bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Procuring Profit Shifting
Authors: Cobham Alex
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on the role of states in actively procuring profit shifting across borders. The effects of global profit shifting and the associated revenue losses suffered by countries at every income level can be attributed to those jurisdictions that procure the majority of global profit shifting. Measures against these state procurers of profit shifting can take a number of forms. First, human rights instruments can be used to highlight the extraterritorial damage being done, and to drive political salience and responses by shaming. Second, indicators of profit shifting can and should be established in international mechanisms such as the reporting of the Sustainable Development Goals to ensure continuing accountability for the state procurers. Finally, individual jurisdictions and regional blocs should consider unilateral defensive measures to eliminate the impact of profit shifting.
The Ethics of Revenge and the Meanings of the Odyssey
Authors: Loney Alexander C.
Published: May 2019

This book is the first in-depth examination of revenge in the Odyssey. The principal revenge plot of the Odyssey—Odysseus’ surprise return to Ithaca after twenty years away and his vengeance on Penelope’s suitors—is the act for which he is most celebrated. This story forms the backbone of the Odyssey. But is Odysseus’ triumph over the suitors as univocally celebratory as is often assumed? Does the poem contain and even suggest other, darker interpretations of Odysseus’ greatest achievement? This book offers a careful analysis of several other revenge plots in the Odyssey—those of Orestes, Poseidon, Zeus, and the suitors’ relatives. It shows how these revenge stories color one another with allusions (explicit and implicit) that connect them and invite audiences to interpret them in light of one another. These stories—especially Odysseus’ revenge upon the suitors—inevitably turn out to have multiple meanings. One plot of revenge slips into another as the offender in one story becomes a victim to be avenged in the next. As a result, Odysseus turns out to be a much more ambivalent hero than has been commonly accepted. And in the Odyssey’s portrayal, revenge is an unstable foundation for a community. Revenge also ends up being a tenuous narrative structure for an epic poem, as a natural end to cycles of vengeance proves elusive. This book offers a radical new reading of the seemingly happy ending of the poem.
Introduction
Authors: Loney Alexander C.
Published: May 2019

This introduction identifies what is at stake in the Odyssey’s use of tisis. It briefly considers some of the consequences of Odysseus’ tisis against the suitors. One surprising result is that a potentially sympathetic figure like Aigyptios mirrors and anticipates a foe of Odysseus like Eupeithes. Odysseus’ tisis also brings about further revenge by survivors that requires the radical ending of divine amnesia. Peace on Ithaca and the conclusion to the poem rest on the peculiar lie that Odysseus did not kill the suitors. This realization raises a number of interpretive questions.
How the Cultural Frameworks Underpinning Democratic Practice Shaped the Politics of Crisis
Authors: Fishman Robert M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines major differences between Portugal and Spain in the politics of crisis during and after the Great Recession and argues that the overall pattern of contrast is largely explained by the book’s central theoretical claims. In the economic arena Portugal has managed to diminish inequality during the crisis, whereas in Spain inequality has grown substantially during this period. This pattern of difference is evident under governments of both the Left and the Right. The chapter specifies how the Portuguese tendency to understand democracy in a manner that incorporates protest movements into the essence of the political system encouraged governments to address popular concerns in ways that influenced the distributional impact of crisis. In Spain the pattern was quite different. Consequences for the party systems of the two cases are also discussed. Portugal’s generally inclusive democratic practice tended to protect democratic institutions from decline during the economic crisis.
Does National Conflict within Spain Undermine or Reinforce the Argument?
Authors: Fishman Robert M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines conflict over the status of Catalonia in response to the demand for independence. The chapter asks whether the Catalan crisis serves as evidence in favor of, or counter to, the book’s central argument. The discussion includes consideration of antecedents to crisis and the trajectory taken by conflict during 2017 and early 2018. Earlier historical antecedents are also examined. The chapter’s argument focuses on the impact of the predominant Spanish pattern of democratic practice on the magnitude of the crisis. The claim advanced here is that the tendency toward exclusion has been visible in this case in the treatment of cultural “others” with consequences that seriously aggravated the problem. The discussion examines the referendum of October 1, 2017, and many other significant episodes during the crisis. The chapter also provides evidence that democratic practice in Catalonia has been surprisingly similar to that of the rest of Spain.
Transport and Health
Authors: Nieuwenhuijsen Mark , Khreis Haneen
Published: May 2019

Densely populated urban areas afford an enormous opportunity for their residents to have access to a range of salutary resources, thus avoiding some of the challenges that characterize less dense communities. However, transportation often bedevils urban areas, with limited opportunities offered for urban residents to get around cities. Traffic jams and vehicular pollution are associated with poor health of urban residents even as the data are clear that investments in public transportation are both cost beneficial and can improve health. Emerging solutions, including autonomous vehicles, stand to transform urban environments and health in these environments. This chapter discusses transportation as a determinant of health in cities, outlining challenges and opportunities for efficient and effective transportation with an eye toward emerging solutions that can improve urban health.
Pollution
Authors: Samet Jonathan M.
Published: May 2019

