bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Incidence of Diabetes in Postmenopausal Women in the U.S.
Authors: Ma Yunsheng , Hébert James R. , Manson JoAnn E. , Balasubramanian Raji , Liu Simin , Lamonte Michael J. , Bird Chloe E. , Ockene Judith K. , Qiao Yongxia , Olendzki Barbara , Schneider Kristin L. , Rosal Milagros C. , Sepavich Deidre M. , Wactawski-Wende Jean , Stefanick Marcia L. , Phillips Lawrence S. , Ockene Ira S. , Kaplan Robert C. , Sarto Gloria E. , Garcia Lorena , Howard Barbara V.
Published: July 2012

OBJECTIVE

To examine determinants of racial/ethnic differences in diabetes incidence among postmenopausal women participating in the Women’s Health Initiative.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Data on race/ethnicity, baseline diabetes prevalence, and incident diabetes were obtained from 158,833 women recruited from 1993–1998 and followed through August 2009. The relationship between race/ethnicity, other potential risk factors, and the risk of incident diabetes was estimated using Cox proportional hazards models from which hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were computed.

RESULTS

Participants were aged 63 years on average at baseline. The racial/ethnic distribution was 84.1% non-Hispanic white, 9.2% non-Hispanic black, 4.1% Hispanic, and 2.6% Asian. After an average of 10.4 years of follow-up, compared with whites and adjusting for potential confounders, the HRs for incident diabetes were 1.55 for blacks (95% CI 1.47–1.63), 1.67 for Hispanics (1.54–1.81), and 1.86 for Asians (1.68–2.06). Whites, blacks, and Hispanics with all factors (i.e., weight, physical activity, dietary quality, and smoking) in the low-risk category had 60, 69, and 63% lower risk for incident diabetes. Although contributions of different risk factors varied slightly by race/ethnicity, most findings were similar across groups, and women who had both a healthy weight and were in the highest tertile of physical activity had less than one-third the risk of diabetes compared with obese and inactive women.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite large racial/ethnic differences in diabetes incidence, most variability could be attributed to lifestyle factors. Our findings show that the majority of diabetes cases are preventable, and risk reduction strategies can be effectively applied to all racial/ethnic groups.
Multiple brain metastases - current management and perspectives for treatment with electrochemotherapy
Authors: Linnert Mette , Iversen Helle K. , Gehl Julie
Published: July 2012

Background. Due to the advanced oncological treatments of cancer, an overall increase in cancer incidence, and better diagnostic tools, the incidence of brain metastases is on the rise. This review addresses the current treatment options for patients with multiple brain metastases, presenting electrochemotherapy (ECT) as one of the new experimental treatments for this group of patients.

Conclusions. Neurosurgery, stereotactic surgery, and whole-brain radiotherapy are the evidence-based treatments that can be applied for patients with multiple brain metastases. Treatment with chemotherapy and molecularly targeted agents may also be warranted. Several experimental treatments are emerging, one of which is ECT, an effective cancer treatment comprising electric pulses given by electrodes in the tumor tissue, causing electroporation of the cell membrane, and thereby augmenting uptake and the cytotoxicity of the chemotherapeutic drug bleomycin by 300 times. Preclinical data are promising and the first patient has been treated in an ongoing clinical trial for patients with brain metastases. Perspectives for ECT in the brain include treatment of primary and secondary brain tumors as well as soft tissue metastases elsewhere.
Impact of Sow Milk Protein Polymorphism on Piglet Rearing
Authors: Skrzypczak Ewa , Babicz Marek , Szulc Karolina , Walendowska Anna , Panek Anna
Published: July 2012

Impact of Sow Milk Protein Polymorphism on Piglet Rearing

The aim of the investigations was to ascertain interrelationships between polymorphic fractions of milk proteins and rearing results of piglets from Złotnicka White sows. The experimental material comprised 20 sows of the native Złotnicka White breed. Pigs of this breed are included in the National Genetic Resources Conservation Programme. Investigations included two successive (2nd and 3rd) lactations of sows during which the following parameters were determined: number and weight of piglets on days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28; weight gains of individual piglets during the period from day 1 to 7, from day 8 to 14, from day 15 to 21 and from day 22 to 28; as well as mortality for the entire period of rearing, i.e. from day 1 to day 28 of age. A total of 425 piglets born in 40 litters (20 sows x 2 lactations) were investigated. As a result of electrophoretic separations, the following four protein fractions were isolated from sow milk: αs1-casein (CSN1S1), genotypes AA, AB, BB and BC; β-casein (CSN2), genotypes AA, AB and BB; κ-casein (CSN3), genotypes AA, AB and BB; β-lactoglobulin (LGB), genotypes AA and BB. The present study showed that milk from sows of AA CSN1S1 and AA LGB genotypes appeared to be more valuable and nourishing, as indicated by the fact that these sows reared piglets which were characterized by the best production results, i.e. body weight, weight gains and the lowest percentage mortality. The least dynamic results were obtained by piglets originating from litters of sows of the AA-CSN3 genotype.
The Effect of Dietary Methionine Levels on the Performance Parameters of Arctic Foxes (Vulpes Lagopus)
Authors: Gugołek Andrzej , Wyczling Tomasz , Janiszewski Paweł , Sobiech Przemysław , Wyczling Piotr , Konstantynowicz Małgorzata
Published: July 2012

