bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forecasting for Recreational Fisheries Management: What's the Catch?
Authors: Farmer Nicholas A. , Froeschke John T.
Published: July 2015

The Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006 required regional fishery management councils to implement annual catch limits (ACLs) for nearly all stocks under U.S. federal management. Since 2011, the number of stocks requiring ACLs (and monitoring) has increased nearly 10-fold, with strict accountability measures requiring either in-season quota closures or shortening of subsequent seasons to avoid ACL overages. Robust forecasts of landings can also provide a projected baseline for evaluation of proposed management alternatives. We compared generalized linear models (GLMs), generalized additive models (GAMs), and seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) models in terms of fit, accuracy, and ability to forecast landings of four representative fish stocks that support recreational fisheries in the southeastern United States. All models were useful in developing reliable forecasts to inform management. The GAMs provided the best fit to the observed data; however, the modeling approaches of the SARIMA model and GLM provided the best forecasts for most scenarios. The SARIMA model and GLM also provided the best predictions of the seasonal trend in landings, a desirable feature for in-season quota monitoring. The SARIMA model was more sensitive and the GLM was less sensitive to recent trends, providing a useful “bookend” for forecasts. The time span of input data affected forecast accuracy from all model types considered. This study suggests multiple forecasting models should be investigated and performance metrics carefully selected and evaluated, as no single model is likely to perform best for all stocks of interest.

Received December 18, 2014; accepted April 20, 2015
Is anaphoric reference cooperative?
Authors: Kantola Leila , van Gompel Roger P. G.
Published: July 2015

Two experiments investigated whether the choice of anaphoric expression is affected by the presence of an addressee. Following a context sentence and visual scene, participants described a target scene that required anaphoric reference. They described the scene either to an addressee (Experiment 1) or without an addressee (Experiment 2). When an addressee was present in the task, participants used more pronouns and fewer repeated noun phrases when the referent was the grammatical subject in the context sentence than when it was the grammatical object and they used more pronouns when there was no competitor than when there was. They used fewer pronouns and more repeated noun phrases when a visual competitor was present in the scene than when there was no visual competitor. In the absence of an addressee, linguistic context effects were the same as those when an addressee was present, but the visual effect of the competitor disappeared. We conclude that visual salience effects are due to adjustments that speakers make when they produce reference for an addressee, whereas linguistic salience effects appear whether or not speakers have addressees.
The small G-protein MglA connects to the MreB actin cytoskeleton at bacterial focal adhesions
Authors: Treuner-Lange Anke , Macia Eric , Guzzo Mathilde , Hot Edina , Faure Laura M. , Jakobczak Beata , Espinosa Leon , Alcor Damien , Ducret Adrien , Keilberg Daniela , Castaing Jean Philippe , Lacas Gervais Sandra , Franco Michel , Søgaard-Andersen Lotte , Mignot Tâm
Published: July 2015

In Myxococcus xanthus the gliding motility machinery is assembled at the leading cell pole to form focal adhesions, translocated rearward to propel the cell, and disassembled at the lagging pole. We show that MglA, a Ras-like small G-protein, is an integral part of this machinery. In this function, MglA stimulates the assembly of the motility complex by directly connecting it to the MreB actin cytoskeleton. Because the nucleotide state of MglA is regulated spatially and MglA only binds MreB in the guanosine triphosphate–bound form, the motility complexes are assembled at the leading pole and dispersed at the lagging pole where the guanosine triphosphatase activating protein MglB disrupts the MglA–MreB interaction. Thus, MglA acts as a nucleotide-dependent molecular switch to regulate the motility machinery spatially. The function of MreB in motility is independent of its function in peptidoglycan synthesis, representing a coopted function. Our findings highlight a new function for the MreB cytoskeleton and suggest that G-protein–cytoskeleton interactions are a universally conserved feature.
Blocking neutrophil diapedesis prevents hemorrhage during thrombocytopenia
Authors: Hillgruber Carina , Pöppelmann Birgit , Weishaupt Carsten , Steingräber Annika Kathrin , Wessel Florian , Berdel Wolfgang E. , Gessner J. Engelbert , Ho-Tin-Noé Benoît , Vestweber Dietmar , Goerge Tobias
Published: July 2015

Spontaneous organ hemorrhage is the major complication in thrombocytopenia with a potential fatal outcome. However, the exact mechanisms regulating vascular integrity are still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that neutrophils recruited to inflammatory sites are the cellular culprits inducing thrombocytopenic tissue hemorrhage. Exposure of thrombocytopenic mice to UVB light provokes cutaneous petechial bleeding. This phenomenon is also observed in immune-thrombocytopenic patients when tested for UVB tolerance. Mechanistically, we show, analyzing several inflammatory models, that it is neutrophil diapedesis through the endothelial barrier that is responsible for the bleeding defect. First, bleeding is triggered by neutrophil-mediated mechanisms, which act downstream of capturing, adhesion, and crawling on the blood vessel wall and require Gαi signaling in neutrophils. Second, mutating Y731 in the cytoplasmic tail of VE-cadherin, known to selectively affect leukocyte diapedesis, but not the induction of vascular permeability, attenuates bleeding. Third, and in line with this, simply destabilizing endothelial junctions by histamine did not trigger bleeding. We conclude that specifically targeting neutrophil diapedesis through the endothelial barrier may represent a new therapeutic avenue to prevent fatal bleeding in immune-thrombocytopenic patients.
Intravenous Iron Therapy in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Iron Deficiency
Authors: Ruiter Gerrina , Manders Emmy , Happé Chris M. , Schalij Ingrid , Groepenhoff Herman , Howard Luke S. , Wilkins Martin R. , Bogaard Harm J. , Westerhof Nico , van der Laarse Willem J. , de Man Frances S. , Anton Vonk‐Noordegraaf
Published: July 2015

In patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (iPAH), iron deficiency is common and has been associated with reduced exercise capacity and worse survival. Previous studies have shown beneficial effects of intravenous iron administration. In this study, we investigated the use of intravenous iron therapy in iron‐deficient iPAH patients in terms of safety and effects on exercise capacity, and we studied whether altered exercise capacity resulted from changes in right ventricular (RV) function and skeletal muscle oxygen handling. Fifteen patients with iPAH and iron deficiency were included. Patients underwent a 6‐minute walk test, cardiopulmonary exercise tests, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and a quadriceps muscle biopsy and completed a quality‐of‐life questionnaire before and 12 weeks after receiving a high dose of intravenous iron. The primary end point, 6‐minute walk distance, was not significantly changed after 12 weeks (409 ± 110 m before vs. 428 ± 94 m after; P = 0.07). Secondary end points showed that intravenous iron administration was well tolerated and increased body iron stores in all patients. In addition, exercise endurance time (P < 0.001) and aerobic capacity (P < 0.001) increased significantly after iron therapy. This coincided with improved oxygen handling in quadriceps muscle cells, although cardiac function at rest and maximal were unchanged. Furthermore, iron treatment was associated with improved quality of life (P < 0.05). In conclusion, intravenous iron therapy in iron‐deficient iPAH patients improves exercise endurance capacity. This could not be explained by improved RV function; however, increased quadriceps muscle oxygen handling may play a role. (Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT01288651)
Pulmonary Vasospasm in Systemic Sclerosis: Noninvasive Techniques for Detection
Authors: Keir Gregory J. , Nair Arjun , Giannarou Stamatia , Yang Guang‐Zhong , Oldershaw Paul , Wort S. John , MacDonald Peter , Hansell David M. , Wells Athol U.
Published: July 2015

In a subgroup of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), vasospasm affecting the pulmonary circulation may contribute to worsening respiratory symptoms, including dyspnea. Noninvasive assessment of pulmonary blood flow (PBF), utilizing inert‐gas rebreathing (IGR) and dual‐energy computed‐tomography pulmonary angiography (DE‐CTPA), may be useful for identifying pulmonary vasospasm. Thirty‐one participants (22 SSc patients and 9 healthy volunteers) underwent PBF assessment with IGR and DE‐CTPA at baseline and after provocation with a cold‐air inhalation challenge (CACh). Before the study investigations, participants were assigned to subgroups: group A included SSc patients who reported increased breathlessness after exposure to cold air (n = 11), group B included SSc patients without cold‐air sensitivity (n = 11), and group C patients included the healthy volunteers. Median change in PBF from baseline was compared between groups A, B, and C after CACh. Compared with groups B and C, in group A there was a significant decline in median PBF from baseline at 10 minutes (−10%; range: −52.2% to 4.0%; P < 0.01), 20 minutes (−17.4%; −27.9% to 0.0%; P < 0.01), and 30 minutes (−8.5%; −34.4% to 2.0%; P < 0.01) after CACh. There was no significant difference in median PBF change between groups B or C at any time point and no change in pulmonary perfusion on DE‐CTPA. Reduction in pulmonary blood flow following CACh suggests that pulmonary vasospasm may be present in a subgroup of patients with SSc and may contribute to worsening dyspnea on exposure to cold.
Standardized MRI assessment of high-grade glioma response: a review of the essential elements and pitfalls of the RANO criteria
Authors: Yang Dewen
Published: July 2015

Accurately evaluating response in the treatment of high-grade gliomas presents considerable challenges. This review looks at the advancements made in response criteria while critically outlining remaining weaknesses, and directs our vision toward promising endpoints to come. The 2010 guidelines from the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) working group have enhanced interpretation of clinical trials involving novel treatments for high-grade glioma. Yet, while the criteria are considered clinically applicable to high-grade glioma trials, as well as reasonably accurate and reproducible, RANO lacks sufficient detail for consistent implementation in certain aspects and leaves some issues from the original Macdonald guidelines unresolved. To provide the most accurate assessment of response to therapeutic intervention currently possible, it is essential that trial oncologists and radiologists not only have a solid understanding of RANO guidelines, but also proper insight into the inherent limitations of the criteria. With the expectation of improved data collection as a standard, the author anticipates that the next high-grade glioma response criteria updates will incorporate advanced MRI methods and quantitative tumor volume measurements, availing a more accurate interpretation of response in the future.
Shareholder Activism
Authors: Ringe Wolf-Georg
Published: July 2015

