bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF CARBOFURAN ON MELON GROWTH AND YIELD.
Authors: Scott W. Dennis , Brust Gerald E. , Foster R.E.
Published: February 2019

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to study the effect of soil applied (Carbofuran) Furadan on watermelon and cantaloupe yields. Yields were significantly (p≤ 0.05) greater when Furadan was used than when it was not. The observed yield increases may have been due to factors other than just the insecticidal properties. Other systemic insecticides demonstrated no similar increase in yield. Yield increases were also evident even when plants were grown in sterile soil. Yield increase was due to a significant increase in the first harvest of watermelon and the first three harvests of cantaloupe. Numbers of fruit and average wt/fruit were increased for watermelon at the first harvest. Midwest growers usually receive the highest price per pound of watermelon at the first harvest. This significant increase in early harvest more than pays for the application of the chemical.
POSTHARVEST TREATMENTS FOR PESTS OF TROPICAL CUT FLOWERS AND FOLIAGE
Authors: Hara Arnold H. , Hata Trent Y. , Tenbrink Victoria L. , Hu Benjamin K.S. , Nagao Mike A.
Published: February 2019

Postharvest treatments significantly reduced or eradicated pests on various tropical cut flowers and foliage. Immersion in water at 49° C for 10 minutes killed armored scales on bird of paradise leaves, Strelitzia reginae Banks, as well as aphids and mealybugs on red ginger, Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum. Vapor heat treatment for 2 hours at 45.2° C provided quarantine security against armored scales on bird of paradise leaves. A 5 minute dip in fluvalinate combined with insecticidal soap eliminated aphids and significantly reduced mealybugs on red ginger. A 3 minute dip in fluvalinate, a 3 minute dip in chlorpyrifos, or a 3 hour fog with avermectin-B significantly reduced thrips on orchids, Dendrobium spp., without injury to the flowers. No postharvest treatment was both effective and nonphytotoxic on all commodities.
THE EFFECT OF SHADE ON KALMIA LATIFOLIA GROWTH AND FOLIAGE COLOR
Authors: Brand Mark H.
Published: February 2019

Container production of recently-developed and popular Kalmia latifolia cultivars has not been fully optimized. A study was conducted using six cultivars grown in full sun, 40% shade or 60% shade. Under 60% shade, plant height was reduced slightly, but shading, at either 40% or 60%, had no significant effect on all other measured growth parameters. Plants were too young to set significant numbers of flower buds, so the study will be continued a second year to quantify the effects of shade on flower bud set. Foliage color was measured using a Minolta CR-200 Chroma Meter. As shading increased, hue angle increased and the chroma and value of the color decreased, indicating that shading produced greener (less yellow), darker and duller foliage colors. Foliar chlorophyll content increased with increasing shading. Higher foliar chlorophyll content correlates with greener leaves in shaded treatments and is likely contributing to the green color. Using moderate levels of shade over container-grown Kalmia could allow growers to produce greener, more marketable plants without sacrificing plant growth.
RESOURCE OF WILD ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN THREE-RIVER PLAIN
Authors: Yulin Han , Jingli Wan
Published: February 2019

Three-river Plain, the key agriculture and animal husbandry developing region of China is located in the northeast part of Heilongjiang province. There were rich resources of wild ornamental plants in Three-river Plain. 134 species of those were investigated belonging to 54 families. 35 were woody plants and 99 herbaceous. The domestication and cultivation of several plants with high decorative value were studied and briefed as follows: (1) Vibrunnum sargenti Koehne propagates by seeds beginning to blossom in 3 years and by rhizome. The plants grown in the plain are subject to insect pests: (2) Sambucus buergeriana Blume propagates by seeds after sand cultivation for 4-6 months and begins to blossom in the next year; (3) Acanthopanax Senticocus (tupr. et (maxim) harmes propagates by seeds, shoot layering and root cutting. The germination of seeds is lower and the shoot layering is best. It grows slowly in the white clay soil, (4) Hemerocallis midendorffii Tranty. et Mey, propagates by seeds and suckers and blossoms in the next year, growing well in the plain; (5) Ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Todaro) propagates by spore. The spore grows to sporophyte in 70-90 days after sowing and the sporophyte grows to sporophyll in 4 years.
HORMONE CONCENTRATION AND CUTTING MATURITY INFLUENCES ON ROOTING OF REDBUD
Authors: Dillion Debbie , Klingaman Gerald
Published: February 2019

Rooting experiments have been conducted with a pink flowered redbud (Cercis canadensis) in anticipation of its release to the nursery trade. Cuttings taken in May, June and August were treated with NAA or IBA at 0, 1,000, 10,000 and 20,000 ppm and rooted under mist. Rooting percentages as high as 94% have been obtained by using IBA at 20,000 ppm on cuttings taken 3 weeks after growth began. Fifty percent of cuttings taken in June rooted when treated with the highest IBA rates. Cuttings taken later than June did not root. In a separate test, terminal (semi-hardwood) cuttings making active growth were compared to sub-terminal (hardwood) cuttings. IBA and NAA application at 20,000 ppm resulted in 57% rooting for terminal cuttings while producing only 14% rooting for sub-terminal cuttings. Data will be presented on the comparison of the rooting ability of this clone as compared to seedling trees.
ATTAINMENT OF VEGETATIVE MATURITY (VM), CHILLING REQUIREMENT, AND ABA LEVELS IN DOGWOOD (CORNUS SERICEA L.) CLONAL ECOTYPES.
Authors: Stevenson Robert K. , Tanino Karen K.
Published: February 2019

Dogwood (Cornus sericea L.) clonal ecotypes from northern latitudes (Northwest Territories “NWT”) and more southern latitudes (Massachusetts, Utah, and Chalk River, Ont.) were allowed to acclimate naturally in a shade house (52°07') beginning in early July and continuing through the middle of October. The NWT ecotype began to attain vegetative maturity by the second week of September, whereas the southern ecotypes did not attain any significant degree of VM before the first lethal frost.

