bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of intermittent oral administration of ponazuril on experimental Sarcocystis neurona infection of horses
Authors: MacKay Robert J. , Tanhauser Susan T. , Gillis Karen D. , Mayhew Ian G. , Kennedy Tom J.
Published: March 2008

Objective—To evaluate the effect of intermittent oral administration of ponazuril on immunoconversion against Sarcocystis neurona in horses inoculated intragastrically with S neurona sporocysts.

Animals—20 healthy horses that were seronegative for S neurona–specific IgG.

Procedures—5 control horses were neither inoculated with sporocysts nor treated. Other horses (5 horses/group) each received 612,500 S neurona sporocysts via nasogastric tube (day 0) and were not treated or were administered ponazuril (20 mg/kg, PO) every 7 days (beginning on day 5) or every 14 days (beginning on day 12) for 12 weeks. Blood and CSF samples were collected on day – 1 and then every 14 days after challenge for western blot assessment of immunoconversion. Clinical signs of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) were monitored, and tissues were examined histologically after euthanasia.

Results—Sera from all challenged horses yielded positive western blot results within 56 days. Immunoconversion in CSF was detected in only 2 of 5 horses that were treated weekly; all other challenged horses immunoconverted within 84 days. Weekly administration of ponazuril significantly reduced the antibody response against the S neurona 17-kd antigen in CSF. Neurologic signs consistent with EPM did not develop in any group; likewise, histologic examination of CNS tissue did not reveal protozoa or consistent degenerative or inflammatory changes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of ponazuril every 7 days, but not every 14 days, significantly decreased intrathecal anti–S neurona antibody responses in horses inoculated with S neurona sporocysts. Protocols involving intermittent administration of ponazuril may have application in prevention of EPM.
Antibody index and specific antibody quotient in horses after intragastric administration of Sarcocystis neurona sporocysts
Authors: Heskett Katherine A. , MacKay Robert J.
Published: March 2008

Objective—To investigate the use of a specific antibody index (AI) that relates Sarcocystis neurona–specific IgG quotient (QSN) to total IgG quotient (QIgG) for the detection of the anti–S neurona antibody fraction of CNS origin in CSF samples obtained from horses after intragastric administration of S neurona sporocysts.

Animals—18 adult horses.

Procedures—14 horses underwent intragastric inoculation (day 0) with S neurona sporocysts, and 4 horses remained unchallenged; blood and CSF samples were collected on days – 1 and 84. For purposes of another study, some challenged horses received intermittent administration of ponazuril (20 mg/kg, PO). Sarcocystis neurona–specific IgG concentrations in CSF (SNCSF) and plasma (SNplasma) were measured via a direct ELISA involving merozoite lysate antigen and reported as ELISA units (EUs; arbitrary units based on a nominal titer for undiluted immune plasma of 100,000 EUs/mL). Total IgG concentrations in CSF (IgGCSF) and plasma (IgGplasma) were quantified via a sandwich ELISA and a radial immunodiffusion assay, respectively; QSN, QIgG, and AI were calculated.

Results—Following sporocyst challenge, mean ± SEM SNCSF and SNplasma increased significantly (from 8.8 ± 1.0 EUs/mL to 270.0 ± 112.7 EUs/mL and from 1,737 ± 245 EUs/mL to 43,169 ± 13,770 EUs/mL, respectively). Challenge did not affect total IgG concentration, QSN, QIgG, or AI.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—S neurona–specific IgG detected in CSF samples from sporocyst-challenged horses appeared to be extraneural in origin; thus, this experimental challenge may not reliably result in CNS infection. Calculation of a specific AI may have application to the diagnosis of S neurona–associated myeloencephalitis in horses.
Effect of infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus on pulmonary clearance of an inhaled antigen in calves
Authors: Gershwin Laurel J. , Gunther Robert A. , Hornof William J. , Larson Richard F.
Published: March 2008

Objective—To evaluate the effect of infection with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) on clearance of inhaled antigens from the lungs of calves.

Animals—Eleven 6- to 8-week-old Holstein bull calves.

Procedures—Aerosolized 99mtechnetium (99mTc)-labeled diethylene triamine pentacetate (DTPA; 3 calves), commonly used to measure integrity of the pulmonary epithelium, and 99mTc-labeled ovalbumin (OA; 8 calves), commonly used as a prototype allergen, were used to evaluate pulmonary clearance before, during, and after experimentally induced infection with BRSV or sham inoculation with BRSV. Uptake in plasma (6 calves) and lung-efferent lymph (1 calf) was examined.

Results—Clearance of 99mTc-DTPA was significantly increased during BRSV infection; clearance of 99mTc-OA was decreased on day 7 after inoculation. Clearance time was correlated with severity of clinical disease, and amounts of 99mTc-OA in plasma and lymph were inversely correlated with clearance time. Minimum amounts of 99mTc-OA were detected at time points when pulmonary clearance of 99mTc-OA was most delayed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—BRSV caused infection of the respiratory tract with peak signs of clinical disease at 7 or 8 days after inoculation. Concurrently, there was a diminished ability to move inhaled protein antigen out of the lungs. Prolonged exposure to inhaled antigens during BRSV infection may enhance antigen presentation with consequent allergic sensitization and development of chronic inflammatory lung disease.

