bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Age on the Association Between Various Measures of Obesity and All‐Cause Mortality
Authors: Kuk Jennifer L. , Ardern Chris I.
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether the association between various simple measures of obesity and risk for all‐cause mortality differs between younger and older men and women.

DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with 8.7 ± 0.2 years of follow‐up for mortality linkage.

SETTING: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988 to 1994.

PARTICIPANTS: Four thousand, four hundred thirty‐seven men and 5,166 women.

MEASUREMENTS: Measures of obesity included body mass, waist circumference, waist‐to‐hip ratio, hip circumference, sum of skinfolds, and bioelectrical impedance.

RESULTS: Overall and abdominal obesity are associated with greater mortality risk in younger adults (<65) (P<.05), whereas the associations between obesity and mortality are null or inverse in older adults (>65). In general, the association was stronger with measures of abdominal obesity than with measures of overall obesity or fat‐free mass.

CONCLUSION: The adverse effects of obesity on mortality risk are apparent only in adults younger than 65. Obesity as characterized using several different measures was not generally associated with greater mortality risk in older adults. Although weight loss is beneficial for reducing morbidity in obese adults of any age, it is unclear whether weight loss is equally beneficial for reducing mortality risk in older adults.
Monetary Policy under Alternative Asset Market Structures: The Case of a Small Open Economy
Authors: DE PAOLI BIANCA
Published: September 2009

Can the structure of asset markets change the way monetary policy should be conducted? Following a linear‐quadratic approach, the present paper addresses this question in a New Keynesian small open economy framework. Our results reveal that the configuration of asset markets significantly affects optimal monetary policy and the performance of standard policy rules. In particular, when comparing complete and incomplete markets, the ranking of policy rules is entirely reversed, and so are the policy prescriptions regarding the optimal level of exchange rate volatility.
Do Actions Speak Louder Than Words? Household Expectations of Inflation Based on Micro Consumption Data
Authors: INOUE ATSUSHI , KILIAN LUTZ , KIRAZ FATMA BURCU
Published: September 2009

Survey data on household expectations of inflation are routinely used in economic analysis, yet it is not clear how accurately households are able to articulate their expectations in survey interviews. We propose an alternative approach to recovering households' expectations of inflation from their consumption expenditures. We show that these expectations measures have predictive power for consumer price index (CPI) inflation. They are better predictors of CPI inflation than household survey responses and more highly correlated with professional inflation forecasts, except for highly educated consumers, consistent with the view that more educated consumers are better able to articulate their expectations. We also document that households' inflation expectations respond to inflation news, as measured by the unpredictable component of inflation predictions in the Survey of Professional Forecasters. The response to inflation news tends to increase with households' level of education, consistent with the existence of constraints on household's ability to process this information.
Model Misspecification, the Equilibrium Natural Interest Rate, and the Equity Premium
Authors: TRISTANI ORESTE
Published: September 2009

This paper analyzes the natural rate of interest and the equity premium in a nonlinear model where agents are uncertain over both future technology growth and the future course of monetary policy. I show that model uncertainty, and notably uncertainty on the future course of monetary policy, can give rise to a sizable precautionary savings motive. This result is potentially problematic for both the estimation of the natural rate and its use as a policy indicator. Monetary uncertainty can also contribute to amplify the equity premium, and to account for its apparent, positive link with inflation.
Mergers and Long‐Term Corporate Performance: Evidence from Cross‐Border Bank Acquisitions
Authors: FRASER DONALD R. , ZHANG HAO
Published: September 2009

We provide evidence on operating performance changes at a sample of U.S. banks acquired by non‐U.S. banking organizations over the 1980–2001 period. Our sample allows us to compare directly the preacquisition performance of the targets with their postacquisition performance, a comparison that has not been possible in prior studies. We find that these cross‐border acquisitions produce improved target performance. Cash flow profitability at the target increases, labor utilization improves, and loan losses do not rise. We also find evidence that the improvement in target operating performance primarily takes place for those acquisitions that occur following passage of the Reigle–Neal interstate branching legislation.
The Emerging Presence of the Qur’an in American Broadcast Media: 1998–2008
Authors: Hedahl Susan Karen
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  The genesis of this article was an invitation to present a 30‐page paper for the second Religion and Media Conference sponsored by the IRIBU, the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting University located in Tehran. The original paper was to be addressed to a mainly Shia Muslim audience. Nine days before the conference, the Americans invited were informed that they could not attend because the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Tehran would not issue visas. What persists from this disappointing occurrence is a paper revealing the gradual recognition of another sacred scripture in the Abrahamic faith community in America, the Qur’an. The change of audience, to a predominantly America one, is reflected in this new essay.
Cataclysmic Fall or a Fumbling Slip? A Christian Engagement with Islamic Hamartiology
Authors: Moser Matt
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  This article addresses the large issue that looms in any Christian engagement with a different faith: the confession of Christ as incarnate God. The manner in which this issue is addressed is by focusing on the difference between Islamic and classical Lutheran understandings of sin. I shall attempt to present the Islamic understanding of sin and articulate how the Islamic understanding of Christ is shaped by its hamartiology. I shall conclude with a few practical suggestions for dialoguing with Muslims on the issue of sin.
Toward a Lutheran Response to Christian Zionism1
Authors: Smith Robert O.
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  The following article discusses the Christian Zionist movement, and emphasizes the danger it poses to facilitating peace in the Middle East. The author argues that it is a political movement built on a particular theological system, that of premillenial dispensationalism. This particular system also is discussed in detail, including its origins and its contemporary manifestations. The article concludes with some suggestions for how a Lutheran theological perspective might constructively engage Christian Zionism in the service of promoting a vision of hope for the future.
Can Anything Good Come Out of Premillennialism? A Response to Robert O. Smith
Authors: Richie Tony
Published: September 2009

