bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Objective smartphone data as a potential diagnostic marker of bipolar disorder
Authors: Faurholt-Jepsen Maria , Busk Jonas , Þórarinsdóttir Helga , Frost Mads , Bardram Jakob Eyvind , Vinberg Maj , Kessing Lars Vedel
Published: November 2018

Objective:

Currently, the diagnosis in bipolar disorder relies on patient information and careful clinical evaluations and judgements with a lack of objective tests. Core clinical features of bipolar disorder include changes in behaviour. We aimed to investigate objective smartphone data reflecting behavioural activities to classify patients with bipolar disorder compared with healthy individuals.

Methods:

Objective smartphone data were automatically collected from 29 patients with bipolar disorder and 37 healthy individuals. Repeated measurements of objective smartphone data were performed during different affective states in patients with bipolar disorder over 12 weeks and compared with healthy individuals.

Results:

Overall, the sensitivity of objective smartphone data in patients with bipolar disorder versus healthy individuals was 0.92, specificity 0.39, positive predictive value 0.88 and negative predictive value 0.52. In euthymic patients versus healthy individuals, the sensitivity was 0.90, specificity 0.56, positive predictive value 0.85 and negative predictive value 0.67. In mixed models, automatically generated objective smartphone data (the number of text messages/day, the duration of phone calls/day) were increased in patients with bipolar disorder (during euthymia, depressive and manic or mixed states, and overall) compared with healthy individuals. The amount of time the smartphone screen was ‘on’ per day was decreased in patients with bipolar disorder (during euthymia, depressive state and overall) compared with healthy individuals.

Conclusion:

Objective smartphone data may represent a potential diagnostic behavioural marker in bipolar disorder and may be a candidate supplementary method to the diagnostic process in the future. Further studies including larger samples, first-degree relatives and patients with other psychiatric disorders are needed.
Cultural Competence Considerations for Health-System Pharmacists
Authors: Corsi Megan Park , Jackson Joel D. , McCarthy Bryan C.
Published: November 2018

Purpose: An introduction to cultural competency is provided for health system pharmacists, including communication tools and considerations to personalize care for diverse patient populations. Summary: Disparities in patient outcomes, health care utilization, and treatment adherence exist across diverse patient populations in the United States. Cultural competence of health system pharmacists is important to optimize medication use in diverse patient populations. The LARA (Listen, Affirm, Respond, and Add) methodology, Kleinman’s explanatory model, and the teach-back method are communication tools to facilitate culturally integrated discussions with patients. Health system pharmacists should be cognizant of cultural considerations that may emphasize spiritual care, nonpharmacologic therapy, patient privacy, and potential distrust of health care professionals. Conclusion: Health system pharmacists should strive to increase awareness of the impact that cultural beliefs and traditions have on patient care.
Committee on Biographies
Authors: Vaile Roland S. , Grether E. T.
Published: November 2018

With this short biography of Professor Roland Vaile, the journal of marketing is inaugurating a new feature designed to pay tribute to outstanding men in the field of marketing. A Committee on Biographies has been appointed to carry out this assignment. Distinguished men of the past and those of the present who are entering retirement will be presented in this series. The order in which the men selected appear in the series is, of course, not a ranking.

Professor Vaile, as the first journal Editor to announce his retirement, begins the series. Subsequent issues of the journal will carry similar statements of men who have contributed in an outstanding way to the thought and development of marketing.
The Effectiveness of Pharmaceutical Advertising: A Case Study
Authors: Ferber Robert , Wales Hugh G.
Published: November 2018

One of the basic problems of advertising research concerns the extent to which the cost of advertising in dollars alone differs from the cost of making a given number of impressions on a given number of people. It is well known that two pieces of promotional literature can reach entirely different audiences in both size and characteristics although appearing in the same medium at much the same cost. The present article represents an attempt to evaluate the impact on physicians of pharmaceutical-magazine advertising and direct-mail literature, with regard to the reception accorded this material and the cost of the advertising. It is part of a larger study on pharmaceutical advertising carried out at the University of Illinois with the aid of a grant from Modern Medicine Publications, Inc.
How Wholesalers Can Cut Delivery Costs
Authors: Snitzler James R.
Published: November 2018

By use of time study and cost analysis, the delivery operations of a Baltimore wholesale grocer were analyzed to determine whether, and to what extent, the costs of these operations might be reduced. It had been previously determined that the efficiency of the firm's wholesaling operations was reasonably representative of other independent wholesalers doing about the same volume of business and serving the same general type of market area.

