bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Are the Duties of Constructive Trustees?
Authors: Reynolds Daniel
Published: September 2021

There is little discussion in either case law or academic commentary on the duties of constructive trustees. Largely, this is because both streams of discourse are primarily concerned with the circumstances in which constructive trusts are imposed, and the appropriateness of the label of ‘trust’ in such cases. Those questions are of fundamental importance, however the focus on them has led to the result that there is little clarity as to what being a constructive trustee involves at a practical level. This article seeks to answer that question in respect of each of the categories of constructive trust that are generally recognised in Australian law. It does so by examining the rationale of each of the duties of express trustees, and considering their applicability to each category of constructive trust in light of those rationales.
Independence in Practice: Superannuation Fund Governance through the Eyes of Fund Directors
Authors: Donald M Scott , Le Mire Suzanne
Published: September 2021

This article reports on a series of interviews with superannuation fund directors that examine how director independence is framed, viewed and operationalised in the superannuation context. The interviews highlight the interaction between structural independence rules and other familiar governance issues, such as remuneration, nomination and board tenure arrangements. The role and potential for independence to address conflicts of interest, skills and diversity issues is also discussed. The paper concludes that independence reforms such as those envisaged in recent government proposals have the potential to deal with some of the governance shortfalls present in the various sectors of the superannuation system, but only if carefully drafted and appropriately buttressed with ancillary regulation.
Is the Classification of Animals as Property Consistent with Modern Community Attitudes?
Authors: Shyam Geeta
Published: September 2021

Animals have legally been classified as property under Australian law, at least since colonialism. In recent times, however, the appropriateness of this legal status has come to be questioned. The debate between abolitionists and welfarists has become increasingly prominent; nevertheless the largely theoretical debate remains confined to the scholarly and legal world. This article reports on the results of an empirical study that took the issue to the Victorian public, measuring the level of awareness and agreement about the property status of animals. The study found that most people are unaware of the legal status of animals, and that the property status of at least some animals may not be consistent with contemporary attitudes. The results of the study further confirm that different kinds of animals are perceived differently, although they are rarely viewed as property. The findings enrich the abolitionist debate with empirical evidence while also highlighting educational opportunities.
High Court Constitutional Challenges to Criminal Law and Procedure Legislation in Australia
Authors: McNamara Luke , Quilter Julia
Published: September 2021

Scholars of criminal law and criminalisation have paid insufficient attention to the use of constitutional challenges in the courts as a strategy for influencing the nature and scope of criminal laws in Australia. This article makes a contribution to filling this gap by analysing 59 High Court of Australia decisions handed down between 1996 and 2016. Our analysis highlights the sorts of criminal laws that have been the subject of constitutional scrutiny, the types of constitutional arguments that have been advanced, and the outcomes achieved. We show that outright ‘wins’ are rare and that, even then, the concept of ‘success’ is complex. We highlight the need to consider the wider and longer-term effects of constitutional adjudication, including how legislatures respond to court decisions. We conclude that challenges to constitutional validity in the High Court represent a limited strategy for constraining how governments choose to legislate on criminal responsibility, procedure and punishment.
Director Appointments: Expressing Board Care and Diligence
Authors: Voogt Thea , Verreynne Martie-Louise
Published: September 2021

Shareholders’ rights to appoint directors in widely-held companies are effectively held by the incumbent board as ‘agents’. This article advocates for the adoption of an integrated instrument designed to enhance accountability for the composition of the board, which sits at the apex of the board’s autonomous corporate control. Formulated as a focused numbered checklist, the instrument was developed through textual and statistical analytical techniques, drawing on empirical evidence from director skills matrices disclosed by large listed Australian companies. The instrument acts as an expression of the legal duty of care and diligence that the directors discharge in selecting board members, and relies on disclosure to make the market for corporate control more efficient: if the board is more accountable, shareholders are better able to monitor and discipline the directors.
What is a Court of Law?
Authors: Meyerson Denise
Published: September 2021

What is the nature of a court? In this article I argue that we need to know what a court is supposed to do in order to understand what it is. I argue against two conceptions of a court which I call ‘minimalist’ and ‘essentialist’. The former holds that a court is simply a body empowered to make binding resolutions of disputes by applying existing laws. I argue that this conception is incomplete. The latter identifies further essential features of courts, such as the use of fair processes. I argue that the essentialist conception lacks explanatory power. Drawing on the central case methodology in legal philosophy, I introduce a conception that I call the ‘paradigm case conception’. I argue that paradigm courts are not merely empowered to apply the law but equipped to do so, by virtue of possessing features that assist them to resolve legal disputes accurately and effectively (ie, with the public’s acceptance). Courts that do not possess all of these features or possess them to a limited degree are not ‘non-courts’ but defective courts. I explain why the paradigm case conception is theoretically and practically superior to the other conceptions.
Migration Pathways for Frontline Care Workers in Australia and New Zealand: Front Doors, Side Doors, Back Doors and Trapdoors
Authors: Howe Joanna , Charlesworth Sara , Brennan Deborah
Published: September 2021

