bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La Reconnaissance du Droit à la Protection Sociale comme Droit de l'Homme
Authors: Perrin Guy
Published: January 2008

Les premiers textes déclaratifs des droits de l'homme en Occident n'ont pas comporté immédiatement la reconnaissance de droits sociaux. Ainsi, à la suite de la Déclaration des Droits—“Bill of Rights”—imposée à la Monarchie anglaise le 13 février 1689, la Déclaration modèle adoptée en Virginie le 12 juin 1776, sous l'autorité de George Mason, comme la Déclaration d'Indépendance américaine du 4 juillet 1776, et enfin la Déclaration francaise des droits de l'homme et du citoyen, proclamée par l'Assemblée nationale le 26 août 1789, étaient consacrées à l'affirmation des droits civils et politi‐ques face aux pouvoirs dont l'emprise devait être restreinte et contenue, plutôt que confirmée et étendue par l'attribution de nouvelles fonctions, même justifiées par l'intention d'améliorer le sort des plus malheureux. Résolus à ouvrir une bràche décisive dans le système de gouvernement absolutiste, les pionniers des droits de l'homme étaient tenus d'accorder la priorité aux droits conquis de libre disposition sur les droits acquis de protection, de sorte que l'autonomie des citoyens à l'égard de l'Etat était revendiquée avec toutes ses conséquences économiques et sociales. Même l'expression neuve du droit à la vie et à la poursuite du bonheur, qui apparaît dans les déclarations américaines du XVIIIe siècle, s'entendait d'une aspiration irrépressible à la liberté et non point comme l'avers d'obligations sociales imposées à la collectivité, du moins jusqu'à ce que le Préambule de la Constitution des Etats‐Unis d'Amérique du 17 septembre 1787 inscrivît la promotion du bienêtre général—“to promote the general welfare”—au nombre de ses objectifs.
Discrimination: Market or Societal?
Authors: Campbell Everett J.
Published: January 2008

The analysis of any problem laden with social, economic and emotional burdens runs the inherent risk of misunderstanding. The issue of discrimination is, perhaps the leading behavioural issue of this generation, and as such it has a multitude of facts, myths amd emotions associated with it. Assumptions have been made about the nature and locus of discrimination which this article proposes to investigate.
Social Economy and the Theory of Consumer Behaviour
Authors: McKee Arnold
Published: January 2008

By “social economy” I understand a revised approach to economic science which underpins its work by incorporating values from social philosophy to re‐interpret and re‐direct an important part of its positive enquiries. It is, if you prefer, an extended version of what some call “political economy”; but I do have in mind a re‐fashioning of economic science and not merely a meeting ground with political and social values. The foundations of economics need to be revised, if political and social economy are to consist of something other than informal encounters with values. Of course, many prefer to speak instead of “social economics” as an extension of economic science to deal with the more obviously social areas of economic enquiry while incorporating humanistic values. I respect this approach and accept entirely the importance of these enquiries, but have always felt that a more radical correction of the weak posture of economic science before our present social problems is essential to tackle them properly.
Recruitment and the Recession
Authors: Manwaring Tony , Wood Stephen
Published: January 2008

Has the recession been a significant factor in bringing about changes in the recruitment process? Have personnel managers taken advantage of it to alter their practices, make their procedures more rigorous, sharpen up or introduce tougher criteria? Alternatively has the recession taken the pressure off managers so that they no longer need to seek new and more effective ways of recruiting?
Acceptability, Suitability and the Search for the Habituated Worker: How Ethnic Minorities and Women Lose Out
Authors: Jenkins Richard
Published: January 2008

In this article I intend to investigate the meaning of recruitment for managers in the manufacturing, retailing and public service employment sectors in the West Midlands. In particular I shall examine two specific problems. First, what are recruiters looking for in selecting candidates for manual and routine clerical jobs? Secondly, why do organisations persist in the use of informal, word‐of‐mouth recruitment strategies? In closing I shall discuss the consequences which the answers to these questions have for particular groups of job‐seekers.
The Economics of Penological Policy: The Restoration of Equilibrium in a Social Market
Authors: Roper Brian A.
Published: January 2008

Of all social relations the withdrawal of individual liberty by the State is arguably the most discussed and the least understood. Although there has latterly been an increasing interest in the issue of crime, relatively little attention has been paid to the consequential issue of punishment and especially to its most severe manifestation (in many cultures), imprisonment.
Women Managers: Work, Stress and Marriage
Authors: Davidson Marilyn , Cooper Cary
Published: January 2008

With more women now working than ever before, there is also an enormous growth in younger women's entering many of the formerly male‐dominated jobs, including the field of management. In the USA, with the strongest legislation affecting the employment of women, 23.6 per cent of managers and administrators are women, followed by the UK with 18.8 per cent. Even so, in the UK, the occupations in which women are most likely to be managers are traditionally female occupations such as retailing, catering and personnel. At senior levels of management there are fewer women and only 8.3 per cent of general management jobs are held by women in Britain.
German Political Economy: The History of an Alternative Economics
Authors: Riha Tomas
Published: January 2008

