bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Situ Assessment of Structural Timber: State-of-the-Art, Challenges and Future Directions
Authors: Kasal Bohumil
Published: October 2010

Timber is one of the oldest structural materials and has been traditionally used in all parts of the world. Pressures on environmental sustainability lead to revitalization of timber as a modern, highly environmentally friendly and sustainable material. This new interest also sparks the attention of the research and engineering community in the structural applications involving timber. A number of techniques can be used to evaluate health, deterioration and extent of potential damage of historic structures and their components. Because timber is a natural, biodegradable, hygroscopic, and inhomogeneous material, its interaction with the environment presents challenges not normally encountered in materials typically studied by engineers. In addition, high variability of properties even within individual species makes it difficult to make inferences on properties of the investigated systems or even individual components. This requires a multidisciplinary approach and broad knowledge of disciplines spanning from biology and plant anatomy to mechanical properties and statistics. This paper will discuss some of the methods that can be deployed to evaluate historic timber and their drawbacks and limitations. Future directions and needs will be addressed in the last part of the presentation.
FE Modeling of a Historic Masonry Tower and Vibration-Based Systematic Model Tuning
Authors: Gentile Carmelo , Saisi Antonella
Published: October 2010

The paper presents and discusses the procedure developed for the calibration of the struc¬tural FE model of a Bell-Tower, within a wide investigation program aimed to support the preserva¬tion and restoration actions. Ambient vibrations induced by wind, micro-tremors and swinging of bells were recorded and the identified modal parameters, together with geometric and crack pattern survey were used to calibrate a 3D F.E. of the tower.
Analytical Modelling of Traditional Composite Timber-Masonry Walls
Authors: Doudoumis Ioannis N.
Published: October 2010

Composite timber-masonry walls have been used in many old traditional and preservable buildings that constitute a significant part of the world cultural heritage. In this structural system the walls are composed by a timber substructure that is filled by masonry with (or without) mortar. The response of these walls to any static or dynamic loading, even of small intensity, is generally non-linear, mainly due to the complex interaction between the timber and masonry components. It is obvious that the analysis, design, strengthening and retrofitting of these composite structures demand a quite complex, reliable and effective structural model that can take into consideration all the above mentioned construction details and sources of non-linear behaviour. In the present study such a precise analytical micromodel for this structural system is further developed and demonstrated with application examples.
A Discrete Element for Modeling Masonry Vaults
Authors: Caliò Ivo , Cannizzaro Francesco , Marletta Massimo
Published: October 2010

The assessment of the seismic response of historical masonry buildings represents a subject of considerable importance but, at the same time, of very difficult task. Refined finite element numerical models, able to predict the non-linear dynamic mechanical behavior and the degradation of the masonry media, require sophisticated constitutive law and a huge computational cost that makes these methods nowadays not suitable for practical application. In the past many authors developed simplified or alternative methodologies that, with a reduced computational effort, should be able to provide numerical results that can be considered sufficiently accurate for engineering practice purposes. However most of these methods are based on simplified hypotheses that make these approaches inappropriate for monumental buildings. In this paper a three dimensional discrete element model, able to predict the nonlinear behaviour of masonry shell elements, is presented as an extension of a previously introduced spatial discrete-element conceived for the simulation of both the in-plane and the out-of-plane behavior of masonry plane elements. The new macro-element enriches a larger computational framework, based on macro-element approach, devoted to the numerical simulation of the seismic behaviour of historical masonry structures.
The Seismic Assessment of the Curia in the Roman Forum through Simplified Models
Authors: Podestà Stefano , Parodi Sonia
Published: October 2010

The knowledge of historical buildings represents the necessary condition for obtaining a reliable evaluation (even if simplified) of their structural safety, especially in relation to the seismic assessment. In the case of archeological finds, the knowledge of the building modifications, due to anthropic or natural events, assumes a particular importance. The Curia, placed in the archaeological site of the Roman Forum in Rome, represents, under this point of view, an emblematic case. The several transformations suffered by the building during the centuries determine the need of a seismic evaluation able to take into account the different structural conformations and the different boundary conditions.
Structural Analysis of the Paderno d’Adda Bridge (Italy, 1889)
Authors: Ferrari Rosalba , Facheris Mattia , Rizzi Egidio
Published: October 2010

The Paderno d’Adda Bridge is a marvellous riveted iron viaduct with a doubly-built-in parabolic arch that crosses the river Adda near Milano, between Paderno d’Adda (Lecco province) and Calusco d’Adda (Bergamo province), in Lombardia, northern Italy. It was completed in 1889 by the “Società Nazionale delle Officine di Savigliano” (SNOS). In this work, following a previous contribution to the last SAHC08 Conference (Ferrari and Rizzi 2008), a complete FEM model of the bridge is presented, in the attempt of querying the performance of the structure at design stage. Several static loading conditions have been carried-out in the elastic range and results have been compared to those available in the original SNOS Report (1889), with remarkable correspondence.
Analytical and Numerical Analysis on the Collapse Mode of Circular Masonry Arches
Authors: Rizzi Egidio , Cocchetti Giuseppe , Colasante Giada , Rusconi Fabio
Published: October 2010

