bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Induction of water repellency by leaves of contrasting Australian native species: effects of composition and heating
Authors: Dao Mai T. T. , Henry David J. , Dell Bernard , Daniel Nicholas R. R. , Harper Richard J.
Published: May 2022

Aims

This study identifies the contribution of leaf matter from individual plant species on water repellency with a focus on the composition of organic compounds and the role of heat in releasing these compounds to soil.

Methods

Leaf powder from four plant species (Banksia menziesii, Eucalyptus marginata, Allocasuarina fraseriana, Xanthorrhoea preissii) was mixed with acid-washed sand (AWS) under a range of temperatures and WR measured. Plant chemical composition was characterized by extraction of leaf powder and GC/MS analysis.

Results

Increasing concentrations of plant powder mixed with AWS increased WR for three species; whereas for X. preissii there was no WR at any concentration. Heating increased WR for all species over the range of 30 to 120 °C. B. menziesii had the greatest WR, which was associated with the largest diversity of fatty acids and n-alcohols and highest concentration of alkanes, whereas X. preissii with the smallest WR had only C16 alcohol and C16 fatty acids at relatively low concentration.

Conclusions

Physically mixing leaf powder with AWS allows the contribution of different plant species on WR to be directly examined. WR appears to be related to differences in the concentrations and diversity of n-alcohols, n-fatty acids, and high n-alkanes in the leaves. The observed temperature effects on WR provide insights into the kinetics of release and dispersal of organic compounds from interstitial material.
A theoretical study of the valence tautomerism of 1H-pyrazolium-4-olates (X = O) and related compounds (X = S, Se, NH): relative stabilities, protonation effects, and tautomerization barriers
Authors: Alkorta Ibon , Elguero José
Published: May 2022

The valence isomerism of a series of heterocyclic mesomeric betaines (HMBs) belonging to class 5, called pseudo-semi-conjugated HMBs, has been studied theoretically both the neutral and the protonated species. These HMBs are 1H-pyrazol-2-ium-4-olates and related compounds where the oxygen atom has been replaced by S, Se atoms, and an NH group. The main conclusion of the present work is that the ring/open valence tautomerism is possible both for neutral and protonated although it has never been observed experimentally.
Guidelines for cadaver dissection in education and research of clinical medicine (The Japan Surgical Society and The Japanese Association of Anatomists)
Authors: Shichinohe Toshiaki , Kondo Takashi , Date Hiroshi , Hiramatsu Masako , Hirano Satoshi , Ide Chizuka , Iwanaga Toshihiko , Izawa Yoshimitsu , Kikuta Akio , Kobayashi Eiji , Matsui Yoshiro , Nohara Yutaka , Shibata Takanori , Shirakawa Yasuhiro , Suzuki Takane , Takahashi Haruo , Taneichi Hiroshi , Tsurumoto Toshiyuki , Uchiyama Yasuo , Watanabe Masahiko , Yaginuma Hiroyuki , Yamaguchi Kumiko , Yoshida Kazunari
Published: May 2022

This article translates the guidelines for cadaver surgical training (CST) published in 2012 by Japan Surgical Society (JSS) and Japanese Association of Anatomists from Japanese to English. These guidelines are based on Japanese laws and enable the usage of donated cadavers for CST and clinical research. The following are the conditions to implement the activities outlined in the guidelines. The aim is to improve medicine and to contribute to social welfare. Activities should only be carried out at medical or dental universities under the centralized control by the department of anatomy under the regulation of Japanese law. Upon the usage of cadavers, registered donors must provide a written informed-consent for their body to be used for CST and other activities of clinical medicine. Commercial use of cadavers and profit-based CST is strongly prohibited. Moreover, all the cadaver-related activities except for the commercial-based ones require the approval of the University's Institutional Review Board (IRB) before implementation. The expert committee organized at each university for the implementation of CST should summarize the implementation of the program and report the details of the training program, operating costs, and conflicts of interest to the CST Promotion Committee of JSS.
Leistungsstrukturanalyse im Praxischeck – Diskussion theoretischer Vorgaben und der praktischen Umsetzung am Beispiel des Sportkletterns
Authors: Augste Claudia , Winkler Marvin , Künzell Stefan
Published: May 2022

Es ist eine zentrale Aufgabe trainingswissenschaftlicher Forschung, Leistungsstrukturmodelle zu erstellen. Durch die Leistungsstrukturanalyse werden Eigenschaften identifiziert und hierarchisiert, welche die Leistung in einer spezifischen Sportart bedingen. In der Literatur gibt es Vorschläge für die dazu notwendigen Arbeitsschritte. Beispiele aus der Sportpraxis zeigen jedoch, dass diese nicht immer wie geplant umgesetzt werden können. In dem vorliegenden Diskussionsbeitrag beschreiben wir unser Vorgehen bei der Entwicklung eines Leistungsstrukturmodells im Sportklettern. An diesem Beispiel diskutieren wir Möglichkeiten und Grenzen des theoretisch proklamierten Vorgehens. Wir verdeutlichen die verschiedenen Entscheidungsoptionen und unterbreiten Vorschläge für ein allgemeines, praktikables Vorgehen zur zukünftigen Entwicklung von Leistungsstrukturmodellen.
mTOR pathway gene expression in association with race and clinicopathological characteristics in Black and White breast cancer patients
Authors: Ilozumba Mmadili N. , Yao Song , Llanos Adana A. M. , Omilian Angela R. , Zhang Weizhou , Datta Susmita , Hong Chi-Chen , Davis Warren , Khoury Thaer , Bandera Elisa V. , Higgins Michael , Ambrosone Christine B. , Cheng Ting-Yuan David
Published: May 2022

Background

Aberrant activation of the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has been linked to obesity and endocrine therapy resistance, factors that may contribute to Black-White disparities in breast cancer outcomes. We evaluated associations of race and clinicopathological characteristics with mRNA expression of key mTOR pathway genes in breast tumors.

