bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-service and automation for increasing capacity, flow and satisfaction
Authors: Nielsen Anders , Teist Lone
Published: July 2024

Billund Airport is an international airport located in the western part of Denmark. The airport has a mix of various airlines — legacy, low-cost, charter and regional airlines. The size of the airport passenger-wise (2018 figures: 3,506,209) segmented into many different passenger categories calls for a very flexible setup in order to support the airlines’ different requirements. One of the basic principles to protect an efficient and streamlined flow is to constantly analyse passenger behaviour and map potentials gaps. This paper will introduce the reader as to how the airport has solved the challenge of having many different processes gathered — and still keeping the passenger experience in mind. The use of automation for the passenger flow is in force:
• WEB check-in
• KIOSK check-in
• Self-service bag drop
• Self-service scanning at the entrance to the security area
• Self-service boarding
• Self-service KIOSK at Arrival Service
The buzz word is ‘common use environment’, and the reader will be invited behind the scene and learn — not only why common use environment is essential — but also how the airport has succeeded in having this strategy and what initiatives they have taken in order to support the strategy. Billund Airport has also introduced automation on the ramp side — optimising the processes for baggage handling while also protecting the working environment via the use of power stow and a bulk baggage handling system. Throughout the paper, the different processes are well described, and statistics and photographs illustrate and underline the aim of the content — namely ‘Self-service and automation for increasing capacity, flow and satisfaction’.
Longevity risk: A new global market?
Authors: Hudson Robert
Published: July 2024

This paper discusses the potential new global market for longevity risk. It outlines how uncertainty over longevity, low investment returns and greater accounting disclosures have created a large demand for hedging longevity risk. It quantifies the size of UK and world exposure to this risk and describes the various parties affected by the risk. It goes on to discuss possible counterparties to the risk and determines that only the investment community has the capacity to accept a significant proportion of the liability. Finally, it discusses methods and instruments that may be used to trade the risk before offering conclusions.
How do popular online streamers influence viewers’ purchase intention? Evidence from a mobile game campaign on YouTube
Authors: Jiang Shan , Hua Xiaxin , Parviainen Robert
Published: July 2024

Influencer marketing is vital for the gaming industry because most users are relatively young and many are exposed to social media on a daily basis. This research attempts to understand the mechanism of influencer campaigning in the mobile game industry. The research model proposes that influencer marketing affects purchase intention in two key ways: direct triggering and indirect amplification. The study empirically tests the model using mobile game influencer campaigns conducted on YouTube. A case study is presented to support the proposed direct triggering effect. For the indirect amplification effect, statistical tests were performed using additional marketing and purchase data. The results suggest that influencer marketing has huge and timely impacts on the revenue of game companies early on, but the effects diminish quickly. Within the domain of game apps, influencer marketing not only has a direct impact on the purchase intention of viewers, but also indirectly amplifies the purchase intention of non-viewers through brand visibility and brand awareness.
The Synchronous Online Flipped Learning Approach: An eight-step learning cycle for digital age pedagogy
Authors: Marshall Helaine W. , Kostka Ilka
Published: July 2024

The sudden pivot to online teaching necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic left many university instructors floundering. One group of educators ready to overcome these challenges, however, was a small but growing community that had been teaching using the Synchronous Online Flipped Learning Approach (SOFLA). The goal of SOFLA is to provide instructors with a template for learner-centred online instruction that allows for creativity and freedom within each structured step of a learning cycle. The approach draws from principles of flipped learning pedagogy and best practices in online learning to offer a robust framework for technology-based instruction with both synchronous and asynchronous components. This paper begins by defining flipped learning and then rethinking it in terms of the online instructional context. Following this is a description of the eight steps of SOFLA that offers details and caveats to aid implementation. Then, the authors discuss what SOFLA offers educators and their students in terms of online teaching more generally. Finally, the conclusion provides suggestions for future work on SOFLA and for online flipped learning.
Leading a campus through crisis: The role of college and university presidents
Authors: Brennan Joseph A. , Stern Eric K.
Published: July 2024

Presidents, chancellors and other top leaders of higher education institutions have an important role to play in providing normative leadership to guide their institutions through — and back from — a period of crisis. Crisis leadership is an important function, one that is distinct from crisis operational management, and one that deserves greater attention. Crisis leadership comprises six distinct but related tasks: preparing, sense-making, decision-making, meaning-making, terminating and learning. This paper illustrates each of these six tasks with examples from well-known university crises in the USA. The paper concludes with suggestions regarding good practices for improving preparedness and crisis leadership.
Environmentally led regeneration: Challenges and opportunities of green infrastructure
Authors: Churchill Sophie , Evans Simon
Published: July 2024

