bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of complex experience on somatic growth and organ development in rats
Authors: Black James E. , Sirevaag Anita M. , Wallace Christopher S. , Savin Michael H. , Greenough William T.
Published: January 2005

Rats kept in complex environments (EC) show an array of brain changes relative to animals housed individually (IC). These effects have been explained as due to (a) information storage, (b) chronic stress that causes brain damage, or (c) neuroendocrine effects on brain maturation. Complex experience also affects somatic growth and organ development, and these may be related to the EC/IC brain differences. We have compared somatic growth and internal organs of 315 weanling and adult rats with various histories. (a)Young EC rats showed slower skeletal and visceral growth, while many brain components expand. (b) Although thymus and spleen were lighter in young ECs, immunocompetence was nonsignificantly (p<.07) higher than in ICs. (c) Somatic growth of adult rats was slow and not very responsive to experience, whereas studies have shown EC/IC brain effects similar to those in young rats. (d) Males had slightly greater EC/IC somatic and visceral differences. (e) The stress index, adrenal weight, varied across age and experiece, so chronic stress can not explain EC/IC brain differences. Training paradigms show brain changes similar to those from complex experience, occurring specifically with learning and in brain regions using the information. Learning and memory, therefore remain the best explanation of the EC brain effects.
Nutritive and nonnutritive sucking and the temporal organization of the sucking behavior of domestic piglets
Authors: Rushen Jeffrey , Fraser David
Published: January 2005

Detailed video recordings of the sucking behavior of one piglet from each of four litters were analyzed to determine how the components of piglet suckling behavior are organized in relation to the time of milk ejection and the temporal pattern of grunting by the sow. Early in the suckling episode, most piglets massaged the udder with their snouts, and then changed gradually to suckling the teats with slow mouth movements (1–2/sec). The piglets then had a distinct phase of sucking with rapid mouth movements (4–5/sec), which began suddenly and lasted about 5 to 15 sec. The weight gains of piglets removed at different times showed that piglets consumed milk during the fast sucking but not during the preceding slow sucking, regardless of how much slow sucking had occurred. Three of the four sows showed a characteristic increase in rate of grunting about 20 to 25 sec before fast sucking began. The piglets' change from massaging to slow sucking often coincided with the increase in grunt rate, but the timing of the transition varied greatly. This suggests that the change in grunnting is one but not the only cue used by the piglets to time their suckling behavior. During the slow, nonnnutritive sucking, mouth movements were highly variable in duration, with occasional short bursts of rapid mouth movements. This contrasted with the more uniform duration of fast sucking movements. Evidently, in piglets, nutritive and nonnutritive sucking differ in both rate and temporal patterning.
Lateral asymmetry in attention for three‐month‐old human infants during face‐to‐face interaction with mother
Authors: Fogel Alan , Karns Jeanne , Kawai Masatoshi
Published: January 2005

A Soft grip the size of an adult index finger was placed in the palm of 3‐month‐old human infants during face‐to‐face interaction with their mothers. In a between‐subjects experiment, half the subjects interacted with mother for 3 min with no grip, which was followed by a 3 min interaction with the grip in the left hand; for the other half, the grip was placed in the right hand in the second condition. A within‐subjects experiment compared the grip interaction for 3 min first in one hand and then in the other. The grip did not significantly alter the infant's gaze at mother, smiling, or positive vocalizations. The movements of the hand with the grip were suppressed similarly for left and right hands. Lateral asymmetry was found for looking to the left side when the grip was in the left hand, compared to no lateral preference in looking during any other condition. The results support a model of right‐side dominance for attention control in infants.
Early inhibitory learning in the rat I. Learning and memory development
Authors: Mysliveček Jaromír , Hassmannová Jarmila
Published: January 2005

The present status of knowledge on early inhibitory learning and memory is presented. The inhibitory learning (passive avoidance) can be mastered by rat pups several hours after parturition, provided specific characteristics of the newborn organism and its neurobehavioral capabilities are respected. The curve of numbers of trials to criterion displays, as already reported earlier, a generally decreasing trend which is, however, interrupted by a temporary inversion in both strains studied, but at different time, taking place in Long Evans between postnatal day 1 and 2, which is shifted in Wistar pups one day later. Present data show significant learning differences between strains at postnatal days 1–4; from day 5 onward no significant differences are evidenced up to postnatal day 11. A reliable 24‐hour memory shown by positive values of the retention index (RI) is revealed from postnatal day 4, having in Long Evans higher RI values. Moreover, high positive RIs of 24‐hour memory are found in animals trained on the day just before the inversion of the learning development. It is conjectured that the indirect development of the early inhibitory learning is due to the developmental reorganization within CNS, and the necessity to find out its underlying mechanisms is emphasized.
Cognitive profile of rats exposed to lactational hyperphenylalaninemia: Correspondence with human mental retardation
Authors: Strupp Barbara J. , Himmelstein Sharon , Bunsey Michael , Levitsky David A. , Kesler Marilyn
Published: January 2005

