bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Equatorial broad plasma depletions associated with the evening prereversal enhancement and plasma bubbles during the 17 March 2015 storm
Authors: Kil Hyosub , Lee Woo Kyoung , Paxton Larry J. , Hairston Marc R. , Jee Geonhwa
Published: September 2016

Broad plasma depletions (BPDs) in the equatorial F region represent plasma depletions whose longitudinal and latitudinal scales are much greater than those of normal plasma bubbles. This study investigates the characteristics and origin of BPDs using the coincident ionospheric observations by the Communication/Navigation Outage Forecasting System, Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, and Swarm satellites during the 2015 St. Patrick's Day (17 March) storm. Two types of BPDs were detected before midnight during the main phase of the storm. One type of BPDs showed a gradual plasma density variation (Type 1), and the other type of BPDs showed a steep density gradient (Type 2) at the walls of BPDs. The Type 1 BPDs were detected with no signature of plasma bubbles nearby, whereas the Type 2 BPDs were accompanied by bubbles. The formation of the Type 1 BPDs is attributed to the uplift of the bottomside of the F region above the satellite altitude by the action of storm‐induced electric fields. The steep walls of Type 2 BPDs are associated with the ionospheric uplift and the spatial discontinuity of the ionosphere produced by bubbles. The detection of BPDs that are more than 15° wide in latitude by the polar orbit Swarm satellites arises from the elongation of bubbles along the magnetic field lines and the alignment of the elongation with the plane of the orbit.
Magnetic mineralogy of the Mercurian lithosphere
Authors: Strauss B. E. , Feinberg J. M. , Johnson C. L.
Published: September 2016

Mercury and Earth are the only inner solar system planets with active, internally generated dynamo magnetic fields. The MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) mission recently detected magnetic fields on Mercury that are consistent with lithospheric magnetization. We investigate the physical and chemical environment of Mercury's lithosphere, past and present, to establish the conditions under which magnetization may have been acquired and modified. Three factors are particularly crucial to the determination of crustal composition and iron mineralogy: redox conditions in the planet's crust and mantle, the iron content of the lithosphere, and, for any remanent magnetization, the temperature profile of the lithosphere and its evolution over time. We explore potential mechanisms for remanence acquisition and alteration on Mercury, whose surface environment is both hot and highly reducing. The long‐term thermal history of Mercury's crust plays an important role in the longevity of any remanent crustal magnetization, which may be subject to remagnetization through thermal, viscous, and shock mechanisms. This thermal and compositional framework is used both to constrain plausible candidate minerals that could carry magnetic remanence on Mercury and to evaluate their capacity to acquire and retain sufficient magnetization to be detectable from satellite orbit. We propose that iron metal and its alloys are likely to be the dominant contributors to induced and remanent magnetization in Mercury's lithosphere, with additional contributions from iron silicides, sulfides, and carbides.
Rhodium Enolate Complexes as Synthons and Catalysts in Organic Chemistry
Authors: Arisawa Mieko , Yamaguchi Masahiko
Published: September 2016

Metal enolates are versatile nucleophilic reagents in organic synthesis, and are applicable to reactions with various electrophiles. The reactivity of transition metal enolates differs from that of enolates derived from main‐group elements, although such reaction is rare other than for palladium and copper enolates. The focus in this chapter is formation and reaction of rhodium enolates, the following features of which are notable: (i) rhodium can assume various oxidation states and coordination modes; (ii) O‐bound rhodium enolates have a low RhO bond polarity, because the difference in electronegativity between rhodium and oxygen is considerably smaller than that between lithium and oxygen, and the compounds show less basisity but modest nucleophilicity; (iii) oxidative addition and reductive elimination can be employed to form, react, and regenerate rhodium enolates; (iv) modest reactivity allows the use of various methods to control the reactivity and includes tolerance for various cosubstrates and metal reagents; (v) regeneration of rhodium enolates allows catalysis; (vi) use of chiral ligands allows applications to asymmetric reactions. Therefore, rhodium enolates react with various reagents, such as aldehydes, water, perfluoroalkyl iodides, perfluorobenzenes, arylboranes, aryltitaniums, disulfides, α‐organothioketones, and ketones. Rhodium enolates can become important synthetic intermediates possessing diverse of reactivities in organic synthesis.
Open to All: Architectural Education
Authors: Schmidt Freek
Published: September 2016

It is as difficult to determine what constituted the education of “the” architect in the eighteenth century, as it is to define the architect. TheBuilder's Dictionaryof 1734 describes the architect as “a Master Workman in a Building, he who designs the Model, or draws the Plot, Plan or Draught of the whole Fabrick; whose Business it is to consider the whole Manner and Method of Building; and also to compute the Charge and Expence.” This differs from Colvin's “modern architect”: “a professional man set aside from the building trade by education and specialized training. His architectural expertise is acquired by academic instruction rather than by practical experience, and his approach to design is theoretical rather than empirical. When he designs a building he envisages it as a whole and works it out in detail on paper before transmitting the drawings to the executant builder.” In the eighteenth century, we encounter both the workman architect and the modern architect. What separates them is their education. This chapter attempts to look at the availability of architectural knowledge and how it fueled the professional formation of individuals from different backgrounds who, in retrospect, have come to be identified as architects. It will mention more traditional trajectories and new developments, without claiming to be exhaustive or do justice to the wide range of possibilities on offer throughout Europe. The opportunities and initiatives presented here are loosely tied by the idea of Enlightenment as a pan‐European process of rationalization and secularization that emerged in the later seventeenth and continued all through the eighteenth century. Exemplary cases and familiar names from England and France that have been studied extensively by Anglo‐Saxon scholars, alternate with less well‐known figures in other areas, to illustrate some unique initiatives as well as hint at numerous parallels in the creation, transmission, and appropriation of architectural knowledge, and our often still incomplete grasp of it.
Doping Mechanism in Transparent, Conducting Tantalum Doped ZnO Films Deposited Using Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Gao Zhengning , Myung Yoon , Huang Xing , Kanjolia Ravi , Park Jeunghee , Mishra Rohan , Banerjee Parag
Published: September 2016

