bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On recyclability of thermosetting polymer and wood dust as reinforcement in secondary recycled ABS for nonstructural engineering applications
Authors: Chawla Kapil , Singh Jaspreet , Singh Rupinder
Published: May 2020

The management of thermosetting plastic solid waste has become serious issue worldwide due to its highly stable long-chain molecular structure and its recycling is the only way to reduce harmful effects. Also, depletion of natural resources like wood at alarming rate creates worldwide environment issues. In this article, feedstock filament for three-dimensional printing (in nonstructural engineering applications) of thermoplastic composite based on secondary (2°) recycled acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) as matrix reinforced with waste bakelite powder (BP) (thermosetting) and wood dust (WD) with twin-screw extrusion (TSE) process has been prepared (to impart desired mechanical/thermal/rheological and morphological properties).The results indicated that reinforcement of BP/WD initially increases the melt flow rate (MFR) of composite filament as compared to 2° recycled ABS. However, with increase in percentage of reinforcement beyond a certain limit, the MFR of the composite filaments starts decreasing. The mechanical, rheological, morphological, and thermal properties related to fused filaments prepared by TSE process have been explored in this research work and it has been observed that ABS composite filaments reinforced with 10% by weight of BP possess high peak strength (PS), high energy carrying capacity, more thermal stability, and contains low porosity. Based upon combined optimized extrusion parameter settings for maximizing the PS and percentage break elongation, 10 kg load, 225°C processing temperature, and 70 r min−1 are the best settings for both the composite filaments (ABS + BP, ABS + WD), and the corresponding values for ABS + BP and ABS + WD composite filament are 30.58 MPa (5.15%) and 25.65 MPa (6.05%), respectively.
Effects of the exit aspect ratio of organ-pipe nozzle on the axial pressure oscillation characteristics of self-resonating waterjet
Authors: Shi Hanqing , Kang Yong , Li Deng , Fang Zhenlong
Published: May 2020

Self-resonating waterjet is a kind of high-efficient jet being employed in a number of applications. This study aims to enhance the working performance of self-resonating waterjet by providing organ-pipe nozzles with the optimal exit aspect ratio R o. The characteristics of the axial pressure oscillation of the jets were analyzed with the use of six different R o, which were R o = 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively. The pressure oscillation peak ( Pmax) and amplitude ( P a) were used to evaluate the effects under two inlet pressures of 10 MPa and 20 MPa. Results show that R o has significant influence on the magnitudes of the pressure oscillations and is able to eliminate the self-resonating pulsations. It was found that both Pmax and P a as a function of the standoff distance shows some differences for different R o, while the inlet pressure is almost independent of the trends of Pmax and P a against the standoff distance for all the six R o. Under the experimental conditions, R o = 5 should be the optimal ratio for creating the largest Pmax and P a. While at inlet pressure of 20 MPa, R o = 4 turns to be a preferred value for generating greater values of the P a. It was also found that the relations of the averaged dimensionless Pmax and P a against the dimensionless standoff distance are linear and cubic, respectively. In addition, the dimensionless Pmax against R o is hardly affected by the inlet pressure and standoff distance, while the dimensionless P a as a function of R o is influenced by the standoff distance more than by the inlet pressure.
Emerging Industrial Revolution: Symbiosis of Industry 4.0 and Circular Economy: The Role of Universities
Authors: Ramakrishna Seeram , Ngowi Alfred , Jager Henk De , Awuzie Bankole O.
Published: May 2020

Growing consumerism and population worldwide raises concerns about society’s sustainability aspirations. This has led to calls for concerted efforts to shift from the linear economy to a circular economy (CE), which are gaining momentum globally. CE approaches lead to a zero-waste scenario of economic growth and sustainable development. These approaches are based on semi-scientific and empirical concepts with technologies enabling 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) and 6Rs (reuse, recycle, redesign, remanufacture, reduce, recover). Studies estimate that the transition to a CE would save the world in excess of a trillion dollars annually while creating new jobs, business opportunities and economic growth. The emerging industrial revolution will enhance the symbiotic pursuit of new technologies and CE to transform extant production systems and business models for sustainability. This article examines the trends, availability and readiness of fourth industrial revolution (4IR or industry 4.0) technologies (for example, Internet of Things [IoT], artificial intelligence [AI] and nanotechnology) to support and promote CE transitions within the higher education institutional context. Furthermore, it elucidates the role of universities as living laboratories for experimenting the utility of industry 4.0 technologies in driving the shift towards CE futures. The article concludes that universities should play a pivotal role in engendering CE transitions.
National Culture and Advertising Sensitivity to Business Cycles: A Reexamination
Authors: Kim Jung Seek
Published: May 2020

