bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using global fitting to test for a treatment effect in a series of matched experiments
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter used a paired t test to pool the results of three experiments. But the results were not satisfying. When we compared treated with control for each experiment individually, each P value was less than 0.05. With each individual experiment, the evidence is convincing. The effect of the treatment was statistically significant in each of the three experiments. But when we pooled all three experiments and analyzed with a paired t test, the result was not statistically significant.
Using global fitting to test for a treatment effect in a series of
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

The first six lines in the model define the Vmax term for each data set. Data sets A, B, and C were controls. We want to fit the mean Vmax for the control curves. Curve A has a Vmax defined to be equal to the mean value for the control (MeanCon) plus a random factor (Randi). Curve B is defined similarly with a different random factor. Curve C is defined as the mean control value minus the two random factors. If you take the average of the three Vmax values for curves A, B and C, you’ll see that the average really is MeanCon.
Analyzing enzyme kinetic data
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

It is difficult to fit a curve to a graph of product as a function of time, even if you use a simplified model that ignores the transient phase and assumes that the reaction is irreversible. The model simply cannot be reduced to an equation that expresses product concentration as a function of time. To fit these kind of data (called an enzyme progress curve) you need to use a program that can fit data to a model defined by differential equations or by an implicit equation. For more details, see RG Duggleby, “Analysis of Enzyme Reaction Progress Curves by Nonlinear Regression”, Methods in Enzymology, 249: 61-60, 1995.

Rather than fit the enzyme progress curve, most analyses of enzyme kinetics fit the initial velocity of the enzyme reaction as a function of substrate concentration. The velocity of the enzyme reaction is the slope of the linear phase of product accumulation, expressed as amount of product formed per time. If the initial transient phase is very short, you can simply measure product formed at a single time, and define the velocity to be the concentration divided by the time interval.
Nonlinear regression with Prism
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

To perform nonlinear regression with Prism, follow these steps. Later chapters explain your options in detail. Enter or import your data. It is essential that the table be formatted to have a numerical X column. This will be the first column. You can enter one column of data for Y into column A, or several columns of Y data for different data sets (in columns B, C, etc.). You can start nonlinear regression from a data table, from a results table (often a transform of the data), or from a graph. Press the Analyze button and choose to do a built-in analysis. Then select Nonlinear regression (curve.fit) from the list of curves and regressions. This will bring up the nonlinear regression dialog.
Fitting curves without regression
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur
Published: November 2023

Prism provides two approaches for fitting a curve without selecting a model. A cubic spline curve goes through every data point, bending and twisting as needed. A Lowess curve follows the trend of the data. LOWESS curves can be helpful when the data progresses monotonically, but are less helpful when there are peaks or valleys. Prism lets you choose between fine, medium and course LOWESS curves. The fine curve reveals the fine structure of the data, but tends to wiggle a lot. The coarse curve shows only the general trend, but obscures the detail.
Are There Drugs and Strategies to Slow PD Progression?
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

PD slowly progresses over the years. Do we have drugs that target the underlying problem and change the course of PD? What about medications not just for treating symptoms but for protecting vulnerable neurons that might otherwise degenerate? The term “neuroprotection” has been used in this context. Over the years, many drugs and strategies have been considered as means of slowing the progression of PD. Few, however, have actually been subjected to scientific investigation in people with PD. In this chapter, we will focus on drugs that have undergone at least some scientific scrutiny. To date, we have no medications with proven ability to slow PD progression. For some drugs, however, there is at least a modicum of circumstantial evidence, which we will consider.
P-Technique Factor Analysis as a Tool for Exploring Psychological Health
Authors: Jones Constance J
Published: November 2023

Recent collections of work (e.g., Keyes & Haidt, 2003; Snyder & Lopez, 2002) clearly illustrate the diversity of approaches that may be employed to explore positive psychology. Internet-using adults (e.g., Srivastava, John, Gosling, & Potter, 2003), psychiatric patients (e.g., Brekke & Long, 2000), and those ubiquitous college students (e.g., Butler, Hokanson, & Flynn, 1994) all have served as participants in studies of psychological health. Self-reported (e.g., Helson & Klohnen, 1998), clinician-reported (e.g., Vaillant, 1977), microanalytic (e.g., Diener, Larsen, & Emmons, 1984), and macroanalytic (e.g., Crosnoe & Elder, 2002) variables all have usefully detailed the myriad facets of psychological health. Studies also differ in terms of the number of assessments obtained per participant. While many investigations involve a single cross-sectional assessment, others involve multiple assessments, sometimes over 100 per respondent. The time span of longitudinal assessments can range enormously-for example, from 20 minutes (Fridlund, Cottam, & Fowler, 1982) to nearly 50 years (Jones & Meredith, 2000).
Multivariate Statistical Strategies for Construct Validation in Positive Psychology
Authors: Bryant Fred B , King, Scott P , Smart Colette M
Published: November 2023

