bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Upregulation of connective tissue growth factor in a rat model of chronic allograft nephropathy
Authors: TU ZHIDAN , SHI YUJUN , WANG JINJING , BAO JI , BU HONG
Published: August 2007

Aim:  To study the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in transplanted rat kidney and its relationship with chronic allograft nephropathy (CAN).

Methods:  Kidney transplantation was performed from Lewis to Fisher 344 allogeneic rat strain, and kidney grafts were harvested at the eighth, 12th and 16th week. The morphological changes were studied, and collagen deposition was determined by Masson trichrome stain. Serum creatinine was examined. The fibrotic process and the CAN grades were evaluated according to Banff 97 schema. The expressions of transforming growth factor beta, CTGF and α‐smooth muscle actin were detected to assess the development of grafted kidney fibrosis and to discuss their relationships. Spearman correlation was used for correlation study between CTGF expression and development of CAN.

Results:  Serum creatinine was promoted in a time‐dependent manner. Morphological changes suggested that the grafted kidneys were under abnormalities. At the end stage, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis was seen; tubular epithelial cells lost their phenotype and interstitial fibrosis was notable. Masson trichrome stain showed significant collagen accumulation in a time‐dependent manner. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting results showed that the transforming growth factor beta, CTGF and α‐smooth muscle actin expression were markedly promoted compared with the control group. CTGF was mainly expressed in the plasm of proximal tubular epithelial cells based on the severity of CAN.

Conclusion:  Connective tissue growth factor might play an important role in the pathological changes of CAN after kidney transplantation. The expression of CTGF in epithelial cells could act as a molecular marker of interstitial fibrosis and CAN.
The impact of postmodernism on research methodology: implications for nursing
Authors: Parsons Claire
Published: August 2007

The impact of postmodernism on research methodology: implications for nursing

This article considers what have been referred to as die two major crises in research methodology: (i) the crisis of legitimation (to what extent are the notions of reliability and validity still meaningful in the light of a posture that is said to approach an ’anything goes’ standpoint); and (ii) the crisis of representation (to what extent is it possible to represent the world view of ‘the odier’ without it being merely a construction of the researcher). These are discussed in order to identify aspects of a continuing debate that is of relevance to nurses for they are integral to graduate research and the ongoing application of research in hospital or community contexts. Educating nurses in research requires that they learn a repertoire of research skills such as literature critiques, developing research questions, interviewing, analysing techniques and computer‐assisted analysis. However, postmodern debates can also be beneficial by facilitating their understanding of contemporary research issues so that they can critically integrate such reflexive thinking into dieir own research practices and go on to explore new ways to undertake research.
Reclaiming ‘Big Nurse’: a feminist critique of Ken Kesey's portrayal of Nurse Ratched in One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest
Authors: Darbyshire Philip
Published: August 2007

Reclaiming ‘Big Nurse’: a feminist critique of Ken Kesey's portrayal of Nurse Ratched in One Flew Over
the Cuckoo's Nest Nurse Ratched or ‘Big Nurse’ in Ken Kesey's counter‐culture novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest is one of popular culture's most arresting and memorable images of the nurse. She is, however, deemed to be remarkable primarily for her malice and authoritarianism. This paper argues that such a purely realist reading fails to fully appreciate the significance of the character of Nurse Ratched. A feminist critique of the novel contends that die importance of ‘Big Nurse’ is less related to how realistic/unrealistic or good/bad she is as a nurse. Nurse Ratched is important because she exemplifies all diat traditional masculinity abhors in women, and particularly in strong women in positions of power and influence. This paper explores the stereotype of ‘Big Nurse’ and argues that Kesey's vision of her ultimate ‘conquest’ is not a progressive allegory of ‘individual freedom’, but a reactionary misogyny which would deny women any function other than that of sexual trophy.
Narrative and exploration: toward a poetics of knowledge in nursing
Authors: Gadow Sally
Published: August 2007

Narrative and exploration: toward a poetics of knowledge in nursing

The dualism of subject and object has been a traditional model for nursing knowledge. That model is portrayed here as an epistemological exile. Our self‐imposed exile from the lived world of nursing can be remedied by inquiry based on engagement rather than distance. One model for engaged inquiry is explorers'journeys in remote regions. Knowledge of a region can be local or colonial, according to the explorer's stake in the region as homeland or territory. Nursing is an existential region where people live. In the exploration of nursing as homeland, knowledge takes the form of local narrative, the story of a place told by its inhabitants. Narrative inquiry offers nursing an epistemology that is both ethically and aesthetically congruent with its practice of engagement.
Perspectives on power, communication and the medical encounter: implications for nursing theory and practice
Authors: Lupton Deborah
Published: August 2007

