bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Use of Glucose to Improve the Environmental Aspects of Chrome Tanning Process
Authors: Puccini Monica , Castiello Domenico
Published: May 2014

A tanning process based on a preliminary stabilization with glucose, followed by a chromium tannage, has been optimized on semi-industrial scale. A higher chromium content in the tanned leather and a better exhaustion of the floats indicate that the presence of glucose in the hide improves the penetration and fixation of chromium. The stabilization with glucose allows the production of chromium-free waste shavings that may be reutilized through more sustainable routes. The crust leather obtained is characterized by mechanical and technical properties comparable to those of the traditionally chromium tanned crust leather. As far as roundness, fullness and hand, the glucose stabilized leather display better performances. The results obtained assess the glucose stabilized leather as a good candidate for producing high quality bovine upper leather through a more environmental sound chromium tannage, in terms of lower chromium consumption and discharge in the wastewaters and of better reutilization of chromium-free wastes.
Synthesis and Catalytic Activity of Fe-MCM-41 Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhang Hong Liang , Tang Chang Jin , Gao Fei , Dong Lin
Published: May 2014

Mesostructured Fe-MCM-41 nanoparticles have been hydrothermally prepared for the first time with assistance of binary surfactants (CTAB and F127). The formation of nanoparticles consists of two steps, that is, the hydrolysis of silica precursor via catalysis by an acidic ferric salt, followed by facile assembly into mesostructured nanocomposites with cationic micelles by addition of condensation catalyst. In the hydroxylation of phenol with aqueous H2O2, Fe-MCM-41-NP displayed higher activity than a Fe-MCM-41 sample with normal particle size (Fe-MCM-41-LP).
Effect of Enzyme Washing on the Tensile Property of Denim Fabric
Authors: Kan Chi Wai
Published: May 2014

Denim is one important clothing product recently in the market. However, the original solid blue colour is not attractive to the consumers and hence many manufacturers are trying to remove part of the blue colour from the denim fabric surface. This fading effect could impart fade-look or worn out effect in the final products which made it becomes popular to the consumers. There are different methods to achieve the colour fading effect in which enzyme washing is one of the simplest methods to be used in the industry. Although the enzyme washing is a good method for colour fading of denim, the process involves the use of chemical as well as temperature which may introduce certain degree of damage in denim fabric. Thus, this paper will investigate the effect of enzyme washing on the tensile property of denim fabric under different treatment duration.
Comparison of Microwave Method with Traditional Method to Extract Tea Polyphenols
Authors: Han Yan Xia , Wang Gong Nan , Shi Zhao Zhong , Wang Fang
Published: May 2014

In this research, the primary study in extracting technologies of Tea polyphends was finished. On the basis of the water lixiviation by orthogonal optimization method, extraction process of TP by microwave extraction was optimized. The best combined condition of the water lixiviation as follows: liquid-lolid ratio 25:1, extraction temperature 95°C , extraction time 20min,Under this conditions, the yield of TP is 13.993 %.And the best combined condition by microwave extraction: liquid-lolid ratio 35:1, microwave power 750 W, extraction time 18min, and the yield of TP is 20.3023 % through duplicated experiment. The results showed that compare with water lixiviation, the yield of TP was enhanced by 6.3093 % by microwave method. Meanwhile, the extraction time by microwave method was reduced greatly.
Study on Dynamic Slotting Optimization in Storage System
Authors: Zhang Xin Min , Hou Jing Chao , Ren Hui Zhi
Published: May 2014

In order to improve the efficiency of warehouse on picking, an optimal model for ware location assignment is presented, which is with multi-objective function. To solve the multi-objective optimization problem, a differential evolution algorithm combined with lexicographic sort algorithm is presented. In order to verify the above algorithm, an example is presented. The calculated results show that the algorithm is operable and versatile. The optimized solution can be found fast with better fitness than genetic algorithm which is used to be compared.
A Research into the Configurations of Residential Buildings on Outdoor Wind Environment Simulation — A Case Study in Taiwan of Fujhou Affordable Housing
Authors: Su Ying Ming , Huang Hsin Yao
Published: May 2014

Architectural typology and configurations on the urban wind environment are closely related, this research took the large-scaled high-density development in Taiwan of Fujhou Affordable Housing as a case study, the use of computer simulation Ecotect Analysis, for collection of air distribution to explore central courtyard buildings wind environment flow in the urban environment for congregate housing. This study according to simulation results tried to adjust the configuration program for a further amendment to meet pedestrians comfort. Results proved that the use of computer simulation for design review, could effectively achieve the most optimized design while also to reduce energy conservation and improve comfort, which will further as references for future architectural design and master planning.
Intelligent Control Strategy for Complex Industrial Process with Uncertainty
Authors: Zhou Guo Qing , Li Lei
Published: May 2014

