bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anwendung des kathodischen Korrosionsschutzes für den Bewehrungsstahl in Beton / Applications of Cathodic Protection to Steel in Concrete
Authors: Bertolini L. , Bolzoni F. , Lazzari L. , Pedeferri P.
Published: November 2014

The paper deals with the application of cathodic protection of steel in atmospherically exposed reinforced concrete. The use of this technique to control corrosion rate in chloride contaminated constructions and to improve the corrosion resistance of reinforcement in new structures expected to become contaminated is discussed. The more recent applications of cathodic protection on carbonated concrete are also considered. For each type of application, principles and operating conditions (potential and current applied, throwing power, risk of hydrogen embrittlement in the case of prestressed structures) are discussed. Examples of cathodic protection and prevention in bridges, and buildings are reported.
Plenoptic Single-Shot 3D Imaging of In-Cylinder Fuel Spray Geometry
Authors: Lillo Peter M. , Greene Mark L. , Sick Volker
Published: November 2014

Progress in understanding turbulent combustion requires access to
information that is derived from instantaneous 3D images showing the
contours of the flame front, the flow field, and other quantities. The
experimental effort to acquire such information is typically
extraordinarily high and therefore not as widely used as needed. The
introduction of commercially available plenoptic cameras now provides
a means to simplify some of these measurements as is described in this
study. A single 29 mega-pixel plenoptic camera was used to
record the Mie scattering signals from volumetrically illuminated fuel
sprays. Instantaneous 3D images were acquired from within the cylinder
of an optically accessible engine for three automotive fuel injectors
of differing nominal spray angles. Current reconstruction algorithms
do not yet take translucent imaging conditions into account and
therefore a quantitative analysis of the full 3D structure of the
sprays was not possible. However, the plenoptic system did prove
capable of accurately reconstructing bulk spray features such as spray
angles. The 3D spray images were validated with data from
a conventional 2D imaging system. This study demonstrates the
feasibility of using a single plenoptic camera to view spray geometry
in 3D, even from within the challenging in-cylinder engine
environment.
A Single Pulse Shock Tube Study on the Pyrolysis of 2,5-Dimethylfuran
Authors: Schuler Dominik F. , Naumann Clemens , Braun-Unkhoff Marina , Riedel Uwe , Zabel Friedhelm
Published: November 2014

The pyrolysis of 2,5-dimethylfuran has been studied in a single pulse
shock tube equipped with fast probing device at temperatures between
1175 K and 1450 K and pressures of
8.0±0.5 bar. The initial concentration of
2,5-dimethylfuran diluted in argon (500 ppm) was much lower
than in previous studies reported in the literature. Sixteen different
product species were quantified by gas chromatography. The product
distribution pattern was compared with the prediction of two
comprehensive chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms taken from the
literature. In general, the predictions of the mechanisms fit the
results of the experiments; however, the comparison reveals some
differences between the two mechanisms as well as between simulations
and experiments.
GEP–NETs UPDATE: Biotherapy for neuroendocrine tumours
Authors: Alonso-Gordoa T , Capdevila J , Grande E
Published: November 2014

Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) represent a less frequent and heterogeneous group of tumours, which has experienced, in recent years, a significant increase in effective therapeutic possibilities overcoming the disappointing results from chemotherapy. Initial improvements in treatment strategies came from somatostatin analogues (SSAs) that have widely demonstrated a significant improvement in symptomatic relief and tumour control growth by a complex mechanism of action over cell survival, angiogenesis and immunomodulation. Recent investigations have pointed out novel SSAs with a wider binding profile (pasireotide), chimeric molecules against somatostatin receptors and dopamine receptors and the combination with targeted agents, such as mTOR inhibitors or antiangiogenic agents. Immunotherapy is the second cornerstone in NET treatment and has been represented with interferon alpha for a long time, with a demonstrated activity on tumour and clinical response. Its less manageable adverse events have limited its usage. However, different checkpoints in immune system regulation have been effectively targeted in different solid tumours, and novel approaches are currently arising in NETs. In conclusion, biotherapy remains an active treatment strategy for initial approach in patients with NETs. Further investigation on patients' selection, molecular profiles, treatment sequence or combination and optimisation of current and novel biotherapy agents is required.
Mechanical behaviour of thermally activated building structures
Authors: Cobo Alfonso , Martínez Inmaculada , Prieto María Isabel , Moreno Esther
Published: November 2014

This paper focuses on two low-energy systems – thermo-active building systems and energy foundations – both of which use concrete elements that are already required for structural reasons but which simultaneously work as heat exchangers. The aim of this work was to study the mechanical behaviour of these concrete elements due to the inclusion of polyethylene pipe heat exchangers cast directly into the concrete core and the influence of fluids flowing inside at a moderate temperature. Cylindrical and cubic specimens of two types of concrete (H-25 and H-30) were manufactured in order to study the influence of temperature through compression and pull-out tests and the influence of the embedded pipes in different positions using compression tests. The mechanical properties were found to decrease with an increase in temperature in both concrete types, with a sharper decline in the H-30 specimens. The pipe layout reduced the mechanical resistance of the structural elements regardless of the type of concrete used, with the most damaging position being perpendicular to the load. It is concluded that thermo-active reinforced concrete elements perform best when the polyethylene pipes are placed parallel to the load and the temperature of fluid in the pipes is lower than 70°C.
Estimating Pay Gaps for Workers With Disabilities: Implications From Broadening Definitions and Data Sets
Authors: Hallock Kevin F. , Jin Xin , Barrington Linda
Published: November 2014

Purpose:To compare pay gap estimates across 3 different national survey data sets for people with disabilities relative to those without disabilities when pay is measured as wage and salary alone versus a (total compensation) definition that includes an estimate of the value of benefits.