Urban environments represent densely populated spaces characterized by people, built environments, and modes of transportation all in close proximity. Pollution as a by-product of these forces represents a substantial threat to the health of urban populations worldwide. Current World Health Organization estimates are that up to 7 million people die due to air pollution annually, with the vast majority of them in urban areas. Indoor and outdoor pollution to varying degrees in low- and high-income countries both represent threats to health in urban environments. This chapter discusses pollution as a challenge to urban health and the potential opportunities to improve population health represented by innovative approaches to minimize pollution in cities.
A Systems Science Approach to Urban Health
Authors: Ompad Danielle C. , Tozan Yesim
Published: May 2019

Urban populations are complex systems characterized by discontinuities, emergence, reciprocities, and feedback. In many respects, systems science approaches are directly suited to the study of urban health, affording us an opportunity to think about the evolution of urban populations and the complexity of behavior in cities that ultimately shapes population health. The authors discuss the concept of feedback loops that can be self-reinforcing or self-correcting. Because individual elements and feedback loops within systems are not established and maintained in isolation, they often interact with each other. Interactions among these feedback loops produce an emergent system behavior that cannot be explained by an understanding of the individual elements alone. This dynamic behavior persists over time and adapts to changing conditions. This chapter provides an introduction to systems science with reference to how it may influence our understanding of urban health.
Urban Design
Authors: Gruebner Oliver , McCay Layla
Published: May 2019

The features of the urban built environment influence the daily activities and health behaviors of people living in cities. Thus, it is possible to design cities in ways that can reduce poor health and support the well-being of urban residents. Urban design is the framework that gives form and shape to the components of the urban physical environment, including streets, residences, retail outlets, and industrial facilities. In giving form to the urban physical environment an urban design perspective creates an opportunity to shape cities and, in so doing, to shape how cities influence the health of their populations. This chapter introduces an urban design perspective and offer examples of how an urban design lens can help us understand urban health to the end of improving the health of urban populations.
The Healthy Cities Movement
Authors: Tsouros Agis D.
Published: May 2019

The World Health Association Healthy Cities movement aims to engage municipal governments in a range of activities to generate health in cities, through political commitment, institutional change, capacity building, and innovative action for health, equity and sustainable development. At core, the movement aims to put health at the heart of social, economic, and cultural agendas of city government and has been at the forefront of a global move toward recognizing cities’ potential to transform themselves to improve their residents’ health. More than 100 cities are part of the WHO European Healthy Cities Network. This chapter discusses the vision behind, goals of, challenges faced by, and successes of the healthy cities movement, with an eye to lessons learned that can be applied more broadly to urban health.
Richmond, California
Authors: Corburn Jason , Griffin Joseph S.
Published: May 2019

Richmond, California, has been a pioneer in developing neighborhood-based, built environment interventions that aim to improve multiple determinants of health and reduce health inequalities for its diverse urban population. Projects such as the renovation of Pogo Park and the development of the RYSE commons have involved community participation, with the ultimate aim of developing healthy urban spaces. In many ways, Richmond has led the way on healthy urban planning and policy that is responsive to community needs. This chapter discusses the work being conducted in Richmond, highlighting challenges and opportunities for lessons that can inform urban health efforts worldwide.
Regional Planning for Health
Authors: Siscovick David , Sen Mandu , Jones Chris
Published: May 2019

As one of the world’s largest and most diverse metropolitan areas, New York City has also been a leader in thinking about how to promote health by improving physical structures, social conditions, and the natural environment. It is also the home of an independent, nonprofit, civic institution, the Regional Plan Association (RPA), that has worked to improve the prosperity, sustainability, and quality of life in the NYC metropolitan region for the past 90 years. In this case study, the authors tells the story of how the RPA reconnected health and equity with planning in the Fourth Regional Plan for Metropolitan New York. The chapter also discusses the strengths and limitations, the lessons learned, and the challenges related to implementation of the Plan.
Fully Human
Authors: Kingston Lindsey N.
Published: May 2019