The National Forest is described as one of England’s major landscape and environmentally led regeneration projects. Its relevance to national policy agendas is outlined, particularly green infrastructure in the context of proposed housing growth. Other green infrastructure projects in England and in Germany are referenced and compared with The National Forest. The approach to green infrastructure in The National Forest is outlined, with key success factors. Opportunities, challenges and lessons learnt are summarised.
Britain’s town centres: From resilience to transition
Authors: Dobson Julian
Published: July 2024

‘Resilience’ has become a watchword in the discussion of local economies in general, and the state of UK town centres in particular. This paper argues for a shift in focus by researchers and practitioners from resilience to transition. While both concepts draw on complex adaptive systems theory, ‘transition’ emphasises the need to move to a changed state rather than a return to equilibrium. The paper draws on the author’s recently published ‘How to save our town centres’ to suggest what a discussion of transition might encompass.
The European Payments Initiative: The next big thing in European payments?
Authors: Judt Ewald , Krueger Malte
Published: July 2024

Proposals for a European Card Payment Scheme (ECPS) to supplement the existing European Scheme for Credit Transfers and the SEPA Direct Debit Scheme have been under discussion since before the turn of the century. Since 2020, however, progress has entered a new phase, with banks from five European countries announcing the implementation of the European Payments Initiative (EPI). This paper describes what happened to the ECPS prior to the turn of the millennium and how things have developed since then. It then goes on to analyse the challenges the EPI must overcome to become an ECPS, the success of which would bring a degree of European sovereignty over payments.
How to drive holistic end-to-end supply chain risk management
Authors: Huang Jian
Published: July 2024

The constantly rising supply chain risk probabilities and increasingly negative performance impact on the supply chain force us to rethink and define an effective supply chain risk management approach. When a certain risk occurs, all internal and external stakeholders along the entire supply chain are affected. Therefore, it is essential to drive a holistic end-to-end supply chain risk management by setting up a dedicated supply chain risk management organisation with interfaces to all relevant business functions, by implementing an customised supply chain risk management process and by putting digital information technologies (eg artificial intelligence [AI]) in place in order to enable the process. The organisation builds a solid fundament and acceptance environment of the process implementation, while the process determines the strategic direction and scope of the information technologies selection. Only a clear vision, mission, strategy and roadmap can ensure and keep the enterprise-wide supply chain risk management programme running in the most efficient way. The systematic set-up of risk and business continuity management in the supply chain requires a sophisticatedly designed organisational structure and a comprehensive stakeholder management. An independent supply chain risk management organisation could be a recommended option in order to drive this strategic topic without any target conflicts between different business functions. The coverage and responsibility share between supply chain risk management and enterprise risk management must be aligned in order to use the existing enterprise-wide risk governance framework, methodology of risk quantification and risk management knowledge. A corporate supply chain risk management process defines a standard approach with roles and responsibilities and should cover the entire risk management cycle: identification, analysis and evaluation, treatment, monitoring and review. Both preventive and reactive supply chain risk management approaches should be considered and integrated as a complete concept. With advanced intelligent information technology, for example machine learning or risk management tools, the complete supply chain risk management process can be automated and digitalised. The process can be managed with minimum human effort and maximum benefit for the entire enterprise.
Navigating the Green Belt
Authors: Bevan David
Published: July 2024

Since the National Planning Policy Framework was published in 2012, the UK government has been consistent in its approach to getting the country building and stimulating the economy. The White Paper titled ‘Fixing our broken housing market’ looked at the constraints on bringing development forward and asked a number of questions in relation to the delivery of new sites for housing. The general approach was to make more efficient use of brownfield land, but other proposals need to be considered, including a review of the Green Belt boundaries. There is a possibility that the Green Belt, so often held as sacrosanct, may be reviewed by current or successive governments to provide land to deliver new housing. The paper explores the role of planning in providing houses and questions why the steer of councils from providing a development control role to a development management role is not being reflected in decision making. As councils have their budgets cut, will the strain of demand result in more applications being decided by appeal and are the government’s ambitions unrealistic? The paper concludes that the political landscape could have a very important influence on planning policy over the next few years and explains how this could be used to the advantage of applicants.
Improving the operational performance efficiency index of an airport by managing and reducing controllable delays: A case study of Delhi International Airport Limited, India
Authors: Narendra Sumangal
Published: July 2024

