bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P300‐dependent acetylation of histone H3 is required for epidermal growth factor receptor‐mediated high‐mobility group protein A2 transcription in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Liang Chao , Niu Jie , Wang Xiao , Zhang Zhan‐Sheng , Yang Ruo‐Han , Yao Xin , Liu Fan‐Ye , Li Wen‐Qi , Pei Shu‐Hua , Sun Hua , Wang Chao‐Jie , Fang Dong , Xie Song‐Qiang
Published: November 2020

High‐mobility group protein A2 (HMGA2) is highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and contributes to tumor metastasis and poor patient survival. However, the molecular mechanism through which HMGA2 is transcriptionally regulated in HCC cells remains largely unclear. Here, we showed that the expression HMGA2 was upregulated in HCC, and that elevated HMGA2 could promote tumor metastasis. Incubation of HCC cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF) could promote the expression of HMGA2 mRNA and protein. Mechanistic studies suggested that EGF can phosphorylate p300 at Ser1834 residue through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in HCC cells. Knockdown of p300 can reverse EGF‐induced HMGA2 expression and histone H3‐K9 acetylation, whereas a phosphorylation‐mimic p300 S1834D mutant can stimulate HMGA2 expression as well as H3‐K9 acetylation in HCC cells. Furthermore, we identified that p300‐mediated H3‐K9 acetylation participates in EGF‐induced HMGA2 expression in HCC. In addition, the levels of H3‐K9 acetylation positively correlated with the expression levels of HMGA2 in a chemically induced HCC model in rats and human HCC specimens.
“I am the embodiment of an anorexic patient's worst fear”: Severe obesity and binge eating disorder on a restrictive eating disorder ward
Authors: Matthews Kaitlyn N. , Psihogios Maria , Dettmer Elizabeth , Steinegger Cathleen , Toulany Alene
Published: November 2020

Adolescents who have been diagnosed with an eating disorder commonly have comorbid mental health conditions which have a significant impact on illness trajectory and may even limit access to effective treatment. Current models of eating disorder care focus mainly on treatment for patients diagnosed with restrictive eating disorders with fewer options available for those with binge eating disorder. We describe a case of an adolescent living with severe, complex obesity and binge eating disorder, presenting in a mental health crisis, admitted to an in‐patient unit primarily for patients being treated for restrictive eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa. This case report describes multiple challenges that arose in admitting such a patient on a ward specializing in the treatment of restrictive eating disorders and highlights the need for equitable and more accessible care for patients living with all types of eating disorders.
Possible Objects: Topological Approaches to Individuation
Authors: Rips Lance J.
Published: November 2020

We think of the world around us as divided into physical objects like toasters and daisies, rather than solely as a smear of properties like yellow and smooth. How do we single out these objects? One theory of object concepts uses part‐of relations and relations of connectedness. According to this proposal, an object is a connected spatial item of maximal extent: Any other connected item that overlaps (i.e., shares a part with) the object must be a part of that object. This article reports four experiments that test this proposal. Participants see descriptions or diagrams of spatial items that vary across trials in their relative positions. In separate experiments, participants decide whether the items are physical objects, whether they are wholes, or how many objects are present. All experiments find support for connectedness as a contributor to object status, but they find little support for maximality. The results suggest that maximality is not a necessary feature of wholes or of objects.
On the issue of linearity in chromatic induction by a uniform background
Authors: Provenzi Edoardo
Published: November 2020

In 1974, Resnikoff proposed a very elegant model for the space of perceived coloursbased on differential geometry techniques. By adding to Schrödinger's axioms a further hypothesis of homogeneity for, he managed to prove thatcan only take two possible forms, one of which is the classical flat trichromatic space, and the other a negatively curved space. The latter has been ignored until recently, when it was used as the starting point for a promising new programme concerning the refoundation of colorimetry. A key step in Resnikoff's construction is the identification of a group of transformations that act transitively onas so‐called background transformations, that is, changes of the uniform context in which a colour stimulus is embedded. While their transitive nature poses no problem, to the best of the author's knowledge, the hypothesis that these transformations act linearly on the perceived colour associated with the stimulus has never been verified. In this paper, we highlight the importance of the linearity issue in chromatic induction and leave it as an open problem to be discussed by experts in colour, psycho‐physics and vision science.
Acceptability, Feasibility, and Utility of Integrating Pharmacogenetic Testing into a Child Psychiatry Clinic
Authors: Claudio‐Campos Karla , Padrón Adaixa , Jerkins Gabriel , Nainaparampil Jaison , Nelson Robyn , Martin Anna , Wiisanen Kristin , Smith D. Max , Strekalova Yulia , Marsiske Michael , Cicali Emily J. , Cavallari Larisa H. , Mathews Carol A.
Published: November 2020

Pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing is a tool to identify patients at a higher risk of adverse events or treatment failure. The concern for unwanted side effects can limit medication adherence, particularly in children and adolescents. We conducted a pragmatic study to evaluate the acceptability and feasibility and gather pilot data on the utility of PGx testing in a child and adolescent psychiatry clinic. Both physicians and families participated in the study and answered pre‐survey and post‐survey questionnaires to examine their attitudes toward PGx testing. Patients were randomized into implementation (N = 25) and control groups (N = 24) and underwent PGx testing at the beginning or end of the study, respectively. Clinical consult notes with genotype‐guided recommendations were provided to physicians for their consideration in clinical decisions. Patient‐reported symptom severity and antidepressant‐related side effects were assessed at baseline and for 12 weeks. Both participating physicians and families agreed that PGx testing is a useful tool to improve medication selection. The time from sample collection to having PGx test results was ~ 10 days and 15 days to having consult notes available, which may have impaired test utility in clinical decision making. There were no differences in any clinical end point between the implementation and control arms; however, there were higher antidepressant side effect scores for CYP2D6 poor and intermediate metabolizers after the eighth week of treatment. Our findings revealed benefits and pitfalls with the use of PGx testing in the real‐world clinical setting, which may inform the methodology of a larger trial focused on outcomes.
Folliculotropism in head and neck lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma
Authors: Dika Emi , Lambertini Martina , Patrizi Annalisa , Misciali Cosimo , Scarfì Federica , Pellacani Giovanni , Mandel Victor Desmond , Di Tullio Francesca , Stanganelli Ignazio , Chester Johanna , Kaleci Shaniko , Massi Daniela , De Giorgi Vincenzo , Cinotti Elisa , Rubegni Pietro , Perrot Jean Luc , Farnetani Francesca
Published: November 2020

Background

Lentigo maligna (LM) and lentigo maligna‐melanoma (LMM) are histotypes of melanoma arising in skin with cumulative solar radiation damage. The extension of atypical melanocytes to the hair follicle (folliculotropism) is a histopathological feature of LM/LMM. Its role has not been totally clarified, but it may be correlated to treatment response in LM or to progression in LMM.

Objective

This retrospective, multicentric study aims to identify dermatoscopic features associated with folliculotropism in LMs/LMMs.

Patients and Methods

We analyzed cases of head and neck LMs/LMMs diagnosed between 2005–2014 at Melanoma Units, University of Bologna/Modena/Florence/Siena (Italy), Nice (France): 25 LMs and 73 LMMs were included.

Results

Grey circles (44 %) indicated an isthmic/bulb level of involvement, which were completely absent in the infundibular LM lesions (P = 0.041). In the group of LMMs, light/dark brown pseudonetwork and light brown structureless areas were an indicator of diffuse distribution of malignant melanocytes in the follicular units (P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively), while grey circles indicated focal or diffuse distribution (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

A better understanding of the extension of malignant melanocytes is helpful, aiding clinicians in their decision to perform a radical excision or obtaining a biopsy in the most invasive area of the lesion, which includes potential folliculotropism.
Anti‐Learning Behavior Toward Safety Risk: The Roles of Internal Context and Social Contagion
Authors: Tong Xun , Linderman Kevin , Lo Chris K. Y. , Lai Kee‐hung , Cheng T. C. E.
Published: November 2020

Managing safety has become increasingly important in global operations. Surprisingly, the literature provides limited clues on what influences future accident hazards after the happening of a recent minor operational incident (MOI) in an organization. We examine the impacts of internal context (direct MOI experience) and external context (indirect MOI experience) on a focal organization's future serious accident hazard. Using an archival incident dataset from the liner shipping industry and drawing upon normalized deviation and social contagion theory, we find that after a recent MOI in a focal organization, the direct (internal context) and indirect (contagion source) MOI experience “increase” the likelihood of accident hazard. Furthermore, within the indirect MOI experience, there is “no” differential impact between related (same type and same region) and unrelated experience, whereas within related experience, spatial (region) and social (type) proximity do not differ in influencing the chance of future serious accident hazard happening. Our findings provide important implications for theory, practice, and policy‐making in safety management.
Effect of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes on the risk of venous thromboembolism
Authors: Hinton William , Nemeth Banne , de Lusignan Simon , Field Ben , Feher Michael D. , Munro Neil , Roberts Lara N. , Arya Roopen , Whyte Martin B.
Published: November 2020

Aims

Whether diabetes increases venous thromboembolism (VTE) is unclear. Any greater risk may relate to insulin resistance, but many studies did not differentiate between type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes for VTE risk.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study of the Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre, comprising over 530 primary care practices. We determined whether type 1 diabetes and/or type 2 diabetes are independent risk factors for VTE. The index date was 1 January 2009, individuals were followed to 31 December 2018, or censoring. Cox proportional hazard regression analysis was used to investigate the risk of VTE in people with type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes relative to no diabetes. The primary outcome was occurrence of VTE. The model was adjusted for potential confounders for VTE.

Results

There were 7086 people with type 1 diabetes and 95,566 with type 2 diabetes, diagnosed before 1 January 2009. The non‐diabetes group consisted of 1,407,699 people. In the unadjusted analysis, there was no increased risk of VTE with type 1 diabetes (HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.76–1.33) but there was for type 2 diabetes (HR 2.70, 95% CI 2.57–2.84). In the fully adjusted model, VTE risk was increased in type 1 diabetes (HR 1.46, 95% CI 1.11–1.92), but not with type 2 diabetes (HR 1.06, 95% CI 0.98–1.14).

