bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social transformation and participatory planning in St Lucia
Authors: Pugh Jonathan
Published: December 2005

In this paper I seek to highlight some differences between elite systems of participatory planning, on the one hand, and class‐driven social transformation in St Lucia, on the other. In doing so, I refer to two periods in time in St Lucia's history. The first is between 1840 and 1957, when the agricultural system of metayage dominated. This example will be used to illustrate a period of time when social transformation was driven by the peasant classes, acting against the power of the plantocracy, giving the peasant class greater control over the means of agricultural production and land. The second period of time I focus upon is the post‐independence period, after 1979, when participatory planning techniques are used by a narrow group of environmentalist elites in order to attempt to implement their vision for sustainable development. The difference illustrates the substantial material and social aspirations within the population, on the one hand, and the narrow concerns of a group of elites on the other.
Predictive Validity of Measures of Comorbidity in Older Community Dwellers: The Insufficienza Cardiaca negli Anziani Residenti a Dicomano Study
Authors: Di Bari Mauro , Virgillo Adriana , Matteuzzi Daniela , Inzitari Marco , Mazzaglia Giampiero , Pozzi Claudia , Geppetti Pierangelo , Masotti Giulio , Marchionni Niccolò , Pini Riccardo
Published: December 2005

OBJECTIVES: To compare the ability of five measures of comorbidity to predict mortality and incident disability in basic activities of daily living (BADLs) in unselected older persons.

DESIGN: An assessment of the data obtained from the Insufficienza Cardiaca negli Anziani Residenti a Dicomano (ICARe Dicomano) Study, a longitudinal epidemiological survey on heart failure in older people.

SETTING: Dicomano, a small, rural town near Florence, Italy.

PARTICIPANTS: The entire population aged 65 and older living in Dicomano, Italy, was enrolled in the ICARe Dicomano Study.

MEASUREMENTS: At baseline (1995), comorbidity was quantified in 688 participants, based on clinical diagnoses, using disease count (DC), Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), Index of Co‐Existent Diseases (ICED), and Geriatric Index of Comorbidity (GIC), or on drug use, using Chronic Disease Score (CDS). Incident ADL disability was assessed in 1999 and vital status in 2004.

RESULTS: Mortality increased with the severity of comorbidity, with hazard ratios around 2 when comparing the highest and the lowest quartiles of DC, CCI, and ICED in Cox regressions adjusted for age, sex, and physical and cognitive performance. Prediction of mortality with GIC and CDS was only borderline significant. All measures predicted incident ADL disability; the strongest risk gradient (hazard ratio=8.2 between the highest and lowest quartiles) was observed with ICED. Physical and, to a minor extent, cognitive performance added significantly to predicting mortality and incident BADL disability.

CONCLUSION: All the measures of comorbidity predicted death and BADL disability in older community dwellers. DC, CCI, and ICED performed better than GIC and CDS. Physical performance measures are strong, independent contributors to the prediction of these outcomes.
Morbidity and Older Persons' Perceptions of the Quality of Their Primary Care
Authors: Shadmi Efrat , Boyd Cynthia M. , Hsiao Chun‐Ju , Sylvia Martha , Schuster Alyson B. , Boult Chad
Published: December 2005

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the association between community‐dwelling older persons' level of morbidity and their perceptions of the quality of their primary care.

DESIGN: Cross‐sectional study.

SETTING: Urban primary care practice.

PARTICIPANTS: A sample of community‐dwelling members of a capitated health plan aged 65 and older who were patients of four general internists in one urban practice (N=120).

MEASUREMENTS: The Johns Hopkins Adjusted Clinical Groups case‐mix system was used to designate a person's aggregate morbidity level as moderate or high depending on the number and types of chronic conditions they had. Aspects of quality of primary care (physician–patient communication, interpersonal treatment, knowledge of patient, integration of care, and trust in physician) were assessed using the Primary Care Assessment Survey.

RESULTS: All participants were classified as having moderate (41%) or high morbidity (59%). Older adults with high morbidity assigned a lower rating to all aspects of quality of primary care (physician–patient communication (P=.001), interpersonal treatment (P=.002), knowledge of patient (P=.03), integration of care (P=.004), and trust in physician (P=.01)) than those with moderate morbidity. The differences in quality of primary care remained statistically significant after controlling for age, sex, race, and education level.

CONCLUSION: Older persons with multiple chronic conditions report inadequate quality of primary care and dissatisfaction with their care. Those with high morbidity levels experience poorer quality of primary care than those with moderate morbidity in all five aspects measured here.
Relationship between bleeding/plaque ratio, family history of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance
Authors: Sastrowijoto S. H. , Abbas F. , Abraham‐lnpijn L. , van der Velden U.
Published: December 2005

