bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simple Scoring System for Predicting TACE Unsuitable among Intermediate-Stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients in the Multiple Systemic Treatment Era
Authors: Hiraoka Atsushi , Kumada Takashi , Kariyama Kazuya , Toyoda Hidenori , Yasuda Satoshi , Tsuji Kunihiko , Hatanaka Takeshi , Kakizaki Satoru , Naganuma Atsushi , Ishikawa Toru , Tada Toshifumi , Takaguchi Koichi , Itobayashi Ei , Shimada Noritomo , Shibata Hiroshi , Tanaka Takaaki , Tsutsui Akemi , Nagano Takuya , Imai Michitaka , Nakamura Shinichiro , Nouso Kazuhiro
Published: January 2022

Background/Aim: With the development of systemic treatment methods for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (uHCC), the concept of unsuitable for transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) has become important. This study aimed to establish a simple predictive scoring system for determining TACE unsuitable status. Materials/Methods: From 1998 to 2015, 196 patients with intermediate-stage uHCC with Child-Pugh A (score 5:6 = 108:88) and given TACE as the initial treatment were enrolled. At the baseline, tumor burden (Milan criteria-out, up-to-7 in/out, and up-to-11 in/out: 0–2 points) and modified albumin-bilirubin grade 1/2a or 2b (0–1 point) were added to determine the score for TACE unsuitable (CITRUS-MICAN score; low <2 and high ≥2). In addition, a previously reported tumor marker (TM) score, in which alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was ≥100 ng/mL, fucosylated AFP ≥10%, and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin ≥100 mAU/mL (each 1 point) (total 0, 1, or ≥2 points), was used for additionally evaluating tumor malignancy potential. Prognosis was retrospectively evaluated based on those scores. Results: Median survival time (MST) was better for low compared to high CITRUS-MICAN score (42.0 vs. 26.4 months) (p = 0.002). A 2-step evaluation using the combination of CITRUS-MICAN and TM scores showed an MST of 43.2 months for low CITRUS-MICAN/TM score 0/1 (rank-A) and 39.6 months for low CITRUS-MICAN/TM score ≥2 (rank-B2), while it was 46.8 months for high CITRUS-MICAN/TM score 0 (rank-B1), 28.8 months for high CITRUS-MICAN/TM score 1 (rank-B2), and 22.8 months for high CITRUS-MICAN/TM score ≥2 (rank-C). For rank-A cases (n = 51), MST was 43.2 months, while it was 46.8 months for rank-B1 (n = 12), 31.2 months for rank-B2 (n = 82), and 22.8 months for rank-C (n = 51) (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The results showed that rank-C indicates absolute TACE unsuitable status. For rank-A patients, good prognosis with TACE can be expected, while TACE refractoriness status during the clinical course should be carefully evaluated so as to anticipate the appropriate timing for switching to systemic treatment in rank-B1 and -B2 patients.
Instrumented Functional Test for Objective Outcome Evaluation of Balance Rehabilitation in Elderly Fallers: A Clinical Study
Authors: Noamani Alireza , Vette Albert H. , Rouhani Hossein
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Observational tests, e.g., the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) are widely used for balance evaluation in the elderly fallers. However, they do not allow objective outcome evaluation of rehabilitative interventions. This study aimed to investigate, in a clinical setting, the use of inertial measurement units (IMUs) integrated into the BBS test for objective outcome evaluation of balance rehabilitation in elderly fallers compared to conventional BBS scores. Methods: Thirty-six elderly fallers were recruited from the in-patient population of a geriatrics Clinic. Participants performed the BBS test while wearing 3 IMUs placed on the sternum, sacrum, and tibia of the dominant leg following admission to the clinic. Subsequently, they completed a rehabilitation program for 2–4 weeks. They performed a similar test before their discharge. The physical therapist recorded the BBS scores at both sessions, and the sensor data of the 2-min quiet standing task (BBS task 2) were extracted for objective balance evaluation. Moreover, eleven young adults were recruited to perform a 2-min quiet standing test while wearing the same IMUs. Center-of-pressure (COP) and segmental center-of-mass (COM) accelerations were calculated to estimate time-domain, frequency-domain, and intersegment coordination biomarkers of balance. Results: COP time- and frequency-domain measures, COM acceleration time-domain measures, and intersegment coordination measures could identify age-related changes in balance of seniors compared to young adults (p < 0.05). Moreover, balance biomarkers of senior adults exhibited a reduced sway acceleration and jerkiness in the medial-lateral direction post-rehabilitation (p < 0.05). Although the total BBS scores increased post-rehabilitation, sway displacement and velocity did not significantly improve. We observed a significant association between pelvis-leg coordination at high sway oscillations and the total BBS scores pre- and post-rehabilitation. Conclusion: IMUs enable not only the characterization of underlying causes of impaired balance but also the identification of improved and yet impaired aspects of balance post-rehabilitation. Hence, IMUs allow us to characterize risk factors post-rehabilitation in elderly fallers, whereas the BBS scores only show changes in overall balance. It is crucial to objectively evaluate the effectiveness of such interventions to reduce future falls and their adverse consequences. Therefore, instrumented balance assessment is recommended since it can provide quantitative and objective measures for clinical outcome evaluations.
Therapeutic Approach for Recurrent Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis in Pediatric Renal Transplant Recipients: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Torres Diletta Domenica , Fontò Giulia , Guastamacchia Luca , Santangelo Luisa , Carbone Vincenza , Piscopo Giovanni , Spadaccino Federica , Ranieri Elena , Netti Giuseppe Stefano , Giordano Mario
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Recurrence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) after kidney transplantation (KTx) develops in 40% of patients, leading to graft loss in half of cases. Extracorporeal apheretic treatments, combined with immunosuppressive drugs, seem to be the most promising therapies, but at now limited reports are available, mainly in pediatric patients. Objective: We aimed to assess the efficacy of immunoadsorption (IA) to treat recurrent FSGS in pediatric patients. Methods: We report a case series of 4 pediatric patients (aged 4–12 years) followed at our institution for early recurrent FSGS after KTx. FSGS recurrence was treated with early and intensive apheretic treatments IA. Results: After IA initiation, a partial remission (PR) of proteinuria at 24-month follow-up was achieved only in 1 patient. The others showed a mild reduction of nephrotic proteinuria, without PR, but gained a significant improvement in clinical signs of nephrotic syndrome (reduction of edema, increased serum albumin, and total protein levels). After a median follow-up of 38 (22–48) months, renal function was almost stable over time in all patients, except one who returned to hemodialysis after 22 months. No severe IA-related complications occurred. Conclusions: According to our clinical experience, IA revealed as a safe and effective therapy to treat patients with recurrent FSGS after KTx and it could maintain stable renal function in 75% of patients.
Wie beeinflussen Nierenschäden unter Checkpointinhibitortherapie die Prognose?
Authors: von Vietinghoff Sibylle
Published: January 2022

