bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH STORE’S ATMOSPHERE DAN KUALITAS PRODUK TERHADAP KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN NICK COFFEE
Authors: Yulinda Ade Tiara , Febriansyah Erwin , Riani Fenti Sukma
Published: February 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of store's atmosphere and product quality on purchasing decisions Nick Coffee Consumers in Bengkulu City. This research is a quantitative study with a sample of 100 respondents, using accidental sampling technique . Data collection techniques using observation and questionnaires. Data analysis techniques using classical assumption test, multiple linear regression, coefficient of determination (R2) and hypothesis testing. The results of this study can be seen from the multiple linear regression test with calculations are performed using SPSS, the comparison between  the  (n-k-1) = 100-2-1 = 97 (1.9826).) . From the results of hypothesis testing that Store's Atmosphere (X1) has a positive effect on purchasing decisions on Nick Coffee consumers in Bengkulu City , with T test results showing a significance value of 0,000 <0.050 and Product Quality (X2) has a positive effect on purchasing decisions on Nick Coffee City consumers Bengkulu , with the T test results showing a significance value of 0,000 <0.050 . Testing the hypothesis of the T test and F test shows that the Store's Atmosphere and Product Quality have a significant effect on purchasing decisions with a significance level <0.05. This means that Ho was refused Ha was accepted. In other words Store's Atmosphere and Product Quality have a significant effect both partially and jointly on purchasing decisions at Nick Coffee Bengkulu City . This is evidenced by the f test showing a significance value of 0.000 <0.05.
INSENTIF PAJAK, BANTUAN STIMULUS PEMERINTAH PADA KINERJA USAHA MIKRO KECIL MENENGAH DI KABUPATEN BOYOLALI
Authors: Lestari Dwi Septi , Nurlaela Siti , Dewi Riana R
Published: February 2021

The world was in an uproar with the outbreak of a new virus in early 2020, namely the corona virus (SARS-CoV). It is called Corona virus during the 2019 period (COVID-19). Covid-19 is a contagious disease and this transmission causes public concern, thus affecting their social and economic life. Government policies appeal to the public to social distancing and isolate themselves at home. The small, micro and medium enterprises (UKM) sector has an important role in maintaining local and government economic activities. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of tax incentives and government stimulus assistance on the performance of UMKM in Boyolali Regency. The population in the research is all people in Boyolali who have micro, small and medium enterprises (UMKM) with the random sampling method and the number of samples is 93. The research used primary data. The method to determine the effect between the independent variable and the dependent variable is the research instrument test, classical assumption test, and multiple regression analysis tests using SPSS 23 version. Based on the research, the results show that tax incentives and government stimulus assistance affect the performance of UMKM in the Boyolali regency.
HUBUNGAN STATUS IMUNISASI DAN RIWAYAT PENYAKIT INFEKSI DENGAN KEJADIAN STUNTING PADA BALITA: STUDI RETROSPEKTIF
Authors: SUTRIYAWAN AGUNG , KURNIAWATI RATNA DIAN , RAHAYU SRI , HABIBI JULIUS
Published: February 2021

Pendahuluan: Permasalahan gizi pada balita balita masih menjadi nomor satu di wilayah dunia, sepertihalnya stunting. Stunting dipengaruhi secara langsung oleh penyakit infeksi dan imunisasi merupakan cara untuk meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh seseorang supaya tidak terkena penyakit. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan status imunisasi dan riwayat penyakit infeksi dengan kejadian stunting. Metode:Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi analitik dengan desain kasus-kontrol. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah balita yang ada diwilayah kerja Puskesmas Citarip Kota Bandung. Jumlah sampel kasus sebanyak 45 responden dan sampel kontrol sebanyak 90 responden. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah purposive sampling, dengan kriteria  balita stunting dari golongan umur 24-59. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah data sekunder, dimana data tersebut dikumpulkan oleh pemegang program gizi pada saat penimbangan balita di seluruh posyandu. Analisis data menggunakan uji chi-square. Hasil:Variabel yang berhubungan dengan kejadian stunting adalah riwayat penyakit infeksi (p = 0,000), OR = 7,073 (3,174-15,758), dan variabel yang tidak berhubungan adalah status imunisasi (p = 0,056). Kesimpulan:Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara status imunisasi dengan kejadian stunting pada balita. Ada hubungan yang signifikan antara riwayat penyakit infeksi dengan kejadian stunting pada balita.
PEMBERIAN EDUKASI PEMILIHAN ALAT KONTRASEPSI PADA NY. “R” G7P4A2 PMB SATIARMI KOTA BENGKULU
Authors: DEWANTARI MEILAEN , HIMALAYA DARA , ASMARIYAH ASMARIYAH
Published: February 2021

