bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Apprenticeship in Thinking
Authors: Rogoff Barbara
Published: November 2023

Defining the process of learning as an apprenticeship--a social activity that is mediated by parents and peers who support and challenge the child's understanding and skills--Rogoff here explores the mental development of children. She draws from and expands on the work of Vygotsky in her examination of the dynamic relationship between thinking processes and the cultural context and gathers evidence from various areas--cognitive and developmental psychology, cultural psychology, anthropology, infancy studies, and communications research. By integrating available evidence and her own research, Rogoff provides a coherent and broadly based account of cognitive development in the sociocultural context. Written in a provocative and engaging style and supplemented by photographs and original drawings by the author, this book will be used by students as well as researchers in developmental, cognitive, and social psychology, and those in the related disciplines of communication, anthropology, and education.
The Flesh Made Word
Authors: Michie Helena
Published: November 2023

Examining the works of such Victorian writers as the Brontës, Dickens, Eliot, Trollope, and Hardy, Michie discusses the codes and taboos which distance the reader from the female body, allowing `safe' bodily parts - like hands - and `safe' physical activities - like eating - to stand for other, unspeakable aspects of female physicality. She reveals how these codes function as safe textual spaces for the entrance of the seemingly excluded female body, and shows that in the stylized discourses of synecdoche, euphemism, physiognomy, and metaphor lie the possibilities of their own subversion.
Faces In The Forest
Authors: Strier Karen B
Published: November 2023

The woolly spider monkey, or muriqui, is one of the most endangered primate species in the world today. Because of deforestation pressures in its natural habitat--the Atlantic coastal forests of southeastern Brazil--the muriquis are confined to less than three percent of their original range. There are now only a dozen forest fragments known to support a total muriqui population of about 500 individuals. This book traces the natural history of the muriqui from its scientific discovery in 1806 to its current, highly endangered status. The book provides a case study of this scientifically important primate species by balancing field research and ecological issues. Through Strier’s accessible presentation, readers gain a broad understanding of primate behaviour and tropical conservation. The book also gives a practical account of how to set up and pursue an in-depth longitudinal study of an animal population, while describing the excitement of gaining first the muriquis’trust and then insights into their lives. The author offers the unique perspective of a highly committed anthropologist who has devoted years to the observation of this unique species, while working to train students and to protect the muriquis’remaining forest habitats. The book will interest biologists, primatologists, and zoologists, as well as anyone concerned with conservation, ecology, and animal behaviour.
Introduction
Authors: Samuels Shirley
Published: November 2023

This brief introduction presents a guide for reading the book-or perhaps a road map, since it points out locations rather more than it describes them in detail. Such details are amply provided by the chapters included here. What I want to set out are some provisional possibilities concerning the use of words like “culture” and “sentiment” and phrases like “race, gender, and sentimentality in nineteenth-century America.” I want to argue that in nineteenth century America sentimentality appears as a national project: in particular, a project about imagining the nation’s bodies and the national body.
Tender Violence: Literary Eavesdropping, Domestic Fiction, and Educational Reform
Authors: Wexler Laura
Published: November 2023

Upstairs, a long time ago, she had cried, standing on the bare floorboards in the front bedroom just after we moved to this house in Streatham Hill in 1951, my baby sister in her carry-cot. We both watched the dumpy retreating figure of the health visitor through the curtainless windows. The woman had said: “This house isn’t fit for a baby.” And then she stopped crying, my mother, got by, the phrase that picks up after all difficulty (it says: it’s like this; it shouldn’t be like this; it’s unfair; I’ll manage): “Hard lines, eh, Kay?” (Kay was the name I was called at home, my middle name, one of my father’s names).
The Identity of Slavery
Authors: Samuels Shirley
Published: November 2023

The uncertain status of the body in slavery discourse may be evoked by two images from the cultural history of slavery. The first is the female “topsy-turvy doll” popular in the nineteenth-century American South (and still produced). Held one way, the doll appears as a white woman with long skirts. Flipping over her skirts does not reveal her legs, but rather exposes another racial identity: the head of a black woman, whose long skirts now cover the head of the white woman.1 This visual and physical change from white to black and black to white appears also in a second form of popular representation, Lydia Maria Child’s 1831 children’s story “Mary French and Susan Easton,” in which two little girls, one white and one black, are kidnaped and sold into slavery. The white girl has been disguised; she appears black, but her tears gradually dissolve this surface identity, revealing the white body beneath the black surface, and she is restored to her family. Her friend’s tears cannot accomplish a similar miracle: because they do not change her surface identity, she is left in slavery.2
Sympathy as Strategy in Sedgwick’s Hope Leslie
Authors: Nelson Dana
Published: November 2023

