bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blood group antigens and the population genetics ofMacaca mulattaon Cayo Santiago I. Genetic differentiation of social groups
Authors: Duggleby Christine R.
Published: August 2005

The red blood cell phenotypes for eight polymorphic loci were determined for 293 free‐rangingMacaca mulattaliving on Cayo Santiago; this number represents the total population of the island, disposed in four social groups plus peripheral males. The rhesus population shows significant genetic heterogeneity over blood group systems (loci) and social groups. No particular genetic locus or social group is solely responsible for the genetic heterogeneity observed. The distributions of genotypes for two loci (G and H) do not deviate significantly from Hardy‐Weinberg expectations within social groups or in the population as a whole. Correction of the equilibrium expectations for the effect of population subdivision yields no statistically significant results. Overall, the results suggest that the interaction of a variety of processes (random genetic drift, founder effect, migration and selection) may be responsible for the diversity observed. These data, combined with those from further studies, may allow an application of behavioral and genetic knowledge to the study of microevolutionary processes among nonhuman primates.
Stress and dental asymmetry in a population of Japanese children
Authors: Dibennardo Robert , Bailit Howard L.
Published: August 2005

We studied the significance of the magnitude of fluctuating dental asymmetry in 489 Japanese children by regression analysis. The search was for the predictability of asymmetry from levels of five factors assumed to be relevant parameters of prenatal stress. The five factors were derived by principal components analysis to simplify the interrelationships between birth weight, gestational age, maternal age, parity, sex, year of birth, socioeconomic status, and F, the coefficient of inbreeding. Only the regression of asymmetry on a factor representing a secular effect related to sex ratio was statistically significant; however, the relationship was too small to be biologically meaningful. The significance of individual asymmetry is thus equivocal, and this is discussed in terms of the meaning of asymmetry vis à vis overall fitness and developmental homeostasis. We conclude that experimental research will be necessary to elucidate not only the determinants of dental asymmetry but the relationship between these determinants and mortality and morbidity.
Carbonic anhydrase heterozygosity and FST distributions in Kenyan baboon troops
Authors: Ober Carole , Olivier Thomas J. , Buettner‐Janusch John
Published: August 2005

An analysis of the distribution of carbonic anhydrase alleles in troops of olive baboons, Papio cynocephalus, is reported. In an earlier study (Olivier, T. J., J. Buettner‐Janusch and V. Buettner‐Janusch, 1974, Am. J. Phys. Anthrop., 41: 175–190) the authors found a significant excess of heterozygotes with a large amount of intertroop differentiation at the CA II locus. If balancing selection is acting on the CA II locus and maintaining an excess of heterozygotes, then the degree of local differentiation observed at this locus is unexpected.

In this study the analyses of the CA I and CA II data are extended and some idiosyncratic features of baboon population structure are considered. Non‐idealized forms of behavior, such as adult male migration and other age‐specific and sex‐specific behaviors, may affect observed patterns of gene frequency distributions. The analysis reveals that the excess of heterozygotes at the CA II locus is localized in the females only and that the males are highly differentiated among the troops. These findings suggest that a female‐limited heterozygous advantage exists at the CA II locus in this baboon population. A computer simulation model, RAMBLE, further suggests that recurrent male migration between troops may explain the intertroop microdifferentiation found in primate populations.
Crown size and hypodontia in the permanent dentition of modern Skolt Lapps
Authors: Kirveskari Penti , Hansson Hasse , Hedegard Björn , Karlsson Ulf
Published: August 2005

The teeth of modern Skolt Lapps from northern Finland are considerably larger than those of their ancestors of the Eighteenth Century. The increase is probably attributable to improved nutrition. One or more teeth, excluding the third molars, were congenitally missing in 18.8% of the population aged 5 to 20 years. Relative to a standard the anterior teeth are larger than the posterior teeth, particularly the premolars. This accords well with the hypodontia pattern which is dominated by premolar agenesis.
The estimation of adult stature from metacarpal bone length
Authors: Musgrave Jonathan H. , Harneja Narendra K.
Published: August 2005

Stature was measured (in cm) in 166 (120 male; 46 female) predominantly white adults (age range: 17–87 years). A radiograph of one hand of each subject was taken (for routine diagnostic purposes) and the inter‐articular length of all five metacarpal bones was measured with a sliding caliper. These metacarpal lengths were then adjusted to compensate for enlargement during radiography. A significant correlation coefficient between stature and metacarpal length was observed in both sexes. Regression equations were computed from the length of each metacarpal, by which living stature may be fairly accurately estimated in the absence of any complete limb bones. The difference between our estimates and those obtained by more orthodox methods is usually less than 3%.
An electromyographic study of the pectoralis major in Atelines and Hylobates, with special reference to the Evolution of a pars clavicularis
Authors: Stern Jack T. , Wells James P. , Jungers William L. , Vangor Andrea K. , Fleagle John G.
Published: August 2005

