bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epitaxial Growth of High-Resistivity CdTe Thick Films Grown Using a Modified Close Space Sublimation Method
Authors: Jiang Quanzhong , Brinkman Andy W. , Veeramani Perumal , Sellin Paul. J.
Published: February 2010

This paper reports the growth of high-resistivity CdTe thick epitaxial films of single crystal nature using a modified close space sublimation method (MCSS) in a Te-rich environment. We propose that the high Te2partial pressure results in an increased concentration of TeCdantisites acting as deep donors to produce the high-resistivity CdTe, as well as improved quality of thick films. This is in agreement with the deep-donor model introduced by Fidereleet al.[Cryst. Res. Technol. 38 (2003) 588]. The thick films have a µeτevalue in the order 10-4cm2V-1and as expected, the TeCdantisites appeared not to act as electron traps.
Epitaxial Growth and Electrical Properties of Thick SmSi2 Layers on (001) Silicon
Authors: Natali Franck , Plank Natalie O. V. , Ludbrook Bart M. , Richter Jan , Minnee Thom , Ruck Ben J. , Trodahl H. Joe , Kennedy John V. , Hirsch Lionel
Published: February 2010

We report on the growth of thick (up to 1.2 µm) epitaxial samarium disilicide layers on (001) oriented silicon substrates. The films have the bulk tetragonal SmSi2 structure and composition, and grow with a preferential orientation SmSi2[100] ∥ Si[110]. A surface reconstruction transition from (1×1) to (2×2) appears below ∼525 °C. Transport measurements show an n-type metallic conduction with a room temperature resistivity of 175 µΩ cm decreasing to 85 µΩ cm at 4 K, and a carrier concentration of 1.3 ×1022 cm-3.
Absolute Densities of N2(A3Σu
+), N(4So), and N(2Do) in an Inductively Coupled Nitrogen Plasma Source
Authors: Horikawa Yoshimine , Kurihara Kazuaki , Sasaki Koichi
Published: February 2010

The absolute densities of N2(A
3Σu
+), N(4
S
o), and N(2
D
o) in an inductively coupled nitrogen plasma source were measured by cavity-ringdown and vacuum–ultraviolet absorption spectroscopies. It was found that the densities of the above three active species were on the same order of 1017 m-3. We observed the decrease in N2(A
3Σu
+) density with increasing discharge pressure, while N(4
S
o) and N(2
D
o) densities increased with discharge pressure. Although the estimation of loss frequency suggested the loss of N2(A
3Σu
+) due to collisional quenching, it was difficult to identify the dominant loss process quantitatively on the basis of the absolute densities and relevant reaction rate coefficients.
Evaluation of the Strain around an Isolated Shallow Trench and the Impact of Stress on LSI Device Performance
Authors: Fukumoto Koji , Kudo Shuichi , Ogawa Yoshifumi , Ota Fumihito , Uchida Tetsuya , Tsukamoto Keisuke , Takeuchi Takashi , Koyama Toru , Komori Junko , Yamamoto Hidekazu , Mashiko Yoji
Published: February 2010

We propose a stress-controlled fabrication process for shallow trench isolation (STI) that can reduce stress-originated leakage current. In this paper, the relationships between the electrical characteristics of a transistor and the STI fabrication process parameters were obtained by measurement. Direct measurements of mechanical strain around an STI structure were executed by convergent beam electron diffraction (CBED) analysis, and mechanical strain was simulated by the finite element method (FEM). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was also performed. It was revealed that the undesirable leakage current in a transistor was caused by a dislocation in crystal silicon, which was induced by tensile strain perpendicular to the silicon surface. We also found that the mechanical strain is controllable by optimizing the amount of recess of the gap-fill oxide in the STI structure after chemical mechanical polishing (CMP).
Time-of-Flight Analysis of Three-Dimensional Imaging Laser Radar Using A Geiger-Mode Avalanche Photodiode
Authors: Oh Min Seok , Kong Hong Jin , Kim Tae Hoon , Hong Keun Ho , Kim Byung Wook , Park Dong Jo
Published: February 2010

A laser radar system, direct-detection three-dimensional imaging laser radar using a Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (APD) is introduced in this paper. The system consists of a passively Q-switched microchip laser as a light source, a Geiger-mode APD as a detector, a time-to-digital converter (TDC) as a signal processor, and a customized algorithm for three-dimensional visualization. Due to the extremely high sensitivity of the detector, the system has the ability to detect a target that is obstructed by a sparse obstacle. The combination of both the detector having short dead time and the TDC having a multi-stop function enables the system to operate in a single- or a multi-hit mode during the acquisition of time-of-flight data. It has been shown experimentally that the multi-hit mode is more efficient in detecting the objects behind a sparse obstacle than the single-hit mode.
Ultrasonic Microspectroscopy of ZnO Single Crystals Grown by the Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Kushibiki Jun-ichi , Ohashi Yuji , Arakawa Mototaka , Tanaka Tomoya , Yoshida Sho , Kourai Yuusuke , Sakagami Noboru
Published: February 2010