In order to solve control puzzle of complicated characteristics for complex industrial object, the paper proposed an intelligent control strategy. First it made the anatomy and pointed out that the conventional control strategy is unsuitable to control the complex process. Based on comparison among control strategies, first it made decomposition and coordination for complex process, and then selected intelligence based control strategies, finally adopted human simulation intelligence based control algorithm to implement the optimization control of complex process with uncertainty. The simulation effect demonstrated that it is faster in response, high in control accuracy, and strong in robustness. The simulation shows that it is a wise choice to apply the intelligent control strategy for complex industrial process with uncertainty.
A Study of Influence of Dual Axial Fans Arrangement on Airflow Fluid Field of Special Vehicle Power Cabin
Authors: Li Yun Long , Zhao Chang Lu , Zhang Fu Jun , Liu Jian Feng , Cao Yuan Fu , Li Zhong Hua
Published: May 2014

In this paper, an 3D model of a special vehicle power cabin is developed. Using FLUENT 6.3 the simulation on different helix hand of dual axial fans and different arrangement of with/without bulkhead are conducted. The influence law of different arrangements on airflow fluid field of power cabin is obtained on the condition of dual axial fans. Simulation results mean important recommendation to the design of power cabin dual axial fans.
Fuzzy Control of Parallel Robot Based on Step Motor Drive
Authors: Zhu Cai Hong , Zhang Hong Tao
Published: May 2014

Step motor features small in the volume, big in the torque and wide in the range of speed. Parallel robot possesses the characteristics of large rigidity, strong load bearing capacity and small error. Directed against the parallel robot mechanism with step motor drive, the closed-formed solutions were developed for both inverse and direct kinematics, a model of control system was establish, after that a kind of fuzzy control algorithm was designed, and a simulative experiment was made on the Matlab/Simulink. The result shows that this algorithm achieved high precision real-time control on this parallel robot.
Analysis of the Influence of Structure Parameters of Six Degree of Freedom Parallel Robot Workspace
Authors: Chen Li Wen , Cui Bing Yan
Published: May 2014

The structure parameters of the robot directly affects its workspace, in order to get the relationship between the structure parameters of the robot and the size of workspace, an evaluation standards of the size of workspace is presented based on the mechanism of the center height. This paper proposes an novel 2URS&UPS parallel robot, it has Six degree of freedom. By using the sphere coordinate searching method, through the MTLAB programming calculated the influence of structural parameters on the workspace. Analysis results show that the parallel robot has the maximum workspace, when the static platform radius is 140mm and the moving platform radius is 120 mm, the rod length is 160mm. The study showed the parallel robot has advantage of a large workspace and symmetry. The parallel robot can be used for walking leg, mechanism arm, etc. The paper provide a theoretical basis for design of the parallel robot.
A Novel Unity-Gain Phase Shifter for Measuring Power System Quantities
Authors: Jiang Maoh Chin
Published: May 2014

The paper presents a novel unity-gain phase shifter. Based on the voltage control all-pass filter using an analogue multiplier along with a frequency-to-voltage converter, this approach can theoretically both provide unity-gain and maintain a predetermined phase shift constant over a wide frequency range. As no complicated calculation circuit is required, the proposed scheme can be implemented using a simple hardware circuit. Some experimental results are provided to verify the validity of the proposed scheme.
Negative Feedback Amplifier Performance Analysis Based on Virtual Electronic Workbench
Authors: Cao De Yue , Zhang Yang , Zou Yi
Published: May 2014

This paper shows the superiority of computer simulation technology based on negative feedback amplifier performance analysis by virtual electronic workbench (EWB) simulation technology.
Data Fusion Algorithm Research Based on Multi Scout Radar Networking
Authors: Liang Guan Hui , Lv Gui Zhou , Wang Li Dong
Published: May 2014

Considering the shortcoming of low measurement precision of single scout radar in battlefield, this paper advances the scheme of multi scout radar networking. Aiming at the core problem of networking data fusion of multi scout radars, this paper conducts research and advances data fusion algorithm based on polar coordinate system. This paper provides the realization flow of data fusion algorithm and pays more attention to the problem of coordinate conversion, error calculation, weight determination and data synthesis based on weight, and advances solution. Finally, taking five radars networking for example, conducts simulation experiment and result analysis, and the results shows that whether the fusion precision of distance data or the azimuth data all has greater improvement than measurement data.
Measuring Method and Error Compensation for Amplitude-Frequency Characteristics of Electromagnetic Voltage Transformer
Authors: Xiong Cai Jun , Gao Cui Yun , Chen Jie , Ding Yi , Chen Shao Yi , Zhang Guang Wen
Published: May 2014

The amplitude-frequency characteristics of voltage transformer need to be measured accurately when the electrical parameters of inverter module are detected. Using frequency method to measure one electromagnetic voltage transformer entirely, the amplitude-frequency characteristics with waveform distortion and phase delay were tested and analyzed by FFT on some typical frequencies. Amplitude-frequency transfer errors were compensated by nonlinear fitting method mainly on 50Hz, 15kHz , 20kHz segment. One order and two order curve fitting of the least squares function called lsqcurvefit were simulated in the environment of MATLAB, the results proved that the two order curve fitting function has a better compensation effect.
Single Chip Microcomputer Cluster Management
Authors: Zhang Zhi Chun , Li Song Wei , Wang Wei Ren , Zhang Wei , Qi Li Jun
Published: May 2014