Pendahuluan: Metode Kontrasepsi Jangka Panjang (MKJP) adalah Alat kontrasepsi untuk menghentikan/mengakhiri kehamilan terutama pada seorang istri berumur lebih dari 35 tahun dan mempunyai anak maksimal tiga orang. Pengetahuan tentang alat/cara KB merupakan hal yang penting dimiliki sebagai bahan pertimbangan sebelum menggunakan alat kotrasepsi yang akan dipilih. MKJP merupakan Alat kontrasepsi yang digunakan dalam mengakhiri kehamilan yaitu secara permanen meliputi Metode Operasi Wanita (MOW) dan Metode Operasi Pria (MOP). Penelitian ini bertujuan melakukan asuhan kebidanan komprehensif pada Ny. “R” umur 36 tahun G7P4A2 dengan Pemberian Edukasi Pemilihan Alat Kontrasepsi di PMB Satiarmi Kota Bengkulu 2020. Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif dengan teknik yang meliputi observasi, wawancara, pemeriksaan fisik, studi dokumentasi dan kepustakaan. Hasil dan Pembahasan:Hasil menunjukan bahwa pada asuhan kebidanan komprehensif yang diberikan Ny „R” umur 37 tahun G7P4A2 pada hamil TM III yaitu KIE tentang alat kontrasepsi IUD, implan, MOW dan MOP. Proses persalinan dilakukan tindakan sectio caesaria berjalan lancar keadaan ibu dan bayi baik sampai nifas dua minggu. Ny “R” sudah menggunakan alat kontrasepsi MOW bersamaan dengan tindakan sectio caesaria. Kesimpulan:Simpulan dari Asuhan kebidanan komprehensif Ny “R” umur 37 tahun G7P4A2 adalah asuhan yang diberikan sesuai dengan kebutuhan klien yang didukung teori dan evidance based dalam kebidanan. Asuhan selama enam minggu berjalan lancar dan normal.
PEMBERIAN EDUKASI DAN PENDAMPINGAN KETIDAKNYAMANAN PADA NY.“D” G2P1A0 DI PMB YETTI PURNAMA KOTA BENGKULU
Authors: RAMADHAN VRISKY GITA , DEWIANI KURNIA , HIMALAYA DARA
Published: February 2021

Pendahuluan: Perubahan yang terjadi selama kehamilan membutuhkan suatu proses adaptasi. Proses adaptasi tersebut tidak jarang dapat mengakibatkan ketidaknyamanan.Banyak sekali perubahan yang terjadi selama proses kehamilan, sering kali seorang subjek mengabaikan hal ini sehingga ketika tubuh melakukan perubahanmaka yang terjadi adalah muncul keluhan yang mungkin sebenarnya bisa dicegah jika tubuh seimbang dan mengerti serta siap akan perubahan tersebut. Studi kasus ini bertujuan untuk melakukan asuhan kebidanan komprehensif pada Ny.”D” G2P1A0 dengan pemberian edukasi dan pendampingan ketidaknyamanan selama masa kehamilan TM III, persalinan dan nifas di PMB Yetti Purnama Kota Bengkulu. Metode: jenis penelitian ini adalah studi kasus dan menggunakan metode deskriftif dengan tekhnik yang meliputi observasi, anamnessa, pemeriksaan fisik, studi dokumentasi pepustakaan. Pembahasan: Hasil pemberian asuhan kebidanan secara komprehensif pada Ny.”D” G2P1A0 dilakukan sesuai rencana kebidanan. Evaluasi akhir berjalan dengan  baik tanpa ada hambatan. Proses pengurangan nyeri yang diberikan pada masa kehamilan dengan teknik pijatan endorphin dan senam hamil. Persalinan dilakukan pendampingan untuk mengurangi nyeri persalinan, audio murottal, relaksasi pernafasan dan massase effleurage. Saat masa nifas dilakukan kompres dingin untuk mengurangi nyeri perenium. Berdasarkan asuhan yang diberikan semua berjalan baik dan normal hingga 2 minggu masa nifas berjalan lancar. Klien mendapatkan penyuluhan tentang persiapan penggunaan alat kontrasepsi dan klien akan memilih KB dengan Suntik setelah masa nifas berakhir. Kesimpulan: Asuhan kebidanan komprehensif yang diberikan pada Ny D telah diberikan sesuai dengan kebutuhan klien yang didukung teori evidence based dalam kebidanan dan asuhan selama 12 minggu berjalan lancar subjek dan bayi sehat.
DETERMINAN EPIDEMIOLOGI DEMAM BERDARAH DENGUE (DBD) DI DAERAH PERKOTAAN: STUDI RETROSPEKTIF
Authors: SUTRIYAWAN AGUNG , ABA MATHEUS , HABIBI JULIUS
Published: February 2021

Penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) di Indonesia masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat. Nyamuk Aedes aegypti sebagai vektor utama DBD memiliki pola hidup di daerah panas sehingga penyakit ini berkembang di perkotaan daripada di perdesaan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan determinan epidemiologi dan kejadian DBD. Ini adalah studi kasus-kontrol. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 434 responden. Sampel kontrol diambil berdasarkan beberapa kriteria: 1) usia responden maksimal 5 tahun dari usia kelompok kasus, sampel kontrol yang dipilih adalah tetangga kelompok kasus. Data diperoleh berdasarkan hasil observasi dan penyebaran kuesioner kepada responden. Faktor risiko dianalisis menggunakan uji chi-square, untuk menentukan besarnya risiko menggunakan Odds ratio (OR). Setelah itu, analisis multivariat dilakukan dengan menggunakan regresi logistik ganda. Variabel yang berhubungan dengan kejadian DBD adalah sikap (0,000), 2,9 (1,7-4,8), pemberantasan sarang nyamuk (0,001), 2,3 (1,4-3,8), penggunaan obat nyamuk (0,004), 2,0 (1,2-3,2), penggunaan kelambu (0,000), 2,7 (1,7-4,5), jentik nyamuk (0,000), 4,1 (2,5-6,7) , kepadatan hunian (0,043), 1,6 (1,0-2,6), pemantauan jentik berkala (0,006), 1,9 (1,2-3,1), fogging (0,001), 2,2 (1,3-3,7), larvasida (0,000), 2,5 (1,5-4,1), dan pendidikan DBD (0,000), 4,0 (2,4-6,6). Determinan epidemiologi yang paling dominan dari kejadian DBD adalah jentik nyamuk. Orang yang tinggal dirumah yang terdapat jentik nyamuk memiliki peluang 4,1 kali lipat untuk terjangkit DBD.
PENGARUH DEKLARASI DESA OPEN DEFECATION FREE (ODF) TERHADAP KASUS PENYAKIT DIARE DI KABUPATEN BENGKULU SELATAN
Authors: ERMAYENDRI DEFI , WIDADA AGUS
Published: February 2021

