bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conceptualizing the Political Ecology of Urban Infrastructures: Insights from Technology and Urban Studies
Authors: Monstadt Jochen
Published: April 2009

The debate on urban sustainability has now been on the research agenda for a number of years. One element that has, however, been undertheorized and empirically understudied is the crucial importance of networked urban infrastructures for the ecological sustainability of cities. These infrastructures mediate resource flows and vitally shape environmental practices and sociotechnical innovation in cities. It is thus argued that we need adequate conceptual approaches which reflect the complex interdependencies between cities, networked infrastructures, and urban ecologies and which broaden our understanding of the ways we can develop, govern, and renew our infrastructures in cities in a sustainable way. Scrutinizing the relevant debates both in technology studies and in urban studies, the author reveals that none of the theoretical approaches discussed seems entirely suitable for conceptualizing these interdependencies and the requirements for the sustainable redesign of urban infrastructures. The author shows, however, how urban and technology studies might inspire, complement, and benefit each other in conceptualizing the urban political ecology of networked infrastructures. Combining elements of the different analytical approaches, it is argued, could create new opportunities for the empirical study of infrastructures.
Geographies of Studentification and Purpose-Built Student Accommodation: Leading Separate Lives?
Authors: Hubbard Phil
Published: April 2009

Off-campus student accommodation in the form of shared rental housing has become increasingly significant in the UK, with studies suggesting that this is having important consequences for housing markets in university towns. However, the continuing expansion of higher education, the increased involvement of private investment capital, and changing student demands are seen to be encouraging a move away from houses in multiple occupation towards purpose-built accommodation. Drawing on housing surveys and interviews conducted with current students in Loughborough (in the English East Midlands), I conclude that such purpose-built developments are implicated in processes of urban gentrification, having potentially major consequences for studentification and community cohesion in British cities.
A cautionary tale: surrogates for radio-tagging practice do not always simulate the responses of closely related species
Authors: Ebner Brendan C. , Lintermans Mark , Jekabsons Mark , Dunford Mark , Andrews William
Published: April 2009

Telemetry is useful for monitoring rare and threatened species if they can be effectively tagged. Relatively abundant, closely related species are sometimes used as surrogates in refining tagging methods or testing the suitability of methods before transfer to rare and threatened species. A decision framework for developing a radio-tagging method of an endangered fish (Macquaria australasica; Percichthyidae) is presented based on experiences with tagging a closely related, surrogate species (Macquaria ambigua). Aquaria and field-based trials demonstrated the suitability of internally implanting a radio-tag with an externally exited antenna on the surrogate species. However, transferring this method to the endangered species under field conditions was unsuccessful in terms of mortality and/or radio-tag rejection. In this case, a surrogate species served to refine radio-tagging methods, but did not successfully indicate the suitability of these methods for a closely related species. This cautionary tale illustrates that surrogate species are not always effective and extrapolation of methods, even across closely related species, may be perilous.
Using radio telemetry to evaluate the depths inhabited by Murray cod (Maccullochella peelii peelii)
Authors: Koehn John D.
Published: April 2009

Radio telemetry is widely used in studies of freshwater fishes, but the vertical position of fish in riverine environments is rarely reported. The present study tested the application of radio transmitters fitted with depth sensors to determine the vertical position of Murray cod in the lower Ovens River in south-eastern Australia. As the scale of depths in rivers is usually limited (<10 m in the present study), there is a greater need to assess measurement error. The study first involved trials to define depth measurement errors, and a mean relative bias of 9% (range 1.5–14.8%) towards greater depth was recorded. These data were then used to correct the depths recorded from tagged fish. Although data from this preliminary study are somewhat limited, results from the tagged fish showed that by day they all occupied the lower 15% of the water column, indicating that Murray cod exhibit demersal behaviour, using bottom rather than mid-water habitats. Although the present study highlights the importance of tag trials in determining errors, it also indicates the potential application of this technique to understanding the depth-integrated habitat preferences of Murray cod and other species.
Ontogenetic depth partitioning by juvenile freshwater sawfish (Pristis microdon: Pristidae) in a riverine environment
Authors: Whitty Jeff M. , Morgan David L. , Peverell Stirling C. , Thorburn Dean C. , Beatty Stephen J.
Published: April 2009

The freshwater sawfish (Pristis microdon) is a critically endangered elasmobranch. Ontogenetic changes in the habitat use of juvenile P. microdon were studied using acoustic tracking in the Fitzroy River, Western Australia. Habitat partitioning was significant between 0+ (2007 year class) and larger 1+ (2006 year class) P. microdon. Smaller 0+ fish generally occupied shallower water (<0.6 m) compared with 1+ individuals, which mainly occurred in depths >0.6 m. Significant differences in hourly depth use were also revealed. The depth that 1+ P. microdon occupied was significantly influenced by lunar phase with these animals utilising a shallower and narrower depth range during the full moon compared with the new moon. This was not observed in 0+ individuals. Habitat partitioning was likely to be related to predator avoidance, foraging behaviours, and temperature and/or light regimes. The occurrence of 1+ P. microdon in deeper water may also result from a need for greater depths in which to manoeuvre. The present study demonstrates the utility of acoustic telemetry in monitoring P. microdon in a riverine environment. These results demonstrate the need to consider the habitat requirements of different P. microdon cohorts in the strategic planning of natural resources and will aid in the development of management strategies for this species.
Impacts of tropical cyclones on U.S. forest tree mortality and carbon flux from 1851 to 2000
Authors: Zeng Hongcheng , Chambers Jeffrey Q. , Negrón-Juárez Robinson I. , Hurtt George C. , Baker David B. , Powell Mark D.
Published: April 2009

