bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of nitrite treated tuna fish meat via the determination of nitrous oxide by head space-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Niederer Markus , Lang Sandra , Roux Bernard , Stebler Thomas , Hohl Christopher
Published: August 2019

Tuna fish meat is an expensive and highly perishable sea food. Fresh meat has a bright red colour which soon turns into an unsightly brown during storage. To prolong the aspect of freshness, the red colour is stabilised or even enhanced e.g. with carbon monoxide or nitric oxide, the product of a nitrite / ascorbic acid treatment, which bind as a ligand to myoglobin. These procedures are illegal. Here we present a method for identifying tuna meat samples, which have undergone fraudulent wet salting with nitrite. The method uses headspace-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the determination of nitrous oxide, which is formed as the final product of the two-step reduction nitrite (added agent) to nitric oxide (ligand) to nitrous oxide (target compound). Complex bound nitric oxide is set free with sulfuric acid, which also promotes the reduction to nitrous oxide. The method was validated using 15N labelled nitrite as well as treated and untreated reference fish samples. A survey of 13 samples taken from the Swiss market in 2019 showed that 45 % of all samples were illegally treated with nitrite.
Notes on certain analytic functions concerning some subordinations
Authors: Altınkaya Şahsene , Owa Shigeyoshi , Yalçin Sibel
Published: August 2019

By making use of the principle of subordination, we investigate a certain subclass of analytic functions. Such results as subordination and superordination are given. The related sandwich-type results are also presented.
A new characterization of symplectic groups C2(3n)
Authors: Ebrahimzadeh Behnam , Mohammadyari Reza
Published: August 2019

We prove that symplectic groups C2(3n), where n = 2k (k ≥ 0) and (32n + 1)=2 is a prime number, can be uniquely determined by the order of the group and the number of elements with the same order.
Accounting and analysis
Authors: Шеремет Анатолий , Shyeryemyet Anatoliy , Старовойтова Елена , Starovoytova Elena
Published: August 2019

The textbook is written in full accordance with the program of the course “Accounting and Analysis”, approved by the Academic Council of the Faculty of Economics of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov for undergraduate studies in Economics. The subject of the course is information and analytical support for business management, i.e. accounting and reporting system, methods of economic analysis and the basics of audit of financial statements of enterprises. For students of economic universities studying in the undergraduate system in the areas of "Economics" and "Management" of all profiles.
On the Construction of Converging Hierarchies for Polynomial Optimization Based on Certificates of Global Positivity
Authors: Ahmadi Amir Ali , Hall Georgina
Published: August 2019

In recent years, techniques based on convex optimization and real algebra that produce converging hierarchies of lower bounds for polynomial minimization problems have gained much popularity. At their heart, these hierarchies rely crucially on Positivstellensätze from the late 20th century (e.g., due to Stengle, Putinar, or Schmüdgen) that certify positivity of a polynomial on an arbitrary closed basic semialgebraic set. In this paper, we show that such hierarchies could in fact be designed from much more limited Positivstellensätze dating back to the early 20th century that only certify positivity of a polynomial globally. More precisely, we show that any inner approximation to the cone of positive homogeneous polynomials that is arbitrarily tight can be turned into a converging hierarchy of lower bounds for general polynomial minimization problems with compact feasible sets. This in particular leads to a semidefinite programming–based hierarchy that relies solely on Artin’s solution to Hilbert’s 17th problem. We also use a classical result from Pólya on global positivity of even forms to construct an “optimization-free” converging hierarchy for general polynomial minimization problems with compact feasible sets. This hierarchy requires only polynomial multiplication and checking nonnegativity of coefficients of certain fixed polynomials. As a corollary, we obtain new linear programming–based and second-order cone programming–based hierarchies for polynomial minimization problems that rely on the recently introduced concepts of diagonally dominant sum of squares and scaled diagonally dominant sum of squares polynomials. We remark that the scope of this paper is theoretical at this stage, as our hierarchies—though they involve at most two sum of squares constraints or only elementary arithmetic at each level—require the use of bisection and increase the number of variables (respectively, the degree) of the problem by the number of inequality constraints plus three (respectively, by a factor of two).
Umbilical cord separation time: chlorhexidine vs methylated-spirit
Authors: Okpaleke Miriam-Hilda , Ndikom Chizoma M
Published: August 2019

Background

Use of topical antiseptics could reduce the incidence of infection; however, studies have suggested that some antiseptics prolong the time for cord separation when compared with others.

Aims

To compare the umbilical cord separation time between neonates receiving 7.1% chlorhexidine gel and methylated spirit.

Methods

A quasi-experimental research design was employed for this study. A multistage sampling technique was used to select three primary health centers in Ibadan, Nigeria. A total of 212 newborns (118 newborns in the chlorhexidine group and 94 in the methylated spirit group) were enrolled into the study.

Findings

There was a statistically significant difference in mean time to cord separation between chlorhexidine (9.53 ± 4.559 days) and methylated-spirit group (7.98 ± 2.984) (t=2.840; P=0.005).