Method:Estimates of the cost to the employers of employee benefits at the occupational level from an employer survey data set are matched to individual-level data in each of the 3 data sets. Multiple regression techniques are applied to estimate wage and salary and total compensation gaps between full-time men with and without disabilities.

Results:For full-time working men with disabilities (relative to those without disabilities), there is a consistently larger percentage wage and salary gap than percentage total compensation gap and breadth of the definition of pay affects the size of any estimated pay gap. In addition, there are differences in the estimated pay gaps depending on data source and disability measure.

Conclusions:Results obtained from a single data set or definition of key variables may not be broadly generalizable. Studies containing such limitations should be interpreted cautiously. Our research further suggests employers looking to hire persons with disabilities or those offering employment placement services should put substantial weight on the non–base pay component of the total compensation package.
Comparison of Employer Factors in Disability and Other Employment Discrimination Charges
Authors: Nazarov Zafar E. , Schrader Sarah von
Published: November 2014

Purpose: We explore whether certain employer characteristics predict Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) charges and whether the same characteristics predict receipt of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act charges.

Method: We estimate a set of multivariate regressions using the ordinary least squares method.

Results: Most employer-level characteristics that predict the receipt of ADA charges also predict the receipt of other types of discrimination charges.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that educational outreach efforts aimed at reducing the level of perceived disability discrimination in the workplace can be more efficient by targeting employer groups who are likely to receive charges under not only the ADA but also other statutes as well.
Consequences of Family Interference with Work: The Roles of Emotional Exhaustion, Service Sabotage, and Negative Affectivity
Authors: Dai Wanwen , Chen Xiaoyan , Arnulf Jan Ketil , Dai Meijuan
Published: November 2014

Drawing upon the conservation of resources theory and displaced aggression perspective, in this research our aim was to study the consequences of family interference with work (FIW) in a service setting. We examined the influence of FIW on service sabotage via the mechanism of emotional
exhaustion, and the role of employees' negative affectivity as a boundary condition. Based on 2 waves of data collected from 132 Chinese employees working in a call center, results showed a positive relationship between FIW and service sabotage, and emotional exhaustion acted as a mediator
in this relationship. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Effect of coffee on blood pressure and electrocardiographic changes in nicotine users
Authors: Kumar Pradeep , Verma Dileep Kumar , Narayan Jagdish , Kanawjia Preeti , Ghildiyal Archna
Published: November 2014

Objectives: The objectives of this study were to see the effect of coffee on Heart rate Blood pressure and ECG changes in nicotine users.Methods: The study was conducted on 120 volunteers aged 21-40 years and with body mass index (BMI) between 17.3-28.0 kg /m2 .The subjects were divided into two groups: Control (n=40) and Study group (n=80).Results: Observation suggests that increment in blood pressure, recorded in study group after coffee ingestion, was lesser than that of control group.  We also observed that there were no significant changes in diastolic blood pressure in any group while the mean arterial pressure was higher in both the groups following coffee ingestion.Conclusion: Coffee ingestion decreases the  heart rate   with no changes in QTc, hence we concluded that less amount of coffee ingestion may not be harmful.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i3.10090Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(3) 2015 46-48
Rosai Dorfman disease- A rare entity: Case report in North Indian male
Authors: Baruah Ankur , Goyal Parul , Ramesh K. L.
Published: November 2014

Rosai Dorfman disease is a rare disease characterized by histiocytic proliferation of lymph node in young adults. We present here the case of a 67 years old Indian male presenting with lymphadenopathy and pyrexia of unknown origin for 16 months duration. Histopathological examination of lymph nodes revealed emperipolesis consistent with the diagnosis of Rosai Dorfman disease. The patient recovered with steroid treatment .Our case is one of the few cases of adult onset Rosai Dorfman Disease reported from India. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i3.10288Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(3) 2015 87-90
Coagulation disorder in moderate to severe traumatic brain injuries
Authors: Shrestha Ajit , Joshi Ramesh Man , Devkota Upendra P.
Published: November 2014

