bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Census Data in the Classroom to Increase Quantitative Literacy and Promote Critical Sociological Thinking
Authors: Burdette Amy M. , McLoughlin Kerry
Published: July 2010

One useful, but underutilized, strategy to increase quantitative literacy and promote critical sociological thinking is to have students investigate demographic trends in their local community. In this article, the authors describe a project in which students compare and contrast the demographic characteristics of two counties in their state using the 2000 Census Bureau data, formulate specific research questions using the data they have collected, and draw conclusions about the social influences on local demographic patterns using local media sources and sociological thinking. The authors present results from a quasi-experiment assessing the assignment’s effectiveness in improving quantitative literacy. They also present findings from a general evaluation survey administered to students. Despite the limitations of this study, results suggest that the described assignment increased quantitative literacy as well as encouraged critical sociological thinking.
Real Problems, Virtual Solutions: Engaging Students Online
Authors: Pearson A. Fiona
Published: July 2010

In this article, the author explains how she used online blogs with more than 263 students over a period of four semesters in an introductory social problems course. She describes how she uses blogs to enhance student participation, engagement, and skill building. Finally, she provides an overview of students’ qualitative assessments of the blog assignments, highlighting the drawbacks and limitations of integrating technology and, in particular, blogs as a course writing requirement.
Using Remember the Titans to Teach Theories of Conflict Reduction
Authors: Collett Jessica L. , Kelly Sean , Sobolewski Curt
Published: July 2010

One of the benefits of using films in sociology class is the opportunity media representations give students to ‘‘experience’’ situations that are uncommon in their daily lives. In this note the authors outline research in education that demonstrates the role of imagery and experiential learning in fostering a deeper understanding of material for students. They then focus on the ability of one film (Remember the Titans) to transport students to a place they will never experience—racially charged 1971 Virginia—and to illustrate social psychological processes of conflict reduction (contact, superordinate goals, and shared identities) as well as the link between micro-interaction, social institutions, and larger patterns of social stratification. After elaborating how the authors have used the film in class, they present findings from their students that demonstrate the effectiveness of the film for enhancing student understanding.
A Qualitative Assessment of Efforts to Integrate Data Analysis throughout the Sociology Curriculum: Feedback from Students, Faculty, and Alumni
Authors: Wilder Esther Isabelle
Published: July 2010

Quantitative and computer literacy are increasingly recognized as core components of a liberal education in sociology. This study draws on student, faculty, and alumni questionnaires to identify the kinds of quantitative literacy skills that are perceived to be most critical for students enrolled in sociology courses. Respondents at Lehman College highlighted the need for proficiencies in a number of key areas, including (a) basic mathematical and statistical skills, such as measures of central tendency, ratios, and percentages; (b) the presentation and interpretation of quantitative data, including tables and charts; (c) the research process, such as developing hypotheses, sampling, and interpreting data; and (d) computer-based presentation and data analysis, including the use of software programs such as SPSS and Excel. Moreover, hands-on work in data analysis was highly valued by all respondents, particularly as a strategy for mastering these skills. This study suggests that effective education in quantitative literacy requires both (a) the removal of barriers to the incorporation of data analysis in sociology courses and (b) a well-sequenced sociology curriculum that pinpoints specific quantitative and computer literacy learning objectives at multiple course levels.
Active and Collaborative Learning in an Undergraduate Sociological Theory Course
Authors: Pedersen Daphne E.
Published: July 2010

In this article, the author describes the use of active and collaborative learning strategies in an undergraduate sociological theory course. A semester-long ethnographic project is the foundation for the course; both individual and group participation contribute to the learning process. Assessment findings indicate that students are able, through application of theoretical concepts to field observations, to connect theory to the ‘‘real world’’ and see the link between theory and methods. Furthermore, students report that they believe the field experience and group interactions are more beneficial to their learning experience than traditional lecture alone.
Stakeholder Meetings as a Means of Engaging Student Learning of Complex Social Problems
Authors: Pitt Richard N. , Packard Joshua R.
Published: July 2010

A traditional debate format, in which a small group of students is given the task of presenting arguments for or against a particular issue, can promote pro and con dualism that is both incomplete and counter to developing a sociological imagination. In this article, the authors describe their efforts to avoid this kind of dualism through the development and implementation of a set of stakeholder meetings. They first examine the rationale for developing this method and then describe a particular classroom application of this type of debate. Next, the authors describe their assessment of the exercise both independent of and relative to traditional debates. They conclude by identifying some potential difficulties and make suggestions about the transferability to other academic settings.
The safety and efficacy of ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy in subjects with chronic, treatment-resistant posttraumatic stress disorder: the first randomized controlled pilot study
Authors: Mithoefer Michael C , Wagner Mark T , Mithoefer Ann T , Jerome Lisa , Doblin Rick
Published: July 2010

