bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The family Diaphanidae (Gastropoda: Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea) in Europe, with a redescription of the enigmatic species Colobocephalus costellatus M. Sars, 1870
Authors: Ohnheiser Lena Tina , Malaquias Manuel António E.
Published: March 2014

Diaphanidae has traditionally been considered the basal family of the heterobranch gastropod clade Cephalaspidea with 14 species present in Europe ascribed to five genera. The monophyletic status of the family is controversial because of lack of sound synapomorphies. In this paper we present a review of the diversity of Diaphanidae in Europe and give new data on the morphology and anatomy of 50% of the species together with a synopsis of the relevant systematic characters to distinguish between all European species and genera. The rare species Colobocephalus costellatus is redescribed and shown alive for the first time.Further evidence supporting the non-monophyly of Diaphanidae is given; no synapomorphies were found to unite traditional Diaphanidae taxa, but three groups can be recognized: (1) Diaphaninae with genus Diaphana is united by a globose external, thin, and umbilicate shell and radulae with a bilobed rachidian tooth; (2) Toledoniinae, with genera Toledonia and Bogasonia share the presence of a shell with elevated spire and radulae with a unicuspid rachidian tooth; and (3) an unnamed group, with Colobocephalus and Colpodaspis which are the only genera with internal shells, sculptured and globose with short but protruding spires, and radulae lacking rachidian tooth and with smooth hook-shaped lateral teeth.
Notes on Lycocerus kiontochananus (Pic, 1921) and description of two new species of Lycocerus Gorham from China (Coleoptera, Cantharidae)
Authors: YANG YUXIA , YANG XINGKE
Published: March 2014

The Lycocerus kiontochananus species complex is revised; L. perroudi (Pic, 1937) stat. rev., originally in Cantharis, is resurrected from synonymy with L. kiontochananus (Pic, 1921); L. atropygidialis (Pic, 1937) stat. nov., originally in Cantharis, is upgraded from Cantharis perroudi var. atropygidialis Pic, 1937 and resurrected from synonymy with L. kiontochananus; L. kejvali Švihla, 2004 syn. nov. is considered as a junior synonym with L. kiontochananus. The male of L. perroudi and the female of L. jendeki Švihla, 2005 are described for the first time. Two new species are described under the names of L. metalliceps sp. nov. (China: Sichuan) and L. hainanus sp. nov. (China: Hainan).
Redescription of Odontozona edwardsi (Bouvier, 1908) (Decapoda: Stenopodidea: Stenopodidae) and description of a new species of Odontozona commensal on the deep-water coral, Lophelia pertusa (Linneaus, 1758)
Authors: GOY JOSEPH W. , CARDOSO IRENE A.
Published: March 2014

Odontozona edwardsi, a rare stenopodid shrimp from deep waters of the northwest African coast off Morocco and Western Sahara is redescribed and figured based on type material and an additional 26 specimens including some from the Gulf of Cadiz and off Roscoff, France. Specimens of another Odontozona from the Gulf of Mexico, off Sapelo Island, Georgia, and off Rio de Janeiro, Brazil have been confused with O. edwardsi and O. spongicola. This Odontozona is associated with the deep sea hard coral Lophelia pertusa and is herewith designated as a new species. Both these Atlantic species of Odontozona are distinguished from the deep-water Pacific O. spongicola as well as the recently described southwestern Atlantic O. meloi by several morphological characters. A key to the Atlantic species of Odontozona is presented.
Spiders of the genus Utivarachna from China (Araneae: Corinnidae)
Authors: ZHAO YI , PENG XIAN-JIN
Published: March 2014

The spiders of the genus Utivarachna from China are reviewed. These species belong to the kinabaluensis species group. A total of five species are reported including three new species, Utivarachna arcuata sp. nov., Utivarachna fabaria sp. nov. and Utivarachna gongshanensis sp. nov. Descriptions of the new species and the differences between the new species and their related taxa in China are discussed.
Second species of Augochlorodes (Hymenoptera: Halictidae: Augochlorini) with known males and first record for the genus in Argentina
Authors: GONZALEZ-VAQUERO ROCIO ANA , ROIG-ALSINA ARTURO
Published: March 2014

The bee genus Augochlorodes Moure, up to now only known from Brazil, is recorded for the first time for Argentina. Augochlorodes politus Gonçalves & Melo was found in the south of the province of Buenos Aires, mideastern Argentina, being the southernmost record for the genus. The female of A. politus is redescribed and the male described for the first time, being the second male known for this genus. The phylogenetic position of Augochlorodes among Augochlorini is briefly discussed.
Regan isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase as a tumour marker for renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Bukowczan J , Pattman S , Jenkinson F , Quinton R
Published: March 2014

Alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme present in all tissues of the human body. Several isoforms of this enzyme have been described with different catalytic nature, stability and antigenic structure. Rises in the activity of alkaline phosphatase are recognised in various states including bone diseases, liver disease, pregnancy, hyperthyroidism and malignant processes. The Regan isoenzyme, a rare variant of placental alkaline phosphatase, has been identified circulating in association with various tumours. The reported case describes a rising Regan isoform of alkaline phosphatase concentrations that led to a new diagnosis of occult renal cell carcinoma and persistently elevated activity postoperatively signposting persistent or recurrent disease.
The Australian labour market in 2013
Authors: Healy Joshua
Published: March 2014