In her 1860 article “How Should Women Write?” Mary Bryan traces women’s growing involvement in literary fields. It is in response to men’s demand “for intellectual food through the length and breadth of the land; ... they want books for every year, for every month-mirrors to ‘catch the manners living as they rise,’ lenses to concentrate the rays of the new stars that dawn upon them.” Woman, responding as always to man’s call, “steps forward to take her part in the intellectual labor,” but then is strangely hindered by the qualms of the male establishment. Bryan incisively chronicles the dilemma of women writers in nineteenth-century America: Thus is apparent what has gradually been admitted, that it is woman’s duty to write-but how and what? This is yet a mooted question. Men, after much demur and hesitation, have given women liberty to write; but they cannot yet consent to allow them full freedom .... With metaphysics[women] have nothing to do; it is too deep a sea for their lead to sound; nor must they grapple with those great social and moral problems with which every strong soul is now wrestling Having prescribed these bounds to the female pen, men are the first to condemn her efforts as tame and commonplace, because they lack earnestness and strength.
The Results from the Negative Hypothesis
Authors: Meinwald Constance C
Published: November 2023

In the present chapter I will complete the project of showing how Parmenides’ demonstration works a an instance of the new exercise as I understand it. We will now consider the four sections of argument devoted to deriving consequences from the negative hypothesis: if The One is not. These sections are themselves brief and can be dealt with succinctly. Their brevity and their results in fact support certain ideas I had begun to develop earlier. As we will see, the extremely elliptical form of some of the arguments here is strong inducement to accept the notion that later sections are relying on the results of earlier ones. The other main idea that will receive support concerns not the procedure of the exercise but its import the results from the negative hypothesis complete the introduction of The One as a principle, that is, something without which nothing else can even be thought of, and which is itself not to be understood in terms of other things.
Physical Aspects of Receptor/ Ligand Binding and Trafficking Processes
Authors: Lauffenburger Douglas A , Linderman Jennifer J
Published: November 2023

In the previous two chapters, receptor/ligand binding and trafficking processes were treated as essentially chemical phenomena. That is, the rate constants representing the various kinetic events were considered to be characteristics of the particular molecular components involved. Although this is true to a large degree, receptor/ligand interactions are not governed totally by purely intrinsic chemical properties. Merely physical features of the systems can .sometimes significantly influence observed process rates. Examples of such physical aspects include molecular transport (primarily diffusion), receptor and/or ligand multivalency (i.e., the ability to bind via more than one site), and probabilistic effects due to relatively small numbers of cell receptors. Hence, the rates of receptor/ligand binding and trafficking events can depend on quantities such as diffusion coefficients, valence, and receptor number. Although these quantities certainly reflect some characteristics of the molecular components involved, they are much less intimately related to molecular structure that might be altered dramatically by small changes in protein sequence. We will consider them as physical aspects of the system, at least for purposes of classification.
Factors Affecting Control With Residual Insecticide Deposits
Authors: Rust Michael K
Published: November 2023

One of the principal means of controlling German cockroaches is the use of inorganic and organic insecticides. Some insecticides are formulated to kill on direct contact (e.g., aerosols, fumigants or fogs, Chapter 6) or after ingestion (e.g., baits, Chapter 10) whereas others, formulated for application as aerosols, liquid sprays or dusts, are designed to be picked up from surfaces by cockroaches sometime after application (commonly referred to as “residual” insecticides, Chapter 6). Some insecticides applied to surfaces may kill them for up to several months after the insecticide has been applied. Advantages of applying residual insecticides are that not all surfaces in infested areas need to be treated. Specific sites such as cracks, crevices and voids can be treated so that cockroaches will encounter the deposits while foraging or moving about infested premises, and nymphs hatching from oothecae may subsequently encounter the deposits. Importantly, these sites can be selected, and carefully treated, so as to minimize human exposure to insecticide residues while maximizing cockroach exposure. Many insecticides are applied at rates equivalent to 150-1291 mg active ingredient (AI) per square meter (14-120 mg AIJft2) of treated surface, even though only nanograms of toxicant are usually required under controlled laboratory conditions to kill each insect. This problem is not limited to only urban situations. Graham-Bryce (1977) reported only 0.02 to 6.0% efficiency of insecticides applied to crops such as field beans, barley and wheat. Why is it necessary to apply such large amounts of insecticide to kill cockroaches in urban settings? What factors contribute to the apparent loss in insecticidal activity in the field, when compared with results in the laboratory? A number of the factors which impact the field performance of residual insecticide application will be examined in this chapter.
Inorganic Insecticides and Dusts
Authors: Ebeling Walter
Published: November 2023