Defoliation tests in controlled environment chambers paralleled shade house results. Under VM-inducing conditions (20/15°C, 8h), NWT ecotype attained VM after 40-50 days. Conversely, after 80 days Utah ecotype had not attained full VM.

Chilling requirement will be compared among ecotypes and ABA levels will be quantified using HPLC and ELISA systems. The results will be compared with date of VM attainment, subsequent freezing tolerance and satisfaction of the chilling requirement.
OPERATIONAL COLD HARDINESS TESTING AND DATA ANALYSIS METHODS
Authors: Burr Karen E. , King Rudy M.
Published: February 2019

Cold hardiness testing is an important tool used at US Forest Service nurseries for evaluating the physiological quality of conifer stock. Three tests were compared. A whole-plant freeze test without root system insulation permitted evaluation of cold injury without complication by drought symptoms if plants were misted. A cutting freeze test underestimated expected field foliar injury due to high humidity used to maintain the cuttings. An electrolyte leakage test failed to detect economically important bud mortality when buds were less hardy than other tissues.

Data from all three testing methods were analyzed with an original software package consisting of standardized input files and a step-by-step series of fortran programs and command files for use with commercially available non-linear modelling programs. Injury (y) versus temperature (x) data were modelled with the versatile, 4-parameter Weibull sigmoid model. Injury estimates at specific temperatures (Ix) or temperature estimates causing specific injury levels (LTy) were calculated with confidence and calibration intervals, respectively. The statistical significance of differences between Ix or LTy estimates was then determined.
INFLUENCE OF BUNCH COUNT PER VINE ON YIELD AND EARLY MATURITY OF FLAME SEEDLESS GRAPES
Authors: Butler Marvin D. , Rush Robert E.
Published: February 2019

Early maturity is of major importance to table grape producers in the Sonoran Desert. Prices are historically high at the beginning of the season, declining substantially over the first few days or weeks of harvest. Research was conducted in 1990 and 1991 at a commercial vineyard in southwest Arizona to determine the effect of bunch count per vine on yield and early maturity of fifth and sixth year flame seedless grapes. Vines were thinned to 15, 25 and 35 bunches in 1990, and 20, 30, 40, and 40 short bunches in 1991. The two-row, 0.2 acre plots were replicated four times using a randomized complete block design. Despite the large variation in crop load, there were no significant differences in total yield. There was an increase in percent soluble solids as bunch counts decreased. Berry weight followed the same trend. Small to moderate bunch counts produced a larger number of boxes and a greater percentage of the crop early in the season. By maintaining small to moderate bunch counts, early maturity is attainable without significantly reducing total yield.
EFFECT OF TRAINING SYSTEM AND PLANTING DENSITY ON GROWTH, YIELD, AND FRUIT QUALITY OF YOUNG GRAPEVINES
Authors: Choi Dong-Yong , Kim Seon-Kyu
Published: February 2019

Two training systems(open lyre and Kniffin) with two planting densities(3.3 m × 1.5-1.1 m and 1.8 m × 1.5-1.1 m, R × V, respectively) were evaluated for their effects on growth, yield, and fruit quality of fourteen grapes grafted to SO4. Cane pruning weights of vines grafted to SO4 rootstocks averaged 268.1 kg/10a. Chenin Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Clairette grapes had greater cane pruning weights. Pruning weights of vines trained to the Kniffin system with 1.8 m × 1.1 m spacing were greater. Fruit yields of young vines averaged 438.6 kg/10a, and SV 5276, Carignane, and Ugni Blanc grapes were more productive while Riesling, Grenache, Chenin Blanc, Muscat de Frontignan grapes were less productive. Yields of grapevines trained to the Kniffin system with 1.8 m × 1.1 m spacing were more productive. Fruit quality was less affected by training system and planting density, but significant varietal differences were recognized.
FRENCH PRUNE TREE GROWTH AND YIELD COMPARISONS ON MARIANNA 2624, MYROBALAN SEEDLING AND 29C ROOTSTOCKS
Authors: Olson William H. , Southwick Steve , Yeager Jim
Published: February 2019

French prunes growing on marianna 2624 (P. cerasifera × P. munsonianna; M 2624), myrobalan seedling and 29C (P. cerasifera; MS and M 29C, respectively) were planted in 1981 on a clay type soil, and evaluated for growth and yield components over a 10 year period. Thirty replicate trees per treatment were pruned and grown under uniform irrigation and fertility regimes. There were no tree size differences among rootstocks after 10 years growth even though initial and seasonal trunk cross sectional area differences were observed. Trees on MS rootstock were highest yielding in the initial 2 years of fruiting, but cumulative yields were not different as a function of rootstock. More rootstock suckers were counted on M 2624 than myrobalan rootstocks. Excavations revealed that trees on MS had a deeper root distribution. No statistical differences were observed with regard to fruit size and fresh to dry fruit weight ratios.
CONTAINER CULTURE OF HIGH-CHILLING PEAR AT TAIWAN'S LOWLAND
Authors: Lin Hsin S. , Lin Chin H.
Published: February 2019

