bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Participation and Performance Trends in the ITU Duathlon World Championship From 2003 to 2017
Authors: Nikolaidis Pantelis T. , Villiger Elias , Knechtle Beat
Published: October 2018

Nikolaidis, PT, Villiger, E, and Knechtle, B. Participation and performance trends in the ITU Duathlon World Championship from 2003 to 2017. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 1127–1133, 2021—Participation and performance across years have been studied extensively in various endurance and ultra-endurance sports; however, less information exists with regards to duathlon (i.e., Run 1, Bike, and Run 2). The aim of this study was to examine performance and participation trends of duathletes competing either to short (10-km Run 1, 50-km Bike, and 5-km Run 2) or to long distance (10-km Run 1, 150-km Bike, and 30-km Run 2) in the Powerman World Championship “Powerman Zofingen.” We analyzed 7,951 finishers (women, n = 1,236, age 36.7 ± 9.1 years; men, n = 6,715, 40.1 ± 10.1 years) competing in “Powerman Zofingen” from 2003 to 2017. Men were faster than women by 8.2% (171 ± 21 minutes vs. 186 ± 21 minutes, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.068) and 7.5% (502 ± 57 minutes vs. 543 ± 64 minutes, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.068) in the short and long distances, respectively. Women were younger than men by 4.6 years (35.0 ± 9.0 years vs. 39.6 ± 10.5 years, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.026) and 1.8 years (38.8 ± 8.7 years vs. 40.6 ± 9.5 years, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.005) in the short and long distances, respectively. An increase of women finishers across years in the long distance was observed (e.g., n = 19 in 2003 and n = 58 in 2017; p < 0.001), whereas no change was shown in short distance and men finishers. The men-to-women ratio (MWR) decreased across years in the long, but not in the short distance. No change of race time across years was observed. The sex difference in race time increased in long distance (p = 0.014), whereas it did not change in the short. Age increased across years in both sexes and distances (p < 0.001). The sex difference in age decreased in the long (p = 0.007), but not in the short distance. In summary, the number of women finishers increased and the MWR decreased in the long distance. The age of the finishers increased across years, and their performance remained unchanged. The increase of the sex difference in race time in the long distance might be attributed to the increased number of women finishers.
Resistance Training Frequencies of 3 and 6 Times Per Week Produce Similar Muscular Adaptations in Resistance-Trained Men
Authors: Saric Juraj , Lisica Domagoj , Orlic Ivan , Grgic Jozo , Krieger James W. , Vuk Sasa , Schoenfeld Brad J.
Published: October 2018

Saric, J, Lisica, D, Orlic, I, Grgic, J, Krieger, JW, Vuk, S, and Schoenfeld, BJ. Resistance training frequencies of 3 and 6 times per week produce similar muscular adaptations in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res 33(7S): S122–S129, 2019—We examined the effects of resistance training (RT) frequency performed 3 times per week (RT3) vs. RT performed 6 times per week (RT6) under volume-equated conditions in resistance-trained men. Twenty-seven men were randomly allocated to RT3 (n = 14) or RT6 (n = 13). The supervised training intervention lasted for 6 weeks. Upper- and lower-body strength were assessed using the 1 repetition maximum test. Also, muscular endurance (60% 1 repetition maximum performed to momentary failure) and muscle thickness (elbow flexors, elbow extensors, rectus femoris, and vastus intermedius) were measured before and after intervention. Pre-to-post intervention, both groups increased upper-body strength (RT3: +4%; RT6: +6%) and lower-body strength (RT3: +22%; RT6: +18%) with no significant between-group differences. No significant pre-to-post intervention increases in muscular endurance were seen in either of the training groups. Both groups increased elbow extensor thickness (RT3: +14%; RT6: +11%), rectus femoris thickness (RT3: +5%; RT6: +6%), and vastus intermedius thickness (RT3: +10%; RT6: +11%) with no significant between-group differences. Only the RT3 group significantly increased elbow flexor thickness from pre-to-post intervention (+7%). When training volume is equated, it seems that RT performed either 3 or 6 times per week can result in similar strength gains over a 6-week training period. Furthermore, under volume-equated conditions, comparable hypertrophy results may also be expected with both RT frequencies. Finally, no changes were seen in muscular endurance possibly because of the considerable interindividual variability in responses. The findings presented herein might be of interest to coaches, exercise practitioners, athletes, and recreational trainees.
Muscle Damage–Based Recovery Strategies Can Be Supported by Predictive Capacity of Specific Global Positioning System Accelerometry Parameters Immediately a Post-Soccer Match-Load
Authors: da Silva Cristiano D. , Machado Guilherme , Fernandes Alex Andrade , Teoldo Israel , Pimenta Eduardo M. , Marins João C. B. , Garcia Emerson S.
Published: October 2018