Abstract:  This review expresses great concern with so‐called Christian Zionism. The author explains the confusing push‐pull relation of Pentecostalism to Christian Zionism's underlying apocalyptic eschatology, premillennial dispensationalism. He agrees with the thrust of Smith's discussion from a Lutheran perspective of the complex historical, theological, and political dynamics involved in Christian Zionism's formation and development, but accents distinctions between a generally harmless conventional form and a particularly virile fundamentalist form that can be aggressive and possibly even dangerous. Of special concern is articulation of an erudite political ethic informed by the theology of a Christian pneumatic apocalyptic eschatology, faithful to the incoming reign of God taking seriously predictive prophecy. In conversation with Smith, this appreciative response suggests a possible paradigm for positive involvement in political and social aspects of the present world congruent with apocalyptic hope expressed in premillennialist terms.
Observer Variation in the Echocardiographic Measurement of Maximum Atrial Septal Excursion: A Comparison of M‐Mode with Two‐Dimensional or Transesophageal Echocardiography
Authors: Garg Rajeev , Khaja Azam , Madsen Richard , Alpert Martin A. , Tejwani Lokesh , Aggarwal Kul
Published: September 2009

Background: Atrial septal aneurysm is typically diagnosed by transthoracic two‐dimensional or transesophageal echocardiography (2DE or TEE). Such techniques are highly dependent on visual inspection which predisposes to observer variation. This study compares inter‐ and intraobserver variations in the measurement of maximum atrial septal excursion (MASE) obtained using transthoracic M‐mode echocardiography (MME) with that obtained using 2DE or TEE. Methods: Consecutive patients with highly mobile atrial septal motion by visual inspection during 2DE or TEE were studied. MASE was estimated visually on 2DE or TEE. MME tracings were obtained with the cursor bisecting the parabola formed by the atrial septum at its maximum deviation from the midline. Electronic calipers were used to measure MASE for all echocardiographic techniques. Two observers provided two measurements each. Observer variation was determined by assessing standard deviation and confidence intervals of inter‐ and intraobserver differences. Results: Interobserver analysis showed standard deviations of 0.077 cm (95% CI 0.065–0.094) for MME and 0.280 cm (95% CI 0.242–0.334) for 2DE or TEE. Intraobserver analysis showed standard deviations of 0.08 cm (95% CI 0.068–0.101) for MME and 0.318 cm (95% CI 0.274–0.381) for 2DE or TEE. The mean magnitude of measured MASE was 0.44 cm higher with MME than with 2DE or TEE (95% CI 0.068–0.101). Conclusions: MME assessment of MASE is associated with substantially lower inter‐ and intraobserver variation than 2DE or TEE assessment. The magnitude of MASE is substantially higher with MME than with 2DE or TEE.

(ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume **, ********)
A Score Test for Association of a Longitudinal Marker and an Event with Missing Data
Authors: Finkelstein Dianne M. , Wang Rui , Ficociello Linda H. , Schoenfeld David A.
Published: September 2009

Summary: Often clinical studies periodically record information on disease progression as well as results from laboratory studies that are believed to reflect the progressing stages of the disease. A primary aim of such a study is to determine the relationship between the lab measurements and a disease progression. If there were no missing or censored data, these analyses would be straightforward. However, often patients miss visits, and return after their disease has progressed. In this case, not only is their progression time interval censored, but their lab test series is also incomplete. In this article, we propose a simple test for the association between a longitudinal marker and an event time from incomplete data. We derive the test using a very intuitive technique of calculating the expected complete data score conditional on the observed incomplete data (conditional expected score test, CEST). The problem was motivated by data from an observational study of patients with diabetes.
Lead Free Cu‐Containing Frit for Modern Metallic Glaze
Authors: Siligardi Cristina , Montecchi Monica , Montorsi Monia , Pasquali Luca
Published: September 2009

A lead‐free frit containing high amount of copper and its glaze conceived for fine porcelain stoneware tiles were investigated. The glazes obtained under industrial firing were studied using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, optical and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersion spectroscopy. The mechanism of the red color formation on the surface was explained. The results indicated that the glaze presents a metallic gloss and iridescent colors on the surface, mainly associated to the formation of CuO crystallites and Cu metallic particles. Moreover, the Cu glaze showed a good chemical durability; this is particularly interesting because commercial Cu frits usually present poor chemical properties.
Individual distinctiveness in the mobbing call of a cooperative bird, the noisy minerManorina melanocephala
Authors: Kennedy Robert A. W. , Evans Christopher S. , McDonald Paul G.
Published: September 2009

