bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional and Numerical Responses of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Their Potential for Biological Control
Authors: Li Chong , Yu Jingya , Mao Runping , Kang Kaili , Xu Letian , Wu Mengting
Published: August 2024

The water lily aphid (Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae) is a highly polyphagous herbivore that causes severe damage to many terrestrial and aquatic plants, especially lotus. Due to environmental concerns about water pollution and other issues caused by chemical control methods, there is an urgent need to develop effective and sustainable control methods. The harlequin ladybird (Harmonia axyridis) is a well-known aphid predator and may pose a potential threat to R. nymphaeae. To study the predation ability of H. axyridis at different developmental stages on R. nymphaeae, we assessed the functional response, attack rate, and search effect of H. axyridis larvae and adults preying on R. nymphaeae. The numerical response of this process was also evaluated under a constant ladybird-to-aphid ratio and constant aphid density conditions, respectively. Our results showed that all predator stages exhibited type II functional responses. The predation rate of individual H. axyridis on R. nymphaeae nymphs significantly increased as prey density increased. In contrast, the search effect of H. axyridis gradually decreased with an increase in prey density. Meanwhile, H. axyridis at different developmental stages possess varying predation abilities; fourth instar and adult H. axyridis were found to be highly efficient predators of R. nymphaeae. H. axyridis adults exhibited the highest predation ability and predation rate, while both the adult and fourth-instar larvae exhibited the highest attack rate. Moreover, fourth-instar larvae exhibited the highest search effect value at initially lower prey densities, although adults surpassed them at higher prey densities. Our results also indicated that H. axyridis exhibited varying degrees of intraspecific interference and self-interference influence as predator density increases. These results strongly support H. axyridis as an effective biocontrol agent for R. nymphaeae.
The Growth Performance and Nutrient Composition of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larvae Fed Slaughtered Bovine Blood
Authors: Bian Hao , Qiao Yuting , Li Yantong , Wang Zifan , Zhao Lei , Li Zhiqiang , Cheng Bo , Ding Gongtao
Published: August 2024

The disposal of slaughterhouse blood poses significant environmental challenges due to its biological instability and high nutrient content. We used a gradient of 10% blood increments (0–100%) to feed BSFL, and the correlation between the proportion of bovine blood and the BSFL weight gain, mortality rate, fatty acid content, and amino acid content was researched. Results indicate a positive correlation between the bovine blood content and BSFL mortality, with survival rates above 95% for blood proportions below 60%. Larval weight exhibited a negative correlation as the bovine blood content increased. Nutritional analysis revealed that the crude protein content in BSFL increased proportionally with bovine blood (14.75–25.45 g/100 g), while the crude fat content decreased correspondingly (10.70–4.66 g/100 g). The sugar content remained relatively constant across groups. Fatty acid analysis showed increased levels of C16:0, C14:0, and C16:1 and decreased levels of C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3 with higher bovine blood contents. The amino acid content generally increased with higher blood proportions. This study highlights the bioconversion potential of BSFL for bovine blood and underscores the impact of protein, lipid, and sugar concentrations in feed on BSFL growth. These findings provide valuable insights for utilizing slaughterhouse waste in BSFL rearing, contributing to the development of more sustainable waste management and animal feed production methods.
New Genus and Species of Webspinners (Insecta: Embioptera) from the Mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar with a Catalog of Fossil Members
Authors: Liu Siting , Peng Zihao , Shi Chaofan , Ren Dong , Yang Qiang
Published: August 2024

One new genus (Ocrognethoda gen. nov.) and three new species of webspinners (Ocrognethoda olivea gen. et sp. nov., Gnethoda lata sp. nov. and Parasorellembia hamata sp. nov.) are described from the Upper Cretaceous of Myanmar amber. Ocrognethoda olivea gen. et sp. nov. and Gnethoda lata sp. nov. are attributed to the family Clothodidae due to their simplified and symmetrical male terminalia, in which the tenth tergum is undivided. Parasorellembia hamata sp. nov. is classified in the family Scelembiidae by a specialized abdominal apex: fused cerci, a broad right hemitergite of the tenth abdominal tergite, and ocelli presence. Moreover, based on the discovery of new genus and species, the male terminalia of Clothodidae and Sorellembiinae are briefly discussed.
The Exponential Shapeshifting Response of N-Vinylcaprolactam Hydrogel Bilayers Due to Temperature Change for Potential Minimally Invasive Surgery
Authors: Tie Billy Shu Hieng , Daly Mark , Zhuo Shuo , Halligan Elaine , Keane Gavin , Geever Joseph , Geever Luke
Published: August 2024

