bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparative Study of Fire Resistance Performance for Long Span Beams Constructed with High Strength Submarine Structural Steels According to Boundary Conditions
Authors: Kwon In Kyu
Published: December 2016

Requirements for building have been increased not only structural aspects but fire resistance. Therefore, a structural steel having higher strength has been developed and applied into building industry. Especially, a SM 520 and a SM 570 have good construction efficiencies in fabrication site and construction site, for these have a better welding performance and a higher strength than other structural steels. However, their fire resistance performance of them doesn’t clear until now. In this study, to compare the fire resistance of long span beam built with SM 520 and SM 570, a fire engineering technique was used using mechanical properties at high temperatures and analytical methods. As the structural grades are going up, the performance of fire resistance is shown to be decreased.
Experimental Study on the Combined Effect of Cyclic and Static Loads on the Mechanical Properties of the Saturated Soft Clay Material
Authors: Wei Yi , Zhu Ying , Ni Jing
Published: December 2016

The combined effect of cyclic and static loads on the mechanical properties of the soft clay was experimentally investigated by conducting undrained cyclic triaxial tests on Shanghai clay. The results show that an increment in either static or cyclic load increases excess pore pressures and axial strains. For a given value of combined cyclic and static loads, the mechanical properties of the soft clay are more sensitive to the cyclic load. Furthermore, the accumulated excess pore pressure and axial strain for a larger cyclic stress ratio and a lower combined stress ratio might overcome that for a lower cyclic stress ratio and a higher combined stress ratio. The mechanical properties of the soft clay after the cyclic load was unloaded were also discussed. It was observed that the excess pore pressure and axial strain under the static load alone decrease gradually with time. The trend of them largely depends on the ratio of cyclic load to static load.
Fracture Model of ZrO2-Al2O3 Ceramic Composite
Authors: Tian Xiao Li , Xue Chong Bo
Published: December 2016

Mixtures of ZrO2-Al2O3 ceramic composite were prepared using zirconia powder, ZrO2-Al2O3 composite powder synthesized by sol-gel process as main starting materials and zirconia gel as a binder. Then the mixtures were pressed into the mold, and then sintered at 1650°C for 3h. Finally, the ZrO2-Al2O3 ceramic composite samples were prepared. Then the mineral phases of ZrO2-Al2O3 ceramic composite were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the fracture model of ZrO2-Al2O3 ceramic composite was analyzed by press, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray Spectroscope (EDS). The results show that, zirconia is the main phase and alumina is the secondary phase mainly present in the matrix. The fracture model of ZrO2-Al2O3 material was jointly composed by intergranular fracture and transgranular fracture, of which the coarse particle shows the intergranular fracture model and the fine particle shows the transgranular fracture model.
Study on Equivalent Viscous Damping of Aeolian Vibration for Transmission Line by AACSR-400 Steel Core Aluminum Alloy Wire
Authors: Zhang Bo , Gong Wang Sheng , Wang Ze Hua , Zhang Meng Ge , Han Lin , Zhang Yan
Published: December 2016

To ensure its operational security, it is important to study the vibration state of transmission line. The equivalent viscous damping of aero-vibration for a large-span overhead conductor is obligated to be determined. In this paper, the damping characteristics of conductor by AACSR-400 steel core aluminum alloy wire are studied by use of energy balance principle. Based on the Diana wind energy curve and equivalent viscous damping, the relationship between frequency and damping ratio is conducted and discussed. Furthermore, a numerical simulation by ANSYS is performed to verify the validity of the equivalent damping coefficient and equivalent damping ratio with the same material parameters. Study shows that the result of finite element method by ANSYS is consistent well with that by energy balance principle.
Special Collection: ‘Engaging development: Contributions to a critical theological and religious debate’, HTS Theological Studies Volume 72, No. 4 (2016)
Authors: Swart Ignatius , Adogame Afe
Published: December 2016

No abstract available
Current global status & impact of human papillomavirus vaccination
Authors: Sankaranarayanan Rengaswamy , Bhatla Neerja , Basu Partha
Published: December 2016

This review addresses the effectiveness and safety of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, the current status of its introduction in the National Immunization Programmes (NIPs) and its relevance to India, which contributes a fifth of the global burden of cervical cancer. The vast literature on efficacy, acceptability and safety of HPV vaccination and its impact after population level introduction was reviewed and discussed. The efficacy of HPV vaccines in preventing high-grade precancerous lesions caused by vaccine-targeted HPV infections was 90 per cent or higher in HPV naïve women in randomized clinical trials. Two doses at 6 or 12 months apart are recommended for 9-14 yr old girls and three doses over six months to one year period for those aged above 15 yr. More than 80 countries or territories have introduced HPV vaccination in their NIPs, of which 33 are low- and middle-income countries (LMICs); in addition, 25 LMICs have introduced pilot programmes before a phased national expansion. Significant reductions in the frequency of HPV 16 and 18 infections, genital warts and cervical premalignant lesions in vaccinated cohorts and herd immunity in general populations have been reported from countries that introduced vaccination in NIPs as early as 2007. More than 280 million doses of HPV vaccines have been administered worldwide with the excellent safety profile with no serious adverse events linked to it. The high burden of cervical cancer and the high efficacy and safety of HPV vaccination justify its introduction in the Indian NIP at the earliest possibility to substantially reduce the cervical cancer burden in future.
PLGA-loaded nanomedicines in melanoma treatment
Authors: Das Sreemanti , Khuda-Bukhsh Anisur Rahman
Published: December 2016