High-chilling pear cv. Shinseiki (Pyrus serotina Rehd.) were used to evaluate the cultivation potentiality at warm area via the decrement of supraoptimum temperature damage and the escape from dormancy. Several experimental results were obtained as follows: the media prepared by combination of peat and bark compost (1:1 in volume) inside nonwoven bag was lower in temperature than other media; both of the temperature of leaf surface and media decreased more than 2′C at noon by 25% shading favoring the CO2 exchange in the daytime; the foliage application of Aminofol increased leaf thickness and chlorophyll content; and BA or PP-333 treatment enhanced lateral buds development during the supraoptimum temperature period of summer, etc. An integrated management based on these results helped the 1-year old container-grown Shinseiki pear trees over-summer. The experimental trees were then forced to budbreak and flower by application of cyanamide in October. Eventually, the fruits were harvested in March. These results suggested that the production of high-chilling pears in warm area was technically feasible.
ASSESSMENT OF KNO3 PRECONDITIONING TREATMENT ON PAPAYA SEEDS AFTER EXTENDED STORAGE.
Authors: Nagao M.A , Yoshimoto J.M , Ho-a E.B , Zee F. , Furutani S.C.
Published: February 2019

Extended storage studies were conducted on papaya, Carica papaya L. `Kapoho Solo', seeds to observe the effect of KNO3 preconditioning treatment when seeds were stored under ambient (25 C) and refrigerated (10 C) temperatures for 0, 2, 6, and 12 months. KN03 treated seeds maintained a constant germination percentage of 46.7 ± 2.7% throughout the 12 month period at both storage temperatures. Non-treated seeds stored at 25 C, however, had increased germination percentages (from 11 to 40% germination) after 2 months storage. Nontreated seeds stored at 10 C displayed a slower increase in germination percentages. The beneficial effects of KNO3 preconditioning treatments over nontreated seeds is observed only when seeds are sown immediately or within 2 months of storage at 25 C.
GROWTH OF PICKLING CUCUMBER FRUIT
Authors: Andersen Craig R.
Published: February 2019

Pickling cucumber production has steadily shifted to machine harvest as availability and cost of labor have become limiting factors. In a once over harvest, one needs to schedule harvest for optimum yield and economic return. This becomes a critical factor when one is scheduling both equipment and planting schedules. To predict the time for mechanical harvest of pickling cucumbers, one needs to know the relative fruit growth rates. Previously two cultivars were grown in the greenhouse and they were Calypso and H-19, a little leaf cultivar. Growth rates of individual fruit and combinations of two fruit at adjacent nodes were measured. The cultivar H-19 had overall slower growth rates than Calypso but the competition from adjacent fruit was less in H-19 than Calypso. The experiment was repeated with plants in the field and similar results were obtained. Data will be presented showing the growth rates of field grown fruit for individual and combinations of adjacent fruit. Growth rates were recorded for a population of fruit within a square meter. This data will be compared to the growth rates for individual fruit.
INFLUENCE OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON SHOOT EMERGENCE AND GROWTH OF ASPARAGUS UNDER GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS
Authors: Mahotiere Sauveur , Johnson Clarence
Published: February 2019

Mary Washington, UC157F1, and UC157F2 asparagus cultivars were grown from 1-year-old crown under greenhouse conditions in 30-liter pots containing Pro-Mix medium. The roots were cut to 10 cm prior to planting on 12 Feb. 1991. On July 12, 1991 the plants were transferred outdoors and sprayed with BA, GA4/7 and Promalin at 400 mg. liter-1 using tap water as control. On July 16, 1991 the treated ferns were cut at ground level and the plants were returned to the greenhouse, and arranged in a RCB design. Seven reps with one pot/rep were used. Data on time of emergence of first shoots were recorded daily until all pots had produced at least 1 shoot. When all plants had sprouted, cumulative number of all shoots/pots was recorded weekly thereafter over 5 weeks. BA and Promalin reduced time of emergence of shoots and increased the number of shoots/plant. GA4/7 had no effect on shoot emergence or shoot number.
STUDIES ON FLOWER PRIMORDIUM DIFFERENTIATION OF BELL PEPPER (CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.)
Authors: Choi Geun-Won , Gerber J.M.
Published: February 2019

Based on anatomical investigations, temperature effect on the rate of plant and flower primordium differentiation were determined. Flower primordium differentiation of bell pepper was divided into 10 stages from a vegetative shoot apex to a fully developed flower bud according to ontogenic changes of the shoot apex. Both the physiological age as determined by leaf number and the flower primordium differentiation were significantly hastened by the high temperature of 30*C day and 15*C night. The flower primordium differentiation was highly correlated with the physiological age and the relationship was independent of temperature. The result showed that carpels were initiated between the sixth and seventh leaf stage and were fused with each other and with developing placentae after the eighth leaf reaching 1 cm long.
A CYTOGENETIC STUDY IN ALLIUM FISTULOSUM, A. CEPA, THEIR F1 HYBRID, AND BACKCROSS PROGENY
Authors: Ulloa-Godinez M. , Corgan J. N. , Dunford M.
Published: February 2019

Cytogenetic studies were performed on Allium fistulosum, A. cepa. their F1 hybrid, and ten backcross (BC1) progenies [(A. fistulosum × A. cepa) × (A. cepa) 1. In meiosis the F1 hybrid showed 41 percent hetercmorphic bivalent pairing with 10.6 +. 1.8 `chiasmata per cell. Meiocytes were observed with one, two and three bridges and fragments, indicating at least three paracentric inversions. Multivalent associations indicate at least two translocations, one involving the satellite chromosome. The percentage of bivalent pairing, bridges and fragments, and multivalent associations varied in BC1 progenies. The F1 hybrid and all of the BC1 plants were either sterile or had very little seed set. The satellite chromosomes used as cytological markers showed variation in nucleolus position, degree of attachment and number.
MEIOTIC CHARACTERIZATION AND POLLEN TUBE GROWTH OF VERNONIA GALAMENSIS SUBSPECIES
Authors: Thompson Anson E. , Dierig David A. , Rebman Jon P.
Published: February 2019