This chapter examines the phenomenon of shareholder activism within the context of corporate governance and its place in today’s debate on shareholders and shareholder empowerment. It first reviews the concept of shareholder activism and emphasizes the importance of the shareholder structure under which it operates before turning to the historical developments of shareholder activism, with particular emphasis on the U.K., US, and continental Europe. It then describes the various methods employed by activist shareholders and the corresponding regulatory constraints. It also discusses the impact of the global financial crisis of 2007–2011 on shareholder activism. The chapter suggests that shareholder activism has been enjoying something of a renaissance lately, with hedge fund activism becoming more refined, as well as a surge in success following the global financial crisis.
Western versus Asian Laws on Corporate Governance
Authors: Kanda Hideki
Published: July 2015

This chapter examines the issue of when laws do and do not converge in the field of corporate governance, with particular emphasis on the cost of enforcement and the role of enforcement in international convergence. Focusing on Western versus Asian laws on corporate governance, it considers when, how, and why legal rules change and whether transplantation of legal rules from Western countries has been successful. It also explores the relationship between enforcement and substantive legal rules, mainly by comparing laws in Japan and the United States. Finally, it discusses three areas relating to corporate governance: the regulation of insider trading, financial disclosure and accounting rules, and corporate law rules on governance.
The Evolution in the U.S. of Private Enforcement via Litigation and Monitoring Techniques
Authors: Cox James D. , Thomas Randall S.
Published: July 2015

This chapter examines the evolution of private enforcement in the United States and the lessons that can be learned by German public companies from the experiences of their US counterparts. It first looks at the place of representative shareholder litigation within the US corporate governance system before turning to the broad-based criticisms against all forms of representative shareholder litigation on the grounds of excessive litigation agency costs. It then discusses the role of shareholder derivative suits in remedying breaches of duty of loyalty, along with the use of hedge funds in shareholder monitoring. It explores the increasing role of appraisal remedy against the backdrop of developments in shareholder litigation focused on acquisitions, and highlights the limitations of hedge fund activism. Finally, it assesses the implications of shareholder monitoring mechanisms in the United States for shareholders in Germany.
Corporate Governance and Employment Relations
Authors: Adams Zoe , Deakin Simon
Published: July 2015

Rent-sharing between employees and shareholders is a necessity if the societal value of the firm is to be maximized. This is reflected in laws across the world which, in different ways, underpin job security and worker voice. Where employees have no role in firm-level governance and are weakly protected by regulation, contractual arrangements intended to align investor and worker interests often fail. A growing body of empirical evidence, drawing in part on leximetric data, points to the beneficial economic effects of employment protection and codetermination laws for innovation and productivity. These laws also promote equality, in contrast to laws mandating additional protections for shareholders to those provided by basic corporate law, which are distributionally regressive as well as being of questionable value for efficiency.
Corporate Governance, Capital Markets, and Securities Law
Authors: Pritchard A. C.
Published: July 2015

This chapter explores the interrelationships among corporate governance, capital markets, and securities law. More specifically, it considers the role that securities law should play in encouraging corporate governance standards that hold managers and directors accountable to shareholders. It also examines whether disclosure, bolstered by market forces, is sufficient to promote efficient corporate governance provisions. After charting the origins of the dividing line between securities law and corporate governance in the United States, the article looks at the efforts of the Securities and Exchange Commission to push against that boundary. It then analyses the institutional connections between capital markets and corporate governance, especially whether there are practical limits to the link between securities law and corporate governance. Finally, it discusses future prospects concerning the boundary between corporate governance and securities law.
Tax and Corporate Governance
Authors: Schizer David M.
Published: July 2015

This chapter examines the influence of tax on managerial agency costs, with particular emphasis on public companies in the United States. Focusing on “C-corporations,” this chapter first considers why tax is an imperfect vehicle for mitigating managerial agency costs. It then discusses how tax influences the compensation of managers, both in ways policy makers intended, and in ways they did not. The chapter also considers how tax affects management decisions about capital structure, hedging, and acquisitions. In addition, this chapter explores the tax system’s influence on the ability and incentives of shareholders to monitor management. This chapter then concludes with an analysis of how the tax system itself monitors managers.
Nāgārjuna on Emptiness
Authors: Westerhoff Jan
Published: July 2015

This chapter provides an introductory survey of some of the main points in Nāgārjuna’s thought with specific focus on his arguments against foundationalism. After a brief introduction to Nāgārjuna and the Madhyamaka project it discusses four different kinds of non-foundationalism: ontological non-foundationalism (the view that there are no fundamental kinds of object), epistemological non-foundationalism (the view that epistemic instruments and objects do not have their nature intrinsically), linguistic non-foundationalism (the view that there is no objective semantic relation between word and world) and non-foundationalism about truth (the view that there are no ultimately true theories). In the context of this last view it also briefly discusses a criticism raised frequently against Nāgārjuna’s thought and its later interpreters, namely that it reduces to a form of nihilism. The chapter concludes with some remarks on the ongoing relevance of Nāgārjuna’s project.
The Personal Is Political
Authors: Heberle Renee
Published: July 2015