In this paper, an analytical and numerical analysis on the collapse mode of circular masonry arches is presented. Specific reference is made to the so-called Couplet-Heyman problem of finding the minimum thickness necessary for equilibrium of a masonry arch subjected to its own weight (Heyman 1977). The note reports the results of an on-going research project at the University of Bergamo. First, analytical solutions are derived in the spirit of limit analysis, according to the classical three Heyman hypotheses and explicitly obtained in terms of the unknown angular position of the intrados hinge at the haunch, the minimum thickness to radius ratio and the non-dimensional horizontal thrust (Colasante 2007, Cocchetti et al. 2010). Results are then compared to Heyman solution. Though only the first of these three characteristics is perceptibly influenced in engineering terms, especially at increasing opening angle of the arch, the treatment settles an important conceptual difference on the use of the true line of thrust, along the line of Milankovitch work. Second, numerical simulations by the Discrete Element Method (DEM) in a Discontinuous Deformation Analysis (DDA) computational environment are provided, to further support the validity of the obtained solutions, with good overall matching of the obtained results (Rusconi 2008, Rizzi et al. 2010).
The Ancient Reinforced Beams as Model of Consolidation an Example in the Palazzo Pallavicino in Cremona (Italy)
Authors: Grimoldi Alberto
Published: October 2010

To verify the conditions and the possible use of the historical buildings, it is fundamental to individuate structural patterns really near to each particular configuration.
The calculation of a double warp ceiling usually supposes that the secondary warp structure simply leans upon the principal beams. Principal beams, on their turn, can lean or seldom be lodged into the walls. These conditions are usual in the most simple ceilings, but they cannot merely be transferred to the most riches and complex constructions. In the case of Palazzo Pallavicino in Cremona were inserted on some beams between the joists wooden blocks, forming a veritable reinforced beam.
Verification to calculation of these reinforced beams gave load values eligible for the new public destination. The old system has served as a model for consolidation, and allowed minimal intervention and avoided the introduction of incongruous materials.
Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Traditional Column Connections with the Possible Retrofit Concept
Authors: Lazarević Damir , Atalić Josip , Krolo Joško , Uroš Mario , Šavor Marta
Published: October 2010

Several historical constructions in Croatia have permanent column problems, particularly at connections with capitals and bases, characterized by specific fractures. Experimental and numerical analysis of traditional column connections were conducted. Distinct fractures concentrated around the connections, as well as the traces of previous restorations noted by the chronicles, intrigued us to conduct research of the possible fundamental deficiency of the structural system. Traditional connections can be described as carefully smoothed stone contact areas, joined with centrally placed iron dowel fixed with a lead infill in a slightly larger hole. The comprehensive numerical and experimental efforts have shown that even a small imperfection in the construction process or a disturbance of bearing system have consequence, the contact leans to one side. As the joint has a very limited ability to compensate rotations, the relative rotation between column elements causes high local stresses at the edge of a column, which eventually results in numerous fractures. Ignoring or not fully appreciating the real nature of connections leads to significantly different stress distributions and orientations of thrust lines which may grossly overestimate the safety factor. This usually leads to inadequate rehabilitation, but also if no action is taken continuous fracture propagation can endanger local or global stability of the structure. Laboratory tests were performed on stone samples provided from traditional quarries and we tried to restore a rather similar level of stress and stress distribution caused by eccentric forces. Although some results will be presented, final objective will be to obtain the value of rotational stiffness and stress – strain diagram for connections, which is crucial for understanding of the load carrying mechanism, numerical treatment of connections and adequate retrofit strategies. In order to ensure serviceability and durability, we have started to test the possible retrofit concept with a layer of lead placed between two connected areas. The material such as lead enables small rotations and protects connected areas from large stress concentrations. Lead has already been used to fill the dowel holes and the additional horizontal thin layer appears to be an appropriate and almost invisible intervention.
Masonry Analysis Interpretation and Data Archive System
Authors: Adorni Elisa , Blasi Carlo
Published: October 2010

