bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of in Situ and ex Situ Methods for Synthesis of Two-Photon Polymerization Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Guo Qingchuan , Ghadiri Reza , Weigel Thomas , Aumann Andreas , Gurevich Evgeny , Esen Cemal , Medenbach Olaf , Cheng Wei , Chichkov Boris , Ostendorf Andreas
Published: July 2014

This article reports about nanocomposites, which refractive index is tuned by adding TiO2 nanoparticles. We compare in situ/ex situ preparation of nanocomposites. Preparation procedure is described, properties of nanocomposites are compared, and especially we examine the applicability of two-photon polymerization (2PP) of synthesized nanocomposites. All prepared samples exhibit suitable optical transparency at specific laser wavelengths. Three-dimensional structures were generated by means of two-photon polymerization effect induced by a femtosecond laser.
Love-Wave Sensors Combined with Microfluidics for Fast Detection of Biological Warfare Agents
Authors: Matatagui Daniel , Fontecha José , Fernández María , Gràcia Isabel , Cané Carles , Santos José , Horrillo María
Published: July 2014

The following paper examines a time-efficient method for detecting biological warfare agents (BWAs). The method is based on a system of a Love-wave immunosensor combined with a microfluidic chip which detects BWA samples in a dynamic mode. In this way a continuous flow-through of the sample is created, promoting the reaction between antigen and antibody and allowing a fast detection of the BWAs. In order to prove this method, static and dynamic modes have been simulated and different concentrations of BWA simulants have been tested with two immunoreactions: phage M13 has been detected using the mouse monoclonal antibody anti-M13 (AM13), and the rabbit immunoglobulin (Rabbit IgG) has been detected using the polyclonal antibody goat anti-rabbit (GAR). Finally, different concentrations of each BWA simulants have been detected with a fast response time and a desirable level of discrimination among them has been achieved.
Sensor Distribution Design of Travel Time Tomography in Explosion
Authors: Guo Yali , Han Yan , Wang Liming , Liu Linmao
Published: July 2014

Optimal sensor distribution in explosion testing is important in saving test costs and improving experiment efficiency. Aiming at travel time tomography in an explosion, an optimizing method in sensor distribution is proposed to improve the inversion stability. The influence factors of inversion stability are analyzed and the evaluating function on optimizing sensor distribution is proposed. This paper presents a sub-region and multi-scale cell partition method, according to the characteristics of a shock wave in an explosion. An adaptive escaping particle swarm optimization algorithm is employed to achieve the optimal sensor distribution. The experimental results demonstrate that optimal sensor distribution has improved both indexes and inversion stability.
The Equilibrium Decisions in a Two-Echelon Supply Chain under Price and Service Competition
Authors: Han Xiaonan , Sun Xiaochen , Zhou Yancong
Published: July 2014

This article studies a supply chain composed of a manufacturer and two competing retailers. The manufacturer produces two substitutable products and offers respective service levels to customers who buy one of the two products. Each retailer can only order one kind of product from the manufacturer, and then sell them to the market at a certain sale price. The demands for two products are influenced not only by the service levels the manufacturer provides, but also the sales prices of the two products. Furthermore, we investigate the equilibrium behavior of members in the supply chain with the aid of the Stackelberg game, and discover a number of insights concerning some important parameters. Finally, Numerical analysis is presented to validate our theoretical results and compare channel performances.
Dealing with Uncertainty in Genetic Testing
Authors: Slootsky Veronica
Published: July 2014

Testing for
BRCA1
and
BRAC2
deleterious mutations, and the subsequent decisions about prophylactic surgery, have an important effect on the psychological well-being of an individual. Studies have found that over time, the psychological well-being of at-risk women who test positive returns to baseline, and women at high risk who are tested and are found to be negative for the mutations have an improvement in their psychological state. However, at-risk women who decline testing were noted to have an increase in depression. Family dynamics play a role in each individual’s experience with
BRCA
testing. For women who test positive for
BRCA
mutations, choosing whether to have a prophylactic mastectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy are decisions that may affect self-image and psychological well-being. Multiple sources for psychological support are available for women who undergo the process of testing and decision-making about prophylactic treatment options.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2014; 44(7):329–333.]
Towards an Improved Ensemble Learning Model of Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Anifowose Fatai , Labadin Jane , Abdulraheem Abdulazeez
Published: July 2014

Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) have been widely applied in petroleum reservoir characterization. Despite their wide use, they are very unstable in terms of performance. Ensemble machine learning is capable of improving the performance of such unstable techniques. One of the challenges of using ANN is choosing the appropriate number of hidden neurons. Previous studies have proposed ANN ensemble models with a maximum of 50 hidden neurons in the search space thereby leaving rooms for further improvement. This chapter presents extended versions of those studies with increased search spaces using a linear search and randomized assignment of the number of hidden neurons. Using standard model evaluation criteria and novel ensemble combination rules, the results of this study suggest that having a large number of “unbiased” randomized guesses of the number of hidden neurons beyond 50 performs better than very few occurrences of those that were optimally determined.
Machine Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis using Self-Organizing Map
Authors: Wang Kesheng , Zhang Zhenyou , Wang Yi
Published: July 2014

