bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ORGANIZED CRIME AS A RISK FACTOR WHICH THREATENS NATIONAL SECURITY
Authors: Trajkovska Maja
Published: December 2021

This paper defines the terms of threats, risks and challenges in security and national security systems. In the modern era, the continent of Europe, which our country is part of, as an expansively accepted synonym for democracy and legal order, faces the worst crisis in terms of security from the end of the Cold War. Specifically, in that period, the security aspects were comprehended through a state-centered attitude, with an emphasis on the military importance of this concern, since the possibility of the outbreak of war conflicts including a nuclear war, was the center of attention. But, nowadays, the term security has expanded from military to other sectors that are not in a jurisdiction of the state. Beside the old ones there are emerging new security challenges, risks and threats, civil disturbance, organized crime, terrorism, migration, human trafficking, high-technology crime, pandemics and climate changes. In connection to that the paper analyzes the phenomenon of organized crime as one of the factors that constitute the most serious threat in contemporary which has a growing tendency to expand on a global scale and endanger the survival of people, economic trends, the environment as well as to endanger the established civilization values. Given the actuality of this phenomenon, the paper elaborates the certain aspects of the issue of organized crime, as one of the most serious contemporary non-military threats to both national and international security. The organized crime as a serious risk-factor for violating national security causes dangerous destructive effects in all areas of society. It is the greatest danger that together with terrorism and corruption is a complex phenomenon that is present at every phase of social development presenting a threat to the modern world. The result of the actions of these stakeholders is manifested through an interrupted social development, creating distrust of the population towards the state and its administrative bodies, blocking the reforms, and inflicting the financial damage, as well worsening an international reputation of the country, etc. The contemporary security challenges should experience a transformation primarily in the field of preventive action in order to prevent organized forms of crime.
IS THE WESTERN BALKANS A FAVORABLE REGION FOR RECRUITMENT OF JIHADISTS?
Authors: Eminov Ilhan
Published: December 2021

There are over 5 million Muslims representing 25 % of the region's population living on the territory of former Yugoslavia which had roughly 20 million citizens. By comparison, there are also around 5 million Muslims living in France, a country that had several colonies in the Muslim world, but the population ratio is different compared to the 60 million of the French population. Unlike the developed countries of Europe, the economies of the Balkan countries were destroyed by numerous interethnic conflicts. After the war of the '90s, the Balkans were living in a longtime economic and social crisis and a state of organized crime. With the beginnings of party pluralism, the different religions gained their former religious identity back.In Croatia and Slovenia, the Catholicism experienced a renaissance, same as the orthodoxy did in Serbia, Macedonia and Montenegro and the Islam did in Bosnia, Albania, Kosovo, Western Macedonia and Sandzak. After the disintegration of Yugoslavia and the fall of communism in the Balkans, the opportunity for increased foreign religious influence became a reality.Today, the image of a tolerant, open Islam from the communist era is still present, although it too is affected. During the several decades of communist rule, the traditional religious networks that affirmed an Islam shielded from Wahhabist and Salafist influences were disintegrated.108The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina intensified the implantation of the mujahidin in Bosnia in 1995. The traditional Muslim imams gradually lost their authority to the newcomers in a large number of mosques. At the same time, in light of its powerlessness, the state began to lose control in the field. It is estimated that some 67 mosques are controlled by radical Islam today, especially in rural and mountainous regions.109Under the pressure of great financial resourced which flowed in from Gulf countries, the education of Bosnian imams in Egypt and Saudi Arabia began. Step by step, Salafist imams were installed in the region preaching a more radical Islam. In such a situation, it was easier to recruit future Jihadists, especially among the socially vulnerable population.110 For example, one graffiti in Pristina (Republic of Kosovo) states: "Every woman will receive 200 euro a month if she wears a niqab".111 The radicalization spread in Bosnia and Kosovo with the greatest intensity. "Bosnia and Kosovo remain the most dangerous countries in Europe due to their political weakness and the high corruption rate. More than 75.000 weapons circulate in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and one Kalashnikov can be bought for the price of 200 euro and easily brought into the Schengen region", a former police officer of the EU in Bosnia and Herzegovina points out
CONTEMPORARY DEVELOPMENT OF LEGISLATION ON CRIMINALIZATION OF ANIMAL CRUELTY
Authors: Kirov Veselin , Kostov Iliyan , Kirova Silvia , Nikolova Balieva Gergana
Published: December 2021

