bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on heat transfer characteristics of reservoir embedded loop heat pipe (Influence of condenser cooling method on heat transfer characteristics)
Authors: Ishikawa Hiroaki , Nomura Takehide , Ogushi Tetsuro , Noda Hiroyuki , Kawasaki Haruo , Yabe Takahiro
Published: January 2009

As heat generation in satellites increases, securing sufficient radiator panel area is an important problem. Deployable radiators, whose radiator panels are deployed post‐launch in space to increase the effective radiator panel area of the satellite, is becoming an important thermal control technology. A reservoir embedded loop heat pipe (RELHP) is applied to the deployable radiator for a thermal transport device. This paper presents the heat transport dynamic characteristics of a RELHP using a radiant cooling condenser and liquid forced convection cooling condenser by an experimental study. It was found that heat leak into the liquid line, flexible line, and reservoir increases the length of the sub‐cooling region in the condenser. In the case of the radiant cooling condenser, the sub‐cooling region length is shorter than that of a liquid forced convection cooling condenser. Furthermore, vapor temperature is mainly decided by the radiation capacity of the radiator panel, because liquid temperature returned into the evaporator rises with an increase in radiator panel temperature. In addition, time length from start‐up until steady state is greater than the liquid forced convection cooling condenser case, because the radiator panel has a large heat capacity. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20229
Analysis of flow and heat transfer in evaporator porous wicking structure of a flat heat pipe
Authors: Hu Congxiang , Peng Xiaofeng
Published: January 2009

With a specified pressure distribution, an analytical investigation was conducted to explore the flow and heat transfer characteristics in an evaporator porous wicking structure of a flat heat pipe. The boundary effect on the flow rate is more significant than the inertia, and both the boundary and inertia effects exert very little influence on fluid layer thickness and velocity distribution. The bottom of the porous layer is at a quite uniform temperature, and the heat flux is almost normal to the solid boundary. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20237
Mechanism research of convective condensation heat transfer for a gas mixture flowing over a horizontal tube
Authors: Jia Li , Wu Dongmei , Qi Wei
Published: January 2009

The modified film model combined with Nusselt's condensation theory are used for the study of convective condensation heat transfer on a horizontal tube with moist mixed horizontal gas flows at a given speed. A theoretical model considering gas boundary layer separation was set up. The liquid film flows and the heat transfer on the tube are presented. The effects of the flow direction on condensation heat transfer are discussed. The results predict that the condensate film is so thin that the liquid phase heat resistance can be ignored. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20238
Estrogen receptor β‐mediated nuclear interaction between IRS‐1 and Rad51 inhibits homologous recombination directed DNA repair in medulloblastoma
Authors: Urbanska Katarzyna , Pannizzo Paola , Lassak Adam , Gualco Elisa , Surmacz Eva , Croul Sidney , Del Valle Luis , Khalili Kamel , Reiss Krzysztof
Published: January 2009

In medulloblastomas, which are highly malignant cerebellar tumors of the childhood genotoxic treatments such as cisplatin or γ‐irradiation are frequently associated with DNA damage, which often associates with unfaithful DNA repair, selection of new adaptations and possibly tumor recurrences. Therefore, better understanding of molecular mechanisms which control DNA repair fidelity upon DNA damage is a critical task. Here we demonstrate for the first time that estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) can contribute to the development of genomic instability in medulloblastomas. Specifically, ERβ was found highly expressed and active in mouse and human medulloblastoma cell lines. Nuclear ERβ was also present in human medulloblastoma clinical samples. Expression of ERβ coincided with nuclear translocation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS‐1), which was previously reported to interfere with the faithful component of DNA repair when translocated to the nucleus. We demonstrated that ERβ and IRS‐1 bind each other, and the interaction involves C‐terminal domain of IRS‐1 (aa 931–1233). Following cisplatin‐induced DNA damage, nuclear IRS‐1 localized at the sites of damaged DNA, and interacted with Rad51—an enzymatic component of homologous recombination directed DNA repair (HRR). In medulloblastoma cells, engineered to express HRR‐DNA reporter plasmid, ER antagonist, ICI 182,780, or IRS mutant (931–1233) significantly increased DNA repair fidelity. These data strongly suggest that both molecular and pharmacological interventions are capable of preventing ERβ‐mediated IRS‐1 nuclear translocation, which in turn improves DNA repair fidelity and possibly counteracts accumulation of malignant mutations in actively growing medulloblastomas. J. Cell. Physiol. 219: 392–401, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Geographic variation in otolith morphology among freshwater populations of Aphanius dispar (Teleostei, Cyprinodontiformes) from the southeastern Arabian Peninsula
Authors: Reichenbacher Bettina , Feulner Gary R. , Schulz‐Mirbach Tanja
Published: January 2009

