bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trophic niche variation driven by water level fluctuations facilitates the co‐occurrence of invasive tilapia species in a subtropical reservoir in China
Authors: Yang Lei , Liao Chuansong , Ji Xiang , Chen Xuemei , Guo Mingde , Zhang Guilin , Neves Mayara Pereira , Wang Yuanqing , Zhang Hang , Guo Chuanbo , Liu Jiashou
Published: December 2024

Investigating how multiple invasive fish species with similar ecological traits respond to different environmental conditions is crucial to understanding their successful invasion and coexistence. Here, we used stomach content analysis and stable isotope analysis to analyse the effects of water level fluctuation on the trophic niche plasticity of three dominant co‐occurring invasive tilapia species (Coptodon zillii, Sarotherodon galilaeus, and Oreochromis niloticus) in the Shanmei Reservoir, southern China. We found that the tilapia species exhibited an iliophagous habit with dietary variations between the high‐water (HW) and low‐water (LW) level periods. During the LW period, tilapia fishes primarily fed on periphytic algae, whereas during the HW period, they reduced their consumption of epiphytic algae and increased their intake of plant remains. Biofilms were the most assimilated resource by the species during the LW period, whereas riparian plants dominated during the HW period. The niche width and niche overlap of the three tilapia species were significantly greater in the HW period than in the LW period. However, their trophic positions were not significantly affected by water level fluctuations. Our findings indicate that temporal variation in diet composition and trophic niche, driven by water level fluctuations, may favor food resource partitioning and facilitate the coexistence of these invasive tilapia species.
Gill Health in Fish Farmed in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS): A Review
Authors: Bjørgen Håvard , Koppang Erling Olaf , Nowak Barbara F.
Published: December 2024

Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) have been proposed as the future of aquaculture, because they can be used anywhere regardless of access to water, they offer high level of control over farming environment, including biosecurity, and are considered to be sustainable. However, despite of continuous development, there can be still issues with water quality affecting gill health of fish farmed in these systems. This review provides an overview of fish gill structure and gill immune response, and discusses the known impacts of RAS on gill health. Several experimental studies have inadequately reported conditions, particularly water quality, making it difficult to determine if the observed effects were due to water quality issues or RAS system itself. It is crucial for studies investigating the impact of RAS on fish to report water quality during the study. Furthermore, assessments of RAS effects on gill health should include sufficient independent replicates and flow through controls using a common water source. Various methods have been used to assess gill health in RAS, including gill histology, presence of pathogens, gene expression in the gills and gill microbiome analysis. Differences in gill health in fish from RAS and a flow through system have been shown for a number of freshwater and marine fish species. However, these results have been inconsistent across studies, and some results have been challenging to interpret as indicators of gill health. Holistic studies including a number of different methods to assess fish gills would give more conclusive results. More research is needed, in particular, on brackish and marine RAS, to fully understand their impacts on gill health.
Evaluating the Clinical Applicability of Multifrequency Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for Nutritional Status Prediction in Hospitalized Persons With Severe Motor and Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Yano Nozomu , Ohwatashi Akihiko , Iwashita Daishi
Published: December 2024

Background

Persons with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID) have difficulty using general nutritional assessments in the elderly and other populations because of their physical characteristics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical utility of body composition, which has been suggested to be related to biochemical tests in persons with SMID.

Methods

We calculated cutoff values of body composition predicting malnutrition and compared the usage of peripheral parenteral nutrition for the two groups divided by each body composition cutoff value. We also compared body composition at the baseline between nonsurvivors and survivors.

Results

Only group comparisons based on skeletal muscle ratio and extracellular water to total body water (ECW/TBW) cutoffs showed significant differences in the usage of peripheral parenteral nutrition. Nonsurvivors had significantly higher ECW/TBW than survivors at the baseline.

Conclusions

In persons with SMID, skeletal muscle ratio and ECW/TBW measured using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance were associated with biochemical indices and ill health. Furthermore, ECW/TBW was also associated with mortality, suggesting that ECW/TBW is a significant measure for nutritional assessment in clinical practice.
Comparing Safety and Accuracy of Standardised Versus Subjective Triage Code Assignment by Nurses: A Multicenter Observational Simulated Study
Authors: Zaboli Arian , Brigo Francesco , Brigiari Gloria , Massar Magdalena , Magnarelli Gabriele , Pfeifer Norbert , Garbin Tiziano , Clauser Patrick , Sibilio Serena , Turcato Gianni
Published: December 2024

Background

Standardised triage systems have been in place for decades with minor modifications, while nurses' skills and knowledge have significantly advanced.

Aim

To determine whether nurses' clinical expertise outperforms triage systems in simulated clinical cases.

Design

A multicenter simulated observational study.

Methods

The study was conducted from January 1, 2024 to March 31, 2024, in four Italian emergency departments, enrolling triage‐performing nurses. Thirty clinical cases, based on real patients representing daily emergency department influx, were reconstructed. The primary outcome was the agreement between the triage code assigned by the Manchester Triage System and the code assigned based on clinical expertise. The secondary outcome compared the predictive ability of the codes assigned by nurses regarding clinical outcomes, such as death within 72 h, the need for hospitalisation, and the need for life‐saving intervention. The study was reported in accordance with the STROBE statement.