Vernonia galamensis (Cass.) Less. (Asteraceae) constitutes a species complex of six subspecies, one of which contains four varieties. Crossing barriers between the subspecies and varieties are being examined. In the analysis of microspore mother cells, no differences in chromosome number (n=9) were found, and meiosis appeared to be normal within and between subspecies. However, an extended delay in time was observed in all subspecies in which chromosomes remained condensed during the post-meiotic tetrad stage. No apparent effect on pollen formation or pollen tube growth was observed from this unusual phenomenon. Self and reciprocal intraspecific crosses are being made, and pollen tube growth into the ovules assessed by fluorescent microscopy. These techniques are being used to characterize self-incompatibility within subspecies and varieties, and to determine the possible barriers to pollen tube growth and autofertility.
EFFICACY OF AMMONIUM NITRATE FOR WEED CONTROL IN CRUCIFER CROPS
Authors: Celaya Efren C. , Smith Brenda S.
Published: February 2019

A field experiment was conducted on broccoli (Taki Marathon variety) at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo to evaluate three rates of AN-20 for weed control and crop phytotoxicity. The rates were: low-40 gal./A, standard-60 gal./A, high-80 gal./A, and untreated control. Each treatment was applied to the base of the broccoli plant to avoid crop injury. Each treatment had four replications. Data collected included hoe time/plot and percent visual control. Broccoli was not injured at any rate of AN-20. It was noticed that the older weeds, greater than five-leaf stage, managed to pull through, so size of weed is crucial. On a cost-per-acre basis, the money saved on the high rate is half that of the low rate and one third that of the control. Weed control was not adequately controlled at the standard and low rates. An economic analysis was conducted, and it was found there was a savings as less labor was required to hoe the field when AN-20 had been applied.
RED TO FAR-RED RATIO IN HIGH-PRESSURE SODIUM LIGHTS AFFECTS YIELD IN ROSES
Authors: Roberts Glenn L. , Tsujita M. J.
Published: February 2019

An experiment was conducted to determine whether the high R:FR ratio in high pressure sodium (HPS) lamps contributes to lateral bud breaking in roses. Rosa hybrida cv. `Samantha' plants were grown under HPS lamps, HPS lamps fitted with blue gel filters to reduce the R:FR ratio or metal halide lamps. Spectral graphs showed R:FR ratios of 1.05, 0.5 and 3.8 for HPS, filtered HPS and metal halide respectively. Although the R:FR ratio in metal halide was notably higher than in HPS the total energy in this range was much lower. At a 24hr supplemental PPF level of 70-75uEm-2s-1 more flowering shoots were produced under HPS and metal halide lighting than under filtered HPS. There were more dormant shoots under the filtered HPS. No differences in quality were found among flowers from any treatment.
TEMPERATURE IS A KEY REGULATOR OF GROWTH AND FLOWERING IN PROTEA NERIIFOLIA AND PROTEA CYNAROIDES
Authors: Dupee Steven , Goodwin Peter
Published: February 2019

The strategy of this study was to determine the period of floral initiation for both species and then to determine the critical regulator(s) of flower initiation and floral development. Plants grown under different temperature regimes gave best shoot extension and flower initiation at temperatures with 10°C night and 15 to 25°C day. Field data from four locations showed a correlation of time of flower initiation and temperatures over the same range.

Temperature is an important determinant of the vegetative flush period of both species. The stem diameter of all shoots is a consequence of the vegetative flush growth and in turn is well correlated with flower initiation. Plants given day temperatures of 20°C or above remain in the vegetative phase. Flower abortions in Protea neriifolia and reversions from floral to vegetative shoots in Protea cynaroidesresult from high day temperatures.

Daylength was not found to be critical for flower initiation. A cool temperature period acts as a control to change shoots from the vegetative to reproductive phase.
LIPID CHANGES IN MICROSOMES AND PLASTIDS DURING STORAGE OF TOMATO FRUIT AT CHILLING AND NONCHILLING TEMPERATURES
Authors: Whitaker Bruce D.
Published: February 2019

MG tomato fruit were stored for four or 12 days at chilling (2C) or nonchilling (15C) temperature. Fruits stored 12 days at 15C ripened to the turning stage, whereas fruits at 2C did not ripen. Lipids of microsomes and plastids from pericarp tissue were analyzed at harvest and after four or 12 days of storage. After 12 days at either 15C or 2C, the ratio of phospholipid (PL) to protein in microsomes declined, with a concomitant increase in the ratio of total membrane sterols (TMS) to PL. The TMS/PL ratio also increased in crude plastids. In both microsomes and plastids, free sterols (FS) increased more at 2C than at 15C, and thus accounted for a larger percentage of the TMS. The ratio of stigmasterol to sitosterol in steryl lipids, particularly in FS, increased more at 15C than at 2C. The unsaturation index of fatty acids in PL and galactolipids generally increased slightly during storage at both 15C and 2C. The ratio of phosphatidylethanolamine to P-choline increased in both membrane fractions at both temperatures. In plastids, the ratio of mono- to digalactosyldiacylglycerol declined substantially at 2C but not at 15C.
PLASMA MEMBRANE PHYSICALCHEMICAL CHANGES OF MUSKMELON FRUIT DURING MATURATION AND POSTHARVEST STORAGE
Authors: Lester Gene E.
Published: February 2019

