bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ACCURACY OF THE DORSOPROXIMAL‐DORSODISTAL PROJECTION IN ASSESSING THIRD CARPAL BONE SCLEROSIS IN STANDARDBRED TROTTERS
Authors: Uhlhorn Henrik , Ekman Stina , Haglund Anne , Carlsten Johan
Published: May 2005

Thirty‐five carpal joints from 20 standardbred trotters, age 1 to 7 years, all euthanized for nonorthopedic reasons, were examined to investigate the correlation between assessments of subchondral bone sclerosis in the third carpal bone from radiographs in the dorsoproximal‐dorsodistal (DPr‐DDi) projection and histomorphometric bone volume density measurements. The agreement between assessments of sclerosis from antemortem versus postmortem radiographs was also evaluated. Bones graded as sclerotic in the DPr‐DDi projection had significantly higher bone volume density values for all areas of measurement than nonsclerotic bones. For sclerotic bones, grading of sclerosis was significantly associated with volume density measurements in the central cancellous bone only. There was a good agreement (kw=0.71) between assessments of radiographic bone sclerosis from antemortem versus postmortem radiographs.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF LARYNGEAL MASSES IN SIX CATS AND ONE DOG
Authors: Rudorf Heike , Brown Peter
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonography of laryngeal abnormalities in small animals allows the identification of laryngeal masses because of the resulting distortion of normal structural/anatomical relationships. It also allows fine‐needle aspirates to be taken with minimal risk of causing hemorrhage or edema affecting the already narrowed laryngeal lumen. Findings in six cats and one dog with laryngeal abnormalities are described.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF FLAIL AORTIC VALVE IN A DOG WITH INFECTIVE ENDOCARDITIS
Authors: Sottiaux Jacques , Franck Michel
Published: May 2005

A 4‐year‐old female Boxer was suffering from aortic valve endocarditis with perforation of the right coronary cusp resulting in a flail aortic cusp and subsequent acute aortic insufficiency. This flail aortic cusp was observed on M mode and two‐dimensional endocardiograms as a free linear echostructure in the left ventricular outflow tract. Although rarely observed, a free linear echostructure seems more specific of a flail aortic valve than a shaggy echostructure, which can represent a free moving vegetation and thus be confusing. Severe acute aortic insufficiency resulted in an uncommon abnormal mitral valve motion in the absence of early mitral diastolic opening. The absence of early mitral valve opening was thought to be a consequence of coupled aortic regurgitation, reduced left ventricular compliance, and presumably delayed mitral valve opening secondary to coronary artery occlusion. An exaggerated septal diastolic dip accounted for the decreased transmitral inflow. All the usual contractility parameters were within normal range; subsequently, mitral valve motion alterations seems to be more reliable indicators of left ventricular dysfunction during acute aortic insufficiency.
ESTIMATION OF BLADDER VOLUME USING ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF CROSS‐SECTIONAL AREAS AND LINEAR MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Atalan Gultekin , Barr Frances J. , Holt Peter E.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine if ultrasonographic measurement of multiple cross‐sectional areas combined with linear dimensions of the bladder could be used as a method of estimating bladder volume in the dog, and, if so, to compare the accuracy of this estimation with that described previously using linear measurements alone. Fifty‐two live dogs undergoing investigation for urological disease and 37 fresh canine cadavers were used for bladder volume determination. Maximal length, depth, width, and area were measured from the maximal longitudinal and transverse sonograms in each living animal. In cadavers, the cross‐sectional area of the longitudinal section of the bladder was measured at one centimeter intervals, and the measurements were summed. Based on sequential partial regression analysis, the cross‐sectional area of the longitudinal section of the bladder and length were the best predictors of actual bladder volume in living animals. However, based on the cadaver experiment, the best predictor of actual bladder volume was summed parasagittal area alone, and, in cadavers, this was a much better predictor of actual bladder volume than the combination of the cross‐sectional area of the longitudinal section of the bladder and length. The formula derived in living dogs using the corss‐sectional area of the longitudinal section of the bladder and length gave a less accurate estimation of bladder volume than a previously published formula where only linear measurements were used.
QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF SURGICALLY INDUCED MITRAL REGURGITATION USING RADIONUCLIDE VENTRICULOGRAPHY AND FIRST PASS RADIONUCLIDE ANGIOGRAPHY
Authors: Daniel Gregory B. , Kerstetter Kyle K. , Sackman Jill E. , Bright Janice M. , Schmidt Dorothy
Published: May 2005

