bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fejér and Dirichlet Kernels: Their Associated Polynomials
Authors: Galaz-Larios M. , Garcia-Olivo R. , López-Bonilla J.
Published: April 2009

We show that the Fejér kernel generates the fifth-kind Chebyshev polynomials.Keywords: Kernels in Fourier series; Chebyshev polynomials.© 2009 JSR Publications.ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i2.2282
Enhanced Oxidative Stress Markers and Antioxidant Imbalance in HIV Infection and AIDS Patients
Authors: Pasupathi P. , Ramchandran T. , Sindhu P. J. , Saranavan G. , Bakthavathsalam G.
Published: April 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate lipid peroxidation as evidenced by thiobarbutric acid reactive substances (TBARS), ceruloplasmin (Ce), CD4+ cells counts and antioxidant, and micronutrients status in HIV infection and AIDS patients. The level of plasma and erythrocyte TBARS, plasma ceruloplasmin was markedly increased in the AIDS patients when compared to HIV infection and healthy control subjects. We observed a significant reduction in CD4+ cell count in HIV/AIDS patients when compared to control subjects. The activities of erythrocyte antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and reduced glutathione (GSH), were significantly decreased in AIDS patients when compared with HIV infection and healthy subjects. Significantly low levels of plasma GSH, vitamin A (β-carotene), vitamin C, vitamin E, serum uric acid, albumin, selenium and zinc were also observed in AIDS patients when compared with HIV positive patients and control subjects. The study highlights the occurrence of lipid peroxidation and possible breakdown of antioxidant status in HIV/AIDS patients, which may subsequently increase the possibility of poor immunity. The antioxidant status was progressively depleted in HIV infected persons as the disease progressed from a symptomatic state to AIDS.Keywords: Oxidative stress; HIV; AIDS; CD4+ cell count; Antioxidant status.© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i2.2295
Wavelet Order Statistics Filters for Image Denoising
Authors: Gallegos-Funes F , Martínez-Valdés J , Cruz-Santiago R , López-Bonilla J
Published: April 2009

This paper presents the wavelet order statistics filters for the removal of impulsive and speckle noise in color image applications. The proposed filtering scheme is defined as two filters in the wavelet domain to conform to the structure of a general filter that can be modified in some headings. The first filter is based on redundancy of approaches and the second one is the wavelet domain iterative center weighted median algorithm. With the structure of the proposed filter different implementations for the estimation of the noisy sample are carried out using different order statistics algorithms that by their good performance can be beneficial in color image processing applications. Keywords: Wavelet domain; Order statistics filters. © 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i2.2311
Probabilistic Upscaling of Material Failure Using Random Field Models – A Preliminary Investigation
Authors: Hu Keqiang , Xu X. Frank
Published: April 2009

Complexity of failure is reflected from sensitivity of strength to small defects and wide scatter of macroscopic behaviors. In engineering practices, spatial information of materials at fine scales can only be partially measurable. Random field (RF) models are important to address the uncertainty in spatial distribution. To transform a RF of micro-cracks into failure probability at full structural-scale crossing a number of length scales, the operator representing physics laws need be implemented in a multiscale framework, and to be realized in a stochastic setting. Multiscale stochastic modeling of materials is emerging as a new methodology at this research frontier, which provides a new multiscale thinking by upscaling fine-scale RFs. In this study, a preliminary framework of probabilistic upscaling is presented for bottom-up hierarchical modeling of failure propagation across micro-meso-macro scales. In the micro-to-meso process, the strength of stochastic representative volume element (SRVE) is probabilistically assessed by using a lattice model. A mixed Weibull-Gaussian distribution is proposed to characterize the statistical strength of SRVE, which can be used as input for the subsequent meso-to-macro upscaling process using smeared crack finite element analysis.
A Review of the Urban Development and Transport Impacts on Public Health with Particular Reference to Australia: Trans-Disciplinary Research Teams and Some Research Gaps
Authors: Black Deborah , Black John
Published: April 2009

Urbanization and transport have a direct effect on public health.A trans-disciplinary approach is proposed and illustrated to tackle the general problem of these environmental stressors and public health. Processes driving urban development and environmental stressors are identified. Urbanization, transport and public health literature is reviewed and environmental stressors are classified into their impacts and which group is affected, the geographical scale and potential inventions. Climate change and health impacts are identified as a research theme. From an Australian perspective, further areas for research are identified.
Current Mathematical Methods Used in QSAR/QSPR Studies
Authors: Liu Peixun , Long Wei
Published: April 2009

This paper gives an overview of the mathematical methods currently used in quantitative structure-activity/property relationship (QASR/QSPR) studies. Recently, the mathematical methods applied to the regression of QASR/QSPR models are developing very fast, and new methods, such as Gene Expression Programming (GEP), Project Pursuit Regression (PPR) and Local Lazy Regression (LLR) have appeared on the QASR/QSPR stage. At the same time, the earlier methods, including Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Partial Least Squares (PLS), Neural Networks (NN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and so on, are being upgraded to improve their performance in QASR/QSPR studies. These new and upgraded methods and algorithms are described in detail, and their advantages and disadvantages are evaluated and discussed, to show their application potential in QASR/QSPR studies in the future.
Evaluation of Cartosat-1 Multi-Scale Digital Surface Modelling Over France
Authors: Gianinetto Marco
Published: April 2009

