bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Photochemical C—C Bond Formation Between Alcohols and Olefins by an Environmentally Benign Radical Reaction.
Authors: Ouchi Akihiko , Liu Chuanxiang , Kaneda Masayuki , Hyugano Takeshi
Published: October 2013

The title reaction proceeds efficiently by light irradiation without the need of any photosensitizers or photocatalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Enantioselective Friedel—Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones with Simple Cu(II)—Oxazoline—Imidazoline Catalysts.
Authors: Barakat Assem , Islam Mohammad Shahidul , Al Majid Abdullah M. A. , Al‐Othman Zeid Abdullah
Published: October 2013

A novel oxazoline‐imidazoline ligand is developed and used with Cu(OTf)2 as catalyst for the enantioselective Friedel—Crafts alkylation of indoles with chalcones.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyanoalkenylation of Indoles.
Authors: Kianmehr Ebrahim , Hashemi Hamed , Darvish Ali
Published: October 2013

An efficient method for the Pd‐catalyzed cyanoalkylation of 3‐iodoindoles is developed using internal alkynes with K4Fe(CN)6 as the cyanide source.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Oxidative Tandem Coupling of Activated Alkenes with Carbonyl C(sp2)‐H Bonds and Aryl C(sp2)‐H Bonds Using TBHP.
Authors: Zhou Ming‐Bo , Song Ren‐Jie , Ouyang Xuan‐Hui , Liu Yu , Wei Wen‐Ting , Deng Guo‐Bo , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: October 2013

A novel uncatalyzed oxidative cyclization of the N‐phenyl acrylamide derivative (I) is developed using tert‐butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalyzed Direct Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of Isatins in Water: Low Catalyst Loading in Command.
Authors: Kumar Akshay , Chimni Swapandeep Singh
Published: October 2013

A highly efficient diamine catalyst is developed which is used in low loadings in combination with 2,4‐dinitrophenol to catalyze the direct aldol reaction between isatin derivatives and ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride (TBAF)‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Synthesis of 3‐Substituted Indole Derivatives under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Singh Neetu , Allam Bharat Kumar , Raghuvanshi Dushyant Singh , Singh Krishna Nand
Published: October 2013

A simple solvent‐free process is developed to construct 3‐substituted indoles by reaction with activated methylene compounds and aromatic aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct C—H Bond Arylation of Indoles with Aryl Boronic Acids Catalyzed by Palladium Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Mesoporous Metal—Organic Framework.
Authors: Huang Yuanbiao , Ma Tao , Huang Ping , Wu Dongshuang , Lin Zujin , Cao Rong
Published: October 2013

The title Pd‐nanoparticle catalyst is successfully applied to the arylation of indoles with arylboronic acids using molecular oxygen or TEMPO as the oxidant to give the corresponding 2‐arylated products selectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical and Electrocatalytic Cascade Cyclization of Guareschi Imides: “One‐Pot” Simple and Efficient Way to the 2,4‐Dioxo‐3‐azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane Scaffold.
Authors: Vereshchagin Anatoly N. , Elinson Michail N. , Dorofeeva Evgeniya O. , Demchuk Dmitry V. , Bushmarinov Ivan S. , Goloveshkin Alexander S. , Nikishin Gennady I.
Published: October 2013

A simple electrocatalytic system can be applied to provide a direct cyclization of Guareschi imides (I) to 3‐azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Access to Naphthoquinon‐1,3‐dithioles: Formal Cycloaddition and Oxidation of Quinones and Amines with CS2.
Authors: Huang Huan‐ming , Li Yu‐jin , Yang Jian‐rong , Jia Jian‐hong , Ye Qing , Han Liang , Gao Jian‐rong
Published: October 2013

A simple synthetic access to naphthoquinon‐1,3‐dithiole derivatives proceeds through a formal cycloaddition and oxidation reaction of 1,4‐naphthoquinone derivatives and amines in the presence of CS2 without an additional oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Methyleneindolinones and N,N′‐Cyclic Azomethine Imines
Authors: Hong Liang , Kai Ming , Wu Chongyang , Sun Wangsheng , Zhu Gongming , Li Guofeng , Yao Xiaojun , Wang Rui
Published: October 2013

leading to spiro‐pyrazolidin‐3,3′‐oxindoles (III) in good to high yields
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of 4‐Aryl‐2‐(1‐substituted ethylidene)thiazoles.
Authors: Hassan Alaa A. , Ibrahim Yusria R. , El‐Sheref Essmat M. , Abdel‐Aziz Mohamed , Braese Stefan , Nieger Martin
Published: October 2013

9 Title compounds of type (III) and 9 of type (V) are prepared; 9 of them are screened for their in vitro antibacterial activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Dimethyl Ethynedicarboxylate with (Substituted ethylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamides.
Authors: Hassan Alaa A. , Ibrahim Yusria R. , Aly Ashraf A. , El‐Sheref Essmat M. , Yamato Takehiko
Published: October 2013

Alternative product structures are ruled out on the basis of spectroscopic data which are consistent only with the described thiazolidin‐4‐ones.
ChemInform Abstract: Unsymmetrical Benzotristhiazole: A New Electron‐Withdrawing Core for Octupolar Chromophores.
Authors: Fueloepova Andrea , Magdolen Peter , Karolyiova Miroslava , Sigmundova Ivica , Zahradnik Pavol
Published: October 2013

Novel benzimidazoles (II) and (IV) as well as the new unsymmetrical benzotristhiazoles (VI) and (VIII) are synthesized.
ChemInform Abstract: Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some Benzimidazole Derivatives Containing a 1,2,4‐Triazole Ring.
Authors: Mentese Emre , Karaali Nesrin , Yilmaz Fatih , Uelker Serdar , Kahveci Bahittin
Published: October 2013

