bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in the Afghan Crisis
Authors: Akhtar Muhammad Naveed , Javaid Faisal
Published: March 2024

Shanghai cooperation organization (SCO) is the largest regional organization in the world, holding 42% of the world's population, 20% of its area, and 25% of the GDP. Afghanistan has been the least peaceful country for eight consecutive years. The SCO countries surround Afghanistan, and Afghanistan is an observer in the organization. Afghanistan is in crisis due to internal and external factors. Millions of people are internally displaced; many fled to other countries, and two-thirds of the Afghan population need humanitarian assistance to survive. Afghanistan remained a source of cross-border terrorism and drug trafficking. The hasty withdrawal of the U.S. forces, the non-recognization status of the Taliban government, and the sanctions have complexed the matter. Neighbouring countries are worried about the spillover effect. If the Afghan issues are not addressed, it would worsen the security situation in the region. Can SCO play an active role in solving Afghan problems? This chapter examines the potential role of the SCO, its limitations, and challenges in resolving the Afghan issues.
Russia's Militaristic Rhetoric, Imperialism, and Expansion
Authors: Amilakhvari Liza , Baghaturia Otar
Published: March 2024

Throughout history, Russia's narrative of being a “sieged fortress” persists despite contemporary absence of external threats. This narrative justifies expansion as a cultural necessity, compensating for perceived existential threats and unsatisfactory living conditions. While historically rooted, this narrative serves as a psychological justification for expansionist policies. Throughout history, Muscovy has established dominance, notably in subjugating elites. This historical trend of overpowering local authorities reflects in Russia's modern aggressive foreign policy. The purpose of the study is to determine the socio-cultural and psycho-social foundations of its modern aggressive expansionist foreign policy based on the analysis of Russian history. Revealing the foreign and domestic reasons for its aggression against Georgia and Ukraine. Showing the importance of local actors in global politics on the example of the international significance of Russia's war against Georgia and Ukraine.
The Competition Among Stars
Authors: Karwowski Krzysztof Jan
Published: March 2024

The creation of long-range missile technology in the late 1940s was a milestone where a new domain of activity – Earth orbit and outer space – emerged. These extremely expensive research and development programs were strictly limited only to a small club of the most developed and innovative countries, but even almost seven decades after the launch of the first satellite, only a few players could independently participate in the exploration of space. Three of them: the United States, the Russian Federation as political and technological heir of the Soviet Union, and the People's Republic of China mastered all the most important milestones of space technology to take full part in both the Cold War- and the new space race. The aim of this chapter is to explain and understand the areas of competition between the three superpowers in space, what are the most important events where the competition-management was applied and what are the perspectives/consequences of the new countries joining the space competition area within the current decade.
Cyber Child Pornography
Authors: Mukherjee Baidyanath , Singh Arun Kumar
Published: March 2024

Child pornography on the internet is becoming a more noticeable concern in today's culture. Child pornographers have found an easy arena for spreading terrifying photographs of children being sexually assaulted with the development in home personal computer (PC) usage and more widely available access to the world wide web over the last decade. Detecting and prosecuting cyber child pornographers has also become a difficult task for police and attorneys throughout the world, with a high failure rate of putting culprits behind bars. Law enforcement agents' existing approaches for combating online child pornography might be regarded as archaic and ineffective. In this chapter, the authors will look at the key social and legal difficulties that people, legislators, and police officers face when it comes to online child pornography. This chapter will further focus on providing a solution and suggest innovative approaches to combat online child pornography.
Exploring Reconciliation Prospects Amidst Identity and Governance Crisis in Manipur
Authors: Mary Jyothis
Published: March 2024

The conflicts in Manipur have a long socio-political history. The root causes behind these clashes are diverse and complex, including colonization, governance issues, drug trafficking, discrimination, geopolitics, and militarization. The ethnic groups and governments have failed to reconcile the differences peacefully. Through this chapter, the researcher is trying to provide an overview of the conflict and how this has affected the people of Manipur. The researcher will identify various dimensions of the conflict in Manipur and analyze how drug trafficking, land rights, and illegal migration are linked to ethnic violence between Kukis and Meiteis by highlighting the historical, cultural, and political aspects of the problem. Further, the existing policies and laws are analysed. Finally, the need for peace negotiations, the requirement for the disarmament of the communities, the need for investigation and trial of grave violations, and the necessity for establishing a truth and reconciliation commission will be discussed.
Circular Economy Through Smart and Sustainable Supply Chain Management
Authors: Bukhari Syed Danish
Published: March 2024

