bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of law enforcement in schools: The Virginia experience—A practitioner report
Authors: Clark Steven
Published: April 2011

Although there has been little academic research on the impact of placing police officers in schools, this practice has grown substantially in response to school shootings and other violent crimes in schools. With a standardized training program since 1999, the state of Virginia has law enforcement officers working in approximately 88 percent of Virginia's 631 secondary schools. Based on this experience, the state training coordinator describes how police officers should be selected and prepared to work as school resource officers. The success of school‐based law enforcement requires careful selection and specialized training of officers who can adapt to the school culture and work collaboratively with school authorities.
Recurrent issues in efforts to prevent homicidal youth violence in schools: Expert opinions
Authors: Dill Karen E. , Redding Richard E. , Smith Peter K. , Surette Ray , Cornell Dewey G.
Published: April 2011

Developmental research on social influences on adolescents can guide practices aimed to prevent homicidal youth violence. School shootings have repeatedly raised questions about the contributory role of bullying and entertainment violence, how news media publicity might produce copycat crimes, and whether stiffer criminal sanctions might have a deterrent effect. This article presents the thoughts and recommendations of a group of experts on these topics summarizing the current knowledge base. In brief, bullying reduction programs may be a useful early prevention effort. Television and video games with violent themes can encourage aggressive behavior, but these media can be used to teach more prosocial behavior as well. The potential copycat effects of highly publicized crimes might be diminished with more restrained reporting, although more research is needed. Finally, there is substantial evidence that increased criminal sanctions for youthful offenders have not had a deterrent effect.
Imidazolium‐Based Zwitterionic Butane‐1‐sulfonates: Synthesis and Properties of 4‐(1‐(2‐Cyanoethyl)imidazolium)butane‐1‐sulfonate and Crystal Structures of 4‐(1‐Alkylimidazolium)butane‐1‐sulfonates (Alkyl = Methyl, Ethyl, Propyl)
Authors: Peppel Tim , Köckerling Martin
Published: April 2011

The reaction of 1‐alkylimidazoles (alkyl = methyl, ethyl, propyl, 2‐cyanoethyl) with 1,4‐butane sultone in equimolar stoichiometry resulted in the formation of 4‐(1‐methylimidazolium)butane‐1‐sulfonate SBMIm, 4‐(1‐ethylimidazolium)butane‐1‐sulfonate SBEIm, 4‐(1‐propylimidazolium)butane‐1‐sulfonate SBPIm, and 4‐(1‐(2‐cyanoethyl)imidazolium)butane‐1‐sulfonate SBCNEtIm, respectively, in high yields. Properties of these four imidazolium‐based zwitterionic compounds were investigated with respect to question of their use as suitable precursors for Ionic Liquids. The structures of the compounds SBMIm, SBEIm, and SBPIm were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. SBMIm and SBEIm crystallize both in the triclinic space group P$\bar{1}$, SBMIm: a = 8.4454(6), b = 8.4492(6), c = 8.7532(7) Å, α = 66.610(2), β = 66.235(2), γ = 70.625(2)°, Z = 2, R1(F)/wR2(F2) = 0.0279/0.0832; SBEIm: a = 8.4359(2), b = 8.5900(2), c = 8.6790(2) Å, α = 73.487(2), β = 71.228(1), γ = 70.979(2)°, Z = 2, R1(F)/wR2(F2) = 0.0333/0.0820; SBPIm with monoclinic symmetry, space group P21/c: Z = 4; a = 7.2979(3), b = 17.5312(8), c = 9.5682(4) Å, β = 90.922(3)°, R1(F)/wR2(F2) = 0.0507/0.1198.
A Comparison of Print Advertisements from Australia and Croatia
Authors: Zubcevic Nives , Luxton Sandra
Published: April 2011

This study extends the research on cross-cultural advertising by comparing print advertisements from Australia and Croatia in terms of emotional appeals and information content. A content analysis of advertisements from magazines similar in readership profile from Australia and Croatia revealed that Croatian advertisements make greater use of emotional appeals and informational cues. Cross-cultural understanding is imperative in order to be able to reflect the cultural values and norms of the intended audience. These findings are timely given that Western and European countries are coming into far greater contact due to increasing globalisation.
Gender effects in pain detection: Speed and accuracy in decoding female and male pain expressions
Authors: Riva Paolo , Sacchi Simona , Montali Lorenzo , Frigerio Alessandra
Published: April 2011

The ability to detect facial expressions of pain is crucial in eliciting prosocial behaviors towards the individual experiencing pain. Previous studies have shown that the sufferers' gender can affect the observers' explicit judgment of the pain face, thus suggesting its possible influence on pain decoding. The present study investigates whether the sufferer's gender affects the observer's reflexive or implicit detection of facial expression of pain. More specifically, we used implicit measures to test whether observers detect pained expression more quickly or accurately on male or female faces. In three experimental studies, we devised a set of stimuli using computer‐generated faces. In Experiment 1, prototypical female and male avatars with different facial expressions (pain, anger, disgust, and neutral) were displayed, while subjects' (N =34) accuracy and speed at identifying the expressions were recorded. In Experiment 2, participants (N =56) watched videos of the avatars displaying dynamic expressions and had to quickly and accurately identify each expression. In Experiment 3, participants (N =38) were shown an androgynous avatar face showing different expressions and were asked to identify the face as either female or male. Overall, we found that the target's gender affected the observer's reflexive decoding of the facial expression of pain. Specifically, the results showed that participants, regardless of their gender, were slower and less accurate in recognizing pain expressions (but not other expressions) on female faces. Furthermore, androgynous faces displaying pained expressions were more likely to be categorized as male than female. Several potential explanations are discussed.
Do Price Charts Provided by Online Shopbots Influence Price Expectations and Purchase Timing Decisions?
Authors: Drechsler Wenzel , Natter Martin
Published: April 2011