Background: Significant proportions of patients presenting with moderate to severe traumatic brain injuries are diagnosed as having coagulation disorder and subsequent secondary brain injury. We evaluated the incidence of coagulopathy in patient with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury in this study.Methods: A prospective study of 100 patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury was carried out over a period of 2 years. Platelet count (PC), Bleeding time (BT), Clotting time (CT), Prothrombin time (PT), International Normalized ratio (INR), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and Fibrin degradation product (FDP) were measured at the time of admission and 12 hourly for 7 days. Daily D-dimer evaluation for DIC was performed in those who had abnormal value in any one of these parameters. Coagulopathy was classified as collectively 3 abnormal parameters.Results: Among the 100 patients, 43% had severe and 57% had moderate traumatic brain injury. Coagulopathy was detected in 63% of total patients; 76.7 % (33/43) among severe traumatic brain injury and 52.7 % (30/57) among moderate (p 0.013). Multivariate statistical analysis showed deranged FDP as a significant individual predictor of coagulopathy among others (p < 0.001, Odds ratio 166.25; 95% confidence interval 31.7 + 869.7).Conclusion: Coagulopathy is common in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Evaluation of FDP can significantly predict coagulopathy in traumatic brain injury patients.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i3.10730 Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(3) 2015 22-25
Outcome of fertility and pregnancy following hysteroscopic resection of septum using versapoint needle
Authors: Bhat Vidya V. , Dutta Indranil , Bhat B. S. , Dutta Dilip Kumar
Published: November 2014

Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess the safety and efficacy of hysteroscopic septum resection by Versapoint and future fertility outcome. 105 subfertile patients who underwent hysteroscopic septum resection using the Bipolar Versapoint system were analysed. Methods: Hysteroscopic Metroplasty was performed on 105 patients with uterine septum and history of infertility. The metroplasty procedure was performed on 105 patients using versapoint. The outcome was evaluated based on fertility outcomes. Study Design: Retrospective study Results: The pregnancy rates were noted to be around 96.5% following the procedure and live birth rate were around 82%. Conclusion: Hysteroscopic metroplasty using Bipolar Versapoint had better fertility outcomes and less risks. Future fertility and live birth rates had significantly improved.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i3.10904Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(3) 2015 63-65
The changing face of medical education: The impact and effectiveness of evidence generating community health project in medical students
Authors: Shah Trushna , Purohit Geetanjali , Pandit Niraj , George Ajay
Published: November 2014

Background: Evidence-based practice usually refers to gathering quantitative data based upon the best decision about what constitutes effective or efficient practice or what is sometimes referred to as “best practices”. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the student’s perception and learning effectiveness towards Evidence Generating Community Health Projects (EviGenCHIP). Materials and Methods: This study was questionnaire based cross sectional study carried out in SBKS MIRC, Sumandeep Vidyapeeth, Vadodara, Gujarat, India. A total of 110 MBBS students (III Year) participated. After obtaining ethical clearance the data was collected and analyzed. Data was compiled in excel sheet, analyzed for percentage and proportion. Results: In the present study 100 students (90.9%) believed that research in medical fi eld is important. On the contrary 40% students believed that there is no need to know about research methodology. After Evidence Generating Community Health Projects students were sensitized to the importance of protocol writing (56.3%), searching literature (40.9%), structured questionnaires, data collection and its analysis (45%), report writing (52.7%) and presentation as an integral part of research process. Conclusion: Evidence Generating Community Health Projects can be an effective tool for medical education, where they become exposed and sensitized to the research process at undergraduate level. It also improves active learning in public health and research skills. This teaching and learning model can be considered in other medical schools in the country. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i3.10951  Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(3) 2015 72-76
Mass lesions of ovary - Tumor markers can be misleading
Authors: Savithri Moothiringode Chitrabhanu , Abraham Usha Mary
Published: November 2014

Background: Ovarian mass lesions could be neoplastic or non neoplastic. The less aggressive lesions should be distinguished from carcinomas which require extensive surgical procedures. CA-125 is a tumor marker used for evaluating ovarian carcinomas. In this series we found seven cases of sex cord stromal tumors (SCT) and endometriotic cysts with raised CA-125 levels, the highest value being 1540 IU/ml. Aims and Objectives: 1) To retrospectively evaluate cases which presented as mass lesions of ovary over a two year period along with CA-125 levels if available. 2) To find out the number of non carcinomatous lesions with elevation of the tumor marker CA-125. Materials and Methods: Total number of ovarian tumors and endometriotic cysts reported in the Department of Pathology, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur, Kerala, India in the two year period of 2012 and 2013 were retrospectively identified. CA-125 levels if available were noted. Results: Primary ovarian tumors comprised 180 cases, the rest being metastastic adenocarcinomas. There were 15 cases of SCT and 21 endometriotic cysts. CA 125 levels were increased in 2 cases each of granulosa cell tumors and fibrothecomas and 3 cases of endometriotic cysts. Highest value was 1540 IU/ml. Conclusion: Elevation of the tumor marker CA 125 often tricks the clinician into making a provisional diagnosis of carcinoma of ovary. It is important to understand the limitations in the interpretation of tumor markers so that more aggressive treatment modalities are avoided. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i3.10983  Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(3) 2015 26-29
Study of serum cortisol level in severe falciparum malaria presenting with unexplained hypotension
Authors: Pradhan Susant , Khadanga Sagar , Padhiary Kashinath , Mohapatra Biranchi Narayan , Karuna Tadepalli , Dugar Dharmendra
Published: November 2014

