bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Literature Review and Research Agenda on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
Authors: Kalyanathaya Krishna Prakash , K. Krishna Prasad
Published: February 2022

Purpose: When Artificial Intelligence is penetrating every walk of our affairs and business, we face enormous challenges and opportunities to adopt this revolution. Machine learning models are used to make the important decisions in critical areas such as medical diagnosis, financial transactions. We need to know how they make decisions to trust the systems powered by these models. However, there are challenges in this area of explaining predictions or decisions made by machine learning model. Ensembles like Random Forest, Deep learning algorithms make the matter worst in terms of explaining the outcomes of decision even though these models produce more accurate results. We cannot accept the black box nature of AI models as we encounter the consequences of those decisions. In this paper, we would like to open this Pandora box and review the current challenges and opportunities to explain the decisions or outcome of AI model. There has been lot of debate on this topic with headlines as Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), Interpreting ML models, Explainable ML models etc. This paper does the literature review of latest findings and surveys published in various reputed journals and publications. Towards the end, we try to bring some open research agenda in these findings and future directions.
Methodology: The literature survey on the chosen topic has been exhaustively covered to include fundamental concepts of the research topic. Journals from multiple secondary data sources such as books and research papers published in various reputable publications which are relevant for the work were chosen in the methodology.
Findings/Result: While there are no single approaches currently solve the explainable ML model challenges, some model algorithms such as Decision Trees, KNN algorithm provides built in interpretations. However there is no common approach and they cannot be used in all the problems. Developing model specific interpretations will be complex and difficult for the user to make them adopt. Model specific explanations may lead to multiple explanations on same predictions which will lead to ambiguity of the outcome. In this paper, we have conceptualized a common approach to build explainable models that may fulfill current challenges of XAI.
Originality: After the literature review, the knowledge gathered in the form of findings were used to model a theoretical framework for the research topic. Then concerted effort was made to develop a conceptual model to support the future research work.
Paper Type: Literature Review.
Does Included Bark Reduce the Strength of Codominant Stems?
Authors: Smiley E. Thomas
Published: February 2022

One of the most common locations for the aboveground portion of a tree to fail is at the junction of two or more codominant stems. Due to the frequency of failures at this point, a study was undertaken to get a better understanding of the mechanical strength of this point and to determine if included bark reduces the strength of the union. Eighty-four codominant stems were removed from 26 felled maple trees. These crotches were securely anchored and split apart using measured force. Breaking force varied from 64 to 2,363 kg. The regression line produced from the comparison of stem diameter and force required for breaking the union when there was no included bark was Force = Diameter * 613 ­ 1388, r2 = 0.92. When only those unions with included bark were analyzed, the regression line was Force = Diameter * 537 ­ 1285, r2 = 0.76. There was a significant difference between the regression lines (p < 0.05). Codominant stems that have bark trapped in the union are significantly weaker than those that do not have bark included. The differences appear to be greater with smaller-diameter stems than with larger stems.
Long-Term Trends in Bird Populations on an Electric Transmission Right-of-Way
Authors: Yahner Richard , Hutnik Russell , Liscinsky Stephen
Published: February 2022

We conducted a 2-year study of bird populations on the Green Lane Research and Demonstration Project, which is located along a 500-kV transmission line right-of-way (ROW) of the Philadelphia Electric Company, in the Piedmont Province, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, U.S., in spring and summer 2001 and 2002. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the diversity and relative abundance of bird populations in spring versus summer on the ROW, (2) compare bird use among five representative treatment units of the ROW, and (3) compare use of wire zones versus border zones on the ROW. In addition, bird populations in this study were compared to those observed on the ROW in 1987 and 1988. Forty-four species (including one hybrid) were observed on the ROW during 2001 and 2002. In 1987 and 1988 combined, 42 species were noted on the ROW; thus, despite continued mechanical and herbicidal maintenance of the right-of-way, the bird community has changed very little over the past 15 years. More species were observed on the ROW in spring than in summer. Common bird species on the ROW in one or both seasons were those adapted to early successional or edge habitats. Total abundance of all species combined, however, was higher in summer than in spring, in part because of the presence of many family groups (parents and fledgling young). Most species were found in the mowing plus herbicide unit and the fewest were noted in the foliage-spray unit. Considerably more birds were observed in border zones than in wire zones of the ROW. Thus, border zones are very important habitat for birds along a ROW, with its combination of shrub­forb­grass cover type.
Community Tree Programs In Illinois, U.S.: A Statewide Survey And Assessment
Authors: Schroeder Herbert W. , Green Thomas L. , Howe Timothy J.
Published: February 2022

This article reports the combined results of two surveys of Illinois, U.S., communities about the status and needs of their community tree programs. The surveys were intended primarily to help state and federal agencies and private organizations to more effectively target the support they give to Illinois community tree programs. In 1995, we surveyed individuals responsible for tree care activities in small Illinois communities (population less than 25,000), and in 1999 we extended the survey to communities with populations of 25,000 or greater. Local municipal officials, regardless of community size, have strong positive attitudes toward the value of trees to their communities. Communities vary, however, in their resources, problems, and needs relating to their public trees. In particular, small communities often lack key components of an effective tree program and trained personnel for carrying out these programs. In providing assistance for community tree programs, state, federal, and private organizations should keep in mind the distinct needs and opportunities of communities of different sizes.
Irrigation And Container Type Impact Red Maple(Acer rubrumL.) 5 Years After Landscape Planting
Authors: Gilman Edward F. , Grabosky Jason , Stodola Ann , Marshall Michael D.
Published: February 2022

