bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Intensity Distribution of the Emission Beam and A Discussion of the Radio Luminosity of Pulsars
Authors: Wu Xinji , Manchester R. N.
Published: June 2019

A new radio luminosity equation for pulsars is presented which is based on the geometry of a polarcap model. Statistical results show that the emission component intensity distribution is Gaussian. There are 100 pulsars with new radio luminosity values. We show that the radio luminosity can be described by one relation L ∝ (BP2)1.07 or L ∝ Q'–1.4, Q' = 2P1.1Ṗ–15–0.4 over the whole range of period and period derivatives, contrary to other recently suggested luminosity laws.
Closing Comments: Observations
Authors: McCulloch P. M.
Published: June 2019

During the course of this colloquium many papers have been presented on observational aspects of pulsar astronomy. In the following discussion I have not attempted to be comprehensive but have selected a number of areas of interest to me.

The basic pulsar properties appear to be consistent over the full range of pulsar periods from 1 ms to 4s, implying that the emission mechanism is the same for all pulsars. There was a general consensus among the observers that the radio emission occurs low down in the pulsar's magnetosphere above the magnetic polar region.
Vessels of Death: Sacred Cauldrons in Archaeology and Myth
Authors: Green Miranda J.
Published: June 2019

This paper explores links between the archaeology of cauldron deposition during the European Iron Age and the mythology of cauldrons as presented in the early vernacular texts of Wales and Ireland. During the last millennium BC, cauldrons were apparently the focus of repeated ceremonial activity, involving their deliberate deposition in watery contexts. Evidence for such cauldron deposits comes from all over temperate Europe. The medieval mythic texts of Wales and Ireland contain references to cauldrons as instruments of death and resurrection. Models are proposed to explain the possible link between allusions to sacred cauldrons found in the early vernacular myths and their presence in archaeological contexts. It may be that redactors of myth were influenced in their writings by observation of ancient cauldrons either in situ or recovered from watery sites, or that they may have learnt about them through oral tradition.
A Fortification Sector to the 1673 Design of Sir Jonas Moore
Authors: Bryden D. J.
Published: June 2019

The paper discusses an unsigned London made sector, a mathematical instrument which provides instrumental solutions to trigonometrical problems. The instrument is identified as being made to the design published by Sir Jonas Moore in 1673 with scales specifically intended for use in drawing ground plans for fortifications. It encapsulates the codified design rules of various seventeenth century engineers. One of the fortification scales which adopts general rules of the Count de Pagan, is attributed to Charles II. The use of the sector is explained and the Carolian design parameters compared with others. Consideration of the design work of the King's Engineer, Sir Bernard de Gomme, suggests that his Royal Master may have influenced that engineer's acceptance of Pagan's rules. Specifically de Gomme's design for Tilbury Fort is seen to follow design ratios probably attributable to Charles II and issued on a medal in 1666.
The Deanery, Windsor Castle
Authors: Tatton Brown Tim
Published: June 2019

For almost six and a half centuries, the wardens (and later the Deans) of St George's Chapel have been lodged in the extreme north-east corner of the Lower Ward at Windsor Castle. From fairly modest beginnings, the house developed into a much grander building, after the construction of a huge new chapel in the late fifteenth century. After the Elizabethan settlement it developed further and was a childhood home of Sir Christopher Wren, before being vandalized in the Commonwealth period. Following the Reformation, it was reconstructed and then given a grand new front in 1710 for the first of a series of aristocratic Deans. The final major rebuilding was carried out in 1831 immediately after the demise of George IV, and the house was used by Queen Victoria as a sort of ‘confessional’ and very private access to the royal pew after her widowhood. Today it is still a fine house after being reduced in size for twentieth-century Deans who do not have large families and many servants. Its rendered south front can still be seen immediately behind the buttressed east end of the Albert Memorial Chapel (fig. 1).
The Asymptotic Expansions of the Spherical Harmonics
Authors: MacRobert T. M.
Published: June 2019

Associated Legendre Functions as Integrals involving Bessel Functions. Let

,

where C denotes a contour which begins at −∞ on the real axis, passes positively round the origin, and returns to −∞, amp λ=−π initially, and R(z)>0, z being finite and ≠1. [If R(z)>0 and z is finite, then R(z±)>0.] Then if I−m (λ) be expanded in ascending powers of λ, and if the resulting expression be integrated term by term, it is found that
Three-stage Mesozoic intracontinental tectonic evolution of South China recorded in an overprinted basin: evidence from stratigraphy and detrital zircon U–Pb dating
Authors: Ma Huimin , Wang Yu , Huang Yajuan , Xie Yueting
Published: June 2019

