bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Sacroiliitis
Authors: Donzelli Ambra , Samara Eleftheria , Spyropoulou Vassiliki , Juchler Céline , Ceroni Dimitri
Published: December 2016

Background:

The aim of this study was to improve knowledge of pediatric pyogenic sacroiliitis (PSI) in the pediatric population based on a consecutive case series.

Method:

We conducted a single-center cross-sectional study on 16 patients admitted to the emergency department of our Hospital between January 1990 and December 2015 with a confirmed diagnosis of PSI. The patients were divided into 2 groups by age: infants (6 months to 4 years) and children–adolescents (4–16 years). The features of PSI, clinical signs and symptoms, laboratory tests, bacteriologic investigations, radiologic examinations and outcome were compared among the 2 groups.

Results:

Patients in the children–adolescent group usually presented with a history of limping and buttock or lower back pain, and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus was the most frequent pathogen. We observed a second peak of incidence of PSI in infants with consistent difference in clinical and microbiologic presentation. Infants were more likely to have an ambiguous onset with the refusal to bear weight as the only consistent clinical manifestations, and biologic investigations demonstrated higher erythrocyte sedimentation rate and platelet counts. However, all blood and joint fluid cultures were sterile in the infant group.

Conclusion:

PSI in infants and adolescents may represent 2 different conditions. Although PSI is mainly caused by S. aureus in the children–adolescent group, clinical manifestations and biologic characteristics of PSI in infants suggest Kingella kingae as the etiology osteoarticular infection. Thus, oropharyngeal swab polymerase chain reaction assay for K. kingae and magnetic resonance imaging should be considered for early diagnosis and treatment of this condition in the younger age group.
Risk Factors for Hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile Infection Among Pediatric Patients With Cancer
Authors: Daida Atsuro , Yoshihara Hiroki , Inai Ikuko , Hasegawa Daisuke , Ishida Yasushi , Urayama Kevin Y. , Manabe Atsushi
Published: December 2016

Hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) may cause life-threatening colitis for children with cancer, making identification of risk factors important. We described characteristics of pediatric cancer patients with primary and recurring CDI, and evaluated potential risk factors. Among 189 cancer patients, 51 cases (27%) of CDI and 94 matched controls of cancer patients without CDI were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between CDI and several potential risk factors. Median age of CDI cases was lower (3.3 y; 0.60 to 16.2) than controls (7.7 y; 0.4 to 20.5). Median duration of neutropenia before CDI was longer for CDI cases (10.0 d; 0.0 to 30.0) compared with duration calculated from reference date in controls (6.0 d; 0.0 to 29.0). Multivariable analysis showed that older age was associated with reduced risk (≥7 vs. 0 to 3 y, odds ratio=0.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.02-0.54), and prolonged neutropenia was associated with increased risk (odds ratio=1.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.22). CDI recurred in 26% of cases. Younger age and prolonged neutropenia were risk factors for CDI in children with cancer. Increasing awareness to these risk factors will help to identify opportunities for CDI prevention in cancer patients.
Rat Bite Fever
Authors: Walker Justin W. , Reyes Lilia B.
Published: December 2016

Cases of rat-bite fever (RBF) were reported in the literature for more than 2000 years. Not until recently, however, were attempts made to differentiate between RBF and Streptobacillus moniliformis septic arthritis, 2 arguably different clinical entities. There are limited data regarding S moniliformis septic arthritis and the features that distinguish it from RBF, and most conclude that although clinically disparate diseases, it is difficult to differentiate between them. We report a case of a 17-year-old girl who presented with S moniliformis bacteremia and symptoms that spanned both RBF and S moniliformis septic arthritis. This case emphasizes the difficulty in differentiating the 2 clinical entities and the importance of early diagnosis, proper clinical suspicion, and prompt treatment to achieve positive outcomes.
Comorbid Conditions are Associated With Emergency Department Visits, Hospitalizations, and Medical Charges of Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Han Guang-Ming , Han Xiao-Feng
Published: December 2016

Background/Objectives

In addition to increase mortality, comorbidities can increase medical costs for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Healthcare utilization can dramatically increase medical costs. It is essential to better understand the comorbidities that can lead to healthcare utilization, such as emergency department visit and/or hospitalization, for SLE patients. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the associations between comorbidities and healthcare utilization and medical charges of patients with SLE.

Methods

Nebraska statewide emergency departments (ED) discharge and hospitals discharge data from 2007 to 2012 were used to study the comorbid conditions of patients with SLE. SLE was defined using the standard International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnosis codes (710.0).

Results

There were more comorbid conditions in patients with SLE than patients without SLE. Comorbid conditions were majorly related to ED visits and hospitalizations of patients with SLE. Chest pain, abdominal pain, injury, acute respiratory infections, symptoms of digestive systems, headache, myalgia and myositis, noninfectious gastroenteritis and colitis, and symptoms of skin and other integumentary systems are common comorbid conditions for ED visits. Infections, cardiovascular diseases, fractures, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and allied conditions, cerebrovascular diseases, and episodic mood disorder are common comorbid conditions for hospitalizations of patients with SLE. In addition, the numbers of comorbid conditions were significantly associated with the length of hospital stay and hospital charges for SLE patients.

