bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current state of angina treatment in the outpatient population and heart rate monitoring survey in Latvia (RELITY LATVIA)
Authors: Balode Inga , Jēgere Sanda , Mintāle Iveta , Narbute Inga , Zakke Ilja , Latkovskis Gustavs , Ērglis Andrejs
Published: August 2011

Current state of angina treatment in the outpatient population and heart rate monitoring survey in Latvia (RELITY LATVIA)

The aim of the REALITY Latvia survey was to accumulate information about treated stable angina outpatients regarding their characteristics, heart rate (HR), treatment, and quality of life. Thirty cardiologists were involved with 1-15 patients each. In total, data about 300 patients were obtained. Patients were examined and questioned during one visit. A high HR was defined above 70 beats per minute (bpm), in accordance to recent evidence. Mean HR was 70.3 ± 11.3 bpm and 45% of patients had HR above 70 bpm. The opinion of practitioners regarding HR differed. For example, a HR level within the range 70-80 bpm was perceived by cardiologists as "normal", "borderline high" and "high". The mean target HR that physicians wanted to achieve was 60.1 ± 4.7 bpm. Beta blockers were used in 91% of cases. The more widely used beta blockers were metoprolol (47%) and bisoprolol (35%) in mean daily doses 69.7 ± 30.1 mg and 5.3 ± 2.0 mg, respectively. REALITY Latvia data suggest that, despite wide use of beta blockers, HR control in stable angina patients is insufficient. This is caused by insufficient understanding of HR as a treatment target by physicians and use of beta blockers in suboptimal dosages.
Psychosomatic aspects of chronic low back pain syndrome
Authors: Šmite Daina , Ancāne Gunta
Published: August 2011

Psychosomatic aspects of chronic low back pain syndrome

The purpose of the study was to determine the relationships between emotional distress and pain syndrome, its characteristic parameters and impact on the quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain. The study included 110 patients, mean age 44.2 ± 8.0 years, with clinical diagnosis of lumbar spine disk pathology with chronic low back pain syndrome. The results showed that the studied patients differed by their emotional state. Emotional distress was associated with high intensity and specific symptoms of low back pain syndrome. Musculoskeletal dysfunction was associated with both physical and psychoemotional factors. The interaction of chronic low back pain syndrome complexity and biopsyhosocial factors is shown by a correlation between cytokines IL-10 and IL-8 level in blood serum and both pain intensity and duration, characteristics of emotional and physical status, and level of physical activities.
Autonomic nervous system properties in migraine patients and nonmedication treatment in headache free period
Authors: Voita Daina , Vaļēviča Evita , Zakke Anastasija , Porozovs Juris , Kauliņa Anda
Published: August 2011

Autonomic nervous system properties in migraine patients and nonmedication treatment in headache free period

The aim of the study was to characterise parameters of the autonomic nervous system in migraineurs and to find out and to adapt the optimal biofeedback (BFB) training methods. Heart rate (HR), arterial blood pressure and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) at rest, static workload, arterial occlusion and during recovery period were measured. 22 migraineurs (female, average age 22.2 ± 2.4 years) and 14 healthy age and gender matched controls participated. Migraine patients were divided into two groups (M1 and M2) according to HR and BRS at rest. At rest 60% of migraine patients (group M1) had significantly decreased HR vs. control group (P< 0.01). The M2 group showed a tendency to decreased BRS at rest comparing to the control group and significantly (P< 0.01) differed in this parameter from the M1 group. In a 10 s precontraction period M1 group had a significantly lower HR increase comparing to other analysed groups (P< 0.01). HR was significantly decreased in the M1 group during the recovery period comparing to the control and M2 groups (P< 0.05). Both parts of autonomic nervous system, PNS and SNS branches, were impaired in migraineurs. The M2 group had most likely decreased PNS activity and impaired SNS activity. M1 group patients showed increased PNS activity. BFB training sessions reduced migraine attack frequency and need for medication in the M2 group.
The European Academy of Sciences and Arts in the Baltic
Authors: Stradiņš Jānis , Draveniece Anita
Published: August 2011

The European Academy of Sciences and Arts in the Baltic
Research Report
Authors: Törrönen Jukka
Published: August 2011

Drinking in Swedish women's magazines’ advertisements from the 1960s to the 2000s

AIMS

The article focuses on what kind of drinking-related subject positions have appeared as acceptable and desirable in women's magazine advertisements over the past few decades, how those positions have changed and shifted as we move closer to the present day, and how these changes reflect the shifting borderline between the private and public domain.

MATERIAL

The material consists of alcohol-related advertisements published in Swedish women's magazines from the 1960s to the 2000s (n=1,079).

METHOD

The advertisements are approached and analysed as performances in which gender is made visible “here and now” by placing women in particular subject positions. The analysis draws attention to how the subject positions appearing in the advertisements are repeatedly attached to pleasure (desire), the physical body (sex) and social roles, norms and lifestyles (gender).

Results

The analysis reveals both continuity and variability in alcohol-related advertising in Swedish women's magazines. In the 1960s alcohol-related advertisements repeatedly positioned women in the private domain to represent the traditional norms of the “housewife contract”, or outside the home to represent the new gender expectations of the “equality contract”. As we draw closer to the present day, the nature of these subject positions begins to change.

