bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Civil Service and Policy Formation
Authors: Hodgetts J. E.
Published: June 2006

If we are to live we must act; action necessitates making choices; our choices, in turn, reflect philosophical outlooks and a multitude of competing pressures from the material world. In the politics of democracy choices are continually being made at many levels, under varying conditions, with the expectation that there is sufficient consensus within the community to produce or support decisions regarded by the members as comprehensible and tolerable.

In recent years political scientists have been directing their investigations to elections, probably the most conspicuous example of a formal choosing process in which most members of the community are entitled to participate. Resourceful manipulation of the cold figures in which these choices are recorded is now beginning to yield conclusions that can be expressed in qualitative as well as in the more customary quantitative terms. We are learning more and more about why voters make the political choices they do and we can confidently look to the “psephologists,” hovering over their wired boards, to give us more illuminating insights into this area of making decisions.
Some Notes on Price Discrimination
Authors: Enke Stephen
Published: June 2006

These notes explore and categorize most cases of monopolistic price discrimination. A majority of these instances, when involving a homogeneous product, fall into that broad and somewhat miscellaneous class that Pigou termed second-degree discrimination. Whenever evident, profit-maximizing rules of approximations are given, the contributions of von Stackelberg (second-degree discrimination) and of Mrs. Robinson (third-degree discrimination) being later shown to be special cases of a more general analytic solution. Less authoritarian forms of discrimination arising from brand differentiation, first considered by Bailey and others, are placed in a larger context. A final section graphically distinguishes between optimal financial outcomes (for the seller) and optimal resource allocations (for the economy) under monopolistic price discrimination.
Le Bicameralisme dans le Quebec
Authors: Bonenfant Jean-Charles
Published: June 2006

Même si la plupart des manuels de science politique parlent du déclin des chambres hautes à notre époque, elles n'en continuent pas moins à poser un problème « classique » et «crucial». Ce sont les deux épithètes qu'emploie Georges Burdeau dans son volumineux et inégal Traité de science politique en précisant qu’ « il n'est guère de problèmes d'organisation constitutionnelle qui n'aient donné lieu, dans les milieux politiques, à des discussions plus âpres, et dans la doctrine, à une littérature plus abondante que celui de savoir si l'organe législatif doit être constitué par une assemblée unique ou par deux chambres». Dès l'antiquité, sous forme de ce qu'on appelait alors le régime mixte-la combinaison de la royauté, l'aristocratie, et la démocratie-le problème a passionné les esprits et Platon en a esquissé la théorie dans Les Lois. Aristote a précisé les idées de son maître dans sa Politique et a inspiré au Moyen Age Thomas d'Aquin qui, dans son régime politique idéal, veut combiner royauté, aristocratie, et démocratie. On ne possédait tout de même pas une idée très précise de la chambre haute qui ne s'incarna vraiment qu'avec la naissance et le développement de la Chambre des Lords en Angleterre. Mais ce n'est évidemment qu'avec l'avènement des idées démocratiques au dix-huitième siècle et surtout leur mise en pratique au dix-neuvième que se posa vraiment la question de la dualité des chambres. Après un débat fameux, en septembre, 1789, la Révolution française fut d'abord favorable à une assemblée unique mais dans la constitution de l'an III, le bicaméralisme triompha comme il devait triompher dans la plupart des constitutions pour servir de frein aux assemblées populaires. Il fut cependant, en 1830, l'objet d'une brillante attaque de la part de Jeremy Bentham dans sa lettre «to his fellow citizens of France on Houses of Peers and Senates».
Montesquieu and the Wealth of Nations
Authors: Devletoglou Nicos E.
Published: June 2006

In the recently recovered Preface to the French edition of The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money Keynes refers to Montesquieu (1689–1755) as the greatest French economist. Addressing the French public Keynes writes that “Montesquieu was the real French equivalent of Adam Smith. The greatest of your economists, head and shoulders above the physiocrats in penetration, clear-headedness and good sense (which are the qualities an economist should have).” The admiration that Keynes expressed for Montesquieu in that document led me to undertake an investigation of Montesquieu's works. This research has made it possible to show that Montesquieu, though never fancying himself as an economist, had been creatively concerned with a crucial economic problem: the comparative statics of economic welfare.

Keynes was conscious mainly of Montesquieu's interest theory. He admired this theory in passing in the French Preface, but mentioned in no other of his works the influence that Montesquieu had on him. Nowhere did Keynes undertake to elaborate on or indeed justify any of his extraordinary remarks about Montesquieu. There is no reference to Montesquieu in the text proper of either the English or the French edition of the General Theory, or in any other of Keynes's works. As it stands, Keynes's sudden conviction that Montesquieu was the greatest French economist is hardly convincing. In this essay on attempt has been made to collect some of the evidence necessary for us to appraise the economic work of Montesquieu. I hope to vindicate the introduction of Montesquieu as an economist to the Anglo-Saxon world and to put Keynes's extraordinary contentions into proper perspective.
The Real Balance Effect: An Exercise in Capital Theory
Authors: Marty Alvin L.
Published: June 2006

In his celebrated book, Money, Interest and Prices, Professor Patinkin took the position that an individual's demand for nominal balances was not homogeneous of the first degree in the absolute level of prices. His analysis, based on concepts of inferiority and superiority with respect to real cash balances, failed to distinguish between short-period transition and long-period equilibrium. For this failure, Patinkin was taken to task by Archibald and Lipsey, who, while accepting Patinkin's assumptions, showed that as between alternative positions of long-period equilibrium when the actual stock of real balances is equal to the desired stock, a doubling of the price level does, in fact, double the nominal quantity of cash balances demanded, thereby validating the classical position.

