bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gas chromatographic determination of carbon dioxide in non‐fat dry milk during non‐enzymic browning reaction
Authors: Min David B , Lee Sang‐Hwa
Published: October 2006

Carbon dioxide formation in non‐fat dry milk during accelerated non‐enzymic browning reaction was determined by gas chromatography. Carbon dioxide content in the headspace of the sample bottle increased as the non‐enzymic browning reaction increased. Non‐fat dry milk containing added 0, 15 or 30 g kg−1 lysine in the air‐tight serum bottle was stored at 55, 65 or 75°C. The coefficients of variation for reflective spectroscopic brown colour measurement and GC carbon dioxide determination were 1.37% and 1.30%, respectively. The average correlation coefficient between brown colour development and carbon dioxide formation for the nine samples during storage was 0.96. The simple, fast and reproducible gas chromatographic carbon dioxide determination method could be used to study non‐enzymic browning reactions in foods or to complement other analytical methods in measuring the non‐enzymic browning reaction.
Growing summer savory (Satureja hortensis) in Scotland: Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the volatile oil and factors influencing oil production
Authors: Svoboda Katerina P , Hay Robert K M , Waterman Peter G
Published: October 2006

Analysis of oil obtained from growing summer savory (Satureja hortensis L) in the west of Scotland through four contrasting seasons (1984–1987) showed that, without exception, the quality and quantity of oil produced were of a commercially acceptable standard although the cultivars used had not been especially selected for growing in northern Britain. Optimal harvesting time for the maximum yield of good quality oil was found to be during early to mid flowering. Hot, dry conditions did not enhance oil content and neither did the application of fertiliser or herbicide. It is concluded that summer savory will regularly produce a commercially acceptable oil under Scottish conditions.
Inheritance of protein content in seeds of selected crosses of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
Authors: Emebiri Livinus C
Published: October 2006

The inheritance pattern of protein content in seeds of two crosses of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) was studied. It was observed that, in both crosses, inheritance of the character involved both additive and non‐additive gene effects. Heritability in the broad sense was 0·70–0·78. A significant effect of pollen source was detected in one of the two crosses. In both crosses, comparison of seed protein content of reciprocal segregating generations indicated the influence of cytoplasmic factors.
Quinoa saponins—analysis and preliminary investigations into the effects of reduction by processing
Authors: Ridout Caralyn L , Price Keith R , Dupont M Susan , Parker Mary L , Fenwick G Roger
Published: October 2006

A gas chromatographic method has been developed for the analysis of saponins in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd). The method, which involves separation and quantitation of the trimethylsilylated sapogenols, has been applied to the analysis of the UK‐grown crop obtained by selection from lowland Chilean ecotypes. Total saponin contents of 1·03 and 1·19% were found for material grown in 1987 and 1988. The major aglycone in the quinoa saponin mixture was identified as phytolaccagenic acid (>40% total), with hederagenin (∼25%) and oleanolic acid (30%) aglycones also being present. The effects of washing and abrasion on total and individual saponin content were investigated; the data obtained suggest differential cellular locations of the individual saponins. The processing of quinoa led to changes in sensory characteristics; removal of saponins was associated with reductions in bitterness and astringency. Microscopic analysis revealed considerable differences in washed and abraded samples, both before and after cooking; in particular the abraded samples showed a greater degree of cellular disruption.
Maize populations with resistance to field contamination by aflatoxin B1
Authors: Wallin Jack R , Widstrom Neil W , Fortnum Bruce A
Published: October 2006

Maize (Zea mays L) germplasm is needed with resistance to infection by Aspergillus flavus and/or subsequent contamination by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). A select group of maize populations were evaluated for their resistance to AFB1 contamination at three locations. Four populations (Ibadan B and three others derived from crosses between Corn Belt inbreds and diploid perennial teosinte. Zea diploperennis) were compared with a susceptible hybrid check in a randomised complete block experiment with 10 replicates in Georgia, Missouri and South Carolina for two years. Ears were not inoculated, and naturally occurring concentrations of AFB1 in harvested grain were analysed for population differences. Ibadan B and Mo2 W × Z diploperennis had significantly lower average amounts of AFB1, 19 μg kg−1 and 18 μg kg−1, respectively, than other test entries. Backcrossing to susceptible Corn Belt inbreds produced populations as susceptible as the check when resistance was measured as the concentrations of AFB1 in the grain. The consistency and significance of low AFB1 concentrations for Ibadan B and Mo20W × Z diploperennis suggest that these may be useful sources of resistance.
Investigation into the response of barley to applied zinc
Authors: Paterson Jessie E , Berndt Gwendoline F , Cameron Deborah , Rowbottom William
Published: October 2006

The response of barley to foliar and soil applied zinc was studied at fire low soil zinc sites in south‐east Scotland over two season. None of the treatments increased the grain yield at harvest. Of the treatments studied only foliar applied zinc sulphate consistently increased the zinc content of plant tissue, and this was more marked when a split application of 2·5 + 2·5 kg ha−1 Zn was used as opposed to a single treatment of 5 kg ha−1 Zn. It is concluded that at the present time there is no evidence that zinc is limiting the yield potential of barley when grown on low zinc soils in this part of Scotland.
Purification of trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor from jack fruit seeds
Authors: Annapurna S Sai , Prasad D Siva
Published: October 2006

