver, and kidney transplant over the study period. Further efforts to maximize the donor pool, improve posttransplant outcomes, and optimize patient care while on the waitlist may contribute to future progress.
Permutation codes over Sylow 2-subgroups $Syl_2(S_{2^n})$ of symmetric groups $S_{2^n}$
Authors: Olshevska V.A.
Published: January 2022

The permutation code (or the code) is well known object of research starting from 1970s. The code and its properties is used in different algorithmic domains such as error-correction, computer search, etc. It can be defined as follows: the set of permutations with the minimum distance between every pair of them. The considered distance can be different. In general, there are studied codes with Hamming, Ulam, Levensteins, etc. distances.In the paper we considered permutations codes over 2-Sylow subgroups of symmetric groups with Hamming distance over them. For this approach representation of permutations by  rooted labeled binary trees is used. This representation was introduced in the previous author's paper. We also study the property of the Hamming distance defined on permutations from Sylow 2-subgroup $Syl_2(S_{2^n})$ of symmetric group $S_{2^n}$ and describe an algorithm for finding the Hamming distance over elements from Sylow 2-subgroup of the symmetric group with complexity $O(2^n)$.     The metric properties of the codes that are defined on permutations from Sylow 2-subgroup $Syl_2(S_{2^n})$ of symmetric group $S_{2^n}$ are studied. The capacity and number of codes for the maximum and the minimum non-trivial distance over codes are characterized.
Principales problemáticas de las publicaciones científicas: un análisis en perspectiva latinoamericana
Authors: Cabrera Magela , Saraiva Cruz Ignacio
Published: January 2022

Se identifican y analizan las principales problemáticas de las publicaciones científicas, estudiando los diferentes componentes del ecosistema en el que se producen, con énfasis en la realidad latinoamericana. A través del relevamiento y análisis bibliográfico, se identifican como problemáticas la forma de acceso, los criterios de calidad y evaluación utilizados, la visibilidad, la barrera de la lengua y la brecha de género. Al mismo tiempo que se conceptualizan, se establecen vínculos entre dichos componentes lo que agrega complejidad al fenómeno y permite visualizar los modelos de comunicación científica vigentes. Dicha identificación pretende abrir espacios para la proposición de propuestas a futuro, que aporten en el sentido de brindar mayor acceso y reducir las inequidades observadas. Al mismo tiempo, la exposición del tema permite a los investigadores contar con mayores elementos a la hora de pensar y hacer visibles sus publicaciones. Desde la perspectiva latinoamericana se observaron ciertas particularidades en relación al crecimiento del movimiento de acceso abierto, sostenido muchas veces por instituciones y editoriales que pugnan por mejorar las formas de circulación, distribución, visibilidad y acceso, aunque cuenten con recursos limitados. Finalmente, se insiste en la necesidad de defender y potenciar el modelo de información científica basado en acceso abierto, como uno de los objetivos a promover para hacer frente a la privatización y comercialización del conocimiento producido por las comunidades científicas.
Retorno social de la inversión tras eliminar la transmisión vertical de chagas, VIH/sida, HB y sífilis: caso de un municipio de la Provincia de Buenos Aires
Authors: Monteverde Malena , Silvestrini Constanza , Pereiro Ana Cristina , Wolovich Tamara , Ceriotto Mariana , Castelli Juan Manuel
Published: January 2022

