bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GENETIC LINKAGE MAP FOR WATERMELON: SEGREGATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF DNA MARKERS
Authors: Levi A. , Thomas C. E. , Thies J. , Simmons A. , Xu Y. , Zhang X. , Reddy O.U.K. , Davis A. , King S. , Wehner T.
Published: June 2019

Genetic linkage map is being constructed for watermelon based on a testcross population and an F2 population. About 51.0% and 31.8% of the markers in the testcross and F2 populations are skewed form the expected segregation ratios. AFLP markers appeared to be clustered on linkage regions, while ISSR and RAPD markers are randomly dispersed on the genome. AFLP markers also have greater genetic distances as compared with ISSR and RAPD markers, resulting in significant increase of map distance. An initial genetic map (based on the testcross population) that contains 27 ISSR and 141 RAPD markers has a total linkage distance of 1,166.2 cM. The addition of 2 ISSR, 8 RAPD and 77 AFLP markers increased the genetic distance of the map to 2,509.9 cM. Similar results with AFLP markers were also shown in mapping experiments with an F2S7 recombinant inbred line (RIL) population that was recently constructed for watermelon. Although the skewed segregation, marker order appeared to be consistent in linkage groups of the testcross and the F2 population. Experiments with SSR, and EST markers are being conducted to saturate the linkage map of watermelon genome.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE WATERMELON POLLENIZERS
Authors: Dittmar Peter J. , Schultheis Jonathan R. , Monks David W.
Published: June 2019

Pollen from triploid (seedless) watermelon (Citrullus lanatas) is nonviable. Diploid (seeded) watermelons are required in seedless watermelon production for pollination and fruit set. In 2004, markets continued to increase for triploid watermelon but decrease for diploid watermelons. Seed companies are commercializing diploid cultivars (pollenizers) specifically designed as a pollen source for triploid watermelon production. The objectives of this research were to characterize the vegetative, floral, and fruit growth and development of these pollenizers. Five cultivars were evaluated: `Companion', `Mickylee', `Mini Pool', `SP-1', and `Jenny'. When measuring the longest vine, `Companion' produced the smallest plants reaching a maximum vine length of 183 cm, 31 days after transplant (DAT). `Mickylee', `Mini Pool', `SP-1', and `Jenny' had similar vine lengths reaching maximum lengths ranging 294–335 cm, 31 DAT. The compact growth of `Companion' is consistent with the shorter node length of 3.8 cm, while the other pollenizers had a node length of 9.9–10.9 cm. `SP-1' produced more male flowers than the other pollenizers beginning 24 DAT and produced 30–40 male flowers per plant per day, 31–55 days after transplant. `Mickylee', `Mini Pool', and `Jenny' produced 9–15 male flowers per plant per day, 24–55 days after transplant. Early production of male flowers by `Companion' was similar to `Mickylee', `Mini Pool' and `Jenny'; however, flower production became the lowest compared with all pollenizer cultivars 24 DAT. `SP-1' produced more female flowers resulting in the most fruit production (4 fruit per plant). In contrast, `Companion' produced the fewest female flowers and produced 2 fruit per vine. `Mickylee' had the largest fruit weighing 5.9 kg, and `SP-1' and `Jenny' produced the smallest fruit weighing 3.1 kg. The use of specific pollenizers may provide the opportunity to customize production for specific cultivars for either early and or late harvests.
UPDATE ON POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANCE SCREENING IN WATERMELON
Authors: Davis Angela R. , Wehner Todd C. , Levi Amnon , King Stephen R.
Published: June 2019

Powdery mildew has been reported on Citrullus lanatus in Africa and Europe for the past 9 years, and in the United States for the past 6 years. During this time, it has occurred in the main watermelon production areas in the U.S. and has been documented in nine states (South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Oklahoma, Texas, Maryland, New York, Arizona, and California). This is of great concern to the watermelon industry since powdery mildew is difficult to control and can have a severe impact on yield and fruit quality due to loss of photosynthetic area and sunscald. Finding resistant C. lanatus germplasm is needed for the development of commercial varieties containing this resistance. This report summarized the status of an ongoing project to screen the entire USDA–ARS C. lanatus germplasm collection. Currently, the collection is being screened for race 1 and race 2 Podosphaera xanthii (syn. Sphaerotheca fuliginea auct. p.p.), the causal agent of powdery mildew in C. lanatus in the United States. Resistance genes appear to exist for both races and the genes conferring resistance to race 1 appear to be different than race 2 resistance genes. Allelism tests are currently in process to determine the number of resistance genes present.
EFFECTS OF PRUNING TIME ON LIGHT INTERCEPTION AND FRUIT QUALITY IN PECAN TREES.
Authors: Whisnant Byron Taylor , Lombardini Leonardo
Published: June 2019