The circular economy model aims to reduce resource requirements, redesign waste handling, and reshape the economy by promoting sustainable resource management, dissociating economic activity from finite resource exploitation, and preserving natural resources for future generations. Most notably, the relevance of the circular economy has been incorporated into several of the Sustainable Development Goals in the 2030 Agenda of the United Nations. Aligning circular economy practices with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can promote sustainable development and a more equitable future. Research on supporting SDGs informs policy and decision-making, guiding the development of innovative technologies and business models for a circular economy.
Optimizing Supply Chain Management Indicators for Sustainable Supply Chain Integration and Customer Loyalty
Authors: Khatri Bhanupriya , Singh Raj Kumar , Arora Shaina , Khan Shad Ahmad , Naim Arshi
Published: March 2024

Efficient supply chain management (SCM) plays a crucial role in optimizing the delivery process, reducing costs, and ensuring products reach the market and end consumers smoothly. Meanwhile, the growing global significance of customer loyalty (CL) has made establishing a strong customer base essential for shaping the brand image of products and services. Integrating the supply chain aims to unite all stakeholders involved in product fulfillment within a cohesive system. Assessing the impact of environmentally responsible supply chain management on brand loyalty is imperative. This study aims to evaluate how SCM indicators influence sustainable supply chain integration (SCI) and, subsequently, CL. Data from 265 participants were collected through purposive sampling and analyzed using a PLS SEM measurement model. The findings demonstrate a positive correlation among SCM, SCI, and CL. The model's suitability for future research was confirmed through favorable fit indices for the alternate hypotheses.
Government's Promotion of Agriculture Financial Service Corporation (AFSC)'s Sustainability in Modern Global Transformations in Russia
Authors: Irina Sokolova
Published: March 2024

The search for new solutions in government's promotion of AFSC's sustainability in modern global transformations justifies the need to manage at the macro level not only discrete elements of the complex infrastructure of agricultural production, but necessitates the management of agricultural products based on the development of a system of methods that make this material flow manageable and most effective at the country level. Therefore, the actual logical necessity is the need to develop a concept of government's promotion of AFSC's sustainability, which transforms understanding of logistics as a tool for supply, production, and sales into a tool for regulators of dynamic processes of the logistics system of production, storage, distribution, and consumption of agricultural products on world markets. The basis of implementing the conception of the government's promotion of AFSC's sustainability is its objective function – ensuring stable and links of the state with participants in the logistics system of production, storage, distribution, and consumption of agricultural products.
Social Media Reviews' Influence on Spa and Wellness Consumer Choices
Authors: Islam Md. Tariqul , Pradhan Biswabhusan , Kumar Jeetesh
Published: March 2024

The spa and wellness industry, focusing on holistic well-being, has witnessed remarkable growth in recent years, becoming a prominent niche in the broader tourism landscape. This transformation has been significantly influenced by the pervasive presence of social media, which has revolutionized communication and decision-making processes. This chapter synthesizes the relevant literature to elucidate the intricate relationship between social media reviews and consumer choices in the spa and wellness sector. The academic significance lies in the propositions, providing a solid foundation for future empirical research in consumer behavior within the spa and wellness context. Practically, this study offers actionable insights for spa and wellness businesses, emphasizing the need to actively encourage and promote high-quality, credible reviews and prioritize customer engagement strategies. Moreover, this study highlights the significant prospective contribution of this study towards the sustainable development goals (SDGs).
Malaysia's Smart Tourism Framework
Authors: Tee Mooi Kwong (Anthony)
Published: March 2024

Malaysia's smart tourism framework is a collaborative and visionary strategy designed to revolutionize the country's tourism industry. It focuses on key elements, including robust digital infrastructure, data-driven personalization, eco-friendly transportation, and cultural preservation. Through strategic partnerships and continuous monitoring using key performance indicators, the framework aims to create a sustainable, competitive, and inclusive smart tourism ecosystem. This approach promises increased revenue, job opportunities, and enriched visitor experiences while safeguarding Malaysia's natural and cultural heritage in the digital age.
Managing Guest Expectations and Safety With AI and Smart Solutions
Authors: Jindal Ruby , Kaur Harleen
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, the authors delve into the transformative impact of artificial intelligence (AI) and smart solutions on the hospitality sector. They examine how these technologies are not only meeting guest expectations, but also enhancing safety measures. Topics covered include AI-driven personalization, cutting-edge communication tools, safety innovations, and the invaluable insights gained from data analysis. This chapter serves as an essential guide for industry experts, scholars, and students as they navigate the ever-evolving landscape of guest management and safety in our digital era.
The Future Prospect of Online Travel Agencies in Hotel Bookings
Authors: Singh Jagjit , Sharma Shikha
Published: March 2024

The internet's history goes back to the 1950s and 1960s with the invention of computers. Its brief existence has spawned several businesses, one of which is online travel agencies (OTAs). It has transformed travelers' requirements into “one-stop shops” for all our travel needs. The online travel business did not begin on a particular day. However, we can conclude that consumer attitudes and behaviors regarding travel reservations have shifted during the last five years. The conventional “brick and mortar” travel agency was phased out in favor of internet trip booking. Instead of relying on travel agencies to arrange their travels, travelers want to book and see their itinerary themselves. The passengers want direct access to the rates. A travel portal is a highly integrated booking engine that connects providers in the travel and hospitality industries with customers on a single screen.
Food Wastage on the Economic Outcome
Authors: Talukder Mohammad Badruddoza , Kumar Sanjeev , Das Iva Rani
Published: March 2024

