bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maximum Norm Error Estimates for Quadratic Block Finite Elements with Twenty-Six Degrees of Freedom
Authors: Liu Jing Hong , Hu Gui
Published: July 2011

For a model elliptic boundary value problem in three dimensions, we give the weak estimates for the quadratic block finite element with twenty-six degrees of freedom (QBFETSDF). Combined with the estimates for discrete Green’s function, we get maximum norm error estimates for the QBFETSDF.
The New Collocation Meshless Method for Analyses of Forming Problems
Authors: Guo Yong Ming , Kamitani Shunpei
Published: July 2011

In this paper, an upsetting problem is analyzed by using a new meshless method called the overrange collocation method (ORCM). By introducing some collocation points, which are located at outside of domain of the analyzed body, unsatisfactory issue of the positivity conditions of boundary points in collocation methods can be avoided. Because the overrange points are used only in interpolating calculation, no over-constrain condition is imposed into solved boundary value problems.
Statistic Analyses of Correlation Distances of Soil Parameters
Authors: Li Xiao Yong
Published: July 2011

The correlation distance is one of the important parameters for the application of random field theory to reliability analyses. Soil spatial variability is related to soil point variability with the reduction factor of variance in random field theory, and the reduction factor of variance depends on both soil auto-correlation distance and spatial area. The sampling space effect on auto-correlation distance is studied. The vertical and horizontal correlation distances of typical stratum are analyzed in statistics based on a large amount of investigation data and the representative values of correlation distance of local area are obtained. It is concluded that that the correlation distances estimated by different soil parameters are similar, and the horizontal correlation distance is much larger than the vertical one for the same soil parameter. The sampling space should be paid attention to when calculating correlation distance of soil parameter.
Performance of Signal Space Separation Depending on Sensor Array Arrangement in Biomagnetic Measurements
Authors: Kim Ki Woong , Lee Yong Ho , Park Sung Won
Published: July 2011

Signal source separation (SSS) has widely been adopted for magnetoencephalography (MEG) to reduce external magnetic noise interference. The basic idea of SSS is based on decomposing measured fields into spherical harmonic bases. Due to the feature, the performance of SSS strongly depends on the shape of a measuring sensor array. In this article, we show the noise reduction performances in several different shapes of the sensor and array and demonstrate SSS is only effective for a non-spherical sensor array or for a gradiometric arrangement.
Hydrogen Donor Catalytic Aquathermolysis Upgrading for Heavy Oil: A Laboratory Study
Authors: Zhao Fa Jun , Liu Yong Jian , Zhang Bo , Dong Long , Yu Hai Tao
Published: July 2011

Heavy oil pyrolysis reaction was studied with formic acid as a body for hydrogen donor and homemade of oil-soluble organic nickel salt as a catalyst, by high-temperature and high-pressure Reactor simulating Thermal Recovery conditions. Explore the influence of the addition of hydrogen donor on heavy oil viscosity, group composition and sulfur contents before and after the catalytic aquathermolysis reaction. The results show that catalytic aquathermolysis of heavy oil leads to a percentage viscosity reduction of 64.69%, to an increase in saturates and aromatics contents from 24.32% and 36.89% to 26.12% and 38.08%, and to a decrease in resins, asphaltenes, and sulfur contents from 30.27%, 8.52%, and 0.5650% to 28.27%, 7.53%, and 0.3365%,respectively; when formic acid is introduced at dosage of 1-7% heavy oil mass, the percentage viscosity reductio is continuously raised to 69.16-87.02%, the saturates and aromatics contents-increased to 27.73-31.12% and 39.68-41.26% and the resins, asphaltenes, and sulfur contents-decreased to 26.29-24.12%, 6.66-3.50%, and 0.3095-0.0742%, respectively. The role of hydrogen donor formic acid and the functioning mechanisms involved in catalytic aquathermolysis of heavy oil are discussed.
Design of the Scheme Flight Trajectory Command for the Tactical Missile
Authors: Zhao Yong Tao , Hu Yun An
Published: July 2011

For the case of the scheme trajectory command design for the tactical missile, the longitudinal and lateral commands and the compound controller of the attitude and height were designed. In the launch segment, four kinds of heading angle commands were presented adopting the arc method and reduction law. In the variable height flight segment, two kinds of height commands were gained by using the parabolic and exponential function. Considering the earth curvature, the formula of the great circle course and distance was gotten applying spherical triangle solution method, and the flight command along the route dot in the lateral plane was obtained. The simulation results show that the designed scheme trajectory commands are feasible and effectively.
The Application of GPC Decoupling Control in Tubular Furnace
Authors: Chen Zai Ping , Li Xing Jun
Published: July 2011

Furnace as a control system whose conditions complex, parameter changing , great runing inertia ,control action delay . Of which there are many uncertainties ,such as air, fuel gas pressure and the frequent fluctuations of the fuel’s calorific value . The impact of mutual interference and coupling between the variables to the furnace can not be ignored , though it’s not dominant .The systerm based on control model use an advanced generalized predictive control (GPC) algorithm control mode .It can improve the control accuracy of regulator action when the furnace is at the condition of stability .The experiment results show that ducoupling GPC algorithm has a good convergence effect .
Application of Super Iron Concentrate and its Beneficiation Technology
Authors: Wang Wei Zhi , Yang Chun Guang
Published: July 2011

