bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plant genotype identity and diversity interact with mesograzer species diversity to influence detrital consumption in eelgrass meadows
Authors: Reynolds Laura K. , Chan Kendra M. , Huynh Elena , Williams Susan L. , Stachowicz John J.
Published: August 2017

Seagrass meadows are among the world's most productive ecosystems, and as in many other systems, genetic diversity is correlated with increased production. However, only a small fraction of seagrass production is directly consumed, and instead much of the secondary production is fueled by the detrital food web. Here, we study the roles of plant genetic diversity and grazer species diversity on detrital consumption in California eelgrassZostera marinameadows. We used three common mesograzers—an amphipod,Ampithoe lacertosa, an isopod,Idotea resecata, and a polychaete,Platynereis bicanaliculata. Each grazer consumed eelgrass detritus at rates greater than live eelgrass or macroalgae. This detrital consumption, however, was not spread evenly over leaves shed from different eelgrass clones. Palatability and consumption varied because of genotype specific differences in leaf texture, secondary metabolites (phenolics), and nutritional quality (nitrogen). Further, detritus derived from some eelgrass genotypes was palatable to all grazers, while detritus from other genotypes was preferentially consumed by only one grazer species. Under monospecific grazer assemblages, plant genetic identity but not diversity influenced detritus consumption. However, more realistic, diverse mesoconsumer communities combined with high plant‐detrital genotypic diversity resulted in greater consumption and grazer survival. These results provide a mechanism for field observations of increased mesograzer density and diversity in genetically diverse seagrass assemblages and offer a potential explanation for variation in results of resource diversity– detrital processing experiments in the literature, which often exclude macroinvertebrate taxa. More broadly, our findings support the emerging principle that biodiversity effects are strongest when diversity in both consumer and resource taxa are present.
Allergy‐like immediate reactions with herbal medicines in children: A retrospective study using data from VigiBase®
Authors: Meincke Ricarda , Pokladnikova Jitka , Straznicka Julie , Meyboom Ronald H.B. , Niedrig David , Russmann Stefan , Jahodar Ludek
Published: August 2017

Background

The use of herbal medicines in children and the general population is continually on the rise with an overall herbal lifetime and current use ranging between 0.8%‐85.5% and 2.2%‐8.9%, respectively. Although acute hypersensitivity reactions are generally considered to be rare, little knowledge exists on the frequency and type of these reactions especially in specific populations like children.

Objectives

To assess the patterns of acute hypersensitivity reactions to herbal medicines reported to the WHO global individual case safety report (ICSR) database VigiBase® in children.

Study design

From the original VigiBase® extract for the time between 1968 and 2014, we included all reports with adverse drug reactions (ADR) associated with herbal medicines in children where WHO‐ART reaction terms were indicative of acute hypersensitivity reactions.

Results

VigiBase® contained 2646 ICSRs with 14 860 distinct adverse reactions reported in association with herbal medicine in children. Among those, 79 cases with 107 allergy‐like reactions met our inclusion criteria. The most commonly reported WHO‐ART terms were urticaria or rash/rash erythematous (59.8%), and allergic reaction (8.4%). The most frequently reported suspected herbal medicines were mixed herbal products (51.4%), Hedera helix (15.0%), and Echinacea purpurea (5.6%). Most frequent routes of administration were oral (75.9%), topical (8.9%), and rectal (3.8%). Over 30% of cases were reported in the age group from 7 to 12 years. The majority of reports were received from Germany (29.1%), Thailand (21.5%), and Australia (11.4%).

Conclusion

VigiBase® contains a considerable number of acute hypersensitivity reactions in children associated with herbal medicines, including life‐threatening reactions such as anaphylactic shock.
Loss of Surfacten® during bolus administration with a feeding catheter
Authors: Fujioka Kazumichi , Kuroda Jumpei , Yamana Keiji , Iijima Kazumoto , Morioka Ichiro
Published: August 2017

Background

Surfactant replacement therapy is widely used for treating neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, but insufficient evidence is available on the use of Surfacten® (S‐TA). This study investigated the inadvertent loss of S‐TA during instillation via feeding catheters with different bore sizes.

Methods

In this bench‐based study, we measured the weight of syringes and tubes before and after surfactant treatment using a high‐accuracy balance, and determined the amount of S‐TA lost in tubes. We injected 120 mg of S‐TA suspended in 4 or 3 mL into tubes followed with or without air boluses. Experiments were performed in triplicate. Percent weight loss of S‐TA in each tube was calculated with or without air boluses.

Results

Percent weight loss of S‐TA was significantly higher in larger‐bore tubes (P < 0.01, overall ANOVA), and was significantly lower after air bolus flushing in 3 Fr, 4 Fr, and 5 Fr tubes (P < 0.005, respectively). The 3 mL S‐TA suspensions had a significantly higher percent loss than the 4 mL S‐TA suspensions when using 4 Fr and 5 Fr tubes, and the 5 Fr closed system (P < 0.05, respectively).