A trypsin/chymotrypsin inhibitor (JSTI) was isolated from jack fruit seeds (Artocarpus integrifolia Hook f) by ammonium sulphate fractionation and chromatography on DEAE–cellulose and Sephadex G‐100. During all stages of purification, the ratio of trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activities remained constant. The purified preparation was found to be homogeneous by gel filtration, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and ultra‐centrifugation. From the sedimentation coefficient, S20w value of 3·5 ± 0·15 S. the molecular weight of JSTI was calculated to be 30·00 ± 2·50 kamu. The inhibitor showed a molecular weight of 24·55 kamu on a Sephadex G‐75 column when eluted with 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, Under non‐denaturing conditions, JSTI exhibited anomalous behaviour on a Sephadex G‐200 column. On SDS–PAGE, the inhibitor showed two major bands with molecular weights of 26·30 and 15·00 kamu and two minor bands with molecular weights of 19·50 and 12·00 kamu. The carboxyamidomethylated JSTI showed three trypsin inhibitory activity bands on PAGE, suggesting the presence of isoinhibitors.
Preparation of fibrous textured protein from field bean globulins by wet non‐spinneret spinning
Authors: Suchkov Vladimir V , Vasserman Ljubov A , Popello Irina A , Grinberg Valery Ya , Tolstoguzov Vladimir B
Published: October 2006

General regularity of preparation of fibrous textured protein from field bean globulin fraction by wet non‐spinneret spinning and the water absorption capacity of the textured protein were investigated. The optimal conditions for this process for minimum protein loss in the coagulation bath were determined. Use of a highly concentrated neutral protein solution (>500 g litre−1) as a dope avoids the need for neutralisation and washing of the textured product. The textured protein obtained had a microfibrous structure.
Ripening of Gloster 69 apples after low‐ethylene storage
Authors: Tsantili Eleni , Knee Michael
Published: October 2006

Preclimacteric Gloster 69 apples were stored for up to 200 days in 2 k Pa O2 at 1·5°C with continuous ethylene removal. Fruit retained the ability to ripen normally after prolonged storage. In particular, synthesis of the aroma volatiles, 2‐methyl butyl acetate and hexyl acetate, was not impaired. Ethylene at 15°C induced the synthesis of both aroma volatiles, the decrease in firmness and the increase in soluble pectin but simply accelerated the decreases in malate, starch and chlorophyll, whereas it showed no direct and consistent effect on sugar changes.
Chromatic parameters and oxidation indices for edible vegetable oils submitted to thermal oxidation
Authors: Sans R Guillén , Pérez Yépez , Mira F Heredia , Chozas M Guzmán
Published: October 2006

Peroxide values, TBA numbers and chromatic parameters of edible vegetable oils (olive, sunflower, corn oils) thermally oxidised (75°C, 100°C, 180°C) during 5 days were determined. For calculating chromatic parameters the recommended standard CIE methods and several simplified methods were employed. With olive oil a remarkable change in spectral characteristics occurred as the temperature and time of heating were increased. Thermal autoxidation, as assessed by peroxide value and TBA number, was only observed at 75°C (Schaal oven test). In none of the three types of vegetable oil was the dominant wavelength modified during the course of the heating process. Luminosity and hue angle showed slight increases in olive and sunflower oils. Colour saturation underwent a remarkable decrease in olive oil. From a comparison and a correlation study it is concluded that the simplified methods could be applied only for certain chromatic parameters and types of vegetable oil. For a comprehensive study of the diverse chromatic parameters the standard CIE methods should be applied.
Genetic and environmental variability in protein, oil and fatty acid composition in high‐alkaloid hite lupin (Lupinus albus)
Authors: Jimenez M Dolores , Cubero José I , de Haro Antonio
Published: October 2006

Protein, oil and fatty acid composition ere determined on seed samples of Lupinus albus L cultivars gron in to different locations, Villafranca and Córdoba. Seeds planted in the latter location ere inoculated ith Rhizobium leguminosarum f lupini as soil pH as 7·5‐7·9. Locations clearly caused differences in both protein and oil contents. Interactions beteen localities and genotypes ere not significant. Environmental effects ere much greater than the genotypic factors except for oleic and linoleic acids. Both locality and genotype effects ere clearly significant for all fatty acids studied except for palmitic acid. A negative correlation as found beteen protein and oil content. Oil and oleic acid contents ere positively correlated to each other. Linoleic acid content seemed not to be correlated ith any other fatty acid except oleic. Linolenic acid content as also negatively correlated ith that of oleic acid. Covariance analysis shoed a strong positive genetic correlation beteen oil and oleic acid contents; the genetic correlation as higher than the environmental one. Oil content is strongly negatively correlated ith both linoleic and linolenic acid contents at the genotypic level.
Preliminary investigation of the influence of dietary protected lipid supplements on the characteristics of cows' milk fat
Authors: Fearon Anna M , Kilpatrick David J
Published: October 2006

Dietary manipulation of cos' milk fat composition has principally been concerned ith increasing the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids present. Hoever, such changes in fatty acid composition result in a softening of the milk fat, a property not to the benefit of every user. Bakers and confectioners, for example, frequently prefer a harder milk fat to achieve the desired textural characteristics of their products. A preliminary investigation of the influence of protected lipid supplements on the characteristics of milk fat found that inclusion of Dairy Fat Prills (at a level of 1.0 kg day−1) in the diet of dairy cos hardened the fat. This as shon by a significant increase in percentage solid fat content over the temperature range (5–30°C) investigated and as accompanied by a significant increase in mean slip melting point from 31.81°C (control diet) to 35.18°C.
Stability and properties of alkaline phosphate immobilized by a rendzina soil
Authors: Perez‐Mateos M , Busto M D , Rad J C
Published: October 2006

Different factors (agitation time, type of buffer, enzyme solution/soil ratio, enzyme solution concentration) affecting alkaline phosphatase immobilisation by a rendzina soil were studied. Appreciable quantities (>48%) of commercial active phosphatase were immobilised by the soil colloidal particles in a process well adjusted to a Langmuir isotherm (r = 0·999 at P<0·001), giving an index of bonding energy of 0·115 ml h μmol p‐nitrophenol−1 and an enzymic sorption maximum of 79·9 μmolp‐nitrophenol g soil−1 h−1.