Case reports indicate that psychiatrists administered ±3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) as a catalyst to psychotherapy before recreational use of MDMA as ‘Ecstasy’ resulted in its criminalization in 1985. Over two decades later, this study is the first completed clinical trial evaluating MDMA as a therapeutic adjunct. Twenty patients with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder, refractory to both psychotherapy and psychopharmacology, were randomly assigned to psychotherapy with concomitant active drug ( n = 12) or inactive placebo ( n = 8) administered during two 8-h experimental psychotherapy sessions. Both groups received preparatory and follow-up non-drug psychotherapy. The primary outcome measure was the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, administered at baseline, 4 days after each experimental session, and 2 months after the second session. Neurocognitive testing, blood pressure, and temperature monitoring were performed. After 2-month follow-up, placebo subjects were offered the option to re-enroll in the experimental procedure with open-label MDMA. Decrease in Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale scores from baseline was significantly greater for the group that received MDMA than for the placebo group at all three time points after baseline. The rate of clinical response was 10/12 (83%) in the active treatment group versus 2/8 (25%) in the placebo group. There were no drug-related serious adverse events, adverse neurocognitive effects or clinically significant blood pressure increases. MDMA-assisted psychotherapy can be administered to posttraumatic stress disorder patients without evidence of harm, and it may be useful in patients refractory to other treatments.
Predicting Utility for Joint Health States: A General Framework and a New Nonparametric Estimator
Authors: Bo Hu  , Fu Alex Z.
Published: July 2010

Measuring utility is important in clinical decision making and cost-effectiveness analysis because utilities are often used to compute quality-adjusted life expectancy, a metric used in measuring the effectiveness of health care programs and medical interventions. Predicting utility for joint health states has become an increasingly valuable research topic because of the aging of the population and the increasing prevalence of comorbidities. Although multiplicative, minimum, and additive estimators are commonly used in practice, research has shown that they are all biased. In this study, the authors propose a general framework for predicting utility for joint health states. This framework includes these 3 nonparametric estimators as special cases. A new simple nonparametric estimator, the adjusted decrement estimator, [Uij = Umin - Umin (1 - Ui )(1 - Uj )], is introduced under the proposed framework. When applied to 2 independent data sources, the new nonparametric estimator not only generated unbiased prediction of utilities for joint health states but also had the least root mean squared error and highest concordance when compared with other nonparametric and parametric estimators. Further research and validation of this new estimator are needed.
Waste management in mountain refuges - an integrated evaluation
Authors: Lebersorger Sandra , Weissenbacher Norbert , Mayr Ernest , Aschauer Christian
Published: July 2010

Mountain refuges are an excellent example of public stand-alone infrastructures equipped with energy and water supply, and wastewater and waste disposal systems suited to operating under unfavourable conditions, often comprising lengthy distances for transportation or scarce resources. An international project was undertaken to evaluate the existing supply and disposal schemes at 100 mountain refuges both individually and in an integrated manner. On the basis of the results obtained guidelines to be applied in the sustainable planning, construction and operation of supply and disposal systems will be published in the near future. The present article focuses on solid waste management with an aim to the identification, quantification and critical discussion of operational issues and problems relating to waste management in mountain refuges. Transportation represents a crucial factor in terms of costs and climate relevance. The results obtained reveal how waste prevention and composting are capable of reducing waste quantities requiring transportation. However, it was also demonstrated that composting is frequently not performed in an appropriate manner and, although prohibited by law paper and cardboard are frequently burned.
The Impact of Detention and Deportation on Latino Immigrant Children and Families: A Quantitative Exploration
Authors: Brabeck Kalina , Qingwen Xu
Published: July 2010

Children of Latino immigrants, many of whom live in “mixed-status” families, are a rapidly growing group in the United States. It is widely accepted that their development is affected by multiple and complex factors, including those in their distal context (e.g., laws, institutions, policies). Despite the enormity of the deportation system and its vigorous implementation in recent years, little research has investigated how this particular component of the distal context affects Latino immigrant families. The present survey was designed to statistically explore the impact of detention/deportation on Latino immigrant parents and children ( N = 132). Regression analyses indicated that (1) parents with higher levels of legal vulnerability report a greater impact of detention/ deportation on the family environment (parent emotional well-being, ability to provide financially, and relationships with their children) and children’s well-being (child’s emotional well-being and academic performance) and (2) parents’ legal vulnerability and the impact of detention/deportation on the family predict outcomes for children. Implications for practice and policy are discussed.
Benzene exposure in refinery workers: ExxonMobil Joliet, Illinois, USA (1977-2006)
Authors: Kreider Marisa L , Unice Ken M , Panko Julie M , Burns Amanda M , Paustenbach Dennis J , Booher Lindsay E , Gelatt Richard H , Gaffney Shannon H
Published: July 2010

