bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regional differences in wound oxygenation during normal healing in an equine model of cutaneous fibroproliferative disorder
Authors: Celeste Christophe J. , Deschene Karine , Riley Christopher B. , Theoret Christine L.
Published: October 2010

Wound repair in horse limbs is often complicated by the development of exuberant granulation tissue (EGT) and excessive scarring while body wounds tend to repair uneventfully. EGT resembles the human keloid. While the events leading to keloid formation are not fully elucidated, tissue hypoxia has been proposed as a major contributing factor. The objective of this study was to investigate tissue oxygen saturation in healing full‐thickness wounds created on the horse limb and body, using near‐infrared spectroscopy. Spectroscopic reflectance data were collected from both anatomic sites at specific times following wounding. The oxygen saturation values of limb wounds were significantly inferior to those of body wounds during the early period of healing, indicating a temporary, relative state of hypoxia in the former during the inflammatory phase of repair. Horses present a weak, persistent inflammatory response to wounding, especially at the limb level. The relative hypoxia present acutely in limb wounds of horses may promote a feeble yet prolonged inflammatory response, which could interfere with and retard the subsequent phases of healing. Ongoing low‐grade inflammation in horse wounds is accompanied by up‐regulation of various inflammatory and profibrotic mediators, which might ultimately promote the development of fibroproliferative disorders such as EGT.
Photovoice Engages Rural Youth in Childhood Obesity Prevention
Authors: Findholt Nancy E. , Michael Yvonne L. , Davis Melinda M.
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT
Photovoice is a participatory action research methodology that involves the use of photography and enables people to document, reflect upon, and communicate community needs to policymakers for the purpose of promoting social change. We describe how photovoice was used to engage rural youth in childhood obesity prevention research and obtain their perspectives of community assets and barriers that influenced children's physical activity and diets in their county. The photographs and stories produced by the youth garnered public interest and were beneficial in raising community awareness of community conditions that may contribute to childhood obesity and the need for environmental change. Utilization of the method also provided a beneficial leadership experience for the youth participants.
Interactive Model of Client Health Behavior and Cervical Cancer Screening of African‐American Women
Authors: Ackerson Kelly
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT
Objective: Explore inductively African American women's use of Pap smear screening services and consider how well the data did or did not affirm the usefulness of the interaction model of client health behavior (IMCHB).

Design and Sample: The IMCHB guided this qualitative study designed to explore women's social influence and previous health care experience and their influence on the women's cognitive appraisal associated with Pap smears and cervical cancer. Interviews were conducted with 24 women, resulting in 2 groups: routine‐use (n=11) (Pap smears every 1–3 years) and non‐routine‐use (n=13).

Measures: Content analysis approach to data analysis was used, where interview data were considered in relation to elements of IMCHB.

Results: Analysis revealed that the IMCHB was useful for framing cervical cancer screening health behavior research. Both groups' data fit well onto the framework. The routine‐use group fit the entire model, with iterative (repeat) behavior in cervical cancer screening. The non‐routine‐use group also fit the model, but their iterative behavior in cervical cancer screening was intermittent due to negative personal influences.

Conclusions: This model can provide a focus to the delivery of gynecological care based on a client's unique characteristics that can be addressed with individualized nursing interventions designed to promote positive health outcomes.
Entropy‐Based Spatial Interaction Models for Trip Distribution. 基于熵的空间相互作用模型在出行分布中的应用
Authors: O'Kelly Morton E.
Published: October 2010

Wilson's use of entropy‐maximization techniques to derive a family of spatial interaction models was a major innovation in urban and regional modeling. The work elegantly linked methods for transportation analysis and regional economics into a unified framework. One version, the doubly constrained spatial interaction model, is closely related to the transportation problem of linear programming and other existing trip distribution techniques. This article traces some of these connections, particularly the sense in which an entropy model with an average trip length constraint can be seen as a relaxation of a least cost solution to a linear program. These ideas have renewed significance in the context of studies of simulation models for regional economies. Wilson's developments therefore provided a unifying basis for the work of very creative urban and regional modelers of that time (e.g., Alonso, Batty, Evans, Harris, Herbert, Lakshmanan, Stevens, Webber) and indicate the lasting and significant influence of his insight.
What Counts As Knowledge? A Reflection on Race, Social Science, and the Law
Authors: Moran Rachel F.
Published: October 2010

In the years since the U.S. Supreme Court handed downBrown v. Board of Education(1954), most discussions of the case have focused on whether it was effective in promoting lasting equality of opportunity in the public schools. Although this profoundly important question dominates retrospectives onBrown, another unresolved controversy relates to whether the ruling has altered in any fundamental way the role of social science evidence in constitutional litigation. More than 50 years later, substantial disagreement persists about whether this kind of research has played or should play any important role in the jurisprudence of race. Today, social scientists face increasing doubts about their neutrality and objectivity, struggle to be heard in a marketplace of ideas increasingly flooded with information of questionable quality, and encounter growing resistance to the notion that expertise provides a proper foundation for legal decisionmaking. For those who still believe that social science has a role to play in advancing racial justice, the strategy used inBrowncan no longer be taken for granted. The time is ripe to reassess what counts as knowledge so that social science is not increasingly marginalized in courts of law.
Do Blind People See Race? Social, Legal, and Theoretical Considerations
Authors: Obasogie Osagie K.
Published: October 2010

Although the meaning, significance, and definition of race have been debated for centuries, one thread of thought unifies almost all of the many diverging perspectives: a largely unquestioned belief that race is self-evident and visually obvious, defined largely by skin color, facial features, and other visual cues. This suggests that “seeing race” is an experience largely unmediated by broader social forces; we simply know it when we see it. It also suggests that those who cannot see are likely to have a diminished understanding of race. But is this empirically accurate?

