bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling permanent magnet excited uniform fields with rational approximations
Authors: Costa Stefano , Costamagna Eugenio , Di Barba Paolo
Published: April 2024

Purpose

A novel method for modelling permanent magnets is investigated based on numerical approximations with rational functions. This study aims to introduce the AAA algorithm and other recently developed, cutting-edge mathematical tools, which provide outstandingly fast and accurate numerical computation of potentials and vector fields.

Design/methodology/approach

First, the AAA algorithm is briefly introduced along with its main variants and other advanced mathematical tools involved in the modelling. Then, the analysis of a circular Halbach array with a one-pole pair is carried out by means of the AAA-least squares method, focusing on vector potential and flux density in the bore and validating results by means of classic finite element software. Finally, the investigation is completed by a finite difference analysis.

Findings

AAA methods for field analysis prove to be strikingly fast and accurate. Results are in excellent agreement with those provided by the finite element model, and the very good agreement with those from finite differences suggests future improvements. They are also easy programming; the MATLAB code is less than 200 lines. This indicates they can provide an effective tool for rapid analysis.

Research limitations/implications

AAA methods in magnetostatics are novel, but their extension to analogous physical problems seems straightforward. Being a meshless method, it is unlikely that local non-linearities can be considered. An aspect of particular interest, left for future research, is the capability of handling inhomogeneous domains, i.e. solving general interface problems.

Originality/value

The authors use cutting-edge mathematical tools for the modelling of complex physical objects in magnetostatics.
Artificial intelligence-based reverse logistics for improving circular economy performance: a developing country perspective
Authors: Mukherjee Subhodeep , Nagariya Ramji , Mathiyazhagan K. , Baral Manish Mohan , Pavithra M.R. , Appolloni Andrea
Published: April 2024

Purpose

Reverse logistics services are designed to move goods from their point of consumption to an endpoint to capture value or properly dispose of products and materials. Artificial intelligence (AI)-based reverse logistics will help Micro, Small, and medium Enterprises (MSMEs) adequately recycle and reuse the materials in the firms. This research aims to measure the adoption of AI-based reverse logistics to improve circular economy (CE) performance.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, we proposed ten hypotheses using the theory of natural resource-based view and technology, organizational and environmental framework. Data are collected from 363 Indian MSMEs as they are the backbone of the Indian economy, and there is a need for digital transformation in MSMEs. A structural equation modeling approach is applied to analyze and test the hypothesis.

Findings

Nine of the ten proposed hypotheses were accepted, and one was rejected. The results revealed that the relative advantage (RA), trust (TR), top management support (TMS), environmental regulations, industry dynamism (ID), compatibility, technology readiness and government support (GS) positively relate to AI-based reverse logistics adoption. AI-based reverse logistics indicated a positive relationship with CE performance. For mediation analysis, the results revealed that RA, TR, TMS and technological readiness are complementary mediation. Still, GS, ID, organizational flexibility, environmental uncertainty and technical capability have no mediation.

Practical implications

The study contributed to the CE performance and AI-based reverse logistics literature. The study will help managers understand the importance of AI-based reverse logistics for improving the performance of the CE in MSMEs. This study will help firms reduce their carbon footprint and achieve sustainable development goals.

Originality/value

Few studies focused on CE performance, but none measured the adoption of AI-based reverse logistics to enhance MSMEs’ CE performance.
School principals’ job crafting profiles and their differences during the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Nissinen Terhi , Upadyaya Katja , Lonka Kirsti , Toyama Hiroyuki , Salmela-Aro Katariina
Published: April 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to explore school principals’ job crafting profiles during the prolonged COVID-19 crisis in 2021, and investigate profile differences regarding principals’ own perceived servant leadership, stress and work meaningfulness.

Design/methodology/approach

Using latent profile analysis (LPA), two job crafting profiles were identified: (1) active crafters (55%) and (2) average crafters (45%). By auxiliary measurement-error-weighted-method (BCH), we examined whether and how job crafting profiles differed in terms of servant leadership, stress and work meaningfulness.

Findings

Active crafters reported higher than the overall mean level of approach-oriented job crafting (increasing job resources and demands), whereas average crafters reported an overall mean level of approach-oriented job crafting. Avoidance-oriented job crafting by decreasing hindering job demands did not differentiate the two profiles. Active crafters reported significantly higher servant leadership behavior, stress and work meaningfulness than average crafters.

Originality/value

Study findings provide new knowledge and reflect the implications that the unprecedented pandemic had for education. This study contributes to the existing literature within the scholarship of job crafting through empirical research during the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic. For practitioners, these study findings reflect contextual constraints, organizational processes and culture, and leadership in workplaces.
Tribological properties of aluminum alloy coated with graphene oxide/polyvinyl alcohol composites after micro-arc oxidation
Authors: Sun Jian , Fan Zhanshuai , Yang Yi , Li Chengzhi , Tu Nan , Chen Jian , Lu Hailin
Published: April 2024

Purpose

Aluminum alloy is considered an ideal material in aerospace, automobile and other fields because of its lightweight, high specific strength and easy processing. However, low hardness and strength of the surface of aluminum alloys are the main factors that limit their applications. The purpose of this study is to obtain a composite coating with high hardness and lubricating properties by applying GO–PVA over MAO coating.