This chapter proposes a Self-Organizing Map (SOM) method for fault diagnosis and prognosis of manufacturing systems, machines, components, and processes. The aim of this work is to optimize the condition monitoring of the health of the system. With this method, manufacturing faults can be classified, and the degradations can be predicted very effectively and clearly. A good maintenance scheduling can then be created, and the number of corrective maintenance actions can be reduced. The results of the experiment show that the SOM method can be used to classify the fault and predict the degradation of machines, components, and processes effectively, clearly, and easily.
Sharing Medical Information by Means of Using Intelligent Agents and Cloud Computing
Authors: Paletta Mauricio
Published: July 2014

From birth to death, every human being leaves a long medical history consisting of laboratory exams, records of medical consultations, records, and hospitalizations, as well as any other important information that affects the patient's health. These are known today as Electronic Health Records (EHR) or Electronic Medical Records (EMR). However, because a person's lifestyle and health are continuously changing, most of this medical information is distributed among different institutions, cities, and even countries where the specific processes were undertaken, in possession of health insurance providers or even hidden inside a drawer of the patient's home. Therefore, aiming to enhance the availability of improved medical services at reduced costs, modern information technology is being increasingly used in the healthcare sector. Researchers, developers, and companies have made efforts to develop mobile, Web, desktop, and enterprise e-health applications raising the importance of interoperability and data exchange between e-health applications and Health Information Systems (HIS). In this regard, Cloud Computing (CC) promises low cost, high scalability, availability, and disaster recoverability, which can be a natural solution for some of the problems faced in storing and analyzing EMRs. However, CC, which is mainly defined to address the use of scalable and often virtualized resources, is still evolving. New, specific collaboration models among service providers are needed for enabling effective service collaboration, allowing the process of serving consumers to be more efficient. In this chapter, the current state and trends of CC in healthcare are presented as well as a detailed collaboration model based on intelligent agents focusing on the EHR sharing subject. This model for enabling effective service in cloud systems is based on a recent research proposal related to defining a collaboration mechanism by means of Scout Movement. The chapter also includes details on the way in which services and service providers are clearly defined in this particular system.
Cutting Edge: An Antibody Recognizing Ancestral Endogenous Virus Glycoproteins Mediates Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity on HIV-1–Infected Cells
Authors: Michaud Henri-Alexandre , SenGupta Devi , de Mulder Miguel , Deeks Steven G. , Martin Jeffrey N. , Kobie James J. , Sacha Jonah B. , Nixon Douglas F.
Published: July 2014

The failure of antiviral vaccines is often associated with rapid viral escape from specific immune responses. In the past, conserved epitope or algorithmic epitope selections, such as mosaic vaccines, have been designed to diversify immunity and to circumvent potential viral escape. An alternative approach is to identify conserved stable non–HIV-1 self-epitopes present exclusively in HIV-1–infected cells. We showed previously that human endogenous retroviral (HERV) mRNA transcripts and protein are found in cells of HIV-1–infected patients and that HERV-K (HML-2)–specific T cells can eliminate HIV-1–infected cells in vitro. In this article, we demonstrate that a human anti–HERV-K (HML-2) transmembrane protein Ab binds specifically to HIV-1–infected cells and eliminates them through an Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity mechanism in vitro. Thus, Abs directed against epitopes other than HIV-1 proteins may have a role in eliminating HIV-1–infected cells and could be targeted in novel vaccine approaches or immunotherapeutic modalities.
Moderate Alcohol Induces Stress Proteins HSF1 and hsp70 and Inhibits Proinflammatory Cytokines Resulting in Endotoxin Tolerance
Authors: Muralidharan Sujatha , Ambade Aditya , Fulham Melissa A. , Deshpande Janhavee , Catalano Donna , Mandrekar Pranoti
Published: July 2014

Binge or moderate alcohol exposure impairs host defense and increases susceptibility to infection because of compromised innate immune responses. However, there is a lack of consensus on the molecular mechanism by which alcohol mediates this immunosuppression. In this study, we show that cellular stress proteins HSF1 and hsp70 play a mechanistic role in alcohol-mediated inhibition of the TLR4/MyD88 pathway. Alcohol exposure induced transcription factor HSF1 mRNA expression and DNA binding activity in primary human monocytes and murine macrophages. Furthermore, HSF1 target gene hsp70 mRNA and protein are upregulated by alcohol in monocytes. In vitro pre-exposure to moderate alcohol reduced subsequent LPS-induced NF-κB promoter activity and downstream TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β production in monocytes and macrophages, exhibiting endotoxin tolerance. Mechanistic analysis demonstrates that alcohol-induced HSF1 binds to the TNF-α promoter in macrophages at early time points, exerting transrepression and decreased TNF-α expression. Furthermore, association of hsp70 with NF-κB subunit p50 in alcohol-treated macrophages correlates with reduced NF-κB activation at later time points. Hsp70 overexpression in macrophages was sufficient to block LPS-induced NF-κB promoter activity, suggesting alcohol-mediated immunosuppression by hsp70. The direct crosstalk of hsp70 and HSF1 was further confirmed by the loss of alcohol-mediated endotoxin tolerance in hsp70- and HSF1-silenced macrophages. Our data suggest that alcohol-mediated activation of HSF1 and induction of hsp70 inhibit TLR4-MyD88 signaling and are required for alcohol-induced endotoxin tolerance. Using stress proteins as direct drug targets would be clinically relevant in alcohol abuse treatment and may serve to provide a better understanding of alcohol-mediated immunosuppression.
Enhancement of Adaptive Immunity by the Human Vaccine Adjuvant AS01 Depends on Activated Dendritic Cells
Authors: Didierlaurent Arnaud M. , Collignon Catherine , Bourguignon Patricia , Wouters Sandrine , Fierens Kaat , Fochesato Michel , Dendouga Najoua , Langlet Christelle , Malissen Bernard , Lambrecht Bart N. , Garçon Nathalie , Van Mechelen Marcelle , Morel Sandra
Published: July 2014

