bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Institutional approaches to flood risk management in Vietnam and Germany - a comparison
Authors: Gocht Christoph
Published: March 2024

Flooding is a regularly recurring event and causes major damage worldwide every year. Due to urbanization and the associated sealing of land, more and more retention areas are being lost, which, in conjunction with the effects of climate change, further increases flooding in urban areas. In addition, settlement development worldwide, including in Germany and Vietnam, is partly taking place in floodplains, which poses a major threat to the health of the population and causes high reconstruction costs in both countries. However, economic development continues to be given higher priority than flood protection. Severe flood events in the recent past in both countries, accompanied by large losses of lives and asset values, show that current strategies are reaching their limits and new approaches are needed.               Based on a GIS analysis, this study derives and compares the legal bases and strategies of both countries, which represents a new scientific approach. The results show that both countries still have some hurdles to overcome on the way to integrated flood risk management and can learn a lot from each other. For example, Vietnam can make use of some aspects of the legal framework in Germany. In addition to addressing flood risk through the creation of comprehensive flood hazard and risk maps (§74 WHG) and the preservation of natural retention areas (§67 WHG), the dismantling of "top-down" mechanisms through the early involvement of the population in planning processes (§3 Para. 1 BauGB) is also a high priority for the country. In another direction, however, Germany can also take up some aspects of the Vietnamese principles. For example, in addition to a much closer link between disaster control and meteorological services (Art. 7 in conjunction with Art. 24 and Art. 42 No. 3c of the Law on Natural Disaster Prevention and Control) and the participation of the population or the consideration of traditional experiences in the creation of flood hazard maps (Art. 1 Para. 1 No. 6 National Strategy for Disaster Prevention, Response, and Mitigation), raising awareness and creating a positive risk perception among the population (Art. 21 No. 3c Law on Natural Disaster Prevention and Control) as well as smart city approaches can also represent an important extension of their own strategy. Both countries should pay particular attention to the protection of their ecosystems, which make an important contribution to integrated flood risk management. The here presented work shows that Vietnam and Germany face similar challenges and would benefit from drawing on each other's experience. Despite the different climatic and political conditions, both countries could expand their strategy through co-development and establish a sustainable flood risk management.         
The Power of Art to Engage People in Climate Action 
Authors: Smith Danielle
Published: March 2024

The Conservation Council of New Brunswick (CCNB) is the longest-standing environmental non-profit in New Brunswick Canada, whose mission is to create awareness of environmental problems and advocate solutions through research, education, and interventions in collaboration with others. CCNB has developed an innovative program "From Harm to Harmony," which harnesses the potent capabilities of community-engaged climate art. This program has emerged as a transformative force, effectively bridging the gap between the scientific intricacies of climate change and the broader public through artistic expression. By translating complex data into emotionally compelling narratives, this approach taps into the core of human emotions, inspiring awareness, empathy, and actionable responses.This program represents a collaborative effort, bringing together artists, social institutions, environmental organizations, and community members to actively participate in the creative process. Through these collective endeavors, the program seeks to engage diverse audiences across various communities within New Brunswick, Canada aiming to create accessible and meaningful opportunities for learning and understanding the complexities of climate change.The program's insights from our pilot initiatives highlight the potency of unconventional engagement methods in climate action. Unlike conventional strategies, which rely on factual arguments, this program harnesses the emotional resonance of creative processes, crucial for inspiring and sustaining personal changes, particularly in the realm of climate action. Recognizing the mounting eco-anxiety, especially among younger demographics, and the associated feelings of inefficacy, the program responds by exploring innovative avenues like community-engaged art. By prioritizing emotions as an entry point, this approach addresses eco-anxiety and establishes a robust foundation for deeper involvement in climate action, leveraging art's transformative potential across multiple fronts: simplifying complexities, fostering emotional connections, amplifying messages, inspiring action, engaging the public, and instigating cultural shifts.Throughout my presentation, I will speak to the various avenues of engagement and education that we have employed, the indicators of the success of the program,  learning lessons, and plans for the future growth of the program. In conclusion, the pathway of community-engaged art for climate action resonates with individuals, offering a positive, love-based, collaborative, and community-building approach. It emerges as a promising and impactful avenue for engaging diverse communities in meaningful climate change dialogue and action.
An Experimental Technique for Measuring Spatiotemporal pH and Carbon Concentration During Density-Driven Convection of CO2 in Water
Authors: Xu Yao , Moura Marcel , Birgisson Hilmar Yngvi , Måløy Knut Jørgen
Published: March 2024

