bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The heritability of fitness in a wild annual plant population with hierarchical size structure
Authors: Schoen Daniel J , Speed Doug
Published: July 2024

The relative magnitude of additive genetic vs. residual variation for fitness traits is important in models for predicting the rate of evolution and population persistence in response to changes in the environment. In many annual plants, lifetime reproductive fitness is correlated with end-of-season plant biomass, which can vary significantly from plant to plant in the same population. We measured end-of-season plant biomasses and obtained single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes of plants in a dense, natural population of the annual plant species Impatiens capensis with hierarchical size structure. These data were used to estimate the amount of heritable variation for position in the size hierarchy and for plant biomass. Additive genetic variance for a position in the size hierarchy and plant biomass were both significantly different from zero. These results are discussed in relationship to the theory for the heritability of fitness in natural populations and ecological factors that potentially influence heritable variation for fitness in this species.
Origin and maintenance of large ribosomal RNA gene repeat size in mammals
Authors: Macdonald Emma , Whibley Annabel , Waters Paul D , Patel Hardip , Edwards Richard J , Ganley Austen R D
Published: July 2024

The genes encoding ribosomal RNA are highly conserved across life and in almost all eukaryotes are present in large tandem repeat arrays called the rDNA. rDNA repeat unit size is conserved across most eukaryotes but has expanded dramatically in mammals, principally through the expansion of the intergenic spacer region that separates adjacent rRNA coding regions. Here, we used long-read sequence data from representatives of the major amniote lineages to determine where in amniote evolution rDNA unit size increased. We find that amniote rDNA unit sizes fall into two narrow size classes: “normal” (∼11–20 kb) in all amniotes except monotreme, marsupial, and eutherian mammals, which have “large” (∼35–45 kb) sizes. We confirm that increases in intergenic spacer length explain much of this mammalian size increase. However, in stark contrast to the uniformity of mammalian rDNA unit size, mammalian intergenic spacers differ greatly in sequence. These results suggest a large increase in intergenic spacer size occurred in a mammalian ancestor and has been maintained despite substantial sequence changes over the course of mammalian evolution. This points to a previously unrecognized constraint on the length of the intergenic spacer, a region that was thought to be largely neutral. We finish by speculating on possible causes of this constraint.
‘Very Full of Details and Excellently Executed’: Materiality and Medicine in Hans Rottenhammer’s Painted Bodies
Authors: Hutchinson Amelia
Published: July 2024

This article explores the relationship between skin, materiality and medicine in the early modern German-speaking lands. It focuses on the understudied artwork of the Munich-born artist Johann Rottenhammer (1564–1625), demonstrating that his painted bodies were related to medical understandings of skin. Skin was a mediating boundary between inside and outside: the colour and texture of skin carried meanings about the internal state of the body. In this period, ‘exploration’ beyond Europe was destabilizing the definition of ‘good’ or ‘normative’ skin. The appearance of healthy or unhealthy skin was expressed in contemporary northern European artistic theory, for example in Karel van Mander’s Book on Painting. This article contributes to the growing literature on materiality and medicine by demonstrating their indelible impact on the artist’s project. Medical histories of the sixteenth century have traditionally positioned the Galenic and Paracelsian medical traditions as diametrically opposed. This article observes, however, key areas of similarity—the origin of curative materials, and the relationship between the internal body and the external natural world—and considers how they were present in early modern German understandings of skin.
Role of Walking Energetics and Perceived Fatigability Differs by Gait Speed: The Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA)
Authors: Garcia Reagan E , Blackwell Terri L , Forman Daniel E , Coen Paul M , Nicklas Barbara J , Qiao Yujia (Susanna) , Cawthon Peggy M , Toledo Frederico G S , Goodpaster Bret H , Cummings Steven R , Newman Anne B , Glynn Nancy W
Published: July 2024

Background

Slower gait speed may be driven by greater energy deficits and fatigability among older adults. We examined associations of walking energetics and perceived physical fatigability with gait speed among slower and faster walkers. Additionally, we used statistical mediation to examine the role of fatigability in the associations of walking energetics and gait speed using the Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA).

Methods

Perceived physical fatigability was assessed using the Pittsburgh Fatigability Scale (PFS) Physical score (range 0–50, higher = greater). A 3-phase cardiopulmonary exercise treadmill test collected peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak, mL/kg/min), energetic cost of walking (ECW, mL/kg/m), and cost–capacity ratio (VO2/VO2peak*100, %). Slower (<1.01 m/s) versus faster (≥1.01 m/s) walkers were classified using median 4-m gait speed. Linear regressions and statistical mediation analyses were conducted.

Results

Slower walkers had lower VO2peak, higher ECW at preferred walking speed (PWS), and greater PFS Physical score compared to faster walkers (all p < .05; N = 849). One standard deviation (1-SD) higher VO2peak was associated with 0.1 m/s faster gait speed, while 1-SD higher ECW PWS, cost–capacity ratio at PWS and slow walking speed (SWS), and PFS Physical score were associated with 0.02–0.23 m/s slower gait speed. PFS Physical score was a significant statistical mediator in the associations between VO2peak (15.2%), SWS cost–capacity ratio (15.9%), and ECW PWS (10.7%) with gait speed and was stronger among slower walkers.