This paper presents a system in which the cluster devices are controlled by single-chip microcomputers, with emphasis on the cluster management techniques of single-chip microcomputers. Each device in a cluster is controlled by a single-chip microcomputer collecting sample data sent to and driving the device by driving data received from the same cluster management computer through COMs. The cluster management system running on the cluster management computer carries out such control as initial SCM identification, run time slice management, communication resource utilization, fault tolerance and error corrections on single-chip microcomputers. Initial SCM identification is achieved by signal responses between the single-chip microcomputers and the cluster management computer. By using the port priority and the parallelization of serial communications, the systems real-time performance is maximized. The real-time performance can be adjusted and improved by increasing or decreasing COMs and the ports linked to each COM, and the real-time performance can also be raised by configuring more cluster management computers. Fault-tolerant control occurs in the initialization phase and the operational phase. In the initialization phase, the cluster management system incorporates unidentified single-chip microcomputers into the system based on the history information recorded on external storage media. In the operational phase, if an operation error of reading and writing on a single-chip microcomputer reaches a predetermined threshold, the single-chip microcomputer is regarded as serious fault or not existing. The cluster management system maintains accuracy maintenance database on external storage medium to solve nonlinear control of specific devices and accuracy maintenance due to wear. The cluster management system uses object-oriented method to design a unified driving framework in order to enable the implementation of the cluster management system simplified, standardized and easy to transplant. The system has been applied in a large-scale simulation system of 230 single-chip microcomputers, which proves that the system is reliable, real-time and easy to maintain.
Furniture Design and Fractal Geometry - The Fractal Art in Traditional Furniture
Authors: Zhang Jun Zi , Xu Jia , Bai Wan Dong
Published: May 2014

This article uses the shared "natural" property of the fractal geometry to analyze the style and decorative arts of traditional furniture so as to help furniture designers apply their new design approach to abroad practice of furniture design, which will develop a new field for creating new furniture forms and decorative patterns.
A Randomized Response Protocol Based on Homomorphic Encryption
Authors: Cao Kun Mei , Li Ke
Published: May 2014

The investigation which involves the respondents privacy is hard to ensure the information security. To rectify this problem, Based on Homomorphic Response Protocol (RRPBH), a novel protocol using homomorphic encrypted system is proposed in this paper. The RRPBH uses the Paillier encryption algorithm to encrypt respondents answer. Paillier algorithm has the good properties of additive homomorphism and mixed multiplicative homomorphism. We can effectively compute the sum of respondents answer with better privacy protection by this protocol.
Research on User's Need Acquisition Method of Fuzzy Front End for Technology-Driven
Authors: Li Xiang Dong , Hao Xiao Rong , Ma Yu Jie , Shi Lu Kui
Published: May 2014

In order to solve the problem of transforming high-quality idea into users' needs, a process model obtaining user demand for fuzzy front end was proposed, which was applied to product innovation design process of pneumatic butterfly valve. This process model covered the key businesses, such as market analysis of the goal, needs analysis, idea analysis, needs evaluation and needs determination, etc. Needs characteristic of user has been discussed in detail. Three kinds of need patterns of demand pull, technology-driven and hybrid form have been analyzed. Pointed out the hierarchical needs structure, function structure diagram and technology roadmap are the key technologies of acquiring user demand.
Manufacturing and Fractional Cell Formation Using a New Binary Digit Grouping Algorithm with a Pwavroid Solution Explorer Toolkit
Authors: Mroue Hassan , Dao Thien My
Published: May 2014

A new algorithm is presented in order to search for the optimal solution of the manufacturing and fractional cell formation problem. In addition, this paper introduces a new toolkit, which is used to search for the various candidate solutions in a periodic and a waving (diversified) manner. The toolkit consists of 15 tools that play a major role in speeding up the obtainment of the final solution as well as in increasing its efficiency. The application of the binary digit grouping algorithm leads to the creation of manufacturing cells according to the concept of group technology. The nonzero entries, which remain outside the manufacturing cells, are called exceptional elements. When a lot of such elements is obtained, an additional cell called fractional (or remainder) cell may be formed; the aim of which is to reduce their number. This algorithm was tested by using illustrative examples taken from the literature and succeeded to give better or at least similar results when compared to those of other well-known algorithms.
Random Walk
Authors: Mundy John N.
Published: May 2014

Random walk is the central concept in the mathematical formalization of the diffusion coefficient and so when asked a year ago to present a talk at a diffusion conference it appeared to be a totally appropriate topic. I spent most of my career studying diffusion and even after twenty years in retirement I believed I could write an interesting story about the importance of random walk to diffusion. Unfortunately when I sat down to write I discovered two problems: in the majority of materials that I investigated atoms did follow a random walk; and the history of random walk has been well documented and shows little connection to diffusion. The phrase was coined in 1905 at a time of rapid changes in physics. Scientists are not accustomed to writing history and as Henry Ford said around the same period of time “History is bunk”. He also remarked, "You can have any color (car) as long as it's black". This essay presents my story (not his- or her- tory) of why the use of the phrase random walk in discussions of diffusion in solids is also bunk.
Evaluation of Rubidium and Potassium Diffusion in Soil by Radiotracer Technique
Authors: Demir E. , Tugrul A.B. , Baydogan N. , Baytaş A.F. , Altinsoy N. , Haciyakupoğlu S. , Büyük B.
Published: May 2014

