bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contrasting management paradigms for pronghorn in the arid Southwest and their northern range: a review
Authors: Bean William T. , Butterfield H. Scott , Fiehler Craig , Hacker David , Howard Jeanette K. , Namitz Russell , Swanson Brandon , Batter Thomas J.
Published: November 2023

Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), a symbol of western North America, experienced diverging population trajectories since the mid‐twentieth century, with northern populations showing signs of recovery while those in the arid Southwest have struggled to persist. We conducted a systematic literature review of papers published through August 2023 to understand 3 questions. What are the habitat conditions needed for pronghorn to persist? What management actions can be taken to foster higher quality habitat? Do these actions differ for populations in the arid Southwest compared to their northern counterparts? Although the fundamental habitat requirements for pronghorn persistence have remained constant since the early 2000s, it has become clear that precipitation is a key factor influencing pronghorn populations in the arid Southwest. The precise mechanisms by which precipitation influences pronghorn population dynamics are not yet clear, whether through the availability of free water, by affecting forage quality, or indirectly via predator‐prey dynamics. Although range‐wide forage enhancement may be impractical, providing additional free water sources could facilitate greater movement, enabling pronghorn to access more and higher quality forage and areas with lower predation risk. To clarify how pronghorn persisted for thousands of years in this harsh environment, we must gain a better understanding of their historical metapopulation and migratory behaviors in the arid Southwest.
Grizzly bear responses to restrictions of recreation in Yellowstone National Park
Authors: Loggers Elise A. , Litt Andrea R. , van Manen Frank T. , Haroldson Mark A. , Gunther Kerry A.
Published: November 2023

Avoiding humans will be more difficult and energetically costly for animals as outdoor recreation increases and people venture farther into wildland areas that provide high‐quality habitat for wildlife. Restricting human access can be an attractive management tool to mitigate effects of human recreation activities on wildlife; however, the efficacy of such measures is rarely assessed. In 1982, Yellowstone National Park identified areas important to grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) to help protect critical grizzly bear habitat and reduce the likelihood of human injuries by bears. Referred to as bear management areas (BMAs), human access is restricted in these areas for 2–8 months each year, with timing and type of restrictions varying by area. We examined 2 datasets to evaluate grizzly bear selection of BMAs and differences of bear density in BMAs and non‐BMAs. First, we used 17 years of recent global positioning system telemetry data for grizzly bears to assess their selection of BMAs during periods when human access was allowed, and when access was restricted. We used step‐selection functions to test the hypothesis that bears spend time in places that allow them to avoid people and select quality food sources. There was support that grizzly bears differentially select for BMAs regardless of whether human access was restricted at the time, compared with areas outside BMAs, and that selection changed with sex and season. Only males during the summer and hyperphagic seasons changed their selection of BMAs based on whether access restrictions were in place, and overall, male bears preferred unrestricted BMAs (BMAs without restrictions in place). Females preferentially selected BMAs regardless of whether the area had access restrictions in place only during the mating season. Individuals varied widely in their preference for BMAs and access restrictions. Bears likely choose to spend time in BMAs based on available food resources rather than restrictions to human access. Supporting this interpretation, our analyses indicated that a greater proportion of BMA in an area was associated with higher densities of grizzly bear. Thus, restrictions to human access likely help reduce the potential for human–bear interactions, accomplishing one of the original objectives for establishing the BMAs.
Automatic Recognition of Concealed Fish Bones under Laryngoscopy: A Practical AI Model Based on YOLO‐V5
Authors: Tao Xiaoyao , Zhao Xu , Liu Hairui , Wang Jinqiao , Tian Chunhui , Liu Longsheng , Ding Yujie , Chen Xue , Liu Yehai
Published: November 2023

Background

Fish bone impaction is one of the most common problems encountered in otolaryngology emergencies. Due to their small and transparent nature, as well as the complexity of pharyngeal anatomy, identifying fish bones efficiently under laryngoscopy requires substantial clinical experience. This study aims to create an AI model to assist clinicians in detecting pharyngeal fish bones more efficiently under laryngoscopy.

Methods

Totally 3133 laryngoscopic images related to fish bones were collected for model training and validation. The images in the training dataset were trained using the YOLO‐V5 algorithm model. After training, the model was validated and its performance was evaluated using a test dataset. The model's predictions were compared to those of human experts. Seven laryngoscopic videos related to fish bone were used to validate real‐time target detection by the model.

Results

The model trained in YOLO‐V5 demonstrated good generalization and performance, with an average precision of 0.857 when the intersection over union (IOU) threshold was set to 0.5. The precision, recall rate, and F1 scores of the model are 0.909, 0.818, and 0.87, respectively. The overall accuracy of the model in the validation set was 0.821, comparable to that of ENT specialists. The model processed each image in 0.012 s, significantly faster than human processing (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the model exhibited outstanding performance in video recognition.