da Silva, CD, Machado, G, Fernandes, AA, Teoldo, I, Pimenta, EM, Marins, JCB, and Garcia, ES. Muscle damage–based recovery strategies can be supported by predictive capacity of specific global positioning system accelerometry parameters immediately after soccer match-load. J Strength Cond Res 35(5): 1410–1418, 2021—Soccer match-load can be linked to recovery kinetic markers. However, match variability hinders the magnitude of relationship between parameters of interest. Therefore, we examined the correlation between 21 global positioning system accelerometry (GPS-A) parameters and changes in serum creatine kinase (CK) concentrations, muscle soreness (MS), and perceptive recovery quality (PRQ) assessed at baseline (1 h before) and post (0 minute, 2, 4, and 24 hours) a standardized 90-minute match-simulation in 20 university players. Global positioning system accelerometry (15 Hz) data were tested as manufacturer and configurable thresholds. Four GPS-A parameters showed moderate to very large correlations with CK changes at all time points (average speed [avgSP, r = 0.75 to r = 0.84]; running symmetry foot strikes [RSfst, r = 0.53–0.63]; running series [RunS, r = 0.53–0.61]; and acceleration distance [AccD ≥ 1.5 m·s−2; r = 0.46–0.61]). Sprint count (≥2 m·s−2), AccD (≥2.5 m·s−2) and speed exertion (SpEx) had a moderate to large correlation (r = 0.46–0.56) with CK changes from 2 to 24 hours. Changes in MS at 0 minute had large correlation with avgSP (r = 0.53) and moderate with deceleration distance (≥−2 and ≥−3 m·s−2; r = 0.47, r = 0.48, respectively). The PRQ changes had moderate inverse correlation with avgSP at 0 minute (r = −0.39) and SpEx at 2 h (r = −0.69). Our results suggest that during a simulated soccer protocol with a standard workload, only the avgSP has practical application for predicting CK changes over 24 hours, allowing for a decision-making toward a postgame recovery based on previously known CK cutoff points. Global positioning system accelerometry parameters and subjective variables did not demonstrate relevant correlation.
Monitoring the Carbonation-Induced Microcracking in Alkali-Activated Slag (AAS) by Nonlinear Resonant Acoustic Spectroscopy (NRAS)
Authors: Ghahramani Sara , Guan Yingjun , Radlińska Aleksandra , Shokouhi Parisa
Published: October 2018

This article presents the potential of nonlinear resonant acoustic spectroscopy (NRAS) for noninvasive monitoring of the carbonation progress in alkali-activated slag (AAS) mortars. In the search for sustainable concrete, AAS has emerged as a potential substitute for ordinary portland cement binder. However, carbonation is reported to be an important durability concern for AAS due to the absence of portlandite. In this study, the correspondence between the physical properties and microstructural evolution of sodium silicate-activated slag (SS-AS) and sodium hydroxide-activated slag (SH-AS) mortars were studied over the full course of accelerated carbonation. The measured properties include the following: compressive strength, carbonation depth, porosity, pore size distribution, and phase assemblage. In addition, NRAS was used to track the changes in materials stiffness (linear resonance frequency) and hysteretic nonlinearity (amplitude dependency of resonance frequency). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images and porosimetry results showed the formation of microcracks and increased micrometer porosity in a carbonated AAS binder caused by calcium aluminum silicate hydrate decalcification; the cracking was more severe in the SS-AS than in the SH-AS. The NRAS results revealed a close correspondence between the observed microscopic changes in the samples and measured macroscopic test parameters, indicating the potential of acoustic techniques for monitoring the advancement of carbonation fronts in AAS mortars.
A Direct-Push Crosshole (DPCH) Test Method for the In Situ Evaluation of High-Resolution P- and S-Wave Velocities
Authors: Cox Brady R. , Stolte Andrew C. , Stokoe Kenneth H. , Wotherspoon Liam M.
Published: October 2018

The direct-push crosshole (DPCH) test is a new, invasive, near-surface seismic testing method. DPCH combines the desirable characteristics of borehole-based crosshole seismic testing with the relative inexpensiveness and speed of direct-push testing methods like cone penetration testing (CPT). At each measurement depth (typically every 20–50 cm), compression (P) and shear (S) waves are generated simultaneously using hammer taps on one of the CPT push rods (a pushable, in-ground seismic source can also be used). These P- and S-waves are propagated between two instrumented seismic cones (i.e., a source and receiver cone). The instrumented cones contain a sensor package with three orthogonally oriented geophones to measure the seismic waveforms and a MEMS accelerometer to track the deviation/position of each cone as it is advanced into the ground. DPCH testing enables high-resolution profiles of P- and S-wave velocity to be measured over the top 20–30 meters of the subsurface for use in geotechnical engineering analyses. It also allows for testing across/through ground improvement elements like stone columns. The DPCH instrumentation, testing methodology, and data reduction techniques are explained in detail in this article, and results from several sites are discussed.
Fatigue and Corrosion Fatigue Properties of Additive-Manufactured Nickel Alloy 625 and Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Hack Harvey , Olig Scott , Knudsen Erik , Link Richard , Beckwith Adelina , Arcari Attilio
Published: October 2018

Specimen blanks of additive-manufactured nickel Alloy 625 and Ti-6Al-4V were produced by the laser powder-bed-fusion process (L-PBF) with the principal test axis in both the Z direction (parallel to the build direction) and the X-Y direction (perpendicular to the build direction). The high cycle fatigue and corrosion fatigue properties of these metals were measured using R. R. Moore rotating cantilever fatigue tests, both in air and with a salt water drip on the test sections. Testing was conducted in order to determine the fatigue and corrosion fatigue limits of these materials at 108 cycles. The fatigue limit for L-PBF Alloy 625 material at 108 cycles in air was roughly 48 ksi (331 MPa), independent of build orientation. This is similar to the air fatigue limit of wrought material. The corrosion fatigue limit for L-PBF Alloy 625 material at 108 cycles in salt water was roughly 39 ksi (269 MPa), which was also independent of build orientation and slightly below the values for wrought material and values obtained by other investigators. The fatigue limit for hot isostatic pressed L-PBF Ti-6Al-4V material at 108 cycles in air was roughly 90 ksi (620 MPa), independent of build orientation. This is significantly better than the air fatigue limit of wrought material. The corrosion fatigue limit for L-PBF Ti-6Al-4V material at 108 cycles in salt water was roughly 78 ksi (540 MPa), which was also independent of build orientation, better than values for wrought material, and comparable to values obtained by other investigators. The fatigue crack growth rate behavior in air was characterized and compared with information available in the literature.
Cavitation Erosion Resistance Assessment and Comparison of Three Francis Turbine Runner Materials
Authors: Ylönen Markku , Saarenrinne Pentti , Miettinen Juha , Franc Jean-Pierre , Fivel Marc , Nyyssönen Tuomo
Published: October 2018

