bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discovery of NewS‐Glycosides andN‐Glycosides of Pyridine‐biphenyl System with Antiviral Activity and Induction of Apoptosis inMCF7 Cells
Authors: Khodair Ahmed I. , Attia Adel M. , Gendy Eman A. , Elshaier Yaseen A. M. M. , El‐Magd Mohammed A.
Published: May 2019

Glycosylation of small molecule‐based drugs can dramatically improve the biological activities of the parent scaffold. In the current study,S‐glycosides andN‐glycosides of polyfunctionalized pyridine‐biphenyl system tethered with benzotriazole moiety were designed and synthesized.S‐Glycosides of pyridine‐2‐thione derivatives5a–handN‐glycosides of pyridine‐2‐one derivatives9a,bwere synthesized by a facile, convenient, and high‐yielding procedure. The epimers glucose and galactose, acetylated or deacetylated, were used to form the glycone part. The structures of these compounds were confirmed by microanalysis and spectroscopic data (IR,1H–NMR, and13C‐NMR). The anticancer activities of the target compounds, in comparison with standard cisplatin, were assessed by MTT assay against MCF7 cell line. Compounds4f,4g,5f, and5hexhibited the highest cytotoxic effect on MCF7. The anticancer effect of these four compounds induced the apoptosis as evident by the up‐regulated expression of the apoptotic genesBaxandp53and down‐regulated expression of the anti‐apoptotic geneBCl2.S‐Glycoside derivatives are more active thanN‐glycosides. Moreover, the nontoxic doses of the tested compounds were evaluated in MA104, FRHK4, BGM, Hep2, and Vero cells. Compounds4a–dand5a–dwere also evaluated for their antiviral effect against HSV‐1, HAV, and rotavirusWastrain. The compounds' results showed less, moderated, and high antiviral activities. The docking study for these compounds with MDM2 revealed that deacetylated galactose is important for binding with the receptor as it facilitates the formation of hydrogen bond in the receptor. Rapid overlay of chemical structures analysis was employed to understand the compounds' similarity on the basis of their shape structure using theTanimotoscores.
Multi‐model analysis of climate impacts on plant photosynthesis in China during 2000–2015
Authors: Yan Hao , Wang Shao‐Qiang , Wang Jun‐Bang , Cao Yun , Xu Ling‐Ling , Wu Men‐Xin , Cheng Lu , Mao Liu‐Xi , Zhao Feng‐Hua , Zhang Xian‐Zhou , Liu Yun‐Fen , Wang Yan‐Fen , Chen Shi‐Ping , Li Ying‐Nian , Han Shi‐Jie , Zhou Guo‐Yi , Zhang Yi‐Ping , Shugart Herman H.
Published: May 2019

Differences, arising from differences in gross primary production (GPP) model structures and driving forces, have fuelled arguments concerning interannual changes of GPP in China since 2000. To better investigate the interannual variability of GPP and its covariance with climate factors in China, this study adopted a multi‐model analysis based on three GPP models (i.e., Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon flux model [TEC], Breathing Earth System Simulator model [BESS], and MOD17 GPP model). The results show that annual GPP in China increased by 0.021–0.057 Pg C year−1from 2000 to 2015 attributable to atmospheric‐CO2fertilization effects and favourable climate change, that is, increasing precipitation (Pr) and temperature (Ta). However, northern China and southern China had a large difference in the amplitude of these GPP changes; annual GPP increased by 0.017–0.039 Pg C year−1in northern China but only 0.001–0.018 Pg C year−1in southern China. Northern China and southern China occupy contrasting climate zones and this contrast produced different interannual variability of GPP through different mechanisms. Northern China has a dry climate with GPP changes sensitive toPr. As a result, morePralong with higherTain northern China produced the strong uptrend of GPP from 2000 to 2015. In contrast, southern China has a wet climate with its GPP sensitive to solar radiation andTa. For the interval of 2000–2015, decreasing radiation plus drought exerted a negative influence on GPP in southern China. This study highlights the diverse mechanisms in which climate change affects GPP in dry and wet climate zones. A robust multi‐model analysis is preferred to reduce uncertainties arising from a single GPP model and its driving data.
Prognostic and predictive implications of sarcopenia in Western patients undergoing gastric resections for carcinoma of the stomach
Authors: Sierzega Marek , Chrzan Robert , Wiktorowicz Milosz , Kolodziejczyk Piotr , Richter Piotr
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Sarcopenia is highly prevalent in patients with gastrointestinal malignancies, including gastric cancer, but there is a lack of adequate data from Western populations.

Methods

Computed tomography scans of 138 Caucasian patients subject to stomach resections due to gastric adenocarcinoma between 2012 and 2015 were reviewed to evaluate the impact of sarcopenia. The definition of sarcopenia was based on the lumbar skeletal muscle index (SMI) using cut‐off values formulated by the international consensus definitions of sarcopenia (SMI <52.4 cm2/m2 for men and <38.5 cm2/m2 for women).

