bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Winding the bobbin up
Authors: Rivolta Heidi
Published: March 2015

This short series of articles focuses on incorporating simple and fun French hand rhymes into your regular setting routine. This month, we are using a rhyme called ‘Enroulez le fil – Wind the thread’.
Priority issues from 0–19
Authors: Voogd Caroline , Murphy Madeleine , Gardner Sophie
Published: March 2015

Midwifery, health visiting and school nursing services play an essential role in ensuring the health and wellbeing of children from conception to adulthood, yet there are many issues affecting all, which urgently need to be addressed.
Health visiting in the 21st century: The challenge of helping parents to prevent sudden infant death
Authors: Ford Nicola
Published: March 2015

Despite a significant fall in the number of cases of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) since the early 1990s, it remains one of the leading causes of infant mortality in the UK ( Office for National Statistics, 2014 ). National postnatal care guidelines ( National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2014 ) have recently been amended to ensure key health professionals, including health visitors, inform all families and carers about the association between co-sleeping and SIDS. Health visitors play a unique role in supporting families to make informed decisions about safer infant sleeping. This paper draws on published literature to describe what is known about health visiting practice and analyses how this is used to prevent SIDS.
Strengthening couple relationships to reduce the risk of perinatal mood and anxiety disorders for parents
Authors: Speier Diane S
Published: March 2015

Research has highlighted the associations between relationship functioning and depression and/or anxiety symptoms in the perinatal period, and the importance of attachment in the transition to parenthood. Adult attachment can support or undermine the early co-parenting relationship and parent–infant bonding. Among the risk factors for perinatal mood and anxiety disorders are relationship stress, attachment style, and dissatisfaction with support during pregnancy and birth. Creative antenatal strategies that strengthen the bond for couples are a powerful antidote to relationship stress, as are services that target the couple, including early intervention during pregnancy, courses that foster the couple connection, and other methods of prevention and treatment that are couple-based. There is evidence that, particularly during the perinatal period, women prefer psychosocial treatments over antidepressant medications to reduce depression and/or anxiety, due to concerns regarding exposure of the fetus or infant to medications ( Whisman et al, 2011 ).
Screening and surveillance CT abdomen/pelvis for metastases in patients with soft-tissue sarcoma of the extremity
Authors: Thompson M. J. , Ross J. , Domson G. , Foster W.
Published: March 2015

Objectives

The clinical utility of routine cross sectional imaging of the abdomen and pelvis in the screening and surveillance of patients with primary soft-tissue sarcoma of the extremities for metastatic disease is controversial, based on its questionable yield paired with concerns regarding the risks of radiation exposure, cost, and morbidity resulting from false positive findings.

Methods

Through retrospective review of 140 patients of all ages (mean 53 years; 2 to 88) diagnosed with soft-tissue sarcoma of the extremity with a mean follow-up of 33 months (0 to 291), we sought to determine the overall incidence of isolated abdominopelvic metastases, their temporal relationship to chest involvement, the rate of false positives, and to identify disparate rates of metastases based on sarcoma subtype.

Results

A total of four patients (2.9%) exhibited isolated abdominopelvic metastatic disease during the surveillance period. In all cases of concomitant chest and abdominopelvic disease, chest involvement preceded abominopelvic involvement. There was a significant false positive rate requiring invasive workup.

Conclusions

In the setting of a relative paucity of evidence concerning a rare disease process and in difference to recently published investigations, we add a clinical cohort not supportive of routine cross sectional imaging of the abdomen and pelvis. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2015;4:45–9.
Resistencia bajo carga monotónica de mezclas de concreto asfáltico modificadas con gilsonita por vía seca
Authors: Rondón Quintana Hugo Alexander , Sánchez Cotte Edgar Humberto , Castaño Tabares Jesús Orlando
Published: March 2015

El artículo presenta los resultados experimentales de ensayar tres mezclas asfálticas densas en caliente (concreto asfáltico) tipos MDC-1, MDC-2 y MDC-3 (de acuerdo con las especificaciones del Instituto Nacional de Vías (INVIAS, 2007) modificadas por vía seca con un asfalto natural de tipo gilsonita (G) proveniente de la región del Cesar, Colombia. Para la elaboración de las mezclas y la evaluación de las mismas se empleó el cemento asfáltico (CA) que actualmente se fabrica en Colombia: CA 60-70 (PG 58-22). Para la evaluación de la resistencia mecánica bajo carga monotónica de las mezclas asfálticas convencionales (sin gilsonita) y modificadas se empleó el ensayo Marshall. Se reporta un incremento notable en la rigidez de las mezclas modificadas cuando se adiciona a las mismas una relación de gilsonita y CA de G/CA = 10%.
Metodología de evaluación de usabilidad de interfaces humano-máquina
Authors: Hurtado Cortés Luini Leonardo , Forero Casallas Jhon Alejandro
Published: March 2015