Pecan tree pruning is a standard cultural practice in commercial pecan farming operations. Pruning often promotes canopy light infiltration, air movement, and crop load management. Timing of pecan tree pruning is often during winter for labor and time management purposes, yet the most effective pruning time is not known for pecan. `Pawnee' trees were pruned during March (winter), May, June, July and August in a commercial orchard in Charlie, Texas during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons. June pruning produced the greatest two year summed annual average yield (2447.7 kernel lb/acre), largest increase of kernel lb/acre (625%) and largest increase percent kernel (113%) between 2003 and 2004. Furthermore, June produced the largest nuts (39.8 nuts/lb) with the lowest yield (337.5 kernel lbs/acre) in 2003, and smallest nuts (59.4 nuts/lb) with the highest yield (2110.2 kernel lb/acre) in 2004. March pruning produced the least variable yield of kernel lb/acre (38% decrease) between 2003 and 2004. July pruning produced the most consistent percent kernel (1.3% increase) between 2003 and 2004. August pruning produced the lowest two year summed annual average yield (879.8 kernel lbs/acre). Percent light transmission and leaf area index data showed no correlation with pruning times and kernel yields. Data collection will continue for another 2 to 3 years to asses the continuous affects of varied pruning times.
GROWING SOUTHERNPEAS WITHOUT INSECTICIDES IN SOUTH-CENTRAL ALABAMA IS THIS AN ABERRATION OR A SUSTAINABLE TREND?
Authors: Jackai LEN , Quarcoo F. , Ado-Bediako A. , Bonsi CK , Alvarez MN. , Dada SO , Huluka G.
Published: June 2019

A considerable amount of cowpea, or southernpea, is grown in Alabama by small, limited resource farmers for home consumption, fresh market or for direct freezing. Most cowpea is retailed in Farmers' Markets, from roadside stands, or as a “you pick” crop and usually sells for $15 to $25 per bushel. Cowpea fodder has also been shown to be a good feed supplement for goats. Many growers plant cowpea several times during the season, in part to satisfy customer demands throughout the summer and fall, but also because cowpea will often grow and produce a relatively good crop even if the rainfall were erratic or inadequate as has been the case in recent years. Many farmers use prophylactic insecticide sprays on cowpea, often in a calendar-driven program because they do not want to lose any value on their crop, especially if the cowpea is grown for canning. In experiments conducted by Tuskegee University in Macon and Bullock counties, we were able to grow fresh market cowpeas without recourse to any insecticide application and with no apparent loss in yield. The situation may be different if the peas were grown for canning. We conclude that unless a program that would use more environmentally friendly IPM interventions is developed in a timely manner, we can expect to see an increase in pest damage and a steady increase in pesticide usage.
DEVELOPMENT OF ON-LINE HORTICULTURE DEGREE PROGRAMS
Authors: McKenney C.B. , Peffley E.B.
Published: June 2019

The Department of Plant and Soil Science at Texas Tech University has developed on-line master's of science nonthesis and master's of agriculture nonthesis degree programs in response to the perceived needs of mature place bound students. Initial enrollments have been successful. The development of these types of programs requires time, funding and technically capable personnel. In addition, there are administrative, curricular and personnel issues involved with the implementation of such a project. These issues and the solutions we have employed will be discussed.
A MULTI-INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH TO HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION IN FLORICULTURE–PROGRAMS AND PROGRAM EVALUATION
Authors: Pennisi B.V. , Thomas P.A.
Published: June 2019

In an effort to expand and improve the agriculture curriculum, the Georgia Department of Education set standards for new greenhouses to be built at high schools. These modern greenhouses are to serve as teaching facilities for new horticulture classes. However, current teachers had little or no background or experience in teaching greenhouse or nursery management courses. In response to the GDE needs, a summer workshop “Managing Crop Production and Equipment in the School Greenhouse” was held at CAES Griffin Campus and at Pike County High School. Faculty from UGA departments presented topics such as water quality, irrigation and crop nutrition, cultural guidelines for major floricultural crops, IPM, pesticide safety, and marketing, business planning and fund raising. Included in the program were numerous hands-on activities designed to cover the essential practical skills needed for a greenhouse employee—proper handling and planting of plugs, watering, calculating fertilizer rates, fertilizer injector maintenance and calibration, soil pH and fertility monitoring, scouting and pest identification, and proper pesticide handling and spraying techniques. Twenty-two teachers from schools with horticulture curriculum attended the training. The workshop evaluations indicated high satisfaction with the material presented. Teachers pointed out that the practical skills had not only been very useful but also the manner in which they were presented would be easily applicable to students. The knowledge acquired will be incorporated into the fall and spring curriculum. Through the effort of the floriculture specialist, a high-quality educational program was delivered to Georgia High School teachers, which in turn translate into attracting student into joining the growing ornamental horticulture industry.
THE FIRST FLOWERING EVENT OF CORPSE FLOWER, Amorphophallus titanum, IN TEXAS
Authors: Stover Dawn , Creech David , Stephen F.
Published: June 2019

Amorphophallus titanum, corpse flower or titan arum, was discovered in 1878 in Sumatra, Indonesia by the Italian botanist Odoardo Beccari. The plant first bloomed in cultivation at Kew in 1889 and the first flowering event in the U.S. was a sensation in 1937 at the New York Botanical Garden. With fewer than thirty recorded flowering events in the U.S., the foul-smelling flower always excites the public and attracts great media attention. On 12 July 2004, a specimen at the SFA Mast Arboretum flowered successfully and Jack became the first-ever corpse flower to bloom in Texas. The SFA Mast Arboretum accessioned Jack as a small corm in June 2000. The plant has spent winters in a climate-controlled greenhouse and summers in a humid shade house and has annually produced a strong leaf stalk and umbrella like leaf blade before collapsing in December or January. In March 2004, the corm weighed 26 lb before placement in a larger pot. The inflorescence emerged in early June 2004, reached 61 inches 11 July, opened 12 July, and collapsed after 77 hours. Fresh pollen from a University of Connecticut plant was flown in but a pollination effort eight hours after opening failed. Jack's corm weighed 21 lb when moved into the greenhouse in November 2004, and remains dormant. Detailed information and a complete pictorial history are available at http://arboretum.sfasu.edu/events/amt/index.htm.
RESIDUAL WEED CONTROL WITH FALL HERBICIDE APPLICATION IN APPLE AND PEACH
Authors: Masabni Joseph G. , Wolfe Dwight E.
Published: June 2019

