bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Bishops’ Ban of 1599 and the Ideology of English Satire
Authors: Jones William R.
Published: May 2010

On June 1, 1599, the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London banned the further printing of satires, epigrams, and unlicensed histories and plays. Furthermore, the order demanded the immediate recall and burning of specific works, many of which were verse imitations of the Roman satirist Juvenal. Although the order itself lacks specific motivational language, current explanations tend to foreground the potentially obscene and/or libelous nature of the recalled works. Comparatively little attention has been paid, however, to the internal ideologies of the banned satires themselves and to the dialogue between the satires and the cultural and political conditions that inspired them. Instead of an ad hoc response to any one particular transgression, this essay argues for the Ban as an attempt to stem the growing cultural influence of a particularly unorthodox mode of Juvenalian imitative satire expressed most forcefully in John Marston’s banned work, The Scourge of Villanie. Marston’s rejection of all established belief systems, especially the conservative literary traditions of native English and Horatian imitative satire, in favor of a highly individualistic and indecorous mode of social representation, was simply too ideologically destabilizing for the bishops to tolerate. In support of this reading, two relatively underexplored pieces of evidence are examined: first, the reprieve granted to Joseph Hall’s imitative satire entitled Virgidemiarum, which attempts to negotiate an ideologically safe middle‐ground between the radical Juvenalian mode and the conservative Horatian tradition; and second, the contemporary reflections on the bishops’ prohibition within John Weever’s 1599 Epigrams, his 1600 pastoral Faunus and Melliflora, and his 1601 direct attack on Marston in The Whipping of the Satyre. Weever’s support of the bishops’ actions derives from his identification of the banned Juvenalian mode as not merely morally offensive or personally defamatory, but as a tangible threat to the ideological stability of the English nation.
Anglo‐Saxonism in Nineteenth‐Century Poetry
Authors: Jones Chris
Published: May 2010

This article essays the first survey of 19th‐century poetry that imitates, alludes to, or draws on, theories about Anglo‐Saxon language and/or literature. Criticism has so far overlooked such a field as forming a distinct body of literature with shared preoccupations and influences, although some previous attention has been paid to the Anglo‐Saxonism of individual poets or texts. This essay, then, provides the first scoping exercise of the extent and limits of a field one could term 19th‐century Anglo‐Saxonist poetry. This corpus is briefly contextualised within the wider field of Anglo‐Saxonist literature, itself an important sub‐genre of mediaevalism and mediaevalist literature. A possible fourfold typology is offered as a framework within which further study might be continued. Some consideration is briefly paid to the use of Anglo‐Saxon in the poetry of William Wordsworth, Walter Scott, Alfred Tennyson, Lewis Carroll, William Barnes, William Morris, and Gerard Manley Hopkins. The importance of antiquarianism and philology is emphasised, with passing reference made to writers such as Sharon Turner, George Marsh, and to the essays of Ralph Waldo Emerson. The essay addresses a neglected topic in the broader field of the reception of the Middle Ages, and in particular the recovery and reception of Anglo‐Saxon, or Old English language and poetry. The essay concludes by suggesting that new narrative models of literary history made be required to accommodate the concept of ‘19th‐century Anglo‐Saxon poetry’.
Optimal portfolio choice when utility depends on health
Authors: Edwards Ryan D.
Published: May 2010

This paper examines optimal portfolio choice when health can change the shape of the utility function. If adverse health shocks threaten to increase the marginal utility of consumption, that is, if they are Edgeworth–Pareto substitutes, risky health prompts individuals to lower their risky portfolio shares. Health naturally becomes more uncertain with age, so this theory might help to explain why aging investors gradually decrease their risk exposure even when asset returns display no mean reversion and relative risk aversion is constant.
Closed suctioning system: Critical analysis for its use
Authors: HARADA Nahoko
Published: May 2010

Aim:  To determine the efficacy and effectiveness of the closed suctioning system.

Method:  Literature review articles were accessed from the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library. The literature review criteria included: all publication styles except meta‐analysis, participants that were ≥18 years, written in English, and published between 1973 and 2008.

Results:  This literature review revealed that the efficacy and effectiveness of the closed suctioning system remains to be demonstrated. The device manufacturers' studies focused on cost reduction, cross‐contamination, and preservation of the oxygen saturation of patients during endotracheal suctioning; however, the clinical studies focused on the use of closed suctioning systems to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia. The reviewed studies had small sample sizes with heterogeneous demographics and non‐randomized controls. Recent studies suggest that closed suctioning systems are no better than open suctioning systems in terms of mortality, morbidity, or the cost‐benefit ratio. A few studies did indicate that the closed suctioning system might reduce the loss of lung volume and oxygen desaturation.

Conclusion:  The studies reviewed in this article suggest that the evidence on the efficacy and effectiveness of closed suctioning systems is inconclusive. Only limited populations will benefit clinically from the use of this device. There is a need for further studies with randomized controlled trials to explore the use of closed suction systems and to update current clinical practise guidelines.
Predicting Erectile Function Recovery after Bilateral Nerve Sparing Radical Prostatectomy: A Proposal of a Novel Preoperative Risk Stratification
Authors: Briganti Alberto , Gallina Andrea , Suardi Nazareno , Capitanio Umberto , Tutolo Manuela , Bianchi Marco , Passoni Niccolò , Salonia Andrea , Colombo Renzo , Di Girolamo Valerio , Guazzoni Giorgio , Rigatti Patrizio , Montorsi Francesco
Published: May 2010

Introduction

No multivariable model is currently available for the prediction of erectile function (EF) recovery after bilateral nerve sparing radical prostatectomy (BNSRP).

