bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Handbook of Phonetics
Authors: Sweet Henry
Published: October 2014

As a phonetician and comparative philologist, Henry Sweet (1845–1912) produced work that was regarded as seminal, particularly in Germany, where he received greater academic recognition than in England. His textbooks on Old English have long been considered standard works. As well as theoretical and historical studies, he also became involved in more practical aspects of linguistics, devising a new kind of shorthand, discussing spelling reform, and promoting the teaching and learning of modern languages. He played a role in the early history of the Oxford English Dictionary and edited several works for the Early English Text Society. Shaw's Professor Higgins in Pygmalion is believed to be based at least partly on Sweet. The present work, first published in 1877, inspired European interest in phonetic studies. Sweet presents a general theory of phonetics, illustrated by examples of transcription from various languages. He also formulates the distinction between phonemic and allophonic transcriptions.
The Christian and Civic Economy of Large Towns
Authors: Chalmers Thomas
Published: October 2014

This three-volume study by the Scottish churchman and social reformer Thomas Chalmers (1780–1847) is a revealing work of Christian morality as applied to urban economic theory. Having moved to Glasgow in 1815, Chalmers was given a free hand in 1819 for an experiment in urban ministry at the new parish of St John's in the poorest district of the city. His reforms improved education and reduced the need for institutional poor relief by dividing the area into manageable 'proportions' that were closely looked after by parish elders and deacons, reviving a traditional community spirit and promoting self-help. Volume 3, published in 1826, was written after Chalmers left St John's to become Chair of Moral Philosophy at St Andrew's. It focuses on the relationship between labour, wages and poor relief, discussing how labouring classes should not depend upon welfare and wages to relieve want, but rather practise self-help to reform their condition from below.
Bibliographia zoologiae et geologiae
Authors: Agassiz Louis
Published: October 2014

Born in Switzerland, Louis Agassiz (1807–73) distinguished himself as one of the most capable and industrious naturalists of the nineteenth century, working in fields as diverse as ichthyology and glaciology. In the late 1840s, he moved to North America, where he became a professor of zoology at Harvard and established the Museum of Comparative Zoology. His extensive bibliography of all known works relating to zoology and geology, which he had compiled for private use, was revised and substantially expanded by the English naturalist Hugh Edwin Strickland (1811–53) and published by the Ray Society in four volumes between 1848 and 1854. As such, it stands as the fullest record of the existing scientific literature just prior to the publication of Darwin's On the Origin of Species. Volume 4 (1854), completed by Sir William Jardine (1800–74) after the death of Strickland, concludes the list of works, arranged alphabetically by author, ranging here from Naccari to Zwinger.
Treatise on Conic Sections
Authors: Apollonius of Perga
Published: October 2014

Active in Alexandria in the third century BCE, Apollonius of Perga ranks as one of the greatest Greek geometers. Building on foundations laid by Euclid, he is famous for defining the parabola, hyperbola and ellipse in his major treatise on conic sections. The dense nature of its text, however, made it inaccessible to most readers. When it was originally published in 1896 by the civil servant and classical scholar Thomas Little Heath (1861–1940), the present work was the first English translation and, more importantly, the first serious effort to standardise the terminology and notation. Along with clear diagrams, Heath includes a thorough introduction to the work and the history of the subject. Seeing the treatise as more than an esoteric artefact, Heath presents it as a valuable tool for modern mathematicians. His works on Diophantos of Alexandria (1885) and Aristarchus of Samos (1913) are also reissued in this series.
Travels in Kamtschatka
Authors: Lesseps Jean-Baptiste-Barthélemy de
Published: October 2014

Jean-Baptiste-Barthélemy de Lesseps (1766–1834), a French diplomat, served as an interpreter on La Pérouse's voyage around the world, which sailed from Brest in 1785. In 1787, on the eastern coast of the Kamchatka peninsula, he was tasked with an overland mission to get reports back to France as La Pérouse proceeded to Australia. This two-volume work, reissued here in its English translation of 1790, is a compelling account of the one-year journey from Russia to France, and a tale of endurance and resourcefulness in the face of forbidding conditions. More than a mere journal, it also relates the author's observations on the way of life in Kamchatka, its institutions and trade. Rich in detail, the work will appeal to historians and readers with an interest in transcontinental adventure. Volume 2 covers his journey from the north-eastern extremity of the Sea of Okhotsk all the way back to France.
Nonlinear Structural Dynamics Using FE Methods
Authors: Doyle James F.
Published: October 2014

Nonlinear Structural Dynamics Using FE Methods emphasises fundamental mechanics principles and outlines a modern approach to understanding structural dynamics. This will be useful to practising engineers but also students who will find advanced topics presented in an accessible manner. The book successfully presents the fundamentals of structural dynamics and infuses them with finite element (FE) methods. First, the author establishes and develops mechanics principles that are basic enough to form the foundations of FE methods. Second, the book presents specific computer procedures to implement FE methods so that general problems can be 'solved' - that is, responses can be produced given the loads, initial conditions and so on. Finally, the book introduces methods of analyses to leverage and expand the FE solutions.
Rebels against the Confederacy
Authors: Myers Barton A.
Published: October 2014

