bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chondromodulin is necessary for cartilage callus distraction in mice
Authors: Yukata Kiminori , Shukunami Chisa , Matsui Yoshito , Takimoto Aki , Goto Tomohiro , Takahashi Mitsuhiko , Mihara Atsushi , Seto Tetsuya , Sakai Takashi , Hiraki Yuji , Yasui Natsuo
Published: February 2023

Chondromodulin (Cnmd) is a glycoprotein known to stimulate chondrocyte growth. We examined in this study the expression and functional role ofCnmdduring distraction osteogenesis that is modulated by mechanical forces. The right tibiae of the mice were separated by osteotomy and subjected to slow progressive distraction using an external fixator.In situhybridization and immunohistochemical analyses of the lengthened segment revealed thatCnmdmRNA and its protein in wild-type mice were localized in the cartilage callus, which was initially generated in the lag phase and was lengthened gradually during the distraction phase. InCnmdnull (Cnmd−/−) mice, less cartilage callus was observed, and the distraction gap was filled by fibrous tissues. Additionally, radiological and histological investigations demonstrated delayed bone consolidation and remodeling of the lengthened segment inCnmd−/−mice. Eventually,Cnmddeficiency caused a one-week delay in the peak expression ofVEGF,MMP2, andMMP9genes and the subsequent angiogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. We conclude that Cnmd is necessary for cartilage callus distraction.
Factors associated with changes in the objectively measured physical activity among Japanese adults: A longitudinal and dynamic panel data analysis
Authors: Watanabe Daiki , Murakami Haruka , Gando Yuko , Kawakami Ryoko , Tanisawa Kumpei , Ohno Harumi , Konishi Kana , Sasaki Azusa , Morishita Akie , Miyatake Nobuyuki , Miyachi Motohiko
Published: February 2023

Factors associated with dynamic changes in the objectively measured physical activity have not been well understood. We aimed to 1) evaluate the longitudinal change in the physical activity trajectory according to sex which is associated with age and to 2) determine the factors associated with the dynamic change in physical activity-related variables across a wide age range among Japanese adults. This longitudinal prospective study included 689 Japanese adults (3914 measurements) aged 26–85 years, whose physical activity data in at least two surveys were available. Physical activity-related variables, such as intensity (inactive, light [LPA; 1.5 to 2.9 metabolic equivalents (METs)], moderate-to-vigorous [MVPA; ≥3.0 METs]), total energy expenditure (TEE), physical activity level (PAL), and step count, were evaluated using a validated triaxial accelerometer. Statistical analysis involved the latent growth curve models and random-effect panel data multivariate regression analysis. During a mean follow-up period of 6.8 years, physical activity was assessed an average of 5.1 times in men and 5.9 times in women. The profiles for the inactive time, LPA (only men), MVPA, step count, PAL, and TEE showed clear curvature, indicating an accelerated rate of change around the age of 70. In contrast, other variables exhibited minimal or no curvature over the age span. The MVPA trajectory was positively associated with alcohol consumption, hand grips, leg power, and trunk flexibility and negatively associated with age, local area, body mass index (BMI), comorbidity score, and heart rate over time. Our results indicated that the physical activity trajectory revealed clear curvature, accelerated rate of change around the age of 70, and determined physical health and fitness and BMI as dynamic factors associated with physical activity changes. These findings may be useful to help support populations to achieve and maintain the recommended level of physical activity.
Assessment of associated credit risk in the supply chain based on trade credit risk contagion
Authors: Xie Xiaofeng , Zhang Fengying , Liu Li , Yang Yang , Hu Xiuying
Published: February 2023

Assessment of associated credit risk in the supply chain is a challenge in current credit risk management practices. This paper proposes a new approach for assessing associated credit risk in the supply chain based on graph theory and fuzzy preference theory. First, we classified the credit risk of firms in the supply chain into two types, namely firms’ “own credit risk” and “credit risk contagion”; second, we designed a system of indicators for assessing the credit risks of firms in the supply chain and used fuzzy preference relations to obtain the fuzzy comparison judgment matrix of credit risk assessment indicators, on which basis we constructed the basic model for assessing the own credit risk of firms in the supply chain; third, we established a derivative model for assessing credit risk contagion. On this basis, we carried out a comprehensive assessment of the credit risk of firms in the supply chain by combining the two assessment results, revealing the contagion effect of associated credit risk in the supply chain based on trade credit risk contagion (TCRC). The case study shows that the credit risk assessment method proposed in this paper enables banks to accurately identify the credit risk status of firms in the supply chain, which helps curb the accumulation and outbreak of systemic financial risks.
In vitro assembly of plasmid DNA for direct cloning in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WCSF1
Authors: Blanch-Asensio Marc , Dey Sourik , Sankaran Shrikrishnan
Published: February 2023

