bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural Interventions for Conservation of the 15th Century Tahtakale Bath, Tire, Turkey
Authors: Murtezaoğlu Fulya , Kaplan Çağlayan Deniz , İpekoğlu Başak
Published: October 2010

Tahtakale Bath, which is located in the town of Tire in the province of İzmir, Turkey, was constructed in the 15th.century and is one of the outstanding existing examples of Ottoman period baths. The building, which was designed as a double bath, was considerably damaged because of inaccurate interventions after losing its original function, lack of maintenance and natural circumstances. The parts which were reused have considerably lost their original characteristics. This study aims to introduce the construction technique of Tahtakale Bath, which was studied in the scope of a restoration project, and to present the studies on the determination of structural problems, structural strengthening decisions and implementations.
Strengthening implementations were carried out in the bathing spaces of the men’s section and felt workshop of the building depending on decisions of the restoration project. The original construction technique and materials of the walls, superstructure and architectural details of the building were consolidated by appropriate restoration decisions and implementation works.
Restoration of the Tsar-Bell Pedestal in the Moscow Kremlin
Authors: Shilin Andrew , Zaitsev Michail , Kirilenko Alexey , Fabijansky Leonid
Published: October 2010

The report contains brief historic and technical information about the Tsar-Bell as well as the structure of its pedestal and gives a detailed description of the instrumental inspection performed to assess structural state of the monument which included examination of the pedestal broad stone/brick masonry and metal fixing elements, check drilling and probing. The inspection results set up the basis for the restoration works.
The authors describe basic technical solutions for strengthening of the pedestal foundation and underlying soil providing structural stability and protection. Some of the solutions were tried out before to strengthen foundations of old historic buildings and cultural heritage monuments.
Restoration procedure of the pedestal superstructure is explained in detail including refurbishment of its metal elements, internal and external lining, special drainage systems installed under the pedestal.
It must be noted that the main idea of this interesting project was to choose appropriate technical solutions and materials which allowed not only to restore the monument but also to preserve its historic appearance.
Repair and Rehabilitation Works in the Moscow State Conservatory
Authors: Shilin Andrew , Gaponov Vitaly , Nikitin Victor , Kartuzov Dmitry
Published: October 2010

The report contains brief historical information as well as structural description of the building. Results of the detailed inspection and structural state assessment of external and internal walls, floors and roof frame are given. These results were assumed as the basis for rehabilitation works to secure further safe operation of the building.
The authors give their technical solution for strengthening of external brick walls and attic space with the help of micro-cement and epoxy injections. A repair option is described to strengthen the brickwork near the roof tension bars with low-viscosity epoxy injections and subsequent application of cement-based repair mortar and gluing carbon-fiber sheets.
They also introduce their design of roof and attic load-distribution system consisting of cross-beams and steel tension bars as well as propose their solutions for strengthening brick vaults and columns in the basement with CFRP materials.
Permanent Plan of the Safeguards Sectors in Algeria (PPMVSS): The Case of Algiers Old Urban Nucleus
Authors: Abdessemed-Foufa Amina , Zekagh Abdelwahab , Merouani Houria
Published: October 2010

In Algeria, several old urban nuclei are decayed or severely damaged. Numerous are the factors related to these damages: the age of constructions (many centuries), the bad or absence of maintenance, the natural disaster (earthquake, landslide, and floods) and sometimes the abandonment.
Since 2003, the law 98-03 related to the preservation of cultural heritage and its application decree was implemented. In fact the first safeguard sector plan in Algeria was applied to the Casbah of Algiers which is classified as a World Heritage. This old urban nucleus presents an important decay. The different problems related to its aspect are principally the age of constructions; some of them date from the 10th century and the majority of the 16th; the absence of maintenance and recently in 2003 the impact of the earthquake.
The project is still under investigation and is established by the CNERU Group (National Center in Urban Research and Studies). Furthermore the work on these areas was done under constraints. The Casbah of Algiers is a World Cultural Heritage, what induced us the installation of emergency measures (propping up), then in parallel an in situ investigation in order to determine the vulnerability of constructions was done (minor and major inheritance, houses and buildings) in order to elaborate the manual of rehabilitation and the safeguard plan and its regulation. This paper presents the adopted methodologies in this area and the different actions as the emergency measures, the constructions propping up and the manual of rehabilitation.
Composite Constructions of Timber and High-Performance Concrete
Authors: Kieslich Hubertus , Holschemacher Klaus
Published: October 2010

