bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crohn’s disease: First diagnosis in pregnancy and management
Authors: Jamieson C , Morosan M , Cameron M
Published: October 2016

This case addresses the difficulty in the initial diagnosis of severe Crohn’s disease in pregnancy as well as the challenges of instituting remission therapy towards the end of second trimester. The patient’s course was complicated by recurrent hospital admissions and intolerance to diet requiring temporary nasogastric feeding. Medical management included the use of biological agents during pregnancy, which allowed for better symptomatic control. She sustained no further complications and underwent a successful vaginal delivery of a healthy baby at 37 weeks’ gestation.
Interlocuting classical realism and critical theory: Negotiating ‘divides’ in international relations theory
Authors: Behr Hartmut , Williams Michael C
Published: October 2016

The history of the discipline of International Relations is usually narrated as a succession of theories that would pursue different ontologies and epistemologies and focus on different problems. This narrative provides some structure to a multifaceted field and its diverse discussions. However, it is also highly problematic as it ignores common problems, intersections and mutual inspirations and overemphasizes divides over eventual commonalities. Rather than such overemphasis, we suggest instead negotiating between ‘IR theories’ and elaborating their shared foci and philosophies of science in order to provide new perspectives on and approaches to international politics. We here negotiate between the two theoretical movements of classical realism and critical theories that are typically treated as opposites, yet which nonetheless are characterized by shared concerns about political and social crises, modernity and humanity.
Towards a critical concept of the statesperson
Authors: Beardsworth Richard
Published: October 2016

This article considers convergence between classical realism and critical theory in relation to pressing political problems. It argues that the spirit of both traditions can help develop critical reflection on the state as an agent of change. I suggest that too much recent critical theorization has avoided the state in its attention to social movements, but that a critical concept of state leadership is now required to address global threats and challenges. The article rehearses this critical concept in three stages. It considers, first, how the concept of national interest drives statecraft in the authorship of Hans Morgenthau and how complex this concept is both in its own terms and with regard to the political effects of the nuclear revolution. It develops, second, a multi-layered concept of responsibility as the guiding concept of statecraft in a world of increasingly incompatible demands. It argues, third, that these concepts of national interest and responsibility need to be aligned with global imperatives so that a greater marriage between the global and the national is possible. I conclude that it is the task of contemporary critical thought to address this present through a reimagined political realism.
Weber’s tragic legacy
Authors: Lebow Richard Ned
Published: October 2016

Weber’s corpus is characterized by four tensions: the epistemological between subjective values and objective knowledge, the sociological between social rationalization and irrational myths, the political among conflicting values, and the tragic between human conscience and worldly affairs. I explore how three of Weber’s successors struggled with these tensions. Theodore Adorno and Max Horkheimer, in the early postwar writings, sought to resolve them, as did Carl Schmitt—although in diametrically opposed directions. Hans Morgenthau sought to keep them alive but did not refine them. They remain very relevant to contemporary international relations theory.
Key Spatial Factors Influencing the Perceived Privacy in Nursing Units: An Exploration Study With Eight Nursing Units in Hong Kong
Authors: Lu Yi , Cai Hui , Bosch Sheila J.
Published: October 2016

Aim:

This study examined how the spatial characteristics of patient beds, which are influenced by patient room design and nursing unit configuration, affect patients’ perceptions about privacy.

Background:

In the hospital setting, most patients expect a certain degree of privacy but also understand that their caregivers need appropriate access to them in order to provide high-quality care. Even veteran healthcare designers may struggle to create just the right balance between privacy and accessibility.

Methods:

A paper-based survey was conducted with 159 participants in Hong Kong—72 (45.3%) participants had been hospitalized and 87 (54.7%) participants had not—to document their selection of high-privacy beds, given simplified plans of eight nursing units. Two types of information, comprised of six variables, were examined for each bed. These include (1) room-level variables, specifically the number of beds per room and area per bed and (2) relational variables, including walking distance, directional change, integration, and control.

Results:

The results demonstrate that when asked to identify high-privacy beds, participants selected beds in patient rooms with fewer beds per room, a larger area per bed, and a longer walking distance to the care team workstation. Interestingly, the participants having been hospitalized also chose beds with a visual connection to the care team workstation as being high in privacy.

Conclusions:

The participants with hospitalization experience may be willing to accept a bed with reduced visual privacy, perhaps out of a concern for safety.
Gabapentin treatment in clozapine-induced restless legs syndrome: two cases and a review of the literature
Authors: Kumar Vijaya , Venkatasubramanian Ganesan
Published: October 2016

Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a neuro-sensorimotor disorder affecting 2–4% of adults. It is characterized by intense urges to move the legs, associated with unpleasant sensory disturbances in the legs occurring at rest and manifests mostly in the evening and night, relieved by movement. Diagnosis is primarily based on clinical presentation and the consensus criteria for the diagnosis have been established. Antipsychotics, the dopamine antagonists, have been reported to induce RLS. Dopamine agonists, the effective first-line treatment of RLS, carry the risk of inducing or worsening psychosis. Many nondopaminergic agents including antiepileptic medications have also been used in the treatment of primary RLS. In this report we describe clozapine-induced RLS in two patients with schizophrenia and its successful treatment with gabapentin, a nondopaminergic agent. In addition, we have reviewed the available literature on clozapine-induced RLS and its management.
Mycobacterial panniculitis caused by Mycobacterium thermoresistibile in a cat
Authors: Vishkautsan Polina , Reagan Krystle L , Keel M Kevin , Sykes Jane E
Published: October 2016

Case summary

A domestic shorthair cat was evaluated for chronic, bilateral, ulcerative dermatitis affecting the inguinal region and lateral aspects of both pelvic limbs. Histopathologic examination of skin biopsies collected throughout the course of disease revealed chronic pyogranulomatous ulcerative dermatitis. Aerobic bacterial skin cultures yielded growth of a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium amycolatum. Upon referral the clinical findings were suggestive of a non-tuberculous Mycobacterium species infection. Previously obtained skin cultures failed to yield growth of mycobacterial organisms. A deep skin biopsy was collected and submitted for mycobacterial culture. At 5 weeks of incubation Mycobacterium thermoresistibile was isolated. In previous reports, M thermoresistibile has been isolated after 2–4 days of incubation, suggesting that this strain may have been a slower growing variant, or other factors (such as prior antimicrobial therapy) inhibited rapid growth of this isolate. The cat was hospitalized for intravenous antibiotic therapy, surgical debridement of wounds, vacuum-assisted wound closure therapy and reconstruction procedures. The wounds were ultimately primarily closed and the cat was discharged to the owner after 50 days of hospitalization. Seven months after hospitalization, the ulcerative skin lesions had healed.

Relevance and novel information

To our knowledge, only two cases of M thermoresistibile panniculitis have been reported in cats. In the only detailed report of feline M thermoresistibile panniculitis, treatment was not attempted. The second case only reported detection of M thermoresistibile by PCR without a clinical description of the case. In our case report, severe chronic skin infection with M thermoresistibile was addressed using prolonged specific antibiotic therapy, surgical debridement and reconstructions, and treatment of secondary bacterial infections.
Do institutions affect economic growth? An empirical analysis of selected South Asian countries
Authors: Bhattacharjee Jayanti
Published: October 2016

In this article we estimate the role of institutions in conjunction with physical capital stock, human capital stock, openness and liberalisation in economic growth of the four major economies of South Asia. We apply both time series and panel data analysis for estimation. The time series analysis shows that physical capital stock positively influences economic growth of the four major South Asian countries. The influence of the other factors varies across the countries in the long run. When we control for institutional quality, the speed of adjustment diminishes for every country. The panel data analysis shows that voice and accountability and regulation impart positive and significant influence while government effectiveness and rule of law imparts negative significant influence on PCGDP of the countries. The study shows the need for higher investment in human capital, physical capital. Additionally, the quality of institutions in South Asia needs attention, to sustain growth in future.
Test–retest: Agreement or reliability?
Authors: Berchtold André
Published: October 2016

Test–retest is a concept that is routinely evaluated during the validation phase of many measurement tools. However, this term covers at least two related but very different concepts: reliability and agreement. Reliability is the ability of a measure applied twice upon the same respondents to produce the same ranking on both occasions. Agreement requires the measurement tool to produce twice the same exact values. An analysis of research papers showed that the distinction between both concepts remains anything but clear, and that the current practice is to evaluate reliability only, generally on the basis of the sole Pearson’s correlation. This practice is very problematic in the context of longitudinal studies because it becomes difficult to determine whether a difference between two successive observations is attributable to a real change of the respondents or only to the characteristics of the measurement tool, which then leads to a possible misinterpretation of the results. More focus should be given on the real interpretation of linear correlation, and when agreement is required in addition to reliability, then correct alternative, such as the Bland–Altman plot, should be more generally used.
Emotion Regulation Regulates More Than Emotion
Authors: Gilbert Kirsten , Mineka Susan , Zinbarg Richard E. , Craske Michelle G. , Adam Emma K.
Published: October 2016

Maladaptive emotion regulation and dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis functioning are characteristic of depression and anxiety. However, little research examines whether and how emotion regulation affects HPA axis functioning. We utilized an experience sampling methodology to examine associations between three emotion regulation strategies (problem solving, disengagement, and emotional expression/support seeking) and diurnal cortisol rhythms and reactivity in everyday life. Participants were young adults with current, past, or no history of internalizing disorders (depression or anxiety; N = 182). Across participants, problem solving was associated with an elevated cortisol awakening response (CAR), whereas disengagement was associated with a steeper cortisol slope. Only for individuals with internalizing disorders was momentary problem solving and emotional expression/support seeking associated with higher cortisol reactivity and emotional expression/support seeking associated with a flatter diurnal slope and blunted CAR. Results provide insight into associations between emotion regulation and day-to-day HPA axis functioning.
Strongyloidiasis-Related IRIS
Authors: Bar-Yoseph Haggai , Zohar Yaniv , Lorber Margalit
Published: October 2016

