bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diet-Induced Inflammation of the Hypothalamus in Obesity
Authors: Velloso Lício A. , Araújo Eliana P. , de Souza Cláudio T.
Published: September 2008

Dysfunction of specific hypothalamic neurons is regarded as an important mechanism predisposing to the development of obesity. Recent studies have revealed that the consumption of fat-rich foods can activate an inflammatory response in the hypothalamus, which disturbs the anorexigenic and thermogenic signals generated by the hormones leptin and insulin, leading in turn to anomalous body mass control. Depending on diet composition, cytokines are expressed in the hypothalamus, contributing to the activation of intracellular inflammatory signal transduction. At least 4 distinct signaling pathways have been identified and the molecular mechanisms leading to the impairment of the leptin and insulin actions have been determined. Here, we present the mechanisms involved in diet-induced resistance to leptin and insulin action in the hypothalamus and discuss some of the potential applications of this knowledge in the therapeutics of obesity.
Validation of the Barcelona Bipolar Eating Disorder Scale for Bipolar Patients with Eating Disturbances
Authors: Torrent Carla , Vieta Eduard , Garcia-Garcia Margarida
Published: September 2008

Background: Eating disturbances are frequent in bipolar disorder and are associated with poor outcome. Our objective is to assess the psychometric properties of a specific scale for the evaluation of eating disturbances in bipolar patients. Sampling and Methods: Validation study of 2 groups with a 6-month follow-up (90 patients diagnosed with bipolar and eating disturbances and 40 healthy controls). Results: The scale showed: (1) adequate feasibility (non- response <2.5%); (2) adequate reliability (Cronbach’s α coefficients = 0.79 and 0.57 in groups A and B; intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.79 in group A); (3) adequate discriminant validity between patients and controls [AUC = 0.85; moderate correlations with the Bulimic Investigatory Test Edinburgh (r = 0.32–0.64); low correlations with the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, Young Mania Rating Scale and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 17 (r < 0.3)]; (4) adequate sensitivity to changes. Conclusions: The Barcelona Bipolar Eating Disorder Scale showed adequate psychometric properties to assess eating disturbances in bipolar patients in clinical practice and research.
Improvements in Autobiographical Memory in Schizophrenia Patients after a Cognitive Intervention
Authors: Blairy S. , Neumann A. , Nutthals F. , Pierret L. , Collet D. , Philippot P.
Published: September 2008

Background: Schizophrenia is associated with a reduction in accessing specific autobiographical information. This is consistent with the abnormal development of personal identity that characterizes this mental disorder. Using a schizophrenic population, the present study evaluates the effect of a cognitive intervention on autobiographical memory and the capacity to project oneself in the future. Sampling and Method: The intervention consisted of group sessions, during which participants were trained to recollect specific events reported in their diary. Furthermore, exercises to stimulate their thoughts about their personal identity were proposed. An autobiographical memory test was administrated before the intervention, after the intervention and at the 3-month follow-up. In addition, neuropsychological and affective assessments were conducted before and after treatments. Patients’ performances were compared to those from the control group. Results: The ability to recall specific events was improved by the cognitive intervention, and the benefits were preserved 3 months later. However, no neuropsychological or affective benefit was found. Conclusion: Despite positive results on specific memory, any significant benefits have yet to be extended to other clinical variables such as symptom reduction and neuropsychological/social functioning. Nevertheless, the results revealed that cognitive remediation therapy could be a useful additional intervention for autobiographical memory deficits in schizophrenia patients.
Role of MIF in Inflammation and Tumorigenesis
Authors: Bach Jan-Philipp , Rinn Birgit , Meyer Bernhard , Dodel Richard , Bacher Michael
Published: September 2008

MIF has been described as a protein that plays an essential role in both innate and acquired immunity. Previous studies have demonstrated that MIF activates lymphocytes, granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Furthermore, MIF can counteract the physiological function of steroids, thus playing a role in immune system regulation. Further evidence for a role of MIF in immunity was obtained in mouse models of autoimmune disorders, where the inhibition of MIF resulted in a more benign disease progression. This observation made MIF an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of these disorders. Moreover, MIF expression was found to be upregulated in a variety of different tumor cells, a finding that further attracted interest. This review provides an overview of the involvement of MIF in both autoimmune disorders and tumorigenesis and summarizes the molecular action of MIF in this context.
Stereotactic Biopsy in Gliomas Guided by 3-Tesla 1H-Chemical-Shift Imaging of Choline
Authors: Hermann Elvis J. , Hattingen Elke , Krauss Joachim K. , Marquardt Gerhard , Pilatus Ulrich , Franz Kea , Setzer Matthias , Gasser Thomas , Tews Dominique S. , Zanella Friedhelm E. , Seifert Volker , Lanfermann Heinrich
Published: September 2008

