bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linear and nonlinear microwave responses of a microwave photonic filter based on a photonic crystal microcavity
Authors: Long Yun , Zhang Yong , Zhang Xinliang , Xia Jinsong , Dong Jianji , Wang Jian
Published: June 2017

We propose and demonstrate an ultracompact bandpass microwave photonic filter (MPF) based on a silicon photonic crystal (PhC) microcavity. Taking the fabricated PhC microcavity as an example, we comprehensively investigate both the linear and nonlinear microwave responses of the MPF based on silicon waveguide devices. Two cases are discussed in the experiment, i.e., the optical carrier wavelength is located on the left or right side of the notch resonant wavelength of the PhC microcavity. The experimental results agree well with the theoretical analyses. For the former case, the central frequency of MPF increases monotonically when fixing the optical carrier wavelength and increasing the optical carrier power. For the latter case, the nonlinear response at a fixed optical carrier wavelength shows a decrease first and then an increase in the central frequency of MPF when increasing the optical carrier power. A jump of the response is observed in the switching process. Moreover, we also observe an interesting bistable microwave response in the experiment under an optical carrier power of around −2.6 dBm in the latter case.
Ultra-high terahertz index in deep subwavelength coupled bi-layer free-standing flexible metamaterials
Authors: Singh Leena , Singh Ranjan , Zhang Weili
Published: June 2017

We report extensive enhancement in the refractive index of artificially designed metamaterials by exploiting the deep subwavelength coupling in a free-standing, thin-film metal-dielectric-metal checkboard structure. A record high refractive index of 77.02 + 43.22i is obtained at terahertz frequencies. The detailed investigations reveal that the enhancement of the effective refractive index of the structure via deep subwavelength coupling in a bilayer design is governed by a power law, which is an effective and simpler approach to design high index metamaterials. The approach relies on deep subwavelength coupling to obtain extremely high refractive index values that can lead to many practical applications in the field of imaging, lithography, design of delay lines, and interferometers.
Temperature dependence of spin-orbit effective fields in Pt/GdFeCo bilayers
Authors: Seung Ham Woo , Kim Sanghoon , Kim Duck-Ho , Kim Kab-Jin , Okuno Takaya , Yoshikawa Hiroki , Tsukamoto Arata , Moriyama Takahiro , Ono Teruo
Published: June 2017

Harmonic Hall measurements were performed in Pt/GdFeCo bilayers to quantify the effective field resulting from the spin-orbit torque at various temperatures, both above and below the magnetization compensation temperature (TM). We found that the damping-like torque rapidly increased near the TM of the GdFeCo, which was attributed to a reduction in the net magnetic moment. Moreover, most importantly, the resulting spin Hall efficiency turned out to be constant across the temperature range.
Multi-octave spanning nonlinear interactions induced by femtosecond filamentation in polycrystalline ZnSe
Authors: Šuminas R. , Tamošauskas G. , Valiulis G. , Jukna V. , Couairon A. , Dubietis A.
Published: June 2017

We report on filamentation and supercontinuum generation in polycrystalline ZnSe by intense femtosecond laser pulses whose center wavelength is tunable in the 1.5–2.4 μm range. By varying the input pulse energy, single and multiple filamentation regimes were accessed, as verified by the measurements of near field intensity distributions. Along with supercontinuum generation, efficient simultaneous generation of broadband second, third, and fourth harmonics is observed. We uncover that extremely efficient harmonics generation stems from randomly quasi phase matched three wave mixing processes, which are facilitated by filamentation of the input beam, as verified by the spectral and energy conversion dynamics, and by polarization measurements.
Highly ultraviolet transparent textured indium tin oxide thin films and the application in light emitting diodes
Authors: Chen Zimin , Zhuo Yi , Tu Wenbin , Ma Xuejin , Pei Yanli , Wang Chengxin , Wang Gang
Published: June 2017

Various kinds of materials have been developed as transparent conductors for applications in semiconductor optoelectronic devices. However, there is a bottleneck that transparent conductive materials lose their transparency at ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths and could not meet the demands for commercial UV device applications. In this work, textured indium tin oxide (ITO) is grown and its potential to be used at UV wavelengths is explored. It is observed that the pronounced Burstein-Moss effect could widen the optical bandgap of the textured ITO to 4.7 eV. The average transmittance in UVA (315 nm–400 nm) and UVB (280 nm–315 nm) ranges is as high as 94% and 74%, respectively. The excellent optical property of textured ITO is attributed to its unique structural property. The compatibility of textured ITO thin films to the device fabrication is demonstrated on 368-nm nitride-based light emitting diodes, and the enhancement of light output power by 14.8% is observed compared to sputtered ITO.
Electrical and optical properties of a bolometer with a suspended absorber and tunneling-current thermometers
Authors: Tarasov M. , Edelman V. , Mahashabde S. , Fominsky M. , Lemzyakov S. , Chekushkin A. , Yusupov R. , Winkler D. , Yurgens A.
Published: June 2017

