bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Melampsora larici-populina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Melampsora larici-populina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pycnia and aecia on
Larix
, especially
L. decidua
and
L. leptolepis
. Uredinia and telia on
Populus
spp., especially
P. nigra
and its varieties and hybrids,
P. balsamifera, P. yunnanensis
and others. Its exact host range on
Populus
spp. is not clear due to confusion with other species of
Melampsora
and to uncertainty in the reported identity of some species of
Populus
and clones. DISEASE: Leaf rust of poplars, causing severe leaf damage and early defoliation on susceptible hosts. Defoliation can sometimes occur two or three times in the season, each defoliation being followed by a new growth flush. These successive defoliations lead to winter injury and dieback (Peace, 1962) and a reduction in incremental timber growth can occur. Rust damage also renders some varieties more susceptible to Dothichiza dieback (39, 57) caused by
Cryptodiaporthe populea
(CMI Descript. 364). Poplars vary greatly in their reaction to infection and some clones show useful resistance (39, 57; 42, 347; 43, 498, 551; 47 129; Steenackers, 1972). Seasonal conditions may influence the reaction of some varieties (45, 402). On larch (
Larix
) hosts, the damage is negligible (Peace, 1962). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (North Africa, Rhodesia, South Africa), South America (Argentina, Chile, Colombia); Asia (Israel, Korea, Japan), Australasia and Oceania (Australia, New Zealand), Europe (widespread; reported specifically for Britain, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, USSR). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne urediniospores, often over long distances (suspected from eastern Australia to New Zealand). In Japan, urediniospores produced in autumn can remain viable and pathogenic until the following spring (41, 745), and in milder climates they can survive on semi-evergreen lines and on green sucker growth of deciduous trees. This is the main method of overwintering in Australia. In the Northern Hemisphere, overwintered telia give rise to basidia and basidiospores which may cause inconspicuous spring infections on Larix.
Venturia populina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Venturia populina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Populus
spp. DISEASE: Blight or dieback of poplars. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe and North America. TRANSMISSION: By ascospores and conidia (41, 106). Primary infection by ascospores and secondary infection by conidia.
Drechslera sorghicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Drechslera sorghicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sorghum
, causing at first small reddish purple or tan spots, later zonate target spots. DISEASE: Target leaf spot of
Sorghum
spp. The leaf spots are well defined, round-elliptical with narrow tan brown borders, varying in size from minute specks to lesions up to 2-6 × 20 mm which may coalesce to form extensive patches of dead tissue. Colour varies with the host. The larger spots become delimited by the veins and hence elongated. Other lesions show the characteristic light and dark zonate patterns. Spots may be uniformly purplish with or without straw coloured centres and without the zonate pattern. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Reported from Africa, Asia, Australia and N. America; probably widespread with the crop. TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Verticillium psalliotae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K. , Waller J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Verticillium psalliotae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On cultivated mushrooms (
Agaricus
spp.), on rust fungi, and in soil, and as an endoparasite of
Rhophalomyces elegans
(Phycomycetes). DISEASE: Causes brown spotting of the cap and pileus of cultivated mushrooms, often with distorted growth and subsequent shrivelling of the fruit bodies resulting in large losses. Similar in effects on the host to
V. fungicola
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America and Europe. TRANSMISSION: By spores in water and air, and by mycelial contamination of compost and casing soil.
Mycogone perniciosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mycogone perniciosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cultivated mushrooms,
Pluteus
sp.,
Coprinus
sp.,
Panaeolus campanulatus, P. campestris
. DISEASE: Wet bubble disease, white mould. A serious mushroom disease appearing at an early stage as a white mycelial growth causing deformation of the gills and covering the cap. Total mycelial disorganization ensues with diseased carpophores exuding a brown malodorous liquid. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: In most parts of Europe, North America, Asia and Australasia where mushrooms are cultivated on a large scale. TRANSMISSION: By spread of spores and mycelial inoculum through watering and use of conlaminated compost, soil and implements. Air-borne spore dispersal is not considered important (47, 3661). Experimental inoculation through soil has been found to be more effective than direct application of the fungus to the sporophore (47, 1742).
Taphrina maculans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Taphrina maculans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Curcuma amada, C. angustifolia, C. longa, Hedychium acuminatum, Zingiber cassumunar, Z. mioga
and
Z. zerumbet
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of turmeric. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Burma and Japan. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores and conidia.
