bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Situ Intrinsic Self‐Healing of Low Toxic Cs2ZnX4 (X = Cl, Br) Metal Halide Nanoparticles
Authors: Aizenshtein Ben , Etgar Lioz
Published: August 2023

This study reports on the intrinsic and fast self‐healing ability of all inorganic, low‐toxic Cs2ZnX4 (X = Cl, Br) metal halide nanoparticles (NPs) when subjected to local heating by electron beam irradiation in high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM). The local heating induces the creation of nanoshells (NSs) following the template of the corresponding NPs, which are subsequently healed back to their original state within several minutes. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis reveal that the composition, phase, and crystallographic structure of the original NPs are restored during the self‐healing process, with a thin crystalline layer observed at the bottom of the NSs acting as the healing template. The inelastic scattering of the electron beam energy generates local heat that causes rapid atomic displacement, resulting in atomic mobility that lowers the density of the material and leads to NS formation. A unique insitu TEM heating stage measurement demonstrates the appearance of identical damage and self‐healing to those induced by the electron beam. The NPs exhibit excellent stability under ambient conditions for up to a month, making them suitable for self‐healing scintillators and other optoelectronic applications that require atomic‐scale stability and healing.
The Role of Phosphate Functionalization on the Oxygen Evolution Reaction Activity of Cobalt‐Based Oxides at Different pH Values
Authors: Yoshimune Wataru , Falqueto Juliana B. , Clark Adam H. , Yüzbasi Nur Sena , Graule Thomas , Baster Dominika , El Kazzi Mario , Schmidt Thomas J. , Fabbri Emiliana
Published: August 2023

Cobalt‐based oxides have attracted attention as active electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline electrolytes. However, highly OER active catalysts at near‐neutral pHs are also desired for practical applications. Herein, a dry phosphate functionalization process is presented to enhance the OER activity of different cobalt‐based catalysts at near‐neutral pHs. Electrochemical evaluations show that the P‐functionalization can effectively improve the OER activity at near‐neutral pHs for La0.2Sr0.8CoO3–δ
, La0.2Sr0.8Co0.8Fe0.2O3–δ
, and CoO
x
catalysts, but not for La0.5Sr1.5CoO4–δ
. Bulk and surface sensitive X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy unveil the influence of P incorporated in the order of ppm on the electronic state, local structure, and surface composition of the investigated catalysts. The P‐functionalization reduces the Co oxidation state in La0.2Sr0.8CoO3–δ
and La0.5Sr1.5CoO4–δ
, but the latter also presents significant Sr‐based segregations on the surface‐inhibiting OER activity at near‐neutral pHs. Differently, La0.2Sr0.8CoO3–δ
, and to a lesser extent La0.2Sr0.8Co0.8Fe0.2O3–δ and CoO
x
, shows improved OER activity at neutral pH after the P‐functionalization. The findings disclose that P‐functionalization successfully enhances OER activity at near‐neutral pHs and that both phosphate ion assistance in the OER mechanism and catalyst Co oxidation state can play a role in the enhanced OER activity.
Material Remittances in the Context of Seasonal Work: Social and Economic Change in Vanuatu
Authors: Bailey Rochelle
Published: August 2023

Migration research often overlooks examinations of material remittances, yet their contributions to social transformations in Vanuatu have been significant. Remittances are multifaceted: the relationship between sender and receiver, obligations of reciprocity, earnings, and costs of remitting determine what migrants remit. Next to money transfers, material remittances contribute significantly to the improvement of living conditions of their recipients, their households, and their broader communities, which are most notable in the built environment, household goods, resources for education, community projects, customary practices, and business opportunities. Like migration itself, remitted material goods are often perceived ambivalently: as a developmental aid and, at the same time, associated with a loss of tradition, creating inequalities and jealousies within communities. Nonetheless, the case study of Vanuatu shows that remittance actors and their communities argue that negative scenarios are outweighed by positive consequences from participation in labor mobility and the accompanying remittances.
Standing Waves: Remittances as Social Glue in Neo-Diasporic Communities
Authors: Karner Marie Johanna
Published: August 2023

Some diasporic communities are gaining in significance in the twenty-first century. Their persistent cohesion is explained by digitalization, increased mobility, and the exchange of material and immaterial resources. To analyze such flows, the concept of remittances is widely used. However, it has to be refined to match today’s dynamics of a neo-diaspora. Although the reciprocity of transfers is already being emphasized, many studies have a limited bipolar perspective on places of origin (imagined or real) and countries of residence. A historical reconstruction based on community magazines, social media communication, and qualitative interviews in Australia, the USA, and Lebanon will illustrate that multi-directional flows change in their composition, rhythm, and intensity over time due to several factors. Transmitted money, objects, symbols, information, collective narratives, emotions, and visits are here conceptualized as omnipresent “standing waves” that function as social glue in neo-diasporic communities, whose place of assumed origin thereby becomes “sacred.”
Introduction
Authors: Ashworth Rosalie , Fyvel Sue , Hill Alyson , Maddocks Chris , Qureshi Masood , Ross David , Hay Stuart , Robertson Martin , Gilder Willy , Henry Winnie , Lamont Myra , Houston Agnes , Wilson Fred S.
Published: August 2023