A new set of acoustical physical constants for ZnO was obtained by ultrasonic microspectroscopy (UMS) using very conductive and resistive (001), (100), and (101)ZnO specimens, grown by the hydrothermal method. The specimens were selected from a lot of small ZnO crystals evaluated with the velocity of leaky surface acoustic waves (LSAWs) on a water-loaded specimen surface, in order to identify proper specimens or proper measurement positions for bulk-wave velocity measurements. The constants were determined with measured bulk-wave velocities, according to the determination procedures developed previously. Their accuracies were estimated by comparing the measured LSAW velocities with the calculated ones using the determined constants, within 3.1 m/s. We observed LSAW velocity distributions and bulk-wave velocity dispersions for some specimens that were related to the resistivity distributions on the specimen surfaces and inside the specimens. We established experiment procedures to apply our UMS technology to ZnO crystals in this study. This ultrasonic method is useful for further understanding ZnO crystal growth processes in the hydrothermal method. This application is extended to other class-6m
m crystals.
Electrical Detection of Negatively Charged Proteins Using n-Type Carbon Nanotube Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors
Authors: Yamamoto Yasuki , Maehashi Kenzo , Ohno Yasuhide , Matsumoto Kazuhiko
Published: February 2010

We fabricated n-type carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNTFET) biosensors. To prevent the single-wall carbon nanotube (SWNT)/metal contacts from adsorption of ambient molecules, SiN
x
passivation films were deposited on CNTFETs by catalytic chemical vapor deposition. CNTFETs with SiN
x
passivation films on SWNT/metal contacts, but SWNT channels are exposed to environment for sensing, exhibit n-type behavior both in air and solution. Negatively charged bovine serum albumin is successfully detected using the fabricated n-type CNTFET biosensors with SiN
x
passivation films. Electrical detections of both negatively and positively charged proteins are achieved using n- and p-type CNTFET biosensors, respectively.
Center Impedance Method for Damping Measurement
Authors: Malogi D. , Gupta A. , Kathawate G. R.
Published: February 2010

Damping materials are used extensively for reduction of vibration and noise. These damping materials have viscoelastic characteristics and are used by automotive and other industries. Testing of these materials is important in order to predict their performance and traditionally the damping properties are measured by the Oberst method. This paper discusses an alternate method called the Center Impedance method where force and response are measured directly and the damping properties are obtained. The Center Impedance method is easy to use requiring only standard vibration equipment for excitation, namely, shaker, and is easy to control the experiment for repeatability. Results of beams tested by both Oberst and Center Impedance methods are presented in order to validate this test method.
Efficient Time-Domain Ray-Tracing Technique for the Analysis of Ultra-Wideband Indoor Environments including Lossy Materials and Multiple Effects
Authors: Saez de Adana F. , Gutiérrez O. , Navarro M. A. , Mohan A. S.
Published: February 2010

This paper presents an efficient application of the Time-Domain Uniform Theory of Diffraction (TD-UTD) for the analysis of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) mobile communications for indoor environments. The classical TD-UTD formulation is modified to include the contribution of lossy materials and multiple-ray interactions with the environment. The electromagnetic analysis is combined with a ray-tracing acceleration technique to treat realistic and complex environments. The validity of this method is tested with measurements performed inside the Polytechnic building of the University of Alcala and shows good performance of the model for the analysis of UWB propagation.
Clinical Performance of Viscous Glass Ionomer Cement in Posterior Cavities over Two Years
Authors: Frankenberger Roland , Garcia-Godoy Franklin , Krämer Norbert
Published: February 2010

In this controlled prospective clinical study the highly viscous glass ionomer cement Ketac Molar was clinically assessed in Class I and Class II cavities. Forty-nine subjects (mean age 32.3 years) received 108 restorations placed by six operators in conventional Black I and II type cavities with undercuts after excavating primary lesions or after removing insufficient restorations. At baseline, and after 6, 12, and 24 months, restorations were assessed by two independent investigators according to modified USPHS codes and criteria. Impressions of the restorations were taken and epoxy replicas were made. Between the baseline and the 24-month recall, 51 representative samples were analyzed at 130 × magnification by use of a stereo light microscope (SLM). Recall rates were 83% after 6 months, 50% after 12 months, and 24% after 24 months. Failure rates after 24 months were 8% for Class I and 40% for Class II fillings, mainly due to bulk fracture at occlusally loaded areas (Kaplan Meier survival analysis). Significant changes over time were found for the criteria “surface roughness”, “marginal integrity”, “restoration integrity”, and “overall judgement” (P<.05; Friedman test). SLM analysis revealed statistically significant differences for the following criteria over time (baseline/6 months/12 months (in % of entire evaluable margin length);P<.05; Friedman 2-way ANOVA): perfect margin 37/19/11, negative step formation 26/49/57, gap formation 2/7/9, and overhang 24/11/8. Replicas exhibited mainly negative step formation as main finding due to apparently inferior wear resistance (P<.05). Gap formations were more frequently observed in Class II restorations than in Class I (12% versus 3% after 12 months;P<.05, Mann-Whitney-Utest). The evaluated margin lengths were not statistically different (P>.05, Friedman 2-way ANOVA).
Effects of Rainfall onE. coliConcentrations at Door County, Wisconsin Beaches
Authors: Kleinheinz Gregory T. , McDermott Colleen M. , Hughes Sarah , Brown Amanda
Published: February 2010