Aphanius Nardo is a large genus of teleost fishes in the Old World, with 19 described species. Several of these species have only recently been recognized and additional species can be expected from isolated populations in remote areas. We show here that otolith morphology and statistical analyses of otolith variables can contribute to the detection of genetic differentiation in Aphanius. We studied samples of eight Aphanius dispar populations from the southeastern part of the Arabian Peninsula. Two populations originate from freshwater habitats far inland and probably have been isolated since the late Holocene some 4,000 years ago, three populations come from freshwater habitats with occasional connections to the sea, one population originates from a coastal site, and two were artificially introduced populations. The coastal population is interpreted as possessing the basic otolith type of A. dispar. The basic otolith type also occurs in fishes from the freshwater habitat which is located closest to the coast. Otoliths from the two other freshwater populations with occasional connections to the coast differ slightly from the basic type. However, the two populations from the long‐term isolated freshwater habitats far inland show distinct morphological changes. Our results are consistent with the hypotheses that i) otolith morphology is primarily genetically determined and is little influenced by physical parameters of the habitat, and ii) isolated A. dispar populations may be capable of evolving into new species within short periods of time. J. Morphol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chondrogenesis and homology of the visceral skeleton in the little skate, Leucoraja erinacea (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea)
Authors: Gillis J. Andrew , Dahn Randall D. , Shubin Neil H.
Published: January 2009

Chondrichthyan fishes possess visceral skeletons that differ considerably, morphologically, from those of their sister taxon, the osteichthyans. Here, we use histological techniques and whole‐mount skeletal preparations to visualize and describe the sequence of visceral skeletal condensation and chondrogenesis in a chondrichthyan, the little skate (Leucoraja erinacea). We demonstrate that visceral skeletal condensation begins rostrally, with the mandibular arch, and progresses caudally with the hyoid arch and posterior branchial arches condensing soon after. We provide a detailed account of the condensation and chondrogenesis of all major components of the L. erinacea visceral skeleton and discuss these data in the context of what is known from classical descriptions of chondrichthyan visceral skeletal development. Significant differences exist between the hypobranchial and basibranchial skeleton of L. erinacea and other chondrichthyan species, and the possible evolutionary and developmental significance of this is considered. We discuss the homology of the chondrichthyan hyoid arch and, based on patterns of mesenchymal condensation, we propose a model of condensation splitting and diversification that may account for the morphological diversification of gnathostome branchial arch derivatives. Finally, we suggest that the unique presence of certain visceral skeletal elements in chondrichthyans make oviparous chondrichthyans an ideal system for addressing questions of endoskeletal axial patterning during development. J. Morphol., 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tension patterns of the anteromedial and posterolateral grafts in a double‐bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
Authors: Wu Changfu , Noorani Sabrina , Vercillo Fabio , Woo Savio L‐Y.
Published: January 2009

The two functional bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), namely, the anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bundles, must work in concert to control displacement of the tibia relative to the femur for complex motions. Thus, the replacement graft(s) for a torn ACL should possess similar tension patterns. The objective of the study was to examine whether a double‐bundle ACL reconstruction with the semitendinosus‐gracilis autografts could replicate the tension patterns of those for the intact ACL under controlled in vitro loading conditions. By means of a robotic/universal force moment sensor (UFS) testing system, the in situ force vectors (both magnitude and direction) for the AM and PL bundles of the ACL, as well as their respective replacement grafts, were determined and compared on nine human cadaveric knees. It was found that double‐bundle ACL reconstruction could closely replicate the in situ force vectors. Under a 134‐N anterior tibial load, the resultant force vectors for the intact ACL and the reconstructed ACL had a difference of 5 to 11 N (p > 0.05) in magnitude and 1 to 13° (p > 0.05) in direction. Whereas, under combined rotatory loads of 10‐N‐m valgus and 5‐N‐m internal tibial torques, the corresponding differences were 10 to 16 N and 4° to 11°, respectively. Again, there were no statistically significant differences except at 30° of flexion where the force vector for the AM graft had a 15° (p < 0.05) lower elevation angle than did the AM bundle. © 2008 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 879–884, 2009
Theoretical study on the mechanism of reaction between 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐2‐butanone and malononitrile catalyzed by magnesium ethoxide
Authors: Heng Lin‐Sen , Hu Qi‐Shan , Li Lai‐Cai , Wang Xin
Published: January 2009

The mechanism of reaction between 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐2‐butanone and malononitrile for the synthesis of 2‐dicyanomethylene‐4,5,5‐trimethyl‐2,5‐dihydrofuran‐3‐carbonitrile catalyzed by magnesium ethoxide was investigated by density functional theory (DFT). The geometries and the frequencies of reactants, intermediates, transition states, and products were calculated at the B3LYP/6–31G(d) level. The vibration analysis and the IRC analysis demonstrated the authenticity of transition states, and the reaction processes were confirmed by the changes of charge density at bond‐forming critical point. The results indicated that magnesium ethoxide is an effective catalyst in the synthesis of 2‐dicyanomethylene‐4,5,5‐trimethyl‐2,5‐dihydrofuran‐3‐carbonitrile from malononitrile and 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐2‐butanone. The activation energy of reaction with magnesium ethoxide decreased by 102.37 kJ mol−1compared with that of the reaction without it. The mechanism of reaction with catalyst magnesium ethoxide differs from that of reaction without it. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 227–235, 2009
Calix[n]arenes mediated phase‐transfer catalytic synthesis of purine derivatives
Authors: Sharma Pratibha , Kumar Ashok , Sahu Vinita , Singh Jitendra
Published: January 2009