In this study, diffusion of rubidium and potassium in soil was observed representing two alkaline elements. Generally, these elements are found as salt compounds in the earth. Soil columns were prepared in the laboratory conditions. Rubidium chlorite and potassium nitrate compounds were irradiated at ITU TRIGA Mark II nuclear research reactor at the Energy Institute of ITU to produce the radiotracer 86Rb and 42K. The irradiated compounds were sprinkled to the surface of different soil columns and were watered with realistic amounts. Radioactivity measurements were carried out by using a scintillation detector at the outside of the column for different soil depths in different diffusion times. As the results of the study, the behavior of two alkaline elements was observed appropriately similar in the soil.
Nitrogen Diffusion in Niobium under Low Pressure
Authors: Souza Armando Cirilo , Florêncio Odila , Grandini Carlos Roberto
Published: May 2014

The interaction among heavy interstitial atoms present in metals with bcc structure is studied using anelastic spectroscopy. This technique makes it possible to obtain information on interstitial concentration, precipitation, solubility limit, and diffusion. The diffusion coefficients of nitrogen in niobium were obtained using the relaxation parameters obtained from anelastic spectroscopy measurements for different oscillation frequencies of the system. The results showed the interstitial diffusion of nitrogen present in solid solution in niobium when submitted to different charges of nitrogen at a temperature of 1373 K and a partial pressure in the order of 10-4Torr. The exponential variation of the pressure experimentally in function of the time was thus obtained.
Sensibility Analysis of the Parameters Affecting Infrared Thermal Images for the Evaluation of Building Pathologies
Authors: Barreira E. , de Freitas S.S. , de Freitas V.P. , Delgado João M.P.Q.
Published: May 2014

Infrared thermography is a non destructive testing technology that has been applied to detect buildings pathologies for some decades. The thermograms are affected by several parameters and it is crucial to fully understand them in order to correctly interpret the temperature readings.
The infrared radiation is affected by the radiation emitted by the surface and the radiation reflected and emitted by the surroundings. Therefore there are two kinds of parameters that affect the infrared images: parameters connected to the properties of the material itself and parameters connected with the environmental conditions.
In this paper we present a sensibility study of the main parameters involved with infrared thermography evaluations to detect building pathologies.
To do so, some simple experiments were carried out at the Building Physics Laboratory (LFC) of the Engineering Faculty of Porto University (FEUP). The sensibility study was performed with LFC’s equipment to evaluate how measurements are influenced by emissivity, reflections, absorptance and the meteorological conditions.
Testing and Modeling of Roll Levelling Process
Authors: Silvestre Elena , Sáenz de Argandoña Eneko , Galdos Lander , Mendiguren Joseba
Published: May 2014

Roll levelling is a forming process used to remove the residual stresses and imperfections of metal strips by means of plastic deformations. During the process the metal fibres are subjected to cyclic tension-compression deformations leading to achieve flat product. The process is especially important to avoid final geometrical errors when coils are cold formed or when thick plates are cut by laser. In the last years, and due to the appearance of high strength materials such as Ultra High Strength Steels, machine design engineers are demanding a reliable tool for the dimensioning of the levelling facilities. In response to this demand, Finite Element Analysis and Analytical methods are becoming an important technique able to lead engineers towards facilities optimization through a deeper understanding of the process.
Aiming to this study two different models have been developed to analyze the roll levelling operations: an analytical model and a finite element model. The FE-analysis was done using 2D-modelling assuming plane strain conditions. Differing settings, leveller configuration and materials were investigated. The one-dimensional analytical levelling model is based on classical beam theory to calculate the induced strain distribution through the strip, and hence the evolving elastic/plastic stress distribution. Both models provide a useful guide to process-sensitivities and are able to identify causes of poor leveller performance. The theoretical models have been verified by a levelling experimental prototype with 13 rolls at laboratory.
Potentials of Ceramic Die Materials for Isothermal Forging Purposes of a Titanium Alloy
Authors: Behrens Bernd-Arno , Kazhai Mohammad , Prüß Tobias
Published: May 2014

