bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased vital and total lung capacities in Tibetan compared to Han residents of Lhasa (3,658 m)
Authors: Droma Tarshi , McCullough Rosann G. , McCullough Robert E. , Zhuang Jianguo , Cymerman Allen , Sun Shinfu , Sutton John R. , Moore Lorna G.
Published: February 2006

Larger chest dimensions and lung volumes have been reported for Andean high‐altitude natives compared with sea‐level residents and implicated in raising lung diffusing capacity. Studies conducted in Nepal suggested that lifelong Himalayan residents did not have enlarged chest dimensions. To determine if high‐altitude Himalayans (Tibetans) had larger lung volumes than acclimatized newcomers (Han “Chinese”), we studied 38 Tibetan and 43 Han residents of Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China (elevation 3,658 m) matched for age, height, weight, and smoking history. The Tibetan compared with the Han subjects had a larger total lung capacity [6.80 ± 0.19 (mean ± SEM) vs 6.24 ± 0.18 1 BTPS, P < 0.05], vital capacity (5.00 ± 0.08 vs 4.51 ± 0.10 1 BTPS, P < 0.05), and tended to have a greater residual volume (1.86 ± 0.12 vs 1.56 ± 0.09 1 BTPS, P < 0.06). Chest circumference was greater in the Tibetan than the Han subjects (85 ± 1 vs 82 ± 1 cm, P < 0.05) and correlated with vital capacity in each group as well as in the two groups combined (r = 0.69, P < 0.05). Han who had migrated to high altitude as children (≤ 5 years old, n = 6) compared to Han adult migrants (≥ 18 years old, n = 26) were shorter but had similar lung volumes and capacities when normalized for body size. The Tibetans' vital capacity and total lung capacity in relation to body size were similar to values reported previously for lifelong residents of high altitude in South and North America. Thus, Tibetans, like North and South American high‐altitude residents, have larger lung volumes. This may be important for raising lung diffusing capacity and preserving arterial oxygen saturation during exercise.
Articular and diaphyseal remodeling of the proximal femur with changes in body mass in adults
Authors: Ruff Christopher B. , Scott William W. , Liu Allie Y.‐C.
Published: February 2006

Proximal femoral dimensions were measured from radiographs of 80 living subjects whose current body weight and body weight at initial skeletal maturity (18 years) could be ascertained. Results generally support the hypothesis that articular size does not change in response to changes in mechanical loading (body weight) in adults, while diaphyseal cross‐sectional size does. This can be explained by considering the different bone remodeling constraints characteristic of largely trabecular bone regions (articulations) and largely compact cortical bone regions (diaphyses). The femoral neck shows a pattern apparently intermediate between the two, consistent with its structure. When the additional statistical “noise” created by an essentially static femoral head size is accounted for, the present study supports other studies that have demonstrated rather marked positive allometry in femoral articular and shaft cross‐sectional dimensions to body mass among adult humans. Body weight prediction equations developed from these data give reasonable results for modern U.S. samples, with average percent prediction errors of about 10%–16% for individual weights and about 2% for sample mean weights using the shaft dimension equations. When predicting body weight from femoral head size in earlier human samples, a downward correction factor of about 10% is suggested to account for the increased adiposity of very recent U.S. adults.
On the problem of immunological detection of antigens in skeletal remains
Authors: Lendaro Eugenio , Ippoliti Rodolfo , Bellelli Andrea , Brunori Maurizio , Zito Romano , Citro Gennaro , Ascenzi Antonio
Published: February 2006

A detailed investigation with affinity‐chromatography‐purified fractions of antihemoglobin serum from rabbit shows that the hemoglobin content of human bones dating back 15 to 3,000 years may be very small. Some of the previous results (Ascenzi et al., 1985) indicating a high hemoglobin titer were vitiated because of an unexpected cross‐reactivity of bone extracts with the hemoglobin‐unreactive fraction of the antiserum.

This study calls attention to possible artifacts intrinsic to the application of immunological techniques to the study of archaeological samples.
Petite bodies of the “robust” australopithecines
Authors: McHenry Henry M.
Published: February 2006

The “robust” australopithecines are often depicted as having large and powerfully built bodies to match their massive masticatory apparatus, but until 1988 the sample of postcranial remains attributed with certainty to this group was very limited. Almost nothing was known about the body of the East African “robust” australopithecine because taxonomic attribution of the postcrania was so uncertain. The body of the South African “robust” australopithecine had to be reconstructed from about a dozen isolated fragments of postcrania. Now a partial skeleton is attributed with confidence to the East African “robust” group along with several isolated bones. The South African sample has more than tripled.