Conclusions

Women's equality, freedom and independence do not increase linearly, nor does the home or the private domain become gender neutral. On the contrary, it seems that the traditional gender system is persistently reproduced. A comparison of the Swedish and Finnish material reveals some intriguing similarities and differences in women's subject positions.
An Environmental History of Progress: Damming the Peace and Columbia Rivers
Authors: Loo Tina , Stanley Meg
Published: August 2011

Abstract:

This paper explores the spurt of dam-building in British Columbia from the 1960s to the 1980s, offering a different interpretation of high modernism and the changes it caused. It does so by focusing on the agents of high modernity: the engineers, geologists, and construction workers who designed, built, and drove the machinery of progress. By taking the synoptic seriously, we make three related arguments. First, dam-building was characterized by an intense engagement with place that generated a particular kind of knowledge, something we call ‘high modernist local knowledge.’ Second, the environmental and social changes that ensued from dam-building were a result of the presence, not the absence, of this local knowledge. Moreover, and finally, those changes were more than destructive. Big dams did not just destroy locales, they displaced and globalized them, and in so doing created new ones.
Student Activism, Mental Health, and English-Canadian Universities in the 1960s
Authors: Jasen Patricia
Published: August 2011

Abstract:

Student mental health services were created at many American universities during the interwar years in association with the mental hygiene movement of that era. In Canada, psychologists and psychiatrists became focused on the well-being of schoolchildren during this period, but services for university students were minimal or non-existent at most institutions until well after the Second World War. Influenced by American trends and in tune with rising public concern over the problems students were experiencing on Canada's burgeoning campuses, student organizations, in co-operation with the Canadian Mental Health Association, began a concerted campaign for improved services in the early 1960s. Through conferences, seminars, and surveys, they revealed the extent of student distress, and by 1965 their efforts were attracting increasing media attention and having a direct impact on university student health policies. Their campaign then entered a new phase, transformed by the same radicalization that infused the wider student movement in the wake of the Berkeley free speech protests. Dissatisfied with the institutional response and distrustful of the motives behind the services now provided, activists questioned the very meaning of ‘mental health’ in the context of their deeper critique of the university and society. By the end of the decade, the student mental health movement had run its course, but it left a lasting legacy in the ongoing reform of university health services and in attitudes towards student mental health.
Three Francophone Teachers’ Use of Language-Based Activities in Science Classrooms
Authors: Rivard Léonard P. , Levesque Annabel
Published: August 2011

Research suggests that language-based activities should be an integral part of science teaching and learning and that these are even more important in minority-language contexts. The present cross-case study investigates how literacy is enacted in francophone science classrooms. Three francophone teachers were observed while they taught Grade 9 science classes. An observation protocol was used to record instructional events. Most reading was guided by questions while students scanned the textbook for answers. Writing involved few words, short phrases, or copying notes and never included any extended writing. Talking was predominantly used to engage in conversations with the teacher and rarely with peers for knowledge construction. Using more language-based activities has the potential to enhance science learning for minority-language students. Teachers seem willing to use these if provided with support, both through specially developed support materials and through professional development opportunities for enhancing instructional effectiveness.
THE SOUTHERN WHITE COMMUNITY IN LIFE AND MIND: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE
Authors: Morris Christopher
Published: August 2011

Historians remain divided as to the essence of antebellum Southern culture. On the one hand, abstractionists claim that to understand the South we must unlock the minds of the people who lived there, and view their world as subjectively as they did. These scholars typically emphasize ethics, ideologies, meanings and "Southern values." On the other hand, substantialists locate the roots of Southern culture in objectively identifiable and measurable material conditions such as soil quality, climatic variation, miles of navigable rivers, cotton and corn yields, income, nutritional value of diets, and wealth distribution, which they claim determined behavior. Each group, however, concentrating on only one half of Southern culture, offers an incomplete picture. The challenge is to bridge the gap between the abstractionists and the substantialists, to incorporate Southern life and mind into a single history.
The Intersex Enchiridion: Naming and Knowledge
Authors: Holmes Morgan
Published: August 2011

The 2006 Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrinology Society (LWPES) consensus to alter clinical language from ‘intersex’ to Disorders of Sex Development (DSD) has not met its stated objective of destigmatizing the ‘intersex’ label. Rather, DSD works to paper over a problematic understanding of morphological variation as disease. This article interrogates the development of DSD terminology in the clinical context of treating intersex and argues that ‘DSD’ reinstitutionalises clinical power to delineate and silence those marked by the diagnosis; that this silencing is precisely the point of the new terminology; and that it is against that retrenchant impulse that we must protect the viability of ‘intersex’ by continuing its critical deployment. This paper is based on an application of embodiment studies models of critique, combined with an orientation grounded in queer theory to critically interrogate the development of both DSD language and of the ‘new’ guidelines for clinical use, and of the Handbook for Parents that were developed out of the 2006 LWPES meetings. Some of my critique is based on work done over an 18-year period with adults who created the contemporary intersex movement, and on my previous research (in particular: Holmes 2002 , 2008 , 2010). The point of the argument is not to determine which diagnostic language is superior, but to retain the hard-won right to secure for ourselves the ability to operate socially without the stamp of ‘disorder’ or ‘disease’ strictly delineating what counts as ‘truth’ with regard to embodiment. In this sense, the argument applies to and is drawn out of a larger disability scholarship and activism framework that refuses to permit medicine the final voice in defining our bodies and our selves. The title refers to an older handbook, the enchiridion as a gesture toward the need to retain fundamental knowledge of self that intersexed persons can trace back to a more flexible understanding of embodied differences than the language of disorder asserts in the new Handbook for Parents.
Molecular and Crystal Structure of 7,7-Dimethyl-2-pyridin-4-yl-6,7-dihydro-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazin-5-amine [1]
Authors: Dolzhenko Anton V. , Tan Geok Kheng , Koh Lip Lin , Dolzhenko Anna V. , Chui Wai Keung
Published: August 2011

