bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controlled outputs, full data: A privacy‐protecting infrastructure for MOOC data
Authors: Hutt Stephen , Baker Ryan S. , Ashenafi Michael Mogessie , Andres‐Bray Juan Miguel , Brooks Christopher
Published: May 2022

Learning analytics research presents challenges for researchers embracing the principles of open science. Protecting student privacy is paramount, but progress in increasing scientific understanding and improving educational outcomes depends upon open, scalable and replicable research. Findings have repeatedly been shown to be contextually dependent on personal and demographic variables, so how can we use this data in a manner that is ethical and secure for all involved? This paper presents ongoing work on the MOOC Replication Framework (MORF), a big data repository and analysis environment for Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). We discuss MORF's approach to protecting student privacy, which allows researchers to use data without having direct access. Through an open API, documentation and tightly controlled outputs, this framework provides researchers with the opportunity to perform secure, scalable research and facilitates collaboration, replication, and novel research. We also highlight ways in which MORF represents a solution template to issues surrounding privacy and security in the age of big data in education and key challenges still to be tackled.

Practitioner notes

What is already known about this topic

Personal Identifying Information (PII) has many valid and important research uses in education.

The ability to replicate or build on analyses is important to modern educational research, and is usually enabled through sharing data.

Data sharing generally does not involve PII in order to protect student privacy.

MOOCs present a rich data source for education researchers to better understand online learning.

What this paper adds

The MOOC replication framework (MORF) 2.1 is a new infrastructure that enables researchers to conduct analyses on student data without having direct access to the data, thus protecting student privacy.

Detail of the MORF 2.1 structure and workflow.

Implications for practice and/or policy

MORF 2.1 is available for use by practitioners and research with policy implications.

The infrastructure and approach in MORF could be applied to other types of educational data.
The equilibrium of the bargaining game and core convergence theorem on an exchange economy with limited traders
Authors: Chen Jianguo
Published: May 2022

Debreu and Scarf (1963), Hildenbrand (1974), Aumann (1964), Dierker (1975), Bewley (1973), and others have shown that the core of an exchange economy with infinitely many or finitely many traders converges. However, an exchange economy does not always consist of infinitely many or finitely many traders. This note provides proof of the core convergence theorem on an exchange economy with limited traders by a bargaining game methodology. The main contribution of this note is to innovate the equilibrium solution to the bargaining game in the exchange economy. In this note, the concept of common payoff is introduced; in the bargaining game of a coalition on its common payoff, all coalition members will get the same distribution, thus the distribution scheme of the cooperation surplus of the exchange economy is determined.

This note shows that the bargaining game among the traders on the distribution of the cooperation surplus will make the pure exchange economy with limited traders converge to the Walrasian equilibrium, all the allocations other than the Walrasian equilibrium will be eliminated from the core of this economy.
Efficacy and safety outcomes of dulaglutide by baseline HbA1c: A post hoc analysis of the REWIND trial
Authors: Franek Edward , Gerstein Hertzel C. , Riddle Matthew C. , Nicolay Claudia , Hickey Ana , Botros Fady T. , Loo Li Shen
Published: May 2022

Aim

To assess cardiovascular, glycaemic, weight and safety outcomes of long‐term treatment with dulaglutide 1.5 mg compared with placebo in patients with a baseline HbA1c of less than 7% versus 7% or higher.

Materials and Methods

Intention‐to‐treat analyses were performed on REWIND participants with a baseline HbA1c measurement, using Cox proportional hazards regression and mixed model for repeated measures. Subgroup analyses with factors for baseline HbA1c categories and their interaction with treatment group, as well as analyses within the HbA1c subgroups, were conducted. Additionally, sensitivity analyses were performed for baseline HbA1c subgroups of 6.5% or less and more than 6.5%.

Results

Of the 9876 eligible participants, 3921 and 5955 had a baseline HbA1c of less than 7% and 7% or higher, respectively. Mean baseline HbA1c was 6.3% and 8.0% and the mean duration of diabetes was 9.0 and 11.6 years in the respective subgroups. The less than 7% subgroup was slightly older and less frequently insulin‐treated. There was no evidence of a differential dulaglutide treatment effect on body mass index (BMI) reduction, cardiovascular or safety outcomes of interest between the baseline HbA1c subgroups. Treatment‐by‐baseline HbA1c group interaction was significant for HbA1c change from baseline (P < .001), with a greater reduction in the subgroup with higher baseline HbA1c values. Sensitivity analyses by baseline HbA1c subgroups of 6.5% or less and more than 6.5% showed similar results.

Conclusions

The reduced incidence of cardiovascular events, and the reduction in BMI in participants treated with once‐weekly dulaglutide, were independent of the baseline HbA1c level. Conversely, participants with a higher baseline HbA1c level had greater reductions in HbA1c. Dulaglutide has a positive benefit–risk profile and can be considered in patients with comparatively well‐controlled HbA1c levels seeking optimal metabolic control and cardiovascular benefits.
Reduced hypoglycaemia using liver‐targeted insulin in individuals with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Weinstock Ruth S. , Bode Bruce W. , Garg Satish K. , Klonoff David C. , El Sanadi Caroline , Geho W. Blair , Muchmore Douglas B. , Penn Marc S.
Published: May 2022

Aim

To investigate whether an increased bolus: basal insulin ratio (BBR) with liver‐targeted bolus insulin (BoI) would increase BoI use and decrease hypoglycaemic events (HEv).