Abstract In the present study, the relationship between bleeding/plaque ratio, family history of diabetes mellitus and oral glucose tolerance pattern were investigated in 85 non‐diabetic individuals without periodontal breakdown. In this group, no relationship between bleeding/plaque ratio, family history of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance was found. The results of the present study suggest that the observed variation in bleeding/plaque ratio cannot be explained by impaired glucose tolerance or family history of diabetes mellitus. It is hypothesized that in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance, the periods of elevated blood glucose values may be too short to introduce tissue changes.
Clinical and histological findings in ligature‐induced experimental periodontitis in dogs A pilot study
Authors: Groisman M. , Klinge B.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Prior to experimental periodontal regenerative procedures in animals, the process of destruction due to periodontitis is often simulated by placing ligatures around the necks of teeth. 2 models, one using cotton floss ligatures and the other elastic rubber ligatures, have been widely used. The aim of this study was to compare these 2 methods using clinical and histometric criteria. Pre‐molars on both sides of the mandibular jaw were used in 2 beagle dogs. Periodontal tissue breakdown was induced during a 48‐day period using cotton floss ligatures on one side of the mandible and contra‐laterally by elastic rubber ligatures. At weekly intervals, the ligatures were changed and pocket depth and loss of probing attachment were recorded. All the ligatures were removed after 7 weeks. The animals were fed a soft, plaque‐promoting diet during the experimental period. 20 days after ligature removal, the teeth were hemisected and the 2 roots extracted. From each tooth, 1 root was prepared for scanning electron microscopy and one for light microscopy. At the time of extraction, no differences regarding pocket depth or probing attachment level were found between the 2 groups. Root resorption was observed in all elastic ligature teeth, whereas only minor alterations at the root surface were observed on cotton ligature teeth. This finding may be of particular interest to investigators designing studies evaluating the healing sequalae of regenerative surgery in animals. As was observed in this study, root resorption can already be present in the preexperimental phase of periodontal tissue breakdown, particularly if elastic ligatures are used.
Efficacy of Listerine®, Meridol® and chlorhexidine mouthrinses on plaque, gingivitis and plaque bacteria vitality
Authors: Brecx M. , Netuschil L. , Reichert B. , Schreil G.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The experimental gingivitis model was used to compare the anti‐plaque, anti‐gingivitis and anti‐microbial efficacies of a phenolic compound (Listerine®) and an amine/stannous fluoride mouthwash (Meridol®), using a placebo preparation as negative control and a chlorhexidine solution as positive control in a double‐blind study. After professional toothcleaning, 36 volunteers performed optimal oral hygiene for a period of 2 weeks. They then ceased all oral hygiene procedures for 21 days during which they rinsed twice daily with 1 of the 4 mouthrinses. After 3 weeks of rinsing, plaque indices remained the lowest in the chlorhexidine group, while subjects using Listerine® or Meridol® harbored similar indices significantly lower than that of individuals rinsing with the placebo solution. Up to that time, the gingival index scores were equal in all groups except for the chlorhexidine group in which the values only amounted to half of these encountered in the other groups. The plaque vitality scores showed a bactericidal effect in vivo of chlorhexidine during the entire time of experimental gingivitis. In contrast, the data gave no evidence of an antibacterial effect in vivo of Listerine®. The efficacy of Meridol® to kill micro‐organisms was similar to chlorhexidine during the early stages of plaque accumulation and, with time, became insignificant. This study has demonstrated that chlorhexidine was superior to Listerine® and Meridol® in its ability to maintain low plaque scores and gingival health during this 3‐week period of no mechanical oral hygiene. Moreover, it was also shown that Meridol® was as effective as Listerine® in reducing plaque accumulation and, in contrast to Listerine®, possessed a remarkable but transient antibacterial effect in vivo.
An association between long‐term non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug therapy and the severity of periodontal disease
Authors: Heasman P. A. , Seymour R. A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present study was undertaken to compare the periodontal status of a group of 50 patients on long‐term non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy with that of an age and sex‐matched group of 42 controls. The mean duration of drug therapy in the study group was 9 years (range 2–30 years). The clinical parameters investigated were plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), pocket probing depth (PPD), loss of attachment (LOA), gingival recession (GR) and gingival fluid flow (GFF). Long cone periapical radiographs were also taken to score the amount of alveolar bone resorption. Examinations were carried out on 6 Ramfjord teeth in each subject. The results showed that there were no significant differences between the groups for PI, GI, PPD, LOA, GR or alveolar bone resorption. However, a highly significant difference was seen between the gingival fluid flow in the study (16.74±10.61) and control (37.72 ± 28.63) groups (p < 0.001). It is suggested that this may be associated with the specific effects of NSAIDs in reducing the vascularity and permeability of small blood vessels.
Bacteroides gingivalisstimulates bone resorption via interleukin‐1 production by mononuclear cells The relative role forB. gingivalisendotoxin
Authors: Noorloos Adri A. Bom‐van , van der Meer Jos W. M. , van de Gevel Joke S. , Schepens Erik , van Steenbergen T. J. Martijn , Burger Elisabeth H.
Published: December 2005