Conclusions

Type 1 diabetes was associated with a greater risk for VTE while type 2 diabetes was not. Further work is needed to determine the reason(s) for this.
Inferred seasonal interaction rewiring of a freshwater stream fish network
Authors: Brimacombe Chris , Bodner Korryn , Fortin Marie‐Josée
Published: November 2020

Despite evidence that seasonal variation may lead to the persistence of competing species, studies on the effect of seasonality on community network structures are sparse. Identifying whether seasonal network changes are the result of turnover or rewiring (i.e. rearrangement of interactions among species), also remains understudied in multi‐trophic communities. Using species abundance data for 38 species over three years (from nine sites across central/eastern United States) and a novel tree‐based inference method, we constructed seasonal networks for a multi‐trophic freshwater stream fish community. We found that seasonality influences species interactions, particularly through rewiring (81%) as compared to species turnover (19%). Moreover, the number of rewiring interactions was best explained by fish status as a piscivore/non‐piscivore and species maximum length (R2 = 0.41). Our findings suggest that rewiring may be a dominant process in stream fish communities experiencing seasonal environments and that traits linked to trophic‐level could be a good indicator of a species contribution to rewiring. As networks dominated by rewiring may be more robust, this network approach could be a valuable conservation tool for identifying which biological relationships must be retained for communities to avoid extinction.
Production efficiency differences between poikilotherms and homeotherms have little to do with metabolic rate
Authors: van der Meer Jaap
Published: November 2020

The idea that homeothermic populations have a much lower production efficiency than poikilothermic populations, because warm‐blooded individuals exhibit a higher metabolic rate per gram of body weight, is widespread. Using Dynamic Energy Budget (DEB) theory, in combination with a modelling exercise based on empirical data for over 1000 different species, I show that this idea is wrong. Production efficiency of homeothermic individuals can be as high or even higher than that of poikilotherms. Differences observed are merely the result of different energy allocation and life‐history strategies. Birds, for example have evolved to invest a large proportion of the assimilated energy in somatic growth and maintenance and to mature at a relatively large size. Therefore, their production efficiency as an adult is low. This low reproduction efficiency combined with a low mortality rate causes the low production efficiency of bird (and other homeothermic) populations.
Black Lives Matter: We are in the Same Storm but we are not in the Same Boat
Authors: Watson Marlene F. , Turner William L. , Hines Paulette Moore
Published: November 2020

Black Lives Matter is a clarion call for racial equality and racial justice. With the arrival of Africans as slaves in 1619, a racial hierarchy was formed in the United States. However, slavery is commonly dismissed as that less than noble aspect of the United States’ history without really confronting the legacies of racial inequality and racial injustice left in its wake. White supremacy, based on the myths of white superiority and Black inferiority, have obscured racial inequality and racial injustice, resulting in blaming the victims. Using Black Lives Matter as a platform, we focus on some key considerations for theory, research, education, training, and practice in clinical, community, and larger systems contexts. Broadly, we focus on Black Lives Matter, literally; Black dehumanization; historical oppression; healing; and implications for the field of family therapy. More specifically, we draw attention to health disparities, mass incarceration and aggressive policing, intergenerational racial trauma, restorative justice, and antiracist work.
Cracking behaviours of rock‐like materials containing three preexisting flaws after high‐temperature treatments
Authors: Zhou Xiaoping , Fu Liang , Cheng Hao , Berto Filippo
Published: November 2020

The mechanical properties and cracking behaviours of rock‐like materials containing three preexisting flaws after high‐temperature treatments are studied. The temperature variations of 25°C, 70°C and 140°C are chosen to explore the influence of temperature, and the ligament angle variations of 75°, 90° and 105° are chosen to explore the effect of preexisting flaws. The crack initiation and coalescence modes and specimen failure after high‐temperature treatments are recorded by a high‐speed dynamic analysis system. Seven modes of crack initiation and ten types of crack coalescence are recorded in the rock‐like specimens. With an increase in temperature and ligament angle, the mechanical properties such as peak strength, peak strain and crack initiation stress change regularly. Furthermore, the experimental results demonstrate that the temperature has a significant impact on the complete stress–strain curves and cracking behaviours of flawed rock‐like materials.
Trophic consequences of competitive interactions in freshwater fish: Density dependent effects and impacts of inter‐specific versus intra‐specific competition
Authors: De Santis Vanessa , Gutmann Roberts Catherine , Britton J. Robert
Published: November 2020

Determining the comparative impacts of increased intra‐ versus inter‐specific competition is important in freshwater ecosystems for understanding the ecological changes that can result from activities such as fish stocking events (using alien and/or native fish species), as well as from natural processes that elevate population abundances (e.g. increased annual recruitment success). While increased inter‐specific competition can result in slower growth rates and/or reduced population density in the weaker or less abundant competitor, it is important that this is assessed in relation to the impacts of increased intra‐specific competition.

