bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linking the content to demographic reach of online advertising of electronic nicotine delivery systems
Authors: Timberlake David S , Nikitin Dmitriy , Garcia-Cano Jennifer , Cino Samantha , Savkina Margarita , Pechmann Cornelia
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Recent studies have separately examined the content and demographic reach of the advertising of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). No study to our knowledge has linked the two in investigating whether racial/ethnic groups are differentially exposed to the comparative messages conveyed in online ENDS advertisements.

Methods

932 unique ENDS advertisements (6311 total), which were posted on 3435 websites between December, 2009 and October, 2015, were categorized as either comparative or non-comparative with respect to the traditional cigarette. The race/ethnicity of website visitors was obtained from a proprietary source and used in constructing variables for racial/ethnic viewership. The variables for advertising content and website racial/ethnic viewership were then linked yielding a final sample of 551 unique ENDS advertisements (2498 total) on 1206 websites. A two-level hierarchical generalized linear model, used in estimating website racial/ethnic viewership as a predictor of comparative advertising, accounted for the nesting of advertisements (level 1) within 152 ENDS brands (level 2).

Results

In contrast to racial/ethnic minorities, a greater proportion of non-Hispanic whites visited websites with ENDS advertisements than the overall proportion of nonHispanic white U.S. Internet users. Yet, it was the advertisements on websites that appealed to Hispanics that had greater odds of comparing ENDS to traditional cigarettes.

Conclusions

The lower exposure to ENDS advertising among racial/ethnic minorities versus non-Hispanic whites is consistent with survey data. Yet, the greater odds of comparative advertising of ENDS on websites that appeal to racial/ethnic minorities (ie, Hispanics) could impact the longterm health of minority smokers.

Implications

This study’s findings have important implications for the uptake of ENDS among minority smokers. If the comparative advertising yields greater interest and eventual use of ENDS, then minority smokers could either benefit from smoking cessation because they switch to ENDS, or adopt dual tobacco use. The fate of comparative advertising of ENDS versus the traditional cigarette will depend on the Food and Drug Administration enforcement of its deeming rules and the ensuing changes in the ENDS marketplace.
Comparison of ericoid and ectomycorrhizal colonization and ectomycorrhizal morphotypes in mixed conifer and pygmy forests on the northern California coast
Authors: Wurzburger Nina , Bledsoe Caroline S
Published: June 2017

On the northern California coast, mixed conifer forests occur on younger, relatively fertile terraces, whereas mesic and hydric pygmy forests occur on older, infertile, poorly drained terraces. We characterized mycorrhizal associations, ectomycorrhizal morphotypes, and colonization levels for nine plant species from three plant communities (mixed conifer, mesic pygmy, and hydric pygmy). Pinus contorta ssp. bolanderi (Parl.) Critchf. and Pinus muricata D. Don were ectomycorrhizal; all ericaceous plants formed ericoid mycorrhizas except Arctostaphylos nummularia A. Gray, which formed only arbutoid mycorrhizas. Arbuscular mycorrhizas were not observed, even on Cupressus goveniana ssp. pigmaea (Lemmon) J. Bartel. Ectomycorrhizal colonization was significantly lower in pygmy forests, while ericoid mycorrhizal colonization was significantly higher, as compared with the mixed conifer forest. Ectomycorrhizal and ericoid mycorrhizal colonization was greater on hummocks than in swales at hydric pygmy sites. Thirteen distinct ectomycorrhizal and arbutoid mycorrhizal morphotypes were observed: eight only on Pinus spp. and two only on A. nummularia. Two morphotypes were found only in mixed conifer, and eight were found only in pygmy communities. Distribution of morphotypes may reveal habitat and (or) host adaptation by ectomycorrhizal fungi.Key words: ectomycorrhizal morphotypes, ericoid mycorrhizas, pygmy forest, Ericaceae, mycorrhizal colonization, low-fertility soils.
Fossil synuracean (Chrysophyceae) scales in lake sediments: a new group of paleoindicators
Authors: Smol John P.
Published: June 2017

A qualitative examination of the recent sediments of 10 lakes spanning a wide range of limnological conditions indicated that synuracean scales were consistently well preserved in lake sediments. The stratigraphic distribution of the fossil scales of six Mallomonas species was then studied in the recent sediments of three Canadian Shield lakes. Two of these lakes (Found and Jake lakes) are adjacent to a major highway and have been subjected to moderate cultural disturbances. Delano Lake, isolated 4.5 km south of the road, was not subjected to these disturbances and hence was a control.Road construction coincided with the near extinction of Mallomonas allorgei in Found Lake, whilst M. fastigata increased in relative importance in both Found and Jake lakes following cultural disturbances. The Mallomonas standing crop, estimated from the accumulation rate of scales, increased strikingly in Found Lake immediately following the 1933 road construction. No sudden changes in Mallomonas species composition or standing crop were recorded in the control lake's recent history. These data suggest that Mallomonas taxa are sensitive to changes in water quality and are therefore potentially useful paleoindicators.
Effet des noeuds sur la direction de croissance des bourgeons axillaires des stolons de Stachys silvatica
Authors: Pfirsch E. , Makosso Th.
Published: June 2017

