bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Система цифровых моделей - новая технология для баланса данных
Authors: Merkulova Yuliya
Published: April 2021

Use of the digital technologies is new and very productive approach for balance of different data. It is very important for balance of supply and demand and for increase of competitiveness of products. Various types of digital models were developed as a result of scientific research, they found reflection in article. Digital models for the description of the list of the sequences of steps and operations of various stages and process in general allow to install system of interrelations between operations and steps and to reach necessary log-ic, increase of effectiveness of any process. Object-relational models for establishment of communications between data of various blocks of databases and functional models of the choice of strategy of data balance form analytical base for justification of the choice of the direction of transformation of data. Models of a combination of a plurality of various data of the offer of products in the form of matrixes of multi-purpose optimization have double effect, because they allow not only to develop various options of data combina-tion, taking into account opportunities of change of location of products over the markets and temporary phases, but also to estimate aggregate useful effect from products. These models together with models of comparison of various options and the choice of optimal solutions allow to generate compatible strategic and current programs of the offer of products as a plurality of the output data balanced with each other and with data of demand. It is providing the best synergetic result. The developed methodology of creation of system of the interconnected digital models for transformation of data and generation of the output data of the situational-strategic program of the offer of products is a cornerstone of formation of new digital econ-omy – of economy of balanced data.
Роль системы показателей в технологии оптимизации и баланса множества данных спроса и предложения
Authors: Merkulova Yuliya
Published: April 2021

Article is devoted to significant problems of creation of system of the indicators for stimulation of balance of supply and demand of products. It is very important for increase of competitiveness of products. The new methodology of calculation of target function of a product and indicators of its efficiency is offered in article. The special place in article is devoted to methodology of definition of an indicator of aggregate useful effect, which includes useful effect of the producer and consumer and promotes balance of their interests. All offered indicators of efficiency of a product are interconnected with each other and only in united system possess the stimulating mechanism of balance of supply and demand. They promote increase of effectiveness of process of planning and allow to find reserves for increase of competitiveness of products.
Spinal muscular atrophy: developing an integrated pathway in a new era for treatment
Authors: Thomas Sue
Published: April 2021

Spinal muscular atrophy is a rare neuromuscular condition that affects infants from birth, but which can also present later in life. The recent development of the drugs nusinersen, risdiplam and onasemnogene, has changed the treatment landscape and brought new hope. As a result of changes in treatment, an expert group is developing an overview pathway for care. Sue Thomas provides a brief overview of existing standards of care, the new treatments available and the policies that enable their administration.
Nursing the uroabdomen patient
Authors: McGaw Sam
Published: April 2021

Uroabdomen, the presence of urine in the abdominal cavity, commonly occurs in dogs and cats, particularly following a trauma. Initial stabilisation of the patient is essential to treat the multisystemic effects of electrolyte and metabolic derangements, including hyperkalaemia, azotaemia and metabolic acidosis. Diagnosis is confirmed by comparing laboratory analysis of abdominal fluid and serum. Urinary diversion is required, often via placement of a urinary catheter, to prevent continuing urine accumulation.

Once haemodynamically stable, diagnostic imaging may be performed to confirm the location of the urinary tract rupture, with several modes of imaging available. Surgical intervention may be necessary to repair the urinary leak, this is dependent on the location and severity of the trauma to the urinary tract.

Registered veterinary nurses play an important role in the management of the uroabdomen patient, from initial triage and stabilisation, to assisting with imaging, anaesthetic monitoring and postoperative care. This article will discuss the aetiology of the uroabdomen, patient presentation and how to effectively treat the critical patient. Nursing care is vital for ensuring patient welfare and identifying complications that may arise.
Obesity in dogs: a growing issue
Authors: Pegram Camilla
Published: April 2021

Using the VetCompass ‘big data’ approach Camilla Pegram et al were able to analyse data from 22 333 dogs, 1580 of which were recorded as overweight to determine risk factors for obesity. Camilla highlights the findings below.
Enhanced second-harmonic generation from gold complementary split-ring resonators with a dielectric coating
Authors: Qin Zhaofu , Chen Hao , Hu Taozheng , Zhang Menglai , Chen Zhuo , Wang Zhenlin
Published: April 2021

We experimentally and theoretically investigate the influence of alumina coating on the second-harmonic generation (SHG) from split-ring resonator shaped air apertures engraved in a gold film, which are also termed as complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs). By coating the CSRR arrays with alumina film of certain thickness, we precisely tune their electric diploe resonances (EDRs) to overlap the fundamental wavelength (FW) and realize the EDR enhanced SHG process. On this basis, by shortening the arm length of the CSRRs and then coating them with a certain thickness of the alumina film, we have achieved an SHG enhancement of nearly 1.2-fold in experiment and 8-fold in simulation compared to the CSRR array with an unshortened arm length. We attributed it to the improvement of the magnitude of the effective nonlinear source due to the realization of a doubly-resonant condition. As a flexible method, dielectric coating not only is beneficial to precisely and dynamically optimize the linear and nonlinear properties of the as-fabricated nanoscale devices but also can play the role of a protective layer, which can partially improve the damage threshold of these plasmonic nanoscale devices.
Light propagation in a three-dimensional Rydberg gas with a nonlocal optical response
Authors: Zhou Yan-Li
Published: April 2021