This chapter captures the working process behind creating this book. We look at the writing sessions, the experiences of getting involved, and reflect on the missing voices. An overview of dementia is given to act as a starting point for the rest of the book to build upon. The book is arranged around four core chapters, as well as individual author stories interspersed throughout.
‘I Didn’t Know I Was a Carer’
Authors: Ashworth Rosalie , Fyvel Sue , Hill Alyson , Maddocks Chris , Qureshi Masood , Ross David , Hay Stuart , Robertson Martin , Gilder Willy , Henry Winnie , Lamont Myra , Houston Agnes , Wilson Fred S.
Published: August 2023

This chapter reflects on how many of the carers in this book prefer not to identify with this label but have had to use it to access appropriate support. The chapter looks at how people have had to adjust to working with paid carers and sharing home space. Co-authors share examples of having to fight to be recognised for their expertise and how this can shape current care and future needs.
Introduction
Authors: Crowell Amber R. , Fossett Mark A.
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this book is to describe and analyze patterns and trends in racial and ethnic residential segregation across the United States over time and across communities. With new methods to expand our scope of analysis beyond what has been done before, we cover recent decades in a variety of settings including metropolitan and micropolitan areas and rural communities (i.e., noncore counties). We direct our primary focus to residential segregation between major panethnic racial groups – Non-Hispanic White, Black, Latino, and Asian households in 2010 – and to broad changes in segregation from 1990 through 2010. But we also give attention to several more detailed aspects of trends and patterns in residential segregation. While the literature in sociology, demography, urban planning, and geography is rich with studies of residential segregation patterns, we believe this book establishes an important baseline for placing recent segregation research in a new context and for informing segregation research going forward. The basis for this is that we apply new methods for measuring and analyzing segregation that can at times drastically alter results obtained using more traditional approaches. In particular, we argue that these new methods of measurement and analysis address and overcome important methodological problems that have limited past research and, as a result, allow us to expand the scope of segregation studies and the quality of measurement to obtain improved findings that more accurately capture and reflect the demographic reality we are seeking to document.
Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation in Nonmetropolitan Communities
Authors: Crowell Amber R. , Fossett Mark A.
Published: August 2023

For at least half a century, much of the literature on residential segregation has primarily focused on large metropolitan areas, where most of the population resides in one or more high-density urban cores and medium-density, outlying suburban environments. Many influential landmark segregation studies have focused on small samples featuring primarily the largest 50–60 metropolitan areas in the country. In contrast, our knowledge of residential segregation outside of metropolitan contexts is very limited, even as nonmetropolitan communities are becoming more racially and ethnically diverse. This is due in large part to the challenges with measuring residential segregation in nonmetropolitan contexts, which we address in this book. By using segregation measures that are corrected for index bias, measuring segregation of households rather than persons, and relying on the often overlooked separation index, we draw substantive conclusions about patterns and trends of White-Black, White-Asian, and White-Latino residential segregation in nonmetropolitan communities from 1990 to 2010. We also further demonstrate the superiority of our methodological choices by comparing our findings to those that would be produced through conventional approaches and by reviewing case studies of selected nonmetropolitan areas. Substantively, we find that segregation in nonmetropolitan communities is often not as high as what is observed in metropolitan areas, especially for Asian and Latino households. However, segregation is certainly capable of being high in nonmetropolitan communities, even when the minority proportion is very small. White-Latino segregation is typically quite low and has remained stable in micropolitan areas while slightly declining in noncore counties. This is more so true for White-Asian segregation in nonmetropolitan communities where segregation is very low and has remained low since at least 1990. Methodologically, we conclude that our innovations to segregation measurement expand opportunities to broaden and deepen the literature to understand the nature of residential segregation in nonmetropolitan communities.
Modell für Bildung und Erziehung
Authors: Möllers Thomas-Hugo
Published: August 2023

Aus der Abgrenzung der Begriffe „Bildung“, „Erziehung“ und „Kompetenz“ ergibt sich der Doppelauftrag von Schule, Persönlichkeitsbildung und Enkulturation. Auf der Grundlage der Analyse der Gegenstandsbereiche Natur und Kultur und der philosophischen, psychologischen und gesellschaftlich-politischen Menschenbilder wird hier ein Interaktionsmodell für Bildung und Erziehung entwickelt.
Modell einer Allgemeinen Fachdidaktik
Authors: Möllers Thomas-Hugo
Published: August 2023

Wir stellen uns hier die Frage, wie ein Schulfach zu einem Fachbegriff kommt, der den Ansprüchen der Fachwissenschaft ebenso gerecht wird wie dem Doppelauftrag der Schule nach Bildung und Erziehung. Es wird das Filtermodell einer Allgemeinen Fachdidaktik entwickelt, bei dem die jeweilige Fachphilosophie die zentralen Fragen klären kann.
Pädagogische Perspektiven des Technikunterrichts
Authors: Möllers Thomas-Hugo
Published: August 2023

Im zurückliegenden Kapitel haben wir mit Hilfe der Philosophie neue Erkenntnisse zum Wesen der Technik gewonnen und damit den bisherigen Technikbegriff mittlerer Reichweite um die Sinn- und Wertperspektive erweitert. Auch die Sachperspektive und die human-soziale Perspektive sind in einigen Aspekten bereichert worden. Strukturgebend war dabei das Interaktionsmodell, das den Gegenstandsbereich, Natur und Kultur, unter den Wertedimensionen des Wahren, Guten, und Schönen betrachtet, auf eine Ganzheit der personalen Bildung von Kopf, Herz und Hand zielt und die Prozesshaftigkeit des Lernens als Dreischritt des Erlebens, Verstehens und Gestaltens berücksichtigt.