Patient Population and Methods

We enrolled 52 persons (HbA1c 6.9% ± 0.12%, mean ± SEM) with type 1 diabetes using multiple daily injections. Hepatic‐directed vesicle (HDV) was used to deliver 1% of peripheral injected BoI to the liver. A 90‐day run‐in period was used to introduce subjects to unblinded continuous glucose monitoring and optimize standard basal insulin (BaI) (degludec) and BoI (lispro) dosing. At 90 days, BoI was changed to HDV‐insulin lispro and subjects were randomized to an immediate 10% or 40% decrease in BaI dose.

Results

At 90 days postrandomization, total insulin dosing was increased by ~7% in both cohorts. The −10% and −40% BaI cohorts were on 7.7% and 13% greater BoI with 6.9% and 30% (P = .02) increases in BBR, respectively. Compared with baseline at randomization, nocturnal level 2 HEv were reduced by 21% and 43%, with 54% and 59% reductions in patient‐reported HEv in the −10% and −40% BaI cohorts, respectively.

Conclusions

Our study shows that liver‐targeted BoI safely decreases HEv and symptoms without compromising glucose control. We further show that with initiation of liver‐targeted BoI, the BBR can be safely increased by significantly lowering BaI dosing, leading to greater BoI usage.
Effect of expanded dulaglutide weekly doses (3.0 mg and 4.5 mg) on cardiovascular disease risk factors in participants with type 2 diabetes at increased cardiovascular disease risk: a post hoc analysis of the AWARD‐11 study
Authors: Cox David A. , Wang Hui , Nicolay Claudia , Bethel Mary Angelyn
Published: May 2022

Aims

This post hoc analysis investigated the effect of dulaglutide on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in subgroups of participants at increased CVD risk in the AWARD‐11 study.

Methods

Participants who received once weekly dulaglutide 1.5, 3.0 or 4.5 mg for 52 weeks were categorized according to their baseline Framingham CVD risk category [low (N = 295), medium (N = 481) and high (N = 1054) risk], as well as their baseline CVD risk according to the REWIND study eligibility criteria (N = 953). Serum lipids and vital signs were assessed at baseline and at 52 weeks. Data were analysed as least squares mean percentage change from baseline for lipids and least squares mean change from baseline for vital signs.

Results

Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics were balanced across doses within the CVD risk groups. In the high Framingham CVD risk and REWIND‐like groups, dulaglutide resulted in dose‐related decreases in total cholesterol (≤6.0%), non‐high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (≤8.8%), very‐low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (≤19.4%) and triglycerides (≤21.5%), with little change in low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased up to 5.6 mmHg and 1.6 mmHg, respectively, and heart rate increased up to 2 beats/min.

Conclusions

This post hoc analysis suggests the magnitude of the favourable effects of dulaglutide 3.0 mg and 4.5 mg on several cardiometabolic CVD risk factors was similar to, if not greater than, those of dulaglutide 1.5 mg among participants with type 2 diabetes and increased CVD risk.

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03495102.
Venous thromboembolic events in glioblastoma patients: An epidemiological study
Authors: Eisele Amanda , Seystahl Katharina , Rushing Elisabeth J. , Roth Patrick , Le Rhun Emilie , Weller Michael , Gramatzki Dorothee
Published: May 2022

Background and purpose

Venous thromboembolic events (VTEs) are a major complication in cancer patients, and therefore, also in brain cancer patients, anticoagulants are considered appropriate in the treatment of VTEs.

Methods

Frequency, risk factors, and treatment of VTEs, as well as associated complications, were assessed in a population‐based cohort of glioblastoma patients in the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland. Correlations between clinical data and survival were retrospectively analyzed using the log‐rank test and Cox regression models.

Results

Four hundred fourteen glioblastoma patients with isocitrate dehydrogenase wild‐type status were identified. VTEs were documented in 65 patients (15.7%). Median time from tumor diagnosis to the occurrence of a VTE was 1.8 months, and 27 patients were diagnosed with VTEs postoperatively (within 35 days; 42.2%). History of a prior VTE was more common in patients who developed VTEs than in those who did not (p = 0.004). Bevacizumab treatment at any time during the disease course was not associated with occurrence of VTEs (p = 0.593). Most patients with VTEs (n = 61, 93.8%) were treated with therapeutic anticoagulation. Complications occurred in 14 patients (23.0%), mainly intracranial hemorrhages (n = 7, 11.5%). Overall survival did not differ between patients diagnosed with VTEs and those who had no VTE (p = 0.139). Tumor progression was the major cause of death (n = 283, 90.7%), and only three patients (1.0%) died in association with acute VTEs.

