bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Axial myopathy due to primary amyloidosis
Authors: Friedman Yael , Paul John T. , Turley Jean , Hazrati Lili‐Naz , Munoz David
Published: April 2007

A 74‐year‐old man presented with progressive weakness involving only his back muscles. Serum protein electrophoresis revealed the presence of a monoclonal gammopathy. Muscle biopsy of affected muscles demonstrated amyloid light chain deposition surrounding individual muscle fibers as well as in the walls of blood vessels in association with vasculitis. Selective involvement of axial muscles in isolated amyloid myopathy has not been previously described. We report the occurrence of axial myopathy with associated vasculitis as a presenting feature of primary (AL) amyloidosis. Amyloidosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of focal myopathies, since the condition may be responsive to chemotherapy. Muscle Nerve, 2007
A novel missense mutation in the caveolin‐3 gene in rippling muscle disease
Authors: Lorenzoni Paulo J. , Scola Rosana H. , Vieira Natassia , Vainzof Mariz , Carsten Ana L. M. , Werneck Lineu C.
Published: April 2007

Rippling muscle disease (RMD) is a benign myopathy with symptoms and signs of muscular hyperirritability. We report a 17‐year‐old patient who presented with muscular hypertrophy, local mounding on percussion, and a rippling phenomenon. Needle electromyography showed electrical silence during the rippling phenomenon. Muscle protein immunohistochemical analysis showed a partial deficiency of caveolin‐3. Molecular analysis revealed a novel heterozygous A>C transition at nucleotide position 140 in exon 2 of the caveolin‐3 gene. We associated this novel mutation with RMD. Muscle Nerve, 2007
The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the physical properties of stabilised poly (vinyl chloride)
Authors: Khalifa B. A. , Morsi S. E. , Khalifa W. M. , Barsoum S.
Published: April 2007

The electrical and physical properties of unstabilised and stabilised poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) have been measured before and after ultraviolet irradiation. The results showed that the percentage changes in properties can be correlated with the structure of stabiliser added to the polymer.
The supermolecular structures found in cured epoxy resins
Authors: Aspbury Peter J. , Wake William C.
Published: April 2007

The work arose from the need to explain the beneficial effect of post‐curing at an elevated temperature on the strengths of lap‐shear joints made with amine‐cured epoxy resins. Supermolecular structures were imaged by several electromicroscopy techniques, usually at 100,000 X. Three, if not four, stages of supermolecular structure were made visible. (i) A phase‐contrast image of 1.3 to 2.1 nm diameter which are probably stacked residues of bisphenol A. The d‐spacing seen in the diffracting mode of the microscope probably arises from within this structure. (ii) A nodular structure of ca. 5 nm. (iii) Aggregates of nodules of ca. 17 nm rising to 40 n m on post‐cure. These dimensions were obtained from cumulative distributions of sizes based on photodensitometer records from the electron‐micrograph negatives. Aggregate dimensions vary with curing agent and state of cure although minor variations occur with specimen preparation.
The nature of adhesives
Authors: Allen Keith W.
Published: April 2007

Review of factors which govern the effectiveness of materials as adhesives. Begins with the forces available for adhesion, the roughness of surfaces, and the wetting and flow properties of liquids. Then the necessary phase change is considered and finally these requirements are correlated with actual classes of material.
A thermoanalytical study of the cure characteristics of an epoxy resin system
Authors: Barton John M.
Published: April 2007

Rates and extents of cure at different times and temperatures are determined for a modified epoxy resin system and related to gel time measurements. An empirical equation based on time‐temperature superposition determines cure time as a function of degree and temperature of cure. The dependence of glass transition temperature on degree of cure, and heat capacity measurements on the cured resin, are discussed.
What information will differential scanning calorimetry give on glassy polymers?
Authors: Richardson Michael J. , Savill Norman G.
Published: April 2007

The heat capacity of an amorphous polymer is insensitive to molecular and processing variables except in the glass transition region. Here DSC shows a variety of potentially confusing curves that result from a coupling of instrumental‐ and sample‐based rate effects. The curves can be simply analysed to give true glass temperatures that characterise the method of glass formation.
Some applications of ultra‐violet microscopy to polymers
Authors: Billingham Norman C. , Calvert Paul D. , Knight Jeremy B. , Ryan Timothy G.
Published: April 2007

The experimental requirements for ultraviolet and fluorescence microscopy are briefly discussed. The application of these techniques to polymers usually depends upon the use of some form of staining reagent to develop contrast within the polymer and three variations of this principle are described. In the first, ultraviolet absorbing or fluorescent additives are monitored during spherulitic crystallisation of a polymer with quantitative results which demonstrate rejection of the additive by the crystalline polymer and allow the diffusion coefficient for the additive in the molten polymer to be estimated. In the second application, the equilibrium distribution of absorbing additives after crystallisation is used to reveal crystallinity variations within the sample and to study the influence of non‐crystallisable fractions upon these variations. Finally, reaction of carbonyl groups, with fluorescent or absorbing reagents, in oxidised polymers, has been investigated as a way of revealing uneven oxidation in polypropylene.
General expressions of average molecular weights in condensation polymerisation of polyfunctional monomers
Authors: Durand Dominique , Bruneau Claude M.
Published: April 2007

