bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DNA damage, oxidative mutagen sensitivity, and repair of oxidative DNA damage in nonmelanoma skin cancer patients
Authors: Bendesky Andrés , Michel Alejandra , Sordo Monserrat , Calderón‐Aranda Emma S. , Acosta‐Saavedra Leonor C. , Salazar Ana M. , Podoswa Nancy , Ostrosky‐Wegman Patricia
Published: May 2006

Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most frequent type of cancer in humans. Exposure to UV radiation is a major risk factor for NMSC, and oxidative DNA damage, caused either by UV radiation itself or by other agents, may be involved in its induction. Increased sensitivity to oxidative damage and an altered DNA repair capacity (DRC) increase the risk of many types of cancer; however, sensitivity to oxidizing agents has not been evaluated for NMSC, and results regarding DRC in NMSC are inconclusive. In the present study, we evaluated DNA damage and repair in leukocytes from 41 NMSC patients and 45 controls. The Comet assay was used to measure basal and H2O2‐induced DNA damage, as well as the DRC, while the cytokinesis‐block micronucleus assay was used to measure the basal level of chromosome damage. Although basal DNA damage was higher for the controls than for the patients, this finding was mainly due to sampling more controls in the summer, which was associated with longer comet tails. In contrast, H2O2‐induced DNA damage was significantly higher in cases than in controls, and this parameter was not influenced by the season of the year. The DRC for the H2O2‐induced damage was similar for cases and controls and unrelated to seasonality. Finally, the frequency of binucleated lymphocytes with micronuclei was similar for cases and controls. The results of this study indicate that NMSC patients are distinguished from controls by an increased sensitivity to oxidative DNA damage. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of bankfull discharge magnitude and frequency: comparison of methods on 16 gravel‐bed river reaches
Authors: Navratil O. , Albert M‐B. , Hérouin E. , Gresillon J‐M.
Published: May 2006

Bankfull discharge is identified as an important parameter for studying river morphology, sediment motion, flood dynamics and their ecological impacts. In practice, the determination of this discharge and its hydrological characteristics is not easy, and a choice has to be made between several existing methods. To evaluate the impact of the choice of methods, five bankfull elevation definitions and four hydrological characterizations (determination of duration and frequency of exceedance applied to instantaneous or mean daily data) were compared on 16 gravel‐bed river reaches located in France (the catchment sizes vary from 10 km2 to 1700 km2). The consistency of bankfull discharge estimated at reach scale and the hydraulic significance of the five elevation definitions were examined. The morphological definitions (Bank Inflection, Top of Bank) were found more relevant than the definitions based on a geometric criterion. The duration of exceedance was preferred to recurrence intervals (partial duration series approach) because it is not limited by the independency of flood events, especially for low discharges like those associated with the Bank Inflection definition. On average, the impacts of the choice of methods were very important for the bankfull discharge magnitude (factor of 1·6 between Bank Inflection and Top of Bank) and duration of exceedance or frequency (respectively a factor 1·8 and 1·9 between mean daily and instantaneous discharge data). The choice of one combination of methods rather than another can significantly modify the conclusions of a comparative analysis in terms of bankfull discharge magnitude and its hydrological characteristics, so that one must be cautious when comparing results from different studies that use different methods. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled release of fibroblast growth factor‐2 from an injectable 6‐O‐desulfated heparin hydrogel and subsequent effect on in vivo vascularization
Authors: Nakamura Shingo , Ishihara Masayuki , Obara Kiyohaya , Masuoka Kazunori , Ishizuka Takamitsu , Kanatani Yasuhiro , Takase Bonpei , Matsui Takemi , Hattori Hidemi , Sato Tomoya , Kariya Yutaka , Maehara Tadaaki
Published: May 2006

We prepared a 6‐O‐desulfated (DS‐) heparin (Hep) hydrogel as an excellent carrier for the controlled release of Hep‐binding growth factors, such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF)‐2. This material, which is partially derived from photoreactive groups, such as cinnamate, is easily crosslinked upon ultraviolet light (UV)‐irradiation, resulting in a water‐insoluble, viscous, and injectable hydrogel. In the present study, we examined the capacity of 6‐O‐DS‐Hep hydrogel to immobilize FGF‐2, as well as the controlled release of FGF‐2 molecules from this hydrogel in vitro and in vivo. Only 10% of FGF‐2 was gradually released from the FGF‐2‐containing 6‐O‐DS‐Hep hydrogel (photocrosslinked 6‐O‐DS‐Hep (4%; w/w) hydrogel containing 50 μg/mL FGF‐2) into PBS (phosphate‐buffered saline) within first 7 days. The 6‐O‐DS‐Hep hydrogel in vitro maintained the original form through 1 weeks incubation in PBS, but it was gradually fragmented and could not maintain the original form by 2–3 week‐washing. When the FGF‐2‐containing 6‐O‐DS‐Hep hydrogel was subcutaneously injected into the back of rats, significant neovascularization and fibrous tissue formation were induced near the injected site from day 3 after the injection. And, the hydrogel had been biodegraded and completely disappeared from the injected sites in vivo within about 15–20 days after the injection. These findings indicate a controlled release of biologically active FGF‐2 molecules together with fragmentation and biodegradation of 6‐O‐DS‐Hep hydrogel and the subsequent induction of neovascularization in vivo. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Preparation and characterization of novel hybrid of chitosan‐g‐lactic acid and montmorillonite
Authors: Depan Dilip , Kumar Annamalai Pratheep , Singh Raj Pal
Published: May 2006