Tropical cyclones cause extensive tree mortality and damage to forested ecosystems. A number of patterns in tropical cyclone frequency and intensity have been identified. There exist, however, few studies on the dynamic impacts of historical tropical cyclones at a continental scale. Here, we synthesized field measurements, satellite image analyses, and empirical models to evaluate forest and carbon cycle impacts for historical tropical cyclones from 1851 to 2000 over the continental U.S. Results demonstrated an average of 97 million trees affected each year over the entire United States, with a 53-Tg annual biomass loss, and an average carbon release of 25 Tg y
−1
. Over the period 1980–1990, released CO
2
potentially offset the carbon sink in forest trees by 9–18% over the entire United States. U.S. forests also experienced twice the impact before 1900 than after 1900 because of more active tropical cyclones and a larger extent of forested areas. Forest impacts were primarily located in Gulf Coast areas, particularly southern Texas and Louisiana and south Florida, while significant impacts also occurred in eastern North Carolina. Results serve as an important baseline for evaluating how potential future changes in hurricane frequency and intensity will impact forest tree mortality and carbon balance.
p75 reduces β-amyloid-induced sympathetic innervation deficits in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model
Authors: Bengoechea Tasha G. , Chen Zhijiang , O'Leary Debra A. , Masliah Eliezer , Lee Kuo-Fen
Published: April 2009

β-Amyloid (Aβ) has adverse effects on brain cells, but little is known about its effects on the peripheral nervous system in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several lines of in vitro evidence suggest that the neurotrophin receptor p75 mediates or exacerbates Aβ-induced neurotoxicity. Here, we show that p75-deficient sympathetic neurons are more sensitive to Aβ-induced neurite growth inhibition. To investigate the role of p75 in the sympathetic nervous system of AD, p75 mutant mice were crossed with a mouse line of AD model. The majority of p75-deficient AD mice died by 3 weeks of age. The lethality is associated with severe defects in sympathetic innervation to multiple organs. When 1 copy of the BACE1 gene encoding a protein essential in Aβ production was deleted in p75-deficient AD mice, sympathetic innervation was significantly restored. These results suggest that p75 is neuroprotective for the sympathetic nervous system in a mouse model of AD.
High frequencies of resting CD4
+
T cells containing integrated viral DNA are found in rhesus macaques during acute lentivirus infections
Authors: Nishimura Yoshiaki , Sadjadpour Reza , Mattapallil Joseph J. , Igarashi Tatsuhiko , Lee Wendy , Buckler-White Alicia , Roederer Mario , Chun Tae-Wook , Martin Malcolm A.
Published: April 2009

We and others have reported that the vast majority of virus-producing CD4
+
T cells during the acute infection of rhesus macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or CXCR4 (X4)-using simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) exhibited a nonactivated phenotype. These findings have been extended to show that resting CD4
+
T lymphocytes collected from SIV- or X4-SHIV-infected animals during the first 10 days of infection continue to release virus ex vivo. Furthermore, we observed high frequencies of integrated viral DNA (up to 5.1 × 10
4
DNA copies per 10
5
cells) in circulating resting CD4
+
T cells during the first 10 days of the infection. Integration of SIV DNA was detected only in memory CD4
+
T cells and SHIVs preferentially integrated into resting naïve CD4
+
T cells. Taken together, these results show that during the acute infection large numbers of resting CD4
+
T cells carry integrated nonhuman primate lentiviral DNA and are the major source of progeny virions irrespective of coreceptor usage. Prompt and sustained interventions are therefore required to block the rapid systemic dissemination of virus and prevent an otherwise fatal clinical outcome.
Fast rise of broadly cross-reactive antibodies after boosting long-lived human memory B cells primed by an MF59 adjuvanted prepandemic vaccine
Authors: Galli Grazia , Hancock Kathy , Hoschler Katja , DeVos Joshua , Praus Michaela , Bardelli Monia , Malzone Carmine , Castellino Flora , Gentile Chiara , McNally Teresa , Del Giudice Giuseppe , Banzhoff Angelika , Brauer Volker , Montomoli Emanuele , Zambon Maria , Katz Jacqueline , Nicholson Karl , Stephenson Iain
Published: April 2009

Proactive priming before the next pandemic could induce immune memory responses to novel influenza antigens. In an open-label study, we analyzed B cell memory and antibody responses of 54 adults who received 2 7.5-μg doses of MF59-adjuvanted A/Vietnam/1194/2004 clade 1 (H5N1) vaccine. Twenty-four subjects had been previously primed with MF59-adjuvanted or plain clade 0-like A/duck/Singapore/1997 (H5N3) vaccine during 1999–2001. The prevaccination frequency of circulating memory B cells reactive to A/Vietnam/1194/2004 was low in both primed and unprimed individuals. However, at day 21 after boosting, MF59-adjuvanted primed subjects displayed a higher frequency of H5N1-specific memory B cells than plain-primed or unprimed subjects. The immune memory was rapidly mobilized by a single vaccine administration and resulted in high titers of neutralizing antibodies to antigenically diverse clade 0, 1, and 2 H5N1 viruses already at day 7. In general, postvaccination antibody titers were significantly higher in primed subjects than in unprimed subjects. Subjects primed with MF59-adjuvanted vaccine responded significantly better than those primed with plain vaccine, most notably in early induction and duration of cross-reacting antibody responses. After 6 months, high titers of cross-reactive antibody remained detectable among MF59-primed subjects. We conclude that distant priming with clade 0-like H5N3 induces a pool of cross-reactive memory B cells that can be boosted rapidly years afterward by a mismatched MF59-adjuvanted vaccine to generate high titers of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies rapidly. These results suggest that pre-pandemic vaccination strategies should be considered.
K63-linked ubiquitin chains as a specific signal for protein sorting into the multivesicular body pathway
Authors: Lauwers Elsa , Jacob Christophe , André Bruno
Published: April 2009