Results

Seventy‐seven triage nurses completed the 30 vignettes. The agreement between the MTS‐assigned code and the clinical expertise triage reported a Cohen's kappa of 0.576 (95% CI: 0.564–0.598). For death within 72 h, the clinical expertise code reported better results than the Manchester Triage System. For life‐saving interventions, the Manchester Triage System reported a lower performance than clinical expertise. The variability in triage code assignment was higher for clinical expertise compared to the Manchester Triage System.

Conclusions

Triage codes assigned by nurses based on clinical expertise perform better in terms of clinical outcomes, suggesting a need to update triage systems to incorporate nurses' knowledge and skills. However, standardised triage systems should be maintained to reduce variability and ensure consistent patient classification.

Reporting Method

The study was conducted and reported according to the STROBE statement.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
Sleep‐Disordered Breathing and Dimensions of The Maxillary Dental Arch and Hard Palate in Children With Class II and Large Overjet—A Case‐Control Study
Authors: Hansen Camilla , Markström Agneta , Bakke Merete , Sonnesen Liselotte
Published: December 2024

Background

Class II occlusion is associated with narrow dimensions of the maxillary dental arch and hard palate (maxillary dimensions), which may increase the risk of narrow upper airways and sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB).

Objectives

The aim was to compare maxillary dental arch and hard palate dimensions in children with Class II and large overjet ≥ 6 mm (study group) to a control group with neutral occlusion and to examine the relation between SDB and maxillary dimensions.

Methods

The study group included 37 children (19 boys; 18 girls; median age 12.3 years) and the control group included 32 children (16 boys; 16 girls; median age 12.2 years). SDB was assessed by respiratory polygraphy, the distances between maxillary canines and first permanent molars were measured by intraoral scans and the general relation between SDB and maxillary dimensions was analysed.

Results

Significantly smaller distances between both canines and first molars (p ≤ 0.001) were found in the study group. No significant differences in dimensions of the hard palate or SDB were found between the groups but the snore index tended to be higher in the study group (p = 0.051). No general significant associations between SDB measurements and maxillary dimensions were found in the total group of participants.

Conclusions

Significantly reduced transversal dimensions of the maxillary dental arch were found in the study group with Class II occlusion compared to controls. No significant difference regarding dimensions of the hard palate or SDB between the groups was found nor between SDB and maxillary dimensions. However, intraoral scans may be useful in risk assessment of early signs of paediatric SDB in orthodontic patients.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04964830
Predictive analysis of lung function in school‐age children born with very low birthweight, according to the definition used of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. A retrospective observational analysis
Authors: Uberos Jose , Ruiz‐López Aida , Fernández‐Romero Carlos , Fernández‐Marin Elizabeth , Cubero‐Millan Isabel , Contreras‐Chova Francisco , Campos‐Martínez Ana
Published: December 2024

Aim

To determine the predictive value of the definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) on spirometric parameters of very low birthweight (VLBW) children of school age between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2016.

Methods

In this longitudinal retrospective observational study, we analyse a cohort of children admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit between 1 January 2008 and 31 December 2016. All newborns weighing <1500 g and born before 32 weeks of gestational age were included in the study (VLBW newborns). The existence of BPD was established retrospectively according to the definitions proposed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 2001 and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) in 2018. Lung function of the school‐age cohort was evaluated prospectively as FEV1, FVC, FEF25–75% and FEV1/FVC by spirometry. The predictive analysis was performed by multivariate linear regression.

Results

Of the 145 children included in the study cohort, 60 were diagnosed with BPD according to the NIH definition and 36 according to that of the NICHD. Lung function was reduced by about 20% in patients with BPD, irrespective of the definition applied. However, the predictive regression model only produced a statistically significant fit with the spirometric variables when the NIH definition was adopted.

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the value of continuing to consider oxygen requirements at 28 days of chronological age in the definition of BPD, in order to obtain higher quality predictions of lung function parameters assessed later, during school age.
Does sleep help children to generalise features like adults?
Authors: Kurz Eva‐Maria , Schreiber Clara Marie , Kölle Konstantin , Tunçel Zeynep , Meyer Paula Theresa , Ngo‐Dehning Hong‐Viet V. , Conzelmann Annette , Prehn‐Kristensen Alexander
Published: December 2024

Children and adults have been shown to benefit from sleep with regard to the consolidation of declarative memories. Especially during childhood, the generalisation of information from social and non‐social contexts is important for adaptable behaviour in new situations and might show specific features in children. Here, we investigated whether adults (n = 18) and children (n = 19) differ in their generalisation of features assessed in wake and sleep conditions. In a social paradigm, certain face features were associated with different types of offers (fair, unfair, friendly). While children tended to better recognise these faces, adults were better than children at associating the type of offer to unknown faces sharing these features with the previously encoded faces in the sleep condition. To assess generalisation of features in a non‐social context, a probabilistic evaluative conditioning paradigm was used, where stimuli were associated with positive or negative values. We found no difference between children and adults or between the sleep and wake condition in the change in evaluation of the conditioned stimuli when paired congruently with a predefined value (positive/negative). Together, our results suggest a differential feature generalisation from mainly social contexts in children compared with adults.
Uncertainty‐guided U‐Net for soil boundary segmentation using Monte Carlo dropout
Authors: Zhou X. , Sheil B. , Suryasentana S. , Shi P.
Published: December 2024