Adjuvant System AS01 is a liposome-based vaccine adjuvant containing 3-O-desacyl-4′-monophosphoryl lipid A and the saponin QS-21. AS01 has been selected for the clinical development of several candidate vaccines including the RTS,S malaria vaccine and the subunit glycoprotein E varicella zoster vaccine (both currently in phase III). Given the known immunostimulatory properties of MPL and QS-21, the objective of this study was to describe the early immune response parameters after immunization with an AS01-adjuvanted vaccine and to identify relationships with the vaccine-specific adaptive immune response. Cytokine production and innate immune cell recruitment occurred rapidly and transiently at the muscle injection site and draining lymph node postinjection, consistent with the rapid drainage of the vaccine components to the draining lymph node. The induction of Ag-specific Ab and T cell responses was dependent on the Ag being injected at the same time or within 24 h after AS01, suggesting that the early events occurring postinjection were required for these elevated adaptive responses. In the draining lymph node, after 24 h, the numbers of activated and Ag-loaded monocytes and MHCIIhigh dendritic cells were higher after the injection of the AS01-adjuvanted vaccine than after Ag alone. However, only MHCIIhigh dendritic cells appeared efficient at and necessary for direct Ag presentation to T cells. These data suggest that the ability of AS01 to improve adaptive immune responses, as has been demonstrated in clinical trials, is linked to a transient stimulation of the innate immune system leading to the generation of high number of efficient Ag-presenting dendritic cells.
Positron Emission Tomography Imaging in Sarcoidosis
Authors: Vettiyil Beth , Gupta Nikitha , Kumar Rajesh
Published: July 2014

Sarcoidosis is a chronic granulomatous disease of unknown origin. There are several modalities for diagnosis, staging and therapeutic management of patients with sarcoidosis. Among these, whole-body F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography is found to useful in patients with complex and multisystem forms of sarcoidosis. Other modalities include Gallium scanning, assesment of angiotensin converting enzyme levels in blood, chest radiography, mediastinoscopy etcetera.
An Unusual Appearance of Meckel′s Diverticulum as a Site of Bleed on Gastrointestinal Bleeding Scan
Authors: Mahajan Madhuri
Published: July 2014

Lower gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage is a frequently encountered and challenging clinical problem. GI bleeding scans are extremely useful for localizing the source of GI bleeding before interventional radiology procedures. It is essential that physicians understand the numerous possible pitfalls when interpreting these scans. Understanding the potential causes of false-positive scan interpretation eliminates unnecessary procedures for the patient and minimizes costs. We report a rare case of an 8-year-old boy who presented with GI bleeding. Upper and lower GI endoscopy did not reveal a source of bleeding. We emphasize case of Meckel′s diverticulum appearing as a proximal jejunum false-positive site of bleed on bleeding scan. In addition, we reinforce the criteria needed for diagnosis of GI bleeding site on the nuclear bleeding scan. A high index of suspicion is the most important diagnostic aid that can prevent the nuclear medicine physicians from misdiagnosing the site of lower GI hemorrhage.
Hybrid Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography Sulphur Colloid Scintigraphy in Focal Nodular Hyperplasia
Authors: Bhoil Amit , Gayana Shankramurthy , Sood Ashwani , Bhattacharya Anish , Mittal Bhagwant
Published: July 2014

It is important to differentiate focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), a benign condition of liver most commonly affecting women, from other neoplasm such as hepatic adenoma and metastasis. The functional reticuloendothelial features of FNH can be demonstrated by scintigraphy. We present a case of breast cancer in whom fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (CT) showed a homogenous hyperdense lesion in liver, which on Tc99m sulfur colloid single-photon emission computed tomography/CT was found to have increased focal tracer uptake suggestive of FNH.
Primary Ewing's sarcoma of cervical vertebra: An uncommon presentation
Authors: Chhabra Sonia , Singh Sunita , Sethi Divya , Mahapatra Qury
Published: July 2014

