bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the marginal fit and mechanical properties of a zirconia dental crown using CAM and 3DSP
Authors: Hsu Huang-Jan , Lee Shyh-Yuan , Jiang Cho-Pei , Lin Richard
Published: July 2019

Purpose

This study aims to compare the marginal fit, flexural strength and hardness for a ceramic premolar that is constructed using dental computer aided machining (CAM) and three-dimensional slurry printing (3DSP).

Design/methodology/approach

Dental CAM and 3DSP are used to fabricate a premolar model. To reduce the fabrication time for 3DSP, a new composition of solvent-free slurry is proposed. Before it is fabricated, the dimensions of the green body for the premolar model are enlarged to account for the shrinkage ratio. A two-stage sintering process ensures accurate final dimensions for the premolar model. The surface morphology of the green body and the sintered premolars that are produced using the two methods is then determined using scanning electronic microscopy. The sintered premolars are seated on a stone model to determine the marginal gap using an optical microscope. The hardness and the flexural strength are also measured for the purpose of comparison.

Findings

The developed solvent-free slurry for 3DSP can be used to produce a premolar green body without micro-cracks or delamination. The maximal marginal gap for the sintered premolar parts that are constructed using the green bodies from dental CAM is 98.9 µm and that from 3DSP is 72 µm. Both methods produce a highly dense zirconia premolar using the same sintering conditions. The hardness value for the dental CAM group is 1238.8 HV, which is slightly higher than that for the 3DSP group (1189.4 HV) because there is a difference in the pre-processing of the initial ceramic materials. However, the flexural strength for 3DSP is 716.76 MPa, which is less than the requirement for clinical use.

Originality/value

This study verifies that 3DSP can be used to fabricate a zirconia dental restoration device that is as good as the one that is produced using the dental CAM system and which has a marginal gap that is smaller than the threshold value. The resulting premolar restoration devices that are produced by sintering the green bodies that are produced using 3DSP and dental CAM under the same conditions have a similar hardness value, which is four times greater than that of enamel. The flexural strength of 3DSP does not meet the requirement for clinical use.
Rheological and printable behavior of resin – class materials for 3D printing applications
Authors: Shang Jianzhong , Li Xin , Wang Zhuo , Wang Rong , Zhu Hong
Published: July 2019

Purpose

This study aims to investigate rheological and extrusion behavior of thermosetting epoxy resins, which to find the universal property and printing parameters for extrusion-based rapid prototyping applications.

Design/methodology/approach

The thickener proportion greatly influences its viscosity and rheological behavior and therefore plays an important role in the shape of the cross-section of the extrudate.

Findings

A pseudoplastic (shear-thinning) is a basic requirement for obtaining extruded lines with plump cross-sections. In addition to the effects of the rheological behavior of the composite, shape maintenance and its wettability on the substrate, the cross-sectional geometry of the extrudate is also strongly affected by printing process parameters including the extrusion nozzle height, nozzle moving speed, extrusion rate and critical nozzle height. Proper combinations of these process parameters are necessary to obtain single-line extrudates with plump cross-sections and 3-D objects with dimensional accuracy, uniform wall thickness, good wall uprightness and no wall slumping. Formulas and procedures for determining these extrusion parameters are proposed and demonstrated in experiments.

Originality/value

The results obtained have been explained in terms of the interactions among the rheological properties of the composite, the shear rate imposed on the composite during extrusion, the wettability of the composite on the substrate and the shape maintenance of the composite during extrusion.
Envisioning a sustainable consumption future
Authors: Aitken Rob , Watkins Leah , Kemp Sophie
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to understand what a sustainable future would look like and the nature of the changes needed to achieve it. Continued reliance on economic growth to meet the demands of a growing population is unsustainable and comes at an unacceptable social and environmental cost. Given these increasing demands, radical changes to present practices of production and consumption are needed to enable a sustainable future.

Design/methodology/approach

To address this the projective technique of backcasting was used in a pilot study to explore student visions of a sustainable future. An integrative framework comprising housing, clothing, travel, leisure and food provided the structure for six focus group discussions.

Findings

Thematic analysis identified three key characteristics of a sustainable consumption future, namely, efficiency, sharing and community and three critical elements, namely, the role of government, education and technology, necessary for its achievement.

Research limitations/implications

Demonstrating the usefulness of backcasting will encourage its application in a wider range of consumption contexts with a broader range of participants. The vision of a sustainable future provides a blueprint that identifies its nature, and the basis upon which decisions to achieve it can be made.

