bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Life cycle assessment and possible impacts of CFRPs for space applications
Authors: Xiarchos Ioannis , Morozinis Athanasios K. , Charitidis Costas
Published: December 2019

Life-cycle assessment, or LCA, is an environmental management technique that considers all the aspects of resources use and environmental releases associated with an industrial product, service or a system. LCA is intended for comparison and not absolute evaluation, in this way assisting decision makers when choosing between alternative courses of action. In Space applications, LCA is used to evaluate environmental impacts from early research & design stage to the mission end according to United Nations General Assembly declaration for the need of development of Space Technologies that minimize the environmental impact. More specifically, in the frame of SpaceCarbon project, preliminary research design laboratory activities have been studied by the Life Cycle Assessment technique and environmental impact hotspots were identified, mainly the use of carbon fibres and epoxy resin which affect mainly “climate” and “resources” environmental damage categories. This is explained by the high energy intensity of carbon fibres production, petrochemical origin of carbon fibre preform, epoxy resin toxicity and related emissions (NOx, SO2). It is worth pointing out though, that weight reduction and related energy savings (e.g. reduction of fuels consumption), longevity of space technology application in the use phase are beneficial for the environmental impacts minimization.
Flexible Model for Miro-launcher Dynamics
Authors: Chelaru Teodor-Viorel , Pana Valentin , Onel Alexandru Iulian , Afilipoae Tudorel-Petronel , Cojocaru Andrei Filip , Vasile Ionut Cosmin
Published: December 2019

The paper presents aspects regarding flexible model used for describing the dynamics of the three stages micro-launcher. This work analyses transverse flexible oscillations. By the hypotheses adopted, the flexibility problem will be reduced to a group of equations that will be attached to the rigid body model with six degrees of freedom, thus obtaining an elastic model for the launcher. The results analysed will be the flight parameters the launcher, with the influence of the elastic modes considered. The novelty of the paper consists in highlighting the influence of elasticity on the launcher control problem.
Large angle flexure pivot development for future science payloads for space applications
Authors: Spanoudakis Peter , Kiener Lionel , Cosandier Florent , Schwab Philippe , Giriens Laurent , Kruis Johan , Grivon Daniel , Psoni Georgia , Vrettos Christos , Bencheikh Nabil
Published: December 2019

An innovative design of a Large Angle Flexure Pivot (LAFP) is described. It combines the advantages of flexure mechanisms while surpassing one of their few flaws, small displacement strokes. The LAFP design exceeds these angular limitations to reach a deflection of 180° (±90°). The centre shifts laterally by less than ±35 μm throughout the full rotation range. The LAFP is meant to be mounted in pairs, coaxially and with the payload between them. The intended application of the LAFP is to angularly guide an optical component in a space environment for future science missions operating in a cryogenic environment. A dedicated performance test bench was developed and manufactured to test the pivot characteristics notably the lateral shift using Eddy current sensors. The test bench incorporates a representative dummy payload for mass and inertia. Extensive FEM analysis has been performed to validate the design at component level and further analysis with the pivots mounted with a representative payload on a test bench for random vibration, shock and thermal cycling environment. The second test bench for the vibration and shock tests has been manufactured incorporating a simplified launch locking device. The performance tests have confirmed a lateral shift of less than ±35 μm over an angular range of ±90°. The pivots have been successfully tested and survived vibration loads for high level sine at 24 g and random vibration at 12 grms in all three directions.
Télédent, une expérience de téléexpertise bucco-dentaire en milieu pénitentiaire
Authors: Novais Anita , Fac Catherine , Allouche Michael , Atallah Émile , Godkine Nils , Guyader Thomas , Hariga Anissa , Hoarau Wanda , Oulmi Alexis , Trumbic Felix , Goujard Cécile , Pirnay Philippe
Published: December 2019

La santé bucco-dentaire participe au maintien d’un bon état général de l’organisme. Certaines populations, dont les personnes détenues, ont des besoins importants mais, simultanément, un accès limité aux soins dentaires. Télédent est un outil complémentaire de téléexpertise bucco-dentaire qui facilite le dépistage et la prévention des troubles oraux. À partir d’une caméra intra-buccale qui enregistre des images qui sont analysées par l’équipe du service de médecine bucco-dentaire de l’Hôpital Henri Mondor, l’Unité sanitaire du centre pénitentiaire de Fresnes dispose d’une expertise dentaire détaillée. Télédent permet ainsi une coopération entre les services qui améliore le dépistage et la prise en charge de soins bucco-dentaires, tout en diminuant les coûts et en favorisant la sécurité des patients détenus.
Medikamentöse Therapie von epileptischen Anfällen und Epilepsien
Authors: Kay Lara , Bauer Sebastian , Rosenow Felix , Strzelczyk Adam , Zöllner Johann Philipp
Published: December 2019