With the development of modern societies, public perceptions of animals are changing. The existence of animals begins to be seen not only as an element of property, but also gaining self-worth, and it requires an understanding of the ability of animals to feel pain, stress and suffering. Cruelty to animals has a wide public outreach and requires special attention by state competent authorities and judicial authorities to control, detect and sanction different acts of animal cruelty. Such acts should be treated as socially dangerous actions and the perpetrators should be prosecuted as there is a scientifically proven connection between cruel treatment of animals and lasting irreversible consequences on the human mentality with subsequent criminal acts. According to the national legislation of the different countries, acts of cruelty are being criminalized concerning different categories of animals or only some of them - pets, productive animals, experimental animals. Typically, specimens of wildlife as well as invertebrates are not the subject of criminalization for cases of cruelty, but of other types of crime such as illegal trade.In Bulgaria, until 2011 the specific animal welfare legislation did not give sufficient provisions for prevention of violence against animals. This led to the need to adopt amendments to the Penal Code with texts criminalizing the cruelty to animals in the country.The present study analyzes the adopted texts in the Penal Code as well as the specific veterinary legislation in order to clarify the responsibilities of the competent authorities and the sanctions imposed in case of animal cruelty acts. In Bulgaria, any manifestation of cruelty to a vertebrate animal that has led to the death, severe or permanent disability has been raised by the legislator as a separate offense with criminal liability against the perpetrator. Actions other than those defined as a commitment of an offense against animals under the new provisions of the Penal Code, shall be regarded as violations under the Act on Veterinary Activities and the Animal Protection Act and shall be subject to administrative sanctions. For a clearer definition of the nature of the action itself, a definition of the term "cruelty" is provided within the Animal Protection Act.The administrative punishment body should assess any case of cruelty against a vertebrate animal and report whether it is a criminal offense within the meaning of Art. 325b of the Penal Code, in order to avoid violation of the non bis in idem principle.
APPLYING THE CONSTRUCTIVE APPROACH IN RESOLVING ORGANIZATIONAL CONFLICTS IN HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Arsovski Meri , Sofijanova Elenica
Published: December 2021

Healthcare institutions as social entities are segmented hierarchically into sectors and departments and various organizational structures that are characterized by often present conflicts, that are manifested within this hierarchy. In all organizations, including healthcare institutions, the planning and fulfillment of organizational goals is achieved through synergy and integration into organizational activities between organizational units in the entire organizational hierarchy, relationship structure, vertical, horizontal and diagonal level. In the health institution, the organizational structure is complex, and as such brings conflicts that have value for the institution, only if they possess elements and characteristics of constructiveness. In all organizations, not all conflicts are harmful, so some can bring positive results that relate to the growth and development of the organization. The goal of management in healthcare institutions is to achieve optimal level of conflicts, without their complete elimination, but minimizing to a certain level, which is manageable and brings positive effects for the organization. It has been established that the significance in terms of positivity / negativity of the results from the resolution of conflict situations has had mostly the approach (constructive or destructive).
FACTORS OF EMIGRATION: ANALYSIS OF COUNTRIES FROM THE EUROPEAN UNION
Authors: Trpkova-Nestorovska Marija
Published: December 2021

The past decade was a period that was characterized by massive migration flows in European Union countries, a situation like none other before. Different migration flows contributed to inflow of working force from conflict areas of the Middle East, countries from the Western Balkans, and also migration within the European Union. While immigration is dominant, emigration also has large impact in the migration flow in the EU. The purpose of this paper is to determine the main factors that contribute to emigration in the 28 EU countries. The panel regression model with random effects is used where seven factors were examined in order to determine their influence on the emigration. Macroeconomic determinants include GDP per capita and unemployment rate, demographic factors include total population, young male population and young female population and other factors include level of corruption and enrollment in tertiary education. Analysis includes 28 EU countries, while the analyzed period is 1999-2017 (19 periods), and the total number is 560 observations. The results confirm that emigration is driven by unemployment rate, total population, young male and young female population. When the unemployment rate increases, the emigration also increases, which is logical. If the national labor market cannot provide vacancies for the increasing supply of work force, the next option would be emigration in another country due to eligible working positions. Population, as demographic factor, also influences emigration. The bigger the population, the larger emigration is expected. Also, young female and male population have statistically significant effect on the emigration, yet the direction of the relationship is different. Increase in young male population can contribute to increase in emigration. On the other side, increase in young female population reduces the number of emigrants. From the results it would seem that demographic factors dominate over macroeconomic and other factors. Policy makers in the countries with accentuated emigration component should be concerned that young male population is leaving, and this labor force is or soon will become deficitary. Also, unemployment is another issue that should be addressed. National governments should create policies that contribute to increased economic growth that produces vacancies. Otherwise, the high unemployment rate would soon drain the country out of its working source. Other factors such as level of corruption, GDP per capita and enrollment in tertiary education seem not to have statistically significant impact on emigration in the countries of the European Union.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONTENT OF DEFINITION “DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL TERRITORIES” AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL ECONOMY
Authors: Belei Svitlana
Published: December 2021