Plasma membrane (PM) from hypodermal-mesocarp tissues of muskmelon fruits (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Naud.) were compared to the electrolyte leakage changes of the same tissue during maturation and storage at 4 or 24C. During fruit maturity and storage, leakage of the hypodermal-mesocarp tissue increased, which is coincident with increased total sterol: total phospholipid ratios and increased phospholipid fatty acid saturation index of the PM. ATPase activity, a marker for the PM, indicated that the PM increased in buoyant density from 1.13 g.cm-3 to 1.14 g.cm-3 during maturity and ATPase activity peaked with fruit maturation. ATPase activity decreased with 10 days postharvest storage and was less at 24C vs. 4C, which was coincident with increased hypodermal-mesocarp electrolyte leakage. Biochemical changes within the sterol and phospholipid matrix of the PM are suggested to contain the processes capable of altering fruit membrane permeability and subsequent muskmelon fruit storage life.
VERIFICATION OF AN EPIDEMIOLOGY MODEL OF NONINFECTIOUS BUD-FAILURE IN `CARMEL' ALMOND
Authors: Kester Dale E. , Gradziel Tom , Pelletreau Karen
Published: February 2019

A model for the epidemiology of noninfectious bud-failure (Fenton, et al., 1988) predicts that BF-potcntial is universally present within specific almond cultivars with variation existing in the rate and pattern of development of BF phenotypes. Orchard surveys of Carmel in 1990 and 1991 involving four nursery sources showed a trend of 2 per cent of affected trees after one year in the orchard, increasing to 4 per cent in the second, with prospects for gradual increase with time. All four sources produced some BF trees with significant differences among sources. A study has been started to identify the source and pattern of BF-potential within the entire Carmel cultivar. It has two parts. A pedigree analysis of propagation sources from eleven commercial nurseries traces their genealogy from the original seedling plant first discovered in 1947. A propagation test of approximately 3000 individual trees representative of the propagation sources of all eleven commercial nurseries has been established. The origin of each progeny tree has been maintained in respect to source, tree, budstick and individual bud location on the stick. Expression of bud-failure symptoms in individual trees will identify the source and pattern of BF-potential within the cultivar.
INHERITANCE OF LOW CHILLING CHARACTER ON THREE ALMOND PROGENIES.
Authors: Martínez-Téllez Jaime Javier
Published: February 2019

Almond production is restricted to areas with at least 300 chill units. Selection of plants with lower chilling requirements is a priority in our area. The progenies of two low chilling cvs. `Rané' and `Constantini' and one of medium chilling cv. `Cavaliera' were chosen for this study. The selected trees were open pollinated and 100 seeds of each variety were planted on individual pots after three week stratification. Three groups were formed according to the speed of germination and transplanted to the nursery. The date of blooming of each individual was recorded. A positive correlation was found between time of blooming of the progenitor and that of the progeny regardless of the origin. On the descendence of `Cavaliera', a positive correlation between speed of germination and bloom date was observed. However on `Constantini' and `Rané' progenies, the same correlation had no significance. `Cavaliera' produced a 45% of low chilling requirement descendants, `Rané' had 67% and `Constantini' had the higher ability to transmit the low chilling character with a 78% of the progeny with that trait.
FIELD-GROWN CUT FLOWERS: AN ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS FOR PRODUCTION IN THE OZARKS
Authors: McIntosh Gloria , Klingaman Gerald
Published: February 2019

Several cut flower species were studied to determine their feasibility for cut flower production. Three fertilizer treatments (0.5, .1, and .15kg/m2 respectively) were used and their effect on number of stems, stem length and fresh weight were determined. Celosia cristata and Ageratum houstonianum `Blue Horizon' proved to respond best to fertilizer treatments. Celosia fertilized at a rate of .15kg/m2 will produce approximately 200 stems/m2. Ageratum will produce appoximately 400 stems/m2 when fertilized at a rate of .10kg/m2. Fertlizer rates of .10 and .15 kg/m2 for Eustoma culture yielded 86 stems/m2, which was lower than other species used in this test. Extended vase life and consumer response could possibly justify using this species in cut flower production. An economic break-even analysis will be presented to show what price will have to be received per stem to cover costs.
HIGH TUNNELS EXTEND THE SEASON FOR TOMATOES
Authors: Wells Otho S. , Sciabarrasi Michael R.
Published: February 2019

High tunnels (unheated walk-in structures) are widely utilized in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East for early vegetable production. There are relatively few high tunnels used for vegetable production in the U.S. In a 2-year study, determinate tomatoes matured up to 32 days earlier than the same cultivars under standard field culture. Earliness was gained through 16 days earlier planting and 16 days earlier maturity than in the field. In tunnels, when ground grown, yield was 7.4 kg m-1; and when grown with a basketweave trellis, yield was 6.8 kg m-1. Even though these yields (for a 30-day period) were less than the yields from the field, the earlier harvest provides an extra marketing opportunity at premium prices. Under current production and marketing conditions in New Hampshire, at a conservative average selling price of $1.60/lb, the net return is $0.71/1b. By using relatively low cost tunnels, growers are able to economically extend their growing and marketing season without a high capital outlay.
THREE ALTERNATIVE TOMATO PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Authors: Reiners Stephen , Brumfield Robin G. , Prostak Donald J.
Published: February 2019

