bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystallization Behavior and Kinetics of Chocolate‐Lauric Fat Blends and Model Systems
Authors: Geary Margaret , Hartel Richard
Published: March 2017

Binary mixtures of cocoa butter and lauric fats have widespread use in chocolates and confections, yet incompatibilities between these fats can present formulation and processing constraints. This study examined the phase behavior and crystallization kinetics of cocoa butter‐lauric fat model systems and chocolate‐lauric fat blends. Solid fat content (SFC) profiles and isosolid diagrams confirmed eutectic and diluent interactions, indicating a softening of cocoa butter by lauric fat addition. Crystallization kinetics of model systems adhered to an exponential growth model. High lauric fat levels delayed crystal growth and reduced equilibrium SFC of cocoa butter. Coconut and palm kernel oils altered the solidification mechanisms of cocoa butter to a greater extent than fractionated palm kernel oil. Chocolate systems displayed multi‐step crystal growth that contrasted with the exponential growth observed in the model systems. At high lauric fat levels (30%), crystallization onset was significantly lengthened. Blends with high lauric fat contents showed low and did not achieve final equilibrium after 60 min of cooling, indicating incomplete crystallization.
Kolb, integration and the messiness of workplace learning
Authors: Wilkinson Tim J.
Published: March 2017

None
Monocular denervation of visual nuclei modulates APP processing and sAPPα production: A possible role on neural plasticity
Authors: Vasques Juliana Ferreira , Heringer Pedro Vinícius Bastos , de Jesus Gonçalves Renata Guedes , Campello‐Costa Paula , Serfaty Claudio Alberto , Faria‐Melibeu Adriana da Cunha
Published: March 2017

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is essential to physiological processes such as synapse formation and neural plasticity. Sequential proteolysis of APP by beta‐ and gamma‐secretases generates amyloid‐beta peptide (Aβ), the main component of senile plaques in Alzheimer Disease. Alternative APP cleavage by alpha‐secretase occurs within Aβ domain, releasing soluble α‐APP (sAPPα), a neurotrophic fragment. Among other functions, sAPPα is important to synaptogenesis, neural survival and axonal growth. APP and sAPPα levels are increased in models of neuroplasticity, which suggests an important role for APP and its metabolites, especially sAPPα, in the rearranging brain. In this work we analyzed the effects of monocular enucleation (ME), a classical model of lesion‐induced plasticity, upon APP content, processing and also in secretases levels. Besides, we addressed whether α‐secretase activity is crucial for retinotectal remodeling after ME. Our results showed that ME induced a transient reduction in total APP content. We also detected an increase in α‐secretase expression and in sAPP production concomitant with a reduction in Aβ and β‐secretase contents. These data suggest that ME facilitates APP processing by the non‐amyloidogenic pathway, increasing sAPPα levels. Indeed, the pharmacological inhibition of α‐secretase activity reduced the axonal sprouting of ipsilateral retinocollicular projections from the intact eye after ME, suggesting that sAPPα is necessary for synaptic structural rearrangement. Understanding how APP processing is regulated under lesion conditions may provide new insights into APP physiological role on neural plasticity.
Non-uniqueness for specifications in
Authors: BERGER NOAM , HOFFMAN CHRISTOPHER , SIDORAVICIUS VLADAS
Published: March 2017

For every $p>2$, we construct a regular and continuous specification ($g$-function), which has a variation sequence that is in $\ell ^{p}$ and which admits multiple Gibbs measures. Combined with a result of Johansson and Öberg [Square summability of variations of $g$-functions and uniqueness in $g$-measures. Math. Res. Lett.10(5–6) (2003), 587–601], this determines the optimal modulus of continuity for a specification which admits multiple Gibbs measures.
UNDECIDABILITY AND THE DEVELOPABILITY OF PERMUTOIDS AND RIGID PSEUDOGROUPS
Authors: BRIDSON MARTIN R. , WILTON HENRY
Published: March 2017

A permutoid is a set of partial permutations that contains the identity and is such that partial compositions, when defined, have at most one extension in the set. In 2004 Peter Cameron conjectured that there can exist no algorithm that determines whether or not a permutoid based on a finite set can be completed to a finite permutation group. In this note we prove Cameron’s conjecture by relating it to our recent work on the profinite triviality problem for finitely presented groups. We also prove that the existence problem for finite developments of rigid pseudogroups is unsolvable. In an appendix, Steinberg recasts these results in terms of inverse semigroups.
Brassica aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations are conditioned by climatic variables and parasitism level: a study case of Triângulo Mineiro, Brazil
Authors: Sampaio M.V. , Korndörfer A.P. , Pujade-Villar J. , Hubaide J.E.A. , Ferreira S.E. , Arantes S.O. , Bortoletto D.M. , Guimarães C.M. , Sánchez-Espigares J.A. , Caballero-López B.
Published: March 2017

Cosmopolitan pests such asBrevicoryne brassicae, Lipaphis pseudobrassicae, andMyzus persicae(Aphididae) cause significant damage to Brassicaceae crops. Assessment of the important biotic and abiotic factors that regulate these pests is an essential step in the development of effective Integrated Pest Management programs for these aphids. This study evaluated the influence of leaf position, precipitation, temperature, and parasitism on populations ofL. pseudobrassicae, M. persicae, andB. brassicaein collard greens fields in the Triângulo Mineiro region (Minas Gerais state), Brazil. Similar numbers ofB. brassicaewere found on all parts of the collard green plants, whereasM. persicaeandL. pseudobrassicaewere found in greatest numbers on the middle and lower parts of the plant. While temperature and precipitation were positively related to aphid population size, their effects were not accumulative, as indicated by a negative interaction term. AlthoughDiaeretiella rapaewas the main parasitoid of these aphids, hyperparasitism was dominant; the main hyperparasitoid species recovered from plant samples wasAlloxysta fuscicornis. Parasitoids seem to have similar distributions on plants as their hosts. These results may help predict aphid outbreaks and gives clues for specific intra-plant locations when searching for and monitoring aphid populations.
NON-AFFINE HOPF ALGEBRA DOMAINS OF GELFAND–KIRILLOV DIMENSION TWO
Authors: GOODEARL K. R. , ZHANG J. J.
Published: March 2017