Accurate soil stratification is essential for geotechnical engineering design. Owing to its effectiveness and efficiency, the cone penetration test (CPT) has been widely applied for subsurface stratigraphy, which relies heavily on empiricism for correlations to soil type. Recently, deep learning techniques have shown great promise in learning the relationship between CPT data and soil boundaries automatically. However, the segmentation of soil boundaries is fraught with model and measurement uncertainty. This paper introduces an uncertainty‐guided U((‐Net (UGU‐Net) for improved soil boundary segmentation. The UGU‐Net consists of three parts: (a) a Bayesian U‐Net to predict a pixel‐level uncertainty map, (b) reinforcement of original labels on the basis of the predicted uncertainty map, and (c) a traditional deterministic U‐Net, which is applied to the reinforced labels for final soil boundary segmentation. The results show that the proposed UGU‐Net outperforms the existing methods in terms of both high accuracy and low uncertainty. A sensitivity study is also conducted to explore the influence of key model parameters on model performance. The proposed method is validated by comparing the predicted subsurface profile with benchmark profiles. The code for this project is available at github.com/Xiaoqi‐Zhou‐suda/UGU‐Net.
Long‐Term Effects of an Automated Personalized Self‐Care Program for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Lee Haejung , Park Gaeun , Lee DaeEun , Khang Ah Reum , Lee Min Jin
Published: December 2024

Elevated glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels and longer disease duration increase the risk of complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), highlighting the need for continuous management. This study evaluated the 18‐month effects of the Automated Personalized Self‐Care (APSC) program on self‐care self‐efficacy, diabetes self‐care, and complication risk indices in T2DM patients through a randomized controlled trial. Participants aged 40–69 years were assigned to either an intervention group using the APSC mobile app, which provided personalized goals, automated feedback, and monthly support, or a comparison group. The final analysis included 43 engaged participants from the intervention group and 78 from the comparison group. Data were collected at baseline, 6, 12, and 18 months using structured questionnaires and medical record reviews and analyzed using generalized estimating equations. Significant effects were observed for self‐care self‐efficacy, diabetes self‐care activities, vegetable intake, HbA1c, and total cholesterol levels. The APSC program showed potential to improve long‐term self‐care and reduce complication risk in T2DM patients. Further research with a larger samples and strategies to promote long‐term engagement is needed for its integration into routine diabetes care.

Trial Registration: Clinical Research Information Service: KCT0007672
New York State Climate Impacts Assessment Chapter 09: Transportation
Authors: Macdonald Amy , McDonald Joan , Schmitt Thomas , Cai Hua , Ceponis Jennifer , Cullen Cheila , Dutta Projjal , Ruiz Andrea Cristina , Stevens Amanda
Published: December 2024

The transportation sector's functionality depends on climate conditions. Many New York State residents, communities, businesses, and institutions have already experienced transportation‐related climate change impacts, and many more will experience impacts in the future. This chapter examines climate change impacts on the various modes of transportation in New York State. It also highlights climate‐driven vulnerabilities among the state's communities, workers, regions, and businesses, with particular attention paid to issues of equity and environmental justice.
New York State Climate Impacts Assessment Chapter 02: New York State's Changing Climate
Authors: Lamie Christopher , Bader Daniel , Graziano Kathryn , Horton Radley , John Kecil , O'Hern Natalie , Spungin Sophia , Stevens Amanda
Published: December 2024

Many fundamental aspects of New York State's climate have already begun to change, and the changes are projected to continue—and in some cases, accelerate—throughout the 21st century. This chapter explores observed and projected changes in a variety of physical variables that relate directly to weather and climate, starting with average and extreme air temperature and proceeding to the associated effects on precipitation, extreme events, and core properties of New York's coastal and inland waters. These climate attributes and hazards lead to impacts throughout the eight sectors of this assessment.
Estimating global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly with overweight, obesity, and central obesity: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wei Junlun , Zhu Xinyue , Liu Jiaye , Gao Yun , Liu Xinjun , Wang Ke , Zheng Xiaofeng
Published: December 2024

Background and Aim

Previous studies have demonstrated that adiposity, particularly obesity during midlife, may have a detrimental effect on cognitive function. This study aims to estimate the global prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in elderly aged 60 years or above with overweight, obesity, and central obesity.

Methods

We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from inception to November 2023. DerSimonian‐Laird random‐effects model with Logit transformation was used. Sensitivity analysis, meta‐regression, and subgroup analysis were employed to investigate determinants of the prevalence of MCI and dementia.