The utilization of biopolymers and the development of organic–inorganic hybrids are ever increasing interest of material science researchers around the globe for various applications. The present attempt is intended to prepare nanocomposites of lactic acid grafted chitosan and layered silicates. Nanocomposites were prepared by dissolving chitosan and dispersing sodium montmorillonite in aqueous solution of L‐lactic acid with subsequent heating and film casting. They were characterized by conventional techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractometry, thermogravimetric analysis, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The results from polar optical and transmission electron microscopic measurements are also discussed. Sorption behavior of samples has been followed by measuring swelling degree and contact angle. The films have shown enhanced hydrophilicity when compared with polylactic acid (PLA). Issues on the interactions of polycationic chitosan with clay are also discussed. It is observed that nanocomposites are exhibiting better thermal and physical properties than neat chitosan‐g‐LA and PLA. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
A framework for assessing the solutions in chromatographic process design and operation for large‐scale manufacture
Authors: Joseph John R , Sinclair Andrew , Titchener‐Hooker Nigel J , Zhou Yuhong
Published: May 2006

Chromatographic separation of biopharmaceuticals is complex and tools for the prediction of performance and the trade‐offs necessary for efficient operation are limited and time‐consuming. This complexity is due to the large number of possible column aspect ratios that satisfy process and economic needs. This paper demonstrates a framework for the design and analysis of chromatographic steps. The functionalities are illustrated by application to a Protein A separation where the effects of column diameter, bed length and linear flow rate on cost of goods (COG/g) and productivity (g h−1) are investigated so as to identify the optimal operating strategy. Results are presented as a series of ‘windows of operation’ to address key design and operating decisions. The tool allows the designer to customise limiting constraints based on product‐ and process‐specific knowledge. Results indicate the significant impact on COG/g of column oversizing and how this can be balanced by increased levels of productivity. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Tuberculous abscess of the thyroid gland: A report of two cases
Authors: Kang Mandeep , Ojili Vijayanadh , Khandelwal Niranjan , Bhansali Anil
Published: May 2006

Tuberculosis of the thyroid gland is very rare, with an acute abscess formation being the least common form of presentation. We report the sono‐graphic features of two cases of tuberculous thyroid abscess that were confirmed via ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration biopsy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 34:254–257, 2006
Transcranial Doppler monitoring after embolization of an unruptured left paraclinoid aneurysm led to detection of subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Marchese Enrico , Albanese Alessio , Sabatino Giovanni , Ciampini Alessandro
Published: May 2006

A 46‐year‐old man who presented with an unruptured left paraclinoid aneurysm was treated via endovascular embolization using Guglielmi detachable coils, obtaining its complete exclusion. Within 5 hours, the patient developed a transient mild headache and moderate speech difficulty. CT scans revealed a left temporal ischemic area. Continuous transcranial Doppler monitoring was initiated. Eighteen hours after embolization, the patient developed a mild headache associated with a transient decrease in consciousness, while the diastolic blood flow velocity decreased and the pulsatility index increased in the left middle cerebral artery. These changes prompted us to perform CT, which revealed a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Angiograms demonstrated partial revascularization of the newly embolized aneurysm. The patient underwent a second embolization procedure with additional coils for complete exclusion of the aneurysm. His postoperative course was uneventful, with no additional neurological deficits. Although TCD monitoring is not recommended as a routine procedure in such cases, and experimental studies are needed to evaluate the possible risk of rebleeding in this specific setting, it could be used to detect the hemodynamic consequences of an acute increase in intracranial pressure, as in patients at risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage after endovascular treatment. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 34:250–253, 2006
Characteristics and OSL minimum ages of relict fluvial deposits near Sossus Vlei, Tsauchab River, Namibia, and a regional climate record for the last 30 ka
Authors: Brook George A. , Srivastava Pradeep , Marais Eugene
Published: May 2006

The present end‐point of the Tsauchab River is at Sossus Vlei, 30 km into the Namib Sand Sea. Interdune deposits in three depressions west and southwest of the vlei include channel and interdune lithofacies associations but no deposits typical of river end‐points or of groundwater seepage into interdune areas. The two lithofacies associations show that the Tsauchab River extended further into the sand sea in the past. It had a well‐developed channel and a higher flow than today that caused flooding of adjacent interdune areas.