Conclusions

Venous thromboembolic events occurred early in the disease course, suggesting that the implementation of primary venous thromboembolism prophylaxis during first‐line chemoradiotherapy could be explored in a randomized setting.
Data retention and the future of large‐scale surveillance: The evolution and contestation of judicial benchmarks
Authors: Mitsilegas Valsamis , Guild Elspeth , Kuskonmaz Elif , Vavoula Niovi
Published: May 2022

Recent and upcoming judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) have resurfaced a much‐debated topic on the legal limitations of law enforcement authorities and intelligence services under EU law in implementing surveillance operations. In its decisions, the CJEU has reinstated and at times remoulded its case‐law on data retention, unearthing a variety of legal issues. This article aims to critically analyse the legal limitations of (indiscriminate) surveillance measures, the role of the private sector in the scheme, and the line between the competence of the Member States and that of the EU on national security matters. It also aims to remark on the latest developments on the reception of the decisions by the Member States and the EU legislator, as well as on the ongoing dialogue between the CJEU and the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR).
Mango wine making process optimization based on artificial intelligence deep learning technology
Authors: Xubin Hua , Qiao Lin , Fayong Gong , Li Cai , Junhua Liu
Published: May 2022

This paper combines artificial intelligence deep learning technology to optimize the wine making process of mango wine. Moreover, in view of the shortcomings of traditional electronic nose data processing methods, a deep learning method based on SSAE‐BPNN is proposed for electronic nose data processing. In addition, according to the characteristics of automatic learning features, this paper uses a deep learning method based on SSAE‐BPNN to simplify the process of traditional data processing methods. Finally, this paper constructs an electronic nose system that can be used to identify mango wine making characteristics, and enhances the effect of electronic nose recognition through deep learning. Through the analysis, it can be seen that the mango wine making process optimization method based on artificial intelligence deep learning technology proposed in this paper has a certain effect, and it has optimized the traditional mango wine making process.
Patterns of functional diversity of native and non‐native fish species in a neotropical floodplain
Authors: Angulo‐Valencia Mirtha A. , Dias Rosa M. , Alves Diego C. , Winemiller Kirk O. , Agostinho Angelo A.
Published: May 2022

Human activities affecting freshwater ecosystems, such as regulation of rivers by dams and introduction of non‐native species, are recognised as major threats to freshwater biodiversity, with fish communities strongly impacted.

We evaluated patterns of functional diversity of native and non‐native species in local fish assemblages in the upper Paraná River floodplain over a 33‐year period (1986–2019) in three rivers with different degrees of alteration by dams (highly altered, moderately altered, and little altered). We also examined the effect of non‐native species on functional diversity of native species and investigated the responses of functional traits of native and non‐native fishes in regions with different histories of flow alteration.

We measured 13 functional traits associated with five niche dimensions: feeding, habitat use, metabolism, life history, and defence. Functional diversity was evaluated from functional richness, functional redundancy, and Rao's quadratic entropy. The effect of non‐native species on functional diversity indices of native species was evaluated using a simple linear regression between each index and the level of dominance by non‐native species. To evaluate changes in functional traits of native and non‐native species over time and among rivers, we performed an RLQ analysis.

Functional richness and Rao's quadratic entropy of native species decreased over time, while functional redundance increased especially in the most altered river. The level of dominance by non‐native species was negatively associated with functional richness and Rao's quadratic entropy of native species. Native species that are migratory with high fecundity, single spawning events and large body size were most common during the first 2 decades and within the least altered river. Non‐native species with parental care, multiple spawning, relatively large eggs, and brood defence tended to have greater prevalence during the last 2 decades and within the moderately altered region.

Comparison of temporal trends in the functional diversity and characteristics of native and non‐native fishes within regions of the upper Paraná River floodplain having different levels of environmental alteration suggests that non‐native species and alteration by dams interact to adversely impact the functional diversity of native fishes, with especially strong effects on migratory fishes with a periodic life history strategy.
A post‐national EU diaspora? Political mobilization of EU citizens in the UK post‐Brexit
Authors: Vathi Zana , Trandafoiu Ruxandra
Published: May 2022

This article analyses the political engagement and mobilization of the EU citizens post‐Brexit and investigates the extent to which these have led to the creation of an EU diaspora in the UK. Qualitative research took place in Liverpool and Southport–two different localities in the North West of the UK that have attracted EU citizens of different demographics. The project included participants from 18 EU different countries, which afforded the investigation of dynamics and different positionalities within the EU population in the UK. These positionalities, the findings show, are broadly organized around a typology that is underpinned by the (geo)politics of the EU: national and regional stances; EU‐oriented stances; non‐alignment. While Brexit triggered a stronger European identity and mobilization on the basis of it, the orientation toward, and investment in, the EU diasporic mobilization among EU citizens differs due to these positionalities. The findings, therefore, point toward the creation of a post‐national EU diaspora in the UK, but also identify the strength of national and regional identities, which could indicate the development of different gravity diaspora points in future, nested in the EU diaspora. The differences in demographics and social capital within the EU citizens population across the UK have implications for local dimensions of the EU diaspora and its impact and legacy in the medium and long term.
Internal audit: A case study of impact and quality of an internal control audit
Authors: Christensen Leif
Published: May 2022

