bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The State Action Doctrine
Authors: Michelman Frank I
Published: October 2023

The “state action” rule in U.S. constitutional law—as represented by cases such as The Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883), Flagg Brothers, Inc. v. Brooks, 436 U.S. 149 (1978), and Moose Lodge No. 7 v. Irvis, 407 U.S. 163 (1972)—limits the reach of the Constitution’s guarantees of individual rights in two respects. First, these guarantees do not ordinarily impose any legal responsibility on nonoffcial parties engaged in the con- duct of nongovernmental affairs. Second, they do not ordinarily impose any responsibility on the state to control the conduct of nonstate parties— the state’s own liabilities typically being limited to cases of rights-invasive conduct by the state itself, acting through its ofcers and agents. In a lingo often used by jurists outside the United States, our state action rule is said to deny any purely “horizontal” (private-on-private), as opposed to “vertical” (government-on-private), application or effect to those constitutional guarantees to which it attaches. (The salient exception is the Thirteenth Amendment’s prohibition against slavery and involuntary servitude. See, e.g., Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co., 392 U.S. 409 (1968).)
Epilepsy on Our Terms
Authors: Schachter Steven C , Montouris Georgia D , Pellock John M
Published: October 2023

This enlightening book presents the firsthand personal accounts of children with seizure disorders and their parents. In their own words, they vividly describe the experiences of handling the crisis of the first seizure, adjusting to the diagnosis of epilepsy, coping with seizures, managing medications and side effects, and dealing with health care providers, teachers, schoolmates, siblings, and friends. The accounts reveal the terror, uncertainty and frustration felt by children and parents after a diagnosis of epilepsy, and document the ongoing trials, tribulations and triumphs of coping with seizures, medication schedules and side effects, health care providers and hospitals, schoolmates, siblings, relatives and friends. These accounts provide realistic insights into the myriad issues encountered in living with childhood epilepsy. The book also includes a straightforward medical discussion of childhood seizures, written in layperson's terms; a glossary of medical terms; and a guide for schoolteachers and parents written by the Executive Director of the Epilepsy Association of Massachusetts. Appendices provide a directory of Epilepsy Foundation of America affiliates; a list of recommended books, publications and videotapes, and information about the Epilepsy Foundation of America's Winning Kids program. ABOUT THE SERIES: With the Brainstorms series, one of the world's leading authorities on epilepsy, Dr Steven C. Schachter, has gathered together the personal testimonies of patients, family members, and caregivers to create a poignant and gripping series of books on this misunderstood and often devastating disorder.
A Parent’s Guide To Rheumatic Diseases In Children
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: October 2023

For a child with arthritis or a related condition, lack of knowledge on the part of the parents is one of the biggest obstacles to recovery. Parents do not always know how to interpret the complaints voiced by their children and this is compounded by the inexperience of physicians, who rarely treat children with these ailments. In this marvelously down-to-earth guide, Dr. Thomas Lehman, the head of one of the leading paediatric rheumatology programs in the world, offers a gold mine of expert advice that is invaluable both for parents whose children have rheumatic disorders and for parents of children with complaints, discomfort, or disability who are not getting the answers they need from their physician. Using simple analogies and illustrative anecdotes to illuminate hard-to-grasp concepts, Dr. Lehman helps parents interpret their child’s complaints and to determine whether medical attention is needed. Even more important, the book explains to parents how to follow through with a physician and make sure their child receives the appropriate tests, the proper diagnosis, and ultimately, the best care possible. The book explains to parents what symptoms to look for, what questions to ask, and what to expect when treatment begins. It sheds light on a wide range of rheumatic disorders, including Juvenile Arthritis, Lyme Disease, Lupus, Kawasaki Disease, Fibromyalgia, and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and it addresses such crucial topics as drug safety, the potential risks to children posed by medications, health insurance problems, the difficulty of family life when a child has a chronic disease, and much more. The only book on this subject currently available, A Parent’s Guide to Rheumatic Diseases in Children captures the expertise of a dedicated physician with over thirty years of hands-on experience helping children lead normal happy lives. It will help you to ensure that your child achieves the best possible outcome.
Eye Muscle Surgery for Acquired Forms of Nystagmus
Authors: Tomsak Robert L , Dell’osso louis f. , Jacobs jonathan B , Wang, Zhong I , Leigh R John
Published: October 2023