Among primates there is striking variation in the extent of the origin of pectoralis major from the clavicle. A significant clavicular attachment (pars clavicularis) occurs only in Alouatta, Lagothrix, Hylobates, Pan (troglodytes, paniscus and gorilla), and Homo. Interpreting this trait in nonhuman primates as an adaptation to frequent use of a mobile forelimb in climbing and suspension is contraindicated by the absence of a clavicular origin in Ateles and Pongo. We have undertaken a telemetered electromyographic study to determine any special role of the most cranial part of the pectoralis major in comparison to its caudal part, and to the deltoid, during vertical climbing, pronograde quadrupedalism, and armswinging in Ateles, Lagothrix, Alouatta, and Hylobates. The results show that the cranial pectoralis major possesses a role not shared by the caudal fibers: initiation of the recovery phase of the locomotor cycle. When ability to execute rapid or powerful recovery of the adducted forelimb is required in an animal with a shoulder joint lying on a plane cranial to that of the manubrium, the movement will be facilitated if the origin of the pectoralis major is extended onto the clavicle. Such is the case in nonhuman primates possessing this trait. The absence of a clavicular origin in Ateles and Pongo may be related to diminished selective pressures to perfect locomotor modes such as pronograde quadrupedalism, armswinging, or climbing thick vertical trunks, that demand rapid or powerful recovery of the adducted forelimb. If the arboreal ancestor of humans had evolved a clavicular origin of pectoralis major, this animal would be preadapted for certain uses of the forelimb in its bipedal descendant.
Bilateral asymmetry in bone measurements of the hand and lateral hand dominance
Authors: Plato C. C. , Wood J. L. , Norris A. H.
Published: August 2005

Two hundred thirty–five (235) normal male participants of the Baltimore Longitudinal Study were classified as right handed, left handed, and ambidextrous on the basis of their grip–strength performance. Their left and right hands were also radiographed and the measurements of the second metacarpal bones were evaluated on the basis of hand dominance. The results indicated that, as a rule, the right hand measurements are higher than those of the left hand, regardless of hand dominance. The bilateral differences in total width, length, total area and cortical area are significant among the right hand dominant and nonsignificant among the left hand dominant. Regardless off hand dominance the bilateral differences in medullary width are nonsignificant. These results suggest an inherent tendency of the right second metacarpal to have more bone than the left regardless of hand dominance. Differential stress due to hand dominance will increase the bilateral difference in the right handed and reduce it in the left handed.
The dermatoglyphics of a Toronto sample of children with XXY, XXYY, and XXX aneuploidies
Authors: Hreczko T. A. , Sigmon Becky A.
Published: August 2005

Dermatoglyphic analyses were carried out on a sample of children with known sex chromosomal aneuploidies (25 XXY, 10 XXX, 1 XXYY). Digital ridge counts and pattern types were determined for each individual. Palm prints and sole patterns were also examined. The results of our study were compared with data from previous studies of sex chromosomal aneuploidies. Our results for the XXY males agree with the findings from other studies with respect to total ridge counts and plantar dermatoglyphics, but not for digital pattern frequencies. Our one example of an XXYY male showed hypothenar patterns similar to those found for this syndrome by other researchers, but neither the digital pattern types nor the unexpectedly high total ridge count conforms to the findings from other studies. Our sample of XXX females falls within the normal XX female range of variation with respect to hypothenar patterns and total ridge count; plantar features show a higher incidence of patterns than previously reported.
New estimates of early hominid body size
Authors: Steudel Karen
Published: August 2005

Body weights for 12 early hominid specimens are estimated based on an analysis of four variables shown to have high correlation with body size in living Old World primates. Average size estimates of around 36 kg are suggested for gracile early hominids and around 59 kg for robust early hominids. Size variation is considerably more pronounced in the robust group than in the gracile group, suggesting substantially greater sexual dimorphism in the former.
Sexual dimorphism in body composition changes during the pubertal period : As shown by French‐Canadian children
Authors: Baughan Brian , Brault‐Dubuc Micheline , Demirjian Arto , Gagnon Gilbert
Published: August 2005

Size and velocity growth curves of stature to represent skeletal growth, lean arm circumference to represent muscle growth, and the sum of three skinfolds to represent fat tissue changes, are presented for a longitudinal study of Montreal school–age children. Both a chronological age scale, and one relative to the individual ages of peak growth velocity in stature, are used. Intercorrelations between the various components are tabulated for age groups based on the two scales. The three skinfolds are also analyzed separately. The results show that such simple anthropometric measures can be usefully taken to represent the growth of different body components. Longitudinal analysis reveals that, whereas the relationship of muscular to statural growth in boys is purely maturational, it is not so for girls, and that the different skinfolds show complex sexual differences in growth during the pubertal period.
Restriction and persistence of polymorphisms of HLA and other blood genetic traits in the Parakanã Indians of Brazil
Authors: Black Francis L. , Salzano Francisco M. , Layrisse Zulay , Franco M. Helena L. P. , Harris Nancy S. , Weimer Tania A.
Published: August 2005