Aim

The aim of this study was to develop a novel preoperative risk stratification aimed at assessing the probability of EF recovery after BNSRP.

Main Outcome Measure

The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) was used to evaluate EF after BNSRP.

Methods

This study included 435 patients treated with retropubic BNSRP between 2004 and 2008 at a single Institution. Preoperative data, including age, IIEF, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), and body mass index (BMI) were available for all patients. Moreover, all patients were assessed postoperatively every 3 months and were asked to complete the IIEF during each visit. Cox regression models tested the association between preoperative predictors (age at surgery, preoperative IIEF-EF domain score, CCI, BMI) and EF recovery. Independent predictors of EF recovery were then used to stratify patients into three groups according to the risk of erectile dysfunction (ED) after surgery: low (age ≤ 65 years, IIEF-EF ≥ 26, CCI ≤ 1; n=184), intermediate (age 66–69 years or IIEF-EF 11-25,CCI ≤ 1; n=115), and high (age ≥ 70 years or IIEF-EF ≤ 10 or CCI ≥ 2; n=136). Kaplan-Meier curves assessed the time to EF recovery (defined as IIEF-EF score ≥ 22). Predictive accuracy of our proposed classification was quantified using the AUC method.

Results

Of 435 patients, 242 (55.6%) received phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5-I) either on demand or every day for a period of 3–6 months. Overall, EF recovery rate was 58% at 3-year follow-up. Patients treated with PDE5-I had significantly higher 3-year EF recovery rate as compared with patients left untreated after surgery (73 vs. 37%; P <0.001). Except for BMI (P = 0.7), all preoperative covariates showed a significant association with EF recovery (all P ≤ 0.04). The 3-year EF recovery rate significantly differed between the three groups, being 85, 59, and 37% in patients with low, intermediate, and high risk of postoperative ED, respectively (P <0.001). Multivariable Cox regression analysis confirmed a highly significant association between the risk classification and EF recovery (P <0.001). The proposed patient stratification tool showed a 69.1% accuracy. Similar results were achieved when patients were stratified according to the use of ED treatment after surgery (all P <0.001).

Conclusions

We report the first preoperative risk stratification tool aimed at assessing the probability of EF recovery after BNSRP. It is based on routinely available baseline data such as patient age, preoperative erectile function, and comorbidity profile.
Chromene‐Based Synthetic Chalcones as Potent Antileishmanial Agents: Synthesis and Biological Activity
Authors: Foroumadi Alireza , Emami Saeed , Sorkhi Maedeh , Nakhjiri Maryam , Nazarian Zohreh , Heydari Samaneh , Ardestani Sussan K. , Poorrajab Fatemeh , Shafiee Abbas
Published: May 2010

Two types of regioisomeric chromene‐based chalcones namely, 1‐(6‐methoxy‐2H‐chromen‐3‐yl)‐3‐phenylpropen‐1‐ones and 3‐(6‐methoxy‐2H‐chromen‐3‐yl)‐1‐phenylpropen‐1‐ones were prepared and investigated for their antileishmanial activity against promastigotes form of Leishmania major. The obtained results from in vitro biological assays indicated that chloro‐substituted 1‐(6‐methoxy‐2H‐chromen‐3‐yl)‐3‐phenylpropen‐1‐ones exhibited excellent activity against Leishmania major at non‐cytotoxic concentrations.
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of 5′‐deoxy‐4′‐thio‐l‐nucleosides
Authors: Cong Liqing , Zhou Weicheng , Jin Dongzhe , Wang Juan , Chen Xiuhua
Published: May 2010

A series of novel 5′‐deoxy‐4′‐thio‐l‐nucleosides was designed and synthesized. The absolute configuration of the target compound 23α was confirmed by X‐ray crystallography. The antitumor activities of the target compounds were tested against the growth of human carcinoma of colon (LOVO), human leukemia cell line (CEM) and human breast cancer cell line (MDA‐MB‐435) cells in vitro. 6‐cyclopentylamino and 6‐cyclohexylamino purine compounds 26 and 27, both in α‐configuration and in β‐form, exhibited strong inhibition to CEM.
Antimicrobial Activity of Short, Synthetic Cationic Lipopeptides
Authors: Laverty Garry , McLaughlin Martin , Shaw Christopher , Gorman Sean P. , Gilmore Brendan F.
Published: May 2010

The increasing emergence of multidrug‐resistant micro‐organisms presents one of the greatest challenges in the clinical management of infectious diseases. Therefore, novel antimicrobial agents are urgently required to address this issue. In this report, we describe the solid phase synthesis, characterization, microbiological and toxicological evaluation of a library of ultrashort cationic antimicrobial lipopeptides based on the previously described tetrapeptide amide H‐Orn‐Orn‐Trp‐Trp‐NH2 conjugated with saturated fatty acids which have inherent antimicrobial activity. The microbiological activity of these ultrashort cationic lipopeptides, which exhibit excellent, broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity against a number of clinically important pathogenic bacteria and fungi, including multidrug resistant micro‐organisms in both planktonic and sessile (biofilm) cultures is reported.
Targeting the Dimerization of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptors with Small‐Molecule Inhibitors
Authors: Yang Robert Y. C. , Yang Katherine S. , Pike Linda J. , Marshall Garland R.
Published: May 2010

