bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Applicazione del Metodo Gemellare nell'Analisi del Comportamento e del Condizionamento Motorio
Authors: Turi G. , Recchia V. , Vallarino F.
Published: July 2016

L'uso della cinematografia nello studio delle reazioni comportamentali è stato applicato da diversi autori. Definito da Gesell (1952) «cinemanalisi», tale metodo è stato dallo stesso autore proposto per uno studio metodico del comportamento dei gemelli. Successivamente, Splinder (1955) impiegò la cinematografia per uno studio sul comportamento globale di otto coppie gemellari MZ e quattro coppie DZ, mentre Freedman (1961) la utilizzò nella diagnosi di zigotismo. Infine, Gedda e Neroni (1955) — considerando la cinematografia quale mezzo tecnico di ricerca, in quanto causa di determinate reazioni — sottoposero 56 coppie di gemelli alla visione di film umoristici ed ansiogeni, riprendendone le reazioni posturali e mimiche.

Considerando che, oltre a permettere l'osservazione del comportamento nella sua dinamica globale, esso ne consente l'analisi nelle sue frazioni istantanee (1/24 di sec), il metodo cinematografico è stato da noi utilizzato per un'analisi del movimento. Nel presente lavoro riferiamo le nostre osservazioni sull'analisi del gesto del disegnare. Poiché questo gesto si può considerare prevalentemente condizionato dall'educazione e dall'ambiente culturale, abbiamo ritenuto che l'eventuale dimostrazione di una seppur minima componente ereditaria assumesse un particolare significato.
Heritability of Factors in Creative Thinking and Esthetic Judgment
Authors: Barron Frank
Published: July 2016

Although the heritability of general intelligence has been the subject of much study and can be considered to be well established, the heritability of specific factors in intellectual functioning has not as yet been the object of such intense scientific inquiry.

The recent work of Nichols (1965), utilizing a large sample of twins from the National Merit Scholarship testing program and employing a battery of tests measuring achievement in five different academic areas, is an excellent pioneering study. Nichols used a composite score derived from the five subtests, presuming this to be a measure of general ability, and he found that MZ twins were much more alike than DZ twins with respect to the composite score; about 70% of the variance in the composite could be attributed to heredity. The novel result of his investigation is his discovery that the specific subject areas also have significant heritability components. When the influence of the composite general ability upon subtests was removed statistically, the residual subtest scores also showed considerable heritability.

A limitation of Nichols' findings is that the subtests do not offer any potential theoretical link to basic factors in mental functioning. Such measures, however, may be provided by the fundamental factor analytic explorations of Guilford and his associates during the past twenty years. Since our own interest has been in the area of creative thinking and esthetic judgment, we have restricted ourselves in the present investigation to the use of tests in those areas whose factorial classification has been studied previously.
The Unique Contribution of Twin Studies to the Elucidation of Nongenetic Factors in Personality Development and Psychopathogenesis
Authors: Pollin William
Published: July 2016

Our Section in Bethesda is primarily engaged in studies of schizophrenia and personality formation. I will summarize a number of our ongoing studies, and then briefly focus on a methodological issue: the possibility of twin studies moving beyond their heretofore almost constant, very useful tie to genetic studies.

We have previously reported an elaborate multidisciplinary study of a series of MZ twins discordant for schizophrenia, a smaller number of appropriately matched control twin pairs, and their families, aimed at studying nongenetic factors in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia (Pollin et al, 1965, 1966). We have described three interacting groups of variables which consistently differentiated the schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic twins in the discordant pairs (Pollin and Stabenau, 1965). These included an initial set of nongenetic constitutional differences, including birth size, vigor, and physiological competence; consequent different parental perceptions of, and relationships to, each of the twins in a given pair; and subsequent biological and life history differences, based on evolving personality differences, such as in fearfulness, competence, independence, initiative and the like, differentiating the schizophrenic index and the nonschizophrenic cotwins.
Twenty-one Psychiatric Cases and their MZ Cotwins A thirty years' follow-up
Authors: Essen-Möller Erik
Published: July 2016

In 1941, I published a psychiatric study of 69 same-sexed pairs of twins. The index cases were derived from 8596 consecutive admissions to three mental hospitals and one psychiatric unit of a general hospital in South Sweden, every patient being checked for twin birth in the official birth registers. There was no pair with more than one index case. Upon examination, 21 pairs were considered more or less certainly MZ, and 48 DZ. The degree of certainty of the zygosity diagnosis was expressed by a special formula (Essen-Möller, 1941b).

Of the 21 index cases, 7 (N. 1-7 of the monograph) were at that time judged schizophrenic. The later course revaled that one more index case (N. 12) was a schizophrenic and should have been included into this diagnostic group, which I shall have to concentrate upon in this brief presentation.