Currently Timber-Concrete Composite (TCC) Constructions are often applied for strengthening existing timber beam slabs. The load bearing capacity of the composite construction is primarily affected by the material properties of the timber beam and the concrete slab. But the type of bond between both parts is also of high importance. The concrete slab has to perform several tasks, not only in load carrying direction of the ceiling but also perpendicular to the direction of span or for stiffening the whole building. These tasks will be pointed out in this paper. Furthermore the working process (easy workable mixture and exchange of conventional reinforcement) and the dead load of the construction are of particular interest in the field of redevelopment. Several innovative concretes have been verified for the use in TCC constructions. Regarding their fresh and hardened concrete properties, they all can be described as High Performance Concretes (HPC). In this paper Self Compacting Concrete (SCC), Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC), Structural Lightweight Concrete (SLWC), High Strength Concrete (HSC) or combinations of them will be focused. Especially the advantages but also the disadvantages of innovative concretes for the use in TCC will be presented as well as the results of some experimental investigations.
Preliminary Study on Memorial Archways in Ancient Huizhou of China
Authors: Chen Tao , Wei Ze Neng
Published: October 2010

During Ming (1368-1644) and Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), many memorial archways were built in ancient Huizhou. They were regarded as culture symbols of Chinese ancient architectures. Owing to the natural and man-made disasters, many of them vanished with time. Today, in total 129 memorial archways scatter in the ancient Huizhou district. In this paper, the origin, development and culture connotation of Huizhou memorial archways are discussed with examples of existing ones. At last, several risks to these memorial archways are presented, which can be categorized as natural reasons, including weathering, flood and landslide etc., and man-made reasons such as demolition, influences of adjacent modern constructions. Several risks were illustrated with example of Tangyue Memorial Archway group, which indicates the urgency of conservation.
A Study on the Bond Strength between Rebar and Concrete after Electrochemical Realkalisation Treatment for Carbonated Concrete
Authors: Qu Wen Jun , Wang Kun , Xiong Yan
Published: October 2010

During the electrochemical realkalisation treatment for carbonated concrete, the bond strength between rebar and concrete was changed duo to the physical and chemical action. The pull-out test was used to study the effect of current density on the bond strength between rebar and concrete. The realkalisated products of the concrete were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Test results show that after electrochemical realkalisation treatment (ERT), the bond strength of reinforced concrete increases; The current density has the significant effect on the bond strength; The amount of sodium silicate of the concrete is changed after ERT, Due to the increment of the sodium silicate that can increase the bond strength between the concrete and the rebar, it makes for the increase of the bond strength.
Domination of Commercial Patents in the Evolution of Early Reinforced Concrete: Case-Study of the Region of Brussels
Authors: Hellebois Armande , Espion Bernard
Published: October 2010

The advent and early developments of reinforced concrete were related to national patenting. This paper proposes an in-depth study of the logic of reinforced concrete patents at the turn of the 20th century, based on the case of Belgium. Before the First World War, a considerable number of systems were patented by private inventors for commercial purposes. Patents on reinforced concrete constitute today a primary source of information, both for their technical content and for the assessment of the market penetration of the innovative material. The scientific reliability of these patents is variable and ranges from the rational to the unrealistic. Propagation of reinforced concrete occurred following international trends, such as Hennebique or Monier, or by local inventors, mainly building contractors. Reinforced concrete started to be considered as a structural material after the French engineering standard of 1906, adopted by Belgium. Moreover, examining these patents helps to understand the structural specificities of the early phase of reinforced concrete. Therefore, this study enhances the conservation process of such construction.
Parametric Modeling of Typical Chinese Traditional Buildings on the Basis of 3DSMax Script
Authors: Wang Wan , Xie Bu Ying
Published: October 2010

3D modelling is an important way in simulating of historical building. Modelling methods based on laser-scanned data and automated image-based techniques are commonly used recently. In this paper, modelling method based on parametric description is proposed. One prominent feature of traditional Chinese architecture is its modular system. By studying typical structures and components of Chinese traditional buildings, parameters of different structures are summarized and simplified to establish the reasonable model. Then, the process of programming a 3D modelling system using 3DSMax script language is discussed. Through this method, after choosing the type of traditional buildings and entering necessary parameters, 3D model with different type and size can be created automatically and efficiently. The research of this paper could provide a new way of establishing 3D model for building’s virtual reconstruction and walkthrough.
Experimental Studies of Reinforced Concrete Column Capacity Affected by Core Drilling
Authors: Zhu Lei , Xu Qing Feng , Li Xiang Min , Zhu Chun Ming
Published: October 2010

The paper presents the experimental studies of reinforced concrete column (RC column) capacity affected by core drilling. By testing three groups (9 total) of full scale concrete short columns, the experiment demonstrates that the axial compression capacity of RC columns after core drilling is reduced from 5.63% to 22.14% while the ultimate displacement decreases from 1.88% to 26.14%. The behavior of columns is altered from the axial compression failure to a small-eccentricity compression failure. The paper summarizes experiment results, followed by an investigation of the dominant factors, such as column effective cross section, drilling location, drilled hole repairing and reinforcing steels discontinued by drilling, that have impact on RC column capacity. The rationale of capacity variations of RC columns due to core drilling is also investigated.
The Effect of the Realkalisation on the Corroded Reinforcing Bar
Authors: Qu Wen Jun , Wang Kun , Xiong Yan
Published: October 2010