Before and during World War II, structural pest control depended largely on inorganic compounds for control of cockroaches. Most commonly used were the boron and fluorine compounds, mainly borax, boric acid and sodium fluoride, which were applied as dusts1. Some inorganics, such as thallium sulfate, arsenic and phosphorus, were used in baits (see Chapter 10).
Particles And Waves
Authors: Achinstein Peter
Published: November 2023

This volume brings together six published and two new essays by the noted philosopher of science, Peter Achinstein. It represents the culmination of his examination of methodological issues that arise in nineteenth-century physics. He focuses on the philosophical problem of how, if at all, is it possible to confirm scientific hypotheses that postulate `unobservables’ such as light waves, molecules, and electrons? This question is one that not only was of great interest to nineteenth-century physicists and methodologists, but continues to occupy philosophers of science up to the present day.
The Word in Black and White
Authors: Nelson Dana D
Published: November 2023

Nelson provides a study of the ways in which white American authors constructed `race' in their works from the time of the first colonists up to the period of the Civil War. She focuses on some eleven texts, including The Last of the Mohicans, Melville's Benito Cereno, and Harriet Jacobs's Incident in the Life of a Slave Girl.
Ultrastructure of Spermatozoa
Authors: Mortimer David
Published: November 2023

Assessment of sperm morphology at the light microscopic level can provide only limited information on the internal structure of the spermatozoa inferred from differential cytochemical reactions and affinities for the various stains. More detailed examination of sperm structure using the transmission electron microscope or scanning electron microscope can reveal major, often unsuspected, abnormalities. Using such a high-resolution technique has revealed that spermatozoa considered to be morphologically abnormal at the light microscopic level possess, in addition, many subtle defects of one or more region of the cell. However, this situation also seems to be true for many of the spermatozoa considered morphologically normal at the light microscopic level.
Clinical Relevance of Diagnostic Procedures
Authors: Mortimer David
Published: November 2023

Numerous instances of fertility despite one or more abnormal semen characteristics and the many occasions where semen analysis and all other factors seem normal yet the couple remains infertile testify to the inadequacy of the traditional ‘descriptive’ approach for predicting an individual’s fertility potential. Because the major part of the spermatozoon’s functional life is spent in the female reproductive tract, descriptive semen analysis clearly cannot be expected to provide all the answers. Obviously, an assessment of a suspected infertile man’s reproductive potential must incorporate some evaluation of the various processes that take place between ejaculation and conception in the relative inaccessibility of the female tract. This chapter discusses the availability, limitations, and relevance of current laboratory procedures for the assessment of human sperm function or functional potential.
Virgin Or Vamp
Authors: Benedict Helen
Published: November 2023

Sex-related crimes such as rape and rape-murder are popular fodder for the print press. They lend themselves to huge, racy headlines (as in the recent trial of William Kennedy Smith), and they sell papers. Yet little attention has been paid to how the print press tends to cover such crimes. This book examines recent cases and exposes the myths and assumptions of the press. The author has interviewed reporters who covered the trials, questioning them about their use of language (and thus revealing the biases inherent in the words they choose), and the result is a study of how sex-crime news is made and reported. Benedict focuses on four cases: The Greta Rideout case in 1979, the first marital rape case to reach trial; the New Bedford gang rape in 1983; the Chambers/Levin case in Central Park; and the Central Park jogger case. She chose these cases not only because they were the most nationally prominent in the decade, and therefore the most talked about, but because each symbolizes a critical element in public opinion of sex crime cases. Rideout brought up questions over the basic rights of husbands and wives; the New Bedford case became notorious for its ethnic conflicts; Levin brought up issues of class; and the Central Park jogger cases revolved around race. Marrage, ethnicity, class, and race are revealing windows through which to examine public attitude toward crime and toward women. Benedict also discusses the history of media reporting on sex crimes, and debunks long-held myths about the nature of sex crimes.
Introduction
Authors: Greenawalt Kent
Published: November 2023

Is law objective? This question generates argument and confusion. Radically different conceptions of law, of social life, and of human understanding produce the argument. Exaggerations contribute to the confusion, but a major cause is ambiguity. There are many questions about the objectivity of law, and some are closely related to others. Unless two people happen to begin with the same problem in mind, initial clarification and analysis is needed for useful discussion. Perhaps “objective” has become so unclarifying and controversial a label, we would do better to find another vocabulary, or diligently limit ourselves to the other labels that already exist. Indeed, this study suggests other appropriate phrases to distill competing positions. But whatever would be most desirable conceptually, many questions about law have often been put in the language of objectivity.
Wallace Stevens
Authors: Longenbach James
Published: November 2023