Conclusions

Slower walkers may be more influenced by perceptions of fatigue in addition to walking energetics. Our work highlights the importance of targeting both energetics and perceived fatigability to prevent mobility decline.
Mitochondria as therapeutic targets in assisted reproduction
Authors: Yildirim Raziye Melike , Seli Emre
Published: July 2024

Mitochondria are essential organelles with specialized functions, which play crucial roles in energy production, calcium homeostasis, and programmed cell death. In oocytes, mitochondrial populations are inherited maternally and are vital for developmental competence. Dysfunction in mitochondrial quality control mechanisms can lead to reproductive failure. Due to their central role in oocyte and embryo development, mitochondria have been investigated as potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets in assisted reproduction. Pharmacological agents that target mitochondrial function and show promise in improving assisted reproduction outcomes include antioxidant coenzyme Q10 and mitoquinone, mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway inhibitor rapamycin, and nicotinamide mononucleotide. Mitochondrial replacement therapies (MRTs) offer solutions for infertility and mitochondrial disorders. Autologous germline mitochondrial energy transfer initially showed promise but failed to demonstrate significant benefits in clinical trials. Maternal spindle transfer (MST) and pronuclear transfer hold potential for preventing mitochondrial disease transmission and improving oocyte quality. Clinical trials of MST have shown promising outcomes, but larger studies are needed to confirm safety and efficacy. However, ethical and legislative challenges complicate the widespread implementation of MRTs.
Thermoeconomic, environmental and uncertainty assessments and optimization of a novel large-scale/low carbon hydrogen liquefaction plant integrated with liquefied natural gas cold energy
Authors: Zou Shuilong , Basem Ali , Shami Hayder Oleiwi , Sabri Laith S , Rajab Husam , Farqad Rand Otbah , Hussein Abbas Hameed Abdul , Alhaidry Wesam Abed A L Hassan , Idan Ameer Hassan , Golizadeh Farid
Published: July 2024

Presently, the liquefaction of hydrogen represents a promising solution to alleviate challenges associated with its storage and transportation. It is crucial to formulate methodological frameworks for scrutinizing hydrogen liquefaction routes to enhance energy efficiency. This paper endeavors to establish, assess feasibility, and refine a novel approach for a high-capacity hydrogen liquefaction facility, leveraging the cold energy from liquefied natural gas (LNG). This new route utilizes four hybrid refrigeration systems, each designed to handle 50 × 103 kg daily. Significant energy savings are achievable through the primary utilization of LNG’s energy in the precooling stage and the generation of electrical power during the vaporization phase. The architecture of this novel route is crafted around the principles of energy conservation, incorporating thermodynamic assessments alongside economic and environmental viability studies. Furthermore, the performance of this innovative hydrogen liquefaction method is thoroughly evaluated across both non-optimized and optimized scenarios. Advanced techniques such as composite curve and uncertainty analyses are employed to provide a detailed examination of heat cascades and cost differentials. The findings indicate that managing LNG’s cold energy is crucial for refining the hydrogen liquefaction route, potentially reducing the specific power requirement of the optimum route by 27.4% compared to its non-optimum counterpart. Moreover, in the optimized scenario, there is a decrease of ~4.72% in unit production expenses, 26.26% in CO2 emissions, and 21.85% in specific power usage for avoided CO2 emissions.
Cosmopolitan Pariahs: The Moral Rationale for Exclusion under Article 1F
Authors: Grey Colin
Published: July 2024

This article reconstructs the moral rationale for exclusion under article 1F of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. The idea that certain refugees may be ‘undeserving’ of refugee protection because of past criminality is incompatible with a reading of the international refugee law regime as a human rights regime. Instead, the best reconstruction of exclusion’s moral rationale is to construe it as a non-punitive form of blame, under which the international community withdraws the beneficence and goodwill necessary to enter into thicker relations of shared residence and potential citizenship. Some troubling implications of this construal of exclusion are briefly explored.
Divergent molecular strategies drive evolutionary adaptation to competitive fitness in biofilm formation
Authors: Tang Mingxing , Yang Ruixue , Zhuang Zilin , Han Shuhong , Sun Yunke , Li Peiyu , Fan Kewei , Cai Zhao , Yang Qiong , Yu Zhijian , Yang Liang , Li Shuo
Published: July 2024

Biofilm is a group of heterogeneously structured and densely packed bacteria with limited access to nutrients and oxygen. These intrinsic features can allow a mono-species biofilm to diversify into polymorphic subpopulations, determining the overall community’s adaptive capability to changing ecological niches. However, the specific biological functions underlying biofilm diversification and fitness adaptation are poorly demonstrated. Here, we launched and monitored the experimental evolution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms, finding that two divergent molecular trajectories were adopted for adaptation to higher competitive fitness in biofilm formation: one involved hijacking bacteriophage superinfection to aggressively inhibit kin competitors, whereas the other induced a subtle change in cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate signaling to gain a positional advantage via enhanced early biofilm adhesion. Bioinformatics analyses implicated that similar evolutionary strategies were prevalent among clinical P. aeruginosa strains, indicative of parallelism between natural and experimental evolution. Divergence in the molecular bases illustrated the adaptive values of genomic plasticity for gaining competitive fitness in biofilm formation. Finally, we demonstrated that these fitness-adaptive mutations reduced bacterial virulence. Our findings revealed how the mutations intrinsically generated from the biofilm environment influence the evolution of P. aeruginosa.
Four years of climate warming reduced dark carbon fixation in coastal wetlands
Authors: Liu Bolin , Qi Lin , Zheng Yanling , Zhang Chao , Zhou Jie , An Zhirui , Wang Bin , Lin Zhuke , Yao Cheng , Wang Yixuan , Yin Guoyu , Dong Hongpo , Li Xiaofei , Liang Xia , Han Ping , Liu Min , Zhang Guosen , Cui Ying , Hou Lijun
Published: July 2024