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor is a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in the control of cell proliferation, and its overexpression is strongly associated with a variety of aggressive cancers. For example, 70–80% of metaplastic (cancer cells of mixed type) breast carcinomas overexpress EGF receptors. In addition, the EGF receptor is a highly significant contributor to common brain tumors (glioblastoma multiforme), both in initiation and progression (Huang P.H., Xu A.M., White F.M. (2009) Oncogenic EGFR signaling networks in glioma. Sci Signal;2:re6.). Brain metastases, an unmet medical need, are also common in metastatic cancer associated with overexpression of EGF receptors. Formation of EGF receptor homodimers is essential for kinase activation and was the basis for exploring direct inhibition of EGF receptor activation by blocking dimerization with small molecules. While inhibitors of protein/protein interactions are often considered difficult therapeutic targets, NSC56452, initially identified by virtual screening, was shown experimentally to inhibit EGF receptor kinase activation in a dose‐dependent manner. This compound blocked EGF‐stimulated dimer formation as measured by chemical cross‐linking and luciferase fragment complementation. The compound was further shown to inhibit the growth of HeLa cells. This first‐generation lead compound represents the first drug‐like, small‐molecule inhibitor of EGF receptor activation that is not directed against the intracellular kinase domain.
Whole life cost performance of domestic rainwater harvesting systems in the United Kingdom
Authors: Roebuck R. M. , Oltean‐Dumbrava C. , Tait S.
Published: May 2010

Rainwater harvesting (RWH) can be used to reduce the demand for potable mains water. At the single‐building scale, previous research has focused on water‐saving potential, while financial assessment has either been omitted or considered in an ad hoc manner. This paper reports on the application of a more rigorous financial analysis of domestic RWH systems than had been conducted previously. Whole life costing was selected as the most appropriate financial assessment technique. A total of 3840 domestic system configurations were assessed at a daily time step, taking into account various stakeholder perspectives and future cost scenarios. In each case, it was found that harvesting rainwater was significantly less cost effective than relying solely on mains‐only water. The domestic RWH systems generally resulted in financial losses approximately equal to their capital costs. Without significant financial support, domestic RWH is unlikely to be cost effective for all reasonably foreseeable scenarios.
A Survey of Contemporary Research on Amazonian Languages
Authors: Everett Caleb
Published: May 2010

Amazonian languages have long confounded linguists. The languages represent a large number of linguistic families, including Tupí, Jê, Carib and Arawak, and the languages exhibit a wide variety of typologically‐remarkable structural characteristics. Since the inception of the European colonization of Amazonia over four hundred years ago, missionary linguists have attempted to document the languages of the region. It is only relatively recently, however, that a large number of linguists at academic institutions have undertaken in‐depth field research in the region. The author examines the current state of Amazonian linguistics. The history of language research in the region is first outlined, though the majority of attention is devoted to surveying significant field research that has been undertaken in the last decade. Some recent studies on morphology, syntax, phonetics, and psycholinguistics are highlighted. The reader’s attention is drawn to trends, related to both the methodology and content of the research. Despite some possible areas for improvement, it is suggested that much of the recent work is of excellent quality, as evidenced by the fact that much of the research in question has drawn attention within linguistics and the cognitive sciences more generally.
Bridging Across Feminist Translation and Sociolinguistics
Authors: Ergun Emek
Published: May 2010

This article explores the ways in which feminist sociolinguistic studies and feminist translation studies can inform and empower each other in terms of theory, practice, and research. While the discussion of the theoretical intersection between the two fields focuses on the feminist critiques of sexist language from the larger perspective of language philosophy, the second part on how the fields intersect with each other on a pragmatic level is more specific and focuses on the critique of the so‐called “generic” masculine nouns and pronouns, illustrated through multiple examples. The third part argues that both fields would benefit from a research‐based cooperation and discusses on what kinds of topics such a co‐supportive relationship can be built. By presenting an overview of the theoretical, practical, and empirical interconnections between the two fields, the essay aims not only to expand related scholars' interdisciplinary understandings of gender dynamics with regard to language and translation, but also to provide them with a springboard to initiate cross‐disciplinary dialogues.
Geographies of Touch/Touched by Geography
Authors: Dixon Deborah P. , Straughan Elizabeth R.
Published: May 2010

Considerable attention within geography has been paid to the physiologies, knowledges and practices that give substance and import to the senses – sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch – and the manner in which these work alone, or in concert, to facilitate particular forms of relations between and amongst people, other life forms and objects. This article takes stock of the manner in which touch has entered into these debates and in particular of recent efforts to place touch, touching and being touched within non‐essentialist, human geographic analyses. In doing so it draws attention, first, to studies that have used ‘non’ or ‘more than’ representational theory to emphasise the role of pathic, or precognitive, experiences of place in the production of proximal forms of knowledge and second, to work that explores the inter‐play between the ‘interior’ psychologies of intimacy and indifference, acceptance and alienation (i.e. feelings of being in/losing/being out of touch) and the ‘exterior,’ corporeal work of texture and friction, push and feel. We conclude by calling for more critical attention to the work of touch in constructing scaled geographies and the recognition of legal and jurisdictional geographies in determining where, when and how touching takes place, the designation of touching as ‘good’ or ‘bad’ and the imposition of penalties in response to touch.
Alfred Russel Wallace, Geographer
Authors: Smith Charles H.
Published: May 2010

