bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcome Melatonin Supplementation on Insulin Resistance in a Sample of Iraqi Acromegalic Patients with Sleep Apnea
Authors: Hamid Yusr abdulkarim , Kadhim Kadhim Ali , Rahmah Abbas Mahdi
Published: April 2022

Sleep apnea, a common respiratory complication of acromegaly is accountable for 25% of deaths in acromegalic patients. It contributes to increasing cardiovascular diseases and raising mortality rate in acromegalic patients and still persists after control of

acromegaly. Raised insulin resistance that was noticed in some acromegalic patients are believed to be caused by acromegaly itself, weight gain, octreotide therapy or the deleterious effect of sleep apnea itself. It was found that both acromegaly and sleep apnea share a disordered melatonin secretion. Numerous clinical and experimental studies have shown a promising role of melatonin as an antidiabetic agent. Nevertheless, no other study had examined the effect of melatonin supplementation on insulin resistance level in acromegalic patients receiving their standard treatment and experiencing some sleep difficulties. The study was designed to scrutinize the effect of melatonin supplementation on insulin resistance in controlled acromegalic patients who had been receiving their standard treatment. It was a prospective randomised controlled open labelled study included 27 Iraqi acromegalic patients. Their age ranged (29-57).The patients were receiving their usual octreotide monthly dose determined by the physician to control their disease and they  had moderate to severe sleep apnea (Epworth sleepiness scale and STOP-BANG score were used to include them in the study ,they were enrolled if the summation of their ESS points ≥10 or of their STOP-BANG points ≥3).The patients were divided into two groups, group 1 included 15 patients taking their usual octreotide dose once monthly plus 5 mg of melatonin at night, group 2 included 12 patients taking their usual octreotide dose only. Blood samples were taken at fasting state at baseline and after 2 months to estimate serum growth hormone (GH), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), insulin and blood glucose. The homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA) result was calculated for each subject. At the end of the study period, melatonin treated group showed no significant change in GH, IGF-1, a highly significant decrease in glucose level (p<0.001), a highly significant decrease in insulin (p<0.001) and a highly significant decrease in HOMA score (p<0.001).Standard treatment group showed no significant difference in GH, IGF-1, insulin level and HOMA score at the end of the two months study period and a highly significant increase in glucose level. In conclusion, our study has confirmed the existing evidence of that melatonin supplementation improves glucose homeostasis and offers promising tool for future studies in acromegalic patients and larger trials.
Evaluating the Proposed Mechanism by Which Atorvastatin Can Protect Renal Tissue against Contrast Media: An Animal study
Authors: Sharif Samer Jaffar , Mshimesh Bahir Abdul Razzaq , Hameed Ahmed Fakhir , Suzan Suzan Suzan
Published: April 2022

Contrast- induced nephropathy (CIN) is an elevation of serum creatinine of ≥ 0.5 mg/dL from baseline after two to three days of exposure to contrast substance if there is no other cause for acute kidney injury. Atorvastatin may protect normal kidney physiology from contrast- induced

kidney injury by effects unrelated to hypolipidemia termed pleiotropic effect by decline of endothelin production, angiotensin system down regulation, and under expression of endothelial adhesion molecules. This study was conducted to assess the strategy by which atorvastatin can achieve protective effect for kidneys after exposure to contrast media in an animal model. A 40 male rats were distributed randomly into 4 groups; ten rats for each: group (1): given normal saline; group (2): CIN group given iopromide as contrast media; group (3): given atorvastatin (20mg/kg) and iopromide; and group (4): given atorvastatin (40mg/kg) and iopromide. Blood collected by cardiac puncture for detection of serum glutathione, malondialdehyde, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and interleukin-18. The results have shown a significant increase in inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in contrast media group, and significant reduction in these markers in atorvastatin treated groups, in a dose-dependent manner. As conclusion, atorvastatin mechanism for protection against CIN in a dose-dependent manner can mediate by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects.
Cytotoxic Activity of Iraqi Cressa Cretica
Authors: Fawzi Farah , Mahdi Monther F. , Abaas Ibrahim S.
Published: April 2022

Cressa cretica Fam: Convolvulaceae (morning glory). These plants are native to the tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Nutritional analysis provide it to be a potential source of minerals, energy, carbohydrate, alpha-tocopherol, edible oil. From phytochemical point of view, the

plant was reported to contain: coumarins, sterols, alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, unidentified sugars and high salt content. Ethyl acetate layer and ethanolic layer were examined for cytotoxic activity.Kampferol-3-O-glucoside (Astragalin) was isolated as amorphous powder from the aerial parts of Cressa cretica. The flavonoid in the Iraqi plant was detected by TLC. Its presence was confirmed by HPLC.
Utilization of Natural Polymer in the Preparation of Oral Jelly of Granisetron
Authors: Kadhim Zahraa Mohammed , Ali Wedad K
Published: April 2022