Methods

Surgical tumor tissue blocks were collected from 367 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients (190 Black and 177 White). Gene expression ofAKT1,EIF4EBP1,MTOR,RPS6KB2, andTSC1were quantified by NanoString nCounter. Differential gene expression was assessed using linear regression on log2-transformed values. Gene expression and DNA methylation data from TCGA were used for validation and investigation of race-related differences.

Results

Compared to White women, Black women had relative under-expression ofAKT1(log2 fold-change = − 0.31, 95% CI − 0.44, − 0.18) andRPS6KB2(log2 fold-change =− 0.11, 95% CI − 0.19, − 0.03). Higher vs. lower tumor grade was associated with relative over-expression ofEIF4EBP1andRPS6KB2, but with lower expression ofTSC1. Compared to luminal tumors, triple-negative tumors had relative under-expression ofTSC1(log2 fold-change = − 0.42, 95% CI − 0.22, − 0.01). The results were similar in the TCGA breast cancer dataset. Post-hoc analyses identified differential CpG methylation within theAKT1andRPS6KB2locus between Black and White women.

Conclusions

Over-expression ofRPS6KB2andEIF4EBP1and under-expression ofTSC1might be indicators of more aggressive breast cancer phenotypes. Differential expression ofAKT1andRPS6KB2by race warrants further investigation to elucidate their roles in racial disparities of treatment resistance and outcomes between Black and White women with breast cancer.
Flows and budgets of nutrients and potentially toxic elements on four Swedish organic farms using digestate from agricultural residues
Authors: Salomon Eva , Tidåker Pernilla , Bergström Nilsson Sara
Published: May 2022

Few fertilizers are permitted for organic farming, which is a challenge when securing nutrient availability, particularly of nitrogen (N). Digestate from biogas production could be a valuable fertilizer for increasing crop yields, through its high content of plant-available nitrogen (NH4-N), but is rarely used in practice. This study evaluated how anaerobic digestion of manure and use of digestate affected inflows and outflows of nutrients and potentially toxic elements on four organic farms with different solutions for digestate production. Mass flows and element concentrations were documented 3 years on three dairy farms and one crop farm and used for calculating farm budgets. Nitrogen and phosphorus (P) budgets were also calculated for biogas reactor and storage pits on three farms. Nitrogen surplus exhibited large variation (18–87 kg N ha−1 year−1) at farm level, with purchased digestate or poultry manure giving major N inputs. The risk of process losses was high, with up to 40% of N and P in feedstock entering farm biogas reactors not recovered in digestate. The proportion of NH4-N in total N in digestate was slightly higher (2–9%) or lower (37%) than in feedstocks entering farm biogas reactors. Improved stirring in farm biogas reactors and storage pits to decrease N and P sedimentation, particularly when digesting poultry manure, would directly increase digestate value. Two farms purchasing digestate from central biogas plants received a digestate causing significant cadmium inputs. Keeping records on element flows can help to tailor the use of digestate for organic farms to achieve a sustainable use of nutrients.
Adsorption mechanism of Cd(II) by calcium-modified lignite-derived humin in aqueous solutions
Authors: Wang Ping , Huang Zhanbin , Fu Zhanyong , Zhao Peng , Feng Zeshen , Wang Yao , Li Fangze
Published: May 2022

Lignite-derived humin (CHM) was extracted from raw coal in Heihe City, China, producing calcium-modified lignite-derived humin (Ca-CHM) by Ca(OH)2. The physical and chemical performances of CHM and Ca-CHM were analyzed with SEM, 13C spectra and XPS techniques. The results show that Ca-CHM exhibited weaker aliphatic, more aromatic polar compared with CHM, which improves the adsorption capacity for Cd(II). XPS analysis indicates that Ca(II) has been loaded onto Ca-CHM successfully after modification. This batch adsorption experiments report the adsorption performance of CHM and Ca-CHM for Cd(II). The adsorption process of CHM and Ca-CHM for Cd(II) conform to pseudo-second-order model, which is chemical adsorption, and the adsorption data presented good fits to the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption amount (Qm) of Cd(II) onto CHM and Ca-CHM by the Langmuir model is 15.29 mg/g and 41.84 mg/g, respectively. Based on the results of SEM, 13C spectra, and XPS analysis, we concluded that the main adsorption mechanism of Ca-CHM on Cd(II) was ion exchange of Cd(II) for Ca(II), static-adsorbed and surface complexation. Therefore, Ca(II) can be loaded on the surface of Ca-CHM by chemical modification, improving the adsorption capacity of materials in aqueous solutions.