Individual differentiation is usually advantageous in maximising the fitness benefits of interactions with conspecifics. In social species, where intraspecific interactions are frequent, this is likely to be particularly important. Indeed, some form of differentiation underpins most hypotheses proposed to account for cooperative behaviour in birds. The auditory modality is a likely candidate for this function, particularly for species where individuals are widely spaced and in dense vegetation. In this study, we examined the acoustic structure of a distinctive mobbing signal, the ‘chur’ call, of the cooperatively breeding noisy minerManorina melanocephala. Using 250 calls from 25 individuals, a combination of spectrographic‐based measurement of call parameters, cross‐correlation and multi‐dimensional scaling was used to test for systematic individual differences in call structure. Strong differences between individuals were observed in all measures, indicating that this call encodes sufficient information to facilitate individual differentiation. We then conducted a series of field playbacks to test the effect of the behaviour on conspecifics. Results demonstrated that the call, in isolation, has a clear attractant effect. Given that chur calls are synonymous with the characteristic cooperative mobbing behaviour of this species, these findings suggest they are likely to have an important function in coordinating complex social behaviour.
Chick growth rates in Charadriiformes: comparative analyses of breeding climate, development mode and parental care
Authors: Tjørve Kathleen M. C. , García‐Peña Gabriel E. , Székely Támas
Published: September 2009

The rate at which a young bird grows is highly diverse across taxa. We investigated the influences of ecological variables on growth rates of shorebirds, gulls and their allies (order Charadriiformes) using comparative analyses of 68 species. We investigated three hypotheses: (1) exposure to cold temperatures results in reduced growth rate due to the increased energy expenditure required for thermoregulation, (2) fast growth rates allow offspring to complete development in habitats with short periods of fair ecological conditions, and (3) parental feeding allows the offspring to grow faster than self‐feeding offspring. Charadriiform species are suitable for testing these hypotheses, because they breed in diverse environmental conditions that include Arctic and Antarctic habitats, temperate zones and tropics, and in some species the offspring feed themselves (precocial) whereas in others they are fed by the parents (semi‐precocial). First, we tested the influence of ambient temperature on growth rate and we found that species breeding in cold habitats had faster growth rates than species breeding in warm temperatures. The relationship between growth rate and ambient temperature was not significantly different between precocial and semi‐precocial offspring. Second, we tested the influence of the length of the breeding season on growth rate, and we found that species with shorter breeding seasons had faster growth rates than species with longer breeding seasons. Finally, we show that precocial offspring grew slower than semi‐precocial offspring, and this relationship remains significant when the influences of ambient temperature and breeding season length are statistically controlled. In conclusion, our work, using phylogenetically corrected models, confirms that ambient environment and developmental mode of young together influence the growth of Charadriiform chicks, and their effects are additive.
Optimization of isolation and further characterization of umbilical cord blood‐derived very small embryonic/ epiblast‐like stem cells (VSELs)
Authors: Zuba‐Surma Ewa K. , Klich Iza , Greco Nick , Laughlin Mary J. , Ratajczak Janina , Ratajczak Mariusz Z.
Published: September 2009

Because of their small size and density, umbilical cord blood (UCB)‐derived very small embryonic/epiblast‐like stem cells (VSELs) are usually lost at various steps of UCB preparation. Accordingly, we noticed that a significant number of these cells, which are smaller than erythrocytes, are lost during gradient centrifugation over Ficoll‐Paque as well as during routine volume depletion of UCB units before freezing. To preserve these cells in final UCB preparations, we propose a relatively short and economical three‐step isolation protocol that allows recovery of approximately 60% of the initial number of Lin−/CD45−/CD133+ UCB‐VSELs present in freshly harvested UCB units. In this novel approach (i) UCB is lysed in a hypotonic ammonium chloride solution to deplete erythrocytes; (ii) CD133+ including VSELs cells are enriched by employing immunomagnetic beads; and subsequently (iii) Lin−/CD45−/CD133+ cells are sorted by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting. The whole isolation procedure takes approximately 2–3 h per UCB unit and isolated cells are highly enriched for an Oct‐4+ and SSEA‐4+ population of small Lin−/CD45−/CD133+ cells.
Enhanced T‐cell activation by immature dendritic cells loaded with HSP70‐expressing heat‐killed melanoma cells
Authors: Knudsen Susanne , Schardt Anke , Buhl Timo , Boeckmann Lars , Schön Michael P. , Neumann Christine , Haenssle Holger A.
Published: September 2009

Please cite this paper as: Enhanced T‐cell activation by immature dendritic cells loaded with HSP70‐expressing heat‐killed melanoma cells. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 108–116.