The aim of present study was to formulate and evaluate oral jellies containing granisetron (GSN). This new dosage form was designed for administration of the drug to specific aged patients (i.e. pediatric) in certain condition. GSN is an antiemetic which is usually used for the treatment of nausea and vomiting induced by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The

selection of this dosage form was based on its acceptability by pediatric population, ease of use and no need for water after taking the dose. In this study, two types of natural jellifying agents have been used in different concentrations. The natural jellifying agents which have been used were pectin and sodium alginate. The effect of jellifying agent and their concentrations have been investigated. Oral jell was prepared by heat and congealing method. Then investigations were done by measuring the pH, content uniformity, syneresis, stability, general appearance and production yield. The investigations showed that the formulation F3 with 5% pectin is the best one.
Utilization of Natural Polyelectrolytes in the Preparation of Naproxen as Sustained Release Matrix Tablet
Authors: Hamzah Zahraa Oleiwi , Ali Wedad k.
Published: April 2022

Our study demonstrates the preparation of naproxen as a sustained release matrix tablet using polyelectrolyte complexes PECs.The cationic polymer used in this study is chitosan CS while the anionic polymer includes sodium alginate SA, xanthan gum XG or carrageenan CG as anionic polymers. FT-IR spectra of these

 

complexes were studied to indicate the interactions between polyions. Precompression and compresion parameters were studied including the flowability, tablet hardness, thickness, friability, weight variation, drug content and in vitro release study. The results showed that the release rate of naproxen was decreased in the formulas that contains the physical mixtures comparing to the formulas with single polymer and the formula containing high molecular weight chitosan: xanthan gum CSh: XG physical mixture in 3:1 ratio formed the strongest PEC in which the release rate extended up to 20 hr. In conclusion, this work succeeded in preparation of naproxen as oral sustained release matrix tablet, using a physical mixture of cationic and anionic polymers to form PECs resulting in less frequent dosing and a reduction in gastric irritation.
Cytotoxic Effect of Nefazodone on HepG2 Cell Line and the Reliability of Comet Assay to Determine Genotoxicity.
Authors: Sakin Mustafa Tariq , Kamal Yassir Mustafa
Published: April 2022

Nefazodone is atypical antidepressant which was manufactured by Bristol-Myers Squibb in 1994 to avoid the adverse effects associated with other antidepressants, including nausea, sedation, insomnia, cardiovascular toxi-city, weight gain and dysfunction.

In 2004, nefazodone was withdrawn from USA after its withdrawal from Canada and Europe due to the reports of liver injury in patients treated with this drug. The current study was performed to investigate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effect of nefazodone on HepG2 cell line at different concentrations by using MTT assay and comet assay, respectively. The results showed that nefazodone causes a reduction in cells viability of  HepG2 cell line with an IC50 4.682 µg/ml. Comet assay showed a significant increment in the three parameters (tail length, percent of DNA in tail and tail moment) in a concentration-dependent manner, when compared with negative control (p˂0.01), but these results considered as false positive due to cells death.
Iron status in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Daoud Aseel Ghassan , Jaber Huda , Abdalah Mayssaa E.
Published: April 2022

Diabetes mellitus can be defined as chronic metabolic disease which results from either relative or complete absence of insulin by the pancreatic beta islet cells. This in-turn may lead to hyperglycemia due to disturbances in the metabolism of glucose. In the human body, iron is con- 

sidered to be an effective pro-oxidant and participates in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radical. Because of the poor antioxidant defense mechanism of beta cells (low production of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase and dismutase), so they are highly prone to iron-induced oxidative stress and iron deposition in it and this will lead to apoptosis, and subsequently insulin deficiency. This iron deposition in beta cells will also lead to insulin resistance by reducing insulin extracting ability of the liver and inhibiting glucose uptake in muscle tissues and fats, this in turn will result in high production of hepatic glucose. Ferritin which is an acute phase reactant protein, that responds to acute stress like trauma, infections, tissue necrosis and surgery, it can produce diabetes mellitus either through inflammation or by increasing iron stores.
Differential Effect of Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 in Late Reproductive Age Women
Authors: Raoof Israa Burhan , Al-Ezzi Muthanna I.
Published: April 2022

Cyclooxygenases enzymes (COX) are related with ovulation, apoptosis and menstrual disorder. Several studies demonstrate that COX 1 is one of the major sources of prostaglandin but COX 2 is more important in the late reproductive age women. Prostaglandin is bioactive compound excreted from Arachidonic

 

acid by Cox 1 and Cox 2, play role in the fertility and ovulation but when increased above the normal level especially in menstrual cycle, ectopic pregnancy is attributed to this cause. Cox 1 and Cox 2 inhibitors have been regulated the inflammatory responses include cytokines and tumor growth factors which produced from neutrophil cells by cyclooxygenases activation, it has been used to regular prostaglandin action, especially PGG2 and PGH2. Any changes in the endometrial cells lead to increased vascular inflammation that developed to the late reproductive disease. Steroidogenesis characterized by increased levels of estrogen in the uterus caused uterine infections and elevated cyclooxygenases levels especially during uterine contractions process.
SIRT1 activators as novel therapy for cancer
Authors: Joudah Marwah Saad , Al-Sudani Basma Talib , Arif Inam Sameh
Published: April 2022

Sirutins 1-7 (SIRT1-7) is an enzyme that depends on NAD+ to be activated, making it a member of the 3rd class of Deacetylase enzymes. SIRT1-7’s activity is involved with metabolism, cell survival and/or death as well as DNA repair, gene repression, inflammatory responses, the