Erysiphe polygoni
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Erysiphe polygoni
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Polygonum
and
Rumex
. DISEASE: Powdery mildew. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: Initial infection is perhaps by persistent mycelium and wind-borne conidia. Ascospores from overwintered cleistothecia may also start new infections.
Corticium salmonicolor
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Corticium salmonicolor
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Hevea brasiliensis
DISEASE: Pink disease of rubber (
Hevea brasiliensis
) and many other tropical woody plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout the humid tropics. N. America (Mexico, USA (Florida)); Central America and West Indies; South America (Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Peru, Surinam); Africa (Cameroon, Congo, Zaire, Gabon, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Nigeria, Rhodesia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo); Asia (Andaman Is., Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam); Australasia and Oceania, (Australia, New Zealand, British Solomon Islands, Fiji and other Pacific Islands); Europe (USSR (Caucasus)). TRANSMISSION: Believed to be transmitted by air-borne basidiospores and conidia.
Pestalotiopsis psidii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pestalotiopsis psidii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Psidium guajava
. DISEASE: Grey leaf spot and post-harvest fruit canker of Guava. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Burma, Ecuador, India, Malaysia, Mozambique, Nigeria, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Zambia. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies reported. Has been recorded from surface soil in a guava plantation (44, 192a) and isolated from mummified fruits (30, 185), and in India conidia have been shown to survive periods of high temperature so that they may provide inoculum at the onset of the monsoon (31, 390).
Potebniamyces coniferarum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Potebniamyces coniferarum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On living and dead branches, stems and leaves of conifers:
Picea excelsa, Abies grandis, A. alba, Cedrus atlantica
,
C. deodara, C. libani, Larix leptolepis, L. decidua, L. russica, L
. ×
eurolepis, L. occidentalis, Pinus strobus, P
.
sylvestris, P. radiata, P. canariensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii, P. douglasii, P. glauca, P. taxifolia, Sequoia gigantea, S. wellingtonia, Tsuga heterophylla, T. canadensis
. DISEASE: A facultative pathogen which causes twig die-back and basal canker on young shoots and elongate cankers on older stems. The latter may be annual or may persist for three or four years.
Larix, Pinus
and
Pseudotsuga
are particularly susceptible. The fungus also causes blue sap stain of conifer timber. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, France, Italy, Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, USSR, Romania, Iceland); North America (N.E. and N.W. USA, Canada); New Zealand. (CMI Map 320, ed. 2, 1968) TRANSMISSION: By splash-dispersed conidia and possibly by ascospores.
Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Pisum sativum, Trifolium pratense
and other members of the
Leguminosae
. Also isolated abundantly from soil. DISEASE: Clover black stem; summer black stem and leaf spot of clover. Pycnidia on
Pisum
occur on upper taproots, stems and within spots on leaves and pods. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Netherlands, Germany, Poland and elsewhere); North America (USA, Canada). TRANSMISSION: Externally seed-borne in peas (Jones, 1927). Dispersed in the crop by splash-liberated conidia from infected tissues.
Botryodiplodia theobromae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Botryodiplodia theobromae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous, on approximately 500 host plants (30, 181; Wellman, 1954; Goss
et al.
, 1961). Also isolated from ulcerated human cornea, lesions on nail and subcutaneous tissue. DISEASES: Causing or associated with damping-off, wilt, blight, die-back, root rot, collar rot, stem necrosis, panel necrosis of rubber, gummosis, black band disease of jute, stump rot, bole rot, rot of sugarcane, leaf spot, witches' broom, fruit blight, fruit rot, pod rot of cacao, boll rot of cotton, seed rot, storage rot of cassava, sweet potato and yams. Also causes loss of cuttings in cacao and budding failure in rubber. Blue staining of timber and blue spotting of crepe rubber. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide but mainly confined to an area 40° north to 40° south of the equator. TRANSMISSION: By wind and water from decaying plantations and orchards (Meredith, 1961; Stover, 1972). Seed-borne in cacao, cotton, groundnut, loquat,
Musa
spp., rubber and
Strophanthus intermedius
(Noble & Richardson, 1968). Also by soil-borne conidia. It may be disseminated by insects (48, 2007; 51, 2936). Conidia on seeds viable for 4 months and mycelium for 1 yr. (44, 1223).