Current treatment methods for melanoma have some limitations such as less target-specific action, severe side effects and resistance to drugs. Significant progress has been made in exploring novel drug delivery systems based on suitable biochemical mechanisms using nanoparticles ranging from 10 to 400 nm for drug delivery and imaging, utilizing their enhanced penetration and retention properties. Poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA), a copolymer of poly-lactic acid and poly-glycolic acid, provides an ideally suited performance-based design for better penetration into skin cells, thereby having a greater potential for the treatment of melanoma. Moreover, encapsulation protects the drug from deactivation by biological reactions and interactions with biomolecules, ensuring successful delivery and bioavailability for effective treatment. Controlled and sustained delivery of drugs across the skin barrier that otherwise prohibits entry of larger molecules can be successfully made with adequately stable biocompatible nanocarriers such as PLGA for taking drugs through the small cutaneous pores permitting targeted deposition and prolonged drug action. PLGA is now being extensively used in photodynamic therapy and targeted therapy through modulation of signal proteins and drug-DNA interactions. Recent advances made on these nanomedicines and their advantages in the treatment of skin melanoma are highlighted and discussed in this review.
Small-for-gestational-age versus appropriate-for-gestational-age
Authors: Lobo Limmy Loret , Kumar H. Uday , Mishra Tejeswita , Sundari Tripura , Singh Archana , Kumar C. Vijai , Rao G. Kondal , Jahangir B. , Misale Vijay , Prashant Poonam , Gajiwala Nirlep L. , Thakkar Ashok S.
Published: December 2016

Background & objectives:

The genesis of atherosclerotic lesions, a major cardiovascular risk factor starts in the early stage of life. If the premature development of cardiovascular risk factors can be anticipated during childhood, cardiovascular events can be prevented effectively by taking appropriate measures. This study was carried out to assess the role of in utero malnutrition in cardiovascular disease development by comparing cord blood lipid profiles and serum insulin levels between small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) term newborns.

Methods:

Consecutive full-term infants who were born between June 20 and August 19, 2013, at the Obstetric Unit of a Hospital at Secunderabad, India, were enrolled in this study. Participating newborns were divided into SGA group (n = 51; test group) and AGA group (n = 52; control group) based on their gestational age and body weight. Cord blood lipid profile and insulin levels were compared between these two groups.

Results:

As compared to the newborns in AGA group, SGA group of newborns had significantly (P<0.01) higher levels of cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein. No difference was observed between the groups for high-density lipoprotein and insulin levels. Mild and moderate anaemia was observed among mothers of both groups, while severe anaemia was seen in mothers of SGA group only.

Interpretation & conclusions:

SGA newborns exhibited elevated lipid profiles as compared to AGA newborns. Hence, SGA newborns should be closely monitored for cardiovascular morbidities during childhood, adolescence and early adult life.
Derivation & validation of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) cut-off value as a diagnostic test for type 2 diabetes in south Indian population
Authors: Mohan Alladi , Reddy S. Aparna , Sachan Alok , Sarma K.V.S. , Kumar D. Prabath , Panchagnula Mahesh V. , Rao P.V.L.N. Srinivasa , Kumar B. Siddhartha , Krishnaprasanthi P.
Published: December 2016

Background & Objectives:

Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) has been in use for more than a decade, as a diagnostic test for type 2 diabetes. Validity of HbA1c needs to be established in the ethnic population in which it is intended to be used. The objective of this study was to derive and validate a HbA1c cut-off value for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in the ethnic population of Rayalaseema area of south India.

Methods:

In this cross-sectional study, consecutive patients suspected to have type 2 diabetes underwent fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2 h post-load plasma glucose (2 h-PG) measurements after a 75 g glucose load and HbA1c estimation. They were classified as having diabetes as per the American Diabetes Association criteria [(FPG ≥7 mmol/l (≥126 mg/dl) and/or 2 h-PG ≥11.1 mmol/l (≥200 mg/dl)]. In the training data set (n = 342), optimum cut-off value of HbA1c for defining type 2 diabetes was derived by receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve method using oral glucose tolerance test results as gold standard. This cut-off was validated in a validation data set (n = 341).

Results:

On applying HbA1c cut-off value of >6.3 per cent (45 mmol/mol) to the training data set, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for diagnosing type 2 diabetes were calculated to be 90.6, 85.2, 80.8 and 93.0 per cent, respectively. When the same cut-off value was applied to the validation data set, sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 88.8, 81.9, 74.0 and 92.7 per cent, respectively, although the latter were consistently smaller than the proportions for the training data set, the differences being not significant.