A new method, using the propagation expectation defined by Case, is presented to compute directly and simply the general expressions of average molecular weights for condensation polymerisation of polyfunctional monomers. In particular, the weight average molecular weight in systems composed of monomers endowed with both A and B coreactive functional groups is derived.
The role of liquid crystals in the formation of graphitizable carbons (cokes)
Authors: Atkinson Colin J. , Lander Jacqueline R. , Marsh Harry
Published: April 2007

The formation of cokes and graphites proceeds via the creation from the isotropic fluid phase of carbonization of pitch and coal, of lamellar nematic liquid crystals or mesophase. This anisotropic fluid, deformable mesophase, develops as spheres within which constituent molecules are stacked parallel to an equatiorial plane. This type of structure facilitates coalescence to a coherent mass which eventually forms a graphitisable carbon. The ‘onion‐skin’ structure of mesophase spheres cannot so coalesce. Different optical textures of cokes and graphites owe their origin to different chemical reactivities and fluidities of mesophase, the lower the fluidity the smaller the size of the optical texture. Mesophase from lameller molecules is compared with conventional rod‐like nematic liquid crystals. Structures in needle‐cokes, metallurgical coke, coke from solvent refiend coal and carbon fibre from pitch are discussed in terms of formation and properties of lamellar nematic liquid crystals.
Calorimetric determination of polymerisation conversion in a large laboratory reactor
Authors: Nilsson Holger , Silvegren Christer , Törnell Bertil
Published: April 2007

A calorimetric measuring system for continuous recording of rate of reaction and conversion in a 14 1 polymerisation reactor has been developed. The reactor was jacketed and thermostated with circulating water. The measuring signals to the calculating unit represented the temperature difference between inlet and outlet water, the water flow and the heat losse from reactor to the environment. The measuring system was constructed to calculate correctly the conversion even if the heat losses to the environment changes during the reaction. The applicability of the reactor system was demonstrated by its use in suspension polymerisation of vinyl chloride.
Synthesis, properties, and solvatochromism of 1,3‐dimethyl‐5‐{(thien‐2‐yl)‐[4‐(1‐piperidyl) phenyl]methylidene}‐(1H,3H)‐pyrimidine‐2,4,6‐trione
Authors: El‐Sayed Mohamed , Spange Stefan
Published: April 2007

A new merocyanine dye, 1,3‐Dimethyl‐5‐{(thien‐2‐yl)‐[4‐(1‐piperidyl)phenyl]methylidene}‐ (1H, 3H)‐pyrimidine‐2,4,6‐trione 3, has been synthesized by condensation of 2‐[4‐(piperidyl)benzoyl]thiophene 1 with N,N′‐dimethyl barbituric acid 2. The solvatochromic response of 3 dissolved in 26 solvents of different polarity has been measured. The solvent‐dependent long‐wavelength UV/Vis spectroscopic absorption maxima, vmax, are analyzed using the empirical Kamlet–Taft solvent parameters π* (dipolarity/polarizability), α (hydrogen‐bond donating capacity), and β (hydrogen‐bond accepting ability) in terms of the well‐established linear solvation energy relationship (LSER):

The solvent independent coefficients s, a, and b and (vmax)0 have been determined. The McRae equation and the empirical solvent polarity index, ET(30) have been also used to study the solvatochromism of 3. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Titanium dioxide photoinduced degradation of some pesticide/fungicide precursors
Authors: Kuehr Ivana , Núñez Oswaldo
Published: April 2007

Five‐membered nitrogen heterocycles (pyrrole, imidazole and 1,2,4‐triazole) have been degraded using titanium dioxide and simulated solar radiation at pH = 8. The degradations followed a simple Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism. Accordingly, the adsorption equilibrium constants K of the heterocycles on the titanium dioxide surface and the rate constants k of degradation of the heterocycle–catalyst adduct have been obtained experimentally. While the K values decrease with heterocycle pKa, the k values increase with increasing pKa. Therefore, apparently, the rate constant depends on the availability of the electron pair on nitrogen, but at the same time the electron pair repulsion induced by the negatively charged titanium dioxide surface at pH = 8 causes a reverse effect in the adsorption equilibrium constant. Only in the case of imidazole, where the adsorption equilibrium constant is low enough (K = 0.013 M−1), can the rate constant be approximated to a pseudo‐first‐order rate expression: kobs = Kk. In all other cases, kobs = Kk/(1 + Kheterocycle). Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Synergistic interaction of physcion and chrysophanol on plant powdery mildew
Authors: Yang Xiaojun , Yang Lijun , Wang Shaonan , Yu Dazhao , Ni Hanwen
Published: April 2007