The Effect of Dietary Methionine Levels on the Performance Parameters of Arctic Foxes (Vulpes Lagopus)

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary inclusion levels of methionine and cystine on the performance traits and health status of Arctic foxes. The experimental material comprised 60 blue Arctic foxes of the Finnish type. Control group (C) animals were fed diets (CA and CB) with standard concentrations of methionine and cystine. In experimental groups E1 and E2, methionine content was increased by approximately 2 g per 100 g total protein, relative to the recommended intake. Diets for group E1 were supplemented with liquid methionine (E1A and E1B), and diets for group E2 were supplemented with crystalline methionine (E2A and E2B). Diets A were offered during the growing period, and diets B were administered during the furring period. During the growing period, methionine+cystine levels in diets E1 and E2 were 4.19+0.59 g and 4.22+0.53 g per 100 g total protein, respectively. During the furring period, methionine+cystine levels were 4.83+0.68 g in diets E1 and 4.91+0.61 g in diets E2. The body weights of Arctic foxes were determined, their body conformation was evaluated, and the duration of the rearing period was calculated. Blood samples for morphological and biochemical analyses were collected from animals aged 24 weeks, selected randomly from each group. After slaughter, pelt length and fur quality were determined in accordance with the International Trading System. The results of this study indicate that diets for Arctic foxes should be supplemented with methionine. The experimental diets contributed to improving the performance traits of foxes, in particular fur quality, and they had no adverse influence on the health status of animals. It may be concluded that farm-raised Arctic foxes of the Finnish type show an increased demand for methionine.
The Effect of Aromatized Environmental Enrichment in Pen on Social Relations and Behavioural Profile of Newly Mixed Weaners
Authors: Nowicki Jacek , Klocek Czesław
Published: July 2012

The Effect of Aromatized Environmental Enrichment in Pen on Social Relations and Behavioural Profile of Newly Mixed Weaners

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of the presence of aromatized environmental enrichment elements in pen for weaners in newly created groups on the daily behavioural profile and their social hierarchy (time taken to establish hierarchical relationships, aggression level). The subject of the study were 72 weaners. After weaning piglets coming from two different litters were joined together and later 6 animals were placed in two adjacent pens (1.6 m x 2.2 m). One of the pens was additionally supplied with an aromatized element such as a chew toy enabling weaners to play. The behaviour was recorded for 72 hours after weaning and for 24 hours 14 days after weaning and the creation of the groups. The study was repeated 6 times. The following data was gathered: duration of activity and, specifically, duration of feed intake, duration and frequency of fights, duration and frequency of interest in toy in groups where the toy was present, and finally duration of rest. The presence of an aromatized toy in a pen decreased the level of aggression in weaners in the first days after weaning. Suitable selection of features of an additional object enriching the environment of a pen after animal weaning may significantly contribute to mitigation of fighting and aggression during the establishment of social hierarchy.
Backfat Fatty Acid Profile of Crossbred Pigs Fed a Diet Supplemented with Conjugated Linoleic acid or Sunflower Oil
Authors: Wasilewski Przemysław , Nowachowicz Jerzy , Michalska Grażyna , Bucek Tomasz , Lynch Brendan , Mullen Anne
Published: July 2012

Backfat Fatty Acid Profile of Crossbred Pigs Fed a Diet Supplemented with Conjugated Linoleic acid or Sunflower Oil

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of feeding pigs with different levels of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) or sunflower oil (SFO) on the backfat fatty acid profile. The subjects of research were 60 crossbred gilts divided into 6 groups, which were fed different levels of conjugated linoleic acid or sunflower oil (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0%, respectively). All fatteners were kept and fed under standardized conditions. Animals were slaughtered at 95 kg of body weight. Fatty acid profile was determined in samples of backfat from each animal using gas chromatography. The significance of differences between groups was verified by Duncan's test. In the present study, a beneficial effect of adding CLA was that it reduced saturated fatty acids and increased unsaturated fatty acids in the adipose tissue (backfat) of pigs as compared to fatteners receiving SFO. The amount of monounsaturated fatty acids in the backfat decreased with increasing amounts of CLA or SFO. Modifying the fatty acid profile of pig backfat through addition of CLA or SFO would be beneficial to the health of consumers because relatively large amounts of fat pork, including backfat, are added to the sausages.
Evaluation of Soil Aggregate Surface Roughness by Image Analysis
Authors: Bryk Maja
Published: July 2012

Ocena Szorstkości Powierzchni Agregatów Glebowych za Pomocą Analizy Obrazu
Distribution and Mobility of Vanadium in Profiles of Forest Soils of Various Texture
Authors: Jeske Agnieszka , Gworek Barbara
Published: July 2012

Profilowe Rozmieszczenie Oraz Mobilność Wanadu w Glebach Leśnych o Zróżnicowanym Uziarnieniu
Humus Substances of Forest Phaeozems and Gleysols in Dolina Baryczy Landscape Park
Authors: Łabaz Beata , Bogacz Adam , Glina Bartłomiej
Published: July 2012

Związki Próchniczne Czarnych Ziem Leśnych w Parku Krajobrazowym "Dolina Baryczy"
Some Chemical Properties of Sandy Soils Affected by Uncontrolled Dump Sites in the West Pomeranian Province
Authors: Malinowski Ryszard , Niedźwiecki Edward , Meller Edward , Sammel Adam , Wojcieszczuk Marta , Jarnuszewski Grzegorz
Published: July 2012

