bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pregnancy after conservative surgical treatment of ovarial mucinous adenocarcinoma
Authors: Milosevic Jelena , Tasic Marija , Lilic Vekoslav , Antic Vladimir , Vukomanovic Predrag , Pop-Trajkovic Sonja
Published: January 2011

Background. Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) accounts for 25% of all
malignancies in the female genital tract and it is the most common cause of
death among women who develop gynecologic malignancies. According to recent
reports at least 20% of EOC are diagnosed at stage I of the disease. Because
women tend to give birth to their first child at an older age, and due to the
usage of more sensitive diagnostic procedures, the diagnosis of EOC during
reproductive age has become more frequent. Therefore, the demand for
fertility-sparing surgery in early-stage of EOC is increased. Case report. We
presented the case of accomplished reproduction at 41 after the conservative
treatment of mucinous ovarian cancer. In the absence of a complete surgical
staging, her decision was to spare her fertility capacities opposed to the
treatment recommendations of the oncological council. The bottom-line of this
report was to give its contribution to the ongoing controversies in the
decision to recommend the conservative surgical treatment of the EOC and also
to reveal the need of reconsideration of the necessity of a complete surgical
staging in patients with stage I of mucinous ovarian cancer. Conclusion. The
profile of EOC cases in which a conservative surgical approach is the
appropriate one has not yet been defined. Correct surgical staging is still
an indispensable guideline for that kind of clinical decision. In the case of
stage I of mucinous ovarian cancer with the low tumor grade, the necessity of
a complete surgical staging should be reconsidered.
Preconception Care for Women With Preexisting Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Roman Melissa A.
Published: January 2011

IN BRIEF

With the onset of type 2 diabetes occurring at younger ages, there is a greater responsibility on the part of health care providers to provide optimum care to women with diabetes who are considering pregnancy. Controlling blood glucose levels early is key to improving perinatal outcomes in women with type 2 diabetes.
Effects of a Patient Education Support Program on Pramlintide Adherence
Authors: Lorenzi Gayle M. , LaRue Susan M. , Collins Susan Eno
Published: January 2011

IN BRIEF

Poor adherence jeopardizes treatment efficacy and patient outcomes while negatively affecting use of health care provider resources. This article describes an education support program that was designed to improve medication adherence among patients using pramlintide, an injectable postprandial therapy for patients with diabetes using mealtime insulin. The program reinforced treatment expectations and integrated anticipatory problem-solving strategies based on product profile from treatment initiation to maintenance. Adherence to pramlintide therapy was improved with use of this interactive, proactive, and need-based program.
Inherently Chiral Calixarenes: Synthesis, Optical Resolution, Chiral Recognition and Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Li Shao-Yong , Xu Yao-Wei , Liu Jun-Min , Su Cheng-Yong
Published: January 2011

Inherently chiral calixarenes, whose chirality is based on the absence of a planar symmetry or an inversion center in the molecules as a whole through the asymmetric array of several achiral groups upon the three-dimensional calix-skeletons, are challenging and attractive chiral molecules, because of their potential in supramolecular chemistry. The synthesis and optical resolution of all varieties of inherently chiral calixarenes are systematically discussed and classified, and their applications in chiral recognition and asymmetric catalysis are thoroughly illustrated in this review.
Electronic and Structural Properties of ABO3: Role of the B-O Coulomb Repulsions for Ferroelectricity
Authors: Miura Kaoru , Azuma Masaki , Funakubo Hiroshi
Published: January 2011

We have investigated the role of the Ti–O Coulomb repulsions in the appearance of the ferroelectric state in BaTiO3 as well as the role of the Zn–O Coulomb repulsions in BiZn0.5Ti0.5O3, using a first-principles calculation with optimized structures. In tetragonal BaTiO3, it is found that the Coulomb repulsions between Ti 3s and 3p states and O 2s and 2p states have an important role for the appearance of Ti ion displacement. In BiZn0.5Ti0.5O3, on the other hand, the stronger Zn–O Coulomb repulsions, which are due to the 3s, 3p, and 3d (d10) states of the Zn ion, have more important role than the Ti–O Coulomb repulsions for the appearance of the tetragonal structure. Our suggestion is consistent with the other ferroelectric perovskite oxides ABO3 in the appearance of tetragonal structures as well as rhombohedral structures.
Sago as a medium for "in vitro" culture of some common soil bacteria
Authors: Kapilan R , Thavaranjit AC
Published: January 2011

Nutrient agar (NA) medium is universally used as a general purpose medium for the culture of a broad range of bacteria and the cost of this commercially available medium is considerably high. Sago (Metraxylon sagu) contains a considerable amount of starch and a small amount of reducing sugars and is not used as a staple food in Sri Lanka. This study was aimed to find out the suitable composition of the sago medium compared with NA and to carry out growth studies of soil bacteria on sago medium. Media were prepared in different compositions by  addition of different amount of sago in 100mL volume (25mL of distilled water + 75mL of young king coconut sap) separately. Bacterial suspensions (5.21×106 cfu/ml, SD=1.12) of Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia and Staphylococcus were transferred on the selected sago medium separately by using spread plate techniques. There was no significant difference between sago and NA media in number of the colonies (t test; p = 0.05). Colonies appeared earlier in NA media  than in sago media. But the colony morphological characters such as shape/form, margin, elevation, colour and size were almost similar to all bacteria selected on both media, except consistency. Thus, instead of NA the low cost and easily available sago medium could be recommended for the cultivation of soil bacteria.  Key words: Sago medium; Nutrient agar; solidification time; Metraxylon sagu DOI: 10.4038/josuk.v4i0.2693J Sci.Univ.Kelaniya 4 (2008): 11-14
Mathematical structures in pattern organizations
Authors: Kodituwakku Saluka R
Published: January 2011

