bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of drug utilization pattern of antidiabetic drugs in type-2 diabetes outpatient of a tertiary care teaching hospital western Rajasthan
Authors: Tanwar Sumita , Acharya Aakanksha , Hasan Najmul
Published: March 2021

Background: Glycemic control remains the major therapeutic objective for prevention of target organ damage and other complications arising from diabetes. Poor glycemic control in diabetes mellitus can be prevented by using rational use of oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA). Rational use of the drugs in populations can be effectively evaluated using drug utilization studies.Methods: The present study was conducted in the outpatient departments of General Medicine at Sardar Patel Medical College associated group of PBM Hospital, a tertiary care teaching hospital. It was a cross sectional prospective study carried out over a period of four months from September 2020 to January 2020. Patients were enrolled on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results: Total 300 patient prescription patterns were studied, out of which 58.33% were males and 41.66% were females. Most of the patients were in the age group of 51-60 years. Average number of anti-diabetic drugs per prescription was found to be 1.99. biguanides was the most commonly prescribed drug (97%) as mono therapy and combination therapy followed by sulfonylureas (65.6%), DPP 4 inhibitors (24%) Majority of the patients (66%) were on multidrug therapy.Conclusions: Metformin was the most frequently prescribed drug in diabetes. Prescription by Brand name is a matter of concern. Overall, monotherapy was found to be predominant over combination therapy. There was no significant increase in the prescribing of newer oral antidiabetic agents like GLP-1receptor inhibitors and DPP-4 inhibitors. glimepride + metformin combination was the most commonly prescribed combination.
A retrospective study on pemetrexed induced nephrotoxicity in non-small cell lung carcinoma patients
Authors: Kallem Sharat Venkat Reddy , Harichandana Punukula , Bhavya C. , Thota Narender Kumar
Published: March 2021

Background: Pemetrexed (PEM) is a new-generation multitargeted antifolate agent that has been shown to have broad-spectrum efficacy in a variety of human cancers, including NSCLC and mesothelioma. Dose-limiting hematologic toxicities are among the most serious side effects. PEM nephrotoxicity is well-known, but its occurrence is thought to be rare. Aim was to determine nephrotoxicity induced due to pemetrexed in non-small cell lung cancer patients.Methods: In patients with the NSCLC, we record a retrospective review on PEM- induced renal toxicity. A total of 327 NSCLC patients were treated in our hospital between 2012 and 2019. Of these, 134 patients were diagnosed with 2 or more chemotherapy cycles. 60 of these patients have been diagnosed with combination of antineoplastic drugs based on pemetrexed and platinum. Others were removed from the study and were also required to be tested for other potential causes of renal injury.Results: Suitable statistical tools were used and data was analysed which showed that repeated chemo cycles of pemetrexed leads to the reversible acute kidney injury. With the results from our study we can understand the severity of nephrotoxicity induced with pemetrexed in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Most of the patients were in the first and second stages of nephrotoxicity and most of them were male. Majority of the patients were also above 40 years of age and also endured more than 4 chemo cycles.Conclusions: It shows that PEM allows longer survival, but acute or chronic kidney failure is the price for this achievement. In conclusion, renal toxicity should be controlled routinely in patients treated with pemetrexed. Before each cycle of pemetrexed, creatinine clearance should be measured. Patients need to be well hydrated during treatment. The patient should also be tested for concomitant medications, and any nephrotoxic symptoms should be reviewed and those drugs removed.
Drug utilization study in ophthalmology department at a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Ahluwalia Pritpal Singh , Baig Mirza Shiraz , Awargaonkar Amarnath , Nandedkar Varsha
Published: March 2021

Background: Drug utilisation studies in present clinical practice have played significant role to promote rational drug use in the current health care system. The aim of present study was to analyse the prescribing pattern of drugs for various ocular conditions in Ophthalmology Department of Government Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.Methods: Study was prospective, observational open label and descriptive clinical study which included 100 patients in OPD and IPD during November 2018 to February 2019 fulfilling inclusion criteria.Results: Out of the 100 study subjects, 56% were males and 46% were females, with the maximum number of patients falling in the age group 61-80 years. 38.26% patients received antibiotics as most prescribed drug while 69 % patients received analgesics and 47% anti-inflammatory. Among the antibiotics prescribed, fluoroquinolones were the most prescribed antimicrobial class. WHO prescribing indicators as analysed from the data collected were: average number of drugs per prescriptions was 3.79. Percentage of medicines prescribed by branded name- 33.79% and generic were 66.21%. 54% of the total drugs prescribed were from the National List of Essential Medicines 2017.Conclusions: Ocular ailments and conditions are frequently associated with high levels of utilization of drugs for their treatment. Thus, analysis of utilization of these drugs becomes very essential. In the present study, the drugs prescribed at our tertiary care hospital were found rational.
Cystic fibrosis: current treatment and future direction
Authors: Gupta Shreya , Mittal Niti , Gupta Mahesh C.
Published: March 2021

