bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Diffusion of 37Ar and the Thermal Annealing of 51Cr Recoil in Neutron Irradiated CaCrO4-Crystals
Authors: Ikeda Nagao
Published: June 2015

The apparent similarity of the rare gas diffusion and the recoil annealing processes both resulting in “pseudo-plateaux” leads to study these processes in CaCrO4-crystals in order to find out a possible relationship. The material used was crystallized from solution, dried at room temperature (sample A) and at 200° C (sample B), an average grain size of 130 μ
was selected and irradiated for 8 hours with pile neutrons in a flux of 4 x 1012n/cm2 · sec. The diffusion of the homogenously distributed 37Ar, produced by 40Ca (n, ɑ) process was investigated in the temperature range from 100 to 800° C. The thermal annealing of (n, γ) 51Cr-recoil fragments could be measured between 100 and 300° C. - It was found that the percentage of released 37Ar is much dependent on the thermal treatment of the CaCrO4-crystals. For instance about 52% of the 37Ar diffused already in 3 hours at 300° C from sample (A), while from the tempered sample (B) only about 5% was lost. In both preparations the 37Ar-release reaches 100% at about 800° C possibly favoured by oxygen liberation.

In the range of 300 ~ 700° C, linearity of log D with 1/T was observed. This part of the curve should be due to the normal volume diffusion. 37Ar-diffusion coefficients at 200° C were measured to be 6,0 · 10-11 cm2/sec for sample (A) resp. 7,7 · 10-15 cm2/sec for sample (B). At 300° C, 3,2 · 10-10 for (A) resp. 1,1 · 10-12cm2/sec for (B).

The initial retention of recoil 51Cr was found to be 10% higher in sample Β which can be explained by the fact that the instantaneous recombination reaction is hindered by adsorbed molecules and lattice imperfection. The thermal annealing at the earlier stage formally follows first order kinetics, the reaction rate constants are almost the same for both samples at a given temperature. In multi-step annealing experiments R∞ reaches characteristic plateau-values which can be obtained also by a single-step heating at the respective temperature. This is not the case in the multi-step 37Ar-diffusion experiments which are found to be very sensitive to the "history" of the sample. The differences in the Ar-diffusion and the 51Cr-annealing-multi-step curves are explained by the pronounced physical and the more chemical nature of the processes involved.
The Dead Time of a G.M. Counter Tube
Authors: Brinkman G. A.
Published: June 2015

In this article it will be proved that the commonly used formula for dead time corrections :[xxx] (Ν' is the true and Ν the measured count rate, r the dead time) is correct for a G.M.-counter tube and also for high count-rates. However τ seem to be a function of N.

Three often used methods for measuring the dead time τ are discussed (the two samples method ; the method of a series of samples in which the relative intensities are very well known; the method of a shortlived radioisotope), and also for each of these three methods the best way to calculate the dead time from the experiments. The two samples method, combined with a very simple formula of SCHULZE, seems to be the most attractive solution.

The theory has been illustrated by a number of experiments according to the three different methods.
The 189W-189Re Decay Chain
Authors: Flegenheimer J. , Barò G. B. , Viirsoo M.
Published: June 2015

188W a été obtenu par la réaction Os (n, α). Il a une période de 11 minutes et une énergie β maximale d'environ 1.4 MeV. Cet isotope ne peut obtenu par réaction W ( d , p ) n . Le 188Re de 23 heures cité par CRASEMANN, EMERY et KANE a été préparé à l'aide d'isotopes d'asmium enrichis. Son énergie β maximale est d'environ 0,8 MeV; des raies γ de 65, 140, 170 et 225 keV ont été observés.
Rapid Solvent Extraction Methods for Fission Product Separation and Analysis
Authors: Healy T. V.
Published: June 2015

Part I

A new, quick and efficient solvent extraction method of separating various constituents from irradiated fuel samples has been evolved. In this method, the following groups are isolated, using diethyl hexyl phosphoric acid, (HDEHP) as solvent (1) Ru, Cs, Sr, Ba. (2) Ce. (3) Y plus rare earths. (4) Zr and Nb. Further solvent extraction methods are used for separation of individual elements.

Part II

A rapid method is described for the extraction and estimation of zirconium-95 from fission product solution utilizing HDEHP. The fission products are normally in nitric or hydrochloric acid solution but extractions from sulphuric acid solutions are also described. The method usually takes half an hour and an accuracy of ± 1% is obtained.
A Survey of Photoneutron Sources
Authors: Kauranen Pentti , Meinke W. Wayne
Published: June 2015

A study has been made of the potential applicability of different gamma emitters for (γ, n) neutron sources. Some experimental data on the preparation of such sources are reported, and the neutron fluxes obtained with experimental sources are given. A table of high energy gamme emitters (Ε γ
> 1.66 MeV) obtainable by activation in a nuclear reactor is also given.
Neutron Activatiön Analysis of Traces of Sodium in Quartz
Authors: Rybach L.
Published: June 2015

A nondestructive method for sodium-trace determination is described. 16 quartz samples widely distributed over the Swiss Alps have been investigated. The sodium contents have been measured after irradiation with 3,6 • 1012slow n/cm2, sec by γ-spectrometry. Concentrations of 0,15 to 24 ppm (i.e. sodium quantities of 0,03 to 5 μg in this case) have been found. The considerable spread of results demonstrates the different conditions of formation of the quartz crystals.
Recuit thermique et rôle de l’eau de cristallisation dans le trioxalatoferrate de potassium irradié par neutrons
Authors: Rusi A. , Calusaru A.
Published: June 2015

Le processus de recuit thermique du trioxalatoferrate de potassium irradie aux neutrons correspond à une cinétique des isothermes avec pseudo-paliers différents. Les courbes de recuit, tracées respectivement pour le produit cristallisé avec de l’eau légère, avec de l’eau lourde et sans eau de cristallisation, montrent que le processus est distribue dans un spectre d’énergies d’activation. En représentant ces spectres, on a trouve pour les énergies d’activation les valeurs caractéristiques suivantes: 0,50-0,57 eV pour le réseau avec de l’eau légère, 0,63-0,67 eV pour le réseau avec de l’eau lourde et 0,52 eV pour le réseau sans de l’eau de cristallisation.