This paper presents an approach to the internal benchmarking of the performance of an airport in terms of total aircraft movement, and addresses airport capacity constraints in light of growing traffic and resulting congestion, causing delays that adversely affect the operational performance in terms of total aircraft movement through an airport. Considering the capital-intensive nature of the expansion of capacity and the usual time and cost overruns, the problems and difficulties in land acquisition and the time-consuming requirements of obtaining social and environmental clearances, the paper’s solution provides an option to improve the operational performance of an airport within its existing capacity by managing and reducing controllable delays. A model is presented to develop the performance efficiency index (PI), in terms of aircraft movement through the existing capacity of an airport every 24-hours, which is treated as one decision-making unit (DMU). This paper is a case study of Indira Gandhi International (IGI), now known as the Delhi International Airport (DIAL), in New Delhi, India. The model uses the stylised categories of delays — as per the International Air Transport Association (IATA) codes — as inputs, and the total aircraft movement as the throughput, and presents the efficiency frontier. The model is based on simple data envelopment analysis and linear programming techniques combined with second-stage regression analysis in order to estimate the effect of managing of types of delays on the PI. The model explains 76 per cent of variations in the throughput. The paper finds that the reactionary delays and the average delay at the gate affect the turnaround time of an aircraft and consequently the throughput of the DIAL.
`Dwelling Accordia` by Keith Bradley, Paul Drew, Colen Lumley and Ivor Richards
Authors: Bailey Nick , Pemberton Simon
Published: July 2024

Dwelling Accordia; Authors: Keith Bradley, Paul Drew, Colen Lumley and Ivor Richards; Reviewer: Nick Bailey. The Rebirth of Liverpool: The Eldonian Way; Author: J. McBane; Reviewer: Dr Simon Pemberton.
The process of urban regeneration in Budapest: Approaching 2030
Authors: Martone Assunta , Sepe Marichela , Immacolata Simeon Maria
Published: July 2024

During the last 20 years the large cities of Eastern Europe had to face the reindustrialisation of their territory and economic restructuring, leading to migration and urban expansion into the surrounding countryside. These factors led to no public coordination, where market forces could almost determine the plan of the city. The demise of the socialist state and the adoption of Western ideas left an ideological vacuum. In addition the financial crisis and the structural adjustments for entering the EU also played a role. Urban regeneration in Budapest was at first restricted to physical restoration, but later involved social and environmental aspects. This has led to the revitalisation of the central area aided by stronger housing policy. This paper describes the urban transformation underway in Budapest in just ten years which has created a more global society, with a new economy and major transformation in the organisation and structure of the urban space. The paper illustrates the phases of development – particularly housing policies and the Magdolna case – and the expected transformation of Budapest in the year of 2030. The conclusions focus on the initial results observed and on the challenges for 2030.
Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards and steps to improve energy inefficient properties
Authors: Montlake Daniel , Gelb Sivan
Published: July 2024

The much-anticipated Minimum Energy Efficiency Standards (MEES) came into force on 1st April, 2018. This paper looks at the implications the regulations may have on the property market and whether the regulations can be the catalyst for improved energy efficiency that so many have hoped. While it was intended that the regulations would ensure that poor performing properties are brought up to standards, the unintended benefits may be even greater. The regulations will impact many aspects of the property market including rent reviews, lease renewals and service charge. The potential benefits to a landlord in having a highly-rated Energy Performance Certificate (EPC) could drive a ‘rush to the top’ as landlords seek to achieve a rating that goes well beyond the minimum requirement set out in the regulations.
Event-based urban regeneration and gentrification in the historic centre of Genoa
Authors: Gastaldi Francesco
Published: July 2024

the hosting of important events has played a crucial role in the urban transformations that have been taking place in Genoa over the past 20 years, both for the huge investments they required and for the way in which they have redefined the city image. Urban transformation, upgrading and maintenance, all of which have affected the historic centre and the waterfront, have positively contributed to reversing the process of physic, economic and social decline that was devouring many parts of the city centre. The great operation of urban transformation, requalification and maintenance, which saw as protagonists the historic centre of Genoa and the waterfront of the Porto Antico (the ancient harbour), began in 1992 in the year of the Columbus Expo, celebrating the 500th anniversary of the discovery of America, and later continued and evolved with the G8 Summit, held in Genoa in July 2001, and the Genoa European Capital of Culture in 2004. These great events allowed, through the creation of a new open waterfront space in the city, a connection between the historic port basin and the ancient nucleus of the city. The phenomenon of gentrification began in the piazza Sarzano area in the early 1990s. The relocation of the Faculty of Architecture resulted in the moving away of weak and marginalised sectors of the population, an improvement in the commercial fabric and the development of student accommodation. The students have been able to take advantage of the very low rents, triggering a spontaneous process of renewal of the residential housing stock.
The adoption of waves of digital technology as antecedents of digital transformation by financial services institutions
Authors: Pal Paul
Published: July 2024