Conclusion

The findings in this study indicated that comorbid conditions are associated with healthcare utilization and medical charges of patients with SLE.
The Role of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D as a Predictor of Clinical and Radiological Outcomes in Early Onset Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Quintana-Duque Mario Andrés , Caminos Jorge Eduardo , Varela-Nariño Adriana , Calvo-Paramo Enrique , Yunis Juan José , Iglesias-Gamarra Antonio
Published: December 2016

Objective

The aims of this study were to compare the levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in patients with early-onset rheumatoid arthritis (EORA) versus a healthy control group and to assess the association of 25(OH)D deficiency and the BsmI polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor gene with clinical, radiological, and laboratory parameters.

Methods

Early-onset RA Colombian patients were enrolled in a 3-year follow-up study. Vitamin D deficiency was diagnosed for 25(OH)D levels of less than 20 ng/mL. Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were used to assess data.

Results

Seventy patients and 70 matched healthy subjects were included. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D was lower in the EORA group (27.13 [SD, 13.4] ng/mL vs. 33.74 [SD, 16.7] ng/mL; P = 0.01); 31.4% of EORA patients were vitamin D deficient. Remission was higher in subjects without 25(OH)D deficiency (22.7% vs. 47.9%; P = 0.04). Patients with 25(OH)D deficiency at baseline had higher Health Assessment Questionnaire and Physician Global Disease Activity Assessment scores, fatigue levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and morning stiffness after 3 years. At disease onset, only a relationship between 25(OH)D deficiency with fatigue and morning stiffness was found. Neither radiographic progression nor Sharp van der-Heidje score was associated to hypovitaminosis D after 36-month follow-up. The bb genotype was less frequent in patients with vitamin D deficiency (0% vs. 16.6%; P = 0.04). Patients with BB-Bb genotype had lower 25(OH)D and a propensity to more severe disease.

Conclusions

Our data provide further support for a role of vitamin D as a clinical biomarker for RA. Baseline 25(OH)D could have potential as a predictor of disease severity in EORA.
Longitudinal Computed Tomography Monitoring of Pelvic Bones in Patients With Breast Cancer Using Automated Bone Subtraction Software
Authors: Horger Marius , Thaiss Wolfgang Maximilian , Wiesinger Benjamin , Ditt Hendrik , Fritz Jan , Nikolaou Konstantin , Kloth Christopher
Published: December 2016

Objective

The aim of this study was to optimize computed tomography (CT) surveillance of skeletal metastases in patients with breast cancer through the use of osseous subtraction maps between baseline and follow-up examinations created by a novel software algorithm. The new postprocessing algorithm segments the original bone followed by image intensity-based rigid alignment creating gray-shaded maps that highlight focal or diffuse loss or increase in bone attenuation.

Materials and Methods

Institutional review board was obtained for this retrospective data evaluation. A total of 33 consecutive patients (31 female; 2 male; mean age, 59.13 ± 12.68 years; range, 32–81 years) with breast cancer were included, who underwent 143 standardized baseline and follow-up CT examinations between February 2014 and June 2016. We classified bone metastases into lytic, sclerotic, and mixed osseous lesions. Any new osteolysis inside a known sclerotic lesion and enlargement of pre-existing sclerotic lesions were considered to represent progressive disease (PD), whereas no change was classified as stable disease (SD). Results were compared additionally with the course of the disease considering the entire skeleton and other involved organs. Software-created automated bone subtraction maps were compared with conventional CT interpretations of axial 5-mm and coronal 1-mm reformatted images. Region of interest measurements were used to quantify new lesions. Results were validated by clinical and CT follow-up. Reading time was evaluated.

Results

Skeletal metastases were present in 17/33 (51%) patients (9 sclerotic, 2 lytic, 6 mixed) at baseline. The use of bone subtraction maps resulted in an overall change of response classification into PD in 9/33 (8.1%) patients. Compared with conventional CT evaluation, the bone subtraction maps disclosed 123 new or enlarging sclerotic and 32 new lytic metastases in 23/33 (30.9%) examinations. Mean attenuation of new bone lesions (sclerotic or lytic) significantly increased or decreased (P < 0.01) in all patients. Bone attenuation in pelvic areas without evident metastatic disease significantly increased in patients with PD (P = 0.019), whereas there was no change in SD (P = 0.076). Lesion-based sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values were 98.7%, 79.5%, 94.5%, 95.1%, and 94.5%, respectively. Interobserver agreement was good (κ = 0.80; P = 0.077). Reading time was significantly faster for the bone subtraction maps versus 5-mm axial images (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Longitudinal bone subtraction maps increase the accuracy and efficiency of CT diagnosis of skeletal metastases in patients with breast cancer.
Symptomatic carotid stenosis: is stenting as safe and effective as carotid endarterectomy?
Authors: Calvet David , Mas Jean-Louis
Published: December 2016

Purpose of review

Reviewing current evidence on carotid artery stenting (CAS) compared with carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in the prevention of ipsilateral stroke in patients with a symptomatic carotid stenosis.