The effect of tantalum (Ta) addition to ZnO films has been investigated. The films are synthesized using atomic layer deposition. The precursor for Ta is pentakis‐dimethylamino Ta (PDMAT) whereas, diethyl Zn (DEZ) is used for ZnO deposition with H2O as an oxidant. The surface reactions are studied using in situ downstream quadrupole mass spectrometry. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and photoluminescence show that at low Ta doping, oxygen vacancies are eliminated from the film, whereas at higher Ta doping, Zn vacancies are formed. These observations are supported by density functional theory calculations. Hall measurements show the lowest resistivity for a 30 nm Ta doped ZnO film to be 4 × 10−3 Ω cm with a peak carrier concentration of 1.2 × 1020 cm−3. The ideal cycle ratio used to achieve these properties is 40:1 of (DEZ+H2O):(PDMAT+H2O) pulses. Optical measurements show an average transmittance of 85% in the visible regime. The efficiency of Ta doping the ZnO, which represents the fraction of Ta5+ contributing to conductivity, is found to be at least 6.3%.
Merging Iron Catalysis and Biocatalysis—Iron Carbonyl Complexes as Efficient Hydrogen Autotransfer Catalysts in Dynamic Kinetic Resolutions
Authors: El‐Sepelgy Osama , Alandini Nurtalya , Rueping Magnus
Published: September 2016

A dual catalytic iron/lipase system has been developed and applied in the dynamic kinetic resolution of benzylic and aliphatic secondary alcohols. A detailed study of the Knölker‐type iron complexes demonstrated the hydrogen autotransfer of alcohols to proceed under mild reaction conditions and allowed the combination with the enzymatic resolution. Different racemic alcohols were efficiently converted to chiral acetates in good yields and with excellent enantioselectivities.
Polyethyleneimine‐Coated Gold Nanoparticles: Straightforward Preparation of Efficient DNA Delivery Nanocarriers
Authors: Ortega‐Muñoz Mariano , Giron‐Gonzalez M. Dolores , Salto‐Gonzalez Rafael , Jodar‐Reyes Ana Belen , De Jesus Samantha E. , Lopez‐Jaramillo F. Javier , Hernandez‐Mateo Fernando , Santoyo‐Gonzalez Francisco
Published: September 2016

A novel one‐pot method for the synthesis of polyethyleneimine (PEI)‐coated gold nanoparticles (AuPEI‐NPs) that combines the reductant–stabilizer properties of PEI with microwave irradiation starting from hydrogen tetrachloroaurate acid (HAuCl4) and branched PEI 25 kDa (b25kPEI) was explored. The method was straightforward, green, and low costing, for which the Au/PEI ratio (1:1 to 1:128 w/w) was a key parameter to modulate their capabilities as DNA delivery nanocarriers. Transfection assays in CHO‐k1 cells demonstrated that AuPEI‐NPs with 1:16 and 1:32 w/w ratios behaved as effective DNA gene vectors with improved transfection efficiencies (twofold) and significantly lower toxicity than unmodified b25kPEI and Lipofectamine 2000. The transfection mediated by these AuPEI‐NP–DNA polyplexes preferentially used the caveolae‐mediated route for intracellular internalization, as shown by studies performed by using specific internalization inhibitors as well as colocalization with markers of clathrin‐ and caveolae‐dependent pathways. The AuPEI‐NP polyplexes preferentially used the more efficient caveolae internalization pathway to promote transfection, a fact that supports their higher transfection efficiency relative to that of Lipofectamine 2000. In addition, intracellular trafficking of the AuPEI‐NPs was studied by transmission electron microscopy.
Steric‐Structure‐Dependent Gel Formation, Hierarchical Structures, Rheological Behavior, and Surface Wettability
Authors: Cao Xinhua , Zhao Na , Li Ruohan , Lv Haiting , Zhang Zongwen , Gao Aiping , Yi Tao
Published: September 2016