The year 2013 saw slowing growth in the Australian economy and labour market, relative to 2012. Slower rates of increase in gross domestic product and employment led to rising unemployment and underemployment rates, fewer job vacancies, and increased caution on the part of the Fair Work Commission about the appropriate rate of increase in Australian minimum wages. Compared with other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development countries, however, the Australian labour market continued to perform well, with lower unemployment rates for all age groups and higher labour productivity growth. The main areas of weakness are falling male full-time employment, high youth labour force underutilisation, and rising earnings inequality associated with falling relative earnings for the lowest paid.
“Play It Again, Billy, but This Time with More Mistakes”
Authors: Healy Daniel J.
Published: March 2014

The jazz ensemble represents an important performance opportunity in many school music programs. Due to the cultural history of jazz as an improvisatory art form, school jazz ensemble directors must address methods of teaching improvisation concepts to young students. Progress has been made in the field of prescribed improvisation activities and materials that use scales, arpeggios, and chord changes as bases for learning concepts. However, less effort has been devoted to creative improvisation, such as experimentation, personal discovery, and listening. This article describes benefits of devoting teaching time to such concepts and outlines three easy warm-ups: melodic variation, free improvisation, and limited-note exercises, all of which can be taught to young jazz ensembles along with harmonic and theory-based methods.
Development of the Internet-Based Safer and Stronger Program for Men With Disabilities
Authors: Lund Emily M. , Oschwald Mary , Latorre Allyn , Hughes Rosemary B. , Liston Bob , Shelton Rollin , Flaherty Michael C. , Porcher Erin M. , Powers Laurie E.
Published: March 2014

This article describes the development and pilot testing of an Internet-based abuse and safety awareness program, the Men’s Safer and Stronger Program, for men with diverse disabilities and Deaf men (MWD) using a three-phase community-based, qualitative modified Delphi process. In Phase I, MWD participated in individual interviews ( n = 46) and nominal discussion groups ( n = 37), identifying key messages to be included in the program and providing guidance concerning program structure and content. In Phase II, the project staff developed the program content and structure with the assistance of an advisory board of MWD. Video narratives by nine male survivors with disabilities were recorded and edited. In Phase III, 14 MWD served as expert reviewers, verbalizing their thoughts, concerns, and suggestions as they used the program. In Phase IV, the program was piloted with 31 MWD and qualitative and quantitative feedback was gathered. The resulting user-guided program contains eight modules including definitions and examples of abuse, risk factors for abuse, survivor narratives, and strategy suggestions designed to increase safety. The program was generally well received by expert reviewers and pilot study participants. Overall, the use of an Internet-based program to increase abuse awareness in MWD appears feasible.
Explaining the Variation in Gender Composition of Personnel Contributions to UN Peacekeeping Operations
Authors: Crawford Kerry F. , Lebovic James H. , Macdonald Julia M.
Published: March 2014

How do we account for the dearth of female contributions to UN peace operations (UNPOs)? For answers, this study examines conditions that led the United Nations to move to reduce the gender imbalance in UNPO personnel and provides descriptive evidence that points to the continuing underrepresentation of women in these operations. To interpret this evidence, the study presents theoretical explanations for the varying contributions of personnel to UNPOs—including the political and socioeconomic character of the contributing states, international reputations and norms, and various demand-side influences exerted by missions—and then tests these explanations with a cross-sectional time-series model that accounts for female personnel contributions to each mission in the 2010–2011 period. Although offering significant support for domestic political explanations, the findings indicate that gender diversity is not a primary goal of most contributors and is largely a by-product of force sizes.
Reinforcement learning-based intelligent tracking control for wheeled mobile robot
Authors: Luy Nguyen Tan , Thanh Nguyen Thien , Tri Hoang Minh
Published: March 2014

This paper proposes a new method to design a reinforcement learning-based integrated kinematic and dynamic tracking control algorithm for a non-holonomic wheeled mobile robot without knowledge of the system’s drift tracking dynamics. The actor critic structure in the control scheme uses only one neural network to reduce computational cost and storage resources. A novel tuning law for a single neural network is designed to learn an online solution of a tracking Hamilton–Jacobi–Isaacs (HJI) equation. The HJI solution is used to approximate an H∞ optimal tracking performance index function and an intelligent tracking control law in the case of the worst disturbance. The laws guarantee closed-loop stability in real time. The convergence and stability of the overall system are proved by Lyapunov techniques. The simulation results on a non-linear system and wheeled mobile robot verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller.
A modified iterative algorithm for the (Hermitian) reflexive solution of the generalized Sylvester matrix equation
Authors: Beik Fatemeh Panjeh Ali
Published: March 2014

Recently, Ramadan et al. have focused on the following matrix equation:

[Formula: see text]

and propounded two gradient-based iterative algorithms for solving the above matrix equation over reflexive and Hermitian reflexive matrices, respectively. In this paper, we develop two new iterative algorithms based on a two-dimensional projection technique for solving the mentioned matrix equation over reflexive and Hermitian reflexive matrices. The performance of our proposed algorithms is collated with the gradient-based iterative algorithms. It is both theoretically and experimentally demonstrated that the approaches handled surpass the offered algorithms in the earlier referred work in solving the mentioned matrix equation over reflexive and Hermitian reflexive matrices. In addition, it is briefly discussed that a one-dimensional projection technique can accelerate the speed of convergence of the gradient-based iterative algorithm for solving general coupled Sylvester matrix equations over reflexive matrices without assuming the restriction of the existence of a unique solution.
Validity Test of a New Open‐Circuit Indirect Calorimeter
Authors: Ashcraft Christine M. , Frankenfield David C.
Published: March 2014

Background: Indirect calorimetry is an accurate way to measure resting metabolic rate. The Deltatrac Metabolic Monitor is considered a criterion standard but is no longer manufactured. New‐generation indirect calorimeters have been introduced, but there are limited published validation data comparing these devices to criterion instruments. Materials and Methods: A prospective, observational, N‐of‐1 trial was conducted to validate a new‐generation indirect calorimeter against a gold standard device. This design was chosen to minimize and define the degree of biological variation, thus focusing on variation due to the devices. Measurements of gas exchange using both indirect calorimeters were conducted daily for 10 consecutive days. Another set of measurement pairs was conducted using just the criterion device for 10 days. Ninety‐five percent confidence intervals of differences were used to test for bias. Precision was defined as repeat measures with one device falling within 5% of the other at least 90% of the time. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the devices for any measured or calculated parameter. Interdevice differences were no larger than intradevice differences using the criterion instrument. The values obtained from the new device were precise and unbiased compared with the values obtained from the gold standard device. Conclusion: The new indirect calorimeter measures gas exchange in a reliable and accurate manner compared with a gold standard device. The two devices are equivalent.
After the Arab Spring
Authors: Walzer Michael
Published: March 2014

In order to answer the question, Can there be a democratic revolution and a religious revival in the same place, at the same time?, I look at a number of 20th-century cases (and several 18th-century cases) where religion and radical politics interacted – with very different results.
The Intensive Alternative to Custody
Authors: Taylor Emmeline , Clarke Rebecca , McArt Dervla
Published: March 2014

Drawing upon the implementation of the Intensive Alternative to Custody in Greater Manchester, this article explores the key concerns voiced by sentencers when presented with a Pre-Sentence Report (PSR) proposing an ‘alternative to custody’. It is argued that the crucial element for effective implementation lies in the gatekeeping provided by PSR authors (probation staff), the dissemination of timely and relevant information to sentencers, and the reassurance that the order fulfils the requisite ‘penal punch’ to avoid accusations of ‘soft options’.
Off-pump versus on-pump revascularization in females: a meta-analysis of observational studies
Authors: Attaran S , Harling L , Ashrafian H , Moscarelli M , Casula R , Anderson J , Punjabi P , Athanasiou T
Published: March 2014

Background:

Coronary revascularization in female patients presents several challenges, including smaller target vessels and smaller conduits. Furthermore, late presentation and more co-morbidities than males may increase complication rates. The aim of this study was to assess whether off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) improves outcomes when compared to on-pump coronary artery bypass (ONCAB) in the female population.

Methods:

A systematic literature review identified six observational studies, incorporating 23313 patients (n=9596 OPCAB, 13717 ONCAB). These were meta-analyzed using random effects modeling. Heterogeneity, subgroup analysis, quality scoring and publication bias were assessed. The primary endpoints were 30-day mortality and major cardiac, respiratory and renal complications. Secondary endpoints were the number of grafts per patient.

Results:

No statistically significant difference was observed in 30-day mortality between the OPCAB and ONCAB groups (4.8% vs. 0.7%; OR 0.96; 95%CI [0.41, 2.24], p=0.92). Significant inter-study heterogeneity was also present (I2=94%) and was not explained by study size or quality. Peri-operative myocardial infarction (OR 0.65; 95%CI [0.51, 0.84], p=0.0009) was significantly lower with OPCAB without significant heterogeneity; however, OPCAB did not significantly alter other morbidity outcomes. OPCAB was associated with a trend towards fewer grafts per patient than ONCAB.