In this groundbreaking study, Barton A. Myers analyzes the secret world of hundreds of white and black Southern Unionists as they struggled for survival in a new Confederate world, resisted the imposition of Confederate military and civil authority, began a diffuse underground movement to destroy the Confederacy, joined the United States Army as soldiers, and waged a series of violent guerrilla battles at the local level against other Southerners. Myers also details the work of Confederates as they struggled to build a new nation at the local level and maintain control over manpower, labor, agricultural, and financial resources, which Southern Unionists possessed. The story is not solely one of triumph over adversity but also one of persecution and, ultimately, erasure of these dissidents by the postwar South's Lost Cause mythologizers.
Faith and the Faithfulness of Jesus in Hebrews
Authors: Easter Matthew C.
Published: October 2014

This volume is the first to investigate manifestations of faith in the Book of Hebrews across four dimensions: ethical, eschatological, Christological, and ecclesiological. Matthew C. Easter illustrates that two contrasting narrative identities emerge in Hebrews: the author of the epistle proclaims that 'we are not of timidity unto destruction, but of faith unto the preservation of the soul' (Hebrews 10:39). Easter classifies the former as the default human story, which lacks faith and results inevitably in death. The latter represents the story of faith, in which one endures suffering to the point of death and thereby achieves eschatological life. The epitome of faithfulness, Jesus confirms the truth of this conclusion and perfects faith through his resurrection. Humans participate in the story of faith by enduring suffering with the traveling people of God and, in doing so, look forward to being raised with Jesus.
A Course of Lectures on the Theory of Language, and Universal Grammar
Authors: Priestley Joseph
Published: October 2014

The English polymath Joseph Priestley (1733–1804) wrote on a wide range of scientific, theological and pedagogical subjects. In 1761, he produced the influential textbook Rudiments of English Grammar (also reissued in this series). The following year, having taken up a teaching position at Warrington Academy, he released this outline of nineteen lectures on a variety of linguistic topics. Although it was not published, it was distributed to other dissenting academies. Intended to give teachers a starting point when discussing 'the art of language' in its diverse forms, the lectures range from articulation and the alphabet to comparative linguistics, syntax, metre and the evolution of language. Along with its companion work, it established Priestley as one of the leading grammarians and educators of his time. Modern readers will gain a deeper understanding of his drive to increase and share knowledge of how and why speech and writing served their purpose.
Fifty Years of Work without Wages
Authors: Rowley Charles
Published: October 2014

Born in Ancoats, a deprived industrial area of Manchester, Charles Rowley (1839–1933) witnessed what he saw as the degeneration of inner-city life in the second half of the nineteenth century. His family's picture-framing business, combined with his love of culture, brought him into contact with the ideas and personalities associated with the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, notably William Morris. As a social reformer, Rowley was suspicious of organised charity and its tendency to patronise those it tried to support. Through a number of progressive initiatives, he laboured to bring art and culture to working people: the Ancoats Brotherhood, which organised lectures and reading groups, was among the many projects he fostered. First published in 1911, these well-illustrated memoirs present a thoughtful portrait of Rowley's experiences and enthusiasms, touching upon his interactions with such artists as Ford Madox Brown, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Holman Hunt.
Making a New Deal
Authors: Cohen Lizabeth
Published: October 2014

This book examines how it was possible and what it meant for ordinary factory workers to become effective unionists and national political participants by the mid-1930s. We follow Chicago workers as they make choices about whether to attend ethnic benefit society meetings or to go to the movies, whether to shop in local neighborhood stores or patronize the new A & P. As they made daily decisions like these, they declared their loyalty in ways that would ultimately have political significance. When the depression worsened in the 1930s, workers adopted new ideological perspectives and overcame longstanding divisions among themselves to mount new kinds of collective action. Chicago workers' experiences all converged to make them into New Deal Democrats and CIO unionists. First printed in 1990, Making a New Deal has become an established classic in American history. The second edition includes a new preface by Lizabeth Cohen.
LocalAli: an evolutionary-based local alignment approach to identify functionally
conserved
modules in multiple networks
Authors: Hu Jialu , Reinert Knut
Published: October 2014

Motivation: Sequences and protein interaction data are of significance to understand the underlying molecular mechanism of organisms. Local network alignment is one of key systematic ways for predicting protein functions, identifying functional modules and understanding the phylogeny from these data. Most of currently existing tools, however, encounter their limitations, which are mainly concerned with scoring scheme, speed and scalability. Therefore, there are growing demands for sophisticated network evolution models and efficient local alignment algorithms.

