bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiological evidence for transient topographic
organization of retinotectal projections during optic nerve
regeneration in the lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus
Authors: STIRLING R.V. , DUNLOP S.A. , BEAZLEY L.D.
Published: July 2002

In the lizard, Ctenophorus ornatus, anatomical
studies have revealed that optic axons regenerate to visual
centers within 2 months of nerve crush but that, from the
outset, the regenerated projections lack topographic order
(Beazley et al., 1997; Dunlop et al., 1997b).
Here we assess the functional topography of the regenerated
retinotectal projections by electrophysiological recording
of extracellular multiunit responses to visual stimulation
and by observing the lizards' ability to capture live
prey. At the completion of the electrophysiology, DiI was
applied locally to the retina and the topography of the
tectal projection later assessed. Electrophysiology revealed
that, at 2–4.2 months, responses were weak and habituated
readily; no retinotopic order was detected. Between 4.5–6
months, responses were more reliable and the majority of
lizards displayed a crude retinotopic order, especially
in the ventro-temporal to dorso-nasal retinal axis. Although
responses were variable between 6–9 months, they
tended to be more reliable again thereafter. However, from
6–18 months, the projection consistently lacked topography
with many retinal regions projecting to each tectal locus.
Lizards, including those with electrophysiological evidence
of crude retinotopy, were consistently unable to capture
live prey using the experimental eye. Labelling with DiI
confirmed the absence of anatomical retinotopy throughout.
Taken together, the electrophysiological and anatomical
data indicate that retinotopically appropriate axon terminals
(or parts thereof) are transiently active whilst inappropriately
located ones are silent. Presumably in lizard map-making
cues fade with time and/or the mechanisms are lacking to
stabilize and refine the ephemeral map. Moreover, the transient
retinotopy is insufficient for useful visual function.
Experience-dependent development of NMDAR1 subunit expression
in the lateral geniculate nucleus
Authors: FAVA MARK A. , DUFFY KEVIN R. , MURPHY KATHRYN M.
Published: July 2002

Monocular deprivation early in postnatal development
leads to anatomical and physiological changes in the lateral
geniculate nucleus (LGN) and visual cortex. Many of these
changes are dependent upon activation of the NMDA receptor.
We have examined the role of visual experience in modifying
NMDAR1 subunit expression in the LGN of animals reared
with various forms of visual deprivation. Following monocular
deprivation initiated either at eye opening or at the peak
of the critical period, there were approximately 20% fewer
NMDAR1-immunopositive neurons in the deprived laminae of
the LGN. The loss of NMDAR1-immunopositive neurons was
found throughout both the binocular and monocular segments
of the LGN and after monocular deprivation until just 3
weeks of age. These results indicate that the loss of NMDAR1
in the LGN following monocular deprivation does not simply
reflect changes in the visual cortex. The loss of NMDAR1
expression was not necessarily permanent. Initiation of
binocular vision at the peak of the critical period ameliorated
the effect of monocular deprivation and the introduction
of a period of reverse occlusion led to a complete reversal.
Taken together, the results show that the expression of
the NMDAR1 subunit in the LGN can be modified by the pattern
of visual experience during postnatal development.
Circadian organization in quail retina: Differential regulation
of melatonin synthesis and iodopsin gene expression in vitro
Authors: PIERCE MARY E.
Published: July 2002

Adult Japanese quail have an endogenous circadian
clock located in their eyes that has been shown to regulate
melatonin biosynthesis. We investigated if a circadian
oscillator is present in cultures of dispersed embryonic
quail retina. Melatonin release in retinal cell culture
is modulated by the light cycle, indicating that there
are functional photoreceptors in culture. However, when
cultures were placed in constant darkness no rhythm of
melatonin was observed, indicating that at this period
of development the circadian oscillator does not influence
melatonin release. To explore further the question of whether
a circadian oscillator is present in embryonic cell culture,
we examined expression of iodopsin, the red visual pigment.
Iodopsin mRNA is expressed in a circadian rhythm with peak
levels occurring late in the afternoon (ZT 9). Analysis
indicates that the clock influence is at the level of gene
transcription. These results suggest that a clock is not
“hooked up” to melatonin release embryonically
or that a different oscillator regulates photopigment expression
versus melatonin release.
Modulation of horizontal cell function by GABAA
and GABAC receptors in dark- and light-adapted
tiger salamander retina
Authors: YANG XIONG-LI , GAO FAN , WU SAMUEL M.
Published: July 2002

The physiological function of GABA transporters
and GABA receptors in retinal horizontal cells (HCs) under
dark- and light-adapted conditions were studied by whole-cell
voltage clamp and intracellular recording techniques in
retinal slices and whole-mounted isolated retinas of the
larval tiger salamander. Puff application of GABA in picrotoxin
elicited a NO-711 (a potent GABA transporter blocker)-sensitive
inward current that did not exhibit a reversal potential
in the physiological range, consistent with the idea that
these HCs contain electrogenic GABA transporters. Application
of GABA in NO-711 elicited a chloride current in HCs; about
half of the current was suppressed by bicuculline or I4AA
(a GABAC receptor antagonist), and the remaining
half was suppressed by bicuculline + I4AA or picrotoxin.
In whole-mount retinas, NO-711, bicuculline, I4AA, or picrotoxin
hyperpolarized the HCs and enhanced the light responses
under dark-adapted conditions, and blocked the time-dependent
recovery of HC membrane potential and light responses during
background illumination. Based on the parallel conductance
model, GABA released in darkness mediates a chloride conductance
about three times greater than the leak conductance or
the glutamate-gated cation conductance. About half of this
chloride conductance is mediated by GABAA receptors,
and the other half is mediated by GABAC receptors.
These results suggest that GABA released from HCs through
the NO-711-sensitive GABA transporters activates GABAA
and GABAC receptors, resulting in chloride conductance
increase which leads to a HC depolarization and reduction
of the light response. Additionally, GABA transporters
also mediate GABA release in background light that is responsible
for the recovery of HC membrane potential and light responses.
A quadratic nonlinearity underlies direction selectivity
in the nucleus of the optic tract
Authors: IBBOTSON MICHAEL R. , CLIFFORD COLIN W.G. , MARK RICHARD F.
Published: July 2002