While petroleum industry studies have indicated low benzene exposure potential for refinery workers, most provide limited data for assessing job or task-related benzene exposures. This study characterizes job and task-specific airborne benzene concentrations and variability over time for the ExxonMobil refinery in Joliet, Illinois from 1977 to 2006. A database of 2289 industrial hygiene air samples, including 1145 non-task (≥180 min) personal samples and 480 task-related (<180 min) personal samples, were analyzed. Samples were grouped by operational status, job, and task. Benzene concentrations were determined for each job category and task bin, with additional analyses conducted to determine whether benzene concentrations changed over time. The results indicate that the benzene concentrations for non-task and task samples were relatively low. For all non-task samples, the arithmetic mean benzene concentration was 0.12 part per million (ppm). The most frequently sampled workers (process technicians during routine operations) had an arithmetic mean benzene concentration of 0.038 ppm. The most frequently sampled task bin (blinding and breaking) had an arithmetic mean benzene concentration of 1.0 ppm. This study provides benzene air concentration data that can be used in combination with job histories to reconstruct historical benzene exposures for workers at the Joliet Refinery over the past 30 years.
Does ‘Civic Duty’ ‘Solve’ The Rational Choice Voter Turnout Puzzle?
Authors: Goldfarb Robert S. , Sigelman Lee
Published: July 2010

Rational choice models of voter turnout try to account for why people vote by including on the ‘benefits’ side of the cost-benefit calculus some term representing either the collective benefits of voting or the satisfaction the individual derives from the very act of voting, a strategy subject to a number of telling criticisms. After a background discussion of three competing perspectives on this rational choice strategy, which we term the ‘accepter,’ ‘yes, but’ and ‘rejecter’ views, we address the following issues. First, how one’s view of ‘rationality’ affects the appropriateness of including ‘satisfaction from voting’ and related concepts in the rational choice model. Second, as a formal analytical matter, can a ‘sense of civic duty to vote’ be comfortably incorporated into the rational choice model of turnout? What other recent related embellishments have been made to that model? Third, even if ‘civic duty’ can be formally incorporated, would this defeat the efficacy of the rational choice model? Fourth, why the answer to the previous question might differ for economists versus political scientists. Fifth, what significant issues are raised by expanding the rational choice model to include civic duty? The analytical contribution of this article is showing how ‘civic duty’ can be incorporated into the rational choice model; the broader conceptual contribution is to evaluate whether and how that innovation advances our understanding of the efficacy of the rational choice approach for understanding voter turnout.
Global Outsourcing
Authors: Lee Seungbum
Published: July 2010

With the advent of globalization, social science is taking new academic approaches to re-visit and re-examine many social issues. The world of sport, too, adopts a new theoretical lens for a better understanding of the topic of sport management. The purpose of this experimental discourse is to propose a different, nay, comprehensive academic approach to an understanding of current sport labour migration. Given the fact that current sport labour migration reveals uniqueness, a new perspective to re-visit and re-examine the current sport labour migration is necessary. This article suggests and even carefully argues that current sport labour migration can be explained as a form of global outsourcing. Three most common reasons for outsourcing, cost minimization, quality improvement and access to resources, are used to view sport labour migration as a form of global outsourcing. Based on the suggestion and argument made, this article also provides a direction for future research.
Does it Pay to be Socially Responsible? An Empirical Examination of Impact of Corporate Social Responsibility on Financial Performance
Authors: Kapoor Shveta , Sandhu H.S.
Published: July 2010

This article attempts to examine the impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR)on corporate financial performance (CFP)in terms of profitability and growth after controlling for the effect of other variables on financial performance. Secondary data on CSR based on 93 companies operating in India have been analyzed by applying content analysis of annual reports for the year 2005–06 and individual websites of the companies. For CFP and control variables, secondary data have been collected for seven-year period from 1999–2000 to 2005–06 from Prowess, electronic database developed by Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), Mumbai. Statistical tests like factor analysis and multiple regression analysis have been applied. The results indicate significant positive impact of CSR on corporate profitability and insignificant positive impact on corporate growth. The present study is helpful for managers in considering the positive impact of CSR on corporate profitability while taking decisions about investing in CSR areas.
The Evolution of Offshore Outsourcing in India
Authors: Agrawal Soni , Goswami Kishor , Chatterjee Bani
Published: July 2010

Outsourcing is an age-old practice whereas offshore outsourcing is relatively new. Issues related to offshore outsourcing came into centre stage along with the process of globalization. Offshore outsourcing of services is the result of economic and technological developments across countries. This became popular in India after the economic liberalization process. The present article makes an attempt to lay an integrative ground work for understanding outsourcing, including its evolution, theoretical developments and future trends. The article presents a comprehensive framework of critical dimensions of outsourcing as well as offshore outsourcing in India along with the comparative advantages and disadvantages of offshore outsourcing in today‘s time.
Analysis of Banks in India—A CAMEL Approach
Authors: Kaur Harsh Vineet
Published: July 2010