Lactobacilli are gram-positive bacteria that are growing in importance for the healthcare industry and genetically engineering them as living therapeutics is highly sought after. However, progress in this field is hindered since most strains are difficult to genetically manipulate, partly due to their complex and thick cell walls limiting our capability to transform them with exogenous DNA. To overcome this, large amounts of DNA (>1 μg) are normally required to successfully transform these bacteria. An intermediate host, like E. coli, is often used to amplify recombinant DNA to such amounts although this approach poses unwanted drawbacks such as an increase in plasmid size, different methylation patterns and the limitation of introducing only genes compatible with the intermediate host. In this work, we have developed a direct cloning method based on in-vitro assembly and PCR amplification to yield recombinant DNA in significant quantities for successful transformation in L. plantarum WCFS1. The advantage of this method is demonstrated in terms of shorter experimental duration and the possibility to introduce a gene incompatible with E. coli into L. plantarum WCFS1.
Timing of hospital admission at first childbirth: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Kjerulff Kristen H. , Attanasio Laura B. , Vanderlaan Jennifer , Sznajder Kristin K.
Published: February 2023

Background and aims

It is difficult for women in labor to determine when best to present for hospital admission, particularly at first childbirth. While it is often recommended that women labor at home until their contractions have become regular and ≤ 5-minutes apart, little research has investigated the utility of this recommendation. This study investigated the relationship between timing of hospital admission, in terms of whether women’s labor contractions had become regular and ≤ 5-minutes apart before admission, and labor progress.

Methods

This was a cohort study of 1,656 primiparous women aged 18–35 years with singleton pregnancies who began labor spontaneously at home and delivered at 52 hospitals in Pennsylvania, USA. Women who were admitted before their contractions had become regular and ≤ 5-minutes apart (early admits) were compared to those who were admitted after (later admits). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess associations between timing of hospital admission and active labor status on admission (cervical dilation 6–10 cm), oxytocin augmentation, epidural analgesia and cesarean birth.

Results

Nearly two-thirds of the participants (65.3%) were later admits. These women had labored for a longer time period before admission (median, interquartile range [IQR] 5 hours (3–12 hours)) than the early admits (median, (IQR) 2 hours (1–8 hours), p < 0.001); were more likely to be in active labor on admission (adjusted OR [aOR] 3.78, 95% CI 2.47–5.81); and were less likely to experience labor augmentation with oxytocin (aOR 0.44, 95% CI 0.35–0.55); epidural analgesia (aOR 0.52, 95% CI 0.38–0.72); and cesarean birth (aOR 0.66, 95% CI 0.50–0.88).

Conclusions

Among primiparous women, those who labor at home until their contractions have become regular and ≤ 5-minutes apart are more likely to be in active labor on hospital admission and less likely to experience oxytocin augmentation, epidural analgesia and cesarean birth.
Associations between cancer history, social distancing behaviors, and loneliness in adults during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Yang Jenny , Zhang Xiaochen , Yu Mengda , Fisher James L. , Paskett Electra D.
Published: February 2023

Background

During the COVID-19 pandemic, enforced social distancing initiatives have highlighted differences in social distancing practices and the resulting loneliness in various populations. The objective of this study was to examine how cancer history and social distancing practices relate to loneliness during COVID-19.

Methods and findings

Participants from previous studies (N = 32,989) with permission to be re-contacted were invited to complete a survey online, by phone, or by mail between June and November 2020. Linear and logistic regression models were used to determine the associations between cancer history, social distancing, and loneliness.

Results

Among the included participants (n = 5729), the average age was 56.7 years, 35.6% were male, 89.4% were White, and 54.9% had a cancer history (n = 3147). Individuals with a cancer history were more likely to not contact people outside of their household (49.0% vs. 41.9%, p<0.01), but were less likely to feel lonely (35.8% vs. 45.3%, p<0.0001) compared to those without a cancer history. Higher adherence to social distancing behaviors was associated with higher odds of loneliness among individuals with (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.17-1.38) and without a cancer history (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.06-1.25).

Conclusions

Findings from this study can inform efforts to support the mental health of individuals susceptible to loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Assessing the relationship between operationally defined zero-dose communities and access to selected primary healthcare services for children and pregnant women in emergency settings
Authors: Suprenant Mark P. , Nyankesha Elevanie , Moreno-Garcia Ralfh , Buj Valentina , Yakubu Ahmadu , Shafique Fouzia , Zaman Muhammad H.
Published: February 2023