Ramularia gossypii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mulder J. L. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ramularia gossypii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Gossypium
spp. DISEASE: Grey mildew of cotton (
Gossypium
). The symptoms occur chiefly on the older leaves as the plants mature. The spots are hypophyllous, rarely amphigenous, pale at first, becoming darker, (1-) 3-4 (-10) mm diam., angular, irregular in shape, limited by the leaf veins; conidia in profusion give a frosted appearance to the spots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread with hosts (CMI Map 260, ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported.
Rhizopus stolonifer
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Lunn J. A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Rhizopus stolonifer
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On soil, fruit and vegetables and decaying plant material, and associated with disorders of man and animals. DISEASE: Causes a wet, pale brown soft rot of many fruit and vegetables. Particularly severe in storage on sweet potatoes, peaches and strawberries. Known as 'whiskers' because of profuse mycelial growth or 'leek' because of soft watery rot. Mildly parasitic to maturing fruit before they are harvested but primarily a wound invading fungus. It is reported as poisoning man (RMVM 6, 1831) and cattle (RMVM 6, 2161) and, experimentally, rats (RMVM 6, 1831). This species has been reported from various phycomycoses of man (RMVM 7, 1885, 3081, 4440; 11, 406), from bovine mycotic abortion (RMVM 6, 2145) and is reported to be experimentally pathogenic to rabbits (RMVM 7, 4027). However, doubt is cast on the role of
R. stolonifer
as a pathogenic organism in warm-blooded animals as it does not grow at 37°C. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores and also by fruit flies (
Drosophila melanogaster
) associated with decaying fruits (43, 576).
Mucor pusillus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Lunn J. A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mucor pusillus
[Rhizomucor pusillus]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On soil, air, mushroom compost, stored barley, fermenting cacao, bagasse, birds' nests and pathogenic to man and other warm-blooded animals (causing mycoses). DISEASE:
Plants
: causes storage rot and subsequent loss of stored grain which can be controlled by preventing heating of grain by adequate drying and ventilation and prevention of storage pests which often initiate heating and subsequent moulding.
Man and animals
: A commonly reported cause of phycomycosis in man and other warm blooded animals. It has been recorded from infections of many organs of the body including the alimentary tract, brain, heart, lungs, lymph nodes and nasopharynx of various hosts. The host range includes man (RMVM 2, 690; 9, 984, 469), cattle (RMVM 9, 473; 10, 1970), dog, harp seal (RMVM 3, 1664), horse (RMVM 3, 1249), pig, sheep (Borodenok, 1961) and wild fowl. It also causes mycotic abortion in cattle. It has been used in studies on experimental phycomycosis in mice (RMVM 3, 1566; 2, 1916), rabbits (RMVM 7, 4027; 2, 690), guineapig (RMVM 2, 690) and fowl (RMVM 7, 863). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably world-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne spores.
Mucor racemosus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Lunn J. A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Mucor racemosus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On soil, animal droppings, air, stored fruit and vegetables and associated with disorders of man and animals. DISEASE:
Plants
: Causes a spongy storage rot of various vegetables and fruit, e.g. sweet potatoes, potatoes and citrus, when kept at temperatures below 7°C (Chupp & Sherf, 1960).
Man and animals
: There are reports from bovine mycotic abortion (Austwick & Venn, 1962), avian pulmonary phycomycosis (RMVM 8, 596) and from skin in disease of guineapig (RMVM 7, 2000). However, doubt is cast on the role of
M. racemosus
as a pathogenic organism in warm blooded animals as it does not grow at 37°C. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.
Pezizella oenotherae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pezizella oenotherae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Acer pseudoplatanus, Ampelopsis, Calluna, Castanea, Cercis, Cornus, Dianthus caryophyllus, Dissotis paucistellata, Duchesnia, Epilobium angustifolium, Eucalyptus robusta, E. saligna, Fagus sylvatica, Fragaria vesca, Gaultheria, Gaura, Hicoria, Jambosa, Lythrum, Nyssa, Oenothera, Paeonia suffruticosa, Pelargonium, Populus, Potentilla, Prunus, Quercus, Rhododendron, Rhus, Ribes, Rosa sentifolia, Rubus, Salix, Smilax, Ulmus, Vitis
. DISEASE: Black lesion root rot of strawberry, strawberry fruit rot, strawberry leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide. Europe (UK, Germany, Cyprus); Africa, (Malawi, Guinea, Zambia); N. America (USA, Canada); Asia (India, Singapore, Korea, Malaysia, Israel); Australia, New Zealand.
