bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women entrepreneurship development through MSMEs
Authors: Pujari Neha , Kamble G. S.
Published: April 2022

Empowerment of women although a  phenomenon of recent time, has now become a global movement along with social and political empowerment economic empowerment holds the greatest significance of women empowerment in India focus challenges on all these fronts, partially acts as an invisible force and tries to control the trajectory of women's empowerment in India in all possible milieus be it domestic, work, financial or political to counter this invincible force called patriarchal mindset another invisible force must step in. It is an active and effective participation of government through practical policies and in its implications contribution of civil society to make it more accountable. The nature of the data was used for the study is completely based on secondary sources of data. For the proposed study, we used descriptive research. The study covered condition of Indian women entrepreneurs.
Aerodynamic study of tall buildings under wind load
Authors: Srivastava Kunwar Navodit , Raj Ritu
Published: April 2022

In Design of high-rise structures, Wind is considered as one of the important horizontal forces that have significant impact on the response of building. Due to rise in population, the demand for tall buildings is increasing day by day. Wind Load on such structures are calculated using pressure coefficients and force coefficients which are available in various international codes and standards. However, these international codes and standards give information about regular shape buildings such as square, rectangle, circular or octagonal.With the technological advancement, composite plan shape buildings such as square and circular, circular and hexagonal and square and octagonal etc. have been considered by many architects keeping in view of aesthetics of Building. The wind flow around a tall building with composite plan shapes having different height ratio variation differs from what we get in regular shape analysis. Since, data is not available regarding such buildings, the need to carry wind tunnel testing or CFD become important for analyzing wind effect on such buildings. CFD (Computation Fluid Dynamics) for determining wind responses is becoming immensely popular.
Assessment of clinico- epidemiological profile of snakebite cases
Authors: Jena Parsuram , Panda Bijan Kumar , Jena Dhaneswari
Published: April 2022

The problem of snakebites has been persistently neglected by public health personnel, clinicians and policy makers even though its social and economic impact are wide‑spread. The present study was conducted to assess clinico- epidemiological profile of snakebite cases at BBMCH, Balangir, Odisha. 86 cases of snake bites of both genders was recorded. Parameters regarding sociodemographic profile, time and site of the bite, presenting complaints and time interval between snakebite and receiving medical treatment was recorded. Out of 86, males were 56 and females were 30. Common symptoms were local bleeding in 52, pain in 46, swelling in 51, diplopia in 22, hematuria in 34, abdominal pain in 68, vomiting in 76 and syncope in 24. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). The site involved was lower limb in 48 and upper limb & chest in 38. Time of presentation was <24 hours in 52 and >24 hours in 34. Type of snake was cobra in 25, python in 27, viper in 18 and Krait in 16 cases. The difference was significant (P< 0.05). Common symptoms were local bleeding, pain, swelling, diplopia, hematuria, abdominal pain, vomiting and syncope.
Marketing strategy, customer relationship management (CRM), and service quality on brand loyalty of Four-Star Hotels in Thailand
Authors: Jariyachamsit Sakul
Published: April 2022

Now a days, in a competitive hotel market, brand loyalty is the major concern of hotels. Because the brand loyalty has vital importance for hotel industry to achieve higher performance. Hotel management and other practitioners are trying to identify and promote factors effecting the brand loyalty. Therefore, this study is attempted to examine the role of marketing strategy, service quality and customer relationship management (CRM) in brand loyalty among four-star hotels. Primary data collected from the four-star hotels of Thailand is used to examine the relationship between marketing strategy, service quality, CRM and brand loyalty. Data is collected through questionnaire and analyzed through Partial Least Square (PLS). Results of the study proved the important contribution of marketing strategy, service quality and CRM in brand loyalty. The combination between marketing strategy, service quality and CRM can promote brand loyalty among four-star hotels of Thailand. Therefore, management of four-star hotels should promote marketing strategy, service quality and CRM to enhance brand loyalty.
Bacteriological and systemic immunity study of patients with urinary tract infection in Babylon province
Authors: Ali Heam Adnan , Gemeel Abd Frial
Published: April 2022

One hundred mid stream urine specimens and  blood sample and fifty healthy specimen[urine and blood ]as control for detection TLR-2 in serum have been collected From October to March 2021, urine specimen  from urinary tract infection patients in Hospital Hilla were cultivated for isolation and identification in Uropathogenic bacteria can be found in a variety of places. The automated VITEK-2 compact system was used to perform the final identification, which was based on colony positive identification. morphology, microscopic examination, and biochemical tests, while final identification was done with the automated VITEK-2 compact system using Gram positive-identification morphology, microscopic examination, and biochemical tests [GP-ID]and Gram negative-identification [GP-ID] [GN-ID]. The current study's findings revealed that samples grew bacteria, which were classified into Gram negative bacteria [51.48%] and Gram positive bacteria [51.48%]. [48.52 percent ]. E. coli was the culprit. 80 [21.5%] followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae40 [10.75%], and then Staphylococcus aureus 36[9.6%], 35[9.4%] for each Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus saprophytics 16[4.3%] while Enterococcus faecalis50[13.44%], while Enterococcus facium 40[10.75%] Streptococcus agalactiae 2[0.5%]and Enterobacter cloacae at a rate of 2[0.5%] and finally each of Morganella morganii 10[2.68%], Pseudomonas aeruginosa 40[10.75], Proteus mirabilis 20[5.3%].Candida albicans 46 .
Immunohistochemical expression of CD 14 in transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder
Authors: Al-Hindi Zeana S. , Al-Hasnawy Huda H. , Alkafaji Haider A. R.
Published: April 2022