This article examines the use of migration law and policy to address the labour needs of the care sector in two jurisdictions. New Zealand uses an Essential Skills visa to allow the direct entry of care workers on a temporary basis while Australia relies on a range of overseas born entrants including international students and working holiday makers, to meet labour supply challenges in the care sector and to supplement the local workforce, which includes many long-term permanent migrants. Changes to the work rights of working holiday makers, together with the introduction of a Designated Area Migration Agreement for Northern Australia and a Pacific Labour Scheme have created new opportunities for temporary entrants to work in care occupations but there is pressure on the Australian Government to open a dedicated temporary labour migration pathway for care workers. New Zealand’s revolving door of temporary migrant care workers and Australia’s de facto low skilled migration pathway both present regulatory challenges with regard to the protection of these workers in the labour market, their claims to citizenship and their opportunity to realise the ‘triple win’ promised in the temporary labour migration literature. The increasing reliance by Australia and New Zealand on temporary migrant care workers to meet the labour supply challenges in the sector also masks a range of other endemic employment relations problems in the sector (in particular, low pay) and may lead to a permanent demand for temporary migrant workers at the expense of local care workers.
The High Court on Constitutional Law: The 2017 Statistics
Authors: Lynch Andrew , Williams George
Published: September 2021

This article presents data on the High Court’s decision-making in 2017, examining institutional and individual levels of unanimity, concurrence and dissent. It does so in the context of the elevation of a new Chief Justice to lead the Court and the appointment of a new member to the bench at the commencement of the year. Recent public statements on the Court’s decision-making practices by the new Chief Justice and others inform discussion of the statistics. This article is the latest instalment in a series of annual studies conducted by the authors since 2003.
The Narrative Model of Constitutional Implications: A Defence of Roach v Electoral Commissioner
Authors: Crowe Jonathan
Published: September 2021

The role of implications in Australian constitutional law has long been debated. Jeffrey Goldsworthy has argued in a series of influential publications that legitimate constitutional implications must be derived in some way from authorial intentions. I call this the intentionalist model of constitutional implications. The intentionalist model has yielded a sceptical response to several recent High Court decisions, including the ruling in Roach v Electoral Commissioner that the Constitution enshrines an implied conditional guarantee of universal franchise. This article outlines an alternative way of thinking about constitutional implications, which I call the narrative model. I argue that at least some constitutional implications are best understood as arising from historically extended narratives about the relationship of the constitutional text to wider social practices and institutions. The article begins by discussing the limitations of the intentionalist model. It then considers the role of descriptive and normative implications in both factual and fictional narratives, before applying this analysis to the Australian Constitution. I argue that the narrative model offers a plausible basis for the High Court’s reasoning in Roach v Electoral Commissioner.
The Conflicting Purposes of Australian Anti-Discrimination Law
Authors: Taylor Alice
Published: September 2021

The underlying rationale for prohibiting discrimination continues to be subject to significant debate. This debate leads to a lack of clarity with respect to the kinds of harms anti-discrimination law is designed to prevent and the kinds of behaviours it is designed to capture. A frequent criticism of the Australian courts’ approach to discrimination law is that it fails to grapple with the underlying purpose of anti-discrimination law. The consequence of this failure is a jurisprudence that is underdeveloped. This paper makes a different argument. This article argues that the Australian courts can and do give a purposive interpretation to anti-discrimination law but the purpose that the courts draw on lacks an underpinning coherence or consistency. This paper will make this argument by considering three recent Australian appellate court decisions on disability discrimination to consider the different ways in which the court exhibits an understanding of the purpose of anti-discrimination law.
Redefining the Circumstances in which Family Hardship Should Mitigate Sentence Severity
Authors: Bagaric Mirko
Published: September 2021

The hardship stemming from prison goes well beyond the pain experienced by offenders. The family and dependants of prisoners often experience significant inconvenience and hardship. Family members of prisoners have not engaged in wrongdoing and hence arguably their suffering should be a mitigating consideration in sentencing. However, this approach potentially unfairly advantages offenders with close family connections and undermines the capacity of courts to satisfy a number of important sentencing objectives, including the imposition of proportionate penalties. The courts and legislatures have not been able to find a coherent manner in which to reconcile this tension. There is conflicting case law regarding the circumstances in which family hardship can mitigate the severity of criminal penalties. This article examines these competing positions and proposes that family hardship should mitigate penalty severity only when incarcerating the offender would cause severe financial hardship to his or her dependants.
Restraining ‘Extraneous’ Prejudicial Publicity: Victoria and New South Wales Compared
Authors: Bosland Jason
Published: September 2021