We tested how the strength of inter‐specific competition from a co‐existing species varies with abundance, and how this compares with increased intra‐specific competition. Fish were the model taxa, as their growth rates strongly correlate with competitive success. Replicated pond mesocosms (150 days) used chub Squalius cephalus in an allopatric control (n = 5; C5) and allopatric treatment (n = 10; C10), and in sympatric treatments (n = 5) with European barbel Barbus barbus (n = 5 (T1), 10 (T2) and 15 (T3)). Treatment effects were tested on fish‐specific growth rates (SGRs), and the size and position of the trophic and isotopic niche (stomach contents and stable isotope [SI] analyses respectively).

Chub SGRs were significantly higher in C5 versus all other treatments, but did not differ among the other allopatric and sympatric treatments. Chub trophic niche sizes in T1 to T3 were significantly smaller than C5, indicating more specialised diets in the presence of barbel. Chub trophic niche size in C10 was, however, larger than C5 and T1, indicating a shift to a more generalised diet as intra‐specific competition increased.

As SGRs reduced in treatments, so did the predicted extent of fish SI turnover, with SI data in T1 to T3 not at isotopic equilibrium with their diet in the mesocosms at the experiment's end. Following conversion of fish SI data to represent values at 95% isotopic turnover, chub isotopic niches also revealed shifts to a more general diet as intra‐specific competition increased, but to more specialised diets as inter‐specific competition increased.

Increased intra‐ and inter‐specific competition impacts on the trophic and isotopic niches were contrasting; both metrics indicated niche constrictions in sympatry but niche expansions in allopatry. Impacts on fish growth were evident from both. These results emphasise that the trophic consequences of competition in freshwater fish can differ between stocking events involving the release of conspecifics or other species, with this having important considerations for how freshwater fish communities are managed for angling exploitation.
The clinico‐epidemiological characteristics and therapeutic experience of 152 patients with cutaneous sporotrichosis: a 10‐year retrospective study from India
Authors: Sharma Reena , Mahajan Vikram K. , Singh Chauhan Pushpinder , Mehta Karaninder S. , Sharma Anuj , Sharma Jyotshna
Published: November 2020

Background

Cutaneous sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous mycosis because of Sporothrix schenckii, is sporadic worldwide with local hyperendemic pockets.

Objectives

To study clinico‐epidemiological and therapeutic aspects of sporotrichosis in our clinic.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed medical records of 152 (M:F 52:100) patients with cutaneous sporotrichosis managed during 2010–2019.

Results

All patients were involved in agricultural activities, and 63.2% were aged 21–60 years. Women outnumbered men by nearly two times. Fixed and lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis occurred in 54.6% and 43.4% patients, respectively. Only 2% of patients had multifocal sporotrichosis. Only 48% of patients imputed their disease to prior injuries. Extremities, upper in 53.9% and lower in 21% of patients, were mostly involved. Scrotum involvement in one patient was unusual. A mixed inflammatory infiltrate in 38.7%, chronic granuloma formation in 35%, and presence of spores in 48.9% biopsies was noted. S. schenckii grew on Sabouraud’s dextrose agar in 40.2% of cases. Treatment with saturated solution of potassium iodide was curative in 76.8% patients, and lesions healed in 2–9 months (average 5.2 months). Metallic taste was experienced by 42.9% of patients. Itraconazole therapy was safe and effective in seven patients, and the response was better when combined with SSKI compared to either drug used alone.

Conclusion

Cutaneous sporotrichosis mostly affects persons during active years of life. The injuries predisposing to infection are mostly forgotten. Both fixed and lymphocutaneous sporotrichosis involving extremities remain common forms. SSKI alone or in combination with itraconazole is safe and effective treatment. Itraconazole is preferable in patients having preexisting hypothyroidism or intolerance to SSKI.
Predictors and outcomes of work–family conflict among nurses
Authors: Labrague L.J. , Ballad C.A. , Fronda D.C.
Published: November 2020

Background

Work–family conflict, an issue important to nursing management, has been examined extensively worldwide. With an increasing number of nurses leaving and intending to leave the country, and considering the traditional family arrangement, it is increasingly relevant to examine the precursors and outcomes of work–family conflict among Filipino nurses.

Aim

To identify the predictors of work–family conflict and its relationship to Filipino nurses’ work outcomes and perceived quality of care.

Methods

A descriptive research design was utilized to collect data from one thousand one hundred (n = 1010) registered nurses with more than three months of experience working in the hospital using the Work–Family Conflict Scale, Job Satisfaction Index, Perceived Stress Scale, the two single‐item measures of turnover intention, and a single‐item measure of care quality.

Results

Filipino nurses experience moderate levels of work–family conflict. Nurses’ age, education, facility size, and hospital location predicted work–family conflict. Work–family predicted job satisfaction, job stress, intention to leave the organization, and perceived quality of care.

Conclusions

In accordance with international studies, Filipino nurses experience significant levels of work–family conflict. Addressing work–family conflict may result in improved work outcomes and increased care quality rating.