Abstract.Supernatants of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells cultured in the presence ofB. gingivalis, showed a strong osteoclast stimulating activity as measured by45Ca release from fetal mouse long bones in vitro. These supernatants also contained a high concentration of bioactive and immunoreactive interleukin‐l (IL‐1), but tumor necrosis factor (TNFa), another osteoclast‐activating cytokine, was not detected. Osteoclast activation by the supernatants was inhibited by an antibody against IL‐1. whereas ultrapure human IL‐1 mimicked the effect of the supernatant. The ability ofB. gingivalisto induce IL‐1 and OAF production was heat sensitive, as 20 min heating of the bacteria at 120°C caused a 50% loss of activity. In addition, purifiedB. gingivalislipopolysaccharide (LPS) had little IL‐1 inducing capacity, compared with LPS ofEscherichia coli.These data suggest that human peripheral blood cells confronted withB. gingivalisproduce large amounts of IL‐1 which has strong osteoclast stimulating activity. However, in contrast withE. coliLPS,B. gingivalisLPS does not seem to be the major inducing agent. Thus other bacterial components must be responsible for the observed IL‐1 and OAF induction.
A case report of chronic neutropenia: clinical and ultrastructural findings
Authors: Vaughan A. G. , Vrahopoulos T. P. , Joachim F. , Sati K. , Barber P. , Newman H. N.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. This case report of severe periodontitis concerns a young male patient with chronic idiopathic neutropenia seen between 1981 and 1983 by the School of Dental Medicine of Geneva and from 1984 to 1988 by the Eastman Dental Hospital of London. The patient was maintained by intermittent systemic antibiotics, subgingival chlorhexidine irrigation, conventional debridement, brushing, and wire‐mesh and composite splinting of loose teeth. After leaving school, at the patient's express wish, the extreme downhill pattern of the periodontitis resulted in removal of affected teeth and overdenture construction. The extracted teeth and associated soft tissues were examined for relevant plaque and host response features. The intact morphotypes associated with the advancing front of the lesion were invariably Gram‐negative or positive coccoid cells, or less commonly short rods, as in all documented forms of periodotitis. Connective tissue destruction was associated with a leucocyte accumulation comprising mainly polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and plasma cells. Both were observed degenerated more deeply than in routine adult periodontitis, including PMN lysosome loss and lymphocyte maturation within peripheral blood vessels. Only in one instance, one part of the superficial connective tissue of one block contained bacteria. It was concluded that the features of plaque and the lesion suggest a typical first line of defence response as in other forms of periodontitis. From the consideration of the 10 years clinical history of the patient, it is clear that non‐surgical management is possible even in extreme cases, without any compromise of the patient's oral or systemic health, and in accord with the patient's wishes.
Sharpening of ultrasonic sealers
Authors: Checchi L. , Pelliccioni G. A. , D'Achille C.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Instruments suitable for removing calculus, plaque and necrotic cementum, which hinder normal periodontal reattachment, are extremely important for successful therapy. The test was carried out in order to see if a standard sealer used for ultrasonic tartar removal maintains its physical features when sharpened. 6 sealers, compatible with piezoelectric generators, were tested and 2 diameters, A and B, weights and resonance frequencies were measured. Sealers no. 2, 3, 4, 5, were sharpened with India stone, sealer no. 6 with rotatory instrument; sealer no. 1 was not sharpened and was used as control. All measurements were taken again at the end of the test. Statistical analysis reveals significant variations, after sharpening, of A diameter (t= 4.14 > 3.55, p < 0.01), B diameter (p= 5.34 > 3.355, p < 0.01) and resonance frequency (t= 2.82 > 2.306, p < 0.05); in contrast, there is no significant change of weights (t= 1.17 < 2.306, p > 0.05). These results suggest that sharpening slightly modifies the physical features of ultrasonic tips, so that sharpening ultrasonic sealers, from a physical point of view, can be carried out, paying attention not to damage the water cooling system.
The influence of anatomical, pathophysiological and other factors on periodontal healing after impacted lower third molar surgery A multiple regression analysis
Authors: Kugelberg Carl F. , Ahlström Ulf , Ericson Sune , Hugoson Anders , Thilander Holger
Published: December 2005