Radionuclide ventriculography has been used in humans to evaluate valvular incompetency. The stroke volume ratio, derived from the radionuclide ventriculogram, is used to quantify the severity of mitral regurgitation (MR). Previous studies conducted in humans have shown that left to right stroke volume ratio increases as the severity of MR increases. In this study, we evaluated radionuclide ventriculography as a noninvasive method to detect MR in dogs with surgically created mitral insufficiency. Six male and three female adult, conditioned mongrel dogs were used. Scintigraphic studies were performed prior to and 4 weeks after surgically created MR. Because of the overlap of the left and right ventricles when viewed from a left lateral position, we combined data from a first‐pass radionuclide angiocardiogram with the radionuclide ventriculogram to obtain a corrected stroke volume ratio. Blood flow transit parameters were also derived from the first‐pass radionuclide angiocardiogram. Standard left ventricular functional indices were also measured from the radionuclide ventriculogram. On the left lateral view of the heart, 25 to 30% of the right ventricular volume overlaps the left ventricle. After correcting for the overlap, the stroke volume ratio of normal dogs was 1.17±0.178 (mean±SD), which increased to 2.06±0.41 (mean±SD) (p<.001) 4 weeks after creation of MR. The was no significant change in left ventricular ejection fraction or peak rate of ejection following MR. The transit times of blood through the left ventricle were measured from the first‐pass radionuclide angiocardiogram and were expressed as half‐time clearance, peak clearance rate, and time to peak clearance rate. The baseline half‐time clearance was 2.07±0.71 s (mean±SD), which increased to 6.70±4.89 s (mean±SD) (p=.02) after creation of MR. The baseline peak clearance rate was 49.75±8.96 cts/s (mean±SD), which decreased to 23.12±6.84 cts/s (mean±SD) (p<.001) after creation of MR. Stroke volume ratios significantly increased following creation of MR. Blood flow transit through the left ventricle slowed following creation of MR. The variability of these parameters were small in the baseline studies, suggesting these techniques may be clinically useful to gauge the severity of MR in dogs.
AN ACCELERATED TECHNIQUE FOR IRRADIATION OF MALIGNANT CANINE NASAL AND PARANASAL SINUS TUMORS
Authors: Adams William M. , Miller Paul E. , Vail David M. , Forrest Lisa J. , MacEwen E. Gregory
Published: May 2005

Tumor and normal tissue response was assessed in 21 dogs with malignant nasal tumors given 42 Gy cobalt radiation in 9 or 10 fractions over 11 to 13 days. Local tumor/clinical relapse recurred in 68% of dogs, with a median relapse free interval (RFI) of 270 days. Median survival was 428 days. One year survival for all dogs was 60%. RFI and survival times are better than, or similar to, previous reports of dogs treated with radiotherapy only. Acute radiation effects were severe in one dog. Late effects were severe in six of 15 dogs (40%) with durable tumor control. Late effects included bilateral blindness (3), osteoradionecrosis (3), and seizures (1). These six dogs had a median survival of 705 days. Loss of vision occurred in at least one eye in nine dogs (47%). Tumor staging based on CT findings were predictive for survival duration. Tumor histology was not predictive of outcome. Labrador Retrievers were significantly over‐represented. Despite comparable or improved tumor control and survival times provided by this accelerated protocol, relative to other radiotherapy reports, local failure remains the major cause of death, and late radiation effects can be severe in dogs with durable tumor control.
A SURVEY OF RADIOLOGY REPORTING PRACTICES IN VETERINARY TEACHING HOSPITALS
Authors: Adams William M.
Published: May 2005

Radiologists from 28 veterinary schools and one private teaching hospital responded to a survey questionnaire focused on diagnostic image reporting. Radiologists at 26 hospitals generated a hard copy report on essentially all imaging studies performed. At 25 hospitals, radiologists dictated and transcriptionists typed all or most reports; radiologists at two institutions typed all or some of their reports. At five hospitals, preliminary and/or final handwritten reports were generated. The range of reports generated per day was <10 to 40 per radiologist on duty. Seven respondents generated reports as films came from the processor and another 12 routinely generated reports the day the studies were completed. Clinician access to a processed report averaged 2 to 4 days after study was completed (reported range: several hours to 7 or more days). Fifteen responding radiologists personally mounted films from storage jackets for a majority of their reporting. Fourteen respondents generated reports from films mounted on motorized or stationary viewers. Nineteen respondents generated reports in a busy viewing area where they were frequently interrupted. Radiologists' impression of clinician and resident satisfaction regarding availability of radiology reports was that they were satisfied or very satisfied at 15 of the 29 hospitals. Five respondents reported that clinicians and residents were not concerned about availability of processed radiology reports. Thirteen radiologists were planning to change their reporting method within the next 2 years. The change most frequently sought (12 respondents) was to decrease turn‐around time of reports. Ten radiologists indicated an interest in trying a voice recognition dictation system. The most common reasons given for not planning any changes in radiology reporting in the next 2 years were: limited number of radiologists (8) and “satisfied as is”(7). Turn‐around of radiology reports at these veterinary institutions averaged 2 to 3 times longer than for radiology departments in human health‐care facilities.
THE PHYSIOLOGIC RESPONSE OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS TO IONIZING RADIATION: A REVIEW
Authors: von Zallinger Christina , Tempel Karlheinz
Published: May 2005

With respect to clinical signs of the radiation syndromes, some remarkable species variations exist. For example the marked delayed reaction of the acute hematologic response in cows. An unusually high sensitivity of the central nervous system is found in burros, which is probably caused by acute vascular and/or metabolic changes in the brain. The species‐specific number of intestinal crypt and hemopoietic stem cells may explain the early survival differences among species after high doses of irradiation. Mortality due to acute radiation syndromes is lowest in chickens. Regarding late effects, various neoplasms are typical in dogs, and cattle more commonly develop cataracts.
NORMAL CROSS‐SECTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE FELINE THORAX AND ABDOMEN: COMPARISON OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND CADAVER ANATOMY
Authors: Samii Valerie F. , Biller David S. , Koblik Philip D.
Published: May 2005

Computed tomographic images of two adult domestic short‐haired cats were obtained with a whole body scanner. Images of the thorax and abdomen were compared with cross‐sectional anatomy cadaver specimens from the same two cats. Anatomic structures were first identified on the cadaver specimens with the aid of numerous anatomy texts and references and were then identified and labeled on the computed tomographic images. Results from this project provide an atlas of normal cross‐sectional gross and CT anatomy of the feline thorax and abdomen that can be used in the interpretation of any cross‐sectional imaging modality.
COMPARISON OF SPIN ECHO, GRADIENT ECHO AND FAT SATURATION MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING SEQUENCES FOR IMAGING THE CANINE ELBOW
Authors: Snaps Frédéric R. , Saunders Jimmy H. , Park Richard D. , Daenen Bénédicte , Balligand Marc H. , Dondelinger Robert F.
Published: May 2005