As academia and practitioners achieve a better understanding of the digital transformation phenomenon, companies across industries gain digital maturity and exploit digital transformation tenets in conjunction with digital technologies to build competitive advantage. While industry experts made some attempts to build uniform models, patterns and practices around digital transformation, scholastic literature paid scant attention toward unraveling digital transformation in financial services sector, particularly, how the overarching digital technology ecosystem acts as enabler, allowing incumbent financial institutions to innovate, industrialise and accomplish digital transformation. In order to surmount this dereliction of our responsibilities, we study macro-level digital technology trends, namely Big Data, hybrid cloud and automation, among others that acted as primary levers in the previous phase of modernisation endeavour undertaken by major financial organisations, notably in the western hemisphere. Additionally, drawing on the extant academic literature and technobusiness journals, this paper investigates how emerging technologies, specifically, AI, API, metaverse and Web 3.0 underpinned by Blockchain technology will enable go-to-market strategy in future and impact value proposition of the incumbents, eventually changing the banking game. Therefore, this study will help practitioners grasp the evolution of digital technology ecosystem within financial sector, and steer them through disruptive market forces.
Changing realities in school safety and preparedness
Authors: Hull Bob
Published: July 2024

This paper investigates new realities in emergency preparedness and safety for schools and other educational facilities in a budgetary climate where the sector is being asked to do more with fewer resources. The paper provides a guide to overcoming issues connected with staffing levels and apathy, incorporating principles of emergency management in schools, collaboration with other agencies, communications, training and exercises, and the needs of children during emergencies in order to deliver a cohesive emergency management and safety programme.
Volunteers in service to America: Warriors for the poor and victims of COVID-19
Authors: Feehan David M.
Published: July 2024

The concept of voluntarism is ancient. But in the 1960s, poverty in the US and abroad was becoming more of a government concern. The US government established the Peace Corps, and then, in 1964, the Volunteers in Service to America (VISTA) programme. While Peace Corps volunteers served exclusively outside the US, VISTAs were assigned to domestic anti-poverty programmes. Both programmes live on today, VISTA under the broader federal AmeriCorps programme. VISTAs are now engaged in a different war — a struggle to save communities from the devastation of the COVID-19 virus. This paper suggests how an expanded VISTA programme could save both lives and jobs.
The UK and Blockchain technology: A balanced approach
Authors: De Meijer Carlo R. W.
Published: July 2024

In March 2015 the UK Government set out its approach to digital crypto-currencies. London has thereby taken a lead in this area, adopting a friendlier regulatory stance than its counterparts in New York or Frankfurt. The UK Chancellor, George Osborne, announced UK Government plans to regulate digital crypto-currencies and invest money not only into the ‘opportunities and challenges’ of digital crypto-currencies such as Bitcoin, but also into the potential future of leveraging ‘Blockchain technology’ to fundamentally change the financial world. Blockchain technology has now also attracted interest from Central Banks, financial institutions and technology firms, who are currently discussing and investigating the opportunities and challenges in using Blockchain technology. The financial industry is realising that Blockchain technology has enormous potential. This Blockchain technology could fundamentally change the way the whole financial industry operates and delivers the opportunity to completely reinvent the banking industry. In this paper the various initiatives and potential use cases of the Blockchain technology will be discussed. This technology could have serious consequences especially for the payments industry. The possibilities of the Blockchain technology will not only be limited to digital cash and payments systems. They also enable the issuance and trading shares on decentralised digital exchanges, allow new ways of communication without third-party providers, and enable users to draft and enforce digital contracts known as ‘smart contracts’.
Street art in the library: Transforming spray paint into a digital archive and virtual reality experience
Authors: Hunsaker Amy J. , Rocke Laura
Published: July 2024

