bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modular organization in the reductive evolution of protein-protein interaction networks
Authors: Tamames Javier , Moya Andrés , Valencia Alfonso
Published: May 2007

Background

The variation in the sizes of the genomes of distinct life forms remains somewhat puzzling. The organization of proteins into domains and the different mechanisms that regulate gene expression are two factors that potentially increase the capacity of genomes to create more complex systems. High-throughput protein interaction data now make it possible to examine the additional complexity generated by the way that protein interactions are organized.

Results

We have studied the reduction in genome size of Buchnera compared to its close relative Escherichia coli. In this well defined evolutionary scenario, we found that among all the properties of the protein interaction networks, it is the organization of networks into modules that seems to be directly related to the evolutionary process of genome reduction.

Conclusion

In Buchnera, the apparently non-random reduction of the modular structure of the networks and the retention of essential characteristics of the interaction network indicate that the roles of proteins within the interaction network are important in the reductive process.
Enhanced integrated manufacturing systems in an immersive virtual environment
Authors: Peng Qingjin , Yu Chunsheng
Published: May 2007

Product innovation requires a dynamic manufacturing system to meet customers' demand with reduced cost. A time lag may exist in manufacturing systems between identifying a problem and finding solutions for the problem. There is a lack of decision tools for unseen problems in the manufacturing process and it is not well-integrated for product review and production evaluation in the current integrated manufacturing systems. An immersive virtual environment (VE) is employed in this research to enhance integrated manufacturing systems by the integration of product review and production evaluation, and by the integration of the system and users. The interaction between a manufacturing system and users is manipulated in a VE. The VE-based integration of manufacturing systems emphasizes the visualization and users' involvement, which enables a rapid and efficient process of the product development. The VE provides a means of efficient decision making over the entire process of product design and manufacturing and there is a complete integration of the system and users. Concurrent planning, sharing information, and users' involvement are three major features of the system, which is outlined in the current paper.
Real-time parameterization of electrochemical machining by ultrasound measurement of the interelectrode gap
Authors: Muir R N , Curry D R , Mill F , Sherlock A , Mount A R
Published: May 2007

This paper discusses the development of an ultrasound technique that enables the continuous, uninterrupted collection of time-resolved data for dissolution valency, interelectrode gap, and overpotential during electrochemical machining (ECM). These parameters, in combination with the dissolution current, give insight into the ECM process. The accuracy and expediency of this approach has been established using results collected from the ECM of the stainless steel SS410. The enhanced accuracy and resolution offered by this approach has been demonstrated through comparison with established current-time and interelectrode gap-time analysis methods. This superiority has been explained both in terms of the relative accuracy of the analysis methods and the removal of the requirement for the approximation of constant-valency machining. The resulting current-overpotential relationships are sufficiently accurate to give insight into the ECM dissolution characteristics of the steel, as well as providing an improved parameter base essential for increasingly accurate simulation of the ECM process and tool design techniques.
Formulation of polymer-based lubricant for metal forming
Authors: Ngaile G , Cochran J , Stark D
Published: May 2007

A new metal forming lubricant based on polymeric materials has been developed. The lubricant has been developed through emulsion copolymerization. Copolymers with the common composition of stearyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate acid phosphate were made with three secondary polymers: methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate. The performance of the developed lubricant was evaluated using the ring compression and twist compression tests. The performance of the polymeric lubricant was compared against a zinc-phosphate-coating-based lubricant, commonly used in forging, and three other commercial lubricants. The polymeric lubricant exhibited at least equal performance in all tests conducted at room temperature. Preliminary test results show that the developed lubricant can be used effectively for non-severe deformation processes such as cold heading and extrusion processes with low surface expansions.
A graph-based methodology for hybrid rapid design
Authors: Rivette M , Hacoët J-Y , Mognol P
Published: May 2007

Currently, the complexity of new products and the number of their functions are increasing considerably. In the process of development, prototypes are used more and more for testing every function. These prototypes, like development time table of the product, are subject to constraints of time, cost, and reactivity.

In answer to these constraints, a method is proposed, based on a multicomponent prototype (MCP) approach, called hybrid rapid prototype (HRP). The part is decomposed into several components. Each MCP can be manufactured using a more adaptable process. Moreover, during testing of the various solutions, only one or two components would have to be remanufactured separately. This method is also used for tooling, in small series of products with alternatives.

The main weakness of previous HRP studies is that only build accessibility has been considered. The evolutionarity, the choice of an appropriate process, and the assembly design of different components have not been taken into account.