The present study was designed to provide further information on the enduring cognitive effects of experimental phenylketonuria (PKU) in rats, produced by the administration of alphamethylphenylalanine and phenylalanine on postnatal days 3–21. These rats evidenced: (1) impaired learning set formation, (2) stimulus preservation, particularly after an error, and (3) difficulty in utilizing the less salient features of their environment in mastering discrimination problems. In contrast, long‐term memory function and the ability to form simple associations did not differ from controls. This pattern of intact and impaired cognitive functions bears remarkable similarity to that of mentally retarded humans and neonatally hyperphenylalaninemic rhesus monkeys, thus affirming the use of rats to study mental retardation. In addition, possible reasons for the mildness of the impairments commonly observed in animal models of severe mental retardation syndromes are discussed. We suggest that transfer of learning paradigms that assess the animal's ability to use information acquired in other problems are more likely to uncover significant cognitive impairments in such models than are procedures that test only the animals' ability to solve a single problem.
Acute ethanol contamination of the amniotic fluid during gestational day 21: Postnatal changes in alcohol responsiveness in rats
Authors: Chotro Maria Gabriela , Molina Juan Carlos
Published: January 2005

Two experiments investigated the effects of an actute alcohol prenatal experience during gestational Day 21 in the rat. At postnatal Days 8 and 9, this experience was sufficient to significantly increase ethanol odor preference as well as alcohol intake. Fetuses treated with a nonethanol stimulus (lemon) also exhibited changes suggesting increased lemon olfactory acceptance patterns (Exp. 1). Furthermore, when the olfactory component of the solutions experienced in utero were later paired with a novel tactile cue, responsiveness to such cue was strongly affected. Pups prenatally exposed to alcohol exhibited significantly lower tactile preference scores when texture was postnatally paired with ethanol odor when compared to specific controls. This effect was also observed in lemon‐treated subjects after pairing defined by lemon‐texture trials (Exp. 2). The results reported in alcohol‐treated subjects appear no to be related with postabsorptive effects of the drug. It is suggested that sensory prenatal experience with alcohol is responsible for the reported changes in postnatal alcohol responsiveness patterns.
Terms of endearment
Authors: Alberts Jeffrey R. , Decsy Gyula J.
Published: January 2005

In the animal psychobiology literature, the terms congenital, predetermined, heritable, and chronotypy each have meanings that can help differentiate implicit, sometimes hidden, elements of the broad and onerous term, “innate.” Relevant phenomena in animals' nonverbal recognition and communication systems are discussed. Several ontogenetic analyses reveal that thermotactile stimulation and other forms of heat are potent determinants of learning and attachment in a variety of endothermic species.

We describe preliminary data from language evolution and word usage that mirror physiological and affective aspects of thermal stimuli in development. Specifically, we examine the thermal and affective meaning of “warm” and “cool” in languages used in temperate and in tropical climates, as well as the histories of such words in languages that derived from remote linguistic origins, namely Indo‐European and Proto‐Uralic roots. In each of these languages, there have evolved conjoint thermal and affective meanings that suggest a reflection of fundamental homeothermic biology in the psychology of human language.
Socio‐perceptual bases for the emergence of language: An alternative to innatist approaches
Authors: Zukow Patricia Goldring
Published: January 2005

Recent challenges from a variety of fields suggest a re‐examination of the nativist position and its implications for child language and communication research and theory. Basic assumptions crucial to the innatist position influence researchers to ignore the source of input, its characteristics, and its impact on language development. In contrast, from a socio‐perceptual/ecological position, the linchpin of the emergence of language is the dynamic structure of the social‐interactive environment in which the child develops. Evidence from a series of studies investigating the social and perceptual bases of the emergence of the lexicon is marshaled to support and illustrate this perspective. Parallel arguments can and ought to be constructed to explain other aspects of language learning.
Individual olfactory signatures as major determinants of early maternal discrimination in sheep
Authors: Porter Richard H. , Lévy Frederic , Poindron Pascal , Litterio Michelina , Schaal Benoist , Beyer Carlos
Published: January 2005

Responses of recently parturient ewes to their familiar versus separated (i.e., unfamiliar) twin lambs were observed in an attempt to elucidate further the characteristics of the phenotypic traits (signatures) mediating maternal recognition and bonding. Ewes responded more positively to their familiar lamb than to its twin that had been isolated at birth. Nonetheless, those same mothers also discriminated between their separated twin and unfamiliar alien lambs. Alien lambs elicited similar rejection behavior regardless of whether they had been housed with their own mother or in isolation prior to testing. Lambs appear to have individually distinct (olfactory) signatures; however, the signatures of twin siblings may be sufficiently similar to enable the mother to detect a resemblance. No evidence suggests that acquired maternal labels play a role in either the acceptance of the ewe's own lamb(s) or rejection of aliens.
Elemental and configural associations, the hippocampus and development
Authors: Rudy Jerry W.
Published: January 2005