The hotel industry is vital to the global economy, but food waste is often overlooked. This issue significantly impacts hotel profitability, sustainability, and overall achievement. Food waste incurs significant economic losses due to the expenses involved in sourcing, preparing, and storing food that goes unused. The environmental effects of growing and discarding food also add to the secondary cost to the economy. The financial implications of food waste include operating expenses, revenue generation, and brand image. It also highlights hidden charges, such as legal duties and decreased consumer loyalty. Modern technology and management strategies can help reduce food waste, such as data analytics, inventory management systems, and sustainable sourcing techniques. Addressing food waste improves hotel financial performance, contributes to sustainability goals, and reduces the environmental impact of the hospitality business. Adopting proactive strategies aligns with ethical and environmental issues and contributes to the long-term economic viability of hotels.
Emerging Trends and Challenges in Reducing and Disposing of Food Waste Through Sustainable Tourism Practices at Tourist Destinations
Authors: Singh Pramendra , Bhatt Vaibhav , Mishra Shreeansh , Tyagi Pankaj Kumar
Published: March 2024

The study aims to navigate through the multifaceted challenges associated with mitigating food waste in tourism destinations, offering valuable insights into the complexities and nuances of waste reduction. The study is based on a conceptual research framework and relies on secondary data, which encompasses a broad spectrum of sources, examining various facets such as the environmental impact of food waste in tourism, current waste management practices, and the socio-economic implications of sustainable disposal methods. The chapter underscores the pressing need for effective waste reduction strategies, particularly in the context of burgeoning tourism activities that contribute significantly to the generation of food waste. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and researchers, fostering a deeper understanding of the intricate dynamics involved in achieving sustainable food waste practices in the context of tourism destinations.
Prospective Developments and Advancements in the Hospitality Sector for Eco-Friendly Waste Handling
Authors: Roy Birendra Kishore
Published: March 2024

This investigation explores the evolving landscape of waste management in the hotel industry, emphasizing the pivotal role of sustainability. Smart waste management systems, powered by data analytics and IoT, revolutionize trash monitoring, enhancing operational efficiency. Blockchain ensures transparency, fostering responsibility throughout the supply chain. Material science innovations, aligned with the circular economy, drive a shift to biodegradable materials. 3D printing transforms on-site amenities, reducing packaging and transit impact. The industry, adapting to consumer sustainability preferences, promotes responsible consumption through guest empowerment and innovative engagement strategies. As hotels integrate AI for zero-waste practices, this chapter serves as a comprehensive guide for academia, policymakers, and industry experts navigating toward a more sustainable future.
Innovative Technologies for Sustainable Food Waste Disposal in Hospitality Operations
Authors: Chhikara Sumit , Dighliya Bhupender , Panwar Sapna , Kadiyan Hitesh
Published: March 2024

The hospitality industry is undergoing a transformative shift toward sustainability, driven by a growing awareness of environmental responsibilities and cost-effectiveness. A significant component of this transformation is the management of food waste, which is not only an ethical concern but also a pressing global issue. This chapter explores innovative technologies for sustainable food waste disposal in hospitality operations, shedding light on the cutting-edge solutions that are revolutionizing the way hotels, restaurants, and other hospitality establishments manage and reduce their food waste. In this chapter, the authors delve into a multifaceted exploration of various technological advancements and strategies designed to minimize food waste generation and enhance the sustainable disposal of food waste in the hospitality sector.
The Impact of Cloud Computing Adoption on Firm Performance Among SMEs in Palestine
Authors: Mousa Kawther , Zhang Zenglian , Sumarliah Eli , Hamdan Ihab K. A.
Published: March 2024

This study seeks to identify the driving factors of cloud computing adoption (CCA) among SMEs, and examines the extent to which CCA shape SME performance. Data was gathered from 212 Halal SMEs in Palestine. This study uses a two-phase investigative method to test the research model through integrating structural equation modeling (SEM) and machine learning. SEM findings show that perceived benefit, facilitating states, server location, perceived cost, upper management support, perceived quality, and cloud providers' support significantly affect CCA. Besides, the article verifies that CCA positively shapes SMEs' performance. Machine learning findings unravel perceived benefit as the strongest determinant of CCA. This study is an initial attempt to develop a conceptual framework that hypothesizes the links between technological-organizational-environmental (TOE) factors and SMEs' intent for CCA in Palestine and provides empirical evidence regarding these links.
Lack of Association between Inhaled Corticosteroid Use Based on the Exhaled Nitric Oxide and Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Kim Bo-Guen , Shin Sun Hye , Yoo Jung-Wan , Jo Yong Suk , Park Hye Yun
Published: March 2024

