bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary behaviours and weight management: A thematic analysis of pregnant women's perceptions
Authors: Flannery Caragh , Mtshede Mavis Nomsa , McHugh Sheena , Anaba Ann Ebere , Clifford Emma , O'Riordan Mairead , Kenny Louise C. , McAuliffe Fionnuala M. , Kearney Patricia M. , Matvienko‐Sikar Karen
Published: April 2020

Maternal obesity is associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes and other complications. Although antenatal interventions to help prevent these complications are ongoing, an understanding of overweight and obese pregnant women's opinions and attitudes is lacking. Therefore, this study aims to explore these women's experiences and perceptions of dietary behaviours and weight management during pregnancy. Secondary analysis of qualitative data originally collected to examine lifestyle behaviours in pregnant women was conducted. The data were from a purposive sample of overweight and obese pregnant women attending a public antenatal clinic in Cork, Ireland. The data were explored using thematic analysis. Interviews with 30 overweight and obese pregnant women were analysed. Three themes were developed relating to overweight and obese women's dietary behaviours and weight management perceptions including ‘pregnancy's influence on dietary behaviours’, ‘external influences on dietary behaviours’ and ‘perception of and preferences for weight related advice and resources’. Together these themes reveal women's experiences of diet and how pregnancy factors (physiological changes) and external factors (family and friends) can influence dietary behaviours. Furthermore, perceptions of weight management advice and lack thereof were highlighted with women drawing attention to potential resources for future use during pregnancy. This study provides important insights into overweight and obese pregnant women's dietary behaviours and perceptions of weight management. According to these findings, there is a need for clear and unambiguous information about weight management, acceptable weight gain, food safety and how to achieve a balanced diet.
Becoming a clinician: Trainee identity formation within the general practice supervisory relationship
Authors: Brown James , Reid Helen , Dornan Tim , Nestel Debra
Published: April 2020

Objectives

Becoming a clinician is a trajectory of identity formation in the context of supervised practice. This is a social process where the supervisory relationship is key. Therefore, to know how to support identity formation of clinical trainees, it is necessary to understand how this happens within the supervisory relationship. Our aim was to develop a conceptualisation of trainee identity formation within the general practice supervisory relationship to aid its support.

Methods

We took a critical realist approach using case study design and ‘cultural worlds’ theory as a conceptual frame. Each case comprised a general practice trainee and supervisor pair. Our data were weekly audiorecordings of interactions between trainee, supervisor and a patient over 12 weeks augmented by post‐interaction reflections and sequential interviews. We undertook interpretive analysis using dialogic methods focusing on the doing of language and the cultural discourses expressed.

Results

We identified three social discourses centring on: clinical responsibility; ownership of clinical knowledge, and measures of trainee competency. Versions of these discourses defined four trainee‐supervisor relational arrangements within which trainee and supervisor assumed reciprocal identities. We labelled these: junior learner and expert clinician; apprentice assistant and master coach, and lead clinician and advisor. We found a trajectory across these identity arrangements. Behind this trajectory was an invitation by the supervisor to the trainee into the social space of clinician and a readiness of the trainee to accept this invitation. Congruence in supervisor and trainee positioning was important.

Conclusions

In the supervisory relationship, trainee and supervisor adopted reciprocal identities. For trainees to progress to identity of ‘lead clinician,’ supervisors needed to invite their trainee into this space and vacate it themselves. Congruence between supervisor positioning of their trainee and trainee authorship of themselves was important and was aided by explicit dialogue and common purpose. We offer a model and language for trainees, supervisors and departments or schools to facilitate this.
Non‐invasive measurement of retinal permeability in a diabetic rat model
Authors: Allen Claire L. , Malhi Naseeb K. , Whatmore Jacqueline L. , Bates David O. , Arkill Kenton P.
Published: April 2020

Objective

The gold standard for measuring blood‐retinal barrier permeability is the Evans blue assay. However, this technique has limitations in vivo,including non‐specific tissue binding and toxicity. This study describes a non‐toxic, high‐throughput, and cost‐effective alternative technique that minimizes animal usage.

Methods

Sodium fluorescein fundus angiography was performed in non‐diabetic and diabetic Brown Norway rats on days 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. Sodium fluorescein intensity in the retinal interstitium and a main retinal vessel were measured over time. The intensity gradients were used to quantify retinal vascular permeability. Post‐study eyes were fixed, dissected, and stained (isolectin B4) to measure required parameters for permeability quantification including total vessel length per retinal volume, radius, and thickness.

Results

In the non‐diabetic cohort retinal permeability remained constant over the 28‐day study period. However, in the diabetic cohort there was a significant and progressive increase in retinal permeability from days 14‐28 (P < .01,P < .001,P < .0001).