Graphical abstract
DMPFIT: A Tool for Atomic-Scale Metrology via Nonlinear Least-Squares Fitting of Peaks in Atomic-Resolution TEM Images
Authors: Du Hongchu
Published: May 2022

Despite the wide availability and usage of Gatan’s DigitalMicrograph software in the electron microscopy community for image recording and analysis, nonlinear least-squares fitting in DigitalMicrograph is less straightforward. This work presents a ready-to-use tool, the DMPFIT software package, written in DigitalMicrograph script and C++ language, for nonlinear least-squares fitting of the intensity distribution of atomic columns in atomic-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images with a general two-dimensional (2D) Gaussian model. Applications of the DMPFIT software are demonstrated both in atomic-resolution conventional coherent TEM (CTEM) images recorded by the negative spherical aberration imaging technique and in high angle annular dark field (HAADF) scanning TEM (STEM) images. The implemented peak-finding algorithm based on the periodicity of 2D lattices enables reliable and convenient atomic-scale metrology as well as  intuitive presentation of the resolved atomic structures.
Extending Microsoft excel and Hansen solubility parameters relationship to double Hansen’s sphere calculation
Authors: de los Ríos Manuel Díaz , Belmonte Rubén Murcia
Published: May 2022

Previous studies have shown the feasibility of using the Microsoft Excel "Solver" add-in to determine the Hansen solubility parameters and the radius of the Hansen sphere. Compounds such as di-block copolymer or ionic liquids are best represented by a Hansen double sphere, calculated with the HSPiP software; the development of other tools for evaluating this type of case is not reported in the literature. This communication provides the steps for the determination of a Hansen double sphere with the help of an evolutionary algorithm of Microsoft Excel, validated with, five study cases reported in the literature, with the HSPiP software itself. Other improvements for Microsoft Excel 365 version are also described.

Article Highlights

The workbook updated and posted in Hansen Web page is a useful tool available to the research community interesting in Hansen solubility parameters experimental determination and fit either single and double Hansen’ sphere. In some cases, sphere radius is better reduced than with the use of HSPiP.

The "Chemicals” sheet has been included with more than 1200 Hansen Solubility Parameters (HSPs) of solvents and compounds.

The worksheet named “HSP Solvents Blends and Chi” has been updated with more functionalities, while the worksheet named “Find a Similar Substance” allows the user to search the entire database to find HSPs of compounds that match the constraints declared. Two-dimensional graphics of the HSPs is also available
Evaluation of Regression Rate Enhancing Concepts and Techniques for Hybrid Rocket Engines
Authors: Glaser Christopher , Hijlkema Jouke , Anthoine Jérôme
Published: May 2022

The low regression rate of Hybrid Rocket Engines (HREs) is one prominent characteristic that is addressed in most abstracts concerning hybrid propulsion. Over the years, researchers developed and investigated numerous ways to tackle the low regression rate problem of HREs. This article is a collection and assessment of these diverse methods and designs. It allows for a quick overview of the different mechanisms that are being employed and can serve both as information and inspiration. The enhancement ideas are grouped together as (a) adjustments to the solid fuel chemical properties, (b) advanced injection methods and concepts and (c) improving the combustion chamber design. These different techniques are discussed and their individual impact on the regression rate is assessed both qualitatively and quantitatively. All methods that are presented come with a different set of advantages and disadvantages, making the regression rate enhancement a trade-off problem. In our view, the most promising designs and methods are those that only call for minor adjustments to the HRE design, as they can be also added to already existing engines. Above all, it is to be said that regression rate enhancing techniques that change the unique features of HREs (namely safety, simplicity and low cost) are to be employed with caution. Only if the achievable regression rate increase is justifying the implications for the HRE in the envisioned use-case, these concepts represent promising alternatives to the status quo.
Drama pedagogy: subverting and remaking learning in the thirdspace
Authors: Dutton Janet , Rushton Kathy
Published: May 2022

This qualitative, ethnographic research highlights how drama pedagogy using translanguaging-based Readers Theatre supports students learning English as an Additional Language or Dialect (EAL/D) to develop knowledge of language central to their engagement with learning (Authors, 2020). Using socio-spatial theory of Lefebvre (1991) and Soja (Annals of the Association of American Geographers70:207–225, 1980), we argue that drama pedagogy can shape a creative translanguaging space as reported by Li (Journal of Pragmatics43:1222–1235, 2011) in which the high-stakes test based pressure to narrow curriculum and pedagogical breadth can be resisted, and classroom spaces remade so that literacy learning is identity-affirming and caters for the diverse needs of students.
SELECTING BIVARIATE COPULA MODELS USING IMAGE RECOGNITION
Authors: Tsanakas Andreas , Zhu Rui
Published: May 2022

The choice of a copula model from limited data is a hard but important task. Motivated by the visual patterns that different copula models produce in smoothed density heatmaps, we consider copula model selection as an image recognition problem. We extract image features from heatmaps using the pre-trained AlexNet and present workflows for model selection that combine image features with statistical information. We employ dimension reduction via Principal Component and Linear Discriminant Analyses and use a Support Vector Machine classifier. Simulation studies show that the use of image data improves the accuracy of the copula model selection task, particularly in scenarios where sample sizes and correlations are low. This finding indicates that transfer learning can support statistical procedures of model selection. We demonstrate application of the proposed approach to the joint modelling of weekly returns of the MSCI and RISX indices.
Braids in the heart: global measures of mixing for cardiovascular flows
Authors: Di Labbio Giuseppe , Thiffeault Jean-Luc , Kadem Lyes
Published: May 2022