The extract of the plant Rheum officinale Baill, mainly containing the anthraquinones physcion and chrysophanol, is highly active against plant powdery mildew. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory and greenhouse to determine the interaction of the two compounds on cucumber powdery mildew [Sphaerotheca fuliginea (Schlecht.) Poll] and on wheat powdery mildew [Blumeria graminis (DC.) Speer f. sp. tritici Marchal]. Physcion was much more bioactive than chrysophanol against these powdery mildews. There was a significant synergistic interaction between the two compounds on the diseases when the ratios of physcion to chrysophanol ranged from 1:9 to 5:5. The synergistic degree increased with increase in the chrysophanol proportion in the combination. The findings indicate that, in order to ensure constant efficacy of the extract on the disease, both the contents and the proportion of the main active ingredients physcion and chrysophanol have to be determined. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Distribution and efficacy of drip‐applied metam‐sodium against the survival of Rhizoctonia solani and yellow nutsedge in plastic‐mulched sandy soil beds
Authors: Candole Byron L , Csinos Alexander S , Wang Dong
Published: April 2007

The effects of metam‐sodium application rate on soil residence time, spatial and temporal distributions of methyl isothiocyanate and pest control efficacy were studied in a Georgia sandy soil. Metam‐sodium 420 g L−1 SL was drip applied at rates of 147 and 295 L ha−1 in plastic‐mulched raised beds. Methyl isothiocyanate concentrations in soil air space were monitored from four preselected sites: 10 and 20 cm below the emitter, and 20 and 30 cm laterally away from the emitter at 3, 12, 24, 48, 72, 120 and 240 h after chemigation. A higher rate of metam‐sodium application resulted in higher methyl isothiocyanate concentrations in the soil. Highest methyl isothiocyanate concentrations were found at 20 cm below the emitter, and lowest at 30 cm laterally away from the emitter. Methyl isothiocyanate concentrations decreased with time and distance from the emitter. Lower methyl isothiocyanate concentration × time product values at 20 and 30 cm away from the emitter resulted in lower mortalities of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.). The results demonstrated that methyl isothiocyanate can be delivered at lethal doses with drip‐applied water downward within the beds. Lateral diffusion of methyl isothiocyanate from the point of application did not reach biologically active concentrations to affect the survival of R. solani or yellow nutsedge. Further studies on the lateral distribution of methyl isothiocyanate in sandy soils are needed to circumvent this limitation. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Dielectric and magnetic properties of citrate‐route‐processed Li–Co spinel ferrites
Authors: Gupta Nutan , Kashyap S. C. , Dube D. C.
Published: April 2007

Cobalt‐substituted lithium ferrites (with general composition Li0.5–x /2Cox Fe2.5–x /2O4, where x = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6) were prepared at lower processing temperatures (∼600 °C) by the citrate route. The single‐phase spinel structure was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. The average particle size of calcined powders calculated by the Scherrer formula is estimated to be 8–90 nm, whereas an average particle size of ∼20 nm is observed from TEM for Co concentration x = 0.5. Average grain sizes from SEM micrographs of pellets sintered at 1000 °C (1 h) are observed to be 0.5–1 μm, much smaller than the size reported for the standard ceramic method (2.1–6.8 μm). The experimental density is observed to be 3.59–4.47 gm/cm3, which is greater than 85% of the densities evaluated from XRD. Compared with the standard ceramic method, lower dielectric constant (10–103) and higher dc resistivity (105–1010 Ω cm) is observed for Li–Co ferrites prepared by the citrate route. Improved magnetic properties, such as higher saturation magnetization (38–79 emu g–1) and Curie temperature (535 to 620 °C) are also investigated for the citrate‐route‐processed samples. These results demonstrate promising features of Li–Co ferrites in microwave applications. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Physical properties and photoelectrochemical characterization of SrPbO3
Authors: Hadjarab B. , Saadi S. , Bouguelia A. , Trari M.
Published: April 2007

SrPbO3–δ is n‐type, narrow‐bandgap semiconductor crystallizing in a distorted perovskite structure. The electrical conductivity varies with temperature but in a nonmonotonic manner. At high temperatures, the thermal evolution of the conductivity follows an Arrhenius‐type law with an activation energy of 0.11 eV attributed to mixed valency states Pb4+/2+ and leading to a dielectric constant of 13.6. The sign of thermopower S is negative, indicating that the mobile carriers are electrons, which is ascribed to oxygen extraction. The electron hopping occurs between similar electronic localized states in the vicinity of the mobility edge with an electron mobility of ∼10–2 m2 V–1 s–1 that is thermally activated. The variation S (T) suggests a finite density of states at the Fermi level. At low temperatures, the conduction mechanism changes to a variable‐range hopping. The weak hybridization of the Pb–O bond, due to the tilting of PbO6 octahedra, lowers the energy of the antibonding conduction band resulting in a small optical gap Eg. The Eg value was found to be 1.76 eV and the transition is directly allowed; a further indirect transition occurs at 0.79 eV. The flat potential Vfb measured from the Mott–Schottky plot was equal to –0.38 VSCE. The upper valence‐band edge, located at 6.8 eV below vacuum, is made from mainly the O:2p orbital, whereas the conduction band consists of empty 6s levels. The linear plot log real capacitance‐log frequency indicates a capacitive behavior. The relevance of 6s conduction band to the performance of semiconducting photoelectrodes will be discussed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A numerical method for the analysis of nonlinear carrier diffusion in cylindrical semiconductor optoelectronic devices
Authors: Shishodia M. S. , Sharma A. , Reddy G. B.
Published: April 2007

