bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHARACTERISTICS OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN VITRO BY LYMPHOCYTES FROM HUMAN PERIPHERAL BLOOD
Authors: Smith JL , Lawton JWM , Forbes IJ
Published: December 2007

Lymphocyte suspensions were obtained from human venous blood by elution from cotton wool columns. These suspensions contained only lymphocytes and erythrocytes.

Evidence was presented to show that the incorporation of 14C‐leucine into protein was due solely to the activity of the lymphocytes and that this could be‐ inhibited by low concentrations of puromycin and actinomycin D.

Eagle's medium supplemented with amino acids provided a plasma‐free, chemically defined medium of constant composition, suitable for studying the influence of plasma factors and drugs on lymphocytes. Protein synthesis diminished rapidly after 12 hr. in plasma‐free medium, whereas it continued for 24 hr. in medium containing autologous plasma.

Most of the soluble protein synthesized by the lymphocytes was retained within the cells, and only a small proprotion was released into the medium. A greater proportion was released by cells in plasma‐free medium. In addition to soluble protein, lymphocytes synthesized insoluble protein associated with the cell‐debris.

Phytohaemagglutinin stimulated the synthesis of soluble and insoluble protein. Synthesis may also be stimulated by a small contamination with poly‐ morphonuclear leucocytes and monocytes.

Actinomycin D prevented the initiation of the response to phytohaemagglutinin and the maintenance of the established response.

The newly synthesized proteins were analysed by autoradiography of immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) patterns. Proteins including the immunoglobulins, α and β globulins were labelled. Albumin was not labelled.

Evidence was obtained showing that lymphocytes from a patient with Hashimoto's disease synthesized specific antibody to thyroglobulin.
SPONTANEOUS PEPTIC ULCERS IN MICE
Authors: Williams A Wynn , Howie JB , Helyer BJ , Simpson LO
Published: December 2007

A high incidence of duodenal ulcers has been observed in the inbred mouse strain NZB. The ulcers bear a striking similarity to humman peptic ulcers. Although the mice develop various manifestations of autoimmune disease, the aetiology and pathogenesis of the ulcers is at present uncertain.
THE PERISTALTIC REFLEX IN THE ISOLATED GUINEA‐PIG ILEUM DURING DRUG‐INDUCED SPASM OF THE LONGITUDINAL MUSCLE
Authors: Gregory JE , Bentley GA
Published: December 2007

The guinea‐pig isolated ileum, when contracted by various drugs, is known to undergo rhythmic lengthening when peristalsis is induced by distension. The mechanism of this lengthening was examined. Lengthing was always associated with circuler muscle contractios, was not prevented by guanethidine, was not observed in parts of the ileum adjacent to parts undergoing peristalsis and could be produced by contracting the circular muscle in preparations blocked with procaine. When the shortening of the circular muscle was mechanically limited, the lengthening of the longitudinal muscle was decreased. It was concluded that this lengthening is a direct mechanical consequence of circular muscle contraction.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE
Authors: Lemcke Ruth M , Plackett P , Shaw Elizabeth J , Marmion BP
Published: December 2007

The complement fixing and gel‐precipitating activity of chloroform‐ methanol extracts of Mycoptasma pneumoniae is heat stable, resistant to lipase and protease. The extract is of low antigenicity in guinea‐pigs and rabbits.

Treatment with alkali in aqueous media and alkaline methanolysis caused some diminution of serological activity. Treatment with sodium metaperiodate and with a crude carbohydrase caused a substantial drop in serological activity. The heat stability, resistance to protease and sensitivity to periodate and carbo‐ hydrase suggest the presence of carbohydrate determinants in the lipid hapten.
THE IMMUNE RESPONSES OF NORMAL AND TOLERANT RATS TO SALMONELLA ADELAIDE FLAGELLIN IN FREUND'S COMPLETE ADJUVANT
Authors: Lind Patricia E
Published: December 2007

Antibody production in the rat in response to the injection of Salmonella adelaide flagellin was considerably enhanced if the antigen were Injected In emulsion with Freund's complete adjuvant. Peak titres of antibody Were 1000‐fold higher than those obtained following the injection of antigen alone. However the minimal dose of flagellin. which would stimulate antibody production was found to be of the order of 10 ng. (10−8 g.) regardless of whether it were injected in adjuvant or in aqueous solution. Simultaneous injection of flagellin and adjuvant into opposite sides of the body resulted in only a very moderate enhancement of the antibody response.

Rats which had been given a ten‐week course of bi‐weekly injections of flagellin starting in the neonatal period, and which were virtually unresponsive to subsequent challenge with flagellin, broke tolerance and produced high titres of antibody when challenged with the same dose of flagellin in adjuvant.

These results have been interpreted in terms of the ability of antigen injected in Freund's complete adjuvant to be retained in the body for a considerable period of time where it remains available to stimulate both cells which “escape” the state of immune unresponsiveness and newly recruited antigen‐ sensitive cells whose proliferation is accelerated by the presence of the adjuvant.
A RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR HUMAN PITUITARY LUTEINISING HORMONE USING PAPER CHROMATO‐ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Burger HG , Oliver JR , Davis Jennifer , Catt KJ
Published: December 2007

A radioimmunoassay is described for the measurement of human pituitary luteinising hormone in small volumes of unextracted plasma. The 2nd International Reference Preparation of Human Menopausul Gonadotrophin and a preparation of purified human pituitary luteinising hormone have been used as the assay standards, and the latter has been radioactively labelled with 131I and 125I for use as the tracer antigen. Separation of bound and free labelled antigen has been achieved by the technique of paper chromato‐electrophoresis, and an internal standard has been used to reduce variability between assays.

