bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ATP binding to human serine racemase is cooperative and modulated by glycine
Authors: Marchetti Marialaura , Bruno Stefano , Campanini Barbara , Peracchi Alessio , Mai Nicole , Mozzarelli Andrea
Published: September 2013

The N‐methyl d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors play a key role in excitatory neurotransmission, and control learning, memory and synaptic plasticity. Their activity is modulated by the agonist glutamate and by the co‐agonists d‐serine and glycine. In the human brain, d‐serine is synthesized from l‐serine by the dimeric pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate‐dependent enzyme serine racemase, which also degrades l‐ and d‐serine to pyruvate and ammonia. The dependence of l‐ and d‐serine β‐elimination and l‐serine racemization activities on ATP concentration was characterized, and was found to be strongly cooperative, with Hill coefficients close to 2 and apparent ATP dissociation constants ranging from 0.22 to 0.41 mm. ATP binding to the holo‐enzyme, monitored by the fluorescence changes of the coenzyme, was also determined to be cooperative, with an apparent dissociation constant of 0.24 mm. Glycine, an active‐site ligand, increased the serine racemase affinity for ATP by ~ 22‐fold, abolishing cooperativity. Conversely, ATP increased the non‐cooperative glycine binding15‐fold. These results indicate cross‐talk between allosteric and active sites, leading to the stabilization of two alternative protein conformations with ATP affinities of ~ 10 μM and 1.8 mm, as evaluated within the Monod, Wyman and Changeux model. Therefore, intracellular ATP and glycine control d‐serine homeostasis, and, indirectly, NMDA receptor activity. Because hyper‐ and hypo‐activation of NMDA receptors are associated with neuropathologies, the development of allosteric drugs modulating serine racemase activity is a promising therapeutic strategy.
Placing Food Systems in First World Political Ecology: A Review and Research Agenda
Authors: Galt Ryan E.
Published: September 2013

In this paper, I review recent political ecological scholarship on first world agrifood systems and advocate for further development of the field. To do so, I first briefly examine the themes of first world political ecology and argue that food systems is an underdeveloped topic in first world political ecology relative to other themes because of the existence of agrarian political economy, a strongly allied field. This requires interrogating and teasing apart the relationship between political ecology and agrarian political economy. I then turn to review the current “political ecology of first world food systems” literature, which is both in line with established political ecological contours — examining global–local connections, conservation and degradation, and the utility of ecological metrics — but also recently extending analysis to alternative food networks and to the body–consumption nexus. In the conclusion, I outline an agenda for political ecological research praxis focused on increased interdisciplinary work with biophysical and technical scientists; the spatial, social, economic margins; the “invisible middle” of the food industry and the “end” of the food system in human waste and the necessity of mending the metabolic rift; and the need for increased societal engagement by political ecologists.
Oral varix: a review
Authors: Lazos Jerónimo P. , Piemonte Eduardo D. , Panico René L.
Published: September 2013

Background

Ageing produces several changes on the oral cavity, and oral varix (OV) is among the most common, and they are related with some medical diseases; however, this association is not clear.

Objective

The aim of this article is to offer a review of OV, regarding aetiology, clinical and histological features, associated factors, treatment and its clinical significance.

Conclusion

Except for a higher incidence of OV in elder individuals, there is limited evidence that supports its relationship with medical conditions such us cardiovascular diseases or portal hypertension. Also, there is no consensus regarding its pathogenesis, but the hemodynamic theory embodies the most comprehensive approach. The high prevalence in elderly people stresses the need for regular oral examination, but more detailed studies regarding OV in relation to systemic diseases are needed.
Evolving techniques for gene fusion detection in soft tissue tumours
Authors: Mertens Fredrik , Tayebwa Johnbosco
Published: September 2013

Chromosomal rearrangements resulting in the fusion of coding parts from two genes or in the exchange of regulatory sequences are present in approximately 20% of all human neoplasms. More than 1000 such gene fusions have now been described, with close to 100 of them in soft tissue tumours. Although little is still known about the functional outcome of many of these gene fusions, it is well established that most of them have a major impact on tumorigenesis. Furthermore, the strong association between type of gene fusion and morphological subtype makes them highly useful diagnostic markers. Until recently, the vast majority of gene fusions were identified through molecular cytogenetic characterization of rearrangements detected at chromosome banding analysis, followed by use of the reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) and Sanger sequencing. With the advent of next‐generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, notably of whole transcriptomes or all poly‐A+ mRNA molecules, the possibility of detecting new gene fusions has increased dramatically. Already, a large number of novel gene fusions have been identified through NGS approaches and it can be predicted that these technologies soon will become standard diagnostic clinical tools.
Improving forensic mental health care for Aboriginal Australians: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Durey Angela , Wynaden Dianne , Barr Lesley , Ali Mohammed
Published: September 2013