A growing number of yeast and mammalian plasma membrane proteins are reported to be modified with K63-linked ubiquitin (Ub) chains. However, the relative importance of this modification versus monoubiquitylation in endocytosis, Golgi to endosome traffic, and sorting into the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway remains unclear. In this study, we show that K63-linked ubiquitylation of the Gap1 permease is essential for its entry into the MVB pathway. Carboxypeptidase S also requires modification with a K63-Ub chain for correct MVB sorting. In contrast, monoubiquitylation of a single target lysine of Gap1 is a sufficient signal for its internalization from the cell surface, and Golgi to endosome transport of the permease requires neither its ubiquitylation nor the Ub-binding GAT (Gga and Tom1) domain of Gga (Golgi localizing, gamma-ear containing, ARF binding) adapter proteins, the latter being crucial for subsequent MVB sorting of the permease. Our data reveal that K63-linked Ub chains act as a specific signal for MVB sorting, providing further insight into the Ub code of membrane protein trafficking.
FOXC2 controls formation and maturation of lymphatic collecting vessels through cooperation with NFATc1
Authors: Norrmén Camilla , Ivanov Konstantin I. , Cheng Jianpin , Zangger Nadine , Delorenzi Mauro , Jaquet Muriel , Miura Naoyuki , Puolakkainen Pauli , Horsley Valerie , Hu Junhao , Augustin Hellmut G. , Ylä-Herttuala Seppo , Alitalo Kari , Petrova Tatiana V.
Published: April 2009

The mechanisms of blood vessel maturation into distinct parts of the blood vasculature such as arteries, veins, and capillaries have been the subject of intense investigation over recent years. In contrast, our knowledge of lymphatic vessel maturation is still fragmentary. In this study, we provide a molecular and morphological characterization of the major steps in the maturation of the primary lymphatic capillary plexus into collecting lymphatic vessels during development and show that forkhead transcription factor Foxc2 controls this process. We further identify transcription factor NFATc1 as a novel regulator of lymphatic development and describe a previously unsuspected link between NFATc1 and Foxc2 in the regulation of lymphatic maturation. We also provide a genome-wide map of FOXC2-binding sites in lymphatic endothelial cells, identify a novel consensus FOXC2 sequence, and show that NFATc1 physically interacts with FOXC2-binding enhancers. As damage to collecting vessels is a major cause of lymphatic dysfunction in humans, our results suggest that FOXC2 and NFATc1 are potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
A challenge to Goliath
Authors: Rossner Mike
Published: April 2009

Megapublishers obligate librarians to buy hundreds of journals they do not need in order to access the journals their constituents actually read. The time has come to challenge this business model, which is unsustainable for the libraries.
M-CSF inhibition selectively targets pathological angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis
Authors: Kubota Yoshiaki , Takubo Keiyo , Shimizu Takatsune , Ohno Hiroaki , Kishi Kazuo , Shibuya Masabumi , Saya Hideyuki , Suda Toshio
Published: April 2009

Antiangiogenic therapy for the treatment of cancer and other neovascular diseases is desired to be selective for pathological angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), a cytokine required for the differentiation of monocyte lineage cells, promotes the formation of high-density vessel networks in tumors and therefore possesses therapeutic potential as an M-CSF inhibitor. However, the physiological role of M-CSF in vascular and lymphatic development, as well as the precise mechanisms underlying the antiangiogenic effects of M-CSF inhibition, remains unclear. Moreover, therapeutic potential of M-CSF inhibition in other neovascular diseases has not yet been evaluated. We used osteopetrotic (op/op) mice to demonstrate that M-CSF deficiency reduces the abundance of LYVE-1+ and LYVE1− macrophages, resulting in defects in vascular and lymphatic development. In ischemic retinopathy, M-CSF was required for pathological neovascularization but was not required for the recovery of normal vasculature. In mouse osteosarcoma, M-CSF inhibition effectively suppressed tumor angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, and it disorganized extracellular matrices. In contrast to VEGF blockade, interruption of M-CSF inhibition did not promote rapid vascular regrowth. Continuous M-CSF inhibition did not affect healthy vascular and lymphatic systems outside tumors. These results suggest that M-CSF–targeted therapy is an ideal strategy for treating ocular neovascular diseases and cancer.
Permutation binomials over finite fields
Authors: Masuda Ariane , Zieve Michael
Published: April 2009

We prove that if

x
m

+
a

x
n

x^m + ax^n

permutes the prime field

F

p

\mathbb {F}_p

, where

m
>
n
>
0

m>n>0

and

a
∈

F

p
∗

a\in \mathbb {F}_p^*

, then

gcd
(
m
−
n
,
p
−
1
)
>

p

−
1

\gcd (m-n,p-1) > \sqrt {p}-1

. Conversely, we prove that if

q
≥
4

q\ge 4

and

m
>
n
>
0

m>n>0

are fixed and satisfy

gcd
(
m
−
n
,
q
−
1
)
>
2
q
(
log
⁡
log
⁡
q
)

/

log
⁡
q

\gcd (m-n,q-1) > 2q(\log \log q)/\log q

, then there exist permutation binomials over

F

q

\mathbb {F}_q

of the form

x
m

+
a

x
n

x^m + ax^n

if and only if

gcd
(
m
,
n
,
q
−
1
)
=
1

\gcd (m,n,q-1) = 1

.
Covering dimension for nuclear 𝐶*-algebras II
Authors: Winter Wilhelm
Published: April 2009

The completely positive rank is an analogue of the topological covering dimension, defined for nuclear

C
∗

C^*

-algebras via completely positive approximations. These may be thought of as simplicial approximations of the algebra, which leads to the concept of piecewise homogeneous maps and a notion of noncommutative simplicial complexes.