Conclusions

This novel imaging methodology in combination with mathematical quantification allows retinal permeability to be non‐invasively and accurately measured at multiple time points in the same animal. In addition, this technique is a non‐toxic, rapid, sensitive, and cost‐effective alternative to the Evans blue assay.
Toward the Establishment of a Data‐Driven Learning Model: Role of Learner Factors in Corpus‐Based Second Language Vocabulary Learning
Authors: LEE HANSOL , WARSCHAUER MARK , LEE JANG HO
Published: April 2020

We investigated how learner factors, such as vocabulary proficiency, strategy use, and working memory, are associated with successful corpus‐based second language (L2) vocabulary learning, in which learners are encouraged to analyze and explore large, structured collections of authentic language data (i.e., corpora) to resolve their lexical issues (i.e., data‐driven learning [DDL]). After measuring L2 vocabulary proficiency and working memory capacity, 35 South Korean college students performed a DDL activity during an English reading task using a think‐aloud protocol to document their strategy use. Through this we identified participants’ lexical inferencing strategy use, including DDL‐focused strategies, based on qualitative coding. Using path analysis, we identified that participants’ DDL‐focused strategy use largely influenced their vocabulary acquisition and retention, highlighting the pedagogical advantages of these strategies for successful DDL. We found that participants’ L2 vocabulary proficiency and working memory contributed to their vocabulary acquisition and retention, indicating the roles of these factors in managing cognitive load in DDL. Future investigation into the causal relationship between improved working memory and corpus‐based L2 vocabulary learning and the role of other learner factors, including motivation and learning style, is needed to extend our understanding of DDL.
Diagnostic differences in the pharmacologic response to cholecystokinin and amyl nitrite in patients with absent contractility vs type I Achalasia
Authors: Babaei Arash , Shad Sadaf , Massey Benson T.
Published: April 2020

Background

Absent esophageal contractility (AC) is distinguished from type 1 achalasia (ACH1) during high‐resolution manometry (HRM) on the basis of normal or elevated deglutitive integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) values. However, IRP measurements are subject to pressure recording error. We hypothesized that distinctive responses to pharmacologic provocation using amyl nitrite (AN) and cholecystokinin (CCK) could reliably distinguish AC patients from those with ACH1.

Aim

To compare esophageal response with AN and CCK in a well‐defined cohort of ACH1 and AC patients.

Method

All available clinical, radiographic, endoscopic, and manometric information in 34 patients with aperistalsis was reviewed to determine the final diagnosis of ACH1 and AC. The differences in response to provocative challenges with the rapid drink challenge (RDC) test and administration of AN and CCK were compared between these two groups.

Results

Eighteen patients were diagnosed with ACH1 and sixteen with AC. While IRP values were significantly higher in ACH1, the standard criterion value misclassified four AC patients as having ACH1 and five ACH1 patients as having AC. IRP values on the RDC did not accurately segregate AC from ACH1, but we were able to identify AN and CCK esophageal motor response criteria that allowed correct classification of ACH1 and AC patients.

Conclusions

Nearly a quarter of AC and ACH1 patients may be misdiagnosed based on manometric IRP criteria alone. Differences in the esophageal motor responses to AN and CCK have the potential to facilitate the correct diagnosis in these challenging patients.
Cervical Abnormalities in Severe Spinal Deformity: A 10‐year MRI Review
Authors: Zhang Ying , Wang Ying‐song , Xie Jing‐ming , Zhao Zhi , Li Tao , Bi Ni , Shi Zhi‐yue , Chen Liu‐yuan , Li Wen‐hua , Deng Huai‐li , Lu Yu
Published: April 2020

Objective

To investigate the incidence of cervical anomalies (CA), including cervical intraspinal neural axis abnormalities (CIINAA) and/or cervical osseous abnormalities (COA), and the clinical relevance in severe spinal deformities (SSD) at a single center.

Methods

A retrospective study of SSD admitted for spinal surgery from January 2003 to January 2015 was conducted at a single center. Inclusion criteria: patients who present with coronal Cobb over 90° (and/or sagittal cobb ≥90°); and patients with complete imaging and clinical data preoperatively. Exclusion criteria: ankylosing spondylitis, adult onset scoliosis, scoliosis secondary to bone destruction. There were 108 SSD patients who fulfilled the criteria in this research (41 males and 67 females). The mean age of the patients was 18.1 ± 2.7 years (range, 10–45 years). The clinical and radiological data of these patients were reviewed to identify CA and to analyze the relationship between clinical and radiographic characteristics in the population of SSD.

Results

The major curves of scoliosis and segmental kyphosis were 109.1° ± 24.7° and 91.2° ± 29.1°. Cervical abnormalities were detected in 56 patients (51.85%) with 9 different CA, including 28 patients (25.9%) with 6 different COA, 21 patients (19.4%) with 3 different CIINAA, and 7 patients (6.5%) with a combination of COA and cervical intraspinal neural axis abnormalities (CINAA). Basilar invagination and Klippel–Feil syndrome were the most frequent COA. Syringomyelia was the most frequent CINAA. SSD with COA in upper vertebral levels (UVL) had a higher incidence of CINAA than those in subaxial vertebral levels (SVL) (P = 0.024) and SSD with multiple COA (mCOA) in UVL had a higher incidence of CINAA than those with single COA (sCOA) (P = 0.029). In the present study, 83.9% of the SSD with CA were asymptomatic.