Super iron concentrate (TFe>71%, SiO2 <2%) which technical content and additional value are high which is not only a deep process product of processing but also is a new kind of function material.The present application of super iron concentrate is introduced. Its production technique and typical process are summarized, the research direction in the future analyzed simply.
Pumping Spin and Charge Currents from Applying a Time-Variant Field and a Magnetic Field to a Quantum Dot
Authors: Yao Jian Ming
Published: July 2011

Photon-electron pumping effects on a quantum dot connected to two magnetic leads in the presence of both via-dot and over-dot tunneling channels have been investigated by the evolution operator approach. It is found that a time-variant field applied to the quantum dot may give rise to charge and spin pumping at zero bias voltage for asymmetric magnetic junctions. When the magnetic field switch on，the spin-up and spin-down current can be considerably separated，then the highly spin polarized current is also generated.
Ocean Surface Modeling in Vary Wind Field
Authors: Bo Li , Li Zhong Yi , Zhang Yue Jin
Published: July 2011

In ocean surface modeling a popular method of wave modeling is making use of ocean wave spectrum, which is a physical wave model and based on linear wave theories. The ocean waves produced in this way can reflect the statistical characteristics of the real ocean well. However, few investigations of ocean simulation have been focused on turbulent fluid under vary wind field in this way, while all ocean wave models are built with the same wind parameters. In order to resolve the problem of traditional method, we proposed a new method of dividing the ocean surface into regular grids and generating wave models with different parameters of wind in different location of view scope. The method not only preserves the fidelity of statistical characteristics, but also can be accelerated with the processing of GPU and widely used in VR applications.
Robust Reliable Sliding Mode H∞ Control for Uncertain Stochastic Nonlinear Jump Systems with Actuator Failures
Authors: Tang Zhong Yi , Ni Sang Chen , Duan Wei Ping
Published: July 2011

The problems of stochastic stability and robust reliable sliding mode H∞ control for a class of nonlinear matched and mismatched uncertain systems with stochastic jumps are considered in this paper. A more practical model of actuator failures than outage is considered. Based on the state feedback method, the resulting closed-loop systems are reliable in that they remain robust stochastically stable and satisfy a certain level of H∞ disturbance attenuation not only when all actuators are operational, but also in case of some actuator failures. The uncertain system under consideration may have mismatched norm bounded uncertainties in the state matrix. The transition of the jumping parameters in the systems is governed by a finite-state markov process. A sufficient condition is given for the existence of integral sliding surface in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Then, a reaching motion controller is designed such that the resulting closed-loop system can be driven onto the desired sliding surface in finite time. Moreover, a state feedback controller is also constructed by using the solution of LMIS. Finally, we give a design example in order to show the effectiveness of our method.
Wind Environment Investigation Research on the Site of a Cross-Sea Cable-Stayed Bridge
Authors: Hui Liu
Published: July 2011

By selecting 30-year meteorological data of two meteorological stations near Xiamen-Zhangzhou Cross-Sea Bridge in China, and using the distribution type testing and fit methods, not calculating the wind speed at the azimuth angle, and based on wind direction frequentness, the maximum possible extreme value of the wind speed and direction will be estimated. The calculated results that the design basic wind speed used in the specification is greater than the results obtained through actually measurement.
Study on the Low-Carbon Economy of the Development Restrictive Problem
Authors: Al Xiao Juan , Bai Liang
Published: July 2011

The development of low-carbon economy is restricted and affected by the natural conditions, the economic stage as well as the industry technological level; and it needs a worldwide cooperation. The development of Chinese low-carbon economy should be established on the basis of the native condition and the national interest because of the uneven level of low-carbon emission, the exceedingly limited R&D and innovation ability of China; which will be the biggest challenge for Chinese “high-carbon economy “transiting into “low-carbon economy”. It’s the inevitable way to overcome the low-carbon economic difficulties by improving the following items: Governments’ cooperation, international organization coordination, energy consumption patterns, human being life styles, modern industrial rebuilding, eco-civilization and ecological economy’s establishment and the relevant system.
Bearing Loads Study for High-Speed Motorized Spindle
Authors: Yu Dong Man , Shang Chang Pei , Wang Di , Gao Zhi Hua
Published: July 2011

Due to high rotation accuracy, high dynamic stiffness, high vibration damping and long life, high-speed spindles supported by hydrodynamic and hydrostatic hybrid bearings are widely applied in the field of high-speed precision machine tools. The basic structure and working principal was detailed introduced, and then demonstrated a series of models and specifications of motorized spindle manufactured by FISCHER company in Switzerland. The finite element model of high-speed motorized spindle was built up and carried out thermal analysis to study the heat generation and heat transfer. With the help of ANSYS finite element software, the temperature field distribution and the temperature rise condition for motorized spindle were analyzed. The result indicates that the front bearing has a higher temperature than that of back bearing. The maximum temperature of inner ring is bigger than that of outer ring.
Configuration and Adjustment of Substrate Preheating Device
Authors: Zhang Kai , Long Ri Sheng , Liu Wei Jun
Published: July 2011

Laser Metal Deposition Shaping (LMDS) is a state-of-the-art technology that combines rapid prototyping and laser processing. There are many factors affecting the quality, precision, microstructure and performance of LMDS-deposited parts. Among them, substrate preheating is a significant one since it can change the heat history of the LMDS process. Preheating is often used to reduce the residual stresses and the risk of thermal distortion and cracking. In this work a set of substrate preheating device for LMDS system employed with dual-channel control, namely intelligent PID temperature control and realtime serial-port temperature acquisition and feedback control, is designed and developed. In addition, the heating up rule gained through the relative experiment is introduced to reduce the overshoot amplitude of substrate preheating device by cascade control method. The results show that not only can this substrate preheating device realize the dual-channel control and continuous adjustment of substrate preheating temperature, but also can realtime collect and record the substrate temperature.
Denoising Method of Wood Defect Images Based on Wavelet Packet Combined with Gray-Scale Morphological Filtering
Authors: Qi Da Wei , Yang Xi , Zhou Yuan Yuan
Published: July 2011

