bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Greater Impact of Coexistence of Hypertension and Diabetes on Silent Cerebral Infarcts
Authors: Eguchi Kazuo , Kario Kazuomi , Shimada Kazuyuki
Published: September 2003

Background and Purpose—

Silent cerebral infarcts (SCIs), often found in the elderly and hypertensives, have been proposed as an indicator of poorer cerebrovascular prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and determinants of SCI in hypertensives with or without diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods—

We studied 360 asymptomatic hypertensive subjects with or without DM (mean age, 67.4 years; range, 41 to 88 years). We performed 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring and brain MRI. The subjects were classified into a diabetic hypertension group with DM (DHT, n=159) or a non-DM hypertension group (non-DHT, n=201).

Results—

SCIs (presence of ≥1) were found in 82% of the DHT and 58% of the non-DHT (
P
<0.001) group; multiple SCIs (the presence of ≥3) were found in 62% of the DHT and 35% of the non-DHT group (
P
<0.001); and 24-hour ambulatory BP levels were comparable between groups. DM was a powerful determinant of both SCIs (odds ratio [OR], 2.95;
P
<0.01) and multiple SCIs (OR, 3.05;
P
<0.001) independently of age and 24-hour systolic BP, whereas only multiple SCIs were associated with 24-hour systolic BP. When patients were subclassified by ambulatory BP and the presence of DM (sustained hypertension [SHT]+DM, white-coat hypertension [WCHT]+DM, SHT, and WCHT groups), the prevalence of SCI and multiple SCIs was higher in the SHT+DM than in the SHT group, and only multiple SCIs were higher in the WCHT+DM than the WCHT group.

Conclusions—

Diabetes was the major determinant of SCIs in both SHT and WCHT.
C-Reactive Protein Predicts Further Ischemic Events in First-Ever Transient Ischemic Attack or Stroke Patients With Intracranial Large-Artery Occlusive Disease
Authors: Arenillas Juan F. , Álvarez-Sabín José , Molina Carlos A. , Chacón Pilar , Montaner Joan , Rovira Álex , Ibarra Bernardo , Quintana Manuel
Published: September 2003

Background and Purpose—

The role of inflammation in intracranial large-artery occlusive disease is unclear. We sought to investigate the relationship between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and the risk of further ischemic events in first-ever transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke patients with intracranial large-artery occlusive disease.

Methods—

Of a total of 127 consecutive first-ever TIA or ischemic stroke patients with intracranial stenoses detected by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography, 71 fulfilled all inclusion criteria, which included angiographic confirmation. Serum high-sensitivity CRP level was determined a minimum of 3 months after the qualifying event. Patients were followed up during 1 year after blood sampling.

Results—

Thirteen patients (18.3%) with intracranial large-artery occlusive disease experienced an end point event: 9 cerebral ischemic events, 7 of which were attributable to intracranial large-artery occlusive disease, and 4 myocardial infarctions. Patients in the highest quintile of high-sensitivity CRP level had a significantly higher adjusted odds ratio for new events compared with those in the first quintile (odds ratio, 8.66; 95% CI, 1.39 to 53.84;
P
=0.01). A high-sensitivity CRP level above the receiver operating characteristic curve cutoff value of 1.41 mg/dL emerged as an independent predictor of new end point events (hazard ratio, 7.14; 95% CI, 1.77 to 28.73;
P
=0.005) and of further intracranial large-artery occlusive disease-related ischemic events (hazard ratio, 30.67; 95% CI, 3.6 to 255.5;
P
=0.0015), after adjustment for age, sex, and risk factors. Kaplan-Meier curves showed that a significantly lower proportion of patients with a high-sensitivity CRP >1.41 mg/dL remained free of a new ischemic event (
P
<0.0001).

Conclusions—

High-sensitivity CRP serum level predicts further intracranial large-artery occlusive disease-related and any major ischemic events in patients with first-ever TIA or stroke with intracranial large-artery occlusive disease. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that inflammation may be involved in the progression and complication of intracranial large-artery occlusive disease.
The Cortical Ischemic Core and Not the Consistently Present Penumbra Is a Determinant of Clinical Outcome in Acute Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion
Authors: Jovin Tudor G. , Yonas Howard , Gebel James M. , Kanal Emanuel , Chang Yue Fang , Grahovac Stephen Z. , Goldstein Steven , Wechsler Lawrence R.
Published: September 2003

Background and Purpose—

Patient selection for acute stroke therapy based on physiology rather than on time may lead to expansion of the therapeutic window, improved outcomes, and fewer side effects than currently achieved. This approach requires early determination of both irreversible (core) and reversible (penumbra) ischemia in acute stroke.