Rainfall and its associated storm water runoff have been associated with transport of many pollutants into beach water. Fecal material, from a variety of animals (humans, pets, livestock, and wildlife), can wash into beach water following rainfall and result in microbial contamination of the beach. Many locales around the world issue pre-emptive beach closures associated with rainfall. This study looked at eight beaches located in Door County, Wisconsin, on Lake Michigan to determine the impact of rainfall onE. coliconcentrations in beach water. Water samples were collected from beach water and storm water discharge pipes during rainfall events of 5 mm in the previous 24 hours. Six of the eight beaches showed a significant association between rainfall and elevated beach waterE. coliconcentrations. The duration of the impact of rainfall on beach waterE. coliconcentrations was variable (immediate to 12 hours). Amount of rainfall in the days previous to the sampling did not have significant impact on theE. coliconcentrations measured in beach water. Presence of storm water conveyance pipes adjacent to the beach did not have a uniform impact on beach waterE. coliconcentrations. This study suggests that each beach needs to be examined on its own with regard to rain impacts onE coliconcentrations in beach water.
Post-CTS Delay Insertion
Authors: Lu Jianchao , Taskin Baris
Published: February 2010

A post-clock-tree-synthesis (post-CTS) optimization method is proposed that suggests delay insertion at the leaves of the clock tree in order to implement a limited version of clock skew scheduling. Delay insertion is limited on each clock tree branch simultaneous with a global monitoring of the total amount of delay insertion. The delay insertion for nonzero
clock skew operation is performed only at the clock sinks in order to preserve the structure and the optimizations implemented in the clock tree synthesis stage. The methodology is implemented as a linear programming model amenable to two design objectives: fixing timing violations or optimizing the clock period. Experimental results show that the clock networks of the largest ISCAS'89 circuits can be corrected post-CTS to resolve the timing conflicts in approximately 90% of the circuits with minimal delay insertion (0.159    clock period per clock path on average). It is also shown that the majority of the clock period improvement achievable through unrestricted clock skew scheduling are obtained through very limited insertion (43% average improvement through 10% of max insertion).
PiMan: System Manager of the “Pi of the Sky” Experiment
Authors: Nawrocki Krzysztof , Ptasińska Maria , Sokołowski Marcin , Użycki Janusz , Zaremba Marcin
Published: February 2010

This paper describes PiMan, a CORBA‐based system manager of the “Pi of the Sky” experiment, whose prototype consisting of two cameras on parallactic mount is running at Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. We discuss in detail all software components of the “Pi of the Sky” system, interactions between them, and the architecture of the PiMan system. PiMan extension and other system software that will control and monitor final system being under construction, consisting of two sites with 16 CCD cameras installed on three mounts per site, is also described in this paper.
Furstenberg Families and Sensitivity
Authors: Wang Huoyun , Xiong Jincheng , Tan Feng
Published: February 2010

We introduce and study some concepts of sensitivity via Furstenberg
families. A dynamical system (X, f) is ℱ‐sensitive if there exists a positive ε such that for every x ∈ X and every open neighborhood U of x there exists y ∈ U such
that the pair (x, y) is not ℱ‐ε‐asymptotic; that is, the time set {n : d(fn(x), fn(y)) > ε} belongs to ℱ, where ℱ is a Furstenberg family. A dynamical system
(X, f) is (ℱ1, ℱ2)‐sensitive if there is a positive ε such that every x ∈ X is a limit of points y ∈ X such that the pair (x, y) is ℱ1‐proximal but not ℱ2‐ε‐asymptotic; that is, the time set {n : d(fn(x), fn(y)) < δ} belongs to ℱ1 for any positive δ but the time set {n : d(fn(x), fn(y)) > ε} belongs to ℱ2, where
ℱ1 and ℱ2 are Furstenberg families.
On the Max‐Type Difference Equation xn+1 = max {A/xn, xn−3}
Authors: Iričanin Bratislav D. , Elsayed E. M.
Published: February 2010

We show that every well‐defined solution of the fourth‐order difference equation xn+1 = max {A/xn, xn−3},    n ∈ ℕ0, where parameter A ≥ 0, is eventually periodic with period four.
The Photometry Pipeline of the Watcher Robotic Telescope
Authors: Ferrero A. , Hanlon L. , Felletti R. , French J. , Melady G. , McBreen S. , Kubánek P. , Jelínek M. , McBreen B. , Meintjes P. , Calitz J. , Hoffman M.
Published: February 2010

The Watcher robotic telescope was developed primarily to perform rapid optical follow‐up observations of Gamma‐Ray Bursts (GRBs). Secondary scientific goals include blazar monitoring and variable star studies. An automated photometry pipeline to rapidly analyse data from Watcher has been implemented. Details of the procedures to get image zero‐point, source instrumental measurement, and limiting magnitude are presented. Sources of uncertainty are assessed and the performance of the pipeline is tested by comparison with a number of catalogue sources.
BRCA1 as a Therapeutic Target in Sporadic Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Clark-Knowles Katherine V. , O'Brien Anna M. , Weberpals Johanne I.
Published: February 2010