The main objective of the developed analysis is to propose an available technological assembly between the different components of MCP. The protocol used for the data is STEP AP-224. A list of standard assemblies (notably assembly identity card)-(CIA) is defined. Via fuzzy logic, some entities are associated with a CIA according to evolutionary and manufacturing analysis.
Rapid vision-based dimensional precision inspection of mesoscale artefacts
Authors: Mekid S , Ryu H S
Published: May 2007

This paper describes the investigation and implementation of image processing techniques converted into precision measurement techniques for feature inspection of mesoscale artefacts. The method resulted in a rapid, low-cost, and precise inspection technique. Better performances are obtained with the combination of the pixel uncertainty edge detector and the subpixel uncertainty detector along with camera calibration. This procedure revealed that the subpixel moment-based edge detector presents smooth edge boundaries that are closer to the true contour of the specimen compared to edges detected by Canny edge detector. In addition, it was observed that this smoothness is closely related to the mask size of the moments' calculation. The considered sources of error are the quality of the reference target and the accuracy of the camera calibration. A comparison with the results of the other instruments reveals that the uncertainty of the proposed inspection system could reach more than 5 mm with a much lower resolution and an absolute average difference of about 6 mm between measurements.
Internal blade cooling: The Cinderella of computational and experimental fluid dynamics research in gas turbines
Authors: Iacovides H , Launder B. E.
Published: May 2007

The paper reviews experimental and computational research directed at improving the internal cooling of gas-turbine blades. While not the most glamorous area of gas-turbine aerothermodynamics, the improvements in overall thermal efficiency directly attributable to internal blade cooling arguably outstrip those achieved in any other area of jet-engine research. The cooling arrangements within a blade adopt three cooling strategies: impinging leading-edge jets, serpentine passages for the mid-blade section, and pin fins near the trailing edge. Progress in each of these areas is examined. Although, in the second of these areas, CFD studies have now become an essential weapon in the designer's armoury, the other two still rely mostly on experimental research. Possible further developments are discussed.
Modelling windage power loss from an enclosed spur gear
Authors: Al-Shibl K , Simmons K , Eastwick C. N.
Published: May 2007

Within a gearbox the majority of transmission losses can be attributed to bearing losses, meshing losses, or losses due to windage/churning. In this paper the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code Fluent 6.2.16 is applied in a two-dimensional study of windage power loss (WPL) from a single spur gear rotating in air. By comparing CFD data to published experimental data appropriate grid density and modelling parameters are identified. The model is used to investigate how peripheral shrouding affects WPL and whether WPL can be reduced through minor modifications to tooth tip geometry.

Non-dimensional shroud spacings (ratio of gap to gear PCD) of between 0.005 and 0.05 were investigated at shaft speeds between 5000 and 20 000 r/min. Although CFD data compared reasonably well to experimental data, trends were not reproduced and an optimum shroud could not be identified. A full three-dimensional study is recommended.

Modifying the tooth tip by adding a small chamfer on the leading edge reduced WPL by ∼6 per cent. A small fillet increased total WPL by a similar amount suggesting that WPL may increase as a gear wears. This preliminary study suggests further work in this area would be beneficial.
Performance analysis of different working fluids for use in organic Rankine cycles
Authors: Mago P. J. , Chamra L. M. , Somayaji C
Published: May 2007

This article presents a second-law analysis for the use of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) to convert waste energy to power from low-grade heat sources. The organic working fluids were selected to investigate the effect of the fluid boiling point temperature on the performance of ORCs. The working fluids under investigation are R134a, R113, R245ca, R245fa, R123, isobutane, and propane, with boiling points between 243 and 48 °C. The results are compared with those of water under similar conditions. A combined first- and second-law analysis is performed by varying some system operating parameters at various reference temperatures. Some of the results demonstrate that ORC using R113 shows the maximum efficiency among the evaluated organic fluids for temperatures >430 K; R123, R245ca, and R245fa show the best efficiencies for temperatures between 380 and 430 K; and for temperatures <380 K, isobutane shows the best efficiency. Also, it is shown that the organic-fluid boiling point has a strong influence on the system thermal efficiency.
Computational study of the effect of sweep on the performance and flow field in an axial flow compressor rotor
Authors: Govardhan M , Kumar O. G Krishna. , Sitaram N
Published: May 2007

In the recent past, experimental studies have shown some advantages of blade lean and sweep in axial compressors. As most of the experimental results are combined with other features, it is difficult to determine the effect of individual parameters on the performance of the compressor. The present numerical studies are aimed at understanding the performance and three-dimensional flow pattern within and at the exit of swept and unswept rotors. Three rotors, namely, unswept, 20° forward swept, and 20° backward swept rotors, are analysed with a specific intention of understanding the three-dimensional flow pattern within the rotors and also the pattern of the blade boundary layer flow. The analysis was done using a fully three-dimensional viscous CFD code CFX-5. Results indicated a reduction in pressure rise with sweep. Backward sweep adversely affects the stall margin. Forward sweep changes the streamline pattern in such a way that the suction surface streamlines are deflected towards the hub and the pressure surface streamlines are deflected towards the casing. An opposite behaviour is observed in the backward swept rotors. High axial velocities reduce the secondary losses near the hub, resulting in a high pressure rise in forward swept rotor.
Flow characteristics of a trochoidal-gear pump using bond graphs and experimental measurement. Part 2
Authors: Gamez-Montero P. J. , Codina E
Published: May 2007

