bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Biomechanical Comparison of the Yurchenko Vault and Two Associated Teaching Drills
Authors: Elliott Bruce , Mitchell Joanne
Published: August 2016

Two-dimensional high-speed photography was used to compare the performances of six elite gymnasts on a Yurchenko vault and two associated teaching drills. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to test the significance of the differences between those variables common to both drills and the vault, while a one-way analysis of variance was used to test for differences between biomechanical variables common to only one drill and the vault. Results indicated that in general the variables common to each drill and the vault were similar in magnitude. However, a number of kinematic characteristics recorded in the drills differed from those recorded for the vault both in this study and from data reported in the literature for international level performers. These included horizontal velocity at takeoff from beat board; knee joint, lower trunk, midtrunk, and head/neck segments at takeoff from beat board; knee joint angle and vertical velocity of CG at impact with horse; vertical velocity, trunk angles, and ankle joint angle at takeoff from horse; horizontal displacement of CG while hands were in contact with horse; and the time the hands were in contact with horse. Variables identified as being important for success in the vault were also reported.
Speed Skating the Curves: A Study of Muscle Coordination and Power Production
Authors: de Koning Jos J. , de Groot Gert , Schenau Gerrit Jan van Ingen
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to describe the intermuscular coordination and power production for the constrained asymmetrical movement during skating the curves. Seven elite male speed skaters took part in the experiments. The speed skaters were simultaneously filmed from frontal and sagittal views. EMGs were obtained telemetrically and push-off force was registered with special skates. Inverse dynamic analysis yielded power production data, which differed for left and right leg. Marked differences were also found in intermuscular coordination of each leg. The activation patterns of the muscles were influenced by the asymmetrical nature and the typical body position during the speed skating movement. External power output was determined by three methods. The mean joint power output for left and right leg showed similar values as the external power output calculated from air and ice friction. These values were lower than the values predicted with a geometrical model for skating the curves.
Periscope Systems for Recording the Underwater Motions of a Swimmer
Authors: Hay James G. , Gerot John T.
Published: August 2016

This technical note describes a number of half-periscope devices designed to permit distortion-free records of the underwater motions of a swimmer to be obtained conveniently, at low cost, and without risking damage to the recording equipment. The basic design consists of a camera and camera support system, a mirror and mirror support system, and a wave deflector. Several variations of this half-periscope design and setup are described. The main advantages of the use of such periscope systems are their light construction and the consequent ease with which they can be transported and set up, their versatility with respect to the positions at which they can be placed around a pool, and the flexibility provided by variations in design and setup.
Comparison of Film and Video Techniques for Estimating Three-Dimensional Coordinates within a Large Field
Authors: Angulo Rosa M. , Dapena Jesús
Published: August 2016

This study compared the errors produced with 3-D video and film analysis techniques using the DLT method with fixed cameras when the images cover a wide field of view. The results indicated that with a large field of view (8 meters) the accuracy of video analysis is clearly inferior to that of film analysis. However, within the volume of the control object, both film and video analyses are still precise enough for most practical purposes. Errors were larger in landmarks outside the control object than in the points of the control object. The maximum errors in the calculated positions of external landmarks were particularly large in the video analysis. However, even these rather large errors for points markedly outside the control object may be acceptable. It will depend on the requirements of each particular investigation.
A Dual Piezoelectric Bicycle Pedal with Multiple Shoe/Pedal Interface Compatibility
Authors: Wheeler Jeffrey B. , Gregor Robert J. , Broker Jeffrey P.
Published: August 2016

In response to the popularity of clipless bicycle pedals with float designs, an instrumented force pedal system with multicompatibility for different shoe/pedal interfaces is presented. A dual piezoelectric element pedal has been modified for use with popular clipless pedal interfaces. The dual transducer arrangement permits measurement of three components of uniaxial load, location of the applied load, and calculation of the moment Mz about an axis through the position of the applied load and orthogonal to the pedal surface. Quantification of lower extremity kinetics using float feature pedals and the investigation of the pathomechanics of lower extremity cycling overuse injuries, especially knee injuries, is warranted. Qualitative descriptions of lower extremity pathomechanics related to overuse injuries have suggested that foot constraint may induce undesirable knee kinematics and kinetics. The instrumented force pedal system described here permits a comparison between pedal kinematics and kinetics of popular shoe/pedal interfaces with varying degrees of float allowance.
Archery Bow Grip Force Distribution: Relationships with Performance and Fatigue
Authors: Martin Philip E. , Heise Gary D.
Published: August 2016

Archery instructors believe that force distribution (FD) between the hand and bow grip can have a considerable effect on arrow flight, but there is no empirical support for this speculation. This study examined FD on the bow grip in experienced archers and explored the possible relationships between FD, performance, and fatigue. FD was quantified for 15 experienced archers (8 highly skilled [HS] and 7 less skilled [LS]) using 15 unobtrusive force sensors as each archer completed 72 shots. Arrow position relative to the target center, estimated net moments and moment arms about vertical and horizontal axes through the grip, and shot-to-shot variability in the estimated moments and moment arms were computed for three blocks of six shots. Results demonstrated that (a) estimated moments and moment arms were not consistently related to observed vertical or horizontal deviations in arrow position, (b) there were no systematic differences in FD between HS and LS archers, (c) fatigue had no quantifiable effect on FD, and (d) HS archers displayed less shot-to-shot variability in vertical FD than LS archers, but similar variability horizontally. Results did not support the above-noted common belief of archery instructors.
Mediated (Re)Presentations of Golf and National Identity in the United States: Some Observations on the Ryder Cup
Authors: Harris John , Lyberger Mark
Published: August 2016

