bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gelling properties of silver carp surimi as affected by different comminution methods: blending and shearing
Authors: Liu Lulu , He Yating , Shi Liu , Xiong Shanbai , Huang Qilin , You Juan , Hu Yang , Yin Tao
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Blending and shearing, two types of comminution methods, are widely used in the manufacturing of surimi‐based products. The comminution methods applied are varied to product types and manufacturers. In this study effects of different comminution methods (blending and shearing) on gelling properties of silver carp surimi were investigated.

RESULTS

Regardless of comminution methods, breaking force, penetration distance and water holding capacity of surimi gel significantly increased with comminution duration up to 10 min. As compared with blending, those values under shearing of the same duration were significantly higher. Within 3 min of comminuting whiteness values of gels by shearing were significantly higher than those by blending. Electrophoresis studies showed that comminution method had no obvious effect on protein patterns. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed that more uniform and denser network was formed in the surimi gels made by shearing. Water distribution of the gels made by shearing was obviously more uniform according to magnetic resonance imaging analysis.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggested that with respect to blending, shearing was a better choice to maximize the gelling ability of silver carp surimi, which resulted in the higher values of texture, whiteness and water holding capacity. It could be attributed to the denser three‐dimensional network and more uniform water distribution of the surimi gel prepared by shearing. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Traumatic Event Exposure, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Sleep Disturbances in a National Sample of U.S. Adults
Authors: Milanak Melissa E. , Zuromski Kelly L. , Cero Ian , Wilkerson Allison K. , Resnick Heidi S. , Kilpatrick Dean G.
Published: January 2019

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly prevalent, debilitating disorder found to develop after exposure to a potentially traumatic event (PTE). Individuals with PTSD often report sleep disturbances, specifically nightmares and insomnia, which are listed within the criteria for PTSD. This research examined prevalence of insomnia and nightmares within a national sample of 2,647 adults (data weighted by age and sex to correct for differences in sample distribution) who had been exposed to one or more PTEs. Prevalence of self‐reported sleep disturbance, sleep disturbances by PTE type, and gender differences were examined. All participants completed a self‐administered, structured online interview that assessed exposure to stressful events and PTSD symptoms. Among individuals who met DSM‐5 criteria for PTSD, a large majority (more than 92%) reported at least one sleep disturbance. Insomnia was relatively more prevalent than PTE‐related nightmares among individuals with PTSD and among all PTE‐exposed individuals. A higher number of PTEs experienced significantly increased the likelihood of both trauma‐related nightmares and insomnia, McFadden's pseudo R2 = .07, p < .001. Women exposed to PTEs were more likely to endorse experience of insomnia, χ2(1, N = 2,647) = 99.13, p < .001, φ = .194, and nightmares compared to men, χ2(1, N = 2,648) = 82.98, p < .001, φ = .177, but this gender difference was not significant among individuals with PTSD, ps = .130 and .050, respectively. Differences in sleep disturbance prevalence by PTE type were also examined. Implications for treatment and intervention and future directions are discussed.
Deeply supervised 3D fully convolutional networks with group dilated convolution for automatic MRI prostate segmentation
Authors: Wang Bo , Lei Yang , Tian Sibo , Wang Tonghe , Liu Yingzi , Patel Pretesh , Jani Ashesh B. , Mao Hui , Curran Walter J. , Liu Tian , Yang Xiaofeng
Published: January 2019

Purpose

Reliable automated segmentation of the prostate is indispensable for image‐guided prostate interventions. However, the segmentation task is challenging due to inhomogeneous intensity distributions, variation in prostate anatomy, among other problems. Manual segmentation can be time‐consuming and is subject to inter‐ and intraobserver variation. We developed an automated deep learning‐based method to address this technical challenge.

Methods

We propose a three‐dimensional (3D) fully convolutional networks (FCN) with deep supervision and group dilated convolution to segment the prostate on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this method, a deeply supervised mechanism was introduced into a 3D FCN to effectively alleviate the common exploding or vanishing gradients problems in training deep models, which forces the update process of the hidden layer filters to favor highly discriminative features. A group dilated convolution which aggregates multiscale contextual information for dense prediction was proposed to enlarge the effective receptive field of convolutional neural networks, which improve the prediction accuracy of prostate boundary. In addition, we introduced a combined loss function including cosine and cross entropy, which measures similarity and dissimilarity between segmented and manual contours, to further improve the segmentation accuracy. Prostate volumes manually segmented by experienced physicians were used as a gold standard against which our segmentation accuracy was measured.

Results

The proposed method was evaluated on an internal dataset comprising 40 T2‐weighted prostate MR volumes. Our method achieved a Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of 0.86 ± 0.04, a mean surface distance (MSD) of 1.79 ± 0.46 mm, 95% Hausdorff distance (95%HD) of 7.98 ± 2.91 mm, and absolute relative volume difference (aRVD) of 15.65 ± 10.82. A public dataset (PROMISE12) including 50 T2‐weighted prostate MR volumes was also employed to evaluate our approach. Our method yielded a DSC of 0.88 ± 0.05, MSD of 1.02 ± 0.35 mm, 95% HD of 9.50 ± 5.11 mm, and aRVD of 8.93 ± 7.56.