Pagpectrpes on power, communication and the medical encounter: implications for nursing theory and practice Over the past few decades there has been an increasing push towards ‘nhancing’ communication in the medical encounter, with a focus on moving towards a ‘mutuality’ of patient and health care professional that reduces a perceived ‘power imbalance’ between the two. Doctors in particular have been consmcted as dominating and coercive, either consciously or unconsciously repressing patient's capacity for autonomy. Nurses have typically been represented as less authoritarian in their dealings with patients in their idealized role as caring, kindly and empathetic health professionals. It is therefore often argued that the nurse‐patient relationship is more ‘equal’ and less repressive than the doctor‐patient relationship. This article explores critically these assertions in the context of the Foucauldian perspective on the role of power in the medical encounter, and draws out implications for nursing theory and practice.
Nursing research methodology: transcending Cartesianism
Authors: Walters Allan John
Published: August 2007

Nurses involved in research are concerned with methodological issues. This paper explores the Cartesian debate that has polarized the discourse on nursing research methodology. It is argued that methodologies exclusively based on objectivism, one pole of the Cartesian debate, or subjectivism, the other, do not provide nurses with adequate research foundations to understand the complexity of the lifeworld of nursing practice. This paper provides nurse researchers with an alternative methodological perspective, Gadamerian hermeneutics, which is in harmony with the clinical world of nursing practice.
Unfinished business: interviewing family members of critically ill patients
Authors: Burr Gayle
Published: August 2007

This ‘story from the field’ emerges from qualitative research conducted with relatives of patients admitted to intensive care. A disturbing feature of researching the needs of family members of critically ill patients is the intense emotion that is often generated during the course of interviewing. For some the opportunity to talk about the experience of having a loved one in an intensive care unit was therapeutic; for others it meant anguish and despair as they relived the event that resulted in a life‐threatening illness. Despite being a reasonably experienced educator and critical care nurse, I was unprepared for the intensity of feelings shown by many of the participants. I found that exposure to this kind of suffering was emotionally draining, experiencing the various roles of confidante, nurse, counsellor and researcher. It became important to share my thoughts and feelings and unwind with an independent friend and colleague as a way of debriefing. Methodological and ethical issues that arose included: generating a situation that potentially required therapeutic intervention; the impact on the ‘purity’ of data of becoming emotionally enmeshed; and the level of investigator preparedness when researching sensitive topics. The issue of walking away from an intensely emotional and intimate interview often leaves one with a sense of ‘unfinished business’.
The family: long‐term care research and policy formulation
Authors: McKeever Patricia
Published: August 2007

In industrialized democracies, contractionist social welfare policies have transformed healthcare systems. This has led to reallocations of long‐term care work that have perpetuated gender inequities. The appropriated work of female family caregivers substitutes for paid nursing work, and the household is the primary site for long‐term care delivery. In this article, central premises of critical social theory are used to analyse current long‐term care policy and to explicate how research facilitated the development of mixed economies of care. Problematic consequences of home caregiving are revealed through a depiction of contemporary Canadian families, a critique of the related empirical research literature, and a discussion of the assumptions that underlie long‐term care policies. The article concludes with suggestions which nurse researchers could use to contribute to the reformulation of policies to render them just and equitable.
Discourse analysis as a methodology for nursing inquiry
Authors: Powers Penny
Published: August 2007

Discourse analysis is a relatively recent form of inquiry without a strict step‐by‐step method. The methodology of discourse analysis has a longer history in Continental Europe than in other countries.1 The complex theoretical assumptions, the goals and the target (discourse) have been explicated, but the methodology may be applied in different ways. This paper will describe discourse analysis and give examples of some of the possible variations. It is the claim of this paper that discourse analysis deserves consideration as a methodology for nursing inquiry.
Tradition and culture in Heidegger's Being and Time
Authors: Crotty Michael
Published: August 2007

In nursing literature, Heideggerian hermeneutics, as expounded in Being and Time, is taken well near unanimously to be an invitation to explore tradition and culture. Understanding, we are told in the name of Heidegger, is to be found in the realm of common meanings and shared practices. This interpretation of what Heidegger is about in Being and Time is neither unchallengeable nor unchallenged. While a number of scholars can be found to agree with it, there are many others who see it as an utter misreading of Heidegger. In their judgement, it is an interpretation diametrically opposed to what Heidegger sets forth in his treatise. For researchers interested in invoking Heidegger or following a Heideggerian approach, this is a frustrating impasse. The only valid starting point for resolving it, this article suggests, is a close reading of what Heidegger actually says in the pages of Being and Time.
Grounded theory method, part I: within the five moments of qualitative research
Authors: Annells Merilyn
Published: August 2007

While discussing how the grounded theory mediod has been situated during the five moments of qualitative research history, a detailed analysis is offered of die differences between the classic mode of die mediod and Strauss and Corbin's reformulation of the mediod. Such differences include: philosophical perspectives, paradigm of inquiry, intended product, dieoretical underpinnings, procedural steps and claims of rigour. Reasons for Strauss. and Corbin's elaboration of the mediod are suggested, widiin an historical context.
Grounded theory method, part II: options for users of the method
Authors: Annells Merilyn
Published: August 2007