We have developed a bolometer with a suspended normal-metal absorber connected to superconducting leads via tunneling barriers. Such an absorber has reduced heat losses to the substrate, which greatly increases the responsivity of the bolometer to over 109 V/W at 75 mK when measured by dc Joule heating of the absorber. For high-frequency experiments, the bolometers have been integrated in planar twin-slot and log-periodic antennas. At 300 GHz and 100 mK, the bolometer demonstrates the voltage and current response of 3 × 108 V/W and 1.1 × 104 A/W, respectively, corresponding to the quantum efficiency of ∼15 electrons per photon. An effective thermalization of electrons in the absorber favors the high quantum efficiency. We also report on how the in-plane- and transverse magnetic fields influence the device characteristics.
Mn doping to enhance energy storage performance of lead-free 0.7NBT-0.3ST thin films with weak oxygen vacancies
Authors: Zhang Yulei , Li Weili , Cao Wenping , Feng Yu , Qiao Yulong , Zhang Tiandong , Fei Weidong
Published: June 2017

In this study, we present an effective strategy to enhance energy-storage density by the Mn2+ substitution of Ti4+ into 0.7(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3-0.3SrTiO3 (0.7NBT-0.3ST) relaxor ferroelectric thin films. The influence of Mn doping on the microstructures, ferroelectric properties, and energy-storage performances of the as-prepared films was investigated in detail. The results show that the values of electric break-down field strength and the difference values between maximum polarization and remnant polarization of the thin films are markedly improved by appropriate Mn doping. Owing to the high break-down field strength of 1894 kV/cm and the huge difference value between the maximum polarization and the remnant polarization of 56 μC/cm2, a giant recoverable energy-storage density of 27 J/cm3 was obtained for the 1 mol. % Mn-doped 0.7NBT-0.3ST thin film. These results indicate that the appropriately Mn-doped 0.7NBT-0.3ST thin films are promising for the application of advanced capacitors with high-energy storage density.
Origin of positive fixed charge at insulator/AlGaN interfaces and its control by AlGaN composition
Authors: Matys M. , Stoklas R. , Blaho M. , Adamowicz B.
Published: June 2017

The key feature for the precise tuning of Vth in GaN-based metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) high electron mobility transistors is the control of the positive fixed charge (Qf) at the insulator/III-N interfaces, whose amount is often comparable to the negative surface polarization charge (Qpol−). In order to clarify the origin of Qf, we carried out a comprehensive capacitance-voltage (C-V) characterization of SiO2/AlxGa1–xN/GaN and SiN/AlxGa1–xN/GaN structures with Al composition (x) varying from 0.15 to 0.4. For both types of structures, we observed a significant Vth shift in C-V curves towards the positive gate voltage with increasing x. On the contrary, the Schottky gate structures exhibited Vth shift towards the more negative biases. From the numerical simulations of C-V curves using the Poisson's equation supported by the analytical calculations of Vth, we showed that the Vth shift in the examined MIS structures is due to a significant decrease in the positive Qf with rising x. Finally, we examined this result with respect to various hypotheses developed in the literature to explain the origin of the positive Qf at insulator/III-N interfaces.
Nanoscale interfacial heat transport of ultrathin epitaxial hetero films: Few monolayer Pb(111) on Si(111)
Authors: Witte T. , Frigge T. , Hafke B. , Krenzer B. , Horn-von Hoegen M.
Published: June 2017

We studied the phononic heat transport from ultrathin epitaxial Pb(111) films across the heterointerface into a Si(111) substrate by means of ultrafast electron diffraction. The thickness of the Pb films was varied from 15 to 4 monolayers. It was found that the thermal boundary conductance σTBC of the heterointerface is independent of the film thickness. We have no evidence for finite size effects: the continuum description of heat transport is still valid, even for the thinnest films of only 4 monolayer thickness.
Irruption and collapse of a population of pale field-rat (Rattus tunneyi) at Heirisson Prong, Shark Bay, Western Australia
Authors: Short Jeff , O'Neill Sally , Richards Jacqueline D.
Published: June 2017

Pale field-rats have long disappeared from Australia’s arid and semiarid zones, other than for some Pilbara islands and a single mainland population of indeterminate status and extent identified at Shark Bay in 1968. Hence, it was noteworthy when a field-rat was first caught at Heirisson Prong in 1994, 40 km north-east of the previous location at Shark Bay. Further individuals were caught regularly from late 1995. The population peaked in July–October 2000 (with captures of ~190 individuals per month) and had collapsed by July 2001 (with only the occasional animal caught thereafter). None were caught beyond 2006, despite regular trapping to 2013. This irruption and collapse was beyond the established range of the species and was in atypical habitat. Widespread trapping after the collapse suggested that the population inhabited few localised ‘source’ areas and a broad area of ‘sink’ habitat, with the latter occupied only after extraordinarily high rainfall events leading to higher grass cover. A return to dry years and the consequent loss of cover (aided by an abundant rabbit population) and strong growth in predator numbers (feral cats and small birds of prey) in response to the high number of field-rats appears to have facilitated the collapse.
Iconicity is in the eye of the beholder
Authors: Occhino Corrine , Anible Benjamin , Wilkinson Erin , Morford Jill P.
Published: June 2017

A renewed interest in understanding the role of iconicity in the structure and processing of signed languages is hampered by the conflation of iconicity and transparency in the definition and operationalization of iconicity as a variable. We hypothesize that iconicity is fundamentally different than transparency since it arises from individuals’ experience with the world and their language, and is subjectively mediated by the signers’ construal of form and meaning. We test this hypothesis by asking American Sign Language (ASL) signers and German Sign Language (DGS) signers to rate iconicity of ASL and DGS signs. Native signers consistently rate signs in their own language as more iconic than foreign language signs. The results demonstrate that the perception of iconicity is intimately related to language-specific experience. Discovering the full ramifications of iconicity for the structure and processing of signed languages requires operationalizing this construct in a manner that is sensitive to language experience.
On the observational characteristics of lithium-enhanced giant stars in comparison with normal red giants
Authors: Takeda Yoichi , Tajitsu Akito
Published: June 2017

