bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sarcopenia Seems to Be Common in Older Patients With Restless Legs Syndrome
Authors: Gokdeniz Yildirim Açelya , Kaya Derya , Dost Fatma Sena , Ontan Mehmet Selman , Isik Ahmet Turan
Published: November 2024

Background

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a disorder characterized by nocturnally exacerbating pain that leads to significant sleep disturbances. The hormonal and metabolic changes caused by sleep disruption may increase the incidence of muscle‐related diseases like sarcopenia in older adults, which is defined by a progressive loss of muscle strength and mass. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between RLS and sarcopenia, which may affect each other through common pathophysiological pathways in older adults.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional study including 109 patients with RLS and 220 without RLS who applied to the geriatric clinic. RLS was assessed using the Turkish version of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group (IRLSSG). Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People‐2 criteria. All the demographics, comorbid conditions, medications and findings of comprehensive geriatric assessments were recorded. The association between RLS and sarcopenia was examined by logistic regression.

Results

The mean age was 75 ± 7.4 and 73.8 ± 7 years for the RLS and the control groups, respectively (p > 0.05) and the ratio of females was higher in the RLS group (69.7% vs. 57.9%) (p = 0.035). The frequencies of coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension (HT) and peripheral artery disease (PAD) were significantly higher in RLS patients (p = 0.020, p = 0.047, p = 0.010, respectively), while the prevalence of anaemia was 41% and 25‐OH Vitamin D levels (25[OH]D) were higher than in the control group (p < 0.001). The frequency of probable sarcopenia and sarcopenia was higher in patients with RLS than in controls (20% vs. 11%, p = 0.037 and 8% vs. 2.3%, p = 0.047, respectively). A significant association between RLS and an increased likelihood of probable sarcopenia, sarcopenia and slow gait speed (odds ratio [OR]: 2.621, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.265, 5.431]; OR: 4.542, 95% CI [1.284, 16.071]; OR: 2.663, 95% CI [1.432, 4.951], respectively) was found after adjusting for factors such as gender, HT, CAD, PAD, serum 25(OH)D levels, anaemia, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and nutritional status. However, the significance of low muscle mass disappeared (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that sarcopenia is prevalent among older patients with RLS, which seems to be associated with low muscle strength and slow gait speed. Given the negative health outcomes related to sarcopenia, interventions aimed at preventing its development could be significantly beneficial for patients with RLS in older adults as well.
Learning from the first: a qualitative study of the psychosocial benefits and treatment burdens of long‐acting cabotegravir/rilpivirine among early adopters in three U.S. clinics
Authors: Christopoulos Katerina A. , Smith Mollie B. , Pareek Priyasha , Dawdani Alicia , Erguera Xavier A. , Dance Kaylin V. , Walker Ryan S. , Grochowski Janet , Mayorga‐Munoz Francis , Hickey Matthew D. , Johnson Mallory O. , Sauceda John , Gutierrez Jose I. , Montgomery Elizabeth T. , Colasanti Jonathan A. , Collins Lauren F. , McNulty Moira C. , Koester Kimberly A.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Perspectives on long‐acting injectable cabotegravir/rilpivirine (CAB/RPV‐LA) from HIV health disparity populations are under‐represented in current literature yet crucial to optimize delivery.

Methods

Between August 2022 and May 2023, we conducted in‐depth interviews with people with HIV (PWH) at four HIV clinics in Atlanta, Chicago and San Francisco. Eligibility criteria were current CAB/RPV‐LA use with receipt of ≥3 injections or CAB/RPV‐LA discontinuation. We purposefully sampled for PWH who initiated with viraemia (plasma HIV RNA >50 copies/ml) due to adherence challenges, discontinuers, and cis and trans women. Interviews were coded and analysed using thematic methods grounded in descriptive phenomenology. Clinical data were abstracted from the medical record.

Results

The sample (San Francisco n = 25, Atlanta n = 20, Chicago n = 14 for total n = 59, median number of injections = 6) consisted of 48 PWH using CAB/RPV‐LA and 11 who had discontinued. The median age was 50 (range 25–73) and 40 (68%) identified as racial/ethnic minorities, 19 (32%) cis or trans women, 16 (29%) were experiencing homelessness/unstable housing, 12 (20%) had recently used methamphetamine or opioids and 11 (19%) initiated with viraemia. All participants except one (who discontinued) had evidence of viral suppression at interview. Typical benefits of CAB/RPV‐LA included increased convenience, privacy and freedom from being reminded of HIV and reduced anxiety about forgetting pills. However, PWH who became virally suppressed through CAB/RPV‐LA use also experienced an amelioration of feelings of shame and negative self‐worth related to oral adherence challenges. Regardless of baseline viral suppression status, successful use of CAB/RPV‐LA amplified positive provider/clinic relationships, and CAB/RPV‐LA was often viewed as less “work” than oral antiretroviral therapy, which created space to attend to other aspects of health and wellness. For some participants, CAB/RPV‐LA remained “work,” particularly with regard to injection site pain and visit frequency. At times, these burdens outweighed the aforementioned benefits, resulting in discontinuation.