The present paper describes an extensive study of trochoidal-gear pumps. As described in part 1 of the current paper, geometry and kinematics of trochoidal profiles and volumetric characteristics were considered to different extents. The bond graph technique was applied to model a trochoidal-gear pump based upon an ideal representation in order to simulate the instantaneous flow where the intricate aspects of leakage had been deliberately left aside. Nevertheless, leakage and interaction of the flow inside the pump are now presented in Part 2. The bond graph technique is applied to model a trochoidal-gear pump based upon a real representation in order to simulate the instantaneous flow, taking into account the different types of leakage by modelling them. Results from simulation of both models are compared and significant conclusions are obtained. The paper also examines the experimental determination of the flow ripple. A convenient method of experimentally measuring the so-called ‘secondary source’ method is applied, as described in part 1. Results are verified by using two different test rigs to predict the flow ripple of a crankshaft mounted gerotor pump for the lubrication of IC engines. Results show good qualitative agreement with bond graph models. Correlation is shown to be good under certain parameters. There are two ultimate goals: to validate the bond graph model with the experimental results for the determination of the instantaneous flow and to compare and contrast the source flow ripple results processed by two different mathematical algorithms by using two test rigs. In this way, this new investigation of the flow characteristics through simulation and experiment is a step to reach the dynamic properties of trochoidal-gear pumps under realistic conditions for use in further studies for modelling more complex hydraulic components.
Adaptive variable structure control of a class of non-linear systems
Authors: Efe M Ö
Published: May 2007

The problem of tuning the parameters of a controller operating in the presence of noise, time-varying parameters, non-linearities, and uncertainties in practice requires the process of continuous adjustment of the parameters influencing the performance. When the diversity of the challenges in the domain of real-time applications is taken into consideration, it becomes apparent that the adopted controller structure must be sufficiently flexible, and its operating principles must be well explained, particularly in accounting for the stability issues. In this paper, a method is proposed for tuning the parameters of controllers whose outputs are linear in the adjustable parameters, utilizing variable structure systems theory. The method discussed constructs the best error measure at the controller output, and uses this quantity with a suitably designed tuning law, which drives the system under control to a predefined sliding regime and maintains the sliding mode. It is shown analytically that the parametric evolution takes place in a finite volume space, indicating that the controller parameters evolve bounded. In the simulation studies, the approach presented has been tested on the control of a double pendulum system and the superior performance of the strategy has been shown under the existence of noisy observations and large non-zero initial errors.
The effect of weld metal anisotropy on the creep of a pressurized, circumferentially welded pipe
Authors: Hyde T H , Peravali S , Leen S B
Published: May 2007

A finite element implementation of the Hill anisotropic model has been applied to the problem of the determination of the steady-state creep behaviour of an internally-pressurised, two-material, axisymmetric P91 welded pipe. The anisotropic model results have been validated against an available analytical solution using homogeneous steady-state creep properties. In the two-material model, the parent (base) metal is assumed to be isotropic while the weld metal is assigned different creep properties in the welding direction (circumferential) and the direction transverse to welding, consistent with observations on the creep behaviour of P91 weld metal. The anisotropic material behaviour of the pipe was characterised using two constants, p and S, which respectively represent (a) the ratio of transverse to longitudinal creep strain rates in the weld metal and (b) the ratio of weld metal longitudinal to parent metal creep strain rates. The effects of these parameters on the stresses at critical positions were studied parametrically, along with the Norton stress exponent, n, and different end loading conditions.
Composite sandwich structures for crashworthiness applications
Authors: Tarlochan F , Hamouda A M S , Mahdi E , Sahari B B
Published: May 2007

Fibre-reinforced polymer sandwiches are promising materials for reducing vehicle mass, thereby improving the fuel economics. Nonetheless, to fully explore these materials as the primary structures and energy absorbers in vehicles, it is important to understand the energy absorption capabilities of these materials. Hence, in the present work, comprehensive experimental investigation on the response of composite sandwich panels to quasi-static compression has been carried out. The crashworthiness parameters, namely the peak load, absorbed crash energy, specific absorbed energy, average crushing load, stroke efficiency, and crush force efficiency of various types of composite sandwich panels were investigated in a series of edgewise compression tests. The composite sandwich panels tested consists of several designs, such as C-shaped, wrapped, and with composite inserts in the core of the panel. The tested composite sandwich specimens were primarily fabricated from glass fibre. For some of the designs, Kevlar and carbon fibres were used. For the core material, two different types of polymeric foams, polystyrene and polyurethane, were used with densities close to 30 kg/m3. Several modes of failure were observed and recorded. The primary mode of failure observed was progressive crushing with capabilities of high energy absorption and high stroke efficiencies. Particular attention is paid on the analysis of the mechanism of progressive crushing of the sandwich panels and its relation to the energy absorption capabilities. This is a vital information for designing these materials as energy absorbers.
Static and dynamic characteristics of a hybrid aluminium/composite drive shaft
Authors: Mutasher S A , Sahari B B , Hamouda A M S , Sapuan S M
Published: May 2007

