bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced electromagnetic interference shielding and mechanical properties of foamed epoxy nanocomposites containing carbon nanofiber treated with silicone surfactant
Authors: Li J. , Zhang G. , Shang Z. , Fan X. , Zhang H. , Zhou L. , Shi X.
Published: August 2018

Thermosetting epoxy (EP)‐based composites containing various carbon nanofiber (CNF) contents (0–5 wt %) were fabricated using high speed mechanical stirring and surfactant assisting method. Then EP/CNF composites were foamed through a supercritical CO2 (scCO2) foaming method. The cellular morphology of the foamed EP/CNF nanocomposites has been analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the results demonstrated that the CNFs could be served as heterogeneous nucleating agent to increase nucleation sites in nanocomposites, leading to higher cell density and larger cell size. The influences of foaming on conductivity and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE) were investigated. Due to the introduction of microcellular structure, the conductivity was improved from 9.53 × 10−8 S/cm to 6.75 × 10−6 S/cm and the EMI SE was enhanced from 12.7 to 16.5 dB at the CNF content of 5 wt %. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46833.
Biodegradation of polyurethane‐polyhydroxybutyrate elastomeric composite investigated from morphological and structural viewpoint
Authors: Kupka V. , Benesova P. , Obruca S. , Brtnikova J. , Marova I. , Jancar J. , Vojtova L.
Published: August 2018

Morphological, structural, and tensile changes of polyurethane‐poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PU‐PHB) elastomeric composites were evaluated after accelerated test in standard compost media. Size of PHB particles together with their uniform dispersion in the matrix were found to be key parameters for material's resistivity against degradation media. PU‐PHB composite films were synthesized by the “green” solvent free method, where commercially available PHB (PHB‐COM) and PHB produced by bacterium Cupriavidus necator H16 (PHB‐BUT) were both used in the amount of 1, 5, and 10 wt % in composites. Scanning electron microscopy revealed excellent dispersion of PHB‐COM microparticles in the PU matrix resulting in negligible weight losses of the material (max 0.7 wt %). On the contrary, PHB‐BUT particles were agglomerated which promoted partial degradation of the material (max 3.3 wt % loss) manifested by holes on the surface but without severe damage (e.g. fragmentation). Structural analysis confirmed lower crystallinity and less ordered crystalline phase of PHB after the degradation test, particularly in composites made of PHB‐BUT. Moreover, the materials were less stiff after the composting test, but beneficial with higher elongation at break. Such properties are favorable for the use of renewable PHB in the current industrial applications of PU elastomers. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46909.
Synthesis of DOPO‐g‐GPTS modified wood fiber and its effects on the properties of composite phenolic foams
Authors: Ma Y. , Geng X. , Zhang X. , Wang C. , Chu F.
Published: August 2018

A novel 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) grafted γ‐glycidoxy propyl trimethoxy silane (GPTS) was synthesized and introduced on the surface of wood fiber (WF). DOPO‐g‐GPTS modified wood fiber (DGMWF) was then used to prepare DGMWF composite phenolic foam (DGMWFCPF). The structures of DOPO‐g‐GPTS were verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR). The structure of DGMWF was confirmed by FT‐IR. The crystallinity of DGMWF was slightly increased, however, the diffraction peak positions were basically unchanged. In addition, the thermal stability was dramatically improved, and T
i and Tmax increased by 26.6 and 33.2 °C respectively. The carbon residue (800 °C) was reduced by 3.65%. By comparison with pure phenolic foam, the mechanical properties, flame retardancy of DGMWFCPF were increased. No significant changes were observed for the microstructure. By comprehensive analysis, the interfacial compatibility was significantly improved between DGMWF and phenolic resin. The suitable dosage of DGMWF was 4–6%. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46917.
Role of hardener, crosslinker, and pH in bare process of urea–formaldehyde polymerization and forin situencapsulation of linseed oil
Authors: Kurt Çömlekçi G. , Ulutan S.
Published: August 2018

In this study, urea–formaldehyde polymerizations in bare process and forin situencapsulation of linseed oil (LO) have been scrutinized either at pH 3.5 or in inherently developing acidic pH. The solid‐state carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (13C‐NMR) revealed that the hardener and the crosslinker (NH4Cl and resorcinol) resulted in the formation of methylene linkage. The addition of NH4Cl and resorcinol slightly decreased the thermal stability of poly(urea formaldehyde) (PUF) resin. Optical microscopy (OM) images and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs show that most regular shapes of capsules were obtained when NH4Cl and resorcinol were used in the regular reaction medium. The increment of NH4Cl amount up to 0.124 mol resulted in a 41% decrement of capsule size, whereas increment resorcinol amount up to 0.062 mol increased the size by 14%. The capsule size range was found to be between 60 and 100 μm. The capsules had a hardness of 22–74 MPa and an elasticity of 0.5–1.5 GPa. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 46947.
The thermal self‐healing properties of phenolic polyurethane derived from polyphenols with different substituent groups
Authors: Cao Shan , Li Shouhai , Li Mei , Xu Lina , Ding Haiyang , Xia Jianling , Zhang Meng , Huang Kun
Published: August 2018