OSL 4‐mm aliquot minimum ages indicate that the Tsauchab River reached 2–3 km beyond its present end‐point at ca. 25 ka and ca. 9–7 ka, and that the river was more active from 0.9–0.3 ka. The eastward migration of the river end‐point since ca. 7 ka suggests a reduction in flood magnitude accompanied by the gradual invasion of the Sossus Vlei area by dunes. The regional data indicate an additional wet interval at ca. 15 ka that is so far not recorded in the Sossus area. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of TGFβ in skin inflammation and carcinogenesis
Authors: Li Allen Guanqun , Lu Shi‐Long , Han Gangwen , Hoot Kristina E. , Wang Xiao‐Jing
Published: May 2006

The functions of transforming growth factor β‐1(TGFβ1) are cell‐context specific. We have found that TGFβ1 expression in human skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) samples has two distinct distribution patterns: (1) either predominantly in suprabasal layers or (2) throughout tumor epithelia including basal proliferative cells. To understand whether the spatial TGFβ1 expression patterns affect its functions, we have generated several keratinocyte‐specific transgenic mouse models in which TGFβ1 overexpression can be induced either predominantly in the suprabasal epidermis or in the basal layer of the epidermis and hair follicles. Suprabasal TGFβ1 overexpression inhibits keratinocyte proliferation, suppresses skin carcinogenesis at early stages, but promotes tumor invasion at later stages. In contrast, TGFβ1 overexpression in the basal layer of the epidermis and hair follicles causes a severe inflammatory skin disorder and epidermal hyperproliferation. Given the importance of inflammation in cancer development, our data suggest that TGFβ1‐induced skin inflammation may override its tumor suppressive effect at early stages during skin carcinogenesis. This hypothesis is further suggested by our recent study that Smad3 knockout mice are resistant to skin chemical carcinogenesis at least in part via abrogation of endogenous TGFβ1‐induced inflammation. This review intends to summarize current insights into the role of TGFβ1 in skin inflammation and carcinogenesis. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improvement of bladder storage function by α1‐blocker depends on the suppression of C‐fiber afferent activity in rats
Authors: Yokoyama Osamu , Yusup Anwar , Oyama Nobuyuki , Aoki Yoshitaka , Tanase Kazuya , Matsuta Yosuke , Miwa Yoshiji , Akino Hironobu
Published: May 2006

Aims

α1‐blockers improve voiding symptoms through the reduction of prostatic and urethral smooth muscle tone; however, the underlying mechanism of improvement of storage symptoms is not known. Using a rat model of detrusor overactivity caused by cerebral infarction (CI), we undertook the present study to determine whether the effect of an α1‐blocker, naftopidil, is dependent on the suppression of C‐fiber afferents.

Methods

To induce desensitization of C‐fiber bladder afferents, we injected resiniferatoxin (0.3 mg/kg, RTX) sub‐cutaneously to female Sprague‐Dawley rats 2 days prior to left middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) (RTX‐CI rats). As controls we used rats without RTX treatment (CI rats). MCAO and insertion of a polyethylene catheter through the bladder dome were performed under halothane anesthesia. We investigated the effects on cystometrography (CMG) of intravenous (i.v.), intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.), or intrathecal (i.t.) administration of naftopidil in conscious CI rats.

Results

Bladder capacity (BC) was markedly reduced after MCAO in both RTX‐CI and CI rats. I.v. administration of naftopidil significantly increased BC in CI rats without an increase in residual volume, but it had no effects on BC in RTX‐CI rats. I.t. administration of naftopidil significantly increased BC in CI but not in RTX‐CI rats.

Conclusions

These results suggest that naftopidil has an inhibitory effect on C‐fiber afferents in the lumbosacral spinal cord, improving BC during the storage phase. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
RhoA‐kinase and myosin II are required for the maintenance of growth cone polarity and guidance by nerve growth factor
Authors: Loudon Robert P. , Silver Lee D. , Yee Hal F. , Gallo Gianluca
Published: May 2006

Growth cones are highly polarized and dynamic structures confined to the tips of axons. The polarity of growth cones is in part maintained by suppression of protrusive activity from the distal axon shaft, a process termed axon consolidation. The mechanistic basis of axon consolidation that contributes to the maintenance of growth cone polarity is not clear. We report that inhibition of RhoA‐kinase (ROCK) or myosin II resulted in unstable consolidation of the distal axon as evidenced by increased filopodial and lamellipodial extension. Furthermore, when ROCK or myosin II was inhibited lamellipodia formed at the growth cone migrated onto the axon shaft. Analysis of EYFP‐actin dynamics in the distal axon revealed that ROCK negatively regulates actin polymerization and initiation of protrusive structures from spontaneously formed axonal F‐actin patches, the latter being an effect attributable to ROCK‐mediated regulation of myosin II. Inhibition of ROCK or myosin II blocked growth cone turning toward NGF by preventing suppression of protrusive activity away from the source of NGF, resulting in aborted turning responses. These data elucidate the mechanism of growth cone polarity, provide evidence that consolidation of the distal axon is a component of guidance, and identify ROCK as a negative regulator of F‐actin polymerization underlying protrusive activity in the distal axon. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2006
Differential roles of two major brain structures, mushroom bodies and central complex, for Drosophila male courtship behavior
Authors: Sakai Takaomi , Kitamoto Toshihiro
Published: May 2006

