bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Balbier Uta A.
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores the transformed religious, economic, and political landscapes in Europe and the United States at the time of Graham’s return to Berlin and London in 1966. It explains why Graham was now facing sharper criticism: the theological climate had shifted even further away from Graham’s rather fundamentalist theology, which now appeared outdated. The 1960s counterculture articulated an increasing consumer critique that zoomed in on Graham’s unconditional support for American business culture and the American way of life. And the Vietnam War, from which Graham never really distanced himself, loomed large over his revival meetings, where he now faced open political protest. But even more so, the increasing secularization of crusade cities such as London and Berlin made it significantly harder to rally support for Graham’s revival work at the same time when Graham’s highly professionalized revivalism was increasingly perceived as secular and formulaic.
Introduction
Authors: Pitt Richard N.
Published: November 2021

While we tend to think of entrepreneurs only as individuals or groups who create “firms”—that is, organizations whose primary goal is to create wealth—social scientists who study organizational emergence and entrepreneurship have been using the word “entrepreneur” to describe a broad range of organizational founders, from those starting schools and hospitals to those founding savings and loan associations and art museums. But consistently these scholars leave churches out of their examinations of entrepreneurial orientations and actions. This book is an attempt to disrupt this impulse by shining a light on a unique, but not insubstantial, set of organizational founders: individuals who start new churches. This chapter introduces three questions: (1) Are church founders “entrepreneurs”? (2) What motivates religion entrepreneurship in a crowded and competitive field trying to appeal to an increasingly anti-institutional-religion customer base? (3) What factors reduce these entrepreneurs’ uncertainty and fear of failure?
“Time, Talents, and Treasure”
Authors: Pitt Richard N.
Published: November 2021

As sociologists Howard Aldrich and Martin Ruef explain, “Most nascent entrepreneurs begin with almost nothing but their intentions. Few have access to capital and most cannot afford employees.” In church planting circles, it is often joked that “all a new church needs is a guitar and a microphone.” In many ways, they are right. Overhead costs of a new church are quite low. Much of the labor involved—praying, preaching, and “pastoring”—can be carried out by the founder him- or herself. That said, long-term and sustainable religion entrepreneurship, like other forms of entrepreneurship, requires resources. The biggest challenge for new and continuing enterprises is determining how to get people to support the organization through contributions of “time, talent, and treasure.” In this chapter, we explore the ways church founders generate and utilize two important assets—human and financial resources—necessary to build and maintain new congregations.
Moving Toward Emotions in the Aesthetic Experience
Authors: Di Dio Cinzia , Gallese Vittorio
Published: November 2021

In this chapter, the authors comment on their original review published in 2009 in Current Opinion in Neurobiology where, as they build a general theoretical framework that encompasses major empirical work in the field of neuroaesthetics since then, they also emphasize the role of the motor system and emotions in building an aesthetic experience. In this chapter, the authors extend their previous view with further empirical evidence, including from clinical and developmental psychology, thus supporting the idea that perception is not a mere “visual” copy of what is before our eyes, but the result of a complex construction whose outcome depends on the contribution of our body and its motor potential, our senses and emotions, imagination and memories. While the authors offer some food for thought for future research, they conclude by introducing a fairly recent line of study that explores the role of embodiment in architecture.
How Neuroimaging Is Transforming Our Understanding of Aesthetic Taste
Authors: Skov Martin
Published: November 2021

The concept of aesthetic appreciation is a historical construction with a history that traces back to the beginning of the 18th century. It proposes the idea that humans can experience a specific kind of nonutilitarian pleasure when exposed to a distinct set of aesthetic qualities. This chapter surveys findings from recent neuroimaging studies that have cast doubt on this idea. It explains how studies of neural activity associated with aesthetic appreciation have found “aesthetic” liking to engage similar neural structures as utilitarian liking, suggesting that aesthetic appreciation is rooted in computational principles that are common to hedonic evaluation broadly.
Facial Beauty and the Medial Orbitofrontal Cortex
Authors: O’Doherty John P. , Dolan Raymond J.
Published: November 2021