The current stage of development of the rural economy of Ukraine is characterized by processes of globalization and European integration, which is explained by the increased competition in the global and domestic markets for agricultural and food products, the liberalization of foreign economic activity, and the creation of transnational corporations. Global trends are objectively logical and require finding adequate tools for adaptation in the country's internal economic environment. Such conditions require a rethinking of the nature and objectives of the rural development policy, since the functioning of the rural economy in the context of globalization and European integration is characterized by significant systemic features and structural changes. The rural economy is often identified with the agrarian economy and, accordingly, is considered synonymous with the definition of "rural economy" and "agrarian economy." This identification leads to the adoption of erroneous management decisions that have negative consequences for both rural areas and the country as a whole. The main reason for the identification of the concept of "rural economy" with the concept of "agrarian economy" is the identification of the village with agriculture. The interpretation of the rural economy as an agrarian economy can be explained by the long predominance of agriculture in the structure of activities in rural areas. The development of agriculture ensured rural development.The rural economy characteristic is the interrelation of the conditions of production and its results and is formed as a single economic mechanism with interdependent internal processes and phenomena. Historical and cultural traditions, the geographical location of the countryside, the remoteness of the rural area from the border, and its role in the international division of labor have a significant impact on the characteristics of the rural economy. The border status of rural areas can be considered as a favorable condition for the development of rural areas. At the same time, economic and production, socio-cultural ties also create a number of threats, in the long-term perspective, in the absence of a regulated influence from the state, can lead to negative consequences.In modern conditions, the rural economy is an open dynamic socio-economic system that undergoes constant changes under the influence of exogenous and endogenous factors, the result of which is the achieved level of development of rural territories, the functioning of which aims at not only ensuring the development of rural territories, but also fair distribution of results among all the subjects of rural areas and is aimed at ensuring favorable living conditions and livelihoods rural population.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN MACEDONIA FROM ASPECTS OF EMPLOYMENT AND MIGRATION MOVEMENTS OF THE POPULATION
Authors: Mihajlovski Goran
Published: December 2021

Sustainable development, with emphasis on the employment rate of the population and their migration movement is a global concept that faces every country in the world in general, in order to ensure continuous improvement of the quality of life by ensuring sustainable development for both current and future generations.The realization of this goal means creating a stable economy with full and highly qualified employment, quality health care, stable social security, environmental protection, reduced migration movement, in order to provide a peaceful and safe world.Based on that, Europe's determination to participate actively in the global process of sustainable development, highlighted at the 1992 Rio de Janeiro Conference, resulted in the adoption of the EU's first strategy for sustainable development (GOR) in Gothenburg, 2001 and revised in 2006 by the European Commission.The main goal of the strategy for socioeconomic sustainable development is to establish a set of measures and activities that will enable continuous improvement of the life of the present and future generations by creating sustainable communities capable of managing and effectively using natural resources.So the key objectives of the European strategy for sustainable socio-economic development relating to environmental protection, social equity and economic prosperity, based on this the main challenges in terms of socio-economic development in terms of the employment rate and the migration movements that are imposed are: Social inclusion, demography and migration - improvement of living conditions as a precondition for lasting individual well-being as well as Global poverty and facing the challenges of sustainable development - poverty reduction, active promotion of sustainable development and ensuring consistency of internal and external policies with global sustainable development and undertaken international obligations.In fact, the aim of this paper is to give a brief conceptual overview of the impact of statistical indicators on the employment rate and migration movements of the population on the socio-economic development of the country.
CRITERIAS AS ELEMENTS OF THE MULTI CRITERIA ANALYSIS IN SELECTION OF PERSONNEL IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY
Authors: Štilić Anđelka
Published: December 2021

The focus of this paper is on the criteria in the multi-criteria analysis in the selection of personnel in the tourism industry. In the introductory part, the context of multi-criteria analysis as the decision-making segment is given, and subsequently, basic human resource management concepts with the emphasis on personnel selection are presented using the methods of multi-criteria analysis. The concepts of criteria and preferences are also defined and illustrated through the literature; and personality tests, whose results can be an integral part of the criteria, are briefly overviewed.
PROTECTION OF VULNERABLE POPULATIONS IN BULGARIA
Authors: Terziev Venelin , Simeonov Simeon
Published: December 2021

