bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Engineering Fatty Acid Photodecarboxylase to Enable Highly Selective Decarboxylation oftransFatty Acids
Authors: Li Danyang , Han Tao , Xue Jiadan , Xu Weihua , Xu Jian , Wu Qi
Published: July 2021

Due to the high risk of heart disease caused by the intake oftransfatty acids, a method to eliminatetransfatty acids from foods has become a critical issue. Herein, we engineered fatty acid photo‐decarboxylase fromChlorella variabilis(CvFAP) to selectively catalyze the decarboxylation oftransfatty acids to yield readily‐removed hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide, whilecisfatty acids remained unchanged. An efficient protein engineering based on FRISM strategy was implemented to intensify the electronic interaction between the residues and the double bond of the substrate that stabilized the binding of elaidic acid in the channel. For the model compounds, oleic acid and elaidic acid, the best mutant, V453E, showed a one‐thousand‐fold improvement in thetrans‐over‐cis(ToC) selectivity compared with wild type (WT). As the first report of the direct biocatalytic decarboxylation resolution oftrans/cisfatty acids, this work offers a safe, facile, and eco‐friendly process to eliminatetransfatty acids from edible oils.
Proteins in dried distillers' grains with solubles: A review of animal feed value and potential non‐food uses
Authors: Zhao Jikai , Wang Donghai , Li Yonghui
Published: July 2021

Dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) are the main byproduct from bioethanol production and are commonly used as livestock feed. This work aims to provide an overview of animal feed value (protein and amino acid profiles and protein fractionation approaches) and potential non‐food uses of DDGS proteins, particularly those from corn, sorghum, and wheat. Crude protein and amino acids (essential and nonessential) composition vary among different DDGS due to the variation in chemical composition of parent feedstock and processing condition. Extraction or fractionation approaches such as physical/mechanical (sieving and winnowing), chemical (ethanol, acid, and alkaline), and enzymatic (protease) treatments have been explored to isolate specific proteins of corn (zein), sorghum (kafirin), and wheat (gluten protein) from respective DDGS. In addition, valorization of DDGS proteins for biomaterials (biodegradable films and bioadhesives) was evaluated. Due to the heterogeneous nature of DDGS, multi‐stream processes with economic and environmental benefits should be taken into consideration before the commercialization of DDGS proteins. This review will benefit future research and development activities on value‐added and more specific utilizations of DDGS.
Improvement of polyurethane film strength by H‐bonding crosslinking with hydroxylated melamine
Authors: Liu Xing‐Ya , Xie Rui‐Yang , Chen Tao , He Lei , Wang Ting , Liao Wang , Liu Zhi‐Guo , Chen Ming‐Jun
Published: July 2021

Due to the condensation reaction of hydroxylated melamine molecules is possible to take place in the whole pH range, especially in acidic water medium or at high temperature, losing its water solubility. In this work, freeze drying perfectly removes water at pretty low temperature, avoiding condensation reaction of hydroxylated melamine. Therefore, a hydroxylated melamine in solid form (MOH‐S) was prepared. It can be not only dissolved in water after storing for 180 days but also well dispersed in waterborne polyurethane emulsion. The addition of hydroxylated melamine significantly improves the tensile strength of polyurethane films by 170%. After soaking the films in water for 24 h, the tensile strength of WPU/30%MOH‐S film lost only 6%, but 34% loss for the neat. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy peak fitting demonstrates that the H‐bonding degree of N─H in WPU/30%MOH‐S film is 20.72 that is much higher than 3.33 in neat WPU. This indicates that H‐bonding cross‐linked structure is formed between polyurethane chains and hydroxylated melamine molecules. This work provides an effective strategy for preparing stable hydroxylated melamine and enhancing the strength of polyurethane film.
Effects of thickeners on thermophysical properties of Alum as phase change material for energy storage
Authors: Mao Fa , Zhang Xuelai , Zhang Yongyichuan , Liu Biao , Zheng Lingyu
Published: July 2021

The main objective of this research is to characterize, via experimental analysis, the effects of thickeners on thermophysical properties of Alum (KAl[SO4]2·12H2O) as phase change material (PCM) for energy storage. Six thickeners, including sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC‐Na), sodium polyacrylate (PAAS), polyacrylamide (PAM), polyvinyl alcohol, xanthan gum (XG) and methylcellulose (MC), are added in Alum. Then the thermophysical properties and the cycle stability are tested and analyzed by step cooling experiment, differential scanning calorimeter, hot disk, scanning electron microscopy, high‐low temperature alternating test chamber, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT‐IR). The results showed that the adding of 2 wt% CMC‐Na, 1 wt% PAAS, 2 wt% PAM, 5 wt% XG, and 1 wt% MC to Alum can effectively reduce the subcooling of Alum while still maintaining the latent heat at a high level. After stability test with 60 melting‐solidification cycles, the results indicate that Alum with 1 wt% MC has the best thermal cycle stability and has the highest latent heat (230 J/g). The latent heat is only 8.1% lower than that of pure Alum after 1 cycle, and 11.1% higher than that of pure Alum after 60 cycles. The XRD, FT‐IR, and thermogravimetry results show that it has good chemical and thermal stability.
The role of the nasal region in craniofacial growth: An investigation using path analysis
Authors: Landi Federica , Barraclough James , Evteev Andrej , Anikin Anatoliy , Satanin Leonid , O'Higgins Paul
Published: July 2021

