bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local flow and loads estimation on wake-affected wind turbines using graph neural networks and PyWake
Authors: Duthé Gregory , Santos Francisco de Nolasco , Abdallah Imad , Réthore Pierre-Élouan , Weijtjens Wout , Chatzi Eleni , Devriendt Christof
Published: May 2023

The estimation of the flow conditions throughout a modern wind farm is a relevant albeit complex problem involving several different modelling scales. In this context, recent years have seen the rise of the demand - normally industry-driven - of quick, computationally inexpensive, wind farm flow field simulators upon which further calculations might be undertaken (e.g. power output, fatigue loads, etc.). Naturally, the trustworthiness of such models hinges upon their ability to accurately estimate wakes, under the evident trade-off between computational time and accuracy. One such simulator that has been recently gaining traction within the wind community is PyWake, a Python-based flow solver, with several possible add-ons and modularity options. Based on runs from PyWake, this contribution studies the applicability of graph neural networks (GNN) as a simultaneous wind turbine fleet, wind inflow and loads surrogate. As graphs are discrete mathematical sets of dependent objects, one can see how the layout-dependent interaction between wind turbines’ aerodynamics, from which wake arises, lends itself to be modelled as a graph. Thus, we introduce the use of GNNs for layout-agnostic joint modelling of rotor-averaged wind speed, turbulence intensity, power production and damage equivalent loads (DEL) on individual turbines of wind farms. To this end, probabilistic samples of inflow conditions from a Weibull distribution for wind speed, uniform wind direction and conditional normal distributions of wind shear and nacelle yaw angles are generated as main inflow properties in the numerical simulations. Additionally, arbitrary wind farm layouts are created based on varied geometric shapes with random parametrization (varying orientations, length/width ratio). Both the arbitrary layouts and the random inflow conditions are then used as inputs for PyWake. PyWake’s output, namely, rotor averaged wind speed, turbulence intensity, power production and DELs of each individual wind turbine in the wind farms, are used to train a general GNN model. We elect to implement an Encode-Process-Decode GNN as a graph learning model. We compare the performance of various approaches of the relational dependency representation (edge-forming techniques) amongst the nodes (wind turbines) on the graph, such as Delaunay triangulation, KNN, radius-based methods and fully connected scheme. In our analysis, we evaluate the accuracy of GNNs and its ability to generalize their joint predictions for unseen layouts and varying inflow conditions.
Simulating the helix wake within an actuator disk framework: verification against discrete-blade type simulations
Authors: Coquelet M. , Moens M. , Duponcheel M. , van Wingerden J.W. , Bricteux L. , Chatelain P.
Published: May 2023

Dynamic flow control strategies are raising interest for wake mitigation purposes. Among the different strategies, the so-called helix one relies on individual pitch control (IPC). The numerical simulation of the helix is thus readily performed by means of discrete-blade capturing methods. Yet, if this control strategy is considered at the scale of wind farms, the resolution required by such methods becomes prohibitive and actuator disk (AD) models should be envisioned. It is however not trivial to translate IPC strategies to an AD framework which by definition considers rotor-averaged effects. This work assesses the ability of an AD method to simulate the helix strategy by comparing it to a higher fidelity approach relying on a discrete-blade capturing model. Results show that the disk-type approach supplemented with a disk-adapted IPC scheme is able to capture both the forced motion of the wake at low turbulence and the faster wake recovery at moderate turbulence. From a quantitative perspective, the disk-type approach predicts bigger power gains, compared to those foreseen by the discrete-blade type approach, for a downstream turbine in the wake of a helix-operated one.
RANS-AD based ANN surrogate model for wind turbine wake deficits
Authors: Schøler J. P. , Riva R. , Andersen S. J. , Murcia Leon J. P. , van der Laan M. P. , Criado Risco J. , Réthoré P.-E.
Published: May 2023

Inside wind farms, wake effects are the primary source of turbine interactions, and as such, they constitute one of the most important aspects of wind farm operations. The two most widespread methods for calculating the wind farm wake flow are computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods and engineering models. Both methods have drawbacks; CFD methods can be very accurate but are computationally expensive. Vice versa, engineering models sacrifice accuracy by simplifying the physics, thereby improving computational efficiency.

In cases where many evaluations of the flow are needed, this trade-off is a hindrance. One such case is wind farm layout optimization problems. It has been shown that the estimation of wake flows can be improved by surrogate modeling. Recently, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been demonstrated to predict accurate wakes over a mesh. In this work, a new mesh-free ANN-based wake model is proposed. This new model can predict the flow everywhere in the domain, and as it employs smooth activation functions, it is suitable for gradient-based optimization.