A static torque and power transmission capacities of a hybrid aluminium/composite drive shaft, fabricated by a wetted filament winding method, were investigated. Special mechanisms for static torsion and power transmission test setups were designed and fabricated. The following different fibre types were used: carbon, glass, one epoxy, and hardener. The static and dynamic characteristic of the hybrid aluminium/composite drive shaft with respect to the fibre types stacking sequences winding angle and number of layers were investigated. From the experiments, it was found that the static and dynamic torque capacity for a winding angle of 45° is higher than 90° for both glass and carbon fibres. From the power transmission test, it was also found that the percentage between the static torque and dynamic torque is approximately 7-15 per cent. In addition, in the static torsion test, the aluminium tube yielded first at the central region of the shaft, followed by crack propagation in the composite shaft along the fibre direction, which eventually caused the delamination of the composite layers from the aluminium tube. On the other hand, in the power transmission test, different locations of failure were observed along the gauge length of the specimen. The shaft's being laminated with a stacking sequence of [90/ + 45/-45/90] and [+45/ -45/90/90] resulted in the same behaviour in the torque-angle and the twist relation. The power transmission capacities were close to each other and this in turn satisfied the lamination theory. The finite-element method was used to analyse the hybrid shaft under static torsion and ANSYS finite-element software was used to perform the numerical analysis for the hybrid shaft. A full scale hybrid specimen analysis was done. Elasto-plastic properties were used for the aluminium tube and linear elastic for composite materials. Good agreement was obtained between the finite-element predictions and experimental results.
NADPH Production by the Pentose Phosphate Pathway in the Zona Fasciculata of Rat Adrenal Gland
Authors: Frederiks Wilma M. , Kümmerlin Intan P.E.D. , Bosch Klazina S. , Vreeling-Sindelárová Heleen , Jonker Ard , Noorden Cornelis J. F. Van
Published: May 2007

Biosynthesis of steroid hormones in the cortex of the adrenal gland takes place in smooth endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and requires NADPH. Four enzymes produce NADPH: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the key regulatory enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD), the third enzyme of that pathway, malate dehydrogenase (MDH), and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH). However, the contribution of each enzyme to NADPH production in the cortex of adrenal gland has not been established. Therefore, activity of G6PD, PGD, MDH, and ICDH was localized and quantified in rat adrenocortical tissue using metabolic mapping, image analysis, and electron microscopy. The four enzymes have similar localization patterns in adrenal gland with highest activities in the zona fasciculata of the cortex. G6PD activity was strongest, PGD, MDH, and ICDH activity was ∼60%, 15%, and 7% of G6PD activity, respectively. The Km value of G6PD for glucose-6-phosphate was two times higher than the Km value of PGD for phosphogluconate. As a consequence, virtual flux rates through G6PD and PGD are largely similar. It is concluded that G6PD and PGD provide the major part of NADPH in adrenocortical cells. Their activity is localized in the cytoplasm associated with free ribosomes and membranes of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, indicating that NADPH-demanding processes related to biosynthesis of steroid hormones take place at these sites. Complete inhibition of G6PD by androsterones suggests that there is feedback regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis via G6PD.
Endogenous sex hormone levels in postmenopausal women undergoing carotid artery endarterectomy
Authors: Debing Erik , Peeters Els , Duquet William , Poppe Kris , Velkeniers Brigitte , Van den Brande Pierre
Published: May 2007

Objective: To study the endogenous sex hormone levels in natural postmenopausal women and their association with the presence of internal carotid artery (ICA) atherosclerosis.

Design: Case-control study

Methods: We compared 56 patients with severe ICA atherosclerosis referred for carotid artery endarterectomy (CEA) with 56 age-matched control subjects free of severe atherosclerotic disease. The presence of atherosclerosis was determined by high-resolution B-mode ultrasound. Metabolic parameters and sex hormones were measured or calculated: total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, insulin resistance index, IGF-I, DHEA, DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S), free testosterone, total testosterone, estrone, estradiol, androstenedione, and sex hormone-binding globulin.

Results: The cases had statistically significant lower levels of both total testosterone (0.23 ± 0.12 vs 0.31 ± 0.20 μg/l, P = 0.043) and free testosterone (3.42 ± 1.94 vs 4.59 ± 2.97 ng/l, P = 0.009) and significantly lower levels of androstenedione (625.3 ± 168.7 vs 697.0 ± 211.9 ng/l, P = 0.017) when compared with controls. Multivariate linear regression analysis, adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, baseline and physiologic characteristics, showed a significant inverse relationship between both serum free testosterone (β = −0.234, P = 0.028) and androstenedione (β = −0.241, P = 0.028) levels with the presence of severe atherosclerosis of ICA.

Conclusions: The study provides evidence of a positive association between low serum androgen levels and severe ICA atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. It suggests that higher, but physiological, levels of androgens in postmenopausal women have a protective role in the development of atherosclerosis of ICA.
Heterogeneity in responsiveness of perceived quality of life to body composition changes between adult- and childhood-onset Japanese hypopituitary adults with GH deficiency during GH replacement
Authors: Urushihara Hisashi , Fukuhara Shunichi , Tai Shigeru , Morita Satoshi , Chihara Kazuo
Published: May 2007

Objective: To examine the responsiveness of quality of life (QoL) associated with changes in clinical indices relevant to GH deficiency (GHD) in Japanese hypopituitary adults.