Results: We developed a fast and scalable local network alignment tool called LocalAli for the identification of functionally conserved modules in multiple networks. In this algorithm, we firstly proposed a new framework to reconstruct the evolution history of conserved modules based on a maximum-parsimony evolutionary model. By relying on this model, LocalAli facilitates interpretation of resulting local alignments in terms of conserved modules, which have been evolved from a common ancestral module through a series of evolutionary events. A meta-heuristic method simulated annealing was used to search for the optimal or near-optimal inner nodes (i.e. ancestral modules) of the evolutionary tree. To evaluate the performance and the statistical significance, LocalAli were tested on 26 real datasets and 1040 randomly generated datasets. The results suggest that LocalAli outperforms all existing algorithms in terms of coverage, consistency and scalability, meanwhile retains a high precision in the identification of functionally coherent subnetworks.

Availability: The source code and test datasets are freely available for download under the GNU GPL v3 license at https://code.google.com/p/localali/ .

Contact:  jialu.hu@fu-berlin.de or knut.reinert@fu-berlin.de .

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Drivers of parasite sharing among Neotropical freshwater fishes
Authors: Braga Mariana P. , Razzolini Emanuel , Boeger Walter A.
Published: October 2014

Because host–parasite interactions are so ubiquitous, it is of primary interest for ecologists to understand the factors that generate, maintain and constrain these associations. Phylogenetic comparative studies have found abundant evidence for host‐switching to relatively unrelated hosts, sometimes related to diversification events, in a variety of host–parasite systems. For Monogenoidea (Platyhelminthes) parasites, it has been suggested that the co‐speciation model alone cannot explain host occurrences, hence host‐switching and/or non‐vicariant modes of speciation should be associated with the origins and diversification of several monogenoid taxa.

The factors that shape broad patterns of parasite sharing were investigated using path analysis as a way to generate hypotheses about the origins of host–parasite interactions between monogenoid gill parasites and Neotropical freshwater fishes.

Parasite sharing was assessed from an interaction matrix, and explanatory variables included phylogenetic relationships, environmental preferences, biological traits and geographic distribution for each host species.

Although geographic distribution of hosts and host ecology are important factors to understand host–parasite interactions, especially within host lineages that share a relatively recent evolutionary history, phylogeny had the strongest overall direct effect on parasite sharing.

Phylogenetic contiguity of host communities may allow a ‘stepping‐stone’ mode of host‐switching, which increases parasite sharing. Our results reinforce the importance of including evolutionary history in the study of ecological associations, including emerging infectious diseases risk assessment.
A review of the effects of formaldehyde release from endodontic materials
Authors: Athanassiadis B. , George G. A. , Abbott P. V. , Wash L. J.
Published: October 2014

Formaldehyde is present in most living cells and the environment. In dentistry, patients may be exposed to formaldehyde through the use of several endodontic materials (e.g. AH 26) and during formocresol pulpotomies. This review outlines how the human body reacts to formaldehyde exposure, how recent data has relooked at the issue of carcinogenicity and leukaemia associated with formaldehyde, and whether it is possible to quantify the amount of formaldehyde produced by endodontic cements. The review analyses the way formaldehyde is produced from epoxy resins and addresses the question of whether the amount of formaldehyde from endodontic cements is large enough to override the body's ability to deal with its own endogenous levels of formaldehyde and should the amount of formaldehyde produced be a concern.
CD8+ T‐cell recognition of a synthetic epitope formed by t‐butyl modification
Authors: Reid Reiss A. , Redman James E. , Rizkallah Pierre , Fegan Chris , Pepper Chris , Man Stephen
Published: October 2014

We set out to clone Bax‐specific CD8+ T cells from peripheral blood samples of patients with primary chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. A number of clones were generated using a Bax peptide pool and their T‐cell epitope was mapped to two peptides sharing a common 9‐amino‐acid sequence (LLSYFGTPT), restricted by HLA‐A*0201. However, when these T‐cell clones were tested against highly purified syntheses (> 95%) of the same peptide sequence, there was no functional response. Subsequent mass spectrometric analysis and HPLC fractionation suggested that the active component in the original crude peptide preparations (77% pure) was a peptide with a tert‐butyl (tBu) modification of the tyrosine residue. This was confirmed by modification of the inactive wild‐type sequence to generate functionally active peptides. Computer modelling of peptide:HLA‐A*0201 structures predicted that the tBu modification would not affect interactions between peptide residues and the HLA binding site. However, these models did predict that the tBu modification of tyrosine would result in an extension of the side chain out of the peptide‐binding groove up towards the T‐cell receptor. This modified product formed < 1% of the original P603 crude peptide preparation and < 0·05% of the original 23‐peptide mixture used for T‐cell stimulation. The data presented here, illustrate the potential for chemical modifications to change the immunogenicity of synthetic peptides, and highlight the exquisite capacity of T‐cell receptors to discriminate between structurally similar peptide sequences. Furthermore, this study highlights potential pitfalls associated with the use of synthetic peptides for the monitoring and modulating of human immune responses.
Recent Clinical Trials for the Etiological Treatment of Chronic Chagas Disease: Advances, Challenges and Perspectives
Authors: Urbina Julio A.
Published: October 2014