Results concerning HLA types and 22 other blood genetic systems are reported for the Parakanã Indians of northern Brazil, a tribe that is notable for the light color and pilosity of some of its members. No clear evidence of Caucasoid admixture was found, but the Parkanã show unusual frequencies in the EsD1, PGM11, Gc2, CpB, Fya, Dia, and LM genetic markers. In addition, the very rare Rh allele ry is present, as well as what seems to be a new PGM2 variant. There is very limited heterogeneity in the HLA system. All these distinctive features may have arisen through a combination of founder effects and genetic drift. However, low Fis values, as well as higher mean ages in heterozygous as compared to homozygous persons, suggest that an heterotic effect is counteracting these dispersive forces.
Chromosome banding analogies between a prosimian (Microcebus murinus), a platyrrhine (Cebus capucinus), and man
Authors: Dutrillaux B. , Rumpler Y.
Published: August 2005

The comparative study of the karyotypes of Microcebus (Lemur, Cheirogaleid) and Cebus (Platyrrhini, Ceboid) shows important similarities between nearly all large chromosomes of these two genera. Since a relationship has been previously found between the Karyotypes of Homo and Cebus, a correspondence may be found between many chromosomes of man and those of Lemurs. This study enlarges the filed of comparative cytogenetics at the level of the primate order.
Two misconceptions of phylogeny and classification
Authors: Tattersall Ian
Published: August 2005

A recent contribution embodies the assumptions that organisms may be excluded from relationship with others on the basis of autopomorphy, and that its position in a classification is an inherent characteristic of an organism. Both of these assumptions are fallacious.
The genetic demography of the Gainj of Papua New Guinea. I. Local differentiation of blood group, red cell enzyme, and serum protein allele frequencies
Authors: Wood J. W. , Johnson P. L. , Kirk R. L. , McLoughlin K. , Blake N. M. , Matheson F. A.
Published: August 2005

Allele frequencies are reported for 19 blood group, red cell enzyme, and serum protein loci (ABO, Rh, MN, Hb‐A, LDH‐A, LDH‐B, SOD, PGM‐1, PGM‐2, 6PGD, GPT, ESD, ADA, ACP, PGK, MDH, Alb, Hp, and Tf) determined from 310 blood samples collected among the Gainj, a small population of tribal horticulturalists from highland Papua New Guinea. Fourteen of these loci display genetic variants, and ten of them are sufficiently polymorphic to permit a preliminary analysis of Gainj population structure. Patterns of variation among subdivisions of the population are analyzed using an approach analogous to a multivariate analysis of variance with unbalanced design, and weighted genetic distances are extracted from the results. The distance analysis indicates that patterns of genetic variation within this population reflect the geographical distribution of subdivisions, as well as subdivision size and movement among subdivisions. A parallel analysis of the Gainj and two other tribal groups from highland New Guinea, the Murapin Enga and the Simbai Valley Maring, suggests that the Gainj are both genetically divergent from neighboring populations and internally highly differentiated.
Collections of nonhuman primate skeletal materials in the United States and Canada
Authors: Albrecht Gene H.
Published: August 2005

A mail survey was completed of the nonhuman primate skeletal collections (excluding tupaiids) housed in United States and Canadian museums, universities, and other institutions. Survey results are reported by genus for both skulls and postcrania without regard for age or sex. The survey emphasized specimens of wild‐caught primates but institutional personnel were not always able to separate animals which died in captivity. Responses were received from 157 of the 212 institutions to which questionnaires were sent. Of those who returned the questionnaires, 75 institutions have wild‐caught, nonhuman primate skeletal materials in their collections. Institutions that have either no nonhuman primate skeletal materials (50) or only the remains of captive animals (36) are listed separately. The total number of specimens reported exeeds 21,000 skulls and 6,400 postcrania.
Differences in interproximal and occlusal tooth wear among prehistoric tennessee indians: Implications for masticatory function
Authors: Hinton Robert J.
Published: August 2005

Breadth of the interproximal wear facet between lower P2 and M1 and between lower M1 and M2 was measured in human skeletal samples representing the Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian periods of Tennessee River Valley prehistory, with the aim of assessing relative magnitudes of applied masticatory forces. When stratified by level of occlusal wear, mean interproximal facet breadth was consistently larger in the Archaic sample than in the Mississippian sample, with the Woodland sample intermediate. An analysis of covariance demonstrated that there was significant (p ⩽ 0.01) differences in facet size among the three groups even when differences in crown breadth were taken into account. Similar results were obtained in regressions of facet size on chronological age (Archaic larger than Mississippian at p ⩽ 0.01). Since rate of occlusal wear appears to be somewhat greater in the Archaic sample than in the later samples, the differences in interproximal wear are probably underestimated. It is suggested that the high levels of interproximal wear in the Archaic are indicative of the large occlusal forces and repetitive chewing required to masticate a diet of seeds, wild plant foods, and small animals, for which prior preparation (e.g., grinding, cooking) was minimal or nonexistent (as indicated by paleofecal samples). The lower amounts of interproximal wear observed in the Woodland and Mississippian samples imply considerable reductions in strenuous mastication, perhaps due to the widespread adoption during these periods of pottery and the earth oven, together with ethnographically‐documented techniques of food preparation that transformed most foods to a soft consistency.
Efficacy of cranial versus dental measurements for separating human populations
Authors: Falk Dean , Corruccini Robert
Published: August 2005