The Ryder Cup is undoubtedly the biggest and most prestigious team competition in golf but has received little attention from scholars with an interest in sport communication. This commentary examines print- and electronic-media accounts of the 2006 event and looks at how the Ryder Cup is used to (re)present images of the U.S. nation. The analysis highlights how the defeat was positioned within a broader narrative of a supposed “crisis” in U.S. sport and was also linked to a discourse of larger cultural decline.
Effectiveness of In-Game Advertisements in Sport Video Games: An Experimental Inquiry on Current Gamers
Authors: Cianfrone Beth A. , Trail Galen T. , Zhang James J. , Lutz Richard J.
Published: August 2016

Sport video games (SVGs) are a popular form of sport media and sponsorship, and advertising in SVGs is increasingly common. This study assessed the effectiveness of SVG in-game advertisements in 3 consumption domains: cognitive, affective, and conative. An experimental study was designed with 89 gamers randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions: (a) experimental, playing an SVG with advertisements, or (b) control, playing an SVG without advertisements. Consumption background and identification level were incorporated as covariates to ensure group equivalence. Participants responded to a questionnaire measuring brand awareness, brand attitude, and purchase intentions. MANCOVA revealed that after controlling for the effect of covariate variables, the experimental group had a significantly (p < .05) greater mean brand-awareness score than the control group. Mean brand-attitude and purchase-intention scores were not significantly (p > .05) different between groups. The findings indicated that SVG in-game advertising was effective in creating awareness.
C.B.C. Distribution and Marketing, Inc., v. Major League Baseball Advanced Media, L.P., 505 F.3d 818 (8th Cir. 2007)
Authors: Kaburakis Anastasios
Published: August 2016

CBC Distribution and Marketing, Inc. (CBC), operator of CDMsports.com (CDM), offering fantasy-sports products and services, brought this action against Major League Baseball Advanced Media, L.P. (MLBAM), to establish its right to use without license the names and, inherently crucial for fantasy-sports operators, statistical records of Major League Baseball (MLB) players. MLBAM, the interactive media and Internet company of MLB, counterclaimed that CBC’s fantasy-baseball products violated MLB players’ rights of publicity, which were licensed through the MLB Players’ Association (MLBPA) to MLBAM. The MLBPA intervened in the suit, joining in MLBAM’s claims and further asserting a breach-of-contract claim against CBC. The district court granted summary judgment to CBC—see C.B.C. Distribution and Marketing, Inc. v. Major League Baseball Advanced Media, L.P., 443 F. Supp. 2d 1077 (E.D. Mo. 2006)—and MLBAM and the MLBPA appealed.
“How Do You Prove a Negative?” Roger Clemens’s Image-Repair Strategies in Response to the Mitchell Report
Authors: Sanderson Jimmy
Published: August 2016

This case study examines star Major League Baseball pitcher Roger Clemens’s image-repair strategies during a press conference he held to respond to allegations that he had used steroids and human-growth hormones earlier in his playing career. When professional athletes are confronted with allegations of cheating or illegitimately enhancing their athletic performance, they are faced with a crisis situation, and selecting and performing the appropriate response is paramount in repairing their image and mitigating personal harm (e.g., loss of endorsements). In many cases, however, professional athletes rely on attorneys, agents, or other individuals who might underestimate the relevance of appropriately communicating image repair, thereby resulting in the athlete’s image being further damaged. Although Clemens employed various image-repair strategies during his press conference, his failure to enact these strategies appropriately further harmed his reputation and ultimately raised more questions than he answered.
Pete Rozelle: Developing and Communicating the Sports Brand
Authors: Fortunato John A.
Published: August 2016

In being named by Sporting News magazine as the most powerful person in sports for the 20th century, former NFL commissioner Pete Rozelle is largely given credit as the visionary who developed the economic model for professional sports leagues. It was Rozelle’s idea to sell the league’s television broadcast rights as a collective entity to the highest bidding network, then have all teams share that revenue equally to help ensure competitive balance. In addition to developing an economic model that improved the brand quality of the NFL, Rozelle should be recognized as a pioneer in applying branding principles to the sports industry. This article demonstrates that Rozelle was instrumental in defining the current sports brand as more than games, but including many strategic communication initiatives. In applying Shank’s model for the branding process, Rozelle increased the NFL’s brand awareness and fostered its brand image, thus increasing the league’s brand equity and ultimately fan loyalty. Rozelle’s actions helped transform the NFL and continue to influence the entire sports industry today.
Does Advertising Mitigate the Negative Effects of Losing on Satisfaction and Conative Aspects of Sport Attendance? A Case Study in Intercollegiate Athletics
Authors: Trail Galen T. , Kwon Hyungil , Anderson Dean F.
Published: August 2016