We classify all non-affine Hopf algebras H over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic zero that are integral domains of Gelfand–Kirillov dimension two and satisfy the condition Ext1H(k, k) ≠ 0. The affine ones were classified by the authors in 2010 (Goodearl and Zhang, J. Algebra324 (2010), 3131–3168).
NON-NEGATIVE DEFORMATIONS OF WEIGHTED HOMOGENEOUS SINGULARITIES
Authors: NUÑO-BALLESTEROS J. J. , ORÉFICE-OKAMOTO B. , TOMAZELLA J. N.
Published: March 2017

We consider a weighted homogeneous germ of complex analytic variety (X, 0) ⊂ (ℂn, 0) and a function germ f : (ℂn, 0) → (ℂ, 0). We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for some deformations to have non-negative degree (i.e., for any additional term in the deformation, the weighted degree is not smaller) in terms of an adapted version of the relative Milnor number. We study the cases where (X, 0) is an isolated hypersurface singularity and the invariant is the Bruce-Roberts number of f with respect to (X, 0), and where (X, 0) is an isolated complete intersection or a curve singularity and the invariant is the Milnor number of the germ f: (X, 0) → ℂ. In the last part, we give some formulas for the invariants in terms of the weights and the degrees of the polynomials.
Post-stapedectomy granuloma: a devastating complication
Authors: Watts E , Powell H R F , Saeed S R , Irving R M
Published: March 2017

Objectives:

This paper reports three cases of severe post-stapedectomy granuloma, emphasising the variable presentation of this devastating complication and the challenges of its management.

Methods:

A retrospective review was conducted of three cases of post-stapedectomy granuloma requiring surgical debulking between 2010 and 2015. Clinical symptoms, serial imaging, histopathology and post-operative outcomes were considered.

Results:

Intra-operatively, extensive granulation tissue with erosion of the otic capsule was found. There was spread along the VIIth and VIIIth cranial nerves to the cochlear nucleus in one patient. Post-operative clinical improvement was demonstrable, corroborated by diminution of contrast enhancement on serial magnetic resonance imaging. Facial nerve function recovered, tinnitus amelioration was variable and some otalgia persisted. Post-operative complications included grade IV facial weakness and latePseudomonas aeruginosameningitis, which all resolved.

Conclusion:

To the authors’ knowledge, this paper reports the only case of post-stapedectomy granuloma tracking to the brainstem. Otalgia was present in all our cases, and may be deemed a red flag symptom of progressive bony destruction and otic capsule involvement. Although granuloma remains rare, it should be considered in any patient with worsening otological symptoms following stapes surgery.
Itaipu's Forgotten History: The 1965 Brazil–Paraguay Border Crisis and the New Geopolitics of the Southern Cone
Authors: BLANC JACOB
Published: March 2017

This article chronicles the fifteen-month border conflict between the military regimes of Brazil and Paraguay that occurred between March of 1965 and June of 1966 – a stand-off that paved the way for the Itaipu project that would become the largest dam in the world. In the context of the 1960s Cold War, both governments saw a large-scale dam on the Paraná River as a means to catalyse industrialisation and strengthen the political legitimacy of their respective authoritarian regimes. Yet the border crisis was not a stand-off between equal powers. Brazil was the much stronger force, and, with the backing of the United States, the Brazilian dictatorship brought Paraguay firmly under its sphere of influence while also marginalising neighbouring Argentina. The border question at Guaíra served as a springboard for Brazil's rising power, and subsequently transformed the geopolitical landscape of the Southern Cone.
BATTLING WATER: THE FRONTIERS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXCAVATIONS AT BUTRINT (1928–2014)
Authors: Hernandez David R.
Published: March 2017

This article examines the impact of sea level (water table) on archaeological research at Butrint (Bouthrotos/Buthrotum) from 1928 to 2014. Rising relative sea levels over the past three thousand years have shaped the actions not only of its ancient inhabitants but also of its modern archaeologists, conditioning archaeological objectives, fieldwork and the interpretation of the archaeological record. Butrint's first archaeologist, Luigi M. Ugolini, considered groundwater to be a detriment to archaeological research at the site. Subsequent archaeologists have viewed it as the limit of excavation. Battling water at Butrint, archaeologists have shared a universal perception of groundwater as an enemy and thereby have overlooked one of Butrint's most important areas of archaeological research – its wetland and wet-site archaeology. The Roman Forum Excavations (RFE) Project undertook the first wet-site excavations at Butrint, reaching depths of up to four metres below the water table in stratigraphic excavations in the ancient urban centre. The results demonstrate that the ancient urban centre formed much later than is presently thought: the lower city emerged as dryland in the second half of the second centurybc. Relative sea levels have increased since antiquity at many coastal regions in the Mediterranean, often submerging archaeological sites either partially or completely. Butrint is a case study that shows how sea level is inextricably tied to archaeological practice and interpretation at this major ancient Mediterranean seaport.
Gaussian distribution of short sums of trace functions over finite fields
Authors: PERRET–GENTIL CORENTIN
Published: March 2017