Methods—

Using established perfusion thresholds, we characterized the relationship among core, penumbra, and brain tissue perfused above penumbral thresholds (non-core/non-penumbra [NC/NP]) in 36 patients with middle cerebral artery (MCA) stem occlusion who underwent quantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) assessment with xenon-enhanced CT within 6 hours of symptom onset. Results were expressed as percentage of core, percentage of penumbra, or percentage of NC/NP relative to the ipsilateral cortical MCA territory and were correlated with clinical and radiological variables and with clinical outcomes.

Results—

While great variability in the mean±SD percentage of core (37.6±18.7) and NC/NP (30.3±16.6) was observed, the percentage of penumbra was relatively constant from individual to individual, constituting approximately one third of the cortical MCA territory (32.1±7). In univariable and multivariable analyses, percent core and not percent penumbra was significantly associated with outcome.

Conclusions—

In acute MCA occlusion, penumbra is consistently present within a relatively narrow range, despite great variability in the size of core. This may explain why the core and not the penumbra is the main determinant of outcome in our group of patients. Recanalization therapy in acute MCA occlusion should ideally be guided by diagnostic methods capable of rapidly and reliably identifying irreversible ischemia.
Current developments
Authors: Alves Anabela Atanásio
Published: September 2003

The Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstić, Case No. IT-98-33-T, Trial Judgement 2 August 2001
ESDP and NATO
Authors: Howorth Jolyon
Published: September 2003

The debate over NATO's future intensified after the Prague summit in November 2002 when the Alliance was deemed to have given itself a global role in the war on terror through the creation of the NATO Response Force (NRF). However, squabbles inside the Alliance over Iraq and continuing uncertainties about the potential future role of NATO forces `out of area' re-launched the debate in the spring of 2003. Experts remain bitterly divided between the `NATO is Dead' school and the `NATO Rides Again' schools. One key to the future lies in the viability of the NRF as a form of glue, which can hold the EU member state, and the US together. Prague heralded a new honeymoon between the two sides of the Atlantic, but both political and military problems confront attempts to operationalize any matchmaking role for the NRF. Meanwhile, ESDP continues to make steady progress towards its own `Headline Goal' of military forces. Whether NATO as an alliance or ESDP as an autonomous political-military project will become the priority concern of the individual EU member states depends in large measure on the future course of EU-US relations and on unforeseen `events', but in the current climate it is difficult to express optimism about a renewed harmonious partnership between the two sides of the Atlantic.
Convergence or Resilience? A Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of the Welfare Regimes in Advanced Countries
Authors: Saint-Arnaud Sébastien , Bernard Paul
Published: September 2003

Following the seminal work of Esping-Andersen, many studies have identified a variety of welfare regimes in Western Europe and North America. This study examines a set of quantitative social indicators, using hierarchical cluster analysis, in order to identify such regimes, which display specific arrangements between markets, the state and families in the production and distribution of the resources required for the well-being of people. Indeed, these empirical analyses reveal the existence of the three regimes originally identified by Esping-Andersen - social-democratic, liberal, and conservative - to which one must add, as many authors had pointed out, a fourth, distinct from the latter, the Latin regime. These results pertain whether one turns to data from the 1980s or the 1990s. The data also reveal strong and durable relations of presumably mutual causality between the configuration of social programmes in the various societies under analysis, the social situations which largely result from these social programmes and, lastly, the level of civic participation which leads (or not) people to collective mobilization, which in turn shapes social programmes. The authors' comparative analysis allows them to identify Canada's place in the worlds of welfare capitalism.
Terrorism: A Positive Feedback Game
Authors: Douglas Mary , Mars Gerald
Published: September 2003

This article offers an approach to political systems in enclaves (i.e. closed, dissident minorities) from the standpoint of Cultural Theory; it seeks to identify different kinds of organized dissent, as well as the constraints facing them, most especially those deriving from manipulation and control of information. In this latter case, the resulting choices have implications with regard to both structure and behaviour, which defy all explanations that are based exclusively on the personalities of members or leaders. This approach provides a means of classifying and subdividing enclaves, and proposes, in so doing, a bimodal developmental schema with four forks. The first fork examines demographic security: it focuses on concerns regarding defection, and on the means of controlling information. The second considers internal organization, as well as alternatives to defection. The third fork, on external relations, looks into the alternative steps that are available in order to control factionalism and negotiations with the outside. Finally, the fourth fork explores the availability and control of resources (funds as well as military equipment), and the different effects these have on central vs. peripheral autonomy, as well as with regard to the nature of reconciliation. A close examination of how information is shaped by institutions shows that the behaviour and personal attitudes of enclavists are largely defined by the constraints imposed on the options that are available to them. It is not the personalities of members but these constraints that ultimately channel their understanding.
Cyberspace as Potential Space: Considering the Web as a Playground to Cyber-Flirt
Authors: Whitty Monica T. , Carr Adrian N.
Published: September 2003

