bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Delivering London 2012: sustainability strategy
Authors: Epstein Dan , Jackson Richard , Braithwaite Peter
Published: August 2016

The challenging sustainability commitments of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games reflect a comprehensive approach to minimising the impact of the games on the environment while promoting social and economic improvement. The Olympic Delivery Authority's sustainable development strategy reflects industry best practice as well as national and regional policy. This paper considers the Olympic Delivery Authority's sustainability strategy, the challenges in developing and implementing it across the project, the resulting achievements – with particular focus on some of the projects – and the lessons which have been learned.
Delivering London 2012: workforce diversity and skills
Authors: Martins Loraine , Bowsher Kevin , Eley Scott-James , Hazlehurst Guy
Published: August 2016

Workforce diversity was a significant feature of London's bid to host the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. This paper describes how, based on a commitment to inspire change, the Olympic Delivery Authority incorporated and delivered priority themes of equality, inclusion, employment and skills. It explains how contractors increased the diversity of their workforces against industry norms and improved recruitment practices to become more inclusive. By focusing on employing and training people who were local, previously unemployed or traditionally under-represented in construction, contractors were able to have a positive impact on the economic and social regeneration of east London.
Delivering London 2012: spectator transport
Authors: Sumner Hugh
Published: August 2016

This paper provides an overview of how the UK's Olympic Delivery Authority, its delivery partners and others have worked together to facilitate the huge logistical challenge of transporting spectators to the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, the world's largest sporting event. Over 10 million spectator tickets are available for the 27 days of games, and transporting those people to and from the venues has to take place while keeping London and the rest of the UK moving. The paper describes the complex planning and delivery of transport infrastructure and services that will help to ensure that London 2012 is a success.
Delivering London 2012: parklands and waterways
Authors: Hopkins John , Askew Phil , Neal Peter
Published: August 2016

The parklands and waterways are the natural, living heart of the Olympic Park in London. Their inception, design, delivery, management, maintenance and monitoring realised many innovative responses to the requirements of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, as well as those of the many people who will live in and around the park after the games. This paper describes the brief and planning, statutory and biodiversity requirements for the project. It then describes design and delivery, from enabling works through to soils and planting, hard landscape, waterways, wetlands and flood protection. Procurement, contracts, cost and programme performance are considered. Finally, the paper presents key achievements and innovations in delivering an integrated landscape, built form and engineering infrastructure, the key challenges met and lessons learned.
Delivering London 2012: the Olympic Stadium
Authors: Crockford Ian , Breton Mike , McCormick Fergus , Johnson Philip
Published: August 2016

The UK Olympic Stadium, which will host athletic events and the opening and closing ceremonies of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, is designed to be converted to a home for British athletics. An innovative use of permanent and temporary forms was developed to meet the 80 000 games capacity and 25 000 legacy capacity, with the final structuring consisting of a permanent sunken concrete bowl and a removable upper seating tier. To save space and drive efficiencies, the majority of spectator facilities were moved outside the structure and the upper seating tier rakes outwards, resulting in the lightest stadium of its size in the world. The rapid delivery of the stadium in just 34 months was achieved through a strategy of prefabrication of concrete and steel elements and just-in-time delivery, supported by a strong collaborative team-working ethic.
Delivering London 2012: geotechnical enabling works
Authors: Hellings Jan , Lass Martyn , Apted James , Mead Ian
Published: August 2016

Selecting the Stratford site for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games provided an opportunity to regenerate a rundown area of historical industrial development and dereliction, as well as remediate the significant levels of contamination that had accumulated over a century and a half. The Olympic Delivery Authority established the enabling works project to clear the site and create the development platform on which the Olympic Park would be founded and to remediate the effects of contamination. This paper covers the geotechnical and geo-environmental aspects of the work, including site investigation, demolition and site clearance, bulk earthworks, soil remediation and groundwater treatment.
Delivering London 2012: temporary venues
Authors: Nimmo Alison , Wright Simon , Coulson David
Published: August 2016

This paper describes the innovative and complex process of planning and designing a major programme of temporary venues for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games. It sets out the unique challenges of designing high-quality temporary venues and at the same time meeting sustainability, technical and cost parameters. The paper explains the early decision-making process and key drivers that influenced the overall approach to deciding whether venues would be permanent, temporary or a mix of both. It also discusses some of the issues related to temporary as opposed to reusable, demountable or relocatable. The Basketball Arena is used as a case study to demonstrate how an innovative approach has delivered significant cost and programme benefits and to share the key lessons learned.
Back-analysis of an embedded retaining wall with a stabilizing base slab
Authors: Powrie W. , Chandler R. J. , Carder D. R. , Watson G. V. R.
Published: August 2016