 

aging process, neuroprotection in addition to possibly helping with the treatment of cancer. Molecules that could have a modifying effect on SIRT1-7’s activity has caught a great attention recently, owing to the fact of how beneficial this enzyme could be. In this review, we attempt to shed a light on these activator compounds and their use in Sirutin activation therapy, particularly SIRT1, for it is the most researched type. One of these compounds is Resveratrol, a natural compound that –due to its SIRT 1 activation potential – could help in the treatment of obesity, prevention of tumor formation as well as decrease in heart function and neuronal loss related to aging; however, Resveratrol has poor bioavailability, which is why structurally reformulated compounds and molecules have been developed. Other molecules that are different from Resveratrol such as SRT1720, SRT2104 and SRT2379 in addition to others, have been used and shown greater activation potential for SIRT1 than Resveratrol.
Preparation and in-Vitro Evaluation of Cinnarizine Raft Forming Chewable Tablets
Authors: Najm Aseel S. , Ali Wedad K.
Published: April 2022

Cinnarizine is an anti-histaminic drug and is mainly used to treat symptoms accompanying motion sickness like vomiting and dizziness. It has low and variable bioavailability due to its low water solubility. Cinnarizine (weakly basic drug) is formulated as raft forming

 

chewable Tablets to allow its complete dissolution at the stomach to be absorbed at the upper part of small intestine. Raft forming chewable Tablets are formulated by direct compression method using sodium alginate or pectin as raft forming agents. The prepared Tablets were evaluated for their pre and post- compression parameters and they have shown desirable results regarding evaluation of hardness, thickness, % friability, weight variation, content uniformity, raft strength, weight and volume, in addition to in-vitro drug release. Out of all the prepared formulas F1 selected as the optimum formula with 488.1mg raft strength and 92.34% drug release after 24hrs that is promising for the formulation of the raft system.

Cinnarizine is an anti-histaminic drug and is mainly used to treat symptoms accompanying motion sickness like vomiting and dizziness. It has low and variable bioavailability due to its low water solubility. Cinnarizine (weakly basic drug) is formulated as raft forming

 

chewable Tablets to allow its complete dissolution at the stomach to be absorbed at the upper part of small intestine. Raft forming chewable Tablets are formulated by direct compression method using sodium alginate or pectin as raft forming agents. The prepared Tablets were evaluated for their pre and post- compression parameters and they have shown desirable results regarding evaluation of hardness, thickness, % friability, weight variation, content uniformity, raft strength, weight and volume, in addition to in-vitro drug release. Out of all the prepared formulas F1 selected as the optimum formula with 488.1mg raft strength and 92.34% drug release after 24hrs that is promising for the formulation of the raft system.
Nigella Sativa Oil for Oral Mucositis
Authors: MohammedAmeen Hazha Abdullah , Mohammed Mohammed Omer , Ali Rebaz HamaGareb , Ahmed Khadija Muhamed , Hussain Saad Abdulrahman
Published: April 2022

Oral mucositis (OM) is common treatment-induced toxicity in patients receiving chemoradiation for head and neck cancer (HNC). The present study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Nigella sativa (NS) oil in chemoradiation-induced OM of HNC patients. From

 

January 2017 to May 2018, 40 patients with HNC were randomly allocated into two groups each of 20 patients. The first group received NS oil mouthwash five times daily, while the second group received the routinely followed protocol (magic mouthwash) and served as a control. All patients received radiotherapy (RT) (60-70 Gy) in 30-35 fractions over 6-7 weeks with or without chemotherapy. Patients were evaluated weekly to estimate the onset and severity of OM and the patient’s reported outcomes (pain, swallowing, and functional score). The majority of patients (70%) were men. The commonest primary tumor locations were the larynx (47.5), and pharynx (22.5%) mostly classified as stages III or IV. NS oil significantly reduces the RTOG of mucositis in the last 3 weeks of RT and improves the reported outcomes (pain and swallowing) during the next 6 weeks of RT compared with controls. The majority of patients in the NS group ingested either normal or soft food especially at the end of RT. In conclusion, NS oil decreases the duration and severity of OM with better patient-reported outcome and pain control compared with the routine treatment. NS oil can be considered as a feasible and affordable option for chemoradiation-induced OM in HNC patients.
Studying Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte- Associated Antigen-4 (CTLA-4) gene Polymorphism in a Sample of Iraqi Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
Authors: Shaheed Haneen Subhee , Abbass Wassan Abdul-Kareem , Jasim Suzan Yousif
Published: April 2022

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) considers as the most common disorder among women during reproductive age. Its common features involve hyperandrogenism, chronic anovulation, and weight gain. Till now, the pathogenesis of PCOS stay unknown, and

 

there is evidence considered PCOS as a low-grade inflammatory disease. Polycystic ovarian syndrome is associated with a variety of endocrine and metabolic disturbances.