Impact for Human Medicine—Infection of humans with respiratory syncytial virus early after birth is associated with subsequent development of allergic asthma. Results for BRSV infection in these calves suggested a supportive mechanism for this scenario.
Physiologic responses and plasma endothelin-1 concentrations associated with abrupt cessation of nitric oxide inhalation in isoflurane-anesthetized horses
Authors: Grubb Tamara L. , Högman Marieann , Edner Anna , Frendin Jan H. M. , Heinonen Erkki , Malavasi Laís M. , Frostell Claes G. , Ryden Anneli , Alving Kjell , Nyman Görel C.
Published: March 2008

Objective—To assess physiologic responses and plasma endothelin (ET)-1 concentrations associated with abrupt cessation of nitric oxide (NO) inhalation in isoflurane-anesthetized horses.

Animals—6 healthy adult Standardbreds.

Procedures—Horses were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen and placed in dorsal recumbency. Nitric oxide was pulsed into the respiratory tract for 2.5 hours, and then administration was abruptly discontinued. Just prior to commencement and at cessation of NO administration, and at intervals during a 30-minute period following cessation of NO inhalation, several variables including PaO2, mean pulmonary artery pressure, venous admixture or pulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt), and plasma ET-1 concentration were recorded or calculated.

Results—After cessation of NO inhalation, PaO2 decreased slowly but significantly (172.7 ± 29.8 mm Hg to 84.6 ± 10.9 mm Hg) and Qs/Qt increased slowly but significantly (25 ± 2% to 40 ± 3%) over a 30-minute period. Mean pulmonary artery pressure increased slightly (14.0 ± 1.3 mm Hg to 16.8 ± 1 mm Hg) over the same time period. No change in serum ET-1 concentration was detected, and other variables did not change or underwent minor changes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The improvement in arterial oxygenation during pulsed inhalation of NO to healthy isoflurane-anesthetized horses decreased only gradually during a 30-minute period following cessation of NO inhalation, and serum ET-1 concentration was not affected. Because a rapid rebound response did not develop, inhalation of NO might be clinically useful in the treatment of hypoxemia in healthy isoflurane-anesthetized horses.
Association of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging findings with surgical features in Dachshunds with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion
Authors: Naudé Stephanus H. , Lambrechts Nicolaas E. , Wagner Wencke M. , Thompson Peter N.
Published: March 2008

Objective—To evaluate the accuracy of specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences in determining the site, lateralization, and extent of extruded intervertebral disk material (EIDM), compared with surgical findings, in Dachshunds with thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion (TLIDE).

Design—Prospective clinical study.

Sample Population—16 Dachshunds with clinical signs of intervertebral disk disease.

Procedures—Preoperative T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) MRI measurements and description of the location of EIDM were compared with intraoperative measurements and determination of the EIDM position.

Results—The T12-13 intervertebral disk space was the most frequent site of EIDM (6/16 dogs). The EIDM lateralized with equal frequency to the left and right sides; no central extrusions were seen. There was moderate to substantial agreement (kappa, 0.59) between MRI and surgical findings for evaluation of the craniocaudal distribution of the EIDM. For measurement of the length of EIDM, the T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and STIR sequences had a mean error of −1.15, −0.38, and −1.93 mm, respectively; concordance correlation coefficients were 0.666, 0.904, and 0.458, respectively. Mean absolute errors were 2.54, 1.35, and 2.90 mm, respectively; these values did not differ significantly.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In the thoracolumbar vertebral column of Dachshunds with clinical signs of intervertebral disk disease, MRI is a valuable technique for determining location and craniocaudal length of EIDM. Compared with T1-weighted and STIR images, T2-weighted images appeared to be more accurate and precise and are potentially more reliable for determination of the length of EIDM in those dogs.
Clinical outcome of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt attenuation in dogs aged five years and older: 17 cases (1992–2005)
Authors: Worley Deanna R. , Holt David E.
Published: March 2008

Objective—To assess the outcome of extrahepatic portosystemic shunt (EHPSS) treatment in dogs aged 5 years and older.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—17 client-owned dogs.

Procedures—Medical records for dogs (≥ 5 years old) that underwent surgical attenuation of an EHPSS (1992 through 2005) were evaluated; data, including clinical signs, clinicopathologic findings, surgical procedure, and outcome, were recorded. Follow-up information was obtained via patient examination or telephone interview with veterinarians and owners.

Results—Dogs (5 to 9 years old [median age, 6.6 years]) had neurologic (n = 12), urinary tract (8), and gastrointestinal tract (6) EHPSS-associated clinical signs. Serum bile acids and ammonia concentrations were abnormal in all evaluated dogs. Treatment of EHPSSs included complete (n = 6 dogs) or partial (2) suture attenuation or ameroid constrictor placement (9). Two dogs died following surgery. Follow-up information (6 to 120 months) was available for 13 dogs. Deaths were attributable to heart failure (n = 1), bacterial hepatitis (2; with pyelonephritis in 1 dog), and unknown causes (3). At a median of 23 and 25 months, serum bile acids concentrations had almost normalized in 5 of 8 dogs and ammonia concentrations were within reference limits in 3 of 5 dogs, respectively; dogs with abnormal liver function test results had no associated clinical signs. Median long-term survival time was 72 months.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Attenuation of EHPSS in ≥ 5-year-old dogs ameliorated signs of liver dysfunction in surviving dogs, although return of normal liver function occurred less frequently than expected.
Injury Rates Among Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder With or Without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Shmueli Dorit , Razi Talish , Almog Moran , Menashe Idan , Mimouni Bloch Aviva
Published: February 2025

Importance

Injuries are a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children with neurodevelopmental conditions. Identifying injuries associated with this vulnerable population could inform specific preventive actions.