Objective: To investigate chemical-shift imaging (CSI) to guide stereotactic biopsy of the choline ‘hot spot’ in cerebral lesions suggestive of low-grade glioma. Methods: Nine patients with hyperintense lesions on T2-weighted images of standard magnetic resonance imaging without contrast enhancement underwent advanced magnetic resonance studies. These studies included 3-dimensional T1-weighted sequences with contrast enhancement and 2-dimensional 1H-CSI spectroscopy at 3 T. Signal intensity maps with relative signal intensities for choline were generated. The region with the highest choline signal intensity (the hot spot) was chosen as the target for stereotactic biopsy. The histopathological results were correlated with the increase in choline. Results: All spectroscopic data were of sufficient quality. In 5 instances the neuropathological diagnosis was grade II glioma, according to the WHO classification, and in 4 instances it was grade III glioma. According to the CSI criteria, all grade III gliomas and 4 of the 5 grade II gliomas were classified correctly. One grade II glioma was overestimated by CSI as a high-grade glioma. Conclusion:1H-CSI-guided stereotactic biopsy may offer advantages as compared to conventional stereotactic biopsy. The biopsy of the choline hot spot in suggestive low-grade gliomas may help to identify focal points of higher tumor malignancy independent of contrast enhancement.
Chromosomes of Callithricidae with Special Reference to an XX/‛XO’ Sex Chromosome System in Goeldi’s Marmoset (Callimico goeldii Thomas 1904)
Authors: Hsu T.C. , Hampton S. H.
Published: September 2008

Karyological datas are reported for some Callithricidae Key Words including an XX/‛XO’ sex determination system in Callimico goeldii.
Composition of Milk from Talapoin Monkeys
Authors: Buss D. H. , Cooper R. W.
Published: September 2008

Twenty-two samples of milk from talapoin monkeys were analysed for their total lipid, protein, carbohydrate, and ash contents. The component fatty acids, amino acids, and major minerals were also measured in many of the samples. Talapoin monkey milk was very similar to milk from other primates, especially other Old-World monkeys. Some factors affecting the milk composition were also determined.
Behaviour and Female Reproductive Cycles in a Captive Group of Mangabeys
Authors: Chalmers N. R. , Rowell T. E.
Published: September 2008

The behaviour of a captive group of mangabeys is described in terms of the frequency with which different members of the group showed certain behaviour patterns. For some patterns, these frequencies relate to the dominance status of individuals in the group, for others to their age. Fluctuations in behaviour associated with changes in the reproductive status of females in the group are described.
A Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Calcipotriol and Betamethasone Dipropionate Scalp Formulation in the Long-Term Management of Scalp Psoriasis
Authors: Luger T.A. , Cambazard F. , Larsen F.G. , Bourcier M. , Gupta G. , Clonier F. , Kidson P. , Shear N.H.
Published: September 2008

Background: Effective and safe products are needed for long-term management of scalp psoriasis. This study investigated the long-term safety and efficacy of a two-compound formulation (calcipotriol 50 µg/g plus betamethasone dipropionate 0.5 mg/g) for scalp psoriasis. Methods: In this 52-week, international, double-blind study, 869 patients with moderate-to-severe scalp psoriasis were randomized to either a two-compound scalp formulation (n = 429) or calcipotriol (n = 440). Results: Adverse drug reactions were less frequent in the two-compound group compared with the calcipotriol group (17.2 vs. 29.5%; p < 0.001). Incidences of adverse events possibly associated with long-term corticosteroid use were low in both the two-compound (2.6%) and the calcipotriol (3.0%) groups. Disease was satisfactorily controlled in 92.3% of visits in the two-compound group versus 80.0% in the calcipotriol group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The two-compound scalp formulation demonstrated a high level of safety and efficacy in long-term management of scalp psoriasis.
N-Acetylcysteine-Mediated Antioxidation Prevents Hyperglycemia-Induced Apoptosis and Collagen Synthesis in Rat Mesangial Cells
Authors: Hung Kuan-Yu , Liu Shin-Yun , Kao Shu-Huei , Huang Jenq-Wen , Chiang Chih-Kang , Tsai Tun-Jun
Published: September 2008

Background/Aims: High-glucose (HG)-induced mesangial apoptosis and fibrogenesis possibly involves reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and activated mitochondrial stress. We investigated the therapeutic effect of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on cellular apoptosis and matrix accumulation in HG-treated rat mesangial cells (RMCs). Methods: RMCs were cultured in media containing 5 (control) or 35 mM (HG) glucose. Cellular apoptosis was assayed by TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling staining. Collagen and transforming growth factor-1 gene expression were measured by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction or Northern blotting. Mitochondrial capacity and intracellular ROS generation was assayed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, respectively. Cellular ATP production and malondialdehyde (MDA) formation were determined by a luciferin-luciferase reaction and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Cytochrome c release, caspase activation and poly(ADP)ribose polymerase cleavage were assayed by Western blotting. Results: HG-treated RMCs displayed enhanced cellular apoptosis (65%) and collagen gene expression (1.8-fold increase); these reactions could be significantly suppressed by 1 mM NAC (p < 0.05). Intracellular ROS generation, production of ATP and MDA, and caspase-3, -8 and -9 activities were significantly increased in HG-treated RMCs, and were effectively attenuated by addition of NAC. Conclusion: It is concluded that NAC prevents HG-induced mesangial apoptosis and fibrogenesis pathways by the reduction of oxidative stress.
Functional Characterization of the Regulatory Region of Human CD2-Associated Protein Promoter in HEK 293 Cells
Authors: Su Xin-Ming , Ren Wei , Lu Chao , Chen Ji-Qing , Wu Sheng-Hua , Chen Rong-Hua , Zhou Guo-Ping
Published: September 2008

