bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Dielectric Elastomers with Variable Moduli
Authors: Hu Wei , Ren Zhi , Li Junpeng , Askounis Erin , Xie Zhixin , Pei Qibing
Published: July 2015

Dielectric elastomers have been widely investigated for muscle‐like soft actuators and capacitive sensors. Mechanical properties play a central role in the performances of the active material. Most elastomers have specific moduli pre‐determined by the polymers' molecular structures, which are not suitable for applications in changing working conditions as natural muscles are capable of. Here new dielectric elastomers are described exhibiting variable moduli controlled via thermal treatment. The elastomers contain furan‐maleimide Diels–Alder adduct moieties to administer the crosslinking densities of the elastomeric networks via reversible Diels–Alder/retro‐Diels–Alder cycloaddition reaction, resulting in changes in the elastomers' moduli. One of the synthesized elastomers has moduli that can be controlled between 0.17 and 0.52 MPa incrementally and reversibly. Capacitive strain sensors based on this elastomer can be operated in both rigid and soft modes to achieve variable sensing response up to 30% linear strain. Actuators were fabricated and operated in both high strain mode (35% actuation area strain at 65 MV m−1) and high force output mode (0.55 MPa at 104 MV m−1). The elastomers can exhibit a range of stress–strain outputs in similar fashion as muscle.
Beyond State of the Art Honeycomb Membranes: High Performance Ordered Arrays from Multiprogrammable Linear‐Dendritic Block Copolymers
Authors: Mongkhontreerat Surinthra , Walter Marie V. , Andrén Oliver C. J. , Cai Yanling , Malkoch Michael
Published: July 2015

A new generation of honeycomb membranes is herein described from a novel library of multipurpose linear‐dendritic block copolymers. These are accomplished by combining atom transfer radical polymerization together with dendrimer chemistry and click reactions. The resulted amorphous block copolymers, with Tg between 30 and 40 °C, display three important functions, i.e., pore generating aromatic groups, crosslinking azides, and multiple dendritic functional groups. All block copolymers enable the successful fabrication of honeycomb membranes through the facile breath figure method. The peripheral dendritic functionality is found to influence the porous morphologies from closed pored structure with pore size of 1.12 μm2 to open pore structure with pore size 10.26 μm2. Facile UV crosslinking of the azides yields membranes with highly durable structural integrity. Upon crosslinking, the pH and thermal stability are extended beyond the noncrosslinked membranes in which the porous integrity is maintained up to 400 °C and pH 1–14. Taking into account the straightforward and cost‐efficient strategy to generate ordered, functional, and structurally stable honeycomb membranes on various solid substrates, it is apparent that these multipurpose block copolymers may unlock future applications including use as molds for soft lithography.
Aortic dimensions in Turner syndrome
Authors: Quezada Emilio , Lapidus Jodi , Shaughnessy Robin , Chen Zunqiu , Silberbach Michael
Published: June 2015

In Turner syndrome, linear growth is less than the general population. Consequently, to assess stature in Turner syndrome, condition‐specific comparators have been employed. Similar reference curves for cardiac structures in Turner syndrome are currently unavailable. Accurate assessment of the aorta is particularly critical in Turner syndrome because aortic dissection and rupture occur more frequently than in the general population. Furthermore, comparisons to references calculated from the taller general population with the shorter Turner syndrome population can lead to over‐estimation of aortic size causing stigmatization, medicalization, and potentially over‐treatment. We used echocardiography to measure aortic diameters at eight levels of the thoracic aorta in 481 healthy girls and women with Turner syndrome who ranged in age from two to seventy years. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to assess the influence of karyotype, age, body mass index, bicuspid aortic valve, blood pressure, history of renal disease, thyroid disease, or growth hormone therapy. Because only bicuspid aortic valve was found to independently affect aortic size, subjects with bicuspid aortic valve were excluded from the analysis. Regression equations for aortic diameters were calculated and Z‐scores corresponding to 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations from the mean were plotted against body surface area. The information presented here will allow clinicians and other caregivers to calculate aortic Z‐scores using a Turner‐based reference population. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The influence of male takeovers on female dispersal inColobus vellerosus
Authors: Sicotte Pascale , Teichroeb Julie A. , Vayro Josie V. , Fox Stephanie A. , Bădescu Iulia , Wikberg Eva C.
Published: June 2015

Male takeovers affect male tenure, female mate choice and ultimately, individual reproductive success in group‐living primates. In social systems with female philopatry and high male reproductive skew, male takeovers largely determine female mate choice, whereas in species with female dispersal, females have the option of deserting a new male. We focused on a species with facultative female dispersal to investigate which factors promote female desertion of males after takeover, using 15 cases (12 for which we have complete data on the takeover process and the female dispersal outcome). These cases took place in nine groups ofColobus vellerosusbetween 2001 and 2013 at the Boabeng‐Fiema Monkey Sanctuary, Ghana. Quick takeovers were usually achieved by single adult males and were never followed by female dispersal. Slow takeovers involved several males, and these takeovers were regularly accompanied by female emigration. Infant attacks and infanticide by males occurred during both kinds of takeovers, but females with dependent offspring never dispersed, regardless of whether their infant was attacked or killed by the new male(s). Subadult females, who were not constrained by the presence of infants, dispersed more often after slow takeovers than after quick takeovers. Whether female dispersal post‐takeover is an expression of female mate choice, or occurs to avoid the social upheaval surrounding slow takeovers, remains to be investigated. Am. J. Primatol. 79:e22436, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contrasting responses to novelty by wild and captive orangutans
Authors: Forss Sofia I. F. , Schuppli Caroline , Haiden Dominique , Zweifel Nicole , van Schaik Carel P.
Published: June 2015