Implications for nursing practice and policy

Organizational measures to address work–family conflict in nurses should take into account the different predictors identified, particularly those that are modifiable. Nurses’ work outcomes and care quality can be improved by employing empirically based measures to effectively address work–family conflict.
What Could It Mean to Say That Today's Stand-Up Audiences Are Too Sensitive?
Authors: DEEN PHILLIP
Published: November 2020

Contemporary comedy audiences are accused by some comedians of being too morally sensitive to appreciate humor. To get closer to an answer, I will first briefly present the argument over audience sensitivity as found in the nonphilosophical literature. Second, I then turn to the philosophical literature and begin from the idea that “funny” is a response-dependent property. I present a criticism of this response-dependence account of “funny” based in the claim that funniness is not determined by what normal audiences actually laugh at, but by what merits laughter. Third, I argue that excessive or deficient moral sensitivity distorts audience receptivity to humor. Fourth, I turn to candidates for ideally sensitive audiences. I conclude by returning to the particular cases of supposed oversensitivity or undersensitivity to jokes to see how we might judge them.
Not Sitting Down for It: How Stand-Up Differs from Fiction (And How Neither Is Immune to Ethical Criticism)
Authors: DADLEZ E.M.
Published: November 2020

One of the standard defenses of Daniel Tosh, Andrew Dice Clay, Bernard Manning, and other stand-up comedians who have been accused of crossing moral lines is that the responses they elicit belong to an aesthetic rather than a moral domain to which standard methods of ethical evaluation are therefore inapplicable. I argue, first, that fictionality does not confer immunity to ethical criticism and, second, that the stance adopted by the stand-up artist is not fully analogous to a fictive one in any event. Whatever the case with respect to the adoption of an alternative persona, the stand-up artist refers in his or her pronouncements to the actual world in a way that a fiction does not. That also suggests susceptibility to ethical criticism, just for different reasons.
Nighttime dipping status and risk of cardiovascular events in patients with untreated hypertension: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gavriilaki Maria , Anyfanti Panagiota , Nikolaidou Barbara , Lazaridis Antonios , Gavriilaki Eleni , Douma Stella , Gkaliagkousi Eugenia
Published: November 2020

The objective of this systematic review and meta‐analysis is to determine whether nocturnal blood pressure fall, expressed by dipping patterns according to ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), is a risk factor for cardiovascular events (CVEs) in untreated hypertensives. Α thorough systematic literature search at MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, and gray literature was conducted through March 2020. Two reviewers screened studies and assessed dipping patterns of untreated hypertensives using ABPM with a follow‐up >6 months. Newcastle‐Ottawa scale was used for risk of bias assessment. We initially identified 463 reports; of which, seven cohort studies were eligible for meta‐analysis enrolling 10 438 untreated hypertensives. Untreated patients classified as dippers at baseline (n = 7081) had significant lower risk of CVEs and total mortality compared to non‐dippers (n = 3,357) [RR = 0.67, 95% CI (0.49, 0.92); RR = 0.71, 95% CI (0.59, 0.86)]. However, when patients were further classified into four dipping groups, only reverse dippers, yet not extreme dippers or non‐dippers, were at increased risk for CVEs compared to dippers [RR = 0.47, 95% CI (0.33, 0.66)]. Likewise, only reverse dippers had a higher stroke risk than dippers [RR = 0.39, 95% CI (0.22, 0.72)]. When compared with the whole group of dippers (including extreme dippers), non‐dipping alone (excluding reverse dipping) was not a significant risk factor for CVEs [RR = 0.84, 95% CI (0.61, 1.16)] or total mortality [RR = 0.84, 95% CI (0.61, 1.16); RR = 0.78, 95% CI (0.53, 1.13), respectively]. Untreated hypertensives may benefit more from the evaluation of reverse dipping rather than the non‐dipping phenomenon in general.
Differential expression of CD64 in patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: A potential biomarker for clinical diagnosis and prognosis
Authors: Liu Qianqian , Gao Yan , Ou Qinfang , Xu Yuzhen , Zhou Zhe , Li Ting , Lu Yi , Sun Feng , Zhou Xian , Li Yang , Shao Lingyun , Zhang Wenhong
Published: November 2020

To evaluate the clinical utility of neutrophil (n)CD64 index to diagnose pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and extrapulmonary TB (ePTB) and to predict the outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. We recruited 189 patients with active TB and 140 controls and measured the differential expression of nCD64 index using flow cytometry. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis was performed to estimate the diagnostic performance of the nCD64 index and T‐SPOT.TB assay for the diagnosis of TB. Furthermore, we analysed whether the nCD64 index in patients with TB was correlated with inflammatory indicators. Finally, we assessed the prognosis of patients by following the dynamic changes of the nCD64 index once a week. The nCD64 index was significantly higher in active TB group (PTB and ePTB), than in the anti‐TB and healthy controls (HC) groups. The sensitivity and specificity of nCD64 index for the differential diagnosis of PTB and pneumonia (PN) patients were 68.33% and 77.55%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of nCD64 index for the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM) were 53.85% and 100%, respectively. Furthermore, there was a weak correlation between the nCD64 index and inflammatory indicators. More importantly, with the improvement in patient condition, the nCD64 index started to decline in the first week of anti‐TB therapy and significantly decreased at 4 weeks after treatment. Our study demonstrated that the CD64 assay is a rapid, non‐invasive and stable method for clinical application, and the nCD64 index can serve as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of TB.
Effect of ozonation parameters on nutritional and microbiological quality of sugarcane juice
Authors: Panigrahi Chirasmita , Mishra Hari Niwas , De Sirshendu
Published: November 2020