Conclusions

Chlorhexidine gel prolongs cord separation when compared to methylated spirit. Prolonged cord separation time was the major cause of dissatisfaction in the two study groups. The increased cord separation time associated with chlorhexidine should not eliminate it in settings where the risk of cord infection is high, but mothers should be informed of this.
managing equality and diversity, part 8: gender: In the balance
Authors: Jozwiak Gabriella
Published: August 2019

From employing more men to challenging stereotypes, Gabriella Jozwiak looks at gender issues facing the sector
Chord Language:Chord Painting Legend
Authors: LI Xiaohong
Published: August 2019

Is there a unified natural principle or theory of all things behind the natural phenomena that are observed in different disciplines and scattered? Or: Has humanity observed a super-disciplinary, universal law of universality? The chord language phenomenon has this feature.

The chord language exists in the disciplines of music, painting, and meridian (the theory of oriental ancient medicine), and is used for semantic expressions such as time, space, life, and spirit. The basic form is: quantized discrete spectrum, open string, closed string, non-linear string and other chord semantics, which is a repeatable observation fact - chord language, quantum theory, string theory is an isomorphic system?

Music and painting are chord language phenomena, with chord language characteristics of spectral forms: chords, tones, scales, etc., expressed separately: time and space, mathematical mutual: reverse-mirror relationship - music, painting language, but also physical, mathematical form, which is a problem for science, philosophy.

Chord language is not only a spiritual phenomenon (music, painting), but also a physical phenomenon (discrete spectrum, string), observing chord language events, such as: music, painting, etc. - also observing physical events, it has spiritual-natural isomorphism, This is its philosophical significance: there is a certain natural principle and law between spirit and nature.

The chord language is an ancient knowledge system. Its mathematical model can be traced back to the ancient Greek Pythagorean temperament. Through the gradual improvement of musicians of the past, the chord space semantics can be observed in the painting: open string, closed string, non-line Strings, Meridian (Oriental Ancient Medicine) observe the positive-negative (yin-yang) rules of chord language, which form the basis of observation of chord language and are verifiable facts.
ANALISIS PENGISIAN UNSUR KETERWAKILAN DAERAH MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 7 TAHUN 2017 TENTANG PEMILIHAN UMUM
Authors: Adhayanto Oksep , Irman Irman , Nurhasanah Nurhasanah
Published: August 2019

Sebagai konstituen, rakyat tidak menginginkan anggota DPD yang terpilih bertindak dalam hubungan wakil sebagai partisan akan tetapi rakyat sangat mengharapkan anggota DPD yang terpilih dapat bertindak dalam hubungan wakil sebagai utusan daerah. Terkait dengan unsur keterwakilan daerah dalam pengisian keanggotaan DPD menurut Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2017 serta implikasi dari unsur keterwakilan daerah yang diisi oleh keterwakilan politik. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif yang menggunakan data sekunder. Hasil penelitian ini bahwa dalam pemilihan calon anggota DPD guna mewujudkan persaingan yang sehat antar calon perlu persyaratan pembatasan keterlibatan calon yang berasal dari partai politik. Calon anggota DPD yang berasal dari partai politik akan menghadapi conflict of interest dalam menjalankan tugas dan fungsinya disatu sisi terkait kepentingan daerah dan disisi lain terdapat kepentingan politik.
KEWENANGAN MENGADILI OLEH BAWASLU ATAS SENGKETA PROSES PEMILU YANG DIATUR DALAM PERATURAN KOMISI PEMILIHAN UMUM (STUDI ATAS PUTUSAN PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA PROSES PEMILU BAWASLU PROVINSI DKI JAKARTA NOMOR 004/REG.LG/DPRD/12.00/VIII/2018)
Authors: Amal Bakhrul
Published: August 2019

Penegakan hukum Pemilu terdiri dari dua hal, yakni penegakan hukum Pemilu terkait pelanggaran Pemilu dan penegakan hukum Pemilu terkait dengan hasil dan sengketanya. Setiap penegakan hukum Pemilu ditangani oleh lembaga negara tergantung dari jenis pelanggaran yang dilakukan. Bawaslu adalah salah satu lembaga yang memperoleh atribusi kewenangan untuk menegakan hukum Pemilu terkait dengan sengketa proses Pemilu. Pada pelaksanaan kewenangannya tersebut Bawaslu dinilai seringkali melakukan tindakan yang melampaui apa yang seharusnya dilakukan, seperti melampui apa yang menjadi kewenangan Mahkamah Agung. Bawaslu seharusnya hanya menangani Surat Keputusan KPU dan Penetapan Berita Acara KPU bukan justeru menafsirkan PKPU. Hal itu terjadi pada Putusan Penyelesaian Sengketa Proses Pemilu Bawaslu Provinsi DKI Jakarta Nomor 004/REG.LG/DPRD/12.00/VIII/2018 antara Muhammad Taufik berhadapan dengan KPUD Provinsi DKI Jakarta. Di sisi lain Bawaslu memiliki argumentasi yang dapat dipertanggungjawabkan secara hukum. Argumentasi tersebut berupa putusan Bawaslu atas  Penetapan Berita Acara itu tidak bisa diejawantahkan dengan Bawaslu menafsirkan PKPU. Ada mekanisme hukum yang bisa dilakukan Bawaslu ketika menjadi hakim yaitu mekanisme menafsirkan antinomi hukum dan mekanisme itu sesuai dengan asas-asas di dalam peradilan.
PEMBERLAKUAN HUKUMAN MATI PADA KEJAHATAN NARKOTIKA MENURUT HUKUM HAM INTERNASIONAL DAN KONSTITUSI DI INDONESIA
Authors: Pakian Mardenis , Maryanti Iin
Published: August 2019