I examine these questions by interviewing people who have been totally blind since birth about race and compare their responses to sighted individuals. I not only find that blind people have as significant an understanding of race as anyone else and that they understand race visually, but that this visual understanding of race stems from interpersonal and institutional socializations that profoundly shape their racial perceptions. These findings highlight how race and racial thinking are encoded into individuals through iterative social practices that train people to think a certain way about the world around them. In short, these practices are so strong that even blind people, in a conceptual sense, “see” race. Rather than being self-evident, these interviews draw attention to how race becomes visually salient through constitutive social practices that give rise to visual understandings of racial difference for blind and sighted people alike. This article concludes with a discussion of these findings' significance for understanding the role of race in law and society.
Legal Mobilization in Schools: The Paradox of Rights and Race Among Youth
Authors: Morrill Calvin , Tyson Karolyn , Edelman Lauren B. , Arum Richard
Published: October 2010

In this article, we analyze ethnoracial patterns in youth perceptions and responses to rights violations and advance a new model of legal mobilization that includes formal, quasi-, and extralegal action. Slightly more than half of the 5,461 students in our sample reported past rights violations involving discrimination, harassment, freedom of expression/assembly, and due process violations in disciplinary procedures. Students, regardless of race, are more likely to take extralegal than formal legal actions in response to perceived rights violations. Self-identified African American and Latino/a students are significantly more likely than white and Asian American students to perceive rights violations and are more likely to claim they would take formal legal action in response to hypothetical rights violations. However, when they perceive rights violations, African American and Asian American students are no more likely than whites to take formal legal action and Latino/a students are less likely than whites to take formal legal action. We draw on in-depth interviews with youth and adults—which we interlace with our quantitative findings—to explore the interpretive dynamics underlying these survey findings, and we offer several theoretical and methodological implications of our work.
Mass Incarceration and the Paradox of Prison Conditions Litigation
Authors: Schoenfeld Heather
Published: October 2010

In this article I examine how prison conditions litigation in the 1970s, as an outgrowth of the civil rights movement, inadvertently contributed to the rise of mass incarceration in the United States. Using Florida as a case study, I detail how prison conditions litigation that aimed to reduce incarceration was translated in the political arena as a court order to build prisons. Drawing on insights from historical institutionalist scholarship, I argue that this paradox can be explained by considering the different historical and political contexts of the initial legal framing and the final compliance with the court order. In addition, I demonstrate how the choices made by policy makers around court compliance created policy feedback effects that further expanded the coercive capacity of the state and transformed political calculations around crime control. The findings suggest how “successful” court challenges for institutional change can have long-term outcomes that are contrary to social justice goals. The paradox of prison litigation is especially compelling because inmates' lawyers were specifically concerned about racial injustice, yet mass incarceration is arguably the greatest obstacle to racial equality in the twenty-first century.
Race, Urban Governance, and Crime Control: Creating Model Cities
Authors: Brown Elizabeth
Published: October 2010

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the city of Seattle received federal Department of Housing and Urban Development “Model cities” funds to address issues of racial disenfranchisement in the city. Premised under the “Great Society” ethos, Model cities sought to remedy the strained relationship between local governments and disenfranchised urban communities. Though police-community relations were not initially slated as an area of concern in the city's grant application, residents of the designated “model neighborhood” pressed for the formation of a law and justice task force to address the issue. This article examines the process and outcome of the two law-and-justice projects proposed by residents of the designated “model neighborhood”: the Consumer Protection program and the Community Service Officer project. Drawing on the work of legal geographies scholars, I argue that the failure of each of these efforts to achieve residents' intentions stems from the geographical imagination of urban problems. Like law-and-order projects today, the geographical imagination of the model neighborhood produced a discourse of exceptionality that subjected residents to extraordinary state interventions. The Model cities project thus provides an example of a “history of the present” of mass incarceration in which the geographical imagination of crime helps facilitate the re-creation of a racialized power structure.
Presidential Address: Innovation in retrospect and prospect
Authors: Brander James A.
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper asks whether innovation has slowed in recent decades. While there has been dramatic progress in information and communications technology, the recent record of innovation in the crucially important agriculture, energy, transportation, and health care sectors is cause for concern. The paper also considers whether the pace of innovation is sufficient to improve or even maintain living standards in the face of still rapidly growing population, global warming, and other challenges. I review the major market failures that lead to under‐provision of innovation and question whether current innovation policy, particularly patent policy, is effective in promoting innovation.
Deconstructing gravity: trade costs and extensive and intensive margins
Authors: Lawless Martina
Published: October 2010