We introduce a technical variation of completely positive rank and show that the two theories coincide in many important cases. Furthermore, we analyze some of their properties; in particular we show that both theories behave nicely with respect to ideals and that they coincide with the covering dimension of the spectrum for certain continuous trace

C
∗

C^*

-algebras.
Growth of 𝐿^{𝑝} Lebesgue constants for convex polyhedra and other regions
Authors: Ash J. , De Carli Laura
Published: April 2009

For any convex polyhedron

W
W

in

R

m

\mathbb {R}^{m}

,

p
∈

(
1
,
∞
)

p\in \left (1,\infty \right )

, and

N
≥
1

N\geq 1

, there are constants

γ

1

(
W
,
p
,
m
)

\gamma _{1}\left (W,p,m\right )

and

γ

2

(
W
,
p
,
m
)

\gamma _{2}\left (W,p,m\right )

such that
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="gamma 1 upper N Superscript m left-parenthesis p minus 1 right-parenthesis Baseline less-than-or-equal-to integral Underscript double-struck upper T Superscript m Baseline Endscripts StartAbsoluteValue sigma-summation Underscript k element-of upper N upper W Endscripts e left-parenthesis k dot x right-parenthesis EndAbsoluteValue Superscript p Baseline d x less-than-or-equal-to gamma 2 upper N Superscript m left-parenthesis p minus 1 right-parenthesis Baseline period">

γ

1

N

m

(
p
−
1
)

≤

∫

T

m

|

∑

k
∈
N
W

e

(
k
⋅
x
)

|

p

d
x
≤

γ

2

N

m

(
p
−
1
)

.

\gamma _{1}N^{m\left (p-1\right ) }\leq \int _{\mathbb {T}^{m}}\left \vert \sum _{k\in NW}e\left (k\cdot x\right ) \right \vert ^{p}dx\leq \gamma _{2}N^{m\left (p-1\right )}.

\]
Similar results hold for more general regions. These results are various special cases of the inequalities
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="gamma 1 upper N Superscript m left-parenthesis p minus 1 right-parenthesis Baseline less-than-or-equal-to integral Underscript double-struck upper T Superscript m Baseline Endscripts StartAbsoluteValue sigma-summation Underscript k element-of upper N upper B Endscripts e left-parenthesis k dot x right-parenthesis EndAbsoluteValue Superscript p Baseline d x less-than-or-equal-to gamma 2 phi left-parenthesis upper N right-parenthesis comma">

γ

1

N

m

(
p
−
1
)

≤

∫

T

m

|

∑

k
∈
N
B

e

(
k
⋅
x
)

|

p

d
x
≤

γ

2

ϕ

(
N
)

,

\gamma _{1}N^{m\left (p-1\right ) }\leq \int _{\mathbb {T}^{m}}\left \vert \sum _{k\in NB}e\left (k\cdot x\right ) \right \vert ^{p}dx\leq \gamma _{2} \phi \left (N\right ),

\]
where

ϕ

(
N
)

=

N

p

(
m
−
1
)

/

2

\phi \left (N\right )=N^{p\left (m-1\right ) /2}

when

p
∈

(
1
,

2
m

m
+
1

)

p\in \left ( 1,\frac {2m}{m+1}\right )

,

ϕ

(
N
)

=

N

p

(
m
−
1
)

/

2

log

\phi \left (N\right )=N^{p\left (m-1\right ) /2}\log

N
N

when

p
=

2
m

m
+
1

p=\frac {2m}{m+1}

, and

ϕ

(
N
)

=

N

m

(
p
−
1
)

\phi \left (N\right )=N^{m\left ( p-1\right ) }

when

p
>

2
m

m
+
1

p>\frac {2m}{m+1}

, where

B
B

is a bounded subset of

R

m

\mathbb {R}^{m}

with non-empty interior.
The geography problem for 4-manifolds with specified fundamental group
Authors: Kirk Paul , Livingston Charles
Published: April 2009

For any class

M

\mathcal {M}

of 4–manifolds, for instance the class

M

(
G
)

\mathcal {M}(G)

of closed oriented manifolds with

π
1

(
M
)
≅
G

\pi _1(M) \cong G

for a fixed group

G
G

, the geography of

M

\mathcal {M}

is the set of integer pairs

{
(
σ
(
M
)
,
χ
(
M
)
)

|

M
∈

M

}

\{(\sigma (M), \chi (M)) | M \in \mathcal {M}\}

, where

σ
\sigma

and

χ
\chi

denote the signature and Euler characteristic. This paper explores general properties of the geography of

M

(
G
)

\mathcal {M}(G)

and undertakes an extended study of

M

(

Z

n

)

\mathcal {M}(\mathbf {Z}^n)

.
Igusa-type functions associated to finite formed spaces and their functional equations
Authors: Klopsch Benjamin , Voll Christopher
Published: April 2009

We study symmetries enjoyed by the polynomials enumerating non-degenerate flags in finite vector spaces, equipped with a non-degenerate alternating bilinear, Hermitian or quadratic form. To this end we introduce Igusa-type rational functions encoding these polynomials and prove that they satisfy certain functional equations.