Some properties and the stability of the immobilised enzyme (kinetics, effect of soil, pH‐activity curves, inhibition by inorganic phosphate, persistence, thermal stability, and exposure to proteinases) were also investigated. The Km value for the immobilised enzyme was greater than that for the soluble enzyme, the pH optimum was similar to that of the indigenous soil enzyme but higher than that of the enzyme in solution, and there were no appreciable differences in the inhibition by inorganic phosphate of the three types of enzyme (immobilised, indigenous and soluble phosphatase). The enzyme studied was stable when added to soil, and appeared to have a thermal stability and a protection against pronase and trypsin larger than that of the soluble enzyme but lower than that of indigenous soil alkaline phosphatase.
Non‐starch polysaccharides from sunflower (Helianthus annuus) meal and palm kernel (Elaeis guineenis) meal—preparation of cell wall material and extraction of polysaccharide fractions
Authors: Düsterhöft Eva‐Maria , Voragen Alfons G J , Engels Ferdinand M
Published: October 2006

Two different chemical methods, sequential extraction with alkali and sodium chlorite and treatment with 4‐methylmorpholine N‐oxide (MMNO), were applied to the extraction of non‐starch polysaccharides (NSP) from the enzymically deproteinated, water‐insoluble cell wall materials of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) meal and palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) meal. The NSP content accounted for 550 g kg−1 (sunflower meal) and 750 g kg−1 (palm kernel meal) of the cell wall materials. Neither of the treatments alone was capable of solubilising more than about half of the original NSP. Combined treatment using alkali/chlorite followed by MMNO completely dissolved cell wall material from palm kernel meal, whereas a small residue (40 g kg−1 of original NSP) was left in sunflower meal. Loss of NSP occurred with both methods (total NSP recovery ranging from 88% for alkali/chlorite extraction of sunflower to 64% for MMNO extraction of palm kernel). Due to differences in solubility revealed upon acidification and/or dialysis, extracts became subdivided into precipitates and soulble fractions. The sugar composition of the resulting fractions enabled a tentative identification of teh major non‐starch polysaccharides; sunflower meal was found to contain cellulose, (acidic) xylans, polyuronide‐containing fractions and xyloglucan; palm kernel meal was found to contain mannans, cellulose and xylans, with the major part of the mannans originating from the endosperm and the xylans being almost exclusively located in the endocarp.
Influence of seed mycoflora and harvesting conditions on milling, popping and malting qualities of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: Kumar L Satish , Prakash H S , Shetty H S , Malleshi N G
Published: October 2006

Four cultivars of sorghum were artificially inoculated with Fusarium moniliforme conidia at flowering and bagged. These samples along with their untreated controls were harvested at physiological maturity and 2 weeks after physiological maturity. The grains obtained from both the treatments were studied for their milling, malting and popping characteristics. Grains harvested at physiological maturity stage possessed superior milling and malting characteristics whereas late‐harvested grains exhibited better popping characteristics. Milling and popping reduced the seed mycoflora considerably.
Review on the significance of starch and protein to wheat kernel hardness
Authors: Anjum Faqir M , Walker C E
Published: October 2006

Wheat starch contains large lenticular (A‐type) and small spherical (B‐type) granules, with some intermediate (underdeveloped A‐type), composed of two structurally different polysaccharides, amylose (20–30%) and amylopectin (70–80%), plus small amounts of lipids, nitrogen and phosphorus. Vitreous character is related to air spaces between granules, whereas hardness relates to protein‐starch bond strength and protein matrix continuity between granules. Grain hardness is controlled genetically by one or more major genes, modified by one or more minor genes. Environmental factors also exert effects. Most hardness measurements are grouped into categories based on grinding, crushing, abrasion or indentation. Recent methods, viz microscopy, NIR, single kernel cutting, tensile strength and an acoustical technique, seem to have promise.

Three basic mechanisms of grain hardness have been postulated: (a) chemically induced adhesion between the protein matrix and starch granule, (b) continuity of the protein matrix, and (c) net charge on the protein. Some recent studies have revealed small amounts of protein as an integral component of the starch granule. The surface granule proteins showed relatively low molecular weight polypeptide bands (5–30 kDa), whereas the integral starch granule proteins had higher molecular weights (59–149 k Da). The 59 kDa protein is postulated to be the enzyme that synthesises amylose. The 15 kDa polypeptide is related to kernel softness, because it is strong in soft wheats, weak or faint in hard wheats, and absent in durum wheats. Reconstituted tablets made from hard wheat starch showed higher tensile strength than those made from soft wheat. Tablets reconstituted from soft wheat starch free from 15 kDa protein exhibited increased tensile strength, suggesting that the 15 kDa protein acts as a ‘non‐sticking’ agent between the starch granules and the protein matrix. Some lipids are associated with arnylose and the starch granule surface but their significance is not clear. Key words. Starch, kernel hardness measurement, hardness mechanism, starch granule proteins.
Effect of method of extraction on the total polyphenol, 1,2‐diphenol content and stability of virgin olive oil
Authors: Nergiz Cevdet , Ünal Kemal
Published: October 2006