Results

Sixty (43%) of 138 patients were sarcopenic. Sarcopenia was associated with postoperative morbidity (43% vs 23%; P = .011), major postoperative complications (Clavien‐Dindo ≥3a; 36% vs 21%; P = .035), and reoperations (23% vs 9%; P = .020). Patients with sarcopenia also had prolonged postoperative hospital stay (8.0 vs 6.5 days; P = .010). The overall median survival of patients with sarcopenia was significantly lower than those with normal skeletal muscles (11.0 vs 36.7 months; P = .005) and sarcopenia remained an independent prognostic factor with an odds ratio of 1.94 (95% confidence interval, 1.08 to 3.48; P = .026).

Conclusion

Sarcopenia, defined by SMI, is associated with an increased risk of postoperative morbidity and impaired long‐term survival.
Cis‐9, Trans‐11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxykinase Expression and Hepatic Glucose Production in HepG2 Cells
Authors: Chai Boon Kheng , Al‐Shagga Mustafa , Pan Yan , Then Sue‐Mian , Ting Kang Nee , Loh Hwei‐San , Mohankumar Suresh K.
Published: May 2019

Dysregulated hepatic gluconeogenesis is a hallmark of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although existing drugs have been proven to improve gluconeogenesis, achieving this objective with functional food is of interest, especially using conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) found in dairy products. Both cis‐9, trans‐11 (c9,t11) and trans‐10, cis‐12 (t10,c12) isomers of CLA were tested in human (HepG2) and rat (H4IIE) hepatocytes for their potential effects on gluconeogenesis. The hepatocytes exposed for 24 h with 20 μM of c9,t11‐CLA had attenuated the gluconeogenesis in both HepG2 and H4IIE by 62.5% and 80.1%, respectively. In contrast, t10,c12‐CLA had no effect. Of note, in HepG2 cells, the exposure of c9,t11‐CLA decreased the transcription of gluconeogenic enzymes, cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1) by 87.7%, and glucose‐6‐phosphatase catalytic subunit (G6PC) by 38.0%, while t10,c12‐CLA increased the expression of G6PC, suggesting the isomer‐specific effects of CLA on hepatic glucose production. In HepG2, the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, rosiglitazone, reduced the glucose production by 72.9%. However, co‐administration of c9,t11‐CLA and rosiglitazone neither exacerbated nor attenuated the efficacy of rosiglitazone to inhibit glucose production; meanwhile, t10,c12‐CLA abrogated the efficacy of rosiglitazone. Paradoxically, PPARγ antagonist GW 9662 also led to 70.2% reduction of glucose production and near undetectable PCK1 expression by abrogating CLA actions. Together, while the precise mechanisms by which CLA isomers modulate hepatic gluconeogenesis directly or via PPAR warrant further investigation, our findings establish that c9,t11‐CLA suppresses gluconeogenesis by decreasing PEPCK on hepatocytes.
Acetyl‐3‐Aminoethyl Salicylate Ameliorates Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Liver Graft Survival Through a High‐Mobility Group Box 1/Toll‐Like Receptor 4–Dependent Mechanism
Authors: Lai Xing , Gong Junhua , Wang Weiming , Cao Ding , Wang Menghao , Liu Yiming , Wu Hao , Wu Yakun , Chen Yong , Zeng Zhong , Li Jinzheng , Gong Jianping
Published: May 2019

In liver transplant cases, severe hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (HIRI) is a strong predictor of adverse liver graft and overall outcomes. During HIRI, high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) promotes hepatocellular death and proinflammatory cytokine secretion by toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4). Because salicylates inhibit HMGB1/TLR4 interaction, we hypothesized that salicylates may ameliorate HIRI‐induced liver damage by inhibiting HMGB1/TLR4 axis activation. Using a murine model of HIRI, we found that the salicylate acetyl‐3‐aminoethyl salicylic acid (ac3AESA) reduced serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase as well as Suzuki scores and apoptotic cell counts after HIRI. Ac3AESA also down‐regulated hepatocellular HMGB1 and TLR4 expression, phosphorylated inhibitor of κBα, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase, cleaved caspase 3, and cleaved caspase 1 levels after HIRI. Ac3AESA reduced liver Kupffer cell transcription of proinflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor α (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL) 6, IL1β, chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligand (CXCL) 1, CXCL2, and CXCL8 after HIRI. Ac3AESA also dose‐dependently reduced in vitro release of Kupffer cell TNF‐α. Employing a murine orthotopic liver transplantation model, we found daily ac3AESA administration up to day 10 after transplant improved liver graft survival, suppressed allograft damage, and down‐regulated HMGB1/TLR4 signaling. These benefits to survival and allograft health were maintained for cold ischemia times of 12 and 18 hours. Notably, TLR4 knockout eliminated all foregoing ac3AESA‐induced effects. In conclusion, ac3AESA partially rescues the negative effects of HIRI and prolongs liver graft survival in a TLR4‐dependent manner.
Expanding the Range of Available Isoelectric Points of Highly Methacryloylated Gelatin
Authors: Claaßen Christiane , Rebers Lisa , Claaßen Marc H. , Borchers Kirsten , Tovar Günter E. M. , Southan Alexander
Published: May 2019