Several studies have suggested that wild primates tend to behave with caution toward novelty, whereas captive primates are thought to be less neophobic, more exploratory, and more innovative. However, few studies have systematically compared captive and wild individuals of the same species to document this “captivity effect” in greater detail. Here we report the responses of both wild and captive orangutans to the same novel items. Novel objects were presented to wild orangutans on multiple platforms placed in the canopy and equipped with motion‐triggered video cameras. The same and different novel objects were also presented to orangutans in two different zoos. The results demonstrate extreme conservatism in both Bornean and Sumatran wild orangutans, who gradually approached the novel objects more closely as they became familiar, but avoided contact with them over many encounters spanning several months. Their zoo‐living conspecifics, in contrast, showed an immediate neophilic response. Our results thus confirm the “captivity effect.” To the various ecological explanations proposed before (reduced risk and increased time and energy balance for captive individuals relative to wild ones), we add the social information hypothesis, which claims that individuals confronted with novel items preferentially rely on social cues whenever possible. This caution toward novelty disappears when human caretakers become additional role models and can also be eroded when all experience with novelty is positive. Am. J. Primatol. 77:1109–1121, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Isoprenoidbiosynthese in pathogenen Bakterien: Nukleare inelastische Streuung ermöglicht Einblicke in den ungewöhnlichen [4Fe‐4S]‐Cluster vom E.‐coli‐Protein LytB/IspH
Authors: Faus Isabelle , Reinhard Annegret , Rackwitz Sergej , Wolny Juliusz A. , Schlage Kai , Wille Hans‐Christian , Chumakov Aleksandr , Krasutsky Sergiy , Chaignon Philippe , Poulter C. Dale , Seemann Myriam , Schünemann Volker
Published: June 2015

Das Protein LytB/ISPH katalysiert den letzten Schritt des Methylerythritolphosphat(MEP)‐Wegs, der zur Terpenoidbiosynthese in vielen pathogenen Bakterien dient. Deswegen gilt der MEP‐Weg als Angriffspunkt für neue potentielle Antibiotika, da er essenziell für Mikroorganismen ist, beim Menschen jedoch nicht vorkommt. Substratfreies LytB hat einen besonderen [4Fe‐4S]2+‐Cluster mit einer bisher unbekannten Struktur. Experimente mit nuklearer inelastischer Streuung (NIS, oder “nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopy”, NRVS) in Kombination mit quantenchemischen‐molekülmechanischen (QM/MM) Rechnungen zeigen, dass das apikale Eisen des Clusters eindeutig mit drei Wassermolekülen koordiniert ist. Zusätzlich präsentieren wir NIS‐Experimente von LytB gebunden mit dem natürlichen Substrat (E)‐4‐Hydroxy‐3‐methylbut‐2‐en‐1‐yl‐diphosphat (HMBPP) sowie mit den Inhibitoren (E)‐4‐Amino‐3‐methylbut‐2‐en‐1‐yl‐diphosphat und (E)‐4‐Mercapto‐3‐methylbut‐2‐en‐1‐yl‐diphosphat.
Versatile Design Principles for Facile Access to Unstrained Conjugated Organoborane Macrocycles
Authors: Chen Pangkuan , Yin Xiaodong , Baser‐Kirazli Nurcan , Jäkle Frieder
Published: June 2015

A facile and versatile approach was developed to access ambipolar boron‐containing macrocycles. Two examples of new conjugated cyclic motifs are presented with carbazole moieties as donors and borane moieties as acceptors embedded into the ring system. They were first predicted using computational methods. Possible targets with appropriately shaped π‐conjugated bridges that minimize the overall ring strain were identified and their geometry was optimized by DFT methods. The synthetic demonstration was then accomplished using organometallic condensation reactions under high dilution conditions. The resulting monodisperse macrocycles provide important insights into the design principles necessary for the preparation of new unstrained macrocycles with interesting optical and electronic characteristics. The current research also offers a more general approach to conjugated ambipolar B/N macrocycles as a promising new family of (opto)electronic materials.
Precipitating Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate to Create Ultrastable and Stimulable Foams
Authors: Zhang Li , Mikhailovskaya Alesya , Yazhgur Pavel , Muller François , Cousin Fabrice , Langevin Dominique , Wang Nan , Salonen Anniina
Published: June 2015

Ultrastable foams are made very simply by adding salt (NaCl or KCl) to sodium dodecyl sulfate. The addition of high concentrations of salt leads to the precipitation of the surfactant on the bubble surfaces and as crystals in the interstices between the bubbles. As a consequence, the ageing of the foams is stopped to make them stable indefinitely, or until they are heated above the melting temperature of the crystals. The use of KCl is shown to be much more effective than that of NaCl because potassium dodecyl sulfate has a higher melting temperature and faster rates of crystallization. The crystalline structures have been investigated inside the foam using small angle neutron scattering. The larger lattice spacing of the crystals formed with NaCl in comparison with KCl has been evidenced. These simple temperature stimulable foams could have many potential applications.
The MoMo Quintuple Bond as a Ligand to Stabilize Transition‐Metal Complexes
Authors: Lu Duan‐Yen , Chen Peter P.‐Y. , Kuo Ting‐Shen , Tsai Yi‐Chou
Published: June 2015