Two ANNs were trained with data generated by Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes with Actuator Disc simulations for several yaw angles. The first ANN predicts streamwise wake velocity induction/deficit, the second ANN predicts added wake turbulence intensity. Both ANNs predict with a low error.
Wind Power Prediction using Multi-Task Gaussian Process Regression with Lagged Inputs
Authors: Ávila Francisco Jara , Verstraeten Timothy , Vratsinis Konstantinos , Nowé Ann , Helsen Jan
Published: May 2023

Wind is a renewable energy source that has become more important in recent years. Wind turbines are equipped with a SCADA system, which allows for remote supervision of the wind farm. SCADA systems are customarily used to provide data averaged every 10 minutes. Nevertheless, recent literature suggests that more insights could be extracted with a higher granularity of data. In this work, a naive methodology based on Multi-Task Gaussian Process Regression is presented, in order to show how spatiotemporal modeling benefits power estimation. Using sparsity properties a model for possible power prediction is proposed. The model proposed performs better than the power curves provided by the manufacturer.
A non-symmetric Gaussian wake model for lateral wake-to-wake interactions
Authors: Vad A , Tamaro S , Bottasso C L
Published: May 2023

In this paper, we propose a new non-symmetric Gaussian wake model, which allows for different lateral expansions on the two sides of a wake to account for its interaction with neighbouring wakes. The proposed model is formulated following classical speed-deficit assumptions and momentum conservation. Departing from the existing literature, a non-symmetric Gaussian function is used to represent the velocity deficit in the wake. Accordingly, different wake expansions are assumed on the two sides of the wake, each expressed as a function of the locally prevailing turbulence intensity. The model considers that wake-added turbulence changes with downstream distance; hence, the turbulence intensity on a wake-immersed side of the wake is location dependent. The new model is compared to LES-ALM numerical simulations of three turbines in partial wake overlap. The free parameters of the model describing the wake development are tuned based on the CFD results. Results indicate that the new model provides for a very good agreement of the velocity profiles at different downstream positions, generating an improved representation of merging wakes and their downstream development.
Estimation of wind turbine wakes with generative-adversarial networks
Authors: Bove M , López B , Toutouh J , Nesmachnow S , Draper M
Published: May 2023

The interaction of the atmospheric boundary layer with wind turbines and among wind turbines in a wind farm is a complex phenomenon. Its analysis is fundamental for wind energy development. In this work, a generative adversarial network has been developed to predict the mean streamwise velocity component at hub height in the wake of a wind turbine based on the mean streamwise velocity two rotor diameters upstream. The dataset used to train and test the model is obtained from Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of a wind farm comprising 15 wind turbines under different inlet conditions. The method is able to predict accurately the mean streamwise velocity in the wake of one wind turbine. When the model is used to predict the mean streamwise velocity at hub height of the whole wind farm based on the inlet condition, the difference between the model predictions and LES results are larger as looking downstream.
Performance Research of Dual Power Flow Continuous Differential Steering System for Tracked Vehicle
Authors: Liu Jiang , Liu Weiwei
Published: May 2023

The tracked vehicle has good passability and adaptability for different complex environments, and also can maintain a stable posture with the ability to regulate flexible posture. Therefore, it is necessary to design a steering system with continuous and accurate steering radius and high transmission efficiency. The dynamic model of differential steering system was established including input rotate speed and output rotate speed. The dynamic model between input rotate speed and steering radius was obtained according to the relationship of output rotate speed and steering radius. The dynamic model of steady steering including the length, gauge, ground instantaneous center offset and so on of tracked vehicle was built, which could be used to predict the steady state steering characteristic of tracked vehicle.
Design and Analysis of EAST Predictive Control System for Hot Nitrogen Baking Process
Authors: Fei Duheng , Zhu Lili , Bao Li Wei
Published: May 2023

To realize the automatic temperature closed-loop control of EAST (Experimental advanced super-conducting tokamak) baking system, the transfer function of EAST baking system is obtained by the step response method after being familiar with the mechanism structure of the baking system. According to the transfer function of the system, two control methods, conventional PI control and PI control based on Smith prediction are novelty proposed. MATLAB simulation analysis shows that PI control based on Smith prediction does not produce an overshoot compared with conventional PI control, and the final error given by tracking slope can be reduced by selecting appropriate PI parameters. Generally, PI control based on Smith prediction has better stability and dynamic performance. The novelty here lies in the introduction of PI control based on Smith prediction to solve the problem of large overshoot in conventional PI control.
Speech Signal Processing of Industrial Speech Recognition
Authors: Dong Min , Peng Lihu , Nie Qilei , Li Wei
Published: May 2023

The noise in the industrial production environment is more complex than the application scenario in the home or office environment, and the most of the noise loudness is much larger. Automatic speech recognition(ASR) system will fail when the front-end speech signal processing SNR is too poor. At this time the front-end speech signal processing ability is particularly important. The product solution mentioned in this article involves multiple point. It includes omnidirectional Microphones Array scheme selection, selection of Mic monomer, sampling, digitization, noise reduction and echo processing, so as to improve the overall SNR and improve the speech recognition rate under noise,therefore, it has become an AR head-mounted computer for industrial intelligent speech recognition accepted by many business worldwide.
Automatic Site Selection Method for Stretch Field with Multi-factor Coupling Constraints
Authors: Yang Jian , Qiang Wang , Jing Wenchuan , Wang Tao , Li Gang
Published: May 2023