A series of title compounds are prepared and screened for their lipase inhibition and antioxidant activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Activity of Dithioic Acid Copper Complexes in the Alkyne—Azide Cycloaddition.
Authors: Velasco Bayardo E. , Lopez‐Tellez Gustavo , Gonzalez‐Rivas Nelly , Garcia‐Orozco Ivan , Cuevas‐‐Yanez Erick
Published: October 2013

A dithioic acid copper complex derived from acetophenone exhibits excellent catalytic activity in the synthesis of a variety of triazole derivatives (III) (39 examples) via alkyne—azide cycloaddition reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antioxidant Activities of Acetamidomethylsulfonyl Bis Heterocycles‐oxazolyl/thiazolyl/imidazolyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazoles.
Authors: Basha Nabhubygari Mahaboob , Lavanya Gopala , Padmaja Adivireddy , Padmavathi Venkatapuram
Published: October 2013

9 Title compounds of type (IX) are prepared and screened for their anti‐oxidant activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of New Tetrazoles Incorporating Isoindole‐1,3‐dione Moiety and Their Sugar Derivatives.
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman Adel A.‐H. , Ali Omar M. , Abdel‐Megeed Amira A.‐S.
Published: October 2013

Novel sugar substituted heterocycles like (I) and (II) are synthesized and tested for their antimicrobial activity.
ChemInform Abstract: 5‐Hydroxypent‐2‐enenitriles as Precursors Toward Dihydropyranones, Dienenitriles and Functionalized Naphthalenes.
Authors: Zhang Xinying , Jia Xuefei , Liu Nan , Guo Xiaojie , Song Yunping , Fan Xuesen
Published: October 2013

The treatment of a variety of 4‐hydroxypent‐2‐enenitriles with sulfuric acid at elevated temperature is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Silicon‐Mediated Highly Efficient Synthesis of 1,8‐Dioxo‐octahydroxanthenes and Their Transformation to Novel Functionalized Pyrano‐tetrazolo[1,5‐a]azepine Derivatives.
Authors: Soliman Hanan A. , Salama Tarek A.
Published: October 2013

Title compounds (III) are prepared in high yields via a cascade Knoevenagel—Michael condensation followed by cyclodehydration utilizing SiCl4 as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Methods for the Synthesis of Chiral Sulfur Heterocycles and Their Application in the Asymmetric Baylis—Hillman Reactions.
Authors: Periasamy Mariappan , Gurubrahamam Ramani , Muthukumaragopal Gopal P.
Published: October 2013

Dimesylates of chiral diols cyclize in the presence of sodium sulfide to provide sulfur heterocycles (III) and (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal‐Free Cross‐Dehydrogenative Alkylation of Pyridines under Neutral Conditions.
Authors: Li Xin , Wang Hao‐Yuan , Shi Zhang‐Jie
Published: October 2013

A mild, efficient, and greener protocol is developed for the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Regio‐ and Enantioselective Cycloisomerization of 1,1‐Bis(indolyl)‐5‐alkynes.
Authors: Huang Long , Yang Hai‐Bin , Zhang Di‐Han , Zhang Zhen , Tang Xiang‐Ying , Xu Qin , Shi Min
Published: October 2013

A novel Au(I)‐catalyzed 6‐endo‐dig cyclization of 1,1‐bis(indolyl)‐5‐alkynes (I) and (III) is developed to give bis(indole) alkaloid analogues through a pseudo 1,5‐migration of an indole moiety.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of Novel 4‐Pyrrolidin‐3‐cyanopyridine Derivatives.
Authors: Bogdanowicz Agnieszka , Foks Henryk , Gobis Katarzyna , Kedzia Anna , Kwapisz Ewa , Olczak Andrzej , Glowka Marek L.
Published: October 2013

The unexpectedly obtained butadiene derivative (III) is cyclized to main intermediate (IV) which is suitable for classical nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions at the halogen (not shown).
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective lateral or Vinyl C—H Lithiation/1,5‐Retro‐Brook Rearrangement via Quinolyl or Pyridyl Ring Directed Deprotonation.
Authors: He Yongping , Ma Bin , Yang Juan , Xie Xingang , She Xuegong
Published: October 2013

Treatment of arylsiloxanes of type (I) with excess amounts of LDA in refluxing THF results in quinolyl directed lateral C‐H lithiation/1.5‐retro‐Brook rearrangement to give C‐silylated derivatives (II) regioselectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1‐Substituted Tetrahydroisoquinolines by Lithiation and Electrophilic Quenching Guided by in situ IR and NMR Spectroscopy and Application to the Synthesis of Salsolidine, Carnegine and Laudanosine.
Authors: Li Xiabing , Leonori Daniele , Sheikh Nadeem S. , Coldham Iain
Published: October 2013

The simple base BuLi is able to deprotonate tetrahydroisoquinolines at low temperature in less than 5 minutes.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinolin‐1‐ones by the Cyclocondensation of 5‐Hydroxy‐1‐arylpyrrolidin‐2‐ones with Dicarbonyls.
Authors: Wang Xuerui , Zhang Wenxue , Shen Hongjuan , Zhang Wei
Published: October 2013

The transformation proceeds as a two‐step process consisting of an initiatory acid‐catalyzed coupling reaction between N‐acyliminium ions and 1,3‐dicarbonyls followed by a phosphorus pentoxide or sulfuric acid‐promoted intramolecular Friedel‐Crafts acylation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Fluorinated 11H‐Azaindolo[3,2‐c]isoquinolines.
Authors: Atmakur Krishnaiah , Emmadi Narender Reddy , Balasubramanian Sridhar
Published: October 2013