Density-driven convection of CO2 in water will trigger the spatiotemporal evolution of pH and carbon concentration, impacting the understanding of CO2 dissolution and implementations of geological carbon sequestration. Building upon the conventional methodology which applies a single pH indicator and Schlieren imaging analysis, the enhanced experimental technique, offering a holistic view of CO2 convection within water, resulted in an accurate and visual representation of the CO2 plume propagation and a wider range of pH alteration and carbon concentration during CO2-water interactions. In response to the broad pH variations with continuous CO2 dissolution, this study utilized three pH indicators combined with the novel image analysis method to correlate the solutions’ colors to their pH. Afterwards, the carbon concentration is derived from the pH values by employing the pseudo-equilibrium theories. Leveraging an experimental technique and analytical tools to measure the spatiotemporal pH and carbon concentration, the research aims to deepen the understanding of CO2 convection behaviors, paving the way for enhanced insights into carbon sequestration and related environmental processes.Keywords: Carbon sequestration, CO2 convection, density-driven, pH, carbon concentration
Water fluxes under threat by changes in land cover and climate in the Brazilian Cerrado biome
Authors: Schwamback Dimaghi , Wendland Edson , Berndtsson Ronny , Persson Magnus
Published: March 2024

In developing countries, the economy is commonly based on agriculture, and combined with the demand for the expansion of urban centers, large natural territories have been converted into agricultural and urban areas. In Brazil, the productive engine for agricultural activities is mainly situated in the wooded Cerrado biome, which has undergone agricultural expansion that led to almost 50% of the native forest vegetation. Besides being well know the role land cover plays on water fluxes, there is still requirement to further coupling with climate change component. The predicted alteration of climate patterns under future climate change scenarios can potentially alter infiltration/runoff rates, aquifer recharge, and soil-water availability for plants, impacting plant growth and development. In this research, we evaluated changes in water fluxes (surface flux, evaporation, soil-water storage, infiltration, bottom flux, and root uptake) at intermediate (2040-2070) and distant future (2071-2100) due to climate change occurring in the Brazilian Cerrado Biome. The two specific objectives included the calibration and validation of the Hydrus model through an eight-year soil moisture monitoring on experimental plots in Cerrado, pasture, and sugarcane areas (i), as well as the incorporation of outcomes from climate change models (10 CMIP6 models under SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios) into the validated Hydrus models (ii). The predicted water fluxes were made by Hydrus, a computational that uses the finite element method to achieve the numerical solution of the Richards Equation to describe saturated/unsaturated flows. The study is composed of experimental plots (100 m² and 9% slope) with weather variables and soil moisture fluctuations from 2011 to 2018. We tested different parameter combinations during calibration and found that for sugarcane and pasture simulations plots, saturated soil water content, parameter N in the soil retention function, and saturated hydraulic conductivity were the most sensitive ones and led to better calibration statistics. The first observation is that we cannot point out that climate change is affecting preferentially superficial fluxes rather than sub-superficial ones since each variable has a singular behavior under climate scenarios. Nonetheless, climate change poses a higher threat to certain water fluxes than others, being at a hierarchical (bottom-top) sequence: soil-water storage, bottom flux, infiltration, surface flux, evaporation, and root uptake. The same sequence is applied to all land cover, differing in magnitudes. Comparing the actual water fluxes due changes in to land cover with those due to climate, we concluded that the intensification of land cover change poses a higher risk of water fluxes than those predicted due to climate change. The intricate relationship between land cover and climate necessitates a nuanced understanding to anticipate and mitigate the consequences on water fluxes.
The effect of modulated deserpentinization on the deep carbon cycle
Authors: Bukała Michał , Padrón-Navarta José A. , Menzel Manuel D. , Hidas Károly , Sánchez-Vizcaíno Vicente López , Garrido Carlos J. Garrido
Published: March 2024

Interaction between fluids and different rock types at the subducting slab interface directly influences deep volatile recycling processes. Recent studies [1] suggest that an influx of reduced fluids from graphite-bearing metapelites can promote deserpentinization at lower temperatures and modify the intrinsic redox capacity of the released fluid. Here we report a newly discovered high-pressure deserpentinization front ­– Cerro Pingano (Betic Cordillera, Spain), located 20 km north of the type locality of Cerro del Almirez [1] – where additional observations involving carbonate-bearing chlorite-harzburgites further support the influx of C-bearing fluids concomitantly to deserpentinization. This small body (
New England whaling ship logbooks and reanalyses reveal shifts in global wind patterns since the late 1700s
Authors: Ummenhofer Caroline , Sander Neele , Muench Bastian , Giacoppo Tessa , George Tyson , Miah Milon , Walker Timothy
Published: March 2024