In sporadic epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), the inactivation of BRCA1 through various mechanisms is a relatively common event. BRCA1 protein dysfunction results in the breakdown of various critical pathways in the cell, notably, the DNA damage response and repair pathway. Tumors from patients withBRCA1germline mutations have an increased sensitivity to DNA damaging chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin, due to defective DNA repair. Thus, inhibiting BRCA1 in sporadic EOC using novel targeted therapies is an attractive strategy for the treatment of advanced or recurrent EOC. Several classes of small molecule inhibitors that affect BRCA1 have now been tested in preclinical and clinical studies suggesting that this is a rational therapeutic approach. The aim of this paper is to provide an understanding of how BRCA1 has evolved into a promising target for the treatment of sporadic disease and to outline the main potential small molecule inhibitors of BRCA1 in EOC.
LAMP2 Microdeletions in Patients With Danon Disease
Authors: Yang Zhao , Funke Birgit H. , Cripe Linda H. , Vick G. Wesley , Mancini-Dinardo Debora , Peña Liana S. , Kanter Ronald J. , Wong Brenda , Westerfield Brandy H. , Varela Jaquelin J. , Fan Yuxin , Towbin Jeffrey A. , Vatta Matteo
Published: February 2010

Background—

Danon disease is an X-linked dominant disorder characterized by the clinical triad of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, skeletal myopathy, and variable mental retardation. Pathologically, autophagic vacuoles are noted in both skeletal and cardiac muscle. It exhibits an X-linked dominant mode of inheritance, and male carriers are severely affected, whereas female carriers develop milder and later-onset cardiac symptoms. Danon disease has been associated with mutations in the lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2 (
LAMP2
) gene located at Xq24, typically resulting in splicing defects or protein truncation affecting the LAMP2. Because of its rarity, the full spectrum of genetic mutation resulting in Danon disease has not been elucidated.

Methods and Results—

We analyzed 3 male cases with clinical and pathological findings consistent with Danon disease. Comprehensive mutational analysis failed to yield detectable products for selected
LAMP2
exons, and genomic DNA deletion was suspected. Genomic junction fragment polymerase chain reaction analysis in case 1 identified a novel
Alu
-mediated 34-kb microdeletion encompassing the entire 5′-untranslated region and exon 1 of
LAMP2
. In case 2 and 3, junctional polymerase chain reaction and Southern blot analyses mapped the breakpoint to an MIRb and (TA)
n
simple repeats present in intron 3, which determined a 64-kb and a 58-kb deletion, respectively, thereby ablating exons 4 to 10. Western blot analysis confirmed the absence of LAMP2 in protein extract from lymphocytes of index case 2.

Conclusion—

This article is the first report of Danon disease caused by microdeletions at Xq24, which functionally ablate LAMP2. The microdeletion mechanism appears to involve 1
Alu
-mediated unequal recombination and 2 chromosomal breakage points involving TA-rich repeat sequences.
Artifacting an Intercultural Nation: Theatre Replacement'sBIOBOXES
Authors: Solga Kim
Published: February 2010

At first, BIOBOXES, by Vancouver's Theatre Replacement, seems like straightforward multiculti fare—theatre celebrating Canada's cultural mosaic. But then you step inside the tiny boxes and find yourself a spectator to your own investments in multicultural performance.
Stretching the Truth Way into the Future: Cynthia Hopkins'sThe Success of Failure (Or, The Failure of Success)
Authors: Alker Gwendolyn
Published: February 2010

Cynthia Hopkins is the latest “It-girl” on the contemporary theatre scene of New York City. Her recent The Success of Failure (Or, The Failure of Success) is the third installment of the Accidental Nostalgia trilogy, a poetic and enigmatic multimedia epic that is part autobiography, part science fiction, part none of the above.
Anne-Marie Boisvert, Manon Oligny, and Thomas Israël: Three Artists in Search of Cindy Sherman
Authors: Callens Johan
Published: February 2010

One dancer, one choreographer, one filmmaker. Together they recursively confront Sherman's by now famous, gender-inflected, photographic self-enactments, probing the conventions and lingering specificity, if any, of the media and art forms in our hybridized digital culture. In their intermedial performances, these media and art forms become the means and the objects of analysis.
“We Don't Change It, We Make It Applicable”: Ramlila in Trinidad
Authors: Richman Paula
Published: February 2010

Why did audiences for Ramlila, which recounts how Lord Ram rescued his wife from the ten-headed demon king, wane in Trinidad in the 1970s and '80s? English narration along with the traditional Hindi verses, topical improvisation, new methods of script development, and breaking old gender and caste restrictions have revived the genre and led to the founding of 10 new troupes between 1995 and 2005.
Pre-SMA Gray-matter Density Predicts Individual Differences in Action Selection in the Face of Conscious and Unconscious Response Conflict
Authors: van Gaal Simon , Scholte H. Steven , Lamme Victor A. F. , Fahrenfort Johannes J. , Ridderinkhof K. Richard
Published: February 2010

The presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) is considered key in contributing to voluntary action selection during response conflict. Here we test whether individual differences in the ability to select appropriate actions in the face of strong (conscious) and weak (virtually unconscious) distracting alternatives are related to individual variability in pre-SMA anatomy. To this end, we scanned 58 participants, who performed a masked priming task in which conflicting response tendencies were elicited either consciously (through primes that were weakly masked) or virtually unconsciously (strongly masked primes), with structural magnetic resonance imaging. Voxel-based morphometry revealed that individual differences in pre-SMA gray-matter density are related to subjects' ability to voluntary select the correct action in the face of conflict, irrespective of the awareness level of conflict-inducing stimuli. These results link structural anatomy to individual differences in cognitive control ability, and provide support for the role of the pre-SMA in the selection of appropriate actions in situations of response conflict. Furthermore, these results suggest that flexible and voluntary behavior requires efficiently dealing with competing response tendencies, even those that are activated automatically and unconsciously.
Neuroaesthetics: A Coming of Age Story
Authors: Chatterjee Anjan
Published: February 2010

Neuroaesthetics is gaining momentum. At this early juncture, it is worth taking stock of where the field is and what lies ahead. Here, I review writings that fall under the rubric of neuroaesthetics. These writings include discussions of the parallel organizational principles of the brain and the intent and practices of artists, the description of informative anecdotes, and the emergence of experimental neuroaesthetics. I then suggest a few areas within neuroaesthetics that might be pursued profitably. Finally, I raise some challenges for the field. These challenges are not unique to neuroaesthetics. As neuroaesthetics comes of age, it might take advantage of the lessons learned from more mature domains of inquiry within cognitive neuroscience.
Global Evaluation of the ISBA-TRIP Continental Hydrological System. Part I: Comparison to GRACE Terrestrial Water Storage Estimates and In Situ River Discharges
Authors: Alkama R. , Decharme B. , Douville H. , Becker M. , Cazenave A. , Sheffield J. , Voldoire A. , Tyteca S. , Le Moigne P.
Published: February 2010

In earth system models, the partitioning of precipitation among the variations of continental water storage, evapotranspiration, and freshwater runoff to the ocean has a major influence on the terrestrial water and energy budgets and thereby on simulated climate on a wide range of scales. The evaluation of continental hydrology is therefore a crucial task that requires offline simulations driven by realistic atmospheric forcing to avoid the systematic biases commonly found in global atmospheric models. Generally, this evaluation is done mainly by comparison with in situ river discharge data, which does not guarantee that the spatiotemporal distribution of water storage and evapotranspiration is correctly simulated. In this context, the Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere–Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (ISBA-TRIP) continental hydrological system of the Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques is evaluated by using the additional constraint of terrestrial water storage (TWS) variations derived from three independent gravity field retrievals (datasets) from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). On the one hand, the results show that, in general, ISBA-TRIP captures the seasonal and the interannual variability in both TWS and discharges. GRACE provides an additional constraint on the simulated hydrology and consolidates the former evaluation only based on river discharge observations. On the other hand, results indicate that river storage variations represent a significant contribution to GRACE measurements. While this remark highlights the need to improve the TRIP river routing model for a more useful comparison with GRACE [Decharme et al. (Part II of the present study)], it also suggests that low-resolution gravimetry products do not necessarily represent a strong additional constraint for model evaluation, especially in downstream areas of large river basins where long-term discharge data are available.
Global Evaluation of the ISBA-TRIP Continental Hydrological System. Part II: Uncertainties in River Routing Simulation Related to Flow Velocity and Groundwater Storage
Authors: Decharme B. , Alkama R. , Douville H. , Becker M. , Cazenave A.
Published: February 2010

In the companion paper to this one (Part I), the Interactions between Soil, Biosphere, and Atmosphere–Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (ISBA-TRIP) continental hydrological system of the Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques is evaluated by using river discharge measurements and terrestrial water storage (TWS) variations derived from three independent datasets of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). One of the conclusions is that the river reservoir simulated by TRIP at the global scale seems to be one of the main sources of TWS and/or discharge errors. Here, the authors study these uncertainties in river routing processes, such as flow velocity and groundwater storage. For this purpose, a simple groundwater reservoir depending on a time delay factor and a variable streamflow velocity calculated via Manning’s formula are added to TRIP following the approach of Arora and Boer. The previous and the new TRIP are then compared, and two studies of the sensitivity to the groundwater time delay factor and to the flow velocity are performed. Using the same experiment design as in Part I, the authors show that the effect of this flow velocity and of the groundwater time delay factor on the ISBA-TRIP simulation is potentially significant. Nevertheless, over tropical and temperate basins, a competition between the two processes implies a slight difference between the previous and the new TRIP compared to both the GRACE and the discharge signals. The global results underline that simulating a realistic streamflow velocity is a key process for global-scale application.
The Effect of Grid Spacing and Domain Size on the Quality of Ensemble Regional Climate Downscaling over South Asia during the Northeasterly Monsoon
Authors: Qian Jian-Hua , Zubair Lareef
Published: February 2010