Herein, we report the employment of the MoMo quintuple bonded amidinate complex to stabilize Group 10 metal fragments {(Et3P)2M} (M=Pd, Pt) and give rise to the isolation of the unprecedented δ complexes. X‐ray analysis unambiguously revealed short contacts between Pd or Pt and two Mo atoms and a slight elongation of the MoMo quintuple bond in these two compounds. Computational studies show donation of the MoMo quintuple‐bond δ electrons to an empty σ orbital on Pd or Pt, and back‐donation from a filled Pd or Pt dπ orbital into the MoMo δ* level (LUMO), consistent with the Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model.
A Cell‐Permeable ATP Analogue for Kinase‐Catalyzed Biotinylation
Authors: Fouda Ahmed E. , Pflum Mary Kay H.
Published: June 2015

ATP analogues have been powerful compounds for the study of kinase‐catalyzed phosphorylation. However, the cell impermeability of ATP analogues has largely limited their use to in vitro lysate‐based experiments. Herein, we report the first cell‐permeable ATP analogue, ATP–polyamine–biotin (APB). APB is shown to promote biotin labeling of kinase substrates in live cells and has future applications in phosphoprotein purification and analysis. More generally, these studies provide a foundation for the development of additional cell‐permeable ATP analogues for cell‐signaling research.
Pyridylidene‐Mediated Dihydrogen Activation Coupled with Catalytic Imine Reduction
Authors: Auth Johanna , Padevet Jaroslav , Mauleón Pablo , Pfaltz Andreas
Published: June 2015

In recent years, dihydrogen activation at non‐metallic centers has received increasing attention. A system in which dihydrogen is trapped by a pyridylidene intermediate that is generated from a pyridinium salt and a base is now reported. The dihydropyridine formed in this process can act as reducing agent towards organic electrophiles. By coupling the hydrogen‐activation step with subsequent hydride transfer from the dihydropyridine to an imine, a catalytic process was established. Treatment of the N‐phenylimine of phenyl trifluoromethyl ketone with 5–20 mol % of N‐mesityl‐3,5‐bis(2,6‐dimethylphenyl)pyridinium triflate and 0.3–1.0 equivalents of LiN(SiMe3)2 under 50 bar of hydrogen gas resulted in high conversion into the corresponding amine.
Four‐ and Sixfold Tandem‐Domino Reactions Leading to Dimeric Tetrasubstituted Alkenes Suitable as Molecular Switches
Authors: Tietze Lutz F. , Waldecker Bernd , Ganapathy Dhandapani , Eichhorst Christoph , Lenzer Thomas , Oum Kawon , Reichmann Sven O. , Stalke Dietmar
Published: June 2015

A highly efficient palladium‐catalyzed fourfold tandem‐domino reaction consisting of two carbopalladation and two CH‐activation steps was developed for the synthesis of two types of tetrasubstituted alkenes 3 and 6 with intrinsic helical chirality starting from substrates 1 and 4, respectively. A sixfold tandem‐domino reaction was also developed by including a Sonogashira reaction. 20 compounds with different substitution patterns were prepared with yields of up to 97 %. Structure elucidation by X‐ray crystallography confirmed helical chirality of the two alkene moieties. Photophysical investigations of some of the compounds showed pronounced switching properties through light‐controlled changes of their stereochemical configuration.
Synthesis of Fluorophores that Target Small Molecules to the Endoplasmic Reticulum of Living Mammalian Cells
Authors: Meinig J. Matthew , Fu Liqiang , Peterson Blake R.
Published: June 2015

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) plays critical roles in the processing of secreted and transmembrane proteins. To deliver small molecules to this organelle, we synthesized fluorinated hydrophobic analogues of the fluorophore rhodol. These cell‐permeable fluorophores are exceptionally bright, with quantum yields of around 0.8, and they were found to specifically accumulate in the ER of living HeLa cells, as imaged by confocal laser scanning microscopy. To target a biological pathway controlled by the ER, we linked a fluorinated hydrophobic rhodol to 5‐nitrofuran‐2‐acrylaldehyde. In contrast to an untargeted nitrofuran warhead, delivery of this electrophilic nitrofuran to the ER by the rhodol resulted in cytotoxicity comparable to the ER‐targeted cytotoxin eeyarestatin I, and specifically inhibited protein processing by the ubiquitin–proteasome system. Fluorinated hydrophobic rhodols are outstanding fluorophores that enable the delivery of small molecules for targeting ER‐associated proteins and pathways.
Methylamine‐Gas‐Induced Defect‐Healing Behavior of CH3NH3PbI3 Thin Films for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhou Zhongmin , Wang Zaiwei , Zhou Yuanyuan , Pang Shuping , Wang Dong , Xu Hongxia , Liu Zhihong , Padture Nitin P. , Cui Guanglei
Published: June 2015

We report herein the discovery of methylamine (CH3NH2) induced defect‐healing (MIDH) of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite thin films based on their ultrafast (seconds), reversible chemical reaction with CH3NH2 gas at room temperature. The key to this healing behavior is the formation and spreading of an intermediate CH3NH3PbI3⋅xCH3NH2 liquid phase during this unusual perovskite–gas interaction. We demonstrate the versatility and scalability of the MIDH process, and show dramatic enhancement in the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with MIDH. This study represents a new direction in the formation of defect‐free films of hybrid perovskites.
Effects of processing parameters and thermal history on microcellular foaming behaviors of PEEK using supercritical CO2
Authors: Yang Quan , Zhang Guangcheng , Ma Zhonglei , Li Jiantong , Fan Xiaolong
Published: July 2015