Background: Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) is known to useful biomarker for detecting eosinophilic airway inflammation. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the role of FeNO in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We aimed to assess whether elevated FeNO and its impact on treatment change into an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)-containing regimen and association with acute exacerbation (AE) in patients with COPD.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 107 COPD patients without a history of asthma from March 2016 to December 2019. The patients whose FeNO value was more than 50 parts per billion (ppb) were defined into the high FeNO group. Multivariable analysis with logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with AE in COPD.Results: The median FeNO value was 32 ppb (interquartile range, 19 to 45) and 34 (20.0%) patients were classified as high FeNO group (median 74 ppb). In the high FeNO group, changes in inhaler treatment into an ICS-containing regimen occurred in 23 of 34 patients after the measurement of FeNO. In multivariate analysis, high FeNO was not a contributing factor for AE, but only the high blood eosinophil count (≥300 cells/μL) was associated with AE (adjusted odds ratio, 2.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.01 to 6.91; p=0.049).Conclusion: High FeNO value had a significant impact on the prescription of ICSs in COPD patients, but it did not show a significant association with AE either on its own or with changes in treatment.
Hostile and Benevolent Sexism in India: Analysis Across Cultures
Authors: Jain Suparna , Kaur Manpreet , Jain Shradha
Published: March 2024

Society often fails to acknowledge that gender inequality, or the disparity in status and power between men and women, continues to exist today. However, rising incidents of crime against women and victim blaming by politicians and higher officials in Indian society make it important to acknowledge the rampant prevalence of hostile and benevolent sexism. The present research focuses on benevolent sexism as displayed by participants from India. It aims to assess the prevalence and consequences of Benevolent sexism in India. Cross-cultural studies by Glick et al. (2000) are based on Ambivalent Sexism theory and provide the means of such comparison. In the present study, 500 participants (both sexes, M = 35 years old) residing in sub-urban regions of Northern India responded to Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) (Glick & Fiske, 1996) and Ambivalence towards Men Inventory (AMI) (Glick & Fiske, 1999). The study revealed high levels of Hostile and Benevolent sexist attitudes held by Indian men and contrary to many other countries, Indian women neither endorsed the system-justifying ideology of Benevolent sexism nor expressed hostility against men.
Traditional Career Development Models Lack the African Woman Voice
Authors: Hobololo Bongiwe
Published: March 2024

Research in careers is increasing, though there is still a paucity of research focusing on the career development of African women. The purpose of this article is to critically review selected theories of career development, critique the methodologies used to generate such knowledge, and recommend a model that is appropriate for the African woman career research. The selected age/ stage career theories examined in this article were tested on different population samples with different backgrounds, using positivistic methodologies. They, therefore, remain decontextualized when transposed directly to the African context. This article submits that expanding extant literature on career development requires deconstructing, constructing and reconstructing career development theory by creating new knowledge using epistemologies and methodologies that allow African women to construct their own theories about their career development experiences.
Relationship between Peer Pressure and Initiation of Smoking and Alcoholism among the College-Going Students of Kolkata
Authors: Bhattacharya Saikat , Roy Atanu , Mondal Soumitra , Mitra Kaushik
Published: March 2024

Introduction:

Substance abuse is now steadily increasing in the adolescent age group across the globe. Pressure to blend in with substance-using peers is an important predictor of substance abuse among adolescents. Smoking and alcohol intake are the two most common forms of substance abuse. Hence, this study tried to explore the effect of peer pressure on both substance users and nonusers and tried to find the adjusted effect of that pressure on substance abuse focused on smoking and alcohol intake.

Materials and Methods:

A case–control study was conducted on college-going students from various colleges and institutions in Kolkata during September and October 2021. The sample size for this case–control study was calculated taking confidence level at 99% and power 90%. Case and control ratio was taken as 1:1. Age-based matching was ensured. Further matching among the cases and controls was done based on gender. Data were collected by investigators using a pretested self-administered questionnaire that particularly focused on peer pressure along with some demographic factors. The questionnaire was distributed via electronic media and was circulated on various social platforms. A modified Peer Pressure Inventory containing 8 factors was created to evaluate the effect of peer pressure, and the Likert scale was used to score the responses of the participants. The odds ratio for the effect of peer pressure on smoking and drinking was calculated with a 99% confidence interval separately. Risk calculation was performed by multiple logistic regression to describe predictability and adjusted odds ratio of peer pressure on initiation of substance abuse.

Results:

The odds of the effect of peer pressure on initiation of drinking are 24.008 times higher. We also found that 53.62% of the cases have been drinking alcohol for at least 12 months. The odds of peer influence on initiating smoking tobacco were calculated to be 31.320. We found that 84.38% of the smokers had been subjected to significant peer pressure while 85.29% of the control subjects had not been subjected to significant peer pressure.