This chapter traces the history of and various meanings captured by the phrase “the personal is political” in the United States. It begins with an explanation of the use of the phrase by young civil rights activists who were struggling with the abstraction of critical theory and the authoritarian qualities of culture. The chapter tracks the phrase through into the early days of feminism in the late 1960s and early 1970s when second-wave feminists began to challenge the violence and oppressions experienced by women in the private realm. The chapter then highlights how “the personal is political” is related to the emergence of identity politics and the theorizing of difference within feminism. The conclusion offers some observations about contemporary uses and abuses of the phrase by those who identify as feminists in the popular sphere.
Politics
Authors: Zerilli Linda
Published: July 2015

Feminist theory is assumed to be political by definition, but this view tends to occlude the different ways in which feminists think about politics. This essay discusses competing understandings of politics and examines how it is that things come to count as political within feminism. To think of relations of subordination of political, it is argued, is not simply to discover a relation of power that was already there but to constitute that relation as unjust and subject to change. This is the predicative moment of feminist practice that brings the political into being.
The Need for Metaforgetting
Authors: Sahakyan Lili , Foster Nathaniel L.
Published: July 2015

Theories of metamemory are primarily concerned with mechanisms that improve memory; they do not account for processes that reduce accessibility of unwanted information, as in intentional forgetting. The chapter proposes that introducing separate terms like metaremembering and metaforgetting highlights the distinction between remembering and forgetting as different dimensions of memory. It reviews empirical evidence from directed forgetting studies. List-method directed forgetting depends on engaging active forgetting strategies, indicating the importance of control in successful intentional forgetting. The decision to engage in forgetting strategies, in turn, is affected by memory monitoring as evidenced through preexisting confidence about one’s own memory ability, as well as judgments of learning solicited during the task. In item-method directed forgetting, participants control rehearsal by selectively retrieving earlier items believed to be more memorable, even when such beliefs are illusory. The chapter discusses the role of metacognitive monitoring and control in these active forms of forgetting.
Old and New Trends in Crossover Research
Authors: Westman Mina
Published: July 2015

Based on an integrated view of prior research, we propose a comprehensive theoretical framework of the crossover process that extends our understanding of work and family life. First, we define the crossover process and review past research. Second, we address the crossover of positive emotions and experiences, focusing on the recent trend of positive psychology. We then review new issues in crossover research including the spillover–crossover model, supportive theory, and findings, and crossover of resources. Finally, we review and discuss the issue of the role of gender in crossover research, in an effort to clarify the background for the inconsistency in findings regarding gender and crossover. We summarize with an agenda for future research.
Modality and Mood in Chadic
Authors: Frayzyngier Zygmunt
Published: July 2015

The chapter discusses selected types of modality and mood in Chadic languages, the largest and typologically most diverse family within the Afroasiatic phylum. It first describes the formal means deployed in Chadic languages in the coding of modality and mood, and then offers a survey of various types of moods and modalities, where the main criterion is their place within illocutionary acts. This includes the distinction between indicative mood and the mood of obligation, categories relating to the domain of epistemic modality (e.g. hypothetical modality, dubitative modality), mirative modality, deontic modality and related moods (imperative, debitive, prohibitive, normative modality), and the realis versus irrealis distinction.
Liberalism and Literature
Authors: Goodlad Lauren M. E.
Published: July 2015

Liberalism in the sense of a political party did not fully exist until the years between 1847 and 1868, when the Whigs transitioned into Liberals. By the late 1850s, the Liberal Party had become a ruling force in British politics. Yet, in 1886 when the Liberals split over Irish home rule, the demise of liberalism as a coherent platform was already clear. One result of this short-lived history is a striking difference in terminology on different sides of the Atlantic. Liberal political philosophy, however, encompasses diverse referents including classical republican, Scottish Enlightenment, and German-Romantic influences. Scholars who tender specific arguments about liberalism should specify the dimensions of thinking or practice to which they refer. While ‘liberal’ discourse is, thus, contextual and multivalent, the specifically literary reference points of the term are hardly reducible to political platforms, economic doctrines, philosophical stances, or ideological agendas.
Charting the Terrain of Grounded Theory Research in Music Therapy
Authors: Daveson Barbara A.
Published: July 2015

Grounded theory is viewed as an exceptional example of a qualitative research methodology that was developed in the modernist phase of qualitative research. The methodology emphasizes inductive reasoning, and its foundations rest with symbolic interactionism and pragmatist philosophy. Grounded theory has been described as one of the more systematic approaches to qualitative research. Music therapists have used grounded theory to investigate many aspects of the applications of music therapy in healthcare. This chapter provides information about the history and context for the development of grounded theory, including key pioneers in the approach. Key strategies for conducting grounded theory research are discussed. Music therapy studies that have used grounded theory method are presented.
Self-Care in Music Therapy
Authors: Trondalen Gro
Published: July 2015