Some of our results are achieved by expressing the polynomials in question in terms of what we call parabolic length functions on Coxeter groups of type 

A
A

. While our treatment of the orthogonal case exploits combinatorial properties of integer compositions and their refinements, we formulate a precise conjecture how in this situation, too, the polynomials may be described in terms of parabolic length functions.
Degeneration of A-infinity modules
Authors: Jensen Bernt , Madsen Dag , Su Xiuping
Published: April 2009

In this paper we use

A

∞

A_{\infty }

-modules to study the derived category of a finite dimensional algebra over an algebraically closed field. We study varieties parameterising

A

∞

A_{\infty }

-modules. These varieties carry an action of an algebraic group such that orbits correspond to quasi-isomorphism classes of complexes in the derived category. We describe orbit closures in these varieties, generalising a result of Zwara and Riedtmann for modules.
Long-time Sobolev stability for small solutions of quasi-linear Klein-Gordon equations on the circle
Authors: Delort J.-M.
Published: April 2009

We prove that higher Sobolev norms of solutions of quasi-linear Klein-Gordon equations with small Cauchy data on

S

1

\mathbb S^1

remain small over intervals of time longer than the ones given by local existence theory. This result extends previous ones obtained by several authors in the semi-linear case. The main new difficulty one has to cope with is the loss of one derivative coming from the quasi-linear character of the problem. The main tool used to overcome it is a global paradifferential calculus adapted to the Sturm-Liouville operator with periodic boundary conditions.
Auslander-Reiten components containing modules with bounded Betti numbers
Authors: Green Edward , Zacharia Dan
Published: April 2009

Let

R
R

be a connected selfinjective Artin algebra, and

M
M

an indecomposable nonprojective

R
R

-module with bounded Betti numbers lying in a regular component of the Auslander-Reiten quiver of

R
R

. We prove that the Auslander-Reiten sequence ending at

M
M

has at most two indecomposable summands in the middle term. Furthermore we show that the component of the Auslander-Reiten quiver containing

M
M

is either a stable tube or of type

Z

A

∞

\mathbb ZA_{\infty }

. We use these results to study modules with eventually constant Betti numbers, and modules with eventually periodic Betti numbers.
A Π¹₁-uniformization principle for reals
Authors: Chong C. , Yu Liang
Published: April 2009

We introduce a

Π
1
1

\Pi ^1_1

-uniformization principle and establish its equivalence with the set-theoretic hypothesis

(

ω
1

)
L

=

ω
1

(\omega _1)^L=\omega _1

. This principle is then applied to derive the equivalence, to suitable set-theoretic hypotheses, of the existence of

Π
1
1

\Pi ^1_1

-maximal chains and thin maximal antichains in the Turing degrees. We also use the

Π
1
1

\Pi ^1_1

-uniformization principle to study Martin’s conjectures on cones of Turing degrees, and show that under

V
=
L

V=L

the conjectures fail for uniformly degree invariant

Π
1
1

\Pi ^1_1

functions.
A dichotomy characterizing analytic digraphs of uncountable Borel chromatic number in any dimension
Authors: Lecomte Dominique
Published: April 2009

We study the extension of the Kechris-Solecki-Todorčević dichoto-my on analytic graphs to dimensions higher than 2. We prove that the extension is possible in any dimension, finite or infinite. The original proof works in the case of the finite dimension. We first prove that the natural extension does not work in the case of the infinite dimension, for the notion of continuous homomorphism used in the original theorem. Then we solve the problem in the case of the infinite dimension. Finally, we prove that the natural extension works in the case of the infinite dimension, but for the notion of Baire-measurable homomorphism.
Flow invariance for nonlinear partial differential delay equations
Authors: Ruess Wolfgang
Published: April 2009

Several fundamental results on existence, flow-invariance, regularity, and linearized stability of solutions to the nonlinear partial differential delay equation<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="ModifyingAbove u With dot left-parenthesis t right-parenthesis plus upper B u left-parenthesis t right-parenthesis contains-as-member upper F left-parenthesis u Subscript t Baseline right-parenthesis comma t greater-than-or-equal-to 0 comma u 0 equals phi comma">u˙(t)+Bu(t)∋F(ut),t≥0,u0=φ,\dot {u}(t) + Bu(t) \ni F(u_t), t\geq 0, u_0 = \varphi ,withB⊂X×XB\subset X\times Xω−\omega -accretive, are developed for a general Banach spaceX.X.In contrast to existing results, with the history-responseFFglobally defined and, at least, Lipschitz on bounded sets, the results are tailored for situations withFFdefined on (possibly) thin subsets of the initial-history spaceEEonly, and are applied to place several classes of population models in their naturalL1−L^1-setting. The main result solves the open problem of a subtangential condition for flow-invariance of solutions in the fully nonlinear case, paralleling those known for the cases of (a) no delay, (b) ordinary delay equations withB≡0,B\equiv 0,and (c) the semilinear case.
On the cohomology groups of holomorphic Banach bundles
Authors: Lempert László
Published: April 2009

We consider a compact complex manifold

M
M

and introduce the notion of two holomorphic Banach bundles

E
,
F

E,F

over

M
M

being compact perturbations of one another. Given two such bundles we show that if the cohomology groups

H

q

(
M
,
E
)

H^{q}(M,E)

are finite dimensional, then so are the cohomology groups

H

q

(
M
,
F
)

H^{q}(M,F)

; as well as a more precise result in the same spirit.
The residual spectrum of an inner form of 𝑆𝑝₈ supported in the minimal parabolic subgroup
Authors: Grbac Neven
Published: April 2009