Pemberlakuan hukuman mati mengundang perdebatan antar negara abolisionis dan negara retensionis. Di Indonesia, perbedaan pendapat dipengaruhi dampak yang ditimbulkan terlebih jika terpidana WNA, yang akan mengundang protes dari negara lain. Penulis melakukan analisis bagaimana pengaturan hukuman mati dalam aturan hukum berbagai negara dan apakah penerapan hukuman mati kejahatan narkotika tidak bertentangan dengan hukum HAM internasional dan nasional Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yuridis normatif, pengumpulan data melalui studi dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan penerapan hukuman mati dikarenakan perbedaan sejarah, ideologi dan cara pandang suatu Negara dalam memaknai hukuman mati terutama terkait HAM, kemudian penerapan hukuman mati kejahatan narkotika pada dasarnya tidak bertentangan baik dengan hukum internasional, maupun hukum nasional terutama hukum HAM internasional.
The Decisive Moment(s or periods) in the Application of Income Tax Rules and the Importance of Events Thereafter – a Swedish, Norwegian and Finnish Perspective and Comparison
Authors: Kellgren Jan , Furuseth Eivind , Kukkonen Matti
Published: August 2019

For a correct application of tax laws, it is central to know at what time or period the conditions of each case are to be tested against the respective tax rule. For example, in many questions, the conditions at the time of the transaction are decisive, but not seldom the tax rules take aim at the conditions at the end of the year – or some other time or period. It is also important to know what significance should be given to events after this time or period, not least when the income declaration is made and assessed. Here, these partly overlooked questions are presented and analyzed from the Swedish, Norwegian and Finnish income tax-perspectives.
Analysis of dexmedetomidine on the quality of awakening during neurosurgery
Authors: Cao Jing , Li Hui , Song Shengwen , Zhou Xuyan , Shen Xu
Published: August 2019

Dexmedetomidine has a dose-dependent sedative and analgesic effect. To further evaluate the wake-up quality of dexmedetomidine in patients undergoing neurosurgery, a meta-analysis of dexmedetomidine in a randomized controlled trial of general anesthesia was performed. Firstly, an experimental algorithm was proposed, and then the data fusion algorithm was used to conduct randomized controlled trials. The clinical efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine in the acupuncture of neurosurgical patients were evaluated one by one for quality evaluation and data extraction. The effect of different input variables on the depth of anesthesia was studied by using a multi-data fusion approach. The results show that the data fusion algorithm proposed can effectively connect redundant information and complementary information in multiple data, and estimate the real parameters of the measured object. In addition, data fusion brings great convenience to the design of control algorithms and controllers, and provides an effective basis for system simplification. Experiments have shown that dexmedetomidine is effective and safe in the operation of neurosurgical motor function, and the management of the recovery period is safe and effective. Based on the research, it can provide some reference for the awakening of patients undergoing neurosurgery, and promote the progress and development of medicine.
Lower Limb Biomechanical Factors Related to Running Injuries: A Review and Practical Recommendations
Authors: Fernández-López Isidro , Rojano-Ortega Daniel
Published: August 2019

The objective of this review is to analyze some of the biomechanical factors involved in the most common running injuries: anterior knee pain, iliotibial band syndrome, Achilles tendinopathy, and medial tibial stress syndrome/tibial stress fracture. Eighteen studies met all inclusion criteria. Results showed that there is little consistent evidence in the literature to connect any biomechanical anomaly to any given running injury, except for female runners with patellofemoral pain who have an increased peak hip adduction angle at stance phase. This review suggests that assessing and treating hip mechanics could help to prevent knee injuries in female runners.
Mom-and-Pop Narcissism: The Impact of Attention Seeking and Grandiosity on Couples' Experience of the Transition to Parenthood
Authors: Sened Haran , Bar-Kalifa Eran , Pshedetzky-Shochat Rony , Gleason Marci , Rafaeli Eshkol
Published: August 2019

Various studies have demonstrated associations between personality disorders and relationship satisfaction. The authors examine the associations between attention seeking and grandiosity, both features of narcissistic personality disorder, and relationship satisfaction before and after the transition to parenthood. The authors then expand their analysis to parental satisfaction and postpartum depression (PPD). Nonclinical couples (N = 103 couples) expecting their first child completed measures of grandiosity, attention seeking, and relationship satisfaction before birth, and of relationship satisfaction, parental satisfaction, and PPD symptoms 3 months afterward. Attention seeking was associated with less parental satisfaction and more PPD symptoms, and with less prepartum relationship satisfaction for participants' partners. For men, attention seeking was also associated with prepartum relationship satisfaction. Grandiosity was associated with a decrease in relationship satisfaction after birth, although, surprisingly with fewer PPD symptoms for participants’ partners. The authors discuss how these findings might be related to changes in social support and work–life balance during the transition to parenthood.
Connectomic Identification and Three-Dimensional Color Tuning of S-OFF Midget Ganglion Cells in the Primate Retina
Authors: Wool Lauren E. , Packer Orin S. , Zaidi Qasim , Dacey Dennis M.
Published: August 2019