Background: Hypotension in malaria can be due to various causes. One among them is relative adrenal deficiency. World Health Organisation (WHO) and Indian malaria guidelines do not allow the use of steroid in malaria patients. But it appears prudent to use systemic steroid in those subset of malaria patients having adrenal deficiency. So the aim of the study was to prove or disprove the existence of adrenal deficiency in malaria patients. Methodology: This is a case control study which was conducted in two tertiary care centres, single blind and prospective in nature. SPSS 19 was used at the end of the study for all statistical analysis. Patient characteristics and outcome of interest is calculated with 95% confidence limits. The probability of <0.05 is considered to be significant. Results: Compared with control group the study group had significantly lower serum cortisol level at presentation (36.56±6.52 µg/dl vs. 19.43±7.29 µg/dl, p=0.006). In the study group there is significant rise in serum cortisol level after recovery from hypotension (19.96±7.29 µg/dl vs. 35.86±8.26 µg/dl, p=0.01). In control group there is slight decrease of serum cortisol level after recovery (36.85±6.42 µg/dl vs. 34.72±9.12 µg/dl, p=0.83). Conclusion: Adrenal insufficiency may be the cause of unexplained hypotension in severe falciparum malaria. Administration of systemic corticosteroid in this subset of patients seems to be justified.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i3.11282Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(3) 2015 30-32
In vivo antiplasmodial activities of Nauclea latifolia
Authors: Ette Ettebong Okon , Ubulom Edwin P.M. , Ekpenyong Edet C. , Ekong Samuel U. , Akpan Ezekiel O. , Tambari Domu V.
Published: November 2014

Background: The plant Nauclea latifolia is widely used in the southern parts of Nigeria for the treatment of malaria. Malaria is the number one killer disease in Nigeria. WHO reports that malaria continues to cause approximately 207 million cases of infection around the world and kills yearly about 627,000 people. It still kills a child somewhere in the world every minute. The study was aimed at evaluating the in vivo antiplasmodial activities of the extract and fractions (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, aqueous) of the stembark in Plasmodium berghei berghei infected mice.Methods: Through oral administration of the extract (100, 200 and 300mg/kg) and fractions (200mg/kg), antiplasmodial activities were screened using 4-day suppressive, 7-day curative and repository tests. Significance was determined using ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison post- test using Graphpad Instat 3.10. A probability level of less than 5% was considered significant.Results: The extract exhibited significant dose-dependent antiplasmodial activity in the suppressive and repository tests. A significant (p<0.05-0.001) dose-dependent reduction in parasitaemia in extract-treated groups in curative test was also observed. The aqueous fraction had the highest percentage chemosuppressive effect (67.71%).The extract also dose-dependently increased the survival days of the infected mice. The preliminary phytochemical investigation showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides.Conclusion: This result confirmed the ethnobotanical use of the plant as malarial remedy and calls for further investigation of its phytochemical components and its antimalarial potentials. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i3.11361Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(3) 2015 6-11
Screening of kidney disease in HIV infected hospitalised patients
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Trivedi Arvind , Aneja G. K. , Atam V , Arya T.V.S. , Vandana Dr. , Kumar Pradeep
Published: November 2014

Objectives: To study the renal disease in newly diagnosed HIV infected hospitalized patients and to look for possible correlation of CD4 count with prevalence of renal disease. Materials and Methods: The prospective study was conducted in Department of Medicine/Endocrinology in tertiary care health center in western U.P during the study period of one year. The patients were evaluated clinically and biochemically after obtaining the informed consent. Result: The study was conducted on 100 HIV/AIDS patients, out of which 68 (68%) were males and 32 (32%) females with a Highest incidence of HIV/AIDS (51%) in the age group of 25-35 years. Microalbuminuria was present in 20 (20%) HIV patients with majority (60%) being in the age group 25-35 years. Prevalence of microalbuminuria among males was 55% and among females 45%. Microalbuminuria was further evaluated by calculating the ratio of microalbumin to urinary creatinine, 83% patient had ratio >10 mg/mmol and 17% had this ratio <10 mg/mmol. The ratio of microalbumin to urinary creatinine >10 mg/mmol was 60% in age 25-35 year, 25% in the age group of 36-45 year followed by 15% in the age group of 45-55 year patients. Chi-square test was used to calculate the significance of the correlation between CD4 counts with the presence of microalbuminuria in HIV patients. There was a significant correlation between CD4 count <200/μL and presence of microalbuminuria (p =0006). Statistically significant proteinuria (30-300 mg/24 hour) was found in 15 patients with CD4 count <200/μL of those patients found positive for microalbuminuria. Protein/ creatinine ratio was <0.2 in 18 patients, 2 had ratio in the range of 0.2-3.5 and none in the nephrotic range (>3.5). Conclusion: Study evaluation shows that there is statistically significant microalbuminuria in HIV/AIDS infected patients and this is more prevalent in patients with CD4 count <200/μL as compared to patients with CD4 count >200/μL in keeping with previous studies. The routine laboratory measurements like serum creatinine and proteinuria fail to recognize the patients with early renal involvement. In view of the high prevalence of renal dysfunction among hospitalized HIV infected patients, it is recommended to use microalbuminuria as routine screening tests in those who are HIV positive. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i3.11376  Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(3) 2015 58-62
Population-based survey of HIV sero-status and vertical transmission among naive pregnant women in Sokoto, Nigeria
Authors: Buseri Fiekumo Igbida , Okonkwo Charity Ngozi
Published: November 2014