Mental illnesses constitute a major burden of disease in Aboriginal Australians and Torres Strait Islanders (hereafter Aboriginal Australians), who are also overrepresented in the prison system. A legacy of colonization compounds such prevalence, and is further exacerbated by the persistence of racial discrimination and insensitivity across many sectors, including health. This research completed in a Western Australian forensic mental health setting identifies non‐Aboriginal health professionals' support needs to deliver high‐quality, culturally‐safe care to Aboriginal patients. Data were collected from health professionals using an online survey and 10 semistructured interviews. Survey and interview results found that ongoing education was needed for staff to provide culturally‐safe care, where Aboriginal knowledge, beliefs, and values were respected. The findings also support previous research linking Aboriginal health providers to improved health outcomes for Aboriginal patients. In a colonized country, such as Australia, education programmes that critically reflect on power relations privileging white Anglo‐Australian cultural dominance and subjugating Aboriginal knowledge, beliefs, and values are important to identify factors promoting or compromising the care of Aboriginal patients and developing a deeper understanding of ‘cultural safety’ and its clinical application. Organizational commitment is needed to translate the findings to support non‐Aboriginal health professionals deliver high‐quality care to Aboriginal patients that is respectful of cultural differences.
Perceived Decline in Intimate Partner Violence Against Women in Bangladesh: Qualitative Evidence
Authors: Schuler Sidney Ruth , Lenzi Rachel , Nazneen Sohela , Bates Lisa M.
Published: September 2013

The Bangladesh government, nongovernmental organizations, donors, and advocacy groups have attempted various interventions to promote gender equality and reduce intimate partner violence (IPV) against women, but rigorous evaluations of these interventions are rare and few published studies have yet to show that any of them has had a substantial impact. This study presents qualitative evidence from four villages in central and northern Bangladesh drawn from 11 group discussions (6 with men, 5 with women), 16 open‐ended interviews with men, and 62 women's life history narratives. The findings strongly suggest that IPV is declining in these villages as women's economic roles expand and they gain a stronger sense of their rights. Periodic surveys are recommended to measure trends in the incidence of IPV in settings where transitions in gender systems are under way.
Improving Data Concerning Women's Empowerment in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Heckert Jessica , Fabic Madeleine Short
Published: September 2013

This study assesses the utility of Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) questions regarding women's empowerment in the context of sub‐Saharan Africa. We examine the use of, and need for improvements to, women's empowerment data in Ghana, Mozambique, Senegal, and Uganda. Drawing on interviews conducted among gender and health experts and on context‐specific literature, our findings reveal that although DHS data are widely used, data needs remain in five areas: economic empowerment, knowledge of legal rights and recourse, participation in decisionmaking, attitudes and social norms, and adolescent girls. We recommend that Demographic and Health Surveys be modified—for example, through adding specific survey items—to fulfill some but not all of these emerging women's empowerment data needs. We also suggest that other surveys fill known gaps and that data users carefully consider the meaning and relative weight of the women's empowerment items according to the cultural context in which the data are collected.
Defects and Transport Properties in TiNb2O7
Authors: Xing Wen , Kalland Liv‐Elisif , Li Zuoan , Haugsrud Reidar
Published: September 2013

The electrical conductivity of TiNb2O7 was characterized as a function of temperature, and . The total conductivity was independent of in the low oxygen partial pressure regime, while a dependency of was observed at higher oxygen partial pressures. The conductivity increased with increasing under oxidizing conditions below 700°C. Mixed electronic and protonic conduction was indicated by H/D isotope exchange and transport number measurements. A defect model based on interstitial type of hydration was established and fitted to the conductivity data allowing for determination of physicochemical parameters of hydration and electron migration.
The experiences of palliative care health service provision for people with non‐malignant respiratory disease and their caregivers: an all‐Ireland study
Authors: Mc Veigh Clare , Reid Joanne , Hudson Peter , Larkin Philip , Porter Sam , Marley Ann Marie
Published: September 2013

Aim

To explore the perception of palliative care provision for people with non‐malignant respiratory disease from the perspective of bereaved caregivers.

Background

It is recognized that the majority of patients diagnosed with a malignant disease will have access to palliative care provision. However, it is less clear if the same standards of palliative care are available to those with non‐malignant respiratory disease in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.

Design

A qualitative study based on broad interpretivism.

Methods

This research is a PhD study funded by the Department of Education and Learning in Northern Ireland (awarded February 2011). Data collection will consist of two stages; interviews with 20 bereaved caregivers of people who have died 3–18 months previously with a diagnosis of non‐malignant respiratory disease and four focus groups with healthcare professionals involved in the care of this client group. This study will be carried out at four healthcare sites across the Island of Ireland. The data will be analysed using thematic content analysis. Research Ethics committee approval was obtained (March 2012).