Traditionally, when companies needed assistance regarding internal controls, they turned to an external auditor (EA). However, now, due to an ongoing tightening of legal requirements and practices regarding the independence of EAs, this assistance has been restricted. As an alternative, companies are increasingly requesting internal audits to deliver this support. Even though internal audit function (IAF) are an important player in internal control, however, there is little academic knowledge about their impact. Based on a single‐case study in a large financial institution, this paper explores to what extent and how IAF affect internal controls. Furthermore, it assesses whether IAF add value to the company. The results suggest that the management letter process, including a step‐by‐step settlement of interactions, leads to a joint problem solving, an acceptance of all IAF's recommendations and a value‐adding outcome improving the level of internal controls.
Post‐traumatic stress disorder is associated with a higher rate of polypectomy independent of an increased frequency of colonoscopy in Australian veterans: a retrospective review
Authors: Crawford Darrell H. G. , Mellor Rebecca , Teo Andrew , Duenow Patrick , Connelly Luke B.
Published: May 2022

Background

Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with extensive physical comorbidities, including lower gastrointestinal symptoms. Diagnostic uncertainty and poor therapeutic responses may result in more frequent colonoscopies than clinically necessary. Polypectomy is standard practice when polyps are identified, and if PTSD is a risk factor for polyp formation, one would expect a higher rate of polyp detection and removal in veterans with PTSD than those without PTSD.

Aim

To determine the association between PTSD and the rate of colonoscopy and polypectomy in Australian veterans.

Methods

Diagnostic and therapeutic colonoscopy rates in Australian male Veterans aged ≥50 years were examined by reviewing case records of veterans who accessed Department of Veterans' Affairs funded health services between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2018.

Results

A total of 138 471 veterans was included, of whom 28 018 had a diagnosis of PTSD; 56.4% were aged ≥65 years. Twenty‐one percent of the entire cohort underwent at least one colonoscopy during the study period. Increased rates of diagnostic colonoscopy and polypectomy were associated with the presence of PTSD across all age brackets. The effect was empirically large as veterans with PTSD experience colonoscopy rates 76–81% greater than those without PTSD. Similarly, veterans with PTSD experienced polypectomy rates 76–81% greater than veterans without PTSD, and this increase persisted when controlling for the increased number of diagnostic colonoscopies they undergo.

Conclusion

The presence of PTSD has a marked impact on colonoscopy rates in Australian veterans. The increased polypectomy rate independent of increased colonoscopy rate suggests that PTSD is a risk factor for colonic polyp formation.
Evidence for spatial niche partitioning in the ectocommensal Symbion americanus (Cycliophora) on its lobster host, Homarus americanus (Arthropoda, Malacostraca)
Authors: Sato Shoyo , Law Allison , Giribet Gonzalo
Published: May 2022

Symbion americanus is a microscopic marine invertebrate in the phylum Cycliophora that lives as an ectocommensal on the mouthparts of the American lobster, Homarus americanus. Previous phylogeographic work on S. americanus identified three lineages corresponding to one described and two potential new species, along with evidence of sympatry. But these studies did not explore whether individuals of S. americanus from different genetic lineages segregate onto different host mouthparts. The present study examines the population structure and microhabitat of 196 individuals of S. americanus from lobsters from five North American localities (from Newfoundland, Canada, to Boston, MA) collected between June and September 2019. Specimens were sequenced at two mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers, a 487 bp fragment of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and a 481 bp fragment of 16S rRNA. Phylogenetic analyses recover three distinct lineages of Symbion americanus, corroborating previous studies. Population genetic analyses of individuals belonging to the C and G lineages show clear population structure at the level of host mouthparts. Microhabitat data suggest the segregation of different genetic lineages in S. americanus onto different host mouthparts, perhaps indicating the role of spatial niche partitioning in the incipient speciation of S. americanus.
Enhanced piezoelectric property in Mn‐doped K0.5Na0.5NbO3 ceramics via cold sintering process and KMnO4 solution
Authors: Deng Baoyu , Jiang Jiahao , Li Hong , Zhao Chunlin , Lin Cong , Wu Xiao , Gao Min , Lin Tengfei
Published: May 2022

Through mixing the KMnO4 solution with K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (KNN) powders, cold sintering process (CSP) was employed to fabricate high‐density Mn‐doped KNN green pellets and ceramics. The microstructure, doping effect of Mn and electrical properties of these ceramics were studied in detail. Compared with conventional sintering (CS), the CSP supports the homogeneity of dopants and then promotes grain growth and ceramic densification; thus the Mn‐doped KNN ceramics prepared by CSP show the obviously higher density and larger grain size. Besides, the less alkalis volatilization and oxygen vacancies result in more Mn3+ but less Mn4+ in CSP ceramics compared to CS ones, which endows the pinning effect and good poling characteristics in CSP ceramics. All the previous results contribute to the high dielectric constant and remnant polarization in CSP ceramics, which support the enhanced piezoelectric coefficient and are much superior than Mn‐doped KNN ceramics prepared by CS. This work reveals that CSP can be a new doping strategy to perform chemical modification of electrical properties in KNN ceramics.
Functional and phylogenetic diversity of sharks in the Northeastern Pacific
Authors: Siders Zachary A. , Trotta Lauren B. , Caltabellotta Fabio P. , Loesser Katherine B. , Baiser Benjamin , Ahrens Robert N. M.
Published: May 2022

