bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrochemistry of Zinc
Authors: Stroka Jadwiga , Maksymiuk Krzysztof , Galus Zbigniew
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Double‐layer Properties of Zinc Electrodes

Pc
‐Zinc in Aqueous Solutions

Zn
Single Crystals in Aqueous Solutions

Electrochemical Properties and Kinetics of the
Zn
(
II
)/
Zn
(
Hg
) and
Zn
(
II
)/
Zn
Systems

Electrochemistry in Aqueous Solutions

Electrochemistry in Water‐organic Solvent Mixtures

Electrochemistry in Nonaqueous Solvents

The Influence of Organic Compounds on the Electrode Processes

The Electrochemical Properties of the Zinc Complexes

Properties of Zinc Oxide Electrode

Electrode Processes in Molten Salts

Deposition and Underpotential Deposition of Zn on Solid Electrodes

Underpotential Deposition of Zinc

Zn
UPD
on
Pt

Zn
UPD
on
Au

Zinc Electrodeposition on Solid Electrodes

Electrodeposition on
Zn
Electrodes

Electrodeposition on Other Electrodes

Passivation and Corrosion of Zinc

Anodic Dissolution and Passivation of Zinc

Corrosion

Applied Electrochemistry

Batteries

Ni
–
Zn
Cells

Zn
–Air Batteries

Zn
–
Mn
O
2
Batteries

Zn
–
Ag
Batteries

Other Cells

Electrowinning

Zinc Electroplating

Zinc Alloys Electroplating

Electrochemical Sensors and Modified Electrodes

Potentiometric Sensors

Voltammetric/Amperometric Sensors

Modified Electrodes
Electrochemistry of Mercury
Authors: Orlik Marek , Galus Zbigniew
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Double‐layer Properties of
Hg
/Water Interface

Potential of Zero Charge

Surface Charge Density and Capacitive Current

Experimental and Theoretical Studies of the
Hg
/Water Interface

Double‐layer Properties of
Hg
/Nonaqueous Media Interface

Adsorption and Electrode Reactions at
Hg
Surface

Deposition and Underpotential Deposition of
Hg
on Various Electrodes

Underpotential Deposition of Mercury on Gold Electrodes

Film Electrodes and Related
Hg
Electrodes

Adsorption and Electrode Reactions of Inorganic Ions and Coordination Compounds of Metal Ions

Analytical Applications

Adsorption and Electrode Reactions Involving Organic Compounds

Organic Compounds Containing Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium

Organic Nitrogen Compounds

Indicators and Dyes

Vitamins and Antibiotics

Enzymes and Coenzymes

Other Organic Compounds

Analytical Aspects of Adsorption of Organic Compounds

Ammonium and Quaternary‐substituted Ammonium Amalgams
Cathodic Reactions of Hydrocarbons, Olefins, and Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Heinze Jürgen
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Reductive Generation of Anionic Species

Experimental Background

Redox Properties

Electron‐transfer Kinetics

Chemical Reactions of Electrogenerated Anions

Homogeneous Electron Transfer

Electrophilic and Related Reactions

Protonation

Alkylation

Acylation

Addition of CO2and SO3

Reductive Coupling

Intramolecular Reactions

Conformational Changes

Bond‐breaking and Bond‐making Reactions
Anodic Reactions of Alkanes, Alkenes, and Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Schäfer Hans J.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Anodic Oxidation of Alkanes

Anodic Substitution of
CH
Bonds

Oxidation of Remote
CH
Bonds in Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Steroids

C
,
C
Bond Cleavage in Hydrocarbons

Oxidation of Hydrocarbons in Fuel Cells

Anodic Oxidation of Alkenes

General Reaction Behavior

Anodic Coupling of Alkenes by Way of Radical Cations

Intermolecular Coupling

Intramolecular Coupling

Anodic Substitution and Addition via Radical Cations

Addition via Oxidation of Nucleophiles to Radicals

Mediated Oxidation of Alkenes

Anodically Induced Cycloadditions

Anodic Oxidation of Aromatic Compounds

General Principles of Reaction

Anodic Coupling

Nuclear Aromatic Substitution

Anodic Side Chain Substitution of Aromatic Compounds

Anodic Addition

Comparison of Anodic Conversions of Alkanes, Alkenes, and Aromatic Compounds with their Chemical Transformations
Oxidation of Oxygen‐containing Compounds (Alcohols, Carbonyl Compounds, Carboxylic Acids)
Authors: Matsumura Yoshihiro
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Oxidation of Alcohols

Direct Oxidation of Alcohols

Aliphatic Alcohols

Indirect Oxidation of Alcohols

Mediators Fixed to the Electrode Surface

Mediators Dissolved in the Electrolyte

Oxidation of Phenols

Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones

C, CBond Formation

Oxidation of Carbonyl Compounds

Direct Oxidation of Carbonyl Compounds

Indirect Oxidation of Carbonyl Compounds

Oxidation of Carboxylic Acids

The Kolbe Reaction

The Non‐Kolbe Reaction

Reaction with Nucleophiles

Rearrangement

Olefin Formation

Oxidative Decarboxylation of α‐heteroatom‐substituted Carboxylic Acids

Oxidation of Amides
Oxidation and Reduction of Halogen‐containing Compounds
Authors: Peters Dennis G.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Anodic Processes

Halogenated Alkanes

Alicyclic Halides

Aryl Halides

Cathodic Processes

Halogenated Alkanes

Halogenated Alkenes and Alkynes

Benzyl Halides

Alicyclic Halides

Aryl Halides

Acyl and Phenacyl Halides

Aliphatic α‐Halocarbonyl Compounds

Halogenated Heterocyclic Compounds

Catalytic Reduction of Carbon–Halogen Bonds
Electrochemical Reactions of Sulfur Organic Compounds
Authors: Jouikov Viatcheslav , Simonet Jacques
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Electrooxidation