Abstract This paper uses data on US exports to decompose exports into the number of exporting firms (the extensive margin) and average export sales (the intensive margin). We show how a range of proxies for trade costs has different impacts on the two margins. Distance has a negative effect on both margins, but the magnitude is considerably larger for the extensive margin. Most of the variables capturing language, internal geography, infrastructure and import cost barriers work through the extensive margin. We show that these results are consistent with a Melitz‐style model of trade with heterogeneous firm productivity and fixed costs.
Price‐level versus inflation targeting with financial market imperfections
Authors: Covas Francisco , Zhang Yahong
Published: October 2010

Abstract Price‐level targeting (PT) is compared with inflation targeting (IT) in a DSGE model augmented with imperfections in both debt and equity markets. The PT regime outperforms the IT regime, and the gain depends on the degree of financial market frictions. This is because inflation is better anchored under PT, owing to the expectation channel, and therefore the monetary authority has more leverage to deal with the financial market distortions. We also find that the gain is higher if the optimal rule reacts to asset prices instead of the output gap, and the rule requires a positive response to asset prices.
China's export growth and the China safeguard: threats to the world trading system?
Authors: Bown Chad P. , Crowley Meredith A.
Published: October 2010

AbstractIs there evidence from China's pre‐WTO accession period that newly imposed U.S. or EU import restrictions deflect Chinese exports to third markets? We examine this question by drawing on a newly constructed data set of U.S. and EU product‐level import restrictions on Chinese trade imposed between 1992 and 2001, and we estimate their impact on Chinese exports to alternative markets. We find no systematic evidence that the import restrictions imposed during this period resulted in Chinese exports surging to third markets. To the contrary, there is weak evidence of a chilling effect on China's exports to third markets.
Incidental Dual Atrioventricular Nodal Physiology in Children and Adolescents: Clinical Follow‐Up and Implications
Authors: McCANTA ANTHONY C. , COLLINS KATHRYN K. , SCHAFFER MICHAEL S.
Published: October 2010

Background:
 Dual atrioventricular (AV) nodal physiology is a substrate for the development of AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT). However, the risk of developing AVNRT in patients with dual AV nodal physiology is not known. The purpose of this study is to identify the risk of developing AVNRT in children and adolescents with incidental findings of dual AV nodal physiology after accessory pathway ablation.

Methods:
 This is a single center retrospective study of patients who underwent intracardiac electrophysiology study at The Children's Hospital, Denver, from March 1993 to August 2008, with findings of dual AV nodal physiology after successful ablation of an accessory pathway. Follow‐up was obtained by chart review with the primary outcome of recurrent supraventricular tachycardia. Extended clinical follow‐up was also achieved through phone contact with patients or parents of patients.

Results:
 Mean age at initial electrophysiology study was 12.8 years (±3.7 years). Follow‐up was obtained on all 66 patients for a mean duration of 3.1 years (±2.8 years). Mean age at follow‐up was 15.8 years (±4.6 years). Recurrent supraventricular tachycardia occurred in nine of the 66 patients (13.6%). AVNRT was induced in two of the 66 patients (3.0%).

Conclusion:
 This study supports the hypothesis that incidental dual AV nodal physiology does not predict AVNRT in children and adolescents with after successful accessory pathway ablation. (PACE 2010; 33:1528–1532)
The impact of extended‐hours home hemodialysis and buttonhole cannulation technique on hospitalization rates for septic events related to dialysis access
Authors: Van EPS Carolyn L. , JONES Mark , NG Tsun , JOHNSON David W. , CAMPBELL Scott B. , ISBEL Nicole M. , MUDGE David W. , BELLER Elaine , HAWLEY Carmel M.
Published: October 2010

Few studies adequately document adverse events in patients receiving long, slow, and overnight hemodialysis (NHD). Concerns about high rates of dialysis access complications have been raised. This is an observational cohort study comparing hospital admission rates for vascular access complications between alternate nightly NHD (n=63) and conventional hemodialysis (n=172) patients established on chronic hemodialysis for at least 3 months. Overall, hospital admission rates and hospital admission rates for cardiac and all infective events are also reported. The NHD cohort was younger and less likely to be female, diabetic, or have ischemic heart disease than the conventional hemodialysis cohort. When NHD and buttonhole cannulation technique were used simultaneously, there was a demonstrated increased risk of septic dialysis access events: incidence rate ratio 3.0 (95% confidence interval 1.04–8.66) (P=0.04). The majority of blood culture isolates in NHD patients were gram‐positive organisms, particularly Staphylococcus aureus. Alternate nightly NHD did not significantly change total hospital admissions or hospital admissions for indications other than dialysis access complications, compared with conventional hemodialysis. Our data suggest that buttonhole cannulation technique should be used with caution in patients performing extended‐hours hemodialysis as this combination appears to increase the risk of septic access complications. Randomized‐controlled trials are needed to confirm these findings.
Status epilepticus induced by putrid salted gray Mullet fish intoxication in patients with chronic Kidney disease
Authors: SOLIMAN Amin R. , HELMY Sadek
Published: October 2010