Conclusion

We developed a novel deeply supervised deep learning‐based approach with a group dilated convolution to automatically segment the MRI prostate, demonstrated its clinical feasibility, and validated its accuracy against manual segmentation. The proposed technique could be a useful tool for image‐guided interventions in prostate cancer.
Accuracy of Self‐Report Versus Objective Smart‐Scale Weights During a 12‐Week Weight Management Intervention
Authors: Ross Kathryn M. , Eastman Abraham , Wing Rena R.
Published: January 2019

Objective

Greater frequency of self‐weighing has been associated with greater weight loss in weight management interventions, but little is known regarding the accuracy of self‐reported weight data.

Methods

Agreement between objective smart‐scale and self‐reported weight data was assessed in 74 adults (age = 50.7 years; BMI = 31.2 kg/m2) enrolled in a 12‐week, Internet‐based weight management program. Participants were asked to self‐weight daily using a study‐provided smart scale and to self‐report weights via the study website.

Results

There was strong agreement between smart‐scale and self‐reported weight values (intraclass correlation = 0.982) but only moderate agreement regarding frequency of self‐weighing assessed via each method (κ = 0.491; P < 0.0001). Greater self‐weighing frequency was associated with greater weight loss across measures (all P < 0.001). Compared with days when participants did both, weights were 0.66 kg higher on days when participants self‐weighed via the smart scale but did not self‐report weight (8% of days) and 0.58 kg higher on days when they self‐reported weight but did not self‐weigh via the smart scale (4% of days; all P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Results suggest that self‐reported weight values are similar to smart‐scale measurements; however, either method alone may underestimate self‐weighing frequency. Furthermore, missing self‐weighing data should not be treated as ignorable because weights may be higher than those observed on nonmissing days.
Maternal complications following open and fetoscopic fetal surgery: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sacco Adalina , Van der Veeken Lennart , Bagshaw Emma , Ferguson Catherine , Van Mieghem Tim , David Anna L. , Deprest Jan
Published: January 2019

Objective

To establish maternal complication rates for fetoscopic or open fetal surgery.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature review for studies of fetoscopic or open fetal surgery performed since 1990, recording maternal complications during fetal surgery, the remainder of pregnancy, delivery, and after the index pregnancy.

Results

One hundred sixty‐six studies were included, reporting outcomes for open fetal (n = 1193 patients) and fetoscopic surgery (n = 9403 patients). No maternal deaths were reported. The risk of any maternal complication in the index pregnancy was 20.9% (95%CI, 15.22‐27.13) for open fetal and 6.2% (95%CI, 4.93‐7.49) for fetoscopic surgery. For severe maternal complications (grades III to V Clavien‐Dindo classification of surgical complications), the risk was 4.5% (95% CI 3.24‐5.98) for open fetal and 1.7% (95% CI, 1.19‐2.20) for fetoscopic surgery. In subsequent pregnancies, open fetal surgery increased the risk of preterm birth but not uterine dehiscence or rupture. Nearly one quarter of reviewed studies (n = 175, 23.3%) was excluded for failing to report the presence or absence of maternal complications.

Conclusions

Maternal complications occur in 6.2% fetoscopic and 20.9% open fetal surgeries, with serious maternal complications in 1.7% fetoscopic and 4.5% open procedures.

Reporting of maternal complications is variable. To properly quantify maternal risks, outcomes should be reported consistently across all fetal surgery studies.
Isotactic Regulation in the Radical Polymerization of Calcium Methacrylate: Is Multiple Chelation the Key to Stereocontrol?
Authors: Noble Benjamin B. , Coote Michelle L.
Published: January 2019

Accurate quantum chemistry is used to explain the origins of isospecificity in radical polymerization of calcium methacrylate hydrate (CaMA). Distonic radical–cation interactions are shown to be crucial in determining the reactivity of different coordination structures. Cation coordination to the terminal and incoming monomer side chains reduces radical‐cation separation, enhancing the reactivity of these modes over the stereocontrolling terminal‐penultimate binding modes. This explains why Lewis acid‐mediated radical polymerization often fails to produce highly isotactic polymer for common monomers such as methyl methacrylate. However, theoretical calculations suggest that the poly(CaMA) terminus forms a chelated bridging scaffold in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), which involves the terminal, penultimate and incoming monomer carboxylate groups. This scaffold simultaneously activates the incoming monomer toward propagation and regulates the relative orientation of the terminal and penultimate side chains. The bridging scaffold is disrupted in more polar solvents and/or if alternative nonchelating counter‐cations are employed, leading to loss of isotactic control. These results suggest that higher levels of isotactic control may be achievable if reaction conditions are optimized to favor bridging scaffold formation. The broader importance of these findings to stereocontrol in radical polymerization is also discussed. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. 2020, 58, 52–61
Protein oligomerization as a metabolic control mechanism: Application to apoE
Authors: Frieden Carl
Published: January 2019

It has been estimated that 30%–50% of proteins self‐assemble to form complexes consisting of multiple copies of themselves. If there is a functional difference between different molecular weight forms and if these forms interconvert on a reasonable time scale then oligomerization could be an important metabolic control mechanism. The example given here is of apoE for which the oligomerization process is measured in minutes to hours and the monomer binds lipids while the tetramer does not. Examination of the literature reveals few reports on the rate constants that control the interconversion of different molecular weight forms. Perhaps it is time to collect such data.
Protective effect of amygdalin on epithelial–mesenchymal transformation in experimental chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mice
Authors: Wang Ziyan , Fang Keyong , Wang Guoqiang , Guan Xuewa , Pang Zhiqiang , Guo Yingqiao , Yuan Yuze , Ran Nan , Liu Yue , Wang Fang
Published: January 2019