The NE–NNE-trending Yuan-Ma Basin in central South China, an overprinted basin, is important for understanding the transition in Mesozoic intracontinental deformation in South China from compressional to extensional settings. A detailed sedimentary and structural cross-section across the basin reveals the Upper Triassic – Lower Jurassic black coal-bearing shale, greyish-green sandstone and brick-red claystone, and the Middle Jurassic brick-red sandstone, pebbly sandstone and conglomerate in the eastern segment of the basin. The Lower Cretaceous brick-red coarse sandstone, pebbly sandstone and siltstone occurred in the western and central segments, as well as fault breccia and Lower Cretaceous sandstone at the western margin of the basin. Detrital zircon U–Pb dating by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry shows that the magmatic and metamorphic zircons yield significant age clusters at 900–700, 500–350 and 300–150 Ma, as well a minor age cluster at 120–100 Ma. Synthesizing the stratigraphic sequences, structures, isotopic dating results and palaeocurrent data, we infer that the Yuan-Ma Basin experienced three evolutionary stages and tectonic settings: (1) during Late Triassic – Early Jurassic time, the Yuan-Ma Basin was related to the diachronous progressive intracontinental deformation as a result of the early Mesozoic Xuefeng intracontinental orogeny in South China; (2) during Middle–Late Jurassic time, the Yuan-Ma Basin was related to intracontinental compression in South China; and (3) during late Early Cretaceous time, the Yuan-Ma Basin was constrained by the intracontinental extension that occurred in eastern China. These three stages, a result of various tectonic regimes, caused the intracontinental deformation that was controlled by the evolution of the continents and their margins.
Time-changes in the Mortality Rate: An Experimental Formula
Authors: Starke L. G. K.
Published: June 2019

Although this paper deals with the application of mathematical formulae to mortality data, it is not concerned with ‘graduation’ if that word is held to imply the fitting of a particular curve to a particular experience with the object of satisfying statistical tests. Nor is the paper concerned with the development of any philosophical theory of mortality. The experiments which it describes were undertaken in the hope of finding a standard type of curve which would give a good over-all representation of adult mortality in general. If such a curve could be found, an examination of the variations in its parameters might contribute something to an understanding, not of the nature of mortality itself, but of the differences—more particularly the secular differences—between one mortality experience and another.
Human Rights Obligations of the Territorial State in the Cyberspace of Areas Outside Its Effective Control
Authors: Berkes Antal
Published: June 2019

The absence of control of a territorial state over part of its physical territory is closely associated with online human rights violations, on the one hand, and the state's restricted (but not necessarily absent) control over the cyberspace, on the other. Notwithstanding the lack of its effective territorial control, the territorial state continues to be entitled to exercise its sovereignty over both territory and cyberspace. The consequence of sovereignty in international human rights law is the territorial state's presumed jurisdiction over its entire national territory. The article claims that the territorial state, while lacking the effective means to control its cyberspace fully as it does in the government-controlled areas, has continuing jurisdiction, and consequently obligations, to protect human rights online from wrongful acts that originate, occur or have effect in the area outside its effective control. Treaty monitoring bodies have recommended various positive measures that any territorial state is required to take while seeking to restore its ‘internet sovereignty’ in the separatist region, depending on the means in its power that are feasible in the particular situation.
A Redescription of Aphelenchoides parietinus (Bastian, 1865) Steiner, 1932
Authors: Franklin Mary T.
Published: June 2019

In his “Monograph on the Anguillulidae, or Free Nematoids, Marine, Land and Freshwater; with Descriptions of 100 New Species,” published in 1865, Bastian described a nematode which he found in the yellow lichen Xanthoria (then known as Parmelia) parietina. He named it Aphelenchus parietinus, giving a short description and two drawings. His drawings are reproduced in Fig. 1 and his description is as follows:
Variation in the Egg Content of Sheep Faeces within One Day
Authors: Spedding C. R. W.
Published: June 2019

Investigations into the effect of internal parasitism on the digestive economy of sheep have been carried out at the Grassland Research Station, with particular reference to the effect of sub-clinical wormburdens on live-weight increase and digestive efficiency in these animals.
Toxicity Tests with Vinegar Eelworm. I. Counting and Gulturing
Authors: Peters B. G.
Published: June 2019

The plant-parasitic nematodes have this in common with their relatives parasitic in animals, that they are unusually resistant to chemical control. It is not merely that substances lethal to the nematode are harmful to the animal or plant, for in both cases there are usually in the nematode’s life cycle free-living stages, and these are also highly resistant. Apparently the nematode cuticle, egg shell, and vitelline membrane are effective barriers to the penetration of many substances which might be expected to be good contact poisons. Several of the best modern insecticides have given disappointing results against plant eelworms (Ellis and Clayton, 1948). On the other hand some of the simpler halogenated hydrocarbons have been fairly effective, against both animal nematodes (CCl4, C2C14) and plant eelworms in the soil (C2H4Br2, C3H4Cl2).
The Development and Morphology of the Miracidium ofParamphistomum hiberniaeWillmott, 1950
Authors: Willmott S.
Published: June 2019