Design and methods: QoL was determined using the Short Form (SF)-36 in Japanese adults with adult-(AO; n = 27) or childhood- (CO; n = 37) onset GHD in a 24-week double-blind placebo-controlled study with a fixed GH dose, and a subsequent 48-week open-label extension study with GH doses individualized using serum IGF-I levels.

Results: Baseline QoL was significantly decreased from the Japanese national reference in both onset types, more so in AO patients. Throughout the study, AO patients showed a trend for an increase in physical functioning and general health (P = 0.0564 and 0.0999 respectively), whereas CO patients showed no changes in these domains. Fat mass changes negatively correlated with the changes in physical functioning and general health in AO patients (r = −0.42 and −0.64 respectively), but to a lesser degree in CO patients (r = −0.36 and −0.32 respectively). CO patients displayed significant decreases in social functioning (P = 0.0305) and mental health (P = 0.0442) and a decreasing trend in bodily pain (P = 0.0769), although no correlation between these decreases and any measured clinical index was observed, except between changes in bodily pain and IGF-I levels (r = −0.43).

Conclusions: QoL impairment was evident in Japanese adults with GHD, particularly in AO patients. In AO patients, general health and physical functioning domains were responsive to fat mass changes during GH treatment; this association was not evident in CO patients. These relationships between QoL and body composition warrant verification.
Changes in expression of T-helper (Th) 1- and Th2-associated chemokine receptors on peripheral blood lymphocytes and plasma concentrations of their ligands, interferon-inducible protein-10 and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine, after antithyroid drug administration in hyperthyroid patients with Graves’ disease
Authors: Inukai Yoshihisa , Momobayashi Atsushi , Sugawara Naoto , Aso Yoshimasa
Published: May 2007

Objective: Although Graves’ disease is considered an autoantibody-mediated, T-helper 2 (Th2)-dominant disease, Th1-dominance may prevail in its initial phase. We longitudinally investigated Th1/Th2 balance in untreated hyperthyroid patients with Graves’ disease after treatment of methimazole (MMI), an antithyroid drug.

Design: University clinic outpatients were studied prospectively.

Patients: Subjects included 23 untreated hyperthyroid patients with Graves’ disease and 17 age-matched control subjects.

Methods: Before and after treatment, we measured Th1- and Th2-associated chemokine receptors (CXCR)3 and CCR4, on peripheral blood lymphocytes using flow cytometry, as well as plasma concentrations of their ligands, interferon-inducible protein (IP)-10 and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC).

Results: The percentage of CXCR3-expressing cells among CD4+T lymphocytes and plasma IP-10 was significantly higher in hyperthyroid Graves’ disease patients than in controls. At 12 and 24 weeks after initiation of MMI, percentage of CXCR3-expressing CD4+T lymphocytes had decreased significantly, while the percentage of CCR4-expressing CD4+T lymphocytes had increased significantly at 24 weeks. The CXCR3/CCR4 ratio had decreased significantly at 24 weeks. Plasma concentrations of IP-10 had decreased significantly at 12 and 24 weeks. Plasma concentrations of TARC also had decreased significantly at 24 weeks.

Conclusions: In hyperthyroid patients with Graves’ disease in the active phase, Th1 cells rather than Th2 cells predominated among peripheral blood lymphocytes. After initiation of MMI, an ongoing transition from Th1 to Th2 dominance occurred.
Book Reviews
Authors: Dimitrova Birgitta Englund , Marzocchi Carlo , Farkas-Bede Katalin
Published: May 2007

Daniel Gile, Helle V. Dam, Friedel Dubslaff, Bodil Martinsen, & Anne
Schjoldager (eds): Getting Started in Interpreting Research
Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins, 2001, 255 pp. Franz Pöchhacker & Miriam
Shlesinger (eds): The Interpreting Studies Reader London/New York: Routledge,
2002, 436 pp. Sue Wright Community and Communication,The Role of Language in
Nation State Building and European Integration, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters,
2000, 280 pp. ISBN 1-85359-484-9 Gyde Hansen (ed.): Probing the Process in
Translation: Methods and Results (Copenhagen Studies in Language Series, 24)
Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur, DK: 1999, 192 pp.ISBN 87 593 0793 5
Semiotic Machine-Assisted Translation of EU Documents into Hungarian
Authors: Prószéky Gábor
Published: May 2007

This paper outlines
the roles of the translator, the terminologist and the reviser described by
their input and output information in the translation workflow. A real
application of the computational work-flow management of translation in the
project
Translation of EU Legislation Texts into Hungarian
is shown.
With the help of the computational translation tools developed for this
project, 40,000 pages of translation by around 100 translators was done by a
Consortium consisting of three translation agencies, a revision agency and a
language technology partner. A very important by-product, a common
English-Hungarian glossary of 11,000 legal terms introduced by the translators
involved in the project was also produced.
Bilingual Dictionary as a Mirror of Language Change and Modern Lexicographic Challenges
Authors: Yermolovich Dmitry
Published: May 2007