Este artículo presenta la aplicación y validación de una metodología para la evaluación de la usabilidad de interfaces humano-máquina (IHM) en sistemas de supervisión industrial. Inicialmente, se presentan los aspectos fundamentales de evaluación de usabilidad de sistemas basados en software. Luego, se describe la metodología, que utiliza un sistema de adquisición de datos para supervisión y control de procesos (SCADA), un sistema de registro de eventos (EVENT LOGGER), un programa de clasificación de eventos en criterios de usabilidad, y un sistema adaptativo de inferencia neuro-difusa (ANFIS). La metodología fue aplicada a varias interfaces de operador para la monitorización de una planta. Finalmente, para comprobar la validez de la metodología se realizó una prueba de hipótesis frente a otras dos metodologías tradicionales: inspección por el experto e indagación a los usuarios. Se determinó que la metodología propuesta tiene equivalencia con las otras dos, pero tiene la ventaja de ser completamente automatizada. Los resultados permitirán ser retomados para su aplicación generalizada en el diseño de interfaces humano-máquina en cualquier sistema tecnológico para mejorar las prestaciones de la evaluación.
Refrigeración de gabinetes de transmisión de datos por tubos de calor
Authors: Gaitán Triana Jorge Andrés , Arias Henao Camilo Andrés
Published: March 2015

El proyecto de refrigeración de gabinetes de telecomunicaciones por medio de tubos de calor propone el diseño matemático y posterior simulación de un sistema de refrigeración por tubos de calor para disipar la energía generada por equipos de telecomunicaciones presentes en los gabinetes, evaluando la posible aplicación del modelo matemático en diferentes ambientes de Colombia. Este sistema de refrigeración permite disipar grandes cantidades de energía térmica en comparación con su sección de paso; además, no se requiere conectar los tubos a la red eléctrica (en algunos ambientes), lo que genera independencia de esta última.Inicialmente se determina el modelo matemático que describe el funcionamiento del tubo, dependiendo de las necesidades de refrigeración. Este modelo es una ecuación de transferencia de calor que describe el paso de energía en las diferentes partes del tubo. Luego, en la simulación se presenta el comportamiento del sistema para un año típico, en el cual se obtienen datos de temperatura en el interior del gabinete, energía retirada por el banco de tubos, reducción del consumo de electricidad, entre otros datos. La simulación se aplica a diferentes ambientes de Colombia para evaluar el potencial del sistema en las regiones ecuatoriales.Los resultados obtenidos en el proyecto tras la simulación en Trnsys 17 señalan la obtención de una temperatura relativamente estable en el funcionamiento de los equipos de telecomunicaciones refrigerados con los tubos de calor en la ciudad de Bogotá. En la simulación para ambientes más cálidos, como son las ciudades de Barranquilla y Cali, se logró una significativa reducción en la temperatura interior del gabinete, que es de aproximadamente 50%.
Evaluación de los protocolos MAC IEEE 802.11 y MMAC-CR en una red manet
Authors: Guevara Judy , Pedraza Martínez Luis Fernando , Hernández Suárez César Augusto
Published: March 2015

Este artículo presenta un análisis comparativo entre los mecanismos de control de acceso al medio IEEE 802.11 y MMAC-CR (Multichannel MAC protocol for Cognitive Radio) en redes MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Networks). El estándar IEEE 802.11 permite el uso de múltiples canales disponibles en la capa física, pero su protocolo MAC está diseñado para un solo canal. Sin embargo, un protocolo MAC de un solo canal no trabaja bien en un entorno multicanal debido al problema del terminal oculto. La metodología del artículo se basa en la descripción de los protocolos de control de acceso al medio, la simulación del throughput de estos, el análisis de los resultados y las conclusiones. Los resultados de simulación muestran cómo el protocolo MMAC-CR permite hacer un mejor uso de las oportunidades espectrales, incrementando de esta manera el throughput de la red MANET.
Aplicación de los sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados a la red: estado del arte
Authors: Hernández Mora Johann Alexander , Cortés Borray Andrés Felipe , Balaguera Cañola Daniel Alberto , Urueña Saavedra Mauricio Alexander
Published: March 2015

En este trabajo se describen todos los conceptos necesarios para lograr implementar un sistema fotovoltaico como alternativa para ser utilizado como generador distribuido. Para ello, se realiza un pequeño estado del arte en el cual se manejan conceptos básicos, desde el funcionamiento de una celda solar hasta conceptos de redes inteligentes aplicados en la gestión de la demanda. Asimismo, se abarca un repaso sobre los marcos regulatorios existentes en Colombia, donde se habla de generación distribuida debido a la falta del mismo. Es necesario comparar tales regulaciones con los diferentes marcos regulatorios existentes en otros países, como Alemania, España y EE.UU., para obtener un modelo de trabajo idóneo. Finalmente, se decide utilizar un generador fotovoltaico conectado a la red de baja tensión como alternativa en los sistemas de generación distribuida, ya que con estos se pueden realizar balances energéticos, esto en caso de que en el país en donde se emplee esta alternativa no se tenga establecido un marco regulatorio adecuado, de manera que el usuario no tenga problemas con las entidades regulatorias actuales.
Aplicación al control de procesos batch
Authors: Garzón González Enrique Yamid , Cotrino Badillo Carlos Eduardo
Published: March 2015