Out of the 8 cotwins of the schizophrenic index cases, 5 had presented symptoms of mental disorder up to the time of my investigation, which took place almost thirty years ago. This corresponds so far to a concordance rate of 62%. However, all of the cotwin disorders were relatively mild and transient in nature and consisted mainly of depressive or anxiety states. Even if some of the disordered cotwins had spent some time in a nursing home or in a psychiatric ward of a general hospital, none of them had been admitted to a mental hospital. And, although several of the clinical pictures contained some single trait suggestive of schizophrenia — such as ideas of reference (N. 2 and 7) or hallucinations (N. 5) — in no case a proper diagnosis of schizophrenia could be made. The cotwin who came closest to this diagnosis was a man aged 35 (N. 1), who gave much thought to telepathic phenomena and the like; yet, he was comparatively open-minded and accessible to discussion of his ideas, and he had never been incapacitated by them. Thus, at the time of the first investigation, the correct rate of concordance for schizophrenia in fact was zero. This finding was the more striking as the two other samples published up to that time, those of Luxenburger (1928) and Rosanoff (1934), showed rates of concordance at about 70%, although Luxenburger (1934) later corrected his figure to 33%, for diagnostic reasons. Personally, I was inclined to attribute my zero finding to chance, the number of pairs being small, and also to the relatively short time of observation.
Contributo allo Studio della Schizofrenia nei Gemelli
Authors: Braconi L.
Published: July 2016

Negli ultimi anni, gli studi gemellari si sono orientati su nuove direttive di ricerca, nel tentativo di spiegare le cause delle oscillazioni di concordanza e il significato delle differenze sintomatologiche nelle coppie MZ affette da schizofrenia (Kringlen, 1964; Pollin e Stabenau, 1966; Gottesman e Shields, 1966; Tienari, 1966).

La spiegazione è di certo complessa, spesso ancorata al dualismo eredità-ambiente che tuttora divide gli psichiatri, ma ancor più spesso subordinata a cause teoriche ed empiriche inerenti alia materia e al materiale di studio. Prima tra tutte, il criterio nosografico della schizofrenia, ancora non delimitata dalle altre malattie psichiche (teorie quantitative di Bleuler, Kretschmer, Meyer, etc.), oppure nettamente differenziata nelle sue varietà cliniche (teorie qualitative di Jaspers, Kleist, Leon-hard, etc.). II concetto unitario si contrappone a quello dualistico che delimita ezio-logicamente le differenti forme tipiche e atipiche.

Una seconda fonte di errori risiede nella metodologia di ricerca, che negli studi gemellari si complica per la scarsa disponibilità di materiale, per la sua dispersione, per la difficoltà di seguire parallelamente i due gemelli nel multiforme decorso della malattia, nelle sue variazioni nel tempo, nell'età, nel contesto socioculturale, etc. Infime, non è da trascurare l'impostazione soggettiva del ricercatore (da cui nessuno sfugge), che porta involontariamente ad un pensiero autistico, condizionante la soluzione di un dubbio.
Introduction au Symposium
Authors: Gedda L.
Published: July 2016

Je souhaite la bienvenue, et j'adresse mes remerciements, à tous les chercheurs et savants, venus de diverses régions d'Europe et d'Amérique et qui, aujourd'hui, se trouvent réunis dans notre Institut pour discuter des problèmes qui ne peuvent pas être plus actuels, concernant les recherches sur les antimitotiques.

Je remercie les Autorités qui ont bien voulu donner leur adhésion à ce Symposium et ont voulu l'honorer de leur présence.

Notre réunion prend une signification particulière du fait que les études sur les antimitotiques à régard de la chimiothérapie expérimentale des tumeurs ne remontent pratiquement, de façon officielle, qu'à une vingtaine d'années. C'est en effet en 1946 que parurent les travaux de Haddow et Sexton sur « Influence of carbamic esters (uretanes) on experimental animal tumors » (Nature, 157, 1946) et ceux de Gilman et Philips sur « The biological actions and the therapeutic applications of the o-chlo-roethyl-amines and sulphides » (Science, 103, 1946). Ce n'est que deux années plus tard que paraîtront les observations de Sidney Farber et de ses collaborateurs sur l'emploi des antifoliques dans la leucémie aiguë des enfants. Au cours des années successives, noue assistons à une floraison de recherches sur les antimitotiques, spécialement à Londres, au Chester Beatty, à New York, au Sloan-Kettering, et à Boston, au Children's Cancer Research Foundation. Je ne rappellerai que les étapes les plus importantes de ces recherches qui ont conduit à une sélection de substances antimitotiques d'une efficace action antitumorale: en 1953, apparaissent la 6-mercaptopurine, le Colcemid, le dyméthansulphoniloxibutane; en 1956, le Chlorambucil; en 1960, le Trenimon, l'Endoxan, la Vinblastine, le 5-Fluorouracil; en 1962, la Vincristine et l'hydroxyurée; en 1963, les méthylidrazines. Et ce ne sont là que quelques uns des nombreux cytostatiques étudiés jusqu'à présent.
Attempts to establish New Experimental Methods to study Antitumoral Drugs
Authors: Garattini S. , Donelli M. G. , Morasca L. , Rainisio C. , Rosso R.
Published: July 2016

This paper summarizes some studies recently carried out in this Institute in the field of cancer chemotherapy.

Three main groups of data are reported:

a) different sensitivity to chemotherapy of the same tumor transplanted in different sites of the body;

b) a method to study cancer dissemination as a basis for cancer chemotherapy;

c) a system to perfuse tissue culture with the blood of living animals as an approach to study duration of action of antitumoral drugs.
Biologic Effects of Recent Antimitotic Compounds:A comparative evaluation
Authors: Eridani S. , Tiso R. , Ponti G. B. , Valentini R.
Published: July 2016

An evaluation of the antimitotic activity of a group of antitumoral agents was performed. Their action was first assayed on chick embryo blood forming tissue, determining its survival, mitotic index and mitotic differential count: the statistically most active compounds were demecolcin, vinblastine and cyclophosphamide.