Two views of the stimulus controlling learned behavior are contrasted. On the elemental view, the organism fractionates its environment into isolatable features or elements, and experience alters how it responds by strengthening or weakening associations among the elements. On the configural view, it is the representation of the pattern or conjunction of stimulus elements acting on the organism that acquires control over behavior. This paper addresses the issue of how to describe the stimulus from a comparative/organismic perspective and argues that separate neural systems are available that support both elemental and configural associations. Normal adult rats and rats with hippocampalformation damage, and different‐aged rats and children were compared on tasks that permit a solution based only on elemental associations and tasks that only can be solved if the organism can acquire configural associations. Subjects in all comparison conditions were able to solve tasks that permit an elemental solution, but animals with hippocampal‐formation damage, preweanling rats, and children less than 55 months of age were signficantly impaired on tasks that required solving configural associations. Some implications of this data pattern are discussed.
Behavioral development and maternal care in tufted capuchins (Cebus apella) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) from birth through seven months
Authors: Fragaszy Dorothy M. , Baer Janet , Adams‐Curtis Leah
Published: January 2005

Fourteen infant capuchins and eight squirrel monkeys reared by their mothers in captive species‐typical social groups were observed from birth through 7 months. Motoric altriciality of the neonatal capuchin relative to the squirrel monkey is a key feature of behavioral differences between the species in the first few months after birth. Infants of the two species differed substantially in age at onset of independent locomotion, the developmental profile of independent activities, and the overall amount and rate of particular social activities. Capuchins displayed a lag of 7 weeks relative to squirrel monkeys in the pattern of increasing time spent alone; lags in other indices of independent activity and exploratory behaviors were also evident, although not as clear‐cut. The species also differed substantially in the nature and frequency of social interactions between infants and others. Capuchins, especially laterborn infants of multiparous mothers, experienced a more socially interactive infancy than squirrel monkeys. Contrasts in behavioral developmental and infant care in the two species are related to the timing and duration of the weaning process.
Developmental constraints on the expression of behavioral and heart‐rate orienting responses: II. The role of ambient temperature
Authors: Hayne Harlene , Richardson Rick , Campbell Byron A.
Published: January 2005

The effect of ambient temperature on the expression of behavioral and heart‐rate orienting responses to a novel olfactory stimulus was examined in rats 1–18 days of age. There was no effect of ambient temperature on the behavioral orienting response at any age. Ambient temperature did influence the expression of the heart‐rate orienting response and did so differentially as a function of age. The implications of these findings for developmental models of attention and cognition are discussed. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
Effect of environmental complexity on the latency of cortical vibrissa potentials
Authors: Seo Misako L.
Published: January 2005

The effect of differential rearing on evoked potentials was studied in the vibrissal representation of the rat neocortex. Young rats were reared in either enriched, standard, or impoverished conditions from the age of 24–25 days. At 55–60 days of age, the epicortical responses to electric stimulation of a whisker follicle were analyzed under urethane anesthesia. Slight but significant shortening of the latency of initial positivity on the evoked potential was observed after rearing in the enriched condition as compared to the data obtained from the littermates that were reared in the standard or impoverished conditions. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
The development of righting reflexes in the pouch young of the marsupial Dasyurus hallucatus
Authors: Pellis Sergio M. , Pellis Vivein C. , Nelson John E.
Published: January 2005

The development of righting was studied in the young of Dasyurus hallucatus, a small marsupial from northern Australia. Young were tested from birth to weaning. Righting began at 40 days, when tactile input on the snout triggered rotation to prone. Over the next 15–20 days, asymmetrical tactile input on the body triggered righting movements by the hindlegs (and later by the forelegs). Vestibular righting reflexes developed after these tactile righting reflexes. Furthermore, asymmetrical vestibular righting (i.e., when the young are held laterally in the air) developed before symmetrical vestibular righting (i.e., when held downward by the pelvis or placed supine in water). Vestibular righting triggered by falling supine in the air did not develop until about 80 days. This study further demonstrates that righting behavior does not consist of a single, integrated motor pattern, but a suite of motor patterns having independent control mechanisms and patterns of development. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
Contextual control of conflicting associations in the developing rat
Authors: Moye Thomas B. , Brasser Susan M. , Palmer Larry , Zeisset Crista
Published: January 2005

Two experiments examined the effects of manipulations of contextual cues on the expression of conflicting associations in 18‐, 26‐, and 35‐day‐old rats. Subjects learned to GO RIGHT in a water‐filled T‐maze, then were trained to reverse this position habit (GO LEFT). When the competing responses were learned in the same visual context, all age groups displayed a recency effect on a subsequent test in extinction; they behaved in accordance with the last‐learned GO LEFT habit. If the competing responses were learned in different visual context, and testing took place in the context of the first problem, 35‐day‐old subjects behaved in a manner consistent with the GO RIGHT context (reduced recency). However, similarly trained 18‐day‐old subjects showed no evidence of a reduced recency effect. Given that 18‐day‐old rats are sensitive to other context manipulations, the present results suggest that the ability to “disambiguate” conflicting associations by context may be depend upon the maturation of a relatively late‐developing configural learning system. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
Faces as reinforcers: Effects of pairing condition and facial expression
Authors: Kaplan Peter S. , Fox Karen B. , Huckeby Elizabeth R.
Published: January 2005

