bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Staphylococcus capitis isolated from bloodstream infections: a nationwide 3-month survey in 38 neonatal intensive care units
Authors: Decalonne Marie , Dos Santos Sandra , Gimenes Rémi , Goube Florent , Abadie Géraldine , Aberrane Saïd , Ambrogi Vanina , Baron Raoul , Barthelemy Patrick , Bauvin Isabelle , Belmonte Olivier , Benabid Emilie , Ammar Rafik Ben , Yahia Salma Ben Hadj , Berrouane Yasmina , Berthelot Philippe , Beuchee Alain , Bille Emmanuelle , Bolot Pascal , Bordes-Couecou Stéphanie , Bouissou Antoine , Bourdon Sandra , Bourgeois-Nicolaos Nadège , Boyer Sophie , Cattoen Christian , Cattoir Vincent , Chaplain Chantal , Chatelet Céline , Claudinon Aurore , Chautemps Nathalie , Cormier Hélène , Coroller-Bec Céline , Cotte Benjamin , De Chillaz Carole , Dauwalder Olivier , Davy Aude , Delorme Martine , Demasure Maryvonne , Desfrere Luc , Drancourt Michel , Dupin Clarisse , Faraut-Derouin Véronique , Florentin Arnaud , Forget Virginie , Fortineau Nicolas , Foucan Tania , Frange Pierre , Gambarotto Karine , Gascoin Géraldine , Gibert Laure , Gilquin Jacques , Glanard Audrey , Grando Jacqueline , Gravet Alain , Guinard Jérôme , Hery-Arnaud Geneviève , Huart Claire , Idri Nadia , Jellimann Jean-Marc , Join-Lambert Olivier , Joron Sylvie , Jouvencel Philippe , Kempf Marie , Ketterer-Martinon Sophie , Khecharem Mouna , Klosowski Serge , Labbe Franck , Lacazette Adeline , Lapeyre Fabrice , Larche Jérôme , Larroude Peggy , Le Pourhiennec Anne , Le Sache Nolwenn , Ledru Sylvie , Lefebvre Annick , Legeay Clément , Lemann Florence , Lesteven Claire , Levast-Raffin Marion , Leyssene David , Ligi Isabelle , Lozniewski Alain , Lureau Pierre , Mallaval Franck-Olivier , Malpote Edith , Marret Stéphane , Martres Pascale , Menard Guillaume , Menvielle Laura , Mereghetti Laurent , Merle Véronique , Minery Pascale , Morange Virginie , Mourdie Julien , Muggeo Anaelle , Nakhleh Jean , Noulard Marie-Noëlle , Olive Claude , Patural Hugues , Penn Pascale , Petitfrere Manuel , Pozetto Bruno , Riviere Brigitte , Robine Audrey , Ceschin Christine Roques , Ruimy Raymond , Siali Amine , Soive Stéphanie , Slimani Souad , Trentesaux Anne-Sophie , Trivier Dominique , Vandenbussche Christian , Villeneuve Laurent , Werner Evelyne , Le Vu Stéphane , Van Der Mee-Marquet Nathalie
Published: July 2020

To increase the knowledge about S. capitis in the neonatal setting, we conducted a nationwide 3-month survey in 38 neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) covering 56.6% of French NICU beds. We demonstrated 14.2% of S. capitis BSI (S.capBSI) among nosocomial BSIs. S.capBSI incidence rate was 0.59 per 1000 patient-days. A total of 55.0% of the S.capBSIs were late onset catheter-related BSIs. The S. capitis strains infected preterm babies (median gestational age 26 weeks, median birth weight 855 g). They were resistant to methicillin and aminoglycosides and belonged to the NRCS-A clone. Evolution was favorable in all but one case, following vancomycin treatment.
Impact of flex power on GPS Block IIF differential code biases
Authors: Esenbuğa Özge Gizem , Hauschild André
Published: July 2020

GPS Block IIF satellites are able to redistribute the transmit power between the signal components. This ability is called flex power, and it has been developed as a remedy against jamming. Since it is operationally not possible to increase the transmit power for all signal components simultaneously, a redistribution between them is necessary under certain operational situations. Flex power has been active on Block IIF satellites since January 2017 over a specific regional area and has an impact on differential code bias estimation as well as the signal-to-noise density ratio. A network of the International GNSS Service stations containing only Septentrio PolaRx5 and PolaRx5TR receivers between August 1 and November 21, 2019 has been used for differential code bias estimation using GPS L1 C/A, L1 P(Y), L2 P(Y), and L2C signals with and without consideration of the flex power in the estimation process for Block IIF satellites. The estimation results are compared with the German Aerospace Center as well as the Chinese Academy of Sciences DCB products to validate the results.
Understanding How University Students Use Perceptions of Consent, Wantedness, and Pleasure in Labeling Rape
Authors: Hills Peter J. , Pleva Megan , Seib Elisabeth , Cole Terri
Published: July 2020

