bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of resin IV: Salicylic acid, diaminonaphthalein, and formaldehyde terpolymer and its ion exchange
Authors: Masram Dhanraj T. , Bhave Narayan S. , Kariya Kiran P.
Published: March 2010

This article reports the synthesis, characterization, and ion exchange properties of a terpolymer. The terpolymer resin salicylic acid‐diaminonaphthalein‐formaldehyde (SDNF) was synthesized by the condensation of salicylic acid and diaminonaphthalein with formaldehyde in the presence of a hydrochloric acid catalyst. Terpolymer resin was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and UV–Visible spectral studies. The number average molecular weight of the resin was determined by nonaqueous conductometric titration. Chelation ion exchange properties have also been studied for Fe3+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+ ions employing a batch equilibrium method. It was employed to study the selectivity of metal ion uptake involving the measurements of distribution of a given metal ion between the polymer sample and a solution containing the metal ion. The study was carried out over wide pH range and in a media of various ionic strengths. The terpolymer showed higher selectivity for Fe3+, Cu2+, and Ni2+ions than for Co2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ ions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Slow release polymer–iodine tablets for disinfection of untreated surface water
Authors: Mazumdar Nasreen , Chikindas M. L. , Uhrich Kathryn
Published: March 2010

Simple water treatment devices are designed to treat small amounts of drinking water for home use. This study was undertaken to develop an iodine‐releasing polymeric formulation and examine its potential as a domestic water purifier for untreated surface water. The antimicrobial tablet formulation was made from gum arabic (GA), poly(vinylalcohol) (PVA), ethyl cellulose (EC), and poly(vinylpyrrolidone)‐iodine (PVP‐I). The formulation consisted of a dispersible core tablet surrounded by a hydrophilic coating of EC and poly(ethylene glycol) mixture. These stable, non‐vaporizing, and water‐insoluble tablets slowly release iodine through diffusion over 48 h when suspended in water. The swelling behavior and release were observed to be the functions of excipient composition, iodine loading, and coating materials. Iodine release was determined by UV–VIS spectroscopy and volumetric titrations. The tablets were also assessed for antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes Scott A, and Salmonella typhimurium. The disinfection efficiency of the developed tablets was compared with a commercial formulation (Potable Aqua®) as both contain iodine‐releasing active compounds and work on the antimicrobial property of released iodine. The difference between the two formulations is that water‐dispersible Potable Aqua® has a higher amount of free iodine quickly available in water thereby making it a fast‐action emergency water purifier, whereas the developed water‐insoluble polymer–iodine tablets act slowly and require 24 h to show the same disinfection efficacy with lower content of iodine in water. Overnight release of iodine in water from polymer–iodine tablets was effective in 99.9% reduction of an initial cell count of ∼ 107 colony forming units (cfu)/mL. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Novel starch based copolymers (DiHydroxyl Starch) as ocular lubricants: Synthesis and characterizations
Authors: Liu Weipeng , Townsend Wendy M. , Steffe James , Narayan Ramani
Published: March 2010

Dry eye syndrome is an ocular tear deficiency disorder that affects millions of people in the United States. It has been recognized as a significant lifestyle issue and is among the most frequently established diagnoses in ophthalmology. Tear substitutes (or artificial tear formulations) are the mainstay of dry eye therapy. While many commercial products are available, their efficacy is limited because of their short retention time in the eye, and/or low patient acceptance. In this study, our objectives were to obtain water soluble products with opened glucose rings along the starch backbone, and tear substitute formulations based on these products with strengthened mucoadhesion, shear thinning behavior, improved tear film stability, and no irritancy to the eye. To this end we have synthesized a series of starch based copolymers, DiHydroxyl Starches (DHS). This modification of starch is not a new science, but the application of these polymers to tear substitutes is novel. These polymers were characterized as ocular lubricants utilizing both in vitro and in vivo testing. Specifically, mucoadhesion and rheological behavior were examined. Their performance as ocular lubricants was evaluated utilizing the tear‐film break up times of rabbits before and after application of the copolymers. In addition, the effect of autoclaving and ocular toxicity were tested. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of the crosslink functionality on the mechanical properties of crosslinked 1,2,3‐triazole polymers as potential binders for rocket propellants
Authors: Song Yuming , Wang Ling , Gyanda Reena , Sakhuja Rajeev , Cavallaro Mayra , Jackson David Carnaby , Meher Nabin K. , Ciaramitaro David A. , Bedford Clifford D. , Katritzky Alan R. , Duran Randolph S.
Published: March 2010