A new route was designed to achieve the synthesis of purine derivatives under phase‐transfer catalysis conditions using calix[n]arenes TACnA (n = 4, 6, and 8) as phase‐transfer catalyst for the first time in this particular type of synthesis. The compounds were synthesized in excellent yields (70%–80%) and the structures were established on the basis of consistent IR, 1H NMR, FAB‐Mass, and elemental analyses data. Their purity has been ascertained by chromatographic resolution using acetonitrile, methanol, and water (50:30:20, v/v) as eluenting system. Moreover, the kinetics of the reaction was studied and it was found to obey first‐order kinetics. Effect of various parameters, namely, temperature, amount of catalyst, stirring speed, and so on was also investigated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 265–274, 2009
Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of carbon by NO2 in the presence of water vapor
Authors: Jeguirim M. , Tschamber V. , Brilhac J. F.
Published: January 2009

The kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of carbon by NO2 in absence and presence of water vapor were studied in a fixed bed reactor. The rate of carbon oxidation by NO2 is enhanced in the presence of water vapor in the range of temperature 300–400°C. The benefit effect of water is attributed to the intermediate formation of traces of nitric and nitrous acids, which enhance the rate of the carbon oxidation without modifying the global mechanism reaction. Therefore, water acts as a catalyst for the carbon oxidation by NO2. A kinetic mechanism derived from this parametric study shows a decrease in the activation energy of carbon oxidation by NO2 in the presence of water vapor. This result is in agreement with the experimental observation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 236–244, 2009
CH3 + Cl = CH3Cl: RRKM/master equation modeling
Authors: Golden David M.
Published: January 2009

Data for the title reaction have been fitted using an RRKM/master equation approach. Energy transfer was modeled using an exponential decay with downward step sizes, ΔEd, as a fitting parameter. The low temperature (200 < T (K) < 300) combination of CH3 with Cl atoms in He can be accommodated with ΔEd (cm−1) = 400. Higher temperature (1600 < T (K) < 2100) decomposition in Ar required ΔEd(T) (cm−1) = 694(T/300)0.46. Previous analysis of the analogous system CH4 = CH3 + H required ΔEd(T) (cm−1) = 100(T/300) for He and ΔEd(T) (cm−1) = 150(T/300) for Ar. Understanding of the magnitudes and temperature dependence of ΔEd remains the greatest detriment to quantitative calculation, extrapolation, and prediction of unimolecular rate constants. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 245–254, 2009
Substituent effect on nano TiO2‐ and ZnO‐catalyzed phenol photodegradation rates
Authors: Karunakaran Chockalingam , Dhanalakshmi Ramamoorthy
Published: January 2009

Photodegradation of phenol on TiO2 P25 Degussa, TiO2 Hombikat, TiO2 anatase, and ZnO nanoparticles exhibits identical photokinetic behavior. The degradation rates of 15 ortho‐, meta‐ and para‐ substituted phenols on the four semiconductor nanocrystals do not conform to the electronic effect of the substituents but show some common features. While the orthosubstituents slow down the reaction, nitro and hydroxyl groups enhance the same. The effects are rationalized. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 41: 275–283, 2009
Parkinson's disease is overdiagnosed clinically at baseline in diagnostically uncertain cases: A 3‐year European multicenter study with repeat [123I]FP‐CIT SPECT
Authors: Marshall Vicky L. , Reininger Cornelia B. , Marquardt Moritz , Patterson Jim , Hadley Donald M. , Oertel Wolfgang H. , Benamer Hani T.S. , Kemp Paul , Burn David , Tolosa Eduardo , Kulisevsky Jamie , Cunha Luis , Costa Durval , Booij Jan , Tatsch Klaus , Chaudhuri K. Ray , Ulm Gudrun , Pogarell Oliver , Höffken Helmut , Gerstner Anja , Grosset Donald G.
Published: January 2009

Overdiagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is suggested by specialist review of community diagnosis, and in postmortem studies. In specialist centers 4 to 15% of patients entered into clinical trials as early PD do not have functional imaging support for a PD diagnosis. In a European multicenter, prospective, longitudinal study, we compared clinical diagnosis with functional SPECT imaging using [123I]FP‐CIT (DaTSCAN™, GE Healthcare). Repeat observations were performed over 3 years in patients with tremor and/or parkinsonism in whom there was initial diagnostic uncertainty between degenerative parkinsonism and nondegenerative tremor disorders. Video‐recording of clinical features was scored independently of functional imaging results by two blinded clinicians at 36 months (= gold standard clinical diagnosis). Three readers, unaware of the clinical diagnosis, classified the images as normal or abnormal by visual inspection. The main endpoint was the sensitivity and specificity of SPECT imaging at baseline compared with the gold standard. In 99 patients completing the three serial assessments, on‐site clinical diagnosis overdiagnosed degenerative parkinsonism at baseline in diagnostically uncertain cases compared with the gold standard clinical diagnosis (at 36 months), the latter giving a sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 46%. The corresponding baseline [123I]FP‐CIT SPECT results showed a mean sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 97%. Inter‐reader agreement for rating scans as normal or abnormal was high (Cohen's
$\hat{\kappa}$
= 0.94–0.97). © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Walking along circular trajectories in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Guglielmetti Simone , Nardone Antonio , De Nunzio Alessandro Marco , Godi Marco , Schieppati Marco
Published: January 2009

We hypothesized that gait capacities would be more stressed in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) when walking along curved than straight trajectories, owing to the complex adaptations required for this walking task. Twenty on‐phase patients with PD and 20 healthy subjects walked eyes‐open along straight and curved trajectories for 1 minute at self‐paced cadence and velocity. Step frequency along straight and curved trajectories was computed from video‐recordings of the lower limbs. Step frequency was not affected by trajectory shape in either patients with PD or healthy subjects. Distances run by the patients were shorter than normal under both conditions. However, in PD, distances were relatively shorter during curved than straight walking; therefore, decreased distances in PD were connected with decreased mean step length (as the ratio between distance and step number). No correlation was found between the above mentioned variables and the severity or duration of the disease or the frequency of falls. Walking along curved trajectories can highlight impaired gait control in on‐phase patients with PD, and can be suitable for the routine evaluation of possible walking disorders when straight walking is not significantly affected. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Restless legs syndrome in multiple sclerosis: A case‐control study
Authors: Deriu Marcello , Cossu Giovanni , Molari Andrea , Murgia Daniela , Mereu Alessandra , Ferrigno Paola , Manca Davide , Contu Paolo , Melis Maurizio
Published: January 2009

The aim of our study was to explore restless legs syndrome (RLS) frequency in multiple sclerosis (MS)‐patients and establish whether RLS could be a symptom of MS. Over a period of 1 year, we consecutively enrolled 202 MS‐patients and 212 healthy controls, matched for sex and age, in a case‐control study. All of them filled in a structured questionnaire according to IRLSSG criteria. Those patients who fit the diagnostic criteria were subsequently examined by a neurologist to verify the effective presence of RLS. A total of 91 MS‐patients (45%) responded positively to the questionnaires. The diagnosis of RLS was carried out in 29subjects (14.4%). Among the healthy controls, a definite diagnosis of RLS was achieved only in 6 subjects (2.8%). The risk of MS patients to present RLS was significantly higher (OR.5.76 P:0.00002) than the general population. None of them was affected by other medical conditions related to RLS developing. The 62 remaining patients presented numbness and weakness of the legs not suggestive of RLS. Our findings confirm a significant correlation between MS and RLS. In our opinion, MS must be definitively included among RLS causes. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
A novel ferritin light chain gene mutation in a Japanese family with neuroferritinopathy: Description of clinical features and implications for genotype–phenotype correlations
Authors: Kubota Akatsuki , Hida Ayumi , Ichikawa Yaeko , Momose Yoshio , Goto Jun , Igeta Yukifusa , Hashida Hideji , Yoshida Kunihiro , Ikeda Syu‐Ichi , Kanazawa Ichiro , Tsuji Shoji
Published: January 2009

Neuroferritinopathy is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the ferritin light chain gene (FTL1). The cardinal features are progressive movement disturbance, hypoferritinemia, and iron deposition in the brain. To date, five mutations have been described in Caucasian and Japanese families, but the genotype–phenotype correlations remain to be established. We identified a novel FTL1 mutation (exon 4, c.641/642, 4‐nucletotide duplication) in a Japanese family and compared the clinical traits with those previously reported. All mutations but one are insertions in exon 4, resulting in frameshifts. Clinical features are similar among patients with the same mutations. Middle‐age onset chorea is common in patients with insertions in the 5′ portion of exon 4 including our cases, whereas patients with insertions in the 3′ portion of exon 4 develop early‐onset tremor, suggesting genotype–phenotype correlations. In this family, male predominance and normal serum ferritin levels are characteristic. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Drag minimization for Navier–Stokes Flow
Authors: Gao Zhiming , Ma Yichen , Zhuang Hongwei
Published: January 2009

This paper investigates the drag minimization in a two‐dimensional flow which is governed by a nonhomogeneous Navier–Stokes equations. Two approaches are utilized to derive shape gradient of the cost functional. The first one is to use the shape derivative of the fluid state and its associated adjoint state; the second one is to utilize the differentiability of a minimax formulation involving a Lagrange functional with a function space parametrization technique. Finally, a gradient type algorithm is effectively formulated and implemented for the mentioned drag minimization problem. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2009
Node adaptive domain decomposition method by radial basis functions
Authors: González‐Casanova Pedro , Muñoz‐Gómez José Antonio , Rodríguez‐Gómez Gustavo
Published: January 2009