In the construction of extra high voltage and ultra-high voltage paying-off, the national code requires the unified use of “tension stringing” technology. The site selection of stretch field is an important part of tension stringing. The traditional site selection of the stretch field is mainly determined by the experience of the designer, which has many disadvantages. This paper presents a method of automatic site selection for stretch field. First, two-dimensional and three-dimensional map data are fused in order to obtain the geographic information data on the line; secondly, according to the geographic information data, combined with the line segmentation rules, the segmentation of the entire line is realized to obtain the preliminary site location; finally, according to the factors affecting the establishment of the site, such as the length of the segment, the type of towers, the number of block, buildings, vegetation, road conditions, as well as site area, etc., a mathematical model for optimal site selection of the stretch field is established , with the goal of minimizing the cost of construction, automatic iterative optimization of the model is conducted, to find the optimal site location The proposed method of automatic site selection of the stretch field combines accurate geographic information data, considers various influencing factors, avoids various problems caused by manual experience site selection, improves site selection efficiency and construction safety, and saves construction cost. Experimental results show that this method can get better position of the stretch field.
Adaptive and Efficient Data Transmission Method Based on New Satellite Network
Authors: Wang Qinyu , Mao Zhijie , Zhou Lin
Published: May 2023

For the satellite to ground data transmission in the space-based satellite network, the worst channel conditions shall be considered, that is, the link budget shall be carried out according to the lowest elevation angle and the farthest transmission distance. It is extremely urgent to make full use of the limited link power resources. An efficient adaptive data transmission method is proposed to make the satellite data transmission rate increase with the increase of elevation angle, so as to maximize the amount of data transmitted from the satellite transit window, the reliability and throughput of information transmission are improved. And the effectiveness of this method is verified by computer simulation.
Speech Emotion Recognition Based on Swin-Transformer
Authors: Liao Zirou , Shen Shaoping
Published: May 2023

The ability of machines to understand human subjective emotions is an essential link to realize artificial intelligence. How to extract and utilize information from audio signals is still a challenging task. By transforming acoustic signals into time-domain information represented by spectrograms, advanced algorithms in the field of computer vision can be applied to the field of acoustics. In this paper, we propose a Speech Emotion Recognition(SER) system based on Swin-Transformer(Swin). In addition to verifying the feasibility of Swin in SER task, we also compared the effectiveness of various spectrum maps under the same model parameters. Our model is validated on the IEMOCAP dataset and achieves competitive performance.
Development of low-cost electrospun carbon nanofibers using asphaltene precursor
Authors: Hussain Atif , Bahi Addie , Ko Frank , Abdin Yasmine
Published: May 2023

This study reports for the first time the development of low-cost nano-scale carbon fibers from petroleum asphaltene precursors using the simple and cost-effective electrospinning technique. Firstly, the green nanofiber nonwoven mats were electrospun without any prior treatment of the asphaltene feedstock. The nanomats were then heat treated at different temperatures to optimise their thermostabilisation and carbonisation conditions. Based on extensive mechanical and analytical (DSC, TGA, ATR-FTIR) characterisations, it was found that thermostabilisation of fibers at 250 °C in air followed by carbonisation at 1000 °C in nitrogen resulted in nanofibers with the best tensile properties (∼340 MPa) and good morphology as also confirmed by SEM micrographs. Moreover, the nanofiber mats exhibited relatively good electrical conductivity (5.88 ± 0.43 S cm−1), which could be useful for energy storage applications. The average diameter of the carbonised nanofibers was found to be 700 nm, and the carbonised nanofiber mats were flexible and showed good handleability despite the inherent brittleness of asphaltenes. Overall, the present work opens new avenues for the valorisation of asphaltene waste into high-value nanofiber materials with the potential for multi-functional applications in the composite and energy industries.
The effect and mechanism for doping concentration of Mg-Hf on the piezoelectric properties for AlN
Authors: Lv Qiaoya , Qiu Jian , Zhang Haomiao , Wen Quan , Yu Jiabing
Published: May 2023

The piezoelectric coefficient of intrinsic AlN is not meeting the demand from some high-performance applications in MEMS compared with the commercialized piezoelectric ceramics. Therefore, we conducted a first principles calculation investigation of the piezoelectric properties of Mg-Hf co-doped AlN structures with the same doping proportion (Mg
x/2Hf
x/2Al1−x
N) to further improve the performance of AlN materials. The analysis results suggested the co-doped structures show decreased band gap values with a non-symmetrical charges assignation. Consequently, both the elastic constant C
33 and Young’s modulus are largely reduced. Furthermore, the co-doped structure shows a drastically improved piezoelectric coefficient d
33 compared with intrinsic AlN.
The impact of long Covid on people’s capacity to work
Authors: Gallegos Miguel , Morgan Melissa L , Burgos-Videla Carmen , Caycho-Rodríguez Tomás , Martino Pablo , Cervigni Mauricio
Published: May 2023