The mechanical properties of crosslinked polymers depend on their structural features, one of which is the functionality of the crosslinks in a polymer network. To study the effect of crosslink functionality (ϕ) on the mechanical properties of 1,2,3‐triazole polymers for potential application as rocket propellant binders, crosslinkers with different ϕ's (3, 4, 6, 16, 32, and 64) were used in the polymerization. As the percentage of acetylenic groups provided by crosslinker was kept constant and the functionality of the crosslinker increased, the resulting polymer showed a higher modulus but a lower strain. Compared to traditional polyurethane binders, 1,2,3‐triazole polymers showed comparable mechanical properties, although the stress and modulus tended to be lower and the strain capability tended to be greater for the triazole‐linked rubbers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effects of solution processing on the photovoltaic response of poly(n‐vinyl carbazole) films
Authors: Chung P. S. , Holloway P. H.
Published: March 2010

The effects of solution processing on the photovoltaic response of poly(n‐vinyl carbazole) (PVK) films were investigated. PVK films were formed by spincasting onto glass coated with indium tin oxide (ITO) and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)–polystyrenesulfonate (PSS). Some of the PVK films were redissolved in chlorobenzene and redried in the absence or presence of an electric field. Illuminated current–voltage characteristics were measured for an ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PVK/Ca:Al device. Films spincast from a 50 mg/mL solution, redissolved, and dried in the absence of the electric field exhibited a 26% higher charge collection efficiency than films dried in the presence of the electric field. The increased charge collection efficiency was attributed to changes in the molecular configuration of the PVK films. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Investigation of the interphase effects on the mechanical behavior of carbon nanotube polymer composites by multiscale modeling
Authors: Montazeri A. , Naghdabadi R.
Published: March 2010

In this article, a multiscale modeling procedure is implemented to study the effect of interphase on the Young's modulus of CNT/polymer composites. For this purpose, a three‐phase RVE is introduced which consists of three components, i.e., a carbon nanotube, an interphase layer, and an outer polymer matrix. The nanotube is modeled at the atomistic scale using molecular structural mechanics. Moreover, three‐dimensional elements are employed to model the interphase layer and polymer matrix. The nanotube and polymer matrix are assumed to be bonded by van der Waals interactions based on the Lennard‐Jones potential at the interface. Using this Molecular Structural Mechanics/Finite Element multiscale model, we investigate the macroscopic material properties of nanocomposite with and without considering the interphase and compare the results with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. It is shown that there is a noticeable deviation from MD results with two‐phase model. Meanwhile, the three‐phase modeling shows that by considering the effect of the interphase, the elastic constants of these nanocomposites could be calculated the same as the MD results with maximum deviation of 1.8% and negligible computational cost in comparison with the MD simulation. Hence, considering the interphase layer in modeling the CNT‐based nanocomposites is necessary and cannot be ignored. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Study of plastic compounds containing polypropylene and wood derived fillers from waste of different origin
Authors: Viksne Armanda , Berzina Rita , Andersone Inga , Belkova Lubova
Published: March 2010

The scope of the article was to study the perspectives of the using of wood derived fillers (WDF) from waste of different origin as fillers of polypropylene. The WDF used in this study was hard wood flour (HW), birch veneer polishing dust (VD) and tetra‐pack carton cellulose fiber (TC). Some mechanical strength parameters, water uptake in the static and cyclic test and resistance to fungal decay of polypropylene (PP) composites containing these three types of WDF were studied and compared with similar loading (40 wt %) talc‐filled PP. Composites containing TC and VD fibers as filler showed the highest flexural strength at three test temperatures (−40, +20, and +40°C) and flexural modulus and tensile strength at plus temperatures. On the other hand talc‐filled PP exhibited greatest flexural modulus at minus temperature, greatest impact strength at room temperature and best flow ability. Significant difference was observed between PP composites with HW and VD fillers regarding water uptake in cyclic tests, however flexural strength and modulus change of composites were reversible after drying. No weight loss of WDF/PP composites was observed after 6 week exposure to brown‐ and white‐rot fungi, however, degradation of the surface of samples was detected by SEM. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis, characterization, and thermal behaviors of tannin stearates prepared from quebracho and pine bark extracts
Authors: Luo Chunhua , Grigsby Warren , Edmonds Neil , Easteal Allan , Al‐Hakkak Jafar
Published: March 2010

Reported is the preparation of various condensed tannin stearates and the associated chemical characterization and thermal properties of these products. Stearate esters of condensed tannins from both quebracho and pine bark extracts were prepared in generally high, isolated yields from reaction with stearic acid chloride. Tannin esterification was confirmed by both Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and the average degree of stearate substitution was calculated from 1H‐NMR analysis. Product degree of substitution (DS) was observed to proportionately increase with higher stearic acid chloride ratio with maximum DS values of 4.0 and 5.1 achieved for quebracho and pine tannins, respectively. Thermal analysis revealed that tannin stearate products have increased thermal stability with a degradation onset at significantly higher temperature for those samples possessing relatively greater DS. Analysis using differential scanning calorimetry revealed isolated products to consist of multiple components which exhibit interesting melt behaviors, a likely result from their work up on isolation. However, multiple melt features of the individual components in products were lost on heating to give single, broad melt endotherms due to coalescence of sample components. Furthermore, tannin stearate samples with high DS show relatively greater endothermic melting at higher temperature than those samples with lower DS. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Poly(lactic acid) membranes containing bacteriocins and EDTA for inhibition of the surface growth of gram‐negative bacteria
Authors: Liu LinShu , Jin Tony , Coffin David R. , Liu Cheng‐Kung , Hicks Kevin B.
Published: March 2010