Nun gilt es, daraus pädagogische Perspektiven für den Technikunterricht zu entwickeln.
Thorakale Tumoren
Authors: Engelhardt Monika , Mertelsmann Roland , Duyster Justus
Published: August 2023

Das Kapitel 13 beinhaltet eine Zusammenstellung der am Universitätsklinikum Freiburg verwendeten Tumortherapie- und ggf. Studien-Protokolle der Entität Thorakale Tumoren. Dieses ist in die Unterkapitel kleinzelliges Lungenkarzinom (SCLC), nichtkleinzelliges Lungenkarzinom (NSCLC) und Pleuramesotheliom gegliedert. Der Kapitelinhalt orientiert sich an aktuellen Leitlinien und Therapieempfehlungen und spiegelt detailliert die Therapieabläufe inkl. Supportivtherapie der Freiburger Praxis wider.

Beim Erwerb von Einzelkapiteln muss folgendes beachtet werden:

Protokolle, die bei mehreren Entitäten angewandt werden können, sind aus technischen Gründen nur in jeweils einem Kapitel enthalten. Deshalb muss unter Umständen das Gesamtwerk konsultiert werden.

Erläuterungen zum praktischen Gebrauch der Protokollsammlung inkl. Dosismodifikationstabellen befinden sich im Kapitel 1 (Einleitung).
RTx: Kopf-Hals-Tumoren
Authors: Engelhardt Monika , Mertelsmann Roland , Duyster Justus
Published: August 2023

Das Kapitel 21 beinhaltet eine Zusammenstellung der am Universitätsklinikum Freiburg verwendeten Tumortherapie- und ggf. Studien-Protokolle der Entität Radio-Chemotherapie (RTx): Kopf-Hals-Tumoren. Dieses ist in die Unterkapitel RTx: Nasopharynxkarzinom, RTx: Plattenepithelkarzinome des Kopf-Hals-Bereichs (HNSCC) und RTx: Schilddrüsenkarzinom gegliedert. Der Kapitelinhalt orientiert sich an aktuellen Leitlinien und Therapieempfehlungen und spiegelt detailliert die Therapieabläufe inkl. Supportivtherapie der Freiburger Praxis wider.

Beim Erwerb von Einzelkapiteln muss folgendes beachtet werden:

Protokolle, die bei mehreren Entitäten angewandt werden können, sind aus technischen Gründen nur in jeweils einem Kapitel enthalten. Deshalb muss unter Umständen das Gesamtwerk konsultiert werden.

Erläuterungen zum praktischen Gebrauch der Protokollsammlung inkl. Dosismodifikationstabellen befinden sich im Kapitel 1 (Einleitung).
RTx: Gastrointestinale Tumoren
Authors: Engelhardt Monika , Mertelsmann Roland , Duyster Justus
Published: August 2023

Das Kapitel 23 beinhaltet eine Zusammenstellung der am Universitätsklinikum Freiburg verwendeten Tumortherapie- und ggf. Studien-Protokolle der Entität Radio-Chemotherapie (RTx): Gastrointestinale Tumoren. Dieses ist in die Unterkapitel RTx: Ösophaguskarzinom und Adenokarzinome des gastroösophagealen Übergangs (AEG-Tumore), RTx: Pankreaskarzinom, RTx: Rektumkarzinom und RTx: Analkarzinom gegliedert. Der Kapitelinhalt orientiert sich an aktuellen Leitlinien und Therapieempfehlungen und spiegelt detailliert die Therapieabläufe inkl. Supportivtherapie der Freiburger Praxis wider.

Beim Erwerb von Einzelkapiteln muss folgendes beachtet werden:

Protokolle, die bei mehreren Entitäten angewandt werden können, sind aus technischen Gründen nur in jeweils einem Kapitel enthalten. Deshalb muss unter Umständen das Gesamtwerk konsultiert werden.

Erläuterungen zum praktischen Gebrauch der Protokollsammlung inkl. Dosismodifikationstabellen befinden sich im Kapitel 1 (Einleitung).
RTx: ZNS-Tumoren
Authors: Engelhardt Monika , Mertelsmann Roland , Duyster Justus
Published: August 2023

Das Kapitel 26 beinhaltet eine Zusammenstellung der am Universitätsklinikum Freiburg verwendeten Tumortherapie- und ggf. Studien-Protokolle der Entität Radio-Chemotherapie (RTx): ZNS Tumoren. Der Kapitelinhalt orientiert sich an aktuellen Leitlinien und Therapieempfehlungen und spiegelt detailliert die Therapieabläufe inkl. Supportivtherapie der Freiburger Praxis wider.

Beim Erwerb von Einzelkapiteln muss folgendes beachtet werden:

Protokolle, die bei mehreren Entitäten angewandt werden können, sind aus technischen Gründen nur in jeweils einem Kapitel enthalten. Deshalb muss unter Umständen das Gesamtwerk konsultiert werden.

Erläuterungen zum praktischen Gebrauch der Protokollsammlung inkl. Dosismodifikationstabellen befinden sich im Kapitel 1 (Einleitung).
Lymphodepletion vor CAR-T-Zell-Therapie
Authors: Engelhardt Monika , Mertelsmann Roland , Duyster Justus
Published: August 2023

Das Kapitel 29 beinhaltet eine Zusammenstellung der am Universitätsklinikum Freiburg verwendeten Chemotherapie-Protokolle zur Lymphodepletion vor CAR-T-Zell-Therapie. Der Kapitelinhalt orientiert sich an aktuellen Leitlinien und Therapieempfehlungen und spiegelt detailliert die Therapieabläufe der Freiburger Praxis wider.