A series of finite element analyses has been carried out as part of an investigation into the long-term behaviour of an embedded retaining wall in London Clay supported by a stabilizing base slab. Three different soil models were used: the Brick model, the Schofield model, and an elastic/Mohr–Coulomb plastic model. In the case of the Schofield and elastic/Mohr–Coulomb plastic models, two different soil stiffness profiles were investigated. The wall movements calculated in the finite element analyses depended more on the soil stiffness than on the soil model. With the temporary prop in place, the lateral stresses and wall bending moments calculated depended on both the soil model and the soil stiffness; however, in the long term following placement of the stabilizing base slab, the calculated bending moments depended more on the soil model than on the stiffness. The calculated ground movements depended on both the soil model and the soil stiffness.
Design parameters for bentonite-enhanced sand as a landfill liner
Authors: Stewart D. I. , Cousens T. W. , Studds P. G. , Tay Y. Y.
Published: August 2016

This paper considers the engineering properties of bentonite-enhanced sand (BES) mixtures in relation to their performance as landfill liners. Data on the swelling, hydraulic conductivity, strength and desiccation of such mixtures are presented. The hydraulic conductivity depends on the proportions of sand and clay, the confining stress and the permeating fluid. The drained strength of mixtures typically used as landfill liners depends primarily on the relative density and critical state friction angle of the sand component. The susceptibility to desiccation cracking is a function of the moisture content and the proportion of bentonite used in the mixture. A model for BES mixtures is proposed that can be used to predict their swelling and hydraulic conductivity in water and salt solutions. The model requires the swelling behaviour and hydraulic conductivity of the bentonite in the relevant solution, and the compressibility, porosity and tortuosity of the sand component as input parameters. Sand tortuosity is estimated. The strength can be predicted using the void ratio of the sand component calculated from the proposed model.
Adding value: how to develop a servitisation strategy in civil engineering
Authors: Zarco Carlos Galera- , Bustinza Oscar , Perez Virginia Fernandez-
Published: August 2016

The provision of added-value services is becoming increasingly important to winning work on civil engineering projects. This paper reports on a study into the adoption of ‘servitisation’ strategies by civil engineering firms, particularly through the use of smart technology. It focuses on factors that can lead to successful adoption of a servitisation strategy in an organisation, and then reviews how the adoption of smart technology can help to deliver added-value services during the various phases of a civil engineering project. The information generated by the technology can also lead to the development of new and improved services, further improving an organisation’s competitive advantage.
Developing professional competencies for humanitarian engineers
Authors: Reed Brian , Fereday Emily
Published: August 2016

One of the roles of engineering institutions is the registration and regulation of engineering professionals, assessing their competence in both technical and management areas. A similar approach is being promoted for professional humanitarian engineers, identifying core competencies relevant to emergency relief work. This would improve standards in the workforce, allow training and experience to be independently evaluated, and facilitate the careers of people working in a very mobile sector. Using the experiences of RedR UK in recruiting and training humanitarian engineers, this paper explores the skills, knowledge and other attributes that distinguish an enthusiastic but ill-informed and inexperienced person from somebody with the expertise to work efficiently, effectively and ethically in a challenging humanitarian context.
Happy Valley underground stormwater storage scheme, Hong Kong
Authors: Luk Wai-Hung , Cheng Ellen , Johnson James
Published: August 2016

The Happy Valley underground stormwater storage scheme is designed to alleviate flood risk in Wan Chai, Hong Kong. It involves the construction of a 60 000 m3 stormwater storage tank under the £9 billion a year Happy Valley racecourse, which has to remain operational throughout construction. It is also the largest NEC3 target cost contract undertaken in Hong Kong. The collaborative-style contract is characterised by an equitable risk-sharing mechanism, making it ideally suited for the severe site constraints and highly complex works. This paper describes how use of the NEC3 and a ‘one team, one goal’ approach is helping to ensure close collaboration between the employer and contractor and a successful outcome. Due for final completion in 2018, the project’s first phase – completed in 2015 – has already won several local and international awards.
Reducing rural isolation: a tale of two bridges
Authors: Westerink Hendrik , Barco Miriam Alonso
Published: August 2016

Worldwide, more than one billion rural residents do not have all-weather access to markets, schools, healthcare and other facilities, a condition which significantly impedes economic development. In the developing world, where walking is the primary form of transportation, footbridges can provide safe year-round access to these critical facilities by eliminating weather-induced obstructions in the transportation network caused by flooded rivers. This paper presents case studies of two footbridges constructed with non-profit organisation ‘Bridges to Prosperity’. The 81 m long Rio Abajo footbridge in Nicaragua and the 51 m long Gaseke footbridge in Rwanda were constructed with industry partners from North America and the UK. The importance of engaging with the beneficiary communities when working on humanitarian engineering projects was evident during the construction of both footbridges. The significant local involvement in the construction of both footbridges will help to ensure the long-term sustainability of the infrastructure projects.
Managing safely in humanitarian projects
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: August 2016