Analyses of this vastly expanded sample reveal that a large portion of postcrania attributed to “robust” australopithecines from Swartkrans Member 1 (35%) are from extraordinarily small‐bodied individuals similar in size to a modern Pygmy weighing as little as 28 kg. These small elements include parts from the forelimb, spine, and hindlimb. About 22% of these Swartkrans 1 “robust” australopithecines are about the same size as a modern human weighing about 43 kgs and about 43% are larger than this standard but less than or equal to a 54 kg modern human. Approximately the same pattern is true for the Swartkrans 2 hominids, but taxonomic attribution is less certain. All of the Member 3 specimens are similar in size to the 45 kg standard. The partial skeleton of the East African “robust” australopithecine (KNM‐ER 1500) has hindlimb joints that would correspond to a modern human of 34 kgs although the actual weight may be 5 to 10 kgs greater judging from shaft robusticity and forelimb size. The largest postcranial element attributed with some certainty to the East African “robust” australopithecine group (the talus, KNM‐ER 1464) is about the same overall size as a modern human of 54 kgs, although its tibial facet is slightly smaller.

Although many previous studies have hinted at the possibility that “robust” australopithecines had relatively small bodies, the new fossils provide substantial evidence that these creatures ranged from quite small to only moderate in body size relative to modern humans. These were the petite‐bodied vegetarian cousins of our ancestors. Sexual dimorphism in body size appears to be greater than that in modern humans, similar to that in Pan, and less than that in Gorilla or Pongo, although such comparisons are of limited value given the small samples, poorly known body proportions, time averaging, and many other problems.
Principal components analysis of regional bone density in black and white women: Relationship to body size and composition
Authors: Nelson Dorothy A. , Feingold Marcia , Bolin Frank , Parfitt A. Michael
Published: February 2006

Black and white women in the United States differ with respect to bone mass and the risk of developing osteoporosis. It has been suggested that greater body size among U.S. blacks may contribute to greater bone density in this group. It is not known whether the fat or lean component contributes more to this relationship. Bone density was measured at seven sites in 161 normal black and white women using single and dual photon absorptiometry. The first principal component accounted for 73% of the variance in the sample and constitutes an index of skeletal mass. The second principal component added another 10% and contrasts the axial and appendicular sites. Both the regional bone densities and the first principal component showed significantly greater bone densities for blacks; adjustment for body size reduced bone mass differences by approximately 50%. Body composition analysis done on a subset of these women indicated that the fat component of body mass may be the more important factor in its effect on bone mass.
Body size, locomotion, and long bone cross‐sectional geometry in indriid primates
Authors: Demes B. , Jungers W. L. , Selpien K.
Published: February 2006

The geometry of the midshaft cross‐sections of the femur and humerus of five indriid species was analysed. Internal (marrow cavity) and external diameters were measured on X‐rays in the anteroposterior (a‐p) and mediolateral (m‐l) planes; cross‐sectional areas, second moments of area, and section moduli were calculated using formulae for a hollow ellipse. Cortical thickness, robusticity indices (relating external diameters to the length of the bones), and a‐p/m‐l shape variables were also calculated. Model II regression was supplemented by analyses of correlation between size and shape. Indriids are saltatory, i.e., their locomotion is dominated by the hind limbs. Accordingly, the femur is more rigid than the humerus, and it shows a consistent difference between the a‐p and m‐l planes in measures related to bending strength. Cortical thickness varies considerably both within and across species. The type specimen of the new species Propithecus tattersalli is virtually indistinguishable from P. verreauxi on the basis of its long bone cross‐sectional geometry. Femoral robusticity is uncorrelated with size, but humeral robusticity decreases significantly with increasing size. Femoral shape variables (a‐p/m‐l) are all negatively correlated with body size, indicating that m‐l dimensions of the femur increase at a faster rate than do a‐p dimensions. The highly loaded plane of movement seems to be more reinforced in the smaller species. Contrary to static biomechanical scaling predictions of positive allometry, all cross‐sectional parameters scale relatively close to isometry. It is concluded that either changes in locomotor performance must compensate for the weight‐related, increase in forces and moments or that the larger‐bodied animals operate appreciably closer to the limits of their safety margins.
Unusual pathological condition in the lower extremities of a skeleton from ancient Israel
Authors: Hershkovitz I. , Speirs M. , Katznelson A. , Arensburg B.
Published: February 2006

We report here an unusual pathology in a 1,500‐year‐old skeleton recovered from Bet Guvrin, Israel. The pathological changes in the lower extremities and the diagnostic difficulties are presented. We attribute this condition to Madura foot, found primarily in tropical and subtropical regions, although other diagnoses are possible and are noted. We discuss its appearance in the region in light of the historical context. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Origin of the Koreans: A population genetic study
Authors: Saha N. , Tay J. S. H.
Published: February 2006