Faces are a highly privileged class of stimuli in humans, and facial attractiveness is a particularly salient attribute of faces that can exert considerable influence on the behavior of others. In the 2003 paper discussed in this chapter, the authors aimed to investigate the neural correlates of facial attractiveness in the brain, hypothesizing that attractive faces would recruit basic reward circuits, especially the orbitofrontal cortex. Consistent with their hypothesis, they found robust engagement of the orbitofrontal cortex to attractive faces and, moreover, that this response was enhanced if a face exhibited a smiling expression. Taken together, these results suggest that facial attractiveness and cues signaling positive social feedback can robustly recruit the brain’s reward circuitry, positioning attractive faces alongside other basic rewards while also aligning attractive faces with other aesthetically pleasing stimuli that engage similar circuits such as works of art.
Beautiful People in the Brain of the Beholder
Authors: Chatterjee Anjan
Published: November 2021

In the paper discussed in this chapter, the authors were interested in the neural underpinnings for facial beauty and whether such responses were automatic. In a functional magnetic resonance imaging study over two sessions, the authors asked participants to make beauty and identity judgments on a series of computer-generated faces. When people judged beauty, the authors found that neural activity varied parametrically to the degree of facial attractiveness in the fusiform face area and the lateral occipital complex, as well as in parts of parietal and frontal cortices. When people made familiarity judgments, the authors observed the same modulation of neural activity within occipital cortex to the degree of attractiveness in the faces. The data suggested that human brains automatically respond to facial beauty even when people might be attending to other aspects of the faces they apprehend.
The Contributions of Emotion and Reward to Aesthetic Judgment of Visual Art
Authors: Vartanian Oshin
Published: November 2021

It has long been assumed that emotions play an important role in our interactions with artworks. Similarly, how rewarding we find an artwork could also be an important driver of our aesthetic preference for it. Vartanian and Goel (2004) tested this idea by presenting participants with images of paintings in the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner, recording brain activation as they viewed and rated them on aesthetic preference. Their results demonstrated that activation in brain regions that encode reward and emotions—including the caudate nucleus, cingulate sulcus, and the visual cortex—covaried with preference ratings assigned to the paintings. This study represented an early example of how brain imaging could be used to test theoretically derived predictions from empirical aesthetics. Indeed, data from that study and several others since have accumulated to demonstrate that emotions and rewards are a cornerstone of our aesthetic experiences in relation to artworks and other classes of stimuli.
Chills, Bets, and Dopamine
Authors: Ferreri Laura , Riba Jordi , Zatorre Robert , Rodriguez-Fornells Antoni
Published: November 2021

During the past decade, research in cognitive neuroscience has tried to understand how the organized acoustic information we call music is decoded in the brain as pleasant and rewarding stimulus. In this chapter, the authors retrace part of this intriguing journey: from the first positron emission tomography study revealing the association between the mesolimbic system and musical pleasure to the recent pharmacological interventions showing that dopamine causally mediates the subjectively rewarding experience elicited by music. The dopamine-dependent hedonic and motivational responses to music may depend on the modulations of several neural mechanisms related not only to emotion, but also to attention and memory. Musical reward arises therefore as a complex set of processes which constitute a special access key to the study of human cognition.
The Neurocognitive Poetics Model of Literary Reading 10 Years After
Authors: Jacobs Arthur M.
Published: November 2021

The neurocognitive poetics model (NCPM) of literary reading was developed about 10 years ago as a theoretical tool for generating and guiding scientific studies of literature. It introduced testable hypotheses concerning two central phenomena of literary reading that had been so far badly neglected by research on text or discourse processing in experimental reading research, psycholinguistics, or cognitive neuroscience. These phenomena—immersion and affective-aesthetic processes—have since then been investigated in a number of studies supporting the NCPM’s main assumptions. In the article under discussion, the author explains the development of the NCPM.
The Mind, the Brain, and the Moving Body
Authors: Bläsing Bettina , Calvo-Merino Beatriz
Published: November 2021

Dance has become a topic of increasing interest for empirical research in cognitive neuroscience and psychology. The study reviewed in this chapter aimed to reach a multifaceted community of scholars and practitioners interested in the blending between neuroscience and dance as an art form. It includes a revision on dancers’ physical expertise and skilled motor execution, studies on dancers’ timing and online synchronization abilities, and learning and memory processes, as well as a consideration of expert dancers as skilled dance observers. Following the authors’ comment on the article, they acknowledge major developments since its publication, in particular regarding recent lines of research on emotional components of dance, creativity, aesthetic perception, improvisation, entrainment, empathy, and well-being. Finally, the authors emphasize the impact of empirical research in dance beyond cognitive neuroscience and psychology and consider the potential of multidisciplinary expert teams that include the performing arts community to contribute to discourses in the arts and the sciences.
Architectural Affordances
Authors: Djebbara Zakaria , Gramann Klaus
Published: November 2021