A series of bicholesteryl‐based gelators with different central linker atoms C, N, and O (abbreviated to GC, GN, and GO, respectively) have been designed and synthesized. The self‐assembly processes of these gelators were investigated by using gelation tests, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, field‐emission transmission electron microscopy, UV/Vis absorption, IR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, rheology, and contact‐angle experiments. The gelation ability, self‐assembly morphology, rheological, and surface‐wettability properties of these gelators strongly depend on the central linker atom of the gelator molecule. Specifically, GC and GN can form gels in three different solvents, whereas GO can only form a gel in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF). Morphologies from nanofibers and nanosheets to nanospheres and nanotubes can be obtained with different central atoms. Gels of GC, GN, and GO formed in the same solvent (DMF) have different tolerances to external forces. All xerogels gave a hydrophobic surface with contact angles that ranged from 121 to 152°. Quantum‐chemical calculations indicate that the GC, GN, and GO molecules have very different steric structures. The results demonstrate that the central linker atom can efficiently modulate the molecular steric structure and thus regulate the supramolecular self‐assembly process and properties of gelators.
Inhibitory Effect of Multivalent Rhamnobiosides on Recombinant Horseshoe Crab Plasma Lectin Interactions with Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1
Authors: Herczeg Mihály , Mező Erika , Molnár Nikolett , Ng Sim‐Kun , Lee Yuan‐Chuan , Dah‐Tsyr Chang Margaret , Borbás Anikó
Published: September 2016

To evaluate the molecular interaction of recombinant horseshoe crab plasma lectin (rHPL) with Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, multivalent rhamnobioside derivatives were designed. Eight rhamnoclusters with three or four α(1–3)‐rhamnobiosides attached to different central cores, such as methyl gallate, pentaerythritol, and N‐Boc Tris, through either an ethylene glycol or a tetraethylene glycol linker, were assembled in two consecutive azide–alkyne cycloaddition click reactions. The synthetic method embraced the preparation of two α(1–3)‐rhamnobiosides with different linker arms and their conjugation, in stoichiometric or substoichiometric amounts, to propargyl ether‐functionalized tri‐ or tetravalent scaffolds. A divalent derivative and two self‐assembling rhamnobiosides were also prepared. The different architectures and valences of the rhamnoclusters provided an opportunity to evaluate the impact of topology and valency on the binding properties toward rHPL. Inhibitory ELISA data showed that all covalently linked rhamnoclusters could inhibit P. aeruginosa PAO1 recognition activity of rHPL with high efficacy. Trivalent rhamnobiosides showed a stronger inhibitory effect on P. aeruginosa PAO1 binding, and the more flexible clusters on a pentaerythritol or a Tris core were superior to the less flexible methyl gallate‐based clusters. Interestingly, the length of the linker arms had a very low impact on the binding ability of the rhamnoclusters. Herein, the two trivalent derivatives on an N‐Boc protected Tris central core were the best inhibitors. The self‐assembling amphiphilic rhamnobioside derivatives were found to display no multivalent effect.
Effects of Heat Treatment on the Hierarchical Porous Structure and Electro‐Capacitive Properties of RuO2/Activated Carbon Nanofiber Composites
Authors: Jun Ye Ri , Kim Bo‐Hye
Published: September 2016

Electrochemical capacitors based on hierarchical porous activated carbon nanofiber (RuO2
/ACNF) composites are fabricated by one‐step electrospinning, and then stabilized at different activation temperatures. The effect of the activation temperature on the structural properties and electrochemical behavior of the RuO2
/ACNF composites is intensively investigated in 6 M KOH electrolyte. The RuO2
/ACNF‐800 composites activated at high temperature possess abundant mesopores and larger pores, which improve the electrochemical performance, especially at high charge–discharge rates. The energy storage capabilities of the RuO2
/ACNF‐800 electrode prepared at high temperature are as follows: a maximum specific capacitance of 150 F/g and an energy density of 14–20 Wh/kg in the respective power density range of 400 to 10 000 W/kg in an aqueous solution. Furthermore, this electrode exhibits high‐rate electrochemical performance with a specific capacitance reduction of less than 28% of the initial value at a discharge current of 20 mA/cm2. Therefore, the hierarchical porous RuO2
/ACNF composites with well‐developed mesoporous structure provide low resistance for charge diffusion and a short pathway for ion transportation, yielding good capacitive behavior.
Supporting Threat Management with Forensic Expert Knowledge: Protecting Public Officials and Private Individuals
Authors: Guldimann Angela , Brunner Reinhard , Schmid Hans , Habermeyer Elmar
Published: September 2016

This article describes the implementation of a Cantonal Threat Assessment and Management (CTAM) in Zurich, Switzerland. In order to support this endeavor, the Specialist Unit for Forensic Assessment and Case Management was installed. The forensic experts provide supervision and short‐term assessments to public prosecutors and general psychiatrists. In close cooperation with police threat management units, forensic experts support the assessment and management of individuals who exhibit concerning and threatening behavior towards public officials or private individuals. A public official case study illustrates this joint approach. The author's experience with CTAM, its pitfalls and the potential areas of improvement are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening mammography: sparing the emperor's blushes
Authors: Niraula Saroj
Published: September 2016

Differing interpretations about evidence on benefits and harms of screening mammography has led to conflicting recommendations among different jurisdictions that range from intensive screening starting at age 40 to no screening at all. Despite broad attention of scientific and nonscientific media, evidence suggests substantial discrepancy between real and perceived benefits of screening mammography among women. In this commentary, underlying concept of mammographic screening, limitations in primary evidence, results from secondary evidence, and existing misunderstandings are underscored with a critical gaze at available information.
Geraniol suppresses prostate cancer growth through down‐regulation of E2F8
Authors: Lee Sanghoon , Park Yu Rang , Kim Su‐Hwa , Park Eun‐Jung , Kang Min Ji , So Insuk , Chun Jung Nyeo , Jeon Ju‐Hong
Published: September 2016