Design/methodology/approach

A pulsed bipolar power supply was used as power supply to prepare the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) coating on 6061 aluminum sample. Then a graphene oxide-polyvinyl alcohol (GO–PVA) composite coating was prepared on MAO coating for subsequent experiments. Samples were characterized by Fourier infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The friction test is carried out by the relative movement of the copper ball and the aluminum disk on the friction tester.

Findings

Results showed that the friction coefficient of MAO samples was reduced by 80% after treated with GO–PVA composite film.

Originality/value

This research has made a certain contribution to the surface hardness and tribological issues involved in the lightweight design of aluminum alloys.

Peer review

The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-12-2023-0427/
ChatGPT giving advice on how to cheat in university assignments: how workable are its suggestions?
Authors: Spennemann Dirk H.R. , Biles Jessica , Brown Lachlan , Ireland Matthew F. , Longmore Laura , Singh Clare L. , Wallis Anthony , Ward Catherine
Published: April 2024

Purpose

The use of generative artificial intelligence (genAi) language models such as ChatGPT to write assignment text is well established. This paper aims to assess to what extent genAi can be used to obtain guidance on how to avoid detection when commissioning and submitting contract-written assignments and how workable the offered solutions are.

Design/methodology/approach

Although ChatGPT is programmed not to provide answers that are unethical or that may cause harm to people, ChatGPT’s can be prompted to answer with inverted moral valence, thereby supplying unethical answers. The authors tasked ChatGPT to generate 30 essays that discussed the benefits of submitting contract-written undergraduate assignments and outline the best ways of avoiding detection. The authors scored the likelihood that ChatGPT’s suggestions would be successful in avoiding detection by markers when submitting contract-written work.

Findings

While the majority of suggested strategies had a low chance of escaping detection, recommendations related to obscuring plagiarism and content blending as well as techniques related to distraction have a higher probability of remaining undetected. The authors conclude that ChatGPT can be used with success as a brainstorming tool to provide cheating advice, but that its success depends on the vigilance of the assignment markers and the cheating student’s ability to distinguish between genuinely viable options and those that appear to be workable but are not.

Originality/value

This paper is a novel application of making ChatGPT answer with inverted moral valence, simulating queries by students who may be intent on escaping detection when committing academic misconduct.
Fifty shades of Braille: motivations, challenges and cultural significance in visual impairment
Authors: Beudaert Anthony
Published: April 2024

Purpose

This study aims to examine Braille usage among consumers with visual impairments, investigating motivations and addressing inherent challenges.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing insights from 16 semistructured interviews with individuals experiencing blindness, this study reveals nuanced aspects of Braille utilization.

Findings

Three key motivations for Braille usage are identified: as a coping mechanism for functional needs and to combat stigma; as an embodied experience contributing to pleasure; and as a heritage embodying a culture of visual impairment. Obstacles include cultural and financial barriers to learning, incomplete retail transcriptions limiting practicality and spatial congestion issues.

Originality/value

This study underscores Braille’s dual function as both coping mechanism and cultural heritage. By highlighting obstacles, it sheds light on challenges faced by consumers with visual impairments, facilitating advocacy and promoting inclusive retail practices. Originality lies in recognizing diverse motivations and experiences among Braille users, offering insights for enhancing tactile engagement in the marketplace.
Dietary diversity and preferences among pregnant women and its association with anaemia
Authors: Twum - Dei Benedicta , Aryeetey Richmond , Aduku Linda Nana Esi
Published: April 2024

Purpose

This study aims to assess dietary choices of pregnant women and its relationship with their anaemia status.

Design/methodology/approach

A mixed-method study comprising a survey and three focus group discussions (FGDs). The survey included 380 adult pregnant women with data collected on food choices, preferences and haemoglobin (Hb) status.

Findings

More than 50% of women in the study had Hb concentration < 11.0 g/dl; mean Hb was 10.24 g/dl (SD = 1.59). Univariate analysis was used to generate descriptive tabulations for socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, dietary choices for women and anaemia status. T-test and bivariate analysis between dietary diversity score of the women among the food groups consumed as well as their anaemia (Hb) status. This showed that women with high dietary diversity score had improved Hb status (P = 0.003), and those who consumed meat and fish as well as dark leafy vegetables had significantly high diversity scores (P = 0.031 and P = 0.049). Thematic analysis was used for analysing qualitative data.

Research limitations/implications

The sample used in the study is unlikely to be fully representative of pregnant women in the Accra Metropolis. In addition, this study used a cross-sectional study design, making it difficult to establish causal associations between nutritional status and food choice of pregnant women. It does not also show variation in dietary practices by seasons of the year. The scope of the study did not allow for a detailed analysis, and this should be considered in future studies. Also, the study did not explore an obstetric factor like past bleeding history as well as the menstrual cycle of these pregnant women, as these factors are likely to interfere with the anaemia status of the pregnant women.