“Closely reasoned, clearly recited, Mr. Longenbach’s purposes are severe and designed: he would read Stevens with the undistracted assumption that, as the poet said at the end, ‘there is a conflict, there is a resistance involved.’ This comes to no less, and no worse, than proposing against the three famous stipulations for a Supreme Fiction (pleasure, change, abstraction), three ulterior demands for responses to pain, sameness, plain sense. Ransacking (and often overruling) a whole library of critics and biographers, though always with amenity, Longenbach tenably proposes a Stevens on the wrong side of Paradise, and reminds us as he proceeds that we now read our greatest (twentieth-century American) poet as we have learned to read Dante, against the grain of his ideas and his time, treasuring, at last, the contingencies we once thought it was such a glory to transcend. Per astra ad ardua.”
Writing War Poetry
Authors: Longenbach James
Published: November 2023

Even as the war aroused Pound’s ambitions and he began planning the Cantos, he lamented in “1915: February” that the war “will make me no sagas.” The question was not only whether this modern war would support epic heroism but whether the modern war poet could adapt his lyric sensibility to an epic subject. Although he did not feel the conflict of love poetry and war poetry, lyric and epic, so acutely as Pound did, Stevens’s “Phases” reveals a similar hostility toward poets who would turn the Great War into fodder for poetry.
The Causes of Molecular Evolution
Authors: Gillespie John H
Published: November 2023

This work provides a unified theory that addresses the important problem of the origin and maintenance of genetic variation in natural populations. With modern molecular techniques, variation is found in all species, sometimes at astonishingly high levels. Yet the forces that maintain variation within and between species have been difficult subjects of study. Because they act very weakly and operate over vast time scales, scientists must rely on indirect inferences and speculative mathematical models. The author's research in molecular genetics, evolution, and bio-mathematics has enabled him to draw on his work, and present a coherent and valuable view of the field. The book is divided into three parts. The first addresses protein evolution, DNA evolution, and molecular mechanisms, reviewing the experimental observations on genetic variation. The second gives a unified treatment of the mathematical theory of selection in a fluctuating environment. The final section combines the earlier assessments in a treatment of the scientific status of two competing theories for the maintenance of genetic variation.
The Meaning of Autonomy in Long-Term Care
Authors: Lidz Charles W , Fischer Lynn , Arnold Robert M
Published: November 2023

Over the last fifteen years, health care ethicists have focused increasingly on the notion of autonomy. Until the 1960s the dominant (and perhaps only) values in discussions of health care ethics were beneficence and nonmaleficence. The Hippocratic Oath succinctly summarizes this view, enjoining physicians “to help or at least to do no harm.” Professionals were to restore the patient’s health or, if this was not possible, at least to prevent further pain, suffering, or disability. This view of ethics required health care professionals to promote the patient’s best interest as interpreted from the health care professional’s perspective. According to this view, the job of professionals is to use their knowledge to weigh the costs and benefits of available therapies and to determine which treatments are in the patient’s “best interests.” Beneficence required professionals to act in accordance with their expert judgments, rather than making decisions based on the patient’s assessment of what is in her best interest. In nursing homes this leads to an emphasis on the individual’s physical well-being.
Quantitative Micro- In Situ Hybridization
Authors: Yeralan Olcay , Zhang ShuXing , Rovnaghi Cynthia R , Griffin W Sue T
Published: November 2023

In situ hybridization has emerged as a powerful tool for determining the cellular origin of mRNAs that encode specific proteins. Such localization has been especially useful in characterizing the regulation of protein expression in specific cell types in the brain where a relatively small population of cells may provide all of a particular protein. In situ hybridization is preferred over Northern analysis if only a small amount of tissue is available, a mixed population of cells is tested, or the mRNA of interest is expressed in limited numbers of cells. In situ hybridization was first used for determining the levels of ribosomal RNA in cells (Gall and Pardue, 1969) but has been used most often for detection and semiquantitation of specific mRNAs at the light microscopic level (Griffin et al., 1985).
Stock Productivity and Surplus Production
Authors: Quinn II Terrance J , Deriso Richard B
Published: November 2023

Much of fish population dynamics focuses on harvesting. Given the latent productivity of a population (defined formally below), it is of interest to determine what surplus is available for harvesting, after replenishment of the population through recruitment and fish growth and diminishment of the population through natural mortality. In dealing with dynamics under harvesting, we use one concept of a stock being the aggregate of a population that can be managed as a discrete unit. In commercial fisheries, stock size and amount of harvest are often given in units of weight. Thus, our development refers to stock biomass as the weight of all fish in the stock and yield as the weight of fish harvested in aggregate. As we introduce more complex features into population models, we will return to the term “population.”
Relocations and Dismutations
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence
Published: November 2023