Numerous instances were found of errors in trip routing, inadequate use of delivery equipment, excessive overtime hours by drivers and helpers, and faulty methods of loading and unloading. Specific recommendations were made for reducing or entirely eliminating these causes of high delivery costs. These same kinds of recommendations are equally applicable to other wholesalers as a means of reducing their delivery costs.
The Distinction between Convenience Goods, Shopping Goods, and Specialty Goods
Authors: Holton Richard H.
Published: November 2018

The essence of the distinction between convenience goods and shopping goods may lie in the gain resulting from price and quality comparisons relative to the searching costs. For convenience goods this ratio is low, but for shopping goods the probable gain is large enough to call forth more extensive searching. Specialty goods seem to overlap both of the other categories and are distinguished only by the limited size of the market demand for the goods.
The Propaganda Function in Marketing
Authors: McGarry Edmund D.
Published: November 2018

Advertising is more than a mere extension of personal selling techniques to the printed page or the television screen. The author maintains that it is a special form of propaganda, designed to gain and hold the allegiance of a mass market. He contends that its function is to persuade, not to present a balanced judgment.

Advertising must convey its message through the use of symbols which stir the emotions and lead to action; but it forces the improvement of products to fit the changing needs of consumers.
Errors in Estimates of Retail Sales
Authors: Ekeblad Frederick A. , Alspaugh Harold P.
Published: November 2018

How accurate are the estimates of retail sales which are used so widely as market guides? Estimates by Standard Rate and Data Service and by Sales Management are those most commonly used.

The 1954 Census of Retail Trade provides a basis for gauging the accuracy of the estimates, both for counties and cities.

The following article reveals some of the errors in retail-sales estimates. Consideration is also given to evidence of bias, and to the correlation of errors with size of county and city, and with geographical location.
Have We a Decline in Advertising Appropriations?
Authors: Myers Kenneth H.
Published: November 2018

Are advertiing appropriations, as related to share of national income, at an all-time high? Most advertising men say “yes” without hesitation.

But this is not true, as a distinguished business historian demonstrates in this article. Actually advertising's current share of national income is lower than in any decade from the 1890's through the 1930's.

The author points out that this phenomenon is related to the fact that advertising expenditures in constant dollars go farther than thirty years ago. In fact, they result in 2½ times greater per capita exposure to advertising.
Mediocrity in Retailing
Authors: Converse P. D. , Ferber Robert
Published: November 2018

Why do low-cost retailers allow their expenses to increase and their rate of profit to decline? Professor Converse suggests some answers.
The Changing Middle East Market
Authors: Stewart Charles F.
Published: November 2018

Oil has changed the Middle East from a crossroads of trade between Europe and Asia into a market in its own right. This article examines some of the factors shaping the potential of this new market, and points out possible opportunities for the marketing man with the “right” product.
The Role of the Rack Jobber
Authors: Sheeran James J.
Published: November 2018

More and more non-food items are found in food outlets today. This means that the servicing and merchandising of non-foods is increasing in importance.

This article discusses the most powerful influence in the distribution of non-foods: the rack jobber. It examines his success, and points out some significant trends and opportunities in the rapidly changing area of non-foods marketing.
Testing Less Desirable Product Possibilities
Authors: Benson Purnell H. , Pilgrim Francis J.
Published: November 2018

Using the rationale of mathematical optimization, a procedure is described for systematically determining an optimum point of consumer quality.

The procedure makes more efficient use of consumer data than trial-and-error testing of product alternatives.
Are Automobile Dealers Good Judges of Media Allocations?
Authors: Orenstein Frank E.
Published: November 2018

This article examines the extent of knowledge that automobile dealers have of proportionate allocations to advertising media.

It suggests that other factors not directly related to the actual distribution among the media may influence dealers when they are called on to pass judgment on media allocations.
Commercial Canning—What Does the Future Hold?
Authors: Campbell Carlos
Published: November 2018

Fresh fruits and vegetables may be only a memory to future generations. Are we to become a nation of processed food eaters: canned, frozen, or some new yet untried process? Will canning survive the fast-moving attack of frozen foods?

This article gives some answers.
Tape Recorders in Consumer Research
Authors: Engel James F.
Published: November 2018

How can tape recorders be used successfully in consumer interviewing? The author shows the advantages and limitations.
Predicting Dealer Success
Authors: Steinberg Martin D.
Published: November 2018

Using a simple method of forecasting from early performance, the future success of a distributorship can be quite accurately predicted.

This procedure eliminates the long and costly process of replacing unsuccessful distributors after market penetration has been sacrificed for a prolonged period.
How Extensive the Planning and Development Program?
Authors: Weigand Robert E.
Published: November 2018

Cut short the planning and development program — and risk a serious mistake? Or carry it out more fully—and risk delay of entry into the market?

Seven factors are suggested which should influence the executive in managing his product-planning and development program.
A Survey of Marketing Games
Authors: McRaith J. F. , Goeldner Charles R. , Ferber Robert
Published: November 2018

Most people in marketing have had no contact with marketing games, and many are not even aware of them. The purpose here is to provide an illustrative list of the games available to marketing executives and educators.
A Profit-oriented Decision System
Authors: Winer Leon
Published: November 2018

As marketing activities have grown more complex, it has become difficult to relate individual marketing decisions to the basic profit objective.