Cross‐linkable gelatin methacryloyl (GM) is widely used for the generation of artificial extracellular matrix in tissue engineering. However, so far, isoelectric points (IEPs) of highly methacryloylated GM derivatives are limited to IEPs below 7 due to the consumption of amino groups in the modification reaction. In this contribution, the synthesis of a new GM derivative, gelatin methacryloyl‐aminoethyl (GME), with an IEP above 7 similar to the gelatin type A (GA) starting material is reported, together with a high degree of methacryloylation. GME is obtained by reacting GM with ethylenediamine (EDA). The impact of the EDA functionalization on the properties of GM and GME derivatives is characterized thoroughly via 1H‐NMR, 1H‐13C‐HSQC‐NMR, IEP, solution viscosity, gel point, and physico‐chemical properties of resulting hydrogels. The second functionalization step results in amino group concentrations similar to GA and with that in an IEP of 9.9. The data suggest that amino functionalization with EDA prevents physical cross‐linking in the same way as described before for acetyl functionalization. Therefore, GME hydrogels are less stiff than GM hydrogels from GMs with a comparable amount of methacrylic functions. With GME, a gelatin derivative is available that is positively charged at neutral pH without being limited to low methacryl modifications.
Microstructure, Thermal and Mechanical Behavior of 3D Printed Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate
Authors: Guessasma Sofiane , Belhabib Sofiane , Nouri Hedi
Published: May 2019

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the most popular additive manufacturing techniques for polymers. Despite the numerous works on the printability of various types of polymers, there is a lack in understanding the role of the microstructure on the mechanical performance of printed parts. This work aims at addressing this particular point for the case of a polymer that did not receive much attention, namely acrylonitrile styrene acrylate or ASA. This study emphasizes on the effect of the printing temperature on thermal and mechanical performance of printed ASA using differential scanning calorimetry, infra‐red measurements, mechanical testing, X‐ray micro‐tomography, and finite element computation. The experimental results demonstrate a narrow window of printability of ASA based on the thermal response of this polymer during the laying down process. In addition, both experimental and numerical results show an evident loss in the performance that represents one third of the performance of the raw material. Despite this loss, the limited amount of generated porosity and the level of tensile strength of ASA make it a good choice as a feedstock material for FDM compared to other polymers such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.
A fractional‐order model with time delay for tuberculosis with endogenous reactivation and exogenous reinfections
Authors: Chinnathambi Rajivganthi , Rihan Fathalla A. , Alsakaji Hebatallah J.
Published: May 2019

In this paper, we propose a fractional‐order delay differential model for tuberculosis (TB) transmission with the effects of endogenous reactivation and exogenous reinfections. We investigate the qualitative behaviors of the model throughout the local stability of the steady states and bifurcation analysis. A discrete time delay is introduced in the model to justify the time taken for diagnosis of the disease. Existence and positivity of the solutions are investigated. Some interesting sufficient conditions that ensure the local asymptotic stability of infection‐free and endemic steady states are studied. The fractional‐order TB model undergoes Hopf bifurcation with respect to time delay and disease transmission rate. The presence of fractional order and time delay in the model improves the model behaviors and develops the stability results. A numerical example is provided to support our theoretical results.
Nonautonomous first integrals and general solutions of the KdV‐Burgers and mKdV‐Burgers equations with the source
Authors: Kudryashov Nikolay A. , Safonova Dariya V.
Published: May 2019

The method for constructing first integrals and general solutions of nonlinear ordinary differential equations is presented. The method is based on index accounting of the Fuchs indices, which appeared during the Painlevé test of a nonlinear differential equation. The Fuchs indices indicate us the leading members of the first integrals for the origin differential equation. Taking into account the values of the Fuchs indices, we can construct the auxiliary equation, which allows to look for the first integrals of nonlinear differential equations. The method is used to obtain the first integrals and general solutions of the KdV‐Burgers and the mKdV‐Burgers equations with a source. The nonautonomous first integrals in the polynomials form are found. The general solutions of these nonlinear differential equations under at some additional conditions on the parameters of differential equations are also obtained. Illustrations of some solutions of the KdV‐Burgers and the mKdV‐Burgers are given.
Experimental and numerical investigation of the strain response of the filament wound pressure vessels subjected to pressurization test
Authors: Bai Hui , Yang Bin , Hui Hu , Yang Yuqing , Yu Qingwei , Zhou Zhongqiang , Xian Pingping
Published: May 2019

This article presents the strain response of glass fiber reinforced epoxy matrix pressure vessels subjected to pressurization test. Three filament wound composite pressure vessels with different dimensions are manufactured by fiber winding processing, and the pressurization tests of these pressure vessels are performed. The stain of the inner/outer surface of the vessels during the pressurization tests is recorded. A progressive damage model is built based on the 3D Hashin failure criteria by finite element method (FEM) to predict the strain response of the composite pressure vessels. Fundamental mechanical tests that including the tensile, double cantilever beam, and three‐point end notched flexure tests of the composite laminates are carried out to determine the strength and stiffness parameters used in the FEM. The results show that the circumferential strain of the three composite pressure vessels is greater than the longitudinal strain. The maximum stress and strain occurs at the head of the pressure vessels. The predictions of FEM match the experimental results well, and the strain differences between FEM and experiments of the pressure vessels are less than 12%.
High‐Definition Long‐Reach Video Transmission
Authors: Ryan Natalie
Published: May 2019