Geraniol, an acyclic dietary monoterpene, has been found to suppress cancer survival and growth. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the antitumor action of geraniol has not been investigated at the genome‐wide level. In this study, we analyzed the microarray data obtained from geraniol‐treated prostate cancer cells. Geraniol potently altered a gene expression profile and primarily down‐regulated cell cycle‐related gene signatures, compared to linalool, another structurally similar monoterpene that induces no apparent phenotypic changes. Master regulator analysis using the prostate cancer‐specific regulatory interactome identified that the transcription factor E2F8 as a specific target molecule regulates geraniol‐specific cell cycle signatures. Subsequent experiments confirmed that geraniol down‐regulated E2F8 expression and the knockdown of E2F8 was sufficient to suppress cell growth by inducing G2/M arrest. Epidemiological analysis showed that E2F8 is up‐regulated in metastatic prostate cancer and associated with poor prognosis. These results indicate that E2F8 is a crucial transcription regulator controlling cell cycle and survival in prostate cancer cells. Therefore, our study provides insight into the role of E2F8 in prostate cancer biology and therapeutics.
Chemical Diversity and Antimicrobial Activity of Volatile Compounds from Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides Lam. according to Compound Classes, Plant Organs and Senegalese Sample Locations
Authors: Tine Yoro , Diop Abdoulaye , Diatta William , Desjobert Jean‐Marie , Boye Cheikh Saad Bouh , Costa Jean , Wélé Alassane , Paolini Julien
Published: September 2016

The chemical diversity of Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides growing wild in Senegal was studied according to volatile compound classes, plant organs and sample locations. The composition of fruit essential oil was investigated using an original targeted approach based on the combination of gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) both coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). The volatile composition of Z. zanthoxyloides fruits exhibited relative high amounts of hydrocarbon monoterpenes (24.3 – 55.8%) and non‐terpenic oxygenated compounds (34.5 – 63.1%). The main components were (E)‐β‐ocimene (12.1 – 39%), octyl acetate (11.6 – 21.8%) and decanol (9.7 – 15.4%). The GC and GC/MS profiling of fruit essential oils showed a chemical variability according to geographical locations of plant material. The LC/MS/MS analysis of fruit oils allowed the detection of seven coumarins in trace content. The chemical composition of fruit essential oils was compared with volatile fractions of leaves and barks (root and trunk) from the same plant station. Hexadecanoic acid, germacrene D and decanal were identified as the major constituents of leaves whereas the barks (root and trunk) were dominated by pellitorine (85.8% and 57%, respectively), an atypic linear compound with amide group. The fruit essential oil exhibited interesting antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans, particularly the alcohol fraction of the oil.
Chemical Composition and Allelopathic Potential of Essential Oils from Citharexylum spinosum L. Grown in Tunisia
Authors: El Ayeb‐Zakhama Asma , Sakka‐Rouis Lamia , Flamini Guido , Ben Jannet Hichem , Harzallah‐Skhiri Fethia
Published: September 2016

Citharexylum spinosum L. (Verbenaceae) also known as Citharexylum quadrangulare Jacq. or Citharexylum fruticosum L. is an exotic tree introduced many years ago in Tunisia, specially used as a street and park ornamental tree. Essential oils (EOs) were obtained by hydrodistillation of the different parts (roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits; drupes) collected from trees grown in the area of Monastir (Tunisia). In total, 84 compounds, representing 90.1 – 98.4% of the whole oil composition, were identified by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. The root EO was distinguished by its high content in monoterpene hydrocarbons (α‐phellandrene; 30.8%) whereas that obtained from stems was dominated by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (cuparene; 16.4%). The leaf oil was rich in an apocarotenoid derivative (hexahydrofarnesylacetone; 26%) and an aliphatic hydrocarbon (nonadecane; 14.5%). Flowers oil was rich in esters (2‐phenylethyl benzoate; 33.5%). Finally, drupes oil was rich in oxygenated sesquiterpenes (β‐eudesmol; 33.1%). Flowers oil showed a significant phytotoxic effect against lettuce seeds germination, it induces a total inhibition when tested at 1 mg/ml. Root and shoot elongation seemed to be more affected than germination. The inhibition of the shoot length varied from 3.6% to 100% and that of the root from 16.1% to 100%. The highest inhibition of 100% was detected for flower oil tested at 1 mg/ml. Our in vitro studies suggest a possible and new alternative use of C. spinosum EOs in herbicidal formulations, further experiments involving field conditions are necessary to confirm its herbicidal potential.
Supraventricular tachycardias: differential diagnosis at bedside and in the electrophysiology laboratory
Authors: Katritsis D. G.
Published: September 2016

Clinical and electrophysiologic criteria used for the differential diagnosis of regular supraventricular tachycardias (SVT) are presented. Although several electrocardiographic clues may assist differential diagnosis, this is usually accomplished at electrophysiology study and, most often, is between atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia, atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia due to a concealed accessory pathway, and atrial tachycardia. Atrial and, mainly, ventricular pacing maneuvers during sinus rhythm or tachycardia have been used with variable success rate. In clinical practice, these techniques cannot be applied to all cases, and multiple criteria have to be used for the differential diagnosis of narrow complex tachycardias with atypical characteristics.