Chagas disease, a chronic systemic parasitosis caused by the Kinetoplastid protozoon Trypanosoma cruzi, is the first cause of cardiac morbidity and mortality in poor rural and suburban areas of Latin America and the largest parasitic disease burden in the continent, now spreading worldwide due to international migrations. A recent change in the scientific paradigm on the pathogenesis of chronic Chagas disease has led to a consensus that all T. cruzi‐seropositive patients should receive etiological treatment. This important scientific advance has spurred the rigorous evaluation of the safety and efficacy of currently available drugs (benznidazole and nifurtimox) as well as novel anti‐T. cruzi drug candidates in chronic patients, who were previously excluded from such treatment. The first results indicate that benznidazole is effective in inducing a marked and sustained reduction in the circulating parasites’ level in the majority of these patients, but adverse effects can lead to treatment discontinuation in 10–20% of cases. Ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors, such as posaconazole and ravuconazole, are better tolerated but their efficacy at the doses and treatment duration used in the initial studies was significantly lower; such results are probably related to suboptimal exposure and/or treatment duration. Combination therapies are a promising perspective but the lack of validated biomarkers of response to etiological treatment and eventual parasitological cures in chronic patients remains a serious challenge.
Signals of heterogeneous selection at an MHC locus in geographically proximate ecotypes of sockeye salmon
Authors: Larson Wesley A. , Seeb James E. , Dann Tyler H. , Schindler Daniel E. , Seeb Lisa W.
Published: October 2014

The genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are an important component of the vertebrate immune system and can provide insights into the role of pathogen‐mediated selection in wild populations. Here, we examined variation at the MHC class II peptide‐binding region in 27 populations of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka), distributed among three distinct spawning ecotypes, from a complex of interconnected rivers and lakes in south‐western Alaska. We also obtained genotypes from 90 putatively neutral single nucleotide polymorphisms for each population to compare the relative roles of demography and selection in shaping the observed MHC variation. We found that MHC divergence was generally partitioned by spawning ecotype (lake beaches, rivers and streams) and was 30 times greater than variation at neutral markers. Additionally, we observed substantial differences in modes of selection and diversity among ecotypes, with beach populations displaying higher levels of directional selection and lower MHC diversity than the other two ecotypes. Finally, the level of MHC differentiation in our study system was comparable to that observed over much larger geographic ranges, suggesting that MHC variation does not necessarily increase with increasing spatial scale and may instead be driven by fine‐scale differences in pathogen communities or pathogen virulence. The low levels of neutral structure and spatial proximity of populations in our study system indicate that MHC differentiation can be maintained through strong selective pressure even when ample opportunities for gene flow exist.
Measurement of tear secretion in healthy pigeons by using the phenol red thread test
Authors: Hayat A. , Biricik H. S.
Published: October 2014

The objectives of this study were to determine the applicability of the phenol red thread (PRT) test as a new method for the evaluation of tear secretion in healthy male and female pigeons, to establish normal physiologic reference values in these animals, and to compare seasonal variations in these values. Seventy‐five pigeons of both sexes, with no ocular abnormalities, were included in the study. The phenol red impregnated thread was inserted into the recessus conjunctiva inferior for measuring tear secretion. After 15 seconds, the thread was removed and the wet portion of the thread was measured (in mm). The mean±sd PRT values were 23.02±2.98 mm/15 seconds and 24.04±2.60 mm/15 seconds for the April and June measurements, respectively. There were significant differences in the PRT between the two months, with a significant increase in June. Mean PRT values for males and females were, respectively, 23.30±3.35 and 22.79±2.65 mm/15 seconds in April, and 24.57±2.41 and 23.61±2.68 mm/15 seconds in June. There was no significant correlation (r=0.075, P>0.05) between bodyweight and tear production in both eyes of the male and female birds in April and June. The results indicated that seasonal variations have an effect on tear production. The PRT was a viable method for the measurement of tear production in pigeons and these measurements could be accepted as reference values for healthy pigeons.
Gape and energy limitation determine a humped relationship between trophic position and body size
Authors: Segura Angel Manuel , Franco-Trecu Valentina , Franco-Fraguas Paula , Arim Matías
Published: October 2014

We found a segmented pattern, increasing for small sizes and decreasing for larger sizes, in the relationship between trophic position and body size. This pattern provides support for a recently developed theoretical model whose derivation was based on consumers’ metabolic requirements and on basic assumptions about feeding relationships. We combined original and published information about stable nitrogen isotopes, a proxy of trophic position, for a broad range of animal body sizes (10−3–105 kg) inhabiting the southwestern Atlantic Ocean. Linear, polynomic, and piecewise segmented models were fit to species trophic position and body mass. The segmented model had the best fit, presenting a positive slope (β1 = 0.33 ± 0.08) for small organisms (<200 kg) and a negative slope (β2 = −1.93 ± 0.16) for larger ones. This suggests that there are morphological restrictions to prey consumption in smaller organisms and energetic constraints to trophic position in larger ones. Furthermore, the predator–prey body mass ratio (BMR = 1.31; 95% CI = 0.9–2.40) estimated here is similar to previous reports of direct observations (BMR = 1.64 and 1.82). However, the trophic position of larger organisms decreases at a faster rate (β2 = −1.93) than expected by metabolic demand (β2expected = −0.16 to −0.82), suggesting that additional processes should be considered. Our results suggest that large species could be more vulnerable to global change than previously thought.
Transforming Trauma Teams Through Transactive Memory
Authors: Gardner Aimee K. , Ahmed Rami A.
Published: October 2014