Kształtowanie Się Niektórych Właściwości Chemicznych Gleb Piaszczystych Pod Wpływem Oddziaływania Niekontrolowanych Wysypisk Odpadów w Województwie Zachodniopomorskim
Influence of Uncontrolled Dump Sites on Some Chemical Properties of Organic and Mineral Soils Developed from Clay and Loam in West Pomeranian
Authors: Meller Edward , Niedźwiecki Edward , Protasowicki Mikołaj , Malinowski Ryszard , Sammel Adam , Jarnuszewski Grzegorz
Published: July 2012

Wpływ Niekontrolowanych Wysypisk Odpadów na Niektóre Chemiczne Właściwości Gleb Organicznych Oraz Mineralnych Wytworzonych z Glin i Iłów w Województwie Zachodniopomorskim
Monitoring of herbicide effect in maize based on electrical measurements
Authors: Cseresnyés I. , Fekete G. , Végh K. , Székács A. , Mörtl M. , Rajkai K.
Published: July 2012

Monitoring of herbicide effect in maize based on electrical measurements

The effect of the herbicide acetochlor on root growth was studied by a non-destructive electrical impedance and capacitance method in pot experiments on maize. Acetochlor was applied both as single active ingredient and mixed with safener AD-67 in two dosages. Without safener addition, acetochlor had a permanent inhibiting effect on plant root expansion. The safener AD-67 was capable of providing protective effect against herbicide application. High correlations between root electrical impedance or capacitance and the root dry mass or surface area under our laboratory conditions were confirmed by plant harvest method. Root electrical impedance and capacitance measurements proved to be valid for monitoring the effect of the herbicide influencing root development and for distinguishing plant groups subjected to different stress conditions.
Landsat thermal band efficiency on characterizing mulched soil surface
Authors: Hashemimanesh M. , Matinfar H. , Alavipanah S. , Zehtabian G.
Published: July 2012

Landsat thermal band efficiency on characterizing mulched soil surface

In order to study petroleum mulch effects on soil, and sand dune fixation, thermal, and reflective bands of Landsat thematic mapper TM and ETM data, and other sources of information including topographic maps, aerial photos, and field work were used. The methodology was comprised of: images processing, statistic analysis, and relationship between thermal and reflective data. The results from image processing show that the behaviour of the Landsat thermal data is completely different from reflective data. The results from colour composite images including thermal bands have shown the capability of thermal bands in reparability of mulched and non-mulched areas. It was generally concluded that selection of TM, ETM thermal band is an important step to evaluate the area covered with petroleum mulch. Ratio mulch index was introduced as a best band combination in order to imagine mulch decomposition.
Influence of temperature on soil water content measured by ECH2O-TE sensors
Authors: Kočárek M. , Kodešová R.
Published: July 2012

Influence of temperature on soil water content measured by ECH2O-TE sensors

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of temperature on water content value measured by ECH2O-TE sensors. The influence of temperature on measured soil water content values was clearly demonstrated. Soil water content values measured during the day apparently oscillated with oscillating soil temperatures. Average daily temperature and soil water content were calculated for selected periods. Regression relationships between deviations of soil temperature and soil water content from their daily average values were evaluated. Correlation between the soil water content and temperature deviations increase with the soil depth due to the lower influence of rainfall and evaporation at the soil surface on measured soil water content values in deeper soil layersegsoil water content oscillation was controlled mostly by oscillating temperature. The guideline values of linear regression equations (R2>0.8) were very similar, close to value 0.002 and the intercept values were equal to zero. The equation for recalculation of measured soil water content values at given temperature to reference soil water content for reference soil temperature, was propozed on the basis of this analysis.
Novel concept for three-dimensional polymer waveguides for optical on-chip interconnects
Authors: Schröder M. , Bülters M. , von Kopylow C. , Bergmann R. B.
Published: July 2012

We present a simulation study and first experimental implementations for a novel polymer three-dimensional waveguide design. The structures described here allow for new concepts of on-chip communication. By using direct laser writing, free-formed polymer structures can be realized directly on the surface of integrated circuits on wafer- or die-level. Further photonic structures like waveguides, resonators, splitters and couplers can be realized with an extended freedom of design to the third dimension. Our approach opens new possibilities for optical interconnects and routing for on-chip signal transmission with a high fill factor and CMOS compatibility.
Snow leopard Panthera uncia predation on livestock and wild prey in a mountain valley in northern Nepal: implications for conservation management
Authors: Wegge Per , Shrestha Rinjan , Flagstad Øystein
Published: July 2012

The globally endangered snow leopard Panthera uncia is sparsely distributed throughout the rugged mountains in Asia. Its habit of preying on livestock poses a main challenge to management. In the remote Phu valley in northern Nepal, we obtained reliable information on livestock losses and estimated predator abundance and diet composition from DNA analysis and prey remains in scats. The annual diet consisted of 42% livestock. Among the wild prey, bharal (blue sheep/naur) Pseudois nayaur was by far the most common species (92%). Two independent abundance estimates suggested that there were six snow leopards in the valley during the course of our study. On average, each snow leopard killed about one livestock individual and two bharal per month. Predation loss of livestock estimated from prey remains in scats was 3.9%, which was in concordance with village records (4.0%). From a total count of bharal, the only large natural prey in the area and occurring at a density of 8.4 animals/km2 or about half the density of livestock, snow leopards were estimated to harvest 15.1% of the population annually. This predation rate approaches the natural, inherent recruitment rate of this species; in Phu the proportion of kids was estimated at 18.4%. High livestock losses have created a hostile attitude against the snow leopard and mitigation measures are needed. Among innovative management schemes now being implemented throughout the species' range, compensation and insurance programmes coupled with other incentive measures are encouraged, rather than measures to reduce the snow leopard's access to livestock. In areas like the Phu valley, where the natural prey base consists mainly of one ungulate species that is already heavily preyed upon, the latter approach, if implemented, will lead to increased predation on this prey, which over time may suppress numbers of both prey and predator.
Platelet Rich Plasma Treatment for Chronic Achilles Tendinosis
Authors: Monto Raymond Rocco
Published: July 2012