The objective of this research was to compare red maple(Acer rubrumL.) root and canopy growth 5 years after landscape planting from seven different container designs maintained under two irrigation regimes. Trees planted from low-profile air root-pruning containers had larger trunks 5 years after landscape installation than those planted from regular air root-pruning containers, wood boxes with cupric hydroxide coating, or standard black plastic containers with cupric hydroxide coating. Despite significant differences in root weight and amount of deflected roots among container types when trees were planted in the landscape, root number, root depth, and radial root distribution around the trunk were identical 5 years after planting from all container types. However, frequency of irrigation in the first 24 weeks following planting had a significant effect on root system structure even 5 years later. Frequent irrigation resulted in larger trunks, more roots, greater root cross-sectional area, and a more uniform radial root distribution. The increase in root growth on frequently irrigated trees occurred exclusively in the top 30.5 cm of soil. Codominant stems 4 years after planting were equally common, regardless of production method and irrigation treatment. With the exception of the low-profile air root-pruned container, the reduction in root defects on the outer surface of root balls grown in containers designed to reduce defects appeared to provide no measurable benefit to trees 5 months or 5 years after planting into the landscape. Irrigation management after planting had a more positive impact on landscape root growth and distribution than container type.
Evaluation of Extraction Force for Wooden Guy Anchors
Authors: Smiley E. Thomas , LeBrun Elden , Gilbert Elizabeth
Published: February 2022

Wooden stakes are used to anchor guy lines on many newly transplanted trees. It has been recommended that the angle of the stake be either in-line with the guy (45 degrees toward the tree) or at right angles to the guy (45 degrees from horizontal away from the tree). This trial was conducted to determine which, if either, of these directions will provide the maximum amount of resistance to extraction. Stakes were driven into the soil at two angles and vertically into the soil then were extracted using a measured force. There was no significant difference in force required to extract the stakes driven in-line with the guy or at a right angle to it. There was a significant difference (p <. 05) between angled stakes and those driven straight into the soil. The force required for extraction of the stake driven vertically was more than twice that of the angle-driven stakes. It was hypothesized that the differences in extraction force were due to soil disruption that occurs when driving stakes into the soil. For maximum strength, it is recommended that wooden stakes be driven vertically into the soil.
Eastern Hemlock Recovery From Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Damage Following Imidacloprid Therapy
Authors: Webb Ralph E. , Frank J. Ray , Raupp Michael J.
Published: February 2022

Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) is a serious pest of hemlocks (Tsugaspp.) in the eastern United States. A variety of insecticides are capable of controlling hemlock woolly adelgid. The use of a systemic insecticide, imidacloprid, has gained widespread acceptance and use in the plant care industry. While several studies demonstrate the efficacy of imidacloprid in reducing adelgid populations, none have examined how hemlocks recover following imidacloprid therapy. Using specimenTsuga canadensistrees in a residential landscape, we found that hemlocks recovered dramatically with new growth once the pressure of the adelgids was reduced following an application of imidacloprid. Most important, the response of trees to imidacloprid therapy differed in relation to their condition at the onset of the experiment. Trees with the healthiest, most foliated canopy improved the least following the reduction in adelgid populations. Trees with little new growth but no dieback recovered the quickest and most densely. Trees in the poorest condition at the onset recovered impressively but more slowly. Trees left untreated remained sparsely foliated, with dieback. These results confirm the value of imidacloprid therapy in improving the quality of hemlocks under attack by the hemlock woolly adelgid in urban forests.
An asessment of management history of damaged and undamaged trees 8 years after the ice storm in Rochester, New York, U.S.
Authors: Zipperer Wayne , Sisinni Susan , Bond Jerry , Luley Chris , Pleninger Andrew
Published: February 2022

Eight years of post-storm tree maintenance records from Rochester, New York, U.S., were reviewed to evaluate the city's storm-related removal protocol and how maintenance varied by damage classes. Maintenance codes assigned in 1991 were used to identify ice-storm damage classes based on percentage of crown loss. We evaluated seven speciesNorway maple (Acer platanoides), silver maple (A. saccharinum), sugar maple (A. saccharum), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos), London planetree (Platanus ´ acerifolia), and littleleaf linden (Tilia cordata)to assess species responses to maintenance protocols. Trees with 75% or more crown loss and undamaged trees required the least amount of maintenance, additional management, and on-site re-evaluation. In contrast, trees with 50% to 75% crown loss required the most maintenance, were the greatest percentage of trees requiring additional maintenance, and were the most revisited. Of the selected species analyzed, silver maple and honeylocust required the most maintenance, whereas sugar maple, green ash, and littleleaf linden required the least. Across all damage classes and species, maintenance requirements increased with tree diameter at breast height regardless of the percentage of crown loss or species.
Tree Pathogen Survival in Chipped Wood Mulch
Authors: Koski Ronda , Jacobi William
Published: February 2022