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory pulmonary disease characterized by continuous, progressive limitation of airflow. Airway remodelling, which is correlated with epithelial–mesenchymal transitions (EMTs), is a typical pathophysiological change of COPD. Amygdalin, an active ingredient in the traditional Chinese medicine bitter almond with extensive pharmacological effects, was shown to inhibit tissue fibrosis in recent studies. In this study, a human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS‐2B) and mice were exposed to cigarette smoke, and EMT levels were investigated after treatment with different concentrations of amygdalin. Morphology was assessed by immunohistochemical staining. Evaluation of the expression of TGF‐β1, smad2/3, and p‐smad2/3 in lung tissue was conducted out via ELISA, Western blot, and real‐time PCR. The results showed that E‐cadherin expression was significantly increased, whereas vimentin, TGF‐β1, and phosphorylated smad2/3 (p‐smad2/3) expression was markedly decreased in the amygdalin‐treated groups compared with the model group. Therefore, our study demonstrated a protective role of amygdalin in the murine EMT process after COPD.
A comparison between laser ceilometers at Hong Kong International Airport
Authors: Chan P. W. , Yeung W. L.
Published: January 2019

This article presents the results of a comparison between several ceilometers. The ceilometers at Hong Kong International Airport are due to be replaced, and this comparison was undertaken to ensure climatological continuity following the installation of a newer model. Cloud base height measurements are examined, and comparisons are made between the results from the different ceilometers, and between the ceilometer data and the data from a human observer. Quantile–quantile (EQQ) plots are also presented. The results provide assurance, through statistical analysis and consideration of case studies, that continuity of measurement can be achieved for clouds that are operationally significant in terms of aviation meteorology. It is also demonstrated that the new model of ceilometer has advantages over the existing models. The use of ceilometers for cloud amount measurement is also studied through comparison with human observations.
Hybridizing ant colony optimization algorithm with nonlinear programming method for effective optimal design of sewer networks
Authors: Moeini Ramtin , Afshar Mohammad Hadi
Published: January 2019

The ant colony optimization algorithm (ACOA) is hybridized with nonlinear programming (NLP) for the optimal design of sewer networks. The resulting problem is a highly constrained mixed integer nonlinear problem (MINLP) presenting a challenge even to the modern heuristic search methods. In the proposed hybrid method, The ACOA is used to determine pipe diameters while the NLP is used to determine the pipe slopes of the network by proposing two different formulations. In the first formulation, named ACOA‐NLP1, a penalty method is used to satisfy the problem constraints while in the second one, named ACOA‐NLP2, the velocity and flow depth constraints are expressed in terms of the slope constraints which are easily satisfied as box constraint of the NLP solver leading to a considerable reduction of the search space size. In addition, the assumption of minimum cover depth at the network inlets is used to calculate the nodal cover depths and the pump and drop heights at the network nodes, if required, leading to a complete solution. The total cost of the constructed solution is used as the objective function of the ACOA, guiding the ant toward minimum cost solutions. Proposed hybrid methods are used to solve three test examples, and the results are presented and compared with those produced by a conventional application of ACOA. The results indicate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed formulations and in particular the ACOA‐NLP2 to optimally solve the sewer network design optimization problems.

Practitioner points

ACOA is hybridized with NLP for the effective optimal design of sewer networks.

Here, ACOA is used to determine pipe diameters and NLP is used to determine the network pipe slopes with predefined pipe diameters.

In ACOA‐NLP1, a penalty method is used to enforce the problem constraints.

In ACOA‐NLP2, velocity and flow depth constrains are expressed in terms of slope constraint.
Ambitwistor string vertex operators on curved backgrounds
Authors: Adamo Tim , Casali Eduardo , Nekovar Stefan
Published: January 2019

Abstract

We present vertex operators for ambitwistor strings around generic Yang-Mills, gravity and NS-NS backgrounds. The requirement that vertex operators lie in the BRST cohomology of the worldsheet theory enforces the appropriate linear equations of motion (as well as gauge fixing conditions) for the respective perturbations in these backgrounds. Due to the nature of ambitwistor strings, no approximation is taken and all calculations around the backgrounds are exact.
Electroweak phase transition and Higgs phenomenology in the Georgi-Machacek model
Authors: Zhou Ruiyu , Cheng Wei , Deng Xin , Bian Ligong , Wu Yongcheng
Published: January 2019

Abstract

In this work, we perform the electroweak phase transition study with the Georgi-Machacek model. We investigate both the one-step and two-step strong first order electroweak phase transition (SFOEWPT). The SFOEWPT viable parameter spaces could be tested by the future 14TeV LHC, HL-LHC, and ILC. The LHC Higgs signal strength measurements severely bound the SFOEWPT valid parameter spaces, a tinny region of the mixing angle between the neutral fields of the isospin-doublet and isospin-triplet scalars around α ∼ 0 can allow the two-step SFOEWPT to occur. The triplet vacuum expectation value (VEV) is crucial for both SFOEWPT and related Higgs phenomenology. The two-step SFOEWPT can be distinguished from the one-step SFOEWPT through the triple Higgs coupling searches and the low mass doubly charged Higgs searches at colliders.
Phase diagram and fixed points of tensorial Gross-Neveu models in three dimensions
Authors: Benedetti Dario , Delporte Nicolas
Published: January 2019