Drosophila male courtship is a complex and robust behavior, the potential for which is genetically built into specific neural circuits in the central nervous system. Previous studies using male‐female mosaics and the flies with defects in particular brain structures implicated the critical central regions involved in male courtship behavior. However, their acute physiological roles in courtship regulation still largely remain unknown. Using the temperature‐sensitive Dynamin mutation, shibirets1, here we demonstrate the significance of two major brain structures, the mushroom bodies and the central complex, in experience‐independent aspects of male courtship. We show that blocking of synaptic transmission in the mushroom body intrinsic neurons significantly delays courtship initiation and reduces the courtship activity by shortening the courtship bout length when virgin females are used as a sexual target. Interestingly, however, the same treatment affects neither initiation nor maintenance of courtship toward young males that release courtship‐stimulating pheromones different from those of virgin females. In contrast, blocking of synaptic transmission in a central complex substructure, the fan‐shaped body, slightly but significantly reduces courtship activity toward both virgin females and young males with little effect on courtship initiation. Taken together, our results indicate that the neuronal activity in the mushroom bodies plays an important role in responding to female‐specific sex pheromones that stimulate initiation and maintenance of male courtship behavior, whereas the fan‐shaped body neurons are involved in maintenance of male courtship regardless of the nature of courtship‐stimulating cues. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2006
A novel polymeric stabilizing system for modified lyocell solutions
Authors: Wendler Frank , Graneß Gerhard , Büttner Reiner , Meister Frank , Heinze Thomas
Published: May 2006

A novel polymeric stabilizer consisting of iminodiacetic acid sodium salt (ISDB) and benzyl amine (BSDB) covalently bound to a styrene/divinyl benzene copolymer were studied. Calorimetric, spectroscopic, rheological, and high performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed distinctive improvements of the thermal stability of modified Lyocell solutions compared to the unstabilized solution and to that with conventional NaOH/propyl gallate stabilizer. Segregation processes of the system cellulose/N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide and autocatalytic reactions caused by carboxyl group‐containing additives are suppressed by ISDB/BSDB. Concerning to surface‐active additives, enhanced thermal stability is only received for a weakly reactive charcoal. In the case of nanoscaled carbon black modifier, autocatalytic reactions indicated by isoperibolic measures are prevented by the new polymeric stabilizer system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1702–1713, 2006
Electron concentration and mobility profiles in InN layers grown by MBE
Authors: Arnaudov B. , Paskova T. , Evtimova S. , Monemar B. , Lu H. , Schaff W. J.
Published: May 2006

We have studied depth distributions of the electrical parameters in MBE grown InN films with two types of AlN and GaN buffers. Using independently determined Hall effect electron concentration and mobility profiles, as well as electron concentration profile by photoluminescence measurements, we model the real depth profile of carrier mobility, assuming graded inhomogeneity of the sample. The obtained profiles follow power dependences of the same order for layers grown on the two buffers with a small difference in the function coefficients attributed to a contribution of the interface charge in layers grown on AlN buffers. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A novel approach to analysing and simulating railcar shock and vibrations
Authors: Rouillard Vincent , Richmond Robert
Published: May 2006

This paper presents the preliminary findings of an experimental research programme aimed at determining the character of the shocks and vibrations that occur during rail transport in Australia. The main purpose of the research is to generate information to enable more accurate simulation of railway vibrations in the laboratory, so as to give packaging designers a real opportunity to optimize their designs and, if necessary, develop protective packaging systems specific to a particular distribution environment. One of the hypotheses to be tested is that the railway shocks and vibrations that occur in Australia vary significantly in nature from the spectral representations given in test standards. This paper presents the results of analyses carried out on a number of measurements undertaken during 2004–2005 on the Melbourne–Perth railway. One of the most significant findings is that the spectral shape and spectral bandwidth of the measured vertical vibrations vary significantly from those given in test standards. Also, there is strong evidence to show that vertical vibrations comprise two main elements: rigid‐body vibrations and structural vibrations. The results show that structural vibrations often occur in bursts caused by the impulsive nature of forces at the wheel–rail interfaces or as a result of longitudinal impulsive loads between railcars. The paper concludes by proposing a method by which the intermittency of these structural vibrations can be simulated by superimposing randomly occurring high‐frequency vibration bursts onto the main rigid‐body random vibrations. The outcome, it is argued, is a simulated signal that is a more truthful representation of the real process. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ruthenium(II)‐Komplexe mit orthometallierten O'Donnell Schiffbasen (Diphenylmethylenglycinester) [1]
Authors: Urban Reinhold , Beck Wolfgang
Published: May 2006

Ruthenium(II) Complexes of Orthometallated O'Donnell Schiff Bases (Diphenylmethylene Glycine Esters) [1]

The reaction of diphenyl methylene glycine esters with [Ru(PPh3)3Cl2] gives the orthometallated complexes [Ru(PPh3)2(Cl){(C6H4)(C6H5)C=NCH2CO2R}] (R = H, Et, CMe3) in which the ester group is coordinated to the ruthenium atom and which were characterized by IR, NMR, MS data and by cyclovoltammetry.
TADDOLate as Ligand in Zirconium and Hafnium Chemistry
Authors: Datta Simmi , Roesky Peter W.
Published: May 2006