The present study was designed to detect the role of (CTLA-4) gene polymorphism (rs733618) with PCOS. A total of 60 PCOS patients and 30 healthy women, matching in average age and body mass index (BMI), were enrolled in this study. Patients with PCOS were attend to AL - Nahrain University High Institute for Infertility Assisted Reproductive Technology, in Baghdad between Septembers to December/2018. Blood samples were aspirated from both groups to detection (CTLA-4) gene polymorphism (rs733618) by tetra-primer amplification-refractory mutation system based on real time polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-qPCR). The obtained results revealed normal genotyping for both groups. The result of current study confirms that there is no role of (CTLA-4) gene polymorphism (rs 733618) in PCOS.
Antibacterial Activity of Chloroform Extract from Tagetes Erecta L. Flowers
Authors: Ali Zainab Aziz , Jasim Thamer M. , Alani Widad M K
Published: April 2022

Antibacterial activity of chloroform of T. erecta   flower extract was performed on six-gram negative bacteria species (Serratia marcescens, Acinobacter Spp., Escherichia coli, Salmonella Spp., Morganella morganii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two-gram positive Bac-

 

teria (Streptococcus pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus). The antibacterial study was performed by ager well diffusion and disk diffusion methods. The extract shows good results against examined bacteria and the results obtained by agar well diffusion method was better than those obtained from disk diffusion method.
Nitro BlueTetrazolium Chloride and Phagocytic Activity for Entamoeba Histolytica
Authors: Abd-Alkareem Zaid Habeeb , Hussain Jaber Hameed , Waheed Huda Jaber
Published: April 2022

Background: The NBT consist from two tetrazole molecules consider as the oxidative substance. The quantitative NBT test under standard conditions the leucocyte readiness is brooded together with NBT under standard conditions and declining of the color quantitated after extraction into pyridine is exceptionally valuable in the analysis by Spectro-

photometry Entamoeba histolytica parasite induces apoptosis in host cells by for step(first)adherence to the host cell surface, (second) contact-subordinate cell killing, (third) start of phagocytosis so NBT used to determine percentage of phagocytosis for Entamoeba. Methods: This study was performed on 80 male they were divided to 25 control subjects and 55 subjects were diagnosed to be infected by Entamoeba histolytica at urban and rural areas in wassit   province. Entamoeba histolytica and   NBT were evaluated. Results: The results showed a significant difference between the two groups (10.96±2.745) for control group and 19.63±3.617 in patients' group with confidence interval (7.056-10.29). P.value P<0.001 ratio minimum number was 7%, 13% for the control and patient groups. Conclusion: There were a significant increase in phagocytic activity of polymorph neaucler neutrophils (PMNs) for reduction of NBT stain
Detection of Lupeol in Calendula Officinalis Grown in Iraq by GC-MS Analysis
Authors: Kadhim Noor Ali , Al-Ani Widad M K , Al-Joboury Ibrahem S.
Published: April 2022

Triterpenes are abundant group of natural compounds with important structural components of plant’s cell membranes. Free triterpenes stabilize phospholipid bilayers in plant cell membranes just as cholesterol does in animal cell membranes. Lupeol is a pentacyclic trite-

rpene reported to have important physiological and therapeutic effects in human health issues, therefore its extraction from Calendula officinalis flowers and detection by GC-MS is of significant importance.
Histopathological Study of Liraglutide on Renal Deterioration Progression Induced by Doxorubicin
Authors: Luaibi Hayder Hussein , Alabbassi Mustafa Ghazi , Raoof Israa Burhan
Published: April 2022

Podocyte injury is a major factor in many renal diseases leading to proteinuria that causes the risk of developing kidney deterioration. Glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis are the main histopathological feature as consequence of inflammation and apoptosis a result of

 

long period of tubular protein load. Liraglutide an incretin hormone (GLP-1) analogue has effective as glycemic control in patient with type 2 diabetes. In recent years, liraglutide appear protected mechanism against inflammation and apoptosis for many tissues through GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) activation unrelated with glycemic control.  36 animal Wister rats used in this experiment, first group include 12 rats set as control group received just the normal saline, while second group include 24 rats induced podocyte injury by doxorubicin single dose and third group treated either normal saline or liraglutide (200 µg /kg/day I.P) for 28 days.  Histopathological study is used to assess the protected effect of liraglutide on podocyte injury induced in male rats through three main histopathological changes (glomerulosclerosis, tubular damage, inflammatory infiltration) by Hematoxylin and eosin staining. In this study treatment group(C) with liraglutide appeared significant decreased (P< 0.05) in glomerulosclerosis, tubulointerstitial, and inflammatory infiltration after 28 day of treatment. In conclusion, liraglutide is effective in reducing inflammation and apoptosis which associate with chronic renal development as well as renoprotection by glycemic control which is indirectly effect.
Preparation and in Vitro Evaluation of Soya Lecithin Based Nano Transfersomal Dispersion for Loxoprofen Sodium
Authors: Kadhium Huda S. , Maraie Nidhal K
Published: April 2022

This work involves investigation and evaluation of the factors that affect the preparation and release of the model class I drug (loxoprofen sodium) to optimize the efficiency of its prepared nano transfersomal dispersion to give rapid onset of action (burst effect) within the