The effect of the method of olive oil extraction on the total polyphenol, 1,2‐diphenol content and stability of the oil was studied. The total polyphenol and 12,‐diphenol content of oils extracted in commercial olive oil mills was 60% and 45% lower, respectively, than oil extracted on the laboratory scale. A significant difference was found in total polyphenol content between oils obtained by traditional press systems and new continuous systems. The stability of the industrially extracted oil was considerably lower on account of its reduced phenol content.
Micromalting triticale: Comparative malting characteristics
Authors: Blanchflower Andrea J , Briggs Dennis E
Published: October 2006

Small‐scale trials were carried out to compare the malting characteristics of 12 triticale varieties harvested in the UK in 1985. Grain samples from two locations, each having grain total nitrogen contents of between 1.78 and 2.57%, were micromalted. The results established varietal differences in malting quality with respect to grain water uptake, optimum germination period and malt hot water extract. Hot water extracts after a 5‐day germination period ranged between 302 and 324 litre° kg−1 with malt yields in the range 87–90%. Compared with barley malts, triticale malts possessed extremely high 70° mash wort viscosities of between 10.4 and 26.9 cSt. The appendix shows the advantages of adjusting × 0.2‐scale hot water extract mashes to a final weight of 100 g rather than 90 g.
Quality characteristics of triticale malts and worts
Authors: Blanchflower Andrea J , Briggs Dennis E
Published: October 2006

Worts from triticale malts, in particular well modified malts, separated poorly from mashes. Worts prepared at 70° C had high viscosities (10–27 cSt) indicating that problems would occur during filtration in brewing. The viscosities of triticale worts were higher than those of worts from barley malts. In addition, worts from well modified malts were generally turbid. Proteinaceous material (partly degraded prolamins) was the primary cause of this turbidity. Although the degree of malt modification did influence the rate of wort separation, it had little effect on wort viscosity. High viscosity was caused by pentosans dissolved from the triticale malt during mashing. Oxidative gelation was not observed with these pentosans. Grains and malts were fractionated, and the high molecular weight fractions were analysed for their sugar and acyl components. All were rich in arabinose and xylose. There was a rough inverse correlation between the solubility of the poly saccharide fractions and the levels of substitution with acetyl and feruloyl residues. The poor wort separation from triticale malt grists appeared to be related to the particle size distributions, which were narrow. The sedimentation values of the grist ‘fines’ were high.
Effect of slowly and rapidly degraded protein sources on the concentrations of amino acids and peptides in the rumen of steers
Authors: Williams Alwyn P , Cockburn John E
Published: October 2006

Four steers were given diets of straw and tapioca supplemented with urea, casein, formaldehyde treated casein (FTC), decorticated groundnut meal (DCGM), soya bean meal (SBM), maize gluten meal (MGM) or fish meal (FM) to determine the effect of degradability on rumen amino acid and peptide concentrations. Maximum concentrations of amino acid and peptide‐N in rumen ultrafiltrates occurred 1 h after feeding. Total amino acid‐N concentrations (mg litre−1) at this time were low, ranging from 1.2 SE 0.8 (urea) to 15.6 SE 6.0 (casein) with little variation in individual amino acids. The peptide‐N concentrations (mg litre−1) were higher, ranging from 2.4 SE 0.5 (urea) to 160.0 SE 21.0 (casein), but were poorly correlated with degradability and solubility. Apart from casein, the highest concentrations of peptide‐N were for those protein supplements, MGM (136.0 SE 25.0), FM (90.0 SE 15.0), and FTC (87.0 SE 14.0), with the lowest degradability suggesting that other factors, such as hydrophobicity, are also involved in the control of rumen peptide concentrations. Pooled samples taken 1 h after the morning feed were separated into three molecular weight (MW) fractions, 5000–50 000 da, 250–5000 da and < 250 da by gel filtration chromatography. From amino acid analysis it was found that the highest proportion of peptide‐N was in the 250–5000 da fraction, and although some high MW (5000–50 000) constituents were present, only the FTC and MGM diets gave rise to significant amounts.
Control by the embryo axis of the breakdown of storage proteins in cotyledons of germinating seeds of citrus limon
Authors: García‐Agustín Pilar , Gastaldo M José Benaches , Primo‐Millo Eduardo
Published: October 2006

Azocaseolytic (endopeptidase) and carboxypeptidase activities in cotyledons of germinating seeds of Citrus limon (L) Burm f (cv Verna) showed a peak on the fourth day after the onset of imbibition and then decreased. A second peak of activity in both enzymes appeared 16 days after imbibition. The activities of leucine‐aminopeptidase and alanine‐aminopeptidase increased until 12 days after imbibition and then declined.