We show that under certain general conditions, short sums of ℓ-adic trace functions over finite fields follow a normal distribution asymptotically when the origin varies, generalising results of Erdős–Davenport, Mak–Zaharescu and Lamzouri. In particular, this applies to exponential sums arising from Fourier transforms such as Kloosterman sums or Birch sums, as we can deduce from the works of Katz. By approximating the moments of traces of random matrices in monodromy groups, a quantitative version can be given as in Lamzouri's article, exhibiting a different phenomenon than the averaging from the central limit theorem.
The ϒ function ofL–space knots is a Legendre transform
Authors: BORODZIK MACIEJ , HEDDEN MATTHEW
Published: March 2017

Given anL–space knot we show that its ϒ function is the Legendre transform of a counting function equivalent to thed–invariants of its large surgeries. The unknotting obstruction obtained for the ϒ function is, in the case ofL–space knots, contained in thed–invariants of large surgeries. Generalisations apply for connected sums ofL–space knots, which imply that the slice obstruction provided by ϒ on the subgroup of concordance generated byL–space knots is no finer than that provided by thed–invariants.
Bifurcation from infinity for reaction–diffusion equations under nonlinear boundary conditions
Authors: Mavinga Nsoki , Pardo Rosa
Published: March 2017

We consider reaction–diffusion equations under nonlinear boundary conditions where the nonlinearities are asymptotically linear at infinity and depend on a parameter. We prove that, as the parameter crosses some critical values, a resonance-type phenomenon provides solutions that bifurcate from infinity. We characterize the bifurcated branches when they are sub- or supercritical. We obtain both Landesman–Lazer-type conditions that guarantee the existence of solutions in the resonant case and an anti-maximum principle.
An Operatic Locarno: The Paris Premiere of Smetana’sThe Bartered Brideand Czechoslovak-French Cultural Diplomacy
Authors: Campo-Bowen Christopher
Published: March 2017

On 26 October 1928 Paris was witness to a gala opera performance some sixty years in the making: the city’s first staging of Bedřich Smetana’sThe Bartered Bride(1866). Organised under the auspices of the Czechoslovak embassy, joined with the tenth anniversary celebrations for the foundation of the First Czechoslovak Republic, and promoted as a marker of French-Czechoslovak cultural ties, the event constituted a triumph for Czech opera in one of the interwar period’s most important European cultural centres. The Paris premiere ofThe Bartered Brideallows for a detailed examination of two distinct but interconnected issues: the status of Smetana’s opera as political, ideological and national symbol for the nascent Czechoslovak state, and the diplomatic relationship between interwar France and Czechoslovakia.
DENSIDAD POBLACIONAL EN LA CAPITAL OLMECA DE SAN LORENZO, VERACRUZ
Authors: Arieta Baizabal Virginia , Cyphers Ann
Published: March 2017

En los últimos años los análisis de densidad poblacional y distribución espacial conforman temas medulares sobre el desarrollo de las sociedades. Una manera de abordar estos temas en la capital olmeca de San Lorenzo, Veracruz, gira en torno al análisis y la interpretación de las pruebas de barreno realizadas de manera sistemática e intensiva. El presente estudio permitió reconstruir el número y tamaño de las estructuras arquitectónicas ubicadas en los diversos sectores del sitio y, a partir de éstos, estimar el número total de pobladores en el asentamiento con el fin de llegar a inferir tendencias en el desarrollo de la primera capital olmeca.
An Isbell duality theorem for type refinement systems
Authors: MELLIÈS PAUL-ANDRÉ , ZEILBERGER NOAM
Published: March 2017

Any refinement system (= functor) has a fully faithful representation in the refinement system of presheaves, by interpreting types as relative slice categories, and refinement types as presheaves over those categories. Motivated by an analogy between side effects in programming andcontext effectsin linear logic, we study logical aspects of this ‘positive’ (covariant) representation, as well as of an associated ‘negative’ (contravariant) representation. We establish several preservation properties for these representations, including a generalization of Day's embedding theorem for monoidal closed categories. Then, we establish that the positive and negative representations satisfy an Isbell-style duality. As corollaries, we derive two different formulas for the positive representation of a pushforward (inspired by the classical negative translations of proof theory), which express it either as the dual of a pullback of a dual or as the double dual of a pushforward. Besides explaining how these constructions on refinement systems generalize familiar category-theoretic ones (by viewing categories as special refinement systems), our main running examples involve representations of Hoare logic and linear sequent calculus.
Simultaneous total cavopulmonary connection and cardiac re-synchronisation therapy
Authors: Nakanishi Keisuke , Kawasaki Shiori , Amano Atsushi
Published: March 2017

We report the simultaneous use of cardiac re-synchronisation therapy and total cavopulmonary connection in a patient with dyssynchrony, wide QRS, and cardiac failure. To our knowledge, this simultaneous approach has not been reported previously. On follow-up, we noted that QRS width and brain natriuretic peptide levels improved. In addition, speckle tracking revealed improved synchronisation of ventricular wall motion.
The growing disconnect between food prices and wages in Europe: cross-national analysis of food deprivation and welfare regimes in twenty-one EU countries, 2004–2012
Authors: Reeves Aaron , Loopstra Rachel , Stuckler David
Published: March 2017

Objective

Food insecurity has been rising across Europe following the Great Recession, but to varying degrees across countries and over time. The reasons for this increase are not well understood, nor are what factors might protect people’s access to food. Here we test the hypothesis that an emerging gap between food prices and wages can explain increases in reported inability to afford protein-rich foods and whether welfare regimes can mitigate its impact.