Poly (N-vinylcaprolactam) (PNVCL) and poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) are two popular negatively temperature-responsive hydrogels, due to their biocompatibility, softness, hydrophilicity, superabsorbency, viscoelasticity, and near-physiological lower critical solution temperature (LCST). These characteristics make them ideal for biomedical applications. When combined with other materials, hydrogel expansion induces the morphing of the assembly due to internal stress differences. Our recent developments in NVCL hydrogel, enhanced by nanoclay incorporation, have driven us to the creation of a bilayer structure to study its shapeshifting response across various temperatures. This study focused on the bending behaviour of bilayer samples composed of an active hydrogel layer and a passive non-swellable layer. Using photopolymerisation, circular discs and rectangular bilayer samples of varying sizes were fabricated. Homogeneous circular samples demonstrated that hydrogel density increased proportionally with temperature, with the swelling ratio exhibiting two distinct rates of change below and above its LCST. In bilayer samples, the volume of the passive layer influenced bending, and its optimal volume was identified. The investigation revealed that geometry affected the overall bending effect due to changes in the passive layer stiffness. Lastly, a temperature-responsive gripper capable of picking up objects several times its own weight was demonstrated, highlighting the potential of NVCL hydrogels as bioactuators for minimally invasive surgery.
Investigation of Neuromuscular Activation in Older Female Adults during a Dynamic and Challenging Virtual Reality Activity: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Intziegianni Konstantina , Sarens Marc , Tsivitanidou Olia , Nisiotis Louis , Kovacs Katalin , Nagy Eniko , Christodoulides Efstathios
Published: August 2024

The use of virtual reality (VR) in older adults promotes improvements in mobility, strength, and balance. Changes in neuromuscular activation have been found to be associated with these improvements; however, during VR activities, this aspect has not been thoroughly investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate neuromuscular activation among older female adults during VR activities. Sixteen older female adults, with the use of VR, performed dynamic punching movements involving elbow flexion/extension for one minute, and the muscle activation of the bicep brachii was recorded with electromyography (EMG) and normalized to the maximal voluntary isometric contraction of elbow flexion. The one-minute activity was divided into three time phases: 0–10 s, 25–35 s, and 50–60 s. The five highest EMG amplitude values (%) in each phase were selected and averaged. Differences between phases were analyzed using repeated ANOVA (αadj = 0.017). The EMG amplitude for the first phase was 39.1 ± 2.6%, that for the second phase was 44.8 ± 3.0%, and that for the third phase was 49.6 ± 3.1%. Statistically significant differences were found in all phases, with the first phase demonstrating a lower EMG amplitude (%) compared to the second (p = 0.002) and third phases (p = 0.000). The third phase demonstrated a higher EMG amplitude (%) compared to the second phase (p = 0.025). Engagement in VR activities can have significant effects on neuromuscular activation in older female adults, with our findings revealing a significant increase in the EMG amplitude within one minute of commencing a dynamic and challenging activity such as virtual boxing.
Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) as a Conditioning Activity for Roundhouse Kick (mawashi geri) Performance in Karate
Authors: Robalino Johan , Cambri Lucieli Teresa , Cavalcante André , Franchini Emerson , Mezêncio Bruno , Ferreira Jacielle Carolina
Published: August 2024

Karate athletes strategically use lower-limb techniques in combat, with the roundhouse kick (mawashi geri) being highly effective in kumite. To quickly improve the technical performance before training or competitions, conditioning activities (CAs) are often utilized. Recently, Whole-Body Vibration (WBV) has emerged as a potential conditioning activity (CA). This study aimed to analyze the acute effects of WBV as a CA on the performance of the mawashi geri. The sample included sixteen male karate athletes. The study had a familiarization and two experimental sessions: one with WBV and the other without (NWBV), conducted randomly and counterbalanced, each preceded and followed by a mawashi geri assessment on a force platform. During the CA intervention, the participants performed four sets of isometric half-squats on a vibration platform at a frequency of 26 Hz and an amplitude of 4 mm in the WBV condition, while the platform was off in the NWBV condition. A significant reduction in the mawashi geri attack phase time was observed under the WBV condition [pre: 0.31 ± 0.03 s; post: 0.30 ± 0.03 s] compared to the NWBV condition [pre: 0.31 ± 0.04 s; post: 0.32 ± 0.03 s] (p = 0.02). However, no differences were noted regarding the impact force or other kinetic variables between the conditions. Therefore, WBV did not increase the performance of the kinetic and kinematic variables of the mawashi geri in karate athletes, but it is possible that there is a positive effect on attack time, suggesting that further studies with different vibration protocol configurations would be beneficial.
A New Approach for Effective Retrieval of Medical Images: A Step towards Computer-Assisted Diagnosis
Authors: Sharma Suchita , Aggarwal Ashutosh
Published: August 2024

The biomedical imaging field has grown enormously in the past decade. In the era of digitization, the demand for computer-assisted diagnosis is increasing day by day. The COVID-19 pandemic further emphasized how retrieving meaningful information from medical repositories can aid in improving the quality of patient’s diagnosis. Therefore, content-based retrieval of medical images has a very prominent role in fulfilling our ultimate goal of developing automated computer-assisted diagnosis systems. Therefore, this paper presents a content-based medical image retrieval system that extracts multi-resolution, noise-resistant, rotation-invariant texture features in the form of a novel pattern descriptor, i.e., MsNrRiTxP, from medical images. In the proposed approach, the input medical image is initially decomposed into three neutrosophic images on its transformation into the neutrosophic domain. Afterwards, three distinct pattern descriptors, i.e., MsTrP, NrTxP, and RiTxP, are derived at multiple scales from the three neutrosophic images. The proposed MsNrRiTxP pattern descriptor is obtained by scale-wise concatenation of the joint histograms of MsTrP×RiTxP and NrTxP×RiTxP. To demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed system, medical images of different modalities, i.e., CT and MRI, from four test datasets are considered in our experimental setup. The retrieval performance of the proposed approach is exhaustively compared with several existing, recent, and state-of-the-art local binary pattern-based variants. The retrieval rates obtained by the proposed approach for the noise-free and noisy variants of the test datasets are observed to be substantially higher than the compared ones.
Quantitative MRI of a Cerebral Cryptococcoma Mouse Model for In Vivo Distinction between Different Cryptococcal Molecular Types
Authors: Musetta Luigi , Helsper Shannon , Roosen Lara , Maes Dries , Croitor Sava Anca , Vanherp Liesbeth , Gsell Willy , Vande Velde Greetje , Lagrou Katrien , Meyer Wieland , Himmelreich Uwe
Published: August 2024