Background: The mRNA of CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) was found to be changed in glomerular diseases. The promoter plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression, but the characterization of the human CD2AP promoter has not been systematically analyzed in HEK 293 cells. Aims: To analyze in detail the promoter of human CD2AP in HEK 293 cells. Methods: The transcriptional initiation sites were identified by 5′ RACE. Promoter activities were detected by series deletion and mutational luciferase analyses. Results: Multiple transcriptional start sites were identified. Progressive deletion analysis from both 5′ and 3′ ends revealed two kinds of promoter activity. One basic promoter activity was located within 500 bp upstream of ATG. Fragments of further upstream 100 bp increased the promoter activity 5-fold. Two Sp1/Sp3 sites were in this region. Mutations of these two sites reduced the transcriptional activity by 50%. Sp1 increased the activity, whereas Sp3 decreased the activity. Deletion of 9 single nucleotide polymorphism sites and 3 Lmx1b sites did not change the transcriptional activity.Conclusion: Sp1/Sp3 binding sites play a critical role in the CD2AP regulation. These findings should facilitate studies on the clinical mutational and polymorphism analysis.
Locomotor Adaptations as Reflected on the Humerus of Paleogene Primates
Authors: Szalay Frederick S. , Dagosto Marian
Published: September 2008

Examination of Paleogene distal humeri and a survey of homologous articulations in living primates allows some anatomical correlation with elbow mechanics and the occurrence of these during specific locomotor behaviors in living species. Claw climbing is postulated to be the ancestral primate locomotor mode from which the ancestral euprimate (strepsirhines and haplorhines) evolved a grasp leaping locomotor pattern. This pattern, which depends on a powerful grasp either during climbing or when landing after a jump, is still the most pervasive form of primate locomotion. Morphological evidence of Paleogene humeri suggest that vertical clinging and leaping behavior derived from grasp leaping at least six times independently.
Structural Diversity and Mother-Infant Relations among Rhesus Monkeys in India and Nepal
Authors: Johnson Rodney L. , Southwick Charles H.
Published: September 2008

Mother-infant spatial relations were examined within three populations of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) occupying habitats fundamentally different in their physical structure. The development of infant independence was found to be remarkably similar across habitats, and the few observed differences can be related to differences in the risk of infant mortality at each site. Significant differences were found in the structural environments to which infant rhesus were exposed, but these differences do not correlate with the observed developmental differences. We conclude that the environmental structure as observed in this field study exerts little influence upon early infant development.
Insectivory by Gorillas
Authors: Harcourt A.H. , Harcourt S.A.
Published: September 2008

Invertebrates occur in large numbers on the food plants of the gorillas of the Virunga Volcanoes of East Central Africa. Consequently, the animals inadvertently eat several thousand invertebrates per day. Most are minute, however, and total daily ingestion is of the order of only 2 g or so, which is nevertheless probably sufficient for trace element requirements. The high altitude Virungas surely harbour a low invertebrate biomass, so inadvertent insectivory is probably even more prevalent in lowland forests. This being the case, deliberate insectivory could merely be a non-beneficial side-effect of an otherwise adaptive taste, given that it is so infrequent compared to the rate of accidental consumption of invertebrates.
Comparative Myology of the Hominoid Cranial Base
Authors: Dean M.C.
Published: September 2008

This paper aims to document accurately the soft tissue anatomy and bony attachments of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle and other closely related muscles in the mastoid region of extant hominoids and fossil hominids. Five wet specimens including individuals of Pan, Gorilla and Pongo were dissected and described. Eight casts of fossil hominid cranial bases were also studied along with measurements and notes made from the same original fossil hominid specimens to assess their soft tissue markings in the light of the findings for the three great apes. The results indicate that whereas the attachment of the posterior belly of the digastric muscle in Homo sapiens is associated with a deep groove or fossa, it originates from a widened area and leaves no bony markings on the cranial base of the three great apes. Following a change in the position of the foramen magnum and the occipital condyles in hominids and H. sapiens the insertion of the posterior belly of the digastric has remained posteriorly positioned but has become compressed into a deep groove. It is likely that this has come about by the displacement of the more medial soft tissue structures which have been moved laterally away from the occipital condyles.
Hematologic Values of Normal Bolivian Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus): a Comparison between Wild-Caught and Laboratory-Bred Male Animals
Authors: Kakoma I. , James M.A. , Jackson W. , Bennett G. , Ristic M.
Published: September 2008

Complete and differential blood counts were conducted on 23 male squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) of Bolivian origin. The sample included 9 laboratory-bred and 14 wild-caught adult monkeys weighing between 600 and 1,500 g. The means of total white blood cell (WBC) counts, total hemoglobin and hematocrits of laboratory-bred animals were found to be significantly different from those of wild-caught monkeys (p < 0.01). Other hematologic parameters showed no significant differences between the two experimental groups. 3 of 14 (21.0%) wild-caught animals each had 1 reactive lymphocyte and 7% of the same group had 10 nucleated erythrocytes per 100 WBC. No reactive lymphocytes or nucleated erythrocytes were observed in laboratory-bred animals. The importance of these baseline data and the basis for the differences observed between laboratory and wild-caught monkeys are discussed within the context of experimental studies involving primates in which hematologic parameters are valuable.
Onset of Peer Interactions in Socially Inexperienced Squirrel Monkeys
Authors: Hopf S. , Herzog M.
Published: September 2008