The recent update to the UK Construction (Design and Management) Regulations has brought into focus the responsibility of all those involved in construction projects to construct safely. This paper uses experience of scoping, designing and constructing development projects in Costa Rica and Uganda to discuss the role of clients and designers in humanitarian projects in ensuring safety, and the methods that can be used to encourage safe working practices. Humanitarian projects are often constructed with local labour, but designed and specified elsewhere. Consideration at the early stage should be given to both the end user and those carrying out construction when selecting materials, method and structural forms. Although it is unreasonable to expect a change in a country’s attitude towards construction risk in a single project, a variety of methods can be employed to educate, train and incentivise local labour forces to improve awareness and their safety culture.
Cleaning up Hong Kong’s harbour by building big and digging deep
Authors: Lee Harry , Pickles David , Whyte Fergal , Tsang Keith , Chan Robert , Chan Kai Yuen , Yuen Zorro , Tsang Anthony , Chau Henry
Published: August 2016

A major civil engineering scheme has recently been completed to improve the water quality of Victoria Harbour between Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon peninsula. It has involved creating the city’s largest sewage treatment works and its deepest sewage tunnel. The £1·6 billion project, commissioned at the end of 2015, complements an earlier stage completed in 2001. All harbour area sewage is now delivered by way of the combined 44·6 km long, 160 m deep sewer tunnel to Stonecutters Island sewage treatment works before being discharged into the harbour. This paper describes the many daunting design and construction challenges, which included keeping the first stage operational as work progressed, and the numerous innovations adopted to overcome them.
Engineering a more sustainable and profitable future with ISO 14001:2015
Authors: Ward Colin
Published: August 2016

Colin Ward of SGS looks at how new updates to ISO 14001 – the environmental management systems standard – will provide a framework to help civil engineering firms improve their environmental and financial performance.
CPT-based method for toe resistance of driven piles in sand
Authors: Hung Le Chi , Kim Sung-Ryul
Published: August 2016

This study proposes a cone penetration test (CPT)-based toe resistance method for predicting toe resistance of pre-tensioned spun high-strength concrete (PHC) piles driven into sand. In total, 82 CPTs and 190 pile-driving analyser test piles were conducted at a construction site Myoungji site in the Nakdong River deltaic area west of Busan City in South Korea. Based on the toe resistance results obtained from the pile-driving analyser test analysis, the reliability of which was verified by comparison with on-site O-cell tests, a new CPT-based method for predicting the toe resistance of the PHC driven pile is proposed based on a statistical rank index. The new method consists of the geometric average of the CPT cone resistance and the loose soil ratio within the influence zone of 8D above and 4D below the pile toe (where D is pile diameter). The new method is found to provide better toe resistance prediction than previously suggested CPT-based methods.
Influence of testing on permeability of compacted fine soils
Authors: Sivakumar Vinayagamoorthy , Anderson Chris , Solan Brian , Rankin Barry , Mackinnon Pauline
Published: August 2016

The British standard constant-head triaxial test for measuring the permeability of fine-grained soils takes a relatively long time. A quicker test could provide savings to the construction industry, particularly for checking the quality of landfill clay liners. An accelerated permeability test has been developed, but the method often underestimates the permeability values compared owing to structural changes in the soil sample. This paper reports on an investigation into the accelerated test to discover if the changes can be limited by using a revised procedure. The accelerated test is assessed and compared with the standard test and a ramp-accelerated permeability test. Four different fine-grained materials are compacted at various water contents to produced analogous samples for testing using the three different methods. Fabric analysis is carried out on specimens derived from post-test samples using mercury intrusion porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy to assess the effects of testing on soil structure. The results show that accelerated testing in general underestimates permeability compared with values derived from the standard test, owing to changes in soil structure caused by testing. The ramp-accelerated test is shown to provide an improvement in terms of these structural changes.
Uplift capacity of an under-reamed pile foundation
Authors: Harris Daniel Edward , Madabhushi Gopal Santana Phani
Published: August 2016