It has been determined that advertising tends to mitigate a negative trial effect among low-product-involvement consumers when it precedes the negative trial but has no impact on beliefs and attitudes when the trial is positive. This case study investigated the effect of advertisements on sport consumers’ satisfaction and conative loyalty in spectating sport. Specifically, the authors examined spectators who were novice attendees at an intercollegiate men’s basketball game (N = 206). Two groups (home team winning, home team losing) were investigated to determine whether advertising mitigated the negative product–trial effect (losing). The results indicated that although advertising did not mitigate losing specific to immediate satisfaction with the game outcome or decision to attend, it did seem to mitigate losing on conative loyalty.
Professionalism and Objectives in Olympics Coverage: A Survey of Chinese Television Professionals
Authors: Zhong Xin , Zhou Shuhua , Shao Guosong
Published: August 2016

This article moves away from content-oriented studies on Olympics coverage by focusing on the producers of Olympic images. The study first explicates the concept of professionalism and the objectives of Olympics coverage. A survey questionnaire was designed accordingly to measure a sample of the Chinese professionals who were part of the production team of the international TV signal for the Beijing Olympics. Results indicated that the production professionals were well prepared and were in line with Olympic ideals. Less clear-cut were the concepts of motion and emotion in Olympic coverage. Implications are discussed.
The Ladies Professional Golf Association’s Five Points of Celebrity: “Driving” the Organization “Fore-Ward” or a Snap-Hook Into the Next Fairway?
Authors: Wolter Sarah
Published: August 2016

In 2002, Ty Votaw, then commissioner of the Ladies Professional Golf Association (LPGA), introduced a marketing plan called the Five Points of Celebrity, which included performance, approachability, passion and joy, appearance, and relevance. Votaw endorsed the Five Points of Celebrity as a way for women golfers to succeed in a competitive sports and entertainment marketplace. Rhetorical criticism of the Five Points of Celebrity using the framework of gender as performance reveals the underlying homophobic notions of the plan. First, Votaw presents the plan as a way to cater to what fans in a sports and entertainment marketplace desire. Second, the plan supports athletes’ displaying femininity to compensate for displaying traditionally masculine characteristics while participating in sport. Third, presentation of femininity emerges as a concomitant presentation of heterosexuality to subvert the “image problem” of LPGA of athletes being perceived as lesbians.
Sports Public Figures in China: An Historical Analysis of Media Images
Authors: Tang Jianjun , Gregg Elizabeth A.
Published: August 2016

This study examines media images of sports public figures during 4 periods of modern Chinese history. Furthermore, an explanation is provided for each of the variables that have affected the media’s portrayal of sports public figures. As in most cultures and nations around the world, sports public figures are recognizable characters in modern Chinese culture. They have a significant impact on opinions regarding sports and society and have gained a pivotal role in the fabric of mainstream culture. Over the various historical periods in China, the country’s media have reported stories involving sports public figures differently. The descriptions contained in this study are reflections of the various political, economical, cultural, sports, and media climates during different time periods in China. The commercialization of sports and the rise of the media’s presence have influenced the pursuit of an all-encompassing image of Chinese sports public figures.
Sports Fans and Media Use: Influence on Sports Fan Identification and Collective Self-Esteem
Authors: Phua Joe J.
Published: August 2016

Research on sports fans has demonstrated a positive relationship between fan identification and self-esteem. The current investigation extended previous research by testing media use as a moderator. The author hypothesized that media use would be positively associated with measures of fan identification and collective self-esteem and also moderate the relationship between these 2 variables. This is because media use enhances positive distinctiveness for fans of sports teams, leading to higher collective self-esteem levels because of the ability to get up-to-date information about the team or player they support. Data gathered from student fans (N = 203) of a major U.S. west coast university football team confirmed the author’s expectations that sports fans’ use of 4 types of media—print, broadcast, online, and mobile phones—moderated the relationship between fan identification and collective self-esteem, with online media having the greatest impact on this relationship.
Improving Territorial Image Through Sport-Based Communication by Local Governmental Bodies: A Case Study of the French Department Seine-Saint-Denis
Authors: Hautbois Christopher , Desbordes Michel , Pierce David
Published: August 2016

Sport is a relevant vehicle for worldwide companies to promote products and services (Amis, Slack, & Berrett, 1999). This approach corresponds to a major theoretical field related to sport sponsorship (Stotlar, 2004b). Nonprofit organizations are also concerned with this kind of communication strategy. These organizations expect a return on investment in terms of image, awareness, or territorial economic impact. This article contributes to the public sport-marketing and -sponsorship model. The 10-year study of the French Seine-Saint-Denis department case underscores the fundamentals of this model. This study is a qualitative research study with data analyzed through the use of ATLAS.ti 6.
The Ethics of Online Coverage of Recruiting High School Athletes
Authors: Yanity Molly , Edmondson Aimee C.
Published: August 2016

