bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isozymes, secondary compounds and experimental cultures of Australian seagrasses in Halophila, Halodule, Zostera, Amphibolis and Posidonia
Authors: McMillan C , Williams SC , Escobar L , Zapata O
Published: December 2005

Systematic and ecological implications were shown for Australian seagrasses by studies of isozymes, secondary compounds and experimental cultures. In Halophila, small- and large-leaved plants which occur sympatrically from northern Queensland to New South Wales and were referred to H. ovalis (R.Br.) Hook. f. differed in isozymes and secondary compounds and maintained leaf size differences in experimental cultures. The small-leaved plants should be referred to a different species. In Halodule, narrow-leaved plants that were referred to H. uninervis (Forsk.) Aschers. and H.pinifolia (Miki) Den Hartog were examined. In experimental cultures, narrow-leaved plants from Thursday Island produced both tridentate and rounded serrulate leaf tips and differed in isozymes and secondary compounds from wide-leaved plants. The narrow- leaved plants should be referred to H. pinifolia and the wide-leaved plants to H. uninervis. In Zostera, small- and large-leaved forms of Z. capricorni Aschers. which occur sympatrically in Queensland and New South Wales have similar isozymes that differ from those of Z. muelleri Irmisch. ex Aschers. of South Australia. Experimental cultures of Z. capricorni continued to produce 5-nerved leaves and those of Z. muelleri, 3- nerved leaves. In Amphibolis, cultures of A. antarctica (Labill.) Sonder & Aschers. and A. griffithii (J. M. Black) Den Hartog continued to show leaf differences but were similar in secondary compounds and isozymes, differing in only one of eight enzyme systems. In Posidonia, wide-leaved plants of P. australis Hook. f. continued to produce leaves in culture that differed in width from those of P. sinuosa Cambridge & Kuo but were similar in secondary compounds and isozymes, differing only in one of eight enzyme systems. The chemical evaluations and experimental cultures suggested wide differences in Halophila and in Halodule but indicated only narrow differences in the other three genera.
New species of Parmelia subgen. Xanthoparmelia (lichens) from Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Elix JA
Published: December 2005

Sixteen new species of Parmelia (subgen. Xanthoparmelia) lichens are described from southern Australia, namely P. antleriformis, P, bungendorensis, P. consociata, P, elaeodes, P. etheridgensis, P. exillima; P. luminosa, P. mannumensis, P. metastrigosa, P, neotinctina, P.pseudoamphixantha, P.pustuliza, P, remanens, P. scabropustulata, P. subpumila and P. xanthosorediata. P. neotinctina and P. scabropustulata are also widely distributed in New Zealand. In addition, the new combination Parmelia multipartita has been made and the chemistry of this species and P. subcrustacea are discussed in detail for the first time.
Chromosome, morphometric and breeding system studies in the Stylidium caricifolium species complex (Stylidiaceae)
Authors: Coates DJ
Published: December 2005

Evolutionary relationships among the five species in the Stylidium caricifolium species complex were investigated by chromosome, morphometric and breeding system studies. Marked interspecific chromosome differences were found between all five species and chromosomally polymorphic individuals detected in populations of S. affine, S. caricifolium and S, sp. 2. In addition, chromosomal and morphological intermediates between S. affine and S. caricifolium were found in a region corresponding to an ecological transition zone between the wheat belt and Darling Scarp vegetation systems in southern Western Australia. The origin of these transition-zone forms, although conjectural at this stage, is discussed in the light of information available from chromosome studies. Morphometric studies demonstrated that S. affine, S. sp. 1 and S. sp. 2 can readily be distinguished from each other and from S. nungarinense and S. caricifolium.
The last two species, although not detectably different in the floral characters measured, can be separated on leaf morphology. Breeding system studies suggested that all species with the exception of S. affine and S. caricifolium are effectively isolated from each other reproductively. The possible significance of chromosome repatterning and eco-geographic patterns in the evolution of the S. caricifolium species complex is discussed.
An experimental taxonomic study of Plantago tasmanica Hook, f. and P. daltonii Dcne
Authors: Brown MJ
Published: December 2005

Multivariate morphometric analyses of leaves from plants grown in the field and in the glasshouse indicate that Plantago tasmanica and P. daltonii are developmentally flexible, but their leaf forms remain distinct when the taxa are grown in common environments. No evidence of a geographical trend of leaf form was observed within or among taxa but leaf form appears to be correlated with local habitat conditions. Evidence from the morphometric data, together with preliminary seed germination experiments and qualitative characteristics, suggests that the varietal ranks of P. tasmanica var. tasmanica and var. archeri should be maintained but that P. daltoniiis specifically distinct. However, introgression probably occurs between the two species.
Ectomycorrhizae Associated With Jarrah
Authors: Malajczuk M , Hingston FJ
Published: December 2005

Three major morphological types of ectomycorrhizae have been distinguished on roots of Eucalyptus marginara
(jarrah). These were broadly classified as white, brown and black types. The variation in type of
ectornycorrhizae and number of infected tips with season and depth in the soil were monitored at three forest
sites. The sites had been burnt 1 , 6 and 45 years before sampling. Formation of ectomycorrhizae occurred in
winter and spring. The black type was found predominantly in the soil whilst the white and brown types were
associated with litter. The mean number of ectomycorrhizal root tips was highest in the 45 year unburnt and
least in the 1 year unburnt site, suggesting that burning history influences their abundance.
Cross-fertilization and hybrid development of forms of the brown alga Hormosira banksii (Turner) Decaisne
Authors: Clarke SM , Womersley HBS
Published: December 2005