Maintaining image quality when receiving analog and digital video over extended distances has proved to be challenging. Various technology solutions and hardware have been explored and developed to address latency, resolution, and cost issues. This paper will look at these options, and which solutions best address these challenges.
The Control of Quantum States with Lasers
Authors: Ritter Stephan , Stuhler Jürgen
Published: May 2019

When quantum theories were first formulated a century ago, who would have guessed how much technological developments originating from quantum physics shape the way we live and interact today. Whether we work on a computer, use our mobile phones, or get a diagnosis based on magnetic resonance imaging: The understanding of quantum mechanics is the basis for all these technologies. In photonics, the laser and light‐emitting diodes are prime examples, with a current market of more than 12 billion US dollars for lasers alone. Now there are new quantum technologies on the horizon, promising a second quantum revolution.
Heat injured stromal cells‐derived exosomal EGFR enhances prostatic wound healing after thulium laser resection through EMT and NF‐κB signaling
Authors: Shi Fei , Deng Zheng , Zhou Zheng , Jiang Bo , Jiang Chen‐Yi , Zhao Rui‐Zhe , Sun Feng , Cui Di , Sun Meng‐Hao , Sun Qian , Wang Xing‐Jie , Wu Qi , Xia Shu‐Jie , Han Bang‐Min
Published: May 2019

Background

This study investigated shallow heat injury to prostate stromal fibroblasts and epithelial cells and their interaction to regulate the wound healing and the underlying molecular events.

Methods

Prostate stromal fibroblasts and epithelial cells were cultured individually or cocultured and subjected to shallow heat injury for assessments of cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, cell cycle distribution, and gene expression. The supernatant of heat‐injured WPMY‐1 cells was collected for exosome extraction and assessments. Furthermore, beagle dogs received thulium laser resection of the prostate (TmLRP) and randomly divided into Gefitinib, GW4869, and control treatment for the histological analysis, tissue re‐epithelialization, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression on the prostatic wound surface. Immunofluorescence was to evaluate p63‐positive basal progenitor cell trans‐differentiation and macrophage polarization and ELISA was to detect cytokine levels in beagles' urine.

Results

Shallow heat injury caused these cells to enter a stressed state and enhanced their crosstalk. The prostate stromal fibroblasts produced and secreted more exosomal‐EGFR and other cytokines and chemokines after shallow heat injury, resulting in increased proliferation and migration of prostate epithelial cells during wound healing. The wound healing of the canine prostatic urethra following the TmLRP procedure was slower in the Gefitinib and GW4869 treatment group than in the control group of animals. Immunofluorescence and ELISA showed that reduced EGFR expression interrupted macrophage polarization but increased the inflammatory response.

Conclusions

Shallow heat injury was able to promote the interaction of prostate stromal cells with prostate epithelial cells to enhance wound healing. Stromal‐derived exosomal‐EGFR plays a crucial role in the balance of the macrophage polarization and prostatic wound healing.
Parents' reflections on choice of neighbourhood and their transformative potential for future conceptualisations of the nation
Authors: Strømsø Mette
Published: May 2019

This article contends that parents' reflections on choice of neighbourhood provide insights into a transformative potential for future conceptualisations of the nation. Built on 30 interviews in Oslo, Norway, this study shows that when choosing a neighbourhood for where their children will grow up, parents create the spatial and social frame of the everyday life within which their children will be socialised—of which socialisation into the nation is one element. Through their sociospatial preferences, one elicits their notions on who belongs where not only in the neighbourhoods of Oslo but also to the nation. Balancing ideals and values both for their children and for themselves, the parents draw on multiple temporalities—past, present, and future—of an imagined community, which in turn offer evidence that how nation and diversity coexist, changes with time. A change, where diversity is envisioned as an integral part of the nation, as both contradictory and intertwined.
Structural, Electronic, and Optical Properties of ZnO1 – xTex Alloys
Authors: Wang Youchun , Tian Fubo , Li Da , Duan Defang , Xie Hui , Liu Bingbing , Zhou Qiang , Cui Tian
Published: May 2019

Based on the ab initio evolutionary algorithm, the Universal Structure Predictor: Evolutionary Xtallography (USPEX) code is used to search for the candidate structures of ZnOTe alloys below 20 GPa. Herein, several metastable structures of ZnO1 – xTex alloys are proposed, namely, Zn4O3Te, Zn2OTe, and Zn5O2Te3 with space groups I‐42m, I‐42d, and C2/m structure, to be stable at 0–10, 0–18, and 0–4 GPa, respectively. From the electronic band structures, it is found that the C2/m Zn5O2Te3 is a metal phase, and the other two structures are semiconductors. Further results show that the bandgap of ZnO1 − xTex first decreases and then increases at an ambient condition with the increase in the Te content, which is in agreement with previous theoretical results, and this trend is also confirmed by the imaginary part of the dielectric function. In addition, the calculated dielectric function results show that the polarization capability of the material is enhanced with the increase in the Te content.
River islands as habitats for soil mites (Acari)
Authors: Faleńczyk‐Koziróg Katarzyna , Skubała Piotr , Habel Michał , Waldon‐Rudzionek Barbara , Szatten Dawid
Published: May 2019