My primary purpose is to show that it is unnecessary to assume, as do Patinkin and his critics, a unique relation between the desired stock of balances and the flow of commodities. This stock-flow equilibrium should not be assumed, but rather can be deduced, as is done in capital theory, from initial assumptions. Indeed, the accumulation of cash balances to attain a long-run equilibrium level is properly treated as an aspect of the theory of capital accumulation. Specifically, if we assume that real cash balances have positive carrying costs and that the rate of time preference is zero, we can show that an individual in long-run equilibrium will hold the satiety level of cash balances and that the equilibrium is unique and stable.
International Factor Movements and the Terms of Trade
Authors: Amano Akihiro
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of international movements of labour and capital upon the commodity terms of trade. The development of the modern theory of international trade, initiated by E. Heckscher and B. Ohlin has enabled us to relax the classical assumption of complete immobility of factors among different countries, and to analyse the international movements of goods and factors within the same theoretical framework. Thus, both Heckscher and Ohlin emphasized the substitutive relationship between international trade and factor movements. But the effects of international factor movements upon the international terms of trade seem to have attracted comparatively less attention. Although the question known as the “transfer problem” was subject to detailed investigation, it is not concerned with the movement of factors of production per se.

Professors J. E. Meade and H. G. Johnson independently considered international factor movements from the long-run point of view, and presented rigorous analyses of their effects upon the commodity terms of trade. Meade dealt with the international migration of labour in order to give a theoretical basis to the regulation of migration, whereas Johnson made an ingenious use of Rybczynski's theorem to analyse the effects of international transmissions of productive power upon the terms of trade. The present paper attempts to push their analyses a little further by developing a general formulation of the problem within a neo-Heckscher-Ohlin trade model.
The Role of Inheritance in Locke's Political Theory
Authors: Gauthier David P.
Published: June 2006

The conditions under which a man is entitled to inherit the estate of his father play an essential part in two of Locke's principal arguments in the Second Treatise of Civil Government. First, in criticizing those who contend that birth, not consent, makes man a member of an established civil society, Locke argues that inheritance, rather than birth, determines membership, and that consent is a condition of inheritance. Second, in rejecting the view that conquest in a just war confers political power upon the conqueror, Locke argues that this would be incompatible with the right of the descendants of the conquered to their inheritance.

These two arguments appear opposed. If consent to established government is a legitimate condition of inheritance, then is consent to the government of a conqueror not also a legitimate condition? Or, if the right to inherit cannot be limited by requiring obedience to a just conqueror, then can this right be limited by requiring obedience to any existing authority? A close discussion of Locke's arguments should reveal the extent of this opposition, and so determine the consistency of his account of inheritance.

Locke first introduces inheritance in distinguishing paternal from political power. His treatment here anticipates his later account of the relation between inheritance and consent, and so is worth brief attention.
Voting in a Provincial General Election and a Federal by-Election: A Constituency Study of Saskatoon City
Authors: Courtney John C. , Smith David E.
Published: June 2006

Previous studies have noted that Canadians tend to support one political party at the provincial level of government and another party at the federal level, yet no attempt has been made to discover which voters switch their electoral support. This study is concerned with an examination of one electoral district as both a federal and a provincial constituency in two 1964 elections to determine (a) the nature and degree of vote switching from one election at one level of government to a second election at another level and (b) the characteristics of the people who switched their votes.

The city of Saskatoon was selected for the study for two closely interrelated reasons. First, two elections were held remarkably close together in time: a provincial general election on April 22, 1964, followed by a federal by-election on June 22, 1964. Second, Saskatoon had returned CCF members to the provincial legislature since 1944, but had elected as its member of parliament the Progressive-Conservative candidate since 1957. The Conservative candidates had a poor record in provincial elections, generally running a modest third, while in federal elections the party's candidate polled more votes than his combined opposition in 1958, 1962, and 1963. As Table I indicates the voters of Saskatoon had on six occasions in the period from 1956 to 1963 consistently supported the CCF provincially and the Progressive-Conservatives federally. The 1964 elections followed basically the same pattern The main differences were that provincially the Liberals and Progressive-Conservatives improved their position considerably in comparison with past elections (with the Liberals electing one member in the five-member district), while federally the Progressive-Conservative vote dropped substantially with a lower voter turn-out than had been the case in recent federal elections (see Table II).
Structure and assembly of P-pili: A protruding hinge region used for assembly of a bacterial adhesion filament
Authors: Mu Xiang-Qi , Bullitt Esther
Published: June 2006