The paper summarises
the author's findings which result from his experience as the chief
lexicographic editor, as well as co-author, of the
New Comprehensive
Russian- English Dictionary
, now being prepared for print by Russky Yazyk
Publishers in Moscow, Russia, to replace the well-known but long outdated
dictionary by A. Smirnitsky. It is demonstrated how a bilingual dictionary may
need to be revised and restructured in line with language evolution over time.
The Russian / English language combination serves as a particularly interesting
illustration of that need, considering the sweeping changes both languages, but
especially Russian, went through in the last two decades of the 20th century.
The author's analysis indicates that those changes did not simply involve a
large number of new additions to vocabulary and phraseology, but also some
broader and more subtle tendencies, which were far from obvious and may have
even gone unnoticed by the general community of language speakers.
ACROSS-Interview
Authors: Sohár Anikó
Published: May 2007

What Makes Me Tick?
Peter
Newmark interviewed by Anikó Sohár
Introduction of emotional labour into oncology
Authors: Lazányi Kornélia , Molnár Péter , Szluha Kornélia
Published: May 2007

Az egészségügyben dolgozóknak nincsen munkaszerződésben rögzített érzelmi munkavégzésre utaló kötelezettségük. Mindennapi tevékenységük során azonban elkerülhetetlen a valós érzelmeik gyakori megváltoztatása. Fokozottan igaz ez a krónikus vagy tumoros betegekkel foglalkozó szakemberekre. A kezelőszemélyzet megfelelő érzelmi beállítottsága nem csupán az orvos-beteg kapcsolatra, de a gyógyulás folyamatára is hatást gyakorol. Attól függően, hogy milyen módon lehet elérni az elvárásoknak megfelelő érzelmi állapotot, a szakirodalom felszíni, mély és őszinte munkáról beszél. Míg a felszíni és a mély érzelmi munka számos negatív lelki következménnyel jár, addig az őszinte érzelmi munkának gyakran vannak pozitív hatásai. Az onkológiában dolgozók számára az érzelmi munkavégzés beépül a szakdolgozókra vonatkozó szerepelvárások közé. A megfelelő attitűd tehát szerves része az orvos, szakdolgozó, ápolónő létének. Az érzelmi munkavégzéssel kapcsolatos kérdések alaposabb vizsgálatához
Festinger, L.
kognitívdisszonancia-elméletéből merítettek a szerzők ötleteket. A kognitív disszonancia, valamint az érzelmi munkavégzés negatív következményeinek legjobb kezelési módja a kialakulás megelőzése. Olyan emberekre van tehát onkológiai szakdolgozóként szükség, akik természetükből fakadóan, különösebb erőfeszítés nélkül megfelelnek a rájuk vonatkozó szerepelvárásnak. Amennyiben ez nem lehetséges, vagy az aktuális élethelyzet nem teszi lehetővé a spontán érzelmi munkát, akkor a munkatársak és a munkaadó együttes feladata segíteni a szakdolgozókat, megkönnyíteni az érzelmi munkavégzés terheit, megfelelő ellentételezéssel csökkenteni a kialakuló kognitív disszonanciát.
Early arthritis
Authors: Szűcs Gabriella
Published: May 2007

A polyarthritisek okának tisztázása sok esetben nem egyszerű, tekintettel a háttérben felmerülő lehetséges kórképek sokféleségére. A pontos diagnózis alapja a részletes anamnézisfelvétel és fizikális vizsgálat. A betegség kronológiája, az ízületi gyulladás megléte, annak lokalizációja, az extraarticularis tünetek, a betegség lefolyása segíthet a diagnózis felállításában. Noha sok klasszikus reumatológiai laboratóriumi teszt nem specifikus, ezek elvégzése a már specifikus tesztekkel együtt, kiegészítve a radiológiai vizsgálatokkal, segítheti a diagnózis felállítását. A korai arthritisből kialakulhat definitív rheumatoid arthritis vagy más definitív ízületi betegség, a folyamat spontán módon regrediálhat, vagy továbbra is nem differenciált maradhat. Az arthritis diagnózisának és kimenetelének optimális megítéléséhez elsődleges a gyulladásos arthritis tényének megállapítása, majd a lehetséges definitív kórképek kizárása, végül a perzisztáló és/vagy destruktív irreverzíbilis forma kockázatának felmérése. Az optimális kezelési stratégia (lehetőleg 3 hónapon belüli) alapján mielőbb elkezdettkoraibázisterápiás kezeléssel megelőzhetjük az ízületi destrukciót, funkcióvesztést, és javíthatjuk a beteg életminőségét.
The effects of synthetic 19-norprogestins on osteoblastic cell function are mediated by their non-phenolic reduced metabolites
Authors: Enríquez Juana , Lemus Ana Elena , Chimal-Monroy Jesús , Arzate Higinio , García Gustavo A , Herrero Bertha , Larrea Fernando , Pérez-Palacios Gregorio
Published: May 2007