Results

A total of 72 studies involving 2,980,947 elderly with distinct adiposity status were included. Pooled prevalence of MCI and dementia in elderly with overweight and obesity was 32.54% and 9.47%, respectively. Univariate meta‐regression analysis indicated that the heterogeneity in dementia prevalence was attributable to variations in study size (R2 = 0.01, p < 0.05), while the multivariable analysis underscored that the income of country or area had the most significant predictive importance (60.3% and 90.3%) for both MCI and dementia prevalence. Subgroup analysis revealed regional disparities and diagnostic technique variations contributing to heterogeneity. Based on currently available but inadequate epidemiological data, the pooled prevalence of MCI and dementia in elderly with central obesity was calculated as 10.18% and 9.75%, respectively.

Conclusion

Strategies to address adiposity‐associated cognitive impairment should consider multifaceted interventions beyond simple weight reduction. Macro‐level initiatives such as improvement of income levels and micro‐level interventions including the adoption of accurate diagnostic techniques also represent equally pivotal components.
Detecting hybridization in Chilean species of the genus Baccharis L.
Authors: Schneider F. , Hellwig F.
Published: December 2024

The genus Baccharis in Chile is an extraordinary example of admixture, previously described only morphologically and chemically. In Chile, the genus forms a homoploid complex with at least 16 species and 21 hybrids.

Genotyping‐by‐Sequencing (GBS) was used to clarify the hybrid character of Baccharis × intermedia, which originated from the species B. macraei and B. linearis. Additionally, B. vernalis, another species with a morphological resemblance to B. macraei, was subjected to analysis to ascertain its role in the hybridization process.

A total of 11,006 SNPs and 72 individuals were analysed using Treemix, D‐ and f‐statistics, which revealed genetic evidence of hybridization between B. macraei and B. linearis. Furthermore, other genetic indicators, such as a high level of heterozygosity, also provided evidence of the hybrid nature of Baccharis × intermedia. Additionally, one individual exhibited strong genetic proportions derived from B. vernalis, B. macraei, and B. linearis. Distinct individuals were clustered using sparse Non‐Negative Matrix Factorization (sNMF) into five distinct groups, representing the described species and the hybrid. B. macraei exhibited division into a northern and a southern subpopulation.

The morphological and chemical evidence of the hybrid character of Baccharis × intermedia is corroborated by genetic data. Further, the most likely evolutionary scenario is a hybrid swarm. Genetic differentiation between B. linearis and B. macraei indicates separation prior to secondary contact. The close relationship of B. macraei and B. vernalis was confirmed, suggesting that it may emerge as a vicariant species on different soil types.
Blumeria hordei affects volatile emission of susceptible and resistant barley plants and modifies the defense response of recipient plants
Authors: Laupheimer Silvana , Ghirardo Andrea , Kurzweil Lisa , Weber Baris , Stark Timo D. , Dawid Corinna , Schnitzler Jörg‐Peter , Hückelhoven Ralph
Published: December 2024

The barley powdery mildew disease caused by the biotrophic fungus Blumeria hordei (Bh) poses enormous risks to crop production due to yield and quality losses. Plants and fungi can produce and release volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that serve as signals in plant communication and defense response to protect themselves. The present study aims to identify VOCs released by barley (Hordeum vulgare) during Bh‐infection and to decipher VOC‐induced disease resistance in receiver plants. VOC profiles of susceptible MLO wild type (MLO WT) and a resistant near‐isogenic backcross line (mlo5) were characterized over time (one day or three days after Bh inoculation) using TD‐GC/MS. Comparative analysis revealed genotype‐dependent VOC profiles and significant differences in emission rates for β‐caryophyllene, linalool, (Z)‐3‐hexenol, and methyl salicylate. Furthermore, susceptible barley plants were exposed to the complex VOC bouquet of MLO WT or mlo5 sender plants in plant‐to‐plant communication. We found that VOC‐induced resistance in receiver plants depended on the sender genotype in a Bh susceptibility assay. Additionally, untargeted metabolomics and gene expression studies provide evidence toward an SA‐dependent pathway mediating VOC‐induced resistance against powdery mildew. The exogenous application of methyl salicylate resulted in the enhanced expression of the BARLEY CHEMICALLY INDUCED‐4 marker gene and induced resistance in receiver plants. The findings suggest genotype‐dependent alterations in barley VOC profiles during biotrophic plant‐fungus interactions and show a VOC‐mediated resistance that shares components with salicylic acid‐related pathways. The VOC signals identified here could serve as non‐invasive markers for disease progression in barley‐powdery mildew interactions and as signals for resistance induction in recipient plants.
CRISPR/Cas Technology in Disease Prevention and Control of Aquatic Animals
Authors: Lin Nan , Zhang Jiexin , Wang Yilei , Zhang Ziping
Published: December 2024