Grounded theory method, part two: options for users of the method

Era‐specific issues are presented for the consideration of the potential grounded theorist. Two of die issues are general to grounded theory mediod, while die otiier four assist in clarifying aspects relevant to die selection of a specific mode of die mediod. Five broad options regarding multiple possible modes of grounded dieory method are suggested and detailed. The inquirer is not limited to the two major modes usually presented and discussed in die literature. Users of the mediod are challenged to continue contributing to die development of die mediod, while justifying and debating mediodological modifications.
Reading nursing history
Authors: Nelson Sioban
Published: August 2007

Reading nursing history

This paper undertakes a reading of nursing history as a constituent discourse. The discursive power of history, with its active mining of the archives of the past to construct a narrative of contemporary force and power, is emphasized. The essay begins with the nineteenth‐century and early twentieth‐century professional histories that celebrated nursing's evolutionary achievements. It then moves to the sociologically influenced revisions of the 1960s, and the feminist and critical revisions of the 1980s and 1990s. We then turn to recent scholarship and examine the call for nursing history to participate in the theoretical construction of the discipline of nursing. The observation is made that, in the name of relevance, contemporary nursing history appears to be expected to contribute to the development of nursing knowledge, just as early histories contributed to the professionalization of nursing. The teleological assumptions of both nursing history and nursing theory are then argued to set the limits of nursing discourse, with detrimental effect on scholarship.
Cutting edges: deconstructive inquiry and the mission of the border ethnographer
Authors: Walker Kim
Published: August 2007

Research is an activity nursing ‘cannot not want’. Such an imperative compels me to sketch out some theoretical borders of a. hybrid postmodern methodological framework that I have called ‘border’ ethnography. It is a methodology suspended between a still authoritative modernity and an as yet only partially legitimate postmodernity. At one level this position is somewhat uncomfortably in a post‐methodological terrain. The text that issues from such a tension‐laden research space is, I argue, intensely autobiographical, inescapably etiinographic and inherendy deconstructive. Edino(autobio)graphy is a mediod ‘on die run’; it destabilizes while it autfiorizes, it represents while it misrepresents, and it threatens to disintegrate as it comes into view. But, most importandy, it is die creature of a praxis‐oriented endeavour not only to better understand a culture, but to actively intervene in its (re) production.
Sex‐specific variability and a ‘cage effect’ independently mask a neuropathic pain quantitative trait locus detected in a whole genome scan
Authors: Devor Marshall , Gilad Amit , Arbilly Michal , Nissenbaum Jonathan , Yakir Benjamin , Raber Pnina , Minert Anne , Pisanté Anne , Darvasi Ariel
Published: August 2007

Sex and environment may dramatically affect genetic studies, and thus should be carefully considered. Beginning with two inbred mouse strains with contrasting phenotype in the neuroma model of neuropathic pain (autotomy), we established a backcross population on which we conducted a genome‐wide scan. The backcross population was partially maintained in small social groups and partially in isolation. The genome scan detected one previously reported quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 15 (pain1), but no additional QTLs were found. Interestingly, group caging introduced phenotypic noise large enough to completely mask the genetic effect of the chromosome 15 QTL. The reason appears to be that group‐caging animals from the low‐autotomy strain together with animals from the high‐autotomy strain dramatically increases autotomy in the otherwise low‐autotomy mice (males or females). The converse, suppression of pain behaviour in the high‐autotomy strain when caged with the low‐autotomy strain was also observed, but only in females. Even in isolated mice, the genetic effect of the chromosome 15 QTL was significant only in females. To determine why, we evaluated autotomy levels of females in 12 different inbred stains of mice and compared them to previously reported levels for males. Strikingly larger environmental variation was observed in males than in females for this pain phenotype. The high baseline variance in males can explain the difficulty in detecting the genetic effect, which was readily seen in females. Our study emphasizes the importance of sex and environment in the genetic analysis of pain.
The temporal sequence of evoked and induced cortical responses to implied‐motion processing in human motion area V5/MT+
Authors: Fawcett Ian P. , Hillebrand Arjan , Singh Krish D.
Published: August 2007

Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have demonstrated that the human visual motion area V5/MT+ is differentially activated by stimuli in which the presence of motion is implied by the content of static photographs, compared with similar static scenes in which no motion is implied. Here, using a group magnetoencephalography study, we confirm the role of V5/MT+ in the perception of implied motion (IM) by the measurement and localization of task‐related evoked and induced oscillatory responses, and demonstrate the temporal sequence of these responses. Within the lateral occipital complex, including V5/MT+, statistically significant differential oscillatory responses to IM and implied‐static (IS) stimuli were only found in the beta band (15–20 Hz). An early, evoked, beta power increase (IM > IS) occurred at about 150 ms, whilst a power decrease (IM < IS) occurred at approximately 700 ms. We additionally show that the difference between the early evoked beta responses for the IM and IS conditions only occurs when participants are able to ascertain whether an IM or IS photograph is expected. We therefore hypothesize that the enhanced early response represents covert priming of V5/MT+ for the arrival of a motion stimuli, whilst the late‐induced beta power increase for IS stimuli indicates suppression of activity within V5/MT+.
Effects of iron limitation on the expression of metabolic genes in the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101
Authors: Shi Tuo , Sun Yi , Falkowski Paul G.
Published: August 2007