Attempts to cyclize pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridins (II) via Pictet‐Spengler reaction failed.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Imidazol[1,2‐α]pyridines Through Tandem Imine Formation‐Oxidative Cyclization under Ambient Air: One‐Step Synthesis of Zolimidine on a Gram‐Scale.
Authors: Bagdi Avik Kumar , Rahman Matiur , Santra Sougata , Majee Adinath , Hajra Alakananda
Published: October 2013

The simple cyclization reaction of 2‐aminopyridines and ketones is tolerant to a wide range of functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Construction of 1,2,6,7,12,12b‐Hexahydroindolo[2,3‐a]quinolizines via One‐Pot Three‐Component Reactions of Tryptamines, Propiolate, and α,β‐Unsaturated Aromatic Aldehydes or Ketones.
Authors: Sun Jing , Zhang Li‐Li , Yan Chao‐Guo
Published: October 2013

The title one‐pot two‐step process proceeds efficiently with ZnCl2 as promoter for the cyclization step.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Quinazoline Derivatives via [2 + 2 + 2] Cascade Annulation of Diaryliodonium Salts and Two Nitriles.
Authors: Su Xiang , Chen Chao , Wang Yong , Chen Junjie , Lou Zhenbang , Li Ming
Published: October 2013

A series of 2,4‐disubstituted quinazolines (III), (VI), and (X) is prepared by [2 + 2 + 2] cascade annulation of diaryliodonium salts with excess of nitriles.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Pyrimido[4,5‐b]quinolin‐4‐ones with Potential Antitumor Activity.
Authors: Insuasty Braulio , Becerra Diana , Quiroga Jairo , Abonia Rodrigo , Nogueras Manuel , Cobo Justo
Published: October 2013

The novel heterocycles (III) and (V) as well as their corresponding chloranil oxidation products (not shown) are evaluated against a panel of cancer cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of 7‐Amino‐3‐tert‐butyl‐4‐oxo‐4,6‐dihydropyrazolo[5,1‐c] [1,2,4]triazine‐8‐carbonitrile.
Authors: Mironovich L. M. , Kostina M. V. , Podol'nikova A. Yu.
Published: October 2013

Title compounds (III), (V) and (VII) possess antimicrobial activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphane‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reaction of Allenoate and Cyclic Imines: A Simple and Efficient Method for Synthesis of Benzo‐Fused Cyclic Sulfamidate Heterocycles.
Authors: Wang You‐Qing , Zhang Yongna , Dong Haina , Zhang Jie , Zhao Jin
Published: October 2013

Triphenylphosphane is used as an organocatalyst for the synthesis of the title compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Borylation of Secondary Benzylic C—H Bonds Directed by a Hydrosilane.
Authors: Cho Seung Hwan , Hartwig John F.
Published: October 2013

The reaction is directed by the silyl group to the benzylic position and proceeds with complete regioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Synthetic Approach for Functional Triisopropoxyorganosilanes Using Molecular Building Blocks.
Authors: Maegawa Yoshifumi , Waki Minoru , Umemoto Akinari , Shimada Toyoshi , Inagaki Shinji
Published: October 2013

The novel synthetic route for the synthesis of building blocks containing triisopropyloxysilyl groups is based on the sequential reaction of substrates (I) with trichlorosilane and 2‐propanol.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed C—Se Coupling of Diphenyl Diselenide with Arylboronic Acids at Room Temperature.
Authors: Zheng Bo , Gong Ying , Xu Hua‐Jian
Published: October 2013

The novel protocol allows a practical synthesis of diaryl selenides under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Amino Acids: Synthesis of Furoxan and Sydnonimine Containing Amino Acids and Peptides as Potential Nitric Oxide Releasing Motifs.
Authors: Nortcliffe Andrew , Botting Nigel P. , O'Hagan David
Published: October 2013

The synthesis of four novel amino acids carrying nitric oxide‐releasing motifs is presented (protected derivatives (VI), (VIII), and (X) are depicted).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of (+)‐(S)‐7,8‐Dihydrokavain and (4R,6R)‐4‐Hydroxy‐6‐(2‐phenylethyl)tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐one, Lactone Analogue of Compactin and Mevinolin.
Authors: Mineeva I. V.
Published: October 2013

Simple and efficient synthesis of (+)‐(S)‐7,8‐dihydrokavain (I) and (4R,6R)‐4‐hydroxy‐6‐(2‐phenylethyl)tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐one (II) is performed, involving Keck allylation and Binol as catalyst in the key stage of building up the carbon scaffold of the target molecule.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of Novel 4‐(2‐Fluorophenoxy)quinoline Derivatives Bearing the 4‐Oxo‐1,4‐dihydroquinoline‐3‐carboxamide Moiety.
Authors: Li Sai , Jiang Rui , Qin Mingze , Liu Haicheng , Zhang Guangyan , Gong Ping
Published: October 2013

19 Title compounds with the skeleton of (X) carrying a variety of substituents and cyclic amine components are prepared and tested for their antitumor activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Growth, Crystal Structure and Spectrum of a Novel Rare‐Earth Orthophosphate Crystal: Yb:LuPO4.
Authors: Zhong De‐gao , Teng Bing , Cao Li‐feng , Chao Wang , He Lin‐xiang , Li Jian‐hong , Zhang Shi‐ming , Li Yu‐yi
Published: October 2013

LuPO4:Yb crystals of 6 x 2 x 0.5 mm maximum size are grown from Yb2O3 and Lu2O3 in a Pb2P2O7 flux as high‐temperature solvent.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal—Organic‐Frameworks‐Derived General Formation of Hollow Structures with High Complexity.
Authors: Zhang Lei , Wu Hao Bin , Lou Xiong Wen
Published: October 2013