CD14 is a co-receptor for bacterial lipolysaccharide (LPS) detection. It is found on myelomonocytic cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and Langerhans cells, CD14 expression in bladder cells is necessary for cytokine secretion and increased tumor growth. The goal of this study was to use immunohistochemistry (IHC) to assess CD14 expression in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in order to see if there was a link between CD14 marker expression in bladder cancer and cystitis. The immunoexpression of CD14 in paraffin sections from 30 bladder biopsy samples was separated into three groups: cystitis, low grade bladder cancer (L.G), and high grade bladder cancer (H.G), and studied using immunohistochemical assays (IHC). For bladder cancer (L.G & H.G), the percentage of samples that gave positive results for IHC/CD14 expression was 70% and 80%, respectively, compared to 30% for cystitis. The incidence of study samples appear in both sexes.
Cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome due to cerebellar atrophy: case report
Authors: Camargos Einstein Francisco , Matsumoto Yuho , Louzada Luciana Lilian , Quintas Juliana Lima
Published: April 2022

Cerebellar atrophy is a rare and challenging disease with few descriptions in the medical literature. Motor impairment is mild, but behavioral and linguistic alterations stand out, in what is known as the cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome secondary to cerebellar atrophy. We report the case of an older woman with early-onset (age 45) signs and symptoms of this syndrome, including impairment of executive functions and visuospatial cognition, personality changes, and language deficits, who was followed at a geriatric medical center for 14 years. Neuropsychological, imaging, and behavioral aspects during this period are discussed in light of scientific evidence. This case report contributes to the scientific literature by describing the progression of the signs and symptoms of cerebellar atrophy over the years, which can help guide medical management and support advice for patients and their families. Keywords: cerebellar ataxia; cerebellar diseases; case reports.
Muhkam Mutasyabih dan Teori Belajar
Authors: Asnawi Asnawi
Published: April 2022

Al-Qur’an merupakan sumber segala ilmu. namun karena bentuknya yang masih global sehingga diperlukan kreativitas untuk mengexplorenya. Penggalian  makna simbolik dari al-Qur’an dalam dunia ilmu tafsir disebut dengan tafsir bi ro’yi atau penasiran al-Qur’an dengan rasio dan logika.

Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kepustakaan ( Library research) dengan menggunakan metode analisis deskriptif yaitu dengan jalan mengumpulkan data, menyusun dan mengklarifikasi, menyusun dan menginterpretasi. Metode ini yang dipilih sebab penelitian yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk menggambarkan obyek yang diteliti sevcara alamiah. Setting penelitian ini adalah al-Qur’an ayat yang muhkam dan mutasyabih , yakni ayat yang bisa dipahami dengan mudah dan ayat  yang oleh Allah sengaja dibuat untuk sulit dipahami kecuali oleh orang-orang tertentu. Gaya penyampaian ini ditinjau dari sudut pandang teori belajar. Tehnik pengumpulan datanya menggunakan dokumentasi dan instrumennya adalah checklist klasifikasi bahan penelitian.

Teknik analisis datanya menggunakan metode analisis isi yakni sebuah alat penelitian yang difokuskan pada konten actual dan internal media. Hasil penelitian ini adalah bahwasanya keberadaan muhkam  mutasyabih dalam ulum al-quran berkesesuaian dengan beberapa teori belajar seperti  teori belajarnya Fred Keller, empat langkah dalam personalized sytem of instruction (PSI) yang dikembangkan Fred Keller: Menentukan materi yang akan diajarkan, membagi materi menjadi segmen-semen tersendiri, menetapkan evaluasi dan memberi kebebasan siswa melangkah keprogram lanjutan sesuai dengan kemampuan siswa
Wilding the Church
Authors: Bradbury Paul
Published: April 2022

In recent years numerous wilding projects have emerged, many inspired by Isabella Tree’s book Wilding (Tree 2018). Wilding tells the story of the transformation of the estate at Knepp from intensive arable farm to biodiverse woodland and scrub. Wilding is a process that offers a new paradigm for land management, in which nature leads and human agency facilitates. Here I argue that wilding offers a rich metaphor for a new paradigm of ecclesial imagination in a secular age. This new “ecclesial imaginary” places the Church as a co-agent with the Holy Spirit, participating in the emergent life generated through the power of the Spirit. The use of this metaphor in nature conservation is described and its theological validity explored. The article ends with some preliminary reflections on the potential of this metaphor to move the Church toward a more fruitful disposition in its mission in a secular age.
Courageous, Purposeful, and Reflexive
Authors: Taylor Lynne , Heath Elaine , Rooms Nigel , Taylor Steve
Published: April 2022