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitors, approved for the treatment of various types of cancer, are known to cause a unique spectrum of side effects, including acute kidney injury (AKI). The aim of this study was to describe the incidence, risk factors, renal outcomes, and mortality of AKI in patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors. Methods: Patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors between January 2013 and May 2020 at the University Medical Center Utrecht, the Netherlands, were identified using the Utrecht Patient Oriented Database. AKI was defined as an increase in serum creatinine of ≥1.5 times the baseline value, based on the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes criteria. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to assess risk factors for AKI and to evaluate the relationship between AKI and mortality. Persistent renal dysfunction was diagnosed in AKI patients with a final serum creatinine measurement of >1.3 times the baseline value. Results: Among 676 patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors, the overall incidence of AKI was 14.2%. Baseline variables independently associated with AKI were a gynecologic malignancy, monotherapy with ipilimumab, and the use of a diuretic, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin-receptor blocker, or proton pump inhibitor at baseline. AKI was checkpoint inhibitor-associated in one third of all patients with AKI. Checkpoint inhibitor-associated AKI was mostly low-grade, occurred a median of 15 weeks after checkpoint inhibitor initiation, and resulted in persistent renal dysfunction in approximately 40% of the patients. Patients with all-cause AKI had a twofold increased mortality risk, but checkpoint inhibitor-associated AKI was not associated with increased mortality. Conclusions: In this study, patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors frequently developed AKI due to various etiologies. AKI directly related to the effect of checkpoint inhibitor toxicity did not increase mortality. However, AKI not related to the effect of checkpoint inhibitor toxicity was associated with increased mortality.
Stage at Diagnosis and Prognosis of Colorectal, Stomach, Lung, Liver, Kidney, and Bladder Cancers in Dialysis Patients: A Multicenter Retrospective Study Using Cancer Registry Data and Administrative Data
Authors: Kida Nanami , Morishima Toshitaka , Tsubakihara Yoshiharu , Miyashiro Isao
Published: January 2022

Background: Cancer is an important comorbidity that can affect survival in dialysis patients. However, it is unclear if dialysis patients who develop cancer are disadvantaged by later detection and poorer prognosis. This study comparatively examined the stage at diagnosis and prognosis of several common cancer types in dialysis and nondialysis patients. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, cancer registry data were linked with administrative data to identify dialysis and nondialysis patients with any new diagnosis of cancer between 2010 and 2015 at 36 hospitals in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. In these patients, we identified the cancer stage at diagnosis for patients with colorectal, stomach, lung, liver, kidney, and bladder cancers. The association between dialysis and survival time (up to 3 years of follow-up) was examined for each cancer type using Cox proportional hazards models that adjusted for age, sex, and cancer stage. Results: We analyzed 2,161 dialysis patients and 158,964 nondialysis patients with cancer. Dialysis patients had a higher prevalence of colorectal, liver, and kidney cancers than nondialysis patients. Colorectal, stomach, lung, liver, and kidney cancers were diagnosed earlier in dialysis patients, whereas bladder cancer was diagnosed at an advanced stage. The Cox proportional hazards models revealed that mortality was significantly higher in dialysis patients with colorectal, stomach, lung, and bladder cancers than in nondialysis patients (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: Dialysis patients had higher mortality for several common cancers despite their earlier detection. This poorer prognosis may be influenced by the unavailability and complications of cancer treatment for these patients.
Candida Administration Worsens Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury Mice: An Impact of Gut Fungi on Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Saithong Supichcha , Saisorn Wilasinee , Dang Cong Phi , Visitchanakun Peerapat , Chiewchengchol Direkrit , Leelahavanichkul Asada
Published: January 2022