The performance of an ensemble-based dynamical regional climate downscaling system is evaluated over southern Asia in a northeasterly monsoon season for different choices in grid spacing and domain size. A seven-member ensemble of the ECHAM4.5 global climate model at a resolution of about 300-km grid size was used to drive the RegCM3 regional climate model with grid sizes of 100, 50, 25, and 20 km, respectively. The performance is reported in detail over Sri Lanka. Two sets of regional model runs were undertaken to assess the effect of grid spacing and model domain size on the downscaling performance. The RegCM3 simulation with 100-km grid size significantly underestimates the height of the central mountain range in Sri Lanka, in a manner that is too coarse to capture orographic influences on the rainfall. However, the RegCM3 simulations with grid sizes from 20 to 50 km capture mesoscale features that arise from uplift condensation on the windward side of the monsoon winds due to the topography. These simulations also capture the orographic influences on the month-to-month rainfall over Sri Lanka that were absent in the ECHAM4.5. While the “small domain” runs [where only the forcings for the region immediately around Sri Lanka (4°–11°N, 76°–85°E) are used] are computationally more efficient, the results are overly controlled by the lateral boundary driving of the ECHAM4.5 so they inherit large uncertainty from the seven ECHAM4.5 realizations used for the RegCM3 ensemble runs. The “large domain” simulation used a domain comprising both land and ocean (approximately 4°S–22°N, 65°–96°E). The large-domain group of simulations produced reasonable spatial distribution of precipitation over the region. Moreover, the ensemble spread was considerably reduced in the large-domain high-resolution runs. Therefore, fine enough grid resolution (25 km or less) and sufficiently large domain size are both needed to simulate the essential features of precipitation in this tropical and monsoonal region.
Analysis of Convergence Boundaries Observed during IHOP_2002
Authors: Wakimoto Roger M. , Murphey Hanne V.
Published: February 2010

An analysis of six convergence boundaries observed during the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002) is presented. The detailed kinematic and thermodynamic structure of these boundaries was examined using data collected by an airborne Doppler radar and a series of dropsondes released by a jet flying at ∼500 mb. The former and latter platforms were able to resolve the meso-γ- and meso-β-scale circulations, respectively. Convection initiated on three of the days while no storms developed in the regions targeted by the mobile platforms on the other days (referred to as null cases). The airborne radar resolved the finescale structure of four drylines, a cold front, and an outflow boundary on the six days. Horizontal profiles through radar-detected thin lines revealed “bell-shaped distributions” and there appeared to be a seasonal dependence of the peak values of radar reflectivity. The echo profiles through the fine line in May were, in general, greater than those plotted for the June cases. There was no apparent relationship between the intensity of the low-level updraft and convection initiation. The strongest updraft resolved in the dual-Doppler wind synthesis was associated with a null case. There was also no relationship between the strength of the moisture discontinuity across the boundaries and convection initiation.

The three days during which the storms developed were all associated with two convergence boundaries that were adjacent to each other. The two boundaries collided on one of the days; however, the boundaries on the other two days were approximately parallel and remained separated by a distance of 5–15 km. The total derivative of the horizontal vorticity rotating along an axis parallel to the boundary was calculated using dropsonde data. The horizontal gradient of buoyancy was the largest contributor to the change in vorticity and revealed maximum and minimum values that would support the generation of counterrotating circulations, thus promoting vertically rising air parcels. These updrafts would be more conducive to convection initiation. The null cases were characterized by a low-level vorticity generation of only one sign. This pattern would support tilted updrafts. The results presented in this study suggest that it is not necessary for two boundaries to collide in order for thunderstorms to develop. Solenoidally generated horizontal circulations can produce conditions favorable for convection initiation even if the boundaries remain separate.
Crossmodal and incremental perception of audiovisual cues to emotional speech
Authors: Barkhuysen Pashiera , Krahmer Emiel , Swerts Marc
Published: February 2010

In this article we report on two experiments about the perception of audiovisual cues to emotional speech. The article addresses two questions: (1) how do visual cues from a speaker’s face to emotion relate to auditory cues, and (2) what is the recognition speed for various facial cues to emotion? Both experiments reported below are based on tests with video clips of emotional utterances collected via a variant of the well-known Velten method. More specifically, we recorded speakers who displayed positive or negative emotions, which were congruent or incongruent with the (emotional) lexical content of the uttered sentence. In order to test this, we conducted two experiments.

The first experiment is a perception experiment in which Czech participants, who do not speak Dutch, rate the perceived emotional state of Dutch speakers in a bimodal (audiovisual) or a unimodal (audio- or vision-only) condition. It was found that incongruent emotional speech leads to significantly more extreme perceived emotion scores than congruent emotional speech, where the difference between congruent and incongruent emotional speech is larger for the negative than for the positive conditions. Interestingly, the largest overall differences between congruent and incongruent emotions were found for the audio-only condition, which suggests that posing an incongruent emotion has a particularly strong effect on the spoken realization of emotions.
Intonational Structure as a Word-boundary Cue in Tokyo Japanese
Authors: Warner Natasha , Otake Takashi , Arai Takayuki
Published: February 2010