Helminthic infection and HIV have been reported to coexist, particularly in sub-Saharan African patients living with HIV. Strongyloidiasis is one of the most common helminths, usually leading to cutaneous and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. In the immunocompromised host, this infection can lead to strongyloidiasis hyperinfection syndrome (SHS), not common in HIV-infected patients. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) can follow the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), with a variety of presentations. The authors present here a 32-year-old HIV-infected female who was recently diagnosed with AIDS, started ART, and recovered from SHS. Her upper endoscopy revealed severe duodenitis but no causal agent per biopsy or stool examination. After receiving symptomatic therapy, she showed improvement, a course of events that fit the diagnosis of GI-related IRIS.
A scalability study of phylogenetic network inference methods using empirical datasets and simulations involving a single reticulation
Authors: Hejase Hussein A. , Liu Kevin J.
Published: October 2016

Background

Branching events in phylogenetic trees reflect bifurcating and/or multifurcating speciation and splitting events. In the presence of gene flow, a phylogeny cannot be described by a tree but is instead a directed acyclic graph known as a phylogenetic network. Both phylogenetic trees and networks are typically reconstructed using computational analysis of multi-locus sequence data. The advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies has brought about two main scalability challenges: (1) dataset size in terms of the number of taxa and (2) the evolutionary divergence of the taxa in a study. The impact of both dimensions of scale on phylogenetic tree inference has been well characterized by recent studies; in contrast, the scalability limits of phylogenetic network inference methods are largely unknown.

Results

In this study, we quantify the performance of state-of-the-art phylogenetic network inference methods on large-scale datasets using empirical data sampled from natural mouse populations and a range of simulations using model phylogenies with a single reticulation. We find that, as in the case of phylogenetic tree inference, the performance of leading network inference methods is negatively impacted by both dimensions of dataset scale. In general, we found that topological accuracy degrades as the number of taxa increases; a similar effect was observed with increased sequence mutation rate. The most accurate methods were probabilistic inference methods which maximize either likelihood under coalescent-based models or pseudo-likelihood approximations to the model likelihood. The improved accuracy obtained with probabilistic inference methods comes at a computational cost in terms of runtime and main memory usage, which become prohibitive as dataset size grows past twenty-five taxa. None of the probabilistic methods completed analyses of datasets with 30 taxa or more after many weeks of CPU runtime.

Conclusions

We conclude that the state of the art of phylogenetic network inference lags well behind the scope of current phylogenomic studies. New algorithmic development is critically needed to address this methodological gap.
Lack of effects of ooplasm transfer on early development of interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer bison embryos
Authors: González-Grajales L. Antonio , Favetta Laura A. , King W. Allan , Mastromonaco Gabriela F.
Published: October 2016

Background

Successful development of iSCNT (interspecies somatic cell nuclear transfer) embryos depends on complex interactions between ooplasmic and nuclear components, which can be compromised by genetic divergence. Transfer of ooplasm matching the genetic background of the somatic cell in iSCNT embryos is a valuable tool to study the degree of incompatibilities between nuclear and ooplasmic components. This study investigated the effects of ooplasm transfer (OT) on cattle (Bos taurus) and plains bison (Bison bison bison) embryos produced by iSCNT and supplemented with or without ooplasm from cattle or plains bison oocytes.

Results

Embryos in all groups were analysed for developmental competence that included cleavage rates, ATP content, and expression of nuclear- and mitochondrial- encoded genes at 8–16 cell stage. Interestingly, no significant differences were observed in embryo development, ATP content, and expression of nuclear respiratory factor 2 (NRF2), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and mitochondrial subunit 2 of cytochrome c oxidase (mt-COX2) among groups. Thus, although OT did not result in any detrimental effects on the reconstructed embryos due to invasive manipulation, significant benefits of OT were not observed up to the 8–16 cell stage.

Conclusions

This study showed that a viable technique for OT + SCNT is possible, however, further understanding of the effects of OT on blastocyst development is necessary.
Human macrophage differentiation induces OCTN2–mediated L-carnitine transport through stimulation of mTOR–STAT3 axis
Authors: Ingoglia Filippo , Visigalli Rossana , Rotoli Bianca Maria , Barilli Amelia , Riccardi Benedetta , Puccini Paola , Milioli Marco , Di Lascia Maria , Bernuzzi Gino , Dall’Asta Valeria
Published: October 2016