Conclusion

Our AI model based on YOLO‐V5 effectively identifies and localizes fish bone foreign bodies in static laryngoscopic images and dynamic videos. It shows great potential for clinical application.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 134:2162–2169, 2024
Enhanced Recovery After Surgery and Perioperative Laryngectomy Outcomes
Authors: Frenkel Catherine H. , Donahue Erin E. , Brickman Daniel , Hong Steven , Milas Zvonimir L.
Published: November 2023

Objective

Patients undergoing laryngectomy are particularly vulnerable to postoperative complications secondary to social and nutritional barriers, substance abuse, and prior cancer treatment. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) programs may mitigate this vulnerability and improve postoperative complications and oncologic outcomes. The objective of this study is to evaluate the postoperative complication rate and oncologic outcomes of patients undergoing laryngectomy before and after ERAS program implementation.

Methods

A historic cohort of 50 patients who underwent laryngectomy at the Levine Cancer Institute, Charlotte, North Carolina from 2014 to 2019 (pre‐ERAS) was compared to 33 patients who underwent laryngectomy after ERAS implementation from 2019 to 2020. The primary outcomes included length of stay (LOS), Clavien‐Dindo postoperative complications through 30 days following discharge, overall survival (OS), and recurrence‐free survival between pre‐ERAS and ERAS groups.

Results

Demographic characteristics between the two groups were similar. ERAS pathway implementation led to core care element consistency and improvement in the clinical perioperative course, including preoperative nutritional intervention (p = 0.009), postoperative ventilator independence (p = 0.0004), and refractory nausea/emesis (p = 0.18). Severe (≥ grade 3) complications (p = 0.49) and LOS (p = 0.68) were similar between groups. No significant difference in Cox proportional modeling of OS (p = 0.60) or recurrence‐free survival (p = 0.17) was noted.

Conclusions

ERAS did not improve LOS, major postoperative complications, or oncologic outcomes in this cohort of patients who underwent laryngectomy. However, ERAS positively influenced secondary endpoints within the laryngectomy perioperative course, conferring qualitative health care benefits.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 134:2262–2268, 2024
Ellipse‐Like Orbital Angular Momentum Multiplexed Holography and Efficient Decryption Utilizing a Composite Ellipse‐Like Lens
Authors: Xia Tian , Xie Zhenwei , Yuan Xiaocong
Published: November 2023

The utilization of orbital angular momentum (OAM) as an independent degree of freedom for information encryption has gained significant attention. Nevertheless, the multiplexing capacity of OAM is still constrained, and there is a lack of research on accelerated decryption techniques in OAM multiplexed holography. In this study, ellipse‐like orbital angular momentum (EL‐OAM) multiplexed holography is proposed and implemented. The ellipse‐like (EL) beam incorporates three modulatable parameters: topological charge, power index, and radial shift. To achieve efficient decryption, a composite ellipse‐like lens (CELL) is introduced that generates two EL beams carrying different OAMs at distinct axial positions, resulting in two reconstruction holographic images with approximately equal intensity. The mode selectivity of EL‐OAM based on the aforementioned parameters is investigated. Experimental verification demonstrates the feasibility of EL‐OAM multiplexed holography and its potential for fast decryption in various dimensions. This breakthrough opens up new possibilities for practical information encryption and decryption systems.
Enhanced Terahertz Phonon Polariton in Lithium Niobate Chip
Authors: Zhang Baolong , Li Yifei , Wu Xiaojun , Xu Xitan , Lu Yao , Wu Qiang , Wang Xuan , Lei Hongyi , Ma Jinglong , Liao Guoqian , Li Yutong
Published: November 2023

Terahertz (THz) phonon polaritons, fundamental quasi‐particles that couple lattice vibrations with electromagnetic fields at THz frequencies, are found in a variety of materials that offer the potential for a wide range of THz optoelectronic devices and on‐chip integrated systems. However, these compact devices and on‐chip systems are hampered by the absence of on‐chip powerful THz phonon polariton sources. In this study, the efficient generation and amplification of THz phonon polaritons are proposed and directly visualized on a lithium niobate (LN) chip via a tilted pulsefront phase matching technique. By combining lateral pumping and phase matching schemes, two orders of magnitude are successfully attained in the interaction distance between the pump light and the LN chip, accompanied by a substantial amplification of generated THz phonon polariton. The results of this study may lead to abundant potential applications in chip scale THz photonic devices and systems based on LN materials and its integrated heterostructures.
Bacteriophage Engineering for Improved Copper Ion Binding
Authors: Korkmaz Nuriye , Himawan Sandiego , Usman Muhammed , Baik Seungyun , Kim Minyoung
Published: November 2023

In this study, fd viruses are genetically modified to display seven cropped versions (H, HG, HGF, HGFA, HGFAN, HGFANV and HGFANVA) of the previously identified Cu(II) specific peptide (HGFANVA). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging reveals the typical filamentous structures of recombinant phages with thicknesses of ≈2–5 nm in dry state. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging shows that HGFANVA viruses form larger elongated assemblies than H viruses that are deposited with a mineral layer after Cu(II) treatment. C and N peaks are detected for virus samples through Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses confirming the presence of phage organic material. Cu peak is only detected for engineered viruses after Cu(II) exposure. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analyses show the selective Cu(II) binding of engineered phages. Agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) and zeta potential analyses reveal negative surface charges of engineered viral constructs. Positively charged Cytopore beads are coated with bacteriophages and used for Cu(II) ion sorption studies. ICP‐MS analyses clearly show the improved Cu(II) binding of engineered viruses with respect to wild‐type fd phages. Such bottom‐up constructed, genetically engineered virus‐based biomaterials may be applied in bioremediation studies targeting metal species from environmental samples.
A Novel Cu(II) Loaded Polypeptide SO2 Prodrug Nanoformulation Combining Chemodynamic and Gas Anticancer Therapies
Authors: Zhang Yu , Zhang Hongyu , Wang Yanfang , Ji Yingying , Wang Fang , He Pan
Published: November 2023