A population genetic study was undertaken to investigate the origin of Koreans. Thirteen polymorphic and 7 monomorphic blood genetic markers (serum proteins and red cell enzymes) were studied in a group of 437 Koreans. Genetic distance analyses by both cluster and principal components models were performed between Koreans and eight other populations (Koreans in China, Japanese, Han Chinese, Mongolians, Zhuangs, Malays, Javanese, and Soviet Asians) on the basis of 47 alleles controlled by 15 polymorphic loci. A more detailed analysis using 65 alleles at 19 polymorphic loci was performed on six populations. Both analyses demonstrated genetic evidence of the origin of Koreans from the central Asian Mongolians. Further, the Koreans are more closely related to the Japanese and quite distant from the Chinese. The above evidence of the origin of Koreans fits well with the ethnohistoric account of the origin of Koreans and the Korean language. The minority Koreans in China also maintained their genetic identity. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gummivory and gut morphology in two sympatric callitrichids (Callithrix emiliae and Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli) from western Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: Ferrari Stephen F. , Martins Eduardo S.
Published: February 2006

A comparative analysis of the gastrointestinal tracts of wild caught marmosets, Callithrix emiliae, and tamarins, Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli, was undertaken in order to evaluate the degree of specialisation for digestion of plant exudates. Compared to S.f. weddelli, C. emiliae exhibits a reduced small intestine and a relatively large, compartmentalised caecum in which gum is probably fermented. The apparent specialisation of the digestive tract in C. emiliae correlates with that of its dentition, which is adapted for gouging the bark of gum‐producing plants. A similar degree of specialisation of the caecum is predicted for other marmosets (Callithrix spp. and Cebuella pygmaea). © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interproximal tooth wear: A new observation
Authors: Kaidonis John A. , Townsend Grant C. , Richards Lindsay C.
Published: February 2006

Microscopic observations were made of wear on the proximal surfaces of tooth crowns of Australian Aboriginals and whites. Typical wear facets displayed well‐defined borders within which verticle or near vertical furrows, ranging from about 0.1 to 0.5 mm in width, were noted. Furrows on the interproximal surface of one tooth seemed to “interdigitate” with those on the proximal surface of the adjacent tooth. These observations are not consistent with the commonly‐held view that interproximal tooth wear results from a buccolingual movement of adjacent teeth that maintain contact through mesial migration. Vertical or near vertical movement of teeth, possibly including a tipping action, must be an important factor, although the precise nature of the movement requires further investigation. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Palatine torus in the Greenlandic Norse
Authors: Halffman Carrin M. , Scott G. Richard , Pedersen P. O.
Published: February 2006

Physical anthropologists have long been intrigued by the distinctive oral tori expressed by the medieval Norse populations of Iceland and Greenland. To assess the temporal and spatial variation of one form of oral tori, palatine torus, observations were made on all available Greenlandic Norse skeletons, as well as on samples of medieval Icelanders and Norwegians. In terms of temporal variation, 12th to 14th century (medieval) Greenlanders from the Eastern and Western settlements exhibited higher frequencies and more pronounced expressions of palatine torus compared with early 11th century Greenlanders. The early Greenlandic sample closely approximated the medieval Icelandic and Norwegian samples for total torus frequency, although the Norwegians exhibited the trait to a less pronounced degree. As degree of expression is the most distinctive aspect of torus variation among the Norse, some combination of environmental factors, including increased masticatory stress and chronic undernutrition, probably accounts for most of the difference between settlement period and medieval Greenlanders. Although palatine torus may be hereditary in part, environmental factors play a significant role in the expression of this trait. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population differences in the morphology of the first cervical vertebra
Authors: Huggare Jan
Published: February 2006

Cephalometric radiographs from 180 healthy Caucasian females, 90 of whom lived in the north of Finland and 90 in the south, were analysed with respect to the morphology of the atlas vertebra. The main findings were a smaller dorsal arch height and a larger ventral arch height in those from the north, including a longer atlas vertebra. These results are interpreted as evidence of morphogenetic reactions to changes in function, in this case a raised head posture attributable to climatic conditions. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multivariate analysis of second trimester midfacial morphology in normal and cleft lip and palate human fetal specimens
Authors: Mooney Mark P. , Siegel Michael I. , Kimes Kyle R. , Todhunter John , Janosky Janine
Published: February 2006

To better understand the contribution of congenital dysmorphogenesis to postnatal midfacial dysplasia in individuals with complete cleft lip and palate (CLP), a series of studies were undertaken to investigate age related changes in a number of midfacial components for a sample of 20 normal and 9 complete CLP second trimester fetal specimens. Using data from this sample, the present study assessed the complex multivariate relationships among these variables which represent the fetal normal and CLP midface. Ten variables were standardized relative to crown‐rump length and used in Canonical Discriminant Function Analysis (CDFA). CDF analysis revealed that five variables best described the midface and accounted for 72% of the overall variance. These included nasal capsule length, nasal airway volume, premaxillary length, premaxillary volume, and tongue volume. Classification using the CDFA coefficients resulted in correct group membership assignment for 26 of 29 total specimens (89.66%), 8 of 9 cleft (88.9%), and 18 of 20 normal specimens (90.0%). These results suggest that by as early as the second trimester CLP fetuses have a significantly distinct set of midfacial morphological relationships. Some or all of these factors may be responsible for postnatal growth dysplasias noted in CLP individuals. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic and environmental contributions to the variance of body height in a sample of first and second degree relatives
Authors: Tambs Kristian , Moum Torbjørn , Eaves Lindon J. , Neale Mike C. , Midthjell Kristian , Lund‐Larsen Per G. , Næss Siri
Published: February 2006