l-Carnitine, in addition to playing a fundamental role in the β-oxidation of fatty acids, has been recently identified as a modulator of immune function, although the mechanisms that underlie this role remain to be clarified. In this study, we addressed the modulation of l-carnitine transport and expression of related transporters during differentiation of human monocytes to macrophages. Whereas monocytes display a modest uptake of l-carnitine, GM-CSF–induced differentiation massively increased the saturable Na+-dependent uptake of l-carnitine. Kinetic and inhibition analyses demonstrate that in macrophage l-carnitine transport is mediated by a high-affinity component (Km ∼4 µM) that is identifiable with the operation of OCTN2 transporter and a low-affinity component (Km > 10 mM) that is identifiable with system A for neutral amino acids. Consistently, both SLC22A5/OCTN2 and SLC38A2/SNAT2 are induced during the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages at gene and protein levels. Elucidation of GM-CSF signaling demonstrates that the cytokine causes the activation of mTOR kinase, leading to the phosphorylation and activation of STAT3, which, in turn, is responsible for OCTN2 transcription. SLC22A5/OCTN2 therefore emerges as a novel member of the set of genes markers of macrophage differentiation.
The TNF family member TL1A induces IL-22 secretion in committed human Th17 cells via IL-9 induction
Authors: Thomas Lisa S , Targan Stephan R , Tsuda Masato , Yu Qi T , Salumbides Brenda C , Haritunians Talin , Mengesha Emebet , McGovern Dermot P B , Michelsen Kathrin S
Published: October 2016

TL1A contributes to the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory diseases, including those of the bowel by enhancing TH1, TH17, and TH2 responses. TL1A mediates a strong costimulation of these TH subsets, particularly of mucosal CCR9+ T cells. However, the signaling pathways that TL1A induces in different TH subsets are incompletely understood. We investigated the function of TL1A on human TH17 cells. TL1A, together with TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-23, enhanced the secretion of IL-17 and IFN-γ from human CD4+ memory T cells. TL1A induced expression of the transcription factors BATF and T-bet that correlated with the secretion of IL-17 and IFN-γ. In contrast, TL1A alone induced high levels of IL-22 in memory CD4+ T cells and committed TH17 cells. However, TL1A did not enhance expression of IL-17A in TH17 cells. Expression of the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor, which regulates the expression of IL-22 was not affected by TL1A. Transcriptome analysis of TH17 cells revealed increased expression of IL-9 in response to TL1A. Blocking IL-9 receptor antibodies abrogated TL1A-induced IL-22 secretion. Furthermore, TL1A increased IL-9 production by peripheral TH17 cells isolated from patients with Crohn’s disease. These data suggest that TL1A differentially induces expression of TH17 effector cytokines IL-17, -9, and -22 and provides a potential target for therapeutic intervention in TH17-driven chronic inflammatory diseases.
Prediagnostic Intervals in Retinoblastoma: Experience at an Oncology Center in Brazil
Authors: Mattosinho Clarissa Campolina de Sá , Grigorovski Nathalia , Lucena Evandro , Ferman Sima , Soares de Moura Anna Tereza Miranda , Portes Arlindo Freire
Published: October 2016

Purpose

Retinoblastoma is the most common intraocular malignancy of childhood. In most cases, parents are the first to notice leukocoria and other symptoms before undergoing a prolonged period of stress before diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to determine prediagnostic intervals of patients with retinoblastoma at an oncology tertiary center (Instituto Nacional de Cancer) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and relate them to stage at diagnosis, eye salvage, and survival.

Methods

Parents or caregivers of children with retinoblastoma registered between January 2006 and September 2013 were interviewed using a semistructured individually applied questionnaire, concerning their trajectory before registration.

Results

Out of 76 patients, 39 (51%) were girls, 52 (68%) had unilateral retinoblastoma, and 24 (32%) had bilateral retinoblastoma, totaling 100 affected eyes. The most common stage of diagnosis was the intraocular group, with 63 (83%) patients; nine (12%) were extraocular, and four (5%) had metastatic disease. During the follow-up time of 37 ± 24.5 months, 10 (13%) patients died and 70 (70%) eyes were enucleated. Mean family interval was 1.6 ± 2.6 months, mean medical interval was 5.0 ± 6.2 months, mean referral interval was 0.2 ± 1.4 months, and mean overall interval was 7.1 ± 6.9 months. In univariate analysis, age at diagnosis, maternal education, medical interval, and overall interval were significantly related to advanced stage at diagnosis and survival. In multivariate analysis, maternal education and medical interval were significantly related to advanced stage at diagnosis and survival. No variables affected eye salvage.

Conclusion

Medical interval was responsible for 70% of the overall interval; therefore, programs or campaigns targeting retinoblastoma early diagnosis should focus emphasize in medical awareness.
Default Drug Doses in Anesthesia Information Management Systems
Authors: Rodriquez Luis I. , Smaka Todd J. , Mahla Michael , Epstein Richard H.
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND:

In the United States, anesthesia information management systems (AIMS) are well established, especially within academic practices. Many hospitals are replacing their stand-alone AIMS during migration to an enterprise-wide electronic health record. This presents an opportunity to review choices made during the original implementation, based on actual usage. One area amenable to this informatics approach is the configuration in the AIMS of quick buttons for typical drug doses. The use of such short cuts, as opposed to manual typing of doses, simplifies and may improve the accuracy of drug documentation within the AIMS. We analyzed administration data from 3 different institutions, 2 of which had empirically configured default doses, and one in which defaults had not been set up. Our first hypothesis was that most (ie, >50%) of drugs would need at least one change to the existing defaults. Our second hypothesis was that for most (>50%) drugs, the 4 most common doses at the site lacking defaults would be included among the most common doses at the 2 sites with defaults. If true, this would suggest that having default doses did not affect the typical administration behavior of providers.