Maritime weather data contained in U.S. whaling ship logbooks are used to assess historical changes in global wind patterns. We focus on unexploited caches of archival documentation, namely U.S. whaling logbooks of voyages spanning the period 1790 to 1910 from New England archives housed by the New Bedford Whaling Museum, Nantucket Historical Association, and Providence Public Library. The logbooks, often covering multi-year voyages around the globe, contain systematic weather observations (e.g., wind strength/direction, sea state, precipitation) at daily to sub-daily temporal resolution. The qualitative, descriptive wind recordings of wind strength and direction by the whalers are quantified and compared with reanalysis products where applicable.Following extensive quality control, we find overall good agreement in wind strength and direction for the whaling logbook wind records with reanalysis products for mean and seasonal climatologies. Variations in wind fields associated with modes of variability, such as the North Atlantic Oscillation or El Niño-Southern Oscillation, are also captured by the whaling ship recordings for North Atlantic and Pacific surface wind patterns. The quantified wind recordings are also employed to help address contemporary questions in climate science, such as long-term shifts in position and strength of the Southern Hemisphere westerlies since the late 1700s, strengthening of the Pacific equatorial trade winds since the 19th century, as well as changes in South Asian monsoon characteristics. Our results demonstrate that the historical records provide an important long-term context for changing maritime wind patterns in remote ocean regions lacking observational records during the 19th century.
Seismic Data Compression and Telemetry Bandwidth Considerations for Earthquake Early Warning
Authors: Laporte Michael , Perlin Michael , Jusko Marian , Easton David
Published: March 2024

Earthquake early warning systems depend on the prompt, reliable arrival of seismic data at network data centers. Network operators invest significant resources into the design, installation and operation of real-time acquisition systems to ensure maximum data completeness and minimum data latency, to allow EEW processing modules to detect events and issue warnings as quickly as possible.These mission-critical acquisition systems must perform before, during and after earthquakes, as main shocks are frequently preceded by foreshocks and followed by aftershocks, which are often just as dangerous. As such, a key consideration in the design of these systems is the impact that large earthquakes may have. Seismic data is generally encoded using Steim compression, which is a first difference algorithm. During large events the differences between samples grow, requiring more bits to record and, thus, increasing the data volume. This results in a surge in the throughput required during large events. System designers and network operators must be fully aware of this effect and plan for it accordingly.This study expands on existing work to further characterize the impact of large events on seismic data compression and the corresponding spikes in throughput which must be supported by real-time acquisition systems. The study will examine the relationship between compression and various factors, including station magnitude, hypocentral distance, sample encoding technique, packet size, sample rate and system sensitivity.
Impact-based forecasting for convective rainfall: a new approach combining rainfall ensembles and hazard impacts
Authors: Cranston Michael , Rae Jamie , Cole Steven J. , Anderson Seonaid , Nash Gemma , Black Kevin , Moore Robert J. , Roberts Nigel
Published: March 2024

PREDICTOR (PREDICTing flooding impacts from cOnvective Rainfall) has been developed to improve the approach to forecasting the impacts of surface water flooding. PREDICTOR is a next generation decision-support tool that utilises the latest Met Office convective precipitation ensemble forecasting capabilities and Scotland’s National Flood Risk Assessment (NFRA) flood maps.The Impact-based Forecasting (IbF) approach of PREDICTOR combines the likelihood ("the chance") of flood-producing rainfall (from the Met Office ensemble forecasts) and the potential impact (from NFRA) to produce "Flood Risk" forecasts. The precipitation forecast product used is the Best Short Range (BSR) ensemble from the Met Office (MOGREPS-UK). 15-minute precipitation accumulations are available, extending out to ~32 hours and issued 4 times a day with 24 ensemble members. The NFRA  surface water flooding maps have been generated using design rainfall inputs from the Flood Estimation Handbook (FEH) plus outputs from a number of different flood modelling studies, and used to consider property and road impacts. Neighbourhood or ‘in-vicinity’ post processing of precipitation forecasts is performed to calculate exceedance probability (or ensemble confidence) of the forecast rainfall that would lead to surface water flooding impacts. This is calculated on a 10km grid basis across Scotland to provide individual gridded risk assessments of the likelihood and impact of flooding. The web-based system has been successfully used by SEPA forecasters during 2023 and in partnership with Transport Scotland to assess the value of predicting the risk on the trunk road network.
Improved representation of aerosol acidity in the ECMWF IFS-COMPO 49R1 through the integration of EQSAM4Clim.
Authors: Remy Samuel , Metzger Swen , Huijnen Vincent , Williams Jason , Flemming Johannes
Published: March 2024

The atmospheric composition forecasting system used to produce the CAMS forecasts of global aerosol and trace gases distributions, IFS-COMPO, undergoes periodic upgrades. In this presentation we describe the development of the future operational cycle 49R1, and focus on the implementation of the thermodynamical model EQSAM4Clim version 12 for describing gas-aerosol partitioning processes for nitrate and ammonium and for providing diagnostic aerosol, cloud and precipitation pH values at global scale. This information on aerosol acidity influences tropospheric chemistry processes associated with aqueous phase chemistry and wet deposition. The other updates to cycle 49R1 include modifications to the description of Desert Dust, Sea-salt aerosols, Carbonaceous aerosols and the size description for the calculation of aerosol optics. The implementation of EQSAM4Clim significantly improves the partitioning of reactive nitrogen compounds decreasing surface concentrations of both nitrate and ammonium, which reduces PM2.5 biases for Europe, U.S. and China, especially during summertime. For aerosol optical depth there is generally a decrease in the simulated biases for wintertime, and for some regions an increase in the bias for summertime. Improvements in the simulated Ångström exponent is noted for almost all regions, resulting in generally a good agreement with observations.  The diagnostic aerosol and precipitation pH calculated by EQSAM4Clim have been compared against results from previous simulations (for aerosol pH) and against ground observations (for precipitation pH), with the temporal distribution in the annual mean values showing good agreement against the regional observational datasets. The use of aerosol acidity only has a relatively smaller impact on the aqueous-phase production of sulphate when compared to the changes in gas-to-particle partitioning brought by the use of EQSAM4Clim. Metzger, S., Rémy, S., Williams, J. E., Huijnen, V., and Flemming, J.: A revised parameterization for aerosol, cloud and precipitation pH for use in chemical forecasting systems (EQSAM4Clim-v12), EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-2930, 2023.
Exploratory modeling of saline irrigation of olive trees using artificially built contrasting soil barriers
Authors: Martinez Gonzalo , Martínez-García José Manuel , Giráldez Juan Vicente , Laguna Ana M , Ramos Tiago
Published: March 2024