The reinforcing properties of faces were investigated in two experiments in which tones were first paired with an adult female face and subsequently tested for their ability to potentiate visual fixation when compounded with a checkerboard pattern. In Experiment 1, infants who had been presented six pairings of a 65‐dB, 1000‐Hz tone with a smiling face later fixated a checkerboard pattern significantly more when it was compounded with the tone than when it was tested alone. Infants in random and backward controls fixated the checkerboard pattern roughly equal amounts in the presence absence of the tone, and infants in a no tone control did not exhibit a novelty response when shifted from the face to the checkerboard pattern. In Experiment 2, facial expression was varied across groups and the effects on conditioning of a 65‐dB tone that immediately preceded the face were studied. On test trials, greater fixation in the presence of the tone than in its absence was observed when a smiling or a surprised expression was presented, but not when a neutral expression was presented. Differences scores (fixation on tone minus no tone test trials) were significantly geater than zero in the smiling and surprised conditions, and significantly greater in the surprised condition than in the neural condition. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of a conditioned visual fixation paradigm for the study of the reinforcing properties of faces and of infant associative learning in general, and suggest that the expression portrayed by a face contributes to its effectiveness as a reinforcer. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Endocrine activation mimics the adverse effects of prenatal stress on the neuromotor development of the infant primate
Authors: Schneider Mary L. , Coe Christopher L. , Lubach Gabriele R.
Published: January 2005

Pregnant female rhesus monkeys were exposed to a 2‐week period of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) to determine whether it would affect the early neuromotor development of their fetuses in a manner similar to that observed after psychological stressors. During the first month after birth, infants were tested on two occasions with a modification of the Brazelton Newborn Behavioral Assessment Scale. Infants derived from ACTH‐treated pregnancies showed early impairments in motor coordination and muscle tonicity and shorter attention spans as compared to controls. In addition, on a temperament rating scale, infants from the ACTH condition were more irritable and difficult to console. These findings indicate that a delimited period of endocrine activation during pregnancy can have an adverse effect on infant neurobehavioral development, like that of prenatal stress. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
Ultrasonic vocalization and body temperature maintenance in infant voles of three species (Rodentia: Arvicolidae)
Authors: Blake Barbara H.
Published: January 2005

Infant voles thermoregulate poorly and produce ultrasonic vocalizations when cooled. Vocalizing and the ability to maintain body temperature in isolated pups cold‐challenged at 5°C or 22°C were studied in nestling Clethrionomys glareolus, Microtus agrestis, and Arvicola terrestris. The tendency to vocalize varied with age, since pups vocalized more in their 2nd week than in their 1st or 3rd weeks. Rate of vocalizing was correlated with sound pressure level of vocalizations. Their was no apparent relation between vocalizing rate and deep body temperature. M. Agrestis pups vocalized most and A. Terrestris pups lest, and all three species vocalized more at the lower temperature. Maximal vocalizing occurred in mid aged M. Agrestis (at 5°C) with mean of 1291 vocalizations/20 min and mean SPL of 80 dB (decibels re: 20 μN/m2). It is suggested that the vocalizing response is an adaptation related to risk from hypothermia in infant voles. © 1992 Wiley & sons. Inc.
Stability of preference for odors after short‐term exposure in young spiny mice
Authors: Janus Christopher
Published: January 2005

The stability of olfactory preferences for artificial odors was studied in young spiny mouse pups (Acomys cahirinus). Subjects aged between 2 and 20 days were exposed to the odor of either cinnamon or cumin for 1.5 hr. The durability of preferences for the familiar versus novel odor was subsequently monitored in a three‐choice preference test. The results suggest the existence of a sensitive phase for learning odor characteristics, through simple exposure, between Days 2 and 18 of the pups' postnatal life. The sensitive phase proved not be an “on‐off” process, but the strongest effect of exposure to odors took place at about Days 4 and 6. However, the duration of preference for exposed odors was dependent on later experience with the odors during retests. The results point to an unusual plasticity in rapid learning of odors through simple exposure in precocial young spiny mice. © 1993 Johan Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Enhanced ethanol intake in preweanling rats following exposure to ethanol in a nursing context
Authors: Hunt Pamela S. , Kraebel Kimberly S. , Rabine Heather , Spear Linda P. , Spear Norman E.
Published: January 2005