We theoretically investigate the linear susceptibility and propagation of light in a three-dimensional (3-D) Rydberg gas under conditions of electromagnetically induced transparency. Rydberg atoms with two relevant S states are coupled via exchange interactions. When the gas is initially prepared in an entangled spin-wave state, this coupling induces a strong, nonlocal susceptibility whereby the photon field at one point of the medium acts as a source at a distant position. The nonlocal propagation occurs not only in the propagation direction but also in the paraxial direction. We discuss the absorption features and numerically simulate the 3-D propagation of probe laser light. Combined with the long-range exchange interaction, we show that the 3-D Rydberg gas is an ideal medium for studying nonlocal wave phenomena, in which the strength, range, and sign of the nonlocal interaction kernel can be widely tuned.
Farnesyl pyrophosphate is a new danger signal inducing acute cell death
Authors: Chen Jing , Zhang Xiaochen , Li Liping , Ma Xianqiang , Yang Chunxiao , Liu Zhaodi , Li Chenyang , Fernandez-Cabezudo Maria J. , al-Ramadi Basel K. , Wu Chuan , Huang Weishan , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yonghui , Liu Wanli
Published: April 2021

Cell death is a vital event in life. Infections and injuries cause lytic cell death, which gives rise to danger signals that can further induce cell death, inflammation, and tissue damage. The mevalonate (MVA) pathway is an essential, highly conserved and dynamic metabolic pathway. Here, we discover that farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), a metabolic intermediate of the MVA pathway, functions as a newly identified danger signal to trigger acute cell death leading to neuron loss in stroke. Harboring both a hydrophobic 15-carbon isoprenyl chain and a heavily charged pyrophosphate head, FPP leads to acute cell death independent of its downstream metabolic pathways. Mechanistically, extracellular calcium influx and the cation channel transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) exhibit essential roles in FPP-induced cell death. FPP activates TRPM2 opening for ion influx. Furthermore, in terms of a mouse model constructing by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), FPP accumulates in the brain, which indicates the function of the FPP and TRPM2 danger signal axis in ischemic injury. Overall, our data have revealed a novel function of the MVA pathway intermediate metabolite FPP as a danger signal via transient receptor potential cation channels.
Dynamic decorrelation as a unifying principle for explaining a broad range of brightness phenomena
Authors: Lerer Alejandro , Supèr Hans , Keil Matthias S.
Published: April 2021

The visual system is highly sensitive to spatial context for encoding luminance patterns. Context sensitivity inspired the proposal of many neural mechanisms for explaining the perception of luminance (brightness). Here we propose a novel computational model for estimating the brightness of many visual illusions. We hypothesize that many aspects of brightness can be explained by a dynamic filtering process that reduces the redundancy in edge representations on the one hand, while non-redundant activity is enhanced on the other. The dynamic filter is learned for each input image and implements context sensitivity. Dynamic filtering is applied to the responses of (model) complex cells in order to build a gain control map. The gain control map then acts on simple cell responses before they are used to create a brightness map via activity propagation. Our approach is successful in predicting many challenging visual illusions, including contrast effects, assimilation, and reverse contrast with the same set of model parameters.
A complex genetic architecture in zebrafish relatives Danio quagga and D. kyathit underlies development of stripes and spots
Authors: McCluskey Braedan M. , Uji Susumu , Mancusi Joseph L. , Postlethwait John H. , Parichy David M.
Published: April 2021

Vertebrate pigmentation is a fundamentally important, multifaceted phenotype. Zebrafish,Danio rerio, has been a valuable model for understanding genetics and development of pigment pattern formation due to its genetic and experimental tractability, advantages that are shared across severalDaniospecies having a striking array of pigment patterns. Here, we use the sister speciesD.quaggaandD.kyathit, with stripes and spots, respectively, to understand how natural genetic variation impacts phenotypes at cellular and organismal levels. We first show thatD.quaggaandD.kyathitphenotypes resemble those of wild-typeD.rerioand several single locus mutants ofD.rerio, respectively, in a morphospace defined by pattern variation along dorsoventral and anteroposterior axes. We then identify differences in patterning at the cellular level betweenD.quaggaandD.kyathitby repeated daily imaging during pattern development and quantitative comparisons of adult phenotypes, revealing that patterns are similar initially but diverge ontogenetically. To assess the genetic architecture of these differences, we employ reduced-representation sequencing of second-generation hybrids. Despite the similarity ofD.quaggatoD.rerio, andD.kyathitto someD.reriomutants, our analyses reveal a complex genetic basis for differences betweenD.quaggaandD.kyathit, with several quantitative trait loci contributing to variation in overall pattern and cellular phenotypes, epistatic interactions between loci, and abundant segregating variation within species. Our findings provide a window into the evolutionary genetics of pattern-forming mechanisms inDanioand highlight the complexity of differences that can arise even between sister species. Further studies of natural genetic diversity underlying pattern variation inD.quaggaandD.kyathitshould provide insights complementary to those from zebrafish mutant phenotypes and more distant species comparisons.
Distinguishing non severe cases of dengue from COVID-19 in the context of co-epidemics: A cohort study in a SARS-CoV-2 testing center on Reunion island
Authors: Joubert Antoine , Andry Fanny , Bertolotti Antoine , Accot Frédéric , Koumar Yatrika , Legrand Florian , Poubeau Patrice , Manaquin Rodolphe , Gérardin Patrick , Levin Cécile
Published: April 2021

Background

As coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is spreading globally, several countries are handling dengue epidemics. As both infections are deemed to share similarities at presentation, it would be useful to distinguish COVID-19 from dengue in the context of co-epidemics. Hence, we performed a retrospective cohort study to identify predictors of both infections.