Data are presented bearing on the specificity, accuracy, precision and sensitivity of the method. Normal values in plasma were found to be as follows:

(a) in 46 eugonadal males 2·25 ± 0·16 International Units (I.U.) per 100 ml. (mean ± standard error);

(b) in normal females during the menstrual cycle the mean level during the follicular phase was 2·0 International Units per 100 ml, during the luteal phase 1·5 International Units per 100 ml, ami at mid‐cycle 8·1 International Units per 100 ml. (4 subjects);

(c) in 14 post‐menopausal females, 7·0 ± 1·2 International Units per 100 ml.;

(d) in 25 prepubertal children, < 0·3 to 1·3 International Units per 100 ml.
VASCULAR REACTIVITY STUDIES IN HYPERTENSION
Authors: Scroop GC , Whelan RF
Published: December 2007

The reactivity of the hand blood vessels to local intra‐arterial infusions of angiotensin and noradrenaline was studied in patients with primary, renovascular and malignant hypertension and correlated with plasma renin activity.

In nineteen patients with primary hypertension and normal plasma renin activity the angiotensin and noradrenaline responses were within normal limits.

In three patients with renovascular hypertension, each of whom had elevated plasma renin activity, there was a marked reduction in the reactivity of the hand vessels to angiotensin, whereas that to noradrenaline was at the upper limit of the normal range. One of these patients had a unilateral nephrectomy and following this her plasma renin activity, blood pressure and vascular reactivity to angiotensin returned to normal levels.

In two patients with malignant hypertension plasma renin activity was elevated but the vascular reactivity to angiotensin and noradrenaline was normal.
PHAGOCYTOSIS IN INVERTEBRATES
Authors: Reade Peter C
Published: December 2007

Two species of invertebrates, Parachaeraps bicarinatus, a freshwater crayfish, and Helix pomatia, a garden snail, were examined for the presence of cells which could phagocytose particulate material introduced into their vascular systems. By means of blood clearance studies and histological techniques, it was demonstrated that there existed a highly active system of such cells, mainly associated with the liver‐like digestive diverticula of both species. The rate of clearance of particles from the blood was slower in snails, although these animals exhibited a much more widespread system of cells which apparently contributed in a minor way to the uptake of particles introduced by a vascular route.
EFFECT OF NEONATAL THYMECTOMY AND THIOTEPA ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICE TO THE LETHAL EFFECTS OF POXVIRUSES
Authors: Subrahmanyan TP
Published: December 2007

Neonatal thymectomy or treatment with the cytotoxic drug Thiotepa increased the susceptibility of regular adult mice to attenuated ectromelia virus, probably because of their effects on the immune response. Neonatal thymectomy had no effect on the susceptibility to ectromelia virus of low pathogen mice or mice fed broad spectrum antibiotics, suggesting that enteric organisms play an important part in determining the resistance to ectromelia virus. The ability of adult mice to resist the lethal effects of subcutaneously injected cowpox virus was not affected by neonatal thymectotny or Thiotepa treatment. The treated mice surviving cowpox virus infection did not show hypersensitive footpad responses to ectromelia virus challenge, but they nevertheless resisted challenge.
STUDIES ON THE TRANSFER OF PROTEIN ACROSS THE GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM OF THE MAMMARY GLAND DURING INVOLUTION
Authors: Mackenzie DDS
Published: December 2007

In the present paper then movement of protein across the glandular epithelium of the mammary gland during involution has been studied. The movement of protein from the gland was followed by infusing [131I]‐labelled protiens into the mammary gland and measuring either the concentration of labelled protein remaining in the gland or the amount of labelled protein appearing in the efferent mammary lymph. The protein composition of the secretion in the mammary gland at different stages of involution was studied by immunoelectrophoresis and by separating the secretion on Sephadex G‐200 or DEAE Sephadex. The results of the absorption experiments have been discussed in relation to the changes observed in the concentration of the serum proteins in the secretion during involution.
THE TRANSFER OF [131I]‐LABELLED IMMUNOGLOBULINS AND SERUM ALBUMIN FROM BLOOD INTO MILK OF LACTATING EWES
Authors: Mackenzie DDS , Lascelles AK
Published: December 2007

Human serum albumin, 7S globulin, slow IgG and fast IgG were Labelled with [131I] iodine and injected intravenously into a total of 19 ewes. The mean (whey : serum) ratios for human serum albumin, 7S globulin (mainly fast IgG), slow IgG and fast IgG were respectively 0·044, 0·052, 0·025 and 0·062. There was a sharp increase in the (whey : serum) ratios for human serum albumin, and slow IgG compared with fast IgG as the glands became inflamed following the infusion of virulent staphylococci or α‐haemolysin into the test sinus. Thus 12hr. after infection the (whey : serum) ratio for slow IgG and human serum albumin had increased 250–500% above pre‐infection values while the ratio for fast IgG had increased by only 160%.Each under half became acutely inflamed within 4hr of the infusion of α‐haemolysin. At this time the (whey : serum)ratios for slow IgG were increased 317–640% above the pre‐infection values, whereas those for IgG were increased only 135–188%.