Abstract:  Vaccination protocols that utilize dendritic cells (DCs) to elicit therapeutic immunity against tumors are the subject of intense research. Given that the capacity of DCs to cross‐present antigens is physiologically low, there is considerable interest to develop strategies that enhance that pathway. In order to best exploit the enhanced cross‐presentation of antigens bound to heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), we analysed melanoma cell preparations for their HSP70 expression. Western blotting revealed strong upregulation of HSP70 after heat‐killing in contrast to UV‐B irradiation. When the uptake of heat‐killed necrotic cells by DCs at various levels of maturation was assessed, 61 ± 7% of immature DCs (iDCs) internalized fluorescence‐labelled necrotic material. Apoptotic material from UV‐B‐irradiated cells was internalized by only 48 ± 5% of iDCs. Maturation‐inducing cytokines did not affect the uptake when added simultaneously with the tumor cell preparations. Loading DCs with heat‐necrotic or apoptotic melanoma cells slightly reduced CD83 expression while leaving CD208 (DC‐LAMP) expression unchanged. As determined by IFN‐γ‐detecting enzyme‐linked‐immunospot assays, iDCs loaded with heat‐killed melanoma cells activated autologous T cells most effectively when used without any further maturation, whereas DCs loaded with apoptotic material required maturation. In conclusion, HSP70‐expressing melanoma cells could be generated by heat‐killing. Loading iDCs with heat‐killed melanoma cells resulted in a superior priming of autologous T cells in vitro.
Isolation of human eosinophils: microbead method has no impact on IL‐5 sustained viability
Authors: Percopo Caroline M. , Dyer Kimberly D. , Killoran Kristin E. , Rosenberg Helene F.
Published: September 2009

Please cite this paper as: Isolation of human eosinophils: microbead method has no impact on IL‐5 sustained viability. Experimental Dermatology 2009; 19: 467–469.

Background/purpose:  In a recent issue of Experimental Dermatology (18, 2009, 654), Schefzyk et al. concluded that multi‐antibody eosinophil isolation (Miltenyi) should be abandoned, as differential purity was minimal, and eosinophils underwent accelerated apoptosis when compared with those isolated with traditional anti‐CD16 microbeads. Our intent was to investigate the universality of these findings.

Methods:  We isolated eosinophils from normal donor granulocyte packs using two methods, and evaluated purity, viability and annexin‐V/propidium‐iodide staining.

Results:  Purity was substantially greater when multi‐antibody isolation was used for eosinophil isolation from granulocyte packs (98% vs 69%). No differential survival was detected when eosinophils were maintained in culture with or without interleukin‐5.

Conclusions:  Multi‐antibody eosinophil isolation represents a substantial advantage over anti‐CD‐16 microbeads when isolating large numbers of eosinophils from concentrated leucocyte preparations. No differential survival was observed. While appropriate consideration of methods is always crucial, multi‐antibody eosinophil isolation should not be abandoned completely.
Contextual effects in the occurrence of periodontal attachment loss and necrotizing gingival lesions among adolescents
Authors: Lopez Rodrigo , Frydenberg Morten , Baelum Vibeke
Published: September 2009

The aim of this study was to assess and quantify the random effects resulting from clustering in the following individual‐level periodontal outcomes: presence of clinical attachment loss of ≥ 1 mm (CAL1), presence of clinical attachment loss of ≥ 3 mm (CAL3), and presence of necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG); or in the following class‐level periodontal outcomes: number of students with CAL1, number of students with CAL3, and number of students with NUG. Mixed‐effects logistic regression analysis was used to model these outcomes among 9,162 adolescents in 310 classes in 98 schools spread over 20 communes in the Province of Santiago, Chile, who had been examined for clinical attachment level and NUG, and had completed questionnaires on oral health‐related behaviors. The results of all six analyses demonstrated statistically significant random effects, which in all analyses were particularly related to the schools, whereas the class effects were smaller and the commune random effects were almost negligible. The random effects were quantified using the median odds ratio (MOR), and the class‐level MOR ranged between 1.05 and 1.51, whereas the school‐level MOR values ranged from 2.07 to 2.39. The results of the study demonstrate the potential of the application of multilevel modeling to periodontal epidemiologic data, over and beyond the conventional use of the technique to account for the intrinsic sites–teeth–subject hierarchy in periodontal data.
Epidermal growth factor‐induced cyclooxygenase‐2 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines is mediated through extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 and p38 but is Src and nuclear factor‐kappa B independent
Authors: Husvik Camilla , Bryne Magne , Halstensen Trond S.
Published: September 2009

The intracellular signalling cascade(s) mediating epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐induced cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression is poorly defined in oral carcinomas. Investigation of two different oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cell lines with high EGF‐induced COX‐2 expression revealed, however, that this expression was dependent on two mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways [extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38] because combined inhibition of these pathways was needed to abolish EGF‐induced COX‐2 expression. Surprisingly, inhibition of phosphoinositide‐3 kinase (PI3K) increased EGF‐induced COX‐2 expression in the basaloid OSCC cell line (C12), suggesting a PI3K‐controlled, inhibitory COX‐2‐regulating pathway. Neither the transcription factor nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB), nor Src, was involved in EGF‐induced COX‐2 expression. The results suggest that EGF‐induced COX‐2 expression is regulated by several pathways, and emphasizes that individual tumors use different strategies for intracellular signalling.
Nitration of the salivary component 4‐hydroxyphenylacetic acid in the human oral cavity: enhancement of nitration under acidic conditions
Authors: Takahama Umeo , Imamura Hitoshi , Hirota Sachiko
Published: September 2009