Cavitation erosion is the most important erosion mechanism in Francis turbine runner blades. For this reason, knowledge of a material’s ability to resist cavitation is important in defining how suitable it is for use in a Francis turbine. In this study, three Francis turbine materials were subjected to cavitation erosion in a high-speed cavitation tunnel. One of the materials was a low-alloy steel, and the other two were stainless steels. The cavitation tunnel produced an annular cavitation field on one face of a cylindrical specimen. The test specimens underwent cavitation erosion until the erosion had reached a maximum penetration depth of about 0.5 mm. The material surface profiles were measured at regular intervals to calculate volume and mass loss. These losses were compared to those of several other materials that had undergone the same tests with the same setup and operational parameters. The materials were compared according to their steady-state erosion rates. The steady-state erosion rate represents a material’s ability to resist cavitation erosion once cavitation damage has already started to develop. The low-alloy steel eroded four times faster than the two stainless steels. One of the stainless steels tested here (Stainless steel 1) had the lowest erosion rate, along with another previously tested stainless steel. The other stainless steel (Stainless steel 2) had a slightly greater erosion rate than the first, falling into the same class as other lower-grade stainless steels and a nickel aluminum bronze alloy. The results show that in choosing a turbine blade material, stainless steels outperform nonstainless ones. The choice of which type of stainless steel to use is significant in turbines with cavitation problems. The eroded surfaces were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy in order to study the erosion mechanisms, and these studies showed that most of the damage is probably due to low-cycle fatigue.
Recommended Procedures to Test the Resistance of Materials to Cavitation Erosion
Authors: Chahine Georges L.
Published: October 2018

Predicting cavitation erosion under full-scale operating conditions is difficult and relies on laboratory testing using accelerated methods such as ASTM G32-09, Standard Test Method for Cavitation Erosion Using Vibratory Apparatus, and ASTM G134-95, Standard Test Method for Erosion of Solid Materials by a Cavitating Liquid Jet. The main difficulty is that full-scale cavitation intensity is often unknown, and correlating cavitation field characteristics of the accelerated method and the full scale is not obvious. The problem is more acute for compliant polymeric coatings, used for protection or repair of parts subject to cavitation. Extensive testing of such materials shows that, unlike metallic surfaces, they are highly resistant to low-intensity cavitation but fail catastrophically when the intensity exceeds a certain threshold. Such behavior creates the risk of accepting a candidate coating for its resistance to cavitation if the coating was tested at a low cavitation intensity not representative of the application field conditions. This highlights the need to conduct tests with a range of cavitation intensities rather than a single intensity. This article uses results from extensive tests under various forms of cavitation to propose a generalized definition of cavitation intensity. It then presents data on the response of both metals and polymeric coatings to various levels of accelerated cavitation. A new method to test the coatings at varying cavitation intensities is then presented. Such tests provide maps of material resistance to different levels of cavitation and are helpful to make an informed decision. The tests also show that during cavitation exposure, the coatings are subjected not only to mechanical stress but also to significant heating, which dynamically modifies their properties during the exposure. Temperature rise in the coating when exposed to cavitation is directly connected to the cavitation intensity to which it is exposed, and this interaction needs to be considered.
Emotional Reactivity in Borderline Personality Disorder: Theoretical Considerations Based on a Meta-Analytic Review of Laboratory Studies
Authors: Bortolla Roberta , Cavicchioli Marco , Fossati Andrea , Maffei Cesare
Published: October 2018

Emotional hyperreactivity (Linehan, 1993) is the most investigated construct in borderline personality disorder (BPD). However, experimental studies revealed mixed results on the topic. Our main objective is to comprehensively summarize the results on emotional reactivity in BPD compared to healthy controls (HCs), using a meta-analytic approach, considering different emotional response systems (physiology, behavior, self-report). We included 31 experimental studies (1,675 subjects). We observed null to small effect sizes for several physiological and behavioral outcomes. Conversely, BPD subjects revealed a moderate to large difference in valence attributed to emotional stimuli and a small difference in self-reported arousal. Significant differences in pooled effect sizes were found between self-report and physiological outcomes. Several sources of heterogeneity were explored. In general, the hyperreactivity hypothesis was not supported. Additional dysfunctional processes should be taken into consideration to understand BPD emotional responsiveness.
Selective Loss of Thin Spines in Area 7a of the Primate Intraparietal Sulcus Predicts Age-Related Working Memory Impairment
Authors: Motley Sarah E. , Grossman Yael S. , Janssen William G.M. , Baxter Mark G. , Rapp Peter R. , Dumitriu Dani , Morrison John H.
Published: October 2018