Sugarcane juice is susceptible to rapid spoilage and quality deterioration owing to browning of the juice and fermentation. To address this issue, ozonation of the juice has been attempted in this work. For optimization of ozonation process, response surface methodology based on full factorial design with control variables of gas flow rates (3, 6.5, and 10 L/min); ozone concentration (10, 20, and 30% wt/wt); and exposure time (5, 12.5, and 20 min) were employed. Physicochemical and microbiological indices were affected significantly by the gas flow rate irrespective of other two independent variables. Regression analysis showed that the predicted quadratic model fitted well with the experimental data and was significant (p < .05) with coefficient of determination (R2) for all responses >.9. Significant reductions in nutritional parameters, such as polyphenol content (13.5%), flavonoid content (22.5%), ascorbic acid content (81.46%), and antioxidant capacity (30%) were observed after ozonation. However, the treatment resulted in 67.8% inactivation of polyphenol oxidase enzyme and 3.72 log reduction in total plate count. Sensory analysis revealed that the treated juice was acceptable in terms of sensory properties. Thus, the ozone treatment was proved effective in enzyme inactivation and microbial destruction that offered enhanced anti‐browning and antimicrobial properties to the sugarcane juice.

Practical applications

Sugarcane juice is susceptible to rapid spoilage and quality deterioration owing to the browning and fermentation resulting in its short shelf life. It is an extremely perishable product that loses its marketability because of processing problems. Considering the nutritional importance of this juice, it can be emerged as an energy drink if adequately treated. Consumer demands for minimally processed health foods have further encouraged the research related to techniques for processing of fruit juices. Ozone processing is one such potential nonthermal method which can enable extension of shelf life of sugarcane juice, yet retaining its freshness and organoleptic properties that in turn aid in the growth of juice processing industry.
Development of a Brief Screen to Detect Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: The QuickSort
Authors: Foran Amie M. , Mathias Jane L. , Bowden Stephen C.
Published: November 2020

BACKGROUND

Sorting tests detect cognitive decline in older adults who have a neurodegenerative disorder, such as Alzheimerʼs and Parkinsonʼs disease. Although equally effective at detecting impairment as other cognitive screens (e.g. Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE)), sorting tests are not commonly used in this context. This study examines the QuickSort, which is a new brief sorting test that is designed to screen older adults for cognitive impairment.

DESIGN

Observational cohort study.

SETTING

General community and inpatients, Australia.

PARTICIPANTS

Older (≥60 years) community‐dwelling adults (n = 187) and inpatients referred for neuropsychological assessment (n = 78). A normative subsample (n = 115), screened for cognitive and psychological disorders, was formed from the community sample.

MEASUREMENTS

Participants were administered the QuickSort, MMSE, Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), and Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale‐21. The QuickSort requires people to sort nine stimuli by color, shape, and number, and to explain the basis for their correct sorts. Sorting (range = 0–12), Explanation (range = 0–6), and Total (range = 0–18) scores were calculated for the QuickSort.

RESULTS

The Cognitively Healthy subsample completed the QuickSort within 2 minutes, 50% had errorless performance, and 95% had Total scores of 10 or greater. The likelihood of community‐dwelling older adults and inpatients (n = 260) being impaired on either the MMSE or FAB, or both, increased by a factor of 3.75 for QuickSort Total scores of less than 10 and reduced by a factor of 0.23 for scores of 10 or greater.

CONCLUSION

The QuickSort provides a quick, reliable, and valid alternative to lengthier cognitive screens (e.g., MMSE and FAB) when screening older adults for cognitive impairment. The QuickSort performance of an older adult can be compared with a cognitively healthy normative sample and used to estimate the likelihood they will be impaired on either the MMSE or FAB, or both. Clinicians can also use evidence‐based modeling to customize the QuickSort for their setting.
Reply to: Comment on: Sex Differences in Cognitive Health Among Older Adults in India
Authors: Angrisani Marco , Jain Urvashi , Lee Jinkook
Published: November 2020

This letter comments on the letter by Liang Xu.
Rare case of uterine cervix lymphoma with spontaneous regression: Case report
Authors: Desana Benedetta , Balbo Mussetto Annalisa , Macera Annalisa , Mariani Luca , De Rosa Giovanni , Cirillo Stefano
Published: November 2020

Primary malignant lymphoma rarely occurs in the female reproductive tract, because of that they are often misdiagnosed. Lymphoma spontaneous regression is even rarer, but it is possible behavior of this disease. A case of 54‐year‐old female patient with a primary diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma of the cervix is presented. First assumption was sarcoma or atypical adenocarcinoma; biopsies have been inconclusive and, after a partial spontaneous regression, diagnosis of lymphoma was possible only after surgery. The diagnosis was a real challenge for clinicians, radiologists and pathologists for both localization and behavior. Difficulties in diagnosis led to an over‐treatment: a laparotomic bilateral hysteron salpingectomy with lymphadenectomy was performed, while chemotherapy alone would have been the right approach. Considering that prognosis and treatment of primary malignant lymphoma of the cervix are completely different than those of other malignant tumors of the uterus, this disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis.
Geranylgeraniol reverses alendronate‐induced MC3T3 cell cytotoxicity and alteration of osteoblast function via cell cytoskeletal maintenance
Authors: Patntirapong Somying , Korjai Nareerat , Matchimapiro Monticha , Sungkaruk Paphada , Suthamporn Yauwaluk
Published: November 2020

Background

Alendronate (ALN) is a bisphosphonate, which is prescribed as an anti‐osteoporotic drug. ALN has been shown to increase osteoblast cell death and decrease bone mineralization. ALN inhibits a key regulatory enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, consequently reducing geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). Geranylgeraniol (GGOH) can be converted to GGPP. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous GGOH on MC3T3 cell viability, cell cycle, osteoblast function, and cell cytoskeleton under ALN treatment.