Iron deficiency in axenic cultures of Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101 led to significant declines in both nitrogen fixation rates and photochemical energy conversion efficiency, accompanied by downregulation of genes encoding the major iron‐binding proteins, including psbA and psbE of photosystem II, psaA and psaC of photosystem I, petB and petC of the cytochrome b6f complex, and nifH. However, the iron‐starved cultures remained viable and expression of the metalloprotein genes was partially or fully restored within 3 days following the addition of iron. Both physiological and molecular responses revealed that expression and synthesis of the nitrogen fixation and photosynthetic machinery follow the hierarchy of iron demand; that is, nitrogen fixation was far more susceptible to iron limitation than photosynthesis. Consequently, the nifH transcript exhibited a 1–2  day shorter half‐life and two to three times faster degradation rate than that of the photosynthetic genes. Our results suggest that the changes in gene expression are related to the redox state in the shared photosynthetic/respiratory pathway which, when faced with short‐term iron deficiency, signals Trichodesmium to selectively sacrifice nitrogen fixation to conserve iron for photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport. The observed functional and compositional alterations represent the compromises in gene expression and acclimation capacity between two basic metabolic pathways competing for iron when it is limiting.
Urological malignancy after renal transplantation
Authors: Besarani Dler , Cranston David
Published: July 2007

Immunosuppression in solid‐organ recipients is associated with a greater risk of de novo malignancy after transplantation; herein we report the UK transplant registry (UKTR) database of urological cancer after renal transplantation in the UK transplant population. From September 1999 to January 2006 there were 10 847 kidney recipients with at least one period of follow‐up reported after a kidney transplant (mean age at transplantation 42.4 years,sd15.5; 6685 male, 61.6%, and 4162 female, 38.3%). The recipients represent a homogenous group who received different immunosuppression regimens. Skin cancer was excluded from the study. Unfortunately, the UKTR does not collect information about the presence or absence of cancer, either at registration onto the transplant waiting list or at transplantation. In all, 214 (1.9%) patients were reported to have a subsequent urological malignancy diagnosed among the 10 847 recipients. The UKTR was used to identify patients who developed urological malignancies after renal transplantation, which is a challenging event after solid‐organ transplantation. Regular surveillance to diagnose early occurrence and adjustment of immunosuppression might be beneficial. In the presence of metastatic disease, chemotherapy treatment with adjustment or cessation of immunosuppressive therapy is required.
Law as Co‐ordination
Authors: FINNIS JOHN M.
Published: August 2007

Abstract. The concept of co‐ordination problems helps solve the problem of authority and obligation in legal theory, but only if the concept is carefully distinguished from the game‐theoretical concept of co‐ordination problems and their solutions. After explaining the game‐theoretical concept, the author defends its application to legal theory by reviewing the exchange he has had with Joseph Raz about the authority of law. Extending that debate, he argues that criticisms from Raz and others miss the point of the co‐ordination thesis; its primary benefit is that it illuminates the source of law's moral authority in the way law enables individuals to co‐ordinate their actions for the common good without imposing a national common enterprise upon them.
Protestant Hermeneutics and the Rule of Law: Gadamer and Dworkin
Authors: HENLEY KENNETH
Published: August 2007

Abstract. The rule of law demands that the state's coercive power be used only according to settled general laws, applied impersonally. But an individualist theory of legal inter pretation cannot provide the shared understanding required. Gadamer appeals to the practical wisdom of judges and lawyers, who will agree on how to apply law to new cases. But this account is adequate only for very cohesive societies. Dworkin's account rests on propositional knowledge of a supposed best interpretation of an entire legal system. But even if such a best interpretation is possible in theory, this possibility does not provide shared understandings in the social world.
Exclusionary Reasons and the Explanation of Behaviour
Authors: SHINER ROGER A.
Published: August 2007

Abstract.