Because of gut-barrier defect (gut-leakage) after acute kidney injury (AKI) and higher abundance of Candida albicans in human intestines compared with mouse guts, Candida administration in renal ischemia reperfusion injury (I/R) mice possibly more closely resemble patients with AKI than non-Candida model. Fungi in feces were detectable only in mice with Candida administration. Candida renal-I/R mice, when compared with non-Candida I/R, demonstrated more profound injuries, including (i) gut-leakage; FITC-dextran assay and serum (1→3)-β-D-glucan (BG), (ii) systemic inflammation (serum cytokines), and (iii) neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs); gene expression of peptidyl arginase 4 (PAD4) and IL-1β, nuclear morphology staining by 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and co-staining of myeloperoxidase (MPO) with neutrophil elastase (NE) in peripheral blood neutrophils. Although renal excretory function (serum creatinine) and renal histology score were nondifferent between renal-I/R mice with and without Candida, prominent renal NETs (PAD4 and IL-1β expression with MPO and NE co-staining) was demonstrated in Candida renal-I/R mice. Additionally, neutrophil activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus BG (LPS + BG), when compared with LPS alone, caused (i) NETs formation; dsDNA, DAPI-stained nuclear morphology and MPO with NE co-staining, (ii) inflammatory responses; Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) and NFκB expression, and (iii) reduced cell energy status (maximal respiratory capacity using extracellular flux analysis). Also, LPS + BG-activated NETs formation was inhibited by a dectin-1 inhibitor, supporting an impact of BG signaling. In conclusion, Candida-renal I/R demonstrated more prominent serum BG and LPS from gut translocation that increased systemic inflammation and NETs through TLR-4 and dectin-1 activation. The influence of gut fungi in AKI should be concerned.
Recurrent Infection and Immune Dysfunction: A Case of NCF-2 Gene Mutation with Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Authors: Butt Fahad Fayyaz , Mir Fatima Farid , Madasu Anjan , Humad Hani , Rana Asim Noor
Published: January 2022

A 3-month-old female was referred to our facility for evaluation of recurrent severe infections. Her medical history was rich with frequent hospital admissions for intravenous antibiotic courses, blood transfusions on two separate occasions, and a recent growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on bronchoalveolar lavage culture. During inpatient stay, culture-sensitive antibiotics, broad-spectrum antifungals, and blood products were administered. Her blood, urine, and spinal fluid cultures, as well as serum/respiratory viral screening panels, yielded nil. In view of persistent high-grade fever, raised inflammatory markers, and recurrent infections, whole-exome sequencing was performed with the suspicion of an underlying immunodeficiency syndrome and/or primary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). A homozygous pathogenic variant c.229C>T(p.R77X) in the NCF-2 (neutrophil cytosolic factor 2) gene was detected, with no concurrent primary HLH mutations. Thus, a diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease with secondary HLH was confirmed. Aggressive continuation of antimicrobial therapy soon led to defervescence, recession of inflammatory markers, and improvement in general wellbeing. Notably, the institution of definitive HLH treatment protocol was not required as the triggering element was targeted. The patient was then repatriated on prophylactic antibiotics with strong recommendation for bone marrow transplantation.
A Hybrid Machine Learning Model Based on Semantic Information Can Optimize Treatment Decision for Naïve Single 3–5-cm HCC Patients
Authors: Ding Wenzhen , Wang Zhen , Liu Fang-Yi , Cheng Zhi-Gang , Yu Xiaoling , Han Zhiyu , Zhong Hui , Yu Jie , Liang Ping
Published: January 2022

Background: Tumor recurrence is an abomination for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients receiving local treatment. Purpose: The aim of the study was to build a hybrid machine learning model to recommend optimized first treatment (laparoscopic hepatectomy [LH] or microwave ablation [MWA]) for naïve single 3–5-cm HCC patients based on early recurrence (ER, ≤2 years) probability. Methods: This retrospective study collected 20 semantic variables of 582 patients (LH: 300, MWA: 282) from 13 hospitals with at least 24 months follow-up. Both groups were divided into training, validation, and test set, respectively. Five algorithms (logistics regression, random forest, neural network, stochastic gradient boosting, and eXtreme Gradient Boosting [XGB]) were used for model building. A model with highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) in a validation set of LH and MWA was selected to connect as a hybrid model which made decision based on ER probability. Model testing was performed in a comprehensive set comprising LH and MWA test sets. Results: Four variables in each group were selected to build LH and MWA models, respectively. LH-XGB model (AUC = 0.744) and MWA-stochastic gradient method (AUC = 0.750) model were selected for model building. In the comprehensive set, a treatment confusion matrix was established based on recommended and actual treatment. The predicted ER probabilities were comparable with the actual ER rates for various types of patients in matrix (p > 0.05). ER rate of patients whose actual treatment consistent with recommendation was lower than that of inconsistent patients (LH: 21.2% vs. 46.2%, p = 0.042; MWA: 26.3% vs. 54.1%, p = 0.048). By recommending optimal treatment, the hybrid model can significantly reduce ER probability from 38.2% to 25.6% for overall patients (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The hybrid model can accurately predict ER probability of different treatments and thereby provide reliable evidence to make optimal treatment decision for patients with single 3–5-cm HCC.
Ero1α-Dependent ERp44 Dissociation From RyR2 Contributes to Cardiac Arrhythmia
Authors: Hamilton Shanna , Terentyeva Radmila , Bogdanov Vladimir , Kim Tae Yun , Perger Fruzsina , Yan Jiajie , Ai Xun , Carnes Cynthia A. , Belevych Andriy E. , George Christopher H. , Davis Jonathan P. , Gyorke Sandor , Choi Bum-Rak , Terentyev Dmitry
Published: January 2022