Phenolic hydroxyl gave thermal self‐healing ability to phenolic polyurethanes in our previous study. To explore, the feasibility of preparing self‐healing polyurethanes through polyphenols with different substituents. Urushiol, propyl gallate, catechol, and tert‐butylhydroquinone were chosen for preparation of four phenolic polyurethanes, and the different factors at the structures of these polyphenols worked together led the different properties and self‐healing ability. The peak temperatures of these four polyurethanes were determined by DSC in the following order: PTHFTDI‐Urushiol < PTHFTDI‐Catechol < PTHFTDI‐Propyl gallate < PTHFTDI‐Tert‐butylhydroquinone. Variable‐temperature FT‐IR spectra displayed that PTHFTDI‐Propyl gallate with electron‐withdrawing substituent exhibited the lowest decomposition and healing temperatures. Meanwhile, based on TGA analysis, lower decomposition temperature suggested lower thermostability; and PTHFTDI‐Urushiol with electron‐donating substituent exhibited the best thermostability. At the same temperature, the healing abilities of the three polyurethanes were ranked as follows: PTHFTDI‐Catechol < PTHFTDI‐Urushiol < PTHFTDI‐Propyl gallate. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47039.
Electroactive Cu−P‐Coupled Moieties Doped in Hierarchically Porous Carbon as Efficient Catalysts for the Oxygen‐Reduction Reaction
Authors: Ni Yangyang , Qiao Yu , Kong Fantao , Li Ruijing , Zhang Chaoqi , Kong Aiguo , Shan Yongkui
Published: August 2018

A porous carbon material that was co‐doped with copper and phosphorus (Cu−P−C) was synthesized by the direct thermal conversion of [(Ph3P)2CuCl2] in the channels of an SBA‐15 template and found to be an impressive Cu‐based electrocatalyst. The prefabricated Cu−Px moieties in the starting [(Ph3P)2CuCl2] were retained during the preparation process of the catalyst. These Cu−Px active sites effectively catalyzed the oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR). Moreover, the hierarchically porous morphology of the Cu−P−C material, which demonstrated a large specific surface area, allowed for a higher density of the Cu−Px active sites, thereby facilitating mass transfer and further boosting the electrocatalytic activity of the Cu−P−C catalyst. The as‐obtained catalyst exhibited surprising catalytic activity, with a halfwave potential of 0.833 V in alkaline medium, which was comparable to that of the commercial Pt/C‐JM catalyst, and possessed the highest activity among the reported M−P−C catalysts for the ORR.
Robust H2 and H∞ Filter Design for Continuous‐time Uncertain Linear Fractional Transformation Systems via LMI
Authors: Aeinfar Vahid , Askari Javad , Sadeghzadeh Arash
Published: August 2018

This paper considers the problem of robust H2 and H∞ filter design for uncertain continuous‐time linear systems. Linear fractional transformation (LFT) representation is considered for the uncertainty modeling and by definition of large number of slack variables, extra free dimensions are provided to the H2 and H∞ filter design optimization problem, so method presented in this paper expected to be less conservative than the existing methods for the polytopic uncertain systems and its efficiency for filter design is illustrated by means of numerical comparisons with some benchmark examples from the literature.
Track recommendation bias: Gender, migration background and SES bias over a 20‐year period in the Dutch context
Authors: Timmermans A. C. , de Boer H. , Amsing H. T. A. , van der Werf M. P. C.
Published: August 2018

Bias in track recommendations is an important mechanism, which causes education inequity in a tracked educational system (streaming). If teacher biases in track recommendations change over time, inequity in society and in the education system may also change. We investigated changes in track recommendation bias over time for gender, immigration status and socioeconomic status (SES), based on a longitudinal empirical study of nine cohorts of Dutch students in their final year (grade 6) of primary education in the period 1995–2014. An overview of educational and societal trends was provided, alongside the empirical analysis, to explain the findings in variation over time in track recommendation bias. Results indicate that the level of track recommendations provided to the students gradually increased over time. For a similar performance, a higher track recommendation was awarded in 2014 compared to 1995. This development coincided with an increase in parental education level, the valuing of education and the introduction of lower‐status pre‐vocational education tracks. Track recommendation bias favouring students with a migrant background and female students decreased, which coincided with growing cultural intolerance and attention to the ‘boy problem’. Bias in track recommendations related to SES appeared stable, with only small deviations from year to year. The results of this study indicate that track recommendation bias and teacher considerations are dependent on time and context.
Tunneling Coronally Advanced Flap for Treatment of Maxillary Single Gingival Recessions: A Microsurgical Approach
Authors: Chiantella Giovanni Carlo
Published: August 2018

Introduction

This case report proposes a microsurgical approach of the coronal advanced flap (CAF) technique for the coverage of Miller Class I (MCI) and Miller Class II (MCII) gingival recessions (GR). The interdental papillae are included in the flap in order to achieve a good stability during the healing phase and to improve the vascularization of the interdental areas.