After framing issues of measurement validity within the area of positive psychology, we review traditional statistical approaches and more recent multivariate strategies for assessing content, criterion, and construct validity. We then consider various multivariate statistical strategies positive psychologists can use to (a) discriminate subscales from one another within multidimensional measurement instruments and (b) relate measurement instruments to convergent and discriminant measures in construct validation. We conclude with an integrative empirical example that uses these multivariate statistical strategies to assess the construct validity of hope and optimism as distinct concepts in positive psychology.
Methodological Issues in Positive Psychology and the Assessment of Character Strengths
Authors: Park Nansook , Peterson Christopher
Published: November 2023

Positive psychology has three pillars: positive experiences and emotions; positive traits like talents, passions, and strengths of character; and positive institutions that enable the psychological good life (Seligman & Csikszentmihalyi, 2000). For the past several years, our work has addressed the second of these pillars and specifically such character strengths as curiosity, perseverance, kindness, teamwork, and hope. The intent has been to create a consensual classification of widely valued positive traits (Peterson & Seligman, 2004) and ways of measuring these as individual differences (Peterson, Park, & Seligman, 2005). This project, the Values in Action (VIA) Classification, has been the most ambitious undertaking to date deliberately guided by the perspective of positive psychology. Its goals-a conceptual framework and an associated assessment strategy-represent necessary steps for an empirical science of positive psychology that goes beyond armchair speculations or scattered investigations.
Dynamical Modeling for Studying Self-Regulatory Processes: An Example From the Study of Religious Development Over the Life Span
Authors: McCullough Michael E , Boker Steven M
Published: November 2023

The development of religious faith and practice over the life course has been a topic of interest to psychological theorists for over a century (Fowler, 1981; Hall, 1904). In recent years, social scientists have applied quantitative methods from modern developmental science to questions regarding the development of religious feeling, belief, and behavior over the adult life course (Argue, Johnson, & White, 1999; McCullough, Enders, Brion, & Jain, 2005; Sasaki & Suzuki, 1987). Many of the models that have been proposed by theorists such as Hall and Fowler, and the empirical tests of developmental hypotheses, have relied upon the assumption that a person’s religiousness may change (or not) as a function of how old he or she is. In other words, these models and tests have assumed that it is something about getting older per se that controls religious development.
Positive Processes in Close Relationships Across Time, Partners, and Context: A Multilevel Approach
Authors: Gable Shelly L , Guardia Jennifer G La
Published: November 2023

Clearly, humans operate in a social world. Our close relationships are those in which we derive some of our deepest gratifications as well as our most profound sufferings. It is no wonder that scientists have studied the importance of close relationships to human functioning across the life span (see Reis, Collins, & Berscheid, 2000, for review). Indeed, theoretical and empirical accounts of psychological well-being assert that strong and stable social ties with others are central components of psychological health (e.g., Deci & Ryan, 1985; Ryff, 1995). Further, research has also clearly shown that close relationships are crucial for physical health, so much so that the lack of close bonds is a risk factor for health on par with other risks such as cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, and obesity (House, Landis, & Umberson, 1988).
Tacking on Dangerous Psychological Waters
Authors: Wicks Robert J
Published: November 2023

Secondary stress represents the stress caused by the pressures placed on professionals who care for others in need. To understand its various causes, symptoms, and methods of prevention and ways to limit it, it is helpful to break down secondary stress into three components: Chronic secondary stress—also known as “burnout” and “compassion fatigue” Acute secondary stress—sometimes referred to as “vicarious posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)”Unique unhealthy aspects of the medical health care culture With an appreciation of these three components, we begin to realize the many systemic stresses in medicine and nursing that must be faced. We also realize that there are inner resources and personal growing edges that will come to the forefront in the process of meeting them.
Forces and Flow Classification
Authors: Dingman S Lawrence
Published: November 2023

The forces involved in open-channel flow are introduced in section 4.2.2.1. The goals of this chapter are 1) to develop expressions to evaluate the magnitudes of those forces at the macroscopic scale, 2) to examine the relative magnitudes of the various forces in natural channels and show how they change with the flow scale, and 3) to show that the Reynolds number (introduced in section 3.4.2) and the Froude number (introduced in section 6.2.2.2) can be interpreted in terms of force ratios. Understanding the relative magnitudes of forces provides a helpful perspective for developing quantitative solutions to practical problems.
Gradually Varied Flow and Water-Surface Profiles
Authors: Dingman S Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Gradually varied flow is flow in which 1) downstream changes in velocity and depth are gradual enough that the flow can be considered to be uniform, and 2) the temporal changes in velocity and depth are gradual enough that the flow can be considered to be steady. Under gradually varied flow conditions, we can assume that 1) the pressure distribution is hydrostatic, 2) the one-dimensional energy equation (equation 8.8b) applies, and 3) a uniform-flow resistance equation (i.e., Chézy equation 6.19 or Manning equation 6.40c) applies.
Introduction: Aging, Once Over Lightly
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