Fully Human: Personhood, Citizenship, and Rights critically considers how inequalities related to citizenship and recognition impact one’s ability to claim so-called universal and inalienable rights. Today, citizenship itself serves to recognize an individual as fully human or worthy of fundamental human rights—yet this robust form of political membership is limited or missing entirely for some vulnerable groups. These protection gaps are central to hierarchies of personhood—inequalities that render some people more “worthy” than others for protections and political membership—that lead to gross violations of the rights to place and purpose that are essential for a person to live a life of human dignity. This book presents various manifestations of hierarchies of personhood, beginning with statelessness (the most direct and obvious lack of functioning citizenship) and progressing through the forcibly displaced, irregular migrants, nomadic peoples, Indigenous nations, and “second-class” citizens in the United States. It challenges the binary construct between citizen and noncitizen, arguing that rights to place and purpose are routinely violated in the space between. To resist hierarchies of personhood, functioning citizenship necessitates the opening of political space for those who cannot be neatly categorized. Only by recognizing that all people are inherently worthy of full personhood—and by advocating expanded forms of political membership and voice—can the ideals of modern human rights be realized.
Irregular Human Movement and the Creation of Liminal Spaces
Authors: Kingston Lindsey N.
Published: May 2019

Various forms of illicit human movement leave many individuals without functioning citizenship, often because they are outside their country of legal nationality and cannot claim rights for fear of arrest, deportation, or some other form of retribution. These categories of migration include irregular migration—sometimes called “illegal” or “undocumented” migration—as well as those who, often as part of this process, cross borders via human smuggling or trafficking. Here we see definitional lines blurring; there are debates about who counts as a migrant versus a refugee, at what point smuggling becomes trafficking, and so forth. In some cases, lack of functioning citizenship is what necessitates migration in the first place. Yet these forms of illicit movement also create liminal spaces where migrants and trafficking victims exist outside the law, beyond the reach of functioning citizenship where they are dangerously vulnerable to rights abuses.
Second-Class Citizens in the “Land of the Free”
Authors: Kingston Lindsey N.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 7 shifts the discussion to focus specifically on the case study of the United States, where “second-class” citizens are often unable to access fully functioning citizenship and enjoy their rights to place and purpose. Drawing from the work of Margaret Somers, the “contractualization of citizenship” and “color-blind” politics often lead to situations of “internal statelessness” in one of the world’s wealthiest, most powerful countries. Issues of police brutality and inequality before the law arise from pervasive systems of unequal citizenship and structural violence against racial minorities, many of whom occupy lower socioeconomic classes than their White counterparts in American cities such as Detroit, Flint, and Saint Louis. Human rights challenges such as forced eviction, lack of clean drinking water and affordable healthcare, and widespread racial inequalities highlight the ways many people are denied their full rights to place and purpose despite their status as American citizens.
Conveying the Problem(s) and Representing Personhood
Authors: Kingston Lindsey N.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 8 explores the international community’s responses to these hierarchies of personhood by considering how violated rights to place and purpose have been communicated and interpreted. Drawing on concepts such as issue emergence, visual narratives, and framing, this chapter assesses the ways that human rights concerns are represented. This assessment is useful for better understanding the ways in which vulnerabilities to human rights abuse are constructed and translated for media consumption, fundraising initiatives, and public advocacy campaigns. At the same time, this analysis also highlights how the problems stemming from lack of functioning citizenship receive vastly different responses depending on political circumstances—including how they align with the hierarchies of personhood that operate at local, state, and international levels. Ultimately, this chapter argues that we must reevaluate the ways that we see problems related to lack of functioning citizenship, which includes facilitating the empowerment and representation of vulnerable communities.
Actualizing the Ideal of Functioning Citizenship
Authors: Kingston Lindsey N.
Published: May 2019

Guided by the limitations of traditional citizenship, Chapter 9 seeks to move the ideal of functioning citizenship from theory to practice. After we reevaluate how we see the problem, we must then adjust our responses it. This chapter first offers “practical” recommendations for filling protection gaps and alleviating some immediate causes of human suffering. These recommendations include legal, bureaucratic, and policy responses to hierarchies of personhood. While these steps are useful starting points, they are not (and will never be) enough. Instead, actualizing the ideal of functioning citizenship further requires expanding our notion of citizenship to include political space for those who cannot be neatly categorized as citizens or noncitizens. By acknowledging the limitations of our current system—and recognizing the existence of hierarchies of personhood—we can begin the difficult work of broadening political membership and de-linking worthiness from legal status and state recognition.
Patterns Real and Imagined
Authors: Makse Todd , Minkoff Scott , Sokhey Anand
Published: May 2019

In this chapter, we confront the stereotype of the “yard sign war” in which the politically engaged respond to their neighbors’ displays by displaying signs of their own. Another possibility, one that is more consistent with our understanding of social interaction, is that households feel empowered by the presence of same-party signs and deterred by the presence of other-party signs. Focusing on the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections, we look for evidence of these patterns in our geo-coded observational data of sign display. To assess these competing characterizations, we introduce two measures: a clustering measure that describes the distribution of a single sign across a sample space and a joint clustering measure that captures the similarity of two signs’ spatial patterns. Overall, we find little evidence of yard sign wars and consistent evidence that Democratic and Republican signs inhabit distinct spaces in neighborhoods.
War, 1914–1918
Authors: Nielsen Philipp
Published: May 2019

