bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fragments d'épées à Feurs
Authors: Béfort Jean-Claude , Grand Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2010

Les fragments d'épées faisant l'objet de la présente note sont vraisemblablement les témoins subsistants d'un dépôt de fondeur de la fin de l'Age du Bronze.

La découverte remonte à 1936, à l'occasion d'un défoncement de terrain pour cultures, au lieu-dit le << Bout du Monde », situé à l'est de Feurs, dans la propriété de M. Guichard. Son emplacement est délimité par la voie ferrée Saint-Etienne - Roanne et le cours de la Loire, affluent de la Loire.

Ces fragments d'épées restés inédits sont actuellement déposés au Musée de Feurs.

Bien sûr, d'autres fragments devaient accompagner ceux décrits ci-après, mais les circonstances fortuites de la découverte n'ont pas permis leur conservation.
Les exploitations agricoles du Berry antique : confrontation des données archéologiques et pédologiques / Agricultural farming in the ancient Berry: comparison between archaeological and pedological data
Authors: Maussion Anne , Gandini Cristina
Published: September 2010

La documentation archéologique relative à l'occupation rurale du Berry gallo-romain a fait l'objet

de diverses analyses, spatiales et quantitatives. À l'aide d'un système d'information géographique (SIG), les données archéologiques ont été confrontées aux données pédologiques disponibles. Il apparaît que l'environnement des exploitations agricoles antiques regroupe généralement des types de sols variés et complémentaires. Les sols argileux lourds, aux potentiels agricoles variables, ainsi que les sols alluviaux et colluviaux y sont particulièrement bien représentés. En revanche, les terres caractérisées par des phénomènes d'hydromorphie ont été significativement rejetées. Il reste que l'enquête mérite d'être approfondie afin de cerner plus clairement les activités agropastorales et leur place dans l'organisation des domaines ruraux bituriges.
Le pont antique de Fondettes (Indre-et-Loire) / The ancient bridge at Fondettes (Indre-et-Loire)
Authors: Neury Patrick , Seigne Jacques
Published: September 2010

Identifiés lors de leur destruction (travaux d'aménagement fluvial), les vestiges du pont antique

de Fondettes (37), ont fait l'objet d'un réexamen et d'un relevé détaillé à l'occasion des très basses eaux de la Loire consécutives à la grande sécheresse de l'été 2003. Ces recherches ont permis de découvrir une structure en caisson, formée de poutres assemblées à mi-bois, vraisemblablement destinée à supporter la sonnette utilisée pour enfoncer les pieux d'une des palées de cet ouvrage de franchissement réalisé en bois. Elles ont montré l'exceptionnel intérêt et état de conservation des parties non détruites par les aménagements modernes de ce pont daté du Haut-Empire par 14C et dendrochronologie.
La nécropole de l'âge du Bronze des Pâtures à Saumeray (Eure-et-Loir) : mise en évidence de gestes funéraires originaux / The Bronze Age enclosed burial ground at Saumeray, les Pâtures (department of the Eure-et-Loir, France): original funerary activities brought to light
Authors: Georges Patrice , Hamon Tony
Published: September 2010

La fouille archéologique préventive menée durant l'hiver 2001-2002 sur le site de Saumeray "Les

Pâtures" a consisté à sauver les vestiges d'une nécropole à enclos circulaires de l'âge du Bronze avant l'exploitation d'une gravière. La fouille méthodique des fosses à crémation mises au jour, dont les traces s'avéraient souvent fugaces, a permis d'établir que la plupart d'entre elles ne contenaient que des esquilles osseuses brûlées en quantité limitée ; leur poids n'excédait pas quelques dizaines de grammes. Une étude de paléoanthropologie funéraire portant sur l'analyse de ces dépôts a eu pour objectif de préciser, à la fois par des observations de terrain et un travail de laboratoire, tout ou partie des aspects de la gestuelle funéraire liée à la crémation et à l'inhumation des restes brûlés. Elle a mis surtout en évidence que la crémation proprement dite ne constitue qu'une étape, certes importante, dans la prise en charge du défunt par son groupe. Les observations sur l'un des monuments permettent d'avancer des hypothèses quant à la nature et au fonctionnement des enclos de ce secteur de la vallée du Loir.
Une maison du quartier cathédral de Tours (Indre-et-Loire) : évolution architecturale et techniques de construction / A house in the cathedral close of Tours (Indre-et-Loire): its architectural evolution and construction techniques
Authors: Lefebvre Bastien
Published: September 2010

12 rue du Général Meusnier in Tours was the object of a thorough university-conducted building

study, the objective of which was to identify the different stages of construction and to establish a sequence to better understand the architectural evolution of the building. What is special about it is that it is situated within the town itself. The house is in fact constructed inside the site of the ancient amphitheatre and contains reused masonry from this building, itself very complex. Different medieval states have also been recognised. There are four significant periods of use of the site which have been identified before the 16th century, each evoking a different topographical situation. Besides discovering the complexity of the building, this study highlights particular points (choice of material, size of stone, scaffolding, structure...), the construction techniques used at the end of the Middle Ages, phase 4.
Molecular phylogeny of Atripliceae (Chenopodioideae, Chenopodiaceae): Implications for systematics, biogeography, flower and fruit evolution, and the origin of C4 photosynthesis
Authors: Kadereit Gudrun , Mavrodiev Evgeny V. , Zacharias Elizabeth H. , Sukhorukov Alexander P.
Published: September 2010

• Premise of the study: Atripliceae (Chenopodiaceae), including Atriplex (300 spp.) as the largest genus of the family, are an ecologically important group of steppes and semideserts worldwide. Relationships in Atripliceae are poorly understood due to obscure and potentially convergent morphological characters.