Objective

To compare the injury risk among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or coexisting ASD and ADHD with children with typical development (TD).

Design, Setting, and Participants

This population-based cohort study involved 325 412 children born between 2005 and 2009, followed up until the end of 2021. Data analysis was conducted from February 2 to November 14, 2023. The study data were extracted from the Clalit Health Service (CHS) database, which contains comprehensive clinical and sociodemographic data on all members of the CHS admitted to the emergency departments (EDs) of all hospitals in Israel during the study period. Children who were members of CHS born between 2005 and 2009 were classified into 4 groups: ASD, ADHD, ASD and ADHD, and TD (control).

Main Outcomes and Measures

Negative binomial regression models were used to assess incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of ED visits between the study groups and the control group. These models were adjusted for birth year, sector, and socioeconomic status. IRRs for specific injuries were also assessed. The statistical significance of IRRs was assessed using 95% CIs.

Results

A total of 325 412 children (163 183 boys [50%]) were included in the study. Children with ASD, ADHD, or both had significantly higher ED visit rates than children with TD (IRR, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.42-1.55], 1.45 [95% CI, 1.39-1.52], and 1.29 [95% CI, 1.28-1.30], respectively). Children with ADHD had also higher rates of ED visits due to physical injuries compared with controls (IRR, 1.18 [95% CI, 1.16-1.20]), whereas children with ASD with or without ADHD did not (IRR, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.89-1.05] and 0.91 [95% CI, 0.83-1.00], respectively). A focused analysis of the injury profiles revealed that children with ASD or comorbid ASD and ADHD had higher rates of ingestion and inhalation injuries (IRR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.06-2.25] and 1.80 [95% CI, 1.28-2.48], respectively) and lower rates of orthopedic injuries (IRR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.69-0.89] and 0.83 [95% CI, 0.74-0.93], respectively), and animal-inflicted injuries (IRR, 0.44 [95% CI, 0.22-0.79] and 0.92 [95% CI, 0.60-1.35], respectively) than controls.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this large cohort study, different types of injury were associated with children with ASD and ADHD. The causes underlying these associations should be further investigated to develop effective approaches for injury reduction among these children.
Activating Halogen Circulation Enables Efficient and Stable Wide‐Bandgap Mixed‐Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yang Yang , Chang Qing , Su Jie , Chao Lingfeng , Wang Yonglei , Dai Zhiyuan , Huang Xiaofeng , Nie Siqing , Guo Pengfei , Yin Jun , Liu Zhe , Lin Yen‐Hung , Jen Alex K.‐Y. , Chen Ruihao , Wang Hongqiang
Published: February 2025

Developing strategies to manage ion‐migration‐induced phase segregation in wide‐bandgap (WBG) perovskites is crucial for achieving high‐performance perovskite‐silicon tandem solar cells (TSCs). However, maintaining continuous suppression of phase segregation from the film crystallization process to device operation remains a significant challenge. The present study demonstrates an efficient strategy of activating halogen circulation in WBG perovskite by using halogen circulation agents (HCA) of N‐halosuccinimide molecules as the sustainable stabilizers, in order to achieve dynamic halogen equilibrium within the precursor solution and perovskite film, which blocks the migration path of Br−/I− ions both in crystallization and aging of WBG perovskites. Attempts on in situ dynamic monitoring of halide migration visually verified the enhanced stability by activated halogen circulation in both WBG films and devices. Consequently, present work achieves a champion efficiency up to 23.25% with a low Voc loss of 0.39 V in the 1.67‐eV‐bandgap device, and the HCA‐based devices can maintain 88% and 93% of their initial efficiencies over 1000 h under continuous illumination and 2500 h at 85 °C in N2 atmosphere, respectively. As a proof of concept, the perovskite/silicon monolithic TSCs are fabricated to demonstrate a high Voc of 1.99 V and a high power conversion efficiency of 33.2%.
Transcriptomic Profiling Unveils EDN3+ Meningeal Fibroblasts as Key Players in Sturge‐Weber Syndrome Pathogenesis
Authors: Ai Daosheng , Ming Tianyue , Li Xiaoli , Wang Shu , Bi Zhanying , Zuo Jinyi , Cheng Zizhang , Sun Weijin , Xie Mingguo , Li Fengzhi , Wang Xiongfei , Qi Xueling , Luan Guoming , Ge Woo‐ping , Guan Yuguang
Published: February 2025

Sturge‐Weber syndrome (SWS) is characterized by leptomeningeal vascular malformation, resulting in significant risks of life‐threatening seizures and strokes. The current absence of specific treatments underscores the need to define the molecular and cellular mechanisms that drive the progression of SWS. Here, the transcriptome of 119 446 cells isolated from both malformed tissues and peri‐lesion tissues from the brains of patients with SWS is examined. This comprehensive analysis finds a complex landscape of cell heterogeneity and distinct cell substate associated with the evolution of this disease are revealed. Notably, a unique fibroblast cluster and molecular mechanism are identified that contribute to the development of SWS. These findings not only expand the understanding of SWS but also open up promising avenues for therapeutic interventions.
Cultivation of filamentous fungi in airlift bioreactors: advantages and disadvantages
Authors: Cerrone Federico , O’Connor Kevin E.
Published: February 2025