The flow patterns in the heart, in health and disease, have been of great interest for several years. Modern fluid dynamics analyses elucidate how underlying inefficient energetic or mixing characteristics of these flow patterns correlate with adverse effects. Unfortunately, translation of such modern analyses to the clinical stage remains a challenge. In this experimental work, we propose and demonstrate that braids of random and sparse particle trajectories provide an intuitive, global and practical description of cardiovascular flows. Moreover, we expose the flow pattern in an experimental healthy left ventricle model as a highly effective blood mixer at the topological level. Flow topologies that deviate from this pattern are accompanied by a reduction in energetic efficiency, as shown through comparisons with diseased flow models. These results suggest an ideal clinical approach to patient follow-up and the evaluation of the performance of medical devices.
‘Citadels of spiritual resistance’: the Italian schools in Scotland, 1924–1940
Authors: Petrocelli Remigio
Published: May 2022

This article focuses on Italian schools in Scotland during the Fascist ventennio. The Italian-Scottish case study will be helpful to understand one of the principal means, the schools, that the Fascist regime used from the early 1920s in order to preserve the Italian identity of second-generation Italians. From the first half of the 1930s, the schools also became one of the key channels for spreading Fascist ideology and propaganda. Nevertheless, in Scotland, the schools also had a social significance, as Italians began to gather and socialise through them as a community. Accordingly, the foundations and educational, social and political roles of the schools will be examined. The article offers an insight into a topic neglected by Italian and British scholars, despite the second biggest Italian diasporic community in Britain residing in interwar Glasgow.
School Closure Decisions in Alberta and Ontario during COVID-19: Discourse and Data
Authors: Boothe Katherine , Fiorillo Nicole , Just Danielle , Alvarez Elizabeth , Davidson Adrienne
Published: May 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant disruptions in Canada's public school system as provincial and territorial governments have enacted sudden and prolonged school closures. We compare the different school closure decisions in Alberta and Ontario during spring 2021, using official public briefings and publicly available data about rates of COVID-19 cases. We ask if provincial policy decisions can be explained by different epidemiological contexts and risks. We find that key epidemiological indicators such as the rate of cases were not directly linked to school closure decisions. This is important for policy makers and experts: it problematizes the assumption of a straight line between evidence and decisions and has implications for transparency and public trust in pandemic policy choices. A systematic description of the gap between evidence and policy is an important starting point for asking, What does drive decisions to close schools?
Between authority and (in)authenticity: How literary canons shaped jus gentium
Authors: Iurlaro Francesca
Published: May 2022

In this article, I will show how literary imitation qualifies as a specific mode of transmission of jus gentium texts and ideas. Focusing on this specific angle allows us to see how Gentili and Grotius were not just literary erudites, using poetic references to craft their own international legal arguments; they professionalized the use of literary canons in such a way that they became constitutive of jus gentium as a discipline. Canonical references were transmitted through marginalia, the printed annotations we find abundantly in the margins of their texts, and that constituted for at least two centuries the argumentative structure of how jus gentium was written. Thus, a parallel legal history unfolds between the lines of marginalia, a story made of textual interpretations, omissions, and intentional interpolations. I will offer a concrete example of this textual machinery at play, namely Gentili’s and Grotius’ discussion of the same passage from Virgil’s Aeneid. The passage in question, known by literary historians as the ‘Helen episode’, is a case of contested Virgilian authority. The ‘Helen episode’, regardless of its textual reliability, is used by Gentili and Grotius to make a specific claim: that women cannot legally qualify as enemies under the law of nations. Such a story is particularly revealing, as it allows us to acknowledge the jurisgenetic role of literary canons, as well as their powerful role in the production of arguments of order that became constitutive of international law.
Kantian Remorse with and without Self-Retribution
Authors: Vilhauer Benjamin
Published: May 2022

Kant’s account of the pain of remorse involves a hybrid justification based on self-retribution, but constrained by forward-looking principles which say we must channel remorse into improvement and moderate its pain to avoid damaging our rational agency. Kant’s corpus also offers material for a revisionist but textually grounded alternative account based on wrongdoers’ sympathy for the pain they cause. This account is based on the value of care, and has forward-looking constraints much like Kant’s own account. Drawing on Kant’s texts and recent work in empirical psychology, I argue that sympathetic remorse may fulfil Kant’s forward-looking goals better than self-retributive remorse.
Blending the Popular and the Profound: Organ Concerts at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition
Authors: Laver Anne
Published: May 2022