Salt accumulation in soils is a major threat to the sustainability of irrigated land. However, the availability of fresh water for irrigation is decreasing sharply and alternative sources of water, e.g. saline waters, become more and more necessary to satisfy water requirements of crops, and more specifically of olive trees in southern Spain. Recent advances on the impact of precipitated salts on evaporation processes in porous media opened the venue to further research on the potential of artificially built contrasting soil barriers (CSB) to manage saline irrigation. In this work, the HYDRUS-2D model was used to evaluate different configurations and designs of soil textural barriers in terms of soil properties, distance to the tree trunk, width, and depth of the barrier. The model used weather data and saline irrigation applications as the top boundary condition and the dynamics of soil water potential and salt concentration at several depths (0.30, 0.60, 0.90 and 1.20 m) were evaluated. Global sensitivity analysis using the Morris method was conducted to evaluate the relevance of each of the different variables considered for the CSB design. The simulations showed a relevant effect of the CSB in changing the precipitation/dilution of salts in soil compared to its absence. Less concentration of salts was found in the root zone in the CSB simulations that in simulations without CSB in all the scenarios under study. However, higher accumulations of salts were found in the soil surface when including the CSB. The different configurations of native soil vs soil within the CSB provided different optimum configurations of the CSB depending on soil textural classes combinations. Based on the outcomes of this modeling exercise, a site-specific design depending on the soil texture can be performed and the optimum soil textural barrier chosen to optimize the potential of the system to keep the largest dilution of salts within the root zone and the highest accumulation of salts in the CSB.
Antecedent soil moisture conditions and receiving rainfall predict high streamflow in flashy watershed in Hawaiʻi
Authors: Tsang Yinphan , Gayte Maxime , Huang Yu-Fen , Pan Yen-Wei
Published: March 2024

Extreme events such as heavy precipitations and associated floods often have devastating consequences on societies and ecosystems. However, extreme rainfall alone is not the sole driver that results in high flow. Previous studies highlighted that annual maximum daily rainfall exhibits inconsistency with annual peak discharge in their occurrence timing in Hawaiʻi. The mechanism of runoff generation and, therefore, consequential storms and floods remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the linkage between extreme rainfall and high discharge events. Rainfall, soil moisture, and discharge data, in one watershed on Oahu and one on Maui were used in this study. We defined antecedent soil moisture conditions using Antecedent Soil Moisture Indexes (ASI) calculated from soil moisture data. We compared the timing of the occurrence of annual maximum hourly or accumulated (from three to twelve hours) rainfall and annual peak discharge. Then, we estimated the timing of high-flow events based on antecedent soil moisture conditions and maximum hourly rainfall. Multi-linear regressions were used to estimate high-flow event timing. Finally, we compared these estimates with the actual high-discharge events. We found out that the consistency between the timing of maximum rainfall and the timing of annual peak flow did not improve when we used hourly or accumulated hourly rainfall. Nevertheless, the consistency improved when we included antecedent soil moisture conditions by including ASI. We successfully estimated the occurrence timing of majority high-flow events at the site on Oahu and at the site on Maui. These accurate estimations emphasize the importance of incorporating soil moisture with hourly rainfall to estimate high discharge events and increase our understanding of flood events induced by extreme rainfall in Hawaiʻi.
The influence of herbicides on greenhouse gases emissions from soil: a bibliometric analysis
Authors: Pytlak Anna , Furtak Adam , Szafranek-Nakonieczna Anna
Published: March 2024

