bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Voices of Immigration
Authors: He Agnes Weiyun
Published: December 2024

What does immigration do to our languages and identities? What factors contribute to the maintenance or loss of immigrant languages? This book highlights theoretical and typological issues surrounding heritage language development, specifically focusing on Chinese-speaking communities in the USA. Based on a synthesis of observational, interview, reported, and audio/video data, it builds a composite, serial narrative of immigrant language and life. Through the voices of first- and second-generation immigrants, their family members and their teachers, it highlights the translingual practices and transforming interactional routines of heritage language speakers across various stages of life, and the congruencies between narrated perspectives and lived experiences. It shows that language, culture and identity are intricately interwoven, making it essential reading for students and scholars in applied linguistics and sociolinguistics. This title is part of the Flip it Open Programme and may also be available Open Access. Check our website Cambridge Core for details.
Biomedical Engineering for Global Health
Authors: Ramanujam Nirmala , Crouch Brian
Published: December 2024

Explore the fundamentals of biomedical engineering technologies with this thought-provoking introduction, framed around modern-day global cancer inequities. Connecting engineering principles to real-world global health scenarios, this textbook introduces major technological advances in cancer care through the lens of global health inequity, discusses how promising new technologies can address this inequity, and demonstrates how novel medical technologies are adopted for real-world clinical use. It includes modular chapters designed to enable a flexible pathway through material, for students from a wide range of backgrounds; boxed discussion of contemporary issues in engineering for global health, encouraging students to explore ethical questions related to science and society; supplementary lab modules for hands-on experience in translating engineering principles into healthcare solutions; and over 200 end-of-chapter problems, targeting multiple learning outcomes to solidify student understanding. This introduction is designed to equip students with all the critical, technical, and ethical knowledge they need to excel.
Braiding archaeology, geomorphology and indigenous knowledge to improve the understanding of local-scale coastal change
Authors: Jones Benjamin D. , Dickson Mark E. , Ford Murray , Hikuroa Daniel , Ryan Emma , Carrington Ari , Chetham Juliane
Published: December 2024

Coastal landforms and associated archaeological records are at risk of erosion from a combination of rising sea levels and increasingly frequent high-intensity storms. Improved understanding of this risk can be gained by braiding archaeological and geomorphological methodologies with Indigenous knowledge.1 In this article, archaeological, geomorphological and mātauranga (a form of Indigenous knowledge) are used to analyse a prograded Holocene foredune barrier in northern Aotearoa/New Zealand. Anthropogenic deposits within dune stratigraphy are radiocarbon-dated and used as chronological markers to constrain coastal evolution, alongside geomorphological analyses of topographic data, historical aerial photographs and satellite imagery. These investigations revealed that the barrier is eroding at a rate of 0.45 m/year. A midden in the foredune, which has been radiocarbon dated to 224–270 B.P. (95% Confidence), has been exposed by coastal erosion, confirming that the barrier is in the most eroded state it has been within the past ~300 years. Vertical stratigraphy reveals the presence of midden and palaeosol deposits capped by dune sand deposits in the foredune, indicating that vertical accretion of the foredune continued over the last ~200 years, despite the barrier now being in an eroding state. Mātauranga played a vital role in this project, as it was the coastal taiao (environmental) monitoring unit of Patuharakeke (a Māori sub-tribe) that discovered the midden. The ecological mātauranga shared also played a vital role in this project, adding experiential evidence to empirical observations. The work of local Indigenous groups, like Patuharakeke, demonstrates the active use of mātauranga, woven with Western science methods to preserve or capture the knowledge contained within archaeological sites at risk of being lost to coastal erosion. In this study, we present a method for weaving mātauranga, geomorphological and archaeological approaches to gain a deeper understanding of coastal landscape development.
Statistical gender discrimination: evidence from young workers across four decades and 56 countries
Authors: Tyrowicz Joanna , van der Velde Lucas
Published: December 2024

Statistical discrimination offers a compelling narrative on gender wage gaps among younger workers. Employers could reduce women's wages to adjust for expected costs linked to child-bearing. If this is the case, then trends toward delayed fertility should reduce the gender wage gap among young workers. We provide a novel collection of adjusted gender wage gap (AGWG) estimates among young workers from 56 countries spanning four decades and use it to test the conjecture that delayed fertility reduces gender wage inequality. We employ instrumental variables, and find that one year postponement of the first birth reduces AGWG by two percentage points (15% of the AGWG). We benchmark this estimate with the help of time-use data.
Mixed-methods multicenter assessment of healthcare workers’ knowledge, perceptions, and practices related to blood culture utilization in hospitalized adults
Authors: Fabre Valeria , Cosgrove Sara E. , Milstone Aaron M. , Salinas Alejandra B. , Degnan Kathleen O. , Gettler Erin B. , Glaser Laurel J. , Johnson J. Kristie , Moehring Rebekah W. , Nelson George E. , Rittmann Barry , Rodriguez-Nava Guillermo , Ryder Jonathan H. , Salinas Jorge L. , Schrank Gregory M. , Talbot Thomas R. , Van Schooneveld Trevor C. , Wasylyshyn Anastasia , Xie Anping ,   for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Prevention Epicenters Program
Published: December 2024

Objective:

To understand healthcare workers’ (HCWs) beliefs and practices toward blood culture (BCx) use.