Dark carbon fixation (DCF), conducted mainly by chemoautotrophs, contributes greatly to primary production and the global carbon budget. Understanding the response of DCF process to climate warming in coastal wetlands is of great significance for model optimization and climate change prediction. Here, based on a 4-yr field warming experiment (average annual temperature increase of 1.5°C), DCF rates were observed to be significantly inhibited by warming in coastal wetlands (average annual DCF decline of 21.6%, and estimated annual loss of 0.08–1.5 Tg C yr−1 in global coastal marshes), thus causing a positive climate feedback. Under climate warming, chemoautotrophic microbial abundance and biodiversity, which were jointly affected by environmental changes such as soil organic carbon and water content, were recognized as significant drivers directly affecting DCF rates. Metagenomic analysis further revealed that climate warming may alter the pattern of DCF carbon sequestration pathways in coastal wetlands, increasing the relative importance of the 3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle, whereas the relative importance of the dominant chemoautotrophic carbon fixation pathways (Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle and W-L pathway) may decrease due to warming stress. Collectively, our work uncovers the feedback mechanism of microbially mediated DCF to climate warming in coastal wetlands, and emphasizes a decrease in carbon sequestration through DCF activities in this globally important ecosystem under a warming climate.
Colonization compatibility with Bacillus altitudinis confers soybean seed rot resistance
Authors: Wu Ping-Hu , Chang Hao-Xun
Published: July 2024

The plant microbiome and plant-associated bacteria are known to support plant health, but there are limited studies on seed and seedling microbiome to reveal how seed-associated bacteria may confer disease resistance. In this study, the application of antibiotics on soybean seedlings indicated that seed-associated bacteria were involved in the seed rot resistance against a soil-borne pathogen Calonectria ilicicola, but this resistance cannot be carried to withstand root rot. Using PacBio 16S rRNA gene full-length sequencing and microbiome analyses, 14 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) including 2 ASVs matching to Bacillus altitudinis were found to be more abundant in the four most resistant varieties versus the four most susceptible varieties. Culture-dependent isolation obtained two B. altitudinis isolates that both exhibit antagonistic capability against six fungal pathogens. Application of B. altitudinis on the most resistant and susceptible soybean varieties revealed different colonization compatibility, and the seed rot resistance was restored in the five varieties showing higher bacterial colonization. Moreover, quantitative PCR confirmed the persistence of B. altitudinis on apical shoots till 21 days post-inoculation (dpi), but 9 dpi on roots of the resistant variety TN5. As for the susceptible variety HC, the persistence of B. altitudinis was only detected before 6 dpi on both shoots and roots. The short-term colonization of B. altitudinis on roots may explain the absence of root rot resistance. Collectively, this study advances the insight of B. altitudinis conferring soybean seed rot resistance and highlights the importance of considering bacterial compatibility with plant varieties and colonization persistence on plant tissues.
Leveraging interdisciplinary management in people with HIV and lymphoid neoplasms
Authors: Celades Carolina , Tuset Montse , Ambrosioni Juan , Calvo Júlia , Lizondo Thais , Sabato Sofia , Guardia Ares , Chapchap Eduardo-Cerello , Navarro Jose Tomas , Molto Jose
Published: July 2024

Background

Drug–drug interactions between antiretroviral treatment (ART) and cytostatics may have a negative impact in the prognosis of people with HIV (PWH) and cancer.

Objective

The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the implementation of interdisciplinary management and the type of ART in PWH diagnosed with lymphoid neoplasms.

Methods

This is a multicentric, retrospective observational cohort study including PWH diagnosed with lymphoid neoplasm who started first-line chemotherapy between 2008 and 2020. Demographic, clinical and therapeutic variables were obtained from the electronic medical records and associated with 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) using Cox proportional hazard models.

Results

A total of 118 individuals were included. Boosted ART was being used in 55 (46.6%) cases at the time of neoplasm diagnosis. The Infectious Diseases or the Pharmacy Department was consulted before starting chemotherapy in 79/118 (66.9%) cases. Interdisciplinary management resulted in fewer subjects taking boosted ART (17.7% versus 71.8%, P < 0.001) and more subjects using unboosted integrase strand transfer inhibitor–based ART (74.7% versus 7.7%, P < 0.001). The use of boosted ART with chemotherapy was associated with worse 5-year PFS (P = 0.003) and 5-year OS (P = 0.016). There was a trend towards better 5-year PFS and OS when interdisciplinary management was implemented, with significant differences for individuals receiving boosted ART at neoplasm diagnosis (P = 0.0246 and P = 0.0329, respectively).