This article compares traditional offline flirting with cyber-flirting. We begin by providing a definition of offline flirting, which we follow up with our own elaboration of cyber-flirting. The article then draws from psychoanalytic theory, in particular Winnicott's object-relations theory, to propose that cyber-flirting can be a form of play. While this is not an empirical study, we do attempt to present a theoretical framework for the conception of cyberspace. In presenting this framework, we draw from past qualitative and quantitative studies on Internet relationships. We emphasize the problems with past researchers' obsessive attention to the absence of the body online, and suggest that new theorizing on Internet relationships needs to consider how the body is re-constructed. We propose that cyberspace can be what Winnicott would describe as a `potential space' for play, and this particularly applies to online spaces such as MUDs, MOOs and chat rooms. In addition, we suggest that cyber-flirting may promote psychological growth, but it may also become a destructive and exploitative behaviour directed towards `others'. We conclude by pointing out the therapeutic implications of considering cyber-flirting as a form of play. It is intended that this article may assist our conceptualization of this under-researched area of cyber-interactions.
Pour Une Sociologie Des “Modernités Religieuses Multiples”: Une Autre Approche De La “Religion Invisible” Des Sociétés Européennes
Authors: Hervieu-Leger Danièle
Published: September 2003

The notion of “invisible religion” is an integral part of the set of theoretical tools that had a decisive impact in the shaping of the classical theory of secularization. It specifically fits the religious trajectory of European societies that built their political modernity in the very long term, by exempting themselves from the supervision of religion. Beyond the extreme diversity of national histories, this historical trajectory formed the matrix of a typical (and relatively homogeneous) modernization process that implies the privatization of religion, the proliferation of individualized small transcendences, and a sharp decline in the social and cultural influence of religious institutions. Starting with the concept defined by Luckmann, the author suggests changing the approach of the process of the “invisibilization” of religion in Europe, by focusing the cultural-encoding function of religion which operates in a completely different manner, but just as powerfully, in all European countries. This approach could open the way to a sociological (both genealogical and “geological”) description of the multiple religious modernities that make up the composition of the so-called “Eurosecularity”.
Invisible Religion or Diffused Religion in Italy?
Authors: Cipriani Roberto
Published: September 2003

The publication of The Invisible Religion by Thomas Luckmann inspired conflicting judgements. It was hard to accept the idea of religion in terms of modern approaches, thus overturning a series of defining schemas of religion. It has really not been subjected to a screening by specific field research. When this has occurred in a partial sense, there has been evidence of a certain gap between the abstractness of the theory and the concreteness of empirical data. Actually historically organized and consolidated religions are still active and dominant. Luckmann's thesis is very useful at the methodological level provided we do not force the terms of his concluding argument so as to make it universally and aprioristically valid. Probably at the root of the resistance of visible, or more exactly, diffused, religion is the fact that in Italy there is a situation different from that where religion is not generally and successfully transmitted through the basic socialization procedures.
Alternative Things Considered: A Political Economic Analysis of Labour Processes and Relations at a Honolulu Alternative Newspaper
Authors: Gibbs Patricia L.
Published: September 2003

The `alternative' media realm, formed as a result of the social and civil rights movements of the 1960s and recommended by some critical media analyses, aims to provide a counterbalance to more mainstream media. Drawing on the work of Herman and Chomsky, and Giddens, this article maps out the parameters of one alternative newspaper organization located in Honolulu, Hawai'i from the perspective of those who work there. Using a political-economic lens, the article focuses on the enabling and constraining conditions of employment at the Honolulu Weekly and, in turn, helps us to understand more fully the dilemma of `alternative' news work, news organizations, their institutional arrangements and dominant societal arrangements.
Reason, Society and Religion
Authors: Wallace Andy
Published: September 2003

I have two main objectives in this essay: (1) to situate the events of 11 September within the context of the impact of modernization on religious consciousness and institutions; and (2) to suggest, albeit without adequate empirical support, that militant Islamic opposition to the West in general and the United States in particular is itself an effect of the peculiar path of modernization that has unfolded in the Gulf region of the Middle East over the last 200 years. To develop my argument, I draw upon Habermas's theory of social evolution. Since this strategy requires explaining the key components of that theory, I devote a good part of the article to this task.