When cotyledons were detached from seedlings 8 days after imbibition and then incubated in water, protein breakdown was accelerated and α‐amino N accumulation increased. In detached and incubated cotyledons, the azocaseolytic activity decreased whereas the carboxypeptidase activity continued to increase more markedly than when the axis remained attached. The effect of the axis on azocaseolytic activity was replaceable by kinetin. On the other hand, kinetin, GA3 and IAA showed no significant effect on the carboxypeptidase and aminopeptidase activities in detached cotyledons.
Overwinter variation in glucosinolate content of green tissue of rape (Brassica napus) in response to grazing by wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Smith William H Macfarlane , Griffiths D Wynne , Boag Brian
Published: October 2006

The effects of different rabbit grazing regimes on the concentration and relative amounts of individual glucosinolates were studied overwinter in the green tissue of two oilseed rape cultivars (Bienvenu, a single‐low type, and Ariana, a double‐low type) and two forage rape cultivars (Hobson and Bonar). Grazing significantly increased total glucosinolate content. Within this general increase, the proportion of aliphiatic glucosinolates was reduced whereas the proportion of both indole and phenylethyl glucosinolates increased. Possible reasons for such changes are discussed.
Structure and digestibility of tissues in normal and brown midrib pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum)
Authors: Akin Danny E , Rigsby Luanne L , Hanna Wayne W , Gates Roger N
Published: October 2006

The tissues in leaf blades, midribs, sheaths and stems of normal (N), 5848, and two brown midrib (bmr) mutants, 5753 and 5778, of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L) R Br) were examined for structural characteristics related to digestibility. The anatomies of the various plant parts were not substantially different between N and bmr plants. The more rigid, lignified tissues such as vascular bundles in all plant parts and the rind of stems were not digested after incubation for 7 days in N or bmr plants, indicating that modifications in these tissues were not sufficient to affect biodegradation. Modifications in the digestible tissues resulted in faster and more extensive degradation in bmr plants, and these changes appear to be the most significant in relation to biodegradation. The parenchyma of midveins and stems, which occupies c 70 and 60% of the cross‐sectional area of these respective parts, were the sites where modification in phenolics resulted in the greatest improvement in digestibility.
Reducing ammonia loss from cattle slurry by the use of acidifying additives: The role of the buffer system
Authors: Husted Søren , Jensen Lars S , Jørgensen S Storgaard
Published: October 2006

An 8‐month‐old cattle slurry was analysed titrimetrically and the major buffer components were found to be ammonium, bicarbonate and a solid phase of carbonates. A simulation model was developed which explained the experimental results. pH stability in response to addition of HCl, superphosphate, FeCl3, Ca(NO3)2 and CaCl2 in increasing levels was investigated. Upon aeration, pH rose quickly by 0.4 to 1.5 units for all additives and levels, except where HCl was added equivalently to the total alkalinity of the slurry, which then kept a stable pH of 4.2. Ammonia volatilisation in response to the addition of either HCl or CaCl2 was found to decrease with increasing amount of additive, HCl being more effective than CaCl2. This confirms that the total alkalinity is an important factor regulating the potential ammonia loss from cattle slurry. Addition of HCl or CaCl2 close to the total alkalinity resulted in a reduction of the potential ammonia loss to 0 and 15% of the untreated loss, respectively.
Distribution of bound and free phenolic acids in oranges (Citrus sinensis) and Grapefruits (Citrus paradisi)
Authors: Peleg Hanna , Naim Michael , Rouseff Russell L , Zehavi Uri
Published: October 2006

Free phenolic acids may be the precursors for vinyl phenols and off‐flavours formed in citrus products during storage. Quantitative determination of free and bound phenolic acids in fruit parts of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfadyen) and oranges (Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck) was performed by extraction with ethyl acetate, silica gel column chromatography and HPLC analyses of samples before and after alkaline hydrolysis. The content of free and bound phenolic acids was further determined in juice derived from fruit harvested early, mid and late in season. As found previously for ferulic acid, phenolic acids occur mainly in bound forms in grapefruits and oranges. In both fruits the peels contained the major portion of cinnamic acids compared with the endocarp, and the flavedo was richer in hydroxycinnamic acids than the albedo. In most cases, hydroxycinnamic acid content was in the following order: ferulic acid>sinapic acid>coumaric acid>caffeic acid. Results showed that the content of bound cinnamic acids was unchanged or slightly elevated from early to late season. However, the content of free acids was reduced during that period.
Mulching an ultisol in southern Nigeria: Effects on physical properties and maize and cowpea yields
Authors: Mbagwu Joe S C
Published: October 2006

A study carried out for two cropping seasons at Nsukka, southeastern Nigeria, to determine the minimum rate of straw mulch for optimising the physical conditions of the topsoil (0–20 cm depth) of a fragile ultisol and maize (Zea mays L) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L Walp) yields, found that soil water sorptivity, transmissivity, steady state infiltration rate, cumulative infiltration after 90 min and time to attain steady state infiltration were optimal at the 2.0 t ha−1 mulch rate. Also, at this rate of mulching, water retention and per cent water‐stable aggregates > 0.5 mm were maximal whereas soil compaction (measured by dry bulk density) was minimal. Between 2 and 10 days after saturation the surface soil had reductions of 11, 6, 6 and 6% in volumetric water content, respectively, on the control (0), 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 t ha−1 mulched plots, mainly due to evaporation. Supra‐optimal soil temperatures (> 30°) were observed only on the bare plots whereas no significant differences in maximum soil temperature among the mulched plots were noticed. Maize and cowpea yields were optimal at the 4.0 t ha−1 rate with respective increases over the bare plots of 80 and 67% at this rate.
Evaluation of cotton seed cake as a feed ingredient for fattening sheep
Authors: Kandylis Kostas , Nikokyris Panayiotis , Liamadis Dimitrios , Deligiannis Kostas
Published: October 2006

The value of cotton seed cake as a source of crude protein in sheep diets was studied. The cotton seed cake was incorporated into diets at levels of 0, 15 and 30% after replacement of soya bean meal and was fed ad libitum to growing lambs. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Sixteen lambs (8 male and 8 female) having an average liveweight of approximately 13.6 kg were used in each treatment.