Originality/value

The research introduces the technique of backcasting and demonstrates its usefulness when dealing with complex problems, where there is a need for radical change and when the status quo is not sustainable. Unexpectedly, results suggest a commitment to prosocial values, collaborative experience, collective action and the importance of community. Research and social implications demonstrating the usefulness of backcasting will encourage its application in a wider range of consumption contexts with a broader range of participants. The vision of a sustainable future provides a blueprint that identifies its nature, and the basis upon which decisions to achieve it can be made.
Do severe maternal morbidity and adequate prenatal care affect the delivery cost? A nationwide cohort study for 11 years with follow up
Authors: Nam JY , Cho E , Park EC
Published: July 2019

Objective

To explore whether severe maternal morbidity (SMM) and adequate prenatal care (PNC) affect delivery cost.

Design

Population‐based retrospective cohort study.

Setting

National Health Insurance Service National Sample Cohort in Korea.

Population

A total of 90 035 deliveries in 2003 and 2013.

Methods

Severe maternal morbidity was determined using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's algorithm. Delivery medical costs were calculated by estimating claimed total medical costs using year‐specific inflation adjustment factors. Adequate PNC was estimated by the Kessner Adequacy of Prenatal Care Index. To estimate adjusted mean delivery medical costs related to SMM, we applied a generalised estimating equation model with log link and γ distribution, by adjusting for all covariates.

Main outcome measures

Delivery cost was calculated by estimating claimed total medical cost during delivery hospitalisation using year‐specific inflation.

Results

Of the 90 035 deliveries, 2041 (2.27%) involved SMM. Women with SMM had a greater adjusted mean cost of delivery (US$ 1,263, 95% CI US$ 1,196–1,334) than those without (US$ 740, 95% CI US$ 729–750). Interestingly, women who had inadequate PNC had higher delivery medical costs than those with adequate PNC, adjusted for all covariates.

Conclusion

Delivery involving SMM was associated with nearly doubled medical costs. Additionally, inadequate PNC increased the medical costs of delivery. The current study confirmed the burden of SMM and found that adequate PNC might be a useful preventive factor in reducing medical costs.

Tweetable abstract

We found that women with severe maternal morbidity and inadequate prenatal care had increased medical costs during delivery hospitalisation.
JAK/STAT signaling in insect innate immunity
Authors: Bang In Seok
Published: July 2019

Lack of an adaptive strategy to combat infection creates opportunities for the innate immune system to guide invertebrate defense mechanisms. The innate immunity signaling cascades in invertebrates are elaborate, complex, and pathogen‐specific. Among invertebrates, the most extended repertoire of molecules that function in the regulatory signaling pathways has been observed in insects. This is highlighted by the fact that antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production against pathogens is orchestrated through diverse immune pathways, either independently or through cross‐talk mechanisms. The Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway coordinates immune responses from cytokines and regulates multiple homeostasis mechanisms in the host. That pathway has been implicated in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, and inflammatory reactions. Many novel therapeutic interventions for tumors have been aimed at inhibitors of the JAK/STAT cascade. The regulatory pathway has much fewer components inDrosophila, and human homologs of almost all the critical pathway components and negative regulators have been identified. Loss‐of‐function mutation analysis and RNA interference‐based gene silencing modeling have produced functional characterization of the core components and negative regulators inDrosophila melanogaster,Aedes aegypti, andAnopheles gambiae, and in some hymenopteran and lepidopteran species. The genome‐wide analysis of the coleopteran species,Tribolium castaneumandTenebrio molitorhave been explored for elucidation of their JAK/STAT pathway regulatory components. Considering the promise of the JAK/STAT pathway in the mammalian model, the regulatory pathway in insects seems interesting especially for understanding pathogen surveillance mechanisms.
Use of red blood cells in Danish intensive care units: A population‐based register study
Authors: Jonsson Andreas Bender , Rygård Sofie Louise , Anhøj Jacob , Johansson Pär Ingemar , Perner Anders , Møller Morten Hylander
Published: July 2019

Background

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is common in the intensive care unit (ICU). Recent trials have shown that a restrictive transfusion strategy is safe in most patients, and recent guidelines recommend such a strategy in most ICU patients. It is unknown if this has translated into a change in clinical practice.

Methods

We conducted a population‐based register study of RBC transfusions in ICUs in the Danish Capital Region between 1st of January 2011 and 31st of December 2016 by linking data from the regional blood bank and the Danish Intensive Care Database. We used crude data and run‐ and control‐charts to analyse changes in the number of RBC transfusions.

Results

We included 27 835 ICU admissions of which 6936 received 40 889 RBC units. The crude use was 36.2 RBC units per one‐hundred patient bed‐days in 2011 vs 29.8 in 2016. The run‐chart analysis did not confirm a change in the total use of RBC units in all ICUs combined, and we observed no change in the proportion of transfused patients or in the use of RBCs among transfused patients. Sensitivity analyses showed decreased use of RBC units in two general ICUs, and a reduced use of RBC units among medical ICU patients.