This commentary addresses the post-COVID-19 syndrome and its implications for workers’ health. Post-COVID-19 syndrome consists of a set of physiological and psychological symptoms resulting from SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection, which occur continuously for several weeks or months. Therefore, it is an affectation that has multiple consequences for the recovery of people’s health, and compromises the ability to perform daily activities, including work, whether in person or remotely. Although several studies have been published so far, and several long-term consequences on people’s health have been demonstrated, most have not adequately delved into the implications for the health of workers, their families, and the socioeconomic cost for governments. The aim of this paper is to highlight this public health issue and to encourage more specialized research.
On the representativeness and stability of a set of EFMs
Authors: Guil Francisco , Hidalgo José F , García José M
Published: May 2023

Motivation

Elementary flux modes are a well-known tool for analyzing metabolic networks. The whole set of elementary flux modes (EFMs) cannot be computed in most genome-scale networks due to their large cardinality. Therefore, different methods have been proposed to compute a smaller subset of EFMs that can be used for studying the structure of the network. These latter methods pose the problem of studying the representativeness of the calculated subset. In this article, we present a methodology to tackle this problem.

Results

We have introduced the concept of stability for a particular network parameter and its relation to the representativeness of the EFM extraction method studied. We have also defined several metrics to study and compare the EFM biases. We have applied these techniques to compare the relative behavior of previously proposed methods in two case studies. Furthermore, we have presented a new method for the EFM computation (PiEFM), which is more stable (less biased) than previous ones, has suitable representativeness measures, and exhibits better variability in the extracted EFMs.

Availability and implementation

Software and additional material are freely available at https://github.com/biogacop/PiEFM.
Relative impact of traditional vs. newer oral antifungals for dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis: a network meta-analysis study
Authors: Gupta Aditya K , Venkataraman Maanasa , Bamimore Mary A
Published: May 2023

Background

There is a paucity of evidence regarding the relative therapeutic efficacy of treatments for onychomycosis.

Objectives

We determined the relative efficacy of monotherapies for dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis with Bayesian network meta-analyses (NMAs).

Methods

We searched PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE (Ovid) and CINAHL to identify studies that investigated the efficacy of monotherapy with oral antifungals for dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis in adults. In this paper, ‘regimen’ corresponds to a given agent and its dosage. The relative effects and surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values of the various regimens were estimated; evidence quality was assessed at the study level and across networks.

Results

Data from 21 studies were used. Our two efficacy-related endpoints were: (i) mycological and (ii) complete cure at 1 year; safety-­related endpoints were: (i) 1-year count of any adverse event (AE), (ii) 1-year odds of discontinuation due to any AE, (iii) 1-year odds of discontinuation due to liver issues. Thirty-five regimens were identified; the newer agents among these included posaconazole and oteseconazole. We compared the efficacy of newer regimens with traditional ones like ‘terbinafine 250 mg daily for 12 weeks’ and ‘itraconazole 200 mg daily for 12 weeks. We found that an agent’s dosage was associated with its efficacy; for example, the 1-year odds of mycological cure with terbinafine 250 mg daily for 24 weeks (SUCRA = 92.4%) were significantly greater than those of terbinafine 250 mg daily for 12 weeks (SUCRA = 66.3%) (odds ratio 2.62, 95% credible interval 1.57–4.54). We also found that booster regimens can increase efficacy. Our results showed that some triazoles could be more effective than terbinafine.

Conclusions

This is the first NMA study of monotherapeutic antifungals – and their various dosages – for dermatophyte toenail onychomycosis. Our findings could provide guidance for the selection of the most appropriate antifungal agent, especially amid the growing concerns about terbinafine resistance.
Rare variants in ANO1, encoding a calcium-activated chloride channel, predispose to moyamoya disease
Authors: Pinard Amélie , Ye Wenlei , Fraser Stuart M , Rosenfeld Jill A , Pichurin Pavel , Hickey Scott E , Guo Dongchuan , Cecchi Alana C , Boerio Maura L , Guey Stéphanie , Aloui Chaker , Lee Kwanghyuk , Kraemer Markus , Alyemni Saleh Omar ,   University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics, Bamshad Michael J , Nickerson Deborah A , Tournier-Lasserve Elisabeth , Haider Shozeb , Jin Sheng Chih , Smith Edward R , Kahle Kristopher T , Jan Lily Yeh , He Mu , Milewicz Dianna M
Published: May 2023

Moyamoya disease, a cerebrovascular disease leading to strokes in children and young adults, is characterized by progressive occlusion of the distal internal carotid arteries and the formation of collateral vessels. Altered genes play a prominent role in the aetiology of moyamoya disease, but a causative gene is not identified in the majority of cases.

Exome sequencing data from 151 individuals from 84 unsolved families were analysed to identify further genes for moyamoya disease, then candidate genes assessed in additional cases (150 probands). Two families had the same rare variant in ANO1, which encodes a calcium-activated chloride channel, anoctamin-1. Haplotype analyses found the families were related, and ANO1 p.Met658Val segregated with moyamoya disease in the family with an LOD score of 3.3. Six additional ANO1 rare variants were identified in moyamoya disease families.