A nonlinear interaction between signals from at
least two spatially displaced receptors is a fundamental
requirement for a direction-selective motion detector.
This paper characterizes the nonlinear mechanism present
in the motion detector pathway that provides the input
to wide-field directional neurons in the nucleus of the
optic tract of the wallaby, Macropus eugenii.
An apparent motion stimulus is used to reveal the interactions
that occur between adjacent regions of the receptive fields
of the neurons. The interaction between neighboring areas
of the field is a nonlinear facilitation that is accurately
predicted by the outputs of an array of correlation-based
motion detectors (Reichardt detectors). Based on the similarity
between the output properties of the detector array and
the real neurons, it is proposed that the interaction between
neighboring regions of the receptive field is a second-order
nonlinearity such as a multiplication. The results presented
here for wallaby neurons are compared to data collected
from directional systems in other species.
Models of receptive-field dynamics in visual cortex
Authors: KALARICKAL GEORGE J. , MARSHALL JONATHAN A.
Published: July 2002

The position, size, and shape of the receptive
field (RF) of some cortical neurons change dynamically,
in response to artificial scotoma conditioning (Pettet
& Gilbert, 1992) and to retinal lesions (Chino et al.,
1992; Darian-Smith & Gilbert, 1995) in adult animals.
The RF dynamics are of interest because they show how visual
systems may adaptively overcome damage (from lesions, scotomas,
or other failures), may enhance processing efficiency by
altering RF coverage in response to visual demand, and
may perform perceptual learning. This paper presents an
afferent excitatory synaptic plasticity rule and a lateral
inhibitory synaptic plasticity rule—the EXIN rules
(Marshall, 1995)—to model persistent RF changes after
artificial scotoma conditioning and retinal lesions. The
EXIN model is compared to the LISSOM model (Sirosh et al.,
1996) and to a neuronal adaptation model (Xing & Gerstein,
1994). The rules within each model are isolated and are
analyzed independently, to elucidate their roles in adult
cortical RF dynamics. Based on computer simulations, the
EXIN lateral inhibitory synaptic plasticity rule and the
LISSOM lateral excitatory synaptic plasticity rule produced
the best fit with current neurophysiological data on visual
cortical plasticity in adult animals (Chino et al., 1992;
Pettet & Gilbert, 1992; Darian-Smith & Gilbert,
1995) including (1) the retinal position and shape of the
expanding RFs; (2) the corticotopic direction in which
responsiveness returns to the silenced cortex; (3) the
direction of RF shifts; (4) the amount of change in response
to blank stimuli; and (5) the lack of dynamic RF changes
during conditioning with a retinal lesion in one eye and
the unlesioned eye kept open, in adult animals. The effects
of the LISSOM lateral inhibitory synaptic plasticity rule
during artificial scotoma conditioning are in conflict
with those of the other two LISSOM synaptic plasticity
rules. A novel “complementary scotoma” conditioning
experiment, in which stimulation of two complementary regions
of visual space alternates repeatedly, is proposed to differentiate
the predictions of the EXIN and LISSOM rules.
Spatial organization, ranging behaviour and habitat use of the kodkod (Oncifelis guigna) in southern Chile
Authors: Dunstone Nigel , Durbin Leon , Wyllie Ian , Freer Rachel , Jamett Gerardo Acosta , Mazzolli Marcelo , Rose Sam
Published: July 2002

The kodkod Oncifelis guigna has one of the smallest distributions of wild felids, being geographically restricted to a narrow strip within Chile and Argentina. An investigation of population demography and habitat selection was carried out using trapping and radio‐telemetry techniques in transitional Valdivian forest at two sites in southern Chile. The mean home‐range size was estimated at 269 ha with considerable overlap of ranges and core areas giving a density of combined adults and sub‐adults of 0.97/km2. Forest, thicket‐forest, and scrub‐thicket predominated in the ranges of most individuals and habitats at less than 50 m elevation were more frequently used than higher slopes. With the exception of páramo and thicket, all other habitat types were used more frequently than expected by at least one of the kodkods. The study confirmed the strong habitat association with Valdivian and Araucaria forests previously reported for this species, but also suggested a more flexible use of habitat within home ranges and individual preferences of habitat used as core areas. Flexibility in resource use and mutual avoidance may explain why kodkod ranges overlap and populations reach high densities locally. This high degree of adaptability may well be relevant to the long‐term survival of this species in an ever increasing, anthropogenically‐modified environment.
Depression and heavy alcohol use among adolescents: Concurrent and prospective
relations
Authors: WINDLE MICHAEL , DAVIES PATRICK T.
Published: July 2002