Nobody concerned with political economy can neglect the history of economic doctrines. Structural changes in the economy and society influence economic thinking and, conversely, innovative thought structures and attitudes have almost always forced economic institutions and modes of behaviour to adjust. We learn from the history of economic doctrines how a particular theory emerged and whether, and in which environment, it could take root. We can see how a school evolves out of a common methodological perception and similar techniques of analysis, and how it has to establish itself. The interaction between unresolved problems on the one hand, and the search for better solutions or explanations on the other, leads to a change in paradigma and to the formation of new lines of reasoning. As long as the real world is subject to progress and change scientific search for explanation must out of necessity continue.
Schumpeter's Theory of Economic Development and Social Change: Exposition and Assessment
Authors: Elliott John E.
Published: January 2008

This article gives a centenary appreciation of the contributions to economic thought of Joseph A. Schumpeter, with special focus on his work, The Theory of Economic Development (TED). It proceeds, first, by providing an overview of Schumpeter's life and works; secondly, by giving an interpretative exposition of the main themes of TED, and, thirdly, Schumpeter's broader “economic sociology” in terms of the place of these ideas in the history of economic thought; fourthly, by examining the reception to TED and the impact of it and Schumpeter's dynamic methodology on the discipline.
Health Care Need, Economics and Social Justice
Authors: Folland Sherman T.
Published: January 2008

Need has persisted as a central concept in health policy debate. Despite confusion over its meaning and derivation it seems to summarise a belief by many policy makers that the concerns of health policy go beyond the merely economic. Economists, on their side, frequently stop at the borders of economics, leaving the concept of need to others, preferring where possible the concepts of demand and supply. This state of affairs increases the risk that the relationship of health care need to economic theory will not be well understood by policy makers, and that economists will misunderstand why their policy advice, when given, is so frequently ignored.
The Passage from Theology to Economics
Authors: McKee Arnold
Published: January 2008

Beginning with value premises of any kind, clearly one may judge the economic choices of individuals, since they are only part of moral behaviour in general. But my concern here is with the institutions which both shape and are shaped by behaviour, and which are greatly responsible for social good and evil. How successfully may one get from theological values underpinned by religious faith and dogma to valid judgements and recommendations for economic institutions and policy? Further, must they be contingent on the intervention of economic science, introducing specialised information and analysis and such goals as cost and output efficiency? These are the matters I propose to discuss in general terms and illustrate from Laborem Exercens and Ethical Reflections on the Economic Crisis to reach some conclusions.
Macroeconomic Relations in the Islamic Economic Order
Authors: Alam Choudhury Masudul , Azizur Rahman A.N.M.
Published: January 2008

Josef Alois Schumpeter indicated in his monumental work that economic science, if it is to be a science, must be bereft of all shades of value judgements. He defined “scientific economics” to mean “the sum total of the historical, statistical and theoretical techniques, together with the results they produce”. The impingement of all shades of value judgements was to be considered outside the pale of economic theory, because, as Schumpeter claimed, such judgements leave economic analysis unaffected. Notwithstanding this claim, the statement could not be sustained in the body of Schumpeter's work.
Value and Value‐Judgements in Economics: Rugina's Contribution
Authors: Balabkins Nicholas W.
Published: January 2008

I first met Professor Rugina in 1974 at the annual meeting of the History of Economics Society in Cambridge, Massachusetts. On that occasion, he proposed that one session of future meetings be devoted to the problem of values and value‐judgements in economics. I supported that proposition, and a lasting friendship was struck.
Kuhn, Lakatos, and the History of Economic Thought
Authors: Khalil Elias
Published: January 2008

This article attempts to tackle a fundamental methodological question in economics. The task is to investigate whether competing traditions in the history of economics are commensurable or not, that is, whether there is a firm ground on which a researcher could adjudicate the truth content of a theory. Thomas Kuhn in philosophy and Donald McClosky in economics among others are understood to advance the thesis that theories are incommensurable since there is no empirical ground to resort to in order to resolve disputes among traditions in economics. Karl Popper in philosophy and Mark Blaug in economics among others argue that theories are commensurable since there is a sharp and distinct criterion which could determine the scientific content of a theory. A more sophisticated version of Popper's falsificationism has been advanced in philosophy by Imre Lakatos and has been correspondingly followed in economics by Spiro Latsis, E. Roy Weintraub and others.
The History of Neo‐Liberalism: Affinity to Some Developments in Economics in Germany
Authors: Meijer Gerrit
Published: January 2008