Conclusions

CAB/RPV‐LA offers a range of logistical, psychosocial and care engagement benefits, which are experienced maximally by PWH initiating with viraemia due to adherence challenges; however, benefits do not always outweigh treatment burdens and can result in discontinuation. Our findings on rationales for persistence versus discontinuation can inform both initial and follow‐up patient counselling.
Effectiveness of Comprehensive Video Datasets
Authors: Waki Tomohiko , Sato Yukina , Tsukamoto Kazuya , Yamada Eriku , Yamamoto Akiko , Ibara Takuya , Sasaki Toru , Kuroiwa Tomoyuki , Nimura Akimoto , Sugiura Yuta , Fujita Koji , Yoshii Toshitaka
Published: November 2024

Objectives

Advances in diagnosing carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) using ultrasonography (US) and artificial intelligence (AI) aim to replace nerve conduction studies. However, a method for accurate severity diagnosis remains unachieved. We explored the potential of comprehensive video data formats for constructing an effective model for diagnosing CTS severity.

Methods

We studied 75 individuals (52 with CTS) from 2019 to 2022, categorizing them into 3 groups based on disease severity. We recorded 132 US videos of carpal tunnel during finger movement. Features of the median nerve (MN) were extracted from automatically segmented US video frames, from which 3 datasets were created: a comprehensive video dataset with full information, a key metrics dataset, and an initial frame dataset with the least information. We compared the accuracy of machine learning algorithms for classifying CTS severity into 3 groups across these datasets using 63‐fold cross‐validation.

Results

The cross‐sectional area of the MN correlated with severity (P < .05) but MN displacement did not. The algorithm using the comprehensive video dataset exhibited the highest sensitivity (1.00) and accuracy (0.75).

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that utilizing comprehensive video data enables a more accurate US‐based diagnosis of CTS severity. This underscores the value of capturing the patterns of MN deformation and movement, which cannot be captured by representative metrics such as medians or maximums. By further developing an AI model based on our findings, a simpler and painless method for assessing CTS severity can be achieved.
Should Cochlear Implant Contraindicate Transcranial Stimulation? A Case Study with Safety Implications
Authors: Zarchi Omer , Amitai Amir , Attias Joseph , Raveh Eyal , Greenstein Tally , Alpert Susan , Marcado Eyal
Published: November 2024

Electrical stimulation in proximity to a cochlear implant (CI) is contraindicated due to the potential risk of damaging the implant and thermal insult to the inner ear. Yet, during surgical procedures that pose a risk to the nervous system, the use of transcranial electrical stimulation for neuromonitoring is crucial for assessing the integrity of the motor pathways and preventing neurological insults. The current paper depicts a case of a patient with CI undergoing two consecutive surgeries for scoliosis correction, revealing a suspected pending neurological insult in the second operation. An audiological and electrical examination after each operation demonstrated preserved auditory function and normal functioning of the CI, respectively. The current case is consistent with previous reports reviewed in the paper, showing no CI failures nor hearing deterioration following transcranial electrical stimulation for neuromonitoring and electroconvulsive therapy. In light of this accumulating evidence, there is an urgent need for manufacturers and regulatory bodies to proactively undertake a comprehensive review of this declared contraindication. Subsequently, an updated data‐driven risk analysis is essential to weigh the consequences of preventing the contraindicated tools and treatments, as well as their potential benefits to these patients. Laryngoscope, 2024
Laryngeal Mucosal Tumor Mapping with Narrow Band Imaging and Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy
Authors: Atkins Amanda , Koch Connor , James Sherin , Wodeyar Akhilesh , Sievert Matti , Goncalves Miguel , Jeyarajan Harishanker , Warram Jason M. , Panuganti Bharat A.
Published: November 2024

Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) represents an emerging probe‐based intraoperative optical imaging modality, contingent on differential fluoroscein uptake, equipped to improve intraoperative identification of subclinical mucosal disease. In the analysis herein, we describe improved sensitivity, compared to narrow band imaging and small‐volume tissue biopsies, of CLE in the discrimination of occult disease based on cellular and subcellular morphology during endoscopic resection of early‐staged larynx cancers. Laryngoscope, 2024
Bilateral Versus Unilateral Repair of Nasal Septal Perforation: A Two‐Center Retrospective Study
Authors: Rusetsky Yury , Averbukh Vladimir , Mokoyan Zhanna , Daykhes Nikolay , Elumeeva Anna , Volkova Darya
Published: November 2024

Background

There are two main approaches for nasal septal perforation (NSP) surgery—bilateral and unilateral repair. There are advantages and disadvantages to each of these techniques. At the same time, there is a lack of comparative studies on the effectiveness of these approaches. The study aims to compare the effectiveness of unilateral and bilateral closure of NSP.

Methods

A total of 99 patients with symptomatic NSP underwent surgery between 2021 and 2022 and were followed up at two large tertiary centers. The “unilateral closure” group (Group 1, N = 47) utilized an anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA) flap to close the perforations. Group 2 (N = 52) consisted of patients, who underwent bilateral closure of NSP.

Results

Complete closure of the NSP was achieved in 39 of 47 (83%) patients in Group 1 and in 48 of 52 (92.3%) patients in Group 2. There was a trend toward a higher incidence of incomplete defect closure among Group 1 patients when analyzing the subgroups of large (>2 cm) NSP (RR = 2.75 [95% CI: 0.96; 7.87], p = 0.072). There was a statistically significant decrease in SNOT‐25 score after surgery in each of the study groups (p < 0.001) with no significant differences between groups (p = 0.51).