Ewing's sarcoma is a malignant primary bone tumor primarily seen in the long bones. Primary Ewing's sarcoma of the cranium is quite uncommon occurring in 1% of the cases. We report the occurrence of this rare lesion in a 24-year-old male presenting with progressively increasing swelling in left mastoid region mimicking a mastoid abscess which was later diagnosed on Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) as a small round cell tumor as Ewing's sarcoma. Contrast enhanced computed tomography (CECT) revealed a typical moth eaten appearance in the first and second cervical vertebra.
Epidural hematoma secondary to solitary skull metastasis from an ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Kumar P , Manisha M
Published: July 2014

We report a rare case of an acute epidural hematoma (EDH) due to solitary skull metastasis in a 60-year-old patient treated earlier for ovarian carcinoma. The patient presented with head injury followed by unconsciousness and computerized tomography showed a large EDH in the right parietal region along with a contusion of left temporal-parietal lobe and subarachnoid hemorrhage in left sylvian fissure. Emergency craniotomy and evacuation of the EDH was performed and the hemorrhage was determined to be secondary to skull metastasis of ovarian carcinoma; the patient recovered and received whole brain radiation therapy.
Survival outcome of malignant minor salivary tumors in Pakistani population
Authors: Iqbal Hassan , Bhatti Abu Bakar Hafeez , Hussain Raza , Jamshed Arif
Published: July 2014

Objective: Malignant tumors of minor salivary glands (MSG) are rare. Survival outcome in Pakistani population with malignant MSG tumors remains to be defined. The objective of this study was to report the clinical presentation, treatment modalities, and survival outcome of radically treated malignant tumors of MSG in Pakistani population. Materials and Methods: Between April 2003 and March 2011, 45 patients with malignant tumors of MSG were treated at Shaukat Khanum Cancer Hospital and included in the study. Patient characteristics and treatment modalities were assessed and local, regional, and distant failures determined. Relapse-free (RFS) and overall survival (OS) was calculated using Kaplan-Meier curves, and log-rank test was used to determine significance. Results: Median age was 40 (17-83) years. Male to female ratio was 1.25:1. Most common site was hard palate in 31 (69%) patients. Adenoid cystic carcinoma (51%) was the most common histological diagnosis. Nine patients (20%) underwent surgery as the only treatment modality, six patients received (13%) radiotherapy alone, and 30 patients (67%) had surgery followed by adjuvant radiotherapy. Eight patients developed recurrence (four local, two regional, one locoregional, and one distant). The 5-year actuarial overall OS and RFS was 77 and 66%, respectively. Age, T-stage, and treatment modality were significant for RFS, whereas T-stage and treatment modality were significant factors for OS. Conclusion: Surgery as single modality or combined with radiation therapy resulted in acceptable survival in Pakistani population with malignant minor salivary tumors.
The Electoral (Dis)Advantage of the Independent Candidates in Different Electoral System (Comparative Study of Slovak and Czech Local Election)
Authors: Žubrova Viera , Zoran Annmarie Gorenc , Mlakar Lucija Mulej
Published: July 2014

In this paper we attempt to set some starting points for the comparative study on the position of independent local politics (candidates) in the relation with different electoral system, including choosing their strategies, alliances, steps, etc. We will compare two republics – Slovak republic and Czech Republic - which have not only common history and states, but transform after the split very differently, not only in the national level, but especially in the regional and local level.
Tidal controls on trace gas dynamics in a seagrass meadow of the Ria Formosa lagoon (southern Portugal)
Authors: Bahlmann E. , Weinberg I. , Lavrič J. V. , Eckhard T. , Michaelis W. , Santos R. , Seifert R.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Coastal zones are important source regions for a variety of trace gases including halocarbons and sulphur-bearing species. While salt-marshes, macroalgae and phytoplankton communities have been intensively studied, little is known about trace gas fluxes in seagrass meadows. Here we report results of a newly developed dynamic flux chamber system that can be deployed in intertidal areas over full tidal cycles allowing for high time resolved measurements. The trace gases measured in this study included carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and a variety of hydrocarbons, halocarbons and sulphur-bearing compounds. The high time resolved CO2 and CH4 flux measurements revealed a complex dynamic mediated by tide and light. In contrast to most previous studies our data indicate significantly enhanced fluxes during tidal immersion relative to periods of air exposure. Short emission peaks occured with onset of the feeder current at the sampling site. We suggest an overall strong effect of advective transport processes to explain the elevated fluxes during tidal immersion. Many emission estimates from tidally influenced coastal areas still rely on measurements carried out during low tide only. Hence, our results may have significant implications for budgeting trace gases in coastal areas. This dynamic flux chamber system provides intensive time series data of community respiration (at night) and net community production (during the day) of shallow coastal systems.
An initial exploration of ethical research practices regarding automated data extraction from online social media user profiles
Authors: Alim Sophia
Published: July 2014