Le rapport Fe3+/Fe2+ dans le recul est notablement influence par la présence de l’eau dans le réseau cristallin. Dans les réseaux cristallises avec de l’eau, ce rapport est situe dans l’intervalle 1,18-1,35 et en absence d’eau ce même rapport a une valeur voisine de 0,6.

L’oxydation totale du Fe2+ pour des températures inférieures à celles où commence la guérison, montre que seul le Fe3+ participe au mécanisme des réactions.
The Chemistry of Weighable Amounts of Polonium and Protactinium
Authors: Bagnall K. W.
Published: June 2015

Some of the problems involved in chemical studies with polonium (138.4 day 210Po) and the much less intensely radioactive protactinium (32,600 yr. 231Pa) are discussed and the handling of these two α-active isotopes is briefly described. The chemistry of polonium and protactinium, particularly the halides and nitrates, is reviewed in the light of their positions in the Periodic Table.
Rapid Radiochemical Separation by Adsorption
Authors: Rai R.S. , Nethaway D.R. , Wahl A. C.
Published: June 2015

Conditions are described under which rapid and essentially quantitative adsorption occurs from aqueous solutions for 140Ba++ on BaS04 (s), 90Sr++ or 85Sr++ on SrCO3 (s), and 113SnIV on SnS2 (s) or SnS (s). The VI presence of UVI in solution does not interfere with the adsorption. These processes, which may involve isotopie exchange, offer convenient and rapid methods for the separation of Cs+ from Ba++ at low concentration, Rb+ from Sr++ at low concentration, and InIII from SnIV at low concentration, and thus the processes are applicable to the separation of short-lived fission products from their immediate descendants.
Zur Festkörperchemie der Protactinium-Oxide
Authors: Keller Cornelius
Published: June 2015

Die Festkörperreaktionen von Protactiniumdioxid und Protactiniumpentoxid mit den Oxiden einiger Elemente der ersten bis vierten Hauptgruppe sowie der dritten bis fünften Nebengruppe des Periodensystems wurden untersucht. Es zeigte sich hierbei, daß die Strukturtypen der erhaltenen Verbindungen teilweise für die fünfwertigen Actiniden als auch teilweise für die Elemente Niob und Tantal charakteristisch sind. Darstellungsbedingungen und Gitterkonstanten der einzelnen ternären Oxide werden diskutiert.
Da Regulamentação à Promoção - o rural nos planos nacionais de turismo (1985-2011)
Authors: Carneiro Maria João , Silva Diogo Soares da , Brandão Vítor , Figueiredo Elisabete
Published: June 2015

Os Planos Nacionais de Turismo (PNT) constituem documentos importantes para uma melhor compreensão das representações e dos significados sociais do rural e do turismo rural em Portugal. O presente artigo, procurando debater estas questões, tem por base a análise de conteúdo detalhada dos PNT ao longo dos últimos 30 anos, designadamente, os PNT dos períodos de 1985-1988 e 1989-1992 e o Plano Estratégico Nacional do Turismo (PENT) dos períodos de 2007-2010 e 2011-2015. A análise de conteúdo efetuada teve como suporte uma grelha de análise exaustiva, contendo múltiplas categorias (e valores correspondentes) identificadas a partir da revisão da literatura nacional e internacional sobre o mundo rural, as suas representações e significados, assim como sobre o turismo rural e as políticas e estratégias implementadas no âmbito da União Europeia (UE) e aplicadas em Portugal. A escolha deste período temporal toma como referência a data do primeiro PNT (1985) e da entrada de Portugal na Comunidade Económica Europeia (CEE) (1986). Da análise de conteúdo, identificámos as principais definições, características e produtos de Turismo em Espaço Rural (TER) associadas a cada um dos PNT, permitindo agrupar um conjunto de imagens e representações do rural e do TER.
Potencial de criação de Pirarucu, Arapaima gigas,em cativeiro
Authors: IMBIRIBA Emir Palmeira
Published: June 2015