This work is aimed at answering the question that whether the realkalisation as a rehabilitation method is effective on the corroded reinforced concrete structure or not. To this aim, the behaviour in a sodium carbonated solution whose concentration is 0.5 mol/L of reinforcing bars from an reinforced concrete structure that failed through carbonation after 70 years of service life is examined. The results show the electrochemical reaction on the rebar is closely related with the surface state of reinforcing bar electrode. During the electrochemical realkalisation treatment, the reduction of ferric oxide or ferrous oxide formed on the surface of reinforcing bar will occur in company with the producing of H2; The realkalisation treatment not only resumes the alkalescence of the carbonated concrete , but also rehabilitates the corroded reinforcing bar by reducing the rust to iron. The electrochemical realkalisation treatment is a rehabilitation method and has a repairing effect on some extent of corroded reinforcing bar.
Compressive Stress Strain Relationship of Wood Confined with Fiber Composite Sheets
Authors: Song Xiao Bin , Tang Hong Yong , Zhang Wei Ping , Gu Xiang Lin
Published: October 2010

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the compressive stress-strain relationship of wood confined with fiber composite sheets. Wood cylinders confined with carbon fiber composite sheets along full length were tested by compression load. The tests considered up to three layers of fiber sheets. The results will be used to verify a numerical analysis model, which will be further used to conduct a parametric study of the influential factors. The generated knowledge can be used as reference for strengthening designs of historical timber structures using fiber reinforcing products.
New Method for Surveying and Mapping Architectural Plane In-House with Laser Reticule Images
Authors: Li Xiang , Gu Xiang Lin , Song Xiao Bin , Wang Jian Nan
Published: October 2010

Surveying and mapping the appearance of architecture plane is a supporting technology of historic buildings. To meet the need of plan survey in-house, a new close-range photogrammetry method was developed by laser reticule system. With the help of the system, two parallel level lines and eight vertical laser lines can be marked on the surface of inner walls. When the relationship between the distance from a vertical line and the length of the same line on an image picture is studied, the spatial location of room corners and some characteristic points on the images can be determined. Based on the photogrammetry and plane table operation method, architectural plane mapping can be done easily following a set of laser reticule images which were shot in situ closed by a non-metric digital camera. More details of historic buildings can be recorded on drawing sheets and images monogamy at the same time by using the proposed method, which are the basic information for the structural analysis of historic buildings.
The Structural Analysis of the Historical Constructions of West China Campus-Sichuan University
Authors: Luo L.L. , Xie Z.T. , Wu T. , Wang Y.W. , Xiao C.B. , Ling C.J.
Published: October 2010

A group of buildings in West China Campus-Sichuan University (The Atherton Building for Biology and preventive Medicine, The Lamont Library and Harvard-Yenching Museum, and The Whiting Memorial Administration Building) featured both in Chinese and Western styles were built by five western churches together in 1910, under the name of “Private West China United University”. To protect the buildings, the authors tested the strength of materials taken from the buildings and inspected the buildings in site to evaluate the structure of the historical constructions. The authors suggested protective measures which were adopted in the rehabilitation to the buildings and evaluated the repair effect by the method of Field Vibration Test. Through the test, inspection, analysis and evaluation of the buildings, lots of information data of historical constructions have been accumulated.
Progressive Collapse Evaluation for Historic Building Structures
Authors: Lin Feng , Wang Ying , Gu Xiang Lin , Zhao Xin Yuan
Published: October 2010

Important historic buildings may be subjected to accidental loads during their service life. It is therefore necessary not only to evaluate their safety under traditional loads and seismic action (only in earthquake area), but also to evaluate the structural performance of resisting progressive collapse. For historic buildings, two aspects make them different from the modern buildings: the material properties are usually deteriorated to some extent, and the structural system/constructions may not meet the requirements of current design and construction codes. Considering such aspects, a method consisting of four steps to evaluate the performance of the historic buildings to resist progressive collapse is presented in this paper. Firstly, the building layout should be evaluated whether it can protect the occupants from the possible explosion. Secondly, geometrical information, structural constructions and the material properties are to be investigated in details. Thirdly, by means of tie force method and the alternate path method the performance of the structure is analyzed to resist progressive collapse. The load combinations used in the analysis are derived based on the expected service life of the structure. The failure criteria for the structural elements as well as the damage limits for the structure follow the provisions addressed in American Unified Facilities Criteria “Design of Structure to Resist Progressive Collapse” (UFC 4-023-03). Finally, based on the above information an overall evaluation is made for the probably structural retrofitting and strengthening. This method is illustrated with a case study of a steel frame historic building, namely the Bund 18 building, in Shanghai, China. Some suggestions for retrofitting and strengthening this building are also presented.
Experimental Research on Seismic Behavior of Non-Rigid Steel Beam-Column Connections with Concrete Cover
Authors: Jiang Li Xue , Zhou Feng , Zheng Qiao Wen
Published: October 2010