The popularity of social media, especially online social networks, has led to the availability of potentially rich sources of data, which researchers can use for extraction via automated means. However, the process of automated extraction from user profiles results in a variety of ethical considerations and challenges for researchers. This paper examines this question further, surveying researchers to gain information regarding their experiences of, and thoughts about, the challenges to ethical research practices associated with automated extraction. Results indicated that, in comparison with two or three years ago researchers are more aware of ethical research practices, and are implementing them into their studies. However, areas such as informed consent suffer from a lack of implementation in research studies. This is due to various factors, such as social media ‘Terms of Service’, challenges with large volumes of data, how far to take informed consent, and the definition of online informed consent. Researchers face a range of issues from digital rights to clear guidance. This paper discusses the findings of the survey questionnaire and explores how the findings affect researchers.
Cervical Cancer: Analysis of the Quality of a Program
Authors: Noreña-Quiceno Cielo , Tamayo-Acevedo Lucía Stella ,   Universidad de Antioquia,   Universidad de Antioquia
Published: July 2014

Objetivo: evaluar la calidad del Programa de detección temprana y control del cáncer de cuello uterino en una Unidad Prestadora de Servicios de Salud, de la Empresa Social del Estado Metrosalud, Medellín, Colombia, 2006-2008. Metodología: estudio descriptivo transversal. Se siguió el método de evaluación de programas de salud en los componentes problema, estructura, procesos y resultados propuesto por Avedis Donabediam, a partir de diferentes técnicas de recolección de información. Se hizo análisis estadístico descriptivo univariado y bivariado, y cualitativo de textos. Resultados: aunque este cáncer se considera un problema de salud pública, se carece de un programa estructurado para la intervención. Las actividades se centran en la detección y la prevención. Para su ejecución se dispone, en general, de los recursos humanos, físicos, materiales y económicos requeridos; la auxiliar de enfermería desarrolla la mayor parte de las actividades; el médico ordena tratamientos y remite usuarias a otro nivel según la red de servicios. Todas las usuarias reconocen la importancia del programa, la mayoría expresó satisfacción con la atención recibida. Conclusiones: el programa de detección temprana y control de cáncer de cuello uterino debe fortalecer todos sus componentes con mayor eficiencia y eficacia para lograr mejor impacto en la salud de las mujeres, disminuyendo la morbilidad y mortalidad por este cáncer. Retomar el concepto de integralidad, como programa de salud pública, debe ser una política de Estado y, su desarrollo, un compromiso de todos los funcionarios que laboran en él.
Nietzsche, Drives, Selves, and Leonard Bernstein: A Reply to Christopher Janaway and Robert Pippin
Authors: Nehamas Alexander
Published: July 2014

In response to criticisms advanced by Christopher Janaway and Robert Pippin, I offer a rudimentary account of Nietzsche's “drives.” They are not mysterious: they stand for the different sets of motives, often in conflict, with which we are all faced. The strongest among them speak with the voice of the subject and try to get the rest to follow their lead. Such “subjugation,” whether within one or between different persons (“the will to power”), often results not in the other's destruction but in its improvement. Moreover, no drives are immune to change. Nietzsche likens their unification, which results in one's becoming an “individual,” to the unity of works of art. Aesthetic values being essentially social, unification depends not just on its agent but also on its reception by an audience. I end by arguing that “the eternal recurrence” forbids our imagining that our life could ever have been different in any significant respect.
Quantum-Chemical Investigations on the Structural Variability of Anion–π Interactions
Authors: Moha Verena , Giese Michael , Moha Richard , Albrecht Markus , Raabe Gerhard
Published: July 2014

The structural versatility of anion-p interactions was investigated computationally. Employing quantum-chemically optimized structures of a series of C6H6-nF
n
/Br- complexes and the Coulomb law together with the London formula to calculate the electrostatic and the dispersion energy of the interaction between the anion and the π-system led to the result that up to the number of n = 2 due to a significantly repulsive electrostatic energy of interaction the dispersion energy is not sufficient to stabilize such structures in the gas phase where the anion is located above the plane defined by the aromatic ring. The energy surfaces resulting from the interaction of bromide anions with isolated arenes bearing varying numbers of fluorine atoms in different positions of the aromatic ring also show a pronounced dependency on the subsitution pattern of the aromatic system. Depending on the nature of the electron withdrawing group and its position, the energy surface can have a sharply defined energetically low minimum, in which the anion is ‘fixed’. Other substitution patterns result in very flat energy surfaces, and even a surface with more than two local minima within the scanned area was found. Thus, our study reveals the reason for the experimentally observed structural versatility depending on the substitution pattern in the solid state.
Qualitative Identification of Permitted and Non-permitted Color Additives in Cosmetics
Authors: Miranda-Bermudez Enio , Harp Bhakti Petigara , Barrows Julie N
Published: July 2014

Color additives are dyes, pigments, or other substances that can impart color when added or applied to foods, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, or the human body. These substances must be pre-approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and listed in the Code of Federal Regulations before they may be used in FDA-regulated products. Both domestic and imported cosmetic products sold in interstate commerce fall under FDA jurisdiction, and FDA's district laboratories use a combination of analytical methods for identifying or confirming the presence of potentially violative color additives. We have developed a qualitative method for identifying 29 water- and methanol-soluble color additives in various types of cosmetic products. The color additives are extracted with combinations of methylene chloride, methanol, acetic acid, and water and are identified by LC with photodiode array detection. Estimated LOD values ranged from 0.1 to 1.5 mg/L. A survey of lip products, nail polishes, eye products, blushes, body glitter, face paints, bath products, creams, and toothpastes identified permitted and non-permitted color additives. Our new LC method is intended to supplement the visible spectrophotometry and TLC methods currently used by FDA's district laboratories and will help optimize the use of time, labor, and solvents.
Proper names in the satirical writing 'An ugly dream' by D. M. Forski
Authors: Lilić Dragan
Published: July 2014