Interpretation & conclusions:

HbA1c >6.3 per cent (45 mmol/mol) appears to be the optimal cut-off value for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes applicable to the ethnic population of Rayalaseema area of Andhra Pradesh state in south India.
Strictly convergent analytic structures
Authors: Cluckers Raf , Lipshitz Leonard
Published: December 2016

We give conclusive answers to some questions about definability in analytic languages that arose shortly after the work by Denef and van den Dries [DD] on

p

-adic subanalytic sets, and we continue the study of non-archimedean fields with analytic structure of [LR3], [CLR1] and [CL]. We show that the language

{\mathcal L}_K

consisting of the language of valued fields together with all strictly convergent power series over a complete, rank one valued field

K

can be expanded, in a definitional way, to a larger language corresponding to an analytic structure (with separated power series) from [CL], hence inheriting all properties from loc. cit., including geometric properties for the definable sets like certain forms of quantifier elimination. Our expansion comes from adding specific, existentially definable functions, which are solutions of certain henselian systems of equations. Moreover, we show that, even when

K

is algebraically closed, one does not have quantifier elimination in

\mathcal L_K

itself, and hence, passing to expansions is unavoidable in general. We pursue this study in the wider generality of extending non-separated power series rings to separated ones, and give new examples, in particular of the analytic structure over

\mathbb Z[[t]]

that can be interpreted and understood now in all complete valued fields. In a separate direction, we show in rather large generality that Weierstrass preparation implies Weierstrass division.
Hedetniemi's conjecture for uncountable graphs
Authors: Rinot Assaf
Published: December 2016

It is proved that in Gödel's constructible universe, for every infinite successor cardinal

\kappa

, there exist graphs

\mathcal G

and

\mathcal H

of size and chromatic number

\kappa

, for which the product graph

\mathcal G \times \mathcal H

is countably chromatic.

In particular, this provides an affirmative answer to a question of Hajnal from 1985.
Feedback and Assessment Tools for Handoffs: A Systematic Review
Authors: Davis Joshua , Roach Catherine , Elliott Cater , Mardis Matthew , Justice Ellen M. , Riesenberg Lee Ann
Published: December 2016

Background 

Resident handoff communication skills are essential components of medical education training. There are no previous systematic reviews of feedback and evaluation tools for physician handoffs.

Objective 

We performed a systematic review of articles focused on inpatient handoff feedback or assessment tools.

Methods 

The authors conducted a systematic review of English-language literature published from January 1, 2008, to May 13, 2015 on handoff feedback or assessment tools used in undergraduate or graduate medical education. All articles were reviewed by 2 independent abstractors. Included articles were assessed using a quality scoring system.

Results 

A total of 26 articles with 32 tools met inclusion criteria, including 3 focused on feedback, 8 on assessment, and 15 on both feedback and assessment. All tools were used in an inpatient setting. Feedback and/or assessment improved the content or organization measures of handoff, while process and professionalism measures were less reliably improved. The Handoff Clinical Evaluation Exercise or a similar tool was used most frequently. Of included studies, 23% (6 of 26) were validity evidence studies, and 31% (8 of 26) of articles included a tool with behavioral anchors. A total of 35% (9 of 26) of studies used simulation or standardized patient encounters.

Conclusions 

A number of feedback and assessment tools for physician handoffs in several specialties have been studied. Limited research has been done on the studied tools. These tools may assist medical educators in assessing trainees' handoff skills.
Perceptions of Unprofessional Social Media Behavior Among Emergency Medicine Physicians
Authors: Soares William , Shenvi Christina , Waller Nikki , Johnson Reuben , Hodgson Carol S.
Published: December 2016

Background 

Use of social media (SM) by physicians has exposed issues of privacy and professionalism. While guidelines have been created for SM use, details regarding specific SM behaviors that could lead to disciplinary action presently do not exist.

Objective 

To compare State Medical Board (SMB) directors' perceptions of investigation for specific SM behaviors with those of emergency medicine (EM) physicians.

Methods 

A multicenter anonymous survey was administered to physicians at 3 academic EM residency programs. Surveys consisted of case vignettes, asking, “If the SMB were informed of the content, how likely would they be to initiate an investigation, possibly leading to disciplinary action?” (1, very unlikely, to 4, very likely). Results were compared to published probabilities using exact binomial testing.

Results 

Of 205 eligible physicians, 119 (58%) completed the survey. Compared to SMB directors, EM physicians indicated similar probabilities of investigation for themes involving identifying patient images, inappropriate communication, and discriminatory speech. Participants indicated lower probabilities of investigation for themes including derogatory speech (32%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 24–41 versus 46%, P < .05); alcohol intoxication (41%, 95% CI 32–51 versus 73%, P < .05); and holding alcohol without intoxication (7%, 95% CI 3–13 versus 40%, P < .05). There were no significant associations with position, hospital site, years since medical school, or prior SM professionalism training.