While Hans Krebs returned from Palestine to an England in which he felt increasingly at home, his brother and sister were still seeking to leave a Germany that felt less and less like home. Wolfs setback with General Electric in Birmingham was particularly distressing to his family, because his prospects there had sounded so favorable and because the company had kept him dangling for four months. Late in April, Lise, worried again about her youngest brother, wondered what would become of him. “Every day,” she wrote Hans, “the possibilities for leaving here and settling elsewhere become worse.” As usual, however, the family underestimated the advantages that Wolfs engineering successes had brought him.
Proserpine and Midas: Gender, Genre, and Mythic Revisionism in Mary Shelley’s Dramas
Authors: Richardson Alan
Published: November 2023

In 1820 Mary Shelley began studying Greek. The previous year she had been at work transcribing the manuscript (now lost) of Prometheus Unbound, Percy Shelley’s revisionist response to Aeschylean drama. Now, in the midst of her Greek studies, she wrote two revisionist mythological dramas of her own, Proserpine, which she eventually published in the Winter’s Wreath for 1832, and Midas, which apparently remained in manuscript until 1922. Both works were written in partial collaboration with Percy, who supplied two lyrics for each; as a result, Mary Shelley’s plays have held a marginal reputation among critics who, more interested in the poetry of her husband, have seen them (to the disparagement of her other works) as catching “something of the pure Shelleyan limpidity.”
Between Whom, or What, Does Inequality Obtain?
Authors: Temkin Larry S
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I want to consider an issue raised by Dennis McKerlie in a fascinating article called “Equality and Time.”1 Roughly, the issue is whether the proper unit of egalitarian concern should be people’s lives, taken as a whole, or selected portions of their lives. As we will see, this is yet another area where I think there is a generally accepted, unexamined view, which on reflection is fraught with difficulties. Unfortunately, it is also yet another area where I must content myself with illuminating some problems rather than solving them.
Realism and Anti-Realism 1n a Historical Context
Authors: Mcfetridge Ian
Published: November 2023

John Haldane’s essay raises a special case of a general question. To what extent do contemporary discussions of, and attacks on, realism, engage with various historical positions which we might wish to place beneath that heading? Are certain traditional realist positions under attack from contemporary semantic anti-realism? No, replies Haldane, for there is a position-Aquinas-which embraces distinctively realist theses in ontology and epistemology, but which need not be committed to a central target of (at any rate some versions of) such anti-realism: that the truth conditions of sentences can be such as to transcend all possibility of verification. In characterizing Aquinas as a realist, despite his alleged rejection of such a notion of truth, Haldane is implicitly rejecting Dummettian claims as to how realism should be formulated. I wish to look at aspects of these claims and at a certain historical thesis which Dummett has enunciated. Part of my aim will be to suggest certain initial difficulties in applying the Dummettian characterization ofrealism (or anti-realism) to some earlier views one might naturally regard as ‘realist’ (or anti-realist). So I agree with Haldane’s conclusion that there is some question as to whether Dummett’s attacks on realism engage with certain historical positions.
Proof and Truth
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: November 2023

How does a proof succeed in establishing the truth of its conclusion? Why are the steps of the proof justified? And how are truth, proof, and justification related to the meaning of the sentence proved? I will be addressing some aspects of these perennially intriguing questions.
The Advantages of Honest Toil over Theft
Authors: Boolos George
Published: November 2023

It is essential for mathematics that there should be no end of the sequence of natural numbers, and so Russell finds himself driven to introduce a special Axiom of Infinity, according to which there is some type with an infinity of instances, and that presumably the type of individuals, which comes lowest in the hierarchy. Without this axiom, he tells us, we should have no guarantee against the disastrous possibility that the supply of numbers would give out at some highest number, i.e., the number of members in the largest admissible set.
Going It Alone
Authors: Collier James Lincoln
Published: November 2023

“That was what we believed, in the Austin High Gang in Chicago: play the way you feel, yourself.”1 So said Jimmy McPartland, talking about the days of his apprenticeship in Chicago in the early 1920s. It is a statement hardly anybody connected with jazz would begin to question. It has had such uncritical acceptance that, as far as I have been able to discover, nobody has ever stopped to ask what it means.
Causes, Reasons, Intentions
Authors: Mele Alfred R
Published: November 2023

Causal theories of action have a long and distinguished history. Proponents include Aristotle, Aquinas, Hobbes, Spinoza, Locke, Kant, and William James. Due in significant part to the work of Ryle and Wittgenstein, causal accounts of action fell into general philosophical disfavor for a time; but the last two decades has witnessed a powerful revival of the older view. The causal approach to action-explanation is once again the orthodox approach.
Explaining Intentional Actions: Reasons, Intentions, and Other Psychological Items
Authors: Mele Alfred R
Published: November 2023