The plagiogeotropic growth of axillary buds of the epigeous autonomous stolon of Stachys silvatica is governed by multiple correlations inside this stolon. The horizontal growth of axillary buds on single node cultures depends on the action of a stolonisation substance, and on the presence of leaves on this node; leaves can be replaced with abscisic acid. The growth of the isolated bud, cultured in vitro, is always orthotropic, even though a stolonisation substance and abscisic acid are added to the culture medium. It thus appears that the node is the decisive element for horizontal growth.
Effect of Parthenium hysterophorus on nitrogen-fixing and nitrifying bacteria
Authors: Kanchan Sukhada , Jayachandra
Published: June 2017

Root or leaf extract of Parthenium hysterophorus L. inhibited the growth of Rhizobium phaseoli and Azotobacter vinelandii. Similar inhibition was caused by parthenin, caffeic acid, and anisic acid, the important inhibitors isolated from the weed. Leghaemoglobin content in the root nodules of the bean plants grown in soil mixed with Parthenium leaf was reduced significantly as compared with the control. Nitrosomonas activity was progressively lowered with decreasing distance from the plant and also in leaf- or root-mixed soil. Leaf and root leachate, parthenin, anisic acid, vanillic acid, and fumaric acid inhibited nitrite production to varying degrees.
The effect of fire severity level on postfire recovery of hazel and raspberry in east-central Alberta
Authors: Johnston Mark , Woodard Paul
Published: June 2017

A study of the effects of fire on the regrowth of beaked hazel (Corylus cornuta Marsh.) and wild red raspberry (Rubus strigosus Michx.) was carried out in Elk Island National Park, Alberta. Shrubs growing under an aspen stand were subjected to five levels of fire severity by artificially adjusting the fuel load on small plots within a larger prescribed fire. Effects studied included mortality, number of stem sprouts, height growth of sprouts, and number of leaves per sprout, all during the first growing season, and biomass after the second season. Generally, fire killed the shrub stems at all severity levels. Variation in fire severity had little significant effect on regrowth, except that lower levels seemed to favor higher numbers of hazel sprouts and increased raspberry height growth.
Chilling-induced chlorosis in maize (Zea mays)
Authors: Hodgins R. , Huystee R. B. van
Published: June 2017

The effect of chilling temperatures on the porphyrin pathway leading to chlorophyll was studied in Seneca Chief hybrid sweet corn. One-week-old seedlings grown at 28 °C in a 14 h light: 10 h dark photoperiod synthesize negligible amounts of chlorophyll when exposed to 12 °C for a subsequent 6 d. When the chilled plant is then brought back to 28 °C, chlorophyll synthesis is restored to control levels. Little difference in carotenoid content was detected between chill-stressed and control tissue even after 4 d of stress. Small differences in the chlorophyll content per 106 chloroplasts could be detected between stressed and control seedlings. Etiolated seedlings synthesize negligible amounts of chlorophyll or its precursors when illuminated at 12 °C. Incubation of tissue with aminolevulinic acid at various temperatures from 12 to 22 °C resulted in an accumulation of precursors comparable to 28 °C control tissue. The ability of etiolated tissue to accumulate aminolevulinic acid was negligible when illuminated at 12 °C as compared with that in tissue illuminated at 28 °C.
The occurrence of ectomycorrhizae in some species of Cistaceae in North America
Authors: Malloch David , Thorn R. Greg
Published: June 2017

Although the genera Cistus, Fumana, Helianthemum, and Tuberaria, all Cistaceae, have been shown to form ectomycorrhizae in the Old World, no species of Cistaceae has been reported to do so in North America. In this study three species of Helianthemum, two of Hudsonia, and two of Lechia occurring in North America were collected and examined for mycorrhizal infections. All species showed some evidence of ectomycorrhizae. Although it was difficult to determine the fungi responsible, constant plant–basidiomata associations suggest that ectomycorrhizae in North American Cistaceae may be formed by species of Amanita, Astraeus, Cenococcum, Inocybe, Laccaria, Leccinum, Russula, Scleroderma, and Thelephora.
In vitro development of isolated leaf primordia of Matteuccia struthiopteris
Authors: Aderkas P. Von , Hicks G.
Published: June 2017

Primordia (P2–P6) at the shoot apex were excised and cultured on Knudson's medium for a period of 4 weeks. The majority of primordia developed as leaves. The length, mass, and morphological complexity of these leaves were related to initial primordium age and height. There was a consistent trend toward the production of shorter, lighter, and less complex leaves from the younger, smaller initial explants. A second set of experiments traced the developmental fate of isolated primordia (P1–P4) over a longer period of time (12 weeks). Various kinds of secondary development were observed including bud and root development. Bud numbers decreased with primordial age. On the other hand, the rate of root formation increased.
Cytochemical studies on Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in a compatible wheat host. I. Walls of intercellular hyphal cells and haustorium mother cells
Authors: Chong J. , Harder D. E. , Rohringer R.
Published: June 2017