The ANO1 rare variants were assessed using patch-clamp recordings, and the majority of variants, including ANO1 p.Met658Val, displayed increased sensitivity to intracellular Ca2+. Patients harbouring these gain-of-function ANO1 variants had classic features of moyamoya disease, but also had aneurysm, stenosis and/or occlusion in the posterior circulation.

Our studies support that ANO1 gain-of-function pathogenic variants predispose to moyamoya disease and are associated with unique involvement of the posterior circulation.
Gate control of sensory neurotransmission in peripheral ganglia by proprioceptive sensory neurons
Authors: Fuller Alice M , Luiz Ana , Tian Naxi , Arcangeletti Manuel , Iseppon Federico , Sexton Jane E , Millet Queensta , Caxaria Sara , Ketabi Niloofar , Celik Petek , Wood John N , Sikandar Shafaq
Published: May 2023

Melzak and Wall’s gate control theory proposed that innocuous input into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord represses pain-inducing nociceptive input. Here we show that input from proprioceptive parvalbumin-expressing sensory neurons tonically represses nociceptor activation within dorsal root ganglia. Deletion of parvalbumin-positive sensory neurons leads to enhanced nociceptor activity measured with GCaMP3, increased input into wide dynamic range neurons of the spinal cord and increased acute and spontaneous pain behaviour, as well as potentiated innocuous sensation. Parvalbumin-positive sensory neurons express the enzymes and transporters necessary to produce vesicular GABA that is known to be released from depolarized somata. These observations support the view that gate control mechanisms occur peripherally within dorsal root ganglia.
Hypoxia-responsive lncRNA G077640 promotes ESCC tumorigenesis via the H2AX–HIF1α–glycolysis axis
Authors: Huang Xiaomei , Liu Chunxia , Li Hao , Dai Tianyang , Luo Gang , Zhang Chunxiang , Li Tao , Lü Muhan
Published: May 2023

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) contribute to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) progression, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, we verified a hitherto uncharacterized hypoxia-responsive lncRNA, G077640, which is upregulated in human ESCC cells and tissues, supporting the proliferation and migration of ESCC cells. Mechanistically, G077640 prevented hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF1α) from being degraded by directly interacting with histone H2AX and further modulated the interaction of HIF1α and H2AX. In addition, G077640 reprogrammed glycolytic metabolism by regulating the expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), hexokinase 2 (HK2) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 (PDK1) for ESCC proliferation and migration. Clinically, G077640 was associated with poor prognosis in ESCC patients. Taken together, our findings identified a hypoxia-responsive lncRNA that contributes to ESCC cells proliferation and migration, and targeting G077640 and its pathway might be a potential therapeutic strategy for ESCC.
The cost of sympatry: spatio-temporal patterns in leopard dietary and physiological responses to tiger competition gradient in Rajaji Tiger Reserve, Uttarakhand, India
Authors: Patel Shiv Kumari , Ruhela Sourabh , Biswas Suvankar , Bhatt Supriya , Pandav Bivash , Mondol Samrat
Published: May 2023

Apex predators have critical roles in maintaining the structure of ecosystem functioning by controlling intraguild subordinate populations. Such dominant–subordinate interactions involve agonistic interactions including direct or indirect impacts on the subordinates. As these indirect effects are often mediated through physiological processes, it is important to quantify such responses to better understand population parameters. We used a large carnivore intraguild system involving tiger (Panthera tigris) and leopard (Panthera pardus) to understand the dietary and physiological responses under a spatio-temporal gradient of tiger competition pressures in Rajaji Tiger Reserve (RTR) between 2015 and 2020. We conducted systematic faecal sampling in the winters of 2015 and 2020 from the park to assess diet and physiological measures. Analyses of leopard-confirmed faeces suggest a dietary-niche separation as a consequence of tiger competition. In 2020, we found an increased occurrence of large-bodied prey species without tiger competition in western-RTR. Physiological measures followed the dietary responses where leopards with large-sized prey in the diet showed higher fT3M and lower fGCM measures in western-RTR. In contrast, eastern-RTR leopards showed lower levels of fT3M and fGCM in 2020, possibly due to intense competition from tigers. Overall, these patterns strongly indicate a physiological cost of sympatry where competition with dominant tigers resulted in elevated nutritional stress. We recommend expansion of leopard monitoring and population estimation efforts to buffers, developing appropriate plans for human–leopard conflict mitigation and intensive efforts to understand leopard population dynamics patterns to ensure their persistence during the ongoing Anthropocene.
NLRP3 inflammasome and interleukin-1 contributions to COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and immunothrombosis
Authors: Potere Nicola , Garrad Evan , Kanthi Yogendra , Di Nisio Marcello , Kaplanski Gilles , Bonaventura Aldo , Connors Jean Marie , De Caterina Raffaele , Abbate Antonio
Published: May 2023