In the satirical paper 'A Bad Dream', proper names form a significant lexical layer which contributes significantly to achieving a grotesque and satirical portrayal of the everyday reality of the milieu the writer describes in a humorous and sardonic way, condemning his negative and ugly sides. Transforming real names, the author builds very expressive units that become carriers of various meanings. The transformation is accomplished by the procedures of substitutional, permutational, restrictive and proscriptive metaplasm. The writer's creative approach - 'a game of names' - has a indubitable impact in modeling his artistic world.
Où (en) est (l’étude de) la musique (au cinéma ?) du film ?
Authors: Cardinal Serge
Published: July 2014

Où est la musique du film ? Cette question devrait permettre de cartographier le territoire de notre expérience cinématographique de la musique. Nous partirons d’une séquence tirée du film Mauvais sang, de Leos Carax (1986). Cette séquence fait de la musique l’objet même du dialogue, elle se sert de la diffusion radiophonique de deux chansons pour configurer l’espace filmique, et elle laisse leur rythme entraîner le corps des personnages. Ce faisant, cette séquence se soumet tout entier à une phénoménologie et à une logique expressive de la musique : transparences et reflets, couleurs et formes, chorégraphie de la figure humaine et rythme du montage, etc., tout cela est articulé ou animé par la mobilisation musicale. Par conséquent, la mise en scène dégage un espace pour le spectateur, le théoricien du cinéma et le musicologue ; cet espace en est un de rencontres entre tous les matériaux d’un film. C’est un espace à partir duquel faire l’expérience d’une oeuvre musicale, du musical et de la musicalité au cinéma. C’est cet espace qu’il faut aussi chercher à rejoindre si l’on veut répondre à la question : Où est la musique du film ?
Without Parents or Pedigree: Neo-Victorian Adaptation as Disavowal or Critique
Authors: Kreilkamp Ivan
Published: July 2014

It has become a truism that contemporary multi-season TV dramas are inheritors of the methods and aims of Victorian serial fiction, or, as the New York Times editorial page put it in 2006, that if “Charles Dickens were alive today, he would watch The Wire, unless, that is, he was already writing for it.” While not absolutely denying the validity of such assertions, this essay reconsiders them. Sergei Eisenstein’s 1949 essay “Dickens, Griffith, and the Film Today," now a locus classicus for thinking about the links between nineteenth-century fiction and twentieth- and twenty-first-century cinematic media, first formulated a model that has remained influential for considering Victorian fiction, and especially Dickens’s novels, as offering a “pedigree” and parentage for filmic media. But through a reading of several test cases of contemporary neo-Victorian adaptation, broadly construed—including Dickensian references in The Wire, South Park’s animated Great Expectations adaptation episode, and references to George Eliot in Kazuo Ishiguru’s novel Never Let Me Go—this essay questions and complicates Eisenstein’s paradigm of the Victorian novel as parent to contemporary media.
Catalytic Activities of Fe3+- and Zn2+-Natural Zeolite on the Direct Cyclisation-Acetylation of (R)-(+)-Citronellal
Authors: Cahyono Edy , Muchalal M. , Triyono Triyono , Pranowo Harno Dwi
Published: July 2014

Characterisation and catalytic ativities investigation of modified natural zeolite on cyclisation acetylation reaction of (R)-(+)-citronellal was performed. The experimental work involved isolation of (R)-(+)-citronellal from Java Citronella oil (Cymbopogon winterianus) by vacuum fractional distillation, determination of its enantiomer, preparation and characterisation of different catalysts i.e. H-natural zeolite (H-Za), Fe3+-natural zeolite (Fe3+-Za), and Zn2+-natural zeolite (Zn2+-Za), followed by examination of catalytic activity and selectivity. Isolated citronellal contained 88.21% ee of (R)-(+)-citronellal. The main products of cyclisation-acetylation of (R)-(+)-citronellal was IPA (isopulegyl acetate) and NIPA (neo-isopulegyl acetate). Although the highest yield of IPA and NIPA was obtained by Fe3+-Za catalyst (78.69%) at 80oC and 120 min, the stereoselectivity of Fe3+-Za slightly lower than that of Zn2+-Za. Structure elucidation of citronellal and products was carried out by means of GC and GC-MS. Lewis acidity plays the role of acetyl ionic formation from acetic anhydride. The Activity and stereoselectivity of catalysts depended on Lewis acidity and cation distribution on the catalyst surface. © 2014 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Frontmatter (Front Cover, Editorial Team, Indexing, and Table of Contents)
Authors: Istadi Istadi
Published: July 2014

Frontmatter (Front Cover, Editorial Team, Indexing, and Table of Contents)
MR imaging of urinary bladder cancer for T‐staging: A review and a pictorial essay of diffusion‐weighted imaging
Authors: Takeuchi Mitsuru , Sasaki Shigeru , Naiki Taku , Kawai Noriyasu , Kohri Kenjiro , Hara Masaki , Shibamoto Yuta
Published: July 2014