In the trichromatic primate retina, the “midget” retinal ganglion cell is the classical substrate for red–green color signaling, with a circuitry that enables antagonistic responses between long (L)- and medium (M)-wavelength-sensitive cone inputs. Previous physiological studies showed that some OFF midget ganglion cells may receive sparse input from short (S)-wavelength-sensitive cones, but the effect of S-cone inputs on the chromatic tuning properties of such cells has not been explored. Moreover, anatomical evidence for a synaptic pathway from S cones to OFF midget ganglion cells through OFF midget bipolar cells remains ambiguous. In this study, we address both questions for the macaque monkey retina. First, we used serial block-face electron microscopy to show that every S cone in the parafoveal retina synapses principally with a single OFF midget bipolar cell, which in turn forms a private-line connection with an OFF midget ganglion cell. Second, we used patch electrophysiology to characterize the chromatic tuning of OFF midget ganglion cells in the near peripheral retina that receive combined input from L, M, and S cones. These “S-OFF” midget cells have a characteristic S-cone spatial signature, but demonstrate heterogeneous color properties due to the variable strength of L, M, and S cone input across the receptive field. Together, these findings strongly support the hypothesis that the OFF midget pathway is the major conduit for S-OFF signals in primate retina and redefines the pathway as a chromatically complex substrate that encodes color signals beyond the classically recognized L versus M and S versus L+M cardinal mechanisms.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe first step of color processing in the visual pathway of primates occurs when signals from short (S)-, middle (M)-, and long (L)-wavelength-sensitive cone types interact antagonistically within the retinal circuitry to create color-opponent pathways. The midget (L versus M or “red-green”) and small bistratified (S vs L+M, or “blue-yellow”) ganglion cell pathways appear to provide the physiological origin of the cardinal axes of human color vision. Here we confirm the presence of an additional S-OFF midget circuit in the macaque monkey fovea with scanning block-face electron microscopy and show physiologically that a subpopulation of S-OFF midget cells combine S, L, and M cone inputs along noncardinal directions of color space, expanding the retinal role in color coding.
Myo-inositol alters 13C-labeled fatty acid metabolism in human placental explants
Authors: Watkins Oliver C , Islam Mohammed Omedul , Selvam Preben , Pillai Reshma Appukuttan , Cazenave-Gassiot Amaury , Bendt Anne K , Karnani Neerja , Godfrey Keith M , Lewis Rohan M , Wenk Markus R , Chan Shiao-Yng
Published: August 2019

We postulate that myo-inositol, a proposed intervention for gestational diabetes, affects transplacental lipid supply to the fetus. We investigated the effect of myo-inositol on fatty acid processing in human placental explants from uncomplicated pregnancies. Explants were incubated with 13C-labeled palmitic acid, 13C-oleic acid and 13C-docosahexaenoic acid across a range of myo-inositol concentrations for 24 h and 48 h. The incorporation of labeled fatty acids into individual lipids was quantified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. At 24 h, myo-inositol increased the amount of 13C-palmitic acid and 13C-oleic-acid labeled lipids (median fold change relative to control = 1). Significant effects were seen with 30 µM myo-inositol (physiological) for 13C-palmitic acid-lysophosphatidylcholines (1.26) and 13C-palmitic acid-phosphatidylethanolamines (1.17). At 48 h, myo-inositol addition increased 13C-oleic-acid-lipids but decreased 13C-palmitic acid and 13C-docosahexaenoic-acid lipids. Significant effects were seen with 30 µM myo-inositol for 13C-oleic-acid-phosphatidylcholines (1.25), 13C-oleic-acid-phosphatidylethanolamines (1.37) and 13C-oleic-acid-triacylglycerols (1.32) and with 100 µM myo-inositol for 13C-docosahexaenoic-acid-triacylglycerols (0.78). Lipids labeled with the same 13C-fatty acid showed similar responses when tested at the same time point, suggesting myo-inositol alters upstream processes such as fatty acid uptake or activation. Myo-inositol supplementation may alter placental lipid physiology with unknown clinical consequences.
NADPH oxidase 4 and its role in the cardiovascular system
Authors: Gray Stephen P , Shah Ajay M , Smyrnias Ioannis
Published: August 2019

The heart relies on complex mechanisms that provide adequate myocardial oxygen supply in order to maintain its contractile function. At the cellular level, oxygen undergoes one electron reduction to superoxide through the action of different types of oxidases (e.g. xanthine oxidases, uncoupled nitric oxide synthases, NADPH oxidases or NOX). Locally generated oxygen-derived reactive species (ROS) are involved in various signaling pathways including cardiac adaptation to different types of physiological and pathophysiological stresses (e.g. hypoxia or overload). The specific effects of ROS and their regulation by oxidases are dependent on the amount of ROS generated and their specific subcellular localization. The NOX family of NADPH oxidases is a main source of ROS in the heart. Seven distinct Nox isoforms (NOX1–NOX5 and DUOX1 and 2) have been identified, of which NOX1, 2, 4 and 5 have been characterized in the cardiovascular system. For the purposes of this review, we will focus on the effects of NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) in the heart.
Lviv in the U.S. Polish Emigrants’ Press after World War II
Authors: Chwastyk-Kowalczyk Jolanta
Published: August 2019