Cranial and dental measurements were taken on 100 skulls, consisting of 20 specimens each, representing five different human populations. In addition to traditional cranial and dental measurements, sets of nonstandard basicranial and cervical dental measurements were collected. The data were subjected to univariate and multivariate analyses to determine what kinds of data best sort human populations. Both univariate and multivariate analyses indicate that traditional and nontraditional cranial measurements separate major human groups better than do dental measurements, with traditional cranial measurements providing the best sorting criteria. The cervical dental measurements proved to be better sorters of human groups than the traditional maximum dental measurements for univariate, but not for multivariate, analyses. Thus, when utilizing univariate techniques, osteologists can increase sample sizes of teeth by collecting cervical data.
Solomon Islander skin pigmentation: Ultrastructural differences related to genetic variation in Melanesia
Authors: Garcia Raul I. , Mitchell Ruth E. , Bloom Jerry , Szabo George
Published: August 2005

Genetic differences between Solomon Islander populations are distinguishable on the basis of melanosome packaging in epidermal keratinocytes. By electron microscopic study of skin pigmentation in various Melanesian populations, we have found distinct inter‐island differences in the mode of melanosome packaging. Melanosomes are found as singlets in the skin of Bougainville Islanders but are found aggregated in melanosome complexes in Malaita Islanders and Ontong Javanese. This variation in melanosome packaging represents an important biologic difference found between Solomon Islanders and may reflect the genetic diversity existing in the original Melanesian founding population or populations.
Failure of linguistic relationships to predict genetic distances between the Waiãpi and other tribes of lower Amazonia
Authors: Black Francis L. , Salzano Francisco M. , Berman Lee L. , Gabbay Yvone , Weimer Tania A. , Franco M. Helena L. P. , Pandey J. P.
Published: August 2005

Data on blood group, serum protein, erythrocyte enzyme, and histocompatibility antigen (HLA) traits are presented for the Waiãpi, a Tupispeaking tribe of the Brazilian and French Guianas. Intra‐ and intertribal comparisons have been made between these data, and previously published data from French Guiana, from another Tupi tribe and from other tribes of neighboring areas, and from the continent as a whole. For this purpose, we have modified the usual measure of genetic distance to obtain a value which is independent of the number of loci being considered. The intertribal genetic distances do not correlate with linguistic affinity. Social differences, which may have affected the rate of drift from the continental mean, correlate better with genetic distances.
Cross‐sectional geometry of Pecos Pueblo femora and tibiae—A biomechanical investigation: I. Method and general patterns of variation
Authors: Ruff Christopher B. , Hayes Wilson C.
Published: August 2005

Variation in long bone cross‐sectional geometry can be given a more precise functional interpretation using engineering beam theory. However, difficulties in measurement technique have generally prevented studies of large samples of cross sections in this way. In the present study, an automated system utilizing an electronic digitizer and computer software was used to analyze cross‐sectional geometric properties of 11 femoral and tibial locations in 119 individuals from the Pecos Pueblo, New Mexico site. The data generated allow identification of clear differences in geometric properties between different regions of the femur and tibia. These differences appear to be related to specific in‐vivo mechanical loadings of the lower limb bones, serving to reduce stress and strain under these loadings. The data are also used to investigate possible differences in loading of the femur and tibia in the Pecos and modern samples, and between humans and a nonhuman primate sample.
Cross‐sectional geometry of Pecos Pueblo femora and tibiae—A biomechanical investigation: II. Sex, age, and side differences
Authors: Ruff Christopher B. , Hayes Wilson C.
Published: August 2005

Intra‐populational variation in cross‐sectional geometric properties of the femur and tibia are investigated in the Pecos Pueblo skeletal sample. Sex differences in geometric parameters suggest that male lower limb bones are more adapted for A‐P bending, females for M‐L bending. Proposed explanations for this finding include sexual dimorphism in pelvic structure and culturally prescribed sex‐related activities at Pecos. With aging, both males and females undergo endosteal resorption and cortical thinning, greater among females. Both sexes also demonstrate an increase with age in subperiosteal area and second moments of area, supporting results reported in some studies of modern population samples. Sex and site‐specific remodeling of the femur and tibia with aging also occur. These localized remodeling changes appear to selectively conserve more compact cortical bone in areas of high mechanical stress. Side differences in cross‐sectional geometric properties indicate that left lower limb bones are generally larger than right lower limb bones, with asymmetry greater among females. In particular, left femora and tibiae are relatively stronger in A‐P bending, again more so in females.
Growth of the masseter muscle in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Carlson David S.
Published: August 2005