Cryptostroma corticale
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cryptostroma corticale
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Acer campestris, A. platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus, A. saccharum
and other species;
Tilia
spp.,
Carya alba
and on dead wood, sawn timber and pulp of sycamore. DISEASE: Sooty bark disease of sycamore. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, France, Germany, Italy); North America (USA, Canada) (CMI Map 272, ed. 2, 1971). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.
Gymnosporangium confusum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gymnosporangium confusum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecia on hawthorn (
Crataegus
), European quince (
Cydonia vulgaris
), Japanese quince (
Chaenomeles japonica
) and medlar (
Mespilus germanica
); also on
Cotoneaster
and
Sorbus
, and occasionally weak infections on pear (
Pyrus communis
). Telia on junipers of both the '
oxycedrus
' and '
sabina
' groups. DISEASE: Medlar rust. Aecia chiefly on the leaves but also on stems, calyces and fruit. Telia on slight fusiform swellings of twigs and branches of juniper. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread throughout Europe, extending into Asia (India, Iran, Lebanon, Pakistan, Turkey, USSR) and Africa (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia). Also established in USA (California) (CMI Map 429, ed. 1, 1967).
Gymnosporangium globosum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gymnosporangium globosum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecia chiefly on hawthorn (
Crataegus
), also on apple (
Malus sylvestris
) and other
Malus
spp., pear (
Pyrus communis
) and
Sorbus
. Telia on
Juniperus virginiana
and related species of the '
sabina
' group. DISEASE: American hawthorn rust. Aecia chiefly on the leaves, rare on fruit. Telia perennial on globoid stem galls on juniper. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in eastern states of Canada and the USA. Also recorded in Alaska (CMI Map 123, ed. 2, 1975).
Gymnosporangium libocedri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gymnosporangium libocedri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecia on apple (
Malus sylvestris
) and other
Malus
spp., pear (
Pyrus communis
) and quince (
Cydonia vulgaris
). Also on
Amelanchier, Chaenomeles, Crataegus
and
Sorbus
. Telia on
Calocedrus (Libocedrus) decurrens
. DISEASE: Aecia on leaves and fruits. Telia on leaves; usually not causing distortions but sometimes witches' brooms present. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Northwestern USA (Washington, Oregon to northern California and Nevada).
Gymnosporangium yamadae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gymnosporangium yamadae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecia on apple (
Malus sylvestris
) and other
Malus
spp. Telia on
Juniperus chinensis
. DISEASE: Japanese apple rust. Aecia on leaves rarely on stems and fruit. Telia on globoid swellings or galls of juniper. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan, Korea, China.
Erwinia chrysanthemi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Erwinia chrysanthemi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a number of widely different plants, including
Aechmea fasciata, Aglaonema pictum, Ananas comosus, Begonia bertini, Chrysanthemum
spp.,
Colocasia esculenta, Dahlia
spp.,
Dianthus caryophyllus, Dieffenbachia
spp.,
Euphorbia pulcherrima, Musa
sp.,
Parthenium argentatum, Philodendron
spp.,
Saccharum officinarum, Saintpaulia ionantha, Syngonium podophyllum
and
Zea mays
. DISEASE: Symptoms are stunting, yellowing, wilting, necrosis of parenchyma or soft rotting according to host plant, pathotype and environmental conditions. Stunting and wilting usually appear on
Begonia, Chrysanthemum
, carnation,
Dahlia
and poinsettia. Rots appear on leaves of
Aechmea, Philodendron
and
Saintpaulia
, while various other parts show rotting with other hosts. On sugarcane a leaf mottle is produced. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The species is probably world wide, but the different distributions of the strains or pathotypes (see below) must be distinguished as follows:
Dianthus
: Europe (CMI Map 425, ed. 1, 1967) to which should be added Italy (46, 3461), USA (47, 2498) and New Zealand (52, 3341);
Zea
: Egypt, Sudan, Rhodesia, S. Africa, India, USA, France, Italy, possibly Greece;
Chrysanthemum
: UK, Germany, Italy, Canada, USA, Japan;
Dahlia
: Netherlands, Romania;
Dieffenbachia
: Germany, Italy, USA;
Saintpaulia
: France, Germany, USA;
Begonia
: Netherlands;
Aechmea
: Italy;
Ananas
: Malaysia;
Colocasia
: Solomon Islands;
Musa
: Central America and probably most other banana-growing areas;
Philodendron, Parthenium, Euphorbia
and
Aglaonema
: all confined to USA;
Saccharum
: Australia (Qd., NSW). TRANSMISSION: Usually in or on vegetative propagating material. Cuttings and setts from infected plants are frequently infected. Cutting knives may carry inoculum to healthy material. Transmission in soil and planting medium is also possible. Serious outbreaks have occurred after holding a large number of cuttings together in water prior to planting. The sugarcane pathogen is rapidly spread by flood water (48, 2533). Maize stalk rot is carried by water splash. It is often associated with overhead irrigation (48, 1675; 55, 204).
