bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thiol‐epoxy “click” chemistry: Application in preparation and postpolymerization modification of polymers
Authors: Stuparu Mihaiela C. , Khan Anzar
Published: June 2016

Base‐catalyzed reaction between a thiol and an epoxide group is a simple fusion process that leads to the formation of a β‐hydroxythio‐ether linkage. This reaction is efficient, regio‐selective, and fast. In addition, it produces a reactive hydroxyl group upon completion. Therefore, it is of considerable potential in synthesis of reactive and functional soft materials. Here, we discuss the fundamental aspects of this process, the so‐called thiol‐epoxy “click” reaction, and its utility in the preparation and post‐polymerization functionalization of polymers and crosslinked networks. Furthermore, its application in surface modification of solid substrates is also considered. Finally, utility of multifunctional materials created using the thiol‐epoxy reaction is discussed in the biomedical arena. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 3057–3070
Purine biosynthesis is the bottleneck in trimethoprim‐treated Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Stepanek Jennifer Janina , Schäkermann Sina , Wenzel Michaela , Prochnow Pascal , Bandow Julia Elisabeth
Published: June 2016

Purpose

Trimethoprim is a folate biosynthesis inhibitor. Tetrahydrofolates are essential for the transfer of C1 units in several biochemical pathways including purine, thymine, methionine, and glycine biosynthesis. This study addressed the effects of folate biosynthesis inhibition on bacterial physiology.

Experimental design

Two complementary proteomic approaches were employed to analyze the response of Bacillus subtilis to trimethoprim. Acute changes in protein synthesis rates were monitored by radioactive pulse labeling of newly synthesized proteins and subsequent 2DE analysis. Changes in protein levels were detected using gel‐free quantitative MS.

Results

Proteins involved in purine and histidine biosynthesis, the σB‐dependent general stress response, and sporulation were upregulated. Most prominently, the PurR‐regulon required for de novo purine biosynthesis was derepressed indicating purine depletion. The general stress response was activated energy dependently and in a subpopulation of treated cultures an early onset of sporulation was observed, most likely triggered by low guanosine triphosphate levels. Supplementation of adenosine triphosphate, adenosine, and guanosine to the medium substantially decreased antibacterial activity, showing that purine depletion becomes the bottleneck in trimethoprim‐treated B. subtilis.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

The frequently prescribed antibiotic trimethoprim causes purine depletion in B. subtilis, which can be complemented by supplementing purines to the medium.
Structural insights into SAM domain‐mediated tankyrase oligomerization
Authors: DaRosa Paul A. , Ovchinnikov Sergey , Xu Wenqing , Klevit Rachel E.
Published: June 2016

Tankyrase 1 (TNKS1; a.k.a. ARTD5) and tankyrase 2 (TNKS2; a.k.a ARTD6) are highly homologous poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerases (PARPs) that function in a wide variety of cellular processes including Wnt signaling, Src signaling, Akt signaling, Glut4 vesicle translocation, telomere length regulation, and centriole and spindle pole maturation. Tankyrase proteins include a sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain that undergoes oligomerization in vitro and in vivo. However, the SAM domains of TNKS1 and TNKS2 have not been structurally characterized and the mode of oligomerization is not yet defined. Here we model the SAM domain‐mediated oligomerization of tankyrase. The structural model, supported by mutagenesis and NMR analysis, demonstrates a helical, homotypic head‐to‐tail polymer that facilitates TNKS self‐association. Furthermore, we show that TNKS1 and TNKS2 can form (TNKS1 SAM‐TNKS2 SAM) hetero‐oligomeric structures mediated by their SAM domains. Though wild‐type tankyrase proteins have very low solubility, model‐based mutations of the SAM oligomerization interface residues allowed us to obtain soluble TNKS proteins. These structural insights will be invaluable for the functional and biophysical characterization of TNKS1/2, including the role of TNKS oligomerization in protein poly(ADP‐ribosyl)ation (PARylation) and PARylation‐dependent ubiquitylation.
Geometry of guanidinium groups in arginines
Authors: Malinska Maura , Dauter Miroslawa , Dauter Zbigniew
Published: June 2016

The restraints in common usage today have been obtained based on small molecule X‐ray crystal structures available 25 years ago and recent reports have shown that the values of bond lengths and valence angles can be, in fact, significantly different from those stored in libraries, for example for the peptide bond or the histidine ring geometry. We showed that almost 50% of outliers found in protein validation reports released in the Protein Data Bank on 23 March 2016 come from geometry of guanidine groups in arginines. Therefore, structures of small molecules and atomic resolution protein crystal structures have been used to derive new target values for the geometry of this group. The most significant difference was found for NE‐CZ‐NH1 and NE‐CZ‐NH2 angles, showing that the guanidinium group is not symmetric. The NE‐CZ‐NH1 angle is larger, 121.5(10)˚, than NE‐CZ‐NH2, 119.2(10)˚, due to the repulsive interaction between NH1 and CD1 atom.
Impact of volunteer rice infestation on yield and grain quality of rice
Authors: Singh Vijay , Burgos Nilda R , Singh Shilpa , Gealy David R , Gbur Edward E , Caicedo Ana L
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND

Volunteer rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains may differ in physicochemical traits from cultivated rice, which may reduce the quality of harvested rice grain. To evaluate the effect of volunteer rice on cultivated rice, fields were surveyed in Arkansas in 2012.