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder, characterized by mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, leading to abnormality in the chloride channels of the mucus and sweat producing glands. Multiple organs systems are affected in this disorder, like respiratory system and gastrointestinal tract, severely impacting the patient’s quality of life, eventually leading on to several complications and death. Since the uncovering of the underlying genetic defect in cystic fibrosis (CF), our knowledge of the disease process has increased substantially, but we still lack a holistic approach to its management, which comprises of multiple facades, requiring both pharmacological and non-pharmacological or rehabilitatory approaches. So far, the therapeutic options were limited to targeting the consequences and complications of the disease, such as respiratory infection, mucus retention, pancreatic insufficiency, etc., but now several promising therapies may be able to address the underlying pathology rather than its long-term effects. This review summarizes the current and upcoming pharmacological options for CF, such as those targeting the CFTR gene defect directly, including gene editing, CFTR correctors and potentiators; drugs targeting the epithelial sodium channels (ENaC inhibitors); repositioning of some existing drugs and evaluating their role in CF; and understanding the disease better by transcriptomic approaches and the role of gut microbiota in the disease process and severity.
Pre-pregnancy and prenatal care risk factors for spontaneous premature delivery in Western Uganda: a hospital based unmatched case-control study
Authors: Byonanuwe Simon , Ssebuufu Robinson , Oguttu Benson , Nzabandora Emmanuel
Published: March 2021

Background: We aimed to establish pre-pregnancy and prenatal care risk factors for spontaneous premature delivery at Kampala international university teaching hospital (KIUTH) so as to enable us draw a platform upon which specific interventions can be formulated.

Methods: This was a hospital based unmatched case-control study conducted in the months of March to June 2019. A total of 110 cases and 330 controls admitted at KIUTH maternity and postnatal units were enrolled into the study. Interviewer administered questionnaires and respondent’s medical records were used to collect data. Chi square test and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed to establish the risk factors for spontaneous premature delivery at this facility. All data analyses were done using SPSS statistics version 20.

Results: Nulliparity, previous premature delivery, history of premature rupture of membranes, previous cervical procedures, history of not having received preconception care, urinary tract infections during pregnancy and maternal obesity were independently associated with spontaneous premature delivery at this hospital.

Conclusions: Guided by these factors, a high index of suspicion for spontaneous premature delivery among all pregnant women attending prenatal care is vital towards ameliorating this obstetric complication at KIUTH.
From today to the past: the cupping therapy as a form of alternative medicine
Authors: Batista Tânia P. , Manuel Paula F. , Oliveira Eurico L.
Published: March 2021

For thousands of years, the cupping therapy usually used as traditional treatment for pain relief and as cure of disease among its main purposes. We described a case of a 76-year-old male patient, who used the cupping therapy to symptomatic relief and home treatment for pneumonia. The patient showed clinical worsening, which lead him to the emergency room with a subsequent favourable clinical evolution after appropriate therapy.
Informe centroamericano: Un modelo de integración en evolución
Authors: Ramos Martínez Alejandro , Sarmiento Álvaro
Published: March 2021

En el año 2020, la integración centroamericana cumplió 60 años. En este informe, además de analizar el desempeño económico reciente del bloque, se revisan los avances de la agenda interna, en especial, la zona de libre comercio, el arancel externo común y las principales líneas del trabajo del Subsistema de Integración Económica del SICA. Se analizan también los avances de la agenda externa, tanto en lo que respecta a los acuerdos de libre comercio como las acciones de Centroamérica en el ámbito de la OMC. Por último, se pone atención en el impacto y las respuestas de política frente al COVID-19.
Analysis of Impact Behaviour of Sisal-Epoxy Composites under Low Velocity Regime
Authors: Mahesh Vishwas , Nilabh Ashutosh , Joladarashi Sharnappa , Kulkarni Satyabodh M.
Published: March 2021

The present study concentrates on development of conceptual proof for sisal reinforced polymer matrix composite for structural applications subjected to low velocity impact using a finite element (FE) approach. The proposed sisal-epoxy composite of various thicknesses of 3.2 mm, 4 mm and 4.8 mm is subjected to different impact velocities of 1 m/s, 2 m/s and 3 m/s ranging in the low velocity impact regime to study the energy absorbed and damage mitigation behaviour of the proposed composite. The consequence of velocity of impact and thickness of laminate on the sisal epoxy composite’s impact behaviour is assessed statistically using Taguchi’s experimental design. Outcome of the present study discloses that the energy absorption increases with increased impact velocity and laminate thickness. However, the statistical study shows that impact velocity is predominant factor affecting the impact response of sisal epoxy composite laminate compared to laminate thickness. The role of matrix and fiber in damage initiation is studied using Hashin criteria and it is found that matrix failure is predominant over the fiber failure.
Feasibility analysis of yoga on sports fatigue recovery of Competitive
Aerobics
Authors: Tan Yu , Tan ChengQing
Published: March 2021

competitive aerobics is a group of difficult and beautiful sports with high intensity, high difficulty and remarkable
competitiveness. With the strengthening of sports training and competition, sports fatigue occurs from time to time. Some
researchers have proved that yoga has a positive effect on the recovery of exercise-induced fatigue through implementation,
Through the method of literature, this paper finds that yoga practice is of great significance to the recovery training of sports
fatigue, so it puts forward that yoga practice can be applied to the recovery training of sports fatigue in competitive aerobics.
How to Improve Higher Vocational English Teaching Mode under
the Condition of Rapid Update of Modern Technology
Authors: Jin Yan
Published: March 2021