In this study, we mainly investigate the solid‐state foaming of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) with different crystallinities using supercritical CO2 as a physical blowing agent. The gaseous mass‐transfer and thermophysical behaviors were studied. By altering the parameters of the foaming process, microcellular foams with different cell morphologies were prepared. The effect of crystallization on the cell morphology was also investigated in detail. The results indicate that the crystallization restricts gas diffusion in the material, and the thermophysical behaviors of the saturated PEEK sample with low crystallinity presents two cold crystallization peaks. The cell density decreases and the cell size increases as the saturation pressure increases. The cell density of the microcellular foams prepared under 20 MPa is 1.23 × 1010 cells/cm3, which is almost 10 times compares to that under 8 MPa. The cell size increases as the foaming time extends or the foaming temperature increases. It is interesting that the cell morphology with a bimodal cell‐size distribution is generated when the samples are foamed at temperatures higher than 320°C for a sufficient time. Additionally, nanocellular foams can be obtained from a highly crystallized PEEK after the decrystallization process. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42576.
Osteology and Cartilaginous Elements ofTrilepida salgueiroi(Amaral, 1954) (Scolecophidia: Leptotyphlopidae)
Authors: Pinto Roberta R. , Martins Angele R. , Curcio Felipe , Ramos Luciana de O.
Published: June 2015

Morphological and anatomical studies on the Leptotyphlopidae have increased in the past 10 years, providing important data on the systematics of this group, mainly focused on the skull and lower jaw morphology. However, most studies are based on a single specimen, rarely combining more than one single method of assessing morphological information. Therefore, several data on postcranial morphology, sexual dimorphism, and ontogenetic and intraspecific variation of leptotyphlopids remain poorly understood. Herein, we provide a detailed description of the cranial and postcranial skeleton ofTrilepida salgueiroibased on more than 20 specimens (including males, females and juveniles), as well as a description of osteology and cartilaginous elements through the use of combined methodologies such as X‐ray scanning, high resolution CT‐scanning, and clearing and staining of articulated and disarticulated specimens. We also provide data on the presence/absence of dimorphic and intraspecific variation of the observed characters. The presence of a statolithic mass in thecavum vestibulidiffers from the pattern found in other scolecophidians. A correlation of dorsal vertebrae with ventral and subcaudal scales was found (1:1), as well as total number of vertebrae with middorsal scales (1:1), thoracolumbar vertebrae and ventral scales (1:1), and a higher number of caudal vertebra with subcaudal scales (1.23:1). Intraspecific variation was found in several elements of the skull, lower jaw, pelvic girdle and vertebral number, but no evidence of sexual dimorphism was found in any of the species characters analysed. The homologies of several elements are discussed, although still remaining poorly understood and unknown. Anat Rec, 298:1722–1747, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Vagal Fibers Form Associations With Interstitial Cells of Cajal During Fetal Development
Authors: Hepworth Kelly L. , Wang Xuan‐yu , Huizinga Jan D. , Ratcliffe Elyanne M.
Published: June 2015

Vagal intramuscular arrays (IMAs) have been shown to form complexes with intramuscular interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). We tested the hypothesis that associations between vagal nerve endings and ICC arise in fetal development. Intraganglionic laminar endings (IGLEs) and IMAs were identified by applying 1,1’‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethylindocarbocyanineperchlorate (DiI) to vagal nerve trunks and myenteric plexus (MP) and intramuscular (IM) ICC were immunolabeled with antibodies to c‐Kit in fetal and early postnatal mice (E16‐P7). At E16, c‐Kit immunoreactive cells were abundant in the primordial smooth muscle, with early ICC networks discernable by E18 and ongoing organization at P1 and P7. The distribution of vagal endings was found to change during the course of development, with significantly more putative IGLEs in the prenatal compared to the postnatal period and less IMAs in the prenatal compared to postnatal period. Associations of ICC with both IGLEs and IMAs were detected as early as E16 and were maintained into postnatal life. These findings suggest that vagal fibers begin to associate with ICC during prenatal development. Future studies will be needed to determine the mechanisms through which vagal endings and ICC interact. Anat Rec, 298:1780–1785, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
EFTUD2 deficiency in vertebrates: Identification of a novel human mutation and generation of a zebrafish model
Authors: Deml Brett , Reis Linda M. , Muheisen Sanaa , Bick David , Semina Elena V.
Published: June 2015

Background

Congenital microphthalmia and coloboma are severe developmental defects that are frequently associated with additional systemic anomalies and display a high level of genetic heterogeneity.

Methods

To identify the pathogenic variant in a patient with microphthalmia, coloboma, retinal dystrophy, microcephaly, and other features, whole exome sequencing analysis of the patient and parental samples was undertaken. To further explore the identified variant/gene, expression and functional studies in zebrafish were performed.

Results

Whole exome sequencing revealed a de novo variant, c.473_474delGA, p.(Arg158Lysfs*4), in EFTUD2 which encodes a component of the spliceosome complex. Dominant mutations in EFTUD2 cause Mandibulofacial Dysostosis, Guion‐Almeida type, which does not involve microphthalmia, coloboma, or retinal dystrophy; analysis of genes known to cause these ocular phenotypes identified several variants of unknown significance but no causal alleles in the affected patient. Zebrafish eftud2 demonstrated high sequence conservation with the human gene and broad embryonic expression. TALEN‐mediated disruption was employed to generate a c.378_385 del, p.(Ser127Aspfs*23) truncation mutation in eftud2. Homozygous mutants displayed a reduced head size, small eye, curved body, and early embryonic lethality. Apoptosis assays demonstrated a striking increase in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end‐labeling (TUNEL)‐positive cells in the developing brain, eye, spinal cord, and other tissues starting at 30 hours postfertilization.