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Removal of Pertechnetate‐Related Oxyanions from Solution Using Functionalized Hierarchical Porous Frameworks
Authors: Banerjee Debasis , Elsaidi Sameh K. , Aguila Briana , Li Baiyan , Kim Dongsang , Schweiger Michael J. , Kruger Albert A. , Doonan Christian J. , Ma Shengqian , Thallapally Praveen K.
Published: September 2016

Efficient and cost‐effective removal of radioactive pertechnetate anions from nuclear waste is a key challenge to mitigate long‐term nuclear waste storage issues. Traditional materials such as resins and layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were evaluated for their pertechnetate or perrhenate (the non‐radioactive surrogate) removal capacity, but there is room for improvement in terms of capacity, selectivity and kinetics. A series of functionalized hierarchical porous frameworks were evaluated for their perrhenate removal capacity in the presence of other competing anions.
Modified and systematic synthesis of zinc oxide‐silica composite nanoparticles with optimum surface area as a proper H2S sorbent
Authors: Tari Faeze , Shekarriz Marzieh , Zarrinpashne Saeed , Ruzbehani Ahmad
Published: September 2016

The main objective of this work is to synthesize high surface area zinc oxide/silica composite nanoparticles via a facile and systematic process. Regarding the importance of surface area in application of such nanoparticles, variation of this factor was studied by change of reaction parameters including concentration of zinc acetate solution, pH, and calcination temperature via Response Surface Method combined with Central Composite Design (RSM‐CCD). Optimum conditions were obtained as a concentration of 0.013 mol · L−1, pH of ∼8.97, and calcination temperature of 541.6 °C. Optimum nanoparticles were characterized by various analyzes such as XRD, BET, AAS, FTIR, TGA/DTA, FESEM, EDS, and TEM. Comparison of two 0.1 g/g (10 wt %) ZnO/Silica samples with the optimum (337 m2 · g−1) and non‐optimum (95 m2 · g−1) surface areas indicated that nanoparticles prepared at the optimum conditions with average diameter of about 18 nm showed a H2S adsorption capacity of about 13 mg per gram of sorbent. This value was higher than that of the non‐optimized sample (6 mg per each gram of sorbent).
Reactor dynamics investigation based on calorimetric data
Authors: Guinand Charles , Dabros Michal , Meyer Thierry , Stoessel Francis
Published: September 2016

A simple and general procedure has been developed to determine the thermal behaviour of a reactor based on heat balance, PID temperature control, and jacket behaviour. Using only temperature heating/cooling ramps followed by isothermal stages, such a procedure was tested at laboratory and industrial scale, respectively in a 0.5 L Mettler‐Toledo RC1e and a 100 L industrial reactor. The obtained model was demonstrated to be in good accordance with the measurements. The consistency and robustness of the model were assessed by imposing an external heat profile based on an autocatalytic reaction system. The results have proven that even under perturbations, the retrieved parameters remain correct. In summary, the thermal behaviour of a chemical reactor can be defined through the reactor dynamic investigation procedure and can be used to identify the optimal operating conditions.
Constructed Wetlands: Perspectives of the Oxygen Released in the Rhizosphere of Macrophytes
Authors: Rehman Faiza , Pervez Arshid , Khattak Bahadar Nawab , Ahmad Rafiq
Published: September 2016

Constructed wetland is an economical, efficient and environment friendly technology for the treatment of wastewater. The aquatic plants and microorganisms in constructed wetlands play a key role in the treatment of wastewater. Plants add oxygen during the process of photosynthesis or by direct transport from the atmosphere through their stems and roots to the rhizosphere of constructed wetlands. Moreover, macrophytes provide optimum conditions and surface area for the attachment of microorganisms to perform their activities. The oxygen released in rhizosphere of constructed wetlands has significant impacts on nutrient, gas exchange chemistry, and contaminants removal. In this review, we have compiled the published data to explore the mechanism of oxygen release by the roots of macrophytes in constructed wetlands, rhizospheric oxygen measurement techniques, role of climatic factors, and ability of different macrophytes in oxygenation of rhizosphere in constructed wetlands. Numerous studies have been carried out on enhancing the efficiency of constructed wetlands by modifying design, macrophyte species, and size of wetlands. However, the part of combination of climatic factors, microorganisms, and plant species in augmenting oxygen release in the rhizosphere is not explored so far. Therefore, in this review, we tried for the first time to compile all the parameters effecting oxygen released in the rhizosphere of macrophytes in constructed wetlands that are using worldwide for the treatment of wastewater. Moreover, this review article will provide vital information to all researchers who are working on wastewater treatment by using constructed wetlands.
Quantum‐Transport Characteristics of a p–n Junction on Single‐Layer TiS3
Authors: Iyikanat Fadil , Senger Ramazan T. , Peeters Francois M. , Sahin Hasan
Published: September 2016