On 5 May 2005, the Indian Space Research Organization launched Cartosat-1, the eleventh satellite of its constellation, dedicated to the stereo viewing of the Earth’s surface for terrain modeling and large-scale mapping, from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (India). In early 2006, the Indian Space Research Organization started the Cartosat-1 Scientific Assessment Programme, jointly established with the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. Within this framework, this study evaluated the capabilities of digital surface modeling from Cartosat-1 stereo data for the French test sites of Mausanne les Alpilles and Salon de Provence. The investigation pointed out that for hilly territories it is possible to produce high-resolution digital surface models with a root mean square error less than 7.1 m and a linear error at 90% confidence level less than 9.5 m. The accuracy of the generated digital surface models also fulfilled the requirements of the French Reference 3D®, so Cartosat-1 data may be used to produce or update such kinds of products.
The Vacation Flexibility Index: A Measure of Independence in Vacationer Behavior
Authors: Hyde Kenneth F.
Published: April 2009

Independent travel is generally defined in terms of what it is not: It is not packaged tourism purchased from a travel retailer. Because growing numbers of tourists are choosing to purchase elements of their vacation directly from suppliers, via the Internet, a definition of independent
travel based on a traditional view of tourism's channels of distribution appears untenable. An alternative definition of independent travel is proposed, and a measure of independence in vacationer behavior, the Vacation Flexibility Index (VFI), is introduced. Using data on 450 first-time vacationers
to New Zealand, VFI measures are shown to vary by travel style segments of the market. VFI measures are also shown to relate to measures on the Novelty Seeking in Tourism scale, and to relate to the advance booking of vacation elements by the tourist. VFI measures are unrelated to the channel
of distribution through which the tourist makes vacation bookings. The article concludes with a discussion of the managerial implications of the growing consumer demand for independent vacation travel.
Exploring Destination Satisfaction: A Case of Kizkalesi, Turkey
Authors: Ozturk Ahmet Bulent , Hancer Murat
Published: April 2009

This study sought to determine if there were any significant differences on overall destination satisfaction in Turkish tourists with different demographic and travel behavior characteristics. In addition, we analyzed differences in the destination attributes in relation to tourists'
demographic and travel behavior characteristics. Study data were collected from 233 Turkish tourists in Kizkalesi, Turkey. We performed factor analysis to reduce the number of destination attributes and to obtain correlated variable composites from the original destination attributes. ANOVA
was used to determine significant differences in the overall satisfaction of tourists by demographics and travel behavior characteristics. ANOVA was also used to determine whether individuals' responses to the general destination attributes differed in relation to sociodemographic and travel
behavior variables. Results indicated that a significant relationship does exist between overall destination satisfaction and travelers' sociodemographic and trip variables. In addition, we found a significant relationship between specific destination attributes and travelers' demographic
and trip variables.
A biphasic oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones using a simplified packed-bed microreactor
Authors: Bogdan Andrew , McQuade D Tyler
Published: April 2009

We demonstrate the preparation and characterization of a simplified packed-bed microreactor using an immobilized TEMPO catalyst shown to oxidize primary and secondary alcohols via the biphasic Anelli-Montanari protocol. Oxidations occurred in high yields with great stability over time. We observed that plugs of aqueous oxidant and organic alcohol entered the reactor as plugs but merged into an emulsion on the packed-bed. The emulsion coalesced into larger plugs upon exiting the reactor, leaving the organic product separate from the aqueous by-products. Furthermore, the microreactor oxidized a wide range of alcohols and remained active in excess of 100 trials without showing any loss of catalytic activity.
Shift–share Analysis of manufacturing as a measuring instrument for Human Resource Management
Authors: Kleynhans Ewert Philippus
Published: April 2009

Shift-share analysis of employment as a measuring instrument for human resource management is proposed by this study. The results obtained through this technique can assist human resource

management on the macro-level in making informed and strategic decisions regarding future employment practices and trends. This technique is often applied to studies of economic geography,

and is illustrated in this article through its application to the estimation of future employment potential of manufacturing industries of South Africa’s Southern District Municipality. The economy in this region is mainly dependent on gold mining, which is declining as gold reserves are becoming depleted. As a result, a large section of the area’s population will be unemployed in future, causing adversity and other development needs. Shift-share analysis provides insight into the shifts of employment in the various sectors over time, as well as insight into the national share effect on employment in the region, including the regional-industrial mix and the competitive share effects. It was found that the

sectors with the highest employment creation potential are: transport equipment, wood and paper products, metal products, and furniture. Some suggestions are also made regarding the ways that this information can be utilised in human resource management.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyclopropanation of Unsaturated Endoperoxides. A New Peroxide‐Preserving Reaction
Authors: Emerzian Michael A. , Davenport William , Song Jiangao , Li Jim , Erden Ihsan
Published: April 2009