The machining of titanium alloys is challenging in every aspect. In order to avoid waste material by cutting processes and to improve mechanical properties, forming processes offer many advantages but harbor also challenges. To face these challenges, especially techniques like isothermal forging are promising methods. Isothermal forging is an appropriate process for achieving a microstructure with excellent properties for high performance applications in aviation technology and turbine construction. One of the main challenges in this special process is the determination of a tool material with a high temperature resistance as well as a high resistance against the work load of forging processes. Given their high hardness, temperature resistance and wear resistance, technical ceramics feature properties classifying them as generally suitable for this application.
This article deals with the complete design of an isothermal forging process with ceramic tool material for titanium forming. The material characterization of the forming material by flow curve determination is performed to receive data for FE analyses. Afterwards, a ceramic tool system for isothermal forging is designed and manufactured. The tests show that especially the brittleness of technical ceramics restricts their application as tool material for isothermal titanium forming. Additional investigations on isothermal forging using carbide metal as tool material show the benefit of isothermal titanium forging. The results of metallographic analyses are given.
Effects of Weld Line in Deep Drawing of Tailor Welded Blanks of High Strength Steels
Authors: Mennecart Thomas , Güner Alper , Khalifa Nooman Ben , Tekkaya A. Erman
Published: May 2014

Due to the increase of lightweight design in car bodies, there is a raise in use of tailored welded blanks (TWB). With these blanks it is possible to strengthen the car body where it is necessary. This can lead to less weight. In the case of tailored welded blanks, there is a weld line, which influences the deep drawing behavior significantly during forming. In the presented results two different high strength steels (HCT980X and HCT600X) are welded together. One forming operation is performed, in which the weld line is positioned differently. The results show the influence of the weld line on the forming behavior which is realized by the comparison of deep drawn monolithic parts with the deep drawn tailored welded blanks. While the monolithic parts could be formed without failure, the forming of tailored welded blanks was accompanied by cracks in dependency to the weld line orientation and the applied load in this region. The results also show that the failure occurs in the base material and that the weld line is not damaged by the applied load. After the characterization of the base materials and the weld material, a numerical modelling of the whole TWB could be realized in this work. Two different ways of modelling techniques of the weld line are compared and the necessity of the consideration of the weld line properties is demonstrated. Furthermore, in consideration of the weld line properties in the FE-Model, it is possible to show that the weld line resists the forming operation without failure.
Characterizing the New Sphere Interferometer for the Diameter Determination of the Avogadro Spheres
Authors: Mai Torsten , Bartl Guido , Nicolaus Arnold , Peter Andreas
Published: May 2014

For the aimed redefinition of the SI-unit kilogram the international Avogadro group is to measure the amount of substance of a silicon sphere with a relative uncertainty of better than 2 x 10-8. Up to now 3.0 x 10-8 is reached, mainly caused by the 2.7 x 10-8 uncertainty of the volume determination. Which itself is essentially affected by the uncertainty of wave front distortion caused by optical fabrication errors and possible misalignment. To gain more information on how the wave front distortion influences the result a new interferometer with improved optics and rather large changes in the etalon is built up. A comparison of the measurements of one sphere taken with two different interferometers gives direct access to this information. Additionally a ray tracing software is being developed to simulate the alignment and measurement processes. Following the alignment steps the resulting positioning uncertainties of each element can be simulated and elements which contribute mainly to the uncertainty can be identified. This gives evidence where an improvement of the alignment techniques is most effective and necessary. With the additional use of Monte Carlo method based calculations the influence on the measurement results can be determined.
Design and Testing of Wind Energy Harvester Based on PVDF
Authors: Guan Li Juan , Bai Feng Xian , Dong Wei Jie
Published: May 2014

With an increasing concern about renewable resource, piezoelectricity has gained significant importance in research for extracting renewable resource from the environment. In this work, a piezoelectric energy harvester is developed, which composed of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and a fan structure, to generate electric power from wind energy. The voltage/power responses were evaluated when subjected to various wind speeds. Three laminated piezoelectric PVDF specimens were tested in this study. A series of experiments demonstrated a peak voltage 21.6v and a maximum power density 5.64mw/cm3 is generated respectively when the wind speed is 9m/s.
IEEE 1451-Based Sensor Interfacing and Data Fusion for Fire Smoke Detection
Authors: Ho Chao Ching , Kuo Dan Wen
Published: May 2014

The performance of a fire sensor has a significant effect on fire detection. Today’s fire alarm systems, such as smoke and heat sensors, however are generally limited to a close proximity to the fire; and cannot provide additional information about fire circumstances. Thus, it is essential to design a suite of low-cost networked sensors that provide the capability of performing distributed measurement and control in real time. In this work, a wireless sensor system was developed for fire detection. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the integration of traditional fire sensors into intelligent fire management systems by using the smart transducer concept. An automated video processing sensor for fire smoke monitoring applications is integrated into an surveillance network as a case study and supported sensor fusion assessment to improve the resistance to nuisance alarms. The proposed sensor system for fire detection was developed to reconcile issues related to proliferation and interoperability, and the architecture can support a smart transducer interface (IEEE 1451). The proposed embedded system for STIM (smart transducer interface module) and NCAP (network capable application processor) will be implemented with DSP. To realize the self-identification of transducers and plug-and-play connections, a transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS) is also stored inside the DSP. The acquired sensor data are pre-processed and applied to discriminate nuisance sources. The IEEE 1451 standard has been integrated into an automatic video-based fire smoke detection system. The proposed architecture has been tested on an experimental setup with the purpose of monitoring fire incidents successfully.
Capability of Measurement Processes Based on ISO/FDIs 22514-7 and VDA 5
Authors: Dietrich Edgar
Published: May 2014