The same compounds were also tested on thein vitroblastic transformation of human leukocytes and their incorporation of tritiated DNA and RNA precursors.

The most active compounds in this assay was 5 fluorouracil; a lesser degree of inhibition was caused by vinblastine, cyclophosphamide and mechloretamine.

The effect of a single massive dose of the same compoundsin vivowas also studied determining thein vitroactivity of leukocytes of such patients, removed 48 hrs after the administration.

Preliminary results show that such leukocytes lose in variable degree their phyto-responsivenessin vitro.
Le Sulphate de Vincristine dans le Traitement de la Leucose Aiguë de l'Enfance
Authors: Colarizi A. , Stegagno G. , Digilio G. , Multari G.
Published: July 2016

41 children with acute leukemia were treated with Vincristine Sulphate. Total remission was obtained in 17 out of 22 patients (77%) in whom Vincristine was used as the first drug.

19 patients who had been treated previously with other antimitotic drugs and have become resistant to them, received Vincristine: total remission occurred in 7 cases and partial remission in 3 cases within 4-10 weeks of therapy.

A case is reported of a child still surviving three years and seven months from the beginning of the disease and two years and 4 months from completion of therapy with Vincristine.
The Treatment of Lymphomas with Vincaleukoblastine and Methylhydrazine
Authors: Anglesio E. , Calciati A. , Caramello V.
Published: July 2016

Results of Chemotherapic treatment in Hodgkin's disease are reported. 23 cases were treated by Vincaleucoblastine, 19 by Methylhydrazine, and 12 by both drugs. With VLB we obtained 6 complete remissions, 12 partial remissions and 5 failures; with MH the remissions were 9 complete, 4 partial and 6 failures. An improvement was obtained by the use of both drugs successively administered and repeatedly.
Chemotherapy in Polycythemia Vera
Authors: Stecher G. , Reinhardt G.
Published: July 2016

210 cases of polycythemia vera were observed over a period of 15 years. The majority of them received P32; treatment with Myleran instead of with radioactive phosphorus was instituted only recently. To a small number of patients chemotherapy was given alternately with P32. The differing response pattern to either kind of treatment and the possible interference of therapy with the natural development of the disease process are demonstrated in a few selected cases.
Neuere Untersuchungen zur Thrombopathie (v. Willebrand-Jürgens) auf den Ålands-Inseln (Finnland)
Authors: Lehmann Wolfgang
Published: July 2016

The heredity investigation on thrombopathia (v. Willebrand-Jürgens) at Aaland-Is. revealed the autosome-dominant inheritance of this blood disorder. Until now, it has been possible to keep watch on thrombopathia for five generations. The penetration of the thrombopathia gene is high, the expressiveness is unsteady. The bleeding tendency occurs in both sexes. On a number of patients, recent investigations have shown, that there can be a certain deficiency of factor VIII (AHG) as well as the functional disorder of thrombocytes. The role of factor VIII deficiency in the pathogenesis of thrombopathia (v. Willerand-Jürgens) is not clear yet. Recent investigations on patients with aalandish throm-bopathia have shown certain morphalogical changes in thrombocytes, not existing in thrombocytes of healthy persons.
Gli aspetti genetici delle anemie emolitiche nei loro riflessi scheletrici
Authors: Ascenzi A. , Ferrara A. , Torlontano G.
Published: July 2016

The comparative studies on the changes of the skull in the familial hemolytic anemias does not support the hypotesis of Gänsslen which states that in hereditary spherocytosis oxycephaly is a consequence of precocious synostosis of the coronal suture through irritation induced by hyperplastic marrow.

On the basis of craniometric researches performed on patients and their relatives, the Authors suggest that oxycephaly might be considered as a feature referable to some peculiar racial characteristics of the populations among which the disease is manifested.
Sindrome oftalmologica (crisi superogire e fenomeno degli occhi di bambola o del Cantelli) in malattia da situazione Rh diversamente grave in una coppia gemellare dizigotica
Authors: Gedda L. , Bérard-Magistretti S. , Giobbe G.
Published: July 2016

The Authors describe a pair of dizygotic twins of different sex, affected by hemolytic disease of the newborn in form of nuclear icterus. On the basis of the different severity of the disease, the Authors underline the role played not only by the immunization degree of the mother, by the type of the produced antibodies and by the placental filtration, but also by other fetal factors. Oculogyric crises and Cantelli's sign, observed up to now only in Parkinson's disease, are for the first time related to the nervous lesions induced by the icterus.
Étude immuno-électrophorétique des protéines sériques des jumeaux nouveaux-nés
Authors: Antonini Bruno
Published: July 2016

The numerous protein fractions of human serum, which can be determined by immuno-electrophoretic analysis, appear one after another in the course of fetal development. By the fifth month after birth they are all present. Examining the protein fractions in monozygotic and dizygotic twins, it is possible to find the exact time of appearance of those fractions which are missing at birth, i.e. a singleα2-fraction and twoβ2-fractions.

The appearance of these three fractions always varies from four weeks to five months after birth.

We were able to demonstrate that the synthesis of these fractions took place at the same time in monozygotic twins and at different times in dizygotic twins.

These observations confirm the hypothesis that the synthesis of proteins—either singly or in groups—may be submitted to multiple genetic influences.