Case Presentation

The surgical treatment was given to three patients with a total of five single MCI and MCII GR present at their upper canines. Tunnel full‐thickness flaps, including papillae, were prepared by using two vertical releasing incisions adjacent to the defect. Autogenous connective grafts (two cases) or suine collagen matrices (three cases) were fixed on the denuded root surfaces. Finally, the flaps were coronally advanced and fixed by sutures over the cemento‐enamel junction. The grafts did not expose during the healing and root coverage was obtained in all cases after a period of 6 months.

Conclusion

This case report proposes a microsurgical tunnel coronal advanced flap with the inclusion of adjacent papillae for treating single MCI and MCII GR with connective autografts or xenografts.
SrH4P6N12 and SrP8N14: Insights into the Condensation Mechanism of Nitridophosphates under High Pressure
Authors: Wendl Sebastian , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: August 2018

The (imido)nitridophosphates SrH4P6N12 and SrP8N14 were synthesized as colorless crystals by high‐pressure/high‐temperature reactions using the multianvil technique (5 GPa, ca. 1075 °C). Stoichiometric amounts of Sr(N3)2, P3N5, and amorphous HPN2 were used as starting materials. Whereas the crystal structure of SrH4P6N12 was solved and refined from single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction data and confirmed by Rietveld refinement, the structure of SrP8N14 was determined from powder diffraction data. In order to confirm the structures, 1H and 31P solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy were carried out. The chemical composition was confirmed with EDX measurements. Both compounds show unprecedented layered network structure types, built up from all‐side vertex‐sharing PN4 tetrahedra which are structurally related. The structural comparison of both compounds gives first insights into the hitherto unknown condensation mechanism of nitridophosphates under high pressure.
Porous Organic Polymers with Built‐in N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: Selective and Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Reductive N‐Formylation of Amines with CO2
Authors: Lv Hui , Wang Wenlong , Li Fuwei
Published: August 2018

A series of porous organic polymers (POPs) based on N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) building blocks has been prepared through an octacarbonyldicobalt complex [Co2(CO)8]‐catalyzed trimerization of terminal alkyne groups. By changing the monomer ratio in the copolymerization, cross‐linked POPs with tunable surface areas of 485–731 m2 g−1 and pore volumes of 0.31–0.51 cm3 g−1 were easily prepared. Compared with the analogues homogeneous NHC (SIPr) catalysts, the POPs exhibited an enhanced catalytic activity and high selectivity in the reductive functionalization of CO2 with amines. The extraordinary performance of the sample could be attributed to the combination of the gas enrichment (or storage) effect, enhanced in‐pore concentrations of other substrates, and advantageous micropore structures of the porous polymers. Meanwhile, these catalysts can easily be separated and recycled from the reaction systems with only a slight loss of activity. This excellent catalytic performance and facile recycling of heterogeneous catalysts make them very attractive. These NHC‐containing POPs may provide a new platform for catalytic transformations of CO2.
Neon is a gas and has two rings – Separating the macroscopic and submicroscopic level of the periodic table
Authors: Abels Simone , Koliander Brigitte , Plotz Thomas , Heidinger Christine
Published: August 2018

Es wird im Chemieunterricht nicht immer klar dargelegt, ob das besprochene Thema auf der makroskopischen oder auf der submikroskopischen Ebene abgehandelt wird. Auch in den eingesetzten Lernmaterialien, wie beispielsweise in den Versionen des Periodensystems der Elemente, die in Schulbüchern dargestellt sind, werden die Ebenen häufig miteinander vermischt. Dies kann für Schülerinnen und Schüler ein großes Lernhindernis darstellen. Der Artikel zeigt an einer Fallstudie die Lernschwierigkeiten von Schülerinnen und Schülern bei der Verwendung eines solchen Periodensystems bei der Erarbeitung des Atombaus auf. Als ein möglicher Weg zur Vermeidung der dargelegten Verständnisschwierigkeiten wird die Verwendung von zwei Periodensystemen zur Diskussion gestellt, die die unterschiedlichen Betrachtungsebenen explizit trennen.
Heterogeneous distribution of doublecortin‐expressing cells surrounding the rostral migratory stream in the juvenile mouse
Authors: Aoyagi Yuka , Hibi Terumasa , Kimori Yoshitaka , Sawada Masato , Kawakami Ryosuke , Sawamoto Kazunobu , Nemoto Tomomi
Published: August 2018

In the postnatal mammalian brain, neural stem cells of the ventricular–subventricular zone continue to generate doublecortin (Dcx)‐expressing immature neurons. Throughout life, these immature neurons migrate to the olfactory bulb through the rostral migratory stream (RMS). In this study, we investigated the distribution of these putative immature neurons using enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression in the area surrounding the RMS of the juvenile Dcx‐EGFP mice. Through the combined use of an optical clearing reagent (a 2,2′‐thiodiethanol solution) and two‐photon microscopy, we visualized three‐dimensionally the EGFP‐positive cells in the entire RMS and its surroundings. The resulting wide‐field and high‐definition images along with computational image processing methods developed in this study were used to comprehensively determine the position of the EGFP‐positive cells. Our findings revealed that the EGFP‐positive cells were heterogeneously distributed in the area surrounding the RMS. In addition, the orientation patterns of the leading process of these cells, which displayed the morphology of migrating immature neurons, differed depending on their location. These novel results provide highly precise morphological information for immature neurons and suggest that a portion of immature neurons may be detached from the RMS and migrate in various directions.
A Quadrupole‐Central‐Transition 59Co NMR Study of Cobalamins in Solution
Authors: Shen Jiahui , Terskikh Victor , Wu Gang
Published: August 2018