Background: Chronic Achilles tendinosis is a relatively common but difficult orthopedic condition to treat. In this study, autologous platelet rich plasma (PRP), a concentrated bioactive blood component rich in cytokines and growth factors, was evaluated to determine its potential long-term efficacy in treating chronic cases of Achilles tendinosis resistant to traditional nonoperative management. Methods: Thirty patients with chronic Achilles tendinosis who did not respond to a minimum of 6 months of traditional nonoperative treatment modalities were treated with a single ultrasound guided injection of PRP. AOFAS scoring was completed for all patients pretreatment and at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months post-treatment. MRI and/or ultrasound studies were completed for all patients pre-treatment and at 6 months post-treatment. Prior to the PRP treatment all of the patients in this study were considering surgical Achilles repair for their severe symptoms. Results: The average AOFAS score increased from 34 (range, 20 to 60) to 92 (range, 87 to 100) by 3 months after PRP treatment and remained elevated at 88 (range, 76 to 100) at 24 months post-treatment. Pretreatment imaging abnormalities present in the Achilles tendon on MRI and ultrasound studies resolved in 27 of 29 patients at 6 months post-treatment. Clinical success was achieved in 28 of 30 patients. Conclusion: Platelet-rich plasma was used effectively to treat chronic recalcitrant cases of Achilles tendinosis.

Level of Evidence: IV, Case Series
CT Measurement of Range of Motion of Ankle and Subtalar Joints following Two Lateral Column Lengthening Procedures
Authors: Beimers Lijkele , Louwerens Jan W. K. , Tuijthof Gabrielle Josephine Maria , Jonges Remmet , Niek van Dijk C.N. , Blankevoort Leendert
Published: July 2012

Background: Lateral column lengthening (LCL) has become an accepted procedure for the operative treatment of the flexible flatfoot deformity. Hindfoot arthrodesis via a calcaneocuboid distraction arthrodesis (CCDA) has been considered a less favourable surgical option than the anterior open wedge calcaneal distraction osteotomy (ACDO), as CCDA has been associated with reduced hindfoot joint motion postoperatively. The ankle and subtalar joint ranges of motion were measured in patients who underwent an ACDO or CCDA procedure for flatfoot deformity. Methods: CT scanning was performed with the foot in extreme positions in five ACDO and five CCDA patients. A bone segmentation and registration technique for the tibia, talus and calcaneus was applied to the CT images. Finite helical axis (FHA) rotations representing the range of motion of the joints were calculated for the motion between opposite extreme foot positions of the tibia and the calcaneus relative to the talus. Results: The maximum mean FHA rotation of the ankle joint (for extreme dorsiflexion to extreme plantarflexion) after ACDO was 52.2 degrees ± 12.4 degrees and after CCDA 49.0 degrees ± 12.0 degrees. Subtalar joint maximum mean FHA rotation (for extreme eversion to extreme inversion) following ACDO was 22.8 degrees ± 8.6 degrees, and following CCDA 24.4 degrees ± 7.6 degrees. Conclusion: An accurate CT-based technique was used to assess the range of motion of the ankle and subtalar joints following two lateral column lengthening procedures for flatfoot deformity. Comparable results with a considerable amount of variance were found for the range of motion following the ACDO and CCDA procedures.

Level of Evidence: III, Comparative Case Series
Radiographic Analysis of the Impact of Internal Fixation and Dressing Choice of Distal Chevron Osteotomy: Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Pentikäinen Ilkka Tapani , Ojala Risto , Ohtonen Pasi , Piippo Jouni , Leppilahti Juhana Ilmari
Published: July 2012

Background: The aim of this study was to perform prospective, randomized comparison of two surgical techniques (fixation versus no fixation) and two postoperative regimens (soft cast versus elastic band) to determine if the head fragment displaces more or less with either technique. Methods: One hundred consecutive patients were included in the study. The osteotomy was fixed with an absorbable pin in 50 cases and no fixation in the other 50. Half of each group used a soft cast for 6 weeks postoperatively and half had a traditional elastic bandage. Weightbearing radiographs at 6 weeks, 6 months, 1 year, and mean of 7.9 years were evaluated. Results: A larger shift was found when fixation was used 3.9 (SD, 0.8) mm at 6 weeks versus 3.1 (SD, 0.9) mm in the no fixation group ( p < 0.001). The two bandage types had no significant effect to the mean shift. Correction of the mean hallux valgus angle was worse overall when preoperative angles were over 30 degrees ( p < 0.001). Conclusion: There was a statistically higher shift in the fixation group, but the clinical significance of 0.7 mm difference and the type of postoperative bandaging did not influence outcome is questionable. The risk for recurrence of hallux valgus was higher when preoperative angles were over 30 degrees.