Writing is an essential means of communicating ideas. However, it is also hard work. Most writers learn “on the job” through trial and error and self-reflection. This article advocates seeing writing as a missional and emergent task, a craft undertaken towards a greater good. Two different approaches to writing journal articles and books are described, each calling for courage and reflexivity. The article then provides practical insights on how to press through a sense of being stuck, before offering a step-by-step guide to responding to peer reviewer comments. We hope that this practical article will encourage the craft of writing, providing emerging and established writers with practical suggestions as they seek to place themselves and their ideas in the public arena.
Community on Mission in a World Wounded by Poverty
Authors: Churu Beatrice W. E. , Getui Mary N.
Published: April 2022

This paper explores two faces of poverty—the poverty of the wretched of the earth, and that of the lords of poverty. Both are bereft of dignity and humanity. Illustrations from the African context are given. Christian community on mission in a world choking on poverty is highlighted as modelled on the Jesus event, the humanness of God—a paradox of vulnerability bringing breath and life. Ubuntu, the African disposition to choose growth into fuller humanity, is proposed to aid a meaningful African Christian engagement with the various forms of poverty. Experiences of an encounter between the two faces of poverty at St Martin’s Catholic Social Apostolate in Nyahururu demonstrate how the Christ experience of openness to humanness—solidarity and vulnerability— can turn poverty into liberating grace.
Out with the Old, in with the New?
Authors: Akomiah-Conteh Sheila
Published: April 2022

The prospects of the church in Britain have been defined by an enduring narrative of regression for many decades, but something new is happening. The presence and influence of old and established institutions are waning, but many new groups are emerging to keep the heritage of the church alive. This quantitative and qualitative study presents the new changes which have occurred in the Christian landscape of the city of Glasgow in Scotland in recent years, which are often hidden from other forms of research such as national church surveys. It reports the formation of 110 new churches in Glasgow between 2000–2016, and the key characteristics and impact of these groups on Christianity in the city. The presence and effect of new churches in Glasgow indicate seismic changes and presents new challenges in the spiritual landscape of this post-Christian city, not least around the homogeneity of the majority of them.
A Reflection on Nominal Christians in Contemporary England
Authors: Kim Sinwoong
Published: April 2022

This article attends to the religious landscape in contemporary England, particularly those who display some Christian beliefs and practices loosely, while their church attendance is slight, occasional or non-existent. In Western society and churches, they are predominantly characterised as “nominal Christians.” From a missiological perspective, I examine the adequacy of this characterisation, drawing upon my empirical findings of non-diasporic Korean missionaries’ engagement with the phenomenon of interest. Firstly, I show how nominalism is addressed in the two major sociological approaches that attempt to characterise the religious trend in the contemporary Western culture, namely, secularization theories and de-institutionalization theories. Secondly, I present empirical findings of Korean missionaries’ reflection on nominalism in the light of such a sociological debate. Finally, I examine the missiological implication of their reflection for nominalism in reference to the concept of missio Dei. I argue that Korean missionaries’ accounts disclose what I call “religious nominals” who have some valid elements of Christian faith in an increasingly deinstitutionalized ecclesial context. They represent a distinctive religious constituency among whom God carries out the redemptive work of Christ, the manner of which is as yet to be explored. This disclosure invites us to review our understanding of nominalism with a serious theological exploration of such a redemptive intervention of God. This exploration also invites further reflection on our current discourse of missional church in this particular theological context.
Dwelling in the World with People of Peace
Authors: Ladd Nick
Published: April 2022

Dwelling in the World is a practice designed to help churches to form a public shared identity in the mission of God with people in their wider communities who want to work with them—their “people of peace”. Grounded in the missio Dei, this practice offers a concrete example of missional discipleship. How does this work in practice? And what happens between church members and their people of peace? Based on research conducted in 2020, this article presents that research and its findings, paying close attention to the lived experience of those involved. It argues that an exchange takes place which is relational rather than transactional where the partners are drawn together into the life of God as they join together in God’s mission. This is a disturbing and transforming public journey, which decentres discipleship from the private, individualised world of church and, by means of attention to the “other,” re-centres it in God and God’s agency in mission. Therefore the outcome may be appropriately named as missional discipleship.
Participatief onderzoek in de praktische religiewetenschap
Authors: Schilderman Hans
Published: April 2022

In zijn recente boek Collaborative Practical Theology. Engaging Practitioners in Research on Christian Practices voert Henk de Roest een warm pleidooi voor samenwerking in de praktische theologie tussen onderzoekers en onderzochten, wetenschappers en gelovigen. Eerder mocht ik zijn boek aan de Vrije Universiteit komen becommentariëren en een uitwerking van die lezing ligt hier voor.
Gelijkwaardig maar niet gelijk!?
Authors: Körver Sjaak
Published: April 2022