While lithium is generally deficient in the atmosphere of evolved giant stars because of the efficient mixing-induced dilution, a small fraction of red giants show unusually strong Li lines indicative of conspicuous abundance excess. With the aim of shedding light on the origin of these peculiar stars, we carried out a spectroscopic study on the observational characteristics of 20 selected bright giants already known to be Li-rich from past studies, in comparison with the reference sample of a large number of normal late G–early K giants. Special attention was paid to clarifying any difference between the two samples from a comprehensive point of view (i.e., with respect to stellar parameters, rotation, activity, kinematic properties, 6Li/7Li ratio, and the abundances of Li, Be, C, O, Na, S, and Zn). Our sample stars are roughly divided into a “bump/clump group” and a “luminous group” according to their positions on the HR diagram. Regarding the former group [1.5 ≲ log (L/L⊙) ≲ 2 and M ∼ 1.5–3 M⊙], Li-enriched giants and normal giants appear practically similar in almost all respects except for Li, suggesting that surface Li enhancement in this group may be a transient episode which normal giants undergo at certain evolutionary stages in their lifetime. Meanwhile, those Li-rich giants belonging to the latter group [log (L/L⊙) ∼ 3 and M ∼ 3–5 M⊙] appear more anomalous in the sense that they tend to show higher rotation as well as higher activity, and that their elemental abundances (especially those derived from high-excitation lines) are apt to show apparent overabundances, though this might be due to a spurious effect reflecting the difficulty of abundance derivation in stars of higher rotation and activity. Our analysis confirmed considerable Be deficiency as well as absence of 6Li as the general characteristics of Li-rich giants under study, which implies that engulfment of planets is rather unlikely for the origin of Li-enrichment.
Tuberculosis
Authors: Johnson Carol , Moore K. Alexis , Patterson-Johnson Jacqueline
Published: June 2017

Primary care providers must be aggressive in their assessment and screening of tuberculosis (TB) infection, which is still a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. This article highlights the overall management of TB infection including the appropriate screening, diagnosis, and treatment of both latent and active infection.
Psoriasis & psoriatic therapies
Authors: Cantrell Wendy
Published: June 2017

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease primarily affecting the skin. This article discusses the presentation, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of psoriasis as well as a brief consideration of psoriatic arthritis. Psoriasis treatment options include topical agents, phototherapy, conventional systemic therapies, and biologics.
Demographic Characteristics and Prescribing Patterns of Scleral Lens Fitters: The SCOPE Study
Authors: Nau Cherie B. , Harthan Jennifer , Shorter Ellen , Barr Joseph , Nau Amy , Chimato Nicolette T. , Hodge David O. , Schornack Muriel M.
Published: June 2017

Objectives:

This study reports demographic characteristics of scleral lens providers and indications for scleral lens prescription as assessed by a worldwide online survey.

Methods:

The Scleral Lenses in Current Ophthalmic Practice: an Evaluation (SCOPE) study group designed the online survey regarding current scleral lens prescription and management practices. The Mayo Clinic Survey Research Center administered the survey, which was open from January 15 to March 31, 2015. Data from 989 responses were collated by the Survey Research Center and deidentified before analysis. Responses of individuals who had fit at least five patients with scleral lenses were analyzed in detail.

Results:

Most lens fitters were men (61%, n=800). Of survey respondents, 29% were 25 to 34 years; 22%, 35 to 44 years; 22%, 45 to 54 years; and 26%, more than 55 years (n=806). For 29% of all respondents, professional training was completed between 2009 and 2014 (n=804). Most (54%) fit their first patient between 2010 and 2015, with the earliest lens fit reported in 1956 (n=634). Most respondents (63%) worked primarily in private, group, or retail practice (n=811). Scleral lenses were most often prescribed for corneal irregularity (74%), followed by ocular surface disease (16%) and uncomplicated refractive error (10%) (n=673).

Conclusions:

Eye care providers of all ages are fitting scleral lenses. The number of individuals who fit this lens modality has increased during the past decade. Scleral lenses are being fit by providers in a wide range of practice settings. Most scleral lenses are prescribed for corneal irregularity.
The Effects of Latanoprost With Benzalkonium Chloride Versus Travoprost With SofZia on the Ocular Surface
Authors: Rahmatnejad Kamran , Rapuano Christopher J. , Ichhpujani Parul , Wizov Sheryl S. , Moster Marlene R. , Hark Lisa A. , Katz L. Jay
Published: June 2017

Purpose:

To assess ocular surface changes in participants using latanoprost with benzalkonium chloride (Xalatan) and travoprost with SofZia (Travatan Z).

Methods:

In this prospective, open-label, nonrandomized cohort study, participants were classified into two groups: group 1 (n=28) naive to glaucoma therapy, group 2 (n=27) on previous Xalatan monotherapy in both eyes. Both groups started (or continued) Xalatan in the right eye and Travatan Z in the left eye. Baseline, 1-, and 2-month measurements of tear breakup time (TBUT), corneal staining score, conjunctival staining score, conjunctival hyperemia score, tear production, and intraocular pressure were obtained. The Ocular Surface Disease Index questionnaire measured participants' comfort and dryness symptoms. Medication preference was recorded.