Finally present concepts of the protein « serum-groups » are discussed.
Un Maestro e un Esempio
Authors: Gedda Luigi
Published: July 2016

Come genetista e direttore di Acta Geneticae Medicae et Gemellologiae sono lieto di dedicare il « Supplementum primum » alla figura del Prof. Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer in occasione del suo 60mo compleanno.

Mi muove a far questo la riconoscenza, perchè quando elaboravo il mio trattato sui gemelli ho trovato un singolare aiuto nel consiglio del Prof. O. von Verschuer che egli mi ha offerto con quella profondità e competenza che caratterizzano il suo ingegno e con quella nobiltà e generosità che distinguono il suo cuore.

Ed anche quando l'Istituto Mendel, che ho l'onore di dirigere, si è presentato all'attenzione degli studiosi di genetica ho trovato immediata comprensione ed appoggio nel Prof. O. von Verschuer, il quale ha preso parte come relatore al « I° Symposium » di Genetica Medica organizzato in occasione dell'inaugurazione dell'Istituto (Roma, 1953).

Se riferisco questo non è solo per il doveroso ricordo di una personale esperienza, quanto per mettere in luce un aspetto molto importante nella vita del Nostro che dimostra con la signorilità e la generosità del sapere la sua ricchezza interiore, giustificando in questo modo l'affetto di cui è circondato e facendo comprendere come mai egli abbia potuto crescere una Scuola così fedele alla sua Persona e cosi feconda nella produzione scientifica.
Zur Klinik, Symptomatologie, Pathogenese und Erbpathologie des Klippel-Trénaunay-Weber-schen Syndroms
Authors: Koch Gerhard
Published: July 2016

The Klippel-Trénaunay-Parkes Weber-syndrome (K.T.W.) is a congenital malformation with partial gigantism (osteohypertrophy), naevi and varicose veins in the fully developed trias of symptoms. According to arterio- and phlebographic findings varicose veins are usually the result of mal-and deformations of the deep venous system or arteriovenous anastomosis, rarely of the arterial system alone.

In a critical consideration of all hypotheses about aetiology and pathogenesis of the K.T.W.-syndrome is discussed that there is no satisfactory explanation for the assumption that the syndrome is a exogenous malformation.

It is pointed out that so far there have been no family investigation of a greater extent. The statistic survey of the existing family investigations showes that the K.T.W.-syndrome is most variable in its phaenotypical manifestation and also has a strong intra-and interfamiliar variability. Heredopathologically is suggested that apart from a weak (?) principal gene secondary genes are essential for the manifestation. The mode of inheritance may be either dominant or recessive. The existence of various biotypes is considered probable. It is proposed to count the K.T.W.-syndrome into the group of the ectome-sodermal malformations (Oehler), the hamartomata (Wohlwill), the phacomatoses (van der Hoewe) or the neuro-cutaneous syndromes. 2 own cases are described.
Ueber die Vererbung der Iriskrypten und ihren Zusammenhang mit der Irispigmentierung
Authors: Wichmann Dietrich
Published: July 2016

A certain amount of material is provided for studying the heredity of fissures of the iris, and it seems that such a heredity is probably not of monohybrid nature. The relationship between fissures and pigmentation of the iris has been confirmed and noted also by earlier researches. This connection may be explained by the fact that fissures of the iris-appearing even earlier, during embriological development—leave fewer chromatophores in the stratum limitans anterior for the formation of pigment. It thus follows that the colour of the iris, which is determined by comparing it with table of colours of the eye, would not be of monohybrid heredity. It is doubtful even when both colour and structure of the iris are contemporaneously studied in order to realise a polysymptomatic resemblance—as for the diagnosis of monovular twins of the diagnostic of paternity—since the logical basis for establishing a polysymptomatic comparison of resemblance is, in fact, given by the independance of partial signs connected one with another. This goes for all cases, whether or no statistical methods are used for the critical examination of such researches, such as, for example, Essen-Möller's formula (3,4) (Wichmann 22, 23).
Beobachtungen an sieben Zwillingspaaren mit Hirntumoren
Authors: Kuhnen Bernhard
Published: July 2016

The present work deals with the question of the heredity of intracranial tumours, the twin method constituting hereby the basis for investigation.

1. In an unselected series of twins collected from the Psychiatric and Neurological Clinic of the university of Münster (Psychiatrische und Nervenklinik der Universität Münster) in the case of seven examined pairs of twins (3 monozygotic, 4 dizygotic: like sex and unlike sex) manifestation of cerebral tumours is dissimilar (table II).

2. This unselected series combined with previous casuistic reports published until now in world literature (table I) of twins with cerebral tumours has not yet brought a sufficient basis for definite genetic conclusion. The question of inheritance in cerebral tumours will only be elucidated by procuring and reviewing material from a larger unselected series of twin patients afflicted with cerebral tumours.
Nouvelle contribution à l'étude du test de Rorschach chez des jumeaux
Authors: Schachter M. , Chatenet Mme H.
Published: July 2016

The conclusions they arrive at, is that from the standpoint of the Rotest, the twins (mono-or-dizygotic) present themselves as distinct and original personalities. The predominant rôle played by the peristasis over the constitution is thus emphasized.

Thirty couples of twins (23 mono-and 7 dizygotic) were studied with the Rorschach-test.