Thiones

Thiols

Sulfides

Thioketals and Thioacetals

Disulfides

Tetrathiofulvalenes

Sulfur‐containing Polymers

Reduction

Thiones

Sulfides

Disulfides

Sulfoxides

Sulfones

Sulfonium Salts

Sulfonamides and Deprotection to Amines

Sacrificial Sulfur Electrodes

Sacrificial Anodes

Sacrificial Cathodes
The Origin of Bioelectrochemistry: An Overview
Authors: Bianco Pierre
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Electrokinetic Phenomena

Membrane Phenomena

Electron Transfer Reactions in Biological Compounds

Transmission of Information in Living Organisms
Interfacial Properties of Proteins/Spectroelectrochemical Studies
Authors: Niki Katsumi
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Methodologies

Surface‐enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering Spectroscopy

Electroreflectance (Potential‐Modulated
UV
‐vis Reflectance) Spectroscopy

Infrared Reflection Absorption Spectroscopy

Absorption Linear Dichroism and Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Spectroscopies

Redox Behavior of Heme‐ and Flavoproteins at Unmodified Electrode Surfaces

Gold Electrode

Cytochrome
c

Cytochrome
c
3

Silver Electrode

Cytochrome
c

Cytochrome
c
3

Cytochrome
c
552
(
Thermus thermophilus
)

Cytochrome
b
5
and Hemoglobin

Myoglobin

Flavoproteins

Cytochrome
P
‐450

Electrode Reaction of Electron Transfer Proteins at Modified Electrodes

Cytochrome
c
at Pyridine Derivative‐modified Electrodes

ER
Spectroscopic Studies

SERRS
Studies

Stability of Bis‐(4pyridyl) Disulfide and 4‐Mercaptopyridine at Gold Electrodes

Cytochrome
c
at ω‐Functional Alkanethiol Modified Electrodes

Cytochrome
c
at Iodine‐modified Electrodes

Cytochrome
c
3
at 4,4′‐Bipyridyl and Carboxylic Acid‐terminated Alkanethiol Modified Electrodes

Proteins Cast in Lipid Bilayer

Molecular Orientation of Proteins on Solid Substrates. Cytochrome
c
Immobilized on Self‐assembled Monolayers

IRRAS
Studies

Conformation of Cytochrome
c
on Carboxylic Acid‐terminated
SAM

Electron Transfer Kinetics of Electron Transfer Proteins at Electrode Surfaces

Electron Transfer Kinetics of Cytochrome
c
at Carboxylic Acid‐terminated Alkanethiol
SAM

Electron Transfer Kinetics of Cytochromes
c
and
c
552
at Silver Electrode

Electron Transfer Kinetics of Azurin at Methyl‐terminated Alkanethiol Self‐assembled Monolayers

Recent review article related to this chapter
Membrane Electrochemistry
Authors: Tien H. Ti , Ottova Angelica
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introductory Remarks

Types of Membranes

Semipermeable Membranes

Ion‐exchange Membranes

Microporous Membranes

The Lipid Bilayer Principle of Biomembranes

Classification of Biomembranes

Composition, Structure and Function of Biomembranes

Composition

Structure and Function

The Ultrastructure of Biomembranes

The Function of Biomembranes Pertaining to Electrochemistry

Basics of Membrane Electrochemistry

Nernst–Planck Equation

Thermodynamic Considerations

Nernst Equation

Electroneutrality Principle

Ion Selectivity, Ion Specificity,pH, and Cell Membranes

TheHenderson–Hasselbalch Equation

Origins of Membrane Potentials

The Role of Electrical Double Layers (EDLs) and their Biological Implications

Electrokinetic Potential,Uk

Adsorption Potential

Distribution Potential

Diffusion Potentials

TheGibbs–Donnan Potential

Phase Boundary Potentials

Relationship among Various Potentials

Experimental Membrane Systems

Langmuir–Blodgett Films

Immiscible Liquid–Liquid (L–L) Interfaces (ITIES)

Planar Lipid Bilayers and Liposomes

Bilayer Lipid Membranes

Formation Techniques

ConventionalBLM

BLMsviaL–BTechnique

SupportedBLMs

Methods of Investigation

Potentiometry

The Patch‐Clamp Technique

Cyclic Voltammetry

CVandBLMExperiments

Modeling ofBLMBehavior by Electrochemical Equivalent Circuit

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy

Photoelectrospectrometry

Electronic and Charge Transfer Processes in Membranes

Properties of Iodine–Iodide‐containingBLMs

PolypyrroleBLMs

Photoelectric Effects in Membranes

Applications
Organic Polymer Modified Electrodes
Authors: Kuwabata Susumu , Yoneyama Hiroshi
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Doping of Molecules Having Specific Functions in the Conducting Polymers

Covalent Binding of Functional Molecules to the Conducting Polymers

Composites of the Conducting Polymers and Inorganic Materials

Conducting Polymers Having Specific Morphology
Electron Transfer
Authors: Finklea Harry O.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Self‐assembled Monolayers (
SAMs
)

Blocking
SAMs
, Pinholes, and Defects

Electroactive
SAMs

Theoretical Model for Electron Transfer

Measurements of Kinetic Parameters

Electronic Coupling versus Distance

Electronic Coupling versus Other Factors

Reorganization Energies

Future Directions
Electrochemical Formation of Organic Thin Films
Authors: Saji Tetsuo
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Formation of Organic Thin Films Using Surfactants with a Ferrocene Group