Calculations of capability and performance indices are based on measurement results. The uncertainty of the measurement process used to generate capability and performance indices must be estimated before the indices can be meaningful. The actual measurement uncertainty needs to be adequately small.To demonstrate the suitability of measurement processes, were in the industrial production process based on the MSA version 4 (AIAG Measurement System Analysis [) is used.Another procedure is based on the ISO 98-3 ISO; Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM) [. But this is not practical in production. Therefore, the ISO 22514-7 [ was published. This document is in the FDIS (Final Draft ISO) status and will be official until mid-2012 as an ISO Standard. The VDA 5; Measurement Process Capability [ is also based on this new standard
Reproducibility of a Nanometre Accurate Moving-Scale Measurement System
Authors: Bosmans Niels , Qian Jun , Reynaerts Dominiek
Published: May 2014

A dedicated experimental setup has been designed and built up for determining the reproducibility of a 1-DOF moving-scale measurement system. A 3-DOF moving-scale system would enable the measurement of the position of a workpiece table moving in three perpendicular directions with minimized Abbe-offset. This allows normal machine tools and CMMs to match or even surpass the accuracy of ultra-precision machines. An uncertainty budget indicates that the 1-DOF moving-scale system can obtain a measurement uncertainty of 18 nm. Thermal drift is the largest contribution to the measurement uncertainty and should be accurately determined.
Changing Technology Requirements of Mask Metrology in Semiconductor Industry
Authors: Roeth Klaus-Dieter , Wagner Mark , Laske Frank
Published: May 2014

Upcoming Semiconductor Technology Nodes will still be based on optical lithography by ArF water immersion technology because there are still too many open issues preventing extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography from being introduced into production. Several kinds of multi- patterning technology are in use to overcome the optical resolution limitation of 193nm high NA illumination and still to achieve <32nm half-pitch.
Mask registration metrology must be adapted to provide useful and comprehensive data on the mask contribution to wafer overlay
Simulations of large winds and wind shears induced by gravity wave breaking in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region
Authors: Liu X. , Xu J. , Liu H.-L. , Yue J. , Yuan W.
Published: May 2014

Abstract. Using a fully nonlinear two-dimensional (2-D) numerical model, we simulated gravity waves (GWs) breaking and their contributions to the formation of large winds and wind shears in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). An eddy diffusion coefficient is used in the 2-D numerical model to parameterize realistic turbulent mixing. Our study shows that the momentum deposited by breaking GWs accelerates the mean wind. The resultant large background wind increases the GW's apparent horizontal phase velocity and decreases the GW's intrinsic frequency and vertical wavelength. Both the accelerated mean wind and the decreased GW vertical wavelength contribute to the enhancement of wind shears. This, in turn, creates a background condition that favors the occurrence of GW instability, breaking, and momentum deposition, as well as mean wind acceleration, which further enhances the wind shears. We find that GWs with longer vertical wavelengths and faster horizontal phase velocity can induce larger winds, but they may not necessarily induce larger wind shears. In addition, the background temperature can affect the time and height of GW breaking, thus causing accelerated mean winds and wind shears.
Serpentinization of mantle‐derived peridotites at mid‐ocean ridges: Mesh texture development in the context of tectonic exhumation
Authors: Rouméjon Stéphane , Cannat Mathilde
Published: May 2014

At slow spreading ridges, axial detachment faults exhume mantle‐derived peridotites and hydrothermal alteration causes serpentinization in a domain extending more than 1 km next to the fault. At the microscopic scale, serpentinization progresses from a microfracture network toward the center of olivine relicts and forms a mesh texture. We present a petrographic study (SEM, EBSD, and Raman) of the serpentine mesh texture in a set of 278 abyssal serpentinized peridotites from the Mid‐Atlantic and Southwest Indian Ridges. We show that serpentinization initiated along two intersecting sets of microfractures that have consistent orientations at the sample scale, and in at least one studied location, at the 100 m scale. We propose that these microfractures formed in fresh peridotites due to combined thermal and tectonic stresses and subsequently served as channels for serpentinizing fluids. Additional reaction‐induced cracks developed for serpentinization extents <20%. The resulting microfracture network has a typical spacing of ∼60 µm but most serpentinization occurs next to a subset of these microfractures that define mesh cells 100–400 µm in size. Apparent mesh rim thickness is on average 33 ± 19 µm corresponding to serpentinization extents of 70–80%. Published laboratory experiments suggest that mesh rims formation could be completed in a few years (i.e., quasi instantaneous at the plate tectonic timescale). The depth and extent of the serpentinization domain in the detachment fault's footwall are probably variable in time and space and as a result we expect that the serpentine mesh texture at slow spreading ridges forms at variable rates with a spatially heterogeneous distribution.
Hybrid Heterojunction and Solid‐State Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells
Authors: Li Xiao , Zang Xiaobei , Li Xinming , Zhu Miao , Chen Qiao , Wang Kunlin , Zhong Minlin , Wei Jinquan , Wu Dehai , Zhu Hongwei
Published: May 2014