While the lack of consent is the only determining factor in considering whether a situation is rape or not, there is sufficient evidence that participants conflate wantedness with consent and pleasurableness with wantedness. Understanding how people appraise sexual scenarios may form the basis to develop appropriate educational packages. We conducted two large-scale qualitative studies in two UK universities in which participants read vignettes describing sexual encounters that were consensual or not, wanted or unwanted and pleasurable or not pleasurable. Participants provided free-text responses as to whether they perceived the scenarios to be rape or not and why they made these judgments. The second study replicated the results of the first and included a condition where participants imagined themselves as either the subject or initiator of the sexual encounter. The results indicate that a significant portion of our participants held attitudes reflecting rape myths and tended to blame the victim. Participants used distancing language when imagining themselves in the initiator condition. Participants indicated that they felt there were degrees of how much a scenario reflected rape rather than it simply being a dichotomy (rape or not). Such results indicate a lack of understanding of consent and rape and highlight avenues of potential educational materials for schools, universities or jurors.
Projection of winter NPO-following winter ENSO connection in a warming climate: uncertainty due to internal climate variability
Authors: Chen Shangfeng , Yu Bin
Published: July 2020

Previous observational and modeling studies indicate that the wintertime North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) could significantly impact the following winter El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability via the seasonal footprinting mechanism (SFM). This study explores climate projections of this winter NPO-ENSO relation in a warming climate based on a 50-member large ensemble of climate simulations conducted with the second-generation Canadian Earth System Model (CanESM2). The ensemble mean of the 50 members can well reproduce the observed winter NPO pattern, the NPO-ENSO relationship, and the SFM process over the historical period 1950–2003. These 50 members are then employed to examine climate projections of the NPO-ENSO connection over the anthropogenic forced period 2020–2073. Results indicate that there exists a large spread of projected NPO-ENSO connections across these 50 ensemble members due to internal climate variability. Internal climate variability brings uncertainties in the projection of the winter NPO-ENSO connection originally seen in projected changes of the subtropical center of the winter NPO. The spread of projections of winter NPO-associated atmospheric anomalies over the subtropical North Pacific further results in various responses in the projections of winter and spring precipitation anomalies over the tropical North Pacific, as well as spring zonal wind anomalies over the tropical western Pacific, which eventually lead to uncertainties in the projection of the sea surface temperature anomalies in the tropical central-eastern Pacific from the following summer to winter.
Building a Social Mandate for Climate Action: Lessons from COVID-19
Authors: Howarth Candice , Bryant Peter , Corner Adam , Fankhauser Sam , Gouldson Andy , Whitmarsh Lorraine , Willis Rebecca
Published: July 2020

The COVID-19 imposed lockdown has led to a number of temporary environmental side effects (reduced global emissions, cleaner air, less noise), that the climate community has aspired to achieve over a number of decades. However, these benefits have been achieved at a massive cost to welfare and the economy. This commentary draws lessons from the COVID-19 crisis for climate change. It discusses whether there are more sustainable ways of achieving these benefits, as part of a more desirable, low carbon resilient future, in a more planned, inclusive and less disruptive way. In order to achieve this, we argue for a clearer social contract between citizens and the state. We discuss how COVID-19 has demonstrated that behaviours can change abruptly, that these changes come at a cost, that we need a ‘social mandate’ to ensure these changes remain in the long-term, and that science plays an important role in informing this process. We suggest that deliberative engagement mechanisms, such as citizens’ assemblies and juries, could be a powerful way to build a social mandate for climate action post-COVID-19. This would enable behaviour changes to become more accepted, embedded and bearable in the long-term and provide the basis for future climate action.
Higher education expansion, system transformation, and social inequality. Social origin effects on tertiary education attainment in Poland for birth cohorts 1960 to 1988
Authors: Kopycka Katarzyna
Published: July 2020

This paper analyzes the development of social inequality in the Polish higher education system during its expansion after 1990 using data from the Polish General Social Survey. Focusing on the special case of a former socialist society, where higher education expansion has been very rapid and achieved mainly through marketization, this paper highlights the micro-level mechanisms that underlie the inequality dynamic. It shows how actor preferences embedded in the specific historical context shape educational behavior, producing moments of equalization and de-equalization. Class inequality regarding access to tertiary education decreased in the early 1990s and then increased again, as participation in the working classes stagnated at a low level in the later phases of the expansion. In contrast, no equalization has been observed between children of different educational origins. The analysis shows a persistent intergenerational reproduction of educational disadvantage in spite of the expansion. Lastly, consistent with the Effectively Maintained Inequality thesis, this paper provides evidence for underprivileged strata being diverted into second-tier, lower-prestige educational opportunities in the private sector.
Motion of liquid and stabilising particles in individual liquid aluminium alloy films
Authors: Heim Korbinian , Ershov Alexei , Rack Alexander , Banhart John , García-Moreno Francisco
Published: July 2020