Diagnostic analysis, required to characterize materials and mechanical parameters of ancient masonry, needs a systematic collection and a careful reading of data results, as well as the cross-check of results of the different samples collected.
This work assumes that diagnostic is part of the knowledge phase of existing buildings: knowledge level is fundamental to evaluate the state of conservation, as prescribed also in italian Technical Standards for Construction (2008).
This paper describe some characteristics of a database system, M.A.I.D.A - Masonry Analysis Interpretation and Data Archive, performed to contain diagnostic analysis results of traditional materials and constituted by interactive analysis cards. Cards nomenclature and method follow UNI Normal rules for the construction materials: stones, bricks, mortars.
Some tests on M.A.I.D.A system were carried out in a cooperation project between University of Parma and University of Rome ‘La Sapienza’. The project comprehends analysis of the Carolingian masonry and mortars from some buildings in Rome: SS. Quattro Coronati ecclesiastic complex, S. Francesca Romana Church and a Carolingian part of the Aurelian Walls in Rome.
In order to enforce the data archives and to share the results M.A.I.D.A system will be put in a internet server.
Structural Analysis of the Bell Tower of the Basilica De La Merced of Lima
Authors: Torres Peceros Henry Eduardo
Published: October 2010

The Bell Tower of the Basilica de la Merced de Lima is a monument with its own personality in itself, was built by master masonry Alonso de Morales as contract signed May 12, 1589 whose original is in the General File Nation of Peru. Until now has been repaired several times due to damage to large earthquakes that destroyed the city of Lima in more than one occasion.
The Bell Tower of the Basilica de la Merced de Lima is the construction of unreinforced brick masonry higher and that has continued for over four centuries in the same location and is without doubt one of the famous monuments of the city of Lima.
For structural analysis, the monument was modeled and analyzed by finite element method, models were developed to adjust and show impressive results and consistent with the records of damage were made in the year 2005 date when the monument was established structurally.
An important historical record supports the technical scope of the investigation. Interesting comments on its formidable seismic capacity, and their significant contributions in knowledge of construction techniques of the builders of the sixteenth century in Lima, reveal a building that surprises with its apparent simplicity but it saves a lot of knowledge about engineering techniques applied to the great monuments that have survived from the years in which Lima was the largest metropolis in South America.
Small-Scale Models for Testing Masonry Structures
Authors: Quinonez Alvaro , Zessin Jennifer , Nutzel Aissata , Ochsendorf John
Published: October 2010

Experiments may be used to verify numerical and analytical results, but large-scale model testing is associated with high costs and lengthy set-up times. In contrast, small-scale model testing is inexpensive, non-invasive, and easy to replicate over several trials. This paper proposes a new method of masonry model generation using three-dimensional printing technology. Small-scale models are created as an assemblage of individual blocks representing the original structure’s geometry and stereotomy. Two model domes are tested to collapse due to outward support displacements, and experimental data from these tests is compared with analytical predictions. Results of these experiments provide a strong understanding of the mechanics of actual masonry structures and can be used to demonstrate the structural capacity of masonry structures with extensive cracking. Challenges for this work, such as imperfections in the model geometry and construction problems, are also addressed. This experimental method can provide a low-cost alternative for the collapse analysis of complex masonry structures, the safety of which depends primarily on stability rather than material strength.
Thrust Line Using Linear Elastic Finite Element Analysis for Masonry Structures
Authors: Varma Mahesh , Jangid R.S. , Ghosh Siddhartha
Published: October 2010

Failure of masonry structures are generally studied in terms of the formation of unstable mechanisms and the thrust line approach is considered to be the most useful tool for this. Thrust line analysis is a simple technique for studying the stability of masonry structures, although its applicability is limited to specific types of structures because of various implicit assumptions. Finite element analysis, on the other hand, is versatile but computationally more intensive. This paper presents a linear elastic finite element analysis based method of obtaining the thrust line of a masonry structure. The proposed method allows the application of the thrust line analysis to structures with any complicated geometry while retaining the simplicity of this approach for studying the stability of a masonry structure. The proposed method is applied to various case study structures and the sensitivity of the results to the adopted material property data in the finite element analysis is studied. The proposed method also allows a structural engineer, who is usually familiar with the finite element analysis, to easily migrate to the stability analysis of masonry systems.
Structural Interpretation of “Armate Travi” in N-E Italy through the Historical Treatises
Authors: Dandria Silvia , Badalini Juri , Penazzi Daniela
Published: October 2010

The study compares ancient composite beams, located in northen Italy, with the models drawn in Treatises from XVI century to XIX century in order to define structural characteristcs of this tecnology.
Structural Behavior Analysis of Masonry Stone Pagoda Considering the Inner Construction Types of Stylobate
Authors: Park Y.S. , Kim J.Y. , Hong S.I. , Kim D.M. , Jung Sung Jin , Kim H.S.
Published: October 2010