Discussion

This research will explore the experiences of patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Interstitial Lung Disease and Bronchiectasis and their caregivers from the perspective of the bereaved caregiver. The outcomes of this study will provide a critical first step in the development of more responsive palliative care for this client group and have important implications for future practice and policy in the palliative care provided to this client group.
Development and Application of the 2010 Chesapeake Bay Watershed Total Maximum Daily Load Model
Authors: Shenk Gary W. , Linker Lewis C.
Published: September 2013

The Phase 5.3 Watershed Model simulates the Chesapeake watershed land use, river flows, and the associated transport and fate of nutrient and sediment loads to the Chesapeake Bay. The Phase 5.3 Model is the most recent of a series of increasingly refined versions of a model that have been operational for more than two decades. The Phase 5.3 Model, in conjunction with models of the Chesapeake airshed and estuary, provides estimates of management actions needed to protect water quality, achieve Chesapeake water quality standards, and restore living resources. The Phase 5.3 Watershed Model tracks nutrient and sediment load estimates of the entire 166,000 km2 watershed, including loads from all six watershed states. The creation of software systems, input datasets, and calibration methods were important aspects of the model development process. A community model approach was taken with model development and application, and the model was developed by a broad coalition of model practitioners including environmental engineers, scientists, and environmental managers. Among the users of the Phase 5.3 Model are the Chesapeake watershed states and local governments, consultants, river basin commissions, and universities. Development and application of the model are described, as well as key scenarios ranging from high nutrient and sediment load conditions if no management actions were taken in the watershed, to low load estimates of an all‐forested condition.
Predictive factors of durability to sitagliptin: Slower reduction of glycated hemoglobin, older age and higher baseline glycated hemoglobin
Authors: Chung Hye Soo , Suh Sunghwan , Kim Mi Yeon , Kim Soo Kyoung , Kim Hee Kyung , Lee Ji In , Hur Kyu Yeon , Kim Jae Hyeon , Min Yong‐ki , Lee Myung‐shik , Kim Kwang‐Won , Kim Sun Wook , Chung Jae Hoon , Lee Moon‐Kyu
Published: September 2013

Aims/Introduction

The goal of the present study was to evaluate predictive factors for good efficacy and durability to sitagliptin with ongoing metformin or metformin plus glimepiride therapy in a real practice situation. The present observational study was carried out over a 60‐week period and involved Korean patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Materials and Methods

A total of 100 mg of sitagliptin were added once daily to the two most popular therapy regimens (group 1: metformin, group 2: metformin plus glimepiride). Before adding sitagliptin, mean initial glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were 7.8% (62 mmol/mol) and mean diabetes duration was 8.3 years.

Results

After 60 weeks, the mean change in HbA1c from baseline was −0.9% (−10 mmol/mol) in group 1 and −1.0% (−11 mmol/mol) in group 2. Decreased HbA1c levels were significantly associated with higher initial HbA1c and lower log‐transformed C‐peptide levels in a multivariate regression analysis. Logistic regression analysis showed that a sustained reduction in HbA1c levels after 12 weeks was significantly associated with older age (≥60 years), higher baseline HbA1c (group 1 ≥ 7.0% [53 mmol/mol], group 2 ≥ 7.5% [58 mmol/mol]) and slower reduction of HbA1c (ΔHbA1c <1.0% [11 mmol/mol]) in group 1 and group 2. In group 2, a higher ratio of reduction of postprandial glucose/reduction of fasting plasma glucose (ΔPPG/ΔFPG) during 12 weeks was also associated with a sustained reduction in HbA1c levels after 12 weeks.

Conclusions

The effects of sitagliptin lasted more than 12 weeks in older patients with a higher baseline HbA1c, and slower reduction of HbA1c during 12 weeks.
Genetic mixed‐stock analysis of lake‐run brown trout Salmo trutta fishery catches in the Inari Basin, northern Finland: implications for conservation and management
Authors: Swatdipong A. , Vasemägi A. , Niva T. , Koljonen M.‐L. , Primmer C. R.
Published: September 2013

Genetic mixed‐stock analysis (MSA) of wild lake‐run brown trout Salmo trutta fishery catches (n = 665) from the Inari Basin (northern Finland) between 2006 and 2008 was carried out using a previously characterized baseline with 30 populations (n = 813) and 13 microsatellite loci. Altogether, 12 populations contributed significantly to mixed‐stock fisheries, with the Ivalojoki system being the major contributor (70%) to the total catch. When catches were analysed regionally, geographically nearby populations were the main contributors to the local catches, indicating that a large proportion of S. trutta occupy lacustrine areas near the natal river mouth rather than dispersing throughout the lake. Similarly, far upstream populations contributed insignificantly to catches. These findings have important implications for the conservation and sustainable fishery management of the Inari system.
Distributions and habitat associations of the bridled monocle bream Scolopsis bilineatus (Nemipteridae): a demographic approach
Authors: Boaden A. E. , Kingsford M. J.
Published: September 2013