We report the first observation of quadrupole‐central‐transition (QCT) 59Co (I=7/2) NMR signals from three cobalamin (Cbl) compounds (CNCbl, MeCbl, and AdoCbl) dissolved in glycerol/water. Measurements were performed at four magnetic fields ranging from 11.7 to 21.1 T. We found that the 59Co QCT signals observed for cobalamin compounds in the slow motion regime (ω0τC≫1) are significantly narrower than those observed from their aqueous solutions where the molecular tumbling is near the condition of ω0τC≈1. We demonstrated that an analysis of 59Co QCT signals recorded over different temperatures and at multiple magnetic fields allowed determination of both the 59Co quadrupole coupling constant and chemical shift anisotropy for each of the three cobalamins. We successfully applied the 59Co QCT NMR approach to monitor in situ the transformation of CNCbl to its “base off” form in the presence of KCN. We further discovered that, to obtain the maximum QCT signal intensity with the Hahn‐echo sequence, a strong B1 field should be used for the first 90° pulse, but a weak B1 field for the second 180° pulse. The reported 59Co QCT NMR methodology opens up a new direction for studying structure and function of cobalamin compounds and their roles in biological processes.
An Efficient Cell Sorting Protocol for Maize Protoplasts
Authors: Ortiz‐Ramírez Carlos , Arevalo Edgar Demesa , Xu Xiaosa , Jackson David P. , Birnbaum Kenneth D.
Published: August 2018

Maize is one the most widely cultivated crops worldwide and an important model system for the study of genetics and cytogenetics. Although the availability of a genome sequence has enabled new quantitative genomic studies, developing methods to isolate specific types of cells will enable useful approaches for transcriptomic analysis in the crop plant. Fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) is a powerful technique for cell isolation and the study of transcriptional profiles from specific cell populations. The use of FACS on plant cells requires the generation of protoplasts by tissue digestion and cell wall removal. Although some protocols are available, they mainly focus on dicot species and obtaining sufficient protoplasts from inner tissue layers has been challenging in both monocots and dicots. Here, we report a new protocol that dramatically increases protoplast yield from maize for subsequent cell isolation by FACS. This protocol is efficient in generating protoplasts from root and shoot inner layers and can also be applied successfully to Arabidopsis thaliana. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Women in top positions on boards of directors: Gender policies disclosed in Italian sustainability reporting
Authors: Furlotti Katia , Mazza Tatiana , Tibiletti Veronica , Triani Silvia
Published: August 2018

Inspired by the promotion of gender balance on boards of directors of listed companies in Europe, this study seeks to understand whether the presence of women with different responsibilities is associated with gender policies disclosed in corporate social responsibility or sustainability reports. Using the data of listed companies in Italy, we find a positive association between the presence of women in the role of chairperson and the implementation with disclosure of gender policies. Consistent with gender self‐schema, women believe in their values, and pay attention to conflict management when they are in the position of chairperson. We find different results when the women are in the position of chief executive officer (CEO). The position of CEO is usually a male job and our results show a non‐significant perception of female problems when a woman occupies the CEO position. This study contributes to corporate social responsibility analysis of the reporting of gender policies.
Reversing the lens: Why corporate social responsibility is not community development
Authors: McLennan Sharon , Banks Glenn
Published: August 2018

Corporate activities have impacts on different groups across societies, and businesses therefore have different sets of responsibilities to these groups. These are increasingly being addressed through corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate community development (CCD) initiatives, and there is now a wide body of literature that highlights the value of CSR for business. However, less attention has been paid to understanding the impacts of these activities from the perspective of communities. This paper “reverses the lens” to explore these community perspectives. We argue that communities see and evaluate CSR/CCD in terms of the broader immanent effects of the corporate presence rather than simply the intentional CSR programs and prioritize relationships over material outcomes. We outline an agenda for corporations that begins with the realization that core business practices can impact profoundly on long‐term community development and that effective contributions require corporations to “embrace chaos” and to develop the types of relationships that foreground community goals and priorities.
Ni(OH)2‐WP Hybrid Nanorod Arrays for Highly Efficient and Durable Hydrogen Evolution Reactions in Alkaline Media
Authors: Kim Dokyoung , Park Jinkyu , Lee Jinwoo , Zhang Zhuo , Yong Kijung
Published: August 2018