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Unsaturated bicyclic endoperoxides are efficiently cyclopropanated with excess diazomethane in the presence of catalytic palladium(II) acetate [Pd(OAc)2] in a stereoselective manner. This method represents a new peroxide‐preserving transformation. Whereas the unsaturated endoperoxides in the [2.2.1] series are attacked by the carbene from the exo face, the analogs with larger bridges are preferentially attacked from the face syn to the peroxo bridge. Only in the case of the benzannelated [2.2.2] system does the attack occur exclusively from the face proximal to the benzene ring. Certain strained cyclopropanated endoperoxides are reduced by diazomethane to give cis‐diols. 2‐Methylfuran endoperoxide gives rise to cis‐1‐formyl‐2‐acetylcyclopropane in excellent yield.
Copper‐Mediated Aryl‐Aryl Couplings for the Construction of Oligophenylenes and Related Heteroaromatics
Authors: Iyoda Masahiko
Published: April 2009

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Efficient methods for the syntheses of biaryls by the copper‐mediated homocoupling of arylmetals are summarized. First, a smooth transmetallation between arylzinc halides and copper(II) salts has been employed for the selective homocoupling of arylzinc halides to produce either biphenylenes or tetraphenylenes. This reaction has been applied to the synthesis of cyclic oligothiophenes. Second, an efficient method for the homocoupling of aryl halides by the electron‐transfer (ET) oxidation of Lipshutz cuprates [Ar2Cu(CN)Li2] with organic electron acceptors has been developed. The ET oxidation of cuprates with 1,4‐benzoquinones proceeds smoothly to afford the corresponding coupling products in moderate to high yields. The ET oxidation of cuprates has been applied to the synthesis of either thiophene‐ or benzene‐fused 10‐membered ring cyclophanes. For the synthesis of macrocyclic cyclophanes, a linear CCuC structure of Lipshutz cuprates should be maintained in the dimetallacyclic intermediates to efficiently produce large‐ring cyclophanes. Moreover, nonaphenylenes and dodecaphenylenes have been synthesized using the ET oxidation of cuprates with duroquinone. Interestingly, hexadodecyloxynonaphenylene exhibits different nanostructures between fibrous materials in solution and cast films on a surface. Films of this compound can detect vaporized nitroaromatics such as dinitrobenzene and trinitrobenzene.
Tumor‐associated macrophages infiltrate plasmacytomas and can serve as cell carriers for oncolytic measles virotherapy of disseminated myeloma
Authors: Peng Kah‐Whye , Dogan Ahmet , Vrana Julie , Liu Chunsheng , Ong Hooi T. , Kumar Shaji , Dispenzieri Angela , Dietz Allan B. , Russell Stephen J.
Published: April 2009

In multiple myeloma, some of the neoplastic plasma cells are diffusely dispersed among the normal bone marrow cells (bone marrow resident), whereas others are located in discrete, well‐vascularized solid tumors (plasmacytomas) that may originate in bone or soft tissue. Interactions between bone marrow‐resident myeloma cells and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are important determinants of myeloma pathogenesis. However, little is known of the factors sustaining myeloma growth and cell viability at the centers of expanding plasmacytomas, where there are no BMSCs. Histologic sections of 22 plasmacytomas from myeloma patients were examined after immunostaining. Abundant CD68+, CD163+, S100‐negative macrophage infiltrates were identified in all tumors, accompanied by scattered collections of CD3+ T lymphocytes. The CD68+ tumor‐associated macrophages (TAM) accounted for 2–12% of nucleated cells and were evenly distributed through the parenchyma. The TAM generally had dendritic morphology, and each dendrite was in close contact with multiple plasma cells. In some cases, the TAM were strikingly clustered around CD34+ blood vessels. To determine whether cells of the monocytic lineage might be exploitable as carriers for delivery of therapeutic agents to plasmacytomas, primary human CD14+ cells were infected with oncolytic measles virus and administered intravenously to mice bearing KAS6/1 human myeloma xenografts. The cell carriers localized to KAS6/1 tumors, where they transferred MV infection to myeloma cells and prolonged the survival of mice bearing disseminated human myeloma disease. Thus, TAM are a universal stromal component of the plasmacytomas of myeloma patients and may offer a promising new target for therapeutic exploitation. Am. J. Hematol. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The physical characteristics and usage patterns of stone axe and pounding hammers used by long‐tailed macaques in the Andaman Sea region of Thailand
Authors: Gumert Michael D. , Kluck Marius , Malaivijitnond Suchinda
Published: April 2009