In his work Dr Rugina mentions several times his affinity and indebtedness to the German economist, Walter Eucken (1891–1950). He does so most outspokenly in the following quotation:
Inner Equilibrium and Economic Equilibrium: A Confucian Complement to Economic Man
Authors: Sun Li‐teh
Published: January 2008

Contemporary American economists are almost universally proud of their contribution to the enhancement of human welfare. They will readily and honestly dismiss the once famous nickname of economics, the dismal science. However, despite the fact that the United States economic growth in the past has been impressive, the individual actor in the economic world appears to remain a dismal creature. “Dismal” not in the Malthusian sense of population trap, but in the sense that the actor never seems to be satisfied with what he has — even though what he has has greatly increased. In other words, economic man did collectively generate the wealth of the nation, but the increased wealth does not seem to have led the majority of people individually to a more satisfying life. In the meantime, economists have begun to focus on Democracy in Deficit, The Economy in Deficit, and America's Great Consumption Binge.
Measuring Organizational Culture: The Cultural Audit
Authors: Fletcher Ben (C) , Jones Fiona
Published: January 2008

Introduces an instrument for measuring organizational culture. Discussion of the concept precedes discussion of the problems of measurement and the traditions and theory on which design of the instrument draws. Summarizes the dimensions to be measured in terms of four general bipolar descriptive types: homogeneous v. heterogeneous; enriched v. managed; developing v. stationary; balanced v. dissonnant. Items in the Cultural Audit Instrument (a 17‐page questionnaire) are grouped in sections on the basis of previous research; the causes of problems; the outcomes; the moderator. For each response element the instrument measures the person's perceptions of their own and others' situations in the organization and of their ideal situation. Gives examples of results.
Implementing clinical guidelines: preparation and opportunism
Authors: Humphris Debra , Littlejohns Peter
Published: January 2008

Clinical guidelines are likely to be key components of any Health Service Trust's framework for improving clinical effectiveness. Initial results from the seven pilot sites of the NHS consensus strategy for major clinical guidelines have suggested a number of factors that can contribute to their successful implementation. They include a managed and structured process; adequate preparation; open and collaborative dialogue between appropriate stakeholders; clear identification of local clinical and managerial priorities; a receptive corporate environment; and health care professionals motivated to improve practice. Finally, in the turbulent setting of contemporary health care, the ‘luck’ of a successful implementation is often ‘preparation meeting opportunity’.
Providing intelligence for rational decision‐making in the NHS: the NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination
Authors: Sheldon Trevor A , Melville Arabella
Published: January 2008

The NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) was established to help provide clear summaries of research‐based knowledge on the effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of health care interventions. This paper summarises the ways in which CRD helps produce and disseminate this research intelligence to the NHS and its customers. Systematic reviews on topics prioritised by the NHS are conducted or commissioned. Some are disseminated as Effective Health Care bulletins to a wide range of people in the NHS. Two databases are available on line which provide structured critical abstracts of reviews of research and economic evaluations have been developed. Some of the most important reviews are also disseminated as Effectiveness Matters. CRD also provides research input into a number of projects such as cancer guidance for purchasers, and consumer and professional informed choice leaflets in maternity care, cataracts and glue ear.
Evaluating the evidence: an introduction
Authors: Burls Amanda , Milne Ruairidh
Published: January 2008

Health care has always sought to improve the health of patients, but our interventions do not always do more good than harm. Sometimes ineffective or harmful interventions are used and effective interventions are not used. A key problem has been that decisions are too often based on inadequate evidence or that sound evidence is overlooked. Basing decisions on evidence involves three steps: finding evidence relating to the decision, evaluating it, and acting on it. Evaluating evidence in turn involves assessing its validity, understanding the findings and their implications, and understanding the relevance of the results in the context of local decision‐making. Developing evidence‐based health care is a collective enterprise which, while not easy, is something to which everyone in the health service can contribute.
Development of an instrument to assess staff perceptions of the impact of trust‐based clinical audit programmes
Authors: Lord Joanne , Littlejohns Peter
Published: January 2008

We have developed and tested a questionnaire to assess staff perceptions of the impact of clinical audit within hospital and community trusts. The aim is to provide a tool for audit departments to assess the progress of their audit programmes, alongside other monitoring methods, and to identify perceived problems, and resistant or neglected groups of staff. Desirable attributes of audit programmes were identified through a qualitative analysis of policy documents from key national bodies. After pre‐testing, 24 items were included in the questionnaire, along with an overall question on the value of audit, and space for written comments and suggestions. The questionnaire was piloted with health professionals in three trusts in South Thames. 371 out of 566 (66%) questionnaires were returned completed. After omitting two items the scale showed good internal consistency. The scale also performed well against the three tests of validity. The survey showed interesting differences between staff groups in the trusts.
Focusing on risk: a simple audit study can have a major impact on clinical practice
Authors: Gladstone Jill , Sutherland Sue
Published: January 2008