Conclusion:

Odds of peer pressure on smoking and alcohol initiation is quite high. Staying alone for more time has a protective effect on initiation of substance abuse.
Association of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Coronary Artery Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Ramya Neelakandan , Karthikeya Golepu , Shankar Sethu Prabhu
Published: March 2024

Introduction:

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a risk factor for increased morbidity, mortality, and cardiovascular disease. This study was done to assess the association of NAFLD with coronary artery disease (CAD) in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Materials and Methods:

The study was done as a cross-sectional study in a tertiary care medical college hospital for 2 years among 218 adults patients of both sexes with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The study protocol was approved by the institutional ethics committee of the hospital. Age, sex, lifestyle, hypertension, personal history for smoking, and details of any previous CAD were recorded. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and ultrasonography of the abdomen were done. The association of NAFLD in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with symptoms of angina according to modified rose and ECG changes using Minnesota codes was studied. Data collected were analyzed with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.

Results:

Of the total 218 diabetic patients, there were 92 (42.2%) were in the age group of 65–74 years. One hundred and forty-two (65.1%) had NAFLD and 76 (34.9%) had normal liver. Eighty-eight males and 54 female diabetic patients had NAFLD. Of the NAFLD patients 88 (58%) were smokers, 77 (54%) were obese, and 72 (51%) had hypertension. Low-density lipoprotein was increased in 132 (93%) patients with NAFLD. Angina symptoms according to modified rose questionnaire was present in 26 (18%) of NAFLD patients. Probable ST/T and Q/QS ECG changes according to Minnesota coding was present in 32 (22.53%) and in 26 (18.3%) of diabetic patients with NAFLD.

Conclusion:

There is significant association of coronary artery disease and cardiovascular risk factors with NAFLD in type 2 diabetes.
Gender-Wise Histological Differences in the Human Upper Lip
Authors: Saxena Swati , Pankaj Arvind Kumar , Panwar Sachin , Rani Anita , Chopra Jyoti , Rani Archana
Published: March 2024

Introduction:

Knowledge of morphometry of lip lining help in deciding the best site for choosing graft for its better uptake during several dermal grafting procedures following craniofacial cancers or cosmetic procedures. It also proves useful in dermatopharmacokinetics, in which we monitor the effect of drugs acting on connective tissue by translabial route and lip augmentation surgeries (esthetic surgery) where care is to be given for dermal fillers not to be injected into the muscle core of lip.

Materials and Methods:

Ten human male cadavers and 10 human female cadavers were procured. The rectangle-shaped skin specimen (1 cm × 1 cm) through the upper lip was stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain. A total of 40 slides were prepared. Readings were obtained with the help of CATCAM E series HD cameras which was installed in light microscope.

Results:

The mean value of thickness of skin (epidermis + dermis) of the lip was 664.72 μm among males while 769.20 μm among females.

Conclusion:

The epithelium of females is marginally thicker than males. Edp: sc (epidermis/stratum corneum) ratio can suggest that giving drugs through translabial route will be easy in females as compared to males in the upper lip as the stratum corneum is the main barrier in drug transfusion and its absorption secondary to epidermis as a whole. The number of rete pegs per field at the dermoepidermal junction was higher in males which ensures more stability of skin of male lips compared to females.
Brain Regional Energy Metabolism in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Cerebral Microdialysis Guided Study
Authors: Mishra Rajeeb K , Bindra Ashish , Khandelwal Ankur , Sharma Devjyoti , Goyal Keshav , Rath Girija P , Gupta Deepak K
Published: March 2024

Background:

In traumatic brain injuries (TBI), cerebral microdialysis (CMD)-derived parameters, especially the lactate to pyruvate ratio (LP ratio), have been utilized for cerebral perfusion optimization. The objectives were to identify cerebral ischemia as measured by CMD in TBI patients requiring decompressive craniectomy and to observe the correlation between cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), intracranial pressure (ICP), and CMD variables in these patients. Our secondary aim was to observe the effect of CPP augmentation on ischemia biomarkers.

Methods:

After the Institute Ethics Committee approvals, seven adult patients requiring decompressive craniectomy following TBI were enrolled and CMD data were obtained prospectively for 72 h. CPP was augmented by 20% with noradrenaline infusion if LP ratio >40. Correlations were done with bootstrapping (n = 500) to obtain the confidence intervals (CI) due to the small sample size.

Results:

One patient had cerebral ischemia (median LP ratio of 265.5 and median pyruvate of 38 μmol/L), while another patient had non-ischemic mitochondrial dysfunction (median LP ratio 40.7 and median pyruvate 278.5). The coefficients of correlation between the LP ratio with CPP and ICP were r = −0.05 (CI = −0.14–0.03) and r = 0.09 (CI = −0.03–0.24), respectively. The coefficient of correlation between cerebral and blood glucose was r = 0.38, (CI − 0.35–0.14). Only two patients needed CPP augmentation, however, postaugmentation cerebral biochemistry did not change appreciably.