Fast jede aktive Epilepsie bedarf einer medikamentösen Therapie durch Antianfallsmedikamente (Antiiktalia). Ziel ist die Anfallsfreiheit des Patienten bei gleichzeitig guter Tolerabilität. Zur Dauertherapie fokaler Epilepsien steht eine Reihe von Antianfallsmedikamenten zur Verfügung, bei generalisierten Epilepsien ist die Auswahl kleiner. Die Wahl des Antianfallsmedikamentes sollte neben dem Epilepsiesyndrom an den individuellen Wünschen und der Lebenssituation des Patienten, seinen Komorbiditäten und dem Nebenwirkungsprofil ausgerichtet werden. Meist wird man deshalb neuere Antianfallsmedikamente bevorzugen. Durch die Entwicklung neuer Medikamente erhöht sich die Chance einer individuell gut verträglichen und erfolgreichen Therapie. Dem gegenüber stehen höhere Therapiekosten der meisten neueren Antianfallsmedikamente. Die meisten epileptischen Anfälle sind selbstlimitierend. Ein prolongierter epileptischer Anfall muss jedoch schnell und ausreichend hoch dosiert mit Benzodiazepinen behandelt werden, um so einen therapierefraktären Verlauf abwenden zu können und das Outcome des Patienten zu verbessern.
Spinale Muskelatrophie – Expertenempfehlungen zur Behandlung von erwachsenen Patienten mit Nusinersen
Authors: Hagenacker Tim , Hermann Andreas , Kamm Christoph , Walter Maggie C. , Weiler Markus , Günther René , Wurster Claudia D. , Kleinschnitz Christoph
Published: December 2019

Seit 2017 steht mit Nusinersen die erste kausale Therapie der 5q-assoziierten spinalen Muskelatrophie (SMA) zur Verfügung. Erfahrungen aus der Praxis an neuromuskulären Zentren in Deutschland zeigen zunehmend den therapeutischen Nutzen von Nusinersen auch bei erwachsenen SMA-Patienten beiderlei Geschlechts: Vielfach gelingt eine Stabilisierung bzw. eine relevante Verbesserung motorischer Funktionen, die die Autonomie bei Alltagsaktivitäten und die Lebensqualität steigern können. Die intrathekale Applikation ist auch bei schweren spinalen Deformitäten unter Bildgebung in der Regel komplikationsfrei durchführbar. Zum Monitoring des therapeutischen Effekts ist eine regelmäßige systematische Evaluation des motorischen Status mit validierten Instrumenten zu empfehlen. Die Dokumentation in einem SMA-Register ermöglicht den systematischen Aufbau einer Datenbasis zur Weiterentwicklung des therapeutischen Gesamtkonzepts. Relevante Aspekte dieses neuartigen Therapieprinzips diskutierten Experten im Rahmen einer Konferenz in Frankfurt am Main im Februar 2019.
Einlassen, Zulassen, Loslassen: Über ein konstruktives Leidensverständnis
Authors: Schnell Tatjana
Published: December 2019

Pain or misery strike us – but it is up to us how to deal with them. Suffering is a verb; this underlines the active nature of suffering. The present paper develops a constructive concept of suffering by taking up approaches from existential philosophy and psychology. It suggests that suffering, if allowed and accepted, has the potential to facilitate transformation and, subsequently, to release from pain. The text ends with reflections on how a transformative understanding of suffering can be opened up in the accompaniment of suffering or dying.
Ergebnisse der MDK-Prüfungen in einer Klinik der neurologischen Frührehabilitation Phase B
Authors: Wallesch Claus W.
Published: December 2019

Die Ergebnisse der MDK-Prüfungen von 2018 entlassenen Patienten einer neurologischen Frührehabilitationsklinik werden dargestellt. Über ein Viertel der Fälle wurden geprüft. Die Prüfstrategien der Kostenträger waren unterschiedlich. Schwerpunkte der Prüfungen waren Beatmungsstunden, Fehlbelegungen, Pflegeintensität und Prozessmerkmale der neurologischen Frührehabilitation. Möglichkeiten zur Verminderung von Beanstandungen werden aufgezeigt.
Capacidad Vesical como Pronóstico de Trasplante Renal
Authors: Fajardo Cediel William Ricardo , Flórez Barbosa Karen Viviana , García Cuevas Jenny Catherin , Rodríguez María Paula , Zúñiga Castrillón Mónica María , Duarte Gonzalez Carolina Andrea
Published: December 2019

Introducción La capacidad vesical pre trasplante renal, ha demostrado tener un impacto significativo en el pronóstico, la calidad de vida y complicaciones urológicas en los pacientes.

Métodos Estimar la correlación de Pearson que existe entre la capacidad vesical pre- trasplante (CVPRE) comparado con el tiempo de duración de Terapia de reemplazo renal (TRR); como factor pronóstico.

Método Se realizó una base de datos de pacientes con Trasplante Renal realizados por un Grupo Trasplante, de una sola institución, en los últimos 7 años, desde el 2010 hasta el año 2018. Se tomaron datos del estudio pre trasplante por parte del servicio de Urología y controles mensuales pos trasplante, hasta la fecha. Se tomaron en cuenta datos como: Tiempo de diagnóstico de ERC estadio final, tiempo y tipo de terapia de reemplazo renal, capacidad vesical y función renal pre-trasplante versus función renal y capacidad vesical pos-trasplante y complicaciones urológicas pos-trasplante. Con esos datos, se realizó el cruce de variables, utilizando el Coeficiente de correlación de Pearson, expresando resultados con valores entre 1, para mostrar correlación y significancia estadística en la práctica clínica.

Resultados Entre los años 2010 hasta mayo de 2018, se llevaron a cabo 203 Trasplantes renales, se tabularon 114 pacientes cuyos datos se encontraban completos. La Correlación Pearson fue de: −0,3 entre tiempo de TRR y CVPRE; −0,14 entre CVPRE y creatinina pos TR; 0,09 entre CVPRE y RVU; de 0,14 entre CVPRE e IVU; esas 2 últimas, complicaciones urológicas pos-trasplante renal.