Excessive noise was joined with the acquiring wood defect images process in wood non-destructive testing. The image quality was affected. Wavelet packet transform could decompose high frequency and low frequency of signal at the same time. There were characteristics of open and closed in Gray-scale Morphology. Denoising method of wood defect images based on wavelet packet combined with gray-scale morphological filtering was proposed. Compared with the traditional denoising method, the method received better Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and visual effect. Experimental results verified the feasibility and effectiveness of this method.
Optimization of Hub-Spoken Topology Based on Dependable Margin Motion Coefficient
Authors: Lu Yan Ling , Xie Wen Bin , Xu Meng Ran
Published: July 2011

The primary goal of this research is to keep the good performance of the LANs communications pass through the five categories of unshielded twisted pair. This is a working theory based on the idea that is to illustrate the optimizing character of Hub-spoken topology. The foundation and the features of Hub-spoken topology and the five categories of unshielded twisted pair are explained in detail. The concept of the dependable margin motion coefficient was put forward on the basis of the margin motion coefficient and the reliability coefficient. This research aims at providing the best solutions of Hub-spoken topology to improve performance of the LANs communications.
The Establishment of Mathematical Model of LED Based on Monte Carlo Method
Authors: Huang Zhi Qin , Fan Xiao Hui , Zheng Gai Ling
Published: July 2011

Monte Carlo (MC method) of the computer simulation of the traditional forms of light-emitting diode (LED) is used for modeling and simulation. MC method than the method of geometrical optics of the LED is more suitable for complex optical structure on a Computer. MC method, the more accurate numerical solutions can improve the efficiency of LED design that is an effective means of LED design. MC method is with a very clear and unique advantage in the establishment of LED structure model.This paper first introduces the research background and purpose of the LED, then Monte Carlo methods Are outlined, and finally, some mathematical models of LED are given based on Monte Carlo method
Recognition of the Single-Phase Ground Fault in Power Distribution System
Authors: Zhang Jun
Published: July 2011

For power distribution systems, recognizing the single-phase ground fault is very difficult because there are several faults with similar features. This paper presents a novel method that can help to overcome this difficulty. The idea is to turns the original fault info into a whole system with transient state, steady state and transition state. Theoretical analysis, computer simulation and lab experiments verified the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Design and Research of Online Authentication Based on Conic Curves
Authors: Song Xin Xia , Chen Zhi Gang
Published: July 2011

The rapid development of Internet is pushing the e-Business to go to the front stage. Online authentication involves much more than the obvious identification and validation problem. We present here a comprehensive framework for online authentication which has several important practical benefits. Our distributed E-Business authentication scheme based on conic curve is proposed. This scheme is composed of three parts, constructing license and validating license. Because the security of license is determined by private key, not the arithmetic itself, user can not construct new license by given license and the public key as long as the private key is not leaked. Since encoding and decoding over conic are easily implement on conic curves, it has enabled our scheme to greatly enhance efficiency. We also analysis its security. The entire process guarantees the security and reliability.
A New Type High Quality Indoor Coverage Solution for WLAN
Authors: Liu Ya Rong , Yang Chun , Jiang Chun Bo
Published: July 2011

Combined with practical experience and the actual situation of network operators, designed a large capacity, secure, reliable, low cost WLAN network layout program,Analyzed the feasibility of its verification. provide a reference for WLAN network planning and construction.
Detection of Orange Shape Structure Parameters Based on DSP
Authors: Zhu Li , Chen Jia Quan
Published: July 2011

A Detection system of Orange shape structure parameters Based on DSP, including its hardware part and software part was introduced. The hardware part equipped with the high performance DSP acts as the core component of the image processing, which provides a guarantee of the real-time of the shape detection. The software part introduces the basic principle of the orange recognition arithmetic, and differentiates by Zernike moments and k-means algorithm. The experiments show it can meet the practical detection requirements that the high detection accuracy of the normal fruit shape and the low-grade fruit shape.
Performance of Concrete Beams Strengthened with Prestressed CFRP Plates
Authors: Chen Hua , Deng Lang Ni , Zhang Peng
Published: July 2011

Six reinforced concrete beams were constructed and tested to investigate the effectiveness of strengthening with prestressed carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) plates. One of the beams served as a control specimen, another was strengthened with nonprestressed CFRP plates, and the remaining four were strengthened with prestressed CFRP plates. A set of self-developed anchorage devices for CFRP plates were introduced in this program. Monotone static loading experiments was carried out, and comparisons are made between the control beam, the nonprestressed beam and the prestressed beams. The serviceability and the ultimate performance of the concrete beams were improved by strengthened with prestressed CFRP plates.
Dry Tribological Performance of Al-Based Composites Reinforced by Continuous Ceramic
Authors: Huang Dan , Zhao Wu
Published: July 2011