Hierarchically multishelled Fe(OH)3 microboxes are prepared by hydrothermal reaction of Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 cubes with NaOH in EtOH/H2O (autoclave, 80 °C, 10 h) followed by annealing at 300 °C in air for 6 h.
ChemInform Abstract: Thermo‐Chemical Process Associated with Lithium Cobalt Oxide Cathode in Lithium Ion Batteries
Authors: Doh Chil‐Hoon , Veluchamy Angathevar
Published: October 2013

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploring the Interfaces Between Metal Electrodes and Aqueous Electrolytes with Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Bandarenka Aliaksandr S.
Published: October 2013

Review: 155 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Understanding the Surface Chemistry of Thiolate‐Protected Metallic Nanoparticles
Authors: Azcarate Julio C. , Corthey Gaston , Pensa Evangelina , Vericat Carolina , Fonticelli Mariano H. , Salvarezza Roberto C. , Carro Pilar
Published: October 2013

Review: 120 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photofunctional Organometallics from Fundamentals to Design, Assembly and Functions
Authors: Yam Vivian Wing‐Wah
Published: October 2013

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 5‐Membered Heterocycles with Directly‐Bonded Sandwich and Half‐Sandwich Termini as Multi‐Redox Systems: Synthesis, Reactivity, Electrochemistry, Structure and Bonding
Authors: Hildebrandt Alexander , Pfaff Ulrike , Lang Heinrich
Published: October 2013

Review: [synthesis, structure, bonding motif, reaction behavior, electrochem., spectroeectrochem.
ChemInform Abstract: Substituent Effects on the Structure of Hexacoordinate Carbon Bearing Two Thioxanthene Ligands
Authors: Yamaguchi Torahiko , Yamamoto Yohsuke
Published: October 2013

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Amides as the Simplest Acid/Base Catalysts for Stereoselective Carbon—Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions
Authors: Yamashita Yasuhiro , Kobayashi Shu
Published: October 2013

Review: 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioorthogonal Chemistry for Pre‐Targeted Molecular Imaging — Progress and Prospects
Authors: Carroll Laurence , Evans Helen L. , Aboagye Eric O. , Spivey Alan C.
Published: October 2013

Review: 34 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbanions in the Gas Phase
Authors: Tian Zhixin , Kass Steven R.
Published: October 2013

Review: 193 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Mechanistic Studies of Copper(II)‐Mediated Oxidation of Vic‐Dioxime to Furoxan
Authors: Das Oindrila , Paine Tapan Kanti
Published: October 2013

Review: 21 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Complex Oxygenated Heterocycles
Authors: Nicolas Lionel , Butkevich Alexey N. , Guerinot Amandine , Corbu Andrei , Reymond Sebastien , Cossy Janine
Published: October 2013

Review: 48 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Natural 4‐Hydroxy‐2,5‐dimethyl‐3(2H)‐furanone (Furaneol)
Authors: Schwab Wilfried
Published: October 2013

Review: 92 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (+)‐Spirastrellolide A Methyl Ester: Challenges and Discoveries
Authors: Paterson Ian , Maltas Philip , Anderson Edward A.
Published: October 2013

Review: 72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Diradicals
Authors: Abe Manabu
Published: October 2013

Review: 518 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteroarylcarbenes
Authors: Sheridan Robert S.
Published: October 2013

Review: 153 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Contemporary Carbocation Chemistry: Applications in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Naredla Rajasekhar Reddy , Klumpp Douglas A.
Published: October 2013

Review: 322 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ketenes and Other Cumulenes as Reactive Intermediates
Authors: Allen Annette D. , Tidwell Thomas T.
Published: October 2013

Review: 459 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure‐Reactivity Relationships for Aromatic Molecules: Electrostatic Potentials at Nuclei and Electrophile Affinity Indices
Authors: Galabov Boris , Ilieva Sonia , Koleva Gergana , Allen Wesley D. , Schaefer, Henry F. III , Schleyer Paul von R.
Published: October 2013

Review: 91 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electron Transport and Optical Properties of Curved Aromatics
Authors: Zoppi Laura , Siegel Jay S. , Baldridge Kim K.
Published: October 2013

Review: 69 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Influence of Secondary Structure on Electron Transfer in Peptides
Authors: Yu Jingxian , Horsley John R. , Abell Andrew D.
Published: October 2013

Review: 22 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Progress on Porous Ceramic Membrane Reactors for Heterogeneous Catalysis over Ultrafine and Nano‐Sized Catalysts
Authors: Jiang Hong , Meng Lie , Chen Rizhi , Jin Wanqin , Xing Weihong , Xu Nanping
Published: October 2013

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalysis Using Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Hutchings Graham J.
Published: October 2013

Review: 5 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Linear Free Energy Relationships (LFERs) in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Bess Elizabeth N. , Sigman Matthew S.
Published: October 2013

Review: 25 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: X‐Ray Structural and Functional Diagnostics of Heterogeneous Catalysts
Authors: Moroz E. M.
Published: October 2013

Review: 93 refs.
Microtubules and actin crosstalk in cell migration and division
Authors: Akhshi Tara Kafiyeh , Wernike Denise , Piekny Alisa
Published: October 2013

