bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the marine‐air intrusion “Marinada” in the eastern Ebro sub‐basin through observations and mesoscale modelling
Authors: Jimenez Maria A. , Lunel Tanguy R. , Cuxart Joan , Boone Aaron A. , Le Moigne Patrick , Martinez-Villagrasa Daniel , Grau Antoni
Published: July 2024

The eastern Ebro basin is composed of an extensive irrigated plain, surrounded by rainfed slopes and wooden mountain ranges and open to the west to the agricultural western Ebro basin. The sea breeze generated at the coast is able to surmount the Catalan Pre-coastal Range through its lowest heights, reaching the basin by its easternmost part. It is a well‐known feature in the region, called Marinada.A network of Automatic Weather Stations from the Catalan Meterological Service is used here to analyse a period of 19 years (2003–2021). A filtering procedure is developed which selects the events when the Marinada is present, based on detecting clear sky, weak wind conditions and the wind direction from the coast in the afternoon. The analysis of these days show that the Marinada propagates along the basin in the afternoon meanwhile observations of the specific humidity show a sudden increase as the temperature cools down, resulting on a cold and humid advection. It is also found that the timing of the arrival of the Marinada depends on the mesoscale/synoptical circulations already present in the region (westerlies or a thermal low).Two Marinada events during the LIAISE experimental field campaign during summer 2021 (one with the predominance of westerlies and the other with a thermal low) are further analysed using the MesoNH model. Mesoscale simulations over the Ebro river basin are made at 2km resolution in the horizontal and 4m in the vertical (stretched with height). The initial and lateral boundary conditions are taken from the ECMWF model. Turbulence, radiation and surface parameterizations are taken to properly reproduce the phenomenon. It is shown that the Marinada is a fall wind, generated by a cool marine air mass advected over the Catalan Pre-coastal Range by the action of the sea breeze and the upslope wind. The characteristics and dynamics of the Marinada depend on the synoptical situation. For instance, under thermal low conditions the Marinada is initiated earlier and it is more intense than for the westerlies case. Results also highlight the importance of representing the surface features in the model (such as the irrigation processes) to properly capture the observations of the propagation of the Marinada inland.
Severe thunderstorm climatology in the Balearic Islands (2010-2023)
Authors: Wingen Duncan , Jansà Agustí
Published: July 2024

This article presents the first systematic climatology of severe thunderstorms (ST) in the Balearic Islands (Spain) between 2010 and 2023. Thanks to severe weather reports and observations from 111 weather stations, an extensive database was constructed involving 43 severe thunderstorms affecting the islands during 41 severe storm days. A thunderstorm was considered as severe when producing at least one of the following  phenomena: hail with diameter ≥ 2 cm, straight line winds ≥ 90 km/h or a tornado over land. Annual, monthly, seasonal, fortnight, spatial and hourly distributions were analyzed. Autumn months account for 48.8% of all ST, with the highest frequency seen in October. Distribution by fortnights shows a maximum of 7 ST in the second half of August. Convective straight line winds were the most common severe phenomena in ST affecting the Balearic Islands and occurred in 41.9% of all ST. Hourly distribution shows a maximum in the morning hours, between 10 and 12 AM. Spatial distribution shows a maximum incidence in the biggest island (Mallorca) with a mean of 2.6 ST/year. The South of Mallorca followed by the central part of the island are ST hotspots within the archipelago. For every severe thunderstorm day, the mean SST and anomaly of the Balearic Sea were identified using daily reanalysis from 12 UTC on ERA5. The vast majority (84%) of ST that make landfall in the islands are maritime. Peak ST activity occurred with SST in the range of 25-26ºC. Extremely severe thunderstorms showed a maximum with SST between 27 and 28ºC. 
Climate monitoring information on the webpage of HungaroMet to raise awareness on climate change and support the decision-making
Authors: Lakatos Monika , Bokros Kinga , Szentes Olivér , Izsák Beatrix , Bihari Zita , Marton Annamária
Published: July 2024