Walls of intercellular hyphae and haustorium mother cells of the stem rust fungus in wheat leaves were studied cytochemically using lectin probes, periodate – thiocarbohydrazide – silver proteinate or periodate–chromate–phosphotungstate staining, and protease treatment. Up to six possible layers in the haustorium mother cell walls and four in the hyphal walls were resolved. Three outer layers of the haustorium mother cell walls were continuous with the three outer layers of the hyphal walls. The two innermost layers of the haustorium mother cell walls were not continuous with the hyphal walls but formed part of the septum. These two layers differed from the other layers of the haustorium mother cell walls in having no affinity to concanavalin A. In both hyphal and haustorium mother cell walls, components with an affinity for concanavalin A were extractable with protease treatment. Wheat-germ lectin binding occurred throughout the fungal walls except in the two outermost layers. Periodate-sensitive glycosubstances were also common, but the amounts varied among layers. Although some of these glycosubstances were confirmed as polysaccharides containing sugars with vicinal hydroxyl groups, much of the glycosubstances present in the walls was sensitive to protease treatment, indicating a possible glycoprotein composition.
The development of infection structures of Plasmopara halstedii in suspensions of sunflower cells
Authors: Gray A. Bruce , Sackston W. E. , Thauvette Louis
Published: June 2017

Zoospores of Plasmopara halstedii germinate in water by a germ tube which elongates but does not differentiate. Zoospores in a suspension containing sunflower cells produced a short germ tube terminating in an appressorium flattened against a host cell. Zoospores which adhered to the Petri dish without contacting a host cell also produced appressorialike structures, which in some cases differentiated further to produce structures resembling infection vesicles in Plasmopara-infected sunflower cells. Initiation of infection structures may require diffusible products from host cells but apparently does not require contact with the cells.
Wave nature and a theory of cambial activity
Authors: Stieber Joseph
Published: June 2017

A Kontron MOP system (electromagnetic electronic image analyser with built-in microprocessor system) was used for the quantitative microscopic analysis of trunks from sycamore maple and elm. It was established that the radial sizes of the derivative cells (mainly wood fibres) from each single cambium mother cell occur in a wave pattern over time which is not identical with the growth ring changes. Trachea appear regularly in the troughs in the sycamore maple and in the peaks in the elm. The author traces the well-known diverse nature of cambial production back to the most simple and antagonistic basic characteristics of cambial activity. This enables the construction of an encompassing variation system using code words for the distinct characterization of all possible wood structures and classification according to dynamic-cambial combinations. Furthermore, the existence of function-determining factors which move along the cambium may be regarded as proven on the basis of the analysis. The appearance can be explained according to the so-called "rhythmic profactor theory," which enables the construction of all possible wood structures through the appropriate combination of only a few rhythmic (harmonic) oscillation components in model systems.
Lack of protein polymorphism in the endemic relict Chrysosplenium iowense (Saxifragaceae)
Authors: Schwartz Orlando A.
Published: June 2017

The narrowly endemic Chrysosplenium iowense was electrophoretically surveyed for 18 enzyme–protein systems. No variation in eight clearly resolved enzyme loci was found in 210 nodes from five sites located in the driftless region of northeastern Iowa. Ten other enzyme and protein systems were either not present or not mobile on starch gel. The biology of this species is consistent with that proposed for narrow endemics that have low levels of genetic variability, except that this species has a high ploidal level.
Effect of heat shock on protein synthesis in flax rust uredosporelings
Authors: Shaw Maichael , Boasson Rosalinda , Scrubb Leroy
Published: June 2017

In uredosporelings of Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Lév. germinated for 3 h, uptake of [35S]methionine and its incorporation into protein were depressed during a 2-h heat shock induced by transfer from 17 ± 0.5 to 31 °C. Spectrophotometric scans of fluorograms, prepared after one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulphate – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of aliquots of protein extracts containing equal numbers of disintegrations per minute (1 dps = 1 Bq) in protein, showed that heat shock induced statistically significant changes in the relative degrees of incorporation of [35S]methionine into 15 polypeptide bands. Increased labelling occurred in seven bands, which appear to be heat shock proteins with apparent molecular masses of 84, 71, 43.5, 30.5, 19.5, 18, and 17 kD. Decreased labelling occurred in eight bands, which appear to be heat stroke proteins with apparent molecular masses of 56, 54, 48, 46, 34, 32, 31.5, and 14 kD. When [35S]methionine was administered during heat shock at 31 °C the same pattern of polypeptide labelling was observed in extracts made immediately without return to 17 °C and in extracts made after uredosporelings were returned to 17 °C for 24 h. Thus label incorporated into each polypeptide during heat shock was retained for at least 24 h after the return to 17 °C. Administration of [35S]methionine at 17 °C after completion of the heat shock showed that the "normal" or "nonshock" pattern of labelling began to be resumed within 2 h after transfer from 31 to 17 °C. The results are discussed in relation to the effect of heat shock in promoting the initiation and growth of mycelial colonies from uredosporelings in axenic culture.
Dépérissement et état hydrique des aiguilles chez le Picea abies
Authors: Badot P. M. , Garrec J. P. , Millet B. , Badot M. J. , Mercier J.
Published: June 2017

A study of the water status of spruce needles was conducted to characterize the physiology of the dieback disease of spruce in forests of the French Jura. Alterations of needles in the affected trees were observed with scanning electron microscopy. The water content of those trees was lower than that of healthy ones. Analyses of potassium, calcium, and magnesium levels in the needles have not revealed any deficiencies in major elements, but changes in mineral composition of the needles were observed in diseased trees. The direct action of air pollutants on foliage could explain the results. However, climatic, edaphic, and other factors could also be involved in the present dieback disease of forests. [Journal translation]
Growth, nodule morphology, and nitrogenase activity of Myrica gale with roots grown at various oxygen levels
Authors: Silvester Warwick B. , Whitbeck Julie , Silvester Janet K. , Torrey John G.
Published: June 2017