Conclusions

Routine air bolus flushing effectively reduces S‐TA loss in tubes. The 3 mL S‐TA suspensions appear to be more susceptible to inadvertent S‐TA loss during instillation. Therefore, caution is warranted for this procedure.
Flanker task with equiprobable congruent and incongruent conditions does not elicit the conflict N2
Authors: Kałamała Patrycja , Szewczyk Jakub , Senderecka Magdalena , Wodniecka Zofia
Published: August 2017

In many published studies, various modifications of the flanker task have been used. Regardless of the flanker task version, the conflict N2 component has been consistently reported and interpreted as evidence for the resolution of conflict introduced by incongruent flankers. However, ERP studies that used the most basic flanker task (i.e., a version with equiprobable congruent and incongruent conditions in which only congruency between the target and flankers is manipulated) have not provided compelling evidence for the conflict N2 component. We report the results of a large‐sample ERP study employing a basic flanker task that allowed us to revisit the mechanism underlying the resolution of conflict introduced by incongruent flankers. In the behavioral data, we observed the classic effect of congruency. In the ERP data, we found three conflict‐sensitive components: (a) an early frontal component, presumably corresponding to P2, (b) P300 for congruent trials, followed by (c) P300 for incongruent trials. We did not find evidence for the conflict N2 component. Based on a review of literature, we propose that the conflict N2 component observed in a basic flanker task might be a frontal aspect of the P300 component. Given previous attempts to attribute the functional role of the ERP components, the absence of the conflict N2 in the basic flanker task suggests that response inhibition may not be crucial for the resolution of conflict induced by incongruent flankers. Instead, the P2 component appears to indicate that selective attention might play an important role in resolving the flanker conflict.
The need for broader ecological and socioeconomic tools to evaluate the effectiveness of coral restoration programs
Authors: Hein Margaux Y. , Willis Bette L. , Beeden Roger , Birtles Alastair
Published: August 2017

Coral reef restoration initiatives are burgeoning in response to the need for novel management strategies to address dramatic global declines in coral cover. However, coral restoration programs typically lack rigor and critical evaluation of their effectiveness. A review of 83 peer‐reviewed papers that used coral transplantation for reef restoration reveals that growth and survival of coral fragments were the most widely used indicators of restoration success, with 88% of studies using these two indicators either solely (55%) or in combination with a limited number of other ecological factors (33%). In 53% of studies, reef condition was monitored for 1 year or less, while only 5% of reefs were monitored for more than 5 years post‐transplantation. These results highlight that coral reef restoration science has focused primarily on short‐term experiments to evaluate the feasibility of techniques for ecological restoration and the initial establishment phase post‐transplantation, rather than on longer‐term outcomes for coral reef communities. Here, we outline 10 socioecological indicators that comprehensively evaluate the effectiveness of coral reef restoration across the four pillars of sustainability (i.e. environmental, sociocultural, governance, and economic contributions to sustainable communities). We recommend that evaluations of the effectiveness of coral restoration programs integrate ecological indicators with sociocultural, economic, and governance considerations. Assessing the efficacy of coral restoration as a tool to support reef resilience will help to guide future efforts and ensure the sustainable maintenance of reef ecosystem goods and services.
History of pulmonary tuberculosis affects the severity and clinical outcomes of COPD
Authors: Park Hye Jung , Byun Min Kwang , Kim Hyung Jung , Ahn Chul Min , Kim Deog Kyeom , Kim Yu Il , Oh Jin Young , Yoon Hyoung Kyu , Yoo Kwang‐Ha , Jung Ki Suck
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT

Background and objective

Although an association between pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been suggested, studies on the effect of TB in COPD patients have not been conducted. We aimed to investigate the severity and clinical outcomes of COPD in patients with and without a history of TB.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the data of 1784 patients with COPD in the Korean COPD Subtype Study cohort collected from December 2011 to January 2017 and followed up for 3 years.

Results

Among the 1784 patients at baseline, the COPD assessment test (CAT) scores and total St George's Respiratory Questionnaire for COPD (SGRQc) scores were significantly higher in the prior TB group (n = 468) than in the non‐TB group (n = 1316). Lung function and exacerbation prevalence were significantly poorer and higher, respectively, in the prior TB group than in the non‐TB group. In a small‐sized follow‐up study, CAT scores (n = 318), SGRQc scores (n = 295) and lung function (n = 182) remained poorer, and exacerbation prevalence (n = 256) remained higher in the prior TB group over 3 years. The forced expiratory volume in 1 s in the prior TB group declined (−0.57%/year), whereas it improved (+0.93%/year) in the non‐TB group (P for changes between the groups = 0.076). In the prior TB group, patients showed poorer lung function compared with the non‐TB group regardless of having lung lesions visible or not on chest radiographs.

Conclusion

TB history negatively affected the severity of COPD, and a small‐sized follow‐up study showed that the changes were sustained for several years.
Nonsuicidal Self‐Injury: Increased Prevalence in Engagement
Authors: Wester Kelly , Trepal Heather , King Kelly
Published: August 2017

While some suggest nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) is increasing, very little has been done systematically to explore this possibility. The current study employed three cohorts of freshman (total N = 949) from the same university across a period of 7 years to explore engagement in NSSI. Related intrapersonal factors were also examined. NSSI lifetime and current engagement use drastically increased across the three cohorts. Anxiety followed a similar trajectory as NSSI behaviors as increasing in reported levels, while depression and coping behaviors did not. Implications of these trends are discussed.
Heterogeneity, Income Inequality, and Social Capital: A New Perspective*
Authors: Paarlberg Laurie E. , Hoyman Michele , McCall Jamie
Published: August 2017

Objective

This article tests how income inequality mediates and moderates the relationship between racial diversity and social capital. We posit that racial diversity leads to higher levels of income equality, which reduces social capital. We also hypothesize that racial diversity has a stronger negative effect on social capital in places with high levels of income inequality (a compounding effect).