Since the description by Looss in 1892 of the life-history ofDiplodiscus subclavatus, and in 1896 of the miracidia ofGastrothylax gregarius, G. aegyptiacusandParamphistomum cervi, there have been very few accounts of paramphistome life-histories. Gary (1909) published an account of the life-history ofDiplodiscus temperatus, which Cort considered to be incorrect, and Krull and Price (1982) repeated the work on the same species. Beaver (1929) published an account of all the developmental stages ofAllassostoma parvumexcept the sporocyst; Brumpt (1986) described the cercaria and the experimental infection of the intermediate and final hosts of P.cerviin Corsica. Willey (1941) has described the life-history and bionomics ofZygocotyle lunata, but has not given a very detailed account of the development of the egg and miracidium. The fullest account of a paramphistome has been given by Bennett (1986) of a species which was identified asCotyhphoron cotylophorum, but which Price and Mackintosh (1944) consider to be a new species of the genusParamphistomum, namelyP. microbothrioides. Since the submission of this paper as part of a thesis for the Ph.D. degree, two further papers on the development of paramphistomes have come to the notice of the author. These are by Sinha (1950) on the development ofC. cotylophorumin India, and by Willey and Godman (1951) on that ofZ. lunatain America.
OnCorrigia (Orthorchis) vitta(Duj. 1845)
Authors: Harvey L. A. , Channon C. E.
Published: June 2019

1. Of thirty-fourApodemus sylvaticusexamined from in and near Exeter, thirteen were infested with varying numbers of the dicrocoeliid trematode,Corrigia vitta.

2. The worms live in the interlobary canals of the pancreas, sometimes singly, but up to eight have been found in a single mouse.

3. The dimensions of the more important organs are stated and compared with the measurements provided by other authors.

4. The taxonomic status of the species is briefly considered.
The Topography of the Scamander Valley.—II
Authors: Leaf Walter
Published: June 2019

The name of Gergis appears first in Herodotos, and is applied to a tribe said to be the descendants of the ancient Teukrians; ῾γμέης . . .εἶλε μὲν Αἰολέας πάντας, ὅσοι τὴν ᾿Ιλιάδα νέμονται, εἶλε δὲ Γέργιθας τοὺςὑπολειφθέντας τῶν ἀρχαίων Τευκρῶν (v. 122). Where they dwelt is made clear in vii. 43. After his visit to the temple of Athena at Ilion, Xerxes marches to Abydos, keeping Rhoiteion, Ophryneion and Dardanos on his left, and the Teukrian Gergithes on his right; ἐπορεύετο ἐνθεῦτεν ἐνἀριστερῆι μὲν ἀοέργων ῾Ροίτειον πόλιν καὶ ᾿Οφρύνειον καὶ Δάρδανον, ἤπερδὴ ᾿Αβύδωι ὄμουρός ἐστι, ἐν δεξυῆι δὲ Γέργιθας Τευκπρούς. The Greek colonists, the Aeolians, had occupied with their towns the whole of the coast; the older inhabitants had been driven into the hill-country a short distance inland.
A United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights: The Decline and Fall of an Initiative
Authors: MacDonald R. St. J.
Published: June 2019

In 1967 the Yearbook published a comment by me on ECOSOC Resolution 1237 (XLII) of June 6, 1967. In that resolution the Economic and Social Council recommended to the General Assembly the creation of the Office of United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. The comment referred to concluded with the opinion that Resolution 1237 (XLII) provided an adequate basis on which the General Assembly might appropriately proceed to establish the Office; it expressed the view that this resolution would eventually be adopted and that the proposed High Commissioner would become an important personality in the United Nations programme for the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
The International Legislative Process: Direct Broadcasting and Remote Earth Sensing by Satellite Compared
Authors: Dalfen Charles M.
Published: June 2019

In earlier volumes of thisYearbook, international responses to the prospective dangers and opportunities posed by direct satellite broadcasting were examined. It was suggested that the international treatment of the implications of this activity might be seen in the light of:

the emergence of an embryonic international legislative process, with the [United Nations] committees on outer space, the seabed, and so on playing the role of parliamentary standing committees and the Assembly that of a parliament — albeit one whose “acts” must be ratified by the governments of members. [It was suggested that] the committees have shown their ability to study and pursue important legal questions and [that] the General Assembly has demonstrated its willingness to pass resolutions encouraging legal development. [It was added that] … the specialized agencies and other international organizations have shown a readiness and a high degree of competence in preparing briefs and studies, in advancing opinions both interested and disinterested, and in providing general expertise to the committees, in the manner of effectively operating government departments.
Patterns of Development in International Fishery Law
Authors: Ottenheimer Gerald R.
Published: June 2019

The uncertainty surrounding the outcome of the imminent Law of the Sea Conference is inevitable in the light of the lack of consensus on many of the most pressing problems of ocean law. Nowhere is this lack of agreement more evident than in the law regulating the world’s fishery resources.