Design

We collected data in twenty-one countries from 2004 to 2012 using two databases: (i) on food prices and deprivation related to food (denoted by reported inability to afford to eat meat, chicken, fish or a vegetarian equivalent every second day) from EuroStat 2015 edition; and (ii) on wages from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2015 edition.

Results

After adjusting for macroeconomic factors, we found that each 1 % rise in the price of food over and above wages was associated with greater self-reported food deprivation (β=0·060, 95 % CI 0·030, 0·090), particularly among impoverished groups. However, this association also varied across welfare regimes. In Eastern European welfare regimes, a 1 % rise in the price of food over wages was associated with a 0·076 percentage point rise in food deprivation (95 % CI 0·047, 0·105) while in Social Democratic welfare regimes we found no clear association (P=0·864).

Conclusions

Rising prices of food coupled with stagnating wages are a major factor driving food deprivation, especially in deprived groups; however, our evidence indicates that more generous welfare systems can mitigate this impact.
Madalena:The Entangled History of One Indigenous Floridian Woman in the Atlantic World
Authors: Cave Scott
Published: March 2017

In 1549, after 11 years of slavery, and exile, an indigenous woman made it home to her people. In the time of her captivity, she became one of the most geopolitically important and well-traveled indigenous women in the Spanish Empire. Her name—or the name Spanish society gave her—was Madalena, and she returned home to Tocobaga, in what is now Tampa Bay. From bondage in Havana, she was taken to be the translator for a missionary expedition that sought to peacefully convert her people into citizens of the imagined Spanish colony of Florida. That mission, like every other European attempt to settle the region up to the nineteenth century, would fail, but this latest failure of Spanish colonialism meant that Madalena could return to life among her own people, unlike most indigenous slaves of the sixteenth century.
Polymeric mechanical amplifiers of immune cytokine-mediated apoptosis
Authors: Mitchell Michael J. , Webster Jamie , Chung Amanda , Guimarães Pedro P. G. , Khan Omar F. , Langer Robert
Published: March 2017

Physical forces affect tumour growth, progression and metastasis. Here, we develop polymeric mechanical amplifiers that exploit in vitro and in vivo physical forces to increase immune cytokine-mediated tumour cell apoptosis. Mechanical amplifiers, consisting of biodegradable polymeric particles tethered to the tumour cell surface via polyethylene glycol linkers, increase the apoptotic effect of an immune cytokine on tumour cells under fluid shear exposure by as much as 50% compared with treatment under static conditions. We show that targeted polymeric particles delivered to tumour cells in vivo amplify the apoptotic effect of a subsequent treatment of immune cytokine, reduce circulating tumour cells in blood and overall tumour cell burden by over 90% and reduce solid tumour growth in combination with the antioxidant resveratrol. The work introduces a potentially new application for a broad range of micro- and nanoparticles to maximize receptor-mediated signalling and function in the presence of physical forces.
Optical imaging of localized chemical events using programmable diamond quantum nanosensors
Authors: Rendler Torsten , Neburkova Jitka , Zemek Ondrej , Kotek Jan , Zappe Andrea , Chu Zhiqin , Cigler Petr , Wrachtrup Jörg
Published: March 2017

Development of multifunctional nanoscale sensors working under physiological conditions enables monitoring of intracellular processes that are important for various biological and medical applications. By attaching paramagnetic gadolinium complexes to nanodiamonds (NDs) with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centres through surface engineering, we developed a hybrid nanoscale sensor that can be adjusted to directly monitor physiological species through a proposed sensing scheme based on NV spin relaxometry. We adopt a single-step method to measure spin relaxation rates enabling time-dependent measurements on changes in pH or redox potential at a submicrometre-length scale in a microfluidic channel that mimics cellular environments. Our experimental data are reproduced by numerical simulations of the NV spin interaction with gadolinium complexes covering the NDs. Considering the versatile engineering options provided by polymer chemistry, the underlying mechanism can be expanded to detect a variety of physiologically relevant species and variables.
Chd7 is indispensable for mammalian brain development through activation of a neuronal differentiation programme
Authors: Feng Weijun , Kawauchi Daisuke , Körkel-Qu Huiqin , Deng Huan , Serger Elisabeth , Sieber Laura , Lieberman Jenna Ariel , Jimeno-González Silvia , Lambo Sander , Hanna Bola S. , Harim Yassin , Jansen Malin , Neuerburg Anna , Friesen Olga , Zuckermann Marc , Rajendran Vijayanad , Gronych Jan , Ayrault Olivier , Korshunov Andrey , Jones David T. W. , Kool Marcel , Northcott Paul A. , Lichter Peter , Cortés-Ledesma Felipe , Pfister Stefan M. , Liu Hai-Kun
Published: March 2017

Mutations in chromatin modifier genes are frequently associated with neurodevelopmental diseases. We herein demonstrate that the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 7 (Chd7), frequently associated with CHARGE syndrome, is indispensable for normal cerebellar development. Genetic inactivation of Chd7 in cerebellar granule neuron progenitors leads to cerebellar hypoplasia in mice, due to the impairment of granule neuron differentiation, induction of apoptosis and abnormal localization of Purkinje cells, which closely recapitulates known clinical features in the cerebella of CHARGE patients. Combinatory molecular analyses reveal that Chd7 is required for the maintenance of open chromatin and thus activation of genes essential for granule neuron differentiation. We further demonstrate that both Chd7 and Top2b are necessary for the transcription of a set of long neuronal genes in cerebellar granule neurons. Altogether, our comprehensive analyses reveal a mechanism with chromatin remodellers governing brain development via controlling a core transcriptional programme for cell-specific differentiation.
Stability and dynamics of membrane-spanning DNA nanopores
Authors: Maingi Vishal , Burns Jonathan R. , Uusitalo Jaakko J. , Howorka Stefan , Marrink Siewert J. , Sansom Mark S. P.
Published: March 2017