This study focuses on the role of the nasal region and its interactions with adjacent facial elements during early ontogeny. A series of linear measurements, areas and volumes were extracted from a collection of 227 medical CT‐scans of children from 0 to 6 years of age. These measurements describe aspects of the form of the orbit, maxilla, peri‐alveolar (subnasal) region, nasal area, eye, oral region, masseter, and temporal muscles. Hypothesized interactions were then examined using path analysis. Two paths were designed: the first to investigate potential interactions in, and relative contributions of the nasal derivatives and adjacent regions to overall facial growth and development; the second path sees the addition of facial soft tissue measurements and aims to assess their effects on skeletal components, and on overall facial growth and development. The results of the first path indicate a large contribution of the nasal and subnasal regions to facial development. This indicates that the nasal septum and the developing dentition provide an important but variable contribution to facial ontogeny during early years. This result is confirmed in the second path, where the soft tissue elements were added to the diagram. Results of the second path indicate that the soft tissues contribute only locally to the development of some skeletal elements of the face. This indicates that the contribution of skeletal components has a more direct effect on facial height than soft tissue matrices, however there are complex interactions between soft tissues and skeletal elements throughout ontogeny.
Identification of an Apis cerana zinc finger protein 41 gene and its involvement in the oxidative stress response
Authors: Guo Hui‐juan , Wang Li‐jun , Wang Chen , Guo De‐zheng , Xu Bao‐hua , Guo Xing‐qi , Li Han
Published: July 2021

Zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) are a class of transcription factors that contain zinc finger domains and play important roles in growth, aging, and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. These proteins activate or inhibit gene transcription by binding to single‐stranded DNA or RNA and through RNA/DNA bidirectional binding and protein–protein interactions. However, few studies have focused on the oxidation resistance functions of ZFPs in insects, particularly Apis cerana. In the current study, we identified a ZFP41 gene from A. cerana, AcZFP41, and verified its function in oxidative stress responses. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that the transcription level of AcZFP41 was upregulated to different degrees during exposure to oxidative stress, including that induced by extreme temperature, UV radiation, or pesticides. In addition, the silencing of AcZFP41 led to changes in the expression patterns of some known antioxidant genes. Moreover, the activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and glutathione S‐transferase (GST) in AcZFP41‐silenced honeybees were higher than those in a control group. In summary, the data indicate that AcZFP41 is involved in the oxidative stress response. The results provide a theoretical basis for further studies of zinc finger proteins and improve our understanding of the antioxidant mechanisms of honeybees.
Silencing of a putative alanine aminotransferase (ALT) gene influences free amino acid composition in hemolymph and fecundity of the predatory bug, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter
Authors: Ahmad Sheraz , Jiang Lu , Zheng Sui , Chen Yu , Zhang Jie Y. , Stanley David , Miao Hong , Ge Lin Q.
Published: July 2021

In Asian rice systems, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis Reuter is an important predator that preys on rice planthopper eggs and young nymphs, as a primary food source. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) acts in many physiological and biochemical processes in insects. We cloned the full‐length complementary DNA of C. lividipennis ClALT. Expression analysis showed higher expression in the fat body and midgut compared to other tissues. It is expressed in all C. lividipennis developmental stages and at least four organs. Silencing of ClALT by RNA interference significantly decreased the ClALT enzyme activity and ClALT expression compared to dsGFP‐treated controls at 2 days after emergence (DAE). Silencing of ClALT influenced free hemolymph amino acid compositions, resulting in a reduction of Aspartic acid (Asp) and Alanine (Ala) proportions, and increased Cysteine (Cys) and Valine (Val) proportions in females at 2 DAE. dsClALT treatments led to decreased soluble total protein concentrations in ovary and fat body, and to lower reduced vitellogenin (Vg) expression, body weight, and the numbers of laid eggs. The double‐stranded RNA viruse treatments also led to prolonged preoviposition periods and hindered ovarian development. Western blot analysis indicated that silencing ClALT also led to reduced fat body Vg protein abundance at 2 DAE. These data support our hypothesis that ClALT influences amino acid metabolism and fecundity in C. lividipennis.
Homochiral Dysprosium Phosphonate Nanowires: Morphology Control and Magnetic Dynamics
Authors: Weng Guo‐Guo , Huang Xin‐Da , Hu Rui , Bao Song‐Song , Zou Qian , Wen Ge‐Hua , Zhang Yi‐Quan , Zheng Li‐Min
Published: July 2021