 

first 2 hours that can continue for further four hours. The work involved preparation of twenty formulas of transfersomal dispersion by thin film method which were nano-sized by probe sonication and characterized morphologically by Transmission electronic microscopic (TEM), zeta potential, particle size, polydispersity index (pdI), pH, physical appearance, entrapment efficiency, viscosity, transmittance and in vitro drug release. The selected nano transfersomal formula (SF16) showed pH (7.2), particle size (393 nm), pdI (0.259), zeta potential (-25), entrapment efficiency (91%) and gave a 73% drug release within the first 2 hours of the in vitro test and continued until it gave 86.35% drug release after 4 h. This work succeeded in preparing optimized tansfersomal dispersion for loxoprofen sodium using different soya lecithin / edge activator percent and different types of edge activator. The optimum formula gave an immediate release of the model drug (loxoprofen sodium) and it was ready to be incorporated in any suitable dosage form to give continuous drug release.
Variables affecting sulfasalazine - ion exchange resin complexation
Authors: Wohaib Ameer Zuhair , Maraie Nidhal Khazaal
Published: April 2022

The aim of this work is studying the effect of different variables on the loading of sulfasalazine on DEAE sephadex A 25 ion exchange resin as a carrier for systemic action. Different drug: resin complexes (resinate) of different ratios (2:1, 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:6) were prepared, dionized distilled

water used to prepare sulfasalazine solution, and their entrapment efficiency was estimated through changing variable conditions including temperature of stirring, stirring time, stirring speed, pH. The best complex was formed using 1:6 drug: resin ratio prepared at 50 ºC, stirring speed 400 rpm for 120 minutes in deionized water (pH 7). The prepared complex gave 77.8% drug release within 15 minute and continued up to 97.613% within 75 minute upon exchanging the drug with ions of similar charge in the dissolution medium (phosphate buffer pH 7.4).
Design, Synthesis, and Acute Anti-inflammatory Assessment of New 2-methyl Benzoimidazole Derivatives Having 4-Thiazolidinone Nucleus
Authors: Adnan Abdul Muhaimen Amjed , Mahdi Monther Faisal , Khan Ayad kareem
Published: April 2022

New two derivatives of 2- methyl benzoimidazole were designed, synthesized and evaluated as a potential cyclooxygenase-2 [COX-2] inhibitors. The synthesized compounds have been recognized according to their spectral FT-IR, 1H-NMR data and physical pro-

perties. The newly synthesized compounds were investigated in vivo for their anti-inflammatory activities using egg-white stimulated paw edema method with respect to the effect of propylene glycol 50%v/v [control group] and the ibuprofen [10mg/kg i.p.] was selected as a reference ligand. New compounds showed a significantly higher in vivo anti-inflammatory activity compared with ibuprofen as a reference drug. COX-2 selectivity evaluation through molecular docking via GOLD suite [v. 5.6.2.]. The new compounds via molecular docking showed significant higher activities when compared with ibuprofen as referenced drugs because of having hydrogen bonding interaction toward the key amino acids within COX-2 structure and all these results were compatible with the study of in vivo acute anti-inflammatory activities for tested compounds. ADME studies were performed to predict absorption, bioavailability, topological polar surface area, and drug-likeness. The results of ADME studies showed that all synthesized compounds absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Evaluation of gingival immunoglobuline G . level in gingival blood from health to gingivitis
Authors: Abdullatif Aljuboury A.
Published: April 2022

As the immunoglobulin G. play a central role during the immunologic process of the gingival inflammation ,the evolution of its quantity from health condition to gingivitis and visa-versa , seemed to be essential to have a Clear picture about its importance .The immunonephelometer-laser ,able to quantify the amount of immune complex , when a specific antibody anti IgG is used to form a measurable immune complex in vitro . Sampling the gingival blood in health, diseased, then reversed to health conditions gave a suggesting result that the IgG amount progress in faible significant positive correlation with the degree of gingival inflammation, the conclusion suggest that the gingival blood could give a close-clear picture of the evolution and quantification of immunoglobulin elements, and that the IgG amount progress positively with the disease progression .
The effect of some excipients on the formulation of norfloxacin 400mg tablets
Authors: Siham Al-Khalidi S.
Published: April 2022

Norfloxacin a synthetic, broad-spectrum quinolone carboxylic acid derivative, active against Gram negative & Gram-positive bacteria. Used clinically in the treatment of acute and chronic urinary tract infections, cystitis ,urethritis, pyelonephritis, prostatitis& gastroenteritis . This study is concerned with the formulation of 400mg Norfloxacin coated tablets with 710mg weight, 12mm in diameter, less than 10minutes disintegration time, & less than 1 % friability. Many trials were made to prepare a satisfactory tablet formula for the drug by using wet-granulation method with various additives. It was found that Polyvinylpyrrolidone as a binder gives the most satisfactory tablets. The effect of disintegrants on drug release was also investigated on the selected formulas. Conventional corn starch, sodium starch glycolate and microcrystalline cellulose were tried as disintegrants. It was found that cross-caramellose (carboxymethylcellulose) was the best disintegrants. A comparative study on the physical properties of the prepared tablets with Noroxacine ( Razi labs,Aleppo.Syria ) , Neofloxacin ( the Alexandria. Egypt ), and Norfloxacin showed that the release of the drug from the selected formula was similar to that obtained from Alexandria. The stability of the prepared tablets was studied at 25°C, 40°C, 50°C, &70°C and the expiration date was calculated and found to be equal to 7.3 years, 4.7 years, and 2.4 years & four months respectively. Key word: Norfloxacin- Pharmacokinetics.Fluoroquinolone- Norfloxacin formulation.
Clinical and biochemical comparative study between alternate and every day clofibrate – lovastatin combination therapy on mixed hyperlipidaemia
Authors: Maiada Al – Mousilly M. , Bahir Al – Kunany A.
Published: April 2022