During the last years, there has been increased interest in developing efficient radial basis function (RBF) algorithms to solve partial differential problems of great scale. In this article, we are interested in solving large PDEs problems, whose solution presents rapid variations. Our main objective is to introduce a RBF dynamical domain decomposition algorithm which simultaneously performs a node adaptive strategy. This algorithm is based on the RBFs unsymmetric collocation setting. Numerical experiments performed with the multiquadric kernel function, for two stationary problems in two dimensions are presented. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2009
The backward group preserving scheme for 1D backward in time advection‐dispersion equation
Authors: Liu Chein‐Shan , Chang Chih‐Wen , Chang Jiang‐Ren
Published: January 2009

In this article, we propose a backward group preserving scheme (BGPS) on the advection‐dispersion equation (ADE) for tackling of the contamination problems. The BGPS has been successfully applied on the backward heat conduction problems as well as the backward in time Burgers equation, but it has never been applied to solve the ADE. The BGPS is able to recover the spatial distribution of groundwater contaminant concentration in this work. Several numerical examples are worked out, and we show, based on those numerical examples, that the BGPS is applicable to the ADE and the method can also handle the ADE with piecewise constant dispersion coefficients. When a steep gradient is appeared in the solution, several steps of the BGPS can be used to retrieve the desired initial data and its result is better than the marching‐jury backward beam equation (MJBBE) method as far as our examples are concerned. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2010
Comparison of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in children between 3 months and 2 years versus 2–5 years
Authors: Kalyoncu Derya , Yildirmak Yildiz , Cetinkaya Feyzullah
Published: January 2009

It has been reported that infantile idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) has different clinical features than ITP seen in older ages and classification of bleeding sites and grading of bleeding severity can be used in determining the risk of bleeding. In this study, patients with ITP were divided into two groups according to age (<2 years and 2–5 years). The clinical features, laboratory findings, treatment modalities, rate of response and chronicity, bleeding sites, grades of bleeding were compared between each group. No significant differences were established. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:656–658. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Group counseling in the schools: Legal, ethical, and treatment issues in school practice
Authors: Crespi Tony D.
Published: January 2009

School psychologists are interested in providing effective and efficient direct services to children. With a wide spectrum of psychological problems impacting children, group counseling represents one viable and valuable intervention. Given the complexity of group counseling, many schools and school psychologists are interested in legal and ethical issues impacting group interventions. From the attainment of appropriate consents for counseling to ethical dilemmas, the challenges involved in direct services are large. This article reviews mental health issues transforming children's mental health, considers differing group counseling models and stages of group development, and examines contemporary legal and ethical dilemmas inherent in school practice. Uniquely, a question‐and‐answer format is used to highlight legal issues for practice. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of a cancer exercise program: patient and physician beliefs
Authors: Peeters C. , Stewart A. , Segal R. , Wouterloot E. , Scott C. G. , Aubry T.
Published: January 2009

Objective: Participation in an exercise intervention during cancer treatment diminishes the side effects associated with cancer therapies, although such benefits vary according to the disease and the patient characteristics. A structured exercise program providing an individualized fitness program tailored to the patients' illness, treatment, and fitness level would address this variability. However, the need, desired components, and anticipated barriers of such a program have not been systematically explored from either the point of view of cancer patients or treating oncologists.

Methods: Sixty‐six cancer patients and 18 medical and radiation oncologists were surveyed on the above variables.

Results: Cancer patients and oncologists alike perceived a need for a structured exercise program during and after medical treatment for cancer. Among cancer patients, the most commonly preferred feature was access to consultation with an exercise specialist who could take into account the patient's previous exercise and medical history. Over a third of patients reported interest in a hospital‐based fitness program. Oncologists were in favor of appropriate supervision of patients during exercise, and noted insufficient time to discuss exercise in their practice. Respondents noted time and parking as barriers to participation.

Conclusion: Overall, results support the need for a supervised exercise program during active treatment for cancer and highlight the desired features of such a program. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reach out to ENhancE Wellness in Older Cancer Survivors (RENEW): design, methods and recruitment challenges of a home‐based exercise and diet intervention to improve physical function among long‐term survivors of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer
Authors: Snyder Denise Clutter , Morey Miriam C. , Sloane Richard , Stull Valeda , Cohen Harvey Jay , Peterson Bercedis , Pieper Carl , Hartman Terryl J. , Miller Paige E. , Mitchell Diane C. , Demark‐Wahnefried Wendy
Published: January 2009

Objective: Cure rates for cancer are increasing, especially for breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer. Despite positive trends in survivorship, a cancer diagnosis can trigger accelerated functional decline that can threaten independence, reduce quality‐of‐life and increase healthcare costs, especially among the elderly who comprise the majority of survivors. Lifestyle interventions may hold promise in reorienting functional decline in older cancer survivors, but few studies have been conducted.