Neurological and psychiatric symptoms are common presentations, but are often ignored in fresh salted gray Mullet fish intoxication. We report 2 patients with chronic renal failure at a predialyzed stage who developed refractory status epilepticus after ingestion of putrid salted gray Mullet. We warn consultant neurologists that fresh salted gray Mullet fish intoxication must be considered when patients with chronic kidney disease present with seizures or other unexplained neurological or psychiatric symptoms.
Reproducibility of regional pulse‐wave velocity in uremic subjects
Authors: DI IORIO Biagio R. , CUCCINIELLO Emanuele , ALINEI Pietro , TORRACA Serena
Published: October 2010

Despite the clinical importance of pulse‐wave velocity (PWV), there are no standards for accurate carotid‐radial pulse‐wave measurement in uremic patients with respect to carotid‐femoral measurement. We assessed the reproducibility of PWV values using the carotid‐radial PWV measurement. We have measured the carotid‐femoral PWV and carotid‐radial PWV with an automated system (Pulse Pen, DiaTecne) using 2 different blind operators in 105 hemodialysis (HD) patients. The carotid‐femoral waveforms were acquired by the first blind operator simultaneously with 2 pressure‐sensitive transducers and the transit time of the pulse was calculated using the system software. Similarly, the second blind operator acquired the carotid‐radial waveforms. The two operators performed 2 consecutive measurements from the same subject, in a random order. In fact, after the first operator had completed 2 consecutive measurements from 1 subject, all of the sensors were detached, and the second operator attached sensors again to the same subject. The measurements were performed during interval of a midweek dialysis‐free day. To evaluate the reproducibility of the system, both within‐observer and between‐observer analyses were performed. We studied 105 dialysis patients (HD) and 20 controls. All HD patients had three dialysis sessions lasting at least 4 h/wk. A total of 28 patients (26.7%) had diabetic nephropathy. The mean age of HD was 64.6 ± 16.1 years, the body weight was 71.1 ± 15.1 kg, and the height was 164.6 ± 6.1 cm. All population studied is referral at a tertiary care from at least 6 months (mean 11.1 ± 2.1 months). A total of 45% of patients are smokers or ex‐smokers. The PWV of carotid‐femoral is 8.58 ± 3.99 and the PWV of carotid‐radial is 8.70 ± 4.01 m/sec, respectively, by the first and the second operator; the difference of PWV (femoral‐radial measure) is −0.037 ± 0.99 m/sec. The linear correlation of carotid‐femoral vs. carotid‐radial PWV measurements is the highest (R2=0.90). The results regarding reproducibility, including mean differences and standard deviations, standard errors, and correlation coefficients were analyzed for each regional PWV value for the between‐observer and within‐observer studies. All of the measurements showed significant correlation coefficients, ranging from 0.94 to 0.98. The reproducibility of regional PWV values for 2 consecutive measurements from the same subject was also analyzed using Bland‐Altman plots, with the reproducibility expressed as the mean difference and 2 standard deviations between the measurements obtained by the 2 operators during carotid‐femoral and carotid‐radial measurements. Carotid‐radial PWV measurement provides an accurate analysis with a high reproducibility with respect to carotid‐femoral PWV measurement, and it can be used for arterial stiffness analysis in hemodialysis patients.
Plasma fibroblast growth factor‐23 levels are independently associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis in maintenance hemodialysis patients
Authors: BALCI Mustafa , KIRKPANTUR Alper , GULBAY Mutlu , GURBUZ Oguz Alp
Published: October 2010

Fibroblast growth factor‐23 (FGF‐23) has been suggested to play a role in vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Common carotid artery intima‐media thickness (CIMT) assessment and common carotid artery (CCA) plaque identification using ultrasound are well‐recognized tools for identification and monitoring of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to test that elevated FGF‐23 levels might be associated with carotid artery atherosclerosis in maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients. In this cross‐sectional study, plasma FGF‐23 concentrations were measured using a C‐terminal human enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay kit. Carotid artery intima‐media thickness was measured and CCA plaques were identified by B‐Mode Doppler ultrasound. One hundred twenty‐eight maintenance HD patients (65 women and 63 men, mean age: 55.5 ± 13 years, mean HD vintage: 52 ± 10 months, all patients are on HD thrice a week) were involved. The mean CIMT were higher with increasing tertiles of plasma FGF‐23 levels (0.66 ± 0.14 vs. 0.75 ± 0.05 vs. 0.86 ± 0.20 mm, P<0.0001). Log plasma FGF‐23 were higher in patients with plaques in CCA than patients free of plaques (3.0 ± 0.17 vs. 2.7 ± 0.23, P<0.0001). Significant correlation was recorded between log plasma FGF‐23 and CIMT (r=0,497, P=0.0001). In multiple regression analysis, a high log FGF‐23 concentration was a significant independent risk factor of an increased CIMT. Further studies are needed to clarify whether an increased plasma FGF‐23 level is a marker or a potential mechanism for atherosclerosis in patients with end‐stage renal disease.
Role of plasmapheresis in the management of myeloma kidney: A systematic review
Authors: GUPTA Diptesh , BACHEGOWDA Lohith , PHADKE Gautam , BOREN Sue , JOHNSON Diane , MISRA Madhukar
Published: October 2010