Seven squirrel monkeys were reared in visual and tactile isolation and were provided with species-adequate substitute stimulation. Upon introduction to each other, their early interactive development was observed and compared to that of group-raised conspecifics with respect to novelty effects, basic dealings with each other, and onset of interactive skills.
Adult Male Chimpanzees Kill and Eat a Male Newborn Infant: Newly Observed Intragroup Infanticide and Cannibalism in Mahale National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Takahata Yukio
Published: September 2008

On 5 July 1983, the adult male chimpanzees of M group killed and ate a male newborn infant in Mahale National Park, Western Tanzania. The infant is believed to have been sired by one of the M group males. Intergroup infanticide might result in improving reproductive success by eliminating a future competitor. In the present episode, however, there is a fair possibility that the males fostered the erroneous idea that the infant had been sired by the males of another group because its mother had disappeared from M group for several months before parturition. After the infanticide, the social relationship between the mother and M group chimpanzees became more stable.
Habitat Separation of Semifree-Ranging Lemur catta and Lemur fulvus
Authors: Ganzhorn Jörg U.
Published: September 2008

Habitat use of two semifree-ranging groups of lemurs, Lemur catta and Lemur fulvus, was studied in relation to abiotic, floristic, and structural characteristics of their enclosure. L. catta was very flexible in the use of the habitat and showed a tendency for random utilization. But this species reacted quickly to changes of the abiotic environment. L. fulvus preferred to stay in areas with dense vegetation but good lateral visibility and close to the food plants. Abiotic factors such as solar radiation and ambient temperature influenced L. fulvus to a lesser extent than L. catta. According to these results L. catta could be considered to be adapted to variable environments where it is advantageous to react quickly to changes of abiotic factors. The conservative habitat use and the limited response to abiotic factors of L. fulvus might reflect adaptations of a species living in a stable environment. If these interpretations prove correct, then this study provides another example of animals born and raised in captivity that have retained habitat preferences of their wild conspecifics.
Revision of Hapalemur (Prohapalemur) gallieni (Standing 1905)
Authors: Vuillaume-Randriamanantena Martine , Godfrey Laurie R. , Sutherland Michael R.
Published: September 2008

Cranial and mandibular remains of the subfossil lemur Hapalemur (Prohapalemur) gallieni (Standing 1905) from Ampasambazimba in central Madagascar are reexamined and are shown here to belong to the rare but perhaps still extant species Hapalemur simus. Past descriptive errors and too limited comparisons have hampered previous taxonomic assessments of the three mandibular rami, two partial maxillae, and one partial cranium ascribed to H. (Prohapalemur) gallieni. These and other subfossil H. simus recently discovered at the Grotte d’Andrafiabe, Ankarana Massif (in the very northernmost part of Madagascar), and at the Grottes d’Anjohibe, near Mahajanga (northwest coast), show that H. simus was once extensively distributed on Madagascar. Records associated with 9 additional individuals in museum collections show that, at least until about 100 years ago, H. simus occupied much of the humid eastern forests of Madagascar, from the forests east of Fianarantsoa (where it lives today if it has not very recently become extinct) to as far north as ‘Passumbée’ (Ampasimbe) which was located in the region of the Bay of Antongil. This paper reviews what is known of that distribution and the reasons for the taxonomic confusion surrounding the large species of Hapalemur.
Genital Signalling and the Coexistence of Male Vervet Monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus)
Authors: Henzi S.P.
Published: September 2008

To ascertain the social significance of male genital colouration two troops of vervets, one free-ranging and one caged, were observed. It was found that genital signals were associated with intermale agonism. It is suggested that this communicatory system regulates the behaviour of competitors and may thereby have facilitated the evolution of a multimale social system.
Locomotion and Feeding Postures of Spider and Howling Monkeys: Field Study and Evolutionary Interpretation
Authors: Cant John G.H.
Published: September 2008

Field observations demonstrate clear differences in locomotion and feeding postures between spider monkeys (Ateles) and howling monkeys (Alouatta). When feeding, Ateles employs sitting postures approximately half the time, and a variety of suspensory postures using the tail the other half. Ateles moves quadrupedally during 52% of locomotion, by tail-arm suspension 25 %, and various mixed support-suspensory modes the remainder. Tail-arm suspension is practiced more rapidly on thinner supports, and on more negatively inclined supports than is quadrupedal movement. Howlers do not locomote by tail-arm suspension: movement is almost entirely quadrupedal and is slower than that of spider monkeys. The positional behavior of spider monkeys fits closely recent views of major adaptive changes in hominoid evolution emphasizing brachiation and speed during travel. Howler locomotion and also tissue composition appear related to diet and digestive mechanisms.
Dermatoglyphic Patterns and Pattern Intensities of Callicebus (Primates: Cebidae): Description and Comparison of Three Species
Authors: Newell-Morris Laura , Wienker Thomas
Published: September 2008