Results:

Data were collected from 55 participants. Tear breakup time at baseline and 1-month follow-up in group 1 was significantly longer than that of group 2 (P=0.005). At 2 months, there was no significant difference in TBUT between the two groups (P=0.779). Tear production in group 1 at all three time points was significantly higher than group 2 (P<0.05). Conjunctival staining score at 2 months in group 1 was significantly higher than group 2 (P=0.031). There was no significant difference in other parameters between the groups at any other time point. No significant difference in any parameter was found between Xalatan and Travatan Z (intragroup comparison).

Conclusions:

Significant differences in ocular surface characteristics were detected between groups, but no significant difference was detected between participants treated with Xalatan and Travatan Z.
How to publish a book
Authors: Al-Ubaydli Mohammad , Whitehurst Katharine , Koshy Kiron , Gundogan Buket , Agha Riaz
Published: June 2017

Writing a book can seem like a daunting prospect. However, with the right idea, motivation, and effort, it is entirely possible. In this “How to” article we demonstrate and explain how one can take their book idea and successfully deliver it to publication.
How to write a medical CV
Authors: Agha Riaz , Whitehurst Katharine , Jafree Daniyal , Devabalan Yadsan , Koshy Kiron , Gundogan Buket
Published: June 2017

A medical curriculum vitae remains an important document that has 2 main roles: to distinguish candidates applying for various positions, whether that be jobs, posts, grants and it provides a means of keeping an up-to-date record of all your achievements and skills gained thus far. This article provides detailed guidance on how to structure an effective curriculum vitae to maximize your chances of success when applying for these positions.
Treatment of Klebsiella pneumoniae Carbapenemase–Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae Bacteremia With Meropenem, Colistin, and Ceftazidime-Avibactam
Authors: Harrison Kiya , Smith Winter , Kupiec Katherine , Salinas Linda , McCloskey Cindy , Robison Denise , Salvaggio Michelle
Published: June 2017

Ceftazidime-avibactam is a novel combination antimicrobial agent consisting of a broad-spectrum cephalosporin, ceftazidime, and a non–β-lactam β-lactamase inhibitor, avibactam. This agent has demonstrated activity against resistant gram-negative bacteria, including Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase–producing organisms; however, it is US Food and Drug Administration approved for use in urinary tract and intra-abdominal infections only. We present a case of successful treatment of K. pneumoniae carbapenemase–producing K. pneumoniae bacteremia with a combination of meropenem and colistin followed by ceftazidime-avibactam and colistin.
An Illustration of Errors in Using the P Value to Indicate Clinical Significance or Epidemiological Importance of a Study Finding
Authors: Kang Joseph , Hong Jaeyoung , Esie Precious , Bernstein Kyle T. , Aral Sevgi
Published: June 2017

We conducted a simulation study to illustrate that P values can suggest but not confirm statistical significance; and they may not indicate epidemiological significance (importance). We recommend that researchers consider reporting effect sizes as P values in conjunction with confidence intervals or point estimates with standard errors to indicate precision (uncertainty).
Oropharyngeal Colostrum Administration in Very Low Birth Weight Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial*
Authors: Zhang Yuxia , Ji Futing , Hu Xiaojing , Cao Yun , Latour Jos M.
Published: June 2017

Objectives:

Studies have confirmed the safety of oropharyngeal administration of colostrum in very low birth weight infants. However, the effect of oropharyngeal administration of colostrum on immune system is inconclusive. This study aims to evaluate the effect of oropharyngeal administration of colostrum on secretory immunoglobulin A and lactoferrin in very low birth weight infants.

Design:

Randomized controlled trial.

Setting:

Forty-bedded neonatal ICU in a university children’s hospital in the People’s Republic of China.

Patients:

Very low birth weight infants were allocated to the study group (n = 32) and control group (n = 32).

Intervention:

The intervention was oropharyngeal administration of 0.2 mL of their mother’s colostrum every 4 hours for 7 days. The control group received saline solution.

Measurements and Main Results:

Secretory immunoglobulin A and lactoferrin in urine and saliva were measured within 24 hours of life (baseline) and at 7 and 21 days. Primary outcomes were changes of secretory immunoglobulin A and lactoferrin in urine and saliva between baseline and at 7 and 21 days. Infant’s clinical data were also collected during hospitalization. Change from baseline in lactoferrin in saliva at 7 days (5.18 ± 7.07 vs –1.74 ± 4.67 µg/mL; p < 0.001) and 21 days (5.31 ± 9.74 vs –1.17 ± 10.38 µg/mL; p = 0.02) shows statistic difference. No differences were found of lactoferrin in urine and also no differences of secretory immunoglobulin A in urine and saliva. There were also no differences between days to full enteral feeding, occurrence rate of clinical sepsis, proven sepsis, and necrotizing enterocolitis.