If we have been lucky to stay alive long enough, all of us age. Although there can be important gains, the most troubling feature of aging has to do with the physical, social, and psychological losses and deflcits it commonly brings, as well as our increasing nearness to death. And this gets us to the classic sardonic joke of the elderly, which goes something like this: “They say these are the golden years. To believe this, all we have to do is consider the alternative.”
James Fenimore Cooper, 1789–1851
Authors: Franklin Wayne
Published: November 2023

On September 15, 1789, a New Jersey couple ushered a new son into their crowded quarters in the old Quaker city of Burlington. Wheelwright William Cooper had been an energetic but impoverished nineteen-year-old when, on the eve of the American Revolution in 1774, he convinced Elizabeth Fenimore, three years his senior, to run off and marry him. In the topsyturvy conditions produced by the war, such a man was not to be kept down. As fighting raged on in the Delaware Valley and else-where, he threw up a store on a piece of vacant land outside Burlington and soon coaxed into existence there a hamlet of a dozen or so buildings that he called “Coopertown.” His ambition whetted by this experience, he began looking farther afleld. With a Burlington partner in 1785, he wrested control of forty thousand frontier acres in New York from the heirs and creditors of the colorful trader and Indian agent George Croghan.
“More Than A Woman’s Enterprise”
Authors: McWilliams John P
Published: November 2023

James Russell Lowell’s smarty couplet with its three flashy puns (“sappy,” “flat,” and “prairie”) has had a very long reach. From Lowell’s era to ours, Cooper has been regarded as a particularly male novelist, whether as the creator of the sea tale, as a fabricator of adventure plots suitable for dime novels, Classic Comics and bloody B movies, as a mythic romancer of male bonding (according to D. H. Lawrence and Leslie Fiedler), or as a keen observer of Republican and Jacksonian political persuasions. Harvey Birch, Leatherstocking, Judge Temple, Indian John, and Uncas still retain their resonance, not only in Cooper criticism, but also in ever-changing reconstructions of American literary traditions, such as the recent interest in the social construction of manhood.
The Portuguese Community: Steady, Long Established, and Partially Integrated
Authors: Coll Cynthia García , Marks Amy Kerivan
Published: November 2023

The Portuguese immigrants and their children in this study represent the tail-end and the slowing down of a long migrant stream that spans several centuries (see Bailey, 2000b, for a comprehensive view of this community). As part of massive migrations into the United Sates, there was a large-scale Portuguese migration during the 1880–1920 period and then another period of significant migration from 1960 to 1980. Overall, immigration from Portugal to the United States during the early 1990s was less than one-fourth of its late-1960s peak, and the local community reflects this in terms of its relative integration with English speakers and the non-Portuguese community. In contrast to other western European countries, a much larger percentage of Portuguese immigrants entered into this country post-1957; yet in contrast to other post-1965 newcomers who are considered people of color, their racial features (e.g., skin color) are white.

A majority of the families in our study are actually from the Azores, where half of the Portuguese population in the Rhode Island and southern Massachusetts region originated. Newcomers from the Azores were first attracted by the whaling industries in the 1800s and later on by the developing textiles industries in the area. Testimonials from the families in our study talk about family members and acquaintances from their towns of origins that were living here as providing major incentives to migrate into this area.
Benefits of Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Salovey Daisy D Grewal Peter
Published: November 2023

If living a good life is living a life in which one learns and evolves, it is necessary to feel both the joy that accompanies hard-won successes and the unpleasant sting of regret that often follows bad decisions. Emotions are therefore an invaluable source of information and feedback (Frijda, 1996; Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1998). How can we best utilize the emotions that we notice in ourselves and in others in order to reap the maximum benefits? This is a primary question of interest to researchers who study the concept of emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence is not a panacea for all of life’s problems, but growing evidence does suggest that the ability to interpret and handle emotions effectively may play an important role in many of life’s most important endeavors.
A Central Issue for Health Professionals
Authors: Fave Antonella Delle
Published: November 2023