Nowadays, in the higher vocational English courses promulgated by the Ministry of Education, students are required to
master certain basic knowledge and skills of English. This article begins with an in-depth analysis of English teaching in higher
vocational colleges and finds that higher vocational English teaching has made a lot of achievements in recent years. This is
reflected in the development of clear teaching guidance documents and the publication of series suitable for higher vocational
education. English textbooks, and some new teaching models are being explored. However, in general, there are still many
unresolved problems and challenges in higher vocational English teaching, which are mainly manifested in: the implementation of
the guiding documents is not in place, the transformation of teachers’ educational and teaching concepts is relatively lagging, and
the modernization of teaching models is not high. These problems have affected the effect of higher vocational English teaching,
and seriously affected the English training of higher vocational students.
On the Legal Application Dilemma of the Identification of Work
Injury Caused by Infectious Diseases and Its Solutions
Authors: Liu Zhenggang
Published: March 2021

Although the country has achieved leapfrog development in recent years, all walks of life have made great progress, but
due to the short development time, there is still a certain gap in laws and systems compared with developed countries, and there
is still a lot to improve the place. For example, the current legal concept of "work-related injury" is absent, and the concepts of
"occupational infectious disease" and "occupational disease" have not been censored. Actually, there are no clear regulations and
implementation when the identification is carried out. At this stage, the lack of general provisions for the identification of workrelated injuries and the closure of the identification of occupational infectious diseases have made the application of the law for the
identification of work-related injuries of infectious diseases quite embarrassing. Based on this, this article elaborates on the legal
application dilemma existing in the identification of work-related injuries of infectious diseases, and puts forward some opinions
based on its own practical experience, hoping to have a certain reference significance for improving the legal application of workrelated injury identification of infectious diseases in my country.
China Aviation Oil and JETBLUE AIRWAYS
Authors: Shi Yishu
Published: March 2021

China Aviation Oil had to ask for help from the group for the first on October 10, 2004 due to it was unable to operate
the subsidiary with huge losses. On December 1st, 2004, after a massive loss of $550 million U.S. dollars, CAO announced an
application for bankruptcy protection in court.
An Analysis on the Control of Administrative Discretion
Authors: Feng Xiaojian
Published: March 2021

Administrative discretion means that administrative agencies can exercise their rights based on their own judgment and
actual conditions when dealing with matters that are not authorized by the law or have not made detailed provisions.The existence
of administrative discretion is not only the result of the expansion of administrative power,but also to adapt to administrative
differences in different regions and departments,and to maintain social fairness and justice.However,the existence of rights leads
to abuse and corruption,which requires the legislature to control the problem of excessive discretionary power from the source.
The administrative law enforcement agency further improves the administrative reconsideration,strengthens the selection and
supervision of the staff of the administrative agency,and the judicial agency improves the judicial review.
EDP scale analysis based on temperature
Authors: Liu Xinyan
Published: March 2021

Since the beginning of the 21st century,the global climate change,especially the global warming,is becoming more and
more serious.The global warming leads to the rise of sea level,making many small island countries at a low altitude in danger
of vanishment.Firstly,we build an EDP formation model to predict which countries and how many people will have the risk of
becoming EDP.We use principal component analysis to reveal that EDP is mainly caused by the rise of sea level.We choose a time
series prediction algorithm,fbprophet to predict the trend of temperature change.Based on the rise of sea level,the size of EDP
affected by natural disasters is roughly estimated.
Art Exhibition: Witness in Silence
Authors: Bu Shunchen
Published: March 2021

Based on Jane Block’s and J.L. Austin’s discussion of performative expression, this paper turns to the analysis of
performative expression in artists’ solo exhibitions. Starting from the opening ceremony of artists’ exhibition, analyzed the
combination of language, behavior and power in exhibition activities, as well as the interaction and essence of witnessing. At the
same time, it deals with the dissemination and productivity of solo exhibition audience viewing behavior.
Analysis of the Design Methodology "Grid System" with
Internationalism Characteristic
Authors: Xin Zhisheng
Published: March 2021

The "Grid System" is a methodology used in typography that came into being under internationalism after world war
II. This methodology takes control of the image’s aspects with the grid lines that equally divides and distributes the space, which
resulted in the visual balance and a sense of coordination. As a design method, it represents how mathematical subjects interact
with art. And even after decades of evolution, it still acts as a crucial part of art & design and deeply influenced many designers and
their works. This paper starts with the history of the "Gird System" method while introducing its concept and following its major
developments and practices, then finishing up with an analysis of its main character and methodology for some future design.
Realize Cultural Inheritance in Aesthetics A Probe into the Practice
of Film & in Primary and Secondary Schools
Authors: Cao Yunlong
Published: March 2021

