bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Online remote control systems for static and dynamic compression and decompression using diamond anvil cells
Authors: Sinogeikin Stanislav V. , Smith Jesse S. , Rod Eric , Lin Chuanlong , Kenney-Benson Curtis , Shen Guoyin
Published: July 2015

The ability to remotely control pressure in diamond anvil cells (DACs) in accurate and consistent manner at room temperature, as well as at cryogenic and elevated temperatures, is crucial for effective and reliable operation of a high-pressure synchrotron facility such as High Pressure Collaborative Access Team (HPCAT). Over the last several years, a considerable effort has been made to develop instrumentation for remote and automated pressure control in DACs during synchrotron experiments. We have designed and implemented an array of modular pneumatic (double-diaphragm), mechanical (gearboxes), and piezoelectric devices and their combinations for controlling pressure and compression/decompression rate at various temperature conditions from 4 K in cryostats to several thousand Kelvin in laser-heated DACs. Because HPCAT is a user facility and diamond cells for user experiments are typically provided by users, our development effort has been focused on creating different loading mechanisms and frames for a variety of existing and commonly used diamond cells rather than designing specialized or dedicated diamond cells with various drives. In this paper, we review the available instrumentation for remote static and dynamic pressure control in DACs and show some examples of their applications to high pressure research.
Photo-assisted intersystem crossing: The predominant triplet formation mechanism in some isolated polycyclic aromatic molecules excited with pulsed lasers
Authors: Johnson Philip M. , Sears Trevor J.
Published: July 2015

Naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene are shown to have very long-lived triplet lifetimes when the isolated molecules are excited with nanosecond pulsed lasers resonant with the lowest singlet state. For naphthalene, triplet state populations are created only during the laser pulse, excluding the possibility of normal intersystem crossing at the one photon level, and all molecules have triplet lifetimes greater than hundreds of microseconds, similar to the behavior previously reported for phenylacetylene. Although containing 7–12 thousand cm−1 of vibrational energy, the triplet molecules have ionization thresholds appropriate to vibrationless T1 states. The laser power dependences (slopes of log-log power plots) of the excited singlet and triplet populations are about 0.7 for naphthalene and about 0.5 for anthracene. Kinetic modeling of the power dependences successfully reproduces the experimental results and suggests that the triplet formation mechanism involves an enhanced spin orbit coupling caused by sigma character in states at the 2-photon level. Symmetry adapted cluster-configuration interaction calculations produced excited state absorption spectra to provide guidance for estimating kinetic rates and the sigma character present in higher electronic states. It is concluded that higher excited state populations are significant when larger molecules are excited with pulsed lasers and need to be taken into account whenever discussing the molecular photodynamics.
Photoelectron spectra and structure of the Mnn− anions (n = 2–16)
Authors: Gutsev G. L. , Weatherford C. A. , Ramachandran B. R. , Gutsev L. G. , Zheng W.-J. , Thomas O. C. , Bowen Kit H.
Published: July 2015

Photoelectron spectra of the Mnn− anion clusters (n = 2–16) are obtained by anion photoelectron spectroscopy. The electronic and geometrical structures of the anions are computed using density functional theory with generalized gradient approximation and a basis set of triple-ζ quality. The electronic and geometrical structures of the neutral Mnn clusters have also been computed to estimate the adiabatic electron affinities. The average absolute difference between the computed and experimental vertical detachment energies of an extra electron is about 0.2 eV. Beginning with n = 6, all lowest total energy states of the Mnn− anions are ferrimagnetic with the spin multiplicities which do not exceed 8. The computed ionization energies of the neutral Mnn clusters are in good agreement with previously obtained experimental data. According to the results of our computations, the binding energies of Mn atoms are nearly independent on the cluster charge for n > 6 and possess prominent peaks at Mn13 and Mn13− in the neutral and anionic series, respectively. The density of states obtained from the results of our computations for the Mnn− anion clusters show the metallic character of the anion electronic structures.
Design of post linac to driver linac transport beam line in rare isotope accelerator
Authors: Kim Chanmi , Kim Eun-San
Published: July 2015

We investigated the design of a beam transport line connecting the post linac to the driver linac (P2DT) in the Rare Isotope Accelerator (RAON). P2DT beam line is designed by 180° bending scheme to send the radioactive isotope separation on-line (ISOL) beams accelerated in the Linac-3 to Linac-2. The beam line is designed as a 180° bend for the transport of a multi-charge state 132Sn+45,+46,+47 beam. We used the TRACE 3-D, TRACK, and ORBIT codes to design the optics system, which also includes two bunchers and ten sextupole magnets for chromaticity compensation. The transverse emittance growth is minimized by adopting mirror symmetric optics and by correcting second-order aberrations using sextupoles. We report on the multi-charge state beam transport performance of the designed beam line. The main characteristics of the P2DT line are to minimize beam loss and the growth of emittance, and for charge stripping. Beam optics for P2DT is optimized for reducing beam loss and charge stripping. As Linac-3 may accelerate the stable beam and radioactive beam simultaneously, P2DT line also transports the stable beam and radioactive beam simultaneously. Thus, we need a RF switchyard to send the stable beam to the ISOL target and the radioactive beam to the high-energy experimental area in Linac-2 end.
Mega-electron-volt ultrafast electron diffraction at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
Authors: Weathersby S. P. , Brown G. , Centurion M. , Chase T. F. , Coffee R. , Corbett J. , Eichner J. P. , Frisch J. C. , Fry A. R. , Gühr M. , Hartmann N. , Hast C. , Hettel R. , Jobe R. K. , Jongewaard E. N. , Lewandowski J. R. , Li R. K. , Lindenberg A. M. , Makasyuk I. , May J. E. , McCormick D. , Nguyen M. N. , Reid A. H. , Shen X. , Sokolowski-Tinten K. , Vecchione T. , Vetter S. L. , Wu J. , Yang J. , Dürr H. A. , Wang X. J.
Published: July 2015