Mixed hyperlipidaemia is the most common form of hyperlipidaemias,where the patients have an elevation in both triglycerides and cholesterol levels with a high risk of atherosclerosis and chronic heart diseases. The therapeutic approach for this disorder described a range from nonpharmacologic lifestyle modifications to newly introduced pharmacologic options.Depending on the basis of recent reports involve fibrate - statin combination and associated with increase the incidence of side effects (myopathy, hepatotoxicity) and therapeutic cost, we suggest and investigate in our study a clinical trial for management of this metabolic disorder by using clofibrate and lovastatin on alternate days instead of the standard daily combination of the same drugs.

The study compares the safety, efficacy and cost of both therapeutic regimens for three months follow- up period. A total of 44 patients with a known mixed hyperlipidaemia were enrolled in this study. Of the 40 patients who completed the study, 20 (10 males, 10 females) received alternate - day therapy (group I), their age and weight ranges were (40-65) years and (62-85) Kg, respectively. The remaining 20 (10 males, 10 females) received every day therapy (group II), their age and weight ranges were (42- 67) years and (65-89) Kg, respectively. Ten healthy age – matched control subjects (5 males , 5 females) .The biochemical investigations involve measuring total serum cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL cholesterol levels as parameters of lipid - lowering agent efficacy; while SGOT,SGPT and CK levels as parameters of safety. All of these parameters were determined at baseline (day 0) and after three months of treatment for both therapeutic groups.The study revealed that there was no significant difference between both treatment groups regarding the percent changes in lipid profiles from baseline values. These profiles had been returned to normal limits in all patients in both groups. The mean of SGOT levels for both treatment groups was significantly higher than that of control, but with group II the extent was more, while for SGPT levels group II only was significantly higher (less safety) than control one. With respect to CK levels and for both treatment groups, only slight elevation (not significant) occurred compared with control, but with group II the extent was more.With group I, the therapeutic cost was reduced by nearly 50% compared with group-II. By this clinical and biochemical trial, we decreased the side effects and cost of fibrate - statin combination while keeping their efficacy in lowering serum lipids.
Biocemical studies of alkaline phosphatase for cancer patients
Authors: Loay Abdulrahman K. , Abdul-hussien Aljebory M.
Published: April 2022

The activity of alkaline phosphates (ALP) was determined by the calorimetric method of kin and Armstrong in serum of 303 cancer patients and 42 normal healthy controls. The ANOVA test of type, age sex and stage of disease ,the results showed that the ALP activity was higher in cancer patients then normal (p=0.000),this incensement could be used as a tumor marker (significant difference p=o.ooo) detected bone & liver cancer and to detect metastases to the organ .The enzyme activity reached its highest level in the stage group (40-50 years). The results also show that there are no significant differences of ALP activity between males and females while the activity was increased with the development of disease stage.Regan isoenzyme (RI) of ALP was elevated in about 10%-20% of cancer patients and was higher in pancreas ,cervix ,ovarian than stomach ,lung and breast .
Recurrent urinary tract infections in men. A role for aberrant bacterial forms
Authors: Muhammed Al–Araji K.
Published: April 2022

We studied 45 infected a symptomatic men who had experienced recurrent urinary tract infections classified as bacterial relapse. These patients did not have ilial loop bladder, urethral catheters, suprupubic catheters or condom drainage. We had to process more than 1000 urines from patients attending the neurosurgery clinic at Hamad Shihab Hospital from March 2000 to July 2000 to identify the 45 study patients. A positive antibody coated bacteria influences test was detected on the urinary sediment of each of these patients.This selected study group was subjected to excretory urography and a 2–weeks course of antibiotic in accordance with the results of in vitro susceptibility tests. Eight patients experienced a cure.Recurrences developed in 32 patients (24 relapses, 8 reinfections). And in 4 patients a super infection emerged. No pathogenic role could be attributed to aberrant bacterial forms in this patient's population of symptomatic patients with recurrent invasive urinary tract infection.
Effects of adding digitoxigenin and gitoxigenin to the nutrient medium on cardiac glycosides production from digitalis purpurea (Var. Excelsior Mixed) by using tissue culture technique
Authors: Ekbal AL–Khateeb H. , Zeinab Awad J.
Published: April 2022