This article explores the powers available to courts in Victoria and New South Wales to restrain the media publication of ‘extraneous’ prejudicial material – that is, material that is derived from sources extraneous to court proceedings rather than from the proceedings themselves. Three sources of power are explored: the power in equity to grant injunctions to restrain threatened sub judice contempt, the inherent jurisdiction of superior courts and, finally, statutory powers in New South Wales under the Court Suppression and Non-publications Orders Act 2010 (NSW) and in Victoria under the Open Courts Act 2013 (Vic). It argues that the approach of the Victorian courts is much broader in terms of the scope and application of orders, which potentially explains why orders restraining extraneous material are more commonly made in Victoria than in New South Wales. It further argues that the Victorian approach presents some significant consequences for publishers.
TÜRKİIYE’NİN KARŞILAŞTIĞI DİPLOMATİK KRİZLER SONUCUNDA YAPILAN BOYKOT ÇAĞRILARININ TOPLUMDAKİ YANSIMALARI
Authors: YİĞİT AÇIKGÖZ Fatma , AYHAN Ahmet , KURTULUŞ Gülis
Published: September 2021

Günümüz dünya düzeni içerisinde, özellikle güç odaklı siyaset anlayışını benimseyerek emperyal emellerini sürdürmek arzusunda olan ülkeler ve karşılarına çıkan, yeni küresel güç olma potansiyeli taşıyan ülkeler arasında yaşanan gerilimlerin sonucunda zaman zaman diplomatik krizler ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu krizler, ülkeler için karşılıklı ya da tek taraflı yaptırımları beraberinde getirebilmektedir. Bu yaptırımların toplumsal tabanlı biçimi ise boykottur. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’de yaşayan insanların, siyasiler ya da sivil toplum kuruluşları tarafından yapılan boykot çağrılarına yönelik ne şekilde davranış geliştirdiklerini ortaya koymak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği ile yapılan araştırmanın sonucunda, katılımcıların yarıdan fazlasında boykota yönelik düşünsel ve davranışsal bir duyarsızlık görülmüş, boykot hassasiyeti olan azınlıkta ise güçlü ve istikrarlı bir boykot bilincine rastlanamamıştır.
olhar sobre a criação coreográfica contemporânea no seu potencial educativo
Authors: Neto Ângelo Miguel , Xavier Madalena , Fernandes João
Published: September 2021

Partindo de uma reflexão sobre as práticas coreográficas pretende-se expor o seu potencial no contexto educativo. Reconhecendo como essencial para ambos os processos, o de criação e de ensino-aprendizagem, a capacidade de promover que os seus agentes se posicionem numa direção comum de descoberta. O corpo, como instância inacabada e que se procura singular, encontra neste contexto a possibilidade de se revelar, sendo que os mecanismos de geração de material coreográfico são pensados sob este paradigma. Metodologicamente este artigo sustenta-se num contexto qualitativo que promove a articulação entre a prática artística, pela voz dos coreógrafos, e o diálogo com uma revisão da literatura.
Procedimiento para la evaluación del desempeño sobre la Base de las competencias laborales en la Ronera, Santiago de Cuba
Authors:   Investigadora independiente, Pullés Montoya Lizandra , Valle Pérez Francisca Lucía ,   Universidad de Oriente, Pullés Boudet José Antonio
Published: September 2021

Currently, performance evaluation is part of the integrated human talent management system and constitutes a strategic tool to determine if the work performance of a collaborator in a specific position contributes to the achievement of organizational objectives. This research was carried out in the Basic Business Unit (UEB) Ronera Santiago de Cuba. Corporación Cubaron S.A and its objective is to propose a procedure to evaluate performance based on labor competencies in a selected job belonging to a key process area of the entity. The method of Dialectical and Historical Materialism was used with the materialist conception of history that includes the following methods: historical-logical, analysis and synthesis, as well as the Delphi method, the holistic approach, the application of the GRAFCET methodology and empirical methods (observation , experimentation and measurement) in the application of the techniques used in the development of the investigation, to elaborate the profile of position by competences and evaluate the performance using an action plan that allows its continuous improvement. As significant results, the job competencies position profile was developed and based on this, performance was evaluated, which allowed proposing a program of actions to improve the performance of the workforce in the selected position. Keywords: human talent, job skills, job profile by skills, management by skills, job performance evaluation.
APOPTOSIS INDUCTION OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AMOMUM SUBULATUM ROXB. IN HELA CELL LINES
Authors: Ramakrishnan Prakash , Neducheziyean Ramya ,   B. S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Vandalur, Chennai-600 048, Tamilnadu, India,   KK College of Pharmacy, Gerugambakkam, Chennai -600 128, Tamilnadu, India
Published: September 2021