The author reexamines the cyclical sensitivity of national advertising expenditure with a longitudinal data set of 59 countries over 35 years. In contrast to prior studies, the author examines the effects of the entire set of Hofstede culture dimensions to study cross-country variation in the advertising sensitivity and investigates how the emergence and growth of online advertising has transformed the cyclical sensitivity of advertising spending. National culture substantially affects advertising’s cyclical sensitivity, but in different ways than hypothesized previously. Consistent with the literature, advertising sensitivity is lower in long-term-oriented and high-uncertainty-avoidant countries and is unrelated to individualism. However, power distance is unassociated with cyclical sensitivity, and masculinity and indulgence—the two dimensions ignored in previous research—reduce cyclical sensitivity. Moreover, there is evidence that culture operates differently for the cyclical sensitivity of online advertising. Advertising expenditure is cyclically much more sensitive than documented previously and has grown more so over time since the advent of online advertising. This study provides initial evidence that online spending is more elastic than traditional advertising and that traditional spending has become more procyclical. The author advances timely and refined empirical generalizations on the cyclical sensitivity of advertising expenditure.
Who Banishes? City Power and Anti-homeless Policy in San Francisco
Authors: Amaral David J.
Published: May 2020

Despite cross-disciplinary attention to laws targeting homeless behavior in cities, systematic analysis of the power dynamics behind the adoption and implementation of such laws is surprisingly scarce. This article addresses that oversight by investigating the politics of anti-homeless policies in San Francisco, a critical and revealing case. Using a mixed-methods approach that joins qualitative analysis of public records with spatial and statistical analysis of precinct-level election results, census data, and geocoded police and 311 records, it evaluates previously unmeasured claims concerning the relative influence of social and economic forces in determining policy adoption and assesses whether enforcement patterns betray preferential treatment. Findings suggest that in the face of mobilized opposition, an anti-homeless regime composed of business and neighborhood merchants, elected officials, conservatives, and homeowners each contribute resources required to pass anti-homeless laws. Contrary to past claims, enforcement practices do not appear to privilege only the downtown business district.
Engage for Equity: A Long-Term Study of Community-Based Participatory Research and Community-Engaged Research Practices and Outcomes
Authors: Wallerstein Nina , Oetzel John G. , Sanchez-Youngman Shannon , Boursaw Blake , Dickson Elizabeth , Kastelic Sarah , Koegel Paul , Lucero Julie E. , Magarati Maya , Ortiz Kasim , Parker Myra , Peña Juan , Richmond Alan , Duran Bonnie
Published: May 2020

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) and community-engaged research have been established in the past 25 years as valued research approaches within health education, public health, and other health and social sciences for their effectiveness in reducing inequities. While early literature focused on partnering principles and processes, within the past decade, individual studies, as well as systematic reviews, have increasingly documented outcomes in community support and empowerment, sustained partnerships, healthier behaviors, policy changes, and health improvements. Despite enhanced focus on research and health outcomes, the science lags behind the practice. CBPR partnering pathways that result in outcomes remain little understood, with few studies documenting best practices. Since 2006, the University of New Mexico Center for Participatory Research with the University of Washington’s Indigenous Wellness Research Institute and partners across the country has engaged in targeted investigations to fill this gap in the science. Our inquiry, spanning three stages of National Institutes of Health funding, has sought to identify which partnering practices, under which contexts and conditions, have capacity to contribute to health, research, and community outcomes. This article presents the research design of our current grant, Engage for Equity, including its history, social justice principles, theoretical bases, measures, intervention tools and resources, and preliminary findings about collective empowerment as our middle range theory of change. We end with lessons learned and recommendations for partnerships to engage in collective reflexive practice to strengthen internal power-sharing and capacity to reach health and social equity outcomes.
Conceptualising party-driven movements
Authors: Muldoon James , Rye Danny
Published: May 2020

This article contributes to scholarship on the relationship between political parties and social movements by proposing the concept of ‘party-driven movements’ to understand the formation of a new hybrid model within existing political parties in majoritarian systems. In our two case studies – Momentum’s relationship with the UK Labour Party and the Bernie Sanders-inspired ‘Our Revolution’ with the US Democratic Party – we highlight the conditions under which they emerge and their key characteristics. We analyse how party-driven movements express an ambivalence in terms of strategy (working inside and outside the party), political aims (aiming to transform the party and society) and organisation (in the desire to maintain autonomy while participating within party structures). Our analysis suggests that such party-driven movements provide a potential answer to political parties’ alienation from civil society and may thus be a more enduring feature of Anglo-American majoritarian party systems than the current literature suggests.
TNFα inhibitor may be effective for severe COVID-19: learning from toxic epidermal necrolysis
Authors: Chen Xue-Yan , Yan Bing-Xi , Man Xiao-Yong
Published: May 2020

Increased inflammatory cytokines [such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)] are observed in COVID-19 patients, especially in the severe group. The phenomenon of a cytokine storm may be the central inducer of apoptosis of alveolar epithelial cells, which leads to rapid progression in severe group patients. Given the similarities of clinical features and pathogenesis between toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and COVID-19, we hypothesize that the application of etanercept, an inhibitor of TNFα, could attenuate disease progression in severe group COVID-19 patients by suppressing systemic auto-inflammatory responses.