Conclusions 

Physicians reported a lower likelihood of investigation for themes that intersect with social identity, compared to SMB directors, particularly for images of alcohol and derogatory speech.
Learning Through Experience: Influence of Formal and Informal Training on Medical Error Disclosure Skills in Residents
Authors: Wong Brian M. , Coffey Maitreya , Nousiainen Markku T. , Brydges Ryan , McDonald-Blumer Heather , Atkinson Adelle , Levinson Wendy , Stroud Lynfa
Published: December 2016

Background 

Residents' attitudes toward error disclosure have improved over time. It is unclear whether this has been accompanied by improvements in disclosure skills.

Objective 

To measure the disclosure skills of internal medicine (IM), paediatrics, and orthopaedic surgery residents, and to explore resident perceptions of formal versus informal training in preparing them for disclosure in real-world practice.

Methods 

We assessed residents' error disclosure skills using a structured role play with a standardized patient in 2012–2013. We compared disclosure skills across programs using analysis of variance. We conducted a multiple linear regression, including data from a historical cohort of IM residents from 2005, to investigate the influence of predictor variables on performance: training program, cohort year, and prior disclosure training and experience. We conducted a qualitative descriptive analysis of data from semistructured interviews with residents to explore resident perceptions of formal versus informal disclosure training.

Results 

In a comparison of disclosure skills for 49 residents, there was no difference in overall performance across specialties (4.1 to 4.4 of 5, P = .19). In regression analysis, only the current cohort was significantly associated with skill: current residents performed better than a historical cohort of 42 IM residents (P < .001). Qualitative analysis identified the importance of both formal (workshops, morbidity and mortality rounds) and informal (role modeling, debriefing) activities in preparation for disclosure in real-world practice.

Conclusions 

Residents across specialties have similar skills in disclosure of errors. Residents identified role modeling and a strong local patient safety culture as key facilitators for disclosure.
Predicting In-State Workforce Retention After Graduate Medical Education Training
Authors: Koehler Tracy J. , Goodfellow Jaclyn , Davis Alan T. , Spybrook Jessaca , vanSchagen John E. , Schuh Lori
Published: December 2016

Background 

There is a paucity of literature when it comes to identifying predictors of in-state retention of graduate medical education (GME) graduates, such as the demographic and educational characteristics of these physicians.

Objective 

The purpose was to use demographic and educational predictors to identify graduates from a single Michigan GME sponsoring institution, who are also likely to practice medicine in Michigan post-GME training.

Methods 

We included all residents and fellows who graduated between 2000 and 2014 from 1 of 18 GME programs at a Michigan-based sponsoring institution. Predictor variables identified by logistic regression with cross-validation were used to create a scoring tool to determine the likelihood of a GME graduate to practice medicine in the same state post-GME training.

Results 

A 6-variable model, which included 714 observations, was identified. The predictor variables were birth state, program type (primary care versus non–primary care), undergraduate degree location, medical school location, state in which GME training was completed, and marital status. The positive likelihood ratio (+LR) for the scoring tool was 5.31, while the negative likelihood ratio (−LR) was 0.46, with an accuracy of 74%.

Conclusions 

The +LR indicates that the scoring tool was useful in predicting whether graduates who trained in a Michigan-based GME sponsoring institution were likely to practice medicine in Michigan following training. Other institutions could use these techniques to identify key information that could help pinpoint matriculating residents/fellows likely to practice medicine within the state in which they completed their training.
Rhythmanalysis of the Policescape: The Promise of an Ecological Turn in the Practice of Soundscape Studies
Authors: Atanasovski Srđan
Published: December 2016