Online price comparison sites (shopbots) like PriceGrabber.com are the most powerful tools for consumers to easily compare prices and find offers for desired products. Besides providing distributions of actual prices in price comparison tables, shopbots like NexTag.com have recently introduced price charts (line charts) displaying a product's full price history. Price charts should support consumers in forming expectations about future prices. Nevertheless, it is currently unclear how price charts influence consumer price expectations and purchase decisions. The results of this study show that the provision of past prices leads to strong adjustments of price expectations depending on price chart characteristics. In particular, the trend, variance and range of past prices in the chart strongly affect price expectations and purchase timing decisions. Furthermore, in the case of a strong downward trend and high variance in past prices, results show that nearly 50% of the total effect is caused by the visualization of the price history.
A Highly Automated Assay for Determining the Aqueous Equilibrium Solubility of Drug Discovery Compounds
Authors: Wenlock Mark C. , Austin Rupert P. , Potter Tim , Barton Patrick
Published: April 2011

Aqueous solubility is an important physicochemical parameter for any potential drug candidate, and high-throughput kinetic assays are frequently used in drug discovery to give an estimate of a compound's aqueous solubility. However, the aqueous solubility data from an equilibrium (thermodynamic) shake-flask technique is considered more relevant, but is slower and more labor intensive to generate. A highly automated aqueous equilibrium solubility shake-flask technique is described and validated on a set of 15 marketed drugs, whose aqueous solubilities cover four orders of magnitude. The assay uses a Tecan Freedom Evo 200 liquid handling robot (Tecan Group Ltd., Männerdorf, Switzerland) with integrated appliances for the transportation, decapping and recapping, and centrifugation of sample tubes. These bespoke automation solutions help overcome the labor intensive steps associated with performing conventional, gold standard, aqueous equilibrium solubility shake-flask measurements, enabling the assay to be used as a primary-wave drug discovery screen.
Can supporting a cause decrease donations and happiness? The cause marketing paradox
Authors: Krishna Aradhna
Published: April 2011

In two laboratory and one pilot field study, we demonstrate that cause marketing, whereby firms link products with a cause and share proceeds with it, reduces charitable giving by consumers, even when it is costless to the consumer to buy on CM (versus not); further, instead of increasing total contribution to the cause, it can decrease it. Consumers appear to realize that participating in cause marketing is inherently more selfish than direct charitable donation, and are less happy if they substitute cause marketing for charitable giving. Our results suggest that egoistic and empathetic altruism may have different effects on happiness.
Results of molecular diagnostic assays targeting feline herpesvirus-1 and feline calicivirus in adult cats administered modified live vaccines
Authors: Ruch-Gallie Rebecca A. , Veir Julia K. , Hawley Jennifer R. , Lappin Michael R.
Published: April 2011

In this pilot study, 12 adult, gang-housed cats that were known to be previously exposed ( n=12) to feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV-1) and/or vaccinated against ( n=2) feline calicivirus (FCV) and FHV-1 were randomly assigned to one of two groups of six cats each. Nasal and pharyngeal samples were collected from each cat on days −7, −3, and 0 prior to vaccination and on days 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, and 28 after vaccination with an FHV-1, FCV, and panleukopenia (FVRCP) vaccine developed for intranasal (six cats) or parenteral (six cats) use. FHV-1 DNA was amplified from 1/12 cats (1/69 samples; 1.4%) prior to vaccination and 2/12 cats after vaccination (2/154 samples; 1.3%). FCV RNA was amplified from 2/12 cats (2/69 samples; 2.9%) prior to vaccination and 7/12 cats (12/154 samples; 7.8%) after vaccination. Positive molecular diagnostic assay results for FHV-1 and FCV were uncommon prior to or after vaccination in these cats.
Soft palate cyst in a cat
Authors: Peterson Nathan W. , Buote Nicole J.
Published: April 2011

A 17-month-old cat presented for frequent swallowing, occasional cough and stertor. Radiographic evaluation revealed a soft tissue mass at the level of the soft palate. Oral examination revealed a soft tissue mass within the soft palate. Surgical resection was performed. Histopathology was consistent with a large developmental cyst. Following surgical management the cat has remained clinically free of signs for 2 months.
Historical Institutionalism in International Relations
Authors: Fioretos Orfeo
Published: April 2011