Recent developments in medical treatments have resulted in the increased use of infusion devices for the administration of highly potent drugs. Drug administration is one of the highest risk areas of clinical practice and infusion devices are associated with a substantial number of adverse drug events. Locally, there was a perception that adverse drug events involving infusion devices appeared to be increasing, and there was anecdotal evidence to suggest that the available number of devices was inadequate to meet the increasing demand. A two‐part, observational audit, carried out in an acute district general hospital, was used to identify weak areas in the systems associated with the use of infusion devices and to implement actions to rectify the weaknesses and consequently reduce the risk to patients and staff.
Evidence‐based practice in midwifery: a virtual revolution?
Authors: Page Lesley A.
Published: January 2008

Important shifts in policy and practice, the shift to woman‐centred services, the recognition that midwives should be lead clinician in a number of cases, and the idea of effective care, are leading to fundamental change in the maternity services. For many years, midwives have shown interest in the idea of evidence‐based or effective care. There are a number of good reasons for the interest in evidence‐based care. However, unless the political reality of the difficulties of the change are faced, the changes will remain rhetorical, virtual rather than real. Midwifery holds the potential for using evidence in practice, and for improving health outcomes for mothers and babies. If the status quo is not challenged, an important opportunity will have been missed.
Users' views in theory and in practice
Authors: Conning Sarah , Fellowes Deborah , Sheldon Helen
Published: January 2008

This article describes two approaches to obtaining the views of users of health services: the self‐completion questionnaire and the focus group. The theoretical framework of each method will be given along with implications for their use in clinical audit. Practical examples of both are provided, in relation to the work of a district general hospital. The advantages and disadvantages of questionnaires and focus groups are set out as well as some suggested steps for the successful application of the two methods. In conclusion, it is argued that when used together, focus groups and questionnaires complement one another and allow users' views to be heard within the audit process.
Improving the care of patients without spleens in a district
Authors: Bradshaw Colin , Murray Eileen
Published: January 2008

Patients without spleens are at risk of septicaemia which is largely preventable by vaccination and prophylactic antibiotics as detailed in several recent guidelines. This study sought to identify all people, in one health district, with a previous splenectomy and treat them according to the guidelines on post‐splenectomy care. Patients without a spleen were identified by a variety of methods and targeted mailing, manipulation of the local press, opinion leaders, postgraduate meetings, peer pressure, disease‐ and patient‐specific reminders, feedback and patient empowerment were all used as dissemination and implementation strategies. The number of patients iden‐tified rose from 15 to 68. All were offered the opportunity to discuss their care, 80% took this opportunity and had pneumococcal vaccine, 77% were started on long‐term antibiotics, 75% discussed Hib and meningococcal vaccines and these were given to 54%. In summary the strategies used dramatically increased the numbers of patients identified and the improved care offered.
Information to facilitate patient involvement in decision‐making — some issues
Authors: Entwistle Vikki A. , Watt Ian S. , Sowden Amanda J.
Published: January 2008

The idea that patients should be informed about the benefits and risks of treatment options and involved in decisions about their care is, to many people, appealing and sensible. However, it has important implications. This paper briefly considers two motivations for involving patients in clinical decisions and explores some of the issues raised by these. It then makes some practical suggestions for those wanting to provide information to support patient involvement. The paper emphasizes that although the provision of more good‐quality information to patients is widely accepted to be a priority, it is not always a straightforward matter and warrants critical consideration. Substantial resources may be needed if it is to be done well.
Developing guidelines for day hospitals for older people: adaptation of national guidelines for local use
Authors: Corner Lynne , Curless Richard , Parker Stuart , Eccles Martin , Gregson Barbara , Bond John , James Oliver
Published: January 2008

Clinical guidelines have been identified as key components of improving clinical effectiveness. Local development of national guidelines is advocated to ensure that recommendations are relevant to local needs and context. This paper discusses the methods used in adapting national guidelines for geriatric day hospitals for use in the Northern and Yorkshire Region, and highlights differences between guidelines developed at national and regional levels.
Appraising the evidence for practice: what do nurses need?
Authors: Mulhall Anne , Alexander Caroline , le May Andrée
Published: January 2008

Currently there is a widespread movement, not only amongst practitioners but also managers, purchasers and policy makers, to promote evidence‐based health care. There is therefore a growing concern that practitioners should be able to efficiently access and appraise evidence. This paper discusses some of the requirements which are necessary to enable nurses to achieve this goal. It is based on three sources of evidence: the evaluation of a workshop which was designed to facilitate practitioners' appraisal and use of research; a qualitative study of practitioners' and managers' attitudes to research; and the authors' experience of working in this field. A framework is suggested whereby not just the accruement of skills, but other requisites such as a positive culture, an appreciation of the wide range of research methodologies which might inform nursing, and an exploration of sources of evidence other than research, require attention.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITY OF SMALL FIRMS: INVESTIGATING CURRENT AWARENESS AND PRACTICE
Authors: Patton Dean , Elliott Dominic , Lenaghan Colin
Published: January 2008