Films containing antibacterial reagents, ethylenediamine‐tetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA) and Nisaplin®, were produced by coextrusion with poly(lactic acid) in the presence of a pharmaceutical grade glycerol triacetate. The incorporation of EDTA‐Nisaplin® particles resulted in a heterogeneous biphasic structure, as revealed by scanning electronic microscopy, confocal laser microscopy, and acoustic emission tests. The inclusion of glycerol triacetate reduced the Young's modulus and tensile strength, while enhancing the flexibility and the toughness of the resulting blends. The inclusion of the plasticizer also allowed the extrusion to occur at a temperature as low as 120°C to maintain the biological activity of Nisaplin®, which in combination with EDTA, plays a synergistic effect on suppression of the growth of the Gram‐negative bacteria, E. coli O157:H7. The films thus obtained show potential as packaging materials with a wide spectrum of antimicrobial activity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Structure, morphology, and properties of HNBR filled with N550, SiO2, ZDMA, and two of three kinds of fillers
Authors: Li Qi , Zhao Suhe , Pan Yan
Published: March 2010

The vulcanization properties, mechanical properties of hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR) filled with carbon black (N550), zinc dimethacrylate (ZDMA), SiO2 independently and two of three kinds of fillers together were investigated, respectively. The filler‐dispersion was characterized by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic mechanical properties. The results showed that HNBR composite filled with SiO2 or ZDMA displayed high tensile strength, elongation at break and compression set. The HNBR composite filled with N550 displayed low compression set, tensile strength and elongation at break. The dispersion of SiO2 in HNBR compound was better than that in HNBR vulcanizates because of SiO2 particles self‐aggregation in vulcanizing processing. ZDMA particles with micron rod‐like and silky shape in HNBR compounds changed into near‐spherical poly‐ZDMA particles with nano size in HNBR vulcanizates by in situ polymerization reaction. The N550 particles morphology exhibited no much change between HNBR compounds and vulcanizates. N550/ZDMA have the most effective reinforcement to HNBR and the appropriate amount of ZDMA is about 25% of total filler amount by weights. The theory prediction for Payne effect (dispersion of the filler) shown by the dynamic properties is identical with actual state observed by TEM. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Erbium(III)‐doped polyurethaneureas: Novel broadband ultraviolet‐to‐visible converters
Authors: Cankaya Huseyin , Kilci Reyhane , Sennaroglu Alphan , Yilgor Emel , Yilgor Iskender
Published: March 2010

Novel, polymeric UV‐to‐visible converters were prepared by doping elastomeric poly(ether‐urethaneurea) copolymers with 5–25% by weight of ErCl3 6H2O, corresponding to Er3+ concentrations of 2.19 to 10.86% by weight. When excited in the UV at 355 nm, the doped films generated a very broad, continuous visible luminescence between 400 and 750 nm. Preparation and spectroscopic characterization of the samples are discussed in detail. The color coordinates, color temperature, color rendering index of the samples, and the degree of overlap of their emission bands with the spectral response of the eye were determined. The color rendering index of samples is in the 57–70 range. The sample containing 2.19% by weight of Er3+ was found to give the color coordinates closest to the white‐source region and the highest color rendering index. The color temperatures of the samples were in the 5093–5540 K range. Overlap between the emission bands and the spectral response of the eye improved with increasing erbium concentration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Contrast ratio of colorant film: Theoretical consideration and effect of polymeric binder
Authors: Park Jong S.
Published: March 2010

We made theoretical approaches concerning the optical property of a pigment‐containing system to understand the conditions under which an enhanced contrast can be achieved. Maintaining a uniform distribution of pigment particles in thin film well, as in millbase dispersion, is considered critical for a higher contrast. As a specific case, we estimated the effect of a polymeric binder on the contrast ratio. Chemical composition of the dispersion binder has a huge effect, and carboxylate in its long side chain plays a favorable role. Using this binder, we were able to obtain a smooth surface and uniformity, and an enhancement of contrast ratio in the colorant film. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of ultrafine zinc borate on the smoke suppression and toxicity reduction of a low‐density polyethylene/intumescent flame‐retardant system
Authors: Wu Zhiping , Hu Yunchu , Shu Wanyin
Published: March 2010

