bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study on stress stimuli among the students of physical education
Authors: Bhukar J P , Harish Sanjeev
Published: July 2011

The present study was undertaken to study the stress level and the stimuli that were responsible for the stress, among the students of Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education, Gwalior. The questionnaire developed by Danielet al(1979) was modified and used in the study. It assesses the stress level due to frustration and inhibition, overload, time-urgent and aggressive behaviour. The coping strategy was also measured through this questionnaire. A sample of 30 undergraduate and 30 postgraduate students was randomly chosen from LNUPE for the study, out of which 15 boys and 15 girls for each group were selected. The stress assessment questionnaire was administered on these subjects. Two-way analysis of variance results showed that stress due to all the three stimuli (frustration and inhibition, overload and time-urgent and aggressive behaviour) was significantly higher at 0.05 level of significance among girls in comparison to that of boys, irrespective of undergraduate and postgraduate categories. The p value for the gender in frustration and inhibition is 0.003, overload 0.049, time-urgent and aggressive behaviour 0.042 and coping strategy for gender is 0.048. Post hoc analysis was done by using the least significance difference test; the coping strategy of male 60.66 (±17.65) was also significantly higher than that of female 50.00 (±22.36), irrespective of level of education.
Incidence and mechanism of acute injuries in Iran Karate Championship 2010
Authors: Ghasemi Gholam Ali , Marandi Seied Mohammad , Batavani Mohammad , Batavani Mohammad Reza
Published: July 2011

There is a growing need for research in competitive activity of karateists. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, type and mechanism of injuries in Iranian professional men karate players. Seven hundred and sixty-seven men karate players (means ± SD; age, 21.7 ± 3.2 years, weight, 69.4 ± 8.9, height, 176.9 ± 6.4 cm) who participated in Iran men karate championships in 2010, took part in this study. An injury form was used to collect data. The form consisted of two sections: personal data (age, sex, height, weight, etc) and injury data. Variables such as incidence, location, causes and mechanisms of injury were considered and recorded after competitions. χ2Test was used to analyse data. The results of this study showed that in the total of 739 matches (kata and kumite), 289 injuries occurred. Competitors have more injuries in the upper body than in the lower body (229 vs 60), (λ2= 21.24, p<0.05). Incident rate of injuries was 15.4 injuries per 100 min of match (0.39 injuries per each match) and 376.7 injuries per 1000 athletes. Skeletal injury (44.2%) was the most common injury, face (32.6%) was the most common injured area, contusion (59.5%) was the main injury, opponent technical mistake (71 %) was the main cause of injuries and opponent's attack (54.6%) was the main mechanism of occurrence of injuries. So, decreased mistake kick, protective pads and the safe use of equipments and rules modification are the best ways of minimising the injuries in karate players.
Study the effect of participation in physical activity on mental health
Authors: Motallebi M S Lena , Noorbakhsh Mahvash
Published: July 2011

According to the WHO experts more than 150 million of the world populations are suffering of nervous, psychological and social disorders. Expansion of urban society and consequently to the intensive human life in the urban framework and increased social communications, elimination of place and nature of the life in the city, the prime mover of diverse pressures on psyche of the human. New research shows that physical exercises have increased the ability of the brain and also assist peoples in the treatment of mental illnesses such as depression and anxiety. In fact have been advised to psychiatrists change their clinical methods and drug cures and set participate in physical activities in the programme's treatment their patients.

In this research have been assessed mental health and four scales including, Somatic symptoms, Anxiety and Sleep disorder, Depression symptoms and Social Function by GHQ questionnaire. Data have been analysed by t test with α=0.05. In this study participated 200 students (M, F). Group 1: 100 of students (mean age 24.51, _±5.03 SD) participate in the University Sport Programs and group 2: 100 students (mean age 22.91, ±2.80 SD) don't participate in any sport activities.

Considering the data showed significantly different between two groups in mental health, Somatic symptoms, Anxiety and Sleep Disorder and Social Function (p>0.005). But in Depression symptoms didn't t showed significantly different between two groups (p<0.05). These results showed participation in sports activities have significant effects on mental health. In the other hand evolution the score of students participating in sports programmes than the students no participating was showed they (G1) have a better condition in mental health and other variables. Participating in sports activities regularly have caused physiological adaptations such as respiratory, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and hormonal adaptations so will promote individual capabilities in physical and mental level and enhance the tolerant of the people versus oppressions of the environment and this point prevented of mental disorder.
Effect of psychological training on the selected performance related variables in shootingball game among polytechnic college boys in Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Sathyanandan M
Published: July 2011