When crystallized from ethanol, 7,7-dimethyl-2-pyridin-4-yl-6,7-dihydro-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazin-5-amine forms crystals which have monoclinic (P21/n) symmetry with unit cell dimensions a = 7.3326(5) Å, b = 19.4897(14) Å, c = 8.6586(6) Å, α = 90°, β = 106.069(2)°, γ = 90°, V = 1189.06(14) Å3, Z = 4. The triazine ring in the molecule has a flattened boat conformation with gem-dimethyl groups as flagpole and bowsprit at the bow. The puckering parameters for the ring are: Q = 0.2996(14) Å, θ = 111.7(3)° and φ = 124.1(3)°. In the crystal, molecules are arranged in the three types of chains generated by the intermolecular NH···N hydrogen bonds. The extended chains with the C(11) graph-set motif running along a [010] axis are formed by the amino group hydrogen atom and the pyridine nitrogen atom of another molecule. The C(4)C(6) chains with the R22(8) binary graph-set motif running along a [101] direction are formed by linking the amino group hydrogen atom and the hydrogen atom at the triazine nitrogen atom with the triazole and triazine nitrogen atoms of another molecule, respectively. The centrosymmetric inverted dimers are formed via the C-H···π interactions between the methyl group hydrogen and the pyridine ring of the pair molecule.
Perceived Stress Scale: Reliability and Validity Study in Greece
Authors: Andreou Eleni , Alexopoulos Evangelos C. , Lionis Christos , Varvogli Liza , Gnardellis Charalambos , Chrousos George P. , Darviri Christina
Published: August 2011

Objective: To translate the Perceived Stress Scale (versions PSS-4, -10 and -14) and to assess its psychometric properties in a sample of general Greek population. Methods: 941 individuals completed anonymously questionnaires comprising of PSS, the Depression Anxiety and Stress scale (DASS-21 version), and a list of stress-related symptoms. Psychometric properties of PSS were investigated by confirmatory factor analysis (construct validity), Cronbach’s alpha (reliability), and by investigating relations with the DASS-21 scores and the number of symptoms, across individuals’ characteristics. The two-factor structure of PSS-10 and PSS-14 was confirmed in our analysis. We found satisfactory Cronbach’s alpha values (0.82 for the full scale) for PSS-14 and PSS-10 and marginal satisfactory values for PSS-4 (0.69). PSS score exhibited high correlation coefficients with DASS-21 subscales scores, meaning stress (r = 0.64), depression (r = 0.61), and anxiety (r = 0.54). Women reported significantly more stress compared to men and divorced or widows compared to married or singled only. A strong significant (p < 0.001) positive correlation between the stress score and the number of self-reported symptoms was also noted. Conclusions: The Greek versions of the PSS-14 and PSS-10 exhibited satisfactory psychometric properties and their use for research and health care practice is warranted.
Alert-QSAR. Implications for Electrophilic Theory of Chemical Carcinogenesis
Authors: Putz Mihai V. , Ionaşcu Cosmin , Putz Ana-Maria , Ostafe Vasile
Published: August 2011

Given the modeling and predictive abilities of quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) for genotoxic carcinogens or mutagens that directly affect DNA, the present research investigates structural alert (SA) intermediate-predicted correlations ASA of electrophilic molecular structures with observed carcinogenic potencies in rats (observed activity, A = Log[1/TD50], i.e., ASA=f(X1SA,X2SA,...)). The present method includes calculation of the recently developed residual correlation of the structural alert models, i.e., ARASA=f(A-ASA,X1SA,X2SA,...) . We propose a specific electrophilic ligand-receptor mechanism that combines electronegativity with chemical hardness-associated frontier principles, equality of ligand-reagent electronegativities and ligand maximum chemical hardness for highly diverse toxic molecules against specific receptors in rats. The observed carcinogenic activity is influenced by the induced SA-mutagenic intermediate effect, alongside Hansch indices such as hydrophobicity (LogP), polarizability (POL) and total energy (Etot), which account for molecular membrane diffusion, ionic deformation, and stericity, respectively. A possible QSAR mechanistic interpretation of mutagenicity as the first step in genotoxic carcinogenesis development is discussed using the structural alert chemoinformation and in full accordance with the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development QSAR guidance principles.
Enhancing Single Molecule Imaging in Optofluidics and Microfluidics
Authors: Vasdekis Andreas E. , Laporte Gregoire P.J.
Published: August 2011