Level of Evidence: I, Prospective Randomized Trial
Improved Ankle Push-Off Power following Cheilectomy for Hallux Rigidus: A Prospective Gait Analysis Study
Authors: Smith Sheryl M. , Coleman Scott C. , Bacon Stacy A. , Polo Fabian E. , Brodsky James W.
Published: July 2012

Background: There is limited objective scientific information on the functional effects of cheilectomy. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that cheilectomy for hallux rigidus improves gait by increasing ankle push-off power. Methods: Seventeen patients with symptomatic Stage 1 or Stage 2 hallux rigidus were studied. Pre- and postoperative first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) range of motion and AOFAS hallux scores were recorded. A gait analysis was performed within 4 weeks prior to surgery and repeated at a minimum of 1 year after surgery. Gait analysis was done using a three-dimensional motion capture system and a force platform embedded in a 10-m walkway. Gait velocity sagittal plane ankle range of motion and peak sagittal plane ankle push-off power were analyzed. Results: Following cheilectomy, significant increases were noted for first MTP range of motion and AOFAS hallux score. First MTP motion improved an average of 16.7 degrees, from means of 33.9 degrees preoperatively to 50.6 degrees postoperatively ( p < 0.001). AOFAS hallux score increased from 62 to 81 ( p < 0.007). As demonstrated through gait anaylsis, a significant increase in postoperative peak sagittal plane ankle push-off power from 1.71 ± 0.92 W/kg to 2.05 ± 0.75 W/kg ( p < 0.04). Conclusion: In addition to clinically increased range of motion and improved AOFAS Hallux score, first MTP joint cheilectomy produced objective improvement in gait, as measured by increased peak sagittal-plane ankle push-off power.

Level of Evidence: II, Prospective Comparative Study
Peri-Navicular Arthrodesis for the Stage III Müller-Weiss Disease
Authors: Cao Hong-Hui , Tang Kang-Lai , Xu Jian-Zhong
Published: July 2012

Background: We aimed to report our results of peri-navicular arthrodesis with autologous iliac bone graft for Stage III Müller-Weiss disease. Methods: Nine cases of Stage III Müller-Weiss disease according to the Maceira classification (four male and five female) with average age of 48.2 (range, 41 to 58) years, had mild or severe midfoot pain with the longitudinal arch collapse. The patients, all of whom had failed conservative treatment for more than 6 months, underwent peri-navicular arthrodesis. All patients were followed up at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, and then every 6 months with AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scores and radiographic measurements. Mean followup time for radiological and clinical evaluation was 22.4 (rangem 12 to 52) months. Results: All patients were satisfied with their clinical results without pain 12 months after surgery. The mean AOFAS ankle-hindfoot scores improved from 40.1 ± 8.3 preoperatively to 90.9 ± 2.1 at the last followup ( p < 0.05). A solid fusion was found in all cases at 3 months after surgery by radiographic and clinical evaluation. The average longitudinal arch height increased from 46.1 ± 2.1 mm preoperatively to 53.5 ± 2.3 mm at the last followup ( p < 0.05) on the lateral weightbearing radiograph. Conclusion: The peri-navicular arthrodesis with autologous iliac bone graft resulted in a good outcome for Stage III Müller-Weiss disease with good clinical outcomes, high fusion rate, and obvious improvement of the longitudinal arch height.

Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Insertional Achilles Tendinitis and Haglund's Deformity
Authors: Kang Steve , Thordarson David B. , Charlton Timothy P.
Published: July 2012

Background: Haglund's deformity is an enlargement of the posterosuperior prominence of the calcaneus, which is frequently associated with insertional Achilles tendinitis. To our knowledge, no study has been done successfully correlating the characteristics of a Haglund's deformity with insertional Achilles tendinitis. The purpose of our study was to analyze the characteristics of a Haglund's deformity in patients with and without insertional Achilles tendinitis to see if there was a correlation. Methods: The study was a retrospective radiographic review of a single surgeon's patients with insertional Achilles tendinitis from 2005 to 2008. Our study population consisted of 44 patients, 48 heels (22 male, 22 female) with insertional Achilles tendinitis, with a mean age of 52 (range, 23 to 79) years. Our control population consisted of 50 patients (25 males, 25 females) and 50 heels without insertional Achilles tendinitis with a mean age of 55.6 (range, 18 to 89) years. We introduced two new measurements of the Haglund's deformity in this study: the Haglund's deformity height and peak angle. A standing lateral foot or ankle radiograph was analyzed for each patient and the following measurements were made: Haglund deformity height and peak angle; Bohler's angle; Fowler-Philip angle; and parallel pitch sign. We also looked for the presence of calcification in the study group and the length and width of the calcification. Unpaired t-test was used to analyze the measurements between the groups. Ten patients’ radiographs were re-measured and correlation coefficients were obtained to assess the reliability of the measuring techniques. Results: For the insertional Achilles tendinitis group, the mean Haglund's deformity height was 9.6 (range, 5.3 to 15.3) mm and the mean Haglund's deformity peak angle was 105 (range, 87 to 123) degrees. Calcification was present in 35 of 48 or (73%) of patients with a mean length of 13.3 (range, 3.2 to 41.9) mm and mean width of 4.5 (range, 1.0 to 10.4) mm. In the control group, the mean Haglund's deformity height was 9.0 (range, 5.2 to 12.1) mm and the peak angle was 105 (range, 91 to 124) degrees. Bohler's angle and Fowler-Philip angle were also similar between the groups and the positive parallel pitch sign was actually more prevalent in the control group (60% versus 41.7%). None of the differences in measurements between the groups achieved statistical significance. Conclusion: A Haglund's deformity was not indicative of insertional Achilles tendinitis and was present in asymptomatic patients. Also, a majority of the insertional Achilles tendinitis patients had calcification at the tendon insertion. We believe it is possible removing the Haglund's deformity may not be necessary in the operative treatment of insertional Achilles tendinitis.

