bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of Long-Term Patients Attending a General Hospital Psychiatric Department
Authors: Pilowsky I. , Stirland J. D.
Published: August 2008

During the past ten years much attention has been paid to the question of chronicity in mental hospital patients. At the same time there has been a trend towards establishing units (often attached to general hospitals) for short-stay in-patient and possibly day-patient care. In these units, where the emphasis is on outpatient treatment, it is soon apparent to the psychiatrists staffing them that they, too, have to cope with a population of chronic patients. They tend, however, to be outpatients rather than in-patients, and are probably better described as “long-term”. Heasman (1962) gave a graphic description of this problem in the non-psychiatric outpatient department and compared it to that of the “institutional neurosis” as described by Barton (1959). The purpose of this paper is to describe the situation in a Teaching Hospital Department of Psychiatry attached to a general hospital.
Psychiatrists as Teachers in Medical School
Authors: Walton H. J. , Drewery J.
Published: August 2008

This investigation was done to determine whether marked differences are present among lecturers in a single teaching department. Individual lecturers might vary in their teaching aims and attitudes, but yet resemble some of their colleagues sufficiently for sub-groups to form within the department. Such a university department might set out to provide students with a range of conceptual viewpoints, and for this purpose approve discrepant orientations among the teachers. On the other hand, a department may adopt the contrary view that only a confusing impression can result if—in the course of relatively brief undergraduate psychiatric instruction—contradictory statements are expressed by different teachers. Some departments, as yet unaware of the need to specify objectives, may never give consideration to the amount of consensus prevailing among the lecturers as a body.
A Comparison of the Behaviour Problems presented by Male and Female Subnormal Offenders
Authors: Mckerracher D. W. , Street D. R. K. , Segal L. J.
Published: August 2008

There are only three special security hospitals in England and Wales (Broadmoor, Moss Side and Rampton). They provide an opportunity to investigate what amounts to a national sample of severe behavioural problems, with regional bias reduced to a minimum. Since the article by Tong and Mackay (1959) dealing with relationships between certain offence patterns and eventual social prognosis in terms of relapse rate, nothing has been published about the type of male patient sent to Rampton, nor about his conduct after admission. To our knowledge no similar study has ever been carried out in this country on female patients requiring special security treatment.
Depersonalization in a Group of Normal Subjects
Authors: Sedman G.
Published: August 2008

There have been relatively few studies concerning the occurrence of depersonalization phenomena in normal subjects. Roberts (1960) and Dixon (1963) studied college students and reported a high incidence of brief depersonalization experiences in their samples. The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between depersonalization, the conditions under which it occurred and a measure of extraversion/ introversion in a group of normal subjects.
Inability to Concentrate
Authors: Spear F. G. , Green R.
Published: August 2008

Introduction

“I can't concentrate, doctor” is a common complaint among psychiatric patients. The phrase is usually applied in a general sense to describe a state in which the patient has ceased to read the newspapers or watch the television and can no longer cope adequately with his work. In clinical practice the performance of the “serial sevens” test has been thought to give an indication of impairment of this function, whatever it may be (Mayer-Gross, Slater and Roth, 1960). As the symptom is so common, a measure of its severity may be of some value. This paper describes an attempt to develop such a measure and discusses the possible implications of its failure.
Semantic Differential Uses in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Marks I. M.
Published: August 2008

Psychiatric research has long been hampered by lack of sophisticated measures of clinical events. The semantic differential is therefore a welcome new tool in the psychiatric kitbag. It was developed by Osgood and his associates (1957), and can essentially be regarded as a limited association technique which readily taps aspects of meaning and attitude. It is adaptable to a great variety of problems, while remaining easy to give and score. Provided one wishes to measure meaning or attitude, and can link one's hypotheses tightly to the outcome of scores on certain concepts and scales, the technique can be extremely valuable. In order to contrast psychiatric disorders one can build up different patterns of meaning for each disorder on concepts crucial to the theories being tested. We can thus obtain a kind of semantic geography for a small region of function which aids our understanding of the disorder in question.
Some Ancient Indian Concepts in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Vahia N. S. , Vinekar S. L. , Doongaji D. R.
Published: August 2008

An attempt is made here to present a few concepts of Indian literature, to outline their application in treatment, and to give an impression of the range of conditions in which they may be helpful. These concepts have been prevalent in India for many centuries, and interest in them on the part of doctors has recently revived.
Birth Order and Schizophrenia
Authors: Granville-Grossman K. L.
Published: August 2008

Characteristics which are wholly genetically determined are distributed at random among all the members of a sibship. Dependence of the distribution on birth rank (i.e. maternal parity at the birth of the subjects) or on position within the sibship provides presumptive evidence of non-genetic causes and may give some indication of their nature (McKeown and Record, 1956). Investigations on the birth order of schizophrenics (Tables VI and VII) have to date given no clear and consistent results, and further study appears to be indicated.
Birth Order and Maternal Age of Psychiatric In-patients
Authors: Tsuang Ming-Tso
Published: August 2008