This paper addresses the issue of environmental auditing by smaller business units and compares the actions of the small firm sector with those of larger organisations. It will focus on four key themes: the necessity to bring small firms to environmental account; the relationship between organisational size and the use of environmental audits; the reasons why smaller business units are less likely to undertake an environmental audit; policies that could improve the environmental practices of smaller firms.
NOTE AND SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR THE LOAN GUARANTEE SCHEME
Authors: Cowling Marc , Mitchell Peter
Published: January 2008

The Loan Guarantee Scheme (LGS) was set up in 1981 to fill a perceived gap in the financing of smaller firms. It was designed specifically for firms who were constrained in their ability to borrow from banks by a lack of collateral. In 1996, loans issued under the scheme were at their highest level ever and rising at an increased rate. This paper uses previously unavailable data to give a broad feel for how borrowing patterns have changed over the period 1987–1995, the type and nature of borrowers using the scheme and the type of loans which they take out. The results give a number of important insights which merit further attention from academics and policy‐makers. Unfortunately, there is no information on the attitudes of banks towards the scheme, although anecdotal evidence suggests that they have adopted a more favourable, proactive stance towards the scheme in the last three years.
DECISION MAKING FOR EXPORT STRATEGY
Authors: Morgan Robert E.
Published: January 2008

The extent of national export volume attributable to the small firm sector within the UK does not compare favourably with that of certain other European countries/ particularly Germany and Italy. In an attempt to enhance the export competitiveness of this firm sector recent policy, research and management attention has been devoted to influences underlying export development. This article contributes to this knowledge by reviewing extensive research studies that have reported on one aspect of this topic: the international orientation of the decision maker within the small firm.
MOIR‐YOUNG v. DORMAN LONG (BRIDGE & ENGINEERING) LTD.
Authors: Danckwerts L.J. , Stephenson J. John , Willmer Gordon
Published: January 2008

May 6, 1969 Building — Safety regulations — Application — “Affect” — Workman's presence in particular place not reasonably foreseeable by employer — Whether workman affected by regulations — Workman not expressly forbidden to go to place in question — Whether impliedly authorised or permitted to be there — Workman's presence there unforeseeably foolish — Whether resulting accident entirely own fault — Liability of employers — Building (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulations, 1948 (S.I. 1948, No. 1145), regs. 4(1), 27(2), 28(1).
RODGERS v. LONDON BRICK CO. LTD.
Authors: Russell L.J. , Davies Edmund , Megaw L.J.
Published: January 2008

January 27, 1970 Mines Quarry — Dangerous machinery — Moveable bar on tractor — Four‐inch nip when bar fully raised — Tractor being removed from pit by attaching dragline to bar — Slip by employee trapping foot in nip — Whether a “dangerous” exposed part of machinery — Whether duty to fence — Dragline not long enough to reach if tractor on level ground — Tractor backed short way up slope of pit — Whether failure to provide longer dragline breach of statutory or common law duty — Mines and Quarries Act, 1954 (2 & 3 Eliz.II, c.70), ss. 82(1), 115.
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY TRAINING BOARD v ATTORNEY‐GENERAL
Authors: Pennycuick V.C.
Published: January 2008

May 21, 1971 Charity — High Court control — Industrial training board — Set up by Minister under statute — Ministerial control — Whether charitable — Extent of High Court control for boards to be charities — Industrial Training Act, 1964 (e. 16), s.2(l) — Charities Act, 1960 (8 & 9 Eliz. II, c. 58), s.45(1).
BAGGA v. HEAVY ELECTRICALS (INDIA) LTD.
Authors: Donaldson John , Boyfield R. , Henniker‐Heaton C.
Published: January 2008

December 6, 1971 Master and Servant — Redundancy — Redundancy payment — Claim by dismissed employee for compensation — Employer's payment of claim — Claim mistakenly calculated under Superannuation Act 1965 — Amount of payment identical with amount payable under Redundancy Act 1965 — Whether sum paid can be regarded as a redundancy payment — Redundancy Payments Act 1965 (c.62)s.l(1).
LORD ADVOCATE v. BABCOCK & WILCOX (OPERATIONS) LTD.
Authors: Reid  , of Borth‐y‐Gest Morris , Diplock  , of Glaisdale Simon , Kilbrandon
Published: January 2008

March 15, 1972 Revenue — Selective employment tax — Premium — Manufacturers of plant — Sites for construction, erection and repair of plant — Regional employment payments — Main establishment within development area — Sites of work outside development area — Whether employment of employees on sites carried out in or from establishment wholly within development area — Selective Employment Payments Act, 1966 (c.32), s.l (1), (2), — Finance Act, 1967 (c.54), s.26(l) — Revenue Act, 1968 (c.l1), s.l(2).
MIDLAND COLD STORAGE LTD. v. STEER AND OTHERS
Authors: Megarry J.
Published: January 2008