Tomatoes, cultivar `Mountain Pride', were evaluated for productivity, post-harvest qualities, and pest populations in three different production systems. These included a conventional, high chemical input system with prophylactic applications of pesticides and fertilizers; a reduced chemical input system that used pesticides only as needed; and a transitional organic system that followed the guidelines of the Organic Farmers Association of New Jersey. No significant differences were observed in either the high input or low input system despite a reduction in synthetic pesticide and fertilizer use. Organically produced tomatoes yielded significantly less than the other production systems in terms of total yields. Average fruit size was increased, however, along with the percentage of tomatoes with diameters larger than 7.7 cm. Differences in pest populations were noted between the plots.
TOMATO PRODUCTION IN AN ENCLOSED ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Janes Harry W. , Logendra Seenithamby , Logendra Sitheswary
Published: February 2019

It was proposed to study and develop a system for producing salad vegetables on a space station. To this end a `Salad Machine' was designed to act as a controlled environment growth chamber within which various plants will be grown on a continuous and predictable basis such that crew members will periodically have available the ingredients of a “normal” salad. Within this framework we studied the enclosed environment production of tomatoes.

Forty-five tomator cultivars were screened in a greenhouse and four were selected for further evaluation. The criteria for selection were total plant yield, fruit size, fruit quality and the total weight of the fruit on the main stem as compared to the axillary branches. The four selected cultivars were grown in an environmentally controlled chamber (`Salad Machine') at 6 plants/m (volume rather than area is important here). The data collected included: weekly plant height, total daily yield, water use and nutrient uptake.

The continuous production of tomatoes in a small volume using a selected cultivar will be discussed.
DIFFERENCES IN FRUIT COLOR CHANGE WITH MATURITY AND GROWING LOCATION IN `SENSATION' AND `MAX RED' BARTLETT PEARS
Authors: Dussi Claudia , Sugar David , Azarenko A. , Righetti T.
Published: February 2019

Fruit color of `Sensation' and `Max' Red Bartlett pears was analyzed once at mid-season and three times during later stages of fruit maturity with a Minolta CR-200b portable colorimeter. Color measurements were taken on sun-exposed and shaded fruit surfaces in three different growing locations in Oregon. Color change is nearly constant over time during fruit maturation. Both cultivars gained red and yellow on sun-exposed fruit surfaces, and lost red but gained yellow on shaded surfaces. `Sensation' gained red on sun-exposed surfaces to a greater extent than did `Max' at all locations. `Max' gained more yellow and lost more red on shaded surfaces than did `Sensation'. Differences between cultivars and locations were greater on shaded than on sun-exposed fruit surfaces. Greatest gain in both red and yellow on sun-exposed surfaces was associated with the warmest growing location. Visually perceived color change with maturity appears to be due both to loss of red on shaded surfaces and gain of yellow on all surfaces.
MACROMIXER: A SPREADSHEET PROGRAM TO AID MIXING MACRO-NUTRIENTS FOR SOLUTION CULTURE
Authors: Kawabata Osamu , Criley Richard A.
Published: February 2019

In solution culture experiments, determining the quantity of nutrient sources to dispense in a solution mix is time consuming. When a source contains more than one controlled element (e.g., calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2]), a change made to control one element (Ca) requires an adjustment to the other element (N). To ease the computational chore, MacroMixer, an application program for mixing macro-nutrients, was developed using a spreadsheet for microcomputers.

MacroMixer consists of two parts. The first part computes the weight (volume for a liquid) of source necessary to give the target element concentration from each source. The second part computes the total concentration for each macro-element from a set of sources in the final mix. The total volume of the mix is specified at the beginning of program, but it can be changed later. Users can obtain a required weight for each source using the first part to use as a starting value in the second part. Adjustments are made among sources to achieve target element concentrations in the final mix.

The spreadsheet format hides computational formulae and constants for a clear view of solution composition; thus users are encouraged to exercise trial and error to achieve the most balanced mix. Using this program, we quickly formulated 13 mixes used in a 5 K-levels × 5 Ca-levels partial factorial experiment.
TELEPHONE “LOOPS”, A TEACHING TECHNIQUE FOR LARGE AUDIENCES USING LIMITED MANPOWER
Authors: Sharp Denise D. , Clement David L. , Bosmans Raymond V. , Westrope John , Malinoski Mary Kay
Published: February 2019

In 1990, the Maryland CES Home and Garden Information Center initiated an 800 horticulture line manned 25 hours per week, offering taped messages 7 days a week, 24 hours per day. Of a total of 45,682 calls, 23,902 calls were answered by operators. To reduce operator hours, tapes on seasonal topics were grouped at the entrance level of the phone system. In 1991, gypsy moth and turf renovation were key topics demanding repetitive operator time. In 1991, 2,090 gypsy moth callers were assisted tapes, while 289 were assisted by operators. In 1991, 2178 turf renovation callers were assisted by tapes, while 256 were assisted by operators. Tape length and programming are critical to the success of this technique.
PEOPLE-PLANT COUNCIL RESEARCH BIBLIOGRAPHIES AVAILABLE
Authors: Relf Diane , Madsen Pete
Published: February 2019

Through funding from various horticultural associations (including ASHS, ALCA, SAF, WFFSA, and HRI), the People-Plant Council has been able to develop a computerized bibliography that will be of great value to researchers in the area of People-Plant Interaction and a second bibliography specifically for the area of Horticultural Therapy. The combined PPI and HT bibliographies contain approximately 1600 citations, 25 percent of which include an abstract. Due to the size and length of each bibliography (over 200 pages of hard copy), they are available on diskette. This will facilitate users searching for keywords or specific articles and allow them to rearrange the material as needed.
DID WE FULFILL OUR NUTRITIONAL RESPONSIBILITY?
Authors: Yang Y. H.
Published: February 2019

Vegetable crops supply esseential vitamina and minerals for human nutrition and survival. However, most scientists concentrated their effort on crops low in nutrition value, causing much health problem in the developing world. In Asia alone, 300,000 children blind each year due to vitamin A deficiency and 40% population suffered from iron-deficient anemia. Their health and social consequence was unmeasurable. A practical remedy was to increase consumption of DGLVs through home garden program.