The growth of the masseter muscle in eight infant, juvenile, and adolescent female rhesus monkeys (M. mulatta) was examined over a 2.5 year period using serial radiographic cephalometric techniques with the aid of radiopaque muscle markers. The radiopaque markers, which are composed of small pieces of root canal broach inserted into the muscle belly, make it possible to determine longitudinal masseter muscle growth as well as migration of the masseter muscle relative to the mandible. It was found that the masseter muscle increased in length by 64% during the total growth period, most of which occurred between 6 and 18 months of age. Relative to the cranium, the masseter muscle grew markedly inferiorly and only slightly posteriorly. Relative to the mandible, the masseter migrated in a posterior and slightly superior direction, keeping pace with the ramus and condyle as they grew posteriorly and posterosuperiorly throughout the study period. It was concluded that: 1) radiopaque muscle markers are a valuable tool for analysis of muscle growth and alteration of muscle location; 2) the masseter muscle in the rhesus monkey undergoes elongation, probably due to addition of sarcomeres at the fiber‐tendon junctions; and 3) posterior migration of the masseter muscle relative to the corpus of the mandible, probably due to the nature of its periosteal attachment, results in a stability of the anteroposterior position of the masseter muscle despite the anterior displacement of the mandible.
A note on the effect of asymmetry in suture closure in mature human skulls
Authors: Živanović Srboljub
Published: August 2005

Studies on suture closure in mature European and East African Bantu skulls revealed marked differences in the degree of suture closure on the left and right side. Asymmetrical closure of sutures may lead to erroneous conclusions being made in ageing skulls if only one‐half of the skull is available for examination. Asymmetry in suture closure was rather common in recent skulls, being particularly noticeable in the bregmatic and complicate parts of the coronal suture and in intermediate portions of lambdoid sutures.
Principal components for allometric analysis
Authors: Corruccini Roberts S.
Published: August 2005

Logarithmic bivariate regression slopes and logarithmic principal component coefficient ratios are two methods for estimating allometry coefficients corresponding to a in the classic power formula Y = BXa. Both techniques depend on high correlation between variables. Interpretation is logically limited to the variables included in analysis. Principal components analysis depends also on relatively uniform intercorrelations; given this, it serves satisfactorily as a method for summarizing many bivariate combinations. Unmodified major principal component coefficients cannot represent scaling to body weight; rather, they represent scaling to a composite size vector which usually is highly correlated with body size or weight but has an unspecified allometry. Thus, the concepts of proportionality and of isometry must be kept distinct.
Dental indicators of growth disturbance in a series of ancient Lower Nubian populations: Changes over time
Authors: Rudney Joel D.
Published: August 2005

Previous studies of accentuated striae of Retzius in tooth enamel suggest that early childhood growth disturbance tends to be severe in state‐level agricultural societies. The present study investigates the diachronic stability of levels of growth disturbance with a series of Lower Nubian agricultural states broadly similar in terms of mode of subsistence and way of life. The sample consists of 114 first permanent molars from the Meroitic (100 B.C. to 300 A.D.) and X‐Group (300 to 600 A.D.) cultures. These teeth were sectioned according to standard histological technique. Data on the frequency and severity of accentuated striae of Retzius were then used to derive estimates of the magnitude of individual growth disturbance. Populations were compared by means of a two‐way ANOVA, with growth disturbance as the dependent variable, and age and population as the independent variables. The results show that those dying in childhood experienced significantly higher levels of early childhood growth disturbance than did those surviving to adulthood. The results also show a decline in growth disturbance levels over time. Both X‐Group children and X‐Group adults experience significantly less early childhood growth disturbance than their Meroitic counterparts. These results suggest an improvement in child health status from Meroitic to X‐Group times. Tentative explanatory hypotheses imply an increase in village autonomy, an increase in helminthic disease related to a change in irrigation technology, or direct and indirect effects of consumption of naturally‐occurring tetracyclines. These hypotheses are not mutually exclusive, and further research is needed before any of them can be tested.
Skeletal maturity and bone growth in twins
Authors: Kimura Kunihiko
Published: August 2005

Heritability of skeletal maturity and bone growth is discussed on the basis of intrapair resemblances (correlation coefficients) and differences (revised percent deviations) in mono‐ and dizygotic twins and random pairs of unrelated children. A series of 1072 radiographs of the right hand and wrist in 63 male and 70 female pairs of monozygotic twins, and 25 male and 21 female pairs of dizygotic twins aged 12 to 18 years studied longitudinally in Tokyo were used. Skeletal maturity based on the TW2 age suggests higher heritability than bone growth based on the second metacarpal dimensions. In the latter, length has higher heritability than width and cortical thickness. A dosage effect seems to be suggested in width and some indices in the second metacarpal, but is not confirmed in skeletal maturation.
Evidence for prehistoric cardiovascular disease of syphilitic origin on the Northern Plains
Authors: Walker Ernest G.
Published: August 2005

The identification of the treponemas among prehistoric Amerindian populations is problematic. This paper presents the evidence for the presence of cardiovascular disease of syphilitic origin on the Plains of North America during prehistoric times. Comparative data from modern populations is used to arrive at a diagnosis.
The development of the vermiculate pattern in the brow region of crania from Indian Knoll, Kentucky
Authors: Tappen N. C.
Published: August 2005