Liquid metallic films are the constituting elements of metallic foams and are governed by a complex interplay between the liquid—here aluminium alloys—, the film stabilising solid particles contained in the melt, and the gas phase. We use synchrotron X-ray radioscopy to study particle dynamics and analyse particle motions by applying novel image processing techniques. We find that particles move alone and as clusters. They may move permanently with the melt or can be trapped by the film surface and subsequently even de-trapped again. The aim of this work is to observe interactions between particles or particle clusters and the film surfaces, and to understand how liquid flow in films is reduced and film stability increased by such particles
Cognitive impairment three months after surgery is an independent predictor of survival time in glioblastoma patients
Authors: Butterbrod Elke , Synhaeve Nathalie , Rutten Geert-Jan , Schwabe Inga , Gehring Karin , Sitskoorn Margriet
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Cognitive functioning is increasingly investigated for its prognostic value in glioblastoma (GBM) patients, but the association of cognitive status during early adjuvant treatment with survival time is unclear. The aim of this study was to determine whether cognitive performance three months after surgical resection predicted survival time, while using a clinically intuitive time ratio (TR) statistic.

Methods

Newly diagnosed patients with GBM undergoing resection between November 2010 and February 2018 completed computerized cognitive assessment 3 months after surgery with the CNS Vital Signs battery (8 measures). The association of cognitive performance (continuous Z scores and dichotomous impairment status; impaired vs. unimpaired) with survival time was assessed with multivariate Accelerated Failure Time (AFT) models that also included clinical prognostic factors and covariates related to cognitive performances.

Results

114 patients were included in the analyses (median survival time 16.4 months). Of the clinical factors, postoperative Karnofsky Performance Status (TR 1.51), surgical (TR 2.20) and non-surgical (TR 1.94) salvage treatment, and pre-surgical tumor volume (cm3, TR 1.003) were significant independent predictors of survival time. Independently of the base model factors and covariates, impairment on Stroop test I and Stroop test III estimated 23% and 26% reduction of survival time (TR 0.77, TR 0.74) respectively, as compared to unimpaired performance.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that impaired performances on tests of executive control and processing speed in the early phase of adjuvant treatment can reflect a worse prognostic outlook rather than an early treatment effect, and their assessment might allow for early refinement of current prognostic stratification.
Two morals about a modal paradox
Authors: Roberts Alexander
Published: July 2020

Chisholm’s paradox serves as an important constraint on our modal theorising. For example, one lesson of the paradox is that widely accepted essentialist theses appear incompatible with metaphysical necessity obeying a logic that includes S4. However, this article cautions against treating Chisholm’s paradox in isolation, as a single line of reasoning. To this end, the article outlines two crucial morals about Chisholm’s paradox which situate the paradox within a broad family of paradoxes. Each moral places significant constraints on the paradox’s solution space. In light of this perspective, the paper applies the two morals to a recently proposed solution to Chisholm’s Paradox by Benj Hellie, Murray and Wilson (in: Bennett and Zimmerman (eds) Oxford studies in metaphysics, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012).
Pragmatic markers: the missing link between language and Theory of Mind
Authors: Rubio-Fernandez Paula
Published: July 2020

Language and Theory of Mind come together in communication, but their relationship has been intensely contested. I hypothesize that pragmatic markers connect language and Theory of Mind and enable their co-development and co-evolution through a positive feedback loop, whereby the development of one skill boosts the development of the other. I propose to test this hypothesis by investigating two types of pragmatic markers: demonstratives (e.g., ‘this’ vs. ‘that’ in English) and articles (e.g., ‘a’ vs. ‘the’). Pragmatic markers are closed-class words that encode non-representational information that is unavailable to consciousness, but accessed automatically in processing. These markers have been associated with implicit Theory of Mind because they are used to establish joint attention (e.g., ‘I prefer that one’) and mark shared knowledge (e.g., ‘We bought the house’ vs. ‘We bought a house’). Here I develop a theoretical account of how joint attention (as driven by the use of demonstratives) is the basis for children’s later tracking of common ground (as marked by definite articles). The developmental path from joint attention to common ground parallels language change, with demonstrative forms giving rise to definite articles. This parallel opens the possibility of modelling the emergence of Theory of Mind in human development in tandem with its routinization across language communities and generations of speakers. I therefore propose that, in order to understand the relationship between language and Theory of Mind, we should study pragmatics at three parallel timescales: during language acquisition, language use, and language change.
On the Promoting Effects of Te and Nb in the Activity and Selectivity of M1 MoV-Oxides for Ethane Oxidative Dehydrogenation
Authors: Melzer Daniel , Mestl Gerhard , Wanninger Klaus , Jentys Andreas , Sanchez-Sanchez Maricruz , Lercher Johannes A.
Published: July 2020

The pathways of ethane oxidative dehydrogenation and total combustion have been elucidated for M1 phase type Mo–V oxide catalysts with different metal composition. The ethane oxidation mechanism is not affected by the presence of Te or Nb. Conversely, the selectivity is strongly affected by stoichiometry of M1 catalysts. This is attributed to the facile oxidation of ethene to COx upon formation of unselective VOx species in the absence of Te and Nb.
Rule-Based Object-Oriented Water Resource System Simulation Model for Water Allocation
Authors: Lin Pengfei , You Jinjun , Gan Hong , Jia Ling
Published: July 2020