Conclusions

The relative advantages of the thin flap are outweighed by the obtained data of higher efficacy of the bilateral technique in large NSP cases. Therefore, in cases of surgical repair of small and medium‐sized NSP, the closure rates after single‐layer and double‐layer closure are comparable.

Level of Evidence

III Laryngoscope, 2024
Impact of Climate Change on the Spatiotemporal Change in Vegetation Gross Primary Productivity of Marsh Wetlands Across China
Authors: Wang Yanji , Xin Yuan , Zhang Jiaqi , Tong Shouzheng , Jiang Ming , Lu Xianguo , Shen Xiangjin
Published: November 2024

China has the world's third‐largest area of marsh wetlands that plays a critical role in regional and global carbon cycle. Vegetation gross primary productivity (GPP) is a commonly used indicator of carbon sequestration of wetland ecosystems. Although climate change has significantly changed the marsh GPP, the changes in GPP and climatic effects in the marshes of China remian unclear. Using MODIS GPP and climate data during 2001–2020, this study examined the spatiotemporal changes in marsh GPP and its response to climate change in China. The results indicate that the annual averaged GPP over marshes of China increased significantly (4.56 g C/m2/year), with an average value of 517.39 g C/m2 from 2001 to 2020. Increased annual precipitation significantly enhances the regionally averaged GPP of marshes across China, while mean temperature does not have a significant effect on marsh GPP. Although temperature did not have an obvious effect on the national average GPP, it had a significant effect on the GPP in some marsh regions of China. This study found for the first time the asymmetric influences of daytime and nighttime temperatures on marsh GPP. Specifically, nighttime temperature had a larger positive impact on marsh GPP compared to daytime temperature in China. Increased daytime temperature could decrease annual GPP, while increased nighttime temperature increases the GPP. At a regional scale, the impact of climate change on marsh GPP varies significantly across climate regions. In the Tibetan Plateau marsh region, the increases in annual maximum temperature, annual minimum temperatures, and spring precipitation contribute to the increase in annual marsh GPP. Spatially, the partial correlation results have obvious spatial heterogeneities across China. This study highlights the distinct influences of seasonal climatic change on marsh GPP of different regions and suggests that the asymmetric impacts of day and night temperatures should be fully considered inaccurately simulating and predicting the vegetation productivity in China marsh.
Time‐resolved MR fingerprinting for T2* signal extraction: MR fingerprinting meets echo planar time‐resolved imaging
Authors: Cui Di , Liu Xiaoxi , Larson Peder E. Z. , Xu Duan
Published: November 2024

Purpose

This study leverages the echo planar time‐resolved imaging (EPTI) concept in MR fingerprinting (MRF) framework for a new time‐resolved MRF (TRMRF) approach, and explores its capability for fast simultaneous quantification of multiple MR parameters including T1, T2, T2*, proton density, off resonance, and B1+.

Methods

The proposed TRMRF method uses the concept of EPTI to track the signal change along the EPI echo train for T2* weighting with a k‐t Poisson‐based sampling order designed for acquisition. A two‐dimensional decomposition algorithm was designed for the image reconstruction, enabling fast and precise subspace modeling. The accuracy of proposed method was evaluated by a T1/T2 phantom. The feasibility was demonstrated through 5 healthy volunteer brain studies.

Results

In the phantom studies, T1, T2, and T2* maps of TRMRF correlated strongly with gold‐standard methods. The concordance correlation coefficients are 0.9999, 0.9984 and 0.9978, and R2s are 0.9998, 0.9971, and 0.9983. In the in vivo studies, quantitative maps were acquired with 5 healthy volunteers. TRMRF was demonstrated to have comparable results with spiral MRF and gradient‐echo EPTI. TRMRF scans using 16, 10, and 6 s per slice were also evaluated to demonstrate the capability of shorter scan times.

Conclusion

A new approach is proposed to exploit the advantage of EPTI in the MRF framework. We demonstrate in phantom and in vivo experiments that T1, T2, T2*, proton density, off resonance, and B1+ can be simultaneously quantified within 6 s/slice by TRMRF.
Enhancing adhesive bonding and mechanical properties of composite sandwich panels through atmospheric plasma activation
Authors: Ozbek Yagiz , Yildirim Ceren , Yakin Fetiye Esin , Topal Serra , Yildiz Mehmet , Sas Hatice S.
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the effect of atmospheric plasma activation (APA) treatment on the thermomechanical performance of adhesively bonded skins of composite sandwich panels. The investigations show that APA treatment enhances surface wettability through the water contact angle measurements, and adhesion between the skin and honeycomb core of the panels under mechanical tests. Specifically, APA treatment results in an 11% increase in flatwise tensile strength and a 12% enhancement in the impact strength of the sandwich laminates. Flatwise tensile tests reveal superior tensile strength and toughness in APA‐treated specimens, with fracture patterns suggesting more robust adhesion. Charpy impact test results confirm increased energy absorption, reflecting better mechanical resilience. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) techniques are utilized to validate these findings. Overall, APA treatment proves to be an effective technique for enhancing the performance of composite sandwich panels, offering improved adhesion, strength, and impact resistance. This approach holds significant promise for advancing high‐performance composite materials in various engineering applications.