Background:

Oxidative stress in cardiac disease promotes proarrhythmic disturbances in Ca
2+
homeostasis, impairing luminal Ca
2+
regulation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca
2+
release channel, the RyR2 (ryanodine receptor), and increasing channel activity. However, exact mechanisms underlying redox-mediated increase of RyR2 function in cardiac disease remain elusive. We tested whether the oxidoreductase family of proteins that dynamically regulate the oxidative environment within the SR are involved in this process.

Methods:

A rat model of hypertrophy induced by thoracic aortic banding (TAB) was used for ex vivo whole heart optical mapping and for Ca
2+
and reactive oxygen species imaging in isolated ventricular myocytes (VMs).

Results:

The SR-targeted reactive oxygen species biosensor ERroGFP showed increased intra-SR oxidation in TAB VMs that was associated with increased expression of Ero1α (endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase 1 alpha). Pharmacological (EN460) or genetic Ero1α inhibition normalized SR redox state, increased Ca
2+
transient amplitude and SR Ca
2+
content, and reduced proarrhythmic spontaneous Ca
2+
waves in TAB VMs under β-adrenergic stimulation (isoproterenol). Ero1α overexpression in Sham VMs had opposite effects. Ero1α inhibition attenuated Ca
2+
-dependent ventricular tachyarrhythmias in TAB hearts challenged with isoproterenol. Experiments in TAB VMs and human embryonic kidney 293 cells expressing human RyR2 revealed that an Ero1α-mediated increase in SR Ca
2+
-channel activity involves dissociation of intraluminal protein ERp44 (endoplasmic reticulum protein 44) from the RyR2 complex. Site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated a novel redox-sensitive association of ERp44 with RyR2 mediated by intraluminal cysteine 4806. ERp44-RyR2 association in TAB VMs was restored by Ero1α inhibition, but not by reducing agent dithiothreitol, as hypo-oxidation precludes formation of covalent bond between RyR2 and ERp44.

Conclusions:

A novel axis of intraluminal interaction between RyR2, ERp44, and Ero1α has been identified. Ero1α inhibition exhibits promising therapeutic potential by stabilizing RyR2-ERp44 complex, thereby reducing spontaneous Ca
2+
release and Ca
2+
-dependent tachyarrhythmias in hypertrophic hearts, without causing hypo-oxidative stress in the SR.
Eriocaulon goaense (Eriocaulaceae), a new species from lateritic plateaus of Goa, India
Authors: KOLTE RUTUJA R. , YADAV INDU , JANARTHANAM MALAPATI K.
Published: January 2022

N/A
Supersaturation Variability from Scalar Mixing: Evaluation of a New Subgrid-Scale Model Using Direct Numerical Simulations of Turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard Convection
Authors: Chandrakar Kamal Kant , Morrison Hugh , Grabowski Wojciech W. , Bryan George H. , Shaw Raymond A.
Published: January 2022

Supersaturation fluctuations in the atmosphere are critical for cloud processes. A nonlinear dependence on two scalars—water vapor and temperature—leads to different behavior than single scalars in turbulent convection. For modeling such multiscalar processes at subgrid scales (SGS) in large-eddy simulations (LES) or convection-permitting models, a new SGS scheme is implemented in CM1 that solves equations for SGS water vapor and temperature fluctuations and their covariance. The SGS model is evaluated using benchmark direct-numerical simulations (DNS) of turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection with water vapor as in the Michigan Tech Pi Cloud Chamber. This idealized setup allows thorough evaluation of the SGS model without complications from other atmospheric processes. DNS results compare favorably with measurements from the chamber. Results from LES using the new SGS model compare well with DNS, including profiles of water vapor and temperature variances, their covariance, and supersaturation variance. SGS supersaturation fluctuations scale appropriately with changes to the LES grid spacing, with the magnitude of SGS fluctuations decreasing relative to those at the resolved scale as the grid spacing is decreased. Sensitivities of covariance and supersaturation statistics to changes in water vapor flux relative to thermal flux are also investigated by modifying the sidewall conditions. Relative changes in water vapor flux substantially decrease the covariance and increase supersaturation fluctuations even away from boundaries.
Finding Storm Track Activity Metrics That Are Highly Correlated with Weather Impacts. Part II: Estimating Precipitation Change Associated with Projected Storm Track Change over Europe
Authors: Chang Edmund Kar-Man , Yau Albert Man-Wai , Zhang Rui
Published: January 2022