Sports skills can be developed fully only by physical and mental training. Many coaches attempt to correct poor performance by having an athlete simply put in more practice time. Often, however the real problem is not a lack of physical skills but mental skills. Athletes need to improve or enhance concentration, confidence, motivation and mental preparation. These skills can be developed through psychological skills training. To achieve this purpose, 30 male students were selected as subjects from polytechnic college in Andhra Pradesh. Subjects were divided into two groups namely experimental group and control group. Under experimental group one was mental imagery training group consisting of 15 students and the other one was goal setting training group consisting of 15 students. Control group consisted of 15 students. Each group had 15 subjects at random. The duration of the training programme was 12 weeks. The data was collected prior and immediately after the training programme. The data was statistically analysed by using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). There were significant improvement in the performance of shootingball players due to the mental imagery training programme and goal setting training programme.
Effect of psychological intervention strategies on performance of choking-susceptible university athletes
Authors: Omoregie P O , Adegbesan O A
Published: July 2011

Sport competitions evoke experience of anxiety among athletes. The competitive situation demands place on athletes to perform their very best often under intense pressure and specific conditions create performance deterioration, causing choking under pressure. The study investigated effect of psychological intervention strategies on choking-susceptible university elite and non-elite athletes. The experimental research design of pretest–post-test of triangulating method was used in the study that tested on automatic execution, explicit monitoring and distraction model in a sport context during execution of the skill-dominant (basketball lay-up shooting).

A total of 60 participants were used for the study. An 18 items Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) was completed by the participants before the performance of a lay-up shooting in a low pressure condition and high pressure condition. Pressure conditions were manipulated by using an audience, video-recorder during performance and performance contingent (monetary incentive and physical gifts). Test on performance scores under pressure was not significant (p > 0.05). Results of the correlation analysis revealed that there was no significant between the experimental 1 and control (p>0.05) on the CSAI-2 and performance scores, while on experimental 2 a positive relationship exit (p <0.05). There was no significant (p >0.05) on the variation in training for both experimental groups. This shows that choking in sports are relatively complex and differ based on personality characteristics, understanding individual zone of optimum functioning and administration of intervention strategies (such as group activation, skill techniques) alongside with sufficient training before competitions in different situations may assists university athletes control and cope with choking in their various sports.
The effects of imagery in soccer players perceptions of anxiety during penalty kick
Authors: Zandi Hassan Ghrayagh , Masomi Hassan
Published: July 2011

The aim of this study was to find out the effect of imagery in soccer players perception of anxiety during penalty kick. This study was experimental study and the researcher by simple sample randoming method selected 40 men soccer players out of 200 players, they had 18–35 years of age and measured their level of anxiety with SCAI2question mentioned. The players followed imagery programme for 10 week and 4 days every week and researcher compared the score of pretest and post-test with the ‘t’ test. With mention result of this study imagery practice had positive effect on reduce of anxiety and imagery practice with kick training had more effect on reduce of anxiety than just kick practice during penalty kick.
Impact of level of participation on aggression, anxiety, achievement motivation and performance among soccer players
Authors: Mudimela Siva Sankar Reddy
Published: July 2011

An attempt has been made to study the impact of level of participation on psychological factors such as aggression, anxiety, achievement motivation and performance. Six hundred and twenty-five soccer players representing three different levels that is, inter-university, inter-district, inter-collegiate, constituted the sample of the study.

Sports Competition Anxiety Test (Marten 1977), Aggressiveness Questionnaire (Smith 1973), Sports Achievement Motivation Test (Kamalesh 1983) were administered to assess anxiety, aggression and achievement motivation, respectively. The performance of soccer players was assessed by using rating scale (rating scale for evaluation of playing ability by experts for soccer players (Pown Radha 1996). One-way analysis of variance and stepwise multiple regression analysis were employed to analyse the data. Significant differences were found among three levels of participation with regard to aggression achievement motivation and performance only. Aggression and achievement motivation contributed significantly to performance whereas anxiety is found to have negative impact on the performance.
Indian women in sports: merits and demerits
Authors: Pidakala Anand Babu , Kumutha N
Published: July 2011

In these modern times there has been an increasing trend of women participation in sports, particularly in India. However, besides their participation and achievements in sports, it felt that the extent of women participation in sports shall also be addressed. Most of the literature reviewed and government authorities promote only the merits of sports for women by which they are motivated to participate in sports. Their participation in sports also has some damaging effects on family and relationships, children which were addressed very little in few literatures. In my view, the one who experiences these effects only can address in a better way. So, an attempt is made in this paper to study and bring out these issues. The primary purpose of this study is to appreciate and encourage the women participating in sports without damaging their family and relationships and not neglecting children. Also it emphasises on the merits and demerits arising out of Indian women participating in sports, the effects of poor parenting on children and its effect on the society; alerts all men regarding the damaging effects that would come across in married life with women in sports; advices those women to understand the sufferings being experienced by any family member because of their improper planning of priorities of their ambitions. To minimise these damaging effects on society few additional mandatory checks to be incorporated during the selection process of women in sports are also suggested in this paper for recommendations.
Anti-doping programme in India: testing for major games
Authors: Beotra Alka
Published: July 2011