Formation of Organic Thin Films Using Surfactants with an Azobenzene Group

Scope of Film‐forming Compounds

Rate of Film Growth

Properties of Film

Applications
Recent Trends in Chemically Modified sp
2
and sp
3
Bonded Carbon Electrodes
Authors: Knigge Doug , Kaur Pushwinder , Swain Greg M.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Chemically Modified
sp
2
Bonded Carbon Electrodes

Hydrogen‐terminated Surfaces

Surfaces Modified by Chemisorbed Molecules

Effect of Surface Modification on the Electrochemical Properties

Chemically Modified
sp
3
Bonded Carbon Electrodes

CVD
Diamond Thin‐film Growth

Surface Termination

Oxygen‐terminated Surfaces

Surfaces Modified by Chemisorbed Molecules

Effect of Surface Modification on the Electrochemical Properties

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Chemically Modified Oxide Electrodes
Authors: Ganzorig Chimed , Fujihira Masamichi
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Electrode Preparation

General: Transparent Conducting Oxide Films

Cleaning of Substrate Surfaces

Cleaning with Solvents

Cleaning by Heating and Irradiation

Cleaning by Stripping Lacquer Coatings

Cleaning in an Electrical Discharge

Cleaning Cycles

Cleaning of Organic Glass

Chemical Methods of Film Deposition

Spraying Pyrolysis

Chemical Vapor Deposition

Sol‐gel Process

Physical Methods of Film Deposition

Evaporation

Sputtering

Reactive Ion Plating

Pulsed Laser Deposition

Other Techniques

The Properties of Transparent Conducting Oxide Electrode Surfaces

Electrode Modification

General

SnO
2

ITO

ZnO

TiO
2
and ZrO
2

Polypyridyl
Ru
Complexes and Organic Dyes as Sensitizers

Short‐chain Alkanoic and Benzoic Acids

Long‐chain Organic Acids

Other Oxides

Organosilanization

General

Wide Bandgap Transparent Conducting Oxide Electrodes

SnO
2

TiO
2
and ZrO
2

ZnO

ITO

Large Bandgap Oxide Electrodes

Potential Applications

Tuning the Work Function of Electrodes

Correlation of Device Performance with Changes in the Work Function

Other Possible Applications

SnO
2

ITO

ZnO

TiO
2

Other Oxides

Acknowledgement
SAMs
on
Hg
Electrodes
Authors: Guidelli Rolando
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction and Scope

Phospholipid
SAMs
on
Hg

Preparation Methodology and Procedures

Structure and Physical Properties of Phospholipid
SAMs
on
Hg

Differential Capacity of Phospholipid
SAMs
on
Hg

Inhibitive Properties of Phospholipid
SAMs
on
Hg

Modeling of Phospholipid
SAMs
on
Hg

Incorporation of Lipophilic Molecules in Phospholipid
SAMs
on
Hg

Electroinactive Compounds

Electroactive Compounds

Thiol
SAMs
on
Hg

Preparation Methodology and Procedures

Structure and Physical Properties of Thiol
SAMs
on Mercury

Surface‐sensitive Techniques

Electrochemical Properties

Total and Free Charge Density on Mercury Coated with Thiol
SAMs

Electron Transfer across Thiol
SAMs
on Mercury

Tethered Bilayer Lipid Membranes on
Hg
Microporous Inorganic Molecular Materials
Authors: Williams Mary Elizabeth , Hupp Joseph T.
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction to Microporous Inorganic Molecular Materials

Materials Design and Synthesis

Transport Models and Electrochemical Characterization Methods

Size‐selective Transport of Redox‐active Species through Thin Films of Molecular Squares

Size‐selective Transport of Redox‐active Species through Thin Films of Porphyrinic Molecular Squares Featuring Adjustable Cavity Sizes and Tailored Channel Interiors

Size‐selective Transport of Redox‐inactive Species through Thin Films of Molecular Squares

Shape‐selective Transport of Redox‐active Species through Thin Films of Molecular Rectangles

Permeation through Single Microcrystallites of Molecular Rectangles

Acknowledgments
XPS
,
UPS
, Penning Ionization, and Auger Electron Spectroscopy
Authors: Fujihira Masamichi
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are
Scanning Probe Microscopies as Chemical Force microscopy for Self‐assembled Monolayers
Authors: Fujihira Masamichi , Okui Hiroki , Sato Fuminobu
Published: December 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Chemical Modification of
AFM
Tips

Sample Surfaces with Various Patterns

FFM
and
PFM
‐
AFM
Measurements

Friction and Adhesive Force Imaging as
CFM

CFM
of Patterned Surface Prepared by the
LB
Method

Friction Force Map in Phase‐separated
HC
‐
FC
Mixed
LB
Films with
Ca
2+
Counterions

CFM
of Patterned Surfaces Prepared by µ‐
CP

Effect of Experimental Environments and Surface Roughness

Other Approaches for
CFM

Concluding Remarks
Occupation and breast cancer risk among Shanghai women in a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Ji Bu‐Tian , Blair Aaron , Shu Xiao‐Ou , Chow Wong‐Ho , Hauptmann Michael , Dosemeci Mustafa , Yang Gong , Lubin Jay , Gao Yu‐Tang , Rothman Nathaniel , Zheng Wei
Published: December 2007

Introduction

A total of 74,942 female subjects were recruited in a population‐based cohort study in Shanghai, China between 1997 and 2000. We examined the relationship between occupation and breast cancer risk.

Methods

Cases were 586 women previously diagnosed with breast cancer at baseline and 438 women newly diagnosed with breast cancer during follow‐up through December 2004. Eight controls were randomly selected for each case from cancer‐free cohort members and frequency‐matched to the cases by year of birth and age at diagnosis. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of breast cancer risk associated with occupations, adjusting for established breast cancer risk factors.