Among the great explorers and thinkers who advanced geography in the nineteenth century and helped it evolve into the subject that exists today is a man who is not always connected with the field, Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913). Most commonly recognized as ‘the other man’ in the history of the discovery of the principle of natural selection, Wallace’s commitment to the study of landscape and its physical, biological, and human elements was lifelong, and resulted in a wide range of contributions to biogeography, physical geography, human geography, and ethnography. In this year of the double anniversaries of Charles Darwin’s birth and the publication ofOn the Origin of Species, a short review of Wallace’s contributions is offered in an effort to characterize Wallace as ‘a geographer who happened to be interested in evolution’.
Giant Subependymoma Developed in a Patient with Aniridia: Analyses of PAX6 and Tumor‐relevant Genes
Authors: Maekawa Motoko , Fujisawa Hironori , Iwayama Yoshimi , Tamase Akira , Toyota Tomoko , Osumi Noriko , Yoshikawa Takeo
Published: May 2010

We observed an unusually large subependymoma in a female patient with congenital aniridia. To analyze the genetic mechanisms of tumorigenesis, we first examined the paired box 6 (PAX6) gene using both tumor tissue and peripheral lymphocytes. Tumor suppressor activity has been proposed for PAX6 in gliomas, in addition to its well‐known role in the eye development. Using genomic quantitative PCR and loss of heterozygosity analysis, we identified hemizygous deletions in the 5′‐region of PAX6. In lymphocytes, the deletion within PAX6 spanned from between exons 6 and 7 to the 5′‐upstream region of the gene, but did not reach the upstream gene, RNC1, which is reported to be associated with tumors. The subependymoma had an additional de novo deletion spanning from the intron 4 to intron 6 of PAX6, although we could not completely determine whether these two deletions are on the same chromosome or not. We also examined other potentially relevant tumor suppressor genes: PTEN, TP53 and SOX2. However, we detected no exonic mutations or deletions in these genes. Collectively, we speculate that the defect in PAX6 may have contributed to the extremely large size of the subependymoma, due to a loss of tumor suppressor activity in glial cell lineage.
A Hybrid Model of Moral Panics: Synthesizing the Theory and Practice of Moral Panic Research
Authors: Klocke Brian V. , Muschert Glenn W.
Published: May 2010

We seek to address criticisms of the concept of moral panics (MPs) by offering a hybrid model of MPs that synthesizes theory and practice of MPs research. A review of the literature on MPs from sociology, media studies and related fields shows a wide variety of usage and lack of conceptual clarity of the term ‘moral panic’. Yet there are few articles explaining how to analyze MPs. We present a theoretical clarification of MPs by addressing elements of scope, intensity and reception, to create distinction from other related theoretical concepts. To develop a working method for researching MPs, one must have an understanding of social conditions that give rise to, sustain and result in the success or failure of MPs, as well as possible lasting effects. We synthesize Cohen’s process‐oriented model of MPs and Goode & Ben‐Yehuda’s attribution‐oriented model of MPs, creating a critical hybrid model of MPs that integrates processes and attributes. We then utilize the hybrid model to offer practical suggestions for researching and analyzing the conditions, processes and effects of MPs, in the hopes of encouraging a more rigorous research agenda for scholars of MPs.
Cross‐species amplification of bovid microsatellites in central African duikers (genusCephalophus) and other sympatric artiodactyls
Authors: NTIE STEPHAN , SOTO‐CALDERÓN IVÁN D. , EATON MITCHELL J. , ANTHONY NICOLA M.
Published: May 2010

The present study set out to evaluate cross‐species amplification of 34 bovid microsatellites in six central African duikers:Cephalophus callipygus,C. monticola,C. silvicultor,C. nigrifrons,C. dorsalisandC. leucogaster. Of these loci, 16 amplified across all species and appeared polymorphic when initially tested in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twelve of these loci were subsequently assembled into three multiplex panels of four loci each. These multiplexes successfully amplified across all six duiker species in the present study and the sympatric artiodactylsTragelaphus spekeiandHyemoschus aquaticus. The only exception was the locus BM848 that did not amplify fromC. leucogaster. For species with sufficient sample sizes (C. callipygusandC. monticola), the number of alleles ranged from three to ten and four to fifteen, respectively. Three loci deviated from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium inC. callipygusand five inC. monticola. We attribute the latter result to possibilities of local population substructuring or to an excess of homozygotes because of null alleles. These multiplex assemblies will greatly facilitate studies of individual identification, parentage analysis, population size estimation and fine‐scale analyses of population genetic structure in central African artiodactyls.
Thoracoscopic resection for intrathoracic neurogenic tumors
Authors: Odaka M , Akiba T , Nakada T , Asano H , Yabe M , Kamiya N , Hirano J , Morikawa T
Published: May 2010

Introduction: The thoracoscopic approach is becoming the standard for intrathoracic neurogenic tumors, though certain technical issues still need to be resolved. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of thoracoscopic surgery for intrathoracic neurogenic tumors.