Since the introduction of design patterns, a large number of patterns have been identified and documented. As a result, patterns in the literature relate one another in different ways. Unfortunately, most of these patterns are not properly organized. In applying these patterns in to problems at hand novice designers encounter many difficulties such as identification and selection of collectively applicable set of patterns that suits the problem at hand. We investigate mathematical structures in existing pattern organization techniques such as pattern catalogues, pattern systems and pattern languages. Then we attempted to use these mathematical structures in developing a new organization technique. This paper proposes a new organization method and illustrates it with a collection of object oriented patterns drawn from the literature. Our investigation indicated that existing pattern organizations form graph structures and categorical structures. These structures are formed by patterns and relationships among them. The proposed organization method organizes patterns into sequences according to the relationships among patterns. This organization consists of two types of categories: major category and alternative category. The major categories are defined based on the Uses relationship and the alternative categories are defined based on the Variants, Refines and Conflicts relationships. Each major category consists of patterns that have potential to form a pattern system or a pattern language. So they assist practitioners in finding a sequence of related patterns that can be collectively applied to solve complex problems. Each alternative category consists of patterns that provide alternative solutions to the same problem or similar problems. It assists in finding a number of possible solutions (patterns) to a particular problem. The proposed organization combines these two types of categories by structuring them into pattern sequences. A pattern sequence consists of a major category and a collection of related alternative categories. Pattern sequences assist practitioners in finding a collectively applicable patterns and possible alternatives to them. So pattern sequences facilitate the selection of most appropriate sequences of patterns to solve complex problems without searching through the pattern literature.    Key Words: Design Patterns; Pattern Catalogues; Pattern Systems; Pattern Languages; Pattern Sequences; Category Theory; GraphsDOI: 10.4038/josuk.v4i0.2697J Sci.Univ.Kelaniya 4 (2008): 46-67
Ankle Blood Pressure and Pulse Pressure as Predictors of Cerebrovascular Morbidity and Mortality in a Prospective Follow-Up Study
Authors: Hietanen Heikki J. , Pääkkönen Rauni , Salomaa Veikko
Published: January 2011

Background and Objective. We examined the association of elevated ankle blood pressure (ABP), together with exercise blood pressure, with incident cerebrovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality in a prospective follow-up study of 3,808 patients. The results were compared with pulse pressure, another indicator of arterial stiffness.Methods. Patients with normal ankle and exercise brachial blood pressures were taken as the reference group. Pulse pressure was considered as quartiles with the lowest quartile as the reference category.Results. A total of 170 subjects had a CV event during the follow-up. Multivariate adjusted hazard ratio of a CV event was 2.24 (95% CI 1.43–3.52, ) in patients with abnormal ABP. The pulse pressure was significant only in the model adjusted for age and sex.Conclusion. The risk of a future CV event was elevated already in those patients among whom elevated ABP was the only abnormal finding. As a risk marker, ABP is superior to the pulse pressure.
One-Parameter Continuous Fields of Kirchberg Algebras. II
Authors: Dadarlat Marius , Elliott George A. , Niu Zhuang
Published: January 2011

Parallel to the first two authors’ earlier classification of separable, unital, one-parameter, continuous fields of Kirchberg algebras with torsion free K-groups supported in one dimension, one-parameter, separable, unital, continuous fields of AF-algebras are classified by their ordered K0-sheaves. Effros-Handelman-Shen type theorems are proved for separable unital one-parameter continuous fields of AF-algebras and Kirchberg algebras.
A Variant of Lehmer’s Conjecture, II: The CM-case
Authors: Gun Sanoli , Kumar Murty V.
Published: January 2011

Let f be a normalized Hecke eigenform with rational integer Fourier coefficients. It is an interesting question to know how often an integer n has a factor common with the n-th Fourier coefficient of f. It has been shown in previous papers that this happens very often. In this paper, we give an asymptotic formula for the number of integers n for which (n, a(n)) = 1, where a(n) is the n-th Fourier coefficient of a normalized Hecke eigenform f of weight 2 with rational integer Fourier coefficients and having complex multiplication.
Analysis Techniques for Racecar Data Acquisition
Authors: Segers Jorge
Published: January 2011

Data acquisition has become an invaluable tool for establishing racecar - and car/driver - performance. Now that the ability exists to analyze each and every performance parameter for car and driver, accurate use of this data can provide a key advantage on the racetrack. This book provides a thorough overview of the varied methods for analyzing racecar data acquisition system outputs, with a focus on vehicle dynamics.
Eosinophilic Enterocolitis Diagnosed by Means of Upper Endoscopy and Colonoscopy with Random Biopsies Treated with Budenoside: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Shahzad Ghulamullah , Moise Duane , Lipka Seth , Rizvon Kaleem , Mustacchia Paul J.
Published: January 2011

Intense infiltration of gastrointestinal and colonic mucosa with eosinophils or acidophilic gastroenteritis (EG) is a relatively uncommon picture for a pathologist endoscopist especially outside the pediatric age group and is highly suggestive of an ongoing chronic inflammatory process. Existing literature projected a hypothetical association with allergy but the exact pathophysiology is still unknown. Association with malabsorption, protein losing enteropathy, and refractory ulcers with gastrointestinal bleeding makes the clinical presentation more complicated. We present a unique case of diarrhea and abdominal pain in the clinical presentation with associated peripheral eosinophilia, asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The patient's symptoms abated after initiation of budesonide.
Structural Proteins: Genes for Collagen
Authors: Chu Mon‐Li
Published: January 2011