We report 3 patients with acquired nystagmus who were treated with eye muscle tenotomy and reattachment. The first patient had acquired pendular nystagmus (APN) associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) and underwent bilateral medial rectus tenotomies and bilateral lateral rectus recessions to correct exotropia. Eye movements were recorded before surgery, after surgery, and after surgery and treatment with memantine. Following surgery, APN decreased by d 50% and the eXpanded Nystagmus Acuity Function (NAFX) increased by 34%. Measured Snellen acuity increased 100%, from 0.125 OD and OS to 0.25. Saccades were unaffected. After treatment with memantine, APN was damped further by 69%, and NAFX was improved an additional 9%; Snellen acuity increased 60% to 0.4. The second patient had monocular APN associated with MS. The horizontal recti were tenotomized and reattached in only the eye with nystagmus. This resulted in damping of the nystagmus by 66%, and Snellen acuity increased 100% from 0.2 to 0.4. The third patient had downbeat nystagmus of undetermined etiology and preferred a chin-down (up-gaze) head position to diminish symptoms. Asymmetrical superior rectus recessions, to address head position and hypertropia, were combined with tenotomy and reattachment of both inferior recti. Surgery resulted in reduction of vertical nystagmus by 46%, improvement of NAFX values by 17%, and improvement in visual acuity from 20/25 to 20/20. These preliminary results support the view that eye muscle tenotomy may diminish acquired forms of nystagmus and improve vision in selected patients.
Disease process
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim
Published: October 2023

As stated earlier, enthesitis (painful inflammation of entheses) is an important and characteristic clinicopathologic feature of AS and related SpA, but it is not the sole feature.1 Synovitis and subchondral bone marrow changes adjacent to the ligamentous insertions are important too, as are cartilage proliferation and endochondral ossification. But entheses may also be affected by metabolic, degenerative, and mechanical factors that can result in noninflammatory pathology, termed enthesopathy (Table 4.1).1–5
Brief illustrative case histories
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim
Published: October 2023

A 26-year-old college student was seen with chronic back and hip pain and stiffness for 18 months. The pain was initially felt in the buttocks and hips for the first few months and then progressed to also involve the low back area, and it has been associated with stiffness. His back pain and stiffness are worsened with prolonged sitting and during the second half of the night, as well as on waking up in the morning. The morning stiffness and pain start easing up after 40 minutes, after physical activity or exercise, and after a hot shower. In the past 3 months he has noted pain in the lower rib cage that is accentuated on coughing or sneezing.
Soul Train: The New Surveillance in Popular Music
Authors: Marx Gary T
Published: October 2023

Most analysis of information technology uses printed words and numbers, and considers structures and behavior. As important as historical, social, philosophical, legal, and policy analyses are, they are insufficient for broad understanding. We also need cultural analysis to understand how surveillance is experienced.
The Anglican Tradition: Building the State, Critiquing the State
Authors: Anderson Leah Seppanen
Published: October 2023

The seventy-seven million Anglicans around the globe form the third largest Christian communion, smaller than only the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The tradition began in Europe with the creation of the Church of England in the early 1500s, but today, as a result of British colonization and the missionary efforts of the Church of England, there are thirty-eight provinces, or national branches, of Anglicanism in such varied locales as Sudan, South Korea, and Mexico. The Anglican Communion is the name for the loose denominational association that joins these national churches. The historical particularity of the Church of England and the contemporary diversity of the Anglican Communion create complicated implications for politics.
Introduction
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn
Published: October 2023

The ancient Greeks were speakers of the Greek language, who first emerged as a distinct civilization in the region of the Greek peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean during the Bronze Age (before 1000 B.C.E.). They eventually came to occupy Europe and Asia from Spain in the west to Egypt in the south to India in the east.

The Greek language is an Indo-European language, meaning it is related to languages such as Irish, German, Latin, French, Russian, ancient Hittite, and the dialects of Iran and India. All these languages derive from one postulated original language called *Proto-Indo-European (the * means that the language has never been encountered but is a theoretical reconstruction). The relation-ships among these languages were studied by the Grimm brothers, the same men who collected German fairy tales. They noted that several languages used very similar words to express the same concept, leading them to conclude that these languages evolved from a common ancestor. For example, the word for father in Latin is pater, in Greek patêr, in Vedic (India) pitar, in Irish athair (the p has dropped off), in German Vater, and in English, of course, father. The Greeks were descendants of this large linguistic family, and the Greeks themselves are therefore related to many other inhabitants of ancient and modern Europe, Persia, and India.
Location of Greek Civilization and Environmental Setting
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn
Published: October 2023

The geography of ancient Greece is a far grander and more complex issue than in modern times. Although the Greek mainland, the island of Crete, and the Cycladic islands started out as the core of ancient Greece, relocation and colonization brought the Greeks all over the ancient world. By 1100 B.C.E., the Greeks had settled on Cyprus and the western coast of Asia Minor (now known as Turkey), including the islands off its coast. By the eighth century, they had settled off the western coast of Italy, and from there they slowly progressed into much of southern Italy and Sicily. Farther west, the Greeks colonized southern France. To the east, they established cities along the Black Sea and in the Ukraine. Under Alexander the Great, they conquered and settled Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Iran, and even parts of India. Discussing the geography of ancient Greece, then, can be a tricky topic. This book will discuss the Greek mainland, Greek islands, and Asia Minor—the core area of the Greeks’ world.
Origins, Growth, and Decline of Greek Civilization
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn
Published: October 2023

Crete has been inhabited since at least the seventh millennium B.C.E., with the earliest settlements, probably of farmers, appearing at Knossos. Already at this early date, sea trade is evident from the presence of obsidian on Crete, indicating contacts with either Melos in the Cyclades or western Anatolia (Turkey), the two Aegean sources for this material. The household evidence from this Neolithic period (seventh–fourth millennia B.C.E.) suggests small, nuclear families living together in clan-like villages (Dickinson 1994, 31–34).