Gametes from four forms of Hormosira banksii(f. banksii, f. gracilis, f, sieberi and f.pumila) from the coast at Victor Harbor and Aldinga, in South Australia, cross-fertilize readily in all combinations and the zygotes develop into healthy germlings. Nearly all developed to the first vesicle stage and a few were successfully cultured to plants 24 cm high with many vesicles. The larger plants had immature but typical conceptacles but did not become fertile before loss at 15 months. The above taxa are considered to be at subspecific levels.
Biology of Acacia pulchella R.br. With Special Reference to Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation
Authors: Monk D , Pate JS , Loneragan WA
Published: December 2005

Growth, reproduction and longevity of the fire weed Acacia pulchella var. glaberrima were examined in
natural populations of known age in coastal sands in and around Perth, W.A. Dense populations (10000
plantsiha) were established after a summer burn; plant density was 30% of its initial value at 4 years. less than
8% at 13 years. Plants accumulated dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus throughout a 13-year growth
period. Seed production commenced at 2 years, reached a maximum (12000 seeds per plant per year) at 3 or
4 years declining to 2000 seedsiplant in the 13th year. Only a small fraction of the shed seed accumulated in
soil under the stands. Changes in total plant N, nodule weightlplant, and C2H2 reduction capacity of
detached nodules were followed in populations in their first, second and fourth growing seasons. A new set of
nodules formed with the autumn rains, peak nodule mass and C2H2 reduction activity were recorded in
July-October, and virtually no nodules survived the summer into a second growing season. A glasshouse
study of N accumulation and C2H2 reduction by nodules in minus N sand culture gave acalibration value of
2.26 mol C2H2 : mol N2 fixed. Applying this value to data from nativepopulations, 8% of the N accumulated
by first season plants, 45% of the N of second season plants and 68% of the N of fourth season plants were
estimated to be derived from symbiosis. Average annual returns of N to the ecosystem were estimated at 3.9
kg/ha, probably more than half of this from N2 fixation. Progressive death of plants in the populations gave
the greatest return ( 1.9 kg N per ha per yr), the remainder from litter (1 kg N per ha per yr) and shed seed
( 1 kg N per ha per yr).
Corrigendum - Cell Development in the Young Seed of Two Inbred Lines of Pearl Millet, Pennisetum Americanum.
Authors: Rao MK , Kumari KA
Published: December 2005

Rate of cell development in embryo and endosperm during the 1st 4 days after pollination was similar in 2 lines of P. americanum under field conditions. 1st division of the endosperm nucleus was complete within 6 h after pollination. Synchronous mitoses, the mitotic cycle, divisions within the embryo and the endosperm and embryo volume increases are described.
Extrafloral Nectaries of Some Australian Phyllodineous Acacias
Authors: Boughton VH
Published: December 2005

The extrafloral nectaries of 43 phyllodineous Acacia species in the sections Phyllodineae, Plurinerves and Juliflorae were examined; material was collected mainly in south-eastern Queensland. The nectaries were of three types: porate (30 species), non-porate (12 species) and flat (only Acacia macradenia). The structure and anatomy of each type are described, and relationships are established between nectary type and both infrageneric taxa and phyllode length. The belief that nectaries are absent from or rare in acacias from dry regions is not upheld.
Reproductive isolation of co-occurring Banksia species at the Yule Brook Botany Reserve, Western Australia
Authors: Lewis J , Bell DT
Published: December 2005

Mechanisms assisting the maintenance of genetic identity of four species of Banksia (B. attenuata, B. menziesii, B, littoralis and B. telmatiaea) occurring in close proximity are reported. The summer-flowering B. attenuata was phenologically isolated from the other co-occurring species. Of the winter-flowering species B. menziesii, in addition to inhabiting a slightly more elevated, drier habitat in the reserve, showed pollen-style incompatibility with both B. littoralis and B. telmatiaea. B. littoralis and B. telmatiaea appear to be potentially hybridized as they share the same lowland habitat, flowering period, and a few common pollinators, and artificial interspecific pollen germination was achieved. It is suggested, however, that these two species may be adapted morphologically and physiologically to the attraction of different animal pollinators although it is more likely that the Banksia species maintain genetic identity through behavioural constancy of individuals of those animal species.
A Forest Soil Suppressive to Phytophthora cinnamomi and Conducive to Phytophthora cryptogea. I. Survival, Germination and Infectivity of Mycelium and Chlamydospores.
Authors: Halsall DM
Published: December 2005