Uncomposted wood chips are often used as landscape mulches. Chips are commonly derived from landscape trees removed because they were in poor health and often contained plant pests. Chips are also derived from pallets and other wood packing materials that may harbor indigenous and exotic plant pathogens. A study was initiated to determine how long a fungal plant pathogen could survive in uncomposted wood chip mulch in an urban landscape. Thyronectria austroamericana, the causal agent of Thyronectria canker in honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos) trees, was used to inoculate branches of honeylocust trees. Cankered branch pieces were placed into mulched areas surrounding honeylocust trees growing under two irrigation regimes. Thyronectria austroamericana recovered from cankered wood pieces after 98 weeks produced cankers when inoculated into branches of honeylocust trees. Irrigation regimes did not affect recovery of the fungus. Cankered wood pieces remained a source of inoculum for 143 weeks after placement in the mulched areas. Due to the longevity of pathogen survival, uncomposted mulch derived from honeylocust trees infected with T. austroamericana should not be placed around honeylocust trees in urban landscapes. Using uncomposted wood chips derived from wood packing materials could increase the risk of introducing exotic plant pathogens to urban landscapes.
Phytoplasmas Associated with Ash Decline
Authors: Bricker Jerald , Stutz Jean
Published: February 2022

The epidemiology and etiology of a disease of Fraxinus velutina (Arizona or velvet ash) called ash decline was investigated. Symptoms of ash decline include a progressive dieback of stems and branches as well as yellowing and necrosis of leaf tissue. The incidence and severity of ash decline in F. velutina cv. Modesto trees in the Phoenix, Arizona, U.S., metropolitan area was studied over an 8-year period. Symptom severity increased dramatically during this time period with a 30% mortality rate of trees in the study group. Etiological studies determined that phytoplasmas were associated with ash trees showing ash decline symptoms. Phytoplasmas were detected in the phloem sieve tube elements of plants using the DAPI microscopic test, and phytoplasma DNA was detected in ash tissue using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. The relationship of the phytoplasmas associated with ash decline to the ash yellows (AshY) phytoplasmas is discussed.
A Literature Review of Nitrogen Availability Indices for Use in Urban Landscapes
Authors: Scharenbroch Bryant , Lloyd John
Published: February 2022

Managers of urban landscapes are required to maintain aesthetic qualities of plants and so must ensure that vegetation has adequate nitrogen to grow and thrive. Soil organic matter decomposition and nitrogen mineralization facilitated by soil microorganisms are the primary determinants of soil nitrogen availability. Therefore, investigations of soil nitrogen pools, organic matter, and soil microbial populations should help urban landscape managers refine diagnostic tools and prescription fertilization for urban vegetation. Foliar assessments can be used to measure nitrogen the plant has acquired, but such assessments do not reveal information about current or future plant nitrogen acquisition. Soil nitrogen analyses can be used to measure the current nitrogen available for plant uptake as well as the amount that will potentially be available at some time in the future. Total soil organic matter changes occur primarily particulate organic matter (POM) fractions, and positive correlations have been identified between POM nitrogen, soil microbial nitrogen, and potentially mineralizable nitrogen. Consequently, examinations of POM fractions potentially indicate changes in soil organic matter and nitrogen availability. To improve existing standards for determining nitrogen status and needs of urban landscape plants, soil and plant nitrogen evaluation must be improved and correlated with plant nitrogen demand and soil nitrogen supply.
Integrated Vegetation Management On an Electric Transmission Right-of-Way in Pennsylvania, U.S.
Authors: Yahner Richard H. , Hutnik Russell J.
Published: February 2022

Integrated vegetation management (IVM) has been used for the maintenance of vegetation along an electric utility transmission right-of-way (ROW) at the State Game Lands (SGL 33) Research and Demonstration Area, Centre County, Pennsylvania, U.S., since 1987. In addition, the wire–border zone method was implemented on the ROW in 1987. The wire–border zone method results in forb–grass–shrub cover types in wire zones and shrub cover types in border zones. The SGL 33 Research and Demonstration Area has been studied since 1953, which makes this 51-year-old project the longest continuous study documenting the effects of mechanical and herbicidal maintenance on flora and fauna along an electric transmission ROW. In this paper, our objective is to present target (undesirable) tree density and cover-type development in response to IVM prior to the most recent treatment (2000) and 2 to 3 years after treatment. Results were compared to those obtained from the late 1980s and 1990s. For all units combined (except handcut) in 1999, average target tree densities prior to treatment were 288 trees/ha (117 trees/ac) in wire zones and 759 trees/ha (307 trees/ac) in border zones. Excellent control of target tree density [62 to 124 trees/ha (25 to 50 trees/ac)] was noted in wire zones of mowing plus herbicide, stem–foliage spray, and foliage spray units; moderate control [371 to 680 trees/ha (150 to 275 trees/ac)] was observed in low-volume basal spray, high-volume basal spray units, and mowing units; and poor control (4,818 trees/ha [1,951 trees/ac]) was found in the handcut unit. In 2003, the density of target trees in all treatment units combined was 1,544 trees/ha (625 tree/ac) in wire zones and 1,594 trees/ha (645 trees/ac) in border zones. If the handcut unit was omitted from the calculations, then only 340 target trees/ha (138 trees/ac) in wire zones and 501 trees/ha (203 trees/ac) in border zones were present. IVM of a ROW is not a “tree-proof” but rather a “tree-resistant” means of reducing tree invasion. Competition with existing plants and wildlife predation on tree seeds on a ROW managed via the wire–border zone method minimized but did not eliminate tree invasion. Since 1987, IVM and the wire–border zone method of ROW maintenance has increased the time between treatment cycles, thereby reducing labor and chemical costs at the SGL 33 Research and Demonstration Area.
Relationship Among Tree Canopy Quantity, Community Demographics, and Tree City USA Program Participation in Maryland, U.S.
Authors: Galvin Michael F. , Bleil David
Published: February 2022