Structural proteins are required for the formation and support of body tissues. Collagens, characterised by the repeating Gly–X–Y amino acid sequences, are the most abundant structural proteins in the human body. The collagen gene family comprises 45 genes encoding 28 homo‐ or heterotrimeric collagen types. With some exceptions, most collagen genes are scattered on different chromosomes. All except two of the collagen genes are highly interrupted, with exon numbers up to 118. This is primarily because exons coding for the collagenous domains are relatively small and usually encode a discrete number of Gly–X–Y repeated sequences, and as such the lengths are multiples of 9 base pairs (bp). In the fibrillar collagen genes, exons encoding the Gly–X–Y sequences are most frequently 54 bp or a variation thereof, and start with complete codons for glycine. In the nonfibrillar collagen genes, the most frequent exon sizes are 27, 36 or 63 bp.

Key Concepts:

Collagens are the most abundant structural proteins in the human body, accounting for approximately 25% of the total protein mass.

Collagens are homo‐ or heterotrimers, in which three collagen polypeptides, called α chains, align in parallel and fold into a unique triple‐helical structure, which is based on the repeating Gly–X–Y amino acid sequence of the α chains.

The collagens are generally divided into two major classes: fibrillar collagens that form characteristic cross‐striated fibrils and nonfibrillar collagens that do not form cross‐striated fibers.

To date, 28 vertebrate collagen types, I–XXVIII, encoded by 45 distinct genes, have been described in the literature.

With some exceptions, most collagen genes are scattered on different human chromosomes.

Collagen genes are large and highly interrupted, except for the genes for types VIII and X collagen.

In fibrillar collagen genes, exons coding for the Gly–X–Y sequences are most frequently 54 bp or a variation thereof, and start with complete codons for glycine.

The nonfibrillar collagen genes do not show the 54‐bp exon size pattern. The most frequent exon sizes are 27, 36 or 63 bp, and some exons start with a split codon for glycine.
DNA
Strand Break Repair and Human Genetic Disease
Authors: García‐Muse Tatiana , Aguilera Andrés
Published: January 2011

Deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) is constantly exposed to exogenous and endogenous DNA damaging agents. Among the different types of DNA damage that arise in the cells, single‐strand breaks (SSBs) and double‐strand breaks (DSBs) are a serious threat to genetic integrity and cell survival. To minimise the impact of these lesions, cells have evolved various DNA repair mechanisms depending on the kind of DNA damage. The importance of DNA strand break repair is highlighted by the observation that many proteins involved in the repair pathways are mutated in a wide variety of cancers and in different types of hereditary diseases. These disorders display a variety of features. Notably, syndromes related with defects in the repair of single‐strand breaks exhibit a pathology that is restricted to cerebellar ataxia and neurodegeneration, whereas DSB repair syndromes exhibit a more diverse pathology and can include developmental abnormalities, microcephaly and cancer predisposition.

Key Concepts:

The DNA damage response (DDR) is a signal transduction pathway that starts with the sensing of the damage and coordinates cell cycle, repair and apoptosis.

DDR plays an important role in development and preservation of genome stability and, consequently, is crucial for cancer prevention and normal ageing.

Many proteins involved in DNA repair pathways are mutated in a wide variety of cancers and in different types of hereditary diseases.

Homologous recombination is a DNA repair pathway linked to replication and devoted to the repair of DNA breaks using an intact DNA template to copy information.

Nonhomologous end‐joining (NHEJ) is a double‐strand break repair pathway that ligates the two ends without using any DNA template.

DSB repair syndromes exhibit a diverse pathology and can include developmental abnormalities, microcephaly and cancer predisposition.

Syndromes with impaired NHEJ also show dramatic immunological defects highlighting the role of NHEJ during development of the immunological system.

Syndromes related with defects in the repair of single‐strand breaks exhibit a pathology that is restricted to cerebellar ataxia and neurodegeneration.
Sexual Selection and Experimental Evolution
Authors: Garcia‐Gonzalez Francisco
Published: January 2011

Sexual selection is a potent force shaping multiple aspects of the interaction between the sexes, including the characters underlying reproductive success and sexual conflict, and may play an important role in determining the viability of populations. Experimental evolution is a methodological approach in which researchers either act as selective agents or establish the selective pressures operating on individuals to investigate changes in traits across generations and the genetic underpinning of these changes. Experimental evolution replicates the evolutionary process under controlled conditions and, by doing so, offers exceptional insights into the role of variation, selection and adaptation in evolution. Applied to the study of pre‐copulatory (before mating) and post‐copulatory (after mating) sexual selection, experimental evolution proves critical to understand the evolutionary consequences of male–male competition and female mate choice, and the repercussions of concurrent or divergent interests between the sexes in regard to reproduction.

Key Concepts:

Experimental evolution is a methodological approach to study adaptation under controlled experimental conditions.

Sexual selection shapes the characters underlying reproductive success.