Height was measured in a health screening of the population in Nord‐Trøndelag, Norway. Correlations were computed for 24,281 pairs of spouses, 43,613 pairs of parents and offspring, 19,168 pairs of siblings, 1,318 pairs of grandparents and grandchildren, 1,218 cognate avuncular pairs, 849 noncognate avuncular pairs, 175 pairs of same‐sexed twins, and smaller groups of other types of relatives. Fitting of structural equation models showed proportions of additive genetic variance of approximately 0.8 for both sexes and small sex‐specific effects that probably reflect genetic dominance or environmental sibling effects. The correlations between parents and offspring were significantly lower in old than young cohorts, seeming to imply some kind of interaction effect between genes and environment. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of fronto‐occipital artificial cranial vault modification on the cranial base and face
Authors: Cheverud James M. , Kohn Luci A. P. , Konigsberg Lyle W. , Leigh Steven R.
Published: February 2006

Artificial reshaping of the cranial vault has been practiced by many human groups and provides a natural experiment in which the relationships of neurocranial, cranial base, and facial growth can be investigated. We test the hypothesis that fronto‐occipital artificial reshaping of the neurocranial vault results in specific changes in the cranial base and face. Fronto‐occipital reshaping results from the application of pads or a cradle board which constrains cranial vault growth, limiting growth between the frontal and occipital and allowing compensatory growth of the parietals in a mediolateral direction.

Two skeletal series including both normal and artificially modified crania are analyzed, a prehistoric Peruvian Ancon sample (47 normal, 64 modified crania) and a Songish Indian sample from British Columbia (6 normal, 4 modified). Three‐dimensional coordinates of 53 landmarks were measured with a diagraph and used to form 9 finite elements as a prelude to finite element scaling analysis. Finite element scaling was used to compare average normal and modified crania and the results were evaluated for statistical significance using a bootstrap test.

Fronto‐occipitally reshaped Ancon crania are significantly different from normal in the vault, cranial base, and face. The vault is compressed along an anterior‐superior to posterior‐inferior axis and expanded along a mediolateral axis in modified individuals. The cranial base is wider and shallower in the modified crania in the face is foreshortened and wider with the anterior orbital rim moving inferior and posterior towards the cranial base. The Songish crania display a different modification of the vault and face, indicating that important differences may exist in the morphological effects of fronto‐occipital reshaping from one group to another. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Australopithecus boisei calvaria from East Lake Turkana, Kenya
Authors: Brown B. , Walker A. , Ward C. V. , Leakey R. E.
Published: February 2006

The calvaria of an adult Australopithecus boisei from Area 104, Koobi Fora, Lake Turkana, is described. The specimen, KNM‐ER 23000, comes from sediments dated to about 1.9 Ma. It consists of the frontal, both parietals, both temporals, most of the occipital as well as two small pieces of sphenoid, and a mandibular tooth root. The specimen is presumed to be an adult male, based on its size and the great development of features associated with the masticatory apparatus. KNM‐ER 23000 is close in general size and shape to KNM‐ER 406, KNM‐ER 13750, and Olduvai Hominid 5 and it has a mixture of features seen in these three roughly contemporaneous crania. The frontal, especially the tori, resembles that of OH 5; the parietals are most like those of KNM‐ER 13750; the occipital is like those of the two other Turkana specimens, and the temporals have a mixture of features from all of these, This specimen adds to our knowledge of variability in A. boisei. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body weight prediction in early fossil hominids: Towards a taxon‐“independent” approach
Authors: Hartwig‐Scherer Sigrid
Published: February 2006

The choice of a model taxon is crucial when investigating fossil hominids that clearly do not resemble any extant species (such as Australopithecus) or show significant differences from modern human proportions (such as Homo habilis OH 62). An “interhominoid” combination is not adequate either, as scaling with body weight is strongly divergent in African apes and humans for most skeletal predictors investigated here.

Therefore, in relation to a study of seven long bone dimensions, a new taxon‐“independent” approach is suggested. For a given predictor, its taxonomic “independence” is restricted to the size range over which the body weight‐predictor relationship for African apes and humans converges. Different predictors produce converging body weight estimates (BWEs) for different size ranges: taxon‐“independent” estimates can be calculated for small‐ and medium‐sized hominids (e. g., for weights below 50 kg) using femoral and tibial dimensions, whereas upper limb bones provide converging results for large hominids (above 50 kg).