Design:

Cross-sectional electronic survey and semi-structured interviews.

Setting:

Academic hospitals in the United States.

Participants:

HCWs involved in BCx ordering and collection in adult intensive care units (ICU) and wards.

Methods:

We administered an anonymous electronic survey to HCWs and conducted semi-structured interviews with unit staff and quality improvement (QI) leaders in these institutions to understand their perspectives regarding BCx stewardship between February and November 2023.

Results:

Of 314 HCWs who responded to the survey, most (67.4%) were physicians and were involved in BCx ordering (82.3%). Most survey respondents reported that clinicians had a low threshold to culture patients for fever (84.4%) and agreed they could safely reduce the number of BCx obtained in their units (65%). However, only half of them believed BCx was overused. Although most made BCx decisions as a team (74.1%), a minority reported these team discussions occurred daily (42.4%). A third of respondents reported not usually collecting the correct volume per BCx bottle, half were unaware of the improved sensitivity of 2 BCx sets, and most were unsure of the nationally recommended BCx contamination threshold (87.5%). Knowledge regarding the utility of BCx for common infections was limited.

Conclusions:

HCWs’ understanding of best collection practices and yield of BCx was limited.
Efficacy of copper-impregnated antimicrobial surfaces against Clostridioides difficile spores
Authors: Navarathna Thanuri , Chatterjee Piyali , Choi Hosoon , Coppin John D , Corona Brandon , Brackens Emma , Mayo Lynn , Hwang Munok , Williams Marjory , Bennett Morgan , Jinadatha Chetan
Published: December 2024

Objective:

Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is one of the most common causes of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Elimination of C. difficile spores is difficult as they are resistant to common hospital-grade disinfectants. Copper-impregnated surfaces provide continuous reduction of multiple pathogens, potentially lowering the risk of infections. This manuscript aims to evaluate the efficacy of copper-impregnated surfaces on C. difficile spores.

Methods:

Control (no copper) coupons and copper coupons containing 20% copper-oxide were inoculated with C. difficile spore loads ranging from 105 to 107 spores, with or without 5% fetal bovine serum soil load. After 4 hours of contact time, the C. difficile spores were recovered, plated on C. difficile growth media, and colony forming units were counted. The efficacy of copper (log10 kill) was estimated using a Bayesian latent variables model.

Results:

After 4 hours, unsoiled copper bedrail and copper table coupons at mean spore inoculation resulted in a 97.3% and 96.8% reduction in spore count (1.57 and 1.50 log10 kill, respectively). That of soiled bedrail and table coupons showed a 91.8% and 91.7% reduction (1.10 and 1.10 log10 kill, respectively).

Conclusions:

Copper coupons can substantially reduce C. difficile spores after 4 hours, but results vary depending on the initial spore concentration and presence or absence of organic material. Higher initial spore loads or excess organic material may prevent spores from contact with copper surfaces, thus decreasing kill efficacy. Continuous sporicidal effect of copper-impregnated surfaces may decrease spore burden and help prevent transmission of spores.
A SUFFICIENT CONDITION FOR PANCYCLIC GRAPHS
Authors: ZHAN XINGZHI
Published: December 2024

A graph G is called an

$[s,t]$

-graph if any induced subgraph of G of order s has size at least

$t.$

We prove that every

$2$

-connected

$[4,2]$

-graph of order at least

$7$

is pancyclic. This strengthens existing results. There are

$2$

-connected

$[4,2]$

-graphs which do not satisfy the Chvátal–Erdős condition on Hamiltonicity. We also determine the triangle-free graphs among

$[p+2,p]$

-graphs for a general

$p.$
ALMOST ABELIAN NUMBERS
Authors: PLEŞCA IUILA-CĂTĂLINA , TĂRNĂUCEANU MARIUS
Published: December 2024

We introduce the concept of almost

$\mathcal {P}$

-numbers where

$\mathcal {P}$

is a class of groups. We survey the existing results in the literature for almost cyclic numbers, and give characterisations for almost abelian and almost nilpotent numbers proving these two concepts are equivalent.
Plotting hope: Inverse stories and scalar reversals of a health crisis
Authors: Fabrício Branca Falabella , Borba Rodrigo
Published: December 2024

This article investigates the discursive dimensions of the Zika epidemic in Brazil. It focuses on the ways the sanitary crisis is talked about by mothers of babies born with microcephaly—a Zika-related syndrome. We examine the situated ways these mothers refuse the biomedical and bureaucratic scripts that are handed down to them by engaging with their new realities and fostering hope against the grain of bleak prognosis. To do so, we scrutinize a corpus that comprises media reports covering the health emergency and ethnographic interviews. Resorting to strategies such as inverse stories, timespace anchorage, and scalar reversals, mothers of Zika inventively plot against painful scripts while reimagining their kids’ future (as well as theirs) in the present. They hope pragmatist hope without teleology. This chronotopic movement sheds light on how somber plots can be twisted through (re)scaling projects, thus forging hopeful actions. (Hope, narratives, scale, plot, epidemics, agency)
“I repeatedly tell you, the future is yours—the righteous, not the liars”: Hope in Saleh Diab's political speeches in East Jerusalem
Authors: Noy Chaim
Published: December 2024