RESULTS

Cropping history that included hybrid cultivars in the previous two years (2010 and 2011) had higher volunteer rice infestation (20%) compared with fields planted previously with inbred rice (5.5%). The total grain yield of rice was reduced by 0.4% for every 1% increase in volunteer rice density. The grain quality did not change in fields planted with the same cultivar for three years. Volunteer rice density of at least 7.6% negatively impacted the head rice and when infestation reached 17.7%, it also reduced the rice grain yield. The protein and amylose contents of rice were not affected until volunteer rice infestation exceeded 30%.

CONCLUSION

Crop rotation systems that include hybrid rice are expected to have higher volunteer rice infestation than systems without hybrid rice. It is predicted that, at 8% infestation, volunteer rice will start to impact head rice yield and will reduce total yield at 18% infestation. It could alter the chemical quality of rice grain at >30% infestation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessing ISO/IEC29110 by means of ITMark: results from an experience factory
Authors: Larrucea Xabier , Santamaría Izaskun , Colomo‐Palacios Ricardo
Published: June 2016

ISO/IEC 29110 is intended to help very small entities in improving their software processes. However, this standard is not the only initiative devoted to help organizations in these matters. For instance, ITMark is an established method with an important background in terms of number and diversity of assessments. The aim of this paper is to present a method to assess ISO/IEC 29110 by means of the evaluation performed under the ITMark certification schema built upon an experience factory. To do so, in this paper, authors present, firstly, a mapping for ITMark to ISO/IEC 29110 and, secondly, a study to test the applicability of the assessments made by ITMark in the ISO/IEC 29110 environment taking into account the previous mapping. The main conclusion from this industrial experience is that ITMark can be used as a method for assessing very small entities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inside Cover Image, Volume 6, Issue 4
Authors: Zhang Feng , Wang Houng‐Wei , Tominaga Keisuke , Hayashi Michitoshi
Published: June 2016

The inside cover image, by Keisuke Tominaga et al., is based on the Advanced Review Mixing of intermolecular and intramolecular vibrations in optical phonon modes: terahertz spectroscopy and solid-state density functional theory, DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1256.

image
Use of a fluoride channel as a new selection marker for fission yeast plasmids and application to fast genome editing with CRISPR/Cas9
Authors: Fernandez Ronan , Berro Julien
Published: June 2016

Fission yeast is a powerful model organism that has provided insights into important cellular processes thanks to the ease of its genome editing by homologous recombination. However, creation of strains with a large number of targeted mutations or containing plasmids has been challenging because only a very small number of selection markers is available in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In this paper, we identify two fission yeast fluoride exporter channels (Fex1p and Fex2p) and describe the development of a new strategy using Fex1p as a selection marker for transformants in rich media supplemented with fluoride. To our knowledge this is the first positive selection marker identified in S. pombe that does not use auxotrophy or drug resistance and that can be used for plasmids transformation or genomic integration in rich media. We illustrate the application of our new marker by significantly accelerating the protocol for genome edition using CRISPR/Cas9 in S. pombe. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term reliability of sweet‐tip type screw‐in leads
Authors: Takano Asuka , Sekita Gaku , Watanabe Minako , Mukaida Hiroshi , Komatsu Sayaka , Tabuchi Haruna , Hayashi Hidemori , Tokano Takashi , Sumiyoshi Masataka , Nakazato Yuji , Daida Hiroyuki
Published: June 2016

Background

Active fixation leads have provided stable atrial and ventricular pacing; however, long‐term follow‐up data have not been satisfactory. The purpose of this study was to investigate the long‐term reliability of active fixation leads and their electrical characteristic stability.

Methods

A total of 1196 pacing leads were implanted in 830 patients consecutively between 2002 and 2013. In this retrospective study, we were able to trace 1092 leads in 750 patients to investigate the prognosis of implanted leads. The measurement values (including pacing thresholds, sensing amplitudes, and lead impedances of both the atrial and ventricular leads) were obtained from medical records at the time of implantation and during follow up at the outpatient device clinic. All pacing leads were FINELINE II Sterox EZ Leads (Boston Scientific, MN, USA), which are sweet‐tip type screw‐in active fixation leads, except for the shock leads in patients with implantable cardioverter defibrillator.

Results

The mean follow‐up period was 51.3±29.2 months (median, 48 months). A total of 1092 leads were implanted in either the atrium (682 leads) or the ventricle (410 leads). Venous access was achieved through cephalic vein cut down (CVC) method (914 leads) or the subclavian vein puncture (SVP) method (178 leads). The overall lead survival rate was 99.6% at both 5 and 10 years. Lead fracture was observed in 4 of 1092 leads (0.37%), all of which were implanted by the SVP method. No lead fracture occurred among patients wherein CVC method was applied (p<0.01). Device‐related infection was observed in four patients (0.53%).