Het vorig jaar verschenen boek van Henk de Roest Collaborative Practical Theology (2020) beargumenteert overtuigend dat samenwerking tussen onderzoekers en professionals (en/of ook cliënten of burgers) de kwaliteit van het (empirisch) praktisch-theologisch onderzoek alleen ten goede kan komen. Deze samenwerking voorkomt dat de theologie naast de werkelijkheid blijft staan en dat zij antwoorden geeft op vragen die niemand heeft gesteld. In dit artikel wil ik vooral stilstaan bij de nuances, grenzen en beperkingen die met de samenwerking gepaard gaan.
Is ‘ontwerpen’ iets voor praktisch-theologen?
Authors: Keizer Jimme
Published: April 2022

Praktisch-theologen willen niet alleen de onderwerpen en verschijnselen die zij bestuderen begrijpen, zij willen, dikwijls vanuit een sterke persoonlijke betrokkenheid bij hun onderwerp, die werkelijkheid helpen veranderen, verbeteren en vernieuwen. In wetenschappelijk onderzoek verdragen ‘begrijpen en ingrijpen’ elkaar vaak niet goed. Het onderzoek blijft te veel blijft steken in begrijpen en interpreteren en de actie, toepassing en implementatie blijven beperkt tot de nabeschouwing en de plichtmatige ‘future research questions’.
Co-creatie in onderzoek naar christelijke geloofspraktijken
Authors: De Roest Henk
Published: April 2022

Een respons van de auteur van Collaborative Practical Theology op de bijdragen van Hans Schilderman, Sjaak Körver, Jack Barentsen, Monique van Dijk-Groeneboer en Jimme Keizer die reageerden op het boek van Henk de Roest in dit themacluster van Handelingen.
Jezelf als een ander
Authors: Den Toom Niels , Walton Martin , Körver Sjaak
Published: April 2022

Deze bijdrage gaat in op de verhouding tussen onderzoeker en geestelijk verzorger. Promovendus Niels den Toom reflecteert hierop in het kader van zijn onderzoek naar de invloed van deelname aan case studies-onderzoek op de beroepspraktijk van geestelijk verzorgers. Het Case Studies Project zelf als casus beschouwd.
‘Verbaal repertoire meegeven in kwalitatief onderzoek’
Authors: Lormans Tom
Published: April 2022

Prof.dr. Fred Wester is emeritus hoogleraar Communicatiewetenschap aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen. Hij doet onderzoek naar de rol van media en mediaboodschappen: televisieprogramma’s, krantenberichten, websites, tijdschriftartikelen en reclameborden, en in het bijzonder naar de kenmerken en tendenties in de uitingen en de sociaal-culturele boodschappen die zij bevatten. Publicaties van zijn hand als Strategieën voor kwalitatief onderzoek (1996) en Inhoudsanalyse: theorie en praktijk (2013) helpen (toekomstige) onderzoekers nog altijd bij het opzetten, verhelderen en beschrijven van hun onderzoek. Ook is hij voorzitter van KWALON, een onafhankelijke organisatie van onderzoekers en docenten aan universiteiten, hogescholen, onderzoeksbureaus en andere organisaties die zich bezighouden met reflectie op de methodologie van kwalitatief sociaalwetenschappelijk onderzoek. Zijn kennis van en ervaring met het verrichten van kwalitatief onderzoek maken hem een expert van wie veel geleerd kan worden op het gebied van case studies.
Geestelijke verzorging in beeld
Authors: Körver Sjaak , Walton Martin
Published: April 2022

Het artikel ‘Geestelijke verzorging in beeld – Onder het vergrootglas van de casestudy’ weerspiegelt de situatie halverwege de looptijd van het Nederlandse Casestudy’s Project Geestelijke Verzorging (CSP). Het project is intussen afgesloten, dat wil zeggen dat de verzameling van casestudy’s is beëindigd (maart 2021). Inmiddels zijn de beide auteurs, in samenwerking met de andere betrokken onderzoekers, bezig met de eindrapportage die voor de zomer van 2022 gereed moet zijn. In de loop van het project zijn circa honderd casestudy’s beschreven en besproken, waarvan er een aantal zijn gepubliceerd. Deze en andere publicaties over het project zijn te vinden op de website van het UCGV (https://ucgv. nl/). Naar aanleiding van het in het begin van het artikel genoemde congres is een publicatie verschenen, met de bewerkte inleidingen plus enkele andere bijdragen (Kruizinga et al. 2020).
Verhalen over goed onderwijs
Authors: Copier Jorien
Published: April 2022