The article discusses occurrences of topics related to Lviv in Polish opinion-forming newspapers in exile in the United States after World War II. The author followed the New Diaryin the years 1971–1999, together with its appendices, Polish Week (1971–1981) and Polish Review (1981–1999), published in New York. These titles had a wide scope of influence. The analysis of the newspapers’ contents revealed that a small, dispersed community from Lviv, who emigrated to the United States and centered around the Lviv Circle, made their works public regularly in the pages of the New Diary. However, compared with the incidence of the same themes in the Polish emigrants’ press in Western Europe during the same period, it was a marginal phenomenon about accidental topics. The texts mainly focused on unmasking the Soviet authorities’ actions to eliminate traces of Polish culture from Lviv, the devastation of the Lviv Eaglets Cemetery. Additionally, they posted pictures of the Poltva, poems devoted to the city, and anniversary reminiscences of the Lviv defense of 1918. Topics related to Lviv abroad were mostly the domain of its former citizens, who had been forced to leave the city without possibility of return (thanks to the provisions of the Yalta Conference)—journalists, academics, and activists in exile, regularly associated with magazines from the British Isles (the White Eagle, News, Polish Diary, and Soldier’s Diary) as well as Culture from Paris.
Woman through the Lens of the Polish - and Russian-Language Magazines „Dobre rady” – «Добрые советы»
Authors: Górska Marzena
Published: August 2019

This article attempts to characterize the Polishlanguage magazine Dobre rady in comparison with its Russian-language version Добрые cоветы. This article applies a comprehensively targeted discursive comparison of content to analyze thematic, semantic, cultural, social, structural, and linguistic data. The magazines are related to each other and form a whole, and both affect the perception of a specific group of readers. The analyzed magazines are monthlies of a handbook character, which help readers to take care of children, their health and beauty, and the home. They also provide information on how to resolve legal and financial issues, publish recipes, and entertain their readers. The analysis reveals that in these magazines, a personal pattern emerges of a woman whose main task is to combine the roles of worker, wife, mother, and housekeeper. The presented model comprises two types of women—the stereotypical, empathetic woman whose most important values are marriage and the home, and the rebel woman—a professional, for whom the realization of her own ambitions and the cult of the body are in the first place. The article reflects both theoretical and practical interests, and may be useful not only to those who read the magazines (modern women, housewives burdened with family problems, etc.) but also more broadly—taking into account women who do not fit the outlined image. The comparative nature of the article allows reflection on psychological as well as general cultural issues.
The Structure of Morphemes of Lithuanian Verbs
Authors: Kazlauskienė Asta , Raškinis Gailius
Published: August 2019

The aim of this research was to establish and describe the most important phonemic patterns of Lithuanian verb morphemes. The investigation was based on a corpus of 30,000 verb types (verbs and their forms). All words in the corpus were stressed and phonetically transcribed. A computer program was developed to extract statistics out of this corpus. The results indicate that monosyllabic morphemes dominate in Lithuanian. They comprise 97%, 99%, 98%, and 97% of all verb roots, prefixes, derivational suffixes, and endings respectively. Inflectional suffixes and the reflexive affix are exclusively monosyllabic. Pronominal inflection endings are either disyllabic (97%) or trisyllabic. There is a high variety of vowelconsonant patterns among verbs: the verb root is represented by 91 patterns, prefixes by 8 patterns, derivational suffixes by 18 patterns, inflectional suffixes by 7 patterns, inflectional endings by 9 patterns, endings of pronominal participles by 7 patterns, and the reflexive affix by 3 different patterns. The consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) pattern appeared to be the most frequent among verb roots (45%), the CV pattern was the most frequent among prefixes (59%), the VC pattern was the most frequent among derivational suffixes (46%), and V pattern was the most frequent among inflectional endings of Lithuanian verbs (76%). In many cases, the root of a verb contains both initial and final consonants (82%). Because of this and because of the tendency to avoid hiatus in Lithuanian, the root can be adjoined by vowel-final prefixes and vowel-initial suffixes or inflectional endings. This appears to be the case, as prefixes are mostly open (80%), and both derivational suffixes (90%) and all inflectional endings begin with vowels. Inflectional suffixes do not follow this regularity. Only one-third of them start with a vowel. The hypothesis that the phonemic structure of a verb root might determine the corresponding patterns of its adjoining affixes seems to be supported by this investigation.
Sport in the Context of Social Sciences. 2012. Eds. W. J. Cynarski, J. Kosiewicz, K. Obodyński
Authors: Mazurkiewicz Michał
Published: August 2019

Sport in the Context of Social Sciences. W. J. Cynarski, J. Kosiewicz, K. Obodyński, Eds. 2012. Rzeszów: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. 282 pp. ISBN 978-83-7338-813-0.