Several studies have confirmed that diet selection patterns of adult rats are at least partially estabilished as a result of early experiences with food‐related stimuli present in the milk of a lactating female (e.g., Capretta & Rawls, 1974; Galef & Clark, 1972; Galef & Henderson 1972). The present experiments were designed to investigate whether preweanling rats would similarly modify their acceptance of an ethanol solution following exposure to this cue in a nursing context. In Experiment 1, 8‐, 12‐, and 16‐day‐old rats were given ethanol, delivered intraorally in compound with milk, while given the opportunity to suckle an anesthetized dam. Subsequent testing revealed that 12‐ and 16‐day‐old subjects evidenced enhanced intake of the ethanol relative to controls, while 8‐day‐olds did not. Finally, the oldest (16 days of age) subjects also expressed a conditioned aversion to the milk when tested 24 hr after conditioning and ethanol‐ingestion testing. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the critical factor for ethanol conditioning was the opportunity to suckle, rather than the simultaneous presence of milk. Finally, the aversion to milk observed in Experiment 1 was shown to have resulted from long‐delay learning, due to the ingestion of a sufficient dose of ethanol during testing to serve as an aversive unconditioned stimulus (Exp. 3) © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Prenatal stress has long‐term effects on behavioral responses to stress in juvenile rhesus monkeys
Authors: Clarke A. S. , Schneider M. L.
Published: January 2005

The effect of maternal psychological disturbance during pregnancy on postnatal responses of the offspring to stressful events was investigated in juvenile rhesus monkeys. Six pregnant monkeys were repeatedly removed from their home cages and briefly exposed to unpredictable noise during mid to late gestation (Days 90–145 postconception). Six undisturbed pregnant mothers served as controls. Behavioral data were later collected from the 18‐month‐old offspring under a baseline and four progresssively stressful conditions. Social behaviors were considerably more affected by prenatal treatment than nonsocial behaviors. Prenatally stressed offspring showed more abnormal social behavior (mutual clinging) and less normal social behavior (proximity, contact) than controls. These results suggest that offspring of mothers stressed during pregnancy may show enhanced responsivity to stressors later in life, and concur with rodent findings indicating that prenatal stress may have long‐term effect on behavioral reactivity. © 1993 Wiley & sons. Inc.
The call for policy‐relevant evaluation: A federal agency responds
Authors: Lesnick Howard , Langsdorf Michael
Published: January 2005

Data collected for federally sponsored evaluation can be responsive to policy concerns of educational decision makers. The National Institute of Education has recently studied one approach to assure that important policy questions guide the design of evaluation studies.
Vocational education evaluation: Implementation problems
Authors: Wasdyke Raymond G.
Published: January 2005

Numerous problems must be faced in the implementation of a comprehensive evaluation system for vocational education programs, given the state of the art in vocational education evaluation and the extensive evaluation requirements and activities associated with programs funded by the Vocational Education Act of 1963.
The Bellagio Conference on privacy, confidentiality, and the use of government microdata
Authors: Flaherty David H.
Published: January 2005

Sixteen policy makers from five nations have formulated a set of principles pertaining to research and statistical uses of data held by government agencies.
Secondary analysis: In published research in the behavioral sciences
Authors: Wolins Leroy
Published: January 2005

Reanalysis of existing data is a common practice of methodologists. Here, data on relationships among sex, publications, and salary for male and female faculty members are reanalyzed to demonstrate the problems inherent in attempting to draw causal inferences from correlational data in the social sciences.
Secondary analysis: On school attendance and reading achievement
Authors: Keesling J. Ward
Published: January 2005

Existing school test scores, supplemented by new data, are used as the basis for a study of a relationship that may have important implications for educational policy—that between attendance and achievement.
Secondary analysis: Using multiple analysis approaches with Head Start and Title I data
Authors: Rindskopf David M.
Published: January 2005

With perfect information from flawlessly designed and executed evaluations of social programs in short supply, evaluators are urged to look to gathering many kinds of evidence and analyzing it by multiple methods to reduce the incidence of erroneous conclusions.
Knowledge utilization and power in university decision making
Authors: Guskin Alan E.
Published: January 2005

The use of information in senior‐level university decision‐making councils is imbedded in organizational, interpersonal, and individual processes. Leadership styles that emphasize a group‐process team approach to decision making will be more effective in utilizing new information to make good policy decisions.
Program devaluation: Can the experiment reform?
Authors: Schwarz Paul A.
Published: January 2005

Until program evaluators stop calibrating small changes in big outcomes and start looking for big changes in small outcomes, the impasse in evaluation will remain.
Training for evaluation research: Some issues
Authors: Wortman Paul M. , Cordray David S. , Reis Janet
Published: January 2005

Given the broad scope of research methodology, what should a realistic training program require?
Service delivery and evaluation from the consumer's point of view
Authors: Kiresuk Thomas J. , Lund Sander H. , Schultz Susan K.
Published: January 2005

Considerable care must be taken to define those groups or individuals most concerned with program impact. The consumer of a service is clearly of primary importance. It is possible to increase program effectiveness for the consumer through the use of certain guiding principles based on the extension of existing quality assurance and program evaluation methodologies.
Identifying exceptional schools
Authors: Kippel Gary
Published: January 2005