Simulation is a basic method to analyze water resources system and provide information for decision-making. In this study, a framework is presented that describes the basic elements in a water resource system and a modelling technique integrating conceptual simulation and rule control. To formulate the process of the water cycle and water exploitation with a mathematical model, the water system is described based on adjustable relevant rules and respective parameters with experiences and pragmatic demands in the framework. The rule set describes the principles required to design conceptual networks and control the concrete processes of movement and conversion of different water flows. Combined with object-oriented programming, different calculation functional modules are classified based on the characteristics of water source layers, and the processes that occur in the networks are realised in the computation. The influence of the South-to-North Water Diversion project on the Haihe River basin is analysed by the rule-based object-oriented water resource allocation simulation model. According to the simulation results, groundwater extraction will be reduced by 6,181 million m3. The relationship between water source replacement and water layer exchange in the Haihe River basin is analysed, and the feasibility of the model is verified. Based on the rule-based model, the user requirements can be taken into account conveniently, and the rules are flexible to adjust with experiences and real conditions. This model can be used to simulate complex water resource systems.
Environmental sustainable value in agriculture revisited: How does Common Agricultural Policy contribute to eco-efficiency?
Authors: Czyżewski Bazyli , Matuszczak Anna , Grzelak Aleksander , Guth Marta , Majchrzak Adam
Published: July 2020

The conflict between capital-intensive agriculture, often called industrial agriculture, and sustainable farming is ongoing, and not because of Western European countries, where intensification is increasingly sustainable. It is caused by several million small farms in Central and Eastern Europe that must choose a long-term development path. This is also a dilemma for agricultural policy: Are small farms so environmentally friendly that they should play the role of ‘landscape guardians’ at the expense of public support and economic vegetation, or should they strive to improve productivity through investments? This study offers a methodological contribution to the value-based sustainability approach by computing indicators of environmental sustainable value (ESV). The authors have attempted to combine the value-oriented approach with frontier benchmarking. They then tested how the European Union Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) schemes contribute to ESV using a long-term panel of regionally representative farms from Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) with regard to factor endowments, for the years 2004–2017. The seminal within–between specification was employed to control the time variant and time invariant space heterogeneity of European regions. The main finding is that higher investment support is beneficial to ESV. Regarding factor endowment influence, there was a positive impact of the capital–labour ratio. Except the cross-sectional impact of environmental subsidies, the payments exert a negative effect on ESV.
Production of Norway spruce embryos in a temporary immersion system (TIS)
Authors: Välimäki Sakari , Paavilainen Laura , Tikkinen Mikko , Salonen Frida , Varis Saila , Aronen Tuija
Published: July 2020

Somatic embryogenesis has already been used for Norway spruce (Picea abies(L.) Karst) embling production on a laboratory scale, but automation is needed to increase efficiency and reduce costs. One option to scale up production is mass production in bioreactors. In a series of experiments, a pro-embryogenic mass was propagated using Plantform temporary immersion system bioreactors, and the effect of different aeration cycles, support pad materials, and post-maturation treatments (rinsing and desiccation) on the embryo yield and embling survival after 4 to 6 mo in a greenhouse was tested. Three genotypes were used to test each treatment. The best aeration frequency was 20 min every 4 h, while a lower or higher frequency did not generally improve embryo production. Filter paper on plastic netting was the best support pad material in terms of usability and embryo production (varying from 177 ± 20 to 696 ± 109 per g pro-embryogenic mass). The separation of the embryos from the undeveloped cell mass by rinsing with sterile water resulted in reduced survival of the emblings. Desiccation treatment on nested plates with the embryos on the inner plate with or without filter paper improved their survival. Bioreactors were laborious to prepare, load, and clean. Improvements in embryo production can be achieved by optimizing the process, but bioreactors based on the requirements of somatic embryogenesis are needed to enable their use in the mass production of Norway spruce emblings.
Advances in Microstructural Understanding of Wrought Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Robson J. D. , Engler O. , Sigli C. , Deschamps A. , Poole W. J.
Published: July 2020

Wrought aluminum alloys are an attractive option in the quest for lightweight, recyclable, structural materials. Modern wrought aluminum alloys depend on control of complex microstructures to obtain their properties. This requires an understanding of the coupling between alloy composition, processing, and microstructure. This paper summarizes recent work to understand microstructural evolution in such alloys, utilizing the advanced characterization techniques now available such as atom probe tomography, high-resolution electron microscopy, and synchrotron X-ray diffraction and scattering. New insights into precipitation processes, deformation behavior, and texture evolution are discussed. Recent progress in predicting microstructural evolution using computer modeling is also summarized.
Security of passenger transport in the Baltic Sea in the context of foreign terrorist fighters
Authors: Wardin Katarzyna
Published: July 2020