After being fed for 62 days and having reached a liveweight of approximately 26.7 kg, five male lambs from each treatment were slaughtered and carcass data were collected. Results of the growth trial showed that there were no significant differences in feedlot performance or carcass analysis among the lambs fed these diets. The dressing percentage was slightly higher (P > 0.05) for lambs fed the 15% cotton seed cake compared with the 30% cotton seed cake and control diets. However, the final weights were substantially higher (P < 0.001) and live average daily gains and feed intakes were all higher (P < 0.10) for male animals.

It was concluded that cotton seed cake is an acceptable feed ingredient for growing sheep and can satisfactorily replace soya bean meal as a source of protein in ruminant diets, a feedstuff locally produced in Greece and substantially cheaper than the imported soya bean meal.
Determination of extractable and bound condensed tannin concentrations in forage plants, protein concentrate meals and cereal grains
Authors: Terrill T H , Rowan A M , Douglas G B , Barry T N
Published: October 2006

A procedure was developed for extraction of ‘free’ condensed tannins (CT) using a mixture of acetone/water/diethyl ether (4.7:2.0:3.3), followed by extraction of protein‐bound and fibre‐bound CT using boiling sodium dodecyl sulphate containing 2‐mercaptoethanol (SDS). CT concentrations in all three fractions were determined by a modified butanol‐HCI procedure. Separate standard curves using purified CT in water or SDS solution were utilised for analysis of extractable CT (water standards) and protein‐bound and fibre‐bound CT (SDS standards). The method accurately predicted the concentration of CT added to forage extracts. CT extractable in acetone/water/diethyl ether comprised, on average. 68% of total CT in a range of freeze dried forage legume samples, with most of the remainder being bound to protein. When total CT concentration was low (0.6‐3.0% DM), a lower proportion was extractable (33‐35%). In protein concentrate meals containing CT, the extractable, protein‐bound and fibre‐bound components comprised 15, 60 and 25% respectively of total CT. Total CT concentration in the forages Lotus corniculatus and Coronilla varia was considered appropriate for ruminant nutrition (2.1 and 3.0% DM). whilst CT concentration in the forage of Dorycnium spp (13–19% DM) was more suitable for soil conservation purposes. The substantial CT concentration in cottonseed meal (1.6% DM) may be involved in the high resistance of proteins in this product to ruminal degradation. CT concentration was indistinguishable from zero in perennial ryegrass forage, in barley and triticale grains and in soya bean meal (0.1% DM).
Antimutagenicity and mutagen‐binding activation of mutagenic pyrolyzates by microorganisms isolated from japanese miso
Authors: Asahara Naomi , Zhang Xue Bin , Ohta Yoshiyuki
Published: October 2006

The microbiological flora of miso, a traditional fermented food in Japan, were investigated. Bacteria, a yeast and a mould were isolated and identified as Pediococcus acidilactici, Leuconostoc paramesenteroides, Micrococcus halobius, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and Aspergillus sp. P acidilactici strains were dominant bacteria in miso.

The binding and antimutagenic activities of all microbial strains towards mutagenic pyrolysates were investigated. The lyophilised cells of strains of the bacteria and yeast showed the largest antimutagenic effect on 3‐amino‐l‐methyl‐[5H]pyrido[4,3‐b]indole (Trp‐P‐2), but the mould was less antimutagenic than the bacteria and yeast. Most strains tested had no effective antimutagenic activity against 2‐amino‐3‐methyl imidazo[4,5‐f] quinoline (IQ).

Trp‐P‐2 was effectively bound by all non‐mould strains but binding of IQ to cells was much less effective. Among the strains tested, Leuconostoc paramesenteroides No 28 indicated the highest binding activity, not only to Trp‐P‐2 but also to IQ (30% binding capacity). As the concentration of Trp‐P‐2 was increased, the limits of binding ability of P acidilactici No 23, Z rouxii No 6 and Aspergillus sp 1 were 650, 500 and 400μg per 5 mg respectively.

The binding ability and antimutagenicity for Trp‐P‐2 of all strains was reduced by autoclaving at 100°C for 5 min or 121°C for 15 min, by 6–20% and 7–28%, respectively. Aspergillus sp 1 was unaffected by autoclaving.