Agriculture is an important factor shaping gas exchange in the soil-atmosphere system. An important mechanism of agricultural impact is through the modulation of the living conditions of soil microorganisms responsible for the biological formation and utilisation of greenhouse gases. In this respect, agrochemicals play an important role. Fertilisers in particular have received much attention to date. The effects of soil supplementation, particularly with mineral nitrogen-containing fertilisers or organic fertilisers, on the microbial communities responsible for GHG transformation are well documented. Far less attention has been paid to other categories of agrochemicals, including herbicides. Meanwhile, the intensification of agriculture and the introduction of herbicide-resistant, transgenic crops involves the introduction of huge quantities of these chemicals (in the thousands of tonnes per year) into the environment. As a result of inaccurate dosing and with dead plant biomass, these compounds end up in the soil environment. The current paper presents a synthesis of information on the current state of knowledge regarding the effects of 4 commonly used herbicides worldwide (glyphosate, glufosinate, atrazine and 2,4-D) on the cycles of the most important greenhouse gases. VOS wiever software, equipped with text mining functionality was used to construct and visualise co-occurrence networks of important terms extracted from a body of scientific literature. An analysis of bibliographic databases for co-occurrence of key words such as "methane", "nitrous oxide", "carbon dioxide" and "greenhouse gas" - separately for each of the studied herbicides revealed that knowledge in this area is scarce and fragmentary. In the context of effects on greenhouse gas balance, only a few papers were recorded for glyphosate and atrazine and none for glufosinate or 2,4-D. In view of increasing global warming and the intensification of agricultural activity, it is important to complete the knowledge in this area.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the Project “Effect of glyphosate on the biological methane oxidation in agricultural soils”, no. 2021/41/B/NZ9/03130 which was financed by National Science Centre Poland.
Impact of Hydrogen and Ammonia on Surface Air Pollution.
Authors: Jouan Caroline , Hodneborg Øivind , Skeie Ragnhild
Published: March 2024

Hydrogen and ammonia fuels are being explored as cleaner and sustainable energy alternatives to fossil fuels, due to their potential for decarbonization. The production of renewable energy-based hydrogen converted into green ammonia offers a more efficient solution for storing and transporting energy than gaseous hydrogen. However, both ammonia and hydrogen can indirectly lead to air pollution.Ammonia, if leaking to the atmosphere, plays a role in forming secondary aerosols, generating particles like ammonium nitrate that add to fine particulate matter (particulate matter with diameter
Discovery of the “Lucky B” ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal field in the ultraslow-spreading Lena Trough, Arctic Ocean
Authors: Albers Elmar , Genske Felix , Böhringer Lilian , Fitzsimmons Jessica N. , Gunnells Shelby , Isler Tea , Mette Jonathan , Seewald Jeffrey S. , Walter Maren , Wegener Gunter , German Christopher R. , Schlindwein Vera ,   R/V Polarstern PS137 Science Team
Published: March 2024

Deep-sea hydrothermal systems are particularly difficult to locate and investigate in the ice-covered Arctic Ocean. Here we report findings of a system in the ultraslow-spreading Lena Trough at 81°22’N, from Expedition PS137 of the icebreaker R/V Polarstern in the summer of 2023. The site, named ‘Lucky B’, was first discovered after the recovery of massive sulfides in a dredge haul in 1999 (Snow et al., 2001) on the western flank of the Lucky Ridge, a 130 km-long ultramafic topographic high.We investigated the buoyant and non-buoyant parts of Lucky B’s hydrothermal plume making use of physical sensors and geochemical hydrothermal tracers. The non-buoyant plume was found at approx. 300–400 m above the seafloor and was characterized by high turbidity and pronounced anomalies in oxidation–reduction potential and temperature (up to ~80 mV and 0.02°C, respectively). In its buoyant part, the plume contained high dissolved H2 (~450 nmol/L) and CH4 (~250 nmol/L).Our seafloor observations, using deep-sea robotics, revealed widespread traces of hydrothermal activity at approx. 3,000–3,300 m water depth. These included hydrothermally discolored rocks and sediment and local outflow of clear hydrothermal fluids with abundant macrofauna. Guided by our discoveries, follow-on operations with the Norwegian icebreaker R/V Kronprins Haakon resulted in ROV dives to a large black smoker vent field with a number of several m-high chimneys. The visual appearance of the suggests vent fluid temperatures similar to those of other high-temperature ultramafic-influenced systems (e.g., 365°C at Rainbow; Charlou et al., 2002).Confirmation awaits comparison with ongoing analyses of hydrothermal plume samples (He isotope signatures, Fe and Mn concentrations, CH4:Mn ratios) and of sulfide chimneys dredged in 1999 (mineral assemblages).In the Arctic, Lucky B is the first hydrothermal system that has been traced to its seafloor source that is associated with ultramafic rocks outcropping at the seafloor. Additional work will be required to conceive its role on biogeochemical cycles in the ice-covered ocean.
Harnessing Machine Learning and Principal Components Techniques for Atmospheric and Glint Correction to Retrieve Ocean Color from Geostationary Satellites
Authors: Fasnacht Zachary , Joiner Joanna , Bandel Matthew , Haffner David , Vassilkov Alexander , Castellanos Patricia , Krotkov Nickolay
Published: March 2024