As an important content of moral education and aesthetic education, film & television education in primary and secondary
schools has just started, and thus is inevitably facing many problems. The film & television education in primary and secondary
schools should center around the aesthetic characteristics of film & television education, focus on the cultural elements deeply
embedded in the film and television works, and emphasize cultural inheritance in film & television education, thus improving
youngsters’ cultural literacy, appreciation ability of film and television works and aesthetic awareness, and promoting their overall
development.
Manejo de la pudrición parda de la mazorca (Phytophthora palmivora) en cacao por aplicación conjunta de prácticas culturales y químicas
Authors: Rodriguez Polanco Eleonora , Parra Alferes Edinson Bayardo , Bermeo Fuquene Paula Andrea , Segura Amaya Jose Dimas , Rodríguez Polanco Luz Astrid
Published: March 2021

El 30 % de la producción de cacao se pierde por Phytophthora y en Colombia esta es una enfermedad limitante que llega a ocasionar pérdidas del 23 % en algunas regiones. Con el objeto de determinar la eficiencia de la remoción de frutas enfermas y la aplicación de fungicidas y un potencializador de resistencia contra Phytophthora palmivora, se establecieron durante un ciclo de producción dos ensayos experimentales con clones susceptibles a la enfermedad (CCN51) y cuatro tratamientos: MT (manejo tradicional-remoción ocasional de fruta enferma), MIC-7, MIC-14 y MIC-21, los cuales incluyeron el manejo integrado del cultivo (MIC) y la remoción de frutos enfermos cada siete, catorce y veintiún días, respectivamente. La incidencia fue determinada inicial y periódicamente de acuerdo con el tiempo de remoción de los frutos en cada tratamiento y los frutos enfermos fueron retirados del árbol. El experimento en campo se estableció bajo un dbca con dieciséis réplicas (árboles) por tratamiento. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron empleando Anava y la diferencia entre tratamientos se estimaó por Tukey (p ≤ 0,05). Se realizó el análisis económico con el fin de estimar la variación neta de cada tratamiento con relación al mt. En conclusión, la remoción de mazorcas enfermas constituye la base del manejo de Phytophthora palmivora en un clon susceptible como CCN51, al permitir una disminución del 43,13 % de la incidencia en el MIC-7 con relación al MIC-21. El efecto aditivo de la aplicación de las moléculas químicas en el MIC-14 fue insuficiente para disminuir la producción de inóculo infectivo en la misma proporción que lo hace la remoción semanal de mazorcas enfermas, generando pérdidas de COP 369,041 ha-1 con relación al MT. El MIC-7 se consideró como rentable al generar ganancias de COP 834 384 ha-1 con relación al MT.
Azerbaycan’da Zerdüştîlik ve Abşeron-Surahanı Ateşgedesi
Authors: ULUTÜRK Muammer
Published: March 2021

Azerbaycan’ın İran ile coğrafi açıdan yakınlığının bulunması, İran’da ortaya çıkan birçok dinin burada yayılması sonucunu doğurmuştur. Zerdüştîliğin kutsal kitabı Avesta’nın Gatalar’ını ölçü olarak alan araştırmacılar ile Müslüman bilim adamlarının bir kısmı Zerdüşt’ün doğduğu yerinin Azerbaycan ve Batı İran olduğu görüşündedirler. Bununla birlikte Zerdüştîliğin yaklaşık olarak M.Ö. VI. yüzyıldan M.S. VII. yüzyıla değin, Yakın ve Orta Doğu’nun bir kısmında hüküm sürmüş olan üç İran devletinin dini olmasına ve Bakü kent merkezine 30 km. uzaklıktaki Abşeron Yarımadası’nda bulunan Ateşgede hakkındaki bilgilere dayanarak bu dinin bölgede yayıldığına dair birtakım veriler elde edilebilmektedir. Bu araştırma Azerbaycan’da Zertüştîlik, Zerdüştîler ve Bakü yakınlarındaki Saruhanı Ateşgede’si hakkında yeni bulgular ortaya koyma amacındadır.
Pandemi Sürecinde Tüketicilerde Hissedilen Ölüm Kaygısının Demografik Faktörlere Göre Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: TOR-KADIOĞLU Cansu , İNCE Mehmet
Published: March 2021

Tüm dünyada yaşanan COVID-19 pandemisi nedeniyle toplumlar, maddi ve manevi anlamda kaygılıdır. Tüketicilerin pandemi sürecinde algıladığı manevi risklerin, tutum ve davranışlarını değiştirebileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, Tomas-Sabao, Gomez-Benito ve Limonero tarafından geliştirilmiş olan "Ölüm Kaygısı Ölçeği’ni pandemi sürecine uyarlayarak tüketici grupları bakımından değerlendirmektir. Araştırmanın örneklemini, Türkiye’de yaşayan, COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde mecbur kalmadıkça evden çıkmadığını belirten, yani karantinada kalan 386 tüketici oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmanın verileri Mart-Nisan 2020 tarihinde çevrimiçi anket aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Sonuçlar incelendiğinde; dışsal ölüm kaygısı, ölümün kabulü, ölüme ilişkin düşünceler ve ölümün kaçınılmazlığı boyutlarında; cinsiyet, yaş, gelir ve eğitim durumu bakımından anlamlı farklılıklar olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Yerli Yapım Bir Çizgi Filmin Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Açısından İncelenmesi: Pırıl
Authors: DUMAN Ayşenaz Ekin , KOÇTÜRK Nilüfer
Published: March 2021