Experimental evolution is a powerful tool for understanding the evolutionary consequences of sexual selection and sexual conflict.
Escherichia coli
Cotranslational Targeting and Translocation
Authors: von Loeffelholz Ottilie , Botte Matthieu , Schaffitzel Christiane
Published: January 2011

Targeting of proteins to their proper location inside the cell, in the membrane or in the extracellular space is crucial to the cell. The targeting information is provided in form of a signal sequence by the protein itself. In

Escherichia coli

, mostly membrane proteins are targeted cotranslationally via the signal recognition particle (SRP) to the membrane. The SRP and its receptor are both
guanosine triphosphatases
(GTPases) which handover the ribosome‐nascent chain complex to the protein‐conducting channel. Subsequently, the nascent polypeptide is translocated into or across the membrane. To date, a host of biochemical data and a number of structures of important complexes along the pathway are available which shed light on the molecular mechanism of the targeting and translocation process.

Key Concepts:

Nascent polypeptides with signal sequences are recognised by the SRP.

The hydrophobicity of the signal sequence determines whether a protein is targeted co‐ or posttranslationally.

Cotranslational protein targeting is mediated by the SRP and the SRP receptor. They deliver the translating ribosome to the translocation machinery in the membrane.

The SecYEG translocon is a channel that allows hydrophilic polypeptides to cross the membrane. In addition, the channel can open laterally and release transmembrane helices into the lipid bilayer.

YidC acts as a membrane protein insertase for small membrane proteins in a Sec‐independent manner. In a Sec‐associated form, YidC is suggested to assist in membrane protein folding.

YidC, SecD, SecF and YajC can associate with the SecYEG protein‐conducting channel. The resulting complex is called the ‘holotranslocon’, which is suggested to be responsible for membrane protein integration, folding and complex assembly.
Gas‐Phase Chemistry of Organocopper Compounds
Authors: Lamsabhi Al Mokhtar , Yáñez Manuel , Salpin Jean‐Yves , Tortajada Jeanine
Published: January 2011

Introduction

Performance of Different Theoretical Models

Ligand‐Field Spectroscopy and Photofragmentation Processes

Cu
+
and
Cu
2+
Binding Energies

Coordination

Bonding

Cu
+
/
Cu
2+
Reactions with Small Organic Bases

Gas‐Phase Reactivity of Copper(
I
) and Copper(
II
) Ions toward Molecules of Biological Relevance
Copper‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Conjugate Addition
Authors: Polet Damien , Alexakis Alexandre
Published: January 2011

Introduction

New Substrates and Nucleophiles

Construction of Quaternary Stereocenters

Tandem Reactions

Applications in Synthesis

Conclusions and Perspective
Silyl and Stannyl Derivatives of Organocopper Compounds
Authors: Pulido Francisco J. , Barbero Asunción
Published: January 2011

Introduction

Silylcuprates

Stannylcuprates
The Effect of the Connectivity of Rigid Phases on Strength of AlSi Alloys
Authors: Requena Guillermo , Garcés Gerardo , Asghar Zahid , Marks Esteban , Staron Peter , Cloetens Peter
Published: January 2011

The load carrying capacity of the eutectic Si in AlSi alloys depends on its volume fraction, distribution, morphology and connectivity, namely its internal architecture. This can be modified by heat treatment at temperatures close to the eutectic point causing the spheroidisation and loss of connectivity of the eutectic Si. This decreases the load carrying capacity of the eutectic Si and, consequently, the room and high temperature strength of AlSi alloys is reduced. The presence of other phases such as ceramic short fibres and aluminides in AlSi alloys can result in the formation of hybrid three‐dimensional structures that strongly delay and/or suppress the morphological changes and the loss of connectivity of the eutectic Si. As a result, the thermo‐mechanical behaviour of these heterogeneous lightweight materials is improved and stable. These effects have been explored in the last years by the authors and the main results are compiled and presented in the present work with special emphasis in the relationship between the architecture and the strength of different AlSi‐based materials.
Enhanced Homogenization Strategy by Electroslag Remelting of High‐Manganese TRIP and TWIP Steels
Authors: Reitz Jan , Wietbrock Burkhard , Richter Silvia , Hoffmann Sascha , Hirt Gerhard , Friedrich Bernd
Published: January 2011

In the production of high‐manganese TRIP and TWIP steels, significant micro‐segregation effects are observed after solidification. Homogenization can be achieved by heat treatment followed by deformation at a significant time and effort (forging, annealing, hot rolling). In an attempt to achieve the best homogeneous microstructure and reduced thermomechanical processing, the cast alloy is treated by electroslag remelting (ESR). After a simple hot rolling procedure with a thickness reduction of 90% and without further heat treatment, micro‐segregation of manganese can be reduced to about 5 wt%. There is a potential to achieve even lower values with further optimization of the ESR process and an adapted thermomechanical processing.
Structure–Process–Property Relationship of Biomimetic Chitosan‐Based Nanocomposite Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering: Biological, Physico‐Chemical, and Mechanical Functions
Authors: Maganti Nagini , Venkat Surya Pavan K. C. , Thein‐Han Wah Wah , Pesacreta Thomas C. , Misra R. Devesh K.
Published: January 2011