Designing foundations to resist uplift forces is becoming of increasing concern, and is especially prevalent in the design of lightweight steel frame buildings or on sites with residual soils. However, little academic research has investigated under-reamed piles, instead focusing almost exclusively on anchor plates. In this paper, the effects of varying the under-ream angle on the uplift capacity and load–displacement curve form are investigated using 1g tests with full three-dimensional models in dry sand of varying densities. In addition, the failure mechanism geometry is investigated for various under-ream angles using half models coupled with particle image velocimetry methods. This paper also compares the results and observations with those predicted by a theoretical model in addition to the observations of other researchers. It is shown that variation of the under-ream angle has a differing impact on the foundations behaviour, which depends on the density of the sand surrounding the pile, and that this behaviour is explained by visualised changes in the failure mechanism geometry.
Behaviour of reinforced polyurethane resin micropiles
Authors: Valentino Roberto , Stevanoni Davide
Published: August 2016

This paper deals with the field behaviour, under tension and compression, of an innovative kind of micropile made from reinforced expanded polyurethane resin. Micropiles were installed in various sample sites characterised by the presence of silty–clayey soils. In order to analyse the frictional resistance of a single micropile and to determine the bearing capacity in different conditions, a series of field load tests was carried out. The method of construction of the micropiles and the execution of field tests are briefly described. On the basis of the field tests, a method to evaluate the ultimate load was defined. Moreover, the micropile–soil mechanical interaction was modelled by applying a simplified analytical solution of the load–displacement behaviour. The obtained results provide a useful support in the evaluation of both the serviceability and the ultimate design capacity of the investigated micropiles. The most innovative aspect of this technology lies in using less costly equipment than required for other pile types, with machines of reduced dimension, which can be very useful for underpinning works in restricted spaces under existing buildings.
Piled-cruciform attachment to monopile head reduces deflection
Authors: Arshad Muhammad , O'Kelly Brendan C.
Published: August 2016

Much critical infrastructure, including bridges, wind turbine structures, dolphins and some other ocean engineering structures, is supported on large-diameter rigid monopiles. For such structures, compared with the gravitational loads, cyclic lateral loading may often be more critical for the analysis and design. The lateral load-carrying capacity of a pile depends on its geometry (dimensions), the soil properties and type of loading. In order to increase its lateral load-carrying capacity, it is necessary either to change the properties of the near-surface layers of soil or to change its geometry. This paper presents model studies investigating a novel technique to limit the lateral deflection (rotation) of a monopile under long-term cyclic lateral loading. The technique provides enhanced restraint of the monopile through the installation of four shorter piles, arranged in a cruciform, which attach to the head of the central monopile by way of a grillage. Different aspects of this modification, including its fabrication and attachment to the monopile, are presented. Its efficiency in reducing the monopile rotation under cyclic lateral loading is evaluated through a comprehensive testing programme, with reasonably encouraging results.
DSSI analysis of pile foundations for an oil tank in Iraq
Authors: Kumar Ashutosh , Choudhury Deepankar
Published: August 2016

Seismic analysis and design of pile foundations in weak soil strata to support oil tanks are of great importance to geotechnical practitioners. This paper presents an actual field study and dynamic soil–structure interaction (DSSI) analysis for an oil tank foundation design in weak soil strata for the Kafza site in Iraq, which is located in a seismically active region. For the particular in situ soil profile, a pile group foundation is proposed comprising a 24·1 m dia. by 1·5 m thick pile cap connecting together 89 piles, each pile being 800 mm in diameter and 26 m long. The foundation system was modelled using the finite-difference-based geotechnical program Flac3D to carry out detailed DSSI analysis. Field pile load test data for a static analysis were used for validation of the Flac3D model. The outcome of a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment was used to estimate target input motions resulting in maximum bending moments of 114 kN.m and maximum settlement of 21·9 mm for piles under dynamic conditions. The results obtained, comprising total and differential settlements and bending moments, were used for the final design of the proposed pile foundation and can be used for similar practical applications.
A hollow pile extended with a micropile: tests and modelling
Authors: Justo José L. , Arcos José L. , Justo Enrique , Gil Rafael , Vázquez-Boza Manuel , Martín Francisco , Durand Percy
Published: August 2016

The development of a precast hollow pile extended with a micropile is described. A hole at the pile centre allows the subsequent installation of a micropile through its interior, extended under the pile toe. Once the pile has been driven to refusal in hard soils or rock, an increase in its bearing capacity under compression or tension, as well as a decrease in the lateral displacement under lateral loads is permitted. Cyclic axial loading tests with a rigid frame holding four tension piles surrounding a central compression pile were performed in addition to horizontal loading tests. The piles were instrumented with inner extensometers. A hardening soil was used as a material model. The piles were modelled with finite elements of both embedded and volume piles. Both types of model pile can be simulated in tension and lateral loading tests but only the volume pile can be used in compression tests due to the step existing at the joint between both types of pile. Good agreement between measured and calculated displacements was obtained and the load distributions calculated and measured with extensometers were similar.
Design of pile configuration for optimum raft performance
Authors: Maheetharan Arirajasingham , Raveendiraraj Arunasalam , Qusous Omar , May Robert
Published: August 2016