This article presents a Profit-Oriented Decision (PROD) system to solve this problem for a wide variety of marketing decisions.
The Strategy Selection Chart
Authors: Kotrba R. William
Published: November 2018

How to stimulate or expand selective demand and establish product distinctiveness is a major concern of most marketers today. The Strategy Selection Chart provides a tentative solution to this problem, although of course subject to individual interpretation.

The chart is valuable in presenting a conceptual view of the process of strategy selection within a framework of product differentiation versus market segmentation.
Effects of a Newspaper Strike on Retail Sales
Authors: Ito Rikuma
Published: November 2018

What are the effects on retail sales of a newspaper strike? This article discusses the sales effects of the 134-day Detroit newspaper strike of 1964, with respect to the various cities within the Detroit Metropolitan Area.

This case history leads to some interesting hypotheses as to the effects of newspaper strikes on individual consumers and retailers.
The Process of Innovation and the Diffusion of Innovation
Authors: Robertson Thomas S.
Published: November 2018

“Innovate or Perish” is the marketer's cry of the 1960s. And “Perish as You Innovate” could well be the marketing slogan of the 1970s.

But several questions arise.

Can innovation be programed to occur? What is the nature of the diffusion process? Can consumer “innovators” be identified and appealed to? How do advertising and personal influence compare in effectiveness for new product diffusion?

Here are some answers to these questions.
Aerospace Discovers Marketing
Authors: Wentz Walter B.
Published: November 2018

Executives in the aerospace industry are re-evaluating their attitudes toward marketing; and emphasis is being shifted from engineering and accounting skills to marketing.

The author, a marketing consultant to the aerospace industry, shows how and why this new emphasis is important both to the firm and to the customer.
Galbraith versus the Market: A Review Article
Authors: Grether E. T.
Published: November 2018

J. K. Galbraith's THE NEW INDUSTRIAL STATE is an important new book which is influencing discussions on many aspects of modern economic life. In this review article, E. T. Grether discusses Galbraith's views on markets and marketing as expressed in the book and relates them to earlier works of the author.
FTC, Robinson-Patman, and Cooperative Promotional Activities
Authors: Davidson John R.
Published: November 2018

Can the FTC gain greater compliance with existing provisions of the Robinson-Patman Amendment through education, guidance, and advice? This article describes how the Commission seeks to gain voluntary compliance through informal methods and examines the record to date using Subsections 2 (d) and (e) of the Amendment as a case in point.
The Buyer as a Salesman
Authors: Stuteville John R.
Published: November 2018

A powerful set of forces may exist which compels new buyers of certain prodducts to act unwittingly as salesmen. These buyer-salesmen frequently promote their recent purchases to friends and associates. Their efforts may prove to be a powerful sales generator for the manufacturer. In this article, the author examines these dynamics as they operate in the case of people who buy uncommon makes of foreign cars.
Marketing Notes and Communications
Authors: Luck David J.
Published: November 2018

This is a rejoinder to “Broadening the Marketing Concept” which appeared in the January 1969 issue of the JOURNAL OF MARKETING. Exception is taken to the broad concept of marketing advanced in that article. Reflections on the social contributions of marketing in the previous article are criticized, and business enterprise's social role for marketing affirmed.
The Job Characteristics of Industrial Salespersons: Relationship to Motivation and Satisfaction
Authors: Becherer Richard C. , Morgan Fred W. , Richard Lawrence M.
Published: November 2018

The job characteristics model of worker motivation has been applied in many organizational settings. An empirical application of this model to the industrial sales position is presented in this article. The model appears to have potential in the study of sales force motivation and satisfaction.
Distributor Portfolio Analysis and the Channel Dependence Matrix: New Techniques for Understanding and Managing the Channel
Authors: Dickson Peter R.
Published: November 2018

Today, more than ever, manufacturers need to manage their distribution channels carefully. Two techniques are offered that may help identify opportunities and problems for manufacturers and provide a better understanding of power relationships in channels.
A Theoretical Model for the Study of Product Importance Perceptions
Authors: Bloch Peter H. , Richins Marsha L
Published: November 2018

Product importance and related constructs have been inadequately defined and understood in the consumer behavior literature. This paper reviews and integrates these constructs and presents a framework for the analysis of product importance perceptions. Two forms of the construct are identified, and the antecedents of and responses to product importance are specified. Implications for consumer research and marketing management are discussed.
Strategic Marketing Planning by Product Managers—Room for Improvement?
Authors: Cossé Thomas J. , Swan John E.
Published: November 2018