There result suggest that a Selective mechanism of transfer for fast IgG into milk similar to that existing during colostrum formation continues into lactation and that acute inflammation inhibits this mechanism
THE IMMUNOGLOBULIN RESPONSE OF RATS TO AMPLICAECUM ROBERTSI INFESTATIONS
Authors: Dobson C
Published: December 2007

Rats infested with Amplicaecum robertsi responded by the formation of IgM and IgG antibodies and by showing Prausnitz‐Küstner activity. The IgM response was large and protracted and the antiboidy was heat‐ and mercapto‐ethanol‐labile. The production of IgG antibody started 2 days after IgM and was never very large reaching an early low peak titre. The theoretical implications of the IgM response are discussed in relation to the antigenicity of nematodes.
IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN RATS FOLLOWING ANTIGENIC STIMULATION OF PEYER'S PATCHES
Authors: Cooper GN , Thonard JC , Crosby RL , Dalbow MH
Published: December 2007

Fallowing injection of the rudimentary Peyer's patches of germ‐free rats with formolized sheep red cells, a serum haemolytic and haemaggiutinating antibody respose occur. Judged by the plaque‐forming cell respose, the antibody is derived solely from the injected patch and a draining mesenteric lymph nods. The histoiogical changes which occur in these tissue following antigenic stimulation have been studied. The most significant finding concerned the reations in the Peyer's patch and support the belief that these tissue behave as secandary lymphoid organs. Unstimulated patches. were found of. consist of losse sheets of small lymphocytic cells; within 24 hr. of antigen injection the tissues had increased considerably in size. By the 48th hr. characteristic follicles had developed; withthin these, many blast cells and occasional mitoti cells were observed. By the 4th day well‐developed garminal centres were found in the follicles, while the interfollicular areas Contained blast Cells and occasional immature plasma cells; at this time, and later, the appearance of these tissues was almost identical to that of uninjected patches taken from conventional animals. Characterictic garminal centre formation in the follicles, together with blast.cell and immature plasma cell development in the medullary areas of the stimulated mesenteric lymph nodes occasional; though it is believed that these tissues were principally responsible for the serum antibody respose the histological reaction were slower to develop than those observed in the related Peyer's patches.
FURTHER STUDIES REGARDING THE QUESTION OF CELLULAR IMMUNITY IN MOUSE TYPHOID
Authors: Rowley D , Auzins I , Jenkin CR
Published: December 2007

The immunity of mice to Salmonella typhimurium infections has been investigated, using killed and living vaccines of the specific organism and also an apparently unrelated rough strain of Salmonella enteritidis 11RX. It is concluded from the result of these experiments that treatment of mice, with living vaccines of both strains, that leads to immunity to S. typhimurium infection is dependent on an increased bactericidal activity of the macrophage population which requires specific antibody for its expression.
HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS IN THE RAT: THE AS2 STRAIN IN RELATION TO THE AS, BS AND HS STRAINS
Authors: Heslop Barbara F
Published: December 2007

The origin of the inbred albino rat strain AS2 is described. With the exception of weak male → female incompatibility, the strain appears to be isohistogenic and homozygous at all loci determining histocompatibility antigens. The weak antigen distinguishing males from otherwise isohistogenic females is identical in the AS2 and HS strains. The AS2 strain possesses at least one histocompatibility antigen in common with each of strains AS, BS and HS. The AS. BS and HS strains possess identical alleles at a major histocompatibility locus at which they differ from the AS2 strain. Donor‐host disparity at this locus regularly leads to the development of local graft versus host reactions following the injection of 50 × 106 normal parental strain spleen cells beneath the renal capsule of F1 hybrids. Where donor and host are compatible at this locus, despite disparity at up to 3 other loci determining strong antigens, local graft versus host reactions do not occur following normal spleen cell transfer, although they occur somewhat irregularly if specifically sensitised spleen donors are used. It therefore seems likely that this major locus is the Ag‐B locus. Mean skin graft survival times are only slightly shorter in Ag‐B incompatible combinations than in those combinations which are compatible at Ag‐B hut differ in respect of other strong histocompatibility antigens. Parental strain → F2 hybrid skin grafts show the closely related AS and AS2 strains to differ from each other at an estimated 4‐5 histocompatibility loci, one of which is the Ag‐B locus.
GROWTH OF PARAMYXOVIRUSES IN ANUCLEATE CELLS
Authors: Cheyne IM , White DO
Published: December 2007

Anucleate fragments of HeLa cell cytoplasm support the growth of the paramyxoviruses, parainfluenza type 1 and Newcastle disease virus at least to the point of development of haemadsorption. These viruses are therefore genetically self‐sufficient, insofar as they can code for all the steps in the multiplication cycle up to this stage without the participation of nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
THE INFLUENCE OF THE PERIARTERIAL NERVE FIBRES ON AN ISOLATED AND PERFUSED SMALL MESENTERIC ARTERY
Authors: Speden RN
Published: December 2007

An isolated perfused preparation of the first side branch of the posterior mesenteric artery of the rabbit constricted during periarterial electrical stimulation. The vasoconstriction was unaffected by hexamethonium or atropine, was abolished by bretylium and reserpine pretreatment of the rabbit and was potentiated by cocaine when the frequency of stimulation was 5/sec. Phentolamine, dibenamine and phenoxybenzamine reduced, but failed to abolish, the vasoconstriction, although they abolished the response to large amounts of nor‐adrenaline. Vasoconstriction increased with increasing stimulus frequency up to a frequency of 20/sec. and then declined as the stimulus frequency was further increased. It was concluded that periarterial electrical stimulation activated postganglionic nerve fibres in the wall of the artery. Part of the released transmitter acted on α‐adrenergic receptors and port on either α‐adrenergic receptors inaccessible to three α‐adrenergic receptor blocking agents or on receptors which were not α‐adrenergic.
THE PRODUCTION OF HAEMOGLOBIN C IN ADULT SHEEP AND GOATS
Authors: Blunt MH , Huisman THJ , Lewis JP
Published: December 2007

The production of haemoglobin C (Hb‐C) was examined in three sheep and two goats which were kept anaemic by bleeding for 5–7 weeks. A fourth sheep was made acutely anaemic by bleeding severely for three days.