In this study the authors examine the relationship between “zero-dose” communities and access to healthcare services. This was done by first ensuring the first dose of the Diphtheria Tetanus and Pertussis vaccine was a better measure of zero-dose communities than the measles-containing vaccine. Once ensured, it was used to examine the association with access to primary healthcare services for children and pregnant women in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh. These services were divided into: a) unscheduled healthcare services such as birth assistance as well as seeking care and treatment for diarrheal diseases and cough/fever episodes and b) other scheduled health services such as antenatal care visits and vitamin A supplementation. Using recent Demographic Health Survey data (2014: Democratic Republic of Congo, 2015: Afghanistan, 2018: Bangladesh), data was analyzed via Chi Squared analysis or Fischer’s Exact Test. If significant, a linear regression analysis was performed to examine if the association was linear. While the linear relationship observed between children who had received the first dose of the Diphtheria Tetanus and Pertussis vaccine (the reverse to zero-dose communities) and coverage of other vaccines was expected, the results of the regression analysis depicted an unexpected split in behavior. For scheduled and birth assistance health services, a linear relationship was generally observed. For unscheduled services associated with illness treatments, this was not the case. While it does not appear that the first dose of the Diphtheria Tetanus and Pertussis vaccine can be used to predict (at least in a linear manner) access to some primary (particularly illness treatment) healthcare services in emergency/ humanitarian settings, it can serve as an indirect measure of health services not associated with the treatment of childhood infections such as antenatal care, skilled birth assistance, and to a lesser degree even vitamin A supplementation.
Comparative growth dynamics of bacterial and fungal contaminants in bupivacaine liposomal injectable suspension, bupivacaine 0.5%, and propofol
Authors: Wallace Amber , Love Lydia , Gensler Catherine , Jacob Megan , Robertson James , Messenger Kristen
Published: February 2023

Objective

To determine whether bupivacaine liposomal injectable suspension (BLIS) supports microbial growth when artificially inoculated and to evaluate liposomal stability in the face of this extrinsic contamination as evidenced by changes in free bupivacaine concentrations.

Study design

A randomized, prospectivein vitrostudy in which three vials of each BLIS, bupivacaine 0.5%, and propofol were individually inoculated with known concentrations ofEscherichia coli,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Staphylococcus aureus, andCandida albicans(n = 36) to quantify bacterial and fungal growth was conducted. Over 120 hours, aliquots from contaminated vials were withdrawn, plated, and incubated to determine microbial concentrations. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to evaluate free bupivacaine concentrations over time in BLIS. Data were analyzed using a mixed effects model with multiple comparisons.

Sample population

Twelve vials of each BLIS, bupivacaine 0.5%, and propofol.

Results

BLIS did not support significant growth ofStaphylococcus aureusorCandida albicansat any time. BLIS supported significant growth ofEscherichia coliandPseudomonas aeruginosabeginning at the 24 hour time point. Bupivacaine 0.5% did not support significant growth of any organisms. Propofol supported significant growth of all organisms. Free bupivacaine concentrations changed minimally over time.

Conclusion

Bacterial and fungal contaminant growth in artificially inoculated BLIS is organism dependent. BLIS supports significant growth ofEscherichia coliandPseudomonas aeruginosa. Extra-label handling of BLIS should only be undertaken with caution and with adherence to strict aseptic technique.
Robot leadership–Investigating human perceptions and reactions towards social robots showing leadership behaviors
Authors: Cichor Jakub Edward , Hubner-Benz Sylvia , Benz Tobias , Emmerling Franziska , Peus Claudia
Published: February 2023

Human-robot interaction research has shown that social robots can interact with humans in complex social situations and display leadership-related behaviors. Therefore, social robots could be able to take on leadership roles. The aim of our study was to investigate human followers’ perceptions and reactions towards robot leadership behavior, and differences based on the robot’s displayed leadership style. We implemented a robot to show either a transformational or a transactional leadership style in its speech and its movements. We presented the robot to university and executive MBA students (N = 29) and subsequently conducted semi-structured interviews and group discussions. The results of explorative coding indicated that participants differed in their perceptions and reactions based on the robot’s leadership style and based on their assumptions about robots in general. We observed that participants quickly imagined either a utopia or worried about a dystopia, depending on the robot’s leadership style and their assumptions, and that a subsequent reflection led to more nuanced views. We discuss the implications and recommendations for human-robot interaction and leadership research.
Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal insights into catkin bloom patterns in pecan protogynous and protandrous cultivars
Authors: Rhein Hormat Shadgou , Sreedasyam Avinash , Cooke Peter , Velasco-Cruz Ciro , Grimwood Jane , Schmutz Jeremy , Jenkins Jerry , Kumar Sajal , Song Mingzhou , Heerema Richard J. , Grauke L. J. , Randall Jennifer J.
Published: February 2023

In perennial plants such as pecan, once reproductive maturity is attained, there are genetic switches that are regulated and required for flower development year after year. Pecan trees are heterodichogamous with both pistillate and staminate flowers produced on the same tree. Therefore, defining genes exclusively responsible for pistillate inflorescence and staminate inflorescence (catkin) initiation is challenging at best. To understand these genetic switches and their timing, this study analyzed catkin bloom and gene expression of lateral buds collected from a protogynous (Wichita) and a protandrous (Western) pecan cultivar in summer, autumn and spring. Our data showed that pistillate flowers in the current season on the same shoot negatively impacted catkin production on the protogynous ‘Wichita’ cultivar. Whereas fruit production the previous year on ‘Wichita’ had a positive effect on catkin production on the same shoot the following year. However, fruiting the previous year nor current year pistillate flower production had no significant effect on catkin production on ‘Western’ (protandrous cultivar) cultivar. The RNA-Seq results present more significant differences between the fruiting and non-fruiting shoots of the ‘Wichita’ cultivar compared to the ‘Western’ cultivar, revealing the genetic signals likely responsible for catkin production. Our data presented here, indicates the genes showing expression for the initiation of both types of flowers the season before bloom.
Confirmation of the local establishment of alien invasive turtle, Pseudemys peninsularis, in South Korea, using eggshell DNA
Authors: Cheon Seung-Ju , Rahman Md. Mizanur , Lee Ji-A , Park Seung-Min , Park Jae-Hong , Lee Dong-Hyun , Sung Ha-Cheol
Published: February 2023