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar alguns aspectos do manejo da criação do pirarucu, nos itens relativos à reprodução, alevinagem, alimentação, crescimento rusticidade e aspectos econômicos. Mesmo havendo medidas de proteção, a pesca é predatória e com graves prejuízos aos estoques naturais. O cultivo é viável, em razão do extraordinário desenvolvimento ponderal, chegando a alcançar em torno de 10 kg, com apenas um ano de criação. Desova naturalmente a partir do quinto ano de idade, com peso em torno de 40 a 45 kg e de forma parcelada. Excetuando-se o período de reprodução, não apresenta caracteres sexuais secundários extragenitais. No ambiente natural, a idade e o período da primeira maturação sexual, não estão perfeitamente definidos. Usa-se a densidade de um indivíduo para cada 200m2 de área inundada, quando são utilizados os açudes como locais de reprodução. O processo empregado na obtenção de alevinos dessa espécie consiste na captura no próprio açude onde ocorre a reprodução. O arraçoamento dos alevinos deve ser feito em quantidade equivalente a 8-10% do seu peso vivo de carne de peixe. Embora sejam ictiófagos, os alevinos dessa espécie apresentam excelentes taxas de sobrevivência chegando a 100%, devido não fazerem canibalismo. Além da respiração branquial, os pirarucus utilizam a bexiga vascularizada como órgão de respiração acessória. A produção de pirarucu na bacia amazônica baseia-se na captura em ambientes naturais. Em sistema extensivo de criação, foram obtidas 199,7 toneladas de pirarucu, no ano de 1962, nos açudes do Nordeste brasileiro.
Morfo-anatomia de sementes de Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Will. (Fabaceae) como contribuição ao estudo Farmacognóstico de plantas da região Amazônica
Authors: BESSA Débora Teixeira Ohana , MENDONÇA Maria Süvia de , ARAÚJO Maria Gracimar Pacheco de
Published: June 2015

Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. (Fabaceae) é popularmente conhecida como cumaru. Suas sementes são utilizadas pela população, por seus efeitos terapêuticos, dados pela cumarina, hoje comercializada para distúrbios vasculares e linfáticos e pela produção de óleo. Realizou-se um estudo morfo-anatômico de sementes de seis indivíduos desta espécie através da caracterização morfológica, determinação do peso da matéria fresca e das dimensões de 100 sementes, além de cortes histológicos transversais e longitudinais, considerando-se o tegumento e o embrião. A semente é oblonga, levemente comprimida na região do hilo. O tegumento seminal apresenta cutícula delgada e lisa, macroesclereídeos, osteoesclereídeos, mesofilo interno e membrana basal. O embrião constitui-se de dois cotilédones e o eixo embrionário retilíneo, formado por plúmula, epicótilo e radícula.
Nutrientes no solo em floresta de terra firme cortada seletivamente na Amazônia Central
Authors: FERREIRA Sávio J. Filgueiras , CRESTANA Silvio , LUIZÃO Flávio J. , MIRANDA Sebastião A. Fonseca
Published: June 2015

Foram medidos o pH, a matéria orgânica, o fósforo assimilável, o potássio, o magnésio, o cálcio e o alumínio trocáveis no solo de uma área de manejo florestal em floresta de terra firme localizada a 80 km ao norte de Manaus. O solo é um Latossolo Amarelo álico de textura muito argilosa. O experimento constou de duas parcelas controle e duas que sofreram manejo em tempos distintos (uma em 1987 e a outra em 1993). Os resultados mostraram que esses solos são muito ácidos e que os teores de fósforo assimilável, potássio, magnésio, cálcio, e alumínio trocáveis são mais altos no período chuvoso do que no período seco. Nos perfis do solo da floresta remanescente e do centro de clareira do manejo de 1987, as concentrações dos elementos estudados seguiram a ordem Al > Ca > Κ > Mg no período chuvoso e Al > Κ > Mg > Ca no início do período seco. Há evidências de que os resíduos de madeira deixados pela extração seletiva aumentaram a concentração de nutrientes no solo, pela sua decomposição, especialmente na estação chuvosa.
Muyrakyta ou muiraquita: um talismã arqueológico em jade procedente da amazônia: aspectos físicos, mineralogia, composição química e sua importância etnogeológica
Authors: COSTA Marcondes Lima da , SILVA Anna Cristina Resque Lopes da , ANGÉLICA Rômulo Simões , PÖLLMANN Herbert , SCHUCKMANN Walter
Published: June 2015

Os muiraquitãs são artefatos líticos com formas batraquianas confeccionados principalmente em pedra verde, tipo jade, utilizados pelos povos Tapajó/Santarém e Conduri do Baixo Amazonas, dizimados pelos colonizadores europeus. Eram utilizados como amuletos e como símbolo de poder e ainda como objeto de troca. Supunha-se que o jade viera da Ásia. Estudos mineralógicos e químicos em dez peças do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), do Museu de Arqueologia e Etnografia (MAE) da Universidade de São Paulo e profa. Amarilis Tupiassu mostram que os muiraquitãs do MPEG e da profa. Amarilis são confeccionados em tremolita e os do MAE em actinolita, talco e pirofdita. Tremolita e actinolita são os minerais mais comuns de jade nefrítico, que não é assim tão raro. As microanálises químicas confirmam as determinações mineralógicas e ainda mostram que o jade do MAE contém sulfato e ferro ferroso. Tanto o jade do MPEG como do MAE diverge daquele de Baytinga (Amargosa-BA). Rochas ricas cm tremolita e actinolita são muito comuns no Proterozóico da Amazônia, encontrados tanto ao norte como ao sul da bacia, próximo na região do Baixo Amazonas, sendo desnecessário invocar uma fonte asiática para o jade dos muiraquitãs. Portanto se tornam vulneráveis às interpretações etnográficas e antropológicas com base em área asiática como fonte para a matéria-prima destes artefatos.
Quantificação de fibra alimentar em algumas populações de cubiu (Solanum sessiliflorum dunal), camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K) Mc Vaugh) e açaí (Euterpe oleracea mart)
Authors: YUYAMA Lucia K.O. , BARROS Solimar E. , AGUIAR Jaime P. L. , YUYAMA Kaoru , S. FILHO Danilo F.
Published: June 2015