Abstract

Perturbing the standard Gross-Neveu model for N
3 fermions by quartic interactions with the appropriate tensorial contraction patterns, we reduce the original U(N
3) symmetry to either U(N) × U(N
2) or U(N) × U(N) × U(N). In the large-N limit, we show that in three dimensions such models admit new ultraviolet fixed points with reduced symmetry, besides the well-known one with maximal symmetry. The phase diagram notably presents a new phase with spontaneous symmetry breaking of one U(N) component of the symmetry group.
Coupled Self-Organized Hydrodynamics and Stokes Models for Suspensions of Active Particles
Authors: Degond Pierre , Merino-Aceituno Sara , Vergnet Fabien , Yu Hui
Published: January 2019

We derive macroscopic dynamics for self-propelled particles in a fluid. The starting point is a coupled Vicsek–Stokes system. The Vicsek model describes self-propelled agents interacting through alignment. It provides a phenomenological description of hydrodynamic interactions between agents at high density. Stokes equations describe a low Reynolds number fluid. These two dynamics are coupled by the interaction between the agents and the fluid. The fluid contributes to rotating the particles through Jeffery’s equation. Particle self-propulsion induces a force dipole on the fluid. After coarse-graining we obtain a coupled Self-Organised Hydrodynamics–Stokes system. We perform a linear stability analysis for this system which shows that both pullers and pushers have unstable modes. We conclude by providing extensions of the Vicsek–Stokes model including short-distance repulsion, finite particle inertia and finite Reynolds number fluid regime.
Klinisch-bioinformatische Analyse bei Intelligenzminderung
Authors: Krawitz Peter
Published: January 2019

Hintergrund und Methoden

Durch den Einsatz von Hochdurchsatz-Sequenziertechnologie kann bei der Mehrheit von Patienten mit Intelligenzminderung (ID) eine molekulare Ursache gefunden werden. Für die Integration der Ganzgenomsequenzierung in die Regelversorgung ist der Einsatz effektiver Filter- und Priorisierungsverfahren unerlässlich, um die Datenmengen effizient sichten zu können. Entscheidend ist dabei die Kommunikation zwischen Klinik und Labor, die die Kombination von phänotypischer und molekularer Information erst ermöglicht. In der PEDIA(Prioritization of Exome Data by Image Analysis)-Studie wurden erstmals Verfahren des maschinellen Lernens in der Bildanalyse eingesetzt, um syndromale Ähnlichkeiten zu quantifizieren und für die weitere bioinformatische Auswertung nutzbar zu machen.

Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen

Bei vielen monogenen Erkrankungen kommen faziale Auffälligkeiten vor, die sich für die computergestützte Bildanalyse eignen. Aktuell kann ein „gestalt score“ bereits für ca. 300 unterschiedliche Phänotypen, viele davon mit ID, anhand eines Porträt-Fotos berechnet werden. Bei diesen Erkrankungen erhöht sich die Genauigkeit der Priorisierung (top 1 accuracy rate) um ca. 20 %, wenn solche Ähnlichkeitswerte zusätzlich berücksichtigt werden.

Deep–Learning-Verfahren werden zukünftig auch bei der Beurteilung weiterer medizinischer Bilddaten eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Um diese Technologie in der Entscheidungsfindung in der Klinik nutzen zu können, muss die IT-Infrastruktur entsprechend angepasst werden.
The “Sonorous Summons” of the New History of Capitalism, Or, What Are We Talking about When We Talk about Economy?
Authors: Enstad Nan
Published: January 2019

The tale reads as a classic fall from grace. In the 1960s and 1970s, historians investigated the economy. They were serious and politically relevant. But then the discipline fell to the beguiling ways of cultural and social history. Fractured and fragmented, scholars wandered off like cats into various alleyways, pawed at incomprehensible theories, and lost track of the common reader. There is hope, however, because in the past decade or so a new movement has arisen to lead historians out of the obscure alleyways and back to the main path: the economy, so long neglected.
Mothering from the Inside Out: Adapting an evidence-based intervention for high-risk mothers in the Western Cape of South Africa
Authors: Suchman Nancy , Berg Astrid , Abrahams Lameze , Abrahams Toni , Adams Amy , Cowley Brenda , Decoste Cindy , Hawa Waseem , Lachman Anusha , Mpinda Bulelwa , Cader-Mokoa Nasera , Nama Nosisana , Voges Juané
Published: January 2019

During South Africa's first two decades as a democracy, the Western Cape Province has undergone radical changes to its healthcare system in an effort to address the extensive socioeconomic inequities that remain in the aftermath of the apartheid era. Although progress has been made, there is a clear need for interventions that support parents and children receiving health services in the public sector who are vulnerable to multiple psychosocial risks associated with extreme poverty. In this mixed-method study, we examined the feasibility and acceptability of adapting an evidence-based parenting intervention called Mothering from the Inside Out that was developed for mothers who are vulnerable to similar risks in the United States. Using qualitative methods, we documented the collaborative process that was guided by principles of community-based participatory research and examined themes in the Western Cape collaborators’ perspectives about the feasibility and acceptability of the intervention. Using quantitative methods, we tested the preliminary efficacy of the adapted version of Mothering from the Inside Out for improving maternal reflective functioning and mother–child interactions. Although findings from both study components indicated preliminary promise, a number of obstacles and challenges at multiple levels underscore the need for (a) flexibility and contextual support for intervention research conducted in under-resourced communities, (b) clinical sensitivity to the unique experiences of parents rearing children in highly stressful, under-resourced environments, and (c) equal partnerships that allow the expertise of local providers to inform the design proposals of consulting investigators.
A systematic approach to family engagement: Feasibility pilot of a pediatric delirium management and prevention toolkit
Authors: Silver Gabrielle , Traube Chani
Published: January 2019

Objective

Delirium is a frequent and severe complication of serious pediatric illness. Development of a nonpharmacologic approach to prevent pediatric delirium may improve short- and long-term outcomes in children and their families. In this brief report, we describe the development of a quality improvement project designed to methodically promote the family member's engagement, comforting, and orienting activities with their critically ill child to decrease delirium rates.