My primary concern thus far has been with irrational action. It is time now to examine the implications of the preceding chapters for the project of explaining rational action and intentional action in general. An attempt to develop a full-blown theory of action-explanation is beyond the scope of this book. I shall be content to identify explanatory items that must be added to traditional causal belief-desire models of action-explanation if they are to be adequate to the full range of intentional action, and to elucidate their interaction with the traditional items. Beliefs, desires, reasons, intentions, and the like do have an important role to play in intentionalistic psychological explanations of intentional actions. But, as I shall explain, other psychological items must be integrated into the explanatory framework if it is to generate adequate accounts of intentional actions performed in instances of motivational conflict.
Strategies of Self-Deception and the Strategy Paradox
Authors: Mele Alfred R
Published: November 2023

The point of departure of the present chapter is what I shall call the strategy paradox of self-deception. In general, A cannot successfully employ a deceptive strategy against B if B knows A’s intention and plan. This seems plausible as well when A and B are the same person. A potential self-deceiver’s knowledge of his intention and strategy would seem typically to render them ineffective. On the other hand, the suggestion that self-deceivers typically successfully execute their self-deceptive strategies without knowing what they are up to may seem absurd; for, an agent’s effective execution of his plans seems generally to depend on his cognizance of them and their goals. So how, in general, can an agent deceive himself by employing a self-deceptive strategy?
There’s No Such Thing As Free Speech, and It’s A Good Thing, Too
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: November 2023

Lately, many on the liberal and progressive left have been disconcerted to find that words, phrases, and concepts thought to be their property and generative of their politics have been appropriated by the forces of neoconservatism. This is particularly true of the concept of free speech, for in recent years First Amendment rhetoric has been used to justify policies and actions the left finds problematical if not abhorrent: pornography, sexist language, campus hate speech. How has this happened? The answer I shall give in this essay is that abstract concepts like free speech do not have any “natural” content but are filled with whatever content and direction one can manage to put into them. “Free speech” is just the name we give to verbal behavior that serves the substantive agendas we wish to advance; and we give our preferred verbal behaviors that name when we can, when we have the power to do so, because in the rhetoric of American life, the label “free speech” is the one you want your favorites to wear. Free speech, in short, is not an independent value but a political prize, and if that prize has been captured by a politics opposed to yours, it can no longer be invoked in ways that further your purposes, for it is now an obstacle to those purposes. This is something that the liberal left has yet to understand, and what follows is an attempt to pry its members loose from a vocabulary that may now be a disservice to them.
Working Foundations-’91
Authors: Feferman Solomon
Published: November 2023

There is currently a general malaise about the logical approach to the foundations of mathematics. One main reason is that foundational thought in this century has been dominated by a few global views about the nature of mathematics-logicism, formalism, platonism, and constructivism-each of which has proved to be defective in substantial ways, while nothing else has come to take their place. In recent years there has been an increasingly steady barrage of criticism directed against these all too familiar positions. Some of that criticism has been very sophisticated, coming from within the field of logic itself. Other criticism has come from mathematicians who would jettison the whole approach via logic and formal systems. Still more specifically on the mathematical side have been movements to replace logical foundations by purely mathematical foundations (for example, using category theory). Though these various critical views diverge from each other in many significant respects, they share two common themes: (i) mathematics is more reliable than any of the foundational schemes which have been proffered by the logicians to “secure” it, and (ii) the logical analysis of mathematics bears little or no relation to actual mathematical practice.
Introduction: Realism, Anti-Realism, and Legal Theory
Authors: Patterson Dennis
Published: November 2023

This book addresses the following question: “What does it mean to say that a proposition of law is true?” On the surface, the current jurisprudential literature provides what appear to be radically divergent answers to this question. For positivists, a proposition of law is true ifit accords with certain institutional facts. Some contemporary natural lawyers argue that a proposition of law is true ifit is consistent with principles of morality that put the law in its best light. Still others claim that “truth” names a convergence in interpretive assumptions about law.
An Analytical Framework For Register Studies
Authors: Biber Douglas
Published: November 2023

Despite the large number of register studies that have been completed to date, there is still need for a comprehensive analytical framework. Such a framework should clearly distinguish between linguistic and nonlinguistic characterizations, and it should allow a classification of registers using both types of information.