4‐Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (HPA) and nitrite are present in human mixed whole saliva, and HPA can be nitrated by peroxidase/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)/nitrite systems in the oral cavity. Thus, the objectives of the present study were to estimate the concentrations of HPA, nitrated HPA [4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitrophenylacetic acid (NO2HPA)], nitrite, and thiocyanate (SCN−) in saliva from 73 patients with periodontal diseases and to elucidate the conditions necessary to induce nitration of HPA. High concentrations of HPA, nitrite, and SCN− were found in the saliva of patients older than 50 yr of age. NO2HPA was detected in seven patients who were older than 60 yr of age. Nitrite‐dependent formation of NO2HPA by a bacterial fraction prepared from mixed whole saliva was faster at pH 5.3 than at pH 7, and increased as the rate of H2O2 formation increased. The formation of NO2HPA was inhibited by SCN− and by salivary antioxidants such as uric acid, ascorbic acid, and glutathione. These results suggest that nitration can proceed at an acidic site in the oral cavity where H2O2 is produced under conditions of decreased concentrations of SCN− and of antioxidants.
Long‐term effect of an oral healthcare programme on oral hygiene in a nursing home
Authors: Samson Heidi , Berven Liv , Strand Gunhild V.
Published: September 2009

This article reports on the long‐term effect of an oral healthcare programme aimed at improving and maintaining the oral hygiene of elderly residents in a nursing home. The method was based on (i) motivation and oral‐care training of the nursing staff, (ii) production of picture‐based oral‐care procedure cards, (iii) distribution of adequate oral‐care equipment, (iv) practical implementation of new routines, and (v) assessment of results attained. The level of oral hygiene in the nursing home was assessed using the mucosal‐plaque score (MPS) index. Overall evaluation was made before the start of the study, after 3 months, and eventually after 6 yr. Before implementation of the oral healthcare programme, 36% of the residents had an acceptable score. Six years later, the proportion was 70%. The evaluation showed that the introduction of such an oral healthcare programme significantly improved the oral hygiene of the residents on a long‐term basis. However, 30% of the residents did not achieve an acceptable score because they were very ill or dying, aggressive or wanted to brush their teeth themselves.
Orthopaedic‐geriatric models of care and their effectiveness
Authors: Chong Carol P , Savige Judy , Lim Wen Kwang
Published: September 2009

Different types of orthopaedic geriatric units have been established. This review evaluates the effectiveness of this model of care. A computerised literature search was undertaken using Medline (January 1966–February 2009), Cochrane and CINAHL with the search terms orthopaedics, geriatrics, aged, orthopaedic procedures and fractures. Relevant articles were evaluated and appraised with particular focus on randomised controlled trials. Orthopaedic‐geriatric models can be divided according to the setting of care (i) acute inpatient orthopaedic‐geriatric care; (ii) subacute rehabilitation; and (iii) community‐based rehabilitation. Studies have been heterogenous in nature and outcomes measured have differed making pooled data analysis difficult. In general, there is a trend to effectiveness in outcomes such as functional recovery, length of stay, complications and mortality and importantly studies have not shown detrimental consequences. However, because of the varied types of interventions and models of care, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions about the effectiveness of these programs.
Participation of older adults in cyberspace: How Australian older adults use the Internet
Authors: Sum Shima , Mathews R Mark , Hughes Ian
Published: September 2009

Aim:  The present study explores how Australian older adults use the Internet.

Method:  Older adults were recruited online to complete an online survey.

Results:  Participants primarily used the Internet for interpersonal communication, followed by information seeking, commerce and entertainment.

Conclusion:  The Internet is an important technology in helping older adults lead independent and social lives.
Transitions from hospital to residential aged care in Australia
Authors: Karmel Rosemary , Gibson Diane , Lloyd Jonas , Anderson Phil
Published: September 2009

Aim:  To investigate movement of people from hospital into residential aged care.

Methods:  An innovative record linkage method was implemented to create a national database to investigate transitions from hospital into aged care.

Results:  In 2001–2002, 3.2% of hospitalisations for people aged 65+ ended with admission into residential aged care. A further 5.5% were for people already living permanently in care. Nationally, more people were admitted into permanent care from hospital than from the community. Factors important in predicting admission to aged care from hospital included length of hospital stay, diagnoses, region of usual residence and hospital jurisdiction.