Erwinia rhapontici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Erwinia rhapontici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Rheum rhaponticum
and seed of
Triticum
sp. DISEASE: Crown rot of rhubarb. Infection usually occurs at soil level or a little below, begninning as a brownish rot that gradually extends into the centre of the root. A cavity may be formed, and the flesh below the crown turns brown, then black. The plant is steadily weakened until finally the crown decays or breaks away, and small spindly leaves grow from lateral buds. Pink grain of wheat. The grain is coloured pink and has an internal cavity below the hilum. Germination of the seed is reduced and plants are retarded by about 3 weeks (Luisetti & Rapilly, 1967). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: England, Wales and Poland are listed in CMI Map 145. To these should be added USA (Oklahoma) (19, 295) and possibly Norway (7, 700). On wheat, pink grain has been reported from England (55, 699), France (Luisetti & Rapilly, 1967), and possibly Australia where pink coloration of grain has been reported (33, 21). TRANSMISSION: In rhubarb the nematode
Anguillulina dipsaci
is known to assist the bacterium to enter the crowns (Metcalfe, 1940). It probably also transmits the organism. Wounding is needed for the bacteria to gain entry, and this undoubtedly occurs during the procedures connected with cultivation and vegetative propagation. Infected setts could transmit this disease into new areas.
Pseudomonas amygdali
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas amygdali
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Prunus amygdalus
[Prunus dulcis]
. Other stone fruits have been inoculated without success. DISEASE: Bacteriosis of almond. Perennial cankers are formed on branches and twigs, usually at leaf scars. They begin as swellings of the bark that crack open and become surrounded by swollen and darkened cortical tissue. They remain actively growing all the year round, reaching 3-5 cm long in 2 years and eventually up to 15-20 cm. If a branch is girdled by canker the part above dies. Buds near the cankers often fail to open in the spring and as the disease progresses trees steadily decline. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Greece (Crete), Turkey (55, 324). TRANSMISSION: This has not yet been reported, but as cankers are usually sited at leaf scars it seems likely that bacteria are carried to these scars in wet conditions at, or soon after, leaf fall.
Davisomycella ampla
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Davisomycella ampla
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus banksiana, P. contorta, P. strobus, P. pinaster, P. radiata
. DISEASE: Jack pine needle blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (USA, Canada); South America (Brazil); New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores.
Lophodermella sulcigena
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Millar C. S. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermella sulcigena
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus sylvestris, P. mugo, P. nigra
var.
maritima, P. contorta
. DISEASE: Pine needle blight, leading to premature needle cast; 'Swedish pine cast'. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe. Records from Czechoslovakia, Estonian SSR, Finland, Germany, Norway, Switzerland, Sweden, UK, USSR, Yugoslavia. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid/wet weather.
Lophodermium australe
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermium australe
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus tarda, P. patula, P. palustris, P. kesiya, P. elliottii, P. caribaea
. DISEASE: Needle cast of pines.
Lophodermium australe
appears to be completely saprophytic, inhabiting needles in dhe litter or attached to branches killed by some agent other than the fungus. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Southern USA (and Hawaii), Central America, the Caribbean Islands, Brazil, Zambia, West Malaysia, Philippines, Australia, Fiji. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet weather/humid conditions.
Lophodermium nitens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermium nitens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Haploxylon (five needle) pines, including
Pinus cembra, P. monticola, P. strobus
and
P. lambertiana
. DISEASE: Needle cast of pines. Darker (1932) considered this species to fruit only on older needles. It is, therefore, unlikely to be of commercial importance. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (USA, Canada); Japan; possible records from Europe. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet weather/humid conditions.