The physical and chemical characteristics of a forest soil suppressive to P. cinnamomi are compared with
those of other, previously described, suppressive soils. Recovery of P. cinnamomi chlamydospores from the
suppressive soil was reduced to 51% of recovery from condilcive soil when the chlamydospores were mixed
through the soil immediately prior to sampling. The subsequent recovery rate decreased more rapidly in the
suppressive soil than in the conducive soil. Germination of chlamydospores by the formation of a terminal
sporangium and zoospores was inhibited in the suppressive soil. Degeneration of mycelium was more rapid
in the suppressive than in the conducive soil.
Glasshouse tests showed infection of seedlings growing in the suppressive soil could occur when a
zoospore inoculum was used. Infection was greatly reduced when a chlamydospore inoculum was used.
Field trials in Tallaganda State Forest, N.S.W., indicated that P. cinnamomi introduced into this habitat
rarely caused infection and was unlikely to spread.
Seed Dormancy in Aristida armata
Authors: Brown RF
Published: December 2005

Dormancy in stored seed of Aristida armata was most pronounced in seed up to 6 months old and was
associated with the persistent hull. Dormant seeds imbibed readily, although few were capable of
germinating when the hull was removed after remaining imbibed at 30/25°C for 55 days or longer.
Short periods of dry storage at 70°C or stratification at 4°C reduced dormancy.
In some dormant seeds, imbibition was followed by the exsertion of the radicle up to 0.5 mm through the
hull without further germination occurring. The significance of this phenomenon is unclear as it did not
appear to promote subsequent germination, and such seeds were unable to survive desiccation.
Seed production of A. armata occurs mostly in autumn in south-western Queensland. Seed dormancy
would be expected to facilitate seedling establishment in the following spring or autumn rather than during
the temperature extremes of winter and summer.
Exine Ultrastructure of Myrtaceous Pollen
Authors: Gadek PA , Martin HA
Published: December 2005

Exine ultrastructure has been determined by transmission electron microscopy analysis of the grains of a number of species of Myrtaceae, chosen to represent some of the diversity of sculpture and structure that can be observed using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The species all show a typical angiosperm exine differentiation consisting of two chemically different layers, an electron-dense ektexine and a less dense endexine divided by a very thin electron-transparent lamella. They all differ, however, from the typical angiosperm architecture by the presence of a somewhat unstructured, granulate infratectal layer and a granular/alveolate endexinous layer around the pores. Species differences relate to the granulate coiumellate organization of the infractectal layer, the extent or density of tectal perforations and the presence and thickness of a foot layer around the grain.
Interspecific Incompatibility Amongst Victorian Species of Amyema (Loranthaceae)
Authors: Bernhardt P
Published: December 2005

Each of the six Amyema species collected in Victoria had a natural distribution and floral phenoiogy that
overlapped with at least one of its Victorian congenerics. All of the Amyema spp. were pollinated by the
same family of birds (Meliphagidae, honeyeaters) and often by the same species.
All intraspecific cross-pollinations in vitro consistently produced an average of more than five pollen
tubes per style which grew more than 0.125 the length of the style within 24 hours. Seventeen of 30
interspecific pollinations in vitro failed to produce pollen tubes in the style over the same time. Only eight of
the 30 interspecific crosses attempted produced results competitive with respective intraspecific crosses. The
success of the interspecific cross appeared to depend on the breeding system of the species receiving pollen
from another. Self-incompatible Amyema pendulum (Sieb. ex Spreng.) Van Tieghem and Amyema
miraculosum (Miq.) Van Tieghem repeatedly failed to accept the pollen of all the other species. Seif-
compatible Amyema preisii (Miq.) Van Tieghem and Amyema quandang (Lindl.) Van Tieghem showed good
to excellent interspecific pollen tube penetration of stylar tissue. Partially self-compatible Amyema
linophyllum (Fenzl) Van Tieghem and Amyema miquelii (Lehm. ex Miq.) Van Tieghem showed results
intermediate between self-compatible and self-incompatible taxa.
Geographic and floral phenological barriers contribute partially to interspecific isolation as
intercompatible species may have regionally different flowering seasons and distributions. F, hybrids
recorded in southern Australia show extremely low rates of pollen viability and seed production. There is no
current evidence that introgression occurs.
Relationships Between Phytophthora megasperma Isolates From Chickpea, Lucerne and Soybean
Authors: Irwin JAG , Dales JL
Published: December 2005

The relationships between morphologically indistinguishable Phytophthora megasperma isolates from
soybean (P . Megasperma f. sp. glycinea), lucerne (P. megasperma f. sp. medicaginis) and chickpea were
investigated using the criteria of growth temperature relations. specific pathogenicity, capacity to cross-
protect and electrophoretic patterns of buffer-soluble proteins. The isolates from lucerne and chickpea had
the same minimum ( <7°C), optimum (24.5-28°C) and maximum (31-34.5°C) temperatures for growth
whereas those from soybean had higher minimum (7-10.5°C), optimum (28-31°C) and maximum
(34.5-37°C) growth temperatures. The Australian isolates of P. megasperma f. sp. glycinea also had a higher
optimum temperature for growth than that reported for North American isolates.
Cross-inoculation studies showed that the isolates from lucerne and chickpea could produce
indistinguishable disease symptoms on both hosts whereas those from soybean were pathogenic to this host
only. Several Phytophthora spp. provided varying levels of cross-protection in soybean hypocotyls against
P. megasperma f. sp. glycinea. P. megasperma isolates from lucerne and chickpea both provided temporary
cross-protection, while P . Nicotianae and P. drecllsleri provided complete protection. When buffer-soluble
proteins were extracted from 12 isolates of Phytophthora spp. and analysed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis. the resultant protein profiles were identical for nine isolates of P. megasperma from chickpea
or lucerne but differed significantly from isolates of P. megasperma f. sp. glycinea, P. vignae and P . Nicotianae
var. parasitica. The protein profiles of the last three species also differed significantly from each other. We
consider that the 'formae speciales' grouping previously established for soybean and lucerne isolates of P.
Megasperma should be maintained.
Nutrient Reserves in Seeds of Selected Proteaceous Species From South-Western Australia.
Authors: Kuo J , Hocking PJ , Pate JS
Published: December 2005