Conclusions:

OPCAB is a safe alternative to ONCAB in the surgical revascularisation of female patients and may reduce post-operative myocardial infarction (MI). However, this does not translate into a reduction in 30-day mortality and OPCAB does not significantly improve other cardiovascular, renal or neurological outcomes. Late outcome data remains lacking and a well-structured, randomized trial is required to answer vital questions regarding the effect of OPCAB on women in the long-term.
Parental Judgments of Early Childhood Intervention Personnel Practices
Authors: Bruder Mary Beth , Dunst Carl J.
Published: March 2014

Parents of young children participating in either Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) Part C early intervention or IDEA Part B-619 preschool special education programs were surveyed to obtain a consumer science perspective of the practitioners who were the children’s primary service providers. Parents were asked to make judgments of the confidence and competence of the practitioners in six practice areas (family-centered practices, teaming and collaboration, child assessments and evaluations, instructional practices, Individualized Family Service Plans [IFSPs] or Individualized Education Programs [IEPs], and natural environments and inclusion practices). Results indicated that the parents rated the practitioners as more confident than competent when using practices, and that the degree of parent involvement in early intervention or preschool special education was related to variations in parents’ perceived judgments. Implications for evaluating early childhood intervention service quality from a consumer science perspective are described.
Using Interval-Based Systems to Measure Behavior in Early Childhood Special Education and Early Intervention
Authors: Lane Justin D. , Ledford Jennifer R.
Published: March 2014

The purpose of this article is to summarize the current literature on the accuracy and reliability of interval systems using data from previously published experimental studies that used either human observations of behavior or computer simulations. Although multiple comparison studies provided mathematical adjustments or modifications to interval systems, recommendations were often noted as impractical or inefficient for use by early intervention/early childhood special education (EI/ECSE) practitioners. Based on the review of previous comparisons, none of the interval systems were accurate estimates of frequency; thus, event recording should be used to measure counts of behavior in early childhood settings. Momentary time sampling (MTS) may be appropriate and feasible for estimating duration, but only if random error is considered; partial (PIR) and whole interval recording (WIR) systems are inappropriate unless a statistical correction procedure is devised. Recommendations for using interval-based systems in applied research with young children with disabilities are provided.
Advance Care Planning Norms May Contribute to Hospital Variation in End-of-Life ICU Use
Authors: Barnato Amber E. , Mohan Deepika , Lane Rondall K. , Huang Yue Ming , Angus Derek C. , Farris Coreen , Arnold Robert M.
Published: March 2014

Background. There is wide variation in end-of-life (EOL) intensive care unit (ICU) use among academic medical centers (AMCs). Our objective was to develop hypotheses regarding medical decision-making factors underlying this variation. Methods. This was a high-fidelity simulation experiment involving a critically and terminally ill elder, followed by a survey and debriefing cognitive interview and evaluated using triangulated quantitative-qualitative comparative analysis. The study was conducted in 2 AMCs in the same state and health care system with disparate EOL ICU use. Subjects were hospital-based physicians responsible for ICU admission decisions. Measurements included treatment plan, prognosis, diagnosis, qualitative case perceptions, and clinical reasoning. Results. Sixty-seven of 111 (60%) eligible physicians agreed to participate; 48 (72%) could be scheduled. There were no significant between-AMC differences in 3-month prognosis or treatment plan, but there were systematic differences in perceptions of the case. Case perceptions at the low-intensity AMC seemed to be influenced by the absence of a do-not-resuscitate order in the context of norms of universal code status discussion and documentation upon admission, whereas case perceptions at the high-intensity AMC seemed to be influenced by the patient’s known metastatic gastric cancer in the context of norms of oncologists’ avoiding code status discussions. Conclusions: In this simulation study of 2 AMCs, hospital-based physicians had different perceptions of an identical case. We hypothesize that different advance care planning norms may have influenced their decision-making heuristics.
Mid-term clinical outcomes and morphological changes after endovascular aneurysm repair of inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms: a single-center experience
Authors: Lee Seung Hyun , Won Jong Yun , Lee Do Yun , Kim Il Jung , Lee Shin Jae , Kim Man Deuk , Park Sung Il , Lee Kwang Hun , Ko Young Guk , Choi Dong-Hoon , Kim Eun-Kyung
Published: March 2014

Background:

Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) has been suggested as treatment for inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms (IAAA), but the actual clinical and radiological outcomes need to be evaluated.

Purpose:

To report morphological changes in EVAR of IAAAs.

Material and Methods:

Ten male patients (mean age, 67 years; range, 54–78 years) with IAAA were treated with EVAR using endovascular stent-grafts between March 2001 and January 2012. We retrospectively compared computed tomography angiography (CTA) images taken immediately (30 days after the EVAR), short-term (up to 1 year), and mid-term (beyond 1 year) to CTA images taken before the EVAR. Clinical success was defined as successful deployment of the stent-graft without a type I or III endoleak. Morphologic responses of IAAA to EVAR were reviewed by measuring the changes in aneurysm sac maximum diameter (mm), periaortic fibrosis (PAF) thickness (mm), and PAF enhancement (Hounsfield units [HU] on delayed CTA) on serial images.

Results:

Ten IAAA patients treated with EVAR were followed for a mean of 42 months (range, 7–129 months). No aneurysm-related deaths were observed during the follow-up of 10 patients. Primary clinical success was achieved in seven patients, assisted primary clinical success in one patient, and secondary clinical success in two patients. Aneurysm sac maximum diameter decreased in all patients (mean percentage reduction of 7.6%, 8.5%, and 17.3% in immediate, short-term, and mid-term follow-up CTA, respectively). PAF thickness decreased in eight patients (10.4%, 16.8%, and 27.2% regression upon follow-up). PAF enhancement decreased in nine patients and increased in one patient (mean percentage decrease of 13.0%, 27.3%, and 40.8% upon follow-up).