Brodmann area 7a of the parietal cortex is active during working memory tasks in humans and nonhuman primates, but the composition and density of dendritic spines in area 7a and their relevance both to working memory and cognitive aging remain unexplored. Aged monkeys have impaired working memory, and we have previously shown that this age-induced cognitive impairment is partially mediated by a loss of thin spines in prefrontal cortex area 46, a critical area for working memory. Because area 46 is reciprocally connected with area 7a of the parietal cortex and 7a mediates visual attention integration, we hypothesized that thin spine density in area 7a would correlate with working memory performance as well. To investigate the synaptic profile of area 7a and its relevance to working memory and cognitive aging, we investigated differences in spine type and density in layer III pyramidal cells of area 7a in young and aged, male and female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) that were cognitively assessed using the delayed response test of working memory. Area 7a shows age-related loss of thin spines, and thin spine density positively correlates with delayed response performance in aged monkeys. In contrast, these cells show no age-related changes in dendritic length or branching. These changes mirror age-related changes in area 46 but are distinct from other neocortical regions, such as V1. These findings support our hypothesis that cognitive aging is driven primarily by synaptic changes, and more specifically by changes in thin spines, in key association areas.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis study advances our understanding of cognitive aging by demonstrating the relevance of area 7a thin spines to working memory performance. This study is the first to look at cognitive aging in the intraparietal sulcus, and also the first to report spine or dendritic measures for area 7a in either young adult or aged nonhuman primates. These results contribute to the hypothesis that thin spines support working memory performance and confirm our prior observation that cognitive aging is driven by synaptic changes rather than changes in dendritic morphology or neuron death. Importantly, these data show that age-related working memory changes are not limited to disruptions of the prefrontal cortex but also include an association region heavily interconnected with prefrontal cortex.
Specifying a Causal Role for Angular Gyrus in Autobiographical Memory
Authors: Bonnici Heidi M. , Cheke Lucy G. , Green Deborah A.E. , FitzGerald Thomas H.M.B. , Simons Jon S.
Published: October 2018

Considerable recent evidence indicates that angular gyrus dysfunction in humans does not result in amnesia, but does impair a number of aspects of episodic memory. Patients with parietal lobe lesions have been reported to exhibit a deficit when freely recalling autobiographical events from their pasts, but can remember details of the events when recall is cued by specific questions. In apparent contradiction, inhibitory brain stimulation targeting angular gyrus in healthy volunteers has been found to have no effect on free recall or cued recall of word pairs. The present study sought to resolve this inconsistency by testing free and cued recall of both autobiographical memories and word-pair memories in the same healthy male and female human participants following continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) of angular gyrus and a vertex control location. Angular gyrus cTBS resulted in a selective reduction in the free recall, but not cued recall, of autobiographical memories, whereas free and cued recall of word-pair memories were unaffected. Additionally, participants reported fewer autobiographical episodes as being experienced from a first-person perspective following angular gyrus cTBS. The findings add to a growing body of evidence that a function of angular gyrus within the network of brain regions responsible for episodic recollection is to integrate memory features within an egocentric framework into the kind of first-person perspective representation that enables the subjective experience of remembering events from our personal pasts.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn seeking to understand the role played by the angular gyrus region of parietal cortex in human memory, interpreting the often conflicting findings from neuroimaging and neuropsychology studies has been hampered by differences in anatomical specificity and localization between methods. In the present study, we address these limitations using continuous theta burst stimulation in healthy volunteers to disrupt function of angular gyrus and a vertex control region. With this method, we adjudicate between two competing theories of parietal lobe function, finding evidence that is inconsistent with an attentional role for angular gyrus in memory, supporting instead an account in terms of integrating memory features within an egocentric framework into a first-person perspective representation that enables the subjective experience of remembering.
Deficiency of AMPAR–Palmitoylation Aggravates Seizure Susceptibility
Authors: Itoh Masayuki , Yamashita Mariko , Kaneko Masaki , Okuno Hiroyuki , Abe Manabu , Yamazaki Maya , Natsume Rie , Yamada Daisuke , Kaizuka Toshie , Suwa Reiko , Sakimura Kenji , Sekiguchi Masayuki , Wada Keiji , Hoshino Mikio , Mishina Masayoshi , Hayashi Takashi
Published: October 2018

Synaptic AMPAR expression controls the strength of excitatory synaptic transmission and plasticity. An excess of synaptic AMPARs leads to epilepsy in response to seizure-inducible stimulation. The appropriate regulation of AMPARs plays a crucial role in the maintenance of the excitatory/inhibitory synaptic balance; however, the detailed mechanisms underlying epilepsy remain unclear. Our previous studies have revealed that a key modification of AMPAR trafficking to and from postsynaptic membranes is the reversible, posttranslationalS-palmitoylation at the C-termini of receptors. To clarify the role of palmitoylation-dependent regulation of AMPARsin vivo, we generated GluA1 palmitoylation-deficient (Cys811 to Ser substitution) knock-in mice. These mutant male mice showed elevated seizure susceptibility and seizure-induced neuronal activity without impairments in synaptic transmission, gross brain structure, or behavior at the basal level. Disruption of the palmitoylation site was accompanied by upregulated GluA1 phosphorylation at Ser831, but not at Ser845, in the hippocampus and increased GluA1 protein expression in the cortex. Furthermore, GluA1 palmitoylation suppressed excessive spine enlargement above a certain size after LTP. Our findings indicate that an abnormality in GluA1 palmitoylation can lead to hyperexcitability in the cerebrum, which negatively affects the maintenance of network stability, resulting in epileptic seizures.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAMPARs predominantly mediate excitatory synaptic transmission. AMPARs are regulated in a posttranslational, palmitoylation-dependent manner in excitatory synapses of the mammalian brain. Reversible palmitoylation dynamically controls synaptic expression and intracellular trafficking of the receptors. Here, we generated GluA1 palmitoylation-deficient knock-in mice to clarify the role of AMPAR palmitoylationin vivo. We showed that an abnormality in GluA1 palmitoylation led to hyperexcitability, resulting in epileptic seizure. This is the first identification of a specific palmitoylated protein critical for the seizure-suppressing process. Our data also provide insight into how predicted receptors such as AMPARs can effectively preserve network stability in the brain. Furthermore, these findings help to define novel key targets for developing anti-epileptic drugs.
Encoding of Reward and Decoding Movement from the Frontal Eye Field during Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements
Authors: Lixenberg Adi , Joshua Mati
Published: October 2018