En este documento se muestra el diseño e implementación de una plataforma de control para proceso Batch, dicha plataforma de control permite la elaboración y aplicación de secuencias programadas (recetas), así como la modificación y operación de los diferentes lazos de control a partir de las variables de proceso. Para esto, se integraron tres plantas en cascada de análisis de pH, térmica y nivel (flujo de la marca Amatrol que se encuentran en los Laboratorios de la Universidad Distrital, Facultad Tecnológica), la sensórica de campo (RTD, pH metro, medidor de caudal, ultrasonido, presión diferencial) empleada mide de manera continua las variables de la receta a través de los PLC S7-300, y procesa la variable medida en cada uno de los lazos de control. En caso de presentarse alguna variación en el proceso dada por la materia prima, cambios ambientales, etc., el controlador PID y sus variantes regulan el sistema de tal manera que se mantengan las cantidades requeridas de la mezcla, todo por medio del software TIA Portal 12 (Step 7 y WINCC). Asimismo, se puede verificar el histórico de las alarmas y un reporte que indica las recetas generadas con el PLC Siemens (SIMATIC CPU 313C) en el tablero de control, en el PC con visualización en 42¨, y en la interfaz hombre – máquina HMI. Esta investigación y su desarrollo fueron co-financiadas con los equipos existentes en los laboratorios de la Universidad Distrital, por un valor aproximado de $170.000.000 de pesos.
La responsabilidad por culpa patronal en el accidente o enfermedad laboral
Authors: Alfonso Gutiérrez Guillermo Eduardo
Published: March 2015

El propósito principal de este artículo es abordar los diferentes aspectos de la responsabilidad que conlleva la actividad laboral para el empleador, específicamente aquellos derivados de la generación del accidente de trabajo  o la enfermedad laboral, como son los concernientes a la responsabilidad laboral, la cual normalmente es transferida a terceros mediante el pago de aportes (ARL), la administrativa, penal y civil derivada de estos hechos, centrándome en lo concerniente a la responsabilidad civil derivada de la culpa patronal, esto es, de la culpa subjetiva derivada de la acción u omisión patronal que conlleva la generación del accidente de trabajo o la enfermedad laboral, verificando los aspectos generadores de la responsabilidad, así como las consecuencias legales y económicas que se puedan derivar de esta.
Kant on Necessity, Insight, and A Priori Knowledge
Authors: Hebbeler James
Published: March 2015

There is clear evidence in the
Husserls Zeichentheorie. Bemerkungen zur Ersten Logischen Untersuchung.
Authors: Centrone Stefania
Published: March 2015

Roman Jakobson praised a juvenile text by Husserl
A Smile Face Monopole Antenna with Quadruple Band-Notched Characteristics
Authors: Yang Xiao-Lin , Kong Fang-Ling , Wang Yan
Published: March 2015

A compact planar ultra-wideband (UWB) monopole antenna with quadruple band-notched characteristics is presented. The notched band at 3.3–4.2 GHz (C-band) is obtained by embedding a pair of Z-shaped slots on the elliptical radiation patch. Meanwhile, a modified U-shaped slot is etched in the radiation patch to create the notched band at 4.9–5.4 GHz for WLAN. In addition, by introducing E-shaped stubs on the back layer, the notched bands at 5.5–6.1 GHz for WLAN and 7–8.15 GHz for downlink of X-band satellite communication system are obtained. The antenna is fabricated and measured, showing broadband matched impedance and good Omni-directional patterns with high fidelity and phase linearity (outside the notched bands).
Raman Amplifier Performance under New Wavelength Ranges
Authors: Khalaf Ashraf A. M. , Mustafa Fathy M.
Published: March 2015

Due to the benefits of Raman amplifier (RA) for long-haul Ultra Wideband (UW)-WDM optical communications systems, we are studying and investigating how to widen the bandwidth and flatten the gain of RA by testing it in a new wider range of wavelengths (1.4 μm≤

1. 1.4 μm≤

2. 1.45 μm≤

3. 1.65 μm≤

4. 1.43 μm≤

Different model sizes are used and analyzed to get wider bandwidth and more flat gain.
Numerical Analysis of Dispersion Compensation Schemes for Pseudo-linear Transmission System
Authors: Chen Xu , Zhao Yajing , Zhang Lu , Cai Ju , Zhou Wei , Liu Lichuan
Published: March 2015

A pseudo-linear optical transmission system analytical model is built for the numerical analysis of dispersion compensation schemes. The system performance under the influence of intra-channel nonlinear effects and the initial pulse power is discussed for the data rates of 10, 40, 100 and 160 Gbit/s, respectively. We get the conclusion for the first time as we know the optimal dispersion compensation scheme for the optimal system performance is closely related to the system data rate and the proportion of the pre-dispersion compensation should be decreased while that of the post-dispersion compensation be increased with the increasing of system data rate. When the system data rate is higher than 160 Gbit/s, we can use the post-dispersion compensation scheme directly.
Kant on Human Dignity
Authors: Bojanowski Jochen
Published: March 2015