The palmar and plantar dermatoglyphic pattern types are described for three species of Callicebus (18 Callicebus moloch, 18 Callicebus torquatus and 7 Callicebus personatus). Mean pattern intensities (API) were calculated for each of seven areas of the palm and nine areas of the sole, and a summed mean total pattern intensity (TPI) for each volar surface. Nonparametric statistical testing showed no significant bilateral asymmetry or sexual dimorphism in pattern intensities. Pattern profiles describing the relative relationships of API values across the left palm and sole are presented. The profiles typical of the genus closely resemble those of Aotus and Saimiri. Significant interspecific differences, particularly in the plantar API values, were detected. The results are discussed with reference to the present taxonomic classification of the species of Callicebus and their postulated evolutionary history.
Altruistic Interference Shown by the Alpha-Female of a Captive Troop of Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Reinhardt Viktor , Dodsworth Robert , Scanlan Jim
Published: September 2008

Interferences in aggressive disputes were recorded in a captive troop of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) comprising 19 mature females, 2 mature males and 12 immatures. The top ranking animal – the oldest female, Alpha, 23 years of age – was the only one who consistently interfered in favor of victims, never of aggressors. This protective, dispute-breaking strategy was distinguished by the following facts: (1) None of the supported monkeys shared genes with Alpha; (2) Alpha had no preference for aiding particular individuals; (3) Alpha’s high-risk interference (against aggressors) was never reciprocated; and (4) there was no evidence that Alpha’s strategy aimed at the improvement of dominance standing. It was concluded that Alpha’s behavior may represent an example of altruism.
Notes on the Distribution and Taxonomic Status of Some Subspecies of Propithecus in Madagascar
Authors: Tattersall Ian
Published: September 2008

I review the distributions of, and chromatic variation within, two subspecies pairs of the lemur species Propithecus diadema and P. verreauxi, in east-central and western Madagascar, respectively. On the basis of ‘new’ distribution information, P. d. holomelas Günther (1875) is synonymized with P.D. edwardsi A. Grandidier (1871); evidence for the synonymy of P.v. coronatus Milne-Edwards (1871) with P. v. deckeni Peters (1870) is found to be strong but not yet compelling. Our inability to resolve this systematic question at present is primarily due to the dearth of precise distribution data. The lack of adequate information of this kind on almost all lemur species is the major stumbling-block to our understanding of the Malagasy primate fauna as a whole, and acquisition of such data should be a high priority. A new observation is reported which substantially extends the known range of P. v. coronatus.
Group Fission in Blue Monkeys of the Kakamega Forest, Kenya
Authors: Cords Marina , Rowell T.E.
Published: September 2008

A group of 46 blue monkeys split into two daughter groups which divided the original home range into two new territories. The smaller group obtained a smaller and less favored area. The fission appeared to be arranged by females, with those who groomed or stayed near each other in previous years staying together in the new groups. Unlike group splits in Papionines, the presence of a male did not act as the focus for the identity and integrity of new groups. Males may benefit from fissions, however, by acquiring or better controlling access to receptive females.
Advanced Computer Graphics Technology Reveals Cortical Asymmetry in Endocasts of Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Falk Dean , Cheverud James , Vannier Mike W. , Conroy Glenn C.
Published: September 2008

Lengths of cortical sulci were measured on ten endocranial casts (endocasts) from skulls of rhesus monkeys, using advanced computer technology that permits analysis and imaging of surface morphology in three dimensions. Sulcal lengths were compared in left and right hemispheres and, contrary to earlier reports, the length of the left Sylvian fissure was found to be significantly longer than its right counterpart, as is the case for chimpanzees and humans. This asymmetry in humans is thought to be associated with asymmetrical representation of language functions in the left hemisphere and, although this report is the first to demonstrate a significantly longer left Sylvian fissure in rhesus monkeys, our results are in keeping with psychophysical evidence that suggests that Macaca is left hemisphere dominant for perception of meaningful vocalizations. We attribute the difference between our findings and previous reports to the sensitivity of the new computer technology used to collect data from endocasts.
The Aye-Aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) Found in the Eastern Rainforest of Madagascar
Authors: Ganzhorn Jörg U. , Rabesoa Joseph
Published: September 2008

In the course of a study on the ecology of nocturnal lemurs several aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) were seen in the eastern rainforest of Madagascar near Perinet. These observations of the aye-aye in a forest of higher altitude suggest a still much wider distribution of this species than previously thought.
Courtship and Copulation in Tarsius bancanus
Authors: Wright Patricia C. , Toyama Lisa M. , Simons Elwyn L.
Published: September 2008