This chapter deals primarily with the experience of German Jewish conservatives and nationalists in the military during the First World War. It looks at Jewish soldiers as active participants in the German military, rather than as objects of the military’s actions. It focuses on frontline soldiers and the particular and peculiar position of military rabbis on the German Eastern Front. It proposes that the war, not least in the East, held great promise for German Jews. The chapter’s main argument is that, particularly in the East, Jewish Soldiers viewed themselves as active participants and contributors to the war until the very end. It thus adds to the growing focus on the way German Jews shaped the German war effort, notwithstanding the increasing antisemitism they experienced.
Hermeneutic Theory and Practice Theory in the Study of Cultural, Legal, and Religious Traditions
Authors: Nakissa Aria
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses hermeneutic theory and practice theory, situating them with respect to the work of Geertz and Asad. It then clarifies precisely how hermeneutic theory and practice theory can be brought together in the analysis of cultural, legal, and religious traditions, giving special attention to the Islamic tradition. One of the chapter’s central claims is that knowledge of Sharīʿa rules can be conceptualized as knowledge of a mind (i.e., God’s mind). Moreover, knowledge of a mind can be inferred from signs/effects of that mind. In the Islamic tradition, these signs/effects include: (1) the Qurʾan, (2) the reported actions of the Prophet Muḥammad (Sunna), (3) the reported actions of religious scholars from the past, and (4) the observed actions of present-day religious scholars.
Taking from the Mouths of Shaykhs (Mushāfaha)
Authors: Nakissa Aria
Published: May 2019

This chapter combines ethnography and textual analysis to examine the traditional Islamic pedagogy of “taking from the mouths of shaykhs.” This pedagogy requires that a student obtain religious knowledge by sitting with a teacher and listening to him comment on ancient religious texts. The chapter discusses why Muslim scholars value this pedagogy, and why they criticize the practice of independent reading. It also discuss different forms of the preceding pedagogy including samāʿ, qirāʾa, and munāwala. Furthermore, it discusses how this pedagogy relates to matns and commentary. The chapter’s account of “taking from the mouths of shaykhs” draws on insights from hermeneutic theory and practice theory.
Overview of the Financial System
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the overall financial system, and does a detailed taxonomy of the types of financial assets and markets. It also discusses the role of penalties in enforcing contracts.
Derivatives
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses how derivative markets work, and how they can be priced within the arbitrage-based pricing model.
Lending and the Development of Banks
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: May 2019

This chapter lays some of the early financial history and how various types of lending arrangements first arose. It examines various impediments to lending. It also explains Townsend’s auditing model and how that can explain why debt contracts are used.
Debt, Spending, and Inflation
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes how spending forces at play in economies like the U.S. can impact on the government’s fiscal deficit, the outstanding level of the public debt, and the incentive to inflate.
Modeling Government Debt and Inflation
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: May 2019

This chapter uses models based around the government’s budget constraint to examine the interaction of deficit spending, debt and inflation. It examines and extends the Barro-Gordon model of inflation.
Debt, Default, and Interest Rates
Authors: Cole Harold L.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the history of debt crises, such as the Latin American debt crisis of the 1980s and Mexico’s Tequila Crisis of the mid-1990s, as well as the recent EU crisis. It lays out a model of sovereign borrowing, debt pricing and default to analyse these crises.
Unsaying God
Authors: Kars Aydogan
Published: May 2019

What cannot be said about God, and how can we speak about God by negating what we say? Traveling across prominent negators, denialists, ineffectualists, paradoxographers, naysayers, ignorance-pretenders, unknowers, I-don’t-knowers, and taciturns, Unsaying God explores the negative theological movements that flourished in the first seven centuries of Islam. It shows that there were multiple and often competing strategies for self-negating speech in the vast field of theology. By focusing on Arabic and Persian textual sources, the book defines four distinct yet interconnected paths of negative speech formations on the nature of God that circulated in medieval Islamic world. Expanding its scope to Jewish intellectuals, Unsaying God also demonstrates that religious boundaries were easily transgressed as scholars from diverse sectarian or religious backgrounds could adopt similar paths of negative speech on God. This is the first book-length study of negative theology in Islam. As an introductory work, it aims to encompass vast fields of scholarship and diverse intellectual schools and figures, in order to tell the story of negative theology and apophaticism and to become a stepping-stone for further research in the field. It is an encompassing book, accessible to a wide audience while addressing the advanced reader of religion who wants to learn about the diverse ways in which God has been unsaid for centuries.
Introduction
Authors: Kars Aydogan
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces the framework and the content of the book and discusses the basic conceptual problems revolving around “negative theology.” It argues that we should not only move from “negative theology” to “negative theologies” in order to approach Islamic intellectual landscapes, but we should also qualify the particular question of theology we are examining. Discussions of negative theology as such tend to confuse divine attributes and the divine essence and reduce apophaticism into a hunt for negative particles and statements. The chapter narrows down the scope of the book to the negative theologies of the divine essence. It also presents justifications for its boundaries and its linguistic preferences, and it defines some technical terms that appear throughout the book. It provides a conceptual introduction to negative theology and a compass to the subsequent chapters of the book.
Against Discourse
Authors: Kars Aydogan
Published: May 2019