Recently developed DNA-based analogues of membrane proteins have advanced synthetic biology. A fundamental question is how hydrophilic nanostructures reside in the hydrophobic environment of the membrane. Here, we use multiscale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to explore the structure, stability and dynamics of an archetypical DNA nanotube inserted via a ring of membrane anchors into a phospholipid bilayer. Coarse-grained MD reveals that the lipids reorganize locally to interact closely with the membrane-spanning section of the DNA tube. Steered simulations along the bilayer normal establish the metastable nature of the inserted pore, yielding a force profile with barriers for membrane exit due to the membrane anchors. Atomistic, equilibrium simulations at two salt concentrations confirm the close packing of lipid around of the stably inserted DNA pore and its cation selectivity, while revealing localized structural fluctuations. The wide-ranging and detailed insight informs the design of next-generation DNA pores for synthetic biology or biomedicine.
The soft mechanical signature of glial scars in the central nervous system
Authors: Moeendarbary Emad , Weber Isabell P. , Sheridan Graham K. , Koser David E. , Soleman Sara , Haenzi Barbara , Bradbury Elizabeth J. , Fawcett James , Franze Kristian
Published: March 2017

Injury to the central nervous system (CNS) alters the molecular and cellular composition of neural tissue and leads to glial scarring, which inhibits the regrowth of damaged axons. Mammalian glial scars supposedly form a chemical and mechanical barrier to neuronal regeneration. While tremendous effort has been devoted to identifying molecular characteristics of the scar, very little is known about its mechanical properties. Here we characterize spatiotemporal changes of the elastic stiffness of the injured rat neocortex and spinal cord at 1.5 and three weeks post-injury using atomic force microscopy. In contrast to scars in other mammalian tissues, CNS tissue significantly softens after injury. Expression levels of glial intermediate filaments (GFAP, vimentin) and extracellular matrix components (laminin, collagen IV) correlate with tissue softening. As tissue stiffness is a regulator of neuronal growth, our results may help to understand why mammalian neurons do not regenerate after injury.
Chemical control of the viscoelastic properties of vinylogous urethane vitrimers
Authors: Denissen Wim , Droesbeke Martijn , Nicolaÿ Renaud , Leibler Ludwik , Winne Johan M. , Du Prez Filip E.
Published: March 2017

Vinylogous urethane based vitrimers are polymer networks that have the intrinsic property to undergo network rearrangements, stress relaxation and viscoelastic flow, mediated by rapid addition/elimination reactions of free chain end amines. Here we show that the covalent exchange kinetics significantly can be influenced by combination with various simple additives. As anticipated, the exchange reactions on network level can be further accelerated using either Brønsted or Lewis acid additives. Remarkably, however, a strong inhibitory effect is observed when a base is added to the polymer matrix. These effects have been mechanistically rationalized, guided by low-molecular weight kinetic model experiments. Thus, vitrimer elastomer materials can be rationally designed to display a wide range of viscoelastic properties.
Malnutrition and non-communicable diseases among Bangladeshi women: an urban–rural comparison
Authors: Zahangir M S , Hasan M M , Richardson A , Tabassum S
Published: March 2017

Background/Objectives:

This study aims at examining the urban–rural differentials in the effects of socioeconomic predictors on underweight and obesity of ever-married women in Bangladesh. The effect of malnutrition and other risk factors on non-communicable diseases is also examined.

Subjects/Methods:

The information regarding nutritional status, socioeconomic and demographic background, and non-communicable diseases of ever-married women was extracted from the nationally representative, cross-sectional Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS 2011) data set. Both bivariate (χ2 test) and multivariate (multinomial logistic regression model) analyses were performed in determining the risk factors of malnutrition. The effect of malnutrition and associated risk factors on non-communicable diseases was determined using binary logistic regression models.

Results:

The overall prevalence as well as the effects of individual risk factors of malnutrition differ in urban and rural settings. Regional differentials in the prevalence of underweight were statistically significant only for rural areas. In rural and urban settings, women from households with poor economic status were 67% (odds ratio (OR) 0.33, 95% CI 0.26–0.43) and 81% (OR=0.19, 95% CI 0.13–0.29) less likely to be overweight, respectively, with respect to those from affluent households. Women from the Rangpur division were significantly more likely to suffer from anemia (OR=1.41, 95% CI 1.13–1.77) and hypertension (OR=1.67, 95% CI 1.19–2.34) than those from the Sylhet division (reference division). With respect to those considered as underweight, women who were categorized as overweight were 0.47 (OR=0.53, 95% CI 0.43–0.65) times less likely to suffer from anemia, and 1.83 (OR=2.83, 95% CI 1.99–4.02) and 1.70 (OR=2.70, 95% CI 2.09–3.50) times more likely to suffer from diabetes and hypertension, respectively.