Flumioxazin (Chateau 51WG) is an herbicide for the preemergence and early postemergence control of broadleaves and grasses. Chateau was recently labeled for use in non-bearing fruit trees and bearing grapes. Long-term weed control in apple, peach, and blueberry was investigated following fall application of herbicides. Treatments consisted of simazine 2.8 kg a.i., norflurazon 2.24 kg a.i., napropamide 2.24 kg a.i., and oryzalin 2.24 kg a.i. were applied on 11 Nov. 2003. Flumioxazin was also applied at 0.1 and 0.43 kg ai on apple and peach. All treatments included glyphosate 1 lb a.i. for burndown control of preexisting weeds. Weed control evaluation in mid-April or 4 months after application showed that flumioxazin-treated plots had no weeds present and no weed regrowth. Plots treated with napropamide, norflurazon, and oryzalin showed significant regrowth of dandelion, common ragweed, and chickweed. Simazine plots had fewer weeds germinating than the other herbicides. By early June or 6 months after application, no differences in residual weed control were observed for all treated plots when compared to the control. All plots were equally weedy and required immediate floor management measures. It appears that flumioxazin weed control benefit was exhausted by 6 months after application, compared to 4 months for all other herbicides. Fall application of flumioxazin can eliminate the need for early spring weed control. This time saved can be spent on other important activities such as pruning and disease and insect control.
NEW MOLECULAR MARKERS IN Hydrangea AND THEIR USEFULLNESS IN EVALUATING DIVERSITY, VERIFYING HYBRIDS, AND UNCOVERING GENES
Authors: Rinehart Tim , Reed Sandy
Published: June 2019

Hydrangea popularity and use in the landscape has expanded rapidly in recent years with the addition of remontant varieties. Most cultivars in production belong to the species Hydrangea macrophylla but H. paniculata, H. arborescens, H. serrata, H. aspera, H. heteromalla, H. integrifolia, H. anomala, H. seemanii, and H. quercifolia are also commercially available. In addition to species diversity there is high intra-species variation, particularly in H. macrophylla, which includes mopheads, lacecaps, French, Japanese, dwarf, and variegated varieties. Relatively little is known about the genetic background or combinability of these plants. DNA sequence data, genome size, RAPD, AFLP, and ISSR markers have been used for taxonomic identification and to estimate diversity within the genus. All of these methods have limited usefulness in a large scale breeding program. We recently established microsatellite markers for Hydrangea and evaluated their utility for estimating species diversity and identifying cultivars within H. macrophylla and H. paniculata. We also verified an inter-specific cross between H. macrophylla and H. paniculata using these markers. Future research includes marker assisted breeding, particularly with respect to remontant flowering traits.
EFFICACY OF FLURPRIMIDOL (TOPFLOR) ON WARM-SEASON BEDDING PLANTS
Authors: Gibson James L. , Crowley Shannon
Published: June 2019

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of flurprimidol or paclobutrazol on the growth of four bedding plant species: nicotiana (Nicotiana ×sanderae), portulaca (Portulaca grandiflora), verbena (Verbena ×hybrida), and zinnia (Zinnia elegans). Plants were treated 10 days after transplanting with foliar sprays of five concentrations (in mg·L–1): 5, 10, 20, 40, or 80 from each plant growth regulator. Phytotoxicity symptoms were not observed on plants sprayed with flurprimidol or paclobutrazol. Foliar sprays of flurprimidol at 20 mg·L–1 and paclobutrazol at 80 mg·L–1 provided sufficient growth control of nicotiana for retail sales, while concentrations of 40 to 80 mg·L–1 flurprimidol produced more compact plants for wholesale production. For portulaca only flurprimidol sprays of 40 and 80 mg·L–1 produced plants that were proportionate to the container. Foliar sprays of flurprimidol at 20 mg·L–1 and paclobutrazol at 40 mg·L–1 controlled growth of verbena and zinnia suitable for retail sales, while concentrations of 40 mg·L–1 flurprimidol and 80 mg·L–1 paclobutrazol provided more compact plants which may be useful for wholesale growers. Concentrations were based under Florida conditions and should be adjusted for other areas.
FRUITING PATTERNS OF TWO FIG (Ficus carica) CULTIVARS OVER A FIVE-YEAR PERIOD
Authors: Johnson Charles E. , Trappey Alfred F. , Whitley Kristi
Published: June 2019