Alien invasive species are posing conservation challenges worldwide. Pet trade, one of the many ways, is worsening the situation. Especially, pet turtles have been released into nature due to their longer life span and peoples’ religious and traditional beliefs. In addition, unwanted and undesired pets are also released. While information on the successful local establishment and subsequent dispersal into new habitats is required to designate an invasive and ecosystem-disturbing species, alien freshwater turtle nests have always been hard to find and identify in nature. Because one should identify nests by the eggs, which do not always guide properly, as adults abandon the sites quickly. We thought the recent advancement in DNA technology may help improve the situation. We studied Pseudemys peninsularis, one of the most traded freshwater turtle pet species, which has already been reported from a wide range of wild areas in South Korea. Yet, it is not designated as ecosystem-disturbing species due to a lack of adequate information on their local reproduction and establishment. We conducted surveys and found two nests in Jeonpyeongje Neighborhood Park, Maewol-dong, Seo-gu, Gwangju. We developed the methodology for extracting DNA from the eggshells and successfully identified the nests by phylogenetic analysis and verified through egg characteristics and morphological features of artificially hatched juveniles. This was the first successful initiative to extract DNA from freshwater turtle eggshells. We believe it will help future researchers identify the alien invasive turtle nests and develop their control and management policies. In addition, our study also included comparative descriptions and schematic diagrams of the eggs of eight freshwater turtles, including a native and three ecosystem-disturbing species, from South Korea. We urged an immediate designation of P. peninsularis as an ecosystem-disturbing species considering its local establishment, distribution range, and potential negative impact on native ecosystems.
A comparison of myopia control in European children and adolescents with defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacles, atropine, and combined DIMS/atropine
Authors: Nucci Paolo , Lembo Andrea , Schiavetti Irene , Shah Rakhee , Edgar David Francis , Evans Bruce John William
Published: February 2023

Purpose

To evaluate the efficacy of a myopia control spectacle lens (DIMS) at slowing the progression of myopia in a population of European children in comparison with 0.01% atropine and combined DIMS and atropine.

Methods

The study was a non-randomised experimenter-masked prospective controlled observational study of individuals aged 6–18 years with progressing myopia but no ocular pathology. Participants were allocated, according to patient/parent choice, to receive 0.01% atropine eyedrops, DIMS (Hoya® MiyoSmart®) spectacles, combined atropine+DIMS or single vision spectacle lenses (control group). The key outcome variables, cycloplegic autorefraction spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL), were measured at baseline and after three, six, and 12 months.

Results

Of the 146 participants (mean age 10.3y ±3.2), 53 received atropine, 30 DIMS spectacles, 31 atropine+DIMS, and 32 single vision control spectacles. Generalized linear mixed model analysis revealed for SER, whilst controlling for age and SER at baseline, at each stage all treatment groups had significantly reduced progression compared with the control group (p<0.016). For AL, whilst controlling for baseline age and AL, at 6 and 12 months all treatment groups had significantly less progression than the control group (p<0.005). For SER only, in pairwise comparisons at 12 months the atropine+DIMS group had significantly reduced progression compared with the DIMS only and Atropine only groups (p<0.001).

Conclusion

In a European population, DIMS and atropine are effective at reducing myopia progression and axial elongation in progressing myopia and are most successful at reducing myopia progression when used in combination.
Flyways and migratory behaviour of the Vega gull (Larus vegae), a little-known Arctic endemic
Authors: Gilg Olivier , van Bemmelen Rob S. A. , Lee Hansoo , Park Jin-Young , Kim Hwa-Jung , Kim Dong-Won , Lee Won Y. , Sokolovskis Kristaps , Solovyeva Diana V.
Published: February 2023