The reproductive behavior of 6 paired, captive Bornean tarsiers was studied over an 8-month period. Seven copulations were observed. Females signalled males by visual displays and olfactory cues from vulval rubbing. Males signalled females with courtship calls heard before matings. After a courtship lasting from 1 to 2 h, copulation occurred with the male thrusting 61–190 times for 60–90 s, ending in ejaculation. The female regulated timing of mating by rejection or avoidance of the male. Multiple matings were not observed, and mating occurred once or twice a night during each night of estrus. This copulatory pattern of infrequent matings of short duration and active female solicitation and regulation of copulating timing suggests a harem or monogamous system.
Effects of Size and Locomotor Adaptations on the Hominid Pelvis: Evaluation of Australopithecine Bipedality with a New Multivariate Method
Authors: Berge Ch. , Kazmierczak J.-B.
Published: September 2008

Three pelves and eight innominate bones belonging to the fossil species, Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus robustus, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens, have been studied biometrically and compared with those of recent humans and apes. A new method of logarithmic factorial analysis suppresses both the size effects and the size reference on pelvic proportions. In combination with principal component analysis it allows specializations to be dissociated from allometrical variations. Some morphological differences on the hominid pelvis prove to be mainly allometric. However, the pelvic morphology of australopithecines is clearly differentiated from that of the genus Homo (including H. erectus, OH 28, KNMER 3227). A. africanus (Sts 14, MLD 7, AL 288) is nearer the humans than is A. robustus (SK 50, SK 3155), which appears to be more specialized in the australopithecine lineage. The pelvic morphology of A. africanus, as integrated with the articular pelvic-femoral link, appears to be biometrically equivalent to that of humans.
Age-Sex Class Differences in the Positional Behaviour of the Sumatran Orang-Utan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) in the Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia
Authors: Sugardjito Jito , van Hooff J.A.R.A.M.
Published: September 2008

During a three-year field study of the socio-ecology of Sumatran orang-utans, their use of the canopy was investigated in the Gunung Leuser National Park, Indonesia. This paper concerns the positional behaviour of different age-sex classes of orang-utans. Adolescents and females with infants differed significantly from an adult male in the following respects: (1) the use of locomotion types (more ‘quadrumanous scrambling’ and perhaps also ‘quadrupedal walking’ and less ‘tree swaying’); (2) substrate use during resting, and (3) travelling and resting heights. We suggest that large body size restricts the travel route options in higher forest strata and necessitates the use of the lower stratum. Here, ‘tree swaying’ is an efficient method of progression, particularly for heavy animals. Mothers with infants are forced to travel in the lower zones as well. The fact that they return to a greater heights when they go to rest might suggest that they travel lower in spite of a greater predation risk.
Does Intermale Mounting Function as a Dominance Demonstration in Rhesus Monkeys?
Authors: Reinhardt Viktor , Reinhardt Annie , Bercovitch Fred B. , Goy Robert W.
Published: September 2008

The relationship between dominance and intermale mounting was analyzed in two troops of captive rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The data did not support the assumption that mounting among males functions as a dominance demonstration as described in the literature because (1) mounting commonly (63% of 65 dyads) occurred in a bidirectional fashion, and (2) mounting not only was performed by dominant males but also was shown with regularity (36 % of 521 cases) by subordinate males. Intermale mounting was often (37% of 521 cases) associated with amicable interactions – commonly preceding them – but it was only rarely (2%) associated with dominance-subordination behaviors. It was concluded that intermale mounting may serve as a socially cohesive behavior in rhesus monkeys by promoting nonagonistic contact.
Ontogeny and Cranial Morphology of the Tympanic Region of the Tupaiidae, with Special Reference to Ptilocercus
Authors: Zeller Ulrich A.
Published: September 2008

The structure of the tympanic region of the skull of Ptilocercus lowii was studied in an embryo of 30 mm crown-rump length and in 5 osteocrania. As in Tupaia, the anterior wall of the bulla of Ptilocercus is not completed by a tympanic process of the alisphenoid, contrary to earlier reports. Ptilocercus resembles Tupaia in the following derived characters. The ventral wall of the tympanic cavity is formed by a rostral entotympanic and by a caudal tympanic process of the petrosal. The entotympanic develops in primary connection with the tubal cartilage. The tympanic aperture of the auditory tube is bordered by the entotympanic. The ring-shaped tympanicum is covered by the entotympanicum and is aphaneric. The musculus tensor tympani is lacking. Among mammals, these characters can be regarded as synapomorphic for the Tupaiidae, that is, to have been present in the common ancestor of the two subfamilies. From the evidence of the tympanic region, the Tupaiidae, therefore, form a monophyletic group.
An Allometric Study of the Frontal Sinus in Gorilla, Pan and Pongo
Authors: Blaney S.P.A.
Published: September 2008

There is considerable speculation about the role and significance of the para-nasal sinuses in the Hominoidea, and this study aims to present new data about an old problem from cephalograms of dried crania. Measurements of frontal sinus volumes were determined for Gorilla gorilla gorilla; G. gorilla beringei and Pan troglodytes. By adopting an allometric approach it was determined that (1) the frontal sinus volume of Gorilla is relatively smaller than that of Pan, and that the frontal sinus of G. g. gorilla is relatively smaller than that of G. g. beringei. (2) Frontal sinus volume scales in a positive allometric fashion relative to skull length. Since the slope is steeper for Pan, frontal sinus volume is increasing at a faster rate than in Gorilla. Sexual dimorphism in frontal sinus volume is present. Thirty crania of Pongo were investigated for evidence of pneumatization of the frontal bone. In no case was secondary invasion of the frontal bone by the maxillary antrum observed. (3) In Gorilla, the nasal cavity volume scales isometrically with skull length. The scaling relationships discussed do not support any ‘functional’ role of the frontal sinus associated with nasal function but suggest a ‘structural’ role associated with craniofacial architecture.
New Wrist Bones of Proconsul africanus and P. nyanzae from Rusinga Island, Kenya
Authors: Christopher Beard K. , Teaford Mark F. , Walker Alan
Published: September 2008