Stone hammering in natural conditions has been extensively investigated in chimpanzees and bearded capuchins. In contrast, knowledge of stone tool use in wild Old World monkeys has been limited to anecdotal reports, despite having known for over 120 years that Macaca fascicularis aurea use stone tools to process shelled foods from intertidal zones on islands in the Andaman Sea. Our report is the first scientific investigation to look at the stone tools used by these macaques. We observed they were skilled tool users and used stone tools daily. They selected tools with differing qualities for differing food items, and appeared to use at least two types of stone tools. Pounding hammers were used to crush shellfish and nuts on anvils and axe hammers were used to pick or chip at oysters attached to boulders or trees. We found significant physical differences between these two tools. Tools at oyster beds were smaller and exhibited scarring patterns focused more often on the points, whereas tools found at anvils were larger and showed more scarring on the broader surfaces. We also observed grip differences between the two tool types. Lastly, macaques struck targets with axe hammers more rapidly and over a wider range of motion than with pounding hammers. Both our behavioral and lithic data support that axe hammers might be used with greater control and precision than pounding hammers. Hand‐sized axe hammers were used for controlled chipping to crack attached oysters, and larger pounding hammers were used to crush nuts and unattached shellfish on anvils. In addition to stones, they also used hand‐sized auger shells (Turritella attenuata) as picks to axe attached oysters. Pound hammering appears similar to the stone tools used by chimpanzees and capuchins, but axe hammering has not yet been documented in other nonhuman primates in natural conditions. Am. J. Primatol. 71:594–608, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solution‐Based Evolution and Enhanced Methanol Oxidation Activity of Monodisperse Platinum–Copper Nanocubes
Authors: Xu Dan , Liu Zhaoping , Yang Hongzhou , Liu Qingsheng , Zhang Jun , Fang Jiye , Zou Shouzhong , Sun Kai
Published: April 2009

Katalysatoren aus Maßarbeit: Pt‐Cu‐Nanowürfel mit einheitlicher Form und einer mittleren Größe von 8 nm (siehe Bild, Maßstab 20 nm) wurden bei hohen Temperaturen in einem organischen Lösungsmittel unter Zusatz mehrerer schützender Liganden synthetisiert. Die kubischen Pt‐Cu‐Nanokristalle präsentieren {100}‐Flächen und waren ähnlich großen Pt‐Cu‐ und Pt‐Nanokügelchen als Katalysatoren in der Methanoloxidation überlegen.

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A Hydride‐Rich Magnesium Cluster
Authors: Arrowsmith Merle , Hill Michael S. , MacDougall Dugald J. , Mahon Mary F.
Published: April 2009

Eine glatte Reaktion zwischen dem Magnesiumsilylamidoaddukt eines N‐heterocyclischen Carbens und Phenylsilan ergibt ein {Mg4H6}‐Clustermolekül, das als eine Art Käfig bestehend aus zwei Magnesiumdihydriden und zwei Magnesiummonohydriden beschrieben werden kann.

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Highly Selective Catalytic Conversion of Phenolic Bio‐Oil to Alkanes
Authors: Zhao Chen , Kou Yuan , Lemonidou Angeliki A. , Li Xuebing , Lercher Johannes A.
Published: April 2009

Oil and water: A new energy‐efficient and atom‐economical catalytic route for the production of alkanes and methanol by upgrading the phenolic fraction of bio‐oil has been developed. The one‐pot aqueous‐phase hydrodeoxygenation process is based on two catalysts facilitating consecutive hydrogenation, hydrolysis, and dehydration reactions.

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Structural Tracking of a Bimolecular Reaction in Solution by Time‐Resolved X‐Ray Scattering
Authors: Haldrup Kristoffer , Christensen Morten , Cammarata Marco , Kong Qingyu , Wulff Michael , Mariager Simon O. , Bechgaard Klaus , Feidenhans'l Robert , Harrit Niels , Nielsen Martin M.
Published: April 2009

Molecular movies: Time‐resolved X‐ray scattering provides direct structural information on an electronically excited complex while it is formed in the bimolecular reaction between excited octahydrogen[tetrakis‐μ‐diphosphito‐1κP:2κP′‐diplatinate](4‐) (PtPOP*) and thallium ions. In the exciplex one thallium(I) and two platinum(II) ions are found to be collinear.

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Enantioselective Robinson‐Type Annulation Reaction Catalyzed by Chiral Phosphoric Acids
Authors: Akiyama Takahiko , Katoh Takuya , Mori Keiji
Published: April 2009

Let′s resolve our differences: Implementation of an enantioselective Michael addition followed by an intramolecular aldol reaction catalyzed by two phosphoric acids has enabled the synthesis of cyclohexenone derivatives with excellent enantioselectivities. Prominent kinetic resolution was observed in the latter reaction. Ar=aromatic group, X=H, halogen, Y=H, Me, halogen.

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Synthesis and characterization of novel Schiff base polyurethanes
Authors: Raghu A. V. , Gadaginamath G. S. , Jeong Han Mo , Mathew N. T. , Halligudi S. B. , Aminabhavi T. M.
Published: April 2009

Eight different types of novel polyurethanes (PUs) were synthesized through the polyaddition reaction of 4,4′‐(ethane‐1,2‐diylidenedinitrilo)diphenol and 4,4′‐(pentane‐1,5‐diylidenedinitrilo)diphenol with four different diisocyanates: 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate, toluene 2,4‐diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, and hexamethylene diisocyanate. The resulting PUs were soluble in polar, aprotic solvents. Structures of the diols and PUs were established with ultraviolet–visible, fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy data. FTIR and NMR spectral data indicated the disappearance of both hydroxyl and isocyanate groups in the PUs. The thermal properties were investigated with thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. The weight losses, glass transitions, onset temperatures, and crystalline melting temperatures were measured. All the PUs exhibited semicrystalline and amorphous morphologies, as indicated by X‐ray diffraction. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009.
The preparation and properties of cellulose/chitin blend filaments
Authors: He Chunju , Ma Bomou , Sun Junfen
Published: April 2009