One way for monitoring climate change is to compute and analyse the different extreme climate indices. At the Climate Research Department of the Hungarian Meteorological Service, we have implemented climate stripes, several warm climate indices and some of the cold indices for 24 municipalities and for the country as a whole from the beginning of the last century. Homogenised (MASHv3.03 software) daily data were used to derive the yearly climate indices values. We used interpolated data (MISHv1.03 software) for getting the countrywide averages. The trend line fitted to the annual data indicates the slope of change, its magnitude and significance with 90% confidence is depected too on the graphs. By clicking on the figures, the municipal graphs can be displayed and downloaded freely from the webpage of HungaroMet: https://www.met.hu/eghajlat/eghajlatvaltozas/megfigyelt_hazai_valtozasok/An obvious effect of climate change in our region is the increase in the frequency of extremes associated with high temperatures, the persistence and intensity of heat waves. Graphs of very hot days (Tmax ≥ 35 °C) and hot days (Tmax ≥ 30 °C) illustrate the recent changes for the county seats.  The current practice of issuing heat alerts in Hungary is that National Centre for Public Health issues an alert following a warning published by the Hungarian Meteorological Service. Time series showing the number of days per year corresponding the conditions for the different heat alert levels (level I: Ta ≥ 25 °C, level II: Ta ≥ 25 °C for at least 3 consecutive days, level III: Ta ≥ 27 °C for at least 3 consecutive days) are also available for download. The "climate mosaic" not only shows the heat and heatwave trends on an annual basis, but also illustrates the heat periods in a matrix-like arrangement, their frequency and duration can be tracked on that.Regarding the cold climate indices, the number of frost days (daily minimum temperature ≤ 0 °C), number of days with a minimum daily temperature ≤ -10 °C, number of winter days with daily maximum temperature ≤ 0 °C day, longest frost period (maximum length of consecutive frost day), number of cold days with daily minimum temperature ≤ -5 °C, annual sum of heating degree-days, days according to Extreme Cold Warning Level I-II-II (minimum daily temperature < -15 °C,  -20 °C and -25 °C) are visualized.We hope that this information is supporting the development of municipal climate change strategies and action plans.Acknowledgements:The research presented was carried out within the framework of the Széchenyi Plan Plus program with the support RRF-2.3.1-21-2022-00014 Climate Change Multidisciplinary National Laboratory project.
Surface energy budget changes in Europe under the intermediate greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: Skalak Petr , Fischer Milan , Trnka Miroslav
Published: July 2024

Earth’s surface radiation and heat balance (or simply called as surface energy budget) is one of the key factors affecting the climate on the local scale. The size, magnitude and temporal variability of its individual components have a direct impact on the surface temperature and hence also 2-meter air temperature. In addition, the surface energy budget is closely related to evapotranspiration and the ratio between both turbulent heat fluxes (latent and sensible heat flux) may help to identify drought conditions. The aim of this work is to analyze the spatial and temporal changes of individual components of the surface energy budget in Europe from 1950 till 2100 using the large ensemble of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) global climate models (GCMs). The ensemble consists of 17 GCMs in nominal horizontal resolution of 50 or 100 km. For validation purposes in the period 1950–2014 GCMs are compared to the ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis. The climate change signal in 21st century (2015 and onwards) is investigated under the intermediate greenhouse gases emissions of SSP2-4.5 scenario with a special emphasis on the summer half of the year (April – September) that roughly corresponds to the growing season in Europe. Projected changes of the surface energy budget are put into context of the expected changes of 2 m air temperature and precipitation. There is an increase in global irradiance in Europe that leads to higher net radiation and stronger role of sensible heat flux in the second half of growing season indicating a higher risk of soil drought.
What can high-resolution regional climate simulations tell us about the future urban climate of European cities?
Authors: Le Roy Benjamin , Rechid Diana
Published: July 2024

Extreme weather events such as heat waves and heavy precipitation are already having an impact on urban areas around the world, and their frequency and/or intensity are expected to increase as a result of ongoing global warming. Local decision-makers need high-resolution urban climate information to plan and adapt tomorrow's cities. This information needs to be tailored to their needs and to different geographical contexts (e.g. by representing mountainous areas, coastal lines or city characteristics). It must also be appropriate in terms of time scale (e.g. from a particular extreme event to climatological timescales) and cover the range of uncertainties. Today, regional climate information is often derived from Global Climate Models (GCMs) that are downscaled to the local scale using statistical tools, or Regional Climate Models (RCMs) such as those used in the CORDEX initiative. Long-term RCM simulations reach horizontal resolutions of the order of ten kilometers and offer added value in certain respects compared with their driving GCM, but these resolutions are not sufficient in certain specific contexts such as cities, or in highly heterogeneous mountainous areas or along coastlines. The latest generation of RCMs, known as Convection Permitting Regional Climate Models (CPRCMs), now achieve resolution down to the kilometer scale and can be used to better represent these heterogeneous land surfaces, potentially offering new insights into local climate change. Here, we analyze simulations carried out as part of the CORDEX Flagship Pilot Study on Convection (3 km). We first investigate the CPRCMs’ ability to represent the historical urban climate of different European cities, compared with their lower-resolution counterparts. We then study the evolution of various urban climate impact indicators in the future under a high-emissions scenario. We analyze the effects of the increased resolution, choice of urban parameterizations, land cover representation approaches (dominant versus fractional cover approaches) and land cover datasets. Finally, we compare the range of uncertainties displayed by the new high-resolution simulations against the previous CORDEX ensemble.
WindBorne Global Sounding Balloons: Observations and Forecast Impacts
Authors: Hutchinson Todd , Sushko Andrey , Creus-Costa Joan , Tallapragada Vijay , Wu Xingren , Mueller Michael , Cucurull Lidia
Published: July 2024