The common fig is a popular backyard fruit tree and grown in small orchards throughout the coastal regions of the southeastern U.S. Two commonly grown cultivars in coastal areas have distinct fruiting patterns which would be of interest to processors and marketers of summertime fruit. A study was conducted over a 5-year period to determine the fruiting characteristics of `Celeste' and `LSU Purple' figs. The 9-year-old orchard used for the study is located in St. Gabriel, LA. Annual results over a 5-year period indicated a longer and more productive fruit-bearing season for `LSU Purple' than `Celeste'. The fruit-bearing cycle for `LSU Purple' is about 4 weeks longer than is for `Celeste'. `Celeste' and `LSU Purple' exhibited different fruiting patterns over a 5-year period. `Celeste' consistently produced ripe fruit about one week before `LSU Purple' over the 5-year period. `Celeste' produced 85% of its total yield in a 2-week period with one main crop per year. However, `LSU Purple' produced two and sometimes three distinct crops each year. `LSU Purple' produced a greater total yield compared to `Celeste' with 6.45 kg/tree compared to 4.57 kg for `Celeste' during the 5-year evaluation. Additionally, `LSU Purple' retained foliage longer each year than `Celeste'; a characteristic perhaps due to a higher level of resistance to fig leaf rust. In areas where `LSU Purple' is adapted, this selection of fig may offer a more productive alternative to traditional cultivars planted.
USE OF VOLUNTEERS IN CONDUCTING FIELD RESEARCH
Authors: Harper Kristen , Rom Curt R. , McAfee Jason
Published: June 2019

As funding directed toward research has diminished, it has become vital seek other avenues of support to maintain long term field projects. To meet this need, the University of Arkansas Horticulture Department began the Friends of Fruit (FOF) program during 2004 engaging volunteers in conducting tree fruit field research. Volunteers were graduates of the Master Gardener program and executed tasks including data collection and plot maintenance. Objectives of this study were to evaluate the experiences and benefits to the volunteers and horticulture department, and to assess the success of the FOF program in providing assistance and support to research. All volunteers and facilitators were interviewed. Interview questions were designed to understand the motivation and level of volunteer activity, determine if training and supervision was adequate, and determine if ample recognition occurred. Volunteers sought experience and knowledge with fruit crops. Costs to volunteers included time and travel, conversely benefits included knowledge, experience and fellowship. Volunteers planned to repeat the program and were pleased with the recognition they received. Facilitators noted that volunteers had basic horticultural knowledge and the desire to learn. The program did call for improved task management and increased planning time by facilitators. The program succeeded in benefiting volunteers and horticultural research. The FOF volunteers contributed to fruit research by harvesting ≈4,000 kg of fruit samples and providing >200 hours of time.
THE EFFECT OF IN-ROW TRANSPLANT SPACING ON SPRITE MELON YIELD AND SIZES
Authors: Jester W.R. , Taylor Brad
Published: June 2019

Sprite is an oriental crisp melon owned by Sakata Seeds. Markets and cultural practices were developed through the efforts of the N.C. Specialty Crops Program. In 2003 and 2004 studies were conducted to determine the in-row spacing, which would maximize the 20 (10.16 to 11.43 cm diameter) to 24 (9.53 to 10.16 cm diameter) count melons. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Plot size was 1.5 m × 6.1 m with a 1.5-m alley. Spacing treatments were as follows: 30.48 cm = 20 plants/plot; 45.72 cm = 13 plants/plot; 60.96 cm = 10 plants/plot; 76.2 cm = 8 plant/plot; 91.44 cm = 7 plant/plot and 106.68 cm = 6 plant/plot. In both years a conventional muskmelon plasticulture regime was used and a conventional fungicide and insecticide program was followed beginning at fruit set. Differences in total marketable yield at any in-row spacing were not evident in either year. In 2003, the 45.72-cm spacing produced significantly more 24 and 28 count melons and no differences were evident at other in-row spacing. In 2004, the 45.72-cm spacing yielded significantly more 20-count melons and significantly fewer 15–18 count melons than the other in-row spacing treatments. No difference between spacing treatments in the 24 and 28 count grades were evident in 2004. When the data was combined for both years, the in-row spacing treatments were not significantly different with respect to the 20, 24, and 28 count grades. The 45.72-cm spacing produced significantly less 15–18 count melons.
REDUCING METHYL BROMIDE RATES WITH VIRTUALLY IMPERMEABLE FILMS FOR SOILBORNE PEST CONTROL IN BELL PEPPER
Authors: Santos Bielinski M. , Gilreath James P. , Motis Timothy N.
Published: June 2019

Two field trials were conducted in Bradenton, Fla., to determine the effect of reduced methyl bromide plus chloropicrin (MBr + Pic 67:33 v/v) rates applied under two types of virtually impermeable films (VIF) on nutsedges (Cyperus spp.) and stunt nematode (Tylenchorhynchus spp.) control, and `Capistrano' bell pepper (Capsicum annuum) crop yield. MBr + Pic rates were 0, 88, 175, and 350 lb/acre. Mulch types were low-density polyethylene (LDPE) mulch, Hytibar VIF, and Bromostop VIF. Results showed that there were no differences on weed and nematode control, and bell pepper fruit yield between the two types of VIF. Two exponential models characterized the nutsedge responses to MBr + Pic rates with LDPE mulch and VIF, with weed densities declining as MBr + Pic rates increased. Reducing MBr + Pic rates by one-half (175 lb/acre) under VIF provided similar nutsedge control as the full-rate (350 lb/acre) with LDPE mulch. Similar results were observed with stunt nematode, where the most effective control occurred with VIF. Bell pepper yield with LDPE mulch responded linearly to increased MBr + Pic rates. However, a logarithmic model described the response of pepper yields to the fumigant rates under VIF. The application rate of this fumigant could be effectively reduced to 25% of the commercial rate (350 lb/acre) under either VIF, without causing significant bell pepper yield losses.
THE INCORPORATION OF THE FRACTAL GROWTH HABIT INTO WESTERN SHIPPING MELON
Authors: Staub Jack E. , Zalapa Juan
Published: June 2019