Methodology/Principal findings

All the subjects suspected of COVID-19 between March 23 and May 10, 2020, were screened for COVID-19 within the testing center of the University hospital of Saint-Pierre, Reunion island. The screening consisted in a questionnaire surveyed in face-to-face, a nasopharyngeal swab specimen for the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) reverse transcription polymerase chain-reaction and a rapid diagnostic orientation test for dengue. Factors independently associated with COVID-19 or with dengue were sought using multinomial logistic regression models, taking other febrile illnesses (OFIs) as controls. Adjusted Odds ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI) were assessed. Over a two-month study period, we diagnosed 80 COVID-19, 61 non-severe dengue and 872 OFIs cases eligible to multivariate analysis. Among these, we identified delayed presentation (>3 days) since symptom onset (Odds ratio 1.91, 95% confidence interval 1.07–3.39), contact with a COVID-19 positive case (OR 3.81, 95%CI 2.21–6.55) and anosmia (OR 7.80, 95%CI 4.20–14.49) as independent predictors of COVID-19, body ache (OR 6.17, 95%CI 2.69–14.14), headache (OR 5.03, 95%CI 1.88–13.44) and retro-orbital pain (OR 5.55, 95%CI 2.51–12.28) as independent predictors of dengue, while smoking was less likely observed with COVID-19 (OR 0.27, 95%CI 0.09–0.79) and upper respiratory tract infection symptoms were associated with OFIs.

Conclusions/Significance

Although prone to potential biases, these data suggest that non-severe dengue may be more symptomatic than COVID-19 in a co-epidemic setting with higher dengue attack rates. At clinical presentation, nine basic clinical and epidemiological indicators may help to distinguish COVID-19 or dengue from each other and other febrile illnesses.
Cohort profile: The Singapore Breast Cancer Cohort (SGBCC), a multi-center breast cancer cohort for evaluation of phenotypic risk factors and genetic markers
Authors: Ho Peh Joo , Yeoh Yen Shing , Miao Hui , Lim Swee Ho , Tan Ern Yu , Tan Benita Kiat Tee , Tan Veronique Kiak Mien , Tan Su Ming , Yong Wei Sean , Wong Fuh Yong , Madhukumar Preetha , Chan Ching Wan , Iau Philip Tsau Choong , Lee Soo Chin , Putti Thomas , Buhari Shaik Ahmad , Lee Jin Yee , Lim Geok Hoon , Woo Evan , Yan Zhiyan , Chan Patrick Mun Yew , Chen Juliana Jia Chuan , Lu Sarah Qinghui , Dent Rebecca , Lee Wai Peng , Mok Chi Wei , Seah Jaime Chin Mui , Sim Xueling , van Dam Rob Martinus , Chia Kee Seng , Li Jingmei , Hartman Mikael
Published: April 2021

This article aims to provide a detailed description of the Singapore Breast Cancer Cohort (SGBCC), an ongoing multi-ethnic cohort established with the overarching goal to identify genetic markers for breast cancer risk, prognosis and treatment response, as well as to understand the ethnic differences in disease risk and outcome in an Asian setting. The cohort comprises of breast cancer patients aged 21 years and above from six public hospitals which diagnose and treat nearly 76% breast cancer cases in Singapore. Self-reported data on sociodemographic and lifestyle, reproductive risk factors, medical history and family history of breast or ovarian cancer is collected using a structured questionnaire. Clinical data on tumour characteristics, and treatment modalities are obtained through medical record. Bio-specimens (blood or saliva) is collected at recruitment. Follow-up on survival information is done through routine linkage with the Registry of Births and Deaths. As of 31 December 2016, 7,768 subjects have been recruited to the study with 76% subjects contributed bio-specimens. The SGBCC provides a valuable platform which offers a unique, large and rich resource for new research ideas on breast cancer related phenotypic risk factors and genetic markers.
Characteristics of adolescents aged 15-19 years living with vertically and horizontally acquired HIV in Nampula, Mozambique
Authors: Teasdale Chloe A. , Brittain Kirsty , Zerbe Allison , Mellins Claude Ann , Falcao Joana , Couto Aleny , Pimentel De Gusmao Eduarda , Vitale Mirriah , Kapogiannis Bill , Simione Teresa Beatriz , Myer Landon , Mantell Joanne , Desmond Christopher , Abrams Elaine J.
Published: April 2021

Background

Adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) 15–19 years of age are a growing proportion of all people living with HIV globally and the population includes adolescents with vertically acquired HIV (AVH) and behaviorally acquired HIV (ABH).

Methods

We conducted a survey to measure sociodemographic characteristics, educational status, health history, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence among a convenience sample of ALHIV at three government health facilities in 2019 in Nampula, Mozambique. ALHIV 15–19 years on ART, including females attending antenatal care, were eligible. Routine HIV care data were extracted from medical charts. Classification of ALHIV by mode of transmission was based on medical charts and survey data. ALHIV who initiated ART <15 years or reported no sex were considered AVH; all others ABH. Frequencies were compared by sex, and within sex, by mode of transmission (AVH vs. ABH) using Chi-square, Fishers exact tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests.

Results

Among 208 ALHIV, 143 (69%) were female and median age was 18 years [interquartile range (IQR) 16–19]. Just over half of ALHIV (53%) were in or had completed secondary or higher levels of education; the most common reason for not being in school reported by 36% of females was pregnancy or having a child. Of all ALHIV, 122 (59%) had VL data, 62% of whom were <1000 copies/mL. Almost half (46%) of ALHIV reported missing ARVs ≥ 1 day in the past month (62% of males vs. 39% of females; p = 0.003). Just over half (58%) of ALHIV in relationships had disclosed their HIV status: 13% of males vs. 69% of females (p<0.001). Among sexually active males, 61% reported using a condom at last sex compared to 26% of females (p<0.001). Among female ALHIV, 50 (35%) were AVH and 93 (65%) were ABH, 67% of whom were not in school compared to 16% of ABH, (p<0.001).