This study of over 1,000 adolescents focused on common and distinctive correlates of four
subgroups—no problem, depressed only, heavy drinking only, and mixed (depressed and
heavy drinking). Correlates were evaluated from the domains of personal dispositions (e.g.,
temperament), interpersonal relations (e.g., parent and peer), stressful life events, and other
problem behaviors (e.g., delinquency, substance use). The no-problem subgroup differed from
the other three subgroups in the direction of healthier functioning on almost all measures. The
mixed subgroup reported the most pervasive, low levels of functioning, with the highest levels of
childhood externalizing problems and stressful life events, the lowest levels of family social
support, and high levels of delinquency and substance use. The depressed-only subgroup reported
a more internalized pattern characterized by childhood avoidance problems, a difficult
temperament (e.g., inflexibility, withdrawal, low task orientation), interpersonal stressors, and
poor coping strategies. The heavy-drinking-only subgroup was characterized by higher drinking
levels by primary caregivers and lower levels of family cohesion as reported by primary
caregivers. The 1-year prospective findings were generally consistent with the concurrent
findings in that variables that were associated with transitions toward and away from depression
and heavy drinking were associated with specific transitions (e.g., childhood externalizing
problems were associated with the transition from no problem to heavy drinking).
Wave solutions for a discrete reaction-diffusion
equation
Authors: CARPIO A. , CHAPMAN S. J. , HASTINGS S. , McLEOD J. B.
Published: July 2002

Motivated by models from fracture mechanics and from biology, we study the infinite system of differential equations

formula here

where A and F are positive parameters. For fixed A > 0 we show that there are monotone travelling waves for F in an interval Fcrit < F < A, and we are able to give a rigorous upper
bound for Fcrit, in contrast to previous work on similar problems. We raise the problem of
characterizing those nonlinearities (apparently the more common) for which Fcrit > 0. We
show that, for the sine nonlinearity, this is true if A > 2. (Our method yields better estimates
than this, but does not include all A > 0.) We also consider the existence and multiplicity of
time independent solutions when |F|< Fcrit.
THE LATIN SOURCE OF THE FOURTEENTH-CENTURY ITALIAN TRANSLATION OF ALHACEN'S DE ASPECTIBUS (VAT. LAT. 4595)
Authors: Smith A. Mark
Published: July 2002

That the medieval Latin version of Ibn al-Haytham's Kitāb al-Manā[zdotu]ir was translated into Italian in the fourteenth century has been known for well over a century. Recent studies have shown that this translation, which is contained in Vat. Lat. 4595, was instrumental in the composition of Lorenzo Ghiberti's Commentario terzo on art. Some eight years ago, the author of the present article tentatively identified the actual manuscript-source of that translation as MS Royal 12.G.7, which is currently held in the British Library. This study establishes beyond reasonable doubt that his tentative identification was correct: MS Royal 12.G.7 is indeed the Latin source for the Italian translation in Vat. Lat. 4595.
EARLY LINEAGES IN APIALES: INSIGHTS FROM MORPHOLOGY, WOOD ANATOMY AND MOLECULAR DATA
Authors: LOWRY II P. P. , PLUNKETT G. M. , OSKOLSKI A. A.
Published: July 2002

Recent molecular studies indicate that the araliaceous tribes Myodocarpeae R. Vig. (Delarbrea Vieill., Pseudosciadium Baill. and Myodocarpus Brongn. & Gris.) and Mackinlayeae R. Vig. (Apiopetalum Baill., Mackinlaya F. Muell. and several genera of Hydrocotyloideae Link (Apiaceae)) comprise basally branching lineages within Apiales, an interpretation consistent with data from morphology and wood anatomy. Comparison of selected features in these genera, and in close relatives of Apiales, suggests that ancestral character states for the order may include: simple leaves, inflorescences in panicles of umbellules, flowers with articulated pedicels and a bicarpellate gynoecium, an andromonoecious, duodichogamous sexual system, septate fibres, the absence of radial canals, and the presence of paratracheal axial parenchyma in the wood.
Restoration and Renewal? West Germany since 1945
Authors: Perkins John
Published: July 2002

A. J. Nicholls, The Bonn Republic: West German Democracy, 1945–1990 (London: Longman, 1997), 341 pp. ISBN 0–582–49230–0 PPR; 0582–4931–9 CSD. Hb £44. Pb £14.99.

Gerhard A. Ritter, Über Deutschland: Die Bundesrepublik in der deutschen Geschichte (Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck, 1998), 303 pp., DM 39 80, ISBN 3–406–44039–8.

Rebecca L. Boehling, A Question of Priorities: Democratic Reforms and Economic Recovery in Postwar Germany, Monographs in German History 2 (Providence RI and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 1996). 301 pp., IBSN 1–571–81035–8.

Anne Sa'adah, Germany's Second Chance: Trust, Justice, and Democraticization (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998). 352 pp., £24.95, ISBN 0–674–35111–8.

Volker Hentschel, Ludwig Erhard, die ‘Soziale Marktwirtschaft’ und das Wirtschaftswunder: Histo-risches Lehrstück oder Mythos. (Bonn: Bouvier Verlag, 1998), 95 pp., IBSN 3–416–02761–2.