This study focussed on the demography and ecology of Scolopsis bilineatus at three locations on the Great Barrier Reef: the Lizard Island Group, Orpheus Island and One Tree Island. Scolopsis bilineatus lived for up to 16 years and had four distinct life‐history stages, which varied in their distribution patterns, habitat use and reproductive behaviour. Pre‐maturational sex change occurred whereby all males were derived from immature females, and males grew faster and larger than females. Small females and larger males generally formed pairs, which influenced their spatial distributions at small scales. Distributions of S. bilineatus were influenced by depth and exposure within reefs, particularly for juveniles, and most fish were found in shallow, sheltered habitats. Abundance was influenced by benthic cover, and was higher in areas of high coral cover and low where algae were abundant. Habitat associations were stronger at the microhabitat scale, and shelter sites were important for adults. Ontogenetic changes in microhabitat associations were found: juveniles occupied sand and rubble, and adults occupied shelters such as caves and overhangs. Adults showed site fidelity for shelter sites over a period of 4 days and returned to specific shelter sites repeatedly. These findings illustrate the importance of understanding the spatial ecology and habitat use of coral reef fishes, particularly with reference to size‐based changes within species.
Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Gelatin Films Incorporated with Carvacrol
Authors: Kavoosi Gholamreza , Dadfar Seyed Mohammad Mahdi , Mohammadi Purfard Amin , Mehrabi Reza
Published: September 2013

Gelatin films were prepared from gelatin solutions (10% w/v) containing carvacrol (1%, 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% w/w), glycerol (25% w/w) as plasticizer and glutaraldehyde (1% w/w) as cross‐linker. The mechanical, water solubility, water swelling, water uptake, water vapor permeability, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the films were obtained according to American Society for Testing and Materials. Gelatin films exhibited good tensile strength, elongation at break, water solubility, swelling, water uptake and water vapor permeability. Incorporation of carvacrol into the gelatin films caused a significant decrease in tensile strength, increase in elongation at break, increase in water solubility, decrease in swelling and water uptake, and increase in water vapor permeability of the films. Gelatin films exhibited low antioxidant activity while, gelatin films incorporated with carvacrol exhibited excellent antioxidant properties. The films incorporated with carvacrol also exhibited excellent antibacterial properties against both gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria.

Practical Application

Development of biodegradable films based on the protein polymer has become a very attractive option and production of protein based packaging with strong antioxidant and antibacterial activities is gradually obtained extensive concern in the world. In this study, the improvement of gelatin film properties incorporated with carvacrol as a potential antibacterial active packaging was investigated. Suitable physico‐mechanical properties along with strong antioxidant and antibacterial effects make gelatin films incorporated with carvacrol as suitable food packaging material.
Health Services Use of Older Veterans Treated and Released from Veterans Affairs Medical Center Emergency Departments
Authors: Hastings Susan Nicole , Smith Valerie A. , Weinberger Morris , Oddone Eugene Z. , Olsen Maren K. , Schmader Kenneth E.
Published: September 2013

Objectives

To determine predictors of repeat health service use in older veterans treated and released from the emergency department (ED).

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Veterans Affairs Medical Center (VAMC) EDs.

Participants

Nationally representative sample of veterans aged 65 and older treated and released from one of 102 VAMC EDs between October 1, 2007, and June 30, 2008.

Measurements

Logistic regression models were used to examine the association between independent variables and primary outcomes (30‐day repeat ED visits and hospital admissions).

Results

In 31,206 older veterans, ED diagnoses were commonly related to chronic conditions (22.5%), injuries and acute musculoskeletal conditions (19%), and infections (13.5%). Within 30 days, 22% of older veterans had returned to the ED (n = 4,779) or been hospitalized (n = 2,005). In adjusted models, factors associated with greater odds of repeat ED visits than injury were homelessness (odds ratio (OR) = 1.6, 95% confidence interval (CI)  = 1.3–2.1), previous ED visits (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.6–1.8), previous hospitalization (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.2–1.4), and index ED visit related to infection (1.2, 95% CI = 1.1–1.3). Odds of subsequent hospital admission were higher in veterans with previous hospitalization (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 2.2–2.8), who were homeless (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.1–2.0), who had aid and attendance benefits (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.2–1.8), who were unmarried (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.1–1.3), and who had an ED visit related to a chronic condition (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.2–1.6) than in those with injury.

Conclusion

A substantial proportion of older veterans treated and released from a VAMC ED returned to the ED or were hospitalized within 30 days. Intervening with high‐risk older veterans after an ED visit may reduce unscheduled healthcare use.
Where are persons with intellectual disabilities in medical research? A survey of published clinical trials
Authors: Feldman M. A. , Bosett J. , Collet C. , Burnham‐Riosa P.
Published: September 2013

Background

Persons with intellectual disabilities (ID) are exposed to the same medical interventions as everyone else. Given the unique health profiles of many persons with ID, it cannot be assumed that they will react to medical treatments the same as persons without ID. It is not clear if medical clinical trials routinely include persons with ID. The purpose of this research survey was to examine the inclusion of persons with ID in medical research trials, and to determine whether accommodations and/or study modifications could have been made to promote greater inclusion in medical research.