The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
Potential specific therapies in COVID-19
Authors: Gul Muhammad Hamdan , Htun Zin Mar , Shaukat Nauman , Imran Muhammad , Khan Ahmad
Published: May 2020

COVID-19 has grown into a global pandemic that has strained healthcare throughout the world. There is a sense of urgency in finding a cure for this deadly virus. In this study, we reviewed the empiric options used in common practice for COVID-19, based on the literature available online, with an emphasis on human experiences with these treatments on severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-COV-1) and other viruses. Convalescent blood products are the most promising potential treatment for use in COVID-19. The use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), remdesivir, and tocilizumab are some of the other promising potential therapies; however, they are yet to be tested in randomized clinical trials (RCTs). The use of lopinavir-ritonavir did not prove beneficial in a large RCT. The use of corticosteroids should be avoided in COVID-19 pneumonia unless used for other indications, based on the suggestion of harm in patients with SARS-COV-1 and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) infection.

The reviews of this paper are available via the supplemental material section.
Roaring Candidates in the Spotlight: Campaign Negativity, Emotions, and Media Coverage in 107 National Elections
Authors: Maier Jürgen , Nai Alessandro
Published: May 2020

We argue that, above and beyond the usual suspects, some campaign strategies are more successful in attracting media coverage. We specifically focus on two elements of campaign content: the tone of the campaign (i.e., whether or not to go “negative” on opponents) and the use of emotional appeals (fear and enthusiasm messages). We argue that both negativity and emotions matter for media coverage. We rely on an original comparative data set about the campaign strategies of 507 candidates having competed in 107 elections in 89 countries worldwide between 2016 and 2019. The data set is based on a survey distributed to samples of national and international experts. Confirming our expectations, the analyses reveal that candidates using a more negative tone and, especially, candidates making a greater use of emotional appeals receive a greater media coverage; the effect of emotional appeals dwarfs all other drivers of media coverage. Our analyses also show that media coverage is significantly higher for candidates who go negative and use fear appeals, and when candidates go positive and use enthusiasm appeals. Finally, media coverage is significantly greater for candidates who go negative in countries where the media system has a marked preference for infotainment and sensationalism.
Gut microbiota modification suppresses the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension in an SU5416/hypoxia rat model
Authors: Sanada Takayuki J. , Hosomi Koji , Shoji Hiroki , Park Jonguk , Naito Akira , Ikubo Yumiko , Yanagisawa Asako , Kobayashi Takayuki , Miwa Hideki , Suda Rika , Sakao Seiichiro , Mizuguchi Kenji , Kunisawa Jun , Tanabe Nobuhiro , Tatsumi Koichiro
Published: May 2020

The pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension is closely associated with dysregulated inflammation. Recently, abnormal alterations in gut microbiome composition and function were reported in a pulmonary arterial hypertension experimental animal model. However, it remains unclear whether these alterations are a result or the cause of pulmonary arterial hypertension. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether alterations in the gut microbiome affected the hemodynamics in SU5416/hypoxia rats. We used the SU5416/hypoxia rat model in our study. SU5416/hypoxia rats were treated with a single SU5416 injection (30 mg/kg) and a three‐week hypoxia exposure (10% O2). Three SU5416/hypoxia rats were treated with a combination of four antibiotics (SU5416/hypoxia + ABx group) for four weeks. Another group was exposed to hypoxia (10% O2) without the SU5416 treatment, and control rats received no treatment. Fecal samples were collected from each animal, and the gut microbiota composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. The antibiotic treatment significantly suppressed the vascular remodeling, right ventricular hypertrophy, and increase in the right ventricular systolic pressure in SU5416/hypoxia rats. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed gut microbiota modification in SU5416/hypoxia + ABx group. The Firmicutes‐to‐Bacteroidetes ratio in SU5416/hypoxia rats was significantly higher than that in control and hypoxia rats. Compared with the control microbiota, 14 bacterial genera, including Bacteroides and Akkermansia, increased, whereas seven bacteria, including Rothia and Prevotellaceae, decreased in abundance in SU5416/hypoxia rats. Antibiotic‐induced modification of the gut microbiota suppresses the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Dysbiosis may play a causal role in the development and progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Room for improvement in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure reporting: a review of hemodynamic tracings at a large academic medical center
Authors: Johnson Shelsey W. , Witkin Alison , Rodriguez‐Lopez Josanna , Channick Richard
Published: May 2020