Conclusions

Our findings underscore the significant impact of the type of ART on the prognosis of PWH undergoing chemotherapy. Encouraging collaborative management between oncologists, pharmacists and HIV teams for these patients enhances PFS and OS rates.
Nutritional and functional roles of β-mannanase on intestinal health and growth of newly weaned pigs fed two different types of feeds
Authors: Baker Jonathan T , Deng Zixiao , Sokale Adebayo , Frederick Brent , Kim Sung Woo
Published: July 2024

This study aimed to investigate the nutritional and functional roles of β-mannanase on the intestinal health and growth of newly weaned pigs fed a typical or low-cost formulated feeds (LCF). Twenty-four newly weaned pigs at 6.2 kg ± 0.4 body weight (BW) were allotted to three dietary treatments based on a randomized complete block design with sex and initial BW as blocks. Three dietary treatments are as follows: Control, typical nursery feeds including animal protein supplements and enzyme-treated soybean meal; LCF with increased amounts of soybean meal, decreased amounts of animal protein supplements, and no enzyme-treated soybean meal; LCF+, low-cost formulated feed with β-mannanase at 100 g/t, providing 800 thermostable β-mannanase unit (TMU) per kg of feed. Pigs were fed based on a three-phase feeding program for a total of 37 d. On day 37 of feeding, all pigs were euthanized and the gastrointestinal tract was removed for sample collection to analyze intestinal health parameters, mucosa-associated microbiota, and gene expression of tight junction proteins. Pigs fed LCF increased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Helicobacter in the jejunal mucosa, tended to decrease (P = 0.097; P = 0.098) the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the expression of zona occluden 1 (ZO-1) gene in the jejunum, tended to decrease average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.084) and final BW (P = 0.090), and decreased (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake. Pigs fed LCF + tended to decrease (P = 0.088) digesta viscosity, decreased (P < 0.05) the relative abundance of Helicobacter, and increased (P < 0.05) Lactobacillus in the jejunal mucosa compared to LCF. Additionally, LCF + tended to increase final BW (P = 0.059) and ADG (P = 0.054), increased (P < 0.05) gain to feed ratio (G:F), and reduced (P < 0.05) fecal score compared to LCF. LCF with decreased amounts of animal protein supplements and increased amounts of soybean meal had negative effects on the composition of the mucosa-associated microbiota, intestinal integrity, and growth performance of nursery pigs. Beta-mannanase supplementation to LCF decreased digesta viscosity, increased the relative abundance of potentially health-benefitting microbiota such as Lactobacillus, and improved growth and fecal score, thus reflecting its efficacy in low-cost formulated feeds with increased amounts of soybean meal.
Investigating the Impact of Wound Edge Approximation With Skin Grafting on Hypertrophic Scar Reduction: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Adib Abdollah , Ghasemian Moghadam Mohammadreza , Ghoncheh Mahdi , Bijari Bita , Mohaghegh Zabihullah
Published: July 2024

In modern burn care, the focus extends beyond mere patient survival to encompass long-term functional and cosmetic outcomes. Research suggests that the technique and manner of suturing during skin grafting play a significant role in scar formation. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of wound edge approximation with skin grafting compared to the conventional approach, where the graft edge exclusively interacts with the wound edge, in reducing hypertrophic scar development. Seventy-four burn unit patients eligible for grafting were randomly allocated into 2 groups: those receiving grafts with overlapping edges (Group A) and those receiving grafts with edges tailored to the burn wound (Group B). Evaluation of graft sites occurred immediately post-surgery and at 1 and 6 months post-operatively using the standardized Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) administered by trained surgeons. The findings of this study revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 examined groups regarding the average duration of hospitalization and the mean thickness of wounds (P > 0.05). Similarly, the mean scores for pain, vascular index, and pigmentation index immediately post-surgery, at 1 month, and 6 months later, as well as the scar height index and flexibility immediately and at 1-month post-surgery, and the VSS index at the study’s conclusion, showed no significant variation between the 2 groups (P > 0.05). However, at the 6-month follow-up, the mean scar height score (P = 0.004) in the overlapping group and the mean flexibility score (P = 0.017) in the non-overlapping group were significantly lower compared to the respective alternative group. This indicates a notable improvement in scar height and wound flexibility in the overlapping group over the non-overlapping group after 6 months.
Structural and molecular imaging-based characterization of soft tissue and vascular calcification in hyperphosphatemic familial tumoral calcinosis
Authors: Sheppard Aaron J , Paravastu Sriram S , Farhadi Faraz , Donnelly Eve , Hartley Iris R , Gafni Rachel I , Saboury Babak , Collins Michael T , Roszko Kelly L
Published: July 2024