Design of raft foundations on medium to dense sand is usually dictated by the allowable settlement rather than by a requirement to achieve an adequate margin against bearing failure. Piles are often installed under rafts to improve settlement performance, primarily the differential settlement, thereby to enhance structural performance. A practical design method has been developed for piled-raft foundations as a part of the Kinaxixi multi-use complex project in Angola; this is aimed at achieving an optimum pile configuration and is described in this paper. This method involves an iterative procedure to achieve consistency, with the design models representing the geotechnical and structural behaviours. The actual settlement of the raft is compared with the predictions as a means of validating the design method.
Considerations for monitoring of deep circular excavations
Authors: Schwamb Tina , Elshafie Mohammed Z. E. B. , Soga Kenichi , Mair Robert J.
Published: August 2016

Understanding the magnitude and distribution of ground movements associated with deep shaft construction is a key factor in designing efficient damage prevention/mitigation measures. Therefore, a large-scale monitoring scheme was implemented at Thames Water's 68 m deep Abbey Mills Shaft F in East London, UK, constructed as part of the Lee Tunnel Project. The scheme comprised inclinometers and extensometers which were installed in the diaphragm walls and in boreholes around the shaft to measure deflections and ground movements. However, interpreting the measurements from inclinometers can be a challenging task, as it is often not feasible to extend the boreholes into ground unaffected by movements. The paper describes in detail how the data are corrected. The corrected data showed very small wall deflections of less than 4 mm at the final shaft excavation depth. Similarly, very small ground movements were measured around the shaft. Empirical ground settlement prediction methods derived from different shaft construction methods significantly overestimate settlements for a diaphragm wall shaft. The results of this study will help to inform future projects, such as the forthcoming 25 km long Thames Tideway Tunnel with its 18 deep shafts being constructed adjacent to existing infrastructure.
CHD pile performance: part I – physical modelling
Authors: Jeffrey John Ross , Brown Michael John , Knappett Jonathan Adam , Ball Jonathan David , Caucis Karlis
Published: August 2016

The continuous helical displacement (CHD) pile is an auger displacement pile developed in the UK. It has performance characteristics of both displacement and non-displacement piles due to the way in which it is installed. Based on field experience, it has been shown that the load–settlement performance of CHD piles installed in sand exceeds the current design predictions based upon conservative effective pile diameter and design parameters associated with auger bored or continuous flight auger in situ piles. In an effort to gain a greater understanding of the performance of CHD piles in sand compared with more conventional piling techniques, a programme of physical model pile testing (reported in this paper) and associated finite-element modelling (reported in a companion paper) was undertaken. The model testing programme established that greater shaft resistance may be developed for the piles than had originally been considered. Based upon the results of the model testing, recommendations for more appropriate approaches to the selection of end bearing and shaft resistance factors are made to predict ultimate load capacity in sand.
TBM performance through the engineering geology of the Lee Tunnel
Authors: Newman Tim , Bellhouse Matthew , Corcoran John , Sutherden Richard , Karaouzene Rafik
Published: August 2016

The Lee Tunnel is a 6·9 km long, 7·2 m dia. storm water storage tunnel, constructed in east London, at depths of up to 80 m below ground level. Ground investigation identified the three stratigraphic members of the Seaford Chalk Formation along the tunnel horizon, but with minimal variation of strength parameters between these during laboratory tests. A preconstruction geological model for the tunnel depicted a significant flint marker: the ‘Bedwell's columnar flint’, together with geological structures such as the Greenwich fault zone and Plaistow graben that indicated deterioration of ground conditions during construction. The model strongly influenced the choice of slurry tunnel-boring machine for excavation works and was also used to schedule tunnel face inspections. Monitoring of the tunnel-boring machine performance data during construction demonstrated its adaptability to the changes in ground mass quality brought about by the geological structures, as well as a pingo feature that had not been indicated on the original model.
Application of deformation adjustors in piled raft foundations
Authors: Zhou Feng , Lin Cheng , Wang Xu-dong , Chen Jianyang
Published: August 2016

This paper introduces a new device called a deformation adjustor to improve the performance of piled raft foundations in supporting high-rise buildings. The deformation adjustors are placed between pile head and raft to optimise the stiffness distribution in the piled raft system so that the differential settlement can be minimised and the potential bearing capacity of subsoils can be effectively utilised. They are particularly promising for piled raft foundations in complicated loading, construction and subsurface conditions. This paper first describes the development of the deformation adjustors and the installation procedures in piled rafts, followed by their potential applications to piled raft foundations in different challenging conditions. The possible challenging applications include piled rafts with end-bearing piles, reuse of old piles as a part of the piled rafts and piled rafts in complicated geological conditions. The preliminary design procedures for each application are also discussed. At the end of this paper, a case history is documented to show the potential of using deformation adjustors to improve the performance of piled rafts.
Supply chain structures in construction: views from Malawi
Authors: Emuze Fidelis , Kadangwe Samuel , Smallwood John
Published: August 2016