The Baltic Sea basin is one of the busiest areas in Europe in terms of the passenger transport and is considered as a domestic sea of the European Union, very important for the development and prosperity of all citizens. A high number of ferries connections along with exclusive cruise ships, visiting the Baltic countries, make the sea very busy. At the same time the security of lines of communications has become the highest priority, especially that a possibility of terrorist attacks still poses a serious threat. Although terrorism has been being fought intensively since 11th September, terrorist organizations such as Al-Qaeda or Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, are still able to attack. The article considers the threat of organizing a terrorist attack posed by Foreign Terrorist Fighters returning home to the Baltic countries. Due to the fairly high number of Foreign Terrorist Fighters in some countries around the Baltic Sea, very intense passenger traffic in the area, and the appeals which have been proclaimed by Al-Qaeda and Islamic State leaders, there is a possibility of a terrorist attack occurrence in the near future. Cited facts lead to the conclusion that some precautions should be taken both in terms of technical and organizational measures to make passenger traffic secure.
Comparing Apples and Pears: the Hidden Diversity of Central African Bush Mangoes (Irvingiaceae)
Authors: Gallois Sandrine , van Andel Tinde , Heger Thomas , Sonké Bonaventure , Henry Amanda G.
Published: July 2020

Comparing Apples and Pears: The Hidden Diversity of Central African Bush Mangoes (Irvingiaceae). The fruits of Irvingiaceae trees, commonly known as “bush mangoes” or “mangues sauvages,” are crucial foods for Central African human populations, as well as local wildlife. Irvingiaceae oil-rich kernels play an important role in local diet, well-being, and livelihood. When collected for sale, they enter the international market of non-timber forest products (NTFPs), which represents a considerable source of income for central African countries. Despite the importance of bush mangoes, there is a general lack of precision in the literature on the exact species of Irvingiaceae present in local diets and NTFP markets. Few botanical studies include local names and uses of the different Irvingiaceae species, while ethnographical and social studies rarely corroborate their identifications by collecting vouchers. In this study, we combined ethnographic research and botanical collection to verify which Irvingiaceae species were consumed and collected for trade by the Baka, a group of forager-horticulturalists in southeastern Cameroon. We provide evidence of the floristic diversity hidden behind the term “bush mangoes”, as well as the knowledge and uses of Irvingiaceae fruits by the Baka. We discuss the importance of eight Irvingiaceae species for Baka livelihood as well as the potential threats regarding the future of these valuable trees.
The Role of Biomarkers in Cardio-Oncology
Authors: Ananthan Kajaluxy , Lyon Alexander R.
Published: July 2020

In the field of cardio-oncology, it is well recognised that despite the benefits of chemotherapy in treating and possibly curing cancer, it can cause catastrophic damage to bystander tissues resulting in a range of potentially of life-threatening cardiovascular toxicities, and leading to a number of damaging side effects including heart failure and myocardial infarction. Cardiotoxicity is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in the long-term in oncology patients, specifically due to left ventricular dysfunction. There is increasing emphasis on the early use of biomarkers in order to detect the cardiotoxicity at a stage before it becomes irreversible. The most important markers of cardiac injury are cardiac troponin and natriuretic peptides, whilst markers of inflammation such as interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, myeloperoxidase, Galectin-3, growth differentiation factor-15 are under investigation for their use in detecting cardiotoxicity early. In addition, microRNAs, genome-wide association studies and proteomics are being studied as novel markers of cardiovascular injury or inflammation. The aim of this literature review is to discuss the evidence base behind the use of these biomarkers for the detection of cardiotoxicity.
Two patients with COVID-19 and a fever-induced Brugada-like electrocardiographic pattern
Authors: van de Poll S. W. E. , van der Werf C.
Published: July 2020

Febrile states may unmask certain Brugada syndrome patients and precipitate ventricular arrhythmias. Here we describe two patients with COVID-19 who developed a fever-induced type 1 Brugada electrocardiographic pattern. Both patients did not show any ventricular arrhythmias during admission. These and previously published cases suggest that the threshold to run an ECG should be low in febrile patients with suspected COVID-19, because these patients are potentially at risk for developing proarrhythmic complications.
Epidemics and food systems: what gets framed, gets done
Authors: Gillespie Stuart
Published: July 2020

This brief article aims to interrogate some widely used concepts in framing the interactions between disease epidemics, food systems and nutrition, with a particular focus on the COVID-19 crisis. How should we conceptualize vulnerability in such situations – both with regard to viral exposure and to subsequent nutrition-relevant impacts of epidemics and responses (including lockdowns)? Is it possible to simultaneously pursue strategies aimed at strengthening resilience and driving transformation (‘building back better’)? What type of framing and conceptualization can help illuminate entry points and options for responding effectively to interacting crises? In addressing these questions, it’s important to re-visit lessons from past attempts to address the impacts of epidemics on food and nutrition security.
Does Implementation of the Smart Growth Priority Affect Per Capita Income of EU countries?—Empirical Analysis for the Period 2000–2017
Authors: Młynarzewska-Borowiec Izabela
Published: July 2020