Discussion

Data from our study underscore the high level of deprivation among ALHIV enrolled in HIV care in Mozambique, as well as important disparities by sex and mode of transmission. These data can inform the development of effective interventions for this complex and important population.
Cross-cultural evaluation of the French version of the Delusion Assessment Scale (DAS) and Psychotic Depression Assessment Scale (PDAS)
Authors: Jalenques Isabelle , Rachez Chloé , Jalenques Urbain Tauveron , Nechifor Silvia Alina , Morel Lucile , Blanchard Florent , Pereira Bruno , Lauron Sophie , Rondepierre Fabien ,   for the French DAS/PDAS group
Published: April 2021

Background

Major depressive disorder with psychotic features (MDDPsy), compared to nonpsychotic MDD, involves an increased risk of suicide and failure to achieve treatment response. Symptom scales can be useful to assess patients with MDDPsy. The aim of the present study was to validate French versions of the Delusion Assessment Scale (DAS) and Psychotic Depression Assessment Scale (PDAS).

Methods

One hundred patients were included. The scales were filled out by psychiatrists. Data from participants who accepted a second interview were used for inter-judge reliability. The scalability and psychometric properties of both scales were assessed.

Results

Data from 94 patients were used. Owing to low score variability between patients, the predefined threshold for scalability (≥0.40) was not reached for both scales. Factorial analysis of the DAS identified five factors, different from those of the original version. Five factors were also identified in the PDAS, of which two comprised items from the HDRS and the other three items from the BPRS. Floor and ceiling effects were observed in both scales, due in part to the construction of certain subscales. Unlike the PDAS, the DAS had good internal consistency. Multiple correlations were observed between the DAS dimensions but none between those of the PDAS. Both scales showed good inter-judge reliability. Convergent validity analyses showed correlations with HDRS, BPRS and CGI.

Limitations

Inter-judge reliability was calculated from a relatively small number of volunteers.

Conclusions

The good psychometric properties of the French versions of the DAS and PDAS could help in assessing MDDPsy, in particular its psychotic features, and hence improve response to treatment and prognosis.
New bioassay cage methodology for in vitro studies on Varroa destructor and Apis mellifera
Authors: Bahreini Rassol , Nasr Medhat , Docherty Cassandra , Feindel David , Muirhead Samantha , de Herdt Olivia
Published: April 2021

Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman, is an ectoparasitic mite of honey bees, Apis mellifera L., that has been considered a major cause of colony losses. Synthetic miticides have been developed and registered to manage this ectoparasite, however, resistance to registered pyrethroid and organophosphate Varroacides have already been reported in Canada. To test toxicity of miticides, current contact-based bioassay methods are designed to evaluate mites and bees separately, however, these methods are unlikely to give an accurate depiction of how miticides interact at the colony level. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a bioassay cage for testing the toxicity of miticides on honey bees and Varroa mites simultaneously using amitraz as a reference chemical. A 800 mL polypropylene plastic cage holding 100–150 bees was designed and officially named “Apiarium”. A comparison of the effects of three subsequent dilutions of amitraz was conducted on: Varroa mites placed in glass vials, honey bees in glass Mason jars, and Varroa-infested bees in Apiariums. Our results indicated cumulative Varroa mortality was dose-dependent in the Apiarium after 4 h and 24 h assessments. Apiarium and glass vial treatments at 24 h also had high mite mortality and a positive polynomial regression between Varroa mortality and amitraz dose rates. Moreover, chemical application in the Apiarium was less toxic for bees compared to the Mason jar method. Considering these results, the Apiarium bioassay provides a simple, cheap and reliable method for simultaneous chemical screening on V. destructor and A. mellifera. Furthermore, as mites and bees are tested together, the Apiarium simulates a colony-like environment that provides a necessary bridge between laboratory bioassay testing and full field experimentation. The versatility of the Apiarium allows researchers to test a multitude of different honey bee bioassay experiments including miticide screening, delivery methods for chemical products, or development of new mite resistance-testing methodology.
Modifiable and unmodifiable factors associated with slow flow following rotational atherectomy
Authors: Sakakura Kenichi , Taniguchi Yousuke , Yamamoto Kei , Tsukui Takunori , Jinnouchi Hiroyuki , Seguchi Masaru , Wada Hiroshi , Fujita Hideo
Published: April 2021

Background

Although several groups reported the risk factors for slow flow during rotational atherectomy (RA), they did not clearly distinguish modifiable factors, such as burr-to-artery ratio from unmodifiable ones, such as lesion length. The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the modifiable and unmodifiable factors that were associated with slow flow.

Methods

We included 513 lesions treated with RA, which were classified into a slow flow group (n = 97) and a non-slow flow group (n = 416) according to the presence or absence of slow flow just after RA. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to find factors associated with slow flow.

Results

Slow flow was inversely associated with reference diameter [Odds ratio (OR) 0.351, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.205–0.600,p<0.001], primary RA strategy (OR 0.224, 95% CI 0.097–0.513,p<0.001), short single run (≤15 seconds) (OR 0.458, 95% CI 0.271–0.776,p= 0.004), and systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥ 140 mmHg (OR 0.501, 95% CI 0.297–0.843,p= 0.009). Lesion length (every 5 mm increase: OR 1.193, 95% CI 1.093–1.301,p<0.001), angulation (OR 2.054, 95% CI 1.171–3.601,p= 0.012), halfway RA (OR 2.027, 95% CI 1.130–3.635,p= 0.018), initial burr-to-artery ratio (OR 1.451, 95% CI 1.212–1.737,p<0.001), and use of beta blockers (OR 1.894, 95% CI 1.004–3.573,p= 0.049) were significantly associated with slow flow.