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)‐based gas therapy and chemodynamic therapyare both reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐mediated anticancer strategies, but there are few reports of their combined application. To this end, a novel graft‐type copolymeric SO2 prodrug, PLG‐g‐mPEG‐DNs, is designed and synthesized in this work. The amphiphilic polypeptides can self‐assemble into nanoparticles (NPs) and encapsulated Cu(II) ions by metal‐carboxyl coordination. In vitro release results showed that the obtained NPs‐Cu can respond to the acidic pH and high glutathione levels typical of a tumor microenvironment to release Cu(II) and SO2 simultaneously. Both a Cu(II)‐triggered Fenton‐like reaction and the SO2 gas would promote ROS production and upregulate the oxidative stress in tumor cells, leading to an enhanced killing effect towards 4T1 cancer cells compared to either Cu(II) or the NPs alone. Furthermore, the in vitro hemolysis of NPs‐Cu is less than 1.0% at a high concentration of 8 mg/mL, indicating good blood compatibility and the potential for in vivo tumor inhibition application.
Polymer Hydrogel Sheets with Perpendicular Cross‐Linking Gradient: Non‐Monotonic Actuation and Ion‐Specific Effects on the Actuation Kinetics
Authors: Puza Fatih , Thiel Marc Christopher , Wagner Yannic , Marx Michael , Motz Christian , Lienkamp Karen
Published: November 2023

Non‐monotonous actuation, that is, different kinds of motion in response to a single stimulus, is observed in some natural materials but difficult to implement in synthetic systems. Herein, polymer hydrogel sheets made from polyacrylamide (PAAm) or poly(dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAA) with a cross‐linking gradient along the sheet thickness are reported. These are obtained by thermally initiated free radical polymerization using a specially designed Teflon mold with a glass lid. The resulting PAAm hydrogels undergo non‐monotonous actuation (rolling into a tube and re‐opening) when exposed to aqueous media as a single external stimulus. Their actuation kinetics is tuned with anions that have specific ion effects in their interaction with the surrounding solvent and the polymer itself: structure‐breaking chloride enhances the hydration of the polymer backbone, structure‐making sulfate decreases it, and is thus slowing down the actuation kinetics of the PAAm hydrogels. The PDMAA gel rolls up instantaneously in aqueous NaCl and only re‐opens after 24 h. PDMAA actuation in aqueous Na2SO4 is only moderate as the gel did not swell in that solvent. Bilayer hydrogels made from PAAm and PDMAA (without gradient) show monotonic actuation, closing in NaCl solution and re‐opening in Na2SO4.
Sulfur Free Crosslinking of EPDM Composites via Silane Grafting and Silica Incorporation
Authors: Chen Guowei , Vahidifar Ali , Yu Steven , Mekonnen Tizazu H.
Published: November 2023

This study aims at evaluating and developing an environmental‐friendly and sulfur‐free cured ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) composites. Silane grafted EPDM (SiEPDM) composites incorporated with silica is prepared via a solvent‐free, one‐step reactive mixing process. The silane grafting and silica filler bonding are characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The mechanical properties of the developed composites are examined. The fracture morphology is observed using an environmental scanning electron microscopy. The rheology and thermomechanical properties are evaluated by using a rotational rheometer and dynamic mechanical analyzer. Notably, a robust bonding between silica and the grafted silane is established, yielding a crosslinking network within the composite structure. This phenomenon is substantiated by the observed gel efficiency and rheology behavior. Consequently, a pronounced augmentation of up to 75% in tensile strength and 29% in tear strength are observed in the optimized SiEPDM‐silica composites, distinguishing them from their EPDM‐silica counterparts. The introduction of paraffin oil contributes to enhanced processability; however, it is concomitant with a reduction in gel efficiency and associated mechanical properties. Furthermore, subsequent UV weathering test unveils that the SiEPDM‐silica composites exhibit the highest levels of residual tensile strength and modulus, indicative of their exceptional UV stability.
Efficiently building receive arrays with electromagnetic simulations and additive manufacturing: A two‐layer, 32‐channel prototype for 7T brain MRI
Authors: Gapais Paul‐François , Luong Michel , Nizery François , Maitre Gabriel , Giacomini Eric , Guillot Jules , Vignaud Alexandre , Berrahou Djamel , Dubois Marc , Abdeddaim Redha , Georget Elodie , Hosseinnezhadian Sajad , Amadon Alexis
Published: November 2023

Purpose

We propose a comprehensive workflow to design and build fully customized dense receive arrays for MRI, providing prediction of SNR and g‐factor. Combined with additive manufacturing, this method allows an efficient implementation for any arbitrary loop configuration. To demonstrate the methodology, an innovative two‐layer, 32‐channel receive array is proposed.