We describe here the structure–property–process relationship of two sets of chitosan‐based scaffolds as potential materials for hard tissue bioengineering applications. The first set of scaffolds was designed to study the effect of degree of deacetylation (%DD) of chitosan at 85 and 95% DD with identical molecular weight. The second set of scaffolds were synthesized to enhance the bioactivity and mechanical properties of 95% DD chitosan scaffold by the addition of 1, 3, and 5 wt% nanohydroxyapatite (nHA). Both sets of scaffolds were processed using freezing and lyophilization and their in vitro biological response was examined using pre‐osteoblast (MC 3T3‐E1) cells. The pure chitosan and chitosan–nHA nanocomposite scaffolds were characterized by a three‐dimensional porous structure with pore size in the range of (≈50–120 µm), irrespective of %DD and nHA content. The compression modulus of hydrated 95% DD chitosan scaffolds increased from 6.0 kPa in pure chitosan to 9.2 kPa in chitosan‐5 wt% nHA. The water uptake ability of 95% DD chitosan scaffolds was lower than 85% DD chitosan scaffolds, and decreased with the addition of nHA. On the other hand the water retention ability of 95% DD chitosan scaffolds was greater than 85% DD chitosan scaffolds but did not increase much with the addition of nHA. Chitosan degrades mainly by lysozyme present in physiological fluid. After 28 days of in vitro biodegradation test with physiological fluid, the 95% DD chitosan exhibited slightly lower degradation rate as compared to 85% DD and the degradation decreased with increase in nHA content in chitosan scaffold. Pre‐osteoblasts (MC3T3‐E1) grown on nHA scaffolds showed improved cell attachment, more proliferation, and a more extended cellular morphology. In vitro experimental observations suggest chitosan–nHA nanocomposite scaffolds as potential biomaterials for hard tissue bioengineering (bone regeneration) or as a template for cell attachment and proliferation in the repair of osseous and chondral defects.
Single‐step attribution of increasing frequencies of very warm regional temperatures to human influence
Authors: Stott Peter A. , Jones Gareth S. , Christidis Nikolaos , Zwiers Francis W. , Hegerl Gabriele , Shiogama Hideo
Published: January 2011

Seasonal near‐surface temperatures have increased in many regions of the World. Previous work has shown that this has led to rapidly increasing frequencies of very warm Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures. Here we show, using a ‘single‐step’ attribution framework, that increases in frequencies of very warm seasonal temperatures, not just in Northern Hemisphere summers but in other regions and seasons, can be directly attributed to human influence. In the June‐August and September‐November seasons, many of the sub‐continental regions of Africa and Asia show robust attributable increase in the frequencies of anomalously warm seasonal temperatures. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society, Crown Copyright and Crown in the right of Canada
A Versatile Tripodal Host with Cylindrical Conformation: Solvatomorphism, Inclusion Behavior, and Separation of Guests
Authors: Wei Wei , Wang Guo , Zhang Ying , Jiang Feilong , Wu Mingyan , Hong Maochun
Published: January 2011

Tripodal host 2,4,6‐tris(1‐phenyl‐1H‐tetrazolylsulfanylmethyl)mesitylene (TPTM) has been synthesized through a facile procedure. As expected, it adopts an all‐syn cylindrical configuration, thereby delimiting an inner cavity. To explore the solvatomorphism and inclusion behavior of TPTM, a series of organic and inorganic species were employed as guests to afford 17 inclusion compounds (1, 2, 3 a–3 f, 4 a–4 i) that can be classified into four distinct forms (forms I–IV), under similar conditions. These compounds were characterized by single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction, and 1H NMR studies. In compound 1 with form I, one foot of a TPTM molecule inserts into the cavity of an opposite TPTM molecule to form a dimeric “hand‐shake” motif with one acetonitrile molecule occupying the void. Compound 2 with form II contains three types of capsule‐shaped dimers, each of which holds a CH2Cl2 molecule as the guest. In compounds 3 a–3 f with form III, each pair of TPTM molecules interdigitates to form a capsule‐shaped dimeric unit accommodating a guest molecule in the endo‐cavity. In compounds 4 a–4 i with form IV, each TPTM molecule makes contact with three nearby TPTM molecules in a “self‐including” manner to generate a graphite‐like organic layer, and through further superposition to form open hexagonal channels. From the experimental and theoretical results, the intrinsic properties of guest molecules, such as size, shape, and self‐interaction, can be regarded as the main factors leading to these solvatomorphism phenomena and the subtle inclusion behavior of TPTM. Thermogravimetric analyses show that the encapsulated guest molecules in these compounds can be evacuated at relatively high temperatures, and this demonstrates the outstanding inclusion capability of TPTM. In addition, for compound 4 a with benzene molecules in the channels, reversible exchange of toluene and separation of xylene isomers on single crystals have been observed.
Synthesis and Structure Analysis of (K[DB18 C6])4(C60)5⋅12 THF Containing C60 in Three Different Bonding States
Authors: Kozhemyakina Nina V. , Amsharov Konstantin Yu. , Nuss Jürgen , Jansen Martin
Published: January 2011