Metal-working in Crete began around 2800 B.C.E. Copper is an easily malleable metal with a low melting point. As time went on, the Minoans realized that adding certain other elements, especially tin, to copper made it stronger when cooled and easier to pour when molten. A combination of 90 percent copper plus 10 percent tin yields bronze, a strong metal with a low enough melting point to allow the ancients to make mould-cast objects with it.
Social Organization and Social Structure
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn
Published: October 2023

The long-enduring, highly regionalist Greeks did not have a single society, but several, each unique for its own time and place. The Minoans were different from their Mycenaean neighbors, just as the Spartans were viewed as the antithesis of the Athenians (who were seen as the “radical left” of the Classical Greek poleis). Therefore, this chapter is not about “Greek society” per se, but rather about the cultural constructs and institutions that the Greeks shared, each with its own distinctive variations and regional flavors. The chapter is divided thematically into issues of division and unification. The divisions are the categories the Greeks used to organize their society, such as age, gender, and class. Unifications concern how the Greeks joined together as friends, families, and institutions.

One of the most important differences between the Minoans and Mycenaeans is that they spoke completely different languages. As discussed in chapter 3, the Mycenaeans who wrote in Linear B used an early form of Greek. If ethnicity is determined by language, the Mycenaeans were Greeks. The Minoans, by contrast, spoke an as-of-yet-unknown language, written in Linear A. The close connections among these peoples, especially after 1450 B.C.E., make it inevitable that at least some people were bilingual.
Politics
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn
Published: October 2023

Aristotle, in his Ethics (VIII), claimed that there are three types of political rule, each with good and bad manifestations. Rule by one individual is, at best, a monarchy (mono = one, arkhos = rule) and at worst a tyranny. Rule by a few is an aristocracy (aristos = best, kratos = power); if gone bad, an oligarchy (oligos = few). Rule by many is a democracy, or mob rule. Variations of the rule of one individual existed throughout Greek history, from the kings and queens of the Bronze Age through the Archaic tyrants to the Hellenistic monarchies. In between, most Greek poleis had some manner of constitutional government, usually incorporating aspects of at least two of these aforementioned forms of government.

The presence of palaces on Crete since the Middle Bronze Age has led to the belief that some manner of ruler must have been present at least since the First Palace period. Sir Arthur Evans, inspired by the semidivine kings of the Near East, suggested that a “priest-king” ruled Crete, who reigned over the island from his palace at Knossos. However, Minoan iconography contains no pictures of recognizable kings. Evans originally identified such a monarch in a reconstructed fresco from Knossos known as the Lily Prince Fresco, which shows a striding male with an elaborate floral headdress (perhaps a crown) an jewelry. Since the original publication, though, it has been shown that the Lily Prince Fresco is actually an amalgam of three different frescos. The head with its fancy cap is actually the head of a sphinx.
Material Culture
Authors: Budin Stephanie Lynn
Published: October 2023

The first of the Aegean peoples to construct fortifications were the early residents of the Cyclades. At Khalandriani on the island of Syros, residents built a double fortification wall measuring approximately 70 meters long and strengthened it with five horseshoe-shaped towers. Similar structures were also uncovered on the island of Naxos (see chapter 6) (Vermeule 1972, 32–33).

Houses were generally made of local stones, with roofs of branches and clay supported by wooden posts. Domestic structures had no consistent layout in the Early Bronze Age—houses were rectangular, circular, or any irregular shape in between, as dictated by the lay of the land. This changed considerably in the Middle Bronze Age, possibly due to influences from Crete and Greece. A house at Aghia Irini on the island of Kea shows a typical Cycladic organization, consisting of a long series of rooms, each accessible to the rest through a series of doors running down the center of the structure. Staircases on the sides of some rooms give evidence of upper stories.
The Romans
Authors: Mcgeough Kevin M
Published: October 2023

The Romans provides an accessible introduction to the history, society, and scholarship of one of the most captivating and enduring civilizations in human history. From the establishment of the monarchy and the Republican era to the decline of the Empire, this comprehensive volume examines every aspect of Roman culture from both historical and archaeological perspectives. In addition to surveying the well-estbalished subjects of Roman history, author Kevin McGeough discusses the latest events in the archaeological investigation of Rome, such as the recent excavations at the Temple of Castor and Pollux in the Roman Forum and the controversial identification of an ossuary thought by some to hold the body of James, the brother of Jesus. The text is accompanied by carefully chosen illustrations, maps, a glossary, and chronology. Throughout, general readers and students will gain a vivid understanding of Roman civilization and of why it still captures our imagination today.
The Battle of Ole Miss
Authors: Lambert Frank
Published: October 2023