Two comparison studies were performed. In the first conventional spin‐echo (T1‐ and T2‐weighted) sequences and a three‐dimensional (3‐D Fourier transform [3DFT]) echo gradient fast‐imaging sequence were compared for imaging the canine normal elbow joint. In all three sequences, there was an isointense signal of the articular cartilage and a hyposignal of the subchondral bone, as compared with the muscles. The medial coronoid process of the ulna was clearly seen on the dorsal plane images, it appeared with a homogenous low‐intensity signal. Its articulation with the radius was clearly outlined. In a second study, the 3DFT echo gradient fast‐imaging sequence was compared to a fat saturation sequence on normal shoulder and elbow joints. Elbows were imaged with and without injection of saline, in an attmept to show the opposing cartilaginous articular surfaces. This distinction was possible in the shoulder joint but not in the elbow because of insufficient spatial resolution. On the three MRI sequences compared, gradient echo fast imaging with steady‐state precession (GE FISP) sequence was found to be the most suitable for imaging the canine elbow joint.
EFFECT OF CONTRAST MEDIUM DOSE AND IMAGE ACQUISITION TIMING ON URETERAL OPACIFICATION IN THE NORMAL DOG AS ASSESSED BY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Barthez Paul Y. , Begon Dominique , Delisle Francoise
Published: May 2005

Computed tomography (CT) excretory urography was performed in five adult female dogs after intravenous injection of a bolus of four different doses of water‐soluble iodinated contrast medium (100, 200, 400, and 800 mg1/kg). CT images centered over the urinary bladder were performed before injection and 1,3,5,7,9,11,15,20,25,30,40,50, and 60 minutes after injection. Opacification of both ureters was evaluated by measuring maximum CT number of individual ureters at each time. Time opacification curves were generated for each dose. Best opacification of the ureters was obtained with 400 and 800 mgl/kg, with a constant peak at 3 minutes and durable opacification for 1 hour. Insufficient opacification was obtained with lower dose of 100 and 200 mgI/kg.
PROBABLE TRIGEMINAL NERVE SCHWANNOMA IN A DOG
Authors: Saunders J.H. , Poncelet L. , Clercx C. , Snaps F.R. , Flandroy P. , Capasso P. , Dondelinger R.F.
Published: May 2005

A 7‐year‐old male Husky dog developed atrophy of the right masseter muscle and pruritis of the right side of the face. A myogenic origin was excluded using muscular biopsy. Electrophysiologically, there was involvement of the motor and sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve, suggesting a lesion located between the brainstem and the trigeminal ganglion. On MRI examination, a nodular mass was detected in the right caudal fossa. This mass was characterized by intense enhancement after injection of contrast medium. Because of the progressive clinical signs, electrophysiology, and MRI results, a presumptive diagnosis of a trigeminal nerve schwannoma was made. The animal's condition improved slightly with corticosteroids. The dog underwent euthanasia 3 months after initial presentation. Necropsy was not performed.
RUPTURE OF THE LEFT AORTIC SINUS INTO THE PULMONARY ARTERY IN A DALMATIAN DOG
Authors: Abbott Jonathan A. , Porzio Paolo
Published: May 2005

An 18‐month‐old male Dalmatian dog was presented for veterinary evaluation after the pet owner observed a sudden onset of weakness. An acquired continuous cardiac murmur was detected on physical examination. Two‐dimensional echocardiographic examination revealed structural abnormalities of the proximal aorta and pulmonic valve. Doppler echocardiographic studies and cardiac catheterization demonstrated the presence of a proximal aorticopulmonary shunt. A diagnosis of left aortic sinus rupture and aorticopulmonary fistula was made. Antemortem diagnosis of aortic sinus rupture in the dog has not, to our knowledge, been reported previously. The anatomical variant of left aortic sinus rupture resulting in the development of a fistula from the aorta to the main pulmonary artery is, apparently, uncommon in all species.
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE PANCREAS IN THE DOG
Authors: Morita Yutaka , Takiguchi Mitsuyoshi , Yasuda Jun , Kitamura Toshiko , Syakalima Michelo , Eom Ki‐Dong , Hashimoto Akira
Published: May 2005

Endoscopic ultrasonography was done in 12 normal adult dogs to investigate its efficacy in visualization of the pancreas. The endoscopic ultrasonographic device used in the present study had a curved‐array ultrasound transducer mounted in front of the objective lens. The tip of the ultrasonic endoscope was inserted into the stomach, and all examinations of the pancreas were performed from within the stomach. Endoscopic ultrasonography provided good images of most parts of the pancreas except for the ends of each lobe. Useful information about the pancreatic parenchyma, including pancreatic lobular structure, pancreatic duct, and vessels of the pancreas was obtained by endoscopic ultrasonography. Blood flow within vessels was detected using color Doppler and pulsed‐wave Doppler examination. These results suggest that endoscopic ultrasonography is available as an effective diagnostic modality in small animal practice.
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FINDINGS OF THE PANCREAS AFTER PANCREATIC DUCT LIGATION IN THE DOG
Authors: Morita Yutaka , Takiguchi Mitsuyoshi , Yasuda Jun , Eom Ki‐Dong , Hashimoto Akira
Published: May 2005