Treatment decisions for bladder cancer patients are mainly based on the depth of bladder wall invasion by the tumor. In this article, we review the conventional MRI and exhibit a recently emerged diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) of urinary bladder cancer for T‐staging. We discuss limitations of conventional MRI, scanning protocols of DWI, normal pelvic findings on DWI, determination of T‐stage using DWI, and pitfalls of DWI. DWI provides high contrast between bladder cancer and background tissue because the cancer shows markedly high SI. DWI has high sensitivity for detecting the stalk seen in stage Ta or T1. An inflammatory change or fibrosis surrounding the tumor mimics the invasion of bladder cancer on T2‐weighted imaging or enhanced MRI and could lead to over‐staging, but DWI could differentiate them clearly because these benign changes do not show high SI on DWI. DWI is also useful for detecting ureteral, urethral, and prostatic extension by means of the urethra. DWI provides more accurate information on the extent of bladder cancer and contributes to determination of the treatment strategy. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;38:1299–1309. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selectivity of gas‐phase ion/molecule reaction of carbon dioxide with phenide ions
Authors: Liu Chongming , Zhang Yong , Attygalle Athula B.
Published: July 2014

On contrary to the widely accepted conviction that the m/z 93 ion derived from phenol does not react with CO2, we demonstrate that it makes an adduct with CO2 to a small but demonstrable extent. For example, the product‐ion mass spectrum recorded for the m/z 98 ion derived from [2H6]phenol showed a small peak at m/z 142 when CO2 was used as the collision gas. The formation of an m/z 137 adduct ion from the m/z 93 ion (generated either directly from phenol, or indirectly from salicylic acid by in‐source decarboxylation) was demonstrated also by multiple‐reaction‐monitoring tandem mass spectrometric experiments. According to literature, the m/z 93 ion derived from salicylic acid does not undergo CO2 addition because it is deemed to exist only in the phenoxide form. This reaction has been previously proposed as a method for differentiating phenoxide ion from its isomeric hydroxyphenide ions. We propose that the m/z 93 ion, albeit small, exists also as the phenide form together with the predominant phenoxide ion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Herodotus: The Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Books
Authors: Herodotus
Published: July 2014

Fellow and Master of University College, Oxford, the classical scholar Reginald Walter Macan (1848–1941) published in 1908 this two-volume edition (in three parts) of the last books of Herodotus, which cover the Greco-Persian Wars during the period 486 to 479 BCE. Part 2 of Volume 1 contains the text of Books 8 and 9 in Greek, with commentary and scholarly apparatus. Book 8 covers the Greek naval retreat after Thermopylae and the evacuation of Athens. Book 9 recounts such events as the Battle of Plataea, the Athenian blockade of Sestos and the Persian defeat in Ionia. Macan's edition, particularly valuable for its introduction, commentary, maps and extensive indexes, remains valuable to scholars of the history of textual criticism and the historiography of the classical world.
Herodotus: The Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Books
Authors: Herodotus
Published: July 2014

Fellow and Master of University College, Oxford, the classical scholar Reginald Walter Macan (1848–1941) published in 1908 this two-volume edition (in three parts) of the last books of Herodotus, which cover the Greco-Persian Wars during the period 486 to 479 BCE. Volume 2 contains appendices, indexes and maps pertinent to Books 7-9. Macan includes essays on supporting authorities, hypotheses on lost witnesses, and textual evidence presented by poets such as Pindar and the philosophers Plato and Aristotle. He also examines the events in the last books of The Histories, outlining the preparations of the Persians and Greeks for war, as well as reviewing the conflict's strategic aspects as it shifted from Thessaly through to Plataea and Sestos. Macan's edition remains valuable to scholars of the history of textual criticism and the historiography of the classical world.
Foundations of XML Processing
Authors: Hosoya Haruo
Published: July 2014

This is the first book that provides a solid theoretical account of the foundation of the popular data format XML. Part I establishes basic concepts, starting with schemas, tree automata and pattern matching, and concluding with static typechecking for XML as a highlight of the book. In Part II, the author turns his attention to more advanced topics, including efficient 'on-the-fly' tree automata algorithms, path- and logic-based queries, tree transformation, and exact typechecking. The author provides many examples of code fragments to illustrate features, and exercises to enhance understanding. Thus the book will be ideal for students and researchers whether just beginning, or experienced in XML research.
Expressions of Time in Ancient Greek
Authors: George Coulter H.
Published: July 2014

How did Ancient Greek express that an event occurred at a particular time, for a certain duration, or within a given time frame? The answer to these questions depends on a variety of conditions - the nature of the time noun, the tense and aspect of the verb, the particular historical period of Greek during which the author lived - that existing studies of the language do not take sufficiently into account. This book accordingly examines the circumstances that govern the use of the genitive, dative, and accusative of time, as well as the relevant prepositional constructions, primarily in Greek prose of the fifth century BC through the second century AD, but also in Homer. While the focus is on developments in Greek, translations of the examples, as well as a fully glossed summary chapter, make it accessible to linguists interested in the expression of time generally.
India in the World Order
Authors: Nayar Baldev Raj , Paul T. V.
Published: July 2014