The anatomy of the wrist of two species of the early Miocene hominoid Proconsul is described based on new material collected on Rusinga Island, Kenya. These fossils generally confirm previous findings that the wrist of Proconsul is monkey-like in much of its morphology. However, the structure of the ulnar side of the wrist, particularly the ulnocarpal joint, is significantly different from that of extant monkeys and suggests some functional affinities with extant hominoids. Thus the wrist of Proconsul is neither monkey-like nor ape-like in its total morphology. Instead, it shows a unique combination of features which once again point to the oversimplicity of forcing fossil forms into categories based only on extant taxa.
A Volumetric Comparison of the Vestibular Nuclei in Primates
Authors: Matano Shozo
Published: September 2008

The volumes of each of the four vestibular nuclei, superior, lateral, medial and descending, were measured in 80 brains from 2 species of Scandentia, 18 species of prosimians, and 26 species of anthropoids. Size indices were calculated by comparing species-specific points to the nucleus volume-body weight allometry in prosimians, where the average prosimian was set at 1.00. The indices range from 1.78 in Saimiri to 0.48 in Gorilla, and the distributions by families overlap partially or completely. The observed trend in size indices is independent of changes in the neocortex and the ventral pons; average indices are 1.35 in New World monkeys, 1.20 in Old World monkeys, 0.74 in apes, 0.82 in man. Among prosimians, Galago, Galagoides and Tarsius (leaping locomotion) show significantly higher indices than Nycticebus, Loris and Perodicticus (slow movement without leaping). The lateral vestibular nuclear indices in Pongidae and man are extremely low, about half of those of the average prosimians. Correlation coefficients of size indices between the vestibular nuclei and other motor nuclei, such as the cerebellar nuclei, ventral pons and striatum, are analysed. The ratio of the vestibular nuclear volumes to the total brain volumes and the distribution of percentages of each vestibular nuclear volume to the total complex are also obtained.
Miocene Lorisids – the Foot Evidence
Authors: Gebo Daniel L.
Published: September 2008

The locomotor pattern of the ancestral lorisid is of particular interest since extant galagines and lorisines contrast dramatically in their movements. The foot bones of three lorisid species are known from the early Miocene of Kenya and a new talus from Koru is described in this paper. The movement patterns of the early Miocene lorisids from Kenya are most similar to the more generalized movements of the cheirogaleids, which often move by quadrupedalism, leaping, climbing and suspension. The foot evidence indicates that lorisines have evolved from a leaping ancestry before they adopted their slow-climbing mode of travel and that the talus from Koru and the calcaneus attributed to Komba robustus exhibit lorisine-like features.
Structural Allometry of the Femur and Tibia in Hominoidea and Macaca
Authors: Ruff Christopher
Published: September 2008

Allometric scaling relationships between body weight, bone length, and cross-sectional dimensions of the lower limb bones which measure structural strength and rigidity (area, second moments of area) are investigated in Homo, Gorilla, Pan, Pongo, and Macaca. Cross-sectional dimensions are slightly positively allometric and highly correlated with body weight; within-bone proportional differences are largely a result of differences in relative bone length to body weight. Orangutans show the greatest deviation from general scaling relationships between lower limb bone structural strength and weight, probably due to habitual upper limb suspension. Formulas for the prediction of weight from cross-sectional dimensions are presented.
Prompted Progression Order in a Troop of Captive Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Reinhardt Viktor , Reinhardt Annie , Houser Dan
Published: September 2008

It is a routine practice to subject captive groups of primates to single-file movement; yet no records on the sequences of such progressions have been published. The present study analyzes the progression sequence during prompted single-file movement for the purpose of routine weighing in a captive troop of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The animals had to overcome fear before leaving their home pen; nonetheless, they left in a well-defined, stable sequence. An individual’s position in this progression order as well as the consistency with which it retained its place were dependent on its age but not on its dominance status. It was suggested that the monkeys gradually learned with age to master their fear with the prospect of quickly returning to their home pen.
Breeding Season Influxes and the Behaviour of Adult Male Samango Monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis albogularis)
Authors: Henzi S.P. , Lawes M.
Published: September 2008

Troops comprising a high density population of samango monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis) in Natal province, South Africa, experienced an influx of adult males during the breeding season. Observation of one troop revealed that these males competed with one another and with two resident males for access to receptive females. Although both sexes initiated copulation, attempts to do so were more often successful if female-initiated. Males did not interact with non-receptive females and there were no recorded attempts at infanticide. Male-male interactions were agonistic in the presence of receptive females and neutral at other times. No ritualized displays of dominance and subordinance were seen. The significance of these observations for male reproductive strategies is discussed.
Microscopic Investigations of Areolar Brow Structure in Nonhuman Primates and of Vermiculate Brow Structure in Hominids
Authors: Tappen N.C.
Published: September 2008