Originality/value

This paper contributes significant value by specifically focusing on and clarifying the complex relationship between dietary choices and aneamia among pregnant women. It also provides insights into the distinct dietary patterns and preferences of pregnant women, which may be contributing to the high prevalence of aneamia. The results of the study can inform the development of localized, evidence-based interventions to address this critical public health concern, ultimately leading to improved maternal and foetal health outcomes.
Dynamic connectedness among market volatilities: a perspective of COVID-19 and Russia-Ukraine conflict
Authors: Maurya Prince Kumar , Bansal Rohit , Mishra Anand Kumar
Published: April 2024

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the dynamic volatility connectedness among 13 G20 countries by using the volatility indices.

Design/methodology/approach

The connectedness approach based on the time-varying parameter vector autoregression model has been used to investigate the linkage. The period of study is from 1 January 2014 to 20 April 2023.

Findings

This analysis revealed that volatility connectedness among the countries during COVID-19 and Russia–Ukraine conflict had increased significantly. Furthermore, analysis has indicated that investors had not anticipated the World Health Organization announcement of COVID-19 as a global pandemic. Contrarily, investors had anticipated the Russian invasion of Ukraine, evident in a significant rise in volatility before and after the invasion. In addition, the transmission of volatility is from developed to developing countries. Developed countries are NET volatility transmitters, whereas developing countries are NET volatility receivers. Finally, the ordinary least square regression result suggests that the volatility connectedness index is informative of stock market dynamics.

Originality/value

The connectedness approach has been widely used to estimate the dynamic connectedness among market indices, cryptocurrencies, sectoral indices, enegy commodities and metals. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, none of the previous studies have directly used the volatility indices to measure the volatility connectedness. Hence, this study is the first of its kind that has used volatility indices to measure the volatility connectedness among the countries.
Neglected patterns of variation in transgenerational plasticity: The importance of different sources of environmental variation differs across ages and sexes in a cyprinid fish
Authors: Meuthen Denis , Chivers Douglas P. , Ferrari Maud C. O.
Published: April 2024

Adaptive transgenerational plasticity (TGP) requires individuals to integrate environmental experience across multiple sources. However, few empirical studies have considered that the relative relevance of certain sources might vary across ontogeny and sexes.

Here, we address this knowledge gap by studying inducible antipredator defences, one of the most convincing examples of TGP. We assessed individual and combined effects of perceived high predation risk in mothers, fathers, caring males and personal environments on the morphology of juvenile, adult male and adult female cyprinids Pimephales promelas.

Parental rather than personal environmental experience determined morphological defence expression across ages and sexes, likely because parents had a longer sampling period.

In juveniles and adult males, egg‐mediated environmental experience outweighed sperm‐mediated environmental experience in the induction of body shape differences, likely because eggs can transmit information beyond epigenomes. However, in adult females, where body shape responses can be interpreted as life‐history plasticity, information from egg and sperm were equally important, likely resulting from different integration mechanisms between morphological and life‐history plasticity.

The importance of care‐mediated relative to gamete‐mediated variation changed between juveniles and adult males, likely because they represent short‐ and long‐term environmental experience, respectively. Instead, in adult females, both sources were again equally important, potentially owing to lag‐times of life‐history plasticity. Parental care intensity only contributed marginally to defence formation.

These results highlight age‐ and sex‐specific prioritization of different environmental experiences so as to generate optimal phenotypes.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
A Bird's‐Eye View of Animals in the Law
Authors: Kurki Visa A. J.
Published: April 2024

The article develops an analytic account of nonhuman animals’ current legal status. Animals are often characterised as legal things and property, but this characterisation is both simplistic and, in some cases, incorrect. The article seeks to dispel a number of orthodoxies regarding the legal status of animals and offer a more nuanced and contextual account. The emphasis is on Western law, with a particular focus on European jurisdictions. The article approaches animal legal status in terms of two historical regimes: the Commodity Regime and the More‐than‐Commodity Regime. While treating animals as commodities has been the rule for millennia, the situation has recently become more multifaceted. For instance, the private law status of companion animals has shifted away from that of commodities. Furthermore, it is argued that some wild animals have stopped being legal things altogether as a result of EU wildlife law. The multifarious arguments are then synthesised in order to produce a bird's‐eye view of animals in the law.
Inclusion of children with autism spectrum disorder in preschool: Investigation of adult–child interactions in two inclusive classes over one school year
Authors: Despois J. , André A.
Published: April 2024

Based on a complex dynamic system approach, this study examined the dynamic of interactions between adults (a teacher and teaching assistant) and two children with ASD. We observed two preschool classrooms, each containing one child with contrasting ASD characteristics. Child engagement and adult participation during welcome time activities were observed once a month for 9 months; dramatic differences in interaction dynamics between the two classes were revealed. In the class including an autistic child with high support needs and low language ability, the active participation of adults associated with active child engagement gradually increased over the year. In the class including an autistic child with a high level of challenging behaviours (but with low support needs and typical language skills), increased variability resulted in a deep change in the landscape of attractors. Whereas the child was mostly engaged with adult participation during the first trimester, he was actively engaged without adult participation in the final trimester.
Can we rely on drought‐ending “miracles” in the Colorado River Basin?
Authors: Pokharel Binod , Jagannathan Kripa Akila , Wang S.‐Y. Simon , Jones Andrew , LaPlante Matthew D. , Buddhavarapu Smitha , Borhara Krishna , Ulrich Paul , Leung Lai‐Yung Ruby , Eklund James , Hasenyager Candice , Serago Jake , Prairie James R. , Kaatz Laurna , Winchell Taylor , Kugel Frank
Published: April 2024