The control of drug abuse in athletes has become a highly specialised, complex task, which requires use of sophisticated testing procedures. National Dope Testing Laboratory (NDTL) is engaged in the fight against doping since 1990. The anti-doping programme in India is governed by its stringent testing protocol, which is regularly monitored for quality assurance by both National Accreditation Board of Testing and Calibration Laboratories and World Anti-Doping Agency. It is further strengthened by continuous research and training programmes.

The year 2010 is very special for NDTL with a target of testing for two major international games. These are Singapore Youth Olympics (14–26 August 2010) and XIX Commonwealth Games (3–14 October 2010). The testing protocol for these major games will include both urine and blood samples. NDTL is ready with its new test methods viz. human growth hormone, erythropoietin, continuous erythropoietin receptor activator, haemoglobin-based oxygen carrier and blood transfusion. It is expected to test a total of 1100 (urine + blood) samples for Singapore Youth Olympic games and 1500 (urine + blood) samples for XIX Commonwealth Games.

The aim of NDTL for these two major games is to provide fool-proof testing programmes that will achieve both deterrence and detection with athlete's concerns in mind and a results management system that is both fair and time bound. The presentation will focus on the various strategies of the action plan so as to set a milestone of excellence.
Effect of exercise training on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with breast cancer
Authors: Nuri Reza , Damirchi Arsalan , Rahmani-Nia Farhad , Rahnama Nader , Emami Hamid
Published: July 2011

Treatments for breast cancer such as adjuvant chemotherapy or hormone therapy can increase bone loss. Direct toxic effects of chemotherapy agents on bone formation cells as well as breast cancer itself may cause reductions of bone mineral density (BMD) in this population. Some studies reported that aerobic and resistance exercise improves bone health in pre- and postmenopausal women. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise training on BMD in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. Thirty postmenopausal women with breast cancer (58.27 ± 6.31 years) who received surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy and were in current hormone therapy divided into two groups: intervention and control. Subjects of intervention group performed 15 weeks exercise training including walking (2 sessions per week) and resistance training (2 sessions per week different from walking days). Subjects of control group did not participate in any physical activity or exercise training. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), VO2peak and lumbar spine and femur bone density was measured in two groups before and after of 15 weeks. Data analysed by using t test and covariance analysis. Results of this study indicated that after 15 weeks, there was significant difference between weight, BMI and VO2peak in intervention and control groups (p< 0.05). Body weight and BMI decreased and VO2peak increased in intervention group. There was no significant different between two groups in lumbar spine (F= 2.98, p= 0.096) and femur (F= 1.95, p= 0.174) BMD after 15 weeks. Body weight and BMI have protective effects on the BMD and the lower body weight and BMI, the lower BMD. Exercise training reduced body weight and BMI in subjects of this study, thus exercise training had no positive effect on BMD. Subjects in this study were in hormone therapy, and hormone therapy reduces BMD in breast cancer patients. It seems that hormone therapy has side effect on BMD in breast cancer survivor, and exercise training can not inhibit this effect. It can be concluded that the 15 weeks exercise training does no positive effect on BMD in postmenopausal women with breast cancer.
Physical inactivity as a global risk factor for chronic diseases in women
Authors: Lata Poonam
Published: July 2011

Social inequality, poverty and inequitable access to resources, including healthcare, result in a high burden of non-communicable diseases among women worldwide. Regular physical activity can improve women's health and help prevent many of the diseases and conditions that are major causes of death and disability for women around the world. Many women suffer from disease processes that are associated with inadequate participation in physical activity.

Facts

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Cardiovascular diseases account for one third of the death in women worldwide.

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Diabetes affects more than 70 million women in the world and its prevalence is projected to double by 2025.

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Osteoporosis is most prevalent in post-menopausal women.

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Physical inactivity is more common among women than men.

Benefits of physical activity

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Reduces the risk of dying from coronary heart disease and of developing high blood pressure, colon cancer and diabetes.

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Helps maintain healthy bones, muscles and joints.

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Helps control weight, build lean muscle and reduce body fat.

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Helps control joint swelling and pain associated with arthritis.