Results

In the prevalent breast cancer data analysis, increased risks of breast cancer were associated with technicians in engineering/agriculture/forestry (OR = 1.6, CI: 1.0–2.4), teaching personnel (OR = 1.5, CI:1.1–2.0), tailoring/sewing workers (OR = 1.6, CI:1.0–2.7), and examiners/measurers/testers (OR = 1.5, CI:1.1–2.1) among those who started the jobs at least 20 years ago. Among incident breast cancer cases, significantly increased risks were associated with medical/health care workers (OR = 1.4, CI:1.0–2.0), administrative clerical workers (OR = 1.5, CI:1.0–2.4), postal/telecommunication workers (OR = 2.2, CI:1.0–5.5), and odd‐job workers (OR = 1.7, CI:1.1–2.8) among those who started the jobs at least 20 years ago. The excess risks were found in both prevalent and incident cases for postal/telecommunication workers and purchasing/marketing personnel, although ORs reached only marginal significance.

Conclusions:

This study suggests that white‐collar professionals and several production occupations may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:100–110, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of the photodegradation behaviors of an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer solar cell encapsulant and effects of antioxidants on the photostability of the material
Authors: Ayutthaya S. Isarankura Na , Wootthikanokkhan J.
Published: December 2007

This study concerns the photodegradation and stabilization of a solar cell encapsulating material made from ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). EVA was compounded with various additives in a twin‐screw extruder. After that, the extruded film was cured in a hydraulic compression mold before being exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation at an ambient temperature for 800 h. The thermal stability of the material was also studied through the aging of the sample at 90°C for 2000 h. The tensile strength of the unstabilized EVA decreased only slightly after the thermal aging. On the other hand, the strength of the material decreased noticeably after the UV irradiation. Fourier transform infrared spectra of various EVA films revealed that there was no deacetylation occurring after the UV irradiation. However, results from the swelling test and swollen‐state NMR suggested that the polymer degraded via a chain‐scission mechanism. After compounding with some antioxidants, most of the EVA films scarcely degraded after the UV irradiation, with the exception of the EVA compounded with a combination of the aromatic phosphate compound (0.1 phr) and hindered amine light stabilizer (0.1 phr). The results are discussed in light of an antagonism effect that occurred because of the aforementioned combination. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preferred foraging areas of Heard Island albatrosses during chick raising and implications for the management of incidental mortality in fisheries
Authors: Lawton Kieran , Kirkwood Roger , Robertson Graham , Raymond Ben
Published: December 2007

Incidental mortality in fisheries is causing declines in many albatross populations around the world. To assess potential interactions with regional fisheries satellite tags were used to track black‐browed albatrosses (Thalassarche melanophrys) and light‐mantled sooty albatrosses (Phoebetria palpebrata) breeding on Heard Island during the chick‐rearing periods of 2003/04. This was the first time individuals from either population had been tracked.

Black‐browed albatrosses foraged largely within the Heard and McDonald Islands Economic Exclusion Zone (EEZ) north‐east of the island, although 20% of foraging trips were to areas north of the EEZ into Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) areas 58.5.1 and 58.5.2 and into the Îles Kerguelen EEZ.

In contrast, the light‐mantled sooty albatrosses foraged well south of Heard Island along the southern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Both species appear to face minimal risk of incidental mortality during the chick‐rearing period in the regulated, legal fisheries, but are threatened by illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing vessels operating in the southern Indian Ocean.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Status of freshwater fish around the Korean Demilitarized Zone and its implications for conservation
Authors: Jang Min‐Ho , Yoon Ju‐Duk , Shin Joon‐Hwan , Joo Gea‐Jae
Published: December 2007

The Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which divides the Korean peninsula, currently serves as a sanctuary for diverse biological resources, owing to limited development and human activities. The fish fauna of the DMZ areas, including the Civilian Control Zone (CCZ) and Military Facility Protection Area (MFPA), was investigated by quarterly sampling at 53 sites from August 2001 to May 2004.

In total, 10 946 fish were collected and classified into 99 species and 26 families. Zacco platypus (relative abundance, RA 18.6%) was the dominant species, while other key species were Rhynchocypris steindachneri (16.0%), Pungitius sinensis (12.5%) and Zacco temmincki (8.5%).

Thirty species were found to be Korean endemics, representing seven families. Eight Korean vulnerable species and two Korean natural monument species were recorded. Three exotic fish species (Carassius cuvieri, Micropterus salmoides and Lepomis macrochirus) were collected at 13 study sites, all but one of which are outside the CCZ. There were significant relationships between altitude and fish species richness (r2=0.448, P<0.001) and the number of endemic fish species (r2=0.487, P<0.001).

Owing to very limited human interference, the DMZ could provide good benchmark sites to enable ecological restoration on other rivers and streams for maintenance of natural freshwater fish biodiversity. It is suggested that a natural park is instituted around the DMZ areas for ecological protection and as a symbol of peaceful coexistence between South and North Korea.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of prior interpretation on situation assessment in crime analysis
Authors: Kerstholt José H. , Eikelboom Aletta R.
Published: December 2007