Methods

The design workflow is based on numerical simulations using a commercial 3D electromagnetic software associated with circuit model co‐simulations to provide the most accurate results in an efficient time. A model to compute the noise covariance matrix from circuit model scattering parameters is proposed. A 32‐channel receive array at 7 T is simulated and fabricated with a two‐layer design made of non‐geometrically decoupled loops. Decoupling between loops is achieved using home‐built direct high‐impedance preamplifiers. The loops are 3D‐printed with a new additive manufacturing technique to speed up integration while preserving the detailed geometry as simulated. The SNR and parallel‐imaging performances of the proposed design are compared with a commercial coil, and in vivo images are acquired.

Results

The comparison of SNR and g‐factors showed a good agreement between simulations and measurements. Experimental values are comparable with the ones measured on the commercial coil. Preliminary in vivo images also ensured the absence of any unexpected artifacts.

Conclusion

A new design and performance analysis workflow is proposed and tested with a non‐conventional 32‐channel prototype at 7 T. Additive manufacturing of dense arrays of loops for brain imaging at ultrahigh field is validated for clinical use.
Boosting food safety in Ghana: Exploring the future of nanotechnology
Authors: Lawal Mohammed , Payne Joseph , Onyeaka Helen , Alao AbdulKabir Mahmud , Okoampah Emmanuel
Published: November 2023

The issue of food fraud, safety and contaminants remains a topic of public concern, as it has been aligned to potential food scarcity. However, nanotechnology presents a promising opportunity for improving various industries, including food, agriculture, and health. This article aims to examine the potential of nanotechnology in enhancing food safety in Ghana, and its efficacy in addressing prevalent food safety challenges. Nano‐based approaches, such as nano‐packaging, nano‐sensing, nano‐additives, and other nano‐techniques, are discussed as effective methods for addressing major and emerging food safety issues in Ghana, such as food contaminants, antimicrobial resistance, food fraud and adulteration, and poor sanitary conditions. Additionally, the ethical and safety implications of these nano‐based approaches and particles are also deliberated.
Balancing graph Voronoi diagrams with one more vertex
Authors: Ducoffe Guillaume
Published: November 2023

Let be a graph with unit‐length edges and nonnegative costs assigned to its vertices. Given a list of pairwise different vertices , the prioritized Voronoi diagram of with respect to is the partition of in subsets so that, for every with , a vertex is in if and only if is a closest vertex to in and there is no closest vertex to in within the subset . For every with , the load of vertex equals the sum of the costs of all vertices in . The load of equals the maximum load of a vertex in . We study the problem of adding one more vertex at the end of in order to minimize the load. This problem occurs in the context of optimally locating a new service facility (e.g., a school or a hospital) while taking into account already existing facilities, and with the goal of minimizing the maximum congestion at a site. There is a brute‐force algorithm for solving this problem in time on ‐vertex ‐edge graphs. We prove a matching time lower bound–up to sub‐polynomial factors–for the special case where and , assuming the so called Hitting Set Conjecture of Abboud et al. On the positive side, we present simple linear‐time algorithms for this problem on cliques, paths and cycles, and almost linear‐time algorithms for trees, proper interval graphs and (assuming to be a constant) bounded‐treewidth graphs.
High‐frequency wide‐angle reflection and refraction method for structural engineering ground‐penetrating radar surveys
Authors: Campo Davide
Published: November 2023

Electromagnetic wave velocity in ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) constant offset data can be estimated via the diffraction hyperbola fitting method. This method is applicable when radargrams contain diffraction events (hyperbolic patterns) caused by scatters in the host smaller or equal to the dominant wavelength. An alternative method for velocity estimation, if no intrusive information is available for a direct correlation, requires the collection of multi‐offset data. The method is quite common for broad geophysical applications; however, it seems not to be fully utilized for engineering applications, such as slabs/walls where thickness estimation and depth of the embedded features are critical requirements for structural assessments. This method would also overcome the limitations in velocity calibration in environments with no hyperbolic signal signatures. The aim of this study is to explore multi‐offset high‐frequency GPR applications, specifically the wide‐angle reflection and refraction method, for structural engineering, to understand whether it is feasible, possible limitations, and advantages. Numerical models reproducing reinforced concrete elements and a cavity wall were analysed to understand the wave behaviour and predict the response prior to testing on real cases. The main purpose is to explore how reinforcing bars can affect the velocity spectra derived from semblance analysis and what the response would be in a case of multi‐layered structure with increasing velocity with depth (cavity wall). The comparison with real cases showed that, despite some intrinsic limitations, high‐frequency multi‐offset approach could be part of standard workflow for all those surveys where no other velocity estimation method is feasible.
UV‐initiated preparation and absorption properties of pseudo‐polyrotaxane cyclodextrin‐based PVA/poly (acrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) hydrogel
Authors: Simayi Rena , Jiang Menghao , Sawut Amatjan , Song Huijun , Wang Junxiao
Published: November 2023