Employing Henri Lefebvre’s concept of rhythmanalysis I argue for an ecological turn in practicing soundscape studies, which would entail putting the subject – the listener, or “rhythmanalysist” – in the centre of research. I offer a critical (post-Marxist) “rhythmanalysis” of soundscape of landscape of “policing” (concept developed following Jacques Rancière).
A Bayesian model to correct underestimated 3-D wind speeds from sonic anemometers increases turbulent components of the surface energy balance
Authors: Frank John M. , Massman William J. , Ewers Brent E.
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Sonic anemometers are the principal instruments in micrometeorological studies of turbulence and ecosystem fluxes. Common designs underestimate vertical wind measurements because they lack a correction for transducer shadowing, with no consensus on a suitable correction. We reanalyze a subset of data collected during field experiments in 2011 and 2013 featuring two or four CSAT3 sonic anemometers. We introduce a Bayesian analysis to resolve the three-dimensional correction by optimizing differences between anemometers mounted both vertically and horizontally. A grid of 512 points (∼ ±5° resolution in wind location) is defined on a sphere around the sonic anemometer, from which the shadow correction for each transducer pair is derived from a set of 138 unique state variables describing the quadrants and borders. Using the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method, the Bayesian model proposes new values for each state variable, recalculates the fast-response data set, summarizes the 5 min wind statistics, and accepts the proposed new values based on the probability that they make measurements from vertical and horizontal anemometers more equivalent. MCMC chains were constructed for three different prior distributions describing the state variables: no shadow correction, the Kaimal correction for transducer shadowing, and double the Kaimal correction, all initialized with 10 % uncertainty. The final posterior correction did not depend on the prior distribution and revealed both self- and cross-shadowing effects from all transducers. After correction, the vertical wind velocity and sensible heat flux increased  ∼ 10 % with  ∼ 2 % uncertainty, which was significantly higher than the Kaimal correction. We applied the posterior correction to eddy-covariance data from various sites across North America and found that the turbulent components of the energy balance (sensible plus latent heat flux) increased on average between 8 and 12 %, with an average 95 % credible interval between 6 and 14 %. Considering this is the most common sonic anemometer in the AmeriFlux network and is found widely within FLUXNET, these results provide a mechanistic explanation for much of the energy imbalance at these sites where all terrestrial/atmospheric fluxes of mass and energy are likely underestimated.
A probabilistic framework for the cover effect in bedrock erosion
Authors: Turowski Jens M. , Hodge Rebecca
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The cover effect in fluvial bedrock erosion is a major control on bedrock channel morphology and long-term channel dynamics. Here, we suggest a probabilistic framework for the description of the cover effect that can be applied to field, laboratory and modelling data and thus allows the comparison of results from different sources. The framework describes the formation of sediment cover as a function of the probability of sediment being deposited on already alleviated areas of the bed. We define benchmark cases and suggest physical interpretations of deviations from these benchmarks. Furthermore, we develop a reach-scale model for sediment transfer in a bedrock channel and use it to clarify the relations between the sediment mass residing on the bed, the exposed bedrock fraction and the transport stage. We derive system time scales and investigate cover response to cyclic perturbations. The model predicts that bedrock channels achieve grade in steady state by adjusting bed cover. Thus, bedrock channels have at least two characteristic time scales of response. Over short time scales, the degree of bed cover is adjusted such that they can just transport the supplied sediment load, while over long time scales, channel morphology evolves such that the bedrock incision rate matches the tectonic uplift or base level lowering rate.
Vorticity-Divergence semi-Lagrangian Global Atmospheric Model
SL-AV20: Dynamical Core
Authors: Tolstykh Mikhail , Shashkin Vladimir , Fadeev Rostislav , Goyman Gordey
Published: December 2016

Abstract. SL-AV (Semi-Lagranginan Absolute Vorticity) is a global atmospheric model. Its latest version SL-AV20 provides global operational medium-range weather forecast with 20 km resolution over Russia. The lower resolution configurations of SL-AV20 are being tested for seasonal prediction and climate modeling. The article presents the model dynamical core. Its main features are vorticity-divergence formulation at the unstaggered grid, high-order finite-difference approximations, semi-Lagrangian semi-implicit discretization and the reduced latitude-longitude grid with variable resolution in latitude. The accuracy of SL-AV20 numerical solutions using reduced lat-lon grid and the variable resolution in latitude is tested with two idealized testcases. The results agree well with other published model solutions. It is shown that the use of the reduced grid having up to 25 % less grid points than the regular grid does not significantly affect the accuracy. Variable resolution in latitude allows to improve the accuracy of solution in the region of interest.
Development of the WRF-CO2 4DVar assimilation system
Authors: Zheng Tao , French Nancy , Baxter Martin
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Regional atmospheric CO2 inversions commonly use Lagrangian particle trajectory model simulations to calculate the required influence function. To provide an alternative, we developed an adjoint based four-dimensional variational (4DVar) assimilation system, WRF-CO2 4DVar. This system is developed based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model system, including WRF-Chem, WRFPLUS, and WRFDA. In WRF-CO2 4DVR, CO2 is modeled as a tracer and its feedback to meteorology is ignored. This configuration allows most WRF physical parameterizations to be used in the assimilation system without incurring a large amount of code development. WRF-CO2 4DVar solves for the optimized CO2 emission scaling factors in a Bayesian framework. Two variational optimization schemes are implemented for the system: the first uses the L-BFGS-B and the second uses the Lanczos conjugate gradient (CG) in an incremental approach. We modified WRFPLUS forward, tangent linear, and adjoint models to include CO2 related processes. The system is tested by simulations over a domain covering the continental United States at 48 km × 48 km grid spacing. The accuracy of the tangent linear and adjoint models are assessed by comparing against finite difference sensitivity. The system's effectiveness for CO2 inverse modeling is tested using pseudo-observation data. The results of the sensitivity and inverse modeling tests demonstrate the potential usefulness of WRF-CO2 4DVar for regional CO2 inversions.
Changes in beach shoreline due to sea level rise and waves under climate change scenarios: application to the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean)
Authors: Enríquez Alejandra R. , Marcos Marta , Álvarez-Ellacuría Amaya , Orfila Alejandro , Gomis Damià
Published: December 2016