Crosstalk between the actin cytoskeleton and microtubules promotes symmetry break to polarize cells for division, shape changes, and migration. These cellular events are crucial for forming tissues, and drive the metastasis of cancer cells. Rho GTPases mediate the formation of different types of F‐actin that confer changes in cortical tension and contraction, and can be regulated by microtubules. For example, central spindle microtubules of the mitotic spindle stimulate RhoA activity to form long, unbranched F‐actin that is crosslinked by nonmuscle myosin to form the contractile ring in the equatorial plane of the cell. There is greater cortical tension in this area of the cell in comparison to the poles, where the formation of short, branched F‐actin is favored. In migrating cells, growing microtubules that reach into the leading edge promote Rac activation and the formation of short, branched F‐actin for lamellipodia formation. A common theme that is emerging in many fields is that feedback can also occur from the cortex to alter microtubule stability. In this manner, cells can dynamically respond to intrinsic or extrinsic cues to ensure that their division plane is always coupled with the segregation of DNA and cell fate determinants, or that they migrate properly to form a tissue. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Molecular phenotype of the foci in multifocal invasive breast carcinomas: Intertumoral heterogeneity is related to shorter survival and may influence the choice of therapy
Authors: Pekar Gyula , Gere Maria , Tarjan Miklos , Hellberg Dan , Tot Tibor
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

Multiple synchronous, ipsilateral, invasive foci of breast carcinomas are frequent and are associated with a poorer prognosis. Few studies have investigated the prognostic and therapeutic implications of heterogeneity of such foci.

METHODS

The authors reviewed the tumor type, grade, and size of all invasive foci in a series of 110 multifocal breast carcinomas documented on large‐format slides. Molecular phenotype was determined by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarray blocks using 3 classification systems. The survival of patients who had tumors with microscopic (tumor type and/or grade) heterogeneity and of those who had tumors with phenotypic heterogeneity was compared with the survival of patients who had multifocal homogeneous tumors using Kaplan‐Meier curves. The hazard ratio of dying from breast cancer was also calculated.

RESULTS

Intertumoral heterogeneity in tumor type and grade was detected in 16 of 110 tumors (14.6%) and in 6 of 110 tumors (5.5%), respectively. The molecular phenotype of invasive tumor foci within the same breast differed in 10% to 12.7% of patients (11‐14 of 110 tumors), depending on the classification system used. Patients who had phenotypically heterogeneous, multifocal cancers had a greater risk of dying from disease (HR=2.879; 95%CI=1.084−7.649; P = .034) and had significantly shorter survival (P = .016). Phenotypic differences were most common in patients who had tumors that were homogeneous in terms of tumor type (11 of 18 tumors) and histology grade (14 of 18 tumors). Phenotyping additional tumor foci had the potential to influence the therapeutic decisions in up to 8 patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Phenotyping more than 1 invasive focus of multifocal breast carcinomas only if the individual foci deviate microscopically appears to be insufficient, because phenotypic intertumoral heterogeneity may be observed in microscopically identical foci and has potential prognostic and therapeutic consequences. Cancer 2014;120:26–34. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Intravenous aflibercept in patients with platinum‐resistant, advanced ovarian cancer: Results of a randomized, double‐blind, phase 2, parallel‐arm study
Authors: Tew William P. , Colombo Nicoletta , Ray‐Coquard Isabelle , del Campo Josep M. , Oza Amit , Pereira Deolinda , Mammoliti Serafina , Matei Daniela , Scambia Giovanni , Tonkin Katia , Shun Zhenming , Sternas Lars , Spriggs David R.
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

In this randomized phase 2 study, the authors assessed the efficacy and safety of intravenous aflibercept at 2 different doses (2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg) in patients with recurrent, platinum‐resistant ovarian, peritoneal, or fallopian tube cancer who developed disease progression after receiving topotecan and/or pegylated liposomal doxorubicin.

METHODS

Patients were randomized to receive intravenous aflibercept at a dose of either 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg every 2 weeks until they developed disease progression or significant toxicity. The primary endpoint was to evaluate Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumor response rates (overall response rate [ORR] = complete responses plus partial responses) and to test the null hypothesis (ORR, >5%). Secondary endpoints included time to tumor progression, safety, progression‐free survival/overall survival, drug pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity. In total, 67 evaluable patients per cohort were planned based on a Simon 2‐stage design, and, if those patients responded, then enrollment could extend to 200 patients. Tumor radiographic response was assessed by investigators and by an independent review committee.

RESULTS

After the first 84 evaluable patients, 8 unconfirmed partial responders were noted (ORR, 10%) across both arms; the Independent Data Monitoring Committee recommended continuing blinded accrual. At study completion, 215 evaluable patients were accrued, including 1 responder of 106 patients (0.9%) in the 2‐mg/kg cohort and 5 responders of 109 patients (4.6%) in the 4‐mg/kg cohort according to the independent review committee. The clinical benefit rate (ORR plus stable disease >6 months) was 12.3% and 11% in the 2‐mg/kg and 4‐mg/kg cohorts, respectively. Treatment‐related grade 3 and 4 adverse events included hypertension (25.5% and 27.5% in the 2‐mg/kg and 4‐mg/kg cohorts, respectively), proteinuria (9.4% and 7.3%, respectively), and fatigue (5.7% and 3.7%, respectively). The gastrointestinal perforation rate was low (3 patients; 1.4%).

CONCLUSIONS

Aflibercept at a dose of either 2 mg/kg or 4 mg/kg was generally well tolerated but did not meet the primary endpoint for response. Cancer 2014;120:335–343. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Quality of life in patients with K‐RAS wild‐type colorectal cancer
Authors: Ringash Jolie , Au Heather‐Jane , Siu Lillian L. , Shapiro Jeremy D. , Jonker Derek J. , Zalcberg John R. , Moore Malcolm J. , Strickland Andrew , Kotb Rami , Jeffery Mark , Alcindor Thierry , Ng Siobhan , Salim Muhammad , Sabesan Sabe , Easaw Jay C. , Shannon Jenny , El‐Tahche Fabyolla , Walters Ian , Tu Dongsheng , O'Callaghan Christopher J. ,   NCIC Clinical Trials Group,   Australasian Gastrointestinal Trials Group
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

The CO.20 trial randomized patients with K‐RAS wild‐type, chemotherapy‐refractory, metastatic colorectal cancer to receive cetuximab (CET) plus brivanib alaninate (BRIV) or CET plus placebo (CET/placebo).