Ultrafast electron probes are powerful tools, complementary to x-ray free-electron lasers, used to study structural dynamics in material, chemical, and biological sciences. High brightness, relativistic electron beams with femtosecond pulse duration can resolve details of the dynamic processes on atomic time and length scales. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory recently launched the Ultrafast Electron Diffraction (UED) and microscopy Initiative aiming at developing the next generation ultrafast electron scattering instruments. As the first stage of the Initiative, a mega-electron-volt (MeV) UED system has been constructed and commissioned to serve ultrafast science experiments and instrumentation development. The system operates at 120-Hz repetition rate with outstanding performance. In this paper, we report on the SLAC MeV UED system and its performance, including the reciprocal space resolution, temporal resolution, and machine stability.
Investigation of cold-to-hot transfer and thermal separation zone through nano step geometries
Authors: Mahdavi Amir-Mehran , Roohi Ehsan
Published: July 2015

Nanosteps form once nanochannels of various diameters connect to each other. The focus of this paper is to investigate the heat transfer and hydro/thermal field behavior in nanostep geometries using direct simulation Monte Carlo. The effects of the hydrodynamics separation on the pressure field and heat lines are reported, i.e., we show that the length of the hydrodynamics separation zone is different from the positive pressure gradient and thermal separation zones. Interestingly, cold to hot transfer is observed when the wall temperatures and inlet temperature are close to each other. We show that cold to hot heat transfer appears due to the interplay between the higher order term of the heat flux formula, which is a function of the second derivate of the velocity, with the Fourier term; the cold to hot transfer effect is omitted as the wall temperature or Knudsen number increases. In addition, the impact of different parameters, such as pressure ratio, Knudsen number, and wall temperature adjacent to the separation zone, are investigated. The dependence of the mass flow rate and the length of the separation zone on the wall temperature and the channel pressure ratio is considered. We show that Knudsen minimum is not observed in the step geometry for both isothermal and non-isothermal wall conditions.
A compact ultranarrow high-power laser system for experiments with 578 nm ytterbium clock transition
Authors: Cappellini G. , Lombardi P. , Mancini M. , Pagano G. , Pizzocaro M. , Fallani L. , Catani J.
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we present the realization of a compact, high-power laser system able to excite the ytterbium clock transition at 578 nm. Starting from an external-cavity laser based on a quantum dot chip at 1156 nm with an intra-cavity electro-optic modulator, we were able to obtain up to 60 mW of visible light at 578 nm via frequency doubling. The laser is locked with a 500 kHz bandwidth to an ultra-low-expansion glass cavity stabilized at its zero coefficient of thermal expansion temperature through an original thermal insulation and correction system. This laser allowed the observation of the clock transition in fermionic 173Y b with a <50 Hz linewidth over 5 min, limited only by a residual frequency drift of some 0.1 Hz/s.
Defect induced structural and thermoelectric properties of Sb2Te3 alloy
Authors: Das Diptasikha , Malik K. , Deb A. K. , Dhara Sandip , Bandyopadhyay S. , Banerjee Aritra
Published: July 2015

Structural and thermoelectric properties of metallic and semiconducting Sb2Te3 are reported. X-Ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy studies reveal that semiconducting sample has higher defect density. Nature and origin of possible defects are highlighted. Semiconducting Sb2Te3 hosts larger numbers of defects, which act as scattering center and give rise to the increased value of resistivity, thermopower, and power factor. Thermopower data indicate p-type nature of the synthesized samples. It is evidenced that the surface states are often mixed with the bulk state, giving rise to metallicity in Sb2Te3. Role of different scattering mechanism on the thermoelectric property of Sb2Te3 is discussed.
O-O bonding stabilized zinc vacancy as origin of p-type doping on Σ7 ZnO grain boundary
Authors: Li Yong-Hua , Xia Qin , Guo Shu-Kuan , Ma Zhong-Quan , Gao Yu-Bo , Gong Xin-Gao , Wei Su-Huai
Published: July 2015

Using density functional theory calculations, we investigate different defects on ZnO Σ7 (123¯0) grain boundary. We find that on this low energy grain boundary, the formation energy of VZn and Oi are drastically reduced by the formation of O-O bonds and VZn has lower formation energy than Oi. Interaction of defects on grain boundary can form new defect bands, and the calculated impurity band maximum is only 0.1 eV below VZn unoccupied levels. Therefore, we believe that the p-type layers observed in experiments near the ZnO grain boundaries can be attributed to VZn.
The nature of geometric frustration in the Kob-Andersen mixture
Authors: Crowther Peter , Turci Francesco , Royall C. Patrick
Published: July 2015