The controversially discussed taxonomy of the Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complex encompasses at least eight major molecular types. Cerebral cryptococcomas are a common manifestation of cryptococcal neurological disease. In this study, we compared neurotypical symptoms and differential neurovirulence induced by one representative isolate for each of the eight molecular types studied. We compared single focal lesions caused by the different isolates and evaluated the potential relationships between the fungal burden and properties obtained with quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) techniques such as diffusion MRI, T2 relaxometry and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). We observed an inverse correlation between parametric data and lesion density, and we were able to monitor longitudinally biophysical properties of cryptococcomas induced by different molecular types. Because the MRI/MRS techniques are also clinically available, the same approach could be used to assess image-based biophysical properties that correlate with fungal cell density in lesions in patients to determine personalized treatments.
Seven New Species of Entoloma Subgenus Cubospora (Entolomataceae, Agaricales) from Subtropical Regions of China
Authors: Chen Lin-Gen , Ding Ling , Chen Hong , Zeng Hui , Zeng Zhi-Heng , Wang Sheng-Nan , Yan Jun-Qing
Published: August 2024

Entoloma is a relatively large genus in Agaricales, with a rich diversity of species and a wide distribution. In this study, seven new species of Entoloma belonging to the subgenus Cubospora have been identified based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence from subtropical regions of China. Morphologically, E. excavatum is characterized by the yellow, depressed, estriate pileus and medium-sized basidiospores; E. lacticolor is recognized by the white and papillate pileus, adnexed lamellae, and presence of clamp connections; E. phlebophyllum is identified by the pink-to-maroon and estriate pileus, and lamellae with lateral veins; E. rufomarginatum differs from other cuboid-spored species by the lamellae edge which is red-brown-underlined; E. subcycneum is characterized by the white pileus and carneogriseum-type cheilocystidia; E. submurrayi is recognized by the pileus margin exceeding the lamellae, 2-layered pileipellis with hyphae of different widths, and the presence of clamp connections; E. tomentosum is identified by the tomentose pileus, heterogeneous lamella edge, and versiform cheilocystidia with brown-yellow contents. Their distinct taxonomic status is confirmed by the positions of the seven new species in both the ITS + LSU and 3-locus (LSU, tef-1α, rpb2) phylogenetic trees. Detailed descriptions, color photos, and a key to related species are presented.
Antifungal Activity of Disalt of Epipyrone A from Epicoccum nigrum Likely via Disrupted Fatty Acid Elongation and Sphingolipid Biosynthesis
Authors: Lee Alex J. , Hammond Joseph , Sheridan Jeffrey , Swift Simon , Munkacsi Andrew B. , Villas-Boas Silas G.
Published: August 2024

Multidrug-resistant fungal pathogens and antifungal drug toxicity have challenged our current ability to fight fungal infections. Therefore, there is a strong global demand for novel antifungal molecules with the distinct mode of action and specificity to service the medical and agricultural sectors. Polyenes are a class of antifungal drugs with the broadest spectrum of activity among the current antifungal drugs. Epipyrone A, a water-soluble antifungal molecule with a unique, linear polyene structure, was isolated from the fungus Epiccocum nigrum. Since small changes in a compound structure can significantly alter its cell target and mode of action, we present here a study on the antifungal mode of action of the disalt of epipyrone A (DEA) using chemical-genetic profiling, fluorescence microscopy, and metabolomics. Our results suggest the disruption of sphingolipid/fatty acid biosynthesis to be the primary mode of action of DEA, followed by the intracellular accumulation of toxic phenolic compounds, in particular p-toluic acid (4-methylbenzoic acid). Although membrane ergosterol is known to be the main cell target for polyene antifungal drugs, we found little evidence to support that is the case for DEA. Sphingolipids, on the other hand, are known for their important roles in fungal cell physiology, and their biosynthesis has been recognized as a potential fungal-specific cell target for the development of new antifungal drugs.
Enhanced Soil Fertility and Carbon Dynamics in Organic Farming Systems: The Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Abundance
Authors: Park So Hee , Kang Bo Ram , Kim Jinsook , Lee Youngmi , Nam Hong Shik , Lee Tae Kwon
Published: August 2024