River islands are a natural element of fluvial river systems. They are the refuge of many species of plants and animals and of unchanged ecological systems. Due to their spatial isolation, river islands are good places to observe colonization processes of both flora and fauna (biota). The goal of our research was to observe the development of soil mite communities colonizing the river island. Mite communities on river islands are dominated by eurytopic species, which are r‐strategists, reproduce parthenogenetically, and can be dispersed either passively by the wind or actively by phoresis on insects, small mammals, or birds. The main factors limiting the diversity of acarofauna on river islands are floods (and the resulting soil moisture content of the environment) and spatial isolation. The fertility of the habitat (content of humus) is of less importance. The results of our research indicate that Oribatida are the most sensitive to frequent flooding and high soil moisture, and they were the least effective in colonizing the island. Among the species resistant to the above‐mentioned limiting factors wereCheiroseius borealis,Cheiroseius bryophillus,Cheiroseius curtipes,Liochthonius lapponicus,Punctoribates punctum,Arctoseius cetratus,Parasitus beta,Ameroseius corbicula,Oribatula tibialis,Tectocepheus velatus, and representatives of Acarididae, Pygmephoridae, Stigmeidae, and Tarsonemidae.
Which matters more? Group fear versus hope in entrepreneurial escalation of commitment
Authors: Huang Tori Y. , Souitaris Vangelis , Barsade Sigal G.
Published: May 2019

Research Summary

We examine the influence of two conflicting emotions—group fear and group hope—in entrepreneurial team decision‐making. We are interested in which emotion will be more strongly related to whether entrepreneurial teams escalate their commitment to a currently failing venture versus terminating that venture. Using a longitudinal start‐up simulation and based on data from 66 teams across 569 decision‐making rounds, we find that group “hope trumps fear.” That is, the relationship between group hope and escalating commitment to a failing venture is stronger than the relationship between group fear and terminating that venture. We predict and find that team engagement mediates these relationships. We find partial support for a predicted moderation effect of group friendship strength. Theoretical implications are discussed.

Managerial Summary

Emotions are a critical but often unacknowledged part of entrepreneurial decision‐making. We tested whether group fear or group hope will most strongly influence teams' decisions to escalate their commitment, versus terminating a currently failing venture. Using a longitudinal entrepreneurial simulation, based on data from 66 teams across 569 decision‐making rounds, we find that “hope trumps fear.” That is, the relationship between group hope and escalating commitment to a failing venture is stronger than the relationship between group fear and terminating that venture. Group engagement versus disengagement helps to explain this finding. Our results indicate the importance of entrepreneurs understanding and managing their team emotions for the best decision‐making. It also helps explain the continued engagement of entrepreneurial teams who even, when fearful, have hope.
Elliptic polylogarithms and Feynman parameter integrals
Authors: Broedel Johannes , Duhr Claude , Dulat Falko , Penante Brenda , Tancredi Lorenzo
Published: May 2019

Abstract

In this paper we study the calculation of multiloop Feynman integrals that cannot be expressed in terms of multiple polylogarithms. We show in detail how certain types of two- and three-point functions at two loops, which appear in the calculation of higher order corrections in QED, QCD and in the electroweak theory (EW), can naturally be expressed in terms of a recently introduced elliptic generalisation of multiple polylogarithms by direct integration over their Feynman parameter representation. Moreover, we show that in all examples that we considered a basis of pure Feynman integrals can be found.
A comparison between expert and beginner learning for motor skill development in a virtual reality serious game
Authors: Harvey Carlo , Selmanović Elmedin , O’Connor Jake , Chahin Malek
Published: May 2019

In order to be used for skill development and skill maintenance, virtual environments require accurate simulation of the physical phenomena involved in the process of the task being trained. The accuracy needs to be conveyed in a multimodal fashion with varying parameterisations still being quantified, and these are a function of task, prior knowledge, sensory efficacy and human perception. Virtual reality (VR) has been integrated from a didactic perspective in many serious games and shown to be effective in the pedological process. This paper interrogates whether didactic processes introduced into a VR serious game, by taking advantage of augmented virtuality to modify game attributes, can be effective for both beginners and experts to a task. The task in question is subjective performance in a clay pigeon shooting simulation. The investigation covers whether modified game attributes influence skill and learning in a complex motor task and also investigates whether this process is applicable to experts as well as beginners to the task. VR offers designers and developers of serious games the ability to provide information in the virtual world in a fashion that is impossible in the real world. This introduces the question of whether this is effective and transfers skill adoption into the real world and also if a-priori knowledge influences the practical nature of this information in the pedagogic process. Analysis is conducted via a between-subjects repeated measure ANOVA using a $$2 \times 2$$

2
×
2

factorial design to address these questions. The results show that the different training provided affects the performance in this task ($$N=57$$

N
=
57

). The skill improvement is still evidenced in repeated measures when information and guidance is removed. This effect does not exist under a control condition. Additionally, we separate by an expert and non-expert group to deduce if a-priori knowledge influences the effect of the presented information, it is shown that it does not.
Contestations for urban space: informality and institutions of disenfranchisement in Zimbabwe—the case of Masvingo City
Authors: Average Chigwenya
Published: May 2019