Highlights

APA treatment enhances wettability and adhesion in sandwich panels.

Improved adhesive distribution between skin‐core after sandwich manufacturing.

11% increase in tensile strength and 12% in impact strength with APA.

Better toughness and energy absorption via SEM and DMA support in APA.
Micropatterning of Confined Surfaces with Polymer Brushes by Two‐Photon‐Initiated Reversible Addition–Fragmentation Chain‐Transfer Polymerization
Authors: Helfert Stefan , Zandrini Tommaso , Rohatschek Andreas , Rufin Manuel , Machata Peter , Zahoranová Anna , Andriotis Orestis G. , Thurner Philipp J. , Ovsianikov Aleksandr , Liska Robert , Baudis Stefan
Published: November 2024

Photopatterned polymer brushes provide a viable option to alter the surface properties of biosensors, substrates for tissue engineering, or microelectronic implants. Although the one‐photon direct laser writing enables excellent control over pattern geometry, it has an inherently limited writing resolution caused by the used light source; moreover, no patterning of undercuts or channels is possible. This article describes the preparation of patterned polymer brushes on confined glass substrates using two‐photon‐initiated reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer (2PRAFT) polymerization of N‐acryloylmorpholine as a hydrophilic model monomer. The polymer brushes prepared by 2PRAFT exhibit a height of 10 nm, as confirmed by atomic force microscopy. In addition, well‐defined printed structures down to 5 μm size are prepared, which outperforms the currently achieved resolution of polymer brushes prepared by one‐photon direct laser writing.
Review of Technical Photovoltaic Key Performance Indicators and the Importance of Data Quality Routines
Authors: Lindig Sascha , Herz Magnus , Ascencio‐Vásquez Julián , Theristis Marios , Herteleer Bert , Deckx Julien , Anderson Kevin
Published: November 2024

Technical key performance indicators (KPIs) are important metrics used to assess and quantitatively summarize various aspects of photovoltaic (PV) systems, including long‐term performance, economic viability, and carbon footprint. Herein, a group of experts of the International Energy Agency's Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme Task 13 collect and describ the most important technical KPIs used in the industry. Thereby, a set of best practices for reliably handling PV system data is presented and the impact of data quality and climatic variability on KPI calculation is investigated. The effective use of technical KPIs allows triggering data‐driven and informed decisions to optimize PV systems and providing a comprehensive overview of how PV systems operate across different conditions and climates. With the worldwide growth of the PV industry, more companies operate/own PV systems in different regions, where the climatic and seasonal profiles differ. This requires context‐aware evaluation of KPIs, or the judicious application of multiple KPIs, to ensure that each asset is evaluated correctly. Beyond that, there is untapped potential in the utilization of KPIs through geospatial mapping and extrapolation of fleet KPIs. This study demonstrates that the uncertainty in KPI estimation is not well understood and depends on data quality, climatic variability, and system configuration.
Regulation of Appropriate Prompts for Users in Text‐Based Generative Artificial Intelligence Programs
Authors: Li Kaigeng , Jia Wechen , Li Zhi
Published: November 2024

Background

The principle of transparency is of great significance in the governance of text‐based generative artificial intelligence (AI) technology. The principle of transparency not only requires the operational principles and algorithms of text‐based generative artificial intelligence to be interpretable, but also requires text‐based generative artificial intelligence programs to fulfill basic prompting obligations to users, especially when it comes to the output content of generative artificial intelligence, which cannot guarantee true and accurate prompts.

Aims

The purpose of this study is to explore the classification and frequency of prompt methods in text‐based generative artificial intelligence and to propose that laws should require different prompt rules for various user categories, addressing the current gap in existing regulations.

Methods

The experiment is conducted from June 1 to 15, 2024 in the school, scientific research company, media organization hall, and railway station lounge, and Kimi program, Tongyi program, ERNIE Bot program, iFLYTEK Spark program, etc., are used as text‐based generative AI programs.

Discussion

The results show that users aged 8‐17 who are minors only have 6 points in their perception of the authenticity of the output content of generative artificial intelligence programs; the level of awareness of possible falsity during use reaches 4 points; the degree of user misleading is as high as 13 points.

Conclusion

The study concludes that, for individuals needing special protection, such as minors, prompts should accompany every instance of content generation. For other user groups, prompts should be issued when necessary. To enhance prompt effectiveness, the program should display permanent prompts in prominent positions on the interface, using noticeable fonts and clear, well‐designed wording. Research reveals that minors have insufficient perception of the authenticity of the output content of generative artificial intelligence, and the risk of misleading is significant, highlighting the importance of clear prompts for this specific group every time they generate content.
Nature Knows Best: Extracellular Matrix‐Gelatin Hydrogel Masking Bioauthentic Bone Scaffold Locking Blood Clot to Induce M2 Macrophage‐Mediated Bone Regeneration via Activating an Endocytosis‐Macroautophagy‐Inflammation Axis
Authors: Xu Jieyun , Yu Xiaoran , Chen Hongcheng , Xue Junlong , Gong Zhuohong , Shan Zhengjie , Chen Shijie , Guo Yuanlong , Gao Xiaomeng , Zhang Linjun , Xiao Yin , Deng Feilong , Chen Zetao
Published: November 2024