Considerando a relevância da fibra alimentar na proteção, manutenção e recuperação da saúde e a escassez de tabelas de composição química dos alimentos no que se refere a frutos amazônicos, determinou-se o teor de fibra alimentar em algumas populações de cubiu (Solanum sessiliflonun Dunal), camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K) Mc Vaugh) e açaí (Euterpe oleracea Mart) pelo método enzímico-gravimétrico. Os frutos tiveram diversas procedências: cubiu, da Estação Experimental do INPA/CPCA, camu-camu do município de Barcelos e ao longo da bacia do Rio Amazonas e açaí da bacia do Rio Solimões. Verificou-se que a concentração de fibra alimentar total e insolúvel nas amostras de açaí provenientes de Benjamin Constant (7,66±0,33 g e 6,60±0.IX g) e Anamã (7,45±0,25 g e 6,51±0,04 g), foi significativamente maior (p<0,05), quando comparada com os de outras procedências. Com relação ao cubiu, as maiores concentrações de fibra alimentar total foram detectadas nas amostras Alejo (4,38±0,0 g) e ACSI (3,88±0,18 g), salientando-se que fração analisada inclui a casca, cuja contribuição foi significativamente maior (p<0,05) nas frações insolúvel, solúvel e total. Da mesma forma, os teores de fibra alimentar total (6,18±0,25 g) e insolúvel (5,08±0,14 g) da casca do camu-camu, foram superiores aos encontrados nas demais amostras. Portanto, os frutos analisados apresentaram um potencial relevante como fonte de fibra alimentar, sendo mais uma opção para contribuir na adequação nutricional da população Amazônica e do país.
Feeding of the Brycon cephalus, Triportheus elongatus and Semaprochilodus insignis (osteichthyes, characiformes) larvae in Solimões/Amazonas River and floodplain areas.
Authors: LEITE Rosseval Galdino , ARAUJO-LIMA Carlos A.R.M.
Published: June 2015

Information on larval fish feeding is essential for understanding their trophic relations, including the management in conditions totally or partially controlled by humans. An experiment was designed to evaluate the larval diets of three commercially important species. Four varzea-lakes and the adjacent river were sampled with bongo and hand nets from January 1993 to November 1995. Larval diets were evaluated by length-classes and capture sites, and were tested by two factor ANOVA. The larvae were feeding in all habitats, except in the flooded forests. The three species had different diets, which varied with their length and lake. The rotifers were the main initial food item of the three species, replaced by fish larvae in Brycon cephalus, cladocerans in Triportheus elongatus and detritus in Semaprochilodus insignis. The increase of the ingestion limit, as the larvae grew, was higher than the increase in the consumed prey size for the three species.
Durabilidade natural da madeira de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes Kunth). I. fungos
Authors: JESUS Maria Aparecida de , ABREU Raimunda Liege Souza de
Published: June 2015

A durabilidade da madeira de Bactris gasipaes Kunth (pupunha) face aos fungos foi avaliada em ambiente florestal e urbano e em condições de laboratório. Foram utilizadas, cinco árvores com espinhos e cinco sem espinhos da população Tabatinga, raças Putumayo, sendo retirados discos de 25-30cm da base, meio e do topo de cada pupunheira e colocados em uma área florestal próxima ao Banco Ativo de Germoplama de B. gasipaes (2°38'S, 60°03'W). Os discos foram inspecionados trimestralmente, para acompanhar o processo de biodeterioração da madeira causado por fungos durante dezoito meses. No ensaio em ambiente urbano, as amostras do estipe foram distribuídas, uma na posição côncava e outra na convexa, sobre uma estrutura de madeira localizada em uma área próxima da CPPF do Campus do INPA, Manaus e inspecionadas bimestralmente por um ano. Em ambiente florestal, o revestimento dos discos mostrou-se suscetível aos fungos Hymenogramme javanensis Mont. & Berk. e Hypoxylon rubiginosum (Pers.: Fr.) Fr.. Em ambiente urbano, a madeira apresentou alta susceptibilidade a Lenzites striata (Swart.: Fr.) Fr. e a Lenzites sp. e o revestimento a Porostereum amethysteum Hjortst. & Ryv. e a Stereum strigoso-zonatum (Sch.) G. H. Cunn.. Em condições de laboratório, a madeira da pupunheira demonstrou alta resistência aos fungos Lenzites trabea Pers.:Fr., Polyporus fumosus Pers.:Fr. e Pycnoporus sanguineus (L.:Fr.) Murr.
Determinants of non adherence to tuberculosis treatment in Argentina: barriers related to access to treatment
Authors: Herrero María Belén , Ramos Silvina , Arrossi Silvina
Published: June 2015

OBJECTIVE: To identify the association between non-adherence to tuberculosis treatment and access to treatment. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. One hundred twenty three patients notified in 2007 (38 non adherent and 85 adherents) were interviewed regarding the health care process and socio-demographic characteristics. Factors associated to non-adherence were assessed through logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: An increased risk of non-adherence with to treatment was found in male patients (OR = 2.8; 95%CI 1.2 - 6.7), patients who had medical check-ups at hospitals (OR = 3.4; 95%CI 1.1 - 10.0) and those who had difficulties with transportation costs (OR = 2.5; 95%CI 1.1 - 5.9). CONCLUSION: Risk of non-adherence increases as a result of economic barriers in accessing health care facilities. Decentralization of treatment to primary health care centers and social protection measures for patients should be considered as priorities for disease control strategies in order to lessen the impact of those barriers on adherence to treatment.
The effect of misclassification error on risk estimation in case-control studies
Authors: Baena Armando , Garcés-Palacio Isabel Cristina , Grisales Hugo
Published: June 2015