• Methods: Using sequence variation of two chloroplast markers (rbcL gene, atpB‐rbcL spacer) and one nrDNA marker (ITS) analyzed with BEAST, we investigated the systematics and biogeography of Atripliceae. We surveyed flower morphology and fruit anatomy to study the evolution of flowers and fruits in the tribe.

• Key results: Female flowers with persistent foliar cover (the diagnostic character of traditional Atripliceae) evolved three times in Chenopodioideae, in Atripliceae s.s., Axyrideae, and Spinacia. Atripliceae s.s. started to diversify during the Early Miocene in Eurasia, separating into the Archiatriplex and the Atriplex clades. The former consists of eight species‐poor, disjunct, and morphologically heterogeneous genera and is likely a relictual lineage. The Atriplex clade comprises the majority of species and evolved one C4 lineage 14.1–10.5 Ma, which diversified rapidly worldwide. The C4 Atriplex entered North America during the Middle/Late Miocene and spread to South America subsequently. Australia was colonized by two C4 lineages both arriving during the Late Miocene. One of them diversified rapidly, giving rise to most Australian Atriplex species.

• Conclusions: Atripliceae s.s. comprise Archiatriplex, Atriplex, Exomis, Extriplex, Grayia, Halimione, Holmbergia, Manochlamys, Proatriplex, and Stutzia. Microgynoecium is included based on morphology but only weak molecular support. Axyris, Krascheninnikovia, and Ceratocarpus (here described as Axyrideae) and Spinacia are excluded from Atripliceae.
CHARACTERIZATION OF CELL PHONE USE WHILE DRIVING IN JORDAN
Authors: Ismeik Muhannad , Al-Kaisy Ahmed
Published: September 2010

A substantial body of research has shown that the use of cell phones while driving can impair driving performance thus representing a relevant traffic safety issue. The conducted studies have indicated that with an increase in general cell phone use, phoning while driving has also grown. For around 80% of Jordan's population that own cell phones, phoning while driving has become a legitimate concern for potential safety hazards. In order to effectively target interventions towards the drivers using cell phones while driving, information about the characteristics of these respondents is needed. The present study investigates the extent of cell phone use on Jordan's roads and the characteristics of drivers who use cell phones while driving. The data was collected using a questionnaire survey to examine the relationship between phoning while driving and driver demographics, driving experience and exposure and characteristics of users. Among all participants, the study demonstrated that those who reported the use of hands‐free devices tended to use the cell phone more often and for a longer duration of time. Further, male drivers tended to use the cell phone while driving more frequently and for longer duration compared with female drivers. In regards to pulling off the road while using the cell phone, the study found this practice to be more prevalent among females, older drivers and more educated drivers. The study has also revealed other findings that are important for characterizing the trend towards using the cell phone while driving in Jordan.
THE BITUMEN BATCHING SYSTEM'S MODERNIZATION AND ITS EFFECTIVE ANALYSIS AT THE ASPHALT MIXING PLANT
Authors: Bražiūnas Justas , Sivilevičius Henrikas
Published: September 2010

Some particular aspects such as the improvement methods of technological parameters for hot bitu‐ men storage in a pipeline transport system, transportation and dosed supply to batch asphalt mixing plant (AMP) are evaluated in this paper. Bitumen in asphalt concrete binds together the material of mineral particles into a strong conglomerate of a complicated structure, capable of withstanding the destructive effect of vehicles and the factors on the road pavements. The optimal amount of bitumen determined by calculation and laboratory testing should be maintained in mix batches of hot‐mix asphalt (HMA) obtained from AMP mixer. In the periodic type of the asphalt concrete blender mass of the weighted matrix in the all merging batcher's tanks should correspond in percents equally in the HMA to the designed amount of the job‐mix formula (JMF). The bitumen batcher does not always weigh bitumen portions precisely. Their mass deviations from the amount determined by JMF and its variation impair HMA composition and performance. In addition,, an additive model for calculating the effect of factors causing the variance of bitumen content in the produced HMA mixture is presented in this current paper as well. The data on statistical evaluation of bitumen batcher's modernization performed at certain Lithuanian Enterprise are discussed. The differences in structures of reconstructed and not reconstructed bitumen batching systems (BBS) are analysed and methods of determining modernization effectiveness are presented. The effectiveness of BBS is analysed too, defining the deviations of bitumen content in subsamples, taken and extracted everyday for two seasons (before and after the batcher's modernization) of HMA mixture production from the value of JMF and comparing them to the values of tolerances. The analysis of column charts and histograms shows that the made modernization helped to increase the precision of supplying the required amount of bitumen to HMA mixture insignificantly. However, the control of BBS has been considerably increased.
Planning and development of an ICT-skills map in guidance
Authors: Sobrado-Fernández Luis-Martín , Ceinos-Sanz María-Cristina , Fernández-Rey Elena
Published: September 2010