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May enhance the effect of oestrogen replacement therapy in decreasing bone loss after menopause.

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Reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression and fosters improvement in mood and feelings of well-being.

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Reduces the risk of breast cancer in women.

Reasons for physical inactivity in women

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The income of women is often lower than that of men and therefore the costs of access to physical activity facilities may be a barrier.

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Agreement may be required from senior members of the household who control household resources before a woman can engage in physical activity.

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Women often have a workload in the home and care-giving roles for other family members, which may limit the time available for them to engage in physical activity.

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Women who have limited mobility may be unable to travel to health centres or physical activity facilities.

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Cultural expectations may restrict the participation of women in certain forms of physical activity.

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Lack of motivation and lack of awareness of physical education.
Injuries in Iranian elite female volleyball players
Authors: Barani Aazam , Rahnama Nader , Bambaeichi Effat
Published: July 2011

Volleyball is one of the most popular sports in the world. It is the fourth most common source of sports injuries. The purpose of this study was to investigate characteristics of injury among Iranian elite female volleyball players. Seventy-four players from five teams which participated in 2006–2007 Iran female volleyball leagues were studied. The information related to injury were collected using injury report form that completed by teams physicians. Descriptive statistics and χ2test were used for analyses of data. In total 49 injuries was noted that 77.8% of them occurred in lower extremities and 18.5% in upper extremities and 3.7% in trunk. Most common sites of injury were ankle (51.8%) and knee (22.2%). Most common type of injuries was sprain (55.6%) and strain (18.5%). The majority of injuries were occurred in spiker (55.6%), setters (25.9%) and libero (18.5%) (χ2= 10.93, p<0.05). Spikers injured mostly in ankle and knee, setters in fingers and libero in wrist. There was no difference between contact and non-contact injuries (χ2= 1, p>0.05). Rate of injuries during practice were significantly more than competition (χ2= 5.89, p<0.05). Most of injuries were occurred because of landing from jumping. Rate of injuries that occurred in front line position were significantly higher than back line position (χ2= 5.81, p<0.05). In conclusion, spikers was more prone to ankle and knee injury during landing from jump and sprain was most common type of injury and front line position critical zone in volleyball court. This information is useful for team's medical staff for covering the competition and also to design prevention strategies for minimising injury.
Incidence and characteristics of ankle injuries in professional female futsal, basketball, volleyball and handball players
Authors: Barani Aazam , Rahnama Nader , Bambaeichi Effat
Published: July 2011

Ankle injury is one of the most common sports injuries in contact sports. The purpose of this study was to investigate incidence and characteristics of ankle injuries among female futsal, basketball, volleyball and handball players (2006–2007). The information related to injury were collected using injury report forms that completed by team physicians. χ2Test was used for analyses. Out of 287 players who participated in this study 40 ankle injuries were reported from that 67.5% were ankle sprain. Most of ankle injuries occurred in volleyball (35%) and basketball (32%), futsal (22.5%) and lowest in handball (10%) (χ2= 6.2, p>0.05). The majority of ankle injuries occurred via landing (60%) and cutting and changing direction (27.5%) (χ2= 14.1, p<0.05). The most of injuries occurred by contact (57.5%), special contact to other player (78.3%) (χ2= 0.9, p>0.05). About 50% of ankle injuries were not associated with previous injury, but were recurrent injury in this season (57.5%). Players who played more than 4 years as a professional athlete sustained more injuries, and they also have more previous injuries (χ2= 0.5, p>0.05). Centres in basketball, spikers in volleyball and line players in handball sustained more ankle injuries. It can be concluded that the rate of ankle injuries in sports with landing and cutting manoeuvre is high, in special in professional players whom perform these manoeuvres more than others. These data are useful for preventive programmes and to reduce rate of ankle injuries in sports.
Talent identification in soccer
Authors: Rahnama Nader
Published: July 2011

Some studies showed that most professional soccer players were born on the same date. The aim of this study was to investigate talent identification among players of the 2006 FIFA World Cup according to the distribution of their birth date in different playing positions in five continents of the world (Asia, Africa, Europe, North Africa and South America). Information about birth dates of 736 players was collected from FIFA website. χ2Test and analysis of variance were used to assess the differences among the players' birth dates. The results showed no significant effect in different positions between players born in the first and second halves of a month and between players born in different months (p>0.05). Although the number of births between August and October were more than other seasons, the difference was not significant (p>0.05). Also, no significant effect was found between different positions and the players' birth season (p>0.05). No significant effect was found between month and season of births in five continents (p>0.05). Although the mean of height and the mean of weight of the players born between August and October were more than other seasons, this difference was not significant (p>0.05). It can be concluded that birth date of players of the 2006 FIFA World Cup was similar to the distribution of playing positions and continents. Talent identification according to the birth date is not reliable.
Talent identification and development in children with reference to India
Authors: Khanna G L
Published: July 2011