Stop Buang Air Besar Sembarangan adalah kondisi ketika setiap individu dalam suatu komunitas tidak lagi melakukan perilaku buang air besar sembarangan yang berpotensi menyebarkan penyakit. STBM diwujudkan melalui kegiatan paling sedikit terdiri atas: membudayakan perilaku buang air besar sehat yang dapat memutus alur kontaminasi kotoran manusia sebagai sumber penyakit secara berkelanjutan; dan menyediakan dan memelihara sarana buang air besar yang memenuhi standar dan persyaratan kesehatan. Pemanfaatan  jamban   dapat menurunkan  risiko  32% penyakit yang diare. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Pengaruh Deklarasi Desa Open Defecation Free (ODF)  terhadap Penyakit Diare  di Kabupaten Bengkulu Selatan.  Penelitian ini menggunakan paradigma pragmatism dengan mixed method atau combined method. Dalam mendeskripsikan isu penelitian yang akan dilakukan ini, metode kuantitatif digunakan secara dominan dan ditunjang dengan metode kualitatif secara kurang dominan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pengaruh yang sangat signifikan  deklarasi desa ODF terhadap kejadian penyakit diare di Bengkulu Selatan (penurunan 35%).
EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK BUAH PINANG MUDA (ARECA CATECHU L.) TERHADAP KEMATIAN LARVA AEDES SP
Authors: ALI HAIDINA
Published: February 2021

Deman Berdarah Dengue adalah penyakit demam akut yang disebabkan virus dengue yang masuk ke peredaran darah manusia melalui gigitan nyamuk dari genus Aedes.Aedes aegypti dan Aedes albopictus merupakan vektor utama penularan penyakit DBD. Pencegahan penyakit DBD dilakukan dengan memutus mata rantai penularan. Insektisida hayati terbukti berpotensi mengendalikan vektor. Penelitian ini diketahuinya efektivitas ekstrak buah pinang muda (Areca catechu L.) terhadap kematian larva nyamuk Aedes sp. Metode penelitian ini true eksperimen dengan rancangan Post Test Only Control Group Design. Penelitian menunjukkan presentase rata-rata kematian larva pada konsentrasi 2000 ppm sebesar 39,2%, konsentrasi 3000 ppm sebesar 72%, konsentrasi 4000 ppm sebesar 84,8% dan konsentrasi 5000 ppm sebesar 100%. Hasil Uji One Way Anova diperoleh p-value = 0,000 (p = < 0,05) sehingga dinyatakan ada perbedaan signifikan pada jumlah larva yang mati pada berbagai konsentrasi dan hasil Uji Bonferroni diperoleh konsentrasi yang paling efektif terhadap kematian larva nyamuk Aedes sp pada konsentrasi 5000 ppm. Diharapkan penelitian selanjutnya menemukan formulasi buah pinang muda yang lebih aplikatif sehingga penggunaannya lebih mudah dimasyarakat.
EFEKTIVITAS PESTISIDA ALAMI KULIT BAWANG MERAH TERHADAP PENGENDALIAN HAMA ULAT TRITIP (PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA) PADA TANAMAN SAYUR SAWI HIJAU
Authors: MULYATI SRI
Published: February 2021

Permasalahan yang mengakibatkan penurunan produktifitas hasil panen tanaman sayuran salah satunya akan adanya keberadaan hama. Pemasalakan keberadaan hama masih terus terjadi dilahan pertanian, salah satunya pada lahan sayuran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas pestisida alami kulit bawang merah terhadap pengendalian hama ulat tritip pada tanaman sayur sawi hijau. Jenis penelitian ini digunakan ekperimen murni dengan desain “Post test control group design” pecobaan terdiri dari 3 perlakuan konsentrasi pestisida alami kulit bawang merah (40%, 60% dan 90%), dan 1 perlakuan tanpa pestisida alami kulit bawang merah sebagai kontrol. Semua pelakuan disiapkan 3 pengulangan. Pengamatan hama pada tumbunhan sayur sawi hijau pada saat 13, 19 dan 25 hari setelah tanam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pestisida alami kulit bawang merah efektif terhadap pengendalian hama ulat tritip pada tanaman sayur sawi hijau. Kulit bawang merah dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai alternatif pestisida alami baru dalam pembutaan pestisida alami karna tiding mengandung bahan kimia dan jauh lebih aman bagi lingkungan.
EVALUASI PENERAPAN PROGRAM GERAKAN MASYARAKAT HIDUP SEHAT (GERMAS) DI KOTA BENGKULU
Authors: UTAMA TUTI ANGGRIANI , HIMALAYA DARA , RAHMAWATI SUCI
Published: February 2021

Gerakan Masyarakat Sehat (GERMAS) merupakan salah satu upaya pemerintah dalam meningkatkan kualitas hidup masyarakat dalam meningkatkan pola hidup sehat dan memerangi penyakit tidak menular dalam rangka mewujudkan Indonesia sehat 2020. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk megevaluasi penerapan program GERMAS di Kota Bengkulu. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif observasional dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Penelitian ini menggunakan lembar kuisioner dengan 14 butir pertanyaan yang mewakili 3 fokus GERMAS. Sampel penelitian pada penelitian berjumlah 200 orang responden yang merupakan perwakilan kepala keluarga yang dipilih secara acak pada 9 kecamatan Kota Bengkulu. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik aksidental sampling. Hasil analisa secara deskriptif menunjukkan bahwa 47% program GERMAS diterapkan sangat baik, 47% sangat baik, 39% cukup baik. 0,5% kurang baik dalam menerapkan program GERMAS. Peningkatan penerapan program GERMAS hendaknya dapat didukung dengan adanya program pemerintah terutama dalam memberikan pemeriksaan kesehatan yang terjangkau.
Gestures and Melody in Prayer
Authors: Jacobs Louis
Published: February 2021