The main purpose of this article focuses on identifying specific Information and Communication Technologies skills, particularly those related to web pages and e-mail, useful in the implementation of Guidance functions and tasks. To this end, it was designed a competence map overlaid on those of a technological and coach and also produces a matrix that considered seven areas of focus grouped by International Association Educational and Vocational Guidance: evaluation, educational guidance, career development, counselling, information management, research and evaluation and placement. It also took into account three types of approaches to the counsellor regarding the use of ICT in guidance, as a resource, medium and development of guidance materials and two of these tools (websites and e-mail). The effective integration of Information and Communication Technologies and effective use of them, by guidance professional is based on their competences in them. This resource, open and flexible, requires a continuous updating in order to be useful in the implementation of guidance tasks, in self-assessment of competence by professionals; diagnosis of deficits in the design, planning and development training and guidance actions. It is also an instrument of great relevance and usefulness to guidance practitioners to explore the training needs and their occupational profile and to motivate their professional development.

El propósito del presente artículo se centra en identificar determinadas competencias TIC, concretamente las relacionadas con las páginas web y el correo electrónico, de utilidad en la implementación de funciones y tareas de Orientación. Para ello, se diseñó un mapa de competencias en el que se entrecruzan las de carácter tecnológico y orientador, y se elaboró asimismo una matriz integrada por siete áreas de Orientación seleccionadas por la AIOEP: valoración, orientación educativa, desarrollo de la carrera, asesoramiento, gestión de la información, Investigación y evaluación y colocación. También se consideraron tres tipos de enfoques en lo referente al empleo de las TIC en Orientación (como recurso, medio y desarrollo de materiales orientadores) y dos herramientas (páginas web y correo electrónico). La integración y empleo eficaz de las TIC, por los orientadores, se halla en función de las competencias de éstos en ellas. Esta herramienta (mapa), de carácter abierto y flexible, exige una continua actualización con el propósito de ser útil en la puesta en práctica de actividades orientadoras; en la autoevaluación de competencias por parte de los profesionales del ámbito; en el diagnóstico de déficits formativos y en el diseño, planificación y desarrollo de acciones de formación y/u orientación. Se trata de un instrumento de gran relevancia para que los Orientadores exploren sus necesidades formativas y asesoras, el perfil ocupacional y motiven su desarrollo profesional.
Interview de Serge Tisseron
Authors: Belhomme Laurent
Published: September 2010

Résumé Les nouvelles technologies bouleversent l’identité et l’intimité, les attentes vis-à-vis d’autrui, le rapport aux images et les formes de l’apprentissage. Il en résulte de nouvelles formes de liens et de défenses psychiques. L’éducation doit être pensée sur de nouvelles bases, notamment en donnant plus de place à la construction narrative et à l’apprentissage de l’empathie.
Adolescence, image et rêverie. Destins de la dépendance à l'objet
Authors: Houssier Florian , Marty François
Published: September 2010

Résumé Les auteurs explorent la fonction de l’image dans les jeux vidéo à l’adolescence. Son utilisation, même récurrente, est comparable à la rêverie, généralement associée à une continuité du jeu chez l’enfant. À cette capacité de rêverie s’oppose la fuite dans le retrait et l’addiction aux images ; ces conflits touchent l’élaboration du sentiment de perte d’objet lié au processus d’adolescence.
Raison et justification morales dans les relations internationales
Authors: Colonomos Ariel
Published: September 2010

Résumé Critique de la raison gouvernementale, régime de vérité et de la juridification, ces notions foucaldiennes sont éclairantes pour saisir le phénomène de la justification dans les relations internationales. Cet « usage » de Foucault se veut non relativiste ; ces notions éclairent un processus de justification qui repose sur une raison des conséquences et utilitariste qui fait aujourd’hui pleinement sens dans les affaires internationales. Cet article propose de concilier une approche généalogique avec une démarche philosophique abstraite qui pose les termes d’une raison morale.
Life-Cycle Assessment and Life-Cycle Cost as Collaborative Tools in Residential Heating System Selection
Authors: Glick Scott , Guggemos Angela A
Published: September 2010

Typically the selection of a residential heating system focuses on first costs rather than the economic or environmental life cycle consequences. The use of life cycle assessment and life cycle cost methodologies in the design phase provide additional criteria for consideration when selecting a residential heating system. A comparative case study of a gas forced air and radiant solar heating system was conducted for a 3,000 square foot house located in Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A. The initial results of an analysis of the life cycle assessment and the life cycle cost data indicated the gas forced air system was superior, both environmentally and economically. Further data analysis pinpointed solar radiant system components for replacement in an effort to reduce both life cycle environmental emissions and costs. This analysis resulted in a hybrid radiant system using a high-efficiency gas-fired boiler, a choice that lowered both the solar radiant system's costs and emissions. This new system had slightly lower environmental impacts than both the gas forced air system and solar radiant system. Unfortunately the hybrid system had less impact on the life cycle cost with the hybrid system substantially more expensive then the gas-forced air alternative.
The State of Sustainability Best Practices in Construction: A Benchmark Study
Authors: Pearce Annie R , Shenoy Sushil , Fiori Christine M , Winters Zachary
Published: September 2010