METHODS

Quality of life (QoL) was assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire C30 at baseline and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, and 24 weeks until disease progression. Predefined coprimary QoL endpoints were time to deterioration (first worsening from baseline of ≥ 10 points) on the Physical Function (PF) and Global (GHS) scales.

RESULTS

Of 750 randomized patients, 721 (358 of whom received CET/BRIV) were assessable for QoL. QoL compliance and baseline PF and GHS scores did not differ by treatment arm. The median time to deterioration was 1.6 months versus 1.1 months for GHS (P = .02) and 5.6 months versus 1.7 months for PF (P < .0001) favoring CET/placebo. Secondary analysis favored CET/placebo for QOL response on the PF, Cognitive Function, Fatigue, Nausea, Appetite, and Diarrhea scales. A greater percentage of patients on the CET/BRIV arm had PF worsening at 6 weeks (31% vs 17%). Clinical adverse events of ≥ grade 3 were more common with CET/BRIV than with CET/placebo, including fatigue (25% vs 11%), hypertension, rash, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dehydration, and anorexia.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with CET/placebo, the combination of CET/BRIV worsened time to QoL deterioration for patients with K‐RAS wild‐type, chemotherapy‐refractory, metastatic colorectal cancer on the PF and GHS scales of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire C30. This result may be due to higher rates of fatigue and gastrointestinal adverse events. Cancer 2014;120:181–189. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk of biochemical disease recurrence, metastasis, castration‐resistant prostate cancer, and mortality after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Moreira Daniel M. , Aronson William J. , Terris Martha K. , Kane Christopher J. , Amling Christopher L. , Cooperberg Matthew R. , Boffetta Paolo , Freedland Stephen J.
Published: October 2013

BACKGROUND

The current study was conducted to analyze the association between cigarette smoking and metastasis (the primary outcome) as well as time to biochemical disease recurrence (BCR), metastasis, castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), and prostate cancer‐specific and overall mortality (secondary outcomes) after radical prostatectomy among men from the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital cohort.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was performed of 1450 subjects for whom smoking status was available from preoperative notes. Analysis of baseline characteristics by smoking status was performed using the chi‐square and rank sum tests. The association between smoking status and time to the event was analyzed using Kaplan‐Meier plots, the log‐rank test, and Cox and competing risk models.

RESULTS

A total of 549 men (33%) men were active smokers and 1121 (67%) were nonsmokers at the time of surgery. Current smokers were younger and had a lower body mass index, higher prostate‐specific antigen level, and more extracapsular extension and seminal vesicle invasion (all P < .05). A total of 509 patients, 26 patients, 30 patients, 18 patients, and 217 patients, respectively, experienced BCR, metastasis, CRPC, prostate cancer‐related death, and any‐cause death over a median follow‐up of 62 months, 75 months, 61 months, 78 months, and 78 months, respectively. After adjusting for preoperative features, active smoking was found to be associated with an increased risk of BCR (hazards ratio [HR], 1.25; P = .024), metastasis (HR, 2.64; P = .026), CRPC (HR, 2.62; P = .021), and overall mortality (HR, 2.14; P < .001). Similar results were noted after further adjustment for postoperative features, with the exception of BCR (HR, 1.10; P = .335), metastasis (HR, 2.51; P = .044), CRPC (HR, 2.67; P = .015), and death (HR, 2.03; P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

Among patients undergoing radical prostatectomy, cigarette smoking was associated with an increased risk of metastasis. In addition, smoking was associated with a higher risk of BCR, CRPC, and overall mortality. If confirmed, these data suggest that smoking is a modifiable risk factor in patients with aggressive prostate cancer. Cancer 2014;120:197–204. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Age‐related neurochemical changes in the rhesus macaque cochlear nucleus
Authors: Gray Daniel T. , Engle James R. , Recanzone Gregg H.
Published: October 2013

Neurochemical changes in the expression of various proteins within the central auditory system have been associated with natural aging. These changes may compensate in part for the loss of auditory sensitivity arising from two phenomena of the aging auditory system: cochlear histopathologies and increased excitability of central auditory neurons. Recent studies in the macaque monkey have revealed age‐related changes in the density of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)‐diaphorase (NADPHd) and parvalbumin (PV)‐positive cells within the inferior colliculus and superior olivary complex. The cochlear nucleus (CN), which is the first central auditory nucleus, remains unstudied. Since the CN participates in the generation of the auditory brainstem response (ABR) and receives direct innervation from the cochlea, it serves as an ideal nucleus to compare the relationship between these neurochemical changes and the physiological and peripheral changes of the aging auditory system. We used stereological sampling to calculate the densities of NADPHd and PV reactive neurons within the three subdivisions of the CN in middle‐aged and aged rhesus macaques. Regression analyses of these values with ABR properties and cochlear histopathologies revealed relationships between these cell types and the changing characteristics of the aging auditory system. Our results indicate that NADPHd expression does change with age in a specific subdivision of the CN, but PV does not. Conversely, PV expression correlated with ABR amplitudes and outer hair cell loss in the cochlea, but NADPHd did not. These results indicate that NADPHd and PV may take part in distinct compensatory efforts of the aging auditory system. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:1527–1541, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cloning, phylogeny, and regional expression of a Y5 receptor mRNA in the brain of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)
Authors: Pérez‐Fernández Juan , Megías Manuel , Pombal Manuel A.
Published: October 2013

