bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indirect electrical injuries from capacitive coupling: a rarely mentioned electrosurgical complication in monopolar laparoscopy
Authors: Liu Qiang , Sun Xue‐Bing
Published: November 2012

Electrothermal injuries in monopolar laparoscopy may derive indirectly, but rarely, from capacitive coupling releasing stray currents into neighboring non‐targeted tissues, with intact instrument insulation. Since 2007, seven episodes of indirect electrosurgical damage to non‐targeted tissues have been observed in our gynecological practice, including incidental coagulative necrosis of appendix, Fallopian tube, cystic pedicle, and broad ligament stump. Such an electrical response becomes greater where there is increased contact with the cystic wall (cysts <3 cm in diameter). Appropriate measures are available for minimizing capacitive coupling specifically caused by monopolar electrocautery. Thorough staff training, regular safety inspections, and strict procedure performance should exist to minimize such risks and injuries.
Clinicopathologic risk factors for recurrence of ovarian endometrioma following laparoscopic cystectomy
Authors: Sengoku Kazuo , Miyamoto Toshinobu , Horikawa Michiharu , Katayama Hideto , Nishiwaki Kunihiko , Kato Yasuhito , Kawanishi Yasuyuki , Saijo Yasuaki
Published: November 2012

Objective

To identify epidemiologic risk factors and investigate whether the characteristics of removed ovarian tissue during surgery influence the recurrence of endometriomas.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Medical university hospital.

Population

248 women with endometriomas.

Methods

All women who had a minimum of 2 years of follow‐up after the laparoscopic excision of endometriomas were analysed retrospectively. Specimens were analysed histologically.

Main outcome measures

Sixteen epidemiologic variables were analysed as possible risk factors for recurrence. The association between the characteristics of removed ovarian tissue (the thickness of the cyst wall, the thickness of ovarian tissue, and the morphological features) and endometrioma recurrence was investigated.

Results

The cumulative incidence of endometriomas reached 42% at 60 months after surgery. We identified only a younger age at surgery as a risk factor, and postoperative pregnancy as a preventive factor. There were no differences in the mean thickness of the cyst wall and the removed ovarian tissue between patients with and without recurrence. No statistically significant associations were found between the morphologic characteristics of removed cyst wall, ovarian tissue, graded on a semi‐quantitative basis, and recurrence.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the rate of endometrioma recurrence had a significant relation to patient age and postoperative pregnancy; however, there was no association between the histological characteristics of the excised tissue and recurrence.
Follicle flushing in monofollicular in vitro fertilization almost doubles the number of transferable embryos
Authors: von Wolff Michael , Hua Yu‐Zhen , Santi Alessandro , Ocon Erika , Weiss Benedicte
Published: November 2012

Follicle flushing has been proved to be ineffective in polyfollicular in vitro fertilization. To analyze the effect of flushing in monofollicular in vitro fertilization we aspirated and then flushed the follicles in 164 cycles. Total oocyte yield/aspiration was 44.5% in the aspirate, 20.7% in the 1st flush, 10.4% in the 2nd flush and 4.3% in the 3rd flush. By flushing, the total oocyte yield increased (p < 0.01) by 80.9%, from 44.5 to 80.5%. The total transfer rate increased (p < 0.01) by 91.0%, from 20.1 to 38.4%. The results indicate that the oocyte yield and the number of transferable embryos can be increased significantly by flushing.
Evidence‐based treatment strategies for treatment‐resistant bipolar depression: a systematic review
Authors: Sienaert Pascal , Lambrichts Lore , Dols Annemiek , De Fruyt Jürgen
Published: November 2012

Sienaert P, Lambrichts L, Dols A, De Fruyt J.  Evidence‐based treatment strategies for treatment‐resistant bipolar depression: a systematic review.  Bipolar Disord 2012: 00: 000–000. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Objectives:  Treatment resistance in bipolar depression is a common clinical problem that constitutes a major challenge for the treating clinician as there is a paucity of treatment options. The objective of this paper was to review the evidence for treatment options in treatment‐resistant bipolar depression, as found in randomized controlled trials and with special attention to the definition and assessment of treatment resistance.

Methods:  A Medline search (from database inception to May 2012) was performed using the search terms treatment resistance or treatment refractory, and bipolar depression or bipolar disorder, supplemented with 43 separate searches using the various pharmacologic agents or technical interventions as search terms.

Results:  Only seven studies met our inclusion criteria. These studies examined the effects of ketamine (n = 1), (ar)modafinil (n = 2), pramipexole (n = 1), lamotrigine (n = 1), inositol (n = 1), risperidone (n = 1), and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (n = 2).