WindBorne Systems has developed a novel balloon-based observation system, enabling constellations of balloons to be flown throughout the troposphere for extended periods of time. Each balloon, known as a Global Sounding Balloon (GSB), can fly for weeks at a time while being remotely directed to ascend and descend from a few hundred meters above the earth surface to the lower stratosphere, collecting up to 50 vertical profiles of wind speed and direction, pressure, temperature, and humidity per flight. Data collected by GSBs is available in real-time and can be used as a data source for numerical weather prediction initialization and verification, validation of parameterizations, and climate reanalyses.Over the past 5 years, over 1250 GSBs have been flown and have collected atmospheric data throughout much of the world. During the first 4 years of operations, the GSB was developed, demonstrated and refined during large-scale intermittent field campaigns. In early 2023 WindBorne began operating a persistent constellation of GSBs and by early 2024, the constellation averaged 15 GSBs aloft at any given time with an expected increase to 100 aloft, supporting collection of over 300 vertical profiles of data per day, by the end of 2024.WindBorne has partnered with the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to optimize the assimilation of GSB observations for use in numerical weather prediction, and to further assess the impact of the observations on forecasts. During summer and autumn of 2022, 169 GSBs were flown in the tropical Atlantic and the Arctic, collecting observations throughout large parts of the northern hemisphere during a 3 month period. The observations were assimilated into retrospective runs of the NOAA National Center for Environmental Prediction Global Forecast System (GFS) and reduced both average geopotential height errors in the tropics by 2-3% and tropical cyclone forecast track errors by up to 18%. Experiments are currently underway to assimilate GSB data into AI-driven weather prediction models.
Mapping X-band Weather Radar Observations to C-band for Homegeneous Meteorological Analysis
Authors: Antonoglou Nikolaos , Werner Manuel , Blahak Ulrich , Helmert Kathleen
Published: July 2024

Weather radar serves as a critical tool for effectively monitoring precipitation patterns and predicting severe weather events. In recent years, X-band radar systems have gained prominence due to their exceptional spatial resolution, providing detailed insights into convective systems and localized precipitation features. However, their limited coverage area and higher attenuation rates pose challenges for comprehensive meteorological analysis. In contrast, C-band radar, commonly utilized by meteorological agencies, offer broader coverage but with reduced resolution, limiting its ability to capture finer-scale weather phenomena effectively.The German Weather Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst – DWD) operates a network of 17 dual-polarization C-band radars and aims at installing four additional X-band systems. This study focuses on the homogenization of multiple-frequency observations. Our approach involves employing machine learning algorithms to transform X-band radar data into a format analogous to C-band observations. By integrating machine learning into the mapping process, we aim to enhance the utility of X-band radar data for broader meteorological applications within the framework of established C-band meteorological services. Challenges addressed in this research include accurately scaling reflectivity measurements, mitigating attenuation effects at different frequencies, and validating the mapped data against ground-based disdrometer observations to ensure reliability and accuracy.This mapping is mandatory for the integration of the future radar observations in the processing chain of the DWD. Until the installation of the systems is finished, we utilize measurements from the Low-Level Wind Shear Alert Systems (LLWAS) in the international airports of Frankfurt and Munich, which are also X-band. Moreover, we generate transformation equations using all principal moments (e.g. reflectivity, differential reflectivity, specific differential phase, etc.).
A gridded data set to study historical climate impacts in Switzerland since 1763
Authors: Noemi Imfeld , Stefan Brönnimann
Published: July 2024

For Switzerland, high-resolution gridded data of daily mean temperature and daily precipitation sums have recently been developed based on a large amount of early instrumental data for a period from 1763 to 1960. These temperature and precipitation fields were reconstructed with the analogue resampling method and subsequently improved using data assimilation for the temperature fields and bias correction for the precipitation fields. This new data set together with present-day meteorological fields since 1961 allows us to study a wide range of historical extreme weather events in Switzerland and their impacts on past societies. However, to study the impact of historical weather events in more detail, other variables are often needed, such as sunshine duration, wind speed, and humidity, but also minimum and maximum temperature.Here, we present the daily gridded Swiss reconstruction of daily temperature and precipitation, as well as the extension of the Swiss reconstruction to more variables, focusing mainly on sunshine duration, relative humidity, and wind speed. These additional reconstructions are based as well on the analogue resampling method, however, with a partly different reference period for the analogue pool compared to the temperature and precipitation reconstructions, and with a different data source for the resampled field. The extended Swiss gridded reconstructions make it possible to perform impact studies of historical weather and climate events, for example through agricultural modelling and calculating impact-based indices.Furthermore, we explore the potential of the extended reconstructions by evaluating historical and contemporary wildfire events in Switzerland. Wildfires are analysed using commonly used fire weather indices, such as the Canadian Fire Weather Index. We compare these indices with historical documents reporting on the fire events in Switzerland and, where possible, with the synoptic conditions over Switzerland and Europe leading up to the event.
Urban Geometry and Microclimate of Street Canyons in Cold Semi-Arid Climate
Authors: Toren Basak Ilknur , Sharmin Tania
Published: July 2024