INTRODUCTION: In epidemiological studies, misclassification error, especially differential misclassification, has serious implications. OBJECTIVE: To illustrate how differential misclassification error (DME) and non-differential misclassification error (NDME) occur in a case-control design and to describe the trends in DME and NDME. METHODS: Different sensitivity levels, specificity levels, prevalence rates and odds ratios were simulated. Interaction graphics were constructed to study bias in the different settings, and the effect of the different factors on bias was described using linear models. RESULTS: One hundred per cent of the biases caused by NDME were negative. DME biased the association positively more often than it did negatively (70 versus 30%), increasing or decreasing the OR estimate towards the null hypothesis. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of the sensitivity and specificity in classifying exposure, the prevalence of exposure in controls and true OR differed between positive and negative biases. The use of valid exposure classification instruments with high sensitivity and high specificity is recommended to mitigate this type of bias.
Modelagem econométrica da demanda em aeroportos privatizados: estudo de caso do Aeroporto Internacional de Confins, Belo Horizonte
Authors: Bendinelli William Eduardo , Oliveira Alessandro V. M.
Published: June 2015

Resumo O objetivo desse artigo é desenvolver um modelo empírico de demanda por viagens de um aeroporto recentemente privatizado pelo governo federal: o Aeroporto Internacional de Confins -Tancredo Neves, em Belo Horizonte. As estimativas da modelagem sugerem que o futuro da concessão do aeroporto está bastante atrelado ao futuro do crescimento econômico do País: com uso de dados setoriais e modelo econométrico com uso de variáveis instrumentais, foi possível estimar elasticidades PIB e preço da demanda em torno de 2 e -0,15, respectivamente. A robustez das estimativas obtidas foi checada por meio de um conjunto de análises de sensibilidade com uso de estimadores alternativos. Como conclusão temos que, se por um lado, um baixo crescimento da economia pode afetar negativamente o retorno esperado da concessão dada a alta elasticidade-PIB da demanda aeroportuária, por outro lado, a baixa elasticidadepreço pode gerar pressões dos entes regulados por realinhamentos tarifários que mantenham o equilíbrio econômico-financeiro e a rentabilidade do operador.
A mais recente gramática do português
Authors: Mota Maria Antónia
Published: June 2015

O presente artigo visa a divulgar a Gramática do português, obra que está dividida em cinco partes: História e Geografia do português, Léxico, Sintaxe e Semântica, Morfologia, Fonética e Fonologia. Os dois primeiros volumes foram publicados em Setembro de 2013 pela Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian e somam 2.400 páginas, incluem 45 capítulos, 16.000 exemplos e 900 títulos nas referências bibliográficas. Os exemplos foram construídos pelos autores ou extraídos de corpora eletrônicos constituídos por amostras do português falado (formal e informal, em diferentes situações de comunicação e em diversas regiões) e do português escrito recolhido em obras literárias, técnicas, científicas, em textos de imprensa de tipologia variada e em textos publicitários.
Diversity and Diversification of Higher Education: Trends, Challenges and Policies
Authors: Teichler Ulrich
Published: June 2015

Most current discussions of diversity within higher education systems focus on comparing and contrasting universities located at different positions in the vertical rankings hierarchy. This paper innovates by identifying trends and patterns in horizontal diversification—i. e., diversity of types of study programs, educational concepts, and specializations—and ultimately reaches the conclusion that the current frenzy over rankings is causing quality to be unevenly distributed throughout higher education systems and undermining the concept of “the wisdom of the many.” It  begins by distinguishing between the various types of diversity. It then describes various educational reforms and attempts to engineer horizontal diversity across Europe. A discussion follows about the origins of ranking systems and how they took root and gained currency in Europe, where informal differences between universities had previously been seen as trivial and secondary to formal differences, and the possible damaging implications such rankings might have for the quality of education throughout the entire world. Higher education policymakers, the paper concludes, must deliberately focus on bolstering the quality of all educational institutions, not just those with the highest rankings.
Creating the History of University. Review of the book: Vishlenkova Y., Savelyeva I. (eds) (2013) The Social Class of Russian Professors. Architects of Statuses and Implications.
Authors: Rudneva Yana
Published: June 2015

A lot of potential is held by classifying university research as an individual discipline. Its evolvement is now progressing through conceptualizing the subject field and testing various disciplinary approaches towards describing the university as a heterogeneous object. The reviewed multi-authored monograph serves an example of how efforts of experts in different fields can be efficiently integrated to study the range of problems associated with university existence and transformation. The monograph includes a number of original authors’ theories that may help define the unique features of the new disciplinary field. The articles contained in the monograph refer to the critical oeuvres and ideas that provided for the tools required for present-day  einterpretation of the notion of university; the authors unveil the paradoxes of “the great historical narrative” that come to surface when traditions of the past are revised for the sake of the present; the monograph also investigates into the issue of discursive nature of historical sources and narratives created on their basis.
Occupational Control in Education: The Logic and Leverage of Epistemic Communities
Authors: Glazer Joshua L. , Peurach Donald J.
Published: June 2015