The key role of estrogens on osteoblastic cell function is well documented; however, the role of progesterone (P) and synthetic progestins remains controversial. While several reports indicate that P has no significant effects on bone cells, a number of clinical studies have shown that 19-norprogestins restore postmenopausal bone loss. The mechanisms by which 19-norprogestins induce estrogen-like effects on bone cells are not fully understood. To assess whether the actions of 19-norprogestins on osteoblasts are mediated by their non-phenolic metabolites, we studied the effects of norethisterone (NET), levonorgestrel (LNG), and two of their A-ring reduced derivatives upon cell proliferation and differentiation in neonatal rat osteoblasts. Osteoblast function was assessed by determining cell DNA, cell-associated osteocalcin and calcium content, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineral deposition. P failed to induce changes on osteoblasts, while NET and LNG exerted a number of actions. The most striking finding was that the 3β,5α- and 3α,5α-tetrahydro derivatives of NET and LNG induced osteoblast proliferation and differentiation with higher potency than those exerted by their parent compounds, mimicking the effects of estradiol. Interestingly, osteoblast differentiation and mineral deposition induced by NET and LNG were abolished by finasteride, a 5α-reductases inhibitor, while the potent effect on osteoblast proliferation induced by progestin derivatives was abolished by a steroidal antiestrogen. Results demonstrate that A-ring reduced derivatives of NET and LNG exhibit intrinsic estrogen-like potency on rat osteoblasts, offering a plausible explanation for the mechanism of action of 19-norprogestins in bone restoration in postmenopausal women and providing new insights for hormone replacement therapy research.
Parathyroid hormone-related protein and calcium regulation in vitamin D-deficient sea bream (Sparus auratus)
Authors: Abbink W , Hang X M , Guerreiro P M , Spanings F A T , Ross H A , Canario A V M , Flik G
Published: May 2007

Gilthead sea bream (Sparus auratus L.) were fed a vitamin D-deficient diet for 22 weeks. Growth rate, whole body mineral pools and calcium balance were determined. Plasma parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and calcitriol levels were assessed. Expression of mRNA for pthrp and pth1r was quantified in gills and hypophysis. Fish on vitamin D-deficient diet (D− fish) showed reduced growth and lower calcium turnover (calcium influx, efflux and accumulation rates decreased) and unaltered plasma calcium levels. Plasma calcitriol levels became undetectable, PTHrP levels decreased in the D− fish. In controls, a significant increase in plasma PTHrP level over time was seen, i.e. it increased with body mass. Relationships were found between plasma PTHrP and the whole body pools of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, indicative of a role for PTHrP in bone development. Expression of pthrp and pth1r mRNA was down-regulated in the hypophysis of D−fish, whereas in gill tissue, pthrp and pth1r mRNA were up-regulated. We conclude that lower pthrp mRNA expression and plasma values in D− fish reflect lower turnover of PTHrP under conditions of hampered growth; up-regulation of pthrp mRNA in gills indicate compensatory paracrine activity of PTHrP during calcitriol deficiency to guarantee well-regulated branchial calcium uptake. This is the first report to document a relation between PTHrP and calcitriol in fish.
Expression of endocrine genes in zebrafish larvae in response to environmental salinity
Authors: Hoshijima Kazuyuki , Hirose Shigehisa
Published: May 2007

We tested the capability of the endocrine system in zebrafish to respond to environmental salinity challenges during larval stages. We reveal that the zebrafish larvae have a system in which several endocrine genes, including atrial natriuretic peptide (anp), renin, prolactin, growth hormone ( gh) and parathyroid hormone 1 (pth1), respond at the transcription level to changes in environmental salinity and that the responses are gene specific. Both anp and renin are upregulated in larvae raised in dilute freshwater medium but are downregulated in concentrated medium. On the other hand, expression of prolactin and gh is strongly enhanced in the dilute medium, but shows little or no change under higher salinity conditions. Interestingly, PTH1 expression depends on Ca2+ concentration, as observed in mammals. Thus, taken together with the advantages of a model organism, including accessibility to genetic approaches, we propose that zebrafish larvae are useful for a comprehensive study of the regulatory mechanisms of the endocrine system in ionic and osmotic homeostasis.
Liver-derived IGF-I regulates kidney size, sodium reabsorption, and renal IGF-II expression
Authors: Svensson Johan , Tivesten Åsa , Sjögren Klara , Isaksson Olle , Bergström Göran , Mohan Subburaman , Mölne Johan , Isgaard Jörgen , Ohlsson Claes
Published: May 2007

The GH/-IGF-I axis is important for kidney size and function and may also be involved in the development of renal failure. In this study, the role of liver-derived endocrine IGF-I for kidney size and function was investigated in mice with adult liver-specific IGF-I inactivation (LI-IGF-I−/− mice). These mice have an 80–85% reduction of serum IGF-I level and compensatory increased GH secretion. Seven-month-old as well as 24-month-old LI-IGF-I−/− mice had decreased kidney weight. Glomerular filtration rate, assessed using creatinine clearance as well as creatinine clearance corrected for body weight, was unchanged. The 24-h urine excretion of sodium and potassium was increased in the LI-IGF-I−/− mice. In the 24-month-old mice, there was no between-group difference in kidney morphology. Microarray and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) analyses showed a high renal expression of IGF-II in the control mice, whereas in the LI-IGF-I−/− mice, there was a tissue-specific decrease in the renal IGF-II mRNA levels (−79%, P < 0.001 vs controls using RT-PCR). In conclusion, deficiency of circulating liver-derived IGF-I in mice results, despite an increase in GH secretion, in a global symmetrical decrease in kidney size, increased urinary sodium and potassium excretion, and a clear down regulation of renal IGF-II expression. However, the LI-IGF-I−/− mice did not develop kidney failure or nephrosclerosis. One may speculate that liver-derived endocrine IGF-I induces renal IGF-II expression, resulting in symmetrical renal growth.
The disruption of circadian clockwork in differentiating cells from rat reproductive tissues as identified by in vitro real-time monitoring system
Authors: He Pei-Jian , Hirata Masami , Yamauchi Nobuhiko , Hashimoto Seiichi , Hattori Masa-aki
Published: May 2007