Deficiency in apoptosis is one of the key factors that plays a pivotal role in cancer cell growth and proliferation. A procedure used in the treatment of cancer is the triggering of apoptosis in cancer cells. The current study aims to investigate the anticancer property of ethanolic extract of Amomum subulatum Roxb. against HeLa cell line. The MTT 3-(4, 5-di-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide assay is the quantitative cytotoxicity assay used, maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value was selected as the cytotoxicity parameter. The IC50 value of A. subulatum Roxb. extract is 62.5 μg/ mL and for 5-fluorouracil it is 7.8 μg/mL which indicates anticarcinogenic properties against HeLa cells. The apoptotic morphological changes in HeLa cells were observed using an inverted microscope and changes in HeLa cells were noticed after treatment with 62.5 mg/mL of ethanolic extracts, followed by acridine orange and ethidium bromide staining. The induction of apoptosis by extract of A. subulatum Roxb. was determined using the DNA fragmentation study. The results of the DNA fragmentation study, which exhibits prototypical intrinsic apoptotic characterization, also included fragmentation of nuclear DNA. We also found that the expression of Bcl2 and p53 mRNA were measured using RT-PCR. Overall, the current study results suggest that the
UNUSUAL LEUKEMOID REACTION IN A COVID-19 PATIENT: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Tabassum SA , Bibi T , Tariq F , Tariq S , Raza S , Hafeez MM , Rana MA
Published: September 2021

A leukemoid reaction is a hematological disorder in which the White Blood Cells (WBCs) count may rise more than 50,000 per micro liter (μL) accompanied by an increase in Neutrophil precursors. The incidence of this reaction is uncertain. This looks like blood cancer but it is caused by reasons outside bone marrow like severe infections, drug reactions, intoxication, ischemia, inflammation and stress. The WBCs count falls back to normal once this cause is eradicated so we present an unusual case of leukemoid reaction with very high WBCs in a COVID19 patient to create awareness among physicians dealing with such cases.
IMPROVEMENT FOR BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE IN CROP PLANTS
Authors: Ahmad M , Ali Q , Hafeez MM , Malik A
Published: September 2021

The field of biotechnology has extraordinary influence on science, law, the administrative condition social insurance, and business throughout the world. As the starting of agriculture, people have been manipulating crops to improve the yield and quantity. Product yields throughout the world are essentially diminished by the activity of herbivorous insects, pathogens, and parasites. Natural environmental stresses make this circumstance significantly worse. Biotechnology can be used to increase the yield of food crops, to improve biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, to modify the traits of the plant (e.g. oil content, percentage of lignin, cell structure), to make the conversion to liquid biofuels more efficient. Various genes have been discovered for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. The genes discovered for biotic stress are aryloxyalkanoate, dioxygenase, enzymes (aad-1), nitrilase, Cry1Ac, Cry2AB, GTgene, AFP (anti-freezing protein gene) gene, Chitinase II and III gene, and Rps1-k. The genes discovered for abiotic stress are SgNCED1, SgNCED1, USP2, HSP70, BADH, and ALO, PVNCED1, HVA1, LeNCED1. CRISPRs (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) are the short DNA sequences present in bacteria and archaeal genomes which are now currently used by researchers to edit the genome. In different plant species (calli, leaf discs) protoplasts have been successfully used to edit their genome through CRISPR/Cas9 system. The aims of the applications are to increase resistance to abiotic or biotic stress, to engineer metabolic pathways, and to increase grain yield. Incorporation of modern biotechnology, with regular traditional practices in a sustainable way, can fulfill the objective of achieving food security for the present and as well as in future.
EFFECTIVENESS OF RADIOLOGICAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES (X-RAYS, MDCT, AND MRI) FOR DIAGNOSIS OF PELVIC FISTULA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Authors: Shahzad M , Anjum N , Siraj S , Omer MA , Shabbir R , Masood A
Published: September 2021

This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of different imaging techniques for preoperative detection of pelvic fistula. Imaging and classification of female genital abnormalities considerably pelvic floor fistulas are significant. We conducted a systematic review of the available literature to highlight the effectiveness of different radiological imaging techniques (X-RAY,U/S,CT,MRI) for the diagnosis of different types of  pelvic fistulas to see the limitations of conventional scanning and testing over modern imaging techniques and to show the effectiveness of choosing  one imaging modality over other depending upon multiple dynamics e.g., site and types of fistula. The controlled and regular research cases (n= 9) available in English from 2011 to 2020 were included in criteria of research. The evidence databases were used for assessment of certain studies analytically by way of PEDro scale and explicated under decision guidelines. In all relevant articles were identified and included in this systematic review. The radiological techniques showed improved diagnostic performance that established the effectiveness of imaging advancement for administration and treatment of pelvic fistula. Conventional methods have less sensitivity and specificity as compared to modern techniques. X-RAY fistulography and ultrasonography has less sensitivity and specifity as compared to CT scan but still found beneficial in the diagnosis of colovaginal, uterovesical fistula and considered as the most basic clue about the existence of a malignant fistula respectively.it is verified that MDCT is the safer accurate and offered more detailed defects in diagnosis of urogenital, urethrorectal, lower urogenital tract fistulas, upper and middle vaginal fistulas colovesical fistulas(along with X-RAY) and prostate symphyseal fistula(along with MRI).It has been concluded that MRI can access colovesical fistulas inherited vaginal fistulas and prostate symphyseal fistulas(along with CT) more efficiently. It has been concluded that diagnostic imaging for all pelvic fistula is useful, to help the physicians, particularly radiologists, in diagnosis of pelvic fistulas. The choice of imaging technique is dependent upon multiple factors. Advanced medical imaging techniques XRAY,MDCT MRI)  are considered more recommended choices as compared to conventional imaging.
Climate Sensitivity and the Value of Agricultural Production in the Brazilian Northeast: An Approach Using Spatial Panel Data
Authors: De Souza Helson Gomes , Castelar Pablo Urano de Carvalho , Costa Edward Martins , Tabosa Francisco Jose Silva
Published: September 2021