Geometric frustration is an approach to the glass transition based upon the consideration of locally favoured structures (LFS), which are geometric motifs which minimise the local free energy. Geometric frustration proposes that a transition to a crystalline state is frustrated because these LFS do not tile space. However, this concept is based on icosahedra which are not always the LFS for a given system. The LFS of the popular Kob-Andersen (KA) model glassformer are the bicapped square antiprism, which does tile space. Such a LFS-crystal is indeed realised in the Al2Cu structure, which is predicted to be a low energy state for the KA model with a 2:1 composition. We, therefore, hypothesise that upon changing the composition in the KA model towards 2:1, geometric frustration may be progressively relieved, leading to larger and larger domains of LFS which would ultimately correspond to the Al2Cu crystal. Remarkably, rather than an increase, upon changing composition we find a small decrease in the LFS population, and the system remains impervious to nucleation of LFS crystals. We suggest that this may be related to the composition of the LFS, as only a limited subset is compatible with the crystal. We further demonstrate that the Al2Cu crystal will grow from a seed in the KA model with 2:1 composition and identify the melting temperature to be 0.447(2).
Orbital stability of the sum of N solitary waves for the hyperelastic-rod wave equation
Authors: Liu Xingxing
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we consider a model of nonlinear dispersive equation which can be derived in the context of nonlinear waves in hyperelastic rods. Following the strategy developed for the Camassa-Holm equation, we prove the orbital stability of a decoupled sum of N solitary waves in the energy space H1(ℝ).
The noncommutative Poisson bracket and the deformation of the family algebras
Authors: Wei Zhaoting
Published: July 2015

The family algebras are introduced by Kirillov in 2000. In this paper, we study the noncommutative Poisson bracket P on the classical family algebra 𝒞τ(𝔤). We show that P controls the first-order 1-parameter formal deformation from 𝒞τ(𝔤) to 𝒬τ(𝔤) where the latter is the quantum family algebra. Moreover, we will prove that the noncommutative Poisson bracket is in fact a Hochschild 2-coboundary, and therefore, the deformation is infinitesimally trivial. In the last part of this paper, we discuss the relation between Mackey’s analogue and the quantization problem of the family algebras.
Eighth to sixteenth virial coefficients of the Lennard-Jones model
Authors: Feng Chao , Schultz Andrew J. , Chaudhary Vipin , Kofke David A.
Published: July 2015

We calculated virial coefficients BN, 8 ≤ N ≤ 16, of the Lennard-Jones (LJ) model using both the Mayer-sampling Monte Carlo method and direct generation of configurations, with Wheatley’s algorithm for summation of clusters. For N = 8, 24 values are reported, and for N = 9, 12 values are reported, both for temperatures T in the range 0.6 ≤ T ≤ 40.0 (in LJ units). For each N in 10 ≤ N ≤ 16, one to four values are reported for 0.6 ≤ T ≤ 0.9. An approximate functional form for the temperature dependence of BN was developed, and fits of LJ BN(T) based on this form are presented for each coefficient, 4 ≤ N ≤ 9, using new and previously reported data.
Efficient carrier relaxation and fast carrier recombination of N-polar InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes
Authors: Feng Shih-Wei , Liao Po-Hsun , Leung Benjamin , Han Jung , Yang Fann-Wei , Wang Hsiang-Chen
Published: July 2015

Based on quantum efficiency and time-resolved electroluminescence measurements, the effects of carrier localization and quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE) on carrier transport and recombination dynamics of Ga- and N-polar InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are reported. The N-polar LED exhibits shorter ns-scale response, rising, delay, and recombination times than the Ga-polar one does. Stronger carrier localization and the combined effects of suppressed QCSE and electric field and lower potential barrier acting upon the forward bias in an N-polar LED provide the advantages of more efficient carrier relaxation and faster carrier recombination. By optimizing growth conditions to enhance the radiative recombination, the advantages of more efficient carrier relaxation and faster carrier recombination in a competitive performance N-polar LED can be realized for applications of high-speed flash LEDs. The research results provide important information for carrier transport and recombination dynamics of an N-polar InGaN/GaN LED.
Fully transparent organic transistors with junction-free metallic network electrodes
Authors: Pei Ke , Wang Zongrong , Ren Xiaochen , Zhang Zhichao , Peng Boyu , Chan Paddy K. L.
Published: July 2015

We utilize highly transparent, junction-free metal network electrodes to fabricate fully transparent organic field effect transistors (OFETs). The patterned transparent Ag networks are developed by polymer crack template with adjustable line width and density. Sheet resistance of the network is 6.8 Ω/sq and optical transparency in the whole visible range is higher than 80%. The bottom contact OFETs with DNTT active layer and parylene-C dielectric insulator show a maximum field-effect mobility of 0.13 cm2/V s (average mobility is 0.12 cm2/V s) and on/off ratio is higher than 107. The current OFETs show great potential for applications in the next generation of transparent and flexible electronics.
Standing jumps in shallow granular flows down smooth inclines
Authors: Faug Thierry , Childs Philippa , Wyburn Edward , Einav Itai
Published: July 2015