In the chronically bled sheep the production of Hb‐C was variable and difficult to maintain unless the animals were made severely anaemic.

In the goats the replacement of the β chain was almost complete with an anaemia which was equivalent to that produced in the sheep, and Hb‐C could be maintained for a considerable period.

In the acutely bled sheep Hb‐C increased to a maximum by the 16th day.

Reticulocytosis was not marked, but, in general, an increase occurred about 15 days before maximum Hb‐C production was evident.

Erythropoietin activity was examined in four animals with variable results, but in the severely bled animal it was evident before the reticulocytes appeared. This activity did not appear to be related to the amount of Hb‐C which was produced.

The elimination of Hb‐C from the circulation was very variable, but the rates of decrease in goats were slower than in sheep.
THE HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN INVOLUTING MAMMARY GLANDS OF EWES IN RELATION TO THE LOCAL ALLERGIC RESPONSE
Authors: Lee CS , Lascelles AK
Published: December 2007

The histological changes in normal mammary glands of ewes at various stages of involution have been compared with the changes occurring in involuting glands infused with antigen at weaning. Attention was specifically focused on the changes in concentration and on the location of cells of the lymphocyte‐plasma cell and macrophage‐monocyte series.

In both infused and non‐infused glands there was an enormous increase in the concentration of lymphocytes during involution, especially during the 4‐ to 16‐day period, and in fully involuted glands the lymphocyte was the dominant cell type. The lymphocytes were usually located adjacent to the epithelium of the alveolar remnants and small ducts.

Large cells with a deeply staining nucleus and foamy cytoplasm, identified as fat‐laden macrophages, were observed in increasing numbers in the secretion within alveoli and ducts as involution progressed. Mast cells which were distinguished from other cell types by the use of alcian blue and methyl green‐ pyronin Y were observed to increase in concentration during involution. Most of these cells were found in the connective tissue septa between lobules and only occasionally adjacent to the alveolar epithelium.

The most significant feature in glands infused with antigen at weaning was the striking appearance of pyroninophilic cells of the lymphocyte‐plasma cell series usually situated in areas adjacent to the degenerating alveoli. These were found in highest concentration 16 days after weaning when many resembled mature plasma cells.

It is considered that the changes described provide a cellular basis for the local allergic reaction which can be elicited in mammary glands at this stage of lactation.
“PREGNANCY PROTEIN” IN POLYACRYLAMIDE GRADIENT‐GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Margolis J , Kenrick KG
Published: December 2007

A protein band appearing in gradient gel electrophoresis between the second and third terms of the haptoglobin 2–1 haemoglobin complex has been demonstrated in the sera of pregnant women and of women taking oestrogen‐containing oral contraceptive pills. The appearance in the serum of this “pregnancy protein” has been shown to be oestrogen‐dependent. The location of the pregnancy protein just below the Hp.Hb (2–1) trimer in the gradient gel implies a molecular weight of around 450,000.

The gradient technique gives sharper resolution of the pregnancy protein and appears to be more sensitive than the electrophoretic methods previously used.
THE NATURAL RESISTANCE OF PIGEONS TO TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Bateman RG , Rowley D
Published: December 2007

A search has been made for immunological reasons to account for the susceptibility of mice and the resistance of pigeons to challenge by Diplococcus pneumoniae type III. Comparative studies have been made of the abihty of mice and pigeons to respond to a pneumococcal vaccine. It has been shown that the pigeon responds with a higher antibody titre to small doses of pneumococcal antigen. A study has been made ofthenatural opsonins present in normal pigeon serum against this organism. Pigeons, in contrast to mice, show an immune‐type clearance after intravenous injection of these organisms and this clearance can be inhibited by the specific capsular polysaccharide, indicating its dependence on specific antibody. It is suggested that the natural resistance of pigeons can be accounted for by the existence of natural antibody and by the rapidly acquired antibody response to the injection of the organisms.
CHARACTERISTICS OF LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFER REACTIONS PRODUCED IN SHEEP
Authors: Jones MAS , Lafferty KJ
Published: December 2007

The normal lymphocyte transfer reaction produced in the skin of sheep is a proliferative response that can be followed by measuring the change in skin thickness at the injection site. In the majority of pairs the lymphocytes of either sheep are sensitive to the tissues of the other member of the pair and so the reaction probably represents the mutual interaction of donor and recipient lymphocytes. About 5 to 6 days after the injection of the donor cells, the host mounts an immune response that effectively inhibits the further development of the normal lymphocyte transfer reaction. There is no indication that a hyper‐sensitivity reaction on the part of the host contributes to the intensity of the dermal response. Lymphocytes obtained from other species will produce a dermal reaction in the skin of sheep. However, the intensity of these reactions falls to an undetectable level as the phylogenetic separation of the donor and recipient increases. Cells obtained from chickens will produce a dermal reaction in the skin of sheep only after an intensive course of immunization with sheep tissues. Such reactions differ in character from normal lymphocyte transfer reactions.
ACID AND PEPSIN SECRETION IN RESPONSE TO ENDOGENOUS AND EXOGENOUS CHOLINERGIC STIMULATION AND PENTAPEPTIDE
Authors: Cooke AR
Published: December 2007