Four steel beam-column connections were tested under cyclic loads to investigate effects of the concrete cover and the cast-in-situ slabs on the failure modes, stiffness, load-carrying capacity, ductility and energy-dissipation capacity. The test results show that the stiffness and bending strength of the non-rigid steel connections are significantly increased due to the presence of concrete cover and the cast-in-situ slabs can further enhance the connections. Moreover, the connection with slab is prone to debonding failure along beam-slab interface resulting in a remarkable decrease of the stiffness and strength. Practical methods are also presented for analyzing and assessing the steel frames with non-rigid connections considering effects of concrete cover.
Lime-Based Materials and Practices for Surface Refitting of Cultural Heritage
Authors: Dai Shi Bing , Wang Jin Hua , Hu Yuan , Zhang De Bing
Published: October 2010

The surface of cultural heritage and façade of historic buildings represent most values. The conservation of such surfaces need special cares, because most of them are non-structural exposed to extreme weather conditions. The refitting and consolidation delaminated surface were carried out using organic resins, like epoxy resins or cement suspension. However the evaluation in the recent years show such kinds of materials are not chemically compatible with historical materials. Based on inspection on cracks of Huashan’s Pictographs and other historic buildings in Shanghai and Hangzhou, a new system composed of adhesives and injection grouts based on natural hydraulic lime (NHL) has been developed for refitting and rehabilitation of delaminated surfaces made of natural stones, plaster and bricks. The laboratory researches and trial areas on site have shown the adhesives based on modified NHL have sufficient bonding strength to hold delaminated stone slices and blocks. Furthermore, they show slow setting and carbonation process, almost same heat expansion coefficient as the lime stone and inorganic historical materials. After exposure of 135days on site, the trial areas show neither cracking nor efflorescence. The application of developed adhesives and injection grouts in the restoration work of historic Shanghai plaster gates of Jiuxinli in Hangzhou, Zhejinag Province, has been observed positively. Because of high performance and competitive price against organic resins, they are expected to be an optimal material system in the future for façade restoration of architectural heritage and monuments.
Behavior of Circular Concrete Columns Repaired with Steel Bars and Wire Mesh-Mortar
Authors: Li Feng Feng , Wu Xiao Yong , Zhou Yan , Lu Xiao Hua , Xiong Guang Jing
Published: October 2010

In order to increase the strengthening efficiency of steel bar mat-mortar (BM) jacket and wire mesh-mortar (WM) jacket around existed circular concrete columns, an attempt to strengthen the columns with hybrid bar mat-wire mesh-mortar (HBWM) jacket was proposed. A comparatively experimental study on axial compression behaviors of concrete columns wrapped with three different strengthening systems, namely BM, HWBM and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) was performed. The experiment results showed that much more cracks appeared in HWBM columns compared with those in BM columns. As a result, on the premise that the concrete compressive strength of the HWBM columns increased 90% compared with that of the BM columns, the ductility of the HWBM columns reached about twice as that of the BM columns. The increase of the concrete compressive strength of CFRP strengthened columns was higher than those of HWBM and BM strengthened columns. The ductility of CFRP strengthened columns, however, was obviously lower than that of HWBW columns.
From Simple Roof Structure Calculus Based on 2D Modelling to 3D Models–Case Study: Reformed Church in Cluj-N., Romania
Authors: Makay Dorottya , Sándor Boróka , Bordás B. , Blénesi Zs
Published: October 2010

Computer aided modelling, software options, as well as hardware performances have developed rapidly in the last several decades. Though the time required for building up a holistic 3D mechanical computer model for a baroque roof structure decreased significantly, it may be worth to stop at simple calculus, 2D or limited 3D modelling level, in various cases. Conclusions of the present lecture aim to identify the accuracy and reliability of the 4 levels of modelling. The recommendations formulated intend to identify the appropriate level of research according to the span, historic roof-type and state of decay of a given roof that is to be conserved. Research schemes are also suggested, aiming to offer an efficient tool for experts and engineers according to the complexity of the assessment.
Remediation of Historic Buildings and Patrimony by Bacterially Induced Mineralization
Authors: Li Pei Hao , Qu Wen Jun
Published: October 2010