Fusarium sulphureum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium sulphureum
[Gibberella cyanogena]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Solanum tuberosum
; also isolated from the following hosts:
Arachis, Citrus, Cocos, Cupressus, Elasis, Fragaria, Gleditsia, Hibiscus
, various
Leguminosae, Lycopersicon, Linus, Phaseolus, Picea, Pinus, Pisum, Solanum, Sorghum, Trifolium, Triticum, Zea
and also from animal and poultry feed and from soil. DISEASE:
Fusarium sulphureum
[Gibberella cyanogena]
is often reported under the name
Fusarium sambucinum
[Gibberella pulicaris]
f. 6; economically it is most important as the cause of potato tuber dry rot (54, 536; 56, 3195). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably world wide. It has been reported on potato tubers from Australia, Canada, Cyprus, East and West Germany, Iran, New Zealand, UK and USA. TRANSMISSION: By soil, water and planting material.
Fusarium udum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Fusarium udum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cajanus cajan
. DISEASE: Fusarium wilt of pigeon pea, characterized by withering and drying up of green parts as if from drought. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India; the disease is soil-borne and restricted to the parts of India where the crop is grown. TRANSMISSION: A soil-borne disease but also transmitted on roots (Subramanian, 1971).
Cronartium comandrae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cronartium comandrae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus banksiana, P. contorta, P. elliottii, P. mugo, P. ponderosa, P. sylvestris, P. serotina, P. taeda, P. virginiana, P. echinata, P. jeffreyi, P. nigra, P. pungens, P. resinosa, P. rigida, Comandra umbellata
var.
pallida, C. umbellata
var.
umbellata
(Hepting, 1971; Hiratsuka & Powell, 1976),
Geocaulon livida
(=
Comandra livida
). DISEASE:
Comandra
blister rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada, USA); (CMI Map 444, ed. 1, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Pycniospores spread by insects attracted to sugary exudate; aeciospores, urediniospores and basidiospores by wind.
Cronartium comptoniae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Gibson I. A. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cronartium comptoniae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus banksiana, P. contorta, P. coulteri, P. densiflora, P. echinata, P. jeffreyi, P. mugo, P. muricata, P. nigra, P
.
pinaster, P. ponderosa, P. pungens, P. radiata, P. resinosa, P. rigida, P. sylvestris, P. tabulaeformis, P. tueda, P
.
virginiana, Comptonia peregrina, C. asplenifolia, Myrica gale
(
M. carolinensis
and
M. corifera
have been successfully inoculated) (Hiratsuka & Powell, 1976; 11, 616). DISEASE: Sweet fern blister rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada, USA) (CMI Map 476, ed. 1, 1971). TRANSMISSION: Pycniospores spread by insects attracted by sugary exudate; other spore forms are wind dispersed.
Alternaria helianthi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Anahosur K. H.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Alternaria helianthi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Helianthus annuus, H. argophyllus, H. debilis
. DISEASE: Leaf spots, stem breaking, blossom blight or head blight. Spots are found on leaves, stems, petioles, sepals or petals. They are dark brown with pale margin and yellow halo and then become irregular by coalescing, leading to blight and defoliation and death of the plant (Tubaki & Nishihara, 1969; Anilkumar
et al
, 1974). Stem breaking is also common (43, 531). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Malawi, Rhodesia, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia); Asia (Burma, India, Japan); Australia (Queensland); Europe (Romania, Yugoslavia); South America (Argentina, Brazil). TRANSMISSION: The fungus possibly survives in crop debris and in damp weather conidia are produced which are disseminated by rain and wind. Seed transmission also is possible as the seeds are infected (Anilkumar
et al.
, 1974).
Setosphaeria rostrata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Anahosur K. H. , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Setosphaeria rostrata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On graminicolous hosts and on
Amaryllis, Carica, Cucumis, Jasminum, Nicotiana
and from soil. DISEASE: Causes leaf spots, foot rot of wheat (56, 2446), seedling blight of
Cynodon
(46, 2051), leaf blight of
Eleusine
(46, 1263), damping-off of sugarcane seedlings (50, 1562
l
), stalk rot (53, 2167) and ear rot of maize, blackening of seeds and seed germination failure (34, 91; 51, 2435). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Mauritius, Nigeria, S. Africa, Sudan); Asia (China, India, Israel, Pakistan); Central America (Puerto Rico); Europe (Denmark); North America (USA). TRANSMISSION: The fungus is soil-borne and can survive saprophytically for a long period (43, 398). Also seed transmissible (51, 2435). Conidia are produced abundantly in moist conditions and are dispersed by wind and rain, and act as a source of primary infection. Many grasses and weeds act as collateral hosts (39, 321).