This chapter describes the gestures and melody used in Hasidic prayer. With reservations here and there, the Hasidim favoured violent movements in prayer, believing these to be an aid to concentration as well as enabling man to put the whole of himself into his worship. In fact, some of the early Hasidim took the notion of physical movement in prayer to absurd extremes. The chapter illustrates that, from the many references to movement and gesture in the early Hasidic writings, the practice was an integral part of Hasidic behaviour from the beginning of Hasidism. And, as an aid to concentration and devekut (‘attachment’) in prayer, the Hasidim resorted to melody.
The Polemic on the Recital of Le-Shem Yihud
Authors: Jacobs Louis
Published: February 2021

This chapter considers the debates surrounding the recital of the le-shem yihud (‘unification’) formula. This was a mystical formula conceived by R. Ezekiel Landau, Rabbi of the Jews in Prague, during the eighteenth century. Landau was very emphatic that the formula should not be recited and he attacked the Hasidim both for reciting it and for their general attitudes. The debate thus raises a number of important issues, especially as it had wide repercussions, both of which occurred during a time of fierce controversy between the Hasidim and the Mitnaggedim. The chapter explores these controversies as well as the history of the le-shem yihud recital itself in regard to Hasidic prayer.
Hasidic Prayer in the Responsa
Authors: Jacobs Louis
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines some rabbinic responsa relating to Hasidic prayer. Alongside R. Ezekiel Landau, multiple prominent rabbis who were either opposed or neutral to the growing Hasidic movement in the eighteenth century issued several responsa regarding Hasidism. The chapter thus takes up responsa regarding a wide variety of subjects relating to Hasidic prayer, including the appropriate garments for prayer, the use of individuals for officiating, the issue of taking meals before prayer, and even which prayer book to use. In doing so, this chapter reveals a long series of dialogue and response from multiple rabbi. These shed light on many different views regarding Hasidic practice at the time.
Maimonides’ Governance of the Solitary
Authors: Lerner Ralph
Published: February 2021

This chapter focuses on the final section of Maimonides’ Guide of the Perplexed, which states that the pursuit of human perfection is necessarily private. According to this account, man can become fully human only by drastically separating himself from others and from their concerns. At his highest, man is not so much a political animal as a transpolitical animal. With good reason, then, did Shem Tov’s commentary to the Guide refer to the highly negative contemporary reactions to this discussion, underline its rejection of ‘political perfection’, and designate the whole section as Maimonides’ ‘governance of the solitary’. In this final section, Maimonides addresses a theme of great sensitivity and importance. It states that what the properly disposed and trained individual needs most is to be left alone to tend to his all-consuming purpose in life. If others figure at all in his consideration, it is in the respect in which ‘they are indubitably either like domestic animals or like beasts of prey’, and accordingly to be used for his advantage or warded off.
Maimonides on the Philosophic Sciences in his Treatise on the Art of Logic
Authors: Kraemer Joel L.
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines Maimonides’ Treatise on the Art of Logic, which was written in his youth and may be considered to be his only purely philosophic work. The treatise was not written for a philosopher, nor was it composed to clarify philosophic issues, but rather to explain the terminology used by logicians. In the course of his résumé in the final chapter of the treatise, Maimonides moves from a treatment of logical terms to a brief survey of the philosophic sciences. He gets into this by way of defining the term falsafa, or ‘philosophy’. This brief survey of the sciences includes Maimonides’ well-known ‘statement on political science’. The chapter then studies Chapter 14 of the Treatise on the Art of Logic, focusing on the section on political science. It also considers the implications of this reading of the text for understanding Maimonides’ conception of the civil and religious law and the question of the allegedly political function of the latter.
‘To the Utmost of Human Capacity’: Maimonides on the Days of the Messiah
Authors: Ravitzky Aviezer
Published: February 2021

This chapter studies Maimonides’ discussion of Messianism. Maimonides’ political philosophy and anthropology direct his positive Messianic models: the political realization of the Torah within Israel and the intellectual actualization of the spiritual power within the human species. His ontology and theology, on the other hand, dictate his negative emphases — the restrictions and limitations imposed upon Messianism: the rejection of cosmic, apocalyptic redemption, and the setting of Messianic hope within the domain of human existence. While his Messianism is dictated not by his mind but by his faith, it is essentially his mind that directs, defines, and limits the object of his faith. The chapter then offers certain patterns for understanding the reasoning of Maimonides in his depiction of Messianic days, to establish its normative significance, and to examine the relationship established in his teaching among the three different dimensions of redemption — individual, national, and universal. The analysis takes into account the relevant passages scattered among Maimonides’ various writings, but gives primary weight to the clear, well-structured, and detailed presentation found at the end of Hilkhot Melakhim (Laws of kings) in the light of the Guide of the Perplexed.
Saladin’s Religious Personality, Policy, and Image
Authors: Winter Michael
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines Saladin’s religious personality, policy, and image, highlighting his piety and his reputation as a holy warrior. The charismatic personality of Saladin, the great Ayyūbid sultan, still fascinates historians — as it impressed his contemporaries, friend and Crusader enemy alike — and all the Orientalists who have studied the period have concerned themselves with the question of Saladin’s religious devotion. For a superb statesman and political leader like Saladin, the main thing that matters is his public image, and this is also the only subject upon which there is reliable and solid evidence. Saladin not only succeeded in bringing Egypt back to the Sunnī–ʻAbbāsid fold after two centuries of Fāṭimid rule; he also created a superstructure of Islamic institutions and an atmosphere of vigorous Sunnī Islam, sure of itself and therefore reasonably tolerant of the religious minorities. It can be asserted that Maimonides’ rather sympathetic view of Islam, and the extent that it is so, owes much to the fact that he met Islam in Egypt at its best, in large measure because of Saladin’s dynamic leadership and vision.
Note on the Text
Authors: Sommerstein Alan H.
Published: February 2021