The recent reports issued by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) emphasise the need to reconsider the design of urban built environments [1]. In the past twenty years, research has demonstrated that geometry parameters of urban street canyon play a significant role in influencing the microclimatic conditions and energy performance of the buildings within urban environments [2,3]. Urban canyon geometry affects the overall energy consumption of buildings and has the potential to reduce energy usage by as much as 30% for commercial structures and 19% for residential structures. Besides, the air and surface temperatures of urban street canyons are highly influenced by sunlight access, shadowing, and other factors. Canyon’s form and parameters, such as aspect ratio (H/W) and street direction, impact sun access, shading, and ventilation, which are also affected by length-to-height ratio (L/H). The aim of this paper is to assess whether geometric parameters of urban street canyons affect the microclimates and energy consumption in cold semi-arid climate. The research was carried out in Kayseri, Turkey, which has been developing city. According to those statistics, the real heating energy consumption in residential buildings ranges between 100 and 200 kWh/m 2 (the average is obtained as 175 kWh/m2) in Turkey. However, in European countries, this value is 100 kWh/m2, including energy use of heating, cooling and ventilation [4]. A total of 18 scenarios, including both configurations with and without space between buildings, were simulated. The scenarios varied in their aspect ratio, which is the ratio of height to width (H/W). There were three types of canyons: avenue canyons (H/W < 0.5), regular canyons (H/W = 1.0), and deep canyons (H/W > 2.0). Additionally, the scenarios differed in their length-to-height (L/H) ratio. There were three types of canyons based on this ratio: short canyons (L/H < 3.0), medium canyons (L/H = 5.0), and long canyons (L/H > 7.0) [5]. The performance of the canyon was evaluated by comparing the air temperature, on the hottest and coldest day of a typical year. In parallel to microclimate analysis, energy consumption analysis was carried out for a hypothetical case study building throughout the day and night. Envi-met and EnergyPlus are used as a computational tool. The comparative study will show how and to what extent urban canyon geometry parameters, in this case, contributes to modifying the magnitude of microclimate impact on daytime and nighttime energy loads.Keywords: Street Canyon, Urban form parameters, Urban geometry, Energy performance
Event-dependent changes of recent European droughts in a warming climate using event-based storyline simulations.
Authors: Sánchez Benítez Antonio , Ionita Monica , Athanase Marylou , Jung Thomas , Ma Qiyun , Goessling Helge
Published: July 2024

Climate change is increasing the intensity, frequency, and persistence of droughts, as observed by the recent record-breaking events in Europe. Two factors contribute to this intensification: dynamic changes —changes in the likelihood of weather patterns— and thermodynamic changes. While the former are uncertain in future climate projections, the latter are characterized by a high signal-to-noise ratio, as there is a robust and ubiquitous rise in land-surface temperatures.To better analyze the contributions of these factors, we utilize the so-called "event-based storyline approach". This involves nudging our global CMIP6 coupled climate model (AWI-CM1) towards the observed (according to ERA5) large-scale free-troposphere winds using various climate background conditions and initial states. In contrast, the model reproduces the circulation in the atmospheric boundary layer and the rest of the variables. This enables us to simulate the same weather conditions (including jet streams, ridges and blockings) in different climates: preindustrial, present, and 2 °C, 3 °C, and 4 ºC warmer worlds. This method creates an efficient way of showing experts and non-experts the consequences of climate change by describing the storyline of specific extreme events in different plausible climates using moderate computational resources.Focusing on Europe, our simulations successfully replicate recent hot and dry extreme events, like the 2019 or 2022 European heatwaves and the record-breaking 2018 or 2022 drought. Our experiments reveal that these extremes have intensified from preindustrial to present climates (which answers the conditional attribution question), mainly in southern Europe, with no significant changes in Western and Northern Europe. However, we project that this exacerbation will expand northward in future warmer climates, leading to even more severe drought in Central Europe and the Mediterranean by the end of the century. These changes are not only associated with an increase in atmospheric evaporative demand in a warmer atmosphere but, in some cases, with significant decreases in the accumulated precipitation.However, the response to climate change depends on the event, with events with similar present-day values showing a different climate change response. With our methodology, we can explore the physical mechanisms, including weather regimes, changes in vertical stability, or humidity profiles, that help explain the event-dependent response to climate change.
Dieci e Lode: Climate data of Former Italian Colonies and their Digitalization
Authors: Ceppi Alessandro , Baldi Marina , Beltrano Maria Carmen , Brunetti Michele , Giampietro Samuele , Iafrate Luigi , Manara Veronica , Pisani Sergio , Stefanini Federico , Sudati Francesco , Zardi Dino , Maugeri Maurizio
Published: July 2024