A hybrid heterojunction and solid‐state photoelectrochemical solar cell based on graphene woven fabrics (GWFs) and silicon is designed and fabricated. The GWFs are transferred onto n‐Si to form a Schottky junction with an embedded polyvinyl alcohol based solid electrolyte. In the hybrid solar cell, solid electrolyte serves three purposes simutaneously; it is an anti‐reflection layer, a chemical modification carrier, and a photoelectrochemical channel. The open‐circuit voltage, short‐circuit current density, and fill factor are all significantly improved, achieving an impressive power conversion efficiency of 11%. Solar cell models are constructed to confirm the hybrid working mechanism, with the heterojunction junction and photoelectrochemical effect functioning synergistically.
Influence of MA‐g‐HDPE compatibilizer content on quality and adhesion/bending strength of polyethylene/O‐MMT coating films
Authors: Mardani Mehdi , Bagheri Rouhallah , Golozar Mohammad Ali
Published: May 2014

High density polyethylene/organo‐modified montmorillonite composites whit various concentrations of maleic anhydride grafted high density polyethylene (MA‐g‐HDPE) as compatibilizer (5–20 wt %) have been prepared by melt process. The extruded composite powders are applied on the treated steel surfaces using spray electrostatic powder technique, followed by oven curing at various temperatures (180°C–220°C) and times (15–45 min). The surface uniformity of produced coating films is studied by scanning electron microscopy. Comparison of micrographs of the coatings shows the composite coating films are measured using standard methods. The uniformity, adhesion, and bending strength of the coating films are compared to select high performance coatings. The results indicate that the presence of 15 wt % MA‐g‐HDPE in the coatings shows the highest properties (adhesion and bending strength) and more surface uniformity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40926.
Seaweed‐ZnO composite for better antibacterial properties
Authors: Pandimurugan R. , Thambidurai S.
Published: May 2014

Brown seaweed Padina tetrastromatica (PTS)‐Zinc oxide (ZnO) composites were prepared by chemical precipitation method. The characteristic peaks of PTS and ZnO were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. X‐ray diffraction study was confirmed the formation of ZnO with hexagonal wurtzite phase. Surface morphology and particle's distribution of ZnO were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Transmission Electron microscopy image reveals that ZnO nanorods are in the size range of 14–164 nm having uniformly blended with polysaccharide of seaweed. Ultraviolet‐Visible absorption spectra indicated the sharp absorption peak at 219 nm and broad absorption peak in the 250–350 nm range. Fluorescence spectra shows the broad blue‐violet emissions is around at 380–480 nm. Because of the interaction between polysaccharide and ZnO nanorods/particles, the prepared seaweed‐ZnO composite exhibit better antibacterial activity than pure ZnO nanoparticles. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40948.
Does oral care contribute to brain activation?: One case of functional near‐infrared spectroscopy study in patients with a persistent disturbance of consciousness
Authors: Fujii Wataru , Kanamori Daisuke , Nagata Chisato , Sakaguchi Kiyomi , Watanabe Risa
Published: May 2014

Key Clinical Message

We used functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to measure cerebral blood flow during oral care in a patient with persistent disturbance of consciousness. We experienced that cerebral blood flow to frontal area increased during oral care, suggesting that oral care may have a potential role in rehabilitation for the brain.
Access to 1,2‐Dihydroisoquinolines through Gold‐Catalyzed Formal [4+2] Cycloaddition
Authors: Xin Zhuo , Kramer Søren , Overgaard Jacob , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: May 2014

A new synthetic route to the privileged 1,2‐dihydroisoquinolines is reported. This method, which relies on a gold‐catalyzed formal [4+2] cycloaddition between ynamides and imines, provides a new retrosynthetic disconnection of the 1,2‐dihydroisoquinoline core by installing the 1,8a CC and 2,3 CN bonds in one step. Both aldimines and ketimines can be used as substrates. In addition, one example of dihydrofuropyridine synthesis is also demonstrated.
A Multistate pH‐Triggered Nonlinear Optical Switch
Authors: Castet Frédéric , Champagne Benoît , Pina Fernando , Rodriguez Vincent
Published: May 2014

By using hyper‐Rayleigh scattering experiments and quantum‐chemical calculations, we demonstrate that nonlinear optics can be used to probe unequivocally, within a non‐destructive process, the multiple electronic states that are activated upon pH‐ and light‐triggered transformations of the 4′‐hydroxyflavylium ion. These results open new perspectives in the design of molecular‐scale high‐density optical memory.
Impact of extreme hydrologic disturbance upon the sediment carbon quality in agriculturally impacted temperate streams
Authors: Ford William I. , Fox James F. , Rowe Harry
Published: May 2014