Detailed analysis is given especially for the larger groupe of monozygotic twins; the identical responses and the quantitatively identical Ro-factors, being particularly discussed with the help of synoptic tables. In spite of their findings, the authors underline the scarcity and little significance of the identical factors.
Introduzione Alla Profilassi Delle Malattie Ereditarie
Authors: Gianferrari L.
Published: July 2016

The A. reports some fundamental biological proceedings in a preventive treatment of hereditary diseases.

She divides prophylaxis in idiotypic and phenotypic and after having examined the different aspects of the problem, concludes that a positive eugenetica is possible by acting on environment disposing or exposing conditions. The A. finally indicates how studies should be carried on in order to attain this object.
Sextuplets and Higher Multiparous Births: A critical review of history and legend from Aristoteles to the 20th century
Authors: Mayer Claudius F.
Published: July 2016

Though conception and reproduction have been favorite topics of the biologists of all ages many of the simplest facts of generation are still lacking their proper explanation. They remained mysteries and stimulated wild speculations not only among the uneducated people but also among the physicians, naturalists and others engaged in the scrutiny of Nature.
Progenèse et Gémellité
Authors: Turpin R. , Schützenberger M. P.
Published: July 2016

Under the name of “Progenesis” (from the prefix “pro “, in front, and of the Greek “genesis “, generation) a new conception and classification of the factors of development were proposed by R. Turpin, the progenesis grouping “the whole of the hereditary and non hereditary factors that preexist to the fecundation and that concur to the formation of the being and to its development”.

This conception has the advantage of designating indifferently, to all progenitic factor, hereditary as well as non hereditary, a place marked in advance; it has the advantage of showing beside the paternal maternal factors, the characteristic progenetical factors of the couple; it has the advantage to draw the attention on factors which were before neglected (age of mother, age of father, rank of birth, sex of the preceding pregnancy, interval between pregnancies, number of pregnancies, etc.) and whose importance increases in proportion as the gathering of the facts is abundant enough to lend itself to the statistical analyses; it has lastly the advantage of leading to an etiological prevention of the congenital defects, trying to draw the most advantage from the surrounding factors, without discarding, when they are imposed by the circumstances, the possibilities brought to their right proportion of the eugenic selection.

To illustrate this progenesic conception of the ontogenesis a simple example, the gemellity, deserves to be retained.

If we consider the gemellity as a deviation in regard to the simple pregnancies, it constitutes at the same time the more frequent and the best registered of anomalies. It lends itself to the study of its relations with divers progenesic factors which the authors regard by turns with the complement of their personal researches : age of the progenitors, rank of the pregnancy, sex of the product of the anterior last conception.

If on the other hand, we consider the gemellity itself as a progenesic factor, we can study on the development, and for instance, which the authors have done, on the rate of masculinity. This study has lead them to put in value the phenomenon of diminution of the masculinity in relation to the degree of the multiplicity of pregnancy.
Sul Problema Genetico Delle Leucemie
Authors: Morganti Giuseppe , Cresseri Angelo
Published: July 2016

From the genealogico-statistic inquiry made on a group of 252 leukemics hospitalised in Lombardy during the years 1945-1950, and from the comparison made on an adequate material of control; the Authors have come to the conclusion that for the realisation of the leukemia the idiotypic composition has less value than that of the surroundings. They have over more noticed a greater incidence of neoplasiae in the familiars of the acute leukemics and cronic myeloids in regard to the controls.
Motions of Magnetic Fields and Umbrae within a Spot Group
Authors: Gopasyuk S. I. , Moreton G. E.
Published: July 2016

Over the past years considerable information has been acquired concerning the structure and magnitude of sunspot magnetic fields; however, there is a paucity of data concerning the motions of the seats of these fields, i.e., individual umbrae within a spot group. The well-known effects of differential rotation cause sunspots to diverge with time in longitude at a daily rate of, at most, a few degrees per solar rotation. On the other hand, a limited number of investigations have shown that individual umbrae can have proper motions of up to 100 to 200 m/s, or about ten times greater than effects of differential rotation. In addition, equally limited observations have shown that umbrae sometimes rotate about an axis through their centre; in an extreme case the rotation reached 30°/day. The last large sunspot group of the last cycle, having Central Meridian Passage 20.5 September, 1963, has been studied by means of photoheliograms and magnetograms obtained four days before and four days after CMP at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory. The magnetograms show the distribution of both the transverse and longitudinal components of the magnetic field in the activity region. In this study we have studied umbral motions and their relation to the magnetic field.
The Temperatures and Pulsation Modes of 9-day Cepheids
Authors: Rodgers A. W. , Bell R. A.
Published: July 2016

It can be shown that cepheids pulsating in the first harmonic when evolving through the instability zone at constant bolometric luminosity and mass, are at a given period 0.09 magnitudes bluer than stars pulsating in the fundamental mode. Bell and Rodgers have shown that effective temperatures of cepheids can be obtained by comparison of observed and computed profiles of the wings of the Hα line. Hα cores of cepheids are affected by strongly doppler broadened chromospheric emission and absorption. Using a modified Oke effective temperature-intrinsic colour relation, observations of the Hα line of the Eggen C cepheids β Dor and S Mus have been made at Mt. Stromlo and intrinsic colours obtained for these stars.
Interferometric Observations of the OH Emission from W49
Authors: Radhakrishnan V. , Whiteoak J. B.
Published: July 2016