Indian banking system has transformed in recent years due to globalization in the world market, which has resulted in fierce competition. In this article, an attempt has been made to rank the various commercial banks operating in India. The banks in India have been categorized into Public sector, Private sector and Foreign banks. For the purpose of profitability analysis 28 Public Sector, 26 Private Sector and 28 Foreign banks have been taken into consideration For the purpose of ranking, CAMEL analysis technique has been used. Each parameter of CAMEL—Capital Adequacy, Asset Quality, Management Quality, Earning Quality and Liquidity has been evaluated taking two ratios, and a final composite index has been developed. Among the public sector banks, the best bank ranking has been shared by Andhra Bank and State Bank of Patiala. Among the private sector banks, Jammu And Kashmir Bank has bagged the first rank followed by HDFC Bank. In the category of foreign sector banks, Antwerp Bank has been ranked the best followed by JP Morgan Chase Bank.
Study of Employee Engagement and its Predictors in an Indian Public Sector Undertaking
Authors: Mohapatra Mamta , Sharma Baldev R.
Published: July 2010

This article presents an assessment of the level of employee engagement among managers of a public sector undertaking in India. Besides highlighting the level of engagement, the study has identified the predictors of organizational commitment, which was used as an important manifestation of employee engagement. The study is based on primary data collected from 84 managerial employees on a number of parameters relating to employee engagement and its potential predictors. The study has revealed that the level of employee engagement in this organization is quite modest. Three factors, namely, pay, job content and objectivity are found to be the predictors of employee engagement.
Registered Nurses’ Views About Work and Retirement
Authors: Valencia Denette , Raingruber Bonnie
Published: July 2010

Study purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify what motivates experienced nurses to continue working and to consider retirement. Method: A total of 16 intensive care nurses completed phenomenological interviews. The experienced nurses were split into two groups: 31 to 49 years old (younger nurses) and 50 to 65 years old (older nurses). Results: Both groups expressed that concern about changing benefits and financial security kept them working. The younger nurse group valued working for autonomy and respect, camaraderie with peers, providing for their families, and because their parents influenced retirement perceptions. The older nurse group valued working as a way to connect with patients and families. Experiences that provoked thoughts of retirement in the older group were changes related to new technology. Older nurses did not want to work to the extent that their health was influenced. Application: By designing human resource policies that address the concerns that influence nurse retirement choices, administrators can maximize retention strategies.
Low-Grade Ductal Carcinoma In Situ and Invasive Mammary Carcinoma With Columnar Cell Morphology Arising in a Complex Fibroadenoma in Continuity With Columnar Cell Change and Flat Epithelial Atypia
Authors: Petersson Fredrik , Puay Hoon Tan  , Choudary Putti Thomas
Published: July 2010

We describe the clinicopathologic features of a small low-grade invasive mammary carcinoma with cytomorphological columnar cell features arising in a complex fibroadenoma that in addition to sclerosing adenosis, apocrine metaplasia, and usual ductal hyperplasia also displayed columnar cell change with flat epithelial atypia and low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ merging with the invasive carcinoma. There were strong cytomorphological similarities between the invasive carcinoma and the low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ, which also showed significant overlap in the immunohistochemical findings.
Xp11.2 Translocation Renal Cell Carcinomas Have a Poorer Prognosis Than Non-Xp11.2 Translocation Carcinomas in Children and Young Adults: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Qiu Rao  , Bing Guan  , Zhou Xiao-jun
Published: July 2010

Objectives. Renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) in children and adolescents are much rarer than in adults. In this age group, Xp11.2 translocation RCCs were the most common subtype of pediatric RCCs. Information regarding the clinical behavior of pediatric RCCs remains controversial because of their relatively rare incidence. The authors aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to better define the biological features of pediatric RCCs. Methods. Eligible studies were identified through multiple search strategies. Studies were assessed for quality using the Jadad Quality Scale. Data were collected comparing overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and stage in patients with TFE3 + pediatric RCCs and TFE3 − RCCs. Results. A total of 4 studies were included for meta-analysis, and pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. The meta-analysis outcomes showed that TFE3 + pediatric RCCs were significantly associated with poorer outcomes (OS and DFS) and a higher stage (III/IV) than TFE3 − RCCs (pooled ORs for each group: 4.59 [95% CI = 1.46-14.42] for OS; 5.79 [95% CI = 1.85-18.16] for DFS; and 5.89 [95% CI = 2.23-15.52] for stage). This result was also confirmed by OS and DFS curves ( P = .005 and P = .001). Conclusions. Xp11.2 translocation carcinomas appear to have a poorer prognosis than non-Xp11.2 translocation carcinomas in children and young adults.
Fractal Dimension and Mechanism of Aggregation of Apple Juice Particles
Authors: Benítez E.I. , Lozano J.E. , Genovese D.B.
Published: July 2010

Turbidity of freshly squeezed apple juice is produced by a polydisperse suspension of particles coming from the cellular tissue. After precipitation of coarse particles by gravity, only fine-colloidal particles remain in suspension. Aggregation of colloidal particles leads to the formation of fractal structures. The fractal dimension is a measure of the internal density of these aggregates and depends on their mechanism of aggregation. Digitized images of primary particles and aggregates of depectinized, diafiltered cloudy apple juice were obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Average radius of the primary particles was found to be a = 40±11 nm. Maximum radius of the aggregates, RL, ranged between 250 and 7750 nm. Fractal dimension of the aggregates was determined by analyzing SEM images with the variogram method, obtaining an average value of Df = 2.3±0.1. This value is typical of aggregates formed by rapid flocculation or diffusion limited aggregation. Diafiltration process was found to reduce the average size and polydispersity of the aggregates, determined by photon correlation spectroscopy. Average gyration radius of the aggregates before juice diafiltration was found to be Rg = 629 ± 87 nm. Average number of primary particles per aggregate was calculated to be N = 1174.
Effects of Cell Lysis Treatments on the Yield of Coenzyme Q10 Following Agrobacterium tumefaciens Fermentation
Authors: Yuting Tian  , Tianli Yue  , Jinjin Pei  , Yahong Yuan  , Juhai Li  , Martin Lo Y.
Published: July 2010