Informality has been viewed as the seedbed for economic development especially in the cities of the global South and many cities have been trying to integrate this sector for economic development. The sector has been seen as the option for economic development in cities of the global South in the face of dwindling resources for economic development. However, the development and growth of informal activities in some of these cities have been stunted by institutional reforms that have taken so long to accommodate such activities. Most of the cities have acknowledged the need to integrate informality in their economies but they have remained illusioned by the neo-liberal urbanisation policies that have kept the informal activities on the periphery of the development agenda. As a result the role of informal sector in economic development in cities of the global South has not been fully realised. The study was taken to examine the institutional impediments in the growth of informal activities in the city of Masvingo, to see how the laws and policies of the city have been applied for the integration of informal sector in the main stream economy. The research found out that there are institutionalised systems that disenfranchise the informal sector in the city of Masvingo. These institutions include the planning approach and the way the city has been practicing their planning. These two institutions have been the chief disenfranchising instruments that have denied the people in the informal sector their right to the city. The research utilised a mixed methods approach to the inquiry, where both qualitative and quantitative data were used. The research found that there is space for informal integration in the city of Masvingo, but the existing regulatory framework is stifling the growth and development of the informal sector in the city of Masvingo. There is therefore need for the city to be flexible enough to embrace the realities of the city, because informality is really the new form of urbanisation in cities of the global South.
Gouverner les campagnes: Analyse micro-sociale et construction institutionnelle (Río de la Plata, fin duxviiie siècle)
Authors: Barriera Darío G.
Published: May 2019

Résumés

À la fin duxviiie siècle, la monarchie hispanique imagina de nouvelles solutions pour gouverner ses territoires compris entre le Sud de l’Amazonie, le détroit de Magellan et la cordillère andine. Peuplées de cultivateurs et d’éleveurs, ces immenses régions rurales restaient mal connues des autorités. Pourtant, parmi les réformes conduites en Amérique par Charles III – notamment l’adoption du système de l’intendance –, aucune n’abordait de front l’administration des campagnes, une question importante pour deux raisons. Premièrement, la majeure partie des habitants du Río de la Plata vivait à la campagne. Deuxièmement, les longues distances séparant ces territoires des villes où étaient fixées les représentants du pouvoir monarchique (Santa Fe, Buenos Aires ou Madrid) constituaient un défi de taille pour les autorités chargées de gouverner ces populations. L’abandon d’une analyse surplombante au profit d’une approche au ras du sol, attentive aux dynamiques locales, permet d’éclairer le fonctionnement de ces espaces éloignés des centres politiques de la monarchie. À travers une analyse microhistorique d’une série de transformations institutionnelles survenues dans la province du Río de la Plata, cet article montre comment des individus gouvernés réussirent à prendre part au gouvernement de leur territoire. La mobilisation de leurs réseaux leur permit de créer des institutions et une communauté politique locale.
Analytic reconstruction of a two-dimensional velocity field from an observed diffusive scalar
Authors: Sharma Arjun , Rypina Irina I. , Musgrave Ruth , Haller George
Published: May 2019

Inverting an evolving diffusive scalar field to reconstruct the underlying velocity field is an underdetermined problem. Here we show, however, that for two-dimensional incompressible flows, this inverse problem can still be uniquely solved if high-resolution tracer measurements, as well as velocity measurements along a curve transverse to the instantaneous scalar contours, are available. Such measurements enable solving a system of partial differential equations for the velocity components by the method of characteristics. If the value of the scalar diffusivity is known, then knowledge of just one velocity component along a transverse initial curve is sufficient. These conclusions extend to the shallow-water equations and to flows with spatially dependent diffusivity. We illustrate our results on velocity reconstruction from tracer fields for planar Navier–Stokes flows and for a barotropic ocean circulation model. We also discuss the use of the proposed velocity reconstruction in oceanographic applications to extend localized velocity measurements to larger spatial domains with the help of remotely sensed scalar fields.
Non-universal scaling transition of momentum cascade in wall turbulence
Authors: Chen Xi , Hussain Fazle , She Zhen-Su
Published: May 2019

As a counterpart of energy cascade, turbulent momentum cascade (TMC) in the wall-normal direction is important for understanding wall turbulence. Here, we report an analytic prediction of non-universal Reynolds number ($Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$) scaling transition of the maximum TMC located at $y_{p}$. We show that in viscous units,$y_{p}^{+}$(and$1+\overline{u^{\prime }v^{\prime }}_{p}^{+}$) displays a scaling transition from$Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}^{3/7}$($Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}^{-6/7}$) to$Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}^{3/5}$($Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}^{-3/5}$) in turbulent boundary layer, in sharp contrast to that from$Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}^{1/3}$($Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}^{-2/3}$) to$Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}^{1/2}$($Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}^{-1/2}$) in a channel/pipe, countering the prevailing view of a single universal near-wall scaling. This scaling transition reflects different near-wall motions in the buffer layer for small$Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$and log layer for large $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$, with the non-universality being ascribed to the presence/absence of mean wall-normal velocity $V$. Our predictions are validated by a large set of data, and a probable flow state with a full coupling between momentum and energy cascades beyond a critical$Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$is envisaged.
R. D. Laing: The Divided Self
Authors: Smith Andrew C.
Published: May 2019