The development of efficient non‐noble‐metal hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts in alkaline media is crucial for sustainable, ecofriendly production of H2 through water electrolysis. An alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst composed of Ni(OH)2‐decorated thungsten phosphide (WP) nanorod arrays on carbon paper was synthesized by thermal evaporation and electrodeposition. This hybrid catalyst displayed outstanding HER activity and required a low overpotential of only 77 mV to obtain a current density of 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 71 mV dec−1. The hybrid catalyst also showed long‐term electrochemical stability, maintaining its activity for 18 h. This improved HER efficiency was attributed to the synergetic effect of WP and Ni(OH)2: Ni(OH)2 effectively lowers the energy barrier during water dissociation and also provides active sites for hydroxyl adsorption, whereas WP adsorbs hydrogen intermediates and efficiently produces H2 gas. This interfacial cooperation offers not only excellent HER catalytic activity but also new strategies for the fabrication of effective non‐noble‐metal‐based electrocatalysts in alkaline media.
Study of metabolic activity of human embryos focused on amino acids by capillary electrophoresis with light‐emitting diode‐induced fluorescence detection
Authors: Celá Andrea , Mádr Aleš , Ješeta Michal , Žáková Jana , Crha Igor , Glatz Zdeněk
Published: August 2018

Assisted reproduction is a quickly developing field of reproductive medicine whose importance is growing every year due to the increasing number of patients suffering from infertility. As a result, there is a need for the continuous development and/or improvement of assisted reproductive technologies. This paper presents a new method for the in vitro measurement of the amino acid turnover of developing embryos based on capillary electrophoresis with light‐emitting diode‐induced fluorescence detection. Amino acids were derivatized with naphthalene‐2,3‐dicarboxaldehyde/NaCN, and the resulting fluorescent derivatives were baseline resolved within 25 min in a background electrolyte comprised of 50 mM sodium tetraborate, 73 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate, 5 mM sodium deoxycholate and 2.5 mM (2‐hydroxypropyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin (pH ≈ 9.3). The migration time and the peak area repeatability (n = 10) were below 0.5 and 4.3%, respectively. The limits of detection ranged from 12.6 nM (histidine) to 39.3 nM (taurine). The developed method, which only requires 2 μL of raw sample, was successfully applied for determining the metabolic activity of human embryos exposed to different environmental stress conditions.
Benchmark dataset for mid‐price forecasting of limit order book data with machine learning methods
Authors: Ntakaris Adamantios , Magris Martin , Kanniainen Juho , Gabbouj Moncef , Iosifidis Alexandros
Published: August 2018

Managing the prediction of metrics in high‐frequency financial markets is a challenging task. An efficient way is by monitoring the dynamics of a limit order book to identify the information edge. This paper describes the first publicly available benchmark dataset of high‐frequency limit order markets for mid‐price prediction. We extracted normalized data representations of time series data for five stocks from the Nasdaq Nordic stock market for a time period of 10 consecutive days, leading to a dataset of ∼4,000,000 time series samples in total. A day‐based anchored cross‐validation experimental protocol is also provided that can be used as a benchmark for comparing the performance of state‐of‐the‐art methodologies. Performance of baseline approaches are also provided to facilitate experimental comparisons. We expect that such a large‐scale dataset can serve as a testbed for devising novel solutions of expert systems for high‐frequency limit order book data analysis.
Clonal evolution analysis of paired anaplastic and well‐differentiated thyroid carcinomas reveals shared common ancestor
Authors: Dong Weilai , Nicolson Norman G. , Choi Jungmin , Barbieri Andrea L. , Kunstman John W. , Abou Azar Sara , Knight James , Bilguvar Kaya , Mane Shrikant M. , Lifton Richard P. , Korah Reju , Carling Tobias
Published: August 2018

Foci of papillary or follicular thyroid carcinoma are frequently noted in thyroidectomy specimens of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC). However, whether ATCs evolve from these co‐existing well‐differentiated thyroid carcinomas (WDTCs) has not been well‐understood. To investigate the progression of ATC in patients with co‐existing WDTCs, five ATC tumors with co‐existing WDTCs and matching normal tissues were whole‐exome sequenced. After mapping the somatic alteration landscape, evolutionary lineages were constructed by sub‐clone analysis. Though each tumor harbored at least some unique private mutations, all five ATCs demonstrated numerous overlapping mutations with matched WDTCs. Clonal analysis further demonstrated that each ATC/WDTC pair shared a common ancestor, with some pairs diverging early in their evolution and others in which the ATC seems to arise directly from a sub‐clone of the WDTC. Though the precise lineal relationship remains ambiguous, based on the genetic relationship, our study clearly suggests a shared origin of ATC and WDTC.
Cognitive ability is associated with changes in the functional organization of the cognitive control brain network
Authors: A. Breukelaar Isabella , Williams Leanne M. , Antees Cassandra , Grieve Stuart M. , Foster Sheryl L. , Gomes Lavier , Korgaonkar Mayuresh S.
Published: August 2018