Bu araştırmanın amacı Pırıl çizgi filminin toplumsal cinsiyet rolleri açısından incelenmesidir. Nitel araştırma özelliği taşıyan çalışmada Pırıl çizgi filminin yayınlanan tüm bölümleri (n = 30) incelenmiş, veriler içerik analizi ile analiz edilip sayısallaştırılmıştır. Analiz sürecinde yüzdeler arasındaki farkın istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olup olmadığı, iki yüzde arasındaki farkın önemliliği testi ile belirlenmiştir. Bulgulara göre meslek grupları ve oyun/oyuncak seçimi açısından cinsiyetler arasındaki yüzde farkları erkek karakterlerin lehine anlamlı iken; anne/baba karakterlerinin günlük yaşam faaliyetleri bakımından yüzde farkları kadınların lehine anlamlıdır (p <.05). Diğer kodlamalar (örn., isimlerin çağrıştırdığı anlamlar) yönünden cinsiyetler arasındaki yüzde farkları anlamlı değildir (p >.05). Bu bağlamda Pırıl çizgi filminin meslek grupları, oyun ve oyuncak seçimi, günlük yaşam faaliyetleri yönünden geleneksel toplumsal cinsiyet rollerini sürdürmekte olduğu belirlenmiştir.
A SOCIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF PARTY LEADERSHIP INFLUENCING VOTING BEHAVIOR IN TRADITIONAL COMMUNITIES OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA DISTRICT DIR UPPER
Authors: Khan Najib , Jawad Muhammad , Shah Mussawar , Sarir Saima , Khan Naushad
Published: March 2021

Purpose of the study: Voting Behavior is the combination of social, psychological, and attitudinal factors leading to a vote in an election. Thus, the central aim of the current research study was to analyze the influence of party leadership on voting behavior.

Methodology: Due to the diverse picture of the study area, a multistage stratified sampling technique was used to get more reliable information from 317 sample respondents including (212 males and 105 females). Data was collected through a pre-tested interview schedule; to determine the association between the dependent variable (voting behavior) and independent variable (party leadership) chi-square test was applied.

Main findings: The association of voting behavior was significant between voting behavior and preference of local leaders in the election (P=0.024), leader’s inspiration in voters’ constituency is counted in the electoral process (P=0.011), those leaders who work for public welfare (P=0.000), past performance of the leaders is your major concern (P=0.001), to influence voters by all means (P=0.048), commitment and devotion of the leaders (P=0.040) and dynamic leaders are symbols of development for society (P=0.554).

Applications of this study: Results as a whole indicate a significant role of party leadership in influencing voters. People generally cast vote to candidates who are local, have influence in the constituencies and did public welfare schemes in past and shows commitment and devotion. The findings of the study will be helpful in policymaking.

Novelty/Originality of this study: This study attempts to explore new factors that contributed to individual voting behavior. Further, the present paper is unique in the sense that it is based on opinions and responses collected directly from the voters in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
FILSAFAT BARAT ERA SKOLASTIK Telaah Kritis Pemikiran Thomas Aquinas
Authors: Taufik Muhammad
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper tries to discuss how Western philosophy critically examined the thought of Thomas Aquinas in the scholastic era. The scholastic era or known medieval philosophy whose style is the philosophy of collaborating with theology in harmony. Philosophy in the scholastic era gave birth to many famous theologians-philosophers, one of whom was Thomas Aquinas, who was the subject of this paper. After the authors traced through this paper the answer found that Aquinas was the most important figure of Western philosophy in the scholastic era. Aquinas is considered to have made a real contribution in unifying the original elements of Augustine's thought, strongly influenced by the philosophy of Neo-Platonism, with the philosophy of Aristotle.The author criticized Aquinas's view that Aristotle's philosophical system contains true rational truths. Basically using philosophical methods to understand theology is very helpful. That has been done by Aquinas; it only needs to be underlined that the method for understanding philosophy without losing the nature of theology is not entirely correct either. However there are also problems that cannot be fully explained by philosophical approaches. Like the problem of beliefs related to metaphysical problems, for example. The problem of belief in matters that are metaphysical is a problem that is difficult to explain philosophical logic. Aquinas stated that theological truth is clear to human reason. For example, it is the truth about God's existence. This truth comes from revelation, but how to explain philosophically that can satisfy curiosity so that what is believed can be understood rationally.
Seguridad del alta temprana en pacientes con histerectomía laparoscópica en una institución de alto nivel de complejidad en Bogotá, Colombia, 2013 - 2019. Cohorte histórica
Authors: Guerrero-Machado Mónica , Pascuas Juan Sebastián , Miranda Ángel David , Castro-Cuenca Carlos Giovani , Rodríguez-Daza Henry Octavio
Published: March 2021