The 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago was a watershed moment in U.S. organ culture. Over the course of four months, twenty-one of the finest organists in the country, along with Alexandre Guilmant of Paris, performed sixty-two solo organ recitals on a large new organ built by Farrand and Votey, paving the way for the rise of the solo organ concert in the United States. Although this was a seminal event in the organ world, it has largely been overlooked in modern musicological scholarship. This article contextualizes the series within the wider program of the fair's Bureau of Music and compares the programming strategies between Bureau of Music director Theodore Thomas and organ series director Clarence Eddy. Thomas chose to promote a hierarchical programming model that ultimately failed, but the organists endeavored to offer programs that appealed to both the uninitiated and the connoisseur. A detailed analysis of organ concert programs at the fair using a new database reveals the way in which organists embraced a mixture of “popular” and “profound” elements in their programming that was later disseminated in magazines, pamphlets, and performing editions after the event.
Understanding why people with OCD do what they do, and why other people get involved: supporting people with OCD and loved ones to move from safety-seeking behaviours to approach-supporting behaviours
Authors: Philpot Nicola , Thwaites Richard , Freeston Mark
Published: May 2022

The distress inherent in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) can often lead to partners, family members and friends becoming entangled with the OCD in terms of being drawn into performing certain behaviours to try and reduce the distress of their loved one. In the past this has often been referred to somewhat pejoratively as collusion, or more neutrally as accommodation. In this paper we emphasise that this is usually a natural human response to seeing a loved one in distress and wanting to help. This paper provides detailed clinical guidance on how to understand this involvement and how to include others in the treatment of OCD along with practical tips and hints around potential blocks that may require troubleshooting. It also details the relatively recently introduced concept of approach-supporting behaviours, and provides guidance on how to distinguish these from safety-seeking behaviours. The ‘special case’ of reassurance seeking is also discussed.

Key learning aims

(1)

To illustrate the importance of understanding the person’s OCD beliefs ‘from the inside’ including the internal logic that leads to specific behaviours.

(2)

To understand the ways that key individuals in the lives of people with OCD can become entangled with the OCD (through the best of intentions) and to provide practical clinical guidance for CBT therapists around how to engage and work with these individuals in the lives of people with OCD.

(3)

To explain and delineate the idea of approach-supporting behaviours, distinguishing these from safety-seeking behaviours.

(4)

To distinguish the interpersonal component of reassurance from the neutralisation component and provide guidance on how we can help family members to replace reassurance with something that is equally or more supportive whilst not maintaining the OCD.
Turbulence Effects on the Formation of Cold Fog Over Complex Terrain With Large‐Eddy Simulation
Authors: Li Xin , Pu Zhaoxia
Published: May 2022

A large eddy simulation (LES) embedded in the mesoscale community Weather Research and Forecasting model is used to examine the effects of turbulence on cold fog formation over Heber Valley in northern Utah in the U.S. The LES results indicate that large‐scale turbulent eddies prevail and dominate the mixing effects in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). The combination of turbulence mixing effects, mountain‐valley flow, and ultra‐cold valley temperature lead to fog formation in the LES simulation. The omission of the turbulent eddies in the PBL parameterization results in a weak mixing effect in the PBL and weakens the near‐surface air cooling, thus failing to reproduce the fog in the simulation. This study indicates the essential role of turbulence in fog formation over complex terrain. Turbulent eddies exist over complex terrain and can enhance mixing effects, and thus the conditions for fog formation.
The Mars Oxygen Visible Dayglow: A Martian Year of NOMAD/UVIS Observations
Authors: Soret L. , Gérard J.‐C. , Aoki S. , Gkouvelis L. , Thomas I. R. , Ristic B. , Hubert B. , Willame Y. , Depiesse C. , Vandaele A. C. , Patel M. R. , Mason J. P. , Daerden F. , López‐Moreno J.‐J. , Bellucci G.
Published: May 2022

The Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrometer Ultraviolet (UVIS UV) and Visible Spectrometer channel of the Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery spectrometer aboard the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter has made limb observations of the Martian dayglow during more than a Martian year. Two pointing modes have been applied: (a) In the inertial mode, the spectrometer scans the atmosphere twice down to near the surface and provides altitude profiles of the dayglow; (b) in the tracking mode, the atmosphere is scanned at varying latitudes at a nearly constant altitude through the entire observation. We present a statistical study of the vertical and seasonal distribution of the recently discovered oxygen green and red lines at 557.7 nm and 630 nm. It indicates that the brightness of the green line emission responds to changes in the Lyman‐α flux. The peak altitude of the green line emission increases seasonally when the Sun‐Mars distance decreases. The lower peak of the green line statistically drops by 15–20 km between perihelion and aphelion at mid‐to high altitude. The main lower peak intensity shows an asymmetry between the two hemispheres. It is significantly brighter and more pronounced in the southern hemisphere than in the north. This is a consequence of the stronger Lyman‐α solar flux near perihelion. The second component of the oxygen red line at 636.4 nm is also detected for the first time in the Martian atmosphere. A photochemical model is used to simulate the variations of the green dayglow observed along limb tracking orbits.
A randomized phase III study of pretransplant conditioning for AML/MDS with fludarabine and once daily IV busulfan ± clofarabine in allogeneic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Andersson Borje S. , Thall Peter F. , Ma Junsheng , Valdez Benigno C. , Bassett Roland , Chen Julianne , Ahmed Sairah , Alousi Amin , Bashir Qaiser , Ciurea Stefan , Gulbis Alison , Cool Rita , Kawedia Jitesh , Hosing Chitra , Kebriaei Partow , Kornblau Steve , Myers Alan , Oran Betul , Rezvani Katayoun , Shah Nina , Shpall Elizabeth , Parmar Simrit , Popat Uday R. , Nieto Yago , Champlin Richard E.
Published: May 2022