Conclusions

In this population‐based register study, we did not with certainty observe changes over time in the use of RBC transfusions in all patients in all ICUs in the Danish Capital Region. A reduction in RBC use may have occurred in some general ICUs and in medical ICU patients.
Internet‐delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for post‐traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lewis C. , Roberts N. P. , Simon N. , Bethell A. , Bisson J. I.
Published: July 2019

Objective

To determine whether Internet‐delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (i‐CBT) is an effective treatment for those who meet diagnostic criteria for post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Method

A systematic review was undertaken according to Cochrane Collaboration Guidelines. The primary outcome measures were reduction in PTSD symptoms and drop‐out. Categorical outcomes were meta‐analysed as risk ratios (RRs) and continuous outcomes as mean differences (MDs) or standardised mean differences (SMDs).

Results

Ten studies with 720 participants were included. Evidence showed that i‐CBT may be associated with a clinically important reduction in post‐treatment PTSD symptoms compared with wait list (SMD −0.60, 95% confidence interval −0.97 to −0.24; N = 560); however, only three studies reported follow‐up data, and there was no evidence to support the maintenance of symptom improvement at follow‐up of 3–6 months. There was no evidence of a difference in PTSD symptoms between i‐CBT and Internet‐delivered non‐CBT post‐treatment. There was evidence of greater treatment effect from trauma‐focused i‐CBT than i‐CBT without a trauma focus, as well as evidence that treatment effect was increased by the provision of guidance.

Conclusions

While the review found some beneficial effects of i‐CBT for PTSD post‐treatment, the quality of the evidence was very low because of the small number of included trials and there was insufficient evidence to support the maintenance of improvement at follow‐up of 3–6 months. Further work is required to establish non‐inferiority to current first‐line interventions; to determine long‐term efficacy; to explore mechanisms of effect; and to establish optimal levels of guidance.
Ideology Justifies Morality: Political Beliefs Predict Moral Foundations
Authors: Hatemi Peter K. , Crabtree Charles , Smith Kevin B.
Published: July 2019

Moral Foundations Theory (MFT) is employed as a causal explanation of ideology that posits political attitudes are products of moral intuitions. Prior theoretical models, however, suggest the opposite causal path, that is, that moral judgments are driven by political beliefs. In both instances, however, extant research has assumed rather than explicitly tested for causality. So do moral intuitions drive political beliefs or do political beliefs drive moral intuitions? We empirically address this question using data from two panel studies and one nationally representative study, and find consistent evidence supporting the hypothesis that ideology predicts moral intuitions. The findings have significant implications for MFT as a theory of ideology, and also about the consequences of political beliefs for shaping how individuals rationalize what is right and what is wrong.
The association of metabolic syndrome and QRS|T angle in US adults (NHANES III)
Authors: Delhey Leanna , Jin Jing , Thapa Susan , Delongchamp Robert , Faramawi Mohammed F.
Published: July 2019

Background

Spatial QRS|T angle is a predictor of cardiovascular events. Those with metabolic syndrome have an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This study investigated the association between metabolic syndrome and spatial QRS|T angle.

Methods

We obtained data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey III on 6,249 adults. We calculated spatial QRS|T angle from the standard 12‐lead electrocardiogram and classified it as abnormal, borderline, or normal. We identified metabolic syndrome if at least three of the following were present: abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated triglycerides, decreased high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), and impaired fasting glucose. We used weighted logistic regression to estimate the effect of metabolic syndrome and its components on QRS|T angle while stratifying by gender and adjusting for age, race, smoking status, heart rate, PR, QT, and QRS interval, and QRS amplitude.

Results

Among men and women, metabolic syndrome, the number of components present, elevated blood pressure, and impaired fasting glucose were positively associated with QRS|T angle. Among women, decreased HDL and abdominal obesity were also positively associated with QRS|T angle.

Conclusions

This study suggests that persons with metabolic syndrome may be at increased risk for ventricular arrhythmias. The use of spatial QRS|T angle to assess this cardiovascular risk is warranted.
Letter: mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitors as adjuvant therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing liver transplantation
Authors: Rodríguez‐Perálvarez Manuel , Amado Victor , de la Mata Manuel
Published: July 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Grigg et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15253.
Letter: clinical outcomes after long‐term entecavir or tenofovir treatment in patients with hepatitis D and advanced fibrosis
Authors: Huang Rui , Wang Jian , Wu Weihua , Yan Xiaomin , Wu Chao
Published: July 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Brancaccio et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15188.
Letter: pre‐operative anti‐TNF therapy in Crohn’s disease is not associated with increased complications following elective surgery. Authors' reply
Authors: Lin Yang‐Sheng , Chen Ming‐Jen , Lin Wei‐Chen , Wang Yuan‐Hung , Chen Chiehfeng
Published: July 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Lin et al and Istl papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15184 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15374.
Letter: immune checkpoint inhibitor‐induced colitis—shouldn't we be checking more often?
Authors: Samaan Mark A. , Powell Nick , Irving Peter M.
Published: July 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Wright et al paper. To view this article, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15263.
Letter: when to withhold anti‐TNF agents prior to abdominal surgery in patients with Crohn’s disease—the jury might still be out. Authors’ reply
Authors: Lin Yang‐Sheng , Lin Wei‐Chen , Chen Ming‐Jen , Wang Yuan‐Hung , Chen Chiehfeng
Published: July 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Lin et al and Gates papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15184 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15384.
Reply letter to “Editorial: bodybuilders beware”
Authors: Robles‐Diaz Mercedes , Medina‐Cáliz Inmaculada , Andrade Raúl J. , Lucena M. Isabel
Published: July 2019