By using density functional theory and non‐equilibrium Green′s function‐based methods, we investigated the electronic and transport properties of a TiS3 monolayer p–n junction. We constructed a lateral p–n junction on a TiS3 monolayer using Li and F adatoms. An applied bias voltage caused significant variability in the electronic and transport properties of the TiS3 p–n junction. In addition, the spin‐dependent current–voltage characteristics of the constructed TiS3 p–n junction were analyzed. Important device characteristics were found, such as negative differential resistance and rectifying diode behaviors for spin‐polarized currents in the TiS3 p–n junction. These prominent conduction properties of the TiS3 p–n junction offer remarkable opportunities for the design of nanoelectronic devices based on a recently synthesized single‐layered material.
Contrasting patterns of selection between MHC I and II across populations of Humboldt and Magellanic penguins
Authors: Sallaberry‐Pincheira Nicole , González‐Acuña Daniel , Padilla Pamela , Dantas Gisele P. M. , Luna‐Jorquera Guillermo , Frere Esteban , Valdés‐Velásquez Armando , Vianna Juliana A.
Published: September 2016

The evolutionary and adaptive potential of populations or species facing an emerging infectious disease depends on their genetic diversity in genes, such as the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). In birds, MHC class I deals predominantly with intracellular infections (e.g., viruses) and MHC class II with extracellular infections (e.g., bacteria). Therefore, patterns of MHC I and II diversity may differ between species and across populations of species depending on the relative effect of local and global environmental selective pressures, genetic drift, and gene flow. We hypothesize that high gene flow among populations of Humboldt and Magellanic penguins limits local adaptation in MHC I and MHC II, and signatures of selection differ between markers, locations, and species. We evaluated the MHC I and II diversity using 454 next‐generation sequencing of 100 Humboldt and 75 Magellanic penguins from seven different breeding colonies. Higher genetic diversity was observed in MHC I than MHC II for both species, explained by more than one MHC I loci identified. Large population sizes, high gene flow, and/or similar selection pressures maintain diversity but limit local adaptation in MHC I. A pattern of isolation by distance was observed for MHC II for Humboldt penguin suggesting local adaptation, mainly on the northernmost studied locality. Furthermore, trans‐species alleles were found due to a recent speciation for the genus or convergent evolution. High MHC I and MHC II gene diversity described is extremely advantageous for the long‐term survival of the species.
Using regional bird community dynamics to evaluate ecological integrity within national parks
Authors: Ladin Zachary S. , Higgins Conor D. , Schmit John Paul , Sanders Geoffrey , Johnson Mark J. , Weed Aaron S. , Marshall Matthew R. , Campbell J. Patrick , Comiskey James A. , Shriver W. Gregory
Published: September 2016

Understanding how biological communities respond to global change is important for the conservation of functioning ecosystems as anthropogenic environmental threats increase. National parks within the United States provide unique ecological and cultural resources that can help conserve biodiversity and maintain ecological integrity, especially in heavily urbanized environments. Parks within the National Capital Region (NCRN) and Mid‐Atlantic (MIDN) Networks, representing federally protected areas located within a mixed landscape of rural to urban areas, have been monitoring forest and grassland birds annually to evaluate long‐term trends in bird community dynamics. Given increasing rates of decline in forest‐ and grassland‐breeding songbirds in North America, understanding community‐level trends in parks will help their preservation for future generations. We used point count data collected between 2007 and 2015 from 640 sampling locations to calculate a bird community index (BCI) to infer relative estimates of ecological integrity. Our objectives were to (1) quantify BCI in 17 national parks in the mid‐Atlantic region, (2) test for relationships between BCI and the proportion of forest and developed land cover types, (3) assess temporal variation in BCI, and (4) additionally test for differences in estimates of species detection probability between volunteer citizen scientists and paid observers. Mean BCI scores and ecological integrity ranks among parks ranged between 33.5 (low integrity) and 58.3 (high integrity), while the majority of parks had BCI scores ranging between 40.1 and 52.0 (medium integrity). For both networks, we found that BCI was positively related to the extent of forest cover, and for NCRN, the more heavily urbanized network, we found that BCI was negatively related to developed land cover. Assessment of temporal changes in BCI within parks indicated that BCI was stable for 12 parks, increased in four parks, and decreased in one park within our study. Lastly, we detected no differences in species detection probability between citizen scientist‐ and paid observer‐collected data which lends support for the future comparison of bird monitoring data in regional analyses across NPS I&M Networks. The continued evaluation of ecological integrity, through measuring bird community dynamics at regional scales, is important for conserving biological diversity.
Urgent need for a data sharing platform to promote ecological research in china
Authors: Deng Xiangzheng
Published: September 2016

China has fallen behind in data sharing. A scientific data sharing platform is needed in China to create a big data pool for large‐scale comprehensive ecological research by providing undisrupted flow and sharing of data resources. To meet the increasing demand for more data‐intensive ecological research, the data sharing platform should improve the quality of both data and services and handle data heterogeneity across disciplines at a higher level. As data transparency and insecurity have been major barriers to data sharing and exchange, data confidentiality and security have to be taken into consideration by governmental organizations for building a comprehensive data sharing platform. In addition, it is necessary to enhance the efficiency of data sharing among the field or laboratory ecologists in China and beyond.
Coordination Polymer of Manganese(II) Phthalocyanine with 4,4′‐Bipyridyl: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Physical Properties
Authors: Litvinov Alexey L. , Kuzmin Alexey V. , Yudanova Evgeniya I. , Konarev Dmitri V. , Romanenko Nikita R. , Khasanov Salavat S. , Lyubovskaya Rimma N.
Published: September 2016