Methods

Drawing upon data from U.S. counties, we test these models using a series of regression models.

Results

Diversity and income inequality have negative effects on social capital. There is also evidence of both mediating and moderating effects. Income inequality partially mediates the negative relationship between diversity and social capital. As income inequality increases, the negative relationship between diversity and social capital decreases. Furthermore, we find that population growth moderates these relationships.

Conclusion

The relationship among social capital, income inequality, and diversity is complex. Although the direct effect is negative, there is some evidence for key mediating and moderating effects. More conceptual and empirical work is needed to assess the relationship between these concepts.
Map‐based cloning of the pear gene MYB114 identifies an interaction with other transcription factors to coordinately regulate fruit anthocyanin biosynthesis
Authors: Yao Gaifang , Ming Meiling , Allan Andrew C. , Gu Chao , Li Leiting , Wu Xiao , Wang Runze , Chang Yaojun , Qi Kaijie , Zhang Shaoling , Wu Jun
Published: August 2017

Red fruits are popular and widely accepted by consumers because of an enhanced appearance and enriched anthocyanins. The molecular mechanism of anthocyanin regulation in red‐skinned pear (Pyrus) has been studied, and the genes encoding the biosynthetic steps and several transcription factors (TFs) have been characterized. In this study, a candidate R2R3 MYB TF, PyMYB114, was identified by linkage to the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for red skin color on linkage group 5 in a population of Chinese pear (Pyrus bretschneideri). The function of PyMYB114 was verified by transient transformation in tobacco (Nicotinana tabacum) leaves and strawberry (Fragaria) and pear fruits, resulting in the biosynthesis of anthocyanin. Suppression of PyMYB114 could inhibit anthocyanin biosynthesis in red‐skinned pears. The ERF/AP2 TF PyERF3 was found to interact with PyMYB114 and its partner PybHLH3 to co‐regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis, as shown by a dual luciferase reporter system and a yeast two‐hybrid assay. In addition, the transcript abundance of PyMYB114 and PyMYB10 were correlated, and co‐transformation of these two genes into tobacco and strawberry led to enhanced anthocyanin biosynthesis. This interaction network provides insight into the coloration of fruits and the interaction of different TFs to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis.
Monomeric G‐actin is uniformly distributed in pollen tubes and is rapidly redistributed via cytoplasmic streaming during pollen tube growth
Authors: Chang Ming , Li Zhankun , Huang Shanjin
Published: August 2017

Dynamic assembly and disassembly of the actin cytoskeleton has been implicated in the regulation of pollen germination and subsequent tube growth. It is widely accepted that actin filaments are arrayed into distinct structures within different regions of the pollen tube. Maintenance of the equilibrium between monomeric globular actin (G‐actin) and filamentous actin (F‐actin) is crucial for actin assembly and array construction, and the local concentration of G‐actin thus directly impacts actin assembly. The localization and dynamics of G‐actin in the pollen tube, however, remain to be determined conclusively. To address this question, we created a series of fusion proteins between green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the Arabidopsis reproductive actin ACT11. Expression of a fusion protein with GFP inserted after methionine at position 49 within the DNase I‐binding loop of ACT11 (GFPMet49–ACT11) rescued the phenotypes in act11 mutants. Consistent with the notion that the majority of actin is in its monomeric form, GFPMet49–ACT11 and GFP fusion proteins of four other reproductive actins generated with the same strategy do not obviously label filamentous structures. In further support of the functionality of these fusion proteins, we found that they can be incorporated into filamentous structures in jasplakinolide (Jasp)‐treated pollen tubes. Careful observations showed that G‐actin is distributed uniformly in the pollen tube and is rapidly redistributed via cytoplasmic streaming during pollen tube growth. Our study suggests that G‐actin is readily available in the cytoplasm to support continuous actin polymerization during rapid pollen tube growth.
Different properties of skin of different body sites: The root of keloid formation?
Authors: Butzelaar Liselotte , Niessen Frank B. , Talhout Wendy , Schooneman Dennis P. M. , Ulrich Magda M. , Beelen Robert H. J. , Mink van der Molen Aebele B.
Published: August 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine extracellular matrix composition, vascularization, and immune cell population of skin sites prone to keloid formation. Keloids remain a complex problem, posing esthetical as well as functional difficulties for those affected. These scars tend to develop at anatomic sites of preference. Mechanical properties of skin vary with anatomic location and depend largely on extracellular matrix composition. These differences in extracellular matrix composition, but also vascularization and resident immune cell populations might play a role in the mechanism of keloid formation. To examine this hypothesis, skin samples of several anatomic locations were taken from 24 human donors within zero to 36 hours after they had deceased. Collagen content and cross‐links were determined through high‐performance liquid chromatography. The expression of several genes, involved in extracellular matrix production and degradation, was measured by means of real‐time PCR. (Immuno)histochemistry was performed to detect fibroblasts, collagen, elastin, blood vessels, Langerhans cells, and macrophages. Properties of skin of keloid predilections sites were compared to properties of skin from other locations (nonpredilection sites [NPS]). The results indicated that there are site specific variations in extracellular matrix properties (collagen and cross‐links) as well as macrophage numbers. Moreover, predilection sites (PS) for keloid formation contain larger amounts of collagen compared to NPS, but decreased numbers of macrophages, in particular classically activated CD40 positive macrophages. In conclusion, the altered (histological, protein, and genetic) properties of skin of keloid PS may cause a predisposition for and contribute to keloid formation.
Wound healing outcomes: Using big data and a modified intent‐to‐treat method as a metric for reporting healing rates
Authors: Ennis William J. , Hoffman Rachel A. , Gurtner Geoffrey C. , Kirsner Robert S. , Gordon Hanna M.
Published: August 2017