Linked Content

This article is linked to Robles‐Diaz et al and Feldman and Jacobson papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15211 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.15270.
Real‐life study of safety of thiopurine‐allopurinol combination therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: myelotoxicity and hepatotoxicity rarely affect maintenance treatment
Authors: Kreijne Joany E. , de Veer Rozanne C. , de Boer Nanne K. , Dijkstra Gerard , West Rachel , Moorsel Sofia A. W. , de Jong Dirk J. , van der Woude C. Janneke , de Vries Annemarie C. ,   of the Dutch Initiative on Crohn, Colitis (ICC)
Published: July 2019

Background

Low‐dose thiopurine‐allopurinol (LDTA) combination therapy is a commonly applied optimisation strategy in IBD patients with a skewed thiopurine metabolism.

Aim

To assess continued LDTA maintenance treatment at annual intervals and explore risk factors for treatment cessation

Methods

Adult IBD patients treated with LDTA between 2009 and 2016 were retrospectively included. Data on the incidence of clinical and laboratory adverse events (AEs), including hepatotoxicity and myelotoxicity resulting in imposing LDTA therapy cessation and associated risk factors were collected.

Results

In total, 221 IBD patients (46% male, median age 42 years) were included. Maintenance LDTA treatment was continued in 78% of patients at 1 year (n = 145), 66% at 2 years (n = 83), 57% at 3 years (n = 52) and 52% at 4 years (n = 33). Treatment in patients receiving LDTA therapy for AEs during thiopurine monotherapy was more often continued than in patients initiating LDTA for other indications (eg, ineffectiveness of thiopurine monotherapy, routinely discovered skewed metabolism) (P = 0.016). Myelotoxicity during thiopurine monotherapy resolved in 87% and hepatotoxicity in 86% after median of 1.2 and 1.4 months after LDTA initiation. Cumulative incidence of AEs during LDTA resulting in therapy cessation within total follow‐up of 449 treatment‐years was 7% for clinical AEs, 4% for myelotoxicity and 1% for hepatotoxicity.

Conclusion

LDTA therapy is a safe and beneficial optimisation strategy in IBD patients. Continued maintenance LDTA treatment is 52% after 4 years of treatment and most commonly affected by ineffectiveness of LDTA rather than LDTA‐attributed toxicity. LDTA optimisation strategy is most advantageous in patients failing thiopurine monotherapy due to AEs.
In the wake: Interpreting care and global health through Black geographies
Authors: Hirsch Lioba A.
Published: July 2019

Building on Black geographies and Black studies, this paper offers critical theoretical reflections on global health interventions in postcolonial societies. Drawing on the work of Christina Sharpe, Katherine McKittrick, and Frantz Fanon I suggest that an epistemic approach rooted in Black studies can offer a novel approach to the study of global health interventions, one that centres Black life, which has long been the subject of colonial violence in medical emergencies. I argue that, given the past history of colonialism and medicine, such an approach is warranted if we seek to decolonise the study and practice of global health interventions. By offering what I call “geographies of the wake,” I focus on care's spatial and political entanglements with violence. I make mention of the initial refusal by Sierra Leoneans to seek care in Ebola Treatment Centres and Holding Units and illustrate the spatial aftermath of colonialism and slavery by offering a brief history of one site long associated with care. I ask that this be read as an analytical opening to, not a comprehensive explanation of, Black geographies, global health and medical care.
Sesamoids in tetrapods: the origin of new skeletal morphologies
Authors: Abdala Virginia , Vera Miriam C. , Amador Lucila I. , Fontanarrosa Gabriela , Fratani Jessica , Ponssa María L.
Published: July 2019