Filamentous fungi or mycelia are a valuable bioresource to produce several biomolecules and enzymes, especially because of their biodegradation potential and for their key role of enablers of a circular bioeconomy. Filamentous fungi can be grown in submerged cultivation to maximise the volumetric productivity of the bioprocess, instead of using the more established and time-consuming solid-state cultivation. Multicellular mycelia are sensitive to shear stresses induced by mechanical agitation, and this aspect greatly affects their morphology in submerged cultivation (pelletisation) and the connected volumetric productivity. An efficient compromise is the growth of filamentous fungi in airlift bioreactors (ALR) where the volumetric oxygen transfer (KLa) is optimal, but the shear stress is reduced. In this review, we critically analysed the advantages and disadvantages of ALR-based cultivation of filamentous fungi, comparing these bioreactors also with stirred tank reactors and bubble column reactors; we focused on scientific literature that highlights findings for the cultivation of filamentous fungi for both the production of enzymes and the production of myco-biomass in ALR; we included studies for the control of the pelletisation of the fungal biomass in batch and semi-continuous cultivation, highlighting the interlinked hydrodynamics; finally, we included studies regarding the modifications of ALR in order to enhance filamentous fungi production.

Key points

• ALR are efficient for batch and prolonged continuous cultivation of filamentous fungi.

• ALR show both optimal gas hold-up and K

L

a with an airflow that has high superficial velocity and critical bubble diameter (1–6 mm).

• Suspended mycelia aggregates (pellet) maintain a fluidised motion in ALR if their size/density can be controlled.
Trends in chronic neck and low back pain prevalence in Spain (2006–2020): differences by sex, age, and social class
Authors: Huerta Miguel Á. , Salazar Alejandro , Moral-Munoz Jose A.
Published: February 2025

Purpose

To analyze the evolution of chronic neck and low back pain prevalence in the general Spanish population (≥ 15 years) from 2006 to 2020, examining differences by sex, age, social class, and the potential influence of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

A repeated cross-sectional observational study was conducted based on data from six health surveys conducted in Spain between 2006 and 2020, with samples ranging from 21,007 to 29,478 subjects per survey, reported by the European Statistical System and the National Statistical Institute. Overall and specific prevalence rates were calculated, and linear trends were assessed over time. The potential influence of the COVID-19 pandemic was evaluated using the Mann-Kendall test, along with prevalence forecasts up to 2020, derived from S-curve models.

Results

Between 2006 and 2020, the prevalence of chronic neck pain ranged from 23.64 to 12.3%, while chronic low back pain ranged from 24.01 to 14.73%. A decreasing trend was observed in both conditions, slightly more pronounced for neck pain. This trend persisted even when excluding 2020 data, which was potentially influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, and was independent of health surveys. Forecasts indicated that the actual 2020 prevalence rates were lower (by 3.1–4.4%) than predicted. The prevalence was consistently higher among women, older individuals, and lower social classes, though all subgroups showed similar decreasing trends.

Conclusion

The prevalence of chronic neck and low back pain in the Spanish population declined between 2006 and 2020. Subgroup analyses revealed consistent decreases across sex, age, and social class. The COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted the 2020 prevalence rates.
An exploratory kinetic analysis of photoelectrochemical oxygen evolution on hematite
Authors: Peter Laurence M.
Published: February 2025

The kinetics of the photoelectrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (POER) on hematite photoanodes are explored using a simple reaction scheme involving an initial pre-equilibrium hole/proton transfer step to form an Fe(IV) surface species, Fe = O, followed by a rate-determining hole/proton transfer step to form the Fe(II) peroxo species, FeOOH, which then reacts rapidly with two more holes to form oxygen. The modelling considers how the kinetics of these two reaction steps are affected by changes in

$${V}_{\text{H}}$$

V
H

, the potential drop across the Helmholtz layer that arises from the build-up of positive charge at the interface under illumination. The model, which also considers electron–hole recombination and back reaction of Fe = O with conduction band electrons, is used to calculate steady-state photocurrent/voltage characteristics, pseudocapacitance-voltage plots, and transient absorbance (TAS) responses that can be compared with published results. The model is also used to show that the slopes of double logarithmic reaction order plots of photocurrent vs. hole or reaction intermediate concentrations are influenced by light-induced changes in

$${V}_{\text{H}}$$

V
H

. The insights from this analysis should be relevant to the ongoing discussion of multi-hole mechanisms for the POER on hematite photoanodes.
Nonlinear Relations of Viscous Stress and Strain Rate in Nonlinear Viscoelasticity
Authors: Machill Lennart
Published: February 2025

We consider a Kelvin–Voigt model for viscoelastic second-grade materials, where the elastic and the viscous stress tensor both satisfy frame-indifference. Using a rigidity estimate by Ciarlet and Mardare (J. Math. Pures Appl. 104:1119–1134, 2015), existence of weak solutions is shown by means of a frame-indifferent time-discretization scheme. Further, the result includes viscous stress tensors which can be calculated by nonquadratic polynomial densities. Afterwards, we investigate the long-time behavior of solutions in the case of small external loading and initial data. Our main tool is the abstract theory of metric gradient flows (Ambrosio et al. in Gradient Flows in Metric Spaces and in the Space of Probability Measures, Birkhäuser, Basel, 2005).
Physical properties of zinc, silver, or cerium ion doped borate glass incorporated PCL/gelatin electrospun fibers and their interaction with NG108-15 neural cells
Authors: Ege Duygu , Khalili Vida , Lu Hsuan-Heng , Reinfelder Heike , de Ligny Dominique , Boccaccini Aldo R.
Published: February 2025