Beim Erwerb von Einzelkapiteln muss folgendes beachtet werden:

Erläuterungen zum praktischen Gebrauch der Protokollsammlung inkl. Dosismodifikationstabellen befinden sich im Kapitel 1 (Einleitung).
Aplastische Anämie
Authors: Engelhardt Monika , Mertelsmann Roland , Duyster Justus
Published: August 2023

Das Kapitel 8 beinhaltet eine Zusammenstellung der am Universitätsklinikum Freiburg verwendeten Tumortherapie- und ggf. Studien-Protokolle der Entität Aplastische Anämie. Der Kapitelinhalt orientiert sich an aktuellen Leitlinien und Therapieempfehlungen und spiegelt detailliert die Therapieabläufe inkl. Supportivtherapie der Freiburger Praxis wider.

Beim Erwerb von Einzelkapiteln muss folgendes beachtet werden:

Protokolle, die bei mehreren Entitäten angewandt werden können, sind aus technischen Gründen nur in jeweils einem Kapitel enthalten. Deshalb muss unter Umständen das Gesamtwerk konsultiert werden.

Erläuterungen zum praktischen Gebrauch der Protokollsammlung inkl. Dosismodifikationstabellen befinden sich im Kapitel 1 (Einleitung).
Progress Toward Managing Radiocesium Contamination in Orchards
Authors: Takata Daisuke
Published: August 2023

In this chapter, we introduce the effects of radiocesium spread by the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident on fruit trees, especially the change of radiocesium in soil, trees, and fruits after accident. Investigation of the dynamics of radioactive cesium in fruit trees before the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, and points verified after the accident at Chernobyl. As the occurrence of the accident and radioactive contamination of the orchard, the radioactive Cs localized in the bark and the transfer process to the fruit were discussed. We will explain the implementation status of the cases investigated in Japan after the accident, the actual investigation in the field, and the verification test using potted trees in Japan. It also introduces estimates of the concentration of radioactive cesium in fruits and measures to reduce radioactive cesium that have been implemented in Fukushima Prefecture. Finally, we will discuss our thoughts on the resumption of shipping of Anpo-gaki, the social implementation of research results so far, and future challenges.
Decomposition of Organic Matters in a Forest Floor Enhanced Downward Migration of Radioactive Cs After the Accident of the FDNPP
Authors: Nishimura Taku , Hamamoto Shoichiro , Yamasaki Takuhei , Tatsuno Takahiro
Published: August 2023

We collected undisturbed soil column samples (5 cm in diameter and 30 cm in length) using a liner soil sampler on and near the forest floor. The soil was sliced at predetermined intervals, and then the radioactive Cs concentration, soil organic carbon and nitrogen contents were analyzed. Below the litter layer on the forest floor, we observed more significant downward migration of radioactive Cs 2 years after the accident. In contrast, no such large migration happened at the downslope, which has no surface litter layer. Soil organic carbon content and radioactive Cs content are highly correlated, suggesting organic matters produced by decomposition of litter contributed to enhancing the downward migration of radioactive Cs.
Resilience Education Program in Iitate Village for the Young Generation
Authors: Sugino Hiroaki , Mizoguchi Masaru
Published: August 2023

To ensure sustainability and resilience in the areas damaged by the Great East Japan Earthquake, it is important to educate the next generation, who can discover and create solutions for the problems and challenges that constantly arise in the agricultural field. To this end, we propose and practice a field and project-based learning (FPBL) program, which combines a “field-based approach” with the project-based learning (PBL: a program in which students work on a question or hypothesis to be solved as a project). The FPBL aims to develop human resources who can realize the process of extracting issues from the practical field, through thinking, discussion, and working in a group of diverse and multidisciplinary people, and who finally reapply the meaningful results to the field. In our approach, we aim to evaluate not only knowledge transfer but also multifaceted indicators (such as attachment to the target area and improvement of self-efficacy). This chapter introduces the education program conducted in Iitate village, Fukushima, and discusses the results of the qualitative and quantitative research on the feedbacks from the program participants.
Annual Reduction of Transfer Factors of Radiocesium from Soil to Rice Cultivated in a KCl Fertilized and Straw Plowed-in Paddy Field from 2015 to 2021
Authors: Ii Ichio
Published: August 2023