Conclusion:  Individually, national hospital and aged care datasets do not provide adequate information on movement between the sectors. Linking the data allowed the first national investigation into movement from hospital into aged care. Results indicate the importance of investigating interactions of service provision (both supply and demand driven) at the local level.
Mechanisms of obesity and related pathologies: Transcriptional control of adipose tissue development
Authors: Vernochet Cecile , Peres Sidney B. , Farmer Stephen R.
Published: September 2009

Obesity and its associated disorders, including diabetes and cardiovascular disease, have now reached epidemic proportions in the Western world, resulting in dramatic increases in healthcare costs. Understanding the processes and metabolic perturbations that contribute to the expansion of adipose depots accompanying obesity is central to the development of appropriate therapeutic strategies. This minireview focuses on a discussion of the recent identification of molecular mechanisms controlling the development and function of adipose tissues, as well as how these mechanisms contribute to the regulation of energy balance in mammals.
Functional characterization of an orphan cupin protein from Burkholderia xenovorans reveals a mononuclear nonheme Fe2+‐dependent oxygenase that cleaves β‐diketones
Authors: Leitgeb Stefan , Straganz Grit D. , Nidetzky Bernd
Published: September 2009

Cupins constitute a large and widespread superfamily of β‐barrel proteins in which a mononuclear metal site is both a conserved feature of the structure and a source of functional diversity. Metal‐binding residues are contributed from two core motifs that provide the signature for the superfamily. On the basis of conservation of this two‐motif structure, we have identified an ORF in the genome of Burkholderia xenovorans that encodes a novel cupin protein (Bxe_A2876) of unknown function. Recombinant Bxe_A2876, as isolated from Escherichia coli cell extract, was a homotetramer in solution, and showed mixed fractional occupancy of its 16.1 kDa subunit with metal ligands (0.06 copper; 0.11 iron; 0.17 zinc). Our quest for possible catalytic functions of Bxe_A2876 focused on Cu2+ and Fe2+ oxygenase activities known from related cupin enzymes. Fe2+ elicited enzymatic catalysis of O2‐dependent conversion of various β‐diketone substrates via a nucleophilic mechanism of carbon–carbon bond cleavage. Data from X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) support a five‐coordinate or six‐coordinate Fe2+ center where the metal is bound by three imidazole nitrogen atoms at 1.98 Å. Results of structure modeling studies suggest that His60, His62 and His102 are the coordinating residues. In the ‘best‐fit’ model, one or two oxygens from water and a carboxylate oxygen (presumably from Glu96) are further ligands of Fe2+ at estimated distances of 2.04 Å and 2.08 Å, respectively. The three‐histidine Fe2+ site of Bxe_A2876 is compared to the mononuclear nonheme Fe2+ centers of the structurally related cysteine dioxygenase and acireductone dioxygenase, which also use a facial triad of histidines for binding of their metal cofactor but promote entirely different substrate transformations.
Hsp105β upregulates hsp70 gene expression through signal transducer and activator of transcription‐3
Authors: Yamagishi Nobuyuki , Fujii Hajime , Saito Youhei , Hatayama Takumi
Published: September 2009

Hsp105α and Hsp105β are mammalian members of the Hsp105/110 family, a divergent subgroup of the Hsp70 family. Hsp105α is expressed constitutively and induced by various forms of stress, whereas Hsp105β is an alternatively spliced form of Hsp105α that is expressed specifically during mild heat shock. In a report, it was shown that Hsp105α and Hsp105β localize to the cytoplasm and of nucleus of cells, respectively, and that Hsp105β, but not Hsp105α, induces the expression of Hsp70 in mammalian cells. Here, we examined the mechanism by which Hsp105β induces the expression of Hsp70. Using a series of deletion mutants of Hsp105β, it was revealed that the region between amino acids 642 and 662 of Hsp105β is necessary for the activation of the hsp70 promoter by Hsp105β. Furthermore, it was shown that signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)‐3 bound to the sequence of the hsp70 promoter between −206 and −187 bp, and that mutations of this sequence abrogated the activation of the hsp70 promoter by Hsp105β. In addition, overexpression of Hsp105β stimulated the phosphorylation of STAT3 at Tyr705 and its translocation to the nucleus. Downregulation of STAT3 expression resulted in reduction of the activation of the hsp70 promoter by Hsp105β. Furthermore, downregulation of Hsp105β reduced the expression of Hsp70 in heat‐shocked cells. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that Hsp105β induces Hsp70 expression markedly through the STAT3 pathway in heat‐shocked cells. This may represent the mechanism that connects the heat shock protein and STAT families for cell defense against deleterious stress.
Autoeroticism, Mental Health, and Organic Disturbances in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Corona Giovanni , Ricca Valdo , Boddi Valentina , Bandini Elisa , Lotti Francesco , Fisher Alessandra D. , Sforza Alessandra , Forti Gianni , Mannucci Edoardo , Maggi Mario
Published: September 2009

Introduction

Masturbation is a common, but often neglected, male sexual behavior.

Aim

To investigate the psychobiological correlates of self-reported masturbation in the last 3 months.

Methods

A consecutive series of 2,786 heterosexual male patients (mean age 48.4 ± 13.2) consulting an outpatient clinic for erectile dysfunction (ED) was studied.

Main Outcome Measures

Several hormonal, biochemical and instrumental parameters (penile Doppler ultrasound [PDU]) were investigated. Patients were interviewed, prior to the beginning of any treatment, with Structured Interview on Erectile Dysfunction (SIEDY) and ANDROTEST structured interviews. They also completed the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire, a brief self-reported questionnaire for the screening of the symptoms of mental disorders in a nonpsychiatric setting.