In this study, 1393-B3 based borate bioactive glasses (BGs) undoped and doped with 1 wt% zinc (ZnBG), cerium (CeBG), or silver (AgBG) were prepared and were incorporated into gelatin/PCL (GEL/PCL) electrospun fibers for neural tissue engineering applications. Particle sizes of the prepared BGs were 3.1, 10.6, 14.6, and 3.7 µm for undoped BG, ZnBG, AgBG, and CeBG, respectively. Aligned electrospun fibers were prepared with 5 wt% of BG particles to produce 5BG/PCL/GEL, 5ZnBG/PCL/GEL, 5AgBG/PCL/GEL and 5CeBG/PCL/GEL fibers. Random 5CeBG/PCL/GEL fibers were also prepared for comparison. A rise in fiber diameter was measured for BG-incorporated fibers compared to PCL/GEL fibers. Mechanical tests on the fibers indicated ultimate tensile strength values of 1–3.5 MPa, the range of mechanical properties of neural tissue. Cell culture studies were carried out with the NG108-15 cell line. Cell alignment was observed on the electrospun fibers on day 2. On days 1 and 2, the optical density was higher for ZnBG/PCL/GEL, CeBG/PCL/GEL, and AgBG/PCL/GEL than for BG/PCL/GEL fibers. On day 4, undoped BG-containing nanofibers had higher optical density compared to those containing doped BGs. This result could be due to a slower release rate of boron from the pure BG/PCL/GEL fiber mat. Overall, within the studied range, all fiber mats were found to be suitable for neural tissue engineering in terms of neural cell compatibility and mechanical properties. In the future, a wider range of ion doping must be considered to fully comprehend the potential of such ion-releasing fibers for neural regeneration.

Graphical Abstract
Facile Synthesis of Co-MOF Nanoflakes as an Efficient and Durable Electrocatalyst for HER and OER Applications in Alkaline Medium
Authors: Abdelwahab Mohamed A. , Mohamed Gehad G. , Eliwa Ayman S.
Published: February 2025

Water splitting is essential for storing sustainable energy and producing hydrogen in an environmentally friendly manner. In recent years, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have gained recognition for their versatility, characterized by their large surface areas, adjustable porosity, and ability to undergo easy composition modification. These properties make MOFs and their derivatives promising candidates for catalyzing water electrolysis. The MOF studied here contains cobalt as its metal center and a Schiff base linker derived from 2-aminobenzoic acid and terephthalaldehyde. The synthesized powder underwent thorough analysis using techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area measurement, and thermal analysis. The efficiency of the Co-MOF in water splitting was assessed, demonstrating significant catalytic performance comparable to other modified MOF catalysts reported in literature. Specifically, the hydrogen evolution electrode achieved a current density of 10 mA/cm² with an overpotential of 37 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) and a Tafel slope of approximately 100 mV dec⁻¹. For oxygen evolution at 100 mA/cm², an overpotential of 803 mV (vs. Ag/AgCl) and a Tafel slope of 226.6 mV dec⁻¹ were observed.
The urgency-necessity earthquake alert trade-off: considering the public response factor
Authors: Nof Ran Novitsky , Yagoda-Biran Gony , Zwebner Yonat
Published: February 2025

Implementing Earthquake Early Warning Systems’ (EEWS) alerting strategy entails a trade-off between urgency and necessity. Large uncertainties at initial stages might lead to issuing urgent alerts for non-damaging earthquakes. This, in turn, can lead to unnecessary indirect injuries caused by peoples’ responses to alerts. Conversely, necessary yet delayed alerts with higher certainties can lead to preventable harm. In this work, we aim to balance these approaches and optimize alerting strategies by integrating multidisciplinary datasets. First, we estimate potential costs associated with non-damaging earthquake alerts by integrating a unique dataset of indirect injuries caused by missile attacks in Israel with the uncertainties of Truaa, the operational Israeli EEWS. The findings reveal that injury costs from urgent alerts are much lower than those from delayed alerts. Additionally, we distributed a questionnaire in Israel following the February-2023 Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye earthquakes revealing the public’s preference for urgent alerts, despite alert uncertainties. By considering injury costs and social perspectives, we highlight the need to optimize alerting strategies and to consider reducing the alert magnitude threshold by incorporating social factors. This approach offers insights for making well-informed decisions to enhance the effectiveness of the Israeli EEWS.
An Integrated In Vitro and In Silico Investigation of the Bioactive Properties of Wild Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera
Authors: Kızıl Hamit Emre , Ulcay Sibel , Ekincioğlu Yavuz , Öğütçü Hatice , Ağar Güleray
Published: February 2025