Since its emergence as a systematic discipline, the scholarship on prophetic traditions depicted itself as the heir of a scripturalist apophaticism, which cancels itself in favor of the unknowability of the divine nature and the incomprehensibility of the sacred Qurʾanic discourse on it. The main features of this tradition were as follows: (1) the conviction that the Qurʾan is the uncreated, eternal word of God. (2) This premise was fundamental in canceling out human discursive constructs, since they cannot grasp the meaning of the transcendent discourse on God’s nature, specifically in the case of Her anthropomorphic depictions. (3) Any interpretive inquiry is doomed to fail before the unknowable divine nature and the transcendent discourse on it. Theological discourses nullify themselves in favor of a non-cognitive position, where neither the divine ipseity, nor the meaning of the transcendent discourse on it can be known. This non-cognitive, anti-interpretive position played an important and rather exceptional role in the canonization of Sufism in the tenth and eleventh centuries and in the formation of the nascent Sufi orders in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries.
Data, Measurements, and Methodology
Authors: Fridkin Kim L. , Kenney Patrick J.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 presents the divergent data sets, collected in 2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017 and focusing primarily on the 2014 U.S. Senate campaigns, used to test the tolerance and tactics theory of negativity. U.S. Senate elections are the ideal laboratory for exploring the impact of negative advertising because senatorial campaigns are characterized by impressive variability in the amount, content, and tone of negativity, the types of candidates, the size of the constituencies, and the characteristics of the media markets. A variety of methods, including surveys, experiments, content analyses, focus groups, and facial recognition software are used to measure people’s tolerance for negativity; the relevance and civility of negative advertisements; and people’s reactions to negative commercials varying in civility and relevance. These various data sets are ultimately used to assess the impact of negative advertisements on people’s assessments of candidates and on their decision to vote on Election Day.
Reactions to the Civility and Relevance of Negative Advertisements
Authors: Fridkin Kim L. , Kenney Patrick J.
Published: May 2019

The findings presented in chapter 5 indicate people recognize and make distinctions about the relevance and civility of negative advertisements. Focus group respondents rated advertisements aired in the 2014 senatorial campaigns in ways consistent with the assessments made by the content analysis coders. This finding helps validate the content analysis findings. In addition, state-of-the-art software is used to measure people’s real-time emotional reactions to different negative advertisements aired during the 2014 Senate elections in a second focus group. The results of the emotions analysis reveal that people vary in their emotional reactions to different types of negative messages. Consistent with the tolerance and tactics theory of negativity, people have strong negative reactions to attack advertisements focusing on irrelevant topics compared to messages emphasizing useful topics. Findings also show people’s level of tolerance for incivility influences their emotional responses to negativity.
How Negative Campaigning Influences Citizens’ Evaluations of Candidates and Likelihood of Voting
Authors: Fridkin Kim L. , Kenney Patrick J.
Published: May 2019

The analysis in chapter 7 combines survey data from the 2014 Cooperative Congressional Election Survey with information about the airing and content of negative advertisements. It demonstrates that the relevance and civility of negative messages consistently influence people’s assessments of U.S. Senate candidates. The analysis shows that negative messages are persuasive when they focus on relevant topics and are delivered in an uncivil manner. These messages are most influential for people with less tolerance of negative campaigning. The relevance and civility of campaign messages also influence people’s likelihood of voting. When campaign messages are focused on irrelevant topics and delivered in an uncivil manner (mudslinging), people’s willingness to vote declines. Finally, the impact of uncivil and irrelevant messages on political participation is conditioned by people’s level of tolerance for negativity. That is, people with less tolerance of negativity are more influenced by changing levels of mudslinging.
The Consequences of Negative Campaigning
Authors: Fridkin Kim L. , Kenney Patrick J.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 8 begins with a review of the book’s findings regarding the impact of negative campaigning in U.S. Senate races and assesses the evidence for the tolerance and tactics theory of negativity. The tolerance and tactics theory of negativity helps to resolve several debates in the negative campaigning literature. For example, in light of the book’s findings, it is easier to predict the types of negative advertisements that are more likely to influence people’s evaluations of candidates. Similarly, the theory and evidence advance explanations about when negative messages will enhance turnout and when these messages are more likely to depress turnout. Since the bulk of negative advertisements are sponsored by outside groups, the chapter examines how the increased role of outside money, especially dark money, shapes political campaigns and citizens’ attitudes and actions. The chapter concludes by discussing the role of contemporary campaigns in America.
Between Life and Violent Death
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: May 2019