Italy has played a significant role in the birth and development of modern meteorology, and it owns a heritage of ancient meteorological data of exceptional value; however, despite many developed activities, a substantial number of data remains available only on paper, which unfortunately is deteriorating over time, risking the loss of data and information of inestimable worth for scientific research in the field of meteorology and climate change. Among the many data still to be recovered, there is a very significant fraction of those collected in territories belonging to Italy (Eritrea, Somalia, Ethiopia, Libya, Dodecanese, Albania, Dalmatia, Istria) between the late 19th century and the early 20th century. In this context, the present project aims to conduct a detailed reconnaissance of meteorological information available for these areas during the period of the Italian control.Regarding data and volumes, the main source will be the National Meteorological Archive of the CREA (Council for Research in Agricultural and the analysis of Agricultural Economy) in Rome, specifically the Historical Central Library of Italian Meteorology. Once the most relevant data and other information have been identified, activities will proceed with photographic scanning aimed at publishing online images of the data sheets and volumes; the overall number of pages expected to be scanned is approximately 40,000.The project of digitizing climatological data from former Italian colonies represents a significant step towards understanding climate of the past in areas that still lack a dense monitoring network for detecting meteorological phenomena. The availability and accessibility of data in international databases will allow for a full utilization of these recovered values, which will be relevant for a better understanding of climate change in the territories covered by the project.The investigation will be complemented by case studies aimed at evaluating possible implementations of citizen science activities aimed at extracting numerical series from digitized data sheets available for climatological research, in line with other works led by AISAM (Italian Association of Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology), such as the Cli-DaRe@School project, which involves the participation of many Italian schools and hundreds of students. A feasibility study will also be conducted to assess how these activities can be supported by the latest Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology.
Comparison between SolaRes estimates of the tilted solar irradiance and measurements by the PVlive network
Authors: Elias Thierry , Ferlay Nicolas , Moulana Mustapha , Saint-Drenan Yves-Marie , Metzger Swen , Feigel Gregor , Chesnoiu Gabriel , Chiapello Isabelle
Published: July 2024

The aim of SolaRes is to provide precise and accurate estimates of solar resource for any location on the globe, in any meteorological and ground surface conditions, and for any solar plant technology. To suit most applications, not only the Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI) is computed at 1-minute time resolution, but also the direct normal irradiance (DNI), the Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance (DifHI) and the components in tilted planes with any orientation (GTI, DifTI). To make comparisons with ground-based measurements, the circumsolar contribution in measured DNI is also computed.SolaRes was validated in clear-sky conditions encountered in northern France, affected by local and transported anthropogenic pollution and irregular incursions of Saharan desert dust to Europe. For the validation, AERONET provided the input spectral AOT data. Tests were also done with CAMS-NRT as input data source, and comparisons with measurements made on the ATmospheric Observations in LiLLe (ATOLL, France, 50.61167°N, 3.141670°E) platform provided RMSD in GHI smaller than 3% at 1-minute resolution, and RMSD in DNI of 8% [Elias et al., submitted to AMT].In this work, the performances of SolaRes are evaluated in all-sky conditions encountered in northern France and in Germany. The Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service in the near real time mode (CAMS-NRT) provides the input spectral aerosol optical thickness (AOT) data, and the Nowcasting Satellite Application Facilities (NWCSAF) provide the cloud optical thickness. The SolaRes estimates of the three solar resource components GHI, DNI, and DifHI are compared with measurements acquired at ATOLL. The SolaRes estimates of GHI and GTI are compared with measurements made by the PVlive network [Lorenz et al., 2022; and Dittmann et al., 2024 for the data]. Each PVlive station is equipped of a horizontal thermopile pyranometer, and 3 tilted silicon sensors, orientated eastwards, southwards and westwards.RMSD in GHI is found to be 18% at the PVlive station of Freiburg for one year of data (2021) at 1-hour resolution. RMSD in GTI slightly increases to reach 20% at a tilt angle of 25° orientated southwards, and 21% at the same tilt angle but orientated westwards.The satisfying comparison scores in GTI are obtained by considering a solar spectrum restricted between 300 and 1100 nm to simulate the Silicon detector. Improvement will be performed by considering the detailed spectral response as well as the angular loss.SolaRes in its standard mode considers horizontal homogeneous cloud field. Performances could be improved by selecting such observed situations. Moreover, DifTI could be individually tested by selecting measurements in shadows occurring for example for the eastwards instrument when the sun sets down.
Lagrangian tracking of Pleuragramma antarctica in the Ross Sea using a circulation model of the Southern Ocean (PARSOM)
Authors: Colella Alessio , de Ruggiero Paola , Pierini Stefano , Falco Pierpaolo , La Mesa Mario , Zambianchi Enrico
Published: July 2024

As part of the BIOCLEVER project and of the IPSODES project of the Progetto Nazionale di Ricerche in Antartide (PNRA), the sigma-coordinate ocean circulation model Parthenope University Southern Ocean Model (PARSOM) is coupled with a Lagrangian particle tracking algorithm to perform forward and backward mode simulations in the summer season to determine the possible path of the different stages of Pleuragramma antarctica sampled at 22 stations located between Terranova Bay and Whale Bay in the Ross Sea (RS). The RS is the second largest source of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) that supplies the lower limb of the global overturning circulation and ventilates the abyssal ocean. Dense Shelf Waters, precursor of the AABW, form on the RS continental shelf in winter by cooling and brine releasing during sea ice formation processes. The local circulation is influenced by the Ross Gyre, which regulates the proximity of the relatively warm waters of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current to the continental shelf. PARSOM the includes the whole Southern Ocean with a latitudinal extension ranging from 30° S to 80° S, so that no spurious lateral boundaries affect the RS internal response. The bathymetry is derived from the GEBCO dataset, the momentum flux and total heat fluxes (i.e. the sum of the latent and sensible heat and long wave radiation fluxes) are provided by the ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis and the initialization and relaxation to climatology are based on the World Ocean Atlas 2009 dataset.PARSOM simulates the dynamics of the RG, and the results show a significant weakening during the summer of 2015. We investigate the relationships with local wind-driven and large-scale circulation. It was found that, in 2015, the northern branch of the RG, which interacts with the ACC, showed intensification, leading to a reduction in both the intensity and the eastward extension of the gyre itself.
Attributing urban evapotranspiration from eddy-covariance to surface cover: bottom-up versus top-down
Authors: Jongen Harro , Vulova Stenka , Meier Fred , Steeneveld Gert-Jan , Jansen Femke , Tetzlaff Dörthe , Kleinschmit Birgit , Haacke Nasrin , Teuling Ryan
Published: July 2024