Abstract A multifactorial approach has been used to identify some predictors of postoperative intrabony defects (IBD) on the distal surface of the adjacent second molar (M2) after impacted lower third molar (M3) surgery. The material consisted of 215 lower third molar removals, performed on 144 persons (age range 16–53 years; mean 27.2 years). The postoperative examination took place 2 years after impaction surgery and included both clinical and radiographic variables. Statistically significant (5% significance level) predictors of IBD found in stepwise multiple regression analyses were: (1) preoperative intrabony defect M2 distal; (2) age at the time of surgery; (3) size of contact‐area M3/M2; (4) root resorption M2 distal; (5) probing dept distal surface of adjacent first molar postoperatively; (6) pathological follicle M3. The regression model with IBD as regressand produced a total R2 of 0.45. When the regressand was the difference between IBD and the preoperative intrabony defect, the regression analysis explained 62% of the variance (R2=0.62). These regression models explained the variance in terms of the size of the remaining postoperative intrabony defect as well as in terms of periodontal healing after impacted lower third molar surgery.
Resolution of cyclosporin A (CsA)‐induced gingival enlargement following reduction in CsA dosage
Authors: Daly Christopher G.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Gingival enlargement due to the immunosuppressive drug, cyclosporin A (CsA), will resolve following discontinuation of drug therapy or extraction of adjacent teeth. This report presents a clinical observation on a patient in whom CsA‐induced gingival enlargement failed to resolve with improved plaque control and scaling, but resolved quickly following reduction in the daily dosage of CsA. Despite less than optimal plaque control, the CsA‐induced gingival enlargement did not recur on the reduced drug dosage over a 2‐year observation period. This finding raises the possibility that reduction of CsA dosage below a certain critical level may lead to resolution of CsA‐induced gingival enlargement.
Gingival crevicular fluid of patients with gingivitis or periodontal disease: evaluation of elastase‐α, proteinase inhibitor complex
Authors: Huynh C. , Roch‐Arveiller M. , Meyer J. , Giroud J. P.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Elastase‐a 1 proteinase inhibitor (Ea1PI) concentrations were assessed in gingival crevicular fluids and evaluated in relation to the clinical signs of periodontal disease. 7 gingivitis patients (group G), 38 patients with adult periodontitis and clinically stable lesions (group AP), 21 patients with rapidly progressive periodontitis and clinically stable lesions (group RPP) and 11 patients with either adult periodontitis or rapidly progressive periodontitis and clinically progressive lesions (group Pr) were studied. 6 healthy subjects served as the control group (group H). Significant differences were observed in the Ea1PI concentration between the healthy, gingivitis, clinically stable periodontitis and clinically progressive periodontitis group. In the control group, no Ea1PI was detected. Groups G, AP and RPP showed mean Ea1PI concentrations of 10.95 ± 4.96 μg/ ml. 35.55 ± 18.64 /μg/ml and 38.56 ± 20.89 μg/ml, respectively. In these groups, high enzyme levels were correlated with clinical signs of inflammation. The highest Ea1PI levels were observed in the clinically progressive lesions. However, they were not necessarily associated with bleeding on probing or clinical evidence of inflammation. These data suggest that a significant increase in crevicular Ea1PI levels may be an early manifestation of a progressive or potentially progressive periodontal lesion.
Comparison of panoramic and intraoral radiography and pocket probing for the measurement of the marginal bone level
Authors: Åkesson Louise , Håkansson Jan , Rohlin Madeleine
Published: December 2005

Abstract Panoramic, bitewing and periapical radiography and probing for measurement of the marginal bone level were compared. Altogether 237 sites of 23 patients were examined. Radiographs were taken with a splint containing steel balls to allow calculation of the enlargement of the radiographs. Probing was done before and during flap surgery using the same splint. The open bone measurement represented the true value. All radiographs were assessed by 5 observers. The mean enlargement of panoramic radiography was 27% in the upper and 26% in the lower arch. For bitewing and periapical radiography, it was 8% in the upper and 4–5% in the lower arch. All methods underestimated the bone loss. Probing bone level before surgery was most accurate, deviating at most 5% from the true value. Periapical radiography was more accurate than panoramic and bitewing radiography (p < 0.001). Panoramic radiography presented a slightly lower mean accuracy than bitewing radiography (p<0.05). The underestimation of the bone loss ranged from 13 to 32% in orthopantomograms, 11–23% in bitewing and 9–20% in periapical radiographs. The interobserver variation of the radiographic methods was substantial.
Wegener's granulomatosis A distinct gingival lesion
Authors: Parsons E. , Seymour R. A. , Macleod R. I. , Nand N. , Ward M. K.
Published: December 2005