Retrievals of ocean color (OC) properties from space are important for better understanding the ocean ecosystem and carbon cycle. The launch of atmospheric hyperspectral instruments such as the geostationary Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) and GEMS, provide a unique opportunity to examine the diurnal variability in ocean ecology across various waters in North America and prepare for the future suite of hyperspectral OC sensors. While TEMPO does not have as high spatial resolution or full spectral coverage as planned coastal ocean sensors such as the Geosynchronous Littoral Imaging and Monitoring Radiometer (GLIMR) or GeoXO OC instrument (OCX), it provides hourly coverage of US coastal regions and great lakes, such as Lake Erie and the Gulf of Mexico at spatial scales of approximately 5 km. We will apply our newly developed machine learning (ML) based atmospheric correction approach for OC retrievals to TEMPO data. Our approach begins by decomposing measured hyperspectral radiances into spectral features that explain the variability in atmospheric scattering and absorption as well as the underlying surface reflectance. The coefficients of the principal components are then used to train a neural network to predict OC properties such as chlorophyll concentration derived from collocated MODIS/VIIRS physically-based retrievals. This ML approach compliments the standard radiative transfer-based OC retrievals by providing gap-filling over cloudy regions where the standard algorithms are limited. Previously, we applied our approach using blue and UV wavelengths with the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) to show that it can estimate OC properties in less-than-ideal conditions such as lightly to moderately cloudy conditions as well as sun glint and thus improve the spatial coverage of ocean color measurements. TEMPO provides an opportunity to improve on this approach since it provides extended spectral measurements at green and red wavelengths which are important particularly for coastal waters. Additionally, our ML technique can be applied to provisional data early in the mission and has potential to demonstrate the value of near real time OC products that are important for monitoring of harmful algae blooms and transient oceanic phenomena.    
Disturbances compensation in high accuracy spaceborne accelerometers using multi-sensors and machine learning approach.
Authors: Fusco Giacomo , Lefevre Carlo , Iafolla Lorenzo , Magnafico Carmelo , Chiappini Massimo , Santoli Francesco
Published: March 2024

Italian Spring Accelerometer (ISA) is a scientific payload of the European Space Agency’s BepiColombo mission to Mercury. It aims to measure the Non Gravitational Perturbations acting on the MPO (Mercury Planetary Orbiter) spacecraft, allowing to consider it as a test-mass free falling in the planetary gravity field and hence disclosing the possibility to study the  Mercury's interior, surface, and environment, as well as to preform tests of Einstein's General Relativity theory.ISA sensitivity to thermoelastic deformations of the spacecraft panel on which it is mounted on, is one of the limiting factors of the achievable acceleration measurements accuracy, whose target value is 10-8 m/s2 .To address this challenge, a data analysis and reduction procedure is being developed; it is based on machine learning techniques and allows to compute an acceleration measurements correction signal, starting from the data provided by multiple supplementary sensors. Specifically, we employed the temperatures recorded by several thermometers and the information about power dissipated across the MPO in order to compute the correction signal to be applied to the ISA output. Indeed, these temperatures and dissipated power variations are responsible for the thermoelastic deformations of the mounting plate housing ISA.The technique is being developed during the mission's cruise towards Mercury, exploiting also the outcomes of the GAIN “Gravimetro Aereo INtelligente” project, which developed a similar methodology for airborne gravimetry.The preliminary results related to measurement sessions during the cruise phase will be presented, and considerations on the implementation of such techniques for future space missions will be provided.Indeed, despite ISA was not specifically designed for the use of the "GAIN method”, the preliminary results are promising, underscoring its potential and allowing to envisage that future space missions could benefit of a full implementation of such a method that should go through the development of purpose built and trained multi-sensor systems.
Plant nutrient resorption efficiency in a Central Amazon rainforest
Authors: Santos Julyane , Garcia Sabrina , Lugli Laynara  Lugli , Aleixo Izabela , Domingues Tomas , Takeshi Bruno , Oliveira Ana , Menezes Juliane , Lapola David , Quesada Carlos
Published: March 2024