Coverage of the recruitment of high school athletes has exploded in the last decade as the advent of the Internet turned a once-obscure type of coverage into a multimillion-dollar industry. The demand for information about college football recruits has led to new ethical challenges for Web-based publications. This survey of sport media identifies some of the ethical challenges associated with such coverage and proposes a code of ethics for Web-based media outlets. Media covering high school recruiting can use these guidelines to gain and maintain credibility, to uphold a high level of ethics, and to avoid restrictions or rules mandated by an outside source in a specialized beat where high school students are the primary subjects.
Can Visual Complexity Impede Impact Appreciation of Mediated Sports? Team Identification and Viewer Response to a Complex Presentation of College Football
Authors: Cummins R. Glenn , Youngblood Norman E. , Milford Mike
Published: August 2016

Sport telecasts are frequently the showcase and testing ground for innovative broadcast technologies. One particularly novel example is ESPN’s coverage of college athletics via its multiscreen, or mosaic, format. This experiment tested the impact of its visual complexity by comparing the response of fans high and low in team identification to this format versus a traditional presentation of dull and exciting game play. For highly identified spectators, this format was a detriment to their appreciation of game play, whereas the format had little impact for viewers with low levels of team identification. Moreover, independent of degree of team identification, viewers reported a more negative evaluation of this technique than of a traditional broadcast, and results were consistent regardless of the dull or exciting nature of game play.
Visual News Framing and Effects on Recipients’ Attitudes Toward Athletes With Physical Disabilities
Authors: von Sikorski Christian , Schierl Thomas , Möller Carsten , Oberhäuser Kai P.
Published: August 2016

The international media coverage of athletes with physical disabilities (AWD) shows diverse quantitative and qualitative shortcomings. This study explores what effects a specific visual framing in a print article about disability sports has on recipients’ attitudes toward a depicted AWD. In an experiment with a 3 (framed conditions) × 2 (participants’ contact with people with disabilities) betweensubjects design, 88 participants were randomly assigned to 1 of the 3 (framed) conditions. The participants read a sports news article with a photograph of a 1-armed javelin thrower with no spectators, a few spectators, or a large crowd shown in the background. After examining the participants’ responses to a questionnaire, an ANOVA showed that the participants’ attitudes toward the depicted AWD were significantly more positive when the visual frame included spectators in the background of the picture.
The Impact of Global Sport on Local Media: A Case Study of Korean Newspaper Coverage of Women’s Golf
Authors: Yoo Sang Keon
Published: August 2016

This case study attempted to determine how the Korean print media have covered women’s professional golf tournaments held in Korea and the United States. The study, which also investigated whether there is a shifting trend in newspaper coverage of players and activities associated with both the LPGA and KLPGA tours, focused on golf coverage of Chosun Ilbo from 1998 through 2011. The findings revealed that the paper covered the LPGA (75.5%) much more frequently than the KLPGA. In addition, the LPGA received more coverage in terms of size, feature stories, and photographs. It is notable that this case study’s principal innovation is the finding of changes in the overall approach of the Korean media over the years. The coverage devoted to the KLPGA tour increased from 13% to 44% across the 14 years analyzed. In addition to the findings, the case study’s implications and questions are presented.
How Tweet It Is: A Gendered Analysis of Professional Tennis Players’ Self-Presentation on Twitter
Authors: Lebel Katie , Danylchuk Karen
Published: August 2016

The innovations of social media have altered the traditional methods of fan–athlete interaction while redefining how celebrity athletes practice their roles as celebrities. This study explored gender differences in professional athletes’ self-presentation on Twitter. Content analyses were used to compare male and female athletes’ tweets relayed by all professional tennis players with a verified Twitter account. Profile details and messages were scoured for themes and patterns of use during the time surrounding the 2011 U.S. Open Tennis Championships. Goffman’s seminal 1959 theory of self-presentation guided the analysis. While athlete image construction was found to be largely similar between genders, male athletes were found to spend more time in the role of sport fan while female athletes spent more time in the role of brand manager.
Social Media and Flemish Sports Reporters: A Multimethod Analysis of Twitter Use as Journalistic Tool
Authors: Deprez Annelore , Mechant Peter , Hoebeke Tim
Published: August 2016

Literature states that incorporating social media as a journalistic tool in news reporting generates opportunities for journalists to not only dialogue with the audience but also to publish, to seek information, and to profile themselves or their organizations. This study broadens the empirical data on the journalistic use of social media, more specifically Twitter, by sports journalists in Flanders. A multimethod research approach was used to examine the content of tweets, the followings, and the profiles of the sports journalists. Results show that almost half of the sports journalists have a Twitter account, just over a third of them actively post tweets, and Twitter serves predominantly as an information source to learn more about athletes and their teams. Journalists also publish and communicate on Twitter and to a lesser extent use Twitter to interact with their audience. The study also reveals that Twitter is rarely used as a profiling tool for self-presentation.
The Impact of Gamer Motives, Consumption, and In-Game Advertising Effectiveness: A Case Study of Football Sport Video Games
Authors: Cianfrone Beth A. , Zhang James J.
Published: August 2016