Abstract A hyperplastic (strawberry) gingivitis is a feature of Wegener's granulomatosis. A further case is described in which the only manifestations to date have been the gingival lesion. The diagnostic value of the ANCA test is discusssed for patients who present with an unusual hyperplastic gingivitis.
Pilot clinical study of a fluoride resin and conditioning paste for desensitising dentine
Authors: Orchardson R. , Collins W. J. N. , Gilmour W. H.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The clinical trial was carried out on 34 ‘hypersensitive’ teeth in 10 subjects, Dentine sensitivity was measured as the pain perception thresholds to controlled air and probe stimuli. In each subject, pairs of teeth of comparable initial sensitivity were randomly assigned to a test (T) or control (C) treatment. All teeth were cleaned and a conditioning paste applied. Group T was treated with a topically‐applied light‐cured resin; Group C received a placebo, sham light‐cured. Air sensitivity was remeasured after treatment, and the procedures were repeated after 1, 2, and 3 weeks. When comparing air thresholds before and after treatment at each visit, the test agent caused significantly greater reduction in sensitivity than the control. The median increase in air threshold in the test group was 2.5 s at visit no. 1, 1.3 s at visit no. 2 and 0.8 s at visit no. 3. Comparisons of the initial thresholds at each visit showed no significant long‐term changes in sensitivity in either group.
Natural distribution of 5 bacteria associated with periodontal disease
Authors: Wolff L. F. , Aeppli D. M. , Pihlstrom B. , Anderson L. , Stoltenberg J. , Osborn J. , Hardie N. , Shelburne C. , Fischer G.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of 5 bacterial pathogens in subgingival plaque, their relationship with each other and probing depth. Plaque was collected from 6905 sites in 938 subjects. A bacterial concentration fluorescence immunoassay and bacterial specific monoclonal antibodies were used to determine the presence and level of P. gingivalis (Pg), A. actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), P. intermedia (Pi), E. carrodens (Ec) and F. nucleatum (Fn) in each plaque sample. The prevalence in subjects was lowest for Pg (32%) and highest for Ec (49%). The site‐based frequency distribution of these bacterial species ranged from 10.3% for Pg to 18.7% for Ec. Pi and Ec were the bacterial combination most often found together in a subject (27.2%). While 64.0% of the sites were without any of the 5 bacterial species evaluated, 20.2% had only 1 of the 5 bacterial species evaluated. The remaining 15.8% of sites had at least 2 bacteria species present. There was a general linear association of the detection level of bacterial species and probing depth. The odds ratios were 3.9 (Pg). 3.0 (Aa), 4.0 (Pi). 2.7 (Ec) and 2.8 (Fn) of finding high levels of these bacterial pathogens at > 5 mm probing depth (p≤ 0.01). Mean probing depth at molar sites without a specific bacteria was greater (p≤ 0.01) in subjects wish a specific bacterium compared to molar sites in subjects without the bacteria. The observation that these 5 bacterial species frequently inhabit the subgingival environment, yet are not associated with advanced disease, suggest that a susceptible host is required, in addition to a “pathogenic bacteria”, before disease progression may occur.
Periodontal conditions of adult regular dental care attendants
Authors: Wennström Jan L. , Serino Giovanni , Lindhe Jan , Eneroth Lennart , Tollskog Göran
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to examine longitudinal alterations in the periodontal conditions of regular dental care attendants, 225 randomly selected patients (age 18–65 years) at 12 community dental clinics in the county of Värmland, Sweden, were subjected to a baseline clinical and radiographic examination in 1978 and to a re‐examination in 1990. During the study period, all participants received preventive and therapeutic measures according to decisions made by the dentist on duty in the clinics. The examinations involved assessments of number of remaining teeth, plaque, gingivitis, probing pocket depth, loss of probing attachment and periodontal bone height. The results showed that during the 12 years of monitoring, an average of 0.4 teeth were lost, The % of tooth sites with gingivitis was lower in 1990 (4%) than in 1978 (15%), but no major changes were found for the mean probing pocket depth. The mean probing attachment loss during the 12 years amounted to 0.5 mm. The tooth site analysis revealed that buccal sites had experienced more loss of attachment than lingual and approximal surfaces. Whereas no differences were observed between age groups with respect to longitudinal loss of attachment at lingual and approximal tooth sites, the youngest age group demonstrated more pronounced loss at buccal surfaces than older subjects. The radiographic assessments of the alveolar bone height revealed a mean longitudinal loss amounting to 0.2–0.4 mm in the various age groups. The time‐lag comparison revealed less tooth mortality, lower gingivitis scores, less probing attachment loss and less periodontal bone loss in 1990 than in 1978 for subjects of the age 30–53 years, whereas the data were similar for older subjects. The improvement was the result of less breakdown at lingual and approximal sites, whereas no difference was evident for buccal surfaces.
Clinical evaluation of a potassium nitrate dentifrice for the treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity
Authors: Nagata Toshihiko , Ishida Hiroshi , Shinohara Hiroyuki , Nishikawa Seiji , Kasahara Shinji , Wakano Yoichi , Daigen Shusaku , Troullos Emanuel S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The effectiveness of a 5% potassium nitrate dentifrice as a daily home treatment for dentinal hypersensitivity was evaluated in a double‐blind study in 36 Japanese subjects who complained of cold and/or tactile hypersensitivity. The subjects were divided into 2 groups, with 18 being given a 5% potassium nitrate dentifrice (treated group) and the other 18 a vehicle paste (control group). Both groups were instructed to brush their teeth 2 × a day. The hypersensitivity levels of the affected teeth were assessed by 2 stimuli, one tactile and the other cold air, and by the perception of pain. The results of all 3 assessment methods indicated that the potassium nitrate dentifrice significantly decreased the level of hypersensitivity at weeks 4, 8, and 12. In the treated group, a rapid decrease of positive scores for both the cold air stimulus and the subjective symptoms appeared from week 2. Although a significant decrease of the assessment score was also observed in the control group, the reduction rate of the score was much greater in the treated group by ail 3 assessment methods at weeks 4, 8, and 12. Complete relief of subjective symptoms throughout the 12 weeks’examination was noted in 67% of the subjects in the treated group, but in only 6% in the control group. These results suggest the usefulness of a 5% potassium nitrate dentifrice in Japanese patients with dentinal hypersensitivity.
The antibacterial and anti‐staining properties of the novel anti‐adherent agent M239,144 alone and in combination with chlorhexidine
Authors: Wade W. G. , Slayne M. A. , Addy M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The anti‐adherent agent M239,144 has been shown to reduce the adhesion of S. sanguis strains to saliva‐coated hydroxyapatite by 27‐94%. The purpose of this study was to determine any antibacterial properties of M239,144 which might inhibit replication of the organisms which do adhere and to determine whether M239,144 interferes with the antibacterial properties of the antiseptic agent chlorhexidine. Maximum inhibitory dilutions (MIDs) were calculated using both broth and agar methods. 0.1% M239,144 displayed no antibacterial activity against S. oralis NCTC 7864 or S. sanguis NCTC 7863 using the broth dilution method and had no antibacterial activity against a range of plaque‐forming organisms using the agar dilution method. The anti‐bacterial activity of chlorhexidine against four of five oral plaque‐forming species was reduced by 0.1% M239,144. The effect of a novel anti‐adherent agent, M239,144, on chlorhexidine staining was assessed in an in vitro model. 1% < M239,144 completely prevented chlorhexidine staining at concentrations from 0.0002%) to 0.2%). M239,144/chlorhexidine formulations show potential for a non‐staining anti‐plaque mouthwash.
The width of radiologically‐defined attached gingiva over permanent teeth in children
Authors: Saario Maarit , Ainamo Anja , Mattila Keijo , Ainamo Jukka
Published: December 2005