A convoluted brow surface consisting of fine ridges, grooves, and depressions, first identified in ancient fossil hominids and termed the vermiculate pattern (VP), is often low in frequency and of moderate rugosity in crania of anatomically modern human populations. Burials at Indian Knoll, Kentucky, constitute an excellent series for study of the development of the VP, since cranial surfaces are usually well preserved, there are hundreds of immature and mature individuals previously assessed for age, and the VP is high in frequency and rugosity. While a surface pattern resembling a miniature VP is found on the supraorbital surface of all newborns, it is not found on any children age 2 or older. This newborn pattern is probably different in structure and origin from the adult VP. The smooth surface characteristic of children shows evidence of changing to the VP in some adolescents, but the fullest development of the VP occurs in adults. The VP continues to develop in rugosity into the fourth decade, especially in males. These observations indicate that the human VP is different in etiology from somewhat similar brow surfaces found sporadically in immature individuals of some species of nonhuman primates. Statements lumping all vermiculate bone surfaces as “fine cancellous bone” are premature. The human VP development shows no apparent relationship to phases of tooth eruption, as postulated for the appearance of areolar surfaces on brow ridges of immature nonhuman primates.
Intergroup loud calls, range size, and spacing in Callicebus torquatus
Authors: Kinzey Warren G. , Robinson John G.
Published: August 2005

Observations are reported on the response of a free‐ranging group of Callicebus torquatus to recordings of loud intergroup calls. When the recording consisted of the call of a solo adult male, the group fled from the recording. When the recording consisted of the adult male and female duetting together, the group remained in place and called back to the recording. These results contrast with previously described vocal and spatial responses of C. moloch and suggest that range size influences the mechanisms that regulate between‐group spacing. The consequence of intergroup loud calls in C. moloch is to define and reinforce the location of boundaries, whereas in C. torquatus, homologous calls maintain spacing between groups.
Cortical bone loss and measurements of the second metacarpal bone: II. Hypodense bone in postwar Guamanian children
Authors: Plato C. C. , Greulich W. W. , Garruto R. M. , Yanagihara R.
Published: August 2005

Hand‐wrist radiographs from 326 Guamanian children (180 boys and 146 girls) were evaluated for total width, medullary width, length, and combined cortical thickness of the second metacarpal. Bone measurements as well as standing height and weight were compared to similar published data from U.S. mainland black, white, and Mexican‐American children. The results demonstrated that the second metacarpal bones of Guamanian boys and girls of all age groups (5–17 years) have a narrower width and shorter length with less combined cortical thickness than any of the other groups. Guamanian children also weighed less and were of shorter stature than their black, white, or Mexican‐American counterparts. These results agree closely with those comparisons between Guamanian and U.S. mainland white adults published earlier. It is not possible from the present data to ascertain whether these differences were due to genetic variability or nutritional deficiency.
The assessment of jaw movement direction from dental microwear
Authors: Gordon Kathleen D.
Published: August 2005

In order to resolve several controversies about unusual jaw movements such as thegosis and orthal retraction, information about direction of jaw movement is essential. Ryan (1979a,b) proposed that asymmetry of microwear striations might provide such data. In vivo occurrences of asymmetric striations on chimpanzee molars are presented and analyzed. Results suggest that either thegosis contacts commonly occur on chimpanzee molars or that Ryan's model, as developed in vitro, does not accurately apply to naturally occurring molar microwear.
A comment on Feldesman's analysis of the distal humerus
Authors: Washburn S. L.
Published: August 2005

It is the combination of anatomy, behavior, and molecular biology that is necessary for the analysis. No one line of evidence is adequate.
Variation in the pattern of cranial venous sinuses and hominid phylogeny
Authors: Kimbel William H.
Published: August 2005

In 1967 Tobias noted that Australopithecus boisei cranium O.H.5 exhibited a cranial venous sinus pattern in which the occipital sinus and the marginal sinuses of the foramen magnum appeared to have replaced the transverse‐sigmoid sinuses as the major venous outflow track. Specimens of A. robustus and several more recently recovered A. boisei crania also show evidence of enlarged occipital‐marginal sinuses. In contrast, A. africanus and H. habilis retain a dominant transverse‐sigmoid system that characterizes the great majority of extant apes and modern human cadaver samples. Pliocene A. afarensis exhibits a high frequency of occipital‐marginal drainage systems.

An examination of several series of precontact North American Indian crania shows that the frequency distribution of the occipital‐marginal sinus pattern is spatiotemporally disjunct, ranging from 7.5% to 28%. The Late Pleistocene sample from Předmost, Czechoslovakia, also shows a very high incidence of occipital‐marginal sinus patterns ( ∼ 45%). These observations suggest that occipital‐marginal and transverse‐sigmoid sinus patterns are adaptively equivalent character states. This conclusion is supported by the fact that enlarged occipital‐marginal and transverse‐sigmoid sinus systems often coexist on the same and/or contralateral sides of the head. It is well known that the frequencies of such adaptively neutral traits are often heavily influenced by population‐specific epistatic interactions.