The NPY receptors known as Y receptors are classified into three subfamilies, Y1, Y2, and Y5, and are involved in different physiological functions. The Y5 receptor is the only member of the Y5 subfamily, and it is present in all vertebrate groups, except for teleosts. Both molecular and pharmacological studies show that Y5 receptor is highly conserved during vertebrate evolution. Furthermore, this receptor is widely expressed in the mammalian brain, including the hypothalamus, where it is thought to take part in feeding and homeostasis regulation. Lampreys belong to the agnathan lineage, and they are thought to have branched out between the two whole‐genome duplications that occurred in vertebrates. Therefore, they are in a key position for studies on the evolution of gene families in vertebrates. Here we report the cloning, phylogeny, and brain expression pattern of the sea lamprey Y5 receptor. In phylogenetic studies, the lamprey Y5 receptor clusters in a basal position, together with Y5 receptors of other vertebrates. The mRNA of this receptor is broadly expressed in the lamprey brain, being especially abundant in hypothalamic areas. Its expression pattern is roughly similar to that reported for other vertebrates and parallels the expression pattern of the Y1 receptor subtype previously described by our group, as it occurs in mammals. Altogether, these results confirm that a Y5 receptor is present in lampreys, thus being highly conserved during the evolution of vertebrates, and suggest that it is involved in many brain functions, the only known exception being teleosts. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:1132–1154, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Supernodal sparse Cholesky factorization on graphics processing units
Authors: Zou Dan , Dou Yong , Guo Song , Li Rongchun , Deng Lin
Published: October 2013

Sparse Cholesky factorization is the most computationally intensive component in solving large sparse linear systems and is the core algorithm of numerous scientific computing applications. A large number of sparse Cholesky factorization algorithms have previously emerged, exploiting architectural features for various computing platforms. The recent use of graphics processing units (GPUs) to accelerate structured parallel applications shows the potential to achieve significant acceleration relative to desktop performance. However, sparse Cholesky factorization has not been explored sufficiently because of the complexity involved in its efficient implementation and the concerns of low GPU utilization.

In this paper, we present a new approach for sparse Cholesky factorization on GPUs. We present the organization of the sparse matrix supernode data structure for GPU and propose a queue‐based approach for the generation and scheduling of GPU tasks with dense linear algebraic operations. We also design a subtree‐based parallel method for multi‐GPU system. These approaches increase GPU utilization, thus resulting in substantial computational time reduction.

Comparisons are made with the existing parallel solvers by using problems arising from practical applications. The experiment results show that the proposed approaches can substantially improve sparse Cholesky factorization performance on GPUs. Relative to a highly optimized parallel algorithm on a 12‐core node, we were able to obtain speedups in the range 1.59× to 2.31× by using one GPU and 1.80× to 3.21× by using two GPUs. Relative to a state‐of‐the‐art solver based on supernodal method for CPU‐GPU heterogeneous platform, we were able to obtain speedups in the range 1.52× to 2.30× by using one GPU and 2.15× to 2.76× by using two GPUs. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, 2013. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spreading evidence models for trust propagation and aggregation in peer‐to‐peer networks
Authors: Tian Chunqi , Liu Xiaojian , Wang Lisheng , Zou Shihong
Published: October 2013

Trust model plays an important role in ensuring the security of interactions in peer‐to‐peer (P2P) systems where a peer's trust evaluation depends on the interaction experience of its own and recommendation information from other peers. However, current trust models have limitations in solving not only the issues of time efficiency of direct interaction information but also the reliability and inconsistency of recommendation information. In this paper, we propose a Dempster‐Shafer evidence theory based trust model (ETTM) for P2P systems. The primary goal of ETTM is to be able to address information uncertainty and conflicting recommendation problems in a reputation‐based P2P environment. To make D‐S theory fits into P2P applications, we creatively revise the combination rules and achieve greatly improved results. To further improve the accuracy and performance, ETTM filters out noisy referrals if they are not compatible with most other evidence. In addition, a feedback‐based probabilistic searching algorithm is proposed to find the referrals with improved searching success rate and lowered network traffic. Experimental results show ETTM has a clear advantage in aggregating recommendation information. Moreover, ETTM is more robust and can generate a higher successful transaction rate than some other existing frameworks. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling power and energy consumption of dense matrix factorizations on multicore processors
Authors: Alonso Pedro , Dolz Manuel F. , Mayo Rafael , Quintana‐Ortí Enrique S.
Published: October 2013

In this paper, we propose a model for the energy consumption of the concurrent execution of three key dense matrix factorizations, with task parallelism leveraged via the Symmetric Multi‐Processing Superscalar (SMPSs) runtime, on a multicore processor. Our model decomposes the power dissipation into the system, static and dynamic components, with the former two being estimated from basic, off‐line experiments. The dynamic power, on the other hand, requires significantly more care, and we introduce a contention‐aware model that accommodates for the variability of power consumption due to memory contention. Experimental results on an Intel Xeon E5504 processor with four cores, using an internal powermeter that samples the power drawn by the mainboard with a frequency of 1 KHz, show the reliability of the energy model for the Cholesky, LU, and QR factorizations on this platform. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fine‐grained filtering to provide access control for data providing services within collaborative environments
Authors: Brown Kevin , Hayes Michael , Allison David , Capretz Miriam A.M. , Sazio Margaret , Mann Rupinder
Published: October 2013