Evapotranspiration (ET) is a key process in the hydrological cycle that can help mitigate urban heat. ET depends on the surface cover, as the surface affects the partitioning of precipitation between runoff and evapotranspiration. In urban neighborhoods, this surface cover is highly heterogeneous. The resulting neighborhood-scale ET is observed with eddy-covariance systems. However, these observations represent the signal from wind- and stability-dependent footprints resulting in a continuously changing surface cover composition. This continuous change prevents quantitative analysis of the separate types. Here, we disentangle this neighborhood-scale ET at two urban sites in Berlin attributing the ET dynamics to the four major surface cover types in the footprint: impervious surfaces, low vegetation, high vegetation, and open water. Starting from the surface, we reconstruct ET based on patch-scale observations and conceptual models. Alternatively, we start with the eddy-covariance observations and attribute ET to the surface cover types solving a system of equations for four eddy-covariance systems with different footprints. Although starting at the surface yields more robust results, both approaches indicate that vegetation is responsible for more ET than proportional to its surface fraction, and evaporation from impervious surfaces although less cannot be neglected. The behavior of each surface cover type is separated allowing to study the response to rainfall for each type separately. Impervious surfaces exhibit a strong ET peak directly after the rainfall event, while open water is insensitive to the rainfall. High vegetation starts with high ET after rainfall and limits ET within the first days, but low vegetation does not start limiting ET until the end of the warm season likely reaching the soil moisture limit. Additionally, we confirm the intuitive relation between ET and the surface cover fractions based on a wide range of surface compositions.
An analysis of the equatorward penetration of Rossby Wave breaks in the Polar Jet stream in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Garcia Orza Jose A. , Kaplan Michael L.
Published: July 2024

The penetration of upper-level troughs into low latitudes and their amplification and thinning accompanying the equatorward breaking of Rossby Waves (RWB) has been observed to trigger heavy precipitation events and massive dust storms over subtropical areas like North Africa and the Middle East. Conversely, the poleward extension of a subtropical ridge structure as part of the amplified wave is associated with heat waves and drought events in mid-latitudes.We present a long-term (2000- 2022) analysis of RWB in the Polar Jet Stream (PJ) by analyzing the large-scale and irreversible overturning of high-PV contours on the 330K isentropic surface. The identification of RWBs and their anticyclonic or cyclonic character is followed by the further geometrical analysis of the contours: the length of the overturning; the centroid and area of the 2 PVU tongues extending equatorward and the subtropical ridges built poleward as part of the amplified wave train; the location and timing of the maximum penetration equatorward and poleward of 2 PVU contours on the isentropic surface over the time; the equivalent latitude of the 2 PVU contours; and the ratio short-circle length at the equivalent latitude to the great-circle distance along the PVU contour.There is a clear seasonal dependence of the preferred southernmost locations where RWBs penetrate, both in latitude and longitude. Locations and seasonality coincide with those of dust outbreaks and/or precipitation. The equivalent latitude has a strong seasonal component with a superimposed small but significant upward trend, which is more prominent in summer, suggesting a poleward retreat of the polar incursions.
Global Greenhouse Gas Reconciliation 2022
Authors: Deng Zhu , Ciais Philippe , Hu Liting , Martinez Adrien , Saunois Marielle , Thompson Rona L. , Tibrewal Kushal , Peters Wouter , Byrne Brendan , Grassi Giacomo , Palmer Paul I. , Luijkx Ingrid T. , Liu Zhu , Liu Junjie , Fang Xuekun , Wang Tengjiao , Tian Hanqin , Tanaka Katsumasa , Bastos Ana , Sitch Stephen , Poulter Benjamin , Albergel Clément , Tsuruta Aki , Maksyutov Shamil , Janardanan Rajesh , Niwa Yosuke , Zheng Bo , Thanwerdas Joël , Belikov Dmitry , Segers Arjo , Chevallier Frédéric
Published: July 2024