July 17, 1972 Industrial Relations — Action in tort — High Court — Discretion and obligation to stay proceedings — Injurious acts complained of before Industrial Court — Interim order made by Industrial Court — Proceedings in High Court complaining of same acts — Whether acts prevented from being actionable in tort — Whether High Court should stay proceedings — Industrial Relations Act 1971 (c.72) ss. 61(1), 131(1), (2) and (3), 132(4).
CARTIN v. THE BOTLEY GARAGES LTD.
Authors: Cooke J. , Boyfield R. , Robinson C.G.
Published: January 2008

December 15, 1972 Master and Servant — Redundancy — Redundancy payment — Dismissal — Renewal of contract or re‐engagement — Change in ownership of business — Termination of contract one week later — Whether contract of employment renewed on same terms and conditions — Whether employee entitled to redundancy payment from previous employer — Redundancy Payments Act, 1965 (c.62), ss.3(2), 13(2).
HAMMOND v. HAIGH CASTLE AND CO. LTD.
Authors: Donaldson John , Boyfield R. , Roberts H.
Published: January 2008

February 12, 1973 Industrial relations — Unfair dismissal — Complaint — Time limit — Employee misled by advice of association — Complaint presented out of time — Whether “practicable” to have “presented” complaint earlier — Industrial Tribunals (Industrial Relations, etc) Regulations, 1972 (S.I.1972 No. 38), Sch.r.2(1)(a).
WESTWOOD AND ANOTHER v. POST OFFICE
Authors: Wilberforce  , of Glaisdale Simon , of Chelsea Cross , Kilbrandon  , Salmon
Published: January 2008

July 25, 1973 Master and Servant — Offices, shops, etc. premises — Telephone exchange — Lift motor room — Notice on door stating that only authorised attendant permitted to enter — Room occasionally used by other employees as route to roof — Employee fatally injured while in room — Floor not of sound construction — Breach of statutory duty — Claim for damages by employee's estate — Whether employer liable — Contributory negligence — Whether employee guilty of — Offices, Shops and Railway Premises Act, 1963 (c.41), ss.l(1),(2), 16(1).
LORD ADVOCATE (REPRESENTING THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR EMPLOYMENT) v. DE ROSA AND OTHERS
Authors: Dilhorne Viscount , of St. Marylebone Hailsham , of Glaisdale Simon , Kilbrandon  , Salmon
Published: January 2008

June 13, 1974 Master and Servant — Redundancy — Dismissal for redundancy — Redundancy payment — Computation of period of continuous employment — Transfer of business on undertaking — Contracts of Employment Act, 1963 (c. 49), Sch. 1 para. 10 (2) — Redundancy Payments Act, 1965 (c. 62), ss. 1, 3(1), (2), 13 (2), 24, Sch. 1, para. 1.
Management trends in textiles and clothing
Authors: de Araújo Mário
Published: January 2008

This work analyses global trade and production of textiles and clothing and the organisational trends occurring in enterprises in order to enable them to face increased competition due to trade liberalisation and the communications revolution. It introduces the concept of ‘quick response’ and characterises the problems it aims to overcome. The first part covers an analysis of advanced telecommunication systems such as EDI and the methodologies of TQM, as well as the use of ‘flexible manufacturing systems’, some of which are still in an R&D phase. In the second part, product‐oriented organisational structures and flow type production systems are looked at, as well as the concepts of CIM and CIB. The need to shorten lead time and of training multifunctional personnel is stressed. This work is a result of the author's experience as a research worker in the field of engineering and management applied to textiles and clothing. He is also involved as a consultant in strategic planning and the implementation of schemes for modernising companies and sectoral industrial restructuring studies for the Commission of the European Union.
The clothing market in Canada — 1995–96
Authors: Campaniaris Constantine , Jones Richard M.
Published: January 2008

This review is divided into three sections describing the state of the Canadian clothing market; the trade situation and the penetration of the market by American retailers, giving an interesting insight into the ongoing internationalisation of the sector. It is based upon articles published in Apparel Insights (The Canadian Apparel Market Newsletter) and the material is reproduced with permission from the aforementioned ‘Apparel Insights — A Canadian Quarterly Apparel Market’, a newsletter published by Apparel Management Insights, PO Box 694, Postal Station B, Ottawa, ON KIP 598, Canada (publisher: Constantine Campaniaris; editor: Jim Heppell). Data from the Canadian Apparel Market Monitor were provided by Randy Harris of Kormos, Harris and Associates.
Individuality on fashion diffusion: Differentiation versus independence
Authors: Park Kyungae
Published: January 2008