The production of smoke, carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2) were investigated with cone calorimetry testing when low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), LDPE treated with an intumescent flame retardant (IFR), and LDPE treated with an IFR and ultrafine zinc borate (UZB) combusted under irradiation. The results of the testing showed that UZB could depress smoke production and reduce the amount of CO and CO2. The components of the pyrolytic gas and its contents were identified and measured with pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py–GC–MS) when LDPE, LDPE/IFR, and LDPE/IFR/UZB were pyrolyzed at 400°C for 20 s. The Py–GC–MS results implied that UZB had an important influence on the components and contents of the pyrolytic gas of LDPE/IFR. UZB mechanisms of smoke suppression and toxicity reduction with respect to LDPE/IFR are proposed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis of graft copolymers from a linear polyolefin through a combination of coordination polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Hui , Zheng Yi , Pan Li , Li Yan‐Guo , Li Yue‐Sheng
Published: March 2010

This article reports on a facile route for the preparation of methyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate graft copolymers via a combination of catalytic olefin copolymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The chemistry first involved a transforming process from ethylene/allylbenzene copolymers to a polyolefin multifunctional macroinitiator with pendant sulfonyl chloride groups. The key to the success of the graft copolymerization was ascribed to a fast exchange rate between the dormant species and active radical species by optimization of the various experimental parameters. Polyolefin‐g‐poly(methyl methacrylate) and polyolefin‐g‐poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymers with controlled architecture and various graft lengths were, thus, successfully prepared under dilute ATRP conditions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Widespread distribution of knockdown resistance mutations in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius (Hemiptera: Cimicidae), populations in the United States
Authors: Zhu Fang , Wigginton John , Romero Alvaro , Moore Ali , Ferguson Kimberly , Palli Roshan , Potter Michael F. , Haynes Kenneth F. , Palli Subba R.
Published: March 2010

We previously reported high deltamethrin resistance in bed bugs, Cimex lectularius, collected from multiple areas of the United States (Romero et al., 2007). Recently, two mutations, the Valine to Leucine mutation (V419L) and the Leucine to Isoleucine mutation (L925I) in voltage‐gated sodium channel α‐subunit gene, had been identified to be responsible for knockdown resistance (kdr) to deltamethrin in bed bugs collected from New York (Yoon et al., 2008). The current study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of these two kdr mutations in 110 bed bug populations collected in the United States. Out of the 17 bed bug populations that were assayed for deltamethrin susceptibility, two resistant populations collected in the Cincinnati area and three deltamethrin‐susceptible lab colonies showed neither of the two reported mutations (haplotype A). The remaining 12 populations contained L925I or both V419L and L925I mutations in voltage‐gated sodium channel α‐subunit gene (haplotypes B&C). In 93 populations that were not assayed for deltamethrin susceptibility, 12 contained neither of the two mutations (haplotype A) and 81 contained L925I or V419L or both mutations (haplotypes B‐D). Thus, 88% of the bed bug populations collected showed target‐site mutations. These data suggest that deltamethrin resistance conferred by target‐site insensitivity of sodium channel is widely spread in bed bug populations across the United States. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular characterization of two novel deltamethrin‐inducible P450 genes from Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae)
Authors: Jiang Hong‐Bo , Tang Pei‐An , Xu Yong‐Qiang , An Feng‐Ming , Wang Jin‐Jun
Published: March 2010

Two novel P450 genes, CYP6CE1 and CYP6CE2 (GenBank accession number: EF421245 and EF421246), were cloned and characterized from psocid, Liposcelis bostrychophila. CYP6CE1 and CYP6CE2 contain open reading frames of 1,581 and 1,563 nucleotides that encode 527 and 521 amino acid residues, respectively. The putative proteins of CYP6CE1 and CYP6CE2 show predicted molecular weights of 60.76 and 59.83 kDa with a theoretical pI of 8.58 and 8.78, respectively. CYP6CE1 and CYP6CE2 share 74% identity with each other, and the deduced proteins are typical microsomal P450s sharing signature sequences with other insect CYP6 P450s. Both CYP6CE1 and CYP6CE2 share the closest identities with Hodotermopsis sjoestedti CYP6AM1 at 48% among the published sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed a closer relationship of CYP6CE1 and CYP6CE2 with CYP6 members of other insects than with those from other families. Quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR showed that both CYP6CE1 and CYP6CE2 are expressed at all developmental stages tested. Interestingly, CYP6CE2 transcripts decreased from the highest in 1st nymph to the lowest in adults, which seemed to suggest developmental regulation. However, neither CYP6CE1 nor CYP6CE2 were stage specific. The CYP6CE1 and CYP6CE2 transcripts in adults increased significantly after deltamethrin exposure. Recombinant protein expression studies are needed to determine the real functions of these proteins. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The structure and dynamics of cocitation clusters: A multiple‐perspective cocitation analysis
Authors: Chen Chaomei , Ibekwe‐SanJuan Fidelia , Hou Jianhua
Published: March 2010