Unexpected and large spring precipitation events in the Colorado River Basin (CRB) that significantly alleviated an otherwise severe water shortage have been observed for over a century, such as the “Miracle May” of 2015. Although these events are often termed as “drought‐busting” or “miracle events” by water managers and the media, they have not been extensively researched or characterized. In this collaborative study with water managers across the CRB, we propose a definition for these hard‐to‐predict, ultra‐high precipitation events occurring during the late‐snow or snowmelt season. This characterization provides a framework for quantifying the frequency and intensity of extreme dry‐to‐wet springtime transitions. Despite limitations of climate model simulations due to uncertainties and the inhomogeneous qualities, our findings suggest that such transitions may become less frequent and less intense in a warming climate. In view of the potentially wetter but less‐snowy climate in the basin, the need for future research to more quantitatively assess these “miracle events” is emphasized.
Continuous immunotherapy beyond progression in clinical practice for small cell lung cancer
Authors: Yamamoto Ken , Ninomaru Taira , Okada Hideaki , Hirano Katsuya , Shimada Temiko , Hata Akito
Published: April 2024

In non‐small‐cell lung cancer, continuous immune‐checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) beyond progression are often used in clinical practice. On the other hand, there is almost no data on whether the concept of continuous ICIs beyond progression can be adopted in small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC). We describe the effectiveness of continuous ICIs beyond progression in SCLC. Medical courses of SCLC patients treated with chemo‐immunotherapy were retrospectively reviewed at our hospital. The study included 36 patients with a median age of 73 years (range 46–83 years) who introduced chemo‐immunotherapy between September 2019 and December 2022. Atezolizumab and durvalumab in combination with platinum plus etoposide were administered in 24 and 12 patients, respectively. The overall response rate was 67% and the disease control rate was 86%. The median progression‐free survival and time to treatment failure (TTF) were 5.1 and 10.3 months, respectively. The median cycle of ICIs was 5 (range 1–42). The median overall survival was 13.6 months. ICIs were administered beyond progression in 14 (39%) patients: five were treated again with chemo‐immunotherapy and local ablative radiotherapy, four with local ablative radiotherapy and continuous ICIs, three with chemo‐immunotherapy, and two with continuous ICIs alone. TTF exceeded 12 months in 12 (86%) of the 14 cases, six of which were still on ICIs. Adverse events ≥grade 3 were observed in 21 (58%) patients. A notable TTF suggested a benefit of continuous ICIs beyond progression. The concept could be suitably adopted and provide a favorable prognosis in selected cases of SCLC that were previously regarded as an aggressive malignancy.
Efficacy and safety of novel immune checkpoint inhibitor‐based combinations versus chemotherapy as first‐line treatment for patients with extensive‐stage small cell lung cancer: A network meta‐analysis
Authors: Yang Chuang , Xuan Tiantian , Gong Qing , Dai Xin , Wang Chengjun , Zhang Rongyu , Zhao Wen , Wang Jian , Yue Weiming , Li Jisheng
Published: April 2024

Background

Patients with extensive‐stage small cell lung cancer (ES‐SCLC) have an exceptionally poor prognosis and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) combined with etoposide‐platinum is recommended as standard first‐line therapy. However, which combination pattern is the best still remains unknown. This network meta‐analysis was performed to compare the efficacy and safety of currently available patterns including an antiangiogenic agent containing regimen and probed into the most appropriate therapy for patients.

Methods

Hazard ratios (HRs) and odds ratios (ORs) were generated using R software. The outcomes of overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and adverse events of grade 3 or higher (grade ≥ 3 adverse events [AEs]) were analyzed.

Results

A total of 10 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 5544 patients were included for analysis. Drug combination patterns included adebrelimab, atezolizumab, durvalumab, durvalumab plus tremelimumab, ipilimumab, pembrolizumab, serplulimab, benmelstobart plus anlotinib, tislelizumab, tiragolumab plus atezolizumab and toripalimab in combination with chemotherapy. The novel antiangiogenic agent containing regimen benmelstobart + anlotinib + chemotherapy showed the highest possibility to present the best PFS and OS versus chemotherapy. Compared with ICI plus chemotherapy, it also achieved significantly better PFS and presented a tendency of OS benefit. As for safety and toxicity, patients treated with benmelstobart + anlotinib + chemotherapy and durvalumab + tremelimumab + chemotherapy suffered a higher likelihood of more grade ≥ 3 AEs without unexpected AEs.