A new fulleride, (K[DB18C6])4(C60)5⋅12 THF, was prepared in solution using the “break‐and‐seal” approach by reacting potassium, fullerene, and dibenzo[18]crown‐6 in tetrahydrofuran. Single crystals were grown from solution by the modified “temperature difference method”. X‐ray analysis was performed revealing a reversible phase transition occurring on cooling. Three different crystal structures of the title compound at different temperatures of data acquisition are addressed in detail: the “high‐temperature phase” at 225 K (C2, Z=2, a=49.055(1), b=15.075(3), c=18.312(4) Å, β=97.89(3)°), the “transitional phase” at 175 K (C2 m, Z=2, a=48.436(5), b=15.128(1), c=18.280(2) Å, β=97.90(1)°), and the “low‐temperature phase” at 125 K (Cc, Z=4, a=56.239(1), b=15.112(3), c=36.425(7) Å, β=121.99(1)°). On cooling, partial radical recombination of C60.− into the (C60)22− dimeric dianion occurs; this is first time that the fully ordered dimer has been observed. Further cooling leads to formation of a superstructure with doubled cell volume in a different space group. Below 125 K, C60 exists in the structure in three different bonding states: in the form of C60.− radical ions, (C60)22− dianions, and neutral C60, this being without precedent in the fullerene chemistry, as well. Experimental observations of one conformation exclusively of the fullerene dimer in the crystal structure are further explained on the basis of DFT calculations considering charge distribution patterns. Temperature‐dependent measurements of magnetic susceptibility at different magnetic fields confirm the phase transition occurring at about 220 K as observed crystallographically, and enable for unambiguous charge assignment to the different C60 species in the title fulleride.
Removal of Natural Free Estrogens and their Conjugates in a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant
Authors: Liu Ze‐hua , Kanjo Yoshinori , Mizutani Satoshi
Published: January 2011

Removal of natural free estrogens and estrogen conjugates in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) was investigated and analyzed by GC‐MS, in which estrogen conjugates were first transformed to their corresponding free estrogens with an acid solvolysis procedure before their analysis. Natural free estrogens, E1‐3‐sulfate (E1‐3S), and E3‐3‐sulfate (E3‐3S) were detected with high concentrations in both the influent and effluent of the primary settling tank (PS), while no estrogen glucuronides were detected in any of the monitored wastewater samples. Regarding their removal efficiencies, all were almost completely removed, except for E1 with only a minor decrease. The estrogenic/androgenic removal of the same WWTP was also evaluated with estrogen receptor (androgen receptor) (ER (AR))‐binding assays, in which the removal efficiencies for E2 equivalents (EEQ) or testosterone equivalents (TEQ) were 68.5 and 72.2%. In addition, the chemically calculated EEQ from natural estrogens were about 20.6–39.3% that of the ER‐binding assay, in which E3 contributed the biggest proportion in both the influent and PS, while the calculated value of E1 increased from only 6.7% in the influent to as high as 20.6% in the effluent.
Optimization and Characterization of Tl(I) Adsorption onto Modified Ulmus carpinifolia Tree Leaves
Authors: Zolgharnein Javad , Asanjarani Neda , Mousavi S. Norollah
Published: January 2011

Ulmus carpinifolia tree leaves were successfully used to remove Tl(I) from aqueous solution in a batch system. In order to improve the uptake capacity of sorbent, it was modified by various chemical agents such as NaOH, HNO3, NH3, NaCl, NaHCO3, and CaCl2. Among the modifiers, NaCl was the best. Equilibrium behavior of sorbent with Tl(I) was examined by the several isotherms. Considering modified U. carpinifolia equilibrium data fitted well to the Langmuir model with maximum capacity of 54.6 mg/g. The other isotherms such as: Freundlich and Dubinin‐Redushkevich (D‐R) models were also examined. The central composite design (CCD) was successfully employed for optimization of biosorption process. An empirical model was given through using response surface methodology. Also its validation was recognized by using relevant statistical tests such as ANOVA. The optimum conditions of biosorption: pH, m (amount of sorbent) and C (initial concentration) were found to be 7.9, 11.4 g/L, and 8.8 mg/L, respectively. On the other hand thermodynamic parameters: ΔG, ΔH, and ΔS were evaluated: the obtained results show that biosorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. Eventually, FT‐IR analysis confirmed that the main functional groups of sorbent have been involved through the biosorption process.
OX40 engagement stabilizes Mxd4 and Mnt protein levels in antigen‐stimulated T cells leading to an increase in cell survival
Authors: Vasilevsky Nicole A. , Ruby Carl E. , Hurlin Peter J. , Weinberg Andrew D.
Published: January 2011

OX40 engagement on activated T cells leads to increased proliferation, expansion and survival of Ag‐specific T cells. Direct ex vivo examination of Ag‐stimulated murine T cells show that the Myc antagonists, Mxd4 and Mnt, are transiently upregulated and translocated to the nucleus following OX40 engagement and may be involved in suppressing cell death. Both Mxd4 and Mnt are upregulated following OX40 stimulation through increased protein stability and we identify a critical phosphorylation site in Mxd4 that controls Mxd4 stability. The upregulation of Mxd4 and Mnt contributes to OX40‐mediated T‐cell survival because siRNA knockdown of Mxd4 and Mnt led to increased cell death. We hypothesize the upregulation of c‐Myc following OX40 engagement drives T‐cell proliferation and that upregulation of Mxd4 and Mnt suppresses Myc‐dependent cell death. Thus, Mxd4 and Mnt upregulation following OX40 engagement most likely increases T‐cell survival.
Vstm3 is a member of the CD28 family and an important modulator of T‐cell function
Authors: Levin Steven D. , Taft David W. , Brandt Cameron S. , Bucher Christoph , Howard Edward D. , Chadwick Eric M. , Johnston Janet , Hammond Angela , Bontadelli Kristen , Ardourel Daniel , Hebb LuAnn , Wolf Anitra , Bukowski Thomas R. , Rixon Mark W. , Kuijper Joseph L. , Ostrander Craig D. , West James W. , Bilsborough Janine , Fox Brian , Gao Zeren , Xu Wenfeng , Ramsdell Fred , Blazar Bruce R. , Lewis Katherine E.
Published: January 2011