Endoscopic ultrasonographic evaluation and gray‐scale histogram analysis of pancreatic atrophy after pancreatic duct ligation were performed in four normal adult dogs. Using endoscopic ultrasonography, markedly dilated pancreatic ducts were visualized, and the pancreas became gradually atrophied with a hyperechoic parenchyma. In gray‐scale histogram analysis of the pancreas, mean brightness increased gradually until 8 weeks, then decreased temporally. Standard deviation of the histogram increased markedly and then fluctuated until the 4th week, after which the mean brightness and standard deviation became stable. At 4 weeks postoperatively, collapse of most pancreatic acinar structures were observed, and each atrophic lobule was associated with a significantly large amount of interstitial fibrous tissue at histopathology. At 12 weeks postoperatively, most exocrine tissue had decreased and was partly replaced by fibrous and fatty tissue. These changes of mean brightness and standard deviation reflected the histologic analysis. These findings indicated that endoscopic ultrasonography is a useful technique to image such atrophic disorders of the pancreas as chronic pancreatitis. Furthermore, gray‐scale histogram analysis provides helpful information for ultrasonographic tissue characterization of the pancreas.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION OF THE PHARYNX AND LARYNX OF THE NORMAL DOG
Authors: Bray Jonathan P. , Lipscombe Vicky J. , White Richard A.S. , Rudorf Heike
Published: May 2005

Real‐time ultrasonographic examination of the canine larynx was performed in 12 normal dogs using a 7.5‐mHz mechanical sector scanner combined with a stand‐off. A variety of breeds and ages were examined. All examinations were performed in nonsedated, conscious animals. Transverse scans were found to provide the most reliable and interpretable images. Identification of laryngeal structures included the epiglottis, laryngeal and cricoid cartilages, and the vocal cords. In conscious animals, abduction and adduction of the vocal cords associated with respiration could be identified if the animal was made to pant during the examination. Movement of the vocal cords could also be quantified by pulse‐wave Doppler recording. In all animals, recordings were made during inspiration only, with muscular vibration at a rate less than 0.1 m/s.
ABNORMAL BONE SCAN FINDINGS OF THE EQUINE ISCHIAL TUBEROSITY AND THIRD TROCHANTER
Authors: Geissbühler Urs , Busato André , Ueltschi Gottlieb
Published: May 2005

Obtaining high‐quality radiographs of the proximal aspect of equine limbs is difficult because of the large muscles in these regions. The use of scintigraphy may provide further information. Abnormal bone scan findings of the ischial tuberosity or the third trochanter were found in 29 adult horses with obscure hind limb lameness between 1986 and 1996 at the Large Animal Clinic of the University of Bern. Each had abnormal radiopharmaceutical uptake but not all had radiographic changes. Radio‐pharmaceutical uptake ratios between the ischial tuberosity and the greater trochanter were calculated. The uptake ratio in a control group of 11 clinically sound horses was lower than in 11 lame horses with subjectively enhanced radiopharmaceutical uptake.
LOW‐FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE CANINE STIFLE JOINT: NORMAL ANATOMY
Authors: Baird Debra K. , Hathcock John T. , Rumph Paul F. , Kincaid Steven A. , Visco Denise M.
Published: May 2005

Low‐field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on the stifle joints of four normal adult mongrel dogs using a 0.064 Tesla scanner. Markers were placed on each stifle joint to serve as reference points for comparing gross sections with the images. A T1‐weighted sequence was used to image one stifle joint on each dog in the sagittal plane and the other stifle joint in the dorsal plane. The dogs were euthanized immediately following MRI and the stifle joints frozen intact. Each stifle joint was then embedded in paraffin, again frozen, and sectioned using the markers as reference points. On T1‐weighted images, synovial fluid had low signal intensity (dark) compared to the infrapatellar fat pad which had a high signal intensity (bright). Articular cartilage was visualized as an intermediate bright signal and was separated from trabecular bone by a dark line representing subchondral bone. Menisci, fibrous joint capsule, and ligamentous structures appeared dark. In the true sagittal plane, the entire caudal cruciate ligament was often seen within one image slice. The patella was visualized as an intermediate bright signal (trabecular bone) surrounded by a low intensity signal (cortical bone). The trochlea and the intercondylar notch were difficult areas to analyze due to signal volume averaging of the curved surface of these areas and the presence of several types of tissues.
A PROSPECTIVE CLINICAL TRIAL COMPARING METRIZAMIDE AND IOHEXOL FOR EQUINE MYELOGRAPHY
Authors: Widmer William R. , Blevins William E. , Jakovljevic Samuel , Levy Michel , Teclaw Robert F. , Han Connie M. , Hurd Cheryl D.
Published: May 2005