Product managers have a unique position in the organizational hierarchy. Neither line nor staff executives, they are responsible for planning and managing the activities of the firm's revenue generating product-market entries and are key executives in the firm's strategic planning and implementation activities. Do product managers utilize planning processes that require the types of data and data analyses recommended in the strategic planning literature? What organizational and personal characteristics are related to product manager planning activities? This article reports findings of an empirical study designed to answer these questions.
Marketing, Scientific Progress, and Scientific Method
Authors: Anderson Paul F.
Published: November 2018

It is argued that the long debate concerning the scientific credentials of marketing has been couched in terms of an idealized notion of science as the ultimate source of objectively certified knowledge. A review of contemporary literature in the philosophy, sociology, and history of science reveals that this canonical conception of science cannot be supported. The implications of this literature for the marketing–as–science debate are developed, and practical measures for the enhancement of scientific practice in marketing are discussed.
“Paradigms Lost”: On Theory and Method in Research in Marketing
Authors: Deshpande Rohit
Published: November 2018

Only recently have marketing scientists become concerned with issues in the philosophy of science. This paper points to one neglected area—the implications of a theoretical tradition for the selection of research methods (design, data collection, and data analysis). It is argued that marketing has been relying primarily on only one theoretical tradition. The dominance of this philosophy has led to marketing science growing more rapidly in the area of hypothesis testing than in the development of new, rich explanatory theories. Several suggestions are made to achieve a balance in theory construction and testing, with implications for reducing methods bias by a process of triangulating methodologies.
A Prospectus for Theory Construction in Marketing
Authors: Bagozzi Richard P.
Published: November 2018

This article addresses the question, “How should theories be constructed?” In doing so, two approaches are considered: the classic positivist paradigm and an emerging realist perspective. An attempt is made to develop criteria for representing theories so that they can be more rigorously developed, tested, and evaluated.
Marketing Strategy and the Structure of Aggregate, Segment-specific, and Differential Preferences
Authors: Holbrook Morris B. , Holloway Douglas V.
Published: November 2018

Some aspects of preference structure can be represented by a space in which the proximity of objects indicates the degree to which people who like or dislike one tend also to like or dislike the other. Further insights emerge from the directions of aggregate, segment-specific, and differential preference vectors in such an affective space. These vectors represent preference patterns of interest to firms practicing strategies of undifferentiated marketing, differentiated or concentrated marketing, and product oriented selling, respectively. Accordingly, the basic techniques for this type of scaling are illustrated in a study that addresses the implications of preference structure for decisions in radio programming.
Relational Communication: Form versus Content in the Sales Interaction
Authors: Soldow Gary F. , Thomas Gloria Penn
Published: November 2018

In view of the importance of interpersonal communication in the face-to-face selling interaction, this discussion seeks to provide a more complete picture of the actual communication process by introducing a concept new to the marketing literature. The concept is relational communication, which refers to that part of a message beyond the actual content which allows communicators to negotiate their relative positions. Thus, the message sender can either bid for dominance, deference, or equality. The message receiver, in turn, can accept the bid or deny it.
Measuring the Quantity and Mix of Product Demand
Authors: Wyner Gordon A. , Benedetti Lois H. , Trapp Bart M.
Published: November 2018

A research approach is presented for situations in which a market planner must forecast product demand at alternative price levels, but where historical market data are irrelevant. An empirical study, in the telephone market, is presented to illustrate and demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.
Marketing's “Scarlet Letter”: The Theory and Practice of Corrective Advertising
Authors: Wilkie William L. , McNeill Dennis L , Mazis Michael B.
Published: November 2018

Corrective advertising is one of the most controversial regulatory proposals made in recent years. This article provides an in-depth look at this FTC program, analyzes the theory behind FTC's management of this power, and reviews research findings. It then proposes a significant change in the program to make it more equitable and efficient than in the past.
A Role Stress Model of the Performance and Satisfaction of Industrial Salespersons
Authors: Behrman Douglas N. , Perreault William D.
Published: November 2018

This research proposes an integrative model of the antecedents and consequences of salesforce role stress, with particular emphasis on two outcomes important to sales reps and firms alike: salesforce performance and satisfaction. Drawing on data from 196 sales representatives for five major industrial firms, the linkages in the proposed model are tested with path analysis procedures. The model is sufficiently comprehensive that it provides a basis to replicate and extend, in one study, much of the key research on the sales representative's role environment, especially as it relates to role conflict, role ambiguity, and their relationships with job performance and satisfaction. Implications of this research for sales managers and researchers in the sales area are given.
A Script-theoretic Analysis of Industrial Purchasing Behavior
Authors: Leigh Thomas W. , Rethans Arno J.
Published: November 2018

This article applies cognitive script theory to the analysis of the industrial purchase behaviors involved in a computer terminal purchase. Industrial buyers' scripts for the overall new buy purchase process, an initial sales call, a follow-up negotiation meeting, and a modified rebuy situation are established and validated. Implications for industrial marketing research and practice are suggested.
The Relationship of Satisfaction and Performance to Salesforce Turnover
Authors: Futrell Charles M. , Parasuraman A.
Published: November 2018