The chapter considers the origin and meaning of “natural law” and “natural rightness,” the core of right conduct, whose origin is sometimes placed in the cogito. This chapter emphasizes, instead, the role of contextual “relationality” in rules, whether “positive” social norms or “divine” rules, such as the Mosaic “laws” which were not imposed unilaterally by a divine potentate but reflected the people’s experience and “common sense” of right conduct. The chapter extends this argument to the work of Thomas Hobbes for whom transit from the “state of nature” to the “civil state” depended on reciprocal and relational “natural laws,” which he called “immutable and eternal” because they originate at the experiential boundary between life and death. Relationality prevails even when human norms are set aside in favor of “higher” rules—as revealed by Antigone of Thebes who appealed beyond state rules to the relationality between brother and sister.
The Politics of Virtue?
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: May 2019

Interlude B reviews The Politics of Virtue: Post-Liberalism and the Human Future by John Milbank and Adrian Pabst, in which they charge “buffered” liberalism and authoritarian interventions with the “atomization” of society. For them, “post-liberalism” replaces “market, state, and technocracy” with the relational fabric of “society, culture, and interpersonal relations.” They also hold that “virtue ethics” is both “more demanding” than utilitarianism and “less moralist” than Kantian deontology. They go on to review politics, economics, culture, and international relations, providing significant insights for a viable post-liberal agenda. Although applauding the general tenor of the book, the Interlude takes exception to a number of accents, such as appeals to (unreflective) “naturalism,” “verticality,” and “neo-medievalism.”
Chaosmos
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: May 2019

The chapter reflects a redemptive hope which is sometimes called a “grounded expectation” or chaosmos, which stresses the tension between order and disorder, concord and conflict. To explicate this conundrum, the chapter turns again to Heidegger as a thinker of “difference,” for whom chaos and cosmos both inhabit the “world,” triggering a transformative struggle. To exemplify the meaning of this struggle, the chapter invokes the task of “world-maintenance” upheld, in the Indian Bhagavad Gita, in the midst of an epic battle in the Mahabharata. In the Chinese tradition, world-maintenance involves the striving for a differentiated holism of “all under heaven,” in opposition to an imperially imposed “world order” from above, and urging the cultivation of mutual learning and understanding, fostering genuine mutual respect between cultures and peoples. Heidegger’s “being-in-the-world” from this angle means a wager in favor of a peaceful cosmopolis.
Russell, Zermelo, and Dummett
Authors: Studd J. P.
Published: May 2019

Concerns about generality in the context of set theory are not new. Russell seeks to resolve the set-theoretic antinomies by maintaining that we cannot legitimately speak of ‘all classes’. Zermelo attempts to avoid the paradoxes without ‘constriction and mutilation’ by adopting an open-ended conception of the cumulative hierarchy of sets. Dummett takes the indefinite extensibility of concepts such as set and ordinal to impugn absolutism about quantifiers. But not every paradox-inspired argument is an argument for relativism about quantifiers. This chapter aims to fill in the logical and philosophical background to the contemporary absolute generality debate, with an eye to disentangling my favoured indefinite-extensibility-based argument from others in its vicinity.
Russell Reductio Redux
Authors: Studd J. P.
Published: May 2019

By far and away the strongest argument against there being an absolutely comprehensive domain of quantification comes from the set-theoretic paradoxes. The argument from indefinite extensibility can be rigorously regimented with the help of schematic or modal resources. After dispensing with the charge that the argument relies on an incoherent conception of set, this chapter offers a defence of its premisses. Advocates of the orthodox absolutist means to defend absolute generality have yet to give a non-ad-hoc response to the paradoxes. A heterodox absolutist view, which seeks to give an absolutist-friendly account of indefinite extensibility, leads to severe problems with impure set theory. The chapter closes by considering a revenge problem for hybrid relativists, who take modalized quantifiers to achieve absolute generality.
Aristotle and the Eleatic One
Authors: Clarke Timothy
Published: May 2019