During the past few years the attention of international lawyers and experts in related disciplines has been focused on the crucial considerations of continental shelf and ocean bed resources. Yet the legal problems related to international fisheries persist and increase.
An Evaluation of Proposals for a Regime for the Deep Sea-Bed in the Light of National Experience
Authors: Crommelin Michael
Published: June 2019

Committee I of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea is charged with responsibility for devising treaty provisions to govern the sea-bed and ocean floor beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, and in particular, for devising a regime for the management of the resources of this area. In addition, the committee has the task of preparing articles to provide for the equitable sharing by all states in the benefits derived from the international area, bearing in mind the special interests and needs of developing countries and having due regard to the rights and legitimate interests of states which may be affected by activities in the area. The committee is to be concerned, therefore, with the possible adverse effects on the economies of those developing countries which are land-based producers of the minerals likely to be derived from the international sea-bed area.
Accord entre le Canada et la Norvège sur leurs relations en matière de pêche
Authors: de Mestral A. L. C.
Published: June 2019

Parmi les Quatre conventions conclues à Genève en 1958, la Convention sur la pêche et la conservation des ressources biologiques de la haute mer reçut le moins de ratifications. Le Canada n'etait pas étranger à l'insatisfaction ressenti par de nombreux gouvernements envers cette convention; tout en refusant de ratifier cette convention le Canada chercha d'autres moyens plus efficaces pour réglementer les pêcheries au large de ces côtes. Sur la côte est le moyen principal fut la convention internationale sur les pêcheries de l'atlantique du nord ouest, tel que modifiée, et sur la côte ouest la convention sur les pêcheries en haute mer de l'ocean pacifique du nord et de nombreux accords bilatéraux surtout avec les Etats-Unis. Bien que modifiés à de nombreuses reprises, par des protocoles subséquents, ces accords et surtout les accords multilatéraux, se sont avérés inefficaces pour proteger les intérêts vitaux des communautés côtières canadiennes vivant de la pêche ou pour empêcher une surexploitation des stocks de poissons, à cause du nombre toujours croissant des navires de pêche étrangers et de l'insuffisance des mesures de protection et de police des pêcheries. En 1964 le parlement canadien adopta la loi sur la mer territorial et les zones de pêche créant une mer territoriale de trois milles et une zone de pêche de neuf milles au delà de la mer territoriale. En 1970 le parlement canadien amenda cette loi afin d'étendre la mer territoriale à douze milles et afin de permettre le gouvernement canadien de créer des zones de pêche au delà de la mer territoriale. Par voie de règlement, le gouvernement canadien créa des zones de pêche dans la baie de Fundy, le golfe St. Laurent, le détroit Hecate, l'entrée Dixon et le bassin Reine Charlotte. La loi sur la protection des pêcheries cotières fut également amendée en 1970 afin de mieux réglementer les pêcheries étrangères dans ces nouvelles zones de pêche. En 1971 et 1972 le gouvernement du Canada conclut une série d'accords avec la Norvège, l'U.R.S.S., la Grande Bretagne, le Portugal, l'Espagne et la France prévoyant le retrait progressif des navires de pêche de ces pays des nouvelles zones de pêche canadiennes.
The Human Rights Covenants and Canadian Law
Authors: Fischer Hugo
Published: June 2019

The philosophy postulating the protection of human rights is based on values that are fundamental to western civilization. These values found expression in Jerusalem and in Athens. The divine command to love one’s neighbour as one loves oneself and to obey God’s laws is the basis of the sovereign’s duty to respect these “unwritten and immutable divine laws” of which Sophocles speaks. It took many centuries before these rights, “droits naturels et imprescriptible de l’homme,” were recognized by the state to the extent that their breach was supposed to entitle the citizens to revolt.
Article 177 of the Treaty of Rome and the Evolution of the Doctrine of the Supremacy of Community Law
Authors: Raworth Philip
Published: June 2019

The Reference Under Article 177

Article 164 of the Treaty of Rome sets up a Court of Justice of the Communities whose task it is to ensure that “in the interpretation and application of the Treaty the law is observed.” The Court exercises this jurisdiction in various ways. It can hear actions against member states for violations of the Treaty and it can review the legality of the acts — or lack of action — of the Community organs. The Court of Justice also has a more or less plenary jurisdiction over certain purely Community matters. In none of these areas, however, has the Court had to deal with the sensitive issue of the relationship between municipal law and Community Law; this issue has come before it only by way of the reference under Article 177 of the Treaty of Rome.
War Law and the Medical Profession
Authors: Green L.C.
Published: June 2019

The regimen I adopt shall be for the benefit of my patients according to my ability and judgment and not for their hurt or any wrong. I will give no deadly drug to any.… Whatsoever house I enter, there will I go for the benefit of the sick, refraining from all wrongdoing or corruption. … Whatsoever things I see or hear concerning the life of men, and my attendance upon the sick or even apart from them, which ought not to be noised abroad, I will keep silence thereon, counting such things to be as sacred secrets. (Hippocratic Oath)

It was Reported in july 1979 that Dr. Luisa Mistrali-Guidotti, a missionary doctor serving in Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, had been shot and killed by government troops while making her rounds in her “familiar” ambulance car near Mtoko. She had previously been threatened with arrest for attending to wounded guerrillas. Except for the fact that she had been killed, rather than taken prisoner and mistreated or tortured, her case had much in common with that of Dr. Sheila Cassidy, who in 1976 had been imprisoned and tortured for her services to Allende supporters during the Chilean revolution. Incidents such as these serve to emphasize that the medical profession is as much prone to the risks of armed conflict as is everybody else.
La mutation du régime juridique des espaces en droit international public et le rôle des intrants technologiques
Authors: Côté René
Published: June 2019