The fragmented nature of the construction industry is well documented. The resolve of clients to procure public works based on competitive pricing, especially in developing countries, is notable. The management of projects is affected by procurement and supply chain structures in the construction industry. This premise led to a qualitative study, which examined how supply chain structures influence the procurement of public works in Malawi. The study elicited views from clients, consultants, contractors and suppliers. The research reveals that the traditional procurement method, based on the lowest price, is the preferred method used; as such, in Malawi public works project performance depends on the design and supervision team. As a result, the management of the parties to a project is crucial to successful outcomes, although it appears that the short-term nature of most relationships has marginalised the realisation, as the continuous reliance on a single method of procurement tends to hinder collaborative working arrangements that could lead to improved performance in Malawi.
Impacts of bicycle infrastructure: a case study in Singapore
Authors: Nguyen Phuong Nga , Koh Puay Ping , Wong Yiik Diew
Published: August 2016

Singapore is moving towards sustainable transport management with a focus on efficient infrastructure planning to optimise the land use and alleviate the traffic congestion, and to protect the environment. Through various infrastructure upgrading schemes, the government is encouraging residents to use non-motorised transport such as walking and cycling. One of those schemes is improvement of the cycling network in Tampines, the first cycling-friendly town in the island nation. This paper presents a before-and-after study to consider the efficiency of that scheme by finding the impacts of bicycle infrastructure development on cycling activities. The study also aims to understand the perceptions and attitudes of residents towards the well-developed cycling infrastructure network through perception surveys and field observations. The results show that the improvement of cycling infrastructure has positive effects on cycling activities in Tampines (i.e. significant increase of cyclist volume on some links) and the cycling network has been well used by pedestrians and cyclists in the town. However, public education and enforcement can be expanded to encourage residents to do even more cycling.
Infrastructure gap analysis for Ireland
Authors: Moloney Mary , McKeogh Eamon
Published: August 2016

Ireland has gone through a radical transformation from the Celtic Tiger years to the IMF–EU bail-out of 2010. This paper presents evidence of the priority infrastructural gaps that will inhibit economic growth, based on interviews with a broad spectrum of key stake holders. The paper explores the factors for industry locating within a region and highlights the issues associated with national, regional and local planning, and how these can potentially inhibit or aid industrial development within a region and thus the region's growth. This paper demonstrates serious short-comings in the broadband connectivity to all areas outside Dublin and the need for the basic requirement of water quality and capacity to be urgently addressed. It reinforces the need for investment in Ireland's physical infrastructure to be aligned with a long-term strategy and vision, with infrastructural investment decisions based on a holistic, numbers-based evaluation methodology.
Causes, impacts and costs of strikes on buried utility assets
Authors: Metje Nicole , Ahmad Bilal , Crossland Stephen Michael
Published: August 2016

Preventing accidental damage to buried utilities is a key area that the civil engineering and construction industry is attempting to make progress on. In addition to the health and safety consequences of operatives striking buried cables or pipes, there are numerous other impacts that can occur as a result of the damage. Many organisations collect data on utility strikes and incidents, but these are not shared across the industry. The research reported in this paper is based on unprecedented access to statistics from nine organisations, which provided a total of 3348 incidents to determine any patterns. The key results were that damage to telecommunications or electric cables was the most common; the frequency of incidents peaked between 09:00 and 12:00 on working days; hand tools were the most common excavation tool involved in utility strikes, closely followed by mechanical excavators; and rules not followed contributed to half of the incidents for one organisation. Furthermore, a definitive list of the impacts and costs associated with utility strikes is presented. Repair costs, calculated in the form of an average damage repair cost per utility, have been quantified as electricity £970, gas £485, telecommunications £400, fibre-optic £2800 and water £300–980.
Design of evacuation plans for densely urbanised city centres
Authors: Coutinho-Rodrigues João , Sousa Nuno , Natividade-Jesus Eduardo
Published: August 2016