A multiple‐perspective cocitation analysis method is introduced for characterizing and interpreting the structure and dynamics of cocitation clusters. The method facilitates analytic and sense making tasks by integrating network visualization, spectral clustering, automatic cluster labeling, and text summarization. Cocitation networks are decomposed into cocitation clusters. The interpretation of these clusters is augmented by automatic cluster labeling and summarization. The method focuses on the interrelations between a cocitation cluster's members and their citers. The generic method is applied to a three‐part analysis of the field of information science as defined by 12 journals published between 1996 and 2008: (a) a comparative author cocitation analysis (ACA), (b) a progressive ACA of a time series of cocitation networks, and (c) a progressive document cocitation analysis (DCA). Results show that the multiple‐perspective method increases the interpretability and accountability of both ACA and DCA networks.
Hydrothermal carbonization of biomass: A summary and discussion of chemical mechanisms for process engineering
Authors: Funke Axel , Ziegler Felix
Published: March 2010

Hydrothermal carbonization can be defined as combined dehydration and decarboxy lation of a fuel to raise its carbon content with the aim of achieving a higher calorific value. It is realized by applying elevated temperatures (180–220°C) to biomass in a suspension with water under saturated pressure for several hours. With this conversion process, a lignite‐like, easy to handle fuel with well‐defined properties can be created from biomass residues, even with high moisture content. Thus it may contribute to a wider application of biomass for energetic purposes. Although hydrothermal carbonization has been known for nearly a century, it has received little attention in current biomass conversion research. This review summarizes knowledge about the chemical nature of this process from a process design point of view. Reaction mechanisms of hydrolysis, dehydration, decarboxylation, aromatization, and condensation polymerization are discussed and evaluated to describe important operational parameters qualitatively. The results are used to derive fundamental process design improvements. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Environmental performance of lignocellulosic bioethanol production from Alfalfa stems
Authors: González‐García Sara , Moreira M Teresa , Feijoo Gumersindo
Published: March 2010

A ‘well‐to‐wheel’ analysis was conducted for bioethanol obtained from alfalfa stems by means of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology. This analysis was compared with two blends of conventional gasoline with bioethanol (E10 and E85), all used in a mid‐size car. A biochemical process including enzymatic hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation was considered. The life cycles of the fuels include gasoline production, alfalfa agriculture, lignocellulosic bioethanol production, blend production, and finally the use of fuels. The production of the alfalfa plant has two products: high‐protein leaves for animal feed (the main driving force) and high‐fiber stems. In this study, we assumed two allocation procedures based on mass and protein content, the latter reflecting the greater value of the leaves.

According to the results, the use of bioethanol‐based fuels leads to reduced global warming potential. A reduction in fossil fuel extraction of up to 72% could be achieved when pure bioethanol is used as transport fuel. On the contrary, bioethanol fuels are not the most suitable option when assessing acidification, eutrophication, and photochemical oxidant formation impact categories, mainly due to the higher impact from the upstream processes (specifically agricultural activities).

LCA methodology helped to identify the key areas in the bioethanol production where researchers and technicians need to work to improve the environmental performance, paying special attention to enzyme production, onsite energy generation and distillation processes as well as agricultural activities. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Fast pyrolysis technology development
Authors: Venderbosch RH , Prins W
Published: March 2010

While the intention of slow pyrolysis is to produce mainly charcoal, fast pyrolysis is meant to convert biomass to a maximum quantity of liquids (bio‐oil). Both processes have in common that the biomass feedstock is densified to reduce storage space and transport costs. A comfortable, more stable and cleaner intermediate energy carrier is obtained, which is much more uniform and well defined. In this review, the principles of fast pyrolysis are discussed, and the main technologies reviewed (demo scale: fluid bed, rotating cone and vacuum pyrolysis; pilot plant: ablative and twin screw pyrolysis). Possible product applications are discussed in relation to the bio‐oil properties. General mass and energy balance are provided as well, together with some remarks on the economics. Challenges for the coming years are (1) improvement of the reliability of pyrolysis reactors and processes; (2) the demonstration of the oil's utilization in boilers, engines and turbines; and (3) the development of technologies for the production of chemicals and biofuels from pyrolysis oils. One important conclusion in relation to biofuel production is that the type of oxygen functionalities (viz. as an alcohol, ketone, aldehyde, ether, or ester) in the oil should be controlled, rather then merely focusing on a reduction of just the oxygen content itself. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
The international logistics of wood pellets for heating and power production in Europe: Costs, energy‐input and greenhouse gas balances of pellet consumption in Italy, Sweden and the Netherlands
Authors: Sikkema Richard , Junginger Martin , Pichler Wilfried , Hayes Sandra , Faaij André P.C.
Published: March 2010