The utilization of such traits in phylogenetic reconstruction entails a substantial risk of mistaking parallelism for synapomorphy. It is concluded that using functional‐adaptive criteria in the definition of morphologic characters is a more reliable method to guide phylogeny reconstruction. In light of this, the distribution of venous sinus variants in Plio‐Pleistocene hominids gives little or no basis for revising the phylogenetic scheme of Johanson and White (1979), or the functional‐adaptive interpretation offered by White et al. (1981).
ABO blood typing of human skeletal remains in Hungary
Authors: Lengyel I.
Published: August 2005

The author reports about the theoretical effects of his paleoserologic investigations on some historical population genetics problems. First he refers to the essence of the two modifications by the help of which the fluorescent antibody method can be made suitable for blood typing of archeological skeletal remains and determines his working units (sample, series, “population”) used in the paleoserologic researches.

The benefits of the projection of the ABO blood typing results on the map of the cemetaries are demonstrated. The distribution of the several phenotypes are collated to the character or richness of the grave goods and to the taxonomic features of the late individuals. The thorough examination of the serogenetic distances among the several samples of a given historical period may cast more light on the ethnic interrelations of the earlier populations living in the same geographic area. Following up the serogenetic changes of a population during subsequent historical periods, new ideas can be gained about the importance of the environmental, economic, and demographic factors shaping the serogenetic profile of the population.
Hemoglobin levels in a Himalayan high altitude population
Authors: Beall C. M. , Reichsman A. B.
Published: August 2005

This report presents data on hemoglobin concentrations in a sample of Himalayan high altitude natives measured at their habitual altitude of residence. In this sample of 270 healthy Tibetan adults resident at 3250–3560 m in Upper Chumik, Nepal, the mean hemoglobin concentration is 16.1 ± 1.2 gm/dl among adult males, 14.4 ± 1.4 gm/dl among premenopausal and 15.0 ± 1.1 gm/dl among postmenopausal adult females. 123 of 126 (98%) males, 96 of 100 (96%) premenopausal and 36 of 44 (82%) postmenopausal females have hemoglobin concentrations within two standard deviations of the sea level mean. These data demonstrate that a healthy population may reside at high altitude without the degree of elevation in hemoglobin widely known and cited for Andean highlanders. Comparing published data on mean hemoglobin concentrations of adult Himalayan and Andean samples residing between 3200 m and 4100 m reveals that Himalayan means are systematically lower. This in turn may account for the reported population differences in the prevalence of chronic mountain sickness (Monge's disease). It is hypothesized that Himalayan and Andean highlanders represent alternative patterns of high altitude hematological adaptation.
Human red cell glycolysis in high altitude chronic hypoxia
Authors: Arnaud J. , Gutierrez N.
Published: August 2005

We have found that glycolysis in human red blood cells under the hypoxic conditions found at high altitudes is connected with changes in enzyme activities and levels of various metabolic intermediates.

The sensitivity of the four kinases to hypoxia results in 1) glycolytic hyperactivity leading to a higher intracellular energy state, and 2) accumulation of 2–3 DPG, whose role in the adaptation of red blood cell respiration to high altitude has been shown by previous research.

PEP, 3PG, and G6P appear to be the main regulating intermediates in glycolysis in this system. The reason for the very large increase in G1‐6DP is still not clear.
Microfracture patterns of abrasive wear striations on teeth indicate directionality
Authors: Gordon Kenneth R.
Published: August 2005

A method is described that will indicate the direction that an abrasive particle was traveling as it scored the surface of a brittle material. Light and scanning electron micrographs of glass, dentine, and enamel abraded by loose sand, steel carbide, and diamond indicate that partial Hertzian fracture cones are formed at the margins of wear striations during abrasion. The bases of these fracture cones face in the direction of travel of the abrasive particle and, therefore, indicate directionality. Because this method is based only on the consistent geometry of fracturing of brittle materials, it is independent of the loading of the abrasive particle. The only other method available to determine directionality of striations is unreliable since it uses the width of striations, and, hence, is dependent upon a consistent loading regime of the abrasive particle. This new method has direct application for determining the direction of movement of the jaws during mastication in living or fossil animals.
Estimation of body fat in female rhesus monkeys
Authors: Walker Margaret L. , Schwartz Susan M. , Wilson Mark E. , Musey Paul I.
Published: August 2005