Conclusion

The incidence of CA in SSD was 51.85%, with most presenting with intact neurologic status. As the diversity of COA increased, we found a higher incidence of CINAA, especially in UVL.
“Figure‐of‐Eight” Suture‐Button Technique for Fixation of Displaced Anterior Cruciate Ligament Avulsion Fracture
Authors: Kuang Shi‐da , Su Chao , Zhao Xin , Li Yu‐sheng , Xiong Yi‐lin , Gao Shu‐guang
Published: April 2020

Objective

To assess the clinical results of the “figure‐of‐eight” suture‐button technique in the arthroscopic treatment of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tibial avulsion fractures.

Methods

This was a retrospective study reviewing data from September 2013 to June 2019. A total of 27 patients (13 males and 14 females) who underwent arthroscopic “figure‐of‐eight” suture‐button fixation for displaced ACL avulsion fractures were analyzed. The mean age of the patients in the sample was 15.8 years (10–29 years), with a mean follow‐up of 24 months (6–48 months). According to Meyers–McKeever classification, 11 patients were classified as type III and 16 as type IV. All patients were evaluated following the guidelines of the radiological union, the Lysholm knee scoring scale, and the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC).

Results

Fractures were united within 3 months after surgery in all 27 cases. During the last follow‐up, all the anterior drawer and Lachman tests were negative, except in 1 patient whose anterior drawer test was 1° positive. The range of motion was improved from 72.22° ± 27.92° before surgery to 137.78° ± 7.38° at the last follow‐up (P < 0.05); the Lysholm score was improved from 45.81 ± 10.94 before surgery to 93.04 ± 5.66 at the last follow‐up (P < 0.05); and the IKDC score was increased from 43.89 ± 11.16 before surgery to 90.26 ± 5.86 at the last follow‐up (P < 0.05). In 1 patient, an inflammatory reaction was observed at the medial incision of the tibial tubercle; the symptoms disappeared with administration of antibiotics for 1 week. All patients returned to their preinjury physical activities at the last follow‐up.

Conclusion

The “figure‐of‐eight” suture‐button technique achieves a satisfactory clinical outcome and provides an effective method for the treatment of displaced ACL avulsion fractures.
Treatment of young patients with pilonidal sinus disease with the original (unmodified) Limberg flap standardized for the first time
Authors: Gezer Hasan Özkan , Ezer Semire Serin , İnce Emine , Temiz Abdulkerim
Published: April 2020

Background

Pilonidal sinus disease (PSD) is commonly seen in young adults but may also affect adolescents. Our goal was to present results from operated patients, with a focus on the original Limberg flap, which we standardized for the first time.

Methods

This study was a retrospective review of 60 teenage patients who underwent surgery in a single pediatric surgery center over approximately 15 years.

Results

Of the 60 patients, 33 (55%) were male and the mean age was 14.20 ± 1.31 (9–17) years. After pilonidal sinus excision, primary repair and Limberg flap were performed in 45 (75%) and 15 (25%) patients respectively. There were no complications in the patients who underwent the Limberg flap technique, whereas 49% of the patients who underwent primary repair exhibited complications. The mean follow‐up was 6.7 ± 4.8 years.

Conclusion

We standardized the Limberg flap for the first time in children with measurements and consider that it meets expectations: it is not difficult to perform, it has low complication and recurrence rates, it requires an acceptable period to return to normal activities, and gives satisfactory cosmetic results. We did not identify any complications in patients treated with the Limberg flap excision and post‐operative epilation. We consider that findings achieved by the treatment of original, standardized Limberg flap excision is comparable with all of the treatment methods reported in the literature related with children.
Street‐Level Bureaucrats’ Social Value OrientationOn and OffDuty
Authors: Cohen Nissim , Hertz Uri
Published: April 2020

Are street‐level bureaucrats more willing to sacrifice their own self‐interests to meet the needs of their clients when they are off duty or on duty? If the former is the case, what does that finding tell us about their work environment? Using the social value orientation paradigm in a mixed effects experimental design, the authors found that Israeli police officers demonstrated greater pro‐social inclinations off duty compared with on duty. Given these findings, the authors suggest the possibility that the organization's constraints and culture may, paradoxically, reduce street‐level bureaucrats’ real social value orientations and increase the promotion of their own self‐interests when they are on duty.

Evidence for Practice

Using an experiment, we found that police officers demonstrated more willingness to sacrifice their own interests to promote citizens’ needs when they were off duty than when they were on duty.

We also found that the more years on the force police officers had, the less they demonstrated this pro‐social orientation.

Our findings imply that, paradoxically, the organizational environment reduces police officers’ social value orientation when they are on duty.