The European wood pellet market is booming: concerns about climate change and renewable energy targets are predominant drivers. The aim of this analysis is to compare typical wood pellet chains from the purchase of the feedstock from sawmills to the conversion into heat or electricity. Cost structures, primary energy inputs and avoided greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are reviewed. Three cases are defined: pellets for district heating (DH) in Sweden (replacing heavy fuel oil); bagged pellets for residential heating in Italy (natural gas); and Canadian pellets for electricity production in the Netherlands (coal). Supply may cost €110–€170 per tonne of delivered pellets, with the main cost factors being feedstock collection, drying and long‐distance ocean transportation (for Canadian pellets only). Largest avoided emissions are for power production (1937 kg CO2eq/tonne of pellets), followed by district heating (1483 kg). In relative terms, the GHG reduction varies from 81% for residential heating (with pre‐dried feedstock) to 97% for DH. Based on a wood‐pellet consumption of 8.2 million tonnes, the EU27 plus Norway and Switzerland avoided about 12.6 million tonnes of CO2 emissions in 2008. Concluding, wood pellets can achieve substantial GHG savings, especially when substituting coal for power production. However, wood pellets are relatively expensive, especially compared to coal. Only in the case of high oil prices, can the substitution of heating oil for DH be commercially viable. In most other cases, substitution is only possible with financial support from national governments, for example, feed‐in tariffs or carbon taxes. The commercial markets for CO2 emission rights may cover some costs, but their impact is still limited. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Are biofuels ruining the environment?
Authors: Goldemberg José
Published: March 2010

Despite contrary evidence, biofuels are blamed for tropical forests' destruction and commodities' rising prices. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Laying the groundwork for growth: Cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions in cardiovascular development
Authors: Bowers Stephanie L. K. , Baudino Troy A.
Published: March 2010

Cardiac development is reliant upon the spatial and temporal regulation of both genetic and chemical signals. Central to the communication of these signals are direct interactions between cells and their surrounding environment. The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an integral role in cell communication and tissue growth throughout development by providing both structural support and chemical signaling factors. The present review discusses elements of cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions involved in cardiogenesis, and how disruption of these interactions can result in numerous heart defects. Examining the relationships between cells and their immediate environment has implications for novel and existing therapeutic strategies to combating congenital disorders. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 90:1–7, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heparan sulfate in lung morphogenesis: The elephant in the room
Authors: Thompson Sophie M. , Jesudason Edwin C. , Turnbull Jeremy E. , Fernig David G.
Published: March 2010

Heparan sulfate (HS) is a structurally complex polysaccharide located on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix, where it participates in numerous biological processes through interactions with a vast number of regulatory proteins such as growth factors and morphogens. HS is crucial for lung development; disruption of HS synthesis in flies and mice results in a major aberration of airway branching, and in mice, it results in neonatal death as a consequence of malformed lungs and respiratory distress. Epithelial–mesenchymal interactions governing lung morphogenesis are directed by various diffusible proteins, many of which bind to, and are regulated by HS, including fibroblast growth factors, sonic hedgehog, and bone morphogenetic proteins. The majority of research into the molecular mechanisms underlying defective lung morphogenesis and pulmonary pathologies, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia and pulmonary hypoplasia associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), has focused on abnormal protein expression. The potential contribution of HS to abnormalities of lung development has yet to be explored to any significant extent, which is somewhat surprising given the abnormal lung phenotype exhibited by mutant mice synthesizing abnormal HS. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of HS and HS‐binding proteins in lung morphogenesis and will present in vitro and in vivo evidence for the fundamental importance of HS in airway development. Finally, we will discuss the future possibility of HS‐based therapeutics for ameliorating insufficient lung growth associated with lung diseases such as CDH. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 90:32–44, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tissue‐dependent induction of apoptosis by matrix metalloproteinase stromelysin‐3 during amphibian metamorphosis
Authors: Mathew Smita , Fu Liezhen , Hasebe Takashi , Ishizuya‐Oka Atsuko , Shi Yun‐Bo
Published: March 2010

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a superfamily of Zn2+‐dependent proteases that are capable of cleaving the proteinaceous component of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM is a critical medium for cell–cell interactions and can also directly signal cells through cell surface ECM receptors, such as integrins. In addition, many growth factors and signaling molecules are stored in the ECM. Thus, ECM remodeling and/or degradation by MMPs are expected to affect cell fate and behavior during many developmental and pathological processes. Numerous studies have shown that the expression of MMP mRNAs and proteins associates tightly with diverse developmental and pathological processes, such as tumor metastasis and mammary gland involution. In vivo evidence to support the roles of MMPs in these processes has been much harder to get. Here, we will review some of our studies on MMP11, or stromelysin‐3, during the thyroid hormone‐dependent amphibian metamorphosis, a process that resembles the so‐called postembryonic development in mammals (from a few months before to several months after birth in humans when organ growth and maturation take place). Our investigations demonstrate that stromelysin‐3 controls apoptosis in different tissues via at least two distinct mechanisms. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 90:55–66, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
β‐Sheet aggregation of kisspeptin‐10 is stimulated by heparin but inhibited by amphiphiles
Authors: Nielsen Søren B. , Franzmann Magnus , Basaiawmoit Rajiv V. , Wimmer Reinhard , Mikkelsen Jens D. , Otzen Daniel E.
Published: March 2010