Recent findings

Randomized clinical trials and registries have consistently shown that CAS is associated with a higher risk of procedural stroke or death and a lower risk of procedural myocardial infarction and local complications compared with CEA. Both procedures are equally effective to prevent late recurrent ipsilateral stroke and are associated with similar low risk of restenosis.

Individual patient data analyses of the Carotid Stenosis Trialists’ Collaboration recently showed that CAS is as safe and as effective in patients younger than 70.

Although CEA remains the standard treatment in patients with recently symptomatic carotid stenosis, CAS is a safe and effective alternative option in patients younger than 70 and can be also considered when a contraindication to CEA exists.
Neuroplasticity and amblyopia: vision at the balance point
Authors: Tailor Vijay K. , Schwarzkopf D. Samuel , Dahlmann-Noor Annegret H.
Published: December 2016

Purpose of review

New insights into triggers and brakes of plasticity in the visual system are being translated into new treatment approaches which may improve outcomes not only in children, but also in adults.

Recent findings

Visual experience-driven plasticity is greatest in early childhood, triggered by maturation of inhibitory interneurons which facilitate strengthening of synchronous synaptic connections, and inactivation of others. Normal binocular development leads to progressive refinement of monocular visual acuity, stereoacuity and fusion of images from both eyes. At the end of the ‘critical period’, structural and functional brakes such as dampening of acetylcholine receptor signalling and formation of perineuronal nets limit further synaptic remodelling. Imbalanced visual input from the two eyes can lead to imbalanced neural processing and permanent visual deficits, the commonest of which is amblyopia.

The efficacy of new behavioural, physical and pharmacological interventions aiming to balance visual input and visual processing have been described in humans, and some are currently under evaluation in randomised controlled trials. Outcomes may change amblyopia treatment for children and adults, but the safety of new approaches will need careful monitoring, as permanent adverse events may occur when plasticity is re-induced after the end of the critical period.

Video abstract
http://links.lww.com/CONR/A42.
Same-day diagnostic and surveillance data for tuberculosis via whole genome sequencing of direct respiratory samples
Authors: Votintseva Antonina A. , Bradley Phelim , Pankhurst Louise , del Ojo Elias Carlos , Loose Matthew , Nilgiriwala Kayzad , Chatterjee Anirvan , Smith E. Grace , Sanderson Nicholas , Walker Timothy M. , Morgan Marcus R. , Wyllie David H. , Walker A. Sarah , Peto Tim E. A. , Crook Derrick W. , Iqbal Zamin
Published: December 2016

Routine full characterization ofMycobacterium tuberculosis(TB) is culture-based, taking many weeks. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) can generate antibiotic susceptibility profiles to inform treatment, augmented with strain information for global surveillance; such data could be transformative if provided at or near point of care.

We demonstrate a low-cost DNA extraction method for TB WGS direct from patient samples. We initially evaluated the method using the Illumina MiSeq sequencer (40 smear-positive respiratory samples, obtained after routine clinical testing, and 27 matched liquid cultures).M. tuberculosiswas identified in all 39 samples from which DNA was successfully extracted. Sufficient data for antibiotic susceptibility prediction was obtained from 24 (62%) samples; all results were concordant with reference laboratory phenotypes. Phylogenetic placement was concordant between direct and cultured samples. Using an Illumina MiSeq/MiniSeq the workflow from patient sample to results can be completed in 44/16 hours at a cost of £96/£198 per sample.

We then employed a non-specific PCR-based library preparation method for sequencing on an Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION sequencer. We applied this to culturedMycobacterium bovisBCG strain (BCG), and to combined culture-negative sputum DNA and BCG DNA. For the latest flowcell, the estimated turnaround time from patient to identification of BCG was 6 hours, with full susceptibility and surveillance results 2 hours later. Antibiotic susceptibility predictions were fully concordant. A critical advantage of the MinION is the ability to continue sequencing until sufficient coverage is obtained, providing a potential solution to the problem of variable amounts ofM. tuberculosisin direct samples.
Crystal structures of bis[(9S,13S,14S)-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinanium] tetrachloridocobaltate and tetrachloridocuprate
Authors: Gauchat Eric , Nazarenko Alexander Y.
Published: December 2016

(9S,13S,14S)-3-Methoxy-17-methylmorphinan (dextromethorphan) forms two isostructural salts with (a) tetrachloridocobaltate, namely bis[(9S,13S,14S)-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinanium] tetrachloridocobaltate, (C18H26NO)2[CoCl4], and (b) tetrachloridocuprate, namely bis[(9S,13S,14S)-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinanium] tetrachloridocuprate, (C18H26NO)2[CuCl4]. The distorted tetrahedral anions are located on twofold rotational axes. The dextromethorphan cation can be described as being composed of two ring systems, a tetrahydronaphthalene systemA+Band a decahydroisoquinolinium subunitC+D, that are nearly perpendicular to one another: the angle between mean planes of theA+BandC+Dmoieties is 78.8 (1)° for (a) and 79.0 (1)° for (b). Two symmetry-related cations of protonated dextromethorphan are connected to the tetrachloridocobaltate (or tetrachloridocuprate) anionsviastrong N—H...Cl hydrogen bonds, forming neutral ion associates. These associates are packed in the (001) plane with no strong attractive bonding between them. Both compounds are attractive crystalline forms for unambiguous identification of the dextromethorphan and, presumably, of its optical isomer, levomethorphan.
2-Methyl-3-(3-methylisoxazol-5-yl)-4-oxo-4H-pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-1-ium chloride
Authors: Lahmidi Sanae , El Ouasif Latifa , Jilalat Alae Eddine , Al-Garadi Wedad , Essassi El Mokhtar , Mague Joel T.
Published: December 2016