This chapter looks at certain points and characters in Aristophanes's Knights. It mentions Demosthenes, son of Alcisthenes, who was known as one of the most enterprising Athenian generals of the Peloponnesian war. It also talks about Hylas, who was a beautiful youth and beloved by Heracles, and Sibylla, who was an ecstatic prophetess cited by Heracleitus in the mythology. The chapter discusses the death of Themistocles, who was the saviour of Athens and of Greece at the time of the great Persian invasion. It assesses the line “babbling fountain spouting buckets of codswallop”, which is a compound that suggests that Nicias spouts nonsense as a fountain spouts water.
Wasps
Authors: Sommerstein Alan H.
Published: February 2021

SOSIAS, slave to Bdelycleon.

XANTHIAS, slave to Bdelycleon.

BDELYCLEON, a rich young man.

PHILOCLEON, his father.

CHORUS of elderly jurymen.

BOY, son to the chorus-leader.

HOUND of Cydathenaeum.

A MAN whom Philocleon has assaulted.

MYRTIA, a bread-seller.

ACCUSER summoning Philocleon for assault.

DONKEY belonging to Bdelycleon...
Introduction
Authors: Godwin John
Published: February 2021

This introductory chapter provides a background of Lucretius' life as poet and philosopher. It is important to know the elements of Epicurus' philosophy before embarking on the study of Lucretius. Epicurus adopted the Atomist philosophy. The essentials of the Atomist theory are very simple: everything that exists is material, and matter consists of tiny indivisible particles known as atoms. Epicurus' ethical system rested on his physics; if one is made up of atoms just like everything else, then the surest way to happiness is to recognise one's true state and live within one's physical means. If pleasure consists in the liberation from pain, then the ultimate pleasure will be in the total freedom from pain, which is divine ataraxia or serenity. This gives one an idea of the enormous ambition of the De Rerum Natura, a poem whose subject is everything and whose object is the liberation of man from pain. The chapter then explores the structure of the fourth book of the De Rerum Natura. Throughout the book, the reader is presented with the limitations of human experience and also the freedom to transcend them: thus, there is a long section explaining the physical nature of sensation, such that all perception, and even thought, is circumscribed by the images available and by one's tendency to misjudge things.
Introduction
Authors: Douglas A. E. , Douglas A. E.
Published: February 2021

This chapter introduces Cicero's Tusculan Disputations, which show evidence of careful structure in their broad outline like all Cicero's philosophical writings of the years 45–44 B.C. It focuses on Book II and V of the Tusculans that confronts the great ultimate of death and other ills. It also mentions pain as the subject of Book II, which mattered more than it has come to do since the arrival of anaesthetics. The chapter addresses questions of whether ills, pain, mental distress, and other emotional disturbances can destroy 'happiness' or whether the 'wise man' is always 'happy'. It also deals with the great question of Hellenistic thinking and debate of whether virtue is enough for the 'happy' life.
Tusculan Disputations V
Authors: Douglas A. E. , Douglas A. E.
Published: February 2021

This chapter provides the original text and translation of Book V of Cicero's Tusculans. It explores the value of philosophy that combines passionate eloquence with linguistic control and shows a wealth of unusual and sometimes surprising metaphor. It also points out how Book V as a whole is almost free of the anacolutha that was frequent in Book II, implying that the exploitation of the freedom of Latin word order is masterly. The chapter discusses how some passages in Book V lacked complete coherence of thought even though the transitions were indeed skilful, such as 'virtue enough for the happy life'. It assesses the fundamental tenet of philosophy, such as doubts and weaknesses.
Introduction
Authors: Bowen A. J. , Bowen A. J.
Published: February 2021

This chapter describes Plutarch's essay The Malice of Herodotus and explains how it was an oddity among his works. It explains how the essay criticized the works of the Herodotus in all manner of prejudice and misrepresentation. It also emphasizes Plutarch's desire to rescue his ancestors' good name, the Boeotians and Corinthians, that were vilified in Herodotus' Histories. This chapter looks into Plutarch's unexpected narrow outlook as a citizen of the Roman empire and fondness for the Greek village, Chaeronea. It discusses Herodotus's treatment of Heracles that upset Plutarch and Heracles's ancestral links with Thebes that aroused his patriotism. It also outlines the simple form of Plutarch's work.
Plutarch: Upon the Malice of Herodotus
Authors: Bowen A. J.
Published: February 2021

This chapter includes the original Greek text of Plutarch's The Malice of Herodotus. It discusses how Plutarch called Herodotus out on several of its errors, outlining the factors that serve as signs of a narrative made in malice rather than in an open and honest intent. It also mentions Plutarch's criticisms for Herodotus's use of very fierce nouns and verbs. This chapter mentions how Plutarch viewed digressions and diversions in history that should belong in myths and takes of the distant past or paragraphs of praise. It also points out how Plutarch disagreed with Herodotus in choosing the worse event in writing when two or more accounts are available.
Apparatus Criticus
Authors: Bowen A. J.
Published: February 2021