The focus of this article is the preparation and characterization of cellulose/chitin blend filaments obtained from cellulose/chitin xanthate blend solution over the experimental blend ratio, i.e., 2.89% and 6.46% (w/w) chitin content. The addition of chitin xanthate into cellulose xanthate leads to an increase of intermittence rate and the blend solution has good filtering property. Scanning electronic microscope photos shows that there exist grooves on the filaments surface, which are becoming coarse with increasing chitin content. The mechanical properties of the spun blend filaments is much higher than that of Crabyon® fiber, which proves that the viscose method we adopt here is an efficient way to prepare cellulose/chitin blend filaments with satisfactory mechanical properties and processing property. Based on the data from X‐ray, sonic velocity, equilibrium regain rate, and accessibility, it is concluded that the degree of crystallinity, modulus, degree of orientation, density, equilibrium regain rate, and accessibility of blend filaments decreases with increasing chitin content in the blend filaments in the experiment scope. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of ultrafine poly(styrene‐maleic anhydride) and polystyrene fibers by electrospinning
Authors: Cécile Corine , Hsieh You‐Lo
Published: April 2009

Fiber formation from atactic polystyrene (aPS) and alternating poly(styrene‐maleic anhydride) (PSMA) synthesized by free radical polymerization (AIBN, 90°C, 4 h) were investigated by electrospinning from various solutions. aPS was soluble in dimethylformamide (DMF), tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene, styrene, and benzene, whereas PSMA was soluble in acetone, DMF, THF, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), ethyl acetate, and methanol. aPS fibers could be electrospun from 15 to 20% DMF and 20% THF solutions, but not from styrene nor toluene. PSMA, on the other hand, could be efficiently electrospun into fibers from DMF and DMSO at 20 and 25%, respectively. Few PSMA fibers were, however, produced from acetone, THF, or ethyl acetate solutions. Results showed that solvent properties and polymer–solvent miscibility strongly influenced the fiber formation from electrospinning. The addition of solvents, such as THF, generally improved the fiber uniformity and reduced fiber sizes for both polymers. The nonsolvents, however, had opposing effects on the two polymers, i.e., significantly reducing PSMA fiber diameters to 200 to 300 nm, creating larger and irregularly shaped aPS fibers. The ability to incorporate the styrene monomer and divinylbenzene crosslinker in aPS fibers as well as to hydrolyze PSMA fibers with diluted NaOH solutions demonstrated potential for post‐electrospinning reactions and modification of these ultrafine fibers for reactive support materials. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry investigation of epoxy resin curing behavior in real time
Authors: Awaja Firas , van Riessen Grant , Fox Bronwyn , Kelly Georgina , Pigram Paul J.
Published: April 2009

Time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and principal components analysis were used in real time to monitor the progress of curing reactions on the surface of a diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol F (DGEBF) epoxy resin blend reacted with the diamine hardener isophorone diamine at different time intervals. Molecular ions in the mass spectra that characterized the curing reactions steps, including blocking, coupling, branching, and crosslinking, were identified. The aliphatic hydrocarbon ions were correlated to the curing reaction rate, and this indicated that coupling and branching occurred much faster than the blocking and crosslinking curing reactions steps. The total conversion of the coupling and branching reaction steps were followed on the basis of changes with time in the relative ion intensity of molecular ions assigned to the DGEBA/DGEBF, aliphatic hydrocarbon, epoxide, and aromatic ring structures. Indicative measures of crosslinking density were monitored through the observation of changes in the ratio of the relative intensities of the aliphatic hydrocarbon and hydroxyl molecular ions over time. The curing reaction conversion was established by the observation of the changes in the relative ion intensity of the molecular ions that were related to the DGEBA/DGEBF molecules. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis and properties of new novolacs based on heteroatom‐bridged phenol derivatives
Authors: Nemoto Tadamasa , Konishi Gen‐Ichi
Published: April 2009

We describe the synthesis and properties of new novolacs prepared by addition‐condensation of heteroatom‐bridged phenol derivatives and formaldehyde. The trifluoroacetic acid‐catalyzed polymerization of equimolar amounts of bis(4‐methoxyphenyl) ether (1a) and formaldehyde proceeded homogeneously to afford the polymer (2a) in 49% yield (Mn 2600, Mw/Mn 1.8). From the FTIR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR spectra of 2a, it was evident that the polymer had methylene moieties‐bridged repeating units in the polymer backbone. A higher molecular weight novolac (2a′) (yield 99%, Mn 16,600, Mw/Mn 12.9) could be prepared by using an excess of formaldehyde. Bis(4‐methoxyphenyl) sulfone novolac (2b) (Mn 1300, Mw/Mn 1.2) and bis(4‐methoxyphenyl) sulfide novolac (2d) (Mn 1200, Mw/Mn 1.9) were also prepared. However, the polymerization of bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl) sulfone (1c) did not proceed, even when it was attempted under various reaction conditions. From TGA, the temperatures at 10% loss in weight (T10) for 2a, 2a′, and 2b were found to be 413, 430 and 393°C, respectively. These results suggested that heteroatom‐bridged novolacs based on phenol derivatives have good thermal stability than other organosoluble polymers; moreover, these novolacs could be expected to function as processable materials, polymer blends for engineering plastics, etc. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Poly(vinyl chloride) and wood flour press mould composites: New bonding strategies
Authors: Rocha Nuno , Coelho Jorge F.J. , Fonseca Ana C. , Kazlauciunas Algy , Gil Maria H. , Gonçalves Pedro M. , Guthrie James T.
Published: April 2009