Method

We created a developmentally specific Delirium Prevention Toolkit for families. In a feasibility pilot, March through June 2016, we offered the kit to 15 patients and their families. On discharge, families were asked to describe use of the toolkit and whether or not it was helpful for them.

Results

Twelve of 15 patients and families used various elements of the toolkit, particularly the headphones, music, and games; no one regularly used the blank journal. All reported that it was easy and helpful to have as support for their stay in the pediatric intensive care unit.

Significance of results

This pilot demonstrated practicality of a nonpharmacologic delirium prevention toolkit in the pediatric intensive care unit, and satisfaction from patients and families.
Epidemiologie und sozio-ökonomische Aspekte der chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen in der Schweiz
Authors: Schoepfer Alain , Safroneeva Ekaterina
Published: January 2019

Zusammenfassung. Morbus Crohn und Colitis ulcerosa sind chronisch-entzündliche Darmerkrankungen (CED) welche in den letzten Jahrzehnten in industrialisierten Ländern zunehmend häufig diagnostiziert werden. Aktuelle, populationsbasierte Daten aus der Schweiz zeigen eine Prävalenz von 0.4 % (1 Person auf 250 Einwohner) mit gleicher Häufigkeit für Morbus Crohn und Colitis ulcerosa (Prävalenz von je 1 Person auf 500 Einwohner). Die Mortalitätsrate von Schweizer Patienten mit chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen entspricht derjenigen der Population ohne chronisch entzündliche Darmerkrankungen. Rund 80 % der Patienten mit chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen leiden an Komorbiditäten. Am häufigsten werden kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen beobachtet, gefolgt von rheumatologischen Affektionen, peptischen Erkrankungen, Schmerzstörungen sowie psychologischen Erkrankungen. Die jährlichen Kosten für die Behandlung von Patienten mit chronisch entzündlichen Darmerkrankungen sind im Zunehmen begriffen wobei die Hauptlast auf die ambulanten Kosten fällt. Ein wichtiger Bestandteil der ambulanten Kosten sind die Medikamente.
Comparing Paleomagnetic Study Means With Apparent Wander Paths: A Case Study and Paleomagnetic Test of the Greater India Versus Greater Indian Basin Hypotheses
Authors: Rowley David B.
Published: January 2019

This paper discusses the framework for comparing independent study means (SMs) with averages of aggregated study mean paleomagnetic poles, hereafter referred to as reference poles, contributing to continental or global apparent polar wander paths (GAPWP). Paleomagnetists typically compare individual SMs to these population means to compute latitudinal displacements or rotations with uncertainties estimated by comparing A95's. Using this comparison statistic, more than half of the population of reference SMs contributing to a GAPWP fall at an angular distance that is greater than their combined uncertainties. Two approaches are presented that yield similar results based on different rationales and comparison statistics. Common to both approaches is K95,GAPWP, the angular distance within which 95% of poles contributing to an APWP mean fall. One approach combines K95,GAPWP and the A95,SM of the independent study mean that can only be judged to be significantly displaced if the angular difference with the GAPWP mean exceeds their combined uncertainty. The second approach uses K95,GAPWP as the best estimate of total error of each study mean, which when combined with uncertainty of the GAPWP mean, A95,GAPWP, defines the angular difference that the independent study mean needs to exceed to be judged to be significantly displaced from a GAPWP mean. These comparison statistics are used to assess paleomagnetic support for Greater Indian Basin hypothesis for the paleogeographic evolution of the northern margin of India prior to collision with Asia. The Greater Indian Basin hypothesis is not supported based on these more rigorous criteria.
Roles of Bank Material in Setting Bankfull Hydraulic Geometry as Informed by the Selenga River Delta, Russia
Authors: Dong Tian Y. , Nittrouer Jeffrey A. , Czapiga Matthew J. , Ma Hongbo , McElroy Brandon , Il'icheva Elena , Pavlov Maksim , Chalov Sergey , Parker Gary
Published: January 2019

A semi‐empirical bankfull Shields number relation as a function of slope, bed, and bank sediment grain size is obtained based on a field data set that includes the delta of the Selenga River, Russia, and other rivers from around the globe. The new Shields number relation is used in conjunction with continuity, flow resistance, and sediment transport equations to deduce predictive relations for bankfull width, depth, and slope of sand‐bed rivers. In addition, hydraulic geometry relations are obtained specifically for the Selenga River delta. Key results of this study are as follows: (1) bankfull width is strongly dependent on water discharge and is directly related to bank sediment size; (2) bankfull shear velocity is weakly dependent on bed sediment size and is inversely related to bank sediment size; (3) sand‐bed deltas with multiple distributary channels maintain smaller bankfull Shields numbers than is typical of alluvial rivers. This analysis is the first of its kind to include bank sediment size into a predictive bankfull Shields number relation to obtain relations for bankfull hydraulic geometry. The relations presented here can be utilized in morphodynamic models that explore how fluvial and deltaic systems respond to a range of imposed conditions, such as variable base level, sediment, and water supply.
Parameterizing Sea Surface Temperature Cooling Induced by Tropical Cyclones: 2. Verification by Ocean Drifters
Authors: Liu Xin , Zhang Da‐Lin , Guan Jian
Published: January 2019