Background

In situ simulation holds promise to enhance the effectiveness of performance. However, a dearth of theory remains to explain the efficacy of simulation-based education within health care teams.

Aim

The aim of this study was to examine team cognitive processes across two trauma simulations and to identify whether these processes impact observer-rated performance.

Method

Twenty-four health care professionals within an emergency department participated in one of two 30-minute trauma scenarios. Before and after participating, they reported their team transactive memory perceptions. Performance in the scenarios was video recorded for evaluation.

Results

Participants reported significant increases in transactive memory ( p < .05) after participating in the trauma simulations. Furthermore, transactive memory was positively related to observer-rated performance ( r = .58, p < .01).

Conclusion

Our results suggest that simulation has potential to be an effective method to increase transactive memory perceptions among team members. In addition, the increase in transactive memory systems is associated with higher performance ratings. Further consideration concerning the design and evaluation of simulation-based training programs to facilitate the development of such cognitive processes among teams is recommended.
Interior Monologue in Malory
Authors: Reynolds Meredith
Published: October 2014

This article examines the places in Le Morte Darthur where interior monologue occurs. Each example of self-talk and the character’s subsequent response individualizes that character; more importantly, the audience can analyze the complex and sometimes diametrically opposed elements of chivalry revealed by such self-talk.
Perceval’s Unknown Sin: Narrative Theology in Chrétien’s Story of the Grail
Authors: Tan Sylvester George
Published: October 2014

Perceval’s sin in Chrétien’s Li Contes del Graal may be better understood through an examination of the debate between Abelard and Bernard regarding unconscious sin, which sheds further light upon the theology that Chrétien himself develops through the narrative means open to him as a layman.
The Trauma of Diagnosis: Picturing Cancer in Graphic Memoir
Authors: Miller Nancy K.
Published: October 2014

This essay highlights the visual figurations through which comics artists have expressed the bodily and psychic shock of receiving a cancer diagnosis—their own, or that of a loved one. A cancer diagnosis challenges the sense we have of our place in the world. Graphic memoir pictures that disruption and exposes the workings of the disease, whatever the outcome of the story. I focus on the moment of diagnosis as the gateway into the emotional journey of cancer patients as shaped by the medical norms and clichés of today’s oncological discourse.
Moor, Mulata , Mulatta: Sentimentalism, Racialization, and Benevolent Imperialism in Mary Peabody Mann’s Juanita
Authors: Windell Maria A.
Published: October 2014

“Moor, Mulata , Mulatta” argues that Mary Peabody Mann’s Juanita (1887) imports U.S. sentimental abolitionism to a Cuban setting. In so doing, it imports a racial hierarchy divergent from that developing in Cuba. By translating figures such as Eva-like children and the tragic U.S. mulatta into a Cuban narrative, Mann’s novel overwrites figures such as the Cuban mulata and rewrites Cuba’s antislavery and anticolonial movements—erasing their multiracial nature. The alternate Cuba that Juanita envisions exemplifies a late-nineteenth-century U.S. hemispheric imaginary, thereby prefiguring U.S. influence in Cuba following the Spanish-Cuban-American War.
“The Other One”: An Unpublished Chapter of Sarah Orne Jewett’s The Country of the Pointed Firs
Authors: Homestead Melissa J. , Heller Terry
Published: October 2014

This submission presents an edition of an unpublished manuscript chapter of Sarah Orne Jewett’s Country of the Pointed Firs, in which protagonist Almira Todd receives a $10,000 bequest from a suitor who rejected her many years before. In our introduction to the edition, we argue that Jewett drafted the chapter intending it to be a culminating chapter of the book version of Firs . Although she decided not to publish it, it represents her thinking at an advanced compositional stage about the genre and themes of her masterwork. In drafting it and then deciding not to use it, Jewett made a choice between recasting “Firs” in the conventional and closed novelistic form of the heterosexual romance or maintaining the queerer open structure and themes of the serialized “Firs” sketches, which are organized around visits and conversations between female friends. The unpublished chapter also casts light on the much-debated character of Jewett’s regionalism. Although we believe that she chose rightly by ending with “The Backward View” and thus pointedly resisting contemporary orthodoxies of genre, gender and sexuality, she simultaneously lost the opportunity to use the enrichment of Almira in “The Other One” to interrogate the economic logic of elite tourism to rural regions.
Occupy Bartleby
Authors: Castronovo Russ
Published: October 2014