The author explores the relationship between technological change and the lawmaking process in the reorganization of international space since the Second World War. He points out three types of technological inputs that have been significant in the process: exploitation of resources technologies, of communication and transport technologies, and of military technologies. Those technological inputs each have had a different impact on the creation of new norms in international law. The author examines particularly the first two types, the latter being more ambiguous in its effects. First, he stresses that exploitation of resources technologies tends to set new rules that reattribute international space previously considered as res communis or res nullius into the jurisdiction of states or within the scope of the common heritage of mankind. The sharing of the new resources therefore withholds spatialism. Communication and transport technologies, on the contrary, support freedom in international space and therefore prefer functionalism to spatialism. Confusion may occur when a technology is considered either as a means of communication or of the exploitation of resources, as is the case in the spectrum/orbit issue. The author examines the conflicting role of different technological inputs and their effects on the emerging regime which has reattributed international space within the scope of state jurisdiction or consolidated the international status of other space.
Superior Orders and Command Responsibility
Authors: Green L.G.
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Comme pile et face de la pièce de monnaie, l’ordre du supérieur est, conceptuellement, le revers de la responsabilité du supérieur. On a d’une part la responsabilité de la personne qui obéit à l’ordre d’un supérieur et de l’autre la responsabilité du supérieur qui donne l’ordre de faire un acte illégal. Dans cet article, l’auteur remarque que les codes nationaux consultés, de quelque sorte qu’ils soient, criminels ou militaires, tous posent bien comme principe le devoir d’obéir aux ordres, mais tous indiquent aussi que cette obligation ne s’applique qu’aux ordres qui sont en fait légaux. Tous ces codes, de même que toutes sortes de décisions de tribunaux de crimes de guerre, en particulier celle du Tribunal militaire international de Nuremberg, ainsi que la Résolution de l’Assemblée générale et l’opinion de la Commission internationale de droit confirment que plaider obéissance aux ordres d’un supérieur ne peut constituer une défense inattaquable. Ce moyen de défense, cependant, peut mener à une réduction de peine si l’inculpé ne savait pas que l’ordre dérogeait à la loi ou dans la mesure où, moralement, il n’avait pas le choix. Pour ce qui est de la responsabilité du supérieur, elle est clairement définie en droit militaire et a été reconnue par les tribuanux chargés de juger les crimes de guerre, comme il ressort des affairesYamashitaetMeyer. La situation à ce sujet a été quelque peu clarifiée par le Protocole I de 1977, qui semble indiquer ce qui est accepté en droit, comme on peut le voir dans les conclusions auxquelles est arrivée la Commission Kahan après son enquête sur les massacres perpétrés dans les camps de refugiés au Liban.
Towards an Empirically-Based New International Economic Order
Authors: McWhinney Edward
Published: June 2019

The movement on behalf of a new international economic order emerged in the early 1970’s and achieved an early, signal success with three great ventures in international lawmaking by the United Nations General Assembly in 1974 and 1975. These were the Declaration on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order, the Programme of Action on the Establishment of a New International Economic Order, and the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States. All three acts were adopted in the form of General Assembly resolutions, the first two by consensus and without formal vote, at the Sixth Special Session of the General Assembly. The Resolution on the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States, being pushed to a vote at the succeeding regular Annual Session, was adopted by 120 to 6, with 10 abstentions (with the United States, Great Britain, and West Germany among the negative votes, and France, Italy, Japan, and Canada among the abstentions).
II: Le Canada et le système monétaire international en 1990
Authors: Colas Bernard
Published: June 2019

La transition des pays d'europe centrale et orientale d'une économie à planification centralisée vers une économie de marché, l'invasion du Koweït et la persistance de la crise de l'endettement ont particulièrement marqué le système monétaire international au cours de l'année 1990.

Peu d'initiatives majeures ont été prises cette année afin d'alléger la dette extérieure des pays en développement. La conclusion d'accords de restructuration entre les banques créancières et le Mexique, les Philippines, le Costa Rica, le Venezuela, l'Uruguay dans le cadre du Plan Brady, ainsi qu'avec le Chili et le Maroc sont toutefois à souligner. De plus, les Chefs d'État et de gouvernement des sept pays les plus industrialisés, réunis à Houston du 9 au 11 juillet 1990, ont décidé d'encourager le Club de Paris à allonger les périodes de remboursement de la dette des pays à revenu moyen inférieur. Cette démarche concerne les pays dont la dette officielle est importante et pour lesquels le recours au plan Brady aurait peu d'effets; la Pologne a été l'un des premiers pays à avoir bénéficié de cette initiative. Les Sept ont également souligné la décision prise par le Canada d'annuler les prêts d'aide publique au développement remboursables par 11 pays des Caraî bes membres du Commonwealth à concurrence de 11 millions CAD.
Ill Investissement
Authors: Ratelle Pierre
Published: June 2019