Conclusions:

Rural–urban differentials in the effects of individual risk factors of malnutrition were observed. Wealth status of households and nutritional status of women showed significant effect on the prevalence of anemia, diabetes and hypertension.
The BROAD study: A randomised controlled trial using a whole food plant-based diet in the community for obesity, ischaemic heart disease or diabetes
Authors: Wright N , Wilson L , Smith M , Duncan B , McHugh P
Published: March 2017

Background/Objective:

There is little randomised evidence using a whole food plant-based (WFPB) diet as intervention for elevated body mass index (BMI) or dyslipidaemia. We investigated the effectiveness of a community-based dietary programme. Primary end points: BMI and cholesterol at 6 months (subsequently extended).

Subjects:

Ages 35–70, from one general practice in Gisborne, New Zealand. Diagnosed with obesity or overweight and at least one of type 2 diabetes, ischaemic heart disease, hypertension or hypercholesterolaemia. Of 65 subjects randomised (control n=32, intervention n=33), 49 (75.4%) completed the study to 6 months. Twenty-three (70%) intervention participants were followed up at 12 months.

Methods:

All participants received normal care. Intervention participants attended facilitated meetings twice-weekly for 12 weeks, and followed a non-energy-restricted WFPB diet with vitamin B12 supplementation.

Results:

At 6 months, mean BMI reduction was greater with the WFPB diet compared with normal care (4.4 vs 0.4, difference: 3.9 kg m−2 (95% confidence interval (CI)±1), P<0.0001). Mean cholesterol reduction was greater with the WFPB diet, but the difference was not significant compared with normal care (0.71 vs 0.26, difference: 0.45 mmol l−1 (95% CI±0.54), P=0.1), unless dropouts were excluded (difference: 0.56 mmol l−1 (95% CI±0.54), P=0.05). Twelve-month mean reductions for the WFPB diet group were 4.2 (±0.8) kg m−2 BMI points and 0.55 (±0.54, P=0.05) mmol l−1 total cholesterol. No serious harms were reported.

Conclusions:

This programme led to significant improvements in BMI, cholesterol and other risk factors. To the best of our knowledge, this research has achieved greater weight loss at 6 and 12 months than any other trial that does not limit energy intake or mandate regular exercise.
USP9X deubiquitylating enzyme maintains RAPTOR protein levels, mTORC1 signalling and proliferation in neural progenitors
Authors: Bridges Caitlin R. , Tan Men-Chee , Premarathne Susitha , Nanayakkara Devathri , Bellette Bernadette , Zencak Dusan , Domingo Deepti , Gecz Jozef , Murtaza Mariyam , Jolly Lachlan A. , Wood Stephen A.
Published: March 2017

USP9X, is highly expressed in neural progenitors and, essential for neural development in mice. In humans, mutations in USP9X are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. To understand USP9X’s role in neural progenitors, we studied the effects of altering its expression in both the human neural progenitor cell line, ReNcell VM, as well as neural stem and progenitor cells derived from Nestin-cre conditionally deleted Usp9x mice. Decreasing USP9X resulted in ReNcell VM cells arresting in G0 cell cycle phase, with a concomitant decrease in mTORC1 signalling, a major regulator of G0/G1 cell cycle progression. Decreased mTORC1 signalling was also observed in Usp9x-null neurospheres and embryonic mouse brains. Further analyses revealed, (i) the canonical mTORC1 protein, RAPTOR, physically associates with Usp9x in embryonic brains, (ii) RAPTOR protein level is directly proportional to USP9X, in both loss- and gain-of-function experiments in cultured cells and, (iii) USP9X deubiquitlyating activity opposes the proteasomal degradation of RAPTOR. EdU incorporation assays confirmed Usp9x maintains the proliferation of neural progenitors similar to Raptor-null and rapamycin-treated neurospheres. Interestingly, loss of Usp9x increased the number of sphere-forming cells consistent with enhanced neural stem cell self-renewal. To our knowledge, USP9X is the first deubiquitylating enzyme shown to stabilize RAPTOR.
Poly(ethylmethacrylate-co-diethylaminoethyl acrylate) coating improves endothelial re-population, bio-mechanical and anti-thrombogenic properties of decellularized carotid arteries for blood vessel replacement
Authors: López-Ruiz Elena , Venkateswaran Seshasailam , Perán Macarena , Jiménez Gema , Pernagallo Salvatore , Díaz-Mochón Juan J. , Tura-Ceide Olga , Arrebola Francisco , Melchor Juan , Soto Juan , Rus Guillermo , Real Pedro J. , Diaz-Ricart María , Conde-González Antonio , Bradley Mark , Marchal Juan A.
Published: March 2017

Decellularized vascular scaffolds are promising materials for vessel replacements. However, despite the natural origin of decellularized vessels, issues such as biomechanical incompatibility, immunogenicity risks and the hazards of thrombus formation, still need to be addressed. In this study, we coated decellularized vessels obtained from porcine carotid arteries with poly (ethylmethacrylate-co-diethylaminoethylacrylate) (8g7) with the purpose of improving endothelial coverage and minimizing platelet attachment while enhancing the mechanical properties of the decellularized vascular scaffolds. The polymer facilitated binding of endothelial cells (ECs) with high affinity and also induced endothelial cell capillary tube formation. In addition, platelets showed reduced adhesion on the polymer under flow conditions. Moreover, the coating of the decellularized arteries improved biomechanical properties by increasing its tensile strength and load. In addition, after 5 days in culture, ECs seeded on the luminal surface of 8g7-coated decellularized arteries showed good regeneration of the endothelium. Overall, this study shows that polymer coating of decellularized vessels provides a new strategy to improve re-endothelialization of vascular grafts, maintaining or enhancing mechanical properties while reducing the risk of thrombogenesis. These results could have potential applications in improving tissue-engineered vascular grafts for cardiovascular therapies with small caliber vessels.
Profiling of long non-coding RNAs identifies LINC00958 and LINC01296 as candidate oncogenes in bladder cancer
Authors: Seitz Anna Katharina , Christensen Lise Lotte , Christensen Emil , Faarkrog Kasper , Ostenfeld Marie Stampe , Hedegaard Jakob , Nordentoft Iver , Nielsen Morten Muhlig , Palmfeldt Johan , Thomson Michelle , Jensen Michael Theis Solgaard , Nawroth Roman , Maurer Tobias , Ørntoft Torben Falck , Jensen Jørgen Bjerggaard , Damgaard Christian Kroun , Dyrskjøt Lars
Published: March 2017