R. D. Laing's The Divided Self was never reviewed in this journal. The author's first book, it was published in 1960, and became essential reading in the intellectual counter-culture of the 1960's and 1970's. It is found convincing by critics of psychiatry. By 1965 it was brought out in paperback, and it has remained in print ever since. The current edition has sold over 400, 000 copies, “and continues to sell very well indeed. The book has been translated into virtually every other language in which books are published” (Middleton, 1981). Laing's later books, also, are discussed by sociologists, psychologists, philosophers and historians of ideas. Apart from many articles and essays, books have been devoted to Laing's written work—for example, Laing and Antipsychiatry (Boyers and Orrill, 1971); R. D. Laing: the Philosophy and Politics of Psychotherapy (Collier, 1977); R. D. Laing: His Work and its Relevance for Sociology (Howarth-Williams, 1977) and a volume, Laing, in the Fontana Modern Masters series (Friedenberg∗, 1973). Yet Laing is anathema to many psychiatrists, and his views on schizophrenia and insanity get brief mention in standard psychiatric textbooks, usually dismissed as extreme and/or unscientific.
The Nature of a Negotiable Instrument
Authors: Barak Aharon
Published: May 2019

The English Bills of Exchange Act—which is the source of legislation on negotiable instruments in most of the countries formerly connected with the British Commonwealth of Nations, including Israel's Bills of Exchange Ordinance—has been described as “the best drafted Act of Parliament ever passed. That explains why most of the problems which have come before the courts have been resolved within the strict framework of the law, through the application of one or another of the provisions of that Act. Those provisions can be regarded as amply covering the common commercial situations with which the world of finance is today familiar. This state of affairs has clear advantages; but, at the same time, it has its negative consequences too. Since the enactment of the Act in 1882, the courts—and, following in their footsteps, a majority of legal scholars—in the common law countries have ceased to give any thought to the theoretical nature of the negotiable instrument.
The Dilemmas of Civil Litigation
Authors: Jolowicz J. A.
Published: May 2019

If an English lawyer looks at modern American literature on civil procedure, his first reaction tends to be one of incredulity or incomprehension; the literature deals with subjects of which he has never heard and seeks solutions to questions he has never thought of asking. After some reflection, however, it probably dawns on him that American scholars are writing against a background of assumptions about the process of litigation which he does not share and that those assumptions stem from developments which have occurred in the United States but which have not yet occurred in England or, for that matter, in the other countries of Western Europe. No one in England could write an article such as I received recently from the United States on “Conflict and Dissent in Class Actions” for the simple reason that the class action as it exists in the United States has not yet developed on our side of the Atlantic. Nevertheless, it is now clear that new demands are being made in Europe on the process of litigation, demands which may in time lead to developments such as have already occurred in the United States, and it is these demands which lead to the dilemmas to which my title refers. I want, therefore, to draw attention to two such demands—both very broadly stated—and to the dilemmas they produce, limiting myself mainly to England but with occasional glances elsewhere. This is not a lecture on American law, but it could perhaps be described as one on “pre-American” law.
Proportionality and the Psychotic Aggressor: Another View
Authors: Kremnitzer Mordechai
Published: May 2019

In an article published in this journal in 1973, Professor George P. Fletcher maintained that there ought to be no limitation of proportionality on the exercise of self-defense. The requirement of proportionality signifies that there is a limit to the price society is willing or agreeable to pay for the protection of a legitimate interest against an unlawful attack. The right to use self-defense therefore rests upon the condition that there be some kind of relationship, which is not one of equivalence, between the interest attacked and that sacrificed in order to save it. In the absence of such a relationship, self-defense may not be employed. Thus, for example, in the case of a petty theft, if the interest attacked (ownership or possession of the property) can be defended only by inflicting serious injury—death or grievous bodily harm—upon the aggressor, one must refrain from doing so, even if this means sacrificing the interest at stake. If self-defense is not circumscribed by the requirement of proportionality, then the owner of an apple orchard who shoots and kills a thief, lacking any other means of stopping him from running off with the fruit he has stolen, will bear no criminal responsibility for his act.
Adsorption, Bioactivity, and Evaluation of Soil Tests for Alachlor, Acetochlor, and Metolachlor
Authors: Weber Jerome B. , Peter C. John
Published: May 2019

Alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide], acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-6′-ethyl-o-acetotoluidide] and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] were adsorbed in similar amounts, approximately one-third that of the reference compound prometryn [2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine] by Ca-organic matter and seven soils. Adsorption isotherms for the four herbicides by Ca-montmorillonite were of the same shape, but different bonding mechanisms were involved. Adsorption and bioactivity of the acetanilide herbicides were correlated with organic matter, clay content, and other soil parameters as determined by two different soil- testing laboratories.
Responses of Several Corn (Zea mays) Cultivars and Weed Species to EPTC With and Without the Antidote R-25788
Authors: Sagaral Erasmo G. , Foy Chester L.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of the herbicide antidote R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide) in protecting corn (Zea maysL.) cultivars from EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) injury. Preplant-incorporated applications of EPTC, with and without R-25788, were made to a fine sandy loam in 1976 and a loamy sand soil in 1977. EPTC at 6.7 kg/ha was 20 to 30% more injurious to the susceptible cultivars grown in sandy, lower organic-matter soil than in fine sandy loam. R-25788 did not decrease the weed-control efficacy of EPTC. The cultivar ‘TXS114’ was highly tolerant to EPTC at 6.7 kg/ha with or without antidote protection. Most of the other EPTC-susceptible cultivars showed significant stand improvement when R-25788 was used in combination with EPTC. R-25788 did not alleviate EPTC phytotoxicity toward ‘XL55’ and ‘XL379’ cultivars. EPTC applied in combination with R-25788 showed no, or only, slight injury to all other cultivars.
Differential Tolerance of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Cultivars to Metribuzin
Authors: Runyan T. J. , McNeil W. K. , Peeper T. F.
Published: May 2019