This book examines Aristotle’s response to Eleatic monism, the theory of Parmenides of Elea and his followers that reality is ‘one’. The book argues that Aristotle interprets the Eleatics as thoroughgoing monists, for whom the pluralistic, changing world of the senses is a mere illusion. Understood in this way, the Eleatic theory constitutes a radical challenge to the possibility of natural philosophy. Aristotle discusses the Eleatics in several works, including De Caelo, De Generatione et Corruptione, and the Metaphysics. But his most extensive treatment of their monism comes at the beginning of the Physics, where he criticizes them for overlooking the fact that ‘being is said in many ways’—in other words, that there are many ways of being. Through a careful analysis of this and other criticisms, the book explains how Aristotle’s engagement with the Eleatics prepares the ground for his own theory of the principles of nature. Aristotle is commonly thought to be an unreliable interpreter of his Presocratic predecessors; in contrast, this book argues that his critique can shed valuable light on the motivation of the Eleatic theory and its influence on the later philosophical tradition.
Parmenides’ Argument for Monism
Authors: Clarke Timothy
Published: May 2019

This chapter reconstructs Aristotle’s interpretation of Parmenides’ argument for monism. After asking how Aristotle conceives of the Parmenidean One, the chapter focuses on his ‘solution’ to Parmenides’ argument (Phys. 1.3, 186a23–8). This solution makes excellent sense if we see it as targeting Parmenides’ argument at B 8.22–5 for the continuity and uniformity of what is. Accordingly, it is proposed that Aristotle reads these lines as containing Parmenides’ principal argument for monism. If this is right, Aristotle has a much more appealing interpretation of Parmenides’ argument than has previously been thought. The proposal receives additional support from the discussion of Eleatic arguments in De Generatione et Corruptione 1.8.
Did Aristotle Change His Mind about Parmenides?
Authors: Clarke Timothy
Published: May 2019

This chapter asks whether Aristotle’s interpretation of Parmenides stays the same throughout the corpus. Some commentators have denied this on the basis of Aristotle’s discussion of the Eleatics in Metaphysics A 5. This passage has been thought to show that he comes to read the cosmological section of Parmenides’ poem, the Doxa, as presenting Parmenides’ own views of the (really existing) natural world. If this is correct, then Aristotle comes to favour an interpretation of Parmenides that is very different from the interpretation he adopts in Physics 1.2–3. This chapter argues that there is no evidence that Aristotle’s interpretation of Parmenides changes in this way. He consistently reads the Doxa as a ‘way of falsity’ and consistently regards Parmenides as a radical monist.
The Book’s Composition
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. Based on insights from a 20-year quest to unravel the mysteries of music and emotion,it is argued that real progress can only be achieved if we accept a number of basic premises about music and emotion. These premises constitute several themes, which will reoccur throughout the book. These themes are as follows: emotions depend on evolved mechanisms; music engages multiple emotion mechanisms; there are definitive limits to human introspection; emotional responses to music are intrinsically social; musical emotions depend on music-listener-situation interactions.
What Comes Next?
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the notion of musical expectancy. Musical expectancy is defined as a process whereby an emotion is aroused in a listener because a specific feature of the music violates, delays, or confirms the listener's expectations about the continuation of the music. Every time the listener hears a piece of music, he or she has such expectations, based on music he or she has heard before. For example, the sequential progression of E-F# may set up the expectation that the music will continue with G#. In other words, some notes seem to imply other notes; and if these musical implications are not realized — if the listener's expectations are thwarted — an affective response might be induced.
Coda
Authors: Juslin Patrik N.
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers what the future holds for the field of music and emotion. It suggests that when it comes to making true progress in the field, there is no substitute for systematic experimentation, to tease out those psychophysical relationships that exist between musical features, the social context, and listener reactions, as mediated by a range of mechanisms. More specifically, field studies are needed in ‘ecologically valid’ settings to demonstrate the plausibility of responses, followed by experimental studies in more controlled settings to establish that presumed causal relationships really do hold. It further argues that the relationship between music and emotions depends essentially on evolution.
‘History will judge us right’
Authors: Davey Jennifer
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 provides a biographical sketch of the woman at the centre of this book. Starting with her childhood, it charts Mary’s domestic life. We are introduced to Mary as daughter, wife, mother, and widow. It pieces together the little we know about Mary’s childhood, considering the political and social experiences that shaped her early years. It explores Mary’s two marriages: the first to a man thirty-three years her senior, James Cecil, second Marquess of Salisbury, and the second to Edward Stanley, fifteenth Earl of Derby. It considers her experiences of motherhood and widowhood, and what her domestic family life was like. Finally, it explores contemporary impressions of Mary, which reveal much about her personality and interests.
‘That Miserable Party Spirit’
Authors: Davey Jennifer
Published: May 2019

Chapter 4 considers Mary’s relationship with the Conservative Party in the late 1860s and early 1870s. In order to examine the influential role Mary played at the heart of the Conservative Party, this chapter considers three connected case studies. The first considers the disquiet over Disraeli’s leadership of the Conservative Party during the years 1868–1874 and examines the attempts by Mary and her political allies to oust him as leader. The second case study examines the intersections between Mary and the 1874 Conservative cabinet. It pays particular attention to her pivotal role in the formation of that cabinet. The third case study develops this narrative and explores her involvement in the processes and tensions of cabinet government during the years 1874–1876. In doing so, it considers the challenges and constraints offered up by the post-1867 landscape. Significantly, this chapter also casts new light on the fragility of Disraeli’s leadership of the Conservative Party.
Conclusion: ‘Female Politicians’?
Authors: Davey Jennifer
Published: May 2019