Plant improvement incorporating quantitatively inherited yield component traits is technically difficult, time consuming, and resource demanding. In melon (Cucumis melo L.), the inheritance of yield components is poorly understood. A unique highly branched fractal melon plant type has been developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) from exotic germplasm to improve yield of U.S. Western Shipping type melons (Group Cantalupensis). In order to more effectively develop useful germplasm for commercial use the genetic of components of yield must be clearly understood. Thus, the genetics of branching, an important yield component, was investigated. Melon progeny derived (F1, F2, F3, BC1P1, and BC1P2) derived from a cross between USDA line 846-1 (P1) and Top-Mark (P2) were used to evaluated in two locations (Wisconsin and California) to estimate of components of variance, and narrow-sense (h2N) and broad-sense (h2B) sense heritabilities. Lateral branch numbers among 71 to 119 F3 families were significantly different (P ¾ 0.01) regardless of test environment. Covariance analyses indicates that branching is moderately heritable (h2B = 0.62 to 0.76, h2N = 0.43 to 0.48), and conditioned by several additive factors (perhaps 2 to 4) that are highly additive. Although environment plays an important role in lateral branch development, family rankings over environments were relatively consistent, indicating that effective selection for this trait should be useful for incorporating the fractal plant habit into Western Shipping melon. The significant additive component underlying lateral branch number indicates that quantitative trait loci (QTL) conditioning this yield component might be identified for use in marker-assisted selection.
REGIONALIZATION AND FRUIT CROPS IN THE SOUTHERN REGION: BENEFITS AND CHALLENGES FROM AN ADMINISTRATIVE PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Bailey Douglas A.
Published: June 2019

Regional cooperative efforts such as the Southern Association of Agricultural Experiment Station Director's Advisory Committees, Development Committees, Multi-State Research Fund supported projects, and Southern Extension/Research Activities Information Exchange Groups have been in existence and have been successful for many years. However, there are opportunities and compelling circumstances for more intensive regionalized efforts, including multi-state faculty positions and multi-state cooperatives. The University of Georgia is involved in three multistate horticulture faculty positions—an orchard floor management specialist (shared with Clemson University and North Carolina State University), an apple research position (shared with Clemson University, North Carolina State University, and The University of Tennessee), and an apple extension specialist (shared with The University of Tennessee)—and one multi-state cooperative, the Southern Region Small Fruit Consortium (supported by Clemson University, North Carolina State University, The University of Georgia, and The University of Tennessee). Justification for these regional efforts includes the following: 1) federal legislation now mandates multi-institutional and integrated (research and extension) activities; 2) state boundaries form artificial barriers that are transparent to clientele groups, problems, and solutions; 3) decreasing state budgets have resulted in faculty and staff reductions at many institutions, with a subsequent decline in services to clientele groups; and 4) in times of limited funding, universities must focus on areas of excellence and collaborate with other institutions to fill in the remaining gaps. Benefits we have realized from these efforts include the following: 1) better service for minor commodities; 2) better educational programs due to larger venues and pooled overhead funds; 3) enhanced communication among institutions leading to increased cooperative efforts in other areas; and 4) reduced duplicity among institutions resulting in freed up resources to address other high priority areas. There are challenges unique to regional cooperatives: 1) travel distances for extension faculty may be increased and require a high degree of planning and coordination; 2) depending on the housing location of the shared specialist, response time can be greater than if program were housed in-state; and 3) shared programs require open, effective, and increased communications among cooperators. In our experience, the benefits of regionalization far outweigh the additional challenges encountered. However, to be successful: 1) the whole must be greater than the sum of the parts; 2) each partner must have identify preservation; 3) stakeholders must realize value from the programs and must be kept abreast of program successes to assure their continued support.
REGIONALIZATION AND FRUIT CROPS IN THE SOUTHERN REGION: USDA–ARS SOUTHERN HORTICULTURAL LABORATORY
Authors: Spiers J.M.
Published: June 2019

The Southern Horticultural Laboratory evolved from the USDA Small Fruit Research Station located at Poplarville, MS. A short history of the research facility and present horticultural research directions will be discussed. Emphases will be on past and present cooperative regional research efforts in horticultural crops.
APPLE CULTIVAR DEVELOPMENT IN ARKANSAS
Authors: Rom Curt R. , McAfee Jason , Johnson Donn
Published: June 2019

Apple cultivar development is an important program necessary to sustain the existing fruit industry and stimulate new production systems for Arkansas and the region. The cultivar development program has two parts. First, currently available cultivars are tested with multiple trees for multiple years. Second, about 150 advanced selections from the Arkansas apple breeding program are evaluated in trials with multiple trees (2nd test) and in replicated trials (3rd test). The goal of both programs is to identify cultivars that have potential in the local production systems and for Arkansas' markets, and to identify those cultivars which are not adapted to the region. All cultivars and advanced selections are evaluated for ∂35 qualitative and quantitative characteristics, including time of bloom, time of harvest, length of harvest season, fruit aesthetic and internal quality, environmental adaptability especially to heat and high light, and insect and disease susceptibility. Primary diseases for which cultivars and selections are screened include fireblight, cedar apple rust, powdery mildew, black rot, white rot and bitter rot. Primary insect pests include mites, codling moth, plum curculio and Japanese beetle. Cultivars are evaluated in the field, under standard management conditions for five to seven years of production before summary evaluation. The program has identified cultivars including traditional cultivars, new cultivars, and heritage cultivars adaptable to the local and regional climates and suitable for those markets.
Evaluation of Planter Errors Associated with Twin‐Row Soybean Production in Mississippi
Authors: Smith Richard M. , Kaur Gurpreet , Orlowski John M. , Mahaffey Jay , Edwards C. Blake , Singh Gurbir , Irby Trent , Krutz L. Jason , Falconer Larry , Cook Donald R. , Chastain Daryl
Published: June 2019

Core Ideas

The number of planter errors is associated with twin‐row planters.