To describe the frequency with which pulmonary capillary wedge pressure measurements, obtained during right heart catheterization, are falsely elevated and to educate operators on techniques to improve accuracy of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure reporting. Failure to completely occlude pulmonary artery branch vessels during balloon inflation can lead to falsely elevated, “incomplete” pulmonary capillary wedge pressures. Balloon deflation prior to catheter retraction may result in catheter advancement into smaller branch vessels, yielding an inadvertent but more accurate alternative pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. We hypothesized that this phenomenon can be identified on retrospective review of right heart catheterization tracings, which occurs commonly and goes unrecognized by operators. We conducted a retrospective study of patients undergoing right heart catheterization or right heart catheterization and left heart catheterization with computer‐generated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ≥20 from January 2015 to June 2017. Alternative pulmonary capillary wedge pressures were defined as a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure trace during balloon deflation ≥3 mmHg lower than the reported pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. Inter‐rater reliability of tracing reviewers was also evaluated. Results showed that, of the 182 tracings reviewed, an alternative pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was identified in 26 or 14.3% of cases. Eleven of these alternative pulmonary capillary wedge pressures were ≤15 mmHg with a calculated pulmonary vascular resistance ≥3 Wood units in 10 patients, re‐classifying the etiology of pulmonary hypertension from post‐capillary to pre‐capillary in 38.5% of cases. For the eight patients for whom left heart catheterization data were available, left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure aligned with the alternative pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. In conclusion, inadvertently obtained, but likely more accurate, alternative pulmonary capillary wedge pressures were identified in almost 15% of procedures reviewed from a busy academic institution. As wedge pressures often drive diagnosis and treatment decisions for patients with cardiac and pulmonary pathology, operators should be attuned to balloon deflation as a time when alternative pulmonary capillary wedge pressures may be identified as they are likely more reflective of left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure. Additional tools to ensure accuracy of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure reporting are reviewed.
Right ventricular adaptation in the critical phase after acute intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism
Authors: Lyhne Mads Dam , Schultz Jacob Gammelgaard , Kramer Anders , Mortensen Christian Schmidt , Nielsen-Kudsk Jens Erik , Andersen Asger
Published: May 2020

Background

The haemodynamic response following acute, intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism is not well described. We aimed to describe the cardiovascular changes in the initial, critical phase 0–12 hours after acute pulmonary embolism in an in-vivo porcine model.

Methods

Pigs were randomly allocated to pulmonary embolism (n = 6) or sham (n = 6). Pulmonary embolism was administered as autologous blood clots (20 × 1 cm) until doubling of mean pulmonary arterial pressure or mean pulmonary arterial pressure was greater than 34 mmHg. Sham animals received saline. Cardiopulmonary changes were evaluated for 12 hours after intervention by biventricular pressure–volume loop recordings, invasive pressure measurements, arterial and central venous blood gas analyses.

Results

Mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased (P < 0.0001) and stayed elevated for 12 hours in the pulmonary embolism group compared to sham. Pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricular arterial elastance (right ventricular afterload) were increased in the first 11 and 6 hours, respectively, after pulmonary embolism (P < 0.01 for both) compared to sham. Right ventricular ejection fraction was reduced (P < 0.01) for 8 hours, whereas a near-significant reduction in right ventricular stroke volume was observed (P = 0.06) for 4 hours in the pulmonary embolism group compared to sham. Right ventricular ventriculo–arterial coupling was reduced (P < 0.05) for 6 hours following acute pulmonary embolism despite increased right ventricular mechanical work in the pulmonary embolism group (P < 0.01) suggesting right ventricular failure.

Conclusions

In a porcine model of intermediate-risk pulmonary embolism, the increased right ventricular afterload caused initial right ventricular ventriculo–arterial uncoupling and dysfunction. After approximately 6 hours, the right ventricular afterload returned to pre-pulmonary embolism values and right ventricular function improved despite a sustained high pulmonary arterial pressure. These results suggest an initial critical and vulnerable phase of acute pulmonary embolism before haemodynamic adaptation.
The Local Exchange Trading System in France (Système d’Échange Local (SEL)): Creating a scale to measure motivations for participation in SEL practice and identification of SEL member profiles
Authors: Privat Hélène , Urien Bertrand , Cherrier Hélène , Valette-Florence Pierre
Published: May 2020

While Local Exchange Trading Systems (LETS) are regularly cited in the literature on collaborative consumption, they have paradoxically rarely been studied by researchers in the field of marketing. In France, although LETS, or SELs ( Systèmes d’Échanges Locaux), continue to develop, they suffer from high member turnover. This raises the question of whether the existing SELs are responding to the underlying motivations for participation in SEL practice. What is the nature of SEL member motivations? Are these motivations different from those in collaborative consumption more generally? Is it possible to measure them and thus propose SEL member profiles based on these motivations? A qualitative study of 16 SEL members and a quantitative study of 957 SEL members revealed five types of motivations and five SEL member profiles –‘the intellectual protester’, ‘the novice SEL member’, ‘the affective idealist’, ‘the pragmatic consumer’ and ‘the accomplished SEL member’. The theoretical contributions of this study include notably the importance of the ‘for intellectual enrichment’ motivation and the creation of a reliable and valid scale for measuring motivations for participating in SEL practice. The findings have consequences for SEL management teams, who will be able to use them to reduce high turnover and improve the nature of their exchange offers, the effectiveness of their internal and external communications and the recruitment of new members.
Perceptions and experiences of using mobile technology for medication adherence among older adults with coronary heart disease: A qualitative study
Authors: Park Linda G , Ng Fion , K Shim Janet , Elnaggar Abdelaziz , Villero Ofelia
Published: May 2020

Objective

Medication non-adherence is linked to adverse clinical outcomes (i.e. rehospitalization, mortality) among patients with coronary heart disease. Given its global adoption and growing popularity among older adults, mobile technology may be an effective strategy to improve medication adherence. The aim of this article is to present the perceptions, attitudes, and beliefs of individuals with coronary heart disease about using text messaging and mobile phone applications for medication adherence.