Background: This study aims at investigating the seroprevalence of HIV infection among status naive pregnant women and probable vertical transmission in Sokoto, Nigeria.Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study examined 13,026 apparently healthy pregnant women aged between 14 and 45 years and 312 mother-baby pairs in 4 different hospital settings in Sokoto State, North West, Nigeria between March, 2011 and February, 2013. The babies were aged between 8 and 16 months. HIV screening was performed using qualitative rapid tests and ELISA and HIV-DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques. Measurement of CD4+ T-lymphocytes was carried out by the BD FACScount System. All seropositive pregnant women were immediately placed on triple antiretroviral therapy (ART) throughout the duration of the pregnancy and beyond.Results: An overall 2.4% prevalence of HIV-1 infection among the pregnant women and 20.5% incident of mother-to-child transmission were found. Of the seropositive pregnant women, 75.0% were full-time house wives, 13.8% and 11.2% were traders and civil servants respectively; of which, 70.2% were within the ages of 14 and 27 years (youthful predominance). Pearson’s χ2analysis did not show any statistically significant difference in the Mean values in the 4 health facilities (χ2 =2.084, df=3, P-value=0.555). Similarly, no significant difference in HIV seropositivity in the demographic data of the pregnant women were observed (P>0.05). Infection was recorded in all age groups but there was no statistical significance between age groups and infection (P = 0.833). Of the 64 seropositive babies, 62 (92.5%) contracted HIV from antiretroviral therapy non-adherence mothers (χ2 =271.457, df=1, P<0.01), OR=1506.6 (95%CI=285.5-7950.4). Conclusion: This study found high prevalence of vertical transmission due to ART non-adherence. Intervention initiatives should, therefore, focus seriously on ART non-adherence. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v6i3.11530Asian Journal of Medical Sciences Vol.6(3) 2015 49-57
Bacteria causing ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections in a Kenyan population
Authors: Ochieng' Naomi , Okechi Humphrey , Ferson Susan , Albright A. Leland
Published: November 2014

OBJECT

Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with hydrocephalus. Most data about these infections come from the Western literature. Few data about infecting organisms in Africa are available, yet knowledge of these organisms is important for the prevention and treatment of infectious complications. The purpose of this study was to determine the organisms cultured from infected shunts in a rural Kenyan hospital.

METHODS

The authors conducted a retrospective study of patients with VPS infections recorded in the neurosurgical database of BethanyKids at Kijabe Hospital between September 2010 and July 2012.

RESULTS

Among 53 VPS infections confirmed by culture, 68% occurred in patients who were younger than 6 months. Seventy-nine percent of the infections occurred within 2 months after shunt insertion. Only 51% of infections were caused by Staphylococcus species (Staphylococcus aureus 25%, other Staphylococcus species 26%), whereas 40% were caused by gram-negative bacteria. All S. aureus infections and 79% of other Staphylococcus infections were sensitive to cefazolin, but only 1 of 21 gram-negative bacteria was sensitive to it. The majority of gram-negative bacterial infections were multidrug resistant, but 17 of the 20 gram-negative bacteria were sensitive to meropenem. Gram-negative bacterial infections were associated with worse outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

The high proportion of gram-negative infections differs from data in the Western literature, in which Staphylococcus epidermidis is by far the most common organism. Once a patient is diagnosed with a VPS infection in Kenya, immediate treatment is recommended to cover both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial infections. Data from other Sub-Saharan countries are needed to determine if those countries have the same increased frequency of gram-negative infections.
Long-term clinical outcomes and radiological findings and their correlation with each other after standard open discectomy for lumbar disc herniation
Authors: Son Il-Nam , Kim Young-Hoon , Ha Kee-Yong
Published: November 2014

OBJECT

This retrospective study was designed to evaluate the clinical outcomes and radiological findings after open lumbar discectomy (OLD) in patients who were followed up for 10 years or longer.

METHODS

The authors classified 79 patients who had a mean age (± SD) of 53.6 ± 13.6 years (range 30–78 years) into 4 groups according to the length of their follow-up. Patients in Group 1 were followed up for 10–14 years, in Group 2 for 15–19 years, in Group 3 for 20–24 years, and in Group 4 for more than 25 years. In all of these patients, the clinical outcomes were assessed by using patients' self-reported scores on visual analog scales (VASs) measuring back and leg pain and by using scores from the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). In addition, 10 radiological parameters suggesting degenerative changes or instability at the operated segment were recorded at various time points and used to calculate a numeric radiological finding (NRF) score by rating a presence for each finding of spinal degeneration or instability as 1.