Whole planter error reduced soybean yield compared with None on both soil textures.

Single and separate planter error did not reduce yield.

Replanting a soybean crop for any planter error is not economically beneficial.

Twin‐row planting of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] has become a popular practice in Mississippi and in much of the midsouthern United States. With the use of twin‐row planters, there is the potential for a number of planter errors. However, there is little information on the effect of twin‐row planter errors on soybean growth, seed yield, and replant decisions. Field experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in Mississippi to evaluate the effects of planter errors for four soybean varieties of different relative maturity groups (4.2, 4.7, 4.9, and 5.4) on soybean seed yield, canopy closure, and replant decisions for two soil textures (clay and sandy loam) commonly used for soybean production in Mississippi. Four planter errors associated with the twin‐row planting system included a control (None) consisting of the full intended stand with two normal twin rows within a bed, one single row from a twin‐row pair missing (Single), one row of a twin row pair missing in two adjacent rows (Separate), and both twin rows within a row missing (Whole). Whole planter error reduced soybean yield compared with None by 11 and 12% on clay and sandy loam soils, respectively. However, Single and Separate planter error did not reduce yield compared with None. Results indicate that it would not be economically beneficial to replant a soybean crop for any planter error at current soybean prices.
Evaluating Selection Methods for Carthamus Interspecific Crosses under Different Water Conditions
Authors: Shafiei‐Koij Fariba , Mirlohi Aghafakhr , Majidi Mohammad Mahdi , Saeidi Ghodratollah , Eskini Sajad
Published: June 2019

Core Ideas

Wild relatives of safflower are suitable source of genes for improvement of cultivated species.

Single plant selection is simple and results in genetic gain in safflower interspecific hybridization under both water stress and non‐stress conditions.

Indirect selection is more efficient than direct selection for tolerance to water limited conditions in safflower interspecific crosses.

Wild relatives of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) are a potential source of favorable genes for its further improvement through interspecific crosses. Therefore, two wild safflower species (C. palaestinus and C. oxyacanthus) were crossed with the cultivated counterpart in 2011. Three interspecific population progenies including C. palaestinus × C. tinctorius (PT), C. tinctorius × C. oxyacanthus (TO), and C. oxyacanthus × C. palaestinus (OP) were developed. Three selection methods including single plant selection (SPS), modified selected bulk (MSB) and modified bulk (MB) were applied at F3 generation in 2013. Selected lines were evaluated in F4 and F5 generations under water stress and non‐stress conditions during 2014 and 2015. The SPS and MSB methods resulted in higher genetic gain compared to MB under both moisture conditions. Even though, SPS and MSB were equally efficient in selecting better genotypes. SPS was much easier, less laborious, faster and cost‐effective method than MSB. A high percentage of agreement was observed between visual selection and selection based on actual yield only for SPS method by evaluating 2920 single plants. Capitulum diameter (CD) was a good criterion for visual selection of superior genotypes in the field condition under both moisture environments. The PT and TO lines that were produced by SPS and MSB methods showed slightly higher values for most measured traits when compared to the lines which were produced by MB selection method. The SPS‐derived lines were slightly earlier on maturity compared to the lines resulted from other selection methods.
KNMAIZE–A Model to Investigate the Dynamics of Kernel Set in Maize
Authors: Egli Dennis B.
Published: June 2019

Core Ideas

The dynamics of kernel set in maize was modeled at the individual kernel level.

Kernels survived when enough assimilate was available to meet their needs.

The model captures the dynamics of ear size, plant growth rate, and kernel growth.

The adjustment of kernels plant−1 to the assimilate supply is an important component of the yield production process in maize (Zea mays L.). A simulation model (KNMAIZE) was developed to better understand this process at the individual kernel level. Kernel survival was determined by comparing the assimilate supply (calculated from solar radiation) partitioned to reproductive growth during the initial stages of kernel development with the kernel assimilate requirement (based on published kernel growth curves) on a daily basis. When model parameters were optimized by maintaining the ratio of the sink (total kernel growth rate) and the source (total assimilate supply) equal to 1.0 during the linear phase of kernel growth, the model accurately mimicked the effect of plant growth rate, individual kernel growth rate, and ear size on kernels plant−1. The model also mimicked the plant density‐kernels m−2 relationship. Short‐term (3 or 5 d) variation in plant growth rate influenced kernels plant−1 11 to 15 d after the beginning of kernel growth. Modeling kernel number at the individual kernel level makes it possible to capture important aspects of the dynamics of kernel set that will lead to better predictions of kernel number and a clearer understanding of the elements of maize productivity in the field.
Effect of Subsurface Drainage Spacing and Depth on Crop Yield
Authors: Acharya Umesh , Chatterjee Amitava , Daigh Aaron Lee M.
Published: June 2019

Core Ideas

Subsurface drainage spacing affected corn and soybean production.