The enantiomeric pure TADDOLate complexes of the heavier group 4 metals [(η5‐C5H5)2M{(S,S)‐TADDOLate}] (M = Zr, Hf) were prepared by treatment of (S,S)‐TADDOL with 2.5 equivalents of n‐butyl lithium followed by reaction with zirconocene and hafnocene dichloride, respectively. The new complexes have been characterized by standard analytical/spectroscopic techniques and the solid‐state structures of both compounds were established by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The title compounds are the first fully characterized TADDOLate complexes of zirconium and hafnium.
Reactions of tBu2P–PLi–PtBu2 with [(Et3P)2MCl2] (M = Ni, Pd, Pt). Synthesis and Properties of [(1,2‐η‐tBu2P=P–PtBu2)M(PEt3)Cl] (M=Ni, Pd)
Authors: Baum Elke , Matern Eberhard , Robaszkiewicz Andrzej , Pikies Jerzy
Published: May 2006

tBu2P–PLi–PtBu2·2THF reacts with [cis‐(Et3P)2MCl2] (M = Ni, Pd) yielding [(1,2‐η‐tBu2P=P–PtBu2)Ni(PEt3)Cl] and [(1,2‐η‐tBu2P=P–PtBu2)Pd(PEt3)Cl], respectively. tBu2P– PLi–PtBu2 undergoes an oxidation process and the tBu2P–P–PtBu2 ligand adopts in the products the structure of a side‐on bonded 1,1‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐(di‐tert‐butylphosphino)diphosphenium cation with a short P–P bond. Surprisingly, the reaction of tBu2P–PLi–PtBu2·2THF with [cis‐(Et3P)2PtCl2] does not yield [(1,2‐η‐tBu2P=P–PtBu2)Pt(PEt3)Cl].
Synthese und Charakterisierung funktionalisierter β‐Hydroxydithiozimtsäuren und deren Ester. Komplexchemisches Verhalten gegenüber Nickel(II), Palladium(II) und Platin(II)
Authors: Schubert Karsten , Alpermann Theodor , Niksch Tobias , Görls Helmar , Weigand Wolfgang
Published: May 2006

Synthesis and Analytical Characterization of Functionalized β‐Hydroxydithiocinnamic Acids and their Esters. Complex Chemistry towards Nickel(II), Palladium(II), and Platin(II)

Starting from silyl‐protected 4‐hydroxy acetophenone (1) the 1,1‐ethenedihiolato complexes 3–5 were synthesised using carbon disulfide and potassium‐tert‐butylate as a base. After being deprotected, the resulting 4‐hydroxy‐substituted complexes 6–8 were esterified with DL‐α‐lipoic acid to obtain the compounds 9–11. The resulting complexes were characterized using NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and IR spectroscopy.

3‐substituted β‐hydroxydithiocinnamic acid methyl ester (12) was obtained via an analogous path of reaction using silyl‐protected 3‐hydroxy acetophenone (2), carbon disulfide and methyl iodide. After removing of the silyl group the resulting hydroxy group was esterified with DL‐α‐lipoic acid. Using the dithioacid ester 14 as a ligand the NiII (15), PdII (16) and PtII (17) [O,S] complexes were obtained.
Engaging Diversity's Underbelly: A Story from an Immigrant Parish Community
Authors: Borg Mark B.
Published: May 2006

This story explores an intervention conducted in a Catholic parish community in New York City. The intervention, conducted by the author and a Jesuit priest, focused on issues of unity and diversity among the various Chinese immigrant subgroups in the parish (primarily Cantonese‐ and Mandarin‐speakers). Issues of class, power, and a history of colonialism in the Catholic Church are explored as central to the relations among culturally diverse Chinese American community members and between the members and the practitioners and the church authority. The author especially focuses on how the dynamics that played out in the intervention reflected wider issues of economics, labor practices, and political elitism in the wider Chinatown community. A central part of the author's argument is about power relationships between this parish community and Chinatown and how these power relationships are embedded within broader racial and economic oppression within the United States.
The Distribution of Bone Islands and Juxta-Articular Bone Cysts in the Growing Hand
Authors: LIMB D. , AGRAWAL Y.
Published: May 2006

Bone islands and juxta-articular bone cysts are relatively common incidental findings when X-rays are taken for other purposes. We have identified that the incidence of bone islands in the hands of asymptomatic children between the ages of 5 and 13 years is 3.8% and the incidence of cysts in the same population is 2.8%. Bone islands were most common in the scaphoid, whilst juxta-articular bone cysts were most common in the capitate. The age at which they appear has not been reported previously. This study first identifies their presence in the hands of children of age 10 years and 2 months (bone islands) and 10 years 0 months (juxta-articular bone cysts). Most of the lesions were already present on the first radiograph taken. New bone islands appeared in five cases between the ages of 13 years and 1 month and 15 years and 3 months. New juxta-articular bone cysts were observed to appear in five cases between the ages of 10 years 10 months and 15 years 0 months. No island or cyst changed in size during the review period.
Clinical Controversies in Screening Women for Thyroid Disorders During Pregnancy
Authors: Wier Frances A. , Farley Cindy L.
Published: May 2006

Subclinical hypothyroidism and/or the presence of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) may be associated with subfertility, infertility, spontaneous abortion, placental abruption, preterm delivery, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, postpartum thyroid dysfunction, depression (including postpartum depression), and impaired cognitive and psychomotor child development. In November 2002, the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) released new guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and treatment of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, which includes a new thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) reference range of 0.3 to 3.0 mIU/L. Recently, the AACE recommended screening all women considering conception and/or all gravid women in the first trimester for thyroid dysfunction. However, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) and the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) have not endorsed these recommendations. This article reviews the evidence regarding screening women during pregnancy for subclinical hypothyroidism and/or the presence of thyroid peroxidase antibodies.
Eating Disorders and Women's Health: An Update
Authors: Mitchell Anne Marie , Bulik Cynthia M.
Published: May 2006

Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorders not otherwise specified have a significant impact on the health care and childbearing outcomes of the female population. Primary care contact for gynecologic care, childbearing, or infertility can serve as a critical entry point for the initial recognition of potentially devastating disorders that may result in permanent impairment and/or chronic debilitation. This review addresses the nature and prevalence of eating disorders and the management of pregnancy complicated by an active eating disorder or a history of an eating disorder. Genetic influences and intergenerational transmission of eating disorders are discussed. Finally, the increased risk for postpartum depression among women with a current or past eating disorder is examined. Factors critical to improving pregnancy outcome and reducing the risk for exacerbation or relapse in the postpartum period are identified.
Minority Populations and Health
Authors: Van Hoover Cheri , Churchill Robyn
Published: May 2006

By TA LaVeist. San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass, 2005. 332 pages. $65.00, hardback.

Surviving in the Hour of Darkness: The Health and Wellness of Women of Colour and Indigenous Women By GS Harding, ed. Calgary, Alberta, CA: University of Calgary Press, 2005. 314 pages. $23.00, paperback.
Caring for a Woman at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Barger Mary K. , Bidgood‐Wilson Mary
Published: May 2006

Women who are obese with a history of gestational diabetes are at risk for developing type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. A weight loss of as little as 15 pounds can decrease these long‐term risks. This case presentation reviews practical issues related to encouraging women to make important lifestyle changes and to adhere to taking cholesterol‐lowering medications.
Invasive Well‐differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma: Effect of Treatment Modalities on Outcome
Authors: Segal Karl , Shpitzer Thomas , Hazan Alain , Bachar Gideon , Marshak Gideon , Popovtzer Aron
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE

Well‐differentiated thyroid carcinoma is considered an indolent malignant disease. Although rare, extrathyroidal invasion is associated with a worse prognosis and increased risk of morbidity. Management remains controversial, with some authors advocating conservative treatment with preservation of midline structures and others, aggressive extensive en bloc resection. The aim of this study was to report our 40‐year experience with invasive thyroid carcinoma, with emphasis on the clinical characteristics and the effect of different treatment modalities on survival.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

A retrospective study including a file review of 1,200 patients with a diagnosis of well‐differentiated thyroid carcinoma of whom 49 (5%) showed involvement of an adjacent structure (larynx, trachea and esophagus) (study group). Type of surgery, radiation treatment, radioiodine treatment, and patient demographics were evaluated.

RESULTS

Compared to the rest of the patients, the study group was characterized by a higher rate of male patients (39% vs 25%), and older average age (58 vs 45 years). Average size of the primary tumor was 3.7 cm. Sixteen patients underwent radical surgery and 33 conservative surgery followed by radio‐iodine treatment. Five‐year survival and recurrence rates for the whole group were 78% and 52%, respectively. The only statistically significant factor for survival was large tumor size. Distant metastases developed in 46% of patients, all in the lungs. Ten of 14 deaths were due to distant metastases. External radiation, used in 52% of the patients, was associated with worse prognosis.

CONCLUSION

Conservative procedures followed by radioiodine treatment are associated with similar survival rates as aggressive techniques, with less perioperative mortality and lower overall morbidity.

SIGNIFICANCE

This study provides further evidence that in cases of invasive thyroid tumors the extent of the primary surgery seems to have no influence on survival.

EBM rating: C‐4
Development of a Murine Model of Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Lindsay Robin , Slaughter Tiffani , Britton‐Webb Joy , Mog Steven R. , Conran Rich , Tadros Monica , Earl Natalie , Fox David , Roberts John , Bolger William E.
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to develop a mouse model of chronic eosinophilic rhinosinusitis.

STUDY DESIGN

Mice were sensitized to Aspergillis fumigatus (Af) extract by intraperitoneal injection. The animals subsequently received nasal challenges with Af extract 3 times per week for 12 weeks. Sinonasal complexes were studied histologically by the study otolaryngologists and pathologists to characterize the inflammatory response.

SETTING

Animal care facility at an academic institution.

RESULTS

A chronic eosinophilic inflammatory response was evoked in all study animals. Statistical analysis was performed for inflammation, secretory cell hyperplasia, mast cells, and eosinophils. There were very significant differences (P < 0.0005) between control and study mice in all categories.

CONCLUSION

Prolonged nasal challenge of Af extract creates an inflammatory response in murine nasal mucosa that mimics human chronic eosinophilic rhinosinusitis.

SIGNIFICANCE

A murine model for chronic rhinosinusitis is reported that may facilitate future investigations into disease pathophysiology.

EBM rating: B‐2
Intracranial Complications of Pediatric Sinusitis
Authors: Glickstein Jonathan S. , Chandra Rakesh K. , Thompson Jerome W.
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE

To study intracranial extension of pediatric sinusitis, an infrequent but potentially fatal complication.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Ten‐year retrospective review at a tertiary children's hospital identified 21 cases of intracranial complications of sinusitis.