In the title molecular salt, C13H12N3O2+·Cl−, the oxazolyl ring is disordered over two orientations in a 0.536 (15):0.464 (15) ratio, both of which approximate to envelopes with the N atom as the flap in each case. The cation and anion are linked by a charge-assisted N—H...Cl hydrogen bond. In the extended structure, C—H...N, C—H...O and C—H...Cl interactions link the components into a three-dimensional network.
(2E)-3-Anilino-1-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-(methylsulfanyl)prop-2-en-1-one
Authors: Ravi A. J. , Vinayaka A. C. , Kumar Shamantha , Sadashiva M. P. , Devarajegowda H. C.
Published: December 2016

In the title compound, C16H14ClNOS, the dihedral angle between the aromatic rings is 86.34 (9)° and an intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bond closes anS(6) ring. The methylsulfanyl group and Cl atom lie to the same side of the molecule. In the crystal, C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into (010) double sheets.
(Z)-3-(4-Methylbenzylidene)-4-oxopentanoic acid
Authors: Boukharsa Youness , Abba Touré Hamadoun , Taoufik Jamal , Benzeid Hanane , Ansar M'hammed
Published: December 2016

The title compound, C13H14O3, a levulinic acid derivative, crystallizes with two independent molecules (AandB) in the asymmetric unit. The compound adopts aZconfiguration about the C=C bonds in both molecules. The dihedral angle between the toluene ring and the carboxylic acid group is 72.83 (7)° in moleculeAand 83.64 (8)° in moleculeB. The toluene rings are inclined to the ketone substituents by 27.03 (9)° forAand 30.84 (6)° forB. In the crystal, like molecules are linked by pairs of O—H...O hydrogen bonds, formingA–AandB-Binversion dimers.
The career decision-making competence: a new construct for the career realm
Authors: Ceschi Andrea , Costantini Arianna , Phillips Susan D. , Sartori Riccardo
Published: December 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to link findings from laboratory-based decision-making research and decision-making competence (DMC) aspects that may be central for career-related decision-making processes. Past research has identified individual differences in rational responses in decision situations, which the authors refer to as DMC. Although there is a robust literature on departures from rational responses focused on heuristics and biases (H&B) in decision-making, such evidence is largely confined to group-level differences observed in psychology laboratories and has not been extended to the realm of career development and workforce behavior.

Design/methodology/approach

By first introducing the concept of DMC and contextualizing it within organizations and the work environment, the paper outlines a review on recent development concerning debiasing interventions in organizations and provides insights on how these may be effective with regard to organizational performance and individual career development.

Findings

The contribution presents a perspective to improve knowledge about career decision-making competence (C-DMC) by presenting an approach linking decision-making research to interventions aiming at managing H&B and systematic misperceptions in career processes.

Originality/value

This contribution is one of the few linking decision-making research to the applied context of organizations and of career competences. Moreover, while some research has treated decision-making skills as traits, this contribution provides support to consider them developable as competencies.
Competence-based vocational education and training (VET)
Authors: Bohne Christoph , Eicker Friedhelm , Haseloff Gesine
Published: December 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a vocational scientific constructivist concept meant for shaping competence-based and networked teaching and learning in vocational education and training (VET).

Design/methodology/approach

VET must enable learners to shape work within the context of conceptions based on the development of society. Refresher trainings cannot realise this. Concepts need a shaping competence-based and networked approach. Teaching and learning networks, learning projects and digital media are the keys to this approach.

Findings

The focus of the planned concept lies on shaping competence-based teaching and learning. This can be realised with innovative teaching and learning networks. Digital media can support this. The planned concept will be justified. The systematic planning of an exemplary learning project will be discussed.

Practical implications

This paper lays the ground to evaluate the relevance and range of shaping competence-based and networked teaching and learning.

Originality/value

The concept was (co-)developed by the University of Rostock. It was tested in first learning projects. These experiences are taken into account. The aim is to emphasise that the intended approach is a justified educational strategy in colleges, companies and other places of learning dealing with VET.
The role of entrepreneurial knowledge as a competence in shaping Iranian students’ career intentions to start a new digital business
Authors: Yaghoubi Farani Ahmad , Karimi Saeid , Motaghed Mahsa
Published: December 2016

Purpose

This purpose of this paper, drawing on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), is to develop an integrated model of entrepreneurial career intentions incorporating the role of motivational factors along with entrepreneurial knowledge. Specifically, this study proposes the existence of a relationship between entrepreneurial knowledge and digital entrepreneurial intentions and asserts that this relation is mediated by the motivational factors.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected from a sample of 150 computer sciences students from four public Iranian universities using a questionnaire.