Conclusions

The overall reliability and stability of sweet‐tip type screw‐in leads were satisfactory throughout the long‐term follow‐up period (median, 4 years). Because it was associated with less lead fractures, cut‐down access from the cephalic vein may be recommended as the first‐line approach when considering the importance of long‐term durability of pacing leads.
Routeing on trees
Authors: Deijfen Maria , Gantert Nina
Published: June 2016

We consider three different schemes for signal routeing on a tree. The vertices of the tree represent transceivers that can transmit and receive signals, and are equipped with independent and identically distributed weights representing the strength of the transceivers. The edges of the tree are also equipped with independent and identically distributed weights, representing the costs for passing the edges. For each one of our schemes, we derive sharp conditions on the distributions of the vertex weights and the edge weights that determine when the root can transmit a signal over arbitrarily large distances.
A household SIR epidemic model incorporating time of day effects
Authors: Neal Peter
Published: June 2016

During the course of a day an individual typically mixes with different groups of individuals. Epidemic models incorporating population structure with individuals being able to infect different groups of individuals have received extensive attention in the literature. However, almost exclusively the models assume that individuals are able to simultaneously infect members of all groups, whereas in reality individuals will typically only be able to infect members of any group they currently reside in. In this paper we develop a model where individuals move between a community and their household during the course of the day, only infecting within their current group. By defining a novel branching process approximation with an explicit expression for the probability generating function of the offspring distribution, we are able to derive the probability of a major epidemic outbreak.
Convergence to the structured coalescent process
Authors: Kozakai Ryouta , Shimizu Akinobu , Notohara Morihiro
Published: June 2016

The coalescent was introduced by Kingman (1982a), (1982b) and Tajima (1983) as a continuous-time Markov chain model describing the genealogical relationship among sampled genes from a panmictic population of a species. The random mating in a population is a strict condition and the genealogical structure of the population has a strong influence on the genetic variability and the evolution of the species. In this paper, starting from a discrete-time Markov chain model, we show the weak convergence to a continuous-time Markov chain, called the structured coalescent model, describing the genealogy of the sampled genes from whole population by means of passing the limit of the population size. Herbots (1997) proved the weak convergence to the structured coalescent on the condition of conservative migration and Wright–Fisher-type reproduction. We will give the proof on the condition of general migration rates and exchangeable reproduction.
Gerber–Shiu distribution at Parisian ruin for Lévy insurance risk processes
Authors: Baurdoux Erik J. , Pardo Juan Carlos , Pérez José Luis , Renaud Jean-François
Published: June 2016

Inspired by the works of Landriault et al. (2011), (2014), we study the Gerber–Shiu distribution at Parisian ruin with exponential implementation delays for a spectrally negative Lévy insurance risk process. To be more specific, we study the so-called Gerber–Shiu distribution for a ruin model where at each time the surplus process goes negative, an independent exponential clock is started. If the clock rings before the surplus becomes positive again then the insurance company is ruined. Our methodology uses excursion theory for spectrally negative Lévy processes and relies on the theory of so-called scale functions. In particular, we extend the recent results of Landriault et al. (2011), (2014).
Convergence of tandem Brownian queues
Authors: López Sergio I.
Published: June 2016

It is known that in a stationary Brownian queue with both arrival and service processes equal in law to Brownian motion, the departure process is a Brownian motion, identical in law to the arrival process: this is the analogue of Burke's theorem in this context. In this paper we prove convergence in law to this Brownian motion in a tandem network of Brownian queues: if we have an arbitrary continuous process, satisfying some mild conditions, as an initial arrival process and pass it through an infinite tandem network of queues, the resulting process weakly converges to a Brownian motion. We assume independent and exponential initial workloads for all queues.
Sparre Andersen identity and the last passage time
Authors: Ivanovs Jevgenijs
Published: June 2016

It is shown that the celebrated result of Sparre Andersen for random walks and Lévy processes has intriguing consequences when the last time of the process in (-∞, 0], say σ, is added to the picture. In the case of no positive jumps this leads to six random times, all of which have the same distribution—the uniform distribution on [0, σ]. Surprisingly, this result does not appear in the literature, even though it is based on some classical observations concerning exchangeable increments.
Distribution of the quasispecies for a Galton–Watson process on the sharp peak landscape
Authors: Dalmau Joseba
Published: June 2016

We study a classical multitype Galton–Watson process with mutation and selection. The individuals are sequences of fixed length over a finite alphabet. On the sharp peak fitness landscape together with independent mutations per locus, we show that, as the length of the sequences goes to ∞ and the mutation probability goes to 0, the asymptotic relative frequency of the sequences differing on k digits from the master sequence approaches (σe-a - 1)(ak/k!)∑i≥ 1ik/σi, where σ is the selective advantage of the master sequence and a is the product of the length of the chains with the mutation probability. The probability distribution Q(σ, a) on the nonnegative integers given by the above equation is the quasispecies distribution with parameters σ and a.
Optimization results for a generalized coupon collector problem
Authors: Anceaume Emmanuelle , Busnel Yann , Schulte-Geers Ernst , Sericola Bruno
Published: June 2016