We have many difficulties in the modeling and analysis of masonry stone pagoda structure because this structure has the discontinuum behavior characteristics, compared with the general continuum structures. Also, we need to consider the inner construction types of stylobate for the reasonable analysis of structural mechanism of masonry stone pagoda. Most masonry stone pagoda structures built in Korea are largely classified into three parts such as top part, body part and stylobate. Specifically, the stylobate takes a very important structural part, performing the role of foundation in ordinary structures, and the reduction of stylobate’s bearing capacity has great influence on the safety of structure. As for stylobate, the construction types of inner Jeoksim result in the different structural behaviors. Therefore, this study selects three-story stone pagoda in Goseon-sa temple site that shows the typical type of stone pagoda structure in Korea. Also, this study investigates the construction types of stylobate and evaluates the structural and mechanical behaviors of masonry stone pagoda structure according to many application variables of stylobate’s Jeoksim forms. To this end, we considers the contact surface and block modelling for the discontinuum elements through the discrete element method and finite element method. Through the comparison of analysis results, we can find out the load transfer mechanism according to the inner Jeoksim types of stylobate.
Preliminary Studies for the Recovering of the Armstrong, Mitchell & Co. Hydraulic Crane of the Arsenal of Venice
Authors: Bettiol Giulia , Valluzzi Maria Rosa , Garbin E. , Menichelli C. , Lionello A. , Modena Claudio
Published: October 2010

In this paper, the preliminary study of intervention on puddle iron and cast iron Hydraulic crane, situated in the “Arsenale” of Venice is described. The crane was built by Armstrong, Mitchell & Co. in 1885. It is one of the most important and the last remaining example of XIX century innovation of English engineering, after the disposal of other Armstrong Company cranes. Thanks to the interest of the Superintendency of Venice and The Venice in Peril Fund UNESCO Committee, the crane is now undergoing restoration works. To design and execute the restoring interventions of the crane, a preliminary study was necessary. The first fundamental step consisted on performing a detailed historical research, focused in particular of the past interventions and on identifying the most important causes of damage.
Structural Analysis of Historical Metal Bridges in Italy
Authors: Pipinato Alessio , Pellegrino Carlo , Modena Claudio
Published: October 2010

In this paper different studies on the structural analysis, the fatigue assessment and the damage evaluation of metal bridges are reported. These work examples are related to a widespread amount of works conducted since the first of 2000 in the research area of bridge design and assessment. The most part of these researches are related to railway bridges and historical metal bridges, because of their particular vulnerability to damage decay during their life. The main research topics are presented and discussed.
The Crack Pattern in Brunelleschi's Dome in Florence: Damage Evolution from Historical to Modern Monitoring System Analysis
Authors: Ottoni Federica , Coïsson Eva , Blasi Carlo
Published: October 2010

The aim of this paper is to show the potentiality of the historical analysis mixed with the experimental data elaboration in identifying the mechanical behavior of an ancient monument.
Firstly, an ideal route through the crack pattern of Santa Maria del Fiore dome in Florence is presented herein: the conclusion of the historical debates about the mechanical behavior of the dome are analyzed in light of the statistical interpretation of the last 55years cracks monitoring data. The recall of some historical debates has been fundamental in the comprehension of its mechanical behavior, showing the validity of the empiric-experimental method in ancient master builders solution (the “art of building” rules) to the main problem of the masonry domes: their primeval and ineradicable horizontal thrust on supporting structures. The final aim is to present some results on the beneficent effect of the scaffolding installed on the dome from 1980 to 1996, which seems to confirm the prevision made by Vincenzo Viviani at the end of XVII century on the future consolidation of this dome.
Structural Analysis of the “3Ponti” of Comacchio (Ferrara, Italy)
Authors: Pizzolato M. , Monti M. , Pigozzi P. , Tralli Antonio
Published: October 2010

The “3 Ponti of Comacchio” represents one of the most important architectural monuments in the Province of Ferrara and surely the most significant historical bridge in Emilia Romagna region. The masonry bridge was built in 1632 by the architect Luca Danese and the customer was the Cardinal Pallotta at that time governor of the town of Comacchio, therefore sometimes is denoted as Pallotta bridge. The shape of the bridge is very particular because it was built at the intersection of 5 canals and presents an internal vault composed by 5 groins of rampant barrel vaults. In 1690 two towers have been added and the bridge assumed the present form. Nowadays it is used as a pedestrian bridge. The interest for the structural behaviour of the masonry bridge is due to the rising up, in the last 2 years, of evident cracks interesting as well the internal vault as the staircases in the west side. The masonry structure was analyzed either by Diana program, using an elastic-plastic damaging model for the masonry, as well as by limit analysis algorithms recently developed by the University of Ferrara. One possible reason of the rising up of the cracks is the settlement of the 3 piers on the west side due to the lowering of the water level in the canals for hydraulic arrangement works. Furthermore, in this study, sinking of pillars foundation will be also taken into account.
Bending Test on Composite Timber-Steel-Concrete Floor Equipped with Innovative Collar Connectors
Authors: Marzo A. , Grippa Maria Rosaria , Faggiano Beatrice , Mazzolani Federico M.
Published: October 2010