We discuss the possibility that managers’ imposition of extensive external rules and incentives may crowd out their subordinates’ internal pro‐social tendencies.
Investment in Knowledge‐Based Capital and Productivity: Firm‐Level Evidence from a Small Open Economy†
Authors: Di Ubaldo Mattia , Siedschlag Iulia
Published: April 2020

This paper examines the responsiveness of firm productivity to investment in knowledge‐based capital (KBC) including a range of intangible assets such as research and development (R&D), intellectual property assets, computer software, organizational, and branding capital. A dynamic econometric model is estimated with micro‐data from Ireland over the period 2006–2012. Ceteris paribus, the estimated average elasticity of productivity with respect to investment in KBC per employee is 0.3. In comparison to previous empirical studies, this paper goes beyond the representative firm approach and accounts for the heterogeneous behavior of firms which differ by ownership, size, export participation, and sector of activity. Further, the analysis finds that investing simultaneously in multiple KBC assets has complementary as well as substitution effects on firm productivity, with different interdependence patterns for specific investment combinations across groups of firms and sectors.
Relationship of participation in specific sports to academic performance in adolescents: A 2‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Ishihara Toru , Nakajima Toshihiro , Yamatsu Koji , Okita Koichi , Sagawa Masato , Morita Noriteru
Published: April 2020

Physical activity is considered a promising behavior to improve cognitive function and academic performance in adolescents. As evidence on the relationship of specific sports activity is not conclusive, this study aimed to determine the longitudinal relationships of different sports to academic performance in adolescents and evaluate the cardiorespiratory fitness mediation effect of these sports. We focused on the demands of complex motor skills and the differences between individual sports vs team sports. Four hundred and sixty‐three 7th‐grade students (227 girls and 236 boys) were followed up over 2 years. Data regarding participation in sports activities, types of sports activities, academic performance, and cardiorespiratory fitness were obtained at baseline and after a 2‐year follow‐up. Structural equation modeling revealed that participation in all sports activity was positively associated with improvement of academic performance from baseline to follow‐up, and that these associations were mediated by cardiorespiratory fitness gains. Participation in sports activities that require more complex motor skills and individual sports activity was directly associated with an improvement of academic performance from baseline to follow‐up. Furthermore, quitting sports activities was negatively associated with academic performance via a reversal in cardiorespiratory fitness gains. These findings indicate that participation in specific sports may have significant benefits for academic performance in adolescents. Although these relationships are presumably mediated by cardiorespiratory fitness, sports activities that require more complex motor skills and individual sports participation may be directly related to academic performance. Considering that quitting sports activities reversed these benefits, sustained participation in sports is important for academic success.
The role of individual differences in understanding and enhancing intergroup contact
Authors: Turner Rhiannon N. , Hodson Gordon , Dhont Kristof
Published: April 2020

In a world characterized by divisive rhetoric, heightened xenophobia, and other forms of prejudice, it is increasingly important to find effective ways of promoting functional intergroup relations. Research on the relationship between intergroup contact and individual differences substantially contributes to achieving this goal. We review research considering the role played by individual differences in moderating the relationship between contact and prejudice and predicting contact, but also as an outcome of contact. We then outline potential directions for future research, including identifying underlying mechanisms, examining the role of context at an intergroup and societal level, and considering how positive–negative contact asymmetry may be influenced by individual differences. We then call for a broader range of individual difference and contact outcomes to be explored and encourage utilization of new methodological advances in the study of intergroup contact.
Out of the wilderness? The coming back of the debate on minimum income in Spain and the Great Recession
Authors: Aguilar‐Hendrickson Manuel , Arriba González de Durana Ana
Published: April 2020

Southern European welfare states have developed relatively solid social insurance income maintenance programs, but have lacked effective means‐tested benefit systems to address poverty and protect outsiders. Spain and Portugal are usually considered the two first countries to depart from the traditional path with the creation of minimum income schemes between 1988 and 1995. In the Spanish case, minimum income programs were established at the regional level and are very heterogeneous despite their institutional stability. The limited extent of these programs in most Spanish regions must be put in the context of national means‐tested income support schemes in the fields of pensions and unemployment. The introduction of these programs in the 1980s was also a significant path departure. The combination of these programs has offered some income support to low income groups left unprotected by traditional insurance benefits, although in a patchy and limited way, especially as regards the working‐age population. The social effects of the Great Recession, especially in terms of long‐term unemployment, evictions and impoverishment, have reopened the debate on how to combat monetary poverty, which has been on the general election agenda since 2014–2015. Most regions have reformed their programs in different directions since 2008, under the contradictory pressures of growing demand and financial constraints. Such debate, however, has not been able yet to set a clear basis for a new development of anti‐poverty income support policy.
Canine tonsillar neoplasia and tonsillar metastasis from various primary neoplasms
Authors: Mickelson Megan A. , Regan Daniel , Randall Elissa K. , Worley Deanna , Seguin Bernard
Published: April 2020