Members of the CD28 family play important roles in regulating T‐cell functions and share a common gene structure profile. We have identified VSTM3 as a protein whose gene structure matches that of the other CD28 family members. This protein (also known as TIGIT and WUCAM) has been previously shown to affect immune responses and is expressed on NK cells, activated and memory T cells, and Tregs. The nectin‐family proteins CD155 and CD112 serve as counter‐structures for VSTM3, and CD155 and CD112 also bind to the activating receptor CD226 on T cells and NK cells. Hence, this group of interacting proteins forms a network of molecules similar to the well‐characterized CD28–CTLA‐4–CD80–CD86 network. In the same way that soluble CTLA‐4 can be used to block T‐cell responses, we show that soluble Vstm3 attenuates T‐cell responses in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, animals deficient in Vstm3 are more sensitive to autoimmune challenges indicating that this new member of the CD28 family is an important regulator of T‐cell responses.
High Performance Polyimide with High Internal Free Volume Elements
Authors: Cho Yoon Jin , Park Ho Bum
Published: January 2011

This paper reports a new polyimide design with high internal free volume elements for fast mass transport simultaneously with high selectivity. Here, we show that the polymer design using a three‐dimensional rigid molecular structure having internal void space can lead to the formation of high fractional free volume with proper cavity size to separate small gas molecules with high selectivities as high permeabilities. These findings could strongly impact emerging gas separation applications using polymeric membranes such as natural gas purification and biogas purification to get clean energy resources.

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A Supramolecular Approach on Using Poly(fluorenylstyrene)‐block‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine):PCBM Composite Thin Films for Non‐Volatile Memory Device Applications
Authors: Hsu Jung‐Ching , Liu Cheng‐Liang , Chen Wen‐Chang , Sugiyama Kenji , Hirao Akira
Published: January 2011

Supramolecular composite thin films of poly[4‐(9,9‐dihexylfloren‐2‐yl)styrene]‐block ‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine) (P(St‐Fl)‐b‐P2VP):[6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) were prepared for write‐once‐read‐many times (WORM) non‐volatile memory devices. The optical absorption and photoluminescence results indicated the formation of charge transfer complexation between the P2VP block and PCBM, which led to the varied PCBM aggregated size and memory characteristics. The ITO/PCBM:(P(St‐Fl)‐b‐P2VP)/Al device exhibited the WORM characteristic with low threshold voltage (−1.6 to −3.2 V) and high ON/OFF ratio (103 to 105) by tuning the PCBM content. The switching behavior could be explained by the charge injection dominated thermionic emission in the OFF state and field‐induced charge transfer in the ON state. The present study provides a novel approach system for tuning polymer memory device characteristics through the supramolecular materials approach.

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Microphase Separation of a Diblock Copolymer Dispersed in Nanorod Arrays Grafted on a Plate: A Monte Carlo Study
Authors: Xiao Xingqing , Huang Yongmin , Feng Jian , Liu Honglai , Hu Ying
Published: January 2011

The microstructure of a diblock copolymer dispersed in nanorod arrays grafted on a plate are investigated via annealing MC simulation. The confinement in nanorod arrays provides a complex confined space which leads to complicated microphase separation structures. Different morphologies of top and bottom of the film in the nanorod arrays are observed by varying the inducing height of nanorod and its grafting density in the bottom. Due to a short inducing range by the nanorods, the top structures are therefore mainly dominated by the competition between the absolute height of off‐induced layer on the top and the nature of block copolymer itself; while the bottom structures are affected by the symmetry of block copolymer and the gap among rods.

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Polyomavirus enhancer activator 3 protein promotes breast cancer metastatic progression through Snail‐induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Authors: Yuen Hiu‐Fung , Chan Yuen‐Kwong , Grills Claire , McCrudden Cian M , Gunasekharan Vignesh , Shi Zhanzhong , Wong Ashley San‐Yu , Lappin Terence R , Chan Kwok‐Wah , Fennell Dean A , Khoo Ui‐Soon , Johnston Patrick G , El‐Tanani Mohamed
Published: January 2011

Polyomavirus enhancer activator 3 protein (Pea3), also known as ETV4, is a member of the Ets‐transcription factor family, which promotes metastatic progression in various types of solid cancer. Pea3‐driven epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been described in lung and ovarian cancers. The mechanisms of Pea3‐induced EMT, however, are largely unknown. Here we show that Pea3 overexpression promotes EMT in human breast epithelial cells through transactivation of Snail (SNAI1), an activator of EMT. Pea3 binds to the human Snail promoter through the two proximal Pea3 binding sites and enhances Snail expression. In addition, knockdown of Pea3 in invasive breast cancer cells results in down‐regulation of Snail, partial reversal of EMT, and reduced invasiveness in vitro. Moreover, knockdown of Snail partially rescues the phenotype induced by Pea3 overexpression, suggesting that Snail is one of the mediators bridging Pea3 and EMT, and thereby metastatic progression of the cancer cells. In four breast cancer patient cohorts whose microarray and survival data were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, Pea3 and Snail expression are significantly correlated with each other and with overall survival of breast cancer patients. We further demonstrate that nuclear localization of Pea3 is associated with Snail expression in breast cancer cell lines and is an independent predictor of overall survival in a Chinese breast cancer patient cohort. In conclusion, our results suggest that Pea3 may be an important prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for metastatic progression of human breast cancer. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of lead source and cerium (III) doping on structural and photoluminescence properties of PbWO4 microcrystallites synthesized by hydrothermal method
Authors: Tawde D. , Srinivas M. , Murthy K. V. R.
Published: January 2011