Talent identification is an ongoing process. Talent is measured by the rate of improvement in the training situation. Various researchers have indicated that it can be classified into three stages. First phase: of talent identification is below 10–12 years of age. The second: stage of talent identification would need to be carried out between 13 and 16 years of age. Third stage: selected athletes are ultimately directed to elite junior programmes. The third phase of talent identification is mainly concerned with high calibre athletes for example, national team members. Selection of Indian talent is based on various scheme run by Government of India. Continuous study and evaluation of scheme children of India has indicated that the initial weight and physiological capacity of talented children is higher. However gain in physical and physiological parameters in trained population was not significantly different. Indicating that most of initial selected children were early maturer or chronological age declared was wrong. The long term development and training, coaching methods can play a better role. During long term training plan of development parameters most sensitive to change during certain periods of physical growth and development needs to be considered. In talent development the skills and physiological capacities relations with other factors at later stages of development needs to be also considered. The observation on growth and development of various parameters in Indian talented children will be discussed.
A critical study of sports talent selection and promotion of sports participation, at young age
Authors: Kansal Devinder K
Published: July 2011

It has been a long drawn effort of the author to draw attention of the authorities to the importance and emphasis needed to be given to the question of most appropriate talent selection at young age for prospective excellence in sports. Unfortunately non-existence of graduation degree in sports coaching in India and wide spread unawareness, among departments and institutions of higher education in physical education and sports to the fields of physical growth, development, physique and physiological variations prevalent in India, children are left to select mostly sports unsuitable to their adult body potentials. The present study has been based on survey and critical analysis and new interpretations of existing research data on Olympic Champions (Carter 1984; Hirata 1979; Tanner 1964). In general, coaches and sports federations in India have been found to lack not only in the application of existing scientific principles but also in developing or maintaining any library or any literature on talent selection, or on measurement and evaluation even at any offices of national and state level sports associations/federations. The study has presented the scientific results on talent selection in a suitable form to make it easy to be used by the sports trainers and sports counsellors. Critical points of failure in the talent selection at young age have been dealt with scientifically along with a mapping of the long term plans and easy solutions for removing many hurdles currently in implementation of scientific preparation of Indian teams for national and international participation. Findings have also been reported to improve the number of sports participants in the country through proper talent selection at young age. The present population of sportspersons in India is extremely less, being less than 1% of the students up to middle schools and less than 10% of the students in colleges and universities. It has been proposed for better sports talent grooming that all high schools should be given sports infrastructure for training and participation in atleast one outdoor sport and one indoor sport/fitness activity. Each school must be accordingly required to participate in inter scholastic competitions in atleast these two sports or one sports and one fitness event. Prediction of adult physique at young age and scientific selection of most suitable sports has been presented in the present paper, to be presented in the Commonwealth Games 2010 Conference. It has also been explained that there is an urgent need to start an international CAKE (ie, Centre of Application of Knowledge Existing in the field of Sports research literature for preparing key guidelines for talent selection at young age). Sports participation will be increased many fold if children are guided properly to select a right sport as per their adult physiques and sports potentials.
Supplements containing banned substances
Authors: Kazlauskas Rymantas
Published: July 2011

Over the past years, NMI has been monitoring and determining compounds contained in so called ‘supplements’, which are or can be classified as banned within the definitions of the WADA Prohibited List. The items studied have been chosen for investigation because the advertised content declarations show that major ingredients may fall into this banned category. It is clear that many of these fall into a designer steroid category, but others are already classified as banned. Issues relating to labelling, purity of contents identification of materials will be discussed. New trends in this ‘supplement’ market as well as trends in the sale of substances on the internet show a very disturbing pattern and the health of the public purchasing and using these products may be at risk.
Searching for sporting excellence: talent identification and development
Authors: Cooke Carlton , Cobley Steve , Till Kevin , Wattie Nicholas
Published: July 2011