Conclusions:  The available level I evidence for treatment strategies in resistant bipolar depression is extremely scarce, and although the response rates reported are reassuring, most of the strategies remain experimental. There is an urgent need for further study in homogeneous patient samples using a clear concept of treatment resistance.
Identification of Lead User Characteristics Driving the Quality of Service Innovation Ideas
Authors: Schuhmacher Monika C. , Kuester Sabine
Published: November 2012

Research indicates that creative ideas provide the seed for successful service innovations. However, little attention has been paid to understanding idea creation, especially for service innovations. Lead user analysis has been shown to provide the highest potential to create attractive innovation ideas. But which characteristics in lead users are important in this regard is still under‐researched. In the realm of an idea contest, we examine the impact of specific lead user characteristics in driving the quality of service innovation ideas. Our study broadens the understanding of which customers are suitable and should be activated for service innovation idea contests. Using the data of 120 ideas resulting from an idea contest for new online services of soccer clubs, our findings demonstrate that specific lead user characteristics affect the quality of service ideas generated. We find that dissatisfaction with existing services has the highest impact on idea quality. Thus, companies should make use of their complaint management database to invite dissatisfied users to participate in idea contests. The results also show that highly experienced users provide ideas of higher quality. Our findings imply that companies should design closed‐membership idea contests so that only people who show specific characteristics can be admitted.
Osseointegration of dental implants in extraction sockets preserved with porous titanium granules – an experimental study
Authors: Verket Anders , Lyngstadaas Ståle P. , Rønold Hans J. , Wohlfahrt Johan C.
Published: November 2012

Objectives

This study investigated osseointegration of dental implants inserted in healed extraction sockets preserved with porous titanium granules (PTG).

Material and Methods

Three adult female minipigs (Gøttingen minipig™; Ellegaard A/S, Dalmose, Denmark) had the mandibular teeth P2, P3 and P4 extracted. The extraction sockets were preserved with metallic PTG (Tigran™ PTG; Tigran Technologies AB, Malmö, Sweden) n = 12, heat oxidized white porous titanium granules (WPTG) (Tigran™ PTG White) n = 12 or left empty (sham) n = 6. All sites were covered with collagen membranes (Bio‐Gide®; Geistlich Pharma, Wolhausen, Switzerland) and allowed 11 weeks of healing before implants (Straumann® Bone Level; Straumann, Basel, Switzerland) were inserted. The temperature was measured during preparation of the osteotomies. Resonance frequency analysis (RFA, Osstell™; Osstell AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) was performed at implant insertion and at termination. After 6 weeks of submerged implant healing, the pigs were euthanized and jaw segments were excised for microCT and histological analyses.

Results

In the temperature and RFA analyses no significant differences were recorded between the test groups. The microCT analysis demonstrated an average bone volume of 61.7% for the PTG group compared to 50.3% for the WPTG group (P = 0.03) and 57.1% for the sham group. Histomorphometry demonstrated an average bone‐to‐implant contact of 68.2% for the PTG group compared to 36.6% for the WPTG group and 60.9% for the sham group (n.s). Eight out of ten implants demonstrated apical osseous defects in the WPTG group, but similar defects were observed in all groups.

Conclusions

PTG preserved extraction sockets demonstrate a similar outcome as the sham control group for all analyses suggesting that this material potentially can be used for extraction socket preservation prior to implant installment. Apical osseous defects were however observed in all groups including the sham group, and a single cause could not be determined.
Autophagy in the Disorders of Central Nervous System: Vital and/or Fatal?
Authors: Wang Pei , Miao Chao‐Yu
Published: November 2012

10.1111/cns.12016.
Boardroom Strategic Decision‐Making Style: Understanding the Antecedents
Authors: Bailey Bernard C. , Peck Simon I.
Published: November 2012

Manuscript Type

Empirical

Research Issue

The purpose of this study is to develop an understanding of the antecedents that lead to boards embracing either procedural rationality or political behaviors as a particular style of strategic decision making.

Research Findings

Semi‐structured interviews with 29 directors and officers of eight publicly‐tradedUScompanies were conducted. Of the eight boards analyzed, there were clear differences in the predominant style of decision making operationalized by each. More importantly, however, the variance between boards that tended towards procedural rationality versus political behaviors as the predominant style of strategic decision making was explained by three primary factors. These included: (1) shared mental models; (2) balanced power relationships between the board members andCEO, as well as amongst individual board members; and (3) board chair leadership skills. Our data allow us to identify important antecedents of these factors.

Theoretical Implications

We add to the work seeking to understand the processes associated with board level strategic decision making. We augment decision‐making theories relating to procedural rationality and political behaviors with board‐specific factors and their characteristics.

Practitioner Implications

We isolate a number of antecedents relating to the conduct of boards and the environment of board decision making. We also highlight the roles of the board chair and theCEOfor creating a boardroom environment conducive to engaging in quality decision‐making processes.
Genes, behavior and next‐generation RNA sequencing
Authors: Hitzemann R. , Bottomly D. , Darakjian P. , Walter N. , Iancu O. , Searles R. , Wilmot B. , McWeeney S.
Published: November 2012