The shapes of standing jumps formed in shallow granular flows down an inclined smooth-based chute are analysed in detail, by varying both the slope and mass discharge. Laboratory tests and analytic jump solutions highlight two important transitions. First, for dense flows at high mass discharge, we observe a transition between steep jumps and more diffuse jumps. The traditional shallow-water equation offers a valid prediction for the thickness of the steep water-like jumps. Diffuse frictional jumps require a more general equation accounting for the forces acting inside the jump volume. Second, moving from dense to dilute flows produces another transition between incompressible and compressible jumps. The observed jump height decrease may be reproduced for a more dilute incoming flow by including experimentally measured density variation in the jump equation. Finally, we briefly discuss the likely relevance to avalanche protection dam design that currently utilises traditional shock equations for incompressible frictionless fluids.
Ultrafast defect dynamics: A new approach to all optical broadband switching employing amorphous selenium thin films
Authors: Sharma Rituraj , Prasai Kiran , Drabold D. A. , Adarsh K. V.
Published: July 2015

Optical switches offer higher switching speeds than electronics, however, in most cases utilizing the interband transitions of the active medium for switching. As a result, the signal suffers heavy losses. In this article, we demonstrate a simple and yet efficient ultrafast broadband all-optical switching on ps timescale in the sub-bandgap region of the a-Se thin film, where the intrinsic absorption is very weak. The optical switching is attributed to short-lived transient defects that form localized states in the bandgap and possess a large electron-phonon coupling. We model these processes through first principles simulation that are in agreement with the experiments.
Multilayer graphene as a transparent conducting electrode in silicon heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Patel Kamlesh , Tyagi Pawan K.
Published: July 2015

In this paper, the structure of a graphene/silicon heterojunction solar cell has been studied under simulated conditions. The parameters of the cell’s layers have been optimized by using AFORS-HET software. Instead of reported 2D nature, we considered graphene as 3D in nature. To ensure the formation of Schottky junction, electrical contacts were made along c-axis to collect the minority carriers, which generate upon illumination. By optimizing the various parameters of n-type multilayer graphene, we achieved the best-simulated cell with the power conversion efficiency of 7.62 % at room temperature. Up to 40 layers of n-type graphene, the efficiency found to be constant and enhanced only to 7.623 %. After further optimization of the parameters of p-crystalline silicon wafer, a maximum efficiency of 11.23 % has been achieved. Temperature dependence on the cell performance has also been studied and an efficiency of 11.38 % has been achieved at 270 K. Finally, we have demonstrated that n-type multilayer graphene can act as an excellent transparent conducting electrode.
Current induced magnetization switching in Co/Cu/Ni-Fe nanopillar with orange peel coupling
Authors: Aravinthan D. , Sabareesan P. , Daniel M.
Published: July 2015

The impact of orange peel coupling on spin current induced magnetization switching in a Co/Cu/Ni-Fe nanopillar device is investigated by solving the switching dynamics of magnetization of the free layer governed by the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert-Slonczewski (LLGS) equation. The value of the critical current required to initiate the magnetization switching is calculated analytically by solving the LLGS equation and verified the same through numerical analysis. Results of numerical simulation of the LLGS equation using Runge-Kutta fourth order procedure shows that the presence of orange peel coupling between the spacer and the ferromagnetic layers reduces the switching time of the nanopillar device from 67 ps to 48 ps for an applied current density of 4 × 1012Am−2. Also, the presence of orange peel coupling reduces the critical current required to initiate switching, and in this case, from 1.65 × 1012Am−2 to 1.39 × 1012Am−2.
Modeling of magnetization precession in spin-torque nano-oscillators with a tilted polarizer
Authors: Lv Gang , Zhang Hong , Cao Xuecheng , Liu Yaowen , Hou Zhiwei , Qin Yufeng , Li Guihua , Wang Linhui
Published: July 2015

The spin-torque induced magnetization precession dynamics are studied in a spin-valve with a tilted spin polarizer. Macrospin simulations demonstrate that the frequency of precession state depends both on the external DC current and the intrinsic parameters of devices such as the tilted angle of spin polarizer, the damping factor and saturation magnetization of the free layer. The dependence role of those parameters is characterized by phase diagrams. An analytical model is presented, which can successfully interpret the features of precession frequency.
A functional leaf may represent the assimilate accumulation characteristics of the whole seedling plant in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Li Xinghua , Yang Tewu , Nie Zhongnan , Chen Guoxing , Hu Liyong , Wang Rui
Published: July 2015

A single functional leaf is usually sampled to evaluate the growth and photosynthetic assimilation of crops. However, there is large variation between leaves in winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) at seedling stage. In this study, the morphological and physiological characteristics of various functional leaves were compared with characteristics of the whole plant at seedling stage for 2 years by using the oilseed rape cultivars Huaza 9 and Huaza 62 as plant material. The aim of this study was to identify a leaf that can represent the whole plant for assimilate accumulation characteristics at the seedling stage of the crop. The results showed that the photosynthetic rate and the contents of non-structural carbohydrates, nutrients and soluble proteins in fourth and fifth leaf of a plant were most closely related to those of the whole plant. The area and dry matter (DM) of all functional leaves were well correlated with those of whole plant, with the fifth leaf having the highest correlations. It is therefore recommended that the fifth leaf is most suitable to represent the whole plant for evaluation of growth and assimilate accumulation for winter oilseed rape at the seedling stage. The following regression equations for whole plant (y) and fifth leaf (x, dry matter or length × width) can be used to predict (1) DM accumulation (g) and (2) total leaf area (cm2) of the whole plant: (1) y = 3.32x + 1.51 (R2 = 0.88, P < 0.001); (2) y = 1.24x + 222.69 (R2 = 0.67, P < 0.001).
Comparison of photoperiod-sensitive and photoperiod-insensitive basmati cultivars for grain yield, water productivity, and quality traits under varied transplanting dates in Northwest India
Authors: Mahajan G. , Sharma N. , Kaur R. , Chauhan B. S.
Published: July 2015