Narrower subsurface drainage spacing removes excess water from the soil profile in the wettest year.

Subsurface drainage depth does not affect corn and soybean production in a Fargo clay soil.

Drainage design recommendations for the poorly‐drained, frigid clay soils continue to evolve in the Red River Valley of the North (RRVN). The objective of this 3‐yr (2015–2017) study was to evaluate subsurface drainage spacing (9, 12, and 15 m) and depth (0.9 and 1.2 m) on corn (Zea mays L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris L.) yield and residual soil nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3–N) contents. Subsurface drain spacing had mixed effects on crop yield. For instance, drain spacing significantly affected corn, soybean, and sugarbeet yield in some, but not all of the 3 yr. The highest corn yield was observed under 9 m spacing and lowest with 15 m spacing for 3‐yr average and 2015 (the wettest year). However, wider spacing (15 m) recorded the highest corn yield during 2017 (the driest year). Similarly, sugarbeet yield was highest with the 15 m subsurface spacing (2017), soybean with 9 m spacing (2015 and 3‐yr average). Drain depth had no effect on corn and soybean yield, except for sugarbeet where the 1.2‐m depth had higher yield. The highest residual soil NO3–N for corn occurred for the narrower drain spacing (9 m), and 12 m spacing for sugarbeet in 2016. These data indicated that narrow spaced subsurface drains in poorly‐drained, frigid clay soils may increase corn and soybean yield during wet years, but that wider spacing may be beneficial during relatively dry years along 450 km extent of the RRVN.
Genotoxicity assessment of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) in somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen, 1830) (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: Pantaleão Silmara de Moraes , Santos Jéssica Adele dos , Linacher Thalyta , Santos Clisiane Carla de Souza , Estevam Charles dos Santos , Costa Neila Coelho da
Published: June 2019

Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. (Sapindales: Anacardiaceae) has been used in the Brazilian folk medicine to treat several illnesses. However, the phytochemical profile of S. brasiliensis as well as its genotoxic potential are poorly understood, which compromises population safety regarding the medicinal use of this plant species. In this study, we analyzed the genotoxic effects of S. brasiliensis using the Somatic Mutation and Recombination Test (SMART) of Drosophila melanogaster. Larvae from both standard cross (ST) and high bioactivation capacity cross (HB) were exposed to different concentrations of the hydroetanolic extract and ethyl acetate fraction of S. brasiliensis. We analyzed wings from D. melanogaster according to the type and number of mutant hair. Ours results suggested no genotoxic activity of S. brasiliensis in D. melanogaster somatic cells.
Morpho-physiological response of Solanum macrocarpon L. seedlings to different light intensities
Authors: Ogunrotimi Damilola Grace , Kayode Joshua
Published: June 2019

Seedlings of Solanum macrocarpon L. were transplanted into experimental pots containing 3 kg soil and placed under different levels of solar radiation to investigate their response to light intensities. The growth parameters revealed that seedlings under direct sunlight performed better than the ones under shade of mesh net. The plants growing under the shade had stunted growth and were highly susceptible to leaf abscission compared to those under direct sunlight which produced healthy stem and sturdy leaves. This could suggest S. macrocarpon possess higher tolerance to solar radiation. However, seedlings of under direct sunlight produced higher leaf area, leaf number, plant height and stem diameter than those under shade. High leaf area is important for light interception to allow for photosynthesis. These findings revealed that Solanum macrocarpon grows optimally under direct sunlight.
Assessment of powders of Alstonia boonei (De wild) and Acalypha godseffienna (Muell Arg.) as protectants of rice grains against infestation by Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier, 1789) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: Oyeniyi Emmanuel Ayobami
Published: June 2019

In this study, the mothcidal efficacy of powders of Alstonia boonei (De Wild) stem bark and Acalypha godseffienna (Muell Arg.) leaf part was investigated at ambient temperature (28 +/- 3 oC) and relative humidity (75% +/- 6%). Adult Sitotroga cerealella were exposed to both botanical powders using contact toxicity test at 1-5 g/20 g of paddy rice and mortality was assessed after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h post-treatment, respectively. The control experiment was also set-up for each botanical. Generally, both botanical powders significantly (P < 0.05) evoked higher moth mortality when compared to control. But, none of both plant powders elicit complete moth mortality (100%) at all the experimental dosage and exposure time. Lower dosage of A. boonei was however required to achieve 50% (24 h: 0.672; 72 h: 0.006) mortality in S. cerealella when compared to that of A. godseffienna (24 h: 1.546; 72 h: 0.238). Also, A. boonei at all experimental dosage significantly reduced (P < 0.05) emergence of S. cerealella when compared to control while A. godseffiana applied only at 2-5 g/20 g of paddy rice significantly reduced (P < 0.05) adult emergence when compared to control. The effect of A. boonei on the percentage inhibition rate of S. cerealella was significant (F4,15 = 6.69; P = 0.003) while that of A. godseffiana was not significant (F4,15 = 1.65; P = 0.213). It could therefore be concluded that powders of both botanicals could serve as a suitable wherewithal to most synthetic insecticides for the protection of rice grains from infestation by S. cerealella.
Taxonomic significance of epidermal and venation characters in the genus Diospyros L. (Ebenaceae) in Nigeria
Authors: Akinsulire Opeyemi Philips , Oladipo Olaniran Temitope , Abdulraheem Olawale Abdullahi , Akinloye Akinwumi Johnson , Illoh Herbert Chukwuma
Published: June 2019