In this paper we study a generalized coupon collector problem, which consists of analyzing the time needed to collect a given number of distinct coupons that are drawn from a set of coupons with an arbitrary probability distribution. We suppose that a special coupon called the null coupon can be drawn but never belongs to any collection. In this context, we prove that the almost uniform distribution, for which all the nonnull coupons have the same drawing probability, is the distribution which stochastically minimizes the time needed to collect a fixed number of distinct coupons. Moreover, we show that in a given closed subset of probability distributions, the distribution with all its entries, but one, equal to the smallest possible value is the one which stochastically maximizes the time needed to collect a fixed number of distinct coupons.
Extension of de Bruijn's identity to dependent non-Gaussian noise channels
Authors: Khoolenjani Nayereh Bagheri , Alamatsaz Mohammad Hossein
Published: June 2016

De Bruijn's identity relates two important concepts in information theory: Fisher information and differential entropy. Unlike the common practice in the literature, in this paper we consider general additive non-Gaussian noise channels where more realistically, the input signal and additive noise are not independently distributed. It is shown that, for general dependent signal and noise, the first derivative of the differential entropy is directly related to the conditional mean estimate of the input. Then, by using Gaussian and Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern copulas, special versions of the result are given in the respective case of additive normally distributed noise. The previous result on independent Gaussian noise channels is included as a special case. Illustrative examples are also provided.
Asymptotic behaviour near extinction of continuous-state branching processes
Authors: Berzunza Gabriel , Pardo Juan Carlos
Published: June 2016

In this paper we study the asymptotic behaviour near extinction of (sub-)critical continuous-state branching processes. In particular, we establish an analogue of Khintchine's law of the iterated logarithm near extinction time for a continuous-state branching process whose branching mechanism satisfies a given condition.
The Political Consequences of Gender in Social Networks
Authors: Djupe Paul , Mcclurg Scott , Sokhey Anand Edward
Published: June 2016

Recent research on political discussion has focused on whether aspects of interaction create a ‘democratic dilemma’ for the mass public in which people face a choice between political participation and political tolerance. This article argues that there are important variations in how people react to their immediate social contacts. It explores this idea by studying how social disagreement and expertise interact with gender to explain variance in political participation. First, it shows that there are conflicting expectations in the literature about how such dynamics should manifest, despite agreement that men and women should experience different kinds and degrees of social influence. Secondly, it examines these expectations by revisiting prominent, network-based explanations of political participation; it finds that these relationships do not display consistency across sex differences. The results point to the existence of varied ‘social logics’ for men and women, and suggest the need to reconsider how to think about the efficacy of discussion and disagreement in a democratic society.
Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of the liver amphistome Explanatum explanatum (Creplin, 1847) Fukui, 1929 in ruminants from Bangladesh and Nepal based on nuclear ribosomal ITS2 and mitochondrial nad1 sequences
Authors: Mohanta U.K. , Rana H.B. , Devkota B. , Itagaki T.
Published: June 2016

Explanatum explanatum flukes, liver amphistomes of ruminants, cause significant economic loss in the livestock industry by inducing severe liver damage. A total of 66 flukes from 26 buffaloes and 7 cattle in four different geographic areas of Bangladesh and 20 flukes from 10 buffaloes in the Chitwan district of Nepal were subjected for analysis. The sequences (442 bp) of the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA and the variable fragments (657 bp) of mitochondrial nicotinamide dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) of E. explanatum flukes from Bangladesh and Nepal were analysed. The aim of this study was molecular characterization of the flukes and to elucidate their origin and biogeography. In the ITS2 region, two genotypes were detected among the flukes from Bangladesh, while flukes from Nepal were of only one genotype. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from the nad1 gene revealed that at least four divergent populations (groups I–IV) are distributed in Bangladesh, whereas two divergent populations were found to be distributed in Nepal. Fst values (pairwise fixation index) suggest that Bangladeshi and Nepalese populations of group I to IV are significantly different from each other; but within groups III and IV, the populations from Bangladesh and Nepal were genetically close. This divergence in the nad1 gene indicates that each lineage of E. explanatum from diverse geography was co-adapted during the multiple domestication events of ruminants. This study, for the first time, provides molecular characterization of E. explanatum in Bangladesh and Nepal, and may provide useful information for elucidating its origin and dispersal route in Asia.
5. On the Quaternion Expression of the Finite Displacements of a System of Points of which the Mutual Distances remain Invariable
Authors: Plarr Gustave , Tait
Published: June 2016

When we try to define, from a purely geometrical point of view, the rigidity of a system of points, we are inclined to consider the invariability of the mutual distances of the points a sufficient definition. But when we take this definition as a starting point, in the problem of expressing the finite displacements of the system, we soon discover that the invariability of the distances is not sufficient for insuring the invariability of the relative positions of the points.
4. Note on Plane Algebra
Authors: Macfarlane A.
Published: June 2016