Social policy as a set of principles, legal norms, activities and institutions, aimed at creating conditions that ensure the quality of life of the citizens of a country, is an expression of the social relations between the state and its citizens. Social policy determines safety (social, health, economic) and security of the individuals in society.Social policy should be seen as an activity that guarantees the security of those affected by the risks of labour, family and life. In a broader sense, social policy regulates a very broad range of social relationships that relate to employment, income, education, and others. Social security can therefore be seen as the main objective of social policy. In modern concepts, social security is perceived as a system of public rules, institutions and social payments that enable the dignified exitense of every person, who in an unusual state of vitality. Social security can therefore be seen as a set of measures to protect people in an unusual situation. Forms of social security: social security coverage; social assistance; social provision.Apart from thier nature, purpose and funding, social security and social assistance differ according to the principles of organization and management. Social assistance is a decentralized system, and social security can be centralized or decentralized depending on the principles adopted. Through these forms of social security, people receive material security for their existence on the basis of common and unified rules. In any case, however, not always will the indigent be covered by these forms of social security, regardless of their social protection needs. It is possible that even socially protected persons may be in need because of the low income recevied by this system. In such cases the intervention of social assistance is needed as a means of “plugging the holes”. For the sake of clarity, social security can be defined as the first defense net, and social assistance as the second defense net, i.e. social assistance must take on the part of the population which, for one or other reason, does not fall from or land either from the upper levels of the social protection system or when the level of this protection has been insufficient or it provides social protection from the last instance.
FINANCIAL IMPACT OF CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE MANAGEMENT - EVIDENCE FROM KOSOVO BANKING MARKET
Authors: Avdiaj Gentiana
Published: December 2021

Customers are becoming increasingly sophisticated in their expectations. Customers are seeking engaging experiences that stimulate, entertain, educate and/or challenge. In the minds of customers brands that can provide such experiences are clearly more valuable as compared to brands that don’t was written in the research paper of Schmitt in year 1999.Consistent delivery of outstanding service has become a must for every organization. Customer experience is considered as a key determinant of customer satisfaction and loyalty and with high impact on the financial growth of the organization. With its exceptional impact on customer behavior, companies are utilizing customer experience for gaining market differentiation through superior services and relationship management with their customers.Designing and mapping right customers’ journeys for their key processes and products is enabling companies to improve their market position through better customer experience provided to their customers. Additionally, companies are positively changing customer perception by increasing their product and service value for the price that customers are paying. As a result, this approach is enabling companies to improve their market position by improving their recommendation scores.This research paper showed that financial institutions operating in Kosovo market have a great opportunity in investing in loyalty, better experience management as well as in improving their recommendation score. Findings showed that a customer centric culture within the organization that puts customer at the heart of everything that company is doing is lacking. Customers perception toward banks in Kosovo is negative since there is no value for the money their spent however they strongly believe that a better experience offered from the bank will change banking in Kosovo.
THE USE OF GOOGLE FORMS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEMS IN VALIDATING ORGANIZATIONS
Authors: Dimitrova Boryana
Published: December 2021

Lifelong learning is one of the major challenges that education systems and education policies of the EU countries are facing at present. More and more people around the world are aware that their studies do not end with their high school or university graduation. They continue to educate themselves afterward via different opportunities - courses in private schools or vocational training centers, evening or extra-curricular training at high schools, self-study and more.A major problem of non-formal and informal learning is its quality. Employers need staff who can meet the quality standards established in their country or internationally. Given this, it is necessary to build systems for validation of the results of previous learning and to ensure the quality of these validation systems. It is, therefore, necessary to establish and implement validation quality assurance systems. The main purpose of this VQA system is to ensure a high quality of the validation process.Each validation quality assurance system should be integrated into the overall quality management system of the validating organization, which is part of its management system.Updating organizational management systems through the introduction and improvement of quality management systems is a basic necessity for all organizations, no matter their size. The adoption and operation of a quality management system should be considered a top priority in the management strategy of any organization seeking to increase its effectiveness. The sustainable development of every institution or company requires quality assurance.Essential activity related to these systems is surveying the opinion of two groups of people – the candidates for validation and their employers. To make the survey process more effective and efficient, it is appropriate to ask the question, "Are there modern technologies to make it easier?". The answer is, "Yes, of course – clickers, online polls and others."This paper considers the implementation of Google Forms as one such technology alternative for the facilitation of the survey process. The functionalities of the Internet-based software and the advantages of its use and the ways of dissemination of the surveys are explained. The alternatives for conducting the survey process by the indicated forms are discussed.
MANAGEMENT OF THE BENEFIT
Authors: Elezaj Shaqir
Published: December 2021