A numerical method to simulate radial distribution of carrier concentration in cylindrical semiconductor optoelectronic devices is presented. Method is based on the collocation principle and employs sinusoidal functions as the basis. The two approaches, evolutionary as well as iterative are presented for solving the governing differential equations. Coordinate transformation is shown to be extremely advantageous for enhancing the computational efficiency. To illustrate the versatility of the method, several examples where the geometry demands different sets of boundary conditions are included. The application of this technique for analyzing carrier concentration profiles in cylindrical optoelectronic devices, for the first time, has demonstrated its multi‐utility in addition to the established ability in solving electromagnetic wave equation. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Excitons in ZnO/Zn1–xMnxO quantum wells
Authors: Tchelidze T. , Chikoidze E. , Kereselidze T. , Dumont Y.
Published: April 2007

In order to estimate the perspectives of using ZnO/Zn1–x Mnx O quantum wells for reliable high temperature ferromagnetism (specially for increasing Curie temperature in this structure) we investigate excitons in ZnO/Zn1–x Mnx O quantum wells. The existence of weak built‐in electric field is investigated. Electric field and Coulomb interaction is accounted by means of direct diagonalization. Calculations showed weak dependence of exciton binding energy on well width. Electric field only slightly increases the distance between electron and hole. It rotates ground state excitons and aligns them along the field. Calculations also showed increase of ground state exciton lifetime with increasing well width. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phonon‐ and electron‐related far‐infrared absorption in CdTe and ZnTe crystals
Authors: Brazis R. , Nausewicz D. , Raguotis R.
Published: April 2007

Constants characterising the efficiency of far‐infrared (FIR) photon coupling to phonon sum and difference combination processes are elucidated from existing experimental data in CdTe and ZnTe crystals. Two‐phonon difference processes are concluded to play leading role in the FIR absorption in the range of 1–4 THz. LO phonon band population inversion relative to LA band at the same phonon momentum is revealed in electric field acting on the conduction‐band electrons using Monte Carlo method. Radiative decay of acumulated LO phonons and daughter TO and LA phonons is considered. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A simple method for inference on an overall effect in meta‐analysis
Authors: Brockwell Sarah E. , Gordon Ian R.
Published: April 2007

The random effects approach in meta‐analysis due to DerSimonian and Laird is well established and used pervasively. It has been established by Brockwell and Gordon that this method, when used for confidence intervals, leads to coverage probabilities lower than the nominal value. A number of alternatives have been proposed, but these either have the defect of iterative and complicated calculation, or deficient coverage. In this paper we propose a new approach, which is simple to use, and has coverage probabilities better than the alternatives, based on extensive simulation. We call this approach the ‘quantile approximation’ method. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis and postnatal management of congenital laryngeal atresia in a preterm infant
Authors: Colnaghi M. , Condo V. , Gagliardi L. , Mirabile L. , Fumagalli M. , Mosca F.
Published: April 2007

Laryngeal atresia is a rare congenital cause of high airway obstruction that can lead to death if not correctly recognized and treated at birth. Postnatal management is difficult and the prognosis is often poor. We report a case of prenatal diagnosis of laryngeal atresia in a fetus that was delivered preterm at 29 weeks of gestation. Tracheotomy was performed as an ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) to guarantee patent airway, and laryngotracheoplasty was performed at 22 months of corrected age. A favorable ventilatory and neurodevelopmental outcome was observed at 33 months of age. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissecting the role of dolichol in cell wall assembly in the yeast mutants impaired in early glycosylation reactions
Authors: Orłowski Jacek , Machula Katarzyna , Janik Anna , Zdebska Ewa , Palamarczyk Grazyna
Published: April 2007

Evidence is presented that temperature‐sensitive Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants, impaired in dolichol kinase (Sec59p) or dolichyl phosphate mannose synthase (Dpm1p) activity have an aberrant cell wall composition and ultrastructure. The mutants were oversensitive to Calcofluor white, an agent interacting with the cell wall chitin. In accordance with this, chemical analysis of the cell wall alkali‐insoluble fraction indicated an increased amount of chitin and changes in the quantity of β1,6‐ and β1,3‐glucan in sec59‐1 and dpm1‐6 mutants. In order to unravel the link between the formation of dolichyl phosphate and dolichyl phosphate mannose and the cell wall assembly, we screened a yeast genomic library for a multicopy suppressors of the thermosensitive phenotype. The RER2 and SRT1 genes, encoding cis‐prenyltransferases, were isolated. In addition, the ROT1 gene, encoding protein involved in β1,6‐glucan synthesis (Machi et al., 2004) and protein folding (Takeuchi et al., 2006) acted as a multicopy suppressor of the temperature‐sensitive phenotype of the sec59‐1 mutant. The cell wall of the mutants and of mutants bearing the multicopy suppressors was analysed for carbohydrate and mannoprotein content. We also examined the glycosylation status of the plasma membrane protein Gas1p, a β1,3‐glucan elongase, and the degree of phosphorylation of the Mpk1/Slt2 protein, involved in the cell wall integrity pathway. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The GPI‐anchored Gas and Crh families are fungal antigens
Authors: Arroyo Javier , Sarfati Jaqueline , Baixench Marie Thérése , Ragni Enrico , Guillén Marivi , Rodriguez‐Peña José Manuel , Popolo Laura , Latgé Jean Paul
Published: April 2007