Methods: We evaluated short‐term outcomes of 14 consecutive patients who underwent resection of intrathoracic neurogenic tumors between July 2005 and June 2009. Among them, three patients had tumors located at the thoracic apex, and one had a tumor with an intraspinal extension (dumbbell‐type tumor).

Results: A complete thoracoscopic resection was achieved in all patients with no postoperative mortality. The dumbbell‐type tumor was resected with a combined neurosurgical–thoracoscopic approach. The postoperative course was uneventful in all patients.

Conclusion: Our thoracoscopic approach was able to obtain satisfactory visualization of the field and enabled safe surgery for intrathoracic neurogenic tumors. This approach is minimally invasive and is indicated even for tumors located at the thoracic apex or those with intraspinal extensions.
Particles in the nebular midplane: Collective effects and relative velocities
Authors: WEIDENSCHILLING Stuart J.
Published: May 2010

Abstract– In the absence of global turbulence, solid particles in the solar nebula tend to settle toward the midplane, forming a layer with enhanced solids/gas ratio. Shear relative to the surrounding pressure‐supported gas generates turbulence within the layer, inhibiting further settling and preventing gravitational instability. Turbulence and size‐dependent drift velocities cause collisions between particles. Relative velocities between small grains and meter‐sized bodies are typically about 50 m s−1 for isolated particles; however, in a dense particle layer, collective effects alter the motion of the gas near the midplane. Here, we develop a numerical model for the coupled motions of gas and particles of arbitrary size, based on the assumption that turbulent viscosity transfers momentum on the scale of the Ekman length. The vertical distribution of particles is determined by a balance between settling and turbulent diffusion. Self‐consistent distributions of density, turbulent velocities, and radial fluxes of gas and particles of different sizes are determined. Collective effects generate turbulence that increases relative velocities between small particles, but reduce velocities between small grains and bodies of decimeter size or larger by bringing the layer’s motion closer to Keplerian. This effect may alleviate the “meter‐size barrier” to collisional growth of planetesimals.
Cardiomyocytes with disrupted CFTR function require CaMKII and Ca2+‐activated Cl− channel activity to maintain contraction rate
Authors: Sellers Zachary M. , De Arcangelis Vania , Xiang Yang , Best Philip M.
Published: May 2010

The physiological role of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) in cardiomyocytes remains unclear. Using spontaneously beating neonatal ventricular cardiomyocytes from wild‐type (WT) or CFTR knockout (KO) mice, we examined the role of CFTR in the modulation of cardiomyocyte contraction rate. Contraction rates of spontaneously beating myocytes were captured by video imaging. Real‐time changes in intracellular ([Ca2+]i) and protein kinase A (PKA) activity were measured by fura‐2 and fluorescence resonance energy transfer, respectively. Acute inhibition of CFTR in WT cardiomyocytes using the CFTR inhibitor CFTRinh‐172 transiently inhibited the contraction rate. By contrast, cardiomyocytes from CFTR KO mice displayed normal contraction rates. Further investigation revealed that acute inhibition of CFTR activity in WT cardiomyoctyes activated L‐type Ca2+ channels, leading to a transient increase of [Ca2+]i and inhibition of PKA activity. Additionally, we found that contraction rate normalization following acute CFTR inhibition in WT cardiomyocytes or chronic deletion in cardiomyocytes from CFTR KO mice requires the activation of Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent kinase II (CaMKII) and Ca2+‐activated Cl− channels (CaCC) because simultaneous addition of myristoylated‐autocamtide‐2‐related inhibitory peptide or niflumic acid and CFTRinh‐172 to WT cardiomyocytes or treatment of cardiomyoctes from CFTR KO mice with these agents caused sustained attenuation of contraction rates. Our results demonstrate that regulation of cardiomyocyte contraction involves CFTR. They also reveal that activation of CaMKII and CaCC compensates for loss of CFTR function. Increased dependence on CaMKII upon loss of CFTR function might leave cystic fibrosis patients at increased risk of heart dysfunction and disease.
Endogenous endothelin stimulates cardiac sympathetic afferents during ischaemia
Authors: Fu Liang‐Wu , Guo Zhi‐Ling , Longhurst John C.
Published: May 2010