Smart growth is one of the priorities of the Europe 2020 strategy, implemented by European Union member states since 2010. Developing economy based on knowledge, human capital and innovation, ipso facto, implementing the smart growth objectives, is theoretically justified and should stimulate growth processes in EU economies. The aim of this study is to examine the existence and nature of the relationship between the state of implementation of the smart growth targets in the new and old EU countries and their GDP per capita. The analysis for the period 2000–2017 indicated a varied degree of advancement of EU countries in implementing the smart growth targets. The assessment of the overall level of the smart growth targets’ implementation, expressed in the smart growth summary index calculated in this paper, leads to the conclusion that the new EU members, having a relatively lower level of initial implementation of the smart growth objectives, showed a much higher dynamic in this field than the old EU members. The surveys conducted with the use of econometric models confirmed that effective implementation of the smart growth targets resulting in a higher employment rate and improvement of the quality of human capital had a positive impact on GDP per capita in EU countries, especially in the new member states. The results indicate that investment in R&D did not automatically affect the level of GDP per capita of the analysed economies. This impact was spread over time and limited only to the countries where R&D expenditure was higher than 1.5% of GDP.
Entrepreneurial History in Motion: A Reply to R. Daniel Wadhwani’s Comment
Authors: GALAMBOS LOUIS , AMATORI FRANCO
Published: July 2020

Galambos and Amatori applaud this discourse over entrepreneurship but contend that the multiplier is not a metaphor. They acknowledge Wadhwani’s insightful analyses and look forward to further fruitful discussions focused on innovation, capitalism’s major strength. They briefly argue for scalar evaluations rather than binary evaluations of innovation and the socio-economic problems they inevitably create.
The Use and Significance of Early Bronze Age Stone Battle-axes and Axe-hammers from Northern Britain and the Isle of Man
Authors: Roy Amber Sofia
Published: July 2020

The perforated stone battle-axes and axe-hammers of Early Bronze Age Britain have been used either to interpret the status of individuals they were buried with or have been overlooked; this is especially the case with axe-hammers. Previous understandings have assumed battle-axes were purely ceremonial, while the rougher axe-hammers were neither functional nor prestigious, being too large and too crude to be prestige items. Studies of the 20th century were focused on creating a typology and understanding the manufacture and petrological sources of the stone, concluding that haphazard exploitation of stone was used to create a variety of different shapes of both implements. This paper revisits the question of how these artefacts were used. It presents the results of the first large-scale application of use-wear analysis to British Early Bronze Age battle-axes and axe-hammers, from northern Britain and the Isle of Man. Combining the results of the wear analysis with experimental archaeology and contextual analysis, it is argued that these objects were functional tools, some of which saw prolonged use that might have spanned multiple users. The evidence shows that the few implements found in burial contexts were both functional and symbolic; their inclusion in burial contexts drawing upon relational links which developed through the itineraries of these objects. It is also apparent that use and treatment were similar across all types of battle-axe and axe-hammer, with some regional variation in the deposition of axe-hammers in south-west Scotland. It is concluded that battle-axes and axe-hammers had varied and multiple roles and significances and that it is possible to discover what each artefact was used for by deploying a use-wear analysis methodology.
ERISTIC, ANTILOGY AND THE EQUAL DISPOSITION OF MEN AND WOMEN (PLATO,RESP.5.453B–454C)
Authors: El Murr D.
Published: July 2020

Aristotle'sSophistical Refutations(=Soph. el.) seeks to uncover the workings of apparent deductive reasoning, and is thereby largely devoted to the caricature of dialectic that the ancients callederistic(ἐριστική), the art of quarrelling. Unlike antilogy (ἀντιλογία), which refers to a type of argumentation where two arguments are pitted against each other in a contradictory manner, eristic takes on in Aristotle an exclusively pejorative meaning, as is made clear, for example, by this passage fromSoph. el.: ‘For just as unfairness in a contest is a definite type of fault, and is a kind of foul fighting, so the art of contentious reasoning is foul fighting in disputation.’
Effects of biochar and poultry manure on soil properties, growth, quality, and yield of cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium Schott) in degraded tropical sandy soil
Authors: Agbede Taiwo Michael , Adekiya Aruna Olasekan , Odoja Adeniyi Shadrack , Bayode Lucia Nike , Omotehinse Paul O. , Adepehin Imole
Published: July 2020

Use of biochar (B) and poultry manure (PM) as soil amendments can improve the productivity and sustainability of tropical agriculture. Our fieldwork is the first research on the agronomic use of B and PM for the growth of cocoyam in sandy soil of the humid tropics. In this study, the effects of B, PM and their mixture were investigated on soil properties, mineral and nutrient concentrations, growth, and corm and cormel yields of cocoyam during the 2017 and 2018 cropping seasons. The experiment consisted of 4 × 2 factorial combinations of B (0, 10, 20, and 30 Mg ha−1) and PM (0 and 7.5 Mg ha−1). In both years, the application of B and PM either alone or in combination improved soil physical and chemical properties, plant nutritional status, growth, and corm and cormel yields of cocoyam. The combination of 30 Mg ha−1 B and 7.5 Mg ha−1 PM (B30 + PM7.5) gave the highest corm and cormel yields of cocoyam. Pooled over the 2 years, application of B at 30 Mg ha−1 and PM at 7.5 Mg ha−1 (B30 + PM7.5) significantly increased corm yield of cocoyam by 47 and 66%, respectively, when compared with sole PM at 7.5 Mg ha−1 and B at 30 Mg ha−1. Lowest corm and cormel yields were obtained for the unmanure control. The combination of 30 Mg ha−1 B and 7.5 Mg ha−1 PM is recommended for soil fertility management and cocoyam production in the rainforest agroecology of SW Nigeria.
Multi-scale dynamics of magnetic flux tubes and inverse magnetic energy transfer
Authors: Zhou Muni , Loureiro Nuno F. , Uzdensky Dmitri A.
Published: July 2020