The present study was performed using tissue culture technique purpose of knowing the effect of using precursors in the presence of TDZ semi–cytokinin and maltos sugar on the cardiac glycosides constituents shoots of Digitalis purpurea digitoxin, gitoxin and digoxin, in this study , shoot tips were taken from seedlings of Digitalis purpurea ( var . Excelsior Mixed ) with 1 cm lenth , then they were cultured on nutrient medium adding with two kind of precursorres digitoxigenin (Dg) and gitoxigenin (Gg) with the concentrations 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L for each one, as well as adding for all the treatments ,the TDZ with the 0.5 mg/L concentration and the maltose sugar with the 30 gm/L concentration for induction the multiplication shoot tips processe .The results showed that this study and after 45 day of starting the culture, the treatment which contained digitoxigenin precursors in the concentration 0.5 mg/L was the best compared of the other treatment in respect to the characteristics studied.In this treatment, the multiplication shoots have given sum dry with the amount weight of 6.52 gm containing gitoxin, ditoxin, digoxin with the amount of 382.48, 192.18 and 203.58 g/gm dry weight respectively, beoide the inceased amount of dry weight and cardiac glycosides , other characteristics component of the shoots was increased as the containing of total chlorophyll and percent ratio of soluted sugar and starch in the amount 4.81 mg/g fresh weight, 5.59% and 8.56% respectively.Abbreviations :- Dg (Digitoxigenin); Gg (Gitoxigenin); MS (Murashige and Skoog Medium); TDZ (Thidiazuron); Mg (Milligram);g (Microgram); L (Litter); gm (gram).
Binding of 99mTc to human serum albumin
Authors: Loay Abdulrahman K.
Published: April 2022

The specificity of 99m Tc-MDP binding to HSA was examined , the results showed that the non specific binding was 21-23% of the total binding . The range of optimum pH for the binding was 7.4-7.6 . The most suitable amounts for HSA to give maximum binding was (70mg)per incubation medium , binding seemed to be affected by 99m Tc- MDP concentration and also mono and divalent metal chloride salts. The association constants (ka) and maximum binding capacity (Bmax) of 99m Tc-MDP binding to its binding sites of HSA was determined from scatchard and double reciprocal plots , the results revealed that (ka) and (Bmax) values were temperature dependant.
Curcumin as adjuvant therapy to Meloxicam in treatment of patients with knee Osteoarthritis; Evaluation of antioxidant activity
Authors: Baqer Maiss Saadi , Mohammed Mohammed Mahmood , Jassim Nizar Abdullateef
Published: April 2022

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease that doubled in prevalence since the mid of 20th century most commonly due to obesity and aging. Osteoarthritis can affect any joint in the body. The pathogenesis of OA is multifactorial influenced by range of biochemical and mechanical factors.

 Oxidative stress is described to play an important role in many diseases including OA. Accumulating evidences suggested the beneficial effect of anti-oxidants for reducing OA severity. Curcumin is a well-known antioxidant agent that acts by different mechanisms in modulating oxidative stress status. This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant effect of curcumin as adjuvent therapy to a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, meloxicam, in the management of knee osteoarthritis. This prospective open-labelled randomized controlled study was carried out on forty-two eligible patients who were allocated in two groups, serum superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) and glutathione reductase (GR) were measured at baseline and after 3 months of the study. Pain and physical function assessment were evaluated by oxford knee score (OKS). Results illustrated highly significant improvement in pain and physical function scores when curcumin used as adjuvant to meloxicam, also curcumin supplementation resulted in significant increase in SOD3 serum level and only a modest decrease in GR serum level when compared to meloxicam alone. In conclusion, this study demonstrated benefit of curcumin when used in combination with meloxicam over using meloxicam alone in modulating antioxidant parameters in blood, in addition to significantly improving pain and physical function after 3 months of treatment.
Breast Cancer in Mosul: A Survival Analysis
Authors: Al-Saigh Taha HT , Al-bayati Shahbaa A , Abdul-mawjood Shatha A , Ahmed Faris A
Published: April 2022

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, and the major cause of death. This study was conducted in order to make a descriptive study and survival analysis for breast cancer patients in Mosul. Two hundred forty-six early diagnosed women with breast cancer out of 290 patients were included during the period from March 2007 to February 2012. The average follows up was 36.

months (range: 11-67 months). The patients were undergone modified radical removal of the breast, chemotherapy and deep radiation. Patients with estrogen positive were given tamoxifen for five years. Patients with Her2/neu positive were given trastuzumab with docytaxil for one year. Only 25 patients (10.2%) died during the study. The highest incidence of breast cancer (35.8%) was between the ages 51 ≥ 60 years. The presentation of cancer was high (90.1%) in the lumber. Tumor in the right side (66.35%) was significantly higher than the left side. Metastasis was high (25%) and most of them in the liver (19.1%). The percentage of patients with positive estrogen, progesterone, and Her2/neu receptors were not different from negative receptors. Cox regression analysis showed that metastasis had significant effect on death (hazard ratio=2.917). Age 31 ≥ 40 years was the least affected age (hazard ratio=0.034). In conclusion, survival rate of breast cancer patients in Mosul is high due to good management. The early detection of cancer is the best way for survival of the patients, by developing the educational programs.
Detection of SEN virus (SEN-V) and Torque Teno virus (TTV) Co-Infection and Liver Enzyme in a Sample of Hepatitis Patients.
Authors: Ealaf Abbas khudair  , Arwa Mujahid Al-Shuwaikh
Published: April 2022

is increase evidences suggested the existence of new hepatitis viruses that play a role in this disease. This study aimed to determine the synergistic effect of concordant infection with SEN virus

and Torque Teno virus in patients with hepatitis and apparently healthy blood donors as control. Sera were collected from 50 patients who had hepatitis type B or C as a case group and from 50 apparently healthy blood donors as control. All samples were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of SEN-V DNA, while TTV antigen were tested by immunoassay. In addition, ALT and AST enzymes have been tested using biochemical test. TTV and SEN-V co-infections had been detected in hepatitis patient and apparently healthy blood donors with exposure rate (26%) and (4.65%), respectively. Current study indicated that there were no significant differences between the mean level of ALT or AST enzymes and the SENV/TTV co-infection. Also, there was no significant associated between SENV/TTV co-infection and risk factors under study.
Types of Attractive Dosage Forms for Primary School Students and Associated Factors in Baghdad/ Iraq
Authors: Sura Zuhair Mahmood  , Nora Zawar Yousif  , Zeina Dawood Salman
Published: April 2022