The binding ability and antimutagenicity of cell walls towards Trp‐P‐2 was very high, being more than 85 YO effective, but it was lower than that of cytoplasm.
Contribution of starch and non‐starch parameters to the eating quality of japanese white salted noodles
Authors: Konik Christine M , Miskelly Diane M , Gras Peter W
Published: October 2006

Viscograph paste viscosity parameters of starches isolated from 42 wheat varieties were highly correlated with each other and with measures of the quality of the derived Japanese white salted noodles. Better correlations with noodle quality were obtained when measurements of wheat protein and grain hardness (PSI) as well as a starch viscosity parameter were included in the regression equations.
Distribution of chemical constituents in the plant parts of six tropical‐origin forage grasses at early anthesis
Authors: Esechie Humphrey A
Published: October 2006

The distribution of chemical constituents in the plant parts of six tropical forage grasses at early anthesis was studied. The forage grasses were guinea grass Panicum maximum (Jacq.); angleton grass Dichanthium aristatum (Poir.); gamba grass Andropogon gayanus (Kunth); buffel grass Cenchrus ciliaris (L.); birdwood grass Cenchrus setigerus (Vahl.); and rhodes grass Chloris gayana (Kunth.). Apart from ether extract, which generally decreased from the inflorescence down to the basal culm, and crude fibre, which increased from the inflorescence down to the basal culm, no clear gradient of constituents within the plants could be established for any of the forage grass species.
Preparation and composition of chhana whey powders using membrane processing techniques
Authors: Jindal Anita R , Grandison Alistair S
Published: October 2006

Chhana is a traditional Indian product used widely in the confectionery industry. It is produced from cow's milk by a combination of heat and acid coagulation. Chhana whey contains about 6% milk solids yet the vast majority is wasted which leads to pollution problems. This study describes the chemical composition and various options for utilisation of chhana whey using membrane processes. Chhana whey powder containing 956 g kg−1 total solids, 750 g kg−1 lactose, 21 g kg−1 protein. 60 g kg−1 fat, 65 g kg−1 ash was produced following concentration of chhana whey by reverse osmosis. Chhana whey protein concentrate powders containing 270, 350, 400 and 580 g kg−1 protein were produced following ultrafiltration or diafiltration of chhana whey.
Nutritive composition of broth from selected bean varieties cooked for various periods
Authors: Lyimo Monica , Mugula Jovin , Elias Theresia
Published: October 2006

Ten bean varieties with white, yellow, red and black seed coats were subjected to cooking regimes of 60, 90 and 120 min on a hot plate. The cooking broth was analysed for total soluble solids, dry matter, protein, tannin, calcium, magnesium, iron and available L‐tyrosine during in‐vitro protein digestion. The results indicated that tannin levels were high in cooking broth from bean varieties with red seed coats compared with broth from those with white and yellow seed coats. Digestibility was higher in white and yellow varieties than in red seed coat bean varieties, suggesting that tannins have a negative effect on bean protein digestibility. All parameters evaluated showed a significant increase with cooking time. Iron occurred in trace amounts and its concentration was not affected by cooking time.
Changes in pigments and phenolics and their relationship with black tea quality
Authors: Mahanta Pradip Kr , Baruah Sabitri
Published: October 2006

The pigmentation pattern of tea leaf shoots grown under a canopy and without shade were analysed in order to investigate the effects of some cultural practices on North East Indian made tea quality. The chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents of tea shoots grown in the shade of trees were significantly higher than those from unshaded plots. On the other hand, the lower accumulation of catechins and/or higher pigment contents in shaded plants makes tea less astringent and with better colour and appearance. Furthermore, all the pigment contents, except chlorophyll, were found to be higher in pruned tea leaf than unpruned tea, thus enhancing the quality of made tea.
Dietary fibre: The use of in‐vitro and rat models to predict action on stool output in man
Authors: Edwards Christine A , Adiotomre Joseph , Eastwood Martin A
Published: October 2006

An in‐vitro model (fermentation and water holding capacity measurement) and a rat model were compared for their ability to predict the action of dietary fibre on stool output in man. A range of different purified or semipurified fibres were studied: wheat bran, pectin, carboxymethylcellulose, xanthan, guar, karaya, tragacanth and gellan. Using equations derived from previous studies, prediction indices from in‐vitro studies were compared with the effects of these fibres on stool output in rat and man. The rat model was better as a predictor for stool output (r = 0.94, P < 0.005) in man but the log in‐vitro predictive index was significantly correlated with stool output in both rat (r = 0.87, P < 0.02) and man (r = 0.84, P < 0.04).

Since in‐vitro methods are less expensive and time consuming than animal studies, the log in‐vitro predictive index may provide a useful pre‐screening device for new dietary fibre sources or detecting changes in the action of dietary fibres during the manufacturing process.
Chemical composition of the shell of apricot seeds
Authors: Cañellas Jaime , Femenia Antoni , Rosselló Carmen , Soler Lourdes
Published: October 2006

The chemical composition of the seed shell of the apricot (Prunus armeniaca) were investigated. Acid and neutral detergent fibres (ADF and NDF) and their fractions—hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin—were determined. The NDF content was about 920 g kg−1 DM. The concentrations of oils, soluble sugars, pectins, polyphenolic compounds, proteins and mineral elements were also determined. None of these fractions was present at levels higher than 25 g kg−1 DM. Essential amino acids comprised 38‐41% of the total amino acids. Potassium (2.44 g kg−1) was the most abundant element, followed by calcium (1.15 g kg−1). Some possible applications for apricot seed shell are considered.
Bimodal distribution of the muscle glycolytic potential in French and Swedish populations of hampshire crossbred pigs
Authors: Fernandez X , Tornberg Eva , Naveau J , Talmant A , Monin G
Published: October 2006