RESULTS

Thirteen males and eight females with mean age of 13.3 years were identified. Overall 18 of 21 (81%) exhibited abscess formation, most commonly epidural. Only 3 of 21 (14%) had meningitis alone. All but 4 patients were managed surgically, requiring craniotomy in 13 of 21 (61.9%) and endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) in 10 of 21 (48%). Seven patients (33%) required multiple operations during admission. Nineteen patients (90%) had a total of 30 organisms cultured. Oral flora was observed in 12 of 21 (57%). Polymicrobial infections, seen in 9 of 21 (43%), were significantly associated with the need for craniotomy (P = 0.02). Mean hospital stay was 15 days, and mean length of IV antibiotic was 5 weeks.

CONCLUSIONS

Intracranial complications of pediatric sinusitis often require craniotomy. Oral flora and polymicrobial infections were prominent in this series.

EBM rating: C‐4
Image‐guided Localization of the Internal Auditory Canal via the Middle Cranial Fossa Approach
Authors: Miller Robert Sean , Hashisaki George T. , Kesser Bradley W.
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE

We sought to determine the accuracy of an electromagnetic image guidance surgical navigation system in localizing the midpoint of the internal auditory canal (IAC) and other structures of the temporal bone through the middle cranial fossa approach.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Seven fresh cadaveric whole heads were dissected via a middle cranial fossa approach. High‐resolution CT scans were used with an InstaTrak 3500 Plus electromagnetic image guidance system (General Electric, Fairfield, CT). We evaluated the accuracy of identifying several middle cranial fossa landmarks including the midpoint of the IAC; the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve; and the arcuate eminence, the carotid artery, and foramen spinosum.

RESULTS

We were able to identify the middle of the IAC within 2.31 mm (range 0.65‐7.52 mm, SD 2.39 mm). The arcuate eminence could be identified within 1.86 mm (range 1.49‐2.37 mm, SD 0.36 mm). We noted some interference when the handpiece was within 6 to 8 cm of the microscope.

CONCLUSION

Although computer‐aided navigational tools are no substitute for thorough knowledge of temporal bone anatomy, we found the InstaTrak system reliable in identifying the midpoint of the IAC to within 2.4 mm through a middle fossa approach.
Endoscopic laser vs open approach for cricopharyngeal myotomy
Authors: Dauer Eileen , Salassa John , Iuga Laura , Kasperbauer Jan
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE

To illustrate the safety and efficacy of the endoscopic laser approach for cricopharyngeal myotomy (CPM) compared to the traditional transcervical approach.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Retrospective chart review of 22 patients undergoing CPM from 1996 to 2003 at the Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville.

RESULTS

The laser CPM technique was used in 14 patients, and an open approach in 8. The mean hospital stay and operative times were shorter for the laser group. Functional outcome analyses showed improvement in both groups. There were no major complications in the laser group, while 1 patient in the transcervical group had a pharyngocutaneous fistula.

CONCLUSIONS

The laser technique is at least as effective as the transcervical approach for CPM to improve dysphagia symptoms in the properly selected patient, with a low risk of major complications.

SIGNIFICANCE

In this report, we provide the reader with data to support the safety and efficacy of laser CPM.

EBM rating: B‐3b
Reconstruction of Circumferential oro‐ and Hypopharyngeal Defects with U‐shaped Pectoralis Major Myocutaneous Flap
Authors: Saussez Sven , Cuno Alexander , Urbain Frédéric , Chantrain Gilbert , Lequeux Thomas
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a U‐shaped pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMF) to reconstruct a large circumferential defect involving the oro‐ and hypopharynx.

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Retrospective case series.

RESULTS

Twelve patients with advanced oro‐ and hypopharyngeal cancer (stage IV) underwent surgery resulting in a circumferential defect of pharyngoesophageal segment (PES). Those defects were reconstructed using a U‐shaped PMMF. Four pharyngocutaneous fistulas were observed postoperatively and healed spontaneously within 3 to 7 weeks. Eight patients were able to resume a regular diet. A voice prosthesis was functional in 5 patients.

CONCLUSION

This preliminary study shows that this technique is a simple and effective method with acceptable morbidity rate and satisfactory functional results. We demonstrate that this procedure allows the reconstruction of large defects involving the oro‐ and hypopharynx in irradiated patients. This technique could be an interesting alternative for surgical teams suffering from the absence of a microsurgical team.

EBM rating: C‐4
Laryngeal Inflammation Assessed using the Reflux Finding Score in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Payne Richard J. , Kost Karen M. , Frenkiel Saul , Zeitouni Anthony G. , Sejean George , Sweet Robert C. , Naor Naftaly , Hernandez Lourdes , Kimoff R. John
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the relationships between laryngeal inflammation assessed using the Reflux Finding Score (RFS), laryngeal sensory function, and apnea severity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

METHODS

Endoscopic sensory testing (EST) was performed with subsequent blinded scoring from video of RFS. An RFS > 7 was indicative of increased inflammatory change.

RESULTS

Of 34 patients evaluated, 29 had OSA (apneahypopnea index [AHI] ≥ 15 events/h) at polysomnography. Increased inflammation was present in 26/29 (90%), with changes suggestive of laryngopharyngeal reflux. There were significant correlations between: inflammation and OSA severity (eg, RFS vs AHI, r = 0.57, P < 0.001); inflammation and laryngeal sensory impairment (EST detection threshold and pressure required to elicit the laryngeal adductor reflex, LAR); and the degree of sensory impairment and OSA severity.

CONCLUSIONS

Laryngeal inflammation is prevalent among OSA patients and correlates with laryngeal sensory dysfunction, attenuation of the LAR, and apnea severity.

