bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prototipe Teknologi Tepat Guna Bertenaga Cahaya Matahari Pengusir Hama Burung Berbasis Smartphone dan Arduino Uno
Authors: Isma Aldi Fadilah , JT Siagian Manutur , Muthalib Muchlis Abdul
Published: May 2023

Sebagian besar masyarakat indonesia mengkonsumsi makanan pokoknya adalah beras. Untuk menghasilkan padi yang berkualitas dan berkuantitas tinggi diperlukan upaya penanganan yang intensif dan ekstensif dari berbagai segmen. Salah satu upaya penanganan peningkatan kualitas dan kuantitas padi yang dihasilkan yaitu penanganan dari terbebas tanaman padi dari hama yang ditimbulkan oleh alam atau lingkungan. Hama burung merupakan hama yang sering terjadi diberbagai tempat lahan tanaman padi sehingga dapat menurunkan kualitas dan kuantitas padi yang dihasilkan. Umumnya petani dalam melakukan penanganan hama burung ini, lebih secara manual yaitu dengan mengikat tali di sepanjang lahan dengan berbagai aneka mainan yang dapat menimbulkan bunyi-bunyian dan orang-orang sawah, yang ke semua itu bertujuan untuk menghalau hama burung yang ada di dalam lahan tanaman padi. Dalam hal ini diperlukan waktu dan tenaga dalam melakukannya dan penerapannya tidak begitu efektif dan efisien. Inovasi teknologi dalam berbagai bahagian dapat meringankan atau menghilangkan kesukaran dalam memecahkan permasalahan. Salah satunya di bidang pertanian. Disini teknologi yang diterapkan pengontrolan melalui smartphone yang mengontrol motor servo dan buzzer sebagai penggerak dan bunyi yang terkoneksi dengan Bluetooth HC-05. Sumber tenaga listrik yang digunakan berasal dari sel surya dengan baterai penyimpanan berdaya tahan tinggi dan penggunaan mikrokontroller Arduino uno sebagai penyambung dengan pengontrolan smart phone. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif eksperimen yang bertujuan menciptakan inovasi teknologi dalam bidang pertanian untuk meningkatkan hasil padi yang berkualitas dan berkuantitas.
The Identity and Role of the Gift-giving Spirit in Numbers 11
Authors:   ,   Andrews University, Kessler Jeanmark
Published: May 2023

Current scholarship analyzes spiritual gifts predominantly from Acts 2, Romans 12, 1 Corinthians 12, and Ephesians 4. With the assumption that the actions of the Spirit are constant and persistent throughout Scripture, this study develops an Old Testament perspective on the Spirit's identity and role as gift-giver. This exegetical research investigates Numbers 11:16-29 as the key passage, where the Holy Spirit bestows His gifts upon Israel's leaders. In addition, the valid connections between Numbers 11 and 2 Kings 2 provide a broader and more consistent contextual interpretations of the identity and role of the Holy Spirit within the Old Testament.
The "Throne of God" Motif in the Hebrew Bible
Authors:   , Nam Daegeuk ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

This dissertation explores the biblical significance and theological implications of the "throne of God" motif through an exegetical investigation of the texts of the Hebrew Bible which have direct reference to it. Chapter I states the problems which the biblical "throne of God" motif poses, and also theobjectives, limitations, methodology, and procedure of this study. Chapter II reviews pertinent literature since theturn of the century. This survey reveals thecurrent status of investigation on our topic to be only fragmentary. Chapter III is devoted to the investigation of the"divine throne" motif in ancient Near Eastern literatures such as Sumerian, Akkadian, Hittite, Ugaritic, and Egyptian texts. One of theremarkable points in these texts is that thethrone was deified and/or worshiped as a cult object. Chapter IV presents a brief study of the throne terminology in order to provide a linguistic background for the exegetical study which follows. Four Hebrew terms (kissē', kissēh, môŝāb̲ and teḵûnāh), one Aramaic word (korsē'), and other related expressions are surveyed here. Chapter V undertakes an exegetical analysis of the "throne of God" passages of the Hebrew Bible. The throne of God symbolizes His eternal kingship/kingdom, judgeship, and creatorship. Thus, it points to both sides of time, i.e., Urzeit and Endzeit. It also represents the authority of the One who calls and sends the prophets: it functions as the place of revelation. It is theinsignia of God's victory over the enemies and His absolute power. It is the guarantee of safety for God's people. There are many other implications. In sum, the throne of God stands for the totality of God's attributes and activities in sustaining theuniverse and bringing about salvation of His people. Chapter VI summarizes and synthesizes theresults of the investigation. This chapter also compares the biblical "throne of God" motif with the extrabiblical "divine throne" motif. Many peculiar aspects of the "throne of God" motif in the Hebrew Bible attest to its own unique provenance.