Objetivo: describir la seguridad del alta en las primeras 12 horas del posoperatorio en mujeres cometidas histerectomía por laparoscopia por patología benigna de útero. Materiales y métodos: estudio de cohorte histórica descriptiva. Se incluyeron todas las mujeres llevadas a histerectomía laparoscópica por patología benigna, quienes fueron dadas de alta después de 12 horas del procedimiento en un hospital de alta complejidad en Bogotá, Colombia, entre enero del 2013 y abril del 2019. Se excluyeron pacientes con comorbilidades (diabetes, enfermedad cardiovascular y pulmonar obstructiva crónica), limitaciones para la movilización y aquellas que presentaron complicaciones intraoperatorias. Se realizó un muestreo consecutivo. Se evaluaron variables demográficas, y como variables de seguridad, el reingreso por urgencias y complicaciones clasificadas según la escala de Dindo a los 15 días del postoperatorio. Se hace análisis descriptivo. Resultados: durante el período de estudio se realizaron 860 histerectomías por laparoscopia, de estas, 67 (7,8%) cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Once pacientes (16,4%) reingresaron por el servicio de urgencias, de las cuales, siete (63,6%) acudieron por dolor, una (9%) por sangrado activo, una (9%) por fiebre, y dos (18%) por síntomas urinarios. Se presentaron seis (8,9%) complicaciones postoperatorias de las cuales dos pacientes (2,9%) tuvieron hematoma de cúpula vaginal, dos (2,9%) hemoperitoneo, una (1,4%) infección urinaria y una (1,4%) lesión ureteral; cuatro pacientes (5,9%) requirieron hospitalización, estas últimas se clasificaron en el estadio IIIb de Dindo. Conclusiones: el alta temprana surge como alternativa al cuidado hospitalario para este tipo de población. Se requieren estudios con grupo control y asignación aleatoria para aportar mejor evidencia respecto a este manejo.
Regional development planning and disparity in Bangladesh
Authors:   Department of Economics, University of Chittagong, Hathazari, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh, Mithun Md. Mehedi Zaman
Published: March 2021

This study sheds some light on the regional development planning and regional disparity in Bangladesh and also analyzes spatial disparity of development through several factors to picturize the poverty situation in different regions of the country. In fact, this paper tries to represent the scenario of planning in micro-regional level. Findings from the paper reveal that, some regions of Bangladesh are still underdeveloped because of the fact that they continuously receive marginal share of public expenditure and national budget of the country. Gini Index for the total budget shows an incompatible level of income inequality to the people across various regions in Bangladesh. Northern and West regions of the country are mostly deprived of proper development planning and allocation of efficient budget. Overall, this article deeply provides a briefing for field people involved in regional planning processes in the rural areas. Bangladesh is yet to decentralize empirical power to the local government authority to ensure proper budget allocation and distribution. Allocation in ADP for health, education and agriculture sector should be enhanced urgently. Generating regional data will be much effective to fabricate more dynamic development planning and to understand the current situations of the lack-lusture regions of the country. Key Words: Bangladesh, Development, Planning, Budget, Expenditure, Regions, Poverty
A documentation of plants used by rural small-scale farmers to control maize pests in the eastern cape province of South Africa
Authors:   Döhne Agricultural Development Institute, Stutterheim, South Africa, Skenjana NL ,   Fort Hare University, Alice, South Africa, Afolayan AJ ,   Fort Hare University, Alice, South Africa
Published: March 2021

Maize(Zea mays L.)small-scale farmers in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa are generally under-resourced, and as a result, their crops are vulnerable to pest attacks. The farmers often cannot afford farming implements and inputs, and tend to improvise with what is freely available in their surroundings. Regarding pests, farmers tend not to follow the conventional use of chemical insecticides and rather use alternative methods of control such as plant-based methods. Plant-based methods that are founded on formulations and plant combinations have been found to be eroding due to lack of documentation. This study sought to document the names of plants used in combinations and formulations and their preparation methods so that they can be further used to set a research agenda specific to affordable pest control methods for the Province. Surveys using the convenience and stratified purposive sampling techniques were conducted in selected rural areas of the Eastern Cape Province in order to investigate the plants, their combinations and formulations used by these farmers to control insect pests of maize. A total of 217 farmers were interviewed. Study protocols adhered to ethical standards set by the EasternCape Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, whereas percentages were calculated using Microsoft Excel (2010). Findings revealed that most of the plants used were from familiesSolanaceaeandAsteraceae. The most preferred plant was Chenopodiumambrosioides, a perennial herb from the family Chenopodiceae. Although, several arthropods were mentioned by farmers as pests of maize in their cultivation areas, the predominant targets of formulations and combinations were maize stalk borers. These insects were also cited as most troublesome. The common plant part used in combinations and formulations was the leaves. Thefindingsraisedtheneed for continuous scientific validation and documentation of indigenous pest control methods to bridge the generational gap and increase the range of their use.
Evaluation of irrigation adequacy in sugarcane systems in Eswatini
Authors:   University of Eswatini,P. O Luyengo, M205, Eswatini, Shongwe Mduduzi Innocent , Tsabedze N ,   University of Eswatini,P. O Luyengo, M205, Eswatini
Published: March 2021