In the Victorian period, philosophers and economists argued with satisfaction "goodwill" as an indicatorof the general well-being of an individual. The benefit was portrayed as a numerical math of a person's happiness.According to this idea, it was natural to assume that the choices made by consumers were such as to maximize theprofit of the try, which means to make itself as happy as possible. The problem was related to the fact that theseclassical economists never really describe how they can profit. How could the "amount of benefit" be closely relatedto the choices and different solutions? Is the benefit of a person the double the benefit of an additional carrot? Doesthe concept make any sense of meaning apart from the meaning of maximizing people? Because of these conceptualproblems, economists have neglected the old point of view as a mate of happiness. Instead, the theory of consumerbehavior has been completely redesigned in relation to consumer preferences and the benefit is only seen as a way ofdetermining preferences. Gradually, economists began to admit that all the issues about the benefit of choosing achoice had to do with whether a basket had a higher benefit than another, but the higher it was not so important.Finally preferences were defined in terms of profit: to say that a basket was preferred to another basket, meant thatthe basket had a higher benefit than the other basket. This means that we are so inclined to think in a different wayabout these issues. Customer preferences are the basics useful to analyze the choice and usefulness is a way ofdescribing preferences.
A 50 YEAR OLD MYTH: THE RELATIONSHIP OF INTRA-PARTUM CARDIO -TOCOGRAPHIC MONITORING TO CEREBRAL PALSY AT CLINICAL AND MEDICO-LEGAL LEVEL
Authors: G.Buttigieg George , A. Mihaylova Anna , H. Uchikova Ekaterina
Published: December 2021

The birth of a child is normally surrounded with much joyful anticipation. The human psyche wants perfection in progeny. Anything short of this elicits a vast range of reactions, often may be confirmed and lead to crippling damages, possibly, at times in conjunction with separate medically punitive actions by the local medical council. Once a few test cases – and most Court cases fail – do result in substantial financial awards, the precedent is likely to set the ball rolling. Some members of the legal profession are posed to take up the gauntlet, be the plea, justifiable or not proportionate to the outcome. In the presence of a situation which is suspicious or suggestive of Cerebral Palsy (diagnosis is done within about 12 months from birth) benumbs and throws the unfortunate parents into an unexpected maelstrom of terrifying emotions and worries. The zenith of happiness cruelly metamorphoses into the nadir of despair. Cerebral Palsy (CP) is the commonest disorder of movement in children¹, and, generally speaking (with much local variation) it occurs in about 2.1 per 1,000 live births².It would be grossly abnormal for such parents, not to ask questions. These questions, increasingly being asked in a Court of Law where obstetric liability.The purpose of this paper is to show a firm affirmation that the correct instruments of science be recognised, both clinically and medico-legally in cases of CP. It is an attack on those aspects of the juridical procedure, during which scientific facts fly in the face of contemporary science.
IMPROVEMENT OF DISC HERNIA THROUGH KINESITHERAPEUTIC PROGRAM - CLINICAL CASE
Authors: Albert Mariana
Published: December 2021

Disc hernias are usually the result of disc wear, especially in the exercise of heavy physical occupations, weight lifting, forced posture, overwork. The clinical case described is a 69-year-old patient, a journalist by profession. At the end of May, he went to the Mount Athos peninsula in Greece to visit and describe the Monasteries in Mount Athos. On 30th of May he made a long and difficult transition into the mountain with a heavy backpack. In the morning of the same day, he suffered sharp spontaneous motion pains. He hoped that the pain would subsist and he would continue the journey. The day after, the inflammatory process encompassed the left buttocks with numbness on the outer surface of the left thigh and lower leg with a very limited movement. The patient was very worried about his health and how he would be transported to the nearest hospital. He was transported on a stretcher to Bulgaria and on 06.06. 2016г. to the hospital MHALNP "St. Naum" in Sofia for research and treatment. The Computer tomography was performed on 07.06.2018. upon acceptance of the patient, the results from it were: Disorders of the intervertebral discs in the lumbar spine and the other parts of the spine with radiculopathy at the level L4-L5 - left-side foramen disk hernia with compression of the left L4 nerve root in intra- and extraforaminal disc herniation.This example shows that in case of problems with vertebrogenic etiology it should not be awaiting and the patient should take precautions in time to avoid complications.
KINESITHERAPEUTIC APPROACH IN CHILD CEREBRAL PALSY
Authors: Rustemi Edis , Vasileva Danche
Published: December 2021