Advances in next‐generation sequencing suggest that RNA‐Seq is poised to supplant microarray‐based approaches for transcriptome analysis. This article briefly reviews the use of microarrays in the brain‐behavior context and then illustrates why RNA‐Seq is a superior strategy. Compared with microarrays, RNA‐Seq has a greater dynamic range, detects both coding and noncoding RNAs, is superior for gene network construction, detects alternative spliced transcripts, detects allele specific expression and can be used to extract genotype information, e.g. nonsynonymous coding single nucleotide polymorphisms. Examples of where RNA‐Seq has been used to assess brain gene expression are provided. Despite the advantages of RNA‐Seq, some disadvantages remain. These include the high cost of RNA‐Seq and the computational complexities associated with data analysis. RNA‐Seq embraces the complexity of the transcriptome and provides a mechanism to understand the underlying regulatory code; the potential to inform the brain‐behavior relationship is substantial.
Interacting effects of ocean acidification and warming on growth and DMS‐production in the haptophyte coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi
Authors: Arnold Hayley E. , Kerrison Philip , Steinke Michael
Published: November 2012

The production of the marine trace gas dimethyl sulfide (DMS) provides 90% of the marine biogenic sulfur in the atmosphere where it affects cloud formation and climate. The effects of increasing anthropogenic CO2 and the resulting warming and ocean acidification on trace gas production in the oceans are poorly understood. Here we report the first measurements of DMS‐production and data on growth, DMSP and DMS concentrations in pH‐stated cultures of the phytoplankton haptophyte Emiliania huxleyi. Four different environmental conditions were tested: ambient, elevated CO2 (+CO2), elevated temperature (+T) and elevated temperature and CO2 (+TCO2). In comparison to the ambient treatment, average DMS production was about 50% lower in the +CO2 treatment. Importantly, temperature had a strong effect on DMS production and the impacts outweighed the effects of a decrease in pH. As a result, the +T and +TCO2 treatments showed significantly higher DMS production of 36.2 ± 2.58 and 31.5 ± 4.66 μmol L−1 cell volume (CV) h−1 in comparison with the +CO2 treatment (14.9 ± 4.20 μmol L−1 CV h−1). As the cultures were aerated with an air/CO2 mixture, DMS was effectively removed from the incubation bottles so that concentration remained relatively low (3.6–6.1 mmol L−1 CV). Intracellular DMSP has been shown to increase in E. huxleyi as a result of elevated temperature and/or elevated CO2 and our results are in agreement with this finding: the ambient and +CO2 treatments showed 125 ± 20.4 and 162 ± 27.7 mmol L−1 CV, whereas +T and +TCO2 showed significantly increased intracellular DMSP concentrations of 195 ± 15.8 and 211 ± 28.2 mmol L−1 CV respectively. Growth was unaffected by the treatments, but cell diameter decreased significantly under elevated temperature. These results indicate that DMS production is sensitive to CO2 and temperature in E. huxleyi. Hence, global environmental change that manifests in ocean acidification and warming may not result in decreased DMS as suggested by earlier studies investigating the effect of elevated CO2 in isolation.
Performance of a novel BD Stem Cell Enumeration Kit on two flow cytometry systems
Authors: Omana‐Zapata I. , Oreizy F. , Mosqueda F. , Salemenik M. , Lin A. , Wen J. L. , Varro R. , Lee‐Haynes L. , Segurado O. G.
Published: November 2012

Introduction

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, which requires accurate enumeration of stem cells, is routinely used in clinical settings. Flow cytometry provides a qualitative and quantitative assessment of CD34+ cells. Precision, linearity, and stability of the novel BD™ Stem Cell Enumeration (SCE) Kit were evaluated on two flow cytometry platforms using a modified ISHAGE gating strategy and including a viability dye for data acquisition and analysis.

Methods

Precision and linearity were evaluated on BD FACSCanto™ II and BD FACSCalibur™ systems. Stability was evaluated on the BD FACSCanto II system. Precision was tested using both high and low controls. Linearity was evaluated using dilutions from CD34+ cell pools, while stability was evaluated using fresh leukapheresis specimens.

Results

Both systems showed precision with limited variability in absolute counts and percentages of viable CD34+ cells. The linearity range of viable CD34+ cells in both systems was established at 0–1000 cells/μL, showing a linear relationship (R2 = 0.99). Stability of CD34+ cells in mobilized leukapheresis samples was confirmed up to 24 h after collection and up to 60 min after the end of stain/lyse procedures.

Conclusion

The BD SCE Kit on both flow cytometry systems shows consistent and reproducible results.
Congenital factor II deficiency: Moroccan cases
Authors: Imane S. , Laalej Z. , Faez S. , Oukkache B.
Published: November 2012

Background

Clotting factor II, or prothrombin, is a vitamin K–dependent proenzyme that functions in the blood coagulation cascade. Inherited factor II deficiency is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder affecting both genders: clinical bleeding can vary widely in homozygous individuals, and heterozygotes often remain clinically asymptomatic. This study highlights the rarity of inherited factor II deficiency and the importance of coagulation testing in the diagnosis of this condition.

Methods

We report four cases of factor II deficiency at our institution.