Phyllachora sacchari
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Anahosur K. H. , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phyllachora sacchari
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Polytoca macrophylla, Rottboellia exaltata, Saccharum officinarum, S. aegypticum, S. robusta, Sorghum almum, S. bicolor, S. halepense, S. sudanense, S. vulgare
and
S. vulgare
var.
saccharatum
. DISEASE: Causes tar spot or black spot on leaves. This disease has so far not been reported to be serious. However, in severe cases, leaves dry up (Tarr, 1962). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Bangladesh, India, Malaysia (W. Malaysia, Sabah), New Guinea, Philippines); Europe (Sicily); Africa (Nigeria); S. America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: Although none has been reported, it appears probable that the ascospores present in the crop debris may act as source of primary infection. The ascospores may also be disseminated by wind or rain.
Uredo cajani
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Anahosur K. H. , Waller J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Uredo cajani
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Cajanus cajan
. DISEASE: Rust of pigeon pea, mainly on older leaves and usually of minor importance. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia, Africa, Caribbean (see CMI Map 236, ed. 2, 1967 in conjunction with
Uromyces dolicholi
). TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne urediospores.
Phytophthora boehmeriae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. Jean
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phytophthora boehmeriae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Boehmeria nizea
, citrus, pine,? cotton. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Boehmeria nivea
; brown rot of citrus fruit; root rot of pine; tentatively identified as a cause of cotton boll blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Taiwan,? China, Japan); Australia (Queensland, New South Wales); South America (Argentina). (CMI Map 203, ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, transmitted to citrus fruits by rain splash (23, 294). Isolated from soil in
Eucalyptus
plantations but pathogenicity not known (55, 4876).
Phytophthora cryptogea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. Jean
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phytophthora cryptogea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of glasshouse and field crops. Tomato, ornamentals (including petunia, aster, chrysanthemum,
Tagetes
, tulip, wallflower,
Gerbera
, gloxinia,
Matthiola, Papaver
, cineraria, dahlia,
Gypsophila, Hebe
,
Rhododendron, Osteospermum
, zinnia), potato, chicory, spinach, bean, onion, cucurbits, eggplant, hop, sunflower, safflower, lucerne,
Cupressus, Chamaecyparis
, chestnut and others. DISEASE: Damping-off and foot rot of tomato; foot rots of aster,
Matthiola
and
Gerbera
; black neck of chrysanthemum; tulip shanking; corm, stem and leaf rot of gloxinia; crown rot of Iceland poppy; pink rot of potato; sunflower stem rot; chestnut wilt; damping-off, root rots and wilts of many other hosts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Irish Republic, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands); Africa (Egypt, Rhodesia); Asia (Iran); Australia; New Zealand; N. America (Canada, USA). (CMI Map 99, ed. 4, 1976). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, persisting for several years (6, 669). Tulip bulbs were invaded from the soil (18, 183). Movement of zoospores was studied (56, 1029). Isolates were obtained from glasshouse water supplies (1, 94). There was a high frequency of recovery on baiting irrigation water in Victoria (57, 2174).
Phytophthora erythroseptica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. Jean
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phytophthora erythroseptica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Potato, asparagus, cineraria, tomato, pea, raspberry, tulip,
Zantedeschia
, sugarcane, vetch. DISEASE: Pink rot of potato; shanking of tulip; rhizome rot and leaf blight of
Zantedeschia
; sugarcane seed-piece rot; raspberry root rot; tomato buckeye rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Irish Republic, Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland, USSR, Yugoslavia); Asia (India, Indonesia, Iran); Africa (Egypt); N. America (Canada, USA); Central America (Cuba); S. America (Venezuela, Peru); Australia; New Zealand. (CMI Map 83, ed. 4, 1973). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, oospores disseminated from diseased potato stems and roots persisting for many years. In the field tubers are generally infected through the stolon, but direct infection through eyes may occur in field and storage under moist conditions (13, 180; 19, 40). Transmission during storage, and survival of inoculum in apparently healthy tubers, was shown to be possible (57, 758). Tulip bulbs were invaded from the soil through the roots to the basal plate and flowering stem (18, 183).