Researchers and practitioners are devoting increasing attention to the role of subjectivity in the evaluation of well-being. The issue has been traditionally investigated in term of objective indicators, such as income, health, and housing conditions. However, there is evidence that economic indicators do not provide an adequate evaluation of the developmental resources and goal attainment of a person, or of the success of a nation (Biswas-Diener & Diener, 2001; Marmot & Wilkinson, 1999). As several studies show, it is also important to identify and measure subjective indicators of well-being, referring to individuals’ judgments about their own state, satisfaction with life, social relationships, work and health, future goals, and personal achievements (Diener, 2000; Diener & Suh, 1997; Veenhoven, 2002).
Materialism and Its Alternatives
Authors: Kasser Tim
Published: November 2023

One key feature of contemporary life is the fact that commercialization and consumerism are embedded in almost every aspect of culture. It is well-nigh impossible to avoid messages suggesting that a meaningful, happy life results from the acquisition of wealth and the possessions that convey the right image and high status.
Getting Older, Getting Better? Recent Psychological Evidence
Authors: Sheldon Kennon
Published: November 2023

Before I begin with my primary topic, I would like to start with some broader comments about positive psychology, for the benefits of general readers who may be unfamiliar with the potential controversies regarding positive psychology. I would like to consider a question: “Does the positive psychology movement have legs?” This is the title of a skeptical recent article published by Richard Lazarus in Psychological Inquiry (2003). Lazarus suggested that positive psychology is just a fad, one that will fade like many other fads in psychology over the years. And indeed, this could well happen.
Introduction
Authors: Hart Gary
Published: November 2023

Grand strategy has to do with the application of power and resources to achieve large national purposes. In the case of the United States in the twenty-first century, its powers are economic, political, and military. In each category these traditional powers are orders of magnitude greater than those of any other nation—friend or rival—and, in the case of military power, greater than those of most of the next several strongest nations combined. America also possesses a fourth power, the power of principle, which may well be one of its greatest strategic assets in the twenty-first century. Much depends on whether and how this asset is employed.
Strategy in an Age of Revolution
Authors: Hart Gary
Published: November 2023

It matters a great deal to the strategic project whether the times are quiescent or turbulent. Terrorism, failed states, and market gyrations have already made the early twenty-first century turbulent, and more surprises await. Two massive and historic economic revolutions, globalization and information, are simultaneously opening new markets, breaking down trade and regulatory barriers, and creating new opportunities. And they are, especially in the case of the information revolution, altering social life as well. But these revolutions are also further dividing haves from have-nots. Societies that have resources, finished products, or services to trade and those with widespread access to information technologies are benefiting substantially from these revolutions. Those with little to trade, and with little access to information technologies (the downside of the “digital divide”), are being left further behind to struggle against mounting tides of instability and disintegration.
Our Principles as an Element of Strategy
Authors: Hart Gary
Published: November 2023

American democracy, as noted, is characterized by certain principles embodied in our founding documents, especially the Constitution, and in our history and political culture. According to scholarly consensus, these principles were largely the product of Enlightenment humanism, and they represented the most advanced evolution in political thought. A number of these principles are shared among all democracies, Western and otherwise, but some are more closely identified with the United States than with any other nation. Over its almost 225-year life, America has applied its principles to its foreign policy in any consistent manner only periodically. Though many Americans choose to believe that we are unfailingly faithful to our highest ideals, periodic cycles of principle and pragmatism characterize our complex history. Therefore, any account of America’s principles, particularly one emphasizing principle as a component of strategy, must acknowledge inconsistency and imperfection in application throughout our nation’s life.
Restoring the Republic . . . and Its Principles
Authors: Hart Gary
Published: November 2023

America as a republic, and a principled one at that, is central to our grand strategy and to the arguments presented in this essay. America’s founders were united in the cause of creating a new republic. They debated fiercely what kind of republic it should be. Throughout much of our history Americans have seen our country as a land of constitutional rights and economic opportunities. In the eighteenth century we fought a war for independence and liberty. In the nineteenth century we occupied the West and industrialized the nation. In the twentieth century we achieved material prosperity, at least for the middle and upper classes, and dismantled many gender and racial barriers. The cultural emphasis throughout this history was on the rugged individualism of the cowboy or the autonomy and independence of the entrepreneur. More often than not the national government was seen as the protector of powerful interests and the status quo by those left behind or as a barrier to individual initiative by those resistant to regulation.
Apparent Spatial Arrangement And Perceived Brightness
Authors: Hochberg Julian E , Beck Jacob
Published: November 2023

The problems of brightness constancy (e.g., the constancy of perceived object color under different illumination conditions) and of the perceptual constancies in general arise from the fact that changed sensory stimuli frequently elicit unchanged responses (and vice versa) which follow more closely the variations of distal stimuli (objects) than of the sensory-surface stimulus distributions. This raises difficulties for any formulation of a one-to one correspondence between stimulus and experience (confusingly called the ‘‘constancy hypothesis’’ [5, p. 86]), which at first sight would seem essential to psychological prediction.
The Psychophysics Of Pictorial Perception
Authors: Hochberg Julian
Published: November 2023