Findings

Results indicated that the two motivational factors (namely, attitudes towards digital entrepreneurship and perceived behavioural control) significantly relate to digital entrepreneurial intentions. In addition, entrepreneurial knowledge indicates indirect effects on intentions via these two motivational factors.

Practical implications

The results of this study have clear implications for both educators and policymakers.

Originality/value

The study helps to understand the role of entrepreneurial knowledge in shaping digital entrepreneurial intentions through developing an integrated intention model based on the TPB. The results also indicate that the TPB fully accounts for the indirect effects of entrepreneurial knowledge.
Developing vocational competences during secondary school?
Authors: Behle Heike
Published: December 2016

Purpose

Using the example of an amalgamated secondary school qualification (International Baccalaureate Career-related Programme – IBCP), in which both vocational education and training (VET) and academic subjects are taught, the paper aims to discuss the use of skills and knowledge gained during the IBCP for post-secondary school activities.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses mixed method data based on a survey of 57 IBCP graduates and qualitative interviews with 20 IBCP graduates. Findings relate to the role of the IBCP in the careers decision-making process, the skills and competences students gained during their IBCP and its transferability to their current activity.

Findings

After their IBCP, more than half of all observed students had entered higher education. Whilst a few students did not engage actively in the career decision-making process, some were pro-active and used different sources to gain information. However, a large group of students used their time during the IBCP to test various occupational ideas and, thus, used their VET to further the careers decision-making process. Most students reported that they could transfer the skills and competencies they had gained during their secondary school to their current activity.

Originality/value

The paper calls for a renunciation of the ambivalent signals an amalgamated secondary school degree can provide. IBCP students signal both an increased productivity because of an increased level of vocational skills and a lower level of academic achievement. These signals, however, allow students to enter a highly diverse higher education system, especially in vocational courses.
From the analysis of work-processes to designing competence-based occupational standards and vocational curricula
Authors: Tūtlys Vidmantas , Spöttl Georg
Published: December 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to explore methodological and institutional challenges on application of the work-process analysis approach in the design and development of competence-based occupational standards for Lithuania.

Design/methodology/approach

The theoretical analysis is based on the review of scientific literature and the analysis of documents and methodical instruments (curricula and occupational standards). Empirical research is based on the observation and analysis of the processes of designing work-process-based occupational standards for Lithuania, including the face-to-face interviews with involved work-process experts on the shop-floor and stakeholders.

Findings

The application of a work-process-based approach in designing sectoral occupational standards enhances comprehensive and systemic design of qualifications. Work-process analysis approach helps to focus on the holistic concept of competence by considering different dimensions of work-processes. However, design and implementation of work-process-based occupational standards for the transitional and predominantly school-based vocational education and training (VET) systems encounter multiple methodological and institutional challenges.

Research limitations/implications

The findings of research are based on the analysis and evaluation of the design of sectoral-occupational standards in the beginning and middle stages of this process. These findings can help to draw the assumptions about potential implications of implementation of these standards to the development of competence-based VET but are not sufficient to provide comprehensive and detailed forecasts.

Originality/value

The paper explores and evaluates an application of the innovative work process approach in the design and development of qualifications for the concrete country.
Impulse control disorder, lysosomal malfunction andATP13A2 insufficiency in Parkinsonism
Authors: Liu Jun‐Ping , Li Jianfeng , Lu Yanhua , Wang Lihui , Chen Gang
Published: December 2016

Lysosomal transport of cargos in neurons is essential for neuronal proteostasis, transmission and functional motors and behaviours. Lysosomal malfunction including storage disorders is involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Given the unclear molecular mechanisms of diverse defects inPDphenotypes, especially behavioural deficits, this mini review explores the cellular contexts ofPDimpulse control disorders and the molecular aspects of lysosomal cross‐membrane transports. Focuses are paid to trace metal involvements in α‐synuclein assembly in Lewy bodies, the functions and molecular interactions ofATP13A2 asATPase transporters in lysosomal membranes for cross‐membrane trafficking and lysosomal homeostasis, and our current understandings of the neural circuits inICD. Erroneously polarized distributions of cargos such as metals and lipids on each side of lysosomal membranes triggered by gene mutations and deregulated expression ofATP13A2 may thus instigate sensing protein structural changes such as aggregations, organelle degeneration, and specific neuronal ageing and death in Parkinsonism.
Sialotranscriptome sequencing and analysis of Anopheles sinensis and comparison with Psorophora albipes sialotranscriptome (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Fang Ya‐Jie , Yan Zhen‐Tian , Chen Bin
Published: December 2016