This study analyzes sea surface responses to tropical cyclones (TCs), based on sea surface temperature (SST) and ocean surface current (VOS) data from 57 buoy drifters, together with satellite SST and sea surface height anomaly data, associated with nine TCs during the year of 2016 in order to validate the TC‐induced SST cooling (SSTC) parameterization scheme developed in Part 1. Results show that the drifters‐measured SSTs compare favorably to the satellite detected, except near the coastline and at high latitudes, and that SSTCs are negatively correlated with sea surface height anomaly. During TC passage, VOS usually rotate clockwise on the right‐hand side of TC tracks, but their rotating directions cannot be specified on their left‐hand side. After TC passage, most drifters, located on both sides, show clockwise rotation. These results help characterize the responses of SST and VOS to TCs into the following three modes: (i) significant increases in VOS during TC passage, followed by strong SSTC; (ii) decreases or little changes in VOS, followed by SSTC; and (iii) little changes in both VOS and SSTC. All the three response modes are reasonably included in the SSTC parameterization scheme. After optimizing three empirical constants, based on the drifters' data, the scheme's performance is evaluated by comparing the parameterized SSTC to the drifters‐measured SSTs, showing satisfactory results in terms of the starting time, duration, strength, and rate of SSTCs. An error analysis shows a mean value of about 20% of the observed SSTC with a small standard deviation, confirming the effectiveness of the SSTC parameterization scheme.
Implementing Plant Hydraulics in the Community Land Model, Version 5
Authors: Kennedy Daniel , Swenson Sean , Oleson Keith W. , Lawrence David M. , Fisher Rosie , Lola da Costa Antonio Carlos , Gentine Pierre
Published: January 2019

Version 5 of the Community Land Model (CLM5) introduces the plant hydraulic stress (PHS) configuration of vegetation water use, which is described and compared with the corresponding parameterization from CLM4.5. PHS updates vegetation water stress and root water uptake to better reflect plant hydraulic theory, advancing the physical basis of the model. The new configuration introduces prognostic vegetation water potential, modeled at the root, stem, and leaf levels. Leaf water potential replaces soil potential as the basis for stomatal conductance water stress, and root water potential is used to implement hydraulic root water uptake, replacing a transpiration partitioning function. Point simulations of a tropical forest site (Caxiuanã, Brazil) under ambient conditions and partial precipitation exclusion highlight the differences between PHS and the previous CLM implementation. Model description and simulation results are contextualized with a list of benefits and limitations of the new model formulation, including hypotheses that were not testable in previous versions of the model. Key results include reductions in transpiration and soil moisture biases relative to a control model under both ambient and exclusion conditions, correcting excessive dry season soil moisture stress in the control model. PHS implements hydraulic gradient root water uptake, which allows hydraulic redistribution and compensatory root water uptake and results in PHS utilizing a larger portion of the soil column to buffer shortfalls in precipitation. The new model structure, which bases water stress on leaf water potential, could have significant implications for vegetation‐climate feedbacks, including increased sensitivity of photosynthesis to atmospheric vapor pressure deficit.
Thurston Island (West Antarctica) Between Gondwana Subduction and Continental Separation: A Multistage Evolution Revealed by Apatite Thermochronology
Authors: Zundel Maximilian , Spiegel Cornelia , Mehling André , Lisker Frank , Hillenbrand Claus‐Dieter , Monien Patrick , Klügel Andreas
Published: January 2019

The first low‐temperature thermochronological data from Thurston Island, West Antarctica, provide insights into the poorly constrained thermotectonic evolution of the paleo‐Pacific margin of Gondwana since the Late Paleozoic. Here we present the first apatite fission track and apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He data from Carboniferous to mid‐Cretaceous (meta‐) igneous rocks from the Thurston Island area. Thermal history modeling of apatite fission track dates of 145–92 Ma and apatite (U‐Th‐Sm)/He dates of 112–71 Ma, in combination with kinematic indicators, geological information, and thermobarometrical measurements, indicate a complex thermal history with at least six episodes of cooling and reheating. Thermal history models are interpreted to reflect Late Paleozoic to Early Mesozoic tectonic uplift of pre‐Jurassic arc sequences, prior to the formation of an extensional Jurassic‐Early Cretaceous back‐arc basin up to 4.5 km deep, which was deepened during intrusion and rapid exhumation of rocks of the Late Jurassic granite suite. Overall Early to mid‐Cretaceous exhumation and basin inversion coincided with an episode of intensive magmatism and crustal thickening and was followed by exhumation during formation of the Zealandia‐West Antarctica rift and continental breakup. Final exhumation since the Oligocene was likely triggered by activity of the West Antarctic rift system and by glacial erosion.
Genome-wide DNA methylation comparison between live human brain and peripheral tissues within individuals
Authors: Braun Patricia R. , Han Shizhong , Hing Benjamin , Nagahama Yasunori , Gaul Lindsey N. , Heinzman Jonathan T. , Grossbach Andrew J. , Close Liesl , Dlouhy Brian J. , Howard Matthew A. , Kawasaki Hiroto , Potash James B. , Shinozaki Gen
Published: January 2019