The study of pictures, and psychology as a scientific inquiry, have been intertwined since Leonardo da Vinci’s analysis of the techniques for portraying space. As we learn more about perception and learning, we must revise our interpretation of how pictorial communication takes place. Reciprocally, what we have learned about pictorial communication has altered some of our conceptions about the underlying sensory structures and perceptual processes.
Reading As An Intentional Behavior
Authors: Hochberg Julian , Brooks Virginia
Published: November 2023

To the perception psychologist, reading is not an isolated behavior that can be understood adequately by itself. Depending as heavily as it does on the language skills and on directed visual search, reading text, as a perceptuomotor activity, has certain characteristics in common with listening to speech and with viewing scenes. The first characteristic shared by these three activities, which is more obvious in the case of reading than in the other two, is that these behaviors do not consist of automatic responses to the array or sequence of patterned stimulation that confronts the subject. The reader does not merely regard a block of text and immediately realize its message. He must intend to read the display, must ‘‘pay attention’’ to its meaning, if he is to be able to respond to its contents. What a phrase like ‘‘pay attenton to’’ might mean in this context has not received much thought or experimental research, but it would seem to be of fundamental importance to any understanding of what the reading process is all about.
How Big Is A Stimulus?
Authors: Hochberg Julian
Published: November 2023

The last few years have seen a great increase in the popularity of organizational approaches to the study of perception, more or less explicitly indebted to Gestalt theory, and of direct or stimulus-informational approaches, explicitly indebted to the work of Gibson (1950, 1979). The mere fact that the appearance of a pattern cannot in general be completely predicted from the appearances of its parts presented in isolation does not by itself provide a basis for reviving anything like Gestalt theory. And the mere fact that what has been called higher-order stimulus information about distal (object) properties are normally provided by the environment, and that such information is sometimes used by the normal viewer, by itself implies nothing whatsoever about the processes of perception. Helmholtz discussed quite explicitly what later was taken by the Gestaltists as the law of good continuation; he discussed at length the importance of motion-produced stimulation and of active exploration in vision and in touch as providing what was later to be called the invariant information in the stimulus transformations (Cassirer, 1944; Gibson, 1950, 1979). Moreover, Helmholtz stressed that as far as our perceptions are concerned, the distal properties are usually directly perceived (i.e., we are not aware of the activities of the individual receptors, nor of the processes by which the percepts are constructed). If one is to go beyond (or oppose) Helmholtz in these respects, therefore, it will have to be in terms of evidence about the ways in which larger spans of stimulus information are used, not merely by showing that they are present in stimulation, or that they are used.
Form Perception Experience and Explanations
Authors: Hochberg Julian
Published: November 2023

My concern in this chapter is the perception or experience of visual form, and with the kinds of proposals that have been offered to explain the phenomena of form perception. Such explanations fall in two general classes: one which involves (unconscious) inference-like or computational processes, based on premises about the world (i.e., mental structure), and one in which our perceptions of form and other object properties are direct responses to the stimulation received by the visual system. Depending on how they are fleshed out, the two alternative approaches may in fact be indistinguishable, or they may be very different in their psychological and physiological implications.
The Perception Of Pictorial Representations
Authors: Hochberg Julian
Published: November 2023

Pictures are flat pigmented objects, very different from the objects and spaces they represent. Nevertheless, pictures must in some sense be like the things they depict, else they could not represent them. This is what has made pictorial representation of interest to generations of philosophers, psychologists, and art theorists. The ways in which a picture can be like its object are not fully understood. We consider first the most direct way in which a picture and object might be alike: They might present the eye with the same pattern of light, or optic array.
The Resurrection Of Simplicity In Vision
Authors: Helm Peter A van der
Published: November 2023

With ups and downs since the early 20th century, simplicity has been considered a relevant factor in visual form and object perception. Since the 1990s, other sciences also have shown an interest in simplicity as a driving modeling factor. This recent interest has been triggered by intriguing findings in a mathematical research line called algorithmic information theory (AIT), which started in the mid-1960s. As I argue here, these AIT findings support but cannot replace the independent perceptual research line that started in the early 1950s with Hochberg and McAlister’s (1953) information-theoretic simplicity idea.In the aftermath of Shannon’s (1948) ground-breaking work in classical information theory, Hochberg and McAlister (1953) proposed modeling the visual system as selecting the most simple interpretation of a proximal stimulus. More precisely, they proposed: ‘‘[T]he less the amount of information needed to define a given organization as compared to the other alternatives, the more likely that the figure will be so perceived’’ (p. 361). This proposal is nowadays known as the simplicity principle, and it marks the beginning of a paradigm shift from probabilistic to descriptive information.
Constructing And Interpreting The World In The Cerebral Hemispheres
Authors: Corballis Paul M
Published: November 2023