In his book, “Kant on Human Dignity”, Oliver Sensen argues that the standard interpretation of Kant’s conception of human dignity as an absolute value property is mistaken. According to Sensen, the standard interpretation is based on the assumption that Kant endorses Moorean moral intutionism. This leads to the false view that we must first perceive that other human beings have value and then infer that we ought to respect them. Against this standard interpretation Sensen claims that Kant endorses moral prescriptivism. According to this view a value statement is “nothing more than a (rational) prescription that commands what we should value”. If we interpret Kant’s moral epistemology along these lines, we will come to see that dignity is in fact a relational concept. In this paper I want to agree with Sensen that Kant was not a moral intuitionist. In thinking that objectivity in morality would require that the moral law “exists” independently of rational cognizers the moral intuitionist presupposes a conception of objectivity rather than arguing for it. The unargued presupposition is that the object has to be something other than the cognizing subject itself. However, the fact that intuitionism is not the adequate account does not imply that the standard interprtation of Kant’s conception of human dignity is mistaken. In other words, the claim ‘intuitionism is false’ and ‘human dignity is an absolute value property’ are compatible. I believe that Sensen ultimately does not sufficiently appreciate the fact that the moral law is the form of
Kant’s Idea of Human Dignity: Between Tradition and Originality
Authors: Bacin Stefano
Published: March 2015

This paper focuses on the relationship between Kant and the traditional view of dignity. I argue that some amendments to Sensen’s description of the traditional paradigm enable us to see more clearly both where Kant adheres to the latter and where his view is original. First, a consideration of Pufendorf’s use of dignity suggests (1) that, contrary to Sensen’s reconstruction, the traditional paradigm does not entail a connection between dignity and duties to oneself, and (2) that Pufendorf’s understanding of dignity as a kind of esteem, as opposed to price, provides a crucial mediation between the traditional view and Kant’s view. Finally, I argue that the traditional understanding of dignity also includes a subordinate justificatory element that helps to explain Kant’s use of dignity in the
Kant on Human Dignity reconsidered
Authors: Sensen Oliver
Published: March 2015

The justification for Kant’s dictum to treat oneself and others never merely as a means can be read in very different ways. In this article I respond to comments made by Dieter Schönecker, Jochen Bojanowski, Heiner Klemme and Stefano Bacin on the justification I offer in my book
Crystal structure of 1,5-bis((1E)-4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)- thiocarbonohydrazide ethanol solvate, at 200 K, C19H24N4O5S
Authors: Schmitt Bonell , Gerber Thomas I. A. , Hosten Eric C , Betz Richard
Published: March 2015

C19H24N4O5S, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 11.0847(2) Å, b = 9.9392(2) Å, c = 19.5046(3) Å, β = 102.164(1)°, V = 2100.6 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0395, wRref(F2) = 0.1069, T = 200 K.
Crystal structure of fac-tricarbonyl-chlorido-bis(para-N’,N’-dimethyl-κ- N-pyridyl)rhenium(I) toluene (1:1), C24H28ClN4O3Re
Authors: Schmitt Bonell , Gerber Thomas I. A. , Hosten Eric C. , Betz Richard
Published: March 2015

C24H28ClN4O3Re, monoclinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 9.9185(3) Å, b = 27.2560(7) Å, c = 10.0375(2) Å, β = 109.082(1)°, V = 2564.4 Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0471, wRref(F2) = 0.0886, T = 200 K.
Vítimas e perpetradores: Discurso reportado e identidade em narrativas de discriminação racial
Authors: Flannery Mércia S.
Published: March 2015

Narratives of racial discrimination can be organized through the utterance of an insult - overt discrimination - or through the interpretation that an action was motivated by prejudice - covert discrimination. One of the characteristics of these two types of narratives is the description and demonstration of the voices of those characters playing the roles of victim and perpetrator of discrimination. This article examines the role of reported speech to the construction of specific positions within four oral narratives, collected in Portuguese, in Northeast Brazil. Considering that every discourse is dialogic and intertextual, this study analyzes the forms of transmission of another’s voices, how these enable the narrators to construct positions defined in the story-world and to transmit ideas about the authorprotagonist and about the other. Through a linguistic analysis of narratives describing a social problem this article contributes to fill in the gap in the studies on language and race/racism.
A Tale of Two Borders: 19th Century Language Contact in Southern California and Northern Uruguay
Authors: Moyna María Irene , Coll Magdalena
Published: March 2015

This is a qualitative analysis of the historical dimensions of Spanish-English and Spanish-Portuguese contact in the Americas, based on 19th century documents from southern California and northern Uruguay. Language mixing is found in both areas, but whereas in California it is limited to the earliest periods and to informal registers, in Uruguay it is long-lasting and pervades all social and stylistic levels. Additionally, there are differences in the linguistic scope of mixing in both borders. In California it manifests itself through borrowings and syntactic and semantic calques, whereas in Uruguayan documents switching within constituents is frequent and pervasive. Finally, writers in California exhibit metalinguistic awareness of language contact, whereas no such awareness is evinced by Uruguayan authors. Commonalities are attributable to universal outcomes of contact and to historical and social parallelisms, while differences are due to linguistic family resemblance and to more balanced prestige and demographics in northern Uruguay.
New Directions in Spanish and Portuguese Corpus Linguistics
Authors: Davies Mark
Published: March 2015