If the remains of Australopithecus afarensis really belong to one species, the relationship of male (above 60 kg) to female body weight (approximately 30 kg) does not fall within the observed range of modern hominoids. Considering Sts 14 (22 kg) to represent a small‐sized Australopithecus africanus, the level of encephalization lies well above that of extant apes. If OH 62 (approximately 25 kg), with limb proportions less human‐like than those of australopithecines, indeed represents Homo habilis (which has been questioned previously), an increase in relative brain size would have occurred well before full bipedality, an assumption running counter to current assumptions concerning early human evolution. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Obesity in Pima Indians: Large increases among post‐World War II birth cohorts
Authors: Price R. Arlen , Charles Marie Aline , Pettitt David J. , Knowler William C.
Published: February 2006

Several studies have shown secular increases in obesity during the past 35 years, and others have reported increases in dietary fat consumption during the same period. Here we report a dramatic increase in obesity among Pima Indians born after World War II that appears to be associated with increased exposure to Western customs and diet following 1945. We examined the body mass index (BMI = weight in kilograms/height2 in meters) of 1,128 male and 1,372 female Pima Indians aged 15–65 years who were born between 1901 and 1964 and were examined between 1965 and 1990. We found large increases in BMI among Pima Indian men and women in post‐World War II birth cohorts (1945 and later). The parallel changes in body mass index, dietary fat, and exposure to Western culture following World War II suggest that culturally mediated changes in diet and level of physical activity associated with modern industrialized society may have led to the large increases in obesity in the Pima Indians and to smaller parallel changes observed worldwide in westernized countries. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of coca‐leaf chewing on salivary progesterone assays
Authors: Vitzthum Virginia J. , Von Dornum Miranda , Ellison Peter T.
Published: February 2006

Although there is evidence for reduced fertility in Andean and Himalayan populations at higher altitudes, factors other than hypoxia may be primarily responsible. A valuable approach in the investigation of these fertility determinants is the use of salivary steroid assays. However, coca‐leaf chewing—a ubiquitous practice among high altitude Andean populations—has negative consequences for the accurate measurement of ovarian steroids. This report evaluates the effects of coca‐leaf chewing on assays of salivary progesterone. Study participants include naive and habitual users of coca leaf from La Paz and El Alto, Bolivia. Approximately 300 saliva samples were collected immediately before, during, and after coca‐leaf chewing. The series includes samples with and without the alkaloid enhancer typically used by coca‐leaf chewers. Coca chewing produces false salivary progesterone values that mimic luteal phase values. On the basis of this study, an appropriate protocol is developed for the collection of salivary samples in coca‐leaf chewing populations. These results verify the feasibility of salivary assays, even for very difficult field conditions, and highlight the necessity of establishing suitable collection procedures before full field implementation of saliva sampling. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular evidence on Primate phylogeny from DNA sequences
Authors: Goodman Morris , Baileym Wendy J. , Hayasaka Kenji , Stanhope Michael J. , Slightom Jerry , Czelusniak John
Published: February 2006

Evidence from DNA sequences on the phylogenetic systematics of primates is congruent with the evidence from morphology in grouping Cercopithecoidea (Old World monkeys) and Hominoidea (apes and humans) into Catarrhini, Catarrhini and Platyrrhini (ceboids or New World monkeys) into Anthropoidea, Lemuriformes and Lorisiformes into Strepsirhini, and Anthropoidea, Tarsioidea, and Strepsirhini into Primates. With regard to the problematic relationships of Tarsioidea, DNA sequences group it with Anthropoidea into Haplorhini. In addition, the DNA evidence favors retaining Cheirogaleidae within Lemuriformes in contrast to some morphological studies that favor placing Cheirogaleids in Lorisiformes. While parsimony analysis of the present DNA sequence data provides only modest support for Haplorhini as a monophyletic taxon, it provides very strong support for Hominoidea, Catarrhini, Anthropoidea, and Strepsirhini as monophyletic taxa. The parsimony DNA evidence also rejects the hypothesis that megabats are the sister group of either Primates or Dermoptera (flying lemur) or a Primate‐Dermoptera clade and instead strongly supports the monophyly of Chiroptera, with megabats grouping with microbats at considerable distance from Primates. In contrast to the confused morphological picture of sister group relationships within Hominoidea, orthologous noncoding DNA sequences (spanning alignments involving as many as 20,000 base positions) now provide by the parsimony criterion highly significant evidence for the sister group relationships defined by a cladistic classification that groups the lineages to all extant hominoids into family Hominidae, divides this ape family into subfamilies Hylobatinae (gibbons) and Homininae, divides Homininae into tribes Pongini (orangutans) and Hominini, and divides Hominini into subtribes Gorillina (gorillas) and Hominina (humans and chimpanzees). A likelihood analysis of the largest body of these noncoding orthologues and counts of putative synapomorphies using the full range of sequence data from mitochondrial and nuclear genomes also find that humans and chimpanzees share the longest common ancestry. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Blood will tell (won't it?): A century of molecular discourse in anthropological systematics
Authors: Marks Jonathan
Published: February 2006