Child Cerebral Palsy (CCP) is a non-progressive, chronic brain injury that can occur during pregnancy - prenatal period, during childbirth - perinatal period or postnatal period. It is characterized by a disorder of muscle tone, disturbance of balance, coordination, speech, hearing, etc. Also, some children may experience some degree of cognitive and intellectual deficiency. Damage mainly occurs at the upper motor neuron affecting the cerebellum. This disorder of the central nervous system leads to disruption of the normal development of motor functions, muscle tone, and coordination. Children's cerebral palsy is a disease that very often leads to severe disability, and to successfully battle with the consequences and serious disabilities, early detection, and the onset of treatment is needed from the first days of the child's life. The treatment of CCP is complex in which, besides medical, pedagogical and social rehabilitation, kinesitherapy is included. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of the kinesitherapeutic approach and the specialized kinesitherapeutic method in children with CP. Material and Methods: The study was conducted with 8 children with CP due to premature birth and complications at birth and with spastic diplexia after periventricular leucomalation, the leg being more affected than the hand and with no signs of cortical damage and spastic hemiplegia.The study excludes patients with severe and frequent epileptic seizures and serious cognitive problems. For the purpose of the study, a set of diagnostic methods was applied, and the results were scored at the beginning, 3rd month, and 6th month of treatment initiation and were applied to a working datasheet. Were Evaluated: the functionality of a modified test Chedoke-McMaster (Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment), muscle tone with a modified scale of Ashworth and the balanace capabilities with test Berg (Berg Balanace Ssale-BBS). Results: The specialized kinesitherapeutic methodology permanently stabilizes the functional opportunities for rehabilitation and balanced opportunities for children with CP. Conclusion: The complete and in-depth analysis of the tangible results gives us reason to assert that the applied kinesitherapy has both an early and a late therapeutic effect that is related to the duration of administration, the structure of performance and the purpose of the included kinesitherapeutic means.
COMPLEX HEALTH CARE IN PRETHERM BORN BABIES WITH RESPIRATORY COMPLICATIONS
Authors: Kasnakova Petya
Published: December 2021

Premature birth is a serious medical and socio-economic problem. It is the most common cause of neonatal mortality in developed countries. 10-12% of all pregnancies end with premature birth. Most of preterm infants develop respiratory complications. Premature born babies need special conditions of care and care by specially trained medical staff.Health care for premature infants is complex process. This process involves the need of care for mother during pregnancy. When premature birth is a fact, care depends of the weight of infant, complications and deceases outcome of preterm birth. The role of doctors, midwives, nurses, rehabilitators and social workers is to interact with parents and to train them how to care for their newborn and help next integration into society.
IMMUNOPROPHYLAXIS – PROBLEMS AND PRIORITIES IN NURSING
Authors: Stambolova Ivanka , Stambolov Stefan
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Immunizations represent the most effective and most useful prophylactic activity to achieve individual and collective immunity against a particular infectious disease. Over the last decade the number of non-immunized children has increased in the country. This problem should become a priority for solving for every country according to the WHO. The implementation of obligatory planned immunizations and reimmunizations as well as targeted immunizations and recommended immunizations include the nurse as an active participant in the medical team that carries out them. The operation of the physician and the nurse are leading and very responsible.

Objective: To outline the problems and priorities in the nursing activity related to immunoprevention in the conditions of primary care.

Material and Methods: Study was conducted in the 2019. on the territory in Sofia, in, with 560 children up to 18 years subject to immunization. Documentary methods, lectures and statistical methods were used.

Results and discussion: Immunization prophylaxis is precisely regulated and performed by medical teams in outpatient care. It has a number of specifics and requires knowledge, communication and technical skills from the nurse.

Conclusions: The control of the implementation of the preventive measures is carried out correctly by the structures of the RHI and the doctor in the ambulatory. Nursing care related to immune prophylaxis requires the nurse to know and accurately complete and complete the documentation, plan, transport and store the vaccinations that are administered properly. To be able to motivate and explain to the parents the necessity of the immunizations and the reimmunizations as well as their behaviour in case of post-vaccination reactions. Increasing the health culture of parents regarding immune prophylaxis will lead to a decrease in non-immunized children due to refusal and will also improve and broaden the immune prophylaxis in the country.
THE INFLUENCE OF CHRONIC ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE ON THE SOCIAL LIFE OF PATIENTS
Authors: Todorova Marieta
Published: December 2021