The systems, models and programmes designed to identify and provide for the development of talented young people in sport continue to evolve in their complexity and comprehensiveness, often driven by national interests of doing well in sport. The influences of the approach developed in the German Democratic Republic still remain, with a continued focus on the physical determinants of performance in sport. However, such influences are now complemented by due consideration for the holistic development of young people who happen to be talented in sport. As a field of enquiry talent identification and development demands a multidisciplinary approach and those that work directly with young people require a sound interdisciplinary understanding of the key disciplinary contributions. Selection for performance with a focus on the immediate or short term goals and aspirations of important others are still too often confused with talent identification and development. In contrast, some of the most comprehensive examples of talent identification and development programmes in sport analyse the performer's activity from end to start (ie, they start from an accessible result and work backwards in terms of understanding the processes of preparation and development that are the required building blocks in order to get an individual young performer to their accessible endpoint). This presentation will draw on a range of theoretical and disciplinary perspectives, as well as providing some examples from sport, to identify the contemporary issues in talent identification and development of concern to those who plan and practice it, but mostly importantly for those young people that experience it.
The effect of level of skill and instruction of internal and external focus of attention on the performance of skate crossover
Authors: Chharbaghi Zahra , Kashefolhagh Fateme , Dadashi Mohammad Sadegh , Karimian Maryam
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of level of skill and instruction of internal and external focus of attention on the performance of skate crossover. Sixty students (30 novice and 30 expert; age: 20–24) participated voluntarily, according to their records in 10 pretest trials assigned into for groups involving, namely novice with internal focus instruction, expert with internal focus instruction, novice with external focus instruction, expert with external focus instruction. Each participant performed 300 practice trials (10 sessions and each session 30 trails). The results indicated that there is significant interaction between level of skill and attention focus. In addition internal focus of attention was meaningfully better for novice performers and external focus of attention was meaningfully better for expert performers. These results provide evidence in support of deautomatisation hypothesis.
Information communication technology as predictor of service delivery system in sport management in Nigeria
Authors: Tunde Morakinyo , Obajimi Gloria Abimbola
Published: July 2011

The changing world of innovation through information technology provides keeping abreast with the world electronically. Sport managers in Nigeria have not adequately exploited this form, which has brought about the level of uncertainty to athletes and coaches due to information lapses, resulting to haphazard preparations leading to poor performance. Descriptive survey research design of was adopted. One thousand, six hundred and fifty-four respondents (National Sport Federations and athletes) were randomly drawn from six purposive National Federations and their States Associations from each geographical zone in Nigeria. Two research instruments: Sport Information Technology Assessment (r = 0.87) and Sport Management and Service Delivery Assessment (r=0.86) was adapted for this study. Data were analysed using multiple regression.

The three variables namely; technical know-how of personnel, training of personnel and provision of IT facilities within sport complexes, accounted for 88% of the total variance in service delivery system in sport management. The variables tested made significance contributions (p< 0.05) in the following order: technical know-how of personnel (β = 0.451, p< 0.05), training of personnel (β=0.330, p<0.05), provision of IT facilities within sport complexes (β= 0.341, p<0.05), and training changes of personnel (β=.370, p<0.05). Information technology plays a vital role for service delivery system in sport management. Training in information for communication technology uses should be the corner stone for excellent and improved performances. Priority attention should focus on providing information equipment at sport complexes as a back-up for use to provide better service delivery.
Effect of yoga training on handgrip, respiratory pressures and pulmonary function
Authors: Reddy T Prabhakar
Published: July 2011

Although there are a number of reports on the effect of yoga training on pulmonary functions, very few studies have been undertaken on the effect of yoga training on respiratory pressures and handgrip endurance. Hence the present work was planned to study the effect of yoga training on hand grip strength (HGS), hand grip endurance, forced expiratory volume (FEV), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), 20 school children in the age group of 12–15 years were given yoga training (asanas and pranayama) for 6 months, 20 age and gender matched students formed the control group. Yoga training produced statistically significant (p < 0.05) increase in HGS and HE, MEP, MIP, FEV, FEV1, PEFR also increased significantly (p <0.01) after the yoga training. In contrast, the increase in these parameters in the control group was statistically insignificant. One study shows that yoga training for 6 months improves lung function, strength of inspiratory and expiratory muscles as well as skeletal muscle strength and endurance. It is suggested that yoga be introduced at school level in order to improve physiological functions, overall health and performance of students.
Effect of cardio-respiratory endurance, anaerobic and yogasana on HDL and LDL cholesterol levels among young men
Authors: Kumar Y Kalyan , Reddy V Jagannatha
Published: July 2011

Objectives

The purpose of the study to find out the effects of medium intensity cardio-respiratory endurance, anaerobic and selected medium intensity yogasana on the selected physiological factors which normally are considered as risk factors in the coronary heart disease, in healthy young males in the age of 18–22 years.

Methodology

Fifteen subjects were assigned to each of the four groups of experimentation by selecting the students on random basis and who volunteered. The groups were cardiorespiratory endurance group, anaerobic group and yogasana group. The training regimen consisted of clearly laid protocols of exercises for four different groups. For yogasana group, the protocol developed by Swami Shivananda of Rishikesh Ashram was used. Pre-training, resting HDL and LDL cholesterol levels and post-training values were measure and analysis of covariance statistical technique was used to analyse the results.