A prospective clinical trial comparing adverse postmyelographic effects and myelographic quality of metrizamide and iohexol was conducted. Using a predetermined, randomized assignment, 24 horses exhibiting neurologic signs were administered either metrizamide (180 mgl/ml) or iohexol (180 mgl/ml) via cerebellomedullary puncture. Each horse was evaluated postmyelographically for adverse effects. Myelographic quality was assessed by a numerical scoring method. Adverse effects were observed more frequently with metrizamide (21) compared with iohexol (6) myelography (p < 0.05). Seizures, intensification of preexisting neurologic signs and prolonged anesthetic recovery were the most common complications after myelography. There was no difference in myelographic quality (p > 0.05). We conclude that iohexol is safer than metrizamide for equine myelography and that quality myelograms can be obtained with either contrast medium.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE FEMORAL ARTERY IN SIX NORMAL HORSES AND THREE HORSES WITH THROMBOSIS
Authors: Warmerdam Ebert P.L.
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonography of the femoral artery in the horse, including color, power and spectral Doppler, provides morphologic and dynamic information. This paper describes the use of the techniques in six clinically normal horses and three with femoral artery thrombosis. Useful landmarks for orientation are the saphenous artery and the medial saphenous vein. The lateral circumflex femoral artery can not be visualized. Recognition of the genus descendens artery is complicated due to the presence of multiple distal caudal femoral arteries. The femoral artery feeds a high resistance bed. In normal horses the peak systolic velocity varies between 50–90 cm/sec. Echoic tissue in the femoral artery lumen with stenosis, occlusion and collateral blood flow formation are features encountered in the patients.
ULTRASOUND‐ASSISTED DIAGNOSIS OF RENAL DYSPLASIA IN A 3‐MONTH‐OLD QUARTER HORSE COLT
Authors: Ramirez Sammy , Williams Jamie , Seahorn Thomas L. , Blas‐Machado Uriel , Partington Beth Paugh , Valdes Miguel , McClure J. Raymond
Published: May 2005

A 3‐month‐old foal was presented for correction of bilateral angular limb deformities. Azotemia was detected as an incidental finding. Small, misshapened, hyperechoic kidneys with decreased corticomedullary demarcation were noted with ultrasonography. Additionally, the internal renal architecture was abnormal in that the intrarenal vessels and distant collecting system were not clearly seen in either kidney. Ultrasound‐guided renal biopsy was suggestive of congenital renal dysplasia, which was later confirmed at necropsy. Clinical, sonographic, and pathologic features of equine renal dysplasia are discussed.
RADIOGRAPH QUALITY EVALUATION FOR EXPOSURE VARIABLES—A REVIEW
Authors: Kirberger Robert M.
Published: May 2005

Good quality radiographs are essential for making accurate diagnoses. Many factors influence the quality of radiographs including the x‐ray machine specifications and settings, the darkroom environment and processing, and the choice of ancillary x‐ray equipment (cassette properties, film/screen selection, use and properties of a grid). In compiling a technique chart, many of these variables are standardized so as to provide dependable guidelines for selecting the appropriate exposure settings (mAs and kVp) for a radiographic study. The systematic evaluation of image blackening, peripheral blackening, and the visibility of the gross image detail and contrast will facilitate the development of a technique chart as well as determining the source of the problem and necessary exposure setting changes for radiographs that are suboptimal. A flow diagram is described that will assist with the systematic evaluation of radiographic quality and provide guidelines for correcting exposure errors.
EFFECTS OF DIET AND AGING ON RENAL MEASUREMENTS IN UNINEPHRECTOMIZED GERIATRIC BITCHES
Authors: Churchill Julie A. , Feeney Daniel A. , Fletcher Thomas F. , Osborne Carl A. , Polzin David J.
Published: May 2005

Under controlled, but varied dietary conditions among geriatric, uninephrectomized Beagle bitches (dogs) observed for 4 years, renal size increase as assessed radiographically and ultrasonographically occurred at variable rates, but on a seemingly continuous basis. The maximum observed mean renal linear parameter increase found was ∼15%. However, a 10 and 15% increase is a more representative expectation among the 4 parameters (sonographic length, radiographic length, sonographic width, radiographic width) under consideration. The rate of renal size increase was rapid during the first 2 to 3 months following uninephrectomy. Thereafter, the rate of increase was slow, but occurred to varying degrees in both the length and width as assessed radiographically or ultrasonographically. The mechanism creating the size change was hypertrophy, not hyperplasia. Within limits of the 3 diets used in the study, no significant diet effect was found on the rate or degree of long term compensatory hypertrophy. Radiographically and ultrasonographically measured renal length had the greatest correlation with each other as well as with post mortem measurements and are, therefore, the recommended parameter for imaging assessment of compensatory hypertrophy.

When the prenephrectomy, radiographic renal lengths and widths were normalized as a ratio of the second lumbar vertebral body length (L2) measured from ventrodorsal radiographs, the diet group means across dogs (approximately three L2lengths for renal length; two L2lengths for renal width) were in the middle of the respective previously published normal radiographic ranges for mature dogs (e.g. 2.5 L2, ≤ length ≤ 3.5 L2; 1.58 L2, ≤ width ≤ 2.38 L2lengths). Even after the hypertrophic changes occurred, the radiographic group mean lengths and widths across dogs were still within the specified normal ranges, although toward the upper end of the respective range. This information provides background for clinical interpretation of potential compensatory hypertrophy that may be encountered following uninephrectomy for spontaneous disease in aged dogs. In addition, it appears that available radiographic renal linear ranges for normal mature dogs are applicable to geriatric dogs as well.
EFFECT OF REPRODUCTIVE STATUS ON FELINE RENAL SIZE
Authors: Shiroma Jonathan T. , Gabriel Janice K. , Carter Randolph L. , Scruggs Sherry L. , Stubbs Preston W.
Published: May 2005

Renal length and width dimensions were determined from survey radiography and excretory urography in 28 cats of various sex and reproductive status. Renal dimensions were expressed as a ratio to the length of the second lumbar vertebra. Renal dimensions were not significantly different when males were compared to females. However, significant differences in renal dimensions between intact and neutered cats were identified. Renal length ratios for neutered cats were: left kidney 2.22 ± 0.14 (mean ± standard deviation), right kidney 2.29 ± 0.14. In intact cats, renal length ratios were: left kidney 2.60 ± 0.19, right kidney 2.65 ± 0.24. The mean renal length ratios for neutered cats was smaller than previously reported normal values. Thus, reproductive status should be considered when evaluating feline kidneys for alterations in size. Based on this study, normal feline renal length ratios range from 1.9 to 2.6 for neutered cats and 2.1 to 3.2 for intact cats.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF A CHOROID PLEXUS CARCINOMA AND MENINGEAL CARCINOMATOSIS IN A DOG
Authors: Lipsitz David , Levitski Robin E. , Chauvet Anne E.
Published: May 2005