This investigation examined methanol extracts obtained from the whole plant (encompassing all organs except roots), flowers, and fruits of wild Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera, a liquorice cultivar indigenous to the Cappadocia region of Türkiye, constituting the first comprehensive in vitro and in silico analysis of this species within the region. Anatomical identification revealed distinctive structural characteristics, including thick-walled epidermal cells in the stem, organized clusters of collenchyma cells, and well-defined sclerenchyma layers encompassing the vascular bundles. The petiole exhibited a characteristic heart-shaped morphology containing three vascular bundles, while foliar analysis demonstrated the presence of stomata on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces, accompanied by a bifacial mesophyll arrangement. The extracts demonstrated remarkable antimicrobial efficacy against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as various fungal species. Furthermore, significant cytotoxic activity was observed against non-small cell lung cancer (H460), with the whole plant extract exhibiting IC50 values of 117.8 µg/mL (24 h) and 105.6 µg/mL (48 h). Flower extracts demonstrated IC50 values of 116.8 µg/mL (24 h) and 112.7 µg/mL (48 h), while fruit extracts displayed superior potency with IC50 values of 104.4 µg/mL (24 h) and 63.09 µg/mL (48 h). Molecular docking analyses, conducted utilizing AutoDock Tools 1.5.6 and BIOVIA Discovery Studio Visualizer 4.5, revealed significant protein-ligand interactions, yielding optimal binding energy and inhibition constant values of -9.57 kcal/mol and 96.92 nM, respectively. The RMSD values were calculated based on structural variations between ligand-protein complexes during re-docking procedures. These findings underscore the substantial biological potential of Glycyrrhiza glabra var. glandulifera from Cappadocia, necessitating further comprehensive investigation.
PROM („patient-reported outcome measures“) in der onkologischen Nachsorge der Schweiz: Eine SWOT-Analyse aus der Perspektive der Gesundheitsförderung und Prävention
Authors: Bossart Eveline , Glässel Andrea
Published: February 2025

Hintergrund und Ziel

In der Schweiz leben rund 400.000 Cancer Survivors, wovon viele eine geringere Lebensqualität aufweisen als vor der Erkrankung. PROM („patient-reported outcome measures“) ermöglichen, die Patient:innenperspektive bezüglich Lebensqualität und Symptomstatus systematisch zu erheben und diese Daten für die weitere Behandlung in der onkologischen Nachsorge zu nutzen. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, Stärken, Schwächen, Chancen und Risiken (SWOT) des Einsatzes von PROM in der onkologischen Nachsorge zu explorieren, um daraus Handlungsempfehlungen für die Krebsliga Schweiz abzuleiten.

Methoden und Studiendesign

Ein dreistufiges Verfahren kam zu Anwendung: a) selektive Literaturübersicht zum Stand der PROM in der Schweiz; b) Erhebung und thematische Auswertung von fünf leitfadengestützten, qualitativen Expert:innen Interviews; c) Ergebnissynthese anhand einer SWOT-Analyse zur Ableitung von Handlungsempfehlungen für die Krebsnachsorge in der Schweiz.

Ergebnisse

Fünf Hauptkategorien bilden die Grundlage für die Einordnung in die SWOT-Analyse. Die Förderung von Patient:innenorientierung und Interprofessionalität stehen als Stärken der PROM im Vordergrund. Komplexe Anforderungen an bestehende digitale Infrastruktur bilden eine Schwäche. Chancen werden in einer geschlossenen Versorgungskette und der Verringerung von Gesundheitskosten gesehen, während unklare Zuständigkeiten und das föderalistische Gesundheitssystem zu den Risiken zählen. Im Sinne der Ottawa-Charta der Gesundheitsförderung werden der Krebsliga Schweiz Aktivitäten vorgeschlagen.

Schlussfolgerung

Unter dem Anspruch der Chancengerechtigkeit sind PROM allen Betroffenen in der Schweiz zugänglich zu machen. Akteure und Organisationen sollen sich für eine flächendeckende Einführung von PROM in der onkologischen Nachsorge einsetzen.
Language Concordance and Interpreter Use for Spanish-Preferring Patients: Qualitative Study of Perspectives from Primary Care Providers
Authors: Quigley Denise D. , Qureshi Nabeel , Talamantes Efrain , Predmore Zachary
Published: February 2025

Background

Poor quality communication and language barriers lead to worse care experiences and inferior health care outcomes for those with limited English proficiency. Fewer than one-third of outpatient providers regularly use professional interpreters when communicating with non-English preferring patients. Effective strategies to address language barriers in primary care are lacking and in demand.

Objective

Examine provider perspectives on providing in-person care to Spanish-preferring patients.

Design

Partnered with a large, urban Federally Qualified Health Center predominantly caring for Spanish-preferring Hispanic patients, we identified primary care providers who (1) were language-concordant (provider and patient speak same language); (2) used qualified interpreters; and (3) used informal strategies for interpretation/communication.

Participants

We interviewed 24 providers (10 language-concordant, 9 who used qualified interpreters, 5 who used informal interpreters and other strategies; response-rate 23%).

Approach

We established codes using systematic, inductive procedures to generate insights from responses and identified themes using content analysis.

Results

Providers—both language-concordant and those using interpreters—preferred to speak the same language as the patient, employed varying communication strategies, and required more time to care for Spanish-preferring patients for differing reasons. Using interpreters did not always improve communication because using qualified interpreters requires more time for initiating interpretation, connectivity issues, and conducting consecutive interpretation; using any interpreter requires provider-interpreter clarification or staff to translate, and sometimes interpreters had difficulty with medical content/terminology. Provider-patient visits also qualitatively differed based on language spoken and interpreter use in eliciting concerns, topics covered, patient comprehension, and time spent on rapport-building and patient education.