Level of Evidence: III, Retrospective Comparative Study
Topical Review: Skin Infections in the Foot and Ankle Patient
Authors: Hsu Andrew R. , Hsu Jessica W.
Published: July 2012

There are numerous cutaneous disorders that affect the foot, but of these conditions skin infections have the most significant impact on overall patient morbidity and clinical outcome. Skin infections in foot and ankle patients are common, with often devastating consequences if left unrecognized and untreated in both surgical and nonsurgical cases. There is a diverse array of infectious dermatoses that afflict the foot and ankle patient including tinea pedis, onychomycosis, paronychia, pitted keratolysis, verruca, folliculitis, and erysipelas. Prompt diagnosis, treatment, and surveillance of these common infectious conditions are critical in managing these dermatoses that can potentially progress to form deep abscesses and osteomyelitis. Infections can be managed with a combination of ventilated shoewear and synthetic substances to keep the feet dry, topical and oral antimicrobial agents, and patient education regarding preventative hygiene measures. The purpose of this review is to aid foot and ankle surgeons and other physicians in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious dermatoses affecting the foot.
HIV-1 Resistant CDK2-Knockdown Macrophage-Like Cells Generated from 293T Cell-Derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
Authors: Jerebtsova Marina , Kumari Namita , Xu Min , Melo Gustavo Brito Alvim de , Niu Xiaomei , Jeang Kuan-Teh , Nekhai Sergei
Published: July 2012

A major challenge in studies of human diseases involving macrophages is low yield and heterogeneity of the primary cells and limited ability of these cells for transfections and genetic manipulations. To address this issue, we developed a simple and efficient three steps method for somatic 293T cells reprogramming into monocytes and macrophage-like cells. First, 293T cells were reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) through a transfection-mediated expression of two factors, Oct-4 and Sox2, resulting in a high yield of iPSC. Second, the obtained iPSC were differentiated into monocytes using IL-3 and M-CSF treatment. And third, monocytes were differentiated into macrophage-like cells in the presence of M-CSF. As an example, we developed HIV-1-resistant macrophage-like cells from 293T cells with knockdown of CDK2, a factor critical for HIV-1 transcription. Our study provides a proof-of-principle approach that can be used to study the role of host cell factors in HIV-1 infection of human macrophages.
Effects of High Glucose on Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Synthesis and Secretion in Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Obese and Lean Zucker Rats
Authors: Doronzo Gabriella , Viretto Michela , Russo Isabella , Mattiello Luigi , Anfossi Giovanni , Trovati Mariella
Published: July 2012

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency, type 2 by both insulin deficiency and insulin resistance: in both conditions, hyperglycaemia is accompanied by an increased cardiovascular risk, due to increased atherosclerotic plaque formation/instabilization and impaired collateral vessel formation. An important factor in these phenomena is the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), a molecule produced also by Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (VSMC). We aimed at evaluating the role of high glucose on VEGF-A164 synthesis and secretion in VSMC from lean insulin-sensitive and obese insulin-resistant Zucker rats (LZR and OZR). In cultured aortic VSMC from LZR and OZR incubated for 24 h with D-glucose (5.5, 15 and 25 mM) or with the osmotic controls L-glucose and mannitol, we measured VEGF-A164 synthesis (western, blotting) and secretion (western blotting and ELISA). We observed that: (i) D-glucose dose-dependently increases VEGF-A164 synthesis and secretion in VSMC from LZR and OZR (n = 6, ANOVA p = 0.002–0.0001); (ii) all the effects of 15 and 25 mM D-glucose are attenuated in VSMC from OZR vs. LZR (p = 0.0001); (iii) L-glucose and mannitol reproduce the VEGF-A164 modulation induced by D-glucose in VSMC from both LZR and OZR. Thus, glucose increases via an osmotic mechanism VEGF synthesis and secretion in VSMC, an effect attenuated in the presence of insulin resistance.
Incidence of Non-Immunological Defenses of Soil White Grubs on Parasitism Success of Mallophora ruficauda Larva (Diptera: Asilidae)
Authors: Castelo Marcela K. , Crespo José E.
Published: July 2012