By examining the repeated appearances of Herman Melville’s “Bartleby” at Occupy Wall Street protests, this essay examines public modes of literary criticism. In calling upon “Bartleby,” how does Occupy Wall Street interpret and make use of American literature? If the demonstrators who invoked “Bartleby” were not interpreting or analyzing the short story in ways that were immediately recognizable, what then were they doing with it? The essay’s aim is not to read the protests but rather to read how Occupy reads. It is an endeavor that also entails some reflection about how professionally trained readers read. Taken together, these inquires can illuminate some important differences between activist citations of “Bartleby” and the protocols of professional literary criticism, which are often seen as proximate to political activity, if not political activity themselves.
Censoring/Censuring the Press under the Second Empire: The Goncourts as Journalists and Charles Demailly
Authors: Vantine Peter
Published: October 2014

This article examines Edmond and Jules de Goncourt’s critique of Napoleon III’s strict control of the press, as expressed through the narrative discourse in Charles Demailly (1860–1868). The novel is informed by the brothers’ brief career as journalists, which they abandoned after being censored. Their text suggests that political censorship under the Second Empire’s authoritarian regime is responsible for contaminating literary criticism with covert political polemics and for turning the non-political petits journaux into trivial scandalmongers that debase the literary field and the public rather than building on the alleged intellectual and artistic gains of the 1830s. The narrator also blames the public for its complicity in the shameless but popular practices of such papers. Yet, through the authors’ experiment with journalism as well as their critique of the press in the novel, we can discern an acknowledgement of their dependence on the public and a condescending but genuine desire to influence the public.
La Contagion de l’écho: “L’Obsession” de Charles Cros
Authors: Bernadet Arnaud
Published: October 2014

Charles Cros’s comic monologues are less famous than his collections of poems Le Coff ret de Santal and Le Collier de griffes , though they were theorized by contemporary actors such as Coquelin cadet, and more recently analyzed by scholars from Daniel Grojnowski to Françoise Dubor. In this study of “L’Obsession” (written and performed in 1878), I argue that the technique of voice and diction tends to liken language and the flow of words to a mental disease. In connection with the clinical experiments that Charcot carried out in the Salpêtrière or with French psychiatric concepts and studies that influenced his sense of drama and onstage recitation, the way in which Cros focuses on his monologue’s verbal and physical tics brings to light a new theory of echo and poetic phrasing not only based on repetitions but also deeply rooted in the speaker’s body. (In French)
“J’ai menti à la science”: Female Sexual Pleasure and the Limits of Medicine in Dubut de Laforest
Authors: Larson Sharon
Published: October 2014

Jean-Louis Dubut de Laforest’s novel Mademoiselle Tantale (1884) is the story of a young woman’s sexual impotence and the medical community’s failure to find a remedy for her inability to experience orgasm. Reprinted in 1897 as part of a larger, heavily footnoted compilation of the author’s works entitled Pathologie sociale , Dubut’s study of female pleasure draws on various scientific texts and case studies on female sexual pathology that he frequently references in the paratext of novel. This unique compilation offers the nineteenth-century scholar a glimpse into the complicated, oft en contradictory intersection of medicine and literature that frames much of Dubut’s fiction. While collaboration between fiction writers and scientists was not uncommon at the fin de siècle, Dubut’s novel about female pleasure is exceptional in that it brings its heroine directly into contact with science and its shortcomings, revealing the author’s anxiety about male discursive authority—in both fiction and medicine—and the impenetrability of female sexual experience.
“Dans le passé mort”: Pierre Loti, Images, and Time
Authors: Ferraris-Besso Caroline
Published: October 2014

Often overlooked as a theorist of photography, Pierre Loti (1850–1923) provided original insights that anticipate those of critics such as Roland Barthes and Susan Sontag. Through consideration of three Loti texts—“Dans le passé mort” (1891), the 1893 preface to Charles Lallemand’s Le Caire , and “Photographies d’hier et d’aujourd’hui” (1909)—I show that Loti, who started experimenting with photography as a child, recognized the medium as an art form early on. Photographs, whose analogical nature makes them effective tools to preserve family memory and history, provide him with an alternative to the more fragile, less truthful painted portrait. Finally, as parts of collections, photographs enable Loti to construct a character and to find his place in history.
Ethnicity and an Emerging Indochinese Commercial District in Orange County
Authors: Franklin Robert L.
Published: October 2014