A 6‐year‐old neutered female Boston Terrier had a slow onset of blindness and behavior changes. Neurologic abnormalities included bilateral visual loss with absent menace responses and visual tracking, mydriatic pupils, slow pupillary light responses and papilledema. On magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) there were multiple cyst‐like structures found in the parenchyma of the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem. Histopathologically the diagnosis was a choroid plexus carcinoma with meningeal carcinomatosis. The findings differ from previous descriptions of the MRI characteristics of choroids plexus tumors.
USE OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY FOR DIAGNOSIS OF PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTS IN DOGS
Authors: Seguin Bernard , Tobias Karen M. , Gavin Patrick R. , Tucker Russell L.
Published: May 2005

A prospective study was conducted to determine the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis of portosystemic shunts (PSS) and the accuracy of anatomically locating single congenital PSS in dogs using magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). MRA was performed on 10 normal dogs and 23 dogs with PSS. Sensitivity and specificity of MRA to diagnose any shunt among all dogs were 80% and 100%, respectively. Among dogs identified with PSS, sensitivity and specificity of MRA for diagnosis of multiple extrahepatic shunts were 63% and 97%, respectively, and for diagnosis of single congenital shunts were 79% and 100%, respectively. Using MRA, radiologists correctly identified shunts as extrahepatic or intrahepatic in 83% of patients and correctly identified the origin and insertion of the shunts in 57% and 97% of patients, respectively. Use of MRA is specific for diagnosis of PSS and is a sensitive indicator of anatomic location of single congenital portosystemic shunts.
CONGENITAL ATRESIA OF THE PAROTID DUCT IN A HORSE
Authors: Sadler Valerie M. , Wisner Erik R. , Robertson James T. , Moses Valentine S.
Published: May 2005

Congenital anomalies of the equine salivary glands and their ductal systems are rare. In man, parotid duct atresia is thought to be due to a congenital malformation of the first branchial arch. One horse with unilateral parotid salivary duct atresia is described. Imaging modalities available for accurate diagnosis, and treatment options, are reviewed.
AORTOILIAC THROMBUS SECONDARY TO A MINERALIZED ARTERIOSCLEROTIC LESION
Authors: Drost Wm Tod , Bahr Robert J. , Henry George A. , Campbell Gregory A.
Published: May 2005

A 12‐year‐old, neutered female, Siberian Husky dog presented with a hind limb weakness of one month duration. To facilitate making a diagnosis multiple imaging modalities were performed. These modalities included radiography, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and selective angiography of the abdominal aorta. In this dog, the MRI/MRA studies provided the first documentation of the external iliac thrombi and the collateral circulation via the lumbar arteries. At necropsy, an aortoiliac thrombus caused by a mineralized arteriosclerotic plaque was noted.
USE OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FOR DIAGNOSIS OF A SPINAL TUMOR IN A CAT
Authors: Asperio Roberto M. , Marzola Pasquina , Zibellini Enrico , Villa William , Sbarbati Andrea , Osculati Francesco , Addis Flaminio
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance imaging was used to identify a spinal mass at the level of the 6th–7th cervical vertebral body in a cat. The MRI images were most consistent with the presence of an intradural, extramedullary meningioma that was confirmed by subsequent histological examination.
ENDOMETRIOSIS AND A PARAOVARIAN CYST IN A RHESUS MACAQUE
Authors: Green Sherril L. , Tolwani Ravi J. , Waggie Kimberly S. , Otto Glen M.
Published: May 2005

We describe endometriosis in an aged rhesus macaque. There was a large mass and a related paraovarian cyst, typical of the disease. Endometriosis is a common finding in nonhuman primate. In this report, we also review the pathophysiology of the disease and summarize the historical and more recent relevant literature. Given the frequency of endometriosis in the rhesus monkey and the long‐life spans (15–30 years) of nonhuman primates in captivity, endometriosis should be suspected in animals displaying the earliest signs of the disease: anorexia, dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, irregular menstrual cycles, or infertility. Despite recent advances in the diagnosis and therapeutic strategies for endometriosis in women, the disease remains a significant cause of morbidity and ultimately, a cause of mortality, in the older nonhuman primate.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF FINNHORSE CADAVER FOREFEET WITH RADIOGRAPHICALLY PROBLEMATIC FINDINGS ON THE FLEXOR ASPECT OF THE NAVICULAR BONE
Authors: Ruohoniemi Mirja , Tervahartiala Pekka
Published: May 2005