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are critical for soil ecosystem services as they enhance plant growth and soil quality via nutrient cycling and carbon storage. Considering the growing emphasis on sustainable agricultural practices, this study investigated the effects of conventional and organic farming practices on AMF diversity, abundance, and ecological functions in maize, pepper, and potato-cultivated soils. Using next-generation sequencing and quantitative PCR, we assessed AMF diversity and abundance in addition to soil health indicators such as phosphorus content, total nitrogen, and soil organic carbon. Our findings revealed that, while no significant differences in soil physicochemical parameters or AMF diversity were observed across farming systems when all crop data were combined, organic farming significantly enhances AMF abundance and fosters beneficial microbial ecosystems. These ecosystems play vital roles in nutrient cycling and carbon storage, underscoring the importance of organic practices in promoting robust AMF communities that support ecosystem services. This study not only deepens our understanding of AMF's ecological roles but also highlights the potential of organic farming to leverage these benefits for improving sustainability in agricultural practices.
Genomic Sequencing and Functional Analysis of the Ex-Type Strain of Malbranchea zuffiana
Authors: Granados-Casas Alan Omar , Fernández-Bravo Ana , Stchigel Alberto Miguel , Cano-Lira José Francisco
Published: August 2024

Malbranchea is a genus within the order Onygenales (phylum Ascomycota) that includes predominantly saprobic cosmopolitan species. Despite its ability to produce diverse secondary metabolites, no genomic data for Malbranchea spp. are currently available in databases. Therefore, in this study, we obtained, assembled, and annotated the genomic sequence of the ex-type strain of Malbranchea zuffiana (CBS 219.58). For the genomic sequencing, we employed both the Illumina and PacBio platforms, followed by hybrid assembly using MaSuRCA. Quality assessment of the assembly was performed using QUAST and BUSCO tools. Annotation was conducted using BRAKER2, and functional annotation was completed with InterProScan. The resulting genome was of high quality, with a size of 26.46 Mbp distributed across 38 contigs and a BUSCO completion rate of 95.7%, indicating excellent contiguity and assembly completeness. A total of 8248 protein-encoding genes were predicted, with functional annotations assigned to 73.9% of them. Moreover, 82 genes displayed homology with entries in the Pathogen Host Interactions (PHI) database, while 494 genes exhibited similarity to entries in the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZymes) database. Furthermore, 30 biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) were identified, suggesting significant potential for the biosynthesis of diverse secondary metabolites. Comparative functional analysis with closely related species unveiled a considerable abundance of domains linked to enzymes involved in keratin degradation, alongside a restricted number of domains associated with enzymes engaged in plant cell wall degradation in all studied species of the Onygenales. This genome-based elucidation not only enhances our comprehension of the biological characteristics of M. zuffiana but also furnishes valuable insights for subsequent investigations concerning Malbranchea species and the order Onygenales.
Diversity and Composition of Fungicolous Fungi Residing in Macrofungi from the Qinling Mountains
Authors: Huo Wenyan , Cui Langjun , Yan Pengdong , He Xuelian , Zhang Liguang , Liu Yu , Dai Lu , Qi Peng , Hu Suying , Qiao Ting , Li Junzhi
Published: August 2024

Sporocarps of macrofungi support other diverse fungal species that are termed fungicolous fungi. However, the external environmental factors that affect the diversity and composition of fungicolous fungal communities remains largely unknown. In this study, the diversities, composition, and trophic modes of fungicolous fungal communities residing in host macrofungi from diverse habitats in the Qinling Mountains were analyzed. Additionally, the number of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) encoded by saprophytic, pathogenic, and symbiotic fungi was also quantified and compared. The results revealed that the diversity and composition of fungicolous fungal communities varied with months of collection and the habitats of host fungi, and saprophytic fungi were more abundant on wood than on the ground. Meanwhile, it was also found that saprophytic fungi possessed higher abundances of cell-wall-degrading enzymes than pathogenic or symbiotic fungi. Based on the above findings, it was hypothesized that the greater abundance of saprophytic fungi on wood compared to the ground may be due to their possession of a more diverse array of enzymes capable of degrading wood cell walls, thereby allowing for more efficient nutrient acquisition from decaying wood.
Telomere-to-Telomere Haplotype-Resolved Genomes of Agrocybe chaxingu Reveals Unique Genetic Features and Developmental Insights
Authors: Chen Xutao , Wei Yunhui , Meng Guoliang , Wang Miao , Peng Xinhong , Dai Jiancheng , Dong Caihong , Huo Guanghua
Published: August 2024

Agrocybe chaxingu is a widely cultivated edible fungus in China, which is rich in nutrients and medicinal compounds. However, the lack of a high-quality genome hinders further research. In this study, we assembled the telomere-to-telomere genomes of two sexually compatible monokaryons (CchA and CchB) derived from a primarily cultivated strain AS-5. The genomes of CchA and CchB were 50.60 Mb and 51.66 Mb with contig N50 values of 3.95 Mb and 3.97 Mb, respectively. Each contained 13 complete chromosomes with telomeres at both ends. The high mapping rate, uniform genome coverage, high LAI score, all BUSCOs with 98.5%, and all base accuracy exceeding 99.999% indicated the high level of integrity and quality of these two assembled genomes. Comparison of the two genomes revealed that approximately 30% of the nucleotide sequences between homologous chromosomes were non-syntenic, including 19 translocations, 36 inversions, and 15 duplications. An additional gene CchA_000467 was identified at the Mat A locus of CchA, which was observed exclusively in the Cyclocybe cylindracea species complex. A total of 613 (4.26%) and 483 (3.4%) unique genes were identified in CchA and CchB, respectively, with over 80% of these being hypothetical proteins. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the expression levels of unique genes in CchB were significantly higher than those in CchA, and both CchA and CchB had unique genes specifically expressed at stages of mycelium and fruiting body. It was indicated that the growth and development of the A. chaxingu strain AS-5 required the coordinated action of two different nuclei, with CchB potentially playing a more significant role. These findings contributed to a more profound comprehension of the growth and developmental processes of basidiomycetes.
The First Miniature, Small Foliose, Brown Xanthoparmelia in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Amo de Paz Guillermo , Divakar Pradeep K. , Crespo Ana , Lumbsch Helge Thorsten , Rico Víctor J.
Published: August 2024