Conclusion

This study reports a novel mutation in EFTUD2 in a Mandibulofacial Dysostosis, Guion‐Almeida type patient with unusual ocular features and the generation of a first animal model of eftud2 deficiency. The severe embryonic phenotype observed in eftud2 mutants indicates an important conserved role during development of diverse tissues in vertebrates. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 103:630–640, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Framing the geographies of higher education participation: schools, place and national identity
Authors: Donnelly Michael , Evans Ceryn
Published: June 2015

This paper considers the role of schools, place and national identity in shaping the ways in which young people make sense of the geography of higher education choice in the Welsh context. Drawing on two qualitative studies, it illustrates how attachment to nationhood and localities, as well as the internal processes of schools, bear upon the geographical mobility of young people living in Wales. The analyses suggest that this choice‐making process, and the ways in which young people rationalised these decisions about where to study, varies according to where they lived and which school they attended. The paper illustrates the importance of moving beyond exclusively social‐class based analyses of university choice making and embracing the significance of school and place in young people's geographical mobility.
Epigenetically altered miR‐193b targets cyclin D1 in prostate cancer
Authors: Kaukoniemi Kirsi M. , Rauhala Hanna E. , Scaravilli Mauro , Latonen Leena , Annala Matti , Vessella Robert L. , Nykter Matti , Tammela Teuvo L. J. , Visakorpi Tapio
Published: July 2015

Micro‐RNAs (miRNA) are important regulators of gene expression and often differentially expressed in cancer and other diseases. We have previously shown that miR‐193b is hypermethylated in prostate cancer (PC) and suppresses cell growth. It has been suggested that miR‐193b targets cyclin D1 in several malignancies. Here, our aim was to determine if miR‐193b targets cyclin D1 in prostate cancer. Our data show that miR‐193b is commonly methylated in PC samples compared to benign prostate hyperplasia. We found reduced miR‐193b expression (P < 0.05) in stage pT3 tumors compared to pT2 tumors in a cohort of prostatectomy specimens. In 22Rv1 PC cells with low endogenous miR‐193b expression, the overexpression of miR‐193b reduced CCND1 mRNA levels and cyclin D1 protein levels. In addition, the exogenous expression of miR‐193b decreased the phosphorylation level of RB, a target of the cyclin D1‐CDK4/6 pathway. Moreover, according to a reporter assay, miR‐193b targeted the 3’UTR of CCND1 in PC cells and the CCND1 activity was rescued by expressing CCND1 lacking its 3’UTR. Immunohistochemical analysis of cyclin D1 showed that castration‐resistant prostate cancers have significantly (P = 0.0237) higher expression of cyclin D1 compared to hormone‐naïve cases. Furthermore, the PC cell lines 22Rv1 and VCaP, which express low levels of miR‐193b and high levels of CCND1, showed significant growth retardation when treated with a CDK4/6 inhibitor. In contrast, the inhibitor had no effect on the growth of PC‐3 and DU145 cells with high miR‐193b and low CCND1 expression. Taken together, our data demonstrate that miR‐193b targets cyclin D1 in prostate cancer.
Morphology‐Controlled Self‐Assembly and Nanostructured NiO: An Eﬃcient and Robust Photocatalytic Water‐Oxidation Catalyst
Authors: Du Xiaoqiang , Ding Yong , Li Chengqiang
Published: June 2015

Three α‐NiO nanocompounds of different morphology, with nanorods, nanowires, and nanoplates, were synthesized by controlling the ratio of reactants and temperature. The shape and structure of the nanocompounds were confirmed by SEM, XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, BET, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. These compounds were examined as catalysts in photocatalytic water oxidation with [Ru(2,2′‐bipyridine)3]2+ and S2O82− as a photosensitizer and a sacrificial oxidant, respectively. All of the samples exhibit high turnover frequencies and perfect stability in slightly alkaline conditions. A characteristic peak at around E=0.95 V versus Ag/AgCl assigned to a Ni3+ species was detected by cyclic voltammetry, which suggests that a high‐valent nickel species may be responsible for water oxidation. The surface properties of the α‐NiO nanorods also remain unchanged after examination by XPS before and after the photocatalytic reaction.
High‐Yield Lithiation of Azobenzenes by Tin–Lithium Exchange
Authors: Strueben Jan , Lipfert Matthias , Springer Jan‐Ole , Gould Colin A. , Gates Paul J. , Sönnichsen Frank D. , Staubitz Anne
Published: June 2015

The lithiation of halogenated azobenzenes by halogen–lithium exchange commonly leads to substantial degradation of the azo group to give hydrazine derivatives besides the desired aryl lithium species. Yields of quenching reactions with electrophiles are therefore low. This work shows that a transmetalation reaction of easily accessible stannylated azobenzenes with methyllithium leads to a near‐quantitative lithiation of azobenzenes in para, meta, and ortho positions. To investigate the scope of the reaction, various lithiated azobenzenes were quenched with a variety of electrophiles. Furthermore, mechanistic 119Sn NMR spectroscopic studies on the formation of lithiated azobenzenes are presented. A tin ate complex of the azobenzene was detected and characterized at low temperature.
Binding Behaviors for Different Types of DNA G‐Quadruplexes: Enantiomers of [Ru(bpy)2(L)]2+ (L=dppz, dppz‐idzo)
Authors: Shi Shuo , Xu Jin‐Hong , Gao Xing , Huang Hai‐Liang , Yao Tian‐Ming
Published: June 2015