The extratropical storm tracks cause much of the high-impact weather in the midlatitudes, and thus it is of interest to examine the weather impacts of projected storm track change. Here, a framework for quantifying storm track impact on precipitation over Europe developed in Part I for winter is extended to all four seasons and applied to estimate the precipitation impacts of CMIP5 and CMIP6 model projected storm track change under the high-emission scenarios. For autumn and winter, a significant portion of the projected decrease in precipitation over southern Europe and the Mediterranean Sea region can be related to a projected decrease in storm track activity over these regions. In winter, the projected increase in storm track activity near the British Isles accentuates the precipitation increase over that region. In summer, a projected storm track decrease over northern Europe is expected to give rise to a decrease in precipitation that expands the projected drying region poleward and reduces the impact of the projected high-latitude precipitation increase related to the increase in atmospheric moisture. CMIP6 models project stronger drying than CMIP5 models over central and northern Europe in summer and autumn. Part of this increased drying can be related to an enhanced decrease in storm track activity projected by CMIP6 models. Apart from multimodel mean projections, different model projected storm track change patterns can give rise to very different regional precipitation impacts, and account for the model spread in precipitation projection in many regions. What causes such model diversity should be further examined.
The Impact of the Direct Radiative Effect of Increased CO2 on the West African Monsoon
Authors: Mutton Harry , Chadwick Robin , Collins Matthew , Lambert F. Hugo , Geen Ruth , Todd Alexander , Taylor Christopher M.
Published: January 2022

Projections of future West African monsoon (WAM) precipitation change in response to increasing greenhouse gases are uncertain, and an improved understanding of the drivers of WAM precipitation change is needed to help aid model development and better inform adaptation policies in the region. This paper addresses one of those drivers, the direct radiative effect of increased CO2(i.e., the impact of increased CO2in the absence of SST warming and changes in plant physiology). An atmosphere-only model is used to examine both the equilibrium response and the evolution of the change over the days following the instantaneous CO2increase. In response to the direct radiative effect, WAM precipitation increases due to a weakening of the shallow meridional circulation over North Africa, advecting less dry air into the convective column associated with the monsoon. Changes in the shallow circulation are associated with atmospheric and surface warming patterns over North Africa. A large-scale atmospheric warming pattern, whereby North Africa warms more than the monsoon region, leads to a northward shift in the Saharan heat low. In response to increased precipitation in the Sahel, local soil moisture feedbacks play a key role in determining the low-level circulation change and the location of the intertropical discontinuity. The large-scale warming patterns over North Africa result from differing levels of constraint applied by convective quasi-equilibrium. While this constraint acts strongly in the equatorial WAM region, preventing the region from warming in response to the direct radiative effect, North Africa is not strongly constrained and is therefore able to warm.
Change in Climate Sensitivity and Its Dependence on the Lapse-Rate Feedback in 4 × CO2 Climate Model Experiments
Authors: Eiselt Kai-Uwe , Graversen Rune Grand
Published: January 2022

Robust estimates of climate sensitivity are important for decision-making on mitigation of climate change. However, climate sensitivity and its governing processes are still subject to large uncertainty. Recently it has been established that climate sensitivity changes over time in numerical climate model experiments with abrupt quadrupling of the CO2 concentration. Here we conduct an analysis of such experiments from a range of climate models from phases 5 and 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Climate feedbacks associated with clouds, lapse rate, Planck radiation, surface albedo, and water vapor and their changes over time are diagnosed based on a radiative kernel method. We find two clearly distinct model groups, one with weak and one with strong lapse-rate feedback change. The Arctic is the region showing the largest differences between these two model groups, with respect to both warming change and individual feedback changes. We retrace this change to the development over time of the Arctic sea ice, which impacts both the surface-albedo and lapse-rate feedbacks. Generally, models that warm quickly, both globally and in the Arctic, also quickly lose their Arctic sea ice and change their total global-mean climate feedback only little, and vice versa. However, it remains unclear if the Arctic changes are a cause or rather a by-product of the total global-mean feedback change. Finally, we find support for the results of previous studies finding that the relative warming in the tropical Indo-Pacific region may control the change of total climate feedback over time.
Surface Water Mass Transformation in the Southern Ocean: The Role of Eddies Revisited
Authors: Small R. Justin , Bryan Frank O. , Bishop Stuart P.
Published: January 2022