This article reviews pertinent research related to the antecedents of turnover and discusses a research study involving a national industrial firm's salesforce. The study examined the moderating effect of salespeople's performance on the relationship between their job satisfaction and propensity to leave their firm. The paper concludes with implications for researchers and sales managers.
The Marketing Strategy Center: Diagnosing the Industrial Marketer's Interdisciplinary Role
Authors: Hutt Michael D. , Speh Thomas W.
Published: November 2018

Strategic interdependencies exist between marketing and other functional areas in the industrial firm. The concept of the marketing strategy center is offered as an organizing framework for exploring the industrial marketer's interdisciplinary role in the development and implementation of marketing strategy. Parallels between organizational buying behavior research and studies of executive decision-making processes are explored. Key research and managerial implications are highlighted.
A Model of the Distributor's Perspective of Distributor-Manufacturer Working Relationships
Authors: Anderson James C. , Narus James A.
Published: November 2018

Building upon work from social exchange theory and channels of distribution, a model of distributor-manufacturer working relationships from the distributor's perspective is presented. An initial empirical test, using a structural equation methodology, provided acceptable support of the model, given some measurement limitations. Further work on modeling both perspectives of the exchange relationship is discussed.
Organizational Commitment and Marketing
Authors: Hunt Shelby D. , Chonko Lawrence B. , Wood Van R.
Published: November 2018

The concept of commitment as a dimension of marketers' job performance has received little attention in the marketing literature. This article develops a commitment model, conducts a partial test of the model, and empirically examines the organizational commitment of over 900 marketing professionals.
The AT&T Settlement: Legal Summary, Economic Analysis, and Marketing Implications
Authors: Enis Ben M. , Sullivan E. Thomas
Published: November 2018

A review of one of the most significant events in modern economic history, the restructuring of American Telephone and Telegraph Company, this article gives a concise summary of the legal issues, from first allegations in 1974 through the final order in 1983. It offers a six-category product-market framework for considering the economic and marketing implications of the settlement, and provides a foundation for continued study of the many opportunities and threats implicit in greatly increasing the scope and diversity of telecommunications marketing.
On Cash Discounts to Retail Customers: Further Evidence
Authors: Grant R. M.
Published: November 2018

In an earlier article, Ingene and Levy outlined the optimal discount that retailers should offer to induce cash rather than credit card payment. Here it is shown that, on the basis of more careful estimates of the cost differentials of cash and credit card sales, and more likely estimates of the proportions of cash and card payments, retailers generally will not find it profitable to offer cash discounts.
The Distorted Mirror: Reflections on the Unintended Consequences of Advertising
Authors: Pollay Richard W.
Published: November 2018

This article reviews the work of significant humanities and social science scholars for their thoughts and theories about advertising's social and cultural consequences. In brief, they view advertising as instrusive and environmental and its effects as inescapable and profound. They see it as reinforcing materialism, cynicism, irrationality, selfishness, anxiety, social competitiveness, sexual preoccupation, powerlessness, and/or a loss of self-respect. Drawing heavily on original sources, these ideas are synthesized into a framework that structures advertising's supposed effects and causalities. Also discussed are the problems and prospects for needed research and the moral imperative for this research.
The Missing Link: Surrogate Consumers in the Marketing Chain
Authors: Solomon Michael R.
Published: November 2018

Though consumers commonly are assumed to be actively involved in important purchase decisions, the author proposes that consumers in fact often relinquish control to external experts, or surrogates, in such situations. As a result, the purchase decision is often a joint process over which the end consumer does not necessarily retain primary control. The author conceptualizes the surrogate function as an interface between the flow of market channels and the sequence of stages involved in consumer decision making. The roles played by surrogates at these stages are explored and ramifications for marketing theory, consumer research, and managerial practice are discussed.
The Influence of Career Stages on Components of Salesperson Motivation
Authors: Cron William L. , Dubinsky Alan J. , Michaels Ronald E.
Published: November 2018

Researchers have found that career stage is related to salespeople's attitudes, work perceptions, and performance. To date, however, no reported research has explored the impact of career stages on all three components of salesforce motivation—valence, expectancy, and instrumentality. The authors report the results of a study intended to address this void in the sales management literature. Implications for sales management practice and research are offered.
Assessing Advantage: A Framework for Diagnosing Competitive Superiority
Authors: Day George S. , Wensley Robin
Published: November 2018

Strategy is about seeking new edges in a market while slowing the erosion of present advantages. Effective strategy moves are grounded in valid and insightful monitoring of the current competitive position coupled with evidence that reveals the skills and resources affording the most leverage on future cost and differentiation advantages. Too often the available measures and methods do not satisfy these requirements. Only a limited set of measures may be used, depending on whether the business starts with the market and uses a customer-focused approach or alternatively adopts a competitor-centered perspective. To overcome possible myopia, the evidence of advantage should illuminate the sources of advantage as well as the manifestations of superior customer value and cost superiority, and should be based on a balance of customer and competitor perspectives.
Organizational Culture and Marketing: Defining the Research Agenda
Authors: Deshpande Rohit , Webster Frederick E.
Published: November 2018