Methods

We recruited 28 participants (veterans and non-veterans) with a history of coronary heart disease and antiplatelet medication use in Northern California. We formed six focus groups of individuals who participated in three sessions (total 18 sessions). We analyzed our data using grounded theory.

Results

The median age was 69.5 ± 10.8 years for non-veterans (50% male) and 70 ± 8.6 years for veterans (100% male). In the first session, we found that participants perceived text message reminders as a convenient, easy, and flexible tool to establish a routine for taking medications. In the second session, participants were eager to use applications for their greater interactivity, individualized health monitoring, and personalized medication information. The third session, participants shared preferred features (i.e. drug interactions, tracking symptoms) after using two applications at home for 2 weeks.

Conclusions

Older adults are engaged and can be proficient mobile technology users. Text messaging and mobile phone applications are perceived as helpful tools for medication adherence. Future research should include rigorous clinical trials to test the efficacy of mobile health technology to promote medication adherence in populations that require strict medication adherence.
Sustainable development and openness in oil-exporting countries: green growth and brown growth
Authors: Khodaparast Shirazi Jalil , Mohamad Taghvaee Vahid , Nasiri Mohamad , Assari Arani Abbas
Published: May 2020

What is the nexus between sustainability and openness? This study employs econometric methods to estimate a neoclassical growth model, considering brown and green growth as two pillars of sustainability, in ten oil-exporting countries during 1990–2012. Based on the results, the nexus is non-linear and U-shaped, depending on the level of openness. From the green growth viewpoint, the current relationship of sustainability with openness is negative in the sample, but it becomes positive in the higher levels of openness. From the brown growth perspective, not only the current relationship of openness with sustainability is positive, but also it can become stronger in the higher level of openness. They are proofs for the openness acting as a catalyst for sustainability in the sample. All the oil-exporting countries are suggested to open their economy wider and wider since the sustainability and openness nexus either is already positive or it becomes positive in the higher degrees of openness. So, sustainability is a flimsy pretext to discourage the openness since it is a positively effective strategy in the long-term, notwithstanding its potentially negative effects in the short-run which creates a gap.
Tension-type headache, its relation to stress, and how to relieve it by cryotherapy among academic students
Authors: Hassan Mona , Asaad Tarek
Published: May 2020

Background

Tension-type headache and stress are common students’ problems suffering. Alternative and complementary medicine, as cryotherapy, is effective for relieving physical and psychological pain; using ice compresses by placing it at the back of the neck, leads to relief of tension and anxiety, and gives feeling of relaxation and full of energy for doing daily life activities. The findings from this study will provide the basis for the formulation of future research questions that can explore the effect of cryotherapy for treatment of many psychological problems, specifically, researches that consider the role of cryotherapy for treatment of physical and psychological problems.

Aim of the study

This study aimed to assess tension-type headache, its relation to stress, and how to relieve it by cryotherapy, among academic students.

Results

Results revealed that there is an association between stress and tension-type headache, as the level of stress increased, the occurrence of tension-type headache increased.

Conclusion

Academic students experience stress appearing as physical and psychological symptoms that affect their daily life activities. There is a significant relationship between level of stress and TTH, with diurnal pattern, location, severity, and duration of TTH. After applying cryotherapy (ice compresses) in relieving TTH, students feel analgesia, relaxation, increased effort, and alertness, added to that decreased mental tension and recurrence of headache to a minimum level.
Antioxidant, antibacterial activity, and phytochemical characterization of Carica papaya flowers
Authors: Dwivedi Manish Kumar , Sonter Shruti , Mishra Shringika , Patel Digvesh Kumar , Singh Prashant Kumar
Published: May 2020

Background

Carica papaya is an eminent medicinal plant used all over the world to treat several diseases like malaria, dengue, inflammation, and skin infections. In this study, preliminary phytochemical screening for C. papaya flowers was carried out using different methods as TLC screening and UV-spectroscopy along with evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Methods were also developed for TLC and UV-visible spectroscopic analysis of the extracts.