Microcrystalline undoped as well as cerium‐doped lead tungstate (PbWO4) powder with different phase and shape, were successfully synthesized via a low‐temperature hydrothermal method using different lead sources (lead acetate and lead nitrate) and Na2WO4 as metallic cations and distilled water as solvent. The effect of lead sources and Ce3+ doping on crystallite size and shape were investigated with XRD, SEM and TEM. The average crystallite size was found between 28 and 82 nm using the Scherrer formula. Incorporation of Ce3+ into undoped PbWO4 reduces the average crystallite size. The raspite phase of PbWO4 generates nanobelts‐like structure. Photoluminescence spectra show broad blue–green emission in the 450–550 nm range and the luminescence intensity decreases with cerium doping compared to undoped PbWO4 due to the nonradiative 5d–4f transition of the excited Ce3+.

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Spontaneous polarization field in polar and nonpolar GaInN/GaN quantum well structures
Authors: Thomsen M. , Jönen H. , Rossow U. , Hangleiter A.
Published: January 2011

We present a UHV cathodoluminescence study of the spontaneous polarization field in polar [0001] and nonpolar $[1{\bar {1}}00]$ GaN/GaInN single quantum well structures. Employing electron‐stimulated desorption a descreening of the spontaneous field in the polar c‐plane samples was observed, which counteracts the piezoelectric field in the quantum well. While in c‐plane samples a strong blueshift of the emission energy takes place and a drastic increase of emission intensity occurs, no change of the QW emission energy and intensity from m‐plane samples was detected. The different behaviour under the same experimental conditions can only be explained with the absence of the spontaneous polarization field in the nonpolar $[1{\bar {1}}00]$ m‐direction.
Effect of surface stresses on elastic behavior of a screw dislocation inside the wall of a nanotube
Authors: Shodja Hossein M. , Gutkin Mikhail Yu. , Moeini‐Ardakani Seyed S.
Published: January 2011

Behavior of a screw dislocation inside a nanotube (NT) is considered in the context of surface elasticity. The elastic fields as well as the image force acting over the dislocation are derived and analyzed in detail. In contrast with the result of classical elasticity, the screw dislocation is shown to be repelled by free surfaces and occupy two stable equilibrium positions near them. The image force strongly depends on the NT's inner and outer radii as well as surface elastic characteristics.
Direct observation of elemental segregation in InGaN nanowires by X‐ray nanoprobe
Authors: Segura‐Ruiz J. , Martinez‐Criado G. , Sans J. A. , Tucoulou R. , Cloetens P. , Snigireva I. , Denker C. , Malindretos J. , Rizzi A. , Gomez‐Gomez M. , Garro N. , Cantarero A.
Published: January 2011

Using synchrotron radiation nanoprobe, this work reports on the elemental distribution in single Inx Ga1–xN nanowires (NWs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy directly on Si(111) substrates. Single NWs dispersed on Al covered sapphire were characterized by nano‐X‐ray fluorescence, Raman scattering and photoluminescence spectroscopy. Both Ga and In maps reveal an inhomogeneous axial distribution inside sin‐ gle NWs. The analysis of NWs from the same sample but with different dimensions suggests a decrease of In segregation with the reduction of NW diameter, while Ga distribution seems to remain unaltered. Photoluminescence and Raman scattering measurements carried out on ensembles of NWs exhibit relevant signatures of the compositional disorder. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis of W17O47 nanothick plates with preferred orientation and their photocatalytic activity
Authors: Azimirad R. , Khosravi P. , Moshfegh A. Z.
Published: January 2011

A simple method for synthesis of W17O47 nanothick plates by annealing sol‐gel‐deposited tungsten oxide thin films on soda lime substrate has been reported. After heat treatment of the dried thin films at 700 °C in N2 ambient for 60 min, W17O47 nanothick plates with [100] orientation were obtained. The synthesized product was characterized and analyzed by, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), SEM, XPS and ultraviolet‐visible spectrophotometery. According to SEM observations, nanothick plates grew with random orientations on the surface. In addition, it was observed that some of the nanothick plates were constituted from several nanosheets. XRD analysis determined that the nanothick plates were mainly composed of monoclinic W17O47 phase with strong (500) diffraction peak and about 50 nm average crystalline size. Basing on XPS analysis, the surface composition of the nanothick plates was determined WO2.78. It was found that the 60 min annealed sample has the maximum number of nanothick plates per unit area over the surface as compared to the samples annealed for 15, 45 and 80 min. In addition, the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue over this sample exhibited the highest photoactivity rate. A mechanism for photocatalytic activity of the W17O47 nanothick plates was also proposed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New bounds on the sedimentation velocity for hard, charged and adhesive hard-sphere colloids
Authors: GILLELAND W. TODD , TORQUATO SALVATORE , RUSSEL WILLIAM B.
Published: January 2011

The sedimentation velocity of colloidal dispersions is known from experiment and theory at dilute concentrations to be quite sensitive to the interparticle potential with attractions/repulsions increasing/decreasing the rate significantly at intermediate volume fractions. Since the differences necessarily disappear at close packing, this implies a substantial maximum in the rate for attractions. This paper describes the derivation of a robust upper bound on the velocity that reflects these trends quantitatively and motivates wider application of a simple theory formulated for hard spheres. The treatment pertains to sedimentation velocities slow enough that Brownian motion sustains an equilibrium microstructure without large-scale inhomogeneities in density.