In order to increase yield and water productivity, arrest the mining of groundwater, and achieve quality production in Northwest India, there is a need to optimise the transplanting time for newly evolved, high-yielding basmati cultivars. This study in the Indian Punjab was aimed at investigating the effect of date of transplanting (5, 15, and 25 July) on yield, quality traits, and water productivity of four basmati rice cultivars (Pusa Basmati 1121, Pusa Basmati1509, Punjab Basmati 3, and Basmati 386) varying in photoperiod sensitivity. Water productivity of Pusa Basmati1509 was higher than of photoperiod-sensitive cultivars (Punjab Basmati 386 and Punjab Basmati 3) for each transplanting date. Water productivity [irrigation, WPI; total (irrigation + rainfall), WPI+R; and real crop, WPET] of Punjab Basmati 3 for the 25 July transplanting was similar to Pusa Basmati 1509 for the 5 July transplanting. For the 25 July transplanting, WPI, WPI+R, and WPET of Pusa Basmati 1509 increased by 48.9%, 35.2%, and 22.5%, respectively, relative to Pusa Basmati 1121; by 34%, 31.4%, and 27.5% relative to Punjab Basmati 3; and by 81.1%, 70.4%, and 56% relative to Basmati 386. The study showed that delaying transplanting of photoperiod-sensitive and short-duration, photoperiod-insensitive basmati cultivars helped to improve water productivity and quality traits, particularly the head rice recovery (%), kernel length after cooking, and amylose content.
Using high-definition aerial photography to search in 3D for malleefowl mounds is a cost-effective alternative to ground searches
Authors: Thompson Scott , Thompson Graham , Sackmann Jessica , Spark Julia , Brown Tristan
Published: July 2015

The threatened malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata) constructs a large (often >3 m) incubator mound (nest) that is considered a useful proxy for surveying its presence and abundance in the context of an environmental impact assessment. Here we report on the effectiveness and relative cost of using high-definition aerial photography to search in 3D for malleefowl mounds by comparing results to those of earlier ground-based searches. High-definition colour aerial photography was taken of an area of ~7014 ha and searched in 3D for malleefowl mounds. All 24 active (i.e. in use) malleefowl mounds known before the examination of aerial photography were detected using the new assessment technique. Of the 108 total mounds (active and inactive) known from earlier on-ground surveys, 94 (87%) were recorded using the new technique. Mounds not detected were all old and weathered, many barely above ground level and some with vegetation growing in the crater. Approximately 6.3% of the identifications considered ‘confident’ and ~35.0% considered ‘potential’ based on the aerial photography proved to be false positives. The cost of detecting malleefowl mounds using the interpretation of high-definition 3D colour aerial photography and then subsequently examining these areas on the ground is appreciably cheaper than on-ground grid searches.
Termitaria are an important refuge for reptiles in the Pilbara of Western Australia
Authors: Thompson Graham G. , Thompson Scott A.
Published: July 2015

In all, 154 of 158 above-ground termitaria deconstructed in the Pilbara of Western Australia contained at least one vertebrate, and there was a mean of 30.4 (s.e. = 2.03) vertebrates and 4.5 (s.e. = 0.17) species in each mound. There was a significant difference in the relative abundance of species found in the termitaria and the 64 species found in the adjacent area. Termitaria were mostly occupied by eight species: Gehyra pilbara (66.3% of captures), Heteronotia binoei (13.7% of captures), Furina ornata (6.9%), Antaresia stimsoni (3.3%), Cyclorana maini (3.0%), Gehyra variegata (1.5%), Suta punctata (1.3%) and Planigale sp. (0.9%). It is likely that F. ornata, A. stimsoni and S. punctata used termitaria as a diurnal refuge and also prey upon reptiles living in the mound. If other termitaria in the Pilbara support a similarly high number of vertebrates, then these mounds provide an environmentally significant microhabitat and vertebrate fauna inhabiting the mounds should be captured and relocated before the termitaria are cleared or isolated as a result of development.
Optogenetic determination of the myocardial requirements for extrasystoles by cell type-specific targeting of ChannelRhodopsin-2
Authors: Zaglia Tania , Pianca Nicola , Borile Giulia , Da Broi Francesca , Richter Claudia , Campione Marina , Lehnart Stephan E. , Luther Stefan , Corrado Domenico , Miquerol Lucile , Mongillo Marco
Published: July 2015

Significance

Arrhythmias are potentially life-threatening electrical heart diseases that are difficult to predict and are mostly treated by empirical interventions. The mechanisms of arrhythmia initiation (triggers) are still poorly understood, mostly due to the technical limitations of conventional experimental methods in cardiac electrophysiology. Here, we use optogenetics, a technique based on the expression of photoactivated proteins such as ChannelRhodopsin-2 (ChR2), which allows for noninvasive control of the cell membrane potential through illumination with blue light. By developing mice with cell-specific expression of ChR2, we investigated the role of the different cardiomyocyte types present in the heart and determined the factors triggering arrhythmic beats in the normal heart and during myocardial ischemia, a condition frequently associated with lethal arrhythmias causing sudden cardiac death.
Acquisition of English verb transitivity by native speakers of Japanese
Authors: Nagano Tomonori
Published: July 2015