Abstract Several authors have determined clinically the width of attached gingiva (AG) over the deciduous and early permanent dentitions in children. They have noticed that when comparing the width of AG over deciduous teeth to the width of AG over the succeeding newly erupted permanent teeth, a clear diminishing in AG can be seen. The aim of the present cross‐sectional study was to assess the width of radiologically‐defined AG (RAG) over the permanent teeth of 6‐, 10‐and 12‐year‐old children. Altogether 123 subjects were recruited. The mucogingival junction (MGJ) was revealed with Schiller's iodine solution and marked over each tooth with a piece of metal wire before taking a panoramic radiograph. The width of RAG over permanent teeth was measured from the radiographs as the midfacial distance from the cementoenamel junction to the mucogingival junction. When comparing the width of RAG over 1st molars and the 1st and 2nd incisors, statistically significant differences were found between 6‐ and 10‐year‐olds, between 6‐ and 12‐year‐olds and between 10‐ and 12‐year‐olds. For the 1st maxillary incisor, the difference in width was not statistically significant between ages 10 and 12 years. The findings seem to justify the conclusion that an inadequate width of AG will correct itself from 6 to 12 years of age without interference by means of periodontal surgery.
Antioxidative activities of some chemotherapeutics. A possible mechanism in reducing gingival inflammation
Authors: Firatli Erhan , Unal Tahsin , Onan Utku , Sandalli Peker
Published: December 2005