The water mass transformation (WMT) framework describes how water of one class, such as a discrete interval of density, is converted into another class via air–sea fluxes or interior mixing processes. This paper investigates how this process is modified at the surface when mesoscale ocean eddies are present, using a state-of-the-art high-resolution climate model with reasonable fidelity in the Southern Ocean. The method employed is to coarse-grain the high-resolution model fields to remove eddy signatures, and compare the results with those from the full model fields. This method shows that eddies reduced the WMT by 2–4 Sv (10%–20%; 1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) over a wide range of densities, from typical values of 20 Sv in the smoothed case. The corresponding water mass formation was reduced by 40% at one particular density increment, namely, between 1026.4 and 1026.5 kg m−3, which corresponds to the lighter end of the range of Indian Ocean Mode Water in the model. The effect of eddies on surface WMT is decomposed into three terms: direct modulation of the density outcrops, then indirectly, by modifying the air–sea density flux, and the combined effect of the two, akin to a covariance. It is found that the first and third terms dominate, i.e., smoothing the outcrops alone has a significant effect, as does the combination of smoothing both outcrops and density flux distributions, but smoothing density flux fields alone has little effect. Results from the coarse-graining method are compared to an alternative approach of temporally averaging the data. Implications for climate model resolution are also discussed.
Understanding the Unusual Track of Typhoon Lionrock (2016)
Authors: Ma Mengyuan , Peng Melinda S. , Li Tim , Wang Lijuan
Published: January 2022

The unusual movement of Typhoon Lionrock (2016) that posed great challenges for operational numerical predictions was investigated. Analysis of the steering flow at different levels shows that Lionrock’s southwestward motion before 25 August was mainly controlled by the upper-level steering, and the dominant steering shifted to lower levels as the storm turned northeastward abruptly afterward. To examine the influence of the environmental flow on this major turning of Lionrock, three numerical simulations are conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model with different starting times. The study indicates that the initial southwestward movement of Lionrock is attributed to the westward extension of the mid- to upper-level subtropical high, and the later turning to northeast is caused by the low-level southwesterly flow associated with the monsoon gyre northeast of Lionrock. In an experiment in which the monsoon gyre is removed from the initial and boundary fields, Lionrock continues its southwestward movement without turning northeastward. This result suggests that the transition of the steering from high to low levels plays a crucial role in the major turning of Lionrock. More sensitivity experiments with modifications of the initial and/or the boundary conditions indicate a low predictability of Lionrock’s major turning.
A Hundred Years of Entanglement: The Chinese Party-State and Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Chaudhuri Debasish
Published: January 2022

The consciousness of non-Han nationalities in modern China evolved around a deep antipathy to the Qing, assimilationist ideas, and pretentious multi-ethnicism. The concepts of equality among nationalities and right to self-determination entered into the discourse of nation- and state-building in China under the influence of Lenin’s revolutionary ideals and Stalin’s views on ‘the national question’. The Communist Party of China (CPC) has struggled to reconcile these concepts with its nationalist agenda since its inception in 1921. The CPC later innovated ethno-regional autonomy for minorities and developed corresponding institutions. This article argues that the Party’s three main agendas of national unification and interethnic unity, developmental goals, and majoritarian nationalism have all complicated its ties with ethnic minorities, and evaluates how the present leadership of the 100-year-old Party has been managing the relationship.
Examining the Relationship Between Cognitive Ability and Arrest Using a Differential Offenses Hypothesis: Evidence of Inconsistent Mediation
Authors: Altikriti Sultan
Published: January 2022

The current study assessed the role of differential offense category involvement in the link between cognitive ability and arrest. Using structural equation modeling, the current study relied on data from the Pathways ( n = 1,354) and Add Health ( n = 3,605) to address three research questions on the differential etiology of offending category (aggressive and property), the mediating effects of disaggregated offending on the relationship between IQ and arrest, and how those effects vary across samples. The results suggested the negative association between IQ and arrest masked more complex processes encompassing opposing indirect paths through aggressive (negative) and property (positive) offending, suggesting inconsistent mediation. As a result, the total indirect effect of IQ on arrest through offending was suppressed when an aggregated offending measure was used, highlighting the value of disaggregating offending categories.
Nociceptor Neurons Magnify Host Responses to Aggravate Periodontitis
Authors: Wang S. , Nie X. , Siddiqui Y. , Wang X. , Arora V. , Fan X. , Thumbigere-Math V. , Chung M.K.
Published: January 2022

Periodontitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease that progressively destroys the structures supporting teeth, leading to tooth loss. Periodontal tissue is innervated by abundant pain-sensing primary afferents expressing neuropeptides and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). However, the roles of nociceptive nerves in periodontitis and bone destruction are controversial. The placement of ligature around the maxillary second molar or the oral inoculation of pathogenic bacteria induced alveolar bone destruction in mice. Chemical ablation of nociceptive neurons in the trigeminal ganglia achieved by intraganglionic injection of resiniferatoxin decreased bone loss in mouse models of experimental periodontitis. Consistently, ablation of nociceptive neurons decreased the number of osteoclasts in alveolar bone under periodontitis. The roles of nociceptors were also determined by the functional inhibition of TRPV1-expressing trigeminal afferents using an inhibitory designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) receptor. Noninvasive chemogenetic functional silencing of TRPV1-expressing trigeminal afferents not only decreased induction but also reduced the progression of bone loss in periodontitis. The infiltration of leukocytes and neutrophils to the periodontium increased at the site of ligature, which was accompanied by increased amount of proinflammatory cytokines, such as receptor activator of nuclear factor κΒ ligand, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin 1β. The extents of increase in immune cell infiltration and cytokines were significantly lower in mice with nociceptor ablation. In contrast, the ablation of nociceptors did not alter the periodontal microbiome under the conditions of control and periodontitis. Altogether, these results indicate that TRPV1-expressing afferents increase bone destruction in periodontitis by promoting hyperactive host responses in the periodontium. We suggest that specific targeting of neuroimmune and neuroskeletal regulation can offer promising therapeutic targets for periodontitis supplementing conventional treatments.
The Work of Visual Art in Liturgy
Authors: Sokolove Deborah
Published: January 2022