Of 15 hard red winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cultivars grown on several soil types and treated in the spring with several rates of metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)-one], ‘Lindon’ and ‘Vona’ were the most sensitive and ‘TAM W 101’ and ‘Osage’ the most tolerant. Differences in cultivar response to metribuzin occurred in 9 of 13 locations, but were not observed when precipitation was very light or when the soil was saturated at the time of treatment. TAM W 101 was also more tolerant than Vona in the greenhouse.
Germination and Seedling Development of Fringed Sagebrush (Artemisia frigida)
Authors: Wilson Robert G.
Published: May 2019

Optimum germination of fringed sagebrush (Artemisia frigidaWilld.) occurred at alternating temperatures of 10 to 20 C. Seeds were able to germinate (15%) in NaCl concentrations of 5000 ppmw. Light was important in seed germination; however, its absence could be overcome by adding 30 ppmw GA3(gibberellic acid) to the germination medium. Optimum pH for germination was between 5.8 and 7.0. Depth of planting influenced seedling emergence; the greatest emergence occurred when seeds were planted on the soil surface; emergence was lower when seeds were buried at any depth in the soil. Osmotic potentials of −13 bars and greater reduced germination, but 6% of the seeds germinated at −15 bars. Fringed sagebrush seedlings tolerated average plant water potentials of −10 to −19 bars and died when water potentials were decreased to −22 bars. Mature fringed sagebrush plants were capable of producing from 16500 to 190000 seeds/plant.
Influence of Selected Herbicides on Ozone Injury in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)
Authors: Reilly J. J. , Moore L. D.
Published: May 2019

Field experiments were conducted over a 4-yr period to determine the influence of selected herbicides on ozone injury in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.). Isopropalin (2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylcumidine), pebulate (S-propyl butylethylthiocarbamate), and diphenamid (N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide) were applied at the recommended rates of 1.7, 4.5, and 4.5 kg/ha, respectively. Treatment of tobacco plants with isopropalin or diphenamid reduced oxidant injury for the first 2 to 4 weeks after transplanting, but not later in the season. Pebulate had no consistent affect on the sensitivity of tobacco to ozone.
Protecting Corn (Zea mays) from Herbicide Injury with R – 25788
Authors: Martin A. R. , Burnside O. C.
Published: May 2019

Use of R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide) eliminated early-season corn (Zea maysL. '501D′) injury, stand loss, and yield reduction caused by EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) at 3.4, 6.7, and 13.4 kg/ha. R-25788 also eliminated early-season corn injury from butylate (S-ethyl diisobutylthiocarbamate) at 9.0 kg/ha. R-25788 did not consistently prevent corn yield reduction from 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] or EPTC + 2,4-D. R-25788 had no effect on weed control from any of the herbicides evaluated nor any effect by itself on corn injury or corn yield. No corn injury or yield reductions occurred from vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) at rates up to 6.7 kg/ha or alachlor [2-chloro-2′, 6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] at rates up to 13.4 kg/ha. Early-season corn injury frequently did not result in reduced corn yield.
Musk Thistle (Carduus thoermeri) Seed Production
Authors: McCarty Melvin K.
Published: May 2019

Seed production was studied near Lincoln, Nebraska for musk or nodding thistle (common names used for large-flowered species ofCarduus – C. macrocephalusDesf.,C. nutansL.,C. thoermeriWeinm.). Four levels of seed maturity were studied from separate groups of plants with the heads harvested at the full-bloom stage, 2 days after full bloom, 4 days after full bloom, and at full maturity. The first heads to bloom (terminal) averaged about 1000 seeds/head and the last to bloom (lateral branches near the base of the plant), ca. 125. Plants produced only 26 good quality seeds/plant when the heads were all clipped at the full-bloom stage, but the plants with heads allowed to go to maturity produced 3580 of the good quality seeds/plant. Plants with heads clipped at 2 and 4 days after full bloom produced 72 and 774 good quality seeds, respectively.
Herbicides and Dates of Application for Control and Eradication of Wild Garlic (Allium vineale)
Authors: Peters Elroy J. , Mckelvey Robert A.
Published: May 2019

Paraquat (1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion) killed nearly 100% of the wild garlic (Allium vinealeL.) plants when applied in spring, but was less effective when applied in the fall. Treatment in the spring with paraquat consistently killed more wild garlic plants than treatments at any other date. Eradication of a wild garlic infestation was achieved after applications for three successive springs. Near eradication was achieved with two annual applications of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid]. Among herbicides evaluated postemergence on wild garlic, mefluidide (N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl] amino] phenyl] acetamide}, oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene], bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide], asulam (methyl sulfanilylcarbamate), and picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) were not effective for controlling wild garlic. Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] and a mixture of cyperquat (1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium) and 2,4-D ester reduced wild garlic populations by over 60%.