On Friday, September 28, 1962, the Ole Miss campus was a tranquil setting for a student body abuzz with excitement and anticipation. Situated on almost a thousand acres of rolling hills and dotted with hardwood groves, the picturesque campus in north Mississippi, dormant over the hot summer, was now alive with all the activities of a new academic year. Students had completed registration for the fall semester and were attending their first classes. Hundreds of pledges had joined fraternities and sororities during rush week, an annual ritual at Ole Miss with its rich Greek tradition. The nationally ranked football team had won its first game against Memphis State and was traveling to Jackson to play the University of Kentucky on Saturday. Indeed, about half of the roughly 4,500 students would make the 175-mile trip down to the state capital for a weekend of revelry and football.
Difficult asthma
Authors: Berger William E , Currie Graeme P
Published: October 2023

Most patients with asthma respond to standard doses of inhaled corticosteroids with or without additional therapies such as long-acting beta2-agonists, theophyllines, or leukotriene receptor antagonists. For example, the Gaining Optimal Asthma Control (GOAL) study found that around 80% of patients would have well-controlled asthma when treated with a combination of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting beta2-agonists. Effective treatment, along with asthma action plans, should mean that the substantial majority of patients can expect minimal breakthrough symptoms on standard doses of inhaled regimens. However, a few patients have persistent symptoms despite effective therapy; this is often referred to as “difficult-to-control asthma.”
Winding the Golden String into a Ball
Authors: Otto Peter
Published: October 2023

In the first lines of the preface to the fourth chapter the cries of the Spectre Sons, and the voices of Vala, Rahab, Los, and Hand, are replaced by a simple, almost childlike voice offering the reader ⌘the end of a golden string⌘. All that we need to do, this voice affirms, is to ⌘wind it into a ball⌘ and it will lead us ⌘in at Heavens gate, Built in Jerusalems wall⌘ [77, E231). As if to confirm that such a course of action is possible a small figure is drawn at the top of this plate who is rolling a string into a ball.
From Anglo-Saxon to Early Middle English
Authors: Stanley E G
Published: October 2023

From Anglo-Saxon to Early Middle English brings together eleven papers on aspects of English language and literature from the eighth to the thirteenth century, written in honour of E.G. Stanley, the recently retired Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon in the University of Oxford. The papers, written by eminent scholars from Britain, North America, New Zealand, and Germany, reflect the range of E.G. Stanley's work, examining philology, metre, and literary style. However, the focus of the volume is on the period of rapid change from late Anglo-Saxon to early medieval England, and the contributors consider in detail the ways in which both language and literary forms developed during this time. The volume contains a comprehensive Bibliography of E.G. Stanley's publications, together with an account of his distinguished career.
Theaters of War: Caesar and the Vandals
Authors: Sinfield Alan
Published: October 2023

“Soviet Gains in Armor/Antiarmor Shape US Master Plan”; “Services Adapt Airborne EW to Cope with Missile Threats”-these are titles of feature articles in the February 1989 issue of Armed Forces Journal International. In this context the armaments executive who wants his “news ahead of the pack” (the journal’s target reader in its promotion) must have been surprised to see on page 73 a full-page picture purporting to represent the “Globe Theatre.” It looks sepia, old, misty, low-tech (engraved), romantic, even sentimental; possibly the kind of print the executive might put on his office wall to show off his culture; a contrast with the business rather than a part of it. However, the legend proclaims a connection: “We helped protect the Globe in 1588.” Turning the page, the executive finds a more reassuring scene: a double spread showing a feast of modern weaponry, all very much in action.
History and Ideology, Masculinity and Miscegenation: The Instance of Henry V
Authors: Sinfield Alan
Published: October 2023

The objections are familiar enough: the “Elizabethan World Picture” simplifies the Elizabethans and, still more, Shakespeare. Yet if we look again at what Tillyard was opposing, his historicism seems less objectionable—assertions, for example, that Shakespeare does not “seem to call for explanations beyond those which a whole heart and a free mind abundantly supply”; that “he betrays no bias in affairs of church or state”; that “no period of English literature has less to do with politics than that during which English letters reached their zenith.”2 All these quotations are taken by Lily B. Campbell from critics influential between the wars.
Early Comedy
Authors: Hunter G K
Published: October 2023