Light may be thrown on the aetiology of human abnormalities by studying the position in birth order occupied by affected individuals and the age of the mother at the time of their birth. There should be no shift from average population values in either of these respects in the case of conditions directly and solely due to an abnormal gene, though there may be such a shift in conditions due to chromosomal abnormalities, such as mongolism (Down's syndrome). If, however, the question of a chromosomal anomaly does not arise, then departure from normality in birth order and maternal age suggest that environmental factors are involved in the causation of the condition.
Cos and Cosmos
Authors: Hope K.
Published: August 2008

The reviewer here outlines the theory behind Patrick Slater's technique for the analysis of Repertory Grids. He then presents an analysis of a very simple Grid. The clinical possibilities of the method are assessed, and it is put into its context as a research design by a comparison with other multivariate methods.
A Cultural Psychiatric Study of El-Zar Cult in U.A.R.
Authors: Okasha A.
Published: August 2008

El-Zar is one of the most popular traditional healing cults in Egypt, and it seems to have been introduced into the country from Sudan through Ethiopia. The word “Zar” means, in Amharic, the “devil” or “spirit”. Literally, the word is a derivative of the verb “to visit” and implies the intermittent visit of some wicked spirit. In practice, it generally connotes the gathering of some women, headed by a woman called “kodia”, with the purpose of exorcizing evil spirits.
Attitudinal Differences Between Heterosexually and Homosexually Oriented Males
Authors: Kendrick D. C. , Clarke R. V. G.
Published: August 2008

Bene (1965) in a previous issue of this Journal, has summarized the main evidence for the view that homosexuality is a product of defective role training and is not a result of any direct genetic mechanism. It is becoming apparent that once a child has been pronounced as a boy or a girl it has to learn the forms of behaviour appropriate to its ascribed sex. The learning or conditioning mechanism by which the child learns to make its role performance congruent with its' ascribed sex is not understood. Comfort (1964) has suggested that sex-typing may be some form of imprinting. Hampson (1965) investigating several types of hermaphroditism has found evidence that if the gender role has to be changed after about the third year of life, increasing psychological difficulties are encountered. He also points out that the development of the gender role coincides with that of language.
The Rehabilitation of Long-Stay Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Nicholas M.
Published: August 2008

An appreciable number of chronic schizophrenic patients otherwise destined to remain long-stay patients in mental hospitals, are able to live in the community if they undergo active rehabilitation. In this paper, an attempt is made to correlate the post-rehabilitation progress of long-stay schizophrenic patients with observations made during their rehabilitation.
A Hostel for Mentally Ill Patients Run by a Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Walker D. Lindsay
Published: August 2008

In 1961 I decided to start a hostel for discharged male psychiatric patients. There was available a private house in the City of Gloucester near to the Day Hospital. This had been purchased in 1953 and was being used as an overspill annexe for long-stay male patients.
A New Day Hospital Service
Authors: Haider Ijaz
Published: August 2008

The increasing demand for the institutional care of elderly psychiatric patients has been a growing concern in England and especially in Essex, which has an unusually large number of old people (21 per cent. over 65 compared to a national average of 12 per cent.) (2).
Serial Testing in Assessing the Effect of Meclofenoxate on Patients with Memory Defects
Authors: Oliver J. E. , Restell Mary
Published: August 2008

Meclofenoxate (Lucidril), a synthetic substance related to plant auxins, is claimed to cause an increase in the glucose uptake of the mouse brain, and to influence the EEG tracings of rats deprived of oxygen (Nickel, et al., 1963). Other animal experiments show Meclofenoxate to protect rabbit brains against experimental anoxia induced with nitrogen (Dereymaeker et al., 1962), and against histoxic anoxia induced by potassium cyanide (Nakajima et al., 1964).
Neuroticism and Extraversion in ABO Blood Groups
Authors: May A. E. , Stirrup W.
Published: August 2008

It is known that peptic ulcer patients have an increased incidence of blood group O, (1) and that peptic ulcer patients have above average scores for Neuroticism on the Maudsley Personality Inventory (3). In view of this it seemed worthwhile to see if there is any relationship between blood group O and Neuroticism (2).
Familial Aspects of Obsessional Neurosis
Authors: Rosenberg C. M.
Published: August 2008

A raised incidence of neurotic personality traits and mental illness has been reported among the first-degree relatives of obsessional neurotics. It has been suggested that genetical factors are involved in determining a predisposition to this condition, but some authors have postulated that similarities in aspects of the environment such as early upbringing and family traditions may account for similarities shown by relatives.
Reaction Time Indices of Schizophrenic Motivation: A Cross-Cultural Replication
Authors: Rosenbaum Gerald
Published: August 2008