The tribological behavior of two types of ceramic frames reinforced 7075 Al alloy against Cr12 steel have been studied with oscillating dry friction and wear tester, one is for 3-D continuous foam ceramic and the other is for 2-D continuous comb ceramic. The testing temperatures are 70°C and 270°C, for 30min under the load from 40N to 100N. The experimental results show that it is characteristic of abrasive wear and oxidation wear mechanisms for both continuous ceramic/Al-7075 composites. The friction resistance of comb ceramic reinforced composite is better than foam ceramic reinforced composite, since the former is with continuous ceramic frame on the worn surface while the latter is with discontinuous hard convex on the plane. In addition, the composite reinforced by 2-D comb ceramic exhibits better high-temperature friction resistance than the one reinforced by 3-D foam ceramic, for the metal matrix filling in comb ceramic is not continuous in 3-D space, which leads to the deterioration of thermal metal softening at high temperature.
Random Mechanical Properties of China Railway Grade B Cast Steel Wheel
Authors: Liu J.Y. , Zhao Yong Xiang , Song Guo Xiang
Published: July 2011

Random mechanical properties are experimentally studied on China grade B cast steel wheel. Significant dimples and fabric-like tearing signs were observed firstly and then, lotus flower-like cleavage fracture faces were appeared to indicate the material subjected to a plastic dissipation process under monotonic load. Randomness appears in the deformation process companied with a similarity in total and significant differences in local. Appropriate statistical description is explored with a comprehensive statistical comparison method. Lognormal distribution is excavated out by comparison from seven possible statistical models. Random characters and quantitative measurements have been given for the mechanical properties of China grade B cast steel wheel.
The Research of Inland Ship Sewage Treatment Based on Membrane Bioreactor (MBR)
Authors: Sun Yong Ming
Published: July 2011

At present, the sewage of China’s inland waterway vessels was mostly discharged directly without any treatment, therefore, the inland water pollution is increasingly serious. How to deal with the sewage of inland river steamer in an effective way has become one of the most urgent problems to be solved regarding the inland water environment protection. In this paper, with comparative studies, using the membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology, we have designed and developed the ship sewage treatment device, which is small in size, high efficiency, no secondary pollution and suit for 8 people to use. This provides an effective solution t sewage treatment for our country’s inland waterway vessels.
Study on Performance and Blending Techniques of Corn Fibers
Authors: Li Mei
Published: July 2011

Corn fiber is a polymeric fiber made from corn as the raw material. Wide applications have been found for corn fibers in recent years and many progresses on the study of corn fibers have been made as well. The performance of corn fiber is determined by the molecular weight of polylactic acid. Corn fibers have some professional properties, such as high transparency, well-heat-resistant stability, well-coloring, and full biodegradability, as well as the feature in ecological recycle. These means the corn fibers are new-typical and green, full-environmental fibers. The corn fibers can be blended with other fibrin fibers with good hygroscopic to get products of high-performance and low in price. The blending techniques of corn fibers with color cotton fibers and corn fibers with Richcel and lambsdown are studied and developed in this paper and good social and economical benefits have been achieved.
Effects of Electromagnetic Parameters on the Process of Low Frequency Electromagnetic Hot-Top Casting of Aluminium Alloy
Authors: Wang Xiang Jie , Cui Jian Zhong , Zhang Hai Tao , Zhu Qing Feng
Published: July 2011

During the low frequency electromagnetic casting process, the electromagnetic parameter plays an important role among the casting parameters. In this work, effects of electromagnetic parameters on the electromagnetic field and body force are analyzed by constructing a two-dimensional finite element model and using ANSYS software which is a kind of commercial FEM analysis software. The results show that the current frequency mainly influences the distribution of electromagnetic body force, the current intensity determines the intensity of electromagnetic body force, and the current frequency and intensity should be matched during the low frequency electromagnetic casting process.
Analysis of Biomedical Components of Pyrolyzate of Cinnamomum camphora Root Wood
Authors: Zhang Dang Quan , Guo Lin Lin , Zhang Huai Yun , Wang Fan , Wang Li Hui , Yue Kun
Published: July 2011

Cinnamomum camphora is a famous non-wood tree, which can be used to extract camphor, C. camphora oil and its ramification. It is an excellent timber tree and evanescence species with the road. Researches about the chemical composition of C. camphora root wood is very less, this restricts the development and utilization of the root of C. camphora. Therefore, we used Py-GC/MS technology to analyze the high-grade resource recovering approaches of C. camphora root wood. After treated with freeze-drying and smashing, samples were extracted by the acetone extraction. After concentration and refrigeration dry, the comminuted power of C. camphora root wood was pyrolyzed in He atmosphere at 750°C, then the pyrolysis product was analyzed by online linked GC/MS. Relative content of each component was determined by area normalization. The analytical result showed that C. camphora root wood can be used as top value-added materials of biomedicine, and also as the materials of bioenergy, perfume, cosmetic, food, dye and industrial solvent.
Py-GC-MS Analysis on Biomedical Materials from Extractives of Moso Bamboo for Biomedical Engineering
Authors: Ma Qing Zhi , Wu Feng Juan , Zhang Dang Quan , Peng Wan Xi
Published: July 2011

In order to find out its potential biomedicines, the extractives of Moso bamboo were adsorbed and determined by Py-GC-MS. And the main constituents were 1-phenanthrenecarboxylic acid, 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydro-1,4a-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethyl)-, methyl ester(5.68%), glycerin(4.32%), .gamma.-sitosterol(2.53%), benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro-(2.24%), decanoic acid, 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester(2.23%), phenol, 2,6-dimethoxy-(1.93%), stigmast-5-en-3-ol, oleate(1.92%), dodecanoic acid, 1-(hydroxymethyl) -1,2-ethanediyl ester(1.84%), 2-furancarboxaldehyde,5-(hydroxymethyl)- (1.72%), etc.
Analysis on Health Risk of Extractives of Bamboo Leaves by Py-GC-MS
Authors: Zhang Zhong Feng , Zhou Xian Yan , Ma Qing Zhi
Published: July 2011