The part of the residual spectrum of an inner form of the split group

S

p
8

Sp_8

supported in the minimal parabolic subgroup is decomposed. Since the considered inner form is not quasi–split, the normalization of the standard intertwining operators, required for the calculation of the poles of the Eisenstein series, is out of the reach of the Langlands–Shahidi method. Hence, a normalization technique, based on the transfer of the Plancherel measure between the split group and its inner form, is applied. The obtained decomposition reveals certain features of the residual spectrum of the inner form which do not appear for the split group.
VARNA: Interactive drawing and editing of the RNA secondary structure
Authors: Darty Kévin , Denise Alain , Ponty Yann
Published: April 2009

Description:  VARNA is a tool for the automated drawing, visualization and annotation of the secondary structure of RNA, designed as a companion software for web servers and databases.

Features:  VARNA implements four drawing algorithms, supports input/output using the classic formats dbn, ct, bpseq and RNAML and exports the drawing as five picture formats, either pixel-based (JPEG, PNG) or vector-based (SVG, EPS and XFIG). It also allows manual modification and structural annotation of the resulting drawing using either an interactive point and click approach, within a web server or through command-line arguments.

Availability:  VARNA is a free software, released under the terms of the GPLv3.0 license and available at http://varna.lri.fr

Contact:  ponty@lri.fr

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Long‐term prognosis of medically treated patients with functional mitral regurgitation and left ventricular dysfunction
Authors: Agricola Eustachio , Ielasi Alfonso , Oppizzi Michele , Faggiano Pompilio , Ferri Luca , Calabrese Alice , Vizzardi Enrico , Alfieri Ottavio , Margonato Alberto
Published: April 2009

Aims

To assess long‐term prognosis in patients with functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) and left ventricular (LV) dysfunction, receiving current standard pharmacological therapy.

Methods and results

We prospectively enrolled 404 consecutive patients (mean age 70.2 ± 10 years) with ischaemic (76.5%) and non‐ischaemic (23.5%) LV dysfunction (ejection fraction 34.4 ± 10.8%) and at least mild MR. Results are reported at 4 years' follow‐up. Survival free of all‐cause mortality was 53% and cardiac death was 74%. Survival free of all‐cause mortality was 50% (95% CI 35–72) for patients with moderate MR, 49% (95% CI 27–65) for severe MR, and 64% (95% CI 47–78) for mild MR (P = 0.03). Survival free of cardiac death was 57% (95% CI 38–74) for patients with moderate MR, 55% (95% CI 30–77) for severe MR, and 94% (95% CI 59–98) for mild MR (P = 0.003). Moderate‐to‐severe MR [relative risk (RR) 2.7, 95% CI 1.2–6.1, P = 0.003] was an independent predictor of cardiac death but not of all‐cause mortality. Survival free of heart failure (HF) was 32%. Survival free of HF was 20% (95% CI 17–35) for patients with moderate MR, 18% (95% CI 15–32) for severe MR, and 62% (95% CI 45–72) for mild MR (P = 0.0001). Moderate‐to‐severe MR (RR 3.2, 95% CI 1.9–5.2, P = 0.0001) was an independent predictor of HF.

Conclusion

The mortality and morbidity of patients with LV dysfunction and FMR remain high despite current standard pharmacological therapy. Moderate‐to‐severe MR is an independent predictor of cardiac death and HF.
Study of the immunological profile towards Mycobacterium bovis antigens in naturally infected cattle
Authors: Blanco Federico C. , Schierloh Pablo , Bianco María Verónica , Caimi Karina , Meikle Virginia , Alito Alicia E. , Cataldi Angel A. , Sasiain María del Carmen , Bigi Fabiana
Published: April 2009

A number of studies have determined the contribution of Th1 and Th2 responses to the protective immunity and pathology of Mycobacterium bovis infection. However, much of that information is derived from experimentally infecting cattle with M. bovis and few data from naturally infected animals are available. The aim of this study was to characterize the immunological profile towards M. bovis antigens of naturally infected cattle by measurement of cytokine mRNA expression in PBMC, and to determine which lymphocyte subsets are involved in recall responses of PBMC from M. bovis infected cattle to M. bovis antigens. Consistent with data from cattle experimentally infected with M. bovis, naturally infected animals were found to display a Th1 cytokine profile in response to M. bovis PPDB stimulation. Production of IFN‐γ mRNA by PBMC after PPDB stimulation statistically distinguishes between infected and healthy herds, suggesting that this molecule is usable as an M. bovis‐infection marker. As happens in experimentally infected cows, CD4, CD8 and γδTCR cells from a herd naturally infected with M. bovis are the predominant T cell subsets expanded in response to PPDB.
Rapid, sensitive and simple detection method for koi herpesvirus using loop‐mediated isothermal amplification
Authors: Yoshino Manabu , Watari Hajime , Kojima Tadashi , Ikedo Masanari , Kurita Jun
Published: April 2009