Thepreceding chapter argues that Elizabethan drama was directed away from shapeless ‘mongrel’ mixtures of rustic humour and tyrannical violence by the revolutionary examples of Tamburlaine and The Spanish Tragedy with their ‘stately’ modes of poetry, coherent structures, and ‘astonishing’ emotions, but that the natural mongrelism of a popular theatre gradually absorbed the innovations. It would be wrong, however, to think of this absorption as simply a relapse; self-consciousness about the genres being drawn on provided some degree of control over the mixture, so that the mixing became in the end the measure of a sophisticated and novel art form in which comedy and tragedy not only contrasted with one another but collaborated as variant aspects of a unified and realistic vision. This was not (as in Italy) a matter of theoretical debate but of practical necessity. The generic demands of tragedy and comedy had no simple or necessary affinity to the kinds of stories that audiences liked to hear and dramatists therefore had to tell. No such symmetry was available as appears, for example, between the forms and the restricted subject matter of Aeschylus and Sophocles. The popular ‘romantic’ stories of love and fortune cut completely across the boundaries of genre as traditionally conceived (tragedy as ‘the falls of princes’, for example) and were thus equally open to comic, tragic, or historical treatment. Nearly all the authors we have to deal with wrote in more than one genre.
Christine Brooke-Rose and Contemporary Fiction
Authors: Birch Sarah
Published: October 2023

This is the first full-length study of the fiction of Christine Brooke-Rose, one of the most innovative and yet critically neglected of contemporary British writers. Setting her work firmly in the context of English and French writing and literary and feminist theory, Sarah Birch examines the full range of Brooke-Rose's fiction: the early realist novels published between 1957-1961; the strongly anti-realist period beginning with Out (1964), when Brooke-Rose's work was seen to be heavily influenced by French experimental fiction; and the third phase of her development which began with Xorandor (1986) and which marks a questioning return to the traditional techniques of the novel. Sarah Brich asks why a novelist who has been so highly praised by critics is nevertheless excluded from the contemporary canon, and argues that Brooke-Rose's position on the borders of European and British cultures raises key questions concenring the notion of a `national' tradition and of literary post-modernism. For Birch, Brooke-Rose's work is best understood as a poetic and playful questioning of categories in general, be they discursive or cultural. Drawing on a detailed knowledge of literary theory, this is a major study of an important but critically neglected novelist and a perceptive analysis of the position of contemporary experimental writers.
Chaucer, Boccaccio, and the Debate of Love
Authors: Thompson N S
Published: October 2023

AlthoughThe Decameron and The Canterbury Tales have often been linked, this is the first ever major study of the two most popular collections of medieval framed narratives to examine them both beyond shared general similarities and also to look at the search for individual analogue or source material, which has proved so inconclusive. Thus, the present study examines the texts and their internal dynamics primarily as a whole and reveals many surprising similarities which have hitherto remained unnoticed. The two collections are examined in the light of their literary diversity, their shape as a form of quodlibet debate, their discussion of literature and its autonomy using the oppositions of utile diletto and 'sentence' 'solaas', and the specific way that individual narratives are treated so as to create a labyrinthine web for the reader to both negotiate and enjoy.
French Fiction in the Mitterrand Years
Authors: Davis Colin , Fallaize Elizabeth
Published: October 2023

In the 1980s and 1990s French Fiction has emerged from the towering shadow of the formalist literary debates of the fifties and sixties and has reclaimed the ground of history, or narrative, of the individual self which has been the thrust of artistic endeavour for much of European history. The Author has returned from the dead to entertain and tell stories, as well as to negotiate a path through traumatic experiences such as the legacy of Frances colonial and wartime past, the Holocaust, the spectre of Aids, the labyrinths of desire and personal identity. Colin Davis and Elizabeth Fallaize examine some of the most popular and some of the most challenging of texts which emerged during François Mitterrand's presidency of France (1981-1995) and relate them to the dominant literary and cultural trends of the period. The book will appeal to students at all levels who are engaged in courses in twentieth-century fiction and to readers with an interest in contemporary French culture.
Film at the Crossroads: Les Roseaux sauvages (T échin é, I 994)
Authors: Everett Wendy
Published: October 2023

Dealing with themes of memory, identity, and personal choice, offering perspectives which are simultaneously retrospective and prospective, and structured by a dialectic in which the spectator is directly and actively implicated, Les Roseaux sauvages emerges as a key film for the turn of the century. Directed by Andre Techine in 1994, the film provides a vivid and convincing autobiographical account of adolescence in France in the early 1960s. Set in and around the small town of Villeneuve-sur-Lot, in south-west France, its narrative traces the complex and shifting relationships between four teenagers: three boys (Fran ois, Techine’s serious and intellectual alter ego; Serge, the son of an illiterate peasant family; and Henri, a pied-noir, that is to say, a French colonial, born in Algeria), and one girl (Mai:te, the daughter of one of the teachers at the local lycee), following them through their final year at school leading up to their baccalaureate examination. The narrative ends as they set off together to find out the results which will shape their futures.
Ethics and Dialogue in the Works of Levinas, Bakhtin, Mandel’shtam, and Celan
Authors: Eskin Michael
Published: October 2023