In the article discussed in this chapter, the authors describe a framework of neuroaesthetics for architectural experiences that considers sensory feedback stemming from movement central for the experience of the built environment. As we move through space when experiencing architecture, our sensory impressions change, rendering the body and the brain as nondissociable agents of aesthetic experience. This interaction is described by the term affordance. The authors cast the human experience of the built environment to be predicated on the functional relation between action and perception and developed a neuroscientific experiment on architectural transitions to investigate how the human brain reflects architectural affordances. They found that varying sizes of transitions, reflecting different affordances, impact early perceptual processes, suggesting that our perception is indeed colored by the action potentials afforded by the composed space. In conclusion, the shape of space resonates with our embodied predictions regarding movement.
Architectural Design and the Mind
Authors: Coburn Alex
Published: November 2021

Recent years have witnessed a surge of interest in the neuroscience of architecture. This burgeoning area of research explores how the design of the built environment shapes human behavior, health, and wellness. In this chapter, the author reviews key historical developments in architectural design that motivated current research on the psychology and neuroscience of architectural experience. He argues that these evidence-based design movements of today emerged in response to a narrow aesthetic dogma that was widely adopted in the mid-20th century and contributed to the mass standardization of architectural form. Within this historical context, he reviews key findings from recent publications on the neuroscience of architecture and discusses the implications of this research for architectural design and human experience.
Prosulas in Manuscripts
Authors: Nardini Luisa
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines prosulas in the context of their manuscript sources. Within the larger context of the Beneventan region, the city of Benevento was a highly productive center of production, while Montecassino, the motherhouse of the Benedictine order, was not. This contrast is probably more the consequences of abbot Desiderius’s liturgical reform aiming at liturgical uniformity (after 1059) than of the original attitude of Montecassino monks. Manuscripts from Apulia and Dalmatia, on the other hand, yield a small, but significant, repertory of prosula. Concordances with non-Beneventan sources also show a strong network of interregional exchanges. New evidence is provided for the redefinition of several manuscripts’ origins and about nuns’ involvement in chant practices. The chapter is subdivided in four major sections; manuscripts from Benevento; manuscripts from other regional centers; fragmentary sources; extra-regional concordances.
Prosulas for Graduals and Tracts
Authors: Nardini Luisa
Published: November 2021

Prosulas for graduals and tracts display a style that is either strophic or recitational. That these prosulas circulated only in the Italian peninsula shows a predilection for repetitive and simple melodic patterns in peninsular ecclesiastical circles. This preference, which could be fully exploited in prosulas for tracts and graduals, is also reflected in some Latin songs of Italian origins and that can be put in connection with monasteries and cathedral churches. The manuscript Ben35 is the largest testimony for prosula tracts compared to any other Italian source, thus revealing a particular propensity for the composition of tract prosulas by its scribe or at the monastery of St Peter Outside the Walls.
The Pattern-Focused Case Conceptualization Approach
Authors: Sperry Len , Sperry Jon
Published: November 2021

In this era of accountability, therapists and other mental health professionals are expected to employ evidence-based interventions to achieve therapeutic change. Case conceptualization is an intervention that many consider one of the most essential clinical competencies. A useful case conceptualization approach, at a minimum, should explain the presenting problem and guide the planning and implementation of treatment. Approaches that are more clinically valuable will include a third function: anticipate and predict challenges in the treatment process. Analogous to the paradigm shift toward personalized treatments in precision medicine based on biomarkers is a similar shift occurring in psychotherapy practice. It will be based on behavioral markers like the ones in the pattern-focused case conceptualization approach and can explain, guide, and predict treatment challenges, as well as optimize treatment outcomes. A case example illustrates key points.
Pattern
Authors: Sperry Len , Sperry Jon
Published: November 2021