Robert G. Moeller, ed., West Germany under Construction: Politics, Society, and Culture in the Adenauer Era (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997). 462 pp., IBSN 0–472–09648–6 (hb), 0–472–06648–X (pb.). Peter James, ed., Modern Germany (London & New York: Routledge, 1998), 220 pp., IBSN 0–415–15034–5.

For those who for whatever reason acquire an interest, the study of Germany since 1945 has to begin somewhere. It is hard to conceive of a more elementary introduction than that edited by Peter James and comprising the contributions of colleagues in the Department of German at the University of Northumbria plus his own. Although ‘aimed at all those who have an interest in life and society in modern Germany’, it is basically an introductory text for first-year students of German Studies. According to the editor of the slim volume, ‘Clearly the text is not intended to be exhaustive’; although one of the contributions, according to the blurb, claims to provide an ‘in-depth treatment of Germany's coming to terms with its past’ - within sixteen pages!
Painism: Some Moral Rules for the Civilized Experimenter
Authors: RYDER RICHARD D.
Published: July 2002

One of the barriers between ordinarily compassionate
animal researchers and pro-animal ethicists is that the
ethicists are usually seen as asking for far too much.
They are perceived as demanding the complete abandonment
of careers. In consequence, the ethicist is often ignored.
Ethicists rarely give clear-cut rules to animal researchers
as to how they can continue in animal research while at
the same time adopting an increasingly moral approach.
The purpose of this paper is to provide some rules to help
the animals by aiding conscientious researchers who are
not (yet) in a position to give up their careers entirely.
These are ethical rules and not, therefore, in
quite the same category as Russell and Burch's “three
Rs” (replacement, refinement, and reduction) or the
proposal that experimenters should seek proper training
and retraining in animal care, and in the skills of euthanasia,
anaesthesia, and analgesia. Nor are ethical rules quite
the same as the requirement that all experimenters should
acquaint themselves with the latest techniques for improving
the animals' quality of life (such as the techniques
of environmental enrichment, for example) or the need to
keep themselves up to date in alternative research techniques
that do not use animals. All these steps are of great importance
and should be taken in addition to the ethical rules I
propose.
Stochastic Analysis of Convergence via Dynamic Representation

for a Class of Line-search Algorithms
Authors: PRONZATO L. , WYNN H. P. , ZHIGLJAVSKY A. A.
Published: July 2002

Certain convergent search algorithms can be turned into chaotic
dynamic

systems by

renormalisation back to a standard region at each iteration. This allows
the

machinery of

ergodic theory to be used for a new probabilistic analysis of their behaviour.

Rates of

convergence can be redefined in terms of various entropies and ergodic

characteristics

(Kolmogorov and Rényi entropies and Lyapunov exponent). A special
class

of line-search

algorithms, which contains the Golden-Section algorithm, is studied in
detail. Their

associated dynamic systems exhibit a Markov partition property, from which
invariant

measures and ergodic characteristics can be computed. A case is made that

the Rényi entropy

is the most appropriate convergence criterion in this environment.
Correlation between centromere and chromosome length in human male pronuclear chromosomes: ultrastructural analysis
Authors: Martorell M. Rosa , Benet Jordi , Márquez Carmen , Egozcue Josep , Navarro Joaquima
Published: July 2002

Ultrastructural and morphometric analyses of centromeric regions by scanning and transmission electron microscopy have been performed in chromosomes from male pronuclei obtained by heterologous fertilisation of hamster oocytes with human spermatozoa. In 1308 of 1323 chromosomes analysed, the primary constriction showed a defined biconcave constriction of variable length (0.56–1.34 μm) and constant width (0.64–0.7 μm). A positive correlation was observed between centromeric length and chromosome length. In some chromosomes, the primary constriction appears as decondensed regions of variable length (1.6–2.51 μm) composed of chromatin fibres with a minimum diameter of 30 nm.
Fine-structural cytochemical and immunocytochemical observations on nuclear bodies in the bovine 2-cell embryo
Authors: Kopecný V. , Biggiogera M. , Pivko J. , Pavlok A. , Martin T.E. , Kaufmann S.H. , Shaper J.H. , Fakan S.
Published: July 2002

Nuclear bodies occuring during the 2-cell stage of bovine embryos (obtained either by in vitro fertilisation of in vitro matured ovarian oocytes, or collection after fertilisation and cleavage in vivo) were studied using ultrastructural cytochemistry and immunocytochemistry to determine whether their occurrence may be linked with the onset of embryonic transcription. In addition, the species-specific ultrastructural features of the interchromatin structures of the 2-cell bovine embryo were displayed. Three different types of nuclear bodies were distinguished: (i) nucleolus precursor bodies (NPBs), (ii) loose bodies (LBs) and (iii) dense bodies (DBs). In order to determine their possible functional significance, we considered parallels between these three nuclear entities and interchromatin compartments reported in other cells. As detected by their preferential ribonucleoprotein staining, all types of nuclear bodies contained ribonucleoproteins. In contrast to the other types of nuclear bodies studied, NPBs contained argyrophilic proteins but in no case they did show morphological features of functional nucleoli. Both compact and vacuolated forms of NPBs were seen in both in vivo and in vitro embryos, sometimes simultaneously in the same nucleus. LBs and DBs reacted with antibodies to Sm antigen, indicating the presence of a group of nucleoplasmic, non-nucleolar small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). The immunoreactivity for Sm antigen was more intense and homogeneous in DBs than in LBs. DBs were seen in both categories of embryo. A possible kinship of DBs with the sphere organelle known from oocytes of different animal species or the prominent spherical inclusions of the early mouse embryo nuclei is suggested. The last type of intranuclear body, the LBs, showed a composite structure. Their granular component, occurring in clusters and displaying immunoreactivity for Sm antigen, was similar to interchromatin granules and was therefore named IG-like granules. Another component forming the LBs showed a much finer structure and a lower immunoreactivity with anti-Sm antibodies. We suggest that this amorphous component may be related to the IG-associated zone. All three types of intranuclear bodies were often seen close together, suggesting their possible mutual functional relationship. From these and other observations we conclude that the intranuclear bodies in 2-cell bovine embryos correspond, with the exception of the NPB, to similar structures/compartments supposed to accumulate inactive spliceosomal components in certain phases of somatic cell nucleus functions. Accordingly, the occurrence of such nuclear bodies does not represent cytological evidence for RNA synthesis. In contrast to this, an important morphological feature revealing the status of the bovine 2-cell embryo is the vacuol-isation of the NPB.
Identification and characterisation of Xenopus moesin, a Src substrate in Xenopus laevis oocytes
Authors: Thorn Judith M. , Armstrong Norris A. , Cantrell Leigh A. , Kay Brian K.
Published: July 2002