Hyperphosphatemic familial tumoral calcinosis (HFTC) is a rare disorder caused by deficient FGF23 signaling and resultant ectopic calcification. Here, we systematically characterized and quantified macro- and micro-calcification in a HFTC cohort using CT and 18F-sodium fluoride PET/CT (18F-NaF PET/CT). Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was performed on 4 phenotypically different calcifications from a patient with HFTC, showing the dominant component to be hydroxyapatite. Eleven patients with HFTC were studied with CT and/or 18F-NaF PET/CT. Qualitative review was done to describe the spectrum of imaging findings on both modalities. CT-based measures of volume (eg, total calcific burden and lesion volume) and density (Hounsfield units) were quantified and compared to PET-based measures of mineralization activity (eg, mean standardized uptake values—SUVs). Microcalcification scores were calculated for the vasculature of 6 patients using 18F-NaF PET/CT and visualized on a standardized vascular atlas. Ectopic calcifications were present in 82% of patients, predominantly near joints and the distal extremities. Considerable heterogeneity was observed in total calcific burden per patient (823.0 ± 670.1 cm3, n = 9) and lesion volume (282.5 ± 414.8 cm3, n = 27). The largest lesions were found at the hips and shoulders. 18F-NaF PET offered the ability to differentiate active vs quiescent calcifications. Calcifications were also noted in multiple anatomic locations, including brain parenchyma (50%). Vascular calcification was seen in the abdominal aorta, carotid, and coronaries in 50%, 73%, and 50%, respectively. 18F-NaF-avid, but CT-negative calcification was seen in a 17-year-old patient, implicating early onset vascular calcification. This first systematic assessment of calcifications in a cohort of patients with HFTC has identified the early onset, prevalence, and extent of calcification. It supports 18F-NaF PET/CT as a clinical tool for distinguishing between active and inactive calcification, informing disease progression, and quantification of ectopic and vascular disease burden.
Differences in tissue-level properties as assessed by nano-scratching in patients with and without atypical femur fractures on long-term bisphosphonate therapy: a proof-of-concept pilot study
Authors: Johnson Gabriel , Griffin Lanny V , Qiu Shijing , Rao Sudhaker D
Published: July 2024

Atypical femur fractures (AFFs) are a well-established complication of long-term bisphosphonate (BP) therapy, but their pathogenesis is not fully understood. Although many patients on long-term BP therapy have severe suppression of bone turnover (SSBT), not all such patients experience AFF, even though SSBT is a major contributor to AFF. Accordingly, we evaluated tissue level properties using nano-scratch testing of trans-iliac bone biopsy specimens in 12 women (6 with and 6 without AFF matched for age and race). Nano-scratch data were analyzed using a mixed-model ANOVA with volume-normalized scratch energy as a function of AFF (Yes or No), region (periosteal or endosteal), and a first-order interaction between region and AFF. Tukey post hoc analyses of the differences of least squared means of scratch energy were performed and reported as significant if p<.05. The volume-normalized scratch energy was 10.6% higher in AFF than in non-AFF patients (p=.003) and 17.9 % higher in the periosteal than in the endosteal region (p=.004). The differences in normalized scratch energy are suggestive of a higher hardness of the bone tissue after long-term BP therapy. The results of this study are consistent with other studies in the literature and demonstrate the efficacy of using Nano-Scratch technique to evaluate bone tissue that exhibits SSBT and AFF. Further studies using nano-scratch may help quantify and elucidate underlying mechanisms for the pathogenesis of AFF.
Altered extracellular matrix and mechanotransduction gene expression in rat bone tissue following long-term estrogen deficiency
Authors: Naqvi Syeda Masooma , O’Sullivan Laura M , Allison Hollie , Casey Vincent J , Schiavi-Tritz Jessica , McNamara Laoise M
Published: July 2024

Osteoporosis is primarily associated with bone loss, but changes in bone tissue matrix composition and osteocyte mechanotransduction have also been identified. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes and their relation to bone loss are not fully understood. The objectives of this study were to (1) conduct comprehensive temporal gene expression analyses on cortical bone tissue from ovariectomized rats, with a specific focus on genes known to govern matrix degradation, matrix production, and mechanotransduction, and (2) correlate these findings with bone mass, trabecular and cortical microarchitecture, and mineral and matrix composition. Microarray data revealed 35 differentially expressed genes in the cortical bone tissue of the ovariectomized cohort. We report that catabolic gene expression abates after the initial accelerated bone loss period, which occurs within the first 4 wk of estrogen deficiency. However, in long-term estrogen deficiency, we report increased expression of genes associated with extracellular matrix deposition (Spp1, COL1A1, COL1A2, OCN) and mechanotransduction (Cx43) compared with age-matched controls and short-term estrogen deficiency. These changes coincided with increased heterogeneity of mineral-to-matrix ratio and collagen maturity, to which extracellular matrix markers COL1A1 and COL1A2 were positively correlated. Interestingly, mineral heterogeneity and collagen maturity, exhibited a negative correlation with PHEX and IFT88, associated with mechanosensory cilia formation and Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. This study provides the first insight into the underlying mechanisms governing secondary mineralization and heterogeneity of matrix composition of bone tissue in long-term estrogen deficiency. We propose that altered mechanobiological responses in long-term estrogen deficiency may play a role in these changes.
Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis—a polygenic disorder?
Authors: Wade Emma , Mulholland Katie , Shaw Ian , Cundy Tim , Robertson Stephen
Published: July 2024

Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis (IJO) is a rare condition presenting with vertebral and metaphyseal fractures that affects otherwise healthy prepubertal children. Bone mineral density (BMD) measurements are very low. The primary problem appears to be deficient bone formation, with a failure to accrue bone normally during growth. The onset in childhood suggests IJO is a genetic disorder, and a number of reports indicate that some children carry heterozygous pathogenic variants in genes known to be associated with defective osteoblast function and low bone mass, most commonly LRP5 or PLS3. However, a positive family history is unusual in IJO, suggesting the genetic background can be complex. We describe a young man with classical IJO who was investigated with a bone fragility gene panel and whole genome sequencing. The proband was found to carry four variants in three different genes potentially affecting osteoblast function. From his mother he had inherited mutations in ALPL (p.Asn417Ser) and LRP5 (p.Arg1036Gln), and from his father mutations in LRP5 (p.Asp1551Alsfs*13) and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) (p.Leu306Ile). His sister had also inherited the LRP5 (p.Asp1551Alsfs*13) from her father, but not the ATF4 mutation. Their spinal BMD z-scores differed substantially (sister –1.6, father –3.2) pointing to the potential importance of the ATF4 mutation. Activating transcription factor 4 acts downstream from RUNX2 and osterix and plays an important role in osteoblast differentiation and function. This case, together with others recently published, supports the view that IJO can result from clustering of mutations in genes related to osteoblast development and function. Novel genes in these pathways may be involved. Our case also emphasizes the value of detailed study of other family members. After a bone biopsy had excluded a mineralization defect due to hypophosphatasia, the proband was treated with zoledronate infusions with good clinical effect.
Reduced palatability, fast flight, and tails: decoding the defence arsenal of Eudaminae skipper butterflies in a Neotropical locality
Authors: Linke Daniel , Hernandez Mejia Jacqueline , Eche Navarro Valery N P , Salinas Sánchez Letty , de Gusmão Ribeiro Pedro , Elias Marianne , Matos-Maraví Pável
Published: July 2024

Prey often rely on multiple defences against predators, such as flight speed, attack deflection from vital body parts, or unpleasant taste, but our understanding on how often and why they are co-exhibited remains limited. Eudaminae skipper butterflies use fast flight and mechanical defences (hindwing tails), but whether they use other defences like unpalatability (consumption deterrence) and how these defences interact have not been assessed. We tested the palatability of 12 abundant Eudaminae species in Peru, using training and feeding experiments with domestic chicks. Further, we approximated the difficulty of capture based on flight speed and quantified it by wing loading. We performed phylogenetic regressions to find any association between multiple defences, body size, and habitat preference. We found a broad range of palatability in Eudaminae, within and among species. Contrary to current understanding, palatability was negatively correlated with wing loading, suggesting that faster butterflies tend to have lower palatability. The relative length of hindwing tails did not explain the level of butterfly palatability, showing that attack deflection and consumption deterrence are not mutually exclusive. Habitat preference (open or forested environments) did not explain the level of palatability either, although butterflies with high wing loading tended to occupy semi-closed or closed habitats. Finally, the level of unpalatability in Eudaminae is size dependent. Larger butterflies are less palatable, perhaps because of higher detectability/preference by predators. Altogether, our findings shed light on the contexts favouring the prevalence of single versus multiple defensive strategies in prey.
Lure specificity, phenology, and damage caused by Epiphyas moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Western Australian apple orchards
Authors: Yazdani Maryam , Howse Elliot , Tay Wee Tek , Spafford Helen , van Klinken Rieks D
Published: July 2024

Multiple Epiphyas species inhabit southwestern Western Australia, including Light Brown Apple Moth (LBAM) Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), a globally significant, polyphagous pest. This study evaluated the efficacy and specificity of lures designed for 3 Epiphyas species: E. postvittana, Epiphyas pulla (Turner), and the undescribed Epiphyas sp. (1) (Common). Additionally, the study sought to determine the presence and distribution of Epiphyas species in 3 significant apple-growing localities. Trapping, together with partial sequencing of the mitochondrial COI gene, found LBAM to be restricted to the Perth Hills and E. pulla, to apple orchards near Manjimup and Pemberton. This geographic disjunction remains unexplained. Epiphyas sp. (1) was not recorded despite using a specifically designed lure. The E. pulla and LBAM traps demonstrated superior efficacy in capturing their target species, while the catch in Epiphyas sp. (1) traps did not significantly differ between the 2. Both E. pulla and LBAM exhibited peak abundance from late spring to the end of summer (October–February), with variations in timing and peak catch of male moths across species, locations, and years. Surveys conducted in April during the harvest period (February–May), when moth traps caught an average of 1–1.8 moths/trap/week, found no Epiphyas larvae or damage on 140,400 mature apples or on 26,000 leaves. While E. pulla and LBAM traps effectively monitor their target moths, genetic identification of trap catch would be necessary if they co-occurred. Encouragingly, the results indicate that both species become relatively rare as harvest season approaches, and neither inflicts significant damage to mature apples under existing management.
Germany: the House of Birkenstock—rise and fall under copyright law?
Authors: Hartwig Henning
Published: July 2024