Myrica gale L. plants were inoculated with Frankia strain HFP M+g15 and grown for 28 days with root systems exposed to 2, 5, 10, 21, and 40 kPa O2. Plant growth was similar under all treatments, except for a small decrease in final size of plants at 2 kPa O2. At the end of the experiment nitrogenase activity of representative plants was analyzed over a variety of Po2 levels using an open-flow cuvette. Optimum nitrogenase activity was found at Po2 levels close to the growth Po2 in all cases and plants showed no short-term adaptation to oxygen. Specific activity of maximum nitrogenase was similar for all treatments, being within a factor of two. Nitrogenase activity showed rapid transient responses to step shifts in Po2 during assay and irreversible decline in activity at Po2 levels above optimum. Morphological responses to changing Po2 include a dramatic increase in nodule-root growth, inversely proportional to ambient Po2, and a variety of internal structural changes reducing nodule ventilation with Po2 increase. No modification in vesicle envelope thickness was observed over the range of Po2 studied. We conclude that oxygen protection in M. gale nodules operates through a complex suite of morphological controls, but that modification of nodule-root surface area is probably the prime mechanism.
Adaptation of nitrogenase to varying oxygen tension and the role of the vesicle in root nodules of Alnus incana ssp. rugosa
Authors: Silvester Warwick B. , Silvester Janet K. , Torrey John G.
Published: June 2017

Growth of Alnus incana ssp. rugosa plants with root systems at Po2 levels of 5, 21, and 40 kPa showed no significant differences among treatments over a 6-week period. Nitrogenase activity of attached nodulated foot systems run in an opencuvette continuous-flow system generally was responsive to Po2 over a broad range around the optimum. Plants expressed acetylene-induced and oxygen-induced transient declines in nitrogenase activity, from which they spontaneously recovered. Nitrogenase activity was seldom stable at any one Po2 during assay with apparent adaptation to both above- and below-ambient Po2 Nodule morphology showed quantitative decreases in aeration pathways as ambient Po2 was increased, with air spaces in the cortex and infected tissue being significantly affected. The major change in response to Po2 was the change in vesicle structure. Vesicles from nodules at low Po2 showed a vanishingly thin vesicle envelope under dark-field microscopy, while at high Po2 vesicles appeared very bright and apparently thickened. The results suggest that the major barrier to O2 diffusion in Alnus nodules is the vesicle envelope of the bacterium.
Variations in long-term wheat somatic tissue culture
Authors: Buyser J. De , Hartmann C. , Henry Y. , Rode A.
Published: June 2017

Morphological and chromosomal changes were induced among plants regenerated from wheat somatic embryogenic tissues that retain regenerative potential for a long time. An effect of in vitro culture on mitochondrial DNA was also ascertained since variations in mitochrondrial DNA were observed in embryogenic and nonembryogenic genotypes. These variations were detected on restriction patterns. The possible significance of the mtDNA variations in affecting plant fertility and regeneration ability is discussed.
Respiration and mass loss rates of aspen and pine leaf litter decomposing in laboratory microcosms
Authors: Taylor Barry R. , Parkinson Dennis
Published: June 2017

Respiration rates and mass losses of decomposing pine (Pinus contorta Loud. × P. banksiana Lamb.) and aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) leaf litter were compared in laboratory microcosms for a range of temperature and moisture levels. For both litter types, a pair of high-temperature treatments (18, 26 °C) and a pair of low-temperature treatments (2, 10 °C) were distinguishable on the basis of respiration rate, mass loss, shape of the respiration curve, and (for pine) estimated microbial efficiency. Respiration rates in high-temperature treatments showed an initial increase to a wide peak (wider and later at 18 than at 26 °C), followed by a sharp decline; respiration of low-temperature treatments was nearly constant through time or declined slowly. Moisture level (15, 30, or 60 mL∙week−1 watering rate) was less important than temperature in determination of mass losses or respiration rates. Aspen respiration at 18 and 26 °C peaked sooner and declined more rapidly at higher moisture levels than at lower ones; at 2 and 10 °C, higher moisture levels inhibited respiration owing to saturation. Mass loss of pine needles after 153 days decay was a linear function of temperature (R2 = 0.92). The best regression describing mass loss of aspen litter after 130 days decay was a linear function of both temperature and moisture, without interaction (R2 = 0.82). Moisture level became more influential as temperature increased. Researchers are cautioned about the limitations of cumulative respiration curves, and alternatives, such as ANOVA, correlation, and the runs test, are suggested.
Diagravitropic growth promoted by high sucrose contents in Paspalum vaginatum, and its reversion by gibberellic acid
Authors: Willemoës Jorge G. , Beltrano José , Montaldi Edgardo R.
Published: June 2017