This paper discusses The University of Nevada, Reno Libraries and Digital Media Technology Department’s partnering with an art historian, local art organisations and Reno street artists to create an online archive, exhibit and virtual reality (VR) experience highlighting the explosion of urban street art in Reno. The Libraries assembled a team that photographed the art using traditional two-dimensional digital cameras, and captured 360 VR footage of the art and of several artists creating interior and exterior murals. The team conducted on-camera interviews with prominent street artists in Reno; collected permission forms; generated metadata; and initially preserved the images and created an archive using CatDV, the Libraries’ media asset management system. The content was made available in the Libraries’ new Islandora installation in July 2018. In addition, a community-wide event was held during Reno’s annual summer art festival, Reno Artown, in which artists were invited to create art in VR in front of a crowd, and the archive and VR experience were demonstrated. By providing an archive that is accessible to students and community members, the Libraries supports scholarly research in urban street art and creates ties with local communities.
The implications of a ‘no-deal’ Brexit for data protection in the United Kingdom
Authors: Butler Oliver
Published: July 2024

A ‘no-deal’ Brexit will have important implications for international data transfers from the European Union (EU) to the United Kingdom (UK). It will both impose costs on and harm the competitiveness of many UK-based companies. A sharp ‘cliff-edge’ for international data flows, however, is less likely. UK-based companies will need to rely on Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs) or Binding Corporate Rules (BCRs) for international data transfers from the EU in the event of a no-deal Brexit. Many larger companies are likely to have already taken steps towards implementing such measures. In addition, very considerable progress has been made by the UK and third countries with EU adequacy decisions in their favour to ensure that international data flows are maintained. The most significant implication of a no-deal Brexit is in the medium term. A no-deal Brexit makes it more likely that any attempt to seek an EU adequacy decision for future international data transfers for the UK will fail. This increases the prospect of weakening existing protections for the personal data of UK-resident data subjects in both the UK and abroad and in both the public and private sectors. This paper analyses the implocations of a no-deal Brexit for UK data protection law.
Urban regeneration and urban fabrics in Australian cities
Authors: Thomson Giles , Newton Peter , Newman Peter
Published: July 2024

This paper describes Australian urban regeneration in terms of urban fabric — walking, transit or automobile, and geography — brownfield and greyfield arenas. Case studies are used to highlight the importance of understanding urban fabric when considering development and regeneration across any geography. Urban regeneration in Australian cities has been occurring in brownfields locations for the past three decades, initially driven by government intervention, but now a strong market force. The ‘peak car’ phenomenon is now associated with an even stronger demand for urban regeneration stretching beyond the inner city into the middle suburbs or greyfields. This paper provides a brief history of major regeneration influences followed by an overview of the processes, policies and practices that can enable the next phase of urban regeneration in all three urban fabrics, particularly the greyfields.
Organisational resilience: Shifting from planning-driven business continuity management to anticipated improvisation
Authors: Groenendaal Jelle , Helsloot Ira
Published: July 2024

As unpredictable major-impact events are on the rise, many organisations have adopted an organisational resilience (OR) approach for dealing with these so-called ‘black swan events. What OR comprises is subject to ambiguity and multiple interpretations. This article presents a perspective that makes a distinction between predictable risks and unpredictable major-impact events. The article argues that predictable risks would benefit from an adaptive and efficient business continuity management (BCM) capability. Using several cases, the article demonstrates how the adaptability and efficiency of BCM can be improved in practice. For unpredictable events, this article calls for a strategy of anticipated improvisation. Both strategies necessitate executives and regulators to accept less planning and to put more trust in the expertise of specialists and managers.
CRE and finance roles in the impact of lease accounting changes : Whose baby is it?
Authors: Koh Sylvia , Chua Ming Lee
Published: July 2024

The dust has finally settled on the long-awaited changes in how companies must account for leases in their financial statements in a bid to improve financial transparency. This paper explores how the corporate real estate community needs to engage with its internal finance teams as well as prepare the real estate portfolio to be ready for transition when the changes go live in 2019. While it is no surprise that finance will take on the heavy lifting to comply with the new standard, corporate real estate professionals have a critical role to play as well and inaction is not an option.
From open banking to embedded finance: The essential factors for a successful digital transformation
Authors: Hensen Joris , Kötting Brigitte
Published: July 2024

Consumers’ needs have changed significantly in recent years, and so have their expectations of financial services. Not only does a large part of their life take place online, but digital apps and products are also integrated into everyday situations. Instead of offering isolated products on a website, companies therefore began to address consumers right at their ‘point of need’ — on e-commerce platforms, in apps from mobility service providers or on comparison portals. Banks can adopt this approach by embedding financial services into the products of non-bank companies, thus offering seamless processes and an increased level of convenience to their clients. Open banking is what provides the foundation for this concept of ‘embedded finance’, by allowing third parties to access banking data via technical interfaces — so-called application programming interfaces (APIs). In 2015, Deutsche Bank decided to take advantage of the opportunities offered by open banking. Through an API programme, the bank enables its partners and customers to integrate banking data as well as financial products and services into their own applications and products. Thus, partners can offer financial services to their customers directly at the point of need. The work of Deutsche Bank’s API Program has provided valuable insights into how banks can successfully open up and even take the next steps towards embedded finance. This paper looks at Deutsche Bank’s experience with open banking and the possibilities and opportunities for embedded finance and presents best practice examples for the necessary internal transformation of financial institutions.
Transparency, automated decision-making processes and personal profiling
Authors: Battaglini Manuela , Rasmussen Steen
Published: July 2024