Sport video games (SVGs) are a highly consumed media source among 18- to 34-yr-old sport consumers. Many corporations have become advertisers or sponsors of SVGs to reach this consumer segment. This case study examined the systematic relationships among SVG motives, consumption levels, and sponsorship effectiveness. Research participants (N = 213) were SVG gamers who responded to a survey. The proposed hierarchical relationships were tested in a structural model analysis to determine the effectiveness of SVGs. The fit indices showed that the model fit the data well, indicating that, sequentially, SVG motivations influenced game play frequency, awareness of sponsoring brands in SVGs, attitude toward the sponsoring brands, and future purchase intentions of sponsoring products. Researchers and practitioners may consider applying SVG motivational factors to enhance SVG play frequency so as to enhance the awareness of and attitude toward sponsoring brands, which would in turn promote behavioral intentions for consuming the sponsoring brands.
Interview With Dan Edwards, Senior Vice President, Communications, Jacksonville Jaguars
Authors: Lee Jason W.
Published: August 2016

In 2013, Dan Edwards marks his 30th season in the NFL and his 20th year with the Jacksonville Jaguars. He is responsible for overseeing the Jaguars’ communications division, which includes media relations, digital media, and broadcasting. Edwards was promoted to vice president in 2003, when the Jaguars’ community relations and Internet content departments were added to his responsibilities. He is one of eight current Jaguars staff members who have been with the franchise since its first year in 1994. Edwards received a scholarship from NFL Charities in 1984, the year he began his NFL career as a public relations intern in the NFL office in New York. He spent the 1984 football season working in publicity for the Miami Dolphins before joining the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1985. Edwards served as the Steelers’ public relations director from 1987 to 1993. Pittsburgh’s public relations staff received the 1991 Pete Rozelle Award from the Pro Football Writers of America. Edwards, who has worked with the NFL staff at 23 Super Bowls, has an undergraduate degree in business administration with a major in management from the University of Oregon and a master’s degree in sports administration and facility management from Ohio University.
Effects of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Exercise Performance, VO2max, and Lipid Peroxidation in Trained Cyclists
Authors: Braun Barry , Clarkson Priscilla M. , Freedson Patty S. , Kohl Randall L.
Published: August 2016

The effects of dietary supplementation with Coenzyme Q10 (CoQlO), a reputed performance enhancer and antioxidant, on physiological and biochemical parameters were examined. Ten male bicycle racers performed graded cycle ergometry both before and after being given 100 mg per day CoQlO or placebo for 8 weeks. Analysis of variance showed a significant difference between groups for postsupplementation serum CoQ10. Although both groups demonstrated training related improvements in all physiological parameters over the course of the study, there were no significant differences between the two groups (p>.05). Both groups showed a 21 % increase in serum MDA (an index of lipid peroxidation) after the presupplementation exercise test. After 8 weeks this increase was only 5 % , and again was identical for both groups. Supplementation with CoQlO has no measurable effect on cycling performance, , submaximal physiological parameters, or lipid peroxidation. However, chronic intense training seems to result in marked attenuation of exercise-induced lipid peroxidation.
Dietary Intakes and Food Use of Croups of Elite Australian Male Athletes
Authors: Burke Louise M. , Gollan Ross A. , Read Richard S.D.
Published: August 2016

The present study conducted dietary surveys of four groups of Australian male athletes: triathletes, marathon runners, Australian Rules football players, and Olympic weightlifters. Their training diets were assessed via a 7-day food record from which mean daily intakes of energy, macronutrients, and key micronutrients were estimated. The data were compared between groups as well as to recommendations in the literature for athlete nutrition. Results showed major differences between groups. The contribution of carbohydrate to total energy intake was greater for triathletes and marathon runners than for the other two groups. There was no difference between all four groups in the total amount of fat consumed, yet its contribution to total energy intake was significantly lower for triathletes and marathon runners. The football players and weightlifters consumed a similar fat: energy ratio as the typical Australian diet. Furthermore, the micronutrient density of the football players' diets was significantly lower than that of the other groups.
The Effect of 7 to 8 Months of Vitamin/Mineral Supplementation on Athletic Performance
Authors: Telford Richard D. , Catchpole Edward A. , Deakin Vicki , Hahn Allan G. , Plank Ashley W.
Published: August 2016

The effect of vitamin and mineral supplementation was studied over 7 to 8 months of training and competition in 82 athletes from four sports: basketball, gymnastics, rowing, and swimming. Matched subgroups were formed and a double-blind design used, with subgroups being given either the supplementation or a placebo. All athletes were monitored to ensure that the recommended daily intakes (RDI) of vitamins and minerals were provided by diet alone. Sport-specific and some common tests of strength as well as aerobic and anaerobic fitness were performed. Coaches' assessment of improvement was also obtained. The only significant effect of supplementation was observed in the female basketball players, in which the supplementation was associated with increased body weight, skinfold sum, and jumping ability. A significant increase in skinfold sum was also demonstrated over the whole group as a result of supplementation. In general, however, this study provided little evidence of any effect of supplementation to athletic performance for athletes consuming the dietary RDIs.
Influence of Carbohydrate Ingestion on Blood Glucose and Performance in Runners
Authors: Wilber Randall L. , Moffatt Robert J.
Published: August 2016