Contemporary work on marketing management is grounded implicitly in a structural functionalist or contingency perspective of organizational functioning. However, the field of organizational behavior from which such a perspective derives has recently developed a major thrust into theoretical modeling and empirical research on organizational culture. The authors survey this emerging literature on organizational culture, integrate it in a conceptual framework, and then develop a research agenda in marketing grounded in the five cultural paradigms of comparative management, cohtingency management, organizational cognition, organizational symbolism, and structural/psychodynamism.
Modeling the Decision to Add New Products by Channel Intermediaries
Authors: Rao Vithala R. , McLaughlin Edward W.
Published: November 2018

Using data collected on new products presented to a major channel intermediary, the authors estimate logistic regression models to describe the intermediary's accept/reject decisions for those products. Results indicate how different variables influence those decisions. The logistic model is shown to fit extremely well with excellent validation performance. Implications of these results for marketing strategies and for improving performance of the marketing system are discussed.
A Situational View of Information Content in TV Advertising in the U.S. and U.K.
Authors: Weinberger Marc G. , Spotts Harlan E.
Published: November 2018

A study of the information content of U.S. and U.K. advertising was developed in the context of the Foote, Cone and Belding (FCB) planning matrix. A 1985 sample shows that U.S. television ads in that year have more information content than those in 1977 and more than a sample of 1985 U.K. television ads. Despite an increase in informativeness, more than 34% of the U.S. ads still had no information content. The study illustrates that the amount of information content in ads is related closely to the decision-making situation defined by dimensions of the FCB matrix. Specifically, significant main effects are found but no interactions for degree of involvement (high vs. low) or type of involvement (rational vs. emotional). Overall, ads for high involvement and rational products have the most information, with generally higher levels in the U.S. than in the U.K.
Embedded Influence Patterns in Organizational Buying Systems
Authors: Ronchetto John R. , Hutt Michael D. , Reingen Peter H.
Published: November 2018

The organizational buying system concept is introduced as an organizing framework for exploring the patterned, repeated interactions that characterize ongoing purchasing processes. Applying a structural perspective to the study of influence, the authors assert that organizational actors derive influence from the position they occupy within the buying system. An analysis of a 171-member organizational network demonstrates that individual influence in organizational buying is derived from properties of both the formal and the informal structures.
Ethics and Target Marketing: The Role of Product Harm and Consumer Vulnerability
Authors: Smith N. Craig , Cooper-Martin Elizabeth
Published: November 2018

Target marketing might be the epitome of the marketing concept. However, in certain instances it has been criticized as unethical. The authors identify explanations for the ethical concern and controversy that can arise over targeting. An empirical study confirms public disquiet over consumer vulnerability and product harmfulness, identifies which targeting strategies are evaluated as less ethical, and highlights the likelihood of consumer boycotts and other disapproving behaviors. Evidence of ethical concern arises when both “sin” and “non-sin” products are involved, and it increases for consumers perceived to be more vulnerable. The authors discuss implications for marketing managers, researchers, and public policy.
Pro-Social Consumer Influence Strategies: When and how do they Work?
Authors: Osterhus Thomas L.
Published: November 2018

Whereas some firms embrace and successfully exploit pro-social consumer influence strategies (e.g., environmental positionings, cause-related promotions), other firms tend to downplay their effectiveness and are reluctant to pursue such strategies. The author's research findings reveal that important moderators, namely consumer trust in the marketing source and attributions of consumer responsibility, must be activated for pro-social positioning strategies to work. Moreover, the levels of the moderating variables appear to be critical in determining whether a pro-social positioning strategy achieves the intended effect or backfires, thereby jeopardizing product equity and market share.
Left Populism, State Building, Class Compromise, and Social Conflict in Ecuador’s Citizens’ Revolution
Authors: Clark Patrick , García Jacobo
Published: November 2018

After Rafael Correa’s 2006 presidential election in Ecuador the governing party of Correa’s Citizens’ Revolution, Alianza PAIS, consolidated political power by undertaking an unprecedented process of state building in the country’s chronically fragmented polity. An analysis of the political and economic strategies it employed emphasizes their mutually reinforcing dynamic. The Alianza PAIS was a “big-tent” party with a vanguard of figures from the traditional political left that relied on brokerage with traditional political bosses at the regional and local levels to achieve political party nationalization. The Correa government was able to consolidate political power because it upheld its initial electoral commitment to abandon orthodox neoliberalism, rebuild the state, and advance social citizenship. The division between Correa and Lenín Moreno after the April 2017 elections and the subsequent implosion of Alianza PAIS put the legacy of the Citizens’ Revolution at risk.