Conclusions

Slow flow was positively associated with several unmodifiable factors including lesion length and angulation, and inversely associated with reference diameter. In addition, slow flow was positively associated with several modifiable factors including initial burr-to-artery ratio and use of beta blockers, and inversely associated with primary RA strategy, short single run, and systolic blood pressure just before RA. Application of this information could help to improve RA procedures.
Dual transcriptional analysis reveals adaptation of host and pathogen to intracellular survival of Pseudomonas aeruginosa associated with urinary tract infection
Authors: Penaranda Cristina , Chumbler Nicole M. , Hung Deborah T.
Published: April 2021

Long-term survival of bacterial pathogens during persistent bacterial infections can be associated with antibiotic treatment failure and poses a serious public health problem. Infections caused by the Gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which can cause both acute and chronic infections, are particularly challenging due to its high intrinsic resistance to antibiotics. The ineffectiveness of antibiotics is exacerbated when bacteria reside intracellularly within host cells where they can adopt a drug tolerant state. While the early steps of adherence and entry of P. aeruginosa into mammalian cells have been described, the subsequent fate of internalized bacteria, as well as host and bacterial molecular pathways facilitating bacterial long-term survival, are not well defined. In particular, long-term survival within bladder epithelial cells has not been demonstrated and this may have important implications for the understanding and treatment of UTIs caused by P. aeruginosa. Here, we demonstrate and characterize the intracellular survival of wild type (WT) P. aeruginosa inside bladder epithelial cells and a mutant with a disruption in the bacterial two-component regulator AlgR that is unable to survive intracellularly. Using simultaneous dual RNA-seq transcriptional profiling, we define the transcriptional response of intracellular bacteria and their corresponding invaded host cells. The bacterial transcriptional response demonstrates that WT bacteria rapidly adapt to the stress encountered in the intracellular environment in contrast to ΔalgR bacteria. Analysis of the host transcriptional response to invasion suggests that the NF-κB signaling pathway, previously shown to be required for extracellular bacterial clearance, is paradoxically also required for intracellular bacterial survival. Lastly, we demonstrate that intracellular survival is important for pathogenesis of P. aeruginosa in vivo using a model of murine urinary tract infection. We propose that the unappreciated ability of P. aeruginosa to survive intracellularly may play an important role in contributing to the chronicity and recurrence of P. aeruginosa in urinary tract infections.
Intraspecific variation in immune gene expression and heritable symbiont density
Authors: Nichols Holly L. , Goldstein Elliott B. , Saleh Ziabari Omid , Parker Benjamin J.
Published: April 2021

Host genetic variation plays an important role in the structure and function of heritable microbial communities. Recent studies have shown that insects use immune mechanisms to regulate heritable symbionts. Here we test the hypothesis that variation in symbiont density among hosts is linked to intraspecific differences in the immune response to harboring symbionts. We show that pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) harboring the bacterial endosymbiont Regiella insecticola (but not all other species of symbionts) downregulate expression of key immune genes. We then functionally link immune expression with symbiont density using RNAi. The pea aphid species complex is comprised of multiple reproductively-isolated host plant-adapted populations. These ‘biotypes’ have distinct patterns of symbiont infections: for example, aphids from the Trifolium biotype are strongly associated with Regiella. Using RNAseq, we compare patterns of gene expression in response to Regiella in aphid genotypes from multiple biotypes, and we show that Trifolium aphids experience no downregulation of immune gene expression while hosting Regiella and harbor symbionts at lower densities. Using F1 hybrids between two biotypes, we find that symbiont density and immune gene expression are both intermediate in hybrids. We propose that in this system, Regiella symbionts are suppressing aphid immune mechanisms to increase their density, but that some hosts have adapted to prevent immune suppression in order to control symbiont numbers. This work therefore suggests that antagonistic coevolution can play a role in host-microbe interactions even when symbionts are transmitted vertically and provide a clear benefit to their hosts. The specific immune mechanisms that we find are downregulated in the presence of Regiella have been previously shown to combat pathogens in aphids, and thus this work also highlights the immune system’s complex dual role in interacting with both beneficial and harmful microbes.
Ronald Giere, ¿semanticista? Una pregunta provocativa para el debate contemporáneo sobre la representación científica
Authors: Lopez-Orellana Rodrigo , Sans Pinillos Alger
Published: April 2021

El objetivo del presente trabajo es mostrar las ventajas de considerar al enfoque de Ronald Giere separado de lo que se ha llamado la familia semanticista en filosofía de la ciencia. Principalmente porque rechaza las relaciones diádicas de representación isomórfica y de verdad para la representación científica. Mostraremos aquí que, especialmente a partir de su noción de similitud, los beneficios de una interpretación pragmática de su enfoque, que estaría en mejor relación con la propia práctica científica con modelos, así como con el debate contemporáneo sobre la representación. Para ello, recurriremos a un breve ejemplo de modelos DIBs en biología.
Nutrition Therapy in Type 2 Diabetic Burn Patient
Authors: Ramadhania Dian Araminta , Wardhana Aditya , Sinaga Wina , Wulandari Yohannessa , Daya Mulianah , Octovia Lily Indriani
Published: April 2021