Abstract. In this work we assess the impacts in reshaping coastlines as a result of sea level rise and changes in wave climate. The methodology proposed combines the SWAN and SWASH wave models to resolve the wave processes from deep waters up to the swash zone in two micro-tidal sandy beaches in Mallorca Island, Western Mediterranean. In a first step, the modelling approach is validated with observations from wave gauges and from the shoreline inferred from video monitoring stations, showing a good agreement between them. Afterwards, the modelling setup is applied to the 21st century sea level and wave projections under two different climate scenarios, RCP45 and RCP85. Sea level projections were retrieved from state of the art regional estimates, while wave projections were obtained from regional climate models. Changes in the coastline are explored under mean and extreme wave conditions. Our results indicate that the studied beaches would suffer a coastal retreat between 7 and up to 50 m, equivalent to half of the present-day aerial beach surface, under the climate scenarios considered.
English Curriculum Genre: Pedagogic Negotiation Patterns in the Indonesian EFL Classrooms
Authors: Sunardi Sunardi , Tarjana M. Sri Samiati , Tarjana M. Sri Samiati , Poedjosoedarmo Soepomo , Poedjosoedarmo Soepomo , Santosa Riyadi , Santosa Riyadi
Published: December 2016

This study aims at finding the schematic structures of English curriculum genres in Indonesian university context and the patterns of pedagogic negotiation that enact the learning activities. The data of this study were video-taped EFL classrooms taught by non-native English lecturers at six universities in Semarang. The discourses were collected by video recording and transcription, non-participatory observation, and interview. The data were analyzed by referring to the analytical framework of curriculum genre and pedagogic exchanges under systemic functional linguistics (SFL). The findings show that the EFL classrooms are carried out in three general stages: orientation stage, discussion stage, and closure stage. Each stage is operated through several smaller potential steps. In terms of exchange structure, the negotiation between teachers and students occurs more frequently in knowledge-oriented exchanges than action-oriented exchanges. In addition, the teachers use two types of pedagogic exchanges: the triadic pedagogic exchanges and the scaffolded pedagogic exchanges.
Measuring Safety Through the Distance Between System States with the RiskSOAP Indicator
Authors: Chatzimichailidou Mara Mikela , Karanikas Nektarios , Dokas Ioannis
Published: December 2016

Modern engineering systems are complex socio-technical structures with a mission to offer services of high quality, while in parallel ensuring profitability for their owners. However, practice has shown that accidents are inevitable, and the need for the use of systems-theoretic tools to support safety-driven design and operation has been acknowledged. As indicated in accident investigation reports, the degradation of risk situation awareness (SA) usually leads to safety issues. However, the literature lacks a methodology to compare existing systems with their ideal composition, which is likely to enhance risk SA. To fill this gap, the risk SA provision (RiskSOAP) is a comparison-based methodology and goes through three stages: (1) determine the desired/ideal system composition, (2) identify the as-is one(s), (3) employ a comparative strategy to depict the distance between the compared units. RiskSOAP embodies three methods: STPA (System Theoretic Process Analysis), EWaSAP (Early Warning Sign Analysis) and dissimilarity measures. The practicality, applicability and generality of RiskSOAP is demonstrated through its application to three case studies. The purpose of this work is to suggest the RiskSOAP indicator as a measure for safety in terms of the gap between system design and operation, thus increasing system’s risk SA. RiskSOAP can serve as a criterion for planning system modifications or selecting between alternative systems, and can support the design, development, operation and maintenance of safe systems.
Implementation of a Performance Evaluation System for Nondestructive Testing Methods
Authors: Algernon Daniel , Feistkorn Sascha , Scherrer Michael
Published: December 2016

Nondestructive Testing (NDT) is an important means to ensure structural integrity and safe operation of components in many industries, as for example nuclear power plants, aerospace or civil engineering. Within the qualification of Nondestructive Testing personnel as well as validation of NDT procedures, practical demonstrations on test blocks with realistic flaws play a key role. Adequate test pieces need to be designed according to specific criteria such as quantity, shape, orientation, size and position of the test flaws, depending on the requirements of the national codes and standards in the specific industries. The performance of the candidates and inspection systems is quantified and analyzed with respect to criteria, such as detection, positioning, characterization as well as length and height sizing of flaws. Statistic measures are applied to express the resulting accuracy and overall performance. The indication reports obtained from different candidates contain ample information, which might not appear evident at first sight. The complexity of the situation requires an intelligent extraction of the information from the data. An analysis tool IndEva was developed to handle this complexity and provide an accurate, detailed and reliable evaluation of inspection systems and personnel. Besides the plain evaluation regarding the fulfilment of the qualification requirements, critical test flaws as well as test block sections, which are likely to cause false positive indications can be identified. Statistic results display the dependency of the system performance on various parameters and parameter combinations to provide a clear picture of the performance. Country-specific evaluation standards can be applied and compared, especially with regard to the continuous improvement of the qualification methodology.
POD and GUM Universal Methods for Making Safety Measurable
Authors: Feistkorn Sascha , Algernon Daniel , Scherrer Michael
Published: December 2016