Conclusiones Existe correlación inversa entre el tiempo de TRR y Capacidad vesical pre- trasplante, lo cual influye en el pronóstico del paciente trasplantado renal, en términos de función renal pos-trasplante y complicaciones urológicas dadas por RVU e IVU.
Infinite particle systems with collective behaviour and related mesoscopic equations
Authors: Ha Seung-Yeal , Kim Jeongho , Kuchling Peter , Kutoviy Oleksandr
Published: December 2019

We study analogs of Kuramoto and Cucker-Smale models for systems with infinite interacting particles. For such systems, we describe the way to derive the corresponding kinetic (mesoscopic) equation reflecting the statistical characteristics of the whole microscopic system in the sense of a proper scaling. This derivation has an algorithmic realization in terms of related hierarchical chains of correlation function equations. We compare the obtained mesoscopic equations for considered infinite interacting particle systems with kinetic equations derived from ordinary differential equation models of finite particle systems using the Bogoliubov–Born–Green–Kirkwood–Yvon hierarchy technique.
Optimized x-ray sources for x-ray diffraction measurements at the Omega Laser Facility
Authors: Coppari F. , Smith R. F. , Thorn D. B. , Rygg J. R. , Liedahl D. A. , Kraus R. G. , Lazicki A. , Millot M. , Eggert J. H.
Published: December 2019

The use of x-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements in laser-driven dynamic compression experiments at high-power laser facilities is becoming increasingly common. Diffraction allows one to probe in situ the transformations occurring at the atomic level at extreme conditions of pressure, temperature, and time scale. In these measurements, the x-ray source is generated by irradiation of a solid foil. Under certain laser drive conditions, quasimonochromatic He-α radiation is generated. Careful analysis of the x-ray source plasma spectra reveals that this radiation is not a single line emission and that monochromaticity is highly dependent on the laser irradiance. In this work, we analyze how the spectra emitted by laser-irradiated copper, germanium, and iron foils at the Omega Laser vary depending on different laser drive conditions and discuss the implications for XRD experiments.
Measurement of the electron energy distribution function in CO2 inductively coupled plasma
Authors: Kim Kyung-Hyun , Kim Kwan-Yong , Hong Young-Hun , Moon Ho-Jun , Chung Chin-Wook
Published: December 2019

CO2 inductively coupled plasmas (ICPs) were generated using a radio frequency power of 13.56 MHz at 100 mTorr. Electron energy distribution functions (EEDFs) were measured using a single Langmuir probe, and various plasma parameters such as the electron density and electron temperature were obtained from the measured EEDFs. EEDFs with multislope structures are obtained. However, changes in the gas composition in the ICP were observed via optical emission spectroscopy. The electron density barely increases when a sudden change in the gas composition occurs. The E to H mode transition occurs at a stationary gas composition as the absorbed power increases. The EEDFs of CO2 plasma, CO plasma, and O2 plasma were calculated using BOLSIG+, which is a two term Boltzmann solver [G. Hagelaar and L. Pitchford, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 14(4), 722 (2005)]. The measured EEDF is closest to the EEDF of the CO plasma.
Quasicubic model for metal halide perovskite nanocrystals
Authors: Sercel Peter C. , Lyons John L. , Bernstein Noam , Efros Alexander L.
Published: December 2019

We present an analysis of quantum confinement of carriers and excitons, and exciton fine structure, in metal halide perovskite (MHP) nanocrystals (NCs). Starting with coupled-band k · P theory, we derive a nonparabolic effective mass model for the exciton energies in MHP NCs valid for the full size range from the strong to the weak confinement limits. We illustrate the application of the model to CsPbBr3 NCs and compare the theory against published absorption data, finding excellent agreement. We then apply the theory of electron-hole exchange, including both short- and long-range exchange interactions, to develop a model for the exciton fine structure. We develop an analytical quasicubic model for the effect of tetragonal and orthorhombic lattice distortions on the exchange-related exciton fine structure in CsPbBr3, as well as some hybrid organic MHPs of recent interest, including formamidinium lead bromide (FAPbBr3) and methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3). Testing the predictions of the quasicubic model using hybrid density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we find qualitative agreement in tetragonal MHPs but significant disagreement in the orthorhombic modifications. Moreover, the quasicubic model fails to correctly describe the exciton oscillator strength and with it the long-range exchange corrections in these systems. Introducing the effect of NC shape anisotropy and possible Rashba terms into the model, we illustrate the calculation of the exciton fine structure in CsPbBr3 NCs based on the results of the DFT calculations and examine the effect of Rashba terms and shape anisotropy on the calculated fine structure.
Low-voltage MEMS optical phase modulators and switches on a indium phosphide membrane on silicon
Authors: Liu Tianran , Pagliano Francesco , van Veldhoven René , Pogoretskiy Vadim , Jiao Yuqing , Fiore Andrea
Published: December 2019

In this paper, an optical switch based on a microelectromechanical phase modulator is presented. Phase tuning is achieved by tuning the vertical gap between two vertically coupled waveguides through the application of a reverse bias on a p-i-n junction. An effective refractive index tuning Δneff of 0.03 and a phase shift of more than 3π rad at telecom wavelengths are measured with an on-chip Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), with a phase-tuning length of only 140 μm. With a bias voltage of 5.1 V, a half-wave-voltage-length product (Vπ L) of 5.6 × 10−3 V·cm is achieved. Furthermore, optical crossbar switching in a MZI is demonstrated with a 15 dB extinction ratio using an actuation voltage of only 4.2 V. Our work provides a solution to on-chip, low-voltage phase modulation and optical switching. The switch is fabricated on an indium-phosphide membrane on a silicon substrate, which enables the integration with active components (e.g., amplifiers, lasers, and detectors) on a single chip.
Picometer resolved nanoscale optomechanics of micro-droplet
Authors: Chaudhary Komal , Singh Kamal P.
Published: December 2019