Methods

MC3T3 cells and osteoblast precursors, were incubated with ALN (0‐50 µmol/L) and GGOH (0‐50 µmol/L). After treatment, cells were evaluated for cell viability, cell cycle, osteoblast function, and cell cytoskeleton by MTT, flow cytometry, alizarin red S assay, and fluorescent microscopy, respectively.

Results

ALN reduced cell viability and bone nodule formation in a dose‐dependent manner. GGOH partially inhibited the negative effects of ALN on cell viability and function. ALN increased the percentages of cell apoptosis and necrosis and arrested cells in G2M phase. Co‐incubation with GGOH partially reduced late cell apoptosis and rescued cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, ALN altered MC3T3 morphology and decreased cell area, actin stress fiber density as well as nuclear area. GGOH abolished the effect of ALN on cell area, actin stress fiber density, and nuclear area.

Conclusions

GGOH partially inhibited negative effects of ALN on cell viability, cell cycle, function, and cell cytoskeleton. It might be an additional option for increasing osteoblast function and reducing apoptosis of osteoblasts in the condition treated with low bisphosphonate concentration.
TGF‐β1 and IL‐17A comediate the protumor phenotype of neutrophils to regulate the epithelial‐mesenchymal transition in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Yu Tao , Tang Qinchao , Chen Xueru , Fan Wan , Zhou Zhuoqian , Huang Wanqian , Liang Feixin
Published: November 2020

Background

The role of neutrophils in cancer has been the subject of intense research in recent years. One major theme that has emerged is that not all neutrophils are equal in the field of cancer. However, it remains unclear what induces the protumorigenic or antitumorigenic phenotype predominate in tumor. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate what factors induce which of these two phenotypes of neutrophil predominate in OSCC and to explore the role of neutrophil polarization on tumor.

Methods

Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry staining were used to observe neutrophil infiltration and the expression of TGF‐β1 and IL‐17A in OSCC tissues. Recombinant human TGF‐β1 and IL‐17A were used to modulate neutrophil polarization. OSCC cell (SCC9 and SAS cell lines) migration, proliferation, invasion, stemness, and EMT were analyzed after treatment with conditioned medium from TGF‐β1/IL‐17A‐activated neutrophils. The levels of neutrophil‐associated markers in OSCC tissues and peripheral blood were examined by immunofluorescence staining and quantitative PCR.

Results

Our data showed neutrophil infiltration and elevated expression of TGF‐β1 and IL‐17A in OSCC tissues. The cooperative effect of TGF‐β1 and IL‐17A promoted neutrophils to take on a protumor phenotype in vitro. TGF‐β1/IL‐17A‐activated neutrophils remarkably induced cell migration, proliferation, invasion, stemness, and EMT in OSCC cells. Additionally, OSCC patients showed increased expression of MMP9 and decreased expression of CCL3 in circulating neutrophils.

Conclusion

TGF‐β1 and IL‐17A cooperated to augment the protumor functions of neutrophils, thereby promoting the progression of OSCC cells. In addition, the combination of neutrophil‐associated markers may serve as a predictive method to screen for patients with OSCC.
Genomic signals reveal past evolutionary dynamics ofQuercus schottkyanaand its response to future climate change
Authors: Jiang Xiao‐Long , Su Zhi‐Hao , Xu Gang‐Biao , Deng Min
Published: November 2020

Understanding the past and future evolutionary dynamics of dominant species in a forest is important for guiding decisions for biodiversity conservation, forest management, and vegetation restoration. This study usedQuercus schottkyana, a dominant tree in subtropical evergreen broad‐leaved forests in southwest China, to investigate the influences of past environmental fluctuations and future changes in climate on the dynamics of tree demographics. Genomic data were obtained for 133 samples ofQ. schottkyanafrom 22 populations using double‐digest genotyping by sequencing. The single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in the genome showed a uniform distribution. Based on principal component analysis and Admixture analysis, two distinct lineages and one mixed group were identified that corresponded to their geographical distribution. Approximate Bayesian computation analyses provided evidence that the divergence amongQ. schottkyanapopulations could be driven by the collision between the Asian and Indian plates during the Miocene, and that climatic fluctuations in the late Pleistocene led to the introgression. The analysis of genotype‐environment relationships showed that annual precipitation and geographic distance were associated with spatial genetic variation. Populations ofQ. schottkyanain the northern area of the Jinsha River basin were predicted to be the most vulnerable to future climate change. To increase genetic diversity in the northern Jinsha River basin and to buffer threats from future climate change, managers could use a mixture of local and alien seeds during forest restoration and management. This case study can promote further investigations into assessing how past and future climate change impacts genetic divergence and local adaptation of trees in forests.
Pleurocordyceps gen. nov. for a clade of fungi previously included in Polycephalomyces based on molecular phylogeny and morphology
Authors: Wang Yong‐Hui , Ban Sayaka , Wang Wen‐Jing , Li Yi , Wang Ke , Kirk Paul M. , Bushley Kathryn E. , Dong Cai‐Hong , Hawksworth David L. , Yao Yi‐Jian
Published: November 2020