Laboratory experiments were conducted to protect and consolidate historic architectural heritages by bacterially induced carbonate mineralization on the surface of samples of marble and concrete. Some properties of samples and mineral, such as the composition and growth of the mineral deposited on samples, porosity or pore size distribution of samples, the efficiency of protection, the bond behavior between the deposited mineral and substratum, were analyzed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry and ultrasonic test. The results show that the phases of mineral crystal are calcite and vaterite, and the calcium source has an effect on the phase of calcium carbonate mineralization and precipitation. Bacteria act as nucleation sites in the course of precipitation of the mineral crystallization, and the crystal is deposited uniformly on the surface and subsurface of the matrix. The precipitation has no significant effect on the pore size distribution of the matrix, but results in a decrease of porosity, and mineral crystals are strongly attached to the substratum. Bacterial mineralization for remediation of historic buildings can be an ecological and novel alternative to traditional techniques.
Performance-Based Seismic Evaluation of Historical Buildings
Authors: Cui Wei , Zhang Wei Ping , Gu Xiang Lin
Published: October 2010

In this paper, limit state criteria for safety evaluation of historical buildings according to different target period of usage were introduced briefly. The effect of beam-column connection and the contribution of bricks surrounded columns and infill masonry walls on the seismic behavior of the historical buildings were identified based on calculation results. Main features of performance-based seismic evaluation method, including classification of importance of historical buildings, determination of target period of usage and performance index, were discussed. An engineering project was discussed to illustrate the evaluation procedures, and verify the effectiveness of the evaluation method.
System Based Seismic Strengthening Design Analysis for a Historic Building
Authors: Wang Lu , Peng Ya Ping , Gu Xiang Lin , Cui Wei , Zhang Wei Ping
Published: October 2010

In system based seismic strengthening design, the redistribution of inner forces brought by the change of structural members can be considered, which is very important to guarantee the safety of a strengthened structure. Using SAP2000, the seismic behavior of a historic building was analyzed. After that, a system based seismic strengthening plan and a member based seismic strengthening plan were proposed. And the seismic behaviors of the building before and after strengthening were compared. The results show that the seismic behavior of the building can be improved with the system based seismic strengthening and the style and the feature of the building can be protected well.
Development and Application of Reliability Assessment Software for Historic Masonry Structures
Authors: Gu Xiang Lin , Sun Dong Jie , Sun Kai , Hu Guang Hong
Published: October 2010

Most of the existing historic buildings are masonry buildings in China. Among them, some of buildings have served for a long time, their mechanical performance deteriorated significantly. They need to be inspected thoroughly and assessed accurately for the purpose of protection. However, there is still no available engineering software designed for the reliability assessment of existing historic masonry structures. Therefore, a Masonry Assessment software Package with three modules of pre-processing, core analyzing, and post-processing was developed based on the characteristics of historic masonry building structures. In this paper, the development technology for the software is introduced, and the suitability of the software is verified through the application of the software in a real historic masonry building.
Steel Frame Construction Technology in Ottoman Architecture and “Metro Khan”
Authors: Yergün Uzay , Çelebioğlu Banu
Published: October 2010

From the first quarter of the 18th century, an expansion to European civilization was beginning in Ottoman Empire and with Tanzimat period, this westernization fact had transformed to a fundamental innovation act in the structure of the state and society. European capital image gained by İstanbul created a symbolic view of change. However, a contradiction of traditional urban tissue, consisted by the timber buildings, necessitated a fundamental change in the urban and architectural structure. According to this aim, new building types which were necessary for the Tanzimat reforms (a period of time of political reforms during the Ottoman sultanate of Abdulmecid (r.1839-61) began to be constructed by the European architectural design models, with modern building materials and production technologies.
In this context, construction technologies like jack arches, steel framework, fer-concrete and reinforced concrete, which are formed with structural materials like modern brick, iron beam, and concrete, are the factors of formation of the historical development process of the Ottoman architecture after the first years of the 19th century.
From the middle of 19th century, use of the “steel beam” was beginning in the building product technology, depending on the evolution of the industrial metal technology in European countries. Technological level of the steel construction after “Jack Arch”, which is formed with the iron beam, has brought new expansions to the building production. As from the first years of the 20th century, buildings constructed by steel construction technology began to take place in Ottoman architecture.
In this paper, the place of the steel-framed building technology in Ottoman architecture, especially the steel frame construction in the Tanzimat period buildings and their architectural design criteria will be presented. Besides, the conclusions based on the comparisons of structural and architectural design with the European architecture buildings will be indicated.
“Metro Khan”, dated 1914, is the first building that was erected with this construction technology. This building is constructed as an administration and station building of the under ground train, named “Tünel”, which connects Pera and İstanbul Seaport. This paper traces the importance of the building in terms of conservation and cultural values, while benefiting from its characteristic architecture and static projects.
Gothic Structural Theories Ca. 1930: The Contribution of Victor Sabouret
Authors: Tarrío Isabel
Published: October 2010