The House of Birkenstock, established in Germany in 1774, has become a fashion icon, not least thanks to support from ageless influencers such as Kate Moss and Gwyneth Paltrow. On its way to fame, Birkenstock has sought to enforce a variety of different intellectual property rights in court, but with only average, if not little, success. Claims under German copyright law, however, turned out to be quite promising—until January 2024 when the Cologne Appeal Court intervened.
Phylogenomics resolves long-standing questions about the affinities of an endangered Corsican endemic fly
Authors: Cerretti Pierfilippo , Yan Liping , Narayanan Kutty Sujatha , Szpila Krzysztof , Nania Dario , Tintea Roxana , Mei Maurizio , Pape Thomas
Published: July 2024

Recent studies on oestroidean Diptera (Brachycera) are providing a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the evolutionary history of this remarkably diverse clade of holometabolous insects. The Oestroidea, which includes formidable pests such as various blowflies, botflies, and flesh flies that infest livestock, pets and humans, are mostly composed of beneficial species that act as scavengers or parasitoids on various pest insects. In our research, we used genomic methods to elucidate the phylogenetic position of Nesodexia corsicana Villeneuve, 1911 (Diptera: Calliphoridae), a mysterious oestroid species endemic to Corsica and characterized by distinctive morphological features that have puzzled taxonomists for years. Contrary to initial hypotheses, our results place Nesodexia Villeneuve, 1911 within the Calliphoridae subfamily Rhinophorinae, a small lineage of terrestrial isopod parasitoids. Through detailed morphological analysis of adults of both sexes and eggs, we uncovered significant insights consistent with our phylogenomic reconstruction. The unique morphological features of the species, coupled with its restricted and fragmented habitat, highlight its potential conservation importance. We delineated the area of occupancy for N. corsicana and assessed its “threatened” category using specific IUCN Red List criteria. In addition, we mapped the available habitat within its range and determined potential key biodiversity areas (KBA) triggered by N. corsicana. New potential KBAs are only partially covered by the Corsican Regional Park. Finally, we mapped the distribution of habitats on the island to assess the potential distribution of the species beyond its currently known geographic range.
Additive effects of mild head trauma, blast exposure, and aging within white matter tracts: A novel Diffusion Tensor Imaging analysis approach
Authors: Poliva Oren , Herrera Christian , Sugai Kelli , Whittle Nicole , Leek Marjorie R , Barnes Samuel , Holshouser Barbara , Yi Alex , Venezia Jonathan H
Published: July 2024

Existing diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies of neurological injury following high-level blast exposure (hlBE) in military personnel have produced widely variable results. This is potentially due to prior studies often not considering the quantity and/or recency of hlBE, as well as co-morbidity with non-blast head trauma (nbHT). Herein, we compare commonly used DTI metrics: fractional anisotropy and mean, axial, and radial diffusivity, in Veterans with and without history of hlBE and/or nbHT. We use both the traditional method of dividing participants into 2 equally weighted groups and an alternative method wherein each participant is weighted by quantity and recency of hlBE and/or nbHT. While no differences were detected using the traditional method, the alternative method revealed diffuse and extensive changes in all DTI metrics. These effects were quantified within 43 anatomically defined white matter tracts, which identified the forceps minor, middle corpus callosum, acoustic and optic radiations, fornix, uncinate, inferior fronto-occipital and inferior longitudinal fasciculi, and cingulum, as the pathways most affected by hlBE and nbHT. Moreover, additive effects of aging were present in many of the same tracts suggesting that these neuroanatomical effects may compound with age.
Comparison on stress memory of two Hypnaceae moss species to haze
Authors: Liu Binyang , Zhang Xinru , Jiang Gaoming
Published: July 2024

Industrialization and the rapid growth of economies have caused severe environmental pollution, which might impact the survival of sensitive species. In this study, we investigated the defense responses of two common mosses with varying anti-haze capacities, Hypnum callichroum and Homomallium incurvatum, in response to simulated haze pollution. Photoprotection and antioxidant mechanisms of both mosses were measured immediately after the first exposure to the haze treatment, followed by the initial recovery stage and again after exposure to secondary stress and secondary recovery. Haze exposure caused severe oxidative stress and photodamage in both H. callichroum and H. incurvatum. Metabolic processes such as photorespiration, the ascorbate–glutathione cycle and secondary metabolism—which play roles in defense responses—were significantly activated in both moss species after haze treatment. During the recovery following haze stress, H. callichroum exhibited a significant stress memory response, as evidenced by the greater accumulation of several memory substances, including xanthophylls and phenolic acids. However, H. incurvatum did not exhibit a strong stress memory response, which might explain its relatively inferior anti-haze capacity in the natural environment.
Linked Data for modelling and replicating the knowledge production process in data-driven humanities research
Authors: Stapel Rombert , Zandhuis Ivo
Published: July 2024