Chronic wounds are increasing in prevalence and are a costly problem for the US healthcare system and throughout the world. Typically outcomes studies in the field of wound care have been limited to small clinical trials, comparative effectiveness cohorts and attempts to extrapolate results from claims databases. As a result, outcomes in real world clinical settings may differ from these published studies. This study presents a modified intent‐to‐treat framework for measuring wound outcomes and measures the consistency of population based outcomes across two distinct settings. In this retrospective observational analysis, we describe the largest to date, cohort of patient wound outcomes derived from 626 hospital based clinics and one academic tertiary care clinic. We present the results of a modified intent‐to‐treat analysis of wound outcomes as well as demographic and descriptive data. After applying the exclusion criteria, the final analytic sample includes the outcomes from 667,291 wounds in the national sample and 1,788 wounds in the academic sample. We found a consistent modified intent to treat healing rate of 74.6% from the 626 clinics and 77.6% in the academic center. We recommend that a standard modified intent to treat healing rate be used to report wound outcomes to allow for consistency and comparability in measurement across providers, payers and healthcare systems.
Evidence for Calcium Carbonate at the Mars Phoenix Landing Site
Authors: Boynton W. V. , Ming D. W. , Kounaves S. P. , Young S. M. M. , Arvidson R. E. , Hecht M. H. , Hoffman J. , Niles P. B. , Hamara D. K. , Quinn R. C. , Smith P. H. , Sutter B. , Catling D. C. , Morris R. V.
Published: August 2017

Phoenix Ascending

The Phoenix mission landed on Mars in March 2008 with the goal of studying the ice-rich soil of the planet's northern arctic region. Phoenix included a robotic arm, with a camera attached to it, with the capacity to excavate through the soil to the ice layer beneath it, scoop up soil and water ice samples, and deliver them to a combination of other instruments—including a wet chemistry lab and a high-temperature oven combined with a mass spectrometer—for chemical and geological analysis. Using this setup,

Smith
et al.

(p.
58
) found a layer of ice at depths of 5 to 15 centimeters,

Boynton
et al.

(p.
61
) found evidence for the presence of calcium carbonate in the soil, and

Hecht
et al.

(p.
64
) found that most of the soluble chlorine at the surface is in the form of perchlorate. Together these results suggest that the soil at the Phoenix landing site must have suffered alteration through the action of liquid water in geologically the recent past. The analysis revealed an alkaline environment, in contrast to that found by the Mars Exploration Rovers, indicating that many different environments have existed on Mars. Phoenix also carried a lidar, an instrument that sends laser light upward into the atmosphere and detects the light scattered back by clouds and dust. An analysis of the data by

Whiteway
et al.

(p.
68
) showed that clouds of ice crystals that precipitated back to the surface formed on a daily basis, providing a mechanism to place ice at the surface.
Call to halt heart trial raises vexing questions
Authors: Couzin-Frankel Jennifer
Published: August 2017

Group warns of “lapses” in study of blood transfusions after heart attacks
On the trail of ancient mariners
Authors: Wade Lizzie
Published: August 2017

Most archaeologists think the first Americans arrived by boat. Now, they're
beginning to prove it
Genomic exploration of the diversity, ecology, and evolution of the archaeal domain of life
Authors: Spang Anja , Caceres Eva F. , Ettema Thijs J. G.
Published: August 2017

Archaeal diversity and evolution

Archaea are prokaryotes that make up a third branch of the tree of life. Knowledge of archaeal biological diversity and their role in evolution has rapidly expanded in the past decade. Despite the discovery of previously unknown groups and lineages, few lineages have been well studied. Spang
et al.
review the diversity of Archaea and their genomes, metabolomes, and history, which clarifies the biology and placement of recently discovered archaeal lineages.

Science
, this issue p.
eaaf3883
Structure of histone-based chromatin in Archaea
Authors: Mattiroli Francesca , Bhattacharyya Sudipta , Dyer Pamela N. , White Alison E. , Sandman Kathleen , Burkhart Brett W. , Byrne Kyle R. , Lee Thomas , Ahn Natalie G. , Santangelo Thomas J. , Reeve John N. , Luger Karolin
Published: August 2017

Origin of DNA compaction

As a repeating unit in eukaryotic chromatin, a nucleosome wraps DNA in superhelical turns around a histone octamer. Mattiroli
et al.
present the crystal structure of an archaeal histone-DNA complex in which the histone-mediated DNA geometry is exactly the same as that in the nucleosome. Comparing features of archaeal and eukaryotic chromatin structures offers important insights into the evolution of eukaryotic nucleosomes.