In the second half of the 19th century, the French architect Viollet-le-Duc published his Dictionnaire raisonné de l’Architecture Française. In this work he proposes, for the first time, a rational theory about gothic structures based on the existence of “active” and “passive” elements: vaults are made of passive webs supported by active ribs; pinnacles contribute, in an active way, to the stability of the buttresses; flying buttresses transfer the load from the vault, etc. Until 1900 Viollet-le-Duc’s approach to the structural behaviour of gothic constructions was a dogma unanimously accepted by most architects, archaeologists and historians, but throughout the following two decades it became the object of harsh criticism. Discussion about the way gothic structures worked reached its climax at the end of the 1920’s, when the engineer Victor Sabouret published his first article against Viollet-le-Duc’s rationalist ideas, entitled Les voûtes d'arêtes nervurées. Rôle simplement décoratif des nervures. He specifically focused his discourse on the behaviour of vaults: on the decorative as opposed to structural or constructive function of the ribs. Although his arguments are mistaken and inaccurate in some aspects, he had an enormous influence over subsequent generations, and a large number of studies in the field were published throughout the years following this publication. Authors of such studies include Marcel Aubert, Henri Focillon and Henri Masson, whose publications revealed their disagreement with both theories, as well as Pol Abraham, who was in complete opposition to Viollet-le-Duc. In this paper, the Limit Analysis of the modern theory of masonry structures, formulated by J. Heyman in the 1960’s, is used to evaluate the accuracy and suitability of Sabouret’s criticisms to the rationalist theories.
The Suspension Iron Bridge of the Early 19th Century Villa Borghese in Florence (Italy)
Authors: Cecchi Alberto , Passerini Alessio , Salvestrini Daniele
Published: October 2010

Between the 1825 and the 1828, Antonio Carcopino, an engineer, designed a suspension iron cable bridge: this fact shows the interest of the Borghese family for the technological innovations of the 18th and of 19th century.
A Case Study of the Korean Traditional Wood House-Mindori
Authors: Park Se Hee , Jung Sung Jin , Kim Derk Moon , Hong Sou Kil
Published: October 2010

The purpose of this study is to show logical member models considering the Korean traditional construction method and present a simple but rational modeling method of the whole structure to evaluate the structural stability of the KTWS. For this purpose, one of the KTWS, the Mindori House is selected and a structure analysis is performed considering its construction stage and load transfer mechanism. The variation of the behaviors according to joint modeling methods is studied using SAP2000 program and its results are compared with those of manual calculation.
Becoming Unsafe Overnight: Managing Historic Buildings as Building Regulations and Standards Change
Authors: Phillips Peter
Published: October 2010

Building standards and regulations have been around for a long time, and most historic structures were built in accordance with whatever codes existed at the time. However, as codes have changed (often in response to natural or human-caused disasters) these buildings have become progressively less compliant, making their continued occupation and use difficult without extensive and often damaging alterations to their significant spaces and fabric. In Australia, there have been considerable changes to standards over the past two hundred years to deal with apparent deficiencies in the codes exposed as a result of bushfires, earthquakes, cyclones and rising sea levels. Building regulations have also changed so as to deal in ever more detail with health and safety matters, as well as issues such as equitable access and energy efficiency. These changes have had an impact on historic buildings and structures, in the most extreme cases leading to loss of the building where owners anxious to redevelop can convince the authorities that preservation and upgrading to meet current standards will impose unreasonable economic hardship. In other cases, the insensitive and sometimes over-cautious application of codes (often to reduce the risk of future litigation or loss of insurance) leads to almost as much damage to the historic building as the upgrading work is intended to avoid if a disaster occurs. Conserving historic buildings while keeping them safely in active use requires a flexible and innovative approach to the regulations, as exemplified in the work of the Heritage Council of New South Wales Fire Access and Services Advisory Panel, of which the author was a foundation member.
The Case Study of Santa Maria Paganica Church Damaged by 2009 L’Aquila Earthquake
Authors: Carocci Caterina F. , Cattari Serena , Lagomarsino Sergio , Tocci Cesare
Published: October 2010

Santa Maria Paganica Church, built in the second half of XIII century, represents one of the most important church for L’Aquila history (being the second so-called “capoquarto” church). During the centuries, due also to the damages suffered by various earthquakes, important structural modifications, which are decisive for the interpretation of the seismic response, followed. In particular, as a consequence of L’Aquila earthquake (April 6, 2009), severe collapses interested the church, which in particular occurred in: the dome and dome cladding, the whole roof (with exception of apse), the upper part of the lateral wall on left side, the gable of façade. Several vulnerability factors facilitated the collapse of these portions, in particular: the constructive precariousness of nave’s masonry walls; the asymmetric transversal stiffness on the two opposite sides of nave; the replacement of the original roof. In the paper, starting from the analysis of the constructive details and the subsequent transformations which interested this church, the interpretation of its seismic response will be discussed. Moreover some preliminar issues, associated to the different solutions for the church rebuilding and the strengthening interventions which should be adopted, will be examined.
Hagios Gregorios Theologos Church in Cappadocia
Authors: Çelebioğlu Banu , Limoncu Sevgül
Published: October 2010