Conclusion:

Treatment of IAAA with EVAR was effective and reduced aneurysmal sac diameter and the extent of PAF with acceptable morbidity.
Monoenergetic extrapolation of cardiac dual energy CT for artifact reduction
Authors: Secchi Francesco , De Cecco Carlo Nicola , Spearman James Vance , Silverman Justin Robert , Ebersberger Ullrich , Sardanelli Francesco , Schoepf U Joseph
Published: March 2014

Background

Monoenergetic extrapolation of cardiac dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) could be useful in artifact reduction in clinical practice.

Purpose

To evaluate the potential of monoenergetic extrapolation of cardiac DECT data for reducing artifacts from metal and high iodine contrast concentration.

Material and Methods

With IRB approval and in HIPAA compliance, 35 patients (22 men, 61 ± 12 years) underwent cardiac DECT with dual-source CT (100 kVp and 140 kVp). Contrast material injection protocols were adapted to the patient’s weight using non-ionic low-osmolar 370 mgI/mL iopromide. Datasets were transferred to a stand-alone workstation and dedicated monoenergetic analysis software was used for postprocessing. Reconstructions with the following five photon energies were generated: 40 keV, 60 keV, 80 keV, 100 keV, and 120 keV. Artifact severity was graded on a 5-point Likert scale (0, massive artifact; 5, absence of artifact). The size of artifact and image noise (expressed as HU) in anatomic structures adjacent to the artifact were measured. Quantitative and subjective image quality was compared using Friedman and Wilcoxon tests.

Results

We observed artifacts arising from densely concentrated contrast material in the superior vena cava (SVC) in 18 patients, from sternal wires in 14, from bypass clips in eight, and from coronary artery stents in seven. Artifact size in monoenergetic reconstructions from 40 to 120 keV decreased from 21.3 to 19 mm for the SVC ( P < 0.001), from 8.4 to 2.6 mm for sternal wires ( P < 0.001), from 6.4 to 2.2 mm for bypass clips ( P < 0.001), and from 5.9 to 2.7 mm for stents ( P < 0.001), respectively. The quality score changed from 0.2 to 3.8 for the SVC ( P < 0.001), from 0.1 to 4 for sternal wires ( P < 0.001), from 0 to 3.9 for bypass clips ( P < 0.001), and from 0 to 3.9 for stents ( P < 0.001). Lowest noise in adjacent structures was found at 80 keV for the SVC (39.1 HU), for sternal wires (33.3), for bypass clips (26.9), and for stents (33.9).

Conclusion

A significant reduction of high-attenuation artifacts can be achieved by use of higher monoenergetic energy levels with cardiac DECT. However, image noise in anatomic structures affected by artifacts is lowest at 80 keV, which suggests an evaluation approach that makes use of multiple energy levels for a complete diagnosis.
Numerical modeling of the mechanical response of basalt plain woven composites under high strain rate compression
Authors: Zhang Fa , Wu Liwei , Wan Yumin , Gideon Rotich K , Gu Bohong , Sun Baozhong
Published: March 2014

The compression behaviors of 2D plain woven basalt/vinyl ester resin composites along the thickness direction under high strain rates have been investigated experimentally and by use of finite element analyses. The compression stress–strain curves, compressive damage, and rate sensitivity of the compressive behaviors was obtained experimentally. The dynamic responses including the compression stress–strain curves, compression damages, and energy absorptions of the plain woven composite samples were predicted based on finite element analyses at the microstructure level. From the finite element analyses results, it was concluded that the plain woven fabric structure and the rate dependent behaviors of the matrix were the key factors which affect the strain rate sensitivity of the compressive properties. The plain woven fabric structure distortion, instability of woven architecture, and matrix crack were the main failure modes of the plain woven composites under high strain rate compression. The compressive behaviors of plain woven composite could be improved with better design of the woven fabric structures and superior matrix properties.
Mechanical, thermal, and ultraviolet resistance properties of poly(ether–ester)/cerium oxide (CeO2) composite fibers
Authors: Huang Xia , Lin Shaojian , Shang Jiaojiao , He Wen , Lan Jianwu
Published: March 2014

Poly(ether–ester)/cerium oxide (CeO2) composites with CeO2 nanoparticles of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt% were prepared from dimethyl terephthalate, 1,4-butanediol, polytetramethylene glycol, and CeO2 nanoparticles by traditional melt polymerization. The Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, tensile strength, thermal stability, aging resistance, ultraviolet resistance, and low-temperature elastic recovery of these composites were characterized. The results indicated that introduction of CeO2 nanoparticles into poly(ether–ester) can enhance the mechanical, thermal, low-temperature elastic recovery properties and ultraviolet resistance of traditional poly(ether–ester). In particular, the incorporation of 2 wt% CeO2 nanoparticles endowed poly(ether–ester) with the best performance in mechanical and low-temperature elastic recovery properties.
Effective stiffness of curved 0°-layers for stiffness determination of cross-ply non-crimp fabric composites
Authors: Zrida H , Marklund E , Ayadi Z , Varna J
Published: March 2014