Being derived from the hereditary material, molecular genetic data are often assumed to be a source of sounder inferences about evolution than data from other kinds of investigations. This, however, tends to be taken in the absence of a clear knowledge of the evolutionary processes at work, the technical shortcomings, and the manner of deriving the specific conclusions. The history of biological anthropology shows that, from the beginning of the 20th century, grossly naive conclusions have been promoted simply on the basis that they are derived from genetics, without having been fully thought‐out. A balanced consideration of the shortcomings as well as the advantages of genetic data are necessary for its proper integration into the field. When molecular and morphological data disagree, both must be reexamined carefully, for genetics has been used irresponsibly as a form of scientific validation, both in American society and in American science. Contemporary data bearing on the molecular relationships of the apes are noteworthy for their diversity in quality, and need to be evaluated in the light of molecular and microevolutionary theory. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Levels of the genealogical hierarchy and the problem of hominoid phylogeny
Authors: Rogers Jeffrey
Published: February 2006

Molecular data are widely used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among species, and these phylogenies are often used as the basis for inferences about the history of evolutionary change in other nonmolecular characters. This approach is an appropriate and powerful one in many circumstances. But when several lineages diverge over a relatively short period of time, the assumption that a molecular (gene) tree will always be a valid basis for such inferences may not hold. Empirical evidence from humans, nonhuman primates, and other mammals indicates that the relationships among molecular divergence, morphological differentiation, and the origin of reproductive isolation between diverging lineages are complex. The simple dichotomously branching trees that result from molecular systematic studies of Homo, Gorilla, and Pan may be a misleading basis for reconstructions of evolutionary change in nonmolecular characters. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flies and congruence
Authors: DeSalle Rob
Published: February 2006

Competing phylogenetic hypotheses have become the rule in modern systematics. While the problem of incongruence between character sets has become extremely acute due to the generation of molecular data, it is by no means specific to molecular and morphological comparisons. The role of the modern systematist is to interpret incongruence between character sets and to come to some conclusion regarding a phylogenetic hypothesis of the organisms in question. Two aspects of congruence analysis are examined using the Drosophilidae as an example. The first includes the quantification of congruence and the types of phylogenetic inference that can be made from such analyses. The second aspect concerns an examination of character evolution in order to identify characters and taxa that might be contributing to incongruence in phylogenetic analysis. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intraindividual and intragroup variability of buccal tooth striation pattern
Authors: Pérez‐Pérez Alejandro , Lalueza Carles , Turbón Daniel
Published: February 2006

Intrapopulational tooth striation variability has been studied in a sample of 99 individuals from the medieval agriculturalist population of La Olmeda (Palencia, Spain). The number, length, and orientation of all observed striations were recorded using a scanning electron microscope and an image analyzer system. Tooth striations were observed at 100 × magnification on the buccal surface of Pm4 and M1 teeth. The results obtained for the adult age group indicate that the buccal striation pattern is a characteristic trait which does not vary significantly among teeth for each individual. Agegroup variability suggests that buccal tooth striations accumulate over quite long periods of time. The characteristic striation pattern for the population is completely attained in the subadult age group. For the analyzed population, seasonal changes in dietary habits apparently did not affect the buccal striation pattern. Weaning of children in the population from La Olmeda seems to have occurred long before 2–5 years of age. Infants had a highly abrasive diet, and subadult and adult individuals would have had a slightly softer diet, perhaps due to a higher meat intake. The buccal striation pattern as a dietary indicator seems to be of great reliability, allowing for quantitative analysis of intrapopulation and interpopulation variability. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testing positional behavior of Malagasy lemurs: A randomization approach
Authors: Dagosto Marian
Published: February 2006

Studies of primate positional behavior have only occasionally employed statistical testing because these data sets violate the assumptions underlying most standard statistical tests. As currently practiced, both common methods of collecting data on positional behavior involve sequential observations of a limited number of individuals, leading to data sets consisting of interdependent observations. Data collected from sequential observations may not be as dependent as currently accepted; however, approaches are available to deal with such data. Some previously applied tests are discussed, and an alternative strategy, a randomization test, is demonstrated. Randomization tests are based on observed rather than theoretical distributions. Thus, they are robust when applied to data sets which do not adhere to the strict assumptions inherent in standard tests. Randomization procedures suggested by Manly ([1991] Randomization and Monte Carlo Methods in Biology [New York: Chapman and Hall]) and Edgington ([1987] Randomization Tests [New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.]) are applied to data collected for three species of lemurs studied at Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar (Lemur fulvus, Lemur rubriventer, and Lemur variegatus). Standard chisquare tests indicate statistically significant differences between these species in nearly all aspects of locomotor, postural, and substrate use behavior. In contrast, the randomization tests showed a significant difference only in the postures used by these lemurs. Lemur variegatus uses hindlimb suspensory postures much more often than L. fulvus or L. rubriventer, and the latter species use vertical clinging more often than L. variegatus. The results from the randomization tests are considered more reliable because by using individuals rather than observations as the units compared, they limit the problem of interdependence of observations and thus provide a conservative test. The particular randomization tests used also explicitly test the proposition that individuals of a species are more similar to each other than to individuals of other species. The lack of significant results is not surprising in light of the small number of individuals studied and the great deal of variability within a species for most of the variables considered. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New fossil cercopithecid remains from the Humpata Plateau, southern Angola
Authors: Jablonski Nina G.
Published: February 2006