High-resolution structures of macromolecular complexes offer unparalleled insight into the workings of biological systems and hence the interplay of these systems in health and disease. We have adopted a multifaceted approach to understanding the pathogenically important structure of P-pili, the class I adhesion pili from pyelonephritic
Escherichia coli
. Our approach combines electron cryomicroscopy, site-directed mutagenesis, homology modeling, and energy calculations, resulting in a high-resolution model of PapA, the major structural element of these pili. Fitting of the modeled PapA subunit into the electron cryomicroscopy data provides a detailed view of these pilins within the supramolecular architecture of the pilus filament. A structural hinge in the N-terminal region of the subunit is located at the site of a newly resolved electron density that protrudes from the P-pilus surface. The structural flexibility provided by this hinge is necessary for assembly of P-pili, illustrating one solution to construction of large macromolecular complexes from small repeating units. These data support our hypothesis that domain-swapped pilin subunits transit the outer cell membrane vertically and rotate about the hinge for final positioning into the pilus filament. Our data confirm and supply a structural basis for much previous genetic, biochemical, and structural data. This model of the P-pilus filament provides an insight into the mechanism of assembly of a macromolecular complex essential for initiation of kidney infection by these bacteria.
Target cell-specific modulation of neuronal activity by astrocytes
Authors: Kozlov A. S. , Angulo M. C. , Audinat E. , Charpak S.
Published: June 2006

Interaction between astrocytes and neurons enriches the behavior of brain circuits. By releasing glutamate and ATP, astrocytes can directly excite neurons and modulate synaptic transmission. In the rat olfactory bulb, we demonstrate that the release of GABA by astrocytes causes long-lasting and synchronous inhibition of mitral and granule cells. In addition, astrocytes release glutamate, leading to a selective activation of granule-cell NMDA receptors. Thus, by releasing excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, astrocytes exert a complex modulatory control on the olfactory network.
HOW MUCH DO STUDENTS MATTER? APPLYING THE OAXACA DECOMPOSITION TO EXPLAIN DETERMINANTS OF ADEQUATE YEARLY PROGRESS
Authors: KRIEG JOHN M. , STORER PAUL
Published: June 2006

The federal government and many state governments have recently passed legislation that punishes school districts for not showing consistent improvement in standardized test scores. This article measures the extent to which school performance reflects student characteristics. After splitting schools in the state of Washington based on adequate yearly progress, the authors find that an overwhelming percentage of the difference between high‐ and low‐performing schools is explained by characteristics beyond the control of school administrators. Thus legislation designed to penalize poorly performing schools may hurt students who are most in need of academic aid. (JEL I2)
Rapid activation of Na+/H+exchange by EPEC is PKC mediated
Authors: Hodges Kim , Gill Ravinder , Ramaswamy K. , Dudeja Pradeep K. , Hecht Gail
Published: June 2006

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) increases sodium/hydrogen exchanger 2 (NHE2)-mediated sodium uptake by intestinal epithelial cells in a type III secretion-dependent manner. However, the mechanism(s) underlying these changes are not known. This study examines the role of a number of known secreted effector molecules and bacterial adhesins as well as the signaling pathways involved in this process. Deletion of the bacterial adhesins Tir and intimin had no effect on the increase in sodium/hydrogen exchanger (NHE) activity promoted by EPEC infection; however, there was a significant decrease upon deletion of the bundle-forming pili. Bacterial supernatant also failed to alter NHE activity, suggesting that direct interaction with bacteria is necessary. Analysis of the signal transduction cascades responsible for the increased NHE2 activity during EPEC infection showed that PLC increased Ca2+, as well as PKCα and PKCε were involved in increasing NHE activity. The activation of PKCε by EPEC has not been previously described nor has its role in regulating NHE2 activity. Because EPEC markedly increases NHE2 activity, this pathogen provides an exceptional opportunity to improve our understanding of this less-characterized NHE isoform.
Expression of NK-1 and NK-3 tachykinin receptors in pancreatic acinar cells after acute experimental pancreatitis in rats
Authors: Broccardo Maria , Linari Giorgio , Agostini Simona , Amadoro Giusi , Carpino Francesco , Ciotti Maria Teresa , Petrella Carla , Petrozza Vincenzo , Severini Cinzia , Improta Giovanna
Published: June 2006