Después de la elección de Rafael Correa como presidente de Ecuador en 2006, Alianza PAIS, el partido gobernante de su Revolución Ciudadana, consolidó el poder político emprendiendo un proceso sin precedentes de construcción del estado en el sistema político crónicamente fragmentado. Un análisis de las estrategias políticas y económicas que empleó enfatiza su dinámica de refuerzo mutuo. La Alianza PAIS era un partido de “gran carpa” con una vanguardia de figuras de la izquierda política tradicional que dependía de la intermediación con jefes políticos tradicionales a nivel regional y local para lograr la nacionalización del partido político. El gobierno de Correa pudo consolidar el poder político porque cumplió su compromiso electoral inicial de abandonar el neoliberalismo ortodoxo, reconstruir el estado y avanzar en la ciudadanía social. La división entre Correa y Lenín Moreno después de las elecciones de abril de 2017 y la posterior implosión de Alianza PAIS ponen en tela de juicio el legado de la Revolución Ciudadana.
Results on sports-related injuries in children from NHS emergency care dataset Oxfordshire pilot: an ecological study
Authors: Kirkwood Graham , Hughes Thomas C , Pollock Allyson M
Published: November 2018

Summary

Objectives

To analyse and report on sports-related injuries using enhanced injury data collected by the testbed for the NHS emergency care injury data set and admissions data collected from inpatients.

Design

Ecological study design.

Setting

Two Oxfordshire NHS England hospitals.

Participants

Emergency department attendees and inpatients aged 0–19 years with sports injuries.

Main outcome measures

Data were analysed from 1 January 2012 to 30 March 2014 by age, gender sport, injury location, injury mechanism and diagnosis including concussion/post-concussion, bone fractures and ligament damage. Admissions data were analysed from 1 January 2012 to 24 January 2015.

Results

Children and adolescents aged 0–19 years accounted for almost half (47.4%) of sports injury-related emergency department attendances and almost one-quarter (23.5%) of sports injury-related admissions for all ages. The highest rates of attendance occurred at 14 years for boys (68.22 per 1000 person-years) and 12 years for girls (33.72 per 1000 person-years). For male 0–19-year-olds the three main sports were (in order) football (soccer), rugby union and rugby league and for females, trampoline, netball and horse-riding. The largest gender differences were in netball where injuries were predominantly in females and in wheeled motorsports where injuries were predominantly in males. Almost one-quarter of emergency department sports-related injuries recorded were fractures, the highest percentage to the upper limbs.

Conclusions

Public health departments in local authorities and schools should consider target sports injury prevention at children in the first four years of secondary school. For younger age groups, trampolines in the home warrant improved safety. Rugby and horse-riding should also be a focus for interventions.
Outcome of Psychoanalytic and Cognitive-Behavioural Long-Term Therapy with Chronically Depressed Patients: A Controlled Trial with Preferential and Randomized Allocation
Authors: Leuzinger-Bohleber Marianne , Hautzinger Martin , Fiedler Georg , Keller Wolfram , Bahrke Ulrich , Kallenbach Lisa , Kaufhold Johannes , Ernst Mareike , Negele Alexa , Schoett Margerete , Küchenhoff Helmut , Günther Felix , Rüger Bernhard , Beutel Manfred
Published: November 2018

Objective:

For chronic depression, the effectiveness of brief psychotherapy has been limited. This study is the first comparing the effectiveness of long-term cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) and long-term psychoanalytic therapy (PAT) of chronically depressed patients and the effects of preferential or randomized allocation.

Methods:

A total of 252 adults met the inclusion criteria (aged 21-60 years, major depression, dysthymia, double depression for at least 24 months, Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms [QIDS] >9, Beck Depression Inventory II [BDI] >17, informed consent, not meeting exclusion criteria). Main outcome measures were depression self-rating (BDI) and rating (clinician-rated QIDS [QIDS-C]) by independent, treatment-blinded clinicians. Full remission rates (BDI ≤12, QIDS-C ≤5) were calculated. An independent center for data management and biostatistics analyzed the treatment effects and differences using linear mixed models (multilevel models and hierarchical models).

Results:

The average BDI declined from 32.1 points by 12.1 points over the first year and 17.2 points over 3 years. BDI overall mean effect sizes increased from d = 1.17 after 1 year to d = 1.83 after 3 years. BDI remission rates increased from 34% after 1 year to 45% after 3 years. QIDS-C overall effect sizes increased from d = 1.56 to d = 2.08, and remission rates rose from 39% after 1 year to 61% after 3 years. We found no significant differences between PAT and CBT or between preferential and randomized allocation.