This work analyzes the sensitivity of agricultural production in relation to changes in precipitation and temperature levels in the Northeast region of Brazil. For that purpose, data from 2006 to 2016 were used for 952 municipalities in the area. The econometric methodology derived from Kunwar and Bohara (2017) and is applied to the production value of municipalities in the Brazilian Northeast, where it is assumed that the production value is also impacted by the interactions between precipitation and temperature. Thus, time and space data are used, applied to a spatial econometric methodology. The results suggest that the agricultural production of the municipalities of the Brazilian Northeast is spatially autocorrelated. There is indication that there are municipalities with high (or low) levels of production, which have neighbors with these same characteristics. It was also verified that, from 2006 to 2011, the agricultural production was more sensitive to changes in temperature levels than to changes in average precipitation. However, after the years 2012, 2013, 2015 and 2016, agricultural production has become more sensitive to changes in the precipitation levels. It was also noted that in the analyzed period there was an increase in the average sensitivity of the agricultural production in relation to the precipitation levels, while the average temperature sensitivity showed a decrease.
Service Robots Usage in Marketing Hospitality in China
Authors: Ersoy Ayse Begum , Cui Ziqi
Published: September 2021

Since the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) has had brought severe impact on all aspects of the world. A series of interpersonal distancing methods such as ensuring effective and safe social distancing among people, wearing masks, and traffic lockdown measures are also continuing to take effect to curb the continuing outbreak of the COVID-19 (“Advice for the public on COVID-19”, 2020). In response to the globally spread of COVID-19, many advanced technologies in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) were applied rapidly and played an essential role in the operation for several months. There are many different leading technology categories in the field of artificial intelligence and many different sub-categories within each main technology categories. Moreover, since the AGI technology does not yet reach the basic human intelligence level, this study will focus on the impact of service robots, which are already widely used in the NAI application category, on hospitality marketing in the current situation in China. In this paper the aim is to assess the effectiveness of use of service robots in Marketing Hospitality Industry during the pandemic through a quantitative study.
The Business Cycle, Inflation, and Unemployment Rate Nexus: An Empirical Approach
Authors: Silva Moreira Tito Belchior , Constantino Michel , Moura Cunha George Henrique de , Pires de Sousa Paulo Roberto , Santos Luciano Balbino dos
Published: September 2021

This paper revisits the main assumption regarding the original Phillips curve regarding the American economy, in which one assumes that the unemployment rate causes an inflation rate. In this context, this paper aims to evaluate if the variance of the inflation rate affects the unemployment rate and, besides, if there is a one-way causality from the variance of the inflation rate to the unemployment rate. Based on quarterly time series from 1959:04 to 2019:04 the empirical results show, via OLS and GMM methods, that the monetary policy affects the business cycle, and, in turn, the business cycle impacts the unemployment rate. Hence, the monetary policy affects indirectly the unemployment rate via the business cycle. On the other hand, the variance of the inflation rate contributes to an increase in the unemployment rate, consequently, there isn’t a trade-off between the unemployment rate and the variance of the inflation rate. Moreover, there is a one-way causality from the variance of the inflation rate to the unemployment rate. This is the contribution of this paper. At last, based on the Phillips curve, one expects that the unemployment rate causes the inflation rate. However, the Granger causality tests display a two-way causality relation between both variables.
Research on the High-Quality Development of “New Generation” High-Tech Enterprises in Hengyang under the Background of “Three High and Four New”
Authors: Bu Huabai , Bu Jiaqi , Ou Yang Lingli , Shi Naifu , Wang Jingyi , Peng Bo
Published: September 2021