Science
, this issue p.
609
Harvesting electrical energy from carbon nanotube yarn twist
Authors: Kim Shi Hyeong , Haines Carter S. , Li Na , Kim Keon Jung , Mun Tae Jin , Choi Changsoon , Di Jiangtao , Oh Young Jun , Oviedo Juan Pablo , Bykova Julia , Fang Shaoli , Jiang Nan , Liu Zunfeng , Wang Run , Kumar Prashant , Qiao Rui , Priya Shashank , Cho Kyeongjae , Kim Moon , Lucas Matthew Steven , Drummy Lawrence F. , Maruyama Benji , Lee Dong Youn , Lepró Xavier , Gao Enlai , Albarq Dawood , Ovalle-Robles Raquel , Kim Seon Jeong , Baughman Ray H.
Published: August 2017

Making the most of twists and turns

The rise of small-scale, portable electronics and wearable devices has boosted the desire for ways to harvest energy from mechanical motion. Such approaches could be used to provide battery-free power with a small footprint. Kim
et al.
present an energy harvester made from carbon nanotube yarn that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy from both torsional and tensile motion. Their findings reveal how the extent of yarn twisting and the combination of homochiral and heterochiral coiled yarns can maximize energy generation.

Science
, this issue p.
773
Comment on “Permanent human occupation of the central Tibetan Plateau in the early Holocene”
Authors: Zhang David D. , Li Sheng-Hua
Published: August 2017

Meyer
et al
. (Reports, 6 January 2017, p. 64) suggest a new chronology for permanent human occupation of Tibet based on their dating of the travertine and colluvium deposits that contain or are deposited near fossil human handprints and footprints. However, misinterpretations in both stratigraphic reconstruction and dating data may have caused the newly proposed age of these human imprints to have been seriously underestimated.
Changing climate shifts timing of European floods
Authors: Blöschl Günter , Hall Julia , Parajka Juraj , Perdigão Rui A. P. , Merz Bruno , Arheimer Berit , Aronica Giuseppe T. , Bilibashi Ardian , Bonacci Ognjen , Borga Marco , Čanjevac Ivan , Castellarin Attilio , Chirico Giovanni B. , Claps Pierluigi , Fiala Károly , Frolova Natalia , Gorbachova Liudmyla , Gül Ali , Hannaford Jamie , Harrigan Shaun , Kireeva Maria , Kiss Andrea , Kjeldsen Thomas R. , Kohnová Silvia , Koskela Jarkko J. , Ledvinka Ondrej , Macdonald Neil , Mavrova-Guirguinova Maria , Mediero Luis , Merz Ralf , Molnar Peter , Montanari Alberto , Murphy Conor , Osuch Marzena , Ovcharuk Valeryia , Radevski Ivan , Rogger Magdalena , Salinas José L. , Sauquet Eric , Šraj Mojca , Szolgay Jan , Viglione Alberto , Volpi Elena , Wilson Donna , Zaimi Klodian , Živković Nenad
Published: August 2017

Flooding along the river

Will a warming climate affect river floods? The prevailing sentiment is yes, but a consistent signal in flood magnitudes has not been found. Blöschl
et al.
analyzed the timing of river floods in Europe over the past 50 years and found clear patterns of changes in flood timing that can be ascribed to climate effects (see the Perspective by Slater and Wilby). These variations include earlier spring snowmelt floods in northeastern Europe, later winter floods around the North Sea and parts of the Mediterranean coast owing to delayed winter storms, and earlier winter floods in western Europe caused by earlier soil moisture maxima.

Science
, this issue p.
588
see also p.
552
Response to Comment on “Observation of the Wigner-Huntington transition to metallic hydrogen”
Authors: Silvera Isaac F. , Dias Ranga
Published: August 2017

Liu
et al
. present negative comments on our observation of the Wigner-Huntington transition to metallic hydrogen (MH). Earlier attempts to produce MH were unsuccessful due to diamond failure before the required pressures were achieved. We produced the highest static pressures (495 gigapascals) ever on hydrogen at low temperatures. Here, we respond to their objections.
Ruthenium-catalyzed insertion of adjacent diol carbon atoms into C-C bonds: Entry to type II polyketides
Authors: Bender Matthias , Turnbull Ben W. H. , Ambler Brett R. , Krische Michael J.
Published: August 2017

Slicing through both C-C and C-H bonds

A variety of catalysts can cleave the strained bonds in four-membered carbon rings and then link the ends to a reactive partner. Bender
et al.
found that after prying the ring open, a double-duty ruthenium catalyst could forge bonds to a traditionally unreactive partner. They used the reaction to couple cyclobutenones to adjacent saturated carbon centers in diols. This approach efficiently yielded a motif common in polyketide natural products. The reaction proceeds through dehydrogenation and is also amenable to coupling the opened rings to ketol or dione reagents.