A coordination polymer of metal(II) phthalocyanine (Pc) with a pyridine‐containing bidentate ligand has been obtained for the first time as single crystals. It has the composition (MnIIPc·4,4′bpy)n·(4C6H4Cl2)n (1) and contains manganese(II) phthalocyanine and 4,4′‐bipyridyl (4,4′‐bpy). Optical and magnetic properties of the polymer have been studied. The coordination of bpy to MnIIPc produces new absorption bands in the NIR range, which can be attributed to MnIPc+ and MnIIIPc– species. The MnII atoms have an intermediate S = 3/2 spin state in 1 and show weak ferromagnetic coupling of spins.
A chemometric approach for the differentiation of sensory good and bad (musty/fusty) virgin rapeseed oils on basis of selected volatile compounds analyzed by dynamic headspace GC‐MS
Authors: Bonte Anja , Brühl Ludger , Vosmann Klaus , Matthäus Bertrand
Published: September 2016

The aim of the present study was to differentiate sensory good and bad virgin rapeseed oils based on the composition of the volatile compounds by means of linear discriminant analysis (LDA). A total number of 64 compounds were detected by dynamic headspace GC‐MS and combined olfactometry with potential for sensory quality assessment either as aroma‐active compound by substance concentration or flavor property or as a non‐aroma‐active compound by correlation with the panel assessment. From this initial set of substances, 13 volatile compounds showed significant differences in the concentration between sensory good and bad oils, whereas their concentration was higher in sensory bad oils. No significant differences were found for compounds characterizing sensory good virgin rapeseed oils. Based on these 13 volatile compounds, the present work shows for the first time that LDA was able to classify a training data set of 43 samples satisfactorily according to the sensory quality. As a proof for suitability, a discriminant function was calculated and successfully used to classify samples from an additional validation sample set.

Practical applications: Virgin rapeseed oils are high‐quality products on the market, which are defined above all by their sensory quality. The sensory evaluation of virgin rapeseed oils by a trained sensory panel group is time and labor consuming and sometimes the results are not reliable. Therefore, the development of an analytical method for the discrimination of sensory good and bad virgin rapeseed oils based on the determination and statistical evaluation of volatile, aroma‐active compounds is a helpful tool to support the sensory evaluation. The repeatability of the analytical method is better than the sensory evaluation, which also helps to support the work of a panel group. Additionally, the amount of work for a panel group can be reduced due to a pre‐selection by the analytical tool.

The present work shows a chemometric approach to differentiate sensory good and bad quality virgin rapeseed oils on basis of 13 volatile compounds. For the first time volatile compounds have been identified that can be correlated with sensory bad virgin rapeseed oils.
High‐Throughput Preparation of Optically Active Cyanohydrins Mediated by Lipases
Authors: Thomas Juliana Christina , Aggio Bruno Bernardi , Marques de Oliveira Alfredo Ricardo , Piovan Leandro
Published: September 2016

Cyanohydrins are versatile compounds with high applicability in organic synthesis; they are used as starting materials for the synthesis of other chemical targets with high industrial added value. Lipase‐mediated kinetic resolution reactions are a promising route for the synthesis of optically active cyanohydrins. These reactions can be carried out through the acylation of cyanohydrins or the deacylation of cyanohydrin esters, with different biocatalysts and under different reaction conditions. Unfortunately, depending on the substrate structure, long reaction times can be required to achieve suitable enantiomeric excesses. In this context, we present a high‐throughput protocol for the production of optically active cyanohydrins in continuous‐flow mode. The products were obtained with moderate to good enantioselectivity (E values from 8 up to >200) and with productivity values from 2.4 to 8.7 times higher in continuous‐flow mode than in batch mode. Moreover, the reaction times were reduced from hours in batch mode to minutes in continuous‐flow mode.
1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides Involving 3‐Aminooxindoles: Versatile Construction of Dispiro[pyrrolidine‐2,3′‐oxindole] Scaffolds
Authors: Wei Qian , Zhu Guodong , Zhang Hailei , Qu Jingping , Wang Baomin
Published: September 2016

A three‐component [3+2] cycloaddition involving 3‐aminooxindoles, aldehydes, and methyleneindolinone derivatives for the synthesis of dispiro[pyrrolidine‐2,3′‐oxindole] derivatives was developed. This reaction involves the use of readily available starting materials and mild reaction conditions. It displays broad functional‐group tolerance and provides the products in high yields with good to excellent diastereoselectivities.
Risk profile and health vulnerability of female workers who pick cotton by organanochlorine pesticides from southern Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Yasmeen Humaira , Qadir Abdul , Mumtaz Mehvish , Eqani Syed Ali Musstjab Akber Shah , Syed Jabbir Hussain , Mahmood Adeel , Jamil Nadia , Nazar Farva , Ali Habib , Ahmad Muhammad Shafiq , Tanveer Zafar Iqbal , Zhang Gan
Published: September 2016