Tonsillar metastasis from distant primary tumours has not been described in dogs, and reports are rare in humans. The aims of this study were to determine whether tumour metastasis occurs to the canine palatine tonsils and evaluate whether afferent lymphatics drain to the palatine tonsils via skull indirect computed tomography lymphangiography (ICTL). Retrospective review of the diagnostic laboratory tonsillar histopathology submissions was performed. ICTL studies (n = 53) were retrospectively reviewed by a single radiologist. Of 882 total tonsil histopathology samples, 492 (56%) were considered neoplastic, with 8% of them benign. Of the primary malignant neoplasms of the tonsil, squamous cell carcinoma (55%), lymphoma (17%) and melanoma (12%) were most common. Tonsillar metastasis was confirmed in 41 cases; histopathologic evaluation revealed melanoma (25), carcinoma (10), hemangiosarcoma (2) and one each of fibrosarcoma, malignant histiocytosis, basal cell tumour and undifferentiated sarcoma. A total of 53 tonsillar melanoma cases were identified, of which 25 represented metastasis from a known distant primary tumour and 28 were solely tonsillar, with 9 of these cases having concurrent lymph node metastasis. No ICTL cases had lymphatic contrast drainage to the palatine tonsil. The palatine tonsil is an important site of metastasis for a variety of primary tumour types from many locations. ICTL did not reveal lymphatics draining to the palatine tonsil, which is highly supportive of hematogenous route of metastasis to the tonsil. Tonsillar metastasis may be more common than previously thought. It is recommended to perform a thorough oral examination, including the tonsils, for all oral tumours and melanoma cases.
Leptospiral antibody prevalence and surgical treatment outcome in horses with Equine Recurrent Uveitis (ERU) in Switzerland
Authors: Voelter Katrin , Vial Zoe , Pot Simon A. , Spiess Bernhard M.
Published: April 2020

Objective

To evaluate leptospiral antibody prevalence in 65 horses with ERU and compare outcome in 36 surgically treated eyes (2010‐2015).

Procedures

Retrospective data analysis of horses with ERU (n = 65).C‐value calculation with microagglutination assay titer (MAT) results forLeptospiraspp. Evaluation of follow‐up data after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV, n = 21 eyes) and suprachoroidal cyclosporine device implantation (SCDI, n = 15 eyes). Differences between groups were statistically analyzed using Fishers exact test, significance set atP < .05.

Results

Positive leptospiral titers were found in 28/65 blood, 31/65 aqueous humor (AH), and 19/20 vitreal (post‐PPV) samples. The most common intraocular serovars wereLeptospira interrogansgrippotyphosa,pomona, and bratislava. Intraocular antibody production was suspected in samples of 22 horses (c‐values > 1). Mean follow‐up of surgical cases was 3.8 years (PPV) and 3.4 years (SCDI). PPV was performed in 21 eyes with positive, SCDI in 15 eyes with negative leptospiral test results. Uveitis recurred less often after PPV (2/21) compared to SCDI (6/15,P = .04). Retinal detachment occurred after PPV only (5/21, SCDI 0/15,P = .06), whereas only SCDI‐treated eyes were enucleated (PPV 0/21, SCDI 3/15,P = .06). Blindness or visual impairment was equally likely to occur in both treatment groups after surgery (PPV 7/21, SCDI 7/15,P = .5).

Conclusions

Leptospiral antibody prevalence is high in horses with ERU in Switzerland. Recurrence of uveitis is uncommon following PPV in the present study; an increased risk of retinal detachment exists. Enucleation is more often warranted in horses after SCDI in this study due to a higher uveitis recurrence.
Heidarian, M., Fathipor, Y. & Sedaratian-jahromi, A. (2020) Biological traits of acarophagous thrips, Scolothrips longicornis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on Schizotetranychus smirnovi (Acari: Tetranychidae): Application of female age-specific and age-stage, two-sex life tables. Systematic & Applied Acarology, 25(3), 512–524.

Authors: Heidarian Marjan , Fathipour Yaghoub , Sedaratian-jahromi Amin
Published: April 2020

The surname of the second author should be corrected as:Yaghoub Fathipour
Test-Retest and Intrarater Reliability of Assessing Tibial Rotation Range of Motion by Two Devices
Authors: Stanek Justin M. , Parish Jake , Rainville Richard , Williams Jeffrey G.
Published: April 2020

Rotational motion at the tibia is important for proper lower extremity function, however, normative values vary, and the motion is seldom assessed. Clinicians are increasingly using smartphones for assessing range of motion. The purpose of the study was to assess the reliability of the embedded iPhone 6 compass app and universal goniometer for measuring tibial rotation range of motion. Secondarily, the purpose was to compare readings for the devices. Both devices demonstrated excellent reliability despite systematic bias between the two devices. Assessing tibial rotation with a goniometer results in greater values of motion when compared to using the smartphone compass app. Some of the differences in normative values may be the device or measurement technique utilized. These results show tibial rotation can be reliably assessed with either a smartphone or goniometer, however, the deviations between the two devices may require a scaling factor to be developed for between-instrument comparisons.
A Longitudinal Examination of the Accuracy of Perceived Physical Competence in Middle Childhood
Authors: Field Stephanie , Crane Jeff , Naylor Patti-Jean , Temple Viviene
Published: April 2020