Along with supernumerary bones, sesamoids, defined as any organized intratendinous/intraligamentous structure, including those composed of fibrocartilage, adjacent to an articulation or joint, have been frequently considered as enigmatic structures associated with the joints of the skeletal system of vertebrates. This review allows us to propose a dynamic model to account for part of skeletal phenotypic diversity: during evolution, sesamoids can become displaced, attaching to and detaching from the long bone epiphyses and diaphysis. Epiphyses, apophyses and detached sesamoids are able to transform into each other, contributing to the phenotypic variability of the tetrapod skeleton. This dynamic model is a new paradigm to delineate the contribution of sesamoids to skeletal diversity. Herein, we first present a historical approach to the study of sesamoids, discussing the geneticversusepigenetic theories of their genesis and growth. Second, we construct a dynamic model. Third, we present a summary of literature on sesamoids of the main groups of tetrapods, including veterinary and human clinical contributions, which are the best‐studied aspects of sesamoids in recent decades. Finally, we discuss the identity of certain structures that have been labelled as sesamoids despite insufficient formal testing of homology. We also propose a new definition to help the identification of sesamoids in general. This review is particularly timely, given the recent increasing interest and research activity into the developmental biology and mechanics of sesamoids. With this updated and integrative discussion, we hope to pave the way to improve the understanding of sesamoid biology and evolution.
Occurrence of blood‐feeding terrestrial leeches (Haemadipsidae) in a degraded forest ecosystem and their potential as ecological indicators
Authors: Drinkwater Rosie , Williamson Joseph , Swinfield Tom , Deere Nicolas J. , Struebig Matthew J. , Clare Elizabeth L. , Coomes David , Rossiter Stephen J.
Published: July 2019

Blood‐feeding invertebrates are emerging model taxa in biodiversity assessments, both as indicators of mammal abundance and also as sources of mammal DNA for identification. Among these, terrestrial leeches arguably offer the greatest promise; they are abundant and widespread in the humid tropics, and their blood meals can be easily assayed to establish diet. Unfortunately, terrestrial leeches are understudied, with little known about their ecology and behavior. Such information is needed to evaluate their utility as ecological indicators and to account for potential sampling biases that might arise from habitat preferences. By combining occupancy modeling and thermal tolerance assays, we determined the factors affecting species occurrence in the related terrestrial brown (Haemadipsa sumatrana) and tiger leech (Haemadipsa picta), both of which are widespread in tropical forests in Southeast Asia. We sampled both species across a degraded forest landscape in Sabah, Borneo, in wet and dry seasons, associating occurrence with habitat‐level metrics. We found that, for both species, detection probability increased with canopy height regardless of season. Additionally, increased vegetation heterogeneity had a strong negative influence on brown leech occurrence in the dry season, implying an interaction between vegetation structure and climate. However, we found no difference in physiological thermal tolerance (CTMAX) between the two species. Finally, using a reduced dataset, we found a small improvement in brown leech model fit when including mammal abundance. Our results suggest that the presence of terrestrial leeches may act as useful ecological indicators of habitat quality and potentially mammalian abundance.

Abstract in Indonesia is available with online material.
On hope, loss, anger, and the spaces in between: Reflections on living with/in adoption and the role of the social worker
Authors: Gupta Anna , Featherstone Brid
Published: July 2019

This article explores the findings of a study on the role of the social worker in adoption with a focus on ethics, concentrating on the perspectives of adopted people, birth parents, and adoptive parents. Their reflections challenge policy attempts that are framed around “new beginnings” for children. The focus on hope in such policy projects fails to understand that hope inevitably coexists with anger and loss. The concept of ethical trespass, with its recognition of the inevitability of harm, is explored in terms of its possibilities for recognizing the lived realities for multiple stakeholders. The mitigation of ethical trespass requires social work practices that are characterized by humility, honesty, and reflexivity.
Tessellated Shading Streaming
Authors: Hladky J. , Seidel H. P. , Steinberger M.
Published: July 2019

Presenting high‐fidelity 3D content on compact portable devices with low computational power is challenging. Smartphones, tablets and head‐mounted displays (HMDs) suffer from thermal and battery‐life constraints and thus cannot match the render quality of desktop PCs and laptops. Streaming rendering enables to show high‐quality content but can suffer from potentially high latency. We propose an approach to efficiently capture shading samples in object space and packing them into a texture. Streaming this texture to the client, we support temporal frame up‐sampling with high fidelity, low latency and high mobility. We introduce two novel sample distribution strategies and a novel triangle representation in the shading atlas space. Since such a system requires dynamic parallelism, we propose an implementation exploiting the power of hardware‐accelerated tessellation stages. Our approach allows fast de‐coding and rendering of extrapolated views on a client device by using hardware‐accelerated interpolation between shading samples and a set of potentially visible geometry. A comparison to existing shading methods shows that our sample distributions allow better client shading quality than previous atlas streaming approaches and outperforms image‐based methods in all relevant aspects.
How do board ties affect the adoption of new practices? The effects of managerial interest and hierarchical power
Authors: Yoshikawa Toru , Shim Jung Wook , Kim Chang Hyun , Tuschke Anja
Published: July 2019

Research Question/Issues

Most extant literature implicitly equates obtaining information through board interlocks to acting on the information. We investigate triggers that help to translate the information into action. In addition to exposure to the information by board interlocks, we suggest that the self‐interest of the individuals who create these ties and hierarchical power of interlinked firms determines the likelihood of taking actions of adopting new practices.