Abstract Within the past decade several large, freely-available online corpora of Spanish and Portuguese have become available. With these new corpora, researchers of Spanish and Portuguese can now carry out the same type of corpus-based research that has been done for other languages (such as English) for years. This includes advanced research on morphological and syntactic variation (thanks to full functionality with substring searches, part of speech tagging, and lemmatization), semantics and pragmatics (via collocates, synonyms, customized word lists, and word comparisons), and historical changes and synchronic register variation (via architectures and interfaces that allow easy comparisons of frequency in different sections of the corpus).
A Reanalysis of Paradigmatic Variation in the Old Spanish Imperfect
Authors: Henriksen Nicholas C.
Published: March 2015

Research on the history of the Old Spanish imperfect paradigm in -ie has yet to provide a consistent account of the morphological and phonological factors that contributed to the eradication of this paradigm from Spanish verb morphology. A detailed analysis that takes into account the interaction of factors that played an integral part in the evolution of other facets of Old Spanish morphology and phonology may shed more light on the disappearance of the -ie paradigm and the eventual restoration of its etymological competitor in -ia. The current investigation compares data from four Old Spanish texts with the purpose of examining the impact that five linguistic variables had on the Old Spanish imperfect between the late 13th and early 15th centuries. The results show that different sets of variables are responsible for variation in each text, indicating that -ie ~ -ia alternation was not attributable to the impact of one linguistic factor, but rather to that of a combination of multiple factors through time. Furthermore, the important discovery is made here that the development of the Old Spanish imperfect is best understood from a more comprehensive framework of Spanish diachrony.
Syntactic Variation: The Case of Spanish and Portuguese Subjects
Authors: Camacho José
Published: March 2015

This paper traces formulations of variation in Generative Grammar by analyzing an increasing tendency to have overt subject changes in Dominican Spanish (DS) and Brazilian Portuguese (BP). Changes start by an increase in the frequency of overt pronominals that triggers a reorganization of the pronouns’ lexical entries. Two alternative paths of change are suggested: a) higher frequency can lead to pronominals with possible arbitrary interpretations; this, in turn, freezes them in Spec, IP, they begin to satisfy the Extended Projection Principle (EPP), and inflection loses its pronominal properties; b) higher frequency leads to freezing of the pronominal in Spec, IP, pronominals satisfy the EPP, inflection ceases to have pronominal properties and pronominals allow arbitrary interpretations. These two paths may explain the partially different properties BP and DS display. Finally, the paper sketches ways in which a theory of lexical features should constrain variation by limiting the possible changes in lexical entries.
The Role of Abstraction in Spanish Phonology: A Laboratory Perspective
Authors: Willis Erik W.
Published: March 2015

This viewpoint offers an opinion on the role of abstraction in phonology from a Laboratory Approaches perspective. The paper begins with a definition of abstraction and then provides examples of how a Laboratory Approach can clarify and contribute to our understanding of proposed abstract categories. Claims and findings on Dominican Spanish rhotics and current topics in Spanish intonation (pitch accents and boundary tones) are reviewed to illustrate the value of quantitative data. The value and importance of increased empirical data in phonological analysis is argued, regardless of theoretical bent, to better understand sound systems.
Phonological Evidence of Interlingual Exemplar Connections
Authors: Brown Esther L. , Harper David
Published: March 2015

We conduct quantitative analyses of 5,569 tokens of Spanish word-final /s/ in the speech of Spanish/English bilinguals and monolinguals to test the Exemplar Model of Lexical Representation. We establish that reduction (aspiration, deletion) of word-final /s/ in the speech of New Mexico is significantly lower in Spanish words whose English translation equivalent has a word-final /s/ and significantly higher in words with no word-final sibilant in their English counterpart. The same crosslinguistic similarity effect is not found in a nearly identical (monolingual) variety of Spanish (Chihuahua), owing, we argue, to the lack of influence from word-final /s/ in English. Results of variable rule analyses reveal that the bilingual exemplar connections are not uniform across all words. Rather, the crosslinguistic ties are strongest where more phonological, orthographic, or semantic overlap can be posited (i.e., cognates). Results provide evidence of bilingual lexical connections in support of an exemplar model of lexical representation.
Miami Cuban Spanish Declarative Intonation
Authors: Alvord Scott M.
Published: March 2015

The current study is a phonetic description and phonological analysis, using the Autosegmental Metrical (AM) theory of intonational phonology, of broad focus (neutral) declarative utterances in the Spanish of three generations of Miami Cubans. No differences were found across these three generations indicating the maintenance of a robust intonational pattern for declarative utterances. The prenuclear (non-final) pitch accent is analyzed to be L*+H and the nuclear pitch accent is L+H*. This phonological analysis is similar to what has been found for many other varieties of Spanish. A high rate of deaccenting, however, was observed in conjunction with the final lexically stressed syllable. The prevalence of deaccented final stressed syllables is unique to what has been found for other Spanish varieties.
Second Language Spanish Vowel Production: An Acoustic Analysis
Authors: Menke Mandy R. , Face Timothy L.
Published: March 2015