Methods: We describe the design and methods of a randomized controlled trial, RENEW (Reach out to ENhancE Wellness), that tests whether a home‐based multi‐behavior intervention focused on exercise, and including a low saturated fat, plant‐based diet, would improve physical functioning among 641 older, long‐term (⩾5 years post‐diagnosis) survivors of breast, prostate, or colorectal cancer. Challenges to recruitment are examined.

Results: Twenty thousand and fifteen cases were approached, and screened using a two‐step screening process to assure eligibility. This population of long‐term, elderly cancer survivors had lower rates of response (∼11%) and higher rates of ineligibility (∼70%) than our previous intervention studies conducted on adults with newly diagnosed cancer. Significantly higher response rates were noted among survivors who were White, younger, and more proximal to diagnosis and breast cancer survivors (p‐values<0.001).

Conclusion: Older cancer survivors represent a vulnerable population for whom lifestyle interventions may hold promise. RENEW may provide guidance in allocating limited resources in order to maximize recruitment efforts aimed at this needy, but hard‐to‐reach population. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Level of physical activity and characteristics associated with change following breast cancer diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Harrison Sheree , Hayes Sandra C. , Newman Beth
Published: January 2009

Objective: While the physical and psychosocial benefits of participating in physical activity (PA) during and following breast cancer treatment are well understood, less is known about rates and uptake of PA following diagnosis. This paper explores the levels and patterns of PA among women recently diagnosed with breast cancer and the factors associated with change in activity levels.

Methods: Using a population‐based recruitment approach, PA levels of 287 breast cancer patients were assessed at 6, 12 and 18 months post‐diagnosis using the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, and then converted to MET (metabolic equivalent task)‐hours/week. Regression analyses were used to explore the correlates associated with change between 6 and 18 months post‐diagnosis.

Results: Although more than 80% of women participated in PA at each testing phases, more than 50% were considered insufficiently active or sedentary according to national recommendations and less than one‐third reported engagement in vigorous or strength activities. Mean change in total MET‐hours/week between 6 and 18 months post‐diagnosis was minor (mean=0.10, median=0.0), however individual changes were substantial (ranging from −100 to +174 MET‐hours/week). Results are more encouraging for the lower threshold of 3+ MET‐hours/week, which may be most relevant specifically for breast cancer outcomes.

Conclusions: Since the majority of women report insufficient levels of PA, there is a clear need for exercise interventions during and following breast cancer treatment. Few characteristics predict declines or improvements in PA levels, hence for optimal benefit, interventions should target the entire breast cancer population. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The development of risk criteria for high severity low frequency events
Authors: Henselwood Fred , Phillips K. Gerry
Published: January 2009

Quantitative risk assessments (QRAs) are used within the field of process safety to decide the allocation of resources and risk reduction investments. Typically risk assessments involve the evaluation of probabilistic measures that estimate the average expected value for the situation being considered across a range of potential outcomes. The resulting expected value is then used to determine if a situation represents an acceptable or unacceptable risk based on a threshold value allotted to the risk. This approach often gives guidance that is at odds with the thoughts and behaviors of some stakeholders as illustrated by the “but what if it does happen?” type of question. This inconsistency results from the inherent limitation associated with expected value approaches in that the methodology is based on whether or not a mean assessed risk represents an acceptable risk while overlooking the possibility that a single scenario could represent an intolerable event. This article looks at an adjustment to traditional QRAs so as to assess both the acceptability of risk and the tolerability of the associated consequences relative to risk criteria. These adjustments have been found to better represent stakeholder perceptions of risk, more closely relate risk tolerance to corporate values and resources, and to better justify the use of various risk transfer strategies. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2009
Lipid extract from completely sporoderm‐broken germinating Ganoderma sinensis spores elicits potent antitumor immune responses in human macrophages
Authors: Zhang Jing‐Ping , Zheng Limin , Wang Jiang‐Hai , Magnusson Karl‐Eric , Liu Xin
Published: January 2009

Ganoderma sinensis has been used widely in Oriental countries for the prevention and treatment of various diseases including cancer. Previous studies have shown that the lipid extract from Ganoderma exhibits direct cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Here, it is reported that the lipid extract from germinating G. sinensis spores, at lower concentrations that have no direct tumoricidal activity, induce potent antitumor immune responses in human monocytes/macrophages. Upon stimulation with the lipid extract, monocytes/macrophages exhibited markedly increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and surface expression of costimulatory molecules. Conditioned medium from stimulated cells effectively suppressed the growth of tumor cells. Apparently, the lipid extract triggered macrophage activation via a mechanism different from that associated with LPS. Moreover, it was observed that the lipid extract could partially re‐establish the antitumor activity of the immunosuppressive tumor‐associated macrophages. These results indicated that in addition to its direct tumoricidal activity, the lipid extract from G. sinensis spores could exert antitumor activity by stimulating the activation of human monocytes/macrophages. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early elementary students' development of astronomy concepts in the planetarium
Authors: Plummer Julia D.
Published: January 2009