My first encounter with Julian Hochberg was in the fall of 1991. I was a newly minted graduate student at Columbia University and had been assigned to be a teaching assistant for Hochberg’s undergraduate perception class. I had arrived in New York a few days beforehand and wasn’t at all sure what to expect from my new situation—a new city, a new course of study, and a new teaching assignment. If Hochberg’s credentials and reputation as one of the giants in the field made me somewhat apprehensive, his office had me downright intimidated. It conformed exactly to my stereotype of an Ivy League professor’s office (or perhaps it subsequently came to define that stereotype for me—memory can be tricky). It was a large office—two stories tall—with overstuffed bookshelves straining under their load and every flat surface piled high with yet more books and papers. Assorted pieces of equipment from long-completed experiments or demonstrations were scattered haphazardly between the piles. It was at once a perception enthusiast’s gold mine and a sure sign that I would have my work cut out for me keeping on top of things in the upcoming semester.
Beyond the Body Schema:Visua’1 Prosthetic, and Technological Contributions to Bodily Perception and Awareness
Authors: Holmes Nicholas P , Spence Charles
Published: November 2023

The concept of the body schema has enjoyed a long and colorful career in the fields of psychology, neuroscience, neuropsychology, and philosophy (Miles, 1957). The inauguration of this concept is often traced back to Head and Holmes (1911-1912), who described both a postural schema, underlying our awareness of the position of our body and its parts, particularly the limbs, and a superficial or surface schema, underlying our capacity to localize stimuli on the skin. However, by the time Head and Holmes described these two schemata, other very similar concepts were already in their third decade of existence. Surveying the ancestry of this family of concepts, Oldfield and Zangwill (1942) traced their source to ‘Munk’s writings of 1890. Fifteen years later, Bonnier (1905) argued that his work of 1893 had been the first to express the concept of an organized spatial representation, or “spatial sense,” of the body with respect to the world. Despite his insistence, however, most researchers still prefer to cite Head and Holmes (1911-1912) as the discoverers of the body schema.
Body-Based Views of the World:An Introduction to Body Representations
Authors: Shiffrar Maggie
Published: November 2023

The goal of this section is to introduce research findings and conclusions regarding the interface between the perception of one’s own body and the perception of other people’s bodies. The unifying concept that makes this interface possible is the body schema. Although body representations are discussed thoroughly in the chapters that follow, we can begin with a general definition of the body schema as an internal, multimodal representation of the relative locations of an individual’s own body parts. As the following chapters make clear, there is no single body representation. Instead, individuals have multiple body representations that serve different systems and goals (see chapters 8 and 11).
Of Bodies, Brains, and Models:Studying the Perception of Biological Motion
Authors: Thornton Ian M
Published: November 2023

As the title of this volume suggests, the human body is a unique object. It is unique in the sense that related processing can make use of both internal and external sources of information. We each possess a body; we feel it, see it, and control it. We are also frequently in close proximity to other bodies, observing, imitating, interacting with, and predicting their movements. Much of the work reported in this book is concerned with understanding the precise relationship between these two sources of information.
Reduction of Time-Dependent Complexity through the Use of Functional Periodicity
Authors: Suh Nam P
Published: November 2023

Time-dependent complexity plays an important role in engineered systems as well as in natural systems. In some cases, a system that initially behaves as a system with time­ independent complexity degenerates into a system with time-dependent combinatorial complexity. Many systems fail when they are dominated by time-dependent combinatorial complexity. In such a system, the system range drifts away from the design range over its life cycle.
Reduction of Complexity in Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Suh Nam P
Published: November 2023

Complexity is defined as the measure of uncertainty in achieving the FRs of a system due to poor design or to the lack of understanding and knowledge about the system. If the FRs can be satisfied at all times within the design range, the system is not complex according to this definition, although it may have many physical parts and must satisfy many functions. If the design range is small and if the system range cannot be inside the design range, the uncertainty associated with achieving the FRs will be large and therefore the task of achieving the FRs is complex.
Introduction to Design of Composite Materials
Authors: Lee Dai Gil , Suh Nam Pyo
Published: November 2023