This chapter reflects on a variety of issues that affect ways of taking care of oneself as a music therapy practitioner. The aim is to promote music therapists’ capacity for personal awareness in daily work and/or during periods of time out including sabbaticals. The reflexive focus adopted keeps the music therapist in mind, but other helping professionals could be inspired by the content. Ideas for engaging self-care in order to preventburnout, compassion fatigueorcompassion stressare presented and discussed. Firstly, the text outlines a theoretical matrix. Then the needs and resources that are linked towear and tearfor the music therapist are presented. The next section focusses onself-carerelated to the music therapist’s different contexts and roles as a music therapist, musician, teacher, and researcher. Self-experience and supervision are also considered. The text ends with a discussion and concluding comments.
Imaging the Networks of Affective States And Pain
Authors: Smyrnis Nikolaos , Pappa Eleni , Papanicolaou Andrew C.
Published: July 2015

This chapter presents key findings from neuroimaging studies on the neuronal network underlying pain and the affective states. After reviewing the basic concepts and methodological issues relating to research in the field of affective neuroscience, the chapter considers basic negative affective states before turning to basic positive affective states. For each affective state, the chapter analyzes the contribution of neuroimaging studies in elucidating the neuronal mechanisms of the perceptual identification of stimuli related to them, along with the neuronal correlates of the actual experiences (the sentiments) and of the emotional reactions that characterize these affective states. Finally, it discusses the basic neuronal circuitry involved in pain perception in humans and animals as well as the results of neuroimaging studies on pain.
World Englishes and Phonological Theory
Authors: Uffmann Christian
Published: July 2015

The relationship between phonological theory and World Englishes is generally characterized by a mutual lack of interest. This chapter argues for a greater engagement of both fields with each other, looking at constraint-based theories of phonology, especially Optimality Theory (OT), as a case in point. Contact varieties of English provide strong evidence for synchronically active constraints, as it is substrate or L1 constraints that are regularly transferred to the contact variety, not rules. Additionally, contact varieties that have properties that are in some way ‘in between’ the substrate and superstrate systems provide evidence for constraint hierarchies or implicational relationships between constraints, illustrated here primarily with examples from syllable structure. Conversely, for a scholar working on the description of World Englishes, OT can offer an explanation of where the patterns found in a contact variety come from, namely from the transfer of substrate constraint rankings (and subsequent gradual constraint demotion).
Biomarkers of Perinatal Psychopathology
Authors: Vigod Simone , Steiner Meir
Published: July 2015

Much research has focused on understanding why women are at increased risk of serious mental health symptoms during pregnancy and the postpartum. Although psychosocial stressors play a major role in perinatal psychiatric disorders, not every woman who experiences adverse psychosocial circumstances develops a major psychiatric illness during this time. As such, attention has focused on exploring how biological factors might impact the development of perinatal psychopathology. This chapter reviews biological changes during pregnancy and the postpartum that may contribute to the onset and/or exacerbation of psychiatric symptoms and disorders in the perinatal period. It discusses heritability and genetics research suggesting that some women may have a biological predisposition to developing psychopathology in the perinatal period. Then, the chapter focuses on pregnancy- and childbirth-related biological changes in sex hormones; the neurotransmitter, endocrine, and immune systems; and sleep that may be contributing biological factors in perinatal psychopathology for women at risk.
Moving Toward Universal Definitions and Assessment of Relational Problems
Authors: Foran Heather M. , Heyman Richard E. , Slep Amy M. Smith , Beach Steven R.H. , Kaslow Nadine J. , Cordaro Anthony R. , Wamboldt Marianne Z. , Reiss David
Published: July 2015

In this chapter, we review the utility of universal definitions and the assessment of family problems and family violence from a public health perspective. First, we document the clinical implications and public health costs of intimate partner violence, child abuse, intimate partner relationship distress, and parent–child relational problems. Second, the current status of these problems in major diagnostic systems and recommendations for improvements in universal assessment are detailed. Third, brief measures that can be used to assess family problems and family violence across a wide range of clinical and surveillance settings are discussed. Finally, implications for treatment are provided.
Emerging Methodological and Statistical Techniques in Couple Research
Authors: Atkins David C. , Baucom Brian R.
Published: July 2015

Rapid changes in technology are altering some of the basic ways in which we interact with our world, as seen in the evolution of the telephone to mobile phone to smart phone. These technological changes are ushering in new methods of data collection and analysis, which also open up new types of research questions and designs for couple researchers. This chapter reviews current and emerging methods for data acquisition and analysis in relationship science. Data acquisition methods include mobile technology and context-specific ecological momentary assessment, as well as behavioral signal-processing techniques to quantify such data. Analytic methods cover mixed models and actor–partner interdependence models, as well as a broad introduction to machine learning techniques that are appropriate for massive datasets.
Contingency and the Symbolic Experience of Christian Extreme Metal
Authors: Unger Matthew Peter
Published: July 2015