Individualized biological hydroxyapatite (BHA) scaffolds are essential for repairing critical craniomaxillofacial bone defects. Additive manufacturing relies on synthetic hydroxyapatite and biomimetic structures, making the resulting scaffolds inferior to natural bone. A subtractive manufacturing solution is proposed to cut natural bone blocks and then sinter them into BHA scaffolds. However, BHA scaffolds with fragile mechanical performance, fail to maintain scaffold integrity, due to microcracks generated by loss of organics from extracellular matrix (ECM). To preserve natural structure and enhance mechanical properties, ECM‐gelatin hydrogel (ECM‐Gel) is utilized as a micron‐level coating to smooth surface microcracks like a facial mask. ECM‐Gel shows potential in regulating blood clot fibrin network which may induce a favorable macrophage‐mediated bone regeneration. Therefore, a gelatin hydrogel‐masked BHA (G‐BHA) scaffold system is developed using crosslinker genipin (2 and 8 mM). ECM‐Gel formed a “hybrid layer”, smoothing the micron‐level microcracks and enhancing mechanical properties of BHA; it activated platelets to lock blood clot with dense fibrin network, inducing M2 macrophage via a potential endocytosis‐macroautophagy‐inflammation axis for bone regeneration. In vivo experiments confirmed G‐BHA scaffolds promoted ectopic and in situ bone regeneration. Therefore, ECM‐gel‐masking demonstrates great potential in developing individualized bioauthentic bone scaffolds with favorable blood clot and macrophage‐mediated bone regeneration.
Are we language teacher educators? Using linguistic cartography to support teacher identity development around language
Authors: Leider Christine Montecillo , Dobbs Christina L. , Galloway Emily Phillips
Published: November 2024

As university teacher educators in the United States, the three authors prepare teacher candidates (TCs) who will be working with culturally and linguistically diverse learners (CLDLs) in a range of classrooms at various levels and focused on various disciplines. The authors argue that all TCs will be language teachers, in that they will teach CLDLs and use language to teach content and, in this article, the authors discuss tensions in their own professional identities that arise when teaching TCs to work with CLDLs. Specifically, the authors use Self‐Study of Teacher Education Practices (S‐STEP, Vanassche & Kelchtermans, 2015) to explore how a language mapping activity, linguistic cartography (Phillips Galloway et al., 2022), initially designed to support TCs to examine links between their personal idiolect and identities, has impacted how they understand their own identities and development as teacher educators.
Analysis of thermomechanical responses of functionally graded unbounded materials using an advanced dual‐phase delay heat transfer model with higher‐order fractional derivatives
Authors: Alsaeed Salman S. , Abouelregal Ahmed E.
Published: November 2024

The present article provides a theoretical investigation into the thermoelastic behavior of functionally graded materials (FGMs) using modified thermoelastic conduction models. These enhanced models have potential applications in various engineering fields, including aerospace, pressure vessels, and structural engineering. The research delves into examining a thermoelastic scenario concerning an infinite FGM with a spherical cavity exposed to thermal shock. This analysis is framed within the dual‐phase‐lag (DPL) thermoelasticity theory and incorporates higher‐order fractional derivatives. The analysis employs the Laplace transform method to address the problem, utilizing the Taylor series expansion of higher‐order fractional derivatives as proposed by Caputo and Fabrizio. This approach enables advanced approximations of heat flux, temperature gradients, and thermal displacements. The study assumes that the thermal and mechanical properties of the FGM vary as a power function of the radial coordinate. The results are presented graphically, showing temperature distributions, stress fields, and displacement profiles. Additionally, the study explores how variations in the gradation parameter and the coefficient of fractional derivatives impact the thermoelastic behavior of the material.
Cerebral Vasospasm Following the Endoscopic Endonasal Resection of Craniopharyngioma
Authors: Joshua Shejoy P. , Panikar Dilip , Viswam Vineeth
Published: November 2024

Cerebral vasospasm following an endoscopic endonasal resection of a craniopharyngioma is a rare, devastating occurrence that can lead to delayed cerebral ischemia and a poor neurological outcome if not diagnosed and treated in a timely manner. The etiology of this condition is not well understood. In this chapter, we present a case of cerebral vasospasm following transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) for craniopharyngioma, review the literature, and identify common presenting symptoms, probable predisposing factors, and essential management strategies to treat this condition.
The Profile of the Italian Civil Society Elite
Authors: Santilli Cecilia , Scaramuzzino Roberto
Published: November 2024