The paper has five parts. In parts one and two, I criticize competing explanations of the events of 11 September from left, right and center. All these positions fail in one way or another to take seriously the religious significance of those events. In part three, I explain the six central dimensions of Habermas's theory of social evolution: (1) communicative rationality; (2) communicative action; (3) life-world; (4) system; (5) social typology; and (6) the systemic colonization of the life-world. In part four, I examine the relation between religion and modernity. In part five, I examine the modernization processes in the Gulf region of the Middle East. Empirical evidence tentatively suggests that such a process has been one-dimensional, focusing on systemic complexity to the detriment of the communicative rationalization of the life-world. Such evidence also indicates the existence of widespread systemic colonization of the life-world. If the empirical data are correct, then we can explain the emergence of extreme militant Islamic fundamentalism as an effect of a retarded development of those socio-political structures necessary for the realization of communicative rationality.
The Struggle for Recognition in the Philosophy of Axel Honneth, Applied to the Current South African Situation and its Call for an `African Renaissance'
Authors: Presbey Gail M.
Published: September 2003

The paper applies insights from Axel Honneth's recent book, The Struggle for Recognition, to the South African situation. Honneth argues that most movements for justice are motivated by individuals' and groups' felt need for recognition. In the larger debate over the relative importance of recognition compared with distribution, a debate framed by Taylor and Fraser, Honneth is presented as the best of both worlds. His tripartite schema of recognition on the levels of love, rights and solidarity, explains how concerns for equality and difference are two separate needs, even though both must be satisfied. Past and ongoing struggles in South Africa can be understood as struggles for recognition. The African Renaissance itself, to be successful, must address economic and recognition issues simultaneously.
Foucault and the Politics of Difference
Authors: Trainor Brian T.
Published: September 2003

In this article I consider Foucault's credentials as a postmodern `champion' of the `politics of difference'. First, however, I note that the familiar expression `the postmodern politics of difference' is in fact self-contradictory, or at least it is a contradiction in terms (1) if we concede that the ongoing ethical/normative task confronting politics is the unifying or synthesizing of differences and (2) if we accept, with pleasure or dismay, that postmodernism exhibits a profoundly suspicious attitude towards this ethical task and towards moral principles and normative positions generally. I then ask whether or not Foucault adopted a normative position that could provide the necessary ethical support for a `politics of difference'. I argue that it is possible to find an element of genuine normativity in Foucault's work (of the kind required for a `politics of difference') by considering his views on the role of the intellectual, on the font of legitimacy, on grand theory and on essence. I also consider the work of some well-known recent commentators on Foucault (Judith Butler, William Connolly and John Ransom) who discuss this normative/political dimension of his work.
Stocking's Historiography of Influence
Authors: Castañeda Quetzil E.
Published: September 2003

This article is a critical assessment of George Stocking's historiography of influence and his genealogy of Boasian anthropology. Specifically, Stocking argues that Gamio and Redfield and the research projects and forms of anthropology associated with them were influenced by Boas and/or manifested and participated in, what his analyses constitute as, the Boasian school, tradition or paradigm. This contribution to the historiography of the field of anthropology has two objectives. First, the article provides a critique of the attribution of influence, in general, and of Boasian influence in relation to the anthropologies of Gamio and Redfield. Second, the article assesses Stocking's argument for the conceptual unity of the Boasian `tradition' and `paradigm', and suggests an alternative concept, that of disciplinary modality. The article concludes with a discussion of Lomnitz's assessment of the mutual interdependency yet studied blindness between the Mexican and Anglo traditions of North American anthropology.
Braving Homelessness on the Ethnographic Street with Irene Glasser and Rae Bridgman
Authors: Madden Mary
Published: September 2003

Epistemological concerns about the construction and theorization of `the homeless' in relation to `the street' form the basis of this extended review of Irene Glasser and Rae Bridgman's Braving the Street: The Anthropology of Homelessness. Glasser and Bridgman promote their brand of anthropology as an effective means of generating insights into, and policy on, homelessness. Their interventions echo the contradictions of a liberal capitalist discourse that advocates the minimization of state intervention and maximization of individual autonomy for affluent citizens while extending a multiplicity of disciplinary means of state intervention into the lives of the impoverished. Glasser and Bridgman locate their `holistic', `ecological' approach within a dominant tradition of ethnography of poverty on one's doorstep from Tally's Corner onwards. I argue that Glasser and Bridgman's work is in keeping with a tradition that serves to exoticize the poor with the authority of empirical science. They reproduce a temporally and culturally distanced version of `the homeless' as highly modern yet primitivized objects of study that serves to flatter the anthropologist. The review takes seriously the idea that discourse is constitutive and has material effects for the self and `the Other' and so is particularly critical of Glasser and Bridgman's foundationalist approach to research as a means to depict and explain a given `reality' that reconstructs an untenable one-to-one relationship between reality and representation.
Migrant Remittances and (Under)Development in Mexico
Authors: Binford Leigh
Published: September 2003