The lack of age-appropriate and child -friendly formulation of medication for children poses a major challenge to pediatric therapeutic practice, adherence, and health care delivery worldwide, however, formulation acceptability and preferences facilitate medication

 

adherence in children, and they are important factors in achieving the intended treatment outcomes in which this study looks ahead. The present study aims to determine the various medication trends of children through their parents and caregivers, child preference of certain dosage form (chewable gel) in comparison with another solid dosage forms and its popularity among Iraqi primary school, furthermore the study highlights different variables influence student preference for chewable gel.  A total of 230 Iraqi primary school students were randomly selected and interviewed with the presence of their parents. It was observed that (51.3%) of the parents/caregivers reported that the liquid dosage form is the most dosage form that commonly used, (72%) of consumers revealed that the capsules and tablets are not easy to swallow, furthermore,   this study revealed that (68.6%)  of school students preferred to take medication as chewable gel over than other oral solid dosage forms ,and this preference varied significantly with several socioeconomic and other factors.
Formulation and evaluation of Acyclovir compressed lozenges
Authors: Dalya Badry Khudhair  , Wedad K. Ali
Published: April 2022

Lozenges are formulations of solid dosage form which tend to liquefy in mouth or pharynx. They could be consisting of one or more drugs in a flavored and sweetened base. They are recommended to treat local mouth or pharynx irritation or infection, or they may be used also for systemic combi-

 

nation of two drugs (Acyclovir and Lidocaine) by pressed coated tablet lozenges. Thus, the lozenges will have both antiviral and local anesthetic effects suitable for the treatment of virus that infects oral cavity. 

 In this study, nine formulations of acyclovir compressed tablet lozenges were prepared to investigate the effects of type and concentration of binders (gelatin, acacia, and tragacanth) on physical appearance, weight variation, hardness, thickness, friability, dissolving , drug content and in vitro released of drug. Compressed tablet lozenges formula F4 contening (Acacia 10%) as binder was successfully prepared and has been selected as optimum formula  since it released 98% of drug after 45 min, as compared to other formulas.
Multiple Sclerosis is a Risk Factor for Hyperthyroidism and Interferon Beta Action on Thyroid Hormones via Novel Immuno-neuro-enzymological Mechanisms
Authors: Rasha Zuhair Jasim
Published: April 2022

Objective : Multiple  sclerosis (MS) is a common neurological disease deeply linked with the immune-inflammatory disorders whereas the term (multiple) mostly refers to the multi-focal zones of

 

 

Inflammation caused by lymphocytes and macrophages infiltration besides oligodendrocytes death. Accordingly , the dysfunctional immune system able to damage myelin ( a pivotal component of the central nervous system ) which responsible for communication among neurons. The aim of the present study is to innovate a biochemical relationship between MS and thyroid hormones (THs) by highlighting immunological responses and also to examine the action of Interferon beta (IFNβ) drug on thyroid hormone (THs) and thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH). Materials and methods: Sixty (60) Iraqi women in the age ranged (36-43) years were enrolled in the present study, (30) of them were MS patients and the other (30) were healthy. Anyway, the protocol of the study involved four groups: G1 is a healthy control group, G2 involved untreated MS patients, G3 included the MS patients treated with IFNβ for (6) weeks and G4 composed of the same patients treated with IFNβ for (12) weeks. THs (T4 and T3) and TSH levels were determined in sera of all groups.  Results: Data of the present study have reported that T4 level was highly significant increase in sera of G2 compared with G1 while it was significant and highly significant decreased in G3 and G4 respectively compared with G2, the difference between G4 and G1 and also between G4 and G3 was significant. T3 level was highly significant increase in sera of G2 compared with G1 but it was highly significant decreased in G3 and G4 compared with G2, the difference between G4 and G1 was non-significant while the difference between G4 and G3 was significant. Conversely, TSH level was highly significant decreased in G2 compared with G1 but it was highly significant increase in G3 and G4 compared with G2, the difference between G4 and G1 and also between G4 and G3 was highly significant. Conclusions : Interestingly , the present study is the first in Iraq reporting that MS may be a key risk factor for hyperthyroidism and also the first suggesting that IFNβ regulates THs biosynthesis via novel immuno-neuro-enzymological mechanisms regarding thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and iodothyronine deiodinase 1 (D1), meanwhile the present study indicates that  IFNβ has an indirect antioxidant activity. Moreover, the present study provides a definite clarification for the changed NF kappa B level in MS. Remarkably, the present study reveals that IFNβ is more potent on T3 than T4 while it has less action on TSH.