This chapter examines the socio-demographic profile and attitudinal orientations of Italy’s civil society elite, offering critical insights into the power dynamics and representation within the sector. Comparative analyses situate the elite vis-à-vis the general population, grassroots activists, and economically privileged groups, revealing disparities across age, gender, education, and nativity indicators. The elite emerge as predominantly older, male, highly educated, and native-born, and are thus emblematic of entrenched privilege structures. However, their attitudes chart a strikingly divergent trajectory, exhibiting greater social trust, left-leaning ideologies, and robust support for progressive causes like LGBTQ+ rights relative to other cohorts. Qualitative perspectives elicited from elite leaders contextualise these findings, illuminating perceptions around gender representation challenges, generational barriers, and ideological tensions within the ranks of civil society. This duality—socio-demographic privilege juxtaposed with progressive attitudes—positions the elite as potential catalysts of transformative change. The chapter’s rigorous examination exposes power geometries shaping the sector while highlighting civil society’s avant-garde role in catalysing inclusive leadership, intergenerational dialogue, and equitable social progress. Grappling with intersections of privilege and ideology leads to the emergence of new pathways towards realising civil society’s transformative potential.
A Kaleidoscope of Power, Tradition, and Transformation
Authors: Santilli Cecilia , Scaramuzzino Roberto
Published: November 2024

This final chapter discusses how this volume has explored the dynamics that shape the composition, trajectories, and societal influence of Italian civil society elite. By bridging civil society studies and elite studies, it unveils the complexities characterising this elite stratum, illuminating their socio-demographic profiles, ideological orientations, career pathways, and subjective perceptions. The findings highlight a paradox between the socio-demographic privilege and progressive ideological leanings of Italian civil society elite. The volume has also examined professionalisation trajectories and contrasting leadership models across national contexts. It explored the career mobility and boundary-crossing patterns, as well as the historical legacies, ideological divides, and subjective realities that shape the Italian third sector. By integrating civil society studies and elite studies, this work challenges theoretical frameworks, confronts the tension between inclusivity rhetoric and stratified realities, and contributes to a nuanced understanding of the role of civil society elites in democratic governance and social change.
Nailfold microscopy in adult-onset dermatomyositis in association with myositis antibodies
Authors: Flatley Elizabeth M. , Collins Dina , Lukowiak Tess M. , Miller Jason H.
Published: November 2024

Dermatomyositis (DM) is an immune mediated inflammatory disease classically associated with muscular and cutaneous involvement. Existing studies have suggested characteristic nailfold findings may be observed in DM, indicating a potential role for nailfold microscopic examination in the diagnosis of DM. To that end, we performed a systematic review of literature pertaining to nailfold microscopic, capillaroscopic, and dermoscopic findings observed in patients with DM, with a secondary review of the association of nailfold microscopic findings with myositis-specific antibody (MSA) and myositis-associated antibody (MAA) status. Thirty-seven papers, representing 346 patients, met inclusion criteria. The most prevalent nailfold findings were evidence of increased vascular diameter (64.5%, n = 223) and decreased vascularity (57.5%, n = 199). Scleroderma-spectrum pattern and microhemorrhage or hemorrhage were both observed in 156 (45.1%) patients. Fifty-one patients had nailfold capillaroscopic findings reported in direct association with antibody positivity and demonstrated a range of nailfold findings, preliminarily suggesting associations between antibody-status and capillaroscopic findings. The results of our study align with existing data indicating the scleroderma-spectrum pattern and the pattern’s composite features are prevalent in patients with DM. Our review further demonstrates a variety of nailfold capillaroscopic findings are found in patients positive for MSAs and MAAs.
Introducing a microstructure-embedded autoencoder approach for reconstructing high-resolution solution field data from a reduced parametric space
Authors: Najafi Koopas Rasoul , Rezaei Shahed , Rauter Natalie , Ostwald Richard , Lammering Rolf
Published: November 2024

In this study, we develop a novel multi-fidelity deep learning approach that transforms low-fidelity solution maps into high-fidelity ones by incorporating parametric space information into an autoencoder architecture. This method’s integration of parametric space information significantly reduces the amount of training data needed to effectively predict high-fidelity solutions from low-fidelity ones. In this study, we examine a two-dimensional steady-state heat transfer analysis within a heterogeneous materials microstructure. The heat conductivity coefficients for two different materials are condensed from a 101 

$$\times $$

×

 101 grid to smaller grids. We then solve the boundary value problem on the coarsest grid using a pre-trained physics-informed neural operator network known as Finite Operator Learning (FOL). The resulting low-fidelity solution is subsequently upscaled back to a 101 

$$\times $$

×

 101 grid using a newly designed enhanced autoencoder. The novelty of the developed enhanced autoencoder lies in the concatenation of heat conductivity maps of different resolutions to the decoder segment in distinct steps. Hence the developed algorithm is named microstructure-embedded autoencoder (MEA). We compare the MEA outcomes with those from finite element methods, the standard U-Net, and an interpolation approach as an upscaling technique. Our analysis shows that MEA outperforms these methods in terms of computational efficiency and error on representative test cases. As a result, the MEA serves as a potential supplement to neural operator networks, effectively upscaling low-fidelity solutions to high-fidelity while preserving critical details often lost in traditional upscaling methods, such as sharp interfaces features lost in the context of interpolation approaches.
Bayesian dynamic quantile model averaging
Authors: Bernardi Mauro , Casarin Roberto , Maillet Bertrand B. , Petrella Lea
Published: November 2024