Findings from a cross-sectional study of the Spanish vowel productions of sixty adult second language learners of Spanish are presented in this article. The data set is based upon digitally recorded readings of an authentic Spanish-language short story. An acoustic examination of F1 and F2 values was carried out on twenty tokens of each vowel, 10 in stressed syllables, 10 in unstressed. The findings show that learners in the early stages of their Spanish study struggle to produce vowels in a native-like way, but the vowels of more advanced learners are similar to those of native speakers. The unstressed vowels of all learners are produced with some degree of centralization, confirming the much theorized influence of English on Spanish vowel productions.
The Potential of Corpus-Informed L2 Pedagogy
Authors: Reinhardt Jonathon
Published: March 2015

Corpus linguistic methods have led to many revelations about the nature of language use and language learning which are otherwise untenable. To date, however, these findings have not had major impact on L2 (second and foreign language) teaching, except in a few areas like L2 for specialized purposes. This may be due to a number of reasons, including issues of theoretical commensurability and the nature of ‘teaching revolutions’. Still, corpus continues to influence SLA researchers, and pedagogical innovators continue to design, implement and evaluate corpus-informed L2 curricula. The future of corpus in L2 pedagogy depends on the extent to which this research and innovation can impact professional L2 instructor education and the design of commercial L2 teaching materials, as well as the continuing development of corpora and corpus-informed resources that are accessible, diverse, and adaptable.
(In)Commensurable Discourse: Researchers and Practitioners Bring Pragmatics to Language Learning
Authors: Sykes Julie M.
Published: March 2015

The recent surge in a growing body of empirical research is evidence of a strong theoretical push towards L2 pragmatic acquisition in the field of second language acquisition; yet, the reality is that we see very little evidence of pragmatics instruction in L2 contexts, suggesting a notable disconnect between theory and practice. This viewpoints article explores the valuable role both researchers and practitioners play in bridging the gap between theory and practice with the intention of bringing pragmatics to the forefront of the language classroom. It briefly discusses the importance of including pragmatics as a primary component of second language (L2) learning and then explores various obstacles to pragmatics instruction, paying special attention to the role both researchers and practitioners can play in overcoming them. Examples from current projects related to L2 Spanish pragmatics are presented where relevant.
The Place of Conversational Data in Spanish Syntax: Topic, Focus, and Word Order
Authors: Ocampo Francisco
Published: March 2015

Results yield by conversational data are compared with those generated by elicited grammaticality judgments on the issues of topic, focus, and word order. On the one hand, most of the sentence types produced by elicited grammaticality judgments are confirmed by empirical conversational data. On the other, research utilizing grammaticality judgments detects only prototypical constructions. The cause is that invented sentences, upon which grammaticality judgments are based, are cognitively biased to be prototypical. Therefore, elicitation methodology does not provide the analyst with the whole range of possible constructions. This type of data is simplified in the sense that it consists mainly of prototypical instances placed in a context of exemplification. Conversational data, on the other hand, include the human factor, conversational and pragmatic factors, as well as the real context where a particular utterance occurs. For this reason, it is argued that syntax studies based on conversational data allow for the possibility of finding new unexpected cases that may offer new perspectives.
Assessing the Use of Multiple Forms in Variable Contexts: The Relationship between Linguistic Factors and Future-Time Reference in Spanish
Authors: Gudmestad Aarnes , Geeslin Kimberly L.
Published: March 2015

The current study represents a detailed examination of the linguistic variables that are significantly related to verb-form use in contexts of future-time reference for advanced learners and native speakers of Spanish. The results show that the factors lexical temporal indicator, clause type and temporal distance are related to the verb forms that both groups use to express the function of futurity and that (un)certainty and grammatical person and number are only important for native speakers, thus demonstrating that the learners have not yet reached native-like use of this variable structure. In addition to providing more information on the variable use of futuretime reference for native and non-native speakers, the investigation makes methodological advancements in the study of morphosyntactic variation by defining a token by the function it performs in communication and by examining the full range of verb forms speakers use to fulfill this function.
The Status of the Extension of estar in Cuban Spanish
Authors: Alfaraz Gabriela G.
Published: March 2015

This paper presents variationist sociolinguistics research on the copula estar with predicate adjectives in Cuban Spanish, a variety in which it appears to have gone largely uninvestigated. To examine its social and linguistic distribution, a real-time study with data from the 1960s and 1990s was coupled with an apparent-time study with data from the 1990s. Findings showed that generation and adjective type were significant factors constraining the variation. The comparison of different generations in real and apparent time suggested that the frequency of estar had increased significantly in the younger generation compared to older ones, and it had remained stable for the two age cohorts studied in real time. Results for following adjective showed that the extension of estar was favored in two of eight adjective classes. These findings suggest that Cuban Spanish has experienced a change over time in the frequency and distribution of innovative estar with predicate adjectives.
El tú como un “mask”: Voseo and Salvadoran and Honduran Identity in the United States
Authors: Woods Michael R. , Rivera-Mills Susana V.
Published: March 2015