Conclusions:

Oropharyngeal administration of colostrum can increases the level of lactoferrin in saliva in very low birth weight infants. No effect could be documented of secretory immunoglobulin A and lactoferrin in urine. Larger trials are needed to better describe the benefit of oropharyngeal administration of colostrum, if any, in very low birth weight infants.
Effectiveness of Electroconvulsive Therapy and Associated Cognitive Change in Schizophrenia
Authors: Tor Phern-Chern , Ying Jiangbo , Ho New Fei , Wang Mingyuan , Martin Donel , Ang Chai Pin , Tan Chunzhen , Yap Lee Shen , Lu Vincent John Magat , Simpson Brett , Mok Yee Ming , Loo Colleen
Published: June 2017

Objective

There is limited evidence regarding the relative treatment effectiveness and cognitive effects of different types of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in schizophrenia. In this study, we sought to determine the overall effectiveness and compare the symptomatic and cognitive outcomes of patients with schizophrenia who received different modalities of ECT treatment.

Methods

Patients received 1 of 4 of the following ECT modalities: bitemporal ECT with age-based dosing, right unilateral ECT with seizure threshold–based dosing, bitemporal ECT with seizure threshold–based dosing, and bifrontal ECT with seizure threshold–based dosing ECT. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were administered to 62 patients before and after the ECT course.

Results

There was a significant improvement in both the total and psychotic subscales of BPRS and MoCA scores across the patients after the course of ECT. The global improvements in both BPRS and MoCA scores after ECT were not influenced by the type of ECT administered. Age-based dosing, however, was associated with poorer memory outcomes posttreatment. The overall symptomatic response rate, defined as 40% or more reduction in the psychotic subscale of BPRS, was 64.5%. The response rates did not significantly differ between the 4 types of ECT.

Conclusions

Our present findings suggest that an acute course of ECT is effective in schizophrenia and may have cognitive benefits for some patients.
GARFIELD-NGS: Genomic vARiants FIltering by dEep Learning moDels in NGS
Authors: Ravasio Viola , Ritelli Marco , Legati Andrea , Giacopuzzi Edoardo
Published: June 2017

Exome sequencing approach is extensively used in research and diagnostic laboratories to discover pathological variants and study genetic architecture of human diseases. However, a significant proportion of identified genetic variants are actually false positive calls, and this pose serious challenges for variants interpretation. Here, we propose a new tool named GARFIELD-NGS (Genomic vARiants FIltering by dEep Learning moDels in NGS), which rely on deep learning models to dissect false and true variants in exome sequencing experiments performed with Illumina or ION platforms. GARFIELD-NGS showed strong performances for both SNP and INDEL variants (AUC 0.71 - 0.98) and outperformed established hard filters. The method is robust also at low coverage down to 30X and can be applied on data generated with the recent Illumina two-colour chemistry. GARFIELD-NGS processes standard VCF file and produces a regular VCF output. Thus, it can be easily integrated in existing analysis pipeline, allowing application of different thresholds based on desired level of sensitivity and specificity.

Availability

GARFIELD-NGS available at https://github.com/gedoardo83/GARFIELD-NGS

Contact

edoardo.giacopuzzi@unibs.it
An outbreak ofPseudomonas aeruginosainfection linked to a “Black Friday” piercing event
Authors: MacPherson Peter , Valentine Katherine , Chadderton Victoria , Dardamissis Evdokia , Doige Iain , Fox Andrew , Ghebrehewet Sam , Hampton Tom , Mutton Ken , Sherratt Claire , McCann Catherine M
Published: June 2017

Background

Outbreaks linked to cosmetic piercing are rare, but can cause significant illness. We report the investigation and management of a point-source outbreak that occurred during a “Black Friday” event in North West England.

Methods

Outbreak investigation was led by Public Health England, and included active case finding among individuals pierced at a piercing premises between 25/11/2016 (“Black Friday”) and 7/12/2016. Detailed epidemiological, environmental (including inspection and sampling), and microbiological investigation was undertaken.

Results

During the “Black Friday” event (25/11/2016), 45 people were pierced (13 by a newly-appointed practitioner). Eleven cases were identified (7 microbiologically-confirmed, 2 probable, and 2 possible). All cases had clinical signs of infection around piercing sites, and five required surgical intervention, with varying degrees of post-operative disfigurement. All confirmed and probable cases had a “scaffold piercing” placed with a guide bar by the newly-appointed practitioner.Pseudomonas aeruginosa,indistinguishable at nine-locus variable-number tandem repeat loci, was isolated from four of the confirmed cases, and from pre- and post-flush samples from five separate water taps (three sinks) in the premises. Water samples taken after remedial plumbing work confirmed elimination ofPseudomonascontamination.

Conclusions

Although high levels ofPseudomonaswater contamination and some poor infection control procedures were identified, infection appeared to require additional exposure to an inexperienced practitioner, and the more invasive scaffold piercing. A proactive collaborative approach between piercers and health and environmental officials is required to reduce outbreak risk, particularly when unusually large events are planned.
Enterococcus faecalis and pathogenic streptococciinactivate daptomycin by releasing phospholipids
Authors: Ledger Elizabeth V. K. , Pader Vera , Edwards Andrew M.
Published: June 2017