The cortical actin cytoskeleton, consisting of actin filaments and actin binding proteins, immediately underlies the inner surface of the plasma membrane and is important both structurally and in relaying signals from the surface to the interior of the cell. Signal transduction processes, initiated in the cortex, modulate numerous cellular changes ranging from modifications of the local cytoskeleton structure, the position in the cell cycle, to cell behaviour. To examine the molecular mechanisms and events associated with cortical changes. We have investigated targets of the protein tyrosine kinase, Src, which is associated with the cortical cytoskeleton, in Xenopus laevis oocytes. When a mRNA encoding an activated form of Src tyrosine kinase (d-Src) is injected into oocytes several changes are observed: proteins are phosphorylated, the rate at which progesterone matures an oocyte to an egg is accelerated, and the cortex at the site of injection appears to contract. Previous studies have implicated actin filaments in the Src-stimulated cortical rearrangements. In this study we identify two actin binding proteins – cortactin and moesin – as Src substrates in Xenopus oocytes that are Src substrates. We cloned and characterised the cDNA encoding one of those, Xenopus moesin, a member of the ezrin/radixin/moesin (ERM) family of actin binding proteins. In addition, we have determined that moesin is recruited to the cortex at the site of Src mRNA injection.
I CAN'T SLEEP, MY MIND IS RACING! AN INVESTIGATION OF STRATEGIES OF THOUGHT CONTROL IN INSOMNIA Allison G. Harvey
Authors: Harvey Allison G.
Published: July 2002

People with sleep-onset insomnia commonly attribute their difficulty falling asleep to intrusive thoughts,
worries, or “a racing mind”. Previous research has implicated strategies of thought control in the maintenance of
symptoms in a number of psychological disorders. The purpose of the present study was to compare individuals
diagnosed with insomnia (n = 30) and good sleepers (n = 29) for the strategies employed to manage cognitive activity
during the pre-sleep period. Reappraisal, worry, and suppression were employed more by participants with insomnia
than by good sleepers. Good sleepers employed social control, replacement, suppression, and reappraisal strategies
most frequently, whereas the strategies most frequently employed by insomniacs were suppression and reappraisal.
The results are discussed in terms of the role of strategies employed to manage pre-sleep cognitive activity in the
maintenance and reversal of insomnia.
UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS AND CORE BELIEFS RELATED TO EATING DISORDERS IN THE MOTHERS OF OVERWEIGHT GIRLS
Authors: Cooper Myra , Burrows Alison
Published: July 2002

Little is known about the weight, shape and eating concerns of mothers with young, overweight daughters.
Even less is known about how these relate to their daughters' concerns. In a small pilot study (18 mother-daughter
pairs in each group), general concerns and specific beliefs related to eating disorders were assessed, both in the mothers
of overweight girls and in the mothers of average weight girls. These were then compared with their daughters'
concerns. The findings indicated that mothers with overweight daughters (aged 11 and 12 years) scored more highly
than the mothers of average weight girls on both general concerns and specific beliefs (i.e., underlying assumptions
about weight, shape and eating and negative self-beliefs) related to eating disorders. While assumptions in mothers
were highly correlated with daughters' concerns in the average weight group, no such relationship was found in the
overweight group. The findings are briefly discussed and suggestions are made for further research.
Executive function in fluency and recall measures among
children with Tourette syndrome or ADHD
Authors: MAHONE E. MARK , KOTH CHRISTINE W. , CUTTING LAURIE , SINGER HARVEY S. , DENCKLA MARTHA B.
Published: July 2002