White grubs are larvae of Coleoptera of the family Scarabaeidae. They are known because of their intensive feeding habits on crop roots. Mallophora ruficauda (Diptera: Asilidae) is a dipteran parasitoid whose larva is a natural enemy for white grubs. This species is a solitary ectoparasitoid, where both female and larva realize different steps in the host location process. Female place its eggs in high grasslands and then, the larva finds and parasitizes the host in the ground. There are nine potential hosts in the area of action of this parasitoid; however a high preference for Cyclocephala signaticollis has been observed (87% of field parasitism). It is known that many insects have developed defensive and immunological mechanisms when attacked by a parasitoid, which can be behavioral, physiological, chemical or genetic. The objectives of this work were to investigate what kind of defense and non-immunological associated mechanisms the white grubs have against this parasitoid and to understand why M. ruficauda have such a high preference for masked chafer grubs or Cyclocephala species. In particular, for each white grub species, we asked: (1) If there is a differential behavioral reaction when a parasitoid attack is simulated; (2) If body attributes of white grubs species have influence on defense behavior, and particularly for the masked chafer C. signaticollis; and (3) Why this species is the most selected by M. ruficauda. It was found that behavioral defenses of white grubs would explain the parasitism pattern of M. ruficauda larvae and its preference for C. signaticollis.
Amperometric Biosensor for Oxalate Determination in Urine Using Sequential Injection Analysis
Authors: Rodriguez Jose A. , Hernandez Prisciliano , Salazar Veronica , Castrillejo Yolanda , Barrado Enrique
Published: July 2012

An amperometric flow biosensor for oxalate determination in urine samples after enzymatic reaction with oxalate oxidase immobilized on a modified magnetic solid is described. The solid was magnetically retained on the electrode surface of an electrode modified with Fe (III)-tris-(2-thiopyridone) borate placed into a sequential injection system preceding the amperometric detector. The variables involved in the system such as flow rate, aspired volumes (modified magnetic suspension and sample) and reaction coil length were evaluated using a Taguchi parameter design. Under optimal conditions, the calibration curve of oxalate was linear between 3.0–50.0 mg·L−1, with a limit of detection of 1.0 mg·L−1. The repeatability for a 30.0 mg·L−1 oxalate solution was 0.7%. The method was validated by comparing the obtained results to those provided by the spectrophotometric method; no significant differences were observed.
Synthesis and Sensory Evaluation of ent-Kaurane Diterpene Glycosides
Authors: Prakash Indra , Campbell Mary , San Miguel Rafael Ignacio , Chaturvedula Venkata Sai Prakash
Published: July 2012

Catalytic hydrogenation of the three ent-kaurane diterpene glycosides isolated from Stevia rebaudiana, namely rubusoside, stevioside, and rebaudioside-A has been carried out using Pd(OH)2 and their corresponding dihydro derivatives have been isolated as the products. Synthesis of reduced steviol glycosides was performed using straightforward chemistry and their structures were characterized on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectral data and chemical studies. Also, we report herewith the sensory evaluation of all the reduced compounds against their corresponding original steviol glycosides and sucrose for the sweetness property of these molecules.
Le document et la métaphore du voyage de l'historien
Authors: Boulay Bérenger
Published: July 2012

Résumé La métaphore du voyage constitue une image récurrente dans les discours que les historiens tiennent sur leur propre pratique. Polysémique et polymorphe, elle invite à étudier de tels discours non seulement sous l’angle de l’épistémologie ou de l’historiographie, mais également du point de vue de la rhétorique et avec les outils que proposent les études littéraires. En dépliant cette figure telle qu’elle se manifeste dans les écrits de plusieurs historiens, il apparaît qu’elle illustre certes la dimension rétrospective de l’historiographie, mais qu’elle élabore également une représentation du travail du document par l’écriture, tout en faisant signe vers une expérience de l’altérité comme fondement même de la démarche historienne.
« Une véritable historienne » : voir et entendre sous le contrôle du document
Authors: Farge Arlette , Bloomfield Camille , Boulay Bérenger
Published: July 2012

Résumé Arlette Farge, qui a intensément pratiqué l’archive sans jamais cesser de la penser , livre dans un entretien ses réflexions sur les rapprochements possibles entre l’écriture historienne et l’écriture à contrainte, ainsi que sur différentes modalités d’usage et de transmission du document dans l’écriture de l’histoire (monstration, citation, interprétation).
Les marchés à deux versants dans l'industrie des jeux vidéo
Authors: Davidovici-Nora Myriam , Bourreau Marc
Published: July 2012

Résumé L’industrie des jeux vidéo présente les caractéristiques d’un marché à deux versants : des plateformes de jeux se font concurrence pour attirer joueurs et éditeurs de jeux, et pour un joueur (respectivement, un éditeur) une plateforme est d’autant plus intéressante qu’elle accueille un grand nombre d’éditeurs (respectivement, de joueurs). En utilisant la littérature économique sur les marchés à deux versants appliquée aux jeux vidéo, nous analysons les conséquences de cette forme particulière de marché sur les stratégies tarifaires et non-tarifaires des plateformes de jeux.
Alfred North Whitehead précurseur des théories de l'auto-création
Authors: Beaulieu Alain
Published: July 2012

Résumé En dépit de la popularité rencontrée par le concept d’auto-organisation depuis les années 1970 aussi bien en physique, en biologie qu’en sociologie, bien peu d’attention a été portée sur ce qui distingue l’auto-organisation de l’auto-création. La philosophie des processus élaborée par Alfred North Whitehead jette les bases des théories de l’auto-création en établissant une critique radicale de l’idéal évolutionniste encore effectif dans les théories de l’auto-organisation. Après avoir mis en évidence quelques caractéristiques de la philosophie des processus, les motifs de l’exclusion par Whitehead de différentes doctrines évolutionnistes (évolutionnisme émergent, cosmologique et mutationniste) seront analysés. Nous montrerons finalement de quelle manière le principe d’individuation intensive défendu par Gilles Deleuze de même que le système auto-poiétique du vivant développé par Francisco Varela poursuivent le geste whiteheadien en pensant le devenir non progressif et multisériel des unités vivantes situées dans un univers chaosmique ou semi-organisé.
De la protection de la nature au développement durable : Genèse d'un oxymore éthique et politique
Authors: Bergandi Donato , Blandin Patrick
Published: July 2012