Large gulls are generalist predators that play an important role in Arctic food webs. Describing the migratory patterns and phenology of these predators is essential to understanding how Arctic ecosystems function. However, from all six large Arctic gull taxa, including three long-distance migrants, to date seasonal movements have been studied only in three and with small sample sizes. To document the flyways and migratory behaviour of the Vega gull, a widespread but little-studied Siberian migrant, we monitored 28 individuals with GPS loggers over a mean period of 383 days. Birds used similar routes in spring and autumn, preferring coastal to inland or offshore routes, and travelled 4000–5500 km between their breeding (Siberia) and wintering grounds (mainly the Republic of Korea and Japan). Spring migration mainly occurred in May, and was twice as fast and more synchronized among individuals than autumn migration. Migration bouts mainly occurred during the day and twilight, but rates of travel were always higher during the few night flights. Flight altitudes were nearly always higher during migration bouts than during other bouts, and lower during twilight than during night or day. Altitudes above 2000m were recorded during migrations, when birds made non-stop inland flights over mountain ranges and vast stretches of the boreal forest. Individuals showed high inter-annual consistency in their movements in winter and summer, indicating strong site fidelity to their breeding and wintering sites. Within-individual variation was similar in spring and autumn, but between individual variation was higher in autumn than in spring. Compared to previous studies, our results suggest that the timing of spring migration in large Arctic gulls is likely constrained by snowmelt at breeding grounds, while the duration of migration windows could be related to the proportion of inland versus coastal habitats found along their flyways (‘fly-and-forage’ strategy). Ongoing environmental changes are hence likely in short term to alter the timing of their migration, and in long term possibly affect the duration if e.g. the resource availability along the route changes in the future.
Hepatitis B virus genotypes and drug resistance mutations circulating in blood donors in Beira, Mozambique
Authors: Mathew Ann , Ismael Nalia , Meeds Heidi , Vubil Adolfo , Zicai Ana Flora , Mabunda Nédio , Blackard Jason T.
Published: February 2023

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects nearly 300 million people and is the leading cause of hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Despite the high burden of HBV in sub-Saharan Africa, countries such as Mozambique have limited data available on circulating HBV genotypes and the presence of drug resistance mutations. Blood donors from Beira, Mozambique were tested for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA at the Instituto Nacional de Saúde in Maputo, Mozambique. Regardless of HBsAg status, donors with detectable HBV DNA were evaluated for HBV genotype. PCR was performed with primers amplifying a 2.1–2.2 kilobase fragment of the HBV genome. PCR products were submitted for next generation sequencing (NGS), and consensus sequences were evaluated for HBV genotype, recombination, and the presence or absence of drug resistance mutations. Of the 1281 blood donors tested, 74 had quantifiable HBV DNA. The polymerase gene could be amplified from 45 of 58 (77.6%) individuals with chronic HBV infection and 12 of 16 (75%) with occult HBV infection. Among these 57, 51 (89.5%) sequences belonged to HBV genotype A1, while 6 (10.5%) were HBV genotype E. All genotype E sequences were E/A recombinants, and clustered separately from other genotype E references. Genotype A samples had a median viral load of 637 IU/mL, while genotype E samples had a median viral load of 476,084 IU/mL. No drug resistance mutations were observed in the consensus sequences. The current study demonstrates the genotypic diversity of HBV in blood donors in Mozambique, but the absence of dominant (consensus) drug resistance mutations. Studies in other at-risk populations are essential for understanding the epidemiology, risk of liver disease, and likelihood of treatment resistance in resource-limited settings.
Regional innovation effect of smart city construction in China
Authors: Zeng Yiwu , Zhang Zenghui , Ye Zi , Li Lili
Published: February 2023

Innovation is an important driving force for high-quality regional economic development. In recent years, the Chinese government has actively explored new ways to improve regional innovation level, and the construction of smart cities is regarded as an important measure to implement the innovation-driven development strategy. Based on the panel data of 287 prefecture-level cities in China from 2001 to 2019, this paper examined the impact of smart city construction on regional innovation. The research shows that: (i) The construction of smart city has significantly improved the level of regional innovation; (ii) Investment in science and technology and human capital level are important transmission paths for smart city construction to affect regional innovation; (iii) Compared with the central and western regions, the impact of smart city construction on regional innovation is more obvious in the eastern region. This study deepens the understanding of smart city construction, which has important policy significance for China to accelerate the construction of an innovative country and the healthy development of smart cities, and provides reference for other developing countries to promote smart city construction.
Living with “long COVID”: A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative evidence
Authors: Hossain M. Mahbub , Das Jyoti , Rahman Farzana , Nesa Fazilatun , Hossain Puspita , Islam A. M. Khairul , Tasnim Samia , Faizah Farah , Mazumder Hoimonty , Purohit Neetu , Ramirez Gilbert
Published: February 2023

Objectives

Long-term health consequences of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), also known as “long COVID,” has become a global health concern. In this systematic review, we aimed to synthesize the qualitative evidence on lived experiences of people living with long COVID that may inform health policymaking and practice.

Methods

We searched six major databases and additional sources and systematically retrieved relevant qualitative studies and conducted a meta-synthesis of key findings using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines and reporting standards of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist.

Results

We found 15 articles representing 12 studies out of 619 citations from different sources. These studies provided 133 findings that were categorized into 55 categories. All categories were aggregated to the following synthesized findings: living with complex physical health problems, psychosocial crises of long COVID, slow recovery and rehabilitation, digital resources and information management, changes in social support, and experiences with healthcare providers, services, and systems. Ten studies were from the UK, and others were from Denmark and Italy, which highlights a critical lack of evidence from other countries.