The recent influx of Indochinese refugees into Orange County has generated unique spatial patterns. West-central Orange County cities have been the resettlement destination for the majority of the refugees. The cities of Sańta Ana, Garden Grove, Huntington Beach, and Westminster share 61 percent of the total Indochinese population in Orange County. One consequence of this resettlement pattern is the development of an emerging Indochinese commercial district. Along Bolsa Avenue, between Magnolia Street and Brookhurst Street, retail establishments are rapidly becoming Indochinese in ownership. The commercial district has become the commercial and cultural focus for the Indochinese community. Although the results of a shopper survey reveal that the overwhelming majority of the shoppers are Indochinese, about 10 percent of the shoppers are American. Even though the economic success of the district is admirable, the development has not been without its problems. Some long-time residents and American proprietors apparently resent the success of the Indochinese. Community tensions have inhibited acceptance of the Indochinese in Orange County. The author attempts to investigate the ethnicity of proprietors, the spatial behavior and ethnicity of shoppers, and the origin and development of an emerging Indochinese commercial district in Orange County.
Westlands Water District, Fresno County, California: Problems with the National Reclamation Act
Authors: Mitchell Martin
Published: October 2014

This paper examines past and present aspects of the National Reclamation Act in the Westlands Irrigation District of Fresno County, California. The National Reclamation Act of 1902 was enacted to allow for the development of rural landscapes centered on small family farms. Acreage controls and residency clauses were the means of obtaining such a goal. However, lax enforcement has led to a landscape typified by large landholdings and absentee ownership. The history and philosophy of the Act are discussed, followed by examination of the development of the Westlands. The application of the Act's legal provisions and subsequent controversies are then addressed. Specifically, the Carter Administration's attempt at enforcement of the Act and the political process of amending the Act by the affected parties are analyzed, as well as the roles of special interest groups, private entities, and certain political figures. The impact of revised legislation on the Westlands rural landscape is also considered.
Klamath Falls and Altamont, Oregon
Authors: Dicken Samuel N.
Published: October 2014

Klamath Falls and its suburb, Altamont, are located in south-central Oregon, east of the Cascades and near the California border. Most of Klamath County's 60,000 people live in these two urban areas, on or near the bed of Pluvial Lake Modoc, a large Pleistocene lake in Oregon and California. The sites of the two urban units are quite different; Klamath Falls is on a narrow channel of the old lake and part of the residential area is on hilly land. Altamont, by contrast, is almost entirely on the nearly level lake plain, with plenty of room to grow. Klamath Falls was founded in 1867 and had almost stopped growing by 1930. Altamont grew rapidly after 1930, equaled the parent city in population by 1970, and surpassed it in 1980. The juxtaposition of these units presents some unique geographic and administrative problems.
Wintertime 500-mb Flow Types and the California Drought of 1976-1977
Authors: Hartman Mark F.
Published: October 2014

Distinct types of wintertime flow at the 500-mb level over the western North America-eastern Pacific Ocean region were derived using a modified correlation analysis method. Circulation was analyzed for the winters of 1975-76 through 1979-80, which included the severe drought winters of 1975-76 and 1976-77 in California. Two flow types, characterized by ridging, existed on many more days during the two drought seasons than during a normal season. In this case, drought appears to have been associated with an abnormal frequency of normally existent flow patterns, not a completely anomalous type of atmospheric circulation.
The Development of Linear Move Irrigation in the United States
Authors: McKnight Tom L.
Published: October 2014

Over the past three decades irrigation agriculture in North America has been significantly altered by the widespread adoption of center pivot machines, which created unusual landscape changes and brought unique advantages in labor savings and efficiency of water use. Within the last eight years the principles of center pivot technology have been modified to develop an even more sophisticated approach to irrigation efficiency, called linear move. These enormous, fully automated, extremely expensive machines are being introduced rapidly into California irrigated districts, and are being adopted in other areas as well. Despite the depressed agrarian economy, the enormous cost of the machines, and the soaring price of energy, linear move irrigation now is established in a dozen states. This paper describes linear move technology and agronomy and makes a preliminary assessment of its impact on farming.
Distance and Dissent: Alaska's Capital Move
Authors: Pearson Roger W.
Published: October 2014

Since achieving statehood in 1959, Alaskans have voted six times on the capital move issue. Each time distinct regional voting patterns have emerged. One regional pattern suggests a distance-decay model. Regions closest to Anchorage provided the greatest support for the capital move. Distant regions often reflected different environments, cultures, and voting patterns. Second, some regions, because of their size, were able to "swing" the total vote. Fairbanks was the most notable example. Third, regional patterns remained remarkably consistent throughout the six elections. The capital move has been Alaska's most regionally divisive issue since 1959.
Secant Cases of Azimuthal Projections: Myth and Reality
Authors: Richardson Robert T.
Published: October 2014

Several important texts and atlases suggest azimuthal projections can be made in secant cases, thereby having low distortion around the secant small circle rather than around a point as in the tangent cases. Three of the azimuthals (gnomonic, orthographic, and stereographic) can only exist in their tangent cases; their so-called secant cases are only different in the scale in which they are identified. Their arrangement of the graticule remains unaltered. The remaining two principal azimuthals (Lambert's equal area and the equidistant) can be made in secant cases with the secant small circle a line of no distortion, but with odd results: at their central points, direction cannot be determined, making the term azimuthal meaningless, and these points represent missing space—a cartographical black hole, with very curious results. Polar and oblique examples are illustrated.
The Tillamook Burn
Authors: Erickson Kenneth A.
Published: October 2014