Aberrant expression of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has been regarded as a critical component in bladder cancer (BC) and lncRNAs have been associated with BC development and progression although their overall expression and functional significance is still unclear. The aim of our study was to identify novel lncRNAs with a functional role in BC carcinogenesis. RNA-sequencing was used to identify aberrantly expressed lncRNAs in 8 normal and 72 BC samples. We identified 89 lncRNAs that were significantly dys-regulated in BC. Five lncRNAs; LINC00958, LINC01296, LINC00355, LNC-CMC1-1 and LNC-ALX1-2 were selected for further analyses. Silencing of LINC00958 or LINC01296 in vitro reduced both cell viability and migration. Knock-down of LINC00958 also affected invasion and resistance to anoikis. These cellular effects could be linked to direct/indirect regulation of protein coding mRNAs involved in cell death/survival, proliferation and cellular movement. Finally, we showed that LINC00958 binds proteins involved in regulation and initiation of translation and in post-transcriptional modification of RNA, including Metadherin, which has previously been associated with BC. Our analyses identified novel lncRNAs in BC that likely act as oncogenic drivers contributing to an aggressive cancerous phenotype likely through interaction with proteins involved in initiation of translation and/or post-transcriptional modification of RNA.
The trimer interface in the quaternary structure of the bifunctional prokaryotic FAD synthetase from Corynebacterium ammoniagenes
Authors: Serrano Ana , Sebastián María , Arilla-Luna Sonia , Baquedano Silvia , Herguedas Beatriz , Velázquez-Campoy Adrián , Martínez-Júlvez Marta , Medina Milagros
Published: March 2017

Bifunctional FAD synthetases (FADSs) fold in two independent modules; The C-terminal riboflavin kinase (RFK) catalyzes the RFK activity, while the N-terminal FMN-adenylyltransferase (FMNAT) exhibits the FMNAT activity. The search for macromolecular interfaces in the Corynebacterium ammoniagenes FADS (CaFADS) crystal structure predicts a dimer of trimers organization. Within each trimer, a head-to-tail arrangement causes the RFK and FMNAT catalytic sites of the two neighboring protomers to approach, in agreement with active site residues of one module influencing the activity at the other. We analyze the relevance of the CaFADS head-to-tail macromolecular interfaces to stabilization of assemblies, catalysis and ligand binding. With this aim, we evaluate the effect of point mutations in loop L1c-FlapI, loop L6c, and helix α1c of the RFK module (positions K202, E203, F206, D298, V300, E301 and L304), regions at the macromolecular interface between two protomers within the trimer. Although none of the studied residues is critical in the formation and dissociation of assemblies, residues at L1c-FlapI and helix α1c particularly modulate quaternary architecture, as well as ligand binding and kinetic parameters involved with RFK and FMNAT activities. These data support the influence of transient oligomeric structures on substrate accommodation and catalysis at both CaFADS active sites.
A missense single nucleotide polymorphism in the ALDH2 gene, rs671, is associated with hip fracture
Authors: Takeshima Kenichiro , Nishiwaki Yuji , Suda Yasunori , Niki Yasuo , Sato Yuiko , Kobayashi Tami , Miyamoto Kana , Uchida Hisaya , Inokuchi Wataru , Tsuji Takashi , Funayama Atsushi , Nakamura Masaya , Matsumoto Morio , Toyama Yoshiaki , Miyamoto Takeshi
Published: March 2017

Hip fracture is the most severe bone fragility fracture among osteoporotic injuries. Family history is a known risk factor for fracture and now included among criteria for osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment; however, genetic factors underlying family history favoring fracture remain to be elucidated. Here we demonstrate that a missense SNP in the ALDH2 gene, rs671 (ALDH2*2), is significantly associated with hip fracture (odds ratio = 2.48, 95% confidence interval: 1.20–5.10, p = 0.021). The rs671 SNP was also significantly associated with osteoporosis development (odds ratio = 2.04, 95% confidence interval: 1.07–3.88, p = 0.040). For analysis we enrolled 92 hip fracture patients plus 48 control subjects without bone fragility fractures with higher than −2.5 SD bone mineral density. We also recruited 156 osteoporosis patients diagnosed as below −2.5 SD in terms of bone mineral density but without hip fracture. Association of rs671 with hip fracture and osteoporosis was significant even after adjustment for age and body mass index. Our results provide new insight into the pathogenesis of hip fracture.
Meta-analysis of the changes of peripheral blood regulatory T cell to CD4+ T cell ratio in patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Deng Chuiwen , Li Wenli , Chen Si , Li Yongzhe
Published: March 2017