We performed consecutive field trials of rice cultivation for 10 years (2012–2021) to elucidate how to reduce radiocesium absorption by rice and to resume safe rice cultivation in a partially decontaminated paddy soil in the Iitate Village in Fukushima prefecture, Japan. Our previous report (Ii and Tanoi (2016) Consecutive field trials of rice cultivation in partially decontaminated paddy fields to reduce radiocesium absorption in the Iitate village in Fukushima prefecture. In: Nakanishi TM, Tanoi K (eds) Agricultural implications of the Fukushima nuclear accident. Springer, Tokyo, pp 55–76) of the results in 2012 and 2013 showed that K fertilization can reduce the radiocesium level of the brown rice less than the standard for food (100 Bq/kg). This report of the subsequent years (2014–2021) shows more than 80% reduction of 137Cs concentration in the brown rice and straw at KCl fertilized and straw plowed-in paddy soil. The transfer factor of 137Cs from soil to brown rice reduced from 0.0022 in 2015 to 0.0003 in 2019 and that to straw reduced from 0.0262 in 2015 to 0.0028 in 2019, respectively. Exchangeable positive ions of the soil were also analyzed. Multiple regression analyses of all data of transfer factor in 2015–2019 to year (ageing) and exchangeable K ion as variables show that the main causal factor is year (ageing) with some supportive effect of increase of exchangeable K ion. This implicates that radiocesium in soil was gradually transformed to a form more difficult to be absorbed by rice, that is, 137Cs immobilization or fixation on clay minerals by ageing, not only in early years after the accident (2011–2015), but also in later years (2015–2019). This implication was supported by comparative analysis of exchangeable 137Cs of dry soil of 2017, 2018, and 2019 (Ii et al., Radioisotopes 70:63–72, 2021). The results in 2020 and 2021 show those transfer factors have reached at bottom levels. Further this field work also shows the robustness of the rice cultivation that we could harvest rice far below the safety standard, even though the paddy field suffered floods by typhoons in September 2015 and in October 2019.
Verification of Uptake and Transport Properties of Cesium in Hydroponically Cultivated Quercus serrata
Authors: Kobayashi Natsuko I. , Kobayashi Riona
Published: August 2023

Several studies have shown that the radiocesium content of trees growing in the forest and open fields is lower when soil potassium content is higher. This is comparable to what has been observed in many crops, including rice. Then, is the cesium uptake mechanism of trees the same as that of rice and other herbaceous plants? To investigate the basic properties of potassium (K+) and cesium (Cs+) uptake and transport in Konara oak (Quercus serrata. Thumb.), which is widely grown in Fukushima Prefecture, elemental analysis and radiotracer experiments similar to those conducted on rice plants were carried out using hydroponically grown young oak seedlings. The results showed that oak roots do not selectively uptake K+ over Cs+ from hydroponic solution. The changes in the root K+–Cs+ uptake mechanism in response to the K supply during cultivation were minimal, and the suppression of Cs+ uptake by K+ supply can be mainly due to the competition between the two ions.
Community-Controlled Liquor Outlets and Permit Systems
Authors: d’Abbs Peter , Hewlett Nicole
Published: August 2023

This chapter reviews two strategies for managing alcohol deployed in some Aboriginal communities: community-owned liquor outlets, usually in the form of licensed clubs, and liquor permit systems that authorise approved individuals to import and consume liquor in communities where doing either is otherwise not allowed under local restrictions.

The rationale underlying community-owned outlets is that they retain the revenue derived from drinking by community members in the community, foster a culture of moderation and deter illicit importation of liquor (i.e. ‘grogrunning’). Historically, most community-owned outlets have failed to achieve either the second or third of these objectives, but rather have become centres for heavy drinking and associated harms. Some community-owned outlets, however, have succeeded in fostering moderate drinking, and the chapter outlines factors conducive to their doing so.

The use of individual liquor permit systems today is confined to some remote communities in the Northern Territory, Australia, and some Inuit communitiesin Nunavut, Canada. Evidence of their impact is sparse but suggests that liquor permit systems can enhance community management of alcohol provided three conditions are met: permit committees and others responsible for administering permit systems are adequately supported and resourced; effective controls are in place to deal with illegal supply of alcohol, and the rules and procedures that constitute the permit system enjoy legitimacy in the eyes of the community.
Environmental drivers alter PUFA content in littoral macroinvertebrate assemblages via changes in richness and abundance
Authors: Strandberg Ursula , Arhonditsis George , Kesti Petri , Vesterinen Jussi , Vesamäki Jussi S. , Taipale Sami J. , Kankaala Paula
Published: August 2023

Shallow littoral areas in lakes are productive and highly diverse ecotonal zones, providing habitats for both invertebrate and vertebrate species. We developed a Bayesian modeling framework to elucidate the relationships between environmental drivers (lake typology, habitat, water chemistry, and latitude) and taxon richness, abundance, as well as the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in littoral macroinvertebrate communities in 95 boreal lakes. PUFAs, particularly arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are critical micronutrients to maintain normal physiological functions in consumers. Lake typology was a significant predictor for PUFA content in the invertebrate assemblages, which was connected to taxon richness and/or abundance. Benthic communities in large humus-poor or nutrient-rich lakes displayed higher abundance, taxon richness, and more PUFA-rich taxa, whereas those in medium- and large-sized humic (color 30–90 mg Pt/L) and humus-rich lakes (color >90 mg Pt/L) were characterized by decreased abundance and subsequently low PUFA content. The abundance, taxon richness, and nutritional quality of the communities were also strongly related to latitude. Lakes with lower pH were characterized by lower benthic invertebrate diversity and low frequency of taxa with high somatic EPA and DHA content. The complexity of littoral habitats dominated by various macrophyte assemblages creates an environment that favors higher benthic abundance and increased presence of taxonomic groups with high PUFA content. Nutritional quality of benthic invertebrates for upper trophic levels can be modulated by a complex interplay between external stressors and abiotic factors that typically shape the structure of littoral benthic communities.
On uniqueness of mild $$L^{3,\infty }$$-solutions on the whole time axis to the Navier–Stokes equations in unbounded domains
Authors: Taniuchi Yasushi
Published: August 2023

This paper is concerned with the uniqueness of bounded continuous $$L^{3,\infty }$$

L

3
,
∞

-solutions on the whole time axis $$\mathbb R$$
R
or the half-line $$(-\infty ,T)$$