Consistent decrements in schizophrenic performance on a reaction time (RT) task obtained by a number of investigators indicate that RT procedures yield reliable indices of schizophrenic deficits in attention (1, 2, 10), motivation (3), preparatory set (8), and psychomotor function (4). In previous studies (6, 7), the writer has presented evidence that these deficits may be attributable to impaired social motivation, in that these RT disturbances can be eliminated in most schizophrenics by activating biological motivation through shocks to the reacting finger. Older, more disorganized patients were unable to improve, however, even with shock motivation. Systematic comparisons of older and younger schizophrenic patients with and without ground privilege status, resulted in the finding that reduced social motivation, lessened reactivity to shock stimulation, and inability to cope with unpredictable anxiety cues constituted relatively independent dimensions of schizophrenic deficit in RT.
Experimental Study on Alcoholics with an “Inability to Stop”
Authors: Marconi Juan , Fink Klaus , Moya Laura
Published: August 2008

In previous papers (2, 3) we have set forth our neurophysiopathogenic theory of alcoholism, which is an amplification of Jellinek's hypothesis (1) that the gamma and delta types of alcoholism form an addictive disease. The physical dependence characterized by a state of distress and an overpowering desire to consume more ethanol, assumes three forms: (a)“inability to stop” the ingestion (Jellinek's “loss of control”) noted moments after ingesting a small quantity of ethanol following a period of abstinence, which characterizes the gamma or intermittent clinical form of alcoholism; (b)“inability to abstain” from ethanol hours after the last ingestion and after continuous drinking (each 4 to 8 hours during months or years), which characterizes the delta or inveterate clinical form of alcoholism, and (c)primary physical dependence without ethanol having necessarily been ingested previously, which characterizes remittent, or epsilon alcoholism or dipsomania.
The New Chronics
Authors: Magnus Ralph V.
Published: August 2008

There have been two surveys of the patient population of Glenside Hospital, Bristol, in recent years—Cooper and Early (1961), and Early and Magnus (1966). Since the 1961 review, a considerable number of patients admitted have become “chronic”, i.e. have remained continuously in hospital for over one year. An attempt to enquire into this problem has been made.
Treatment of Depression
Authors: Rose John T. , Westhead T. T.
Published: August 2008

Desipramine (Pertofran) is the monomethyl analogue of imipramine (Tofranil) and is marketed as a potent anti-depressant agent. The literature on this drug has already been adequately reviewed by Rose et al. (1964) and Waldron et al. (1965). It is therefore sufficient to note that earlier reports claiming a more rapid action than imipramine have not been supported by more recent investigations. This paper reports a double-blind controlled comparison of imipramine and desipramine, designed to investigate the relative effectiveness, speed of action and side-effects of these two drugs.
A Controlled Cross-over Study of Trimipramine and Amylobarbitone
Authors: Hunter J. W. , Owen Susanne , Eksi Aysel , Scott J. F.
Published: August 2008

Chemically, trimipramine has an imino-benzyl nucleus and a side-chain resembling that of methotrimeprazine [5-(3-dimethyl-amino-2-methyl-propyl)-10, 11-dihydrodibenz (b, f,) azepine]. In “double blind” controlled comparisons of trimipramine and imipramine, Salzmann (1965) in 27 hospitalized depressed patients who did not require ECT, found the two drugs not significantly different in effect. Blumenthal and Seppala (1965) obtained similar results. Burns (1965), however, in 44 patients suffering from psychotic depression, found trimipramine to be significantly superior at the 5 per cent. level to imipramine in ratings of recovery from depression, anxiety and insomnia. No difference was found in the latency interval between the drugs.
Monochlorimipramine: A Controlled Trial of a New Antidepressant
Authors: Symes M. Harvey
Published: August 2008

In view of the structural similarity of imipramine and promazine, an attempt has been made to obtain a stronger anti-depressive effect by means of chlorination of imipramine at the same place in the molecule. Brandner (1964) has described the results of mono-chlorimipi-amine (MCI) administration in a series of 25 cases of various kinds of depression.
Psychological Correlates of Behaviour in Seriously Delinquent Juveniles
Authors: McKegney F. Patrick
Published: August 2008

Juvenile delinquency is generally considered to be one of present-day society's most serious problems. Indeed, more than half of all serious crimes in the United States are committed by youths under 18 years of age (3). Despite its magnitude and prevalence, juvenile delinquency is still inadequately defined, much less understood, partly because of its having only lately been recognized as a distinct practical problem and thus a fit matter for investigation. Over the past four decades, however, there has been an increasingly active study of the problem, focusing on the delinquent youths themselves and, more recently, on the environment in which they have developed. Methodological approaches to the question of definition and causality of delinquency have been diverse, but can be considered as being of two general types: the deductive-theoretical, in which a stated hypothesis is critically examined in the light of clinical experience as illustrated by clinical material; and, the inductive-empirical approach, in which a body of data, e.g., the environmental factors found in delinquents, is analysed, and conesions are drawn, based on the results of that aysis.
Changes in the Prognosis of Functional Psychoses Since the Days of Kraepelin
Authors: Ödegård Örnulv
Published: August 2008