The effect of the 0°-tow waviness on axial stiffness of cross-ply non-crimp fabric composites is analysed using multiscale approach. The curved 0°- and 90°-layers are represented by flat layers with effective stiffness properties and classical laminate theory is used to calculate the macroscopic stiffness. The effective 0°-layer stiffness is calculated analysing isolated curved 0°-layers subjected not only to end loading, but also to surface loads. The surface loads are identified in a detailed finite element analysis and approximated by a sinus shaped function with amplitude depending on the waves parameters. The sinus shaped surface loads are then applied to an isolated curved 0°-layer finite element model together with end loading to calculate the effective stiffness of the layer. Finally, the effective 0°-layer stiffness was successfully used to calculate the macroscopic stiffness of the composite proving validity of the approach being used and showing that, without losing accuracy, elastic properties in the 90°-layers with bundle structure can be replaced by the transverse stiffness of the homogenised 90°-layer material.
Criminal Justice Practitioners’ Perceptions of Collateral Consequences of Criminal Conviction on Offenders
Authors: Goulette Natalie W. , Reitler Angela K. , Frank James , Flesher Whitney , Travis Lawrence F.
Published: March 2014

Scholars and policy makers wish to eliminate many collateral consequences to promote successful offender reentry. Current proposals to reduce collateral consequences of conviction typically involve the participation of criminal justice practitioners. This study surveyed criminal justice practitioners in Ohio to assess their perceptions of the percentage of offenders affected by particular collateral consequences and the magnitude of the impact of these consequences. The findings suggest that, although there is variability in perceptions across different categories of restrictions, justice officials believe relatively few offenders are affected by collateral consequences, and the perceived impact is relatively small. Efforts to eliminate collateral consequences may not have their intended effect on offender reentry.
Writing Interventions for High School Students With Disabilities
Authors: Cook Kathleen B. , Bennett Katie E.
Published: March 2014

Proficiency in writing increases opportunities in higher education, employment, and social relationships. Many students in the United States, however, are struggling writers. In particular, the writing performance of students with disabilities in secondary grades continues to lag behind grade level peers. The purpose of this article was to review writing interventions for high school students with disabilities to identify those practices that have been shown to be effective in supporting writing development. All studies were peer-reviewed, employed a single-case experimental design, and evaluated writing interventions used with students with disabilities in Grades 9 through 12. We used the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) single-case design standards (Kratochwill et al., 2010) to evaluate the effects of writing interventions in the 14 identified studies. Specific interventions included Self-Regulated Strategy Development (SRSD), Expressive Writing™ (Direct Instruction), Cognitive Strategy Instruction in Writing, and pentop computers. Results indicated that only two SRSD programs and the pentop computer program demonstrated strong or moderate effects on written expression in studies that met WWC evidence standards with reservations.
Optical and electrical properties of polystyrene composites containing ultrafine iron particles
Authors: Abu Saleh BA , Ramadin Y , Zihlif AM , Elimat ZM
Published: March 2014

Optical and electrical properties of conductive polymer composites made of polystyrene (PS) containing ultrafine iron particles of size 2 μm were studied under different measuring conditions: iron filler concentrations (0, 5, 10, 20, and 30 wt.%), ultraviolet radiation wavelength, temperature range (30–90°C), and applied frequency range (50 kHz–1.5 MHz). The absorption spectra from the composites were measured using a spectrophotometer. The analysis of the optical results showed that the electronic transitions are direct in the k-space. The optical energy gap and the energy tails were determined as a function of iron particles’ content. It was found that optical energy gap decreased and energy tails increased with iron content. The determined refractive index ( n) and the extinction coefficient ( k) increased with iron concentration. The alternating current (AC) conductivity and dielectric properties were determined using impedance measurements. The collected impedance data were analyzed and showed that the dielectric constant ( ε′) and dielectric loss ( ε″) of the composites are increasing as iron concentration increases and decreasing as the applied frequency increases. It was found that the AC conductivity increases with increasing frequency, temperature, and iron concentration. Some theoretical and empirical models are used to describe the observed optical and electrical behavior of the prepared PS composites.
Polyethylene and polypropylene hybrid composites based on nano silicon dioxide and different flax structures
Authors: Siengchin Suchart , Dangtungee Rapeephun
Published: March 2014

Hybrid composites composed of polypropylene (PP) or high-density polyethylene (HDPE), different flax fibers (unidirectional, biaxial, and twill2 × 2), and silicon dioxide (SiO2) were produced by hot-press technique. The ternary polymer composite was effectively fabricated by spraying SiO2 solvents onto the surface of flax fiber. The dispersion of SiO2 particles and flax in the composites was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The related PP- and HDPE-based composites were subjected to instrumented falling weight impact test. The thermal and mechanical properties of the composites were determined by thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, creep and stress relaxation tests, respectively. It was found that thermal decomposition temperature of the PP or HDPE/flax composites increased by the addition of SiO2 particles. The impact energy, stiffness, creep resistance, and relaxation modulus value of all flax composites increased markedly compared with the PP and HDPE matrix. Time–temperature superposition was applied to estimate the creep and relaxation modulus of the composites as a function of time in the form of a master curve. The activation energies for all the PP and HDPE composites systems studied were also calculated using the Arrhenius equation. The generalized Maxwell model was fairly applicable to the stress relaxation results.
The return of the male breadwinner model? Educational effects on parents’ work arrangements in Austria, 1980–2009
Authors: Berghammer Caroline
Published: March 2014