In this paper a full scale monotonic static bending test on a composite timber-steel-concrete floor, equipped with innovative “collar” connectors, is illustrated. In particular, the specimen consists of two beams, made of ancient chestnut, connected to the concrete reinforced slab by means of purposely fitted upside wings of steel collars astride the beams themselves. The test is part of a comprehensive research activity, aiming at the evaluation and optimization of the collar connection device, developed within the European project PROHITECH (“Earthquake Protection of Historical Buildings by Reversible Mixed Technology”, 2004-2008).
Complex Covering Timber Structures in Monumental Buildings: A Study Case
Authors: Grippa Maria Rosaria , Marzo A. , Faggiano Beatrice , Mazzolani Federico M.
Published: October 2010

The paper deals with the study of the ancient timber structures of the Royal Palace of Naples. The attention is focused on the complex covering of the Guard Room (XXIX) of the Historical Apartment. Firstly, geometrical and mechanical in situ surveys are presented. Then, the capacity of the structure in terms of deformation and resistance is evaluated through numerical analyses on purposely set up 3D FEM models.
Structural Assessment of the Vaulted Masonry Ice Storage Glacières Royales (1874) in Brussels
Authors: Hellebois Armande , De Wolf David , Provost Michel
Published: October 2010

The function of the underground ice storage, Glacières Royales, was to efficiently conserve ice during all seasons. It consists of a large vaulted structure in masonry from floor to walls and ceiling, covering 460 m². This remarkable ice storage is no longer in use today but is one of the last monumental witnesses of the European industry of ice and is therefore listed since 1993.
A real estate project influencing the immediate surroundings of this ice storage motivated a thorough evaluation of its condition and stability.
The actual structural behaviour of the underground ice storage, Glacières Royales, was studied. 2D and 3D numerical models based on linear elastic finite elements were used for the masonry. The soil-structure interaction was modelled by linear and non linear models using the Plaxis software. Analyses are presented both on the level of stability of the Glacières Royales in its present and future conditions imposed by the real estate project.
Preliminary Observations on the Structural Condition of a Byzantine Monument in Historic Peninsula of Istanbul: Pantokrator Church
Authors: Almaç Umut
Published: October 2010

The Church of Pantokrator (Zeyrek Mosque) is a Byzantine located in the Zeyrek district of Istanbul which was included in the World Heritage List in 1985 by UNESCO. The church suffered from earthquakes, fires and alterations in its history. In this paper, a brief history of the church, description of the northern structure with its damages and a preliminary analysis of the structure including an intervention proposal is presented. The reason to choose the northern part of the complex was due to its fragile condition in comparison with the other parts of the monument. This part has severe cracks on its structural elements and consequently during a possible repair and conservation work, it has priority.
Settlement Induced Damage Modelling of Historical Buildings: The Bell Tower of the “Basilica dei Frari” in Venice
Authors: Lorenzoni F. , Valluzzi Maria Rosa , Modena Claudio , Simonato Elena , Casarin F. , Lionello A.
Published: October 2010

The paper presents the case study of the “Basilica dei Frari” in Venice for which a non linear numerical analysis has been recently performed in order to assess its structural conditions. In fact, from the end of its construction, in the XIV century, the building suffered from structural deteriorations mainly due to settlements affecting the bell-tower. A main structural intervention was carried out at the beginning of the XX century, aimed at stopping the outward tilting process of the tower. The intervention was so effective that it induced an opposite effect on the tower, which started to rotate towards the cathedral. Several studies were carried out since then to evaluate the interaction between tower and church, including in recent years structural monitoring and numerical modelling, besides a strengthening intervention consisting in soil micro-fracturing. A non linear numerical model of the church-tower complex was implemented and compared to the outcomes of the available experimental data (monitoring, investigations), also considering the historical process leading to the present day conditions. To gain reliable settlement damage predictions it was necessary to adopt tensile-softening crack models in the numerical studies and perform non linear analyses able to trace the complete response of the structure. The aim of the modeling was also, besides the assessment of the structural conditions of the complex, to predict the structural effects of the physical “separation” between tower and cathedral.
Investigation of the Rail-Induced Vibrations on a Masonry Historical Building
Authors: Erkal Aykut , Laefer Debra , Fanning Paul , Durukal Eser , Hancilar Ufuk , Kaya Yavuz
Published: October 2010

Increasingly historic masonry buildings are subjected to higher levels of traffic and rail vibrations due to urbanization and population growth. Deterioration and destabilisation of these buildings may result, especially if they were previously damaged (e.g. earthquakes or settlement problems). To better understand building response, vibration measurements were conducted on the Little Hagia Sophia Mosque, located adjacent to Istanbul’s Sirkeci-Halkali railway line. Transport-induced vibrations were recorded at several points on the ground and building. Attenuation characteristics in the ground and amplification features on the building were examined. Peak particle velocities often exceeded previously established thresholds for human perception and in some cases for structural damage. These are evaluated with respect to the building’s condition.
Restoration and Strengthening of a Historical Structure in Antalya - Turkey
Authors: Koçak A. , Kilit Z.
Published: October 2010