We report on an analytical and numerical study of the dynamics of a three-dimensional array of identical magnetic flux tubes in the reduced-magnetohydrodynamic description of the plasma. We propose that the long-time evolution of this system is dictated by flux-tube mergers, and that such mergers are dynamically constrained by the conservation of the pertinent (ideal) invariants,viz.the magnetic potential and axial fluxes of each tube. We also propose that in the direction perpendicular to the merging plane, flux tubes evolve in a critically balanced fashion. These notions allow us to construct an analytical model for how quantities such as the magnetic energy and the energy-containing scale evolve as functions of time. Of particular importance is the conclusion that, like its two-dimensional counterpart, this system exhibits an inverse transfer of magnetic energy that terminates only at the system scale. We perform direct numerical simulations that confirm these predictions and reveal other interesting aspects of the evolution of the system. We find, for example, that the early time evolution is characterized by a sharp decay of the initial magnetic energy, which we attribute to the ubiquitous formation of current sheets. We also show that a quantitatively similar inverse transfer of magnetic energy is observed when the initial condition is a random, small-scale magnetic seed field.
From Sustainable Development Goals to Basic Development Goals
Authors: Reinert Kenneth A.
Published: July 2020

The Sustainable Development Goals have attracted both defenders and critics. Composed of seventeen goals and 169 targets, the overly broad scope of the SDGs raises the question of whether there are priorities that need to be set within them. This essay considers the SDGs from the perspective of a “basic goods approach” to development policy, which takes a needs-based and basic-subsistence-rights view on policy priorities. It focuses on a subset of SDGs that directly address the provision of nutritious food, clean water, sanitation, health services, education services, and human security services. In doing so, it proposes a set of seven “basic development goals” and ten associated targets. It argues that this more focused approach can better protect basic rights, more effectively contribute to progress on human wellbeing, and make accountability more likely.
Limited Force and the Return of Reprisals in the Law of Armed Conflict
Authors: Heinze Eric A. , Neilsen Rhiannon
Published: July 2020

Armed reprisals are the limited use of military force in response to unlawful actions perpetrated against states. Historically, reprisals provided a military remedy for states that had been wronged (often violently) by another state without having to resort to all-out war in order to counter or deter such wrongful actions. While reprisals are broadly believed to have been outlawed by the UN Charter, states continue to routinely undertake such self-help measures. As part of the roundtable, “The Ethics of Limited Strikes,” this essay examines the doctrine of armed reprisals in light of recent instances of states using force “short of war” in this manner. We argue that the ban on reprisals has been largely ignored by states, and that recent attempts to apply the laws of armed conflict to the cyber domain (such as the Tallinn Manual) are further weakening this prohibition. We conclude that this is a potentially dangerous development that lowers the bar for resorting to military force, risking escalation and thereby further destabilizing the international system.
A Matter of Balance: A French Perspective on Limited Strikes
Authors: Jeangène Vilmer Jean-Baptiste
Published: July 2020

What are the philosophical arguments justifying limited strikes? This essay, as part of the roundtable “The Ethics of Limited Strikes,” adopts a French perspective both because France is, along with the United States and the United Kingdom, one of the states that launched such limited strikes in recent years, and because it developed a limited warfare ethos. There is something specific about such an ethos that makes it particularly receptive to thejus ad vimframework and, therefore, to the issue of limited strikes. This essay also builds on the case of the use (or threat) of limited force in Syria as a response to the country's use of chemical weapons between 2013 and 2018. Presented as a way to “punish” the Syrian regime as much as to “deter” it from using chemical weapons again, these limited strikes are a good illustration of the traditional retributive/preventive dichotomy of penal philosophy. I argue that the moral justification of those strikes should be guided by a consequentialist ethic, preventive rather than retributive. From a consequentialist perspective, limited strikes are justified when they “work”—that is, when they have a deterrent/compellent effect. For that to happen, they need to be credible and imply the potential of an escalation; the challenge being to keep the escalation under control. Carrying the risk of inefficacy at one end of the spectrum and of escalation at the other, limited strikes are indeed a matter of balance.
Antarctic erosion history reconstructed by Terre Adélie moraine geochronology
Authors: Voisine Encelyn , Rolland Yann , Bernet Matthias , Carcaillet Julien , Duclaux Guillaume , Bascou Jérôme , Sue Christian , Balvay Mélanie , Ménot René-Pierre
Published: July 2020