Paspalum vaginatum Swartz stems growing in different directions (tillers, stolons, and rhizomes) were studied to determine the effect of sucrose on the phenomenon of plagiotropism. Sucrose content was found to be notably lower in erect stems than in stems growing horizontally. Plants sprayed with gibberellic acid underwent upward curvatures of stolons and showed a remarkable decrease in sucrose content of stolons and rhizomes. An exogenous supply of a 0.03 M sucrose solution to stolons did not significantly reduce the negative gravitropic curvature induced by excising them from the parent plant, but a more concentrated solution (0.21 M sucrose) maintained the plagiotropic growth. Gibberellic acid treatment overcame the effect of a high sucrose supply and induced upward curvatures even with a high sucrose supply.
Life cycle of a new species of Blumeriella (Ascomycotina: Dermateaceae), a leaf-spot pathogen of spirea
Authors: Williamson Margaret A. , Bernard Ernest C.
Published: June 2017

Cylindrosporium filipendulae Thuem. was isolated from diseased Spiraea ×vanhouttei Zabel in Tennessee. On the basis of acervulus formation and conidial morphology, C. filipendulae is transferred to the genus Phloeosporella. Apothecia observed on overwintered S. ×vanhouttei leaves were determined by cultural methods to be the teleomorph of the Phloeosporella species. Conidia produced in culture by ascospore isolates infected spirea leaves and induced symptoms identical with those caused by the Phloeosporella species. Morphology and development of the teleomorph were compared with those of Blumeriella jaapii (Rehm) v. Arx (= Coccomyces hiemalis Hig.) and found to be quite similar. The new teleomorph is described as a species of Blumeriella.
Introduction
Authors: Budd K.
Published: June 2017

A joint meeting of the Canadian Society of Plant Physiologists and the recently formed Canadian Society for Plant Molecular Biology was held at Queen's University, Kingston, Ont., June 9 – 12, 1987. The meeting formed a timely recognition of the multiple common interests of the two societies, some of which found expression in the presentation of two joint symposia. The second of these, Topics in Plant Nitrogen Metabolism, is published in the following pages.It is impossible to overestimate the significance of plant nitrogen metabolism, both from the redoubtable standpoint of economics and from the larger one of global ecology. Appropriately, the systems and problems discussed in the symposium covered both aquatic and terrestrial plants (in the broad sense of that word). It is also noteworthy that the organisms discussed ranged from the prokaryotic to complex eukaryotic. A third aspect of the symposium was the theme that nitrogen metabolism interacts strongly with that of carbon and, thus, with photosynthesis, respiration, and the synthesis of proteins. Of course, it is precisely because of interactions like these that nitrogen and its biochemistry are of such biological importance.To each of the speakers in this symposium, both societies are deeply grateful for their efforts, insights, and not least for their willingness to prepare their symposium presentations for publication in this issue. Sincere thanks are also expressed to Dr. Brian Ellis and Dr. Roger Horton, for acting as editors for these reports, and to the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada and to Allelix Inc., for their financial sponsorship of the symposium.
Studies in the genus Xanthoconium (Boletaceae). II. Type studies.
Authors: Wolfe Jr. C. B.
Published: June 2017

The holotypes of Xanthoconium affine, X. affine var. maculosum, X. purpureum, X. stramineum, and Gyroporus woodiae were studied microscopically. The results supported earlier type studies of X. affine and X. affine var. maculosum by other authors and confirmed the synonymy of G. woodiae and X. stramineum.
Influence of vesicular – arbuscular mycorrhizal infection and soil phosphorus level on growth and carbon metabolism of soybean
Authors: Fredeen Arthur L. , Terry Norman
Published: June 2017

The effect of vesicular–arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal infection on growth and photosynthesis in nodulated soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Hobbit) plants cultured at high and low levels of soil phosphorus (P) was explored in a 2 × 2 factorial experiment. The high- and low-P soils were constituted by adding 200 and 40 μg P (KH2PO4) ∙ g−1, respectively, to a low-P soil (8 μg ∙ g−1 bicarbonate extractable P). Mycorrhizal (Glomus fasciculatum Thaxter sensu Gerdemann) and non-mycorrhizal inocula were added to each soil, thereby constituting the two mycorrhizal treatments. In plants grown in low-P soil, VA mycorrhizal infection resulted in higher foliar P concentrations (compared with the nonmycorrhizal treatment) and in significantly greater shoot and nodule dry weights. In plants grown in high-P soil, VA mycorrhizal infection had no significant or consistent effect on shoot or root dry weights or on P concentrations, and decreased nodule weight. Photosynthetic rates were not affected by VA mycorrhizal infection or P treatment. These results suggest that in low P grown plants, VA mycorrhizal infection increased the uptake and transport of P to leaves and that this, in turn, resulted in greater rates of shoot growth via an increased production of photosynthate, not because of an increase in photosynthesis on a leaf are basis but because of an increase in the rate of expansion of the leaf surface.
Host range of Puccinia xanthii and postpenetration development on Xanthium occidentale
Authors: Morin Louise , Auld Bruce A. , Brown John F.
Published: June 2017