This article introduces a novel dynamic framework to Bayesian model averaging for time-varying parameter quantile regressions. By employing sequential Markov chain Monte Carlo, we combine empirical estimates derived from dynamically chosen quantile regressions, thereby facilitating a comprehensive understanding of the quantile model instabilities. The effectiveness of our methodology is initially validated through the examination of simulated datasets and, subsequently, by two applications to the US inflation rates and to the US real estate market. Our empirical findings suggest that a more intricate and nuanced analysis is needed when examining different sub-period regimes, since the determinants of inflation and real estate prices are clearly shown to be time-varying. In conclusion, we suggest that our proposed approach could offer valuable insights to aid decision making in a rapidly changing environment.
Towards Developing the Scientific Basis for New Testing Methodologies to Quantify and Compare Firebrand Generation from Building Components
Authors: Suzuki Sayaka , Naruse Tomohiro , Manzello Samuel L.
Published: November 2024

Firebrands are a dangerous threat, leading to fire spread at distances far away from the original fire location. Testing methodologies are needed to be develop materials so that buildings produce less firebrands during actual fire events. Through dedicated experiments focused on understanding the complex process of firebrand generation from full-scale buildings and building components under wind, a reduced-scale test method capable of comparing firebrand generation from mock-up assemblies has been developed. Here, a new series of full-scale experiments under wind, focused on roof assemblies fitted with cedar roof coverings, was undertaken to determine if the reduced-scale experimental method could indeed predict the full-scale experimental observations. The reduced-scale experimental method correctly predicted that: fire retardant cedar shakes would produce the least number of firebrands, the overall range of firebrand sizes generated from all types of cedar coverings utilized, and that the firebrand coefficient, namely, firebrand density times average thickness of firebrands, $${(\rho }_{fb}\times {\delta }_{ave, fb} ={\alpha }_{fb}$$

(
ρ

fb

×

δ

a
v
e
,
f
b

=

α

fb

) increased as the wind speed increased for cedar shingles. Cedar shakes resulted in a different trend in firebrand coefficient, which may be expected due to their more non-uniform shape prior to combustion.
Simultaneous versus sequential option presentation: A conceptual replication
Authors: Bischof Severin Friedrich , Bauer Johannes , Nagengast Liane
Published: November 2024

By investigating the impact of different presentation orders, Mogilner et al. (2013) demonstrated that consumers are more satisfied and committed when the options of a choice set were presented all at once (simultaneously) rather than one at a time (sequentially). We replicate this effect in the online dating context across two studies and demonstrate that choosers are more satisfied and committed if they viewed all dating profiles simultaneously rather than sequentially when making their choice. This effect is mainly driven by regret arising from foregoing options in sequential settings.
Evaluation of a carbon dioxide fish barrier through numerical modelling
Authors: Politano M. , Cupp A. , Smith D. , Schemmel A. , Jackson P. R. , Zuercher J.
Published: November 2024

The Chicago Area Waterway System (CAWS) is a potential route for the migration of aquatic invasive species from the Mississippi River Basin into the Great Lakes. Electric dispersal barriers were installed in the Chicago Sanitary Ship Canal, within CAWS, to prevent invasive fish from reaching the Great Lakes. Despite the high efficiency of these barriers, occasional maintenance events create a vulnerability that fish can exploit to access the Great Lakes. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of a carbon dioxide (CO2) infusion system to deter fish during the maintenance of the electric barriers. An algebraic slip mixture model was implemented in the OpenFOAM solver to represent the underwater CO2 bubble plume and predict the concentration of dissolved CO2 in the canal. Simulations under three canal flowrates and two sparger systems were conducted assuming a constant gas flowrate. Numerical results indicate that, for all simulated conditions, the CO2 concentration is not fully mixed creating passageways that invasive fish could potentially use to migrate upstream. Injecting 4-mm bubbles induces two large-scale recirculations that are expected to synergistically improve fish avoidance. On the other hand, injection of 20 $$\upmu$$
μ
m bubbles results on almost immediate dissolution with minimal effect on the flow pattern. To improve effectiveness, a gas pulse system was proposed and numerically evaluated. Based on the simulations, this system not only extends the operation of the CO2 barrier but also increases efficiency creating CO2 gradients that can promote a more responsive behaviour from fish. Moreover, the pulse concept mitigates potential effect of elevated CO2 downstream from the treated area.
Novel approach for biomaterial assessment: utilizing the Ex Ovo quail cam assay for biocompatibility pre-screening
Authors: Tirpakova Zuzana , Demcisakova Zuzana , Luptakova Lenka , Hurnikova Julia , Coma Matus , Urban Lukas , Gal Peter , Medvecky Lubomir , Petrovova Eva
Published: November 2024