Most current approaches to improving teaching and learning in American public schools rely on either market pressures or bureaucratic controls to leverage performance. In this article, however, authors Joshua Glazer and Donald Peurach examine occupational control as a third approach, whereby the internalization of norms, technical language, and practices among educational professionals drives coordination and knowledge generation and supports the implementation of ambitious instruction. To investigate the dynamics of occupational control, they use the concept of epistemic community to identify the mechanisms that unite practitioners into a community of practice extending beyond the borders of local work environments. They argue that underlying this is a shared set of theory, codes, and tools that govern interpretation and practice and, in their interaction, facilitate the continuous generation of knowledge. Illustrating the utility of this framework are two examples of school networks that employ the principles and mechanisms of an epistemic community and that can be interpreted as systems of occupational control. The authors conclude by arguing that the development of educational epistemic communities is critical to the success of current approaches to improving instruction in schools, most notably the Common Core State Standards and the charter school movement.
Mapping Psychological & Sociological Influences on Individual Decision Making and Brand Choices
Authors: Titus Ray , Veeramachaneni Bhavika
Published: June 2015

Understanding and responding to the quintessential customer is the only way marketers will survive high density competition in the market place. Giving the consumer what he needs, when he needs it and where he needs it is the key to smart marketing. Providing consumer solutions in turn require marketers to know their target consumers’ psyche and the sociological influences that bear down on them. This research study uses multiple qualitative tools like personality tests, perception tests, in depth interviews and projective techniques to understand the psyche, social cultural environment and the decision making framework of an individual research subject. The subject chosen for the single individual case study was a student at an MBA program in the metropolitan city of Bangalore. He is in his mid-20s looking to move on to a corporate job after the completion of graduate business program. The research primarily focussed on understanding the influences his social circumstances and his personal psyche had on consumption decision making.
The Effect of Life Skills Training on the Educational Stress Deduction of the Islamic Azad University Students in 2013-2014
Authors: Rostami Mehdi , Karimi Qumarth
Published: June 2015

This article aims to determine the level of life skills training effect on the educational stress of the Islamic Azad University students of Sanandaj in 2013-2014 and it was done by using the experimental research method with pre-test and post-test of interviewed (testifier) group. The statistic society of this article consist of all Islamic Azad University students of Sanandaj in 2013 – 2014 that based on statistics it was about 11000 persons that Cochran's model was used for estimating the sample size and 277 persons were chosen casually. According to the sample size, firstly the student life stress questionnaire was performed and 60 persons of people that had maximum students life stress depend on questionnaire scale were chosen and screened. The 60 screened persons were divided into two experimental group and control group. It means that 30 people in the experimental group that was taken under the life skills training and 30 people as Control group in order to being compared with the experimental group in the terms of life skills training effect of the educational stress. For surveying the variable s relation, analysis statics and independent T test were used. The result showed that in the terms of life skills training effect on educational stress (there is a meaningful difference between the experimental group and control group) or in other hand, life skills had meaningful effect on the educational stress deduction.
Heteroglossia: Bakhtinian Dialogism within a Play's Monologue
Authors: Moslemi Amir Abbas , Hemmati Shiva
Published: June 2015

This study tries to expand the richness of Bakhtin’s theory of novel by showing the reader that its thorough features could be traced back in a play rather than a novel, considering it more than what is usually the basis of “historical poetics” mainly in the form of a novel accentuating the constitution of a social ideology besides an individual one while gesturing dialogically in the interaction between representation in its textual form and particularities of its proper probable forces in their socio-historical stratifications within notions such as dialogism, intertextuality, heteroglossia and polyphony. To do so a successful Irish play of exuberance is invited to be served by a thinker from the past Soviet. Since the references are written in an artistic language, a language near to a poetic one tries to tinker rationality to irrationality. In the light of O’Halloran’s eccentric nostalgia which tries to handle a play all in all monologically from the voice of just a single character, one may seem to be listening to the symphony of Bakhtin’s polyphonic heteroglossia stratified within the architectonics of both authors’ interillumination.
Postmodern Narrative Techniques in Robert Coover’s Collection; Pricksongs & Descants
Authors: Abootalebi Hassan
Published: June 2015

The modes of narration in postmodernist fiction are not identical with those of modernists and realists. They contravene readers’ expectations, making them most often astounded and baffled. This study sets out to discuss some of the techniques used by the American writer Robert Coover in his story collection; Pricksongs & Descants (1969) which are associated with postmodernist fiction. These strategies including metafictional techniques, fragmentation, ontological concern, and temporal distortion, will in the subsequent sections of this paper be explicated and elucidated. In this regard, the term postmodernism will be first defined and elaborated, and then some of the salient features of Coover’s selected work stated above, will be examined in order to demonstrate the title-mentioned claim. Not all the stories of the collection will in this study be provided an analysis of, but those which are of greater significance and are noticeable in incorporating postmodern strategies.
From analysis to training: Recycling interaction data into learning processes
Authors: Caws Catherine , Hamel Marie-Josée
Published: June 2015

Analysis of learner interactions with CALL systems has become an imperative aspect of CALL research, with recommendations to focus the research not solely on the design of the system but also, and most importantly, on the learner(s) and the learning task(s). Indeed, while collecting users’ data is an essential step to improve the engineering of a system under development, analysing interactions data may also be very pertinent to improving learning processes. Adopting this stand, this article discusses methods used to (1) capture behaviours of learners interacting with web-based tools during specific interventions, (2) measure systems’ effectiveness, and (3) recycle these data into future learning processes.
The Native American voice in United States water rights
Authors: Marsh Karen R. , Smith Michael D.
Published: June 2015