Microfluidics and optofluidics have revolutionized high-throughput analysis and chemical synthesis over the past decade. Single molecule imaging has witnessed similar growth, due to its capacity to reveal heterogeneities at high spatial and temporal resolutions. However, both resolution types are dependent on the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the image. In this paper, we review how the SNR can be enhanced in optofluidics and microfluidics. Starting with optofluidics, we outline integrated photonic structures that increase the signal emitted by single chromophores and minimize the excitation volume. Turning then to microfluidics, we review the compatible functionalization strategies that reduce noise stemming from non-specific interactions and architectures that minimize bleaching and blinking.
4-{[(4-Iodophenyl)imino]methyl}phenyl Octadecanoate
Authors: Ha Sie-Tiong , Lee Teck-Leong , Win Yip-Foo , Yeap Guan-Yeow
Published: August 2011

A new Schiff base ester, 4-{[(4-iodophenyl)imino]methyl}phenyl octadecanoate was synthesized and its IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and EI-MS spectroscopic data are presented.
5-[(5-Chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methylene]-2-(4-nitrobenzoyl)-3-phenyl-2,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-6(1H)-one
Authors: Kaushik Darpan , Verma Tarawanti
Published: August 2011

A novel 1,2,4-triazin-6-one derivative (2) was synthesized by the reaction of the oxazolone derivative 1 with 4-nitrobenzoic acid hydrazide in the presence of sodium acetate and glacial acetic acid. The title compound 2 was characterized on basis of IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectral data.
Microwave Assisted Organic Synthesis (MAOS) of Small Molecules as Potential HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors
Authors: Ferro Stefania , Grazia Sara De , Luca Laura De , Gitto Rosaria , Faliti Caterina Elisa , Debyzer Zeger , Chimirri Alba
Published: August 2011

Integrase (IN) represents a clinically validated target for the development of antivirals against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In recent years our research group has been engaged in the stucture-function study of this enzyme and in the development of some three-dimensional pharmacophore models which have led to the identification of a large series of potent HIV-1 integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) bearing an indole core. To gain a better understanding of the structure-activity relationships (SARs), herein we report the design and microwave-assisted synthesis of a novel series of 1-H-benzylindole derivatives.
Cardanol-Based Materials as Natural Precursors for Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Vasapollo Giuseppe , Mele Giuseppe , Del Sole Roberta
Published: August 2011

Cardanol is a renewable, low cost natural material, widely available as a by-product of the cashew industry. It is a mixture of 3-n-pentadecylphenol, 3-(pentadeca-8-enyl)phenol, 3-(pentadeca-8,11-dienyl)phenol and 3-(pentadeca-8,11,14-trienyl)phenol. Olefin metathesis (OM) reaction on cardanol is an important class of reactions that allows for the synthesis of new olefins that are sometime impossible to prepare via other methods. The application of this natural and renewable material to both academic and industrial research will be discussed.
A Computational Procedure for Assessing the Dynamic Performance of Diffusion-Controlled Transdermal Delivery Devices
Authors: Simon Laurent
Published: August 2011

Abstract: The dynamic performances of two different controlled-release systems were analyzed. In a reservoir-type drug-delivery patch, the transdermal flux is influenced by the properties of the membrane. A constant thermodynamic drug activity is preserved in the donor compartment. Monolithic matrices are among the most inexpensive systems used to direct drug delivery. In these structures, the active pharmaceutical ingredients are encapsulated within a polymeric material. Despite the popularity of these two devices, to tailor the properties of the polymer and additives to specific transient behaviors can be challenging and time-consuming. The heuristic approaches often considered to select the vehicle formulation provide limited insight into key permeation mechanisms making it difficult to predict the device performance. In this contribution, a method to calculate the flux response time in a system consisting of a reservoir and a polymeric membrane was proposed and confirmed. Nearly 8.60 h passed before the metoprolol delivery rate reached ninety-eight percent of its final value. An expression was derived for the time it took to transport the active pharmaceutical ingredient out of the polymer. Ninety-eight percent of alpha-tocopherol acetate was released in 461.4 h following application to the skin. The effective time constant can be computed to help develop optimum design strategies.
Measuring Religiosity/Spirituality: Theoretical Differentiations and Categorization of Instruments
Authors: Zwingmann Christian , Klein Constantin , Büssing Arndt
Published: August 2011

There is a multitude of instruments for measuring religiosity/spirituality. Many of these questionnaires are used or even were developed in the context of studies about the connection between religiosity/spirituality and health. Thus, it seems crucial to note that measures can focus on quite different components along a hypothetical path between stressors and health. We present an instructive model which helps to identify these different components and allows the categorization of instruments of religiosity/spirituality according to their primary measurement intention: intensity/centrality, resources, needs, coping, and quality of life/well-being. Furthermore, we point out possibilities as to how religiosity and spirituality can be differentiated. We argue that the distinction between religiosity and spirituality is important in countries with a more secular background where a growing number of people identify themselves as “spiritual, but not religious”.
Design and Control of a Ferromagnetic Coded Micro-Carrier Biochip Sensor for Multiplex Detection of Antibodies
Authors: Chang Rong-Seng , Tsai Jang-Zern , Li Tung-Yen
Published: August 2011