The aim of the present investigation was to describe and identify the well‐preserved cranial remains of a fossil cercopithecid recently recovered from sites on the Humpata Plateau in southern Angola. In the past, papionin fossils recovered from the Angolan site of Tchiua (Leba) have been referred to various taxa, including Dinopithecus ingens, Parapapio sp., and Papio (Dinopithecus) quadratirostris. Comparison of the new Angolan papionin cranial remains with those previously described from the Humpata Plateau and a large range of living and fossil Papionini revealed that the range of metrical and morphological variation present in the Humpata papionin sample was consistent with that found in a single extant papionin species. The Humpata cranial remains bear the largest number of similarities to Theropithecus baringensis R. Leakey, 1969, and it is to this species that the remains are hereby referred. This assignment is based on a suite of 11 shared attributes of the Humpata papionin fossils and the type specimen of T. baringensis, KNM BC2, which include: large molar teeth of relatively low relief with pinched cusps and with a prominent distal fovea on M3; a small, low cranial vault with little mid‐parietal expansion; a bow‐shaped supraorbital torus; trapezoidal, inferiorly tapering orbits; a functional complex related to the presence of a large and vertically oriented anterior temporalis muscle; a large infratemporal fossa with an anteromedially oriented posterior border; a long muzzle with a steep interorbital drop, shallow incisive arc, flattened dorsum, and rounded maxillary ridges; nasal bones that extend across the breadth of the posterior margin of the nasal aperture and then taper markedly as they approach nasion; prominent, inferiorly divergent mental ridges; and relatively shallow mandibular fossae that are long, elliptical in shape, and extend to the level of the M3.

The results of the current study suggest that T. baringensis (now including the Humpata papionin sample) and T. quadratirostris occupy a position at the base of the Theropithecus radiation very close to the origin of Dinopithecus ingens and Gorgopithecus major. The species of the genera Theropithecus (including its Humpata representatives) and Papio, along with D. ingens and G. major, form a cluster of taxa that are more closely related to each other than they are to other extant or extinct papionins. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of four simple methods for estimating sexual dimorphism in fossils
Authors: Plavcan J. Michael
Published: February 2006

Estimating sexual dimorphism in skeletal and dental features of fossil species is difficult when the sex of individuals cannot be reliably determined. Several different methods of estimating dimorphism in this situation have been suggested: extrapolation from coefficients of variation, division of a sample about the mean or median into two subsamples which are then treated as males and females, and finite mixture analysis (specifically for estimating the maximum dimorphism that could be present in a unimodal distribution). The accuracy of none of these methods has been thoroughly investigated and compared in a controlled manner. Such analysis is necessary because the accuracy of all methods is potentially affected by fluctuations in either sample size, sex ratio, or the magnitude of intrasexual variability. Computer modeling experiments show that the mean method is the least sensitive to fluctuations in these parameters and generally provides the best estimates of dimorphism. However, no method can accurately estimate low to moderate levels of dimorphism, particularly if intrasexual variability is high and sex ratios are skewed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Total lung capacity in young highlanders of Aymara ancestry
Authors: Greksa Lawrence P. , Spielvogel Hilde , Caceres Esperanza
Published: February 2006

Total lung capacity (TLC) and its components, including residual volume (RV) and vital capacity (VC), are described in a sample of 164 male and 143 female youths of Aymara ancestry (10.0–19.9 years) who were born and raised at high altitudes (> 2,500 m) and who were residing in La Paz, Bolivia (average altitude of about 3,600 m). The hypothesis was tested that the enhanced lung volumes of adult highlanders are attained during the period of growth and development. As found in adult male highlanders, TLC in young highlanders was significantly larger than in lowlanders of the same sex and body size, primarily as a result of increases in RV and secondarily through increases in VC. In addition, estimates of the magnitude of the effect of chronic hypobaric hypoxia on all of the measures of pulmonary function, including TLC, RV, and VC, were positively related to age. This finding suggests that growth and development at high altitude is associated with a constant increase in TLC and other measures of pulmonary function relative to those of lowlanders, a finding which is consistent with the expectations of the developmental adaptation hypothesis. However, although these relationships were statistically significant in males, they were not significant in females. Thus, although the magnitude of the estimated effects of chronic hypobaric hypoxia on TLC, RV, and VC were similar in males and females, the developmental pattern by which these enhanced volumes are achieved may differ between sexes. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ontoaenetic correlates of diet in anthropoid primates
Authors: Leigh Steven R.
Published: February 2006