New methods were developed for the detection of koi herpesvirus (KHV, CyHV‐3) by LAMP, which were compared with the PCR for specificity and sensitivity. We designed two primer sets targeting a specific sequence within the 9/5 PCR amplicon (9/5 LAMP) and the upper region of the SphI‐5 PCR amplicon (SphI‐5 LAMP), including a sequence highly conserved among the strains. The amplification was monitored in real‐time based on the increase in turbidity, with magnesium pyrophosphate as the by‐product. The reactions were carried out under isothermal conditions at 65°C for 60 min. The detection limit of both LAMP was six copies, equal to the modified SphI‐5 PCR. No cross‐reactivity with other fish pathogenic viruses and bacteria was observed. SphI‐5 LAMP was found to have a quicker response in terms of the reaction velocity than 9/5 LAMP. Therefore, we consider SphI‐5 LAMP to be superior for routine use. Additionally, LAMP was found applicable to crude extract from gills and other organs. LAMP methods are superior in terms of sensitivity, specificity, rapidity and simplicity, and are potentially a valuable diagnostic tool for KHV infections.
Differentiated implication of Lactobacillus GG and L. gasseri TMC0356 to immune responses of murine Peyer's patch
Authors: Harata Gaku , He Fang , Kawase Manabu , Hosono Akira , Takahashi Kyoko , Kaminogawa Shuichi
Published: April 2009

Lactobacillus GG and L. gasseri TMC0356 were examined for their potential to alter the immune responses of murine PP cells in vitro and in vivo. Lactobacillus GG and L. gasseri TMC0356 characteristically stimulated the production of IL‐12, IL‐6, IFN‐γ and IgA from isolated PP cells in vitro. Anatomical analysis indicated uptake of these bacteria by the PP tissue after giving orally in mice. Isolated PP cells exposed to Lactobacillus GG in vivo secreted more IFN‐γ, IL‐6 and total IgA, whereas those exposed to L. gasseri TMC0356 in vivo did not exhibit altered immune responses in terms of cytokine and IgA production. Therefore, these two bacteria might exhibit different immunodulatory effects in host animals by strain‐dependent interaction with gut‐associated lymphoid tissues in vivo.
Absence of a dominance hierarchy confirms territorial organization in male bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus Pallas, 1766)
Authors: Wronski Torsten , Apio Ann , Plath Martin
Published: April 2009

It has been suggested that all species of spiral‐horned antelopes (Tragelaphini) lack territoriality. Furthermore, some authors suggested that bushbuck (Tragelpahus scriptus) males form dominance hierarchies. In this study, we investigated the dominance relationships in two groups of free‐ranging bushbuck males in Queen Elizabeth National Park, Uganda. Adult males dominated young‐adult bachelors and subadult males, but no distinct dominance relationships were found among adult males. Landau′s index of linearity revealed no linear dominance hierarchy in the study populations. Our results support the idea that adult males are territorial, and overt aggression is directed almost exclusively towards bachelors that challenge territory holders.
Is use of translocation for the conservation of subpopulations of oribi Ourebia ourebi (Zimmermann) effective? A case study
Authors: Grey‐Ross Rebecca , Downs Colleen T. , Kirkman Kevin
Published: April 2009

In South Africa, the oribi, Ourebia ourebi is an endangered small antelope that requires conservation management and intervention to prevent their extinction. Use of translocation for the conservation of subpopulations facing local extinction in the wild has been proposed. In this study, fifteen oribi from threatened populations were captured and released (November 2004) on a private game reserve in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. Radio telemetry was used to monitor the dispersal and survival of translocated oribi. Only one death occurred during that period. All other released oribi survived, and most remained in close proximity of the release site for more than a year postrelease. Reproduction also occurred. This suggests that, translocation could be a viable option for conserving wild populations of oribi, assuming that other factors, such as availability of suitable grassland habitat and that poaching has been curtailed, are met.
Cordia millenii: on the risk of local extinction?
Authors: Babweteera Fred
Published: April 2009

Selective logging of valuable tropical timber trees is a conservation concern because it threatens the long‐term sustainability of forests. However, there is insufficient information regarding the postlogging recovery of harvested species. Here, I assessed the seed dispersal patterns, recruitment and abundance of Cordia millenii, a valuable timber tree in two Ugandan tropical rain forests that have been subjected to varying disturbance regimes. The aim was to determine the vulnerability of Cordia in these forests. The rate of seed dispersal was lower in the heavily disturbed Mabira Forest compared with the less disturbed Budongo Forest. Frugivores in Mabira were small‐bodied individuals that spat seeds beneath fruiting trees, whereas 90% of the fruit in Budongo was consumed by large‐bodied chimpanzees that disperse seeds over long distances. Juveniles of Cordia were not found in the closed forest, although they were found in forest gaps in Budongo but not Mabira. Mature tree density was higher in Budongo compared with Mabira. Lack of effective seed dispersal coupled with the inability of seedlings of Cordia to establish under closed canopy account for the arrested recruitment in Mabira. Enrichment planting in felling gaps is necessary to avoid local extinction of Cordia in forests without large vertebrates.
Advances in understanding the bleeding diathesis in factor V deficiency
Authors: Duckers Connie , Simioni Paolo , Rosing Jan , Castoldi Elisabetta
Published: April 2009

Coagulation factor V (FV), present in plasma and platelets, is an indispensable clotting factor, as demonstrated by the uniform lethality of FV knock‐out mice. Surprisingly, however, severe FV deficiency is rarely fatal in humans. In fact, although several cases of life‐threatening intracranial haemorrhage have been reported in FV‐deficient newborns, many patients with undetectable FV levels experience only mild to moderate bleeding and do not require routine prophylaxis. While the reasons for this variable phenotypic expression are largely unknown, several observations from different laboratories indicate platelets as crucial players in FV deficiency. Moreover, we have recently shown that plasma levels of tissue factor pathway inhibitor are considerably reduced in FV‐deficient plasma, which results in enhanced thrombin generation especially at very low FV levels (<2%). The present review discusses and integrates these findings in the context of the biology of FV and the clinical features of FV deficiency.
Persistent apical periodontitis associated with a calcifying odontogenic cyst
Authors: Estrela C. , Decurcio D. A. , Silva J. A. , Mendonça E. F. , Estrela C. R. A.
Published: April 2009

Aim  To report a case of calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) that was suggestive of apical periodontitis adjacent to the roots of the maxillary incisor teeth.