This article examines two heuristically defined positions regarding the relationship between international migration and rural economic development in Mexico: the `structuralist' or `historical structuralist' position of the 1970s and early 1980s that argued that remittances do not lead to rural economic development; and the `functionalist' position of the 1990s that argued the opposite. The author critiques systematically the functionalist position, then situates it politically in the context of failed neoliberal economic policies. He argues for the need to study international migration as a total social process, that takes into account the comparative impact of migrant labor on the US and Mexican economies. Despite its subordination of social actors to determining social structures, the structural approach offers a better starting point for a reformulated approach to the social and economic consequences of international migration in the contemporary world.
A Working Conference on Professional and Managerial Dilemmas Working in and with Organizations: Building Bridges between Group Analysis and Organizations
Authors: Spero Marlene
Published: September 2003

This paper describes a working conference `Professional and Managerial Dilemmas Working in and with Organizations' that has been run annually since 1995 at the Institute of Group Analysis with the specific objective of building a bridge between group analysis and organizational consultancy.
An Interview with Diego Napolitani
Authors: Tapparo Maria Luisa
Published: September 2003

This paper takes the form of the verbatim content of an interview with Diego Napolitani. It focuses on developments in group analysis, both in theory and practice, and how these relate to training and supervision. The author reports on Diego Napolitani's views on changes he has witnessed in patients, in groups and changing trends over the past 40 years, as well as looking ahead to what group analysis can offer today's society.
Practice-Based Evidence for a Brief Time-Intensive Multi-Modal Therapy Guided by Group-Analytic Principles and Method
Authors: Conway Sally , Audin Kerry , Barkham Michael , Mellor-Clark John , Russell Sara
Published: September 2003

Group analysts are increasingly being called upon to provide effectiveness evidence, which may be critical to the development of group analysis as a therapeutic intervention in National Health Service provision of psychotherapies. This article describes a practice-based outcomes research initiative conducted in a time-limited group-analytic programme. The research was manageable and informative for profiling patients before therapy, recording benefits during therapy, and measuring outcomes at the end of the programme. Results suggest that the therapeutic programme is effective in terms of yielding decreased symptoms and improved mental health, but longer follow-up is needed to measure benefits in interpersonal functioning. The research was conducted by clinicians in collaboration with academic researchers and demonstrates the benefits of a positive clinician-researcher relationship. Carrying out the research has helped the clinicians to address the national agenda of evidence-based practice and accountability.
George Seddon and Karl Marx: Nature and Second Nature
Authors: Beilharz Peter
Published: September 2003

Nature and society are dichotomized in much discussion in critical theory or science, largely because of the want of a satisfactory way to connect or combine the problems and prospects involved. Yet the interconnection is nowhere more apparent than in the idea of the social or cultural, or capitalism as second nature. This article, developed from the opening lecture for the Thesis Eleven Conference `Landprints Over Boundaries: in Honour of George Seddon', compares Marx and Seddon on nature and second nature, in order to suggest points of contact and traffic between Seddon's project and that of critical theory, not least with reference to problems of place and the peculiarities of the antipodes. How to connect the two? Marx shifts from the anthropological and historical to the more abstract concerns with capital as second nature; Seddon remains more inquisi-tive, empirical, though comparative and cosmopolitan in nature. Reading the two projects together is an interesting exercise in orientation for critical theory today.
Simultanagnosia, Sense of Place and the Garden Idea
Authors: Crozier Michael
Published: September 2003

A pervasive theme in George Seddon's extensive oeuvre is sense of place. Over a number of decades he has explored and reworked the conceptual and phenomenological aspects of this theme. This article takes its cue from Seddon's more recent critical observations on sense of place and considers the temporal and spatial dimensions of everyday experience in the informational age. Recent trends in gardening and garden theory are examined in the context of certain pathologies associated with this experience, and in particular cultural simultanagnosia: `unable to see the forest for the trees'. A key argument is that as contemporary experience tends to differentiate into discrete modules there is paradoxically also a tendency to reengage with the ecocultural world in the form of place-making, in symbolic performances of milieu.
Hormonal Hierarchy
Authors: Elson Jean
Published: September 2003

Gynecological surgery prompts women to consider the meanings of their uteruses and ovaries, generally taken for granted as “natural” components of female bodies. Analysis of 44 in-depth interviews with women who underwent hysterectomy indicates that a preponderance of respondents conceptualized a socially constructed hormonal hierarchy based on the degree to which ovaries were excised in the course of surgery. While retained ovaries may not always produce actual physiological benefits, respondents placed great symbolic value on ovaries (or parts of ovaries) as the source of female normality. This reflects cultural understandings that hormones produced by the ovaries are the essential determinants of sexual difference. The interweaving of social constructionist and biological perspectives in respondents' narratives helps to elucidate the complicated interaction between the material body and the social body.
Columns! the Good, the Bad, the Best
Authors: Shrimsley Bernard
Published: September 2003