I Conjoncture politique et économique canadienne

En 1991, la conjoncture politique et économique canadienne a été à l’image de celle que les investisseurs Canadians et étrangers avaient connue en 1990. Au niveau politique, l’incertitude constitutionnelle a persisté à un point tel que personne ne pouvait plus affirmer avec certitude que le Canada allait continuer d’exister dans l’avenir. Au niveau économique, la récession a continué de faire rage, provoquant la faillite de milliers d’entreprises et la mise à pied de dizaines de milliers de personnes.
III Investissement
Authors: Ratelle Pierre
Published: June 2019

Comme le Prévoit l’accord de libre-échange Canada-États-Unis (ALÉ), la Loi sur investissement Canada (“LIC”) a etc modifiee, le icr Janvier 1992, pour une quatrieme année consécutive en faveur des investisseurs américains.

Le seuil d'examen par l'agence Investissement Canada de l'acquisition directe d'une entreprise canadienne par un Américain passe de 100 millions à 150 millions de dollars; ce qui représente un seuil 30 fois plus éléve que celui auquel sont soumis les autres investisseurs étrangers. Quant à l'acquisition indirecte d'une entreprise canadienne par un Américain, elle ne sera plus soumise dorénavant à un examen de la part d'Investissement Canada; tandis que les autres investisseurs étrangers demeurent, quant à eux, toujours assujettis au seuil d'examen de 50 millions de dollars.
NAFTA Dispute Settlement and Mexico: Interpreting Treaties and Reconciling Common and Civil Law Systems in a Free Trade Area
Authors: Thomas J.C. , Ayllón Sergio López
Published: June 2019

The first NAFTA Chapter 19 binational panel review of a Mexican antidumping determination raises important questions about the interpretation of treaties. In confronting the different way in which Mexico, a civil law country, had implemented NAFTA, the panel had to deal with a process of implementation different from that in the common law jurisdictions of Canada and the United States. The authors argue that in interpreting NAFTA, the panel relied on the negotiating history of one party, the United States, to reach a conclusion that did not represent the intentions of the three parties, and led to the exercise of a jurisdiction by a Chapter 19 panel in respect of Mexico that ü different from that exercised by Chapter 19 panels reviewing determinations from the other two NAFTA parties.
L'échange dette-contre-nature: un instrument utile de protection de l'environnement?
Authors: Breton-Le Goff Gaëlle
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Alors que les effets de la crise asiatique s’étendent à l Amérique latine, et que les États empruntent largement pour soutenir leurs économies vacillantes, les ressources naturelles, ressources économiques fondamentales, sont de plus en plus menacées par les nécessités du remboursement de la dette. Dette et environnement restent aujourd’hui encore, quatorze années après la proposition du vice-président de WWF, Thomas Lovejoy, profondément interdépendants. Les échanges dette-contre-nature de la première génération dans les années 1984-90 ont inévitablement rencontré des difficultés. Mais la technique a convaincu, les État et les États s’en sont alors emparés pour la transposer aux problèmes du règlement de la dette dans les relations bilatérales. Peu à peu, la technique des échanges s’est affinée, s’est structurée et s’est diversifiée. Repensé et corrigé, le mécanisme des échanges dette-contre-nature apparaît à la fois comme un instrument utile de gestion et de protection de la ressource naturelle, et comme une source de financement pour la mise en œuvre du droit international de l’environnement. Enfin cet article met en lumière l’importance du rôle des organisations non gouvernementales dans le développement du droit international de l’environnement et plaide pour le maintien de la participation de la société civile au mécanisme qu 'elles ont inventé.
Investor-State Arbitration under NAFTA Chapter 11
Authors: Thomas J. C.
Published: June 2019

Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) provides for suits by foreign investors from the NAFTA Parties against one of the other Parties. The author reviews this provision and discusses its possible ambit in light of the decisions so far rendered. The author considers that, properly interpreted, Chapter 11 will provide an extraordinary means of redress and will not open the floodgates to all kinds of claims that second-guess legitimate governmental legislative activity or policymaking.
Reporting to the Human Rights Committee: The Canadian Experience
Authors: Major Marie-France
Published: June 2019

In 1966, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Once it had acceded to the Covenant, Canada undertook the obligation to make regular reports to the Human Rights Committee (the independent body of experts established under the Covenant) in regard to its protection of human rights and its progress in implementing the new treaty. In the next few pages, the four reports submitted by Canada, as well as the comments issued by committee members in the course of analysis of these reports, are examined, so as to get a better sense of whether, and to what extent, Canada is fulfilling its Covenant commitments.
Judicial Notice and Reception Theory: Thoughts on the Contribution of Ronald St. John Macdonald
Authors: van Ert Gibran
Published: June 2019

On the occasion of a conference in honour of Ronald St. John Macdonald, the author revisits Macdonald’s important 1974 article “The Relationship between International Law and Domestic Law in Canada.” Macdonald’s discussion of the judicial notice of international law by Canadian courts is considered in light of recent case law. In particular, the practice of international lawyers giving expert evidence on international law is criticized as inconsistent with the doctrine of judicial notice. Finally, the author reflects on Macdonald’s view that a theoretical framework is needed to explain the reception of international law in the law of Canada
Receiving theHeadianLegacy: International Lawyers, South-to-North Resource Transfers, and the Challenge of International Development
Authors: Okafor Obiora Chinedu
Published: June 2019

A new factor has recently reemerged: financial transfers from South to North. Reemerged, for it was also a common occurrence in earlier colonial periods.