During the last decade, sustainability-related technologies and practices have become increasingly common among construction companies, both in the home office and on the job site. Multiple drivers are fueling this trend, including government policies for sustainability in capital projects and increased recognition of the benefits of sustainable practices in the private sector. However, the extent to which sustainability-related technologies and practices have been adopted by companies in the field has not been systematically documented. This study used semi-structured interviews and field observations to document the sustainability-related practices of 28 construction firms in the eastern United States. The purpose of the study was to benchmark current industry use of construction sustainability best practices. Findings of the study show that most firms have tried sustainability practices in the field on at least some of their projects, sometimes without being aware that those practices were related to sustainability. Considerable variation was observed among self-reported trial and adoption rates across the practices in the inventory. This study serves as a first step toward understanding why some sustainability innovations are being embraced more readily than others, and may lead to a better understanding of how to increase adoption of sustainability innovations.
Green Roofing in Indiana: Case Studies and Design Notes
Authors: Altor Anne
Published: September 2010

Green roof technology and implementation are taking root in North America at an accelerating pace. Growing recognition of the benefits of green roofs and increasing interest in green infrastructure are leading to expansion of green roof technologies that have been in use for decades in Europe and elsewhere. While some regions have adopted the use of green roofs on a large scale, other areas are warming up to the concept more slowly. Large-scale implementation of green roofs has not yet occurred in Indiana, but a number of exemplary projects have been constructed, and there are signs that interest in the technology is increasing in the state. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of green roof technology, analyze selected green roofs in Indiana, explore trends in the state, and address issues for future development of green roof technology in the region. A variety of green roofs were investigated throughout the state. Discussions were held with individuals involved in each project to obtain technical and logistical details of green roof design, installation, and performance.
Residential Drain Water Heat Recovery Systems: Modeling, Analysis, and Implementation
Authors: Bartkowiak Scott , Fisk Ryan , Funk Andrew , Hair Jonathan , Skerlos Steven J
Published: September 2010

This paper describes the design and environmental improvements that can be achieved using drain water heat recovery systems (DWHR) to reduce the energy consumption associated with residential showering. DWHR systems transfer heat from hot drain water to the shower's incoming cold water stream, thus reducing the demand on the hot water heater. There are various DWHR systems available that differ in heat exchanger type, cost, and performance. This article focuses on designing a flat plate and gravity fed heat exchangers for a range of residential showering conditions. This is useful since there currently is no peer-reviewed published data on the effectiveness of DWHR, nor is there published research considering the emissions reductions that can be achieved with realistic DWHR systems. The governing equations for heat exchangers are used to model empirical data and to derive implementation recommendations for DWHR design. The model is validated using a prototype flat plate heat exchanger and test stand under varying flow rates and temperatures. A Monte Carlo simulation of the results showed that DWHR could save an average $74 a year for homes with natural gas water heaters and $160 a year for homes with electric water heaters. This corresponds to 0.3 metric tons and 1.5 metric tons of CO2offset per home per year for natural gas and electric water heaters, respectively. The results are compiled and organized into a software program that allows consumers to input their household showering habits and location to get an estimate of their CO2, energy, and cost savings to determine if they should install a DWHR system.
Residential Life Cycle Assessment Modeling: Comparative Case Study of Insulating Concrete Forms and Traditional Building Materials
Authors: Rajagopalan Neethi , Bilec Melissa M , Landis Amy E
Published: September 2010

Innovative, sustainable construction products are emerging in response to market demands. One potential product, insulating concrete forms (ICFs), offers possible advantages in energy and environmental performance when compared with traditional construction materials. Even though ICFs are in part derived from a petroleum-based product, the benefits in the use phase outweigh the impacts of the raw material extraction and manufacturing phase. This paper quantitatively measures ICFs' performance through a comparative life cycle assessment of wall sections comprised of ICF and traditional wood-frame. The life cycle stages included raw materials extraction and manufacturing, construction, use and end of life for a 2,450 square foot house in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Results showed that even though building products such as ICFs are energy intensive to produce and thus have higher environmental impacts in the raw materials extraction and manufacturing phase, the use phase dominated in the life cycle. For the use phase, the home constructed of ICFs consumed 20 percent less energy when compared to a traditional wood-frame structure. The results of the impact assessment show that ICFs have higher impacts over wood homes in most impact categories. The high impacts arise from the raw materials extraction and manufacturing phase of ICFs. But there are a number of embedded unit processes such as disposal of solid waste and transport of natural gas that contribute to this high impact and identifying the top unit process and substance contributors to the impact category is not intuitive. Selecting different unit processes or impact assessment methods will yield dissimilar results and the tradeoffs associated with every building product should be considered after studying the entire life cycle in detail.
Two‐dimensional linear inverse scattering for dielectric and magnetic anomalies
Authors: Persico Raffaele , Soldovieri Francesco
Published: September 2010