Differential DNA methylation in the brain is associated with many psychiatric diseases, but access to brain tissues is essentially limited to postmortem samples. The use of surrogate tissues has become common in identifying methylation changes associated with psychiatric disease. In this study, we determined the extent to which peripheral tissues can be used as surrogates for DNA methylation in the brain. Blood, saliva, buccal, and live brain tissue samples from 27 patients with medically intractable epilepsy undergoing brain resection were collected (age range 5–61 years). Genome-wide methylation was assessed with the Infinium HumanMethylation450 (n = 12) and HumanMethylationEPIC BeadChip arrays (n = 21). For the EPIC methylation data averaged for each CpG across subjects, the saliva–brain correlation (r = 0.90) was higher than that for blood–brain (r = 0.86) and buccal–brain (r = 0.85) comparisons. However, within individual CpGs, blood had the highest proportion of CpGs correlated to brain at nominally significant levels (20.8%), as compared to buccal tissue (17.4%) and saliva (15.1%). For each CpG and each gene, levels of brain-peripheral tissue correlation varied widely. This indicates that to determine the most useful surrogate tissue for representing brain DNA methylation, the patterns specific to the genomic region of interest must be considered. To assist in that objective, we have developed a website, IMAGE-CpG, that allows researchers to interrogate DNA methylation levels and degree of cross-tissue correlation in user-defined locations across the genome.
FDG-PET underscores the key role of the thalamus in frontotemporal lobar degeneration caused by C9ORF72 mutations
Authors: Diehl-Schmid Janine , Licata Abigail , Goldhardt Oliver , Förstl Hans , Yakushew Igor , Otto Markus , Anderl-Straub Sarah , Beer Ambros , Ludolph Albert Christian , Landwehrmeyer Georg Bernhard , Levin Johannes , Danek Adrian , Fliessbach Klaus , Spottke Annika , Fassbender Klaus , Lyros Epameinondas , Prudlo Johannes , Krause Bernd Joachim , Volk Alexander , Edbauer Dieter , Schroeter Matthias Leopold , Drzezga Alexander , Kornhuber Johannes , Lauer Martin ,   FTLDc Study Group, Ackl Nibal , Arnim Christine v. , Brumberg Joachim , Gärtner Florian , Jahn Holger , Kasper Elisabeth , Kassubek Jan , Prix Catharina , Riedl Lina , Roßmeier Carola , Schönecker Sonja , Semler Elisa , Teipel Stefan , Westerteicher Christine , Wlasich Elisabeth , Grimmer Timo
Published: January 2019

C9ORF72 mutations are the most common cause of familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). MRI studies have investigated structural changes in C9ORF72-associated FTLD (C9FTLD) and provided first insights about a prominent involvement of the thalamus and the cerebellum. Our multicenter, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography study of 22 mutation carriers with FTLD, 22 matched non-carriers with FTLD, and 23 cognitively healthy controls provided valuable insights into functional changes in C9FTLD: compared to non-carriers, mutation carriers showed a significant reduction of glucose metabolism in both thalami, underscoring the key role of the thalamus in C9FTLD. Thalamic metabolism did not correlate with disease severity, duration of disease, or the presence of psychotic symptoms. Against our expectations we could not demonstrate a cerebellar hypometabolism in carriers or non-carriers. Future imaging and neuropathological studies in large patient cohorts are required to further elucidate the central role of the thalamus in C9FTLD.
Genome-wide association study identifies a novel locus associated with psychological distress in the Japanese population
Authors: Koshimizu Hisatsugu , Nogawa Shun , Asano Shinya , Ikeda Masashi , Iwata Nakao , Takahashi Shoko , Saito Kenji , Miyakawa Tsuyoshi
Published: January 2019

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common and disabling psychiatric disorder. A recent mega analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) identified 44 loci associated with MDD, though most of the genetic etiologies of the MDD/psychological distress remain unclear. To further understand the genetic basis of MDD/psychological distress, we conducted a GWAS in East Asia with more than 10,000 participants of Japanese ancestry who had enrolled in a direct-to-consumer genetic test. After quality control on the genotype data, 10,330 subjects with a total of 8,567,708 imputed SNPs were eligible for the analysis. The participants completed a self-administered questionnaire on their past medical history and health conditions that included the 6-item Kessler screening scale (K6 scale) for psychological distress (cut-off point of 5) and past medical history of MDD, resulting in 3981 subjects assigned to “psychologically distressed group” [cases], and the remaining 6349 subjects were assigned to the “non-psychologically distressed group” [controls]. In this GWAS, we found an association with genome-wide significance at rs6073833 (P = 7.60 × 10−9) in 20q13.12. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first large-scale GWAS for psychological distress using data from direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic tests in a population of non-European-ancestry, and the present study thus detected a novel locus significantly associated with psychological distress in the Japanese population.
Remodeling of secretory lysosomes during education tunes functional potential in NK cells
Authors: Goodridge Jodie P. , Jacobs Benedikt , Saetersmoen Michelle L. , Clement Dennis , Hammer Quirin , Clancy Trevor , Skarpen Ellen , Brech Andreas , Landskron Johannes , Grimm Christian , Pfefferle Aline , Meza-Zepeda Leonardo , Lorenz Susanne , Wiiger Merete Thune , Louch William E. , Ask Eivind Heggernes , Liu Lisa L. , Oei Vincent Yi Sheng , Kjällquist Una , Linnarsson Sten , Patel Sandip , Taskén Kjetil , Stenmark Harald , Malmberg Karl-Johan
Published: January 2019