While listeners are recognizing words from the connected speech stream, they are also parsing information from the intonational contour. This contour may contain cues to word boundaries, particularly if a language has boundary tones that occur at a large proportion of word onsets. We investigate how useful the pitch rise at the beginning of an accentual phrase (APR) would be as a potential word-boundary cue for Japanese listeners. A corpus study shows that it should allow listeners to locate approximately 40—60% of word onsets, while causing less than 1% false positives. We then present a word-spotting study which shows that Japanese listeners can, indeed, use accentual phrase boundary cues during segmentation. This work shows that the prosodic patterns that have been found in the production of Japanese also impact listeners’ processing.
The Meaning of Adolescents’ Eating Experiences During Bone Marrow Transplant Recovery
Authors: Rodgers Cheryl , Young Anne , Hockenberry Marilyn , Binder Brenda , Symes Lene
Published: February 2010

Bone marrow transplant (BMT) is a common treatment option for adolescents with various diseases; however, the aggressive therapy often causes significant side effects that can lead to poor eating. There is little documentation of eating experiences and necessary support needed after the initial BMT hospitalization. This phenomenological study, guided by Martin Heidegger’s philosophical influences, revealed the meaning of adolescents’ eating experiences, eating strategies, and the impact of eating on the adolescents’ quality of life during the first 100 days post-BMT. Individual interviews were conducted at 50 and 100 days post-BMT. Data analysis used the hermeneutic circle and revealed 5 themes. Adolescents discussed the slow return of eating, barriers that affected their eating, personal eating strategies, significance of eating, and feelings regarding eating. Eating issues do not end when a BMT patient is discharged from the hospital, and caregivers need to have a better understanding of the ongoing issues affecting adolescents throughout the BMT recovery phase.
A Comparison of Students With Behavior Challenges Educated in Suburban and Rural Settings: Academic, Social, and Behavioral Outcomes
Authors: Lane Kathleen Lynne , Little Annette , Menzies Holly , Lambert Warren , Wehby Joseph
Published: February 2010

The authors compared the characteristics of early elementary age students educated in either rural or suburban schools who were identified as showing soft signs of emotional or behavioral disorders according to systematic screening procedures. The authors followed 134 kindergarten, first grade, and second grade students identified by these screening tools over a 3-year period to determine (a) the academic, social, and behavioral characteristics of students served in each of these locales and (b) how they progressed over time. The results indicated very few differences in performance patterns for students educated in rural and suburban communities. In general, students were within average performance levels, mostly declining or remaining stable over time on the majority of student-completed and direct observation measures. Teacher-completed measures indicated progress in some areas. Limitations, future directions, and educational implications are offered.
‘we got our heads together and came up with a plan’
Authors: Rosen Rachel
Published: February 2010

This study investigated young children’s perceptions of their role in curriculum development in one Canadian preschool. There is no consensus that children have a role to play in developing curriculum. However, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) confirms children’s right to be listened to about all aspects of their lives. Based on interviews with 34 children and three teachers, this study demonstrates the children feel they play an active role in curriculum development and implementation, but teachers make the final decisions about curriculum content. The children expressed a desire to influence the curriculum in new ways, but their ability to do so may be constrained by structural factors within and beyond the preschool.
pathways to literacy: connections between family assets and preschool children’s emergent literacy skills
Authors: Weigel Daniel J. , Martin Sally S. , Bennett Kymberley K.
Published: February 2010

Using a developmental assets framework, we examined the influences of family resources, routines, and stress on preschool-aged children’s emerging literacy development. Data were collected from 85 children as well as from their parents. Using path analysis, the results revealed that the more regular the routines in the household, the more likely parents were to engage their children in literacy enhancing activities, and in turn the higher the children’s print knowledge and reading interest. This was the case both initially and a year later. Results also showed that family resources and stress contributed to aspects of literacy development, although not as strongly as family routines. The findings suggest that interventions should include efforts to promote supportive family contexts as an additional means to enhance children’s literacy development.
Effective Interaction Energies for Weakly Bound Dimers at Room Temperature: (H2O)2, (N2O)2, (CO2)2, and (HCHO)2
Authors: Sato Hirofumi , Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Sakamoto Yosuke , Kawasaki Masahiro
Published: February 2010

Effective dimer bond energies at room temperature are experimentally determined by pressure broadening for rotational lines. Toward the understanding of the bond energies, thermal energies associated to the dissociation are theoretically evaluated by considering effective degrees of freedom.
Size Control of Catalytic Reaction Space by Intercalation of Alkylcarboxylate Anions into Ni–Zn Mixed Basic Salt Interlayer: Application for Knoevenagel Reaction in Water
Authors: Hara Takayoshi , Kurihara Jun , Ichikuni Nobuyuki , Shimazu Shogo
Published: February 2010

The interlayer space of layered Ni–Zn mixed basic salt (NiZn) can be controlled precisely by the intercalation of various carboxylate anions with long alkyl chains via simple anion exchange. Expansion of interlayer space in the anion-exchanged NiZn depends on the alkyl chain lengths of pillar molecules. The butyrate anion-exchanged NiZn (C3H7COO−/NiZn) catalyst promoted effectively various base-catalyzed Knoevenagel reactions in water with remarkably high yield. This C3H7COO−/NiZn catalyst was reusable without any loss of catalytic activity or selectivity.
Extending the trans‐contextual model in physical education and leisure‐time contexts: Examining the role of basic psychological need satisfaction
Authors: Barkoukis Vassilis , Hagger Martin S. , Lambropoulos George , Tsorbatzoudis Haralambos
Published: February 2010

Background. The trans‐contextual model (TCM) is an integrated model of motivation that aims to explain the processes by which agentic support for autonomous motivation in physical education promotes autonomous motivation and physical activity in a leisure‐time context. It is proposed that perceived support for autonomous motivation in physical education is related to autonomous motivation in physical education and leisure‐time contexts. Furthermore, relations between autonomous motivation and the immediate antecedents of intentions to engage in physical activity behaviour and actual behaviour are hypothesized.