The recycling of dyes from dye wastewater is one of the most challenging problems in wastewater treatment. In this study, a pseudo‐polyrotaxane cyclodextrin based PVA/poly (acrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) hydrogel was prepared by UV‐initiated polymerization. The network structure of the hydrogel and the performance on the dye absorption were adjusted by controlling the content of cyclodextrin. The study was mainly focused on the absorption of methylene blue (MB) in different environments, selectivity of absorption in mixed solutions and the cyclic absorption behavior. At room temperature, the absorption efficiency of this hydrogel for MB and methylene green reached 91.37% and 94.23%, respectively. In addition, the hydrogel exhibited highly selective absorption towards MB in mixed dye solutions. In the absorption‐desorption cyclic experiments, a more cost‐effective and environmental friendly solvent, a mixture of ethanol and water, was used, and after ten cycles, the highest absorption efficiency was basically maintained. Hence, the hydrogel is expected to be a candidate for more efficient and economical absorbent material in dye wastewater treatment.
Ag/ZIF‐8/polyacrylonitrile flexible SERS substrate with high sensitivity for the surface corrosion analysis
Authors: Zhang Yahui , Zhou Sheng , Li Jiyuan , Chen Jiachang , Chen Junying , Huang Xia
Published: November 2023

The development of a novel and reliable surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate for the surface corrosion analysis of bronze relics is an attractive research topic in cultural relic protection. A high‐performance SERS substrate was developed in the current investigation using Ag/ZIF‐8/Polyacrylonitrile (Ag/ZIF‐8/PAN) nanofibers. Silver nanoparticles were grown in situ by zeolite imidazolate framework‐8 (ZIF‐8) nanoparticles, and the substrate was examined in the surface corrosion analysis of bronze relics. In situ, growth of silver nanoparticles was ensured by the porous structure and active centers on ZIF‐8, coated on PAN nanofibers. Simultaneously, the adsorption of harmful rust‐alkaline copper chloride was enhanced on the surface of bronze relics. The extensive metal network was perturbed by the deposits, which substantially increased the intensity of the Raman characteristic peaks of the test objects. The signal strength of alkaline copper chloride at 118 cm−1 on the bronze surface increased from 1094 to 20,790. The exceptional SERS performance of silver nanoparticles with sharp edges demonstrates that the synergistic effect of ZIF‐8 nanoparticles and PAN nanofibers offers a considerable number of Raman‐enhanced hot spots. These results indicate that MOF‐based nanostructures offer a novel approach to enhancing the morphology of silver nanoparticles and expanding their potential applications in the field of cultural relic protection.
Single‐cell RNA sequencing of human prostate basal epithelial cells reveals zone‐specific cellular populations and gene expression signatures
Authors: Vellky Jordan E , Wu Yaqi , Moline Daniel , Drnevich Jenny , Maienschein‐Cline Mark , Valyi‐Nagy Klara , Kajdacsy‐Balla Andre , Vander Griend Donald J
Published: November 2023

Despite evidence of genetic signatures in normal tissue correlating with disease risk, prospectively identifying genetic drivers and cell types that underlie subsequent pathologies has historically been challenging. The human prostate is an ideal model to investigate this phenomenon because it is anatomically segregated into three glandular zones (central, peripheral, and transition) that develop differential pathologies: prostate cancer in the peripheral zone (PZ) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in the transition zone (TZ), with the central zone (CZ) rarely developing disease. More specifically, prostatic basal cells have been implicated in differentiation and proliferation during prostate development and regeneration; however, the contribution of zonal variation and the critical role of basal cells in prostatic disease etiology are not well understood. Using single‐cell RNA sequencing of primary prostate epithelial cultures, we elucidated organ‐specific, zone‐specific, and cluster‐specific gene expression differences in basal cells isolated from human prostate and seminal vesicle (SV). Aggregated analysis identified ten distinct basal clusters by Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection. Organ specificity compared gene expression in SV with the prostate. As expected, SV cells were distinct from prostate cells by clustering, gene expression, and pathway analysis. For prostate zone specificity, we identified two CZ‐specific clusters, while the TZ and PZ populations clustered together. Despite these similarities, differential gene expression was identified between PZ and TZ samples that correlated with gene expression profiles in prostate cancer and BPH, respectively. Zone‐specific profiles and cell type‐specific markers were validated using immunostaining and bioinformatic analyses of publicly available RNA‐seq datasets. Understanding the baseline differences at the organ, zonal, and cellular level provides important insight into the potential drivers of prostatic disease and guides the investigation of novel preventive or curative treatments. Importantly, this study identifies multiple prostate basal cell populations and cell type‐specific gene signatures within prostate basal epithelial cells that have potential critical roles in driving prostatic diseases. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Development and cross‐validation of simple HPLC‐fluorescence and UPLC‐MS‐UV methods for rapid determination of oleuropein in olive leaves
Authors: Carrara Morgane , Kelly Mary T. , Griffin Lauren , Margout‐Jantac Delphine
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Olive leaves, abundant by‐products of the olive oil industry, are a rich source of oleuropein, an important polyphenol in olive leaves. So far, no published methods have been validated using matrix standards for oleuropein quantification in olive leaves.