METHODS:

The frequency distribution of doses for all drugs was determined, and the 4 most common doses representing at least 5% of total administrations for each drug were identified. The appropriateness of the current defaults was determined by the number of changes (0–4) required to match actual usage at the 2 hospitals with defaults. At the institution without defaults, the most frequent doses for the 20 most commonly administered drugs were compared with the default doses at the other institutions.

RESULTS:

At the 2 institutions with defaults, 84.7% and 77.5% of drugs required at least 1 change in the default drug doses (P < 10−6 for both compared with 50%), confirming our first hypothesis. At the institution lacking the default drug doses, 100% of the 20 most commonly administered doses (representing ≥5% of use for that drug) were included in the most commonly administered doses at the other 2 institutions (P < 10−6), confirming our second hypothesis.

CONCLUSIONS:

We recommend that default drug doses should be analyzed when switching to a new AIMS because most drugs needed at least one change. Such analysis is also recommended periodically so that defaults continue to reflect current practice. The use of default dose buttons does not appear to modify the selection of drug doses in clinical practice.
Fragmented Sleep Enhances Postoperative Neuroinflammation but Not Cognitive Dysfunction
Authors: Vacas Susana , Degos Vincent , Maze Mervyn
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUND:

Sleep is integral to biologic function, and sleep disruption can result in both physiological and psychologic dysfunction including cognitive decline. Surgery activates the innate immune system, inducing neuroinflammatory changes that interfere with cognition. Because surgical patients with sleep disorders have an increased likelihood of exhibiting postoperative delirium, an acute form of cognitive decline, we investigated the contribution of perioperative sleep fragmentation (SF) to the neuroinflammatory and cognitive responses of surgery.

METHODS:

The effects of 24-hour SF and surgery were explored in adult C57BL/6J male mice. The SF procedure started at 7 am with cages being placed on a large platform orbital shaker that cycled every 120 seconds (30 seconds on/90 seconds off) for 24 hours. In separate cohorts, stabilized tibial fracture was performed either before or after the 24-hour SF procedure and assessed for systemic and hippocampal inflammation and cognition.

RESULTS:

SF-induced nonhippocampal memory dysfunction (mean ± standard deviation [SD] of the difference in time spent between novel and familiar object for control was 4.7 ± 1.4 seconds, n = 8 versus SF −0.5 ± 0.2 seconds, n = 11, yielding an estimated treatment effect of 5.2 seconds [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.6–7.7]; P < .001) and increased systemic interleukin-6 (median [25%–75% quartile] for control 0.0 [0.0–2.4] pg/mL versus 9.7 [6.3–12.9] pg/mL, n = 8/group, yielding an estimated treatment effect of 9.7 pg/mL [95% CI, 5.8–11.8]; P < .0001). SF reduced freezing time in hippocampal-dependent memory test (mean ± SD for control 49.3% ± 5.8% versus for SF 32.9% ± 5.8%, n = 10/group, estimated treatment effect = 16.4% [95% CI, 11.0–21.8]; P < .0001). Although surgery also reduced freezing time (mean ± SD for control 49.3% ± 5.8% versus for surgery 30.3% ± 3.3%, n = 10/group, estimated treatment effect = 19.0% [95% CI, 14.6–23.4]; P < .0001), memory impairment was not further exacerbated by combining SF with surgery. One day after SF, there was an increase in hippocampal messenger RNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (relative quantitation [RQ] 5.12-fold, n = 5/group [95% CI, 1.64–15.97]; P < .01), and 1 day after surgery, there was an increase in messenger RNA interleukin-6 (RQ 4.64-fold, n = 5 [95% CI, 1.48–14.56]; P < .05) and tumor necrosis factor-α (RQ 5.54-fold, n = 5 [95% CI, 2.92–10.51]; P < .01). These increments were more pronounced when either pre- or postoperative SF was combined with surgery.

CONCLUSIONS:

Although SF and surgery can independently produce significant memory impairment, perioperative SF significantly increased hippocampal inflammation without further cognitive impairment. The dissociation between neuroinflammation and cognitive decline may relate to the use of a sole memory paradigm that does not capture other aspects of cognition, especially learning.
DHX29 and eIF3 cooperate in ribosomal scanning on structured mRNAs during translation initiation
Authors: Pisareva Vera P. , Pisarev Andrey V.
Published: October 2016