Individuality (a desire for differentiation and a behaviour of non‐conformity) appears to be a motivation for the adoption of fashion innovation. However, the concept of individuality is bi‐dimensional with a desire for differentiation and a tendency towards independence. An individual who is independent is aware of social norms but not affected by them and hence docs not necessarily show fashion innovativeness. This study examines the bi‐dimensional concept of individuality and investigates its relationship to fashion innovativeness and opinion leadership. Data were obtained from 461 female college students. Factor analysis divided individuality into two dimensions: differentiation and independence. Differentiation was more related to fashion innovativeness than was independence. Fashion innovativeness and opinion leadership were correlated. Differentiation had a direct effect on fashion innovativeness while independence showed no significant effect. Differentiation and fashion innovativeness affected opinion leadership in the same magnitude, but independence showed a slightly negative effect. The results imply that the application of individuality, particularly, differentiation to fashion promotion and marketing strategies would be profitable.
Personal and non‐personal references used by South Korean men in apparel purchase decisions
Authors: Shin Suyun , Dickerson Kitty
Published: January 2008

An understanding of consumer behaviour helps companies in catering more effectively to the needs and wants of their target markets. This better understanding of the consumer can lead to significant increases in a company's sales within a given market segment, and therefore can lead to increased profits (Dhalla and Mahatoo 1976). Accordingly, understanding the factors which contribute to consumer purchases and consumer satisfaction are among the most important functions a market researcher may perform (Vecchio 1991). Once manufacturers understand the characteristics of their particular target market segment, more effective promotion can be devised (Piirto 1990).
Size and fit: The development of size charts for clothing — Part 3
Authors: Beazley Alison
Published: January 2008

A survey of 100 young women's body measurements was undertaken during 1992/93. The findings are the basis of Part 3, which aims to explain how size charts are developed for garments; to evaluate the measuring equipment used and to compare the size chart body measurements with those proportionally derived by traditional formulae. A size chart is the artificial dividing of a range of measurements which are concise and consistent. There are different types of size charts. Some are of body measurement for specific proportion and shape. Others are for garments including ease allowances which vary according to the garment style and type of fabric. Size charts can be developed in three stages commencing with the raw survey data, which is then rounded to the nearest 1.0 cm or 0.5 cm and finally ease allowance is added for the finished garment. During the survey some measurements were repeated using different measuring equipment so that a comparison could be made to select the most suitable for pattern construction. The use of the anthropometer is limited as it can only take linear measurements. However, it is helpful when analysing body proportion, whereas the tape measures attached to the harness and a metal tape measure can record the contour surface of the body, which is more appropriate for clothing. The adjustable square and angle were a little difficult to position correctly but were useful to check the formulae used for pattern construction. A comparison is made between the survey body measurements and traditional formula to derive body measurements which are difficult to take. The dividing of the height by eight heads is useful for length proportions. The derived neck shape and survey measurements were comparable. Head measurements suitable for hoods were similar for all bust and neck sizes. Only the height showed any progression in size. This concludes the three articles which explain the taking of body measurements, methods of analysing the data and applying it to clothing pattern construction. It is hoped that this will aid those in industry and education who wish to undertake research and to develop new technology.
Taiwanese male office workers: Selection criteria for business apparel purchase
Authors: Liu Kai‐Sen , Dickerson Kitty G.
Published: January 2008

This study examines the selection criteria, country preference and people which influence Taiwanese male office workers' business apparel purchases in Taiwan. A partial model by Engel, Blackwell and Miniard (EBM) was used as the framework to indicate that the culture factor directly affects consumers' decision‐making process of purchase behaviour. A total of 232 questionnaires from male consumers in Taipei, Taiwan, were used for data analyses. Selection criteria, country preference and influential people were analysed by demographic variables including age, marital status, education, occupation, and yearly expenditure for business apparel purchase. Overall, the respondents ranked the selection criteria in order of descending importance as: fit, colour, price, style, quality, brand name, ease of care, fibre content and country. The order of country preference was rated first to last as: Taiwanese, Italian, US, French, British, Japanese, Hong Kong, German and Canadian. Individuals who influenced purchases were ranked as: my own opinion, wife or girlfriend, female friend, family member or other relative, male friend and salesperson. This research suggests that if foreign companies want to market to Taiwanese male consumers, they must develop appropriate strategies that help to change the domestic bias of the older males, or choose to appeal to younger males in hopes of developing long‐term brand loyalty. Additionally, the price strategies should be adjusted to be more competitive in Taiwan's marketplace. Meanwhile, fit and colour of apparel products may also need to be altered or modified in order to reach Taiwanese male consumers' demands.
Academic Papers
Authors: Woodard Ginger
Published: January 2008