Science
, this issue p.
779
The origins of intelligent life
Life Through Time and Space
Wallace Arthur
Harvard University Press, 2017. 289 pp.
Authors: Huerta Marcos
Published: August 2017

A developmental biologist ponders life on Earth and beyond
A water window on surface chemistry
Authors: Hunger Johannes , Parekh Sapun H.
Published: August 2017

Nonlinear optics and aligned water reveal the chemical heterogeneity of surfaces
Improving on aquaporins
Authors: Siwy Zuzanna , Fornasiero Francesco
Published: August 2017

Membranes incorporating carbon nanotubes exhibit exceptional water transport rates
Maryam Mirzakhani (1977–2017)
Authors: Wright Alex
Published: August 2017

A profound thinker on the mathematics of abstract surfaces
Invading beyond bounds: extraintestinalClostridium difficileinfection leading to pancreatic and liver abscesses
Authors: Roy Moni , Dahal Kumud , Roy Ashish Kumar
Published: August 2017

Clostridium difficilehas become a common healthcare-associated infection over the past few years and gained more attention.C. difficilewas estimated to cause almost half a million infections in USA in 2011 and 29 000 died within 30 days of the initial diagnosis. Although colitis due toC. difficileis the most common presentation, there have been reported cases of extraintestinal infections. As per our review of literature, this is the third reported case of liver abscess due to the organism.
Hypertensive bipolar: chronic lithium toxicity in patients taking ACE inhibitor
Authors: Masiran Ruziana , Abdul Aziz Mohammad Firdaus
Published: August 2017

A patient with bipolar I disorder has been treated with lithium and haloperidol for the last 20 years and received an ACE inhibitor for his hypertension since 9 years ago. Despite regular clinic follow-ups and blood monitoring, he recently developed tremors and delirium. On hospital admission, serum level of lithium was far above toxic level. Mental state examination revealed an anxious and disorientated man with irrelevant speech. Immediate discontinuation of lithium resulted in slow reduction of serum lithium levels and gradual resolution of tremor but his delirium persisted for 2 weeks. His condition took a turn for the worse when he developed acute renal failure and arm abscess. We discussed about lithium toxicity and the vulnerability factors which have induced delirium and renal failure in this patient.
Risk factors, demographics and clinical profile of Acanthamoeba keratitis in Melbourne: an 18-year retrospective study
Authors: Lee Matthew Hao , Abell Robin Geoffrey , Mitra Biswadev , Ferdinands Merv , Vajpayee Rasik B
Published: August 2017

Purpose

To assess incidence, risk factors, presentation and final visual outcome of patients with Acanthamoebakeratitis (AK) treated at the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (RVEEH), Melbourne, Australia, over an 18-year period.

Methods

A retrospective review of all cases of AK managed at RVEEH between January 1998 and May 2016 was performed. Data collected included age, gender, affected eye, signs and symptoms, time between symptoms and diagnosis, risk factors, presenting and final visual acuity (VA), investigations, medical treatment, surgical interventions and length of follow-up.

Results

A total of 36 eyes affected by AK in 34 patients were identified. There were 26 cases diagnosed early (<30 days) and 10 were diagnosed late (≥30 days). There were 31 (86.1%) cases associated with contact lens (CL). Signs associated with early AK included epithelial infiltrates, while signs of late AK included uveitis, ring infiltrate, endothelial plaque and corneal thinning (p<0.05). Surgical treatment was required in seven cases (19.4%). There were 29 (80.6%) cases that reported improved VA. Median best corrected final VA was worse in patients with late diagnosis (logarithm of minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) 0.5, IQR: 0.2–0.8), compared with patients with early diagnosis (logMAR 0.0, IQR: 0.0–0.3; p=0.01). Late diagnosis was associated with a prolonged disease period.

Conclusion

AK was an uncommon cause of severe keratitis and was associated commonly with CL. Patients with late diagnosis had worse presenting and final VAs as well as a prolonged disease period, indicating need for early recognition and management.
Diagnostic and prognostic benefits of computed tomography coronary angiography using the 2016 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance within a randomised trial
Authors: Adamson Philip D , Hunter Amanda , Williams Michelle C , Shah Anoop S V , McAllister David A , Pawade Tania A , Dweck Marc R , Mills Nicholas L , Berry Colin , Boon Nicholas A , Clark Elizabeth , Flather Marcus , Forbes John , McLean Scott , Roditi Giles , van Beek Edwin J R , Timmis Adam D , Newby David E
Published: August 2017

Objectives

To evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic benefits of CT coronary angiography (CTCA) using the 2016 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines for the assessment of suspected stable angina.

Methods

Post hoc analysis of the Scottish COmputed Tomography of the HEART (SCOT-HEART) trial of 4146 participants with suspected angina randomised to CTCA. Patients were dichotomised into NICE guideline-defined possible angina and non-anginal presentations. Primary (diagnostic) endpoint was diagnostic certainty of angina at 6 weeks and prognostic endpoint comprised fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI).

Results

In 3770 eligible participants, CTCA increased diagnostic certainty more in those with possible angina (relative risk (RR) 2.22 (95% CI 1.91 to 2.60), p<0.001) than those with non-anginal symptoms (RR 1.30 (1.11 to 1.53), p=0.002; pinteraction <0.001). In the possible angina cohort, CTCA did not change rates of invasive angiography (p=0.481) but markedly reduced rates of normal coronary angiography (HR 0.32 (0.19 to 0.52), p<0.001). In the non-anginal cohort, rates of invasive angiography increased (HR 1.82 (1.13 to 2.92), p=0.014) without reducing rates of normal coronary angiography (HR 0.78 (0.30 to 2.05), p=0.622). At 3.2 years of follow-up, fatal or non-fatal MI was reduced in patients with possible angina (3.2% to 1.9%%; HR 0.58 (0.34 to 0.99), p=0.045) but not in those with non-anginal symptoms (HR 0.65 (0.25 to 1.69), p=0.379).