Children who underestimate their physical abilities have lower motivation, higher anxiety, and lack of understanding as to why they may be succeeding or struggling in sports settings, which can result in withdrawal from physical activities. Theoretically, middle childhood is a time when perceptions of physical competence (PPC) become more accurate as children develop the cognitive capacity to interpret new sources of feedback and develop a realistic sense of their physical abilities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which accuracy of PPC changed from grade 2 to grade 4. Participants were 238 boys and girls (Mage = 7.8 yrs) from eight participating elementary schools in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. The Test of Gross Motor Development–Second Edition was used to assess motor skills. PPC were assessed using the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance for Young Children (for grade 2) and the Self-Perception Profile for Children (for grades 3 and 4). Results revealed that participants who underestimated or overestimated their physical competence in grade 2 saw an improvement in accuracy, and, by grade 4, had similar accuracy scores to their peers who were considered ‘accurate’ estimators. These results reinforce theory that suggests PPC become more accurate in middle childhood.
Cocurricular Service-Learning Through a Camp for Athletes With Visual Impairments
Authors: Wilson Wesley J. , Haegele Justin A. , Holland Steven K. , Richards K. Andrew R.
Published: April 2020

Service-learning (SL) has become popular as part of the formal curriculum and as cocurricular experiences for college students. Some SL programs serve individuals with disabilities, but their influence on college volunteers is not well understood. The purpose of this study was to understand the experiences and perspectives of preprofessional college students who volunteered at a cocurricular, SL-based sports camp for youth with visual impairments. Participants included nine (five males and four females) preservice professionals who taught youth with visual impairments during the week-long sports camp. Data were collected using semistructured and conversational interviews, reflective journaling, and participatory observations. Four themes were constructed: (a) camp experience elicited a strong emotional response, (b) fostering professional growth and development, (c) doing too much and expecting too little, and (d) developing close bonds with the athletes. This study highlights the benefits of developing cocurricular SL programs for college students across a variety of fields.
A Systematic Review of Child and Adolescent Physical Activity by Schoolyard Location
Authors: Clevenger Kimberly A. , Wierenga Michael J. , Howe Cheryl A. , Pfeiffer Karin A.
Published: April 2020

The authors conducted a systematic review of children’s and adolescent’s physical activity by schoolyard location. PubMed and Web of Science were searched and articles were selected that included 3- to 17-year-olds and specifically examined and reported physical activity by schoolyard location. The primary outcomes of interest were the percentage of total time or observation intervals spent in each location and percentage of time or observation intervals in each location being sedentary or participating in moderate to vigorous physical activity. Included studies (N = 24) focused on preschoolers (n = 6), children (n = 11), adolescents (n = 2), or children and adolescents (n = 5) and primarily used direct observation (n = 17). Fields, fixed equipment, and blacktop were all important locations for physical activity participation, but there were differences by age group and sex. More research is needed that uses consistent methodology and accounts for other factors such as time of year, provided equipment, and differences in schoolyard designs.
Social Psychology and Physical Activity: A Senior Perspective
Authors: Gill Diane L.
Published: April 2020

In taking a senior perspective, the author first steps back and offers an historical view and then offers her senior advice for moving forward. When the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA) was in its infancy (early 1970s), the psychology subarea was known as social psychology and physical activity, and our research largely followed social psychology theories and research methods. In subsequent developing years, our research split into sport psychology and exercise psychology, with more focused research lines that moved away from social psychology and physical activity. While the more focused research builds our evidence base, that research has little impact on the wide range of participants and professionals. To have greater impact, we can reclaim the “social,” and we can take a more inclusive view of physical activity. We must recognize and highlight the powerful and complex role of “social” context and relationships and directly engage with professionals and participants in those real-world settings. We need more scholars who partner with other (nonacademic) professionals, teach those future professionals, and engage with their community and the public to enhance our real-world impact.
The Cognitive Component of Elite High Jumpers’ Preperformance Routines
Authors: Gretton Thomas , Blom Lindsey , Hankemeier Dorice , Judge Lawrence
Published: April 2020

Preperformance routines are microlevel performance processes utilized by athletes to facilitate the attainment of an optimal state and enhance the chance for successful performance. Despite continued examination of these routines, only a small proportion of research has been directed toward the cognitive component of these routines. This study explored the cognitive component of elite high jumpers’ preperformance routines, and specifically the consistency of the cognitive content (i.e., psychological skills and strategies). Data were acquired over an 8-week high-jump season and subjected to inductive thematic analysis. Results revealed the consistent implementation of the cognitive content (e.g., visualization) but an inconsistent design of this content (i.e., the content of the visualization). Furthermore, results underline the critical role of high-jump coaches and an athlete’s need to be adaptable and competent in utilizing various types of preperformance routine. This study offers valuable insight into the complexities and inconsistencies of the cognitive component of high jumpers’ preperformance routines.
COVID-19 shot protects monkeys
Authors: Cohen Jon
Published: April 2020

Vaccine from Chinese firm uses old-fashioned "killed" virus.
Scientists discover upsides of virtual meetings
Authors: Price Michael
Published: April 2020

As the COVID-19 pandemic pushes conferences online, audiences grow.
Evidence for an edge supercurrent in the Weyl superconductor MoTe
2
Authors: Wang Wudi , Kim Stephan , Liu Minhao , Cevallos F. A. , Cava R. J. , Ong N. P.
Published: April 2020

Pairs on the edge

Many materials with topologically nontrivial band structures are characterized by currents that run around the edge of the sample and typically consist of single excitations. It is an open question whether a topological material that is also a superconductor can support an edge current that consists of paired excitations. W. Wang
et al.
studied the Weyl superconductor molybdenum ditelluride and, using systematic transport measurements in the presence of a magnetic field, revealed the signatures of an edge supercurrent.