The yield of CoQ10 , an intracellular product extracted from Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells is dependent on the effectiveness of cell lysis post fermentation. Various cell lysis approaches are investigated, including ultrasound, repetitive freezing/thawing, grinding and acid-heat treatment. The acid-heat combination using hydrochloric acid is found the most effective in releasing CoQ 10, followed by lactic, sulfuric, phosphoric and oxalic acids. The most significant processing parameters, namely the ratio of acid solution volume and bacteria weight (A/B ratio), incubation temperature and reaction time, are optimized by using the central composite design with a quadratic regression model built by response surface methodology. The highest CoQ 10 yield at 1.518 mg/g dry cell is attained using hydrochloric acid (3 mol/L) under optimal A/B ratio, temperature and time at 10.8 mL/g, 84.2 °C and 35.3 min, respectively.
The army of ‘unemployed’ young people
Authors: Munive Jairo
Published: July 2010

Youth employment has jumped to the forefront of the international development agenda, especially with regards to stabilizing so-called fragile states. Liberia is a case in point. Here post-conflict stability has been cast as deeply connected to the issue of youth idleness. The objective of the article is first to show how the provision of jobs and the idea of youth employment is given paramount importance for the stabilization of fragile post-conflict states like Liberia and the achievement of a ‘liberal’ peace. In what way precisely does unemployment constitute a problem? Is Liberian youth jobless? What about the place of informality and hustling in the livelihood strategies of youth? I address the issue of unemployment, security and the role of ‘informality’ in the lives of youth drawing on ethnographic material. I use one of my informants, Adonis, to situate and contextualize the discussion. The intention is to turn upside down the bureaucratic gaze that categorizes youth merely as ‘unemployed’ and show the way in which Adonis, like thousands of other youngsters, engages in the ‘informal’ economy.
Identifying victims of violence using register-based data
Authors: Kruse Marie , Sørensen Jan , Brønnum-Hansen Henrik , Helweg-Larsen Karin
Published: July 2010

Aims: The aim of this study was twofold. Firstly we identified victims of violence in national registers and discussed strengths and weaknesses of this approach. Secondly we assessed the magnitude of violence and the characteristics of the victims using register-based data. Methods: We used three nationwide registers to identify victims of violence: The National Patient Register, the Victim Statistics, and the Causes of Death Register. We merged these data and assessed the degree of overlap between data sources. We identified a reference population by selecting all individuals in Denmark over 15 years of age that had not been exposed to violence. For the study population and the reference population, socioeconomic and demographic information were retrieved from Statistics Denmark. We used logistic regression models in a cross-sectional analysis to identify characteristics of victims of violence. Results: In 2006, 22,000 individuals were registered as having been exposed to violence. About 70% of these victims were men. Most victims were identified from emergency room contacts and police records, and few from the Causes of Death Register. There was some overlap between the two large data sources. We found significant differences between victims and non-victims according to socio-economic status, education, marital status, and ethnic origin, and also between victims by source of identification. Conclusions: We have identified a study population consisting of individual victims of violence that opens for further studies on violence. The use of different data sources is a strength but also a potential weakness to epidemiological, health economic, and other analyses using these data.
Pregnancy in Patients with Tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Kaur Harpreet , Suri Vanita , Aggarwal Neelam , Chopra Seema , Vijayvergiya Rajesh , Talwar K. K.
Published: July 2010

The objective was to evaluate pregnancy outcome in women with tetralogy of Fallot, including impact of corrective cardiac surgery on pregnancy outcome in a tertiary care referral hospital. The study was a retrospective analysis of maternal and perinatal outcome in all women with tetralogy of Fallot treated in a cardio-obstetric unit during 1996–2008. Ten women had 21 pregnancies. Of the 10 women, 7 with uncorrected tetralogy of Fallot had 16 pregnancies. Obstetric and cardiac complications were more frequent in the uncorrected group (70% vs 40% and 40% vs nil, respectively). The frequency of spontaneous abortion and preterm birth was greater in the uncorrected group (37.5% vs nil and 25% vs nil, respectively). The percentage of babies who were small for gestational age was 40% in the uncorrected group and 20% in the corrected group. Tetralogy of Fallot carries substantial risk to mother and fetus. Surgical correction is associated with improved maternal and perinatal outcome. These patients need detailed prepregnancy evaluation and should be under joint supervision of an obstetrician, a cardiologist, a congenital cardiac surgeon, and an anesthetist.
Anomalous Origin of the Right Coronary Artery From the Pulmonary Artery With Aortopulmonary Window
Authors: Bockeria Leo A. , Berishvili David O. , Krupianko Sofia M. , Sobolev Andrew V. , Plachova Victoria V. , Adkin Dmitry V. , Kharkin Andrew V.
Published: July 2010