Automated decision-making and profiling techniques provide tremendous opportunities to companies and organizations; however, they can also be harmful to individuals, because current laws and their interpretations neither provide data subjects with sufficient control over assessments made by automated decision-making processes nor with sufficient control over how these profiles are used. Initially, we briefly discuss how recent technological innovations led to big data analytics, which through machine learning algorithms can extract behaviours, preferences and feelings of individuals. This automatically generated knowledge can both form the basis for effective business decisions and result in discriminatory and biased perceptions of individuals’ lives. We next observe how the consequences of this situation lead to lack of transparency in automated decision-making and profiling, and discuss the legal framework of this situation. The concept of personal data in this section is crucial, as there is a conflict between the 29 Working Party and the European Court of Justice at the time to define the artificial intelligence (AI)-generated profiles and assessments as personal data. Depending on whether they are or are not personal data, individuals have the right to be notified (Articles 13–14 GDPR) or right to access (Article 15 GDPR) to inferenced data. The reality is that the data protection law does not protect data subjects from the assessments that companies make through big data and machine learning algorithms, as users lose control over their personal data and do not have any mechanism to protect themselves from this profiling owing to trade secrets and intellectual property rights. Finally, we discuss four possible solutions to lack of transparency in automated inferences. We explore the impact of a variety of approaches ranging from use of open source algorithms to only collecting anonymous data, and we show how these approaches, to varying degrees, protect individuals as well as let them control their personal data. Based on that, we conclude by outlining the requirements for a desirable governance model of our critical digital infrastructures.
What is wrong with housing in Eastern Europe today?
Authors: Ireland David
Published: July 2024

The fall of communism in Eastern Europe was one of the most significant and dramatic events in the second half of the 20th century. While it has brought huge improvements in people’s lives, it has also led to serious housing shortages, resulting in a severe lack of affordable housing and rapidly rising homelessness. The author discusses the main implications of this and highlights the current situation in two former communist countries. Here he focuses on the approaches taken at a sub-government level, including how communities are working to take control and design and build homes themselves.
Airport commercial revenues in the time of the digital shopper
Authors: Warrender Andrew
Published: July 2024

Digital disruption has become an increasingly important factor in the previously relatively protected environment of airport commercial revenues. There are a considerable number of airports that see this as a threat and not an opportunity. The challenge is to master the secret of change and optimise operations and airport company culture to flex to this coming new era, which, in some cases, is already here. This paper will examine current non-aeronautical revenue streams and their individual strengths and weaknesses. It will show that the current status has reached a peak and that new challenges are eroding the growth potential of the current models, which is particularly evident in the developed markets. Additionally, the paper will explore how airports’ customers have evolved. Today’s customer expectations have grown and the key to future success is to continue to innovate to meet those expectations. It will take lessons from the outside world, from businesses that are successful disrupters and those businesses keeping pace, and apply these to the airport world to demonstrate how to meet those changed customer expectations. Fundamentally it will reach a conclusion on what airports are, who their customers are and what role airports and their non-aeronautical revenue should play in the future. Ultimately this paper’s purpose is to articulate a vision on how commercial offerings can now capitalise on the era of e-commerce, not simply to maintain competition with it, by rediscovering the secret of change.
London’s evolution to a ‘national park city’: The Green Belt, space to build and sustainable transport
Authors: Roberts Alice
Published: July 2024

This paper proposes the evolution of London into a national park city protecting Green Belt, finding space available for development while developing a sustainable transport system.
Artificial intelligence for regulatory compliance: Are we there yet?
Authors: Butler Tom , O’Brien Leona
Published: July 2024