This study examines how the educational level of parents with children below age six affects their work arrangements. Based on Austrian microcensus data from 1980 to 2009, multinomial logistic regression models are used to investigate changes in this effect. The findings show converging trends between different educational groups. Couples with children below the age of three whose mothers are highly educated increasingly turn away from the dual breadwinner model and, rather unexpectedly, choose the male breadwinner model. Over the period covered, parents with various combinations of educational attainments opted more and more frequently for the modernized male breadwinner model in which women work part-time. The latter has become the most common arrangement among parents with preschool children. These results are interpreted in the light of institutional and cultural factors, paying special attention to parental leave regulations, the availability of childcare places and attitudes towards mothers’ employment.
Wanted – straight talkers: stammering and aesthetic labour
Authors: Butler Clare
Published: March 2014

The discussion of aesthetic labour has largely been confined to ‘looking good’. However, aesthetic labour also includes ‘sounding right’, where ‘excellent communication skills’ is an almost mandatory component of job advertisements. Much success in the labour market is therefore predicated on employees possessing the right verbal characteristics. In this article empirical research with men who stammer is used to extend our understanding of the issues which surround aesthetic labour. Findings demonstrate routine discrimination – by employers and the men themselves – with reference to a perceived speech–role fit. For the men, aesthetic labour is an embodied emotional labour: representing the effort between what is said and how it is said. Their sometime inability to sound right saw the men seek to enhance their knowledge or emphasize other communication attributes, such as listening. The article highlights the difficulties for anti-discrimination policy to offset the entrenched, socio-cultural nature of what constitutes employability.
Structurally modified aromatic sulfone polymer nanocomposites as polyelectrolyte membranes
Authors: Unnikrishnan Lakshmi , Mohanty Smita , Nayak Sanjay K.
Published: March 2014

A candid approach to analyze the prospects of organic–inorganic nanocomposites as polyelectrolytes has been presented in this communication. Structurally modified aromatic sulfone polymer, polysulfone, was successfully prepared through modification with trimethyl silyl chlorosulfonate, which was confirmed from Fourier transform infrared spectrographs. Different classes of nanofillers like layered silicates and inorganic oxides were reinforced in the modified macromolecular system using solvent casting technique. A comparative study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of filled polyelectrolyte membranes in a direct methanol fuel cell operated at 60°C with 1.0 M methanol feed. Atomic force micrographs revealed the phase morphology, responsible for this behaviour. The variation in ion transfer behavior as a function of structural modification and filler composition was also conducted. Furthermore, supportive information for these characterizations were derived from morphological (x-ray diffractometry), thermal (thermogravimetric analysis), and liquid uptake studies.
Dutch research results on wheel/rail interface management: 2001–2013 and beyond
Authors: Zoeteman Arjen , Dollevoet Rolf , Li Zili
Published: March 2014

This paper discusses the state-of-the-art procedures obtained in the research projects performed by Delft University of Technology and ProRail, together with other partners and experts, such as Netherlands Railways, to optimize the wheel/rail interface on the Dutch rail system. The wheel/rail interface has been the focus of a significant number of research projects and improvement measures in the Netherlands over the last 10 years. ProRail’s rails are subjected today to a ‘stress regime’, with high friction and loads from their operation, certainly since the introduction of new rolling stock and new rail types. This has resulted in cracks and premature loss of rail life due to rolling contact fatigue (RCF), particularly in curves and turnouts. Once damage occurs, it accelerates the degradation of track. This can be avoided by grinding that introduces artificial wear and moving more towards a ‘wear regime’, where initial cracks do not ‘survive’ and do not have the possibility to initiate and grow to form deep defects. Following this philosophy, a preventive gradual grinding strategy has been implemented to remove developing fatigue damage. Also, resistance to stress and avoidance of stress on the rails have been identified as possible strategies. This has led to various developments. A new ‘anti-head check’ rail profile (54E5) and use of new rail steels have led to reduced contact stresses and RCF initiation. Wheel/rail interface conditioning is being introduced to reduce noise and contact stress using on-train applicators. Wheel profiles have been optimized based on the new 54E5 profile and ongoing research focuses more and more on a holistic approach to wheel, rail and bogie design. This paper presents key projects and outcomes of the RCF research programme.
Performance and comparison of self-reported STI symptoms among high-risk populations – MSM, sex workers, persons living with HIV/AIDS – in El Salvador
Authors: Shah Neha S , Kim Evelyn , de Maria Hernández Ayala Flor , Guardado Escobar Maria Elena , Nieto Ana Isabel , Kim Andrea A , Paz-Bailey Gabriela
Published: March 2014