Abstract Inflammatory periodontal diseases are related to dental plaque formation. Increase in the perfusion of the inflamed tissue results in increased oxygen supply. Although oxygen has healing effects, it is bound to be a mediator of peroxidation in biological membranes. Chemotherapeutic agents such as chlorhexidine, listerine, sanguinarine, and cetylpridinium chloride and oral antibiotics such as tetracycline HC1 and doxycyline were tested for their antioxidative activities. While doxycyline has the highest antioxidant activity in lower volumes (0.1 ml), sanguinarine, listerine and a pace after them, tetracycline HC1, had similar effects in higher volumes (0.3 and 0.4 ml). The results showed that in addition to their antiseptic or antimicrobial effects, these preparations have an antioxidative activity against spontaneous oxidation.
Ex vivo studies of polymorphonuclear neutrophils from patients with early‐onset‐periodontitis (II). Chemiluminescence response analysis
Authors: Mouynet P. , Delamaire M. , Legoff M. C. , Genetet B. , Yardin M. , Michel J. F.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Previous studies have indicated that oxygen‐free radicals may cause damage to the periodontal tissues. This study compared the luminol‐dependant chemiluminescence response (after stimulation with either opsonized zymosan or Phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)) of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) isolated from human subjects with a healthy periodontium (n=7), gingivitis (n=8), adult periodontitis (n=8), or early‐onset periodontitis (n=17). These results were also compared with those obtained in a larger reference group which consists of 50 subjects without infection or inflammation, selected on the basis of laboratory investigations. An enhanced response was defined as being 2 standard deviations above the reference group mean; a reduced response was. defined as being 2 standard deviations below this mean. Although PMN from patients with either gingivitis or periodontitis were often functionally activated (when compared to the PMN from the reference group), no significant differences could be found between the 4 groups, with regard to the chemiluminescence response means obtained in a basal state or after stimulation.
Long‐time etching at low pH jeopardizes periodontal healing
Authors: Blomlöf J. , Jansson L. , Blomlof L. , Lindskog S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to examine whether the immediate necrotizing effects of low pH etching agents also impair periodontal healing in the long‐term perspective. It was concluded that long‐time etching (3 min) at low pH of root surfaces surrounded by vital periodontal tissues resulted in impaired periodontal healing. In contrast, short‐time etching appeared to promote connective tissue formation by preventing epithelialization of the periodontal wound despite its low pH. However, clinical inferences should be drawn with caution from the present results, since healing results recorded at 8 weeks may not prove to be stable, especially for those cases sensitive to the immediate influence of marginal infection such as connective tissue attachments and epithelial junctions, unless optimal oral hygiene is maintained. Furthermore, the choice of acid may be of importance.
Periodontal pathogens on polytetrafluoroethylene membrane for guided tissue regeneration inhibit healing
Authors: Nowzari Hessam , Matian Fariborz , Slots Jørgen
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study determined the microbial composition of the apical parts of the expanded polytetrafluoroethylene membrane surfaces facing the gingiva and the tooth in guided tissue regeneration. Microbial and clinical features of 2‐to‐3 wall periodontal bony defects treated with membranes with and without concomitant use of systemic Augmentin® therapy were also determined. 18 patients with 18 study sites participated. 9 patients received systemic 500 mg Augmentin 1 h prior to surgery, and 500 mg TID for 8 days thereafter. 9 patients received no systemic antimicrobial therapy. Microbiological examination was performed 1 h prior to surgery, at the time of membrane removal at week 6, and at 6 months post‐surgery. Microbial morphotypes, total viable counts, and the occurrence of selected microbial species were determined by phase‐contrast microscopy, selective and non‐selective culture, and DNA probes. Study sites were examined for probing pocket depths and attachment levels. At baseline, no microbial or clinical parameter showed statistical differences between groups. At 6 months, the Augmentin group demonstrated a significantly higher (P=0.032; Student t‐test) mean probing attachment gain (36.5% of potential gain to the cemento‐enamel junction) than the 9 control patients (22.4% of potential gain). At the time of removal, membranes in the Augmentin group showed significantly fewer organisms than membranes in the control group (52.2×106 versus 488.6×106). Sites free of pathogens on the membrane surface toward the tooth gained the most clinical attachment, even in the presence of various pathogens on the gingiva‐facing membrane surface. Sites with little or no attachment gain demonstrated several periodontal pathogens on both sides of the barrier membrane. The present findings underscore the importance of controlling microbial pathogens in guided tissue regeneration procedures. Pathogens on the tooth‐facing surface of the membrane, in particular, seemed to be a critical determinant on the outcome of guided tissue regeneration and appear essential to control to obtain optimal results.
The influence of endodontic infection on progression of marginal bone loss in periodontitis
Authors: Jansson Leif , Ehnevid Helge , Lindskog Sven , Blomlöf Leif
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to determine magnitude and rate of proximal radiographic attachment loss in relation to endodontic infection in periodontally involved teeth. The investigation was conducted as a retrospective longitudinal study on a periodontitis‐prone randomly selected referral population, including 175 single‐rooted, root‐filled teeth in 133 patients. An observation period of at least 3 years was required. Periapical conditions of the selected sample at baseline and re‐examination were evaluated on radiographs, independently by 3 investigators. Each single‐rooted, root‐filled tooth of the sample was given a score according to the combined registrations. Radio‐graphic attachment level was measured as the distance between the most coronal point of the alveolar bone and the apex at the mesial and distal sides of the tooth, and expressed as relative radiographic attachment level (RRAL) (radio‐graphic attachment level at baseline/root length) at proximal sites for every tooth. Multiple regression analysis was used to study change in RRAL over time. Teeth in periodontitis‐prone patients with progressing periapical pathology indicating a continuous root canal infection were found to lose comparatively more radiographic attachment than teeth with no signs of periapical pathology or teeth with an established periapical destruction which subsided during the observation period. An approximate 3‐fold amplification of the rate of marginal proximal radiographic bone loss by endodontic infection in periodontitis‐prone patients was found with an average 0.19 mm/year, while 0.06 mm/year was lost for teeth without endodontic infection or subsiding endodontic involvement.
The use of plaque area and plaque index to measure the effect of fluoride and chlorhexidine toothpastes on 24‐h plaque regrowth
Authors: Claydonand N. , Addy M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Short‐term methodologies have been developed to screen chemical agents for plaque inhibitory effects. Most measure inhibition of plaque regrowth over several days. A method was described to study agents over 16–24 h periods, although some difficulties with the index used were reported. The aim of this study was to determine whether more conventional plaque scoring methods could be used. These 2 crossover studies measured plaque regrowth over 24 h in 20 subjects and in response to single brushings with either a chlorhexidine and minus active toothpaste or to a fluoride toothpaste product and water. Significantly less plaque had reformed after brushing with the chlorhexidine toothpaste compared with its control and with the fluoride toothpaste compared with water. 18 subjects participated in both studies and using their data for an interstudy comparison, less plaque developed with the chlorhexidine compared with the fluoride toothpaste. These studies had the advantage that longer‐term trials already demonstrated the same differences. This permits one to conclude with some certainty that the 24–h plaque regrowth study design, using conventional measures of plaque accumulation, could be a useful and rapid method of screening potential plaque inhibitory agents and formulations.
The pharmacokinetics of phenytoin in gingival crevicular fluid and plasma in relation to gingival overgrowth
Authors: McLaughlin W. S. , Ball D. E. , Seymour R. A. , Kamali F. , White K.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine whether phenytoin (PHT) could be detected in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and to relate its concentration to both plasma level and degree of gingival overgrowth. 23 patients medicated with phenytoin for at least 6 months were clinically examined for signs of periodontal disease and gingival overgrowth. 12 patients out of these demonstrated clinically significant overgrowth and their plaque scores and gingival inflammation were greater than for the non‐overgrowth group (p<0.001). Phenytoin concentrations were determined by high performance liquid chromatography, and was detected in GCF. There was a significant correlation between the GCF and plasma phenytoin concentrations (p<0.05), but it was not related to the extent of gingival overgrowth. Inflammation increased the GCF volume, but was not a determinant of GCF phenytoin concentration. It is concluded that effusion of phenytoin into GCF is regulated by the plasma levels of the drug, but its concentration in GCF is not related to the incidence of gingival overgrowth.
Effect of chlorhexidine on the adherence properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Grenier Daniel
Published: December 2005