Mijn promotieonderzoek omvat een praktijkgericht onderzoek dat kennis ontwikkelt voor de praktijk van schoolleiders en schoolteams aangaande het formuleren en gebruiken van een schoolvisie. Zowel academici als onderwijsprofessionals zijn het erover eens dat een visie op goed onderwijs bijdraagt aan de kwaliteit van leiderschap, de school en van schoolontwikkeling. Een visie op goed onderwijs kan houvast en richting geven in een context waar veel externe belanghebbenden (o.a. ouders, politiek, economie) verwachtingen hebben van de school en waartoe zij bestaat. Over de vorm, de inhoud en het gebruik van een schoolvisie is echter minder consensus. Op basis van praktijkgericht empirisch onderzoek levert dit project een bijdrage aan deze praktijk vanuit godsdienst-pedagogisch perspectief.
Economics of Mentha Arvensis Oil Production in Pantnagar area of Uttarakhand
Authors: Singh Sukhjinder
Published: April 2022

The study is based on the economics of cultivation and essential oil distillation of Mentha arvensis on data collected from farmers of Rudarpur/Pant Nagar area of Uttarakhand. Total cost of cultivation, gross returns and net returns were calculated as Rs. 31,937, Rs. 58,500 and Rs. 26,563 respectively. Benefit cost ratio was noted as 1.83. Similarly, these economic parameters were calculated for Wheat and Paddy crop for comparison with M. arvensis. Percentage difference in net returns of M. arvensis over net returns of Wheat and Paddy crop was calculated as; 60.25% over Wheat and 72.76% over Paddy crop. Also BCR of Mentha arvensis was more than BCR of Wheat and Paddy crop respectively.
ANESTESIA PARA PERSISTÊNCIA DO DUCTO ARTERIOSO EM CÃES: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
Authors: Cavalcanti Toscano Christiana , Saraiva Marques Lucieudo , Barbalho de Macêdo Luã
Published: April 2022

O ducto arterioso éum vaso originado no sexto arco aórtico,que na fase fetal conecta a artéria pulmonar à aorta e,após o nascimento, fisiologicamente, ocorre o seu fechamento em algumas horas, dando origem ao ligamento arterioso. No entanto, quando não ocorre a sua oclusão, por defeito genético que comumente acomete cães, resulta na persistência do ducto arterioso (PDA) ou ducto arterioso patente. A PDA apresenta-se de duas formas: clássica (fluxo sanguíneo da aorta para a arteria pulmonar) e reversa (fluxo sanguíneo da artéria pulmonar para a aorta). O diagnóstico se dá pelos sinais clínicos e pela ecocardiografia, sendo este o exame ouro para tal. O tratamento curativo para o PDA clássico é cirúrgico. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura, sobre a abordagem anestésica nos pacientes com essa cardiopatia congênita, com especial enfoque no controle de dor no pré, trans e pós cirúrgico em cães submetidos à correção do ducto arterioso patente. Palavras-chave: Anomalia; Cardiopatia; Circulação fetal.
Identification of physiological and yield related traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under varying soil moisture stress
Authors: K. D. SHARMA  , ASHOK KUMAR
Published: April 2022

An experiment was conducted during two rabi seasons of 2008-09 and 2009-10 on wheat to find suitable physiological traits in wheat genotypes for restricted irrigation application in concrete drought plots. The experiment was designed as split plot consisting of three irrigation schedules viz., normal irrigated (control), two irrigations at 25 and 105 DAS (moderate stress) and single irrigation at 25 DAS (rainfed) in the main plots and four genotypes namely WH 1025, WH 1080, WH 1081 and C 306 in the sub-plots with three replications. The moisture stress created by restricting the irrigation decreased the leaf water potential (LWP), canopy temperature depression (CTD), transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. Moisture stress decreased the yield and yield attributes with maximum reduction in number of tillers per plant followed plant height and ear length. Among the genotypes, WH 1080 produced significantly higher yield due to higher test weight, plant water status and higher rate of photosynthesis of flag leaf during anthesis compared to other genotypes under rainfed condition.
Thermal requirements, heat use efficiency and plant responses of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under different environment
Authors: P. K. TYAGI
Published: April 2022

A field experiment was conducted to study the thermal requirement of chickpea cultivars during rabi seasons of 2012-13 and 2013-14 at Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Tikamgarh (Madhya Pradesh). The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three replications consisted three sowing dates viz., October 25, November 14 and December 4 and three varieties viz., JG 322, JG 11 and JG 16 as main plot and sub-plot treatments, respectively. Results revealed that duration of phenological stages and thermal unit during sowing to maturity decreased with successive delay in sowing. October 25 sowing produced significantly higher total dry matter accumulation, more number of pods higher seed yield and biological yield as compared to November 14 and December 4. Among cultivars, JG 16 exhibited significantly higher total dry matter accumulation, HUE, more number of pods higher 100-seed weight higher seed yield and biological yield followed by JG 11 and JG 322.
Implementation of Islamic Economic Systems in Poverty Reduction (Case Study in Sorong City, West Papua, Indonesia)
Authors: Efendi Muhammad Irfan , Herlinawati Elin
Published: April 2022