Seed reserves of eight species of Proteaceae from south-western Australia were examined by chemical analysis, microscopy and scanning X-ray microanalysis. Cotyledons were the principal reserve organs of all species. Seeds had 30-500 times the level of P, 8-100 times the level of N, Cu and Zn and, on most species, higher levels of Mg, K, Mn and S than leaves or woody parts of fruits. Levels of Ca, Fe, Na and Cl in leaves and fruit parts were the same as or higher than those in seeds. The K:Ca ratios of seeds were very low (1:2). Seeds had only 1-16% of total fruit dry matter but contained 83-98% of a fruit's P, 43-78% of its N and much of its Zn, Mn and Cu. Seeds had no more than 3% of a fruit's Na or Cl. Oil (14-31%) and protein (15-64%) were major organic reserves of seeds; starch was absent. Protein bodies occurred at high density throughout the parenchyma of cotyledons of all species, and in epidermal and provascular tissues of some species. Globoids occurred in some protein bodies; crystalloids were absent. Globoid-containing protein bodies were confined to central mesophyll layers of cotyledons of Hakea spp. and Grevillea annulifera, to subepidermal parenchyma of Banksia spp. and Xylomelum angustifolium, but occurred in most cotyledonary tissues of Grevillea leucopteris; X-ray microanalysis of cotyledon tissues suggested that the globoids were rich in P, Ca, S and Mg, and in some species also in Fe, Zn and K. The species of Proteaceae investigated were considered to be very effective in channelling essential nutrients to their seeds.
Late Cenozoic pollen spectra from the Atherton Tableland, north-eastern Australia
Authors: Kershaw AP , Sluiter IR
Published: December 2005

Pollen analysis of samples from a short sediment sequence on the Atherton Tableland, of Late Tertiary or Early Pleistocene age, provides the first evidence of existing vegetation within the region prior to about 100,000 years B.P. Comparison of fossil samples with modern pollen spectra suggests the presence of a submontane rainforest existing under a temperature regime some 3°C cooler than present. A number of ancient taxa including Nothofagus and several conifers, present in the fossil samples, no longer exists within the region. An attempt is made to explain their decline within an area that harbours a great diversity of rainforest species including many primitive angiosperms. Unfavourable climatic conditions combined with aspects of the dispersal ecology of the taxa would have been important contributing factors.
The fine structure of the pollen of Eupomatiaceae
Authors: Woodland PS , Garlick PR
Published: December 2005

Pollen of Eupomatia laurina R. Br. and of Eupomatia bennertii F. Muell. are described. The pollen of both species is subspheroidal with a zonizonasulculus (a band-like, encircling aperture at the equator). E. laurina has a less dense and more vacuolated pollen containing lipids. E. bennettii has a dense pollen with many starch granules. Differences occur in their wall layers, especially in the aperture, but basically both species have an atectate, psilate pollen of medium size.
Genecologcal differentiation in Leptospermum flavescens Sm. in the Sydney region
Authors: Morrison DA , Myerscough PJ
Published: December 2005

Evidence is presented for the existence of two genecoiogically differentiated groups in Leptospermum flavescens in the Sydney region. A morphologicai study of 18 attributes of herbarium specimens indicates three groups of plants: one small-leaved, one large-leaved and one intermediate. Comparative cultivation under standard conditions and seed germination experiments indicate only two discrete groups, because the intermediate group behaves similarly to the large-leaved group. Correlation of population distribution with soil nutrient status suggests that organ size in the large-leaved group is phenotypically plastic in relation to low soil nutrients. This is confirmed by comparative cultivation under high and low nutrient regimes. Reciprocal transplanting of cuttings on a small scale suggests that the two groups are intolerant of each other's habitats.
Effects of Different Rates and Methods of Leaf Area Removal on Rain Forest Seedlings of Coachwood (Ceratopetalum apetalum)
Authors: Lowman MD
Published: December 2005

Different ways in which insect herbivores may consume the same proportions of leaf area were compared
experimentally in their effects on a host plant. Part of the leaf tissue was removed from seedlings of
Ceratopetalum apetalum, a native Australian rain forest tree, and growth recovery was monitored. Seedlings
maintained in a controlled environment were subjected to one of five defoliation treatments: 25% of each leaf
removed: 50% of each leaf removed; one of every four leaves removed; one of every two leaves removed;
control. Growth was stimulated beyond the rate of the controls in both types of treatments with 25%
removal of whole leaves or of leaf tissue; but was suppressed to a greater degree with 50% tissue removal.
Seedlings with all leaves partially clipped recovered more successfully than those with some leaves
completely removed, and the implications of this are discussed in relation to the behaviour of herbivores.
Anthocyanin polymorphism in seedlings of Eucalyptus fastigata Deane & Maid
Authors: Wilcox MD
Published: December 2005