Introducción: se busca cuantificar los retornos de la inversión asociados a una intervención en el sistema público de salud de un municipio de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina, consistente en el fortalecimiento de la estrategia denominada Eliminación de la Transmisión Maternoinfantil de la Infección por VIH, Sífilis, enfermedad de Chagas Congénita e Infección Perinatal por Hepatitis B (ETMI-PLUS). Metodología: el estudio (cuantitativo) se basa en la metodología de Retorno Social de la Inversión (RSI). Se establecieron definiciones ad-hoc para la medición de los retornos sobre la base de los datos disponibles provenientes de diversas fuentes: información primaria de la Secretaría de Salud del MAB; tasas de transmisión congénita de cada enfermedad notificados al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia de Salud; presupuestos detallados de los recursos asignados al proyecto por parte de la Fundación Mundo Sano y costos de tratamientos e insumos de nomencladores oficiales. Resultados: por cada peso invertido para reforzar la ETMI-PLUS en el MAB, se obtuvo un retorno de casi 4 pesos, gracias a las mejoras en la eliminación vertical de las cuatro enfermedades y al descenso de las complicaciones cardiacas en las mujeres embarazadas diagnosticadas con chagas y tratadas oportunamente. Conclusiones: estos resultados sugieren la existencia de una relación retorno-inversión favorable, analizada bajo una perspectiva conservadora, ya que, se incluyen exclusivamente los ahorros para el sistema de salud y se excluyen otras dimensiones de los retornos vinculadas con las mejoras en los resultados alcanzados.
(Ine)quality in Healthcare: a perspective from the accreditation of clinical laboratories in Costa Rica
Authors: Quesada-Yamasaki Daniel , Zeledón-Mayorga Raúl
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Given the relevance of quality-assured laboratory services for health system strengthening and improvement, this study had the objective of exploring the distribution of ISO 15189-accredited and non-accredited laboratories in Costa Rica, in order to identify possible gaps in the fulfillment of its commitment to provide ‘quality healthcare for all’. Methods: Our research was conducted with a descriptive scope and following a quantitative approach. Costa Rica’s Accreditation Body and College of Microbiologists databases were searched to collect data regarding clinical laboratory registration and ISO 15189 accreditation status. Laboratory availability indicators by geographical division were computed with this data. Results: Out of 480 clinical laboratories allowed to operate in Costa Rica as of January 2021, only 5 (about 1%) have been accredited in compliance with ISO 15189, all of which are private and located in the province of San José. Also, laboratory density (in terms of facilities per 100 km2 and per 100 000 population) is heterogeneous among provinces. Clinical laboratory services are more easily available in ‘central’ provinces of the country (e.g. San José and Heredia), where ratios for laboratory density are higher. On the contrary, coastal provinces such as Limón and Puntarenas exhibit low laboratory density ratios, reflecting geographical disparities in access to healthcare. Conclusions: Geographic disparities in the access to clinical laboratory services were observed. This should raise awareness among public health authorities and private healthcare providers regarding the country’s progress in attaining its ‘quality healthcare for all’ commitment.
Dependencia de sustancias psicoactivas en Costa Rica: aspectos epidemiológicos y neurobiológicos de una enfermedad incomprendida
Authors: Sequeira Cordero Andrey , Blanco-Vargas Marilyn , Brenes Sáenz Juan Carlos
Published: January 2022

Introducción: se estima que entre un 80 % y un 90 % de la población mundial ha consumido sustancias psicoactivas (SPA), pero solo un 15 % llega a desarrollar una dependencia. El objetivo de este ensayo es describir los antecedentes epidemiológicos, los aspectos clínicos y los mecanismos neurobiológicos asociados a la dependencia de SPA. Luego, se reflexiona sobre algunas estrategias ambientales para su prevención y/o tratamiento. Proposición: la dependencia no es un simple vicio producto de la holgazanería o la falta de carácter, sino, un trastorno neuropsquiátrico que debe ser reconocido como tal. Para ello, es indispensable conocer sus factores etiológicos, así como los mecanismos neurobiológicos involucrados. Argumentos para la discusión: todas las SPA activan directa o indirectamente el sistema dopaminérgico mesolímbico, el cual, tras el abuso, produce la sensibilización del sistema motivacional y la desensibilización del sistema hedónico. Este fenómeno provoca el uso más frecuente y en mayor cantidad, a pesar de que los efectos placenteros sean cada vez menores. El malestar físico y emocional causado por el síndrome de abstinencia contribuye a dicha compulsión, la cual se sale de control producto de las alteraciones del funcionamiento ejecutivo y la corteza prefrontal. Conclusiones: la dependencia es una enfermedad del cerebro inducida por el consumo crónico de las SPA en conjunto con factores neurobiológicos y psicosociales de vulnerabilidad. El acceso a contacto social, ejercicio físico y estimulación sensorio-cognitiva podría representar una estrategia altamente eficaz para el manejo de la dependencia y el mejoramiento de la salud mental.
“UCR 55” variedad de frijol común Mesoamericano de grano negro
Authors: Araya Villalobos Rodolfo , Chaves Barrantes Néstor Felipe , Hernández Fonseca Juan Carlos , Cordero Morales Carlos
Published: January 2022