Protection and restoration of historical structure has a big importance to transfer past from future. It is necessary to protect all materials and documents that includes past culture, life style and life art in purpose of human history. Structures that used in past, is most important of these materials. Protection of historical structures that reflect to history of period and is historical artifact is also important because of emphasized reason. There are many historical structures in different region of Turkey. Some structuring especially show all cultural structure of that period and stand erect as grand monument. But in the length of time these type structures abrade and lose their nature, because of natural or other reason. After ever earthquake, almost each historical structures have permanent damages in Turkey which is earthquake area. For this reason, It is necessary to transfer future these historical structures by strength and repairing to discover local earth conditions and equipments that used in structure against to earthquake and other affects, determining damaged condition, determining system of architecture and conveyer to these historical structures On the other side, protection of structure can be provided with help of increasing functionality. Unused and closed historical structure will abrade and because of natural and other affects, it will damages and becomes unused. So, basic protection is to use and repair periodically to these historical structures. In near future, protection and restoration of historical structures get importance in Turkey. Many historical structures start to handle for this propose, works pick up speed for restorations. Mustafa Kemal primary school which used as school long time, and completed construction in 1910 Antalya-Turkey, is other important cultural heritage. Accumulation school building has basement, ground floor, and 1.floor. Because of floor height, basement has not been used. Other two floors have been used for common room, laboratory and toilet. In this work, after building survey of historical building used for school had been taken, equipment used in building had been confirmed and local earth condition had been determined, according to exist Turkish Regulations building analyze had been done. According to lacks of structure, it had been invigorated. For propose of implementation of architecture style to period, all added parts had been restored and renewed to damaged parts. Keywords: Restoration, strengthening, historical structure
Seismic Assessment of Bell Towers of Mexican Colonial Churches
Authors: Peña Fernando , Meza Miguel
Published: October 2010

The seismic assessment of bell towers of churches built during the colonial period in Mexico is studied. Two representative typologies of churches of the southwest of Mexico are considered. The results of non-linear static and the non-linear dynamic analyses are compared. The results show that it is not recommended the use of non-linear static analyses; being necessary the use of full non-linear dynamic analyses.
Seismic Hazard and Nonlinear Dynamic Analyses: Avoiding Collapse in Architectural Heritage
Authors: Pineda Paloma , Sáez Andrés , Martín Antonio Jesus
Published: October 2010

Architectural heritage masonry buildings located in seismic areas are highly prone to suffer damage under seismic loading, due to their structural features. In this study, the Salares medieval tower, which is placed in the province of Malaga (Spain) - a zone with high seismic hazard in the Iberian Peninsula- is adopted as a case study. This is a precious heritage building which exhibits severe damages, such as depth cracks and inclination. Owing to those reasons detailed seismic and dynamic analyses are crucial for its preservation. The present work is arranged in three sections that deal with seismic hazard analysis, selection of real acceleration time-histories representative of the site, and dynamic response by means of numerical models. In order to obtain the design earthquake at the specific location, different parameters were analyzed, namely the region seismic activity, the geotechnical and geological conditions at the site and the acceptable risk level. Hazard analysis was performed following deterministic and probabilistic methods. As far as the seismic input is concerned, real accelerogram representative of the 1884 Andalusia earthquake were selected. It was a destructive earthquake that caused catastrophic damages near the analyzed structure. The accelerograms thus obtained were used as input for subsequent non-linear dynamic analyses on three-dimensional finite element models. Different cracking capable constitutive models were considered in order to predict local and global collapse mechanisms. Moreover, the suitability of each model was discussed when crushing, high plastic deformation or response under cyclic loading are concerned. The aforementioned studies yield significant results in order to perform a comprehensive safety assessment under ground motion effects. Thus, regarding the seismic input, the obtained accelerogram provides a relevant application aimed at revising the maximum acceleration and the response spectra of the Codes, as seismic code recommendations are limited in those issues. Furthermore, the dynamic structural response via numerical approach, allows determining damage propagation and collapse probability as a main step to select appropriate repair measures. The followed method could be used to assess and improve the structural strength of similar architectural heritage buildings located in active seismic areas.
Strengthening Design of a Business Architecture Built During the Period of the Republic of China in Nanjing
Authors: Chun Qing , Zhou Qi
Published: October 2010

Based on strengthening project of a business architecture built during the period of the Republic of China in Nanjing, some key problems in strengthening design of reinforced concrete frame structures built during the period of the Republic of China are roundly discussed, including methods of testing and appraisement, computing and analyzing, foundation reinforcement, brick wall reinforcement, concrete members reinforcement and seismic reinforcement, etc. Some effective methods are introduced to solve the problems, which can be referenced for similar design.
Evaluation of Dynamic Characteristics of Masonry Arch Bridges: Linking Full-Scale Experiment and FEM Modeling
Authors: Dulinska Joanna M.
Published: October 2010