By Plane Algebra I mean what De Morgan called Double Algebra. While ordinary algebra deals with quantities which are represented on a straight line, and Quaternions with quantities which are represented in space, Double Algebra deals with those which are represented on a plane. The object of this paper is to show some applications of this intermediate method.
1. On the Moon and the Weather
Authors: Aitken John
Published: June 2016

When residing in the south of France lately, I happened to look at the new moon one evening through the clear air of the “Mistral,” which was blowing at the time, and not being able to see the dark body of the moon, it all at once struck me that something more was necessary than a clear atmosphere in order to enable us to see the dark side of the moon, and that the dark side would be best seen when the earth was to a great extent covered with clouds.
2. Ninth Report of the Boulder Committee
Authors: Home Milne
Published: June 2016

I. 12thJuly 1882, Stonefield House, Argyleshire, residence of C. G. Campbell, Esq.—Was guided by Mr Alexander of Lochgilp-head, to the hills of Glen Ralloch, situated to the north of the narrow neck of land which connects East and West Loch Tarbert. The rocks of the hills are gneiss, full of quartz veins. When among those hills, I saw many boulders of small size lying on the sides, and some on the very tops. Their composition, resembling clay-slate, differed from the rocks, and they were all more or less angular. They were mostly on slopes facing, or exposed to, westerly points.
9. A Contribution to the Chemistry of Nitroglycerine
Authors: Hay Matthew , Brown Crum
Published: June 2016

On account of the identity of the physiological action of nitroglycerine with that of simple alkaline nitrites, it occurred to the author either that nitroglycerine was not a nitrate of glyceryl as commonly represented, but contained nitrous acid in its constitution, or that it was readily decomposed in the body with the formation of nitrous acid. This suggestion led to an extended investigation of the constitution of nitroglycerine and of the decomposing action of various substances on nitroglycerine. The conclusion arrived at as to the constitution of nitroglycerine was confirmatory of the common belief that it is a tri-nitrate of glyceryl. For it was found that although nitroglycerine yielded a large quantity of nitrous acid when decomposed by alkalies, yet nitroglycerine could not be obtained by acting on glycerine with nitrous anhydride gas, nor did the presence of urea prevent its formation when it was prepared in the usual way by allowing nitric and sulphuric acids to act on glycerine. The yield of nitroglycerine from a given weight of glycerine also closely agreed with its being a tri-nitrate, and was considerably in excess of the yield obtainable had nitrous acid entered into its constitution. An analysis of the elementary composition of nitroglycerine, which was carried out in conjunction with Mr Masson, also led to the same opinion.
Mathematical Note
Authors: Anglin A. H. Hallam
Published: June 2016

If

then will

where

hnbeing the sum of the homogeneous products of the roots of (A) of n dimensions.
1. Approximation to the Roots of Cubic Equations by help of Recurring Chain Fractions
Authors: Sang Edward
Published: June 2016

In the progression of fractions here used, each new term is got by corresponding multiples of the three preceding terms, thus:

this mode of formation being applied separately to the numerators and denominators of the fractions.
6. Arrangement of the Metals in an Electro-Frictional Scale
Authors: Macfarlane A.
Published: June 2016

While, in recent years, the progress of the science of electricity has been very rapid, few investigations have been made in the old province of frictional electricity. It cannot be doubted, however, that the laws connecting electricity with friction, and with the nature of the substances rubbed, are of great importance; and the acquisition of more detailed knowledge in this department may throw some light on the still imperfect theory of the voltaic cell. Several electricians have expressed an opinion that the development of electricity by friction is only a modification of the development of electricity by contact–that friction is contact in which the number of points which come together is increased by sliding the one substance over the other. But whether friction is a form of contact, or contact a form of friction, or the two co-ordinate to one another, it is interesting to inquire whether the metals can be arranged in an electro-frictional series similar to the electro-contact series; and if so, to observe the relation of the former to the latter.
2. On the Microscopic Characters of Volcanic Ashes and Cosmic Dust, and their Distribution in the Deep Sea Deposits
Authors: Murray John , Renard Mons. A. , Murray John
Published: June 2016

In the Session of 1876, Mr John Murray communicated to this Society a paper on the distribution of volcanic debris over the floor of the ocean, and in it announced the discovery of cosmic dust in deep sea deposits. It was shown that at points, where neither the action of waves, rivers, or currents can transport the debris of continents, volcanic materials play the most important role in the formation of the mineral constituents of the deep sea deposits. It was pointed out that pumice, on account of its structure, was able-to float to great distances, but in time became waterlogged and sank to the bottom, there to decompose. On the other hand, incoherent volcanic matters, ejected in the form of lapilli, sand, and ashes, into the higher regions of the atmosphere, may, ceteris paribus, be conveyed, in consequence of their small dimensions and structure, to greater distances than other mineral particles derived from the continents. The possibility was also admitted that submarine volcanic eruptions might also contribute to the accumulation of those silicates and pyrogenous minerals and rocks, whose microscopic characters and distribution at the bottom of the sea we shall presently point out.
3. On the Nomenclature, Origin, and Distribution of Deep-Sea Deposits
Authors: Murray John , Renard A. , Murray John
Published: June 2016