Most of adult female mosquitoes secrete saliva to facilitate blood sucking, digestion and nutrition, and mosquito‐borne disease prevention. The knowledge of classification and characteristics of sialotranscriptome genes are still quite limited. Anopheles sinensis is a major malaria vector in China and southeast Asian countries. In this study, the An. sinensis sialotranscriptome was sequenced using Illumina sequencing technique with a total of 10 907 unigenes to be obtained and annotated in biological functions and pathways, and 10 470 unigenes were mapped to An. sinensis reference genome with 70.46% of genes having 90%–100% genome mapping through bioinformatics analysis. These mapped genes were classified into four categories: housekeeping (6632 genes), secreted (1177), protein‐coding genes with function‐unknown (2646) and transposable element (15). The housekeeping genes were divided into 27 classes, and the secreted genes were divided into 11 classes and 96 families. The classification, characteristics and evolution of these classes/families of secreted genes are further described and discussed. The comparison of the 1177 secreted genes in An. sinensis in the Anophelinae subfamily with 811 in Psorophora albipes in the Culicinae subfamily show that six classes/subclasses have the gene number more than twice and two classes (uniquely found in anophelines, and Orphan proteins of unique standing) are unique in the former compared with the latter, whereas four classes/subclasses are much expanded and uniquely found in the Aedes class and is unique in the later. The An. sinensis sialotranscriptome sequence data is the most complete in mosquitoes to date, and the analyses provide a comprehensive information frame for further research of mosquito sialotranscriptome.
Reconstructing the plant mitochondrial genome for marker discovery: a case study using Pinus
Authors: Donnelly Kevin , Cottrell Joan , Ennos Richard A. , Vendramin Giovanni Giuseppe , A'Hara Stuart , King Sarah , Perry Annika , Wachowiak Witold , Cavers Stephen
Published: December 2016

Whole‐genome‐shotgun (WGS) sequencing of total genomic DNA was used to recover ~1 Mbp of novel mitochondrial (mtDNA) sequence from Pinus sylvestris (L.) and three members of the closely related Pinus mugo species complex. DNA was extracted from megagametophyte tissue from six mother trees from locations across Europe, and 100‐bp paired‐end sequencing was performed on the Illumina HiSeq platform. Candidate mtDNA sequences were identified by their size and coverage characteristics, and by comparison with published plant mitochondrial genomes. Novel variants were identified, and primers targeting these loci were trialled on a set of 28 individuals from across Europe. In total, 31 SNP loci were successfully resequenced, characterizing 15 unique haplotypes. This approach offers a cost‐effective means of developing marker resources for mitochondrial genomes in other plant species where reference sequences are unavailable.
Dentate gyrus−cornu ammonis (CA) 4 volume is decreased and associated with depressive episodes and lipid peroxidation in bipolar II disorder: Longitudinal and cross‐sectional analyses
Authors: Elvsåshagen Torbjørn , Zuzarte Pedro , Westlye Lars T , Bøen Erlend , Josefsen Dag , Boye Birgitte , Hol Per K , Malt Ulrik F , Young L Trevor , Andreazza Ana C
Published: December 2016

Objectives

Reduced dentate gyrus volume and increased oxidative stress have emerged as potential pathophysiological mechanisms in bipolar disorder. However, the relationship between dentate gyrus volume and peripheral oxidative stress markers remains unknown. Here, we examined dentate gyrus–cornu ammonis (CA) 4 volume longitudinally in patients with bipolar II disorder (BD‐II) and healthy controls and investigated whether BD‐II is associated with elevated peripheral levels of oxidative stress.

Methods

We acquired high‐resolution structural 3T‐magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images and quantified hippocampal subfield volumes using an automated segmentation algorithm in individuals with BD‐II (n=29) and controls (n=33). The participants were scanned twice, at study inclusion and on average 2.4 years later. In addition, we measured peripheral levels of two lipid peroxidation markers (4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal [4‐HNE] and lipid hydroperoxides [LPH]).

Results

First, we demonstrated that the automated hippocampal subfield segmentation technique employed in this work reliably measured dentate gyrus–CA4 volume. Second, we found a decreased left dentate gyrus–CA4 volume in patients and that a larger number of depressive episodes between T1 and T2 predicted greater volume decline. Finally, we showed that 4‐HNE was elevated in BD‐II and that 4‐HNE was negatively associated with left and right dentate gyrus–CA4 volumes in patients.

Conclusions

These results are consistent with a role for the dentate gyrus in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder and suggest that depressive episodes and elevated oxidative stress might contribute to hippocampal volume decreases. In addition, these findings provide further support for the hypothesis that peripheral lipid peroxidation markers may reflect brain alterations in bipolar disorders.
Alzheimer neuropathology without frontotemporal lobar degeneration hallmarks (TAR DNA‐binding protein 43 inclusions) in missense progranulin mutation Cys139Arg
Authors: Redaelli Veronica , Rossi Giacomina , Maderna Emanuela , Kovacs Gabor G. , Piccoli Elena , Caroppo Paola , Cacciatore Francesca , Spinello Sonia , Grisoli Marina , Sozzi Giuliano , Salmaggi Andrea , Tagliavini Fabrizio , Giaccone Giorgio
Published: December 2016