(
-
∞
,
T
)

to the Navier–Stokes equations in 3-dimensional unbounded domains. When $$\Omega $$
Ω
is an unbounded domain, it is known that a small solution in $$BC(\mathbb R;L^{3,\infty })$$

B
C
(
R
;

L

3
,
∞

)

is unique within the class of solutions which have sufficiently small $$L^{\infty }(\mathbb R; L^{3,\infty })$$

L
∞

(
R
;

L

3
,
∞

)

-norm; i.e., if two solutions u and v exist for the same force f,  bothu and v are small, then the two solutions coincide. There is another type of uniqueness theorem. Farwig et al. (Commun Partial Differ Equ 40:1884–1904, 2015) showed that if two solutions u and v exist for the same force f,  u is small and if v has a precompact range $${\mathscr {R}}(v):=\{v(t); -\infty<t<T\}$$

R
(
v
)
:
=
{
v
(
t
)
;
-
∞
<
t
<
T
}

in $$L^{3,\infty },$$

L

3
,
∞

,

then the two solutions coincide. However, there exist many solutions which do not have precompact range. In this paper, instead of the precompact range condition, by assuming some decay property of v(x, t) with respect to the spatial variable x near $$t=-\infty ,$$

t
=
-
∞
,

we show a modified version of the above-mentioned uniqueness theorem. As a by-product, in the half-space$$\mathbb R^3_+,$$

R
+
3

,

we obtain a non-existence result of backward self-similar $$L^{3,\infty }$$

L

3
,
∞

-solutions sufficiently close to some homogeneous function Q(x/|x|)/|x| in a certain sense.
On the Monodromy Manifold of q-Painlevé VI and Its Riemann–Hilbert Problem
Authors: Joshi Nalini , Roffelsen Pieter
Published: August 2023

We study the q-difference sixth Painlevé equation ($$q\text {P}_{\text {VI}}$$

q

P
VI

) through its associated Riemann–Hilbert problem (RHP) and show that the RHP is always solvable for irreducible monodromy data. This enables us to identify the solution space of $$q\text {P}_{\text {VI}}$$

q

P
VI

with a monodromy manifold for generic parameter values. We deduce this manifold explicitly and show it is a smooth and affine algebraic surface when it does not contain reducible monodromy. Furthermore, we describe the RHP for reducible monodromy data and show that, when solvable, its solution is given explicitly in terms of certain orthogonal polynomials yielding special function solutions of $$q\text {P}_{\text {VI}}$$

q

P
VI

.
Well-posedness and stability analysis of an epidemic model with infection age and spatial diffusion
Authors: Walker Christoph
Published: August 2023

A compartment epidemic model for infectious disease spreading is investigated, where movement of individuals is governed by spatial diffusion. The model includes infection age of the infected individuals and assumes a logistic growth of the susceptibles. Global well-posedness of the equations within the class of nonnegative smooth solutions is shown. Moreover, spectral properties of the linearization around a steady state are derived. This yields the notion of linear stability which is used to determine stability properties of the disease-free and the endemic steady state.
Evidence of deviant parasympathetic response to social exclusion in women with borderline personality disorder
Authors: Kulakova Eugenia , Graumann Livia , Cho An Bin , Deuter Christian Eric , Wolf Oliver T. , Roepke Stefan , Otte Christian , Wingenfeld Katja
Published: August 2023

Stressful social situations like social exclusion are particularly challenging for patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and often lead to dysfunctional reactive behaviour of aggression and withdrawal. The autonomous signature of these core symptoms of BPD remains poorly understood. The present study investigated the parasympathetic response to social exclusion in women with BPD (n = 62) and healthy controls (HC; n = 87). In a between-subjects design, participants experienced objective social exclusion or overinclusion in the Cyberball task, a virtual ball-tossing game. Need threat scores served as individual measures of perceived exclusion and the resulting frustration of cognitive–emotional needs. Five-minute measurements of high-frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) at three time points (before, during, after Cyberball) indicated parasympathetic tone and regulation. We observed a trend towards lowered baseline HF-HRV in BPD vs. HC in line with previous findings. Interestingly, the parasympathetic response of patients with BPD to objective and perceived social exclusion fundamentally differed from HC: higher exclusion was associated with increased parasympathetic activation in HC, while this autonomic response was reversed and blunted in BPD. Our findings suggest that during social stress, the parasympathetic nervous system fails to display an adaptive regulation in patients with BPD, but not HC. Understanding the autonomous signature of the stress response in BPD allows the formulation of clinically relevant and biologically plausible interventions to counteract parasympathetic dysregulation in this clinical group.
An endoplasmic reticulum stress-related signature could robustly predict prognosis and closely associate with response to immunotherapy in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Liu Shuguang , Hu Qianying , Xie Zishan , Chen Shaojing , Li Yixuan , Quan Nali , Huang Kaimeng , Li Riqing , Fang Lishan
Published: August 2023

Purpose

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most malignant tumors. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) plays an essential role in PDAC progression. Here, we aim to identify the ERS-related genes in PDAC and build reliable risk models for diagnosis, prognosis and immunotherapy response of PDAC patients as well as investigate the potential mechanism.

Methods

We obtained PDAC cohorts with transcriptional profiles and clinical data from the ArrayExpress, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) databases. Univariate Cox regression, LASSO regression and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to construct an ERS-related prognostic signature. The CIBERSORT and ssGSEA algorithms were applied to explore the correlation between the prognostic signature and immune cell infiltration and immune-related pathways. The GDSC database and TIDE algorithm were used to predict responses to chemotherapy and immunotherapy, identifying potential drugs for treating patients with PDAC.