Conclusions

More representative research is needed to understand long COVID-related experiences from diverse communities and populations. The available evidence informs a high burden of biopsychosocial challenges among people with long COVID that would require multilevel interventions such as strengthening health and social policies and services, engaging patients and caregivers in making decisions and developing resources, and addressing health and socioeconomic disparities associated with long COVID through evidence-based practice.
Deaths of profound despair: A retrospective cohort study of mortality among people experiencing homelessness
Authors: Chang Jamie Suki , Saxton Katherine , Bright Georgia , Jorden Michelle A. , Gutierrez Andy , Xia Katherine
Published: February 2023

Introduction

The number of people dying while unhoused is increasing nationally. In Santa Clara County (SCC), deaths of unhoused people have almost tripled in 9 years. This is a retrospective cohort study examining mortality trends among unhoused people in SCC. The objective of the study is to characterize mortality outcomes in the unhoused population, and compare these to the SCC general population.

Materials and methods

We obtained data from the SCC Medical Examiner-Coroner’s Office on unhoused people’s deaths that occurred between 2011–2019. We analyzed demographic trends and cause of death, compared to mortality data on the SCC general population obtained from CDC databases. We also compared rates of deaths of despair.

Results

There were a total of 974 unhoused deaths in the SCC cohort. The unadjusted mortality rate among unhoused people is higher than the general population, and unhoused mortality has increased over time. The standardized mortality ratio for unhoused people is 3.8, compared to the general population in SCC. The most frequent age of death among unhoused people was between 55–64 years old (31.3%), followed by 45–54 (27.5%), compared to 85+ in the general population (38.3%). Over ninety percent of deaths in the general population were due to illness. In contrast, 38.2% of unhoused deaths were due to substance use, 32.0% illness, 19.0% injury, 4.2% homicide, and 4.1% suicide. The proportion of deaths of despair was 9-fold higher in the unhoused cohort compared to the housed cohort.

Discussion

Homelessness has profound impacts on health, as people who are unhoused are dying 20 years younger, with higher rates of injurious, treatable, and preventable causes, than people in the general population. System-level, inter-agency interventions are needed. Local governments need to systematically collect housing status at death to monitor mortality patterns among unhoused people, and adapt public health systems to prevent rising unhoused deaths.
Drivers of disparities in stage at diagnosis among women with breast cancer: South African breast cancers and HIV outcomes cohort
Authors: Mapanga Witness , Norris Shane A. , Craig Ashleigh , Ayeni Oluwatosin A. , Chen Wenlong C. , Jacobson Judith S. , Neugut Alfred I. , Ruff Paul , Cubasch Herbert , O’Neil Daniel S. , Buccimazza Ines , Čačala Sharon , Stopforth Laura W. , Farrow Hayley A. , Nietz Sarah , Phakathi Boitumelo , Chirwa Tobias , McCormack Valerie A. , Joffe Maureen
Published: February 2023

Objective

In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), advanced-stage diagnosis of breast cancer (BC) is common, and this contributes to poor survival. Understanding the determinants of the stage at diagnosis will aid in designing interventions to downstage disease and improve survival from BC in LMICs.

Methods

Within the South African Breast Cancers and HIV Outcomes (SABCHO) cohort, we examined factors affecting the stage at diagnosis of histologically confirmed invasive breast cancer at five tertiary hospitals in South Africa (SA). The stage was assessed clinically. To examine the associations of the modifiable health system, socio-economic/household and non-modifiable individual factors, hierarchical multivariable logistic regression with odds of late-stage at diagnosis (stage III-IV), was used.

Results

The majority (59%) of the included 3497 women were diagnosed with late-stage BC disease. The effect of health system-level factors on late-stage BC diagnosis was consistent and significant even when adjusted for both socio-economic- and individual-level factors. Women diagnosed in a tertiary hospital that predominantly serves a rural population were 3 times (OR = 2.89 (95% CI: 1.40–5.97) as likely to be associated with late-stage BC diagnosis when compared to those diagnosed at a hospital that predominantly serves an urban population. Taking more than 3 months from identifying the BC problem to the first health system entry (OR = 1.66 (95% CI: 1.38–2.00)), and having luminal B (OR = 1.49 (95% CI: 1.19–1.87)) or HER2-enriched (OR = 1.64 (95% CI: 1.16–2.32)) molecular subtype as compared to luminal A, were associated with a late-stage diagnosis. Whilst having a higher socio-economic level (a wealth index of 5) reduced the probability of late-stage BC at diagnosis, (OR = 0.64 (95% CI: 0.47–0.85)).