— Ivan Leigh Head

Written over fifteen years ago by Ivan Leigh Head, a highly distinguished Canadian international lawyer, foreign policy expert, and international development thinker, the words contained in the above quotation point firmly at this great man’s analytic incisiveness and hint at the sheer depth of his fairness of mind. For although the net transfer of resources from the much poorer geopolitical “South” to a far richer “North” remains to this day one of the most important obstacles to international development, rarely have the dominant accounts of international development given this phenomenon the pride of place that it surely deserves. Ivan Head was therefore well ahead of his time in foregrounding, highlighting, and criticizing this very disturbing, yet continuing, feature of South-North relations.
II Le Canada et le système financier international en 2006
Authors: Colas Bernard
Published: June 2019

Àl’instar des années précédentes, le blanchiment d’argent, la lutte contre le financement du terrorisme et la gouvernance ont constitué les principales préoccupations de la communauté internationale en 2006. Cependant la communauté internationale s’est également intéressée aux questions de développement durable, à l’égalité entre les sexes ainsi qu’en toile de fonds à la réforme des institutions de Bretton Woods. Ces travaux ont été menés de concert par: (1) le Groupe des 20 (G-20); (2) les institutions financières internationales; (3) les organismes de contrôle des établissements financiers; (4) le Groupe d’action financière; (5) le Joint Forum. Au sein de ces institutions le Canada assume son rôle de grande puissance mondiale.
La notion de conditionnalité reconsidérée dans les relations Nord-Sud: une approche favorisant le plein exercice des droits économiques dans les pays en développement
Authors: Mercure Pierre-François
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Les conventions internationales à caractère économique sont souvent modelées sur les préoccupations de la partie la plus puissante à l’entente au détriment de la partie la plus faible. Cette situation, qui est l’une des consequences de l’inégalité de faits entre les États, s’exprime par une conditionnalité rigoureuse imposée aux pays en développement lorsqu’ils s’engagent avec un pays développé ou une organisation internationale créanciers. Le pays en développement est alors confronté au dilemme de devoir rembourser la dette contractée conformément aux modalités de la conditionnalité, mettant en péril la mise en application de droits de la personne à caractère économique : droit à l’éducation, à la santé, au logement, à la nourriture, etc., ou de donner préséance à ces droits sur son obligation de remboursement de la créance. Les pays en développement ont avancé l’argument de l’état de nécessité, avec un succès limité, comme en témoignent les décisions internationals relatives à cette préoccupation des états qui remonte au début du 20e siècle.

Le droit à la conditionnalité universelle aurait comme fondement le droit positif des transferts financiers Nord-Sud, qui est inéquitable car il integer une conditionnalité préjudiciable aux pays en développement. La notion de conditionnalité constituerait ainsi, la source d’un droit pour les pays en développement, dont l’application aurait comme objectif le rétablissement des droits de la personne à caractère économique qui ont été restreints par l’application stricte de la notion de conditionnalité dans l’entente économique. C’est à travers l’étude de la notion de conditionnalité dans le contexte des relations Nord-Sud que cet article tente de démontrer l’existence du droit à la conditionnalité universelle dont la doctrine n’a jamais fait état. La notion de conditionnalité est ainsi envisagée sous une double perspective: celle où elle origine de la convention économique qui lie le débiteur et le créancier et celle où elle sert de fondement à un droit du débiteur à l’égard du créancier. Dans les deux situations, le débiteur est un pays en développement et le créancier est un pays développé ou une organization internationale.
The Rogue Civil Airliner and International Human Rights Law: An Argument for a Proportionality of Effects Analysis within the Right to Life
Authors: Holman Robin F.
Published: June 2019

Existing theoretical approaches to international human rights law governing the state’s duty to respect and ensure the right not to be arbitrarily deprived of life fail to provide a satisfactory analytical framework within which to consider the problem of a rogue civil airliner — a passenger-carrying civil aircraft under the effective control of one or more individuals who intend to use the aircraft itself as a weapon against persons or property on the surface. A more satisfactory approach is provided by the addition of a norm of proportionality of effects that is analogous to those that have been developed within the frameworks of international humanitarian law, moral philosophy, and modern constitutional rights law. This additional norm would apply only where there is an irreconcilable conflict between the state’s duties in respect of the right to life such that all of the courses of action available will result in innocent persons being deprived of life.
Canadian Mining Internationally and the UN Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights
Authors: Seck Sara L.
Published: June 2019