Hagios Gregorios Theologos church is the one of the most important monument of Gelveri, a small town in the region of Cappadocia which is one of the first settlement areas in Anatolia, in central Turkey. The church is dedicated to Gregory the Theologian who is the Cappadocian father of the church in the fourth century.
The building consists of three distinct phases of construction: the apse, the naos with a narthex west of it, and the parekklesion, north of the naos. Hagios Gregorios Theologos church was suffered important interventions after the date he’s erected in 385. The building was used till the migration in 1924 and then was converted to a mosque.
Situated in a region known with his rock-cut architecture, the building differs with his construction of masonry and maintain tradition of built architecture. It distinguished by the qualified use of the harder volcanic stone. In this paper, the planning and the structure analysis of Hagios Gregorios Theologos church is aimed to be presented.
Structural Restoration of Historical Constructions Built with Gypsum Pillars and Floors for New Standards of Living
Authors: Vegas Fernando , Mileto Camilla , Alonso-Durá Adolfo , Martínez Artur
Published: October 2010

: Tía Cayetana’s inn is an old road motel erected at the end of the 19th Century at Torrebaja (Spain). This inn was built using local vernacular construction techniques, i.e., with a structure made of gypsum pillars, and floors built with beams and gypsum vaulting. The facades and interior walls were built in a combination of stone masonry for the basement and either rammed earth walls or thin stone slabs wall for the upper parts. The local city hall bought the building and entrusted the rehabilitation of the building to the authors of this paper for its future use as a four-star hotel, i.e., the same use for the building more than one hundred years after its original completion. The authors of this paper made an exhaustive study of the fabrics of this building, its construction, material pathologies… and, taking into account these data, elaborated the restoration project for the building that previewed the use of the same original structure made of gypsum to be reinforced with compatible techniques. This article introduces the analysis of the local constructive technique based on the general use of gypsum for the vertical and horizontal structure, the bonding of fabrics and the external and internal coatings, and their structural performance. It also describes the reasoning that took the authors to respect the existing structure in its original condition and the reinforcements made mainly at the foundations and at the floors to assume the new weight of a four-star hotel.
The Complexity and the Logic Behind Historical Buildings: The Case-Study of Palazzo del Podestà in Mantova, Italy
Authors: Cofani Marco , Frignani Verena , Landi Angelo
Published: October 2010

The Palazzo del Podestà, situated in the centre of Mantua, has Medieval origins, but it is the result of many additions and reconstructions and it is now abandoned. In 2005 the Town Council commissioned the Politecnico of Milan a research on the real situation of the palaces, in order to determine the future possible uses of the buildings. The causes of the structural decays were investigated and furtherly studied by means of a comparison between archive records and diagnostic tests.
The First Reinforced Concrete Structures in Urban Renewal in an Italian Provincial City
Authors: Gatti Maria Paola , Cacciaguerra Giorgio
Published: October 2010

For reinforced concrete, we may consider two histories: one focuses on the influence reinforced concrete has exerted on the process of renewal of the architecture of twentieth century; the other pertains to the manners in which the development of this material effectively came about in various geographic areas. The research group at the University of Trento analysed the complex of military constructions produced in the city, and, specifically, it undertook in-depth study of the manner in which the use of reinforced concrete spread to civilian architecture.
New Resolution for Historic Building Conservation by Building Moving Technology
Authors: Lu Xi Lin , Lu Wen Sheng , Zhang Xin
Published: October 2010

To contradict from the rapid development of economy and urban construction, the conservation and strengthening of historic buildings are becoming more and more important and requiring more wisdoms and new technologies. A new resolution for protecting historic buildings by building moving technology is introduced and discussed with several application projects. Firstly, three building moving methods are presented which include moving building with rolling bars, moving building with slide layer and moving building by trailer transportation. Secondly, control system and structural state monitoring for building moving are described. Lastly some completed historic building moving projects are introduced for demonstrations of this technology application.
Elasticity of Calcium Silicate Brick Masonry Wall Due to Sulphate Attack
Authors: Wan Ibrahim Mohamad H. , Abu Bakar B.H. , Johari M.A. Megat , Ramadhansyah P.J.
Published: October 2010