In conscious dogs with a simple gastric fistula, acid and pepsin outputs in response to endogenous (insulin, 2 deoxy D‐glucose) and exogenous (bethanechol chloride) cholinergic stimulation and in response to pentapeptide were compared. In response to insulin the highest 15 min. acid output was not significantly different, using doses varying from 0·1 U/kg. to 1·0 U/kg. but the 1 hr., 2 hr. and 4 hr. acid outputs increased with increased dose. Insulin (1·0 U/kg.). 2 deoxy D‐glucose (150 mg./kg.) and pentapeptide (8 μg./kg./hr.) were equal as stimulants of acid output. Maximal acid output in response to bethanechol was not obtained because of the severe side effects. Pepsin output in response to insulin, 2 deoxy D‐glucose and bethanechol paralleled acid output. Insulin. 2 deoxy D‐glucose and bethanechol were more powerful than pentapeptide as stimulants of pepsin output. Pepsin output in response to pentapeptide decreased with doses greater than 2·0 μg./kg./hr. even though acid output was still increasing.
THE OCCURRENCE AND ASSAY OF RENIN IN HUMAN URINE
Authors: Lumbers Eugenie R , Skinner SL
Published: December 2007

An enzyme was detected in normal urine that was identical to plasma renin in all respects tested and was totally inhibited by antibody to human renin. A method is described for its quantitative determination involving incubation with a standard substrate in an angiotensinase‐free medium and measurement of velocity of angiotensin formation by bioassay. The recovery of renin through the method is complete. Errors due to the action of pepsin forming pepsitensin from renin substrate were avoided by incubating at pH 7·5. The concentration of renin in normal random male urine averaged 0·07 that of plasma.
DEPLETION OF CATECHOLAMINES FROM RAT HEART BY PHENOXYBENZAMINE, TYRAMINE AND RESERPINE
Authors: Chang P , Fearn HJ
Published: December 2007

The effects of phenoxybenzamine and tyramine were examined on the catecholamine content of perfused rat heart The hearts were compared with those taken from reserpinized rats. Phenoxybenzamine and tyramine both caused a reduction in the intensity of the fluorescence which was characteristically that of noradrenaline, and the area of fluorescence associated with nerve bundles was reduced. These drugs also caused significant decreases in the concentrations of noradrenaline and adrenaline in the ventricle as determined by biological assay of extracts. In hearts from reserpinized rats, fluorescent material was absent and the noradrenaline and adrenaline contents were almost entirely depleted. These results suggest that the sympathomimetic action of phenoxybenzamine is due to release of catecholamines from stores in the heart.
LYMPHOCYTE TRANSFER REACTIONS AND ANTIGEN MEDIATED HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS PRODUCED IN THE SKIN OF SHEEP—A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY
Authors: Jones MAS , Yamashita A , Lafferty KJ
Published: December 2007

Sheep were used to study the histology of normal lymphocyte transfer reactions and lesions that result from the interaction of sensitized cells with antigen. Reactions of the latter type were produced, either by the injection of antigen into the skin of sensitized sheep, or by the intradermal injection of sheep with spleen cells obtained from chickens that had been previously immunized with sheep tissues. The normal lymphocyte transfer lesion was found to be histologically distinct from the other dermal lesions. The most striking difference observed was the marked cellular proliferation that occurred in normal lymphocyte transfer lesions. The proliferating cells invaded and damaged blood vessels and other cellular structures present in the recipient's skin.
STUDIES ON THE PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING OF [58Co]‐VITAMIN B12
Authors: Beal RW , Read Wendy MF
Published: December 2007

Granulocyte‐rich plasma is capable of binding more added vitamin B12 than is lymphocyte‐rich plasma or leucocyte‐poor control plasma. Some possible implications of this finding upon the binding of vitamin B12 in normal and disease states are discussed.
STUDIES ON THE PLASMA PROTEIN BINDING OF [58Co]‐VITAMIN B12
Authors: Beal RW , Read Wendy MF
Published: December 2007

The vitamin B12 binding capacity of separated plasma protein fractions has been measured at levels ranging from 10–100 ng./ml. of added radioactive vitamin B12. An α1 acid glycoprotein has shown much greater vitamin B12 binding properties than all other proteins tested; this protein has the same column chromatographic mobility as that protein fraction which binds abnormally large amounts of vitamin B12 in chronic myeloid leukaemia.
MEASUREMENTS OF PROTEIN LEAKAGE IN THE ACUTE AND RECOVERY STAGES OE A THERMAL INJURY
Authors: Roberts JC , Courtice FC
Published: December 2007

The concentrations of albumin, α, β and γ‐globulins were determined in blood serum and in lymph draining from the hind paws of rabbits before and after L thermal injury induced by immersing one paw in water at 55, 60, 70 or 80° for 60 sec.