Results

Medium intensity cardiorespiratory endurance training brought more significant increase in HDL cholesterol levels, though all the three types of protocols brought significant increase in the resting HDL cholesterol. Medium intensity cardiorespiratory endurance training brought more significant reduction in LDL cholesterol levels, though all the three types of protocols brought significant reduction in the resting LDL cholesterol.
Impact of asanas and pranayama on blood oxygen saturation level
Authors: Ashok C
Published: July 2011

Consistent practice of yoga postures and pranayama increases the lung's airflow, air capacity, stamina and efficiency. Back bending postures open the chest, improving both lung and heart functions. Upper back bends and chest opening postures relieve hardness if it is harder to exhale during asthma attacks. Forward bends and lower back bending poses relieve difficulty if it is more difficult to inhale. Inverted postures drain excess mucus from the lungs and balance the immune system. A general yoga practice reduces stress, physical tension, and muscle tightness and increases overall feelings of well being by activating the parasympathetic nervous system. Blood carries oxygen in two forms, the majority is bound to haemoglobin (oxyhaemoglobin) and the rest is dissolved in the aqueous phase of blood (the plasma). The dissolved fraction is dependent upon the partial pressure of oxygen. As the partial pressure increases, the dissolved fraction of oxygen increases. Hence the experimenter was very much interested in studying the effect of asanas and pranayama in blood oxygen saturation level at ear. Thus three groups were studied – control, experimental-I and experimental-II. However the groups were assigned randomly to three conditions namely no treatment, treatment as asanas and treatment as pranayama. The analysis of covariance had been worked out and the obtained F is 3.75 for 2 and 11 df falls short of the critical value of 3.98 at 0.05 level. It was observed from the study that the three groups differ significantly.
Effect of Ujjayi and Bhastrika Pranayama on selected physiological variables of physically challenged students
Authors: Mazumdar Indu , Suryavanshi Avinash
Published: July 2011

The purpose of the study was to analyse the effect of Ujjayi and Bhastrika Pranayama on selected physiological variables. For this 60 physically challenged male students were randomly selected as the subjects from Amar Jyoti School and Roshni Rehabilitation Centre, Gwalior. Further the subjects were divided into two groups that is, experimental group and control group. The experimental group followed of Ujjayi and Bhastrika Pranayama for a period of 6 weeks. The training was given for 5 days in a week in the morning. Only four physiological variables that is, vital capacity, positive breath holding time, resting pulse rate and blood pressure were selected for the study. Pre- and post-test data on selected physiological variables were recorded prior to and after completion of 6 weeks pranayama training of experimental group, and the control group did not participate in the training programme. The criterion measures for measuring vital capacity was measured with Recorder and Medicare Systems Spirometer (Helios 401) in litres, positive breath holding and resting pulse rate was measured with the help of stopwatch, and blood pressure was measured by sphygmomanometer and stethoscope. Paired ‘t’ test statistical technique was employed to analyse the raw data, and the mean difference between the pretest and post-test scores each of the criterion variables of the groups. The level of significance was chosen at 0.05 level. From the findings it was observed that ‘t’ ratio was not significant in case of resting pulse rate and diastolic blood pressure. However in case of vital capacity and positive breath holding time ‘t’ was significant.
Pranayama: a divine power in sports
Authors: Muktamath Vinuta , Muktamath Umesh , Ganiger Basavaraj
Published: July 2011

In day to life stress became a big problem in our society, especially in sports. Though a top class sportsman is having scientific coaching and proper nutrition, still he is lacking in showing top class performance because of more stress. Stresses always hamper the performance of an individual in sports competitions. Pranayama is the fourth limb and meditation is the seventh limb of ashtanga yoga. Its full significance has to be properly understood and appreciated. It consists of two components, pran and ayama. Pran is introduced by Sri Yogendraj has bio-energy and ayama means control or discipline. The real meaning of pranayama, therefore, is control of bio-energy. Prana is an essential living activity agent that works in the human body and makes the various function of the body possible. Since the stress is a main hurdle to the performance of sports men it shall be given higher priority to be treated. Numerous physiological effects have been reported due to meditation and pranayama. Lowering the heart beat rate and metabolism, as well as respiration and blood pressure. Also, the meditators significantly improve in the 50 m dash, standing broad jump and in an agility test. Since it does not require any costly instrument, simple in nature, it can adapt to any field to get rid of stress.
Effect of kapalbhati on selected body composition variables
Authors: Ruhal Ajay Singh , Bhandari Rakesh , Chakravarti Ranjan
Published: July 2011