This chapter explores Christian extreme metal as a window on the way religion is expressed in contemporary Western culture, drawing on continental theorists of the post-secular. Christian extreme metal lyrics, sonic and structural musical features, and visual features are remarkably continuous with “secular” extreme metal, which positions itself in explicit opposition to Christianity and the “mainstream” world. But Christian extreme metal fans see Christian metal as qualitatively different from “secular” extreme metal. This apparent contradiction shows powerfully how religious symbols circulate in Western late modernity: religious symbols (e.g., biblical texts, stories, languages, and characters—and their symbolic inversions and opposites, drawn on in “secular” extreme metal) have been divested of their truth value and instead circulate as symbols, as meanings with experiential consequences. This allows for a surprising flow of symbols and meanings between secular and Christian extreme metal, and at the same time for qualitatively unique experiences.
Cultural Factors
Authors: Crowley-Matoka Megan
Published: July 2015

This article explores the cultural features of death and dying. Following a broad discussion of death as a problem—materially, socially, and existentially—to which diverse responses have been developed historically and cross-culturally, the concept of culture is defined and explored in terms of the way it has been taken up in the practice of medicine more generally and in discussions about death in particular. Arguing that the “problem of death” in America has increasingly come to be identified as a “problem of culture,” the article takes two classic ethnographies of dying in American hospitals—spaced forty years apart—as a strategic comparative lens through which to examine how key cultural features of death and dying have (and have not) shifted over a particularly critical period in the history of US health care.
Population Structure Among and Within Iowa, Missouri, Ohio, and South Dakota Populations of Phytophthora sojae
Authors: Stewart S. , Robertson A. E. , Wickramasinghe D. , Draper M. A. , Michel A. , Dorrance A. E.
Published: July 2015

Phytophthora root and stem rot, caused by Phytophthora sojae, is an economically important disease of soybean throughout the Midwestern United States. This disease has been successfully managed with resistance (Rps) genes; however, pathogen populations throughout the Midwest have developed virulence to many Rps genes, including those that have not been deployed. To gain a better understanding of the processes that influence P. sojae evolution, the population genetic structure was compared among populations using one isolate collected from 17, 33, and 20 fields in Iowa, Ohio, and South Dakota, respectively, as well as multiple isolates from individual fields in Iowa, Ohio, and Missouri. Genotypic diversity was measured using 21 polymorphic microsatellite (simple-sequence repeat) markers. and pathotype diversity using 15 soybean differentials. For all but three of the populations with low sample size, there was a high level of pathotype diversity and a low to moderate level of genotypic diversity among the populations for both comparisons between states and within-field variation. None of the Rps-gene differentials were resistant to all of the isolates. There were 103 unique multilocus genotypes identified in this study and only 2 were identified from the same field. Although no clones were identified in more than one field, pairwise FST indicated that some gene flow within neighboring fields does occur but not across the region, including fields from neighboring states. These results suggest that there is a strong probability that each state may have their own or several regional populations, as well as provide further evidence of high diversity within this homothallic pathogen which may be due, in part, to limited gene flow, mutation, or outcrossing, and this likely affects the success of deployment of resistance.
Fast gas heating in N
2
/O
2
mixtures under nanosecond surface dielectric barrier discharge: the effects of gas pressure and composition
Authors: Nudnova M. M , Kindysheva S. V , Aleksandrov N. L , Starikovskii A. Yu
Published: July 2015

The fractional electron power quickly transferred to heat in non-equilibrium plasmas was studied experimentally and theoretically in N
2
/O
2
mixtures subjected to high electric fields. Measurements were performed in and after a nanosecond surface dielectric barrier discharge at various (300–750 Torr) gas pressures and (50–100%) N
2
percentages. Observations showed that the efficiency of fast gas heating is almost independent of pressure and becomes more profound when the fraction of O
2
in N
2
/O
2
mixtures increases. The processes that contribute towards the fast transfer of electron energy to thermal energy were numerically simulated under the conditions considered. Calculations were compared with measurements and the main channels of fast gas heating were analysed at the gas pressures, compositions and electric fields under study. It was shown that efficient fast gas heating in the mixtures with high fraction of O
2
is due to a notable contribution of heat release during quenching of electronically excited N
2
states in collisions with O
2
molecules and to ion–ion recombination. The effect of hydrocarbon addition to air on fast gas heating was numerically estimated. It was concluded that the fractional electron power transferred to heat in air, as a first approximation, could be used to estimate this effect in lean and stoichiometric hydrocarbon–air mixtures.
Plasma-enhanced mixing and flameholding in supersonic flow
Authors: Firsov Alexander , Savelkin Konstantin V. , Yarantsev Dmitry A. , Leonov Sergey B.
Published: July 2015