Since the discovery of the Pleurocordyceps/ “Polycephalomyces” clade unaffiliated with the clades of Clavicipitaceae s. str., Ophiocordycipitaceae, and Cordycipitaceae of clavicipitaceous fungi, some taxa have been published and more fungal material relevant to the group have become available for further study. Here, a multigene phylogeny using nrSSU, nrLSU, tef1, rpb1, and rpb2 was constructed with some of the recently discovered additional taxa using maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses (BI) to test and refine the current phylogenetic framework for Cordyceps s. lat. and other clavicipitaceous fungi. In addition to the well supported major Pleurocordyceps/“Polycephalomyces” clade revealed previously, another clade with newly added taxa referred to as “Polycephalomyces formosus‐like” from Japan was found to be sister to the Pleurocordyceps/“Polycephalomyces” clade. Extensive investigation revealed that strains named “P. formosus‐like” grouped in this new clade and do indeed represent the true P. formosus and that species previously included in the genus Polycephalomyces required a new generic name. Based on the phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics, including both sexual and asexual morphs when available, the new generic name Pleurocordyceps is introduced and relevant new combinations are made. A newly designated lectotype and a supporting epitype for P. formosus is selected and the circumscription of Polycephalomyces is discussed.
Outcome of external beam radiotherapy for treatment of noncutaneous tumors of the head in horses: 32 cases (1999‐2015)
Authors: Gillen Alex , Mudge Margaret , Caldwell Fred , Munsterman Amelia , Hanson Reid , Brawner William , Almond Gregory , Green Eric , Stephens Julie , Walz Jillian
Published: November 2020

Background

The long‐term outcomes of external beam radiotherapy for treatment of noncutaneous tumors of the head in horses is unknown.

Objective

To report the long‐term outcomes for treatment of noncutaneous tumors of the head of horses, and report short and long‐term clinical adverse effects.

Animals

Thirty‐two horses treated in 2 referral hospitals.

Methods

In this retrospective study, medical records of horses receiving radiation therapy for noncutaneous tumors between 1999 and 2015 were reviewed. Signalment, tumor type, treatment protocol, tumor control duration, and survival were recorded. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves were generated for overall survival (OS), by tumor type and location, and compared using Log‐rank tests, and treatment protocol adherence.

Results

Follow‐up ranged from 2 to 145 months (median 14 months). Of 32 horses, 16 (50%) were alive at the time of reporting, with complete tumor response occurring in 12 (38%). Horses with tumors of the maxilla/nasal cavity had significantly shorter median OS compared to horses with tumors in other locations (21 months vs 145 months) (P= .06). Adverse effects resulting from the tumor or the therapy occurred in 20/32 (63%). The occurrence of major adverse effects and delays in treatment protocol were not significantly associated with median survival estimates.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

External beam radiotherapy can be used to treat a variety of noncutaneous tumors of the head of horses. Adverse effects related to radiotherapy or the tumor are common.
Lemon, Citrus aurantifolia, peel and Bacillus licheniformis protected common carp, Cyprinus carpio, from Aeromonas hydrophila infection by improving the humoral and skin mucosal immunity, and antioxidative responses
Authors: Sadeghi Faeze , Ahmadifar Ehsan , Shahriari Moghadam Mohsen , Ghiyasi Maryam , Dawood Mahmoud A. O. , Yilmaz Sevdan
Published: November 2020

The role of dietary lemon peel (LM) and/or Bacillus licheniformis (BL) on the growth, immunity, and resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila in common carp, Cyprinus carpio was investigated in this study. LM and BL were included in diets at 0% (T0), 108 CFU/g BL (T1), 1.5% LM and 108 CFU/g BL (T2), and 3% LM and 108 CFU/g BL (T3). Fish fed with T1, T2, or T3 had higher weight gain, specific growth rate, white blood cells count, and blood total protein with lower feed conversion ratio than T0 group (p < .05). The albumin increased significantly (p < .05) in fish fed both BL and LM (T3). The serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, lysozyme, and bactericidal activities were significantly increased in fish fed both BL and LM (T2 and T3), while serum glutathione peroxidase increased in fish fed BL (T2) (p < .05). Fish fed T1, T2, and T3 diets displayed higher SOD and lower malondialdehyde than fish fed T0 (p < .05). After the A. hydrophila challenge, the mortality rate was significantly lower in T1, T2, and T3 groups than the T0 group (p < .05). The obtained results revealed that LM and BL could be used to increase resistance against A. hydrophila infection in carp. However, further field studies should be performed to confirm the obtained results.