Multiple myeloma complicated by acute renal failure is a diagnosis often encountered by the practicing nephrologist. The role of plasmapheresis in such patients has been of interest for decades. Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and multiple observational trials have evaluated the potential role of plasmapheresis in the management of this condition. This systematic review presents the results of these trials regarding survival benefits, recovery from dialysis, and improvement in renal function. A comprehensive search revealed 56 articles. Of these, only 8 articles met our inclusion criteria (3 RCTs, 1 correction of results, and 4 observational trials). Two of the 3 RCTs showed no difference in survival benefit. Two of the 3 RCTs showed a greater percentage of patients stopping dialysis in the intervention group; however, these results were not reproduced in the largest trial. All the studies showed an improvement in renal function for patients receiving plasmapheresis; however, only 2 RCTs and 1 retrospective study showed a statistically significant improvement in renal function among patients who received plasmapheresis in comparison with a control group. Our systematic review does not suggest a benefit of plasmapheresis independent of chemotherapy for multiple myeloma patients with acute renal failure in terms of overall survival, recovery from dialysis, or improvement in renal function.
Ferroelectric Domain Characterization of Orthorhombic Sodium–Potassium Niobate Piezoelectric Crystals
Authors: Inagaki Yumi , Kakimoto Ken‐ichi , Kagomiya Isao
Published: October 2010

Lead‐free Mn‐doped Na0.5K0.5NbO3 (NKN) piezoelectric crystals were grown by a slow‐cooling flux method where the cooling rates during crystal growth were fixed at 0.25°C/min or at a fivefold increase of 1.25°C/min, and the effects of the cooling rate on the domain structure were investigated. The domain observation using a polarizing microscope showed that the numbers of the 60° domain walls in the crystals grown at 0.25°C/min were larger than that in the crystals grown at 1.25°C/min. The Raman spectroscopy measurement confirmed that the stretching mode of ν2 (Eg) and separated bending mode of ν5 (F2g), which is the vibrational mode of NbO6 units in the NKN perovskite‐type structure, were detected in the crystals grown at 0.25°C/min even though these modes were not detected in the crystals grown at 1.25°C/min. Therefore, the ν2 and separated ν5 modes in Raman spectra appears to be attributed to the presence of the 60° domain structure. In addition, the internal stress, which is caused by the phase transitions during crystal growth, was affected by the presence of 60° domains because the vibrational modes were changed. The crystals grown at 0.25°C/min exhibited a rectangular P–E hysteresis loop compared with that of the crystals grown at 1.25°C/min. From these results, it was found that the ferroelectric domain structures in the NKN crystals depended on the cooling rates during crystal growth, and the polarization property was affected by the domain structure, which was determined by the cooling rates.
Stress Induced by Constrained Sintering of 3YSZ Films Measured by Substrate Creep
Authors: Atkinson Alan , Kim Jung‐Sik , Rudkin Robert , Taub Samuel , Wang Xin
Published: October 2010

3YSZ green layers approximately 10 μm thick were screen printed onto 3YSZ substrates up to 300 μm in thickness. The stress induced by constrained sintering of the film (between 1150° and 1350°C) was measured by monitoring the bending displacement of vertical strips of bilayers using a long‐distance microscope. In order to deduce the stress it was first necessary to measure the creep properties of the substrates by monitoring the bending of horizontal beams under gravity. The creep strain rate of the 3YSZ substrates was linearly dependent on applied stress at the low stresses and strains involved in the present work. The creep viscosity appeared to increase with strain (time), which might be due to changes in grain‐boundary composition, and had higher activation energy at temperatures above approximately 1250°C. The magnitudes of the creep viscosities are in reasonable agreement with other creep data in the literature for 3YSZ.

The in‐plane stress induced during constrained sintering of the 3YSZ films had a maximum value of approximately 3 MPa at 1200°C. This behavior is consistent with literature results reported for constrained sintering of bulk alumina. The stress induced by the constraint is of a similar order to the estimated sintering potential.
Microwave Dielectric Properties of LiBiW2O8 Ceramics with Low Sintering Temperature
Authors: Zhou Huanfu , Chen Xiuli , Fang Liang , Liu Xiaobin , Wang Yiliang
Published: October 2010

Preparation, phase structure, sintering behavior, and microwave dielectric properties of LiBiW2O8 ceramic have been investigated. The LiBiW2O8 ceramic can be well densified in the temperature range from 650° to 750°C for 2–8 h. X‐ray diffraction data show that LiBiW2O8 ceramic has a monoclinic structure coupled with a second unknown phase. The LiBiW2O8 ceramic, sintered at 700°C for 2 h, exhibit microwave dielectric properties with permittivity of 26.5, Q×f of 16400 GHz, and temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) of 70 ppm/°C. The addition of 30 mol% TiO2 to LiBiW2O8 also results in a ceramic composite exhibiting ɛr∼30.2, Q × f∼13 000 GHz and τf∼−9 ppm/oC. However, the reaction between LiBiW2O8 and Ag will affect its further application in low‐temperature cofired ceramic.
La2Mo2O9‐Based Electrolyte: Ion Conductivity and Anode‐Supported Cell under Single Chamber Conditions
Authors: Lo Jen‐Chieh , Tsai Dah‐Shyang , Chen Yu‐Chen , Le Minh‐Vien , Chung Wen‐Hung , Liu Feng‐Jiin
Published: October 2010