Aim

The expansive spatial scale of pelagic communities and the difficulty in acquiring pelagic species' functional traits have stymied an understanding of marine community dynamics. We assembled and analysed a shark trait database and community phylogeny to identify the major axes of trait variation that define shark functional groups. We tested whether membership to biophysical macroecological strata is related to these functional or phylogenetic relationships.

Location

Northeastern Pacific, 180–255°E and 0–50°N.

Taxon

Sharks (Class: Chondrichthyes, superorder: Selachimorpha).

Methods

We built a community phylogeny and collected habitat, reproductive, somatic growth, trophic and dentition traits. We used principal coordinates analyses to identify axes of trait variation and hierarchical clustering to classify functional groups. We tested whether functional or phylogenetic relatedness determined species' membership to strata from five macroecological gradients: latitude, habitat type, thermal, carbon source and bathymetry.

Results

We assembled 38 traits from 1225 records from 130 sources, 260 pictographs from seven sources and 631 teeth from 79 jaw specimens. Life history, r versus K selection, was responsible for the biggest division in the functional dendrogram. Vertical habitat preference, growth rates, diet and dental morphology generated further divisions between r‐ or K‐selected species. Vertical habitat preference, carbon source and biochemical habitat type were significantly dispersed or clustered on the functional dendrogram or phylogram.

Main Conclusions

Habitat and reproductive traits were the most important trait suites driving shark functional diversity. Through ordination and clustering, we were able to associate major axes of trait variation to the membership of shark functional groups. The phylogram approximated well the functional dendrogram's backbone but was a poor substitute for the trait diversity at the tips. Given the long evolutionary history of sharks and coincident expansive trait diversity, merging functional and phylogenetic approaches was necessary to capture the dimensions of shark biodiversity.
Revisiting media literacy measurement: Development and validation of 3‐factor media literacy scale
Authors: Arshad Arooj , Ghazal Saima , Saleem Noshina , Hanan Mian Ahmad , Arshad Muhammad Haseeb
Published: May 2022

Background

In this technologically advanced era, media literacy is necessary to effectively evaluate the information and understand various biases inherent in media messages. Several media literacy (ML) tools are available; however, we need generic and objective tools that can be applied to all forms of media messages.

Objectives

The current study aimed to develop and validate an objective and generalized measure of media literacy based on the previously available tools. This study suggested that the access component should be removed from the media literacy tools as recommended in previous literature.

Methods

The total of 386 respondents, both males and females, were recruited from different universities in Lahore. The age of the sample ranged from 18 to 25 (M=20.98, SD=2.12), with an approximately equal proportion of males (47%) and females.

Results and Conclusions

This study proposed a compact Media Literacy Scale (MLS) with 3 constructs: analyze (09 items; α=.76), evaluate (08 items; α=.72), and comprehend (07 items; α =76). This 24 items scale explains 55.4% variance was administered to 386 respondents aged 18 to 30 years (M=20.98, SD=2.12). This developed scale will help assess the baseline level of media literacy in the audience so that in the future, evaluation of the efficacy of media literacy, and media literacy programs could be provided.
The procreative identities of men in same‐sex relationships choosing surrogacy: A new theoretical understanding
Authors: Fantus Sophia , Newman Peter A.
Published: May 2022

The growing visibility of same‐sex two‐parent families and the increased use of surrogacy have expanded LGBT parenting scholarship to include experiences of gay and other men in same‐sex relationships. Yet, even with the growth of research over the past decade on gay and other sexual minority men's parenting experiences, such studies are still undertheorized. The purpose of this article is to conceptualize an enhanced family theory model that addresses the evolution of the procreative identities of men in same‐sex relationships who decide to have children via surrogacy. This framework will identify the unique issues and factors that support same‐sex partnered men's (a) procreative consciousness; (b) procreative responsibility; and (c) procreative transitioning, including barriers that may exert a long‐term impact on fathers in same‐sex relationships. As scholarship on fatherhood among gay, bisexual, and other men expands, the development of a family studies model that examines surrogacy trajectories in the context of men's same‐sex relationships, from considerations of procreation to post‐birth experiences, can enhance family studies theory and research.
Dissemination of a successful dementia care program: Lessons from early adopters
Authors: Lees Haggerty Kristin , Campetti Randi , Stoeckle Rebecca Jackson , Epstein‐Lubow Gary , Evertson Leslie Chang , Spragens Lynn , Serrano Katherine Sy , Jennings Lee A. , Reuben David B.
Published: May 2022

Background

Evidence‐based models for providing effective and comprehensive care for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias exist but have yet to be successfully implemented at scale. The Alzheimer's and Dementia Care Program (ADC Program) is an effective comprehensive dementia care model that is being disseminated across the United States. This qualitative study examines barriers and facilitators to implementing the model among early adopting sites.