Ethics and Dialogue engages with four of the most complex authors of the twentieth century-Levinas, Bakhtin, Mandel'shtam, and Celan-in a hermeneutically and methodologically innovative manner. Construing Levinas's ethical philosophy in conjunction with Bakhtin's philosophy of the act and metalinguistics, as an interpretative framework for making sense of Celan's dialogue with Mandel'shtam, the author develops a highly sophisticated mode of reading poetry-poethics-which takes into account both the ethical significance of poetry and the poetic significance of ethical philosophy. While documenting the viability of Levinas's and Bakhtin's philosophies, Eskin's analyses of Celan's and Mandel'shtam's poetry in the light of its philosophical underpinnings open hitherto unseen vistas on to the workings of twentieth-century poetry in general and on to European modernist and post-World War II poetry in particular.
Emmanuel Levinas: The Ethics of Dialogue
Authors: Eskin Michael
Published: October 2023

Before embarking upon a detailed analysis of Levinas’s ethical philosophy, I would like to situate it in the context of ‘Western’ ethics, thereby setting the stage for the elucidation of its specificities and idiosyncrasies. Insofar as ethics, according to Levinas, is not based on ‘reason as the faculty of the universal’ ( 228) it is neither normative (material) nor formal.
Controversialists and Scholars
Authors: Hamilton Alastair
Published: October 2023

While enthusiasts and dissidents were writing commentaries on parts, or the whole, of 2 Esdras, we can perceive the gradual development of a more scholarly and objective judgement of the book which points to the critical approaches of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. And, though much of the scholarly debate was to be directed against them, some of the book’s supporters themselves contributed to this development. Above all, they drew attention to 2 Esdras. And then they put the same questions which later scholars would ask. Who, for example, was the author of the book? When and where did he write it, and in what language? Some of their answers, even if scorned at the time, have since been regarded as correct, however erroneous their premises. Most of them believed 2 Esdras to have been written in a Semitic language, probably Hebrew. They were wrong about its antiquity, but they were probably right about this. They also proved perceptive when they posited the existence of more than one writer called Ezra in order to differentiate between the authors of the canonical Ezra and the apocryphal books of Esdras.
A Ricardian ‘I’: The Narrator of ‘Troilus and Criseyde’
Authors: Spearing A C
Published: October 2023

It seems scarcely believable that Troilus and Criseyde could once have been discussed without reference to ‘the narrator’, yet this now indispensable figure was invented less than fifty years ago. In 1915 Kittredge, identifying in The Book of the Duchess a fictional narrator who ‘is not Geoffrey Chaucer’, nevertheless continued to refer to the ‘I’ of Troilus simply as ‘Chaucer’. That practice was followed in other standard studies.
Mess and Modernity
Authors: Trotter David
Published: October 2023

I have suggested that if the habit of mind whose history I am attempting to reconstruct can be said to have had a beginning, it was Ruskin’s ‘discovery’, in the fifth and final volume of Modern Painters, of the way things have of lying about in Turner’s foregrounds. For the 1860s was the decade in which litter began to appear, in increasingly toxic doses, in the work of European writers and painters who thought of themselves as modern. The aim of the chapters which follow is to do for those writers and painters what Ruskin did, in relation to mess, for Turner. The second part of this chapter will define the idea of mess as it emerged within the literary modes usually taken to characterize modern writing at its most strenuous (irony) and at its most marketable (sensation).
The University’s Contribution to the Modern Physical Sciences
Authors: Hoch Paul
Published: October 2023

Despite the occasional presence of many interesting and creative characters, Oxford was scarcely to be reckoned a major centre in the physical sciences until well into the present century. In the 1800s it could hardly be mentioned in the same breath as the main German and Scottish universities, Paris, or even Dublin; and in the last third of the nineteenth century it could not bear comparison with Cambridge, Manchester, Vienna, or the Zurich polytechnic. The medieval and early modern beginnings of the subject in the collegiate University were well and truly noted by the first Curator of the Oxford Museum of the History of Science, R. T. Gunther (1869-1940), in his fourteen-volume Early Science in O;eford. Important figures in the early traditions include the thirteenth-century monk Roger Bacon (1220?-92), the sixteenth-century alchemist/magus and student of St John’s, Robert Fludd (1574-1637), and the seventeenth-century sceptical chemist Robert Boyle (1627-91) and his assistant Robert Hooke (1635-1703). The latter was a Christ Church graduate and afterwards Professor of Geometry at Gresham College in London and Secretary of the Royal Society. While he was at Oxford he built a ‘pneumatical engine’ and helped Boyle to develop the new ‘mechanical philosophy’.
Attitudes and actions
Authors: Slack Paul
Published: October 2023

Despite the crippling burdens which plague imposed on some of them, Englishmen as a whole did not react passively to it in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. They sought to understand it and to fight against it. They found some slight reassurance in the face of mortality and disease when they could account for them in recognisable terms, when they could interpret them as part of the natural order of the universe as they saw it. They also drew from that interpretation various prescriptions which they used, with more or less confidence, in an attempt to avoid the disease or to mitigate its effects. The explanatory system within which plague was set had been handed down from the past. In essentials it had been established at the time of the Black Death.
Between Rhetoric and Reality:Allied Reparation Claims and the Condition of Germany
Authors: Kent Bruce
Published: October 2023