Controllable synthesis of uniformly distributed nanowires of coordination polymers with inherent physical functions is highly desirable but challenging. In particular, the combination of chirality and magnetism into nanowires has potential applications in multifunctional materials and spintronic devices. Herein, we report four pairs of enantiopure coordination polymers with formulae S‐, R‐Dy(cyampH)3 ⋅ CH3COOH ⋅ 2H2O (S‐1, R‐1), S‐, R‐Dy(cyampH)3 ⋅ 3H2O (S‐2, R‐2), S‐, R‐Dy(cyampH)2(C2H5COO) ⋅ 3H2O (S‐3, R‐3) and S‐, R‐Dy(cyampH)3 ⋅ 0.5C2H5COOH ⋅ 2H2O (S‐4, R‐4) [cyampH2=S‐, R‐(1‐cyclohexylethyl)aminomethylphosphonic acids], which were obtained depending on the pH of the reaction mixtures and the specific carboxylic acid used as pH regulator. Interestingly, compounds 3 were obtained as superlong nanowires, showing 1D neutral chain structure which contains both phosphonate and propionate anion ligands. While compounds 1, 2 and 4 appeared as block‐like crystals, superhelices and nanorods, respectively, and exhibited similar neutral chain structures containing only phosphonate ligand. Slow magnetization relaxation characteristic of single‐molecule magnet (SMM) behavior was observed for compounds S‐1 and S‐3. Theoretical calculations were performed to rationalize the magneto‐structural relationships.
Land use change: the barrier for sugarcane sustainability
Authors: Picoli Michelle C. A. , Machado Pedro G.
Published: July 2021

Bioethanol production in Brazil gained momentum in the 1970s and 1980s as an energy security and energy sufficiency measure due to the well‐known world oil crisis. However, the increase in bioethanol production and consumption in the past couple of decades has been backed by the country's efforts and measures to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transport sector. Brazil is the second largest producer of biofuels, and its production continues to increase because of the commitments made in the Paris Agreement in 2015. This study reviews several key policies designed to develop Brazilian bioethanol production and to protect the environment. It is argued that many of these policies do not consider land use change or encourage land protection to achieve sustainable land use and agricultural production. Thus, this work aims to understand the importance and impacts of public policies in expanding sugarcane in Brazil in the past 34 years, with regard to land use and native vegetation. The discussion in this paper addresses the inadequacy of current policies to avoid direct and indirect land use change caused by sugarcane expansion, despite incentives such as 17 Sustainable Development Goals from the United Nations and certification schemes. The data presented indicate an indirect effect caused by the expansion of sugarcane over pasture areas, which leads to further clearing of natural vegetation to establish new pasture areas. Ultimately, this study addresses the importance of zero deforestation in Brazil, regardless of the crop that causes the conversion. Without conjoint efforts by all sectors of the economy to curtail deforestation, the sustainability of producing biofuels is not guaranteed, as the emissions caused by deforestation will not be offset by the lower GHG emissions obtained by using ethanol as a transport fuel. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Kinetic analysis of cystine uptake and inhibition pattern of sulfasalazine in A549 cells
Authors: Okamoto Keisuke , Saito Yoshitaka , Ueda Hinata , Narumi Katsuya , Furugen Ayako , Kobayashi Masaki
Published: July 2021

Cystine/glutamate transporter (xCT) is an antiporter involved in cystine uptake and glutamate efflux. However, there are very few reports regarding the kinetic analysis of xCT for cystine uptake using cancer cell lines, as well as the inhibition pattern of sulfasalazine, an inhibitor of xCT, for cystine uptake. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the kinetics of xCT in A549 cells, human lung cancer cells, and to reveal the inhibition pattern of sulfasalazine. Cystine uptake occurred in a time‐dependent manner, with linear cystine uptake observed for 5 min. Additionally, sulfasalazine inhibited cystine uptake in a concentration‐dependent manner, presenting an IC50 value of 24.7 ± 5.6 μM. Cystine uptake was saturated with increasing concentration, demonstrating Km and Vmax values of 179.4 ± 26.7 μM and 30.4 ± 2.3 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. Moreover, during cystine uptake with sulfasalazine, Km and Vmax were >300 μM and 8.0 ± 1.5 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively, suggesting that sulfasalazine might demonstrate a mixed inhibition pattern. Furthermore, xCT siRNA decreased the xCT mRNA level and reduced cystine uptake. In conclusion, xCT was involved in the cystine uptake in A549 cells and sulfasalazine showed a mixed inhibition pattern to xCT.
Parent treatment integrity across multiple components of a behavioral intervention
Authors: Nuta Raluca , Koudys Julie , O'Neill Paige
Published: July 2021

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often present with challenging behaviors such as aggression, tantrums, or noncompliance. Behavior analytic interventions are considered evidence‐based for decreasing challenging behaviors and may include a combination of strategies to teach replacement behaviors and prevent and respond to challenging behaviors. However, multi‐component interventions are often implemented in treatment settings by professionals and effects may not generalize to the home. Little research has explored the levels of treatment integrity with which multi‐component interventions are implemented by parents. This study evaluated the use of behavior skills training (BST) with ongoing coaching to train parents of two children with ASD to implement multi‐component behavioral interventions in the home to decrease challenging behaviors. Treatment integrity was monitored for each treatment component, and attempts were made to minimize barriers to treatment integrity. Results support the use of BST with ongoing coaching. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
Theoretical Investigation of HER Mechanism Using Density Functional and Ab Initio Calculations
Authors: Ma Rory , Hong Kiryong
Published: July 2021

The quantum calculation gives the insight of reaction mechanism in chemistry. In this work, we predict hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) mechanism in Ni(abt)2 (abt = 2‐aminobenzenethiolate) catalyst. Using density functional theory (DFT) and coupled‐cluster singles, doubles and perturbative triples (CCSD(T)) methods, we demonstrate the potential energy surface (PES) for the HER reaction result with two intermediate states (IM) and transition states (TS). Our result shows that the hydrogen atoms are migrated to Ni atom one by one from each of two amino groups. It indicates that the HER reaction in Ni(abt)2 occurs following the ligand‐assisted metal‐centered H2 production. Finally, two hydrogen atoms are merged in Ni atom site which generates hydrogen molecule. This would be meaningful prediction to understand the role of metal catalyst in HER reaction pathway.
Alerting, orienting, and executive control in intellectually gifted children
Authors: Aubry Alexandre , Bourdin Béatrice
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Intellectually gifted children have higher performance in many domains of attention than intellectually average children. However, these empirical findings are not consistent in the literature. Few studies investigated the characteristics of alerting, orienting, and executive control networks in intellectually gifted children. The aim of our study was to investigate their characteristics of attentional abilities compared to intellectually average children.