Allusions, Exegetical Method, and the Interpretation of Revelation 8:7-12
Authors:   , Paulien Jon ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

This dissertation attempts to overcome a significant obstacle to the development of a comprehensive exegetical method that can enable an interpreter to unlock the meaning of such difficult apocalyptic passages as Rev 8:7-12. The first chapter utilizes a survey of previous research to explore four issues whose resolution is vital to the interpretation of the book of Revelation: (1) the sources of the Apocalypse, (2) how the Revelator used them, (3) the language and text tradition of the Old Testament that he used, and (4) the nature and location of his allusions to earlier literature. The literature survey indicates that a major obstacle to the accurate interpretation of Revelation is the lack of an objective method for evaluating the allusions to prior literature that characterize the book. Chapter II opens with a brief outline of a comprehensive exegetical method for the study of the Apocalypse. The bulk of the chapter focuses on a proposed method that can enable interpreters to more objectively evaluate the allusions in Revelation. Through a pains-taking analysis of the verbal, thematic, and structural parallels to the Old Testament in Rev 8:7-12, the process of evaluating proposed allusions to the Old Testament is clearly demonstrated. The results of that analysis have implications for many of the issues raised by the literature survey of Chapter I. Chapter III offers an interpretation of Rev 8:7-12 in the light of the comprehensive method outlined at the beginning of Chapter II. The imagery of the passage is compared to its context, to the author's sources, and to the overall structure of the Apocalypse. Relevant insights from the first two chapters are incorporated. The resulting interpretations help to illuminate the basic meaning structures of the first four trumpets.
Preparation and Practice of Ministry : a Study of Seventh-day Adventist Ministerial Education in the Philippines
Authors:   , Dela Cruz Crisolito ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Background and purpose of the study. The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which the present undergraduate ministerial degree offered at Philippine Union College is able to prepare the ministry adequately to meet the demands in the North Philippines. This study surveyed the opinions of administrators/departmental directors, pastors, religion and seminary faculty, and selected laymen. Methodology. Societal background and statistics of the Seventh-day Adventist Church in the Philippines were collected and organized from existing sources. Information concerning the graduates were obtained by aquestionnaire with two five-point scales. Data were analyzed and rankings were developed for levels of ministerspreparation, needs, and the difference between need and preparation. Responses to open-ended questions were tabulated and expressed in percentages. Significant differences between the perception of the four groups concerning preparation and need were determined with the chi-square analysis using the.05 alpha level. Findings. The membership of the SDA Church in the Philippines belongs to the educated segment of thePhilippine society. The socio-economic status of the majority of the SDAs in the North Philippine Union Missions is in the low to middle-class category. The survey revealed that the ministers in NPUM need a wide range of improvement in applied/pastoral skills and biblical/theological knowledge. The greatest discrepancy between the level of preparation and need were in the applied/pastoral skills area. There is an urgent need for ministers in NPUM to be better prepared in training members for soul winning, preaching, and leading out in church services. There is also a need to improve the way the ministers deal with different categories of church members, and with preaching, counseling, and church leadership. Recommendations. Based on the study, the following recommendations were made: (1) 15 biblical/theological knowledge and 19 applied/pastoral skills in the ministerial curriculum that need emphasis, (2) 10 biblical/theological and 12 applied/pastoral courses be made available to the ministers in NPUM through the Adventist Theological Seminary (Far East), (3) field-education be provided after two years of college study. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)
A Sequential Study of Revelation 1-14 Emphasizing the Judgment Motif : With Implications for Seventh-day Adventist Apocalyptic Pedagogy
Authors:   , Fredericks Richard ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem and purpose. Though Seventh-day Adventist theology is apocalyptically oriented, recent denominational studies indicate a lack of personal hope or assurance with respect to an imminent eschaton and the simultaneous revelation of divine judgment. Because existing studies focus specifically on judgment inRevelation to help Adventist teachers, this dissertation first offers a contextual study of judgment emphasizingits Christological/soteriological dimensions. A second concern is with historicism as an exclusive interpretive model for apocalyptic. Though offering a sense of denominational uniqueness and mission, historicism leaves major portions of the Apocalypse with little relevance for and limited application to current issues confronting contemporary Adventists. This study offers an expanded interpretive approach in which historicism and a philosophy of history approach are united in a way that recognizes both specific historic fulfillments, and enduring principles which allow further applications relevant to Christians in every age. Findings. Salvation (or vindication) and judgment (or condemnation) are presented in the Apocalypse as distinct opposites inseparably united. Both come as results of the atoning sacrifice of Christ, the Lamb, and each individual experiences one or the other according to the response made to that sacrifice. Whenever John uses the term "judgment" (substantive or verb form) he intends the wrath of God, a selective retribution upon the wicked only, that simultaneously rescues those who trust in the Lamb. In practical terms judgment is universal inthe Apocalypse. All men are judged either in the Lamb or by the Lamb. Thus only those outside of Christ personally experience the execution of "judgment." This emphasis on the Lamb makes the cross the decisive eschatological event. The fatal sin in the Apocalypse is rejection of the Lamb. Its visions of judgment represent Christ's active consummation of His salvific work legally accomplished at Calvary. Therefore the Apocalypse never calls God's people to trust in a personal saving righteousness, but in a saving righteous Person: Christ, the Lamb slain but glorified. Because the Lamb was slain, the saints will reign. Conclusions. How men relate to the atonement of Christ determines how they will be related to at the appearing of Christ. Divine judgment simply confirms the verdict men have passed on themselves by their attitude toward God's saving purposes in Jesus Christ.