The National Science Education Standards [National Research Council (1996) National science education standards. Washington, DC: National Academy Press] recommend that students understand the apparent patterns of motion of the sun, moon and stars by the end of early elementary school. However, little information exists on students' ability to learn these concepts. This study examines the change in students' understanding of apparent celestial motion after attending a planetarium program using kinesthetic learning techniques. Pre‐ and post‐interviews were conducted with participants from seven classes of first and second grade students (N = 63). Students showed significant improvement in knowledge of all areas of apparent celestial motion covered by the planetarium program. This suggests that students in early elementary school are capable of learning the accurate description of apparent celestial motion. The results also demonstrate the value of both kinesthetic learning techniques and the rich visual environment of the planetarium for improved understanding of celestial motion. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 192–209, 2009
Performance evaluation of advanced spectrum functionalities for future radio networks
Authors: Bennis Mehdi , Wijting Carl , Abedi Saied , Thilakawardana Shyamalie , Tafazolli Rahim
Published: January 2009

This paper presents novel spectral resource management (SRM) functionalities of WINNER ‡

The WINNER project is a major European research activity to develop a flexible and scalable radio access interface for future wireless communication systems.

project. The proposed SRM spectrum architecture uses more efficient resource allocation techniques where flexible spectrum access and usage leads to more capable and faster services with high quality‐of‐service (QoS) giving more user satisfaction than conventional networks. In this context, short‐term (ST) spectrum assignment is proposed where spectral resources are exchanged between WINNER radio access networks (RANs) on a fast basis, leading to a better utilization of the spectrum. Moreover, multi‐band scheduler (MBS) and base station (BS) to BS communications are presented as key enablers for efficient dynamic spectrum management. Performance gains of ST spectrum assignment are analyzed in a multi‐network, multi‐cell environment based on realistic traffic patterns while taking inter‐cell interference into account. The results confirm that spectrum availability and utilization can be considerably enhanced. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CDMA underlay network with cognitive interference‐minimizing code assignment and semi‐blind interference suppression
Authors: Elezabi Ayman , Kashef Mohamed , Abdallah Mohamed , Khairy Mohamed
Published: January 2009

In this paper, we propose a code‐division multiple‐access (CDMA) secondary network to operate cognitively as an underlay for a primary network. A novel interference‐minimizing code assignment (IMCA) for secondary users is proposed such that the interference from existing primary and secondary users is minimized. This is accomplished by minimizing the mean square cross‐correlations between the candidate codes and the received signal. Since the codes of the primary CDMA network are unknown to the secondary network the scheme operates blindly and the problem is formulated as a constrained optimization of a Boolean quadratic form. The solution is obtained exhaustively and we demonstrate significant performance gains compared to random code assignment (RCA). We then slightly relax the constraint on the user code space and obtain a near‐optimal solution with complexity that is linear in the spreading factor. For the secondary network, we propose a slightly modified minimum‐output energy receiver that operates semi‐blindly as a first stage followed by parallel interference cancellation. For this receiver structure, we derive improved log‐likelihood ratios for the single‐user decoders based on partial knowledge of the user codes and channel coefficients. Significant error probability performance improvements of 2 dB or more are obtained due to IMCA in the coded case. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction of an Integrated Surgical Suite in a Military Treatment Facility
Authors: Acevedo Anibal L.
Published: January 2009

The OR has long existed as a highly specialized and distinct entity within a hospital. Recent technological advances have allowed the OR to be seamlessly integrated with the larger hospital and, in a virtual sense, with the world.

The modern, integrated OR can enhance patients' surgical experiences, improve surgeons' control of OR technology, and increase OR efficiency by reducing surgical times.

The Naval Medical Center in San Diego, California, is one of the first military health care systems in the southwest to build a fully integrated, voice‐controlled OR. The renovation project transformed 12 ORs into fully integrated surgical suites. AORN J 89 (January 2009) 151–159. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
Do‐Not‐Resuscitate Orders in Surgery: Decreasing the Confusion
Authors: Ball Kay A.
Published: January 2009

Patients have the right to make decisions regarding their medical care, including the right to refuse treatment or to issue do‐not‐resuscitate orders as part of an advance directive. Health care providers must comply with the patient's wishes regarding care.