Conclusion

PD‐1/PD‐L1 inhibitors‐based combinations are associated with significant improvement in both PFS and OS for treatment‐naïve ES‐SCLC patients. Benmelstobart plus anlotinib with chemotherapy (CT) yielded better survival benefit versus CT alone or other ICIs + CT with caution for more adverse effects along with the addition of an antiangiogenic agent.
Performance of five statistical methods to infer interactions among moving individuals in a predator–prey system
Authors: Fronville Thibault , Blaum Niels , Kramer‐Schadt Stephanie , Schlägel Ulrike , Radchuk Viktoriia
Published: April 2024

Rapid development of tracking technologies allow the collection of high‐quality data on multiple simultaneously moving individuals. This, in turn, initiated the development of several methods to infer interactions among moving animals. However, the performance of these methods has not been studied systematically, especially with regard to the factors that are highly relevant for field ecologists, such as duration of the tracking period, its temporal resolution and the proportion of the tracked community.

Here, we assessed the performance of three dynamic interaction indices (Coefficient of sociality, Correlation coefficient and Dynamic interaction) and two novel approaches based on step selection functions (SSF‐occurrence‐distribution and SSF‐distance). We tested these methods on the data simulated with a predator–prey system, reflecting three common types of interactions while on the move: avoidance (prey individuals fleeing from the predator), attraction (predator following and chasing prey) and neutral movement (no interactions between predator and prey). We assessed the ability of each method to correctly detect the modelled interaction type by manipulating the perceptual range of the predator, the proportion of tracked prey individuals, the temporal resolution and the duration of the tracking period.

We found that the ability to correctly infer interactions increased for all methods with an increase in the perceptual range of the predator and the proportion of tracked prey individuals. In contrast, the duration of the tracking period affected the methods' performance differently: some methods (Cs and SSF‐distance) were insensitive to it, whereas the performance of other methods improved (DI and SSF‐occurrence‐distribution) and worsened (Cr) with the duration of the tracking period. The three dynamic interaction indices and SSF‐distance were rather robust to changes in data resolution.

Despite using the predator–prey system as our study case, our findings are applicable to other systems in which two animals on move may interact. We formulate guidelines for field ecologists studying animal movement to select the most suitable method depending on the availability of tracking devices, the duration and resolution of the tracking they can afford, as well as perceptual ranges of study species.
Enhanced liver fibrosis score is stable after withdrawal in patients with heavy alcohol consumption: A pilot study
Authors: Lévi‐Strauss Thomas , Gal Jocelyn , Gelsi Eve , Truchi Régine , Ouizeman Dann J. , Hinault Charlotte , Chinetti Giulia , Tran Albert , Gual Philippe , Anty Rodolphe
Published: April 2024

Background

Enhanced liver fibrosis (ELF) score is an accurate, noninvasive test for assessing the severity of liver fibrosis in chronic liver disease, including alcohol‐related liver disease. However, whether the ELF score changes during alcohol withdrawal is unknown. This pilot study assessed changes in the ELF score during withdrawal in patients with a history of excessive alcohol intake.

Methods

In this prospective study, ELF was performed on day 0 (D0, at the beginning of hospitalization), at day 7 (D7, on discharge from hospital), and at follow‐up visits on days 30 (D30) and 90 (D90). Transient elastography (TE) was also assessed on days 4 (D4) and D30.

Results

The study included 35 patients (71% male) with a mean alcohol intake of 139 g/day. On D30 and D90, 8 and 13 patients had resumed alcohol consumption (mean intake of 90 and 80 g/day, respectively). In patients who remained abstinent, the mean ELF score was 8.93 on D0, 9.14 on D30 (p = 0.32), and 9.27 on D90 (p = 0.14). In patients who resumed alcohol, mean ELF score was 9.7 on D0, 10.05 on D30 (p = 0.09), and 9.71 on D90 (p = 0.12). ELF score was comparable over the first months after withdrawal, although there was a slight increase in the first week (mean ELF score increased from 9.24 on D0 to 9.74 on D7, p < 0.001). Mean TE value was 7.9 kPa on D4 and 8.1 kPa on D30 (p = 0.84) in patients who resumed alcohol consumption, and 8.3 and 7.5 kPa (p = 0.03) on D4 and D30, respectively, in abstinent patients.

Conclusion

The ELF score is stable during the first months after withdrawal and thus appears to be a useful tool to assess liver fibrosis or cirrhosis in this setting. Nevertheless, because in the first week there is a transient increase in ELF score, caution in interpretation is warranted.
Trends in binge drinking in the United States by LGBTQ+ identity, gender, and age, 2014–2022
Authors: McKetta Sarah , Jager Justin , Keyes Katherine
Published: April 2024

Background

People who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer/questioning (LGBTQ+) have higher rates of risky drinking than their cisgender, heterosexual peers. It is unknown to what extent recent age and gender trends in binge drinking vary by LGBTQ+ identity.

Methods

We used nationally representative, serial, cross‐sectional surveys from men and women in the 2014–2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (N = 2,099,959) to examine trends in past‐month binge drinking by LGBTQ+ identity, gender, and age (18–29, 30–44, 45 and older). We estimated stratum‐specific prevalence ratios for an average 1‐year increase in prevalence of past‐month binge drinking using survey‐weighted log‐binomial models, controlling for education, race/ethnicity, marriage, and parenthood status.