Inhibitory signaling during natural killer (NK) cell education translates into increased responsiveness to activation; however, the intracellular mechanism for functional tuning by inhibitory receptors remains unclear. Secretory lysosomes are part of the acidic lysosomal compartment that mediates intracellular signalling in several cell types. Here we show that educated NK cells expressing self-MHC specific inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) accumulate granzyme B in dense-core secretory lysosomes that converge close to the centrosome. This discrete morphological phenotype is independent of transcriptional programs that regulate effector function, metabolism and lysosomal biogenesis. Meanwhile, interference of signaling from acidic Ca2+ stores in primary NK cells reduces target-specific Ca2+-flux, degranulation and cytokine production. Furthermore, inhibition of PI(3,5)P2 synthesis, or genetic silencing of the PI(3,5)P2-regulated lysosomal Ca2+-channel TRPML1, leads to increased granzyme B and enhanced functional potential, thereby mimicking the educated state. These results indicate an intrinsic role for lysosomal remodeling in NK cell education.
Microglia are an essential component of the neuroprotective scar that forms after spinal cord injury
Authors: Bellver-Landete Victor , Bretheau Floriane , Mailhot Benoit , Vallières Nicolas , Lessard Martine , Janelle Marie-Eve , Vernoux Nathalie , Tremblay Marie-Ève , Fuehrmann Tobias , Shoichet Molly S. , Lacroix Steve
Published: January 2019

The role of microglia in spinal cord injury (SCI) remains poorly understood and is often confused with the response of macrophages. Here, we use specific transgenic mouse lines and depleting agents to understand the response of microglia after SCI. We find that microglia are highly dynamic and proliferate extensively during the first two weeks, accumulating around the lesion. There, activated microglia position themselves at the interface between infiltrating leukocytes and astrocytes, which proliferate and form a scar in response to microglia-derived factors, such as IGF-1. Depletion of microglia after SCI causes disruption of glial scar formation, enhances parenchymal immune infiltrates, reduces neuronal and oligodendrocyte survival, and impairs locomotor recovery. Conversely, increased microglial proliferation, induced by local M-CSF delivery, reduces lesion size and enhances functional recovery. Altogether, our results identify microglia as a key cellular component of the scar that develops after SCI to protect neural tissue.
Volume expansion and TRPV4 activation regulate stem cell fate in three-dimensional microenvironments
Authors: Lee Hong-pyo , Stowers Ryan , Chaudhuri Ovijit
Published: January 2019

For mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) cultured in three dimensional matrices, matrix remodeling is associated with enhanced osteogenic differentiation. However, the mechanism linking matrix remodeling in 3D to osteogenesis of MSCs remains unclear. Here, we find that MSCs in viscoelastic hydrogels exhibit volume expansion during cell spreading, and greater volume expansion is associated with enhanced osteogenesis. Restriction of expansion by either hydrogels with slow stress relaxation or increased osmotic pressure diminishes osteogenesis, independent of cell morphology. Conversely, induced expansion by hypoosmotic pressure accelerates osteogenesis. Volume expansion is mediated by activation of TRPV4 ion channels, and reciprocal feedback between TRPV4 activation and volume expansion controls nuclear localization of RUNX2, but not YAP, to promote osteogenesis. This work demonstrates the role of cell volume in regulating cell fate in 3D culture, and identifies TRPV4 as a molecular sensor of matrix viscoelasticity that regulates osteogenic differentiation.
Simplified synthetic routes for low cost and high photovoltaic performance n-type organic semiconductor acceptors
Authors: Li Xiaojun , Pan Fei , Sun Chenkai , Zhang Ming , Wang Zhiwei , Du Jiaqi , Wang Jing , Xiao Min , Xue Lingwei , Zhang Zhi-Guo , Zhang Chunfeng , Liu Feng , Li Yongfang
Published: January 2019

The application of polymer solar cells (PSCs) with n-type organic semiconductor as acceptor requires further improving powder conversion efficiency, increasing stability and decreasing cost of the related materials and devices. Here we report a simplified synthetic route for 4,4,9,9-tetrahexyl-4,9-dihydro-s-indaceno [1,2-b:5,6-b’] dithiophene by using the catalyst of amberlyst15. Based on this synthetic route and methoxy substitution, two low cost acceptors with less synthetic steps, simple post-treatment and high yield were synthesized. In addition, the methoxy substitution improves both yield and efficiency. The high efficiency of 13.46% was obtained for the devices with MO-IDIC-2F (3,9-bis(2-methylene-5 or 6-fluoro-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone)-4,4,9,9-tetrahexyl-5,10-dimethoxyl-4,9-dihydro-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b’] dithiophene) as acceptor. Based on the cost analysis, the PSCs based on MO-IDIC-2F possess the great advantages of low cost and high photovoltaic performance in comparison with those PSCs reported in literatures. Therefore, MO-IDIC-2F will be a promising low cost acceptor for commercial application of PSCs.