The extractives of bamboo leaves were extracted and determined by Py-GC-MS. And the main constituents of extractives were tritriacontane(4.84%), 9-octadecyne(4.19%), ethyl alcohol(3.23%), 2-furanmethanamine, tetrahydro-(3.1%), .beta.-sitosterol acetate(2.84%), vitamin e(2.77%), triacontanoic acid, methyl ester(2.67%), .gamma.-sitosterol(2.33%), pyridine-3-carboxamide, oxime, n-(2-trifluoromethyl -phenyl)-(2.32%), nonacosane(2.15%), etc.
Research of Female Elite Speed Skaters' Blood Serum Anti-Oxidized Ability before Competition
Authors: Ding Hua , Gao Hai Ning , Zhao Bin
Published: July 2011

In order to find the influence of exercise on the free radical level and the anti- oxidized ability of female elite speed skaters before competition, we measured blood serum GSH-PX, SOD, MDA and ROS of 24 female elite speed skaters' who participated in the "the body is outstanding" nation female elite speed skaters tournament. Research consequence is: the density of female elite speed skaters ' blood serum ROS has the trend of escalation before competition (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the MDA density has the drop tendency (P<0.01, P<0.05); GSH-PX/MDA, SOD/MDA is higher than SOD/ROS, GSH-PX/ROS (P<0.05, P<0.01).
Deep Analysis on Bioindustry Prospects of 40°С Volatiles of Cinnamomum camphora Branches
Authors: Liu Qi Mei , Zhang Dang Quan , Peng Kuan , Peng Wan Xi
Published: July 2011

Cinnamomum camphora has been used to heal some specific diseases in the Chinese Folk for a long time. In order to explore the wide utilization in biomedicine and spicery, the chemical components of helium volatiles from the fresh branches of C. camphora were studied by TD-GC/MS. The analytical result by TD-GC/MS showed that 50 peaks were obtained from the helium volatiles from the fresh branches of C. camphora and 46 chemical compounds representing 99.993% of the total areas were identified. The results showed that the main components were as: Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one, 1,7,7-trimethyl-, (1R)- (9.620%), 3-Cyclohexene-1- methanol, .alpha.,.alpha.4-trimethyl- (9.425%), 1,3-Benzodioxole, 5-(2-propenyl)- (8.223%), Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane, 2-methyl-3-methylene-2-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-, (1S-exo)- (7.541%), Tricyclo[2.2.1.0(2,6)]heptane, 1,7-dimethyl-7-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-, (-)- (6.884%), Bicyclo[3.1.1] hept-2-ene, 2,6-dimethyl-6-(4-methyl-3-pentenyl)- (6.050%), Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one, 1,7,7- trimethyl-, (1S)- (4.678%), 1,3-Benzodioxole, 5-(2-propenyl)- (4.500%), Naphthalene, 1,2,3,5,6,8a- hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-, (1S-cis)- (4.491%), 3-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 4-methyl-1- (1-methylethyl)-, (R)- (4.254%), Copaene (4.120%), Tricyclo[2.2.1.0(2,6)]heptane, 1,7-dimethyl-7- (4-methyl-3-pentenyl)-, (-)- (4.097%), Acetic acid, 1,7,7-trimethyl-bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl ester (3.574%), Borneol 3.334%), 3-(4-N,N-Dimethylaminophenyl)propenoic acid, 2- (diethoxyphosphinyl)-, ethyl ester (2.809%), Eucalyptol (2.096%), 1,6,10-Dodecatriene, 7,11- dimethyl-3-methylene-, (Z)- (1.885%), (-)-Isosativene (1.664%), 1,6,10-Dodecatrien-3-ol, 3,7,11-trimethyl- (1.407%), Cyclohexene, 1-methyl-4-(5-methyl-1-methylene-4-hexenyl)-, (S)- (1.218%), 1,4-Methanoazulene, decahydro-4,8,8-trimethyl-9-methylene-, [1S-(1.alpha.,3a.beta., 4.alpha.,8a.beta.)]- (1.174%), .alpha.-Caryophyllene (1.156%), etc. The analytical result suggested that the helium volatiles from the fresh branches of C. camphora can be applicable to biomedicine and spicery industrial materials.
Analysis of Top Value-Added Utilization of Waste Leaves from Rosewood Tree by GC/MS
Authors: He Zhi Xiang , Zhang Dang Quan , Li Qing
Published: July 2011

Rosewood tree has high adaptability to environment and tolerance to water stress, and a long history of utilization and plantation in many countries. However, researches on Rosewood were mostly focused on the biomass analyses and utilizations of its wood, and lacked those to analyze the chemical components of extractives of Rosewood leaves, which was very important to recover and utilize the polluting waste Rosewood leaves. Therefore, the chemical components of benzene/ethanol extractives of Rosewood leaves were analyzed by method of GC/MS in order to identify top value-added bioactive components from waste leaves of Rosewood tree. The analytical result showed that the main components of benzene/ethanol extractives of freeze-dried Rosewood leaves by GC/MS analysis were identified 16 constituent (16 peaks) as: Ethanol, 2-butoxy- (40.36%), 2-O-Methyl-D-mannopyranosa (18.22 %), Hydrazine, 1,1-dipropyl- (6.09%), 1-Docosanol (5.59%), 1-Eicosanol (5.28%), Oxirane, hexadecyl- (3.63%), trans-2,4,5-Trimethoxy-.beta.-methyl- (3.50%), Bicyclo[3.1.1]heptane, 2,6,6-trimethyl- (2.53%), 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, methyl- (2.43%), Tetratetracontane (2.31%), Hexadecane, 1-(ethenyloxy)- (2.27%), Cholan-24-oic acid, 7,12-bis(acetyloxy)-3-ethoxy-, methyl ester, (3.alpha.,5.beta.)- (2.10%), Hexatriacontane (2.02%), Phytol (1.76%), Octadecane, 1-chloro (1.08%), etc. As the first report here, our result by GC/MS showed that the benzene-methanol extractive of freeze-dried Rosewood leaves can be developed into top value-added materials of medicines, biofuel, and industrial solvents.
A Study of the Material Removal Rate of Electrical Discharge Machining of Particle Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites with Concavo-Convex Electrode
Authors: Liu Jiang Wen , Yue T.M. , Guo Zhong Ning , Wan Z. Y. , Liu G.Y.
Published: July 2011