Method

Fifty‐five intellectually gifted children (age range 8–14 years old) were compared to 55 intellectually average children (age range 8–14 years old) using the Attention Network Test (ANT) to assess these three attentional constructs.

Results

Intellectually gifted children made fewer errors than intellectually average children in the processing of the ANT. In terms of attention network scores, they also outperformed intellectually average children in executive control only.

Conclusion

Intellectually gifted children do not differ from intellectual average children in terms of the speed of processing in a speeded task such as ANT, but they stand out in terms of accuracy of processing. Intellectually gifted children have better ability to focus volitionally in order to solve a simple perceptual conflict than intellectually average children.
Cancer incidence, mortality, and burden in China: a time‐trend analysis and comparison with the United States and United Kingdom based on the global epidemiological data released in 2020
Authors: Qiu Haibo , Cao Sumei , Xu Ruihua
Published: July 2021

Background

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death and a main economic burden in China. Investigating the differences in cancer patterns and control strategies between China and developed countries could provide reference for policy planning and contribute to improving cancer control measures. In this study, we reviewed the rates and trends of cancer incidence and mortality and disability‐adjusted life year (DALY) burden in China, and compared them with those in the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK).

Methods

Cancer incidence, mortality, and DALY data for China, US and UK were obtained from the GLOBOCAN 2020 online database, Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study, and Cancer Incidence in Five Continents plus database (CI5 plus). Trends of cancer incidence and mortality in China, US, and UK were analyzed using Joinpoint regression models to calculate annual percent changes (APCs) and identify the best‐fitting joinpoints.

Results

An estimated 4,568,754 newly diagnosed cancer cases and 3,002,899 cancer deaths occurred in China in 2020. Additionally, cancers resulted in 67,340,309 DALYs in China. Compared to the US and UK, China had lower cancer incidence but higher cancer mortality and DALY rates. Furthermore, the cancer spectrum of China was changing, with a rapid increase incidence and burden of lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer in addition to a high incidence and heavy burden of liver, stomach, esophageal, and cervical cancer.

Conclusions

The cancer spectrum of China is changing from a developing country to a developed country. Population aging and increase of unhealthy lifestyles would continue to increase the cancer burden of China. Therefore, the Chinese authorities should adjust the national cancer control program with reference to the practices of cancer control which have been well‐established in the developed countries, and taking consideration of the diversity of cancer types by of different regions in China at the same time.
Depression accelerates gastric cancer invasion and metastasis by inducing a neuroendocrine phenotype via the catecholamine/β2‐AR/MACC1 axis
Authors: Pan Changqie , Wu Jianhua , Zheng Siting , Sun Huiying , Fang Yisheng , Huang Zhenhua , Shi Min , Liang Li , Bin Jianping , Liao Yulin , Chen Jinzhang , Liao Wangjun
Published: July 2021

Background

Depression is a common, easily ignored, accompanied disease of gastric cancer (GC) patients and is often observed with elevated plasma catecholamine levels. Depression frequently promotes GC progression and leads to poor clinical outcomes; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying depression‐induced GC progression remain poorly understood. We aimed to study the effects of depression on GC progression and explore possible mechanisms mediating the action of depression‐associated catecholamines on GC.

Methods

Depression states of GC patients were graded using the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9, and plasma catecholamine levels were examined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Migrative and invasive GC cells were examined using transwell assays, and metastatic GC niches were imaged using bioluminescence technology in a depression mouse model established with chronic unpredictable mild stress. Mouse depression‐like behaviors were assessed through sucrose preference, forced swimming, and tail suspension tests. Characteristics of the neuroendocrine phenotype were observed via RT‐PCR, Western blotting, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy.

Results

Fifty‐one GC patients (age: 53.61 ± 1.79 years; cancer duration: 3.71 ± 0.33 months; depression duration: 2.37 ± 0.38 months; male‐to‐female ratio: 1.55:1) were enrolled in the study. Depression grade was significantly higher in GC patients showing higher plasma levels of catecholamines (epinephrine: P = 0.018; noradrenaline: P = 0.009), higher oncogene metastasis‐associated in colon cancer‐1 (MACC1) level (P = 0.018), and metastasis (P < 0.001). Further, depression‐associated catecholamine specifically bound to the beta‐2 adrenergic receptor (β2‐AR) and upregulated MACC1 expression, and thus promoting neuroendocrine phenotypic transformation through direct binding between MACC1 and synaptophysin. Eventually, the neuroendocrine phenotypic transformation accelerated GC invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo. However, β2‐AR antagonist ICI‐118,551 or MACC1 silencing effectively blocked the catecholamine‐induced neuroendocrine phenotypic transformation and eliminated depression‐enhanced GC migration and invasion. Moreover, β2‐AR blocking or MACC1 silencing prevented GC metastasis attributed to a neuroendocrine phenotype in a depression mouse model.