In glasshouse studies, small necrotic foliar flecks developed on globe artichoke, calendula, slender thistle, and winged slender thistle following inoculation with basidiospores of the microcyclic rust Puccinia xanthii. Fourteen inoculated cultivars of sunflower developed various types of symptoms: small necrotic and chlorotic flecks, underdeveloped telia, and small swollen petiole and stem lesions. Xanthium spinosum developed very slow-growing telia. In controlled environment studies, the four Xanthium spp. comprising the Noogoora burr (cocklebur) complex in Australia were highly susceptible to infection by P. xanthii. Maximum disease severity was observed after rust telia and X. occidentale plants were exposed to a dew period of 24 h. Less disease symptoms were observed in plants exposed to shorter (3, 6, 12 h) or longer (36 h) dew periods. Plants inoculated with several loads of inoculum (exposure to four inoculum plates) were less diseased than plants inoculated with fewer inoculum loads. Infected plants began to develop disease symptoms 5 days after inoculation, when grown at 25 °C. Infected plants developed very few small chlorotic flecks and no disease symptoms when grown at 10 and 40 °C, respectively. The flecks produced on plants kept at 10 °C developed into telia when plants were transferred to a glasshouse (25 °C). Repetitive inoculations of plants for 1 month increased the overall severity of the disease and this resulted in a reduction in plant height. Key words: Xanthium, host range, Puccinia xanthii, biological weed control.
Phenotypic plasticity and contrasting habitat colonization in Festuca pallescens
Authors: Oliva Gabriel , Martínez Arturo , Collantes Marta , Dubcovsky Jorge
Published: June 2017

Eight populations of Festuca pallescens (Poaceae) from southern Patagonia (Argentina) were chosen to test whether their morphology and anatomy were associated with climatic and edaphic characteristics of their habitats and to discriminate genetic and plastic components of the variation. Fourteen environmental variables were measured to characterize eight localities. Cluster analysis classified them into four habitats. Principal components analysis based on 22 morphological and anatomical characters of five individuals from each population was performed. This ordination grouped them by habitat. Small plants with a low number of spikelets were found in the xeric habitat, whereas plants of the saline habitat showed a significantly higher number of spikelets. Large plants were characteristic of the humid habitats, but at higher elevations of foothill humid valleys the plants produced few spikelets per panicle with larger lemmas and heavier propagules than those in the coastal humid plains. A larger sample of 10 populations drawn from across the distribution of F. pallescens showed that seed collected at high altitudes were significantly heavier then those collected near sea level. The same characters were measured again 1 year after transplanting to uniform conditions. Significant differences between habitats disappeared. These data showed that phenotypic plasticity allows for diverse habitat colonization of this widespread species. Key words: Gramineae, phenotypical plasticity, seed weight, principal components analysis, ecotypes.
Host-parasite relationships in bean cultivars of varying susceptibility to bean rust
Authors: Harding M W , Stutz J C , Roberson R W
Published: June 2017

Components of disease development were measured in three cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (common bean) infected with Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.:Pers.) Unger (bean rust fungus) race O. Disease measurements and light and electron microscope data of host-parasite relationships were obtained and analyzed. Uredinial size, infection efficiency, latent period, and fungal colony radius were measured from infected bean leaves that were grown under controlled conditions. Phaseolus vulgaris cultivar Pinto 111, a highly susceptible check, displayed the largest uredinia, the highest infection efficiency, large colony radii, and a short latent period. Cultivars Early Gallatin and Kentucky Wonder (K.W.) 814 displayed moderate and low susceptibility, respectively. Cultivar Early Gallatin had smaller uredinia, reduced infection efficiency, and longer latent period when compared with cv. Pinto 111. Cultivar K.W. 814 was characterized by minute pustules, restricted colony expansion, and the longest latent period. Ultrastructural data of host-parasite relationships were collected from infected leaf tissues and prepared for transmission electron microscopy by high-pressure cryofixation and freeze substitution. In 'Pinto 111' the collars around haustorial necks were composed of a fibrillar network embedded in an electron transparent matrix. Ultrastructural observations indicated that Cultivars K.W. 814 and Early Gallatin deposited more collar material than 'Pinto 111.' Networks of tubular endomembranes developed near the host-parasite interface in the host cytoplasm of cultivars K.W. 814 and Early Gallatin. The tubules showed continuity with the extrahaustorial membrane and contained an amorphous, electron-dense material in the lumen. Tubular endomembranes were not seen in the highly susceptible cultivar Pinto 111.
Recorded captures of American lobster (Homarus americanus) in Swedish waters and an observation of predation on the European lobster (Homarus gammarus)
Authors: Øresland Vidar , Ulmestrand Mats , Agnalt Ann-Lisbeth , Oxby Gert
Published: June 2017

The intentional or unintentional release of American lobsters (Homarus americanus), imported through the European seafood trade, has resulted in findings of H. americanus in European waters. A total of 36 specimens was recorded within a smaller area, halfway along the Swedish west coast, between 2008 and 2016. The lobsters were caught by both recreational and professional fishermen and delivered to the Institute of Marine Research in Lysekil, where species identification, measurements, and genetic sampling were performed. Twenty-five of these lobsters were caught inside the sill of the Gullmar Fjord, most of them close to Lysekil harbor, where escapes from an illegal holding is suspected. Six females had eggs, which in two cases were hybrids. While there is no evidence to suggest that a population has been established in the Gullmar Fjord or elsewhere in Swedish waters, serious concerns must be raised regarding the possible consequences for the native species. An American lobster has for the first time been filmed eating a killed European lobster (Homarus gammarus) in Swedish waters.
Scale hierarchies and string cosmology
Authors: Antoniadis I.
Published: June 2017