The Tree City USA (TCUSA) program is a national program in the United States that provides recognition to communities that meet certain standards, including having a tree ordinance and spending at least US$2.00 per capita on urban forestry. Census data for 2000 were combined with records on TCUSA program participation and tree canopy cover data for 74 communities in Maryland, U.S., to ascertain relationships among tree canopy quantity, community demographics, and Tree City USA program participation. Communities participating in TCUSA had widely varying demographics (2.2% to more than 97% nonwhite) but tended to have larger overall populations and larger nonwhite populations than did nonparticipating communities, with the percentage of nonwhite population slightly higher for nonparticipants. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that the most predictive variable related to the amount of canopy cover is the size of the city in hectares (acres). A combination of city population, hectares (acres) of tree cover, expenditures per capita on trees, and city size in hectares (acres) produced the greatest predictability in whether a city participates in the TCUSA program. The relationship between quantity of tree canopy and total population was stronger in participating than in nonparticipating communities. However, the relationship between land area and quantity of tree canopy was stronger for nonparticipants than for participants, and overall percentage of canopy cover as well as mean percentage of canopy cover were higher in nonparticipating communities. TCUSA participants in Maryland have similar land areas, similar ethnic demographics, higher populations, and canopy coverage more closely related to population than land area when compared to non-TCUSA communities and are most likely to be found in an urban/suburban context, while non-TCUSAs are more likely to be found in a rural (agricultural/forest) context.
Trees and Business District Preferences: A Case Study of Athens, Georgia, U.S.
Authors: Wolf Kathleen L.
Published: February 2022

As a National Main Street program participant, Athens, Georgia, U.S., has included streetscape tree plantings in economic development efforts. The Main Street program assists downtown merchant groups with physical improvements planning in order to create vital retail environments. If comprehensively managed, the urban forest can be a beneficial long-term improvement. Nonetheless, business people and merchants often have negative perceptions about trees (such as debris and reduced sign visibility) and may influence local policy and budget support for urban forest programs. This study utilized an on-site survey to elicit preference and perceptual response from visitors of the Athens central business district. The presence of a full-canopy forest was found to be associated with higher visual quality ratings of the retail district. District visitors also perceived the streetscape canopy to be an integral amenity of the city’s shopping environment. Quantitative and qualitative research outcomes are reported.
Creating European citizens through citizenship, geography, and history education: a temporal and regional analysis of the Spanish curriculum
Authors:   University of Alcalá, Spain, GARCÍA-ÁLVAREZ David , ARIAS-GARCÍA Jonatan ,   University of Granada, Spain
Published: February 2022

The European Dimension in Education (EDE) is a policy promoted by the Council of Europe and the European Union that aims to foster active, critical citizenship based on common democratic values. It is also associated with the idea of promoting better knowledge of the European Union and of the concept of European citizenship. Ever since the policy was initially launched, EU Member States have been trying to add a European dimension to their education systems, although little progress has been made. In this paper, we study the way EDE has been integrated into the Spanish education system. Our research is based on an analysis of the national and regional curricula for Social Sciences (Geography, History) and Citizenship Education in compulsory secondary education, as these are the main subjects within which Spanish students are taught civic education. Results showed few signs of progress in the integration of EDE into the Spanish curriculum. In fact, a regressive trend was observed in some cases. The curriculum has varied a lot over the years in line above all with the ideology of the national government. It has also varied considerably across Spain’s different regions, which play an important role in the inclusion of EDE contents in the curriculum. The inclusion of specific subjects on Citizenship Education has provided a considerable boost to the integration of EDE into the Spanish curriculum. However, EU-related content is usually scarce and is never considered as important as content explaining the Spanish political system, citizenship, geography and history. Our paper concludes that a stronger European focus in the national curriculum would be highly recommended, so as to fully embrace EDE. In addition, a cross-party consensus should be reached on citizenship education and its contents, stressing the important role it can play as a separate subject.
Anticorrosive Behaviors of Epoxy Coating Modified by Hydrophobic Nano-Silica and Graphene on Phosphatized Carbon Steel
Authors: Xu Yangshuhan , Mao Jie , Li Minghua , Wang Shufen , Yu Tingting
Published: February 2022