Various non-destructive testing (NDT) methods such as ultrasounds (UT) or eddy current (ET) have been established for in-service inspections (ISI) or for condition assessment in different kind of industries such as in the nuclear or aerospace business. Another example for a common NDT inspection task is the detection of tendon ducts in the field of civil engineering (CE) using Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) as well as the determination of its lateral and depth position. Therefore, the detection limits of the used inspection system, which depends on the depth position and the number of tendon ducts and distances between them, has to be well known. One approach to determine the limits of detection is the application of the POD method (probability of detection) as a universal procedure, which excludes the human factor and calculates the a90/95 value and other characteristic parameters. With this information, different inspection systems can be compared objectively to choose the most suitable NDT-system for each individual inspection task. To distinguish between a real variation in the tendon duct position and the accuracy of the inspection system, the knowledge about the uncertainty of measurement is required. To determine the accuracy of the selected NDT-system, the GUM procedure (guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement) has been established and provides a statistical evaluated result in form of the measurement result and its expanded uncertainty. This article introduces a procedure using the example of tendon duct detection (POD) and depth position description (GUM) in concrete with Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR). Finally, the universal application of both methods (POD and GUM) in different fields of industries is illustrated by some examples.
How Completely and Similarly Do Safety Authorities Address Hazards Posed by New Technology? A Paradigm from Small-drone Operations
Authors: Plioutsias Anastasios , Karanikas Nektarios , Chatzimichailidou Maria Mikela
Published: December 2016

The continuous increase of accident and incident reports has indicated the potential of drones to threaten public safety. The published regulatory framework for small drones is not visibly based on a comprehensive hazard analysis. Also, a variety in the constraints imposed by different regulatory frameworks across the globe might impede market growth and render small-drone operations even more complicated since light drones might be easily transferred and operated in various regions with diverse restrictions. In our study we applied the Systems-Theoretic Process Analysis (STPA) method to small-drone operations and we generated a first set of Safety Requirements (SR) for the authority, manufacturer, end-user and automation levels. Under the scope of this paper, we reviewed 56 drone regulations published by different authorities, and performed (1) a gap analysis against the 57 SRs derived by STPA for the authority level, and (2) Intra-Class Correlations in order to examine the extent of their harmonization. The results suggest that the regulations studied satisfy 5.3% to 66.7% of the SRs, and they are moderately similar. The harmonization is even lower when considering the range of values of various SRs addressed by the authorities. The findings from the drones’ case show that regulators might not similarly and completely address hazards introduced by new technology; such a condition might affect safety and impede the distribution and use of products in the international market. A timely and harmonized standardization based on a systematic hazard analysis seems crucial for tackling the challenges stemmed from technological advancements, especially the ones available to the public.
The Influence of Indonesian National and Military Organisational Culture on Safety Management Systems
Authors: Rachman Medi , Mees Bernard , Fry Simon
Published: December 2016

This paper examines the influence of Indonesian national and military organisational culture on the adoption and implementation of the Safety Management System (SMS) that is predominantly based on Western concepts of management. The influence of national culture on a military organisational culture, the perception and behaviour of the military members, and how management handles safety issues in the organisation were investigated and identified. To discover and understand the basic assumptions of a culture that drive people to a particular behaviour, a qualitative research design, encompassing multiple case studies, was adopted for this study. Analysis of the findings shows that the Indonesian military culture has been much influenced by its national culture. Moreover, the unique characteristics of the Indonesian national and military culture have significant influences on military SMS. Harmony, politeness, hierarchical systems, authoritarian structures, the military class system and the ‘can-do’ culture are some of the cultural factors that impede the promotion of safety culture as well as the implementation of the SMS within the Indonesian military organisation. In addition to those cultural factors, the lack of safety education and training has created an environment in which individual safety awareness is disregarded. The results of this study demonstrate that cultural factors are one of the crucial factors that must be integrated into the organisation’s system in order to achieve safety.
Safety; a system state or property?
Authors: Stoop John
Published: December 2016