The Female Adolescent Incest Victim : Personality, Self-Esteem, and Family Orientation
Authors:   , German Don-Nee ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. There is a current need to understand and help the female adolescent victim of intrafamilial sexual abuse. The purpose of the study was to identify her personality profile, gain information about her self-esteem, and discover her view of self within her family. Method. The High School Personality Questionnaire, the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale, and the Kinetic Family Drawing were administered to 40 female adolescent incest victims from Michigan to identify a personality profile, level, and factors of self-esteem, and a description of the self within the family. The data were analyzed by univariate, multivariate, and discriminant analysis. Results. (1) There is a significant difference between the personality profile of female adolescent incest victims and normal adolescents. The victims have low drive; are withdrawn, shy, expedient, guilt-prone, aggressive, and reality oriented. (2) The victims have significantly lower self-esteem than the Piers-Harris norms for female adolescents. (3) The victims are significantly lower in happiness and satisfaction than the normal adolescent, yet is higher in feelings about intellectual and school status and physical appearance and attributes. (4) The Kinetic Family Drawing of the female adolescent incest victims showed: parents not interacting with each other, separate individual activities, barriers between figures, isolation of the self, anxiety factors, mother-daughter problems, similar treatment of figures, omission of feet and other body parts, aggressive factors (father), and sexual themes. Conclusions. The findings in this study indicate that intrafamilial sexual abuse does have a significant impact on the personality, self-esteem, and family orientation of the female adolescent incest victim. Learned helplessness theory and the cycle of violence theory appear to explain much of what is happening to the adolescent. The study provides implications for therapy and suggests future research.
A Study of the Religious Attitudes and Behaviors of Seventh-day Adventist Adolescents in North America Related to their Family, Educational, and Church Backgrounds
Authors:   , Kangas Janet ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. Why are Seventh-day Adventist youth leaving the church in North America? This study, the first report of a 10-year longitudinal research project, sought to identify attitudes and behaviors of Adventist adolescents and examine possible correlations with the religious backgrounds and influences of their homes, churches, and schools. Method. One church was randomly chosen for every 1,000 members within each local conference of the Seventh-day Adventist church in North America which totaled 695 congregations. Eventually 659 of the 695 church clerks responded, producing the names of 2,429 eligible baptized 15- and 16-year old youth. A questionnaire designed to report their backgrounds and attitudes regarding religious beliefs was mailed, with two follow-up mailings, and 1,511 teenagers responded. The statistical analyses used were correlations, t-tests, and multiple regression. Results. Over half the respondents felt positive about Seventh-day Adventism. Fifty-nine percent were positive about their baptism, and 53% regarded themselves as active members. Seventy-seven percent indicated positive intentions to remain Adventists. Of the 41% who wished they hadn't been baptized, 19% already identified themselves as inactive Adventists. Twenty-one percent expressed feelings of rebellion, with aperceived amount of restraint contributing to their rebellion. The 12 strongest influences or experiences, accounting for 47% of the variance of teenagers' intentions to remain Adventists, were agreement with standards (27% of the variance), frequency of personal prayer, love expressed by members, frequency of church attendance, the church meeting their spiritual needs, undesirable aspects of competition, aid felt toward independence, both parents as members of the church, frequency of Bible reading, perceived spiritual commitment of parents, closeness of relationships, and perception that members live what they believe. The regression was significant at the .001 level. Conclusions. Teenagers seek a religion based on relationships with and the spiritual perceptions of others. The home is the most important religious influence, with its perceived spiritual benefits influencing how much spiritual benefit is perceived from the school. Longer attendance at Adventist schools is the greatest influence on degree of agreement with the church's standards, but it is not associated with the respondents' present happiness with religion. Attendance also predicts spiritual intentions for the future. Frequency of church attendance and the extent to which the church meets youth's needs are strong predictors of teenagers intentions to remain Adventists. Teenagers prefer to learn religion through involvement and discussion, not traditional methods.