As the pioneer of technological innovation in the context of the digital economy, the “new generation” high-tech enterprises are an important new force in the construction of a modern economic system, an important force and Important engine for the continuous development of national technological innovation, industrial transformation and upgrading, and high-quality economic development. The article first analyzes the existing foundation and development results of the high-quality development of Hengyang’s “new generation” high-tech enterprises under the background of “three highs and four new”, and then reveals the current high-quality development shortcomings and urgent needs of Hengyang’s “new generation” high-tech enterprises, Finally, from the government and enterprise levels, ten countermeasures and suggestions were put forward for the high-quality development of Hengyang’s “new generation” high-tech enterprises under the background of “three highs and four new”, so as to help the relevant government departments of Hengyang and a new generation of high-tech enterprises provide theoretical basis and methodological reference about the decision-making.
The influence of the demographic structure on the economic growth of Ukraine
Authors: Kukhar Nazarii
Published: September 2021

The national economy is closely related to the demographic structure of the society. Therefore, in the face of demographic changes, it is necessary to assess the influence of these changes on economic growth. This article presents an estimation of the impact that the future changes in the demographic structure will have on the economic growth of Ukraine, represented by the rate of changes in GDP per capita. The decomposition of GDP per capita and making the components of this decomposition dependent on the demographic structure allowed an empirical analysis, which used a variety of econometric and statistical techniques and was based on a population forecast prepared by the Ptoukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. As a result, it was determined that the impact of the changes in the demographic structure on Ukraine’s long-term economic growth will be highly diverse over the studied period (until 2060). However, considering the entire period of the analysis, the negative effects of the changes in the demographic structure on the economy will be counterbalanced by the positive effects of these changes.
Raising the bar to ultradisciplinary collaborations in management of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Akay Tankut , Kaymaz Cihangir , Rüçhan Akar Ahmet , Orhan Gökçen , Yanartaş Mehmed , Gültekin Bahadır , Şırlak Mustafa , Kervan Ümit , Gezer Taş Serpil , Biçer Murat , Yağdı Tahir , İspir Selim , Doğan Rıza
Published: September 2021

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is an underdiagnosed and potentially fatal subgroup of pulmonary hypertension, if left untreated. Clinical signs include exertional dyspnea and non-specific symptoms. Diagnosis requires multimodality imaging and heart catheterization. Pulmonary endarterectomy, an open heart surgery, is the gold standard treatment of choice in selected patients in specialized centers. Targeted medical therapy and balloon pulmonary angioplasty can be effective in high-risk patients with significant comorbidities, distal pulmonary vascular obstructions, or recurrent/persistent pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary endarterectomy. Currently, there is a limited number of data regarding novel coronavirus-2019 infection in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and the changing spectrum of the disease during the pandemic. Challenging times during this outbreak due to healthcare crisis and relatively higher case-fatality rates require convergence; that is an ultradisciplinary collaboration, which crosses disciplinary and sectorial boundaries to develop integrated knowledge and new paradigms. Management strategies for the "new normal" such as virtual care, preparedness for further threats, redesigned standards and working conditions, reevaluation of specific recommendations, and online collaborations for optimal decisions for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients may change the poor outcomes.
Pitanje ustanka 1875–1878. u bosanskohercegovačkoj historiografiji: između historijske istine i multiperspektivnosti
Authors: Radušić Edin
Published: September 2021

Cilj ovog rada je propitivanje odnosa bosanskohercegovačkih historičara prema postojećim raznovrsnim historijskim izvorima koji donose podatke o uzrocima ustanka 1875–1878, posebno iz perspektive procjene motiva njihovog korištenja. Kao dio istog cilja, procjenjujem da li se, na primjeru definiranja primarnih uzroka ustanka 1875–1878. godine, teži predstaviti nedodirljiva historijska istina ili ponuditi multiperspektivna slika uzroka ustanka. Posebna pažnju posvećujem utjecaju tekstova vodećeg historičara ustanka Milorada Ekmečića, koji je o ustanku pisao u drugoj polovini 20. i na početku 21. stoljeća, na historiografske tokove o ovoj važnoj temi iz prošlosti Bosne i Hercegovine. Kao primarna ciljna grupa određeni su historičari koji u 21. stoljeću djeluju u institucijama u Bosni i Hercegovini, ali i oni koji su svoje bavljenje fenomenom ustanaka počeli na njenim prostorima a nastavili u Srbiji.
ON HEAT SOURCE IN SUBDUCTION ZONE
Authors: Kirdyashkin A. A. , Kirdyashkin A. G. , Distanov V. E. , Gladkov I. N.
Published: September 2021