Regression techniques can be used to study the progress of exceptional schools—those whose children perform much better or worse than could have been predicted from past achievement.
Using the tools of philosophy: Metaphor in action
Authors: Lane Carolyn A.
Published: January 2005

Selected elements from philosophic inquiry are applied retrospectively to a district‐wide reading evaluation.
Investigative tracking in library evaluation
Authors: Smith Nick L.
Published: January 2005

A journalistic procedure for tracking information in archival records provides a simple, cost‐effective means of conducting library evaluations.
Committee hearings as an evaluation format
Authors: Stenzel Norman K.
Published: January 2005

When evaluators are asked to report their work in settings where a variety of contending value perspectives are present, a committee‐hearing approach may be just what is needed.
A case study of evaluation research in the legislative process: Public transportation for the handicapped
Authors: Brown Scott D.
Published: January 2005

For research studies to have an impact on the development of legislation, the information must fit the legislative context, be in a form that is usable by congressional decision makers, and address the pivotal issues on which congressional deliberations have settled.
The standards for program evaluation and the large for‐profit social science research and evaluation companies
Authors: Carter Launor F.
Published: January 2005

In the short run, the large profit‐making social science research and evaluation companies will not be much affected by the Standards for Program Evaluation, but in the long run the Standards could have considerable effect.
The 1975 Australian Family Law Act: A model for assessing legal impacts
Authors: McCleary Richard , Riggs James E.
Published: January 2005

A model is developed for assessing the temporary and permanent impact of the Family Law Act, and the application and construct validity of the model are examined.
Evaluating bilingual education using a time series design
Authors: McConnell Beverly B.
Published: January 2005

A multiyear evaluation of the long‐range benefits of bilingual education illustrates the utility of a time series design for programs involving minority populations.
Functional unit management: Organizational effectiveness in the federal prison system
Authors: Janus Michael
Published: January 2005

A time series analysis is used to evaluate a change in management style at a federal correctional institution.
Using routine monitoring data to identify effects and their causes
Authors: Straw Roger B. , Fitzgerald Nancy M. , Cook Thomas D. , Thomas Stephen V.
Published: January 2005

Data routinely collected for monitoring purposes may often be useful for exploring causal impacts of program changes.
Stakeholders as deck chairs
Authors: Murray Charles A.
Published: January 2005

Another view of stakeholders: Who cares?
The potential contribution of program evaluation to social problem solving: A view based on the CIS and Push/Excel experiences
Authors: Bryk Anthony S. , Raudenbush Stephen W.
Published: January 2005

Global propositions about the problems and prospects of program evaluation obscure the circumstances in which social science research can contribute to social problem solving.
The project officer's role in managing federal program evaluations
Authors: Radzikowski Jack , Seaver W. Burleigh
Published: January 2005

The project officer plays a pivotal role in managing the work of social scientists to serve the needs of federal policy makers.
Of tugboats and local education agency evaluation units
Authors: Holley Freda M.
Published: January 2005

Management issues relevant to the internal operations and external relations of local‐level evaluation units are identified, and solutions are offered.
Management of contract organizations specializing in state and local evaluation projects
Authors: Nassif Paula M. , Rubinstein Sherry A.
Published: January 2005

The special challenges of procuring business from and doing business with state and local clients present the evaluation manager with distinct choices.
Managing evaluation projects in a contract research organization: Constraints on the project director
Authors: St.Pierre Robert G.
Published: January 2005

The degree of control that project directors exert over the technical direction of evaluations and the selection of evaluation staff is examined, and the way in which it has grown and shrunk over the past decade is considered.
The definition and measurement of evaluation quality as a management tool
Authors: Chelimsky Eleanor
Published: January 2005

Evaluation management requires a system for measuring, improving, and accounting for quality. The Institute for Program Evaluation in the U.S. General Accounting Office is developing such a system.
Internal evaluation: Integrating program evaluation and management
Authors: Clifford David L. , Sherman Paul
Published: January 2005

The roles and skills of internal evaluators, together with the markers of success, are discussed.
Values and methods: Evaluation and management perspectives
Authors: Neigher William D. , Metlay William
Published: January 2005

The patterns of interaction between evaluators and managers are described, and strategies for improving relationships between the two groups are suggested
Influences on internal evaluation data dependability: Organizational issues and data quality control
Authors: Newman Frederick L. , White Richard , Zuskar Deborah , Plaut Eric
Published: January 2005

Effective internal evaluation requires dependable data for decision‐makers. Influences on data dependability are discussed.
Influences on internal evaluation data dependability: Clinicians as a source of variance
Authors: Newman Frederick L. , Heverly Mary Ann , Rosen Mitchell , Kopta S. Mark , Bedell Rebecca
Published: January 2005

Methods for identifying and reducing clinician factors that bias internal evaluation data are presented.
Improving mailed questionnaire design
Authors: Sudman Seymour , Bradburn Norman
Published: January 2005