This paper describes a method for producing a novel type of ferromagnetic coded micro-carrier. The ferromagnetic coded micro-carriers are about 200 μm in length, 200 μm in width and 50 μm in thickness, and contain eight code elements with two distinguishable codes (hollow and solid), allowing for 28 unique codes. The code shapes include rectangle, circle, etc. Differently shaped coded micro-carriers could carry different antigens for detection of its complementary antibody. These many shapes of coded micro-carriers would be used simultaneously allowing us to make multiple detections for different antibodies at the same time. A molding process is applied for fabrication of the ferromagnetically coded micro-carriers where Fe material (Fe powder mixed with binder) is shaped in many tiny molds to produce the coded shapes used for identification of the bio-molecules. Magnetic force is used to control the movement and location of the ferromagnetic coded micro-carriers to prevent the loss during the hybridization process. The results of image process and analysis system testing are satisfactory. The results of our micro-carrier detection system for two sets of R and B color analysis are proportional to those obtained from ELISA antibody detection.
LuxCDABE—Transformed Constitutively Bioluminescent Escherichia coli for Toxicity Screening: Comparison with Naturally Luminous Vibrio fischeri
Authors: Kurvet Imbi , Ivask Angela , Bondarenko Olesja , Sihtmäe Mariliis , Kahru Anne
Published: August 2011

We show that in vitro toxicity assay based on inhibition of the bioluminescence of recombinant Escherichia coli encoding thermostable luciferase from Photorhabdus luminescens is a versatile alternative to Vibrio fischeri MicrotoxTM test. Performance of two luxCDABE-transformed E. coli MC1061 constructs (pDNlux) and (pSLlux) otherwise identical, but having 100-fold different background luminescence was compared with the performance of V. fischeri. The microplate luminometer and a kinetic Flash-Assay test format was used that differently from Microtox test is also applicable for high throughput analysis. Toxic effects (30-s till 30-min EC50) of four heavy metals (Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu) and three organic chemicals (aniline, 3,5-dichloroaniline and 3,5-dichlorophenol) were studied. Both E. coli strains had comparable sensitivity and the respective 30-min EC50 values highly correlated (log-log R2 = 0.99; p < 0.01) showing that the sensitivity of the recombinant bacteria towards chemicals analyzed did not depend on the bioluminescence level of the recombinant cells. The most toxic chemical for all used bacterial strains (E. coli, V. fischeri) was mercury whereas the lowest EC50 values for Hg (0.04–0.05 mg/L) and highest EC50 values for aniline (1,300–1,700 mg/L) were observed for E. coli strains. Despite of that, toxicity results obtained with both E. coli strains (pSLlux and pDNlux) significantly correlated with V. fischeri results (log-log R2 = 0.70/0.75; p < 0.05/0.01). The use of amino acids (0.25%) and glucose (0.05%)-supplemented M9 medium instead of leucine-supplemented saline significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the apparent toxicity of heavy metals to both E. coli strains up to three orders of magnitude, but had little or no complexing effect on organic compounds. Thus, P. luminescens luxCDABE-transformed E. coli strains can be successfully used for the acute toxicity screening of various types of organic chemicals and heavy metals and can replace V. fischeri in certain cases where the thermostability of luciferase >30 °C is crucial. The kinetic Flash Assay test format of the bioluminescence inhibition assay facilitates high throughput analysis. The assay medium, especially in case of testing heavy metals should be a compromise: optimal for the viability/luminescence of the recombinant test strain and of minimum complexing potential.
Network Coding on Heterogeneous Multi-Core Processors for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Kim Deokho , Park Karam , Ro Won W.
Published: August 2011

While network coding is well known for its efficiency and usefulness in wireless sensor networks, the excessive costs associated with decoding computation and complexity still hinder its adoption into practical use. On the other hand, high-performance microprocessors with heterogeneous multi-cores would be used as processing nodes of the wireless sensor networks in the near future. To this end, this paper introduces an efficient network coding algorithm developed for the heterogenous multi-core processors. The proposed idea is fully tested on one of the currently available heterogeneous multi-core processors referred to as the Cell Broadband Engine.
The Role of Exploratory Conditions in Bio-Inspired Tactile Sensing of Single Topogical Features
Authors: Candelier Raphaël , Prevost Alexis , Debrégeas Georges
Published: August 2011

We investigate the mechanism of tactile transduction during active exploration of finely textured surfaces using a tactile sensor mimicking the human fingertip. We focus in particular on the role of exploratory conditions in shaping the subcutaneous mechanical signals. The sensor has been designed by integrating a linear array of MEMS micro-force sensors in an elastomer layer. We measure the response of the sensors to the passage of elementary topographical features at constant velocity and normal load, such as a small hole on a flat substrate. Each sensor’s response is found to strongly depend on its relative location with respect to the substrate/skin contact zone, a result which can be quantitatively understood within the scope of a linear model of tactile transduction. The modification of the response induced by varying other parameters, such as the thickness of the elastic layer and the confining load, are also correctly captured by this model. We further demonstrate that the knowledge of these characteristic responses allows one to dynamically evaluate the position of a small hole within the contact zone, based on the micro-force sensors signals, with a spatial resolution an order of magnitude better than the intrinsic resolution of individual sensors. Consequences of these observations on robotic tactile sensing are briefly discussed.
Converging Strategies in Expression of Human Complex Retroviruses
Authors: Cavallari Ilaria , Rende Francesca , D'Agostino Donna M. , Ciminale Vincenzo
Published: August 2011