Corrosion of carbon steel causes many losses, hazards, and contaminations to our daily life. In this article, epoxy synergistically added with hydrophobic nano-silica and graphene was prepared to provide corrosion protection for carbon steel. Graphene can act as filler to improve the corrosion resistance of epoxy, but the aggregation of graphene severely affects its application. Embedding hydrophobic nano-silica into graphene sheets contributes to the good dispersity of graphene in an epoxy matrix. Besides, SiO2 can also act as another filler to improve corrosion resistance. Hence, the synergistical addition of hydrophobic nano-silica and graphene into epoxy can provide better corrosion resistance for modified epoxy coating. A scanning electron microscope was used to investigate the microstructures of modified epoxy coating. Coating wettability was measured by a static contact angle measurement instrument. The anticorrosive behaviors of modified coatings were measured by an electrochemical workstation. The corrosion mechanism was analyzed by equivalent circuits simulation. According to the results, the modified coating with impedance of about 108 Ω·cm2 (10 mHz) at 100 d immersion still showed excellent anticorrosive performance. In general, epoxy doped with hydrophobic nano-silica and graphene displays better corrosion protection than epoxy without modification.
Ontologia e documento arquivístico: análise ontológica para representação semântica do documento arquivístico em BFO
Authors: Löw Marieta Marks , Rocha Rafael Port da , Abel Mara , Garcia Luan Fonseca
Published: February 2022

Objetivo: Descrever, com ontologia, a representação de documentos de acordo com os princípios e conceitos da Arquivologia. A análise ontológica teve enfoque na produção documental de uma organização, permitindo que ontologias desenvolvidas para organizações possam ser compatibilizadas com os princípios e soluções da Arquivologia, quando a questão é o documento e sua produção.
Método: Análise ontológica de conceitos com enfoque na classificação de entidades arquivísticas nas classes especificadas na ontologia de alto nível Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) no que se refere a: informação, documento arquivístico e materialidade; produção de documento arquivístico; e contextos jurídico-administrativo, administrativo, documental e de proveniência.
Resultado: O modelo ontológico esclarece e especifica o significado semântico dos conceitos arquivísticos analisados, construindo um suporte para derivações lógicas destes documentos, associação destes documentos com entidades que representam conteúdos de domínio especificadas em outras ontologias derivadas da BFO
Conclusões: Os resultados demonstram que os conceitos arquivísticos estão alinhados à BFO em uma relação de subsunção com relação aos aspectos analisados. Se observa que o documento arquivístico é fundamentado pelas percepções de realidade de BFO.
Diálogos museológicos: o regime jurídico brasileiro e o Código de Ética do Conselho Internacional de Museus
Authors: Carmo Paula Gonçalves do , Gabardo Emerson , Hachem Daniel Wunder
Published: February 2022

O artigo objetiva analisar o sistema jurídico que rege as práticas de museus no Brasil, bem como as normas internacionais aplicáveis ao setor, em especial a regulamentação criada pelo Conselho Internacional de Museus (ICOM) e seu Código de Ética. Problematiza a influência do sistema internacional de proteção de patrimônio cultural no Direito nacional. Contextualiza-se historicamente a disciplina legal dos direitos culturais no Brasil e o arranjo institucional e legal que levou à atual democratização e a autonomia do setor de museus no país. Após, explica-se a relevância do ICOM na seara museológica global e como seu Código de Ética assume caráter normativo de soft law. Por fim, é feita uma comparação das normas gerais do Brasil para museus com elementos-chave do Código de Ética do ICOM, para compreender se a lei brasileira está afinada com a prática internacional e em qual medida. Utiliza uma metodologia analítico-descritiva, com a técnica de investigação bibliográfica doutrinária e documental. Conclui-se que as relações entre Direito internacional e Direito administrativo interno são muito benéficas para os museus brasileiros, no campo do dever-ser, mas que este sistema pode estar sob risco se não existir um contínuo esforço político-institucional nacional preocupado com o aperfeiçoamento do setor.
Covid, covax e o refluxo da governança global
Authors: Nasser Salem Hikmat , Papy Luiza Nogueira
Published: February 2022

O caminho em direção à sempre crescente globalização das relações sociais aparece como inexorável. Como parte desse caminho surgem noções como Ação Administrativa Global, Autoridade Pública Internacional, Bens Públicos Globais. Todas essas noções implicam o reconhecimento de temas de interesse público comum e a necessidade de respostas coletivas. A Pandemia do Covid-19 faz, em certa medida, a prova da globalização e dos problemas comuns que colocam em risco o Bem Público saúde. O Bem Público Global, construído, que se apresenta como melhor resposta à pandemia, a Vacina, é parte de um mecanismo de Governança coletiva que é o Covax. A despeito da retórica a respeito da vacina e de seu status, o funcionamento e os resultados do Covax se mostram insuficientes e mais aptos a demonstrarem as resistências ao esforço coletivo e a tendência dos atores de se recolherem ao individualismo ou nacionalismo.
Gestão migratória e integração regional: uma análise sobre a regulamentação normativa dos fluxos migratórios irregulares na União Europeia à luz do Novo Pacto Europeu sobre Migração e Asilo
Authors: Cavalcante Filho João Mauricio Malta , Barza Eugênia Cristina Nilsen Ribeiro
Published: February 2022