The high intensity anomalous OH emission which has been detected in the neighbourhood of HII regions exhibits remarkable polarization characteristics, narrow spectral features, and unusual ratios of line strengths. All of these unusual properties are generally believed to be attributable to maser action of some form. A knowledge of the structure of the emitting regions and their brightness temperature is necessary for the development of a satisfactory theory of the emission mechanism.
Observations of Shell-Type Galactic Radio Sources
Authors: Hill E. R.
Published: July 2016

Survey type observations have been made with the Parkes radio-telescope of 4 galactic radio sources having either a non-thermal radio spectrum, or exhibiting shell structure in their emitting regions. Observations were made at a wavelength of 11 cm using the Parkes radiotelescope where the beamwidth is about 7.5 min.arc.
Time Variations of the Spectrum of 3C279
Authors: Harris Beverley J.
Published: July 2016

Figure 1 shows the spectrum of 3C279 (1253-05) in mid-1966 derived from observations at frequencies of 467, 630, 960, 1410, 2650 and 5000 MHz made by Batchelor, Brooks, Cooper, Milne, Roberts and the author with the CSIRO 210 ft. telescope. The figure also shows the spectrum obtained in 1964 by Kellermann with the same telescope. All the flux densities have been measured relative to a number of calibration sources on a scale previously determined by Kellermann. Although our flux densities are preliminary, further analysis should not change them significantly.
Cosmic Ray Astronomy at Hobart
Authors: Jacklyn R. M.
Published: July 2016

In the field of cosmic ray galactic studies, two kinds of phenomenon are currently being investigated by members of the Hobart cosmic ray group, led by Dr. A. G. Fenton. In a combined project with the University of South Australia, the University of Tasmania is participating in an experiment whose aim is to locate sources of galactic X-rays in a part of the southern sky inaccessible from the northern hemisphere. The object of the other investigation, which forms part of a joint ANARE-University programme of cosmic ray research, is to elucidate the evidence for intensity maxima from fixed galactic directions in the otherwise isotropic charged primary radiation.
The Parkes Interferometer
Authors: Cole D. J.
Published: July 2016

The Parkes Interferometer was designed and constructed by the CSIRO Radiophysics Laboratory. It is unique in having continuously variable North-South and East-West baselines making possible plotting the visibility function of a source in a single observation. From an engineering point of view it is noteworthy in that the receivers, control circuits and computer employ semi-conductors exclusively.
Theoretical Line Profiles for Hydrogen and Calcium under Chromospheric Conditions
Authors: Black R. B. T.
Published: July 2016

Recent high resolution Ha photographs by Bray and Loughhead (unpublished) have confirmed that much of the chromosphere is quite non-uniform. Rather, it appears to consist of many distinct structures, which have a typical transverse section of several seconds of arc, i.e. about 2000 km.

The aim of the research reported in this contribution is to attempt to analyse the non-uniform chromosphere by first investigating a single structure. A simple model of a structure was chosen. From the model, line profiles of Hα and the H and K lines of Can were computed assuming a variety of physical conditions to exist in the feature.
Techniques for Decimetre Wavelength Observations of Radio Plages and Bursts
Authors: Christiansen W. N.
Published: July 2016

The first daily maps showing the two-dimensional radio brightness distribution over the Sun were produced at Fleurs ten years ago when the 64-antenna grating cross was completed. The maps had a resolution of 3′ arc at λ = 21 cm.

When the Fleurs field station was given to the University by CSIRO in 1963 it was decided to use the antennas of the grating cross and add to them four or more larger antennas (45 ft diameter) to produce a pair of high resolving-power compound interferometers.
A Correlating Receiver System for a Compound Interferometer
Authors: Frater R. H. , Mackay N. A.
Published: July 2016

The compound interferometer at Fleurs, N.S.W., consists of the separate arms of the Christiansen grating interferometer with the addition of two 45-ft dishes to each to give maximum spacings of 3710λ at 1415 MHz. The closest physical spacing is 60 ft and the spacings progress at 40-ft intervals to a maximum of 2580 ft as shown in Figure 1.
Measuring the Whole-Sun Intensity at Decimetre Wavelengths
Authors: Landecker T. L.
Published: July 2016

The study of the sources of the slowly varying component at decimetre and centimetre wavelengths has been a major preoccupation of solar radio astronomers. Grating interferometers and other high-resolution aerial systems have enabled the separation of the S-component from the Sun’s total emission, and the study of individual sources. Nevertheless much of value remains to be derived from whole-sun intensity measurements—the most basic solar radio observation.
Standard Gain Horns for Solar Calibration
Authors: Wielebinski R.
Published: July 2016

The accuracy of the absolute value of solar flux depends on the temperature calibration techniques and the knowledge of the gain of the aerial used for the measurements. Recent advances in low-noise receivers, microwave components, and amplifier stability have reduced considerably the errors due to temperature calibration techniques. At present the knowledge of the gain of the aerial used for calibrations (usually a pyramidal horn) presents the largest source of doubt of an absolute calibration. Investigations of this problem suggest that a ‘standard gain horn’ should be employed at all observatories in absolute solar calibrations.
Maser Action in Interstellar OH
Authors: Robinson B.J.
Published: July 2016

Since 1965 we have been unravelling the curious properties of the intense 18 cm emission lines observed from OH molecules. We are still without a quantitative theory of the emission that might tie the threads together and provide guidelines for the observational work. The most plausible hypothesis is that we are dealing with naturally occurring interstellar gas masers. I want to present some of the latest evidence we have in favour of the maser action, and to indicate where it is inadequate. I will concentrate on work done in 1967, as the earlier work has been discussed in detail elsewhere.
Velocity Variations in Beta Centauri
Authors: Shobbrook R.R. , Robertson J.W.
Published: July 2016