Cognitive control is one of the most important skills in day‐to‐day social and intellectual functioning but we are yet to understand the neural basis of the group of behaviors required to carry this out. Here, we probed changes over time in the brain network associated with cognitive control (the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the dorsal posterior parietal cortex, and the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) using both behavioral assays and functional brain imaging during a selective working memory task in 69 healthy participants within the age range 18–38 years (mean: 25, SD: ±6), assessed twice, 2 years apart. We aimed to explore the relationship of changing network activation and connectivity with behavioral tasks associated with cognitive control in this otherwise neurodevelopmentally stable group. We found that increased connectivity between frontoparietal cognitive control network regions during the working memory task was associated with improved memory and executive functions over the 2‐year period and that this association was not impacted by age, gender, or baseline performance. These results provide evidence that changes in the functional organization of the cognitive control brain network occur despite the absence of neurodevelopment, aging or targeted cognitive training effects, and could modulate cognitive performance in early to mid‐adulthood. Understanding how and why this change is occurring could provide insights into the mechanisms through which cognitive control ability is cultivated over time. This could aid in the development of interventions in cases where cognitive control is impaired.
Abundance of Cytochromes in Hepatic Extracellular Vesicles Is Altered by Drugs Related With Drug‐Induced Liver Injury
Authors: Palomo Laura , Mleczko Justyna Emilia , Azkargorta Mikel , Conde‐Vancells Javier , González Esperanza , Elortza Felix , Royo Félix , Falcon‐Perez Juan M.
Published: August 2018

Drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) is a serious worldwide health problem that accounts for more than 50% of acute liver failure. There is a great interest in clinical diagnosis and pharmaceutical industry to elucidate underlying molecular mechanisms and find noninvasive biomarkers for this pathology. Cell‐secreted extracellular vesicles (EVs) have provided a new biological source to identify low disease invasive markers. Despite the intense research developed on these vesicles, there is currently a gap on their patho‐physiological effects. Here, we study EVs secreted by primary rat hepatocytes challenged with galactatosamine (GalN), acetaminophen, or diclofenac as DILI in vitromodels. Proteomics analysis of these EVs revealed an increase in enzymes already associated with liver damage, such as catecholamine‐methyl transferase and arginase 1. An increase in translation‐related proteins and a decrease in regulators of apoptosis were also observed. In addition, we show the presence of enzymatic activity of P450 cytochrome 2d1 in EVs. The activity specifically is decreased in EVs secreted by hepatocytes after acetaminophen treatment and increased in EVs derived from GalN‐treated hepatocytes. By using in vivo preclinical models, we demonstrate the presence of this cytochrome activity in circulation under normal conditions and an increased activity after GalN‐induced injury. Conclusion: Hepatocyte‐secreted EVs carry active xenobiotic‐metabolizing enzymes that might be relevant in extracellular metabolism of drugs and be associated with DILI. (Hepatology Communications 2018;0:00‐00)
Serum Autotaxin Concentrations Reflect Changes in Liver Stiffness and Fibrosis After Antiviral Therapy in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C
Authors: Ando Wataru , Yokomori Hiroaki , Kaneko Fumihiko , Kaneko Mana , Igarashi Koji , Suzuki Hidekazu
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this study was to determine whether serum autotaxin concentrations reflect liver stiffness in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) treated with direct‐acting antiviral agents. Adult patients with chronic HCV were enrolled from January 2016 to August 2017. Autotaxin concentrations in these patients were compared with those of a control group consisting of healthy individuals. Liver stiffness was determined by transient elastography. The relationship between fibrosis markers and fibrosis scores was evaluated before and after treatment. Data from 155 HCV patients and 56 control subjects were analyzed. Autotaxin concentrations were significantly higher in HCV patients with liver stiffness scores less than or equal to 7.4 kPa versus controls. Autotaxin concentrations at the end of treatment and beyond were significantly lower than those prior to treatment. Pretreatment and posttreatment autotaxin concentrations in male and female patients with liver stiffness scores greater than 14.9 kPa changed significantly (P < 0.01 and P < 0.01, respectively). From the start of treatment to 6 months following treatment, the fibrosis marker/liver stiffness score ratios changed as follows: autotaxin: 0.189 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.169‐0.209) to 0.191 (95% CI: 0.166‐0.216; P= 0.88); Wisteria floribundaagglutinin‐positive Mac‐2‐binding protein: 0.294 (95% CI: 0.256‐0.332) to 0.223 (95% CI: 0.191‐0.255; P< 0.001); hyaluronic acid: 19.05 (95% CI: 14.29‐23.81) to 13.92 (95% CI: 11.16‐16.70; P = 0.044); and type IV collagen 7S: 0.560 (95% CI: 0.515‐0.604) to 0.546 (95% CI: 0.497‐0.895; P = 0.052). Conclusion: Autotaxin concentrations reflect liver stiffness before and after antiviral treatment in patients with chronic HCV infection.
Modulating factors of hydrologic exchanges in a large‐scale river reach: Insights from three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations
Authors: Bao Jie , Zhou Tian , Huang Maoyi , Hou Zhangshuan , Perkins William , Harding Samuel , Titzler Scott , Hammond Glenn , Ren Huiying , Thorne Paul , Suffield Sarah , Murray Christopher , Zachara John
Published: August 2018