Ten trained male runners performed a treadmill exercise test at 80% under two experimental conditions, carbohydrate (CHO, 7% carbohydrate) and placebo (P), to determine the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on endurance performance (treadmill run time), blood glucose concentration, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), and subjective ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Treatment order was randomized and counterbalanced and test solutions were administered double-blind. Ingestion took place 5 min preexercise (250 ml) and at 15-min intervals during exercise (125 ml). Performance was enhanced by 29.4% (p ~ 0.05) during CHO (115 ±25 min) compared to P (92 ± 27 min). Blood glucose concentration was significantly greater during CHO (5.6 ± 0.9 mM) relative to P (5.0 ±0.7 mM). There was a significant increase in mean RER following CHO ingestion (.94±.01) compared to P (.90±.01). Average RPE was significantly less during CHO (14.5±2.3) relative to P (15.4±2.4). These data suggest that time to exhaustion of high-intensity treadmill exercise is delayed as a result of carbohydrate ingestion and that this effect is mediated by favorable alterations in blood glucose concentration and substrate utilization.
Effects of Chromium Picolinate on Beginning Weight Training Students
Authors: Hasten Deborah L. , Rome E. Paul , Franks B. Don , Hegsted Maren
Published: August 2016

Changes in body weight (BW), a sum of three body circumferences (ΣC), a sum of three skinfolds (ΣSF), and the one-repetition maximum (IRM) for the squat (SQ) and bench press (BP) were examined in 59 college-age students (37 males [MI, 22 females [F]) over a 12-week weight lifting program. Using a double-blind protocol, half of the students were given 200 μg/day chromium (Cr) in the form of chromium picolinate (CrPic) while the other half received a placebo (P). Therefore four groups were randomly formed: F-CrPic (n=12), F-P (n=10), M-CrPic (n=18), and M-P (n=19). All groups had significant increases in ΣC and significant decreases in ΣSF. No treatment effects were seen for the strength measurements, although the males experienced greater absolute increases. The only significant treatment effect found was due to the F-CrPic group gaining more BW (p=0.0048) than the other three groups. It was concluded that CrPic supplementation had a greater effect on the females than on the males.
Food Intake Patterns of Marathon Runners
Authors: Butterworth Diane E. , Nieman David C. , Butler Janice V. , Herring Jodi L.
Published: August 2016

A group of marathon runners (290 males, 54 females, mean age 39.7 ± 0.7 years) who participated in the Los Angeles Marathon recorded their food and fluid intake throughout a 3-day period, with the time of day denoted for each entry. Investigators coded each subject's food intake according to six time periods: 5:OO-8:59 a.m., 9:00-1059 a.m., 11:OO a.m.-1:59 p.m., 2:00-359 p.m., 4:0&7:59 p.m., and 8:00 p.m.459 a.m. The average intake of the runners consisted of 314 ± 6 g (52.3%) carbohydrates, 83.2 + 2.0 g (30.7%) fat, and 99.7 ± 2.3 g (16.5%) protein. Time periods for breakfast (13.7%), lunch (23.8%), and supper (34.0%) accounted for 71.5% of total caloric intake, with snack time periods contributing 28.5%. Breakfast calories were 68.9 ± 0.9% carbohydrate and 20.4 + 0.7% fat in contrast to supper calories, which were 47.7 ± 0.8% and 31.8 ± 0.6%, respectively. A sizable proportion of the daily caloric intake of recreational marathon runners is contributed by snacks and food intake after 4:00 p.m.
Glycemic and Insulinemic Response to Preexercise Carbohydrate Feedings
Authors: Seifert John G. , Paul Greg L. , Eddy Dennis E. , Murray Robert
Published: August 2016

The effects of preexercise hyperinsulinemia on exercising plasma glucose, plasma insulin, and metabolic responses were assessed during 50 min cycling at 62% . Subjects were fed a 6% sucrose/glucose solution (LCHO) or a 20% maltodextrin/glucose solution (HCHO) to induce changes in plasma insulin. During exercise, subjects assessed perceived nauseousness and lightheadedness. By the start of exercise, plasma glucose and plasma insulin had increased. In the LCHO trial, plasma glucose values significantly decreased below the baseline value at 30 min of exercise. However, by 40 min, exercise plasma glucose and insulin values were similar to the baseline value. Exercise plasma glucose and insulin did not differ from baseline values in the HCHO trial. Ingestion of LCHO or HCHO was not associated with nausea or lightheadedness. It was concluded that the hyperinsulinemia induced by preexercise feediigs of CHO did not result in frank hypoglycemia or adversely affect sensory or physiological responses during 50 min of moderate-intensity cycling.
Update on Carbohydrate: Solid versus Liquid
Authors: Coleman Ellen
Published: August 2016