This programme was undertaken because the preliminary observations of Beta Centauri with the Narrabri stellar interferometer (Hanbury Brown, Davis, Allen, and Rome) show that the correlation received is not consistent with that expected from a single star. The Lick Catalogue of Radial Velocities states that β Cen is a Bl II star. The Narrabri results are consistent with several models; in particular, it may be a double star with components of similar brightness, or it may have a very luminous, extended atmosphere or shell surrounding it. The latter possibility is perhaps unlikely on the spectroscopic evidence, as there are neither emission nor sharp absorption components in the spectral lines.
Relativistic Stellar Dynamics in Rotating Axially Symmetric Systems
Authors: Fackerell E.D.
Published: July 2016

Recently the possibility has been raised of using general relativistic star clusters as models for quasi-stellar sources. The theory of static, spherically symmetric, collisionless star clusters has been developed within the framework of general relativity. In particular, analogues have been found of the Newtonian polytropic models and of Woolley’s truncated Maxwellian systems. However, in view of the importance of rotation on stability in relativistic astrophysical problems, it is of considerable interest to include the effect of rotation in relativistic stellar dynamics.
A Note on Some 4C Right Ascensions
Authors: Clarke T.W. , Munro R.E.B.
Published: July 2016

The Molonglo fan-beam survey is a digitized survey carried out in March and April 1966, using the 1 mile E-W arm of the Molonglo cross operating at 408 MHz. Three 1´.5 fan beams separated by 1´.5 in right ascension were used. The survey covered the region in right ascension from 10h30m to 18h30m and in declination from +18° to —40°. The region common to the 4C survey has been analysed and we have obtained right ascensions for the 4C sources.
Some Astrophysical Implications of Recent Measurements on the Intensity of Cosmic-Ray Electrons
Authors: Webber W.R.
Published: July 2016

We have extended our recent measurements on the extraterrestrial cosmic ray electron spectrum, this spectrum now being determined over the energy range from ~15 MeV to 6 GeV. The extraterrestrial electron intensity between 15 MeV and 200 MeV can be determined unambiguously by studying the diurnal variation of these particles. We have also measured the effects of the 11-year solar modulation on the electrons, thus enabling the electron spectrum observed near the Earth to be extrapolated to the local region of the spiral arm. It is the purpose of this paper to relate these measurements to:

(i) calculations of ‘secondary’ electrons produced by cosmic ray nuclei moving in the Galaxy; and

(ii) the observations of non-thermal radio emission from disk components of the Galaxy.
Metre-wave Dynamic Spectrum of a Solar Flare on 9 June 1968
Authors: Sheridan K. V.
Published: July 2016

Detailed observations of the importance 2 flare of 9 June 1968, 00h25m U.T., were made at Culgoora in both its Hα and 80 MHz radio emissions, and the event should provide an opportunity for careful study. In this paper a description is given of the radio spectral observations (25-200 MHz) taken at the same site. These observations were among the first to be taken with a newly constructed spectrograph.
80 MHz Heliograph Observations of Two Type IV Events on 4 and 6 May 1968
Authors: Labrum N. R. , Smerd S. F.
Published: July 2016

Radio pictures of the Sun from the Culgoora radioheliograph have already shown instances in which flares have initiated radio bursts in parts of the Sun remote from the flare position. In this paper we discuss two such events on 1968 May 4 and May 6, in each of which it appears that shock-waves arising from a flare produced distant prominence activity which led to the generation of metre-wave continuum radiation.
Asymmetric Plasma Expansion from the ‘Starfish’ Explosion
Authors: Edwards P. J. , Entwistle R. F.
Published: July 2016

Recent astronomical measurements of solar and celestial X-radiation have led to renewed interest in strong shock-wave phenomena arising from explosions which occur on an astrophysical scale as in solar flares, novae and in supernovae. Although on a much smaller scale, the ‘Starfish’ nuclear explosion at an altitude of 400 km over Johnson Island in 1962, provides a useful test of current understanding in this field.
X-Ray Astronomy—1968 Vintage
Authors: Webber W. R.
Published: July 2016

For the past six years astronomers have been regarding the universe through a new window—the X-ray window. In these six years this subject has experienced a ‘remarkable’ growth. In late 1966 workers from the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) published a catalogue containing 35 X-ray sources. In my preparation for this report I have compiled a new catalogue containing only 22 sources (which I believe contains all of the presently confirmed X-ray sources). This early proliferation of ‘sources’ may be attributed to the exuberance of the experimenters or perhaps to a poor understanding of the laws of statistics. A simple calculation shows that, with this rate of decrease of ‘observable’ sources, X-ray astronomy will cease to exist as a subject in 1972!
A Measurement of the Diffuse Cosmic X-Ray Background from 17 to 167 keV
Authors: Thomas R. M.
Published: July 2016

This paper presents a measurement of the diffuse cosmic X-ray background made during the balloon flight described in preceding papers and elsewhere. The data used for this paper were obtained with the actively shielded and collimated detector previously described. The geometric factor of the detector was 1.17 cm2 sterad.
Fourier Transform Photography: A New Method for X-Ray Astronomy
Authors: Ables J. G.
Published: July 2016