Research Findings/Insights

Using the action of adopting two distinctive governance practices, stock option pays or board reform, we find that sent ties and received ties affect the adoption decisions differently. Whereas sent ties reflect managerial interests, received ties derive power from a hierarchical relationship between the focal firm and the interlinked firm. Such differential nature of sent and received ties drives a differential result in terms of adopting two distinctive governance practices. We also find support for different moderating effects of firm performance on the impact of sent and received ties.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

In this study, we incorporated the self‐interest of executives with sent ties to prior adopters and the power of directors who establish ties with prior adopters that are hierarchically positioned. By doing so, this study paints a more fine‐grained picture regarding underlying mechanisms by which information gained through ties is translated into action. This provides important insights for both agency theory and resource‐dependency theory.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

Hierarchical board ties are not a unique phenomenon in Japan. We often find such ties in business groups in China, India, Korea, and some European countries. Establishing board interlocks among subsidiaries in a business group is an important governance resolution for controlling the whole business group. Hence, our findings that the ties carry not only information but also agent's interest and hierarchical power should be taken into account when a business group designs board interlocks.
Traumatic dental injuries among New Zealanders: Findings from a national oral health survey
Authors: Scott Nina , Thomson William M. , Cathro Peter R.
Published: July 2019

Background/Aim

Little is known about adult dental trauma experience at the population level. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and associations of dental injuries in New Zealand (NZ) adults.

Materials and Method

Information about dental and orofacial trauma in a representative sample of NZ adults (aged 18‐94) was collected in a national oral health survey. As well as self‐reported information, the maxillary six anterior teeth were examined for signs of dental trauma. Survey weights were used.

Results

Of the 40.9% (95% CI: 37.6, 44.2) who reported previous orofacial trauma, 69.1% (95% CI: 64.3, 73.5), or just over one‐quarter of the sample, reported that this included a dental injury. More males than females had experienced orofacial trauma (51.3% [95% CI: 45.8, 56.8] and 31.4% [95% CI: 27.9, 35.1], respectively). The most common injury was a “chipped or broken tooth” (66.6%, 95% CI: 60.6, 72.1). Almost three‐quarters had sought treatment. Clinical examination revealed an overall trauma prevalence of 23.4% (95% CI: 21.0, 26.0) with more males than females affected. Some 14.9% (95% CI: 12.8, 17.2) had one injured tooth, while 6.5% (95% CI: 5.2, 8.1) had two injured teeth. The maxillary central incisors were the most frequently affected. Most participants with clinical signs of trauma had only one of the six maxillary teeth affected. The most common clinical dental trauma observation was evidence of “treatment” or an “untreated enamel fracture”, and these were more common among males and those aged 35‐44 years.

Conclusion

Traumatic dental injuries constitute an important public health issue. More emphasis on preventing them in the NZ adult population is warranted, and public awareness of State‐funded cover for dental injuries may need to be bolstered to enable equitable access for injury care. Overall, a greater emphasis on prevention and the importance of initial care for dental injuries could reduce the individual and societal burden.
Designing and implementing teacher policies using competence frameworks as an integrative policy tool
Authors: Halász Gábor
Published: July 2019

Competence frameworks are important tools to regulate professions and professional activities in modern societies. They can be used to ensure and improve the quality of professional work, to communicate the needs of society and clients to professionals, to orientate professional development and to support ethical professional behaviour. This powerful tool is often used by teacher policies aimed at improving the quality of teacher work. The use of competence frameworks as a quality improvement tool has been strongly encouraged by qualification frameworks based on competence descriptions. This article is a concise and revised version of one of the chapters of a study published by the European Commission proposing the use of competence frameworks as an integrative policy tool to “boost teacher quality”. It suggests that competence frameworks can be used as the core component of an integrated policy mix supporting the improvement of teacher quality in education systems. It is suggested that this “transversal” policy tool is used to ensure the coherence of various policy measures.
Teaching standards and the promotion of quality teaching
Authors: Ingvarson Lawrence
Published: July 2019

Several countries have been developing teaching standards for the purpose of providing recognition and more attractive career pathways to teachers who attain these standards. These initiatives aim to lift the status of teaching as a profession and to provide stronger incentives for professional learning. This article describes the work of a project at the Australian Council for Educational Research, the ACER Portfolio Project, designed to develop methods whereby teachers can demonstrate how their practice meets the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers (www.aitsl.edu.au/teach/standards) at the ‘Highly Accomplished’ level and test them in schools for their validity and feasibility. The article describes how the Project developed an assessment framework that provided a representative sample of evidence about a teacher's practice covering the Standards, trialed portfolio tasks in schools with volunteer teachers and tested whether it was possible to train other teachers to assess their portfolio entries reliably and set standards for highly‐accomplished teaching.
A highly resolved food web for insect seed predators in a species‐rich tropical forest
Authors: Gripenberg Sofia , Basset Yves , Lewis Owen T. , Terry J. Christopher D. , Wright S. Joseph , Simón Indira , Fernández D. Catalina , Cedeño‐Sanchez Marjorie , Rivera Marleny , Barrios Héctor , Brown John W. , Calderón Osvaldo , Cognato Anthony I. , Kim Jorma , Miller Scott E. , Morse Geoffrey E. , Pinzón‐Navarro Sara , Quicke Donald L. J. , Robbins Robert K. , Salminen Juha‐Pekka , Vesterinen Eero
Published: July 2019