The genus Xanthoparmelia includes several subcrustose, squamulose, small foliose, and small subfruticose species, primarily in the Southern Hemisphere. Here, we report on the first small foliose species lacking usnic acid in the genus occurring in the Holarctic. The species has been previously known as Lecanora olivascens Nyl., but subsequent studies of the morphology, secondary chemistry, and molecular data of the nuITS rDNA indicate that this species instead belongs to Xanthoparmelia. Consequently, the new combination Xanthoparmelia olivascens (Nyl.) V.J. Rico and G. Amo is proposed, and an epitype is designated here. We discuss the unique presence of a subcrustose Xanthoparmelia species lacking cortical usnic acid in the Northern Hemisphere. This species fits phylogenetically into a clade that was previously only known from the Southern Hemisphere, and hence represents another example of N-S disjunction in lichenized fungi.
Integrated Transcriptomics–Proteomics Analysis Reveals the Response Mechanism of Morchella sextelata to Pseudodiploöspora longispora Infection
Authors: Wang Shurong , Wang Jingyi , Wang Tengyun , Li Tonglou , Xu Lijing , Cheng Yanfen , Chang Mingchang , Meng Junlong , Hou Ludan
Published: August 2024

Morels (Morchella spp.) are valuable and rare edible mushrooms with unique flavors and high nutritional value. White mold disease occurring during cultivation has seriously affected the quality and yield of morels in China. In this study, the fungus causing white mold disease in morels was isolated, purified, and identified as Pseudodiploöspora longispora by morphology and molecular biology. In addition, research has shown that P. longispora infection causes wrinkled and rupturing asci, loosened cell walls, and obvious membrane breakage accompanied by severe cytoplasmic leakage in M. sextelata. Interestingly, research has shown that infection with P. longispora can induce the production of an unknown substance in the cells of M. sextelata, which accumulates on the cell membrane, leading to membrane breakage. Furthermore, integrated transcriptomics–proteomics analysis revealed the response mechanism of M. sextelata to P. longispora infection. The results indicate that DEGs and DEPs can be significantly enriched in pathways involved in oxidoreductase activity; peroxisomes, lipid transport, and metabolism; cell wall assembly; and integral components of membranes. Further electron microscopy analysis clarified the important role of changes in the cell membrane and cell wall in the response of mycelia to biological stress. This study clarified the response mechanism of M. sextelata to P. longispora, laying a foundation for further clarifying the infection mechanism of P. longispora.
Exploring Endophytic Fungi as Natural Antagonists against Fungal Pathogens of Food Crops
Authors: Manathunga Kumudu K. , Gunasekara Niranjan W. , Meegahakumbura Muditha K. , Ratnaweera Pamoda B. , Faraj Turki Kh. , Wanasinghe Dhanushka N.
Published: August 2024

The yield and quality of cultivated food crops are frequently compromised by the prevalent threat from fungal pathogens that can cause widespread damage in both the pre-harvest and post-harvest stages. This paper investigates the challenges posed by fungal pathogens to the sustainability and yield of essential food crops, leading to significant economic and food security repercussions. The paper critiques the long-standing reliance on synthetic fungicides, emphasizing the environmental and health concerns arising from their widespread and occasionally inappropriate use. In response, the paper explores the potential of biological control agents, specifically endophytic fungi in advancing sustainable agricultural practices. Through their diverse symbiotic relationships with host plants, these fungi exhibit strong antagonistic capabilities against phytopathogenic fungi by producing various bioactive compounds and promoting plant growth. The review elaborates on the direct and indirect mechanisms of endophytic antagonism, such as antibiosis, mycoparasitism, induction of host resistance, and competition for resources, which collectively contribute to inhibiting pathogenic fungal growth. This paper consolidates the crucial role of endophytic fungi, i.e., Acremonium, Alternaria, Arthrinium, Aspergillus, Botryosphaeria, Chaetomium, Cladosporium, Cevidencealdinia, Epicoccum, Fusarium, Gliocladium, Muscodor, Nigrospora, Paecilomyces, Penicillium, Phomopsis, Pichia, Pochonia, Pythium, Ramichloridium, Rosellinia, Talaromyces, Trichoderma, Verticillium, Wickerhamomyces, and Xylaria, in biological control, supported by the evidence drawn from more than 200 research publications. The paper pays particular attention to Muscodor, Penicillium, and Trichoderma as prominent antagonists. It also emphasizes the need for future genetic-level research to enhance the application of endophytes in biocontrol strategies aiming to highlight the importance of endophytic fungi in facilitating the transition towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural systems.
Pregnant Women’s Perception of Gestational Anemia and Iron Supplements in Oman
Authors: Al-Marzouqi Zalikha Khamis , Alsereahi Nawal Said , Al Maqbali Safiya Khalfan
Published: August 2024