There is a sacred relationship between Native Americans and the environment. The importance of those sacred beliefs in water rights in the United States (US) is examined through a series of case studies. A thorough review of available literature displays a trend toward less dependence on the US for representation and a greater recognition of Native American traditions. The increased role of Native Americans in water rights quantification and resource development provides greater appreciation and understanding of their traditions and beliefs.
Repeated General Anesthesia in a Patient With Noonan Syndrome
Authors: Asahi Yoshinao , Fujii Ryosuke , Usui Naoko , Kagamiuchi Hajime , Omichi Shiro , Kotani Junichiro
Published: June 2015

Noonan syndrome (NS) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by facial anomalies, short stature, chest deformity, congenital heart diseases, and other comorbidities. The challenges faced during anesthetic management of patients with NS could be due to congenital heart diseases, hemostatic disorders, and airway anomalies. Here we describe dental treatment under general anesthesia performed for a 28-year-old man with NS. He had characteristic features of NS along with mild pulmonary valve stenosis. Dental treatment under general anesthesia was performed successfully on 13 occasions with nasotracheal intubation under curve-tipped suction catheter guidance or insertion of a reinforced laryngeal mask airway. This case suggests that for patients with NS, who might present several challenges, dental anesthesiologists should consider the extent of the patient's disorders to enable them to perform dental treatment safely under general anesthesia.
Identifying and Analyzing Atypical Flights by Using Supervised and Unsupervised Approaches
Authors: Clachar Sophine A.
Published: June 2015

Effective analysis of flight data is a prominent topic in the aviation industry, with flight data recorders containing vast amounts of information on flight safety violations and maintenance issues. A demand exists for innovative techniques to analyze flight data because predefined threshold criteria, such as exceedances, are often quite rigid and cannot encompass all types of safety issues. Further, the accumulation of flight data presents a big data problem, so that it is infeasible for humans to analyze the data manually in a reasonable time. Statistics show that many accidents and incidents in aviation are recurrent. Therefore, to mitigate potential safety issues, machine-learning algorithms can be trained to identify accident precursors. This research had two purposes. The first was to perform cluster analysis by using Kohonen self-organizing maps (SOMs) to identify unstable approaches that transpired at the Grand Forks, North Dakota, International Airport. The Cessna 172 model aircraft was used, and unsafe practices were identified without specifying predefined thresholds. The second purpose was to employ the analytical techniques asynchronously to address the big data problem. The validated results indicated that SOMs identified hard landings and unsafe low-level maneuvers and that some approaches that were high, fast, and steep would be harder to detect by using traditional flight safety analysis techniques.
Airport Infrastructure Investment
Authors: Eloff Jeffrey J. , Cohen Jeffrey P.
Published: June 2015

As the FAA forecasts air traffic growth for U.S. carriers to increase (by 90% in revenue passenger miles and by 50% in the number of handled aircraft) over the next 20 years, airports consequently will be subjected to problems associated with substantially increased levels of demand. One component of the solution is expected to come from further investments in improvements to airport infrastructure. Given current fiscal constraints, the inherent network structure of the National Airspace System, and the fact that delays and congestions propagate throughout the system, would it be more efficient for capital investments to be made in an integrated and intelligent fashion—one that serves to maximize the productivity of the entire system—rather than on an airport-by-airport basis? Therefore, the goals of this research were to understand current airport interactions and to provide a framework for quantifying how interactions spread throughout the network. These insights were uncovered by exploiting the network structure of the National Airspace System in the framework of spatial econometric modeling. The data necessary to determine these relationships came from multiple sources: the Bureau of Transportation Statistics Schedule T-100 data on origin–destination pairs provided dynamic measures of connectivity, while FAA data on airport investments provided the necessary information to determine infrastructure investment patterns.
Quantifying the Performance of Warm-Mix Asphalt and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Flexible Airfield Pavements
Authors: Guercio Maria Chiara , McCarthy Leslie Myers
Published: June 2015

Warm-mix asphalt (WMA) is a current paving technology that uses various techniques for producing and constructing asphalt at lower temperatures. The benefits associated with WMA range from reduced carbon dioxide emissions to extended paving seasons. The performance and the environmental benefits of WMA can be enhanced by the addition of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) to the aggregate portion of the mix. This technology has been extensively used in the highway sector, but its use in the airfield sector has not been documented fully. Currently, asphalt mixtures used in the surfaces of airfield pavements are designed in accordance with the FAA P-401 specifications. This study quantified the performance of a WMA-RAP mixture compared with the standard FAA P-401. The asphalt mixture performance tester was used to test the mixtures for flow time and load cycles to failure so as to capture the rutting and fatigue cracking potentials of both mixtures. The laboratory data were used as input to the three-dimensional finite element analysis software ABAQUS, and the mechanical responses were determined within the surface layer of the airfield flexible pavement section modeled to represent the section constructed at the FAA National Airport Pavement Test Facility. The Greenhouse Calculator for State Departments of Transportation, a product of NCHRP Project 25–25, was used to assess the environmental impacts of both mixtures. This study's findings indicate that the laboratory and predicted performance of the WMA-RAP mixture are comparable to the performance of a standard FAA P-401 mixture. The cost and environmental benefits of the WMA-RAP mixture make this type of material a viable alternative to the standard FAA P-401 mixture.
Airfield Pavement Response Caused by Heavy Aircraft Takeoff
Authors: Hernandez Jaime A. , Al-Qadi Imad L.
Published: June 2015