Immunothrombosis—immune-mediated activation of coagulation—is protective against pathogens, but excessive immunothrombosis can result in pathological thrombosis and multiorgan damage, as in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The NACHT-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome produces major proinflammatory cytokines of the interleukin (IL)-1 family, IL-1β and IL-18, and induces pyroptotic cell death. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway also promotes immunothrombotic programs including release of neutrophil extracellular traps and tissue factor by leukocytes, and prothrombotic responses by platelets and the vascular endothelium. NLRP3 inflammasome activation occurs in patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. In preclinical models, NLRP3 inflammasome pathway blockade restrains COVID-19-like hyperinflammation and pathology. Anakinra, recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist, showed safety and efficacy and is approved for the treatment of hypoxaemic COVID-19 patients with early signs of hyperinflammation. The non-selective NLRP3 inhibitor colchicine reduced hospitalization and death in a subgroup of COVID-19 outpatients but is not approved for the treatment of COVID-19. Additional COVID-19 trials testing NLRP3 inflammasome pathway blockers are inconclusive or ongoing. We herein outline the contribution of immunothrombosis to COVID-19-associated coagulopathy, and review preclinical and clinical evidence suggesting an engagement of the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in the immunothrombotic pathogenesis of COVID-19. We also summarize current efforts to target the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in COVID-19, and discuss challenges, unmet gaps, and the therapeutic potential that inflammasome-targeted strategies may provide for inflammation-driven thrombotic disorders including COVID-19.
Through the Looking Glass of Madame Butterfly: Narrative Gender Transition in the Writings of Angela Carter
Authors: Ikoma Natsumi
Published: May 2023

This article situates Angela Carter’s Japanese writings in the context of multiple interconnected discourses in the 1960s and 1970s: on the one hand, anti-imperialism, postcolonialism, and feminism among European intellectuals and, on the other hand, “self-orientalism,” anti-Western nationalism, and global capitalism in postwar Japan. As a white woman in Japan, Carter was not only, as previously argued by scholars, doubly objectified as woman and foreigner, but “subjectified” in a patriarchal/colonialist discourse and made aware of her complicity in objectifying, emasculating, and exploiting the native. Carter’s Japanese and post-Japan writings reflect a newly acquired awareness of gender in a colonial context, demonstrated by her conscious use of male pronouns and gender transitions, effectively problematizing the othering tendency of European orientalists and the Japanese self-orientalist exploitation of it.
Comparative genomics of two Empidonax flycatchers reveal candidate genes for bird song production
Authors: García Natalia C , Campagna Leonardo , Rush Andrew C , Bowie Rauri C K , Lovette Irby J
Published: May 2023

Whole-genome-level comparisons of sister taxa that vary in phenotype against a background of high genomic similarity can be used to identify the genomic regions that might underlie their phenotypic differences. In wild birds, this exploratory approach has detected markers associated with plumage coloration, beak and wing morphology, and complex behavioral traits like migration. Here, we use genomic comparisons of two closely related suboscine flycatchers (Empidonax difficilis and E. occidentalis) and their hybrids to search for candidate genes underlying their variation in innate vocal signals. We sequenced the genomes of 20 flycatchers that sang one of two species-specific pure song types and 14 putative hybrid individuals with intermediate song types. In the resulting genomic comparisons, we found six areas of high differentiation that may be associated with variation in nonlearned songs. These narrow regions of genomic differentiation contain a total of 67 described genes, of which three have been previously associated with forms of language impairment and dyslexia in humans and 18 are known to be differentially expressed in the song nuclei regions of the avian brain compared with adjacent parts of the avian brain. This “natural experiment” therefore may help identify loci associated with song differences that merit further study across bird lineages with both learned and innate vocalizations.
Fieldwork and LGBTQ+ Identities: Queering the Outdoors
Authors: Kamran Maryam , Jennings Kelsey
Published: May 2023

Synopsis

Fieldwork is considered an integral component of research within conservation biology and ecology. Oftentimes, institutions and researchers share resources on general safety when collecting data in field settings. Despite an increasing awareness, there has been a lack of transparency and communication in terms of the hazards associated with fieldwork. These include but are not limited to an increased risk of sexual harassment and assault. These risks are compounded particularly for those from marginalized racial, sexual, and gender identities. In addition to this lack of acknowledgment, the added risks to those who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender (trans), and/or queer or members of other marginalized sexualities and gender identities (to reflect the “+” in LGBTQ+) are often overlooked. We have found that there is not only a lack of data on sexual orientation and gender identities of researchers and the barriers they may face as field-based scientists, but also a lack of awareness of how we can support those from these marginalized groups within our disciplines. Creating a SAFE and INCLUSIVE community for those with marginalized identities is key to sustaining the diversity within our discipline. Here, we outline a series of recommendations that can be utilized to address the harassment, homophobia, and transphobia that our LGBTQ+ colleagues face. These recommendations range from what can be applied at the local level (within a lab group), at the department level, at the institutional level as well at specific field sites.
When Food Fights Back: Skull Morphology and Feeding Behavior of Centipede-Eating Snakes
Authors: Gripshover Noah D , Hennessey Patrick , McBrayer Lance D , Meik Jesse M , Watson Charles M , Cox Christian L
Published: May 2023