Science
, this issue p.
534
π
0
decay precision-tests the chiral anomaly
Authors: Meyer Harvey B.
Published: April 2020

More precise neutral pion lifetime measurements probe quantum symmetry breaking
Dampening light sensitivity
Authors: Ding Jennifer , Wei Wei
Published: April 2020

An inhibitory signal from the retina limits the response to light
Emergence of
fexA
in Mediating Resistance to Florfenicols in Campylobacter
Authors: Tang Biao , Tang Yizhi , Zhang Ling , Liu Xiao , Chang Jiang , Xia Xiaodong , Yang Hua , Shen Zhangqi
Published: April 2020

Florfenicol belongs to a class of phenicol antimicrobials widely used as feed additives and for the treatment of respiratory infections. In recent years, increasing resistance to florfenicol has been reported in
Campylobacter
spp., the leading foodborne enteric pathogens causing diarrheal diseases worldwide. Here, we reported the identification of
fexA
, a novel mobile florfenicol resistance gene in
Campylobacter
. Of the 100
Campylobacter jejuni
strains isolated from poultry in Zhejiang, China, 9 were shown to be
fexA
positive, and their whole-genome sequences were further determined by integration of Illumina short-read and MinION long-read sequencing.
Long-term hypervitaminosis D-induced hypercalcaemia treated with glucocorticoids and bisphosphonates
Authors: Houghton Chase C , Lew Susie Q
Published: April 2020

Hypercalcaemia is a common diagnosis with the majority of cases resulting from hyperparathyroidism or malignancy. We report a rare case of persistent symptomatic hypervitaminosis D-induced hypercalcaemia in an individual taking 50 000 IU of vitamin D supplement daily for several months following a diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency. His hypercalcaemia was initially treated with calcitonin and intravenous fluids, but due to recurrent symptomatic hypercalcaemia after discharge, additional treatment with glucocorticoids and bisphosphonates was warranted during his second admission. The pathophysiology of hypercalcaemia from vitamin D intoxication results from the long-term effects of vitamin D storage in adipose tissue. In the present case, we discuss this pathophysiology and treatment approaches in the context of increasing awareness of and testing for vitamin D deficiency, and growing access to over-the-counter supplements.
Effect of a sepsis prediction algorithm on patient mortality, length of stay and readmission: a prospective multicentre clinical outcomes evaluation of real-world patient data from US hospitals
Authors: Burdick Hoyt , Pino Eduardo , Gabel-Comeau Denise , McCoy Andrea , Gu Carol , Roberts Jonathan , Le Sidney , Slote Joseph , Pellegrini Emily , Green-Saxena Abigail , Hoffman Jana , Das Ritankar
Published: April 2020

Background

Severe sepsis and septic shock are among the leading causes of death in the USA. While early prediction of severe sepsis can reduce adverse patient outcomes, sepsis remains one of the most expensive conditions to diagnose and treat.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a machine learning algorithm for severe sepsis prediction on in-hospital mortality, hospital length of stay and 30-day readmission.

Design

Prospective clinical outcomes evaluation.

Setting

Evaluation was performed on a multiyear, multicentre clinical data set of real-world data containing 75 147 patient encounters from nine hospitals across the continental USA, ranging from community hospitals to large academic medical centres.

Participants

Analyses were performed for 17 758 adult patients who met two or more systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria at any point during their stay (‘sepsis-related’ patients).

Interventions

Machine learning algorithm for severe sepsis prediction.

Outcome measures

In-hospital mortality, length of stay and 30-day readmission rates.

Results

Hospitals saw an average 39.5% reduction of in-hospital mortality, a 32.3% reduction in hospital length of stay and a 22.7% reduction in 30-day readmission rate for sepsis-related patient stays when using the machine learning algorithm in clinical outcomes analysis.

Conclusions

Reductions of in-hospital mortality, hospital length of stay and 30-day readmissions were observed in real-world clinical use of the machine learning-based algorithm. The predictive algorithm may be successfully used to improve sepsis-related outcomes in live clinical settings.

Trial registration number

NCT03960203
Results of a prospective, mixed methods study to assess feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of TRIumPH (Treatment and Recovery In PsycHosis): an integrated care pathway for psychosis, compared to usual treatment
Authors: Rathod Shanaya , Thorne Kerensa , Graves Elizabeth , Phiri Peter , Asher Carolyn , Griffiths Alison , Read Tracy , Kingdon David
Published: April 2020

Objectives

To evaluate whether a newly developed care pathway, Treatment and Recovery In PsycHosis (TRIumPH), is feasible, acceptable and effective in meeting National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE) quality standards in a timely manner.