Eukaryotic translation initiation is a complex process involving many components. eIF3 is a scaffold for multiple initiation factors and plays multiple roles in initiation, and DHX29 helicase enhances the formation of the 48S initiation complex on structured mRNAs. Because DHX29 is not a processive helicase, the mechanism underlying its activity is unclear. Here, we show that DHX29 establishes many points of contact with eIF3. In particular, the unique N terminus of DHX29 associates with the RNA recognition motif of eIF3b and the C terminus of the eIF3a subunits of eIF3, and the disruption of either contact impairs DHX29 activity. In turn, DHX29 has weak points of contact with mRNA in the 48S initiation complex, and the pathway taken by mRNA remains unchanged. These results exclude the direct role for this protein in unwinding. Thus, DHX29 and eIF3 cooperate in scanning on structured mRNAs. Our findings support previous genetic data on the role of eIF3 during scanning.
Perianth symmetry changed at least 199 times in angiosperm evolution
Authors: Reyes Elisabeth , Sauquet Hervé , Nadot Sophie
Published: October 2016

Perianth bilateral symmetry (zygomorphy) has evolved repeatedly from radial symmetry (actinomorphy) throughout angiosperms. Zygomorphy has previously been linked with plant‐pollinator specialization and higher species diversification. However, the exact number of transitions to and from zygomorphy has remained so far unknown. We recorded perianth symmetry from 761 species, selected to represent all 61 orders and 426 currently accepted families of angiosperms and to include all presumed origins of perianth zygomorphy. We then reconstructed the evolution of perianth symmetry on a consensus backbone tree, using parsimony. We found perianth zygomorphy in 32 orders and 110 families. There was a minimum of 130 origins, almost double of what was previously estimated, and 69 reversals to actinomorphy. Among the origins, 2 were in magnoliids, 29 in monocots, 17 in basal eudicots, 35 in superrosids and 47 in superasterids. Among the reversals, 8 were in monocots, 4 in basal eudicots, 18 in superrosids and 39 in superasterids. This study shows that there has been many more origins of perianth zygomorphy and reversals to actinomorphy than previously shown. We then use this new framework to review the developmental evidence of changes in floral symmetry, showing convergence in the early stages of zygomorphy across angiosperms at the developmental level. We also review the evidence on the genetic control of floral symmetry, suggesting that a restricted number of genes has been recruited multiple times independently to achieve zygomorphy. In contrast to its relative homogeneity at the early developmental and molecular level, zygomorphy appears to be highly variable in its morphological expression at anthesis, involving various processes such as perianth part displacement and differentiation. We then review recent hypotheses on the relationship between floral symmetry, floral orientation, and pollination mode in terms of selective advantages and constraints. Our comprehensive angiosperm‐wide reconstruction of floral symmetry evolution provides a new context for future studies on the developmental, functional, and macroevolutionary aspects of floral symmetry.
Retrieval of hundreds of nuclear loci from herbarium specimens
Authors: Hart Michelle L. , Forrest Laura L. , Nicholls James A. , Kidner Catherine A.
Published: October 2016

Herbaria are unparalleled collections of biodiversity information representing the world's flora. However, this treasure has remained largely inaccessible to genetic studies, frequently limited by the low yields of poor‐quality DNA. Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) has transformed every field of biological research. The different strategies for accessing genetic data using NGS are changing the direction of biodiversity research—we are no longer constrained by a relatively small number of markers for non‐model organisms, by time and cost limited sample sizes, or by incomplete datasets due to recalcitrant DNA extractions or PCR amplification failure. Here we show that targeted enrichment through hybrid capture can be used to generate hundreds of kilobases of nuclear sequence data of the Neotropical genus Inga, from herbarium specimens as old as 180 years and using as little as 16 ng of degraded DNA.
System of Work with Personnel in Modern Companies
Authors: Красавина  , Krasavina E.
Published: October 2016

The article examines the main approaches in the framework of the system with the personnel at the enterprise, analyzes both domestic and western model of professional work with the personnel.
Russia and the EU: About the Features of Pragmatism
Authors: Худяков  , Khudyakov S. , Гарнов  , Garnov Andrey
Published: October 2016

The relationship of the European Union and Russia as historically close and not
having an alternative is considered based on the analysis of various treaties,
agreements and programs between the EU and the Russian Federation. It is
shown that their potential has not yet been using a fully and is being
implemented in the interests our nations and citizens. Importance for Russia
partnership with the European Union was once again confirmed after the
presidential elections in Russia. Guidance documents and Decrees of the
Russian President and the Government of the Russian Federation, aimed at
creating the most effective forms of cooperation and integration in Europe were
considered. Issues stabilization of financial systems and the modernization of
the economyhave been discussed.
Despite the intervention of politics in economic relations between Russia and
the EU, the impossibility of preserving the old paradigm of «strategic
partnership», there is the prospect of restarting relations based on respect for
the interests of both parties and mutually beneficial cooperation.
The paper investigates how perceptions of each other all over the Europe can be
improved using both application of legal instruments and effects of traditional
research and development activity in different humanitarian and educational
programs.
The Value of Nothing: Asymmetric Attention to Opportunity Costs Drives Intertemporal Decision Making
Authors: Read Daniel , Olivola Christopher Y. , Hardisty David J.
Published: October 2016

This paper proposes a novel account of impatience: People pay more attention to the opportunity costs of choosing larger, later rewards than to the opportunity costs of choosing smaller, sooner ones. Eight studies show that when the opportunity costs of choosing smaller, sooner rewards are subtly highlighted, people become more patient, whereas when the opportunity costs of choosing larger, later rewards are highlighted this has no effect. This pattern is robust to variations in the choice task, to the participant population, and to whether the choices are incentivized or hypothetical. We argue that people are naturally aware of the opportunity costs of delayed rewards but pay less attention to those associated with smaller, sooner ones. We conclude by discussing implications for theory and policy.