Daptomycin is a lipopeptide antibiotic with activity against Gram-positive bacteria. We have shown previously thatStaphylococcus aureuscan survive daptomycin exposure by releasing membrane phospholipids that inactivate the antibiotic. To determine whether other pathogens possess this defence mechanism, phospholipid release and daptomycin activity were measured after incubation ofStaphylococcus epidermidis, Group A or B streptococci,Streptococcus gordoniiorEnterococcus faecaliswith the antibiotic. All bacteria released phospholipid in response to daptomycin, which resulted in at least partial inactivation of the antibiotic. However,E. faecalisshowed the highest levels of lipid release and daptomycin inactivation. As shown previously forS. aureus, phospholipid release byE. faecaliswas inhibited by the lipid biosynthesis inhibitor platensimycin. In conclusion, several pathogenic Gram-positive bacteria, includingE. faecalis, inactivate daptomycin by releasing phospholipids, which may contribute to the failure of daptomycin to resolve infections caused by these pathogens.
HIGH FIDELITY DETECTION OF CROP BIOMASS QTL FROM LOW-COST IMAGING IN THE FIELD
Authors: Banan Darshi , Paul Rachel , Feldman Max , Holmes Mark , Schlake Hannah , Baxter Ivan , Leakey Andrew D.B.
Published: June 2017

Above-ground biomass production is a key target for studies of crop abiotic stress tolerance, disease resistance and yield improvement. However, biomass is slow and laborious to evaluate in the field using traditional destructive methods. High-throughput phenotyping (HTP) is widely promoted as a potential solution that can rapidly and non-destructively assess plant traits by exploiting advances in sensor and computing technology. A key potential application of HTP is for quantitative genetics studies that identify loci where allelic variation is associated with variation in crop production. And, the value of performing such studies in the field, where environmental conditions match that of production farming, is recognized. To date, HTP of biomass productivity in field trials has largely focused on expensive and complex methods, which – even if successful – will limit their use to a subset of wealthy research institutions and companies with extensive research infrastructure and highly-trained personnel. Even with investment in ground vehicles, aerial vehicles and gantry systems ranging from thousands to millions of dollars, there are very few examples where Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) detected by HTP of biomass production in a field-grown crop are shown to match QTLs detected by direct measures of biomass traits by destructive harvest techniques. Until such proof of concept for HTP proxies is generated it is unlikely to replace existing technology and be widely adopted. Therefore, there is a need for methods that can be used to assess crop performance by small teams with limited training and at field sites that are remote or have limited infrastructure. Here we use an inexpensive and simple, miniaturized system of hemispherical imaging and light attenuation modeling to identify the same set of key QTLs for biomass production as traditional destructive harvest methods applied to a field-grown Setaria mapping population. This provides a case study of a HTP technology that can deliver results for QTL mapping without high costs or complexity.
Green alder (Alnus viridis) encroachment shapes microbial communities in subalpine soils and impacts its bacterial or fungal symbionts differently
Authors: Schwob G. , Roy M. , Manzi S. , Pommier T. , Fernandez M. P.
Published: June 2017

Since the mid‐twentieth century, subalpine grasslands undergo a progressive encroachment by Alnus viridis shrubs. Thanks to its rapid vegetative reproduction, its nitrogen fixing symbiosis with Frankia and its ectomycorrhizal cohorts, green alders are vigorous colonizers that quickly form mosaic of alder patches that evolves into a close canopy shrub community. To better understand how alder encroachment might influence microbial communities in this successional sequence, symbiont distribution, microbial richness and community structure in both soils and nodules were analyzed at three successional stages: grassland, mosaic and forest. Soil analyses were performed in association with measures of nitrification and denitrification, as well as DNA metabarcoding of three bacterial genes (16S rDNA, nifH and amoA) and one fungal gene (ITS1). Our results show that (i) A. viridis encroachment is associated with soil microbial community changes that are in turn, linked to certain soil properties (i.e., pH, C/N ratio and organic matter content), (ii) both taxonomic and N related functional gene structures of bacteria are modified by alder encroachment and (iii) the distribution in soils of its bacterial symbionts (Frankia) is apparently weakly influenced by alder establishment while Alnus‐specific ectomyccorrhizae increase with the increase in alder shrub density.
Inter‐individual differences determine the outcome of wheat bran colonization by the human gut microbiome
Authors: De Paepe Kim , Kerckhof Frederiek‐Maarten , Verspreet Joran , Courtin Christophe M. , Van de Wiele Tom
Published: June 2017

Gut microbiota research reveals a vital role for the luminal and mucosal gut microbiota in human health. Fewer studies, however, have characterized the microbiome associated with undigested, insoluble dietary particles in the gut. These particles can act as a food source for bacteria and offer a physical platform to which they can attach. In this study, the microbiome colonizing wheat bran particles was analyzed. In a batch experiment, wheat bran particles were separately incubated with the faecal microbiota derived from 10 donors and washed after 48 h to remove loosely attached bacteria. The response of the luminal community to wheat bran and inulin, acting as a well‐characterized control, was largely donor‐dependent, both functionally, and with respect to the microbiome composition. Depending on the donor, wheat bran and inulin fermentation yielded proportionally higher propionate or butyrate production. Clostridium cluster XIVa and, depending on the donor, Prevotella, Roseburia, Megamonas, Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides species were enriched on the wheat bran particles. These genera include species with the documented ability to serve as primary degraders of wheat bran components and other species depending on cross‐feeding to obtain their energy. Both functional groups were present in all donors, despite the large inter‐individual differences.
Functional diversity and redundancy across fish gut, sediment and water bacterial communities
Authors: Escalas Arthur , Troussellier Marc , Yuan Tong , Bouvier Thierry , Bouvier Corinne , Mouchet Maud A. , Flores Hernandez Domingo , Ramos Miranda Julia , Zhou Jizhong , Mouillot David
Published: June 2017