We demonstrate the applicability of LAMOX as an electrolyte for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) by preparing two anode‐supported cells based on La0.9Dy0.1Mo2O9 and La0.9Dy0.1Mo1W1O9, and operating at 625°–700°C under single chamber conditions. The two cells, supported by a composite of NiO and Gd‐doped ceria (GDC), are initialized with a porous Ni+GDC disk to catalyze the partial oxidation reaction of methane. The partially oxidized methane reduces NiO to Ni catalyst and activates the cell at 650°C. A typical membrane electrode assembly of the single chamber SOFC cell consists of a 60‐μm‐thick La0.9Dy0.1Mo2O9 electrolyte, an anode of Ni+GDC, and a cathode of lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite. Its peak power measures 220 mW/cm2 at 700°C in a tubular chamber of 15 mm in diameter, with the total methane/air flow rate of 350 mL/min and CH4:O2=2:1.
The Effect of a Prepayment Meter on Residential Gas Consumption
Authors: Völlink Trijntje , Meertens Ree
Published: October 2010

This study examined the effect of prepayment gas meters (households pay for their gas as they use it) as a feedback instrument on gas consumption by households. Furthermore, behavioral determinants of the reduction in gas consumption were studied. Half of the households in the experimental group were issued a notebook allowing them to compare their gas consumption with a self‐set goal. The results revealed that households with a prepayment meter reduced their annual gas consumption by 4.1% compared with the control group; the notebook did not result in additional savings. Furthermore, changes in objective gas consumption were related to self‐reported changes in intention toward reducing consumption.
Individual and Country‐Level Effects of Social Trust on Happiness: The Asia Barometer Survey
Authors: Tokuda Yasuharu , Fujii Seiji , Inoguchi Takashi
Published: October 2010

The relationship of individual‐level and country‐level social trust to individuals' happiness was investigated, using cross‐national data of 39,082 participants from 29 Asian countries. For self‐reported happiness, 2.0% of the participants responded they werevery happy, while 18.7% werevery unhappy. The significant variables associated with happiness were female gender, being age 20–29 years or 60–69 years, married, high income and education, students/retired/homemaker, religious belief, good health, and higher individual and aggregate social trust. Individual health, social trust, and aggregate social trust were all independently associated with people's happiness. People were more likely to be happy if they lived in countries with higher aggregate social trust than countries with poor social trust.
Impact of Ethnic Identity and Ethnic Relevance of Health Information on Asian Americans' Preferences for E‐Health Agents
Authors: Gong Li , Cheng Karen G.
Published: October 2010

Ethnic identity tends to predict same‐ethnicity preference. However, very little research has tested the impact of ethnic identity across messages that bear distinct relevance with different groups. In Experiment 1, Asian American participants read 4 pieces of disease‐related information presented by 2 Asian and 2 White agents on a computer. Both strong and weak ethnic identifiers gave higher credibility ratings of the agents when the agents' ethnicity matched with ethnic relevance of the information. Experiment 2 assessed ethnicity preference by allowing participants to choose agents for 4 healthy‐food Websites and also found the agent–information matching pattern. Ethnic identity did not have an effect. The findings are discussed within a framework that contrasts a social‐identity orientation and an external‐content orientation.
Post‐Traumatic Symptoms Among Victims of Workplace Bullying: Exploring Gender Differences and Shattered Assumptions
Authors: Rodríguez‐Muñoz Alfredo , Moreno‐Jiménez Bernardo , Sanz Vergel Ana Isabel , Garrosa Hernández Eva
Published: October 2010

The aims of the present study were twofold: assessing the prevalence and intensity of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in victims of bullying, and exploring whether victims of bullying differ in their basic assumptions compared to a control group. A total of 183 victims of bullying and 183 control group participants took part in the research. The results showed that 42.6% of the total sample met all DSM‐IV‐TR criteria for PTSD, whereas 54.1% did not fulfill the A1 criterion. Post‐traumatic symptoms were more prevalent among women (49%), as compared to men (35.3%). Furthermore, victims showed significantly more negative beliefs about the world, the people, and themselves, compared to their non‐bullied controls. These results fit well with cognitive theory of trauma.
Sex Differences in Jealousy: An Evolutionary Perspective on Online Infidelity
Authors: Guadagno Rosanna E. , Sagarin Brad J.
Published: October 2010