A main threat to objective information processing in crime investigation teams is the tendency to focus on one particular interpretation only. To prevent such tunnel vision or ‘groupthink’, an investigation team can call in a crime analyst, and ask him or her to give a fresh and independent account of the evidence at hand. However, before they examine the case, crime analysts are often already aware of the scenario currently favoured by the team. In our experiment, we investigated whether such prior knowledge can jeopardise the independence of the analyst's advice. Thirty‐eight professional crime analysts were asked to generate causal scenarios for two different cases and to indicate how the team should continue their investigation. Before beginning their analysis, half of the crime analysts received a realistic prior interpretation, such as might have been constructed by an investigation team. The results show that when given a prior interpretation, both experienced and inexperienced analysts considered the scenario suggested therein as more likely, and made recommendations for further investigation accordingly. We explain these findings by suggesting that analysts temporarily adopted the perspective of the investigation team, and that such temporary commitment by itself increased confidence in the hypothesis at hand (Koehler, 1991). This research supports previous research on the impact of prior theory on judgement, and extends it to an important real world domain where mistakes can have serious consequences. We recommend that in cases where the crime analyst is asked to give an objective assessment, he or she should not be informed about the interpretation of the investigation team until after the analysis has been conducted. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The psychology and law of voluntary manslaughter: what can psychology research teach us about the “heat of passion” defense?
Authors: Sherman Steven J. , Hoffmann Joseph L.
Published: December 2007

The doctrine of voluntary manslaughter mitigates a defendant's crime and punishment when the defendant kills in the “heat of passion” generated by an extremely provoking event, such as witnessing a spouse's adultery. The doctrine relies on empirical assumptions about the effects of emotion, especially anger, on decision‐making, and about the time course of emotion. Modern psychology research questions at least some of these assumptions, but the law adheres to its traditional approach. The law's resistance to change may stem partly from its dependency on language and analogic reasoning; the words we use to describe emotions like anger, revenge, and fear may shape people's perceptions concerning these emotions and thus may constrain the law's ability to respond to new psychological insights about emotion. At the same time, the law must serve normative goals that transcend the quest for empirical knowledge. For this reason and others, psychology can only inform the law, but cannot force changes in the law. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformational change from antiparallel β‐sheet to α‐helix in a series of depsipeptide, ‐(Leu‐Leu‐Lac)n‐: Syntheses, spectroscopic studies, and crystal structures of Boc‐Leu‐Lac‐OEt and Boc‐(Leu‐Leu‐Lac)n‐OEt (n = 1, 2)
Authors: Oku Hiroyuki , Yamada Keiichi , Katakai Ryoichi
Published: December 2007

The depsipeptides Boc‐Leu‐Lac‐OEt (1) and Boc‐(Leu‐Leu‐Lac)n‐OEt (n = 1, 2) (2 and 3, respectively) (Boc = tert‐butyloxycarbonyl, Lac = L‐lactic acid residue) has been synthesized and studied by crystallographic, CD spectroscopic, and ESI‐MS analyses. In the packing cells, those three compounds adopt β‐strand conformations. Each molecule is linked into a dimer (1) or an infinite assembly (2 and 3) by tight hydrogen bonds of the type NH···OC. Interestingly, the hexamer, 3 shows the first example of antiparallel pleated β‐sheet crystal structure for a depsipeptide molecule. In the packing cells, especially for 3, the ester groups OCO are perpendicularly oriented to the amide groups NHCO and β‐sheet planes to avoid the interaction between O(ester) and OC. Therefore, when the chain length become longer, the O···OC repulsion interaction works as a β‐sheet breaker and hence promotes an α‐helical structure as observed for Boc‐(Leu‐Leu‐Lac)3‐Leu‐Leu‐OEt (4) (Oku et al. Biopolymers 2004, 75, 242–254) and Boc‐(Leu‐Leu‐Lac)n‐OEt (n = 4–6) (5–7) (Katakai et al., Biopolymers 1996, 38, 285–290), in which the O···OC repulsion does not cause significant structural changes in α‐helical main chains. Therefore from the structural and spectroscopic analyses, we have found governing factors for the specificity in the β‐sheet and α‐helix decision in this series of depsipeptides, ‐(Leu‐Leu‐Lac)n‐. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 270–283, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Conformational transition and liquid crystalline state of regenerated silk fibroin in water
Authors: Li Xin‐Gui , Wu Li‐Ya , Huang Mei‐Rong , Shao Hui‐Li , Hu Xue‐Chao
Published: December 2007

The conformational transition of molecular chains of regenerated silk fibroin (SF) aqueous solution is systematically investigated by circular dichroism, Raman, IR, and UV–vis spectroscopies. It is found that an initial random coil conformation of the SF can be readily changed into an ordered β‐sheet structure by optimizing the solution conditions, such as the SF concentration, pH, temperature, or metal‐ion content. Circular dichroic spectra quantitatively confirm a steadily decreased content of the random coil conformation but a significantly increased β‐sheet content after an ultrasonic or extruding treatment. Furthermore, the extrusion is more powerful to achieve high β‐sheet content than the ultrasonic. It is interesting that the polarized optical micrographs of the SF aqueous solution extruded by injection illustrate the formation and existence of liquid crystalline state. A study of extrusion in vitro could be used as a model system to understand the natural silk spinning process in silkworm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 497–505, 2008.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Carnosine attenuates mast cell degranulation and histamine release induced by oxygen–glucose deprivation
Authors: Shen Yao , Zhang Shihong , Fu Lin , Hu Weiwei , Chen Zhong
Published: December 2007

Carnosine (β‐alanyl‐histidine) is a naturally occurring dipeptide that has been characterized as a putative hydrophilic antioxidant. The protective function of carnosine has been demonstrated in neuronal cells under ischemic injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of carnosine on oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD)‐induced degranulation and histamine release from mast cells. Cultured mast cells were exposed to OGD for 4 h, and then the degranulation was observed immediately by microscopy. Histamine release was analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). OGD caused degranulation of mast cells, and increased histamine and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Carnosine (at a concentration of 5 mM) alone did not produce any appreciable effect on degranulation, histamine, and LDH release from mast cells under normal condition, but significantly inhibited the degranulation, histamine, and LDH release of mast cells induced by OGD. These results indicate that carnosine can protect mast cells from degranulation and histamine release and it may be an endogenous mast cell stabilizer in the pathological processes induced by ischemia. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrolysis of various bioactive peptides by goat brain dipeptidylpeptidase‐III homologue
Authors: Dhanda Suman , Singh Jasbir , Singh Hari
Published: December 2007