Background: Gestational anemia is one of the most confronted problems during gestation. Nevertheless, the number of pregnant women with gestational anemia is growing in Oman. This study aimed to explore the perception of pregnant women regarding gestational anemia and iron supplements. This study would help us to comprehend pregnant women’s perceptions, attitudes, and factors regarding gestational anemia and iron supplements, as well as to understand the factors behind iron-deficiency anemia among pregnant women. Method: This study utilized a qualitative method directed by a grounded theory (constructivist) approach. The researchers conducted semi-structured (in-depth) interviews with 36 pregnant women with gestational anemia in the North Batinah Governorate in Oman. The researchers selected three primary healthcare institutions and one secondary healthcare institution, intending to reach pregnant women with gestational anemia. Both purposive sampling and theoretical sampling were used in this study. Results: From constant comparative analysis, four categories were developed: “Knowing the Problem”, “Believing in Treatment”, “Influencing Factors”, and “Trying To Manage”. Conclusion: Understanding pregnant women’s perception of gestational anemia and iron supplements could assist the Ministry of Health in developing ways to provide proper education and service for expectant mothers in Oman.
Prognostic and Predictive Significance of Primary Tumor Localization and HER2 Expression in the Treatment of Patients with KRAS Wild-Type Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Single-Centre Experience from Serbia
Authors: Radić Jelena , Nikolić Ivan , Kolarov-Bjelobrk Ivana , Vasiljević Tijana , Djurić Aleksandar , Vidović Vladimir , Kožik Bojana
Published: August 2024

The treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is complex and is impacted by the location of the primary tumor (LPT). Our study aims to emphasize the importance of LPT as a prognostic and predictive marker as well as to examine the significance of HER2 overexpression in patients with mCRC, particularly in relation to the response to Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibody treatment (anti-EGFR therapy). In this study, 181 patients with Kirsten RAS (KRAS) wild-type mCRC who received anti-EGFR therapy were included. Among them, 101 had left colon cancer (LCC) and 80 had right colon cancer (RCC). Results demonstrated that patients with KRAS wild-type LCC had better median overall survival (OS) (43 vs. 33 months, p = 0.005) and progression-free survival (PFS) (6 vs. 3 months, p < 0.001) compared to those with RCC. Multivariate analysis identified mucinous adenocarcinoma (p < 0.001), RCC location (p = 0.022), perineural invasion (p = 0.034), and tumors at the resection margin (p = 0.001) as independent predictors of OS, while mucinous adenocarcinoma (p = 0.001) and RCC location (p = 0.004) independently correlated with significantly shorter PFS. In addition, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive expression was significantly associated with worse PFS compared to HER2 negative results (p < 0.001). In conclusion, LPT is an important marker for predicting outcomes in the treatment of wild-type mCRC using anti-EGFR therapy, since patients with RCC have a statistically significantly shorter PFS and OS. Further investigation is needed to understand the role of HER2 overexpression in wild-type mCRC, as these patients also exhibit shorter survival.
Advancing the Diagnosis of Diabetic Neuropathies: Electrodiagnostic and Skin Autofluorescence Methods
Authors: Trofin Dan , Salmen Bianca-Margareta , Salmen Teodor , Trofin Daniela Marilena , Reurean-Pintilei Delia
Published: August 2024

Introduction: Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is a generic term for various neuropathies coexisting in a single patient. Clinical diagnosis alone can be misleading, yet routine electrodiagnostic studies in diabetes care are rare. Skin autofluorescence (SAF) is a recognized DN risk factor with potential screening value. This article highlights the diagnostic challenges and raises awareness of the often underdiagnosed neuropathic conditions in diabetes patients. Material and Methods: We present common entrapment neuropathy cases from our diabetes clinic’s electrodiagnosis laboratory in Iași, Romania. We selected seven type 2 diabetes patients with sensory or sensory-motor distal polyneuropathy and atypical DN presentations investigated through electroneurography (ENG) and electromyography (EMG) with the Neurosoft® EMG instrument and SAF measured by standard procedures. Subsequently, a narrative literature review was conducted. Results: Entrapment neuropathies were diagnosed in all the patients: three carpal tunnel syndromes, two ulnar neuropathies (one proximal, one distal), one peroneal neuropathy, and one case of meralgia paresthetica. The lower-limb cases showed radiculoplexopathy, and there was one case of superficial radial nerve neuropathy. The SAF values ranged from 2.5 AU to 3.4 AU. Conclusions: Electrodiagnosis is essential for detecting focal neuropathies in patients with sensory-motor distal polyneuropathy. Elevated SAF levels may correlate with symptom severity, although further research, including large cohorts, is needed.
Clinicopathological Findings and Comprehensive Review of Buschke–Lowenstein Tumors Based on a Case Study
Authors: Grosu-Bularda Andreea , Hariga Cristian-Sorin , Dumitru Catalina-Stefania , Calcaianu Nicolae , Creanga Cosmin-Antoniu , Enache Valentin , Tache Silvia-Elena , Bordeanu-Diaconescu Eliza-Maria , Ratoiu Vladut-Alin , Teodoreanu Razvan-Nicolae , Lascar Ioan
Published: August 2024