The purpose of the study 30 male students of BPE first year of LNIPE (Deemed University), Gwalior were randomly selected as subjects for this study. Subjects were divided into two groups that is, one experimental group and one control group. The quantitative measurements of each subject were taken with the help of standard equipment, before and after the treatment period of 12 weeks. The selected body composition variables were body fat (%), lean body mass (kg), body water content (%) and basal metabolic rate (KCl) were administered in the Yoga Laboratory of the Institute. Paired ‘t’ test was applied to determine the effect of kapalbhati on selected body composition variables. The paired ‘t’ test revealed that practice of kapalbhati pranayama had significant effect on body fat % (t = 5.47, against required value of 1.761), lean body mass (t = 9.65, against required value of 1.761), body water content (t = 17.24, against required value of 1.761) and basal metabolic rate (t = 9.410, against required value of 1.761) which showed significant effect of practice of kapalbhati pranayama. On the basis of results following conclusions were drawn: (1) significant effect was found on body fat % and no change was found in control group. (2) Significant effect was found on lean body mass and no change was found in control group. (3) Significant effect was found on body water content and no change was found in control group. (4) Significant effect was found on basal metabolic rate and no change was found in control group.
Study of selected yoga practices as a remedy for low back pain in Iranian women
Authors: Hassanpour Masoumeh
Published: July 2011

Aim

The purpose of this research was the study of selected yoga practices as a remedy for low back pain.

Subjects and methods

The method of this study was experimental research and the samples were consisted of 30 women who were suffering of low back pain (30–40 aged). Thirty patients were randomised in two groups, experimental group (N=15) and control group (N=15). Experimental group accomplished yoga practices programme for 3 month, 5 days a week (any exercise programme wasn't planned for control group).

Results

The information was analysed by the use of consequential, descriptive statistics SPSS software. Result showed that doing yoga practices had a significant reduction of low back pain in experimental group.

Conclusion

Doing 3 month yoga practices had a positive effect on low back pain therefore we can use of yoga practices for low back pain as a remedy.
Effect of pranayama on mental stress and job satisfaction of teachers of Banaras Hindu University
Authors: Yaduvanshi Santosh , Dureha D K , Singh Moradhvaj , Mishra Pooja
Published: July 2011

Introduction

Breath is life and life is breath. Breath is the key to the mystery of life. A human life is measured from the first to the last breath. Breathing is not only an instinctive relax to satisfy the need of body for oxygen but it has been considered that controlled breathing can be used as a technique for enhancing physical and mental power.

Background

The purpose of the study was to find the effect of pranayama on mental stress and job satisfaction of teachers from Banaras Hindu University. Thirty teachers were selected for the study. In this study two separate questionnaires were used for assessing the mental stress and job satisfaction.

Method

The t test was applied to find out the effect of effect of 12 week training of pranayama on mental stress and job satisfaction of teachers from Banaras Hindu University. For testing the difference between the mean gain of initial test and final test the level of significance was set at 0.05 level of confidence.

Result

On the basis of findings, it can be concluded from the study that the pranayama practice among teachers was significantly improved from the 12 week training of pranayama on mental stress and job satisfaction of teachers from Banaras Hindu University.
Yoga Nidra: a deep mental relaxation approach
Authors: Singh Gurmeet , Singh Jitender
Published: July 2011

For past many eternities human being is indulged in a process, the process of reaching towards perfection and of being perfect. Many researchers and technocrats are still inventing things and many had already changed our lifestyles and made this world a comfort place to live in. This mad run invited many unwanted guests, pollution of air/land/water, pollution of society/body/mind, which further leads to many sufferings and stressful life. Developing the ability to lax your body and calm your mind is significant because it helps you to control your activation level and channel your focus, both needed for stability. Yoga, a system of mental and physical training, concerns with postures, breathing exercises, meditations, which claim to give knowledge of reality. In the area of mental relaxation and meditation, shavasana and the sitting postures maintain the balance by their equal input of physical stimuli. Yoga Nidra is a systematic method of inducing complete mental, emotional and physical relaxation. It means psychic sleep, where conscious intellectual mind disappears, subconscious mind becomes active and unconscious mind merges with the subconscious, and there we have no concept of time and space. Yoga Nidra is an effective way to release stress and induce deep physiological rest and relaxation. Rotating the awareness around the different parts of the body in turn, as we do in Yoga Nidra, stimulates the chakras in a fully balanced way. During scientific experiments it has been seen that when you practice Yoga Nidra, α waves change immediately.