Method

Three hundred randomised control and clinical trials published between 2007 and 2011 in the six highest impact medical journals were randomly selected. Each study was reviewed for inclusion of persons with ID, and possible accommodations that could have been put in place without compromising research integrity. Corresponding authors received a follow‐up survey to determine whether persons with ID were included, but were not mentioned in the article.

Results

Only 6 (2%) of 300 randomly chosen studies clearly included persons with ID. Over 90% of studies were designed in ways that would automatically exclude persons with ID from participating. The author survey revealed three additional studies including persons with ID. Most persons with ID could have participated in at least 70% of the studies with simple accommodations and/or minor procedural modifications.

Discussion

The findings highlight the exclusion of persons with ID in medical research. Efforts are needed to increase inclusion through research policy initiatives and education.
Neodymium‐yttrium aluminum garnet laser versus pulsed dye laser in erythemato‐telangiectatic rosacea: comparison of clinical efficacy and effect on cutaneous substance (P) expression
Authors: Salem Samar Abdallah M , Abdel Fattah Nermeen SA , Tantawy Samah MA , El‐Badawy Nafissa MA , Abd El‐Aziz Yasser A
Published: September 2013

Background

Different laser systems are reported to be effective in treatment of telangiectasia and erythema, but comparative studies on 1064‐nm neodymium‐yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd‐YAG) laser and pulsed dye laser (PDL) in treatment of erythemato‐telangiectatic rosacea are lacking. Substance (P) is implicated in rosacea pathogenesis.

Objectives

To compare the effect of Nd‐YAG laser and PDL on erythemato‐telangiectatic rosacea, both clinically and immunohistochemically on cutaneous substance (P) expression.

Methods

This split‐face comparative study included 15 patients with erythemato‐telangiectatic rosacea treated on the right side with Nd‐YAG laser and on the left side with PDL: three sessions, 4 weeks apart. Evaluation of the patients was done using erythema and telangiectasia grading scores, patient's self‐assessment, physicians' clinical assessment of the patient, and immunohistochemical assessment of substance (P).

Results

One month after the three laser sessions, excellent response was achieved in 73.3% of patients after Nd‐YAG and in 53.3% of patients after PDL with significantly lower substance (P) concentration after Nd‐YAG laser than after PDL. Positive correlations were found between the decrease in erythema and telangiectasia grading scores and the decrease in substance (P) concentration.

Conclusions

The use of Nd‐YAG laser and PDL appears to be safe and effective measures in treatment of erythemato‐telangiectatic rosacea. Both types of laser decrease the concentration of substance (P) in the skin. This effect is more pronounced with Nd‐YAG laser.
OnabotulinumtoxinA therapy for compensatory hyperhidrosis
Authors: Adefusika Jessica A , Brewer Jerry D
Published: September 2013

Background

Compensatory hyperhidrosis due to the treatment for focal primary hyperhidrosis can be devastating and life‐altering.

Objective

The purpose of this paper is to discuss use of the iodine starch test and dilute botulinum toxin to decrease compensatory hyperhidrosis over large surface areas.

Methods

A large area of the trunk affected by compensatory hyperhidrosis was treated with dilute botulinum toxin therapy using a starch iodine test for localization.

Results

The patient had exceptional results with his compensatory truncal sweating returning to normal and remaining stable for multiple months.

Conclusion

Treating compensatory hyperhidrosis of large surface areas with dilute botulinum toxin therapy is effective and safe.
Stability and Change of Social Goals in Adolescence
Authors: Trucco Elisa M. , Wright Aidan G. C. , Colder Craig R.
Published: September 2013

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of continuity and change in social goals using the interpersonal circumplex (IPC) model across adolescence (ages 11–16). Five complementary definitions of stability were examined: structural, rank‐order, absolute, individual, and ipsative. Data were taken from a longitudinal study of early adolescent problem behavior. Social goals were assessed during each wave, with data collection occurring at three annual intervals (Wave 1, ages 10–12). A community sample of adolescents (N = 387) was recruited. Adolescents were evenly split on gender, and a majority (82.7%) was White. Results suggest a modest increase in stability across social goals, yet significant interindividual heterogeneity. Although levels of Agentic and Communal factors increase over time, these patterns were driven by decreases in the Submissive and Separate octants. This offers evidence for the utility of examining lower‐order facets of interpersonal dispositions, as it provides a nuanced picture of adolescent personality development. Furthermore, findings suggest that change and continuity in social goals may both be relevant in this developmental period. The difficulty is accounting for trait stability as well as change, and the IPC model may be particularly useful for meeting this challenge.
A Comprehensive Model of Uncertainty Associated with Radical Innovation
Authors: O'Connor Gina Colarelli , Rice Mark P.
Published: September 2013

Large established firms typically focus on enhancing their ability to manage their core businesses, with an emphasis on cost reduction, quality improvements, and incremental innovation in existing products and processes. To sustain competitive advantage over the long term, mature firms must in parallel develop radical innovations (RI) as a basis for building and dominating fundamentally new markets. Management practices that are effective in established businesses are often ineffective and even destructive when applied toRIprojects because of higher levels of uncertainty inherent in the latter. Understanding the characteristics ofRIprojects and the nature of the uncertainty that pervades them is critical to developing appropriate managerial practices.