Abstract. In this study, we provide an update of the methodology and data used by Deng et al. (2022) to compare the national greenhouse gas inventories (NGHGIs) and atmospheric inversion model ensembles contributed by international research teams coordinated by the Global Carbon Project. The comparison framework uses transparent processing of the net ecosystem exchange fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) from inversions to provide estimates of terrestrial carbon stock changes over managed land that can be used to evaluate NGHGIs. For methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), we separate anthropogenic emissions from natural sources based directly on the inversion results, to make them compatible with NGHGIs. Our global harmonized NGHGIs database was updated with inventory data until February 2023 by compiling data from periodical UNFCCC inventories by Annex I countries and sporadic and less detailed emissions reports by non-Annex I countries given by National Communications and Biennial Update Reports. For the inversion data, we used an ensemble of 22 global inversions produced for the most recent assessments of the global budgets of CO2, CH4 and N2O coordinated by the Global Carbon Project with ancillary data. The CO2 inversion ensemble in this study goes through 2021, building on our previous report from 1990 to 2019, and includes three new satellite inversions compared to the previous study, and an improved managed land mask. As a result, although significant differences exist between the CO2 inversion estimates, both satellite and in-situ inversions over managed lands indicate that Russia and Canada had a larger land carbon sink in recent years than reported in their NGHGIs, while the NGHGIs reported a significant upward trend of carbon sink in Russia but a downward trend in Canada. For CH4 and N2O, the results of the new inversion ensembles are extended to 2020. Rapid increases in anthropogenic CH4 emissions were observed in developing countries, with varying levels of agreement between NGHGIs and inversion results, while developed countries showed a slow declining or stable trend in emissions. Much denser sampling and higher atmospheric CO2 and CH4 concentrations by different satellites, are expected in the coming years. The methodology proposed here to compare inversion results with NGHGIs can be applied regularly for monitoring the effectiveness of mitigation policy and progress by countries to meet the objective of their pledges. The dataset constructed for this study is publicly available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10841716 (Deng et al., 2024).
Propagating rifts: the roles of crustal damage and ascending mantle fluids
Authors: Kolawole Folarin , Ajala Rasheed
Published: July 2024

Abstract. We investigate the upper-crustal structure of the Rukwa–Tanganyika rift zone in East Africa, where the Tanganyika rift interacts with the Rukwa and Mweru-Wantipa rift tips, evidenced by prominent fault scarps and seismicity across the rift interaction zones. We invert earthquake P-wave and S-wave travel times to produce 3D upper-crustal velocity models for the region and perform seismicity cluster analysis to understand strain accommodation in rift interaction zones and at the propagating rift tips. The resulting models reveal the occurrence of anomalously high Vp/Vs (primary-to-secondary wave velocity) ratios in the upper crust beneath the Rukwa and Mweru-Wantipa rift tips – regions with basement exposures and sparse rift sedimentation. We detect distinct earthquake families within the deeper clusters which exhibit a temporal evolution pattern characterized by an upward linear trend that suggests triggering caused by upward fluid migration and creep failure. A spatial transition from proximal tip zones dominated by a thinned crust and through-going crustal and upper-mantle seismicity to distal tip zones with a thick crust and dominantly upper-crustal seismicity indicates an along-axis variation in the controls on rift tip deformation. Overall, the collocation of basement faulting, crustal and upper-mantle seismicity, and high upper-crustal Vp/Vs ratios suggests a mechanically weakened crust at the rift tips, likely accommodated by brittle damage from crustal-bending strain and thermomechanical alteration via ascending fluids (mantle-sourced volatiles and hydrothermal fluids). These findings provide new insights into the physics of the propagation, linkage, and coalescence of continental rift tips – a necessary ingredient for initiating continental-breakup axes.
Short-term cooling, drying, and deceleration of an ice-rich rock glacier
Authors: Bast Alexander , Kenner Robert , Phillips Marcia
Published: July 2024

Abstract. Observations in the European Alps show a long-term rise in rock glacier velocities, which is often associated with increased air and ground temperatures and, more recently, water content. Long-term rock glacier acceleration is superimposed by a high interannual variability of the velocity with a particular gap in the quantitative assessment of the role of water in rock glacier kinematics and the factors leading to short-term rock glacier deceleration. To address this research gap, we drilled three vertical boreholes in the Schafberg rock glacier, Swiss Alps, in August 2020. We documented their stratigraphy and equipped one of the boreholes with temperature sensors and piezometers and the other two with cross-borehole electrodes for electrical resistivity tomography measurements. Rock glacier velocities were determined using repeated terrestrial laser scans. Using data from an additional borehole and nearby weather stations and ground surface temperature sensors, we analysed the interactions between meteorological and subsurface conditions during a rock glacier deceleration period, from January 2021 to July 2023. Our findings show that a lowering of the water content in rock glacier shear horizons is crucial for interannual rock glacier deceleration. The impact of the snowpack, both as an insulator and as a water source, is significant for rock glacier kinematics. Winters with little snow and relatively dry summers appear to be ideal for rock glacier cooling and drying, leading to deceleration. Summer heat waves have limited impact on rock glacier velocity if they are preceded by snow-poor winters. Our study uses an innovative combination of borehole data to gain insights into rock glacier temperatures and water contents, allowing us to detect relative changes in ice and/or water contents in ice-rich permafrost. The monitoring techniques used have the potential to contribute to a better understanding of the main drivers of rock glacier kinematics and water availability.
La autoridad administrativa independiente de protección del informante de la Ley 2/2023: aspectos más destacables de la "autoridad gallega" de reciente creación
Authors: Sáez Hidalgo Ignacio
Published: July 2024