A Comparative Study of the Learning Styles of Southeast Asian and American Caucasian College Students on Two Seventh-day Adventist Campuses
Authors:   , Lam-Phoon Sally ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. While much research has been conducted on learning style in the United States, no known empirical study has been done to compare the learning styles of Asian and Caucasian students on Seventh-day Adventist campuses. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in learning-style preferences between a group of Asian students at Southeast Asia Union College in Singapore and Caucasian students at Andrews University in Michigan. Method. This study employed the Productivity Environmental Preference Scale to measure the learning styles of the two groups. The data which were computed and analyzed to test seven null hypotheses were provided by a total of 309 undergraduate students (143 Asiansand 166 Caucasians). Findings. (1) Caucasians appear to have a higher preference for warmth, responsibility, intake, learning in the morning, and mobility. They exhibit a lower preference for auditory and visual learning than the Asians. (2) Males as compared to females have a higher preference for noise, tactile learning experiences, intake, responsibility, and warmth; they have a lower preference for learning in several ways, peer-oriented learning, and persistence. (3) Caucasian males, as compared to Asian males, appear to have a stronger preference for warmth, responsibility, persistence, and intake, and a lower preference for auditory learningand learning in the late morning. (4) Caucasian females have a higher preference for responsibility, warmth, mobility, learning in the morning, and intake than the Asian females; and they have a lower preference for visual and auditory learning experiences. Conclusions. From an analysis of the findings, it appears that culture is a determinant of learning style as Asians are significantly different from Caucasians in their preferences. Sex appears to be a contributing factor as well.
Comparison of International and American Doctoral Graduates' Expectations, Satisfaction, and Appropriateness of their Programs in Education at Andrews University
Authors:   , Rampasan Libin ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem The proportion of international students in the doctoral programs, School of Education at Andrews University, raises concerns over (a) the ability of the programs to meet the varied expectations and needs of the international and American students and (b) the relevance of the students' academic preparations to their careers. Possible differences between the international and American doctoral graduates' appraisals of their programs were investigated. Method This ex-post facto study obtained data from two sources: All's records and the graduates' responses to survey questionnaires sent to 143 of the 151 doctoral graduates with known addresses. A 72.7% return rate was attained. Chi-square statistical analyses were conducted on 235 items to test four null hypotheses. Alpha was set at .05 Results The background information revealed that there were more international graduates (52.7%) than American graduates (47.3%); 80.8% were men; most (90.1%) were Seventh-day Adventists; and 79.5% received the Ed.D degree. Only 31 of the 235 items were statistically significant. Conclusions 1. International doctoral students attend AU mainly because it is an Adventist institution ; American students choose to attend because of geographic proximity. 2. The doctoral programs were compatible with the pre-arrival expectations of the graduates. 3. Graduates were generally satisfied with their programs and rated favorably the faculty , facilities, quality of instruction, dissertation writing process, and the programs' contributions to acquired competencies. 4. American graduates perceived the School of Education as catering adequately to the needs of the international doctoral students. International graduates were less inclined to agree. 5. In terms of professional development, the graduates benefited most from dissertation work, course work, relation to major professor or director of dissertation , and independent reading. They benefited least from relationships with other students, preparation for examination, graduate and research assistantships. 6. The majority were satisfied with the relevance of their academic preparations to their professional careers. 7. The high percentage of international doctoral students in the School of Education appears to have little negative impact on their programs or the Americans' perception of the programs. 8. The minimal number of differences between international and American appraisals may be largely due to two common factors: their Adventist backgrounds and current employment with the Adventist denomination.