This study assessed two relevant aspects of executive
dysfunction in children with either Tourette syndrome (TS)
or ADHD. Process variables derived from existing neuropsychological
measures were used to clarify the executive function construct.
Clustering of responses on measures of verbal fluency,
figural fluency, and verbal learning was examined to assess
strategic response organization. Rule breaks, intrusions,
and repetition errors were recorded to assess inhibition
errors. No significant differences were found among the
three groups (TS, ADHD, and controls) on tasks of response
organization (clustering). In our sample, both the ADHD
and the TS groups were largely free from executive function
impairment, and their performance on the fluency and list
learning tasks was in the average range. There was a significant
group difference on one of the disinhibition variables,
with both TS and ADHD groups showing significantly more
intrusions on verbal list learning trials than controls.
When more traditional total score variables were analyzed
among the three groups, there were no significant differences;
however, analysis of effect size revealed medium-to-large
effect sizes for Letter Word Fluency total score differences
(ADHD vs. controls), and for Semantic Word Fluency
total score differences (ADHD vs. TS), with the
ADHD group having weaker performance in both comparisons.
Results provide some support for the use and analysis of
process variables—particularly those related to inhibition
and intrusion errors, in addition to the total score variables
when assessing executive function deficits in children
with ADHD and TS. While group differences may be found,
children with uncomplicated TS should not routinely be
considered to have significant executive function impairments,
and when deficits are found, they may be attributable to
other comorbid disorders. (JINS, 2001, 7,
102–111.)
The environmental cost of water pollution in Chongqing, China
Authors: Yongguan Chang , Seip Hans Martin , Vennemo Haakon
Published: July 2002

Chongqing is a heavily polluted industrial megacity in China. We have estimated the environmental cost of water pollution in Chongqing. Limiting our inquiry to the resource cost, i.e. real resources spent or production possibilities foregone because of water pollution, our estimate equals 1.2 per cent of Chongqing gross product, with a subjective 95 per cent confidence interval of (0.9–1.5). Damage to agriculture constitutes the largest share of costs, 56 per cent, while damage to health and damage to industry make up 20 per cent and 18 per cent, respectively. The cost estimate of 1.2 per cent, which employs the human capital approach, is sensitive to the valuation of statistical lives. A calculation using willingness-to-pay for avoiding premature death sets the total cost at 4.3 per cent of Chongqing gross product.
Dealing with air pollution in Latin America: the case of Quito, Ecuador
Authors: JURADO JORGE , SOUTHGATE DOUGLAS
Published: July 2002

Located in a high Andean valley, Ecuador's capital city suffers from severe air pollution, emitted by manufacturing plants as well as motor vehicles. Improving air quality would result in diminished respiratory illness, which currently costs Quito's residents several millions of dollars annually in lost earnings and medical expenditures. Technology transfer has succeeded in reducing industrial emissions at a modest cost. But diesel-fueled trucks and buses, which are a major source of various pollutants, have been the primary focus of the local government's strategy for air quality improvement. To date, that strategy has met with some success, although future initiatives will involve higher abatement expenses and therefore will test the commitment of municipal authorities and the citizens they represent to pollution control.
From the Model to its algorithmic application
Authors: PECQUET FRANK
Published: July 2002

To begin with, I would like to cite the influence, both direct and indirect, of the following disciplines on my personal: research: philosophical reflection, linguistics and physics. I will do this briefly sketching the fusion of these disciplines, not strictly with my music and the role it plays as the foundation of a personal aesthetic.
Conversion Disorder
Masquerading as Severe
Progressive Neurological
Deterioration in Childhood
Authors: Nourse Clare B. , Ryan Imelda , McMenamin Joe
Published: July 2002

Diagnosis of neurological conversion disorder is difficult. Considerable

overlap in symptomatology occurs with progressive neurological
degenerative disease, pervasive refusal syndrome, depressive illness,
chronic fatigue syndrome, and other conditions. Conversion symptoms
can also coincide with organic neurological disease. Successful
management requires a sensitive, confident, multidisciplinary approach.

Multiple or repeated investigations can be counterproductive in resolving

symptoms. This report describes three children, one male and two female,

aged between 9 and 10 years, who were referred for evaluation of
progressive neurological symptoms. Each progressed to a completely
dependent state within 8 weeks of referral, requiring nasogastric feeding

and total assisted care. A convincing psychosocial trigger was not
identified in any case. Improvement occurred only when investigations
were ceased and rehabilitation commenced. Long-term follow-up has
revealed an excellent outcome for all three children.
Greedy algorithms in Datalog
Authors: GRECO SERGIO , ZANIOLO CARLO
Published: July 2002

In the design of algorithms, the greedy paradigm provides a powerful tool for solving efficiently
classical computational problems, within the framework of procedural languages. However,
expressing these algorithms within the declarative framework of logic-based languages has
proven a difficult research challenge. In this paper, we extend the framework of Datalog-like
languages to obtain simple declarative formulations for such problems, and propose
effective implementation techniques to ensure computational complexities comparable to
those of procedural formulations. These advances are achieved through the use of the choice
construct, extended with preference annotations to effect the selection of alternative stable-models
and nondeterministic fixpoints. We show that, with suitable storage structures, the
differential fixpoint computation of our programs matches the complexity of procedural
algorithms in classical search and optimization problems.
Global Properties of the Metabolic Map of Escherichia coli
Authors: Ouzounis Christos A. , Karp Peter D.
Published: July 2002

The EcoCyc database characterizes the known network ofEscherichia coli small-molecule metabolism. Here we present a computational analysis of the global properties of that network, which consists of 744 reactions that are catalyzed by 607 enzymes. The reactions are organized into 131 pathways. Of the metabolic enzymes, 100 are multifunctional, and 68 of the reactions are catalyzed by >1 enzyme. The network contains 791 chemical substrates. Other properties considered by the analysis include the distribution of enzyme subunit organization, and the distribution of modulators of enzyme activity and of enzyme cofactors. The dimensions chosen for this analysis can be employed for comparative functional analysis of complete genomes.
Body Temperature as a Conditional Response Measure for Pavlovian Fear Conditioning
Authors: Godsil Bill P. , Quinn Jennifer J. , Fanselow Michael S.
Published: July 2002