Objectives

The study aimed to develop an HPLC method for oleuropein determination in olive leaves using spiked matrix standards prepared from a blank olive leaf matrix, to validate the method with respect to aqueous standards, and cross‐validate the HPLC method with UPLC‐MS and UPLC‐UV techniques.

Methodology

Oleuropein was extracted into methanol and analysed by HPLC with fluorescence detection (FLD; excitation and emission wavelengths 281 and 316 nm, respectively) and by UPLC‐MS‐UV. For validation, calibration curves of spiked matrix standards (0.4 to 4.8 mg/g) were analysed by the three methods over several days. Oleuropein was then analysed in French olive varieties.

Results

For the HPLC‐FLD method, repeatability and intermediate precision were less than 5% RSD and linearity was demonstrated by the Fischer test. Differences in results of the spiked placebos by the three methods were non‐significant, as confirmed by ANOVA. Extraction recovery was >90%, and there was a strong linear relationship between authentic and spiked matrix standards. The determination of oleuropein in French olive varieties is reported, including analysis in “Olivière” cultivar for the first time, leaves of which contained twice the amount of oleuropein compared with “Picholine”.

Conclusion

Accurate quantification of oleuropein is possible using aqueous standards. Cross‐validation indicates that selective analysis can equally be carried out by HPLC or by UPLC‐MS techniques.
Successful implementation of a stakeholder engagement program for pharmacoepidemiologic research
Authors: Cromer Sara J. , Steiner Barbara , York Cassie , Mastrorilli Julianna , Lake Gillian A. , Leibowitz Sherry , Simmons Leigh , Steppel‐Reznik Jeanne , Low Greg , Fischer Michael A. , Patorno Elisabetta , Wexler Deborah J.
Published: November 2023

Purpose

Rigorously conducted pharmacoepidemiologic research requires methodologically complex study designs and analysis yet evaluates problems of high importance to patients and clinicians. Despite this, participation in and mechanisms for stakeholder engagement in pharmacoepidemiologic research are not well‐described. Here, we describe our approach and lessons learned from engaging stakeholders, of varying familiarity with research methods, in a rigorous multi‐year pharmacoepidemiologic research program evaluating the comparative effectiveness of diabetes medications.

Methods

We recruited 5 patient and 4 clinician stakeholders; each was compensated for their time. Stakeholders received initial formal training in observational research and pharmacoepidemiologic methods sufficient to enable contribution to the research project. After onboarding, stakeholder engagement meetings were held virtually, in the evening, 2–3 times annually. Each was approximately 90 min and focused on 1–2 specific questions about the project, with preparatory materials sent in advance.

Results

Stakeholder meeting attendance was high (89%–100%), and all stakeholders engaged with the research project, both during and between meetings. Stakeholders reported positive experiences with meetings, satisfaction, and interest in the research project and its findings, and dedication to the success of the project's goals. They affirmed the value of receiving materials to review in advance and the effectiveness of a virtual platform. Their contributions included prioritizing and suggesting research questions, optimizing written evidence briefs for a lay audience, and guidance on broader topics such as research audience and methods of dissemination.

Conclusions

Stakeholder engagement in pharmacoepidemiologic research using complex study designs and analysis is feasible, acceptable, and positively impacts the research project.
Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics analysis and establishment of optimal dosing regimens using unbound cefmetazole concentration for patients infected with Extended‐Spectrum β‐lactamase producing Enterobacterales (ESBL‐E)
Authors: Namiki Takaya , Yokoyama Yuta , Hashi Hideki , Oda Rentaro , Jibiki Aya , Kawazoe Hitoshi , Matsumoto Kazuaki , Suzuki Sayo , Nakamura Tomonori
Published: November 2023

Study Objective

Establish methods for measuring cefmetazole (CMZ) concentrations conduct a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis using unbound CMZ concentrations for extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase producing enterobacterales (ESBL‐E) and investigate optimal dosing regimens for not undergoing hemodialysis (non‐HD) and undergoing hemodialysis (HD) patients.

Design

Prospective observational study.

Patients

Included patients treated with CMZ who provided written informed consent and were admitted to the Tokyo Bay Urayasu Ichikawa Medical Center between August 2021 and July 2022.

Measurements

Total and Unbound CMZ concentration was measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with solid‐phase extraction and ultrafiltration.

Setting

Determining the CMZ dosing regimen involved modified creatinine clearance (CLCR) with measured body weight (BW) using the Cockcroft–Gault equation. For non‐HD patients, blood samples were collected during at least three points. For patients undergoing HD, 1 g was administered via intravenous infusion, or rapid intravenous injection after HD, or 30 min before the end of HD. Blood samples were collected before HD (pre‐HD), and 1 and 3 h after starting HD and post‐HD. All blood samples were collected at steady‐state. Patient information was collected from electronic medical records. An unbound PK model was constructed for the non‐HD patients. A nomogram was constructed using Monte Carlo simulations with a 90% probability of target attainment at 70% free time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). For the HD patients, a nomogram was used to determine the optimal dosing regimen for each HD schedule.