Conclusions

NICE-guided patient selection maximises the benefits of CTCA on diagnostic certainty, use of invasive coronary angiography and reductions in fatal and non-fatal myocardial infarction. Patients with non-anginal chest pain derive minimal benefit from CTCA and increase the rates of invasive investigation.

Trial registration number

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01149590;post results.
Public use of information about smoke emissions: application of the risk information seeking and processing (RISP) model
Authors: Rose Kathleen M. , Toman Eric , Olsen Christine S.
Published: August 2017

In the last few decades, the number of people living in fire-prone ecosystems has increased, placing more people and private property at risk to future fire events. Substantial research has demonstrated consistent public support for the use of prescribed fires in fuel-reduction efforts; however, continuing public concern regarding smoke emissions and negative air quality impacts exists. To date, limited research has specifically examined public attitudes toward smoke emissions. In this study, we use a mail-back or internet survey to assess citizen information seeking behaviors regarding smoke emissions in four communities in high fire risk areas. Path analysis was used to apply the risk information seeking and processing (RISP) model to examine factors that motivate people to seek information relevant to smoke emissions. We find that residents were concerned about smoke emissions and believed that they needed more information. Residents’ intentions to seek information were influenced by information (in)sufficiency, the number of sources used, and smoke acceptability, among other factors. Findings suggest that currently available information resources on smoke may not be sufficient to meet residents’ information needs, particularly for those most motivated to learn more about emissions.
Study of high-Tc interface superconductivity in La1.55Sr0.45CuO4/La2CuO4 heterostructures at high magnetic fields and frequencies
Authors: Gasparov V. A. , Audouard A. , Drigo L. , He Xi , Bozovic I.
Published: August 2017

We have synthesized heterostructures that consist of a layer of a cuprate insulator, La2CuO4, and a layer of a nonsuperconducting cuprate metal, La[Formula: see text]Sr[Formula: see text]CuO4. Such bilayers show high-[Formula: see text] interface superconductivity confined within a single CuO2 plane. Here, we explore the behavior of interface superconductivity at high frequencies (up to 50 MHz) under high magnetic fields (up to 56 T). We find that interface superconductivity persists up to very high perpendicular fields (exceeding 40 T). The critical magnetic field [Formula: see text] shows an upward divergence with decreasing temperature suggestive of vortex-lattice melting, similar to what is observed in bulk superconducting cuprates.
The Construction of Nonlinear Elasticity Tensors for Crystals and Quasicrystals
Authors: Astapov Yuri , Khristich Dmitrii , Markin Alexey , Sokolova Marina
Published: August 2017

The problem of construction of constitutive relations in nonlinear elasticity theory for crystals and quasicrystals is associated with finding the construction of the structure of tensors of elastic modules of 2nd and 3rd orders. In the case of linear constitutive relations, the problem is entirely solved for crystals and some quasicrystals. In the case of nonlinear relations, the quantity of nonzero elastic modules of the 3rd order is known only for some classes of crystals. The problem of construction of nonlinear constitutive relations for quasicrystal materials has not been considered.

In this article, representations of linear and nonlinear elastic properties of crystals and quasicrystals in the form of decompositions by special invariant tensor bases are considered. This allows us to concretize constitutive relations for icosahedral and axial quasicrystals. It is shown that axial quasicrystals’ behavior towards elastic properties coincides with transversal-isotropic materials. Icosahedral quasicrystals’ behavior matches with the isotropic materials’ one.

On the basis of the obtained decompositions of nonlinear elasticity tensors for axial quasicrystals having a symmetry plane and for graphene films with and without defects, the analysis of their mechanical behavior at some types of loading is fulfilled. It is shown that differences in the behavior of these materials appear only in the second order effects.
Wavelet Decompositions for High Frequency Vibrational Analyses of Plates
Authors: Zhang Su , Cheng Li
Published: August 2017

A wavelet-decomposed Rayleigh–Ritz model for 2D plate vibration analyses is proposed in this work. For an elastically-supported rectangular plate under Love–Kirchhoff theory, 2D Daubechies wavelet scale functions are used as the admissible functions for analyzing the flexural displacement in an extremely large frequency range. For constructing the mass and stiffness matrices of the system, the 2D wavelet connection coefficients are deduced. It is shown that by inheriting the versatility of the Rayleigh–Ritz approach and the superior fitting ability of the wavelets, the proposed method allows reaching very high frequencies. Validations are carried out in terms of both eigen-frequencies and the forced vibration responses for cases which allow analytical solutions. Effects of the wavelet parameters on the calculation accuracy and convergence are also studied.
Robots, aesthetics, and the heritage context
Authors: Lupetti Maria Luce
Published: August 2017

The
Interactions
website (interactions.acm.org) hosts a stable of bloggers who share insights and observations on HCI, often challenging current practices. Each issue we'll publish selected posts from some of the leading voices in the field.
Bad advice
Authors: Malabuyo Paolo
Published: August 2017

This forum is dedicated to maximizing the success of HCI practitioners within the frenetic world of product and service design. It focuses on UX strategy approaches, leadership, management techniques, and above all the challenge of bringing HCI to peer-level status with longstanding business disciplines such as marketing and engineering. ---
Daniel Rosenberg, Editor
My Secret Life
Authors: Chilton Mary-Dell
Published: August 2017