A new concavo-convex electrode has been designed and fabricated. And an analysis of the electrical discharge machining (EDM) of a particulate reinforced metal matrix composite this new electrode was conducted in this study. The material removal rate (MRR) of new electrode and normal electrode are compared in different applied voltage and duty cycle conditions. It was found that EDM with this new electrode can accelerate the debris discharge during machining so that it has a higher MRR compared to the case where a normal electrode was employed. Moreover, by studying the waveforms, it could confirm that a stable processing condition can be obtained by employing the new electrode. The experiment results reveal that it is a feasible and effective way to machine MMCs by employing this new electrode.
A Study of the Mechanism of Electrical Discharge Machining of Particle Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites with Concavo-Convex Electrode
Authors: Liu Jiang Wen , Yue T.M. , Guo Zhong Ning , Wan Z. Y. , Liu G.Y.
Published: July 2011

A new concavo-convex electrode has been designed and employed. And an analysis of the electrical discharge machining (EDM) mechanism of a particulate reinforced metal matrix composite with this new electrode was conducted in this study. It was found that EDM with this new electrode can accelerate the debris discharge during machining so that it has a higher MRR compared to the case where a normal electrode was employed. Moreover, by studying the surface craters, it could confirm that discharge craters tend to connect together for the normal electrode. This indicates an abnormal arcing condition. Thus, the wire electrode was easy to be broken. While for the new electrode, separated craters were observed on the machined surface. This means a stable processing condition. The experiment results reveal the processing mechanism of EDM electrical discharge machining of MMCs by employing this new electrode.
Random Fatigue Limits of China Railway Grade B Cast Steel Wheel
Authors: Zhao Yong Xiang , Yang Bing , Wang Z.G.
Published: July 2011

Random fatigue limits are experimentally studied on China grade B cast steel wheel. Test data were obtained by employing a so-called small sampling up-and-down test method. Results reveal that fatigue cracks of the present material were commonly initiated from the casting flaw of shrinkage cavities and grew with typical fatigue river-like flowers and striations. To address the scattered test data, randomness of fatigue limits are comparably measured by the existent four approaches, i.e. conventional, Dixon-Mood, Zhang-Kececioglu, and Zhao-Yang approaches. It is verified that Zhao-Yang approach is appropriately applied for the present assessment on random fatigue limits of China grade B cast steel wheel.
Effect of Substrate Concentrations of the BZ Reaction on Period of Self-Oscillation for Non-Thermoresponsive Polymer Chain
Authors: Hara Yusuke
Published: July 2011

In this study, effect of the initial substrate concentrations of the Belouzov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) on a period and transmittance self-oscillating behavior for a polymer chain were investigated under the constant temperature condition (T = 20 °C). The polymer chain was composed of a non-thermoresponsive poly-vinylpyrrolidone (PVP) main-chain covalently-bonded to the 10 wt% ruthenium catalyst (Ru(bpy)3) of the BZ reaction. The transmittance self-oscillation originates from the different solubility of the Ru catalyst moiety in the reduced and oxidized state. The waveform and period of the non-thermoresponsive polymer chain was significantly affected by the initial concentration of the BZ substrates. Moreover, as the concentration of the Ru catalyst increased due to the increase in the polymer concentration, the period hardly changed because of the high solution viscosity.
Friction and Wear Behavior of Al15Si2Ni0.6Mg(x)Cu Alloys at Elevated Temperature
Authors: Xia Feng , Li Jian Ping , Li Gao Hong , Zhu Man , Liang Yan Feng
Published: July 2011

In this paper, equilibrium phase diagram in Al-15Si-xCu system piston alloys was calculated using “Pandat” software. The influence of Cu content on the friction and wear behavior of Al-15Si piston alloys at elevated temperature was investigated by the combination use of optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Experimental results showed that the abrasive and wear weight and the friction factor in the T6-treated piston alloys were reduced with the increase of Cu content. The friction and wear properties differ slightly in the piston alloys containing 4.5% and 5.5%Cu, which is related to the high thermally stable precipitates, i.e., Q-phase, ε-phase, and θ-phase. For the piston alloys containing low Cu content, the wear mechanism belongs to adhesive wear, while abrasive particle wear is responsible for the high Cu content piston alloys.
Scale and Surface Machining Quality Effect on Fatigue Properties for China Railway Grade B Cast Steel Wheel
Authors: Zhao Yong Xiang , Yang Bing , Li Y.
Published: July 2011