The discovery of human retroviruses in the early 1980s revealed the existence of viral-encoded non-structural genes that were not evident in previously described animal retroviruses. Based on the absence or presence of these additional genes retroviruses were classified as ‘simple’ and ‘complex’, respectively. Expression of most of these extra genes is achieved through the generation of alternatively spliced mRNAs. The present review summarizes the genetic organization and expression strategies of human complex retroviruses and highlights the converging mechanisms controlling their life cycles.
Choosing the Best Mattress: An Experiment in Testing Whether Individuals Choose a Bed that Leads to Improved Sleep
Authors: Hogan Sean , Edinger Jack , Bieler Gayle , Krystal Andrew
Published: August 2011

A comfortable mattress is said to be an essential ingredient in a good night’s sleep, but we have little understanding of the effects of sleep surface on sleep outcomes such as daytime drowsiness or energy. Most studies devoted to testing the effects of sleep surface on sleep have been hampered by methodological shortcomings; these include having small numbers of subjects and evaluating a narrow array of bedding systems. We hypothesized that motion and self-reported measures of sleep quality and outcomes would demonstrate that the optimal mattress would differ from person to person. We hypothesized that individuals would be able to select one mattress from among several under showroom circumstances that would lead to optimal rest. We find that optimal mattress firmness varies among individuals and is reflected, at least to a degree, by overnight motion. When allowed to test mattresses in a typical showroom experience, individuals choose a mattress that does not minimize overnight motion and maximize perceived sleep quality. This suggests that they may not be receiving the health benefits that come from optimal rest. Therefore, both manufacturers and sleep scientists could improve sleep outcomes by testing ways to help consumers select a mattress.
Valganciclovir Prophylaxis against Cytomegalovirus Impairs Lymphocyte Proliferation and Activation in Renal Transplant Recipients
Authors: Reischig Tomáš , Prucha Miroslav , Sedlackova Lenka , Lysak Daniel , Jindra Pavel , Bouda Mirko , Matejovic Martin
Published: August 2011

Background

Antiviral prophylaxis against cytomegalovirus has been associated with reduced risk of allograft rejection and improved allograft survival after renal transplantation. This phenomenon might not be fully explained by preventing the indirect effects of cytomegalovirus. The effect of antiviral agents on lymphocyte function in patients treated with modern immunosuppression has not been studied to date.

Methods

Adult renal transplant recipients were assigned to 3-month prophylaxis with either valganciclovir (900 mg once daily; n=19) or valacyclovir (2 g four times daily; n=17) as part of an ongoing randomized trial. Subsets of lymphocytes, lymphocyte proliferation and/or cytokine production after in vitro mitogen stimulation were evaluated at the end of prophylaxis and 1 month after withdrawal of antiviral drugs.

Results

Lymphocyte proliferation was significantly decreased both after phytohemagglutinine (25% ±15% versus 32% ±18%; P=0.025) and concanavalin A stimulation (17% ±9% versus 25% ±16%; P=0.011) during valganciclovir, but not valacyclovir therapy. Moreover, a lower activated T-cell count (CD3+HLA-DR+ cells) was noted in valganciclovir-treated patients (13% ±10% versus 17% ±12% of total CD3+ T-cells; P=0.005).

Conclusions

Valganciclovir suppresses lymphocyte proliferation and activation in patients after renal transplantation.
Hepatitis C Coinfection Enhances Sensitization of CD4+ T-Cells Towards Fas-Induced Apoptosis in Viraemic and Haart-Controlled HIV-1-Positive Patients
Authors: Körner Christian , Tolksdorf Felix , Riesner Katarina , Krämer Benjamin , Schulte Daniela , Nattermann Jacob , Rockstroh Jürgen K , Spengler Ulrich
Published: August 2011

Background

Recently, we identified increased rates of CD4+ T-cell apoptosis in HCV-infected HIV-positive patients as a potential mechanism for enhanced mortality in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection. Since this effect might be attributed to changes in receptor-induced apoptosis, we studied expression and function of Fas ligand (FasL) and its death receptor Fas on CD4+ T-cells in HIV/HCV coinfection.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, we simultaneously analysed surface expression of Fas and FasL on CD4+ T-cells and serum levels of soluble FasL in HCV/HIV-coinfected, HIV-monoinfected and HCV-monoinfected patients. Susceptibility to FasL-induced apoptosis was analysed by incubating isolated peripheral blood mono-nuclear cells with rhFasL followed by measuring CD4+ T-cell apoptosis.