In this work, different strategies for improving the association between hydrophilic wood flour surfaces and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) hydrophobic surfaces were tested. Three new coupling agents, based on living radical polymerisation (LRP), involving PVC were synthesised and tested in formulations with PVC and wood flour. The melt mixing behaviour was analysed in terms of the torque exerted by the mixing blades and related to the structural properties of the mixture. These products were ground and sheets were produced by press moulding. The composites were characterised by dynamic mechanical analysis. It was found that the use of a new block copolymer poly(vinyl chloride)‐b‐poly(hydroxypropyl acrylate)‐b‐poly(vinyl chloride), prepared by LRP, increases the elastic modulus of the composite, under controlled conditions, involving the use of specific amounts of the copolymer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Circulating concentration of infliximab and response to treatment in ankylosing spondylitis: Results from a randomized control study
Authors: Krzysiek Roman , Breban Maxime , Ravaud Philippe , Prejean Maria Vittoria , Wijdenes John , Roy Carine , Henry Yves‐Dominique , Barbey Carole , Trappe Gérard , Dougados Maxime , Emilie Dominique
Published: April 2009

Objective

A minority of patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) fail to respond to infliximab treatment. This study compared the circulating infliximab concentration and the presence of clinical symptoms in patients continuously treated with infliximab or after treatment interruption.

Methods

Patients with active AS were randomly assigned at week 0 to receive infliximab either at weeks 4, 6, 10, and then every 6 weeks (continuous treatment), or at weeks 4, 6, and 10 and then upon symptom recurrence (on‐demand treatment). The circulating concentration of infliximab was determined early during treatment and at weeks 46 and 52 for the continuous treatment group or upon relapse for the on‐demand group. Response in the continuous treatment group was defined at week 58 using the ASsessment in AS International Working Group Criteria for 20% improvement.

Results

Among the 93 patients in the continuous treatment group, treatment failure was not associated with a low circulating concentration of infliximab, either during early treatment or at 1 year. Eleven (39.2%) of the 28 nonresponders had an infliximab concentration of >10 μg/ml at week 52, whereas 9 (13.8%) of the 65 responders had an infliximab concentration of <1 μg/ml. In the on‐demand group, the infliximab concentration at relapse closely correlated with the time to relapse. However, 24 (36.9%) of 65 patients had a resurgence of clinical symptoms at an infliximab concentration of >10 μg/ml, whereas 25 patients (38.4%) had a relapse at an infliximab concentration of <0.5 μg/ml.

Conclusion

Responsiveness to infliximab treatment is highly heterogeneous among individuals with AS, and this parameter overcomes the circulating infliximab concentration to explain treatment success or failure.
Defining remission in rheumatoid arthritis: Results of an initial american college of rheumatology/european league against rheumatism consensus conference
Authors: van Tuyl Lilian H. D. , Vlad Steven C. , Felson David T. , Wells George , Boers Maarten
Published: April 2009

Objective

Due to advances in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) therapies over the last few years, an increasing proportion of patients are able to achieve a state of remission. However, the definition of remission is unclear. Currently, randomized controlled trials around the world use different remission definitions and consequently measure different aspects of a patient's disease state. The need for a uniform definition of remission is vital for research findings to be correctly interpreted.

Methods

The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) constituted a committee that included international clinical researchers, trialists, and clinical epidemiologists in order to redefine remission in RA. This group was asked to study current definitions of remission, explore the theoretical underpinning of the concept of remission, and develop a research agenda that would inform future work in the development of an ACR definition of remission.

Results

In its first meeting, the committee preferred to develop a strict definition, implying no or very low disease activity. Such a definition would need to be validated against long‐term outcome, e.g., physical function and damage.

Conclusion

The committee decided to consider both a definition for trials and a modified version for clinical practice. Since the first meeting, the ACR and the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) have decided to sponsor this initiative as an official ACR/EULAR collaboration.
Capillaroscopic skin ulcer risk index: A new prognostic tool for digital skin ulcer development in systemic sclerosis patients
Authors: Sebastiani M. , Manfredi A. , Colaci M. , D'amico R. , Malagoli V. , Giuggioli D. , Ferri C.
Published: April 2009

Objective

Digital ulcerations are one of the most frequent manifestations of microangiopathy in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma). The early detection of SSc patients who are at high risk to develop digital ulcers could allow a preventive treatment of these complications with reduction of morbidity and social costs. The aim of our study was to develop a capillaroscopic skin ulcer risk index (CSURI) that can predict the onset of new digital ulcers by using nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) in patients with SSc.

Methods

We performed NVC in 120 consecutive unselected patients with SSc (13 men, 107 women, mean ± SD age 56.1 ± 13.4 years, mean ± SD SSc duration 44.7 ± 60.7 months) to assess the total number of capillaries in the distal row (N), maximum loop diameter (D), number of megacapillaries (M), and the M:N ratio.