Conclusions

Providers described barriers that organizations need to address to facilitate effective communication and language interpretation when caring for Spanish-preferring patients. Research is needed that identifies and tests language support strategies for providers and clinics and structural changes that preserve time during patient visits for providers and patients to spend on health care needs.
Neuromorphic Hardware for Artificial Sensory Systems: A Review
Authors: Kim Youngmin , Lee Chung Won , Jang Ho Won
Published: February 2025

Senses are crucial for an organism’s survival, and there have been numerous efforts to artificially replicate sensory perception to elicit desired responses to specific stimuli. Recent research is increasingly focused on developing artificial sensory nervous systems based on the unsupervised learning capabilities of artificial neural networks (ANNs) using unstructured data. However, future ANNs, which require precise sensing capabilities in increasingly complex environments, must be capable of processing a large number of signals in real time, ideally from continuous domains. This need for massive data processing is driving the evolution of hardware systems, leading to the development of devices specifically designed for artificial sensory systems (ASSs) at the hardware level. To address this challenge, sensor devices need to not only detect target substances but also enable computational functions by utilizing their inherent material properties. Research in neuromorphic sensors is advancing towards integration with next-generation processing systems based on ANNs, effectively addressing the complex scenarios we aim to identify. This review offers perspectives on human-like sensor computing to address these challenges. It examines the progress in implementing five representative senses at the device level, explores methods for integrating them into systems for ASS, and provides a comprehensive overview of potential applications. In particular, we emphasize approaches to cognitively utilize the discussed devices as artificial sensory neurons and synapses, enabling responses to specific inputs. We aim to offer perspectives for the development of artificial sensory nerve systems in the future.
Red Meat Consumption and Hypertension: An Updated Review
Authors: Allen Tara S. , Najem Michael , Wood Alexis C. , Lee Danielle J. , Pacheco Lorena S. , Daniels Lori B. , Allison Matthew A.
Published: February 2025

Purpose of Review

Hypertension (HTN) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The global prevalence of HTN and related CVD mortality continues to rise. The development of HTN is influenced by genetic predisposition and modifiable risk factors, including diet. One area of ongoing debate is the relationship between red meat consumption and risk of HTN.

Recent Findings

Processed red meat has become increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis and morbidity of HTN, though randomized control trials comparing HTN-related outcomes associated with red meat subtypes have yielded heterogenous results.

This review summarizes the existing relevant literature and highlights the methodological challenges that complicate definitive conclusions, with a focus on processed versus unprocessed red meat consumption and HTN. It explores pathophysiologic mechanisms contributing to this relationship and reviews practical, evidence-based dietary guidelines that address red meat consumption to mitigate the risk of adverse HTN-related CVD outcomes.
Fabrication and Characterisation of Taste-Masked Orally Dissolving Films Containing Ondansetron Hydrochloride Using Novel Poly(Amide-Thioester) Nanocapsules Based on L-Cysteine Amino-Acid
Authors: Dahmash Eman Zmaily , Patel Aayashasiddika Nazirbhai , Faizi Ella , Ali Dalia Khalil , Ataei Abdi , Soltani-Khankahdani Siamak , Merzouk Mahboub
Published: February 2025

Purpose

Ondansetron (OND) is 5-HT3 receptor antagonist commonly used to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. However, its short half-life, low bioavailability, and intense bitter taste have led to decreased patient compliance. Administering it via an oromucosal film encapsulated into polymeric nanoparticles without the need for water is advantageous due to the difficulty of taking the medication with water when experiencing nausea. Therefore, the aim of this study was to synthesise polymeric nanoparticles using L-cysteine amino acid to encapsulate the bitter-tasting OND and develop paediatric oral dissolving films (ODFs) using them.

Method

Cysteine-based poly(amide-thioester) nanoparticles (CYS-PATE NPs) were developed using the one-step interfacial polycondensation technique between aqueous and organic phases. The nanoparticles were extensively characterised and incorporated into ODFs prepared using various polymers (HPMC, Pullulan and Polyethylene oxide (PEO)).

Results

OND-loaded CYS-PATE NPs (OND/CYS-PATE NPs) were also synthesised with a particle size of 319.7 ± 44.59 nm and a zeta potential of -32.07 ± 0.31. The semi-crystalline nature of both the resultant CYS-PATE NPs and the OND-encapsulated ones was confirmed by DSC and XRD characterisation. In-vitro release studies of optimal formulation (OND/CYS-PATE NPs) showed a total release of 58 µg of OND in 10 mL of artificial saliva after 10 min, equivalent to 5.8 µg/mL, which did not reach the OND bitterness threshold (7.5 µg/mL). Incorporating these NPs into film-forming polymers led to the development of 0.1% HPMC ODFs with homogeneity and a good disintegration time of 49.33 ± 3.99 s.

Conclusions

This study confirms that encapsulating bitter actives in CYS-PATE NPs effectively masked the taste of bitter soluble APIs, formulating them into more palatable forms that can enhance acceptability and adherence, particularly in paediatrics CINV.

Graphical Abstract

Schematic representation diagram of synthesis and characterisation of L-cysteine amino acid based poly (thioester amide) nanoparticles containing OND for taste masking of it
Prediction of Multimorbidity Network Evolution in Middle-Aged and Elderly Population Based on CE-GCN
Authors: Che Yushi , Wang Yiqiao
Published: February 2025

Purpose

With the evolving disease spectrum, chronic diseases have emerged as a primary burden and a leading cause of mortality. Due to the aging population and the nature of chronic illnesses, patients often suffer from multimorbidity. Predicting the likelihood of these patients developing specific diseases in the future based on their current health status and age factors is a crucial task in multimorbidity research.

Methods

We propose an algorithm, CE-GCN, which integrates age sequence and embeds Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) into Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU), utilizing the topological feature of network common neighbors to predict links in dynamic complex networks. First, we constructed a disease evolution network spanning from ages 45 to 90 years old using disease information from 3333 patients. Then, we introduced an innovative approach for link prediction aimed at uncovering relationships between various diseases. This method takes into account patients’ age to construct the evolutionary structure of the disease network, thereby predicting the connections between chronic diseases.