The undersurface of the cotyledons and first few pairs of leaves of Eucalyptus fastigata seedlings is coloured either green or purple with very few intermediates. The purple colour is assumed to be due to pigmentation by anthocyanins. The frequency of purple, green and intermediate phenotypes was recorded in seedlots of 105 open- pollinated families of five native Australian provenances; one exotic population from South Africa and four exotic populations from New Zealand. The purple phenotype was predominant in the Australian seedlots from the higher altitude, inland provenances of the species' range and in the South African population. The provenance from Tallaganda State Forest in New South Wales showed the highest mean frequency (93%) of purple phenotypes. The green phenotype was prevalent in the New Zealand exotic populations, attaining a frequency of 100% in some, and was also predominant in the provenance from Robertson, N.S.W.
Rainforest Fire in Western Tasmania
Authors: Hill RS
Published: December 2005

Humus/surface litter fires in cool temperate rainforest have received little attention in Tasmania. Past
studies suggest that these fires are the result of drought, which dries the humus and surface litter to
a flammable level. Such fires are probably extremely variable in effect and extent because of their
reliance on weather conditions. A humus/surface litter fire at Zeehan was species-specific, affecting
Nothofagus cunninghamii and Eucryphia lucida in particular. The trees which survived were growing
on humus that-was too shallow to sustain the fire, and they escaped being burnt. The survival of
some trees of all the major species in unburnt areas within the fire boundary will probably be important
in regeneration by providing a nearby source of seed. Three months after the fire, seedlings from the
fire-stimulated germination of humus-stored Acacia melanoxylon seeds were abundant but the majority
died within the following 6 months.
Floral Anatomy and Pollen Tube Growth in the Quandong (Santalum acuminatum (R. Br.) A. DC.)
Authors: Sedgley M
Published: December 2005

Floral anatomy and pollen tube growth in the quandong were studied using light and scanning electron
microscopy. The flowers had four perianth lobes and four stamens whose anthers dehisced by
longitudinal slits. The pollen became caught in long unicellular hairs adjacent to the anthers. The
central disc secreted nectar through raised stomata. The stigma papilla cells had a cuticle with a rough
surface overlying thick PAS-positive walls. The half-inferior ovary normally contained two ovules.
The embryo sac extended beyond the ovule at the micropylar end and into the placenta at the chalazal
end. Half of the ovaries observed at both anthesis and 4 days following anthesis had no embryo sacs
and the other half had one embryo sac. Occasional ovaries had two embryo sacs and some
underdeveloped embryo sacs were observed that did not extend beyond the ovule or into the placenta.
Pollen tubes had reached the ovary by 1 day following pollination and the stigma was receptive for
8 days following anthesis. Only half of the pistils had pollen tubes in the ovary. Unpollinated flowers
had no pollen tube growth in the pistil.
Natural hybridization between Amyema pendulum and Amyema quandang, Loranthaceae.
Authors: Calder DM , Lennox FG , Bernhardt P
Published: December 2005

Natural, interspecific hybridization between two species of Amyema (Loranthaceae) has been further investigated using morphometric and biochemical analyses. Metric characteristics of mature leaves place the hybrids in an intermediate position between the two parental species. Thin-layer chromatography of polyphenols, in one and two dimensions, revealed a high level of uniformity of chromatographic pattern within the two species which were clearly distinct from each other. There was some variation in the chromatographic patterns produced by the hybrid group, although all bands or spots could be attributed to one or other of the parent species. The evidence presented supports the conclusion that plants of A. pendulum and A. quandang have produced a group of first-generation hybrids. This is a rare phenomenon within the Loranthaceae.
Morphology and development in culture of Enteromorpha linza (L.) J. Agardh (Ulvaceae, Chlorophyta), a common marine alga of southern Australia
Authors: Phillips JA , Clayton MN
Published: December 2005

This study establishes the presence of Enteromorpha linza (L.) J. Agardh as a common alga of southern Australia. E. linza is characterized and distinguished from most other species within the Ulvaceae by a hollow, monostromatic stipe and a distromatic blade with a tubular margin. The morphology, anatomy and development in culture of sampled populations resemble those of E. linza in other parts of the world. A comparison between southern Australian populations of E. linza and Ulva lactuca L. shows that these two species, which have been confused, can easily be differentiated on both anatomical and developmental criteria.
Genetic diversity and the insular population structure of the rare granite rock species, Eucalyptus caesia Benth
Authors: Moran GF , Hopper SD
Published: December 2005

There are 15 populations of E. caesia Benth. on granite rocks in south-westem Australia which include a total of about 2120 plants. The level of genetic variation at 18 allozyme loci in 13 populations was estimated. Seven loci were monomorphic for all plants assayed. At a majority of the 11 polymorphic loci the level of polymorphism was very low in most populations. Within populations the mean number of alleles per locus was 1.31 and the genetic diversity 6.8%. However, populations differed markedly in allelic frequencies at a number of loci. The genetic diversity within populations was remarkably low for a tree species but the level of population differentiation was the highest reported for any tree species. The data suggest that genetic drift may in part have been responsible for the low overall genetic diversity and the extensive population differentiation. The optimal strategies for conservation of the genetic resources of this valuable ornamental are considered in the light of the results of this study.
A taxonomic study of the Erynia neoaphidis Remaudière & Hennebert (Zygomycetes: Entomophthoraceae) Group of insect pathogenic fungi, together with a description of the new speceies Erynia kondoiensis
Authors: Milner RJ , Mahon RJ , Brown WV
Published: December 2005