Methods

This study included semi‐structured interviews with a total of 21 clinical site leaders and Dementia Care Specialists from a total of 11 sites across the US. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and coded using Dedoose qualitative analysis software. Coding scheme development and data interpretation were informed by Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations framework.

Results

Key themes are organized in line with Rogers' framework. These include: the innovation‐decision process, implementation and characteristics of the innovation, and sustainability.

Conclusions

Across the three overarching themes presented in this manuscript, the importance of engagement from site leaders, the multifaceted nature of the dementia care specialist role, and the value of technical assistance from qualified experts are apparent. However, for this work to continue to be successful, there needs to be more appropriate payment to cover needed services and a mechanism for supporting comprehensive dementia care over time.
Low glycaemic index and glycaemic load diets in adults with excess weight: Systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised clinical trials
Authors: Perin Lisiane , Camboim Isadora G. , Lehnen Alexandre M.
Published: May 2022

Background

To compare the effects of low and high glycaemic index/glycaemic load (GI/GL) diets on body weight in adults with excess weight.

Methods

We searched for randomised controlled trials comparing low GI/GL vs. high GI/GL diets from Medline (via PubMed), Embase, Scopus and Web of Science. The variables of interest were anthropometric measurements, fasting glucose and fasting insulin levels and lipid profile, and 10 studies were included in the meta‐analysis.

Results

The sample size ranged from 19 to 203 participants. Low GI/GL is not superior to high GI/GL diets on body weight reduction in adults with excess weight (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 25 kg m–2). However, low GI/GL diets show greater body weight reductions in adults with BMI ≥ 30 kg m–2 (−0.93 kg; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −1.73 to −0.12; p = 0.045). Compared with high GI/GL diets, low GI/GL diets may also help reduce fasting glucose (−1.97 mg dl–1; 95% CI = −3.76 to 0.19; p = 0.030) and fasting insulin (−0.55 µU ml–1; 95% CI = −0.95 to –0.15; p = 0.007). No differences in fat mass, fat‐free mass, waist circumference and lipid profile were observed between low GI/GL and high GI/GL diets. The risk of bias for body weight was classified as ‘low risk’ (25% of the studies) and ‘some concerns’ for all domains of RoB 2 tool in most studies.

Conclusions

When compared with high GI/GL diets, low GI/GL diets appear to more effectively reduce fasting glucose and insulin and promote greater body weight reduction in adults with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg m–2).
Radiographic study of the axial and appendicular skeleton of Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata
Authors: de Oliveira Paula Laise Ribeiro , Uscategui Ricardo Andres Ramirez , Vieira Renan Luiz Albuquerque , Gondim Leane Souza Queiroz , Maronezi Marjury Cristina , Feliciano Marcus Antônio Rossi
Published: May 2022

Background

Marmosets are small arboreal primates. Knowledge of normal radiographic parameters and frequent disorders is limited. The objectives of this study were to evaluate possible variations between quantitative analyses and injuries to the appendicular and axial skeleton of Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata and their relationship with the environment.

Methods

Radiographic images of 29 marmosets were used. Skeletal lesions were described, long bones were measured, and pelvimetry, vertebrae, and sternebras were counted.

Results

Measurements of long bones and pelvimetry were similar between species. Evaluation of vertebrae and sternebras exhibited variations relative to the literature. Lesions on the skull, spine, thoracic and pelvic limbs were present in 48%, 54%, 44%, and 52% of marmosets, respectively.

Conclusion

Skeletal disorders, especially of traumatic and metabolic origin, have a high prevalence in marmosets.
Reducing health inequalities among most disadvantaged type 2 diabetes patients: A cross‐sectional exploratory pilot study
Authors: Barrios Quinta Ana María , Morilla Romero de la Osa Rubén , Bueno Ferrán Mercedes
Published: May 2022

Background

Demographic changes and the increased chronical diseases burden are global challenges that cannot go unnoticed by healthcare systems, which must be organized without losing sight of the increasing influence of social determinants.

Aim

To evaluate the results of a primary care program implemented to reduce health inequalities associated with social determinants in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Method

An exploratory pilot retrospective cross‐sectional study that includes secondary data of 404 nonrandomized patients belonging to socially depressed areas and conventional areas. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed.

Results

The age of the subjects included in the study was 66.80 ± 9.7 years with a proportion of 56.7% men. Proportions of patients from socially depressed areas and adherence to the Nursing Follow‐up Program were around 33% and 60%, respectively. The obesity rate was 51%, percentage of patients with HbA1c<7% was 59%. No significant differences were found between patients belonging to socially depressed areas and those who do not, except for greater adherence to nursing follow‐up programs. Multivariate models assessed chronical complications as health outcomes (cardiovascular diseases, retinopathy, and nephropathy) as health outcomes showing the influence of previously described risk factors. However, in none of the models did belonging to a socially depressed area or adherence to the Nursing Follow‐up Program were predictors.