Results

In the beginning of the study period, LGBTQ+ women endorsed binge drinking at higher prevalences than their cisgender, heterosexual peers (i.e., 2014 predicted probability for women ages 30–44: 0.22 for LGBTQ+, 0.15 for cisgender, heterosexual). LGBTQ+ disparities in women's drinking attenuated over the study period among women in midlife (30–44 age group) due to increases in binge drinking among cisgender, heterosexual women (Prevalence Ratio [PR]: 1.025, 95% CI 1.018–1.033). Among men, we saw no evidence of LGBTQ+ disparities in binge drinking probabilities or in binge drinking trends across all age groups.

Conclusions

Disparities in mid‐life binge drinking between LGBTQ+ and cisgender women have begun to diminish. These disparities are closing not because LGBTQ+ women are binge drinking less, but because cisgender, heterosexual women in midlife are binge drinking more.
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) exon 3 variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) 2‐repeat allele
Authors: Baum Larry , Lee Chi Chiu , Ye Rui , Zhong Yuanxin , Hung Se Fong , Tang Chun Pan , Ho Ting Pong , Swanson James M , Moyzis Robert K , Sham Pak‐Chung , Leung Patrick Wing‐Leung
Published: April 2024

To investigate the association of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with the 48‐base pair (bp) variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in exon 3 of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene, we genotyped 240 ADHD patients and their parents from Hong Kong. The 4R allele was most common, followed by 2R. We examined association between the 2R allele (relative to 4R) and ADHD by Transmission Disequilibrium Test (TDT). The odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) was 0.90 (0.64–1.3). The p‐value was 0.6. Examining subgroups revealed nominally significant association of 2R with inattentive ADHD: OR = 0.33 (0.12–0.92) and p = 0.03. Because our study used TDT analysis, we meta‐analyzed the association of 2R with ADHD in Asians (1329 patient alleles), revealing results similar to ours: OR = 0.97 (0.80–1.2) and p = 0.8. To examine the association of 2R with inattentive ADHD, we meta‐analyzed all studies (regardless of analysis type or ethnicity, in order to increase statistical power): 702 patient alleles, 1420 control alleles, OR = 0.81 (0.57–1.1) and p = 0.2. Overall, there is no evidence of association between ADHD and the 2R allele, but the suggestive association with the inattentive type warrants further investigation.
Cognitive processing therapy (CPT) versus individual drug counseling (IDC) for PTSD for veterans with opioid use disorder maintained on buprenorphine
Authors: Petrakis Ismene L. , Meshberg‐Cohen Sarah , Nich Charla , Kelly Megan M. , Claudio Tracy , Jane Jane Serrita , Pisani Emily , Ralevski Elizabeth
Published: April 2024

Background and Objectives

There are high rates of comorbidity between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and opioid use disorder (OUD). Evidence‐based trauma‐focused psychotherapies such as Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) are a first‐line treatment for PTSD. Veterans with OUD are treated primarily in substance use disorder (SUD) clinics where the standard of care is drug counseling; they often do not have access to first‐line PTSD treatments. This study tested whether CPT can be conducted safely and effectively in veterans with comorbid OUD treated with buprenorphine.

Methods

This 12‐week, 2‐site, randomized clinical trial (RCT) included open‐label randomization to two groups: (a) CPT versus (b) Individual Drug Counselling (IDC) in veterans with PTSD and comorbid OUD who were maintained on buprenorphine (N = 38).

Results

Veterans randomized to either IDC (n = 18) or CPT (n = 20) showed a significant reduction in self‐reported PTSD symptoms over time as measured by the PTSD checklist (PCL‐5) but there were no treatment group differences; there was some indication that reduction in PTSD symptoms in the CPT group were sustained in contrast to the IDC group. Recruitment was significantly impacted by COVID‐19 pandemic, so this study serves as a proof‐of‐concept pilot study.

Discussion and Conclusions

Veterans with OUD and PTSD can safely and effectively participate in evidence‐based therapy for PTSD; further work should confirm that trauma‐focused treatment may be more effective in leading to sustained remission of PTSD symptoms than drug counseling.

Scientific Significance

This is the first study to evaluate CPT for PTSD in the context of buprenorphine treatment for OUD.
Resection of a retroperitoneal lumbar vein aneurysm: A case report
Authors: Murakami Hisashi , Okubo Satoshi , Kami Shota , Kobayashi Masahiro , Matsumura Masaru , Shindoh Junichi , Hashimoto Masaji
Published: April 2024