Conclusions:

Psychoanalytic as well as cognitive-behavioural long-term treatments lead to significant and sustained improvements of depressive symptoms of chronically depressed patients exceeding effect sizes of other international outcome studies.
Involvement and Progress in the General Curriculum: A Grounded Theory of the Process
Authors: Ruppar Andrea L. , Knight Victoria F. , McQueston Jessica A. , Jeglum Sara R.
Published: November 2018

This qualitative multiple case study was part of a larger investigation to examine the processes that underlie involvement and progress in the general curriculum for students with extensive support needs. We found that general and special educators’ self-efficacy influenced students’ involvement and progress in the general curriculum. Special educators’ self-efficacy was influenced by their teacher preparation, flexibility, and content knowledge; and the district history and political context. General educators’ self-efficacy was influenced by feelings of autonomy, role clarity, and knowledge about inclusive education. Our findings revealed the central importance of teachers’ self-efficacy in supporting the involvement and progress in the general curriculum among students with extensive support needs. Results are discussed in relation to relevant theories of literacy access and inclusion for students with extensive support needs.
Management of Hemophagocytic Lympho-Histiocytosis in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Lemiale Virginie , Valade Sandrine , Calvet Laure , Mariotte Eric
Published: November 2018

Hemophagocytic syndrome remains a rare but life-threatening complication and is associated with intensive care unit (ICU) admission. The pathophysiology is based on a defect of cytotoxicity in T cells that results in a state of hyperinflammation in the presence of a trigger. As a consequence, patients may develop multiorgan failure. The diagnosis of hemophagocytic syndrome (HS) remains difficult and relies on persistant high-grade fevers in the absence of infection and on constellation of laboratory parameters. However, prompt diagnosis and treatment (supportive care and specific treatment) are associated with improved outcome. Interaction with other specialists (hematologist, internist) may improve the diagnosis and treatment strategy.

This article describes diagnostic tools, organ failures associated with HS, main etiologies, and management.
The controlled naringin release from TiO2 nanotubes to regulate osteoblast differentiation
Authors: Lai Min , Jin Ziyang , Yan Mengying , Zhu Jing , Yan Xufeng , Xu Kui
Published: November 2018

To design titanium (Ti)-based biomaterials with controlled drug-releasing bioactive property, TiO2 nanotubes with a diameter of approximately 110 nm was fabricated by electrochemical anodization. TiO2 nanotubes were then loaded with naringin by direct dropping and coated with chitosan layers. The surface morphologies, chemical compositions and wettability of different substrates were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscope, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurement, respectively. The in vitro release behavior of naringin was evaluated by UV-visible-spectrophotometer. The biological properties of osteoblasts on different substrates were investigated in vitro. Our results indicate that the chitosan-coated naringin-loaded TiO2 nanotubes enhanced osteoblast spreading, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity and late-stage osteoblast mineralization. This study provides a platform to help enhance osteointegration between the bone and implant surface in clinical applications.
High Level of Trait Anxiety Leads to Salience-Driven Distraction and Compensation
Authors: Gaspar John M. , McDonald John J.
Published: November 2018

Individuals with high levels of anxiety are hypothesized to have impaired executive control functions that would otherwise enable efficient filtering of irrelevant information. Pinpointing specific deficits is difficult, however, because anxious individuals may compensate for deficient control functions by allocating greater effort. Here, we used event-related-potential indices of attentional selection (the N2pc) and suppression (the PD) to determine whether high trait anxiety is associated with a deficit in preventing the misallocation of attention to salient, but irrelevant, visual search distractors. Like their low-anxiety counterparts ( n = 19), highly anxious individuals ( n = 19) were able to suppress the distractor, as evidenced by the presence of a PD. Critically, however, the distractor was found to trigger an earlier N2pc in the high-anxiety group but not in the low-anxiety group. These findings indicate that, whereas individuals with low anxiety can prevent distraction in a proactive fashion, anxious individuals deal with distractors only after they have diverted attention.
Cross-state mobility of European naturalised third-country nationals
Authors: Sarpong David , Maclean Mairi , Eyong Joseph Ebot
Published: November 2018

Drawing on a framework that integrates discursive practices and relationalism, we explore the relevance of relational ties for the cross-state mobility of naturalised third-country nationals (NTCNs) within the European Union, examining how relational ties facilitate their mobility to the UK. Our data derive from in-depth interviews with NTCNs of West African origin living and working in the UK. Emphasising how co-ethnic diaspora-based networks produce (un)planned cross-state mobility outcomes, we identify five stages in the mobility process: sensemaking of an imperfect structural incorporation in the naturalised country; co-ethnic diaspora conversations; squaring circles; reconnaissance visits; and taking the plunge. Our study reveals how shared collective identities are replicated in transnational networks to inform mobility decisions. Although West African NTCNs may lack the social and cultural capital needed to exploit opportunities in industrialised societies, relationally they are well endowed. The geographically extended relational capital they bring with them, and the access to opportunities this affords, we suggest, helps compensate for deficits in situated social capital and constitutes a primary determinant of success in cross-state mobility.