Results

Within 3 months since NVC examination, 35 of 120 patients experienced digital ulcers. A significant association between ischemic lesions and the M:N ratio, N, and D was observed; the combination of these parameters allowed us to develop the CSURI, which is characterized by the formula D × M:N2. A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed an area under the curve of 0.926 for ulcer appearance, with specificity and sensitivity of 85.9% and 94.3%, respectively, at the cutoff value of 2.94. Interestingly, 33 of 35 patients with new skin ulcers had a CSURI >2.94, but only 2 of 35 had a CSURI ≤2.94.

Conclusion

The proposed CSURI may represent a novel tool with the ability to predict the development of digital ulcers in patients with scleroderma.
Measuring shoulder function: A systematic review of four questionnaires
Authors: Roy Jean‐Sébastien , MacDermid Joy C. , Woodhouse Linda J.
Published: April 2009

Objective

To conduct a systematic review of the quality and content of the psychometric evidence relating to 4 shoulder disability scales: the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire, the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and the Simple Shoulder Test (SST).

Methods

We conducted a structured search using 3 databases (Medline, CINAHL, EMBase). In total, 71 published primary studies were analyzed. A pair of raters conducted data extraction and critical appraisal using structured tools. A descriptive synthesis was performed.

Results

Quality ratings of 55% of the studies reviewed reached a level of ≥75%. Most studies suggest that all 4 questionnaires have excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient ≥0.90). The 4 questionnaires are strongly correlated (r >0.70) with each other and with a number of similar indices, and the questionnaires were able to differentiate between different populations and disability levels. The minimal detectable change (MDC) is ∼9.4 for the ASES, 10.5 for the DASH, and 18 for the SPADI; the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) is ∼6.4 for the ASES and 10.2 for the DASH, and ranges between 8 and 13 for the SPADI. MDC and MCID have not been defined for the SST.

Conclusion

The psychometric properties of the ASES, DASH, and SPADI have been shown to be acceptable for clinical use. Conversely, some properties of the SST still need be evaluated, particularly the absolute errors of measurement. Overall, validation studies have focused on less clinically relevant properties (construct validity or group reliability) than estimates of MDC and MCID.
Validation of a manual ability questionnaire in patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Vanthuyne Marie , Smith Vanessa , Arat Seher , Westhovens René , de Keyser Filip , Houssiau Frédéric A. , Thonnard Jean‐Louis , Vandervelde Laure
Published: April 2009

Objective

To adapt and validate a manual ability questionnaire, the ABILHAND, developed through the Rasch methodology in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc).

Methods

The original version of the ABILHAND, which includes 81 manual daily activities, was presented to 156 patients with SSc. They were asked to provide their perceived difficulty in performing each manual activity on a 3‐level scale: impossible, difficult, or easy. Items were selected from well‐established psychometric criteria. The patients were reassessed 1 month later to test the reproducibility. Concomitantly, they were clinically evaluated for their disease activity/severity, and their functional ability was tested with the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ).

Results

The 26 selected items defined a unidimensional and linear measure of manual ability and showed a continuous progression in their difficulty. The item difficulty hierarchy was invariant across 12 patient‐related factors and the manual ability score was reproducible over time. Finally, the manual ability was significantly poorer in SSc patients with more severe disease, and was negatively correlated with the HAQ score (ρ = −0.733).

Conclusion

The SSc‐adapted ABILHAND questionnaire is a reliable, valid, reproducible, linear, and unidimensional measure to assess and followup on the manual ability of patients with SSc; therefore, it could become a useful additional tool in clinical trials to assess treatment efficacy.
Differences in the workforce experiences of women and men with arthritis disability: A population health perspective
Authors: Kaptein Simone A. , Gignac Monique A. M. , Badley Elizabeth M.
Published: April 2009

Objective

To examine the employment status characteristics of people with arthritis disability, with a focus on gender differences and who remains in the workforce.

Methods

Analyses were based on cross‐sectional, self‐reported data of the Canadian Participation and Activity Limitation Survey, administered in 2001–2002 (n = 28,908). Labor force status was categorized into employed, unemployed, and not in the labor force. Prevalence estimates were derived from descriptive analyses, and logistic regression determined the factors associated with being out of the labor force. Chi‐square and sex‐stratified analyses examined gender differences.

Results

An estimated 2.3% of the working‐age population (ages 25–64 years) reported arthritis disability, and >50% were out of the labor force. Being female, single, older, and having less education and more severe pain and disability were associated with being out of the labor force. Employed women with arthritis disability required more accommodations in the workplace and reported more activity limitations than men. Perceived discrimination was more likely to be reported by employed men, and men reported more changes to their work than women.

Conclusion

This study underscores the importance of looking more closely at differences in the employment experiences of women and men. Specifically, the results suggest that arthritis may marginalize women and men in different ways. Women may be more likely to leave employment, whereas men may be more likely to remain working and report negative workplace experiences.
Predicting depression in rheumatoid arthritis: The signal importance of pain extent and fatigue, and comorbidity
Authors: Wolfe Frederick , Michaud Kaleb
Published: April 2009

Objective

To determine the incidence of self‐reported depression (SRD) in rheumatoid arthritis and to identify and rank clinically useful predictors of depression.