The CRISPR/Cas genome editing technology, with its advantages of simplicity, high efficiency, and cost‐effectiveness, has become a key tool for dissecting gene function, knocking out harmful/undesirable genes, and repairing defective genes. It has also shown great potential in the genome editing of aquatic animals such as tilapia, carp, salmon, and sea urchins. Disease prevention and control are core areas of aquatic animal research and the aquaculture industry. Novel technologies based on CRISPR/Cas, such as rapid diagnostic kits for aquatic diseases and species‐specific drugs against parasites, have been developed in the disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of aquatic animals. Based on our work in these fields, this review summarizes the relevant new technologies and latest progress, aiming to provide readers with a quick and comprehensive understanding of the application status and future trends of CRISPR/Cas technology in the prevention and control of aquatic diseases and to provide a reference for related fields.
Pulmonary function testing in COPD: Anchoring clinical relevance
Authors: Thompson Bruce R.
Published: December 2024

See related article
IgE sensitization profiles to food, inhalant and insect venom in Norwegian blood donors and their impact on blood transfusions
Authors: Mahmood Faiza , Hetland Geir , Mirlashari Mohammad Reza , Nissen‐Meyer Lise Sofie Haug
Published: December 2024

Allergen‐specific immunoglobulin‐E (As‐IgE) in blood donors (BD) can be transferred to transfusion recipients via plasma‐containing blood components (PCBC) and sensitize recipient's mast cells. These cells can activate upon allergen exposure and cause allergy. This study aimed to assess sensitization profiles against an array of allergens in BD to identify donors with As‐IgE and explore if this IgE can lead to allergic symptoms in recipients. Furthermore IgE sensitization was characterized in donors of PCBC that were associated with allergic transfusion reactions (ATR) in recipients. Serum samples from 300 randomly selected BD (RSBD) and 40 BD selected following 26 ATRs in patients transfused with PCBC from these donors were collected. IgE sensitization was tested by a line‐blot enzyme‐immunoassay and an ELISA‐based IgE multiplex assay. Thirty‐eight per cent of the RSBD had IgE to one or several allergens. High IgE levels with a potential to transfer to recipients of PCBC were also detected in some BD. Investigation of 2/3 of the PCBC from sensitized RSBD revealed no reports of ATR in recipients. IgE testing of donors associated with an ATR showed sensitization in 65% of the cases. We conclude that IgE testing of BD can reveal sensitization to different allergens, even though persons with severe allergies are not accepted as BD. The sensitization frequency appears higher in BD of PCBC that led to an ATR compared to the RSBD. No reports on ATR were found for PCBC from sensitized RSBD. More studies are needed to address the role of IgE‐sensitization of BD in ATR.
Development of molecular sterility assay for rapid quality release of cord blood erythrocytes units for transfusion
Authors: Closa Laia , Samarkanova Dinara , Lera Carina , Gonzalez Noemí , Lloret Mireia , Codinach Margarita , Aran Gemma , Fernandez‐Sojo Jesús , Vidal Francisco , Soria Maria Gloria , Querol Sergi
Published: December 2024

Background

Umbilical cord blood (CB) units stored in banks are an important source of hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation and other cell therapies. New applications, such as their use in transfusions, require rapid quality release as cord blood red blood cells (CB‐RBC) have a shorter shelf life.

Study Design and Methods

This project aims to investigate the most prevalent microbial contaminants in CB preparations and validate a rapid sterility testing strategy for CB‐RBC based on an automated system (BACT/ALERT®) in tandem with a molecular assay (real‐time PCR) capable of detecting at least 100 CFU/mL of Cutibacterium acnes in CB‐RBC to accelerate the detection of the most common slow‐growing bacteria.

Results

Microbial contamination incidence was assessed by reviewing 4696 CB sterility tests, revealing a positivity rate of 3.4%, with C. acnes being the most common slow‐growing pathogen. The BACT/ALERT® system, which was validated according to European Pharmacopeia guidelines, was an appropriate method for sterility testing of CB‐RBC, although it required up to 14 days of culture to detect C. acnes when iFAPlus and iFNPlus bottles were used to neutralize antimicrobials. Interestingly, the BACT/ALERT® method detected C. acnes at 30 CFU/mL within 14 days, while real‐time PCR identified concentrations ≥65 CFU/mL by Day 4.

Discussion

In conclusion, we developed a rapid sterility testing strategy that combines automated culture systems and real‐time PCR for early microbial contamination, enhancing CB‐RBC shelf life for transfusion and emphasizing the importance of combining detection methods.
Impact of input volume on red cell quality in deglycerolized RBCs using a modified ACP‐215 protocol
Authors: Howell Anita , Hill Angela , Lefresne Wanda , Dennis Brandie , Turner Tracey R. , Yi Qi‐Long , Olafson Carly , William Nishaka , Acker Jason P.
Published: December 2024

Background

The ACP 215 automated cell processor is used to glycerolize and deglycerolize red cell concentrates (RCCs). Its primary advantage over the COBE 2991, previously used to cryopreserve RCCs, is that it maintains a closed system enabling extended post‐thaw expiry. However, it was observed that post‐deglycerolization hematocrits (Hct) of units processed with the LN236 kit are markedly lower than those processed using the COBE 2991. Therefore, we intended to determine whether a modified process using a smaller volume deglycerolization kit (LN235) could increase the final Hct with limited deleterious effects on product characteristics.