In my early childhood, my parents gave me to my maternal grandparents for a “visit” that extended over a period of nine years. I seemed to be a fairly ordinary student in primary grades, and had to take a remedial general science class upon entering high school, my first exposure to science. It was the teacher of that class, Mr. Auer, who told me that I had scored amazingly high on a science aptitude test given to all freshmen. The people who administered the testing were convinced that I must have cheated somehow. Mr. Auer suggested that I might want to consider a career in science if I liked it. I loved it, and I did. This autobiographical article recounts my changing interests as I became aware of new fields of science during my education and the start of my career. Out of basic studies of a microbe that causes plant cancer, we developed a method to engineer new and useful genes into crop plants.
Neuro-, Cardio-, and Immunoplasticity: Effects of Early Adversity
Authors: Pakulak Eric , Stevens Courtney , Neville Helen
Published: August 2017

The relationship between early adversity and outcomes across the lifespan is apparent in a striking range of measures. Evidence suggests that many of these outcomes can be traced to the impacts of early adversity on multiple and integrated biological systems mediated by the brain. In this review, we integrate empirical and theoretical advances in the understanding of relationships among the brain and the functions of the endocrine, autonomic, and immune systems. We emphasize the effects of environmental experiences related to caregiver relationships because it is these experiences, in particular, that shape regulatory and threat response systems in ways that increase vulnerability and may underlie the wide range of poor outcomes associated with early adversity. Thus, we metaphorically extend the concept of plasticity to highlight our goal of a broader consideration of these interconnected mechanisms. We conclude by discussing implications for neurobiologically informed interventions that can potentially ameliorate the broad and costly effects of early adversity.
First Confirmed Case of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in the Kingdom of Bahrain: In a Saudi Gentleman after Cardiac Bypass Surgery
Authors: Seddiq Nahed , Al-Qahtani Manaf , Al-Tawfiq Jaffar A. , Bukamal Nazar
Published: August 2017

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is well known to cause severe respiratory infection and was first reported in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 2012. We report here the first confirmed MERS-CoV infection in the Kingdom of Bahrain in a Saudi gentleman who was admitted electively for coronary bypass surgery, postoperatively developed an acute respiratory illness, and tested positive for MERS-CoV. 40 close contacts, all healthcare workers, were traced and followed with no documented secondary cases.
Evidences of the Low Implication of Mosquitoes in the Transmission ofMycobacterium ulcerans, the Causative Agent of Buruli Ulcer
Authors: Djouaka Rousseau , Zeukeng Francis , Daiga Bigoga Jude , N’golo Coulibaly David , Tchigossou Genevieve , Akoton Romaric , Aboubacar Sylla , Tchebe Sodjinin Jean-Eudes , Nantcho Nguepdjo Clavella , Adeoti Razack , Djegbe Innocent , Tamo Manuele , Mbacham Wilfred Fon , Kakou-Ngazoa Solange E. , Ablordey Anthony
Published: August 2017

Background.Buruli ulcer (BU) continues to be a serious public health threat in wet tropical regions and the mode of transmission of its etiological agent,Mycobacterium ulcerans(MU), remains poorly understood. In this study, mosquito species collected in endemic villages in Benin were screened for the presence ofMU. In addition, the ability of mosquitoes larvae to pick upMUfrom their environment and remain colonized through the larval developmental stages to the adult stage was investigated.Methods.7,218 adults and larvae mosquitoes were sampled from endemic and nonendemic villages and screened forMUDNA targets (IS2404,IS2606, and KR-B) using qPCR.Results. MUwas not detected in any of the field collected samples. Additional studies of artificially infected larvae ofAnopheles kisumuwithMUstrains revealed that mosquitoes larvae are able to ingest and hostMUduring L1, L2, L3, and L4 developmental stages. However, we noticed an absence of these bacteria at both pupae and adult stages, certainly revealing the low ability of infected or colonized mosquitoes to vertically transmitMUto their offspring.Conclusion.The overall findings highlight the low implication of mosquitoes as biological vectors in the transmission cycle ofMUfrom the risk environments to humans.
A Simple, Fast, and Inexpensive Simultaneous Determination of Trace Bismuth(III) and Lead(II) in Water Samples by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry
Authors: Grabarczyk Malgorzata , Adamczyk Marzena
Published: August 2017

A simple, fast, and inexpensive voltammetric method for the simultaneous determination of trace bismuth(III) and lead(II) using (Hg(Ag)FE) as a working electrode was optimized. For adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of Bi(III) and Pb(II) in a single scan, the cupferron was applied as a complexing agent. Experimental conditions under which these elements can be simultaneously detected include 0.1 mol L−1 acetate buffer (pH = 4.6), 1 × 10−4 mol L−1 cupferron, accumulation potential −0.05 V, and accumulation time 30 s. The experiments were performed without deaeration of the solutions. The calibration graph was linear from 2 × 10−9 mol L−1 to 1 × 10−7 mol L−1 for the simultaneous presence of bismuth and lead. The detection limits for preconcentration time of 30 s were 6.7 × 10−10 mol L−1 and 8.8 × 10−10 mol L−1 for bismuth and lead, respectively. The application of this procedure was tested by analyzing certified reference material (SPS-WW1 Wastewater) and Lake Zemborzyce water (eastern areas of Poland).