Conclusion:

CMD can identify cerebral ischemia, however, no correlations were observed between the LP ratio and CPP or ICP. CPP augmentation did not improve cerebral biochemistry. More studies are required to understand and treat cerebral metabolism in TBI.
Effect of Peri-operative Blood Transfusion on Neurological Outcome Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Singh Nidhi , Sachdev Suchet , Regmi Sabina , Joys Steve , Jindal Har Ashish , Singh Tania , Maheshwari Neha , Mahajan Shalvi , Jangra Kiran , Soni Shiv L. , Kaloria Narender , Luthra Ankur , Chauhan Rajeev , Panda Nidhi Bidyut , Singh Apinderpreet , Bhagat Hemant
Published: March 2024

Background:

Anemia is a common complication of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and is associated with unfavorable outcomes. Whether the physiological benefits of transfusion for anemia surpass the risk of blood transfusion remains to be determined.

Objectives:

The primary outcome was to evaluate the impact of peri-operative blood transfusion on the long-term neurological outcome, assessed by Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended at 3 months. The secondary outcomes included the impact of transfusion on the short-term neurological outcome, assessed by Modified Rankin Score at discharge/7 days, and on the incidence of vasospasm, infarction, re-exploration, tracheostomy, and length of hospital stay.

Material and Methods:

This prospective observational study was conducted on 185 patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage undergoing clipping of the aneurysmal neck. In our study, blood transfusion was administered to keep the target Hb around 10 g/dL.

Results:

Unfavorable long-term outcome was found in 27/97 (28%) of patients who received a blood transfusion as compared to 13/74 (18%) of patients who did not receive a transfusion (P = 0.116). Patients receiving transfusion had more chances of an unfavorable outcome at discharge/7 days as compared to those not transfused [44/103 (43%) versus 22/80 (27%)], P = 0.025. There were increased chances of vasospasm, infarction, re-exploration, tracheostomy, and increased length of hospital stay in patients receiving transfusion (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

The use of blood transfusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage was associated with increased neurological complications and hence an unfavorable short-term outcome. However, when used judiciously as per the clinical requirements, blood transfusion did not have a significant effect on long-term neurological outcome.
Expert consensus for diagnostic imaging of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related cerebral toxoplasmosis
Authors: Xia Shuang , Li Hongjun
Published: March 2024

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related cerebral toxoplasmosis has a high mortality rate and is a serious complication affecting the survival and prognosis of patients with AIDS. Diagnostic imaging plays an important role in assessing early diagnoses and responses, and standardized applications of imaging techniques and thorough knowledge of the radiological features of AIDS-related cerebral toxoplasmosis are essential. Although the imaging findings for AIDS-related cerebral toxoplasmosis vary, some characteristic features are common. Currently, no consensus exists regarding the diagnostic imaging for AIDS-related cerebral toxoplasmosis. Based on recent research, the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations system, and our clinical expertise and experience, we developed this consensus paper to guide clinical decision-making, facilitate early diagnoses, and guide rational use of medications and other treatments.
Homology of complexes over finite tensor categories
Authors: Bergh Petter Andreas
Published: March 2024

We generalize a recent result by J. F. Carlson to finite tensor categories having finitely generated cohomology. Specifically, we show that if the Krull dimension of the cohomology ring is sufficiently large, then there exist infinitely many non-isomorphic and nontrivial bounded complexes of projective objects, and with small homology. We also prove a version for finite dimensional algebras with finitely generated cohomology.
The effect of smell training on COVID-19 induced smell loss
Authors: Schepens E J A , de Haas C J M , Postma E M , van Dijk B , Boesveldt S , Stegeman I , Kamalski D M A
Published: March 2024

OBJECTIVE: while smell training appears to be effective for post viral smell loss, its effectiveness in COVID-19 induced smell loss is currently not well known. Therefore, we aim to investigate the potential effect of smell training on patients with COVID-19 induced smell loss. METHODS: we conducted a case-control study with two comparable cohorts. One of which (n=111) was instructed to perform smell training twice daily for 12 weeks, therapeutical adherence was monitored on a daily schedule, while the other cohort (n=50) did not perform smell training. The Sniffin' Sticks Test (SST) was used to objectify participants' sense of smell at baseline and after 12 weeks, reported as a Threshold, Discrimination, and Identification (TDI) score. We also determined the association between therapeutical adherence and the TDI scores.RESULTS: we found a significant difference in psychophysical smell function between patients with COVID-19 induced smell disorders who performed 12 weeks of smell training and those who did not. Median TDI difference between groups was 2.00 However, there was no association between the therapeutical adherence and olfactory function. CONCLUSION: we discovered a significant moderate difference in psychophysical smell function between patients with COVID-19-induced smell disorders who performed smell training and those who did not, implying a possible advantage of training. However, no relationship was found between therapeutical adherence of smell training and olfactory function.
Modelling and Simulation of Cooling of Heat Sink Using Alumina Nano Reinforced PCM
Authors: Pandiyan Prasahnth , Dandotiya Devendra , Chinnakurli Suryanarayana Ramesh , Roopanagudi Suresh Kumar
Published: March 2024