This article explores the functional diversity and redundancy in a bacterial metacommunity constituted of three habitats (sediment, water column and fish gut) in a coastal lagoon under anthropogenic pressure. Comprehensive functional gene arrays covering a wide range of ecological processes and stress resistance genes to estimate the functional potential of bacterial communities were used. Then, diversity partitioning was used to characterize functional diversity and redundancy within (α), between (β) and across (γ) habitats. It was showed that all local communities exhibit a highly diversified potential for the realization of key ecological processes and resistance to various environmental conditions, supporting the growing evidence that macro‐organisms microbiomes harbour a high functional potential and are integral components of functional gene dynamics in aquatic bacterial metacommunities. Several levels of functional redundancy at different scales of the bacterial metacommunity were observed (within local communities, within habitats and at the metacommunity level). The results suggested a high potential for the realization of spatial ecological insurance within this ecosystem, that is, the functional compensation among microorganisms for the realization and maintenance of key ecological processes, within and across habitats. Finally, the role of macro‐organisms as dispersal vectors of microbes and their potential influence on marine metacommunity dynamics were discussed.
Thermal barriers constrain microbial elevational range size via climate variability
Authors: Wang Jianjun , Soininen Janne
Published: June 2017

Range size is invariably limited and understanding range size variation is an important objective in ecology. However, microbial range size across geographical gradients remains understudied, especially on mountainsides. Here, the patterns of range size of stream microbes (i.e., bacteria and diatoms) and macroorganisms (i.e., macroinvertebrates) along elevational gradients in Asia and Europe were examined. In bacteria, elevational range size showed non‐significant phylogenetic signals. In all taxa, there was a positive relationship between niche breadth and species elevational range size, driven by local environmental and climatic variables. No taxa followed the elevational Rapoport's rule. Climate variability explained the most variation in microbial mean elevational range size, whereas local environmental variables were more important for macroinvertebrates. Seasonal and annual climate variation showed negative effects, while daily climate variation had positive effects on community mean elevational range size for all taxa. The negative correlation between range size and species richness suggests that understanding the drivers of range is key for revealing the processes underlying diversity. The results advance the understanding of microbial species thermal barriers by revealing the importance of seasonal and diurnal climate variation, and highlight that aquatic and terrestrial biota may differ in their response to short‐ and long‐term climate variability.
Comparative genomics of the DNA damage‐inducible network in the Patescibacteria
Authors: Sánchez‐Osuna Miquel , Barbé Jordi , Erill Ivan
Published: June 2017

Metagenomics provide unprecedented insights into the genetic diversity of uncultivated bacteria inhabiting natural environments. Recent surveys have uncovered a major radiation of candidate phyla encompassing the Patescibacteria superphylum. Patescibacteria have small genomes and a presumed symbiotic or parasitic lifestyle, but the difficulty in culturing representative members constrains the characterization of behavioural and adaptive traits. Here we combine in silico and in vitro approaches to characterize the SOS transcriptional response to DNA damage in the Patescibacteria superphylum. Leveraging comparative genomics methods, we identify and experimentally define a novel binding motif for the SOS transcriptional repressor LexA, and we use this motif to characterize the conserved elements of the SOS regulatory network in Patescibacteria. The Patescibacteria LexA‐binding motif has unusual direct‐repeat structure, and comparative analyses reveal sequence and structural similarities with the distant Acidobacteria LexA protein. Our results reveal a shared core SOS network, complemented by varying degrees of LexA regulation of other core SOS functions. This work illustrates how the combination of computational and experimental methods can leverage metagenomic data to characterize transcriptional responses in uncultivated bacteria. The report of an operational SOS response in presumed symbiotic and parasitic bacteria hints at an intermediate step in the process of genome reduction.
A comparison of barriers to mental health support‐seeking among farming and non‐farming adults in rural South Australia
Authors: Hull Melissa J. , Fennell Kate M. , Vallury Kari , Jones Martin , Dollman James
Published: June 2017

Objective

To assess the differences between farming and non‐farming rural adults in perceived barriers to mental health service use.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey, modified from the Barriers to Help‐Seeking Scale (BHSS), was conducted using a computer‐assisted telephone interview.

Setting

Respondents (age 52.6 ± 11.6 years) were recruited from three rural regions of South Australia.

Participants

Approximately, 78 non‐farmers and 45 farmers were included in analyses. 78 retired and two unemployed participants were excluded from the analyses.

Main outcome measure

Farmers and non‐farmers were compared on domain scores and individual item responses from the adapted BHSS that represent ‘agrarian’ attitudes to support‐seeking for mental health: stoicism, self‐reliance, minimisation of the problem, stigma and distrust of health professionals.

Results

In the analysis of domain scores, ‘Need for Control and Self‐Reliance’ was a stronger barrier for farmers than non‐farmers (P = 0.009) with a trend (P = 0.07) towards stronger barriers among farmers in the ‘Minimising Problem and Resignation’ domain. In the analysis of item‐level responses, there was a difference (P = 0.03) between farmers and non‐farmers in responses to ‘I find it difficult to understand my doctor/health professional’, with 24.4% of the farmers agreeing that this is a barrier compared with 15.3% of the non‐farmers.