Résumé Le concept de développement durable s’enracine dans l’histoire des mouvements de préservation de la nature et de conservation des ressources naturelles et de leurs relations avec les sciences de la nature, en particulier l’écologie. En tant que paradigme sociétal, à la fois écologique, politique et économique, il se présente comme un projet politique idéal applicable à l’ensemble des sociétés, qui prétend dépasser l’opposition entre ces deux visions profondément divergentes des relations homme-nature. L’analyse des textes internationaux pertinents permet de dégager les principes fondamentaux, interdépendants, qui structurent ce paradigme : démocratie effective, soutenabilité sociale et respect de la capacité de renouvellement des systèmes écologiques. En dépit de concessions formelles aux préservationnistes, avec l’affirmation de la valeur intrinsèque de la biodiversité, le développement durable est explicitement anthropocentré et se situe dans la filiation directe du conservationnisme. Parce que ses principes fondamentaux ne sont pas mis en œuvre de façon intégrée, son évocation rituelle ne réussit pas à cacher ses contradictions profondes, éthiques et politiques, lesquelles l’obligeront à rester dans le champ de l’utopie.
Analysis on Driver’s Physiological and Eye Movement Characteristics under Alcohol Effect
Authors: Fu Chuan Yun , Pei Yu Long
Published: July 2012

Drink-driving has a significant impact on road traffic safety. Based on the choice of driver’s physiological and eye movement characteristics indicators, this study compared driver's skin electricity change characteristics was compared under different alcohol intake, heart rate scatter diagram was used to establish the Poincare section, and driver’s physiological characteristics under alcohol effect were analyzed. Driver’s fixation, saccade and blink were compared under different alcohol intake to study the change of some characteristics. On the basis of the recovery experiment of drivers’ physiological and eye movement characteristics after drinking, this study gave the elimination time under alcohol effect of physiological and eye movement characteristics then revealed the change law of the driver’s physiological and eye movement characteristics under alcohol effect. Results show that alcohol effect elimination time can be determined by analyzing driver’s physiological and eye movement characteristics indices, which is useful for mastering the reasonable driving time after drunk.
Carbon Fibre/Silicon Composite Sensors for Concrete Structural Health Monitoring in Compression
Authors: Yang Li Li , Zhang Yong Quan , Ge Yong , Zhu Qing Hua , Zhang Ce
Published: July 2012

Structural health monitoring of concrete infrastructures has attracted enormous attention due to the brittle nature of concrete. In this research, we report the carbon fibre/silicon rubber composite sensors and their excellent monitoring in concrete’s compression. It is shown that the electric resistance change synchronously with the mechanical deformation of concrete during the compression process. With the increase of carbon fibre fraction, the sensitivity decreases and the numerical equations to predict the structural change are also obtained. The experimental results reported here highlight the potential application of CF/silicon composites as an effective, real-time structural monitoring sensor with low-cost and long life.
Experimental Study on Factors Affecting Interlayer Shear Strength of Fiber Seal
Authors: Cao Peng , Feng De Cheng , Gong Chun Wei , Zhao Yin
Published: July 2012

In order to study influence of different factors on interlayer shear strength of fiber seal, an orthogonal experiment about four factors, respectively, test temperature, fiber content, asphalt content and gravel coverage, and three levels are developed with bevel shear test. The influence rules are evaluated by range analysis method. The result demonstrated that fiber content is the most correlative influencing factor. Thus provides a basis for the selection of material and performance of the fiber seal.
Mechanics and Pavement Properties Research of Nanomaterial Modified Asphalt
Authors: Chen Shang Jiang , Zhang Xiao Ning
Published: July 2012

Nanomaterials (nano powdered rubber VP401, VP501 and sepiolite and CaCo3 composites) were selected to improve the high-temperature and low-temperature performance of asphalt binder. Nanomaterial modified asphalt was prepared using the high shear machine. Laboratory experiments of asphalt binder and asphalt mixture were conducted to evaluate the properties of modified asphalt binder, including the penetration, ductility, softening point, viscosity, and etc. Also, asphalt mixture tests were carried out, such as the cleavage strength test, resilient modulus test, rutting test, water stability test and etc. Based on the test results, asphalt binder modified by 1% nano powdered rubber VP401 has better performance resistance to low temperature crack and rutting, compared to other nanomaterial modified asphalt binder.
Research on Traffic Characteristics and Traffic Conflicts of the One-Way-Closure Work Zone on Freeway
Authors: Zheng Lai , Meng Xiang Hai
Published: July 2012

By analyzing the traffic characteristics and traffic conflicts of the typical one-way-closure work zone on four-lane freeway, the queuing characteristics of vehicles are determined, and the Erlang distribution model which can describe the distribution of time headway is calibrated. The speed distribution characteristics of each component of the work zone are concluded, and the speed limit scales for these components are put forward based on the statistic analysis. The types of traffic conflicts are firstly concluded, and then the identification method of the rear-end conflicts’ severity degree based on TTC technique as well as the prediction model of rear-end conflicts based on Negative Binomial distribution are put forward. The research results are useful to the analysis of traffic conditions of work zones, and they can also be used to evaluate the safety situations of freeway work zones