Twenty-six isolates, including that derived from the type strain, of Erynia neoaphidis (syn. Entomophthora aphidis) were compared with nine isolates of the new species Erynia kondoiensis and with isolates of the closely related aphid pathogens Erynia nouryi and Erynia delphacis. Characters studied were primary spore size, in vitro growth rates, pathogenicity for two species of aphid, total fatty acid composition of mycelium and spores, and electrophoretic mobilities of their isoenzymes. All four species were distinct, with biochemical characters providing the clearest separation. Very little intraspecific variation was found within E. neoaphidis but one isolate of E. kondoiensis was quite distinct from the others by electrophoretic analysis. Morphologically, E. kondoiensis is very similar to E. neoaphidis but has smaller primary spores and the mycelium contains a much higher proportion of C 12:0 fatty acid. E. kondoiensis causes epizootics in Acyrthosiphon kondoi populations in Australia but is rarely found in the sympatric A. pisum. In contrast, E. neoaphidis very frequently infects A. pisum.
Multi-Stemmed Trees in Rainforest
Authors: Johnston RD , Lacey CJ
Published: December 2005

Trees of Doryphora sassafras and Eucryphia moorei, growing in undisturbed, more or less single-
species stands of cool temperate rainforest near the limits of their distribution, produce multiple stems
from a swollen stem base that resembles a lignotuber. Both fine and large roots are also produced
from the stem base. The stem base survives the death of the main stem and its root system and is
thus able to vegetatively reproduce the original tree. Vegetative reproduction appears to compensate
for the lack of seedling regeneration on the forest floor and results in ecologically stable and genetically
conservative communities.
Development of Lesions Caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi in the Secondary Phloem of Eucalyptus marginata
Authors: Tippett JT , Shea SR , Hill TC , Shearer BL
Published: December 2005

Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands invaded the secondary phloem of inoculated roots and stems of
Eucalyptus marginata Donn. ex Sm. For 12 months after inoculation, lesion development was followed
in coppice stems. As lesions extended, the phloem or inner bark became discoloured due to the
accumulation and oxidation of polyphenols. Starch also was deposited in the necrotic phloem. The
primary wall material of sieve tubes and associated parenchyma was hydrolysed but fibres were
unaffected. Fungal spread was most rapid in the outer phloem tissue where cells were loosely packed
and characterized by many expanded parenchyma cells. Fungal invasion of the inner phloem resulted
in cambial kill. Roots were not girdled by the fungus in the first 12 months after inoculation, as they
resisted tangential spread of the fungus more effectively than coppice stems. Lesions were contained
once necrophylactic (wound) periderms formed in the bark. Although the necrophylactic periderm
restricted fungal activity during winter and spring, the fungus did 'break-out' in summer and invade
new areas of phloem in 50% of the inoculated roots and stems. Summer lesion extension was usually
associated with kino production: a series of kino veins reflected the intermittent activity of the fungus.
Once the characteristics of typical lesions were recognized, interpretation of root lesions resulting
from natural infections was possible.
Periodicity of Fine Root Growth in Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn Ex Sm.)
Authors: Dell B , Wallace IM
Published: December 2005

The timing of new surface root growth in jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) was followed for a 15-month period in the field. The periodicity of new root growth was similar for long roots, non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal root clusters. Root growth was initiated during two peak periods in spring (September-October) and following autumn rain (May-June). Little new root activity was recorded in late winter (August) or during summer drought. Rapid root growth occurred within 2 days of a storm (47 mm rain) in February. In addition, short roots formed after very light showers of rain (<5 mm) in late summer. Much of the framework for fine feeder roots was built up after autumn rain. In contrast to new long root growth which was equally spread between spring and late autumn, the majority of new mycorrhizal roots were produced from May to July. Root growth ceased when warm surface soils dried out and commenced when the soils were moist after rain. Much of the new root growth in jarrah occurred when the root pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi was active in the soil.
Phenotypic plasticity and stability of leaf form in Plantago paradoxa Hook, f. in mosaic environments
Authors: Brown MJ
Published: December 2005

Phenotypic polymorphisms in leaves are correlated with three distinct microhabitats that occur in each of two populations of Plantago paradoxa. Progeny testing demonstrates that there are differences in leaf form between the populations but that these are masked by canalization within populations. In one of the populations, plants from all three microhabitats exhibit phenotypic plasticity of leaf form, both transplants and progeny adopting the same form in a common environment. However, plants having one of the three leaf forms in the second population are stable. Foliar applications of gibberellic acid show that about two-thirds of the phenotypically plastic plants subsequently produce leaf forms that mimic the stable leaf form in the glasshouse. The occurrence of leaf forms which are stable or subject to phenotypic modification is dependent on the particular microhabitat the plants occupy.
Wasp-Pollinated Species of Caladenia (Orchidaceae) in South-Western Australia
Authors: Stoutamire WP
Published: December 2005