Study Design and Methods

Two proof‐of‐concept (POC) studies, conducted to determine the feasibility of using the LN235 processing kit for deglycerolization, identified the necessary modifications to the pre‐ and post‐deglycerolization process, after which a two‐part study characterized the modified protocol. The impact of pre‐cryopreservation storage duration (7–21 days), input red cell mass, and the type of CPD/SAGM RCC production method (red cell filtration and whole blood filtration) were investigated.

Results

Using the LN235 kit in conjunction with a volume reduction step for RCCs with a red cell mass exceeding 180 mL allowed for an ~8% increase in Hct. As expected, slightly lower recoveries were seen for large RCCs due to volume reduction; however, there were no other detrimental outcomes on product quality.

Conclusions

Leveraging the LN235 kit, recommended by Haemonetics for units with a red cell mass of ≤180 mL, can be used to increase the post‐deglycerolization Hct of RCCs that exceed this volume.
Topical dexamethasone decelerates epithelial migration on the canine tympanic membrane
Authors: Kim Jihyun , Oh Taeho , Bae Seulgi
Published: December 2024

Background

Epithelial migration (EM) is integral to normal ear structure and function. Glucocorticoids are considered the first‐line therapy for various external ear disorders; however, their effects on EM on the tympanic membrane (TM) and the external auditory canal (EAC) are understudied.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To test the hypothesis that topical dexamethasone decelerates EM on the TM, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of topical dexamethasone on EM on the TMs of dogs.

Animals

Seven ears of four healthy dogs.

Materials and Methods

The migration distance of an ink drop deposited on the posterior quadrant of the pars tensa (TM EM rate) of dogs was calculated over 3 weeks from images captured with a video‐otoscope. The results were compared by paired Student's t‐test to those obtained from a subsequent experiment in which the same dogs were administered a fresh ink drop at the same position as previously (control group), yet additionally administered 0.1% dexamethasone (0.2 mL/ear) daily for the first 14 days (treatment group).

Results

One of eight ears was excluded because of an anatomical problem. The TM EM rate of the remaining seven ears decreased by 46.74% in the treatment group compared with the control group (p < 0.05).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Topical dexamethasone decelerates EM on the TM of normal dogs' ears. In turn, it is extrapolated that debris removal from the EAC may be slowed, negatively impacting the EAC environment. Consequently, when dogs with otitis receive topical dexamethasone treatment, additional treatment, such as ear canal cleaning, may be required to minimise the effects of impaired TM EM.
Efficacy of 0.2% povidone‐iodine and 0.1% polyhexamethylene biguanide as preoperative antiseptics in equine ophthalmic procedures
Authors: Farkas Anna , Thieme Katharina , Soimala Tanawan , Jensen Charlotte K. , Eule J. Corinna
Published: December 2024

Objective

This retrospective study evaluates the efficacy of povidone‐iodine (PI) and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) as preoperative antiseptics in equine ophthalmic procedures.

Animals Studied

Horses that underwent routine ophthalmic surgery and procedures.

Procedures

Data were collected retrospectively from the medical records of equine patients undergoing ophthalmic procedures. Inclusion criteria were sampling for aerobic microbial culture at three different time points (T0: pre‐irrigation, T1: post‐irrigation, and T2: postoperatively) and T0 showing bacterial growth. Microbiological outcomes were assessed semi‐quantitatively by creating a scoring system to describe the bacterial load. Furthermore, the species detected were evaluated. Poisson regression analysis was performed to evaluate the efficacy of the disinfectants.

Results

Eighty eyes (75 horses) met the inclusion criteria, with 36 cases being aseptically prepared with PI and 44 with PHMB. Both antiseptics significantly reduced the bacterial load and number of bacterial species (p < .001) between time points T0 and T1, and T0 and T2. PHMB showed a reduction in the bacterial load by 64% (CI: 51%–73%) whereas PI reduced it by 48% (CI: 36%–58%) between time points T0 and T1. The reduction in the number of bacterial species between time points T0 to T1 was significantly greater in the PHMB group (85%, CI: 70%–93%), compared to PI (47%, CI: 26%–62%).

Conclusion

Both PHMB and PI reduced the bacterial load and number of species on the ocular surface and eyelids significantly, with 0.1% PHMB being superior to 0.2% PI. Therefore, PHMB can be considered as a good alternative in preoperative antisepsis in equine ophthalmic procedures.
Real‐world performance of a clinical droplet digital polymerase chain reaction assay for non‐invasive foetal blood group and platelet antigen genotyping of alloimmunized pregnant women with antibodies directed against RhD, RhE, Rhc, RhC, K1, HPA‐1a or HPA‐5b: A 1‐year experience
Authors: Calandrini Camilla , Verhagen Onno J. H. M. , Tissoudali Ahmed , Homburg Christa H. E. , Vessies Jessica , Brussee Mark , van Beers Erik H. , van der Schoot C. Ellen , de Haas Masja
Published: December 2024

Background and Objectives

To test the performance of a new droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) non‐invasive foetal blood group and platelet antigen genotyping assay in the setting of a Dutch reference laboratory for foetal blood group and platelet antigen genotyping. Our population comprised 229 consecutive alloimmunized pregnant women who presented between April 2022 and March 2023 with 250 requests for non‐invasive foetal RHD, RHE, RHc, RHC, K1, HPA‐1a or HPA‐5b blood group and platelet antigen genotyping.

Materials and Methods

Samples were genotyped for blood group and platelet antigen alleles along with methylated RASSF1a (mRASSF1a) and sex‐determining region of Y (SRY) and DYS14 as positive foetal controls. Negative blood group and platelet antigen results were issued only when foetal controls were positive; otherwise, such samples were classified as inconclusive.

Results

The assay achieved a success rate of 98.4% (246 of 250) because one case was lost to follow‐up, one case was solved with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and one case precluded foetal typing due to RHD variant mothers. Only 10 cases needed a second sample and one case a third for a valid final result. We identified 116 maternal–foetal blood group and platelet antigen incompatibilities.

Conclusion

Clinical non‐invasive foetal blood group and platelet antigen typing of alloimmunized pregnant women via ddPCR is successful and represents an improvement over qPCR because of the addition of a foetal control and because ddPCR circumvents potential interference from maternal cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) background for foetal HPA‐1 and K1.
Zoonotic Tick‐Borne Pathogens in Ixodes ricinus Complex (Acari: Ixodidae) From Urban and Peri‐Urban Areas of Kosovo
Authors: Hoxha Ina , Xhekaj Betim , Halimi Genc , Wijnveld Michiel , Ruivo Margarida , Çaushi Driton , Matoshi Albana , Obwaller Adelheid G. , Jäger Bernhard , Weiler Martin , Walochnik Julia , Sherifi Kurtesh , Kniha Edwin
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Ixodes ricinus, the castor bean tick, is the most prevalent tick species in Europe. It favours habitats such as shrubs, deciduous and mixed forests, but can also be found in urban environments. Due to its high vector competence, it is of enormous veterinary as well as medical importance, transmitting tick‐borne encephalitis (TBE) virus, Borrelia burgdorferi s. l., the causative agent of lyme borreliosis, Rickettsia spp. and Anaplasma phagocytophilum amongst many other pathogens. In Kosovo, I. ricinus is the predominant species and a few studies, mostly based on human and animal seroprevalences, indicate the circulation of tick‐borne pathogens. However, data on pathogens in I. ricinus are scarce in Kosovo, particularly in urban settings. This study aimed to provide first insights into the circulation of tic‐kborne pathogens in I. ricinus from urban and peri‐urban areas in Kosovo.

Methods

Urban and peri‐urban areas were sampled by flagging 150 m transects. In total, 197 ticks were morphologicaly identified as I. ricinus, and consequently DNA and RNA were isolated. All individuals were screened for the presence of tick‐borne pathogens by using reverse line blotting (RLB) hybridisation.

Results

DNA of nine different pathogens from four genera including Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Anaplasma spp. and Babesia spp. was detected in 60 (33.5%) specimens. The most frequently detected pathogens were Rickettsia spp. (16.2%), followed by Borrelia spp. (11.7%). Altogether, 54 single infections, 11 double infections and 1 triple infection were observed.

Conclusions

We provide first data on genotyping of B. burgdorferi sensu lato as well as the detection of Anaplasma, Babesia and Rickettsia from I. ricinus in this country. The data underline that particularly recreational (peri‐)urban areas could facilitate the spillover of zoonotic tick‐borne pathogens to humans in Kosovo and provide baseline data for future surveys.
Free‐Ranging Wolves (Canis lupus) are Natural Reservoirs of Intestinal Microeukaryotes of Public Health Significance in Southwestern Europe
Authors: Ortega Sheila , Figueiredo Ana M. , Moroni Barbara , Abarca Nadia , Dashti Alejandro , Köster Pamela C. , Bailo Begoña , Cano‐Terriza David , Gonzálvez Moisés , Fayos Manena , Oleaga Álvaro , Martínez‐Carrasco Carlos , Velarde Roser , Torres Rita T. , Ferreira Eduardo , Hipólito Dário , Barros Tânia , Lino Ana , Robetto Serena , Rossi Luca , Muñoz‐de‐Mier Gemma J. , Ávalos Gabriel , Calero‐Bernal Rafael , González‐Barrio David , Sánchez Sergio , García‐Bocanegra Ignacio , Carmena David
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Intestinal microeukaryote parasites are major contributors to the burden of diarrhoea in humans and domestic animals, but their epidemiology in wildlife is not fully understood. We investigated the frequency, genetic diversity and zoonotic potential of protists of animal and public health significance in free‐ranging grey wolf (Canis lupus) populations in south‐western Europe.

Methods

Individually formed faecal samples collected from necropsied wolves or scat trails in Italy (n = 47), Portugal (n = 43) and Spain (n = 225) during the period 2011–2023 were retrospectively analysed using molecular (PCR and Sanger sequencing) methods. Complementary epidemiological data were gathered when available.