EBM rating: C‐4
Helicobacter Pylori: A Possible Association with Otitis Media with Effusion
Authors: Yilmaz Taner , Ceylan Mehmet , Akyün Yakut , Özçakýr Olcay , Gürsel Bülent
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE

Evaluate possible role of Helicobacter Pylori in pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion (OME).

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING

Randomized controlled trial, tertiary referral center.

STUDY GROUP

Middle ear fluid was aspirated, a biopsy was taken from the promontorium of 22 children with OME.

CONTROL GROUP

A small biopsy was taken from the promontorium of 20 children with normal otologic findings. For both groups, 5 mm deep tissue specimens were obtained from tonsil and adenoid.

RESULTS

H pylori presence in the middle ear, the tonsillar and adenoid tissues by culture and PCR was significantly more frequent in the study group compared to the control group (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

This study is the first to grow H pylori in middle ear in OME. Significantly increased colonization by H pylori of the middle ear, and tonsillar and adenoid tissue in patients with OME indicates that the bacteria might be involved in the pathogenesis of OME.

EBM rating: A‐1b
HUMAN RIGHTS, CULTURAL DIVERSITY AND CUSTOMARY LAW IN SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: GRANT EVADNÉ
Published: May 2006

In the joined cases of Bhe v. Magistrate Khayelitsha and Others; Shibi v. Sithole and Others; South African Human Rights Commission and Another v. President of the Republic of South Africa and Another (2005(1) B.C.L.R. 1 (CC)), the South African Constitutional Court held unanimously that the male primogeniture rule according men rights to inheritance not enjoyed by women enshrined in the South African Customary Law of Succession violated the right to equality guaranteed under section 9 of the South African Constitution. On one level, the decision can be seen as a triumph for the universality of human rights norms. On another level, however, the case raises difficult questions about the relationship between human rights and culture. The aim of this paper is to assess the judgment critically in the context of the ongoing debate about the application of international human rights standards in different cultural settings.
THE NIGERIAN INVESTMENT AND SECURITIES ACT: DELINEATING ITS BOUNDARIES IN RELATION TO THE REGISTRATION OF SECURITIES
Authors: NNONA GEORGE C.
Published: May 2006

This article examines the requirement of the Nigerian Investment and Securities Act, 1999 (ISA) that securities be registered prior to being offered to the public, with a view to determining the limits (boundaries) of that requirement. It shows that the boundaries can be staked out along three dimensions: items excluded from the registration requirement because they are not caught by the definition of securities under the ISA; items that qualify as securities under the ISA's definition of that term but which are exempt from registration for various policy reasons (exempt securities); and items which are exempt only because of the nature of the transactions involved rather than the nature of the securities themselves (exempt transactions). It shows that while doubts about the limits of the registration requirement exist at some points where the boundaries cannot be readily staked out without interpretive difficulties, such doubts and the points in relation to which they exist are relatively residual, except in areas where the Nigerian Securities and Exchange Commission has in its rule-making manifested a misconception of its powers under the ISA.
THE REVISED COTONOU AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND THE AFRICAN, CARIBBEAN AND PACIFIC STATES: INNOVATIONS ON SECURITY, POLITICAL DIALOGUE, TRANSPARENCY, MONEY AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Authors: KINGAH STEPHEN
Published: May 2006

The revised version of the Cotonou Agreement that sanctions relations between the European Community (EC) and African, Caribbean and Pacific States (ACP) has been endorsed for a further five years. The new agreement contains a chronicle of changes that are significant. This research comment identifies a number of issues where novel provisions have been introduced into the text of the first agreement signed on 23 June, 2000. The new text contains innovations that relate to security, political dialogue, transparency, money and social responsibility. The security clauses include an express commitment by the partners to combat terrorism, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, as well as mercenary activities. In addition, adherence to the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court is explicitly encouraged. Changes regarding political dialogue and transparency pertain to the increase in the time allotted for political consultation in the event of a serious case of violation of the articles proscribing political excesses and gross financial impropriety. In terms of development money, the list of potential beneficiaries has been widened. However, the net effect of the preceding statement may be obviated by the extensive oversight the EC Commission now has to control the use of funds. Provisions relating to structural reforms have been tempered to reflect the special needs of post-disaster stricken least developed countries. The latter reforms are equally in consonance with the partners' increasing consciousness of the fact that structural adjustment cannot be decoupled from social responsibility. In general terms, the revised Cotonou Agreement strengthens the power asymmetries in the relations.
Steady and oscillatory bimodal convection
Authors: Clever R. M. , Busse F. H.
Published: May 2006

Steady three-dimensional convection in the form of bimodal cells in a fluid layer heated from below with rigid boundaries is studied through numerical computations for Prandtl numbers in the range 10 [lsim ] P [lsim ] 100. The stability of the steady solutions with respect to disturbances of various symmetries has been analysed. Typically, the range of stable steady bimodal convection is restricted by the transition to oscillatory bimodal convection. The oscillations preserve the spatial symmetry of the steady bimodal convection pattern in the case of high P and higher wavenumbers, but break it in the case of lower P or lower wavenumbers in the range that has been investigated. Some comparisons are made with experimental observations. The transition from bimodal to knot convection has also been studied.