Would the Daily Mail be quite as tasty without Peter McKay, the most piquant of sauceboxes? Or sans saucy Lynda Lee-Potter, saucy Keith Waterhouse or saucy Simon Heffer? Would The Sun without Richard Littlejohn? Would The Times without its op-ed sauciers, Libby Purves, Simon Jenkins, William Rees-Mogg and Anatole Kaletsky? The Sunday Express was never the same once John Junor moved to serve up his Auchtermuchty relish at The Mail on Sunday. And too many lip-smacking flavours disappeared from the Daily Express with the loss, one after another, of George Gale, Jon Akass, Jean Rook and Peter Hitchens.
Can Alastair Open Closed Doors?
Authors: Jones Nicholas
Published: September 2003

In answering a cry for help from the Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan I found myself in the unexpected position of becoming a temporary spin-doctor for Alastair Campbell. My task was to publicise the action of the British government in granting overseas journalists access to the political correspondents' lobby at Westminster. News of Campbell's unilateral decision to open up Downing Street lobby briefings to foreign journalists and specialist reporters has been greeted with delight by the 400 overseas journalists based in Tokyo. They are making a renewed attempt to persuade the authorities to relax Japan's closed system of government and commercial briefings.
Innocence Abroad
Authors: Rubenstein Sondra M , Lahav Tamar
Published: September 2003

We had come to Nepal prepared to teach the basics of reporting and public relations skills to novice journalists who had no understanding of the Western belief in the power of the press. Little did we know at the time that in Kathmandu a small group of those registered for the course would use the opportunity to argue passionately for freedom of the press, the issue they felt was at the heart of their journalistic problems. By freedom of the press, they meant the right to criticise the corrupt politicians who appear to have no concern for Nepal's poor, and only disdain for those who oppose them.
The Time of Confession: Lyotard on Augustine
Authors: Curtis Neal
Published: September 2003

Lyotard’s essay on Augustine crystallizes his earlier meditations on ethics. Primarily it is a study of time. Firstly Lyotard returns to Augustine’s consideration of the present as an unpresentable now. Secondly, he challenges the desire of the confessant to complete himself and overcome ‘the delay’ set in place by his constitution through the Other. However, to guard against the solipsism threatened by Lyotard’s interpretation the article complements it with a Bakhtinian analysis of confession. In this sense a dialogic moment is introduced and worked through in relation to the principle of charity as it relates to the time of confession.
The Impact of Different Rosters on Employee Work and Non-Work
Authors: Baker Angela , Roach Gregory , Ferguson Sally , Dawson Drew
Published: September 2003

Australian organizations are extending the 8-hour shift in response to market demands. The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of working time arrangements on employees who work shiftwork. A survey was developed to investigate preferred work and non-work time and to determine the potential impact of two rosters (mining and transport). A total of 256 shiftworkers working either 8-or 12-hour shifts were matched on age, gender, marital and parenting status. Both groups placed higher value on work time during the day, Monday to Friday and preferred weekend work to night work. Furthermore, the two imposed rosters suggest that the benefits cited concerning 12-hour rosters and social time are more a reduction in the loss of preferred time than an absolute gain.
Testing Zimbardo’s Stanford Time Perspective Inventory (STPI) - Short Form
Authors: D’Alessio Marisa , Guarino Angela , De Pascalis Vilfredo , Zimbardo Philip G.
Published: September 2003

In the present study the psychometric properties of the Stanford Time Perspective Inventory (STPI - short version) are assessed in an Italian sample. Factorial analysis of STPI items was performed on 1507 respondents (965 women and 542 men). Results showed a clear correspondence between factorial components and a priori hypothesized dimensions by evidencing three factors (Future, Hedonistic Present, Fatalistic Present). Italian translation of the STPI indicates a fair degree of internal consistency and good metrological characteristics. The present results parallel those previously reported for an American sample. The present study, however, failed in evidencing the ‘Past’ as a factor in the factor structure. The results are discussed in terms of individual differences with respect to the relationships between demographic variables and temporal dimensions.
The Silence of Words: On Terror and War
Authors: Beck Ulrich
Published: September 2003

The terrorist resistance against globalization has had an effect directly counter to its aims: It has introduced a new era of globalization. In this new form of globalization, the focus is not on the obsolescence of the state as the sole form of the political, but rather on the transnational reinvention of the political through networking and cooperation. The violence of 11 September 2001 stands for the failure of traditional state-based concepts like `war' and `peace', `friend' and `foe', `war' and `crime' to seize, analyse and propose approaches to the new geopolitical reality. We live, think and act in terms of concepts that are historically obsolete but that nonetheless continue to govern our thinking and acting. This article seeks to name the silence of certain concepts and to measure the distance between concept and reality by bringing the concept of `risk society' to bear on the new problems that face us in the `global risk society'.
Public Diplomacy and the OSCE in the Age of Post-International Politics: The Case of the Field Mission in Croatia
Authors: Merlingen Michael , Mujić Zenet
Published: September 2003