Liturgy and the arts make similar claims about inviting people to take a journey beyond price; to bear witness to the world as it is and as it should be; to experience truth and beauty even in tragedy; and to remind them of their intrinsic right to exist. This similarity leads many people to believe that the arts are essential to good liturgy. It also is the source of the suspicion that visual art, in particular, is a worldly distraction from the serious work of the people. The work of visual art in liturgy is not to decorate, not to give a platform to individual artists for their personal expression, not to serve as empty representations or diagrams of intellectual ideas. Rather, it is to bring all our senses into worship as the living Body of Christ, broken and poured out for the need of the world.
Community Relationship Quality and Reincarceration Following Rural Drug-Using Women’s Reentry From Jail
Authors: Tillson Martha , Dickson Megan F. , Webster J. Matthew , Staton Michele
Published: January 2022

Interpersonal relationships and social support are important factors in women’s successful reentry from incarceration, but limited research has explored the role of women’s relationships to their communities during the reentry process. In the current study, women were recruited from three rural Appalachian jails, screened for high-risk behaviors (including drug use and unprotected sex), and interviewed at 12 months postrelease ( N = 339). Interviews included the Relational Health Indices–Community scale, a validated measure of women’s relationships in community contexts, with subscales for empowerment/zest, engagement, and authenticity. Women who were reincarcerated during the 12-month postrelease period (43.4%) were younger, less employed, more likely to have used illicit drugs, and reported lower-quality community relationships at 12-month follow-up. Multivariate logistic regression models indicated that the effect of community relationships may be driven by the engagement and empowerment/zest constructs. Results suggest that community connectedness may relate to more successful reentry outcomes for rural women.
Organizational and Institutional Entrepreneuring: Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Hjorth Daniel , Reay Trish
Published: January 2022

In our Introduction to this Special Issue on Organizational and Institutional Entrepreneuring, we draw attention to the importance of recognizing how processes and practices of entrepreneuring take place in the context of an already organized world. We particularly draw attention to how such entrepreneuring processes, as imaginative-poetic extensions beyond the present, can occur in a variety of societal, institutional and organizational contexts. Overall we focus on entrepreneuring as the process of creating organization. As a result, we believe that important insights arise by drawing attention to ways of ‘starting’ and ‘actualizing’, rather than conceptualizing entrepreneurship as something that was already ‘started’ in the past. This Special Issue thus helps to provide much-needed scholarship that expands our knowledge base and provides a foundation for future research. We conclude our Introduction with a summary of the articles making up this Special Issue, noting the ways that each article helps to advance our knowledge base about the processes of entrepreneuring.
Multidimensional Impact of COVID-19 on the Indian Education Sector
Authors: Bansal Manish
Published: January 2022

The article discusses the impact of COVID-19 on the education sector in India and aims at providing suggestions to build a resilient Indian education system. The findings and suggestions highlighted in the article are based on the personal experiences and learning of the author during this pandemic. Lack of awareness of technology, a lack of administrative support toward the implementation, a lack of an attitude towards transforming the education system, a lack of support from the government on the financial front and a lack of willingness among students to accept online learning are found to be major hurdles in the path of shifting from face-to-face learning to online learning during this crisis. Given that the level of proactive and disciplined learning is lower in online learning when compared with traditional learning in emerging nations, the article strongly recommends the need for educational application development to carry out the teaching-related practices and proliferate the impact of the pandemic on the education sector.

JEL Codes: I21, I23
Sovereignty and Maritime Practices in the Western Indian Ocean, 1700–1900
Authors: Chowdhary Mir Kamruzzaman
Published: January 2022

This article examines how far existing work on the Indian Ocean has focused on aspects like sovereignty and maritime law in the western Indian Ocean and argues for more research in this field. The conduct of shipping in the western Indian Ocean took a drastic shift during the period from 1700 to 1900 when an organised admiralty law was drafted in India, indicating that the role played by the British in this process cannot be disregarded. Highlighting the struggle between various European powers for supremacy over maritime trade and commerce in the Indian Ocean by analysing the available sources, this article identifies numerous gaps in studies of the Indian Ocean, which need further scholarly exploration.
Development Science: Linking Postcoloniality and Indian Institutes of Technology
Authors: Tripathy Jyotirmaya
Published: January 2022