Polymorphic DNA G‐quadruplex recognition has attracted great interest in recent years. The strong binding affinity and potential enantioselectivity of chiral [Ru(bpy)2(L)]2+ (L=dipyrido[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine, dppz‐10,11‐imidazolone; bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) prompted this investigation as to whether the two enantiomers, Δ and Λ, can show different effects on diverse structures with a range of parallel, antiparallel and mixed parallel/antiparallel G‐quadruplexes. These studies provide a striking example of chiral‐selective recognition of DNA G‐quadruplexes. As for antiparallel (tel‐Na+) basket G‐quadruplex, the Λ enantiomers bind stronger than the Δ enantiomers. Moreover, the behavior reported here for both enantiomers stands in sharp contrast to B‐DNA binding. The chiral selectivity toward mixed parallel/antiparallel (tel‐K+) G‐quadruplex of both compounds is weak. Different loop arrangements can change chiral complex selectivity for both antiparallel and mixed parallel/antiparallel G‐quadruplex. Whereas both Δ and Λ isomers bind to parallel G‐quadruplexes with comparable affinity, no appreciable stereoselective G‐quadruplex binding of the isomers was observed. In addition, different binding stoichiometries and binding modes for Δ and Λ enantiomers were confirmed. The results presented here indicate that chiral selective G‐quadruplex binding is not only related to G‐quadruplex topology, but also to the sequence and the loop constitution.
Duplex‐Selective Ruthenium‐Based DNA Intercalators
Authors: Shade Chad M. , Kennedy Robert D. , Rouge Jessica L. , Rosen Mari S. , Wang Mary X. , Seo Soyoung E. , Clingerman Daniel J. , Mirkin Chad A.
Published: June 2015

We report the design and synthesis of small molecules that exhibit enhanced luminescence in the presence of duplex rather than single‐stranded DNA. The local environment presented by a well‐known [Ru(dipyrido[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine)L2]2+‐based DNA intercalator was modified by functionalizing the bipyridine ligands with esters and carboxylic acids. By systematically varying the number and charge of the pendant groups, it was determined that decreasing the electrostatic interaction between the intercalator and the anionic DNA backbone reduced single‐strand interactions and translated to better duplex specificity. In studying this class of complexes, a single RuII complex emerged that selectively luminesces in the presence of duplex DNA with little to no background from interacting with single‐stranded DNA. This complex shows promise as a new dye capable of selectively staining double‐ versus single‐stranded DNA in gel electrophoresis, which cannot be done with conventional SYBR dyes.
Covalent Functionalization of HiPco Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes: Differences in the Oxidizing Action of H2SO4 and HNO3 during a Soft Oxidation Process
Authors: Devaux Xavier , Vigolo Brigitte , McRae Edward , Valsaque Fabrice , Allali Naoual , Mamane Victor , Fort Yves , Soldatov Alexander V. , Dossot Manuel , Tsareva Svetlana Yu.
Published: July 2015

The results of a study on the evolution of HiPco single‐walled carbon nanotubes during the oxidizing action of H2SO4 and HNO3 are presented. The process conditions used have been chosen so as to avoid any significant damage to the nanotube structure. The type and level of functionalization, the location of the grafted functions on the surface of the nanotube and the changes in morphological characteristics of the samples were examined by using a wide and complementary range of analytical techniques. We propose an explanation for the differences in the oxidizing action of sulfuric and nitric acids. The combined results allow us to suggest possible reaction mechanisms that occur on the surface of the nanotube.
Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from Epoxides and Carbon Dioxide by Using Organocatalysts
Authors: Cokoja Mirza , Wilhelm Michael E. , Anthofer Michael H. , Herrmann Wolfgang A. , Kühn Fritz E.
Published: June 2015

The synthesis of cyclic carbonates through coupling of carbon dioxide with epoxides is 100 % atom economical and is already performed on an industrial scale. Its impact regarding the use of carbon dioxide as a renewable carbon source is expected to grow significantly in the near future, so that the development of efficient catalysts is of high interest in academia and industry. To improve the carbon footprint and sustainability of the cycloaddition reaction, the use of organocatalytic methods is a promising approach. Herein, available metal‐free catalysts for the preparation of cyclic carbonates are described and elaborated concerning the overall sustainability of the process. Therefore, the required reaction conditions, as well as the activity of the catalysts and their reusability, are compared and evaluated. In addition to ammonium‐, phosphonium‐, or imidazolium‐based single‐component catalysts and their supported analogues, the growing field of research concerning dual catalysts are also discussed in detail.
Off–On, Ratiometric, and On–Off Fluorescence Responses of Thioether‐Linked Bisquinolines toward Hg2+ and Fe3+ Ions
Authors: Mikata Yuji , Nakanishi Kaori , Nakagaki Fumie , Kizu Asako , Konno Hideo
Published: July 2015