Summary

Resource-limited countries have limited laboratory capability and rely on syndromic management to diagnose sexually transmitted infections (STIs). We aimed to estimate the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) of STI syndromic management when used as a screening method within a study setting. Men who have sex with men (MSM), female sex workers (FSWs) and people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) participated in a behavioural surveillance study. Data were obtained on demographics, sexual behaviours, STI history and service utilisation. Biological specimens were tested for genital inflammatory infections ( Neisseria gonorrhoeae [GC], Chlamydia trachomatis [CT], Mycoplasma genitalium [MG], Trichomonas vaginalis [TV]) and genital ulcerative infection (syphilis and Herpes simplex virus-2). There was a high prevalence of Herpes simplex virus-2 (MSM 48.1%, FSW 82.0% and PLWHA 84.4%). Most participants reported no ulcerative symptoms and the majority of men reported no inflammatory symptoms. Sensitivity and PPV were poor for inflammatory infections among PLWHA and MSM. Sensitivity in FSWs for inflammatory infections was 75%. For ulcerative infections, sensitivity was poor, but specificity and PPV were high. Reliance on self-reported symptoms may not be an effective screening strategy for these populations. STI prevention studies should focus on symptom recognition and consider routine screening and referral for high-risk populations.
Paradox of time in research on educational technology
Authors: Barbera E , Gros B , Kirschner PA
Published: March 2014

Though the concept of time is fuzzily defined in education, it embraces many key teaching and learning aspects of the educational situation from scheduling (at the macro, meso, and micro level) through certification (i.e., credit requirements). It is also one of the determining factors within institutions for distance learning where education is almost always time and place independent and where learners and/or institutions make use of online and/or e-learning. Strangely, while these temporal aspects of teaching and learning are extremely important, the time-factor has not received much attention in educational research. This is especially strange since “lack of time” and “out of sync” are two of the most common complaints heard from learners in online educational settings. Thus, educational practice misses adequate research on an important aspect that can improve education/learning in general and online/e-learning in particular. To better understand how research deals with “time” as a factor in learning and education, a systematic literature analysis of articles relating to “time” was carried out in a high-impact SSCI journal on education and educational technology. A total of 966 articles across a period of 11 years was analyzed for the presence of “time” as a factor in the research published. The most important result of this literature analysis was that “time” played almost no role as a variable in research on education and educational technology.
Research with bereaved families
Authors: Sque Magi , Walker Wendy , Long-Sutehall Tracy
Published: March 2014

Theoretical debates about the nature of grief and bereavement draw attention to the sensitivity of carrying out research with bereaved people, the possible threats that this may pose and the ethical considerations required to ameliorate potentially damaging outcomes. The authors of this article present a framework for ethical decision-making that has been successfully developed in the context of research with bereaved families. The discussion focuses on application and evaluation of the framework during research with family members who were approached about the donation of a deceased relative’s organs and/or tissues for transplantation. Practical strategies of relevance to the processes of participant recruitment, the interview encounter and follow-up care in the post-interview period are identified and discussed. Concerns about the possible impact of bereavement research are balanced with the views of family members who gave credence to the therapeutic and cathartic benefits of participating in sensitive, death-related research.
Hope-narratives as a chaos theory of career intervention for failure
Authors: McIlveen Peter
Published: March 2014

This paper is an explication of the conceptual underpinnings of a new, narrative career counselling method: fluttering-hope. The method presents a new approach to addressing repetition compulsion, a condition characterised by repeated career-destructive behaviour and experiences of failure. Fluttering-hope is formulated on the basis of the chaos theory of career (CTC), a theory that explicitly acknowledges failure as a natural event in careers. A transtheoretical argument links failure, optimism, hope, psychodynamics and CTC concepts of attractor and shift. Repetition compulsion is posited as a pendulum attractor and fluttering-hope is posited as a source of perturbation that may induce shift. The method takes a gentle approach to repetition compulsion, and regards it as a psychological mechanism to be treated with great care in career counselling. The paper includes recommendations for future research into the CTC, fluttering-hope and mathematical modelling.
Relationship Between the Consumption Status of Households That Include Individuals With Physical Disabilities and Their Employment
Authors: Nam Su-Jung , Park Eun-Young
Published: March 2014

This study investigates whether the consumption of households that include individuals with physical disabilities (IWPD) depends on the employment status of such individuals. Data from the 2012 Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled (PSED) conducted by the Korea Employment Agency for the Disabled were used to ascertain the consumption patterns, consumption functions, income elasticity, and Engel coefficient of households that include IWPD. An independent t test was used to differentiate between employment and unemployment status. The results revealed that the consumption patterns of such households were similar to those of a typical poor household. Although these patterns did not differ according to the employment status of IWPD, the number of items in the consumption expenditure of a household that includes employed IWPD was larger than that of a household that includes unemployed IWPD. Income had a significant effect on all expenditure items. Furthermore, only savings were classified as a luxury, regardless of employment status. The analysis results of this study could enable researchers to capture the problems facing IWPD and provide greater insight into their economic status.