Results

We established and validated an ERS-related prognostic signature comprising eight genes (HMOX1, TGFB1, JSRP1, GAPDH, CAV1, CHRNE, CD74 and ERN2). Patients with higher risk scores displayed worse outcomes than those with lower risk scores. PDAC patients in low-risk groups might benefit from immunotherapy. Dasatinib and lapatinib might have potential therapeutic implications in high-risk PDAC patients.

Conclusion

We established and validated an ERS-related prognostic signature comprising eight genes to predict the overall survival outcome of PDAC patients, which closely correlating with the response to immunotherapy and sensitivity to anti-tumor drugs, as well as could be beneficial for formulating clinical strategies and administering individualized treatments.
Proteomic Analysis of Pediatric Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: a Comparative Study with Healthy Controls, Sepsis, Critical Ill, and Active Epstein-Barr virus Infection to Identify Altered Pathways and Candidate Biomarkers
Authors: Li Xun , Luo Ting , Yan Haipeng , Xie Longlong , Yang Yufan , Gong Ling , Tang Zhexuan , Tang Minghui , Zhang Xinping , Huang Jiaotian , Zheng Mincui , Yao Zhenya , Zang Ping , Zhu Desheng , Xiao Zhenghui , Lu Xiulan
Published: August 2023

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening hyperinflammatory syndrome characterized by excessive activation of the immune system, along with uncontrolled proliferation of activated macrophages and lymphocytes. The clinical features of HLH often overlap with the clinical features of other severe inflammatory conditions such as sepsis, hindering accurate and timely diagnosis. In this study, we performed a data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry-based plasma proteomic analysis of 33 pediatric patients with HLH compared with four control groups: 39 healthy children, 43 children with sepsis, 39 children hospitalized in the pediatric intensive care unit without confirmed infections, and 21 children with acute Epstein-Barr virus infection. Proteomic comparisons between the HLH group and each of the control groups showed that HLH was characterized by alterations in complement and coagulation cascades, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and platelet activation pathways. We identified eight differentially expressed proteins in patients with HLH, including plastin-2 (LCP1), vascular cell adhesion protein 1, fibrinogen beta chain, fibrinogen gamma chain, serum amyloid A-4 protein, extracellular matrix protein 1, apolipoprotein A-I, and albumin. LCP1 emerged as a candidate diagnostic marker for HLH with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.97 in the original cohort and an AUC of 0.90 (sensitivity = 0.83 and specificity = 1.0) in the validation cohort. Complement C1q subcomponent subunit B was associated with disease severity in patients with HLH. Based on comparisons with multiple control groups, this study provides a proteomic profile and candidate biomarkers of HLH, offering researchers novel information to improve the understanding of this condition.
Potential of Lauryl Gallate as Stability and Recyclability Improver of Poly (Butylene succinate-co-adipate)
Authors: Rossi Damiano , Cappello Miriam , Filippi Sara , Cinelli Patrizia , Seggiani Maurizia
Published: August 2023

In the present study, Lauryl Gallate (LG), a natural antioxidant, was used to improve polymer thermal stability and recyclability of a biodegradable polyester as poly(butylene succinate-co-adipate) (PBSA). Neat PBSA and PBSA/LG (0.5 wt% LG) blends were processed by melt extrusion and subjected to multiple consecutive extrusion cycles at 170 °C to prevent the occurrence of thermo-oxidative radical degradation processes of the polymer. Thermal, rheological, morphological, FTIR, and GPC analyses showed the beneficial effect of LG in delaying PBSA thermo-oxidative degradation, reducing polymer fragmentation at low-mid molecular weights compared to the reprocessed virgin PBSA. The use of LG limits the drop of both complex viscosity η* and zero-shear stress viscosity η0 as well as the reduction of crystallinity degree and the enhancement of melt flow rate (MFR). This molecular degradation produces low molecular weight polymer fractions and oligomers that solely affect molten PBSA fluidity. In the presence of 0.5 wt% of LG, the processability of PBSA doubles from six (neat PBSA) up to twelve extrusions until presenting the first signs of degradation of the molten polymer while preserving the mechanical characteristics at the solid state. These mechanical properties remain equivalent to the neat PBSA (Young’s modulus 0.33 GPa, yield strength 19.2 MPa, stress at break 24.4 MPa, and elongation at break 350%). Consequently, LG can be successfully employed as a natural PBSA stabilizer to extend the polymer lifecycle and contribute to the circular economy practice within the processing and manufacturing industry, particularly in the field of PBSA agricultural applications and injection moulded disposable products.
Cobalt Prospectivity Using a Conceptual Fuzzy Logic Overlay Method Enhanced with the Mineral Systems Approach
Authors: Nykänen Vesa , Törmänen Tuomo , Niiranen Tero
Published: August 2023