The Tillamook Burn, which burned over 355,000 acres of private, old-growth timber in northwestern Oregon approximately fifty years ago, led to a short-lived boom in salvage lumbering and accelerated the southward shift of logging and sawmilling in western Oregon. Despite biotic recovery, the geography of northwestern Oregon continues to show the lingering effect of the fire on community and economic development. Following county, then state, land revestiture and consolidation, the reforested Burn constitutes a vast "empty area" abutting the Portland metropolitan area and suggests a future conflict between recreational usage and second-growth harvest plans.
From the Mountains to the Lakebed: Resource Problems and Prospects in Buhi Watershed, Camarines Sur, Philippines
Authors: Zoleta Doracie B.
Published: October 2014

Development activities in Lake Buhi, in Camarines Sur Province, and its watershed have been injurious in the past. Removal of forest cover, increase in number of permanent kaingin sites, soil erosion, lake sedimentation, eutrophication, flooding, destruction of aquatic vegetation, change in lake trophic structure, extinction of sinarapan species, decrease in chances or access to some resources and alternatives for development among the subsistence farmers and fishers, and depreciation in living and economic conditions of the human population are among the observed effects. Although there are various programs to solve these problems, very few attempt to deal with the uplands and the lake as a single interacting entity and unit for research and development. This study presents information from the Lake Buhi area on the effects of a growing population and the utilization-management practices employed on watershed and lake resources, and a management approach identified by the local residents and resource analysts that can be implemented successfully and practically in dealing with the resource management problems in the area.
Children's Characterization of Place
Authors: Aitken Stuart C. , Ginsberg Steven P.
Published: October 2014

This study investigated children's place preferences and evaluations. A sample of grade-school children in El Cajon, near San Diego, answered questions about places in the neighborhood around their school. The answers were analyzed using multidimensional scaling and a modified repertory grid methodology. Groups of like-minded children were identified, as were the different ways in which they evaluated the same environments. The children's characterization of a place was closely related to how they perceived its utility. Places useful to the children contributed to child-environment transactions that promoted independence, creativity, sociability, and affect.
Housing and Inner City Population Change in Columbus and San Diego
Authors: Ford Larry
Published: October 2014

Social change in American inner cities has been dramatic in recent decades. Widespread neighborhood decline has been interpreted as a major national problem. Our understanding of the problem and our national policies in this area too often have been based upon stereotypes that ignore the tremendous variation in the conditions of individual cities. This paper establishes a standardized method for comparing central zones consisting of the oldest 12 square miles of large cities. Census data for 1960 to 1980 in nine urban places are examined, with greater detail presented for two central cities that have had contrasting architectural and social histories. In Columbus central zone neighborhoods underwent a variety of housing and population changes, while in San Diego most were consistently stable or growing.
Housing and the Elderly in the Post-World War II Suburb
Authors: Young Robert A.
Published: October 2014

The 1980s and 1990s may be recorded as the decades of graying in American residential suburbs. A survey of the elderly in La Mirada, California, revealed high levels of overall community and dwelling unit satisfaction. However, the respondents expressed a number of specific housing concerns. The surveyed elderly felt the greatest need for help with routine maintenance and small-scale repairs, which generally have not been addressed in the past by government programs. The future will bring increased demand for types of elderly housing units that currently do not exist in La Mirada. Meeting the housing and allied service needs of the growing number of elderly will pose significant challenges to small and medium-sized residential suburbs in particular.
Infinidad de Gentiles : Aboriginal Population in the Tulare Basin
Authors: Preston Bill
Published: October 2014

The Tulare Lake Basin was capable of sustaining a large number of aboriginal inhabitants. This conclusion is based on a refined reconstruction of the aboriginal environment and a reevaluation of aboriginal subsistence ecology. In addition to demonstrating a larger carrying capacity than heretofore recognized, the paper challenges some long-held assumptions concerning demographic restraints on California Indians and their adaptation to the environment.
The Alaskan Bush in Transition: An Overview
Authors: Lantis David W. , Meares Donald , Smith Valene
Published: October 2014

The Bush, which is rural Alaska, covers almost the entirety of the 49th state. To give a feel for Alaska, site of the 54th annual APCG meeting, this paper considers the physical environment, past and present human occupancy, and future prospects of the rural Alaska that is essentially devoid of people.
River City: Right Here in California?
Authors: Hallinan Tim S.
Published: October 2014

Most American cities enjoy no sharp, distinct image in the public mind. To claim uniqueness they appropriate slogans, mottos, and nicknames. Sacramento has in the past paraded its claims as a seat of state government, a redoubt of exotic vegetation, and a city in the fertile flatness of the Central Valley. A recent addition to the list of local nicknames is River City. While directing apt attention to the controlled, enhanced local rivers—the American and the Sacramento—the nickname also suggests by its sudden popularity and spatial distribution a deepfelt need for a new label for this aspiring second-rank metropolis.