The protein concentrations in the lymph from the Injured paw increased immediately after injury and gradually returned to levels equal to those in the lymph from the uninjured paw within 7 to 14 days. On the other hand the rate of protein turnover from plasma to lymph determined by measurements of specific activities following the intravenous injection of albumin labelled 131 I returned to normal levels within 1 day after injury.

The lymph: serum ratios of the concentrations (CL:C8) were less for α, β‐ and γ‐globulins than for albumin when lymph was collected from the uninjured paw or from the injured paw from I day to β months after injury, suggesting that in the leakage of proteins from plasma a degree of molecular sieving occurred. In lymph collected 0–2 hr. after injury, however, the CL:C8 ratio for γ‐globulin was greater then that for albumin, α‐ or β‐ globulins at all grades of injury. This suggests that immediately after thermal injury a protein which migrates as a γ‐globulin on electrophoresis is released transiently from the injured tissues.

The mechanisms concerned in all of these phenomena in relation to the ultrastucture of the small blood vessels have been discussed.
DISTRIBUTION OF ALBUMIN BETWEEN PLASMA AND THORACIC DUCT LYMPH AFTER HAEMORRHAGE
Authors: Furneaux RW , Tracy GD
Published: December 2007

Anaesthetised dogs, which had undergone previous splenectomy, were subjected to moderate (30% blood volume) and severe (45% blood volume) hemorrhage. The rate of lymph flow, and of 131I labelled albumin equilibration between plasma and thoracic duct lymph and the thoracic duct lymph albumin concentration were measured before and after hemorrhage. In the moderately bled dogs the rate of lymph flow and the rate of 131I albumin equilibration were unchanged and the concentration of albumin in thoracic duct lymph suggested release of albumin from protein stores immediately after haemorrhage and the release of newly synthesized albumin. In the severely bled animals the rate of lymph flow was increased then drastically reduced. There was no apparent equilibration of 131I albumin between plasma and lymph, nor was there an apparent release of newly synthesized albumin. These findings are suggestive of a gross reduction in the area of the splanchnic nutritive vascular bed after severe haemorrhage.
ACTIONS OF METAL CHELATES OF SUBSTITUTED 1,10‐PHENANTHROLINES ON VIRUSES AND CELLS
Authors: White DO , Harris AW , Cheyne IM , Shew Marilyn , Shulman A , Bradley TR
Published: December 2007

Metal chektes of 1, 10‐phenanthroline bases are lethal to cultured mammalian cells at concentrations as low as 10–7 molar. Chektes of Fe(II), Cu(II), Cd(II) and Ni(II) are more potent than those of Ru(II), which are highly stable and chemically inert. Activity is generally enhanced by increasing the number of methyl substituents in the phenanthroline ring or, in the case of Ru(II) chektes, by replacing one phenanthroline by an acetylacetonato ligand.

There are striking differences between the chektes in the rapidity with which they kill cells Compounds containing Fe(II) or Ni(II), and those derived from unsubstituted 1,10‐phenanthroline, take days to initiate lethal changes at limit dilution. On the other hand, chektes containing Cd(II) or Cu(II) and hexamethylphenanthroline ligands, or Ru(II) together with the acetytacetonato ligand, initiate lethal cell damage that cannot be reversed following 2 hours’contact.

A number of metal chektes actually prolong the survival of cells in culture at concentrations two to ten times lower than those damaging the cell. At cytocidal concentrations some depress the pH of the culture medium, whereas others increase it.

By repeated passage of a mouse leukaemia cell line in the presence of acetykcetonato bis (3, 4, 7, 8‐tetramethyl‐1, 10‐phenanthroline) ruthenium (II) chloride, a stable mutant has been obtained which is resistant to ten times the dose of chekte lethal to the parental line. The correspondence between the cytocidal and virostatic titres of chektes in this and other cell lines suggests that these compounds inhibit virus multiplication by one of the mechanisms whereby they kill the cell.
Phosphodiesterase‐4 blunts inotropism and arrhythmias but not sinoatrial tachycardia of (−)‐adrenaline mediated through mouse cardiac β1‐adrenoceptors
Authors: Galindo‐Tovar A , Kaumann A J
Published: December 2007

Background and purpose:

β1 and β2‐adrenoceptors coexist in murine heart but β2‐adrenoceptor‐mediated effects have not been detected in atrial and ventricular tissues, possibly due to marked phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity. We investigated the influence of the PDE3 inhibitor cilostamide and PDE4 inhibitor rolipram on the effects of (−)‐adrenaline in three regions of murine heart.

Experimental approach:

(−)‐Adrenaline‐evoked cardiostimulation was compared on sinoatrial beating rate, left atrial and right ventricular contractile force in isolated tissues from 129SvxC57B1/6 cross mice. Ventricular arrhythmic contractions were also assessed.

Key results:

Both rolipram (1 μM) and cilostamide (300 nM) caused transient sinoatrial tachycardia but neither enhanced the chronotropic potency of (−)‐adrenaline. Rolipram potentiated 19‐fold (left atrium) and 7‐fold (right ventricle) the inotropic effects of (−)‐adrenaline. (−)‐Adrenaline elicited concentration‐dependent ventricular arrhythmias that were potentiated by rolipram. All effects of (−)‐adrenaline were antagonized by the β1‐adrenoceptor‐selective antagonist CGP20712A (300 nM). Cilostamide (300 nM) did not increase the chronotropic and inotropic potencies of (−)‐adrenaline, but administered jointly with rolipram in the presence of CGP20712A, uncovered left atrial inotropic effects of (−)‐adrenaline that were prevented by the β2‐adrenoceptor‐selective antagonist ICI118551.