In this paper, we deal with the problem of two‐dimensional electromagnetic linear inverse scattering from dielectric and magnetic anomalies buried in a half‐space. First, the formulation of the exact model of the electromagnetic scattering is given. Then, the problem is faced under a simplified model thus arising a linear inverse problem that is solved by resorting to the well assessed singular value decomposition tool. The reliability of the solution procedure is tested with synthetic data achieved by a finite‐difference time‐domain code. While the presented linear inverse scattering algorithm is able to detect and localize the targets with a good accuracy, it is not able to identify the electromagnetic nature of the targets in terms or dielectric or magnetic properties.
Improving the accurate assessment of a shear‐wave velocity reversal profile using joint inversion of the effective Rayleigh wave and multimode Love wave dispersion curves
Authors: Hamimu La , Safani Jamhir , Nawawi Mohd
Published: September 2010

Joint inversion codes of the effective Rayleigh wave and multimode Love wave dispersion curves based on modified GA have been developed. We focus on the attempt to improve the estimated shear‐wave velocity profile for a reversal subsurface structure. Two different profiles representing the high‐velocity layer (HVL) and low‐velocity layer (LVL) cases are used. Effective Rayleigh wave and multimode Love wave dispersion curves are synthesized from these profiles using full P‐SV waveform and full SH‐waveform reflectivity, respectively. The dispersion curves are then inverted using a modified genetic algorithm with two different inversion approaches, namely single inversion of Love/Rayleigh dispersion curves and joint inversion of Love and Rayleigh dispersion curves. To asses the accuracy of each inversion approach, differences between the true and inverted shear‐wave velocity profile are quantified in terms of shear‐wave velocity error, . Our numerical modelling showed that the shear‐wave velocity errors of the joint inversion approach are relatively smaller than the single inversion approach. These errors indicate that the accuracy of shear‐wave velocity reversal can be improved by jointly inverting Rayleigh wave and Love wave dispersion curves. All of these approaches have been applied on the real data acquired at a site in Niigata prefecture, Japan. In this field example, our inversion results show good agreement between the calculated and experimental dispersion curves and can well detect LVL targets.
Leishmania Exosomes Modulate Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses through Effects on Monocytes and Dendritic Cells
Authors: Silverman Judith Maxwell , Clos Joachim , Horakova Eva , Wang Adele Y. , Wiesgigl Martina , Kelly Isabelle , Lynn Miriam A. , McMaster W. Robert , Foster Leonard J. , Levings Megan K. , Reiner Neil E.
Published: September 2010

We investigated the properties of leishmania exosomes with respect to influencing innate and adaptive immune responses. Exosomes from Leishmania donovani modulated human monocyte cytokine responses to IFN-γ in a bimodal fashion by promoting IL-10 production and inhibiting that of TNF-α. Moreover, these vesicles were inhibitory with respect to cytokine responses (IL-12p70, TNF-α, and IL-10) by human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Exosomes from wild-type (WT) L. donovani failed to prime monocyte-derived dendritic cells to drive the differentiation of naive CD4 T cells into IFN-γ–producing Th1 cells. In contrast, vesicles from heat shock protein (HSP)100−/− L. donovani showed a gain-of-function and proinflammatory phenotype and promoted the differentiation of naive CD4 lymphocytes into Th1 cells. Proteomic analysis showed that exosomes from WT and HSP100−/− leishmania had distinct protein cargo, suggesting that packaging of proteins into exosomes is dependent in part on HSP100. Treatment of C57BL/6 mice with WT L. donovani exosomes prior to challenge with WT organisms exacerbated infection and promoted IL-10 production in the spleen. In contrast, HSP100−/− exosomes promoted spleen cell production of IFN-γ and did not adversely affect hepatic parasite burdens. Furthermore, the proparasitic properties of WT exosomes were not species specific because BALB/c mice exposed to Leishmania major exosomes showed increased Th2 polarization and exacerbation of disease in response to infection with L. major. These findings demonstrate that leishmania exosomes are predominantly immunosuppressive. Moreover, to our knowledge, this is the first evidence to suggest that changes in the protein cargo of exosomes may influence the impact of these vesicles on myeloid cell function.
NADPH Oxidase Deficiency Regulates Th Lineage Commitment and Modulates Autoimmunity
Authors: Tse Hubert M. , Thayer Terri C. , Steele Chad , Cuda Carla M. , Morel Laurence , Piganelli Jon D. , Mathews Clayton E.
Published: September 2010