Conclusion

Advanced-stage diagnosis of BC among women in SA who access health services through the public health system was associated with both modifiable health system-level factors and non-modifiable individual-level factors. These may be considered as elements in interventions to reduce the time to diagnosis of breast cancer in women.
Community engagement and clinical trial diversity: Navigating barriers and co-designing solutions—A report from the “Health Equity through Diversity” seminar series
Authors: Reopell Luiza , Nolan Timiya S. , Gray Darrell M. , Williams Amaris , Brewer LaPrincess C. , Bryant Ashley Leak , Wilson Gerren , Williams Emily , Jones Clarence , McKoy Alicia , Grever Jeff , Soliman Adam , Baez Jna , Nawaz Saira , Walker Daniel M. , Metlock Faith , Zappe Lauren , Gregory John , Joseph Joshua J.
Published: February 2023

Introduction

In recent years, there has been increasing awareness of the lack of diversity among clinical trial participants. Equitable representation is key when testing novel therapeutic and non-therapeutic interventions to ensure safety and efficacy across populations. Unfortunately, in the United States (US), racial and ethnic minority populations continue to be underrepresented in clinical trials compared to their White counterparts.

Methods

Two webinars in a four-part series, titled “Health Equity through Diversity,” were held to discuss solutions for advancing health equity through diversifying clinical trials and addressing medical mistrust in communities. Each webinar was 1.5 hours long, beginning with panelist discussions followed by breakout rooms where moderators led discussions related to health equity and scribes recorded each room’s conversations. The diverse groups of panelists included community members, civic representatives, clinician-scientists, and biopharmaceutical representatives. Scribe notes from discussions were collected and thematically analyzed to uncover the central themes.

Results

The first two webinars were attended by 242 and 205 individuals, respectively. The attendees represented 25 US states, four countries outside the US, and shared various backgrounds including community members, clinician/researchers, government organizations, biotechnology/biopharmaceutical professionals, and others. Barriers to clinical trial participation are broadly grouped into the themes of access, awareness, discrimination and racism, and workforce diversity. Participants noted that innovative, community-engaged, co-designed solutions are essential.

Conclusions

Despite racial and ethnic minority groups making up nearly half of the US population, underrepresentation in clinical trials remains a critical challenge. The community engaged co-developed solutions detailed in this report to address access, awareness, discrimination and racism, and workforce diversity are critical to advancing clinical trial diversity.
Consumer preference analysis on the attributes of samgyeopsal Korean cuisine and its market segmentation: Integrating conjoint analysis and K-means clustering
Authors: Ong Ardvin Kester S. , Prasetyo Yogi Tri , Esteller Armand Joseph D. , Bruno Jarod E. , Lagorza Kathryn Cheska O. , Oli Lance Edward T. , Chuenyindee Thanatorn , Thana Kriengkrai , Persada Satria Fadil , Nadlifatin Reny
Published: February 2023

Samgyeopsal is a popular Korean grilled dish with increasing recognition in the Philippines as a result of the Hallyu. The aim of this study was to analyze the preferability of Samgyeopsal attributes which includes the main entree, cheese inclusion, cooking style, price, brand, and drinks using Conjoint Analysis and market segmentation using k-means clustering. A total of 1018 responses were collected online through social media platforms by utilizing a convenience sampling approach. The results showed that the main entrée (46.314%) was found to be the most important attribute, followed by cheese (33.087%), price (9.361%), drinks (6.603%), and style (3.349%). In addition, k-means clustering identified 3 different market segments: high-value, core, and low-value consumers. Furthermore, this study formulated a marketing strategy that focused on enhancing the choice of meat, cheese, and price based on these 3 market segments. This study has significant implications for enhancing Samgyeopsal chain businesses and helping entrepreneurs with consumer preference on Samgyeopsal attributes. Finally, conjoint analysis with k-means clustering can be utilized and extended for evaluating food preferences worldwide.
Adult height prediction using the growth curve comparison method
Authors: Mlakar Miha , Gradišek Anton , Luštrek Mitja , Jurak Gregor , Sorić Maroje , Leskošek Bojan , Starc Gregor
Published: February 2023

Understanding the growth pattern is important in view of child and adolescent development. Due to different tempo of growth and timing of adolescent growth spurt, individuals reach their adult height at different ages. Accurate models to assess the growth involve intrusive radiological methods whereas the predictive models based solely on height data are typically limited to percentiles and therefore rather inaccurate, especially during the onset of puberty. There is a need for more accurate non-invasive methods for height prediction that are easily applicable in the fields of sports and physical education, as well as in endocrinology. We developed a novel method, called Growth Curve Comparison (GCC), for height prediction, based on a large cohort of > 16,000 Slovenian schoolchildren followed yearly from ages 8 to 18. We compared the GCC method to the percentile method, linear regressor, decision tree regressor, and extreme gradient boosting. The GCC method outperformed the predictions of other methods over the entire age span both in boys and girls. The method was incorporated into a publicly available web application. We anticipate our method to be applicable also to other models predicting developmental outcomes of children and adolescents, such as for comparison of any developmental curves of anthropometric as well as fitness data. It can serve as a useful tool for assessment, planning, implementation, and monitoring of somatic and motor development of children and youth.
NS5A domain I antagonises PKR to facilitate the assembly of infectious hepatitis C virus particles
Authors: Chen Shucheng , Harris Mark
Published: February 2023