Pretransplant conditioning with Fludarabine (Flu)-Busulfan (Bu) is safe, but clofarabine (Clo) has improved antileukemic activity. Hypothesis: Flu+Clo-Bu (FCB) yields superior progression-free survival (PFS) after allogeneic transplantation. We randomized 250 AML/MDS patients aged 3–70, Karnofsky Score ≥80, with matched donors, to FCB (n = 120) or Flu-Bu (n = 130), stratifying complete remission (CR) vs. No CR, (NCR). HCT-CI scores varied, from 0 to 10. All evaluable patients engrafted. Median follow-up was 66 months (interquartile range: 58–80). Three-year relapse incidence (RI), 25% with FCB, vs. 39% with Flu-Bu (p = 0.018), offset by higher non-relapse mortality, 22.6% (95%CI: 16–30.2%) vs. 12.3% (95%CI: 6.5–19%). Three-year PFS was 52% (95%CI: 44–62%) (FCB), vs. 48% (95%CI: 41–58%) (Flu-Bu). FCB benefited CR patients less, NCR patients age ≤ 60 had 3-year 34% RI (95%CI: 19–49%) (FCB) vs. 56% (95%CI: 38–70%) after Flu-Bu (p = 0.037). NCR patients >60 years had 3-year RI 10.0% (FCB), vs. 56.0%, after Flu-Bu (p = 0.003). Bayesian regression analysis including treatment-covariate interactions showed FCB superiority in NCR patients with low HCT-CI (0–2). Serious adverse event profiles were similar for the regimens. Conditioning with FCB did not improve PFS overall, but improved disease control in NCR patients, mandating confirmatory trials. Remission status and HCT-CI should be considered when using FCB.
Single-cell transcriptomics reveals lineage trajectory of human scalp hair follicle and informs mechanisms of hair graying
Authors: Wu Sijie , Yu Yao , Liu Caiyue , Zhang Xia , Zhu Peiying , Peng You , Yan Xinyu , Li Yin , Hua Peng , Li Qingfeng , Wang Sijia , Zhang Liang
Published: May 2022

Hair conditions, such as hair loss and graying, are prevalent human conditions. But they are often poorly controlled due to our insufficient understanding of human scalp hair follicle (hsHF) in health and disease. Here we describe a comprehensive single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) analysis on highly purified black and early-stage graying hsHFs. Based on these, a concise single-cell atlas for hsHF and its early graying changes is generated and verified using samples from multiple independent individuals. These data reveal the lineage trajectory of hsHF in unprecedented detail and uncover its multiple unexpected features not found in mouse HFs, including the presence of an innerbulge like compartment in the growing phase, lack of a discrete companion layer, and enrichment of EMT features in HF stem cells (HFSCs). Moreover, we demonstrate that besides melanocyte depletion, early-stage human hair graying is also associated with specific depletion of matrix hair progenitors but not HFSCs. The hair progenitors’ depletion is accompanied by their P53 pathway activation whose pharmaceutical blockade can ameliorate hair graying in mice, enlightening a promising therapeutic avenue for this prevalent hair condition.
Structural insights into the ligand binding and Gi coupling of serotonin receptor 5-HT5A
Authors: Tan Yangxia , Xu Peiyu , Huang Sijie , Yang Gong , Zhou Fulai , He Xinheng , Ma Honglei , Xu H. Eric , Jiang Yi
Published: May 2022

5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 5A (5-HT5A) belongs to the 5-HT receptor family and signals through the Gi/o protein. It is involved in nervous system regulation and an attractive target for the treatment of psychosis, depression, schizophrenia, and neuropathic pain. 5-HT5A is the only Gi/o-coupled 5-HT receptor subtype lacking a high-resolution structure, which hampers the mechanistic understanding of ligand binding and Gi/o coupling for 5-HT5A. Here we report a cryo-electron microscopy structure of the 5-HT5A–Gi complex bound to 5-Carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT). Combined with functional analysis, this structure reveals the 5-CT recognition mechanism and identifies the receptor residue at 6.55 as a determinant of the 5-CT selectivity for Gi/o-coupled 5-HT receptors. In addition, 5-HT5A shows an overall conserved Gi protein coupling mode compared with other Gi/o-coupled 5-HT receptors. These findings provide comprehensive insights into the ligand binding and G protein coupling of Gi/o-coupled 5-HT receptors and offer a template for the design of 5-HT5A-selective drugs.
Vinyl copolymers with faster hydrolytic degradation than aliphatic polyesters and tunable upper critical solution temperatures
Authors: Bossion Amaury , Zhu Chen , Guerassimoff Léa , Mougin Julie , Nicolas Julien
Published: May 2022

Vinyl polymers are the focus of intensive research due to their ease of synthesis and the possibility of making well-defined, functional materials. However, their non-degradability leads to environmental problems and limits their use in biomedical applications, allowing aliphatic polyesters to still be considered as the gold standards. Radical ring-opening polymerization of cyclic ketene acetals is considered the most promising approach to impart degradability to vinyl polymers. However, these materials still exhibit poor hydrolytic degradation and thus cannot yet compete with traditional polyesters. Here we show that a simple copolymerization system based on acrylamide and cyclic ketene acetals leads to well-defined and cytocompatible copolymers with faster hydrolytic degradation than that of polylactide and poly(lactide-co-glycolide). Moreover, by changing the nature of the cyclic ketene acetal, the copolymers can be either water-soluble or can exhibit tunable upper critical solution temperatures relevant for mild hyperthermia-triggered drug release. Amphiphilic diblock copolymers deriving from this system can also be formulated into degradable, thermosensitive nanoparticles by an all-water nanoprecipitation process.
Predicting cancer prognosis and drug response from the tumor microbiome
Authors: Hermida Leandro C. , Gertz E. Michael , Ruppin Eytan
Published: May 2022