The entries below aim to include the points at which Hansen, Hasler, Lachenaud and Pearson do not offer the same text, except in trivial matters such as punctuation. For full detail the reader is referred particularly to Hansen and Lachenaud. N indicates a note in the Commentary....
C. Sallvsti Crispi Bellvm Ivgurthinvm
Authors: Comber Michael , Balmaceda Catalina
Published: February 2021

[1] Falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum, quod inbecilla atque aeui breuis forte potius quam uirtute regatur. (2) Nam contra reputando neque maius aliud neque praestabilius inuenias magisque naturae industriam hominum quam uim aut tempus deesse. (3) Sed dux atque imperator uitae mortalium animus est. Qui ubi ad gloriam uirtutis uia grassatur, abunde pollens potensque et clarus est neque fortuna eget, quippe quae probitatem, industriam aliasque artis bonas neque dare neque eripere cuiquam potest. (4) Sin captus prauis cupidinibus ad inertiam et uoluptates corporis pessum datus est, perniciosa lubidine paulisper usus, ubi per socordiam uires tempus ingenium diffluxere, naturae infirmitas accusatur: suam quisque culpam auctores ad negotia transferunt. (5) Quod si hominibus bonarum rerum tanta cura esset, quanto studio aliena ac nihil profutura multaque etiam periculosa ac perniciosa petunt, neque regerentur magis quam regerent casus et eo magnitudinis procederent, ubi pro mortalibus gloria aeterni fierent....
Commentary
Authors: Cropp M. J.
Published: February 2021

For abbreviations see pp. 267-72. »» means 'for fuller information and references see … ' Square brackets enclose the more technical discussions of text and language.

1-66 Prologue-speech (Iphigenia) - 67-122 Scene (Orestes and Pylades) - 126-235 Parodos (amoibaion or sung dialogue of Chorus and Iphigenia). This sequence sets the basis for the action of the play, introducing the main characters, explaining their situation and history, and establishing mood. Eur.'s plays always begin with a solo prologue-speech, and usually add at least one dramatic scene before moving into lyric mode for the Chorus's arrival. Iphigenia's withdrawal at the end of her speech allows Orestes to be introduced (see 65 n.). »» Grube, ...
Commentary
Authors: Richardson J. S.
Published: February 2021

1 The Pyrenean range of mountains: Appian -begins with a geographic and ethnographic note, with enough early history to set the scene for the arrivaI of the Romans. There is a similar introduction to his books on the wars in Illyria (Illyr. 1.1-3.7) and in Libya ...
Realism in TV Drama
Authors: Sohn-Rethel Martin
Published: February 2021

This chapter discusses realism in TV drama. The narrative realism code engaged by the continuing serial narrative of soap operas and resulting in a flow akin to the rhythm of actual life is strongly contrasted by its opposite, narrative disruption. By necessity, the industrial nature of the soap opera production line that has to churn out three, four, or five episodes a week imposes severe constraints on realism. No single storyline can continue its natural lifespan without disappearing, if only temporarily, to make way for others. In any case, this is how soap institutions target different audience segments and guarantee variety. The chapter then looks at The Street (BBC, 2006–9) and Mad Men (AMC, 2007–15).
Introduction: ‘A weekend in the country?’
Authors: Conolly Jez , Bates David Owain
Published: February 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of Dead of Night, Ealing Studios' extraordinary post-war treasury of the supernatural. Since its release, it has become a classic of horror cinema and is regularly cited by writers and researchers as a singularly important title in the history and development of British national cinema. Dead of Night first did the rounds on regional ITV stations in the 1960s and 1970s before being picked up by the BBC who proceeded to show it four times between 1977 and 1990. Seventy years after its theatrical release, this famously elliptical cinematic anthology of claustrophobic scary stories continues to haunt the dreams of anyone who has seen it. If one considers the distinction between terror and horror that emerged in early analyses of Gothic literature, a basic interpretation of Dead of Night might place it in the former category. But a closer consideration of the direction of travel of Walter Craig's narrative and the procession of vignette tales that constitute the film's portmanteau form reveals a journey from nascent abstraction through to stark realisation, from terror to horror.
Conclusion: ‘So it isn’t a dream this time’
Authors: Conolly Jez , Bates David Owain
Published: February 2021

This concluding chapter explains that, in the case of horror film lovers, the practice of re-watching favoured films periodically is an attempt to re-experience the fright of the first time. Rarely, though, will a horror film pack quite the same intensity of scares on a second, third, or fourth screening compared to the first occasion. Dead of Night is a special case. It is all about the horrible inevitability of repetition, and its chills rely on dread anticipation of an unavoidable fate. At seventy years of age, one might expect the film to have lost some of its power to frighten; but the chapter contends that few horror films in the intervening years have achieved its levels of sustained creepiness and the psychological potency of its pay-off.
Introduction
Authors: Webber Jonathan , Schwarz Chris , Francisco Jason
Published: February 2021

This chapter provides an overview of Jewish civilization that developed in Poland about 1,000 years until it was brutally destroyed during the Holocaust. It describes Poland as the centre of the Jewish diaspora and the home to the largest Jewish community in the world as 90 percent of the world's Jews lived in Europe before their mass migration to the USA in the middle of the nineteenth century. It also cites the contributions of the great rabbis of Poland to both Jewish law and Jewish spirituality, including political, artistic, literary, and intellectual movements that have characterized the Jewish world in the modern period. The chapter introduces present-day photographs that offer a completely new and contemporary way of looking at the Jewish past in Poland that was left in ruins. It explains that the photographs serve as a tribute to the rich Jewish cultural heritage of Poland.
Orthodoxy, History, and Culture
Authors: Sacks Jonathan
Published: February 2021