Hepatitis C virus NS5A is a multifunctional phosphoprotein comprised of three domains (DI, DII and DIII). DI and DII have been shown to function in genome replication, whereas DIII has a role in virus assembly. We previously demonstrated that DI in genotype 2a (JFH1) also plays a role in virus assembly, exemplified by the P145A mutant which blocked infectious virus production. Here we extend this analysis to identify two other conserved and surface exposed residues proximal to P145 (C142 and E191) that exhibited no defect in genome replication but impaired virus production. Further analysis revealed changes in the abundance of dsRNA, the size and distribution of lipid droplets (LD) and the co-localisation between NS5A and LDs in cells infected with these mutants, compared to wildtype. In parallel, to investigate the mechanism(s) underpinning this role of DI, we assessed the involvement of the interferon-induced double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR). In PKR-silenced cells, C142A and E191A exhibited levels of infectious virus production, LD size and co-localisation between NS5A and LD that were indistinguishable from wildtype. Co-immunoprecipitation and in vitro pulldown experiments confirmed that wildtype NS5A domain I (but not C142A or E191A) interacted with PKR. We further showed that the assembly phenotype of C142A and E191A was restored by ablation of interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF1), a downstream effector of PKR. These data suggest a novel interaction between NS5A DI and PKR that functions to evade an antiviral pathway that blocks virus assembly through IRF1.
Appalachian after-school music programmes as cultural intervention
Authors: Morgan-Ellis Esther M. , Marvel Abigail , Malphurs Andrew
Published: February 2023

In the Southern Appalachians, five after-school programmes of varying sizes – Junior Appalachian Musicians, Young Appalachian Musicians, Georgia Pick and Bow, Hindman Pick and Bow and Appalshop’s Passing the Pick and Bow – offer education in regional music traditions to school-aged children. These programmes fulfil a valuable mission, for they often serve students who have no other opportunities to pursue a music education. As many of the names suggest, these programmes provide training in the instruments, practices and repertoire associated with old-time and bluegrass music, and they typically advertise a preservationist mission. This article considers the cultural intervention work of Appalachian after-school music programmes, positioning them as the latest in a series of interventionist projects that have shaped Appalachian music in an effort to preserve it. Through careful consideration of the styles, instruments and repertoire being taught, we address the ways in which after-school programmes ‘edit’ Appalachian musical heritage for a new generation of participants, and we consider the implications of the programmes’ pedagogical practices.
Influencing Factors of Perceived Anxiety Control of Nursing Students on COVID 19
Authors:   Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis, Jeon Mi Kyung , Oh Jae Woo
Published: February 2023

This study is a description to explore the factors related to knowledge of COVID-19, behavioral triggers, cognition of COVID-19, and perceived anxiety and control of nursing students in one region, and to identify the influencing factors on perceived anxiety and control. It is an investigative study. The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS Program. As a result of the study, in the case of general characteristics of the subjects, there was a statistically significant difference in disaster letters and perceived health status. In addition, it was found that there was a positive correlation between the perceived sense of anxiety and control between behavioral triggers and cognition of COVID-19. The explanatory power of the variables was 17.1%. Based on the results of this study, as a way to improve the sense of control of perceived anxiety, efforts to perceive correct health status through awareness improvement and accurate information provision using SNS, portal sites, messengers, etc. I think that institutional measures are needed.
A Study on the Research of Chemical Accident Response Competency of Workers in Small and Medium-sized Chemical Company
Authors:   Crisis and Emergency Management: Theory and Praxis, Lee Dong Won
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this study is to investigate the individual-level chemical accident response competency through a chemical accident response competency survey of small and medium-sized chemical companies using the developed chemical accident response competency application model. A total of 141 chemical company workers were surveyed and analyzed for results, and the average was 3.18, which was a normal level. For each item, the knowledge competency component(K.C.C.) was 3.23, and the skill competency component(S.C.C.) was 3.45, which was a normal level, but the Ability competency component(A.C.C.) was 2.87, which was measured at an insufficient level. First of all, it is necessary to provide appropriate safety education to prepare for chemical accidents. In addition, it is necessary to improve technologies competency such as handling safety equipment and operating initial response equipment to prepare for chemical accidents. In particular, the level of capability component (A.C.C) should be improved through specialized training for chemical accident response, training for handling response equipment, and safety inspection.
Internal auditing in metaverse world: between the prospects of virtual reality and the possibilities of augmented reality
Authors: Al Gnbri Mohamed Kais Adel
Published: February 2023

The research aimed to anticipate the reality of internal auditing under the world of Metaverse, and focused on the two most important technologies in this world, namely: virtual reality and augmented reality. To achieve this goal, this study adopted the normative approach. The added value of the research is it is the first scientific research to link the internal audit with the world of the Metaverse. The most notable findings are: The implications of the Metaverse on internal auditing will be in two directions: The first direction: virtual reality and augmented reality devices will be used in performing the internal audit process on virtual economic activities and business in the Metaverse world, which requires updating and developing some audit methodologies and methods, and the second direction: that the audit The internal audit examines and confirms the Metaverse technology itself, which requires additional audit tasks, and no matter how quickly these two trends move, it can be argued that both necessitate an expansion of the range of services provided by internal audit.