Fifteen bisquinoline derivatives with a thioether linker have been prepared, and their Hg2+‐ and Fe3+‐specific fluorescence responses have been investigated. Upon the addition of Hg2+ ions, unsubstituted 2‐quinolylmethyl derivatives 1a–1c exhibit a fluorescence enhancement (off–on) response. On the other hand, ratiometric and fluorescence quenching (on–off) responses are accomplished for derivatives with monomethoxy (2a–2c) and trimethoxy (3a–3c) substituents on the aromatic ring, respectively. The 8‐quinolylmethyl derivatives 4a–4c and 5a–5c exhibit a similar response pattern to those of 1 and 2 with enhanced Hg2+ ion selectivity. Increasing the number of sulfur atoms through the extension of the linker chain also improves the Hg2+ ion selectivity.
Removable Silyl Group as a “Masked Proton” in Oxy‐2‐oxonia(azonia)‐Cope Rearrangement: Applications in Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Natural Macrolides
Authors: Mu Wenbo , Zou Yue , Zhou Lijun , Wang Quanrui , Goeke Andreas
Published: July 2015

In the presence of a Lewis acid, trimethylsilyl‐substituted β,γ‐unsaturated ketones and aldehydes (imines) undergo nucleophilic addition to produce zwitterionic intermediates, followed by oxy‐2‐oxonia(azonia)‐Cope rearrangements to give homoallylic esters (amides). In the case of TMS‐containing 2‐vinylcycloalkanones, the process results in ring‐enlargement, providing 10‐ to 16‐membered lactones. This protocol was applied to the total synthesis of (R)‐phoracantholide I.
High temperature biogas reactors to treat stillage from an industrial bioethanol process: Metabolic and microbial characterization
Authors: Sabra Wael , Röske Immo , Sahm Kerstin , Antranikian Garabed , Zeng An‐Ping
Published: July 2015

Stillage derived from bioethanol production process is a side stream conventionally used as feed additive after a cost‐intensive dehydration step. From economical and ecological points of view, it also represents an appealing substrate for biogas production. In this work, we examined the biomethanization of thin stillage in a stirred bioreactor under thermophilic conditions (55°C). Different organic loading rates and hydraulic residence times (HRTs) were tested over a long period of operation. Using thin stillage as a mono‐substrate, the maximum loading rate reached was 2.1 goTS/L/day (oTS, organic total solid). However, with the addition of a commercially available iron hydroxide additive, a maximum organic loading rate of 5.9 goTS/L/day was achieved. GC‐MS and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis were used to study the metabolites and the microbial population dynamics within the biogas reactor under different process conditions. For all organic loading rates studied, volatile fatty acids were shown to give a clear indication of reactor instability. Products of aromatic amino acid degradation, especially phenyl acetic acid (PAA), were detected earlier in reactors even at very low organic loading rates. PAA concentration above 0.25 g/L indicated an unstable reactor performance and values above 0.5 g/L were found to be inhibitory to the biogas production in batch cultures.
Family member deaths across adulthood predict Alzheimer's disease risk: The Cache County Study
Authors: Norton Maria C. , Fauth Elizabeth , Clark Christine J. , Hatch Dan , Greene Daylee , Pfister Roxane , Tschanz JoAnn T. , Smith Ken R.
Published: July 2015

Objectives

Parental death during childhood, and offspring and spouse death during adulthood have individually been associated with faster cognitive decline and higher Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk in late life. However, the cumulative effect of childhood and adulthood family deaths on AD risk among different age cohorts has not been studied.

Methods

To examine these associations, this prospective cohort study uses a population‐based sample of 4545 initially non‐demented participants (56.7% female; age M = 75.0/SD = 6.9 years) observed at four triennial waves, linked with objective Utah Population Database data on cumulative mother, father, sibling, spouse, and offspring death experienced during childhood and adulthood. Cox regression modeled survival time from baseline interview to AD onset, as a function of family deaths during childhood or adulthood, among different age groups, along with gender and presence of ε4 allele at apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphic genetic locus.

Results

Age group significantly moderated the relationship between family death and AD; among persons aged 65–69 years at baseline (children of the Great Depression), those exposed to 3–4 deaths and 5+ deaths during adulthood exhibited a doubling of AD risk (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR = 2.25, p = .038, and aHR = 2.72, p = .029), while among persons aged 80 years and older, those exposed to 3–4 deaths during adulthood exhibited lower AD risk (HR = 0.539, p = 0.014). In a combined model of childhood and adulthood deaths, these findings persisted.

Conclusions

Results suggest a cohort effect in the link between family member deaths during adulthood and AD risk later in life. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ontogeny of morphological defenses in Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) and loggerhead (Caretta caretta) sea turtles
Authors: Salmon Michael , Higgins Benjamin , Stewart Joshua , Wyneken Jeanette
Published: July 2015

Marine turtles are large reptiles that compensate for high juvenile mortality by producing hundreds of hatchlings during a long reproductive lifespan. Most hatchlings are taken by predators during their migration to, and while resident in, the open ocean. Their survival depends upon crypticity, minimizing movement to avoid detection, and foraging efficiently to grow to a size too difficult for predators to either handle or swallow. While these behavioral antipredator tactics are known, changes in morphology accompanying growth may also improve survival prospects. These have been only superficially described in the literature. Here, we compare the similarities and differences in presumed morphological defenses of growing loggerhead (Caretta caretta) and Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) posthatchlings, related species that differ in growth rate, timing of habitat shift (the return from oceanic to neritic locations), and size at maturity. In both species, vertebral spination and carapace widening increase disproportionally as small turtles grow, but later in ontogeny, the spines regress, sooner in ridley than in loggerhead turtles. Carapace widening occurs in both species but loggerheads are always longer than they are wide whereas in Kemp's ridley turtles, the carapace becomes as wide as long. Our analysis indicates that these changes are unrelated to when each species shifts habitat but are related to turtle size. We hypothesize that the spines function in small turtles as an early defense against gape‐limited predators, but changes in body shape function throughout ontogeny—initially to make small turtles too wide to swallow and later by presenting an almost flat and hardened surface that large predators (such as a sharks) are unable to grasp. The extremely wide carapace of the Kemp's ridley may compensate for its smaller adult size (and presumed greater vulnerability) than the loggerhead. J. Morphol. 276:929–940, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Body diffusion kurtosis imaging: Basic principles, applications, and considerations for clinical practice
Authors: Rosenkrantz Andrew B. , Padhani Anwar R. , Chenevert Thomas L. , Koh Dow‐Mu , De Keyzer Frederik , Taouli Bachir , Le Bihan Denis
Published: June 2015