I describe the phenomenology of a model of supersymmetry breaking in the presence of a tiny (tuneable) positive cosmological constant. It utilizes a single chiral multiplet with a gauged shift symmetry, that can be identified with the string dilaton (or an appropriate compactification modulus). The model is coupled to the MSSM, leading to calculable soft supersymmetry breaking masses and a distinct low energy phenomenology that allows to differentiate it from other models of supersymmetry breaking and mediation mechanisms. We also study the question if this model can lead to inflation by identifying the dilaton with the inflaton. We find that this is possible if the Kähler potential is modified by a term that has the form of NS5-brane instantons, leading to an appropriate inflationary plateau around the maximum of the scalar potential, depending on two extra parameters.
Energy Harvesting from the Animal/Human Body for Self-Powered Electronics
Authors: Dagdeviren Canan , Li Zhou , Wang Zhong Lin
Published: June 2017

Living subjects (i.e., humans and animals) have abundant sources of energy in chemical, thermal, and mechanical forms. The use of these energies presents a viable way to overcome the battery capacity limitation that constrains the long-term operation of wearable/implantable devices. The intersection of novel materials and fabrication techniques offers boundless possibilities for the benefit of human health and well-being via various types of energy harvesters. This review summarizes the existing approaches that have been demonstrated to harvest energy from the bodies of living subjects for self-powered electronics. We present material choices, device layouts, and operation principles of these energy harvesters with a focus on in vivo applications. We discuss a broad range of energy harvesters placed in or on various body parts of human and animal models. We conclude with an outlook of future research in which the integration of various energy harvesters with advanced electronics can provide a new platform for the development of novel technologies for disease diagnostics, treatment, and prevention.
FEBio: History and Advances
Authors: Maas Steve A. , Ateshian Gerard A. , Weiss Jeffrey A.
Published: June 2017

The principal goal of the FEBio project is to provide an advanced finite element tool for the biomechanics and biophysics communities that allows researchers to model mechanics, transport, and electrokinetic phenomena for biological systems accurately and efficiently. In addition, because FEBio is geared toward the research community, the code is designed such that new features can be added easily, thus making it an ideal tool for testing novel computational methods. Finally, because the success of a code is determined by its user base, integral goals of the FEBio project have been to offer support and outreach to our community; to provide mechanisms for dissemination of results, models, and data; and to encourage interaction between users. This review presents the history of the FEBio project, from its initial developments through its current funding period. We also present a glimpse into the future of FEBio.
Research on Behavior Model of Rumor Maker Based on System Dynamics
Authors: Zhu Xiaoqian , Liu Fengming
Published: June 2017

Laws of rumor makers’ behaviors are the root of curbing rumor and effective way to block rumor occurrence. Therefore, based on system dynamics model, this paper proposed the rumors behavior evolution model of rumor makers, aimed at discovering the laws of rumor makers’ behaviors to achieve rumors blocking. First, by refining the driving factors in disinformation behavior, we constructed causal diagram of disinformation behavior evolution; secondly, by means of causal diagram, we constructed stock-flow diagram for quantitative analysis; finally, simulation experiment was carried out by using Vensim Personal Learning Edition software (Vensim PLE). The results showed that negative attitude is a major factor in the occurrence of disinformation behavior; personal factors are more pronounced than the factors of social and government on the impact of disinformation propensity score.
Novel Complexity Indicator of Manufacturing Process Chains and Its Relations to Indirect Complexity Indicators
Authors: Modrak Vladimir , Soltysova Zuzana
Published: June 2017

Manufacturing systems can be considered as a network of machines/workstations, where parts are produced in flow shop or job shop environment, respectively. Such network of machines/workstations can be depicted as a graph, with machines as nodes and material flow between the nodes as links. The aim of this paper is to use sequences of operations and machine network to measure static complexity of manufacturing processes. In this order existing approaches to measure the static complexity of manufacturing systems are analyzed and subsequently compared. For this purpose, analyzed competitive complexity indicators were tested on two different manufacturing layout examples. A subsequent analysis showed relevant potential of the proposed method.
Revision of Alaptus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in the Holarctic region, with taxonomic notes on some extralimital species
Authors: TRIAPITSYN SERGUEI V.
Published: June 2017