Results

At diagnosis, two patients were 3 days old, whereas the other two patients were 13 and 40 years of age. Three patients were female, and one was male. Symptoms of factor II deficiency were reported at referral in three patients; the deficiency was an incidental finding in the remaining case. The parents of all four patients were consanguineous (first degree). Factor II enzymatic activity was 1% in 3 cases and 5% in the incidental case. The treatment consisted of transfusion with fresh frozen plasma in all cases.

Conclusions

The congenital deficiency of factor II is a rare inherited disorder. The diagnosis is mainly based on coagulation tests. However, the prognosis of this disease and access to medication are associated with the risk of occurrence of severe bleeding.
Preoperative masked renal damage in Japanese patients with primary aldosteronism: Identification of predictors for chronic kidney disease manifested after adrenalectomy
Authors: Utsumi Takanobu , Kawamura Koji , Imamoto Takashi , Nagano Hidekazu , Tanaka Tomoaki , Kamiya Naoto , Nihei Naoki , Naya Yukio , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Ichikawa Tomohiko
Published: November 2012

Objective

Correct interpretation of renal function in patients with primary aldosteronism is difficult before adrenalectomy, because subtle kidney impairment is often masked by glomerular hyperfiltration peculiar to primary aldosteronism. The aim of this study was to investigate postoperative changes in renal function for patients with primary aldosteronism and to identify clinical predictors of chronic kidney disease manifested postoperatively in the patients without pre‐existing chronic kidney disease.

Methods

Records of 78 Japanese patients who underwent unilateral adrenalectomy for primary aldosteronism were retrospectively surveyed. Patients who had been followed up for <6 months were excluded. Preoperative and postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate were compared. Furthermore, uni‐ and multivariate analyses were carried out to identify clinical predictors for chronic kidney disease manifested postoperatively.

Results

Patients with preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 showed a significant decrease after surgery. Of the 66 patients without pre‐existing chronic kidney disease, 24 developed chronic kidney disease postoperatively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified a medical history of dyslipidemia as an independent predictor for chronic kidney disease manifested postoperatively. According to univariate analyses, additional factors associated with postoperative manifestation of chronic kidney disease included older age, lower diastolic blood pressure and lower estimated glomerular filtration rate.

Conclusions

The interpretation of normal or abnormal renal functions by examining estimated glomerular filtration rate heightened by hyperfiltration alone can mislead clinicians before adrenalectomy. Clinicians should pay attention to patients at greater risk of a significant decline in postoperative renal function.
Mexican Immigrants, Labour Market Assimilation and the Current Population: The Sensitivity of Results Across Seemingly Equivalent Surveys
Authors: Lozano Fernando A. , Sorensen Todd
Published: November 2012

In this paper we compare estimates of immigrants’ labour supply assimilation profiles using the Current Population Survey Annual Demographic Files (March ADS) and the Current Population Survey Outgoing Rotation Groups (ORGs). We use a measure that is seemingly consistent across both surveys: usual weekly hours of work in the main job. This measure is not only important as it measures the intensive margin of labour supply, but it is also used to estimate hourly earnings in both surveys. Our results indicate that the two surveys produce dramatically different estimates of the change in average hours of work as immigrants’ years in the United States increase: estimates from the March ADS predict much steeper hour's assimilation profiles than do estimates obtained from the ORGs. These differences persist if we include controls for demographic characteristics, and only disappear once we control for occupation heterogeneity. We argue that these differences stem from two separate factors that differentiate the data. First, the ADS and ORG frame the usual “hours worked” question differently. Also, differences in the timing of the surveys may produce seasonality effects that differentially affect the composition of recent and earlier migrants, thereby changing assimilation profiles.
Children's First Names, Religiosity and Immigration Background in France
Authors: Araï Mahmood , Besancenot Damien , Huynh Kim , Skalli Ali
Published: November 2012

Using an index measuring the relative probability of names in different populations, our results indicate that immigrants and especially those from the Maghreb/Middle‐East give first names to their children that are different from those given by the French majority population. Though we find a correlation between religiosity and our name index for European immigrants, the differences in naming practices cannot generally be attributed to religiosity as we find no correlation between our name index and the religious practices of immigrants from the Maghreb/Middle‐East. These differences in the naming patterns are, as one would expect, related to general cultural references, language, citizenship and educational attainment.
Brain Drain from Turkey: Return Intentions of Skilled Migrants
Authors: Güngör Nil Demet , Tansel Aysıt
Published: November 2012

The study estimates an empirical model of return intentions using a dataset compiled from an internet survey of Turkish professionals residing abroad. In the migration literature, wage differentials are often cited as an important factor explaining skilled migration. The findings of our study suggest, however, that non‐pecuniary factors, such as the importance of family and social considerations, are also influential in the return or non‐return decision of the highly educated. In addition, economic instability in Turkey, prior intentions to stay abroad, and work experience in Turkey also increase non‐return. Female respondents also appear less likely to return indicating a more selective migration process for females.
Ethnic Labor Market Contexts and the Earnings of Asian Immigrants
Authors: Shin Hyoung‐jin , Liang Zai
Published: November 2012