Post-independence Indian science as a medium of national development offers an opportunity to engage with the West beyond the straightjacket of domination and subordination. This ambivalence is reflected in the conception and materialisation of Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), established under the guidance of Western powers to strengthen India’s technological progress. Being delivered from the West, IITs created conditions of sameness and difference, leading to a situation where the West and India transformed each other, with major implications for ideas of development and nationhood. This article focuses on IITs, particularly IIT Kanpur, as a site of collaboration and contestation, where engineering and politics often crossed, negotiated and resisted each other. This also led to situations where science’s materialisation through machines, such as computers, blurred the experiential difference between the West and India. Such boundary crossings created new scientific subjectivities that traversed beyond the nation and de-territorialised the practice of science.
Adolescent dating and relationship quality: The role of exposure to intimate partner violence in early childhood
Authors: Cheung Shannon P. , Huang Chien-Chung
Published: January 2022

Children who grow up with exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) experience disproportionately greater cognitive, psychological, and emotional impairments when compared to their peers. Increasingly, research has provided evidence of the long-lasting effects of IPV exposure throughout the life course. This study uses data from four waves (baseline and Years 1, 3, and 15) of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) to examine how IPV exposure affects adolescents’ dating behavior and relationship quality at Year 15. Results indicate that those adolescents with exposure to physical violence at Years 1 and 3 were more likely to be in dating relationships at Year 15 than those without (effect size = 0.40), and for adolescents who were in a dating relationship at Year 15, IPV exposure, particularly exposure to physical violence, significantly reduced relationship quality (effect size = −0.24). These findings call for early screening of IPV exposure among mothers, children, and adolescents, as well as interventions to support victimized mothers and promote healthy adolescent relationships.
Seeds of love: Positivity bias mediates between passionate love and prorelationship behavior in romantic couples
Authors: Mizrahi Moran , Lemay Edward P. , Maniaci Michael R. , Reis Harry T.
Published: January 2022

Passionate love (PL) is a central concept in romantic relationships, yet the process through which it enhances relationship maintenance remains unclear. The current research included two studies of daily relationship experiences among dating couples ( N = 203) and newlyweds ( N = 173). We examined the contribution of PL to greater daily prorelationship behavior and the role of idealized views of romantic partners in explaining this association. Furthermore, we examined the unique effect of PL on prorelationship behavior beyond relationship commitment. Results indicated that positivity bias mediated the association between PL and prorelationship behavior, and this effect was independent of commitment. Conversely, relationship commitment did not predict prorelationship behavior beyond PL. These findings highlight the role of positively biased perceptions in explaining how the motivational experience of PL translates into daily acts and suggest that daily behaviors shaped by PL may support long-term goals of relationship maintenance.
Associations between affect and empathic accuracy during conflict interactions in couples
Authors: Berlamont Liesbet , Sels Laura , Ickes William , Ceulemans Eva , Hinnekens Céline , Verhofstadt Lesley
Published: January 2022

The current research examined how intimate partners’ affect is related, on a moment-to-moment basis, to their level of empathic accuracy during conflict interactions. To this end, we analyzed data from two laboratory-based studies ( n = 155 and n = 172 couples) in which couples participated in a conflict interaction task, followed immediately by a video-review task during which they reported on their own feelings and thoughts and inferred those of their partner at different moments in the interaction. We found that the partners’ affective similarity—for both positive (Studies 1 and 2) and negative affect (Study 2)—was related to greater perceiver empathic accuracy for both the partner’s feelings (Studies 1 and 2) and the partner’s thoughts (Study 2). The data from Study 2 also revealed a complementary effect: lower levels of empathic accuracy for feelings at moments of affective dissimilarity between the partners (i.e., when a perceiver was feeling positive while his/her partner was feeling negative).
Psychiatric disorders among children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in South Korea: a nationwide population-based longitudinal study
Authors: Heo Jaesung , Park Jun Eun , Noh O Kyu , Shin Yunmi
Published: January 2022

Objective

Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) may be at increased risk of psychiatric disorders. This study analyzed the incidence of psychiatric disorders in children with ALL in South Korea.

Methods

Using nationwide claims data for January 2009 to March 2016, we identified three major psychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety and stress/adjustment disorder) among children diagnosed with ALL. We analyzed the incidence of psychiatric disorders before and after ALL diagnosis.

Results

Overall, 2160 children diagnosed with ALL were identified. Seventy-five children (3.5%) were diagnosed with at least one major psychiatric disorder from 1 year before ALL diagnosis to the last follow-up point (range: 42.5–111.5 months). Of these, 70 (93.3%) patients were identified after ALL diagnosis, with the incidence peaking 1 year after ALL diagnosis. Depression, anxiety and stress/adjustment disorders were diagnosed in 30 (1.4%), 15 (0.7%) and 30 (1.4%) patients, respectively.

Conclusions

Among pediatric patients with ALL, most psychiatric disorders were identified after the diagnosis of leukemia, and psychiatric disorder incidence differed according to patient age and time since ALL diagnosis. Timely screening for and proper management of mental disorders are needed during all stages of ALL treatment.