Synopsis

Feeding is a complex process that involves an integrated response of multiple functional systems. Animals evolve phenotypic integration of complex morphological traits to covary and maximize performance of feeding behaviors. Specialization, such as feeding on dangerous prey, can further shape the integration of behavior and morphology as traits are expected to evolve and maintain function in parallel. Feeding on centipedes, with their powerful forcipules that pinch and inject venom, has evolved multiple times within snakes, including the genus Tantilla. However, the behavioral and morphological adaptations used to consume this dangerous prey are poorly understood. By studying snakes with varying degrees of dietary specialization, we can test the integration of diet, morphology, and behavior to better understand the evolution of consuming difficult prey. We studied the prey preference and feeding behavior of Tantilla using the flat-headed snake (T. gracilis) and the crowned snake (T. coronata), which differ in the percentage of centipedes in their diet. We then quantified cranial anatomy using geometric morphometric data from CT scans. To test prey preference, we offered multiple types of prey and recorded snake behavior. Both species of snakes showed interest in multiple prey types, but only struck or consumed centipedes. To subdue centipedes, crowned snakes used coiling and holding (envenomation) immediately after striking, while flat-headed snakes used the novel behavior of pausing and holding onto centipedes for a prolonged time prior to the completion of swallowing. Each skull element differed in shape after removing the effects of size, position, and orientation. The rear fang was larger in crowned snakes, but the mechanical advantage of the lower jaw was greater in flat-headed snakes. Our results suggest that the integration of behavioral and morphological adaptations is important for the success of subduing and consuming dangerous prey.
Robust error feedback output regulation of a 2 × 2 hyperbolic system
Authors: Liu Wei-Wei , Wang Jun-Min , Liu Xiang-Dong
Published: May 2023

In this paper, we consider the robust error feedback output regulation problem for a linear $ 2 \times 2 $ hyperbolic system with system uncertainties and disturbance signals. Using the backstepping method, the state feedback controller for the system without the system uncertainties and the external disturbance signals (nominal system) is designed. In terms of the measurable regulation error, an observer system is designed to recover the state of the nominal system, and an observer-based error feedback controller is obtained to solve the robust output regulation problem. Moreover, we prove that the controller is robust to the system uncertainties and the disturbance signals, and show that the state of the closed-loop system is bounded. The numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
Microbiota Predict Infections and Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease After Pediatric Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Margolis Elisa B , Maron Gabriela , Sun Yilun , Dallas Ronald H , Allison Kim J , Ferrolino Jose , Ross Hailey S , Davis Amy E , Jia Qidong , Turner Paige , Mackay Victoria , Morin Cara E , Triplett Brandon M , Klein Eileen J , Englund Janet A , Tang Li , Hayden Randall T
Published: May 2023

Background

Despite preventive measures, infections continue to pose significant risks to pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) recipients. The gut microbiota has been linked to clinical outcomes following adult allo-HCT. This study evaluated whether similar disruptions or differing microbiota patterns were associated with infection risk in pediatric allo-HCT.

Methods

In a prospective observational study, fecal samples were obtained from 74 children before conditioning and upon neutrophil recovery. Microbiome signatures identified through sequencing were examined for their associations with infections or acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) in the first-year post-HCT using Cox proportional hazards analysis.

Results

Microbiome disruption in adults, did not predict infection risk in pediatric allo-HCT. Unique microbiota signatures were associated with different infections or aGVHD. A ratio of strict and facultative anaerobes (eg, Lachnoclostridium, Parabacteroides) prior to conditioning predicted bacteremia risk (Cox hazard ratio [HR], 3.89). A distinct ratio of oral (eg, Rothia, Veillonella) to intestinal anaerobes (eg, Anaerobutyricum, Romboutsia) at neutrophil recovery predicted likelihood of bacterial infections (Cox HR, 1.81) and viral enterocolitis (Cox HR, 1.96).

Conclusions

Interactions between medical interventions, pediatric hosts, and microbial communities contribute to microbiota signatures that predict infections. Further multicenter study is necessary to validate the generalizability of these ratios as biomarkers.
Impact of Subgroup Distribution on Seasonality of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus: A Global Systematic Analysis
Authors: Deng Shuyu , Guo Ling , Cohen Cheryl , Meijer Adam , Moyes Jocelyn , Pasittungkul Siripat , Poovorawan Yong , Teirlinck Anne , van Boven Michiel , Wanlapakorn Nasamon , Wolter Nicole , Paget John , Nair Harish , Li You ,   Respiratory Virus Global Epidemiology Network and the PROMISE Investigators, Deng Shuyu , Guo Ling , Li You , Cohen Cheryl , Moyes Jocelyn , Wolter Nicole , von Gottberg Anne , Meijer Adam , Teirlinck Anne , van Boven Michiel , Pasittungkul Siripat , Poovorawan Yong , Wanlapakorn Nasamon , Paget John , Nair Harish , Aerssens Jeroen , Ispas Gabriela , Ahani Bahar , Atwell Jessica , Begier Elizabeth , Htar Tin Tin , Bangert Mathieu , Kramer Rolf , Vernhes Charlotte , Beutels Philippe , Bont Louis , Campbell Harry , Nair Harish , Li You , Osei-Yeboah Richard , Wang Xin , Cohen Rachel , Dos Santos Gael , Last Theo , Kumar Veena , Machin Nuria , Nohynek Hanna , Openshaw Peter , Paget John , Pollard Andrew , Teirlinck Anne
Published: May 2023