The top‐down and indirect effects of insects on plant communities depend on patterns of host use, which are often poorly documented, particularly in species‐rich tropical forests. At Barro Colorado Island, Panama, we compiled the first food web quantifying trophic interactions between the majority of co‐occurring woody plant species and their internally feeding insect seed predators. Our study is based on more than 200 000 fruits representing 478 plant species, associated with 369 insect species. Insect host‐specificity was remarkably high: only 20% of seed predator species were associated with more than one plant species, while each tree species experienced seed predation from a median of two insect species. Phylogeny, but not plant traits, explained patterns of seed predator attack. These data suggest that seed predators are unlikely to mediate indirect interactions such as apparent competition between plant species, but are consistent with their proposed contribution to maintaining plant diversity via the Janzen–Connell mechanism.
Interspecific interference competition between two field cricket species
Authors: Tajima Shingo , Yamamoto Kyohei , Kuriwada Takashi
Published: July 2019

Species interactions, such as interspecific competition, determine population dynamics and community structure. In a park of Amami Oshima Island, Japan, two field cricket species Teleogryllus occipitalis (Audinet‐Serville) (Gryllidae) and Loxoblemmus equestris Saussure (Gryllidae) are dominant species. We examined the interference competition at the nymph and adult stages in the two crickets under controlled laboratory conditions. Survival and emergence rates of T. occipitalis were not affected by the density of L. equestris, whereas survival and emergence rates of L. equestris decreased as the density of T. occipitalis increased. These results showed that T. occipitalis was competitively superior over L. equestris in species interactions. We discuss inconsistency between the results and coexistence of these two species under field conditions.
Religious Leaders and the Environmental Crisis
Authors: Torabi Maryamossadat , Noori Seyed Masoud
Published: July 2019

Despite the presence of forward‐looking religious leaders at higher levels, there is little recognition and understanding among local‐level leaders about climate change and the irreversible impacts of global warming. This article illustrates this lack of insight among religious leaders and provides suggestions to increase their awareness of the environmental crisis and its solutions. It uses as examples Islamic teachings that Muslim muftis can use to protect the environment, and emphasizes religious leaders’ influence, roles, and responsibility in establishing justice for the earth, for the next generations, and for all creation. Although most of the facts and examples in this article are from a Middle East and North Africa Region and Islamic perspective, its arguments can be applied generally.
Our Journey Ahead
Authors: Junge Martin
Published: July 2019

This text is an edited version of a keynote address given in Paris on 12 March 2019 to a colloquium on “Justice and Justification” organized by the Institute for Advanced Studies in Ecumenism (ISEO, according to its acronym in French) to mark the 20th anniversary of the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification (JDDJ) between Catholics and Lutherans in 1999. The article explores the origins and the reception of the JDDJ, as well as the opportunities it offers for Christians of all denominations today. It goes on to remember the Joint Commemoration of the Reformation by Lutherans and Catholics in 2016 in Lund and Malmö, Sweden, and how this was influenced by the insights gained from the Lutheran–Mennonite dialogue. The address notes how since the signing of the Joint Declaration in 1999, three other Christian World Communions have joined the declaration and highlights various upcoming anniversaries, including the 500th anniversaries of the Diet of Worms in 2021, and of the Augsburg Confession in 2030.
Women’s Ministry in Ecumenical Perspective
Authors: Parmentier Elisabeth
Published: July 2019

Although discussion about the ministry of women seems to have come to a standstill as a result of arguments that don’t seem to change, the actual practices of the churches have evolved beyond doctrinal positions. In the Roman Catholic Church, many women have been appointed to positions in pastoral care and education, and even to decision‐making bodies. In the Orthodox Church, prerogatives previously reserved for nuns are beginning to be applied to lay women. But if we can entrust women with pastoral responsibilities, why is it not possible to move to include them in priestly ministry? To answer this question, we need to analyze the implicit levels of refusing the priesthood to women.
Analysis of the environmental efficiency in China based on the DEA cross‐efficiency approach under different policy objectives
Authors: Chen Lei , Wu Fei‐Mei , Wang Ying‐Ming , Li Mei‐Juan
Published: July 2019