Our paper examines how group specific metropolitan level factors affect the earnings of six major Asian immigrant groups in the United States: Chinese, Filipino, Indian, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese. Drawing upon the theoretical perspectives of structural assimilation and ethnic economies, we develop several testable research hypotheses which are examined for the six Asian groups utilizing group specific multilevel regressions models. What is novel in this analysis is the comparison of the six Asian groups in different metropolitan areas in order to examine how variation in metropolitan context interacts with individual characteristics to influence individual earnings in wage or salaried occupations. The results show that the impact of metropolitan context is not uniform, but varied across and within the groups according to their different group and individual characteristics. We argue that future research strategy to establish the relationship between assimilation factors and immigrant earnings should put high priority on considering the distinctiveness of each immigrant group and the recent geographic diversification of immigrant destinations.
Towards a Socio‐Economics of the Brain Drain and Distributed Human Capital
Authors: Cañibano Carolina , Woolley Richard
Published: November 2012

This paper derives from our joint interest in understanding how scientific mobility affects developing countries. Many authors have addressed the topic previously, both from an economic and from a sociological perspective. However, recent literature evinces dissatisfaction with both analytical frameworks and the framing of public policies addressing the brain drain problematic. This paper is a contribution to understanding the historical and theoretical foundations of the “brain drain” debate. We aim to improve conceptual clarity regarding the itinerancy of human beings and the mobilization of human capital. We develop a critical review of the economics of the brain drain, highlighting the work of some key early thinkers and pointing out the way in which subsequent work has taken up selected aspects of their approaches leaving other challenges aside. We then consider the diaspora networks literature, which is characterized as taking a “connectionist” approach to the brain drain. We identify two fundamental problems: the sidelining of complementarity and context dependency as basic properties of human capital; and a failure to adequately disentangle the concepts of human resources for science and technology (HRST) and human capital in academic and policy discourse about the brain drain.
Polish Young Peoples' Narratives: Impacts of Living and Studying in the UK
Authors: Akhurst Jacqui , Janik Michal , Szewczyk Margaret , Mucha Magdalena , Westmancoat Helen , Lever Viv , Walmsley Andreas
Published: November 2012

Migration plays an important role in shaping contemporary society in the European Union (EU), with constituent countries being affected differently. As a result of the most recent expansion of the EU in 2004, the United Kingdom (UK) has experienced an influx of economic migrants from former “Eastern Bloc” countries, including many young people from Poland. In this study, we explore the experiences of a group of nine young Polish adults living, studying and working in the UK. Three of the nine participants were co‐researchers in this participatory action research, equipping them with the tools to undertake a narrative enquiry. The resultant narratives outline emergent themes and subthemes: including reasons for coming to and staying in the UK; first impressions of and changing opinions about life in the UK; the impact of visits to Poland; and plans for the future. The data add to the literature by providing a unique developmental perspective of the changing experiences of living in the UK; and give some insight into the life impacts of migration in contemporary Europe, amongst young people in their twenties.
Reconstructing Moral Identities in Memories of Childhood Language Brokering Experiences
Authors: Bauer Elaine
Published: November 2012

Language brokering is a common phenomenon, whereby children of immigrant parents mediate both verbally and with written documents between their parents and other different language speakers or writers, converting meanings in one language into meanings in another. This paper explores some of the moral identities – the interplay between moral ideals and individuals' personal identities – adults construct from their memories of their activities as child language brokers. Qualitative research on adults who were, and to a large extent still are, language brokers for their parents, found that in the context of parent‐teacher meetings, some individuals recast their behaviours in a manner that rendered themselves as good, honest, ethical and well‐behaved students. This paper argues that the moral identities individuals construct from memories of their childhood experiences have social and cultural dimensions, and are contingent upon the context and the situation. The paper also has policy implications with regards to the status of the child, and the relationship of that status to cultural context and expectation, given that the circumstances of their lives cannot be removed. Regarding policy, this research could inform practitioners, schools, and the general public about the impact of language brokering experiences on children, and may help in some way to alleviate the stress/burdens associated with language brokering. Additionally, it could bring about increasing understanding of how people establish identities based on their lived experiences.
Is Atraumatic restorative treatment an option for restoring occlusoproximal caries lesions in primary teeth? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Raggio Daniela P. , Hesse Daniela , Lenzi Tathiane L. , A. B. Guglielmi Camila , Braga Mariana M.
Published: November 2012

Background

Atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) has demonstrated good longevity when used for single‐surface restorations, but lower success rates are reported for occlusoproximal surfaces.

Aim

This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to verify the pooled success rate of occlusoproximal ART restorations in primary teeth considering the outcomes: longevity, pulp damage, or caries lesion progression.

Design

Literature searching was carried out on the studies reporting clinical trials indexed in PubMed and in English language, comprising the outcomes. A meta‐analysis was undertaken considering the results from reviewed studies.

Results

An initial search resulted in 126 articles, and three of them were finally selected. The main reasons for excluding articles were the absence of control group, as amalgam, composite resin, or compomer restorations to be compared with ART (hand excavation + high‐viscous GIC). The pooled estimate (odds ratio; 95% confidence interval) for ART approach success was 1.04 (0.65–1.66).