This sociolinguistic study explores linguistic attitudes of Salvadorans and Hondurans living in the United States towards the use of voseo, a distinguishing feature of Central American Spanish. Using sociolinguistic interviews and ethnographic observations, the Central American experience in Oregon and Washington is examined regarding linguistic attitudes toward voseo and tuteo and how these influence Salvadoran and Honduran identity in U.S. communities that are primarily Mexican-American. Initial findings point to participants developing ethnolinguistic masks and an expanded use of tú as a strategic approach to integration into the established Mexican-American community, while at the same time maintaining a sense of Central American identity.
Methodological Issues in L3 Phonology
Authors: Cabrelli Jennifer
Published: March 2015

The design and implementation of a meticulously developed methodology is the foundation of empirical research, as it allows the researcher to collect data and answer a research question in a logical and systematic way, while controlling for myriad possible intervening variables. In the field of second language phonology, there are several macro issues that surface in discussions of procedure and best practices, including the selection of participant populations, testing paradigms and stimuli development, and data analysis, and the ways in which they have been addressed thus far in the literature. This article focuses first on the application of these issues to the nascent field of L3 phonology, and then on the methodologies I have implemented to test acquisition of L3 phonology and its influence on the stability of native and non-native phonological systems, addressing the aforementioned issues.
Methodological Considerations in Code-Switching Research
Authors: González-Vilbazo Kay , Bartlett Laura , Downey Sarah , Ebert Shane , Heil Jeanne , Hoot Bradley , Koronkiewicz Bryan , Ramos Sergio
Published: March 2015

This article addresses methodological concerns in research on grammatical aspects of code-switching. Data from code-switching have the potential for a unique contribution to linguistics by giving us access to combinations of linguistic features that may be difficult (or impossible) to observe in monolingual data. Nonetheless, the use of code-switching data for linguistic inquiry is not without issues. In this paper, we focus on three methodological questions specific to code-switching research: (i) project design, (ii) experimental procedure and (iii) participant selection. Drawing on experimental data from both published works and in-progress projects, we highlight potential solutions to each methodological challenge, concluding that several solutions are often required to mitigate the impact of confounding variables. In line with previous work (e.g. Grosjean 1998, Gullberg, Indefrey & Muysken 2009), we suggest that researchers clearly report on their methodology. Our overall goal is to contribute to a dialogue on best practices in code-switching research.
Experimental Methodologies: Two Case Studies Investigating the Syntax- Discourse Interface
Authors: Gupton Timothy , Méndez Tania Leal
Published: March 2015

The current article examines two experimental investigations of the syntaxdiscourse interface, which address theoretical questions in different ways: the first is an L1 investigation of Galician speakers in Gupton (2010) and the second is a dual investigation of L1 and L2 Spanish reported on in Leal Méndez & Slabakova (2011). These investigations gathered quantitative data via psycholinguistic tasks with accompanying audio utilizing the WebSurveyor platform. They involved counterbalanced designs and were followed by statistical analysis. While acknowledging that experimental data does not have primacy over intuitive data, the authors endorse the use of experimental methods of data elicitation (such as the ones already used in generative SLA research) in theoretical syntax in order to avoid experimenter bias and to get a more complete picture of native speaker intuition and competencies.
Hacia una definición de las unidades fraseológicas coloquiales
Authors: Travalia Carolina
Published: March 2015

Phraseology is often examined within the context of colloquial language. Given the figurative nature of both of these areas, it is easy to view all phraseology as colloquial. But not all idioms or proverbs can be used in informal contexts. Some are only appropriate for neutral or even formal settings. In this article, the author proposes a series of criteria for identifying colloquial phraseological units (PUs) in Spanish and distinguishing them from standard units. She focuses on idioms, routine formulae and proverbs, given that colloquial collocations have been defined in a previous work (Travalia 2008). Different guidelines for determining register are proposed for each group of PUs, based on their defining characteristics. The author analyzes examples of each class of PUs, using the suggested criteria, in order to test their validity.
Variability and Systematicity in Interlanguage Development: An Analysis of Mode and its Effect on L2 Spanish Morphology
Authors: Malovrh Paul A.
Published: March 2015

The present study investigates the effect of mode on number and gender agreement in third-person direct object clitics produced by three different levels of native- English L2 learners of Spanish (N = 76). Previous research supports a performancedeficit account of variability, showing that proficiency level and working memory affect L2 morphological agreement (Sagarra 2007 and Sagarra & Herschensohn 2010), and that L2 processing patterns are similar to those of the L1 (Hopp 2010), suggesting that gender inflection is attainable. The present study extends such research. Using film retell tasks, data deriving from oral and written production under identical task conditions were correlated with less and more access to working memory, respectively. Analyses revealed main effects for both variables; patterns of agreement in oral production were also evident in written production, but at earlier stages of development. Results support a performance-based account of variability, showing that mode affects gender agreement, but not number.
Linguistic Integration Of Computer And Internet Related Anglicisms In Spanish Language Web Pages
Authors: Morin Regina
Published: March 2015