My choice of Kraepelin as a point of departure for this lecture has definite reasons. If one wants to stay within the field of clinical psychiatry (as opposed to psychiatric history), that is as far back as one can reasonably go. By this no slight is intended upon the pre-Kraepelinian psychiatrists. For our topic Henry Maudsley would indeed have been a most appropriate starting point, and by no means for reasons of courtesy. His general point of view is admirably sound as a basis for the scientific study of prognosis in psychiatry. I quote: “There is no accident in madness. Causality, not casualty, governs its appearance in the universe, and it is very far from being a good and sufficient practice simply to mark its phenomena and straightway to pass on as if they belonged not to an order but to a disorder of events that called for no explanation.” On the special problem of prognosis he shows his clinical acumen by stating that the outlook is poor when the course of illness is insidious, but this only means that these cases develop their psychoses on the basis of mental deviations which go very far back in the patient's life, so that in fact they are generally in a chronic stage at the time of their first admission to hospital. Here he actually corrects a mistake which is still quite often made. He shows his dynamic attitude when he says that prognosis is to a large extent modified by external conditions, in particular by the attitude of friends and relatives. Maudsley's dynamic reasoning was limited by the narrow framework of the degeneration hypothesis of those days. He had a sceptical attitude towards classification, which he regarded as artificial and dangerously pseudo-exact. His own classification was deliberately provisional, with very wide groups. He held that a description of various sub-forms of chronic insanity was useless, as it would mean nothing but a tiresome enumeration of unconnected details.
The Measurement of the Work Performance of Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Cheadle A. J. , Cushing D. , Drew C. D. A. , Morgan R.
Published: August 2008

The recent proliferation in mental hospitals of industrial units has created a need for some system of reporting on the work done by patients undergoing treatment in them. This paper is based upon four years experience of using a particular report form, provides some data about the validity and reliability of the form, discusses its shortcomings and concludes with a recently amended version of the form which it is hoped will be superior.
The Mental Hospital: A Pattern for the Future
Authors: Orwin A.
Published: August 2008

The great changes that have occurred in mental hospitals over the last fifteen years due to improvements in treatment of both acute and chronic psychiatric illnesses are reflected in the dramatic running down of the long-stay patient population. The Ministry of Health (1961) and Tooth and Brooke (1961) envisaged a continuing fall in the number of beds for psychiatric patients, so that by the mid 1970s these would have been reduced by nearly 50 per cent. from their 1960 figure (3·4 to 1·8 per thousand population). This prediction has been criticized because it was considered too optimistic, while the implication that the mental hospital, as we know it today, might cease to exist has provoked controversy.
An Appraisal of the Continuing Practice of Prescribing Tranquillizing Drugs for Long-stay Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Hughes J. S. , Little J. Crawford
Published: August 2008

Few with relevant experience would dispute the common observation that a striking change for the better has taken place in the behaviour of long-stay patients in British psychiatric hospitals over the past fifteen years.
A Rating Scale of the Mental State: For Use in the Chronic Population of the Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Harris A. D. , Letemendia F. J. J. , Willems P. J. A.
Published: August 2008

The assessment of change in psychiatric patients is never easy. The problem is accentuated in the chronic inhabitants of psychiatric hospitals, since the period of treatment and observation may have to be prolonged, and the changes found may be small and gradual. A rating scale can be of value, in recording findings in a uniform manner and in preserving the observations from selective amnesia, so making comparison possible over a long period. In the present communication we report a scale devised by two of us (F.J.J.L. and A.D.H.) for use with chronic patients. This scale summarizes the relevant parts of the examination of mental state found in standard text books of psychiatry, and we have tried to avoid presuppositions about the meaning or distribution of symptoms.
Some Psychological Test Characteristics of Klinefelter's Syndrome
Authors: Burnand G. , Hunter H. , Hoggart K.
Published: August 2008

Males with chromatin positive Klinefelter's syndrome are observed to have one or more extra X chromosomes within their cells. Diagnosis is by buccal mucosa smear and chromosome analysis. Clinically they have delayed puberty, abnormal physique, small testicles and little facial hair. This paper presents some observed differences between Klinefelter patients who were being treated in subnormality units and other patients not having the condition but with similar I.Q.s.
An Extended Trial of Oxypertine in Five Selected Cases of Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Skarbek A. , Hill G. B.
Published: August 2008

The value of oxypertine in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia has been the subject of several clinical trials, the results of which have been reviewed recently (Skarbek and Jacobsen, 1965). In particular a comparison of the effects of oxypertine and trifluoperazine in thirty-five schizophrenic women revealed statistically significant differences between the drugs, oxypertine showing a tendency to activate the withdrawn cases (Calwell, Jacobsen and Skarbek, 1964). An opportunity arose to study five of these patients again under controlled conditions, and it was felt that this would be useful for two reasons. First, it would show whether the response to oxypertine was repeatable, as the patients had meanwhile resumed their previous treatment. Secondly, by a detailed examination over an extended period, using a battery of tests and flexible dosage, a more exact delineation of the optimal symptomatic response to oxypertine could be made.
Child Psychiatry and the Social Setting
Authors: Holman Portia
Published: August 2008

One of the aims of child psychiatry is to support and supplement parents who are having difficulty in their task of socializing their child. At least as important an aim is to keep within bounds the cost of socialization. This cost is certainly excessive when social demands on the parents stifle natural, biologically determined, attitudes to the extent that they provide a noxious rather than a facilitating environment for their child.
Changes in Physiological Tremor during Repeated Performance of a Motor Task in Normal Subjects and Anxious Patients
Authors: Carrie J. R. G.
Published: August 2008