Conclusion

Atraumatic restorative treatment restorations performed with high‐viscous GIC present similar survival/success rates to conventional approach using composite resin or amalgam for occlusoproximal restorations in primary teeth and can be suggested as a good option for occlusoproximal cavities in primary molars. In addition, further randomized controlled clinical investigations concerning occlusoproximal restorations in primary teeth are still necessary.
Extinct and extant rove beetles meet in the matrix: Early Cretaceous fossils shed light on the evolution of a hyperdiverse insect lineage (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae)
Authors: Solodovnikov Alexey , Yue Yanli , Tarasov Sergey , Ren Dong
Published: November 2012

Description of the Early Cretaceous (Yixian Formation, China) fauna of Staphylininae and Paederinae rove beetles, and a rigorous (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) phylogenetic analysis of both extinct and extant taxa resulted in the following discoveries: a stem lineage sister to Staphylininae + Paederinae; a new tribe for Staphylininae, Thayeralinini trib. n.; several extinct species of the extant tribe Arrowinini; extinct basal lineages of the extant tribe Staphylinini; two stem genera of the “Xantholinine‐lineage” (Staphylininae); and recovery of Mesostaphylinus in Paederinae with several new species. It is demonstrated that by the Early Cretaceous, Paederinae and Staphylininae were already diversified into groups, some of which now represent extant tribes but not the branches dominating in the modern biota. While the study of the Early Cretaceous rove beetle fauna pushes the estimated divergence time between Paederinae and Staphylininae down into the Jurassic, it also suggests that presently hyperdiverse groups of Staphylininae originated some time later than the Early Cretaceous. In addition to one new tribe, five new genera (Paleothius, Cretoprosopus, Thayeralinus, Paleowinus and Durothorax) and 17 new species are described in Staphylininae, and three new species of Mesostaphylinus are described in Paederinae. Mesostaphylinus fraternus (incertae sedis) is moved to the genus Thayeralinus (Staphylininae).
Impaired macrophage phagocytosis in non‐eosinophilic asthma
Authors: Simpson J. L. , Gibson P. G. , Yang I. A. , Upham J. , James A. , Reynolds P. N. , Hodge S. ,   AMAZES Study Research Group
Published: November 2012

Background

Many patients with non‐eosinophilic asthma have increased numbers of neutrophils in the airways. The explanation for this chronic inflammation remains unclear, but may result from an impaired ability of alveolar macrophages to phagocytose apoptotic cells (a process termed ‘efferocytosis’), as we have shown in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Objectives

To examine induced sputum as a non‐invasive technique to characterize efferocytosis in chronic lung diseases and to compare efferocytosis in patients with non‐eosinophilic asthma, eosinophilic asthma and COPD.

Methods

Participants with stable asthma (20 with eosinophilic and 30 with non‐eosinophilic) and COPD (n = 11) underwent clinical assessment including allergy skin tests, saline challenge and sputum induction. Sputum cells were dispersed using dithiothreitol and resuspended in culture medium. Efferocytosis of apoptotic bronchial epithelial cells by sputum‐derived macrophages was determined using flow cytometry.

Results

There were no significant differences in efferocytosis between paired sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage macrophages from three subjects. Efferocytosis was significantly impaired in patients with non‐eosinophilic asthma [mean (SD) 0.95 (0.24)] compared with eosinophilic asthma [1.17 (0.19)] and to a similar degree as patients with COPD [1.04 (0.16)]. Sputum neutrophils were significantly higher in patients with COPD and non‐eosinophilic asthma compared with eosinophilic asthma.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

Induced sputum provides a reliable and non‐invasive method for studying macrophage efferocytosis in chronic lung disease. Macrophage efferocytosis is impaired in non‐eosinophilic asthma to a similar degree as that in COPD and may explain the persistent airway neutrophilia and chronic inflammation that characterizes this asthma subtype.
Host‐plant quality adaptively affects the diapause threshold: evidence from leaf beetles in willow plantations
Authors: DALIN PETER , NYLIN SÖREN
Published: November 2012

1. Voltinism of herbivorous insects can vary depending on environmental conditions. The leaf beetle Phratora vulgatissima L. is univoltine in Sweden but will sometimes initiate a second generation in short‐rotation coppice (SRC) willow plantations.

2. The study investigated whether increased voltinism by P. vulgatissima in plantations can be explained by (i) rapid life‐cycle development allowing two generations, or (ii) postponed diapause induction on coppiced willows.

3. In the field, no difference was found in the phenology or development of first‐generation broods between plantations (S. viminalis) and natural willow habitats (S. cinerea). However, the induction of diapause occurred 1–2 weeks later in SRC willow plantations.

4. Laboratory experiments indicated no genetic difference in the critical day‐length for diapause induction between beetles originating from plantations and natural habitats. Development time was unaffected by host‐plant quality but critical day‐length was prolonged by almost an hour when the beetles were reared on a non‐preferred willow species (S. phylicifolia). When reared on new leaves from re‐sprouting shoots of recently coppiced willow plants, diapause incidence was significantly less than when the beetles were reared on mature leaves from uncoppiced plants.