Results

Results of phytochemical screening revealed that the methanol extract contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins as major components. Saponins and tannins were present in chloroform and n-hexane extracts; however, steroids and flavonoids were additionally found in n-hexane extract. Flavonoids, saponins, and tannins were present in aqueous extract of papaya flower. TLC and UV-visible spectroscopy also confirmed the presence of phenolics and flavonoids in different plant extracts. The total phenolic content (0.76 ± 0.04 mg GAE/g dry weight) and total flavonoid content (1.53 ± 0.10 mg QE/g dry weight) were the highest in the n-hexane extract of the flower. Antioxidant activity using DPPH free radical scavenging assay was the highest in n-hexane extract (64.07%). Antibacterial screening was carried out using well diffusion method against two pathogens Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis. The antibacterial assays of the extracts displayed the highest activity in methanolic extract against both E. coli (4.00 ± 0.08) and B. subtilis (01.00 ± 0.05).

Conclusion

This is the first report for the presence of alkaloids and saponins in C. papaya flowers. Also, it is the first report for determination of total phenolics and total flavonoids in C. papaya flowers. Methanolic extract displayed considerable antibacterial activity against E. coli and B. subtilis. The antioxidant and antibacterial properties of phytochemical extracts make them attractive alternative complementary medicines. More chemical investigation for chemical constituents is important for further drug development programs.

Graphical abstract
Narrative of Origin and Utopia in Lucrecia Martel’s Nueva Argirópolis
Authors: Gómez Leila
Published: May 2020

This article offers a reading of Lucrecia Martel’s film short Nueva Argirópolis (2010) in light of Domingo F. Sarmiento’s treatise Argirópolis (1850). Both Sarmiento’s text and Martel’s film address the question of landownership, river navigation, and the inequal distribution of territorial and national wealth. Nueva Argirópolis is one part of a cinematographic project that brought together twenty-five directors for the occasion of the bicentennial of the Argentine revolution. Martel’s eight-minute story takes as its point of departure the ideas of Sarmiento, one of the founders of the nation: through her fiction, she tells how original Argentine peoples adopted Sarmiento’s proposal. In speaking of her inspiration for the film, Martel refers to both her work and Sarmiento’s as bold texts that fall within the genre of science fiction. The present essay considers the reasons for the audacity of the proposals in both texts and, at the same time, why both were unsuccessful.
Translating and Retranslating “Fallen Star”
Authors: Hernandez Sarah
Published: May 2020

This article provides a comparative close reading of Ella Deloria’s and Stephen Riggs’s translations of the ancient and sacred Dakota creation story “Fallen Star.” Although Deloria, a fluent Dakota/Lakota speaker, published several books on the Dakota oral storytelling tradition, Riggs is often viewed as the expert on Dakota culture, language, and literature. The impulse to privilege Riggs is problematic, because it is a new iteration of settler colonialism and patriarchy that further oppresses the Dakota nation and delegitimizes its rich and complex literary traditions. As an ethnologist and linguist, Riggs transformed the rich and complex Dakota oral storytelling tradition into a static cultural artifact. This article examines how Deloria corrected Riggs’s work to incorporate tribally specific beliefs, values, and worldviews into a new interpretation of “Fallen Star.”
Tales of (De)colonization in the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Mazzotti José Antonio
Published: May 2020

This article presents some results of a long-term research project on the Iskonawa, a Peruvian Amazon community that until recently many specialists considered gone. The few living speakers hold a world of knowledge and oral tradition that a team of Peruvian researchers has been collecting since 2010. Some Iskonawa myths of origin and survival tell us about their relationship with nature, their use of animals and plants, and a bleak future of deforestation, contamination, drug trafficking, and other crimes. In some of these narratives, it is possible to find alternative views of nature and the world in general that challenge the Western and neoliberal approach to the Amazonian basin.
Ensemble machine learning modeling for the prediction of artemisinin resistance in malaria
Authors: Ford Colby T. , Janies Daniel
Published: May 2020

Resistance in malaria is a growing concern affecting many areas of Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Since the emergence of artemisinin resistance in the late 2000s in Cambodia, research into the underlying mechanisms has been underway.

The 2019 Malaria Challenge posited the task of developing computational models that address important problems in advancing the fight against malaria. The first goal was to accurately predict artemisinin drug resistance levels of Plasmodium falciparum isolates, as quantified by the IC50. The second goal was to predict the parasite clearance rate of malaria parasite isolates based on in vitro transcriptional profiles.

In this work, we develop machine learning models using novel methods for transforming isolate data and handling the tens of thousands of variables that result from these data transformation exercises. This is demonstrated by using massively parallel processing of the data vectorization for use in scalable machine learning. In addition, we show the utility of ensemble machine learning modeling for highly effective predictions of both goals of this challenge. This is demonstrated by the use of multiple machine learning algorithms combined with various scaling and normalization preprocessing steps. Then, using a voting ensemble, multiple models are combined to generate a final model prediction.
Evaluation of dental arches in orthodontic patients with condylar hyperplasia in a North Sumatra subpopulation: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Sofyanti Ervina , Boel Trelia , Satria Denny , Ritonga Zuriyah Fionita , Hasibuan Indah Hafniar
Published: May 2020

Background: Condylar Hyperplasia (CH) is a self-limiting mandibular condyle disorder that shows asymmetry progress conjunction with associated occlusal changes as long as condylar growth is still active and leads to facial asymmetry. This study aimed to evaluate dental arches by analyzing dental arch asymmetry and form in orthodontic patients with CH in a North Sumatra subpopulation.