This chapter assesses Orthodox responses to emancipation and the collapse of the traditional structures of Jewish community. Some groups were opposed to and resisted the changes emancipation heralded. But others developed positive ideologies celebrating the new era. Yet others responded pragmatically, seeing no need to develop any ideological response to social change. Others again, while welcoming modernity, felt that the particular form it had taken in Europe would prove fatal for Jewish continuity and looked instead to a movement of renewal in Zion. There was thus no single Orthodox strategy for confronting modernity. Instead, there were strategies of every kind. This is testimony to the fact that Orthodoxy is not a movement or denomination but a set of boundary principles within which lie a vast variety of culturally, intellectually, and spiritually distinguishable tendencies.
Orthodoxy and Jewish Peoplehood
Authors: Sacks Jonathan
Published: February 2021

This chapter addresses the two issues, the historical and cultural dimensions of emancipation, which divided Orthodoxy. It also looks at a third dilemma of modernity, which concerns the concept of the covenantal community. What was the fate of Jewish peoplehood in modernity? On the one hand, Judaism is too deeply predicated on such an idea for it to have been jettisoned by any Orthodox thinker. On the other, the Jewish people was itself disintegrating at an alarming pace, divided into non-Orthodox readings of Judaism as religion, and secular interpretations of Judaism as a national, ethnic, cultural, or political entity. How did Orthodoxy respond to this process? On the first two issues, the great figures of Hungarian and German Orthodoxy, Rabbi Moses Sofer and Samson Raphael Hirsch, adopted different approaches. On this third issue, they took the same approach, while Orthodoxy elsewhere took other directions. The chapter also studies the English and French models of emancipation.
Inclusivism
Authors: Sacks Jonathan
Published: February 2021

This chapter focuses on inclusivism. Inclusivism is a classic strategy of tradition, embodying an Orthodox view of Jewish unity. It uses halakhic strategies to include within the covenantal community those whose beliefs and practices would, if taken at their face value, place them outside. It is an extraordinarily powerful device, capable of neutralizing the schismatic impact of almost any Jewish ideology at odds with tradition. Its method, considered as a formal halakhic device, is to isolate the liberal or secular Jew from his beliefs. The beliefs remain heretical but those who believe them are not heretics, for they do not ultimately or culpably believe them. Liberal and secular Jews remain Jews, even though neither liberal nor secular Judaism is Judaism. The chapter then looks at the relationship between inclusivism and post-Holocaust theologies.
How Luzzatto’s Kabbalistic Writings were Disseminated in Poland and Lithuania
Authors: Tishby Isaiah
Published: February 2021

This chapter introduces the booklet titled Derekh ets hayim, which is a booklet on ethical topics that include sin and repentance, the battle against the evil inclination, Torah and commandments, and methods of studying kabbalah. It compares the content and style of Derekh ets hayim's body of literature on kabbalistic ethics to Luzzatto's other ethical works, particularly Mesilat yesharim and Derekh hashem. It also mentions how the Derekh ets hayim was originally intended to serve as an introduction to Kela"h pithei hokhmah, Luzzatto's main systematic work on speculative kabbalah. The chapter reveals the Zholkva and Shklov editions of Derekh ets hayim that were appended to Mesilat yesharim and appeared up to 1835, which contained complications and obscurities. It describes the titlepage of the Zholkva edition of 5526 that indicates that it was sent for printing by R. Elijah and rabbi R. Israel.
Introduction
Authors: Toaff Ariel
Published: February 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the emergence of Jewish communities in the regions of central and northern Italy. The growth of these new communities, which archival documentation shows to have been surprisingly rapid and widespread, had its origin in the northward migration from Rome of Jewish merchants engaged in the money trade. This book explores the everyday life of the Jews of Umbria, which can act as a template for the reconstruction of the world-view of much of Italian Jewry in the late Middle Ages. Though many aspects of Christian society encroached on the Jewish way of life at this period, they rarely amounted to a brutal intrusion and were more usually felt as a constant and insidious influence, born of the unequal power-struggle between the opposing societies. The attempt to fit in brought with it not only a dawning awareness of the gulf that separated the Jews from their Christian counterparts but also a heightened sense of the divisions within the Jewish community itself. A true picture of Jewish community life in medieval Italy must therefore take account of the many pressures and contradictions acting from within and without.
Sex, Love, and Marriage
Authors: Toaff Ariel
Published: February 2021

This chapter discusses love and marriage in the Jewish communities of Umbria. Young Jewish men were aware that their first sexual encounters would not take place in a Jewish environment, and that love and marriage ran on parallel tracks, usually with little relation between them. Love was the spontaneous fruit of youthful urges; marriage remained a matter for family choice, linked to strategies and policies of an economic and religious nature. Indeed, marriages were worked out and haggled over by Jewish families with great prudence. Money held sway in the choice of a spouse: rather than love each other, the young people needed to make the best possible financial match. Problems certainly existed on both the Jewish and Christian sides. Canon law forbade sexual relations between Christians and Jews and punished them severely. Almost everywhere in Umbria, one finds Jews sentenced to financial punishment for having sexual relations with Christian women. The chapter then looks at dowries and dynastic marriages, as well as marital crises and multiple marriage. It also considers how some Jews turned to conversion and baptism in order to be able to marry Christians.
Witchcraft, Black Magic, and Ritual Murder
Authors: Toaff Ariel
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores the accusations against the Jews of the Umbria. It was particularly in the last part of the fifteenth century, in the years following the founding of the Perugia Monte di Pietà in 1462, that accusations against Jews of witchcraft, ritual assassination, and black magic became a positive obsession in Umbria, as in the rest of the Italian peninsula. Hunting Jewish witches was a self-evidently tautologous exercise — simply being Jewish laid one open to accusations of witchcraft — but this did not mean that their uselessness was always quite so clear to those performing or promoting them. The charges of iconoclasm and of the ‘scraping off’ of sacred images were also sometimes brought against the Jews of the Umbrian communities. However, the most serious charge made against Jews was that of ritual murder.
Converts and Apostates
Authors: Toaff Ariel
Published: February 2021