Results

HIV and HCV monoinfection were associated with significantly enhanced surface expression of Fas. Highest Fas expression was detected in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients and correlated with low CD4+ T-cell counts. By contrast, elevated levels of soluble and cellular FasL were found only in patients with HIV infection, but not in patients with HCV infection. Importantly, enhanced Fas expression in HCV/HIV coinfection rendered CD4+ T-cells more susceptible towards FasL-induced apoptosis. While effective HAART normalized expression and secretion of FasL in HIV-infected and HIV/HCV-coinfected patients, expression of Fas decreased only slightly and still remained significantly elevated as compared with healthy controls.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest a synergistic mechanism in HIV/HCV coinfection between up-regulation of Fas expression on CD4+ T-cells and HIV-induced elevated levels of cellular and soluble FasL. Together, both effects contribute to enhanced apoptosis of CD4+ T-cells in HIV/HCV coinfection.
Influences on the resolution of GPR velocity analyses and a Monte Carlo simulation for establishing velocity precision
Authors: Booth Adam D. , Clark Roger A. , Murray Tavi
Published: August 2011

The precision of ground‐penetrating radar velocity models is seldom reported, despite their common use for quantifying subsurface properties. We explore influences on the resolution of ground‐penetrating radar velocity analysis and demonstrate a Monte Carlo method for obtaining the implied precision in velocity estimates. A series of synthetic common‐midpoint gathers, which assume Ricker wavelets of 50 MHz, 100 MHz and 200 MHz frequencies as source pulses, simulate hyperbolic reflections from the bases of three horizontal layers, each with interval velocity and thickness of 0.1 m/ns and 2 m, respectively. With these, we use coherence analysis to show that the principal influence on stacking velocity resolution is the traveltime moveout, normalized by the wavelet period, exhibited across some offset range. Where moveout exceeds the period by factors of, e.g., 3 and 6, is resolved to [–6.5, +8.2]% to [–3.6, +4.0]%, respectively, at the 50% coherence threshold. The temporal duration of coherence responses is expressed as a one‐quarter wavelet period either side of the stacking traveltime. Coherence resolutions are used in Monte Carlo simulations to derive the implied precision in the interval stacking velocity and its derivative properties. These analyses are repeated for field common‐midpoint data, acquired using 50 MHz antennas, on Quaternary glacio‐fluvial media overlying a Cambrian basement (<15 m deep). For three reflections identified in these data, the velocity and temporal resolution of coherence responses vary in a quantitatively similar way to events in the synthetic data. For the corresponding layers, Monte Carlo simulations yield precision estimates for , layer thickness and fractional water content. The procedure predicts a reasonable model of water content decreasing with depth, in accordance with increasing pore compaction and provides a robust error analysis; the uncertainty in estimates of the fractional water content of two (assumed) water‐saturated layers is ±2.6% and ±2.1% (shallower and deeper, respectively). Monte Carlo simulations are recommended as an efficient means of establishing the precision in quantitative estimates of subsurface properties derived from ground‐penetrating radar velocities, particularly where ground‐truth data are unavailable.
Deterministic deconvolution for GPR data in the t‐f domain
Authors: Economou Nikos , Vafidis Antonis
Published: August 2011

Deconvolution methods encounter difficulties in increasing the temporal resolution of GPR data due mainly to non‐stationarity of the records. GPR wavelets are typically mixed phase, which is additionally a major failure of standard deconvolution methods. Here, we propose a deterministic deconvolution method for GPR data, implemented in the t‐f domain, which utilizes narrow time windows and sets spectral balancing as a precondition. A reference wavelet is estimated experimentally for the calculation of a time varying deconvolution operator. Its phase variation is extracted from the spectrally balanced deconvolved GPR trace. The algorithm, tested on synthetic and real data, produces very promising results. In particular the deconvolved GPR section acquired over sands exhibits better temporal resolution and reveals reflected waves travelling through high loss media.
Surface waves: use them then lose them. Surface‐wave analysis, inversion and attenuation in land reflection seismic surveying
Authors: Strobbia Claudio , Andreas Laake , Vermeer Peter , Glushchenko Anna
Published: August 2011

While in other domains of applied geophysics the surface‐wave is considered a source of information for near‐surface characterization, in the seismic industry the so‐called ground roll has been traditionally regarded only as coherent noise to be filtered out as soon as possible. This difference of perspective is mainly due to the limitations of conventional land acquisition. The Rayleigh waves, which constitute a large part of the recorded energy, can be acquired properly, analysed and inverted to characterize the near‐surface with a surprisingly high resolution, even in large 3D surveys, with point receiver acquisition. Surface waves can play a new role: they contribute to a better near‐surface characterization for the perturbation correction and can be used for velocity modelling and geological modelling. Their proper identification enables alternative filtering strategies. Surface waves are not coherent noise but a signal that can be lifted from the seismic record and exploited in a variety of well‐established geophysical solutions. In this paper we discuss a workflow for the analysis, inversion and attenuation of surface waves with 3D land data, showing examples from a land 3D survey in Egypt.
Focusing frequency and significance of multi‐frequency very low‐frequency electromagnetic measurement in delineating near‐surface conducting structures
Authors: Sharma S.P. , Baranwal V.C.
Published: August 2011

The very low‐frequency (VLF) electromagnetic method utilizes primary signals (field) transmitted from worldwide distant transmitters located in coastal areas. These transmitters are meant for long distance marine communication. VLF transmitters operate at a low communication frequency band (between 5–30 kHz) and the transmitted signal travels a long distance. Transmitted signals penetrate the Earth’s subsurface and produce electromagnetic induction in the subsurface even several thousands of kilometres away from the transmitters. The VLF method is quite simple and frequently used in the delineation of near‐surface conducting structures of various practical applications. Several conducting structures lying along a measured profile with different conductivities can be properly induced at distinct frequencies that yield the maximum response. Therefore, such conductors may not be identified or resolved well using single frequency VLF measurement.