The present study was conducted to highlight the existing level of organochlorine-pesticides (OCPs) from human milk (n = 45) and blood serum (n = 40) of female workers who pick cotton in Khanewal District, southern Punjab, Pakistan. Source apportionment, congener-specific analysis, and risk surveillance of OCPs are reported from human milk and blood samples. Levels of OCPs in milk and blood serum samples ranged from 15.7 ppb to 538.3 ppb and from 16.4 ppb to 747.1 ppb, respectively, and were lower than previously published reports from other regions of the globe. Congener-specific analysis revealed that DDTs were predominant, followed by hexachlorocyclohexane, chlordane, and hexachlorobenzene. Calculated results for source apportionment analysis suggested that contamination load was a new input of DDTs as well as the historic use of lindane in the study area. Levels of OCPs in milk and blood serum were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with age, time period of picking cotton, and number of children. Health risk revealed that female workers had risk of cancer among 1 per million; however, noncarcinogenic risks were not considerable. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1193–1201. © 2016 SETAC
Symposium Introduction: Papers on ‘Modeling National Health Expenditures’
Authors: Getzen Thomas E. , Okunade Albert A.
Published: September 2016

Significant contributions have been made since the World Health Organization published Brian Abel‐Smith's pioneering comparative study of national health expenditures more than 50 years ago. There have been major advances in theories, model specifications, methodological approaches, and data structures. This introductory essay provides a historical context for this line of work, highlights four newly published studies that move health economics research forward, and indicates several important areas of challenging but potentially fruitful research to strengthen future contributions to the literature and make empirical findings more useful for evaluating health policy decisions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hybrid consumer‐oriented model for product affective design: An aspect of visual ergonomics
Authors: Lin Yang‐Cheng , Wei Chun‐Chun
Published: September 2016

Crucial issues for product designers include how to capture consumers’ attention, evoke their pleasurable preferences, and affect their purchase decisions. In this article, we focus on consumers’ affective preferences in relation to visual ergonomics to propose a new hybrid consumer‐oriented model using gray relational analysis (GRA), gray prediction (GP), and the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). The GRA is used to identify the most influential elements of the product form to help product designers focus their attention more on these elements without compromising the predictive performance. The GP is used in conjunction with the GRA to obtain a better structure for the hybrid consumer‐oriented model, and TOPSIS is performed to determine the optimal alternatives for best matching consumers’ affective preferences. These experimental results show that the new hybrid consumer‐oriented model incorporated with the CAD/CAM system can facilitate the product affective design process.
Association between perfluorooctanoic acid exposure and degranulation of mast cells in allergic inflammation
Authors: Lee Jun‐Kyoung , Lee Soyoung , Baek Moon‐Chang , Lee Byung‐Heon , Lee Hyun‐Shik , Kwon Taeg Kyu , Park Pil‐Hoon , Shin Tae‐Yong , Khang Dongwoo , Kim Sang‐Hyun
Published: September 2016

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has wide applications, including as a raw material for converted paper and packaging products. With the widespread use of PFOA, concerns regarding its potential environmental and health impacts have increased. In spite of the known hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity of PFOA, correlation with PFOA and allergic inflammation is not well known. In this study, the effect of PFOA on the degranulation of mast cells and mast cell‐mediated allergic inflammation in the presence of FcεRI cross‐linking was evaluated. In immunoglobulin (Ig) E‐stimulated mast cells, PFOA increased the release of histamine and β‐hexosaminidase by the up‐regulation of intracellular calcium levels. PFOA enhanced gene expression of several pro‐inflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐8 by the activation of nuclear factor (NF)‐κB in IgE‐stimulated mast cells. Also, PFOA exacerbated allergic symptoms via hypothermia, and an increase of serum histamine, TNF‐α, IgE and IgG1 in the ovalbumin‐induced systemic anaphylaxis. The present data indicate that PFOA aggravated FcɛRI‐mediated mast cell degranulation and allergic symptoms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formulation and in vitro and in vivo evaluation of a new osteoprotegerin–chitosan gel for bone tissue regeneration
Authors: Jayash Soher Nagi , Hashim Najihah Mohd , Misran Misni , Baharuddin NA
Published: September 2016

The osteoprotegerin (OPG) system plays a critical role in bone remodelling by regulating osteoclast formation and activity. The study aimed to determine the physicochemical properties and biocompatibility of a newly formulated OPG–chitosan gel. The OPG–chitosan gel was formulated using human OPG protein and water‐soluble chitosan. The physicochemical properties were determined using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Gel morphology was determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and then it was subjected to a protein release assay and biodegradability test. An in vitro cytotoxicity test on normal human periodontal ligament (NHPL) fibroblasts and normal human (NH) osteoblasts was carried out using the AlamarBlue assay. In vivo evaluation in a rabbit model involved creating critical‐sized defects in calvarial bone, filling with the OPG–chitosan gel and sacrificing at 12 weeks. In vitro results demonstrated that the 25 kDa OPG–chitosan gel had the highest rate of protein release and achieved 90% degradation in 28 days. At 12 weeks, the defects filled with 25 kDa OPG–chitosan gel showed significant (p < 0.05) new bone formation and the highest expression of osteocalcin and osteopontin compared to controls. Thus, the 25 kDa OPG–chitosan gel could be a promising new biomaterial for tissue engineering. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 398–407, 2017.