This chapter studies the phenomenon of conversion and baptism in the Italian cities of the late Middle Ages, assessing its impact on the Jewish community. The Jews of late medieval Italy were dispersed throughout hundreds of small and isolated communities, immersed in a Christian society whose power of attraction could make itself felt well in excess of an already crushing numerical superiority; this inevitably left their numbers exposed to depletion by conversion and baptism. Scholars are virtually unanimous in agreeing that the number of baptisms within Italian Jewry rose sharply during the Counter-Reformation, as a result of the Church's increasingly intense policy of conversion and the antisemitic measures taken by the popes from the middle of the sixteenth century onwards. One constant policy among the Umbrian communes towards converted Jews was to water the new plants with more or less abundant alms and other benefits, such as exemption from taxes and the right of citizenship. However, whatever the reasons for their conversion, neophytes often became objects of hostility in Jewish circles, while at the same time finding themselves exposed to the distrust and suspicion of Christian society.
Hellenism and Hebraism: The Two Poles of the World
Authors: Shavit Yaacov
Published: February 2021

This chapter considers what makes Hellenism and Hebraism conceptual twins. It questions why the various uses made of the Greek historical-cultural model or the conflict between it and Christianity failed to suffice. Furthermore, the chapter seeks to address why it was also necessary to place the Greek ideal in opposition to Hebraism (Judaism). To answer this question, the chapter first briefly describes the appearance of the pattern of antinomy, its repertoire, and their reception. It discusses multiple figures of the early modern era and how they engaged with the Greek model. The chapter also explores the struggle between paganism and Christianity and between these two and Judaism.
Israel and Greece: Reviving a Legendary Past
Authors: Shavit Yaacov
Published: February 2021

This chapter shows how the interest in the origin of nations (origines gentium) — in the origins of culture, in its stages of progress, and in the ways in which cultural traits were transmitted and diffused — was shared by many ancient peoples, and the problem of how man acquired the arts became a focus of reflection. Greek (and Latin) authors examined the conditions which favoured the genesis and progress of culture and civilization, linguistic and cultural patterns, and the connection between habitat and habits, national character and institutions, and the variety and diversity of humanity. Ethnography was regarded as an access to history. Even though they never used the term ‘culture’ in the modern sense, there is no doubt that they had great interest in the phenomenon of culture and in cultural history. The chapter explores how such legendary traditions were treated in Greek and Jewish cultures.
Japheth in the Tents of Shem: The Reception of the Classical Heritage in Modern Hebrew Culture
Authors: Shavit Yaacov
Published: February 2021

This chapter considers the Jewish discovery of classical antiquity. No matter what the Jewish response was to the driving forces behind the vital presence of the ‘ideal of Greece’, this ideal became a living historical entity; and hence the revival and presence of the classical past became a challenge and an inspiration, an example, and an incentive to the trend towards reviving the Jewish classical past. From the eighteenth century onwards, the Jewish intelligentsia, with many deep-seated reservations, began to acknowledge ‘the rediscovery of antiquity’. This was a slow and gradual process, beset by many impediments. Their discovery of Greece and their perceptions of it of course took different paths, had different motivations, and produced different results. It compelled them to relate themselves not only to the ideal Greece and to its function in European culture, not only to the Greece of Jewish historical memory (and not only to Greek philosophy), but also to both the ‘real’ Greece and the imaginary Greece that was resurrected in literature, polemics, and historical scholarship, as well as to Greece as the ‘other’, that Greece which was contraposed to Judaism and represented as its complete opposite.
The Nature of the Hellenistic Mirror
Authors: Shavit Yaacov
Published: February 2021

This chapter describes another Jewish encounter with Greece — this time, with Alexandria. However, ‘Alexandria’ serves here as a symbol for Hellenistic culture as a whole. And this culture is the ‘second mirror’ — the Hellenistic mirror. One facet of this mirror is the similarity and disparity between Judaism and Hellenistic civilization; the other is the reflection of the encounter between these two in the modern historical consciousness; or perhaps it would be more correct to say the depiction of the way that Judaism adapted to life within the Hellenistic civilization, was influenced by it, and changed while preserving its uniqueness. The Greek mirror did not have to yield its central position when the Hellenistic mirror made its appearance. The latter only added a new dimension in examining the place of Judaism in the modern world.
Homeric Books and Hellenistic Culture in the World of the Sages
Authors: Shavit Yaacov
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores three different issues: how familiar the Sages were with Greek culture and through which agents of culture they learned about it, to what extent they were influenced by it or how many different elements they adopted from it, and how tolerant the Sages were regarding the use of Hellenistic elements by the Jewish public. Here, complex cultures are characterized by multifariousness and stratification. The history of culture reveals a wide diversity of needs and tendencies, expressed in the social context, and the power or weakness of the mechanism for screening and supervision to control all aspects and layers of the cultural system. Any attempt to limit the scope of Judaism as a religious way of life thus assumes that the Jews were somehow unlike all other human beings. Or, that they had the same cultural needs as all humanity, but were able to satisfy and answer these needs by themselves, being totally independent of any outside help or influence.