Myocardial ischaemia activates cardiac sympathetic afferents leading to chest pain and reflex cardiovascular responses. Previous studies have shown that a brief period of myocardial ischaemia increases endothelin in cardiac venous plasma draining ischaemic myocardium and that exogenous endothelin excites cutaneous group III and IV sensory nerve fibres. The present study tested the hypothesis that endogenous endothelin stimulates cardiac afferents during ischaemia through direct activation of endothelin A receptors (ETARs). Nerve activity of single unit cardiac sympathetic afferents was recorded from the left sympathetic chain or rami communicates (T2–T5) in anaesthetized cats. Single fields of 38 afferents (CV = 0.25–3.86 m s−1) were identified in the left or right ventricle with a stimulating electrode. Five minutes of myocardial ischaemia stimulated all 38 cardiac afferents (8 Aδ, 30 C‐fibres) and the responses of these 38 afferents to chemical stimuli were further studied in the following protocols. In the first protocol, injection of endothelin 1 (ET‐1, 1, 2 and 4 μg) into the left atrium (LA) stimulated seven ischaemically sensitive cardiac afferents in a dose‐dependent manner. Second, BQ‐123, a selective ETAR antagonist, abolished the responses of nine afferents to 2 μg of ET‐1 injected into the left atrium and attenuated the ischaemia‐related increase in activity of eight other afferents by 51%. In contrast, blockade of ETBreceptors caused inconsistent responses to exogenous ET‐1 as well as to ischaemia. Furthermore, in the absence of ETAR blockade, cardiac afferents responded consistently to repeated administration of ET‐1 (n= 7) and to recurrent myocardial ischaemia (n= 7). Finally, using an immunocytochemical staining approach, we observed that ETAreceptors were expressed in cardiac sensory neurons in thoracic dorsal root ganglia. Taken together, these data indicate that endogenous endothelin contributes to activation of cardiac afferents during myocardial ischaemia through direct stimulation of ETAreceptors likely to be located in the cardiac sensory nervous system.
Hysteretic Restoring Force Characteristics of High Damping Rubber Bearings Under High Compressive Stress
Authors: Kasahara Yasuhiro , Suzuki Shigenobu , Kikuchi Takashi
Published: May 2010

Hysteretic restoring force characteristics — shear stiffness, equivalent damping ratio, and ultimate properties — of seismic isolation bearings are significantly affected by compressive stress. In this study, dependence of shear properties of high-damping rubber bearings (HDR) on the compressive stress σ and secondary shape factor S2 was studied by dynamic loading test with scaled-model and static loading test with full-scale isolators. The results highlighted the high compressive stress dependency on restoring force characteristics of HDR with the isolator of relatively small S2. It is concluded that large S2 is desired when isolators are designed for high compressive stress. The applicability of HDR under high compressive stress was experimentally verified.
Development of Three-Dimensional Seismic Isolation Technology for Next Generation Nuclear Power Plant in Japan
Authors: Inoue K. , Morishita M. , Fujita T.
Published: May 2010

Mitigation of earthquake loads by seismic isolation technology is very promising for enhanced safety and economy of the next generation nuclear reactors, through rationalized and simplified design of structures, systems and components. The horizontal base isolation with laminated rubber bearings is a proven technology and its application has been widely spread including nuclear facilities. On the other hand, significantly increased benefit of mitigated seismic loads is expected with three-dimensional (abbreviated 3D) seismic isolation, since the earthquake loads are inherently three-dimensional and the vertical component of the earthquake load sometimes plays an important role in the structural design of reactor components. From these points of view, a research project has been undertaken for the development of 3D seismic isolation technology, under the sponsorship of the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of the Japanese government. It was presented in a former conference that two types of 3D seismic isolation systems were applicable to the next generation nuclear power plants. One is 3D base isolation of a whole nuclear island, and the other is a vertical isolation system for main components with horizontal base isolation system. Among a number of proposed concepts, three were promising ideas for the 3D base isolation system (or device), i.e., “hydraulic 3D base isolation system”, “independent cable reinforced rolling-seal air spring”, and “rolling seal type air spring”. Then the last idea, i.e., “rolling seal type air spring”, was selected from above three ideas for further development. In this paper, current status of this R&D project are firstly shown. Next, the performance requirements for 3D isolation system and devices are shown. Then the developing targets for 3D isolation technology are shown. Furthermore, future plan of the project is provided.
Structural Assessment System for Damage and Degradation: Two-Stage Damage Identification Based on Neural Networks and Improved MDLAC Method
Authors: Tsuchimoto Koji , Wada Naoaki , Kitagawa Yoshikazu
Published: May 2010

A “smart” structure has many functions, including monitoring, repairing, shape formation, and learning. Recently, interest in applying a monitoring system to structures for quality assurance and for evaluating seismic risk has been strong. Monitoring system is useful to diagnose the structural condition, and detect structural damage and degradation. In this study, we developed a monitoring system to assess the structural integrity. This system includes a diagnostic system for structural damage and degradation based on neural networks and improved MDLAC method, say, to detect the damage sites globally by applying neural networks and then to narrow the damage sites by using improved MDLAC method. To validate this system, we then use the 5-story structure in which the beams are fixed at both ends in order to confirm the performance of our proposal damage detection methods. As a result, it is pointed out that there are some possibilities to confirm the diagnostic system by utilizing these two methods.
Failure Behavior of Elbows With Local Wall Thinning Under Cyclic Load
Authors: Nakamura Izumi , Otani Akihito , Shiratori Masaki
Published: May 2010

Pressurized piping systems used in nuclear power plants are supposed to be degraded by the effects of aging. Local wall thinning is one of the defects considered to be caused in piping systems due to the effects of aging, but the failure behavior of thinned wall pipes under seismic load is still not clear. Therefore an experimental and analytical study to clarify the failure behavior of thinned wall pipes is being conducted. In this paper, the experimental results of locally thinned wall elbows under cyclic bending load are described. Displacement-controlled cyclic bending tests were conducted on elbows with local wall thinning. The test models were pressurized to 10MPa with room temperature water and were subjected to in-plane or/and out-of-plane cyclic bending load until their failures. From the tests, the failure modes of the thinned wall elbows were found to be fatigue failure at the flank of the elbow, or fatigue and buckling failure accompanied with ratchet deformation. It was also found that the life of the thinned wall elbow subjected to out-of-plane bending were extremely lower than that of the elbow without wall thinning. The failure modes and fatigue lives of elbows seemed to be affected by a ratchet phenomenon.
Reduction of Residual Stress of Welded Joint Using Random Vibration
Authors: Aoki Shigeru , Nishimura Tadashi , Hiroi Tetsumaro
Published: May 2010