Results

Giardia duodenalis was the most frequent microeukaryote found (40.3%, 127/315; 95% CI: 34.9–46.0), followed by Cryptosporidium spp. (3.5%, 11/315; 95% CI: 1.8–6.2), Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. (1.6%, 5/315; 95% CI: 0.5–3.7 each). Blastocystis was not identified in any of the faecal samples analysed. Sequence analyses confirmed the presence of canine‐adapted assemblage D within G. duodenalis (n = 7). Three Cryptosporidium species were identified, namely canine‐adapted C. canis (n = 9), zoonotic C. parvum (n = 1) and primarily anthroponotic C.hominis (n = 1). Genotyping tools enabled the identification of subtype family XXe2 within C. canis. Among microsporidia, the canine‐adapted genotype PtEb IX was identified within E. bieneusi. Two samples were confirmed as Enc. intestinalis and three more as Enc. cuniculi genotype IV. This is the first record of Enc. intestinalis and Enc. cuniculi in the grey wolf globally.

Conclusions

Silent carriage of intestinal microeukaryotes seems common in free‐ranging grey wolves in southwestern Europe. Wolves can contribute to environmental contamination through the transmission stages (cysts, oocysts, spores) of species/genotypes potentially infective to humans. Individuals in close contact with wolf carcasses or their faecal material may be at potential risk of infection by microeukaryotic pathogens.
Development of Heat Exchanger Modeling Capability for a Finite-Volume Aeroelasticity Solver
Authors: Mitchell Sam , Tartaruga Irene , Stapelfeldt Sina
Published: December 2024

Heat exchangers are frequently used in aero-engines and are known to significantly affect the surrounding steady and unsteady flow. In certain applications, they may thereby also influence the aeroelastic stability of upstream or downstream components, but there is limited research on this in the public domain. This article aims to demonstrate the influence of heat exchangers on unsteady flows relevant to aeroelastic problems. This is achieved by developing heat exchanger modeling capability for an in-house finite volume aeroelasticity solver, for which heat exchanger is represented as a porous medium, as this is the established approach in existing aerodynamic studies using commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The governing equations for a Darcy–Forchheimer porous media model suitable for unsteady and compressible flows are presented, which are derived by the application of volume-averaging theory to the Navier–Stokes equations. The implementation of this model within the time integration method used for the solver is then described and verified by comparison of results for steady flows against an established commercial CFD solver, where close agreement between both in-house and commercial solvers has been observed. Lastly, a preliminary demonstration of the capability to model unsteady heat exchanger flows is presented by application to an aeroacoustic problem, where the interaction of the pressure waves and the heat exchanger is investigated.
Self-aligned fabrication of vertical, fin-based structures
Authors: Perozek Joshua , Palacios Tomás
Published: December 2024

Modern power devices rely on complex, three-dimensional, vertical designs to increase their power density, ease their thermal management, and improve their reliability. However, fabrication techniques have historically relied on 2D processes for patterning lateral features. This work presents a new technology that uses multiple steps of angled depositions to fabricate self-aligned vertical, fin-based devices that avoid fundamental lithography resolution and alignment limitations. The fabrication flows of two devices, the self-aligned vertical finFET and the high-κ dielectric fin diode, are presented to demonstrate how angled depositions can readily achieve transistors with submicrometer, vertical gates in a source-first process and also create high-aspect ratio GaN fins with a record 70:1 aspect ratio.
Phase 1 study of the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a synthetic macrocyclic peptide antibiotic (BRII-693) in healthy adult participants
Authors: Watkins Michael , Zhu Yali , Griffith David C. , Loutit Jeffery S. , Margolis David , Gu Peidi
Published: December 2024

BRII-693 is a next-generation intravenous (IV)-administered synthetic macrocyclic peptide antibiotic for infections caused by drug-resistant gram-negative pathogens. This single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 1 study investigated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of single and multiple ascending doses of BRII-693 in 104 healthy participants. In single-dose cohorts, 10–400 mg of BRII-693 was evaluated in eight participants (six active; two placebo) per cohort. In the 7-day repeat-dose cohorts, 100–200 mg of BRII-693 was evaluated in eight participants (six active; two placebo) per cohort. In two 14-day repeat-dose cohorts, 150 mg of BRII-693 was evaluated in 12 participants (10 active, two placebo) each of non-Chinese and Chinese descent. No participant reported a severe or serious adverse event (AE) or an AE leading to death. Across all cohorts and for non-Chinese and Chinese participants, most AEs were mild. C
max
and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) increased in a dose-proportional manner over the dose range of single- and repeat-dosing. Mean
t
1/2
was 2.58–4.37 hours and generally similar across single doses. An accumulation of exposure was observed following multiple doses with an accumulation ratio of 1.5 to 1.7 which was within the expected 1.3 to 2.5 range at steady state. Mean total clearance (CL) was similar between single and multiple dose administration, suggesting time-independent pharmacokinetics (PK). PK exposure was statistically equivalent between non-Chinese and Chinese participants. This phase 1 study demonstrates a favorable safety, tolerability, and PK profile of BRII-693 in healthy non-Chinese and Chinese participants.

CLINICAL TRIALS

This study is registered with
ClinicalTrials.gov
as
NCT04808414
.