On six days rats were exposed to each of two contexts. They received an electric shock in one context and nothing in the other. Rats were tested later in each environment without shock. The rats froze and defecated more often in the shock-paired environment; they also exhibited a significantly larger elevation in rectal temperature in that environment. The rats discriminated between each context, and we suggest that the elevation in temperature is the consequence of associative learning. Thus, body temperature can be used as a conditional response measure in Pavlovian fear conditioning experiments that use footshock as the unconditional stimulus.
Simultaneous Visualization of Peroxisomes and Cytoskeletal Elements Reveals Actin and Not Microtubule-Based Peroxisome Motility in Plants,
Authors: Mathur Jaideep , Mathur Neeta , Hülskamp Martin
Published: July 2002

Peroxisomes were visualized in living plant cells using a yellow fluorescent protein tagged with a peroxisomal targeting signal consisting of the SKL motif. Simultaneous visualization of peroxisomes and microfilaments/microtubules was accomplished in onion (Allium cepa) epidermal cells transiently expressing the yellow fluorescent protein-peroxi construct, a green fluorescent protein-mTalin construct that labels filamentous-actin filaments, and a green fluorescent protein-microtubule-binding domain construct that labels microtubules. The covisualization of peroxisomes and cytoskeletal elements revealed that, contrary to the reports from animal cells, peroxisomes in plants appear to associate with actin filaments and not microtubules. That peroxisome movement is actin based was shown by pharmacological studies. For this analysis we used onion epidermal cells and various cell types of Arabidopsis including trichomes, root hairs, and root cortex cells exhibiting different modes of growth. In transient onion epidermis assay and in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, an interference with the actin cytoskeleton resulted in progressive loss of saltatory movement followed by the aggregation and a complete cessation of peroxisome motility within 30 min of drug application. Microtubule depolymerization or stabilization had no effect.
Isolation and Characterization of Mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana with Increased Resistance to Growth Inhibition by Indoleacetic Acid-Amino Acid Conjugates
Authors: Campanella J. J. , Ludwig-Mueller J. , Town C. D.
Published: July 2002

Two mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana that are resistant to growth inhibition by indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-phenylalanine have been isolated. Both mutants were 2- to 3-fold more resistant than wild type to inhibition by IAA-phenylalanine, IAA-alanine, and IAA-glycine in root growth assays. The mutant icr1 (but not icr2) also shows some resistance to IAA-aspartate. Studies using 3H-labeled IAA-phenylalanine showed that the uptake of conjugate from the medium by icr1 was the same as wild type and was reduced by about 25% in icr2. No differences in hydrolysis of the exogenous conjugate were detected between the mutants and their wild-type parents. There was no significant metabolism of the IAA released from the [3H]IAA-phenylalanine, whereas exogenous [3H]IAA was rapidly metabolized to two unidentified products considerably more polar than IAA. Analysis of a cross between icr1 and icr2 indicated that these mutations were at distinct loci and that their effects were additive, and preliminary mapping data indicated that icr1 and icr2 were located at the top and bottom of chromosome V, respectively.
Cis-Acting Elements Essential for Light Regulation of the Nuclear Gene Encoding the A Subunit of Chloroplast Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Park S. C. , Kwon H. B. , Shih M. C.
Published: July 2002

We report the characterization of cis-acting elements involved in light regulation of the nuclear gene (GapA) that encodes the A subunit of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Arabidopsis thaliana. Our previous deletion analyses indicate that the -277 to -195 upstream region of GapA is essential for light induction of the β-glucuronidase reporter gene in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants. This region contains three direct repeats with the consensus sequence 5[prime]-CAAATGAA(A/G)A-3[prime] (Gap boxes). Our results show that 2-bp substitutions of the last four nucleotides (AA or GA) of the Gap boxes by CC abolish light induction of the β-glucuronidase reporter gene in vivo and affect binding of the Gap box binding factor in vitro. We have also identified an additional cis-acting element, AE (Activation Element) box, that is involved in regulation of GapA. A combination of a Gap box trimer and an AE box dimer can confer light responsiveness on the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter containing the -92 to +6 upstream sequence, whereas oligomers of Gap boxes or AE boxes alone cannot confer light responsiveness on the same promoter. These results suggest that Gap boxes and AE boxes function together as the light-responsive element of GapA.
Differential Patterns of Expression of the Arabidopsis PHYB, PHYD, and PHYE Phytochrome Genes
Authors: Goosey L. , Palecanda L. , Sharrock R. A.
Published: July 2002