The paper presents calculated and experimentally determined dynamic characteristics of masonry arch bridges. Two bridges were considered: the road viaduct at Zaborow and the bridge at Kamienica Dolna (South Poland). Finite element models were built considering all parts of the structures: arch, spandrel walls, fill, soil-structure interaction. For verification of calculations in situ investigations of dynamic characteristics of bridges were conducted. As a basic ways of realization of dynamic loads impulse load (drop of a lorry wheels from a threshold) as well as kinematic excitation (train passage under the viaduct) were applied. For determination of natural frequencies power spectral density function and transfer function of measured signals were applied. Basing upon the recorded vibrations the value of logarithmic decrement of damping was evaluated. The results of measured and calculated natural frequencies were compared. With regard to the degree of complexity of structures the differences between experimental and computational results can be accepted.
Istanbul Grand Bazaar Evacuation System Vulnerability Assessment
Authors: Yücel Gül , Arun Görün
Published: October 2010

The Grand Bazaar is a historical trade centre more than 500 years in the historical peninsula of Istanbul, Turkey. It consists of almost 3,600 small shops from different sectors (such as jewellery, carpet, leather, souvenir, finance, restaurant, café, confection etc.), two Bedesten, 64 street and 16 Han (inn) buildings. The Bazaar has 21 main gates that open to different streets and have different relation with outside. More than 25000 staff work in the shops and 300-500 thousand users come to Bazaar daily depending on the season and day. The pedestrian density is changeable, depending on the place of the inner street and the type of the sector. The historical disaster records (earthquake, dated 1766 and 1894, the grand bazaar fire, dated 1954) show that there was evacuation vulnerability. The main gates (exit doors) and exit route need some rehabilitation for safety evacuation during any disaster. The aim of this study is to evaluate the Grand Bazaar’s emergency evacuation vulnerability. The evacuation vulnerability factors question the width, length and natural illumination of the evacuation route, maintenance of the roof, presence of hazardous materials, door specifications as size, material, opening direction, maintenance and difference in elevation on the route and exit area such as staircase and thresholds.
Seismic Assessment of a Historical Tower with Advanced Numerical Model Tuned on Ambient Vibration Data
Authors: D’Ambrisi A. , Mariani V. , Mezzi M.
Published: October 2010

This paper deals with the dynamic characterization and the evaluation of the seismic response of the medieval civic tower of Soncino (Cremona, Italy). The dynamic characteristics and the mechanical properties of the masonry tower are evaluated through ambient vibration tests, which provide results in a fast and non destructive way with respect to the traditional methods such as forced vibration tests. Nonlinear static and dynamic analyses are performed on a finite element model of the tower calibrated on the results of the dynamic identification. The damage levels and the seismic capacity of the structure are also evaluated. The obtained results allow to predict the seismic behaviour of the tower and to define possible strengthening and restoration interventions.
Mechanical Analysis for the Assessment of the Seismic Capacity of Masonry Buildings’ Classes in the City Centre of Sulmona (Italy)
Authors: Munari Marco , Busolo Gianluca , Valluzzi Maria Rosa
Published: October 2010

A mechanical based method for the evaluation of the seismic capacity of masonry buildings’ classes in terms of damage limit states is presented: the purpose of the study is to achieve, in the framework of vulnerability analyses at territorial scale, reliable values for the damage level of vulnerability classes of masonry buildings, depending on the seismic input level. This approach is, in fact, designed as a “1st level” tool based on easily traceable information provided by expeditious surveys. Once identified a limited number of typological, physical and mechanical parameters that are necessary to define each vulnerability class, a significant number of simplified models of masonry buildings belonging to each class has been created. Non-linear static analysis of these models allowed the creation of bilinear elastic perfectly plastic capacity curves: the displacement capacity described by these curves is related with the actual displacement values required by seismic intensities associated to different return periods. It is so possible to identify, for different vulnerability classes and different seismic inputs, the loss of capacity in terms of damage level of each building.
An application of the method to models representative of masonry buildings in the historical centre of Sulmona, in L’Aquila province, and a comparison of the results with others obtained with other methodologies of assessment are presented.
Testing and Seismic Capacity Evaluation of a Typical Traditional Ottoman Timber Frame
Authors: Aktas Erdem , Didem Yasemin , Turer Ahmet , Erdil Baris , Akyüz Uğurhan , Sahin Guchan Neriman
Published: October 2010