Reactive oxygen species are used by the immune system to eliminate infections; however, they may also serve as signaling intermediates to coordinate the efforts of the innate and adaptive immune systems. In this study, we show that by eliminating macrophage and T cell superoxide production through the NADPH oxidase (NOX), T cell polarization was altered. After stimulation with immobilized anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 or priming recall, T cells from NOX-deficient mice exhibited a skewed Th17 phenotype, whereas NOX-intact cells produced cytokines indicative of a Th1 response. These findings were corroborated in vivo by studying two different autoimmune diseases mediated by Th17 or Th1 pathogenic T cell responses. NOX-deficient NOD mice were Th17 prone with a concomitant susceptibility to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and significant protection against type 1 diabetes. These data validate the role of superoxide in shaping Th responses and as a signaling intermediate to modulate Th17 and Th1 T cell responses.
Does Cytolysis by CD8+ T Cells Drive Immune Escape in HIV Infection?
Authors: Balamurali Mehala , Petravic Janka , Loh Liyen , Alcantara Sheilajen , Kent Stephen J. , Davenport Miles P.
Published: September 2010

CD8+ “cytotoxic” T cells are important for the immune control of HIV and the closely related simian models SIV and chimeric simian–human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV), although the mechanisms of this control are unclear. One effect of CD8+ T cell-mediated recognition of virus-infected cells is the rapid selection of escape mutant (EM) virus that is not recognized. To investigate the mechanisms of virus-specific CD8+ T cell control during immune escape in vivo, we used a real-time PCR assay to study the dynamics of immune escape in early SHIV infection of pigtail macaques. For immune escape mediated by cytolysis, we would expect that the death rate of wild type (WT) infected cells should be faster than that of EM-infected cells. In addition, escape should be fastest during periods when the total viral load is declining. However, we find that there is no significant difference in the rate of decay of WT virus compared with EM virus. Further, immune escape is often fastest during periods of viral growth, rather than viral decline. These dynamics are consistent with an epitope-specific, MHC class I-restricted, noncytolytic mechanism of CD8+ T cell control of SHIV that specifically inhibits the growth of WT virus in vivo.
Postprandial Hypotension in Clinical Geriatric Patients and Healthy Elderly: Prevalence Related to Patient Selection and Diagnostic Criteria
Authors: Van Orshoven Narender P. , Jansen Paul A. F. , Oudejans Irène , Schoon Yvonne , Oey P. Liam
Published: September 2010

The aims of this study were to find out whether Postprandial hypotension (PPH) occurs more frequently in patients admitted to a geriatric ward than in healthy elderly individuals, what the optimal interval between blood pressure measurements is in order to diagnose PPH and how often it is associated with symptoms.The result of this study indicates that PPH is present in a high number of frail elderly, but also in a few healthy older persons. Measuring blood pressure at least every 10 minutes for 60 minutes after breakfast will adequately diagnose PPH, defined as >20 mmHg systolic fall, in most patients. However with definition of PPH as >30 mmHg systolic fall, measuring blood pressure every 10 minutes will miss PPH in one of three patients. With the latter definition of PPH the presence of postprandial complaints is not associated with the existence of PPH.
Intestinal Host-Microbe Interactions under Physiological and Pathological Conditions
Authors: Bibiloni Rodrigo , Schiffrin Eduardo J.
Published: September 2010

The intestinal mucosa is unique in that it can be tolerant to the resident, symbiotic microbiota but remaining, at the same time, responsive to and able to fight pathogens. The close interaction between host-symbiotic microbiota at the mucosal level poses important challenges since microbial breaches through the gut barrier can result in the breakdown of gut homeostasis. In this paper, hosts-integrated components that help to preserve intestinal homeostasis including barrier and immune function are discussed. In addition global alterations of the microbiota that can play a role in the initiation of an exaggerated inflammatory response through an abnormal signaling of the innate and adaptive immune response are briefly described.
Some Nutritional, Technological and Environmental Advances in the Use of Enzymes in Meat Products
Authors: Marques Anne y Castro , Maróstica Mário Roberto , Pastore Gláucia Maria
Published: September 2010

The growing consumer demand for healthier products has stimulated the development of nutritionally enhanced meat products. However, this can result in undesirable sensory consequences to the product, such as texture alterations in low-salt and low-phosphate meat foods. Additionally, in the meat industry, economical aspects have stimulated researchers to use all the animal parts to maximize yields of marketable products. This paper aimed to show some advances in the use of enzymes in meat processing, particularly the application of the proteolytic enzymes transglutaminase and phytases, associated with nutritional, technological, and environmental improvements.
Enzymes in Food Processing: A Condensed Overview on Strategies for Better Biocatalysts
Authors: Fernandes Pedro
Published: September 2010

Food and feed is possibly the area where processing anchored in biological agents has the deepest roots. Despite this, process improvement or design and implementation of novel approaches has been consistently performed, and more so in recent years, where significant advances in enzyme engineering and biocatalyst design have fastened the pace of such developments. This paper aims to provide an updated and succinct overview on the applications of enzymes in the food sector, and of progresses made, namely, within the scope of tapping for more efficient biocatalysts, through screening, structural modification, and immobilization of enzymes. Targeted improvements aim at enzymes with enhanced thermal and operational stability, improved specific activity, modification of pH-activity profiles, and increased product specificity, among others. This has been mostly achieved through protein engineering and enzyme immobilization, along with improvements in screening. The latter has been considerably improved due to the implementation of high-throughput techniques, and due to developments in protein expression and microbial cell culture. Expanding screening to relatively unexplored environments (marine, temperature extreme environments) has also contributed to the identification and development of more efficient biocatalysts. Technological aspects are considered, but economic aspects are also briefly addressed.
Uses of Laccases in the Food Industry
Authors: Osma Johann F. , Toca-Herrera José L. , Rodríguez-Couto Susana
Published: September 2010