The distribution of m longissimus dorsi glycolytic potential (an estimator of resting glycogen content) was studied in two pig populations containing Hampshire blood, one in France and one in Sweden. The glycolytic potential was determined on biopsy samples taken using a shot biopsy technique. Napole yield measurements (NY, an indicator of the technological yield of cured cooked ham processing) were available for a part of the French population. The mean values of glycolytic potential were high in both populations (268 ± 61 and 226 ± 60 μmol g−1 for the Swedish population and the French population, respectively). In both populations, glycolytic potential distribution was markedly bimodal, suggesting that this trait is affected by a major gene. Pigs considered as RN carriers on the basis of the NY value (NY < 91%) had higher glycolytic potential values than those considered as rn+ homozygotes (NY ≥ 91%). The results suggest that the gene affecting the muscle glycolytic potential and the major gene rn+/RN− known to influence meat quality are identical, the dominant allele RN− increasing muscle glycogen content.
Determination of galactomannan (gum) in guar (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus) by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Hansen Ross W , Byrnes Scott M , Johnson Alan D
Published: October 2006

A method is described for analysis by HPLC of galactomannan (gum) in seed of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (L) Taub). The dry seed is ground in 950 ml litre−1 ethanol, and free sugars are removed by ethanol extract; the seed residue is hydrolysed with 2 M trifluoracetic acid in a pressure cooker (1 h at ˜ 105 kPa). Hydrolysing the gum in situ avoids the problems common with other techniques of extracting different fractions of gum, each having different mannose: galactose ratios. The method serves as a simple measure of gum contents in guar, and up to 20 samples per day can be processed.
Variations in proanthocyanidins of japanese‐type plums during maturation and storage
Authors: Senter Samuel D. , Forbus William R. , Okie William R.
Published: October 2006

Proanthocyanidins in epicarp and mesocarp tissue of dark‐red‐fleshed (Rubysweet) and yellow‐fleshed (Byrongold) plums remained unchanged during the third stage of fruit development and storage of green and midripe fruit for 6 days at 18 °C, 80% RH. Differences were significant by cultivar and tissue type. Red‐fleshed plums and epicarps of both cultivars contained greater quantities of proanthocyanidins. Degree of polymerization, indicated by vanillin/proanthocyanidin ratios, did not increase in either cultivar with maturity or storage time.
Effect of fermentation and bacterial inoculation on lucerne cell walls
Authors: Jones Beth A. , Hatfield Ronald D. , Muck Richard E.
Published: October 2006

Changes were found in the cell wall composition of lucerne after ensiling at three different dry matter (DM) contents. The amount of protein associated with cell walls was reduced during ensiling, regardless of inoculation level, by 46–68%, whereas protein associated with the lignin residue was reduced to a lesser extent (< 40%). The effect ofensiling on individual sugars of the cell wall varied. Uronics of the cell wall were decreased by 12% with wilted silages (290 g DM kg–1) but were unchanged in a higher dry matter silage (401 g DM kg–1) and silages with a limited pH change during ensilage. The arabinose and galactose contents, as a fraction of cell walls, decreased (15–24%), increasing glucose and xylose contents proportionally. Inoculation decreased arabinose and galactose contents early in the fermentation when the pH decline was enhanced but final values were not significantly different (P > 0.32). Removal of the sugars from the cell wall appears to be related to pH because silages with little pH change had no change in the cell wall sugars and inoculation reduced the cell wall sugars only after silage pH declined.
Effect of short‐term storage on phenolic content, o‐diphenolase and peroxidase activities of cut yam tubers (Dioscorea sp)
Authors: Asemota Helen N. , Wellington Max A. , Odutuga Adewale A. , Ahmad Mohammed H.
Published: October 2006

The effect of short‐term storage on the protein, phosphorus and phenolic content as well as peroxidase and o‐diphenolase activities of cut, harvested Jamaican yam (Dioscorea sp) tubers (D rotundata. D alata and D cayenensis) was studied. There was an initial increase in the total phenolic content up to the third week of storage followed by a gradual decrease to the sixth week. Phenolic content was found to be highest in D cayenensis followed by D rotundata and D alata. The activities of peroxidase (EC 1. 11. 1. 7) and o‐diphenolase (EC 1. 10.3.1) increased steadily up to the third week of storage and thereafter decreased to the fifth week. The intensity and rapidity of browning in tubers when cut, correlated very closely with the tuber o‐diphenolase and phenolic content levels while the onset of rotting correlated with the peroxidase activity levels in the species studied.
Physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of Japanese‐type plums grown in Georgia and Alabama
Authors: Robertson James A. , Meredith Filmore I. , Senter Samuel D. , Okie William R. , Norton Joseph D.
Published: October 2006

The physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of 15 plum cultivars and selections grown at Byron, GA and Clanton, AL in 1989 and 1990 were investigated. Selection BY68‐1262 produced significantly larger fruit than the other plum cultivars and selections evaluated followed by ‘AU‐Rubrum’ and ‘Rubysweet’. ‘Methley’ fruit was the smallest. Hue angle (0) values ranged from 105° for ‘Byrongold’, a yellow‐skin cultivar, to 6° for BY68‐1262, a deep‐purple skin selection. Average firmness of the maturity 2 plums was 25 N. Mean chemical compositions for all cultivars were as follows: soluble solids—127g kg−1; acidity—174.4 g kg−1; soluble solids to acidity ratio—7.4, and total sugar content—96 g kg−1. Hedonic scores and ‘just right’ percentages showed that panelists preferred ‘Rubysweet’ and ‘Segundo’ plums harvested in 1989 and BY7407–6, ‘AU‐Amber’ and BY68‐98 plums harvested in 1990. ‘AU‐Producer’ had the lowest hedonic score. ‘Robusto’ and ‘AU‐Rosa’ had the highest mean peel bitterness rating.