Synthetic method is studied on assessing scale and surface machined effect on fatigue lives of China railway grade B cast steel wheel. Three kinds of specimens are applied for revealing the non-linear effect with scale kinetics at a least of cost. And 8 to 9 samples are applied for each kind of specimen to reveal the random fatigue behaviour. Assessing work is carried out on a phase of fatigue lives with scale kinetics at a specified strength. Results reveal that fatigue cracks were initiated from the specimen surface having a bigger site and the fatigue damage process companied with less plastic deformation than the material specimens. Random effects on fatigue lives and effect factors are constructed for measuring effects. Statistical character of the test data has been well described.
Random Fatigue Crack Growth Rates of China Railway Grade B Cast Steel Wheel
Authors: Zhao Yong Xiang , Yang Bing , Song Guo Xiang
Published: July 2011

Fracture surface observations and statistical deriving are applied for the present investigation on the random fatigue crack growth rates of China grade B cast steel wheel. Results reveal that: the crack grows with relative regular initial tip companied fabric like stripes along the growth direction but few of fatigue striations, and then, cleavage flowers appearing on the district of transient fracture with few of dimples. It indicates that sharp notched structural crack behaviour acts as a few of plastic dissipation process. Non-linear statistical modeling covering entire three pieces of fatigue crack growth is constructed for describing the random crack growth rates. Scattered randomness of the growth rates has been well characterized.
Waveband Selection for NIR Spectroscopy Analysis of Wastewater COD
Authors: Pan Tao , Chen Wei Wei , Chen Zeng Hai , Xie Jun
Published: July 2011

Waveband selection of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy analysis of wastewater chemical oxygen demand (COD) by moving window partial least squares (MWPLS) method with changeable size, the optimization of PLS factor was combined with MWPLS method. According to the prediction effect, the optimal model was selected, and the corresponding waveband, number of adopted wavelengths, PLS factor, RMSEP, RP were 820-850nm, 16, 13, 25.5 mg/L, and 0.968 respectively, which was obviously superior to the optimal PLS model on the whole spectral collecting region. The result shows that the MWPLS method can improve the model prediction effect, reduce model complexity, and provide valuable reference for designing special NIR spectrometer.
Comparison of the Fashion Ontology Integration Models
Authors: Wang Xiao Yue , Bai Ru Jiang , Yu Xiao Fan
Published: July 2011

Ontology integration is to eliminate ontology heterogeneous, so as to achieve the highest level of semantic communication and semantic integration, and finally achieve knowledge reuse and interoperability. The paper describes the four main methods and the five main tools for ontology integration, and then compares and analyses them.
Degradation of Micro-Arc Oxidation Coatings on the Surface of Magnesium Alloy under NaCl Droplet
Authors: Wang Yan Hua , Liu Yuan Yuan
Published: July 2011

With scanning Kelvin probe and microscopy technique, the degradation process of the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) treated magnesium alloy was investigated under a 3% NaCl droplet. Because of the unique two-layer structure of the MAO specimen, the droplet penetrated in and spread through the external loose layer during the initial several minutes. Subsequently, with the increase of time, only a thin layer of electrolyte was left on the surface of the MAO specimen. During the entire corrosion process, the potential exhibited a valley type distribution, only the width of potential valley increased with time. Based on above observations, a model was proposed for describing the contamination mechanism of MAO treated magnesium alloy under droplet.
550°C-Based Py-GC/MS Analysis of Chemical Components of Benzene/Ethanol Extractives from Trunk Bark of Cinnamomum camphora
Authors: Peng Kuan , Zhang Dang Quan , Zhang Huai Yun
Published: July 2011

Researches about the analysis and identificaion of chemical components of old bark from Cinnamomum camphora trunk were very less. Therefore, 550 °C-based pyrolysis- GC/MS technology was used to identify the top value-added biomedical constituents of old bark-based benzene/ethanol extractives from C. camphora trunk. 107 chemical constituents representing 99.316% were identified from 120 peaks. The main components are as: 1-Nonadecene (6.313% from two peaks), Octacosane (5.749% from two peaks), Octacosanoic acid, methyl ester (4.706%), 9-Tricosene, (Z)- (4.273% from seven peaks), 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol (2.385% from three peaks), Pyridine-3-carboxamide, oxime, N-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)- (2.320% from three peaks), 25-Noroleana-9,12-dien-29-oic acid, 5-methyl-11-oxo-, (18.alpha.)- (2.165%), Cyclotriacontane (2.117%), Nonacosane (1.947%), 2-Pentene, (E)- (1.933%), Octadecane (1.932% from two peaks), Octacosane (1.898%), Hexacosanoic acid, methyl ester (1.861%), 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, butyl 2-methylpropyl ester (1.849%), Tetracosanoic acid, methyl ester (1.774%), 1-Hexene (1.742), Cyclotetracosane (1.719%), Hexadecane (1.435% from two peaks), etc. The result of functional analysis suggested that the 550 °C pyrolyzate of benzene/ethanol extractives from C. camphora old bark is abundant in biomedical constituents and other bioactive components, which can be used as top value-added materials of high-grade cosmetic, food, spice and chemical solvents.
GC/MS Determination of Bioactive Components of Waste Leaves from Platanus × acerifolia (Ait.) Willd
Authors: Zhang Dang Quan , Peng Kuan , Guo Lin Lin , Zhang Huai Yun
Published: July 2011