Laccases are an interesting group of multi copper enzymes, which have received much attention of researchers in the last decades due to their ability to oxidise both phenolic and nonphenolic lignin-related compounds as well as highly recalcitrant environmental pollutants. This makes these biocatalysts very useful for their application in several biotechnological processes, including the food industry. Thus, laccases hold great potential as food additives in food and beverage processing. Being energy-saving and biodegradable, laccase-based biocatalysts fit well with the development of highly efficient, sustainable, and eco-friendly industries.
Antigen-Experienced CD4lo T Cells Are Linked to Deficient Contraction of the Immune Response in Autoimmune Diabetes
Authors: Linkes Sean , Fry Christopher , Quinn Anthony
Published: September 2010

Following proper activation, naïve “CD4lo” T cells differentiate into effector T cells with enhanced expression of CD4 -“CD4hi” effectors. Autoimmune diabetes-prone NOD mice display a unique set of antigen-experienced “CD4lo” T cells that persist after primary stimulation. Here, we report that a population of such cells remained after secondary and tertiary TCR stimulation and produced cytokines upon antigenic challenge. However, when NOD blasts were induced in the presence of rIL-15, the number of antigen-experienced “CD4lo” T cells was significantly reduced. Clonal contraction, mediated in part by CD95-dependent activation-induced cell death (AICD), normally regulates the accumulation of “CD4hi” effectors. Interestingly, CD95 expression was dramatically reduced on the AICD-resistant NOD “CD4lo” T cells. Thus, while autoimmune disease has often been attributed to the engagement of robust autoimmunity, we suggest that the inability to effectively contract the immune response distinguishes benign autoimmunity from progressive autoimmune diseases that are characterized by chronic T cell-mediated inflammation.
The Roles of UmuD in Regulating Mutagenesis
Authors: Ollivierre Jaylene N. , Fang Jing , Beuning Penny J.
Published: September 2010

All organisms are
subject to DNA damage from both endogenous and
environmental sources. DNA damage that is not
fully repaired can lead to mutations.
Mutagenesis is now understood to be an active
process, in part facilitated by lower‐fidelity
DNA polymerases that replicate DNA in an
error‐prone manner. Y‐family DNA polymerases,
found throughout all domains of life, are
characterized by their lower fidelity on
undamaged DNA and their specialized ability to
copy damaged DNA. Two E. coli Y‐family DNA polymerases are responsible for
copying damaged DNA as well as for mutagenesis.
These DNA polymerases interact with different
forms of UmuD, a dynamic protein that regulates
mutagenesis. The UmuD gene
products, regulated by the SOS response, exist
in two principal forms: UmuD2, which prevents mutagenesis, and , which facilitates UV‐induced mutagenesis. This paper focuses on the multiple conformations of the UmuD gene products and how their protein interactions regulate mutagenesis.
Exercise Training for Heart Failure Patients with and without Systolic Dysfunction: An Evidence-Based Analysis of How Patients Benefit
Authors: Smart Neil
Published: September 2010

Significant benefits can be derived by heart failure patients from exercise training. This paper provides an evidence-based assessment of expected clinical benefits of exercise training for heart failure patients. Meta-analyses and randomized, controlled trials of exercise training in heart failure patients were reviewed from a search of PubMed, Cochrane Controlled Trial Registry (CCTR), CINAHL, and EMBASE. Exercise training improves functional capacity, quality of life, hospitalization, and systolic and diastolic function in heart failure patients. Heart failure patients with preserved systolic function (HFnEF) participating in exercise training studies are more likely to be women and are 5–7 years older than their systolic heart failure (CHF) counterparts. All patients exhibit low functional capacities, although in HFnEF patients this may be age related, therefore subtle differences in exercise prescriptions are required. Published works report that exercise training is beneficial for heart failure patients with and without systolic dysfunction.
Reorganization of algal communities in the Lake of the Woods (Ontario, Canada) in response to turn‐of‐the‐century damming and recent warming
Authors: Rϋhland Kathleen M. , Paterson Andrew M. , Hargan Kathryn , Jenkin Ashley , Clark Bev J. , Smol John P.
Published: September 2010

Paleolimnological approaches were used to assess the ecological and environmental implications of diatom assemblage compositional changes recorded over the last ~ 200 yr from four sites in the Lake of the Woods (LoW), Ontario, Canada. Comparisons between a reference site (Whitefish Bay) and three disturbed sites (Bigstone Bay, Paleolimnological Project site No. 1, and Forrest Island) provide insights into the effects that multiple stressors (dam construction, total phosphorus [TP] changes, and recent warming) have had on the ecology of this highly complex freshwater system. Overall patterns of diatom compositional changes from highresolution 210Pb‐dated sediment cores revealed a strong temporal coherence ca. 1910 and then again over the last few decades among all sites. Hydromanagement activities at the turn of the 19th century and recent warming over the last few decades played key roles in the LoW diatom changes. Diatom compositional changes at all sites were significantly related to trends in nearby air temperature records over the past century and to changes in lake ice phenology over the past ~ 40 yr from Whitefish Bay. Turn‐of‐the‐century hydromanagement activities do not appear to have had long‐term effects on diatom‐inferred TP (DI‐TP), particularly at the disturbed sites. Clear decreases in DI‐TP over the last few decades were evident at all sites, but at the reference site these decreases were well below pre‐disturbance levels, which we link in part to recent warming. Substantial changes in climate will amplify the effe
Fluorescence spectroscopy opens new windows into dissolved organic matter dynamics in freshwater ecosystems: A review
Authors: Fellman Jason B. , Hood Eran , Spencer Robert G. M.
Published: September 2010