The world’s first digital computer, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), would have turned 73 this year. Since ENIAC’s birth in 1946, we have used computers to create a digital version of our analogue world. Human intelligence (and natural stupidity) evolved for the analogue world; however, human cognitive capabilities are limited when it comes to the complexity of understanding and decision-making in the digital world. This paper explores the capability of artificial intelligence (AI) to transform the financial industry. Banks and insurance companies have effectively digitised their businesses, with financial institutions reportedly spending more than any others on data; however, they find themselves caught between the Scylla of big regulation and the Charybdis of big data, particularly where financial compliance and risk management is concerned. Supervisory authorities are equally challenged. It is no surprise, then, to discover that AI is shaping the FinTech, RegTech and SupTech landscapes, in addition to related activities in the legal and professional services sectors. In the face of unbridled enthusiasm and unquestioning acceptance of many of the claims made for AI, this paper takes a balanced, critical stance in explaining the what, why and how of AI in the financial industry, with a particular focus on the art of the possible in regulatory compliance.
Seaside regeneration and place campaign
Authors: Bassam Lord Steve
Published: July 2024

In April 2019, the House of Lords Select Committee published its report on the Future of Seaside Towns. This paper argues that while government has accepted some of the findings and belatedly recognised the issues that the report highlighted, the ‘left behind’ nature of many of the communities on the coast means that more decisive action is required. The recently announced Town Deals for 100 communities will go some way in helping, but not far enough. Only approximately a quarter of the deals will cover the deprived coastal areas and it is not yet clear exactly how the government expects to allocate the significant resource they have announced (£3.6bn). It is argued that more needs to be done to help seaside communities to come to terms with the changes they face. As UK residents continue to seek holidays abroad, the unique selling point (USP) of the seaside has to change. Shorter ‘staycations’ are increasingly the norm, with visitors wanting something more than the old-style bracing experience they enjoyed in simpler days. Responding to new trends in visits is essential, but the pleasures of a seaside stay need to be repurposed and rethought. To reimagine our seaside assets, investment is required. Much of the investment will need to be into connectivity and infrastructure. To make good use of resource, however, it is essential that governance models have at their core principles of effective leadership, partnership working and making good use of the insight and talents of socially responsive businesses and social enterprise. If this approach is harnessed, the government’s Town Deal programme might make a much-needed impact.
Digital currencies and the concept of money as a social agreement
Authors: Milkau Udo , Bott Jürgen
Published: July 2024

The first appearance of digital ‘currency’ tokens following the implementation of Bitcoin was a catalyst for discussion about the nature of money and the future development of both fiat monies and central bank money. Indeed, the discussion today remains dominated by arguments concerning the definition of money and the role of central banks. However, ‘money’ must be understood as a social agreement between economic agents who confer legitimacy and value upon it by agreeing to accept it, both now and in the future. This paper presents a framework to understand money as a social agreement in the age of digitisation using four different mechanisms: game theory with tokens, market-driven development of account-based money, liabilities (of banks to their clients and central banks to commercial banks), and a trust-based mechanism for digital coins provided by a central institution. Any development of money in the digital age must consider its users’ perception of stability, security, convenience, freedom of choice and trust in its ‘reusability’. Complementing the current discussion within central banks, this paper considers how social dynamics in the 21st century might challenge the traditional definition and acceptance of money.
Learning from history: The Glasgow Airport terrorist attack
Authors: Crichton Gillies
Published: July 2024

Glasgow Airport was the target of a terrorist attack on 30th June, 2007. Many people within Scotland had come to believe that Scotland was immune from terrorism. This perception was in large part informed by Scotland’s experience during the protracted Troubles in Northern Ireland, during which the Provisional Irish Republican Army’s mainland bombing campaign focused on targets in England, sparing both Scotland and Wales. While Glasgow Airport did not expect such an attack to take place, meticulous planning, organising and testing of plans had taken place to mitigate the unlikely event of such an attack. The attack stands up as a shining example of robust business continuity management, where the airport reopened for business as usual in less than 24 hours from the time of the attack. Little is known about how the airport handled the situation in conjunction with other responding agencies as people tend to want to focus on high-profile disasters only. Yet countless such incidents are happening worldwide on a daily basis, in which there are excellent learning opportunities, and, taken in the spirit of converting hindsight into foresight, the likelihood of similar incidents could potentially be reduced in the future.
Human factors in organisational resilience: Implications of breaking the psychological contract
Authors: Mccoy Jackie , Elwood Alan
Published: July 2024