Legal philosophy must consider the way in which laws function as reasons for action. “Simple positivism” considers laws as merely reasons in the balance of reasons. Joseph Raz, as a representative of “sophisticated positivism,” argues that laws are exclusionary reasons for action, not merely reasons in the balance of reasons. This paper discusses Raz's arguments for his view. The Functional Argument provides no more reason for positivism than against it. The Phenomenological Argument is best supported by an account of how character traits function in explaining behaviour. But then the distinction between exclusionary reasons and expressive reasons is obliterated. Legal positivism cannot absorb laws as expressive reasons for action. Raz's positivism implies the correctness of an anti‐positivistic legal theory.
Human Rights and Popular Sovereignty: The Liberal and Republican Versions*
Authors: HABERMAS JÜRGEN
Published: August 2007

Abstract

Popular sovereignty and human rights are the modern pillars of legal legitimacy and political power. Liberal and republican thought, however, tend to interpret the two notions from different perspectives: either as moral principles, emphasizing the self‐legislation and autonomy of individuals, or as ethical values, stressing the self‐realization of the political community. Adhering to his theory of communicative action, the author brings the two principles together in a non‐competitive relation. Here the connection between popular sovereignty and human rights is given by the procedures of a discursive process of opinion‐ and will‐formation. Theoretically, the institutionalization of this process through law leads to a normative model of contemporary democracy, which is based on the substance of human rights as a formal condition for deliberative politics.**
Invalidity
Authors: GUASTINI RICCARDO
Published: August 2007

Abstract. According to the common thinking of continental European lawyers, a rule is invalid each and every time either it was not produced in accordance with the metarules which govern the production of rules in the system, or it is inconsistent with a “superior” (higher‐ranked) rule belonging to the same system. Thus, a better understanding of the concept of invalidity demands a careful inquiry into the various kinds of meta‐rules which govern the production of rules as well as into the various kinds of normative hierarchies. The paper is mainly devoted to such an analysis. Five different grounds for invalidity are distinguished. The analysis further shows that invalidity can affect rules as well as legal provisions and legal sources. Further, invalidity should be sharply distinguished from non‐existence (existence being a sufficient condition for rules to be applied). In most legal systems, invalid rules too are susceptible of judicial application: At least, until their invalidity is “declared” (in a constitutive way) by a competent organ (namely, a constitutional court, as far as statutory rules are concerned).
Habermas on Democracy and Justice. Limits of a Sound Conception
Authors: WEINBERGER OTA
Published: August 2007

Abstract. The author outlines limitations of the explanation capacity of Habermas's Discourse Philosophy, because of its problematic presuppositions. The main topics discussed are: (i) the legitimacy of legal systems; (ii) Habermas's concept of democracy; (iii) his theory of justice. Legitimacy cannot be based only on discourse processes, but it has to be defined by international law. Discourses in society are essential for democratic systems, but the discourses by themselves do not guarantee the optimal result as discourses may be disturbed by deceptive propaganda, by prejudices or by wrong political slogans. It is not convincing that discourse procedures guarantee impartiality and justice nor that in discourses better arguments always prevail.
Democracy and Disagreement
Authors: BOYER ALAIN
Published: August 2007

Abstract. According to Popper's critical rationalism, the possibility of disagreement is at the heart of open societies. If this is assumed to be true, is it not illiberal to try to justify principles of justice, which can be regarded as the subject of an unending collective deliberation? I suggest that it is not, using an analogy with scientific progress. Moreover, I try to show that Rawls's achievement is misunderstood if one forgets that it is supposed to overcome the antinomy between “la liberté des Modemes” and “la liberté des Anciens.” In this respect, I insist on some unnoticed similarities between Rawls's and Popper's points of views. I conclude on the idea of the “neutrality” of the theory of justice, suggesting a link between Rawls's approach and the French republican tradition.
Making It In and Making Out: Women in Professional Occupations in Britain and France
Authors: Hantrais Linda , Walters Pat
Published: August 2007

The relationship between gender, work and organization in professional occupations can be shown to vary according to different work environments and national contexts. The career patterns of women in chartered accountancy and law in Britain and France are explored in different types of organization in order to determine whether the societal structuring of these occupations is gendered and whether women fare better in small professional practices or large bureaucratic organizations. The findings are derived from a comparative study which combined macro‐level data with in‐depth qualitative analysis of work and family life histories of a small number of women professionals. While women in the two countries and two occupations were found to share many of the same problems in establishing and pursuing a career, the evidence suggests that women in France may have a marginal advantage over their British counterparts, not so much because they have access to more extensive statutory employment rights but rather because they are more often employed in small practices where they are able to use their independence and their control over working conditions and work‐time arrangements to structure their careers according to their own requirements and interests.
Gender and Bureaucracies —A Critique of Ferguson's ‘The Feminist Case Against Bureaucracy’
Authors: Billing Yvonne Due
Published: August 2007

Within the area of gender and organization studies there is a tendency to generalize about organizations and how they affect people working in them. In feminist analysis, salient in Kathy Ferguson's ‘The Feminist Case Against Bureaucracy’, there is a tendency to have a one‐sided view on bureaucracies and to regard these merely as products of ‘maleness’ and as incompatible with (radical) feminism. On the basis of a case‐study of three different bureaucracies, this article questions the assumption of incompatibility and argues for a more nuanced assessment of gender and bureaucracies.
‘Men Don't Have Families’: Equality and Motherhood in Technical Employment
Authors: Jones Carol , Causer Gordon
Published: August 2007