The subduction of an oceanic plate is studied as the motion of a high-viscosity Newtonian fluid. The subducting plate spreads along the 670-km depth boundary under the influence of oppositely directed horizontal forces. These forces are due to oppositely directed horizontal temperature gradients. We consider the flow structure and heat transfer in the layer that includes both the oceanic lithosphere and the crust and moves underneath a continent. The heat flow is estimated at the contact between the subducting plate and the surrounding mantle in the continental limb of the subduction zone. Our study results show that the crustal layer of the subducting plate can melt and a thermochemical plume can form at the 670-km boundary. Our model of a thermochemical plume in the subduction zone shows the following: (1) formation of a plume conduit in the crustal layer of the subducting plate; (2) formation of a primary magmatic chamber in the area wherein the melting rate equals the rate of subduction; (3) origination of a vertical plume conduit from the primary chamber melting through the continent; (4) plume eruption through the crustal layer to the surface, i.e. formation of a volcano. Our experiments are aimed to model the plume conduit melting in an inclined flat layer above a local heat source. The melt flow structure in the plume conduit is described. Laboratory modeling have revealed that the mechanisms of melt eruption from the plume conduit differ depending on whether a gas cushion is present or absent at the plume roof.
ON OBSERVATION OF ULF ELECTROMAGNETIC SIGNALS FROM REMOTE EARTHQUAKES AND DISTRIBUTION OF THEIR SOURCES ON THE EARTH’S SURFACE
Authors: Dovbnya B. V.
Published: September 2021

During long-term observations, the Borok and College Geophysical Observatories have registered ultralow-frequency (ULF) electromagnetic signals from remote earthquakes. We have analysed the characteristics of such signals that occur several minutes before a seismic event. Our analysis shows that the dynamic spectra of the signals from earthquakes that occurred in different regions are similar, although the earthquakes differ in magnitude and focal depth. We investigate and discuss daily and seasonal probabilities for the occurrence of ULF electromagnetic pulses. Attention is given to the uneven distribution of their sources (i.e. earthquakes) on the earth’s surface. Our study shows that the ULF electromagnetic signals are clustered in separate zones and cells. When mapped, these clusters mark seismic electromagnetically active regions. In the northern hemisphere, a maximum cluster is found at latitudes 30–45°. In the longitudinal direction, two maximum clusters are located in the western sector. They are considered as the major and additional peaks (latitudes 120–150° and 0–30°, respectively). Examples are given to illustrate earthquake precursors in various regions. Based on the analysis results, we conclude that the occurrence of ULF electromagnetic pulses before earthquakes is universal. These pulses need to be investigated in a more detail to clarify if an upcoming earthquake is detectable from such signals a few minutes before its occurrence, and whether it is possible, in principle, to use this information for safety alerts before seismic shaking arrives.
GlideScope® Versus C-MAC® Video Laryngoscopy in Pediatric Intubation. Does Time Matter?
Authors: Teo Rufinah , Mian Nornafiza , Sayed Masri Syarifah Noor Nazihah , Mohd Mahdi Siti Nidzwani , Chih Nie Yeoh , Md Nor Nadia
Published: September 2021

Background: The emergence of video laryngoscopy in the management of pediatric airways has been invaluable as it has been known that these patients are prone to airway complications. Video laryngoscopes are proven to improve glottic view in both normal and difficult airways in pediatric patients. The time taken to intubate using these devices is inconsistent. Objectives: This study was designed to compare the time to intubate using two common video laryngoscopes, C-MAC®, and GlideScope®, aimed at pediatric patients age 3 - 12 years old. Methods: A Randomized controlled trial was conducted in 65 ASA I or II patients, aged 3 - 12 years old who underwent elective surgery using endotracheal tube. They were divided into group 1 patients who were intubated using C-MAC® video laryngoscope versus group 2 patients who were intubated with GlideScope® video laryngoscope. Laryngoscopists were all anesthetists with experience in both C-MAC® and GlideScope® intubation. Time to intubate and intubation attempts were measured. Any extra maneuver, airway complications, and laryngoscopist satisfaction scores were also recorded. Results: Total time to intubate was significantly longer in GlideScope® group than in C-MAC® group (P < 0.001). Both devices managed to achieve excellent glottic views. The first pass attempt success rate was similar between both devices. There was no difference between requirement of extra maneuvers to assist intubations. There were also no adverse events associated with all the intubations. The satisfaction score of anesthetists was comparable to each other. Conclusions: Even though intubation time using GlideScope® is longer, both devices give excellent glottic view, comparable success intubation, and anesthetists satisfaction score.
Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Hospitalized Patients and Associated Factors: A Cross-sectional Study from Mashhad, Iran
Authors: Heydari Ali Akbar , Eslami Abas , Dadgarmoghaddam Maliheh
Published: September 2021