Current reports on the changes in peripheral blood regulatory T cell (Tregs) to CD4+T cell ratio in systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients are varied in their conclusions. We therefore performed a meta-analysis to identify the actual change in the proportion of peripheral Tregs in SSc. Three databases, namely EMBASE, ISI web of knowledge, and Pubmed were systematically searched for relevant literature. Approximately 250 SSc patients and controls from several studies were included in this analysis. Comprehensive Meta Analysis Version 2.0 software was used to conduct the meta-analysis. Six studies were included in the meta-analysis. Results of the meta-analysis showed high degree of heterogeneity (I2 = 96.98), and a random-effect model was used in the subsequent analysis. The ratio of circulating Tregs to CD4+T cell in SSc was lower than in controls, but not statistically significantly so (−0.61 ± 0.94, P = 0.52). Subgroup analysis did not identify any potential source of heterogeneity. This meta-analysis indicated that Tregs might play a less prominent immunosuppressive role in the immune system in SSc patients, but needs further confirmation.
Regulation of NF-κB by PML and PML-RARα
Authors: Ahmed Abrar , Wan Xiaochun , Mitxitorena Izaskun , Lindsay Andrew J. , Paolo Pandolfi Pier , McCaffrey Mary W. , Keeshan Karen , Chen Youhai H. , Carmody Ruaidhrí J.
Published: March 2017

Promyelocytic Leukemia (PML) is a nuclear protein that forms sub-nuclear structures termed nuclear bodies associated with transcriptionally active genomic regions. PML is a tumour suppressor and regulator of cell differentiation. We demonstrate that PML promotes TNFα-induced transcriptional responses by promoting NF-κB activity. TNFα-treated PML−/− cells show normal IκBα degradation and NF-κB nuclear translocation but significantly reduced NF-κB DNA binding and phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. We also demonstrate that the PML retinoic acid receptor-α (PML-RARα) oncofusion protein, which causes acute promyelocytic leukemia, inhibits TNFα induced gene expression and phosphorylation of NF-κB. This study establishes PML as an important regulator of NF-κB and demonstrates that PML-RARα dysregulates NF-κB.
On the determination of χ(2) in thin films: a comparison of one-beam second-harmonic generation measurement methodologies
Authors: Hermans Artur , Kieninger Clemens , Koskinen Kalle , Wickberg Andreas , Solano Eduardo , Dendooven Jolien , Kauranen Martti , Clemmen Stéphane , Wegener Martin , Koos Christian , Baets Roel
Published: March 2017

The determination of the second-order susceptibility (χ(2)) of thin film samples can be a delicate matter since well-established χ(2) measurement methodologies such as the Maker fringe technique are best suited for nonlinear materials with large thicknesses typically ranging from tens of microns to several millimeters. Here we compare two different second-harmonic generation setups and the corresponding measurement methodologies that are especially advantageous for thin film χ(2) characterization. This exercise allows for cross-checking the χ(2) obtained for identical samples and identifying the main sources of error for the respective techniques. The development of photonic integrated circuits makes nonlinear thin films of particular interest, since they can be processed into long waveguides to create efficient nonlinear devices. The investigated samples are ABC-type nanolaminates, which were reported recently by two different research groups. However, the subsequent analysis can be useful for all researchers active in the field of thin film χ(2) characterization.
Evidence for coseismic subsidence events in a southern California coastal saltmarsh
Authors: Leeper Robert , Rhodes Brady , Kirby Matthew , Scharer Katherine , Carlin Joseph , Hemphill-Haley Eileen , Avnaim-Katav Simona , MacDonald Glen , Starratt Scott , Aranda Angela
Published: March 2017

Paleoenvironmental records from a southern California coastal saltmarsh reveal evidence for repeated late Holocene coseismic subsidence events. Field analysis of sediment gouge cores established discrete lithostratigraphic units extend across the wetland. Detailed sediment analyses reveal abrupt changes in lithology, percent total organic matter, grain size, and magnetic susceptibility. Microfossil analyses indicate that predominantly freshwater deposits bury relic intertidal deposits at three distinct depths. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the three burial events occurred in the last 2000 calendar years. Two of the three events are contemporaneous with large-magnitude paleoearthquakes along the Newport-Inglewood/Rose Canyon fault system. From these data, we infer that during large magnitude earthquakes a step-over along the fault zone results in the vertical displacement of an approximately 5-km2area that is consistent with the footprint of an estuary identified in pre-development maps. These findings provide insight on the evolution of the saltmarsh, coseismic deformation and earthquake recurrence in a wide area of southern California, and sensitive habitat already threatened by eustatic sea level rise.
Direct Evidence of Lack of Colocalisation of Fluorescently Labelled Gold Labels Used in Correlative Light Electron Microscopy
Authors: Miles Benjamin T. , Greenwood Alexander B. , Benito-Alifonso David , Tanner Hugh , Galan M. Carmen , Verkade Paul , Gersen Henkjan
Published: March 2017

Fluorescently labelled nanoparticles are routinely used in Correlative Light Electron Microscopy (CLEM) to combine the capabilities of two separate microscope platforms: fluorescent light microscopy (LM) and electron microscopy (EM). The inherent assumption is that the fluorescent label observed under LM colocalises well with the electron dense nanoparticle observed in EM. Herein we show, by combining single molecule fluorescent imaging with optical detection of the scattering from single gold nanoparticles, that for a commercially produced sample of 10 nm gold nanoparticles tagged to Alexa-633 there is in fact no colocalisation between the fluorescent signatures of Alexa-633 and the scattering associated with the gold nanoparticle. This shows that the attached gold nanoparticle quenches the fluorescent signal by ~95%, or less likely that the complex has dissociated. In either scenario, the observed fluorescent signal in fact arises from a large population of untagged fluorophores; rendering these labels potentially ineffective and misleading to the field.