We present a rare case involving a 54‐year‐old man with a history of pancreatitis who developed a retroperitoneal lumbar vein aneurysm that was initially misidentified as a pancreatic pseudocyst. Subsequent imaging revealed an enlarged mass and retroperitoneal perforation. Despite initial hesitation, the patient eventually underwent radical surgery that enabled the successful removal of the mass, which was near the inferior vena cava. Pathological examination confirmed varicose veins, and the final diagnosis was lumbar vein aneurysm in the retroperitoneum. The patient's postoperative recovery was uneventful, with no symptoms or recurrence observed on 6‐month follow‐up imaging. We investigated a potential link between pancreatitis and recurrent bleeding due to weakened venous walls. The findings from this case underscore the rarity of venous aneurysms and the diagnostic and treatment challenges due to the limited number of cases; furthermore, they emphasize that surgery should be carefully considered based on the lesion location and associated risks.
Settling beyond big cities: A scoping review of the Canadian literature on immigration to rural and smaller communities
Authors: Haugen Stacey , McNally Rachel , Hallström Lars K.
Published: April 2024

Newcomers are living and working across rural and smaller communities in Canada. However, immigration research and policy are overwhelmingly focused on large, urban centres. Responding to this knowledge gap, this article presents the results from a scoping review of the Canadian literature on immigration outside of Canada's largest cities. An analysis of 90 studies reveals several key trends in the literature related to the geographic focus and themes addressed. The results of the review demonstrate that the majority of studies focus on regions with a high population density that are in close proximity to major urban centres, thus revealing a gap in knowledge regarding settlement across more rural and northern parts of the country. Issues related to settlement services, employment opportunities, welcoming communities, public policy, infrastructure, and retention and secondary migration were the most addressed themes across the literature and represent the diversity of rural Canada. In response to these findings, we conclude with a discussion of the potential opportunities for future research and policy change.
1078. Solidago nemoralis Aiton: Compositae
Authors: Hind Nicholas , Lambkin Deborah
Published: April 2024

Solidago nemoralisAiton (Compositae: Astereae: Solidagininae) is illustrated and described, and its extensive synonymy provided (covering both proposed subspecies), together with full type citations and location of known types and relevant commentary. The position of the somewhat daunting genusSolidagoL., and its position within the tribe Astereae is discussed.Solidago nemoralisis placed with a small cluster of species (with justS. decemfloraandS. nana) in its own subgenus and subsection,Solidagosubgen.Nemorales(Mack.) Semple & J. B. Beck subsect.Nemorales(Mack.) G. L. Nesom. Cultivation, propagation, pests and diseases and availability ofS. nemoralisare commented on. Differences betweenS. nemoralis, a predominantly diploid species with a few tetraploid populations, andS. decemflora, a tetraploid species throughout its range, are noted, and the two maintained as distinct species.
Novel cutting edge nano‐strategies to address old long‐standing complications in cardiovascular diseases. A comprehensive review
Authors: Tesoro Laura , Hernandez Ignacio , Saura Marta , Badimón Lina , Zaragoza Carlos
Published: April 2024

Background

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) impact a substantial portion of the global population and represent a significant threat to experiencing life‐threatening outcomes, such as atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke and heart failure. Despite remarkable progress in pharmacology and medical interventions, CVD persists as a major public health concern, and now ranks as the primary global cause of death and the highest consumer of global budgets. Ongoing research endeavours persist in seeking novel therapeutic avenues and interventions to deepen our understanding of CVD, enhance prevention measures, and refine treatment strategies.

Methods

Nanotechnology applied to the development of new molecular probes with diagnostic and theranostic properties represents one of the greatest technological challenges in preclinical and clinical research.

Results

The application of nanotechnology in cardiovascular medicine holds great promise for advancing our understanding of CVDs and revolutionizing their diagnosis and treatment strategies, ultimately improving patient care and outcomes. In addition, the capacity of drug encapsulation in nanoparticles has significantly bolstered their biological safety, bioavailability and solubility. In combination with imaging technologies, molecular imaging has emerged as a pivotal therapeutic tool, offering insight into the molecular events underlying disease and facilitating targeted treatment approaches.

Conclusion

Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the recent advancements in targeted nanoparticle approaches for diagnosing CVDs, encompassing molecular imaging techniques, underscoring the significant progress in theranostic, as a novel and promising therapeutic strategy.
Integrating smartwatches in community mental health services for severe mental illness for detecting relapse and informing future intervention: A case series
Authors: Johnston David , Foord Rachael , Casties Achim , Viaphay Nola , Tohamy Ahmed , Van Leeuwen Naomi , Sinclair Jodie , Talbot Daniel , Harris Anthony
Published: April 2024

Objective

This case series explored the integration of smartwatches in a community mental health service to support severe mental illness (SMI) management and intervention. We examined whether biometric data provided by smartwatches could help to predict relapse and inform treatment decisions.

Method

Four Australian SMI outpatients of mixed diagnoses (age range = 19–24) were selected from a prior study. Clinicians accessed patients' biometric data (activity, sleep, heart rate, and electrodermal activity) through smartwatches.

Results

Changes in circadian rhythm and electrodermal activity preceded hospitalization in two cases. Additionally, smartwatch data was effectively used to guide targeted interventions, improving patient treatment outcomes.