Welding is widely used for construction of many structures. It is well known that residual stress is generated near the bead because of locally given heat. Tensile residual stress on the surface degrades fatigue strength. Some reduction methods such as heat treatment and shot peening are practically used. Authors have proposed a new method for reduction of residual stress using vibrational load during welding. In this paper, random vibration is used as vaibrational load considering noise added to input signal. White noise is used as random vibration. Two thin plates are butt welded and residual stresses near the bead are measured. It is found that tensile residual stresses near the bead are reduced when random vibration is used as vibrational load during welding. The proposed method is examined by simulation method using analytical model of the specimen. From the simulation method, it is demonstrated that tensile residual stresses near the bead are reduced when random vibration is used as vibrational load.
Institutional Review Boards, Professionalism, and the Internet
Authors: Martensen Robert
Published: May 2010

Researchers and review boards must work to improve clinical protocol
design and approval procedures and maintain the integrity of the study
participant recruitment process in clinical trials.
Smokers—
Keap
Quitting!
Authors: Ahmad Shama
Published: May 2010

Sustained activation of a transcription factor that promotes an antioxidant response reduces cigarette smoke–induced oxidative stress in lungs.
Resolvins Balm Your Pain in Flesh and Brain
Authors: Buettner Christoph
Published: May 2010

The lipid mediators resolvins alleviate pain through both central and peripheral pathways.
An overview of the Canadian Cordilleran lithospheric mantleThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Lithoprobe — parameters, processes, and the evolution of a continent.
Authors: Francis Don , Minarik William , Proenza Yuliana , Shi Lang
Published: May 2010

Recent alkaline basalts have brought xenoliths of the underlying lithospheric mantle to the surface at more than 20 localities along the strike length of the Canadian Cordillera. The populations of 13 of these xenolith suites display a common mode at 39–40 wt.% MgO and 3.0–3.5.0 wt.% Al2O3, corresponding to a relatively fertile lherzolite whose composition could reflect 8%–10% melting of primitive mantle. The present oxidation state of the Cordillera lithospheric mantle obtained from olivine–spinel equilibria is ∼1 log unit below the fayalite–magnetite–quartz (FMQ) buffer, which is essentially the same as the oxidation state at the time of the melting event that stabilized the Cordilleran lithospheric mantle in the mid-Proterozoic, as constrained by the relative variation of Sc and V. Two xenolith suites near the Yukon – British Columbia border exhibit a second stronger mode, corresponding to relatively refractory spinel harzburgite with significantly higher Mg contents (45–46 wt.% MgO) and lower Al contents (0.5–1.0 wt.% Al2O3). These bi-modal mantle xenolith suites overlie a teleseismic S-wave slowness anomaly in the underlying asthenospheric mantle, and the harzburgites appear to have been produced by a more recent, localized partial melting (∼15%) of the lherzolite lithosphere. The temperatures estimated from clinopyroxene–orthopyroxene equilibria indicate that the lithospheric mantle beneath the Canadian Cordillera is significantly hotter than that beneath the adjacent Archean of the North American craton, with temperatures at the Moho on the order of 800 °C, a minimum geothermal gradient of ∼10 °C/km, and a thickness of <∼65 km.
How the crust meets the mantle: Lithoprobe perspectives on the Mohorovičić discontinuity and crust–mantle transitionThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Lithoprobe — parameters, processes, and the evolution of a continent.
Authors: Cook Frederick A. , White Donald J. , Jones Alan G. , Eaton David W.S. , Hall Jeremy , Clowes Ronald M.
Published: May 2010

Application of regional geophysical and geological methods throughout two decades of Canada’s Lithoprobe project provides new opportunities to analyze the Mohorovičić discontinuity (Moho) and crust–mantle transition. The transect format employed during Lithoprobe, in which 10 specified regions of Canada were targeted for approximately a decade each, between 1984 and 2003, permitted teams of scientists to focus on geological, geophysical, and tectonic issues for each transect. As a primary objective was to enhance knowledge of the structure of the crust and lithosphere, an obvious target in each transect was the nature and origin of the Moho and crust–mantle transition. Accordingly, the combined results provide new perspectives on the Moho and the relationship of the Moho to the crust–mantle transition. Perhaps the most important result is that the continental geophysical Moho is a deceptively simple feature; it has a variety of signatures at different scales that preclude a single, universally applicable interpretation. In methods that provide large-scale information, such as regional seismic studies, it is a relatively abrupt refraction velocity contrast that often displays a dramatic downward decrease in seismic reflectivity. However, its origin in a geological or tectonic sense is perhaps best determined by careful analyses of structural details near the geophysical Moho, which are complex and varied. In some areas within Canada, it appears that the geophysical Moho may be old and perhaps remains from the time the crust formed; in other areas, it appears to be a relatively young feature that was superimposed onto older crustal fabrics.
Models of large, hot orogens containing a collage of reworked and accreted terranesThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the themeLithoprobe — parameters, processes, and the evolution of a continent.
Authors: Beaumont Christopher , Jamieson Rebecca , Nguyen Mai
Published: May 2010