A 2D numerical modelling study was carried out over a wide frequency range (1–500 kHz) to find the frequency that produces the maximum response for a given conductor. Results show that a particular frequency (focusing frequency) produces the maximum (peak) response for a conductor. When the measuring frequency either increases or decreases with respect to the focusing frequency, then the peak response always decreases. The focusing frequency remains almost similar with an increase in target depth and host resistivity. An increase in the overburden conductivity shows a decline in the focusing frequency. Two or more targets of different conductivity present in the subsurface yield peak responses at corresponding focusing frequencies. This shows that they will be resolved well at corresponding focusing frequencies. In such circumstances, inversion using single frequency VLF data yields inaccurate results. However, the use of multi‐frequency VLF data yields better results. Inversion of multi‐frequency VLF data is presented to show the efficacy of the approach. A field measurement is also presented and the effectiveness of multi‐frequency VLF measurement is highlighted. Since the numerical modelling study is performed over a broad frequency range covering the VLF and radiomagnetotelluric signal, the focusing study is valid for radiomagnetotelluric applications as well.
2D‐3D resistivity and microgravity measurements for the detection of an ancient tunnel in the Lavrion area, Greece
Authors: Orfanos C. , Apostolopoulos G.
Published: August 2011

At the archaeological site of Bertseko, Lavrion, Greece, the entrance of an ancient tunnel was found during archaeological excavations. Approximately 15 m from the entrance the tunnel remains inaccessible – blocked with filled material. The main aim of the geophysical survey was to verify if the tunnel is unblocked after that point and to delineate its direction. Another objective was to understand the purpose of its construction. As a first detection approach, eight 2D resistivity profiles were carried out with a pole‐pole array in a non rectangular grid, in order to image a wider area, a greater depth and to avoid several surface obstacles. Then the most promising area was outlined and selected for analysis with 3D resistivity tomography using parallel survey lines with a pole‐dipole array. Moreover, the microgravity method was used, for better resolution and verification of resistivity results. This study has shown that the influence of 3D effects in resistivity arrays, the choice of the 3D or 2D (pseudo‐3D) inversion approach, the position and the direction of the target in respect to the 2D profiles or 3D survey grid, are crucial factors that significantly affect the accuracy of the resistivity method in tunnel detection. Moreover, the design of the microgravity measurements, based on results of other geophysical methods, permits a flexible survey with a moderate acquisition time. If the geological environment is not complex, inversion of microgravity data is feasible and can be very useful, as it offers depth information about the target and can be directly comparative with resistivity models. The reconnaissance 2D resistivity survey was an important step for the optimized application of 3D resistivity and microgravity methods. The integrated results provided answers to archaeologist’s questions, delineating the direction of the tunnel with minimum ambiguity and showing that the ancient tunnel was not constructed to connect the two ancient tanks but is part of an ancient underground mine.
Informed experimental design for electrical resistivity imaging
Authors: Nenna Vanessa , Pidlisecky Adam , Knight Rosemary
Published: August 2011

Electrical resistivity imaging has been successfully used to monitor near‐surface hydrologic processes but use of standard measurement arrays may not provide the greatest data sensitivity to the imaged region. We present a method of experimental design based on the concept of informed imaging for creating an electrical resistivity imaging experiment to monitor flow beneath a recharge pond. Informed imaging is the integration of all available data about a site into the acquisition, inversion and interpretation of electrical resistivity data. Informed experimental design uses all available information to develop an a priori model of the subsurface conductivity structure that guides the selection of measurement arrays for an electrical resistivity imaging experiment given spatial and temporal constraints on the acquisition. Selection of arrays focuses on maximizing the amount of unique information acquired with each source pair. We apply the method to the selection of arrays for imaging the top 5 m of the subsurface beneath a recharge pond in Northern California, which is part of an aquifer storage and recovery project. Decreasing infiltration rates over time reduce the effectiveness of the recharge pond. We seek to monitor infiltration processes at the contact between a fines‐rich sand layer and coarser sand layer in an effort to understand the hydrologic controls on infiltration. The performance of the arrays selected using informed experimental design relative to two standard arrays (Wenner and dipole‐dipole) is validated on two synthetic subsurface conductivity models, which are representative of conductivity structures that may arise during an infiltration event. Performance is evaluated in terms of a singular value decomposition of the sensitivity matrix produced by the three types of arrays, as well as a measure of the region of investigation. Results demonstrate that arrays selected using informed experimental design provide independent information about the imaged region and are robust in the presence of noise, improving the ability to image changes in a conductivity structure that result from infiltration processes.