The murine 10‐residue neurohormone kisspeptin (YNWNSFGLRY) is an important regulator of reproductive behavior and gonadotrophin secretion. It is known to form a random coil in solution, but undergoes a structural change in the presence of membranes although the nature of this change is not fully determined. The peptide's conformational versatility raises the question whether it is also able to form ordered aggregates under physiological conditions, which might be relevant as a storage mechanism. Here we show that heparin induces kisspeptin to form β‐sheet rich amyloid aggregates both at neutral (pH 7.0) and slightly acidic (pH 5.2) conditions. Addition of heparin leads to aggregation after a certain lag phase, irrespective of the time of addition of heparin, indicating that heparin is needed to facilitate the formation of fibrillation nuclei. Aggregation is completely inhibited by submicellar concentrations of zwitterionic and anionic surfactants. Unlike previous reports, our NMR data do not indicate persistent structure in the presence of zwitterionic surfactant micelles. Thus kisspeptin can aggregate under physiologically relevant conditions provided heparin is present, but the process is highly sensitive to the presence of amphiphiles, highlighting the very dynamic nature of the peptide conformation and suggesting that kisspeptin aggregation is a biologically regulatable process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 678–689, 2010.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Conformations and properties of the L‐tryptophyl‐containing peptides in solution, depending on the pH—Theoretical study vs. experiments
Authors: Ivanova Bojidarka B. , Spiteller Michael
Published: March 2010

The conformational preference and electronic properties of three L‐tryptophyl‐containing dipeptides, i.e., glycyl‐L‐tryptophane (H‐Gly‐Trp‐OH), L‐alanyl‐L‐tryptophane (H‐Ala‐Trp‐OH), and L‐methionyl‐L‐tryptophane (L‐Met‐Trp‐OH) in solution depending on the pH of the media are studied both theoretically and experimentally. The effect of the protonation of the COO− and deprotonation of the NH as well as the alkaline hydrolysis of the amide fragment in a strong basic media on the electronic spectra are discussed. Ab initio and density functional theory (DFT) methods as well as the time‐dependent DFT (TD‐DFT) method as a function of the basis set are performed with a view to obtain the geometry and electronic properties of all of the species as well as the intermediate, obtained in the alkaline hydrolysis mechanism. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 727–734, 2010.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Response to induction therapy in oesophageal and cardia carcinoma using Mandard tumour regression grade or size of residual foci
Authors: Verlato G , Zanoni A , Tomezzoli A , Minicozzi A , Giacopuzzi S , Di Cosmo M , Franceschetti I , de Manzoni G
Published: March 2010

Background

Tumour regression grade (TRG) is used to evaluate responses to induction therapy in cancer of the oesophagus or cardia. This study aimed to determine whether inclusion of node category could improve the prognostic accuracy provided by TRG, and explore the prognostic value of an alternative classification based on size of residual foci and node category.

Methods

Patients with oesophageal or cardia cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by resection were studied. Treatment-induced response at the primary site was evaluated by TRG and by a method whereby patients were classified as having no residual cancer, minimal residual disease (MRD) or as non-responders.

Results

Between 2000 and 2007, 108 patients underwent resection. Disease-related survival decreased with increasing TRG in node-negative (N0) patients (P < 0·001), whereas in node-positive (N+) patients it was poor irrespective of TRG (P = 0·241). For N0 disease, 3-year survival in patients with MRD (58 (95 per cent confidence interval 26 to 80) per cent) was intermediate between that in patients with no residual cancer (85 (70 to 93) per cent) and non-responders (28 (4 to 59) per cent). Worst prognosis was for N+ disease (21 (9 to 36) per cent).

Conclusion

Node category should be considered when evaluating response to induction therapy in oesophageal or cardia cancer. A new classification based on size of residual foci and node category seems promising.
Randomized clinical trial of different bandage regimens after foam sclerotherapy for varicose veins
Authors: O'Hare J L , Stephens J , Parkin D , Earnshaw J J
Published: March 2010

Background

This trial compared outcomes after foam sclerotherapy in patients wearing compression bandaging for 24 h or 5 days after treatment.

Methods

Consecutive patients with primary uncomplicated varicose veins were randomized after foam sclerotherapy treatment. The primary endpoint was 6-week Aberdeen Varicose Vein Severity Score (AVVSS) and Burford pain score.

Results

Some 124 legs were randomized, 61 to 24 h and 63 to 5 days of bandaging. Target vein occlusion rates at 6-week duplex imaging were 90 and 89 per cent respectively (P = 0·842). There was no significant difference in phlebitis after 2 weeks (P = 0·445) or skin discoloration after 6 weeks (46 versus 40 per cent; P = 0·546). There was no significant difference in the change in AVVSS from baseline to 2 weeks (−0·29 versus −0·80; P = 0·717) or to 6 weeks (−5·89 versus −5·14; 95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) for the difference −3·29 to 1·80; P = 0·563), or in change in Burford pain score from baseline to 2 weeks (−9·04 versus −2·80; P = 0·248) or to 6 weeks (−17·32 versus −8·46; 95 per cent c.i. for the difference −19·06 to 1·33; P = 0·088), or in change in Short Form 36 score from baseline to 6 weeks (2·02 versus 1·74; P = 0·903).