Athletes often train or compete in athletic events that significantly reduce muscle and liver glycogen reserves. Carbohydrate ingestion before or during endurance exercise enhances performance by maintaining blood glucose levels and carbohydrate utilization. Also, an adequate intake of carbohydrate following endurance exercise helps to restore muscle and liver glycogen. This paper reviews the physiologic and performance benefits of solid versus liquid carbohydrate feedings before, during, and following endurance exercise. Solid and liquid carbohydrates are equally effective in raising blood glucose and enhancing performance when consumed during endurance exercise. Also, both forms of carbohydrate are similarly beneficial in promoting muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise. It is unclear whether solid and liquid carbohydrate feedings have the same effect on serum glucose and performance when consumed before exercise. Although limited research suggests that a low glycemic solid carbohydrate may represent the best preexercise meal choice, further research is needed to support this hypothesis.
Self-Esteemml: Its Application to Eating Disorders and Athletes
Authors: Lindeman Alice K.
Published: August 2016

Self-esteem, a hierarchical and multifactorial perception, can be described as the extent to which a person feels positive about himself or herself. Social factors such as life satisfaction, sex, age, and strongly held values can affect self-esteem. Low self-esteem Is a well-recognized trait of those with eating disorders and may be associated with a heightened self-awareness. Body dissatisfaction, common among women in Western society, may enhance this awareness. Athletes, especially those with eating disorders, are perfectionists and have acute body awareness and a sense of loss of control Control is a crucial issue with these athletes. Before any nutrition counseling starts, readiness to listen should be assessed in conjunction with a mental health professional. Various tools are available to assess the eating disordered athlete's self-esteem, body image, and eating behavior. Nutrition counseling can help the athlete overcome an eating disorder by clarifying misconceptions and focusing on the role of nutrition in promoting health and athletic performance.
The Relationship between Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Physical Activity, and Dietary Quality
Authors: Butterworth Diane E. , Nieman David C. , Underwood Bruce C. , Lindsied Kristian D.
Published: August 2016

This study evaluated the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and dietary quality in a group of 20- to 40-year-old women (n = 34) who varied widely in levels of physical activity. Nutrient intakes were determined using 10 repeated 24-hr diet records, randomly assigned, over a 10-week period, Physical activity was determined on the same randomly assigned days using the Caltrac Personal Activity Computer. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by two maximal graded treadmill tests with continuous metabolic monitoring at both the beginning and end of the 10-week period. Neither physical activity nor cardiorespiratory fitness was significantly correlated with nutrient density (nutrient/1,000 kcal). Intake of energy (kcal/kg body weight) was higher for the more physically active and fit women, leading to a significant increase in most nutrients consumed per kilogram of body weight.
Vitamin/Mineral Supplement Use among Athletes: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Sobal Jeffery , Marquart Leonard F.
Published: August 2016

Vitamin/mineral supplements are often used by athletes as ergogenic aids to improve performance. This paper reviews studies of the prevalence, patterns, and explanations for vitamin/mineral supplement use among athletes. Fifty-one studies provided quantitative prevalence data on 10,274 male and female athletes at several levels of athletic participation in over 15 sports. The overall mean prevalence of athletes’ supplement use was 46%. Most studies reported that over half of the athletes used supplements (range 6% to 100%), and the larger investigations found lower prevalence levels. Elite athletes used supplements more than college or high school athletes. Women used supplements more often than men. Varying patterns existed by sport. Athletes appear to use supplements more than the general population, and some take high doses that may lead to nutritional problems. Sport nutritionists should include a vitamin/mineral supplement history as part of their dietary assessment so they can educate athletes about vitamin/mineral supplements and athletic performance.
Heat Cramps during Tennis: A Case Report
Authors: Bergeron Michael F.
Published: August 2016

A 17-year-old, nationally ranked, male tennis player (AH) had been experiencing heat cramps during tennis match play. His medical history and previous physical exams were unremarkable, and his in-office blood chemistry profiles were normal. On-court evaluation and an analysis of a 3-day dietary record revealed that AH's sweat rate was extensive (2.5 L · hr−1) and that his potential daily on-court sweat sodium losses (89.8 mmol · hr of play') could readily exceed his average daily intake of sodium (87.0-174.0 mmol · day−1). The combined effects of excessive and repeated fluid and sodium losses likely predisposed AH to heat cramps during play. AH was ultimately able to eliminate heat cramps during competition and training by increasing his daily dietary intake of sodium.
Physical Activity, Fat Balance, and Energy Balance
Authors: Hill James O. , Commerford Reneé
Published: August 2016