The high population density and tightly packed nature of some city centres make emergency planning for these urban spaces especially important, given the potential for human loss in case of disaster. Historic and recent events have made emergency service planners particularly conscious of the need for preparing evacuation plans in advance. This paper discusses a methodological approach for assisting decision-makers in designing urban evacuation plans. The approach aims at quickly and safely moving the population away from the danger zone into shelters. The plans include determining the number and location of rescue facilities, as well as the paths that people should take from their building to their assigned shelter in case of an occurrence requiring evacuation. The approach is thus of the location–allocation–routing type, through the existing streets network, and takes into account the trade-offs among different aspects of evacuation actions that inevitably come up during the planning stage. All the steps of the procedure are discussed and systematised, along with computational and practical implementation issues, in the context of a case study – the design of evacuation plans for the historical centre of an old European city.
Briefing: Surface water capture for higher intensity storms
Authors: Uzzell Christopher
Published: August 2016

As drainage systems are required to accommodate the flows and volumes attributable to higher storm return events, the surface water capture systems need to deliver these flows. Therefore, if a piped system is designed for a 1:30 year 15 min storm, the surface water capture system will need to be designed for at least a 1:5 year 5 min storm to ensure that sufficient flow is captured and conveyed into the system. This note is to raise awareness of the need to consider how drainage systems need to capture as well as convey surface water run-off.
Highway infrastructure and Building Information Modelling in UK
Authors: Omoregie Alohan , Turnbull Daniel Ernest
Published: August 2016

Traditional methods of design are becoming less relevant and prevalent, due to institutionalising of Building Information Modelling (BIM) within statutory regulations and the huge amount of data that BIM presents to practice; especially in 3D models. This can be seen in the A1 Dishforth-to-Barton road infrastructure improvement scheme which comprises the A1 Dishforth-to-Leeming and A1 Leeming-to-Barton schemes. The traditional method of design was central to the A1 Dishforth-to-Leeming scheme and BIM central to the A1 Leeming-to-Barton scheme. So this report presents a comparative study of the traditional and BIM methods in relation to the A1 Dishforth-to-Barton improvement scheme through the perception of key professionals involved in this project. A qualitative research study was conducted through the use of an open-ended questionnaire intended to bridge gaps in perceptions and understanding of both methods. Judgemental sampling technique was used to select experienced respondents who understand and participated in the A1 Dishforth-to-Barton road infrastructure improvement scheme. The study reveals an incontrovertible complementary nature of both methods and that the realisation of the 2016 mandate appears doubtful due to lack of standardization, training and level of awareness. It is highly recommended that a statutory incentivization framework for BIM be conceptualised and considered for implementation to attract and encourage small scale participants. Of high priority is the subsidization of in-house training by local authorities and localized joint ventures by smaller companies for specialist training.
Appraisal of urban road safety factors in South Africa
Authors: Das Dillip Kumar , Burger Everardt A.
Published: August 2016

Traffic safety in the suburban roads of South African cities is a major challenge. Although many studies have explored the contributing factors, the influence of urban factors such as land use, urban form, urban pattern, accessibility and density on the occurrence of traffic crashes have been least explored. This investigation examined the influence of the major urban factors that cause traffic crashes and how road safety can be improved in the suburban arterial roads. For this purpose, a case study was performed using the Bloemfontein city of South Africa. The findings have shown that the level of accessibility (number of accessible roads) from residential areas to arterial roads is the major variable, which causes traffic crashes. Road geometry variables such as the median width and road width influence the occurrence of traffic crashes to a certain extent. Reduction in the number of access roads from the suburban residential areas to the arterial roads, provision of adequate medians in roads with no divided facility along with urban planning interventions, such as appropriate urban pattern, and avoidance of location of urban functions in convoluted areas will enable reduction in the occurrence of traffic crashes and improve road safety in the cities of South Africa.
Bee colony optimised mass rapid transit routing prototype
Authors: Wang Chen , Wood Lincoln C. , Lim Arthur Davis , Abdul-Rahman Hamzah
Published: August 2016

Mobility is an essential aspect for tourists visiting large cities; thus, an effective and efficient route guide for tourists to move in, around and out of the cities is needed. This research aims to develop an light rail transit (LRT)/mass rapid transit (MRT) routing prototype by applying the bee colony optimisation (BCO) and to pilot run this system to determine its functionality and workability. Through a questionnaire survey conducted among 900 LRT/MRT users in Klang Valley and data analysed using the BCO algorithm, a BCO-LRT/MRT routing prototype for Klang Valley was developed to assist tourists, especially those who are spending shopping vacations but unfamiliar with this region. With the assistance of this prototype, travellers can optimise the vacation schedule even in a very limited duration. The route determined by this prototype consumes much shorter duration than the one that the LRT/MRT users preferred. It can establish a route covering more than one destination. This prototype did not yet cover business centres, scenic spots and hotels; thus, a huge potential for the BCO-LRT-MRT prototype to upgrade is expected in a future study.
Book review
Authors: Parkin John
Published: August 2016