The evaluation of the poverty alleviation program in Sorong City has not been carried out optimally. This can be seen from the percentage of poor people since 2015 which has only decreased by 0,07% -1,93% per year even in 2016 it has increased by 0,29%. The implementation of the program has not been effective due to the lack of optimal management of funds as a special autonomous region and the limitations of social assistance funds in the Local Government Budget (APBD). Therefore, other sources of assistance are needed that can be used as a driver of poverty alleviation. One of them is through zakat, infaq, shodaqoh, and waqf (ZISWAF) which was adopted from the Islamic economic system. This study examines the application of Islamic economics in improving the welfare of the population in Sorong City, especially the poor. The research was conducted based on statistical data related to poverty and the Gini ratio from the Statistics Indonesia (BPS), APBD, and ZISWAF funds from the National Amil Zakat Agency (BAZNAS) in Sorong City. With the acceptance of ZISWAF, the high income of the community will be distributed to the low society so that it can improve welfare.
Le droit civil des sûretés réelles. Le modèle Italien des sûretés
Authors: Bussani Mauro
Published: April 2022

This essay examines the Italian law of real security. The Introduction, §§ 1-2.1, focuses on the general features of the peninsular model, i.e.: legislative continuity with the past, passiveness of judges and (most) scholars to the letter of the code and statute provisions. Then the author highlights the main issues that are now raised by the needs of an increasingly large community of lenders and borrowers. The article therefore takes into consideration, first, the challenges to the 'traditional', or code-centered, institutions providing security. In this context particular attention is paid to the demand for non-possessory securities over movables, §§ 3-3.3; the functioning of a conventional floating lien, § 4; and the still limited (and inefficient) autonomy vested in the mortgagee by the code provisions, mainly as far as the transfer of the title is concerned, §§ 5-5.2. Moving to the real security devices which are not regulated by the code and/or other statutory provisions, the essay examines how far ownership by the lessor, in a financial lease agreement, can currently be relied on as a form of security, § 6; and the efforts of Italian judges and scholars to ban any transfer of ownership when this is to be construed as a security device, § 7 - an approach that the author also examines from the context of the problems arising from the Italian ratification of The Hague Convention on Trusts, § 7.1. The final paragraph is devoted to the analysis of the exploitation of 'new properties' as possible objects of real security.
The Use of Telefax in Civil Procedure (BverfG, Beschluß vom 1.8.1996 BvR 121/95, NJW 1996, 2857)
Authors: Kennett Wendy , Fitger Peter , Mohr Andrea , Rummel Peter , Anné Ilse
Published: April 2022

The decision of the BverfG was based on the following set of facts. The appellant to the BverfG had been unsuccessful in several claims for unfair dismissal before the Schwerin Arbeitsgericht. On appeal to the Landesarbeitsgericht the grounds of appeal, prepared by her legal representative, a lawyer from Hamburg, reached the Landesarbeitsgericht in Rostock the day after the expiry of the extended deadline for filing those grounds. The appellant brought an application for reinstatement of the case within the time allowed and, as justification for this, explained that on the last day of the period allowed for filing the grounds of appeal, unsuccessful efforts had been made right up until 20.31 in the evening to send the relevant information by fax from Hamburg to the court in Rostock. It remained unclear whether this lack of success was attributable to a defect or absence of paper in the receiving fax machine at the Landesarbeitsgericht, or rather to a fault in the line. A telephone check on the fax line had indicated that the line was free.

The appeal to the Landesarbeitsgericht was rejected as inadmissible, without clarifying the cause of the failed fax transmission. An appeal on a point of law was also unsuccessful, but the appeal on a point of constitutional law succeeded. If a court permitted documents that must be received within a prescribed period to be transmitted to it by fax, then in the view of the BverfG the special risks that arise from the technical features of this means of communication - such as, in particular, problems with the receiving machine but also line faults - should not have to be borne by the person using this means of communication, but should instead be the responsibility of the court. By choosing an authorised method of communication, making appropriate use of a properly functioning machine for transmission and dialing the recipient's number correctly, the user has done all that is necessary on his part to meet the procedural deadline as long as he begins the transmission sufficiently early that under normal circumstances it can be anticipated that transmission will be finished before 24.00. It cannot be expected of a lawyer who has arranged his work timetable in the expectation of making a fax transmission of his written arguments that when the chosen method of transmission fails, because of a defect in the receiving machine or because of line faults, he should instantly secure a means of contacting the court other than his chosen method, which was after all officially authorised by the court.
Hoge Raad, 21.2.1997 (Wrongful Birth)
Authors: Pozzo Barbara , Androulidakis-Dimitriadis Ismene , Keuleneer Fernand
Published: April 2022