The idea that materials can be designed to satisfy specific performance requirements is relatively new (Suh, 1990; Olson, 2000; Suh, 2001). The old paradigm1 for materials development was similar to the way a chef cooks. He uses his imagination to mix various ingredients, tastes the resulting food, and then modifies it until it appeals to his taste. Similarly, materials were first produced by adding various alloying elements to a pool of molten materials based on phase diagrams, which were then cast and cooled at varying solidification rates to obtain desired microstructures. The material was then hot- and cold-worked to refine the microstructure. It was then tested to determine its properties. After the properties were determined, it was made available to customers whose needs matched the properties of the material. With the accumulation of materials data and advances in materials science and engineering, the process of developing new materials has become more sophisticated. However, the old paradigm of repetitive trial and error that has coupled the material properties is still used in the field of materials development. As a result, it takes a long time— more than a decade—to develop new materials and have them adopted by industry. It is a difficult area for new venture firms to survive and prosper in.
Solving Ethical Problems:Analyzing Ethics Cases and Justifying Decisions
Authors: DuBois James M
Published: November 2023

Professional ethics is an applied field. It is not primarily about theory and rote knowledge, but about shaping our character and fostering good ethical decisions using appropriate processes. This chapter attempts to provide a bridge from ethical theory to ethical praxis. In what follows, we will examine how people can go about making good ethical decisions when faced with difficult choices in the conduct of research.
Change in Continuity in the Geography of Women State Legislators
Authors: Norrander Barbara , Wilcox Clyde
Published: November 2023

In the context of women’s legislative underrepresentation, Barbara Norrander and Clyde Wilcox explore the significant variation in their presence in state legislatures. The authors’ interest in this topic flows from evidence that, once in office, women tend to perform lawmaking work differently from men, interact more with constituents, and provide increased attention to key constituencies. On all three of these measures, female legislators are more likely than men to place priority on women constituents and women’s issues. Hence, in states with higher levels of female representation, the amount and type of representation is likely to be different compared to states with fewer women. As Norrander and Wilcox show, southern states have had the fewest female lawmakers and northeastern states have had the most. These trends appear to be related to the number of women with high levels of education and occupational prestige and the proportion of women in the labor force. Norrander and Wilcox close with the prediction that women’s presence in state legislatures is likely to increase as women make progress in the workforce.
Prospects for Cracking the Political Glass Ceiling: The Future of Women Officeholders in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Schroedel Jean Reith , Godwin Marcia L
Published: November 2023

In the final chapter of this book, Jean Reith Schroedel and Marcia L. Godwin revisit basic issues of women’s underrepresentation. They focus on the “plateau effect” that appears across the world—illustrated in the U.S. case by the halt or, in some cases, reversal of women’s incremental gains since the late 1960s. Along with exploring conventional explanations for this stagnation, these authors offer one unconventional explanation: the shift in religious adherence away from liberal Protestant sects toward more socially conservative ones. This shift, they argue, has fueled a socially conservative backlash against women’s continued entry into traditionally male realms. Apart from the reasons for women’s persistent underrepresentation, and either momentary or longer-lasting stagnation, Schroedel and Godwin call for proactive efforts by political parties, interest groups, educational institutions, and the media to promote further emergence of women candidates and officeholders. Because women politicians make a difference, these are important goals to pursue.
A Field Guide to the Tiger Beetles of the United States and Canada
Authors: Pearson David L , Knisley C Barry , Kazilek Charles J
Published: November 2023

This color illustrated field and natural history guide treats all 107 known tiger beetle species found in North America above the Mexican border. Tiger beetles are among the most widely found and popular families of insects worldwide. Enabling amateur naturalists and professionals to use two identification methods--comparison of colored pictures to live or mounted specimens, and use of illustrated dichotomous keys--full biological accounts emphasize points for identification, behaviors, and habitats. Distribution maps show where various species and subspecies can be found. The authors promote a new and exciting activity of insect watching as an alternative or supplement to collecting (the general feeling among "butterfliers" and dragonfly and damselfly enthusiasts). Communicating primarily through the un-refereed journal Cincindela, (Tiger Beetler) specialists themselves prefer the term, "cicindelophiles." They represent an ardent sublet of the growing number of serious amateur naturalists who invest in outdoor activities seeking and identifying birds, butterflies, dragonflies, flowering plants, and various other forms of life.
Illustrated Keys to Adult Genera and Species
Authors: Pearson David L
Published: November 2023

The extensive series of color plates in this field guide includes species, sub-species, and additional variations of the U.S. and Canadian tiger beetles and should enable both amateur and specialist to identify nearly all of the tiger beetles they find, especially when combined with the range maps and descriptive information in the species accounts. However, some species are very similar in color and marking patterns, and in these cases, the use of a taxonomic key which includes more detailed diagnostic characters may be needed. The keys that we use here are based on those developed by Harold Willis and Gary Dunn, but we incorporate some reorganization and modifications that should make it easier to distinguish among the species. We also substitute less technical terminology to make the key more user friendly for the nonspecialist. The diagnostic characters are described below and illustrated by line drawings throughout the key. In several cases, we also rely on diagnostic geographic distribution to separate otherwise similar species. Be aware, however, that a few species, especially those within the same couplet, may be especially difficult to separate because of the considerable amount of individual variation and overlap in elytral maculations and other characters.
The Guildford Four: “You Did it, So Why Not Confess?”
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