Hydrologic exchange is a critical mechanism that shapes hydrological and biogeochemical processes along a river corridor. Because of limitations in field accessibility, computational demand, and complexities of geomorphology and subsurface geology, full three‐dimensional modelling studies to quantify hydrologic exchange fluxes (HEFs) have been limited mostly to local‐scale applications. At reach scales, although surface flow conditions and subsurface physical properties are well‐known factors that modulate hydrologic exchanges, quantitative measures that can describe the effects of these factors on the strength and direction of such exchanges do not exist. To address this issue, we developed a one‐way coupled surface and subsurface water flow model using the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software STAR‐CCM+ and applied it to simulate HEFs in a 7‐km long reach along the main stem of the Columbia River in the United States. The model was validated against flow velocity measurements from an acoustic Doppler current profiler in the river, vertical HEFs estimated from a set of temperature profilers installed across the riverbed, and simulations from a reactive transport model. The validated model then was employed to systematically investigate how HEFs could be influenced by surface water fluid dynamics, subsurface structures, and hydrogeological properties. Our results suggest that reach‐scale HEFs are dominated primarily by the thickness of the riverbed alluvium layer, and then by the alluvium permeability, the depth of the underlying impermeable layer, and the pressure boundary condition. Our results also elucidate the scale dependence of HEFs on fluid dynamics that can be captured only by three‐dimensional CFD models. That is, while the net HEFs over the entire 7‐km domain are not significantly influenced by surface water dynamics pressure, the dynamic pressure induced by fluid dynamics can lead to more than 15% in net HEFs for a river section of a few hundred metres.
Observed trends and future projections of extreme heat events in Sonora, Mexico
Authors: Navarro‐Estupiñan Javier , Robles‐Morua Agustín , Vivoni Enrique R. , Zepeda Jorge Espíndola , Montoya José A. , Verduzco Vivian S.
Published: August 2018

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global temperatures have risen at an alarming pace since the early 20th century and this warming has been more pronounced since the 1970s. Temperature variations are significant because of their relation with thermal comfort and public health. In this study, we characterize the impacts of increasing maximum air temperatures in Sonora, Mexico. Heat days (HDs) and heat waves (HWs) were used as indicators to investigate historical trends in extreme heat. Furthermore, HDs were represented using a generalized linear regression model during the observed period (1966–2015) to generate future scenarios related to extreme heat and subsequently compared with six downscaled general circulation models (CNRM‐CM5, CSIRO Mk3.6.0, HadGEM2‐CC, HadGEM2‐ES, IPSL‐CM5A‐LR and IPSL‐CM5A‐MR) under low and high radiative scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Results of this work indicate that climate stations in Sonora have exhibited increases in the number of HDs and HWs in the historical record that can be associated to physical factors such as elevation, urban land cover and the percent of annual rainfall during the summer. Statistical and model‐based projections indicate that these trends will continue in the future up to 2060, with less moderate increases and high uncertainty noted for the difference scenarios of the downscaled models. These observed and projected trends in extreme heat are important for identifying adaptation strategies in the public and environmental health sectors in Sonora.
Predicting future frost damage risk of kiwifruit in Korea under climate change using an integrated modelling approach
Authors: Jeong Yeomin , Chung Uran , Kim Kwang‐Hyung
Published: August 2018

As the climate changes, increasing variations in environmental factors directly influence crop cultivation at different magnitudes over a broad range of local communities worldwide. As a result, there is an urgent need to develop local impact assessments and adaptation strategies for use at local, rather than national or global, levels. In this study, we predicted the future frost damage of kiwifruit in the Jeonnam province, Korea, as a case study for the local impact assessment of climate change. This study included a series of models that integrated both the biological responses of plants and the physical influences of climatic factors. First, potential changes in the suitable area for kiwifruit cultivation under a changing climate were simulated using downscaled high resolution (1 km) climate data. Through the development of a frost‐forecasting model and linking it to a kiwifruit phenology model, we also assessed the interaction of plant and climatic factors. Because of the warming climate, the last frost date in spring occurred 13.7 days earlier in average under climate change. Nevertheless, the potential risk of spring frost damage of kiwifruit continued to exist at a similar magnitude in the future. Additional study at the county level indicated that the date of bud burst is advancing even faster than the last frost date (approximately 1 day per every decade), resulting in the increasing risk of spring frost damage for kiwifruit through 2100. In this study, the local impacts of climate change on kiwifruit frost damage were assessed using the integrated modelling approach. As such, local policy makers and stakeholders will be able to prepare more realistic adaptation strategies to cope with upcoming threats in a changing climate.
Enantioselective monitoring of chiral fungicide famoxadone enantiomers in tomato, apple, and grape by chiral liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Xu Guofeng , Jia Xiaohui , Wu Xiaohu , Xu Jun , Liu Xingang , Pan Xinglu , Li Runan , Li Xinghai , Dong Fengshou
Published: August 2018