The Holarctic species of Alaptus Westwood (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) are revised and illustrated. An identification key to females of 17 species (16 named) is provided. The known distribution ranges are given, including new records of the extralimital specimens examined. Four newly described taxa are A. huberi sp. n. (Ontario, Canada), A. klonx sp. n. (Florida, Michigan and New York, USA), A. plih sp. n. (Sakhalin Island, Russia), and A. santetrapsi sp. n. (Far East of Russia as well as Alberta, Ontario and Yukon, Canada). The following new synonymies are proposed: A. extremus Soyka, syn. n., A. magnus Cheke & Turner, syn. n., and A. novickyi Soyka, syn. n. under A. fusculus Walker; A. priesneri Soyka, syn. n. under A. iceryae Riley; A. globosicornis variety hawaiiensis Girault, syn. n. and A. peregrinus (Perkins), syn. n. under A. globosicornis Girault; A. antillanus Cheke & Turner, syn. n. and A. caecilii Girault, syn. n. under A. immaturus Perkins; A. aegyptiacus Soyka, syn. n., A. auranti (García Mercet), syn. n., A. borinquensis Dozier, syn. n., A. intonsipennis Girault, syn. n., A. maccabei Girault, syn. n., A. maidli Soyka, syn. n., and A. malchinensis Soyka, syn. n. under A. minimus Westwood; Metalaptus torquatus Malenotti, syn. n. (from the previous synonymy under A. auranti), A. pechlaneri Soyka, syn. n., and A. psocidivorus Gahan, syn. n. under A. pallidicornis Foerster; A. globularis Sveum & Solem, syn. n. under A. schmitzi Soyka; and A. richardsi Hincks, syn. n. and A. tritrichosus Maláč, syn. n. under A. stammeri Soyka. Alaptus terebrans Kryger, stat. rev. is resurrected as a valid taxon from its previous synonymy under A. extremus, and A. globosicornis variety australiensis Girault is given species rank as A. australiensis Girault, stat. n. Lectotypes are designated for A. andersoni Ferrière, A. borinquensis, A. caecilii, A. eriococci Girault, A. foersteri Soyka, A. globosicornis, A. iceryae, A. malchinensis, A. pallidicornis, A. stammeri, Leimacis peregrinus Perkins, and Parvulinus auranti García Mercet; and neotypes are designated for A. excisus Westwood and A. immaturus. Taxonomic notes on six extralimital species of Alaptus are provided.
The Relationship Between the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio and In-Stent Restenosis in Patients With Femoropopliteal Chronic Total Occlusions
Authors: Chang Zhihui , Zheng Jiahe , Liu Zhaoyu , Guo Qiyong
Published: June 2017

We investigated the relationship between the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and in-stent restenosis (ISR) in patients with femoropopliteal chronic total occlusions (CTOs). The study enrolled 180 patients who had undergone successful stenting treatment for femoropopliteal CTO. Patients with ISR were subsequently classified into 2 groups: early-ISR (within 1 year) and late-ISR (after 1 year). The clinical characteristics, angiographic data, and follow-up data were recorded. The baseline NLR was significantly higher in the early-ISR group than that in the non-ISR group [3.96(2.14) and 3.33(2.73), p = .04]. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis suggested an optimum early ISR NLR cutoff point of 3.62, which showed a sensitivity and specificity of 73.4% and 80.4%, respectively (area under the curve: 0.707, 95% confidence interval: 0.603-0.792, P < .001). A subgroup analysis was performed based on the NLR value (<3.62 vs ≥3.62). In the NLR ≥3.62 subgroup, the incidence of early ISR was higher than that of late ISR ( P < .01). In the multivariate analysis, NLR ≥3.62 was independently and positively associated with a higher risk of early ISR. In conclusion, NLR is independently associated with early ISR after stent implantation in patients with femoropopliteal CTO.
Polyvictimization Experiences and Depression Among Youth Living in Foster Care
Authors: Delaney Aimée X. , Wells Melissa
Published: June 2017

Current research indicates that violence against youth contributes to adverse psychological outcomes but has yet to focus on violence against youth while living in foster care and the associated psychosomatic changes over time. Multilevel modeling regression was used to analyze self-reported depression for a sample of 354 youth living in foster care from one Midwestern state. The present study found that changes in depression levels over time among the foster care youth who experienced polyvictimization, compared to the youth who experienced child maltreatment alone, were conditional upon gender and varied significantly by race. Policy implications are discussed.
Taxonomical Classification of Arable Lands in the District Pulwama of Kashmir, India
Authors: Rehman N. Z , Maqbool Masrat , Ram D , Wani J. A
Published: June 2017

Knowledge about morphological, physical and chemical characteristics of soil is an essential requirement for successful crop establishment and output in an area. Taking this concept into cognizance, nine representative soil profiles exposed in the study area were assessed for various properties. Results revealed that the topographical as well as soil morphological features were diverse thereby leading to development of different soil assets. The soils showed varying degree of profile development on foothills (A-C), low hill plateaus (A-Bw-C) and inland valleys (A-Bt-C) horizons, respectively. Particle size analysis revealed that the variation of sand, silt and clay content ranged from 11.7 to 60.6, 22.3 to 60.5 and 17.1 to 35.3 percent, respectively. Organic carbon ranged from 0.02 to 1.72 percent with a mean value of 0.42 percent. Bulk density and particle density ranged from 1.21 to 1.58 Mg m-3 and 2.3 to 2.8 Mgm-3, respectively. The soils were finally recognized to fall under the Entisol, Mollisol and Alfisol orders under taxonomical classification and II, III and IV classes under capability classification with limitations of slope, erosion and wetness. Proper soil managements and diversification of crops can decrease the risk of crop failures caused by such soil limitations.
Standardization of Pheromone Traps for the Mass Trapping of Helicoverpa Armigera (Hubner) Hardwick in Tomato
Authors: Shah K. D , Jhala R. C , Dhandge S. R
Published: June 2017

An experiment was carried out during rabi 2011 and summer 2012 in Large Plot Completely Randomized Design with four treatments viz., pheromone traps @ 30, 40, 50 /ha and control withten replications to standardize the requirement of pheromone traps for mass trapping of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) Hardwick infesting tomato [Solanum lycopersicum Linnaeus] crop. The results revealed that the highest moth catches were recorded (9630 moths /ha) during first year, while 9405moths /ha were recorded during second year with an average of 9518 /ha during two consecutive years. The treatment of 50 traps /ha recorded significantly lowest population of eggs (0.78 /10 twigs), lowest larval population (1.32 /10 twigs) resulting in lowest fruit damage (3.71%).