It has been found that a significant progressive reduction in the amplitude of physiological tremor in the 4–12 c/sec. range occurs when relatively unpractised subjects carry out a series of trials in a motor task involving a controlled muscle effort (Carrie, in press.
A Trial of Fluphenazine Enanthate in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Millar John , Daniel G. R.
Published: August 2008

It has been shown by Parkes (1) and other workers that about 45 per cent. of out-patient schizophrenics are unreliable at taking their phenothiazine medication. It is in this group that many relapse and require readmission to hospital. Kline (2) quotes that 20 per cent. of in-patients are also unreliable in this regard. With the advent of a long-action phenothiazine injection fluphenazine enanthate, control of these difficult patients may well prove more effective.
Double-Blind Comparison of Nortriptyline and Amitriptyline in Depressive Illness
Authors: Leahy M. R. , Martin Ian C. A.
Published: August 2008

Previous assessments of nortriptyline (Bennett, 1962; Rose and Leahy, 1964) have suggested that it has useful anti-depressant properties, and a preliminary trial in which the present authors were involved (Rose et al., 1965) found that it compared sufficiently favourably with amitriptyline to merit further controlled study.
Hospitalized Psychiatric Morbidity in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Walsh Dermot
Published: August 2008

There seems little doubt from available statistics that the Republic of Ireland has the highest rate of hospitalized psychiatric morbidity in the world. There are no complete international figures available for this statistic but the World Health Organization published for the first time in 1961 returns for numbers of patients treated in hospital in 119 different countries (W.H.O. 1961). In many cases the returns were incomplete or unsatisfactory in one or more particulars. The ideal was to establish for each country the total number of patients treated during each one of the five years 1955–1959. The number treated was defined as “the patients present at the beginning of the year in the various public and private institutions specializing in psychiatry and in other institutions (general hospitals, etc.) plus admissions and readmissions during the year”. Unfortunately this ideal was achieved for only a minority of the 119 countries. The difficulties encountered in compiling the figures are set out in the publication itself.
The Value of Routine Serological Testing for Syphilis in a Mental Hospital
Authors: Banks G. D.
Published: August 2008

The practice of making routine serological tests for syphilis on all admissions is carried on in many mental hospitals, but no assessment of the advantage of this procedure at the present time seems to have been reported. Rosahn (1958), viewing the matter from the laboratories of a general hospital, concluded that syphilis was still a sufficiently important disease to justify routine screening tests. Bell (1959) studied the admissions in a 12-month period to a large Canadian general hospital He pointed out that some previous figures (Editorial, J. Amer. med. Ass., 1957), based on total numbers of positive reactors, did not give a realistic measure of the value of the testing procedure, and he attempted to determine the proportion of admission screening tests which were of practical significance, in that the clinicians concerned were led to initiate treatment as a result of them. He found a “useful discovery rate” (discounting two patients who he thought might well have had elective serology performed in any case) of 0·03 per cent.
A Survey of Treated Psychiatric Illness in Lebanon
Authors: Katchadourian Herant
Published: August 2008

This is the first report of a six month survey of treated psychiatric illness in Lebanon, carried out with the collaboration of all three psychiatric hospitals in the country and twenty of the twenty-one psychiatrists practising within and outside of these institutions.
The Body Image of the Aviator
Authors: Tucker G. J. , Reinhardt R. F. , Clarke N. B.
Published: August 2008

The concept of the ‘body image’ rests on a broad foundation of neurological and psychological observations. Neurological observations of phantom limbs, agnosias, apraxias, and similar phenomena led to an initial formulation of the body image as a postural, spatial image of the body (2, 6). Schilder greatly expanded the concept by delineating the importance of libidinal (instinctual) and sociological factors in the make-up of the body image (7). Current psychiatric usage has (perhaps too loosely) equated the term body image with phrases such as 'self system’, 'self concept’, ‘ego identity’, etc. (8). The importance of the body image as a postural or spatial model, a ‘base of operations' from which a person extends himself into space, with its implications for movement and motor activity, is often overlooked but vividly evident in many endeavours, particularly aviation.
Recent Patterns of Addiction in Czechoslovakia
Authors: VondráČek V. , Prokupek J. , Fischer R. , Ahrenbergová M.
Published: August 2008

There is no uniformity in the use of the terms habituation, addiction, intense desire, and craving. V. Petran (19) talks of craving as the irresistible desire to acquire a drug and the impossibility of abstaining from it. Craving may be manifested immediately after first consumption, but addiction represents a regular use, from which craving may develop in time.
A Comparative Trial of Mandrax and Dichloralphenazone
Authors: Haider Ijaz
Published: August 2008

Mandrax is a combination of methaqualone 250 mg. and diphenhydramine 25 mg. Burke and Mahadevan (1966) have found it to be as potent in this dosage as 200 mg. of butobarbitone.
Metronidazole in the Treatment of Alcohol Addiction A Controlled Trial
Authors: Gelder M. G. , Edwards Griffith
Published: August 2008

Metronidazole (‘Flagyl’) has recently been said to be of value in treating alcoholism (Taylor, 1964). The drug is, of course, better known for its use against trichomoniasis. Three main claims have been made about it: (a) that it has an effect like disulfiram (Taylor, 1964; Bonfiglio and Donadio, 1966; Lehman, Ban and Nalchayan, 1966); (b) that it cuts short withdrawal symptoms (Lehmanet al., 1966); (c) that it reduces craving and thereby allows return to normal drinking (Lehman,et al., 1966; Elosuo, 1966; Bonfiglio and Donadio, 1966). It is this last claim that is particularly important, since other well-tried preparations are in use for the first two purposes. We report a double-blind controlled trial directed to the possible disulfiram-like effects of the drug, and to its ability to reduce craving.
Community Psychiatry
Authors: Freeman Hugh
Published: August 2008

Much confusion has resulted in recent years from the use of the word “community” to mean merely “outside hospital”. Community psychiatry is not just extramural work or a means of avoiding hospitalization. A community mental health service is a comprehensive psychiatric service of care and treatment for a defined population, including full hospital facilities (Freeman, 1963). The hospital is in fact part of the community, and provides one of its services. The size of population base that can most efficiently support a comprehensive service is probably between 150,000 and 200,000 in urban areas, judging by experience in Lancashire (Smith, 1965). This is large enough to contain all the basic services that are needed, and small enough to allow all key professional workers to remain in constant face-to-face contact. Within its defined area, the service must have continuous and final responsibility, whatever the clinical state of individual patients. It must offer a continuous spectrum of integrated services, from full-time, permanent care in an institution on the one hand, to occasional support for a patient or family at home on the other. Since the demand for services is potentially infinite, an essentially ideological choice must be made in assessing priorities for the resources that exist. I believe that if we try to act primarily on the basis of human needs within the total community, the first call on these resources must be for the three great problems of schizophrenia, subnormality and old age. Concentration on psychotherapy would make it more likely that these greater social needs remained unmet, and it may well be that any large-scale treatment of neurosis or personality problems would have to be outside psychiatric—or even medical—channels (Ryle, 1967).
The Consultant Psychotherapist in the National Health Service: His Role and Training
Authors: Sutherland J. D.
Published: August 2008

To describe the role of the consultant psychotherapist in the mental health services, we must start from the situation in regard to psychotherapeutic needs in the community and the kinds of resources that can be mobilized to meet them. I should make it clear that when referring to consultant psychotherapists in the psychotherapeutic clinic I assume that optimally these specialists would be part of a comprehensive psychiatric service. For convenience I shall use the term “psychotherapeutic centre” to allow for the location of the psychotherapeutic services to vary according to circumstances in any one area. Also, although I shall speak often of the psychotherapist as though his was a rather separate contribution, I want to stress that this is partly a reflection of the present situation. Much of what I have to say about his role must become increasingly a part of the work of all psychiatrists.
Characteristics of Parents of Disturbed Children
Authors: Wolff Sula , Acton Wendy P.
Published: August 2008

Several recent investigations have focused on the relationship between parental ill health and childhood behaviour disorders.
Some Observations on the Psychogalvanic Reflex
Authors: Verghese Abraham
Published: August 2008

The psychogalvanic reflex (P.G.R.) is a decrease in the electrical resistance of the skin which occurs in response to a wide variety of stimuli.
A Factual Study of Male Potency Disorders
Authors: Cooper Alan J.
Published: August 2008

The literature on “psychogenic” potency disorders in the male is vast, and opinions abound on every aspect of these disorders. However, despite this abundance there is a dearth of factual data. The present author has been able to find only two major studies which have set out to study systematically and objectively facets of these conditions. El-Senoussi et al. (1959) undertook a statistical study to delineate psychological factors related causally to impotence; whilst Johnson (1965b) retrospectively studied male potency disorders to define their natural history.
Personality as a Determinant of the Form of Alcoholism
Authors: Walton H. J.
Published: August 2008

Two common forms of alcoholism are described (World Health Organization, 1952; Kessel and Walton, 1965). The first is well recognized clinically, and has often been portrayed accurately by novelists and dramatists. So successfully has this more conspicuous form of alcohol addiction been publicized by Alcoholics Anonymous that Jellinek (1960) cautioned medical readers against overemphasis on it to the exclusion of the other clinical variety of the illness.
Psychopathic Disorder: a Second Trial of Treatment
Authors: Craft Michael
Published: August 2008

Antisocial psychopaths are a community problem, not only to themselves but to their family doctors, social workers, and others who become involved in their affairs and their treatment. This article compares two attempts to provide an area service for males with psychopathic traits, the first in England and the second in Wales.
Psychiatric Diagnosis: British and North American Concordance on Stereotypes of Mental Illness
Authors: Hordern Anthony , Sandifer Myron G. , Green Linda M. , Timbury Gerald C.
Published: August 2008

The importance of diagnosis, both in rendering available the knowledge accumulated in the past and in providing a guide to future developments, has long been emphasized in British psychiatry. Thirteen years ago, Mayer Gross, Slater and Roth (5) observed in the first edition of their textbook that diagnosis “has never been only naming and labelling. Ideally it implies judgment of causation, and even if this is impossible for lack of knowledge it always includes a plan of action, i.e. of treatment. …” The authors contrasted this approach with a derogation of the value of diagnosis which they felt had become extant in certain schools of psychiatry, and they deplored this tendency, stating unequivocally “the contemptuous attitude to diagnosis which is so prominent a feature of many contemporary schools runs counter to the entire spirit of medicine”. The pendulum now appears to be swinging back and, whilst several centres have remained preoccupied with socio-cultural and psychodynamic approaches to psychiatric illness, interest in psychiatric diagnosis has redeveloped both in Great Britain and in the United States (Kreitman, 1961; Kreitman et al., 1961; Ward et al., 1962; Sandifer et al., 1964, 1966, 1968). The phenomenon is probably related to a current tendency to exchange ideas across the Atlantic, and to the need for a common diagnostic code emphasized by cross-national epidemiological data, mental hospital population movement statistics, and studies of the efficacy of treatment. Clearly adherence to universally accepted diagnostic criteria is mandatory if meaningful comparisons are to be drawn from these and other psychiatric statistics obtained from different national settings.
Hysteria: An Evaluation of Objective Diagnostic Criteria by the Study of Women with Chronic Medical Illnesses
Authors: Woodruff Robert A.
Published: August 2008

In 1962, Perley and Guze introduced objective criteria for the diagnosis of hysteria (Perley and Guze, 1962). These criteria were essentially a quantification of clinical observations which had appeared in the literature previously, notably in the work of Purtell, Robins and Cohen (1951). The Perley and Guze criteria for the diagnosis of hysteria offered several important advantages. First, they were derived from observations of the natural history of hysteria. They were straightforward and objective, suggesting that they could be used reliably by different clinicians in different places. Second, the criteria were accompanied by a follow-up study which indicated that diagnoses of hysteria made by means of the Perley-Guze criteria would be stable over a six to eight year period in 90 per cent. of cases. Put another way, these criteria selected a population homogeneous in prognosis. The stability of such a population over time is of particular importance. The original Perley-Guze paper and a further study by Gatfield and Guze (1962) both described the prognosis of patients selected by looser criteria. When conversion (pseudoneurologic) symptoms alone were the criteria of diagnosis, patients developed a bewildering array of psychiatric, medical and neurological illnesses within a few short years. In contrast, the Perley-Guze criteria for the diagnosis of hysteria predict prognosis accurately and represent a significant advance in descriptive, clinical psychiatry.
Paranoid and Withdrawal Symptoms in Schizophrenia: Relationship to Reaction Time
Authors: Goldberg Solomon C. , Schooler Nina R. , Mattsson Nils
Published: August 2008

There is a large body of research that has established change in reaction time as one of the major psychological performance deficits in schizophrenia (Shakow, 1963). In addition to consistent differences between patients and normals, relationships have been reported (Rosenthal, Lawlor, Zahn and Shakow, 1960) between general severity of illness and reaction time within a group of chronic schizophrenics. More recently, Zahn and Rosenthal (1963) have shown that acute schizophrenics also perform deficiently in reaction time; they hold an intermediate position between normal subjects and chronic schizophrenic patients. Shakow (1963) reports that in some of the earlier work with chronic patients “paranoids” tended to show little, if any, reaction time deficit, but that it was the hebephrenic patients who performed poorly. Thus it seems unlikely that reaction time is a general measure of deficit in schizophrenia, since available evidence shows it to be related to chronicity (in terms of duration of illness), general severity of illness, and schizophrenic subtype. The deficit reflected in reaction time has been characterized by Shakow (1963) in terms of associative interference. That is, the schizophrenic is distracted by “irrelevant aspects of the stimulus surroundings—inner and outer—which prevent his focusing on the ‘to-be-responded-to’ stimulus”.
LSD: 1967
Authors: Bennet Glin
Published: August 2008

It is twenty years since the appearance of Stoll's paper: “Lysergic acid diethylamide, a hallucinatory agent of the ergot group” (23). In this he sought to reproduce in a group of subjects Hofmann's personal experiences of the drug, and so set the LSD snowball on its way. Some 1,500 papers must by now have been gathered to it; they deal with a greater range of uses than has been thought of for any drug, a greater variety of benefits and disasters, and a confusing number of claims. Yet we have little hard information about this curious substance.
Affective Disorder Taxonomies in Middle-aged Females
Authors: Daly Robert J. , Cochrane Carl M.
Published: August 2008

The literature on involutional psychiatric disorder, as on depressive diagnoses in general, is quite controversial. Since middle-aged women form a significant proportion of medical as well as psychiatric patients, it would seem useful to examine diagnoses within this group.
Successful Treatment of a Case of Drinamyl Addiction
Authors: Kraft Tom
Published: August 2008

Most reports on the treatment of drug addiction describe only some form of aversion therapy, either by electrical (Lesser, 1967) or chemical means (Raymond, 1964). There seem few reports in which any attempt has been made to correct the underlying disorder which was responsible for the patient's addiction (Seelye, 1967). The argument is put forward that the basic disturbance in drug addiction is frequently one of social anxiety, and that when this has been corrected the patient no longer requires drugs for his support.
Ante-natal Progesterone and Intelligence
Authors: Dalton Katharina
Published: August 2008

Toxaemia of pregnancy remains the “disease of theories” both in respect of its causation and treatment. Among the many treatments suggested, although not generally accepted, is the administration of progesterone from the middle trimester for the relief of toxaemic symptoms (1, 2 and 3). An unexpected finding has been the clinical observation that children of progesterone-treated mothers appear to reach their milestones earlier and to make excellent progress at school.
Depression: The Distinction between Syndrome and Symptom
Authors: Mendels J.
Published: August 2008

Few psychiatric controversies have been as persistent as the disagreement surrounding the nosology of depression. The conflict centres on the question of whether depression is a single illness, with its many faces manifestations of individual idiosyncrasy and severity, or whether it constitutes two or more separate conditions. The 1926 debate at the British Medical Association Meetings, with Edward Mapother (11) propounding the case for a single illness and Buzzard and Ross advancing claims for a dichotomy, has in one form or the other continued until today. The issue is complicated by the fact that few terms in psychiatry are used with as many different meanings as depression. Unfortunately the use of the term is seldom clearly defined. As Humpty Dumpty said in Through the Looking-Glass, “it means just what I choose it to mean—neither more nor less”.
The Depression-prone and the Depression-resistant Sibling: A Follow-up Note on Marital State
Authors: Grosz Hanus J.
Published: August 2008

In another paper (Grosz, 1968) I reported that among 267 depressive patients from three sibling families admitted to the Bethlem Royal and Maudsley Hospitals, London, the middle born were significantly (p·001) over-represented and the youngest born under-represented among patients with two differently sexed siblings. There was no significant birth order effect among depressive patients with two same-sexed sibs (i.e. with either two brothers or two sisters).
Psychiatric Disorder amongst the Coloured People of the Cape Peninsula
Authors: Gillis L. S. , Lewis J. B. , Slabbert M.
Published: August 2008

The Coloured people of the Cape Peninsula have evolved over three hundred years as a demarcated ethnic group with recognizable physical features and characteristic cultural and social conditions. As such they constitute a very satisfactory population for epidemiological and transcultural studies, and when the need arose to plan for improved psychiatric services, a large-scale field survey of the prevalence and types of mental illness was set afoot. Since socio-economic circumstances appear to be very relevant to the amount and type of mental illness in a community, special estimations of these were also made. Random sampling of the entire population of Coloured persons over 20 years of age in the magisterial area of the Cape Peninsula was done and 500 of a total population of 200,365 people were interviewed about their mental and physical health, as well as a variety of economic and social circumstances, by a team of three psychiatrists and 14 specially trained social workers. In addition, interviews were held with reliable persons who knew each respondent, such as ministers of religion, social workers, housing managers, nurses, doctors, friends, relations, and employers. Hospital records were consulted as necessary, and the information was evaluated for each respondent by a team of three psychiatrists. The data were coded and finally exposed to an extensive computer and statistical analysis.
Puerperal Psychoses: A Long Term Study 1927—1961
Authors: Protheroe Colin
Published: August 2008

There exists a vast literature on the puerperal psychoses. Most of it is incomplete in that rarely is any definition of the “puerperal period” made; frequently there is no attempt to differentiate between the various clinical syndromes seen when aetiology is considered, and little consideration is given to the extent of constitutional predisposition to psychiatric illness in the probands.
Penicillamine and Schizophrenia—A Clinical Trial
Authors: Affleck J. W. , Cooper A. J. , Forrest A. D. , Smythies J. R. , Zealley A. K.
Published: August 2008

One specific hypothesis concerning the biochemical lesion in schizophrenia was put forward by McIsaac (1961) on the basis of the close chemical relationship between the pineal hormone melatonin and the hallucinogenic drug harmine. On this basis Nicholson et al. (1966) conducted a clinical trial of D-penicillamine plus a low copper diet in schizophrenics, with encouraging results. They used 1,200 mg. daily in a double-blind trial against placebo for six weeks. Hollister et al. (1966) also treated schizophrenic patients with D-penicillamine, but for a different reason—they suggested that depolymerization might be effective if schizophrenia is an autoimmune disorder. They used doses of 1,000 mg. daily for five weeks following an initial build up, and noted no clinical amelioration in 13 schizophrenics studied. A normal diet was given. Walshe (1967) failed to find any improvement in 4 chronic patients on penicillamine for one year.
Some Psychiatric Non-Sequelae of Childhood Bereavement
Authors: Munro Alistair , Griffiths A. B.
Published: August 2008

This article presents the results of a study initiated by the late G. R. Hargreaves, Nuffield Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Leeds.