Results

Among the patients studied, 1,781 (61.9%) reported they had masturbated at least once per month in the preceding 3 months. The frequency of masturbation was inversely related to age (r = −0.329; P <0.0001) and directly associated with education level (adj r = 0.052, P <0.05 after adjustment for age). A feeling of guilt during masturbation was reported by 274 (15.4%) patients. After adjusting for age, masturbation was positively associated with testosterone levels, stressful conditions, and both unstable and long-lasting couple relationship. Urogenital problems such as varicocele and prostate abnormalities also increased the chance of masturbation. Reported guiltiness during autoeroticism was associated with psychological disturbances, low prolactin, low testosterone, and increased relational problems. An erection not normal during masturbation was declared by 1,361 (76.4%) patients and associated with a prevalent organic component of ED, because of lower peak systolic velocity PDU and higher SIEDY Scale 1 scores.

Conclusions

This study indicates that masturbation is a relatively frequent behavior in male subjects with ED. Inquiring about this sexual behavior is an important issue for understanding overall patients’ sexual attitudes and behavior.
Three Levels of Exercise Motivation
Authors: Ingledew David K. , Markland David , Ferguson Eamonn
Published: September 2009

The aim was to test a three‐level model of motivation, derived from self‐determination theory. According to the model, dispositional motives (represented by life goals) influence participatory motives (exercise participation motives), which influence regulatory motives (exercise behavioural regulations), which influence behaviour (exercise participation). The participants were 251 young adults. They completed the Aspirations Index, Exercise Motivations Inventory version 2, Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire version 2, and a quantity‐frequency measure of exercise participation. The model was tested using partial least squares latent variable modelling. Exercise participation was positively predicted by identified and intrinsic but not predicted by external or introjected behavioural regulations. Behavioural regulations were predicted by participation motives: intrinsic regulation by affiliation and challenge motives; identified regulation by health/fitness and stress management motives; introjected regulation by appearance/weight motive; external regulation by social recognition and appearance/weight motives; all positively. Participation motives were themselves predicted by corresponding life goals. The findings support the three‐level model of motivation. Health promotion programmes need to take account of individuals' participatory motives and underlying dispositional motives.
What's in a Name? Interior Design and/or Interior Architecture: The Discussion Continues
Authors: White Allison Carll
Published: September 2009

Regard your good name as the richest jewel you can possibly be possessed of–for credit is like fire; when once you have kindled it you may easily preserve it, but if you once extinguish it, you will find it an arduous task to rekindle it again. The way to gain a good reputation is to endeavor to be what you desire to appear.

Socrates, Greek philosopher in Athens (469 BC–399 BC)
Faculty Perceptions regarding Research: Are We on the Right Track?
Authors: Dickinson Joan I. , Anthony Lori , Marsden John P.
Published: September 2009

Although research has been a topic of discussion for the past few decades within the academy, how interior design educators view research has not been examined. The purpose of this investigation was to survey interior design faculty who are members of the Interior Design Educators Council (IDEC) to determine (1) their definitions of research and programming, (2) their perceived value of research in interior design practice and education, (3) their perceptions of who should conduct research, (4) the degree to which they are engaging in research, and (5) how they are incorporating research into the classroom. Sixty–five faculty members responded to the online survey that consisted of three open–ended questions, 20 questions using a Likert Scale, and questions documenting demographic information. The results indicated that the faculty who responded did not have a working definition of research or programming, and a number of faculty members did not clearly understand the difference between the two. Although 27% of the sample responded that research involved discovery or moved the field forward, another 20% defined research solely as information gathering. The educators in this study valued research, and 80% believed that research findings provide useful information to the profession. Yet, many of the subjects in this study were unclear on whether interior design educators, practitioners, or specialists in other fields should be conducting interior design research. The majority of subjects valued what research could bring to the student during the design process, yet there was hesitation on whether undergraduate students should be taking research–related coursework.
A Concept Analysis of Creativity: Uses of Creativity in Selected Design Journals
Authors: Pedersen Elaine L. , Burton Kathryn L.
Published: September 2009

To say that “creativity” and being “creative” are part of the job description of the interior designer is a point that most in the field would agree on. However, at best, the meanings of those terms are somewhat ambiguous when viewed collectively. The purpose of our work was to analyze the concept of creativity in order to determine conceptual components used by design scholars in the literature. Multiple definitions of the terms “creativity” and “creative” are used in design though most scholars do not explicitly define creativity. The components of creativity are used in such diverse ways that developing a single definition of the concept is not possible. Though there is some scholarship on creativity in interior design, further investigation will contribute to a significant body of knowledge. The lack of identified definitions of creativity restricts the ability for meta–analysis and theory development.
Letters
Authors: Martin Caren S.
Published: September 2009