Conclusions and implications:

PDE4 blunts the β1‐adrenoceptor‐mediated effects of (−)‐adrenaline in left atrium and right ventricle but not in sinoatrial node. Both PDE3 and PDE4 reduce basal sinoatrial rate in a compartment distinct from the β1‐adrenoceptor compartment. PDE3 and PDE4, acting in concert, prevent left atrial β2‐adrenoceptor‐mediated inotropy. PDE4 partially protects the right ventricle against (−)‐adrenaline‐evoked arrhythmias.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 710–720; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707631; published online 17 December 2007
Celecoxib modulates adhesion of HT29 colon cancer cells to vascular endothelial cells by inhibiting ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 expression
Authors: Dianzani C , Brucato L , Gallicchio M , Rosa A C , Collino M , Fantozzi R
Published: December 2007

Background and purpose:

Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) is highly expressed during inflammation and can promote the progression of colorectal cancer. Interactions between cancer cells and vascular endothelial cells are key events in this process. Recently, the selective COX‐2 inhibitor, celecoxib, was shown to inhibit expression of the adhesion molecules, ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1, in the human colon cancer cell line HT29 and to inhibit adhesion of HT29 cells to FCS‐coated plastic wells. Here, we evaluated the effects of celecoxib on adhesion of HT29 cells to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), mediated by ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1, to assess further the potential protective effects of celecoxib on cancer development.

Experimental approach:

Celecoxib was incubated for 4 h with HT29 cells and HUVEC and adhesion was quantified by a computerized micro‐imaging system. Expression analysis of ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 cell adhesion molecules was performed by western blot.

Key results:

Celecoxib (1 nM–10 μM) inhibited, with the same potency, adhesion of HT29 cells to resting HUVEC or to HUVEC stimulated by tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), mimicking inflammatory conditions. Analysis of ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1 expression showed that celecoxib inhibited expression of both molecules in TNF‐α‐stimulated HUVEC, but not in resting HUVEC; inhibition was concentration‐dependent and maximal (about 50%) at 10 μM celecoxib.

Conclusions and implications:

In conclusion, our data show that celecoxib inhibits HT29 cell adhesion to HUVEC and expression of ICAM‐1 and VCAM‐1, in stimulated endothelial cells. These effects may contribute to the chemopreventive activity of celecoxib in the development of colorectal cancer.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1153–1161; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707636; published online 17 December 2007
Stochastic representations of Feynman integration
Authors: Boos William
Published: December 2007

For polynomially bounded potentials V such that H=H0+V is essentially self-adjoint on S(Rd)⊆D(H0)∩D(V), this essay offers two reconstructions of Feynman’s sum over histories as the unitary image of a genuine integral with respect to Wiener measure μ of a functional σtx(ω) defined on the space W of Brownian paths ω into momentum space Rd. The first representation, based on Feynman’s original argument, “lifts” σtx(ω) from a “convolutional Trotter product formula” for the Fourier-transformed image φ̂t(p) of the time-evolved wave function φt(x)=exp(−itH)φ(x) in L2(Rd). The second—which varies and extends a construction introduced in a slightly different context by Albeverio and Høegh-Krohn [Mathematical Theory of Feynman Integrals, Springer Lecture Notes in Mathematics Vol. 523 (Springer, New York, 1976)]—lifts the functional σtx(ω) from a “convolutional Dyson expansion” of the time-evolved momentum-space function φ̂t(p).
Point-spread functions for backscattered imaging in the scanning electron microscope
Authors: Hennig Philipp , Denk Winfried
Published: December 2007

One knows the imaging system's properties are central to the correct interpretation of any image. In a scanning electron microscope regions of different composition generally interact in a highly nonlinear way during signal generation. Using Monte Carlo simulations we found that in resin-embedded, heavy metal-stained biological specimens staining is sufficiently dilute to allow an approximately linear treatment. We then mapped point-spread functions for backscattered-electron contrast, for primary energies of 3 and 7 keV and for different detector specifications. The point-spread functions are surprisingly well confined (both laterally and in depth) compared even to the distribution of only those scattered electrons that leave the sample again.
Droplet evaporation: A molecular dynamics investigation
Authors: Landry E. S. , Mikkilineni S. , Paharia M. , McGaughey A. J. H.
Published: December 2007

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to model the evaporation of a Lennard–Jones argon nanodroplet into its own vapor for a wide range of ambient temperatures and ambient pressures. The transitions from (i) high to low Knudsen number evaporation and (ii) subcritical to supercritical evaporation are observed. At a low ambient pressure of 0.4 MPa, the initial droplet Knudsen number is 1 and the droplet diameter decreases linearly with time, consistent with kinetic theory predictions. For a moderate ambient pressure of 3.0 MPa, the initial droplet Knudsen number is 0.1 and the square of the droplet diameter decreases linearly with time. For a high ambient pressure of 6.1 MPa, the evaporation is supercritical and the number of atoms in the droplet decreases linearly for the majority of the droplet lifetime. A technique is introduced to maintain a constant ambient pressure over the droplet lifetime, allowing for the observation of the influence of the ambient conditions on the droplet surface temperature. When the ambient pressure is greater than or equal to 1.4 times the critical pressure, the droplet surface temperature reaches the critical temperature and the evaporation is supercritical. Below this ambient pressure, the droplet surface temperature reaches a pseudowet-bulb condition.
Properties of d- and k-type roughness in a turbulent channel flow
Authors: Leonardi S. , Orlandi P. , Antonia R. A.
Published: December 2007