Chronic diseases, including chronic ischemic heart disease, have an impact on patients' daily life and social lives. On the other hand, behavioral and psychological risk factors, poor social adaptation are predictors of disease progression or acute coronary syndrome. The aim of the study is to analyze the impact of chronic ischemic heart disease on patients' social lives.Methods: 146 patients with chronic ischemic heart disease and a control group of 146 subjects were interviewed. The two groups are equal by gender. A survey questionnaire containing questions about the demographic characteristics of respondents, issues related to social life and addressing personal and professional engagements is used to collect the data.Results: Patients have lower self-esteem to deal with professional and family commitments compared to the control group. Difficulties have been identified in communicating with family and friends, creating new social contacts, organizing everyday life and opportunities for other activities. These problems are typical of patients living alone, in small settlements and aged over 65. There is a difference in the self-esteem of life between the two groups studied, with the patient's assessment being lower.Conclusion: Information on factors related to social adaptation and dealing with everyday life is essential for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and improving the quality of life of patients.
THE TRUE ROLE OF STETHOSCOPE - CLINICAL PARADIGM
Authors: Mineva Darina
Published: December 2021

Technologies have "taken over" medical practice and through them the diagnostic process has become faster, more accurate, early and secure, and treatment is effective and encouraging. The positive results are indisputable, but at the same time, the old prophecy was doomed to oblivion. As a consequence, less clinical thinking and less skill in a non - standard environment (field conditions).The article presents the real role of a medical stethoscope in medical practice. A clinical case of asymptomatic spontaneous pneumothorax in interstitial pneumonia due to a complication of rupture of the vein, diagnosed with a medical stethoscope only, has been considered.The analysis of the physical findings is important. A key point in the analysis is the mismatch between the "expected" change in the clinical and physical picture and the "reported" physical finding, which is the evolution of the pulmonary parenchymal syndrome - instead of pure vesicular breathing, to the syndrome - air in the pleural cavity .Theoretically, a clinical paradigm of clinical thinking, containing the components, has been developed and practically applied to the clinical case: a description of the specificities of each symptom, two aspects of a working diagnosis - what and what is not; a logical connection between the symptoms, an analysis of small deviations and nuances - a pathway to accurate diagnosis and associative thinking.Through the stethoscope in combination with medical knowledge and clinical associative thinking, human life can be saved.The current trend is to replace the stethoscope by automated versions. As a traditional method it will not disappear altogether because it is the cheapest and does not require electricity, which makes it a good backup method in developed regions and a logical first choice in some developing regions. The routine use of modern medical equipment allows the examination of medical problems in depth, but not in large scale in association with other symptoms as a process, and the discovery of the causes of the problem. The solution is in the possibility of old physical methods, in combination with associative clinical thinking.The real role of the medical stethoscope returns to the classics of medical science and healing as it is known in its historical nature - such as soul, vocation, and dedication. The medical stethoscope gives the physician the freedom to be a doctor - to himself, anywhere in the world, under all circumstances and under harsh conditions.
ABOUT THE PAIN IN CHILDREN
Authors: Ivanova Svetla
Published: December 2021

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain for pediatric patients is more difficult to evaluate and treat than in adults. Its assessment and management are key components of pediatric care which aim to reduce subjective sensation and to improve the satisfaction of medical specialists and parents. The assessment of pain depends on the cognitive development of the child , the clinical context and the type of pain. Pain management in children improves physiological, behavioral and hormonal results, leads to faster recovery, less complications, and reduced healthcare resources. Ineffective and untimely treatment of pain in children can cause long-lasting physical and psychological consequences. This article aims to determine the importance of adequate pain control in children. For children over the age of 6, pain assessment is based on self-assessment, whereas children under the age of 6 require behavioral scales for pain assessment. Behavioral assessment scales include child monitoring as well as basic characteristics of pain such as intensity, location, duration. The nurses are in a position to meet the child's first pain caused by fear and anxiety in the hospital, but parents who take care of the child are an important assistant in assessing, especially in children with special needs. Some children may find it difficult to do a distinction between pain, anxiety and stress. Effective pain assessment leads to more satisfied children and families. Prolonged inadequate treatment of pain in children may be due to the lack of knowledge and failure of nurses to appreciate and manage pain effectively. Medical specialist should be able to detect the symptoms and signs of pain in different age groups and determine whether these symptoms are caused by pain or other factors. The methods used for pain assessment have proven clinical efficacy, reliability and usability, making them an integral part of the treatment and management of pain. Three are the ways to measure it in children: self-report, behavioral evidence, and physiological-clinical observations. After processing the collected information, the data are entered into the required documentation which provides continuous ,safe and qualified care. Documentation of the children’s pain is a key factor in pain managing. Low level of nurses’ knowledge of assessing pain, inappropriate use of pain scales or lack of documentation could affect pain treatment. Assessment is performed if a child complains of pain, after surgery, if a procedure would cause discomfort or at least once a shift to check if children have any pain. The main subject of pain management strategy is pain prevention and modification of techniques used for diagnostic procedures for infant.
TRAINING OF STUDENTS IN THE PROFESSION
Authors: Radeva Svetlana
Published: December 2021