This report describes a rare case of anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery associated with a large aortopulmonary window in a 2-month-old boy. The right coronary artery was exposed to systemic pressure and carried fairly well-oxygenated blood to the myocardium. Closure of the aortopulmonary window alone could have caused acute myocardial ischemia. The purpose of this case report is to describe successful diagnosis and management of anomalous origin of the right coronary artery associated with an aortopulmonary window. The pathological findings and the physiological effects, clinical importance, and method of correction used are discussed.
Hard Choices for High-Risk Patients With Critical Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction
Authors: Pizarro Christian , Kolcz Jacek , Derby Christopher D. , Klenk Dore , Baffa Jeanne M. , Radtke Wolfgang A.
Published: July 2010

Surgical management of high-risk newborns with critical left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO) involves difficult decision making and complex procedures associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We sought to compare the outcomes of the hybrid and surgical strategies for the management of neonates with critical LVOTO considered at high risk in a contemporary nonrandomized cohort. This is a retrospective review of all patients undergoing management of critical LVOTO between January 2001 and December 2008. High-risk conditions included prematurity, low birth weight, and genetic or associated cardiac and noncardiac pathology. Analysis was performed based on intention to treat. Primary and secondary outcomes were operative and 6-month mortality. The cohort included 55 patients (21 hybrid and 34 surgical [31 Norwood, 3 biventricular repair]). The cohort had a median age of 4 (range, 1-62) days, mean weight of 2.7 ± 0.5 kg, and Aristotle comprehensive score of 18.6 ± 2.9. Low birth weight ( P = .0007), prematurity ( P = .004), and organ dysfunction ( P = .04) were risk factors for operative death. Six-month mortality was associated with need for reintervention ( P = .017) in the surgical group and history of organ dysfunction ( P = .02) or aortic atresia ( P = .03) in the hybrid group. Logistic regression identified low birth weight ( P = .05; odds ratio [OR], 5.6 [0.9-34.6]), organ dysfunction ( P = .05; OR, 4.7 [0.9-22.5]), and non–hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) diagnosis ( P = .03; OR, 0.06 [0.005-0.93]) as predictors of mortality for the entire cohort. No differences in operative and 6-month mortality were detected between management strategies. Although initial surgical insult is lessened by the hybrid palliation, important interstage mortality and ongoing morbidity result in similar 6-month survival with either strategy. Patient-related factors have a larger influence on outcome than the management strategy chosen.
Advances in Cardiopulmonary Bypass and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for the Neonate and Infant
Authors: Jonas Richard A.
Published: July 2010

There have been numerous advances in all of the associated subspecialty areas necessary for successful congenital cardiac surgery over the last 2 decades. Within the operating room itself, advances have occurred in instrumentation, prosthetics and biomaterials, surgical optics including loupes, and fiberoptic lighting. However, some of the most important advances have been in the techniques and hardware of cardiopulmonary bypass, the use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support in the intensive care unit, and the refinement of strategies to optimize neurodevelopmental outcomes.
The antiparasitic agent ivermectin induces chloride-dependent membrane hyperpolarization and cell death in leukemia cells
Authors: Sharmeen Sumaiya , Skrtic Marko , Sukhai Mahadeo A. , Hurren Rose , Gronda Marcela , Wang Xiaoming , Fonseca Sonali B. , Sun Hong , Wood Tabitha E. , Ward Richard , Minden Mark D. , Batey Robert A. , Datti Alessandro , Wrana Jeff , Kelley Shana O. , Schimmer Aaron D.
Published: July 2010

To identify known drugs with previously unrecognized anticancer activity, we compiled and screened a library of such compounds to identify agents cytotoxic to leukemia cells. From these screens, we identified ivermectin, a derivative of avermectin B1 that is licensed for the treatment of the parasitic infections, strongyloidiasis and onchocerciasis, but is also effective against other worm infestations. As a potential antileukemic agent, ivermectin induced cell death at low micromolar concentrations in acute myeloid leukemia cell lines and primary patient samples preferentially over normal hematopoietic cells. Ivermectin also delayed tumor growth in 3 independent mouse models of leukemia at concentrations that appear pharmacologically achievable. As an antiparasitic, ivermectin binds and activates chloride ion channels in nematodes, so we tested the effects of ivermectin on chloride flux in leukemia cells. Ivermectin increased intracellular chloride ion concentrations and cell size in leukemia cells. Chloride influx was accompanied by plasma membrane hyperpolarization, but did not change mitochondrial membrane potential. Ivermectin also increased reactive oxygen species generation that was functionally important for ivermectin-induced cell death. Finally, ivermectin synergized with cytarabine and daunorubicin that also increase reactive oxygen species production. Thus, given its known toxicology and pharmacology, ivermectin could be rapidly advanced into clinical trial for leukemia.
Down-regulation of hepcidin resulting from long-term treatment with an anti–IL-6 receptor antibody (tocilizumab) improves anemia of inflammation in multicentric Castleman disease
Authors: Song Soken-Nakazawa J. , Tomosugi Naohisa , Kawabata Hiroshi , Ishikawa Takayuki , Nishikawa Teppei , Yoshizaki Kazuyuki
Published: July 2010