5. The study suggests that P. vulgatissima has a plastic diapause threshold influenced by host‐plant quality. The use of host‐plant quality as a diapause‐inducing stimulus is likely to be adaptive in cases where food resources are unpredictable, such as when new host‐plant tissue is produced after a disturbance. SRC willows may allow two beetle generations due to longer growing seasons of coppiced plants that grow vigorously.
Density‐dependent polyphenism and baculovirus resistance in teak defoliator, Hyblaea puera (Cramer)
Authors: BINDU THELAKKATTUMANA N. , BALAKRISHNAN PEROTH , SUDHEENDRAKUMAR VALLIKKAT V. , SAJEEV THAVALATHADATHIL V.
Published: November 2012

1. Field populations of the teak defoliator larvae, Hyblaea puera Cramer exhibit colour polyphenism under different population densities: greyish‐green with black‐ and orange‐coloured dorsal bands in low‐density endemic populations and uniformly black or intermediate colour during high‐density population.

2. The density dependence of colour polyphenism was confirmed by field monitoring of H. puera populations during 2008–2010.

3. The above findings were later substantiated by rearing H. puera larvae under different densities (i.e. solitary and crowded in the laboratory). Ninety one per cent of the solitary reared laboratory population developed bright coloration whereas, 92% of the group reared larvae turned to black. Eight per cent of larvae from both the rearing densities were of intermediate colour.

4. Density‐dependent resistance build‐up against H. puera nucleopolyhedrovirus by H. puera were tested using the fifth instar larvae. The results showed three‐fold increase of median lethal dose (LD50) value for the group reared larvae (5332 polyhedral occlusion bodies/larvae) compared to the solitary reared ones (1727 polyhedral occlusion bodies/larva) and also significant difference for the mean time to death (3.6 and 3.3 days, respectively).

5. The study revealed the strong influence of larval density on H. puera larval melanism and resistance build‐up against H. puera nucleopolyhedrovirus.
Multiphoton imaging with a direct‐diode pumped femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser
Authors: YOUNG MICHAEL D. , BACKUS STERLING , DURFEE CHARLES , SQUIER JEFF
Published: November 2012

A direct‐diode pumped Ti:sapphire femtosecond oscillator is used to perform multiphoton imaging for the first time.
Exploring the ‘Something for Nothing’ Syndrome: Confused Citizens or Free Riders? Evidence from Sweden
Authors: Edlund Jonas , Johansson Sevä Ingemar
Published: November 2012

This article examines the occurrence of political non‐attitudes in Sweden and identifies the population segment possessing a ‘something for nothing’ (SFN) mentality regarding social spending. Sweden – often regarded as epitomizing the advanced welfare state – constitutes an analytically interesting case, providing a useful counterpoint to the predominantly American‐based evidence on the subject. It is argued here that national political institutions fundamentally affect the prevalence – and social base – of the SFN segment. To identify SFN sentiments, two question batteries measuring social spending preferences are used. One battery contains ‘priced’ items emphasizing the cost of public spending, while the other set of ‘unpriced’ items does not explicitly connect increased public spending with increased taxes. The patterning of attitudes across these items is explored in order to determine whether SFN sentiments are common in the Swedish electorate. The observed attitude patterns are then linked to broader sets of attitudes to the welfare state, testing whether the degree of ideological coherence differs fundamentally between the SFN segment and other groups. The analysis then explores the individual‐level determinants associated with different attitude patterns. The overall results show that: SFN sentiments are not dominant among the Swedish citizenry; the quality of the SFN segment's belief system, in terms of ideological coherence, does not represent a deviant case; and the background characteristics associated with SFN sentiments suggest that members of this segment should rather be viewed as free riders in economically vulnerable positions than ignorant and politically confused citizens.
Global Economic Governance After the Crisis
Authors: Frieden Jeffry
Published: November 2012

It has become common to insist that contemporary international economic problems require a great increase in the extent of “global governance” of economic affairs. This desire, understandable as it may be, confronts a series of major obstacles. First, the normative case for global governance is more difficult to justify, and more complex, than is usually recognized, and requires consideration of both economic and political-economy principles. Second, in practice, the provision of governance at the supra-national level - that is, of international public goods - depends largely on support from powerful and concentrated interests. Third, this dynamic means that the types of international public goods provided, the way they are provided, and the governance structures erected around them are biased in favor of their strongest supporters, and are therefore likely to be a source of continuing controversy.
Warum der Baseler Ausschuss für Bankenaufsicht mit seinem antizyklischen Kapitalpuffer falsch liegt
Authors: Ludwig Björn
Published: November 2012