The article examines hope as employed in short political speeches given by a Palestinian resident and activist, Mr. Saleh Diab, to a small audience of Jewish-Israelis, during the weekly Sheikh Jarrah protest in East Jerusalem. Informed by linguistic anthropology and sociolinguistics, hope is viewed contextually as a resource or affordance that enables indexical connection-projection from the narrative time of the present to a future that is yet unforeseeable (yet-to-become, Derrida 1990/1992). The analysis of future-facing utterances highlights the indexical semiotics that underlie hope, connecting collaborative political action performed here-and-now in the occupied Palestinian neighborhood to its future ramifications. Examining Saleh's employment of hope points at its essential moral and affective entanglement. The article seeks to contribute to a sociolinguistic understanding of hope, as collaboratively and consistently sustained (specifically within the Israeli-Palestinian context), and more broadly to supply a clearer view of the sociolinguistics of grassroot political activism resisting oppressive regimes. (Narrative, time, indexicality, Israel-Palestine, Sheikh Jarrah, protest, demonstration, political discourse)1
THE POTTERY DEPOSITS FROM BUILDING 2 AT KNOSSOS–GYPSADES
Authors: Velegraki Marina
Published: December 2024

This paper presents the pottery assemblage from Building 2 at Knossos–Gypsades, excavated in 2014–15 as part of the ‘Knossos–Gypsades Excavation Project’, a synergasia of the British School at Athens with the Ephorate of Antiquities of Heraklion. Building 2 was constructed in Middle Minoan (MM) IIB, but its main occupational phase occurred during the subsequent MM IIIA phase. At the end of MM IIIA the building was severely damaged, probably due to an earthquake. The damage was rather extensive, resulting in its final abandonment. Contextual, typological and statistical analyses are applied to analyse the ceramic material and to clarify site formation processes. The ultimate aim is to assess whether the archaeological strata under study result from primary, secondary or even tertiary depositional episodes, and to delineate chronological phasing within the cultural-historical period straddling the end of the Old Palace period and the beginning of the New. Building 2 was revealed as undisturbed by later building activity, allowing its original architectural plan and construction to be evaluated, and to document the sequence of events that signal the final stages of its use-life. Furthermore, this study may contribute to the critical debate on Knossian chronological and ceramic phasing, as well as provide a fuller picture of the city of Knossos in the Gypsades neighbourhood, in terms of settlement pattern and spatial configuration.
Improving EFL learners’ self-confidence in English-speaking performance with World Englishes teaching
Authors: Cao Hongmei , Xiao Xiao , Yao Chunlin
Published: December 2024

This study explores the effects of World Englishes teaching practice in improving EFL learners’ self-confidence in English-speaking performance (SCIESP) with a mixed methodology design comprising both qualitative and quantitative approaches. Data were gathered through a survey with the Self-Confidence in English-speaking Performance Questionnaire, students’ reflective notes, and focus group interviews. Two teaching classes with no significant difference in self-confidence were randomly chosen as the experimental class (EC) and control class (CC). The two classes shared the same teaching implication except that the EC had four lectures on World Englishes while the CC got four lectures on English History. After one semester the research team surveyed students’ SCIESP again. The result showed a remarkable improvement in students’ SCIESP in EC than in CC. It was found that World Englishes teaching contributed significantly to increasing students’ SCIESP.
Factors associated with COVID-19 in-hospital death and COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 hospitalization in the Philippines during pre-omicron and omicron period: A case-control study (MOTIVATE-P study)
Authors: Arashiro Takeshi , Solante Rontgene , Sayo Ana Ria , Garcia Reby Marie , Kris Marie , Suzuki Shuichi , Malijan Greco Mark , Salazar Mary Jane , Salazar Mary Ann , Ortal-Cruz Abby , Go Grace Devota , Miranda Edna , Carandang-Cuvin Michelle , Calayo Joy Potenciano , Shin Jinho , Hibberd Martin , Ariyoshi Koya , Smith Chris
Published: December 2024

COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness (VE) studies are limited in low- and middle-income countries. A case-control study was conducted among COVID-19 and other pneumonia patients admitted to a hospital in the Philippines during the pre-Omicron and Omicron periods. To elucidate factors associated with in-hospital death, 1782 COVID-19 patients were assessed. To estimate absolute VE for various severe outcomes, 1059 patients were assessed (869 [82.1%] COVID-19 cases; 190 [17.9%] controls). Factors associated with in-hospital death included older age, tuberculosis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.45 [95% confidence interval {95% CI} 1.69–3.57]), HIV (aOR 3.30 [95% CI 2.03–5.37]), and current smokers (aOR 2.65 [95% CI 1.72–4.10]). Pre-Omicron, the primary series provided high protection within a median of 2 months (hospitalization: 85.4% [95% CI 35.9–96.7%]; oxygen requirement: 91.0% [95% CI 49.4–98.4%]; invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV): 97.0% [95% CI 65.7–99.7%]; death: 96.5% [95% CI 67.1–99.6%]). During Omicron, the primary series provided moderate-high protection within a median of 6–9 months (hospitalization: 70.2% [95% CI 27.0–87.8%]; oxygen requirement: 71.4% [95% CI 29.3–88.4%]; IMV: 72.7% [95% CI −11.6–93.3%]; death: 58.9% [95% CI −82.8–90.8%]). Primary series VE against severe COVID-19 outcomes was consistently high for both pre-Omicron and Omicron in a setting where approximately half of the vaccinees received inactivated vaccines.
Utilising mitochondrial barcode sequencing to evaluate phylogeographical structure and guide the release of illegally traded Amazon parrots
Authors: Arias-Sosa Luis Alejandro , Del Valle-Useche Carlos Miguel , Brieva Claudia , Tusso Sergio , Vargas-Ramírez Mario
Published: December 2024

Amazon parrots stand out as one of the most illegally traded Psittacids in the neotropics. However, the lack of effective tools for determining the geographical origin of confiscated individuals has impeded the development of well-informed release programmes. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene to identify phylogeographical groups and infer the origins of seized individuals across six Amazon parrot species. Through comprehensive genetic and phylogenetic analyses of 140 COI sequences from individuals with documented geographical origin, a genetic reference database was assembled. The most likely origin of 156 seized parrots was inferred by comparing their genotype to this database. Within the Yellow-headed Parrot Amazona ochrocephala species complex, our analyses revealed the presence of seven distinct phylogeographical groups, exposing a notable poaching impact in the Middle Magdalena’s river valley. For the Southern Mealy Amazon A. farinosa, three distinct genetic groups were identified, with seized individuals showing comparable proportions originating from both the Cis- and Trans-Andean regions. Noteworthy genetic differentiation was observed between individuals of Festive Amazon A. festiva from the Caquetá–Amazon Rivers and those from the Meta River, with two seized individuals assigned to the former. The Scaly-naped Amazon A. mercenaria exhibited genetic divergence between individuals from the central Andes and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. In contrast, the Orange-winged Amazon A. amazonica and Red-lored Amazon A. autumnalis did not display significant phylogeographical structure. However, analyses of seized individuals of A. amazonica suggested a potential underestimation of its genetic diversity and structure. This study illustrates the utility of mitochondrial molecular markers in determining the most probable area of origin for confiscated Amazon parrots, aiding in release programmes and enhancing the monitoring of natural populations.
The rise and fall of Japan’s municipal electricity regulation, 1889–1939
Authors: Li Chenxiao
Published: December 2024

This article explores the history of Japan’s municipal electricity regulation. We find that in the early phase of Japanese electrification, rights-of-way and municipal franchises remained undefined compared with these concepts in Western societies. Consequently, Japanese cities started electrification without municipal regulations. Although municipal franchises were introduced to Japan as a regulatory framework in the 1900s, they were tailored to Japan’s political and ideological context. Moreover, the Road Law of 1919 weakened the legal basis for municipal regulation. With the revision of the Electric Utility Law in 1932 and World War II, the decline of municipal regulation became inevitable.
Cognitive therapy for PTSD following multiple-trauma exposure in children and adolescents: a case series
Authors: Smith Charlotte , Ford Catherine E. L. , Dalgleish Tim , Smith Patrick , McKinnon Anna , Goodall Ben , Wright Isobel , Pile Victoria , Meiser-Stedman Richard
Published: December 2024

Background:

Cognitive therapy for PTSD (CT-PTSD) is an efficacious treatment for children and adolescents with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following single incident trauma, but there is a lack of evidence relating to this approach for youth with PTSD following exposure to multiple traumatic experiences.

Aims:

To assess the safety, acceptability and feasibility of CT-PTSD for youth following multiple trauma, and obtain a preliminary estimate of its pre–post effect size.

Method:

Nine children and adolescents (aged 8–17 years) with multiple-trauma PTSD were recruited to a case series of CT-PTSD. Participants completed a structured interview and mental health questionnaires at baseline, post-treatment and 6-month follow-up, and measures of treatment credibility, therapeutic alliance, and mechanisms proposed to underpin treatment response. A developmentally adjusted algorithm for diagnosing PTSD was used.

Results:

No safety concerns or adverse effects were recorded. Suicidal ideation reduced following treatment. No participants withdrew from treatment or from the study. CT-PTSD was rated as highly credible. Participants reported strong working alliances with their therapists. Data completion was good at post-treatment (n=8), but modest at 6-month follow-up (n=6). Only two participants met criteria for PTSD (developmentally adjusted algorithm) at post-treatment. A large within-subjects treatment effect was observed post-treatment and at follow up for PTSD severity (using self-report questionnaire measures; ds>1.65) and general functioning (CGAS; ds<1.23). Participants showed reduced anxiety and depression symptoms at post-treatment and follow-up (RCADS-C; ds>.57).