Dysregulated production of hepcidin is implicated in anemia of inflammation, whereas interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a major inducer of hepcidin production. Overproduction of IL-6 is responsible for pathogenesis of multicentric Castleman disease (MCD), a rare lymphoproliferative disorder accompanied by systemic inflammatory responses and anemia. In this study, we investigated the roles of hepcidin and IL-6 in anemia of inflammation and the long-term effects of anti–IL-6 receptor antibody (tocilizumab) treatment on serum hepcidin and iron-related parameters in MCD patients. We found that tocilizumab treatment resulted in a rapid reduction of serum hepcidin-25 in 5 of 6 MCD patients. Long-term reductions, accompanied by progressive normalization of iron-related parameters and symptom improvement, were observed in 9 of 9 cases 1.5, 3, 6, and 12 months after the start of tocilizumab treatment. In in vitro experiments, IL-6–induced up-regulation of hepcidin mRNA in hepatoma cell lines was completely inhibited by tocilizumab but increased in the presence of patients' sera. Our results suggest that, although multiple factors affect serum hepcidin levels, IL-6 plays an essential role in the induction of hepcidin in MCD. This accounts for the long-term ameliorative effect of IL-6 blockage with tocilizumab on anemia by inhibiting hepcidin production in MCD patients.
Efficiency clustering for low-density microarrays and its application to QPCR
Authors: Lock Eric F , Ziemiecki Ryan , Marron JS , Dittmer Dirk P
Published: July 2010

Background

Pathway-targeted or low-density arrays are used more and more frequently in biomedical research, particularly those arrays that are based on quantitative real-time PCR. Typical QPCR arrays contain 96-1024 primer pairs or probes, and they bring with it the promise of being able to reliably measure differences in target levels without the need to establish absolute standard curves for each and every target. To achieve reliable quantification all primer pairs or array probes must perform with the same efficiency.

Results

Our results indicate that QPCR primer-pairs differ significantly both in reliability and efficiency. They can only be used in an array format if the raw data (so called CT values for real-time QPCR) are transformed to take these differences into account. We developed a novel method to obtain efficiency-adjusted CT values. We introduce transformed confidence intervals as a novel measure to identify unreliable primers. We introduce a robust clustering algorithm to combine efficiencies of groups of probes, and our results indicate that using n < 10 cluster-based mean efficiencies is comparable to using individually determined efficiency adjustments for each primer pair (N = 96-1024).

Conclusions

Careful estimation of primer efficiency is necessary to avoid significant measurement inaccuracies. Transformed confidence intervals are a novel method to assess and interprete the reliability of an efficiency estimate in a high throughput format. Efficiency clustering as developed here serves as a compromise between the imprecision in assuming uniform efficiency, and the computational complexity and danger of over-fitting when using individually determined efficiencies.
An autocrine sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling loop enhances NF-κB-activation and survival
Authors: Blom Tomas , Bergelin Nina , Meinander Annika , Löf Christoffer , Slotte J Peter , Eriksson John E , Törnquist Kid
Published: July 2010

Background

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive lipid that regulates a multitude of cellular functions, including cell proliferation, survival, migration and angiogenesis. S1P mediates its effects either by signaling through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) or through an intracellular mode of action. In this study, we have investigated the mechanism behind S1P-induced survival signalling.

Results

We found that S1P protected cells from FasL-induced cell death in an NF-κB dependent manner. NF-κB was activated by extracellular S1P via S1P2 receptors and Gi protein signaling. Our study also demonstrates that extracellular S1P stimulates cells to rapidly produce and secrete additional S1P, which can further amplify the NF-κB activation.

Conclusions

We propose a self-amplifying loop of autocrine S1P with capacity to enhance cell survival. The mechanism provides increased understanding of the multifaceted roles of S1P in regulating cell fate during normal development and carcinogenesis.
Pathway analysis of the transcriptome and metabolome of salt sensitive and tolerant poplar species reveals evolutionary adaption of stress tolerance mechanisms
Authors: Janz Dennis , Behnke Katja , Schnitzler Jörg-Peter , Kanawati Basem , Schmitt-Kopplin Philippe , Polle Andrea
Published: July 2010

Background

Populus euphratica is a salt tolerant and Populus × canescens a salt sensitive poplar species. Because of low transcriptional responsiveness of P. euphratica to salinity we hypothesized that this species exhibits an innate activation of stress protective genes compared with salt sensitive poplars. To test this hypothesis, the transcriptome and metabolome of mature unstressed leaves of P. euphratica and P. × canescens were compared by whole genome microarray analyses and FT-ICR-MS metabolite profiling.