Interaction of light with fluid produces many competing phenomena at the nanoscale, which are less well understood due to the lack of picometer precision in measuring optofluidic deformation. Here, we employ a microliter sessile fluid drop as a self-stabilized laser microinterferometer and resolve its nanoscale interface dynamics, with precisions of about 600 pm in real-time and 20 pm with a modulated beam, below the thermal limit. For evaporating droplets having various absorbance values, we isolate a nanodimple due to laser heating from the nanobump induced by Minkowski's optical momentum transfer. We model the dimple as resulting from a negative surface-tension thermal gradient induced by nonuniform local temperature variation, which we resolved with unprecedented 600 nK precision, besides detecting pN level radiation pressure force at the transparent fluid interface. These signatures are generic for a wide variety of fluids including Au-nanoparticle suspension, olive oil, glycerine, and biofluids such as egg-white and human saliva. Our study opens a route to achieve picometer precision with tiny fluid samples for intriguing applications.
Scanning tunneling microscopy in the field-emission regime: Formation of a two-dimensional electron cascade
Authors: Werner Wolfgang S. M. , Oral Martin , Radlička Tomáš , Zelinka Jiří , Müllerová Ilona , Bellissimo Alessandra , Bertolini Gabriele , Cabrera Hugo , Gürlü Oguzhan
Published: December 2019

The signal generation mechanism of the scanning field-emission microscope has been investigated via model calculations combining deterministic trajectory calculations in the field surrounding the field-emission tip in vacuum, with Monte Carlo simulations of the electron transport inside the solid. This model gives rise to a two-dimensional electron cascade. Individual trajectories of detected backscattered electrons consist of repeated segments of travel in vacuum followed by a re-entry into the solid and re-emission into vacuum after being elastically or inelastically scattered. These so-called electron bouncing events also create secondary electrons at macroscopic distances away from the primary impact position. The signal reaching the detector is made up of elastically and inelastically backscattered primary electrons created near the impact position under the tip and those secondary electrons created far away from it.
Enhancement of magnetoelectric coupling by insertion of Co atomic layer into Fe3Si/BaTiO3(001) interfaces identified by first-principles calculations
Authors: Hamazaki Yasunari , Gohda Yoshihiro
Published: December 2019

The insertion of a Co single atomic layer into multiferroic interfaces is examined from first principles taking interfaces between BaTiO3 and Fe3Si as an example. We demonstrate that insertion of a Co atomic layer strongly prevents Si from being exposed to the interface. This protecting effect of Co makes the interface magnetoelectric constant of Fe3Si/Co/BaTiO3(001) remarkably large with 1.4 as, which makes contrast with the reduction of the interface multiferroicity by Si at the Fe3Si/BaTiO3(001) interface. The stability of the Co monolayer and the origin of the large magnetoelectric effect are clarified.
Twin-beam-enhanced displacement measurement of a membrane in a cavity
Authors: Wei Xinrui , Sheng Jiteng , Wu Yuelong , Liu Wuming , Wu Haibin
Published: December 2019

We report an experimental demonstration of quantum-enhanced displacement measurement of a membrane in an optical cavity by using bright quantum correlated light to surpass the shot-noise limit (SNL). The optical cavity enhances the displacement signal and the twin beams suppress the noise background 3 dB below the SNL at an equivalent optical power. Thus, the signal-to-noise ratio is significantly improved by simultaneously using optical cavities and twin beams, and a sensitivity of 200 am/Hz is achieved. The frequency fluctuations of twin beams are analyzed and reduced by using optical twin cavities. These results provide a useful method for precision measurements as well as to control cavity optomechanical systems with nonclassical light.
First-principles investigation of electrochemical dissolution of Pt nanoparticles and kinetic simulation
Authors: Zhu Jing , Hu Sulei , Zeng Zhenhua , Li Wei-Xue
Published: December 2019

Dissolution is the primary route of Pt nanoparticle degradation in electrochemical devices, e.g., fuel cells. Investigation of potential-dependent dissolution kinetics of Pt nanoparticles is crucial to optimize the nanoparticle size and operating conditions for better performance. A mean-field kinetic theory under the steady-state approximation, combined with atomistic thermodynamics and Wulff construction, was developed to study the interplay between oxygen chemisorption, electrode potential, and particle size on the dissolution of Pt nanoparticles. We found that although oxygen chemisorption from electrode potential-induced water splitting can stabilize Pt nanoparticles through decreasing the surface energy and increasing the redox potential, the electrode potential plays a more decisive role in facilitating the dissolution of Pt nanoparticles. In comparison with the minor effect of oxygen chemisorption, an increase in the particle size, though reducing the dispersion, has a more significant effect on the suppression of the dissolution. These theoretical understandings on the effects of electrode potential and particle size on the dissolution are crucial for optimizing the nanoparticle size under oxidative operating conditions.
Metal/BaTiO3/β-Ga2O3 dielectric heterojunction diode with 5.7 MV/cm breakdown field
Authors: Xia Zhanbo , Chandrasekar Hareesh , Moore Wyatt , Wang Caiyu , Lee Aidan J. , McGlone Joe , Kalarickal Nidhin Kurian , Arehart Aaron , Ringel Steven , Yang Fengyuan , Rajan Siddharth
Published: December 2019