This study assesses ontogenetic correlates of diet in anthropoid primates. Associations between body weight growth, adult size, and diet are evaluated for a sample of 42 primate species, of which 8 are classifiable as “folivores.” The hypothesis that folivores show a pattern of growth that differs from “nonfolivores” is tested. Ontogenetic variation is summarized through use of parametric and nonparametric regression analysis. Several analytical techniques, including broad interspecific and detailed comparisons among species of similar adult size, are applied. This investigation indicates a clear association between body weight ontogeny and diet: folivorous species grow more rapidly over a shorter duration than comprably sized nonfolivorus species. A positive correlation between adult size and diet is not unambiguously established in this sample. A threshold (at around 1 kg) below which insectivory is very common may adequately characterize the association between adult size and diet in anthropoid primates. Above this threshold, adult size does not appear to covary predictably with diet. Evolutionary correlates of the ontogenetic pattern seen in folivores may include a variety of factors. The distinctive pattern of development in folivores may relate to the profile of ecological and social risks that these species face. Morphophysiological advantages to rapid growth may relate to a need for accelerated alimentary (dental and gut) development. The implications of ontogenetic variation in folivores are discussed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multivariate analyses of elemental hair concentrations from a medieval Nubian population
Authors: Sandford Mary K. , Kissling Grace E.
Published: February 2006

Elemental hair concentrations were obtained from 168 mummified individuals recovered during excavations of cemeteries S and R (A. D. 550–1450), at Kulubnarti, Republic of the Sudan (Van Gerven et al., 1981). Concentrations of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), strontium (Sr), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) were determined using inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP) (Sandford, 1984; Sandford et al., 1983). Following univariate statistical reanalyses of these data (Sandford and Kissling, 1993a, b), we applied principal component analysis and multidimensional scaling to clarify their multivariate structure. Similar underlying associations were revealed in the two cemeteries. The first principal component, consisting of Mg, Ca, Sr, and Mn, may reflect inherent chemical similarities coupled with specific dietary factors (e. g., vegetation intakes) and physiological processes (e. g., bone remodeling). The second principal component, a contrast between Fe and Zn, may be due to their competitive relationship during absorption. The third principal component consists of Cu alone (in cemetery S), and Cu and Fe (in cemetery R), suggesting utilization of animal protein and an underlying synergism between Cu and Fe, respectively. Multidimensional scaling substantiates a three‐dimensional model for describing elemental covariation. While interpretation of the first two dimensions was analogous to those of the first two principal components, the third dimension may represent antagonism between pairs of elements during absorption, transport and/or utilization (cemetery R: Cu vs. Zn; cemetery S: Cu vs. Zn, Fe vs. Mn). While these results provide the most persuasive evidence to date that elemental hair concentrations from this population reflect chiefly biogenic processes, isolation of diagenetic and exogenous effects requires further investigation through controlled studies. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mandibular growth and function in Archaeolemur
Authors: Ravosa Matthew J. , Simons Elwyn L.
Published: February 2006

Ontogenetic changes in the morphology of the mandibular symphysis are described in Archaeolemur so as to infer the functional significance of symphyseal fusion in this subfossil Malagasy lemur. The first regions of the symphysis to show a more complex morphology were the lower and anterior borders of the joint and, to a lesser extent, the lingual borders of the superior and inferior transverse tori. During growth, these regions became increasingly rugose and encroached upon a centrally located, smooth, “oval” region, which may have been a principal pathway for neurovascular structures communicating with the unfused joint. In subadults, the symphysis was completely fused except for the lingual surface of the inferior transverse torus, where a patent suture and potential space were present between dentaries. Thus, in Archaeolemur there was an age‐ and size‐related pattern of increased symphyseal ossification or fusion that was complete by adulthood.

The morphology of the interlocking bony processes and the sequence of ossification in the symphysis suggest that increased dorsoventral shear stress during mastication was the most likely determinant of symphyseal fusion in Archaeolemur: The allometric pattern of greater symphyseal fusion may be linked to the presence of relatively greater dorsoventral shear in adults due to an increased recruitment of balancing‐side jaw‐muscle force. There is little indication that the symphysis of juvenile Archaeolemur was buttressed to resist forces associated with “wishboning” during mastication or vertical bending during incision. Our observations, as well as those of others, suggest that symphyseal fusion in primates occurs initially as a response to increased dorsoventral shear during mastication. Therefore, wishboning stress might only become a major determinant of symphyseal form and function in those taxa that develop a fused symphysis to counter increased dorsoventral shear. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.