Platanus × acerifolia (Ait.) Willd has high tolerance to environment stress, and a long history of utilization and plantation in China. It is important to recover and utilize the polluting waste leaves from Platanus × acerifolia (Ait.) Willd in order to separate top value-added bioactive components, hence the chemical components of benzene/ethanol extractive of waste leaves from Platanus × acerifolia (Ait.) Willd by means of GC/MS. Relative content of each component was determined by area normalization, and 19 compounds representing 92.35 % of the extractives were identified. The most abundant constituents were as: The analytical result showed that the main components of benzene-methanol extractive of freeze-dried waste leaves from Platanus × acerifolia (Ait.) Willd by GC/MS analysis were 1,3-Dioxane (24.95%), Ethylbenzene (19.03%), p-Xylene (16.02%), Benzene, 1,2-dimethyl- (6.64%), Indane (4.00%), Heptanal (3.89%), 1-Methyl-2-(4-nitrophenyl)benzimid (3.39%), (11H)Pyrido[3',2':4,5]imidazo[2,1- (3.25%), 10-Methylnonadecane (3.00%), Benzene, 1-ethyl-3-methyl- (2.91%), Benzene, 1-ethyl-3-methyl- (2.65%), Benzene, 1-ethyl-2-methyl- (2.46%), 2,5-Cyclohexadien-1-one, 2,5-dimethyl- (1.74%), Docosane, 7-butyl- (1.52%), 1-Amino-2-(hydroxymethyl)anthraqui (1.47%), Acetaldehyde - (0.89%), etc. Our result by GC/MS firstly showed that the benzene-methanol extractives of freeze-dried waste leaves from Platanus × acerifolia (Ait.) Willd can be used as top value-added materials of medicines, cosmetics and industrial solvents.
Analysis of Biomedical Application of 550°C Pyrolyzate from Petroleum Ether Extractives of Oil-Tea Cake by Py-GC/MS
Authors: Hu Xiao Yi , Zhang Dang Quan , Guo Lin Lin
Published: July 2011

The petroleum ether extractives of oil-tea cake was analyzed and identified by Py-GC/MS. The analytical result showed that 65 peaks were obtained from the 550°C pyrolyzates of petroleum ether extractives of oil-tea cake and 61 compounds representing 97.63 % of the total areas were identified. The analytical result showed that the main components of 550°C pyrolyzates of petroleum ether extractives of oil-tea cake by pyrolysis- GC/MS were as: 1-Dotriacontanol (11.57% from five peaks), 3-Cyclohexene-1-Methanol, .Alpha.,.Alpha, 4-Trimethyl-,(S)- (10.52%), Cis-2-Ethylcyclopentanecarboxaldehyde (9.89%), Trans-Sobrerol (8.27%), 1,3-Benzodioxole, 5-(1-Propenyl)- (7.65%), Cholestan-3-Ol, 2-Methylene-, (3.Beta., 5alpha)- (6.81%),1,2-Trans-1,5- Trans-2,5-Dihydroxy-4-Methyl-1-(1-Hydroxy-1-Isopropylcyc (5.02%), 4-Nonanone, 2,6,8-Trimethyl - (4.69%), Bicyclo 2.2.1 Heptan-2-One, 1,7,7-Trimethyl-,(1s)- (4.55%), Squalene (3.86%), (R)-(-)-(Z)-14-Methyl-8-Hexadecen-1-Ol (2.97%), Undecane 2-Cyclohexyl-, 2-Cyclohexyl- (2.53%), 4,8,13-Cyclotetradecatriene-1,3-Diol, 1,5,9-Trimethyl-12- (1-Methylethlyl)- (1.94%), 3,4-(Methylenedioxy)Toluene (1.88%), Hexadecanoic Acid, 2-Hydroxy-1,3-Propanediyl Ester (1.37%), etc. The result of function analyses suggested that the petroleum ether extractives of oil-tea cake contain abundant components of materials which can be developed into rare natural medicinal, high-grade spice, cosmetic, food, etc.
Effects of Welding Parameters on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of the Joint of the Magnesium Alloy AZ31B
Authors: Sun De Xin , Luo Shi Jun , Zhang Hong Zhuang , Sun Da Qian
Published: July 2011

Through the metal inert gas welding (MIG) experiment, the effects of the different welding parameters on the microstructure, the weld configuration and the mechanical properties of the joint of the magnesium (Mg) alloy AZ31B were analyzed. The results indicate that with the increase in the welding current, the microstructure change of the weld is characterized by the grain coarsening, and the microstructure change of the heat affected zone is characterized by the grain coarsening and the broadening of the heat affected zone. An exorbitant welding current is inimical to the weld configuration. With the increase in the welding speed, the welding linear energy decreases, inducing the formation of the finer equiaxed grains in the weld. Moreover, the grains in the heat affected zone are also with the trend of the refinement, and thus the mechanical properties of the joint increase. The optimal welding current and speed in our experiment are 160-170A and 400-450mm/min, respectively.
Mechanical Analysis of Diamond Saw Blade
Authors: Yang Jun De , Luo Zhong Ping , Lu Fan , Wang Yuan
Published: July 2011

The following conclusion is drawn from detailed mechanical analysis of Diamond Saw Blade,The load on diamond is not significant in cutting. However, at the moment the blade starts in its working state, the impact on rock has significant destructiveness on diamonds. Higher linear velocity of the blade, higher rock hardness and higher feeding speed all contribute in greater impact force on the diamond from the rock. And it is also stated that the unstable quality of diamond saw blade is closely related to the selection of diamond without following the TT1 test result. When designing the diamond saw blade, the saw cutting performance of the rock should be taken into consideration, as well as the necessary analysis of the force on the blade.There are three forces exerted on the saw blade: ①vertical downward pressure;②horizontal feeding thrust;③tangential cutting force of the saw. They are discussed separately in the following.