Conclusions

The program has proven to be efficient in equating the health outcomes related with cardiovascular risk of patients from both types of areas. Well‐directed health policies could bring primary care systems closer to sustainable development goals through the reduction of health disparities that affect socially vulnerable groups.

Clinical relevance

To introduce a risk strategy and to adopt a family approach, contemplating the sociocultural and educational differences that diversely affect men and women in their health status has proven to be useful in reducing health disparities due to social determinants in patients with type 2 diabetes.
What can contract law learn from #MeToo?
Authors: GROSSI RENATA
Published: May 2022

In this article, I ask whether contract law can learn anything from the #MeToo discussions of consent. When we juxtapose consent in these two contexts, two issues emerge. The first is whether consent is a valuable ethical tool in helping us to determine whether an agreement is ‘good’. This article argues that just as patriarchy makes a mockery of consent in negotiating sexual encounters, so too do free market economics make a mockery of consent and freedom to contract. The second issue is whether consent should be understood objectively or subjectively. While favouring the centralizing of a subjective approach as #MeToo did, this article also affirms the critical critique of objectivity and questions the objectivity/subjectivity dichotomy altogether. This article ends with a nod towards the theorization of contract as feminist and as relational.
Integration and expression: The complementary functions of self‐reflection
Authors: Nowak Andrzej , Vallacher Robin R. , Bartkowski Wiesław , Olson Lauren
Published: May 2022

No construct is more central to personality than the person's self‐concept. Higher‐order domains of self‐assessment, including self‐perceived skills, traits, and values, are expressed in action and provide frames of reference for deciding whether to accept or reject personally relevant social feedback. To perform these functions in a consistent manner, the domains of self‐concept need to achieve coherence, with the components of each domain sufficiently integrated to provide an unequivocal platform for decision making and behavior. This depiction implies two functions of self‐reflection—one focused on forging coherence in self‐concept and the other focusing on the expression of domains that have achieved coherence. We refer to these two modes of self‐reflection, respectively, as integration and expression. Both modes can be understood in terms of a spotlight of attention that focuses on different regions of the self‐structure. In the integration mode, the spotlight converges on incoherent regions of self‐concept to eliminate inconsistencies among the lower‐level components. In the expression mode, the spotlight converges on coherent regions of self‐concept that can provide an unequivocal platform for decision making and effective action. Using agent‐based modeling, we illustrate the operation of both modes, discuss the conditions that differentially activate them, and develop their implications for personality dynamics.
Gloria Steinem: The childhood foundations of a feminist
Authors: Duncan Lauren E.
Published: May 2022

Objective

Gloria Steinem is one of the best‐known feminists active in the United States today. This article addresses aspects of Steinem's childhood and adolescence to help us understand how her experiences helped set the stage for Steinem's development into a feminist in midlife.

Methods

Using holistic narrative analysis, I identified themes that seemed to impact some of the fundamental values, assumptive frameworks, and expectations about the world that Steinem developed in childhood.

Results

Specifically, from her relationship with her father, Steinem learned that men were not responsible providers but could be fun adventure partners, and that women were just as competent as men. From witnessing her mother's psychological problems, Steinem learned that women's traditional roles could be damaging to women, that she did not want to be a traditional wife and mother, and that psychological treatment could be ineffective if underlying life circumstances were not addressed.

Conclusions

Because her parents were not reliable caregivers, Steinem developed an insecure attachment style characterized by precocious independence and compulsive self‐reliance, which allowed her to defy the gendered expectations of her emerging adulthood and set her up to be profoundly influenced by the 1970s Women's Movement in midlife.
Self‐control in adolescence predicts forgivingness in middle adulthood
Authors: Allemand Mathias , Grünenfelder‐Steiger Andrea E. , Fend Helmut A. , Hill Patrick L.
Published: May 2022

Introduction

This 33‐year study examined associations between self‐control development in adolescence and forgivingness, i.e., the dispositional tendency to forgive others, in middle adulthood.

Methods

Participants were 1350 adults aged 45 years (50.6% female). Self‐control was measured yearly from age 12 to 16, while forgivingness was measured at age 45.

Results

Results indicated significant individual differences in level and change of self‐control across the adolescent years and an average mean‐level increase. Individual differences in level and change in self‐control were independently associated with forgivingness in middle adulthood. Individuals who either entered adolescence with higher self‐control, and/or increased in self‐control during the adolescent years, reported higher scores in forgivingness at age 45 compared to peers. This pattern held even after controlling for gender, socioeconomic status (SES), and conduct problems in adolescence.