The results of experimental study of plasma-based mixing, ignition and flameholding in a supersonic model combustor are presented in the paper. The model combustor has a length of 600 mm and cross section of 72 mm width and 60 mm height. The fuel is directly injected into supersonic airflow (Mach number
M
=2, static pressure
P
st
=160–250 Torr) through wall orifices. Two series of tests are focused on flameholding and mixing correspondingly. In the first series, the near-surface quasi-DC electrical discharge is generated by flush-mounted electrodes at electrical power deposition of
W
pl
=3–24 kW. The scope includes parametric study of ignition and flame front dynamics, and comparison of three schemes of plasma generation: the first and the second layouts examine the location of plasma generators upstream and downstream from the fuel injectors. The third pattern follows a novel approach of combined mixing/ignition technique, where the electrical discharge distributes along the fuel jet. The last pattern demonstrates a significant advantage in terms of flameholding limit. In the second series of tests, a long discharge of submicrosecond duration is generated across the flow and along the fuel jet. A gasdynamic instability of thermal cavity developed after a deposition of high-power density in a thin plasma filament promotes the air–fuel mixing. The technique studied in this work has weighty potential for high-speed combustion applications, including cold start/restart of scramjet engines and support of transition regime in dual-mode scramjet and at off-design operation.
Flow reactor studies of non-equilibrium plasma-assisted oxidation of
n
-alkanes
Authors: Tsolas Nicholas , Lee Jong Guen , Yetter Richard A.
Published: July 2015

The oxidation of
n
-alkanes (C
1
–C
7
) has been studied with and without the effects of a nanosecond, non-equilibrium plasma discharge at 1 atm pressure from 420 to 1250 K. Experiments have been performed under nearly isothermal conditions in a flow reactor, where reactive mixtures are diluted in Ar to minimize temperature changes from chemical reactions. Sample extraction performed at the exit of the reactor captures product and intermediate species and stores them in a multi-position valve for subsequent identification and quantification using gas chromatography. By fixing the flow rate in the reactor and varying the temperature, reactivity maps for the oxidation of fuels are achieved. Considering all the fuels studied, fuel consumption under the effects of the plasma is shown to have been enhanced significantly, particularly for the low-temperature regime (
T
<800 K). In fact, multiple transitions in the rates of fuel consumption are observed depending on fuel with the emergence of a negative-temperature-coefficient regime. For all fuels, the temperature for the transition into the high-temperature chemistry is lowered as a consequence of the plasma being able to increase the rate of fuel consumption. Using a phenomenological interpretation of the intermediate species formed, it can be shown that the active particles produced from the plasma enhance alkyl radical formation at all temperatures and enable low-temperature chain branching for fuels C
3
and greater. The significance of this result demonstrates that the plasma provides an opportunity for low-temperature chain branching to occur at reduced pressures, which is typically observed at elevated pressures in thermal induced systems.
Graphene oxide chemically decorated with hybrid Ag-Ru/chitosan nanoparticles: fabrication and properties
Authors: Veerapandian Murugan , Neethirajan Suresh
Published: July 2015

Hybridization of distinct materials into a single nanoplatform is relevant to advance material’s properties for functional application such as biosensor platform. We report the synthesis and characterization of nanosheets of graphene oxide decorated with hybrid nanoparticles of silver-ruthenium bipyridine complex (Ag@[Ru(bpy)3]2+) core and chitosan shell. Hybrid nanoparticles were first obtained through a sequential wet-chemical approach usingin situreduction, electrostatic and coordination reaction. Oxygenated functional groups of graphene oxide and abundant amine groups of chitosan layer on the surface of hybrid nanoparticles allowed the functionalization reaction. Changes in intrinsic optical, chemical and structural properties of graphene oxide due to hybrid nanoparticles were studied in depth using spectroscopic techniques and an electron microscope. Electrodes modified with nanosheets of graphene oxide-hybrid nanoparticles retain the biocompatibility and displayed an amplified redox property suitable for a broad range of sensing studies.
Endocannabinoids regulate mAChR-evoked theta rhythm IPSCs in hippocampus
Authors: Tang Ai-Hui , Nagode Daniel A. , Alger Bradley E.
Published: July 2015

Exogenous cannabinoids can affect behaviorally relevant neuronal oscillations, but there is little evidence that endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids, eCBs) can affect them, although it is unknown whether eCBs were generated during oscillations investigated in previous studies. In rat hippocampal slices, muscarinic receptor (mAChR) agonists stimulate the occurrence of persistent, rhythmic inhibitory post-synaptic currents (IPSC) activity and mobilize eCBs. We tested the hypothesis that mAChR-induced IPSCs would be modulated by concomitantly produced eCBs. With ionotropic glutamate receptors inhibited, mAChR agonist application triggered eCB-sensitive IPSCs that were enhanced in amplitude and frequency when a cannabinoid receptor antagonist was also present. There was also a highly significant increase in IPSC spectral power in the theta-frequency range. The data show that eCBs released by mAChRs modulate rhythmic IPSCs, and suggest that eCBs are candidate regulators of neuronal oscillations associated with eCB productionin vivo.