Twelve of the 40 Caladenia species of Western Australia have been observed to attract male wasps
(Tiphiidae; subfamily Thynninae) by visual and pheromonal mechanisms. Floral colours are
predominantly combinations of green, cream and brown. Labella bear dark maroon tips or dark calli
on the upper surface which are visual wasp equivalents. Glandular areas on perianth tips are
demonstrated to be sources of sexual attractants in some species. Flower form and position are adjusted
to the flight behaviour of the wasps. Each Caladenia species appears to attract and be pollinated by
only one wasp species at the orchid site although there is limited evidence of geographic pollinator
replacement in some species. Sexually attracting Caladenia species form occasional hybrids with food-
advertising species. Divergent pollination mechanisms have not resulted in complete genetic isolation.
Evolution of Nothofagus cunninghamii and its relationship to N. moorei as inferred from Tasmanian macrofossils
Authors: Hill RS
Published: December 2005

Leaf fossils from five Tertiary and Quaternary deposits in Tasmania indicate that Nothofagus cunninghamii and N. moorei probably shared a common early Tertiary ancestor. Late Tertiary cooling in Tasmania and/or the onset of glaciations probably led to a reduction in leaf size resulting in the small leaves found in extant N. cunninghamii. Two phylogenies are suggested for N. cunninghamii and N. moorei evolution but there is not enough evidence at present to determine which is the most likely.
The fern genus Cheilanthes in Australia
Authors: Quirk H , Chambers TC , Regan M
Published: December 2005

The fern genus Cheilanthes Sw. in Australia consists of 15 taxa. The range of variation of each species is discussed and the distribution presented in map form. Cheilanthes sieberi Kunze is recognized as having two subspecies, C. sieberi subsp. sieberi stat. nov, and C. sieberi subsp. pseudovellea Quirk & Chambers. Three long-overlooked species are now recognized and defined; they are C. nudiuscula (R.Br.) T. Moore, C. tenuissima Bailey and C. contigua Baker. Cheilanthes vellea (Aiton) F. Muell. is now recognized as C. brownii (R.Br.) Domin. The plant originally referred to as C. tenulfolia (Burm. f.) Sw. and previously regarded as extending from South-East Asia to the south coast of Australia is here recognized as two different species; the northern species extending from South-East Asia to northern Australia is regarded as C. tenuifolia (Burm. f.) Sw. s. str. and the isolated southern species as C. austrotenuifolia Quirk & Chambers.
Seedling Characters and Phylogenetic Relationships in the Informal Series Ovatae of Eucalyptus, Subgenus Symphyomyrtus
Authors: Ladiges PY , Dale MB , Ross DR , Shields KG
Published: December 2005

Using seedling characters, the relationships of 16 taxa of the informal series Ovatae of Eucaiyptus
were investigated. The method of multidimensional unfolding proved useful in determining ancestral
states of different characters and testing for conformity amongst characters when outgroup comparison
was not possible. The analyses included Wagner trees, a branch and bound algorithm (which produced
the shortest trees) and an additive similarity tree. Neighbour relationships were examined using a
network procedure (TWONET).
The results suggested that series Ovatae is a paraphyletic group, although one subgroup,
approximately equivalent to subseries Ovatinae, is probably monophyletic. The biogeography and
ecology of the taxa support this conclusion. A broader study of section Maidenaria is recommended
before taxonomic revision.
Localization of the Biflavonoid Fraction in Plant Leaves, With Special Reference to Agathis robusta (C. Moore Ex F. Muell.) F.m. Bail
Authors: Gadek PA , Quinn CJ , Ashford AE
Published: December 2005

Aluminium chloride-induced fluorescence was used to localize biflavonoids in fresh leaf sections of Agathis robusta. This method indicates that the biflavonoids are confined to the outer periclinal wall and anticlinal walls of the epidermal cells. This was confirmed by extraction and chromatographic analysis of epidermal peels, cuticular scrapings and middle leaf tissue fractions. A survey of representatives of the Psilotales, and of all orders of the gymnosperms using aluminium chloride-induced fluorescence, indicates that localization of biflavones in the cuticle is a general feature of biflavonoid-containing plants. Members of the Pinaceae and Gnetales, in which biflavonoids have not been found, show no such fluorescence in the cuticle. The possible functional roles of biflavonoid accumulation are discussed. It is postulated that biflavones serve a protective role against invasion of the leaf by microorganisms and/or attack by leaf-eating insects.
Induction and Formation of Pouch and Emergence Galls in Eucalyptus pulchella Leaves
Authors: Madden JL , Stone C
Published: December 2005