Automatic suspension or continuation of a do‐not‐resuscitate order for a patient undergoing surgery cannot be justified. Surgical team members should consult with the patient and, if necessary, with an ethics expert or committee to determine whether the do‐not‐resuscitate order is to be maintained or completely or partially suspended during anesthesia and surgery. All surgical departments should have a written policy and procedure concerning the treatment of patients with do‐not‐resuscitate orders. AORN J 89 (January 2009) 140–146. © AORN, Inc, 2009.
The NtAMI1 gene functions in cell division of tobacco BY‐2 cells in the presence of indole‐3‐acetamide
Authors: Nemoto Keiichirou , Hara Masamitsu , Suzuki Masashi , Seki Hikaru , Muranaka Toshiya , Mano Yoshihiro
Published: January 2009

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Bright Yellow‐2 (BY‐2) cells can be grown in medium containing indole‐3‐acetamide (IAM). Based on this finding, the NtAMI1 gene, whose product is functionally equivalent to the AtAMI1 gene of Arabidopsis thaliana and the aux2 gene of Agrobacterium rhizogenes, was isolated from BY‐2 cells. Overexpression of the NtAMI1 gene allowed BY‐2 cells to proliferate at lower concentrations of IAM, whereas suppression of the NtAMI1 gene by RNA interference (RNAi) caused severe growth inhibition in the medium containing IAM. These results suggest that IAM is incorporated into plant cells and converted to the auxin, indole‐3‐acetic acid, by NtAMI1.
Narrow‐band ultra‐low‐frequency wave observations by MESSENGER during its January 2008 flyby through Mercury's magnetosphere
Authors: Boardsen Scott A. , Anderson Brian J. , Acuña Mario H. , Slavin James A. , Korth Haje , Solomon Sean C.
Published: January 2009

During MESSENGER's first flyby of Mercury, numerous narrow‐band ultra‐low‐frequency (ULF) waves and their harmonics were detected between closest approach (CA) and the outbound magnetopause (MP) crossing. The fundamental mode was at frequencies between the He+ (fcHe+) and the H+ (fcH+) cyclotron frequencies. A boundary layer (BL) was detected before the MP crossing. The ULF frequency and amplitude increased from CA to the edge of the BL. In the BL the frequency dropped by a factor of 2, and the amplitude increased by an order of magnitude. There was a large variation in the wave‐normal angle (Ψ), with a slight tendency for Ψ to be perpendicular to the ambient magnetic field near CA and parallel away from CA. Near CA the parallel power tended to be larger than the perpendicular power, while away from CA the perpendicular power dominated. Large variations in wave polarization properties were observed.
Large changes in the hydrographic structure of the Bay of Biscay after the extreme mixing of winter 2005
Authors: Somavilla R. , González‐Pola C. , Rodriguez C. , Josey S. A. , Sánchez R. F. , Lavín A.
Published: January 2009

The extremely cold and dry winter of 2005 in southwestern Europe caused a profound transformation of the upper ocean hydrographic structure of the Bay of Biscay area, making it completely different from the previous decade. The strong local winter cooling resulted in the highest density flux estimated since the 1960s. The extreme buoyancy loss triggered the mixed layer to reach unprecedented depths affecting directly the level of local modal waters that are usually unconnected to air‐sea interaction. The water column just below the climatological average mixed layer entered in a process of quick cooling that compensated in 2 years the 0.5°C gained in the period 1994–2004. Enhanced by a pronounced precipitation deficit the event caused concurrently a downward salt injection that made deeper levels of East North Atlantic Central Water begin a process of warming by isopycnal change, something never observed during the 1990s. As an overall result, the stratification of the upper permanent thermocline was dramatically reduced. The observed cold low stratification anomaly had a substantial spatial extent and remained for 2 years below the seasonal thermocline development, constituting a typical case of the reemergence mechanism, but was abruptly interrupted in the warmest winter on record of 2007. In addition to the hydrographic changes, the winter 2005 event had a notable effect on the marine ecosystem.
Dynamics of one-state downhill protein folding
Authors: Li Peng , Oliva Fabiana Y. , Naganathan Athi N. , Muñoz Victor
Published: January 2009

The small helical protein BBL has been shown to fold and unfold in the absence of a free energy barrier according to a battery of quantitative criteria in equilibrium experiments, including probe-dependent equilibrium unfolding, complex coupling between denaturing agents, characteristic DSC thermogram, gradual melting of secondary structure, and heterogeneous atom-by-atom unfolding behaviors spanning the entire unfolding process. Here, we present the results of nanosecond T-jump experiments probing backbone structure by IR and end-to-end distance by FRET. The folding dynamics observed with these two probes are both exponential with common relaxation times but have large differences in amplitude following their probe-dependent equilibrium unfolding. The quantitative analysis of amplitude and relaxation time data for both probes shows that BBL folding dynamics are fully consistent with the one-state folding scenario and incompatible with alternative models involving one or several barrier crossing events. At 333 K, the relaxation time for BBL is 1.3 μs, in agreement with previous folding speed limit estimates. However, late folding events at room temperature are an order of magnitude slower (20 μs), indicating a relatively rough underlying energy landscape. Our results in BBL expose the dynamic features of one-state folding and chart the intrinsic time-scales for conformational motions along the folding process. Interestingly, the simple self-averaging folding dynamics of BBL are the exact dynamic properties required in molecular rheostats, thus supporting a biological role for one-state folding.