Conclusions

Catecholamine‐induced neuroendocrine phenotypes of GC cells led to depression‐accelerated GC invasion and metastasis via the β2‐AR/MACC1 axis, while β2‐AR antagonist or MACC1 silencing could reverse it, showing promising potential therapeutic strategies for improving the outcome of GC patients with comorbid depression.
Clinical outcomes of stereotactic magnetic resonance image‐guided adaptive radiotherapy for primary and metastatic tumors in the abdomen and pelvis
Authors: Yoon Stephanie M. , Luterstein Elaine , Chu Fang‐I , Cao Minsong , Lamb James , Agazaryan Nzhde , Low Daniel , Raldow Ann , Steinberg Michael L. , Lee Percy
Published: July 2021

Purpose

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) delivers ablative doses with excellent local control. However, implementing SBRT for abdominal and pelvic tumors has been limited by the risk for treatment‐related gastrointestinal toxicity. MRI‐guided radiotherapy may ameliorate these risks and increase the therapeutic ratio. We report the clinical outcomes of stereotactic MRI‐guided adaptive radiotherapy (SMART) for primary and metastatic tumors in the abdomen and pelvis.

Methods

From November 2014 to August 2017, the first 106 consecutive patients with 121 tumors in the abdomen and pelvis were treated with SMART at a single institution. Of the cohort, 41.5%, 15.1%, and 43.4% had primary, locally recurrent, and oligometastatic tumors, respectively. SMART was delivered using a tri‐cobalt‐60 gantry with on‐board 0.35 Tesla MRI with respiratory breath‐hold and daily adaptive re‐planning when anatomically necessary. A median of 40Gy in five fractions was prescribed. The Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v.4.03 was used to score treatment‐related toxicities. Local control (LC), progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were estimated using Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

Of the 510 treatments, seventy‐one (13.9%) were adapted. Fatigue, nausea, and pain were the most common acute toxicities. 0.9 and 0% of patients experienced acute grade three and four toxicities, respectively. 5.2 and 2.1% of patients experienced late grade three and four toxicities, respectively. After a median follow‐up of 20.4 months, the 2‐year LC rate was 74% on a per‐lesion basis. Two‐year LC was 96% for lesions that were treated with BED10≥100 versus 69% for BED10<100 (p = 0.02). PFS was significantly different between patients with and without locally controlled tumors (2‐year PFS 21 vs. 8%, p = 0.03). Two‐year OS was 57% for the entire cohort.

Conclusions

Favorable LC and PFS outcomes were observed with minimal morbidity for tumors in the abdomen and pelvis treated with SMART. Future prospective clinical trials to validate these findings are warranted.
Flexible Operation of Air Separation Units
Authors: Klein Harald , Fritsch Philipp , Haider Patrick , Kender Robert , Rößler Felix , Rehfeldt Sebastian , Freko Pascal , Hoffmann Rainer , Thomas Ingo , Wunderlich Bernd
Published: July 2021

As part of the Energiewende, the current research on energy‐optimized, flexible operation of air separation units is described. A realistic, pressure‐driven approach for dynamic simulation is presented, which is used to provide a detailed, transient simulation model, a digital twin, of an air separation unit. Extreme operation scenarios, such as start‐up and shutdown of the main heat exchanger, the distillation columns or the entire air separation unit, are described. Since the main heat exchanger experiences repeated temperature changes, its lifetime is investigated in a test rig. The gathered data is used to derive and validate detailed, three‐dimensional simulation models.
Inflammatory repercussions in female steroid responsive glands after perinatal exposure to bisphenol A and 17‐β estradiol
Authors: Leonel Ellen Cristina Rivas , Ruiz Thalles Fernando Rocha , Bedolo Carolina Marques , Campos Silvana Gisele Pegorin , Taboga Sebastião Roberto
Published: July 2021

The mammary gland (MG) and female prostate are plastic reproductive organs which are highly responsive to hormones. Thus, endocrine disruptors, such as bisphenol A (BPA) and exogenous estrogens, negatively affect glandular homeostasis. In addition to previously described alterations, changes in inflammatory markers expression also trigger the development of a microenvironment that contributes to tumor progression. The current work aimed to evaluate the inflammatory responses of the MG and prostate gland to BPA (50 µg/kg) and 17‐β estradiol (35 µg/kg) exposure during the perinatal window of susceptibility. The results showed that at 6 months of age there was an increase in the number of phospho‐STAT3 (P‐STAT3) positive cells in the female prostate from animals perinatally exposed to 50 µg/kg BPA daily. In addition, the number of macrophages increased in these animals in comparison with nonexposed animals, as shown by the F4/80 marker. Despite an increase in the incidence of lobuloalveolar and intraductal hyperplasia, the MG did not show any difference in the expression of the four inflammatory markers evaluated: tumor necrosis factor‐α, COX‐2, P‐STAT3, and F4/80. Analysis of both glands from the same animal led to the conclusion that exposure to endocrine disruptors during the perinatal window of susceptibility leads to different inflammatory responses in different reproductive organs. As the prostate is more susceptible to these inflammatory mechanisms, it is reasonable to affirm that possible neoplastic alterations in this organ are related to changes in the inflammatory pattern of the stroma, a characteristic that is not evident in the MG.
Engineering Bimetallic Copper‐Tin Based Core‐Shell Alloy@Oxide Nanowire as Efficient Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Authors: Wu Yifan , Deng Xiaoyang , Yuan Hefeng , Yang Xiaowei , Wang Jianxing , Wang Xiaoguang
Published: July 2021