The cell wall is the first interface between a fungus and its extracellular environment. Glycosyltransferases involved in the formation and dynamic remodelling of the polysaccharide network of the cell wall have recently been identified. The best characterized ones belong to the Gas family, which elongates β(1,3)‐glucans, and to the Crh family, which are involved in the cross‐linking of chitin to β(1,6)‐glucan. All these proteins carry a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. In this work, we show that recombinant soluble forms of Gas1–5 and Crh1p from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their orthologous proteins Gel1‐Gel2 and Crf1 from Aspergillus fumigatus are specifically recognized by antibodies present in the sera of patients with Aspergillus or Candida infections. Quantification of the antibody titres against recombinant Gas/Gel and Crh/Crf proteins separated aspergilloma and candidiasis patients from non‐infected individuals. Cross‐reactivity was seen between the antibody response of patients with aspergillosis and candidiasis towards the Gas/Gel and Crh/Crf proteins. These results suggest that GPI‐anchored cross‐linking enzymes are relevant immunologically reactive constituents of the cell wall that may play a role during human fungal infections. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of the detergency value of a series of alkylbenzene sulfonates by ultrasonic technique
Authors: Ludeman Helen A. , Balog John A. , Sherrill J. C.
Published: April 2007

The soil removal efficiency of 17 sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates having alkyl residues ranging from six‐ to 18‐carbon atoms, which have been synthesized and purified especially for this work, has been described. Evaluation has been accomplished by means of an ultrasonic cone transducer capable of producing mechanical action of a very highly reproducible character and at a measurable rate of expenditure of energy. Compounds having straight‐chain alkyl residues produce generally greater detergency efficiency than the branch chain homolog. Detergent character becomes pronounced at about 10 carbon atoms in the alkyl residue, but detergency is diminished above about 14 to 16 carbon atoms in the alkyl group because of reduced solubility.
Nutritional properties of the triglycerides of saturated fatty acids of medium chain‐length
Authors: Kaunitz Hans , Slanetz Charles A. , Johnson Ruth Ellen , Babayan Vigen K. , Barsky George
Published: April 2007

The influence of a purified rat diet containing 20 or 33% of the saturated medium chain‐length triglycerides (MCT) with and without linoleic acid supplements on growth, caloric requirements for weight maintenance and weight increase, fertility, lactation performance, and serum cholesterol levels was compared with that of similar diets containing lard, coconut oil, or no fat.

Among male rats maintained on diets containing 20% lard or 20% MCT and .09% linoleic acid for 18 months no differences were observed between the groups other than the depressed body weight and lowered serum cholesterol levels of the group fed MCT. When groups of male rats were kept at constant weight by the daily restricted feeding of diets containing lard, MCT, or coconut oil or no fat plus 2% linoleic acid, the weight‐maintenance requirements of the group fed MCT were higher than of those on lard and coconut oil and even somewhat higher than the requirements of the animals fed the fat‐free diet. The requirements for weight increase over those for maintenance were 0.9 g. per gram increase for all diets. Additional linoleic acid in the MCT diet decreased the weight and maintenance differences between groups fed MCT and lard.

The lactation performance of mothers on MCT plus .09% linoleic acid was poor. The second generation animals initially showed signs of more severe linoleic acid deficiency which however disaappeared without linoleic acid supplements.

Some cholesterol levels of animals on MCT were significantly below those of groups on lard. Addition of linoleic acid to the MCT diet did not change the results.
The influence of autoxidation on the chemical assay of cholesterol
Authors: Norcia L. N.
Published: April 2007

Cholesterol purifiedvia the dibromide has been compared with two commercial preparations for use as standard materials for assay of cholesterol in biological materials. It is concluded that determination of the specific extinction coefficient, following application of the Liebermann‐Burchard reaction under specified conditions, is sufficient to ascertain adequacy of a sample of cholesterol for use as a standard.

Autoxidation of cholesterol by aeration in colloidal aqueous suspension resulted in losses of assay of cholesterol by the Schoenheimer‐Sperry procedure which were roughly equal in amount to the percentage of conversion of cholesterol to diols and ketone. Assay of the same material by the Liebermann‐Burchard reaction alone resulted in no apparent losses through autoxidation. Cholesterol was not autoxidized by refluxing in ethanol‐ether in the presence of corn oil.
Direct determination of saturated fatty acids in fats, oils, and methyl esters
Authors: Kuemmel D. F.
Published: April 2007

A direct gravimetric method has been developed for the determination of saturated fatty acids in fats, oils, and methyl esters. The procedure involves methanolysis of the triglycerides to produce methyl esters, followed by oxidation of the unsaturated methyl esters by potassium permanganate. The undesired, acidic oxidation products are removed by alkaline washing and the saturated methyl esters thus isolated are weighed directly.