DPP‐III from goat brain was purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity which showed several characteristics similar to other reported DPP‐IIIs although it possesses dissimilar molecular weight and different inhibition behavior. Thin layer chromatographic studies with goat brain DPP‐III revealed that it hydrolyses Leu‐enkephalin (TyrGlyGlyPheLeu) at the GlyGly bond producing TyrGly and GlyPheLeu with no further degradation of liberated tripeptide. (Ala)4 is hydrolyzed to dialanine whereas trialanine is not cleaved. ACTH, angiotensin II and III were also hydrolyzed whereas angiotensin I was not. It was concluded that the enzyme requires at least a tetrapeptide to act and that it removes a dipeptidyl moiety from the NH2‐terminus of the studied peptides. Goat brain DPP‐III may be involved in the metabolism of very important bioactive peptides such as enkephalins and angiotensins. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of oxidative stress on rat thyrocyte iodide metabolism
Authors: Nadolnik L. I. , Niatsetskaya Z. V. , Lupachyk S. V.
Published: December 2007

Thyroid cells fall into the type of cells functioning during continuous production of high H2O2 concentrations. We studied the effect of H2O2‐induced oxidative stress (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mM) on the activities of the key steps of iodide metabolism (uptake, oxidation and organification) in thyrocytes cultivated in an organ culture. After 60 min cultivation of cells in a medium containing H2O2 at concentrations of 1.0 and 10.0 mM iodide (I−) uptake, thyroperoxidase (TPO) activity and I− organification were completely inhibited. No restoration of the parameters studied was observed within the subsequent 24 h of cultivation. The inhibitory effect of 0.1 mM H2O2 was reversible. Activation of I− uptake in the cultivated tissue and a 520–880% increase of the total I− content were observed after 8 and 24 h. The concentration of I− protein‐bound fraction was raised by 220% after 24 h. A biphasic effect of 0.1 mM H2O2 on TPO was observed: 76.2% and 72.2% inhibitions were seen after 2 and 8 h, respectively, whereas 40.0% enzyme activation was after 5 h. TPO activity was partially restored after 24 h and amounted to 65% of the initial value. The significant increase in the concentration of iodide protein‐bound fraction, which was observed simultaneously with TPO inhibition, could be due to thyroglobulin non‐enzymic iodination under H2O2‐generated oxidative stress. The data obtained indicate that iodide oxidation, as a step in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, was most sensitive to oxidative stress activation. The impaired iodide uptake and its organification during oxidative stress can play a pathogenetic role in disturbed functions of thyroid cells. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joziknipholones A and B: The First Dimeric Phenylanthraquinones, from the Roots of Bulbine frutescens
Authors: Bringmann Gerhard , Mutanyatta‐Comar Joan , Maksimenka Katja , Wanjohi John M. , Heydenreich Matthias , Brun Reto , Müller Werner E. G. , Peter Martin G. , Midiwo Jacob O. , Yenesew Abiy
Published: December 2007

From the roots of the African plant Bulbine frutescens (Asphodelaceae), two unprecedented novel dimeric phenylanthraquinones, named joziknipholones A and B, possessing axial and centrochirality, were isolated, together with six known compounds. Structural elucidation of the new metabolites was achieved by spectroscopic and chiroptical methods, by reductive cleavage of the central bond between the monomeric phenylanthraquinone and ‐anthrone portions with sodium dithionite, and by quantum chemical CD calculations. Based on the recently revised absolute axial configuration of the parent phenylanthraquinones, knipholone and knipholone anthrone, the new dimers were attributed to possess the P‐configuration (i.e., with the acetyl portions below the anthraquinone plane) at both axes in the case of joziknipholone A, whereas in joziknipholone B, the knipholone part was found to be M‐configured. Joziknipholones A and B are active against the chloroquine resistant strain K1 of the malaria pathogen, Plasmodium falciparum, and show moderate activity against murine leukemic lymphoma L5178y cells.
Electrochemical Insights into the Mechanisms of Proton Reduction by [Fe2(CO)6{μ‐SCH2N(R)CH2S}] Complexes Related to the [2Fe]H Subsite of [FeFe]Hydrogenase
Authors: Capon Jean‐François , Ezzaher Salah , Gloaguen Frédéric , Pétillon François Y. , Schollhammer Philippe , Talarmin Jean
Published: December 2007

Electrochemical investigations on a structural analogue of the [2Fe]H subsite of [FeFe]H2ases, namely, [Fe2(CO)6{μ‐SCH2N(CH2CH2‐ OCH3)CH2S}] (1), were conducted in MeCN/NBu4PF6 in the presence of HBF4/Et2O or HOTs. Two different catalytic proton reduction processes operate, depending on the strength and the concentration of the acid used. The first process, which takes place around −1.2 V for both HBF4/Et2O and HOTs, is limited by the slow release of H2 from the product of the {2 H+/2 e} pathway, 1‐2H. The second catalytic process, which occurs at higher acid concentrations, takes place at different potentials depending on the acid present. We propose that this second mechanism is initiated by protonation of 1‐2H when HBF4/Et2O is used, whereas the reduction of 1‐2H is the initial step in the presence of the weaker acid HOTs. The potential of the second process, which occurs around −1.4 V (reduction potential of 1‐3H+) or around −1.6 V (the reduction potential of 1‐2H) is thus dependent on the strength of the available proton source.
Calcium‐fluxing glutamate receptors associated with primary gustatory afferent terminals in goldfish (Carassius auratus)
Authors: Huesa Gema , Ikenaga Takanori , Böttger Bärbel , Finger Thomas E.
Published: December 2007

Presynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors modulate transmission at primary afferent synapses in several glutamatergic systems. To test whether primary gustatory afferent fibers express Ca2+‐permeable AMPA/kainate receptors, we utilized kainate‐stimulated uptake of Co2+ along with immunocytochemistry for the Ca2+‐binding proteins (CaBPs) calbindin and calretinin to investigate the primary gustatory afferents in goldfish (Carassius auratus). In goldfish, the primary gustatory nucleus (equivalent to the gustatory portion of the nucleus of the solitary tract) includes the vagal lobe, which is a large, laminated structure protruding dorsally from the medulla. Kainate‐stimulated uptake of Co2+ (a measure of Ca2+‐fluxing glutamate receptors) shows punctate staining distributed in the distinct laminar pattern matching the layers of termination of the primary gustatory afferent fibers. In addition, CaBP immunocytochemistry, which correlates highly with expression of Ca2+‐permeable AMPA/kainate receptors, shows a laminar pattern of distribution similar to that found with kainate‐stimulated cobalt uptake. Nearly all neurons of the vagal gustatory ganglion show Co2+ uptake and are immunopositive for CaBPs. Transection of the vagus nerve proximal to the ganglion results in loss of such punctate Co2+ uptake and of punctate CaBP staining as soon as 4 days postlesion. These results are consonant with the presence of Ca2+‐fluxing glutamate receptors on the presynaptic terminals of primary gustatory terminals, providing an avenue for modulation of primary gustatory input. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:694–707, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synapses between corticotropin‐releasing factor‐containing axon terminals and dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area are predominantly glutamatergic
Authors: Tagliaferro Patricia , Morales Marisela
Published: December 2007

Interactions between stress and the mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) system have been suggested from behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Because corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) plays a role in stress responses, we investigated possible interactions between neurons containing CRF and those producing DA in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). We first investigated the cellular distribution of CRF in the VTA by immunolabeling VTA sections with anti‐CRF antibodies and analyzing these sections by electron microscopy. We found CRF immunoreactivity present mostly in axon terminals establishing either symmetric or asymmetric synapses with VTA dendrites. We established that nearly all CRF asymmetric synapses are glutamatergic, insofar as the CRF‐immunolabeled axon terminals in these synapses coexpressed the vesicular glutamate transporter 2, and that the majority of CRF symmetric synapses are GABAergic, insofar as the CRF‐immunolabeled axon terminals in these synapses coexpressed glutamic acid decarboxylase, findings that are of functional importance. We then looked for synaptic interactions between CRF‐ and DA‐containing neurons, by using antibodies against CRF and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; a marker for DA neurons). We found that most synapses between CRF‐immunoreactive axon terminals and TH neurons are asymmetric (in the majority likely to be glutamatergic) and suggest that glutamatergic neurons containing CRF may be part of the neuronal circuitry that mediates stress responses involving the mesocorticolimbic DA system. The presence of CRF synapses in the VTA offers a mechanism for interactions between the stress‐associated neuropeptide CRF and the mesocorticolimbic DA system. J. Comp. Neurol. 506:616–626, 2008. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Iridium Thin Films Deposited by Liquid Delivery MOCVD using Ir(EtCp)(1,5‐COD) with Toluene Solvent
Authors: Ritterhaus Y. , Hur'yeva T. , Lisker M. , Burte E. P.
Published: December 2007

Pure iridium thin films are prepared using iridium(ethylcyclopentadienyl)(1,5‐cyclooctadiene) [Ir(EtCp)(1,5‐COD)] with toluene solvent by liquid delivery metal‐organic (MO)CVD. The deposition of Ir thin films is carried out on various substrates at temperatures in the range 300 – 500 °C via the oxygen‐assisted pyrolysis of the precursor. The reaction kinetics, film composition, film morphology, mechanical and electrical properties of deposited Ir films are investigated. Annealing in an oxidizing atmosphere at temperatures above 700 °C results in an increased oxidation of the films, as proven by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Obtained films show a low resistivity of 7 μΩ·cm and preferred crystalline orientation (111), suitable for application in storage capacitor electrodes.
Leukaemia in young children living in the vicinity of German nuclear power plants
Authors: Kaatsch Peter , Spix Claudia , Schulze‐Rath Renate , Schmiedel Sven , Blettner Maria
Published: December 2007

A case control study was conducted where cases were children younger than 5 years (diseased between 1980 and 2003) registered at the german childhood cancer registry (GCCR). Population‐based matched controls (1:3) were selected from the corresponding registrar's office. Residential proximity to the nearest nuclear power plant was determined for each subject individually (with a precision of about 25 m). The report is focused on leukaemia and mainly on cases in the inner 5‐km zone around the plants. The study includes 593 leukaemia cases and 1,766 matched controls. All leukaemia combined show a statistically significant trend for 1/distance with a positive regression coefficient of 1.75 [lower 95%‐confidence limit (CL): 0.65]; for acute lymphoid leukaemia 1.63 (lower 95%‐CL: 0.39), for acute nonlymphocytic leukaemia 1.99 (lower 95%‐CL: −0.41). This indicates a negative trend for distance. Cases live closer to nuclear power plants than the randomly selected controls. A categorical analysis shows a statistically significant odds ratio of 2.19 (lower 95%‐CL: 1.51) for residential proximity within 5 km compared to residence outside this area. This result is largely attributed to cases in previous studies of the GCCR (especially in the inner zone) as there is clearly some overlap between those studies. The result was not to be expected under current radiation‐epidemiological knowledge. Considering that there is no evidence of relevant accidents and that possible confounders could not be identified, the observed positive distance trend remains unexplained. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytobiocompatibility of collagen and ePTFE membranes on osteoblast‐like cells in vitro
Authors: Friedmann Anton , Dehnhardt Jasmin , Kleber Bernd‐Michael , Bernimoulin Jean‐Pierre
Published: December 2007