Methods: This is a retrospective study of suspected CH patient’s clinical records who sought for the initial orthodontic treatment between January 2015 to March 2019. Patient with facial asymmetry (based on photography, posterior cross bite and midline deviation), positive temporomandibular joint disorder in functional analysis, and no history of facial trauma were included in the study. Dental arch asymmetry was based on the measurement of dental midline deviation, canine tip in the dental arch, distance of the upper canines from the palatal suture, and inter canine distance. The evaluation of dental arch was achieved by comparing arch width and length.

Results: There was a significant difference (p<0.05) of upper canine distance from the palatal suture in female patients when evaluating upper dental arch asymmetry. There was a moderate correlation (r=0.379) in midline deviation between upper and lower dental arch. The dimension and dental arch form was mid and flat, and there was moderate correlation (r=0.448) between the upper and lower dental arch form in these CH patients.

Conclusion: The evaluation of dental arch symmetry and arch form showed asymmetric occlusal characteristics in orthodontics patient with CH in North Sumatera subpopulation. In treating these patients, we recommend the plaster cast evaluation as essential and routine procedure in order to understand the complexity of occlusal change due to active growth of condylar and limitation in radiography evaluation.
Contextualizing COVID-19 spread: a county level analysis, urban versus rural, and implications for preparing for the next wave
Authors: Rao J. Sunil , Zhang Hang , Mantero Alejandro
Published: May 2020

Background: Contextual determinants of health including social, environmental, healthcare and others, are a so-called deck of cards one is dealt. The ability to modify health outcomes varies then based upon how one’s hand is played. It is thus of great interest to understand how these determinants associate with the emerging pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Methods: To this end, we conducted a deep-dive analysis into this problem using a recently curated public dataset on COVID-19 that connects infection spread over time to a rich collection of contextual determinants for all counties of the U.S and Washington, D.C.

Results: Using random forest machine learning methodology, we identified a relevant constellation of contextual factors of disease spread which manifest differently for urban and rural counties.

Conclusions: The findings also have clear implications for better preparing for the next wave of disease.
Analysis of the health product pipeline for poverty-related and neglected diseases using the Portfolio-to-Impact (P2I) modeling tool
Authors: Bandara Shashika , Chapman Nick , Chowdhary Vipul , Doubell Anna , Hynen Amelia , Rugarabamu George , Gunn Alexander , Yamey Gavin
Published: May 2020

Background: To estimate how much additional funding is needed for poverty-related and neglected disease (PRND) product development and to target new resources effectively, policymakers need updated information on the development pipeline and estimated costs to fill pipeline gaps.

Methods: We previously conducted a pipeline review to identify candidates for 35 neglected diseases as of August 31, 2017 (“2017 pipeline”). We used the Portfolio-to-Impact (P2I) tool to estimate costs to move these candidates through the pipeline, likely launches, and additional costs to develop “missing products.” We repeated this analysis, reviewing the pipeline to August 31, 2019 to get a time trend. We made a direct comparison based on the same 35 diseases (“2019 direct comparison pipeline”), then a comparison based on an expanded list of 45 diseases (“2019 complete pipeline”).

Results: In the 2017 pipeline, 538 product candidates met inclusion criteria for input into the model; it would cost $16.3 billion (B) to move these through the pipeline, yielding 128 launches. In the 2019 direct comparison pipeline, we identified 690 candidates, an increase of 152 candidates from 2017; the largest increase was for Ebola.  The direct comparison 2019 pipeline yields 196 launches, costing $19.9B. In the 2019 complete pipeline, there were 754 candidates, an increase of 216 candidates from 2017, of which 152 reflected pipeline changes and 64 reflected changes in scope. The complete pipeline 2019 yields 207 launches, costing $21.0B. There would still be 16 “missing products” based on the complete 2019 pipeline; it would cost $5.5B-$14.2B (depending on product complexity) to develop these products.

Conclusion: The PRNDs product development pipeline has grown by over a quarter in two years. The number of expected new product launches based on the 2019 pipeline increased by half compared to 2017; the cost of advancing the pipeline increased by a quarter.
Wielokulturowość w pracy nauczyciela
Authors: Orzeł-Dereń Kinga
Published: May 2020

Multiculturalism in Teachers’ Work

The article relates to the issue of multiculturalism in teachers’ work. Issues are raised concerning the education of children belonging to both national and ethnic minorities, as well as concerning the education of foreign children, including children of migrants and refugees and children from mixed marriages. The following sections present subjects related to the right to learn and respect the cultural identity of children, education of national and ethnic minorities in Poland, and the education of foreign children in Poland in the context of multicultural educational opportunities and threats. Differences between the approaches to education of children who belong to national and ethnic minorities and foreign children are portrayed. The article presents issues of stereotyping and prejudice in the context of children.
Roma People in Virtual Reality
Authors: Talewicz-Kwiatkowska Joanna
Published: May 2020