The biochemical composition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) strongly influences its biogeochemical role in freshwater ecosystems, yet DOM composition measurements are not routinely incorporated into ecological studies. To date, the majority of studies of freshwater ecosystems have relied on bulk analyses of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen to obtain information about DOM cycling. The problem with this approach is that the biogeochemical significance of DOM can only partially be elucidated using bulk analyses alone because bulk measures cannot detect most carbon and nitrogen transformations. Advances in fluorescence spectroscopy provide an alternative to traditional approaches for characterizing aquatic DOM, and allow for the rapid and precise characterization of DOM necessary to more comprehensively trace DOM dynamics. It is within this context that we discuss the use of fluorescence spectroscopy to provide a novel approach to tackling a longstanding problem: understanding the dynamics and biogeochemical role of DOM. We highlight the utility of fluorescence characterization of DOM and provide examples of the potential range of applications for incorporating DOM fluorescence into ecological studies in the hope that this rapidly evolving technique will further our understanding of the biogeochemical role of DOM in freshwater ecosystems.
Decision Support Alerts for Medication Ordering in a Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) System
Authors: Villanueva R. , Knudson K. M. , Harvey E. M. , Langle J. M. , Paul W. , Del Beccaro M. A.
Published: September 2010

Objective: We sought to determine the frequency and type of decision support alerts by location and ordering provider role during Computerized Provider Order Entry (CPOE) medication ordering. Using these data we adjusted the decision support tools to reduce the number of alerts.

Design: Retrospective analyses were performed of dose range checks (DRC), drug-drug interaction and drug-allergy alerts from our electronic medical record. During seven sampling periods (each two weeks long) between April 2006 and October 2008 all alerts in these categories were analyzed. Another audit was performed of all DRC alerts by ordering provider role from November 2008 through January 2009. Medication ordering error counts were obtained from a voluntary error reporting system.

Measurement/Results: Between April 2006 and October 2008 the percent of medication orders that triggered a dose range alert decreased from 23.9% to 7.4%. The relative risk (RR) for getting an alert was higher at the start of the interventions versus later (RR= 2.40, 95% CI 2.28-2.52; p< 0.0001). The percentage of medication orders that triggered alerts for drug-drug interactions also decreased from 13.5% to 4.8%. The RR for getting a drug interaction alert at the start was 1.63, 95% CI 1.60-1.66; p< 0.0001. Alerts decreased in all clinical areas without an increase in reported medication errors.

Conclusion: We reduced the quantity of decision support alerts in CPOE using a systematic approach without an increase in reported medication errors
Development and Evaluation of the University of Michigan’s Practice-Oriented Research Training (PORT) Program
Authors: Murphy Susan L. , Kalpakjian Claire Z. , Mullan Patricia B. , Clauw Daniel J.
Published: September 2010

We describe the development and evaluation of a clinical research training program designed specifically for such health professionals as occupational and physical therapists. Outcomes of program success included trainees’ self-rating of research skills before and after the program, as well as submission of a formal grant application to a grant competition for program participants. At program completion, participants reported improvements in their research skills, with the most gain in formulating research questions and writing a testable hypothesis and the least gain in understanding statistics. Of the 21 participants, 43% submitted a grant proposal to a competitive intramural grant program. In the next year, grantees of the program will continue to be mentored by the program mentors while conducting their research projects. Given the initial successes, this program represents a promising model for providing research training to practicing clinicians.
Use of Mental Practice to Improve Upper-Limb Recovery After Stroke: A Systematic Review
Authors: Nilsen Dawn M. , Gillen Glen , Gordon Andrew M.
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE. We sought to determine whether mental practice is an effective intervention to improve upper-limb recovery after stroke.

METHOD. We conducted a systematic review of the literature, searching electronic databases for the years 1985 to February 2009. We selected studies according to specified criteria, rated each study for level of evidence, and summarized study elements.

RESULTS. Studies differed with respect to design, patient characteristics, intervention protocols, and outcome measures. All studies used imagery of tasks involving movement of the impaired limb. The length of the interventions and number of practice hours varied. Results suggest that mental practice combined with physical practice improves upper-limb recovery.

CONCLUSION. When added to physical practice, mental practice is an effective intervention. However, generalizations are difficult to make. Further research is warranted to determine who will benefit from training, the dosing needed, the most effective protocols, whether improvements are retained, and whether mental practice affects perceived occupational performance.