This study is concerned with native Japanese speakers’ acquisition of English lexical causativity. In Japanese, a large number of verbs, including those not participating in the causative alternation in English (e.g., kieru/kesu “disappear/be disappeared” and todoku/todokeru “deliver/be delivered”), are lexically causative, in addition to the prototypical causative verbs such as aku/akeru “open” and ugoku/ugokasu “move”. This asymmetric relationship forms a gap between the L1 and L2 and will cause overgeneralization errors in the L2 utterances. In this study, 44 native speakers of English and 60 Japanese ESL learners participated in the grammaticality judgment tasks in a series of experiments. The data show that the negative transfer exists in the inherently-directed motion verbs and verbs of disappearance, but it is conditioned by the frequency of verbs. The existence of frequency effect on verbs in the asymmetric relationship indicates that certain classes of verbs must be learned from the input.
Morphological variation in the speech of Frisian-Dutch bilinguals
Authors: Hanssen Esther , Versloot Arjen , Hoekstra Eric , Banga Arina , Neijt Anneke , Schreuder Robert
Published: July 2015

In standard Dutch, the plural suffix -enis homographic and homophonic with the linking suffix -en(boek+en“books”,boek+en+kast“bookcase”), both being pronounced as schwa. In Frisian, there is neither homography nor homophony (boek+en“books”, pronounced with syllabic nasal;boek+e+kast“bookcase”, pronounced with a linking schwa). Seeing that many areas of Frisian grammar are subject to interference from Dutch, we investigated whether Frisian-Dutch bilinguals exhibit interference from Dutch with respect to the linking suffix during Frisian speech production. Two types of Frisian-Dutch bilinguals emerged: Speakers who had Dutch as their first language tended to maintain the Dutch system of homophony between plural and linking suffixes when speaking Frisian, by using the Frisian plural as a linking morpheme. Speakers who had Frisian as their first language often maintained the Frisian system of no homophony when speaking Frisian. The implications for morphological theories are discussed.
The Vimose Dedication as Ritual Language
Authors: Mees Bernard
Published: July 2015

The inscription on the Vimose buckle has been the subject of a long and diverse historiography. Taken in the light of early runic epigraphic typology, however, the inscription appears to preserve an early example of Germanic ritual language. Rather than a product of Romanisation (as archaeologists have assumed for similar votive bog finds), the inscription on the Vimose buckle is better understood in terms of the linguistic anthropology of dedicatory epigraphs. The Vimose text shows clear signs of being a thoroughly native expression, a linguistically archaic inscription which alliterates, features pro-drop, verb-final word order and athematic verbal inflection.
The Runic Inscription from the Nydam Axehandle
Authors: Fairfax Edmund
Published: July 2015

This article offers a critical overview of earlier readings and interpretations of the elder-futhark inscription from the Nydam axehandle, which are found wanting, and proposes instead a new reading and interpretation. The inscriptions from the Køge/Sjælland bracteate, Gallehus horn, Kårstad stone, and Istaby stone, as well as the patronymic use of the suffix -ijaz, are also discussed.
Aspiration und Lautverschiebung: Zur Typologie des Niederländischen
Authors: Goblirsch Kurt Gustav
Published: July 2015

Im Anschluss an mein BuchLautverschiebungen in den germanischen Sprachen(2005) verteidigt dieser Aufsatz die Rekonstruktion der Aspiration als bewegendes Moment bei der Ersten und der Zweiten Lautverschiebung. Eine vergleichende Untersuchung über das Vorkommen der Aspiration in den modernen germanischen Sprachen und Dialekten zeigt, dass die Aspiration ohne Zweifel eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Entwicklung des germanischen Konsonantismus gespielt hat. Fast alle modernen germanischen Dialekte, nicht nur die hochdeutschen, haben also in irgendeiner Form an der Zweiten Lautverschiebung teilgenommen. Dialekte, die keine Aspiration aufweisen, beruhen entweder auf Substrateinwirkungen oder bewahren noch den Zustand aus der Zeit vor der Zweiten Lautverschiebung. Besonders einschlägig in diesem Zusammenhang ist der Fall des Niederländischen, das für seine Aspirationslosigkeit bekannt ist.
Literacy and the languages of rationality
Authors: Olson David R.
Published: July 2015

Literacy, specifically the use of writing for rational purposes, adds a new dimension to the traditional problem of the relation between language, thought and rationality. Central to rational thought are the logical relations expressed by such terms as “is”, “or”, “and” and “not”. Whereas some see these concepts as fundamental and innate, it is here argued that such terms exhibit a diverse range of uses in speech and thought but through literacy and education they become explicit objects of thought and formalized or ‘normed’ into logical operators as part of a literate rationality. This more formal orientation to language is seen as metarepresentational and may be shown to have both an historical and a developmental trajectory.
Quanta appeared not in Max Planck’s mind, but on paper
Authors: Sady Wojciech
Published: July 2015