Introducción. La deficiencia de fósforo (P) es una de las mayores limitantes para la producción de frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), en especial en las regiones tropicales. La dentificación y el uso de cultivares tolerantes es esencial para reducir los costos de producción y la dependencia de los fertilizantes para suplir las necesidades de P. Objetivo. Describir el proceso de desarrollo y características agronómicas de la variedad UCR 55. Materiales y métodos. Esta variedad provino del cruzamiento NAB 44 // ROS 24 / G 13689, realizado en el Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical en Colombia. Fue evaluada de 1993 al 2000, por la Universidad de Costa Rica y el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería. El desempeño agronómico y características de UCR 55 se determinaron con base en la evaluación de 6 viveros, 21 ensayos, 7 parcelas de validación y 5 parcelas comerciales, llevados a cabo en 15 localidades de Costa Rica. Resultados. UCR 55 es una variedad de grano negro opaco, con un peso promedio de 19,4 g en 100 semillas. En condiciones experimentales en suelos andisoles, obtuvo un rendimiento mayor a 1200 kg.ha-1 sin la adición de P. El rendimiento de UCR 55 en la etapa de validación fue de una media de 1336 comparado a 1000 kg.ha-1 del testigo comercial Guaymí. Además, UCR 55 rindió hasta 2345 kg.ha-1 en suelos volcánicos (Fraijanes) durante esta fase. UCR 55 posee una arquitectura erecta (tipo II), resistencia (valor ≤3) a Colletotrichum lindemuthianum y resistencia intermedia (valor ≤6) a Pseudocercospora griseola y a Thanatephorus cucumeris. Conclusiones. La adaptación de UCR 55 con suelos pobres en P (<10 ppm) y su resistencia a C. lindemuthianum, la hacen una variedad adecuada para la siembra de frijol en zonas con una altitud superior a 1000 msnm en Costa Rica.
Following the Steps of the Orientalists: The Quest for the Linguistic Origins
Authors: Lubelsky Isaac
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, the author introduces how the study of Indian languages and culture started to be taken seriously by Western society. With the arrival of Annie Besant to lead the Indian Congress and her joining the Teosophical Society were events that contributed to this achievement.
The Sources of the Theosophical Doctrine
Authors: Lubelsky Isaac
Published: January 2022

The present chapter will examine the degree of the Theosophical doctrine’s uniqueness and originality. The author seeks to show that many of the Theosophical ideas were borrowed from diverse Western sources, and were worked by the theologians of the Society into a single doctrine. The author tries to answer the question under investigation by isolating and analysing these sources, while locating Theosophy on the map of the history of ideas, and show that it was part of an intellectual current that began long before Blavatsky.
The stream-enterer
Authors: Sirimane Yuki
Published: January 2022

Chapter 6 is a comprehensive and a detailed analysis of the attainment of the sotāpatti-phala, it being the most vital milepost on this Path. This chapter includes a discussion on the following: 1) The state of mind of a stream-enterer 2) The conduct of a stream-enterer 3) The blessings and strengths of a stream-enterer 4) The possibility of someone having become a noble person in a past life Can a stream-enterer commit suicide? 6) To what extent does a stream-enterer see Nibbāna? 7) Lay noble disciples 8) Non-humans attaining supramundane fruits The chapter concludes that the experience of attaining sotāpatti-phala becomes the most significant experience one ever encounters up to such time in saṃsāra. It makes one a Buddhist by conviction.
Introduction and a Short Account of Kerala and the North Malabar Region
Authors: Gabriel Theodore
Published: January 2022

An introduction to the region.
Spirit possession and ritual praxis in North Malabar: the Teyyam
Authors: Gabriel Theodore
Published: January 2022

The Teyyam, we have seen, is the ritual par excellence in northern Kerala for the untouchable and tribal sections of society, which also attracts considerable attention from other caste groups and even from followers of other religions. The popularity of the ritual resides in its obvious charismatic, ecstatic and awe-inspiring nature and the fact that the devotees can have a visual and easily accessible revelation of god in this ritual.
Conclusion
Authors: ga Theodore
Published: January 2022

Conclusion
Going Round to Other Divinities
Authors: Pye Michael
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks first at Buddhist pilgrimage in the wider field of Japanese religion. The Seven Gods of Good Fortune (shichifukujin) are among the most accessible of all the divinities in Japan and their individual shrines, usually of relatively modest size, are places at which visitors perform a simple devotional visit. The chapter then turns to the phenomenon of circulatory pilgrimages made to a specific number of Shintō shrines and to patriotic shrine pilgrimages associated with sites at which the imperial household is held in particular reverence. It looks at the example of a pilgrimage in Tokyo round linked Shintō shrines known as Hassha Fukumairi (Good Fortune Visit to Eight Shrines) as well as other Shintō shrine circuits.
General Conclusions
Authors: Pye Michael
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at points which may be of interest to those who are studying other pilgrimages or who are interested in the methodology of the study of religions as a discipline. It argues that the three organizing concepts of route, transaction and meaning amount to a clear, inductively gained model of the phenomenology of pilgrimage which is particularly relevant to the cases studied but also potentially relevant to other cases of pilgrimage, whether circulatory or not.
The Orthodox Philosophical Systems
Authors: Connolly Peter
Published: January 2022