Roughness is classified by the so-called roughness function, which represents the downward shift of the velocity profile relative to a smooth wall. The dependence of the roughness function on the Reynolds number is discussed with the aim of clarifying the difference between d-type and k-type behaviors. This difference has been traditionally associated with the stability of the flow within the roughness elements. The present direct numerical simulation results indicate that the difference more correctly reflects the different contributions from the frictional drag and pressure drag to the total stress.
Experimental observation of isotropic in-plane spin splitting in GaN∕AlGaN two-dimensional electron gas
Authors: Zhao Hongming , Liu Baoli , Guo Liwei , Tan Changling , Chen Hong , Chen Dongmin
Published: December 2007

The circular photogalvanic effect (CPGE) was used to study the in-plane-orientation dependent spin splitting in the C(0001)-oriented GaN∕AlGaN two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG). The CPGE current induced by the interband transition shows an isotropic in-plane spin splitting in this system at room temperature. The spin relaxation time is found to be 14ps using the time resolved Kerr rotation technique, which is another evidence of the spin splitting in this 2DEG system.
Photogalvanic effects for interband transition in p-Si0.5Ge0.5∕Si multiple quantum wells
Authors: Wei C. M. , Cho K. S. , Chen Y. F. , Peng Y. H. , Chiu C. W. , Kuan C. H.
Published: December 2007

Circular photogalvanic effect (CPGE) and linear photogalvanic effect for interband transition have been observed simultaneously in Si0.5Ge0.5∕Si multiple quantum wells. The signature of the CPGE is evidenced by the change of its sign upon reversing the radiation helicity. It is found that the observed CPGE photocurrent is an order of magnitude greater than that obtained for intersubband transition. The dependences of the CPGE on the angle of incidence and the excitation intensities can be well interpreted based on its characteristics. The large signal of spin generation observed here at room temperature should be very useful for the realization of practical application of spintronics.
Gynodioecy, sexual dimorphism and erratic fruiting in Corynocarpus laevigatus (Corynocarpaceae)
Authors: Garnock-Jones P. J. , Brockie R. E. , FitzJohn R. G.
Published: December 2007

The New Zealand karaka tree, Corynocarpus laevigatus J.R. & G.Forst., is shown to be gynodioecious. Flowers on female plants have large but empty anthers and many set fruit. Flowers on male plants produce pollen and each has a fully developed ovule. On most male plants, a low proportion of flowers set fruit. Inflorescences and flowers on male and female trees are similar in overall appearance, except that the flower parts on males are larger and flowers open more widely. Even the gynoecia on male plants are larger in most respects. We also report that although trees retain their gender, their intensity of fruiting varies from year to year. Some observations indicate that other species of Corynocarpus in Australia and the south-western Pacific might also be gender dimorphic.
Genetic diversity of the mungbean (Vigna radiata, Leguminosae) genepool on the basis of microsatellite analysis
Authors: Sangiri Chontira , Kaga Akito , Tomooka Norihiko , Vaughan Duncan , Srinives Peerasak
Published: December 2007

A large representative collection of mungbean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) consisting of 415 cultivated, 189 wild and 11 intermediate accessions was analysed by using 19 SSR primers. These SSR primers showed polymorphism in wild and cultivated mungbean and were selected from those available for the related species azuki bean [V. angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohwi]. One or more SSR primer for each linkage group (on the basis of the azuki linkage map) was analysed. In total, 309 alleles were detected and of these, about twice as many were detected in wild (257 alleles) as in cultivated accessions (138 alleles). The results show that Australia and New Guinea represent a distinct centre of diversity for wild mungbean. Cultivated mungbean has greatest diversity in South Asia, which supports the view that South Asia is where this crop was domesticated. SSR marker allelic diversity for cultivated mungbean has distinct regional variation, with high variation in South and West Asia. The present study represents the first comprehensive analysis of wild and cultivated mungbean germplasm diversity by SSR markers, and highlights specific genetic diversity that might be used to broaden the genetic base of currently grown mungbean cultivars.
Small mammal communities in a pyrogenic habitat mosaic
Authors: Larsen Karl W. , Adams Ian T. , Haughland Diane L.
Published: December 2007

We studied the small mammal community across a mosaic of habitats created by a large wildfire in the mixed-wood boreal forest of Alberta, Canada, 5 years after the fire occurred. We focussed on four habitat types within this landscape mosaic, namely burnt stands, stands of unburnt forest within the burn, unburnt forest on the periphery of the fire, and areas harvested before the fire (and subsequently burnt). The abundance of the two most common species – red-backed voles (Clethrionomys gapperi) and deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) – often differed inside v. outside the burn’s perimeter; however, reproduction, survival and abundance showed little to no correlation with habitat. Year-to-year changes in the relative abundance of these two species appeared greater within the burn’s periphery; the heterogeneity of the burnt landscape also supported a higher diversity of small mammal species than seen at the periphery. Comparison of our results with those collected by a coincidental study of forest harvesting suggests that the responses of the communities and populations of the animals to the two disturbance types were relatively similar. The value of long-term and chronosequence studies notwithstanding, detailed study of the wildlife communities shaped by individual wildfires improves our overall understanding of the ecological effects of natural and anthropogenic disturbances.