Conclusion

The current findings demonstrate that developmental processes in adolescence are important for individual differences in the dispositional tendency to forgive others in adulthood.
Driving while unauthorized: Auto insurance remains unchanged when providing driver licenses to unauthorized immigrants in California
Authors: Lueders Hans , Mumper Micah
Published: May 2022

Several states have recently implemented driver license reforms that give unauthorized immigrants access to driver licenses, aiming to reduce uninsured driving and lower premium costs. We test this expectation in the context of California's Assembly Bill 60 (AB60). AB60 gives about 2.6 million unauthorized immigrants access to driver licenses, making it the largest policy of its kind. Exploiting cross‐county variation in the estimated number of AB60 licenses, we find no measurable effects on auto insurance uptake or premium costs. A power analysis and multiple robustness checks corroborate this conclusion. We interpret our results to suggest that most newly licensed unauthorized immigrants were already driving before the reform to access work and basic services. Furthermore, unauthorized drivers may already have had access to an insured vehicle. Our research revisits prominent claims about the effects of driver license reforms and provides much‐needed empirical evidence to a controversial policy debate.
New disease and first report of marasmioid fungus, Marasmius palmivorus (Sharples), causing white root rot in Arachis hypogaea L.
Authors: Sridhar P. , Venkateshbabu G. , Hemalakshmi D. , Kirthika V.M. , Palani P.
Published: May 2022

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plants showing distinct symptoms of necrosis of leaves and severe rotting of roots were observed in an agricultural field at Arakkonam, Tamil Nadu, India. The rhizomorphs of the phytopathogenic fungus were obtained from the rotted roots of the diseased plants and were cultured in the laboratory, and based on the morphological characteristics and nucleotide sequencing analysis of ITS and nLSU region, the phytopathogen was identified as Marasmius palmivorus. The isolated fungus produced distinct fruiting bodies (basidiocarps) when grown under the laboratory conditions. The fungus grew as cottony white colonies on the potato dextrose agar medium and were found to contain septate and clamp connections when examined under light microscope. The pathogenicity of the isolated fungus was assessed by inoculating it on healthy groundnut plant under glasshouse conditions; this resulted in the establishment of typical disease symptoms, which confirmed the pathogenicity of the fungus. The fungal pathogen re-isolated from the artificially inoculated plants was used for molecular characterization and confirmed that the organism was M. palmivorus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of M. palmivorus, causing white root rot disease in A. hypogaea L.
New minerals in type A inclusions from Allende and clues to processes in the early solar system: Paqueite, Ca3TiSi2(Al,Ti,Si)3O14, and burnettite, CaVAlSiO6
Authors: Ma Chi , Beckett John R. , Tissot François L. H. , Rossman George R.
Published: May 2022

Paqueite (Ca3TiSi2[Al,Ti,Si]3O14; IMA 2013‐053) and burnettite (CaVAlSiO6; IMA 2013‐054) are new refractory minerals, occurring as euhedral to subhedral crystals within aluminous melilite in A‐WP1, a type A Ca‐Al‐rich inclusion, and CGft‐12, a compact type A (CTA) from the Allende CV3 carbonaceous chondrite. Type paqueite from A‐WP1 has an empirical formula of (Ca2.91Na0.11)Ti4+Si2(Al1.64Ti4+0.90Si0.24V3+0.12Sc0.07Mg0.03)O14, with a trigonal structure in space group P321 and cell parameters a = 7.943 Å, c = 4.930 Å, V = 269.37 Å3, and Z = 1. Paqueite’s general formula is Ca3TiSi2(Al,Ti,Si)3O14 and the endmember formula is Ca3TiSi2(Al2Ti)O14. Type burnettite from CGft‐12 has an empirical formula of Ca1.01(V3+0.56Al0.25Mg0.18)(Si1.19Al0.81)O6. It assumes a diopside‐type C2/c structure with a = 9.80 Å, b = 8.85 Å, c = 5.36 Å, β = 105.6°, V = 447.7 Å3, and Z = 4. Burnettite’s general formula is Ca(V,Al,Mg)AlSiO6 and the endmember formula is CaVAlSiO6. Paqueite and burnettite likely originated as condensates, but the observed grains may have crystallized from local V‐rich melts produced during a later thermal event. For CGft‐12, the compositions of paqueite, clinopyroxene, and perovskite suggest that type As drew from two distinct populations of grains. Hibonite grains drew from multiple populations, but these were well mixed and not equilibrated prior to incorporation into type A host melilite.
Death in an Ordinary Time: Reflections from Rwanda
Authors: Sadruddin Aalyia Feroz Ali
Published: May 2022

Meanings and processes of death in Rwanda have changed dramatically in the 25 years following imvururu, the Kinyarwandan term for “interruptions” that signifies the numerous episodes of violence between the late 1950s and mid‐1990s. Reflecting on experiences of elderly Rwandans who witnessed imvururu in adulthood, this article traces how death is perceived and practiced in old age, a phase of the life course that is marked with relative political calm. Although traces of imvururu permeate the present, these ordinary times—ibihe bisanzwe—afford opportunities for the elderly to alter their notions of death as an event by making it a personal process, reviving valued preparation practices from the past and creating new ones with the young. This peopled account invites alternative ways of thinking about time and recognizing death's role in infusing meaning back into life in contexts where accounts of the everyday remain frozen in an apocalyptic imaginary. [aging, death, ordinary, temporality, Rwanda].