Conclusion

There was no advantage to compression bandaging for more than 24 h when thromboembolus deterrent stockings were worn for the remainder of 14 days. Registration number: NCT00991497 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov).
MicroRNA profiling of Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Wijnhoven B P L , Hussey D J , Watson D I , Tsykin A , Smith C M , Michael M Z
Published: March 2010

Background

The genetic changes that drive metaplastic progression from squamous oesophageal mucosa toward intestinal metaplasia and adenocarcinoma are unclear. The aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is involved in the development of cancer. This study examined whether miRNAs play a role in the development of oesophageal adenocarcinoma.

Methods

RNA was extracted from mucosa of normal oesophageal squamous epithelium, normal gastric epithelium, Barrett's oesophagus with intestinal metaplasia and oesophageal adenocarcinoma obtained from 16 individuals. Expression profiles of 377 human miRNAs were determined by microarray analysis and selected miRNAs were analysed further using real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) in tissues from 32 individuals.

Results

Microarray analyses identified 44 miRNAs likely to have altered expression between various mucosal samples. Of these, miR-21, miR-143, miR-145, miR-194, miR-203, miR-205 and miR-215 were chosen for validation by real-time RT-PCR. Tissue-specific expression profiles were observed, with miR-21, miR-143, miR-145, miR-194 and miR-215 significantly upregulated in columnar tissues compared with normal squamous epithelium. Expression of miR-143, miR-145 and miR-215 was lower in oesophageal adenocarcinoma than in Barrett's oesophagus. Levels of miR-203 and miR-205 were high in normal squamous epithelium and low in columnar epithelia. MiR-205 levels were lower in gastric epithelium than in both Barrett's oesophagus and adenocarcinoma.

Conclusion

Expression of miRNA might define disease states in oesophageal epithelium. Dysregulation of specific miRNAs could contribute to metaplastic and neoplastic processes in the oesophageal mucosa.
Outcome of elderly patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma after surgery
Authors: Yang H-X , Ling L , Zhang X , Lin P , Rong T-H , Fu J-H
Published: March 2010

Background

Oesophagectomy may have morbidity and mortality rates that severely compromise long-term survival in elderly patients. The aim of this study was to compare clinical outcomes in elderly patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with those of younger controls.

Methods

Elderly patients at least 70 years old with oesophageal SCC were matched 1 : 1 with controls aged less than 70 years according to sex, tumour stage, tumour location, histological grade, surgical approach, completeness of resection and surgical period. Co-morbidities, surgical complications, surgical mortality and long-term survival were compared.

Results

One hundred and thirty-six patients were included in each group. Surgical mortality was greater in the elderly group (5·9 versus 0·7 per cent; P = 0·036). Overall and disease-specific 5-year survival rates were worse among patients aged at least 70 years (30·0 versus 41·8 per cent, and 31·5 versus 44·7 per cent respectively), as were 10-year rates (13·7 versus 26·4 per cent, and 20·2 versus 29·0 per cent). Disease-free survival rates after 5 years (24·0 versus 35·5 per cent) and 10 years (12·3 versus 24·3 per cent) were not statistically significant (P = 0·076).

Conclusion

Poor functional status may account for higher morbidity and mortality rates in elderly patients with oesophageal SCC. Acceptable perioperative mortality rates and substantial long-term survival can still be achieved. Elderly patients should not be denied oesophagectomy.
Characterization of a nutrient feed precipitate from an E. coli fermentation process
Authors: Speciner Lauren , Mallon Erin , Leung Susan , Laird Michael W. , Esue Osigwe
Published: March 2010

Metalloproteins require soluble metal ions such as zinc to properly fold into their native and active state to maintain stability and biological activity. When protein products are produced during microbial fermentations, metals are made available to the metalloproteins via nutrient supplements. During the production at the manufacturing‐scale of a recombinant product that required zinc as a cofactor, an insoluble precipitate formed in the preparation tank after steam sterilization of the nutrient feed containing methionine, glycerophosphate, and zinc sulfate (MGZ). The precipitated nutrient feed was believed to be the cause for not enough zinc delivered to the production fermentor, leading to poor product assembly and stabilization. This article explores several analytical techniques such as capillary zone electrophoresis, inductively coupled plasma and phosphate molybdate assays to identify and quantify the composition of the precipitate. Our results show that the glycerophosphate component of the combined MGZ nutrient feed contains inorganic phosphate, which precipitates zinc from the feed media. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010