O artigo propõe uma reflexão crítica acerca das contribuições normativas da integração regional para a gestão das migrações, utilizando como objeto de análise a União Europeia. Tendo como referência o Novo Pacto Europeu para a Migração e Asilo e suas perspectivas para o disciplinamento das migrações irregulares, a pesquisa questiona se o novo pacto representa uma ruptura ou uma continuidade da política migratória restritiva até então vigente no bloco. Diante dessa problemática, objetiva-se analisar os fundamentos jurídicos da política de imigração europeia, buscando-se apontar seus impactos para o disciplinamento da imigração irregular. Partindo-se de uma abordagem metodológica qualitativa, utiliza-se do método hipotético-dedutivo para testar a hipótese de que as novas soluções da UE não representam ruptura jurídica significativa com a política migratória até então reconhecida no arranjo europeu. A partir da revisão bibliográfica e da análise das fontes do direito da UE, com base na teoria da integração econômica aplicada à mobilidade humana, o artigo resulta na verificação de que o novo pacto reitera mecanismos de regresso e reforço de fronteiras como alternativas à irregularidade migratória. As conclusões apontam que a iniciativa analisada não inova juridicamente na essência defensiva da política migratória europeia, o que confirma a hipótese inicialmente aventada.
Reflexões sobre a universalidade do Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos sob a perspectiva da proteção às mulheres
Authors: Carvalho Érica Rios de
Published: February 2022

Este artigo original parte da pergunta de pesquisa: em que medida pode-se observar a universalidade do Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos sob a perspectiva da proteção às mulheres? O objetivo geral é refletir sobre a aplicabilidade do conceito de universalidade nessa seara, tendo em vista a forma de elaboração e aceitabilidade das principais normas internacionais de proteção às mulheres. Para tanto, traçam-se como objetivos específicos identificar o escopo dessas normas no seio da ONU e discutir sua aceitação/rejeição pelos Estados membros. A partir de abordagem metodológica qualitativa, são adotadas as técnicas de revisão bibliográfica e análise documental, em especial dos documentos internacionais identificados como principais pela própria ONU Mulheres. Os resultados indicam a inaplicabilidade do conceito de universalidade no recorte, diante da insuficiente participação feminina na elaboração das normas, da sua linguagem androcêntrica e da rejeição dos Estados membros a elas. O trabalho é relevante ao discutir a contraposição entre discursos sobre Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos como promessa de aplicação a toda a humanidade e a sua própria construção desigual.
Распределение тяжелых металлов и бенз(а)пирена в нефтезагрязненных почвах города Кайяра (Ирак)
Authors:   Voronezh State University, Devyatova Tatiana , Gorbunova Nadezhda , Gorbunova Yulia , Ghafar Hamid Ghafar
Published: February 2022

The spatial distribution of oil products and benzo(a)pyrene in gray soils as a result of an accidental oil spill in the area of the Kayyara field (Iraq), as well as the gross content and mobile compounds of heavy metals - Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni were studied. An increase in the content of oil products and benzo(a)pyrene in the upper soil layer in the zone of influence of the oil spill was revealed. With the accompanying combustion of petroleum gas, the elements under study are deposited on the soil surface. The content of Ni significantly exceeds the background concentrations. Exceeding the standards is also typical for mobile Cd compounds. As a result of the technogenic load, as well as the physicochemical characteristics of the studied soils, the studied HMs are in an easily accessible state. The highest percentage of mobility is characteristic of Cd. The high mobility of elements makes them active in terms of migration to adjacent landscapes. An important feature of the region is the presence of dust storms. Soil material contaminated with oil products and heavy metals can be transported over considerable distances, even in a short period of time. Heavy metals, benzo(a)pyrene and petroleum products can easily move not only into adjacent environments, but also into the human body. Keywords: SEROZEMS, HEAVY METALS, LEAD, CADMIUM, NICKEL, ZINC, COPPER, MANGANESE, PETROLEUM PRODUCTS, BENZO(A)PYRENE
Influence Of Organizing Functions, Direction Functions And Planning Functions On Nurse Performance At Hospital Royal Prima Medan
Authors: Dennis Wijaya  , Ermi Girsang  , Sri Lestari Ramadhani  , Sri Wahyuni Nasution  , Ulina Karo Karo
Published: February 2022