Conclusion

Integrating smartwatches in community mental health services offers promise as adjunct tools for SMI management. However, ethical considerations on data privacy and technology reliance require further evaluation. Additionally, as this is a small case series, randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes are required to provide evidence for generalisability of results.
Crop sequence intensification: Meta‐analysis of soil organic carbon and aggregate stability in Argentina
Authors: Giustiniani Emilia , Behrends Kraemer Filipe , Garibaldi Lucas A.
Published: April 2024

Intensification of crop sequence (ICS) has been proposed as a key field practice to preserve soil health and achieve more sustainable agricultural systems. However, the effects of ICS are site‐specific and vary according to soil characteristics, climatic conditions, the duration of the crop sequencing and the types of crop involved. Soil aggregate stability (AS) and soil organic carbon (SOC) stock are useful indicators of soil health as they are closely linked to diverse soil services and functions and are sensitive to management practices. We performed a meta‐analysis of 33 studies to analyse the impact of ICS on SOC stock and AS in field experiments in the central‐eastern region of Argentina. Our results showed that ICS increased SOC stock and AS, with an overall mean change of 7% and 22%, respectively. Fine‐textured soils showed the greatest SOC stock increase (12%), comparable to the increase observed in coarse‐textured soils (11%); in medium‐textured soils this increase was less than half (5%). Coarse‐textured soils had the greatest increase in AS (32%), followed by medium‐textured and fine‐textured soils, which also showed notable improvements (25% and 19%, respectively). Greater diversity of crops resulted in larger increases in both AS and SOC. ICS generated a larger increase of SOC stock in the soil surface (0–10 cm) than in the subsurface (10–20 cm), whereas the opposite was found for AS. Long‐term studies (≥9 years) had the greatest effect on AS and SOC stock. Regression analysis revealed that the initial carbon stock influenced SOC stock results following ICS, increases being greater when initial carbon stock contents were smaller. Introducing gramineous species into the crop sequence was associated with a greater improvement of AS and SOC stock. Finally, the mean rate of carbon sequestration from ICS in all the studies amounted to 0.28 Mg ha−1 yr−1. Overall, ICS is a useful strategy for improving SOC storage and AS in this region, though results may vary according to soil characteristics and management practices.
‘Dust you shall eat’: The complex nutritional and functional considerations underlying a simple diet
Authors: Zaguri Moshe , Mogilevsky Irit , Raubenheimer David , Hawlena Dror
Published: April 2024

Animals assimilate macronutrients and mineral nutrients in specific quantities and ratios to maximise fitness. To achieve this, animals must ingest different foods that contain the needed nutrients or facilitate the digestion of those nutrients. We explored how these multidimensional considerations affect the desert isopods (Hemilepistus reaumuri) curious food selection, using field and laboratory experiments. Wild isopods consumed three‐fold more macronutrient‐poor biological soil crust (BSC) than plant litter. Isopods tightly regulated macronutrient and calcium intake, but not phosphorus when eating the two natural foods and when artificial calcium and phosphorus sources substituted the BSC. Despite the equivalent calcium ingestion, isopods performed better when eating BSC compared to artificial foods. Isopods that consumed BSC sterilised by gamma‐radiation ate more but grew slower than isopods that ate live BSC, implying that ingested microorganisms facilitate litter digestion. Our work highlights the need to reveal the multifaceted considerations that affect food‐selection when exploring trophic‐interactions.
Catching up with the core or the Red Queen phenomenon? Publication strategies of top local government scholars in the context of centrality, institutional reforms and career length
Authors: Aksztejn Wirginia , Dąbrowska Anna , Swianiewicz Paweł
Published: April 2024

This paper investigates publication strategies of the most distinguished local government researchers in eight European countries. Drawing upon dependency theory, accumulative advantage theory and ‘utility maximizing’ theory, we compare publication strategies of scholars from countries that vary in terms of the distance from the core of academic knowledge production, also taking into consideration their career length (academic age). The two publication strategies compared are international visibility and domestic visibility. The analysis confirmed the hypothesis that younger scholars are more prone to adopt internationalization strategy which has been institutionally incentivized by NPM reforms. However, the difference among core, catching‐up and peripheral countries is not as sizeable as expected.
Updates on disorders in curly hair
Authors: Geisler Amaris N. , Taye Marta , Larrondo Jorge , Mayo Tiffany T. , Aguh Crystal , McMichael Amy , MacKelfresh Jamie B. , Krueger Loren
Published: April 2024

Hair disorders, including central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA), traction alopecia (TA), and acquired trichorrhexis nodosa (ATN), commonly occur in individuals with curly textured hair. Curly textured hair in individuals of African descent has unique properties and can present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. CCCA has been linked to uterine leiomyoma and type 2 diabetes mellitus, as well as fibroproliferation. TA often presents with a fringe sign and can arise from high‐tension hairstyles presumed to be protective. Trichoscopy is useful in establishing a diagnosis; perifollicular halos are more commonly seen than perifollicular erythema or scale in CCCA. In TA, miniaturized follicles, hair casts, and “flambeau sign” can be seen. Hairstyling practices likely contribute to TA and ATN; however, the data are mixed on the role of chemical relaxers and heat styling in CCCA. Unique considerations in the presentation of frontal fibrosing alopecia in curly textured hair have also been published recently. This review provides a comprehensive, up‐to‐date summary of these disorders with an emphasis on their unique properties, as well as considerations in hair care for curly textured hair.