RESULTS

The authors observed that OLD decreased pain and disability scores in all groups. Numeric radiological findings were highest in Group 4, and a significant correlation was detected between NRFs and VAS scores of back pain (p = 0.039). In this cohort, the reoperation rate was 13.9% during a mean follow-up period of 15.3 years. Clinical outcomes tended to be most favorable in Group 1, representing patients who had OLD most recently, and they tended to deteriorate in the other 3 groups, indicating some worsening of outcomes over time. Degeneration of the spine at the operated level measured with radiographic methods tended to increase over time, but some stabilization was observed. Although spinal degeneration was stable, clinical outcomes deteriorated over time.

CONCLUSIONS

This cross-sectional assessment of a retrospective cohort indicates that outcomes after OLD deteriorate over time. Increased back pain indicated a worsening of clinical outcomes, and this worsening was correlated with radiological findings of degeneration at the operated segment.
Ethical Issues In Medical Practice
Authors: Kibria Golam
Published: November 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v31i3.20976J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2013; 31: 120-121
Association between Plasma Homocysteine Level and Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Rahman A , Dasgupta R , Quraishi FA , Saha UK , Ali Z , Hossain S , Miah MNA
Published: November 2014

Background: Epidemiologic studies have identified hyperhomocysteinemia as a possible risk factor for atherosclerosis. The aim of my study was based on evaluation of relationship between homocysteinemia with ischemic stroke patients.Methods and materials: It was a prospective observational study conducted in the Department of Neurology, Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford hospital, Dhaka. Thirty six consecutive patients with ischemic stroke were analyzed by serum total homocysteine, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and Equal number of controls same ages were compared with the case group.Result: Mean Fasting blood sugar, serum fasting total cholesterol (TC), serum fasting Low density lipoprotein (LDL) were significantly higher in case group (p=0.001). Serum TC and LDL had a positive correlation with serum homocystine a (p=0.001). Serum High density lipoprotein (HDL) had a negative correlation (p=0.718) and serum triglyceride (TG) had a negative correlation (p = 0.182). Total plasma fasting homocysteine level in case group was 21.89 ± 9.38 ìmol/l and control group was 12.31 ± 3.27 ìmol/l, (p=0.001). Elevated fasting homocystein level was found in 75.0% of ischemic stroke patient and in 16.67% of healthy controls (p=0.001). The incidence of hyperhomocysteinemia is higher in ischaemic stroke cases than that in age-sex matched healthy controls.Conclusion: Hyperhomocysteinemia is strongly associated ischaemic stroke patients. Hence it seems to be an important vascular risk factor in this study.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v31i3.20978 J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2013; 31: 128-133
Pattern of Neonatal Admissions and Outcome in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of a Tertiary Care Paediatric Hospital in Bangladesh  A One-Year Analysis
Authors: Hoque MS , Alam S , Ahmed ASMNU
Published: November 2014

Objective: To describe the characteristics of neonates admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) and their outcome in a tertiary care paediatric hospital in Bangladesh. Study Design: Retrospective, descriptive study. Setting and Duration of Study: Paediatric intensive care unit in Dhaka Shishu Hospital from January to December 2011. Methods: Data was retrieved from file records of all admitted neonates regarding age, gender, gestational age, birth and admission weight, reason for admission and outcome. Results: During this study period, the total number of patients admitted was 191; most of them were neonates (146, 76.4%). Among the 146 neonates, the highest number comprised of birth asphyxia (55, 37.7%), followed by serious bacterial infections (sepsis, pneumonia, meningitis) (30, 20.5%) preterm low birth weight (LBW) babies (28, 19.2%), surgical conditions (congenital diaphragmatic hernia, oesophageal atresia with trachea-oesophageal fistula, Hirschsprung disease and anorectal malformations) (18, 12.3%), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) (9, 6.2%), and congenital heart disease (6, 4.1%). Out of 146 patients, 42 expired (28.8%). Most of the expiries were due to sepsis (35.7%); followed by prematurity (21.4%), perinatal asphyxia (19.0%) and surgical conditions (14.3%). Conclusion: Birth asphyxia, septicaemia, and prematurity were the main reasons for neonatal admissions in ICU, while case fatality was highest for septicaemia. Regular antenatal visits, safe delivery practice and timely referral to tertiary care hospitals may result in decreased burden in ICU and also better outcome. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v31i3.20979 J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2013; 31: 134-139
A Study on Subfertile Women Suffering from Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome with Hyperprolactinaemia and Hypothyroidism as Associated Factors
Authors: Anwary SA , Chowdhury S , Fatima P , Alfazzaman M , Begum N , Banu J
Published: November 2014

Objective: This study tried to evaluate association of other factors of subfertility in women suffering from polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Methods: Fifty subfertile women suffering from PCOS attending infertility unit of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, during July 2010 and June 2011, were evaluated. Results: In out study, Age, BMI and duration of marriage range was 20 38 years, 17.70 33.20 kg/m2 and 1 16 years, respectively. Serum FSH was normal (1.0 10.0 mIU/ml) in all 50 (100%) women. Hyperprolactinaemia (serum prolactin >25 ng/ml) was seen in 60%. Hypothyroidism (serum TSH >4 ìIU/ml) was seen in 74% women. Serum LH (>10 mIU/ml) was raised in 74%. USG finding of lower abdomen was abnormal in 75% cases. Conclusion: This study concludes that hyperprolactinaemia and subclinical hypothyroidism were associated causes of subfertility other than PCOS. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v31i3.20980 J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2013; 31: 140-143
Extensive Intra Abdominal Hydatid Cysts
Authors: Kutub A , Rahman MM , Hena S
Published: November 2014