This study investigated the foliar anatomy and venation patterns of thirteen species of the genus Diospyros in Nigeria with a view to identifying characters of great taxonomic value in the genus. Plant collections were made from different locations in Southwest Nigeria and the site of collection geo-referenced with a GPS device. Samples were identified at the Herbarium of Botany Department, Obafemi Awolowo University (IFE). Voucher Specimens were deposited in the herbarium and voucher number assigned to each of the species. The samples were subjected to foliar epidermal and venation examinations. Qualitative data were recorded as the quantitative data were subjected to statistical analysis and the characters vary significantly (P = 0.05). Epidermal and venation characters which separate the taxa include stomata type, size and index, shape and size of epidermal cell, trichome type, presence/absence of crystal/druses, as well as venation. Paxillate venation in D. suaveolens is diagnostic for the species. The presence of parenchymatous sheath over the veins and veinlets in D. tricolor is a spot character. The study reveals that leaf epidermal and venation characters are important in delimitation of species in the genus Diospyros.
Wheat agronomic parameters and water use efficiency under different bioclimatic stage in the North of Tunisia
Authors: Amel Belhaj Mguidiche , Douh Boutheina , Harbaoui Kalthoum
Published: June 2019

Improvement of water use efficiency (WUE) in wheat is important for almost all agricultural practices, so Water use efficiency (WUE), is the ratio of grain yield to crop water use, provides a simple means of assessing whether yield is limited by water supply or other factors. Limited precipitation restricts yield of wheat grown in Tunisia, so supplement irrigation will be paramount in Mediterranean agriculture in the future where wheat is a major crop. The present study was carried out in two stations of the Regional Filed Crop Research Center of Béja, Tunisia, in sub humid climatic stage and Oued Miliz in semi arid, in sub humid experiment was conducted rainfed whereas three irrigations levels were used in semi arid condition. The aim of this work was to study effect of biocliamtic stage and supplemental irrigation on yield and water use efficiency. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in biological water use efficiency between two climatic stages for all varieties; whereas in the same condition there no significant difference between varieties.
Assessment of pesticide residue on cocoa beans in Ondo State, Nigeria
Authors: Akinneye Joseph O. , Adeleye Oluwakemi A. , Adesina Femi P. , Akinyemi Makanjuola I.
Published: June 2019

Effects of radiation in biological systems are quite interesting. Interaction of radiation to epigenetic mechanisms has been also demonstrated earlier. The aim of this review is to sketch a current scenario on radiation exposure/insults on the epigenetic mechanisms in mammalian cells. Evidence from the databases, mainly from Pubmed and Science Direct were considered. Findings suggest that radiation has a dose and time-dependent effect in our body. Cells and tissues from different sources have differential responses towards radiation insults. Although radiation has impacts on epigenetic modulation, but it has beneficial combinatorial effects with a number of epigenetic modalities. Radiation has both bad and good impacts on epigenetic mechanisms.
Aprender del pasado: la delgada e ¡invisible! línea entre las políticas de seguridad de Andrés Pastrana y Álvaro Uribe
Authors: Manchola Castillo Camilo , Tiusabá Gómez Beatriz Helena
Published: June 2019

Las guerras que los Estados Unidos de América han emprendidoen contra de amenazas internacionales, se han justificado en«prácticas discursivas» de sus líderes, y las políticas de seguridadque se encarnan en las mismas. Se impone la necesidad de estudiarla relación entre estas y las políticas de seguridad de otros actoresdel sistema internacional. Este trabajo destaca la importancia quetuvieron tales prácticas en la securitización inducida por los EstadosUnidos de América de la política de seguridad en Colombia, entre1998 y 2006, durante los gobiernos Pastrana y Uribe. Se concluyeque las políticas de seguridad detrás de estas administraciones seinscribieron en los discursos securitizadores de las administracionesestadounidenses. Los niveles de securitización en el discurso variaronsolo en intensidad.
La paz en los discursos del presidente Juan Manuel Santos
Authors: Páez Lancheros Jairo Alonso , Fagua Jiménez Edilberto
Published: June 2019

El presente artículo de reflexión tiene por objeto evidenciar larelación que existe entre la propuesta del presidente Santos para laterminación del conflicto armado, la construcción de una paz establey duradera, contenida en sus dos discursos de posesión y la continuidad de la Doctrina de la Seguridad Nacional. Para el logro de las metas planteadas, se ha tomado como metodología el Análisis Crítico del Discurso (ACD), de Teun Van Dijk
La eficiencia de la carga de la prueba en los procesos por responsabilidad médica en Colombia
Authors: Bedoya Chavarriaga Juan Camilo
Published: June 2019

La asignación jurisprudencial de la carga de la prueba en los procesos de responsabilidad médica se presenta como ineficiente para generar incentivos comportamentales. Esto se debe a que dicharegla probatoria no toma en cuenta los efectos adversos de la inversión, así como los criterios de origen doctrinario para su eficiencia.De allí que el presente trabajo pretenda determinar la eficiencia de la carga de la prueba en tanto institución jurídica, desde los presupuestos del análisis económico en los procesos de responsabilidad médica, adelantados ante los jueces civiles del circuito.
Palabras clave: Acto médico, daño, responsabilidad, carga de prueba, análisis económico.