Conclusion

Long‐held stereotypes of stoicism and self‐reliance among farmers were somewhat supported, in the context of mental health. Mental health services and professionals in rural Australia might need to adapt their practices to successfully engage this population.
Prevention of osteoporotic refractures in regional Australia
Authors: Davidson Emily , Seal Alexa , Doyle Zelda , Fielding Kerin , McGirr Joe
Published: June 2017

Objective

Clinical guidelines recommend that patients who sustain a minimal trauma fracture (MTF) should receive a bone mineral density (BMD) scan and bisphosphonate (or equivalent) therapy if diagnosed with osteoporosis. A pilot fracture liaison service (FLS) was implemented in regional NSW to improve adherence to the guidelines.

Design

Prospective cohort study with an historical control.

Setting

Primary care.

Participants

Control (n = 47) and cohort (n = 93) groups comprised patients consenting to interview who presented with a MTF to the major referral hospital 4 months before and 12 months after FLS implementation respectively.

Main outcome measures

Primary outcome measures were the rates of BMD scans and anti‐osteoporotic medication initiation/review after MTF. Hospital admission data were also examined to determine death and refracture rates for all patients presenting during the study period with a primary diagnosis of MTF within 3 years of their initial fracture.

Results

Although there was no improvement in BMD scanning rates, the reported rate of medication initiation/review after fracture was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the FLS cohort. However, once adjusted for age, this association was not significant (P = 0.086). There was a lower refracture rate during the cohort period (P = 0.013), however, there were significantly more deaths (P = 0.035) within 3 years of initial fracture. When deaths were taken into account via competing risk regression, patients in the cohort period were significantly less likely to refracture than those in the control period (Hazard ratio = 0.576, P = 0.032).

Conclusions

A rurally based nurse‐led FLS was associated with modest improvement after MTF. Consideration should be given to ways to strengthen the model of care to improve outcomes.
Histamine receptor 2 modifies iNKT cell activity within the inflamed lung
Authors: Ferstl R. , Frei R. , Barcik W. , Schiavi E. , Wanke K. , Ziegler M. , Rodriguez‐Perez N. , Groeger D. , Konieczna P. , Zeiter S. , Nehrbass D. , Lauener R. , Akdis C.A. , O'Mahony L.
Published: June 2017

Background

Histamine is a key immunoregulatory mediator and can dampen proinflammatory responses via activation of histamine receptor 2 (H2R). The aim of this study was to determine the role of H2R in modulating lung inflammatory responses.

Methods

H2R was blocked using famotidine or activated using dimaprit in both the ovalbumin (OVA) and house dust mite extract (HDM) murine models of respiratory inflammation. H2R‐deficient animals and CD1d/H2R‐deficient animals were utilized to examine the CD1d presentation of lipid antigens (αGalCer or OCH) to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells.

Results

Famotidine treatment resulted in more severe airway disease in the OVA model, while dimaprit treatment significantly reduced disease severity. Both OVA and HDM‐induced airway diseases were more severe in H2R‐deficient animals. Flow cytometric analysis of lung tissue from H2R‐deficient animals revealed increased numbers of CD1d+ dendritic cells and increased numbers of iNKT cells. In vitro, αGalCer‐stimulated iNKT cells from H2R‐deficient mice secreted higher levels of IL‐4, IL‐5, and GM‐CSF. In vivo, αGalCer or OCH administration to the lung resulted in enhanced mucus secretion, inflammatory cell recruitment, and cytokine production in H2R‐deficient or famotidine‐treated animals, while dimaprit dampened the lung iNKT cell response to αGalCer. Removal of iNKT cells in H2R‐deficient (CD1d−/−H2R−/−) animals normalized the lung response to HDM.

Conclusion

The deliberate activation of H2R, or its downstream signaling molecules, may represent a novel therapeutic target for chronic lung inflammatory diseases, especially when CD1d‐mediated presentation of lipid antigens to iNKT cells is contributing to the pathology.
A perfluorobutylpentane (F4H5)‐based solution for the removal of residual emulsified silicone oil
Authors: Chan Yau Kei , Cheng Ho Ching , Wu Jing , Tang Yuk Heng Matthew , Chan San To , Wong David , Shum Ho Cheung
Published: June 2017

Purpose

The emulsification of silicone oil (SO) is associated with many complications. In this study, we investigate a new SO solvent, perfluorobutylpentane (F4H5) with 1% by volume of perfluorinated polyethers–polyethylene glycol–perfluorinated polyethers (PFPE‐PEG‐PFPE) triblock copolymer, for removing emulsified droplets.

Methods

An in vitro 3D printed model eye chamber was used to evaluate the efficiency of the three test liquids in removing SO droplets, namely saline, F4H5 and F4H5 with surfactant PFPE‐PEG‐PFPE. The numbers of SO droplets were quantified using a Coulter Counter. The stability of double emulsion formed was tested with a fluidic device based on electro‐coalescence. Two retinal cell lines were used to test the biocompatibility of the liquids.

Results

The mean number of droplets remaining in the eye chamber after rinsing with a solution of F4H5 with surfactant was 13 315 ± 4620/ml compared to saline (23 460 ± 7595/ml; p < 0.05). The double emulsion was found to be highly stable. The biocompatibility of F4H5 and the surfactant was similar to that of the saline control.

Conclusion

By adding a small amount of surfactant, the resultant F4H5 solution is able to promote double emulsification and remove more SO droplets. Although further in vivo safety studies are necessary before clinical trials, the result of our study suggests that F4H5 with surfactant is a promising Rinsing Solution for removing emulsified droplets. This work therefore translates a well‐known phenomenon in emulsion science to tackle the emulsification problem observed in the routine vitreoretinal surgery.