Sport has been a very important component of human existence for ages. It is a complex and colourful phenomenon which arouses the intense interest of fans all over the world and which can be analysed from different points of view. Sport is definitely something more than pure entertainment. Anyone interested in sport should be­come familiar with the latest fruit of the work of the Polish scientists conducting research on different aspects of sports his­tory and sociology. It is worth emphasizing that in Poland there are numerous scholars who have put sport at the centre of their scientific interests.
On Proper Names in German: An Analysis from the Cognitive Perspective
Authors: Majcher Magdalena Zofia Zofia
Published: August 2019

The aim of this paper is a cognitive grammar analysis of noun phrases in German which contain a proper noun. It is common for proper nouns in German, like first names, surnames, the names of cities and countries, to occur without an article. They can, however, also occur with the definite article, the demonstrative pronoun or with the indefinite article. There are also proper nouns in German, such as the names of rivers, mountain ranges, and some countries, which—according to many grammars—obligatorily occur with the definite article. However, it may happen that even those occur without an article. Whether there is an article before a proper noun or not is regarded as a grammatical phenomenon, without acknowledging its semantic aspects. The latter are only considered in a very few cases. A cognitive grammar analysis makes it possible to look at the abovementioned phenomena from the semanticconceptual perspective, thus ensuring wider opportunities to explain and describe them. According to cognitive grammar, every use of any element should have a semantic-conceptual motivation. The cognitive grammar analysis of German noun phrases containing a proper noun carried out in this article allows us to conclude that the use of articles in the German language is in most cases determined by the speaker’s intention. The analysis in this paper includes a description of noun phrases containing proper nouns selected from the German magazine Der Spiegel.
Appropriation of Symbol as Disclosure of the World of the Play in Tennessee Williams’s “The Glass Menagerie”
Authors: Astrauskienė Jurgita , Šležaitė Indrė
Published: August 2019

This paper examines the symbol as a key to understanding the world of Tennessee Williams’s play The Glass Menagerie (1945) within the frame of hermeneutics offered by Paul Ricoeur. Various conceptions of the symbol are presented, and the impact of religion upon the playwright’s drama is discussed. The interest of the authors is particularly directed towards the role of Christian symbols and their power to present, in a distinctive and irreplaceable way, the interplay of sacred and profane contexts. The Christian images inspire and shape the narrative structure of the drama. The analysis of particular symbols reveals that the playwright artistically uses Christian iconographic and liturgical implications as the symbolic pattern of the play. The spiritual meanings are evoked by the symbol of the rose, which is traditionally regarded as an emblem of the Virgin Mary, while the symbolic representation of the unicorn is associated with the Annunciation.
Effects of Captioned TV Shows on Language Learners Motivation and Perception
Authors: Basaran Suleyman , Dilber Eyup
Published: August 2019

This study aimed at identifying the possible effects of using English TV shows with captions on adult Turkish learners’ language learning motivation. It also investigated how learners perceived the use of captions as a language learning tool. Two different learner groups, A2 and B1, studied the printed captions of TV shows before watching them. Later, they watched the captioned shows three hours a week for approximately three months. The data from semi-structured interviews, questionnaires and observations indicated that captioned shows contributed to the instrumental motivation of the learners. The data also revealed that captions served as an aural and visual aid which played a very crucial role in comprehension. Watching captioned shows lowered the affective filter of the learners and resulted in interaction. In addition to being a major source of structural patterns, captions were used as a means of negotiation of meaning. Most important of all, captioned shows turned out to be effective authentic language materials, which may make up for a lack of interaction with native speakers.
The Interaction of Personal and Communal Identities in Literature
Authors: Krasnovas Aleksandras
Published: August 2019

This article is part of a larger group project designed to examine the memories and identities of multicultural Lithuanian border communities, and focuses on the town of Vilkyškis and its environs. The aim of the article is to investigate how problems of personal and communal identity are expressed in the literature of writers from the region. The study examines the novels of I. Simonaitytė and A. Petraitytė, prose writers whose works describe life in Klaipėda district and Lithuania Minor. The concepts of individual and collective identity, as described by the hermeneuticist Heidegger and the cultural sociologist Giddens, form the basis of the explanation of the theoretical aspects of personal and communal identities and their interactions. Pesonal identity is formed by two types of experience: direct sensory experience, and so-called mediated (received through intermediaries) experience. The article analyzes the novels of Simonaitytė and Petraitytė to determine how communal traditions and important aspects of national identity are passed down the generations, and questions why some traditions are absorbed naturally, others only with effort, while still others are rejected outright. The “nuclear family” has the greatest influence on personal identity, more so than the “extended family.” Other influences include the local village or town community, while the “extended community” affects public life.
Snow in the Russian Language Picture of the World
Authors: Kazimianec Jelena
Published: August 2019