In this paper, we review the impact of physical activity on energy and maeronutrient balances. Stability of body weight and body composition depends on reaching a steady-state where the amount and composition of energy ingested are equal to the amount and composition of energy expended. We describe how a person's level of physical activity can have a significant impact on determining the level of body weight and body fatness at which that steady-state is reached. First, physical activity can directly affect both total energy intake and total energy expenditure. Physical activity can also affect fat balance, and it is becoming clear that imbalances in total energy are largely imbalances in fat. High levels of physical activity should help individuals reach fat and energy balances at lower levels of body fatness than would have been achieved at lower levels of physical activity.
Gastric Emptying and Plasma Deuterium Accumulation Following Ingestion of Water and Two Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Beverages
Authors: Murray Robert , Bartoli William P. , Eddy Dennis E. , Horn Mary K.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare the gastric emptying rates (GER) of water, a 6% carbohydrate (CHO) beverage, and a 20% CHO beverage and to contrast those rates against the rate at which deuterium oxide in the drinks accumulated in plasma (DAR) following beverage ingestion. Ten subjects (8 males, 2 females) cycled at 60% for 70 min; at 13 min, the subjects ingested 400 ml of one of the beverages. The GER and DAR of water and 6% CHO were similar, while GER and DAR were both significantly slowed by ingestion of 20% CHO. Although there was a significant correlation (r = .63, p < .05) between GER and DAR, only 40% of the variation in DAR could be accounted for by variation in GER. These data support the contention that DAR is partially determined by GER, with differences in the rate of fluid absorption across the intestine and other factors accounting for the remaining variation in DAR.
Rate of Maturation during the Teenage Years: Nutrient Intake and Physical Activity between Ages 12 and 22
Authors: Kemper Han C.G. , Post G. Bertheke , Twisk Jos W.R.
Published: August 2016

This longitudinal study evaluates the relationship of food intake and physical activity with biological maturation of 200 boys and girls during adolescence and young adulthood. The subjects were followed during 9 years from ages 12 to 22 years, with repeated measurements at ages 13, 14, 15, 16, and 21. Biological maturation was estimated four times between ages 12 and 17 as skeletal age by radiographs of the left hand and wrist. Daily nutritional intake (macro- and micronutrients) was assessed with a cross-checked dietary history method. Daily physical activity was assessed through structured interview, whereby average weekly time spent in activity was used to assign a weighted activity score. The 107 girls and 93 boys were divided into three maturity groups: early maturers, late maturers, and average maturers. It was concluded that in both sexes, late maturation seemed to coincide with a higher energetic food intake and a slightly higher activity pattern than early maturation during adolescence.
An Investigation into the Effects of Sodium Citrate Ingestion on High-Intensity Exercise Performance
Authors: Someren Ken van , Fulcher Kathy , McCarthy John , Moore Jonathan , Horgan Gill , Langford Richard
Published: August 2016

This study examined the effect of sodium citrate ingestion on high-intensity cycling performance in repeated 45-s bouts. Twelve subjects (9 male and 3 female) ingested either a sodium citrate solution (0.3 g ⋅ kg−1 body mass [BM]) or a placebo 90 min prior to exercise. Postingestion blood HCO3 concentrations were significantly higher in the citrate trial (p < .01), but there was no difference in blood pH between trials. Peak power and total work significantly decreased over the five bouts (p < .05) and postexercise blood lactate concentrations significantly increased over the five bouts (p < 0.01), but there were no differences between trials. We conclude that sodium citrate ingestion (0.3 g ⋅ kg−1 BM) is not an effective ergogenic aid for high-intensity, intermittent exercise as simulated in this protocol.
Nutrient Intake of Elite Sailors during a Solitary Long-Distance Offshore Race
Authors: Bigard Andre-Xavier , Guillemot Pierre-Yves , Chauve Jean-Yves , Duforez François , Portero Pierre , Guezennec Charles-Yannick
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the present study was to determine the nutritional intake of 11 skippers during the four stages of a solitary long-distance offshore race. Body weight significantly decreased during the race (−1.31 ±0.32 kg, range 3.5 to 0.1 kg, p < .01). Total daily energy intake was 18.53 ± 0.71 MJ ⋅ day-1 during the race, and it correlated negatively with the race duration of each leg. Energy intake during the race was ~ 19% greater than that determined for a subgroup of 5 sailors during a control period 2 months after the race. Nutrient intake expressed as percentage calories of total energy was estimated at 50%, 35%, and 15% for carbohydrate, fat, and protein, respectively. Voluntary fluid intake decreased with increasing race duration (p < .001). Despite high energy intakes, sailors lost body weight during the solitary offshore race. It was not possible to conclude that this change in body weight was related to fluid loss and/or a discrepancy between energy intake and energy expenditure.
Glucose Ingestion Matched with Total Carbohydrate Utilization Attenuates Hypoglycemia during Exercise in Adolescents with IDDM
Authors: Riddell Michael C. , Bar-Or Oded , Ayub Beatriz V. , Calvert Randolph E. , Heigenhauser George J.F.
Published: August 2016

There are currently no guidelines regarding the carbohydrate (CHO) dosage required to prevent exercise-induced hypoglycemia in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). To prevent hypoglycemia by matching glucose ingestion with total-CHO utilization, 20 adolescents with IDDM attended 2 trials: control (CT; drinking water) and glucose (GT; drinking 6-8% glucose). Participants performed 60 min of moderate-intensity cycling 100 min after insulin injection and breakfast. CT's total-CHO utilization during exercise was determined using indirect calorimetry. In GT, participants ingested glucose in the amount equal to total CHO utilization in the CT. A total of 9 participants had BG <4.0 mmol/L in CT compared to 3 in GT (p < .05). In conclusion, glucose ingestion equal to total-CHO utilization attenuates the drop in blood glucose and reduces the likelihood of hypoglycemia during exercise in adolescents with IDDM.