The method is intended for the determination of saturated fatty acids having C16 or longer carbon chains. Small quantities of C14 saturated acids will be included in the determination if present with other higher saturated acids. The method is applicable to both natural and hydrogenated vegetable oils. It is not applicable to oils containing large amounts of C14 and lower saturated acids.

Concentrations of saturated acids ranging from 3 to 90% in known glyceride mixtures and from 0.3 to 95% in mixtures of methyl esters were determined with an average difference from the calculated value of 0.8%. Replicate determinations on samples in the 10 to 30% saturates range gave a standard deviation of 0.3 to 0.4%.
The behavior of distilled monoglycerides in the presence of water
Authors: Brokaw G. Y. , Lyman W. C.
Published: April 2007

When concentrated monoglycerides (such as distilled products) are heated to about their melting point with water, a gel is formed. The exact temperature of gelation is dependent upon molecular weight of the fatty acid (monolaurin does not gel, but monopalmitin does) and upon the the purity of the monoglyceride.

Additives can prevent gelation, with triglycerides (15% to 20% required) about twice as effective as diglycerides (30% to 40% required). Highly hydrophilic co‐emulsifiers prevent gelation, resulting in one of three types of emulsions, at least two of which are thixotropic.

Water is partially soluble in monoglycerides and in monoglyceride containing blends. By this technique many water‐soluble materials can be incorporated into an oil solution.
Litter dynamics and its effects on the survival of Castanopsis sieboldii seedlings in a subtropical forest in southern Japan
Authors: Kubota Yasuhiro , Narikawa Akiyoshi , Shimatani Kenichiro
Published: April 2007

Based on direct field measurement, this study quantitatively estimated the litter dynamics on the forest floor for a 1‐year‐period and then investigated its influence on the seedling dynamics of Castanopsis sieboldii, as well as interactions with adults in a subtropical forest in southern Japan. Litter dynamics is composed of three major components: falling litter, transport, and decomposition on the forest floor. Litterfall was measured by litter traps and did not exhibit clear spatial tendency. Lateral input was assessed by newly accumulated litter beneath the traps and showed no spatial variation, either. In contrast, lateral output of litter, which was quantified from disappearance of artificial litter, was correlated with local topography. Consequently, we found considerable spatial variations and seasonal changes in litter dynamics on the forest floor. In addition, we constructed survival models of C. sieboldii seedlings at the individual level. The lateral movement of accumulated litter had an influence on the survival of seedlings, which mostly occurred in periods of typhoons with heavy rain. Meanwhile, the distance from canopy trees, which is assumed to be a spacing mechanism due to seedling/adult interactions, played a lesser role in this subtropical forest. Our results suggest that the stability of accumulated litter on the forest floor was a predominant factor in the spatial dynamics of the early life stage of C. sieboldii.
Historicizing State Sovereignty: Inequality and the Form of Equivalence
Authors: Mongia Radhika V.
Published: April 2007

The overarching argument of this paper is not a new one; others have made it in various forms. The argument suggests, in Bernard Cohn's simple formulation, that metropole and colony should be treated in a unified field of analysis. Reconstituting the analytical frame in the manner Cohn suggests has a range of implications not only for the study of colonialism but also, and perhaps more importantly, for understanding current geopolitical conjunctures. The suggestion diverges from the conventional analytical approach that divides and demarcates the world into separable entities—whether they be described as the mutually exclusive categories of metropole and colony, Europe and its Others, a set of distinct nations, first and third world, or indeed of areas and regions—and studies these distinct entities in isolation from, or in comparison with, each other. In contrast, Cohn's proposition asks for an analysis of how such demarcations are produced and of how, rather than being discrete entities with autochthonous formations, they are co-produced through a complex array of related and relational historical events. It is a call, in other words, to shift the analytical framework from one that functions, implicitly or explicitly, on the basis of comparison, to one that operates on the basis of co-production. Such an approach, this essay demonstrates, is especially necessary for a thoroughly historicized understanding of nation-state formation, particularly since the nation-state constitutes a preeminent category of and for comparative analysis.
Marcel Mauss: In Pursuit of the Whole. A Review Essay
Authors: Hart Keith
Published: April 2007

Emile Durkheim assembled a team to promote his vision for sociology, but he and Mauss were in many ways a double act, like Marx and Engels. There was room for only one leader of the movement, so we speak of the Durkheimians and the Marxists. Mauss and Engels each assumed leadership of the movement they jointly founded after their partner's death, but the intrinsic inequality of the partnership was made worse in Mauss' case by age difference, kinship seniority, and his inability to write books of his own. The publication of an abridged English translation of Marcel Fournier's Marcel Mauss: A Biography (2006 [1994]) allows us to reconsider his historical relationship with Durkheim, as well as his legacy for anthropology, history, and the social sciences today. French scholarship on Mauss is, of course, much more advanced than its Anglophone counterpart and it is less confined to academic anthropology. Fournier's 800-page collection of Mauss' Écrits politiques (1997) remains virtually unknown to English-speakers and the collective organized in his name, the Mouvement Anti-Utilitariste dans les Sciences Sociales (with its journal, revue du MAUSS), continues the eponymous founder's commitment to integrating progressive politics and intellectual work over a wide range of issues. In both cases, The Gift (1990 [1925]) has iconic significance as Mauss' most discussed work; but, as Sigaud (2002) has already pointed out, the Anglophone academy, with assistance from one or two leading French anthropologists, has taken up its message in ways that depart seriously from the author's original intentions.
Le (Fils) monogène dans les écrits johanniques: Évolution des traditions et élaboration rédactionnelle
Authors: MORGEN MICHÈLE
Published: April 2007