Conclusions:

These findings suggest that CT-PTSD is a safe, acceptable and feasible treatment for children with multiple-trauma PTSD, which warrants further evaluation.
Other-than-Human Perspectives on Écosystème(s): Towards an ecosemiotic approach to sound and media art
Authors: Schorpp Estelle , Galliker Matthieu
Published: December 2024

Sound and new media arts appear to be both historical and contemporary means to invest in the notion of more-than-human. Although the concept was formulated in the late 1990s (Abram 1996), certain related practices in art works exploring machine or animal agency have existed since the 1960s, especially in new media arts using sound, video, and electronic and computational technologies.
RANKS OF SOFT OPERATORS IN NOWHERE SCATTERED
$\mathrm {C}^*$
-ALGEBRAS
Authors: Asadi-Vasfi M. Ali , Thiel Hannes , Vilalta Eduard
Published: December 2024

We show that for
$\mathrm {C}^*$
-algebras with the global Glimm property, the rank of every operator can be realized as the rank of a soft operator, that is, an element whose hereditary sub-
$\mathrm {C}^*$
-algebra has no nonzero, unital quotients. This implies that the radius of comparison of such a
$\mathrm {C}^*$
-algebra is determined by the soft part of its Cuntz semigroup.

Under a mild additional assumption, we show that every Cuntz class dominates a (unique) largest soft Cuntz class. This defines a retract from the Cuntz semigroup onto its soft part, and it follows that the covering dimensions of these semigroups differ by at most
$1$
.
Social Movements and Climate Adaptation: The Provincial Politics of Coastal Reclamation in Indonesia
Authors: Tans Ryan
Published: December 2024

Anti-reclamation movements are common in Indonesia, but their effectiveness varies. Such movements, which oppose the infilling of coastal waters and wetlands, consistently draw support from environmentalists, fisherfolk, and coastal residents. To succeed, however, they must transcend these constituencies and mobilize broad coalitions. In this paper, I apply the concept of political opportunity to explain variation in the ability of anti-reclamation movements to achieve this goal. Specifically, I argue that the opportunity to build broad coalitions depends on the positioning of political, economic, and communal elites. Disagreement among these groups creates opportunities for activists to recruit some of them as allies in the construction of economically diverse, cross-class coalitions. Consensus, by contrast, excludes elites as potential allies, forcing activists to build geographically expansive but class-based coalitions. To develop my argument, I draw on local news archives and primary source documents to compare similarly situated anti-reclamation movements in Bali and Makassar. In Bali, the movement flourished by cultivating an alliance with communal elites and local businesses. In Makassar, the movement withered because public officials, local businesses, and communal elites all welcomed reclamation. My findings imply that anti-reclamation movements are most likely to succeed when they emphasize communal identities with cross-class appeal. Yet such tactics alienate parallel movements from one another and undermine national activism. As a result, anti-reclamation movements fight the same battles over and over without achieving national reforms that would empower coastal communities to participate in coastal planning. Under such conditions, reclamation deepens the vulnerability of coastal communities to climate change.
Efficient broad dual-band voltage doubler rectifier with multi-section line impedance matching network
Authors: Du Chun-Hong , Cheng Fei , Wu Li , Gu Chao
Published: December 2024

This paper presents a compact broad dual-band rectifier based on a transmission line matching network. This method improves the overall impedance matching performance over two bands, and improves bandwidth of the rectifier’s efficiency. A π-type direct current filter with excellent harmonic suppression performance is proposed. The multi-section transmission line used as the dual-band input impedance matching network is analyzed to achieve an arbitrary frequency ratio. A rectifier is designed and implemented using a three-stage transmission-line matching network. Simulation and experimental results show that a dual-band rectifier is successfully performed with the measured power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 75.7% and 76.3% at 0.915 and 2.45 GHz, respectively. Additionally, the rectifier exhibits bandwidths of 0.48 and 0.25 GHz when the PCE exceeds 70%. Significant enhancement of bandwidth over conventional rectifiers is demonstrated.
Pride, prejudice, and working-class furniture – A history of Gelsenkirchener Barock
Authors: Wambach Julia
Published: December 2024

The city of Gelsenkirchen, a center of mining located in the most industrialized part of Germany, the Ruhr region in the west, had the dubious honor of inspiring a mocking name for interior design: from the 1930s onward, the heavy, ornate furniture the working class showed a taste for was known as “Gelsenkirchen Baroque,” a term that lampooned how an ascending group did not know the difference between propriety and pompousness. While the city of Gelsenkirchen forged a “Barock Krieg” to eradicate the term in the 1950s, it chose a more successful strategy to change the feeling rules toward Gelsenkirchener Barock in the early 1990s. With the city grappling with the consequences of deindustrialization, the municipality aimed at rehabilitating its image and the original pride of the furniture’s working-class owners by celebrating a Gelsenkirchener Barock festival, the city’s biggest PR initiative to this day. Marrying conceptual history, emotions history, and design history with social history, the article goes beyond the individual case study and shows that to understand taste-making processes, the emotional politics they entailed are crucial. The highly emotional debates over value and taste in specific historical and spatial contexts are vital for grasping the development and change of feeling rules.
Modeling Phase Separation in Grain‐Fluid Mixture Flows by a Depth‐Averaged Approach With Dilatancy Effects
Authors: Sun Weihang , Wang Yongqi
Published: December 2024