The effect of wheel configuration on critical airfield pavement responses during takeoff was calculated, and variables, usually omitted in conventional pavement analysis, were considered. The numerical analysis matrix consisted of two takeoff speeds, two inflation pressures, two pavement structures, and four wheel configurations. One of the pavement structures was built at the National Airport Pavement Test Facility and had been previously described in the literature. The method used in this study advanced current knowledge in two respects. First, the study examined not only the tensile strains at the bottom of the asphalt concrete (AC) layer (fatigue cracking) and vertical strain on top of the subgrade (rutting) but also the transverse surface strain (surface cracking) and vertical shear strains (near-surface cracking and rutting). Second, several assumptions about existing methods were advanced. These assumptions included (a) nonuniform three-dimensional contact stresses instead of uniform one-dimensional vertical stresses over a circular contact area, (b) viscoelastic and nonlinear material characterization for AC and granular material under high stress levels in lieu of a linear elastic model, and (c) load variation with time to reflect takeoff. Transverse surface strain and vertical shear strain in the subgrade were most affected by wheel configuration. In addition, the variables had varying influence on pavement responses and wheel interaction. For instance, takeoff speed affected vertical strain on top of the subgrade but did not affect transverse surface strain. Tire inflation pressure modified wheel interaction for shear strain in the AC but not in the subgrade.
Variations in Growth and Yield of Indigenous Hyacinth Bean (Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet) Genotypes
Authors: Barua H , Rahman M H , Patwary M M Alam , Alam M Zahirul , Nahar S
Published: June 2015

Variations in growth and yield of three hyacinth bean genotypes collected from Sitakundu of Chittagong, were investigated at the Agricultural Research Station (ARS) of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Pahartali, Chittagong during November 2011 to March 2012, where BARI Seem-4 was used as standard control. The minimum number of days for pod formation (54 days) was recorded in BARI Seem-4, while the maximum was in DLP 002 (62 days). The highest number of pods (324) per plant was obtained from DLP 001 followed by DLP 003 (212.33) and the lowest (148.33) was obtained from BARI Seem-4. The maximum weight (12.61 g) of single pod was observed in DLP 003, which is close to that of DLP 002 (12.23 g). The minimum weight of single pod (7.08g) was however observed in DLP 001. Weight of 100-green seed (117.17 g) was maximum in DLP 002, while that of DLP 001 was the minimum (85.90 g).The maximum green seed (61.86 %) was found in DLP 003 and the minimum was in DLP 001 (47.89 %). DLP 003 produced the highest pod yield (26.77 t/ha) which was followed by DLP 001 (22.94 t/ha), while BARI Seem-4 produced the lowest (17.43 t/ha), which is close to that of DLP 002 (19.57 t/ha).The Agriculturists 2014; 12(2) 01-05
Cytotoxic activity of crude saponins from Gaultheria trichophylla against human breast cancer cells MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468
Authors: Alam Fiaz , Saqib Qazi Najam us , Waheed Abdul
Published: June 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate Gaultheria trichophylla crude extract and respective saponins fraction against human breast cancer cell lines. In MTT assay, cell viability was inhibited by G. trichophylla crude extract (500 µg/mL) and saponins (200 µg/mL) in a dose dependent manner with maximum inhibition of (82% and 85%) and (71% and 42%) against MCF-7 and MDA MB-468, respectively. In neutral red uptake assay, the cell viability was inhibited by crude extract and saponins (100 µg/mL) in a similar manner with maximum inhibitions of (96% and 93%) and (87% and 61%) against MCF-7 and MDA MB-468, respectively, with respect to 91% and 93% inhibition by actinomycin-D (4 µM). The DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) (10 µg/mL) staining of MCF-7 cells treated with crude saponins showed shrunken nuclei with apparent nuclear fragmentation indicating apoptosis and in contrast, MDA MB-468 showed necrosis mode of cell death. The study exhibited that the G. trichophylla provides new evidences to further explore this plant for the novel targets in anticancer drug development.
EFFECT OF PROBIOTICS AND ANTIBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTATION ON BODY WEIGHT AND HAEMATO-BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN BROILERS
Authors: Kamruzzaman SM , Kabir SML , Rahman MM , IslaM MW , Reza MA
Published: June 2015

The study was carried out to know the effects of probiotics (Proetxin® Boost, Novartis Bangladesh Ltd.) and antibiotic (oxytetracycline-Renamycin®, Renata Animal Health) on growth performances and haemato-biochemical parameters of "Shaver Star Bro" broiler chickens during September and October 2003. A total of 20, day old broilers were randomly selected and assigned into four equal groups n = 5) as A, B, C and D. Group A was considered as control group fed with commercial ration while groups B, C and D were fed with commercial ration with the addition of 200 mg probiotics / liter drinking water, 100 mg probiotics and 50 mg antibiotic (oxytetracycline- Renamycin®) / liter drinking water and 100 mg antibiotic (oxytetracycline- Renamycin®) / liter drinking water respectively up to 35 days of age. The results showed that the body weight gains differed significantly (p < 0.05) at the 2nd, 4th and 5th weeks of age in different treatment groups. The meat yield not differed significantly (p > 0.05). The drumstick, wing differed significantly (p < 0.01) and spleen weight differed at p < 0.05 among different groups. The mean haemato-biochemical values of Hb, ESR, PCV, heterophil, eosinophil, basophil, triglyceride, HDL, LDL, SGPT and SGOT were differed significantly (p < 0.01) in different groups. The present findings suggest that supplementation of probiotics has significant effect on growth performance and certain haemato-biochemical parameters of broiler chickens as compared to antibiotic supplementation.