Null mutations in progranulin gene (GRN) reduce the progranulin production resulting in haploinsufficiency and are tightly associated with tau‐negative frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TAR DNA‐binding protein 43‐positive inclusions (FTLD‐TDP). Missense mutations of GRN were also identified, but their effects are not completely clear, in particular unanswered is the question of what neuropathology they elicit, also considering that their occurrence has been reported in patients with typical clinical features of Alzheimer disease. They describe two fraternal twins carrying the missense GRN Cys139Arg mutation affected by late‐onset dementia and we report the neuropathological study of one of them. Both patients were examined by neuroimaging, neuropsychological assessment and genetic analysis of GRN and other genes associated with dementia. The brain of one was obtained at autopsy and examined neuropathologically. One sister presented clinical and MRI features leading to the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease. The other underwent autopsy and the brain showed neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer disease with abundant Aβ‐amyloid deposition and Braak stage V of neurofibrillary pathology, in the absence of the hallmark lesions of FTLD‐TDP. Their findings may contribute to better clarify the role of progranulin in neurodegenerative diseases indicating that some GRN mutations, in particular missense ones, may act as strong risk factor for Alzheimer disease rather than induce FTLD‐TDP.
Degree of methylation burden is determined by the exposure period to carcinogenic factors
Authors: Takeshima Hideyuki , Niwa Tohru , Toyoda Takeshi , Wakabayashi Mika , Yamashita Satoshi , Ushijima Toshikazu
Published: December 2016

Aberrant DNA methylation accumulated in normal tissues, namely methylation burden, is associated with risk of carcinogenesis. The levels of methylation burden are known to be influenced by multiple factors, such as genetic factors and strengths of carcinogenic factors. However, the impact of the degree of exposure to a carcinogenic factor is still unclear. Here, using a Mongolian gerbil model of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)‐induced gastritis, we aimed to clarify the impact of the degree of exposure on methylation burden in normal gastric tissues. DNA methylation levels of four CpG islands, HE6, SA9, SB5, and SD2, increased by H. pylori infection, depending upon the infection period. After eradication of H. pylori, DNA methylation levels decreased, but tended to be higher in gastric mucosae with a longer infection period. DNA molecules with dense methylation, but not those with sparse methylation, increased depending upon the infection period. DNA methylation levels of one of the four CpG islands, SA9, tended to be higher in gastric mucosae of gerbils infected with H. pylori, even 50 weeks after eradication than in those of non‐infected gerbils. These results showed for the first time that the levels of methylation burden in normal tissues are influenced by the degree of exposure to a carcinogenic factor.
‘It's complicated.’ Exploring the meaning of sibling relationships of youth in foster care
Authors: Wojciak Armeda Stevenson
Published: December 2016

Youth in foster care may be separated from their sibling(s) for a myriad of reasons. Although empirical attention to sibling relationships has grown, an examination of what sibling(s) mean to children currently in foster care has not occurred. This study used open‐ended survey responses of campers who attended Camp To Belong, a summer camp that reunites children who are separated from their sibling because of their placement in foster care. Six different member camps across the United States of America administered camper surveys. Thematic analysis was used to examine 178 responses from campers. Five major themes were identified of what siblings mean to youth in foster care: bond, dependable, fulfillment, despair and impact of separation. Youth shared the positive and protective influence their sibling(s) have in their life as well as the challenges that are associated with being separated from their sibling while in foster care. Implications of the results of the study are provided for clinicians, foster parents, researchers and sibling policy.
Health‐related quality of life in adult dermatitis patients stratified by filaggrin genotype
Authors: Heede Nina G. , Thyssen Jacob P. , Thuesen Betina H. , Linneberg Allan , Szecsi Pal B. , Stender Steen , Johansen Jeanne D.
Published: December 2016

Background

Information concerning health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and comorbidities of adult dermatitis patients stratified by loss‐of‐function mutations in the filaggrin gene (FLG) is limited.

Objective

To investigate HRQoL, skin symptoms and comorbidities in adult FLG mutation carriers.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included patients diagnosed with atopic dermatitis and/or hand eczema (n = 520). Patients completed questionnaires about dermatitis, skin symptoms, HRQoL, and comorbidities, including actinic keratosis, and atopic and mental disorders.

Results

FLG mutations (R501X, 2282del4, and R2447X) were identified in 16.9% of patients, and were significantly associated not only with atopic dermatitis, but also independently with skin fissures on the fingers and heels, and self‐reported actinic keratosis. Although FLG mutations were significantly associated with reduced HRQoL, as measured by use of the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), no association with self‐reported anxiety or depression was identified. Notably, the highest median DLQI score, reflecting greater impairment, was reported by patients with both FLG mutations and atopic dermatitis. Overall, 19.7% of patients with both atopic dermatitis and FLG mutations reported a ‘large or extremely large’ impact on their lives; this represents twice the prevalence seen in patients with atopic dermatitis and wild‐type FLG (9.6%).

Conclusion

Patients with both atopic dermatitis and common FLG mutations are more frequently affected by reduced HRQoL.
Medium‐term assessment of cardiac function in pediatric cancer survivors. Comparison of different echocardiographic methods, cardiac MRI and cardiac biomarker testing in adolescent cancer survivors
Authors: Shah Sanket S. , McClellan Wendy , Knowlton Joshua Q. , Mehta Jeet , Goudar Suma , Ferguson Angela , Sherman Ashley , Shirali Girish , Fulbright Joy
Published: December 2016

Purpose

To evaluate the feasibility and correlation of 3D echocardiography (echo) and cardiac biomarkers with cardiac MRI, in surveillance of cardiac function for cancer survivors.