The existing studies on environmental efficiency evaluation generally have the problem of efficiency overestimation. To solve this problem, a new data envelopment analysis (DEA) cross‐efficiency approach with undesirable outputs is developed to evaluate environmental efficiency from the perspectives of both self‐evaluation and peer evaluation. Then, three new evaluation strategies, namely, economic development strategy, environmental protection strategy, and win–win strategy, are proposed to reflect the needs of decision makers under different policy objectives. The proposed cross‐efficiency approach with different evaluation strategies not only realizes the cross evaluation of environmental efficiency, but also guarantees the relative uniqueness of the optimal solution on the basis of the preferences of decision makers. Combining the metafrontier DEA approach and DEA window analysis, a new cross‐efficiency analytical framework is constructed to gradually analyse the influences of policy objectives, technology heterogeneity, and dynamic correlation on the environmental efficiency. Subsequently, the environmental efficiency of China's economic development during 2006–2015 is in‐depth analysed on the basis of the proposed analytical framework, and some interesting conclusions, and some useful suggestions are obtained.
The Foundations of Family Life Education Model: Understanding the Field
Authors: Darling Carol A. , Cassidy Dawn , Rehm Marsha
Published: July 2019

Implementation of family life education (FLE) can positively influence individual and family well‐being by helping families to help themselves. However, because the nature of FLE is not widely understood, a comprehensive model highlighting and integrating fundamentals of the practice is needed. The foundations of family life education model (FFLE) is a visual illustration that incorporates foundational principles of FLE with changes in culture, context, content, practice, and family well‐being across time. In addition to the visual representation of core concepts defining FLE and their relationship with each other, the model provides a unique conceptualization by reframing the frequently referenced 10 content areas as concepts within the content, context, and practice of the field. The creation of a graphic identity for the practice of FLE can offer greater clarity and understanding regarding the nature of FLE, thereby increasing opportunities for implementation and best practices.
Groundwater Monitoring Using GRACE and GLDAS Data after Downscaling Within Basaltic Aquifer System
Authors: Verma Kaushlendra , Katpatal Yashwant B.
Published: July 2019

Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite mission is ground‐breaking information hotspot for the evaluation of groundwater storage. The present study aims at validating the sensitivity of GRACE data to groundwater storage variation within a basaltic aquifer system after its statistical downscaling on a regional scale. The basaltic aquifer system which covers 82.06% area of Maharashtra state in India, is selected as the study area. Five types of basaltic aquifer systems with varying groundwater storage capacities, based on hydrologic characteristics, have been identified within the study area. The spatial and seasonal trend analysis of observed in situ groundwater storage anomalies (ΔGWSano) computed from groundwater level data of 983 wells from the year 2002 to 2016, has been performed to analyze the variation in groundwater storages in the different basaltic aquifer system. The groundwater storage anomalies (ΔGWSDano) have been derived from GRACE Release 05 (RL05) after removing the soil moisture anomaly (ΔSMano) and canopy water storage anomaly (ΔCNOano) obtained from Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) land surface models (NOAH, MOSAIC, CLM and VIC). The artificial neural network technique has been used to downscale the GRACE and GLDAS data at a finer spatial resolution of 0.125°. The study shows that downscaled GRACE and GLDAS data at a finer spatial resolution is sensitive to seasonal groundwater storage variability in different basaltic aquifer systems and the regression coefficient R has been found satisfactory in the range of 0.696 to 0.818.
Development and evaluation of appropriate, culturally adapted educational tools for Ivoirian patients with haemophilia, haemophilia carriers and their families
Authors: Lambert Catherine , Meité N’Dogomo , Sanogo Ibrahima , Lobet Sébastien , Hermans Cedric
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Patient education is the cornerstone of the management of chronic diseases like haemophilia. The education of patients with haemophilia (PWH), haemophilia carriers and their families requires educational materials adapted to their socio‐cultural situations for maximum effectiveness. These tools are currently lacking in developing countries like Côte d'Ivoire.

Aims

We sought to develop educational materials adapted to the Ivoirian context, assess their short‐ and long‐term impacts on knowledge about haemophilia and evaluate the participants’ motivation and their satisfaction with the tools.

Methods

Following their elaboration, the materials were administered to 71 participants (37 PWH, 29 carriers and 5 fathers), whose level of knowledge was assessed before (T0), just after (T1), and 1 year following the intervention (T2). We evaluated, analysed and compared the scores at T0, T1 and T2 and evaluated motivation at T0 and satisfaction at T1.

Results

All participants significantly improved their skills at T1 (P < 0.001), maintaining a sustained and significant improvement at T2 in comparison with T0 (P < 0.001). In all participants, we observed a high degree of motivation towards improving their knowledge and a high degree of satisfaction with the materials.

Conclusions

Appropriate, culturally adapted educational tools focused on haemophilia are now available in Côte d’Ivoire. These materials will likely contribute to improving haemophilia awareness, to implementing screening, prevention and self‐management of the disease and to positively impacting the outcomes of Ivoirian PWH in the long term.