In guided bone regeneration (GBR), a semipermeable membrane is placed over an osseous defect to create a secluded environment in which bone formation can proceed without ingrowth of connective tissue cells from the overlaying soft tissue. Although the cell‐occlusive property of GBR membranes appear to be essential to new bone formation, the role of transmembrane tissue fluid diffusion is not known. The objective of this study was to evaluate the degree to which diffusion across commonly used GBR membranes can support functional properties of osteoblast‐like cells in vitro. Cells from an established osteoblast‐like line (SAOS‐2) were cultured on membranes of cross‐linked collagen, noncross linked collagen, and ePTFE. The membranes rested on metal grids which allowed the membranes to lightly contact the surface of the culture medium. As a control, cells were directly plated and cultured in control wells. At days 7 and 21, cells were harvested by scraping the membranes or culture wells and analyzed for expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), core binding factor 1 (cbfa‐1), bone sialoprotein‐2 (BSP‐2), and osteocalcin (OC). Expression was determined by quantitative real‐time PCR. Glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) served as a reference gene. The membranes were examined by transmission light microscopy. RT‐PCR revealed up‐regulation of ALP of up to 60‐fold and of cbfa‐1 and BSP of up to threefold relative to G6PDH. Expression of OC was less then onefold. The expression profile for each of the four genes tested demonstrated small variations among cells grown on different membranes. Microscopic observations revealed remnants of undisrupted osteoblast‐like cells attached to both collagen membranes. Cell morphology and spatial arrangement indicated that vitality was maintained. Diffusion through the three membranes evaluated in this study was sufficient to support osteoblast‐like cell differentiation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2008
Fabrication of fast responsive, thermosensitive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogels by using diethyl ether as precipitation agent
Authors: Xu Xiao‐Ding , Wang Bo , Wang Zong‐Chun , Cheng Si‐Xue , Zhang Xian‐Zheng , Zhuo Ren‐Xi
Published: December 2007

An effective strategy was developed and demonstrated to improve the properties of thermosensitive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) hydrogel by using diethyl ether as a precipitation agent during the polymerization/crosslinking. Results reveal that the modified PNIPAAm hydrogels have the heterogeneous network structures and decreased LCSTs in a comparison with the normal PNIPAAm hydrogel. The modified PNIPAAm hydrogels also exhibit significantly improved sensitive properties, including fast response and stable, rapid, large magnitude oscillatory shrinking–swelling upon temperature cycles around lower critical solution temperature. In addition, fish DNA, used as a model drug, is loaded into the modified PNIPAAm hydrogels, the controlled release behaviors of the drug loaded hydrogels at different temperatures (22 and 37°C) are further examined. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2008
Histological analysis of induced cartilage on the biodegradable or nonbiodegradable membranes from immature muscular tissue in vitro
Authors: Hayashi Tatsuhide , Kawai Tatsushi , Ishikawa Atsuko , Kawai Hideki , Nakano Kenjiro , Takei Yukiko , Kuroki Kenjiro
Published: December 2007

Successful tissue engineering relies on a combination of cells, cytokines, and appropriate scaffolds. Here, we tried to induce the formation of cartilage in vitro using immature muscular tissue, crude bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) as a source of the cytokine, and biodegradable membranes (BioMend®; BM and GC‐membrane; GC‐M) or a nonbiodegradable membrane (GORE‐TEX®; GT) as scaffolds. Crude BMP was extracted from bovine cortical bones, dried, and dissolved in 1M urea before it was added to immature muscular tissue from the forelimbs of fetal Sprague Dawley rats at 20 days of pregnancy. The tissue was then cultured for 2 weeks in a carbon dioxide incubator. Complete cartilage was observed only when GT was used as a scaffold. In addition, cartilage‐like tissue formation was observed when BM was used, and partial cartilage formation was observed for GC‐M. Therefore, these results show that immature muscular tissue differentiated into cartilage and GORE‐TEX® is the most effective material for use as a scaffold in this model of tissue engineering. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2008
Collagen release kinetics of surface functionalized 45S5 Bioglass®‐based porous scaffolds
Authors: Chen Q. Z. , Ahmed I. , Knowles J. C. , Nazhat S. N. , Boccaccini A. R. , Rezwan K.
Published: December 2007

A highly interconnected porous scaffold made from 45S5 Bioglass® was fabricated by the polymer replica technique and surface functionalized for protein immobilization. Subsequently rat‐tail collagen type I was immobilized on the scaffolds. The protein and ion release rates were determined by UV–vis spectroscopy and ion chromatography, respectively, and the impact on hydroxyapatite (HA) formation on the scaffolds upon immersion in SBF was evaluated. It was discovered that the surface functionalization enhanced the stability of the collagen attachment and stability against the increment of pH in a biological environment, resulting in similar collagen release kinetics in solutions of different pH values. Without the surface modification, collagen release was considerably expedited by the increment of pH in a surrounding solution. It was also found that the collagen immobilization does not effect the formation of carbonated HA on the scaffold surface. The stable collagen attachment to the functionalized scaffold makes this approach potentially suitable for improving cell attachment and thus for enhancing the application potential of the scaffold in tissue engineering. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2008