Famoxadone is a widely used chiral fungicide on tomato, apple, and grape. But it is still being employed as a racemic mixture without distinguishing the difference between enantiomers, which often leads to its inaccurate risk assessment. In this study, a rapid, sensitive, and reliable chiral analytical method was developed for famoxadone enantiomers by ultra high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry, optimal separation condition was achieved with Lux Amylose‐1 column using acetonitrile/water (70:30, v/v) as mobile phase at 0.3 mL/min in 6 min. The average recoveries for two enantiomers in all of the matrices at three spiking levels ranged from 89.8 to 109.4%, with relative standard deviation less than 9.5%. The limits of quantification for all enantiomers in tomato, apple, and grape were not more than 4 μg/kg. And the proposed method was successfully applied to investigate the enantioselective degradation of famoxadone enantiomers in tomato, apple, and grape. The data showed that S‐(+)‐famoxadone was preferentially degraded comparing to the R‐(−)‐famoxadone in tomato, apple, and grape. The potential reasons of the enantioselective behavior were also discussed. This study could help in better understanding the environmental fate of famoxadone and the rational use of chiral pesticide in agricultural production.
Spatial impacts assessment of tourism and territorial capital: A modelling study on regional development in Europe
Authors: Romão João , Nijkamp Peter
Published: August 2018

Economic growth, tourism dynamics, and territorial capital in European regions are analysed during a period comprising a first stage of economic growth, negative impacts of the crisis of 2008, and recovery. A spatial econometric model inspired by the endogenous growth approach shows positive spatial spillovers, convergence between regions, positive impacts on growth from innovation‐related characteristics, and gross value added by tourism, whereas no relevant impacts from tourism demand or employment and a negative correlation with the endowment in natural resources are found. The discussion is framed by an evolutionary economic geography conceptualization with a view on smart specialization strategies.
Treatment of dissecting cellulitis of the scalp with 10% ALA‐PDT
Authors: Feng Yuxin , Zhang Yuhui , Guo Hongzuo , Lin Zheng , Chen Hongqiang , Wu Yan , Gao Xing‐Hua , Chen Hong‐Duo
Published: August 2018

Background

Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp (DCS) is difficult to be treated and 5‐aminolaevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA‐PDT) is considered to be a potential treatment for inflammatory skin diseases.

Objective

To analyze the efficacy and safety of ALA‐PDT on DCS.

Materials and Methods

The treatment areas of DCS patients were incubated with freshly prepared 10% ALA for 3 hours. The 633 ± 10 nm light with the intensity of 80–100 mw/cm2 was used as the irradiation source of ALA‐PDT, and the irradiation time was 20–30 minutes. Three sessions were applied at an interval of 10–15 days. According to the reduction of lesions and the improvements of patients’ symptoms after each session, the objective assessment of therapeutic effect was divided into four grades. The adverse effects were recorded.

Results

Seven male DCS patients finished the treatments and assessments. One month after three sessions of treatment, one patient recovered, three patients received significant improvement, and one patients received medium improvement. At the 3‐month follow‐up, two patients recovered, four patients received significant improvement, and one patients received medium improvement. The patients tolerated well to the therapy without any severe adverse effects.

Conclusion

10% ALA‐PDT is effective and safe on male DCS patients. As a localized and less invasive treatment, it provides a preferable choice for DCS patients. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An unsymmetric 8‐node hexahedral solid‐shell element with high distortion tolerance: Linear formulations
Authors: Huang Junbin , Cen Song , Li Zhi , Li Chen‐Feng
Published: August 2018

A locking‐free unsymmetric 8‐node solid‐shell element with high distortion tolerance is proposed for general shell analysis, which is equipped with translational degrees of freedom only. The prototype of this new model is a recent solid element US‐ATFH8 developed by combining the unsymmetric finite element method and the analytical solutions in three‐dimensional local oblique coordinates. By introducing proper shell assumptions and assumed natural strain modifications for transverse strains, the new solid‐shell element US‐ATFHS8 is successfully formulated. This element is able to give highly accurate predictions for shells with different geometric features and loading conditions and is quite insensitive to mesh distortions. In particular, the excellent performance of US‐ATFH8 under membrane load is well inherited, which is an outstanding advantage over other shell elements.
Spatial global assessment of the pest Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): current and future scenarios
Authors: Carvajal Mario A , Alaniz Alberto J , Núñez‐Hidalgo Ignacio , González‐Césped Carlos
Published: August 2018

Background

The insect Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) an important pest worldwide, mainly due to the serious economic losses incurred and the large number of zones invaded. However, current and future spatial distributions of this pest, and the total area of cropland potentially affected have not been estimated. Here, we aim to: (1) estimate the potential geographic distribution of B. hilaris; (2) quantify the total area of cropland potentially affected worldwide, and in two recently colonized zones (California and Chile); and (3) estimate future changes in distribution under different climate change scenarios.

Results

We found that B. hilaris shows high environmental suitability in Mediterranean and arid regions, potentially affecting 1 108 184.1 km2 of cropland worldwide. The most affected continents were Asia and America, with 309 659.8 and 294 638.6 km2 of cropland at risk. More than 50% of cropland areas are at risk in seven countries. In California and central Chile, 43.7% and 50% of susceptible crops are at a high level of risk, respectively. Climate change scenarios predict an increase in the potential distribution of B. hilaris worldwide; America being the most affected continent.

Conclusions

Our results provide a spatially explicit baseline from which to focus efforts on the prevention, management and control of this pest worldwide. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry