bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring adult attachment and anxiety: the role of intolerance of uncertainty and social support
Authors: Çarıkçı-Özgül Dilara Nihal , Işık Ümit
Published: January 2024

The aim of the study is to examine the relationships in between intolerance of uncertainty, perceived social support, insecure adult attachment (anxious and avoidant) and anxiety. The mediator effects of intolerance of uncertainty and perceived social support on the relationship between adult attachment and anxiety have not been examined together yet. Considering the prevalence of anxiety and the etiology of attachment, the outcomes of this study are important in both theoretical and practical contexts. Four hypotheses of the study are built on the assumption that both intolerance of uncertainty and perceived social support will have mediating effects on the relationships between anxious attachment and anxiety, and between avoidant attachment and anxiety. The sample consists of 880 university students between the ages of 18-25. Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory-II-Short Form, Trait Anxiety Form, Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-Short Form and Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale were used. According to the findings, intolerance of uncertainty was found to be in the role of mediator on the relationship between anxious attachment and anxiety, but not on the relationship between avoidant attachment and anxiety. The family and significant other sub-dimensions of perceived social support mediated the relationship between both anxious attachment and anxiety, and avoidant attachment and anxiety.
Rewriting the Script: the Need for Effective Education to Address Racial Disparities in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Uptake in BIPOC Communities
Authors: Sullivan Christi R. P. , Henry Alex , Lehman Jonathan , Caola Logan , Nahas Ziad , Widge Alik S. , Cabrera Laura Y. , Randolph Anita , Wilson Saydra
Published: January 2024

Depression is a widespread concern in the United States. Neuromodulation treatments are becoming more common but there is emerging concern for racial disparities in neuromodulation treatment utilization. This study focuses on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), a treatment for depression, and the structural and attitudinal barriers that racialized individuals face in accessing it. In January 2023 participants from the Twin Cities, Minnesota engaged in focus groups, coupled with an educational video intervention. Individuals self identified as non-white who had no previous TMS exposure but had tried at least one treatment for their depression. Results revealed that the intervention did not notably change knowledge or stigma about TMS, but attitudes surrounding traveling for treatment changed. Notably, barriers like affordability, frequency of treatment, and lack of knowledge persist. Participants expressed a desire for more information, personal connection, and a tailored educational approach. The study suggests a need for multifaceted strategies to reduce disparities, focusing on education, community-based resources, and policy interventions. Immediate actions that can be taken include the creation of a TMS education program focused on patient engagement and awareness about TMS.
Global Versus Local Theories of Consciousness and the Consciousness Assessment Issue in Brain Organoids
Authors: Gaillard Maxence
Published: January 2024

Any attempt at consciousness assessment in organoids requires careful consideration of the theory of consciousness that researchers will rely on when performing this task. In cognitive neuroscience and the clinic, there are tools and theories used to detect and measure consciousness, typically in human beings, but none of them is neither fully consensual nor fit for the biological characteristics of organoids. I discuss the existing attempt relying on the Integrated Information Theory and its models and tools. Then, I revive the distinction between global theories of consciousness and local theories of consciousness as a thought-provoking one for those engaged in the difficult task of adapting models of consciousness to the biological reality of brain organoids. The “microconsciousness theory” of Semir Zeki is taken as an exploratory path and illustration of a theory defending that minimal networks can support a form of consciousness. I suggest that the skepticism prevailing in the neuroscience community regarding the possibility of organoid consciousness relies on some assumptions related to a globalist account of consciousness and that other accounts are worth exploring at this stage.
Recent Advances in Aqueous Zn||MnO2 Batteries
Authors: Li Chuan , Zhang Rong , Cui Huilin , Wang Yanbo , Liang Guojin , Zhi Chunyi
Published: January 2024

Recently, rechargeable aqueous zinc-based batteries using manganese oxide as the cathode (e.g., MnO2) have gained attention due to their inherent safety, environmental friendliness, and low cost. Despite their potential, achieving high energy density in Zn||MnO2 batteries remains challenging, highlighting the need to understand the electrochemical reaction mechanisms underlying these batteries more deeply and optimize battery components, including electrodes and electrolytes. This review comprehensively summarizes the latest advancements for understanding the electrochemistry reaction mechanisms and designing electrodes and electrolytes for Zn||MnO2 batteries in mildly and strongly acidic environments. Furthermore, we highlight the key challenges hindering the extensive application of Zn||MnO2 batteries, including high-voltage requirements and areal capacity, and propose innovative solutions to overcome these challenges. We suggest that MnO2/Mn2+ conversion in neutral electrolytes is a crucial aspect that needs to be addressed to achieve high-performance Zn||MnO2 batteries. These approaches could lead to breakthroughs in the future development of Zn||MnO2 batteries, offering a more sustainable, cost-effective, and high-performance alternative to traditional batteries.
Local Dynamic Stability of Trunk During Gait is Responsive to Rehabilitation in Subjects with Primary Degenerative Cerebellar Ataxia
Authors: Castiglia Stefano Filippo , Trabassi Dante , Conte Carmela , Gioiosa Valeria , Sebastianelli Gabriele , Abagnale Chiara , Ranavolo Alberto , Di Lorenzo Cherubino , Coppola Gianluca , Casali Carlo , Serrao Mariano
Published: January 2024

This study aimed to assess the responsiveness to the rehabilitation of three trunk acceleration-derived gait indexes, namely the harmonic ratio (HR), the short-term longest Lyapunov’s exponent (sLLE), and the step-to-step coefficient of variation (CV), in a sample of subjects with primary degenerative cerebellar ataxia (swCA), and investigate the correlations between their improvements (∆), clinical characteristics, and spatio-temporal and kinematic gait features. The trunk acceleration patterns in the antero-posterior (AP), medio-lateral (ML), and vertical (V) directions during gait of 21 swCA were recorded using a magneto-inertial measurement unit placed at the lower back before (T0) and after (T1) a period of inpatient rehabilitation. For comparison, a sample of 21 age- and gait speed-matched healthy subjects (HSmatched) was also included. At T1, sLLE in the AP (sLLEAP) and ML (sLLEML) directions significantly improved with moderate to large effect sizes, as well as SARA scores, stride length, and pelvic rotation. sLLEML and pelvic rotation also approached the HSmatched values at T1, suggesting a normalization of the parameter. HRs and CV did not significantly modify after rehabilitation. ∆sLLEML correlated with ∆ of the gait subscore of the SARA scale (SARAGAIT) and ∆stride length and ∆sLLEAP correlated with ∆pelvic rotation and ∆SARAGAIT. The minimal clinically important differences for sLLEML and sLLEAP were ≥ 36.16% and ≥ 28.19%, respectively, as the minimal score reflects a clinical improvement in SARA scores. When using inertial measurement units, sLLEAP and sLLEML can be considered responsive outcome measures for assessing the effectiveness of rehabilitation on trunk stability during walking in swCA.
“You Fall in Love with the Person”: Narratives of Female Athletes Coming Out of the Closet in Competitive Sports Teams of Spain
Authors: Donoso Belén , Álvarez-Sotomayor Alberto , Reina Amalia
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Previous research has shown that team sports are perceived as spaces conducive to homonegativism or as havens where female athletes can explore their sexuality. This paper aims to analyze the role of team sports in the discovery, acceptance, and respectful lived experiences of lesbian sexuality among competitive female athletes.

Methods

A qualitative methodology was used. Five focus groups organized by sport and the age of the athletes were conducted. Forty-five female athletes participated in the study. Data were collected from May 2017 to February 2018. Grounded theory was employed for the analysis.

Results

The athletes’ narratives suggest that the visibility of non-heterosexual persons, time spent together, emotional closeness, and similar lifestyles are features of team sports which allow lesbian female athletes to explore and establish affective-sexual relationships. These athletes participate in team sports because of their personal interest in the sport and not their sexual orientation.

Conclusions

Sports teams have a protective and liberating role in female athletes’ sexual exploration and the free and respectful experience of same-sex relationships in the Spanish sporting environment.

Policy Implications.

Although the democratization of sexuality in Spain has been positive for women in sport, further research is needed to determine whether gay men can participate in sport with full social protection.
A narrative on diversity, equity, and inclusion in surgery: insights from the European Society of Coloproctology and identification of points for action
Authors: Garoufalia Zoe , Bellato Vittoria , Cunha Miguel F , Avellaneda Nicolas , Dudi-Venkata Nagendra N , Gallardo Cristián , Meyer Jeremy , Zaffaroni Gloria , Christensen Peter , Aytac Erman , Brady Richard R W , Pellino Gianluca ,   the European Society of Coloproctology ESCP Operation Equal Access Working Group
Published: January 2024

The focus of the 2022 European Society of Coloproctology (ESCP) annual campaign was diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in surgery. The ESCP “Operation Equal Access” campaign sought to interview key-opinion leaders and trainees, to raise awareness on inequalities, inform the community of the status of the topic, and to identify future areas for improvement. The ESCP Social Media Working Group interviewed experts who have made significant contributions to DEI in colorectal surgery and were acknowledged opinion leaders in the field. The interviews focused on their career, professional life, experiences, and opportunities during their training, and their views on DEI in colorectal surgery. DEI principles, education, and values need further promotion to reduce and address bias within the profession and overall improve the experience of minority community including health professionals and patients. International Societies are working to facilitate training opportunities and overcome DEI, and networking have contributed to that. Collaborations between societies will be pivotal to contribute to offering research and leadership opportunities equally. Access to advanced workshops including cadaveric training and simulation can be consistently promoted and provided globally via societies through telemonitoring. Involving patients in research should be encouraged, as it brings the perspective of a living experience.
Effects of intermittent hypoxia and whole-body vibration training on health-related outcomes in older adults
Authors: Timón Rafael , González-Custodio Adrián , Gusi Narcis , Olcina Guillermo
Published: January 2024

Background

Aging is associated with a health impairment and an increase of the vulnerability of the older people. Strength training under intermittent hypoxic conditions has been shown to have therapeutic effects on individual’s health.

Aims

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a combined intermittent hypoxia (IH) and whole-body vibration (WBV) training program on health-related outcomes in older people.

Methods

A total of 60 adults (over the age of 65) voluntarily participated in an intervention that lasted 20 weeks (three 30-min sessions per week). The participants were divided into four experimental groups subjected to different environmental conditions (IH vs normoxia) and exercise (non-exercise vs WBV). Functional fitness, body composition, metabolic parameters, inflammatory biomarkers, and bone turnover were evaluated before and after the intervention. A multifactorial ANOVA with repeated measures was performed to explore differences within and between groups.

Results

The results showed that IH and WBV had a positive synergistic effect on inflammatory parameters (CRP and IL-10), bone formation biomarker (PINP), and body composition (muscle and bone mass).

Conclusion

In conclusion, a combined IH and WVB training could be a useful tool to prevent the deterioration of health-related outcomes associated with aging.

Clinical trial registration NCT04281264. https://clinicaltrials.gov/.
Ultrasound-based quantitative tools in predicting renal involvement in asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Candemir B. , Cuce F. , Akın S. , Gulcelik N. E.
Published: January 2024

Purpose

Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism (aPHPT) has been recognized as a condition that can lead to renal complications. Timely identification of prognostic indicators for renal impairment holds the potential to facilitate proactive monitoring and treatment strategies in these patients. This study aims to investigate the utility of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging and renal resistive index (RRI), in identifying renal parenchymal and vascular changes in patients with aPHPT.

Methods

Forty-two patients with aPHPT and 42 controls matched for age, sex, and body mass index were included in the study. The presence of renovascular changes was evaluated by RRI measurement with Doppler ultrasonography, and the presence of renal parenchymal involvement was evaluated by ARFI quantification, given as shear wave velocity (SWV).

Results

In aPHPT patients, both the mean RRI and mean SWV values exhibited substantial elevation compared to the control group (P < 0.001 for both). Significant associations were observed between SWV values and serum calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and adenoma size within the patient group (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.016, respectively). Similarly, the mean RRI demonstrated positive correlations with serum calcium and PTH levels in the patient group (P< 0.001, P = 0.011, respectively). Multivariate linear regression analysis underscored the connection between mean RRI and mean SWV values with serum calcium levels within the patient group. In addition, serum PTH levels affected mean SWV positively and significantly.

Conclusion

The use of ARFI imaging and RRI measurements appears to hold potential in identifying renal involvement in patients with aPHPT.
Explanatory model of cyberbullying, cybervictimization, aggressiveness, social anxiety, and adaptation to university: a structural equation analysis
Authors: Aparisi David , Delgado Beatriz , Bo Rosa M.
Published: January 2024

The increase in the number of cases of cyberbullying and cybervictimisation among university students and the scarce amount of research on the subject justify the need to analyse its relationship with psychological and social variables to prevent its appearance and impact. The aim of this study was to establish and contrast the fit of an explanatory model on cyberbullying and cybervictimization based on its relationship with aggressiveness, social anxiety and adaptation to university using a structural equations analysis. A total of 1,368 Spanish university students aged 18–49 (M = 21.34; SD = 4.45) completed a battery of questionnaires with the aim of assessing cyberbullying, aggressiveness, social anxiety, and adaptation to university. An adjusted structural equations model was obtained (x2 = 198.53; df = 39; p < .001; CFI = .96; NFI = .96; IFI = .96; RMSEA = .06). Significant relationships are observed, aggressiveness is negatively related to adaptation to university and positively with cybervictimization. A negative relationship has also been observed between cybervictimization and adaptation to university and a positive relationship with cyberbullying. Indirect effects have not been observed between aggressiveness and cyberbullying and between social anxiety and cybervictimization through adaptation to university. Therefore, social anxiety does not act as a mediator in the relationship with adaptation to university. These results suggest the importance of efforts to promote coping strategies management of aggression and empowerment of student adaptation in the university context to prevent cybervictimization and cyberbullying. Contributions and implications of the results are discussed.
Ground control by L-shaped cemented paste backfilling technology in underground coal seam mining: a case study
Authors: Guo Mingjie , Guo Wenbing , Tan Yi , Zhang Hebing , Zheng Qinling , Zhao Gaobo , Bai Erhu
Published: January 2024

Traditional cemented paste backfilling continues to face the shortcomings such as paste leakage, poor adaptability to geological structures and insufficient roof-contact. To solve the limitations, a novel L-shaped cemented paste backfilling (LCPB) technology was proposed in this study. It is to set L-shaped filling zones and partition zones in the goaf to perform interval and multiple filling. A mechanical model was established to calculate backfilling body strength, widths of L-shaped filling zones and partition zones and backfilled ratio and etc. The results of a case study showed that: (1) The LCPB mining has a high backfilled ratio, without prominent ground pressure. The maximum values of roof-to-floor convergence of the working face and roadway were 58 mm and 259 mm, respectively. It could effectively control the deformation of surrounding rock and achieve roadway retention. (2) When the floor strata were intact, the maximum floor damage depth was less than 4 m, and the floor near the fault was 10–12 m. The secondary lift height of the confined water was about 5 m near the fault. The LCPB mining allows for safety mining above a confined aquifer. (3) The maximum surface inclination and curvature were 1.75 mm/m and 0.06 mm/m2, respectively. The draw angle was 11.3°, and the subsidence factor was 0.085. The ground surface deformation was reduced to be less than that allowed in the first level of the building damage (inclination and curvature of 3 mm/m and 0.2 mm/m2, respectively).
Implementing Efficient Systems to Monitor Competency-Based Supervision in Rural Psychology Training Programs
Authors: Jordan Shiloh E. , Hampole Shilpa R. , Mackintosh Margaret-Anne , Reyes Sofia I. , Eliason Kristen D. , Felker Bradford L. , Shearer Erika M.
Published: January 2024

Rural populations face challenges receiving mental health treatment due to a shortage of providers and high turnover rates. Further, trainees typically participate in urban rather than rural training centers and often remain located where they train. Supervision via synchronous video-based communications, or telesupervision, may help increase the availability of supervisors in rural settings. There is ample research on telemental health, yet data regarding telesupervision is limited. While there is a gap in systematic approaches to ensuring the quality of supervision is maintained, telesupervision use is increasing. This project examined in-person and telesupervision via use of a competency-based supervision monitoring system within rural clinical psychology training programs. This paper argues for using a competency-based supervision model in psychology training programs and how the data management system developed for an implementation–effectiveness project assessing telesupervision use in seven VA training sites supports such a model. This project collected data monthly about telesupervision use, program-level data including professional competency ratings, and patient treatment and outcomes. The data collection system employed is used to outline the needs and associated solutions that help programs develop, monitor, and improve a competency-based approach to telesupervision. The use of automation and metrics can provide programs with the necessary supervision oversight information that can be implemented using low-burden and low-cost strategies. The paper concludes with best practices for utilizing a monitoring system to maintain the quality of training and clinical care when implementing new technology such as telesupervision. Findings further support the application of the monitoring system across healthcare training programs and supervision modalities.
Perspectives of Psychology Supervisors and Trainees: Implications for Supervision and Telesupervision
Authors: Shearer Erika M. , Jordan Shiloh E. , Eliason Kristen D. , Felker Bradford L. , Hampole Shilpa R. , Reyes Sofia I. , Caris Melissa K. , Mackintosh Margaret-Anne
Published: January 2024

The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic dramatically increased the need for psychology training programs to use telesupervision, prompting a necessity to better understand telesupervision practice to enable success for both training and clinical care outcomes. Mirroring telemental health, telesupervision needs to be implemented in a manner that upholds elements associated with effective supervision. In the present quality improvement project, psychology supervisors (n = 242) and trainees (n = 128) at Veterans Affairs Health Care System (VA) sites throughout the USA were invited to complete anonymous online questionnaires regarding supervision experiences across in-person and telesupervision modalities. Data assessing the varying experiences of trainees and supervisors related to access of supervision and supervisors, amount and type of oversight, and frequency of evaluative feedback were analyzed. The findings suggest that supervisors and trainees differed in their endorsement of essential elements of supervision as in-person supervision shifted to the telesupervision modality. A thematic analysis of qualitative data revealed potential benefits, challenges, and needs for successful telesupervision implementation. Overall, the findings provide insight into supervisor and trainee perceptions of supervision and benefits and challenges across in-person and telesupervision modalities. Implications for scaffolding optimal learning experiences across both in-person and telesupervision modalities are discussed.
Feminist Theology and Social Justice in Islam
Authors: Dhala Mahjabeen
Published: January 2024

Fatima, the daughter of Mohammed, is best known for her protest sermon, an important document from the early Islamic era. Mahjabeen Dhala here offers an in-depth analysis of this captivating narrative, which lies at the intersection of theology and women's studies. A fresh and deep study of Fatima's sermon from feminist and social justice perspectives, she reclaims the voice of a seventh-century Muslim woman theologian and female inheritance rights activist from patriarchal, sectarian, and secular biases. Dhala unveils a rich tapestry of empowerment for women and political minorities within the Islamic tradition. She also uncovers the early origins of female agency and empowerment in Islam, shattering prevailing Western misconceptions and challenging the notion that Muslim women are passive bystanders. Additionally, Dhala's book contributes to our understanding of the role of women in Islamic theology and ethics, revealing their active engagement in promoting social justice and fostering transformative change.
Effects of Eddies on the Formation and Subduction of North Pacific Subtropical Mode Water Based on Argo Observations
Authors: Sheng Jing , Liu Cong , Li Peiliang , Zhai Fangguo
Published: January 2024

North Pacific subtropical mode water (NPSTMW) is formed in the winter deep mixed layer (ML), due to ocean‐to‐atmosphere interactions, south of the Kuroshio Extension (KE), one of the most energetic eddy activity regions. The large‐scale effects of eddies on the formation and subduction of NPSTMW are investigated on updated Argo observations via kinematic and thermodynamic parameterization approaches. The climatological annual mean eddy‐induced subduction of NPSTMW can reach 4.51 Sv, which accounts for nearly 56% of the total subduction. The local enhancement of the eddy‐induced subduction rate can reach 90 m yr−1 in the high eddy kinetic energy (EKE) zone. Moreover, the spatial distributions of the large eddy‐induced subduction are mostly generated in a zone of steep isopycnals near the KE front area via the parameterization. The diagnosis of the thermodynamic relationship indicates that the eddy‐induced buoyancy flux broadens the area of ocean surface buoyancy loss and then fosters the formation of NPSTMW in winter. The eddy‐induced buoyancy loss due to diapycnal mixing is likely to occur in the relatively steep isopycnals near the KE region, which accounts for 21.2% of the net NPSTMW formation. The contribution of eddy‐induced subduction has the same order as that of lateral induction in each year. The eddy‐induced subduction and lateral induction show similar interannual variations related to the KE variable state.
Late Holocene Dust Deposition Fluxes Over the Entire South Atlantic Ocean
Authors: van der Does Michèlle , Lamy Frank , Krätschmer Stephan , Stuut Jan‐Berend W. , Völker Christoph , Werner Martin , Schwarz Roseanne , Fleisher Marty , Winckler Gisela
Published: January 2024

Mineral dust accumulated on the ocean floor is an important archive for reconstructing past atmospheric circulation changes and climatological conditions in the source areas. Dust emitted from Southern Hemisphere dust sources is widely deposited over the oceans. However, there are few records of dust deposition over the open ocean, and a large need for extended geographical coverage exists. We present a large data set (134 surface sediment samples) of Late Holocene dust deposition from seafloor surface sediments covering the entire South Atlantic Ocean. Polymodal grain‐size distributions of the lithogenic fraction indicate that the sediments are composed of multiple sediment components. By using end‐member modeling, we attempt to disentangle the dust signal from non‐aeolian sediments. Combined with 230Th‐normalized lithogenic fluxes, we quantified the specific deposition fluxes for mineral dust, crrent‐sorted sediments and ice‐rafted debris (IRD). Although the method could not completely separate the different components in every region, it shows that dust deposition off the most prominent dust source for the South Atlantic Ocean—southern South America—amounts up to approximately 0.7 g cm−2 Kyr−1 and decreases downwind. Bottom‐current‐sorted sediments and IRD are mostly concentrated around the continental margins. The ratio of the coarse to fine dust end members reveals input from north African dust sources to the South Atlantic. The majority of the observations are in good agreement with new model simulations. This extensive and relevant data set of dust grain size and deposition fluxes to the South Atlantic could be used to calibrate and validate further model simulations.
Oxygen Fugacity of Global Ocean Island Basalts
Authors: Willhite Lori N. , Arevalo Ricardo , Piccoli Philip , Lassiter John C. , Rand Devin , Jackson Matthew G. , Day James M. D. , Nicklas Robert W. , Locmelis Marek , Ireland Thomas J. , Puchtel Igor S.
Published: January 2024

Mantle plumes contain heterogenous chemical components and sample variable depths of the mantle, enabling glimpses into the compositional structure of Earth's interior. In this study, we evaluated ocean island basalts (OIB) from nine plume locations to provide a global and systematic assessment of the relationship between fO2 and He‐Sr‐Nd‐Pb‐W‐Os isotopic compositions. Ocean island basalts from the Pacific (Austral Islands, Hawaii, Mangaia, Samoa, Pitcairn), Atlantic (Azores, Canary Islands, St. Helena), and Indian Oceans (La Réunion) reveal that fO2 in OIB is heterogeneous both within and among hotspots. Taken together with previous studies, global OIB have elevated and heterogenous fO2 (average = +0.5 ∆FMQ; 2SD = 1.5) relative to prior estimates of global mid‐ocean ridge basalts (MORB; average = −0.1 ∆FMQ; 2SD = 0.6), though many individual OIB overlap MORB. Specific mantle components, such as HIMU and enriched mantle 2 (EM2), defined by radiogenic Pb and Sr isotopic compositions compared to other OIB, respectively, have distinctly high fO2 based on statistical analysis. Elevated fO2 in OIB samples of these components is associated with higher whole‐rock CaO/Al2O3 and olivine CaO content, which may be linked to recycled carbonated oceanic crust. EM1‐type and geochemically depleted OIB are generally not as oxidized, possibly due to limited oxidizing potential of the recycled material in the enriched mantle 1 (EM1) component (e.g., sediment) or lack of recycled materials in geochemically depleted OIB. Despite systematic offset of the fO2 among EM1‐, EM2‐, and HIMU‐type OIB, geochemical indices of lithospheric recycling, such as Sr‐Nd‐Pb‐Os isotopic systems, generally do not correlate with fO2.
Geochemistry π: Automated Machine Learning Python Framework for Tabular Data
Authors: ZhangZhou J. , He Can , Sun Jianhao , Zhao Jianming , Lyu Yang , Wang Shengxin , Zhao Wenyu , Li Anzhou , Ji Xiaohui , Agarwal Anant
Published: January 2024

Although machine learning (ML) has brought new insights into geochemistry research, its implementation is laborious and time‐consuming. Here, we announce Geochemistry π, an open‐source automated ML Python framework. Geochemists only need to provide tabulated data and select the desired options to clean data and run ML algorithms. The process operates in a question‐and‐answer format, and thus does not require that users have coding experience. After either automatic or manual parameter tuning, the automated Python framework provides users with performance and prediction results for the trained ML model. Based on the scikit‐learn library, Geochemistry π has established a customized automated process for implementing classification, regression, dimensionality reduction, and clustering algorithms. The Python framework enables extensibility and portability by constructing a hierarchical pipeline architecture that separates data transmission from the algorithm application. The AutoML module is constructed using the Cost‐Frugal Optimization and Blended Search Strategy hyperparameter search methods from the A Fast and Lightweight AutoML Library, and the model parameter optimization process is accelerated by the Ray distributed computing framework. The MLflow library is integrated into ML lifecycle management, which allows users to compare multiple trained models at different scales and manage the data and diagrams generated. In addition, the front‐end and back‐end frameworks are separated to build the web portal, which demonstrates the ML model and data science workflow through a user‐friendly web interface. In summary, Geochemistry π provides a Python framework for users and developers to accelerate their data mining efficiency with both online and offline operation options.
Explainable Offline‐Online Training of Neural Networks for Parameterizations: A 1D Gravity Wave‐QBO Testbed in the Small‐Data Regime
Authors: Pahlavan Hamid A. , Hassanzadeh Pedram , Alexander M. Joan
Published: January 2024

There are different strategies for training neural networks (NNs) as subgrid‐scale parameterizations. Here, we use a 1D model of the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) and gravity wave (GW) parameterizations as testbeds. A 12‐layer convolutional NN that predicts GW forcings for given wind profiles, when trained offline in abig‐dataregime (100‐year), produces realistic QBOs once coupled to the 1D model. In contrast, offline training of this NN in asmall‐dataregime (18‐month) yields unrealistic QBOs. However, online re‐training of just two layers of this NN using ensemble Kalman inversion and only time‐averaged QBO statistics leads to parameterizations that yield realistic QBOs. Fourier analysis of these three NNs' kernels suggests why/how re‐training works and reveals that these NNs primarily learn low‐pass, high‐pass, and a combination of band‐pass filters, potentially related to the local and non‐local dynamics in GW propagation and dissipation. These findings/strategies generally apply to data‐driven parameterizations of other climate processes.
Improving Estimates of Land–Atmosphere Coupling Through a Novel Framework of Land Aridity Classification
Authors: Shan Yufeng , Wei Jiangfeng , Zan Beilei
Published: January 2024

The evapotranspiration (ET) regime is an illustration of the water‐energy interactions at the land surface and is important for regional climate. In this study, we propose a revised framework for land aridity classification based on the ET regime and the conditional mutual information method. The proposed framework effectively captures the influences of short‐term water and energy supply on ET and highlights their potential roles in extreme events. This framework can be a supplement to the traditional classification schemes that rely on long‐term mean climate. Furthermore, we examine the sensitivity of this land aridity framework to different model physics parameterization schemes. The cumulus schemes are found to have the most important impact, followed by the radiation and microphysics schemes, while the planetary boundary layer schemes have the weakest impact. These findings provide valuable insights for the identification of land aridity and its relationship with land–atmosphere interactions.
Detection of Earthquake Infragravity and Tsunami Waves With Underwater Distributed Acoustic Sensing
Authors: Xiao Han , Spica Zack J. , Li Jiaxuan , Zhan Zhongwen
Published: January 2024

Underwater Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) utilizes optical fiber as a continuous sensor array. It enables high‐resolution data collection over long distances and holds promise to enhance tsunami early warning capabilities. This research focuses on detecting infragravity and tsunami waves associated with earthquakes and understanding their origin and dispersion characteristics through frequency‐wavenumber domain transformations and beamforming techniques. We propose a velocity correction method based on adjusting the apparent channel spacing according to water depth to overcome the challenge of detecting long‐wavelength and long‐period tsunami signals. Experimental results demonstrate the successful retrieval of infragravity and tsunami waves using a subsea optical fiber in offshore Oregon. These findings underscore the potential of DAS technology to complement existing infragravity waves detection systems, enhance preparedness, and improve response efforts in coastal communities. Further research and development in this field are crucial to fully utilize the capabilities of DAS for enhanced tsunami monitoring and warning systems.
A New Post‐Hoc Method to Reduce the Energy Imbalance in Eddy Covariance Measurements
Authors: Zhang Weijie , Nelson Jacob A. , Miralles Diego G. , Mauder Matthias , Migliavacca Mirco , Poyatos Rafael , Reichstein Markus , Jung Martin
Published: January 2024

Latent and sensible heat flux observations are essential for understanding land–atmosphere interactions. Measurements from the eddy covariance technique are widely used but suffer from systematic energy imbalance problems, partly due to missing large eddies from sub‐mesoscale transport. Because available energy drives the development of large eddies, we propose an available energy based correction method for turbulent flux measurements. We apply our method to 172 flux tower sites and show that we can reduce the energy imbalance from −14.99 to −0.65 W m−2 on average, together with improved consistency between turbulent fluxes and available energy and associated increases in r2 at individual sites and across networks. Our results suggest that our method is conceptually and empirically preferable over the method implemented in the ONEFlux processing. This can contribute to the efforts in understanding and addressing the energy imbalance issue, which is crucial for the evaluation and calibration of land surface models.
Pn Velocity and Anisotropy Tomography With Nonuniform Grid Beneath the Ryukyu–Taiwan–Philippines Region
Authors: He Yuhui , Lü Yan
Published: January 2024

To enhance our comprehension of the dynamic processes associated with complex plate subduction, volcanic magmatism, and lithosphere deformation beneath the Ryukyu–Taiwan–Philippines region, we utilized nonuniform inversion grids for Pn velocity and anisotropy tomography, and obtained the uppermost mantle structure of this area. The results demonstrate remarkable characteristics: cold oceanic subducting plates display high Pn velocities, whereas volcanic arcs, the extinct mid‐ocean ridge in the South China Sea, and the Palawan region exhibit low Pn velocities. The extinct mid‐ocean ridge also displays a low‐velocity anomaly, indicating that residual heat persists even after approximately 15 million years since seafloor spreading. The occurrence of a discontinuous low‐velocity beneath the Ryukyu arc supports the presence of a slab window at approximately 123°E. The volcanic arcs of all subduction zones within the study area displayed trench‐parallel Pn anisotropy. The observed Pn fast directions beneath the Taiwan orogenic belt are consistent with crustal anisotropy, providing evidence for the crust–mantle coupled deformation. Moreover, our results shed light on the deep structural characteristics of the complex subduction zones beneath the Philippines region. Plate subduction causes partial melting due to dehydration; then, the melt ascends and accumulates at the uppermost mantle, showing low Pn velocities. However, the low‐velocity anomaly is not widely distributed but corresponds to a narrow band. In particular, the east–west bidirectional subduction of the Philippines and Negros formed separate low‐velocity anomalies. Low Pn velocities and trench‐parallel anisotropy indicate the location of different subduction zones and finely characterize their impact on the uppermost mantle structure.
The Global Overturning Circulation and the Role of Non‐Equilibrium Effects in ECCOv4r4
Authors: Monkman Tatsu , Jansen Malte F.
Published: January 2024

We quantify the volume transport and watermass transformation rates of the global overturning circulation using the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean version 4 release 4 (ECCOv4r4) reanalysis product. The ECCO solution shows large rates of intercell exchange between the mid‐depth and abyssal cells, consistent with other recent inferences. About 10 Sv of North Atlantic deep water enters the abyssal cell in the Southern Ocean and is balanced by a similar amount of apparrent diapycnal upwelling in the Indo‐Pacific. However, much of the upwelling in ECCO's deep ocean is not associated with irreversible watermass transformations, as typically assumed in theoretical models. Instead, a dominant portion of the abyssal circulation in ECCO is associated with isopycnal volume tendencies, reflecting a deep ocean in a state of change and a circulation in which transient tendencies play a leading role in the watermass budget. These volume tendencies are particularly prominent in the Indo‐Pacific, where ECCO depicts a cooling and densifying deep ocean with relatively little mixing‐driven upwelling, in disagreement with recent observations of deep Indo‐Pacific warming trends. Although abyssal ocean observations are insufficient to exclude the trends modeled by ECCO, we note that ECCO's parameterized diapycnal mixing in the abyssal ocean is much smaller than observational studies suggest and may lead to an under‐representation of Antarctic Bottom Water consumption in the abyssal ocean. Whether or not ECCO's tendencies are realistic, they are a key part of its abyssal circulation and hence need to be taken into consideration when interpreting the ECCO solution.
A Comparison of Laboratory and Field Measurements of Whitecap Foam Evolution From Breaking Waves
Authors: Callaghan A. H. , Deane G. B. , Stokes M. Dale
Published: January 2024

Sufficiently energetic breaking ocean waves produce distinctive visible foam signatures on the water surface called whitecaps. The mixture of surface whitecap foam cells, and sub‐surface bubbles, results in the broad‐band scattering of light that allow whitecaps to be measured with optical cameras. In this paper the temporal evolution of whitecap foam area from laboratory and oceanic breaking waves is compared. When appropriately scaled, the foam area time series for both laboratory and oceanic breaking waves follow similar trends, despite occurring in vastly different settings. Distinct similarities of the signature of foam stabilization due to the presence of surfactants in the controlled laboratory experiments are also found in the field suggesting foam stabilization may be a means to remotely sense the presence/absence or concentration of surfactants in the ocean. In addition, probability density distributions of key whitecap variables such as foam area growth and decay timescales and maximum foam area are compared between laboratory and oceanic whitecaps. The oceanic whitecaps are much larger in scale than the laboratory breaking waves, whereas the whitecap growth and decay timescales are similar in magnitude, the latter suggesting that the depths to which bubbles are injected during active air entrainment in the field are relatively shallow. The aggregated whitecap statistics are used to estimate the energy dissipation of individual whitecaps in a novel manner.
Radiative and Microphysical Impacts of the Saharan Dust on Two Concurrent Tropical Cyclones: Danielle and Earl (2010)
Authors: Pan Bowen , Wang Yuan , Lin Yun , Hsieh Jen‐Shan , Lavallee Michael , Zhao Lijun , Zhang Renyi
Published: January 2024

Saharan dust exerts profound impacts on the genesis and intensification of tropical cyclones (TCs). Such impacts on various stages of the TCs have yet to be explored. In this study, we utilize the Cloud‐Resolving weather research and forecasting model (WRF) to investigate the relative importance of the microphysical and radiative effects of dust on two hurricanes (Earl and Danielle) at different life stages under similar dynamical conditions in 2010. Both TCs were embedded in a dusty environment throughout their lifetime. A new dust ice nucleation scheme was implemented into the aerosol‐aware Texas A&M University two‐moment microphysical scheme in WRF. Moreover, the dust radiative effect was included in the Goddard Shortwave Scheme of WRF. Our sensitivity experiments show that the radiative effect of dust (DRAD) amplified the mid‐level ridge in the Central Atlantic Ocean through temperature perturbation, changing the tracks of Danielle and Earl. Further analyses reveal an early shift of Danielle's maximum intensity for 12 hours but a significantly suppressed Earl in DRAD. In addition, the microphysical effect of dust had little impact on the large‐scale dynamical fields and storm tracks. The inclusion of dust as ice nucleation particles results in more variations in the intensity of Danielle and Earl than in other scenarios. This is owing to the higher maximum diabatic heating rate in the rainband region that perturbs the size of the TC. This study shows the dominant dust radiative effects on both intensity and track of the storm. In addition, there is evidence that dust suppresses the early stage TC but provides favorable conditions for matured TC. Both findings have profound implications for hurricane forecast and address the importance of accounting for detailed cloud microphysics and aerosol‐TC interactions in the operational forecasting models.
Designing a Convection‐Cloud Chamber for Collision‐Coalescence Using Large‐Eddy Simulation With Bin Microphysics
Authors: Wang Aaron , Ovchinnikov Mikhail , Yang Fan , Schmalfuss Silvio , Shaw Raymond A.
Published: January 2024

Collisional growth of cloud droplets is an essential yet uncertain process for drizzle and precipitation formation. To improve the quantitative understanding of this key component of cloud‐aerosol‐turbulence interactions, observational studies of collision‐coalescence in a controlled laboratory environment are needed. In an existing convection‐cloud chamber (the Pi Chamber), collisional growth is limited by low liquid water content and short droplet residence times. In this work, we use numerical simulations to explore various configurations of a convection‐cloud chamber that may intensify collision‐coalescence. We employ a large‐eddy simulation (LES) model with a size‐resolved (bin) cloud microphysics scheme to explore how cloud properties and the intensity of collision‐coalescence are affected by the chamber size and aspect ratio, surface roughness, side‐wall wetness, side‐wall temperature arrangement, and aerosol injection rate. Simulations without condensation and evaporation within the domain are first performed to explore the turbulence dynamics and wall fluxes. The LES wall fluxes are used to modify the Scalar Flux‐budget Model, which is then applied to demonstrate the need for non‐uniform side‐wall temperature (two side walls as warm as the bottom and the two others as cold as the top) to maintain high supersaturation in a tall chamber. The results of LES with full cloud microphysics reveal that collision‐coalescence is greatly enhanced by employing a taller chamber with saturated side walls, non‐uniform side‐wall temperature, and rough surfaces. For the conditions explored, although lowering the aerosol injection rate broadens the droplet size distribution, favoring collision‐coalescence, the reduced droplet number concentration decreases the frequency of collisions.
Effects of Along‐Trench Asymmetric Subduction Initiation on Plate Rotation and Trench Migration: A Laboratory Modeling Perspective
Authors: Wang Chunyang , Ding Weiwei , Schellart Wouter P. , Tong Zhengyi , Dong Chongzhi , Fang Yinxia , Li Jiabiao
Published: January 2024

The impact of along‐trench asymmetric subduction on plate kinematic evolution (e.g., plate rotation and trench migration) remains enigmatic. In this study, analog experiments were performed to investigate the effects of symmetric and asymmetric subduction initiation on slab kinematics and trench migration. In cases when subduction was started with a cylindric slab perturbation, the plate showed little rotation during the entire subduction process, resulting in a trench shape that was symmetric with respect to the center‐line of the plate. However, if subduction started with a non‐cylindrical slab perturbation, the trench shape changed substantially. During the free sinking stage, the more deeply subducted part of the slab had a higher trench‐normal retreat velocity (VT⊥) and subduction velocity (VS⊥) than the shallow part, which induced trench and plate rotations in the same direction. This along‐trench gradient in VT⊥ increased until the deeper portion of the slab tip first touched the bottom, after which a marked decrease in VS⊥ occurred at this location; the other side of the slab had not yet reached the bottom, so experienced no recorded reduction of subduction velocity at this time. This along‐strike diachronous arrival of the slab tip could induce a marked along‐strike reversal in magnitude of the subduction velocity and a rotation torque centered on the point of first contact between slab and 660‐km discontinuity. This could lead to instability and rotation of the subducting slab, potentially causing a reversal in the direction of trench rotation direction, but rarely in the direction of plate rotation. Our modeling results may provide useful understanding for the processes driving the rotations of the trench and plate in natural subduction zones.