Wide and ultrawide bandgap semiconductors can provide excellent performance due to their high energy bandgap, which leads to breakdown electric fields that are more than an order of magnitude higher than conventional silicon electronics. In materials where p-type doping is not available, achieving this high breakdown field in a vertical diode or transistor is very challenging. We propose and demonstrate the use of dielectric heterojunctions that use extreme permittivity materials to achieve a high breakdown field in a unipolar device. We demonstrate the integration of a high permittivity material BaTiO3 with n-type β-Ga2O3 to enable a 5.7 MV/cm average electric field and a 7 MV/cm peak electric field at the device edge while maintaining forward conduction with relatively low on-resistance and voltage loss. The proposed dielectric heterojunction could enable improved design strategies to achieve theoretical device performance limits in wide and ultrawide bandgap semiconductors where bipolar doping is challenging.
Large blue shift of electroluminescence spectrum in nanoheterostructures with a deep AlSb/InAsSb/AlSb quantum well
Authors: Mikhailova M. P. , Ivanov E. V. , Danilov L. V. , Kalinina K. V. , Pivovarova A. A. , Yakovlev Yu. P. , Kop’ev P. S.
Published: December 2019

We report on the unusually large blue shift of the electroluminescence spectrum with an increase of the drive current at 77 K in a double-barrier nanoheterostructure with a deep AlSb/InAs0.83Sb0.17/AlSb quantum well grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy on the n-GaSb:Te substrate. The rise of the drive current from 20 mA to 220 mA led to a shift of the electroluminescence spectrum maximum toward higher photon energies by 100 meV. It was shown that this effect is due to indirect (tunneling) radiative transitions between electrons in InAsSb quantum well and heavy holes localized near the AlSb/p-GaSb heterointerface. The energy of radiative transition was linearly dependent on the applied voltage. In the drive current range of 50–220 mA, an electroluminescence blue shift was accompanied by spectrum narrowing by 40 meV and a noticeable change of the spectrum shape. With a rise in the drive current, a superlinear increase of the electroluminescence intensity caused by the nonlinear dependence of tunneling radiative recombination rate on transition energy was observed at 300 K and 77 K.
The antimicrobial peptide ZY4 combats multidrug-resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Acinetobacter baumannii
infection
Authors: Mwangi James , Yin Yizhu , Wang Gan , Yang Min , Li Ya , Zhang Zhiye , Lai Ren
Published: December 2019

Significance

This work showed that a designed cyclic peptide ZY4 exhibits excellent activity against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Acinetobacter baumannii
. ZY4 not only inhibits planktonic growth and biofilm formation but also kills persister cells by permeabilizing bacterial membrane. ZY4 showed low propensity to induce resistance, high stability in vivo, and therapeutic potentials in MDR
P. aeruginosa
– and
A. baumannii
–induced infection. The present study provides a promising drug candidate in the war against multidrug resistance.
Virus–virus interactions impact the population dynamics of influenza and the common cold
Authors: Nickbakhsh Sema , Mair Colette , Matthews Louise , Reeve Richard , Johnson Paul C. D. , Thorburn Fiona , von Wissmann Beatrix , Reynolds Arlene , McMenamin James , Gunson Rory N. , Murcia Pablo R.
Published: December 2019

Significance

When multiple pathogens cocirculate this can lead to competitive or cooperative forms of pathogen–pathogen interactions. It is believed that such interactions occur among cold and flu viruses, perhaps through broad-acting immunity, resulting in interlinked epidemiological patterns of infection. However, to date, quantitative evidence has been limited. We analyzed a large collection of diagnostic reports collected over multiple years for 11 respiratory viruses. Our analyses provide strong statistical support for the existence of interactions among respiratory viruses. Using computer simulations, we found that very short-lived interferences may explain why common cold infections are less frequent during flu seasons. Improved understanding of how the epidemiology of viral infections is interlinked can help improve disease forecasting and evaluation of disease control interventions.
Performance-advantaged ether diesel bioblendstock production by a priori design
Authors: Huq Nabila A. , Huo Xiangchen , Hafenstine Glenn R. , Tifft Stephen M. , Stunkel Jim , Christensen Earl D. , Fioroni Gina M. , Fouts Lisa , McCormick Robert L. , Cherry Patrick A. , McEnally Charles S. , Pfefferle Lisa D. , Wiatrowski Matthew R. , Benavides P. Thathiana , Biddy Mary J. , Connatser Raynella M. , Kass Michael D. , Alleman Teresa L. , St. John Peter C. , Kim Seonah , Vardon Derek R.
Published: December 2019

Significance

The development of market-ready biofuels requires advantaged performance, minimal environmental impact, infrastructure compatibility, and economic feasibility. Here, we leverage conventional and emerging fuel property prediction tools to evaluate a priori the merit of a biobased ether. Continuous ether production was achieved through development of a high-yielding catalytic process. Sufficient quantities of ether were produced to demonstrate improved autoignition quality and reduced intrinsic sooting tendency when blended into petrodiesel, while maintaining infrastructure compatibility. Storage stability was also confirmed upon addition of a common fuel antioxidant. Initial process analysis suggests economic viability and reduced greenhouse gas emissions relative to petrodiesel. Collectively, this work provides an exemplary approach for developing advantaged, derisked biofuels that accounts for performance, environmental impact, and production needs.
A tumorigenic index for quantitative analysis of liver cancer initiation and progression
Authors: Wang Gaowei , Luo Xiaolin , Liang Yan , Kaneko Kota , Li Hairi , Fu Xiang-Dong , Feng Gen-Sheng
Published: December 2019