The motivation for an action is an internal condition that maintains, directs and stimulates a person's behavior by occupying a leading position in the structure of behavior and expression of personality. Personality motivation influences the different forms of human activity and perceptions, including learning. Heterogeneous is the essence of the personal motivating factors, forming the behavior – social, moral, behavioral, etc. The motivation for learning is seen as a focus on the individual countries of the learning process related to the internal attitude of the person to it. The motivation for training in the chosen profession was investigated for 75 students from the third and fourth course of the midwife, from Medical university Varna for the period 2017-2019, working as midwifery assistants in the hospital structures of the medical institutions in the town Varna. The motivation for learning to the chosen profession is large for 92% of respondents, as the leading motivating factor for 100% of them is the prestige of the profession. For 65% of working students, communication with patients is important in providing health care, and for 78% acquisition of professional skills and experience. The asked of the factors motivating them to succeed in training students unanimously indicated that exercising what they learned during the performance of their work is a leading factor, followed by tolerance, the respect they see from patients and the appreciation they receive strengthens their willingness to work and learn new skills. The trust that respondents receive from patients and staff is an engine of their willingness to engage in work on wards in hospital structures. The driving force and the opportunity for professional growth in acquiring professional competencies for the future professionals is an indicator that the chosen professional direction is realized for future realization and leads to increased Their satisfaction with their training choices.
INSTRUMENTATION IN SEISMOLOGICAL OBSERVATORY – SKOPJE MONITORING AND DATA PROCESSING
Authors: Najdovska Jasmina , Drogreshka Katerina , Chernih-Anastasovska Dragana
Published: December 2021

The present activities in the field of earthquake seismology in Republic of North Macedonia are carried out by the Seismological Observatory at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University "Sts. Cyril and Methodius" - Skopje, founded in 1957. Seismological Observatory in Skopje with telemetric network of digital seismological stations systematically monitors the seismic activity in the territory of Republic of North Macedonia and the bordering areas and also records the regional and teleseismic earthquakes. The instrumental seismological data at the Seismological Observatory in Skopje and at stations of its network have been always obtained by instrumentation which had followed the world trends. Actual scientific methods and, lately, the most sophisticated computer softwares have been used in analyses. Earthquakes with local magnitudes down to zero can be recorded and analyzed with the latest instrumentation by real time telemetric network data exchange and used softwares. The predominant hypocentral depths are less than 15 km. These data give opportunity for epicentral areas predefinition of the on the territory of Republic of North Macedonia, calculation of many source parameters and the mean velocity of the relative tectonic movement of the fault blocks, as well.
ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL RISK DUE TO MODIFICATION IN THE NITROGEN CIRCUMROTATION ECO-TECHNICAL SYSTEM FOR EGGS
Authors: Gencheva Adelina , Kirov Veselin
Published: December 2021

At the end of the 19th century Clarke (evidenced by Dobrovolskiy, 1990) finds that the lithosphere is chemically inhomogeneous, and Vernadsky (1923) proves that the chemical inhomogeneity is typical for the entire biosphere. When studying the eco-technical systems for eggs and meat the “Clarke of concentration” criterion has been applied to describe the movement of toxic elements in the following unit of the trophic chain: bioproducers /fodder + water/ - primary bioconsumers /poultry and their production/ /Baykov, B.,1987, Baykov & Tyrawska, 1991, Baykov, B.,1994. Baykov et al., 1996/Trials are carried out in an integrated two-module model of an eco-technical system for egg production. The two main types of trophic chains are modelled: pasture type and detritus type. Insufficiently effective use of nitric compounds from the ration for synthesis of specific egg whites is found.Concentration of total nitrogen in the manure, as well as high content of non-protein nitric, nitrite and ammonium nitrogen is proved in comparison with the amounts at the system inlet.The consequences of this distribution in the two products of the outflow /egg mass and manure/ for the human health and ecosystems are studied. The content of toxic non-protein compounds of nitrogen in the egg mass used as human food resource is below the admissible values in accordance with the EC Regulation on foods, and therefore the assessment shows that there is no direct risk for the human health.The indirect ecological risk related to the consequences from the linearity of technologies is significant: obtaining of manure with high content of nitric compounds, which are changed for all the three modelled technologies for manure use by increasing the non-protein nitrogen. Significant nitrogen losses are found in the two trial aerobic technologies for manure processing.It is most ecologically feasible to process manure in industrial biogas installation that ensures conditions for intensive and controlled anaerobic decomposition, where biogenic elements are fully preserved, where no greenhouse gas emissions are observed, and where, in addition to biosludge, which is an alternative of the highly energy consuming mineral manures, gas fuel is generated /biogas/.