Measurement of height (crown–rump length), body weight, and abdominal subcutaneous fat depth, based on skinfold thickness taken from 13 female rhesus monkeys comprising two age groups were correlated with body fat values derived from tritiated water determinations of total body water. The manner with which each measure was related to percent body fat differed as a function of age of the animal. In the young, nulliparous females, crown–rump length was the single best predictor of body fat, whereas in the older, multiparous females, skinfold thickness correlated most highly with body fat. When all measurements, including the Quetelet index [(wt/ht)2 × 1,000], were combined statistically and regressed against percent body fat, a significant increase in predictive ability was obtained. When each age group was considered separately, the resulting equations again reflected the agegroup biases. In addition, as an internal check on the validity of the regression equations, an additional regression analysis was performed using morphometric data from selected animals in each age group. These equations yielded accurate estimates of body fat when compared to determinations made from total body water. These analyses indicate that the predictive accuracy of morphometric data is greatly enhanced by using these measurements in concert. Furthermore, the utility of such predictions is influenced by the specific physical characteristics of the subject population.
GM allotypes in Native Americans: Evidence for three distinct migrations across the Bering land bridge
Authors: Williams Robert C. , Steinberg Arthur G. , Gershowitz Henry , Bennett Peter H. , Knowler William C. , Pettitt David J. , Butler William , Baird Robert , Dowda‐Rea Laidler , Burch Thomas A. , Morse Harold G. , Smith Charline G.
Published: August 2005

We report the results of typings, for immunoglobulin G allotypes, of 5392 Native Americans from ten samples, the typings having been performed over the last 20 years. Four cultural groups are represented: the Pimans—Pima and Papago; the Puebloans—Zuni and Hopi; the Pai—Walapai; and the Athabascans—Apache and Navajo. The haplotype Gm1;21 has the highest frequency in each population while Gm1,2;21 is polymorphic in all except the Hopi. The Mongoloid marker Gm1;11,13 is found primarily in the Athabascans. The Caucasian haplotype Gm3;5,11,13 is found at polymorphic frequencies in several of the populations but its frequency is very low or absent among nonadmixed individuals. Although Nei's standard genetic distance analysis demonstrates genetic similarity at the Gm and Km loci, the heterogeneity that does exist is consistent both with what is known about the prehistory of Native Americans and traditional cultural categories. When the current Gm distributions are analyzed with respect to the three‐migration hypothesis, there are three distinct Gm distributions for the postulated migrants: Gm1;21 and Gm1,2;21 for the Paleo‐Indians 16,000 to 40,000 years ago; Gm1;21, Gm1,2;21, and Gm1;11,13 for the second wave of Na‐Dene hunters 12,000 to 14,000 years ago; and Gm1;21 and Gm1;11,13 for the Eskimo‐Aleut migration 9,000 years ago. The Pimans, Puebloans, and the Pai are descendents of the Paleo‐Indians while the Apache and Navajo are the contemporary populations related to the Na‐Dene. Finally, the Gm distribution in Amerindians is found to be consistent with a hypothesis of one migration of Paleo‐Indians to South America, while the most likely homeland for the three ancestral populations is found to be in northeastern Asia.
Patterns of dental wear in the Lengua Indians of Paraguay
Authors: Kieser J. A. , Groeneveld H. T. , Preston C. B.
Published: August 2005

Wear patterns were examined on dental casts of 202 living Lengua Indians from the Chaco area of Paraguay. Consideration was given to the development of the molar helicoidal plane, age‐related changes in occlusal attrition, coalescence of dentine exposures, interproximal attrition, and erupted crown height. This study lends support to Osborn's theory of the helicoidal plane development by showing that attrition enhances rather than modifies posteruption molar occlusal planes. The rate of interproximal attrition was found to slow down with the eruption and functional initiation of the third molars. Sinuous and cavo‐convex interproximal contact areas that are generated with age, however, appeared to be less abrasion resistant than straight surfaces, hence leading to an increase in interproximal attrition rates with advanced age. Maximum crown height reduction occurred between the ages of 20 and 40 years in central incisors, canines, and first molars. Kruskal‐Wallis tests and log linear models failed to demonstrate significant sexually dimorphic or antimeric differences in wear patterns of Lengua teeth.
Functional morphology of the asterionic region in extant hominoids and fossil hominids
Authors: Kimbel William H. , Rak Yoel
Published: August 2005

Asterionic sutural patterns in Plio‐Pleistocene hominid crania have never been examined in detail. We present an analysis of this anatomical region in Australopithecus and Homo and relate different sutural patterns to functional changes in the masticatory apparatus.

The great apes and A. afarensis share the common adult higher primate sutural pattern referred to as the “asterionic notch,” which develops in response to the hypertrophy of posterior temporalis muscle fibers and the consequent formation of compound temporal/nuchal crests. This sutural configuration also appears to be present on the early Homo cranium KNM‐ER 1805. In contrast, adult male A. boisei crania exhibit a unique pattern where the temporal squama overlaps the parietal which, in turn, overlaps the par mastoidea and the upper scale of the occipital bone. We relate this arrangement to the need to reinforce the rear of a thin‐walled braincase against the net tensile forces exerted by the temporalis and nuchal muscles. The common juvenile hominoid edge‐to‐edge asterionic articulation is maintained in adult A. africanus, A. robustus, female A. boisei, and most Homo crania. We discuss the latter pattern in regard to anterior temporalis hypertrophy in A. africanus, A. robustus, and A. boisei and to craniofacial paedomorphosis in Homo.