This study examined whether sex differences in jealousy would generalize to online infidelity. Based on the evolutionary psychological explanation for sex differences in jealousy (ancestral men's challenge of paternal uncertainty vs. ancestral women's challenge of ensuring paternal investment), we expected that men and women would perceive online infidelity similarly to conventional infidelity. The experimental design was a 2 (Infidelity Context: online or conventional) × 2 (Participant Sex) × 2 (Infidelity Type: emotional vs. sexual) mixed factorial. Participants were 332 (132 male, 200 female) undergraduates who completed a questionnaire assessing their responses to potential infidelity. As predicted, online and conventional infidelity elicited the same sex difference in jealousy. Implications for social scientists who study online behavior are discussed.
Do Animated Disney Characters Portray and Promote the Beauty–Goodness Stereotype?
Authors: Bazzini Doris , Curtin Lisa , Joslin Serena , Regan Shilpa , Martz Denise
Published: October 2010

Disney movies are frequently cited as a source of the what‐is‐beautiful‐is‐good stereotype. Two studies (a) assessed prevalence of the stereotype across animated Disney movies; and (b) examined whether exposure to such films influences children's judgments of peers. In Study 1, human characters in 21 films were rated on attractiveness, goodness, and character outcome. Regression analyses demonstrated that attractiveness of a character was a significant predictor of the character's portrayal. In the second study, 42 children (ages 6–12) were exposed to either a high or low beauty‐biased film and then rated target peers. Children rated the attractive target more favorably than the less attractive target. However, film exposure did not increase children's use of the stereotype.
Significant effects on neonatal morbidity and mortality after regional change in management of post‐term pregnancy
Authors: GRUNEWALD CHARLOTTA , HÅKANSSON STELLAN , SALTVEDT SISSEL , KÄLLÉN KARIN
Published: October 2010

Objective. To evaluate the effects on neonatal morbidity of a regional change in induction policy for post‐term pregnancy from 43+0 to 42+0 gestational weeks (GWs). Design and setting. Nationwide retrospective register study between 2000 and 2007. Population. All singleton pregnancies with a gestational age of >41+2 GW (n= 119,198). Methods. All Swedish counties were divided into three groups where study group allocation was designated by the proportion of pregnancies >42+2 GW among all pregnancies of >41+2 GW. Stockholm county formed a separate group. Main outcome measures. Perinatal morbidity. Results. In counties with the most active management, 19% of pregnancies >41+2 GW were delivered at >42+2 GW during 2000–2004 compared to 7.1% in 2005–2007. In the least active counties, corresponding figures were 21.0% compared to 19.4%. During 2005–2007, the odds ratios for meconium aspiration and 5‐minute Apgar score of ≤6 in the least compared to most active counties, were 1.55 (95% CI: 1.03–2.33) and 1.26 (95% CI: 1.06–1.51). In Stockholm >42+2GW seen among pregnancies of >41+2 decreased from 21.0% in 2000–2004 to 5.9% in 2005–2007. Reduced perinatal death risks by 48%, meconium aspiration of 51% and low Apgar scores by 31% in 2005–2007 compared with 2000–2004 were observed. Rates of operative deliveries at >41+2 GW in Stockholm were unaltered. Conclusion. A significant reduction in perinatal morbidity was found, with no influence on operative delivery rates for post‐term pregnancy in Stockholm. We advocate a nationwide change toward more active management of post‐term pregnancies.
Effects of the September 11, 2001 disaster on pregnancy outcomes: a systematic review
Authors: OHLSSON ARNE , SHAH PRAKESH S. ,   the Knowledge Synthesis Group of Determinants of Preterm/LBW births
Published: October 2010

Background. The terrorist explosions of the World Trade Center in New York City and the other events on the Pentagon and in Pennsylvania on 11 September 2001 were stressful events that affected people around the world. Pregnant women and their offspring are especially vulnerable during and after such a terrorist attack. The objective was to systematically review the risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes after the terrorist attacks on Sept 11, 2001. Methods. The Meta‐analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) criteria were used for reporting of this review. Statistical analyses were performed using RevMan 5.0. Results. Ten reports of low‐to‐moderate risk of methodological bias were included. There was increased risks of infants with birthweight of 1,500 g–1,999 g (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.67 [95%CI 1.11–2.52]) and small‐for‐gestational age births (AOR 1.90; 95%CI 1.05–3.46) in New York. There was increased risks of low birthweight (relative risk 2.25; 95%CI 1.29–3.90) and preterm births (relative risk 1.50; 95%CI 1.06–2.14) among ethnically Arabic women living in California There was a reduction in birthweight by 276 g and in head circumference by 1 cm when DNA adducts, a marker for environmental toxin exposure, were doubled in maternal blood. In Holland, a 48‐g reduction in birthweight was reported. Conclusions. The World Trade Center disaster influenced pregnancy outcomes in New York, among ethnically Arab women living in California and among Dutch women. The adverse outcomes are likely due to environmental pollution and stress in New York, ethnic harassment in California and communal bereavement and stress in Holland.
Human remains from a post‐Hellenistic grave‐chamber in Dibba al‐Hisn (Sharjah, UAE)
Authors: Kutterer Adelina , Uerpmann Margarethe
Published: October 2010