In the Dutch case, a physician, at the occasion of a surgery, had removed a contraceptive implant and, without advising his patient, had not replaced it. In the first case before the BVerfG, a failed sterilization procedure was carried out by a medical doctor, who had been family planning counselor to the husband of plaintiff, and was followed by a pregnancy; again, the doctor had neglected to inform his patient of the failure. In both these cases, the 'resulting' child turned out to be 'normal' and healthy. This was different in the second German case. The parents of a disabled daughter, fearing a genetic predisposition, had chosen to undergo a medical examination in a specialized institution in order to find out whether indeed such a condition existed and could lead to the re-occurrence of the same disabilities should they have another child. They were assured, in a written document, that a genetically transmissible defect was very unlikely, and that therefore no reason existed to avoid a subsequent pregnancy. Nonetheless, the second daughter of the couple was born with the same disabilities as their first child. The Hoge Raad and the Erster Senat accept a claim for damages, the Zweiter Senat rejects it.
Right of Possession and Interference with Such Rights
Authors: Werlauff Erik
Published: April 2022

The protection of the right of possession provided by Art. 1 Protocol 1 (P1–1) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) has been undervalued in comparison with other basic ECHR rights. In recent years, however, it has demonstrated its dynamic nature and has overtaken national constitutional provisions in certain areas. The provision protects against imprecise, discretionary or retrospective rules on taxation, contributions and forfeiture as well as against financial discrimination on unfair grounds. It has developed into a quality control provision on lawfulness, equal treatment and proportionality for rule sets of financial importance for persons and companies. It is potentially capable of exerting an influence on areas of law involving financial issues where this would hardly have been expected before.
Cour de Cassation française, 19 février 1997, Responsabilité Civile du fait des mineurs - Parents - Exonération
Authors: Hübner U. , De Tavernier Pieter , Papachristos A.C. , Gardette J.-M. , Werro Franz
Published: April 2022

The decision handed down on 19 February 1997 by the Cour de cassation changes the nature of the parents liability for the harm caused by a child of theirs who is a minor living at home with them. Whereas until now their liability was based on a presumption of fault which they could rebut on proof of the absence of any fault in the upbringing or supervision of the child, it is now an instance of strict liability imposed upon them, thus strengthening the guarantee of compensation for victims.

In the specific case, a young boy who was out cycling collided with a moped when he suddenly emerged onto a main road. The driver of the moped, who was injured, sought compensation for his injury from the boy's father, as the person civilly responsible for him, and from his insurer. When the trial court allowed the claim, the father of the child challenged its decision for refusing to consider whether it was true that he had not committed any default of supervision so that he could rebut the presumption of liability. Breaking with its earlier case law, the Cour de cassation dismissed this challenge, however, and concluded that only force majeure or the fault of the victim could free the parents of the strict liability imposed on them as a result of the damage caused by their minor child.

This decision, which thus sanctions a new objective liability, detached from any notion of fault, is analysed in the following commentaries from the points of view of Greek, Swiss, Belgian and German law.
Employment Protection and Employment Promotion as Goals of Collective Bargaining in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Seifert Achim
Published: April 2022

This article aims to analyze some recent changes in the German industrial relations system mainly characterized by the rise of employment protection and employment promotion as new goals of collective bargaining. During the era of full-employment collective bargaining was essentially an instrument to improve working conditions whereas, with regard to a constant mass-unemployment, it becomes ever more to be understood as an instrument to save threatened jobs and to create new jobs. The most important strategies of employment protection and of employment promotion recently developed by the actors of collective bargaining in Germany, such as various forms of working time 'flexibilization', shall be analyzed in the article.
Globalisation, Foreign Direct Investment and Their Impact on Labour Relations and Regulation: The Case of China
Authors: Zhu Ying
Published: April 2022

This paper examines foreign direct investment (FDI) and the impact on labour relations and labour regulations in China in the context of globalisation. It seeks to identify the relationships of the process of globalisation, the behaviour of multi-national enterprises (MNEs) and labour relations. Issues such as labour recruitment, forms of employment status, wages and welfare, human resource management (HRM) and the role of trade unions in foreign owned enterprises (FOEs) are examined. The paper also tackles the problems within FOEs and the response of the Government at both central and local levels. It concludes by identifying the major issues related to the relations between the globalisation and changes of labour relations and regulations, and the possible direction for developing economies to use FDI more effectively in an institutionalised environment.
The European Employment Strategy - A Consideration of Social Partnership and Related Matters in the Irish Context
Authors: Móráin Séamus Ó
Published: April 2022

This Article looks at the recent experience in Ireland with Social Partnership, placing it in the context of the European Employment Strategy and in particular its Adaptability Pillar. It reflects on how the Irish model of Social Partnership evolved, its contribution to recent economic and social progress, the elements of recent partnership agreements, and the strengths and weaknesses of the model. It notes how the four sets of National Agreements have underpinned much of the recent progress in Ireland and, as negotiations currently get under way on a fifth Agreement, identifies some of the key issues and new challenges faced by the negotiators in an Ireland very much changed since the process was launched in 1987.
One Legal Language and the Maintenance of Cultural and Linguistic Diversity?
Authors: Urban Nikolaus
Published: April 2022