Expectation of reward potentiates sensorimotor transformations to drive vigorous movements. One of the main challenges in studying reward is to determine how representations of reward interact with the computations that drive behavior. We recorded activity in smooth pursuit neurons in the frontal eye field (FEF) of two male rhesus monkeys while controlling the eye speed by manipulating either reward size or target speed. The neurons encoded the different reward conditions more strongly than the different target speed conditions. This pattern could not be explained by differences in the eye speed, since the eye speed sensitivity of the neurons was also larger for the reward conditions. Pooling the responses by the preferred direction of the neurons attenuated the reward modulation and led to a tighter association between neural activity and behavior. Therefore, a plausible decoder such as the population vector could explain how the FEF both drives behavior and encodes reward beyond behavior.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMotor areas combine sensory and reward information to drive movement. To disambiguate these sources, we manipulated the speed of smooth pursuit eye movements by controlling either the size of the reward or the speed of the visual motion signals. We found that the relationship between activity in frontal eye field and eye kinematics varied: the eye speed sensitivity was larger for the different reward conditions than for the different target speed conditions. Decoders that pooled signals by the preferred direction of the neurons attenuated the reward modulations. These decoders may indicate how reward can be both encoded beyond eye kinematics at the single neuron level and drive movement at the population level.
Cellular Prion Protein Mediates the Disruption of Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity by Soluble TauIn Vivo
Authors: Ondrejcak Tomas , Klyubin Igor , Corbett Grant T. , Fraser Graham , Hong Wei , Mably Alexandra J. , Gardener Matthew , Hammersley Jayne , Perkinton Michael S. , Billinton Andrew , Walsh Dominic M. , Rowan Michael J.
Published: October 2018

Intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of tau protein are a neuropathological hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases, the most common of which is Alzheimer's disease (AD). For some time NFTs were considered the primary cause of synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death, however, more recent evidence suggests that soluble aggregates of tau are key drivers of disease. Here we investigated the effect of different tau species on synaptic plasticity in the male rat hippocampusin vivo. Intracerebroventricular injection of soluble aggregates formed from either wild-type or P301S human recombinant tau potently inhibited hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) at CA3-to-CA1 synapses. In contrast, tau monomers and fibrils appeared inactive. Neither baseline synaptic transmission, paired-pulse facilitation nor burst response during high-frequency conditioning stimulation was affected by the soluble tau aggregates. Similarly, certain AD brain soluble extracts inhibited LTP in a tau-dependent manner that was abrogated by either immunodepletion with, or coinjection of, a mid-region anti-tau monoclonal antibody (mAb), Tau5. Importantly, this tau-mediated block of LTP was prevented by administration of mAbs selective for the prion protein (PrP). Specifically, mAbs to both the mid-region (6D11) and N-terminus (MI-0131) of PrP prevented inhibition of LTP by both recombinant and brain-derived tau. These findings indicate that PrP is a mediator of tau-induced synaptic dysfunction.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHere we report that certain soluble forms of tau selectively disrupt synaptic plasticity in the live rat hippocampus. Further, we show that monoclonal antibodies to cellular prion protein abrogate the impairment of long-term potentiation caused both by recombinant and Alzheimer's disease brain-derived soluble tau. These findings support a critical role for cellular prion protein in the deleterious synaptic actions of extracellular soluble tau in tauopathies, including Alzheimer's disease. Thus, approaches targeting cellular prion protein, or downstream pathways, might provide an effective strategy for developing therapeutics.
Feedforward and Feedback Control Share an Internal Model of the Arm's Dynamics
Authors: Maeda Rodrigo S. , Cluff Tyler , Gribble Paul L. , Pruszynski J. Andrew
Published: October 2018