Summary: Severe burn patients experience pronounced metabolic changes that caused hyperglycemia. Other existing metabolic conditions such as diabetes mellitus may worsen this condition. Early, adequate, and personalized nutrition therapy may result in better glycemic control and prognosis.A 44-year-old male with severe burn injury involving 27,5% total body surface area (TBSA) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was given early and diabetes-specific nutrition therapy to meet the recommended energy and protein needs. Lower carbohydrate contents and higher mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were components of diabetes-specific nutrition therapy. Desirable blood glucose levels, a positive trend of albumin levels, and reduced inflammatory markers were achieved while being given this nutrition therapy. Sepsis was not diagnosed in this patient. The patient was discharged from the hospital after an improvement in clinical condition. Hyperglycemia commonly occurs in critically ill patients, especially with pre-existing T2DM. The provision of prompt and personalized nutrition therapy will improve clinical outcomes.
Islamic Fundamentalism Framing Politics in Mali: From the Middle Ages to the Age of Pandemic
Authors: Torres Díaz Olga
Published: April 2021

The centuries-long path of mutualistic relationship between political power and Islam in Mali is represented by two fundamentalist tendencies clearly discernible until today, deeming that as fundamentalist tis the call to return to an Arabised Islamic orthodoxy that cyclically reappears in the country as the reputed syncretism of the popular Islam that is considered characteristic of the area. Under this assumption, this chapter will examine certain milestones in this historical coalescence that could foster the comprehension of current movements - personified by imams and preachers such as Mahmoud Dicko and Sheikh Madani Hadara - now that the emergence of the Wahabi trend has begun to compete again with the prevalent traditional Malian Islam in modulating the orientation of the government. The same traits and stages that characterised the original penetration of Islam in the area may now be identified in the Wahabi infiltration of recent years.
Global Virus, International Lamas: Tibetan Religious Leaders in the Face of the Covid-19 Crisis
Authors: Alvarez Ortega Miguel
Published: April 2021

This paper aims at analyzing how the COVID-19 (2020) crisis has been treated by leading Tibetan teachers in the global media. First, an introduction to Buddhist notions related to sickness both at the individual and collective levels is provided, followed by a detailed account of the public pronouncements up to early August 2020 of the leading teachers of the main schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The paper tries to show how Tibetan Buddhists' response is characterized by an appeal to an external compliance with the authorities, and an internal plural interpretation that reflects a common tension between a symbolic and a transcendental construal of religious categories. It also attempts to provide interpretative keys for the lack of a successful fundamentalist or millennialist reaction while pointing to the particular suitability of Buddhism to accommodate to the crisis.
François Dubet, Olivier Cousin, Éric Macé, Sandrine Rui – Pourquoi moi ? L’expérience des discriminations
Authors: Déjeans Louise
Published: April 2021

Recensé : François Dubet, Olivier Cousin, Éric Macé, Sandrine Rui, Pourquoi moi ? L'expérience des discriminations, Paris, Seuil, 2013.
Numéro 163 - avril 2021
Authors: Bodart Vincent , Ounnas Alexandre
Published: April 2021

Parmi les principaux indicateurs macroéconomiques, le chiffre de croissance trimestrielle du PIB permet d’évaluer l’évolution récente de la situation économique générale d’un pays. Pour cette raison, ce chiffre constitue une source d’information précieuse pour guider les choix des acteurs économiques, notamment en ce qui concerne les décisions de politiques budgétaires et monétaires.

Il s’avère cependant que les données de croissance trimestrielle du PIB ne sont disponibles qu’avec un certain délai. Dans le cas de la Belgique, une estimation préliminaire (dite estimation «flash») de la croissance économique pour un trimestre donné est publiée par l’Institut des Comptes Nationaux (ICN) environ 30 jours après la fin de ce trimestre. Un chiffre plus définitif, basé sur des données plus tangibles, est ensuite publié 60 jours après la fin du trimestre.

Du fait de ces délais de publication, des méthodes ont été développées dans le but de produire un estimateur de la croissance du PIB en temps réel, appelé dans le jargon estimateur «nowcasting», qui soit suffisamment précis pour être utile à la prise de décision des acteurs économiques. Ces méthodes de «prévision en temps réel» sont aujourd’hui largement utilisées pour produire des estimations très précoces du PIB.

Ce numéro de Regards économiques présente ces méthodes, et en donne une application pour la zone euro, la Belgique et la Wallonie.

Une application concrète concerne la prévision de croissance du PIB pour le premier trimestre 2021. Ainsi, sur base des statistiques disponibles à la fin mars, nous obtenons une prévision de la croissance trimestrielle du PIB de + 0,2 % pour la zone euro, de + 1,0 % pour la Belgique et de + 0,7 % pour la Wallonie.

Dans le cas de la Wallonie, nous produisons à partir de ces méthodes des données trimestrielles de croissance du PIB, lesquelles n’existent pas pour l’instant. Ainsi, pour 2020, la croissance économique de la Wallonie est estimée à - 4,1 % au 1er trimestre, 12,6 % au 2ème trimestre, + 9,1 % au 3ème trimestre et + 0,1 % au 4ème trimestre. Pour la Belgique, les données de croissance correspondantes, lesquelles sont déjà disponibles, sont de - 3,4 % au 1er trimestre, - 11,8 % au 2ème trimestre, 11,6 % au 3ème trimestre et - 0,2 % au 4ème trimestre. La croissance annuelle de la Wallonie pour 2020 est estimée à - 8,8 %, un chiffre inférieur à celui publié pour la Belgique (- 6,3 %).
Análisis estructural para la determinación de variables clave en el sistema de educación ambiental (EA) de la niñez temprana peruana
Authors: Farah-Sprinckmoller Almendra , Navarro Alessandra , Ruiz-Ruiz Marcos Fernando
Published: April 2021