An escalating demand for improved heat dissipation from electronic components is driven by the imperative need to eliminate the accumulated heat that gradually builds up over time. In this study, a 3-D simulation was carried out to analyze the heat distribution performance of a heat sink based on PCM/NePCM. The heat sink was subjected to varying heat fluxes ranging from 3-7 kW/m2, and its performance was evaluated over time. The findings of the computational research indicate that using PCM assists in maintaining the heat sink base's temperature within lower bounds, and leads to uniform melting within the heat sink. Further, inclusion of Alumina nano particles integration in PCM enhanced the performance of heat sink. The percentage reduction in charging time of NePCM without fins (φ = 1%, 2.5% and 5%) in comparison to the Pure-PCM (φ = 0%) is 6%, 11% and 51% respectively at 6 kW/m2 input. At 6 kW/m2, NePCM with fin reduces the charging time by 85%, 87%, and 89% correspondingly for φ = 69%, 78% and 89% in comparison to Pure-PCM. Similarly, the significant reduction in charging time was found at φ = 2.5% and 5%, respectively, for different heat flux ranges (3 - 7 kW/m2) in comparison to Pure PCM. Thus, NePCM based heat sink displayed better heat transfer characteristic based on percentage reduction in charging time and temperature distribution.
Sea-Level Characterization of Electrically Assisted Turbocharger for Use on Aviation Diesel Engine
Authors: Pope Aaron , Kim Kenneth , Schroen Erik , Clerkin Peter , Musser Marshall , Mattson Jonathan , Meininger Rik , Gibson Joseph , Kang Sang-Guk , Kruger Kurt , Hepp Kyle , Kweon Chol-Bum
Published: March 2024

Airborne compression-ignition engine operations differ significantly from those in ground vehicles, both in mission requirements and in operating conditions. Unique challenges exist in the aviation space, and electrification technologies originally developed for ground applications may be leveraged to address these considerations. One such technology, electrically assisted turbochargers (EATs), have the potential to address the following: increase the maximum system power output, directly control intake manifold air pressure, and reignite the engine at altitude conditions in the event of an engine flame-out. Sea-level experiments were carried out on a two-liter, four-cylinder compression-ignition engine with a commercial-off-the-shelf EAT that replaced the original turbocharger. The objective of these experiments was to demonstrate the technology, assess the performance, and evaluate control methods at sea level prior to altitude experimentation. This work covers the baseline characterization of the EAT as a turbocharger, on-engine EAT electrical operation for boost control, and a demonstration of system power extension capabilities. The baseline characterization quantified the aerodynamic performance of the EAT through the engine power curve. Then, the motor-generator on the EAT was used to directly control the intake manifold pressure. During this operation, the EAT recovered 2.4% of the exhaust energy as electrical power at the maximum nominal engine power condition. During the power extension demonstration, the manifold pressure and fueling was increased simultaneously to maintain a constant equivalence ratio. This resulted in a 6% increase engine mechanical power output and an increase in total system power output (electrical power plus mechanical power) of approximately 9%. Examples for potential on-aircraft configurations and recommendations for altitude experimentation are also expressed.
Power Transfer Protocol for Variable Frequency Aircraft Electrical Power Systems
Authors: Novakovic Neno
Published: March 2024

Since the early days of aviation, when an AC-type generator became a primary source of electrical power for all aircraft systems, the demand for electrical power has steadily grown. Following rapid technology and scientific advancements in the aerospace industry, the complexity and criticality of all aircraft systems have increased to the point where multiple independent and isolated electrical power sources are required. In such an environment, with two or more variable-frequency AC-type generators that can be simultaneously activated to provide electrical power to the aircraft power distribution system, a safe power transfer process becomes a major priority. This means that any two independent aircraft AC power sources with different frequencies or phase angles cannot be connected simultaneously to a common power bus. For this purpose, a power transfer protocol has been developed to prevent any aircraft parallel power sourcing and to provide a reliable AC generator connection to single or multiple aircraft power buses. This article presents one approach to an aircraft power transfer protocol, design, and implementation. Going further and considering the possibility that a specific group of hardware-type system failures can prevent power transfer in a particular aircraft bus power configuration, the presented algorithm includes an additional logic design structure permitting safe and reliable power transfer for a limited type of failure conditions. An algorithm for a power transfer protocol was allocated to the generator control unit. The protocol itself relies on data communication between the bus power control unit and generator control unit through analog discrete and digital bus communication interfaces. A SIMULINK model was created to demonstrate a normal and a single-failure power transfer process. With time sequences, simulation results are included to illustrate that the presented power transfer protocol is fault-tolerant and independent of the aircraft power distribution architecture.
Interface Gap Measurement Using Low Coherence Interferometry
Authors: Devlin Jeff , McRae Nathan
Published: March 2024