The rise of the Internet has fueled a rapid borrowing of English-language computer and Internet related lexical resources into Spanish, at the same time that it has provided an unprecedented opportunity to observe the results of this virtual language contact. The traditional stages of adaptation and integration are occurring simultaneously rather than sequentially. Many borrowings reflect early stage orthography, flagging, metalinguistic clarification, and non-typical phonology, accompanied by a full range of late stage morphological exploitation. Computer and Internet related loanwords serve as bases for the full range of word formation processes in Spanish, including inflection, prefixation, emotive and non-emotive suffixation, acronymy, clipping, and composition and blending. However, while many borrowed bases are available for the creation of loanblends of all types, the number of native morphemes with which the bases combine is actually quite reduced, representing a very small handful out of all the derivational suffixes in the Spanish language.
Aspectual pairs in Georgian: some questions
Authors: Tomelleri Vittorio S. , Gäumann Manana Topadze
Published: March 2015

The aim of this article is to discuss the existence in Modern Georgian of a grammatical opposition between Perfective and Imperfective, formally expressed by the presence or absence of preverbs (Slavic-style aspect). In order to speak of aspectual pair, i.e. two morphologically distinct verb forms sharing the same lexical meaning and differing only aspectually, it is important to identify cases of obligatory imperfectivization, when a perfective form is substituted by the corresponding imperfective one according to grammar rules and not because of semantically contrasting content. The analysis of serial context and negative polarity in the Imperative mood allows some previous generalization about the (quasi)grammatical status of this derivational category in Modern Georgian.
Erkenntnis und Leben in Gen 2–3 – Zum Wandel eines ursprünglich weisheitlich geprägten Lebensbegriffs
Authors: Bauks Michaela
Published: March 2015

Meine These lautet, dass der Baum der Erkenntnis von Gut und Böse in Gen 2–3 identisch ist mit dem Baum des Lebens, wie er aus Weisheitstexten bekannt ist. Beide Bäume verweisen auf die menschliche Existenz im Diesseits. Der Tod ist in Gen 2–3 nicht als der »Sünde Sold« (Röm 6,23) gedacht, sondern ist Teil der

The motif of the tree of knowledge of good and evil (Gen 2–3) is similar to the tree of life in Proverbs. Both trees deal with human existence in this world. Death is not yet »the wages of sin« (Rom 6:23), but part of the human condition. The didactic narrative with mythical features in Gen 2–3 does not deal with sin, but is concerned with the tension between human knowledge and behaviour in relation to God.

Le motif de l’arbre de la connaissance du bien et du mal (Gn 2–3) correspond à l’arbre de vie des textes sapientiaux. Les deux arbres font référence à l’existence humaine dans le monde. La mort n’y est pas conçue comme »le salaire du péché« (Rm 6,23), mais elle fait partie de la condition humaine. Par conséquent, le récit didactique aux traits mythiques de Gn 2–3 ne traite pas du péché, mais de la tension entre connaissance et comportement humain par rapport à sa relation avec Dieu.
Memory and its Materiality: The Case of Early Iron Age Khirbet Qeiyafa and Jerusalem
Authors: Pioske Daniel D.
Published: March 2015

In den wenigen Jahren seitdem Ausgrabungen in Khirbet Qeiyafa durchgeführt wurden, haben sich schon einige wichtige Studien mit seiner beeindruckenden Hinterlassenschaft aus der frühen Eisenzeit beschäftigt. Was bislang unberücksichtigt blieb, sind die Folgerungen der Befunde für die Schriftkultur, die für das Bild dieser Periode in der Hebräischen Bibel verantwortlich ist. Die Absicht dieser Studie besteht darin, das literarische Schicksal von Khirbet Qeiyafa mit dem des frühen und späten eisenzeitlichen Jerusalem zu vergleichen und zu ermitteln, was das Nichtvorkommen bzw. Vorkommen dieser Standorte in der Hebräischen Bibel über die Quellen der biblischen Verfasser aussagt, über die sie im 11. und 10. Jh. v. Chr. verfügten. Zugleich wird gefragt, welchen Beitrag Ort und Erinnerung bei der Überlieferung dieser Geschichten im antiken Israel und Juda hatten.

In the few short years since excavations were first carried out at Khirbet Qeiyafa a number of important studies have been devoted to its impressive early Iron Age remains. Yet what has not been pursued within these discussions are the implications of the settlement’s material culture for our understanding of the scribal cultures responsible for the portrayal of this time period in the Hebrew Bible. In comparing the literary fate of Khirbet Qeiyafa with that of the contemporaneous site of late Iron I/early Iron IIA Jerusalem, the intent of this study is to examine what the absence and presence of these two sites in the Hebrew Bible indicates about the sources biblical scribes possessed about the 11th–10th centuries BCE, and how place and memory contributed to the transmission of these stories over time in ancient Israel and Judah.

Dans les quelques années qui ont suivi les fouilles à Khirbet Qeiyafa, un bon nombre d’études conséquentes ont été consacrées à ses impressionnants vestiges du début de l’âge de Fer. Cependant, ce qui n’a pas été développé dans ces discussions, ce sont les implications de la culture matérielle de ce site pour notre compréhension milieux de scribes responsables de la description de cette période dans la Bible hébraïque. En comparant le destin littéraire de Khirbet Qeiyafa avec celui de Jérusalem, site contemporain de la fin du Fer I et du début du Fer IIA, cette étude cherche à examiner ce que la présence et l’absence de ces deux sites dans la Bible hébraïque indiquent au sujet des sources que les scribes bibliques possédaient sur les 11–10