The optimal implementation of the managerial function of the head of the room is one of the factors that affect the performance of the team leader and has an impact on the quality of nursing services. Phenomena that occur in hospitals are often the head of the room busy with meeting activities held by hospital management so that the implementation of the role and function of the head of the room as a clinical supervisor who becomes a consultant for team leaders in nursing care is often neglected.The results of the study using product moment analysis found that there was an effect of implementing the managerial function of the head of the room on the performance of the team leader (p = 0.00 r = 0.905). The results of multiple linear regression showed that only the implementation of the planning function influenced the team leader's performance (p = 0.039 B = 4.150). The conclusion is that the higher the implementation of the planning function carried out by the head of the room, the better the performance of the team leader. The implications for nursing in this research are that it is necessary to improve the ability of the planning function of the head of the room through strategic planning training and developing nursing managerial concepts.
Input-adaptive linear mixed-effects model for estimating alveolar lung-deposited surface area (LDSA) using multipollutant datasets
Authors: Fung Pak Lun , Zaidan Martha A. , Niemi Jarkko V. , Saukko Erkka , Timonen Hilkka , Kousa Anu , Kuula Joel , Rönkkö Topi , Karppinen Ari , Tarkoma Sasu , Kulmala Markku , Petäjä Tuukka , Hussein Tareq
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Lung-deposited surface area (LDSA) has been considered to
be a better metric to explain nanoparticle toxicity instead of the commonly
used particulate mass concentration. LDSA concentrations can be obtained
either by direct measurements or by calculation based on the empirical lung
deposition model and measurements of particle size distribution. However,
the LDSA or size distribution measurements are neither compulsory nor
regulated by the government. As a result, LDSA data are often scarce
spatially and temporally. In light of this, we developed a novel statistical
model, named the input-adaptive mixed-effects (IAME) model, to estimate LDSA
based on other already existing measurements of air pollutant variables and
meteorological conditions. During the measurement period in 2017–2018, we
retrieved LDSA data measured by Pegasor AQ Urban and other variables at a
street canyon (SC, average LDSA = 19.7 ± 11.3 µm2 cm−3)
site and an urban background (UB, average LDSA = 11.2 ± 7.1 µm2 cm−3)
site in Helsinki, Finland. For the continuous
estimation of LDSA, the IAME model was automatised to select the best
combination of input variables, including a maximum of three fixed effect
variables and three time indictors as random effect variables. Altogether,
696 submodels were generated and ranked by the coefficient of determination
(R2), mean absolute error (MAE) and centred root-mean-square
difference (cRMSD) in order. At the SC site, the LDSA concentrations were
best estimated by mass concentration of particle of diameters smaller than
2.5 µm (PM2.5), total particle number concentration (PNC) and
black carbon (BC), all of which are closely connected with the vehicular
emissions. At the UB site, the LDSA concentrations were found to be
correlated with PM2.5, BC and carbon monoxide (CO). The accuracy of the
overall model was better at the SC site (R2=0.80, MAE = 3.7 µm2 cm−3)
than at the UB site (R2=0.77, MAE = 2.3 µm2 cm−3), plausibly because the LDSA source was
more tightly controlled by the close-by vehicular emission source. The
results also demonstrated that the additional adjustment by taking random
effects into account improved the sensitivity and the accuracy of the fixed
effect model. Due to its adaptive input selection and inclusion of random
effects, IAME could fill up missing data or even serve as a network of
virtual sensors to complement the measurements at reference stations.
Late Neogene evolution of modern deep-dwelling plankton
Authors: Boscolo-Galazzo Flavia , Jones Amy , Dunkley Jones Tom , Crichton Katherine A. , Wade Bridget S. , Pearson Paul N.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The fossil record of marine microplankton provides insights into the evolutionary drivers which led to the origin of modern deep-water plankton, one of the largest components of ocean biomass. We use global abundance and biogeographic data, combined with depth habitat reconstructions, to determine the environmental mechanisms behind speciation in two groups of pelagic microfossils over the past 15 Myr. We compare our microfossil datasets with water column profiles simulated in an Earth system model. We show that deep-living planktonic foraminiferal (zooplankton) and calcareous nannofossil (mixotroph phytoplankton) species were virtually absent globally during the peak of the middle Miocene warmth. The evolution of deep-dwelling planktonic foraminifera started from subpolar–mid-latitude species, during late Miocene cooling, via allopatry. Deep-dwelling species subsequently spread towards lower latitudes and further diversified via depth sympatry, establishing modern communities stratified hundreds of metres down the water column. Similarly, sub-euphotic zone specialist calcareous nannofossils become a major component of tropical and sub-tropical assemblages during the latest Miocene to early Pliocene. Our model simulations suggest that increased organic matter and oxygen availability for planktonic foraminifera, and increased nutrients and light penetration for nannoplankton, favoured the evolution of new deep-water niches. These conditions resulted from global cooling and the associated increase in the efficiency of the biological pump over the last 15 Myr.
The Mediterranean climate change hotspot in the CMIP5 and CMIP6 projections
Authors: Cos Josep , Doblas-Reyes Francisco , Jury Martin , Marcos Raül , Bretonnière Pierre-Antoine , Samsó Margarida