Large-scale aerostructures are commonly constructed using multiple layers of stacked material which are fastened together using mechanical methods. Ensuring the interface gaps between these materials are kept within engineering tolerances is of utmost importance to the structural integrity of the aircraft over its service life. Manual, right angle feeler gauges are the traditional method for measurement of interface gaps, but this method is tedious and mechanic dependent. A portable hand tool utilizing low-coherence interferometry has been developed to address these issues. The tool uses a right-angle probe tip which is inserted into a previously drilled hole and driven through the depth of the material. A line scan of data is collected and analyzed for the presence of interface gaps. To measure the consistency of the gap around the circumference of the hole, the tool is rotated by the operator and additional scans are collected. The tool is portable, can be operated by a single mechanic, and is capable of measuring different diameter holes by changing a radial index bushing.

Overall system accuracy is targeted at ±0.001” and achievable under most circumstances. A full system cycle, consisting of four scans at various locations around the hole’s circumference, consumes approximately 40 seconds. There is no additional time required for data processing. The system stores the measured gaps and detailed plots of each scan for future analysis.

An extension of this technology has also been developed by automatically rotating the probe tip at several hundred RPM. This provides a 3D point cloud of the hole and enables measurement of additional features such as hole diameter, cylindricity, and detection of surface imperfections. This extended scanning technology is best suited for automated equipment where size and weight are less of a driving constraint.
Electroimpact Automatic Fan Cowl Riveter
Authors: Merluzzi James , Schultz Rich , Ernsdorff Bryan , Peterman Randy , Luker Zachary , Stansbury Erin
Published: March 2024

The Electroimpact Automatic Fan Cowl Riveter exhibits new and unique design features and automated process capabilities that address and overcome three primary technical challenges. The first challenge is satisfying the customer-driven requirement to access the entire fastening area of the fan cowl doors. This necessitates a unique machine design which is capable of fitting ‘inside’ a fan cowl door radius. The second challenge is determining drill geometry and drill process parameters which can produce consistent and high-quality countersunk holes in varying mixed-metal stack-up combinations consisting of aluminum, titanium, and stainless steel. The third challenge is providing the capability of fully automatic wet installation of hollow-ended titanium rivets. This requires an IML-side countersinking operation, depositing sealant throughout the OML and IML countersinks and the hole, automatically feeding and inserting a rivet which is only 5mm long and 6mm in head diameter and flaring the rivet tail to a ‘sub-flush’ condition.
Wireless Power Transfer in Aircraft Systems
Authors: C S Adishesha , Thirunarayana Ashok Kumar , Shreshthi Mahadevanna , Barik Mridul Sankar , Banerjee Kumardeb
Published: March 2024

The aerospace industry is noticing significant shift towards More Electric Aircraft (MEA). The advancement of electrical technology the systems are being transformed towards electric compared to the conventional pneumatic or hydraulic systems. This has led to an increased demand in electrical power from 150 Kilo Watts in the conventional airplane to 1 Mega Watts in More Electric Aircraft. More electric systems, call for increased electrical wiring harness to connect various systems in the aircraft. These harnesses consist of power and data cables. Wireless communication technology is being matured for data communication, leading to reduction of wire harness for data. As of now, the length of wires in large commercial aircraft is over 100miles and it may not be surprising if the electrification of aircraft drive this too much longer. In this paper, a comparative study of various wireless power transfer techniques for DC voltage configuration and the corresponding challenges in an aircraft environment are presented. Challenges in meeting the certification standards as per the RTCA DO-160 for EMI/EMC and power quality are discussed. From various Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) techniques, the technology, architecture suitable for aerospace application is discussed. The models and simulation results are presented. Possibility of deploying WPT alongside WAIC strategy is proposed. The performance of the proposed current control methodology is presented. Potential for future research is laid out based on the study of various technologies.
Geometry Simplification for Conjugate Heat Transfer of Electric Rotating Machines Using Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Aggarwal Sachin , Hoffman Nicholas , Kassinger Sarah
Published: March 2024

Geometry simplification is a critical step of performing conjugate heat transfer analysis utilizing computational fluid dynamics (CFD). This paper provides a standard methodology to simplify the geometry of electric rotating machines such as electrical generators and electrical motors (both air and liquid cooled). These machines are extremely complex in design and CFD plays an imperative role in their optimization. These machines are extensively deployed throughout aerospace and automotive industries where optimization of weight, volume, and performance is paramount especially given the current global transition to renewable energy sources and vehicle hybridization / electrification.