This article carries out a semantic and pragmatic description of the Russian word снег “snow,” considering its synonymic and word-formation relations, establishing a family of words, and defining the semantic oppositions in which the word “snow” and its separate word usages appear. The author pays particular attention to the pragmatic connotations of this word, placing them against a background of the different foreign language connotations of appropriating words. The article further investigates the group of the words designating the weather phenomena that typically accompany snowfall: метель “a snowstorm,” вьюга “a snowstorm, a blizzard,” буран “a severe snowstorm,” and пурга “a snowstorm, a blizzard,” defining their semantic range and features of how they function in speech. On the basis of an analysis of the facts provided in dictionaries and poetic discourses, the author comes to a conclusion about the existence of a separate semantic group of words with this meaning that proves the special importance of this weather phenomenon for Russians. The analysis also provides a way to determine that, unlike in other languages, the concept of “snow” in the Russian picture of the world is considered as an active figure: the word combination снег идет “it is snowing” is associated with positive concepts about happiness, the novelty of life, satisfaction with Russian aesthetic concepts about beauty, etc. The author proves that words and concepts united by the component “snow” possess a certain romantic nuance in which, it may be claimed, the unique character of Russian culture consists.
The Academics at Stefan Batory University in Vilnius During the Interwar Period
Authors: Przeniosło Małgorzata
Published: August 2019

In the Second Polish Republic, only professors and associate professors (docents) working atuniversities were referred to as academics. This paper presents issues related to theiremployment. In the interwar period, the rules for employing academics were stated in the lawsof academic schools. There were two such acts at the time, which defined the rules for promotion to associate and full professorships. The manner of the appointment was based on the existence of a limited number of such chairs. All professorships were set up by the Polish government. The laws of academic schools also described the habilitation procedure, which led to receiving permission to lecture and use the academic title of docent. In this paper, general reflections on hiring academic teachers at universities are supported by examples fromStefan Batory University. I determined the size of the two employed groups, professors and docents, at the University between the wars. 138 persons worked there as professors—the largest number in 1937–38—and 70 were docents, with a maximum in one academic year of 11. I also describe issues regarding their scientific research (philosophers, literature specialists, and the academics from the Faculty of Medicine had the greatest achievements) and didactic and organizational work, as well as their salaries. I devote some attention to their private lives and non-academic activities as well (especially in relation to the most famous among them). My deliberations are based on archives and printed sources generated by SBU.
On the Imperishable Reasons of Fairy-Tale Plots: The Case of “Tom Thumb”
Authors: Lassan Eleonora
Published: August 2019

This article focuses on one of the most popular plots in fairy tale culture (the plot involving the protagonist Tom Thumb), and tries to explain this popularity through the cultural archetypes that are expressed in the fairy tale. The author analyzes fairy tales of different nations involving this particular character and draws a boundary between the literary fairy tale, which is a transformation of old French fairy tales written by Charles Perrault, and different variations of literary fairy tale written by the brothers Grimm. The research shows that it is impossible to apply Propp’s method, which allows the plot to be analyzed in regard to functions and character types, to the analysis of this fairy tale. The author assumes that the fairy tale about Tom Thumb may not be regarded as magic for various reasons. On the other hand, it may be treated as an animal tale, which in Propp’s approach is assumed to have a different structure from a magic fairy tale. The researcher draws a conclusion about the different archetypes that serve as the basis for Perrault’s literary fairy tales, and the numerous variations of the plot which we may relatively denominate as “Grimms’ plot.” Furthermore, in folk tales having Grimms’ plot, Tom Thumb simultaneously performs the role of cultural hero and the role of a trickster. This is absent from Perrault’s fairy tale, because the propaganda of moral values and a distinct didactic character are traditional features of French fairy tales.
Language Awareness in an Internet Chat Room
Authors: Szymański Leszek
Published: August 2019

When communicating on the Internet, the participants, so to say, mingle two traditional modes of communication: writing and speech. The phenomenon appears to be most noticeable in chat room interactions. This suggestion is based on the fact that users try to behave as though they are engaged in a spoken act of communication, though the actual medium of communication employs written language forms. Therefore, Internet users need to know what conventions to employ and how to perform such actions in order to express the desired meanings, all with the aim of driving the interaction as close as possible to speech. Such implementations of certain language-related customs require a specific kind of language awareness from the users. This concept, plus the applied conventions, constitute the essence of this article. The discussion begins with an introduction to the research problem, in this case the intentional utilization by Internet chat participants of the graphic mode of communication in order to express their desired meanings. Second, the reader becomes acquainted with the terminology used in the paper, which includes: language awareness, (Internet) chat, and (language) corpus. Moreover, the source of the studied language material—a corpus of Internet chats—is presented. The said description additionally includes the informants’ characteristics, as well as the topicality of their conversations. The further sections of the paper discus the application of selected non-normative spelling conventions and word-formation processes, with the support of examples taken from the corpus. Based on the discussion, an attempt is made to indicate which features comprise certain values to the participants of Internet chats.
On the Social and Empirical Nature of Kant’s Transcendental Anthropocentrism: The Problem of Human Nature
Authors: Leszczak Oleg
Published: August 2019