Human skeletal remains of sixteen individuals found at Dibba al‐Hisn in the Emirate of Sharjah (UAE) are analysed with regard to standard anthropological criteria. They represent the poorly known pre‐Islamic period of the first centuries AD. Remains of at least fifteen individuals were recovered from a semi‐subterranean grave‐chamber together with rich archaeological grave‐goods. An additional, almost complete skeleton was found in the open area near the chamber. While the size and nature of the sample prevent demographic analyses, skeletal features studied with the help of macro‐ and microscopic as well as radiographic methods provide details on individual life histories and living conditions, as well as mortuary habits and taphonomic processes. Of special interest is a case of intentional tooth mutilation as well as two cases of skull trauma apparently caused by violent inter‐personal conflict. The results of the analysis of the faunal remains from the grave‐chamber and its surroundings are presented in an appendix.
Lead isotope and chemical signature of copper from Oman and its occurrence in Mesopotamia and sites on the Arabian Gulf coast
Authors: Begemann F. , Hauptmann A. , Schmitt‐Strecker S. , Weisgerber G.
Published: October 2010

Lead isotope data, together with an evaluation of previously published results for the chemical composition of Omani ores and copper‐base artefacts are used to define a material signature of Omani copper. Absent from our group of Bronze Age metal (Umm an Nar and Wadi Suq periods) are the signature of ores from Masirah Island and also from the vast deposits in north Oman inland from Suhar. Contemporaneous copper from Bahrain and from Tell Abraq on the Gulf coast is consistent in its material signature with Omani copper; a derivation from Omani ores of this copper is highly likely. A few exceptions at Tell Abraq point to Faynan/Timna in the southern Levant as a possible source region. Among Mesopotamian artefacts the signature of Omani copper is encountered during all cultural periods from Uruk at the end of the fourth millennium BC to Akkadian 1000 years later. Oman/Magan appears to have been particularly important during Early Dynastic III and Akkadian when about half of the copper in circulation bears the Omani signature.
Gender‐dependent effects of water quality and conspecific density on the feeding rate of fish – factors behind sexual growth dimorphism
Authors: Horppila Jukka , Estlander Satu , Olin Mikko , Pihlajamäki Jenna , Vinni Mika , Nurminen Leena
Published: October 2010

Sexual growth dimorphism is common among animals, growth rate differing between the genders. Growth dimorphism is common also in fish, but the regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. Variations in feeding rate may lead to sexual growth dimorphism in fish, the growth rate of females decreasing steeper than the growth rate of males when feeding rate decreases. Because water quality strongly affects the prey detection by fish, variations in water quality could affect sexual growth dimorphism. Additionally, variations in fish density could affect dimorphism through food competition. We studied experimentally with perch Perca fluvialitis, whether the effects of decreasing water transparency and increasing fish density on the feeding rate of planktivorous fish are gender‐dependent. We expected that the feeding efficiency of females decrease steeper with increasing water colour and increasing fish density than the feeding rate of males. Additionally, we collected field data and studied the effects of water colour on the growth rate of male and female perch. The results showed that the effect of water colour on the feeding rate of perch was gender‐dependent, while perch density had no effect on the feeding rate difference between males and females. In highly humic water, the feeding rate of male and female perch did not differ, but in clear water females showed a significantly higher feeding rate than males. The results suggested that due to their high energy demand, female perch were feeding at high rate in both water colours, while the feeding rate of males in the clear water experiments was much lower than their possible maximum rate. This was probably due to the decreased feeding activity of males to reduce predation risk. The results were supported by field data, which revealed a significant effect of water colour on the gender growth difference in planktivorous 3‐year‐old perch. The results suggested that variations in water quality may be a factor behind the population‐dependency of dimorphism in fish.
Becoming baby‐friendly in Spain: a quality‐improvement process
Authors: García‐de‐León‐González Ricardo , Oliver‐Roig Antoni , Hernández‐Martínez Mónica , Mercader‐Rodríguez Beatriz , Muñoz‐Soler Verónica , Maestre‐Martínez Maria Isabel , Monreal‐Tomás Ana Belén
Published: October 2010

Aim:  To describe the implementation process and effect of a quality‐improvement intervention aimed at achieving compliance with the Baby‐friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI).

Methods:  We conducted a prospective study of the development and evaluation of a quality‐improvement intervention at the Yecla Hospital, Spain. A random sample of 1273 infants born in the hospital was followed up in primary care centres between 1997 and 2005. The study interventions were process‐oriented training, audit and feedback, quality‐improvement cycles and provision of breastfeeding support resources. The main outcome measures were changes in compliance with the Global Criteria for the BFHI and breastfeeding rates before, during and after the intervention.

Results:  Compliance with the Global Criteria increased progressively, and in 2004 all criteria were met. The median duration of breastfeeding went up gradually from the start of the intervention. The likelihood of being breastfed at different ages among infants born in 2005 was between 45% [odds ratio (OR) 0.55; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.38–0.79] and 86% (OR 0.14; 95% CI 0.09–0.20) higher than among infants born in 1997.

Conclusion:  Quality‐improvement interventions based on participation, training, audit and feedback of information, and provision of resources are useful for the implementation of the BFHI, which is associated with a significant increase in breastfeeding rates.