Casual business apparel addresses many issues in the workplace. This phenomenon is having a strong impact on the corporate world, including employee production and motivation. Employees in many organisations are being permitted to wear apparel items that are considered non‐traditional for the business setting. Research conducted about casual dress has focused on what is appropriate, and perceptions of changes in standard measures of productivity. Limited research exists regarding the relationship of casual apparel in the workplace and the more complex measures of employee motivation, specifically perceptions of organisational climate. The purpose of this research was to identify the employee perceptions of organisational climate which occur with the implementation of a casual apparel policy and to examine the relationship between demographic variables and the employee perceptions of organisational climate. The sample was 125 corporate management personnel of a US manufacturer. Results of the analysis of the self‐administered questionnaire indicated that employees with lower incomes believe that wearing casual apparel in the workplace will improve their relationships, especially with their supervisor, as well as their sense of belonging to the organisation. In addition, women felt less comfortable with wearing casual apparel in the workplace than did men. Results of this study indicate that casual apparel in the workplace does relate to organisational factors of psychological climate. Wearing casual apparel in the workplace is perceived to help eliminate boss/employee lines. This finding suggests that employees have the potential to be better team players. As a result, productivity, creative thinking and contributions by employees may also increase. Future research should further examine the effects of casual dress on other motivational factors and measures of productivity as well as gender differences. A pre‐/post‐casual dress implementation study needs to be done in order to measure actual changes in motivation and productivity.
Statistical Review
Authors: Taplin Ian M.
Published: January 2008

The US apparel industry continues to be a large, mature industry that is intensely competitive. It is also highly fragmented and is undergoing restructuring and operational changes that further accentuate past trends. The principal drivers of change continue to be the increasing levels of low‐cost imports, but also include dramatic changes in retailing following consolidation of the retail sector, new technology, changing work habits and demographic changes (principally the ageing of the baby boomers). In addition, trade and tax legislation that confers special status on firms operating in certain Caribbean countries has resulted in the growth of outward processing that in turn has led to further domestic firm operational restructuring.
Practitioner Papers
Authors: Wong Eddie , Taylor Gail
Published: January 2008

In the last decade, apparel companies mainly focused on achieving the best FOB (freight on board) price, the best quality, and the shortest lead time for their products in order to achieve commercial success. As a result they sourced globally to optimise their costs. However, there arose a growing awareness of different sourcing criteria in the textiles and apparel industry. For instance, human rights issues and environmental requirements emerged as crucial factors in the selection of business partners. Addressing consumer concerns has recently become a very important strategy for apparel companies. They are therefore more concerned about products sourced from the Third World whose manufacture violates human rights and causes environmental damage. As a result, ethical and green consumerism will become the trend in the future. An increasing number of people prefer to buy products and services from companies that are socially responsible, and they are willing to pay a premium for them. Concurrent with the changes in individual purchasing behaviour under the influence of ethical and green consumerism will be the increasing collective consumer pressure on producers of goods and services to produce ecologically friendly products using ecologically friendly materials and processes which do not violate human rights or use child labour. The increased awareness of these issues has forced apparel companies, especially those with brands, to develop specific guidelines or a code of conduct to ensure that their business partners comply with these newly established requirements. In the research under discussion, an industry survey was carried out to identify the essential criteria for selecting and evaluating business partners. Subsequently, evaluation models were derived for the selection of business partners. Feedback from the industry highlighted the fact that there is a need for a standardised, recognised evaluation method to be developed. If such a method were widely adopted, ethical standards would be raised and ultimately the quality of life of the communities in which garments are manufactured, sold and worn would be improved.
Quality in international clothing supply chains: A preliminary study
Authors: Popp Andy , Ea Ruckman Ji‐young , Debra Rowe Helen
Published: January 2008

Clothing supply chains are subject to increasing global dispersal. Though primarily cost driven, this process impacts on the full range of business functions and activities. However, many dimensions of that impact have as yet received little investigation. The research described in this paper examines the impact of international sourcing strategies on the quality control or assurance function in the clothing industry. The paper establishes a theoretical framework within which observed changes in this area may be analysed. This framework focuses in particular on information costs and flows. The paper reports some preliminary empirical findings derived from a series of semi‐structured interviews conducted with representatives of UK firms deploying international sourcing strategies. A number of supply‐chain case studies are modelled using a diagrammatic methodology which allows the determinants of their configuration, performance and evolution to be explored. The paper concludes by describing the next stage to be undertaken in this research project.
Examination of brand personality and brand attitude within the apparel product category
Authors: Kim Hye‐Shin
Published: January 2008

Apparel brands are heavily reliant on emotional appeal and creation of imagery to achieve consumer recognition and interest. This study examines how US female consumers compare and form impressions of competing national apparel brands. More specifically, this study examines consumer perceptions of five brand personality traits for various apparel brands and the relationship between brand personality and brand preference. Findings from this study show that although personality expectations for apparel brands differ, brands with favourable brand attitude have favourable competent ratings. Also, for brands with similar personality patterns, similarities could be found for such characteristics as product lines offered, brand image, retailing format, etc.