Computed tomography (CT) was performed on 12 Finnhorse cadaver forefeet with known radiographic changes in the navicular bone (poor corticomedullary junction, irregular appearance of the flexor central eminence, uneven or unequal thickness of the flexor cortex, and/or irregular outline of the proximal or distal flexor margin). The purpose was to confirm the radiographic findings and to investigate if further information of the flexor aspect of the bone could be gained with CT. In CT, the midsagittal outline as well as the internal structure of the bones varied greatly. Different combinations of trabecular and compact bone were seen within the flexor central eminence. Lucencies within the compact bone were commonly present in the proximal half of the eminence, but in five bones lucencies were also identified in the distal half. Due to partial overlapping of the bone and varying bony composition of the eminence, accurate radiographic evaluation of the shape and internal structure of the flexor central eminence was often found to be difficult. The flexor cortex usually appeared to be thinner in CT than in conventional radiographs. Medullary sclerosis and poor flexor corticomedullary junction were commonly overinterpreted radiographically. New bone formation on the proximal flexor margin of the navicular bone was generally visualized in radiographs, but CT allowed also the evaluation of the internal structure of the bone. In one navicular bone, an avulsion fragment on the distal flexor margin was seen in CT images; radiographically this fragment could not be visualized. It was concluded that the flexor aspect of the navicular bone may be difficult to assess reliably with conventional radiography.
ULTRASOUND‐GUIDED TISSUE‐CORE BIOPSY OF LIVER, SPLEEN AND KIDNEY IN NORMAL DOGS
Authors: Rycke Lieve M.J.H. de , Bree Henri J.J. van , Simoens Paul J.M.
Published: May 2005

Six normal dogs were subjected to ultrasound‐guided biopsy of the liver, spleen and kidney to examine the accuracy of the technique (i.e. the presence of targeted tissue) and the histologic quality of the biopsies. Five consecutive tissue‐core biopsies of each organ were taken on one or more occasions. The accuracy of the technique was 77% for hepatic, 90% for splenic, 53.5% for left kidney and 40% for right kidney biopsies. The histologic quality of the liver and kidney samples was sufficient, although for some samples the diagnostic value was limited by their size and in renal samples either cortical or medullary tissue was sometimes lacking. In contrast, the quality of the splenic sections was not good. The effect of reused and resterilized needles on the quality of the specimens was evaluated by histologic inspection of the samples and by the amount of biopsies lacking tissue. All tissue samples, including those taken with reused or resterilized needles had sharp‐cut edges. Twenty‐two of the total number of 120 biopsies (18%) contained no tissue. Absence of tissue in the samples was observed in biopsies taken with all needle types. The animals were observed for possible complications of the repeated needle biopsy. Apart from one case of hematuria, no complications were encountered.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF BILIARY CYSTADENOMAS IN CATS
Authors: Nyland Thomas G. , Koblik Philip D. , Tellyer Sharon E.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to describe the ultrasonographic appearance of biliary cystadenomas in cats and compare the findings to a similar rare form of liver tumor in humans. Biliary cystadenomas are uncommon, benign liver tumors of older cats that may occur as focal or multifocal cystic lesions within the liver. The records of 10 cats which had abdominal ultrasonography and histologic diagnosis of biliary cystadenoma were reviewed. The average age of affected cats was 13.3 years (range 10–16 years). Eight cats were neutered males and two were neutered females. In three cats, the tumors were not seen ultrasonographically due to their small size or from being obscured by near‐field reverberation echoes. The remaining seven cats had solitary (4 cats) or multifocal (3 cats) masses corresponding to variable ultrasonographic patterns: multilocular masses containing thin‐walled cysts, hyperechoic masses with cystic components, or masses of mixed echogenicity with cystic components. The masses had variable ultrasonographic patterns when multifocal disease was present. Recognizable cysts were evident somewhere within the tumors seen ultrasonographically, although sometimes the cysts appeared very small. The biliary cystadenomas were thought to be clinically silent. Although liver enlargement or a cranial abdominal mass was palpable in 4 cats, no consistent trend of clinical signs, CBC or serum biochemical abnormalities could be directly attributed to biliary cystadenoma. The treatment of choice is surgical resection of the tumor, as continued growth may compress adjacent vital structures within the liver. The differential diagnosis of biliary cystadenomas from other cystic liver lesions such as hepatic cysts, hematomas, abscesses, parasitic cysts, or other liver tumors is discussed.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY AND FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATE CYTOLOGY OF THE MESENTERIC LYMPH NODE IN NORMAL DOMESTIC FERRETS (MUSTELA PUTORIUSFURO)
Authors: Paul‐Murphy Joanne , O'Brien Robert T. , Spaeth Amy , Sullivan Linda , Dubielzig Richard R.
Published: May 2005

The large mesenteric lymph node of 28 normal ferrets was imaged with ultrasound. The large node, located in the mid‐abdomen at the root of the mesentery, was round to ovoid and uniformly hyper‐echoic. Mean ultrasonographic dimensions of the lymph node were 12.6 +/‐ 2.6 mm by 7.6 +/‐ 2.0 mm. Fine needle aspirates of 20 lymph nodes were obtained either using ultrasound guided free‐hand techniques or at necropsy. The cytological descriptions were compared to histological descriptions of 13 lymph node core biopsies obtained during laparotomy or necropsy as well as 10 peripheral blood smear differentials. The large mesenteric lymph node of ferrets could be easily imaged and measured by ultrasound and evaluated by fine needle aspirate cytology. Normal lymph node cytology may include an eosinophilic infiltrate.
FACTORS INFLUENCING SURVIVAL AFTER RADIOTHERAPY OF NASAL TUMORS IN 130 DOGS
Authors: LaDue Tracy A. , Dodge Richard , Page Rodney L. , Price G. Sylvester , Hauck Marlene L. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