Summary  Tooth 21 presented with clinical and radiographic signs of secondary infection, a post within the root canal and substantial internal tooth destruction; it was scheduled for endodontic surgery. Teeth 12 and 22 were root filled following the placement of a calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing for 21 days. Three attempts at root canal disinfection in tooth 11 were unsuccessful, and a persistent purulent drainage precluded completion of root canal treatment. Surgical enucleation of the periapical lesion was undertaken and the tissues submitted for histopathological examination. A diagnosis of COC was established based on the microscopic analysis. COC is an unusual benign lesion that represents 2% of all odontogenic lesions. Depending on the stage of development, it can mimic a large lesion associated with apical periodontitis and should therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis. In the case of COC, the definitive diagnosis can only be made with histopathological analysis.

Key learning points  • Persistent apical periodontitis may be of nonendodontic origin.

• Histological examination is essential to establish the cause of persistent apical periodontitis.

• Calcifying odontogenic cyst can mimic apical periodontitis.
Laser Doppler flowmetry in endodontics: a review
Authors: Jafarzadeh H.
Published: April 2009

Vascular supply is the most accurate marker of pulp vitality. Tests for assessing vascular supply that rely on the passage of light through a tooth have been considered as possible methods for detecting pulp vitality. Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), which is a noninvasive, objective, painless, semi‐quantitative method, has been shown to be reliable for measuring pulpal blood flow. The relevant literature on LDF in the context of endodontics up to March 2008 was reviewed using PubMed and MEDLINE database searches. This search identified papers published between June 1983 and March 2008. Laser light is transmitted to the pulp by means of a fibre optic probe. Scattered light from moving red blood cells will be frequency‐shifted whilst that from the static tissue remains unshifted. The reflected light, composed of Doppler‐shifted and unshifted light, is returned by afferent fibres and a signal is produced. This technique has been successfully employed for estimating pulpal vitality in adults and children, differential diagnosis of apical radiolucencies (on the basis of pulp vitality), examining the reactions to pharmacological agents or electrical and thermal stimulation, and monitoring of pulpal responses to orthodontic procedures and traumatic injuries. Assessments may be highly susceptible to environmental and technique‐related factors. Nonpulpal signals, principally from periodontal blood flow, may contaminate the signal. Because this test produces no noxious stimuli, apprehensive or distressed patients accept it more readily than current methods of pulp vitality assessment. A review of the literature and a discussion of the application of this system in endodontics are presented.
Differential cholinoceptor modulation of nitric oxide isoforms in experimentally‐induced inflammation of dental pulp tissue
Authors: De Couto Pita A. , Passafaro D. , Ganzinelli S. , Borda E. , Sterin‐Borda L.
Published: April 2009

Aim  The aim of the study was to investigate the role of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) activity in the regulation of endothelial (e), neuronal (n) and inducible (i) nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and expression in experimentally induced inflammation of rat dental pulp tissue.

Methodology  Inflammation was induced by application of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to the pulp. Extirpated pulp‐tissue samples were incubated in saline solution until the various experiments were performed. Saline‐treated pulp and healthy pulp tissues were used as controls. NOS activity was measured by the production of [U‐14C]‐citrulline from [U‐14C]‐arginine. Nitrite/nitrate assay was evaluated by the conversion of nitrate to nitrite in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. i‐nos, e‐nos and n‐nos mRNA levels were measured using reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction by co‐amplification of target cDNA with a single set of primers.

Results  Application of LPS to the pulp increased NOS activity and nitrate production (P < 0.001), generated by iNOS over‐activity and expression. Pilocarpine acting on mAChRs triggered a biphasic action on NOS activity and NO accumulation. At low concentrations, pilocarpine induced a negative effect associated with a decrease in i‐nos mRNA level, whilst at high concentration, it produced a positive effect associated with increased e‐nos and n‐nos mRNA levels. In control pulp tissue, only the positive effect of pilocarpine was observed.

Conclusions  Irreversible pulpitis changes mAChR conformation increasing its efficiency of coupling to transducing molecules that in turn induce activate iNOS. The capacity of pilocarpine to prevent NO accumulation and iNOS activity, by acting on mAChR mutation induced by pulpitis, might be useful therapeutically as a local treatment.
Evaluation of enzymatic and non‐enzymatic softening in low salt cucumber fermentations
Authors: Maruvada Rashmi , McFeeters Roger F.
Published: April 2009

Retention of a firm, crisp fruit texture is a major consideration for pickled vegetables including pickles made from fermented cucumbers. It is known that cucumbers soften rapidly when fermented at low salt concentrations (<0.5 M) without added calcium. This study has shown that there is non‐enzymatic softening in low salt fermentations because cucumbers soften even when heated sufficiently to inactivate pectinesterase and several glycosidases that can hydrolyse glycosidic linkages that are present in cell wall polysaccharides. Though pectinesterase activity declines and these glycosidases lose activity within the first week of fermentation there is generally greater loss of cucumber tissue firmness when enzymes are not inactivated by heat. While heating cucumbers prior to fermentation reduces softening during subsequent storage, a heat treatment after 2 weeks of fermentation does not reduce softening. This result suggested that the enzymatic reactions responsible for softening occur early in the fermentation process even though the softening does not become evident until later in the storage period. Despite the evidence of an enzymatic component of tissue softening in low salt cucumbers, softening could not be associated with specific enzymes.