Activation of neurokinin (NK)-1 receptors but not of NK-3 stimulates amylase release from isolated pancreatic acini of the rat. Immunofluorescence studies show that NK-1 receptors are more strongly expressed than NK-3 receptors on pancreatic acinar cells under basal conditions. No studies have examined the expression of the two NK receptor populations in pancreatic acini during pancreatitis in rats. We therefore investigated the relationships between expression of these two tachykinin receptors and experimental acute pancreatitis induced by stimulating pancreatic amylase with caerulein (CK) in rats. Hyperstimulation of the pancreas by CK caused an increase in plasma amylase and pancreatic water content and resulted in morphological evidence of cytoplasmic vacuolization. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed a similar percentage of NK-1 receptor antibody immunoreactive acinar cells in rats with pancreatitis and in normal rat tissue but a larger percentage of NK-3 receptor immunoreactive cells in acute pancreatitis than in normal pancreas. Western blot analysis of NK-1 and NK-3 receptor protein levels after CK-induced pancreatitis showed no change in NK-1 receptors but a stronger increase in NK-3 receptor expression in pancreatic acini compared with normal rats thus confirming the immunofluorescence data. These new findings support previous evidence that substance P-mediated functions within the pancreas go beyond sensory signal transduction contributing to neurogenic inflammation, and they suggest that substance P plays a role in regulating pancreatic exocrine secretion via acinar NK-1 receptors. The significant increase in NK-3 receptors during pancreatic stimulation suggests that NK-3 receptors also intervene in the pathogenesis of mild acute pancreatitis in rats.
Murine isolated lymphoid follicles contain follicular B lymphocytes with a mucosal phenotype
Authors: Wang Caihong , McDonald Keely G. , McDonough Jacquelyn S. , Newberry Rodney D.
Published: June 2006

Isolated lymphoid follicles (ILFs) are organized intestinal lymphoid structures whose formation can be induced by luminal stimuli. ILFs have been demonstrated to act as inductive sites for the generation of immune responses directed toward luminal stimuli; however, the phenotype of the immune response initiated within ILFs has largely been uninvestigated. To gain a better understanding of the immune responses initiated within ILFs, we examined phenotypic and functional aspects of the largest cellular component of the murine ILF lymphocyte population, B lymphocytes. We observed that murine ILF B lymphocytes are composed of a relatively homogenous population of follicular B-2 B lymphocytes. Consistent with their proximity to multiple stimuli, ILF B lymphocytes displayed a more activated phenotype compared with their counterparts in the spleen and Peyer's patch (PP). ILF B lymphocytes also expressed higher levels of immunomodulatory B7 and CD28 family members B7X and programmed death-1 compared with their counterparts in the spleen and PP. ILF B lymphocytes preferentially differentiate into IgA-producing plasma cells and produce more IL-4 and IL-10 and less interferon-γ compared with their counterparts in the spleen. Immunoglobulin repertoire analysis from individual ILFs demonstrated that ILFs contain a polyclonal population of B lymphocytes. These findings indicate that murine ILFs contain a polyclonal population of follicular B-2 B lymphocytes with a phenotype similar to PP B lymphocytes and that, in unchallenged animals, ILFs promote immune responses with a homeostatic phenotype.
Norepinephrine induces calcium spikes and proinflammatory actions in human hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Sancho-Bru Pau , Bataller Ramón , Colmenero Jordi , Gasull Xavier , Moreno Montserrat , Arroyo Vicente , Brenner David A. , Ginès Pere
Published: June 2006

Catecholamines participate in the pathogenesis of portal hypertension and liver fibrosis through α1-adrenoceptors. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we investigated the effects of norepinephrine (NE) on human hepatic stellate cells (HSC), which exert vasoactive, inflammatory, and fibrogenic actions in the injured liver. Adrenoceptor expression was assessed in human HSC by RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. Intracellular Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]i) was studied in fura-2-loaded cells. Cell contraction was studied by assessing wrinkle formation and myosin light chain II (MLC II) phosphorylation. Cell proliferation and collagen-α1(I) expression were assessed by [3H]thymidine incorporation and quantitative PCR, respectively. NF-κB activation was assessed by luciferase reporter gene and p65 nuclear translocation. Chemokine secretion was assessed by ELISA. Normal human livers expressed α1A-adrenoceptors, which were markedly upregulated in livers with advanced fibrosis. Activated human HSC expressed α1A-adrenoceptors. NE induced multiple rapid [Ca2+]ioscillations (Ca2+spikes). Prazosin (α1-blocker) completely prevented NE-induced Ca2+spikes, whereas propranolol (nonspecific β-blocker) partially attenuated this effect. NE caused phosphorylation of MLC II and cell contraction. In contrast, NE did not affect cell proliferation or collagen-α1(I) expression. Importantly, NE stimulated the secretion of inflammatory chemokines (RANTES and interleukin-8) in a dose-dependent manner. Prazosin blocked NE-induced chemokine secretion. NE stimulated NF-κB activation. BAY 11-7082, a specific NF-κB inhibitor, blocked NE-induced chemokine secretion. We conclude that NE stimulates NF-κB and induces cell contraction and proinflammatory effects in human HSC. Catecholamines may participate in the pathogenesis of portal hypertension and liver fibrosis by targeting HSC.
EGF-induced inhibition of glucose transport is mediated by PKC and MAPK signal pathways in primary cultured chicken hepatocytes
Authors: Lee Min Young , Park Soo Hyun , Lee Yun Jung , Heo Jung Sun , Lee Jang Hern , Han Ho Jae
Published: June 2006