Aims. The purpose of the present study was to incorporate the constructs of basic psychological need satisfaction in the TCM to provide a more comprehensive explanation of motivation and demonstrate the robustness of the findings of previous tests of the model that have not incorporated these constructs.

Sample. Students (N=274) from Greek secondary schools.

Method. Participants completed self‐report measures of perceived autonomy support, autonomous motivation, and basic psychological need satisfaction in physical education. Follow‐up measures of these variables were taken in a leisure‐time context along with measures of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control (PBC), and intentions from the theory of planned behaviour 1 week later. Self‐reported physical activity behaviour was measured 4 weeks later.

Results. Results supported TCM hypotheses. Basic psychological need satisfaction variables uniquely predicted autonomous motivation in physical education and leisure time as well as the antecedents of intention, namely, attitudes, and PBC. The basic psychological need satisfaction variables also mediated the effects of perceived autonomy support on autonomous motivation in physical education.

Conclusions. Findings support the TCM and provide further information of the mechanisms in the model and integrated theories of motivation in physical education and leisure time.
Bigger knows better: Young children selectively learn rule games from adults rather than from peers
Authors: Rakoczy Hannes. , Hamann Katharina. , Warneken Felix. , Tomasello Michael.
Published: February 2010

Preschoolers' selective learning from adult versus peer models was investigated. Extending previous research, children from age 3 were shown to selectively learn simple rule games from adult rather than peer models. Furthermore, this selective learning was not confined to preferentially performing certain acts oneself, but more specifically had a normative dimension to it: children understood the way the adult demonstrated an act not only as the better one, but as the normatively appropriate/correct one. This was indicated in their spontaneous normative interventions (protest, critique, etc.) in response to third party acts deviating from the one demonstrated by the adult model. Various interpretations of these findings are discussed in the broader context of the development of children's social cognition and cultural learning.
The Reader in the Closet: Literacy and Masculinity in Walter Dean Myers's Bad Boy: A Memoir
Authors: Latham Don
Published: February 2010

In his autobiography, Bad Boy: A Memoir , Walter Dean Myers describes the personal anguish and frustration he experienced as an adolescent because of the conflict between his developing identity as a reader and the expectations imposed on him as an African American and a male. In essence, he portrays his adolescent self as what might be called a "closeted reader," someone who is passionate about reading but who considers it necessary to conceal his passion. Myers's increasing secretiveness about his reading practices can thus be seen as a manifestation of a personal crisis related to his racial and masculine identity.
Setting the Record "Straight": An Interview with Jane Severance
Authors: Crisp Thomas
Published: February 2010

Jane Severance is the author of two children's picture books ( When Megan Went Away , 1979; Lots of Mommies , 1983) and one adolescent novel ( Ghost Pains , 1992). While all three books are groundbreaking, When Megan Went Away (1979) remains particularly significant in that it centers on a romantic relationship between two women and predates Lesléa Newman's Heather Has Two Mommies (1989), the book popularly considered to be the first picture book to depict lesbian women. In this interview, Severance discusses her motivations as an author, the reception of her work across time, and the state of the field of LGBTQ literature more generally.
Heeding Daedalus: Optimal Inflation and the Zero Lower Bound
Authors: Williams John C.
Published: February 2010

This paper reexamines the implications for monetary policy of the zero lower bound on nominal interest rates in light of recent experience. The ZLB contributed little to the sharp output declines in many economies in 2008, but it is a significant factor slowing recovery. Model simulations imply that an additional 4 percentage points of rate cuts would have limited the rise in the U.S. unemployment rate and would bring unemployment and inflation more quickly to steady-state values, but the ZLB precludes these actions, at a cost of $1.8 trillion in forgone U.S. output over four years. If recent events presage a shift to a significantly more adverse macroeconomic climate, then 2 percent steady-state inflation may provide an inadequate buffer against the ZLB, assuming a standard Taylor rule. Stronger countercyclical fiscal policy or alternative monetary policy strategies could mitigate the ZLB's effects, but even with such policies an inflation target of 1 percent or lower could entail significant costs.
Ornamental Pleasure: James and the British Soldier
Authors: Hannah Daniel
Published: February 2010

Through readings of his essays "The British Soldier" and "The Long Wards" and his short story "Owen Wingrave," this paper argues that James sought, through the figure of the non-combatant British soldier, to gauge the relation of the aesthetic, feminized observer to a militaristic and nationalist masculinity that always allured and perplexed him. James's vexed approach hinges on insistent returns to the British soldier and the standing army as "ornamental" figures. James's "ornamental" pleasure places the British soldier as the unstable locus for contesting moments of nationalist militarism, subversive eroticized play, and self-reflexive re-imaginings of the artist's relation to violence.