Primary liver cancer develops from multifactorial etiologies, resulting in extensive genomic heterogeneity. To probe the common mechanism of hepatocarcinogenesis, we interrogated temporal gene expression profiles in a group of mouse models with hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, inflammation, and, consequently, tumorigenesis. Instead of anticipated progressive changes, we observed a sudden molecular switch at a critical precancer stage, by developing analytical platform that focuses on transcription factor (TF) clusters. Coarse-grained network modeling demonstrated that an abrupt transcriptomic transition occurred once changes were accumulated to reach a threshold. Based on the experimental and bioinformatic data analyses as well as mathematical modeling, we derived a tumorigenic index (TI) to quantify tumorigenic signal strengths. The TI is powerful in predicting the disease status of patients with metabolic disorders and also the tumor stages and prognosis of liver cancer patients with diverse backgrounds. This work establishes a quantitative tool for triage of liver cancer patients and also for cancer risk assessment of chronic liver disease patients.
Temperature-independent thermal radiation
Authors: Shahsafi Alireza , Roney Patrick , Zhou You , Zhang Zhen , Xiao Yuzhe , Wan Chenghao , Wambold Raymond , Salman Jad , Yu Zhaoning , Li Jiarui , Sadowski Jerzy T. , Comin Riccardo , Ramanathan Shriram , Kats Mikhail A.
Published: December 2019

Significance

Conventional wisdom states that the hotter an object is, the brighter it glows. This is the case for thermal light at any wavelength and enables applications such as infrared imaging and noncontact thermometry. We demonstrate a coating that emits the same amount of thermal radiation irrespective of temperature, within a temperature range of about 30 °C. This is accomplished using samarium nickel oxide—a quantum material that changes strongly but gradually as a function of temperature. This is the first time that temperature-independent thermal radiation has been demonstrated, and has substantial implications for infrared camouflage, privacy shielding, and radiative heat transfer.
Ly49R activation receptor drives self-MHC–educated NK cell immunity against cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Gamache Awndre , Cronk John M. , Nash William T. , Puchalski Patryk , Gillespie Alyssa , Wei Hairong , Gray Laurie , Hammarskjold Marie-Louise , Xu Wenhao , Brown Michael G.
Published: December 2019

Natural killer (NK) cells mediate vital control of cancer and viral infection. They rely on MHC class I (MHC I)-specific self-receptors to identify and lyse diseased cells without harming self-MHC I-bearing host cells. NK cells bearing inhibitory self-receptors for host MHC I also undergo education, referred to as licensing, which causes them to become more responsive to stimulation via activation receptor signaling. Previous work has shown that licensed NK cells selectively expand during virus infections and they are associated with improved clinical response in human patients experiencing certain chronic virus infections, including HIV and hepatitis C virus. However, the importance of inhibitory self-receptors in NK-mediated virus immunity is debated as they also limit signals in NK cells emanating from virus-specific activation receptors. Using a mouse model of MHC I-dependent (H-2Dk) virus immunity, we discovered that NK cells depend on the Ly49G2 inhibitory self-receptor to mediate virus control, which coincided with host survival during murine cytomegalovirus infection. This antiviral effect further requires active signaling in NK cells via the Ly49R activation receptor that also binds H-2Dk. In tandem, these functionally discordant Ly49 self-receptors increase NK cell proliferation and effector activity during infection, resulting in selective up-regulation of CD25 and KLRG1 in virus-specific Ly49R+Ly49G2+NK cells. Our findings establish that paired self-receptors act as major determinants of NK cell-mediated virus sensing and immunity.
Photoreceptor disc membranes are formed through an Arp2/3-dependent lamellipodium-like mechanism
Authors: Spencer William J. , Lewis Tylor R. , Phan Sebastien , Cady Martha A. , Serebrovskaya Ekaterina O. , Schneider Nicholas F. , Kim Keun-Young , Cameron Lisa A. , Skiba Nikolai P. , Ellisman Mark H. , Arshavsky Vadim Y.
Published: December 2019

The light-sensitive outer segment of the vertebrate photoreceptor is a highly modified primary cilium filled with disc-shaped membranes that provide a vast surface for efficient photon capture. The formation of each disc is initiated by a ciliary membrane evagination driven by an unknown molecular mechanism reportedly requiring actin polymerization. Since a distinct F-actin network resides precisely at the site of disc morphogenesis, we employed a unique proteomic approach to identify components of this network potentially driving disc morphogenesis. The only identified actin nucleator was the Arp2/3 complex, which induces the polymerization of branched actin networks. To investigate the potential involvement of Arp2/3 in the formation of new discs, we generated a conditional knockout mouse lacking its essential ArpC3 subunit in rod photoreceptors. This knockout resulted in the complete loss of the F-actin network specifically at the site of disc morphogenesis, with the time course of ArpC3 depletion correlating with the time course of F-actin loss. Without the actin network at this site, the initiation of new disc formation is completely halted, forcing all newly synthesized membrane material to be delivered to the several nascent discs whose morphogenesis had already been in progress. As a result, these discs undergo uncontrolled expansion instead of normal enclosure, which leads to formation of unusual, large membrane whorls. These data suggest a model of photoreceptor disc morphogenesis in which Arp2/3 initiates disc formation in a “lamellipodium-like” mechanism.
Oxytocin regulates body composition
Authors: Sun Li , Lizneva Daria , Ji Yaoting , Colaianni Graziana , Hadelia Elina , Gumerova Anisa , Ievleva Kseniia , Kuo Tan-Chun , Korkmaz Funda , Ryu Vitaly , Rahimova Alina , Gera Sakshi , Taneja Charit , Khan Ayesha , Ahmad Naseer , Tamma Roberto , Bian Zhuan , Zallone Alberta , Kim Se-Min , New Maria I. , Iqbal Jameel , Yuen Tony , Zaidi Mone
Published: December 2019