A data providing service (DPS) in service‐oriented architecture is tasked only with the retrieval of data that are annotated over a domain ontology. One particular motivating application of DPSs is their use within collaborative environments. An important characteristic for the enterprises of such a collaborative environment is the ability to employ data sharing with one another. A major concern in this situation is the protection of each enterprise's privacy while still permitting data sharing. One potential solution is to provide filtered data through access control. This work describes how to implement access control through fine‐grained filtering of DPS response messages; it is accomplished using a filtering ontology and relations between the domain ontology of DPS and the proposed filtering ontology. Therefore, enterprises can write enterprise‐specific access control policies referencing a common filtering ontology defined within a collaborative environment, enabling access control‐based data sharing within the environment. This work additionally illustrates the implementation of our general solution to data providing web services, interpreted by an eXtensible Access Control Markup Language‐based access control framework. The implementation is further evaluated in a case study of real world data, provided by a health research institute in London, Canada. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cooperative Effects in the Detection of a Nitroaliphatic Liquid Explosive and an Explosive Taggant in the Vapor Phase by Calix[4]arene‐Based Carbazole‐Containing Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Barata Patrícia D. , Prata José V.
Published: October 2013

Two fluorescent molecular receptor based conjugated polymers were used in the detection of a nitroaliphatic liquid explosive (nitromethane) and an explosive taggant (2,3‐dimethyl‐2,3‐dinitrobutane) in the vapor phase. Results have shown that thin films of both polymers display remarkably high sensitivity and selectivity toward these analytes. Very fast, reproducible, and reversible responses were found. The unique behavior of these supramolecular host systems is ascribed to cooperativity effects developed between the calix[4]arene hosts and the phenylene ethynylene–carbazolylene main chains. The calix[4]arene hosts create a plethora of host–guest binding sites along the polymer backbone, either in their bowl‐shaped cavities or between the outer walls of the cavity, to direct guests to the area of the transduction centers (main chain) at which favorable photoinduced electron transfer to the guest molecules occurs and leads to the observed fluorescence quenching. The high tridimensional porous nature of the polymers imparted by the bis‐calixarene moieties concomitantly allows fast diffusion of guest molecules into the polymer thin films.
Comparison of Nanorod‐Structured Li[Ni0.54Co0.16Mn0.30]O2 with Conventional Cathode Materials for Li‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Noh Hyung‐Joo , Ju Jin Wook , Sun Yang‐Kook
Published: October 2013

We successfully synthesized a safe, high‐capacity cathode material specifically engineered for EV applications with a full concentration gradient (FCG) of Ni and Co ions at a fixed Mn content throughout the particles. The electrochemical and thermal properties of the FCG Li[Ni0.54Co0.16Mn0.30]O2 were evaluated and compared to those of conventional Li[Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3]O2 and Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 materials. It was found that the FCG Li[Ni0.54Co0.16Mn0.30]O2 demonstrated a higher discharge capacity and a superior lithium intercalation stability compared to Li[Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3]O2 and Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 over all of the tested voltage ranges. The results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and transition‐metal dissolution demonstrate that the microstructure of primary particle with rod‐shaped morphology plays an important role in reducing metal dissolution, which thereby decreases the charge transfer resistance as a result of stabilization of the host structure.
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Using Models of the Iron–Iron Hydrogenase Active Site Dispersed in Micellar Solution
Authors: Orain Christophe , Quentel François , Gloaguen Frederic
Published: October 2013

Iron–thiolate complexes of the type [Fe2(μ‐bdt)(CO)6−xP(OMe3)x] (bdt=S2C6H4=benzenedithiolate,x≤2) are simplified models of iron–iron hydrogenase enzymes. Recently, we have shown that these water‐insoluble organometallic complexes, when included into micelles formed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), are good catalysts for the electrochemical production of hydrogen in aqueous solutions at pH<6. We herein report that the all‐CO derivative [Fe2(μ‐bdt)(CO)6] (1), owing to its comparatively low reduction potential, is also a robust molecular catalyst for visible‐light‐driven production of H2in aqueous SDS solutions at pH 10.5. Irradiation atλ=455 nm of a system consisting of complex1, Eosin Y as a sensitizer, and triethylamine as an electron donor produced up to 0.86 mL of H2in 4.5 h, corresponding to a turnover number of 117 mol of H2per mol of catalyst. In the presence of a large excess of sensitizer, the production of H2lasted for more than 30 h, stressing the relative stability of complex1under the photocatalytic conditions used herein. Thermodynamic considerations and UV/Vis spectroscopy experiments suggest that the catalytic cycle begins with the photo‐driven reduction of complex1. The reduced intermediate reacts with a proton source to yield iron hydride. Subsequent reduction and protonation steps produce H2, regenerating the starting complex. As a result, the iron–thiolate complex1is a versatile proton reduction catalyst that can utilize either solar or electrical energy inputs, providing a starting point for the construction of noble metal‐free molecular systems for renewable H2production.
Reduced Graphene Oxide/InGaZn Mixed Oxide Nanocomposite Photocatalysts for Hydrogen Production
Authors: Martha Satyabadi , Padhi Deepak Ku. , Parida Kulamani
Published: October 2013

A series of reduced graphene oxide and indium–gallium–zinc mixed oxide (RGO/IGZ) nanocomposites were successfully synthesised by a simple one‐step hydrothermal method. The as‐synthesised nanocomposites were characterised by crystallographic, microscopic, and spectroscopic methods to explore the robust photocatalytic activity of the prepared materials. XRD patterns confirmed the formation of highly pure, single‐phase, hexagonal In2Ga2ZnO7 with no impurity‐related peaks. All the photocatalysts absorbed visible light as observed from the diffuse reflectance UV/Vis spectra. The electron–hole recombination is effectively minimised by the formation of an RGO/metal oxide nanocomposite, which was successfully derived from a photoluminescence (PL) study and photoelectrochemical measurements. The decoration of IGZ nanocrystals onto reduced graphene sheets leads to significant quenching of its luminescent intensity, dramatically improved photocurrent generation (33 times more than neat IGZ) and significantly enhanced photostability. The high photocatalytic activity for H2 production is explained by the strong interaction between the IGZ nanocrystals with RGO sheets, low PL intensity, high photocurrent and large surface area.