Hymes has argued that sociolinguistics should make “the systematic study of verbal repertoire” rather than “language” the “central scientific notion”(1984:44-45), and he has made repeated calls for taxonomic frameworks: The present paper has gone through multiple drafts, with several colleagues making valuable comments on earlier versions: Dwight Atkinson, Ed Finegan, Randi Gilbert, and Bill Grabe. In addition, my thinking on the paper has been facilitated by interactions with members of the Corpus Workgroup of the Text Encoding Initiative: Jeremy Clear, Gunnel Engwall, Stig Johansson, and Lou Burnard.
Shared Thinking And The Register Of Coaching
Authors: Heath Shirley Brice , Langman Juliet
Published: November 2023

In the late 1980s, reformers in education, medicine, and engineering adopted the metaphor of coaching in efforts to reshape traditional instructional situations. Behind these reforms lay the premise that learners and the institutions in which they studied and worked would benefit by a move away from the transmission model of socialization which assumed a designated expert passing on information and skills to a passive but presumedly willing novice.. New ideas about thinking and learning shifted the focus from classrooms of individual learners to small groups being coached to construct knowledge jointly through collaborative and complex problem solving in a variety of active learning situations.

Experienced journalists now became coaches for less-experienced writers on the news, feature, or sports desk. Within businesses ranging from high-technology firms to manufacturing, managers began to speak of coaching workers into new forms of behavior and innovative ways of communicating in groups to solve work related problems. Prodded by new plans for school reform, some public education reformers recommended a coaching model for instruction with the central focus on habituating learners to use their powers to observe, to judge, and to reshape and create knowledge collaboratively. Theodore R. Sizer, initiator of the “effective schools movement of the late 1980s, argued that both students and teachers should learn by coaching: “The only way to learn to think well and usefully is by practice. The way a teacher assists this learning is by coaching”(1984:216). Support for such arguments came from studies of the rapid and generative learning seen in students working with computers and reported widely in journals devoted to the study of computers in education. The techniques students with different levels of expertise used with each other around computers inspired observers to equate their methods.
Stylistic Variation In A Language Restricted To Private-Sphere Use
Authors: Dorian Nancy C
Published: November 2023

When a language moves close to a foreseeable point of extinction, it is inevitably spoken less and less frequently. Even those speakers who continue to use it regularly have ever fewer fellow-speakers to converse with, because the fluent speaker population is aging and thinning out. Their own kin networks begin to be heavily populated by younger bilinguals who speak the expanding language of the region better than the original ancestral language, and eventually those same kin networks have expanding language monolinguals among their youngest members.
Register And Social Dialect Variation: An Integrated Approach
Authors: Finegan Edward , Biber Douglas
Published: November 2023

Although certain patterns of linguistic variation have been found repeatedly in sociolinguistic studies across a range of speech communities, the systematic nature of those patterns is still perplexing and controversial. Despite a few attempts to explain particular aspects of these patterns, no theory to date has adequately integrated them.

In this chapter we describe certain systematic patterns of register variation and social dialect variation, arguing that situational variation underlies social dialect variation for a substantial set of linguistic features. The argument relies on two claims: (1) that the distributional patterns of these features across situations can be motivated functionally and (2) that such features function in comparable ways for all members of a speech community. We present evidence that these patterns of variation across situations are a consequence of the communicative functions served by the features, and that the systematic patterns of variation found across social dialects, along with the parallelism between social dialect and register variation, derive from the functional patterns of register variation and the fact that social groups have differential access to the range of communicative tasks..
Introduction
Authors: Brownell Philip , Polis Gary
Published: November 2023

Scorpions are chelicerate arthropods, members of the class Arachnida and distant relatives to other arthropods such as the crustacea, insects, myriapods, and onychophora. Compared to spiders and mites, scorpions are a modest group containing 1259 described species in 16 living families and 155 genera (Fet et al., 2000). Scorpions are common animals in temperate, desert, and tropical habitats of the world, but they are generally nocturnal, obscure, and inactive. As arthropods go, scorpions rank among the most ancestral in origin and primitive in body form, having first appeared as aquatic organisms in the Silurian (450-425 MYA) and having changed little since.
Scorpion Diversity in Tropical South America Implication for Conservation Programs
Authors: Lourenco Wilson
Published: November 2023

Tropical South America is one of the most biologically diverse regions on earth (Wilson, 1988). To understand such diversity, the biogeographic patterns for several groups of plants and animals have been analyzed (Prance, 1982a; Gentry, 1990). Although these patterns vary somewhat, certain regions exhibit especially high endemism, or a large number of species native to a localized region. Many of these endemic centers are found in Amazonia, Guayana, and in the tropical Andes, the latter region being considered by some to be the epicenter of global biodiversity (Gentry, 1992).
Fractal Diffusion and ChemicaI Kinetics
Authors: Dewey T Gregory
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters, the utility of the fractal formalism for describing biopolymer structures was explored. We now turn to issues of the dynamics and chemical kinetics associated with biological systems. It is not difficult to find examples of nonexponential kinetics in biochemistry. Quite often this non exponential behavior is a result of the complexity of biopolymer structure. Again, the fractal formalism can be especially useful in describing these phenomena. It provides a direct and explicit mathematical connection between structure and dynamics. This connection is achieved though a quantity known as the spectral dimension. In the present chapter, the consequence of a fractal medium for diffusion and reaction dynamics is considered.
Are Protein Dynamics Fractal?
Authors: Dewey T Gregory
Published: November 2023