The Basel III Framework introduces a countercyclical capital buffer to reduce the procyclicality of the minimum capital requirements. The reference point for the decision to impose the buffer is based on the credit-to-GDP ratio. However, this guidance will exacerbate the problem of procyclicality in a rule based application, because in periods with a low GDP growth it sends a signal to increase the capital requirements and in periods with a high GDP growth it sends a signal to reduce the capital requirements. Instead of the credit-to-GDP ratio the credit growth and the credit impulse should be used as reference point, because these variables are high correlated with the real GDP growth.
Begrenzung von TARGET2-Risiken – ein kritischer Überblick
Authors: Burgold Peter , Voll Sebastian
Published: November 2012

Since 2011 the trans-European payment system TARGET2 has been heavily criticised. TARGET2 is argued to create automatic financial risks for the economically stronger core countries of the European Monetary Union. TARGET2 risks only materialise in case of a country leaving the Monetary Union. We show that a sound analysis of these risks has to explicitely consider the Community’s bank note traffic. So far, four substantial suggestions have been made to reform TARGET2. These suggestios aim at limiting the core countries’ risks relating to the payment system. We discuss the consequences of these reforms and conclude that they are no meaningful options in the present crisis.
Energiepolitik: Erfolgreiche Energiewende nur im europäischen Kontext
Authors: Hübner Malte , Schmidt Christoph M. , Weigert Benjamin
Published: November 2012

The German government’s adoption of the so-called Energy Concept in 2010 and its decision in the summer of 2011 to phase out nuclear energy altogether within the next ten years, has started a process of severe transformation of the German system of energy provision. Specifically, until 2050 renewables will have to become the dominant source of electricity generation. Disconcertingly, up to now the government has not outlined a comprehensive overall strategy how this objective should be achieved in practice. In this paper we discuss the necessary preconditions for a successful transformation in the German energy system. Overall cost of this transition could be held in check, if economic policy were to rely exclusively on a properly designed European Emission Trading System. Yet, instead of attempting to eliminate the remaining deficiencies of this already existing instrument, policy makers in Germany and all across Europe insist on devising additional subsidy schemes for renewables. We argue that the most sensible way to do this is by implementing a renewable support system that is harmonized across Europe. To this end, Germany should switch from current system of feed-in tariffs to a quantity-based system of Green Certificates and, in a second step, combine the German Green Certificate market with that of other European countries.
Constructing Density Forecasts from Quantile Regressions
Authors: GAGLIANONE WAGNER PIAZZA , LIMA LUIZ RENATO
Published: November 2012

The departure from the traditional concern with the central tendency is in line with the increasing recognition that an assessment of the degree of uncertainty surrounding a point forecast is indispensable (Clements 2004). We propose an econometric model to estimate the conditional density without relying on assumptions about the parametric form of the conditional distribution of the target variable. The methodology is applied to the U.S. unemployment rate and the survey of professional forecasts. Specification tests based on Koenker and Xiao (2002) and Gaglianone et al. (2011) indicate that our approach correctly approximates the true conditional density.
Regulatory Arbitrage in Cross‐Border Banking Mergers within the EU
Authors: CARBO‐VALVERDE SANTIAGO , KANE EDWARD J. , RODRIGUEZ‐FERNANDEZ FRANCISCO
Published: November 2012

Expanding the cross‐country footprint of an organization's profit‐making activities changes the geographic pattern of its exposure to loss in ways that are hard for regulators and supervisors to observe. This paper tests and confirms the hypothesis that differences in the size and character of safety‐net benefits available to banks in individual EU countries help to account for cross‐border merger activity. Our results suggest that central bankers need to develop statistical procedures for assessing the consequences of differences in supervisory strength and weakness in partner countries. We believe that the methods used here can help in this task.
The Effects of Monetary Policy “News” and “Surprises”
Authors: MILANI FABIO , TREADWELL JOHN
Published: November 2012

There is substantial agreement in the monetary policy literature over the effects of exogenous monetary policy shocks. The shocks that are investigated, however, almost exclusively represent unanticipated changes in policy, which surprise the private sector and which are typically found to have a delayed and sluggish effect on output. In this paper, we estimate a New Keynesian model that incorporates news about future policies to try to disentangle the anticipated and unanticipated components of policy shocks. The paper shows that the conventional estimates confound two distinct effects on output: an effect due to unanticipated or “surprise” shocks, which is smaller and more short‐lived than the response usually obtained in the literature, and a large, delayed, and persistent effect due to anticipated policy shocks or “news.” News shocks play a larger role in influencing the business cycle than unanticipated policy shocks, although the overall fraction of economic fluctuations that can be attributed to monetary policy remains limited.
A New Strategy for Reducing Selection Bias in Nonexperimental Evaluations, and the Case of How Public Assistance Receipt Affects Charitable Giving
Authors: Peck Laura R. , D'Attoma Ida , Camillo Furio , Guo Chao
Published: November 2012

Prior research considers the extent to which public assistance recipients' charitable activity differs from the habits of the general population. Although receiving public assistance is negatively associated with donating money, the relationship to volunteering is unclear. In response to challenges overcoming selection bias, we conducted a multivariate cluster‐based subgroup analysis to reduce bias in our claims about the ways in which public assistance receipt affects charitable activity. This innovative approach to dealing with the problem of selection bias has implications and applications across the social sciences.