A Review of Educational Balance and its Relationship to the Daily Schedule in Eighteen Seventh-day Adventist Residence Academies in the United States
Authors:   , Rau Eugene ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. Within the time constraints of the 24-hour day and the sevenday week, and under the pressure of the increased number of units to be earned before graduation from Seventh-day Adventist (SDA) residence academies, it was doubtful that students were experiencing educational balance. The number of and time for activities in which a student could be engaged, plus the content and emphasis on daily functions, were studied and reported under five areas of educational balance: academic achievement, vocational and professional interests, social growth, physical activities, and religious experience. Method. Representing grades ten, eleven, and twelve in 18 out of 36 SDA residence academies in the Unifed States, 1,997 students completed a pilot-tested questionnaire consisting of 99 items; 55 administrators from these schools selected time provisions for 27 student activities; and the principals completed a short questionnaire designed to give demographic information for their schools. Responses from students were scored using a panel-prescribed weighting schedule and percentages calculated for each reply. These scores were used as possible indicators of educational balance. Results. In academic achievement, social growth, and religious experience the students rated above the mean ideal expectancy for educational balance. In physical activities the students rated slightly above this mean, but in vocational and professional interests the rating was slightly below the mean ideal expectancy. Time provisions for daily student activities exceeded the 24-hour day time limit, a constraint that had to be removed to insure educational balance. To accomplish this goal seven of the 24 total activities were placed into a variable category to be set by advisors, counselors, and work coordinators, according to individual student academic and work needs. Conclusions. Teachers were perhaps responsible for requiring their students to think, the depth depending on the students; for allowing, as opposed to requiring, their students to get everything done on time; and for encouraging temperance and good posture. Students chose to pay tithe and to make prayer a part of their daily life, two actions probably reinforced by tangible results promised by God. Student desires may have conflicted with time-limited activities such as increased study load and work. Students may have been guilty of time robbery, causing inability to meet with the guidance counselor and lack of devotional time. Time adjustments for student activities were shown to be necessary, complicated, and delicately interrelated to prevent imbalance from occurring.
A Profile Analysis of the SCL-90-R for Aggressive and Nonaggressive Adolescents with Conduct Disorder : a Comparison of Aggression and Nonaggression in Relationship to Psychoticism and Depression, Hostility and Anxiety
Authors:   , Rice Janet ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. Dissatisfaction with the DSM-III classification of conduct disorder has led the editors of the DSM-III-R to group the socialized and undersocialized, aggressive and the undersocialized, nonaggressive conduct-disorderd youth together in the same category (Solitary Aggressive Type). However, the symptoms and behavior of aggressive and nonaggressive youth are so diverse, they should be placed in totally separate categories. The implications of misdiagnosis are serious for rehabilitation and treatment. Method. One hundred-thirty male adolescents labeled aggressive and nonaggressive conduct-disordered were administered the SCL-90-R. The Chi-square test determined what percentage in each group scored at the 70th percentile or above in the category of Psychoticism. The t-test determined if there was a significant difference between the two groups in the categories of Depression, Hostility, Anxiety, and on the Global Severity Index. Stepwise and best subsets regression determined a model for predicting conduct disorder. The correlation between each of the 10 items and the total scores in the two categories that made up the model was examined. Results. Psychoticism and Obsessive-Compulsive made up the model for predicting conduct disorder. While 83.9% of the aggressive group scored at the 70th percentile or above in the category of Psychoticism, only 17.6% of the nonaggressive group scored that high. The t-test showed a significant difference between the two groups in the categories of Depression, Hostility, Anxiety, and on the Global Severity Index. Conclusions. The results of the SCL-90-R indicate that aggressive and nonaggressive conduct-disordered youth are so diverse in frequency and intensity of symptoms, they should not be placed in the same diagnostic category, and treatment must vary to prevent recidivism.
A Developmental Study on the Kinetic Family Drawing for a Nonclinic, Black-Child Population in the Midwestern Region of the United States
Authors:   , Shaw Jannette ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. Valid psychological instruments for use with Black children are scarce. This study sought to validate the Kinetic Family Drawing (KFD) as a useful tool for gathering information about Black children and their families, and to obtain normative and developmental data for this population. Method. A correlational research design was used to ascertain the validity of the KFD by comparing results on 40 variables (Burns, 1982; Cho, 1987) with the criterion measure, Semantic Differential Family Scale (SDFS), including family concepts: "Me," "Mother and Me," "Father and M e ” and "My Whole Family." The study utilized a stratified random sample of 210 male and 210 female Black students equally distributed among Grades 1 through 6 from five school systems in Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois. Canonical correlation and step-wise multiple-regression analyses were utilized to test the null hypotheses. T-tests and analysis of variance were used to determine significant differences between ages and sexes. Data were also treated descriptively to obtain normative information. Results. A significant relationship was found between the KFD and the SDFS. The KFD family variables were effective in describing the perceptions of self and family relationships of Black children, while the self variables, by themselves, were not. Developmental age and sex differences were found for some variables. KFD styles and other pathological signs were only minimally evident. Conclusions. The Kinetic Family Drawing is a valid and useful instrument for gaining information about how Black children in the Midwest perceive themselves and their family relationships. It is effective in describing some developmental age differences, especially the self-esteem of the Black child. The KFDs of Black children seemed to generally reflect a positive impression of the family. They portrayed the family as satisfactory for them. The KFDs of the children did not necessarily reflect the family characteristics of the Black family as described in the literature.