The steps from primary source to scholarly claim typically follow a ‘breadcrumb trail’ of wide-ranging decisions by one or more scholars. For replication studies, these decisions must be identified and made as explicit as possible so that the results can be faithfully reproduced. We use a replication study of premodern population estimates as a use case to gain more insight into the kinds of scholarly practices that need to be made explicit, and to think about possible solutions for modelling this process with future replicability in mind. We argue that Linked Data is the logical and flexible technique for modelling such a replication study. For our use case, it allows us to capture both the data itself and the individual decisions made to arrive at a scientifically derived population estimate based on, for example, geographical phenomena or source criticism. In this article, we set an agenda for the use of Linked Data in data-driven humanities research by exploring the benefits, opportunities, and challenges associated with using Linked Data to conduct a replication study in the humanities (and to promote the reproducibility of humanities research more generally). We identify three key aspects that can benefit from the flexibility offered by Linked Data: increasing the trustworthiness of quantitative studies; facilitating the reproducibility of future studies; and facilitating the interpretation of replication results.
Anorectal abscess
Authors: Sweeney Matthew , Samdani Tushar
Published: July 2024

An anorectal abscess is a common problem which frequently requires surgical drainage. This chapter explores the aetiology, classification, and management of anorectal abscesses. It reviews the pertinent anatomy and pathophysiology behind the prevailing theory of anorectal abscess formation, and it discusses the relationship of an anorectal abscess and fistula-in-ano. It covers the typical symptomatology, examination findings, and diagnostic testing involved in the management of an anorectal abscess. It describes the surgical approach for each subtype of anorectal abscess (perianal and perirectal), and briefly explores the considerations with anorectal abscess in specific patient populations, including those with Crohn’s Disease or immunocompromised states.
Rectal prolapse
Authors: Marco Michael , Cass Richard W. , Garrett Kelly A.
Published: July 2024

Rectal prolapse occurs when the rectum loses its normal attachments and prolapses out of the anus. This is more common in older women and can impact their quality of life. Prolapse can often be associated with either constipation or faecal incontinence. This condition is mainly diagnosed on a physical examination. Physiologic testing can be obtained but often does not change the treatment. The main treatment for rectal prolapse is surgery. There are many different types of procedures described for the treatment of rectal prolapse indicating there is no gold standard approach. The goal of surgery is to reduce the prolapse and improve associated symptoms.
Endoscopic evaluation for surgeons
Authors: Yamashita Satoshi , Hoteya Shu
Published: July 2024

During screening colonoscopy, careful observation and avoiding missed flat lesions are the most important aspects. To correctly evaluate colorectal neoplasia, a combination of several endoscopic imaging methods (i.e. white light imaging, image-enhanced endoscopy, magnifying chromoendoscopy, and endoscopic ultrasonography, EUS) are necessary. To select the appropriate therapy, understanding the appearance of lesions with submucosal invasion on each image is very important. Conventional EUS is useful for evaluating depth of invasion into other organs from advanced cancers, especially lesions located in the rectum because of their volume and location. Tumour depth evaluations for superficial adenocarcinoma by EUS are more difficult than those for advanced cancer. However, for sessile-type lesions, particularly those suspected to be T1b carcinoma, EUS sometimes obtains tumour depth information in addition to information about the appearance, and superficial structure evaluations with magnified endoscopy can be performed. High-frequency ultrasound probe is useful for the evaluation of superficial or small lesions.
Current endoscopic treatment techniques
Authors: Fujii Yuko , Leer-Greenberg Brett Van , Nishimura Makoto
Published: July 2024

Currently, there is a wide array of techniques for the endoscopic treatment of colorectal tumours. Historically, polypectomy and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) were the standard techniques for polyp resection. Newer modalities have since been established in the literature including: cold biopsy forceps polypectomy, cold snare polypectomy, and underwater EMR and endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) techniques. In recent years, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has developed in Japan which can provide a reliable and curative resection for early stage colorectal neoplasms. However, ESD is regarded to be a technically difficult and time-consuming procedure. Recent progress on multiple devices in the past few years has enabled ESD to be more commonly performed in Western countries and is increasing in availability in the United States. In this article, we describe the current status of endoscopic removal techniques for colorectal lesions.
Sample paper 2
Authors: Karavadra Babu , Haines Richard A. , Sule Medha
Published: July 2024

This chapter contains 100 single best answer questions as a practice paper. The questions aim to test a variety of areas within obstetrics and gynaecology. The question content is not necessarily reflective of how the topics may appear in paper one and paper two of the actual examination. The aim of the sample paper is to provide you with a broad range of questions to test your knowledge. It is recommended you prioritise how long you take to complete the paper, as you would in the actual examination.
Immunology, Oncology, and Statistical Concepts
Authors: Morchi Ravi
Published: July 2024

This chapter covers basic immunology, including the innate and adaptive immune arms and their cellular constituents. It includes the fundamentals of transplant immunology, rejection, medical management, and associated complications. This is followed by a review of oncologic principles, tumor markers, and chemotherapeutics as they pertain to the surgeon. It closes with high yield facts for statistics and evidence-based medicine relevant to the general surgery board examination.
Spleen
Authors: Morchi Ravi
Published: July 2024

The anatomy and physiology of the spleen, its hematologic regulation and lymphatic contribution are outlined at the start of the chapter. Common splenic masses are reviewed, followed by frequently tested platelet and hemolytic disorders. Lymphoid and myeloid diseases pertinent to general surgery and causing splenomegaly are listed. The chapter closes with splenic trauma and operative details on splenorrhaphy and splenectomy.