The microscopic structure of bone of the brow region was studied in adult human crania showing the vermiculate surface pattern, and in immature nonhuman primates with an areolar surface. Serial sections from different parts of each brow sampled regional comparability. The human brow regions are basically similar, and differ from those of the other primates. The elevations and depressions of vermiculate surfaces are lamellar bone, usually covered by layers featuring Sharpey’s fibers. In contrast, the immature nonhuman primates do not have continuous brow surface layers. Passageways to the interior are closely spaced and separated by irregular projections. These findings indicate that fossil and modern human vermiculate surfaces are not structurally equivalent to areolar brow surfaces observed in some immature nonhuman primates. Reports describing fossil hominid brow regions as composed of ‘fine cancellous bone’ are probably erroneous and give misleading interpretations of their development and function.
New Specimens of Oligopithecus savagei, Early Oligocene Primate from the Fayum, Egypt
Authors: Tab Rasmussen D. , Simons Elwyn L.
Published: September 2008

New specimens of the early Oligocene anthropoidean, Oligopithecus savagei, from the Fayum, Egypt, include unworn specimens of lower teeth plus the first known upper molar, premolar, and incisor. These finds confirm the anthropoidean status of Oligopithecus. Comparisons with other Fayum taxa suggest that Oligopithecus is more closely related to Propliopithecidae than to Parapithecidae. Dental similarities between Oligopithecus and early platyrrhines are probably primitive retentions that do not support the hypothesis of an Oligocene trans-Atlantic crossing by primates. Among prosimians, the upper teeth of Oligopithecus very closely resemble those of Protoadapis and allied forms (Europolemur, Mahgarita, Periconodon, Hoanghonius), but differ substantially from other prosimian taxa. Most of the dental and osteological resemblances between Oligopithecus and the Protoadapis group are derived features, thus favoring the hypothesis that Oligopithecus and other Anthropoidea are descended from Adapidae.
Ecology and Conservation of the Crowned Lemur, Lemur coronatus, at Ankarana, N. Madagascar
Authors: Wilson Jane M. , Stewart Paul D. , Ramangason Guy-Suzon , Denning A.M. , Hutchings M.S.
Published: September 2008

Forests of Ankarana limestone massif in northern Madagascar support one of the largest and least disturbed populations of Crowned Lemurs, Lemur coronatus. This paper reports a preliminary study of the ecology of this species in the Ankarana Special Reserve conducted at the end of the dry season in 1986, with additional information collected a year later. Crowned Lemurs occur in very high densities in the semi-deciduous canopy forest and this probably represents a dry season refuge for the species. They also use more open habitats, including sparsely vegetated limestone and degraded forest. Sanford’s Lemur, Lemur fulvus sanfordi, also inhabits the Ankarana forests but is most abundant in degraded habitats. Crowned and Sanford’s Lemurs had similar patterns of activity, which included nocturnal travelling and feeding bouts. Crowned Lemurs proved to be unusual among Lemur species in displaying low spatial troop cohesion and a lack of obvious troop hierarchy. Strongyloides-like enteric helminths infested about one third of Crowned Lemurs but were apparently not causing disease. Crowned Lemurs fall prey to the Fosa, Cryptoprocta ferox, and the young possibly also to the largest raptors. A total of seven living lemur species (including the very rarePropithecus diadema perrieri and Daubentonia madagascariensis) were confirmed at Ankarana by the authors, and three further species have been reported by other observers. In addition to these ten extant lemurs, four subfossil species have been discovered: three of them (Hapalemur simus, Palaeopropithecus and Mesopropithecus) by theauthors. The possibility that all 14 lemurs were once sympatric is discussed. For the present, the lemurs of Ankarana are protected from hunting by local taboo. Nevertheless they are under severe threat from habitat destruction, despite Ankarana’s Special Reserve status. Given the very restricted distributions of Crowned and Sanford’s Lemurs, both must be considered as threatened with extinction.
Comparative Study of Vocal Communication in Two Asian Leaf Monkeys, Presbytis johnii and Presbytis entellus
Authors: Hohmann G.
Published: September 2008

This paper presents comparative data on the vocal communication of two Asian leaf monkeys, the Nilgiri langur (Presbytis johnii) and South Indian common langur (Presbytis entellus), based on sound recordings and behavioural observations of free-ranging groups. Spectrographical analyses revealed a repertoire of 18 basic patterns for Nilgiri langurs, and 21 basic patterns for common langurs. The repertoires of the two langur species consist of both discretely structured vocal patterns, in which alterations of the physical parameters are restricted to intra-class variation, and those in which structural variations cause intergradation between different sections of the repertoire. Qualitative assessments of group scans indicate that in both species vocal behaviour is characterized by pronounced sex-differences in the use of the different elements of the vocal repertoire. Comparison of data available from different populations of P. entellus suggests population-specific modifications on both structural and behavioural levels. Moreover, characteristic elements of the vocal systems of the two Asian species demonstrate striking similarities to those described for the African black-and-white colobus.