Nutrient resorption efficiency (RE) occurs before leaf abscission, with nutrients being actively transported via phloem through abscission zones from senescent leaves to be used in other parts of the plant. It is an essential nutrient conservation strategy for tropical plants growing on soils depleted of P (phosphorus) and other rock-derived elements (K; potassium, Ca; calcium, and Mg; magnesium), influencing nutrient cycling in these ecosystems. The environment heavily influences resorption; therefore, a better understanding of nutrient resorption processes in tropical trees, which act as a carbon sink, is important when facing the rapid climatic changes. Thus, our objective was to investigate the resorption of five macro elements (C; carbon, N; nitrogen, P, K, Ca, and Mg) and three micronutrients (Fe; iron, Zn; zinc, and Mn; manganese), and the effects of leaf longevity, foliar nutrient concentration, and canopy position in RE in a lowland forest tree community in Central Amazon. The study was conducted in two experimental plots at the AmazonFACE Program (Free-Air CO2 Enrichment) in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Two 40 m scaffolding towers in the center of the plot granting access to the canopy of the twelve tree species studied. Young, mature, and senesced leaves were collected, totaling 188 leaves, from 2018 to 2019 for nutrient laboratory analysis. We found that K, P, and N were the most resorbed nutrients (42%, 33%, and 7%, respectively), while Zn, Fe, and Ca were the most accumulated (-65%, -27%, and -21%, respectively). Additionally, we found that C, N, P, Fe, and Zn resorption positively correlated with their concentration in leaves. Likewise, P, N, Mg, K, and C resorption positively correlated with leaf longevity. On the other hand, canopy position influenced the resorption of three elements: C, K, and Zn resorption. Our results suggest that P was the scarcest nutrient stored in leaves; the higher resorption efficiencies for K and P than for N suggest higher plant internal nutrient recycling of K and P, likely due to their scarcity in the soil during leaf senescence, species with longer leaf life span are often assumed to have higher nutrient resorption efficiency than species with short leaf life span to reduce nutrient loss, species in the community studied can optimize leaf anatomy and physiology to make the best use of the variable light encountered regarding of its position on the forest vertical profile. These trends suggest that nutrient resorption from senescent leaves may be a general adaptive strategy for conserving nutrients by plants in tropical forests growing on nutrient-poor soils, which should be considered when predicting future scenarios.
Summit and rift vent progression captured by infrasound during the 2022 Mauna Loa eruption
Authors: Jolly Arthur , Iezzi Alex , Patrick Matt , Wech Aaron , Thelen Weston , Lyons John , Chang Jefferson
Published: March 2024

The 2022 Mauna Loa eruption began on November 27 23:21 HST (November 28 9:21 UTC) at the summit, based on the onset of seismic tremor and visual observations of nighttime incandescence from lava viewed by webcameras.  Continued visual observations noted early southwestward migration of the summit flows followed by dike propagation and new fissures on the northeast rift zone in the early hours of November 28th HST.   Northeast rift zone activity subsequently settled into persistent activity primarily from Fissure 3 (located about 7 km from the Summit) until the eruption stagnated by December 9th HST.This contribution provides a detailed retrospective assessment of the performance of four Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO) infrasound arrays (AIND, AHUD, MENE, SHEEP) and an International Monitoring System array operated by the University of Hawaii Infrasound (I59US) data during the onset and progression of the eruption.  We use results from a standard least-squares beamforming algorithm which is widely used for infrasound processing across the USGS Volcano Science Center and compare other multidisciplinary observations such as visual and seismic amplitude.We find that that the standard array processing approach performed adequately as a real-time assessment tool with high correlation back-azimuth computations in reasonable agreement with visual observations.  High winds associated with storms impacted the quality of our results, particularly toward the end of the eruption when infrasound signals were comparably small.  It was possible to distinguish between summit and rift fissure activity using the three long-term arrays operated by HVO, despite the large source to receiver distance.  The SHEEP array (on the south flank of Mauna Kea) was established in response to the Mauna Loa eruption and only recorded the waning phase of the eruption.  Regardless, the new array should further improve azimuthal coverage for future Mauna Loa eruptive activity.
Exploring the Raman oxygen isotope signatures of calcite and vaterite
Authors: King Helen E. , Živković Aleks
Published: March 2024

Exploring the Raman oxygen isotope signatures of calcite and vateriteOxygen isotope tracers have been increasingly used to differentiate between solid-state and fluid-mediated mineral transformation pathways (e.g., Julia et al. 2023). When 18O enrichment within oxyanion bearing minerals is analysed using Raman spectroscopy, the kinetically hindered formation of different isotopologues can also provide an in-situ timer for these processes (King et al. 2014). However, at present we assume that each isotopologue band in the vibrational spectrum has an equivalent intensity when present at the same concentration within the crystal structure. Here we test this hypothesis by exploring the vibrational spectra of two important oxyanion-bearing minerals, calcite and vaterite. These are polymorphs of CaCO3 and reflect a metastable, transition phase and the thermodynamically most stable mineral expected in many natural systems found at the Earth’s surface.Here we have used a joint experimental and theoretical approach to demonstrate that isotopic substitution changes both band positions and band intensities to different extents, depending on the vibrational spectroscopy method used and the bands examined. Density functional theory simulations (King et al. 2022) show that for calcite, the most intense Raman bands, the υ1 symmetrical stretching, related to individual isotopologues are found to have very similar intensities and are not affected by changes in isotopologue distribution within the material. Splitting of some bands due to changes in symmetry correlate to observed effects in experimentally produced 18O enriched calcite.In contrast, vaterite vibrational bands were found to change more extensively upon isotope substitution, thus they can only be used to evaluate relative changes in the 18O concentration within the material. These results are expected to contribute to a deeper und less ambiguous understanding of evaluating isotopic enrichment effects in the vibrational spectra of calcium carbonates.Julia et al. 2023 Chemical Geology, 621, 121364.King et al. 2014 Crystal Growth & Design, 14, pp. 3910.King et al. 2022 Crystals, 13, 48.
Towards Determining the Earth Energy Imbalance from Space - Outcome of a recent ISSI International Team
Authors: Haberreiter Margit , Amand Julien , Baudrez Edward , Finsterle Wolfgang , Fox Nigel , Harber Dave , Loeb Norman , Meftah Mustapha , Montillet Jean-Philippe , Nevens Stijn , Pilewskie Peter , Swartz Bill , Wild Martin , Wu Duo , Ye Xin , Zhu Ping
Published: March 2024