Human hydatid cyst is an illness caused by the cystic phase of the small trepanoma, Echinococcus granulosus. It is an endemic disease in some countries of the world. Hydatid disease though known to occur in almost all organs of the body, it is extremely rare in the female reproductive organs. In this report we present a case of hydatid disease of both ovaries with widespread intraabdominal hydatid cysts. This case was misdiagnosed as an ovarian cyst until the time of operation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v31i3.20983 J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2013; 31: 156-158
Letter to the Editor Vol.31(3)
Authors: Alam MB , Mowla SGM
Published: November 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbcps.v31i3.20988 J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2013; 31: 176-177
Crystallization and Structure Determination of Fac-Triammin-Aquo-Oxalato-Cobalt (III)-Nitrate Monohydrate
Authors: Hrib Cristian , Blaurock Steffen , Edelmann Frank
Published: November 2014

The title compound, fac-triammin-aquo-oxalato-cobalt(III)-nitrate monohydrate, fac-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)(H2O)]NO3·H2O (2), was prepared according to an original synthetic protocol published exactly 100 years ago by Alfred Werner by dissolving the indigo-blue non-electrolyte complex mer-triammin-chloro-oxalato-cobalt(III), mer-[Co(NH3)3(C2O4)Cl] (1), in boiling half-concentrated nitric acid. Contrary to the literature, it did not crystallize directly from the reaction mixture, but crystallization could be induced by saturating the solution with NaClO4. The structure of 2 has monoclinic (P21/n) symmetry. The crystal structure displays an extensive array of N–H···O and O–H···O hydrogen bonding.
On a Local Fractional Wave Equation under Fixed Entropy Arising in Fractal Hydrodynamics
Authors: Zhang Yu , Baleanu Dumitru , Yang Xiaojun
Published: November 2014

In this paper, based on fixed entropy, the adiabatic equation of state in fractal flow is discussed. The local fractional wave equation for the velocity potential is also obtained by using the non-differential perturbations for the pressure and density of fractal hydrodynamics.
On the Analysis of a Repeated Measure Design in Genome-Wide Association Analysis
Authors: Lee Young , Park Suyeon , Moon Sanghoon , Lee Juyoung , Elston Robert , Lee Woojoo , Won Sungho
Published: November 2014

Longitudinal data enables detecting the effect of aging/time, and as a repeated measures design is statistically more efficient compared to cross-sectional data if the correlations between repeated measurements are not large. In particular, when genotyping cost is more expensive than phenotyping cost, the collection of longitudinal data can be an efficient strategy for genetic association analysis. However, in spite of these advantages, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) with longitudinal data have rarely been analyzed taking this into account. In this report, we calculate the required sample size to achieve 80% power at the genome-wide significance level for both longitudinal and cross-sectional data, and compare their statistical efficiency. Furthermore, we analyzed the GWAS of eight phenotypes with three observations on each individual in the Korean Association Resource (KARE). A linear mixed model allowing for the correlations between observations for each individual was applied to analyze the longitudinal data, and linear regression was used to analyze the first observation on each individual as cross-sectional data. We found 12 novel genome-wide significant disease susceptibility loci that were then confirmed in the Health Examination cohort, as well as some significant interactions between age/sex and SNPs.
Physical, Chemical, and Immunohistochemical Investigation of the Damage to Salivary Glands in a Model of Intoxication with Aluminium Citrate
Authors: Costa Natacha , Correa Russell , Júnior Ismael , Figueiredo Adilson , Vilhena Kelly , Farias-Junior Paulo , Teixeira Francisco , Ferreira Nayana , Pereira-Júnior João , Dantas Kelly , Silva Marcia , Silva-Junior Ademir , Alves-Junior Sergio , Pinheiro João , Lima Rafael
Published: November 2014

Aluminum absorption leads to deposits in several tissues. In this study, we have investigated, to our knowledge for the first time, aluminum deposition in the salivary glands in addition to the resultant cellular changes in the parotid and submandibular salivary glands in a model of chronic intoxication with aluminum citrate in rats. Aluminum deposits were observed in the parotid and submandibular glands. Immunohistochemical evaluation of cytokeratin-18 revealed a decreased expression in the parotid gland with no changes in the submandibular gland. A decreased expression of α-smooth muscle actin was observed in the myoepithelial cells of both glands. The expression of metallothionein I and II (MT-I/II), a group of metal-binding proteins, which are useful indicators for detecting physiological responses to metal exposure, was higher in both glands. In conclusion, we have shown that at a certain time and quantity of dosage, aluminum citrate promotes aluminum deposition in the parotid and submandibular glands, leads to an increased expression of MT-I/II in both the glands, damages the cytoskeleton of the myoepithelial cells in both glands, and damages the cytoskeleton of the acinar/ductal cells of the parotid glands, with the submandibular glands showing resistance to the toxicity of the latter.
Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments from the Yanghe River, China
Authors: Li Jing
Published: November 2014