Le présent article montre l'importance de μονογενης, attribué au Christ dans la tradition johannique et propose une hypothèse sur l'évolution de la signification de cette désignation christologique. La tradition première s'appuie sur le kèrygme initial de l'envoi Fils unique dans le monde destiné à manifester l'amour du Père (Jn 3.16–17; 1 Jn 4.9). L'école johannique en conclut à la nécessité inéluctable de la foi au Nom du Fils de Dieu (Jn 3.18). Placé en tête de l'évangile par l'ultime rédaction johannique, le Prologue confesse la divinité du Fils unique dans sa gloire et le proclame ‘Dieu Monogène’ (Jn 1.14, 18). La communauté johannique aura ainsi largement contribué à valoriser la portée christo-logique et théo-logique de μονογενης. Le choix de cette désignation témoigne en tous les cas d'un ‘monothéisme ouvert’ et en recherche d'expression adéquate.
There is Neither Old Nor Young? Early Christianity and Ancient Ideologies of Age
Authors: BARCLAY JOHN M. G.
Published: April 2007

Instructions given to the ‘older’ and ‘younger’ in some early Christian texts prompt inquiry into the rationale for this polarity and its ideological freight. Demographics suggest that the adult population rarely contained more than two generations, and comparative study indicates that where age was marked these categories usually sufficed. Their ambiguity and flexibility made them suited to ideological deployment, legitimating the power of the ‘older’. 1 Peter, 1 Clement, the Pastorals, and Polycarp demonstrate this phenomenon in early Christianity, with 1 Tim 4.12 and Ignatius Mag. 3.1 as exceptions that prove the rule. But why are age qualifications absent from the authentic Paulines?
What part of no do children not understand? A usage-based account of multiword negation
Authors: CAMERON-FAULKNER THEA , LIEVEN ELENA , THEAKSTON ANNA
Published: April 2007

The study investigates the development of English multiword negation, in particular the negation of zero marked verbs (e.g. no sleep, not see, can't reach) from a usage-based perspective. The data was taken from a dense database consisting of the speech of an English-speaking child (Brian) aged 2;3–3;4 (MLU 2·05–3·1) and his mother. The focus of the study was the emergence and usage of negators in the child's and mother's speech (e.g. no, not, can't, won't, don't). Two analyses were conducted: firstly, the emergence and usage of all negators in Brian's speech and in the input were calculated in order to present an overall picture of negator usage across the sample. The findings indicate a gradual and systematic development of negator selection in Brian's speech which follows the trajectory no–not–'nt. The pattern of negator emergence was found to follow the frequency of negators in the input; that is negators used frequently in the input were the first to emerge in the child's speech. Secondly, a more fine-grained analysis of utterances containing negated zero marked verbs (neg V utterances) was conducted on both the child's and mother's speech. In the first instance the development of negator selection for all neg V utterances was calculated. The results indicated the same no–not–'nt cline as attested in the initial analysis. A function-based analysis of neg V utterances was also conducted which indicated that the speed of movement across the no–not–'nt cline varied from one function to the next. A function-based analysis of the input suggested that the speed at which Brian moved across the cline within a particular function could be traced to function-based frequency effects in the input. Thus the findings of the study indicate function-based, input-driven learning which is consistent with the usage-based approach. However the findings also indicate creative learning on the part of the child from the earliest stages of multiword negation.
Spoken word recognition by Latino children learning Spanish as their first language
Authors: HURTADO NEREYDA , MARCHMAN VIRGINIA A. , FERNALD ANNE
Published: April 2007

Research on the development of efficiency in spoken language understanding has focused largely on middle-class children learning English. Here we extend this research to Spanish-learning children (n=49; M=2;0; range=1;3–3;1) living in the USA in Latino families from primarily low socioeconomic backgrounds. Children looked at pictures of familiar objects while listening to speech naming one of the objects. Analyses of eye movements revealed developmental increases in the efficiency of speech processing. Older children and children with larger vocabularies were more efficient at processing spoken language as it unfolds in real time, as previously documented with English learners. Children whose mothers had less education tended to be slower and less accurate than children of comparable age and vocabulary size whose mothers had more schooling, consistent with previous findings of slower rates of language learning in children from disadvantaged backgrounds. These results add to the cross-linguistic literature on the development of spoken word recognition and to the study of the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) factors on early language development.
The Comitology Reform of 2006 Increasing the Powers of the European Parliament Without Changing the Treaties
Authors: Schusterschitz Gregor , Kotz Sabine
Published: April 2007