Desecration and Defilement in the Old Testament
Authors:   , Amorim Nilton ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. The Hebrew roots hll and tm' have been translated interchangeably by desecration or defilement. Since the root hll is used in opposition to the root qds, while tm' stands in opposition to thr, it remained to be investigated whether their equation is justified because they appear in parallel or whether they should be visualized as belonging to two different realms and having different meanings. Method. My approach was basically a synchronical word study. All the appearances of the roots hll and tm' in the OT were analyzed. The roots hnp and g'l as well as some secondary roots related to the subject were also investigated. Consideration was given to texts where the idea of desecration or defilement was present although the terminology was absent. The literature of the ancient Near Eastern cultures was investigated to establish to what extent their concepts of desecration and defiliment were similar or not to those of Israel. Results. This investigation showed that the ancient Near Eastern cultures had a developed concept ot defilement, recognized by the emphasis placed on purification. Their idea of holiness, however, lacks the majestic dimension that is found in Israel. As a result, their concept of desecration was limited to its taboo dimension. The study of the Hebrew roots hll, tm', and other secondary roots revealed that they are used for different purposes in the OT. Textual evidence shows that the biblical writer moves from hll to tm' depending on the object visualized or the emphasis intended. While holy tangible realities may be desecrated and defiled, intangible realities such as the Sabbath, the Name, and Yahweh are not affected by defiliment. hll knows no sources of uncleanness as is the case of tm'. hll action deprives something or someone of holiness, while tm' adds to them a defiling dimension. While hll may have Yahweh as subject or object, tm' acts have no effect on Him, neither does He perform tm' activity. Conclusion. The roots hll and tm' have different meanings in the OT, and their equation does not seem justified. Consequently hll should be rendered basically by desecration, while tm' by defilement.
The Effects of Regional Accreditation on the Achievement of Aims, Goals, and Mission of Seventh-day Adventist Academies in the United States as Perceived by Principals and Teachers
Authors:   , Spence Garnet ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

Problem. There has been an on-going debate as to whether SDA academies should seek regional accreditation. No studies were found on principals' and teachers' perceptions of the effects of regional accreditation on the aims, goals, and mission of Seventh-day Adventist academies in the United States. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the principals' and teachers' perceptions of the effect of regional accreditation on the aims, goals, and mission of Seventh-day Adventist academies in the United States. Method. Items selected from the Evaluative Criteria checklist of the National Study of Secondary School Evaluation (1981) and from the Evaluative Criteria for Seventh-day Adventist Secondary Schools Supplement (1984) were stated in a closed-type questionnaire developed by the researcher. This was submitted to a panel of 11 judges, for content validation and based on their recommendations the questionnaire was modified. It was further reviewed by 7 other judges and sent to 70 Seventh-day Adventist academies in the United States that were accredited by one of the regional associations. The data collected were coded and processed by the Andrews University Center for Statistical Services. Chi-square was the statistical analysis used. Results. This study revealed the following results: 1. Principals and teachers perceived regional accreditation to have a positive effect on the aims, goals, and mission of their schools. 2. There was a significant difference between principals' and teachers' perceptions of the effect of regional accreditation on aims, goals, and mission based on enrollment (four variables), type of academy (eight variables), years accredited (three variables), and region (ten variables). Conclusion. 1. Regional accreditation helps schools to clarify their aims, goals, and mission and place more emphasis on achieving them. 2. There appears to be a predictable relationship between school size, years accredited, region in which it is located, and the perceptions of respondents about the effect of regional accreditation.
Self-Concept in Home-Schooling Children
Authors:   , Taylor John ,   Andrews University
Published: May 2023

The home school appears to be in a renaissance. This national study sought to provide an empirical base upon which to formulate viable decisions regarding homeschooling children. The study considered homeschoolers in grades four through twelve. The randomized sample yielded 224 qualified participants. Conclusions include the following: 1. The self-concept of the homeschoolers was significantly higher (p<.001) than that of the conventionally schooled population on all scales of the Piers-Harris Children's Self-Concept Scale. Half of the homeschoolers scored at or above the 91st percentile on the global scale. 2. Insofar as self-concept is a reflector of socialization, it appears that few homeschoolers are socially deprived. 3. The self-concept of the homeschoolers decreases significantly (p<.01) as age and grade level rise. 4. The factors of gender, number of siblings, locale of residence, prior conventional schooling, number of years of home schooling, beginning school age, educational level of home-school operators, and geographical region are not significantly related to the self-concept of homeschoolers when considered independently. 05. Higher socioeconomic status and an increase in the number of homeschoolers in a family are significantly related (p<.05) to a more positive self-concept in homeschoolers. 6. The best predictive model of self-concept in homeschoolers (p<.001) is related to lower grade-equivalence, higher years of home schooling, higher socioeconomic status, higher number of homeschoolers in the family, and higher beginning school age. The model is statistically stable and accounts for over 12 percent of the variance in the self-concept. 7. Homeschoolers are apparently concentrated towards lower grade levels and tend to commence formal instruction at a later age than the national average. 8. There is an approximately balanced distribution of homeschoolers in terms of gender and geographical region. 9. It appears that home-schooling families frequently have more children than the national average and usually have more than a single child in the home school. 10. Very few of the children are in their first year of home schooling and most have previously attended a conventional school. 11. The educational level and socioeconomic status attained by home-scnool operators seems to be considerably higher and their locale more rural than that of the comparable general population.