The sea is unquestionably the most powerful dynamic agent on the surface of the globe, and its effects are deeply imprinted on the external crust of our planet; but among the sedimentary deposits which are attributed to its action, and among the effects which it has wrought on the surface features of the earth, the attention of geologists has, till within quite recent times, been principally directed to the phenomena which take place in the immediate vicinity of the land. It is incontestable that the action of the sea along coasts and in shallow water has played the largest part in the formation and accumulation of those marine sediments which, so far as we can observe, form the principal strata of the solid crust of the globe; and it has been from an attentive study of the phenomena which take place along the shores of modern seas that we have been able to reconstruct in some degree the conditions under which the marine deposits of ancient times were laid down.
2. On the Law of Inertia; the Principle of Chronometry; and the Principle of Absolute Clinural Rest, and of Absolute Rotation
Authors: Thomson James
Published: June 2016

There is no distinction known to men among states of existence of a body which can give reason for any one state being regarded as a state of absolute rest in space, and any other being regarded as a state of uniform rectilinear motion. Men have no means of knowing, nor even of imagining, any one length rather than any other, as being the distance between the place occupied by the centre of a ball at present, and the place that was occupied by that centre at any past instant; nor of knowing or imagining any one direction, rather than any other, as being the direction of the straight line from the former place to the new place, if the ball is supposed to have been moving in space. The point of space that was occupied by the centre of the ball at any specifiod past moment is utterly lost to us as soon as that moment is past, or as soon as the centre has moved out of that point, having left no trace recognisable by us of its past place in the universe of space.
3. Esempio del metodo di dedurre una superficie da una figura piana
Authors: Cremona
Published: June 2016

Scopo della presente piccolo comunicazione di mostrare con tin asempio notevole, ed in connessione colla teoria conosciuta delle rappresentazione piana di una certa classe di superficie, e con quella delle trasformazioni razionali nello spazio, come da un sistema piano di punti, rette e curve si possono dedurre la costruzione e le proprieta di superficie situate comunque nello spazio (di quelle che sono rappresentabili pun to per punto sul piano).
1. On the Construction of the Canon of Logarithmic Sines
Authors: Sang Edward
Published: June 2016

In setting about the construction of the Canon of Logarithmic Sines, we naturally look for any means of lessening the heavy labour of the undertaking.
4. Experiments on the Chief Disinfectants of Commerce, with a view of ascertaining their Power of Destroying the Spores of the Anthrax bacillus
Authors: Blyth A. Wynter , Turner
Published: June 2016

The following paper gives the result of a considerable number of experiments made in 1883, the object of which was to ascertain whether any of the disinfectants in popular use had a “germicidal” action or not.
3. On Extensions of Euclid I. 47
Authors: Anglin A. H.
Published: June 2016

In Euclid I. 47, it is proved that if regular tetragons be described on the sides of a right-angled triangle, that described on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of those on the sides containing the right angle. This proposition, as is shown in Euclid VI. 31, is only a particular case of a more general one; and the object of this Paper is to establish the corresponding result in the case of regular trigons, pentagons, hexagons, and generally regular figures of any number of sides, and finally, in the case of any similar rectilineal figures, without the use of ratio and proportion.
3. Critical Note on the latest Theory in Vertebrate Morphology
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: June 2016

In the attempt to trace the vertebrate organisation by comparative anatomy and embryology back to a simpler state, the origin of the limbs has been made the subject of various hypotheses. Many years ago Gegenbaur brought forward a method of regarding the morphology of the limbs, by which each could be derived from a gill arch supporting a series of gill rays, from such a system as forms the skeleton of a gill in a typical Selachian of the present day. This comparison was instituted without any particular stress being laid on the relation of the ancestral vertebrate to invertebrate forms. He supposed that the central ray of the series in the branchia gradually grew more prominent, and as it increased in length the rays near it lost their attachment to the arch, and became articulated to the sides of the central ray : in this way he obtained an imaginary limb skeleton which he called the Archipterygium.
Amplissimo Cancellario, Rectori Magnifico, Doctissimoque Senatui Universitatis Edinensis
Authors: Moncreiff  , Tait P. G.
Published: June 2016

Viri Illustrissimi—Societas Regia Edinensis commemorationem tercentenariam Universitatis Jacobi Sexti, Scotorum Regis, concelebrare et ornare vult. Etenim Societas Regia est filia Universitatis vestræ, cui suavissimo commercio et sanctissimâ necessitudine devincta est. Quam multi philosophi, Universitatis Senatores, pars magna sunt et fuerunt rerum a Societate gestarum.
1. Motion of Compound Bodies through Liquid
Authors: Sharpe Rev. H. J.
Published: June 2016

It is well known that the solution of the mathematical problem of the motion of liquid arising from the motion through it of solids has been effected in comparatively few instances, and in these, such as the sphere and the ellipsoid, the surface is defined by a single equation. In the following investigation, however, we seem naturally to come across cases where the solid might be described as “a compound body,” consisting as it does of parts defined by different equations. It is possible that the method employed might lead to the solution of analogous problems in Sound, Heat, or Electricity.
2. Note on Knots on Endless Cords
Authors: Kempe A. B.
Published: June 2016

1.