Pursuing both high effective and selective electrocatalysts is significant for efficient and low‐cost electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction. Here, we design a novel bimetallic alloy/oxide nanowire catalyst with core‐shell configuration. A typical CuSn alloy core provides high electrical conductivity while the amorphous Cu doped SnO2 shell guarantees the catalytic activity and selectivity for CO2 reduction process. Computational studies further elucidate the important role of Cu doped SnO2 layer in the electrocatalytic selectivity for formate and the restraint of hydrogen production. Benefited from the well‐designed components and hierarchical configuration, the as‐prepared electrocatalyst displays a partial current density of 30 mA cm−2 with a Faradaic efficiency of 78 % at −0.9 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) for formate. This work provides a new pathway to design advanced electrocatalyst for CO2 electrochemical reduction.
Rational Construction of Fluffy CNT on Binary FeCo‐NC as High‐Efficiency S Host for Li−S Battery
Authors: Meng Xiangshe , Liu Wenqiang , Yang Tianhua , Song Sha , Zhang Guoxin
Published: July 2021

Developing functional porous carbon materials that are efficient for hosting S and catalytically converting Li polysulfide (LiPS) is of great importance to ease the LiPS shuttle effect, which is the main obstacle against the practical applications of Li−S batteries. Herein, we developed a porous binary FeCo‐NC material functionalized by dual‐site catalytic FeCo species and delicately introduced carbon nanotube (CNT) forest on FeCo‐NC surface. The successful decoration of highly dispersed binary Fe and Co species and heavily introduced N species up to 10 at.%, are critical to improve the quality of host interfaces for high‐efficiency anchoring/conversion of polar LiPS and electrolyte wetting. The fluffy CNT forest on particulate FeCo‐NC can serve as highway for electron conducting and reservoir for confining S/LiPS when physically stacked. Electrochemical measurements indicated binary FeCo‐NC/CNT composite serving as host for a 70 wt.% S loading. It showed enhanced absorption and conversion kinetics of LiPS, and improved rate capability and stability of Li−S half‐cell.
Multifunctional Metal Phosphides as Superior Host Materials for Advanced Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Wang Zhuosen , Xu Xijun , Liu Zhengbo , Zhang Dechao , Yuan Jujun , Liu Jun
Published: July 2021

For the past few years, a new generation of energy storage systems with large theoretical specific capacity has been urgently needed because of the rapid development of society. Lithium–sulfur (Li−S) batteries are regarded as one of the most promising candidates for novel battery systems, since their resurgence at the end of the 20th century Li−S batteries have attracted ever more attention, attributed to their notably high theoretical energy density of 2600 W h kg−1, which is almost five times larger than that of commercial lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). One of the determining factors in Li−S batteries is how to design/prepare the sulfur cathode. For the sulfur host, the major technical challenge is avoiding the shuttling effect that is caused by soluble polysulfides during the reaction. In past decades, though the sulfur cathode has developed greatly, there are still some enormous challenges to be conquered, such as low utilization of S, rapid decay of capacity, and poor cycle life. This article spotlights the recent progress and foremost findings in improving the performance of Li−S batteries by employing multifunctional metal phosphides as host materials. The current state of development of the sulfur electrode of Li−S batteries is summarized by emphasizing the relationship between the essential properties of metal phosphide‐based hybrid nanomaterials, the chemical reaction with lithium polysulfides and the latter′s influence on electrochemical performance. Finally, trends in the development and practical application of Li−S batteries are also pointed out.
Cannabis use among cancer survivors in the United States: Analysis of a nationally representative sample
Authors: Do Elizabeth K. , Ksinan Albert J. , Kim Sunny Jung , Del Fabbro Egidio G. , Fuemmeler Bernard F.
Published: July 2021

Background

Research on cannabis use among those with a history of cancer is limited.

Methods

Prevalence of past‐year cannabis use among individuals with and without a cancer history and predictors of use within these 2 groups were determined using data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study, a nationally representative, longitudinal survey conducted in the United States (waves 1‐4; 2013‐2018). Discrete time survival analyses were used to estimate baseline (wave 1) predictors (physical health status, mental health status, pain, and demographic variables) on past‐year engagement with cannabis within individuals who reported a cancer diagnosis at wave 1 (n = 1022) and individuals who reported never having cancer at any wave (n = 19,702).

Results

At the most recent survey, 8% of cancer survivors reported past‐year cannabis use, compared with 15% of those without a cancer history. Across 4 time points, an estimated 3.8% of cancer survivors engaged with cannabis, as compared to 6.5% of those without a cancer history. Across both groups, older age and having health insurance were associated with lower likelihood of engaging in cannabis use, whereas greater levels of pain were associated with higher likelihood of engaging in cannabis use. Among those without a cancer history, being female, White, and having better mental health status were associated with lower likelihood of engaging in cannabis use.