The impact of extreme hydrologic disturbances on the quality of fine particulate organic carbon (FPOC) associated with sediments in low‐gradient, agriculturally impacted streams remains poorly understood despite the significance of the FPOC pool to benthic food webs, organic matter budgets and nutrient cycles. We estimated immediate and long‐term impacts of an extreme flow disturbance on FPOC quality using a 5‐year dataset of the stable carbon isotopic signature and a new metric for carbon quality. Results of the study show that the stable isotopic signature of sediment carbon is significantly enriched in the year following the extreme event, which reflects the streams response to accrual of degraded soil carbon. Further, our FPOC metric was found to be inversely proportional to the isotopic signature, suggesting an immediate shift of the benthic ecosystem to lower quality carbon that is retained for more than 1 year before recovering to the pre‐disturbance state. Following recovery, results show that the benthic ecosystem exports FPOC with quality that oscillates seasonally – the lowest quality observed in late spring and the highest quality in late fall. Although studies have addressed the response of high‐quality algal biomass to fluvial shearing, this study is the first to assess the response of high‐quality FPOC to an extreme hydrologic disturbance characterized by sediment deposition in an agriculturally impacted stream. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between heart rate and mortality and morbidity in the irbesartan patients with heart failure and preserved systolic function trial (I‐Preserve)
Authors: Böhm Michael , Perez Ana‐Cristina , Jhund Pardeep S. , Reil Jan C. , Komajda Michel , Zile Michael R. , McKelvie Robert S , Anand Inder S , Massie Barry M. , Carson Peter E. , McMurray John J. V. ,   on behalf of the I‐Preserve Committees and Investigators
Published: May 2014

Background

Higher heart rate is associated with poorer outcomes in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HF‐REF). Less is known about the association between heart rate and outcomes in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HF‐PEF). Therefore, we examined the relationship between heart rate and outcomes in the irbesartan in patients with heart failure and preserved systolic function trial (I‐Preserve) in patients with an ejection fraction >45% aged >60 years.

Methods and results

Heart rate was analysed as both a categorical (tertiles) and continuous variable. Patients in sinus rhythm (n = 3271) and atrial fibrillation (n = 696) were analysed separately. The outcomes examined were the primary endpoint of the trial (all‐cause death or cardiovascular hospitalization), the composite of cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization (and its components) and all‐cause death alone. Higher heart rate was associated with a significantly higher risk of all outcomes studied for patients in sinus rhythm, even after adjustment for other prognostic variables, including N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide. Each standard deviation (12.4 bpm) increase in heart rate was associated with an increase in risk of 13% for cardiovascular death or heart failure hospitalization (P = 0.002). No relationship between heart rate and outcomes was observed for patients in atrial fibrillation. Beta‐blocker treatment did not reduce the heart rate–risk relationship.

Conclusions

In patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction, heart rate is in sinus rhythm an independent predictor of adverse clinical outcomes and might be a therapeutic target in this syndrome.

Clinical Trial Registration – URL http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT 0095238
Highly Enantioselective Michael Addition of Malonates to β‐CF3‐β‐(3‐Indolyl)nitroalkenes: Construction of Trifluoromethylated All‐Carbon Quaternary Stereogenic Centres
Authors: Ma Chun‐Hui , Kang Tai‐Ran , He Long , Liu Quan‐Zhong
Published: May 2014

A family of γ‐nitrobutyric acid esters bearing an all‐carbon quaternary stereogenic centre have been synthesized. Chiral thioureas catalysed the conjugate addition of malonates to nitroalkenes containing a trifluoromethyl and indole motif at the β‐position to afford the corresponding γ‐nitrobutyric acid esters in good yields (up to 89 % yield) and with good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 90 % ee). This protocol provides an efficient access to optically enriched γ‐amino acids and β‐disubstituted γ‐butyrolactams.
Influence of Different Biological Environments on Serotonin (5‐HT) Electrochemical Behavior at Gold Screen Printed Electrodes
Authors: Di Carlo Gabriella , Trani Alessandro , Zane Daniela , Ingo Gabriel Maria , Pasquali Mauro , Dell'Era Alessandro , Curulli Antonella
Published: May 2014

Serotonin is a key neurotransmitter, present in the brain, blood and gastrointestinal tract. Due to the interest in measuring this important biogenic amine in these various environments, electrochemical recordings were carried out in PBS buffer, 0.5 % w/v mucin and 5 % w/v albumin on Screen Printed Gold Electrodes (SPAuEs) bare and modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNps), for better understanding the influence of the matrix on the stability of recordings The results suggest that the proteins resulted protective against electrode fouling, compared to PBS buffer, which enhanced the rate of such a fouling.
Sensing Asthma with Portable Devices Equipped with Ultrasensitive Sensors Based on Electrospun Nanomaterials
Authors: Macagnano Antonella , Bearzotti Andrea , De Cesare Fabrizio , Zampetti Emiliano
Published: May 2014

The use of sensors and sensing devices in breath analysis is a very recent achievement in medicine. In this study, a portable pre‐industrial device capable of monitoring NO in lung exhaled in respect to the ATS/ERS guidelines was designed and manufactured. The proposed equipment, called NOESIS, involved the use of a conductive polymer doped with nanofibres of an electrospun metal oxide, and was characterised by high sensing features, low power consumption, cost‐effectiveness and cheapness. The properties of the sensor and the strategies utilised to achieve such results in that device are here reported and discussed.