The Buschke–Löwenstein tumor (BLT), also known as giant condyloma acuminatum, is a rare, exophytic tumor, arising from pre-existing warty lesions associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly strains 6 and 11, which are considered to have low oncogenic potential. BLT presents as a large, cauliflower-like growth typically affecting the penis, vulva, vagina, perineum, scrotum, anus, and perianal area. Despite being a benign lesion, BLT is locally aggressive with a high recurrence rate, and can potentially undergo malignant transformation into squamous cell carcinoma, contributing to an overall mortality rate of 20–30%. The primary treatment is complete surgical excision with wide margins, frequently requiring complex reconstructive techniques for defect coverage. We report on a 68-year-old patient, with multiple comorbidities, who presented with a two-year history of a large exophytic tumor in the genital region, affecting the penis, along with progressive erectile dysfunction and urinary problems. The tumor was surgically excised with oncological safety margins, and reconstruction was performed using advancement and rotation flaps from the scrotum and intact penile skin. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of Giant Condyloma (Buschke–Löwenstein tumor), showing acanthosis, papillomatosis, parakeratosis, and koilocytic cell collections, with positive immunohistochemical staining for p16, p63, and ki67. Postoperatively, the patient had a good clinical outcome and a complete surgical cure. This case highlights the critical need for timely intervention and comprehensive management strategies in treating giant condyloma, given its potential for local invasion and substantial impacts on patient quality of life. Early diagnosis and thorough surgical excision are crucial for effective management and to reduce the high recurrence, morbidity and malignant transformation risk associated with this condition.
How Land Transfer Affects Agricultural Carbon Emissions: Evidence from China
Authors: Li Jian , Jiang Lingyan , Zhang Shuhua
Published: August 2024

The effects of land transfer on agricultural carbon emissions and their underlying mechanisms must be investigated if we are to achieve sustainable development and environmentally friendly high-quality agricultural development. This research experimentally investigated the spatial impacts of land transfer on agricultural carbon emissions and their underlying causes using multiple econometric models based on provincial panel data covering the years 2010 to 2022. The results allow us to draw the following conclusions: (1) Land transfer significantly inhibits agricultural carbon emissions. This conclusion remained valid after various robustness checks, including a reduction in sample size, change model type, and adjustment of geographical regions. (2) Agricultural socialized services play a positive moderating role in the process of land transfer to curb agricultural carbon emissions. (3) Land transfer has a substantial spillover effect on agricultural carbon emissions, resulting in significantly reduced emissions in the immediate area and nearby regions.
Predominance of Genotype 5 Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection in a Portuguese Hepatology Unit
Authors: Cardoso Mariana Ferreira , Coelho Henrique , Branco Joana Carvalho e , Bragança Sofia , Alexandrino Gonçalo , Costa Mariana Nuno , Carvalho Rita , Pádua Elizabeth , Martins Alexandra
Published: August 2024

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection is the most severe form of viral hepatitis. Genotype 1 (HDV-1) is by far the most prevalent in Europe and globally, while HDV-5 predominates in Western Africa. Data about HDV seroprevalence in Portugal are scarce and genotyping studies have not been performed yet. We aimed to assess the seroprevalence and genotypes of HDV in a large cohort of HBsAg-positive patients followed in our Hepatology Unit between 2012 and 2022. The anti-HDV-positive patients were subjected to a cross-sectional analysis, including blood sample collection for HDV RNA testing and genotype determination. In the cohort of HBsAg-positive patients, 57.5% (480/835) were born in African countries and 665/835 (79.6%) had been screened for anti-HDV antibodies. The HDV seroprevalence obtained was 6.5% (43/665). Twenty-one patients (age 41.2 ± 9.9 years; 57.1% male) were included in further molecular analyses. HDV RNA was positive in 8/21 (38.0%) and classified as HDV-5 in 7 patients (6 from Guinea-Bissau and 1 from Cape Verde) and HDV-1 in 1 patient (from Ukraine). In the largest and most comprehensive study performed in Portugal regarding HDV epidemiology to date, seroprevalence and genotype distribution of HDV (with predominance of HDV-5) were strongly influenced by immigration, notably from African countries.
8-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-(1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)quinoline
Authors: Ivanova Maria , Zaharieva Joana , Tsvetkov Martin , Lozanova Vesela , Morgenstern Bernd , Lyapchev Rumen
Published: August 2024

For very first time, we report the synthesis of 8-(2-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-(1-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)quinoline 1. This was achieved in several steps, including usage of the Suzuki reaction for functionalization of 2-(1H-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)quinoline moiety. The new compound exhibits blue fluorescence. Its structure was confirmed with 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry and X-ray analysis.
(R/S)-Ethyl 2-Acetoxy-4-phenyl-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate
Authors: Petkova-Yankova Nevena I. , Koleva Ana I. , Nikolova Rositca D.
Published: August 2024