The magnitude and ecological relevance of metal pollution from the upstream of water sources after emergency pollution events was investigated by applying a set of complementary sediment quality assessment methods: (1) geochemical assessment based on background value (the geoaccumulation index); (2) comparisons with sediment quality guidelines (SQGs); (3) an evaluation of the combined pollution according to the risk index (RI); and (4) investigation of the chemical patterns of target heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni). The geoaccumulation indices (Igeo) suggested that the magnitude of heavy metal pollution of the sediment of Yanghe River decreased in the order of Cd > Zn > Pb > Cr > Ni. Risk analysis also suggested that Cd and Zn concentrations were sufficiently elevated as to cause adverse biological effects in this study area. According to the RI values, 27% of total sampling sites showed considerable ecological risk for the water body, and 53% of total sampling sites showed very high ecological risk for the waterbody. Sediment-bound Cd was found to be predominantly associated with the exchangeable phase of the sediment (25%–68%), while Cr, Ni, Zn and Pb showed the strongest association with the residual fractions (60%–92%, 53%–67%, 24%–85% and 35%–67%, respectively).
The Inhibition of RANKL-Induced Osteoclastogenesis through the Suppression of p38 Signaling Pathway by Naringenin and Attenuation of Titanium-Particle-Induced Osteolysis
Authors: Wang Wengang , Wu Chuanlong , Tian Bo , Liu Xuqiang , Zhai Zanjing , Qu Xinhua , Jiang Chuan , Ouyang Zhengxiao , Mao Yuanqing , Tang Tingting , Qin An , Zhu Zhenan
Published: November 2014

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of naringenin on osteoclastogenesis and titanium particle-induced osteolysis. Osteolysis from wear-induced particles and aseptic loosening are the most frequent late complications of total joint arthroplasty leading to revision of the prosthesis. Osteolysis during aseptic loosening is most likely due to increased bone resorption by osteoclasts. Through in vitro studies, we demonstrated that naringenin, a naturally occurring flavanone in grapefruit and tomatoes, exerts potent inhibitory effects on the ligand of the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis and revealed that the mechanism of action of naringenin, which inhibited osteoclastogenesis by suppression of the p38 signaling pathway. Through in vivo studies, we proved that naringenin attenuated titanium particle-induced osteolysis in a mouse calvarial model. In general, we demonstrated that naringenin inhibited osteoclastogenesis via suppression of p38 signaling in vitro and attenuated titanium particle-induced osteolysis in vivo. This study also suggested that naringenin has significant potential for the treatment of osteolysis-related diseases caused by excessive osteoclast formation and activity.
Role of Aeromonas hydrophila Flagella Glycosylation in Adhesion to Hep-2 Cells, Biofilm Formation and Immune Stimulation
Authors: Merino Susana , Wilhelms Markus , Tomás Juan
Published: November 2014

Polar flagellin proteins from Aeromonas hydrophila strain AH-3 (serotype O34) were found to be O-glycosylated with a heterogeneous heptasaccharide glycan. Two mutants with altered (light and strong) polar flagella glycosylation still able to produce flagella were previously obtained, as well as mutants lacking the O34-antigen lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but with unaltered polar flagella glycosylation. We compared these mutants, altogether with the wild type strain, in different studies to conclude that polar flagella glycosylation is extremely important for A. hydrophila adhesion to Hep-2 cells and biofilm formation. Furthermore, the polar flagella glycosylation is an important factor for the immune stimulation of IL-8 production via toll receptor 5 (TLR5).
Gypenosides Protected the Neural Stem Cells in the Subventricular Zone of Neonatal Rats that Were Prenatally Exposed to Ethanol
Authors: Dong Lun , Yang Kun-Qi , Fu Wen-Yan , Shang Zhen-Hua , Zhang Qing-Yu , Jing Fang-Miao , Li Lin-Lin , Xin Hua , Wang Xiao-Jing
Published: November 2014

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) can cause severe mental retardation in children who are prenatally exposed to ethanol. The effects of prenatal and early postnatal ethanol exposure on adult hippocampal neurogenesis have been investigated; however, the effects of prenatal ethanol exposure on the subventricular zone (SVZ) have not. Gypenosides (GPs) have been reported to have neuroprotective effects in addition to other bioactivities. The effects of GPs on neural stem cells (NSCs) in the FASD model are unknown. Here, we test the effect of prenatal ethanol exposure on the neonatal SVZ, and the protection potential of GPs on NSCs in FASD rats. Our results show that prenatal ethanol exposure can suppress the cell proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells in the neonatal SVZ and that GPs (400 mg/kg/day) can significantly increase the cell proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells inhibited by ethanol. Our data indicate that GPs have neuroprotective effects on the NSCs and can enhance the neurogenesis inhibited by ethanol within the SVZ of neonatal rats. These findings provide new evidence for a potential therapy involving GPs for the treatment of FASD.