Background

Previous studies reported inconsistent findings regarding the association between respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) subgroup distribution and timing of RSV season. We aimed to further understand the association by conducting a global-level systematic analysis.

Methods

We compiled published data on RSV seasonality through a systematic literature review, and unpublished data shared by international collaborators. Using annual cumulative proportion (ACP) of RSV-positive cases, we defined RSV season onset and offset as ACP reaching 10% and 90%, respectively. Linear regression models accounting for meteorological factors were constructed to analyze the association of proportion of RSV-A with the corresponding RSV season onset and offset.

Results

We included 36 study sites from 20 countries, providing data for 179 study-years in 1995–2019. Globally, RSV subgroup distribution was not significantly associated with RSV season onset or offset globally, except for RSV season offset in the tropics in 1 model, possibly by chance. Models that included RSV subgroup distribution and meteorological factors explained only 2%–4% of the variations in timing of RSV season.

Conclusions

Year-on-year variations in RSV season onset and offset are not well explained by RSV subgroup distribution or meteorological factors. Factors including population susceptibility, mobility, and viral interference should be examined in future studies.
Raising the Dead Volume: Analysis of Microsamples Diluted and Corrected with Near Infrared Tracer
Authors: Dietzen Dennis J , Blair Connor J , Roper Stephen M
Published: May 2023

Background

Sample processing robotics require large liquid volumes to operate efficiently. Robotics are impractical in settings that deal in small specimen volumes such as pediatric laboratories. Short of manual sample handling, remedies for the current state include a redesign of current hardware or specialized adaptation for submilliliter specimens.

Methods

We blindly increased the volume of plasma specimens with diluent containing a near infrared dye, IR820, to assess the change to the original specimen volume. Diluted specimens were analyzed using a variety of assay formats/wavelengths (sodium, calcium, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, total protein, creatinine), and results were compared to neat specimens. Recovery of analyte in the diluted specimens vs neat was the primary outcome measure.

Results

Mean analytic recovery from the diluted specimens across all assays ranged from 93% to 110% after correction using IR820 absorbance. Absorbance correction compared favorably to mathematical correction using known volumes of specimens and diluents (93%–107%). Pooled mean analytic imprecision across all assays ranged from 2% using the neat specimen pool to 8% when plasma pool was diluted to 30% of its original concentration. No interference from dye addition was noted, indicating the diluent was broadly applicable and chemically inert. The greatest variability in recovery was observed when respective analyte concentrations were present near the lower limits of assay detectability.

Conclusions

Addition of a chemically inert diluent containing a near-infrared tracer is a feasible way to raise specimen dead volume and potentially automate processing and measurement of clinical analytes in microsamples.
Development of Recombinase Aided Amplification (RAA)-Exo-Probe Assay for the Rapid Detection of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli
Authors: Cao Yuhao , Fang Taisong , Shen Jinling , Zhang Guodong , Guo Dehua , Zhao Lina , Jiang Yuan , Zhi Shuai , Zheng Lin , Lv Xiaofei , Yao Zhiyuan , Yu Daniel
Published: May 2023

Background

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a significant cause of foodborne illness causing various gastrointestinal diseases including hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), the most severe form, which can lead to kidney failure or even death.

Objective

Here, we report the development of recombinase aided amplification (RAA)-exo-probe assays targeting the stx1 and stx2 genes for the rapid detection of STEC in food samples.

Methods

Primers and exo-probes were designed and optimized for the detection of stx1 and stx2 using RAA technology. The optimal STEC RAA-exo-probe assays were then tested for specificity and sensitivity, and validated in both spiked and real food samples.

Results

These assays were found to be 100% specific to STEC strains and were also highly sensitive with a detection limit of 1.6 × 103 CFU/mL or 32 copies/reaction. Importantly, the assays were able to successfully detect STEC in spiked and real food samples (beef, mutton, and pork), with a detection limit as low as 0.35 CFU/25g in beef samples after an overnight enrichment step.

Conclusions

Overall, the RAA assay reactions completed within ∼20 min and were less dependent on expensive equipment, suggesting they can be easily adopted for in-field testing requiring only a fluorescent reader.

Highlights

As such, we have developed two rapid, sensitive, and specific assays that can be used for the routine monitoring of STEC contamination in food samples, particularly in the field or in poorly equipped labs.