The adoption of objective irrigation scheduling approaches in the sugarcane industry has been very slow leading to over-irrigation, low water use efficiency, and consequently, low returns. With the widespread use of subjective scheduling, there is also a perception that there are no significant benefits derived from objective scheduling. A study was, therefore, conducted in Eswatini to determine the performance of irrigation systems that were using subjective irrigation scheduling. More specifically, the objective of the study was to determine the irrigation adequacy fora sugarcane crop that was under two overhead systems viz. centre pivot and sprinkler irrigation. Adequacy was determined in terms of relative irrigation supply (RIS) for the 2015/16 season. The CROPWAT 8.0 model was used to estimate crop demand in terms of net irrigation requirement, whilst the amount of water applied during the period was the supply. Seasonal RIS results indicated that the area under the centre pivot was slightly over-irrigated (RIS= 1.13), whilst irrigation in the area under the sprinkler system was found to be adequate (RIS= 0.94). MonthlyRIS values, however, revealed that the crop was over-irrigated most of the time. The crop under the centre pivot was over-irrigated for the months of January, June, July, September, November, and December as indicated by the RIS values of 1.17, 1.33, 1.20, 1.77, 3.35, and 15.09, respectively. Over-irrigation under the sprinkler system was observed in June, July, September, October, and November where the RIS was 1.36, 2.19, 2.91, 1.77, and 1.67, respectively. In both irrigation systems, over-irrigation was experienced at the germination and establishment phases of development. In contrast, all of the months with acceptable RIS values were found to be within the grand growth phase. It was, therefore, concluded that the scheduling approach used in the area was biased towards the grand growth phase. Hence, it was recommended that the irrigation schedule be modified to accommodate each of the different phases of sugarcane development.
Usefulness of seed systems for reviving smallholder agriculture: a South African perspective
Authors:   University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3201 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, Hlatshwayo SI , Modi AT ,   University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3201 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, Hlahla S ,   University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3201 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, Ngidi M ,   University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3201 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, Mabhaudhi T ,   University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3201 Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
Published: March 2021

South Africa is considered a food-secure nation; however, food insecurity is still a major challenge for many poor rural households that rely on cash incomes and government grants for survival. Furthermore, these grants are not always adequate to meet households’ basic needs and fail to provide them with the food required for food and nutrition security. Some of these households rely on agriculture to supplement their food needs, and an important aspect of this agricultural production is the seed system. Smallholder farmers in rural areas rely on informal seed systems, and use traditional knowledge and methods to produce, harvest, store, and sell their produce. This research combined quantitative and qualitative methods to assess the role of informal seed systems in promoting food production in rural smallholder agricultural households in South Africa. The narrative review showed reword that while smallholder farmers acquire seed from informal seed systems, they face numerous challenges that affect their production activities. These challenges include poor seed quality and assessment, poor storage and harvesting facilities, which limit proper seed production and affect crop yield and marketing. Due to these challenges, the ability of rural smallholder farmers to access mainstream markets is limited and as a result, they are confined to local markets that offer lower prices. Moreover, South African policies do not recognize the informal seed system as one of the contributors to food security. This is a major limitation as farmers may not receive the support and assistance they require. Formal recognition and support for informal seed systems would go a long way in improving smallholder farmers’ access to quality seed. This would have ripple effects on their yields and productivity. When properly implemented and given recognition by the government, informal seed systems have the potential to contribute to rural food security and livelihoods.
Effects of temperature, steeping time and particle size used in infusion brewing on total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of tea produced from young upland rice leaves
Authors:   Rajamangala University of Technology Krungthep, Bangkok, 10120, Thailand, Uthai Narissara
Published: March 2021

Tea was brewed from young leaves of 4 weeks old Thai upland black waxy rice plants of the cultivar ‘Damgatondam’, which has a noticeable fragrant smell from both seeds and leaves. The plants were harvested about 1 cm above soil level, washed, and cut into pieces, about 1 cm long. These pieces were then steamed for 1 min in a steamer rack, withering for 5min by spreading them out in a thin layer, pan-roasted at 70°C for 30 min, and finally dried at 70°C for 90 min. They were either kept as pieces of leaves or ground into a powder, and both were used for brewing tea by infusion in water at 4oC, room temperature (about 25oC), for 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, or 15 h and brewing at 70oC or 98oC for 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 or 15 min. Directly after brewing, the tea was stored at -25oC awaiting analysis. Each sample was analyzed for total phenolic content (TPC) and for antioxidant activity, by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazo line-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Results showed that tea brewed from ground leaves had higher antioxidant activity than tea brewed from ungrounded leaves. The highest level of extraction was at 98oC for 15 min, where the TPC was 62.79 mg GAE/100g, antioxidant activity was 278.04 for DPPH, 195.38 for ABTS and 1150.13 mg TE/100g for FRAP. Samples extracted at 4oC or room temperature also had high levels of TPC and antioxidant activity with the maximum extraction at room temperature for 15 h; where TPC was 46.76 mg GAE/100g, and antioxidant activities were 152.72 for DPPH, 140.42 for ABTS and 950.32 mg TE/100 g for FRAP. Therefore, the level of extraction for tea brewed in all four conditions depended on both temperature and brewing time. Also, extraction of high levels of bioactive compounds depended on large surface areas of the leaves being in contact with water.
Consumer intentions to buy nutrient-rich precooked bean snacks: Does sensory evaluation matter?
Authors:   Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Institute, Kenya, Lutomia CK , Karanja D ,   Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Institute, Kenya, Nchanji EB ,   International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya, Induli I ,   Bioversity International, Nairobi, Kenya, Mutuku R ,   Sayari foods-Smart Logistics Solution, Machakos, Kenya, Gichangi A ,   Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Institute, Kenya, Mutuli W ,   Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Institute, Kenya, Birachi E ,   International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Nairobi, Kenya
Published: March 2021