Technologic advances enable performance of diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) at ultrahigh b‐values, where standard monoexponential model analysis may not apply. Rather, non‐Gaussian water diffusion properties emerge, which in cellular tissues are, in part, influenced by the intracellular environment that is not well evaluated by conventional DWI. The novel technique, diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI), enables characterization of non‐Gaussian water diffusion behavior. More advanced mathematical curve fitting of the signal intensity decay curve using the DKI model provides an additional parameter Kapp that presumably reflects heterogeneity and irregularity of cellular microstructure, as well as the amount of interfaces within cellular tissues. Although largely applied for neural applications over the past decade, a small number of studies have recently explored DKI outside the brain. The most investigated organ is the prostate, with preliminary studies suggesting improved tumor detection and grading using DKI. Although still largely in the research phase, DKI is being explored in wider clinical settings. When assessing extracranial applications of DKI, careful attention to details with which body radiologists may currently be unfamiliar is important to ensure reliable results. Accordingly, a robust understanding of DKI is necessary for radiologists to better understand the meaning of DKI‐derived metrics in the context of different tumors and how these metrics vary between tumor types and in response to treatment. In this review, we outline DKI principles, propose biostructural basis for observations, provide a comparison with standard monoexponential fitting and the apparent diffusion coefficient, report on extracranial clinical investigations to date, and recommend technical considerations for implementation in body imaging. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;42:1190–1202.
Clinical evaluation of dengue RNA, NS1, and IgM for diagnosis of dengue in Southern China
Authors: Chen Xinliang , Chen Rui , Gu Wenshen , He Jian , Cai Weipeng , Li Jiajia , Duan Chaohui , Yan Haiyan
Published: June 2015

In 2014, a large outbreak of dengue occurred in Guangzhou, China. This outbreak prompted us to evaluate NS1 and RNA for the early diagnosis of acute dengue infection, in addition to the combination with IgM antibody. We aimed to find the differences of three assays about dengue diagnosis. This study was an evaluation of diagnosis test. Based on WHO criteria 2009, dengue RNA, NS1, and IgM/IgG were detected from 294 patients (180 dengue patients, 114 non‐dengue patients) by three diagnostic kits made in China. The χ2 test, sensitivity, and specificity were used in statistical analysis. The ratios of dengue patients with low platelet counts (<100 × 109/L 32.2%) or white blood cell counts (<4.0 × 109/L 58.9%) were significantly higher compared to non‐dengue patients (P < 0.05). Dengue NS1 was shown sensitive (93.9%) for diagnostic use. RNA had a better performance with 98.1% of sensitivity from day 1 to day 4 after illness onset. IgM performed better at day 5 or more with 74.0% of sensitivity. The diagnostic rate using a combination of RNA and IgM was 97.8% and 96.7% using NS1 and IgM. A patient with low platelet and white blood cell counts needs additional tests for dengue during an epidemic. RNA and NS1 were most valuable for early diagnosis of dengue, whereas IgM was best suited as a supplementary method for patients at day 5 or more after illness onset. J. Med. Virol. 88:28–34, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ethnic Differences in Drinking Motives and Alcohol Use Among College Athletes
Authors: Doumas Diana M. , Midgett Aida
Published: July 2015

This study examined drinking motives, alcohol use, and alcohol‐related problems among White college athletes and college athletes of color (N = 113). Results indicated no differences in drinking motives between the 2 groups. White athletes reported higher levels of alcohol use, whereas athletes of color reported higher levels of alcohol‐related problems. Athletes of color with high levels of coping and conformity motives reported the highest level of alcohol‐related problems.
Spanish‐Speaking Immigrant Parents and Their Children: Reflections on the Path to College
Authors: GONZALEZ LAURA M. , VILLALBA JOSE A. , BORDERS L. DIANNE
Published: July 2015

Immigrant parents in a new cultural setting may experience both structural and individual barriers, which complicate the process of helping their children plan for college. Focus group interviews were conducted with 15 Spanish‐speaking immigrant parents to highlight their perceptions and experiences. Critical humanism frames a counseling response to these concerns.
A New Hyaluronic Acid Derivative Obtained from Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization as a siRNA Vector for CD44 Receptor Tumor Targeting
Authors: Palumbo Fabio Salvatore , Bavuso Volpe Antonella , Bongiovì Flavia , Pitarresi Giovanna , Giammona Gaetano
Published: July 2015

Two derivatives of hyaluronic acid (HA) have been synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), starting from an ethylenediamino HA derivative (HA‐EDA) and by using diethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) as a monomer for polymerization. Both samples, indicated as HA‐EDA‐pDEAEMA a and b, are able to condense siRNA, as determined by gel retardation assay and resulting complexes show a size and a zeta potential value dependent on polymerization number, as determined by dynamic light scattering measurements. In vitro studies performed on HCT 116 cell line, that over express CD44 receptor, demonstrate a receptor mediated uptake of complexes, regardless of their surface charge.