This paper reports the results of a longitudinal study of 12RIprojects in 10 large establishedU.S.‐based firms. A qualitative, prospective design was used to collect and analyze data. Project team leaders, members, and sponsors for each project were interviewed repeatedly over five years. The analysis centers on the dimensions and characteristics of uncertainty that project teams experienced. The analysis of the challenges they confronted is used to construct a multidimensional model ofRIuncertainties. The model identifies four categories of uncertainty as key drivers of project management: technical, market, organizational, and resource uncertainty. Each of these four categories is elaborated in the context of radical innovation and further distinguished via two additional dimensions: criticality and latency. These are substantiated through case based data. Implications for management skills, processes, and appropriate tools associated with radical innovation projects are discussed.
Stratifying the Development of Product Platforms: Requirements for Resources, Organization, and Management Styles
Authors: Sköld Martin , Karlsson Christer
Published: September 2013

The prior research on product platforms has added to our knowledge from a strategic, technological, and organizational point of view. However, the existing literature, while exploring the platform concept, considers the actual development of platforms from a rather general perspective although companies develop platforms for different aims, purposes, and product scopes. Following on from this, the requirements for platform development resources, the ways of organizing platform development, and the implications for management styles have not been explored and are presumably varying. To start elaborating on this, the research behind this article uses a clinical research approach in seven platform development cases from eight years' longitudinal research in three global manufacturing automotive original equipment manufacturers. Platform development is here defined and treated as development with the aim of creating a foundation, the platform, for the subsequent development of derivative products. The analysis of the development of platform in different strategic situations and with different purposes demonstrates how combinations of changes in components and/or architecture represent a key differentiator. An important result is the advancement of the platform perspective from an architecture with a set of components to a classification of four platform development variants based on alternative changes in architecture and/or components. Each type has different complexities and characteristics influencing the project length, requirements for platform development resources, principles for organizing, and implications for management styles.
The Collaboration of Innovation Intermediaries and Manufacturing Firms in the Markets for Technology
Authors: Lichtenthaler Ulrich
Published: September 2013

Many manufacturing firms have opened up their product innovation processes and actively transfer knowledge with external partners in the markets for technology. However, the markets for technological knowledge have remained inefficient in comparison with the markets for most products. To reduce some of the market inefficiencies, manufacturing firms may collaborate with innovation intermediaries, which are defined as organizations that act as agents or brokers in the innovation process between two or more parties. These innovation intermediaries comprise different service providers ranging from consulting companies to Internet marketplaces for technology. In light of an increasing importance of intermediary services in the context of open innovation, this paper specifically focuses on the collaboration of manufacturing firms and innovation intermediaries, which may be critical for the success of intermediary services. Based on new interview data from 30 innovation intermediaries and 30 European manufacturing firms, this paper examines the question of how innovation intermediaries and manufacturing firms collaborate concerning the following issues, which emerged as the key themes from the interviews: potential of intermediation, roles of intermediaries, types of intermediation, drivers of intermediation, complementarity of intermediation, compensation of intermediation, and the importance of repeated collaborations. The findings indicate how manufacturing firms may reduce their transaction costs in technology markets by collaborating with intermediaries. However, intermediary services can only be regarded as a complement rather than a substitute of manufacturing firms' internal activities of managing technology transfer. Thus, manufacturing firms need sufficient internal capabilities for managing technology transfer, such as absorptive capacity and desorptive capacity.
Is a Picture Always Worth a Thousand Words? The Impact of Presentation Formats in Consumers' Early Evaluations of Really New Products (RNPs)
Authors: Feiereisen Stephanie , Wong Veronica , Broderick Amanda J.
Published: September 2013

Really new products (RNPs) enable consumers to do things they have never been able to do before. However, research has shown that consumers have difficulties understanding the benefits of such novel products, and therefore, adoption intentions remain low. Mental simulations and analogies have been identified as effective framing strategies to convey the benefits of RNPs. However, existing research has focused solely on the use of mental simulations and analogies conveyed using words, whereas these can also be conveyed using pictures. Although the general consumer research literature points to a superiority effect of pictures, because the underlying mechanisms that individuals use to understand RNPs differ entirely from those used for traditional products, there is a need to study the impact of pictures for RNPs. Moreover, prior work has not examined differences in RNP type. The present research argues that RNPs can be utilitarian, hedonic, or hybrid and that the optimal presentation format (words versus pictures) is contingent upon the type of RNP considered. Consequently, failure to acknowledge this distinction could lead to negative consequences. The present study aims to identify the impact of alternative presentation formats (i.e., words versus pictures) presented using different framing strategies (i.e., analogies versus mental simulations) on individual responses (i.e., product comprehension and attitude to the product) to three types of RNPs (i.e., utilitarian versus hedonic versus hybrid). Hypotheses are tested by means of an experimental study. The results of the study show that the effectiveness of alternative combinations of framing strategies and presentation formats in enhancing comprehension and attitude for RNPs depends on product type (utilitarian versus hedonic versus hybrid). The empirical findings presented not only extend prior work on consumer responses to mental simulations and analogies for RNPs, but also establish connections between this literature and an underdeveloped stream of research on hybrid products, as well as a broader stream of research on utilitarian versus hedonic product benefits. The findings suggest that practitioners may not have been using optimal marketing communications strategies to convey the benefits of RNPs. Strategies that may help enhance consumer responses to RNPs by taking into consideration product type (utilitarian versus hedonic versus hybrid) are put forward.
Industry Platforms and Ecosystem Innovation
Authors: Gawer Annabelle , Cusumano Michael A.
Published: September 2013