Methods

Subjects ≥10 years of age who have survived >2 years after completion of cancer treatment from a single center were enrolled. Cardiac MRI and 3D echo images were obtained on the same day when routine echo was obtained. On the same day, along with annual routine blood test, cardiac biomarkers N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide levels (NT‐proBNP) and troponin‐I levels were also measured.

Results

Cardiac MRI was feasible in all 50 subjects. Three‐dimensional echo and 2D echo images were of poor quality in four subjects. With a median duration of remission of 10 years, there were four subjects with mild LV dysfunction (cardiac MRI LV EF of<53%). None had MRI EF <50%, and nine subjects had LVEF <55%. M‐mode echo overestimated EF more than 2D and 3D echo. Two‐dimensional and 3D echo methods had much tighter limits of agreement for LV EF. For measurement of LVEF, 3D echo had a lower % error than 2D echo or M‐mode echo. One subject had an abnormal troponin‐I level and another one had an elevated NT‐proBNP.

Conclusions

Three‐dimensional echo can be performed in most adolescent cancer survivors, and it correlates well with MRI. Further large‐scale research is required in assessing utility of cardiac biomarkers in pediatric cancer survivors.
EFFICIENT TAX REPORTING: THE EFFECTS OF TAXPAYER LIABILITY INFORMATION SERVICES
Authors: Vossler Christian A. , McKee Michael
Published: December 2016

The complexity of the individual income tax system can give rise to both under‐ and overreporting of liability, thus creating a wedge between taxpayer perceptions of the price of public services and their actual cost, and potentially leading to budget misallocations and associated efficiency losses. This study uses theory and experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of taxpayer service programs that endeavor to resolve uncertainty over tax liability. To do so, we induce uncertainty over tax liability and investigate the effects of both service accuracy and reliability. We find participants are less likely to file when tax liability is uncertain but the provision of information offsets this effect; furthermore, it appears that simply providing a service, even one that imperfectly reveals liability, increases the propensity to file and the accuracy of the filing. When a service that promises to resolve uncertainty completely is requested but not delivered, the result is underreporting even more severe than in a setting where no service is available. (JEL H2, H26, C91)
How To Manage Long‐term Financial Self‐sufficiency of a National Catastrophe Insurance Fund? The Feasibility of Three Bailout Programmes
Authors: Wang Jo‐Yu , Wu Wen‐Lin , Wu Yang‐Che , Yang Ming Jing
Published: December 2016

This paper shows the feasibility that a natural catastrophe insurance fund (NCIF) may achieve financial self‐sufficiency via three bailout programmes, including pre‐funding, loan‐financing and equity‐financing, to support the insurers during the bad years. Under such programmes, different accounting procedures for the insurers and NCIF are developed to simulate their 30‐year cash flows based on the best‐fitting loss model calibrated by the global insured loss data. The numerical analysis results indicate that the proposed programmes can balance the financial revenue and expenditure of NCIF in the long term, and this conclusion implies the authority can develop similar schemes as NCIF to smooth the peak risk of natural catastrophes.
Evidence of molybdenum association with particulate organic matter under sulfidic conditions
Authors: Dahl T. W. , Chappaz A. , Hoek J. , McKenzie C. J. , Svane S. , Canfield D. E.
Published: December 2016

The geochemical behavior of molybdenum (Mo) in the oceans is closely linked to the presence of sulfide species in anoxic environments, where Fe availability may play a key role in the Mo scavenging. Here, we show that Mo(VI) is reduced in the presence of particulate organic matter (represented by sulfate‐reducing bacteria). Molybdenum was immobilized at the surface of both living cells and dead/lysed cells, but not in cell‐free control experiments. Experiments were carried out at four different Mo concentrations (0.1 to 2 mm) to yield cell‐associated Mo precipitates with little or no Fe, consisting of mainly Mo(IV)‐sulfide compounds with molecular structures similar to Mo enzymes and to those found in natural euxinic sediments. Therefore, we propose that Mo removal in natural sulfidic waters can proceed via a non‐Fe‐assisted pathway that requires particulate organic matter (dead or living sulfate‐reducing bacteria). This pathway has implications for global marine Mo cycling and the current use of Mo‐based proxies for paleo‐environmental investigations.
‘Canaries in the mine’. Parents of adult children with schizophrenia: An integrative review of the literature
Authors: Klages Debra , Usher Kim , Jackson Debra
Published: December 2016

The purpose of this integrative review was to evaluate the current state of knowledge of parents who have adult children diagnosed with schizophrenia and their relationship with mental health professionals. Findings indicated that parents (primarily mothers) believed they intuitively knew when their adult children were becoming unwell and that they doggedly pursued connections with mental health care providers. Five themes were evident in the literature: trusting your instincts, feeling dismissed and devalued, making connections and making concessions, living with distress and sorrow, and becoming your own health‐care provider. The implications of the findings on mental health nursing practice indicate that professional family relationships were not ideal, and that parents wanted to improve these relationships. Parents wanted health‐care professionals to respond to their requests for help for both their children and for themselves, and wanted to be able to help the mental health team to help their adult children.