This paper presents a conceptual-discursive analysis of Immanuel Kant’s texts from the viewpoint of the ontological essence of humanity (the so-called human nature). On the basis of a functional-pragmatic methodology, the author proposes a metalanguage for a pragmatic conceptual analysis of Kant’s philosophical discourse, together with his own idea of a human as a person, human being, individual, character, and bearer of human traits. The paper consists of two parts. Part One presents the principles by which the human personality is structured, as well as the fundamental methodological questions of the essence of humanity. Part Two analyzes Kant’s notion of “human nature” in both the formal aspect and that of systematic localization. It also considers the issues of social pragmatics and the empirical motivation of “human nature,” which arise from a discursive analysis of texts by Kant. The author attempts to demonstrate that Kant was one of the first philosophers to discern the specificity of human nature in social relations of human personality, which he presented neither in a causal-deterministic form (as a spiritual substance handed down from generation to generation) nor an essentialist one (as a timeless transcendental essence), but rather as a function of social experience for a particular human being (both pragmatic-teleological and transcendental-a posteriori).
Sport w sztuce. Sport in Art. 2012. Eds. M. KozioŁ, D. Piekarska, M. A. Potocka
Authors: Mazurkiewicz Michał
Published: August 2019

Sport w sztuce. Sport in Art. M. Kozioł, D. Piekarska, M. A. Potocka, eds. 2012. Kraków: Museum of Contemporary Art in Kraków. 200 pp. ISBN 978-83-62435-64-7.

Sport in Art, published by the Museum of Contemporary Art in Kraków, presents the most recent contemporary art, both Polish and international. To be more precise, the Museum focuses on exhibiting contemporary art of the last two decades. It was opened quite recently—in 2011.

Sport in Art was published to accompany an exhibition which took place between May and September 2012 in the Museum. It presents over forty artists and their unique perspectives and interpretations of sport. As Maria Anna Potocka stated, “The range and diversity of the artistic problems that arise under the influence of sporting inspiration are—even within the narrow scope of this exhibition—truly impressive.”
Patterns of Thought
Authors: Sypniewski Bernard , Frankel Sypniewski M.
Published: August 2019

We have no system from ancient China comparable to Aristotelian logic or any other such system developed in the ancient Mediterranean world, but it cannot be said that the Confucian-era texts do not show that their authors were concerned to make cogent arguments—if not “arguments” in the strictly Western logical sense. We explore a way that might have satisfied the goal of presenting reasoned cases by analyzing a sample from a text known as the Da Xue(the Way of Great Learning), one of the five Confucian Classics. The Confucian Classics, especially the Da Xue, were roughly contemporary with the origins of Greek logical thought. This being so, they offer good examples of sophisticated, well-thought-out philosophical texts which were not subjected to Greek logical processes. The reader should be cautioned that we are not saying that this or any other classical Chinese text is illogical; we describe what we mean when we say that these texts exhibit a non-logical reasoning system. We assume that the Chinese author did not mimic other texts or oral statements without considerable thought. The text, which shows no non-Chinese influence, is heavily patterned. We contend that the patterns in the text are more than literary devices, but demonstrate non-Western reasoning.
Effects of Fluid Modernity on the Language Culture of Professional Communication
Authors: Zbróg Piotr
Published: August 2019

This article presents the results of research into the language culture of professional communication given the fluid nature of modern communication. The scope of interest is direct linguistic relations between professional senders and recipients of texts. As in the general culture, in professional communication the paradigms which have been used until now (in which the observance of specific stylistic and correctness indicators is recommended) are being dropped. As such, many senders make use of different styles and varieties of utterance at the same time, combining them freely within one text (e.g., formal and informal, careful and colloquial, etc.). Colloquial lexis (e.g., ogarnij się, ruchy, pierdoły) and linguistic forms which are incorrect according to the contemporary norm (e.g., na wiosce, mi się to podoba) are being added to customarily careful utterances—sermons, news reports, and lectures at school and university. Using the language in a temporary way, without any limitations and rigid confines, is becoming the rule. Senders use this way of speaking both to gain acceptance and to surprise recipients with unusual stylistic and lexical combinations. These new linguistic customs are especially visible among the most skillful language users, those who have a broad stylistic workshop and a large store of rhetorical devices. They appears not to fear shaking up the language system in connection to the observed changes. In the fluid modernity there is a self-restraining mechanism: one’s responsibility to make every utterance comprehensible to the recipient. Professional communication would otherwise be impossible.
Between Nature and Culture: Lévi-Strauss’s Structural Analysis of Myth in the Light of Semiotics
Authors: Jankowska Tatiana
Published: August 2019

This article presents the influence of Claude Lévi-Strauss’s research in the field of cultural antropology on the guidelines and concepts of semiotics. Much empirical research in semiotics, connected with different systems of signs and revealing their functions in archaic human cultures, has been conducted on the ground of structural analysis. They are connected, among other things, with different cultures and societies, diversified both spatially and temporally. Thus, the integrating role of myth, as well as its uniting functions in the case of the organization of an individual consciousness, have a primeval modeling impact on the semiotic systems. According to Lévi-Strauss, there is a certain regularity of behaviors that stand for the mechanism of human symbolic communication. This regularity exists as an extention of the theory of signs that was previously worked out in the fields of structural linguistics and semiology. Lévi-Strauss’s theory concerns the collective unconscious of “the human mind” and is devoted to the unconscious nature of cultural phenomena, with a focus on searching for universal rules of thinking that are appropriate to all human minds. The subject of semiotics is a group of sign systems developed in different cultures. A cultural text presents a certain model of the world that we read using codes. The system of mythological signs reveals the cosmological concept of reality with relation to the mythopoetic view of the world.