The circadian clock, regulating hormonal secretion and metabolisms in accordance with the environmental light–dark cycle, resides in almost all peripheral tissues as well as in the superchiasmatic nucleus. Clock gene expression has been found to be noncyclic during spermatogenesis and the differentiation of thymocytes. However, currently little is known about how cell differentiation could affect circadian clockwork. We performed this study using the in vitro real-time oscillation monitoring system to examine the clockwork in several types of differentiating cells originated from reproductive tissues of transgenic rats (constructed with Period gene 2 (Per2) promoter-destabilized luciferase reporter gene). After treatment with dexamethasone (DXM), persistent oscillation of Per2 expression was observed in both gonadotropin-induced and pregnant ovarian luteal cells, proliferative uterine stromal cells (USCs), and nondifferentiating testicular interstitial cells, with a cyclic period of ~24 h. In contrast to these cell types, only one cycle of oscillation was sustained in granulosa cells undergoing differentiation. Additionally, Per2 oscillation was irregular in USCs undergoing decidualization induced by medroxyprogesterone acetate plus N6, 2-O-dibutyryl adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate. Furthermore, no oscillation of Per2 expression was evoked by DXM in Leydig cells and thymocytes. In conclusion, the present study characterized the oscillation of Per2 gene expression in several types of ovarian, uterine, and testicular cells, and it is strongly suggested that circadian clockwork is affected during cellular differentiation.
Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and CRF-binding protein expression in and release from the head kidney of common carp: evolutionary conservation of the adrenal CRF system
Authors: Huising Mark O , van der Aa Lieke M , Metz Juriaan R , de Fátima Mazon Aurélia , Kemenade B M Lidy Verburg-van , Flik Gert
Published: May 2007

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) plays a central role in the regulation of the stress axis. In mammals, CRF as well as its receptors and its CRF-binding protein (CRF-BP) are expressed in a variety of organs and tissues outside the central nervous system. One of these extrahypothalamic sites is the adrenal gland, where the paracrine actions of adrenal CRF influence cortical steroidogenesis and adrenal blood flow. Although the central role of CRF signaling in the initiation and regulation of the stress response has now been established throughout vertebrates, information about the possible peripheral presence of CRF in earlier vertebrate lineages is scant. We established the expression of CRF, CRF-BP, and the CRF receptor 1 in a panel of peripheral organs of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Out of all the peripheral organs tested, CRF and CRF-BP are most abundantly expressed in the carp head kidney, the fish equivalent of the mammalian adrenal gland. This expression localizes to chromaffin cells. Furthermore, detectable quantities of CRF are released from the intact head kidney following in vitro stimulation with 8-bromo-cAMP in a superfusion setup. The presence of CRF and CRF-BP within the chromaffin compartment of the head kidney suggests that a pathway homologous to the mammalian intra-adrenal CRF system is present in the head kidney of fish. It follows that such a system to locally fine-tune the outcome of the centrally initiated stress response has been an integral part of the vertebrate endocrine system since the common ancestor of teleostean fishes and mammals.
Estrogen receptor β1 exerts antitumoral effects on SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells
Authors: Treeck Oliver , Pfeiler Georg , Mitter Diana , Lattrich Claus , Piendl Gerhard , Ortmann Olaf
Published: May 2007

Estrogen receptor (ER) β1 and its splice variants are expressed both in ovary and ovarian cancer. We studied the role of ERβ1 and two of its splice variants in regulation of gene expression, cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and migration of an ovarian cancer cell line. In this study, we transfected SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells with vectors coding for ERβ1 or its splice variants ERβ-δ125 and ERβ-δ1256, and tested their response to estrogen and tamoxifen in comparison with the untransfected cells. Heterologous expression of ERβ1, but not of the exon-deleted ERβ variants resulted in notably slower cell growth of SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells, an effect accompanied by more than tenfold increase of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1) transcript levels and a significant reduction of cyclin A2 mRNA levels. SK-OV-3 cells stably overexpressing ERβ1 ligand independently also exhibited an increased apoptosis rate and a significantly decreased motility, an effect accompanied by upregulation of fibulin 1c. Our data demonstrate that ERβ1, but not the exon-deleted isoforms tested exerts multiple antitumoral effects on SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells even in the absence of estradiol or functional ERα.