Conclusions

Although cannabis use prevalence is lower among cancer survivors, the reasons for use are not markedly different from those without a cancer history. Continued monitoring of use, reasons for use, and harms or benefits is warranted.

Lay Summary

Results from this study, which uses data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, indicate that cannabis use is generally increasing across cancer survivors and those without a history of cancer.

Cancer survivors are using cannabis at slightly lower rates than those without a history of cancer.

Factors related to pain seem to be more prevalent in cancer populations relative to the general population, and could be contributing to cannabis use within cancer survivor populations.
Alkalinity Concentration Swing for Direct Air Capture of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Rinberg Anatoly , Bergman Andrew M. , Schrag Daniel P. , Aziz Michael J.
Published: July 2021

The alkalinity concentration swing (ACS) is a new process for direct air capture of carbon dioxide driven by concentrating an alkaline solution that has been exposed to the atmosphere and loaded with dissolved inorganic carbon. Upon concentration, the partial pressure of CO2 increases, allowing for extraction and compression. Higher concentration factors result in proportionally higher outgassing pressure, and higher initial alkalinity concentrations at the same concentration factor outgas a higher concentration of CO2. Two desalination technologies, reverse osmosis and capacitive deionization, are examined as possible ACS implementations, and two corresponding energy models are evaluated. The ACS is compared to incumbent technologies and estimates for water, land, and energy requirements for capturing one million tonnes of CO2 per year are made. Estimates for the lower end of the energy range for both approaches compare favorably to other approaches, such as solid sorbent and calcining methods.
Synthesis of Spiro{pyrrolidine‐3,1′‐pyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrrole} Basic Framework by Multicomponent 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition
Authors: Belabbes Asmaa , Selva Verónica , Foubelo Francisco , De Gracia Retamosa M. , Sansano José M.
Published: July 2021

The synthesis of the complex spiro{pyrrolidine‐3,1′‐pyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrrole} skeleton under mild conditions is presented. The order of addition of a primary amine, two equivalents of the corresponding maleimide and, finally, the aldehyde is of a paramount importance to obtain these final compounds in very high yields. The mechanism was studied by performing very simple tests, the Michael type addition of the amine onto the maleimide being the key step. Interestingly, the hybrid scaffold was prepared by sequential addition of two different maleimides. In addition, a more interesting architecture was prepared through a metathesis reaction between allylic residues bonded in the molecule precursor.
S,O‐Ligand‐Promoted Pd‐Catalyzed C−H Olefination of Anisole Derivatives
Authors: Sukowski Verena , Jia Wen‐Liang , van Diest Rianne , van Borselen Manuela , Fernández‐Ibáñez M. Ángeles
Published: July 2021

The C−H olefination of substituted anisole derivatives by a Pd/S,O‐ligand catalyst is reported. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions with a broad range of substituted aryl ethers bearing both electron donating and withdrawing substituents at ortho, meta and para positions. Aryl ethers are used as limiting reagents and good yields and site selectivities are observed. The methodology is operationally simple and can be performed under aerobic conditions.
Association of temporomandibular disorders with pain sensitivity: A cohort study
Authors: Knuutila Jarno , Kivipuro Juhani , Näpänkangas Ritva , Auvinen Juha , Pesonen Paula , Karppinen Jaro , Paananen Markus , Pirttiniemi Pertti , Raustia Aune , Sipilä Kirsi
Published: July 2021

Background

Pain related to temporomandibular disorders (TMD) can be linked with multiple site pain (MSP), and may associate with increased pain sensitivity, more frequently among women than men. The aim of the study was to examine the associations of pressure pain threshold (PPT) and tolerance (PPTo) with TMD and associated MSP in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966) study.

Methods

Altogether 1961 NFBC1966 subjects attended clinical medical and dental examination at the Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu in 2012–2013. Clinical examinations were carried out using a modified Diagnostic Criteria for TMD protocol (DC/TMD). MSP was defined based on questions regarding body pain sites. Additionally, PPT and PPTo were assessed using algometer measurements. Mann–Whitney U‐test and Tobit regression models were used to analyse associations between TMD sub‐diagnoses, MSP, PPT and PPTo, stratified by sex. Further models were adjusted with anxiety and depressive symptoms, which were assessed using Hopkins Symptom Checklist‐25 (HSCL‐25) and two‐way interaction terms.

Results

Among females, lower PPT and PPTo were associated with myalgia and arthralgia. Among males, lower PPT and PPTo were associated with MSP‐linked TMD. Tobit regression analysis showed significantly lower PPT and PPTo values in the myalgia and arthralgia subgroups among female TMD subjects. Among females, disc displacement with reduction had an inverse association with PPT and PPTo. Among males, lower PPTo was associated with degenerative joint disease and MSP‐linked TMD.

Conclusions

The pain regulatory mechanisms behind TMD act differently between the genders as local TMD among females and MSP‐linked TMD among males were associated with pain sensitivity.