Drawing upon evidence collected during a study of female technical professionals in the electronics sector, this paper argues that organizational policies and practices in respect of this group continue to be underpinned by the ‘norm’ of the typical male employee whose family commitments impinge marginally, if at all, on work responsibilities. Women, as actual or potential mothers, continue to be seen as deviants from this norm, whose family commitments are likely to adversely affect work performance or commitment. Not only do these assumptions condition the general treatment of women technical professionals, but they are embodied in those policies and practices designed to facilitate the combination of motherhood and paid work. Both the assumptions around which policies are framed and their implementation in practice reinforce as unproblematic the prevailing domestic division of labour. Such policies and practices therefore continue to function essentially as a concession to the deviant status of women in general and mothers in particular, rather than as tools of a broader equal opportunities policy.
Why ‘Work’? Gender and the ‘Total Social Organization of Labour’
Authors: Glucksmann Miriam A.
Published: August 2007

Although feminism revitalized the study of work, deconstructionist tendencies may now undermine further theoretical advance. Implicit threats to the very concept of ‘work’ pave the way for conceptual dissolution or, unwittingly, for recuperation by an unreconstructed mainstream. This paper argues for a reconceptualization of ‘work’ which builds on the new insights but avoids essentialist or ahistorical categories. The issue is approached through consideration of the simultaneous embeddedness and structural differentiation which characterize ‘work’ activities and institutions. A reorientation of perspective towards a conception of work as ‘total social organization of labour’ is proposed as a means of moving forward. By focusing on the relational organization of all labour, however and wherever it is undertaken, the concept of work as economic activity is recovered, but no longer restricted by the boundaries separating institutional spheres or the constraints demarcating traditional academic disciplines. While of general applicability, the TSOL is elaborated here in relation to gender and work in the period of mass production.
Averting the Gaze: Gender and Power on the Perfumed Picket Line
Authors: Linstead Stephen
Published: August 2007

This paper argues that the interplay of masculinity as a social construction, masculinism as an ideology, and patriarchy as a political system is grounded in the ontological condition of anxiety as a response to undecidability. Gender differences initiate the desire to resolve the ambiguities and incompletenesses experienced through the lack of the Other. In phallogo‐centrism this means the masculinist claim to dominate and legislate epistemologically — to determine meaning for others and resolve, deny, or banish ambiguity. This resolution is, of course artificial and embodies within it fear and anxiety because of its own contingency. This condition then emerges in particular situations and events where the resolution of ambiguity is problematic. The paper takes the managerial problems experienced during the strike by Cathay Pacific Airways flight attendants as one such example. Tensions between emotional display and rational argumentation in the strike turned the status quo on its head. Management mounted an emotional defence of its position in language which evoked rationality but which was not itself a rational argument, revealing its origins in anxiety and the true fragility of its position. Flight attendants turned the seductive skills which company training had developed into an effective weapon to mobilize public opinion. Management were faced, not by the look or averted gaze of the normally supine stewardesses, but the committed, articulate, organized and consolidated stare of rebellious employees who had re‐eroticized the workplace as a power play.
Analysing Men
Authors: MacInnes John
Published: August 2007

I think a lot of pro‐feminist men are still into judging other men, the things they say and the way they behave, just like feminists do. When you find out about feminism, you tend to go through a period of not wanting to be a man and not liking other men, and just listening to women and being around them. And in a sense you still feel threatened by other men, and you sort of don't want them to be, as good at being a feminist as you are, kind of thing (Australian environmental activist quoted by Connell, p. 138).
Equality Management — Towards a Materialist Approach
Authors: Miller Doug
Published: August 2007

Attempts to redefine equality initiatives to fit squarely within the enterprise culture serve only to mask an ongoing conceptual confusion in the area of equality management. This theoretical article attempts to show that this conceptual confusion lies within the narrowness of approaches which address labour market inequalities from both an equality of opportunity and an equality of outcome perspective. The inability of these perspectives to satisfactorily address systemic causes of labour market inequalities pulls our attention towards a more materialist approach which may be found (this side of a capitalist/patriarchal society) within an equality of condition frame of reference. This widens the perspective from which equality management can be pursued so that measures to address the differential distribution of resources, rewards, opportunities and treatment in the workplace are informed by all three equalities: opportunity, outcome and conditions. Such a theoretical approach is inevitably limited in that it only provides a framework for addressing those who are in paid employment, i.e. seeks to reform the capitalist/patriarchal system. However, by posing questions of the crucial pillars of such systems notably status, reward and with that power, the ‘long’ and ‘radical’ agendas of the equality project may once again be picked up.
Differential kinetic features by tumour topography in cutaneous small‐cell neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinomas
Authors: Pozo L , Sanchez‐Carrillo JJ , Martinez A , Blanes A , Diaz‐Cano SJ
Published: August 2007

Background/Objectives  Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC) reveal epithelial and neuroendocrine differentiation, but its topographic cell kinetics remains unknown. This study analyses proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA ploidy by topography, features that can help planning therapeutic protocols. This study topographically analyses proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA ploidy.