Significance statement

Endocannabinoids (eCB) are ubiquitous and powerful modulators of neuronal activity, acting in the brain mainly via cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs) on presynaptic nerve terminals, and inhibiting neurotransmitter release. Numerous neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine (ACh), stimulate eCB release. Behaviorally important neuronal oscillations can be suppressed by exogenous cannabinoids, suggesting that eCBs could regulate oscillations normally. Such regulation, if it occurred, would represent an important new dimension of eCB actions, but to date there is little evidence that eCBs do affect neuronal oscillations. Given the enrichment of eCBs and CB1Rs in brain regions whose behavioral roles depend on neuronal oscillations, including the hippocampus, it is important to understand whether, or how, the eCBs affect rhythms.
Optimal azimuthal orientation for Si(111) double-crystal monochromators to achieve the least amount of glitches in the hard X-ray region
Authors: Tang Zheng , Zheng Lirong , Chu Shengqi , Wu Min , An Pengfei , Zhang Long , Hu Tiandou
Published: July 2015

Simulations of the periods, split regularities and mirror symmetries of the glitch pattern of a Si(111) crystal along with the azimuthal angles are presented. The glitch patterns of Si(111) double-crystal monochromators (DCMs) are found to be the superposition of the two sets of glitch patterns from the two crystals. The optimal azimuthal orientation φ1,2= [(2n+1)π]/6 (n= 0, ±1, ±2…) for Si(111) DCMs to achieve the least amount of glitches in the hard X-ray region has been suggested.
Non-centrosymmetric crystals of newN-benzylideneaniline derivatives as potential materials for non-linear optics
Authors: Souza Talita Evelyn , Rosa Iara Maria Landre , Legendre Alexandre Oliveira , Paschoal Diego , Maia Lauro J. Q. , Dos Santos Hélio F. , Martins Felipe Terra , Doriguetto Antonio Carlos
Published: July 2015

Three newN-benzylideneaniline derivatives [p-nitrobenzylidene-p-phenylamineaniline (I), 2,4-dinitrobenzylidene-p-phenylamineaniline (II) andp-dinitrobenzylidene-p-diethylamineaniline (III)] containing electron–push–pull groups have been prepared. They present a planarN-benzylideneaniline core and neighbouring functional atoms, which are related through an efficient intramolecular charge transfer (CT). Two of the derivatives crystallize in non-centrosymmetric space groups, a necessary condition for non-linear optical (NLO) responses. The NLO properties were calculated for the molecular conformations determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction as well as for the four molecules packed into each corresponding unit cell, using a quantum-chemical method at the cam-B3LYP/NLO-V level of theory. As expected from antiparallel face-to-face stacking through centrosymmetry, the main NLO descriptors – namely, the first hyperpolarizability (βtot) and its projection on the dipole moment direction (βvec) – are almost zero for the tetramer of derivative III. Interestingly, the calculated first hyperpolarizability decreases in the non-centrosymmetric unit-cell content of derivative II when compared to its single molecule, which may be related to its molecular pillaring, similar to that observed in derivative III. On the other hand, a desirable magnification of the NLO properties was found for packed units of derivative I, which may be a consequence of its parallel face-to-tail stacking with the CT vectors of all molecules pointing in the same direction. Moreover, the CT vector of compound I makes an angle of θ = 33.6° with its crystal polar axis, resulting in a higher-order parameter (cos3θ = 0.6) compared with the other derivatives. This is in line with the higher macroscopic second-order NLO response predicted for derivative I, βtot= 120.4 × 10−30 e.s.u.
Syntheses and structures of one CuI-containing coordination polymer and two macrocyclic supramolecular complexes based on flexible 1,3,4-oxadiazole-containing ligands
Authors: Wu Xiang-Wen , Wu Wan-Fu , Yin Shi , Ma Jian-Ping
Published: July 2015

Three coordination complexes with CuIcentres have been prepared using the symmetrical flexible organic ligands 1,3-bis{[5-(quinolin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}propane (L1) and 1,4-bis{[5-(quinolin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}butane (L2). Crystallization ofL1 with Cu(SO3CF3)2and ofL2 with Cu(BF4)2and Cu(ClO4)2in a CH2Cl2/CH3OH mixed-solvent system at room temperature afforded the coordination complexescatena-poly[[copper(I)-μ-1,3-bis{[5-(quinolin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}propane] methanesulfonate dichloromethane 0.6-solvate], {[Cu(C25H18N6O2S2)](CF3SO3)·0.6CH2Cl2}n, (I), bis(μ-1,4-bis{[5-(quinolin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}butane)dicopper(I) bis(tetrafluoridoborate)–dichloromethane–methanol (1/1.5/1), [Cu2(C26H20N6O2S2)2](BF4)2·1.5CH2Cl2·CH3OH, (II), and bis(μ-1,4-bis{[5-(quinolin-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}butane)dicopper(I) bis(perchlorate)–dichloromethane–methanol (1/2/1), [Cu2(C26H20N6O2S2)2](ClO4)2·2CH2Cl2·CH3OH, (III). Under the control of the dumbbell-shaped CF3SO3−anion, complex (I) forms a one-dimensional chain and neighbouring chains form a spiral double chain. Under the control of the regular tetrahedron-shaped BF4−and ClO4−anions, complexes (II) and (III) have been obtained as bimetallic rings, which further interactviaπ–π interactions to form two-dimensional networks. The anions play a decisive role in determining the arrangement of these discrete molecular complexes in the solid state.