We report apatite fission-track and 10Be terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) dating of 14 moraine boulders originating from inland Terre Adélie, East Antarctica. These data show cooling of the Proterozoic Terre Adélie craton at < ~120°C between 350 and 300 Ma, suggesting > 4 km temperate glacial erosion during the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age, followed by nearly null Mesozoic erosion and low glacial erosion (< 2 km) in the Cenozoic. Based on glacial flux maps, the origin of the boulders may be located ~400 km upstream. Preliminary TCN (10Be) datings of moraine boulders cluster within the last 30 ka. Cosmogenic ages from the Lacroix Nunatak suggest a main deglaciation after the Younger Dryas at c. 10 ka, while those of Cap Prud'homme mostly cluster at 0.6 ka, in agreement with an exhumation of boulders during the Little Ice Age.
Genetic markers associated with seed longevity and vitamin E in diverse Aus rice varieties
Authors: Lee Jae-Sung , Kwak Jieun , Hay Fiona R.
Published: July 2020

Vitamin E is known to scavenge lipid peroxy radicals and has a purported role in preventing seed deterioration during storage. In our previous studies using 20 rice varieties from different variety groups, the specific ratio of vitamin E homologues rather than total vitamin E content was associated with seed longevity. To validate this result, we extended the experiment to a rice panel composed of 185 Aus (semi-wild rice) varieties. Seed longevity values were determined through storage experiments at 45°C and 10.9% seed moisture content (MC). Eight types of vitamin E homologues (α-, β-, γ- and δ-tocopherol/tocotrienol) were quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography. The theoretical initial viability in NED, Ki, was positively correlated with γ- and δ-tocopherols and negatively correlated with α-tocotrienol. The time for viability to fall to 50% during storage at elevated temperature and relative humidity, p50, was positively correlated with δ-tocopherol. The harvest MC was negatively correlated with all seed longevity traits. Taking this factor into account in a genome-wide association (GWA) analysis, we were able to correct false positives. A consistent major peak on chromosome 4 associated with −σ−1 was detected with a mixed linear analysis. Based on rice genome annotation and gene network ontology databases, we suggest that RNA modification, oxidation–reduction, protein–protein interactions and abscisic acid signal transduction play roles in seed longevity extension of Aus rice. Although major GWA regions were not overlapped across traits, three genetic markers, on chromosomes 1, 3 and 4, were associated with both δ-tocopherol and Ki and two markers on chromosome 1 and 8 were associated with both δ-tocopherol and p50.
Towards syntax-aware token embeddings
Authors: Popa Diana Nicoleta , Perez Julien , Henderson James , Gaussier Eric
Published: July 2020

Distributional semantic word representations are at the basis of most modern NLP systems. Their usefulness has been proven across various tasks, particularly as inputs to deep learning models. Beyond that, much work investigated fine-tuning the generic word embeddings to leverage linguistic knowledge from large lexical resources. Some work investigated context-dependent word token embeddings motivated by word sense disambiguation, using sequential context and large lexical resources. More recently, acknowledging the need for an in-context representation of words, some work leveraged information derived from language modelling and large amounts of data to induce contextualised representations. In this paper, we investigate Syntax-Aware word Token Embeddings (SATokE) as a way to explicitly encode specific information derived from the linguistic analysis of a sentence in vectors which are input to a deep learning model. We propose an efficient unsupervised learning algorithm based on tensor factorisation for computing these token embeddings given an arbitrary graph of linguistic structure. Applying this method to syntactic dependency structures, we investigate the usefulness of such token representations as part of deep learning models of text understanding. We encode a sentence either by learning embeddings for its tokens and the relations between them from scratch or by leveraging pre-trained relation embeddings to infer token representations. Given sufficient data, the former is slightly more accurate than the latter, yet both provide more informative token embeddings than standard word representations, even when the word representations have been learned on the same type of context from larger corpora (namely pre-trained dependency-based word embeddings). We use a large set of supervised tasks and two major deep learning families of models for sentence understanding to evaluate our proposal. We empirically demonstrate the superiority of the token representations compared to popular distributional representations of words for various sentence and sentence pair classification tasks.
Regional climate policy under deep uncertainty: robust control and distributional concerns
Authors: Brock William , Xepapadeas Anastasios
Published: July 2020

We study climate change policies using the novel pattern scaling approach of regional transient climate response in order to develop a regional economy–climate model under conditions of deep uncertainty. We associate welfare weights with regions and analyze cooperative outcomes derived by the social planner's solution at the regional scale. Recent literature indicates that damages are larger in low latitude (warmer) areas and are projected to become relatively even larger in low latitude areas than at temperate latitudes. Under deep uncertainty, robust control policies are more conservative regarding emissions and, when regional distributional weights are introduced, carbon taxes are lower in the relatively poorer region. Mild concerns for robustness are welfare improving for the poor region, while strong concerns have welfare cost for all regions. We show that increasing regional temperatures will increase resources devoted to learning, in order to reduce deep uncertainty.