We describe a classification scheme for orogens using Temperature–Magnitude (T–M) diagrams and use this framework for modelling large, hot orogens that evolve in continents comprising cratonic nuclei bordered by a series of juvenile accreted, reworked, and metamorphosed terranes. Modelling the complete evolution of an orogen is difficult, particularly large orogens with multiple orogenic phases. Early phases during which a continent is assembled produce a tectonic and metamorphic fabric that needs to be taken into account when modelling the main collisional orogeny. This inherited fabric is represented in a simple way in models described here by a series of lower crustal blocks that are arranged to be systematically stronger toward the cratonic continental interiors. We investigate how this fabric influences the development of the model orogen during the main collisional phase using upper-mantle-scale (UMS) and crustal-scale (CS) finite element models. The models exhibit a diachronous three-phase evolution: crustal thickening, thermal incubation, and lower crustal indentation. The UMS and CS models are shown to give comparable results in regard to crustal deformation. The UMS models exhibit additional features including single- and double-slab breakoffs and corresponding episodes of uplift and gravitational spreading within the orogenic crust. Protracted postconvergent gravitational spreading of the hot, decoupled crust is also demonstrated. Lastly, we demonstrate the application of this type of model to natural orogens, the Grenville orogen in western Ontario and the southern Canadian Cordillera, and in terms of the T–M diagram.
ATOMISTIC STUDY OF THE MELTING BEHAVIOR OF Ni3Al ALLOYS: FROM NANOWIRES TO BULK
Authors: CHENG DENGMU , LI ZHIJIE , YU HUAJUN , WANG CHUNDONG , WANG ZHIGUO
Published: May 2010

The melting behavior of Ni 3 Al alloys in one, two and three dimensions were studied by adopting molecular dynamics simulations with many-body interatomic potentials. The results of simulation show that melting temperatures of the Ni 3 Al nanowires and nanofilms rise with the increase of the size of nanostructures to a saturation value, and finally reach a proximate melting temperature of bulk Ni 3 Al . The results also reveal that the nanowires and nanofilms begin to melt at the surface, and then it rapidly extends to the interior of the nanostructures as the temperature increase. The large surface-to-volume ratio of the nanowires and nanofilms may account for the decreased melting temperature observed in the present simulations.
BIAS-TUNABLE ELECTRON-SPIN POLARIZATION IN HYBRID FERROMAGNETIC-SCHOTTKY-STRIPE AND SEMICONDUCTOR NANOSTRUCTURE
Authors: CHEN SAI-YAN , LU MAO-WANG , TANG YI , ZHANG GUI-LIAN
Published: May 2010

Recently, an electron-spin filter was proposed by depositing a nanosized ferromagnetic metal stripe and a Schottky normal metal stripe on the top of the semiconductor heterostructure [F. Zhai, H. Q. Xu and Y. Guo, Phys. Rev. B70 (2004) 085308]. This device has a considerable electron-spin polarization and potential application in spintronics. Here we apply a bias to this device and theoretically demonstrate how to manipulate its electron-spin polarization. By numerical simulations, we found that not only the amplitude of the electron-spin polarization but also its sign varies with the bias, giving rise to a bias-tunable spin filter device.
NEGATIVE REFRACTION IN A ONE-DIMENSIONAL BIAXIALLY ANISOTROPIC CHIRAL PHOTONIC CRYSTAL
Authors: YOU YUAN
Published: May 2010

In the transfer matrix framework of electromagnetic transport, we calculate the group velocities in a one-dimensional photonic crystal composed of a biaxially anisotropic chiral material and dielectric material. According to the isofrequency curves, it is unravelled that two polarized waves possess negative group velocities. As a result, negative refraction can be achieved in the present configuration. In addition, the chirality has a significant influence on the group velocities in the biaxially anisotropic chiral photonic crystal, which even causes the group velocities to change from positive to negative. Our investigations may have potential applications in the chiral-based negative refraction devices.
QUANTUM FLUCTUATIONS OF A DISSIPATIVE MESOSCOPIC CAPACITANCE–RESISTANCE–INDUCTANCE COUPLED CIRCUIT
Authors: ZHANG YUQIANG , CAI SHAOHONG , HAN YUEWU
Published: May 2010

Starting from Kirchhoff's equation for each mesoscopic coupled circuit, we investigated the quantum fluctuations of a dissipative mesoscopic capacitance–resistance–inductance coupled circuit using canonical transformation and unitary transformation. It is shown that the quantum fluctuations of charges and currents are not only related to the parameters of components in the self-circuit and coupled part, but also influenced by the parameters of other circuit. The uncertainty relations of the charges and currents are analyzed briefly.
BRET TILSON: HIS LIFE AND WORK
Authors: RHODES JOHN
Published: May 2010

I discuss Bret Tilson's life, both personal and mathematical, and his impact on semigroup theory.
WHAT ARE MODULES? AN OVERVIEW OF BRET TILSON'S PAPER "MODULES" FROM A GEOMETRIC VIEWPOINT
Authors: STEINBERG BENJAMIN
Published: May 2010

This is an introduction to Bret Tilson's paper "Modules".