Recent work has shown that, when countering external forces, the nervous system adjusts not only predictive (i.e., feedforward) control of reaching but also reflex (i.e., feedback) responses to mechanical perturbations. Here we show that altering the physical properties of the arm (i.e., intersegmental dynamics) causes the nervous system to adjust feedforward control and that this learning transfers to feedback responses even though the latter were never directly trained. Forty-five human participants (30 females) performed a single-joint elbow reaching task and countered mechanical perturbations that created pure elbow motion. In our first experiment, we altered intersegmental dynamics by asking participants to generate pure elbow movements when the shoulder joint was either free to rotate or locked by the robotic manipulandum. With the shoulder unlocked, we found robust activation of shoulder flexor muscles for pure elbow flexion trials, as required to counter the interaction torques that arise at the shoulder because of forearm rotation. After locking the shoulder joint, which cancels these interaction torques, we found a substantial reduction in shoulder muscle activity over many trials. In our second experiment, we tested whether such learning transfers to feedback control. Mechanical perturbations applied to the arm with the shoulder unlocked revealed that feedback responses also account for intersegmental dynamics. After locking the shoulder joint, we found a substantial reduction in shoulder feedback responses, as appropriate for the altered intersegmental dynamics. Our work suggests that feedforward and feedback control share an internal model of the arm's dynamics.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHere we show that altering the physical properties of the arm causes people to learn new motor commands and that this learning transfers to their reflex responses to unexpected mechanical perturbations, even though the reflex responses were never directly trained. Our results suggest that feedforward motor commands and reflex responses share an internal model of the arm's dynamics.
Convergent Inputs from the Hippocampus and Thalamus to the Nucleus Accumbens Regulate Dopamine Neuron Activity
Authors: Perez Stephanie M. , Lodge Daniel J.
Published: October 2018

Aberrant hippocampal activity is observed in individuals with schizophrenia and is thought to underlie the augmented dopamine system function associated with psychosis. The pathway by which the ventral hippocampus (vHipp) regulates dopamine neuron activity has been demonstrated previously and involves a glutamatergic projection to the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Recent postmortem studies have confirmed glutamatergic abnormalities in the NAc of individuals with schizophrenia. Specifically, an increase in vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (vGlut2) expression was reported. Although projections from the hippocampus do express vGlut2, inputs from the thalamus are more likely to account for this alteration; however, the role of thalamic inputs to the NAc in the regulation of dopamine neuron activity has not been elucidated. Here, using male Sprague Dawley rats, we demonstrate that a subset of NAc medium spiny neurons receive convergent inputs from the vHipp and paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT), with both regions working synergistically to regulate dopamine neuron activity. Activation of either the vHipp or PVT increases the number of spontaneously active dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Moreover, this regulation requires simultaneous activity in both regions because PVT inactivation can reverse vHipp-induced increases in dopamine neuron population activity and vHipp inactivation can reverse PVT-induced increases. This is relevant to schizophrenia because inactivation of either the vHipp or PVT is sufficient to reverse aberrant dopamine system function in two distinct rodent models. These data suggest that thalamic abnormalities may contribute to the aberrant dopamine system function observed in schizophrenia and that the PVT represents a novel site of intervention for psychosis.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCurrent treatments for schizophrenia are far from adequate and a more complete understanding of the pathophysiology underlying this disease is warranted if we are to discover novel therapeutic targets. We have previously demonstrated that the aberrant dopamine system function observed in individuals with schizophrenia and rodent models is driven by increases in hippocampal activity. We now demonstrate that thalamic (paraventricular nucleus, PVT) and ventral hippocampal afferents converge in the nucleus accumbens to regulate dopamine system function. Such information provides a potential site for therapeutic intervention for schizophrenia. Indeed, inactivation of the PVT can effectively reverse aberrant dopamine system function in two distinct rodent models displaying circuit level alterations and corresponding behavioral deficits relevant to schizophrenia.
Negotiation of Gender Relations Meaning among Female Interpretation Community in Housing and Village Settlement
Authors: Lestari Sri Budi , Wiryopranoto Suhartono , Simatupang GR Lono Lastoro
Published: October 2018

The sitcom of Husbands fearing Wives (SSTI-Suami-Suami Takut Istri), is one of the private television sitcoms which highlights violence as a joke to provoke laughter of its audiences. In SSTI, the joke involves the concept of gender, exchanging the role of women and men which has been socially and culturally constructed. One of the main objectives of this study is to analyze the role of the interpretation community in understanding the gender relations in SSTI sitcom. The study aims to discover the media interpretation by a group of female audiences living in the village and sub-district of Tembalang, Semarang. The results show that the negotiation of interpretation community on SSTI sitcom is not in line with the goal of the media; because the nature of men and women roles that are exchanged is interpreted as an “abnormal” relation. Therefore, the hierarchical power relation between men and women which tends to disadvantage women, for interpretation community is regarded as a normal natural.Tayangan sinetron komedi Suami-suami Takut Istri (SSTI), merupakan salah satu program televisi swasta yang menonjolkan kekerasan sebagai lelucon untuk tujuan memancing tawa. Dalam prakteknya SSTI melibatkan konsep jender, yang mempertukarkan sifat-sifat perempuan dan laki-laki  sebagai hasil kontruksi secara sosial maupun kultural. Salah satu tujuan penelitian ini ingin menganalisis peran komunitas interpretasi dalam pemaknaan tentang relasi jender pada tayangan sinetron SSTI. Penelitian ini berlangsung pada penonton perempuan yang tinggal di perumahan dan perkampungan wilayah kecamatan Tembalang, kota Semarang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa negosiasi komunitas interpretasi pada tayangan sinetron SSTI tidak sejalan dengan arahan media karena ternyata sifat laki-laki dan perempuan yang dipertuarkan dimaknai sebagai relasi yang tidak ‘normal’. Dengan demikian relasi kuasa hirarkis antara laki-laki dan perempuan  yang cenderung merugikan perempuan bagi komunitas interpretasi justru dianggap sebagai suatu relasi yang normal serta dipahami  sebagai kodrat kultural.
Leitura de Textos Ficcionais e a Abordagem Escolar de Literatura: contribuições para uma Pedagogia da Escolha
Authors: De Almeida Rogeiro , Ferrerira santos Marcos , Campiolo Porto Julia
Published: October 2018