EGF is a regulator of a wide variety of processes in various cell systems. Hepatocytes are important sites in the body's metabolism and function. Glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) is a major transporter that is expressed strongly in hepatocytes. Therefore, this study examined the effect of EGF on GLUT2 and its related signal cascades in primary cultured chicken hepatocytes. EGF decreased [3H]deoxyglucose uptake in a dose- and time-dependent manner (>10 ng/ml, 2 h). AG-1478 (an EGF receptor antagonist) and genistein and herbimycin A (tyrosine kinase inhibitors) blocked the EGF-induced decrease in [3H]deoxyglucose uptake, which correlated with the GLUT2 expression level. In addition, the EGF-induced decrease in GLUT2 protein expression was inhibited by staurosporine, H-7, or bisindolylmaleimide I (PKC inhibitors), PD-98059 (a MEK inhibitor), SB-203580 (a p38 MAPK inhibitor), and SP-600125 (a JNK inhibitor), suggesting a role of both PKC and MAPKs (p44/42 MAPK, p38 MAPK, and JNK). In particular, EGF increased the translocation of PKC isoforms (PKC-α, -β1, -γ, -δ, and -ζ) from the cytosol to the membrane fraction and increased the activation of p44/42 MAPK, p38 MAPK, and JNK. Moreover, PKC inhibitors blocked the EGF-induced phosphorylation of three MAPKs. In conclusion, EGF decreases the GLUT2 expression level via the PKC-MAPK signal cascade in chicken hepatocytes.
Repeated δ1-opioid receptor stimulation reduces δ2-opioid receptor responses in the SA node
Authors: Deo S. H. , Johnson-Davis S. , Barlow M. A. , Yoshishige D. , Caffrey J. L.
Published: June 2006

Ultra-low-dose methionine-enkephalin-arginine-phenylalanine improves vagal transmission (vagotonic) and decreases heart rate via δ1-opioid receptors within the sinoatrial (SA) node. Higher doses activate δ2-opioid receptors, interrupt vagal transmission (vagolytic), and reduce the bradycardia. Preconditioning-like occlusion of the nodal artery produced a vagotonic response that was reversed by the δ1-antagonist 7-benzylidenaltrexone (BNTX). The following study tested the hypothesis that extended δ1-opioid receptor stimulation reduces subsequent δ2-receptor responses. The δ2-agonist deltorphin II was introduced in the SA node by microdialysis to evaluate δ2responses before and after infusion of the δ1-agonist TAN-67. TAN-67 reduced the vagolytic effect of deltorphin by two-thirds. When the δ1-antagonist BNTX was combined with TAN-67, the deltorphin response was preserved, suggesting that attrition of the prior response was mediated by δ1activity. When TAN-67 was omitted in time control studies, some loss of δ2responses was apparent in the absence of the δ1treatment. This loss was also eliminated by BNTX, suggesting that the attenuation of the response after deltorphin alone was also the result of δ1activity. Additional studies tested TAN-67 alone in the absence of prior deltorphin. When time controls were conducted without the initial deltorphin treatment, a robust vagolytic response was observed. When TAN-67 preceded the delayed deltorphin, the vagolytic response was eroded, indicating an independent effect of TAN-67. BNTX infused afterward was unable to restore the δ2response. These data support the conclusion that the loss of the δ2response resulted from reduced δ2activity mediated by continued δ1-receptor stimulation and not the arithmetic consequence of increased competition from that same δ1receptor.
Mice lacking the VIP gene show airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation, partially reversible by VIP
Authors: Szema Anthony M. , Hamidi Sayyed A. , Lyubsky Sergey , Dickman Kathleen G. , Mathew Suni , Abdel-Razek Tarek , Chen John J. , Waschek James A. , Said Sami I.
Published: June 2006

The mechanisms leading to asthma, and those guarding against it, are yet to be fully defined. The neuropeptide VIP is a cotransmitter, together with nitric oxide (NO), of airway relaxation, and a modulator of immune and inflammatory responses. NO-storing molecules in the lung were recently shown to modulate airway reactivity and were proposed to have a protective role against the disease. We report here that mice with targeted deletion of the VIP gene spontaneously exhibit airway hyperresponsiveness to the cholinergic agonist methacholine as well as peribronchiolar and perivascular cellular infiltrates and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Immunologic sensitization and challenge with ovalbumin generally enhanced the airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation in all mice. Intraperitoneal administration of VIP over a 2-wk period in knockout mice virtually eliminated the airway hyperresponsiveness and reduced the airway inflammation in previously sensitized and challenged mice. The findings suggest that 1) VIP may be an important component of endogenous anti-asthma mechanisms, 2) deficiency of the VIP gene may predispose to asthma pathogenesis, and 3) treatment with VIP or a suitable agonist may offer potentially effective replacement therapy for this disease.
The relationship between structure and antioxidative activity of piperidine nitroxides
Authors: Li Wen-Guang , Zhang Xiao-Yu , Wu Yong-Jie , Gao Ming-Tang , Zheng Rong-Liang
Published: June 2006