The article argues against the widespread view that OSCE long-term missions should be constrained in their use of public diplomacy. The case rests on arguments that link the emergence of post-international politics to the need for a transformation of diplomatic practices. Missions need to engage in more and better public diplomacy because, in their host countries, subnational actors have the capacity to derail (or advance) the implementation of OSCE standards, even if national governments support (or oppose) mission goals. Diplomats who operate in such an environment cannot confine themselves to mission-to-government communication in their attempts to promote international security through domestic reforms. To illustrate the argument that missions have to reach out to local audiences in order to be effective agents of domestic change, a case study of the mission to Croatia is presented. Shortcomings in the mission's approach are pointed out, and it is argued that recent improvements in the implementation of OSCE standards are related to changes in the mission's diplomatic practices. In the conclusion, the article identifies steps the OSCE can take to enable and encourage missions to pursue more and better public diplomacy.
Capitalizing on Difference: A Security Community or/as a Western Project
Authors: Möller Frank
Published: September 2003

The development of a security community in the north of Europe has been made difficult by two trends that could be observed throughout the 1990s. On the analytical level, a shift of emphasis from compatible to common values has substantially altered the original conception of a security community. Applied to Europe's north, this has been accompanied by calls for adaptation by the former socialist part of the region to norms and values prescribed by the West. This may result in a weak internalization of norms and values that, in turn, may be insufficient for the development of the sense of community necessary to a security community. On the policy level, what has already been achieved in regard to a security community's core value - peaceful change - seems to have been frequently underestimated, in particular with respect to the achievements of the Russian Federation. Taken together, both trends have resulted in an underestimation of the steps already taken towards security community-building in the north of Europe.
Conspiring to Run
Authors: Mewett Peter G.
Published: September 2003

Women's athletics commenced about 60 years after the start of the men's sport. Women's involvement in athletics was held back by the medical and general views that this was a strenuous sport requiring a level of exertion beyond the biological capabilities of female bodies. Their difficult initiation into athletics occurred under male gaze; they encountered opposition from the public, the medical profession and from the male-controlled athletics organizations. A serious participation in athletics requires significant exertion and dedicated training. While the prevailing view was that moderate physical exercise without strain enhanced women's health, the exertion required for athletics was deemed to be potentially dangerous. Within essentialist views of gender, women's involvement in athletics was thought to have implications for their nurturing and domestic roles. When the pioneer women athletes tried to excel, they were said to be straining themselves and their participation in the sport was brought into question. By using theoretical insights drawn mostly from Foucault, training manuals from the early decades of women's athletics and material from interviews with some of the first English female athletes are examined to investigate the attitudes of both genders to women in athletics and to analyse how they circumvented the potential veto of their sport by men.
Sport as a Drug and Drugs in Sport
Authors: Dunning Eric , Waddington Ivan
Published: September 2003

This article seeks, first, to suggest that relations between `drug users' and members of the wider society have many of the features of an `established-outsider' figuration as defined by Elias; second, to examine aspects of the complex interrelationships between sport and the consumption of alcohol. In this regard, reference is made to the long-standing Epicurean/Dionysian and Stoical/Puritanical conceptions of sport and to the consumption of alcohol in leisure-gemeinschaften. Third, the article seeks to examine some aspects of the increasing use of `sport in the community' schemes as a means of combating the use of drugs by young people and, fourth, to look at some of the ways in which participation in sport might itself be considered, in a loose sense, as a kind of `drug'.
Symptoms Experienced During Menopausal Transition: Korean Women in South Korea and the United States
Authors: Im Eun-Ok
Published: September 2003

This article reports on cultural influences on symptoms experienced during menopausal transition of Korean women in South Korea and Korean immigrant women in the United States. Data from independent studies of two groups of Korean women were triangulated and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The analysis indicated that Korean women in South Korea tended to report more symptoms than Korean immigrant women in the United States. Types and severity of prevalent symptoms were also found to be different between the two groups. The findings suggest that recent introduction of menopausal industries in South Korea and contextual influences on Korean women's work and immigration in the United States would be the reason for differences. Based on the findings, implications for future research are proposed.
A Study of Resilience in Young Ethiopian Famine Survivors
Authors: Lothe Ellen Alexandra , Heggen Kristin
Published: September 2003

We studied resilience related to childhood experiences of famine in Ethiopia. We sought an understanding of how young Ethiopians survived and coped with the devastating effects of famine. Participant observations and in-depth interviews at an orphanage in Addis Ababa with eight boys and girls (ages 18 to 23), survivors from famine catastrophe in Ethiopia 1984-1985, were conducted. Significant resilience factors identified were faith and hope, having a living relative, and having memories of one's past roots. Exposure to famine and multiple early losses may have long-term effects on an individual's capacity to maintain resilience. We discuss how an understanding of resilience can be applied in different cultural settings. Future research on resilience in Africa is suggested to increase our knowledge base of this concept.
Problems of Democratizing Global Governance: Time, Space and the Emancipatory Process
Authors: Patomäki Heikki
Published: September 2003