The primitive neurohypophyseal nonapeptide oxytocin (OXT) has established functions in parturition, lactation, appetite, and social behavior. We have shown that OXT has direct actions on the mammalian skeleton, stimulating bone formation by osteoblasts and modulating the genesis and function of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. We deleted OXT receptors (OXTRs) selectively in osteoblasts and osteoclasts using
Col2.3Cre
and
Acp5Cre
mice, respectively. Both male and female
Col2.3Cre

+

:
Oxtr

fl/fl

mice recapitulate the low-bone mass phenotype of
Oxtr

+/−

mice, suggesting that OXT has a prominent osteoblastic action in vivo. Furthermore, abolishment of the anabolic effect of estrogen in
Col2.3Cre

+

:
Oxtr

fl/fl

mice suggests that osteoblastic OXTRs are necessary for estrogen action. In addition, the high bone mass in
Acp5Cre

+

:
Oxtr

fl/fl

mice indicates a prominent action of OXT in stimulating osteoclastogenesis. In contrast, we found that in pregnant and lactating
Col2.3Cre

+

:
Oxtr

fl/fl

mice, elevated OXT inhibits bone resorption and rescues the bone loss otherwise noted during pregnancy and lactation. However, OXT does not contribute to ovariectomy-induced bone loss. Finally, we show that OXT acts directly on OXTRs on adipocytes to suppress the white-to-beige transition gene program. Despite this direct antibeiging action, injected OXT reduces total body fat, likely through an action on OXT-ergic neurons. Consistent with an antiobesity action of OXT,
Oxt

−/−

and
Oxtr

−/−

mice display increased total body fat. Overall, the actions of OXT on bone mass and body composition provide the framework for future therapies for osteoporosis and obesity.
Evidence for the stability of ultrahydrous stishovite in Earth’s lower mantle
Authors: Lin Yanhao , Hu Qingyang , Meng Yue , Walter Michael , Mao Ho-Kwang
Published: December 2019

Significance

The great abundance of water on Earth’s surface makes it different from other terrestrial planets, and it may be linked to a deep interior water cycle. How water is transported into Earth’s deep interior and in which phases it is held are still a matter of much debate. Stishovite is known as a major component of subducted oceanic basalt, and recent experiments have reported that it can incorporate significant amounts of water in its crystal structure. Here, we show that, at the pressure–temperature conditions of a mantle geotherm, stishovite may be a key phase for transporting water into the deep mantle, providing important information on the water cycle in the deep earth.
Sixteen years of social and ecological dynamics reveal challenges and opportunities for adaptive management in sustaining the commons
Authors: Cinner J. E. , Lau J. D. , Bauman A. G. , Feary D. A. , Januchowski-Hartley F. A. , Rojas C. A. , Barnes M. L. , Bergseth B. J. , Shum E. , Lahari R. , Ben J. , Graham N. A. J.
Published: December 2019

Efforts to confront the challenges of environmental change and uncertainty include attempts to adaptively manage social–ecological systems. However, critical questions remain about whether adaptive management can lead to sustainable outcomes for both ecosystems and society. Here, we make a contribution to these efforts by presenting a 16-y analysis of ecological outcomes and perceived livelihood impacts from adaptive coral reef management in Papua New Guinea. The adaptive management system we studied was a customary rotational fisheries closure system (akin to fallow agriculture), which helped to increase the biomass of reef fish and make fish less wary (more catchable) relative to openly fished areas. However, over time the amount of fish in openly fished reefs slowly declined. We found that, overall, resource users tended to have positive perceptions about this system, but there were negative perceptions when fishing was being prohibited. We also highlight some of the key traits of this adaptive management system, including 1) strong social cohesion, whereby leaders played a critical role in knowledge exchange; 2) high levels of compliance, which was facilitated via a “carrot-and-stick” approach that publicly rewarded good behavior and punished deviant behavior; and 3) high levels of participation by community actors.
Neutralization of IL-1α ameliorates Crohn’s disease-like ileitis by functional alterations of the gut microbiome
Authors: Menghini Paola , Corridoni Daniele , Buttó Ludovica F. , Osme Abdullah , Shivaswamy Sushma , Lam Minh , Bamias Giorgos , Pizarro Theresa T. , Rodriguez-Palacios Alexander , Dinarello Charles A. , Cominelli Fabio
Published: December 2019

Significance

Here we demonstrate that IL-1α neutralization reduces the severity of disease in a mouse model of Crohn’s disease. Unexpectedly, IL-1α neutralization exerts its antiinflammatory effects by modulating the gut microbial ecosystem, and corrected the mucosal dysbiosis. Although studies report that the gut microbiome affects cytokine production, few have shown that specific neutralization of a pivotal cytokine such as IL-1α alters the composition and function of the gut microbiome. The study demonstrates a predictive relationship between IL-1α neutralization and abundance of specific bacterial species. The findings have translational significance, since IL-1α treatment prevented DSS-induced mucosal dysbiosis and preserved immunological homeostasis. These preclinical findings support the therapeutic potential of IL-1α neutralization in patients with IBD.
Divergent evolutionary trajectories of influenza B viruses underlie their contemporaneous epidemic activity
Authors: Virk Ramandeep K. , Jayakumar Jayanthi , Mendenhall Ian H. , Moorthy Mahesh , Lam Pauline , Linster Martin , Lim Julia , Lin Cui , Oon Lynette L. E. , Lee Hong Kai , Koay Evelyn S. C. , Vijaykrishna Dhanasekaran , Smith Gavin J. D. , Su Yvonne C. F.
Published: December 2019