Este  artigo  busca  contribuir  para  as  discussões  acerca  da  Pedagogia da  Escolha  colocando  em  pauta  a  circulação  social  da  literatura  na contemporaneidade  e  a  escolarização  do  texto  literário.  Partindo  da premissa de que não há espaço para maniqueísmos e discursos totalizantes no cenário sociocultural atual, critica-se o modo como a cultura escolar impõe  discursos  classificatórios  para  o  ensino  de  literatura.  Nesse cenário, a internet se constitui como uma potencial auxiliar na formação de leitores dada a quantidade de conteúdos literários que circulam por meio dela. A hipótese de trabalho é que o conhecimento e uso consciente das potencialidades da internet promove a individualização da trajetória educativa  da  pessoa  e  a  aposta  na  capacidade  de  autogestão  de  sua formação.
Desarrollo del Pensamiento Crítico a partir de una estrategia pedagógica fundamentada en los Estándares Intelectuales aplicada en filosofía para los estudiantes de 11 A del Instituto Técnico Padre Manuel Briceño Jáuregui Fe y Alegría
Authors: Machuca Ortiz Héctor Julián
Published: October 2018

Este artículo de investigación, abarcó el análisis de una propuesta pedagógica fundamentada en los estándares intelectuales de Paul Richard y Linda Elder enfocada al desarrollo del pensamiento crítico en filosofía para los estudiantes del grado undécimo A del Instituto Técnico Padre Manuel Briceño Jáuregui Fe y Alegría. Por ende, se diseñaron y aplicaron estrategias que fortalecieron los estándares de claridad, certeza, relevancia, lógica, justicia, precisión, profundidad y amplitud en la Propuesta Pedagógica, articulándose con los elementos de pensamiento y virtudes intelectuales que, además, permiten la formación de buenos pensadores críticos. Sin embargo, desde el análisis y valoración de los resultados más significativos, se debe mencionar que los estudiantes no desarrollaron el pensamiento crítico como se había estructurado, debido a esta dificultad se diseñó unas rejillas que orientaron adecuadamente la construcción de preguntas de selección múltiple y estrategias de aula que fortalecen las habilidades de los educandos en los estándares intelectuales y elementos del pensamiento.
El cine espejo del alma: Relatos sobre afectividad de dos adolescentes resilientes
Authors: Moya Ortiz Blanca Aidee , Rengifo Castillo Yessika María
Published: October 2018

Con esta investigación se utilizó al cine como mediador en la producción de relatos sobre afectividad de dos adolescentes resilientes, que pertenecieron al Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal Para Adolescentes. Para iniciar este estudio las unidades teóricas fueron: adolescencia, conductas transgresoras, afectividad, resiliencia y relato. En el proceso metodológico se utilizaron técnicas como el estudio de caso e instrumentos etnográficos como la observación participante, la entrevista, y finalmente la estrategia que contiene cada uno de estos instrumentos que permitió develar y recopilar la información fueron los talleres de cine, que permitieron el acercamiento a las adolescentes y la narración de relatos sobre afectividad que han venido construyendo. Los hallazgos más importantes son los mismos relatos sobre el afecto producidos por las adolescentes, que desde la teoría de la resiliencia ayudan a los seres humanos a sobreponerse a situaciones adversas. Se podría concluir que los vínculos afectivos, transforman a los sujetos.
Highly Continuous Genome Assembly of Eurasian Perch (Perca fluviatilis) Using Linked-Read Sequencing
Authors: Ozerov Mikhail Yu , Ahmad Freed , Gross Riho , Pukk Lilian , Kahar Siim , Kisand Veljo , Vasemägi Anti
Published: October 2018

The Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) is the most common fish of the Percidae family and is widely distributed across Eurasia. Perch is a popular target for professional and recreational fisheries, and a promising freshwater aquaculture species in Europe. However, despite its high ecological, economical and societal importance, the available genomic resources for P. fluviatilis are rather limited. In this work, we report de novo assembly and annotation of the whole genome sequence of perch. The linked-read based technology with 10X Genomics Chromium chemistry and Supernova assembler produced a draft perch genome ∼1.0 Gbp assembly (scaffold N50 = 6.3 Mb; the longest individual scaffold of 29.3 Mb; BUSCO completeness of 88.0%), which included 281.6 Mb of putative repeated sequences. The perch genome assembly presented here, generated from small amount of starting material (0.75 ng) and a single linked-read library, is highly continuous and considerably more complete than the currently available draft of P. fluviatilis genome. A total of 23,397 protein-coding genes were predicted, 23,171 (99%) of which were annotated functionally from either sequence homology or protein signature searches. Linked-read technology enables fast, accurate and cost-effective de novo assembly of large non-model eukaryote genomes. The highly continuous assembly of the Eurasian perch genome presented in this study will be an invaluable resource for a range of genetic, ecological, physiological, ecotoxicological, functional and comparative genomic studies in perch and other fish species of the Percidae family.
Teisingumas uždarose ir atvirose visuomenėse: h. Bergsonas versus k. R. Popperis
Authors: Riquier Camille
Published: October 2018