The authors identify situations in which mailed questionnaires are most appropriate. Population variables, characteristics of questionnaires, and social desireability variables are examined in depth.
Large‐scale data bases: Who produces them, how to obtain them, what they contain
Authors: Myers David E. , Rockwell Richard C.
Published: January 2005

This chapter introduces a variety of data bases that are compiled at frequent intervals and supplies information on how to locate and adapt these programs for one's use.
Using the Higher Education General Information Survey
Authors: Andrew Loyd D.
Published: January 2005

Once a data base that appears suitable is located, considerable work must still be done to make it ready for analysis. In particular, one must learn as much as possible about the data elements. To illustrate the importance of this point, the HEGIS data base and its uses are discussed in detail.
Videotex for market information: A survey of prototype users
Authors: Ettema James S.
Published: January 2005

This overview of results from the field trial of a prototype information system examines issues of concern to both the system developer and society as a whole.
Teletext for public information: Laboratory and field studies
Authors: Elton Martin , Carey John
Published: January 2005

This study of teletext is as instructive about the pitfalls and rewards of field research as it is about the utility of the technology itself.
Evaluating new media systems
Authors: Rice Ronald E.
Published: January 2005

The diffusion and the characteristics of new communication media provide evaluation research with opportunities and challenges.
Cross‐cultural nongeneralizations
Authors: Patton Michael Quinn
Published: January 2005

Let a thousand flowers bloom in cross‐cultural evaluations, and let no single flower be exalted as the universal exemplar of beauty.
Using measures of treatment strength and integrity in planning research
Authors: Yeaton William H.
Published: January 2005

Strength and integrity issues are central to the planning and interpretation of evaluative studies. In the absence of actual data from previous studies, estimates of strength and integrity can often be derived in other ways. These issues of strength and integrity are described in the context of resource allocation in evaluation research.
The teaching of evaluation in psychology: Northwestern University
Authors: Cordray David , Boruch Robert , Howard Kenneth , Bootzin Richard
Published: January 2005

The character and content of Northwestern's joint program in methodology research and clinical research is described and the subject matter for the core evaluation courses is discussed.
Naturalistic evaluation in practice: A case study
Authors: Hébert Yvonne M.
Published: January 2005

Permeated with ethical and political concerns, with racial, gender, and cultural differences, this case study deals with the specifics of Native American education in Canada. It is an example of educational change and takes its larger meaning from that reality.
New developments in selection modeling for quasi‐experimentation
Authors: Rindskopf David
Published: January 2005

Modeling the process by which participants are selected into groups, rather than adjusting for preexisting group differences, provides the basis for several new approaches to the analysis of data from nonrandomized studies.
Taking uncertainty into account when estimating effects
Authors: Reichardt Charles S. , Gollob Harry F.
Published: January 2005

The authors discuss four principles for taking uncertainty into account when estimating effects. They discuss ways to implement the principles, ways the principles are violated in practice, and implications for the use of multiple methods.
Combining process and outcome evaluation
Authors: Judd Charles M.
Published: January 2005

Beyond assessing whether a treatment is effective, we need to understand why it is effective if we are to learn from evaluation research how treatments might be improved.
Client concerns and strategies in evaluation studies
Authors: Gunn Walter J.
Published: January 2005

The wily client knows what potential pitfalls to avoid in evaluation and has management strategies for keeping an evaluation on track.
Contracting for high school and beyond
Authors: Sebring Penny A. , Carroll C. Dennis
Published: January 2005

For a large, multipurpose longitudinal study, the Center for Education Statistics seeks a contractor who has the technical and managerial skills and trained personnel needed for nationwide surveys.
Local government evaluation in a legislative environment
Authors: Malan Roland M.
Published: January 2005

This chapter discusses evaluations conducted in King County, Washington, during the time the author was King County's auditor.
Three techniques for helping international program managers use evaluation findings
Authors: Werge Robert , Haag Richard A.
Published: January 2005

Team planning meetings, frequent briefings, and program reviews leading to action plans are techniques that can work in international and domestic settings.
Local politics, program implementation, and program evaluation
Authors: Picado Xinia
Published: January 2005

The translation of policies into actual programs adds political and administrative issues to the complete program‐evaluation picture.
Preliminary guidelines for reporting outcome evaluation studies of health promotion and disease prevention programs
Authors: Moskowitz Joel M.
Published: January 2005

Preliminary guidelines are proposed to enhance the interpretability of outcomes in health promotion and disease prevention program evaluations.
Evaluating the merit and worth of sales training: Asking the right questions
Authors: Brethower Dale M.
Published: January 2005

Training programs and results are strengthened when evaluators take care to ask the right questions.
Using evaluation to build commitment to training
Authors: Gill Stephen Joel
Published: January 2005

How the process of evaluating training programs can be used to build managers' interest and involvement in training.
A model for AIDS education
Authors: Longshore Douglas
Published: January 2005