Two types of leaf galls were found on three Eucalyptus species (E. pulchella, E. obliqua and E. regnans)
infested with an undescribed species of psyllid (Psyllidae: Homoptera) and eriophyid mites (Acadicrus
and Rhombacus spp.) (Eriophyidae: Prostigmata).
Abnormal cellular activity resulting in gall formation was most probably associated with the
lowering of epidermal permeability to air by the physical presence of feeding psyllid nymphs and
their excreta. The eriophyid mites opportunistically exploited the resultant gall tissue but were not
involved in its formation. In one possible mechanism of gall formation it is envisaged that localized
changes in the amounts of auxin-like substances are involved and that such changes are related to
reductions in leaf diffusion.
Similar leaf deformities were artificially induced on E. pulchella and a number of other Eucalyptus
species. The subgenus Monocalyptus was the most sensitive to the applied treatments and the majority
of gall-forming psyllids occur in this subgenus.
Studies on the distribution of Pneophyllum-Fosliella plants (Corallinaceae, Rhodophtya) on leaves of the Seagrass Amphibolis antarctica (Cymodoceaceae)
Authors: Bramwell MD , Woelkerling MJ
Published: December 2005

The distribution of encrusting Pneophyllum-Fosliella plants (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta) on leaves of the seagrass Amphibolis antarctica was examined in terms of density, cover and relative fertility of the epiphytes on host plants from a sublittoral and a eulittoral environment. Significantly greater epiphyte cover, density and (in most cases) relative fertility occurred on sublittoral hosts. In both environments epiphyte cover, density and (usually) relative fertility were significantly greater on outer leaves in an Amphibolis cluster than on inner leaves. Cover, density and relative fertility also were significantly greater on distal segments of Amphibolis leaves as compared to proximal segments. No significant differences in any parameter, however, occurred between adaxial and abaxial surfaces of particular sets of leaves. The data are discussed in relation to the potentially adverse effects of epiphytes on the host plants.
Germination, Emergence, Vegetative Growth and Flowering of Two Silvergrasses, Vulpia bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray and V. myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel
Authors: Dillon SP , Forcella F
Published: December 2005

Effect of temperature and light on seed germination percentage and rate, depth of burial and seasonality
on seedling emergence, and temperature and photoperiod on both vegetative growth and flowering
were examined for two species of silvergrass in Australia. Maximum germination percentage was high
for both taxa and occurred over a broad range of temperatures. In darkness, both optimum temperature
for germination and germination rate were higher for V. myuros than for V. bromoides. In light,
optimum temperature was similar for both species, although V. myuros maintained its higher rate.
In addition, light doubled the range of temperatures over which the two species were able to germinate.
Emergence of both taxa was retarded if seeds were buried below surficial depths but was consistently
higher for V. myuros than for V. bromoides at all depths. Upon fulfilling an after-ripening requirement
of 2-3 months, fresh seed could germinate and emerge in the field at any season but most seed
germinated with the first substantial summer or early autumn rain.
Vegetative growth of both species was stimulated initially by high temperatures and long
photoperiods but, subsequently, growth was much greater at low temperatures and short photoperiods.
This changing response with age to temperature and photoperiod corresponds to expected changes
in field environments as plants age naturally V. rnyuros usually maintained higher rates of growth
than V. bromoides. Low temperatures and short photoperiods also were required for flowering,
particularly for V. myuros. Flowering was the only measured characteristic for which V. bromoldes
had greater environmental tolerance than V. myuros.
These characteristics of silvergrass relate to their incidence in direct drilled crops in the higher
rainfall zones of southern Australia, compared to their relative absence in conventionally sown crops.
A cladistic analysis of Boronia Sm. and Boronella baill. (Rutaceae)
Authors: Weston PH , Carolin RC , Armstrong JA
Published: December 2005

Boronia and Boronella form a monophyletic group within the tribe Boronieae of the Rutaceae. A cladogram for this group, constructed using 32 morphological characters, is presented. According to this hypothesis, Boronella is a monophyletic subgroup within Boronia, rendering the latter genus paraphyletic, and therefore we recommend that Boronella be included within Boronia. Two competing hypotheses of cytoevolution in Boronia are evaluated by superimposing them onto the cladogram. Smith-White's model requires fewer postulated polyploid and aneuploid changes in numbers of chromosome than James' model and is therefore preferred. The sister group of the New Caledonian species (Boronella plus Boronia koniambiensis) is restricted to disjunct south-eastem and south-westem areas in Australia. Under a vicariance model of historical biogeography this indicates that New Caledonia separated from Australia before the east-west separation within Australia. Wilson has provided the most satisfactory infrageneric classification for Boronia when compared with the cladogram.
Vegetation Dynamics in a Grazed Mulga Shrubland Community. II. The Ground Storey
Authors: Hacker RB
Published: December 2005

Population dynamics of annual forbs and of the grasses Eragrostis xerophila and Monachather paradoxa were studied in relation to a gradient in range condition within a mulga shrubland community in
the arid winter rainfall zone of Western Australia.
Frequency of annual forbs appeared to be influenced more by local environmental factors than
by grazing. Species which showed definite trends in relation to the range condition gradient were
either relatively insensitive to condition changes or occurred at low frequencies and would thus be
susceptible to sampling error.
The perennial grass E. xerophila decreased under heavy grazing but also appeared insensitive to
relatively small variations in grazing pressure. Regeneration of this species following drought appears
to be a protracted process and may be inhibited by ephemeral growth in the immediate post-drought
period.
Under severely degraded conditions the semiperennial M. paradoxa displayed a marked reduction
in vigour, as reflected in plant size (density/cover ratio), but neither foliar cover nor dry matter
production were much affected. The stability of its production under degraded conditions, however,
is likely to be reduced relative to sites subjected to more conservative management.