Transportation Engineering
Simulation and analysis of traffic flow for traffic calming
Authors: Abdi Ali , Bigdeli Rad Hamid , Azimi Ehsan
Published: August 2016

This paper evaluates the use of traffic calming as an option to address the high road casualties caused by speeding in Iran. The aim is to reduce the speed of motor vehicles to improve road safety and the quality of life. In this study, a part of Shahrara Street in Tehran that has speed humps installed is modelled in Aimsun software. The results suggest that calming the street leads to the reduced speed of vehicles and traffic volume on that street. However, it also results in reduced capacity of the street; thus, calming devices, including speed humps, should be placed at appropriate distances to each other to achieve an appropriate overall level of service, balancing speed and road safety benefits against capacity. In this research, a distance between speed humps of between 200 and 400 m is recommended.
Location factors affecting trip generation during megaevents
Authors: Silva Marcelino Aurélio Vieira da , Portugal Licínio da Silva
Published: August 2016

This paper investigates the spatial distribution of trips produced under normal conditions and during megaevents, more particularly on game days of the Confederations Cup in Rio de Janeiro in 2013. For this purpose, a logistic regression model was used, with employment or location factors represented by explanatory variables. The analysis was applied to two spatial dimensions, the first covering just the city of Rio de Janeiro and the second its entire metropolitan region. This enabled verifying the different behaviours of demand in relation to the spatial dimension and the trips on the game days in relation to normal weekdays. The production of everyday trips was explained more strongly by variables that represent the size of each macrozone. On the other hand, on match days, the income variable associated with the profile of the target public performed best.
Book review
Authors: Rugumayo Albert I.
Published: August 2016

Civil Engineering Procedure, 7th Edition
Design of pane-like laminated glass columns
Authors: Langosch Katharina , Feldmann Markus
Published: August 2016

To achieve transparency of buildings, load-bearing elements made of glass are essential, such as pane-like glass columns with laminated sections of heat-strengthened or toughened glass. An ultimate limit state design of such structures requires consideration of the composite interlayer. Using second order theory and the elastic shear bond between the glass layers allows the prediction of load–deflection of a laminated glass section under axial compression force. The introduction of a limit state function then results in equations for European buckling curves, which are also presented in this paper. The validity of these analytical equations is shown by experimental studies. Stability experiments on laminated glass columns were performed under variation of loading type and loading rate at room temperature. Laminated glass sections of heat-strengthened and toughened glass are the focus of this study.
Structural contribution of glass in Saint-Hubertus Galleries
Authors: Lauriks Leen , Belis Jan , Sonck Delphine , Wouters Ine
Published: August 2016

Many of the glass-covered iron and steel frames from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries now require renovation. During rehabilitation, the question arises of how to preserve built heritage while fulfilling modern standards on safety and structural integrity. In a traditional recalculation, the glass panels are considered to be dead load on the iron frame, leading to the conclusion that the original frame requires strengthening. This paper presents a calculation that takes the contribution of the glass plates into account while assessing historical glass coverings. The overall structural behaviour of the iron and glass roof of the Saint-Hubertus Galleries, Belgium, was simulated and a parameter study was performed using a finite-element software package. The original structure comprises a wrought-iron frame clad with single glass panes connected to the glazing bars with traditional linseed-oil putty. The behaviour of the original structure, the influence of the application of modern adhesives and sealants, and the replacement of single with laminated glass plates is investigated. Although building such models is time consuming, including glass panes in the model leads to lower stresses, deflections and a better buckling behaviour, even if connected with linseed-oil putty.
Two-way seismic behaviour of concrete frames with infill walls
Authors: Kong Jing-Chang , Zhai Chang-Hai , Liu Chun-Hui
Published: August 2016

The effects of masonry infill walls on the behaviour of reinforced concrete frames are often ignored in seismic engineering. A three-dimensional non-linear finite-element model is introduced in this paper to simulate in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour of masonry infilled reinforced concrete frames. It employs a surface-based cohesive contact model to capture the crack and slide failure mode of the infill wall mortar joints. Comparison with experimental data shows that the proposed numerical model provides good estimates of the strength, deformation and failure modes in both directions. Several two-way numerical tests are conducted to investigate the interaction of in-plane and out-of-plane responses. The tests include sequential out-of-plane and in-plane loading (and vice versa) as well as simultaneous application of both loadings. The results indicate that out-of-plane performance and in-plane strength are significantly decreased by the interaction of loadings in two directions. The out-of-plane loading causes the out-of-plane failure mode, which is often seen in past earthquake events, and before which the in-plane strength is not fully developed. A mathematical expression is proposed for engineering analysis.