This paper describes mineral prospectivity research conducted in Finland to predict favorable areas for cobalt exploration using the “fuzzy logic overlay” method in a GIS platform and public geodata of the Geological Survey of Finland. Cobalt occurs infrequently as a core product in mineral deposits. Therefore, we decided to construct separate conceptual mineral prospectivity models within the Northern Fennoscandian Shield, Finland, for four deposit types: (1) “Orthomagmatic Ni–Cu–Co sulfide deposits,” (2) “Outokumpu-type mantle peridotite-associated volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS)-style Cu–Co–Zn–Ni–Ag–Au deposits,” (3) “Talvivaara black shale-hosted Ni–Zn–Cu–Co-type deposits” and (4) “Kuusamo-type (orogenic gold with atypical metal association) Au–Co–Cu–U–LREE deposits”. In addition, we created a model combining till geochemical data with data derived from bedrock drilling and mineral indications, including boulders and outcrops. The mineral prospectivity models were statistically tested with the “receiver operating characteristics” method using exploration drilling data from known mineral deposits as validation sites. In addition, the predictive performance of the models was evaluated by using success rate curves, where the number of previously identified deposits was compared with the area coverage of the predicted highly favorable areas. These results indicate that the knowledge-driven mineral prospectivity method using parameters derived from mineral systems models is effective in defining favorable exploration target areas at the regional scale. This study's innovation lies in its comprehension of the process of evaluating mineral prospectivity when the commodity of interest is not the primary commodity within the mineral system.
Dreyfus is right: knowledge-that limits your skill
Authors: Cappuccio Massimiliano L.
Published: August 2023

Skilful expertise is grounded in practical, performative knowledge-how, not in detached, spectatorial knowledge-that, and knowledge-how is embodied by habitual dispositions, not representation of facts and rules. Consequently, as action control is a key requirement for the intelligent selection, initiation, and regulation of skilful performance,habitualaction control, i.e. the kind of action control based on habitual dispositions, is the true hallmark of skill and the only veridical criterion to evaluate expertise. Not only does this imply that knowledge-that does not make your actions more skilful, but it also implies that it makes them less skilful. This thesis, that I call Radical Habitualism, finds a precursor in Hubert Dreyfus. His approach is considered extreme by most philosophers of skill & expertise: an agent –says Dreyfus–does not perform like an expertwhen they lack the embodied dispositions necessary to control their action habitually or when they stop relying on such dispositions to control their actions. Thus, one cannot perform skilfully if their actions are guided by representations (isomorphic schemas, explicit rules, and contentful instructions), as the know-that that they convey disrupts or diminishes the agent’s habitual engagement with the task at hand. In defence of Radical Habitualism, I will argue that only the contentless know-how embedded in habitual dispositions fulfils (i) the genetic, (ii) the normative, and (iii) the epistemic requirements of skilful performance. I will examine the phenomenological premises supporting Dreyfus’ approach, clarify their significance for a satisfactory normative and explanatory account of skilful expertise, and rebut the most common objections raised by both intellectualists and conciliatory habitualists, concerning hybrid actions guided by a mix of habitual and representational forms of control. In revisiting Dreyfus anti-representationalist approach, I will particularly focus on its epistemological implications, de-emphasizing other considerations related to conscious awareness.
Using Ribonucleoprotein-based CRISPR/Cas9 to Edit Single Nucleotide on Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells to Model Type 3 Long QT Syndrome (SCN5A±)
Authors: Ge Ning , Liu Min , Li Rui , Allen Nicholas M. , Galvin Joseph , Shen Sanbing , O’Brien Timothy , Prendiville Terence W.
Published: August 2023

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been widely used in cardiac disease modelling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine as they can be differentiated into patient-specific cardiomyocytes. Long QT syndrome type 3 (LQT3) is one of the more malignant congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) variants with an SCN5A gain-of-function effect on the gated sodium channel. Moreover, the predominant pathogenic variants in LQTS genes are single nucleotide substitutions (missense) and small insertion/deletions (INDEL). CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing has been utilised to create isogenic hiPSCs to control for an identical genetic background and to isolate the pathogenicity of a single nucleotide change. In this study, we described an optimized and rapid protocol to introduce a heterozygous LQT3-specific variant into healthy control hiPSCs using ribonucleoprotein (RNP) and single-stranded oligonucleotide (ssODN). Based on this protocol, we successfully screened hiPSCs carrying a heterozygous LQT3 pathogenic variant (SCN5A±) with high efficiency (6 out of 69) and confirmed no off-target effect, normal karyotype, high alkaline phosphatase activity, unaffected pluripotency, and in vitro embryonic body formation capacity within 2 weeks. In addition, we also provide protocols to robustly differentiate hiPSCs into cardiomyocytes and evaluate the electrophysiological characteristics using Multi-electrode Array. This protocol is also applicable to introduce and/or correct other disease-specific variants into hiPSCs for future pharmacological screening and gene therapeutic development.

Graphical Abstract
Evaluating the efficacy of AI content detection tools in differentiating between human and AI-generated text
Authors: Elkhatat Ahmed M. , Elsaid Khaled , Almeer Saeed
Published: August 2023

The proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI)-generated content, particularly from models like ChatGPT, presents potential challenges to academic integrity and raises concerns about plagiarism. This study investigates the capabilities of various AI content detection tools in discerning human and AI-authored content. Fifteen paragraphs each from ChatGPT Models 3.5 and 4 on the topic of cooling towers in the engineering process and five human-witten control responses were generated for evaluation. AI content detection tools developed by OpenAI, Writer, Copyleaks, GPTZero, and CrossPlag were used to evaluate these paragraphs. Findings reveal that the AI detection tools were more accurate in identifying content generated by GPT 3.5 than GPT 4. However, when applied to human-written control responses, the tools exhibited inconsistencies, producing false positives and uncertain classifications. This study underscores the need for further development and refinement of AI content detection tools as AI-generated content becomes more sophisticated and harder to distinguish from human-written text.