Lessons for AIDS preventive education can be drawn from research on public health problems of longer standing, such as smoking and drug abuse.
Using path analysis to develop and evaluate program theory and impact
Authors: Smith Nick L.
Published: January 2005

Path analysis is an effective causal modeling approach for explicating and testing both program theory and program impact.
Linking program theory and social science theory
Authors: Riggin Leslie J. C.
Published: January 2005

Social science theory can strengthen the conceptualization and interpretation of program theory‐based evaluation.
The cultural lens: Bringing utilization into focus
Authors: Preskill Hallie
Published: January 2005

The uses of evaluation must be understood from an organizational culture perspective. A case is made for grounding evaluation use within a cultural framework.
Transforming management philosophy: Beyond the illusion of change
Authors: Larson Colleen L.
Published: January 2005

Immersed in the traditional ideology of business management, consultants to organizations are unlikely to affect the transformation of management philosophy and practice without deconstructing, interpreting, and reframing the organization's ideology.
Multisite evaluations in criminal justice settings: Structural obstacles to success
Authors: Skogan Wesley G. , Lurigio Arthur J.
Published: January 2005

The obstacles that hamper multisite evaluations in criminal justice settings can be overcome through an understanding of how the criminal justice system is organized and how it operates.
Estimating the number of homeless: The need for mixed methods
Authors: Cordray David S.
Published: January 2005

Counting or estimating the number of homeless individuals in the United States is difficult. Doing so within sensible cost constraints is almost impossible. This chapter presents a mixed‐method approach that appears to offer reasonable estimates of the size of the population.
The evaluation of the homeless families program: Challenges in implementing a nine‐city evaluation
Authors: Rog Debra J.
Published: January 2005

Two major components of the evaluation of The Robert Wood Johnson Homeless Families Program are reviewed.
Integrating costs and outcomes
Authors: Davis Kenneth E. , Frank Richard G.
Published: January 2005

The need for research that integrates costs and outcomes is asserted, and some of the challenges associated with this research are explored. An emphasis is placed on cost‐effectiveness analysis and development of a mental health outcomes measure appropriate for this technique.
An interorganizational network approach to evaluating children's mental health service systems
Authors: Morrissey Joseph P.
Published: January 2005

The coupling of interorganizational theory and social network analysis techniques provides a way of assessing systems of services at the community level for children and youth with severe emotional disturbances.
The inspectors general
Authors: Mangano Michael F.
Published: January 2005

Using rapid, in‐house evaluation, the inspectors general have helped top decision makers improve program efficiency, effectiveness, and integrity at many federal departments.
The Congressional Budget Office: An emphasis on cost‐effectiveness and cost‐benefit analysis
Authors: Vere Dawn W. De
Published: January 2005

The Congressional Budget Office provides analytical advice to Congress on the development of the national budget. While its work is not strictly program evaluation, it does involve the use of analytical evaluation techniques, especially cost‐effectiveness and cost‐benefit analysis, based mostly on secondary data.
Investigative evaluation and litigation
Authors: Fetterman David M.
Published: January 2005

Investigative evaluation can untangle a web of misdirection and intrigue and weave a strong fabric of evidence.
The nature of evaluation
Authors: Scriven Michael
Published: January 2005

Historical positions on the nature of evaluation are briefly characterized. A systematic approach then addresses the questions that clients need answered but which could not be answered by most of these models. The answers add up to a more general account of program evaluation and a more general view of evaluation across all disciplines.
An advanced evaluation management issue: Bias control
Authors: Scriven Michael
Published: January 2005

This chapter addresses a major problem of practical methodology—the problem of bias control and the pervasive threat of general positive bias.
Parting perspectives
Authors: Scriven Michael
Published: January 2005

This chapter takes a concluding look at some global considerations: the psychology, importance, and cost of program evaluation.
School improvement processes: A comparative study of Chicago high schools
Authors: Cibulka James G.
Published: January 2005

How well do market pressures contribute to school improvement in high schools of choice? This chapter evaluates the relation between markets and reform by comparing two Catholic and two public high schools in Chicago.
School reform and the curriculum
Authors: Sikorski Melanie F. , Wallace Trudy , Stariha Winifred E. , Rankin Vivian E.
Published: January 2005

This chapter examines changes in how and what children are taught in the Chicago public schools since reform legislation was enacted. The authors examine the Coalition of Essential Schools, the Paideia Program, the Algebra Project, and the Home and Hospital programs.
Integrating the quantitative and qualitative
Authors: House Ernest R.
Published: January 2005

One way of resolving the quantitative versus qualitative methods dispute is to recognize that evaluation has a special content and that this content is more important than the methodologies.
The quantitative‐qualitative debate: Possibilities for integration
Authors: Hedrick Terry E.
Published: January 2005

Debating the merits of qualitative versus quantitative approaches is a useless endeavor unless we carefully specify terms; once this is done, it is obvious that most of the approaches are complementary.