Data, as supplemental material, are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2547 .

This paper was accepted by Yuval Rottenstreich, judgment and decision making.
Fantasy and Dread: The Demand for Information and the Consumption Utility of the Future
Authors: Ganguly Ananda , Tasoff Joshua
Published: October 2016

We present evidence that intrinsic demand for information about the future is increasing in expected future consumption utility. In the first experiment, subjects may resolve a lottery now or later. The information is useless for decision making, but the larger the reward, the more likely subjects are to pay to resolve the lottery early. In the second experiment, subjects may pay to avoid being tested for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and the more highly feared type 2 (HSV-2). Subjects are three times more likely to avoid testing for HSV-2, suggesting that more aversive outcomes lead to more information avoidance. In a third experiment, subjects make choices about when to get tested for a fictional disease. Some subjects behave in a way consistent with expected utility theory, and others exhibit greater delay of information for more severe diseases. We also find that information choice is correlated with positive affect, ambiguity aversion, and time preference, as some theories predict.

Data, as supplemental material, are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2550 .

This paper was accepted by Teck-Hua Ho, behavioral economics.
Everything We Do, You Do: The Licensing Effect of Prosocial Marketing Messages on Consumer Behavior
Authors: Kouchaki Maryam , Jami Ata
Published: October 2016

Do prosocial corporate marketing messages promote consumers’ altruistic behaviors, or do they advance self-interested and self-indulgent actions? To answer this question, the current research investigates the impact of different framings of prosocial marketing messages on consumers’ behaviors and choices more generally. Results from six laboratory studies and a field experiment demonstrate that exposure to messages that praise customers for good deeds can increase subsequent self-interested and self-indulgent behaviors more than messages that publicize a company’s good deeds or thank consumers for their patronage. Our findings demonstrate the possibility that a temporary boost in one’s self-concept drives this observed effect. In addition, the recipient’s level of support for the issue praised for moderates the effect of customer-praise messages on the recipient’s less altruistic behaviors. This paper concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and managerial implications.

This paper was accepted by Pradeep Chintagunta, marketing.
Computing B-Stationary Points of Nonsmooth DC Programs
Authors: Pang Jong-Shi , Razaviyayn Meisam , Alvarado Alberth
Published: October 2016

Motivated by a class of applied problems arising from physical layer based security in a digital communication system, in particular, by a secrecy sum-rate maximization problem, this paper studies a nonsmooth, difference-of-convex (dc) minimization problem. The contributions of this paper are (i) clarify several kinds of stationary solutions and their relations; (ii) develop and establish the convergence of a novel algorithm for computing a d-stationary solution of a problem with a convex feasible set that is arguably the sharpest kind among the various stationary solutions; (iii) extend the algorithm in several directions including a randomized choice of the subproblems that could help the practical convergence of the algorithm, a distributed penalty approach for problems whose objective functions are sums of dc functions, and problems with a specially structured (nonconvex) dc constraint. For the latter class of problems, a pointwise Slater constraint qualification is introduced that facilitates the verification and computation of a B(ouligand)-stationary point.
Incontinence-associated dermatitis: reducing adverse events
Authors: Rippon Mark , Colegrave Melanie , Ousey Karen
Published: October 2016

Incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) is a common problem in patients with faecal and/or urinary incontinence. Urine alters the normal skin flora and increases permeability of the stratum corneum and faecal enzymes on the skin contribute to skin damage. Faecal bacteria can then penetrate the skin, increasing the risk of secondary infection. However, IAD can be prevented and healed with timely and appropriate skin cleansing and skin protection. This includes appropriate use of containment devices. This article also looks at HARTMANN incontinence pads that have been developed to absorb the fluids that cause IAD and maintain the skin's acidic pH. The acidic pH of the skin contributes to its barrier function and defence against infection. Therefore, maintaining an acidic pH will help protect the skin from damage.
Male infertility: an overview of causes and treatment options
Authors: Leaver Rachel Busuttil
Published: October 2016

It is estimated that 3.5 million people in the UK, that is one in every seven couples, have fertility problems. In the past, it was assumed that the cause always lay with the woman. However, developments in science brought a greater understanding of the process of sperm production and conception. It is now known that up to 30% of fertility problems may be because of the man alone and up to 90% of these are down to low sperm count or low sperm quality or both. This paper offers a review of the causes and potential factors that affect male fertility together with an overview of diagnosis, investigation and current treatment options for these men.
Statins and their role in the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease
Authors: Preston Rebecca , Oldroyd Carol
Published: October 2016