We have investigated the relationship between structure and antioxidative activity of piperidine nitroxides which were substituted by different groups at the 4-position. All of the tested piperidine nitroxides inhibited malondialdehyde (MDA) generation caused either spontaneously or by a hydroxyl free radical generation system (Fe2+-ascorbic acid) in homogenates of liver, heart and kidney of rats, and antagonized H2O2-induced haemolysis from rat erythrocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. The same rank was followed: Bis-(4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl) (4-BIS-Tempo) and 4-azido-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl (4-N3-Tempo) >4-isothiocyanate-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl (4-ISO-Tempo), 4-2′,4′-dinitrophenyl-hydrazone-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl (4-D-Tempo), 4-sulfonate-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl (4-S-Tempo) and 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl (4-NH2-Tempo) > 4-acetate ester-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinooxyl (4-A-Tempo) and 4-benzoate-2,2,6,6-tetra-methyl piperidinooxyl (4-B-Tempo). With the exception of 4-A-Tempo and 4-D-Tempo, the tested piperidine nitroxides inhibited superoxide anion (O2.-) release from neutrophils stimulated by zymosan. The concentration required for inhibiting O2.- release was higher than that of inhibiting MDA formation and haemolysis. However, 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine (4-NH2-TempH) and other 4-position substitutes, such as NaN3 and isothiocyanate, had no effects on MDA formation, haemolysis or O2.- release. The results indicated that nitroxides have a wide range of scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) actions. The nitroxide moiety was the essential group while the 4-position substitutes could influence the activity of nitroxides on scavenging ROS.
Enhancement of availability of cloricromene at brain level by a lipophilic prodrug
Authors: Pignatello R , Maltese A , Maugeri F , Bucolo C
Published: June 2006

The pharmacokinetics of a lipophilic alkylamino acid (LAA) prodrug of cloricromene (AD6), namely CLOR-C4, was studied in rat plasma and brain. In particular, we observed that the intraperitoneal administration of CLOR-C4 to rats was able to provide a slight but statistically significant higher concentration of the active drug metabolite (cloricromene acid) in the brain compared with the parent drug administered by the same way. The correlation between pharmacokinetic data and calculated partition (LogP) and brain distribution coefficients (LogBB) supported the hypothesis that the amphiphilic nature of the LAA promoiety could be responsible for a better penetration into the brain, more than the simple increase of lipophilicity gained with respect to the parent drug.
Localization of Perlecan and Heparanase in Hertwig's Epithelial Root Sheath During Root Formation in Mouse Molars
Authors: Hirata Azumi , Nakamura Hiroaki
Published: June 2006

During cementogenesis, dental follicular cells penetrate the ruptured Hertwig's epithelial root sheath (HERS) and differentiate into cementoblasts. Mechanisms involved in basement membrane degradation during this process have not been clarified. Perlecan, a heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan, is a component of all basement membranes. Degradation of HS of perlecan by heparanase cleavage affects a variety of biological processes. We elucidated immunolocalization of perlecan and heparanase in developing murine molars to clarify their roles in cementoblast differentiation. At the initial stage of root formation, perlecan immunoreactivity was detected on the basement membrane of HERS. Weak heparanase immunoreactivity was detected in HERS cells. HERS showed intense staining for heparanase as root formation progressed. In contrast, labeling for perlecan disappeared from the basement membrane facing the dental follicle, and weak immunoreactivity for perlecan was detected on the inner side of the basement membrane of HERS. These findings suggest that perlecan removal is an important step for root and periodontal tissue formation. Heparanase secreted by the cells of HERS may contribute to root formation by degrading perlecan in the dental basement membrane.
Immunohistochemical Characterization of Elastic System Fibers in Rat Molar Periodontal Ligament
Authors: Sawada Takashi , Sugawara Yuu , Asai Tomohiro , Aida Natsuko , Yanagisawa Takaaki , Ohta Kazumasa , Inoue Sadayuki
Published: June 2006

Among elastic system fibers, oxytalan fibers are known as a ubiquitous component of the periodontal ligament, but the localization and role of elastin-containing fibers, i.e., elastic and elaunin fibers, has yet to be clarified. In this study, we immunohistochemically investigated the localization of elastin and fibrillin, major proteins of elastin-containing fibers in the periodontal ligament of rat lower first molars. At the light microscope level, distribution of elastin-positive fibers was not uniform but often concentrated in the vicinity of blood vessels in the apical region of the ligament. In contrast, fibrillin-positive fibers were more widely distributed throughout the ligament, and the pattern of their distribution was comparable to the reported distribution of oxytalan fibers. At the ultrastructural level, assemblies or bundles of abundant fibrillin-containing microfibrils were intermingled with a small amount of elastin. This observation indicated that elastin-positive fibers observed under the light microscope were elaunin fibers. No mature elastic fibers, however, were found in the ligament. These results show that the major components of elastic system fibers in the periodontal ligament of the rat mandibular first molar were oxytalan and elaunin fibers, suggesting that the elastic system fibers play a role in the mechanical protection of the vascular system. (J Histochem Cytochem 54:1095-1103, 2006)
The Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Commission
Authors: Brady A.
Published: June 2006