In comparison with all other branches of astronomy, X-ray astronomy suffers from a relative dearth of image forming devices. No X-ray lens is known and image formation by reflection requires glancing incidence optics which have small fields of view and are extremely difficult to fabricate, even for the small apertures (about 2 cm2) now employed. The only other imaging device which has been successfully employed is the simplest of all, the pinhole camera. Pinhole cameras with resolutions better than 10−3rad are easily constructed, but the apertures are very small—not greater than about 10−4cm2. The new instrument described here is closely related to the pinhole camera and may be viewed as an attempt to overcome the aperture restrictions of this simple device.
Observation of Strong Circular Polarization in a Moving Type IV Burst
Authors: Kai K.
Published: July 2016

Since they were first interpreted, moving type IV bursts have been attributed to synchrotron radiation from electrons with energy ∼3 MeV radiating in weak magnetic fields (∼1 G) high in the solar corona. In this paper a description is given of 80 MHz radioheliograph observations of an outburst in which it was possible to isolate the moving type IV source and demonstrate that its circular polarization was strong (∼80%). Hence it is shown that the energy of the radiating electrons cannot exceed 6 = 105eV.
Solar Radio Bursts at 21cm Wavelength Observed with High Angular Resolution
Authors: Mullaly R. F. , Nelson G. J.
Published: July 2016

Recently a programme of observing 21 cm-λ solar radio bursts with high angular resolution has been commenced at the Fleurs Radio Field Station of the School of Electrical Engineering, University of Sydney. In some preliminary measurements fringes from two 2-element E-W interferometers, spaced at roughly 3800 and 1900 wavelengths, have been recorded simultaneously.
High-resolution Measurements of the Galactic Radio Spectrum
Authors: Landecker T. L. , Wielebinski R.
Published: July 2016

High-resolution surveys of the galactic radio emission show detailed structure both near the galactic plane and at high galactic latitudes. Some of this structure is describable as ‘spurs’ while the rest comprises isolated features. We describe here measurements of the spectral index of the background radiation with a resolution of 3°.5. These measurements are aimed at a detailed understanding of the high-latitude synchrotron emission.
The Electron Temperature of the Planetary Nebula IC 418
Authors: Marne A. E. Le , Shaver P. A.
Published: July 2016

In a current programme at the Molonglo Radio Observatory using the high-resolution pencil beam of the instrument (∼3′ arc) an attempt is being made to extend the measured spectra of known planetary nebulae down to 408 MHz. Of 23 such planetaries already investigated, 14 have been detected. The main results will be given elsewhere; here it is proposed to discuss in detail only the well-known planetary nebula IC 418.
The Physics of Rotating Magnetic Neutron Stars
Authors: Goldreich P.
Published: July 2016

Gold has suggested that pulsars are rotating neutron stars with strong magnetic fields. We have studied the simplest such model, one having an external dipole field aligned with the rotation axis.
Radio Sources: Observations of Double Sources Resolved at 408 MHz
Authors: Schilizzi R. T. , McAdam W. B.
Published: July 2016

In a study of radio sources in the southern sky, observations have been made of 190 sources noted as ‘extended’, ‘possibly extended’ or ‘confused’ in the Parkes and other catalogues.
A Comparison of Molonglo and Parkes Accurate Positions
Authors: Hunstead R. W.
Published: July 2016

Since the Molonglo cross-type radio telescope was completed in 1967 July, a considerable proportion of the observing time has been taken with calibrating the pointing of the north-south arm. In a current programme the aim is to obtain accurate positions for sources contained in the flux density catalogue recently prepared by Wyllie. This will provide a uniform set of several hundred positions and flux density calibrators covering the +20° to −90° declination range observable at the Molonglo Observatory.
The Development of UAT Rocket Instrumentation for X-ray Astronomy
Authors: Francey R. J. , Fenton A. G. , Fenton K. B. , Cooke D. J. , Barnden L. R. , Doherty L. E. , Gregory A. G. , McCracken K. G. , Tuohy I. R.
Published: July 2016

The Universities of Adelaide and Tasmania (UAT) have now collaborated in the preparation of four experiments on British Skylark rockets. Two independent X-ray detectors of total sensitive area 40 cm2 were flown on each of two rocket flights launched in April, 1967. The most significant result of these measurements was the discovery of Cen XR-2 and the measurement of the variation in its intensity and spectrum. The third flight, launched in December 1967, carried three X-ray detectors of total area 140 cm2. One of the main results from this flight, evidence for a new X-ray source at high galactic latitude, will be presented in the following paper.
Fifteen Months of Pulsar Astronomy
Authors: Radhakrishnan V.
Published: July 2016

Towards the end of February 1968 the astronomical world was staggered by a paper from the Milliard Radio Observatory at Cambridge announcing the discovery of an astonishing periodic phenomenon. The characteristics of the pulsating radio source—or pulsar as it came to be called—involved a fantastic multiplicity of time-scales. The duration of the individual events was measured in tens of milliseconds, the repetition rate was of the order of a second, the pulse amplitude showed drastic variations over times of seconds, minutes, hours and even months and, lastly, the stability of the basic periodicity indicated a time-scale of millions of years. A series of pulses from CP 1919, the first pulsar, is shown in Figure 1, and one notices here both the regularity of the pulses and the variation in their amplitude with time. When the individual pulses were observed on an expanded time-scale it was found that the pulses were made up of sub-pulses (Figure 2) and that there was considerable structure even down to a millisecond time-scale.