Now consider another sphere of tagged molecules. This time all the tagged species are connected by chemical bonds. As we observe the molecules, the sphere will again grow as a result of “invasions” of the solvent. However, this time it will stop when it reaches the radius of gyration of the polymer. The collisions with solvent molecules are now doing something very different. Instead of an intricate and densely packed set of billiard balls bouncing around elastically, we now have bonds bending, twisting, and stretching. The translational energy of the solvent is transferring energy to various deformation modes of the polymer. There is a random distribution of energy entering and leaving our “sphere.” The sphere contains the random walk of a polymer chain. The overall energy transfer process is again one of these problems involving a convolution of random processes—random energy input on a random lattice. As discussed in Chapter 4, this should give rise to multifractal behavior.
Percolation
Authors: Dewey T Gregory
Published: November 2023

The liquid crystalline phase transition of lipid bilayers has been studied extensively and has important biological implications. There is an enormous literature in this area, particularly on one-component model systems. Recently, attention has shifted to two-and three-component systems and to protein-lipid systems. Simple two component membranes are often nonideal and exhibit complicated phase behavior. Typically, each lipid component can exist in one of two states: solid (or gel) and liquid (or fluid). In the solid state the hydrocarbon chains of the lipid are immobilized and tightly packed in a two-dimensional lattice. The translational diffusion of the lipid is greatly restricted, as is rotational diffusion about the long axis. The tight packing also prohibits bond rotation in the hydrocarbon chains. At a specific “melting temperature,” Tm, a highly cooperative, order-disorder transition results in a mobile, fluid phase. The cooperativity is a result of hydrocarbon bond rotation and subsequent disruption of the packed array. This fluid phase now has rapid translational motion as well as long-axis rotational motion.
Risk Modification in the Obese Patient
Authors: Daly Patricia A , Solomon Caren G , Manson JoAnn E
Published: November 2023

Obesity, defined as a weight 20% or more above desirable levels, afflicts at least 58 million Americans (Kuczmarski 1994) and its prevalence is increasing (Figure 9.1). Women and minorities, including Hispanics, African Americans, American Indians, and Pacific Islanders, are particularly at risk for this condition (Kumanyika 1993). The population risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality attributable to obesity in the United States has been estimated to be 32% (Public Health Focus 1993), and the societal cost of obesity, in terms of medical services and lost productivity, as high as 39.3 billion dollars annually (Colditz 1992). Through its associations with other cardiovascular risk factors, but also independent of these factors, obesity is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

This chapter first reviews cardiovascular disease risks associated with obesity and weight gain. Insofar as weight reduction appears to be the best means of ameliorating cardiovascular risk in the obese, most of this discussion is devoted to the benefits and risks of available modalities for treating obesity. Management strategies for other cardiovascular risk factors common in the obese, discussed individually in other chapters of this book, are also addressed briefly. Finally, an approach to the initial evaluation and treatment of obesity by the primary care practitioner is presented.
Gender Differences in Coronary Risk and Risk Factors
Authors: Wenger Nanette K
Published: November 2023

Until recently, coronary heart disease (CHD) and its complications were often regarded as a less significant public health problem for women than for men, due to the much lower risk of premature morbidity and mortality from these endpoints among women (Kannel 1987). Specifically, while an equal number of men and women eventually die from CHD, the disease primarily affects middle-aged men and older women. How ever, in the United States and other industrialized nations, a woman is more likely to die from CHD or a related illness than from any other health problem (Eaker 1993). Not only do women lose their gender protection once they develop overt CHD, but they also suffer more adverse outcomes than their male counterparts; case-fatality rates are higher for women following both myocardial infarction (MI) and myocardial re vascularization procedures, with 40% of all coronary events in women being fatal; in addition, 67% of all sudden deaths in women occur in those not known to have CHD (Kannel 1987). Coronary disease is also a leading cause of disability in women (Soldo 1985); 36% of women with CHD aged 55 to 64 years are disabled from their coronary disease, and the percentage increases to 55% at age 75 years and older. The significant decreases in both cardiovascular and CHD mortality rates in such countries during the past several decades have been less pronounced among women than men, as have reductions in the prevalence of coronary risk factors.
Writing After War
Authors: Limon John
Published: November 2023

Writing After War develops a theory of the relationship of war in general to literature in general, to make sense of American literary history in particular. The Iliad, Limon argues, inaugurates literary history on the failure of war to be formally beautiful.