Saprolegnia ferax
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Saprolegnia ferax
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Parasitic on a wide range of fish and fish eggs; on
Crustacea
; saprophytic on aquatic insects and plant and animal debris. DISEASE: Fish mould. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe and North America; in Asia (India, Japan, Taiwan). TRANSMISSION: By contamination of streams supplying a fish hatchery (16, 745). Skin infection of salmon occurred from stagnant water (RMVM 11, 980). Only asexual, motile spores proved infectious on inoculation (RMVM 10, 2003).
Beauveria brongniartii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Beauveria brongniartii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Attacks all stages of a wide range of insects; man. DISEASE: The 'white muscardine' as used by early workers. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide.
Naemacyclus minor
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Millar C. S. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Naemacyclus minor
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus caribaea, P. contorta, P. flexilis, P. jeffreyi, P. montana, P. mugo, P. nigra, P. patula, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, P. sabiniana, P. strobus, P. sylvestris, P. uncinata, P. wallichiana
. DISEASE: Premature needle cast in nursery and plantation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Malawi, Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania), Asia (Pakistan), Australasia (Australia, New Zealand), Europe (Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Switzerland), North America (USA: California, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Canada: Ontario), South America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Uruguay). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid or wet weather.
Gibellula pulchra
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Gibellula pulchra
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Spiders. The conspicuous synnemata only develop after the host has died and are frequently found on the under side of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide but especially in the tropics where it is thought to exert a natural control over the spider population in the forests (Evans, 1974).
Pestalotiopsis dichaeta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pestalotiopsis dichaeta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Araucaria angustifolia, A. bidwillii, A. cunninghamii, A. hunsteinii, A. imbricata, Aleurites fordei, A. montana, Anacardium occidentale, Cupressus lusitanica, Elaeis guineensis, Eucatyptus
spp.,
Juniperus bermudiana, Lithraea molleoides, Madhuca latifolia, Mangifera indica, Phoenix reclinata, Schinus terebinthifolius, Typha angustata, Viburnum
. DISEASE: Grey leaf spot, leaf tip blight, premature leaf fall, dieback of
Araucaria
and miscellaneous hosts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: French Equatorial Africa, Ghana, Kenya, Zambia; India, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Sabah; Australia; Great Britain, Netherlands; Bermuda; USA, Argentina, Brazil. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been made.
Pseudomonas cichorii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas cichorii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Naturally infects the following:
Araceae: Scindapsus
sp. (46, 3116);
Compositae: Chrysanthemum morifolium
,
Chrysanthemum
sp. (40: 473; 51, 3694j),
Cichorium intybus, C. endivia
(5: 275; 42: 236),
Gerbera jamesonii
(53, 580),
Lactuca sativa
(50, 1025);
Cruciferae: Brassica oleracea
(cabbage and cauliflower: 35: 859; 51, 2027);
Papaveraceae
:
Papaver rhoeas, P. orientale
(50, 3853);
Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica
(55, 4727);
Solanaceae
:
Lycopersicon escutentum
(53, 4375),
Nicotiana tabacum
(40: 75),
Solanum melongena
(57, 5808);
Umbelliferae: Apium graveolens
(44, 2940). In addition to these natural hosts a large number of plants from various families have been successfully infected by artificial inoculation. DISEASE: Leaf spot symptoms start as small watersoaked spots, which enlarge and rapidly become dark brown to blackish. The disease is frequently systemic and produces a rot of the centre leaves in chicory, and long dark brown streaks on the stems of tomatoes. Vascular darkening is also seen in tomato (53, 4375). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The known distribution is widespread but rather scattered. It is probably present in many more countries than those reported, which include the following: Tanzania (as
P. papaveris
, 35: 188); India (58, 2991); Japan (57, 5808); Taiwan (14: 738); New Zealand (53, 4375); Bulgaria (45, 929); France (51, 2027); Germany (14: 418); Italy (50, 1025); England; USA (Montana, Illinois, Florida, Georgia, New York); Barbados; Brazil (40: 75). TRANSMISSION: Mainly by water splash. It is rapid under warm, wet conditions. Seed transmission occurs in lettuce (45, 929).
Cochliobolus victoriae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus victoriae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Oats (
Avena
) and other
Gramineae
(57, 2062, 4012). DISEASE: Victoria blight of oats. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Netherlands, Switzerland, UK (Scotland) and USA (CMI Map 267, ed. 2, 1968). Records not yet mapped: India, Irish Republic, Malaysia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. TRANSMISSION: Presumably air dispersed (no detailed studies apparently reported); the fungus also occurs on seed.