In this work, we propose a comprehensive two‐layer depth‐averaged model to study the dynamic behavior of grain‐fluid mixtures, which considers the granular dilatancy effects and the different frictional rheologies of grains in different states. Unlike single‐phase flows, not only the interaction between granular and fluid phases significantly influence the dynamics of mixtures, but also the phase separation, so that different flow regimes can occur. These include five different possible regimes: two‐layer regimes of (a) under‐saturated mixture and (b) over‐saturated mixture as well as single‐layer regimes of (c) saturated mixture, (d) pure grains and (e) pure fluid. Most depth‐averaged models in previous studies have considered only one of these flow regimes. The present model is an improved and integrated version of these depth‐averaged models. Taking into account that the pure grains and pure fluid in the upper layer, which occur in the regimes of the under‐saturated and over‐saturated grain‐fluid mixtures, respectively, exhibit different flow features than in the lower layer of the saturated mixture, we use a two‐phase two‐layer depth‐averaged model to describe these regimes. This proposed model is possibly the first to employ a two‐layer structure to describe all possible different flow regimes simultaneously. The proposed model is then solved numerically using a high‐resolution central‐upwind scheme and shows its ability to handle different flow regimes. To demonstrate the robustness of the numerical implementation and to evaluate the performance of the model, the numerical results are compared with several experiments reported in the literature, showing a certain qualitative agreement.
Vegetation Greening Mitigates the Impacts of Increasing Extreme Rainfall on Runoff Events
Authors: Ficklin Darren L. , Touma Danielle , Cook Benjamin I. , Robeson Scott M. , Hwang Taehee , Scheff Jacob , Williams A. Park , Watson Harper , Livneh Ben , Tye Mari R. , Wang Lixin
Published: December 2024

Future flood risk assessment has primarily focused on heavy rainfall as the main driver, with the assumption that projected increases in extreme rain events will lead to subsequent flooding. However, the presence of and changes in vegetation have long been known to influence the relationship between rainfall and runoff. Here, we extract historical (1850–1880) and projected (2070–2100) daily extreme rainfall events, the corresponding runoff, and antecedent conditions simulated in a prominent large Earth system model ensemble to examine the shifting extreme rainfall and runoff relationship. Even with widespread projected increases in the magnitude (78% of the land surface) and number (72%) of extreme rainfall events, we find projected declines in event‐based runoff ratio (runoff/rainfall) for a majority (57%) of the Earth surface. Runoff ratio declines are linked with decreases in antecedent soil water driven by greater transpiration and canopy evaporation (both linked to vegetation greening) compared to areas with runoff ratio increases. Using a machine learning regression tree approach, we find that changes in canopy evaporation is the most important variable related to changes in antecedent soil water content in areas of decreased runoff ratios (with minimal changes in antecedent rainfall) while antecedent ground evaporation is the most important variable in areas of increased runoff ratios. Our results suggest that simulated interactions between vegetation greening, increasing evaporative demand, and antecedent soil drying are projected to diminish runoff associated with extreme rainfall events, with important implications for society.
Greenland Ice Sheet Stores Hidden Water Throughout the Melt Season
Authors: Francis Matthew
Published: December 2024

A new method uses stations around Greenland’s coast to measure how much meltwater weighs down the bedrock beneath the ice, improving our understanding of its contribution to sea level rise.
Digging Deep
Authors: Micalizio Caryl-Sue
Published: December 2024

Surging demand for lithium and other elements is redefining the relationship between the geosciences and the mining industry.
A Major Miner Problem
Authors: Dieckman Emily
Published: December 2024

Economic geology, mining, and mineral resources programs are working to meet the needs of an industry that’s struggling to find employees—at a time when some say they’re needed more than ever.
Inequitable Spatial and Temporal Patterns in the Distribution of Multiple Environmental Risks and Benefits in Metro Vancouver
Authors: Ren Shuoqi , Giang Amanda
Published: December 2024

The urban environment impacts residents' health and well‐being in many ways. Environmental benefits and risks may be interactively and inequitably distributed across different populations in cities, and these patterns may change over time. Here, we assess the spatial distribution of environmental risks and benefits in pairs, considering synergies and trade‐offs, in an illustrative metropolitan area (Metro Vancouver) in Canada in the years 2006 and 2016. We classify census dissemination areas as sweet, sour, risky, or medium spots based on relative exposures for six environmental combinations: Walkability and NO2; heat stress and NO2; vegetation coverage and NO2; vegetation coverage and heat stress; walkability and accessibility to natural recreational areas; and heat stress and accessibility to natural recreational areas. We evaluate whether different population groups are disproportionately exposed to lower environmental quality based on linear regressions and other metrics. We find that while performance for individual environmental variables improved over the decade, considering their combinations, sweet spots became sweeter and sour spots became sourer. Residents with high material and social deprivation and visible minorities were disproportionately exposed to lower environmental quality in both years for most of the environmental combinations. Further, we find that these inequities were not improving over time for all groups: for instance, South Asian residents in the region faced higher disproportionate burdens or diminished access to benefits in 2016, as compared to 2006. Given these findings, we suggest considerations of cumulative exposure in prioritizing areas for intervention, targeting the sour and risky spots persistently experienced by overburdened populations.
How Much Convective Environment Subgrid Spatial Variability Is Missing Within Atmospheric Reanalysis Data Sets?
Authors: Marinescu Peter J. , van den Heever Susan C. , Grant Leah D. , Bukowski Jennie , Singh Itinderjot
Published: December 2024