Results

Direct cross-species comparison of the transcriptomes of the two poplar species from phylogenetically different sections required filtering of the data set. Genes assigned to the GO slim categories 'mitochondria', 'cell wall', 'transport', 'energy metabolism' and 'secondary metabolism' were significantly enriched, whereas genes in the categories 'nucleus', 'RNA or DNA binding', 'kinase activity' and 'transcription factor activity' were significantly depleted in P. euphratica compared with P. × canescens. Evidence for a general activation of stress relevant genes in P. euphratica was not detected. Pathway analyses of metabolome and transcriptome data indicated stronger accumulation of primary sugars, activation of pathways for sugar alcohol production, and faster consumption of secondary metabolites in P. euphratica compared to P. × canescens. Physiological measurements showing higher respiration, higher tannin and soluble phenolic contents as well as enrichment of glucose and fructose in P. euphratica compared to P. × canescens corroborated the results of pathway analyses.

Conclusion

P. euphratica does not rely on general over-expression of stress pathways to tolerate salt stress. Instead, it exhibits permanent activation of control mechanisms for osmotic adjustment (sugar and sugar alcohols), ion compartmentalization (sodium, potassium and other metabolite transporters) and detoxification of reactive oxygen species (phenolic compounds). The evolutionary adaptation of P. euphratica to saline environments is apparently linked with higher energy requirement of cellular metabolism and a loss of transcriptional regulation.
Brassinosteroid-mediated stress tolerance in Arabidopsis shows interactions with abscisic acid, ethylene and salicylic acid pathways
Authors: Divi Uday K , Rahman Tawhidur , Krishna Priti
Published: July 2010

Background

Brassinosteroids (BRs) play crucial roles in plant development and also promote tolerance to a range of abiotic stresses. Although much has been learned about their roles in plant development, the mechanisms by which BRs control plant stress responses and regulate stress-responsive gene expression are not fully known. Since BR interacts with other plant hormones, it is likely that the stress tolerance conferring ability of BR lies in part in its interactions with other stress hormones.

Results

Using a collection of Arabidopsis mutants that are either deficient in or insensitive to abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ET), jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), we studied the effects of 24-epibrassinloide (EBR) on basic thermotolerance and salt tolerance of these mutants. The positive impact of EBR on thermotolerance in proportion to wild type was evident in all mutants studied, with the exception of the SA-insensitive npr1-1 mutant. EBR could rescue the ET-insensitive ein2 mutant from its hypersensitivity to salt stress-induced inhibition of seed germination, but remained ineffective in increasing the survival of eto1-1 (ET-overproducer) and npr1-1 seedlings on salt. The positive effect of EBR was significantly greater in the ABA-deficient aba1-1 mutant as compared to wild type, indicating that ABA masks BR effects in plant stress responses. Treatment with EBR increased expression of various hormone marker genes in both wild type and mutant seedlings, although to different levels.

Conclusions

These results together indicate that the redox-sensitive protein NPR1 (NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1), a master regulator of SA-mediated defense genes, is likely a critical component of EBR-mediated increase in thermotolerance and salt tolerance, but it is not required for EBR-mediated induction of PR-1 (PATHOGENESIS-RELATED1) gene expression; that BR exerts anti-stress effects independently as well as through interactions with other hormones; that ABA inhibits BR effects during stress; and that BR shares transcriptional targets with other hormones.
Proteomics analysis of serum protein profiling in pancreatic cancer patients by DIGE: up-regulation of mannose-binding lectin 2 and myosin light chain kinase 2
Authors: Rong Yefei , Jin Dayong , Hou Chenrui , Hu Jianwen , Wu Wenchuan , Ni Xiaolin , Wang Dansong , Lou Wenhui
Published: July 2010

Background

Pancreatic cancer has significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Good prognosis relies on an early diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to develop techniques for identifying cancer biomarkers in the serum of patients with pancreatic cancer.

Methods

Serum samples from five individuals with pancreatic cancer and five individuals without cancer were compared. Highly abundant serum proteins were depleted by immuno-affinity column. Differential protein analysis was performed using 2-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE).

Results

Among these protein spots, we found that 16 protein spots were differently expressed between the two mixtures; 8 of these were up-regulated and 8 were down-regulated in cancer. Mass spectrometry and database searching allowed the identification of the proteins corresponding to the gel spots. Up-regulation of mannose-binding lectin 2 and myosin light chain kinase 2, which have not previously been implicated in pancreatic cancer, were observed. In an independent series of serum samples from 16 patients with pancreatic cancer and 16 non-cancer-bearing controls, increased levels of mannose-binding lectin 2 and myosin light chain kinase 2 were confirmed by western blot.

Conclusions

These results suggest that affinity column enrichment and DIGE can be used to identify proteins differentially expressed in serum from pancreatic cancer patients. These two proteins 'mannose-binding lectin 2 and myosin light chain kinase 2' might be potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of the pancreatic cancer.