Efflux Inhibition in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Using Sertraline for Ciprofloxacin Resistance Breakdown
Authors:   Department of Biology, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran., Sahabzamani Ahmad , Sadrnia Maryam ,   Department of Biology Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University. Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran., Akbari Majid ,   Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University /Infectious Diseases Research Center (IDRC), Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran., Saki Sasan ,   Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran.
Published: May 2023

Background and Aim The efflux pump in Pseudomonas aeruginosa inhibits the effect of ciprofloxacin by releasing quinolones out of the cell. It is important to find compounds to inactivate or inhibit its activity to continue using the antibiotics. The present study was done to investigate using sertraline as an efflux pump inhibitor in P. aeruginosa to reduce antibiotic resistance. Methods & Materials P. aeruginosa strains were isolated from clinical sources and identified by routine microbiological methods. Resistance of the isolates to ciprofloxacin was evaluated by Kirby–Bauer test. Resistance breakdown was investigated by adding sertraline to the Moller Hinton agar medium and determining the zone of inhibition of ciprofloxacin. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by microplate dilution method and Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) by culture and MTT method were done for the isolates and ATCC 27853. The presence of the efflux pump was evaluated by the phenotypic method using sertraline and serial dilution method of the liquid medium in a microplate, on ciprofloxacin-resistant strains. The presence of the producing gene of this pump was determined by the genotyping method in resistant strains by performing PCR. The standard PAO1 strain of P. aeruginosa was used as a positive control. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Islamic Azad University, Brojerd Branch (Code: IR.IAU.B.REC.1401.011). Results Based on Kirby–Bauer test results, three strains were considered resistant to ciprofloxacin. MIC of drug-resistant strains was between 32 and 64 mg/ml and MBC was between 16 and 32 mg/ml. By performing electrophoresis on the PCR products, it was determined that the tested strains contained the mexA gene encoding the efflux pump. In the agar medium without sertraline, the zone of inhibition around the ciprofloxacin disc was zero, but after adding sertraline, the diameter of the halo increased to 25 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration of ciprofloxacin in the isolates before adding 25 µg of sertraline was 128 µg/ml and after adding sertraline, it was 4 µg/ml. Conclusion It was concluded that sertraline inhibited the efficiency of the efflux pump in resistant P. aeruginosa isolates and reduced ciprofloxacin resistance.
A Systemic Review on Bacillus Subtilis Spore Structure and Its Applications in the Development of Mucosal Vaccines and Adjuvants
Authors:   Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Shiraz University, Estahban Higher Education Center, Estahban, Iran., Ghaedmohammadi Samira , Bahrulolum Howra ,   epartment of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Ahmadian Gholamreza ,   Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB)
Published: May 2023

Background and Aim Surface display technology enables the binding of proteins and peptides to the surface of living cells, including mammalian cells, yeast, bacteria, and spores. Among the various systems used for surface display, Bacillus subtilis spores have advantages such as resistance to adverse environmental conditions such as heat, radiation and chemicals, safety for humans and no need for the heterologous protein to pass the membranes for binding to spores. Methods & Materials This study is a review that investigates the structure of the Bacillus subtilis spore, spore surface display, and its application in the development of mucosal vaccines and adjuvants. Ethical Considerations All Ethical principles in writing this article have been observed according to the instructions of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE regulations. Results Heterologous proteins can be displayed genetically and non-genetically on the spore surface. The surface display is a promising strategy for the development of whole-cell factories with many industrial and biotechnological applications, leading to significant advances in the production of biocatalysts, the development of live vaccines, bio-adsorbents and sensors, epitope mapping, inhibitor design, and protein/peptide library screening. Conclusion It is hoped that oral vaccines of Bacillus subtilis spores will be of significant help in the prevention and treatment of diseases including COVID-19 in the future.