Safety is frequently addressed as an emergent property of complex and dynamic systems. This contribution advocates the validity and importance of incorporating intrinsic technological hazards and systemic interrelations from a multi-actor perspective in the early phases of design and development. This perspective creates inherent properties in various system states, which may manifest themselves as emergent properties during operations. These safety properties are based on their business models, selectively focusing on primary system components such as infrastructure, vehicles or traffic management. Experiences with major aviation and railway projects highlight the potential of engineering design approaches such as multidisciplinary design optimization, value engineering and vectorial state/space modelling. Such an approach has high change potential for a specific category of high energy density complex socio-technical systems. Management System (SMS) that is predominantly based on Western concepts of management. The influence of national culture on a military organisational culture, the perception and behaviour of the military members, and how management handles safety issues in the organisation were investigated and identified. To discover and understand the basic assumptions of a culture that drive people to a particular behaviour, a qualitative research design, encompassing multiple case studies, was adopted for this study. Analysis of the findings shows that the Indonesian military culture has been much influenced by its national culture. Moreover, the unique characteristics of the Indonesian national and military culture have significant influences on military SMS. Harmony, politeness, hierarchical systems, authoritarian structures, the military class system and the ‘can-do’ culture are some of the cultural factors that impede the promotion of safety culture as well as the implementation of the SMS within the Indonesian military organisation. In addition to those cultural factors, the lack of safety education and training has created an environment in which individual safety awareness is disregarded. The results of this study demonstrate that cultural factors are one of the crucial factors that must be integrated into the organisation’s system in order to achieve safety.
A JUVENTUDE CARÍSMÁTICA DE LONDRINA: MEIOS DE APROXIMAÇÃO COM O MOVIMENTO
Authors: Boschini Douglas Alexandre , Neves da Silva Claudia
Published: December 2016

O presente artigo tem por objetivo discutir as relações entre a Renovação Carismática Católica e a juventude participante dos grupos de oração na cidade de Londrina – PR. Desde sua origem, a RCC demostrou interesse na juventude, suas ações e atividades costumam em geral ser desenvolvidas de modo a agradar e consequentemente agregar os jovens católicos. A Renovação Carismática Católica trouxe consigo maiores possibilidades e espaços para a atuação dos fiéis, proporcionando a eles uma sensação de maior participação e poder de ação, deixando de exigir somente a crença e a obediência como ocorria/ocorre nos ritos tradicionais das missas católicas, mas utilizando de maneiras diferentes a capacidade de interação de seus fiéis. Para compreender o caminho pelo qual a juventude se junta a este movimento foram realizadas entrevistas com jovens integrantes do movimento carismático de Londrina, já que este se tornou um importante fator de agregação da juventude, que permitiu a busca por uma identidade que possa defini-los ao mesmo tempo em que possa ser compartilhada.
Unmaking a Criminal: Representations of Appalachia and the Failed Mobilization of the Edith Maxwell Trials
Authors: Huff Jamie
Published: December 2016

This article analyzes public responses to the murder trials of Edith Maxwell in 1935–1936. Discourses surrounding the case largely relied on stereotypical views of Appalachia to frame the case and the larger issues of domestic violence and gender-exclusionary jury laws. Edith Maxwell was a young teacher from a small town in Appalachian Virginia tried for the murder of her father, who she claimed was abusive. Using newspaper coverage, petitions for pardon, and materials circulated by the National Woman’s Party (NWP) in support of Maxwell, the article demonstrates that each group used Appalachian stereotypes to displace the problem of domestic violence onto the region. Ultimately, this displacement allowed for Maxwell’s pardon. However, the persistent focus on Appalachia resulted in a failure of the case to induce more lasting legal change concerning domestic violence and gender-exclusionary jury laws.
The Long-Term Effects of a Coal Waste Disaster on Social Trust in Eastern Kentucky Updated
Authors: Scott Shaunna L. , Westgate Philip M. , McSpirit Stephanie
Published: December 2016

This research note follows up a study of the immediate impact of an October 2000 coal waste disaster on social trust, community attachment, and risk perception in Martin County, Kentucky. This research study explores whether the negative social impacts of the October 2000 disaster in Martin County have persisted in the longer term. Specifically, it analyzes two waves of survey data Martin County (2001 and 2011) and Perry County, Kentucky (2001 and 2013), which served as the comparison or ‘control’ in the original study. This study finds that even though the disaster-stricken county’s trust levels have not rebounded to the level of the ‘control’ case, levels of trust in the directly impacted community have increased significantly over the ten-year time period. Trust levels in the non-impacted area have not increased, with the exception of trust in corporations, which increased in both communities.
George Orwell’s 1984: The Polish Chapter in Light of the PIASA Archives
Authors: Dorosz Beata
Published: December 2016

The article reveals an unknown fact of the Polish translation of the famous political novel 1984 by George Orwell and its radio adaptation by Polish émigré poet, Jan Lechoń. (The manuscript of the translation along with the adaptation is deposited in Jan Lechoń’s archives at the PIASA.) This radio program appeared on the air of ‘The Voice of America’ in November 1949. Notwithstanding the fact that Juliusz Mieroszewski’s translation of the novel (issued in Paris in 1953) is still perceived as its first presentation in Polish, the article clearly proves that Lechoń’s translation and adaptation had preceded the Paris edition by four years. The article discusses complex reasons why Lechoń decided on working on this piece of literature and arrives at the conclusion that it was political motivation that prevailed. It demonstrates some analogies of the novel’s threads and the poet’s personal life. It argues how important this piece of the author’s unknown work is for literary researchers.