Main Results

CMZ measurement methods were established. A model analysis of unbound PK in 37 non‐HD patients incorporated creatinine clearance (CLCR) using the Cockcroft–Gault equation, albumin (ALB) for clearance and body weight (BW) for the volume of distribution. In Monte Carlo simulations, nomograms corresponding to the MIC (known and unknown) were generated for each covariate. Using the nomogram, non‐HD patients with an ESBL‐E MIC of 8 mg/L, a BW of 60 kg, an ALB of 25 g/L, and a CLCR of 60 mL/min required administration of 2 g every 6 h (1‐ and 3‐h infusions). Unbound PK model parameters were calculated for 7 HD patients, and the optimal dosing regimens following PK/PD were determined for each HD schedule. In HD patients, the regimen after and during HD was established using a treatment that was effective up to an ESBL‐E MIC of 4 mg/L.

Conclusions

The nomogram for CMZ regimens established by PK/PD analysis of measured CMZ concentrations enables optimal CMZ dosing for ESBL‐E‐infected patients.
Effects of micro and nano fillers on the mechanical and thermal properties of hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene‐polyurethane based rocket motor liner
Authors: Erten Emre , Atalar Taner , Kaynak Cevdet
Published: November 2023

Case bonded solid rocket motors hold significant importance in both the defense and aerospace industries which typically consist of an insulating layer, a solid propellant, and a liner layer serving as an adhesive between the insulator and solid propellant. In this investigation, the aim was to assess the critical mechanical properties of five different HTPB based liner formulations under ambient conditions, as well as at elevated and reduced temperatures. The liner formulations incorporated micro carbon black, nano carbon black, nano silica, and nano titania as fillers. A comprehensive characterization study encompassing mechanical and thermal properties was conducted to evaluate the performance of these potential rocket motor liners. Mobility reduction of polymer chains and bond strengthening at lower temperatures led to the enhancement in mechanical properties of all filled and unfilled liners with decline in temperature. All mechanical properties of filled liner formulations increased significantly compared to unfilled formulation at all temperatures. Enhancements in mechanical properties were more pronounced with carbon blacks as fillers. Thermal analyses of each formulation revealed that there were improvements in the thermal properties of filled liners compared to unfilled one.
Trade impacts of external border measures under the European Union's plant health legislation
Authors: Barreiro‐Hurle Jesus , García‐Alvarez‐Coque Jose Maria , Martinez‐Gomez Victor , Marti Luisa
Published: November 2023

Background

This article assesses whether the European Union's (EU's) plant health regulations have had an impact on imports. A dynamic modelling approach was applied, using a two‐step generalized method of moments estimator for panel data, and covering an 8‐year period (2013–2020). The estimated equation includes volumes of trade, economic drivers, the trading partner, and variables capturing categories of import requirements (phytosanitary certificates, exemptions, restrictions) with regards to external border measures for enhanced biosecurity.

Results

From the analysis we can conclude that the import regime and its recent changes have had a limited impact, if any, on trade flows of the affected products. The most significant impact is found for products classified as high‐risk plants, while the extension of the phytosanitary certificate requirement to new products seems to have had negligible effects on trade.

Conclusion

Therefore, the plant protection regime for extra‐EU trade seems to be not trade distorting while supplying a framework to enhance plant health in the EU. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Marburg virus outbreak in Tanzania: A threat to global health security
Authors: Edward Majani , Scott Godfred Yawson , John Withness , Rajabu Martha Ernest , Mahulu Elton , Saidu Musa Shuaibu , Don Eliseo Lucero‐Prisno III
Published: November 2023

The current Marburg virus (MARV) outbreak in Tanzania served as a stark reminder of the ongoing threat posed by emerging infectious diseases and the urgent need for global health security. The Tanzanian Ministry of Health (MoH) officially declared the outbreak on March 21, 2023. Eight cases in all, five of which included fatalities, have been reported in the country at present. The virus is a member of the Filoviridae family closely related to the widely known Ebola virus. Similar to other filoviruses, MARV causes acute and lethal hemorrhagic fever in both human and nonhuman primates with high case fatality rates ranging from 24% to 90%. The outbreak has highlighted the need for improved disease surveillance and response systems, as well as increased funding for research into emerging infectious diseases. The Tanzanian MoH has deployed a response team to investigate and monitor the transmission in the Kagera Region. The team works closely in collaboration with other organizations, such as the World Health Organization and the Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, to ensure the effective control of the situation. Although there is no vaccine or treatment approved for Marburg virus disease (MVD), supportive management improves survival. Existing infection prevention and control protocols for Ebola and other viral hemorrhagic fevers such as isolation and use of appropriate personal protective equipment can be used to prevent transmission of MVD. The global community must work together to strengthen health systems, enhance research efforts, and build resilient and responsive health systems to prevent future outbreaks of this kind. In this article, we have analyzed the MVD outbreak in Tanzania, specifically in the Bukoba district of the Kagera Region, and provided recommendations for the management of the current outbreak and future outbreaks.
Preliminary evaluation for ultrasound‐guided targeted prostate biopsy using a portable surgical robot: Ex vivo results
Authors: Jiang Wenhe , Gao Yongzhuo , Wen Mingwei , Ye Zhichao , Liang Huageng , Wu Dongmei , Dong Wei
Published: November 2023

Background

Robotic systems are increasingly used to enhance clinical outcomes in prostate intervention. To evaluate the clinical value of the proposed portable robot, the robot‐assisted and robot‐targeted punctures were validated experimentally.