Investigate of Tooth Decay and Its Relationship With Knowledge, Attitude and Performance (Kap) in High School Students in Islamabad-E-Gharb City
Authors:   Dental Hygienist, Islamabad-e Gharb Health Network, Kermanshah University of Medical Science. Kermanshah, Iran., Ezati Faezeh , Bakhshi Ehsan ,   Islamabad-e Gharb Health Network, Kermanshah University of Medical Science, Kermanshah, Iran., Ezati Elaheh ,   Asadabad University of Medical Sciences, Asadabad, Iran., Salimi Nooshin ,   Department of Public Health, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.
Published: May 2023

Background and Aim Oral and dental health plays an important role in people's general health and is affected by various factors such as knowledge and attitude of a person regarding oral and dental health. Improving people's Knowledge and attitude in this regard will lead to more attention towards oral and dental health. therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the rate of tooth decay and its relationship with knowledge, attitude and performance in high school students in the Islamabad-e-Gharb city. Methods & Materials This study was a cross-sectional study conducted among 348 high school students in Islamabad-e-Gharb. Which were selected through sampling in two stages, cluster and random. Data were collected using clinical examination and standard questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Sheffe post hoc test and Spearman's correlation coefficient at a significance level of less than 0.05 using SPSS software, version 22. Ethical Considerations This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (Code: IR.KUMS.REC.1397.548). Results The Mean Decay-Missing-Filled Teeth (DMFT) index 6.07±3.47 and Mean teeth decayed were 5.31± 2.90 respectively and 96.3 percent of the students had dental carries. Both DMFT index (r=-0.124, P=0.021) and teeth decay (r=-131, P=0.015) had a significant relationship with students' performance regarding oral and dental health. There was no significant difference between DMFT index and the number of teeth decayed with students' knowledge and attitude regarding oral and dental health (P<0.05). No significant relationship were found between either DMFT index (P=0.749) and teeth decay (P=0.614) with gender. Conclusion In this study, DMFT index and teeth decay were relatively high and this shows the need to design educational interventions in adolescents to prevent teeth decay.
Comparison of the Effect of 6 Weeks of Creatine and Ginseng Supplementation on Blood Ammonia, Lipoprotein and Homocysteine of Male Players of Iran's EPE Fencing Team in 2021
Authors:   Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch, Damghan, Iran., Yaghoobi Ahmad , Bagherpoor Tahereh ,   Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch, Damghan, Iran., Nemati Nematollah ,   Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University, Damghan Branch, Damghan, Iran.
Published: May 2023

Background and Aim Food and sports supplements are used by athletes all over the world, and correct and optimal consumption improves performance and prevents sports injuries. In this regard, creatine and ginseng supplements can be effective on physiological indicators and sports performance. Therefore, considering that no research has been done on the use of these supplements on blood indicators on fencers. The present study compares the effect of creatine and ginseng supplements on blood ammonia, HDL, LDL and homocysteine indices of the male players of the Iranian Epe fencing team. Methods & Materials In the present study, 14 male players of the Epe national fencing team were divided into two creatine supplement groups (7 people) and ginseng supplement group (7 people). Subjects in two groups performed their normal exercises with the team during the research, and on the day before the measurement, after a specific activity in a sitting position, blood was taken from the arm vein of the subjects by a specialist. The statistical significance difference was determined at the level of P ≥ 0.05 and ANCOVA test was used to determine the differences between groups and the data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 25. Ethical Considerations This article was approved by the Ethics Committee of Islamic Azad University, Shahrood Branch (Code: IR.IAU.SHAHROOD.REC.1400.073). Results The results showed that after six weeks, there is a significant difference between the creatine and ginseng groups in the blood indices of ammonia, LDL, HDL and homocysteine (P≥0.05). so that the average of creatine supplement group in ammonia, LDL, HDL and homocysteine index in terms of mg/dL respectively (2.56±0.83, 1.16±0.33, 7.45±0.48, 8.89±0.18) and Gensing group (2.05±0.29, 1.46±0.78, 8.11±0.27, 7.63±0.45). Conclusion The results showed that there is a significant difference in the average of blood ammonia, HDL, LDL and hemocytin between the creatine supplement group and the ginseng supplement group. Therefore, the role of ginseng supplement in reducing blood ammonia and homocysteine and in increasing HDL was more than that of creatine supplement, and the role of creatine supplement in reducing LDL was more than that of ginseng supplement. So it can be concluded that the role of ginseng supplement in the changes of blood ammonia, homocysteine and HDL is more than the role of creatine supplement.