Methods

This is a pragmatic, non-randomised, prospective, mixed methods study comparing an implementation (TRIumPH) and comparator site (not implementing TRIumPH) across three cohorts to assess feasibility, acceptability and effectiveness of the integrated pathway.

Setting

Early intervention in psychosis (EIP) services at two National Health Service organisations in South of England.

Participants

All patients accepted into EIP services between 1 June 2014 and 31 May 2017 were each followed up for 1 year within their respective cohorts.

Methodology

Quantitative data consisted of routinely collected clinical data retrieved from patient records to assess whether the implementation of TRIumPH achieved better concordance to NICE standards. These included time to access services, physical health assessments, clinical outcomes based timeliness of delivery and acute data. The controlled trial has evaluated the effect of TRIumPH (Intervention) with Care As Usual (Comparator). Qualitative measures consisted of questionnaires, interviews and focus groups to assess acceptability and satisfaction. Outcome measures were compared within the baseline, year 1 and year 2 cohorts and between the two sites. Quantitative data were statistically analysed by comparing means and proportions.

Results

Time to assessment improved in the implementation site and remained within the target in comparator site. Meeting of quality standards increased substantially in the implementation site but was more variable and reached lower levels in the comparator site especially for physical health standards. Cognitive therapy for psychosis, family intervention and carer and employment support were all offered to a greater extent in the implementation site and uptake increased over the period.

Conclusions

Pathway implementation generally led to greater improvements in achievement of access and quality standards compared with comparator site.

Trial registration number

UK Clinical Research Network Portfolio (19187)
Correlation between patient and visitor violence and workload among public healthcare workers in China: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Huang Ju , Zhang Min , Liu Xin
Published: April 2020

Objectives

We studied the characteristics of patient and visitor violence (PVV) and the workload of doctors and nurses, and identified the correlation between the incidence of PVV and healthcare worker (HCW) workload in China.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

288 public health institutions in a city in northern China.

Participants

Data on 87 998 HCWs were extracted from the 2015 database of the Medical Quality and Safety Notification System.

Measures

The data included characteristics of the healthcare institution, types of services provided, information about each complaint and reported PVV incidents by hospital level. Pearson correlation analysis and multiple linear regression modelling were used to identify the correlation between the incidence of PVV and HCW workload.

Results

Three types of institutions were identified as being at particularly high risk for PVV: tertiary hospitals, specialised hospitals and institutions in a downtown district. Incidence rates of PVV at tertiary hospitals, specialised hospitals and institutions in a downtown district were 16.6%, 17.6% and 22.8%, respectively. All three types of institutions had a high inpatient workload (admissions per doctor per day): 0.15, 0.17 and 0.12, respectively. After controlling for scale, type and location, it was found that the overall incidence rate of PVV increased with increasing outpatient workload (β=0.236, p<0.01).

Conclusions

PVV poses a significant challenge to public health institutions in China, and the high workload of HCWs likely contributes to higher risk of PVV. Prevention and intervention of PVV may be targeted to HCWs at specific institutions. The patient complaint notification system needs improvement and could be, for example, a better source of PVV information for future interventions.
Evaluation of a hospital-based integrated model of eye care for diabetic retinopathy assessment: a multimethod study
Authors: Long Janet C , Blakely Brette , Mahmoud Zeyad , Ly Angelica , Zangerl Barbara , Kalloniatis Michael , Assaad Nagi , Yapp Michael , Clay-Williams Robyn , Braithwaite Jeffrey
Published: April 2020

Objectives

Diabetic eye disease is a leading cause of blindness but can be mitigated by regular eye assessment. A framework of issues, developed from the literature of barriers to eye assessment, was used to structure an examination of perceptions of a new model of care for diabetic retinopathy from the perspective of staff using the model, and health professionals referring patients to the new service.

Design

Multimethod: interviews and focus groups, and a separate survey.

Setting

A new clinic based on an integrated model of care was established at a hospital in outer metropolitan Sydney, Australia in 2017. Funded jointly by Centre for Eye Health (CFEH) and the hospital, the clinic was equipped and staffed by optometrists who work alongside the ophthalmologists in the existing hospital eye clinic.

Participants

Five (of seven) hospital staff working in the clinic (ophthalmologists and administrative officers) or referring to it from other departments (endocrinologists); nine optometrists from CFEH who developed or worked in the clinic; 10 community-based optometrists as potential referrers.

Results

The new clinic was considered to have addressed known barriers to eye assessment, including access, assistance for patients unable/unwilling to organise eye checks and efficient management of human resources. The clinic optimised known drivers of this model of care: providing clear scope of practice and protocols for shared care between optometrists and ophthalmologists, good communication between referrers and eye professionals and a collegial approach promoting interprofessional trust. Remaining areas of concern were few referrals from general practitioners, fewer referrals from hospital endocrinologists than expected and issues with stretched administrative capacity. There were also perceived mismatches between the priorities of hospital management and aims of the clinic.

Conclusions

The new model was considered to have addressed many of the barriers to assessment. While there remain issues with the model, there were also unexpected benefits.