Letters offers a forum for sharing ideas, exchanging dialogue, and stimulating conversations and debate on critical issues that impact the designed environment as presented in the Perspectives section of the Journal of Interior Design. In Volume 34.3 the authors, Kucko, Turpin, and Pable, argued that ASID and IIDA should go beyond “collaboration” and move forward expediently to create a single organization in order to preserve and advance the profession of interior design. The following letter in response to the authors’ position was selected for publication by the Editor.
Differences in sodium voltage‐gated channel properties according to myosin heavy chain isoform expression in single muscle fibres
Authors: Rannou F. , Droguet M. , Giroux‐Metges M. A. , Pennec Y. , Gioux M. , Pennec J. P.
Published: September 2009

The myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform determines the characteristics and shortening velocity of muscle fibres. The functional properties of the muscle fibre are also conditioned by its membrane excitability through the electrophysiological properties of sodium voltage‐gated channels. Macropatch‐clamp is used to study sodium channels in fibres from peroneus longus (PL) and soleus (Sol) muscles (Wistar rats, n= 8). After patch‐clamp recordings, single fibres are identified by SDS‐PAGE electrophoresis according to their myosin heavy chain isoform (slow type I and the three fast types IIa, IIx, IIb). Characteristics of sodium currents are compared (Student's t test) between fibres exhibiting only one MHC isoform. Four MHC isoforms are identified in PL and only type I in Sol single fibres. In PL, maximal sodium current (Imax), maximal sodium conductance (gNa,max) and time constants of activation and inactivation (τm and τh) increase according to the scheme I→IIa→IIx→IIb (P < 0.05). τm values related to sodium channel type and/or function, are similar in Sol I and PL IIb fibres (P= 0.97) despite different contractile properties. The voltage dependence of activation (Va,1/2) shows a shift towards positive potentials from Sol type I to IIa, IIx and finally IIb fibres from PL (P < 0.05). These data are consistent with the earlier recruitment of slow fibres in a fast‐mixed muscle like PL, while slow fibres of postural muscle such as soleus could be recruited in the same ways as IIb fibres in a fast muscle.
GABAA receptors, gephyrin and homeostatic synaptic plasticity
Authors: Tyagarajan Shiva K. , Fritschy Jean‐Marc
Published: September 2009

Homeostatic synaptic plasticity describes the changes in synapse gain and function that occur in response to global changes in neuronal activity to maintain the stability of neuronal networks. In this review, we argue that a coordinated regulation of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission is essential for maintaining CNS function while allowing both global and local changes in synaptic strength and connectivity. Therefore, we postulate that homeostatic synaptic plasticity depends on signalling cascades regulating in parallel the efficacy of glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission. Since neurotransmitter receptors interact closely with scaffolding proteins in the postsynaptic density, this coordinated regulation of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission probably involves posttranslational modifications of scaffolding proteins, which in turn modulate local synaptic function. Here we review the current state of knowledge on the regulation of GABAA receptors and their main scaffolding protein gephyrin by posttranslational modifications; we outline future lines of research that might contribute to furthering our understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating GABAergic synapse function and homeostatic plasticity.
Accelerated Aging of the Thermal Expansion of Unidirectional Graphite/Epoxy Composites by Thermal Fatigue
Authors: Morris W. L. , James M. R. , Inman R. V.
Published: September 2009

The longitudinal coefficient of thermal expansion (α1) of unidirectional T300/934 and AS/3501-5A graphite/epoxy (Gr/Ep) composite changes within a thousand thermal cycles at ranges greater than 210°C. A phenomenological model is developed to extrapolate α1 to a smaller thermal range (< 100°C) and longer duration (2×105 cycles) typical of service in low earth orbit. Factors affecting fiber/matrix interface cracking are considered, and the utility of calculating α1 from an “effective” fiber volume fraction, which excludes from the volume fiber segments disbonded from the matrix, is demonstrated. This analysis is used to estimate the effect of fiber volume on α1 of T300/934 Gr/Ep during thermal fatigue.
Growth of Short Fatigue Cracks at Notches in Woven Fiber Glass Reinforced Polymeric Composites
Authors: Biner S. B. , Yuhas V. C.
Published: September 2009

The fatigue crack initiation and growth characteristics of short cracks emanating from blunt notches with root radius varying from 1.6 to 6.35 mm at various depths in woven fiber-glass reinforced polymeric composites have been investigated. It is demonstrated that the initiation and growth rate of short cracks emanating from blunt notches can be accurately described by an effective stress intensity factor range ΔKeff. The ply orientations studied, did not have any effect on the analysis. The results provide an adequate engineering approach for designing against failure from range of stress concentrations, at least for this composite system.
Elastic-Plastic Compaction of a Two-Dimensional Assemblage of Particles
Authors: O’Donnell T. P. , Steif P. S.
Published: September 2009

The influence of pore shape on the porosity-pressure behavior of powders undergoing compaction is studied theoretically and numerically. Idealized two-dimensional models are used to compare the compression of circular pores, representing elevated temperature compaction, with cusp-shaped pores typically associated with cold compaction. An attempt is made to correlate porosity-pressure response with a logarithmic relation proven useful in the characterization of experimental compactions. A preliminary investigation on the effects of introducing a macroscopic shear into the compaction process is conducted.