David Held's model of cosmopolitan democracy is thus far the most articulate response to the quest to democratize global governance. After criticizing the territoriality, Eurocentrism and linearity of proposed cosmopolitan democracy, I argue that a necessary condition for a global democratization is the development of a global, and pluralist, security community. Therefore it is imperative to tackle questions of who `we' are and where `we' are heading, and also to address explicitly the problem of cultural violence. Further, I argue against totalizing blueprints that are not grounded in realist analysis of the relevant context, concrete embodied actors, social relations and mechanisms, and transformative possibilities. Finally, in terms of space, democratic alternatives should not automatically follow the logic of territoriality. With a post-colonial globalist consciousness, we should work for new forms of democratic governance, new forms of democratic participation, representation and accountability, in the context of radically open world history. Concrete utopias can also be innovative.
Peacekeeping and the Constraints of Global Culture
Authors: Paris Roland
Published: September 2003

Why do peacekeeping agencies, such as the United Nations, pursue certain strategies and not others? Most accounts suggest that peace-keeping mandates reflect the interests of major parties, along with perceptions of how effectively certain strategies will accomplish the goals of peacekeeping. This article argues that another factor — the international normative environment, sometimes called `global culture' — also shapes the design of peacekeeping operations in fundamental ways. Peacekeeping agencies seem predisposed to adopt strategies that conform with global culture, and to reject strategies that they view as normatively inappropriate, even if the rejected strategies are potentially more likely to accomplish the goals of peacekeeping. Changes in the international norms have been accompanied by corresponding shifts in peacekeeping policy; and UN officials have summarily rejected certain proposals for more effective peacekeeping, including the idea of establishing a new trusteeship system, on largely normative grounds. These observations suggest that global culture limits the range of possible policies that peacekeepers can realistically pursue.
Resistance to Evaluation
Authors: Taut Sandy , Brauns Dieter
Published: September 2003

Programme evaluators frequently encounter resistance from individuals affected by evaluation. Resistance occurs throughout the evaluation process, from the inception of an evaluation to the utilization of its findings. This article addresses possible psychological explanations for such resistance. The objectives of the article are: to provide a review of the relevant evaluation literature; to offer a theoretical analysis of social (and organizational) psychological concepts (e.g. control, reactance, competition, etc.) with regard to their explanatory value for the resistance phenomenon; and to derive strategies on how to deal effectively with resistance. In order to investigate the empirical legitimacy of the proposed theoretical explanations, we conducted a study asking 21 expert evaluation practitioners about their views on the plausibility and practical relevance of the suggested psychological explanations.
Evidence, Understanding and Complexity
Authors: Barnes Marian , Matka Elizabeth , Sullivan Helen
Published: September 2003

This article discusses the challenges associated with the evaluation of complex policy initiatives, focusing on one element of the national evaluation of Health Action Zones in England: Building Capacity for Collaboration. It describes the multiple dimensions of complexity that characterize HAZs and considers the limitations of the Theory of Change approach in encompassing the diverse change processes that HAZs seek to promote. Drawing on social constructionist perspectives and from both complexity theory and new institutional theory, the authors propose that evaluators need not only to be able to work with change theories generated within such complex programmes, but also to apply `higher level' theory to an understanding of the way such programmes develop. They argue that the role of evaluators in `telling the story' is an important part of the evaluation challenge in such contexts.
Towards an Evaluation of the Effects of Laws
Authors: Sverdrup Sidsel
Published: September 2003

This article addresses the utilization of time-series data of complaints in evaluating the effects of laws and regulations. Information on complaints is a frequently used data source in consumer research, especially in research on consumer satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Often such data exist as time-series data, and in the case of laws, the time-series data available usually are time-series of numerical data. On the basis of such data, in combination with the development of a set of evaluation criteria, and utilizing principles from goal evaluation, the possibilities of evaluation are discussed. This article is a methodological contribution which suggests that there are several advantages applicable to the evaluation of laws utilizing time-series of databases of complaints data. The article also discusses the elaboration of problems of measurement and interpretation encountered when attempting to evaluate intended, long-term effects of legislation by means of such data.
The Emerging Gap between Evaluation Research and Practice
Authors: Khakee Abdul
Published: September 2003

While evaluation practice is still disposed towards rational quantitative methods, evaluation research has increasingly utilized qualitative dialogical methods. In this article, the increasing gap between practice and research is examined by analysing how evaluation research has evolved from within three perspectives: a policy programme perspective, a welfare economics perspective and a planning theory perspective. The article also discusses the implications of the emerging gap between evaluation research and practice.