Significance

The study shows that there are differences in the associations of painful TMD with pressure pain tolerance, pressure pain sensitivity and MSP between male and female subjects.
Platelet‐rich plasma and cytokines in neuropathic pain: A narrative review and a clinical perspective
Authors: Bohren Yohann , Timbolschi Daniel Ionut , Muller André , Barrot Michel , Yalcin Ipek , Salvat Eric
Published: July 2021

Background and Objective

Neuropathic pain arises as a direct consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the somatosensory system. A number of preclinical studies have provided evidence for the involvement of cytokines, predominantly secreted by a variety of immune cells and by glial cells from the nervous system, in neuropathic pain conditions. Clinical trials and the use of anti‐cytokine drugs in different neuropathic aetiologies support the relevance of cytokines as treatment targets. However, the use of such drugs, in particularly biotherapies, can provoke notable adverse effects. Moreover, it is challenging to select one given cytokine as a target, among the various neuropathic pain conditions. It could thus be of interest to target other proteins, such as growth factors, in order to act more widely on the neuroinflammation network. Thus, platelet‐rich plasma (PRP), an autologous blood concentrate, is known to contain a natural concentration of growth factors and immune system messengers and is widely used in the clinical setting for tissue regeneration and repair.

Database and Data Treatment

In the present review, we critically assess the current knowledge on cytokines in neuropathic pain by taking into consideration both human studies and animal models.

Results

This analysis of the literature highlights the pathophysiological importance of cytokines. We particularly highlight the concept of time‐ and tissue‐dependent cytokine activation during neuropathic pain conditions.

Conclusion

Thus, direct or indirect cytokines modulation with biotherapies or growth factors appears relevant. In addition, we discuss the therapeutic potential of localized injection of PRP as neuropathic pain treatment by pointing out the possible link between cytokines and the action of PRP.

Significance

Preclinical and clinical studies highlight the idea of a cytokine imbalance in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Clinical trials with anticytokine drugs are encouraging but are limited by a 'cytokine candidate approach' and adverse effect of biotherapies. PRP, containing various growth factors, is a new therapeutic used in regenerative medicine. Growth factors can be also considered as modulators of cytokine balance. Here, we emphasize a potential therapeutic effect of PRP on cytokine imbalance in neuropathic pain. We also underline the clinical interest of the use of PRP, not only for its therapeutic effect but also for its safety of use.
Modulatory Effects of Mercury (II) Chloride (HgCl2) on Chicken Macrophage and B-Lymphocyte Cell Lines with Viral-Like Challenges In Vitro
Authors: Han Biyao , García-Mendoza Diego , van den Berg Hans , van den Brink Nico W.
Published: July 2021

Mercury (Hg) is a toxic trace metal ubiquitously distributed in the environment. Inorganic mercury (as HgCl2) can cause immunotoxicity in birds, but the mechanisms of action are still not fully resolved, especially with respect to responses to viral infections. To investigate the potential immunomodulatory effects of Hg2+ on specific cell types of the avian immune system, chicken macrophage (HD-11) and B-lymphocyte (DT40) cell lines were applied as in vitro models for the innate and adaptive immune systems, respectively. The cells were stimulated with synthetic double-stranded RNA, which can be recognized by toll-like receptor-3 to mimic a viral infection. The Hg2+ showed concentration-dependent cytotoxicity in both cell lines, with similar median effect concentrations at 30 µM. The cytotoxicity of Hg2+ was closely related to glutathione (GSH) depletion and reactive oxygen species induction, whereas the de novo synthesis of GSH acted as a primary protective strategy. Nitric oxide produced by activated macrophages was strongly inhibited by Hg2+, and was also influenced by cellular GSH levels. Cell proliferation, gene expression of microRNA-155, and cellular IgM levels in B cells were decreased at noncytotoxic Hg2+ concentrations. The secretion of antiviral interferon-α was induced by Hg2+ in both cell lines. Overall, our results suggest that Hg2+ exposure can cause immunomodulatory effects in birds by disrupting immune cell proliferation and cytokine production, and might result in disorders of the avian immune system. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2813–2824. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Stability of SARS‐CoV‐2 as consequence of heating and microwave processing in meat products and bread
Authors: Norouzbeigi Sahar , Yekta Reza , Vahid‐Dastjerdi Leily , Keyvani Hossein , Ranjbar Mohammad Mehdi , Shadnoush Mahdi , Yousefi Mojtaba , Khorshidian Nasim , Sohrabvandi Sara , Mortazavian Amir M.
Published: July 2021

The new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) that was first found in 2019 in Wuhan, China, caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). It then spread worldwide rapidly, causing the 2019–2020 coronavirus pandemic. To date, it has been indicated that various transmission ways might be participated in outbreaks of COVID‐19. Among these, food products, whether raw or processed, might be carriers for SARS‐CoV‐2. Therefore, this study was aimed to evaluate the effect of cooking and microwave process of meat products and bread on the stability of SARS‐CoV‐2. In this regard, sausages and hamburger as meat products and toast bread were inoculated with a viral load of 5.70 log fifty percent tissue culture infective dose (TCID50)/mL in order to create a simulated cross‐contamination condition. The results showed that frying of hamburger at 225ºC for about either 6 or 10 min resulted in complete inactivation of SARS‐CoV‐2. Furthermore, a 5‐log decrease in SARS‐CoV‐2 load was observed in sausages as a consequence of cooking process at 78ºC for either 20 or 30 min. Additionally, the effect of microwave oven at power of 630 watt on stability of SARS‐CoV‐2 showed that exposing toast bread for either 30 s or 1 min in this power led to a 5‐log decrease in SARS‐CoV‐2 load in the toast bread.