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The enhanced warming trend and precipitation decline in the Mediterranean region make it a climate change hotspot. We compare projections of multiple Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) and Phase 6 (CMIP6) historical and future scenario simulations to quantify the impacts of the already changing climate in the region. In particular, we investigate changes in temperature and precipitation during the 21st century following scenarios RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 for CMIP5 and SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 from CMIP6, as well as for the HighResMIP high-resolution experiments. A model weighting scheme is applied to obtain constrained estimates of projected changes, which accounts for historical model performance and inter-independence in the multi-model ensembles, using an observational ensemble as reference. Results indicate a robust and significant warming over the Mediterranean region during the 21st century over all seasons, ensembles and experiments. The temperature changes vary between CMIPs, CMIP6 being the ensemble that projects a stronger warming. The Mediterranean amplified warming with respect to the global mean is mainly found during summer. The projected Mediterranean warming during the summer season can span from 1.83 to 8.49 ∘C in CMIP6 and 1.22 to 6.63 ∘C in CMIP5 considering three different scenarios and the 50 % of inter-model spread by the end of the century. Contrarily to temperature projections, precipitation changes show greater uncertainties and spatial heterogeneity. However, a robust and significant precipitation decline is projected over large parts of the region during summer by the end of the century and for the high emission scenario (−49 % to −16 % in CMIP6 and −47 % to −22 % in CMIP5). While there is less disagreement in projected precipitation than in temperature between CMIP5 and CMIP6, the latter shows larger precipitation declines in some regions. Results obtained from the model weighting scheme indicate larger warming trends in CMIP5 and a weaker warming trend in CMIP6, thereby reducing the difference between the multi-model ensemble means from 1.32 ∘C before weighting to 0.68 ∘C after weighting.
A global dataset of annual urban extents (1992–2020) from harmonized nighttime lights
Authors: Zhao Min , Cheng Changxiu , Zhou Yuyu , Li Xuecao , Shen Shi , Song Changqing
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Understanding the spatiotemporal dynamics of global
urbanization over a long time series is increasingly important for
sustainable development goals. The harmonized nighttime light
(NTL) time-series composites created by fusing multi-source NTL observations provide a long and
consistent record of the nightscape for characterizing and understanding global urban dynamics. In this study, we generated a global dataset of
annual urban extents (1992–2020) using consistent NTL observations and
analyzed the spatiotemporal patterns of global urban dynamics over nearly 30 years. The urbanized areas associated with locally high intensity human
activities were mapped from the global NTL time-series imagery using a new
stepwise-partitioning framework. This framework includes three components:
(1) clustering of NTL signals to generate potential urban clusters, (2) identification of optimal thresholds to delineate annual urban extents, and
(3) check of temporal consistency to correct pixel-level urban dynamics. We
found that the global urban land area percentage of the Earth's land surface
rose from 0.22 % to 0.69 % between 1992 and 2020. Urban
dynamics over the past 3 decades at the continent, country, and city
levels exhibit various spatiotemporal patterns. Our resulting global urban
extents (1992–2020) were evaluated using other urban remote sensing products
and socioeconomic data. The evaluations indicate that this dataset is
reliable for characterizing spatial extents associated with intensive human
settlement and high-intensity socioeconomic activities. The dataset of
global urban extents from this study can provide unique information to
capture the historical and future trajectories of urbanization and to
understand and tackle urbanization impacts on food security,
biodiversity, climate change, and public well-being and health. This dataset
can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.16602224.v1
(Zhao et al., 2021).
A high-resolution Antarctic grounding zone product from ICESat-2 laser altimetry
Authors: Li Tian , Dawson Geoffrey J. , Chuter Stephen J. , Bamber Jonathan L.
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The Antarctic grounding zone, which is the transition
between the fully grounded ice sheet to freely floating ice shelf, plays a
critical role in ice sheet stability, mass budget calculations, and ice sheet
model projections. It is therefore important to continuously monitor its
location and migration over time. Here we present the first ICESat-2-derived
high-resolution grounding zone product of the Antarctic Ice Sheet, including
three important boundaries: the inland limit of tidal flexure (Point F),
inshore limit of hydrostatic equilibrium (Point H), and the break in slope
(Point Ib). This dataset was derived from automated techniques
developed in this study, using ICESat-2 laser altimetry repeat tracks
between 30 March 2019 and 30 September 2020. The new grounding zone product
has a near-complete coverage of the Antarctic Ice Sheet with a total of
21 346 Point F, 18 149 Point H, and 36 765 Point Ib locations identified, including
the difficult-to-survey grounding zones, such as the fast-flowing glaciers
draining into the Amundsen Sea embayment. The locations of newly derived
ICESat-2 landward limit of tidal flexure agree well with the most recent
differential synthetic aperture radar interferometry (DInSAR) observations
in 2018, with a mean absolute separation and standard deviation of 0.02
and 0.02 km, respectively. By comparing the ICESat-2-derived grounding zone
with the previous grounding zone products, we find a grounding
line retreat of up to 15 km on the Crary Ice Rise of Ross Ice Shelf and a pervasive
landward grounding line migration along the Amundsen Sea embayment during
the past 2 decades. We also identify the presence of ice plains on the
Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf and the influence of oscillating ocean tides on grounding zone migration. The product derived from this study is available
at https://doi.org/10.5523/bris.bnqqyngt89eo26qk8keckglww
(Li et al., 2021) and is archived and maintained at the
National Snow and Ice Data Center.