La Autoridad Independiente de Protección del informante es una las claves más importantes del sistema de protección contemplado en la Ley 2/2023, para las personas que informen sobre infracciones normativas. A pesar lo anterior, cuando ya ha transcurrido más de un año desde la entrada en vigor de dicha norma, a nivel estatal esta autoridad todavía no se ha puesto en marcha. Por su parte, en el panorama autonómico algunas Comunidades Autónomas, como es el caso de Galicia, ya han definido con claridad su configuración, diseño y competencias, lo que puede servir de modelo para otras autoridades en este contexto.
Knowing About Anemia Does Not Guarantee That Young Women Are Not Anemic
Authors: Kuswati Kuswati , Nurrasyidah Rahmi
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Anemia in adolescents will have an impact on decreased focus on learning, decreased physical fitness, impaired growth and development. Knowledge is the basis for someone to apply behavior. Objective: To determine the relationship between adolescent girls' knowledge about anemia and the incidence of anemia in Glodogan Village, Klaten Selatan, Klaten. Method: this is a cross sectional research. Carried out from July to December 2023. The sampling technique uses accidental sampling, about 39 samples were obtained. Hb measurements are then interpreted with the incidence of anemia in adolescent girls. Data analysis uses univariate and bivariate data analysis. Result: The majority of respondents (76.9%) are middle adolescents, about 13-17 years. The majority of respondents' education level is secondary education (56.4%). Upper arm circumference some respondents were abnormal (56.4%). Body Mass Index most of the respondents were normal (76.9%). Almost half of the respondents suffer from anemia (43.6%). More than half of the respondents had good knowledge (61.6%). Based on the test of two variables, it was found that there was no relationship between knowledge about anemia and the incidence of anemia, where as many as 23.1% of teenagers who had good knowledge suffered from anemia. Conclusion: There was no relationship between knowledge about anemia and the incidence of anemia. For further researcher, it is hoped to explore other factors that influence the incidence of anemia. Community health center is expected increasing community empowerment in preventing anemia.
Overview of Depression Level in Elderly at The Welas Asih Nursing Home Tasikmalaya
Authors: Sandriani Sandriani , Noviati Elis , Srinayanti Yanti , Abdurohman Adit
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Elderly is someone who has entered the age of 60 years and above and has entered the final stage of the life phase. This group categorised as elderly will occur a process called the aging process. Depression is one of the most common types of mental health disorders found in the elderly and the elderly have problems that are often faced by the elderly both physically and psychologically and affect about 7% of the world's elderly. Symptoms of depression show signs such as sadness, fatigue, sleep disturbances, decreased appetite and concentration, loss of interest and anhedonia, depression has become a major health problem with a significant global burden of disease. These problems increased especially during and after the covid-19 pandemic as a result of changing living conditions due to the need for isolation and social distancing. Objective To find out the description of the level of depression of the elderly at the Welas Asih Nursing Home in Tasikmalaya Regency. Method: This type of research uses descriptive with a quantitative approach with a quantitative descriptive research design. The population in this study were 35 elderly people. The sampling technique in this study was the Total Sampling technique, measuring the level of depression using the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) method by interviewing respondents using the GDS and measured using the GDS with 15 questions. Result: shows that the elderly with mild depression level were 14 respondents (46.7) while moderate/severe depression were 5 respondents (16.7). Conclusion: Showing that the elderly with the highest level of depression in the Welas Asih Tasikmalaya nursing home is a mild category of 14 people (4.7%), this age experiences many changes both physical, psychological, economic and spiritual which can affect the quality of life of an elderly person.
Вклад 4f→5d переходов в магнитооптику иона Dy3+ в структуре ортоалюмината.
Authors: Валиев У.В. , Малышева М.Е. , Вильданов Р.Р. , Туротов Ф.К.
Published: July 2024

Эффект Фарадея (ЭФ) в монокристалических образцах диспрозиевого ортоалюмината(DyАlO3) исследовали в диапазоне длин волн 440–750 нм в видимой области спектрапри температурах 90 К и 300 К. Магнитную восприимчивость исследовали втемпературном интервале 78–300 K вдоль кристаллографических осей a и bорторомбического кристалла. Построенная линейная зависимость константы Верде V отмагнитной восприимчивости кристалла DyAlO3 на длине волны 510 нм позволиларассчитать величину «парамагнитной» постоянной Верде С ортоалюмината DyAlO3, ко-торая составила (6.51±0.3)×103 мин/(см⋅Э). Это в несколько раз превышает соответ-ствующую величину, определенную из измерений ЭФ в редкоземельном диспрозиевомгранате-алюминате. Установлено, что влияние низкосимметричного кристаллическогополя, действующего в структуре орторомбического кристалла, на возбужденныесостояния магнитоактивного иона, возникающие из смешанной конфигурации 4f(n-1)5dисследуемого редкоземельного иона, является наиболее возможной физическойпричиной различия вкладов разрешенных 4f→5d переходов в магнитооптику иона Dy3+в кристаллах гранатов и ортоалюминатов.