Results

Results from experiments conducted on real networks indicate that our model surpasses others regarding both MRR and MAP. The proposed method accurately reveals associations between diseases and effectively captures future disease risks.

Conclusion

Our model can serve as an objective and convenient computer-aided tool to identify hidden relationships between diseases in order to assist healthcare professionals in taking early disease interventions, which can substantially lower the costs associated with treating multimorbidity and enhance the quality of life for patients suffering from chronic conditions.

Graphical Abstract
Machine Learning-Driven Approach for Reducing Tool Wear in Die-Sinking Electrical Discharge Machining
Authors: Cogun Can , Ayli Ece
Published: February 2025

This study examines the use of machine learning (ML) techniques to optimize the basic machining parameters and protrusion dimensions that affect tool shape degeneration in die-sinking electric discharge machining (EDM). The primary objective is to decrease errors and enhance prediction and optimization effectiveness. This study introduces a completely novel tool geometry model aimed at minimizing tool shape degeneration, which, to our knowledge, has not been previously documented in the literature. Additionally, this research represents the first instance of employing ML techniques to generate data for addressing this specific type of problem, further advancing the field of die-sinking EDM. The pivotal machining parameters include discharge current, pulse time and machining depth. Three ML approaches are implemented in this investigation: Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Adaptive-Network-Based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), and Support Vector Machine (SVM). In comparison with experimental outcomes, the ANN technique exhibited superior predictive ability with an coefficient of determination (R
2) of 0.99985 and an Mean Relative Error (MRE) of 0.854%. Four distinct EDM machining scenarios are presented and machining parameters and protrusion dimensions are optimized using the ANN technique to decrease tool shape degeneration. Optimizing the machining parameters and diagonal dimensions of the protrusion substantially reduced tool shape degeneration. This research demonstrates the effectiveness of ANN in optimizing machining parameters and improving tool performance in die-sinking EDM. A significant reduction in total wear area of 66.7% was achieved with a considerably lower time cost through the optimized ANN network. While the study demonstrates promising results, its reliance on specific datasets for training may limit the generalizability of the model to broader machining scenarios.
Evaluation of Reduction Behavior of the Acid Pellets Prepared with Sinter-Grade Iron Ore Fines by 55% H2–35% CO–10% N2 and 100% H2
Authors: Kim Rijoo , Suh In-kook , Lee Joonho
Published: February 2025

Hydrogen is receiving much attention as a reducing agent in iron and steel production processes. Hydrogen-based DRI (Direct-Reduced Iron) production in a shaft furnace is currently under development in many countries. However, due to the limited resources for DR-grade pellets, the hydrogen reduction technology of the pellets produced with sinter-grade iron ore fines is highly anticipated. In this study, the reduction characteristics of the acid pellets produced with sinter-grade iron ore fines were investigated by a typical reformed natural gas (55% H2–35% CO–10% N2), and 100% H2 at temperatures ranging from 973 to 1173 K. The lab-made acid pellet exhibited an average cold crushing strength of 335 kg. When the pellets were reduced by 55% H2–35% CO–10% N2, the degree of metallization was satisfied only at 1173 K. On the other hand, when the pellets were reduced by 100% H2, the degree of metallization was acceptable: 93.04 and 95.54% at 1073 and 1173 K, respectively. The reduction time by 100% H2 at 1073 K was 29 min, whereas that by 55% H2–35% CO–10% N2 at 1173 K was 57 min. Accordingly, the hydrogen reduction process can reduce the reduction time by 51%, although the reduction temperature by 100% H2 is 100 K lower than that by 55% H2–35% CO–10% N2.

Graphical Abstract
Convenient, high-efficiency multiplex genome editing in autotetraploid alfalfa using endogenous U6 promoters and visual reporters
Authors: Xia Xiuzhi , Li Shihao , Wang Na , Cheng Panxu , Zhu Butuo , Zhang Pengcheng , Yang Dahai , Lin Hao , Niu Lifang
Published: February 2025

CRISPR/Cas is a simple, robust, versatile tool for plant biology studies and precision plant breeding. However, establishing a high-efficiency gene editing system for multiplex editing of the autotetraploid crop alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), the most important forage legume worldwide, remains a formidable challenge. Here, we systematically identified endogenous U6 promoters in alfalfa through transient expression via Agrobacterium-mediated infiltration of alfalfa leaves. We further demonstrated the efficacy of the three most active promoters for genome editing using an optimized alfalfa hairy root system. Subsequently, we established an improved CRISPR/Cas9 multiplex system containing three or four tandemly arrayed MsU6-promoter-driven polycistronic tRNA-sgRNA (PTG) expression cassettes, each consisting of three tRNA-sgRNA units, to simultaneously edit three or four alfalfa genes, coupled with the visual reporter RH1 or RUBY. This toolkit showed efficient multiplex editing in the hairy root system with visual selection. We successfully obtained regenerated, red-colored shoots resulting from the stable transformation of alfalfa. These results highlight the potential application of the visual reporter system for the stable transformation of alfalfa. Our improved CRISPR/Cas9 multiplex system enables convenient, high-efficiency multiplex genome editing in alfalfa, providing a versatile toolset to facilitate functional studies of multiple genes and gene families for basic research and the genetic improvement of alfalfa.