Influenza B viruses have circulated in humans for over 80 y, causing a significant disease burden. Two antigenically distinct lineages (“B/Victoria/2/87-like” and “B/Yamagata/16/88-like,” termed Victoria and Yamagata) emerged in the 1970s and have cocirculated since 2001. Since 2015 both lineages have shown unusually high levels of epidemic activity, the reasons for which are unclear. By analyzing over 12,000 influenza B virus genomes, we describe the processes enabling the long-term success and recent resurgence of epidemics due to influenza B virus. We show that following prolonged diversification, both lineages underwent selective sweeps across the genome and have subsequently taken alternate evolutionary trajectories to exhibit epidemic dominance, with no reassortment between lineages. Hemagglutinin deletion variants emerged concomitantly in multiple Victoria virus clades and persisted through epistatic mutations and interclade reassortment—a phenomenon previously only observed in the 1970s when Victoria and Yamagata lineages emerged. For Yamagata viruses, antigenic drift of neuraminidase was a major driver of epidemic activity, indicating that neuraminidase-based vaccines and cross-reactivity assays should be employed to monitor and develop robust protection against influenza B morbidity and mortality. Overall, we show that long-term diversification and infrequent selective sweeps, coupled with the reemergence of hemagglutinin deletion variants and antigenic drift of neuraminidase, are factors that contributed to successful circulation of diverse influenza B clades. Further divergence of hemagglutinin variants with poor cross-reactivity could potentially lead to circulation of 3 or more distinct influenza B viruses, further complicating influenza vaccine formulation and highlighting the urgent need for universal influenza vaccines.
Re-evaluation of human BDCA-2+ DC during acute sterile skin inflammation
Authors: Chen Yi-Ling , Gomes Tomas , Hardman Clare S. , Vieira Braga Felipe A. , Gutowska-Owsiak Danuta , Salimi Maryam , Gray Nicki , Duncan David A. , Reynolds Gary , Johnson David , Salio Mariolina , Cerundolo Vincenzo , Barlow Jillian L. , McKenzie Andrew N.J. , Teichmann Sarah A. , Haniffa Muzlifah , Ogg Graham
Published: December 2019

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) produce type I interferon (IFN-I) and are traditionally defined as being BDCA-2+CD123+. pDCs are not readily detectable in healthy human skin, but have been suggested to accumulate in wounds. Here, we describe a CD1a-bearing BDCA-2+CD123int DC subset that rapidly infiltrates human skin wounds and comprises a major DC population. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we show that these cells are largely activated DCs acquiring features compatible with lymph node homing and antigen presentation, but unexpectedly express both BDCA-2 and CD123, potentially mimicking pDCs. Furthermore, a third BDCA-2–expressing population, Axl+Siglec-6+ DCs (ASDC), was also found to infiltrate human skin during wounding. These data demonstrate early skin infiltration of a previously unrecognized CD123intBDCA-2+CD1a+ DC subset during acute sterile inflammation, and prompt a re-evaluation of previously ascribed pDC involvement in skin disease.
Mitigating elastic effects in marine 3-D full-waveform inversion
Authors: Agudo Òscar Calderón , da Silva Nuno Vieira , Stronge George , Warner Michael
Published: December 2019

The potential of full-waveform inversion (FWI) to recover high-resolution velocity models of the subsurface has been demonstrated in the last decades with its application to field data. But in certain geological scenarios, conventional FWI using the acoustic wave equation fails in recovering accurate models due to the presence of strong elastic effects, as the acoustic wave equation only accounts for compressional waves. This becomes more critical when dealing with land data sets, in which elastic effects are generated at the source and recorded directly by the receivers. In marine settings, in which sources and receivers are typically within the water layer, elastic effects are weaker but can be observed most easily as double mode conversions and through their effect on P-wave amplitudes. Ignoring these elastic effects can have a detrimental impact on the accuracy of the recovered velocity models, even in marine data sets. Ideally, the elastic wave equation should be used to model wave propagation, and FWI should aim to recover anisotropic models of velocity for P waves (vp) and S waves (vs). However, routine three-dimensional elastic FWI is still commercially impractical due to the elevated computational cost of modelling elastic wave propagation in regions with low S-wave velocity near the seabed. Moreover, elastic FWI using local optimization methods suffers from cross-talk between different inverted parameters. This generally leads to incorrect estimation of subsurface models, requiring an estimate of vp/vs that is rarely known beforehand. Here we illustrate how neglecting elasticity during FWI for a marine field data set that contains especially strong elastic heterogeneities can lead to an incorrect estimation of the P-wave velocity model. We then demonstrate a practical approach to mitigate elastic effects in 3-D yielding improved estimates, consisting of using a global inversion algorithm to estimate a model of vp/vs, employing matching filters to remove elastic effects from the field data, and performing acoustic FWI of the resulting data set. The quality of the recovered models is assessed by exploring the continuity of the events in the migrated sections and the fit of the latter with the recovered velocity model.