Within a European context, it appears rather inadequate to speak of the maintenance of linguistic and cultural diversity. For, even though the principle of linguistic equality has formally been ensured by the law from the inception of the process of European integration, it has increasingly become a mere fiction within the legislation, administration, and judicial interpretation of European Law. As the concept(s) of European integration will be applied both to a larger number of countries and to a broader spectrum of policies, this process is very likely to continue. National administrations, and citizens, should therefore be advised to adapt to the factual dominance of (legal) English and French — unless the difficult decision to defend and re-establish linguistic equality against the unifying tendency of European integration could be made without harming the European project as a whole.
Optional or Mandatory Europeanisation of Contract Law
Authors: Lando Ole
Published: April 2022

This article argues in favour of a Europeanisation of contract law. It is submitted that we the citizens of Europe cannot content ourselves with the existing Europeanisation which is both fragmentary and uncoordinated and which provides no general principles. The Commission on European Contract Law has been established to provide Principles of European Contract Law. The experience of the Commission is that a Europeanisation of contract law is feasible. The Union could either aim at a creeping uncodified harmonisation brought about by the scholars and the courts or a codification ic, a European Civil Code. The author argues for the latter solution.
The Work of the Lando-Commission from an Alternative Viewpoint
Authors: Riedl Kristina
Published: April 2022

The contribution analyses the project of a group of legal scholars who have developed a body of common European principles of contract law in a private initiative. The prevailing idea was that a Common Market requires a uniform legal infrastructure, especially of contract law, as the existing plurality of national contract laws might impede the functioning of the Internal Market. But the project of the Lando-Commission hides more complex features. The social and economic conditions that made possible the 19th century formal codifications have to a large extent changed. Private law as part of the European multi-level-system is forced to react to the regulatory marked-related interventions of European economic legislation. Simultaneously, in the wake of the globalisation of the economy, national codifications have to accommodate new categories of contracts as well as the autonomous transnational law of the business community (lex mercatoria) which has emerged beyond the national legal systems. In this context, the work of the Lando-Commission shall be conceived as an optional system, sustaining the actors in this multi level process. Through a transnational judicial dialogue, these principles might become a useful tool for co-ordination among the fragmented EC directives, international uniform law and traditional private law.
Some Preliminary Remarks on the Limitations of European Competition Law
Authors: Deckert Martina R.
Published: April 2022

The article analyses the possible limits of negative integration on the basis of the competition law of the European Community. In contrast to the fundamental freedoms of the Community, its competition law is not subject to any explicit exceptions or limitations (apart from the possibility of an exemption under Art. 81 (3) EC). That is problematic, because in competition law just as with the fundamental freedoms issues of competence must be taken into account. An appropriate relationship between supranationality (internal market, market opening) and conflicting national requirements and competences must be taken into account in the determination of the scope and limits of the Community law prohibition of anti-competitive agreements. While the Member States, because of the increased sensitivity of the European Court of Justice in relation to the fundamental freedoms, have won back some national room for manoeuvre, such a tendency towards flexibility is less apparent in the case law of the European Court of Justice on competition law. Such indications as exist are apt to be characterised and developed as a European rule of reason. Considerably more thorough-going are comments in the legal literature that directly challenge the principle of the priority of Community law and in the case of so called indirect or diagonal conflicts argue that supremacy should be treated as an "optimisation principle" according to the principle of "practical concordance". In contrast, it is suggested here that the principle of "practical concordance" should only be applied to the (growing) number of horizontal conflicts between European competition law and the other policies of the Community. For diagonal conflicts between Community competition law and other policies of national law it seems appropriate to read across the limitations inherent in the Cassis- jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice to Arts. 81 I and 82. This contribution does not include any consideration of the procedural aspects of competition law or of the ideas for reform discussed by the Commission in its White Paper of May 1999 on modernising the application of the provisions of competition law.
Formalism and Efficiency: Designing European Commercial Contract Law
Authors: Collins Hugh
Published: April 2022

Although legal formalism is commonly regarded as desirable for business transactions because it produces certainty of entitlements, this essay argues that the form of calculability required by businesses in fact consists of the protection of expectations. These expectations are themselves grounded in three competing normative contexts: the business relation, the business deal, and the contract. Legal formalism tends to award priority to the contractual normative framework, and can, therefore, defeat business expectations. The merchants' rejection of legal formalism as an unsatisfactory regulatory tool for business transactions is discovered in the operation of the market for the adjudication of commercial disputes. The possibility that common law reasoning is superior to civil law reasoning in managing to avoid the closure of legal formalism is suggested, though it is acknowledged that the virus of legal formalism has penetrated deeply into the operations of common law reasoning as well. The key feature of new private law regulation of commercial contracts at European level must be the production of the capacity to protect business expectation (or calculability) by creating a legal discourse that can simultaneously evaluate the competing normative frameworks of the business relation, the deal, and the contract. This capacity requires the contextualisation of contractual disputes, an ability to differentiate between contexts in the light of custom and usage and the economic interests of the parties, and the power to reformulate regulation in the light of revisions of normative standards in the market. This capacity may also require a post-national legal structure that respects pluralism in regulation of different industrial sectors.