Field experiment conducted in East-West Center in Hawaii documented that a 200 sq. ft. small garden could yield vegetable fulfilling RDA of 5 people 200% of vitamin A value and ascorbic acid, 27% iron and 9% protein. Promotion of home garden program requires research, training and education, codination, and policy support. Horticulturists should play important role on all these aspects.

Seeds for Peace Project and proposal for establishing home garden training centers at different levels will be reported.
KIKUYUGRASS CONTROL IN COOL-SEASON TURFGRASS
Authors: Downer A. James , Cudney D.W. , Henry M. , Gibeault V. , Cockerham S.
Published: February 2019

Kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst.) an aggressive weed of cool season turfgrass in coastal California, Spreads rapidly by growth of robust stolons and seedlings. Kikuyugrass competition was studied by placing plugs of six turfgrasses in a kikuyugrass sward. Plug diameters increased when triclopyr (.56kg ai/ha) or quinclorac (.74kg ai/hg) were repeatedly applied (4 times) in combination with MSMA (2.2kg ai/ha). These herbicide combinations also eradicated kikuyugrass in lawns of cool season turfgrass. Kikuyugrass density was reduced from 75% of the turfgrass sward to 0%. Resurgence of kikuyugrass has not exceeded 5% 4 months posttreatment.
CALCIUM UPTAKE IN SEALED PLASMALEMMA VESICLES ISOLATED FROM POST HARVEST CaCl2-TREATED SOUR CHERRIES
Authors: Campbell W.F. , Anderson J.L. , Walker D.R.
Published: February 2019

Calcium chloride (CaCl2) enhances turgidity and quality of postharvest sour cherry, Prunus cerasus L., fruit. Mechanisms by which plasma membrane (PM) ATPase maintains the electrochemical gradient in cell turgor were studied in isolated PM vesicles isolated from tapwater-, CaCl2- and chelated amino acid-calcium-treated Montmorency sour cherry fruit. Electron microscopy and periodic-chromicphosphotungstic acid staining indicated 85-90% closed PM vesicles. Protein activity associated with the PM was four times higher in both Ca treatments than in untreated cherries. ATPase activity was insensitive to NO3 and NaN3, but inhibited by vanadate, indicating absence or low levels of tonoplast and mitochondrial ATPases. PM vesicles exhibited a pH jump in the presence of acridine orange (A493-530nm). Cherry fruit appeared to have a PM ATPase similar to that of other plant species. Generation of a positive membrane potential across the PM was dependent upon ATP.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF FIRMNESS RETENTION OF APPLES HEAT-TREATED BEFORE STORAGE
Authors: Klein JD , Hanzon J , Irwin PL , Lurie S , Shalom N Ben
Published: February 2019

Prestorage heating of apples lead to enhanced retention of fruit firmness of as much as 10 N upon removal from storage, compared to unheated fruit. Further enhancement of firmness retention was obtained by dipping fruit in 2-3% calcium chloride after heating prior to storage. Cortical tissue of heated fruit had more insoluble and less water soluble pectin than unheated fruit, although the total pectin content was similar in both treatmenats. During the heat treatment neutral sugars were lost from the pectic fractions, with no accompanying decrease in galacturonic acid. No effect of heat treatment on degree of methyl esterification was observed in pectic fractions or in critical-dried whole tissues, using colorimetric and NMR techniques, respectively. Treatment differences in dissolution of the middle lamella were not observable in electron micrographs. We suggest that loss of neutral sugar side chains during the heat treatment may have lead to closer packing of the pectin strands and in turn hindered enzymatic cleavage during and after storage.
TRANSMISSION PATTERNS OF SELECTED MORPHOLOGICAL TRAITS IN INTERSPECIFIC EXACUM HYBRIDS
Authors: Riseman Andrew , Craig Richard
Published: February 2019

The morphology of interspecific Exacum hybrids was investigated in order to determine transmission patterns of several horticultural traits and to confirm interspecific hybrid status of plants. The evaluations utilized 557 accessions from interspecific hybridization of the following species: Exacum. macranthum, E. pallidum, E. pedunculatum, E. trinervium ssp. ritigalensis, and E. trinervium ssp. trinervium. Transmission patterns are proposed for stem shape (three phenotypes- clylindrical, winged-cylindrical and qudrangular; no dominance), petal shape (two phenotypes-rounded and acuminate; rounded dominant to acuminate) and flower form (two phenotypes- imbricate and separate; imbricate dominant to separate) Examination of the progenies confirm interspecific hybridization by the appearance of combinations of traits from the parental species and/or the observation of unique forms not previously observed.
STUDIES ON GENETIC RESOURCES OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN WESTERN HUBEI PROVINCE (e.g. SHENNONGJIA REGION)
Authors: Zhu Bao Man , Fei Lu Di , Oing Chen Long , Oing Wang Chang
Published: February 2019