A positive Earth Energy Imbalance (EEI) is the energy, which is continuously stored by the Earth and will ultimately released to the atmosphere, causing global warming. The "imperative to monitor Earth’s energy imbalance” (von Schuckmann et al., 2016) has been continuously reported by the Earth’s climate community. The EEI has been identified to be around 0.5 to 1.0 Wm−2. To determine its exact value both the Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) and the Top of the Atmosphere (ToA) Outgoing Radiation (TOR) need to be measured with unprecedented accuracy and precision.However, so far, the EEI could not be determined as the measurements were not sufficiently accurate. This calls for improved instrument technologies as well as a traceable calibration chain of the space instrumentation. To pave the way in that direction, the ISSI International Team "Towards Determining the Earth Energy Imbalance from Space" has been established. We collect the current knowledge of ERB measurements and identify missing elements for measuring EEI from space. Specifically, we collect past and ongoing measurements of the ERB components obtained with instruments such as CLARA, RAVAN, SIMBA, GERB, and CERES. The goal is to evaluate the performance and uncertainty of each of the instruments to identify observational challenges that need to be overcome to be able to measure both TSI and the Earth’s outgoing radiation with the required accuracy to ultimately be able to determine the absolute level of EEI from space.
Comparison of soil erosion rates by wind and water in a semi-arid loess soil 
Authors: Katra Itzhak , Ben-Hur Meni , Tanner Smadar
Published: March 2024

Soil erosion is a significant process in the loss of soil/land resources, degradation and desertification. Traditionally, wind and water erosions have been studied and modelled separately. A quantitative sediment flux measure from a specific soil due to both water and wind erosion is lacking. The study aimed to drive such erosion rates in a semi-arid loess soil that is subjected to both forces of erosion. Soil samples from top-and sub-layers of the soil were analyzed for physical and chemical properties, including characteristics of soil aggregation. We performed targeted laboratory experiments using a boundary layer wind-tunnel for wind erosion and rainfall simulator for water erosion. Rates of sediment flux that were calculated for the topsoil and the subsoil revealed an opposite trend between water and wind erosion. This indicates that soil erodibility strongly depends on the erosional force applied rather than a certain soil property. The study conducted in a semi-arid region and may serve as a case study under climate change scenarios, in which more (non-arid) regions will be subjected to increase soil erosion.    
How well does CLM5 simulate water and energy cycles over India? - A performance evaluation 
Authors: Devavat Chiru Naik , Chandrika Thulaseedharan Dhanya
Published: March 2024

Land surface processes exert a significant impact on local, regional, and global climate through intricate physical exchanges, including energy, water cycle dynamics, vegetation response, soil moisture variations, and heat fluxes between land and atmosphere. A comprehensive understanding of these processes necessitates the analysis of land surface states (e.g., soil moisture, temperature) and fluxes (e.g., evapotranspiration, runoff) over an extended period for various research fields such as hydrological process modeling, weather and climate forecast, drought/flood monitoring, and water resource conservation. However, the accuracy of analyses is hindered by the sparse and uneven distribution of in-situ measurements. To overcome this limitation, satellite-based data and land surface models are employed. While satellites provide continuous global data, they only capture surface-level conditions and have limited daily spatial coverage. Daily, multi-depth soil profile information is essential for understanding land condition dynamics and their impact on the water cycle and agriculture. The Community Land Model (CLM), specifically its latest version CLM5, stands as a pivotal tool for simulating biophysical and biogeochemical processes, including interactions with the atmosphere. Nevertheless, its efficacy in accurately simulating water and energy cycles over India, where local land surface changes are particularly pertinent due to sparse in-situ data remains to be evaluated. To address this gap, our study employs CLM5 to simulate the land surface process at a 0.1° resolution from 1980 to 2020 over India. The evaluation process is comprehensive, involving comparisons with diverse land surface datasets, encompassing in-situ, remotely sensed, and reanalysis measurements. For soil moisture, CLM5 demonstrates good agreement with in-situ data (correlation: 0.66 to 0.67) but exhibits wet biases when compared to in-situ and GLEAM. In the case of evapotranspiration and runoff, CLM5SP closely matches the patterns observed in GLEAM and GRUN datasets (correlation: 0.89 to 0.95 for evapotranspiration and 0.77 to 0.96 for runoff). However, it is noteworthy that CLM5SP tends to overestimate both evapotranspiration and runoff when compared to the reference datasets. The anticipated outcome of this study provides valuable insights into the capabilities of CLM5 simulations over India, offering applications and references for enhancing the model's characterization of water and energy fluxes in the future.