In the later epic period northern India was in a state of political and religious fragmentation. Across much of the north west, kingdoms ruled by the descendants of the Greeks who arrived with Alexander (called Yavanas, a term that came to refer to 'all the annoying outsiders of the western borderlands') denied the authority of the Vedas and were organized according to Greek-derived rather than bråhmanical codes. Moreover, heterodox traditions such as Buddhism and Jainism had also established a foothold in these areas. All this changed with the establishment of the Gupta Empire in 320 CE. Much as Constantine did with Christianity, the Gupta rulers gave brāhmans the job of creating ideological unity within their domain.
Modern Yoga
Authors: Connolly Peter
Published: January 2022

What is 'modern yoga', and how does it relate to 'traditional yoga'? Different writers offer different answers to these questions.
From Realistic to Supernatural: Genres in Anime
Authors: Buljan Katherine , Cusack Carole M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on anime genres, arguing that these provide a fertile basis from which sprang numerous generic hybrids. They became the norm in anime, with the potential to appeal to various types of audience. The power assigned to female heroines is also investigated and it is argued that rather than reflecting the power of Amaterasu, the Shinto Goddess, their power more resembles Western Pagan ideas about the sacredness of the earth and Gaia as nature Goddess. In this chapter we further underline how the generic conventions of the supernatural subgenre permeate a large number of anime films and series, stressing that conventions of this subgenre are also often found in generic hybrids whose dominant themes do not necessarily fit with the supernatural subgenre (and thus, in that context they have various metaphorical functions). This chapter also analyses the child/young adult anime protagonist in terms of the mythological ‘divine child’ as a mediator between the supernatural and physical worlds. Chapter 3 argues for the strength of the supernatural.
Right Understanding: Self & Waveform Model
Authors: Hunt Geoffrey
Published: January 2022

Two vivid models are used in this chapter to elucidate the Buddha’s vision of ‘not-self’. This vision presents things including persons as not (at a deeper level) having a separate, discrete essence or ‘self’. And that is despite the strong illusion that most human beings share of the universe as a vast container containing many distinct objects including you and me. One model is that of that of rolling waves and the other is the slipping of a slipknot. The question is also addressed, ‘Does the Buddha reject the idea of a soul?’
Conceptions of Kami in the Writings of Tendai Monk Jien
Authors: Fedianiya Vladlena
Published: January 2022

The historic and poetic writings of the Tendai monk Jien (1155–1255) express complex philosophical and religious concepts, among them Jien’s views on deities or kami. Jien shared his contemporaries’ doctrine of honji suijaku (‘original nature and provisional manifestation’) and built the complicated hierarchy of kami with Amaterasu at the top of it. Thus what Jien said about Japan as a country can be understood in terms of the concept of “the divine land”.
Meiji Government Policy, Sect Shinto and Fusokyo
Authors: Fumio Shishino
Published: January 2022

This paper is authored by the administrative head, sixth in line since the first generation, of the Shinto sect known as Shintō Fusōkyō神道扶桑教.This was recognized as a specially established separate sect in 1882 by decree of the Office for Shinto Affairs of the Japanese government. The main devotional focus for Shintō Fusōkyō is nothing less than Mount Fuji. An explanation is given as to why and how it was that sectarian developments could arise at all within Shinto, that is, in the context of a religion regarded as being national in its range. The reasons for this are sought in the rapidly changing policies of the Meiji government at a time when Japan was facing the challenges of the Western powers.
Introducing the Faith of Shinshukyo
Authors: Masanori Yoshimura
Published: January 2022

This paper introduces the faith of Shinshūkyō 神習教, a Shinto sect of which the writer, Yoshimura Masanori, is the current head. It was founded by the writer’s grandfather, Yoshimura Masamochi, who sought to promote a pure form of Shinto based on the most ancient records (Kojiki and Nihon shoki). At the same time Masamochi emphasized the importance of a personal relationship to the kami, even to the extent of kamigakari (spiritual possession), for which special training is now required. The development of the religion is traced from the 19th century onwards, and aspects of its current life are described. Followers are found all over Japan.
A Postscript on Shinto Diversity
Authors: Pye Michael
Published: January 2022

The wide range of subject-matter in Exploring Shinto suggests that this religion is more complex than is sometimes suggested. As several contributions to the book show, it has been deeply embedded in the rich tapestry of Japanese religions and culture. Moreover, the differentiation of “Sect Shinto” in modern times shows that there is also great variety within the family of Shinto. As is firmly explained in the Postscript, it is this internal diversity, rather than any artificial uniformity, that continues to give social resilience to Shinto among the populace of Japan.