Two highly regarded scholars come together to examine India's relationship with the world's major powers and its own search for a significant role in the international system. Central to the argument is India's belief that the acquisition of an independent nuclear capability is key to obtaining such status. The book details the major constraints at the international, domestic and perceptual levels that India has faced in this endeavor. It concludes, through a detailed comparison of India's power capabilities, that India is indeed a rising power, but that significant systemic and domestic changes will be necessary before it can achieve its goal. The book examines the prospects and implications of India's integration into the major-power system in the twenty-first century. This book's incisive analysis will be illuminating for students, policy makers, and for anyone wishing to understand the region in greater depth.
Environmental Markets
Authors: Anderson Terry L. , Libecap Gary D.
Published: July 2014

Environmental Markets explains the prospects of using markets to improve environmental quality and resource conservation. No other book focuses on a property rights approach using environmental markets to solve environmental problems. This book compares standard approaches to these problems using governmental management, regulation, taxation, and subsidization with a market-based property rights approach. This approach is applied to land, water, wildlife, fisheries, and air and is compared to governmental solutions. The book concludes by discussing tougher environmental problems such as ocean fisheries and the global atmosphere, emphasizing that neither governmental nor market solutions are a panacea.
Burden of Proof, Presumption and Argumentation
Authors: Walton Douglas
Published: July 2014

The notion of burden of proof and its companion notion of presumption are central to argumentation studies. This book argues that we can learn a lot from how the courts have developed procedures over the years for allocating and reasoning with presumptions and burdens of proof, and from how artificial intelligence has built precise formal and computational systems to represent this kind of reasoning. The book provides a model of reasoning with burden of proof and presumption, based on analyses of many clearly explained legal and non-legal examples. The model is shown to fit cases of everyday conversational argumentation as well as argumentation in legal cases. Burden of proof determines (1) under what conditions an arguer is obliged to support a claim with an argument that backs it up and (2) how strong that argument needs to be to prove the claim in question.
Immigrant Exclusion and Insecurity in Africa
Authors: Adida Claire L.
Published: July 2014

This book explores the diverse immigrant experiences in urban West Africa, where some groups integrate seamlessly while others face exclusion and violence. It shows, counterintuitively, that cultural similarities between immigrants and their hosts do not help immigrant integration and may, in fact, disrupt it. This book is one of the first to describe and explain in a systematic way immigrant integration in the developing world, where half of all international migrants go. It relies on intensive fieldwork tracking two immigrant groups in three host cities, and draws from in-depth interviews and survey data to paint a picture of the immigrant experience from both immigrant and host perspectives.
Nonsense and Meaning in Ancient Greek Comedy
Authors: Kidd Stephen E.
Published: July 2014

This book examines the concept of 'nonsense' in ancient Greek thought and uses it to explore the comedies of the fifth and fourth centuries BCE. If 'nonsense' (phluaria, lēros) is a type of language felt to be unworthy of interpretation, it can help to define certain aspects of comedy that have proved difficult to grasp. Not least is the recurrent perception that although the comic genre can be meaningful (i.e. contain political opinions, moral sentiments and aesthetic tastes), some of it is just 'foolery' or 'fun'. But what exactly is this 'foolery', this part of comedy which allegedly lies beyond the scope of serious interpretation? The answer is to be found in the concept of 'nonsense': by examining the ways in which comedy does not mean, the genre's relationship to serious meaning (whether it be political, aesthetic, or moral) can be viewed in a clearer light.
The People's Game
Authors: McDougall Alan
Published: July 2014

Sport in East Germany is commonly associated with the systematic doping that helped to make the country an Olympic superpower. Football played little part in this controversial story. Yet, as a hugely popular activity that was deeply entwined in the social fabric, it exerted an influence that few institutions or pursuits could match. The People's Game examines the history of football from the interrelated perspectives of star players, fans, and ordinary citizens who played for fun. Using archival sources and interviews, it reveals football's fluid role in preserving and challenging communist hegemony. By repeatedly emphasising that GDR football was part of an international story, for example, through analysis of the 1974 World Cup finals, Alan McDougall shows how sport transcended the Iron Curtain. Through a study of the mass protests against the Stasi team, BFC, during the 1980s, he reveals football's role in foreshadowing the downfall of communism.
Twentieth-Century Spain
Authors: Casanova Julián , Gil Andrés Carlos
Published: July 2014

This is a much-needed new overview of Spanish social and political history which sets developments in twentieth-century Spain within a broader European context. Julián Casanova, one of Spain's leading historians, and Carlos Gil Andrés chart the country's experience of democracy, dictatorship and civil war and its dramatic transformation from an agricultural and rural society to an industrial and urban society fully integrated into Europe. They address key questions and issues that continue to be discussed and debated in contemporary historiography, such as why the Republic was defeated, why Franco's dictatorship lasted so long and what mark it has left on contemporary Spain. This is an essential book for students as well as for anyone interested in Spain's turbulent twentieth century.