Methods  We selected 27 small‐cell MCCs (expressing one epithelial and two neural markers, with consistent ultrastructural findings) to evaluate mitotic figure counting, Ki‐67 index, apoptosis index based on the in situ end labelling of fragmented DNA (using Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, Klenow fragment), DNA ploidy, and BCL2 and TP53 immuno‐expression. At least 50 high‐power fields were screened per topographic compartment (superficial or papillary dermis, and deep or reticular dermis), recording average and standard deviation for each variable. Variables were statistically compared in each tumour compartment using analysis of variance and Student's t‐test (significant if P < 0.05).

Results  MCCs revealed superficial aneuploid DNA content, and no topographic differences for proliferation markers. Apoptosis showed significantly lower values in the deep compartment (average, P = 0.0050, and standard deviation, P = 0.0074), correlating with increased BCL2 and TP53 immuno‐expressions.

Conclusions  High homogeneously distributed proliferation and superficial aneuploid DNA content defines MCCs. Apoptosis follows proliferation in superficial compartments, being less variable and proliferation independent in deep compartments, where it is inversely correlated with BCL2/TP53 expression.
Evidence of an Interaction Involving Complexity and Coupling as Predicted by Normal Accident Theory
Authors: Wolf Frederick , Sampson Paul
Published: July 2007

This paper describes a test of the principle hypothesis of Normal Accident Theory. It posits and tests for the existence of an interaction involving interactive complexity and coupling associated with in an important class of manufacturing organizations. Ninety four (n=94) petroleum refineries located in the United States during the five‐year period 1993–97 were examined. The dependent variable in this test was the ratio of Reportable Quantity accidental hazardous chemical releases per unit of production. Refinery capacity and age were included as control variables. This study identified a statistically significant interaction involving interactive complexity and coupling, as predicted by Normal Accident Theory. The interaction appears to be consistent with an important core hypothesis of normal accident theory over a significant portion of its domain. The nature of this interaction and its potential relevance to organizational sense making is discussed. Additional opportunities for quantitative research involving Normal Accident Theory are identified.
Assessing Human Impact of Organizational Crises: Reliability and Validity of the Triage Assessment Scale for Organizations (TAS:O)
Authors: Conte Christian , Myer Rick A. , Miller Jeffrey A. , D'Andrea Livia
Published: July 2007

The present study evaluated the reliability and validity of the Triage Assessment Survey: Organizations (TAS:O), a 27‐item, 5‐point, Likert summated rating scale. One hundred and seventeen participants responded to the TAS:O after reading mild, moderate, marked and severe organizational crisis scenarios. The overall Cronbach's alpha and split‐half reliability were both .93. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed three factors, supporting the hypothesis that the TAS:O is comprised of three distinct factors (i.e., Affect, Behavior, and Cognition). An analysis of variance provided evidence that the TAS:O has the capacity to distinguish among mild, moderate, marked, and severe crises. Because this research is the first to evaluate the TAS:O, further studies are needed to strengthen confidence in the psychometric properties of this scale.
Reorganising Public Oversight of High‐Risk Industries in France – A Reliability Analysis of Permitting
Authors: Etienne Julien
Published: July 2007

In the aftermath of the AZF accident which occurred in Toulouse, France on 21 September 2001, several initiatives have been taken to reform French industrial risk policy. The reorganisation of control agencies has been a crucial aspect of these efforts. In this paper, I intend to produce a reliability diagnosis regarding the delivery of operating permits by these agencies, in order to answer the following question: did the reorganisation improve or undermine the reliability of the agencies' decisions? Based on Larry Heimann's analytical framework, my empirical analysis combines counterfactuals and interviews, and transfers causal arguments from post‐accident studies to normal operational agencies. This method yields interesting insights regarding the reliability gains and losses which could ensue from the various organisational transformations that the agencies experienced. Mostly, it emphasises why some aspects of the reform are likely to have consequences contrary to those which were anticipated by policymakers. Beyond the French case, the analysis also sheds new light on the advantages and drawbacks of using third party reviewers for the public control of risk‐laden private activities.
Homeland Security Preparedness and Planning in US City Governments: A Survey of City Managers
Authors: Reddick Christopher G.
Published: July 2007

This article examines homeland security preparedness and planning with the aim of generating some future research themes related to organizational, collaborative, and adaptive management elements of homeland security. It analyzes survey data from city managers in the US and their views on the current state of homeland security. The key results indicate that there is a high level of collaboration between and among city government and other levels of government in homeland security preparedness and planning, supporting an element of the adaptive management theory. However, with regard to using performance systems to gain accountability in homeland security this was not commonly occurring. The federal government's color‐coded homeland security advisory system is viewed by 32% of city managers who responded to the survey as being ineffective. The largest administrative/management homeland security concerns were lack of money and personnel limitations.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor‐1‐induced neuronal death by TRADD contributes to the pathogenesis of Japanese encephalitis
Authors: Swarup Vivek , Das Sulagna , Ghosh Soumya , Basu Anirban
Published: July 2007