Convective cloud processes are sensitive to environmental conditions that vary on scales smaller than reanalysis data sets (sub‐reanalysis scales). Convective environment variability within areas representative of reanalysis data sets is quantified using large‐domain, high‐resolution (∆x = 100 m) simulations of convective cloud systems throughout the tropics and subtropics. Even after removing locations of resolved clouds and precipitation, convective environment parameters vary significantly on these scales. For example, for half of the simulated data, 500 hPa relative humidity varies by ∼30% within a typical reanalysis area. Surface winds, convective available potential energy, and middle‐tropospheric moisture are the most variable convective environment parameters for both continental and maritime regimes, while above‐surface temperature and winds are the least variable. While high‐resolution, sub‐reanalysis‐scale extrema are well‐correlated with the reanalysis‐area mean values, some of the most extreme convective environments can occur within regions with moderate reanalysis‐area mean values, particularly for continental regions.
Global Biomass Burning Emission Contributions to Ice Nucleating Particles
Authors: Zhao Xucheng , Jiang Ke , Ou'yang Shuyu , Li Yaojie , Wang Yang , Wang Jiandong , Zhao Nan , Shen Guofeng
Published: December 2024

Biomass burning (BB) can produce ice nucleating particles (INPs) and influence cloud ice formation and climate effects, but the distribution and budget of BB‐induced INPs are not well understood. This study quantified INPs from BB at −17°C to −30°C and explored their spatiotemporal distributions. The results indicate that the INPs of BB aerosol were 5.42 × 1021 in 2019, approximately two orders of magnitude lower than those of dust aerosol, but much more than those of marine organic aerosol. Globally, INPs from BB were mainly influenced by wildfires, but in regions like East Asia, residential BB contributed significantly, accounting for about 57%. INPs from BB would have more pronounced effects in high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and parts of the Southern Hemisphere, particularly during peak wildfire periods. Thus, BB should be unignorable in evaluating the fates and impacts of INPs.
The adiabatic connection formalism in DFT – theory and practice
Authors: Polak Elias , Daas Kimberly J. , Vuckovic Stefan
Published: December 2024

The adiabatic connection formalism yielding an exact expression to exchange–correlation functional, has been instrumental in building DFT approximations. Here, we derive and analyze the density-fixed adiabatic connection (AC), which gives an exact expression of the DFT’s exchange–correlation functional. We give an outline of the exact features of the key AC quantities, yielding physical constraints for constructing approximations to the exchange–correlation functional. Lastly, inspired by recent progress in the AC developments in wave function theories, we discuss the similarities and differences between the AC in DFT and wave function formalisms.
Electronic orbital responses of extended systems to static, homogeneous, electromagnetic fields
Authors: Springborg Michael , Kirtman Bernard
Published: December 2024

We discuss theoretical methods with which the effects of static, homogenous, electromagnetic fields can be determined for systems that are extended and in the ultimate limit are infinite and periodic. We focus here on the finite field (FF) method, but there are obvious implications for perturbation theory approaches as well. The fact that including finite fields in electronic-structure calculations simultaneously introduces the coordinate r→ means that the translational invariance of the potential would be violated and therefore without modification this approach would be inapplicable to infinite, periodic systems. One such long-standing approach is to replace r→ by an operator that involves the derivative with respect to the crystal momentum k→. This is the primary procedure for electrostatic fields. For magnetostatic fields a number of suggestions have been made, all of which are or may be related to changing the gauge used to describe the fields. In the case of a large finite system, for non-vanishing electrostatic and/or magnetostatic field, the lowest energy orbitals are unbound. Thus, the bound states become resonances and the bound-state variational principle can no longer be applied. Instead, special methods for identifying the changes in the system properties due to the presence of these fields are evaluated. Our own simple method based on identifying those orbitals in the field-containing case that are most similar to the occupied orbitals in the field-free case seems to be a promising approach. Since methods for finite molecular systems exposed to static electromagnetic fields are more mature than those for the infinite, periodic crystals, an important issue is to establish that these methods give identical results when treating a crystal as being either large and finite or infinite and periodic. Finally it shall be mentioned that our presentation focuses on methods rather than results. Moreover, it concentrates on our own work that, in some cases, is not yet complete.
Proton-coupled electron transfer as a challenge for quantum chemical methods
Authors: Artiukhin Denis G.
Published: December 2024

Proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) plays an important role in many chemical processes, both in living matter as well as in technologically relevant molecular systems. It often involves energetically coupled transitions of several electrons and protons. The richness of PCET reaction mechanisms severely complicates the analysis and interpretation of experimental observations and calls for guidance and support of computational methods. Theoretical approaches of quantum chemistry could provide a very accurate description of PCET events, but face a number of methodological and practical limitations. In this chapter, the main challenges of describing PCET events in large biomolecular systems with quantum chemical methods are considered. The advantages and limitations of various approaches are critically discussed and the author’s view on a potential future route to realistic large-scale PCET simulations is provided. It is concluded that a new cost-efficient theoretical approach based on the ideas of Frozen-Density Embedding and the Nuclear Electronic Orbital technique could be a promising avenue.
Colorimetric Paper-based Point-of-care Testing for Disease Biomarkers
Authors: Alom Shahnaz , Ali Farak , Kathuria Deepika
Published: December 2024

Point-of-care testing (POCT) via paper-based colorimetric sensors allows for on-site testing, with biomarker detection visible to the naked eye within minutes, leading to better health management. In this chapter, we emphasise the fundamentals, fabrication techniques and development of paper-based colorimetric sensors. The use of POCT paper-based colorimetric sensors for the diagnosis of biomarkers associated with various diseases such as COVID-19, HIV, dengue, malaria, diabetes, cancer, etc. has been discussed in detail. The application of paper-based colorimetric sensors in the detection of fertility and pregnancy has also been highlighted. The unique properties of paper have also been summarised in order to create cost-effective, simple and easy-to-use devices. In the end, the challenges and emerging opportunities of POCT, paper-based colorimetric sensors have also been discussed. This chapter paves the way for research in paper-based colorimetric sensors.
Fluorometric Sensors and Devices for Biomarkers
Authors: Kumar P. , Mutreja V. , Singh A. , Watts James , Li Qin
Published: December 2024

Fluorometric sensors and devices are important tools for the detection and measurement of biomarkers, which are indicators of biological processes and diseases. These sensors involve the emission of light from fluorescent molecules upon interaction with target biomolecules, resulting in a measurable signal. Fluorescence-based techniques, for instance, fluorescence microscopy, fluorometry, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), and fluorescent probes, enable researchers to study biological molecules with high sensitivity and specificity. Fluorometric sensors offer numerous benefits over conventional detection methods, like higher sensitivity, selectivity, versatility, and the ability to sense various biomarkers instantaneously. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the recent developments in fluorometric sensors and devices for biomarker detection, including the design principles, sensing mechanisms, and fabrication techniques for developing fluorometric sensors. The challenges and future directions of this technology are also discussed. This chapter highlights the importance of these techniques in advancing our understanding of biological systems and their potential for improving healthcare, food safety, and environmental monitoring.
Active Colloids Moving by Critical Demixing
Authors: Schmidt Falko
Published: December 2024

A unique type of self-propelled active colloid converts light into a temperature gradient across its body, locally demixing a solvent, and moves by self-phoresis. This chapter introduces the key features and propulsion mechanism of such colloids, discusses their collective behaviour and shows the potential applications of demixing-driven micromachines in various applications.
Introduction to the Theories and Modelling of Active Colloids
Authors: Katsamba Panayiota , Montenegro-Johnson Thomas D.
Published: December 2024

This chapter will introduce the mathematics of modelling of active (autophoretic) colloids. It is intended to be something of a beginners’ guide, rather than an extensive literature review, and hopefully has useful information for theorist and experimentalist alike. The focus will be on modelling active colloids at the particle level, rather than at the suspension level via coarse-grained continuum methods. We first take a particle-centered view, whereby we consider the forces acting on a single sphere, to get Langevin dynamics – an ordinary differential equation (ODE) for the Janus particle’s motion. We discuss how the dynamics of a collection of such particles can be simulated by solving these ODEs together, and about how to add in physics – such as pair-wise fluid interactions between particles – to make the modelling more realistic. We then switch viewpoints to focus on what is going on outside the particle in the fluid, looking at the partial differential equations that govern the interactions of the solute fuel, particle, and the propulsive flows. We discuss some numerical techniques for studying autophoretic systems within this framework, with a focus on the Boundary Element Method. We present a method of simplifying this framework for slender autophoretic filaments and loops with arbitrary 3D shape and chemical patterning. In doing so, we see that the particle viewpoint and the fluid viewpoint “meet in the middle”, as we describe the interacting particles as a set of fundamental solutions with increasingly fast decay – point sources, dipoles, forces, torques, and stresses. We finish with a discussion of some potential future directions.
Hydrodynamics of Active Colloids
Authors: Uspal William
Published: December 2024

An active particle moving in a liquid medium will generate flows that extend into the surrounding medium. These particle-generated flows couple the active particles to each other and to any bounding surfaces or interfaces. Active hydrodynamic interactions are implicated in trapping of particles by solid surfaces, active clustering and active phase separation, and other topics of current interest in the active colloids community. In this chapter, we review active colloidal hydrodynamics, starting from foundational concepts of Stokes flow, and introducing some necessary mathematical formalism. We then cover the hydrodynamics of interfacially-driven microswimmers, including how to model the flow field sourced by a self-phoretic colloid. The latter part of this chapter focuses on developing the theory of the fundamental singularities of Stokes flow, as these can provide analytically tractable approximations for colloid/colloid and colloid/surface hydrodynamic interactions. We close with two outlooks on applications of concepts developed in this chapter to active colloids research.