[straipsnis ir santrauka lietuvių kalba; santrauka anglų kalba]Teisingumo sąvoka patyrė istorinę transformaciją, plečiantis jos taikymo laukui: pereita nuo šeimos į miesto (valstybės) ir nuo miesto į žmonijos lygmenis. K. R. Popperis teigia, jog atviroji visuomenė atsirado pirmajame transformacijos etape, t. y. Atėnuose. H. Bergsonas Atėnų miesto-imperijos racionalųjį teisingumą laiko uždaros visuomenės varikliu, tęsiančiu archajinio (šeimos) teisingumo tradiciją, nepaisant tuo pačiu metu vykusios politinės transformacijos – demokratijos atsiradimo. Bergsono nuomone, atviroji visuomenė gimsta tik teisingumui tapus absoliučiam, t. y. jo principą siekiant taikyti žmonijos lygmenyje, kam poslinkį istoriškai davė judeokrikščionybė. Straipsnyje, pasitelkiant Eschilo, Aristotelio, Pierre’o Manent ir kt. autorių tekstus, nagrinėjama ši teisingumo sąvokos evoliucija bei uždarosvisuomenės virsmas į atvirą. Pabaigoje keliamas šiuolaikinės Europos atitikties atviros visuomenės sąvokai klausimas.
Are direct messages (texts and emails) from wagering operators associated with betting intention and behavior? An ecological momentary assessment study
Authors: Russell Alex M. T. , Hing Nerilee , Browne Matthew , Rawat Vijay
Published: October 2018

Background and aims

Direct messaging via text messages (texts) and emails is a widely used method to advertise sports and race-betting offers. However, they have attracted little research, as this advertising is not in the public domain. This study aimed to determine whether betting expenditure is related to receiving direct wagering messages, and the specific inducements they promote. We hypothesized that receiving direct messages, particularly texts, would be related to betting expenditure within 24 hr.

Methods

In this ecological momentary assessment study, regular sports (n = 98) and race (n = 104) bettors from Australia completed short daily surveys over 1 week that captured exposure to direct messages, betting behavior in the previous 24 hr, and betting intention for the next 24 hr. Respondents were asked to forward any texts and emails received to the researchers, who coded them for inducement content.

Results

Longitudinal analyses found that receiving emails was positively associated with betting intention, whereas texts were positively associated with higher likelihood of betting and betting expenditure. These effects persisted when controlling for problem gambling status and signature betting events. Refund stake and bonus odds inducements were positively associated with likelihood of race betting (although not in multivariate models), as were bonus winnings inducements for sports betting.

Discussion and conclusions

Direct messages, particularly texts, are powerful marketing tools, encouraging a nearly immediate, and arguably impulsive, betting response, which may increase gambling-related problems. Overseeing this private form of advertising presents challenges to regulators, and to public health efforts that aim to reduce gambling harm.
Thrombopenie beim Pferd
Authors: Bauer Natali , Fey Kerstin , Moritz Andreas , Roscher Katja , Hübers Emma
Published: October 2018

Ziel der retrospektiven Studie war die Ermittlung der Prävalenz echter Thrombopenie und EDTA-induzierter Pseudothrombopenie bei Pferd und Pony sowie die Evaluation der diagnostischen und prognostischen Aussagekraft bei echter Thrombopenie. Material und Methoden: Bei 3592 internistischen Patienten (Jahre 2008-2015) wurde eine hämatologische Untersuchung (ADVIA® 2120, Siemens) durchgeführt. Einschlusskriterien waren eine Thrombozytenzahl von < 90 x 109/l (EDTABlut) bzw. < 84 x 109/l (Zitratblut). Es erfolgte eine Einteilung in echte, EDTA-induzierte und fragliche Thrombopenie. Probanden mit einer echten Thrombopenie wurden bezüglich des Vorstellungsgrundes in neun Gruppen sowie in vier Diagnosegruppen (Entzündung, Neoplasie, nichtentzündliche Darmerkrankung, sonstige Erkrankungen) eingeteilt. Die Häufigkeit der Diagnosen wurde mit derer der gesamten Patientenpopulation der Klinik verglichen. Ergebnisse: Bei 123/3592 Patienten (3,4 %) bestand eine Thrombopenie, wobei 60/123 (49 %) eine echte, 6/123 (5 %) eine EDTA-induzierte und 57/123 (46 %) eine fragliche Thrombopenie aufwiesen. Bei der Auswertung der echten Thrombopenien waren die häufigsten Vorstellungsgründe Mattigkeit (23/60, 38 %), Fieber (19/60, 32 %) und Kolik (17/60, 28 %). Von den betroffenen Pferden zeigten 25/60 (42 %) eine entzündliche Grunderkrankung, 11/60 (18 %) eine Neoplasie, 10/60 (17 %) eine nichtentzündliche Darmerkrankung und 14/60 (23 %) sonstige Erkrankungen. Im Vergleich mit der Gesamtpopulation der Klinik zeigte sich mit 18 % im Vergleich zu 1 % eine deutlich erhöhte Häufigkeit der Neoplasien. Die Mortalität lag mit 38 % signifikant höher als in der Gesamtpopulation. Auffallend war eine Mortalität von 32 % in der Gruppe der Entzündungen und von 82 % in der Gruppe der Neoplasien. Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Eine echte Thrombopenie ist beim internistisch erkrankten Pferd nicht häufig zu beobachten und sollte durch eine Messung im Zitratblut gesichert werden. Eine Thrombopenie stellt selten den primären Vorstellungsgrund dar und muss bei Neoplasien und Entzündungen als negativer prognostischer Faktor betrachtet werden.