While a number of studies have documented the neurotropism of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), little is known regarding the molecular mechanism of neuronal death following viral infection. The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)‐associated death domain (TRADD) has been suggested to be the crucial signal adaptor that mediates all intracellular responses from TNFR‐1. Using mouse (Neuro2a) and human (SK‐N‐SH) neuroblastoma cell lines, we have shown that the altered expression of TNFR‐1 and TRADD following JEV infection regulates the downstream apoptotic cascades. Activation of TRADD led to mitochondria‐mediated neuronal apoptosis. As TRADD‐knockout animals or deficient cell lines are unavailable, it has been difficult to definitively address the physiological role of TRADD in diseases pathology following JEV infection. We circumvented this problem by silencing TRADD expression with small‐interfering RNA (siRNA) and have found that TRADD is required for TNFR‐1‐initiated neuronal apoptosis following in vitro infection with JEV. Interestingly, siRNA against TRADD also decreased the viral load in Neuro2a cells. Furthermore, siRNA against TRADD increased the survival of JEV‐infected mice by altering the expression of pro apoptotic versus antiapoptotic molecules. These studies show that the engagement of TNFR‐1 and TRADD following JEV infection plays a crucial role in neuronal apoptosis.
Strain differences in basal and post‐citalopram extracellular 5‐HT in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus: relation with tryptophan hydroxylase‐2 activity
Authors: Calcagno E. , Canetta A. , Guzzetti S. , Cervo L. , Invernizzi R. W.
Published: July 2007

We used the microdialysis technique to compare basal extracellular serotonin (5‐HT) and the response to citalopram in different strains of mice with functionally different allelic forms of tryptophan hydroxylase‐2 (TPH‐2), the rate‐limiting enzyme in brain 5‐HT synthesis. DBA/2J, DBA/2N and BALB/c mice carrying the 1473G allele of TPH‐2 had less dialysate 5‐HT in the medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus (DH) (20–40% reduction) than C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mice carrying the 1473C allele. Extracellular 5‐HT estimated by the zero‐net flux method confirmed the result of conventional microdialysis. Citalopram, 1.25, 5 and 20 mg/kg, dose‐dependently raised extracellular 5‐HT in the medial prefrontal cortex of C57BL/6J mice, with maximum effect at 5 mg/kg, but had significantly less effect in DBA/2J and BALB/c mice and in the DH of DBA/2J mice. A tryptophan (TRP) load enhanced basal extracellular 5‐HT in the medial prefrontal cortex of DBA/2J mice but did not affect citalopram’s ability to raise cortical and hippocampal extracellular 5‐HT. The impairment of 5‐HT synthesis quite likely accounts for the reduction of basal 5‐HT and the citalopram‐induced rise in mice carrying the mutated enzyme. These findings might explain why DBA/2 and BALB/c mice do not respond to citalopram in the forced swimming test. Although TRP could be a useful strategy to improve the antidepressant effect of citalopram (Cervoet al.2005), particularly in subjects with low 5‐HT synthesis, the contribution of serotonergic and non‐serotonergic mechanisms to TRP’s effect remains to be elucidated.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in the western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: SHRESTHA R. B. , PARAJULEE M. N. , PERERA O. P. , SCHEFFLER B. E. , DENSMORE L. D.
Published: August 2007

A microsatellite‐enriched partial genomic DNA library of Lygus hesperus was generated and screened by sequencing. Ten polymorphic microsatellite marker loci were characterized by genotyping 92 insect samples. The observed number of alleles ranged from three to seven with an average of 4.5 (SE ± 0.45), while the effective number of alleles ranged from 1.21 to 3.02 with an average of 2.14 (SE ± 0.20). Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations were detected at three loci. Significant linkage disequilibrium was also detected between the loci LhMS2‐54 and LhMS3‐32. Seven of the L. hesperus markers could be transferred to Lygus lineolaris.
Development and characterization of 12 microsatellite markers from the deep‐sea hydrothermal vent siboglinid Riftia pachyptila
Authors: FUSARO A. J. , BACO A. R. , GERLACH G. , SHANK T. M.
Published: August 2007

Ecological processes at deep‐sea hydrothermal vents on fast‐spreading mid‐ocean ridges are punctuated by frequent physical disturbance, often accompanied by a high occurrence of population turnover. To persist through local extinction events, sessile invertebrate species living in these geologically and chemically dynamic habitats depend on larval dispersal. We characterized 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci from one such species, the siboglinid tubeworm Riftia pachyptila. All loci conformed to Hardy–Weinberg expectations without linkage (mean HE = 0.9405, mean NA = 20.25). These microsatellites are being employed in the investigation of spatial and temporal population genetic structure in the eastern Pacific Ocean.