This paper brings together the recent literature on industry platforms and shows how it relates to managing innovation within and outside the firm as well as to dealing with technological and market disruptions and change over time. First, we identify distinct types of platforms. Our analysis of a wide range of industry examples suggests that there are two predominant types of platforms: internal or company‐specific platforms, and external or industry‐wide platforms. We define internal (company or product) platforms as a set of assets organized in a common structure from which a company can efficiently develop and produce a stream of derivative products. We define external (industry) platforms as products, services, or technologies that act as a foundation upon which external innovators, organized as an innovative business ecosystem, can develop their own complementary products, technologies, or services. Second, we summarize from the literature general propositions on the design, economics, and strategic management of platforms. Third, we review the case of Intel and other examples to illustrate the range of technological, strategic, and business challenges that platform leaders and their competitors face as markets and technologies evolve. Finally, we identify practices associated with effective platform leadership and avenues for future research to deepen our understanding of this important phenomenon and what firms can do to manage platform‐related competition and innovation.
Five chemically rich species of tropical marine cyanobacteria of the genus Okeania gen. nov. (Oscillatoriales, Cyanoprokaryota)
Authors: Engene Niclas , Paul Valerie J. , Byrum Tara , Gerwick William H. , Thor Andrea , Ellisman Mark H.
Published: September 2013

An adverse consequence of applying morphology‐based taxonomic systems to catalog cyanobacteria, which generally are limited in the number of available morphological characters, is a fundamental underestimation of natural biodiversity. In this study, we further dissect the polyphyletic cyanobacterial genus Lyngbya and delineate the new genus Okeania gen. nov. Okeania is a tropical and subtropical, globally distributed marine group abundant in the shallow‐water benthos. Members of Okeania are of considerable ecological and biomedical importance because specimens within this group biosynthesize biologically active secondary metabolites and are known to form blooms in coastal benthic environments. Herein, we describe five species of the genus Okeania: O. hirsuta (type species of the genus), O. plumata, O. lorea, O. erythroflocculosa, and O. comitata, under the provisions of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants. All five Okeania species were morphologically, phylogenetically, and chemically distinct. This investigation provides a classification system that is able to identify Okeania spp. and predict their production of bioactive secondary metabolites.
Actigraphy‐assessed sleep during school and vacation periods: a naturalistic study of restricted and extended sleep opportunities in adolescents
Authors: Bei Bei , Allen Nicholas B. , Nicholas Christian L. , Dudgeon Paul , Murray Greg , Trinder John
Published: September 2013

School‐related sleep restriction in adolescents has been identified by studies comparing weekday and weekend sleep. This study compared weekday and vacation sleep to assess restricted and extended sleep opportunities. One‐hundred and forty‐six adolescents (47.3% male) aged 16.2 ± 1.0 years (M ± SD) from the general community wore an actigraph continuously for 4 weeks: the last week of a school term (Time‐E), the following 2‐week vacation, and the first week of the next term. Self‐reported sleep was assessed for each of the three time intervals, and chronotype was assessed using the Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire at Time‐E. Daily actigraphy bedtime, rise‐time, time‐in‐bed, total sleep time, sleep onset latency, sleep efficiency, and % wake after sleep onset were analysed using latent growth curve modelling. The removal of school‐related sleep restriction was associated with an abrupt delay in sleep timing and increase in sleep duration. Subsequently, bedtime and rise‐time showed further linear delays throughout the vacation, while changes in time‐in‐bed were non‐significant. Sleep onset latency increased linearly, peaking in the middle of the second vacation week. Across the first vacation week, total sleep time and sleep efficiency linearly decreased, while % wake after sleep onset increased. These changes stabilized during the second vacation week. Older age and eveningness were associated with later bedtime and rise‐time, whilst females had longer time‐in‐bed, total sleep time and sleep onset latency. Compared with school days, sleep during the vacation was characterized by later timing, longer duration, lower quality and greater variability. Recovery from school‐related sleep restriction appeared to be completed within the 2 weeks of naturalistic extended sleep.
Gendered Organizations and Inequality Regimes: Gender, Homosexuality, and Inequality Within Religious Congregations
Authors: Whitehead Andrew L.
Published: September 2013