Employees and employers have established and codified relationships defined within such documents as terms of employment, contracts and organisational Human Resources (HR) policies. Such overt documents represent tangible ‘contracts’ but importantly there is an intangible contract that represents the mutual expectations held by both employer and employee as to how each other should and must behave in their relationship. This is known as the psychological contract, which is underpinned by the concept of mutuality and creates significant risk to business continuity and operational resilience if damaged or broken. In normal times this should be concerning but in times of extreme change and turbulence (such as the current economic crisis) it may prove disastrous. As such, the state of the psychological contract should be of extreme interest to those charged with developing and maintaining organisational resilience.
Income and banking access in the USA: The effect on bill payment choice
Authors: Greene Claire , Stavins Joanna
Published: July 2024

Consumer payment methods are determined by a number of factors, including the type of bill, the value of the bill, whether the bill is to be paid online or automatically, and — by no means least of all — the demographic and income profile of the individual making the payment. As this paper argues, the convenience and speed provided by automatic and online payments do not benefit all US consumers equally. Unbanked consumers lack access to most payment methods and hence use cash or prepaid cards to pay their bills. Low-income consumers are more likely to pay in person, use significantly more cash, and are less likely to set up automated or online bill payments, regardless of whether they have a bank account.
Corporate self-sufficiency during disasters
Authors: Cook Bobby
Published: July 2024

In the aftermath of a major disaster, whether natural or man-made, corporations cannot depend on the assistance of outside emergency services. Yet, while the case for corporate self-sufficiency has never been more apparent, most companies are ill-prepared for disaster. To address this problem, this article is designed to help senior executives ask the difficult questions in order to identify whether their company is truly ‘response ready’. To this end, the article describes the many aspects of self-sufficiency. While it gives specific examples of the various tasks that must be performed, such as ensuring the key personnel tasked with emergency response, crisis management and business continuity are properly trained and tested, it also stresses the need to understand the human impact. This factor is an essential consideration, as by failing to consider the emotional impact on personnel, executives are setting up their disaster response for failure. This paper will discuss the human factor, along with other differences between operational theory and operational reality. The key takeaway is the importance of managing corporate expectations during a major disaster.
Local air quality: A growing concern to airport management
Authors: Fleuti Emanuel
Published: July 2024

Meeting the demand for increased mobility, airports are adapting their infrastructure, but face the challenge of controlling their emissions in the light of the EU air quality standards. A possible way out is a joint and combined approach where the various aviation industry partners (airports, airlines, manufacturers and service providers) team up to develop and implement comprehensive mitigation programmes. Such programmes could include technological, regulatory, operational and economic measures alike.
A planning approach to re-envisioning street vendor spaces in Cairo
Authors: Mohammed Darwish Hoda Al-Amir
Published: July 2024

Urban regeneration has been an accepted strategy for reviving cities around the globe for decades. In Egypt, the local government in Cairo has launched many regeneration projects: mainly focusing on the formalisation and relocation of street vendors to new public markets. This research tackles the relationship between the design of alternative public markets and the behaviours and needs of street vendors. Six cases in Cairo city, Egypt (El Tunisi, Kasr El Nile, El Turjuman, Ahmed Helmy, Toshka and Ain Helwan, and Misr Street) are analysed using various methods such as observation, surveys, questionnaires and group discussions. The aim is to investigate the reasons behind the failure of alternative markets in Cairo city over the past few years. The results show that unprofitable locations was one crucial factor that led to the rejection of enclosed public markets. Additionally, it was found that the needs of street vendors were not taken into account in the urban design, which provoked street vendors to abandon the alternative markets and strive to fulfil their unsatisfied needs. Another issue is the lack of a strategy to encourage street vendors to participate in the relocation process, which has resulted in vendors abandoning new markets, leading to more economic losses. The research presents a new perspective regarding planning and designing such vital public market spaces that serve a broad sector of the Egyptian community, in an effort to prevent the growth of the informal sector and to ensure the sustainability of regeneration efforts in these markets.
Redeveloping a vibrant riverfront in Washington, DC/ The Capitol Riverfront
Authors: Stevens Michael G.
Published: July 2024

From the end of World War II until about a decade ago, the land along the northern bank of the Anacostia River in Washington, DC, which is today known as the Capitol Riverfront neighbourhood, has most of the time been the city’s industrial backyard, home to concrete plants, car repair shops, waste transfer stations as well as outdated public housing projects. Today, the benefits of considerable public investments and the foresight of a visionary mayor transformed the neighbourhood into a walkable urban neighbourhood and business centre, well on its way to its maturation as a vibrant riverfront destination in the nation’s capital. Possibly the largest riverfront redevelopment project in the USA, the Capitol Riverfront exemplifies what good public planning, strategic public investment and public/private partnerships can accomplish in an industrial neighbourhood which had been forgotten for over 60 years — all within five blocks of the US Capitol Building.