The Arabidopsis thaliana phyB, phyD, and phyE phytochrome apoproteins show higher amino acid sequence similarity to each other than to phyA or phyC, they are the most recently evolved members of this photoreceptor family, and they may interact in regulating photomorphogenesis. The expression patterns of translational fusions of the 5[prime] upstream regions of the PHYB, PHYD, and PHYE genes to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) coding sequence were compared. PD-GUS and PE-GUS fusions were 5- to 10-fold less active than a PB-GUS fusion, but all three promoter regions drove expression of the reporter gene in all stages of the plant's life cycle. Over the first 10 d of seedling growth, the PHYB and PHYD promoters were more active in the dark than in the light, whereas the opposite was true of the PHYE promoter. Unlike the PB-GUS construct, which was expressed in most parts of seedlings and mature plants, the PD-GUS and PE-GUS transgenes showed differential expression, notably in leaves, flower organs, and root tips. Tissue sections showed that the three promoters are coexpressed in at least some leaf cells. Hence, the PHYB, PHYD, and PHYE genes differ in expression pattern but these patterns overlap and interaction of these receptor forms within individual cells is possible.
Extracellular Matrix Assembly in Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae)1
Authors: Wustman Brandon A. , Lind Jan , Wetherbee Richard , Gretz Michael R.
Published: July 2002

Achnanthes longipes is a marine, biofouling diatom that adheres to surfaces via adhesive polymers extruded during motility or organized into structures called stalks that contain three distinct regions: the pad, shaft, and collar. Four monoclonal antibodies (AL.C1–AL.C4) and antibodies from two uncloned hybridomas (AL.E1 and AL.E2) were raised against the extracellular adhesives of A. longipes. Antibodies were screened against a hot-water-insoluble/hot-bicarbonate-soluble-fraction. The hot-water-insoluble/hot-bicarbonate-soluble fraction was fractionated to yield polymers in three size ranges: F1, ≥ 20,000,000Mr; F2, ≅100,000Mr; and F3, <10,000Mr relative to dextran standards. The ≅100,000-Mr fraction consisted of highly sulfated (approximately 11%) fucoglucuronogalactans (FGGs) and low-sulfate (approximately 2%) FGGs, whereas F1 was composed of O-linked FGG (F2)-polypeptide (F3) complexes. AL.C1, AL.C2, AL.C4, AL.E1, and AL.E2 recognized carbohydrate complementary regions on FGGs, with antigenicity dependent on fucosyl-containing side chains. AL.C3 was unique in that it had a lower affinity for FGGs and did not label any portion of the shaft. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunocytochemistry indicated that low-sulfate FGGs are expelled from pores surrounding the raphe terminus, creating the cylindrical outer layers of the shaft, and that highly sulfated FGGs are extruded from the raphe, forming the central core. Antibody-labeling patterns and other evidence indicated that the shaft central-core region is related to material exuded from the raphe during cell motility.
Overexpression of a Homeobox Gene, LeT6, Reveals Indeterminate Features in the Tomato Compound Leaf1
Authors: Janssen Bart-Jan , Lund Lance , Sinha Neelima
Published: July 2002

The cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) has a unipinnate compound leaf. In the developing leaf primordium, major leaflet initiation is basipetal, and lobe formation and early vascular differentiation are acropetal. We show that engineered alterations in the expression of a tomato homeobox gene, LeT6, can cause dramatic changes in leaf morphology. The morphological states are variable and unstable and the phenotypes produced indicate that the tomato leaf has an inherent level of indeterminacy. This is manifested by the production of multiple orders of compounding in the leaf, by numerous shoot, inflorescence, and floral meristems on leaves, and by the conversion of rachis-petiolule junctions into “axillary” positions where floral buds can arise. Overexpression of a heterologous homeobox transgene,kn1, does not produce such phenotypic variability. This indicates that LeT6 may differ from the heterologouskn1 gene in the effects manifested on overexpression, and that 35S-LeT6 plants may be subject to alterations in expression of both the introduced and endogenous LeT6genes. The expression patterns of LeT6 argue in favor of a fundamental role for LeT6 in morphogenesis of leaves in tomato and also suggest that variability in homeobox gene expression may account for some of the diversity in leaf form seen in nature.
Ascorbic Acid Metabolism in Pea Seedlings. A Comparison ofd-Glucosone, l-Sorbosone, andl-Galactono-1,4-Lactone as Ascorbate Precursors1
Authors: Pallanca Jane E. , Smirnoff Nicholas
Published: July 2002

l-Ascorbic acid (AsA) accumulates in pea (Pisum sativum L.) seedlings during germination, with the most rapid phase of accumulation coinciding with radicle emergence. Monodehydroascorbate reductase and dehydroascorbic acid reductase were active in the embryonic axes before AsA accumulation started, whereas AsA oxidase and AsA peroxidase activities increased in parallel with AsA. Excised embryonic axes were used to investigate the osone pathway of AsA biosynthesis, in whichd-glucosone and l-sorbosone are the proposed intermediates. [U-14C]Glucosone was incorporated into AsA and inhibited the incorporation of [U-14C]glucose (Glc) into AsA. A higher d-glucosone concentration (5 mm) inhibited AsA accumulation. l-Sorbosone did not affect AsA pool size but caused a small inhibition in the incorporation of [U-14C]Glc into AsA. Oxidase and dehydrogenase activities capable of converting Glc or Glc-6-phosphate to glucosone were not detected in embryonic axis extracts. The osones are therefore unlikely to be physiological intermediates of AsA biosynthesis. l-Galactono-1,4-lactone, recently proposed as the AsA precursor (G.L. Wheeler, M.A. Jones, N. Smirnoff [1998] Nature 393: 365–369), was readily converted to AsA by pea embryonic axes. Although l-galactono-1,4-lactone did not inhibit [14C]Glc incorporation into AsA, this does not mean that it is not a precursor, because competition between endogenous and exogenous pools was minimized by its very small pool size and rapid metabolism.