Method

The robot registration utilising the electromagnetic tracker achieves coordinate transformation from the ultrasound (US) image to the robot. Subsequently, Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)‐guided phantom trials were conducted for robot‐assisted, free‐hand, and robot‐targeted punctures.

Results

The accuracy of robot registration was 0.95 mm, and the accuracy of robot‐assisted, free‐hand, and robot‐targeted punctures was 2.38 ± 0.64 mm, 3.11 ± 0.72 mm, and 3.29 ± 0.83 mm sequentially.

Conclusion

The registration method has been successfully applied to robot‐targeted puncture. Current results indicate that the accuracy of robot‐targeted puncture is slightly inferior to that of manual operations. Moreover, in manual operation, robot‐assisted puncture improves the accuracy of free‐hand puncture. Accuracy superior to 3.5 mm demonstrates the clinical applicability of both robot‐assisted and robot‐targeted punctures.
Environmental Health Check: How third‐party environmental evaluation project affects corporate environmental responsibility
Authors: Jiang Wenbing , Wang Xuejun , Du Lei
Published: November 2023

Third‐party environmental evaluation by environmental organizations can provide an independent professional evaluation of firms' environmental behaviors. Because environmental organizations aim to improve environmental welfare, which reflects value rationality than instrumental rationality. We argue that third‐party environmental evaluation can reduce information asymmetries between central and local governments, and induce local governments to strengthen environmental enforcement, which in turn increases the pressure on polluters. At the same time, third‐party evaluation improves transparency and exposes firms' environmental opportunistic behavior, which increases the pressure on firms to take more responsibility for environmental protection. In an analysis of a large sample of Chinese listed firms over the period 2009–2018, we find that third‐party evaluation from environmental organizations has a positive impact on firms' environmental responsibility. This positive effect is stronger for firms located in regions with weak local protectionism and weaker for firms with less external shareholder monitoring.
Trifloaluminate Ionic Liquids Supported UIO‐67 as Lewis Acidic Catalyst for Excellent Synthesis of Alkyl Levulinates
Authors: Ahmad Muhammad Umair , Zhao Guoying , Hussain Shahid
Published: November 2023

Herein, levulinate acid esters (LAEs) were efficiently synthesized from the α‐angelica lactone (α‐AL) esterification with trifloaluminate ionic liquids supported UIO‐67 MOF as Lewis acidic catalyst. A series of UIO‐67 catalysts with varied trifloaluminate ionic liquids loading were prepared via the post‐modification method and exhibited excellent catalytic activity for α‐AL esterification. Remarkable α‐AL conversion (100 %) and LAEs selectivity (>99 %) were achieved by UIO‐67 catalysts (0.2 mol %) with 12.4 %, trifloaluminate ionic liquids loading (UIO‐67‐TFA) at 70 °C and 90 min. The UIO‐67‐TFA catalyst can be reused at least 5 cycles without significant loss of catalytic activity. The UIO‐67‐TFA catalysts were fully characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, TGA, IR, N2 physisorption, etc. The results indicated that the well‐distributed active trifloaluminate Lewis acid catalytic sites, high BET surface area, and good thermal stability could contribute to its excellent catalytic activity.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Molecularly Imprinted Nanoparticles for Detection and Quantification of Zolpidem In Human Plasma
Authors: Landi Behnaz , Kobarfard Farzad , Banan Kamran , Keçili Rüstem , Ghorbani‐Bidkorpeh Fatemeh
Published: November 2023

In response to the alarming rates of zolpidem abuse, this study presents a pioneering approach utilizing molecularly imprinted nanoparticles (MIPs) in conjunction with high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the selective detection of zolpidem. The rational choice of zolpidem as the target analyte stems from its widespread misuse and clinical significance. The MIPs were prepared using the precipitation polymerization method, resulting in monodispersed nanoparticles with a size of approximately 258.8 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed the successful incorporation of zolpidem into the MIPs, designed with tailored cavities for zolpidem recognition. Moreover, incorporating the bathochromic shift phenomenon reaffirms the successful imprinting procedure. The rebinding studies showed that MIPs were highly efficient in adsorbing zolpidem from the solvent, with more than 95 % of the drug recovered after multiple cycles. The selectivity study demonstrated the MIPs′ preference for zolpidem over another drug, diazepam. The MIPs′ successful separation of zolpidem from spiked human plasma samples further validates their potential for practical applications, such as clinical toxicology. This research showcases the potential of MIPs coupled with HPLC as a powerful tool for accurate zolpidem quantification, holding great promise for combating drug abuse and advancing analytical methodologies for pharmaceutical analysis.