Stereotypical perceptions of Roma people as those who like to walk along forest paths to camps, or stories about Gypsy fairies with crystal balls have nothing in common with such trendy and contemporary terms as new technologies. How can one imagine a stereotypical Roma who loves horses and campfires surfing the Internet? How do we discuss changes in men-women relations in the context of a patriarchal community in which women have no right to express their opinions and are literally captive? Undoubtedly, a lack of knowledge about Roma people, and with often the only alternative in the form of stereotypical information excludes them from the discussion on cultural changes related to technological development. At the same time media, including the Internet, are important not only in the context of activism of Roma leaders and organizations, but also with reference to people who want to fight against the negative image of Roma people in public space, regardless of membership or lack of membership in Roma organizations.
Mowa nienawiści jako zagrożenie dla spójności kulturowej współczesnych społeczeństw wielokulturowych
Authors: Kościółek Jakub
Published: May 2020

Hate Speech as a Threat to Cultural Cohesion of Contemporary Multicultural Societies The article presents the idea of social cohesion and its implementation in diverse and multicultural societies or societies in transition, such as the Polish community. It also explores the phenomenon of hate speech in racial contexts or against migrants, both voluntary and involuntary, and tries to draw the conditions in which hateful language can interfere with the integration processes within such societies, affecting social cohesion. The role of institutionalized xenophobia and nationalistic attachment are discussed as part of the problem. Political, media, cultural and environmental contexts are described, with particular emphasis given to the actions to be undertaken in local municipalities in order to prevent hate speech against immigrants.
Kod geopolityczny – koncepcja teoretyczna i metodologiczna
Authors: Lewandowski Piotr
Published: May 2020

Geopolitical Code – Theoretical and Methodological Concepts The article deals with geopolitical codes in relation to theoretical and methodological assumptions of social and political sciences. Geopolitical codes are considered in broad reference to the cultural and national codes of mythical narratives. The aim of this article is to transform cultural codes into analytical and methodological categories. The article includes an analysis of the concept of geopolitical code, its definition, and its classification as a set of social ideas. The text verifies the basic assumptions of geopolitical code: its structure, functions and possibilities of verification in the existing research methods of social, political and security sciences. The author also draws attention to the role of geopolitical codes in forming the state’s information security policy.
Church and Pacifism
Authors: Smuniewski Cezary
Published: May 2020

The article is a study in the domain of security and aims to answer the following question in the context of contemporary threats: What is the Catholic Church’s attitude towards pacifism? The author presents research concerning the relationship between pacifism and religion, analyzing the question of pacifism with reference to biblical texts and contemporary Catholic thought.
Czym jest neomediewalizm ?
Authors: Mach Michał
Published: May 2020

What Is Neomedievalism?

The article has a purpose to present the theory of neomedievalism. This theory has been developed in order to explain changes in today’s world by using analogy to the social system that existed in the pre-nation state era. The main focus of the theory of neomedievalism is the system of multiple, self constructed loyalties that can work simultaneously without one being superior to others. Neomedievalism focuses on the idea that the era of post-Westphalian nationstates is over and it has been replaced by a more globalized system that is based on multiple loyalties. This article presents the basic ideas and indicators of the existence of neomedievalism. The indicators of neomedievalism are presentedmostly on the example of African continent after the end of the colonial times.
El Derecho Internacional como fuente del Derecho Constitucional
Authors: Monroy Cabra Marco Gerardo
Published: May 2020

El presente trabajo trata de demostrar que el Derecho Internacional ha llegado a constituirse en fuente del Derecho Constitucional. Para este efecto, se analizan las relaciones entre el Derecho Internacional y el Derecho interno haciendo un breve resumen de las teorías dualista y monista y la jurisprudencia internacional. Luego se indaga la recepción del Derecho Internacional consuetudinario y Derecho Internacional convencional en los ordenamientos internos, lo cual se estudia a la luz del Derecho comparado, concluyendo que se incorporan de distinta manera de acuerdo con la Constitución respectiva. A continuación se analiza la jerarquía del Derecho Internacional consuetudinario y convencional respecto a las normas nacionales, para lo cual se hace un bosquejo del Derecho Constitucional comparado. Luego se estudia la recepción, jerarquía y normatividad constitucional del Derecho Internacional en derecho colombiano. Por último, se deducen conclusiones del análisis jurídico realizado.  Las dos conclusiones principales son estas: la primera, que la recepción y jerarquía del Derecho Internacional (consuetudinario o convencional) respecto del Derecho doméstico o Nacional se resuelve de acuerdo con lo previsto en la Constitución de cada Estado. La segunda, que un Estado no puede alegar disposiciones de su Constitución para negarse a cumplir un tratado, pues si lo incumple incurre en responsabilidad internacional.