This conclusion explores what Mary’s life in politics might tell us about political life in Victorian Britain. It argues that Mary’s life illuminates particular aspects of Victorian political culture. In particular, it stresses the importance of incorporating informal political processes into the construction of high political narratives. It suggests that focusing on the activities of informal politics might offer new insights into familiar preoccupations of historians of high politics: of parliamentary dynamics, of party politics, of civil servants, and of public opinion.
Foundations of Migration Economics
Authors: Borjas George J. , Chiswick Barry R.
Published: May 2019

Migration these days is as topical as ever. A substantial and even increasing percentage of the world population live outside their country of birth. Climate change, conflicts, but also better education in developing countries will lead to more international migration, and will present new challenges to the societies in the sending and receiving countries. This volume offers insights into core topics of migration economics that have been pioneered by 2011 IZA Prize Laureates George Borjas and Barry Chiswick. The book shows migration economics at its best and underscores its high relevance for shaping the future of modern societies and labor markets.
Self-Selection and the Earnings of Immigrants
Authors: Borjas George J. , Chiswick Barry R.
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyzes the way in which the earnings of the immigrant population may be expected to differ from the earnings of the native population because of the endogeneity of the decision to migrate. The empirical study shows that differences in the U.S. earnings of immigrants with the same measured skills, but from different home countries, are attributable to variations in political and economic conditions in the countries of origin at the time of migration.
Speaking, Reading, and Earnings among Low-skilled Immigrants
Authors: Borjas George J. , Chiswick Barry R. , Borjas George J. , Chiswick Barry R.
Published: May 2019

This chapter is concerned with the determinants of English language fluency among immigrants and the effects of fluency on earnings. Using special survey data on a sample of more than 800 aliens, the analysis shows the importance of certain variables which were not previously available: speaking fluency at migration and English reading fluency. English speaking and reading fluency both increase with duration in the United States, and the increase with duration is greater for those with more schooling and who are not Hispanic. The chapter shows that reading fluency is more important than speaking fluency as a determinant of earnings.
The Labor Demand Curve is Downward Sloping: Reexamining the Impact of Immigration on the Labor Market
Authors: Borjas George J. , Chiswick Barry R. , Borjas George J. , Chiswick Barry R. , Borjas George J. , Chiswick Barry R.
Published: May 2019

Immigration is not evenly balanced across groups of workers that have the same education but differ in their work experience, and the nature of the supply imbalance changes over time. This chapter develops a new approach for estimating the labor market impact of immigration by exploiting this variation in supply shifts across education-experience groups. The author assumes that similarly educated workers with different levels of experience participate in a national labor market and are not perfect substitutes. The analysis indicates that immigration lowers the wage of competing workers: a 10 percent increase in supply reduces wages by 3 to 4 percent.
Intersections of Value
Authors: Stecker Robert
Published: May 2019

This book is about the universal human need to aesthetically experience the world around us. To this end, it examines three appreciative contexts where aesthetic value plays a central role: art, nature, and the everyday. The book concludes by asking: what is the place of the aesthetic in a good life? An equally important theme explores the way the aesthetic interacts with other values—broadly moral, cognitive, and functional ones. No important appreciative practice is completely centered on a single value and such practices can only be fully understood in terms of a plurality of intersecting values. Complementing the study of aesthetic appreciation are: (1) An analysis of the cognitive and ethical value of art; (2) an attempt to answer fundamental questions in environmental aesthetics, and an investigation of the interface between environmental ethics and aesthetics; and (3) an examination of the extent to which the aesthetic value of everyday artifacts derives from their basic practical functions. The book devotes special attention to art as an appreciative context because it is an especially rich arena where different values interact. Artistic value is complex and pluralistic, a value composed of other values. Aesthetic value is among these, but so are ethical, cognitive, and art-historical values.
What is Aesthetic Value?
Authors: Stecker Robert
Published: May 2019

This chapter offers an answer to the question: what is aesthetic value? It defends aesthetic empiricism: the view that the primary bearer of aesthetic value are experiences and that other things have aesthetic value in virtue of their capacity to provide aesthetically valuable experiences. By way of answering criticisms of this conception of aesthetic value, it argues that it is coherent, that it is grounded in the history of thought about the aesthetic, and that it does not succumb to counterexamples. The chapter concludes by looking at the idea that aesthetic value should be defined instead in terms of aesthetic properties and argues that defensible versions of such an approach are consistent with a definition in terms of aesthetic experience.