Tumor gene expression is predictive of patient prognosis in some cancers. However, RNA-seq and whole genome sequencing data contain not only reads from host tumor and normal tissue, but also reads from the tumor microbiome, which can be used to infer the microbial abundances in each tumor. Here, we show that tumor microbial abundances, alone or in combination with tumor gene expression, can predict cancer prognosis and drug response to some extent—microbial abundances are significantly less predictive of prognosis than gene expression, although similarly as predictive of drug response, but in mostly different cancer-drug combinations. Thus, it appears possible to leverage existing sequencing technology, or develop new protocols, to obtain more non-redundant information about prognosis and drug response from RNA-seq and whole genome sequencing experiments than could be obtained from tumor gene expression or genomic data alone.
Hollow mesoporous atomically dispersed metal-nitrogen-carbon catalysts with enhanced diffusion for catalysis involving larger molecules
Authors: Han Xu , Zhang Tianyu , Wang Xinhe , Zhang Zedong , Li Yaping , Qin Yongji , Wang Bingqing , Han Aijuan , Liu Junfeng
Published: May 2022

Single-atom catalysts (SACs) show great promise in various applications due to their maximal atom utilization efficiency. However, the controlled synthesis of SACs with appropriate porous structures remains a challenge that must be overcome to address the diffusion issues in catalysis. Resolving these diffusion issues has become increasingly important because the intrinsic activity of the catalysts is dramatically improved by spatially isolated single-atom sites. Herein, we develop a facile topo-conversion strategy for fabricating hollow mesoporous metal-nitrogen-carbon SACs with enhanced diffusion for catalysis. Several hollow mesoporous metal-nitrogen-carbon SACs, including Co, Ni, Mn and Cu, are successfully fabricated by this strategy. Taking hollow mesoporous cobalt-nitrogen-carbon SACs as a proof-of-concept, diffusion and kinetic experiments demonstrate the enhanced diffusion of hollow mesoporous structures compared to the solid ones, which alleviates the bottleneck of poor mass transport in catalysis, especially involving larger molecules. Impressively, the combination of superior intrinsic activity from Co-N4 sites and the enhanced diffusion from the hollow mesoporous nanoarchitecture significantly improves the catalytic performance of the oxidative coupling of aniline and its derivatives.
Functional expression of opioid receptors and other human GPCRs in yeast engineered to produce human sterols
Authors: Bean Björn D. M. , Mulvihill Colleen J. , Garge Riddhiman K. , Boutz Daniel R. , Rousseau Olivier , Floyd Brendan M. , Cheney William , Gardner Elizabeth C. , Ellington Andrew D. , Marcotte Edward M. , Gollihar Jimmy D. , Whiteway Malcolm , Martin Vincent J. J.
Published: May 2022

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is powerful for studying human G protein-coupled receptors as they can be coupled to its mating pathway. However, some receptors, including the mu opioid receptor, are non-functional, which may be due to the presence of the fungal sterol ergosterol instead of cholesterol. Here we engineer yeast to produce cholesterol and introduce diverse mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors to create sensitive opioid biosensors that recapitulate agonist binding profiles and antagonist inhibition. Additionally, human mu opioid receptor variants, including those with clinical relevance, largely display expected phenotypes. By testing mu opioid receptor-based biosensors with systematically adjusted cholesterol biosynthetic intermediates, we relate sterol profiles to biosensor sensitivity. Finally, we apply sterol-modified backgrounds to other human receptors revealing sterol influence in SSTR5, 5-HTR4, FPR1, and NPY1R signaling. This work provides a platform for generating human G protein-coupled receptor-based biosensors, facilitating receptor deorphanization and high-throughput screening of receptors and effectors.
Mechanism of nucleotide discrimination by the translesion synthesis polymerase Rev1
Authors: Weaver Tyler M. , Click Timothy H. , Khoang Thu H. , Todd Washington M. , Agarwal Pratul K. , Freudenthal Bret D.
Published: May 2022

Rev1 is a translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) polymerase involved in the bypass of adducted-guanine bases and abasic sites during DNA replication. During damage bypass, Rev1 utilizes a protein-template mechanism of DNA synthesis, where the templating DNA base is evicted from the Rev1 active site and replaced by an arginine side chain that preferentially binds incoming dCTP. Here, we utilize X-ray crystallography and molecular dynamics simulations to obtain structural insight into the dCTP specificity of Rev1. We show the Rev1 R324 protein-template forms sub-optimal hydrogen bonds with incoming dTTP, dGTP, and dATP that prevents Rev1 from adopting a catalytically competent conformation. Additionally, we show the Rev1 R324 protein-template forms optimal hydrogen bonds with incoming rCTP. However, the incoming rCTP adopts an altered sugar pucker, which prevents the formation of a catalytically competent Rev1 active site. This work provides novel insight into the mechanisms for nucleotide discrimination by the TLS polymerase Rev1.
Phase-transition tailored nanoporous zinc metal electrodes for rechargeable alkaline zinc-nickel oxide hydroxide and zinc-air batteries
Authors: Li Liangyu , Tsang Yung Chak Anson , Xiao Diwen , Zhu Guoyin , Zhi Chunyi , Chen Qing
Published: May 2022