The development of a form of collective management of hydro power in Ontario must be viewed as a part of the National Policy; Ontario's own positive part; her peculiar sector of the line wherein she attempts through collective action to further the use of her major and almost sole source of power in order to ensure a stable industrialism and a healthy urban life. This development was begun by the municipalities and the government of Ontario in the first quarter of the present century when the federal government was pursuing the main lines of the National Policy—constructing railways, subsidizing the rails of private corporations, providing tariff protection or bonuses to manufacturers.

At the outset the drive for collective action in providing power came from the same class which supported the National Policy of the federal government; viz., the small manufacturers and traders in Toronto and those congregated in the Boards of Trade or represented in the Municipal Councils of Western Ontario. The inland towns were specially interested in power because they paid higher prices for coal than those on the lakes. But all the major municipalities soon became concerned in the collective action, and their initial activity determined in part certain salient features of the Ontario hydro as an administrative system. At first it was assumed, as is reflected in the Ross Act of 1903, that the enterprise might be entirely municipal; an organization whereby any group of municipalities through a Commission, without the financial aid of the government, might generate, transmit, and distribute electrical energy, meeting the cost through the issue of bonds secured by a mortgage on the works. But serious difficulties arose, and the overwhelming advantages of obtaining the financial support of the provincial government led to the scrapping of the scheme. A collective experiment designed to affect greatly the whole economy of Ontario obviously required the backing of provincial credit and provincial supervision. Hence the statute of 1906 which laid the legal foundation for the Ontario Hydro-Electric System.
Adam Shortt, 1859–1931
Authors: Mackintosh W. A.
Published: June 2006

I am happy to have been given this opportunity to pay tribute—a warm personal tribute, and a tribute from my colleagues and the University which I represent—to the distinguished Department of the University of Toronto whose half-century of accomplishment is being celebrated in this series of lectures. Though longevity provides the occasion for the celebration, it is quality that we honour. Distinguished as its history has been, at no time has the Department of Political Science in the University of Toronto commanded more respect among economists and political scientists than it does at present.

I welcome, also, the opportunity to pay loyal tribute to the founder of the Department of Political and Economic Science of Queen's University whose work did much to set the direction and the tone of teaching and studies in Politics and Economics, not only at Queen's University, but elsewhere in this country.
The Decline in the Canadian Birth-Rate
Authors: Hurd W. Burton
Published: June 2006

During the last fifteen years carefully prepared population forecasts have appeared for nearly every important country possessed of reasonably adequate vital statistics and census records. With the general recognition of essential differences between the behaviour of bugs in a bottle and homo sapiens “in leaky national containers”, the usual procedure in the more recent studies has been to isolate the principal component factors in population growth, predict the future trend in each, and thus estimate the probable population ten, twenty, fifty, or more years hence. Already the majority of even the more conservative forecasts are proving too high and almost invariably because of over-estimation of the birth-rate.

Errors of this sort are not unexpected in view of the inherent difficulties of the problem. Their number is legion; it will suffice to note three. First, there is the difficulty of foreseeing changes in the social and particularly in the economic environment. Even in so-called normal times, each year brings unanticipated and sometimes substantial modifications in the complex of social forces making for greater or smaller rates of population increase. The duration and severity of such abnormal phenomena as the present depression are, of course, incapable of measurement in advance. Second, the nature and extent of human reactions to environmental change vary greatly both from country to country and from time to time. How a particular people will behave in a new situation is, therefore, usually a matter of considerable uncertainty. This uncertainty is in part at least attributable to a third difficulty. While many excellent studies, especially during the last decade, have contributed materially to a more adequate understanding of the forces controlling population growth, the existing state of knowledge still falls appreciably short of permitting precise quantitative measurement of many important influences on the birth-rate.
Inflation and Inflationism
Authors: MacGibbon D. A.
Published: June 2006

Probably no idea has been more widely propagated during the last few years than that a way out of the depression in Canada could be easily won by a thoroughgoing dose of inflation. In parts of western Canada the pursuit of cheap money has become not merely a cult but, with many of the characteristics of mass hysteria, has all the intolerance of an evangelical movement; anyone who ventures to disagree with the devotees of social credit is regarded by them as being either stone blind to the master evil in our present economic situation or woefully recreant to the obligations of human society. There are, however, many people in Canada, not associated with the social credit groups, who believe that the way to recovery lies along the road of inflation. The precise form that inflation should take differs from person to person but the general idea is in the air and is worthy of examination and, if possible, of some clarification.
The Economic Background of the Rebellions of Eighteen Thirty-Seven
Authors: Creighton D. G.
Published: June 2006