Abstract Chlorhexidine is a bisbiguanide compound that possesses substantive and antibacterial properties. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of chlorhexidine on the adherence of Porphyromonas gingivalis to epithelial cells and erythrocytes. Both pretreatment of bacterial cells with chlorhexidine (>20 μg/ml) and incorporation of chlorhexidine in an adherence assay markedly affected the ability of P. gingivalis to adhere to epithelial cells. Chlorhexidine also strongly inhibited hemagglotination by P. gingivalis. It is suggested that chlorhexidine binds to cells, altering the structural conformation of the outer membrane and reducing adherence. This ability of chlorhexidine to prevent bacterial adherence may represent an additional mechanism by which this antimicrobial agent exerts its beneficial clinical effect when used as an adjunct to periodontal therapy.
Comparative study of plaque and gingivitis prevention by AmF/SnF2 and NaF A clinical and microbiological 9‐month study
Authors: Mengel R. , Wissing E. , Schmitz‐Habben A. , Flores‐de‐Jacoby L.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This comparative clinical 9‐month study was designed to examine the efficacy of amine/stannous fluoride (AmF/SnF2) (Meridol®) and sodium fluoride (NaF I. 150 probands with chronic gingivitis or early signs of periodontitis were divided into? randomised groups. Group 1 was given a NaF toothpaste and an NaF mouthrinse. group 2 AmF/SnF; toothpaste and moulhrinse, and group 3 AmF'SnF; toothpaste and NaF mouthrinse. The probands were examined at intervals (0. 1. 3 and 9 months) under conditions of a clinical double‐blind study. The parameters recorded were the plaque index (PII). the approxinal plaque index (API), the gingival index (GI) and the mod. sulcus bleeding index (SBI). The probing depths IPD) were also measured. The composition of the supragingival plaque was evaluated by dark‐field microscopy, A highly significant reduction in all clinical parameters was recorded in all 3 groups in the course of the study. The most pronounced reduction in PH. API. SB1 and PD was recorded in group 2. In the group comparison, however, no significant differences were recorded. Microbiological examination revealed a highly significant increase in cocci and a decrease in rods in all 3 groups. There was also a significant reduction in spirochetes. filaments and fusiforms in groups 2 and 3. In group 1, there was a significant fall only in fusiforms and small spirochetes, Overall, no significant difference in clinical parameters was recorded in the group comparison. However, the use of AmF/SnF2 toothpaste and mouihrinse (group 21 and. to a lesser degree, the combined use of AmF/SnFi toothpaste and NaF mouthrinse display a favorable microbiological effect. The results from the present double‐blind study reveal a reduction in gingival inflammation and supragingival plaque accumulation with a positive change in plaque flora in all groups. The reduction in potentially gingivopathogenic bacteria was slightly higher in the amine/stannous fluoride group.
A single dimension statistical evaluation of predictors in implant‐overdenture treatment
Authors: Cune M.S. , de Putter C.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This retrospective study aims to identify factors that contribute to either a poor or excellent treatment result in implant‐overdenture treatment. A total of 375 implants, in an equal number of patients were included in the study. A clinical examination was performed by 2 observers. Gingival health and oral hygiene were assessed and additional complications were noted, including implant loss. 2 outcome variables. STATUS1 and STATUS2, were constructed that were different with respect to treatment outcome, representing a poor and an excellent result, respectively. Patient variables such as age, gender, medical status and prosthetic history were collected pre‐operatively with a questionnaire. Life table analyses were used to test subsets of patient and treatment variables for differences in survival distribution, both for poor or excellent results. With regard to predictors of poor results: implants in the upper jaw were associated with a poorer outcome than those placed in the lower jaw (p=0.01). When more than 2 implants were placed, the quality of survival was also impaired (p=0.03). Interestingly, implants in patients with a self‐proclaimed history of tooth loss due to periodontitis appear to have a far poorer treatment outcome than implants placed in patients without such a history (p=0.01). No other variables could be related to a poor result after 3 years. None of the variables could predict an excellent treatment outcome.
The effect of mouthrinses containing zinc and triclosan on plaque accumulation, development of gingivitis and formation of calculus in a 28‐week clinical test
Authors: Schaeken M.J. M. , van der Hoeven J.S. , Saxton C. A. , Cummins D.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Experimental mouthrinses containing 0.4% zinc sulphate and 0.15% triclosan, which differed in base formulations were compared to a commercially available non‐active control mouthrinse. Following baseline clinical examinations for plaque, gingival bleeding and calculus, the volunteers were provided with a dental prophylaxis and given oral hygiene instruction, stratified into 3 groups and given 1 of 3 mouthrinses. Further clinical assessments were performed after 4. 16 and 28 weeks. Salivary mutans streptococci were also monitored during the study. At 4 weeks, plaque and calculus scores in all groups were low compared to baseline. During the remainder of the study, these improvements were not maintained and both plaque and calculus levels increased in all groups. Plaque was significantly lower (p<0.05) than in the control at all time points. Calculus was significantly lower at week 28 for experimental mouthrinse group 2. Gingival bleeding also decreased in the initial 4 weeks but increased thereafter in the control group. In contrast, gingival bleeding was significantly (p<0.05) lower in the two experimental groups than in the control group. No significant changes in mutans streptococci were observed.