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar las variables claves que caracterizan el sistema de educación ambiental (EA) peruano necesario para su niñez temprana, así como qué actores lo conducen hacia el futuro. A partir de un diseño exploratorio y descriptivo, y con la ayuda de un grupo de cinco educadores expertos en la temática y de reconocida trayectoria local, se efectuó un análisis estructural (propio de la prospectiva estratégica francesa) orientado a la identificación de las variables clave del sistema. Los resultados arrojaron como aspectos más sensibles de la EA de los niños peruanos, al aprendizaje desde la realidad local hacia lo global, a la promoción de acciones sostenibles y a las acciones solidarias y de emprendimiento docente en las comunidades. El actor más influyente para el sistema termina siendo el propio Ministerio de Educación del Perú (Minedu), pues es responsable de conducir la EA de la niñez peruana hacia mejores estándares de calidad en el futuro.
Speckle pattern optimization for DIC technologies
Authors: Szalai Szabolcs , Dogossy Gábor
Published: April 2021

This paper contains the relation between speckle pattern and Digital Image Correlation (DIC). The most important advance in experimental mechanics has been DIC since the strain gage. The deformation (strain) of an object can be visualized by DIC. Among all scientific fields, the DIC Technologies have seen a dynamic increase. The relationship between the paint and the sample - as the patterns mediate the deformation to the cameras - has been the most important technological issue. In this article the method developed for the detection of isolated particles in alloys is used to characterize the spots, which help the best speckle pattern has determined.
ONLINE MONITORING KUALITAS AIR WADUK BERBASIS THINGSPEAK
Authors: Akbar Son Ali , Kalbuadi Dimas Baskoro , Yudhana Anton
Published: April 2021

Waduk merupakan salah satu sarana penampungan sementara sumber air. Sumber air memiliki peranan yang penting bagi mahluk hidup dalam memenuhi kebutuhannya. Akan tetapi, kualitas air perlu dijaga untuk mengurangi risiko pencemaran yang berdampak pada lingkungan hidup. Penelitian ini bertujuan merancang bangun prototipe untuk monitoring kualitas air secara online pada sebuah waduk. Parameter ukur untuk menentukan kualitas air yakni deteksi tingkat keasaman (pH), kekeruhan (NTU) dan suhu (OC) pada air waduk. Prototipe terpasang sensor pH electrode, sensor turbidity dan sensor suhu (DS18B20). Hasil pembacaan data sensor disimpan pada database Thinkspeak secara real-time. Monitoring kualitas air dapat divisualisasikan pada Smartphone yang telah terpasang aplikasi ThingView. Parameter uji sistem dilakukan dengan pada pagi hari, siang hari, dan malam hari. Validasi sistem dilakukan dengan membandingkan parameter hasil ukur dengan alat ukur digital. Pengujian sistem diperoleh pada malam hari (pH 6,4) level keasaman lebih rendah, pada siang hari (17,8 NTU) level kekeruhan lebih rendah, dan pada malam hari (22OC) suhu lebih rendah. Selain itu, performa sistem telah menunjukkan prediksi kesalahan ukur yang minimum dari hasil perbandingan pengukuran.
STUDI GEOMETRI PROBE UNTUK SENSOR KELEMBAPAN TANAH DENGAN METODE TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY
Authors: Sulthoni Muhammad Amin , Wicaksono Ndaru Anggit
Published: April 2021

Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) adalah salah satu metode yang digunakan untuk mengukur kelembapan tanah. Cepat rambat gelombang elektromagnetik pada suatu medium atau probe berupa susunan logam berbentuk silinder atau pelat dipengaruhi oleh kelembapan tanah. Besarnya pengaruh kelembapan tanah ditentukan oleh struktur dan dimensi probe yang digunakan. Pada makalah ini akan disampaikan hasil studi yang membandingkan probe sensor yang menggunakan geometri probe silinder, plat paralel dan plat koplanar; serta sensor yang terdiri dari 2 atau 3 silinder/pelat. Pengujian akan dilakukan dengan 2 metode yaitu pemodelan elektrostatis probe menggunakan software dan pengukuran di laboratorium. Hasil pemodelan dan percobaan menunjukkan bahwa 2 probe plat koplanar merupakan geometri yang paling baik untuk diimplementasikan sebagai sensor pendeteksi kelembapan tanah dengan metode TDR.
RADIATOR THERMAL SEBAGAI SISTEM PENOLAK PANAS PADA SATELIT BENTUK SILINDER
Authors: Fauzi Ahmad , Budiantoro Poki Agung
Published: April 2021

Panas terjadi pada satelit karena pengaruh lingkungan antariksa, khususnya sinar matahari sebagai sumber energi panel surya satelit. Panel surya menghasilkan energi yang disimpan oleh baterai satelit, yang dibutuhkan untuk operasional satelit dalam keadaan eclipse. Sinar matahari dapat menyebabkan menurunnya kinerja satelit jika energi yang dihasilkan melebihi batas kapasitas simpan daya baterai, sehingga mengancam keberlangsungan kinerja satelit. Jumlah energi yang dibutuhkan satelit dapat diatur, salah satunya dengan menganalisis bagian krusial sisi satelit. Makalah ini membahas penggunaan jumlah panas per satuan luas dari permukaaan panel satelit sebagai sistem penolak panas (radiator), yang berfungsi membuang panas berlebih yang dihasilkan oleh komponen elektronik dan radiasi dari eksternal satelit di ruang antariksa.  Kemampuan dari 4 jenis bahan sebagai termal radiator dievaluasi. Hasil studi memperlihatkan bahwa sistem penolak panas dengan bahan lapisan radiator jenis OSR Aluminium mempunyai kenaikan jumlah panas yang dibuang atau ditolak ke ruang hampa yang tinggi sebesar 143,90 W/m2 pada suhu -50°C dan 776,95 W/m2 pada suhu +50°C di musim panas (summer solstice), sedangkan jumlah panas yang dibuang ke ruang hampa dengan jumlah yang terendah terjadi pada bahan lapisan radiator jenis White Paint SG-121FD sebesar -170,68 W/m2 pada suhu -50°C dan 517,07 W/m2 pada suhu +50°C di musim dingin (winter solstice).
PENGATURAN KETAHANAN TEGANGAN KELUARAN PADA KONVERTER CUK DENGAN PENGENDALI SLIDING MODE
Authors: Edypoerwa Mugni Labib , Hasanah Rini Nur , Ardhenta Lunde
Published: April 2021