Some years ago a distinguished historian, echoing Arthur Balfour’s explanation of the Liberal victory in the British elections of 1906, suggested that the peacemakers of 1919 were ‘mere corks dancing on a torrent they could not control’. Such an image is misleading when explaining the reparation demands of the victors. The popular passions aroused by the war certainly helped to underpin a demand for reparations. Yet the poisonous financial dispute which the Paris Peace Conference was to inject into the veins of Europe and North America was not a product of spontaneous mass hysteria.
‘Fulfilment’ May 1921-January 1922
Authors: Kent Bruce
Published: October 2023

Nothing revealed more clearly the unreality of Allied reparation demands and the unlikelihood of any effective, or even genuine, German attempt to fulfil them than the .brief history of the London Schedule of Payments. The failure of the creditors to charge interest on the bulk of Germany’s notional obligation of 132 billion marks was a tacit admission of the financial impossibility of their demands; and their refusal to vest adequate powers in the Committee of Guarantees, the sub-committee of the Reparation Commission which was set up to supervise the collection of interest and amortization on the remaining 50 billion gold marks, showed that, despite their Germanophobic posturing, the bourgeois liberal governments of the victors were ultimately unwilling to assert sufficient control over the German economic and financial system to obtain the required transfer of wealth.
The Last Act
Authors: Kent Bruce
Published: October 2023

Within two years of its formal inauguration the Young Plan had collapsed and reparations had been spirited off the international stage. In view of the violent economic contraction which occurred between 1930 and 1932 it is remarkable that a system which was premissed on an unlikely upsurge of international trade should have survived for so long. The explanation is to be sought, as ever, in the domestic financial politics of the parties to the dispute. Much of the responsibility for the lack of remedial action must be borne by the United States government which, by its unrelenting attitude to war debts, provided the European victors with an excuse for maintaining their own financial pressure on Germany. Such was the reluctance of the American administration to relinquish, or to appear to relinquish, its claims upon Germany’s creditors that it remained relatively impervious to the resurgence of Wall Street’s concern lest the continuing fulfilment of the Young Plan should jeopardize the substantial funds which American private citizens had invested in Europe. President Hoover’s proposal in June 1931 for a one-year moratorium on inter-governmental debts, and the measures subsequently adopted to arrest the withdrawal of private credits from Germany, were certainly a response to the fears of the American banking fraternity.
The Scattering Time
Authors: Lamphear John
Published: October 2023

This is the first full study of the Turkana people of north-western Kenya and their armed resistance of the Turkana people of north-western Kenya to British colonial administration in the early twentieth century. From their first encounters with the colonial vanguard in the 1890s to the final surrender of the Great Diviner, Loolel Kokoi, in 1926, the Turkana resisted imperial conquest. Even after the imposition of colonial rule, they continued to oppose the administration through a variety of strategies. John Lamphear explores their responses to European colonialism and examines the nature of their resistance, making extensive use of oral sources, as well as archival and published material. His analysis takes full account of the military history of the period, and addresses the fundamental question of why some African societies met the European advance with armed resistance while others did not. In doing so, he makes an important contribution to the historiography of the imperial conquest of Kenya.
Food Reform And Food Science
Authors: Offer Avner
Published: October 2023

There is more to food than calories. The family breakfast, the workers ‘ lunch, the formal dinner, a drink at the pub, an evening at the restaurant-all these different occasions suggest how food is bound up with the customs, habits and daily rituals that provide the framework of personal and social relations. Food conventions and habits distinguish cultures and nations, insiders and outsiders, age and sex, poor and rich. We are what we eat in more senses than one. Food is rich in codes of communication, memory and emotion. A forcible alteration of food habits goes to the very heart of tradition, expectations and identity.
The Old European Order 1660-1800
Authors: Doyle William
Published: October 2023

This survey of European history covers a period of one and a half centuries which witnessed the beginnings of the contemporary world. In his account of the economic, social, intellectual, and governmental structure and development of pre-revolutionary Europe, the author stresses throughout the importance of economic and social trends, and places emphasis on the analysis of the structure of society as well as the narration of events. He shows how the contradictions of the old order contributed to a crisis which affected several of the major states in the late eighteenth century, when the growth of governmental power led to a series of clashes between governments and governing classes. Out of these conflicts, particularly in France, arose a revolutionary crisis. The nature of this crisis, and the impact of the change it produced, are examined in detail in the final section of the book. For this second edition, Professor Doyle has revised the text of the book, and comprehensively updated the Bibliography.
Qualities Of Justice
Authors: Gatrell V A C
Published: October 2023