Shennongjia mountain region is famous for its various kinds of species. Through one year's deep-going expedition in the area, lots of valuable plant species were collected, among them many are very useful and had not been used in landscape. Such as Arisaema lobatum var. variegatum nv. LuDiFei, Cremastra appendiculata var. fulva LuDiFei, Stylophorum lasiocarpum (Oliv.) Fedde, Sedum filipes Hems., Iris wilsonii C. H. Wright, Amaranthus caudatus L., Cotoneaster dammeri Schneid, Meconopsis quintupineria Regel., Lysimachia paridiformis Franch., Dysoma versipellis (Hance) M. Cheng, Adiantum pedatum L. and so on. Some genera are quite rich in this region, especially in Rosa, Sorbus, Cotoneaster, Lonicera, Impatiens, Aconitum, Gentiana, Adiantum etc. All these are marvelous material for direct appliance in garden and for breeding. There are many rare plants in the area, large communities of Davidia involucrata Baillon and Chimonanthus praecox (L.) Link were found during the expedition, and what interesting more is that various natural variations do exist in the communities. Detail description and evaluation were given to the important species, and some suggestions of protection and utilization were offered in the paper.
THE INTRODUCING AND CULTURING FOR ORNAMENTAL PLANT -- PAVIDIA INVOLUCVATA BAILL
Authors: Den Longlin
Published: February 2019

We have introduced and cultured for Pavidia Involucvata Baill in the arboretum of Forest Research Institute of Guizhou province. The both of the bionomics and ecological characters for this species also have observed detailed. The results shown that the conditions of areas of Guiyang is suitable for normal growth for this species. On the average, the height is 18m height and diameter breast high is 25 cm when 18 years old. At present this species has become one of the important ornamental plants in Guiyang areas, which has beautiful flowers and tree forms.
EVALUATION OF PETUNIA CULTIVARS FOR THE LANDSCAPE IN A SUBTROPICAL CLIMATE
Authors: Howe T. K. , Waters W. E.
Published: February 2019

Petunia (Petunia × hybrida) cultivars were evaluated for earliness of flowering, flower diameter and color, plant dimensions, plant habit, uniformity, overall appearance, lodging, floriferousness and sensitivity of flowers to spray damage during the spring and fall of 1991. Fifty-eight cultivars in the spring and 59 in the fall were grown in field beds under full sun. Spring: The range of time from sowing to the first flower was 54 to 73 days. Plant heights ranged from 15 to 40 cm. Red flowered types were the shortest, while blue and white types the tallest. Flower diameter ranged from 5.3 to 10.0 cm with grandiflora types 2.5 cm larger than multiflora types. Spray damage to flowers was absent in all blue and white colors as well as `Supercascade Red' and `Falcon Pink'. Fall: The range of time from sowing to flowering was 52 to 76 days. Plant heights were similar to the spring. Flower diameter ranged from 5.1 to 10.2 cm, with grandifloras 2.0 cm larger than multiflora types. Lodge resistance was related to plant height, which was strongly linked to flower color. Generally red flowered types lodged slightly if at all.
SURVIVAL AND FLOWERING OF WILDFLOWERS/NATIVE PLANTS IN BUFFALOGRASS
Authors: Lindgren Dale T.
Published: February 2019

Wildflowers/native plants are increasingly being used in landscapes, especially in low maintenance areas. Buffalograss is also receiving attention as a low maintenance grass. Establishing wildflowers in buffalograss would be useful in sites where mowing occurred only once in the fall, such as with minimeadows. Four experiments were conducted to study the establishment of wildflowers in buffalograss. Survival of wildflowers after one year was 88% when wildflowers were planted as greenhouse grown transplants and buffalograss plugged in 2 weeks later, 67% when one-year-old field grown wildflowers were transplanted into buffalograss plugged at the same time and 48% when greenhouse grown wildflowers were transplanted into established buffalograss. Establishment of wildflowers overseeded into established buffalograss sod was very low. There were significant differences in wildflower survival within each study. Species which performed well in buffalograss included Leadplant, Blue Fax, Purple Prairie Clover, Little Bluestem and Stiff Goldenrod.
CULTURAL MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES FOR ALLEVIATION OF HEAT STRESS IN BELL PEPPERS
Authors: Roberts B.W. , Anderson Jeff
Published: February 2019

Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) was grown in 1989, 1990, and 1991. Cultural modifications were used in an effort to alleviate heat stress, improve fruit set, reduce sunscald, and improve yield quantity and quality. Treatments included bare soil, plastic mulch (both black and white), straw mulch, living rye (Secale cereale) mulch, and row covers (white and black) suspended above the foliage. Soil temperature at 2.5, 10, and 20 cm, soil moisture at 20 cm, and yield parameters were recorded. In general, plots containing white rowcovers produced good yields each year, straw mulched plots produced good yields two out of three years, plots with black plastic mulch gave poor yields two out of three years, and plots with living rye gave consistently poor yields. Yield inconsistency from year to year was correlated with, and can be explained by, soil temperatures. Sunscald was reduced by rowcovers.
IRRIGATION OF TOMATOES WITH DESALTED SEAWATER THROUGH A COASTAL SELF-SUFFICIENT SYSTEM
Authors: Porta-Gándara Miguel Angel , Troyo-Diéguez Enrique
Published: February 2019

Water scarcity delay the social development in the coastal arid zones of México. In these areas, fresh water can be obtained from the ocean using different methods. In this work, a design of a self-sufficient system for desalting seawater, using the sun and the wind, is applied to irrigate a small horticultural plot. A daily mean water production of 160 l was obtained from a 60 m2 solar desalter, which was supplied with seawater with an aeolian pump. Three varieties of tomatoe were assayed: ACE-55, Cherry, and Saladette. Cherry tomatoe showed the highest yield with a consumption of 45 l/plant per month. A plastic mulch was used to minimize evaporation. The system may represent an economic alternative with low-maintenance requirements for self-supplying vegetables in marginal coastal zones.