Precooked bean products have the potential of bridging the common bean demand and consumption gap in Kenya. However, sensory evaluation of novel precooked processed products has been inadequate in determining acceptability. This study assessed the sensory evaluation of precooked bean snacks by 269 rural consumers in Machakos County of Kenya. Descriptive results indicated that less than one-quarter (22%) of the consumers were aware of the precooked bean products. The low awareness is a disconnect from the expectations that farming households were probably going to be aware of processed bean products because of their participation in bean value chain. Sensory evaluation showed that 75% of the consumers evaluated the freshness of the bean snacks positively, with about 90% and 63% of them positively assessing the taste of the precooked bean snacks branded Keroma Delicious and Keroma Fruity, respectively. The taste evaluation of Keroma Fruity brand significantly differed depending on age and level of education of the consumer. Similarly,the taste of Keroma Delicious brand also significantly differed by age and educational attainment of consumers. Furthermore, while consumers liked the taste parameters of the products, less than half of them liked the beany flavour of the two products. Results from the binary logit regression model indicated that freshness, sourness, and flavour positively and significantly predicted the probability of future purchases of Keroma Fruity bean snack brands. Consumer intentions to buy Keroma Delicious brand were positively predicted by flavour and marginally by sweetness. To accelerate the consumption of precooked bean products, product development and marketing strategies should recognise the role of sensory attributes in driving acceptability of the bean snacks, deploy processing technologies that retain and enhance sensory attributes, create awareness of the products, and segment the market from a gender lens in order to satisfy the diverse consumer needs and preferences.
Áfaalapú diffúziós index a konjunktúrakutatásban
Authors: Máténé Bella Klaudia , Ritzlné Kazimir Ildikó , Cseh Tímea
Published: March 2021

A 2020 tavaszán váratlanul kialakult gazdasági helyzet a koronavírus miatt szükségessé vált korlátozó intézkedések következményének tekinthető. Egészen addig még nem fordult elő a modern statisztika történetében, hogy a gazdaság több területe szinte egyik napról a másikra leálljon. Az ennek hatására végbement teljesítménycsökkenés a hagyományos becslési módszerekkel nem volt előre jelezhető. Az általánosan alkalmazott ökonometriai modellek ugyanis a korábbi időszakokban érvényesülő tendenciákat extrapolálják az előrejelzés során; ebben az extrém helyzetben azonban a korábbi összefüggéseket nem lehetett becslésre használni. További probléma volt, hogy a rövid távú, ún. flash becslések indikátorai főként a nagy gazdasági súlyú szervezetek adataiból épülnek fel, a mikro-, kis- és középvállalkozások termelésének dinamikája ezektől azonban jelentős mértékben eltérhet nagymértékű gazdasági visszaesés esetén. A 2020 tavaszán kialakult helyzet ösztönzőleg hatott az alternatív konjunktúraindikátorok vizsgálatára, amelyek közül jelen tanulmány a diffúziós indexekkel foglalkozik. E mutatók a eljes gazdaságra kiterjedő válságok azonosítására szolgálnak, és gazdaságstatisztikai indikátorok aggregálására épülnek, azok változási irányainak figyelembevételével. Számításuk szervezeti megközelítésben adminisztratív vagy Big Data típusú adatokon képzelhető el. A szerzők az előbbieket választják, kalkulációjukat áfaadatokra alapozva. (A Big Data típusú megközelítés az e-számlák hasznosítása esetén lenne lehetséges, ehhez azonban még nem állnak rendelkezésre homogén idősorban magyarországi adatok.) Dolgozatukban először áttekintik a diffúziós indexek történetét, majd bemutatják azok egy áfaalapú, hazai mikroadatokra alkalmazható változatát és kialakításának módszertanát. Ezt követően mutatójuk 2008 I. negyedévétől 2020 IV. negyedévéig terjedő idősorát és felhasználhatóságának lehetőségeit elemzik a 2020-ban kibontakozott visszaesés ismeretében. Végül az eredményeket tárgyalják, melyek szerint diffúziós indexeik megfelelően mutatják a gazdasági változások havi dinamikáját.
Los trabajadores ante el riesgo laboral: más allá del derecho de resistencia
Authors: García Salas Ana Isabel
Published: March 2021

De un estudio integral de la normativa de prevención de riesgos laborales, pue­de colegirse que, cuando los trabajadores se enfrentan a riesgos en el trabajo, generalmente por un incumplimiento empresarial, se encuentran no solo ante el derecho sino también ante el deber de protegerse. Las implicaciones jurídicas que esta posición, también deudora, conlleva deben ser analizadas con detalle, e integrando la labor tuitiva del Derecho del Trabajo con la protección eficaz de los trabajadores en materia de seguridad y salud laboral.