Hyperlipidaemia is a modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease with a plethora of studies showing that the higher the concentration of cholesterol, the higher the risk of a cardiovascular event. Following an acute coronary syndrome (ACS), the patient is commenced on a lifelong drug regime, which includes atorvastatin for lipid management. However, studies looking at compliance with medication shows that adherence to cardioprotective medication, statins in particular, is poor. In 2014, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) revised its 2008 guidelines for the management of hyperlipidaemia. Changes include measurement of non-fasting high-density lipoprotein (HDL) at baseline and at 3 months, and looking at the percentage of reduction instead of a fixed target, to determine the efficacy of statins. Recommendation also includes commencement of a high-intensity statin, such as atorvastatin 80 mg for secondary prevention. There is a greater emphasis on the inclusion of patients in the decision-making process with regards to lipid-lowering therapies.
Addressing concordance issues: How motivational interviewing strategies can complement the nurse prescribing consultation
Authors: Hart Tania Elizabeth , Bird David , Holloway Julie Anne
Published: October 2016

Promoting concordance is an important aspect of the nurse prescribers role. It is estimated that over half of medications prescribed for chronic disease management are not taken properly or not taken at all. There are many different reasons why a patient may not take their prescribed medication correctly. This article will emphasise the need for nurse prescribers to think about patient motivation when addressing more complex concordance issues. It recommends that the nurse prescriber incorporates some fundamental motivation interviewing tools into their repertoire of skills, thus helping patients who are not concordant with their medication.
Best practice in management of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Morris David Stuart
Published: October 2016

This article will highlight best practice in managing type 2 diabetes in adults. HbA1c is the preferred diagnostic test for type 2 diabetes, the threshold for diagnosis being 48 mmol/mol. Structured education is the cornerstone of management of type 2 diabetes with a focus on diet, exercise and weight loss. Multiple risk factors for complications need to be addressed including hypertension, dyslipidaemia and smoking (the most important factors in targeting macrovascular disease) and hyperglycaemia (more important in targeting microvascular disease). It is important to recognise that HbA1c targets need to be individualised. Metformin remains the first-line drug for hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Sulphonylureas, pioglitazone, DPP-4 inhibitors and SGLT-2 inhibitors are all recommended as possible add-on therapies to metformin, the choice again depending on individual circumstances. GLP-1 agonists and insulin can be considered in more intractable cases of hyperglycaemia.
CONTEXTO, CONTEÚDO E PROCESSO DA MUDANÇA ESTRATÉGICA EM UMA ENTIDADE DE CLASSE DA INDÚSTRIA BRASILEIRA
Authors: Cavaleiro Karina Costa Lima , Barros Neto José De Paula
Published: October 2016

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar a mudança estratégica realizada por uma federação das indústrias brasileira, utilizando como abordagem teórica as dimensões de contexto, conteúdo e processo, sugeridas por Pettigrew (2013) para o estudo sobre o tema nas organizações. A pesquisa, caracterizada como um estudo de caso qualitativo, utilizou como evidência, entrevistas, documentos e arquivos de uso público, a fim de responder a questão norteadora: como ocorreu a mudança estratégica no Sistema FIEC, no período de 2009 a 2014, em termos de contexto, conteúdo e processo? Como resultado, foi possível identificar um contexto externo marcado por baixos níveis de investimento, inovação e produtividade e um contexto interno pela revisão do planejamento estratégico. Como conteúdo da mudança, projetos de tecnologia da informação, marketing e custos. Quanto ao processo, observou-se que, a partir da avaliação do ambiente pelas lideranças estratégicas, foram desenvolvidos projetos, que, apesar de iniciarem em períodos distintos, faziam parte de uma mesma estratégia que visava à ruptura de uma cultura de passividade, buscando uma inteligência organizacional que passava pela integração da atuação das organizações.
DIMENSÕES DO EMPODERAMENTO FEMININO: AUTONOMIA OU DEPENDÊNCIA?
Authors: Fernandes Taize Dos Santos , Lopes Gisele Silveira Coelho , Watanabe Melissa , Yamaguchi Cristina Keiko , Godoi Christiane Kleinubing
Published: October 2016

Este estudo objetiva compreender as manifestações das dimensões do empoderamento entre mulheres empreendedoras do município de Forquilhinha, SC. O empreendedorismo e o empoderamento feminino constituem os temas centrais contextualizados teoricamente neste trabalho. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, esta pesquisa se caracteriza como descritiva, qualitativa e com amostragem não probabilística por acessibilidade. A técnica de coleta dos dados foi a entrevista qualitativa com roteiro semiestruturado elaborado com base nas dimensões do empoderamento alinhadas à iniciativa empreendedora para abrir o próprio negócio, aplicada a 15 mulheres lojistas. Os resultados evidenciaram que o empreendedorismo oportunizou às entrevistadas o empoderamento econômico, tendo em vista que as afirmações se concentraram na ampliação da renda, na independência financeira e autovalorização. Nas dimensões psicológica, educacional, política e familiar as entrevistadas demonstraram certo grau de dependência de outras pessoas, insegurança na tomada de decisão e direcionamento do próprio negócio.