In 1837, the Canadian economy was subjected both to the stresses inherent in its own unstable organization and to the strains of a temporary financial and commercial panic. The last crucial stages of economic change and social conflict within the Canadas coincided unhappily with a general financial collapse in the English-speaking world; and the coincidence of these two crises produced a violent exaggeration of all the weaknesses to which the Canadas had been subject. From the very beginning the trades of the St. Lawrence had suffered from persistent fluctuations and shared a common instability; but to these chronic infirmities were now added all the special difficulties of the shift from the trades in fur and timber to the production of wheat and flour. The discord between trade and agriculture, the disagreement between the organization of the commercial system and the demands of the rural communities, had reached the last stages of their development. While the old trading system of the St. Lawrence was expressed politically in the commercial state, the agricultural interest had become vociferously articulate in the reform parties of both provinces. And these economic contradictions and social conflicts were evidently nearing their climax at the very moment when the financial panic broke in England and the United States.
Interest Rates in Canada
Authors: Nixon Stanley E. , Nixon Stanley E. , Hackett W. T. G.
Published: June 2006

The eight years' interval from 1929 to 1937 was one of the most eventful periods in modern economic history. In common with other indices of economic conditions, rates of interest returns were affected by the world-wide collapse in the years immediately after 1929, and by the recovery movement which has persisted from about 1933. Among Canadian interest rates the outstanding development was the extensive decline after 1932 in the return obtainable from most of the important types of loan investment. Two significant features of this decline were, first, the decreases in certain rates which had been relatively stable for several decades and, second, the unprecedented divergence between rates of return on short and long term bonds of high grade. These developments are broadly illustrated in table I and in a chart accompanying this article.

The remarkable changes in recent years in rates of interest returns are primarily attributable to the influence of unparalleled “easy money conditions” induced in the first instance by the economic collapse and later intensified by governmental policies of an emergency nature. These were pursued in Canada and most other countries; and were designed to modify some phases of the disequilibria produced by the depression and to promote recovery. Data presented in this paper will trace the behaviour of interest rates in Canada since 1929 as indicated by returns obtainable from time to time on several types of loan investment which are popular with institutional and private investors. Limitation of space prevents an exhaustive analysis of this subject; and the scope of the two papers to follow renders unnecessary anything but incidental reference to the causes of changes in rates.
An Essay on the Rise of Historical Pessimism in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Helleiner K. F.
Published: June 2006

As indicated by the attribute “historical,” this essay is not concerned with evaluations on metaphysical grounds of life and the universe. Statements by philosophers to the effect that this is the best of all possible worlds, or that “life is a business the returns for which do not cover the costs by any means,” may indeed become objects of historical inquiry. After all, what has not become “historicized” these last hundred years! But investigations of that kind are not likely to yield any great results. Metaphysics, like mathematics, is all but timeless.

A good deal more closely related to historical and political categories are certain fundamental ideas regarding the nature of man. It has been observed that “the pessimistic view of human nature is, and has always been, the deepest sense of a conservative argument.” The inverse is true of a philosophy of progress, which is almost invariably based on an intrinsically optimistic evaluation of human nature. We shall have to touch occasionally upon that interdependence of metaphysical and politico-historical thought in the course of this inquiry. Our chief interest, however, centres on different problems.
The Effects on Canada of Industrial Fluctuations in the United States
Authors: Bryce R. B.
Published: June 2006

Some attention must first be given to the nature of the determination of the general levels of incomes, production, prices, and employment. Of course these levels are in some way or other affected by most things under the sun and are, in fact, merely statistical aggregates composed of millions of individual activities and transactions each determined by its circumstances, and all interdependent. Even if one concedes that some grouping is necessary to bring this chaos within the realms of description and analysis, it may still be urged, particularly in Canada and the United States, that regions and industries must be dealt with separately, that we cannot lump together production of wheat, newsprint, and houses and get any results of significance. While recognizing the validity of this contention, it has seemed necessary to use a number of familiar aggregative concepts in this paper.
Judicial Control Over Administrative Action with Special Reference to the Province of Quebec
Authors: Humphrey John P.
Published: June 2006

In the nineteenth century, the dominant theory of the state restricted the latter's activity to external and domestic defence and the provision of an adequate law of contract by reference to which disputes between individuals could be settled. The theory, however, never represented much more than an ideal. In the twentieth century, it became necessary to abandon even the ideal. Already, before the turn of the century, technological progress had created problems which could be solved only by state action. The demand of organized labour for a measure of security and improved working conditions produced others. Still others resulted from the concentration of capital and mass production. These and other factors forced the state to intervene in spheres which had been traditionally reserved for private enterprise. With the war came even greater problems; and the state became more and more involved. In 1918, a vain effort was made in some countries to return to “normal” conditions; but for the most part the evolution continued unabated though not always in the same tempo or in the same angle of direction. In a few states it produced collectivism, in others a “new deal,” in others fascism; but in none did laissez-faire survive.