In Turkey, as well as in Balkan countries, examples of an extant housing tradition namely hımış, which was formed during Ottoman period, can still be observed. In spite of minor local differences according to geographical locations, these Ottoman hımış houses are distinguished with a number of common architectural and technical peculiarities that is worth to preserve. They have similar timber frame construction system with different infill materials. There are numerous reports claiming that the hımış houses are seismically more resistant than other construction types such as reinforced concrete and/or masonry structures. However, nearly all such reports are based on observations made after historical or contemporary earthquakes and lack quantitative engineering approach. For these reasons, within the framework of an ongoing research project, supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), coded 106M499, the seismic resistance of traditional timber frame houses in Turkey was investigated. A number of timber frames were tested in the laboratory under cyclic and reverse lateral loading, with and without infill. The results were reproduced with pertinent analytical work. As a result, it was shown that connections that were traditionally made with the sole use of standard nails were always the location of failure. In this paper, the results obtained for one of these frames is presented together with its capacity curve analysis to see whether strengthening is needed or not from seismic design point of view.
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Ancient Masonry Building: An Experimental Method
Authors: Mendes Nuno , Lourenço Paulo B. , Costa A. Campos
Published: October 2010

This paper presents a review of the methods for seismic vulnerability assessment, together with an experimental method based on shaking table testing. This method is applied to a Portuguese masonry building typology with stone walls and timber floors, subjected to increasing earthquake damage. Traditional-like materials and techniques are used in the building. The vulnerability curves are presented and the damage indicator is correlated with the crack patterns and EMS 98.
Seismic Damage to Churches: Observations from the L’Aquila, Italy, Earthquake and Considerations on a Case-Study
Authors: Binda Luigia , Chesi Claudio , Parisi Maria Adelaide
Published: October 2010

The earthquake that hit the city of L’Aquila, in central Italy, on the 6th of April 2009 has severely damaged most of the heritage buildings of the area. Soon after the event, a first survey of damage to ancient churches and palaces has been carried out according to a predefined classification procedure. Subsequently, a more detailed damage analysis was started in order to facilitate decision on future interventions. For one of these churches, S. Biagio Amiterno, damage consisted in the collapse of the upper part of the façade, in the localized collapse of the main vault, and in an extended crack pattern in vaults, columns, and walls. This damage pattern is interpreted here as case study. In more general terms, the exam of specific case studies gives the possibility of shedding light on various issues related to the seismic behavior of the building typologies concerned.
Shaking Table Tests on Multi-Leaf Stone Masonry Structures: Analysis of Stiffness Decay
Authors: Mazzon Nicola , Chavez Cano M. , Valluzzi Maria Rosa , Casarin F. , Modena Claudio
Published: October 2010

The influence of the natural hydraulic lime-based grout on the dynamic behaviour of injected multi-leaf stone masonry elements is discussed in the paper. Shaking table experiments on two stone masonry buildings, tested before and after grout injection, have been performed. The paper focuses on the analysis of both the recorded accelerations and related displacements, at the bottom and at each further storey. This leads to evaluate the stiffness of the unstrengthened and injected structures. The input at increasing PGA allowed the stiffness decay to be studied, simulating a gradual damaging of the structures. These results were also interpreted in the light of both computed frequencies and mode shapes. Finally, the comparison among these results, obtained from all the models, allows to deepen the knowledge concerning the effects induced by the lime-based grout injection and on its capability to modify the dynamic behaviour, when intervening on a damaged (repairing) or on an undamaged (strengthening) structure.
The Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage in Seismic Areas
Authors: Vargas Neumann Julio
Published: October 2010

The acceleration of climate change and the increasing frequency of natural disasters mean that there is an urgent need to adapt conservation strategies for architectural heritage to the world’s new demands and situations. This is particularly relevant for the most vulnerable constructions, such as earthen structures.
Because of the dramatic effect that earthquakes can have on architecture, and especially on historical monuments, they have been studied for the past 50 years. Earthquakes divide the world in two very distinct geographic areas: seismic and non-seismic.
The seismic vulnerability of earthen architectural heritage, such as earthen structures and mud mortar masonry, evidences in by how weak they are when compared to structures built using other construction materials (10 to 15 times weaker).
Humanity’s past experience in the conservation of architectural heritage allows us to be aware of the need to improve and eventually perfect the existing conservation charters, which were discussed and signed in Europe in the last century. These charters do not make a distinction between heritage conservation in seismic and non-seismic areas. It is imperative to address this particular issue, as seismic forces can be too strong for earthen constructions to resist, which can lead to their irreparable collapse.
Inspired by the Venice Charter and China´s principles as well as by more modern documents, such as the Burra, Mexico, Zimbabwe, Lausana Charters, researchers have tried to establish adequate and resistant conservation guidelines, based on achieving the best structural performance using a minimum permanent and reversible reinforcement. Although this involves causing some impact on the architectural heritage, it also means that human lives and buildings can be protected.
The paper will provide real examples to illustrate these cases and will attempt to outline the conservation principles required to protect vulnerable structures, such as those earthen constructions or mud mortar brick or stone masonry built in seismic areas.