How, In Writing About Injustice, Does One Do Justice To the furred homicides who so often and cavalierly delivered it? Why not just a curse upon their names? Dislike is easily called into play in writing about justice’s unjust agents. But we cannot go on like this without causing offence. There must be a point beyond which we should protect even these monsters from posterity’s contempt. It may be impossible to locate them within what Carlo Ginzburg has called a ‘really dead history’, free from here-and-now prejudice; they deserved the last chapter, some may agree. But we might still strive to admit the otherness of the traditions they worked by and by which they were trapped.
The Commission Agent
Authors: Grassby Richard
Published: October 2023

The commission system, which was similar in all markets, can be reconstructed both from contemporary correspondence and from the prolific, comprehensive, and accurate manuals of the period. The supercargo and travelling merchant were still important in underdeveloped, unsettled, and thinly traded markets like China, but had been superseded in the Levant by the resident factor and, until the Levant Company prohibited them from trading in 1673, by the ship masters. This system was essential to protect the Company ‘s monopoly against interlopers. In the Turkey trade, which had communal facilities and rules, but no joint stock management, individual London merchants conducted their business exclusively through the resident factors. Whereas the joint-stock Companies diluted their control by permitting private trade, the regulated Companies instituted communal management through partnerships and occasional joint stocks in particular commodities and areas, which narrowed in practice the basic difference in their organizational structure.
A Case of Modern Individualism: Politics and the Uneasiness of Intellectuals in the Baroque Age
Authors: Comparato Vittor Ivo
Published: October 2023

There is a form of individualism that consists in the subjective perception of a latent antagonism between the interior personal sphere and the exterior social and political sphere. It appears at a fairly early date in the history of European thought, but is fully expressed in the intellectual sensibility of the baroque age. Such a moral universe developed slowly and drew its inspiration from many varied sources. For example, the separation between forum internum and forum externum can be traced back to conciliar literature, which elaborated a definition of the priestly power of the keys. The need to distinguish spiritual from temporal jurisdiction led to the establishment of a clear-cut boundary between the individual conscience and that which is subject to the law.
The Saints Of Cornwall
Authors: Orme Nicholas
Published: October 2023

Cornwall is unique among English counties, though similar to other Celtic lands, in its religious history. Its churches, chapels, and place-names commemorated not only the major saints of Christendom, but also many minor 'Celtic' ones, unique to single churches. This book breaks new ground by considering them all, comprehensively and in detail. The introduction explains how the cults came into existence, and how they shed light on early Christianity in the county. It follows their history up to the Reformation, and shows how popular devotion to the saints lingered even in the eighteenth century. The main part of the book provides a history of every known religious cult in Cornwall from the sixth century AD to the Reformation, with relevant information about its later history down to the present day. Every known site is identified (church, chapel, altar, image, holy well, or other outdoor feature), and every written source is discussed (saint's Life, liturgical commemoration, and calendar festival). This is the first time that a complete inventory of cults has been produced for an area as large as an English county. The work also includes many saints venerated in Brittany, Wales and England, and makes copious references to all three countries. It provides a major resource in the fields of medieval Church history, Reformation studies, folklore, and Celtic studies, as well as the history of Cornwall.
The Physical Setting of Relic Cults: Rome and the Architecture of the Carolingian Renaissance
Authors: Crook John
Published: October 2023

A significant change in the physical setting of the cult of saints in Gaul occurred in the mid-eighth century, with the establishment of Pepin’s new dynasty, which looked back to late sixth-century Rome for architectural inspiration and was responsible for the revival in that city of the architectural forms of the earlier age. Before discussing Carolingian patterns of veneration, we should first examine the cult of saints in Rome from the late sixth century and explore the occasional examples of Roman influence north of the Alps from that period to the ninth century.It is a commonplace to state that Rome remained conservative in the placement of its relics—and the oft-cited documentary evidence supporting this assumption has been summarized in Chapter I. Interestingly, the most powerful expression of this conservatism was made by the pope who was instrumental in developing new architectural forms associated with the cult of saints, Gregory the Great. Almost certainly due to his inspiration was the development of the ring-crypt, a structure which seems to have evolved entirely as a response to the cult of relics, with far—reaching implications for the design of churches throughout western Christendom.
The Order of the Garter 1348–1461
Authors: Collins Hugh E L
Published: October 2023

This is the first scholarly study of the political role of the Order of the Garter during the late middle ages. It evaluates the relationship between the practical objectives served by the institution and its status as a chivalric elite. Focusing on the years between the Garter's inception in 1348 and the deposition of Henry VI in 1461, the study considers the Order's conception, companionship and collective activities, and places them against the political backdrop of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Hugh Collins highlights the potential of the fraternity as an instrument of political patronage, and attributes its success in this area to the important balance achieved in the Garter's constitution and fellowship between pragmatic considerations and knightly ideas. His examination of the interdependence of these two facets thus reveals the extent to which political society in the late middle ages founded its ambitions and aspirations on the cult of chivalry.