The aim of this study is to investigate the behaviour of the calcium silicate brick masonry wall exposed to sulphate condition. This paper presents some result about the effect of sodium sulphate attack on the elasticity of the calcium silicate brick masonry structures. All specimens were cured under polythene sheet for 14 days in environmental controlled room with temperature of 25± 2°C and 80 ± 5% relative humidity. After curing, the specimens were exposed to sodium sulphate solution before tested at 14, 28, 56 and 180 days respectively. As a result, the modulus of elasticity of the calcium silicate brick masonry wall reduces with the increase of sulphate concentration.
Influence of Sulphate on the Moisture Movement of Calcium Silicate Brick Masonry Wall
Authors: Wan Ibrahim Mohamad H. , Abu Bakar B.H. , Johari M.A. Megat , Ramadhansyah P.J.
Published: October 2010

This paper presents the behaviour of moisture movement of calcium silicate brick masonry walls exposed to sodium sulphate environment. The walls were exposed to three sodium sulphate conditions with sulphate concentrations of5%, 10% and 15%. For comparison, some walls were also exposed to dry and wet condition which acts as a control conditions. All specimens were prepared and cured under polythene sheet for 14 days in a controlled environmental room and maintained at relative humidity and temperature of 80 ± 5% and 25 ± 2°C, respectively. After the curing period, the specimens were exposed to sodium sulphate as well as drying and water exposures, during which moisture movement was measured and monitored for a period of up to 7 months. As a result, the moisture expansion was observed and recorded for all masonry wall specimens after exposed to the sulphate condition.
Repair and Health Monitoring for Historical Structures
Authors: Maleki Tabrizi Mohamad Hossein
Published: October 2010

Historical structures, like to masonry towers and another structures are among the structures subjected to the higher risk, due to their age, elevation and low base area on height ratio. In this paper introduce a technique of monitoring the structural integrity of historical buildings by a noncontact and non-destructive analysis is presented and discussed. The damage and destroy of a structure and building, in terms of cracks and overall structural degradation, is detected throughout the measurement of its dynamic characteristics by various ways, for example by a laser Doppler vibrometer(LDV). These techniques can show the frequency spectrum of the structure with high accuracy and reliability and reaction of structure against this technique. Also we will introduce that timber components have no influence on the system behaviour, which is mainly determined by the properties of connections and reactions.
Applicability of X-Ray Diffraction Technique for Stresses Quantification in Metallic Structural Elements
Authors: Sánchez-Beitia Santiago , Barrallo Javier
Published: October 2010

Since 2009 the research group managed by the authors promotes the applicability of X-Ray Diffraction technique (NDT) for global stresses measurements in metallic structures for civil engineering and building. There exists standard portable equipments in the market for different applications of those here shown (residual stresses measurements). This paper shows some tests prior the complete calibration for any situation in such a way that can be applied to the quantification of stresses in service. Until now a metallic bar at the Oporto Cathedral, two corrugate bars at laboratory and a small metallic structure at laboratory have been tested. This last experimental work is here shown. The stresses obtained are the sum of the residual stresses and the external applied stresses. Currently the group works in order to remove the effect of the residual stresses by means of tests on small metallic structures specifically built.
Predicting the Time to Failure in Heavily Loaded Masonry Specimens with the Acoustic Emission Technique
Authors: Verstrynge Els , Schueremans Luc , Van Gemert Dionys
Published: October 2010

This paper presents the results of a research project in which the knowledge on testing of creep damage in masonry and acoustic emission (AE) monitoring are combined. Results from different types of creep tests are combined to investigate whether AE monitoring could predict the failure time of the masonry specimens. In previous work, it was observed that the AE event rate is related to the time to failure of the specimen. Processing of the results of new tests enables to update the previously found relation between AE event rate and failure time and to indicate a confidence interval for predictions made with this model. Additionally, the question can be raised whether temporary monitoring could detect unstable damage accumulation and predict failure. Therefore, the results of long-term creep tests are analysed and compared with data from strain monitoring. The results indicate that in most cases, the failure can be predicted.
Minor Destructive Testing of XVIII Century Brick Wall Using Compact Diagnostic Test CoDiT
Authors: Sklodowski Marek
Published: October 2010

Compact Diagnostic Test (CoDiT) procedure allows one to test mechanical properties of historic materials in a minor destructive way using micro-cores drilled out of a masonry wall. CoDiT procedure applied to brick masonry gives insight into the non-homogeneity of material properties both at a brick and a wall scale level. The test site was the orthodox monastery in Supraśl, north-east of Poland. Micro-cores of 6 mm in diameter were drilled out using diamond core drill bits. The micro-core samples were used to prepare specimens for optical, mechanical and ultrasonic testing of brick properties. Material parameters were measured, including tensile, bending and compressive strengths and longitudinal wave velocity together with optical analysis of sample inhomogeneities. It is shown that all these measurements can be done using specimens made of a single micro-core. The correlation between various measured parameters and applicability of CoDiT to measurement of old brick strength are also discussed.