History and background of the comitology system in the European Union – The continuing problem of the involvement of the European Parliament – The new comitology decision of the Council of Ministers: introduction of a comitology procedure concerning ‘quasi-legislative measures’ – Genesis of the 2006 reform: negotiations within the Council and with the Parliament – Accompanying political declarations – Evaluation: a substantial shift in the relations between the institutions in relation to law-making.
Transableism, disability and paternalism in public health ethics: taxonomies, identity disorders and persistent unexplained physical symptoms
Authors: Mackenzie Robin , Cox Stephen
Published: April 2007

Transableism is a term which refers to moving between states of being able and disabled by choice rather than by happenstance. Insofar as this may imply a choice to become dependent, claims upon the healthcare system are likely to result. In this piece we aim to explore some ethical and legal implications of such claims. In order to do so, we draw upon current debates over the place of autonomy, beneficence and paternalism in public health ethics, the taxonomy of disability and the status of persistent unexplained physical symptoms (PUPS).
Public law, knowledge and explanation: a critique on the facilitative nature of public law analysis
Authors: Mauthe Barbara
Published: April 2007

The aim of this paper is to examine why public law is able to incorporate political theory but excludes feminist critiques. In order to achieve this goal a form of discourse analysis will be undertaken using epistemological and scientific perceptions of knowledge and explanation. This approach is both unusual and unique but will illustrate some of the exclusionary suppositions which underpin analysis within public law. The paper will conclude that only by adopting an alternative starting point for analysis, such as the use of concepts, will public law be able to incorporate alternative and critical approaches.
Possible evidence for a connection between methyl iodide emissions and Saharan dust
Authors: Williams J. , Gros V. , Atlas E. , Maciejczyk K. , Batsaikhan A. , Schöler H. F. , Forster C. , Quack B. , Yassaa N. , Sander R. , Van Dingenen R.
Published: April 2007

Methyl iodide has been measured during two field campaigns in the Atlantic region in 2002. The first took place in July–August at 2300 m on the island of Tenerife, while the second was a shipborne, east–west crossing of the Tropical Atlantic at 10°N in October–November of the same year. Both campaigns were periodically impacted by dust, advected from Africa in trade winds. Unexpectedly, during these dust events, methyl iodide mixing ratios were observed to be high relative to other times. Backward calculations with the particle dispersion model FLEXPART show the origin of the dust storms as Mauritania and southern Algeria for the ground‐ and ship‐based campaigns, respectively. The dust‐laden air traveled from its source above the marine boundary layer to the measurement region. On the basis of the field data correlations and the simulations, we suggest that dust‐stimulated emission of methyl iodide has occurred. To test this hypothesis, dust samples were collected from the identified source regions and added to filtered Atlantic seawater. This rapidly produced methyl iodide. Further tests established that the addition of iodide increased the yield and that iodide with H2O2 was greater still. This was found for both sterilized and nonsterilized samples. We conclude that there is an abiotic methyl iodide production mechanism that can occur via substitution, analogous to those in soil, rather than radical recombination. This may occur when dust contacts seawater containing iodide or when marine water vapor condenses on dust containing iodide. This hypothesis appears to be consistent with recent long‐term methyl iodide data sets from Tasmania and may help resolve current uncertainties in the iodine cycle.
Coralline alga reveals first marine record of subarctic North Pacific climate change
Authors: Halfar Jochen , Steneck Robert , Schöne Bernd , Moore G. W. K. , Joachimski Michael , Kronz Andreas , Fietzke Jan , Estes James
Published: April 2007

While recent changes in subarctic North Pacific climate had dramatic effects on ecosystems and fishery yields, past climate dynamics and teleconnection patterns are poorly understood due to the absence of century‐long high‐resolution marine records. We present the first 117‐year long annually resolved marine climate history from the western Bering Sea/Aleutian Island region using information contained in the calcitic skeleton of the long‐lived crustose coralline red alga Clathromorphum nereostratum, a previously unused climate archive. The skeletal δ18O‐time series indicates significant warming and/or freshening of surface waters after the middle of the 20th century. Furthermore, the time series is spatiotemporally correlated with Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and tropical El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices. Even though the western Bering Sea/Aleutian Island region is believed to be outside the area of significant marine response to ENSO, we propose that an ENSO signal is transmitted via the Alaskan Stream from the Eastern North Pacific, a region of known ENSO teleconnections.
Seasonal variation of eddy kinetic energy of the North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent simulated by an eddy‐resolving OGCM
Authors: Noh Yign , Yim Bo Young , You Sung Hyup , Yoon Jong Hwan , Qiu Bo
Published: April 2007

The seasonal variation of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) of the North Pacific Subtropical Countercurrent (STCC) was investigated by analyzing the data from an eddy‐resolving OGCM with the horizontal resolution 1/12° in comparison with satellite altimetry data. Although the annual cycle of simulated EKE of the whole STCC domain showed agreement with satellite data, with a maximum in spring and a minimum in fall, it revealed latitudinal dependence; that is, near 19°N the EKE level is higher in summer than in winter, but it is higher in winter than in summer north of 20°N. The OGCM also reproduced two branches of the STCC, which affect the EKE variation. The variation of EKE level was shown to be closely related to the growth rate of baroclinic eddies. The simulated zonal velocity is much larger than climatological value, thus allowing much faster growth of baroclinic eddies.