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of resistant infection with high mortality and morbidity. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics and comorbidities of patients with S. aureus infection to define the predictors of adverse outcomes. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, patients (aged ≥ 15 years) with positive S. aureus blood cultures were included. Their demographic and clinical characteristics were recorded, and their association with the main adverse outcomes (methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA], infective endocarditis, source of infection, and the final outcome were analyzed using SPSS software version 16. Results: The male-to-female ratio was 54/51. The mean age was 55.13 years (women: 58.45 ± 20.4 and men: 53.6 ± 17.6). Of 105 cases analyzed, 40% had hospital-, 25.7% community-, and 34.3% healthcare-associated bacteremia. The median duration of hospital admission was 13 days. Thirty-two percent had MRSA, differently based on the source of infection (P = 0.029). Twenty-eight patients had infective endocarditis, differently based on the source of infection, prosthetics, considerable foci of infection, and receipt of blood and its derivatives (P < 0.05). Most patients with neurological and end-stage renal disease (both P = 0.001) did not have infective endocarditis. Finally, 61.9% of the patients were discharged with good condition, 38.1% died, and 9% left the hospital before diagnosis of the foci. Conclusions: Vascular catheters and cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, are among the most common factors associated with S. aureus bacteremia, and it is necessary to carefully examine the presence of these factors, as well as infective endocarditis in these patients.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Lotion Containing Black Rice Bran (Oryza sativa L. indica) Extract as Skin Brightening Agent: A Clinical Trial
Authors: Jufri Mahdi , Vardhani Afifah , Purwaningsih Erni
Published: September 2021

Background: Ultraviolet exposure is an extrinsic factor to initiate melanogenesis, the process of melanin formation in the skin. Nowadays, natural ingredients tend to be more prevalent in cosmetic formulations due to consumers’ concern about synthetic ingredients and the risks they may represent for human health. Rice bran, the outer layer of a rice grain, can be utilized as a skin-lightening agent. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the efficacy of a lotion containing black rice bran (Oryza sativa L. indica) ethanolic extract as a skin lightening agent. Methods: The black rice bran ethanolic extract was formulated into oil in water (o/w) lotion. In this study, 34 women applied the lotion at one side of the forearm and base placebo lotion as control at the other side of forearm. The results were tested with a paired t-test by GraphPad Prism 8.3.0 software. Results: There was a significant decrease in the melanin index and erythema index in the forearm with a lotion containing black rice bran extract (P-value < 0.0001). Conclusions: The lotion containing 10% black rice bran extract was effective as a skin lightener because it effectively reduced skin melanin production when applied topically.
Relationship of Learning Styles and Attitudes Toward Problem-Based Learning with Academic Achievement in Preclinical Medical Students
Authors: Aker Servet , Şahin Mustafa Kurşat
Published: September 2021

Background: A large number of factors affect the learning process. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the relationship of learning styles and attitudes towards problem-based learning with academic success in preclinical medical students. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Medical Faculty of Ondokuz Mayıs University (Samsun, Turkey) during May 1st and 31st, 2019. First, second, and third-year students were included in the study. Survey was used as the data collection method. Grasha-Riechmann Learning Style Scale and Problem-Based Learning (PBL) Attitude Scale were included in the survey form besides a socio-demographics form. Overall, 612 (72.3%) students participated in the study. Results: The highest mean value regarding the learning styles of the medical students was related to the independent learning style, and the lowest mean value was related to the competitive learning style. It was determined that the independent learning style was more dominant in the preclinical medical students; there was a correlation between learning style and the attitude towards PBL. Also, there was a correlation between learning style and attitudes towards PBL and academic success. Independent and avoidant learning styles and attitudes towards PBL were found to be critical variables in predicting academic performance according to multiple regression analysis. Conclusions: It is important to raise awareness in educators and students on learning styles.
Evaluating Knowledge and Stages of Nutritional Behavior Change in Diabetic Patients Covered by Comprehensive Health Service Centers in Ghayenat City in 2020
Authors: Khazaeinejad Abbas , Salmani Fatemeh , Moodi Mitra
Published: September 2021

Background: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic and non-communicable metabolic diseases and one of the major public health problems. Lifestyle and diet are remarkable factors in controlling diabetes. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the level of knowledge and stages of nutritional behavior change in diabetic patients. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, a simple random sampling method was used to select 330 diabetic patients covered by comprehensive health service centers in Ghayenat city, South Khorasan Province, Iran. The research instrument addressed the participants’ demographic information, knowledge, and stages of nutritional behavior change in diabetic patients. The ordinal logistic regression was used to examine factors affecting behavior change. In this regard, the significance level was set to be P < 0.05. Results: The participants’ mean age was 57.86 ± 11.72 years, and 63.7% of the patients were female. The mean score of knowledge was 15.73 ± 2.61, and 52.8, 16.9, 8.9, 11.3, and 10.1 percent of the participants were in the maintenance, action, preparation, contemplation, and pre-contemplation stages. The ordinal Logistic regression model revealed that the main factors affecting behavior change were knowledge, level of income, and a family member with diabetes (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Given that about two-thirds of diabetic patients take no training course on diabetes, that above forty percent of these individuals have no proper knowledge about the disease, and that half of the patients are in the pre-maintenance stages of behavior change, holding a training course is of paramount importance for patients.