Improvements in survival of dogs with nasal tumors have been slow to develop throughout the past three decades. Despite multiple studies examining various radiation time‐dose schema, the advancement of CT‐based computerized treatment planning, and the evaluation of detailed staging systems, the optimal treatment regimen, and most important prognostic factors regarding survival remain unclear. In this study, data from four previous studies were combined with data from 44 additional dogs, and this population of 130 dogs was evaluated for factors which influenced survival. Twenty‐one dogs were treated with orthovoltage at the University of Pennsylvania. One hundred nine dogs were treated with cobalt photons at North Carolina State University. Sixty‐five of these 109 dogs had been previously described. Of the 44 dogs not previously described, 35 were treated with a shrinking field technique. Survival was determined from the medical record, or from information derived by telephone or mail survey. The univariate Cox regression model was used to examine for relationship between various patient, tumor, and treatment variables and survival. Significant relationships identified in the univariate analysis were further analyzed using the multivariate Cox regression model. Median survival of the 130 dogs was 8.9 months (95% C.I., 8–11 months). In the univariate analysis, the following variables were associated with decreased survival: 1) age >10 years old, 2) regional lymph node metastasis, 3) advanced tumor stage, 4) use of megavoltage radiation, 5) overall total dose >55 Gray, and 6) boost technique performed. In a multivariate analysis of 125 dogs with complete data for age, radiation type, and radiation dose, age (p< .001) and radiation type (p = .02) were identified as joint predictors of survival. After adjusting for age, the staging system lost prognostic significance (p = .06). In a subset of dogs that received cobalt radiation, after adjusting for age, dogs treated with a boost technique had decreased survival (p = .001). In general, local control of canine nasal tumors following aggressive radiation therapy is poor. Early diagnosis and selection of appropriate patients is warranted and palliative types of treatment should be considered in dogs with a poor chance of long term survival.
A REVIEW OF PORTAL SCREEN‐FILM TECHNOLOGY AND FIVE RADIOLOGISTS' EVALUATIONS OF SOME EXISTING PRODUCTS
Authors: Walker Michael A. , Steinheimer Daniel N. , Weir Vicki A. , Homco Linda D. , Green Ronald W. , Morris Earl L. , Hess Margo E.
Published: May 2005

Portal radiographs, radiographs made to document the accuracy of radiotherapy treatment fields, are typically of poor image contrast. Recently, a new portal film and screened‐cassette system was marketed, the Kodak EC‐L system, with the claim of greatly improved image contrast. This new EC‐L system was tested on a canine cadaver exposed to Cobalt‐60 teletherapy gamma radiation, and image quality was compared to earlier marketed Kodak portal film products. The EC‐L system was found to provide portal images of improved contrast/quality.
MODIFICATION AND APPLICATION OF A PELORUS MARK III STEREOTACTIC SYSTEM FOR CT‐GUIDED BRAIN BIOPSY IN 50 DOGS
Authors: Koblik Philip D. , Lecouteur Richard A. , Higgins Robert J. , Fick James , Kortz Gregg D. , Sturges Beverly K. , Pascoe Peter J.
Published: May 2005

The Pelorus Mark III Stereotactic System is a commercially available device for CT‐guided stereotactic brain biopsy in people. With relatively minor modifications, this device was used to safely and accurately perform CT‐guided stereotactic brain biopsies in 50 dogs with intracranial lesions. Modifications were necessary to accommodate a 90° shift in orientation of the canine head compared to the human head during the imaging phase of the procedure, and to facilitate other phases of the biopsy procedure that are affected by the uneven and variable topography of the canine skull. Description of a typical CT‐guided brain biopsy procedure in dogs using the modified Pelorus Mark III Stereotactic System is provided. Accuracy of biopsy needle placement was determined by comparing the x, y and z coordinates of the biopsy target site with the actual coordinates of the needle tip on CT images. Mean needle placement error was 3.5 ± 1.6 mm. Needle placement error was not significantly related to operator experience, dog size (body weight), or needle path length, however, needle placement error was significantly affected by lesion location.
CT‐GUIDED BRAIN BIOPSY USING A MODIFIED PELORUS MARK III STEREOTACTIC SYSTEM: EXPERIENCE WITH 50 DOGS
Authors: Koblik Philip D. , Lecouteur Richard A. , Higgins Robert J. , Bollen Andrew W. , Vernau Karen M. , Kortz Gregg D. , Ilkiw Janet E.
Published: May 2005

This report describes the results of CT‐guided stereotactic brain biopsies performed on 50 consecutive dogs using a modified Pelorus Mark III Stereotactic System. Based on available histopathologic samples (stereotactic biopsy [n= 50], surgery [n= 17], necropsy [n= 9]) the patient population consisted of 34 dogs with primary brain tumors, 2 with invasive nasal adenocarcinomas, and 13 with non‐neoplastic brain lesions. Brain tissue was not obtained from one dog. In 22 dogs a final diagnosis was made from tissue subsequently obtained from surgical resection or at necropsy. The final diagnosis was in agreement with the stereotactic biopsy diagnosis in 20 of these 22 dogs. In 17 other dogs without follow‐up, stereotactic biopsy provided a diagnosis of a specific primary brain tumor subtype. Postoperative complications associated with the biopsy procedure were assessed in 41 dogs. The other 9 dogs either went directly to surgery (n= 7) or were killed (n= 2) immediately after the biopsy procedure. Thirty‐six dogs recovered without apparent clinical complications. Postoperative clinical complications in the remaining 5 dogs included transient epistaxis (1 dog), transient exacerbation of cerebellar signs (1 dog), obtundation progressing to coma (1 dog), and medically uncontrollable seizures (2 dogs). The latter 3 dogs with severe neurologic complications all had large primary brain tumors and had been receiving high doses of phenobarbital and glucocorticoids to control seizures at the time of biopsy. These results suggest that this CT‐guided biopsy procedure can provide an accurate pathologic diagnosis of brain lesions detected by CT and MR neuroimaging. Further refinement of both technique and case selection is expected to reduce the rate of clinical complications and to improve the accuracy of the procedure.