Each crossing divides the cord into two loops.

2.

Any other crossing either lies on both these loops, say is linked to the former crossing, or on one loop only, say is not linked to the former crossing.

3.

It can be shown without difficulty that if crossing a is linked to crossing b, then crossing b is linked to crossing a; and therefore, also, if crossing a is not linked to crossing b, crossing b is not linked to crossing a.

4.

Hence pairs of crossings are of two sorts, viz., linked and unlinked.
6. On Even Distribution of Points in Space
Authors: Tait
Published: June 2016

The question raised is very closely connected with § 6 of my paper on the Kinetic Theory of Gases (Trans. R.S.E. xxxiii. 71). The result arrived at is that, when (in the thin layer) some particles prevent others from doing their full duty, the formula should be

as given in the text.
2. Numerical and other Additions to his Paper, Read on 6th December 1886, on the Foundations of the Kinetic Theory of Gases
Authors: Tait
Published: June 2016

In the case of diffusion, in a long tube of unit section, suppose that we have, at section x of the tube, n1P1s and n2P2s per cubic unit, with translational speeds α1 and α2, respectively. If G1 be the whole mass of the first gas on the negative side of the section, it is shown that the rate of flow of that gas is
2. Chemical Affinity and Solution
Authors: Durham W.
Published: June 2016

In continuation of my inquiry into the evidence which thermochemistry gives of the truth of my theory of chemical affinity and solution, I would direct attention to the sulphates.
3. Thermometer Screens. Part IV
Authors: Aitken John
Published: June 2016

The object of this paper is to describe a new thermometer screen, and to give the results of some trials made this autumn and winter with a Stevenson screen as generally used, and one modified in the way described in a previous part of this investigation. Also to give comparative readings taken with those screens and with the new one.
3. Note on the Effects of Explosives
Authors: Tait
Published: June 2016

Many of the victims of the dynamite explosion, a year or two ago, in the London Underground Railway, are said to have lost the drum of one ear only, that nearest to the source. This seems to point to a projectile, not an undulatory, motion of the air and of the gases produced by the explosion. So long, in fact, as the disturbance travels faster than sound, it must necessarily be of this character, and would be capable of producing such effects.

Another curious fact apparently connected with the above is the (considerable) finite diameter of a flash of forked lightning. Such a flash is always photographed as a line of finite breadth, even when the focal length is short and the focal adjustment perfect. This cannot be ascribed to irradiation. The air seems, in fact, to be driven outwards from the track of the discharge with such speed as to render the immediately surrounding air instantaneously self-luminous by compression.
5. Observations on the Structural Characters of certain new or little-known Earthworms
Authors: Beddard Frank E.
Published: June 2016

The present paper contains a description of five apparently new species of Lumbricidæ from Australia and New Zealand, one of these species being perhaps the type of a new genus, which I have named Neodrilus; the remaining species are Acanthodrilus neglectus, from New Zealand, Perichæta newcombei, Urochæta, sp. ?, from Australia, and P. upoluensis, from one of the Pacific islands. I have endeavoured to make these descriptions as full as the material, in many cases in an excellent state of preservation, has enabled me to do. I have also incorporated into this paper some few notes on Perichæta antaretica, Baird, a species which has not yet been sufficiently discriminated.
4. On the Summation of certain Series of Alternants
Authors: Anglin A. H.
Published: June 2016

The summations referred to in the title depend on two theorems—one already known, the other not hitherto published. The first of these is to the effect that the quotient of any simple Alternant by the difference-product of the variables is expressible as a determinant whose elements are sums of homogeneous products of the variables.
6. On the Effect produced on the Polarisation of Nerve by Stimulation
Authors: Stewart G. N.
Published: June 2016

In this short paper I wish merely to give a summary of the chief results of experiments made by me in February and March last in the Physiological Institute of Berlin. Du Bois Eeymond has recently made an elaborate investigation of the galvanic polarisation of muscle. Many years ago he made similar observations on nerve. The question which occurred to me was, How does tetanus affect the amount of polarisation in nervel? Apparently there has been no previous work at this subject. It is not necessary to describe here the arrangements used, nor the manner of making the observations, as a detailed aecount, with discussion of the facts brought out, will appear in the Journal of Physiology. When a current is passed through a living nerve, the polarisation produced may be either negative or positive. When it is negative, the polarisation current is, of course, in the opposite direction to the polarising current. Positive polarisation gives a current in the same direction as the polarising stream. It depends upon the “density” of the polarising current, and upon the time of flow, whether the deflection due to the polarisation is purely negative, purely positive, or of double sign. When it is of double sign, there is first a negative kick, which is followed by a more persistent positive deflection. As a matter of fact, there is every ground for believing, that in general the two polarisations exist side by side in the polarised nerve.
1. The Objective Cause of Sensation. Part III.—The Sense of Smell
Authors: Haycraft John Berry
Published: June 2016