Secondary alkaline Zn batteries are cost-effective, safe, and energy-dense devices, but they are limited in rechargeability. Their short cycle life is caused by the transition between metallic Zn and ZnO, whose differences in electronic conductivity, chemical reactivity, and morphology undermine uniform electrochemical reactions and electrode structural stability. To circumvent these issues, here we propose an electrode design with bi-continuous metallic zinc nanoporous structures capable of stabilizing the electrochemical transition between metallic Zn and ZnO. In particular, via in situ optical microscopy and electrochemical impedance measurements, we demonstrate the kinetics-controlled structural evolution of Zn and ZnO. We also tested the electrochemical energy storage performance of the nanoporous zinc electrodes in alkaline zinc-nickel oxide hydroxide (NiOOH) and zinc-air (using Pt/C/IrO2-based air-electrodes) coin cell configurations. The Zn | |NiOOH cell delivers an areal capacity of 30 mAh/cm2 at 60% depth of discharging for 160 cycles, and the Zn | |Pt/C/IrO2 air cell demonstrates 80-hour stable operation in lean electrolyte condition.
Adaptive immune signature in HER2-positive breast cancer in NCCTG (Alliance) N9831 and NeoALTTO trials
Authors: Chumsri Saranya , Li Zhuo , Serie Daniel J. , Norton Nadine , Mashadi-Hossein Afshin , Tenner Kathleen , Brauer Heather Ann , Warren Sarah , Danaher Patrick , Colon-Otero Gerardo , Partridge Ann H. , Carey Lisa A. , Hilbers Florentine , Van Dooren Veerle , Holmes Eileen , Di Cosimo Serena , Werner Olena , Huober Jens Bodo , Dueck Amylou C. , Sotiriou Christos , Saura Cristina , Moreno-Aspitia Alvaro , Knutson Keith L. , Perez Edith A. , Thompson E. Aubrey
Published: May 2022

Trastuzumab acts in part through the adaptive immune system. Previous studies showed that enrichment of immune-related gene expression was associated with improved outcomes in HER2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer. However, the role of the immune system in response to lapatinib is not fully understood. Gene expression analysis was performed in 1,268 samples from the North Central Cancer Treatment Group (NCCTG) N9831 and 244 samples from the NeoALTTO trial. In N9831, enrichment of CD45 and immune-subset signatures were significantly associated with improved outcomes. We identified a novel 17-gene adaptive immune signature (AIS), which was found to be significantly associated with improved RFS among patients who received adjuvant trastuzumab (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.49–0.90, Cox regression model p = 0.01) but not in patients who received chemotherapy alone (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.67–1.40, Cox regression model p = 0.97). This result was validated in NeoALTTO. Overall, AIS-low patients had a significantly lower pathologic complete response (pCR) rate compared with AIS-high patients (χ2p < 0.0001). Among patients who received trastuzumab alone, pCR was observed in 41.7% of AIS-high patients compared with 9.8% in AIS-low patients (OR of 6.61, 95% CI 2.09–25.59, logistic regression model p = 0.003). More importantly, AIS-low patients had a higher pCR rate with an addition of lapatinib (51.1% vs. 9.8%, OR 9.65, 95% CI 3.24–36.09, logistic regression model p < 0.001). AIS-low patients had poor outcomes, despite receiving adjuvant trastuzumab. However, these patients appear to benefit from an addition of lapatinib. Further studies are needed to validate the significance of this signature to identify patients who are more likely to benefit from dual anti-HER2 therapy. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT00005970 (NCCTG N9831) and NCT00553358 (NeoALTTO).
Bioinspired organic optoelectronic synaptic transistors based on cellulose nanopaper and natural chlorophyll-a for neuromorphic systems
Authors: Zhang Junyao , Liu Dapeng , Shi Qianqian , Yang Ben , Guo Pu , Fang Lu , Dai Shilei , Xiong Lize , Huang Jia
Published: May 2022

Inspired by human brains, optoelectronic synapses are expected as one of significant steps for constructing neuromorphic systems. In addition, intensive attention has been paid to biodegradable and biocompatible materials for developing green electronics. In this regard, environmentally friendly organic optoelectronic synaptic transistors based on wood-derived cellulose nanopaper (WCN) as dielectric/substrate and nature chlorophyll-a as photoactive material are demonstrated. Both WCN and chlorophyll-a are biocompatible and biodegradable materials from natural organisms. Versatile synaptic behaviors have been well mimicked by the modulation of both electrical and optical signals. More significantly, optical wireless communication is experimentally emulated and the information processing capability is also verified in pattern recognition simulation. Furthermore, the flexible synaptic transistors exhibit no apparent synaptic performance degradation even when the bending radius is reduced to 1 mm. Our work may develop a promising approach for the development of green and flexible electronics in neuromorphic visual systems.