Methods

We assessed 22,131 patients for SRD between 1999 and 2008. We collected demographic, clinical and treatment data, household income, employment and work disability status, comorbidity, scales for function, pain, global, and fatigue, the Regional Pain Scale (RPS), the Symptom Intensity (SI) scale (a linear combination of the RPS and the fatigue scales) and linear combinations of the Health Assessment Questionnaire, pain and global severity. We used logistic regression analyses with multivariable fractional polynomial predictors, and Random Forest analysis to determine the importance of the predictors.

Results

The cross‐sectional prevalence of self‐reported depression was 15.2% (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 14.7–15.7%) and the incidence rate was 5.5 (95% CI 5.3–5.7) per 100 patient years of observation. The cumulative risk of SRD after 9 years was 38.3% (95% CI 36.6–40.1%). Almost all variables were significant predictors in logistic models. In Random Forest analyses, the SI scale, followed by comorbidity, best predicted self‐reported depression, and no other variable or combination of variables improved prediction compared with the SI scale.

Conclusion

Pain extent and fatigue (SI scale) are the dominant predictors of SRD. These variables, also of central importance in the symptomatology of fibromyalgia, are powerful markers of distress. A strong case can be made for the inclusion of these assessments in routine rheumatology practice. In addition, actual knowledge of comorbidity provides important insights into the patient's global health and associated perceptions.
Rheumatoid arthritis joint progression in sustained remission is determined by disease activity levels preceding the period of radiographic assessment
Authors: Aletaha D. , Funovits J. , Breedveld F. C. , Sharp J. , Segurado O. , Smolen J. S.
Published: April 2009

Objective

Joint damage is related to disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the degree of its progression and the temporal associations between disease activity and joint damage are unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether there is a latency in the effect of disease activity on radiographic progression in patients with RA.

Methods

Data were obtained from the PREMIER trial, a 2‐year randomized, controlled clinical trial of adalimumab plus methotrexate versus methotrexate alone or adalimumab alone in early RA. Radiographic progression of joint damage was calculated using the modified total Sharp score in a subset of patients whose disease was in remission (Simplified Disease Activity Index ≤3.3) in the second year of the trial. The progression of damage in the second year was compared between groups of patients whose disease was already in remission for an additional period of 3, 6, or 9 months during the first year. Analysis of variance was used to test for a linear trend.

Results

Among 794 patients with early RA, 119 (15%) achieved sustained remission during the second year, with no difference in radiographic progression across the 3 treatment groups. Radiographic progression in the second year was significantly different between patients with 3, 6, or 9 additional months of remission during year 1 (mean change in the modified Sharp score 1.19 in those with 3 additional months of remission versus 0.20 in those with 6 additional months of remission and −0.32 in those with 9 additional months of remission; P < 0.05). The results were supported by similar findings in a series of sensitivity analyses.

Conclusion

These data indicate that the level of disease activity as well as the duration of remission affect subsequent progression of radiographic damage in RA. This latency between disease activity and its effects on radiographic progression should be considered when evaluating radiographic outcomes in trials of RA.
Regulation of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis through expression of integrins αVβ3 and αVβ5 on pulmonary T lymphocytes
Authors: Luzina Irina G. , Todd Nevins W. , Nacu Natalia , Lockatell Virginia , Choi Jung , Hummers Laura K. , Atamas Sergei P.
Published: April 2009

Objective

Pulmonary diseases associated with fibrosis, including scleroderma lung disease, are characterized by the accumulation of T cells in the lungs. These cells are thought to facilitate lung fibrosis, but the exact mechanisms of their profibrotic action are not clear. Several αV‐containing integrins, including αVβ3 and αVβ5, have been shown to directly activate transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and promote collagen accumulation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether pulmonary T cells express profibrotic integrins and regulate collagen accumulation.

Methods

Expression of integrins was assessed by immunohistochemical analysis of lung tissue, by flow cytometry using bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), and in a CCL18 overexpression animal model of pulmonary T cell infiltration. Experiments in cell cultures were performed to determine whether integrin‐expressing T cells are profibrotic in cocultures with pulmonary fibroblasts and, if so, through what possible mechanism.

Results

Lymphocytes and integrin‐positive cells were present in the lungs, and pulmonary T cells expressed integrins αVβ3 and αVβ5 in patients with SSc and in the animal model. Systemic administration of neutralizing anti–integrin αV antibody or a genetic deficiency of integrin β3 in the CCL18 overexpression model significantly attenuated CCL18‐driven pulmonary lymphocytic infiltration and collagen accumulation. Jurkat T cells overexpressing integrin αVβ3 or integrin αVβ5 in cocultures with primary pulmonary fibroblasts stimulated collagen accumulation and Smad2 nuclear translocation. Neutralizing anti‐TGFβ antibody attenuated the profibrotic effect of integrin‐expressing T cells.

Conclusion

Pulmonary infiltrating T lymphocytes may express integrins αVβ3 and αVβ5 that are necessary for lymphocytic infiltration and T cell–associated TGFβ activation and collagen accumulation.