The end-organs of the special senses are all built up on the same type. The history of their development from simple ectodermic cells suggests that similar agencies have been at work to produce them. Both sapid and odorous substances, and indeed all gaseous and liquid molecules, are now known to be in constant vibration, and this vibration is more or less characteristic of the substance examined.
4. On Transition Resistance at the Surface of Platinum Electrodes, and the Action of Condensed Gaseous Films
Authors: Peddie W.
Published: June 2016

The question of the existence of true transition resistance at the surface of certain electrodes in given liquids has been in debate for many years, but has never yet been conclusively settled. It is admitted universally that in certain cases such resistance does occur, as, e.g., when a non-conducting oxide is formed on the surface of the metal; but the point in dispute is whether or not it occurs when no direct chemical action takes place between the metal and the products of electrolysis, or between it and substances dissolved in the liquid.
6. The Nephridia of Lanice conchilega, Malmgren
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: June 2016

The excretory system in this species has never been adequately described; it presents an extremely interesting condition from a morphological point of view. There are four well-developed nephridia in somites 6–9, inclusive. Each of these commences by an internal aperture or nephrostome, and consists of a bent tube or loop, the inner side (the side nearer the median plane) of the loop being connected with the nephrostome, while the outer passes downwards and opens into a longitudinal tube common to all the four nephridia of a side. Four openings, corresponding to the four nephridia, place the longitudinal tube in communication with the exterior; these openings are close behind the upper ends of the 2nd to the 5th uncinigerous tori respectively; the 1st uncinigerous torus being in the 5th somite. The longitudinal tube is continued backwards on each side through somites 10–13, representing four more coalesced nephridia; but in this region there are neither internal nor external openings, nor any loops similar to those in the more interior region; the longitudinal tube is simple, almost cylindrical, showing slight indentations between the successive somites, which mark where the successive nephridia have coalesced. The outer side of the whole longitudinal tube is in contact with the ventral longitudinal muscles, while the upper and inner side is beneath the oblique muscles. The internal openings already mentioned are situated immediately behind the notopodial fascicles of setae of somites 5–8 inclusive. The longitudinal tube extends into the 5th somite, but I could not find there an external opening. Behind the 1st to the 4th somites are traces of incomplete septa, of which that behind the 4th is the most complete. Attached to the front of the latter septum is a nephrostome, but I could not trace any connection between this and the part of the tube in the 5th somite. There are two other well-marked nephrostomata attached to the septa behind somites 2 and 3, and these openings lead into tubes seen in somites 3 and 4. I could not find external openings in the two latter somites. There are thus eleven nephridia represented altogether,—three rudimentary, in somites 3, 4, 5; four perfect, in somites 6–9; and four imperfect, in somites 10–13; the eight posterior being all in communication, their distal parts having fused to form a longitudinal tube. This is the first case in which such a longitudinal coalescence of nephridia has been discovered, and its morphological similarity to the condition in Vertebrates is obvious.
2. On the Minute Oscillations of a Uniform Flexible Chain hung by one End; and on the Functions arising in the course of the Inquiry
Authors: Sang E.
Published: June 2016

Twenty-seven years ago the writer submitted to the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh a paper on the minute oscillations of flexible pendulums, in which some new general laws were expounded. He proposes now to consider one case of the phenomenon more in detail.
3. Note on the Biological Tests employed in determining the Purity of Water
Authors: Hare A. W.
Published: June 2016

There are two experimental paths by which the facts relating to organic impurity in water may be approached, the chemical and the biological; and there are two aspects in which these facts may be regarded, the catalytic and the fermentative. The series of observations made in following the one path is the necessary complement of that met with in the other. The path of chemical investigation has been well cleared, and is easily traversed; that of biological inquiry is still beset by many impediments, and is as yet by no means a safe one. It is the object of many recent researches, and of this paper, to lessen these difficulties. The pollution of water with organic substances is inevitably associated with the presence of those organisms whose function it is in the economy of nature to disintegrate such materials. These organisms in their turn are dependent upon organic matter for their continued existence; the Bacteriaceae to which they belong being distinguished from allied forms by an entire absence of chlorophyll, which obliges them to feed only on organic substances. The relation of these two factors of pollution, each to each, is therefore a necessary one; and due regard must in all cases be paid to each in determining the degree of pollution that their coexistence implies
7. The Chætopoda Sedentaria of the Firth of Fort
Authors: Cunningham J. T.
Published: June 2016

The Chairman intimated the foundation by Dr Gunning of the Victoria Jubilee Prize, and the conditions of award which have been approved by the Donor, and added that the Prize of One Hundred Guineas from this source had been this year awarded by the Council to Sir William Thomson, for a remarkable series of papers on Hydrokinetics, especially of Waves and Vortices, forming some of the most valuable that have been communicated to the Society.