One of the most controversial issues raised in the wake of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, was whether terrorists should ever be tortured to obtain information about future attacks. The “ticking time bomb scenario” is characterized as a hypothetical problem involving a terrorist possessing direct knowledge about the location and detonation time of a bomb that could kill thousands of individuals. This ethical and moral problem is often used in discussions about how to deal with terrorism. The “ticking time bomb” question is meant to challenge people to think how far measures should go in order to save innocent lives.1 Scholars continue to debate the moral, ethical, and legal implications of difficult problems that we now face in our efforts to defeat terrorism.
Cameron Hooker: Judging the Experts?
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

The abduction of fifteen-year-old Elizabeth Smart from her Utah home on June 5, 2002, gained national attention primarily because the crime occurred while she was at home with her sister and parents.1 Nearly nine months after her abduction, Elizabeth Smart was found alive in March 2003 and reunited with her family. Her kidnappers were identified, but the joy and relief over her safe return soon gave way to questions about her ordeal.2 The details of her captivity were puzzling because her captors had moved her around the country and even took her out in public. How could they maintain control over her while help was so near? The answer to this perplexing question can be found, in part, in an extraordinary and horrific case of abduction, mind control, and coercion that occurred years earlier.
Woody Allen and Mia Farrow a Swing of King Solomon’S Sword
Authors: Ewing Charles Patrick , McCann Joseph T
Published: November 2023

The story of King Solomon tells of two women who each argued that she was the rightful mother of a child. The dispute was brought before the wise king, who was asked to determine which woman should have the child. Presented with equally compelling arguments from both sides, King Solomon drew his sword and declared that he would cut the child in two and give half to each woman. One woman quickly demanded that the king give the child to the other woman, for she was indeed the child’s mother. King Solomon then gave the child to the woman who had stopped him from cutting the boy in two. After all, only the true mother would be willing to give up her child so that he could live.
Factorial Structure
Authors: Weiss David J
Published: November 2023

One-way ANOVA is a fine little technique, to be sure, but it’s really just a generalization of the t test to more than two groups. What makes the analysis of variance framework so powerful is the way it extends to combinations of experimental treatments. We now consider experiments in which there are multiple independent variables. The additional information generated by combined treatments allows the examination of forces acting in concert. In the real world, behavior is influenced by many stimuli that operate simultaneously. In the laboratory, the researcher attempts to eliminate the effect of almost all of these possible forces, and at the same time to control the presentation of a small number of designated stimuli. The factorial design is the researcher’s plan for combining stimulus elements.
Transitions
Authors: Weissman Myrna M
Published: November 2023

Depression ;mociated with transitions occurs when a person bas difficulty coping with a change in their life. The change may be obvious, as in the case of divorce and/or becoming a single person, or it may be more subtle, like the loss of freedom following the birth of a child and becoming a parent. Retirement or changes in one’s social or work role (especially changes that bring diminished social status) are also often difficult. Moving, changing jobs, leaving home, a change in one’s economic status, a change in the family due to illness, e.g., taking on new responsibilities due to the ill health of a spouse or parent, are other examples of life changes or transitions.
Interpersonal Deficits; Lonelineu and Social Isolation
Authors: Weissman Myrna M
Published: November 2023

Interpersonal deficits, meaning lonellnes.1, or social isolation, may be chosen as the focus of treatment if rintly, you have a history of problems bending or sustaining fulfilling interpersonal relationships, and secondly, you described pervasive feelings of lonellneu and social isolation not specifically related to some recent transition. Included are persons who have problems establishing or sustaining intimate relationships, or who have experienced severe disruption of important relationships as children. There are three groups of persons who have problems of this type:
The Fourth Trip to Eismitte, September 1930
Authors: McCoy Roger M
Published: November 2023

By the middle of September, the season favorable for provisioning Eismitte was nearly over. Three trips by dogsled had delivered only part of the support needed for two men to spend the winter in the middle of Greenland. The third sled party had just returned. Wegener had not yet seen the note from Georgi saying they would abandon Eismitte and return by hand-pulled sleds if the fourth party had not arrived with more supplies by October 20. Nor did he know that the motor sleds had failed to reach Eismitte and lay abandoned a few miles from West Station. (Table 7.1 shows the dates of the trips made to and from Eismitte.)