A simple protocol for the preparation of O-acylated enol form (R/S)-ethyl-2-acetoxy-4-phenyl-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate 5 was presented. The compound was characterized by 1H-, 13C-and DEPT135 NMR spectra, including {1H,1H} COSY, {1H,13C} HSQC, {1H,13C} HMBC, and 2D-NOESY spectra. The preferred regioselectivity for O-acylation of 3,4-dihydrocoumarin 5 in the presence of substituent in the 4th position in the chroman ring and accounting for the steric hindrance of the ester group in the 3rd place was confirmed.
An Investigation of the Photonic Application of TeO2-K2TeO3-Nb2O5-BaF2 Glass Co-Doped with Er2O3/Ho2O3 and Er2O3/Yb2O3 at 1.54 μm Based on Its Thermal and Luminescence Properties
Authors: Boussetta Ahlem , Al-Syadi Aref M. , Albargi Hasan B. , Damak Kamel , Ersundu Ali Erçin , Ersundu Miray Çelikbilek , Ramadan Essam , Alshehri Ali M. , Hussein Khalid I. , Maalej Ramzi , Yousef El Sayed
Published: August 2024

A glass composition using TeO2-K2TeO3-Nb2O5-BaF2 co-doped with Er2O3/Ho2O3 and Er2O3/Yb2O3 was successfully fabricated. Its thermal stability and physical parameters were studied, and luminescence spectroscopy of the fabricated glasses was conducted. The optical band gap, Eopt, decreased from 2.689 to 2.663 eV following the substitution of Ho2O3 with Yb2O3. The values of the refractive index, third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility (χ(3)), and nonlinear refractive index (n2) of the fabricated glasses were estimated. Furthermore, the Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters Ωt (t=2,4,6), radiative properties such as transition probabilities (Aed), magnetic dipole-type transition probabilities (Amd), branching ratios (β), and radiative lifetime (τ) of the fabricated glasses were evaluated. The emission cross-section and FWHM of the 4I13/2→4I15/2 transition around 1.54 μm of the glass were reported, and the emission intensity of the visible signal was studied under 980 nm laser excitation. The material might be a useful candidate for solid lasers and nonlinear amplifier devices, especially in the communications bands.
Bio-Inspired Curved-Elliptical Lattice Structures for Enhanced Mechanical Performance and Deformation Stability
Authors: Guo Zhengmiao , Yang Fan , Li Lingbo , Wu Jiacheng
Published: August 2024

Lattice structures, characterized by their lightweight nature, high specific mechanical properties, and high design flexibility, have found widespread applications in fields such as aerospace and automotive engineering. However, the lightweight design of lattice structures often presents a trade-off between strength and stiffness. To tackle this issue, a bio-inspired curved-elliptical (BCE) lattice is proposed to enhance the mechanical performance and deformation stability of three-dimensional lattice structures. BCE lattice specimens with different parameters were fabricated using selective laser melting (SLM) technology, followed by quasi-static compression tests. Finite element (FE) numerical simulations were also carried out for validation. The results demonstrate that the proposed BCE lattice structures exhibit stronger mechanical performance and more stable deformation modes that can be adjusted through parameter tuning. Specifically, by adjusting the design parameters, the BCE lattice structure can exhibit a bending-dominated delocalized deformation mode, avoiding catastrophic collapse during deformation. The specific energy absorption (SEA) can reach 24.6 J/g at a relative density of only 8%, with enhancements of 48.5% and 297.6% compared with the traditional energy-absorbing lattices Octet and body-center cubic (BCC), respectively. Moreover, the crushing force efficiency (CFE) of the BCE lattice structure surpasses those of Octet and BCC by 34.9% and 15.8%, respectively. Through a parametric study of the influence of the number of peaks N and the curve amplitude A on the compression performance of the BCE lattice structure, the compression deformation mechanism is further analyzed. The results indicate that the curve amplitude A and the number of peaks N have significant impacts on the deformation mode of the BCE lattice. By adjusting the parameters N and A, a structure with a combination of high energy absorption, high stiffness, and strong fracture resistance can be obtained, integrating the advantages of tensile-dominated and bending-dominated lattice structures.
Predicting Sodium-Ion Battery Performance through Surface Chemistry Analysis and Textural Properties of Functionalized Hard Carbons Using AI
Authors: Warren-Vega Walter M. , Zárate-Guzmán Ana I. , Carrasco-Marín Francisco , Ramos-Sánchez Guadalupe , Romero-Cano Luis A.
Published: August 2024

Traditionally, the performance of sodium-ion batteries has been predicted based on a single characteristic of the electrodes and its relationship to specific capacity increase. However, recent studies have shown that this hypothesis is incorrect because their performance depends on multiple physical and chemical variables. Due to the above, the present communication shows machine learning as an innovative strategy to predict the performance of functionalized hard carbon anodes prepared from grapefruit peels. In this sense, a three-layer feed-forward Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was designed. The inputs used to feed the ANN were the physicochemical characteristics of the materials, which consisted of mercury intrusion porosimetry data (SHg and average pore), elemental analysis (C, H, N, S), ID/IG ratio obtained from RAMAN studies, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy data of the C1s, N1s, and O1s regions. In addition, two more inputs were added: the cycle number and the applied C-rate. The ANN architecture consisted of a first hidden layer with a sigmoid transfer function and a second layer with a log-sigmoid transfer function. Finally, a sigmoid transfer function was used in the output layer. Each layer had 10 neurons. The training algorithm used was Bayesian regularization. The results show that the proposed ANN correctly predicts (R2 > 0.99) the performance of all materials. The proposed strategy provides critical insights into the variables that must be controlled during material synthesis to optimize the process and accelerate progress in developing tailored materials.