Between 2005 and 2011, there was much debate, both within Canada and at the United Nations (UN), over what role home states should play in the regulation and adjudication of human rights harms associated with transnational corporate conduct. In Canada, this debate focused upon concerns related to global mining that led to a series of government, opposition and multi-stakeholder reports and proposals. These culminated in 2010 with the appointment of an Extractive Sector Corporate Social Responsibility Counsellor and the defeat of Bill C-300, An Act Respecting Corporate Accountability for the Activities of Mining, Oil or Gas in Developing Countries. Meanwhile, at the UN Human Rights Commission/Council, John G. Ruggie was appointed Special Representative to the UN Secretary-General on Business and Human Rights (SRSG). Ruggie’s work led to the 2008Protect, Respect and Remedy: A Framework for Business and Human Rightsand the 2011Guiding Principles for Business and Human Rights(the latter designed to “operationalize” the former). While both documents highlight state duties to protect against human rights violations by businesses and the need for access to remedies by victims, the role of home states in this regard was contested. This article compares the developments in Canada between 2005 and 2011 with the work of the SRSG in relation to the home state duty to protect human rights in the transnational corporate context. It also offers reflections on the implications of the inevitability of industry and industry lawyer participation for the development of home state legal obligations.
Les mesures conservatoires indiquées par la Cour internationale de Justice dans le cadre de conflits territoriaux et frontaliers: Développements récents
Authors: Ghantous Marie
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Le recours aux mesures conservatoires devant la Cour international de Justice (CIJ) a sensiblement augmenté mais une évolution significative a été notée dernièrement. Ces développements mettent en exergue la montée en puissance des juridictions internationals soit du fait de l’immobilisme du Conseil de sécurité, soit en raison d’un effet boule de neige de la multiplication en un temps record des juridictions pénales internationales après la chute du mur de Berlin et de l’effondrement de l’URSS. Destinées à l’origine à preserver les droits des parties et à conserver les preuves lors d’une procédure principale devant la CIJ, les mesures conservatoires sont devenues un véritable instrument au service de la paix et la sécurité internationales. Elles ont, en effet, la priorité sur toutes autres questions portées devant la CIJ et permettent ainsi de réagir rapidement dans les situations d’urgence. Les deux ordonnances en indication de mesures conservatoires prononcées en 2011 consolident d’une part la jurisprudence de la CIJ. Mais elles contribuent d’autre part à l’extension du champ d’application des mesures édictées, mettant ainsi la CIJ sur un pied d’égalité avec le Conseil de sécurité dans son rôle d’organe des Nations Unies (ONU) participant à la réalisation des objectifs de la Charte de l’ONU. Cette concurrence se manifeste au niveau du litige dont le Conseil ou la CIJ peuvent être saisis, mais elle peut se manifester également dans la nature des mesures que la CIJ va édicter et qui ont été dernièrement de nature militaire notamment à travers la création d’une zone démilitarisée, chose qui était traditionnellement du resort du Conseil de sécurité. Ce qui pose la question de la force obligatoire de ces ordonnances et de leur exécution mais aussi un risqué de détournement de procédure qui pourrait paradoxalement refroidir le désir des États de recourir à la Cour mondiale.
Nationality and Registration of Aircraft Operated by International Operating Agencies and Article 77 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation, 1944
Authors: FitzGerald Gerald F.
Published: June 2019

The desire of many new states to have international air services of their own in an era of high-cost aircraft is imposing great pressure on traditional concepts of nationality and registration of aircraft. It has long been held that civil aircraft must have a nationality, that they must be registered in a state and that they must have the nationality of the state of registry. As the plan of the new states concerned is to have the international air services in question furnished through international operating agencies established by them and owning aircraft registered on other than a national basis, it is not surprising that this plan is currently the object of serious study. In particular, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has established a legal subcommittee to study problems of nationality and registration of aircraft of international operating agencies arising in relation to the application of Article 77 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation, opened for signature at Chicago on December 7, 1944.
Innocent Passage in the Arctic
Authors: Pharand A. Donat
Published: June 2019

The Arctic Regions have been a fascinating subject of study for a long time, mainly because of man’s strong desire to conquer the unknown. The military interest in those regions did not develop until recent years. With the straining of relations between the Soviet Union and the United States after World War II, the strategic significance of the Arctic soon became very real. This significance was appreciably diminished with the invention of intercontinental ballistic missiles but the more recent development of the nuclear missile-launching submarine has given the Arctic waters a new military importance. Of course, nuclear submarines could also be of considerable commercial interest. By borrowing the Arctic Ocean, merchant submarines could drastically shorten some of the present maritime trading routes. The exploitation of natural resources in the Arctic regions is already in process of giving new commercial meaning to the old Northwest and Northeast Passages. In the circumstances, an inquiry into the legal regime of the Arctic waters is timely. Two basic principles of the law of the sea are involved: the right of innocent passage, and the freedom of the seas. The present study will concentrate on the right of innocent passage. An investigation will be made into the legal status of the Arctic waters constituting what is commonly known as the Northwest Passage, on the North American side of the Pole, and the Northeast Passage or Northern Sea Route on the Soviet side. The basic question is whether or not the right of free and innocent passage in favour of foreign ships applies to those waters.