Penggunaan peralatan dan komponen elektronik yang menggunakan catu daya DC saat ini semakin banyak. Mulai dari tegangan rendah hingga tegangan tinggi. Catu daya DC yang ada saat ini seperti baterai ataupun panel surya memiliki tegangan keluaran yang tidak konstan. Oleh karena itu diperlukan catu daya DC yang mampu bekerja dengan efisien dan berkualitas baik. Konverter Cuk, jenis konverter DC-DC, salah satu yang dapat mewujudkannya. Konverter Cuk juga merupakan sistem yang tidak linier. Oleh karena itu, untuk dapat mengatur ketahanan tegangan keluaran dari gangguan yang tak dapat dihindari, konverter Cuk perlu dilengkapi pengendali. Pengendali sliding mode (SMC) merupakan pengendali yang umum digunakan untuk sistem tidak linier seperti konverter Cuk. Pada penelitian ini, respon pengendali sliding mode pada konverter Cuk akan dibandingkan dengan respon konverter Cuk dengan pengendali PI.
STRATEGI MANAJEMEN SISTEM TENAGA LISTRIK SUMATERA SAAT PANDEMI COVID-19
Authors: Trimanto Agus , Rakhmawan Agung
Published: April 2021

Saat ini listrik sudah menjadi kebutuhan utama dalam kehidupan manusia. Namun Banyak orang dibatasi kegiatannya. banyak yang bekerja dari rumah, dan kantor-kantor ditutup, industri ditutup untuk mengurangi penyebaran COVID-19. Pertumbuhan ekonomi Sumatera mengalami penurunan hingga 5,3%. Hal tersebut tentunya akan berdampak terhadap konsumsi listrik secara menyeluruh, yang tentunya juga berdampak kepada sistem tenaga listrik. Dampak Pandemi COVID-19 pada sistem tenaga listrk di Sumatera mulai terasa sejak awal TW-II 2020. Pertumbuhan beban puncak Sumatera menurun hampir 2%. Meskipun sistem tenaga listrik Sumatera beroperasi dalam keadaan normal saat tindakan pengamanan terhadap pandemi COVID-19 dilakukan seperti pembatasan sosial berskala besar (PSBB), namun ada penurunan beban konsumsi listrik yang tidak wajar sebagaimana trend tahun-tahun sebelumnya. Dalam penelitian ini maka dapat dideskripsikan apa yang telah diamati dan tindakan apa yang diambil dalam sistem tenaga listrik dalam mengurangi dampak pandemi COVID-19 terhadap sistem tenaga listrik Sumatera seperti penurunan beban yang tidak wajar, cadangan yang berlebih dan deviasi prediksi beban terhadap realisasi tertinggi hingga 4,9%. Strategi yang diterapkan untuk menghadapi dampak COVID-19 terhadap sistem tenaga listrik sumatera adalah revisi prediksi beban dan konsumsi listrik, weekly shutdown pembangkit, pemeliharaan pembangkit berkapasitas besar dengan memanfaatkan momentum penurunan beban dan cadangan sistem yang berlebih. Dengan strategi tersebut akurasi prediksi beban meningkat menjadi 98,7%, pembangkit mahal dapat di shutdown dan dapat dipelihara tanpa mengakibatkan defisit terhadap sistem
Ewolucja albo substytucja, czyli jaka przyszłość NATO
Authors: Menkes Jerzy
Published: April 2021

The author analyses the North Atlantic Alliance through the prism of community of values as the foundation of the system of collective self-defence. The starting point of the discussion was the construction of a “security community” by the states of the western hemisphere in order to repel the direct existential threat from the USSR. This constructed ‘community’ proved to be an institution capable of transformation – after the end of the ‘Cold War’ – in the face of new security threats. The 21st century has confronted the Allies and NATO with new challenges. These challenges come both from counter-system states – strategic rivals – and from within the Alliance itself, from states rejecting common values. The subjects of an in-depth comparative analysis are: internal challenges, examined in the form of case studies; the “hub and spokes system”, treated as a possible alternative to the Alliance; and NATO’s internal study – a report on challenges and the possibilities of meeting them. The author presents a catalogue of existential internal challenges with which NATO is confronted and the organisation’s search for ways to cope with these challenges. He presents an alternative model of bilateral alliances as a way to ensure security of the western hemisphere in case of NATO’s inability to survive. The aim of the study is to answer the question within the framework of the disjunctive alternative: will it be possible to transform (by the parties to the Washington Treaty) NATO into a community of values? Or will it be necessary to replace NATO with a network of bilateral agreements, that is, to replace the plurilateral institution with structured bilateral cooperation? The study is based on the conclusions of a legal survey of primary sources and representative literature on the subject.