This article reviews recent contributions to International Relations (IR) that engage the substantive concerns of historical institutionalism and explicitly and implicitly employ that tradition's analytical features to address fundamental questions in the study of international affairs. It explores the promise of this tradition for new research agendas in the study of international political development, including the origin of state preferences, the nature of governance gaps, and the nature of change and continuity in the international system. The article concludes that the analytical and substantive profiles of historical institutionalism can further disciplinary maturation in IR, and it proposes that the field be more open to the tripartite division of institutional theories found in other subfields of Political Science.
Before Hegemony: Generalized Trust and the Creation and Design of International Security Organizations
Authors: Rathbun Brian C.
Published: April 2011

Rationalist accounts of international cooperation maintain that states create international institutions to solve problems of distrust. They rest on a particular notion of trust, a strategic variety in which states trust based on information about others' interests. I seek to overturn this conventional wisdom. Drawing on social psychology, I point to the importance of generalized trust, an ideological belief about the trustworthiness of others in general. Generalized trust precedes institution-building and serves as a form of anarchical social capital, facilitating diffuse reciprocity and allowing state leaders to commit to multilateralism even in cases that rationalists deem inhospitable to cooperation and without the institutional protections that rationalists expect. In case studies of U.S. policy on the creation of the League of Nations and the United Nations, I demonstrate that generalized trust is necessary for explaining the origins of American multilateralism and the design of these organizations.
Pumpkin fruit, seed and oil yield is independent of fruit or seed photosynthesis
Authors: KREFT M. , BERDEN-ZRIMEC M. , ZRIMEC A. , KREFT M. ERDANI , KREFT I. , KREFT S.
Published: April 2011

Summer pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) is an herbaceous plant with big fruits and oily seeds. Photosynthetic oxygen release was previously proposed to promote storage activity of seeds under internal hypoxia, in particular in oilseeds. Photosynthetic activity or any other function of chlorophylls from pumpkin seeds has never been demonstrated. The aim of the present research was to test whether illumination of pumpkin fruits has any influence on the yield and to measure photosynthetic activity of pumpkin seeds. The fruits grown in the dark were not significantly different from controls exposed to light in regard to fruit weight, size, number and weight of seeds or the content of lipids and pigments. Delayed fluorescence measurement showed no photosynthetic activity in pumpkin seeds in any developmental stage. Fruit wall, on the other hand, had significant photosynthetic activity. It is concluded that chlorophyll in pumpkin seeds does not mediate photosynthesis, which would in turn result in increased pumpkin yield.
On fluid motion in librating ellipsoids with moderate equatorial eccentricity
Authors: ZHANG KEKE , CHAN KIT H. , LIAO XINHAO
Published: April 2011

The motion of a homogeneous fluid of viscosity ν confined in a librating ellipsoidal cavity with semi-axes a and moderate equatorial eccentricity is investigated. The ellipsoid rotates with an angular velocity Ω0(1 + δsint), where Ω0 is the mean rate of rotation, is the libration frequency and Ω0δ represents the amplitude of longitudinal libration. When δ ≪2 and E1/2 ≪ 2 ≪ 1, where E is the Ekman number defined as E = ν/(a2Ω0), an explicit analytical solution describing fluid motion in librating ellipsoids is derived for any size of the libration frequency . Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the same problem are also performed, revealing the generation of mean zonal flow in librating ellipsoidal cavities and showing a satisfactory agreement between the asymptotic and numerical analyses.
Versatile cases
Authors: AIKHENVALD ALEXANDRA Y.
Published: April 2011

Case markers are thought of primarily as nominal morphemes, indicating the function of a noun phrase in a clause. In a few languages of the world case markers also appear on verbal forms. Such ‘versatile’ cases can express (i) temporal, causal and other relationships between clauses, and (ii) aspectual and modal meanings within a clause. Core cases tend to express aspectual and modal meanings, while oblique cases tend to be used as clause-linkers. The recurrent semantic differences between case morphemes as nominal markers, as clause-linking devices, and as exponents of clausal categories are rooted in the inherent polyfunctionality of these ‘chameleon’ morphemes: the specific meaning of any instance is affected by the morphosyntactic context in which it occurs. The conclusions are corroborated by a case study of Manambu, a Papuan language with extensive use of cases on nouns and on verbs, as exponents of aspectual and modal meanings and as clause-linking devices.
UNIFORM ASYMPTOTIC NORMALITY IN STATIONARY AND UNIT ROOT AUTOREGRESSION
Authors: Han Chirok , Phillips Peter C. B. , Sul Donggyu
Published: April 2011

While differencing transformations can eliminate nonstationarity, they typically reduce signal strength and correspondingly reduce rates of convergence in unit root autoregressions. The present paper shows that aggregating moment conditions that are formulated in differences provides an orderly mechanism for preserving information and signal strength in autoregressions with some very desirable properties. In first order autoregression, a partially aggregated estimator based on moment conditions in differences is shown to have a limiting normal distribution that holds uniformly in the autoregressive coefficient ρ, including stationary and unit root cases. The rate of convergence is $\root \of n $ when $\left| \rho \right| < 1$ and the limit distribution is the same as the Gaussian maximum likelihood estimator (MLE), but when ρ = 1 the rate of convergence to the normal distribution is within a slowly varying factor of n. A fully aggregated estimator (FAE) is shown to have the same limit behavior in the stationary case and to have nonstandard limit distributions in unit root and near integrated cases, which reduce both the bias and the variance of the MLE. This result shows that it is possible to improve on the asymptotic behavior of the MLE without using an artificial shrinkage technique or otherwise accelerating convergence at unity at the cost of performance in the neighborhood of unity. Confidence intervals constructed from the FAE using local asymptotic theory around unity also lead to improvements over the MLE.
Multiblock modelling to assess the overall risk factors for a composite outcome
Authors: BOUGEARD S. , LUPO C. , Le BOUQUIN S. , CHAUVIN C. , QANNARI E. M.
Published: April 2011

Research in epidemiology may be concerned with assessing risk factors for complex health issues described by several variables. Moreover, epidemiological data are usually organized in several blocks of variables, consisting of a block of variables to be explained and a large number of explanatory variables organized in meaningful blocks. Usual statistical procedures such as generalized linear models do not allow the explanation of a multivariate outcome, such as a complex disease described by several variables, with a single model. Moreover, it is not easy to take account of the organization of explanatory variables into blocks. Here we propose an innovative method in the multiblock modelling framework, called multiblock redundancy analysis, which is designed to handle most specificities of complex epidemiological data. Overall indices and graphical displays associated with different interpretation levels are proposed. The interest and relevance of multiblock redundancy analysis is illustrated using a dataset pertaining to veterinary epidemiology.
Spatio-temporal patterns of diarrhoeal mortality in Mexico
Authors: ALONSO W. J. , ACUÑA-SOTO R. , GIGLIO R. , NUCKOLS J. , LEYK S. , SCHUCK-PAIM C. , VIBOUD C. , MILLER M. A. , McCORMICK B. J. J.
Published: April 2011

Diarrhoeal mortality rates in Mexican children dramatically declined during the 1980s and 1990s, concomitant with a temporal shift in peak deaths from summer to autumn–winter. The spatial dynamics of these patterns have not previously been studied. We first describe the seasonal features of paediatric diarrhoeal mortality in Mexico as a whole, then across individual states. While no geographical gradients in the magnitude of diarrhoeal mortality rates have been detected in recent years, we identified a distinct spatial pattern in the timing of peak mortality rate. In the 1980s the summer peak mortality was earliest around Mexico's capital and later in states to the southeast and northwest. Our results suggest that the direction and timing of those annual waves are related to the mean monthly precipitation and mean daily temperature. This pattern has disintegrated in recent years as the summer peak has diminished.
Molecular characterization of capsular polysaccharides and surface protein genes in relation to genetic similarity of group B streptococci isolated from Polish pregnant women
Authors: BRZYCHCZY-WŁOCH M. , GOSIEWSKI T. , BODASZEWSKA-LUBAS M. , ADAMSKI P. , HECZKO P. B.
Published: April 2011

Serotyping, subtyping and genotyping are important tools for epidemiological studies of group B streptococci (GBS). We investigated the genotype distribution of 353 GBS isolates originating from vaginal or rectal carriage to identify capsular serotypes and subtypes based on the surface protein genes of the alpha-like protein (Alp) family. GBS were recovered from 30% of 1176 pregnant women during the period 2007–2009, with a predominance of capsular genotypes III (35%), Ia (20%), V (17%), II (15%), Ib (8%) and IV (5%). The most common Alp gene wasepsilon(26%), followed byrib(22%),alp2(21%),bca(17%) andalp3(14%). Several protein genes were significantly associated (G2=249·635,P<0·0001) with particular serotypes:epsilonwith Ia, Ib, IV;bcawith Ib, II;ribwith II, III;alp3with V;alp2with III. High genetic diversity within GBS strains was observed using DNA macrorestriction. Serotypes Ib, II and III demonstrated the greatest genetic heterogeneity and serotype V the lowest heterogeneity (relative frequency coefficient ⩾0·03vs. −0·46, respectively). Macrolide-resistant strains with serotype V andalp3gene, showed higher uniformity in genetic profile. The distribution of serotypes and surface proteins of GBS strains are necessary data to inform the design and formulation of new GBS vaccines for use in Poland and other countries.
Scavenger receptor class B type I and the hypervariable region-1 of hepatitis C virus in cell entry and neutralisation
Authors: Dao Thi Viet Loan , Dreux Marlène , Cosset François-Loïc
Published: April 2011

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide and represents a major public health problem. Viral attachment and entry – the first encounter of the virus with the host cell – are major targets of neutralising immune responses. Thus, a detailed understanding of the HCV entry process offers interesting opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Different cellular or soluble host factors mediate HCV entry, and considerable progress has been made in recent years to decipher how they induce HCV attachment, internalisation and membrane fusion. Among these factors, the scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI/SCARB1) is essential for HCV replication in vitro, through its interaction with the HCV E1E2 surface glycoproteins and, more particularly, the HVR1 segment located in the E2 protein. SR-BI is an interesting receptor because HCV, whose replication cycle intersects with lipoprotein metabolism, seems to exploit some aspects of its physiological functions, such as cholesterol transfer from high-density lipoprotein (HDL), during cell entry. SR-BI is also involved in neutralisation attenuation and therefore could be an important target for therapeutic intervention. Recent results suggest that it should be possible to identify inhibitors of the interaction of HCV with SR-BI that do not impair its important physiological properties, as discussed in this review.
Reich in Blackface:Oh Dem Watermelonsand Radical Minstrelsy in the 1960s
Authors: GOPINATH SUMANTH
Published: April 2011

This essay undertakes an examination of Steve Reich's music for Robert Nelson's filmOh Dem Watermelons(1965), which was originally conceived as part of the San Francisco Mime Troupe's controversial productionA Minstrel Show, or Civil Rights in a Cracker Barrelof the same year. Reich's long-neglected soundtrack deserves reconsideration for its formative role in the development of the composer's musical style and quasi-liberationist aesthetic at the time, for its participation within what I term the “minstrel avant-garde” in the Bay Area during the mid-1960s and the postmodern revival of blackface minstrelsy more generally, and as a reference point in reflecting upon Reich's professional and political trajectory since its composition.
“We Both Speak African”: A Dialogic Study of Afro-Cuban Jazz
Authors: GARCÍA DAVID
Published: April 2011

From 1947 to 1948 the Dizzy Gillespie orchestra with Chano Pozo produced some of the most important recordings that contributed to the development of Afro-Cuban jazz. Pozo had already led a successful career as a professional musician in Havana before he moved to New York City, where he met Gillespie and joined his bebop big band. The integration of a black Cuban percussionist into Gillespie's all-black band raises important questions about the racial politics enveloping the popularization of bebop, Afro-Cuban jazz, and the work of others in contemporaneous political, cultural, and intellectual arenas. This article provides new documentation of Pozo's performances with the Gillespie band in the United States and Europe and shows the ideological concerns that Pozo and Gillespie shared with West African political and cultural activists, Melville Herskovists and his students, and early jazz historians in the 1940s. The article suggests an alternative methodology for scholarship on jazz in the United States that approaches jazz's extensive engagements with Cuban and other Afro-Atlantic musicians as embodying the crux of jazz's place in the Afro-Atlantic.
2‐D radial analytical solutions for solute transport in a dual‐porosity medium
Authors: Cihan Abdullah , Tyner John S.
Published: April 2011

This study presents 2‐D analytical solutions for advective solute transport within a macropore with simultaneous radial diffusion into an unbounded soil matrix. Solutions for three conditions are derived: (1) an instantaneous release of solute into a macropore, (2) a constant concentration of solute at the top of a macropore, and (3) a pulse release of solute into a macropore. A system of two governing equations was solved by the Laplace transform method for solute concentration as a function of space and time. Substituting the asymptotic approximations of the modified Bessel functions, we also obtained approximate solutions for all three cases. For instantaneous and pulse‐type releases of solutes, the solutes initially diffuse into the soil matrix and then reverse direction away from the matrix as they diminish in the macropore. The matrix behaves as a long‐term contaminant source creating long tails in the breakthrough curves. Comparisons between the exact and approximate solutions for all three conditions show that the asymptotic approximations are accurate for relatively short periods of solute movement, with increasing error as time and transport distances increase. The analytical solutions were compared with one set of experimental data and also numerical simulations for contaminant transport in a cylindrical dual‐porosity medium. The analytical solutions for case 3 represented the experimental data reported in the literature well. Comparisons with numerical simulations in a two‐dimensional cylindrical domain that included dispersion in the macropore and advection in the matrix showed that the error caused by neglecting these two processes was minimal when a relatively low permeability matrix was considered for case 2.
Microstructures and crystallographic preferred orientation of anorthosites from Oman ophiolite and the dynamics of melt lenses
Authors: Morales Luiz F. G. , Boudier Françoise , Nicolas Adolphe
Published: April 2011

Microstructures and crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) of anorthosite samples interlayered in the upper and lower gabbro sections in the Oman ophiolite were analyzed in this paper. In the anorthosites registering the dynamics of the melt lenses, foliation is flat lying and starts to develop a few meters below the root zone of the sheeted dike complex (RZSDC). Microstructures and CPO of these rocks were developed in response to four different mechanisms: (1) density‐controlled settling of plagioclase on the lens floor, (2) deposition of anorthosites related to convection currents, (3) melt compaction, and (4) uncompacted melt accumulation. In these anorthosites, the poles to (010) of plagioclase are parallel to the flow plane of convection, whereas the [100] axes and poles to (001) express the convection flow direction and the axis of convection rolls, respectively. The effect of subsidence of melt lens floor is recorded immediately below the RZSDC and is characterized by the rapid (but progressive) development of dipping foliation and lineation, reflecting the increase of deformation downsection. The degree of foliation and CPO development in the anorthosites is directly related to the distance of the center of the melt lenses before the subsidence starts. Despite the uncertain origin of the anorthosites from the lower gabbro section, all the samples lost the magmatic microstructural characteristics and presently are reequilibrated aggregates. However, they still preserve plagioclase CPO, where some of these patterns present similarities with the anorthosites from the upper gabbro section, but no evidence of intracrystalline deformation under high temperatures.
Context for the Recent Massive Petermann Glacier Calving Event
Authors: Falkner Kelly K. , Melling Humfrey , Münchow Andreas M. , Box Jason E. , Wohlleben Trudy , Johnson Helen L. , Gudmandsen Preben , Samelson Roger , Copland Luke , Steffen Konrad , Rignot Eric , Higgins Anthony K.
Published: April 2011

On 4 August 2010, about one fifth of the floating ice tongue of Petermann Glacier (also known as “Petermann Gletscher”) in northwestern Greenland calved (Figure 1). The resulting “ice island” had an area approximately 4 times that of Manhattan Island (about 253±17 square kilometers). The ice island garnered much attention from the media, politicians, and the public, who raised concerns about downstream implications for shipping, offshore oil and gas operations, and possible connections to Arctic and global warming. Does this event signal a change in the glacier's dynamics? Or can it be characterized as part of the glacier's natural variability? Understanding the known historical context of this event allows scientists and the public to judge its significance.
Web Platform for Sharing Spatial Data and Manipulating Them Online
Authors: Bachelet Dominique , Comendant Tosha , Strittholt Jim
Published: April 2011

To fill the need for readily accessible conservation‐relevant spatial data sets, the Conservation Biology Institute (CBI) launched in 2010 a Web‐based platform called Data Basin (http://www.databasin.org). It is the first custom application of ArcGIS technology, which provides Web access to free maps and imagery using the most current version of Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI; http://www.esri.com/) geographic information system (GIS) software, and its core functionality is being made freely available. Data Basin includes spatial data sets (Arc format shapefiles and grids, or layer packages) that can be biological (e.g., prairie dog range), physical (e.g., average summer temperature, 1950–2000), or socioeconomic (e.g., locations of Alaska oil and gas wells); based on observations as well as on simulation results; and of local to global relevance. They can be uploaded, downloaded, or simply visualized. Maps (overlays of multiple data sets) can be created and customized (e.g., western Massachusetts protected areas, time series of the Deep Water Horizon oil spill). Galleries are folders containing data sets and maps focusing on a theme (e.g., sea level rise projections for the Pacific Northwest region from the National Wildlife Federation, soil data sets for the conterminous United States).
Introduction To Water Resources and Environmental Issues
Authors: Bulkley Jonathan W.
Published: April 2011

Water is an essential life‐sustaining resource whose existence and availability for human use are often taken for granted. It is often utilized by people who are unaware of where the water originated and what happens to the water following use. Beyond meeting direct human use, water enables all living species to survive and flourish and is a renewable natural resource. The authors' preface frames the context for this book; namely, it is to make the subject of water, water resources, and water's interactions in the environment understandable, approachable, and relevant to a wide range of students.
Metatranscriptomic analysis of extremely halophilic viral communities
Authors: Santos Fernando , Moreno-Paz Mercedes , Meseguer Inmaculada , López Cristina , Rosselló-Mora Ramon , Parro Víctor , Antón Josefa
Published: April 2011

Hypersaline environments harbour the highest number of viruses reported for aquatic environments. In crystallizer ponds from solar salterns, haloviruses coexist with extremely halophilic Archaea and Bacteria and present a high diversity although little is known about their activity. In this work, we analyzed the viral expression in one crystallizer using a metatranscriptomic approach in which clones from a metaviromic library were immobilized in a microarray and used as probes against total mRNA extracted from the hypersaline community. This approach has two advantages: (i) it overcomes the fact that there is no straightforward, unambiguous way to extract viral mRNA from bulk mRNAs and (ii) it makes the sequencing of all mRNAs unnecessary. Transcriptomic data indicated that the halovirus assemblage was highly active at the time of sampling and the viral groups with the highest expression levels were those related to high GC content haloarchaea and Salinibacter representatives, which are minor components in the environment. Moreover, the changes in the viral expression pattern and in the numbers of free viral particles were analyzed after submitting the samples to two stress conditions: ultraviolet-radiation and dilution. Results showed that Archaea were more sensitive than Bacteria to these stress conditions. The overexpression in the predicted archaeal virus fraction raised and the total numbers of free viruses increased. Furthermore, we identified some very closely related viral clones, displaying single-nucleotide polymorphisms, which were expressed only under certain conditions. These clones could be part of very closely related virus genomes for which we propose the term ‘ecoviriotypes’.
Agriculture's impact on microbial diversity and associated fluxes of carbon dioxide and methane
Authors: Levine Uri Y , Teal Tracy K , Robertson G Philip , Schmidt Thomas M
Published: April 2011

Agriculture has marked impacts on the production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and consumption of methane (CH4) by microbial communities in upland soils—Earth's largest biological sink for atmospheric CH4. To determine whether the diversity of microbes that catalyze the flux of these greenhouse gases is related to the magnitude and stability of these ecosystem-level processes, we conducted molecular surveys of CH4-oxidizing bacteria (methanotrophs) and total bacterial diversity across a range of land uses and measured the in situ flux of CH4 and CO2 at a site in the upper United States Midwest. Conversion of native lands to row-crop agriculture led to a sevenfold reduction in CH4 consumption and a proportionate decrease in methanotroph diversity. Sites with the greatest stability in CH4 consumption harbored the most methanotroph diversity. In fields abandoned from agriculture, the rate of CH4 consumption increased with time along with the diversity of methanotrophs. Conversely, estimates of total bacterial diversity in soil were not related to the rate or stability of CO2 emission. These combined results are consistent with the expectation that microbial diversity is a better predictor of the magnitude and stability of processes catalyzed by organisms with highly specialized metabolisms, like CH4 oxidation, as compared with processes driven by widely distributed metabolic processes, like CO2 production in heterotrophs. The data also suggest that managing lands to conserve or restore methanotroph diversity could mitigate the atmospheric concentrations of this potent greenhouse gas.
Birth Control Does Not Significantly Alter Women’s Preferences for Variants of Men’s Voices
Authors: Whitaker Jason W. , Setten Ryan , Ankerstjerne Ulv
Published: April 2011

Research shows that women‘s preferences for masculine voices (low pitch) vary as a function of the menstrual cycle, becoming positively augmented around ovulation. The proximate cause catalyzing this effect is attributed to fluctuating estrogen levels. Thus, the introduction of hormonally based birth control has been to shown to have a dampening effect in experiments researching women‘s preference of dimorphic secondary sexual characteristics. However, this dampening effect has not yet been explored in respect to women‘s preferences for masculine voice types. This experiment sought, first, to investigate the effect of birth control on subjects off and on birth control; and, second, to replicate past findings: Women‘s preference for masculine voice types increases during ovulation.Six voice stimuli were created from voice recordings of two men speaking monopthong vowels. Each recording‘s pitch was increased or decreased 3%. Subjects rated the attractiveness of each stimulus using a five point Likert type scale. Results showed that women (n = 145; 85 off and 60 on birth control, average age = 23.1±4.57) preferred the naturally lower pitched voice; though, this preference could not be attributed to pitch, solely. Fourth order polynomial regression analysis revealed preference for deep voice pitch was not influenced by ovulation, though significant fluctuation in preference occurred over the cycle. Lastly, there were no significant differences in preference scores between the on and off birth control samples. The authors discuss multiple methodological and statistical methods in respect to these novel findings.
tert-Butylzinc hydroxide as an efficient predesigned precursor of ZnO nanoparticles
Authors: Bury Wojciech , Krajewska Elżbieta , Dutkiewicz Michał , Sokołowski Kamil , Justyniak Iwona , Kaszkur Zbigniew , Kurzydłowski Krzysztof J. , Płociński Tomasz , Lewiński Janusz
Published: April 2011

The reaction of tBu2Zn with H2O leads to the unprecedented hexameric tert-butylzinc hydroxide which acts as an ideal predesigned precursor of ZnO nanoparticles.
Multivariate analysis of maize disease resistances suggests a pleiotropic genetic basis and implicates a
GST
gene
Authors: Wisser Randall J. , Kolkman Judith M. , Patzoldt Megan E. , Holland James B. , Yu Jianming , Krakowsky Matthew , Nelson Rebecca J. , Balint-Kurti Peter J.
Published: April 2011

Plants are attacked by pathogens representing diverse taxonomic groups, such that genes providing multiple disease resistance (MDR) are expected to be under positive selection pressure. To address the hypothesis that naturally occurring allelic variation conditions MDR, we extended the framework of structured association mapping to allow for the analysis of correlated complex traits and the identification of pleiotropic genes. The multivariate analytical approach used here is directly applicable to any species and set of traits exhibiting correlation. From our analysis of a diverse panel of maize inbred lines, we discovered high positive genetic correlations between resistances to three globally threatening fungal diseases. The maize panel studied exhibits rapidly decaying linkage disequilibrium that generally occurs within 1 or 2 kb, which is less than the average length of a maize gene. The positive correlations therefore suggested that functional allelic variation at specific genes for MDR exists in maize. Using a multivariate test statistic, a glutathione
S
-transferase (
GST
) gene was found to be associated with modest levels of resistance to all three diseases. Resequencing analysis pinpointed the association to a histidine (basic amino acid) for aspartic acid (acidic amino acid) substitution in the encoded protein domain that defines GST substrate specificity and biochemical activity. The known functions of GSTs suggested that variability in detoxification pathways underlie natural variation in maize MDR.
p66α–MBD2 coiled-coil interaction and recruitment of Mi-2 are critical for globin gene silencing by the MBD2–NuRD complex
Authors: Gnanapragasam Merlin Nithya , Scarsdale J. Neel , Amaya Maria L. , Webb Heather D. , Desai Megha A. , Walavalkar Ninad M. , Wang Shou Zhen , Zu Zhu Sheng , Ginder Gordon D. , Williams David C.
Published: April 2011

Nucleosome remodeling complexes comprise several large families of chromatin modifiers that integrate multiple epigenetic control signals to play key roles in cell type-specific transcription regulation. We previously isolated a methyl-binding domain protein 2 (MBD2)-containing nucleosome remodeling and deacetylation (NuRD) complex from primary erythroid cells and showed that MBD2 contributes to DNA methylation-dependent embryonic and fetal β-type globin gene silencing during development in vivo. Here we present structural and biophysical details of the coiled-coil interaction between MBD2 and p66α, a critical component of the MBD2–NuRD complex. We show that enforced expression of the isolated p66α coiled-coil domain relieves MBD2-mediated globin gene silencing and that the expressed peptide interacts only with a subset of components of the MBD2–NuRD complex that does not include native p66α or Mi-2. These results demonstrate the central importance of the coiled-coil interaction and suggest that MBD2-dependent DNA methylation-driven gene silencing can be disrupted by selectively targeting this coiled-coil complex.
Robo-3–mediated repulsive interactions guide R8 axons during
Drosophila
visual system development
Authors: Pappu Kartik S. , Morey Marta , Nern Aljoscha , Spitzweck Bettina , Dickson Barry J. , Zipursky S. L.
Published: April 2011

The formation of neuronal connections requires the precise guidance of developing axons toward their targets. In the
Drosophila
visual system, photoreceptor neurons (R cells) project from the eye into the brain. These cells are grouped into some 750 clusters comprised of eight photoreceptors or R cells each. R cells fall into three classes: R1 to R6, R7, and R8. Posterior R8 cells are the first to project axons into the brain. How these axons select a specific pathway is not known. Here, we used a microarray-based approach to identify genes expressed in R8 neurons as they extend into the brain. We found that Roundabout-3 (Robo3), an axon-guidance receptor, is expressed specifically and transiently in R8 growth cones. In wild-type animals, posterior-most R8 axons extend along a border of glial cells demarcated by the expression of Slit, the secreted ligand of Robo3. In contrast,
robo3
mutant R8 axons extend across this border and fasciculate inappropriately with other axon tracts. We demonstrate that either Robo1 or Robo2 rescues the
robo3
mutant phenotype when each is knocked into the endogenous
robo3
locus separately, indicating that R8 does not require a function unique to the Robo3 paralog. However, persistent expression of Robo3 in R8 disrupts the layer-specific targeting of R8 growth cones. Thus, the transient cell-specific expression of Robo3 plays a crucial role in establishing neural circuits in the
Drosophila
visual system by selectively regulating pathway choice for posterior-most R8 growth cones.
Plant intracellular innate immune receptor Resistance to
Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola 1
(RPM1) is activated at, and functions on, the plasma membrane
Authors: Gao Zhiyong , Chung Eui-Hwan , Eitas Timothy K. , Dangl Jeffery L.
Published: April 2011

Plants deploy intracellular innate immune receptors to recognize pathogens and initiate disease resistance. These nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) proteins are activated by pathogen effector proteins that are delivered into the host cell to suppress host defense responses. Little is known about the sites and mechanisms of NB-LRR activation, but some NB-LRR proteins can function inside the plant nucleus. We demonstrate that RPM1 is activated on the plasma membrane and does not relocalize to the nucleus. An autoactive RPM1(D505V) allele that recapitulates key features of normal RPM1 activation also resides on the plasma membrane. There is no detectable relocalization of activated RPM1 to the nucleus. Hindering potential nuclear entry of RPM1-Myc did not affect either its effector-triggered hypersensitive-response (HR) cell death or its disease resistance functions, further suggesting that nuclear translocation is not required for RPM1 function. RPM1 tethered onto the plasma membrane with a dual acylated N-terminal epitope tag retained the ability to mediate HR, consistent with this RPM1 function being activated on the plasma membrane. Plant NB-LRR proteins can thus function at various locations in the cell.
Simulating the coevolution of compositionality and word order regularity
Authors: Gong Tao
Published: April 2011

This paper proposes a coevolutionary scenario on the origins of compositionality and word order regularity in human language, and illustrates it using a multi-agent, behavioral model. The model traces a ‘bottom-up’ process of syntactic development; artificial agents, by iterating local orders among lexical items, gradually build up basic constituent word order(s) in sentences. These results show that structural features of language (e.g. syntactic categories and word orders) could have coevolved with lexical items, as a consequence of general learning mechanisms (e.g. pattern extraction and sequential learning) initially not language-specific. Keywords: Computer simulation; language origin; coevolution; compositionality; word order regularity
‘A beautiful moment of bravery and hard work’: Italian colonialism in post-1945 history high school textbooks
Authors: De Michele Grazia
Published: April 2011

Italian colonialism in Africa has for some time been a largely neglected subject of study. The signing of the Paris Treaty of 1947, which deprived the country of its colonies, did not lead to critical debates, in Italy, around the issue. On the contrary, the post-war political elites continued to demand the restitution of those colonies, in continuity with previous regimes. The hagiographic and mythic image of colonialism that had been created by liberal and Fascist propaganda remained alive in Italian culture and society. This article analyses the continuities and ruptures in the treatment of colonial history offered by post-war high school history textbooks. Traditional discourses and imagery marked the way in which textbooks examined the nation's colonial past, distorting the reality of the past and contributing to the creation of a sense of innocence with regard to the Italian presence in Africa.
Truman's bombs and De Gasperi's hooked-nose: images of the enemy in the Communist press for young people after 18 April 1948
Authors: Goretti Leo
Published: April 2011

With the elections of 18 April 1948, for Italian Communists the prospect of coming to power in the short term vanished. In the aftermath of the elections, the sustained confrontation of the Cold War at the international level and the unfavourable political context in Italy deeply shaped the tone and content of the Communist press, including the educational magazines for young militants. This article deals with the representations of the political enemies in the press for young Communists between 18 April 1948 and the electoral campaign against thelegge truffain 1953. Attention is paid to how the Communist press portrayed, in particular by visual means, the different subjects that made up the ruling anti-Communist bloc: the US government; Christian Democrats; the Catholic Church; and, finally, the Italian business world. In particular, the analysis underlines the relevance that a ‘nation-’ and ‘gender-’ related discourse had in the construction of political enemies.