If our thinking is socially conditioned, then how, at the end of 1900, did Max Planck, whose thinking was shaped by classical mechanics, manage to think that energy is quantized? After all, the idea was incommensurable with the principles of Newton’s mechanics. My thesis is that Planck did not intend to think about it. Trying to reconcile the time reversibility of the laws of mechanics with the time irreversibility of the laws of classical thermodynamics, he was constantly thinking according to rules inherited from others. Trying to find a theoretical explanation of the formula describing the distribution of the energy of black-body radiation — arrived at by fitting theoretical parameters to new experimental data — he in “an act of despair” applied Boltzmann’s statistical concept of entropy. Then he noticed — on a sheet of paper — that classical and statistical formulas are identical if and only if the energy of resonators was a multiple of hν. What cannot appear in the human mind — as the mind is socially conditioned — can appear on paper. This gives a clear example of how computations in a “world on paper” (Olson 1994) can create new concepts.
Constraint, cognition, and written numeration
Authors: Chrisomalis Stephen
Published: July 2015

The world’s diverse written numeral systems are affected by human cognition; in turn, written numeral systems affect mathematical cognition in social environments. The present study investigates the constraints on graphic numerical notation, treating it neither as a byproduct of lexical numeration, nor a mere adjunct to writing, but as a specific written modality with its own cognitive properties. Constraints do not refute the notion of infinite cultural variability; rather, they recognize the infinity of variability within defined limits, thus transcending the universalist/particularist dichotomy. In place of strictly innatist perspectives on mathematical cognition, a model is proposed that invokes domain-specific and notationally-specific constraints to explain patterns in numerical notations. The analysis of exceptions to cross-cultural generalizations makes the study of near-universals highly productive theoretically. The cross-cultural study of patterns in written numbers thus provides a rich complement to the cognitive analysis of writing systems.
Trajectories of the black female body in Brazil
Authors: Plaza Pinto Joana
Published: July 2015

In this paper, I offer a situated perspective on the political and semiotic landscapes of the circulation of racist and antiracist images and texts in and around a dark-skinned female character, Adelaide, in the popular Brazilian TV show Zorra Total. I aim to differ and defer the character as a sign, in order to undermine the character’s hegemonic frame of interpretation. First, I contextualize some resources used in a typical episode, including the character’s performance as a trajectory of racist signs about the black woman’s body. Next, I discuss the contemporary circulation of the character, confronted by the experience of discussing this character in an undergraduate classroom. In conclusion, I argue that by exposing trajectories of the black female body, it is possible to gather together its fragmented signs as a multi-layered and overlapping set, and I identify these trajectories as a blind spot in the history of Brazilian racism.
Semiophors and sexual systems
Authors: Goldstein Ruth
Published: July 2015

This article examines physical and linguistic sites through which women and words about women circulate along Latin America’s Interoceanic Road, running from the Brazilian to the Peruvian coast. I argue that the discourse on women circulates with specific linguistic-packaging, made and remade at different sites. In analyzing how these sites form ‘cartographies of communicability’ (Briggs 2005), this article engages Marilena Chauí’s discussion of the ‘semiophor’ (2000) to refer to people and things that once pulled out of daily circulation, take on new meanings beyond their material existence. By complicating the socially viable/acceptable identities offered/imposed upon these women – victims or voluntary agents, this article seeks to avoid reinscriptions of difference that “muzzle the subaltern” (Spivak 1988), advocating for a practice of ethnographic vigilance.
Flowing and framing
Authors: Reinhardt Bruno
Published: July 2015

Experiential and mediatized, Pentecostal Christianity is one of the most successful cases of contemporary religious globalization. However, it has often grown and expanded transnationally without clear authoritative contours. That is the case in contemporary Ghana, where Pentecostal claims about charismatic empowerment have fed public anxieties concerning the fake and the occult. This article examines how Pentecostalism’s dysfunctional circulation is countered within seminaries, or Bible schools, by specific strategies of pastoral training. First, I revisit recent debates on Protestant language ideology in the anthropology of Christianity, and stress Pentecostalism’s affinity with notions of flow and saturation of speech by divine presence. Second, I move to data collected in the Anagkazo Bible and Ministry Training Center, and investigate this institution’s pedagogical framing of Pentecostalism’s otherwise erratic flow of speech and power according to two normative operations: Biblical figuration and the emic notion of transmission as ‘impartation’. I conclude by stressing how the metapragmatics of figuration and impartation in Anagkazo requires an understanding of religious circulation that exceeds the dominant scholarly focus on religion-as-mediation.
Cyclopiazonic acid biosynthesis gene cluster gene cpaM is required for speradine A biosynthesis
Authors: Tokuoka Masafumi , Kikuchi Tomoki , Shinohara Yasutomo , Koyama Akifumi , Iio Shin-ichiro , Kubota Takaaki , Kobayashi Jun’ichi , Koyama Yasuji , Totsuka Akira , Shindo Hitoshi , Sato Kazuo
Published: July 2015

Speradine A is a derivative of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) found in culture of an Aspergillus tamarii isolate. Heterologous expression of a predicted methyltransferase gene, cpaM, in the cpa biosynthesis gene cluster of A. tamarii resulted in the speradine A production in a 2-oxoCPA producing A. oryzae strain, indicating cpaM is involved in the speradine A biosynthesis.
Association of Nocturnal Hypertension With Disease Activity in
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Hamamoto Kae , Yamada Shinsuke , Yasumoto Mari , Yoda Maki , Yoda Koichiro , Tsuda Akihiro , Okamoto Keiji , Goto Hitoshi , Inaba Masaaki
Published: July 2015

OBJECTIVES

Both nocturnal hypertension (HT) and systemic inflammation underlying rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been shown to be independent predictors of cardiovascular disease (CVD), although little is known on the relationship between nocturnal blood pressure (BP) and disease activity in RA patients.