In recent years, the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) has emerged as a crucial component of biocompatibility testing for biomaterials designed for regenerative strategies and tissue engineering applications. This study explores angiogenic potential of an innovative acellular and porous biopolymer scaffold, based on polyhydroxybutyrate and chitosan (PHB/CHIT), using the ex ovo quail CAM assay as an alternative to the conventional chick CAM test. On embryonic day 6 (ED6), we placed the tested biomaterials on the CAM alone or soaked them with various substances, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A), saline, or the endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor Angiostatin. After 72 h (ED9), we analyzed blood vessels formation, a sign of ongoing angiogenesis, in the vicinity of the scaffold and within its pores. We employed marker for cell proliferation (PHH3), embryonic endothelium (WGA, SNA), myofibroblasts (α-SMA), and endothelial cells (QH1) for morphological and histochemical analysis. Our findings demonstrated the robust angiogenic potential of the untreated scaffold without additional influence from the angiogenic factor VEGF-A. Furthermore, gene expression analysis revealed an upregulation of pro-angiogenic growth factors, including VEGF-A, ANG-2, and VE-Cadherin after 5 days of implantation, indicative of a pro-angiogenic microenvironment. These results underscore the inherent angiogenic potential of the PHB/CHIT composite. Additionally, monitoring of CAM microvilli growing to the scaffold provides a methodology for investigating the biocompatibility of materials using the ex ovo quail CAM assay as a suitable alternative model compared to the chicken CAM platform. This approach offers a rapid screening method for biomaterials in the field of tissue repair/regeneration and engineering.
Vector meson’s spin alignments in high energy reactions
Authors: Chen Jin-Hui , Liang Zuo-Tang , Ma Yu-Gang , Sheng Xin-Li , Wang Qun
Published: November 2024

The global spin alignment of vector mesons has been observed by the STAR collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). It provides a unique opportunity to probe the correlation between the polarized quark and antiquark in the strongly coupled quark-gluon plasma (sQGP) produced in relativistic heavy ion collisions, opening a new window to explore the properties of sQGP. In addition, spin alignments of vector mesons have also been observed in other high-energy particle collisions such as e+e− annihilations at high energies where hadron production is dominated by quark fragmentation mechanism. The results obtained are quite different from those obtained in heavy ion collisions where quark coalescence/combination mechanism dominates suggesting strong dependence on hadronization mechanisms. So comprehensive studies in different hadronization processes are needed. In this article, we present a brief review of theoretical and experimental advances in the study of vector meson’s spin alignments in a variety of high-energy particle collisions, with emphasis on hadronization mechanisms.
Safety and effectiveness of lenalidomide in Japanese patients with relapsed/refractory ATLL: post-marketing surveillance
Authors: Miyazaki Tohru , Uno Shuji , Fujimori Hiroaki , Motegi Yoko
Published: November 2024

Lenalidomide is an oral immunomodulatory agent approved for the treatment of relapsed/refractory adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) in Japan. Post-marketing surveillance (PMS) was conducted to confirm its safety and effectiveness. From April 2017 until April 2020, safety data were obtained for 77 patients and effectiveness data for 65 patients (31.2% of patients had progressive disease as the best response to their most recent prior regimen). Forty-nine patients (63.6%) in the safety analysis set experienced an adverse drug reaction (ADR). Grade ≥ 3 ADRs occurred in 42.9%. The most common Grade ≥ 3 ADRs were neutrophil count decreased/neutropenia and platelet count decreased/thrombocytopenia (11.7% each). Serious ADRs occurred in 26 patients. Five patients had previously received allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Among these, one experienced acute graft versus host disease (GvHD) during lenalidomide administration and two responded to lenalidomide. Effectiveness analysis showed that an objective response was achieved in 29.2% of patients. No statistically significant differences were observed in the objective response rates of patients aged < 70 versus those aged ≥ 70 years (33.3% vs 28.0%, respectively; p = 0.6904). No new safety signals were observed in this PMS, and lenalidomide demonstrated a favorable benefit-risk balance in Japanese patients with ATLL.
Psychometric development and validation of the Hospital Resilience Index
Authors: Lirk Philipp , Janjua Haroon , Rogers Michael , Flynn Stephen , Kuo Paul , Pietrobon Ricardo
Published: November 2024

Background

Throughout the past decades, the United States healthcare system has seen increased efforts to promote continuity of operations in response to external or internal stressors. There is no marker to characterize this facet of health system resilience. The two databases which may contain the most relevant data are the American Hospital Association (AHA) annual survey, which gathers over 1000 data points from more than 6000 hospitals, and the RAND corporation, which provides information on the financial health and viability of hospitals and health care systems. In that sense, AHA focuses more on organizational and practice issues, while RAND will cover more economic factors. Our study aimed to develop and psychometrically validate a new Hospital Resilience Index (HRI).

Methods

We took the AHA and RAND databases as primary data sources, and defined hospital closure as the main negative outcome indicating failed resilience. We performed descriptive statistics, and regression analysis of the databases.

Results

Our findings show that a combination of eleven variables is strongly associated with the likelihood of hospital closure. These factors mirror smaller hospital size, lack of ancillary functions, staffing structure of the hospital, size of facilities, number of surgeries performed, Medicare discharges, operating expenses, and medical school affiliation as a teaching hospital. We further classified hospitals with a low HRI (< 25) or high HRI (> 25). In this setup, we found that both hospitals with a low HRI and hospitals that would subsequently close were characterized by smaller patient census, smaller numbers of surgeries, fewer beds, a smaller staff, and a lower operating margin.

Conclusions

Together, these factors would point to a higher resilience to external stressors in larger, more expanded hospitals and healthcare systems, offering a broad range of services, and having a higher operating margin. The higher tiers of the healthcare system therefore seem to have more resilience, but the recent Covid-19 pandemic exhibited how much all tiers in the system are needed to respond to extraordinary crises such as pandemics or large natural disasters. Future research should seek to determine whether tracking the HRI over time may be a tool to identify hospitals at risk of closure.