Building upon Acker's (. Hierarchies, jobs, bodies: A theory of gendered organizations. Gender and Society 4(2):139–58; 2006. Inequality regimes: Gender, class, and race in organizations. Gender and Society 20(4):441–64) theory of gendered organizations and inequality regimes, this study investigates the extent to which inequality in gender and sexuality are linked within religious congregations. Using a nationally representative sample of congregations in the United States, the results demonstrate that a congregation's stance toward allowing women to serve as head clergyperson is significantly associated with its acceptance of gays and lesbians as members or leaders within the congregation. This research extends existing literature in three ways. First, it offers support for the utility of the concept of inequality regimes for investigating dimensions of inequality in addition to gender. Second, it provides evidence of the intersection of gender and sexuality within religious congregations, thereby contributing to the growing dialogue on congregational responses to homosexuality. Finally, these findings propose a number of avenues for future research regarding gender, sexuality, and organizations.
The Existential Function of Intrinsic Religiousness: Moderation of Effects of Priming Religion on Intercultural Tolerance and Afterlife Anxiety
Authors: Van Tongeren Daryl R. , Raad Jennifer M. , McIntosh Daniel N. , Pae Jessica
Published: September 2013

Managing existential concerns is theorized to be a key function of religion. We posit that priming religion should be related to greater existential security for those high in intrinsic religiosity. In Experiment 1, priming religion increased intercultural tolerance among individuals who were highly intrinsically religious but decreased it for those low in intrinsic religiousness. In Experiment 2, intrinsic religiousness again moderated the effects of the prime, suggesting that priming religion resulted in attenuated afterlife anxiety for intrinsically religious individuals but greater anxiety for individuals low in intrinsic religiousness. Religious reminders appeared to provide existential security—evidenced by tolerance and reduced death anxiety—only to those high in intrinsic religiousness and can be threatening to those low in intrinsic religiousness. Existential outcomes are a specific case in which intrinsic religiousness can moderate the effects of religious primes, suggesting that religion plays a different existential role for different people.
Investigating pressure magnitudes at depth for oblique impacts into layered targets: Applications to terrestrial impacts in sedimentary targets
Authors: Stickle A. M. , Schultz P. H.
Published: September 2013

The positive identification of the Rock Elm impact structure (Wisconsin, USA) and the Upheaval Dome (Utah, USA) as impact craters was complicated by a lack of distinctive shock features in the record. Low‐impedance surface layers over high‐impedance bedrock affect energy coupling and shock effects in the substrate; in both cases, removal of surface sediments erased most of the original impact structures, thereby making identification of the impact origin difficult. In this study, a combination of laboratory and 3‐D numerical experiments reveals the underlying processes controlling subsurface deformation and demonstrates that a low‐impedance layer can reduce expression of peak shock pressures left in the rock record, as at the Rock Elm and the Upheaval Dome impact sites. 3‐D CTH models of the Rock Elm impact structure predict that peak shock pressures should fall below the hugoniot elastic limit of quartz in the basement rocks, yet still induce permanent deformation. The model predicts peak pressures around 5–10 GPa, levels consistent with field observations of shocked quartz from both Rock Elm and the Upheaval Dome. Consequently, other impact sites exhibiting minimal shock features might be explained.
Foraging ecology and niche overlap in pygmy (Kogia breviceps) and dwarf (Kogia sima) sperm whales from waters of the U.S. mid‐Atlantic coast
Authors: Staudinger Michelle D. , McAlarney Ryan J. , McLellan William A. , Ann Pabst D.
Published: September 2013

A complementary approach of stomach content and stable isotope analyses was used to characterize the foraging ecology and evaluate niche overlap between pygmy (Kogia breviceps) and dwarf (K. sima) sperm whales stranded on the U.S. mid‐Atlantic coast between 1998 and 2011. Food habits analysis demonstrated both species were primarily teuthophagous, with 35 species of cephalopods, and 2 species of mesopelagic fishes represented in their overall diets. Pianka's Index of niche overlap suggested high overlap between whale diets (On= 0.92), with squids from the families Histioteuthidae, Cranchidae, and Ommastrephidae serving as primary prey. Pygmy sperm whales consumed slightly larger prey sizes (mean mantle length [ML] = 10.8 cm) than dwarf sperm whales (meanML= 7.8 cm). Mean prey sizes consumed by pygmy sperm whales increased with growth, but showed no trend in dwarf sperm whales. Significant differences were not detected inδ15N andδ13C values of muscle tissues from pygmy (10.8‰ ± 0.5‰, −17.1‰ ± 0.6‰), and dwarf sperm whales (10.7‰ ± 0.5‰, −17.0‰ ± 0.4‰), respectively. Isotopic niche widths also did not differ significantly and dietary overlap was high between the two species. Results suggest the feeding ecologies of the pygmy and dwarf sperm whales are similar and both species occupy equivalent trophic niches in the region.