METHODS

We performed 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) in 71 RA patients to examine the relationship of nocturnal fall in BP and RA disease activity based on a disease activity score of 28 joint counts with C-reactive protein (CRP, 28-joint disease activity score (DAS28)-CRP). Among them, 25 RA patients whose consent obtained were reexamined by ABPM to assess the improvement of nocturnal fall in BP after RA therapeutic intervention.

RESULTS

The mean DAS28-CRP level was 4.8±1.6 in 71 RA patients. The mean nocturnal fall in BP was 5.6±8.9%. DAS28-CRP was associated significantly and independently in a negative manner with the nocturnal fall in BP ( β = −0.388, P = 0.004). In 25 RA patients, DAS28-CRP improved from 5.4±1.1 to 3.5±0.8 ( P < 0.0001) and the nocturnal fall in BP increased significantly from 4.5±9.2% to 10.6±5.8% ( P = 0.002) with the significant decrease of nighttime systolic BP (SBP) from 121.2±22.5mm Hg to 112.5±18.8mm Hg ( P = 0.02) in spite of no change in daytime BP after 4 weeks of RA treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study observed that higher RA activity was associated with lower nocturnal fall in BP, but not daytime BP, in RA patients.
Reduction of Central Blood Pressure in Response to Oral Glucose
Loading Is Blunted in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Higaki Tadanao , Kurisu Satoshi , Watanabe Noriaki , Ikenaga Hiroki , Shimonaga Takashi , Iwasaki Toshitaka , Ishibashi Ken , Dohi Yoshihiro , Fukuda Yukihiro , Kihara Yasuki
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND

Recent studies have shown that arterial stiffness is reduced after meal intake. We evaluated the acute response of central hemodynamics to glucose loading and the variation in their responses among normal glucose tolerance (NGT), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and diabetes mellitus (DM).

METHODS

The study enrolled 85 patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease who underwent a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Central hemodynamic measurements were assessed using radial applanation tonometry at fasting, 60, and 120 minutes after glucose loading.

RESULTS

Glucose loading decreased the augmentation index normalized to a heart rate of 75 bpm (AIx@75) (81.6±13.9 to 74.5±14.1%, P < 0.01) and central systolic blood pressure (SBP) (115±22 to 109±21mm Hg, P < 0.01) at 120 minutes without a significant change in brachial SBP (126±25 to 125±25mm Hg, P = 0.93). Glucose loading decreased central SBP in NGT and IGT groups but did not affect the DM group. Change in AIx@75 at 120 minutes after glucose loading was blunted in IGT and DM groups compared with the NGT group (−5.7±4.4 vs. −3.6±4.1 vs. −9.3±6.2%, P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified DM as an independent factor associated with the presence of blunted response of AIx to glucose loading.

CONCLUSIONS

Oral glucose loading decreased central SBP and AIx@75 without a significant change in brachial SBP, and these central hemodynamic responses were blunted in patients with DM.
Statistical models for RNA-seq data derived from a two-condition 48-replicate experiment
Authors: Gierliński Marek , Cole Christian , Schofield Pietà , Schurch Nicholas J. , Sherstnev Alexander , Singh Vijender , Wrobel Nicola , Gharbi Karim , Simpson Gordon , Owen-Hughes Tom , Blaxter Mark , Barton Geoffrey J.
Published: July 2015

Motivation: High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) is now the standard method to determine differential gene expression. Identifying differentially expressed genes crucially depends on estimates of read-count variability. These estimates are typically based on statistical models such as the negative binomial distribution, which is employed by the tools edgeR, DESeq and cuffdiff. Until now, the validity of these models has usually been tested on either low-replicate RNA-seq data or simulations.

Results: A 48-replicate RNA-seq experiment in yeast was performed and data tested against theoretical models. The observed gene read counts were consistent with both log-normal and negative binomial distributions, while the mean-variance relation followed the line of constant dispersion parameter of ∼0.01. The high-replicate data also allowed for strict quality control and screening of ‘bad’ replicates, which can drastically affect the gene read-count distribution.

Availability and implementation: RNA-seq data have been submitted to ENA archive with project ID PRJEB5348.

Contact:  g.j.barton@dundee.ac.uk
KnowEnG: a knowledge engine for genomics
Authors: Sinha Saurabh , Song Jun , Weinshilboum Richard , Jongeneel Victor , Han Jiawei
Published: July 2015

We describe here the vision, motivations, and research plans of the National Institutes of Health Center for Excellence in Big Data Computing at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. The Center is organized around the construction of “Knowledge Engine for Genomics” (KnowEnG), an E-science framework for genomics where biomedical scientists will have access to powerful methods of data mining, network mining, and machine learning to extract knowledge out of genomics data. The scientist will come to KnowEnG with their own data sets in the form of spreadsheets and ask KnowEnG to analyze those data sets in the light of a massive knowledge base of community data sets called the “Knowledge Network” that will be at the heart of the system. The Center is undertaking discovery projects aimed at testing the utility of KnowEnG for transforming big data to knowledge. These projects span a broad range of biological enquiry, from pharmacogenomics (in collaboration with Mayo Clinic) to transcriptomics of human behavior.