Pattern is central in the pattern-focused case conceptualization approach. This chapter highlights the five basic treatment challenges for each of the eight common patterns in everyday clinical practice. It first defines pattern and provides a clinical strategy for quickly identifying and differentiating the basic patterns. Then, it describes eight patterns: avoidant, borderline, dependent, histrionic, narcissistic, obsessive–compulsive, paranoid, and passive–aggressive. Each of these patterns is discussed in the following format: pattern description, pattern development, pattern types and triggers, and treatment challenges. Clinicians who understand patterns and can identify them easily in clients are more likely to be able to explain and guide treatment, as well as anticipate treatment challenges.
Brief Case Conceptualization Practice
Authors: Sperry Len , Sperry Jon
Published: November 2021

Brief case conceptualizations are useful in various clinical contexts. This type of conceptualization can be completed quickly after the first session because there are only six behavioral markers for the practitioner to formulate. In this chapter, the five-step brief case conceptualization strategy is demonstrated with two case vignettes. The strategy includes the following five steps: Step 1: Specify presenting problem and precipitants; Step 2: Identify maladaptive pattern; Step 3: Identify predisposing factors and perpetuants; Step 4: Specify treatment goals and interventions; and Step 5: Specify obstacles, challenges, and facilitators. Readers will formulate the case through the brief case conceptualization worksheet and then will write a brief case conceptualization narrative. After each case, the chapter provides exemplar responses for each of the case vignettes.
Full-Scale Case Conceptualization Practice
Authors: Sperry Len , Sperry Jon
Published: November 2021

This chapter demonstrates the eight-step full-scale case conceptualization strategy using two case vignettes. The chapter summarizes the following eight-step strategy: Step 1: Specify presenting problem and precipitants; Step 2: Identify maladaptive pattern; Step 3: Identify predisposing factors and perpetuants; Step 4: Specify a cultural formulation; Step 5: Specify the client’s relevant protective factors and strengths; Step 6: Specify treatment goals; Step 7: Specify treatment interventions; and Step 8: Specify obstacles, challenges, and facilitators. The readers will formulate the cases through the full-scale case conceptualization worksheet and then will write a full-scale case conceptualization narrative for each case. Exemplar responses for each of the two case vignettes are provided.
The Right to Wage Private Wars of Subsistence
Authors: Olsthoorn Johan
Published: November 2021

Some philosophers have recently argued for the revisionist just war doctrine that individuals can have the right to initiate war in defense of their human rights when their government fails in its duty to protect them. It was a central tenet of early modern just war theory, too, that when judicial recourse is not available, individuals are entitled to enforce their basic rights by force of war. How should we conceptualize such remedial rights to secure basic rights by armed force? And where to fit such rights within ethical theories of war? This chapter explores these questions by critically contrasting two ways to ground individual rights to wage so-called “private subsistence wars”: via “modern” duties of global justice and via “old” rights of necessity. I argue that the right-of-necessity model—for better or worse—can sidestep problems of indeterminate and underdetermined moral liability by grounding resistance rights in enforceable rights (of subsistence) rather than in enforceable duties (of global justice). My analysis thus charts normative implications of dispensing with the legitimate authority condition by analyzing what it means for rights and duties to be enforceable.
Blackbirds in New York
Authors: Hill Constance Valis
Published: November 2021

This chapter narrates the performances of the Nicholas Kids/Nicholas Brothers in various contexts including Pie, Pie, Blackbird, a Vitaphone short subject film featuring Eubie Blake and his jazz orchestra, and the twenty-first edition of the Cotton Club Parade with Cab Calloway and His Cotton Club Orchestra. The Cotton Club became home base for the Nicholases, despite the strict segregation of the races (all performers black, clientele white) and afforded them the opportunity to hone their musical routines under the auspices of Cab Calloway and Duke Ellington’s bands.
All-Colored Comedy
Authors: Hill Constance Valis
Published: November 2021

Musical comedy films made by the Nicholas Brothers bring to light the staggering racist stereotyping that existed in Hollywood in the thirties. In the Minstrel Night scene in Kid Millions (1934), star Eddie Cantor in blackface sings “I Want to be a Minstrel Man,” with close-ups on the clean, bright face of Harold Nicholas, singing the same lyrics, and the brothers having to play end men to the star. Nicholas Brothers continue to defy racial stereotyping, demonstrating their virtuosic brilliance in song and dance in Jealousy (1934), American Wife (1936), Big Broadcast of 1936, Black Network (1936), and The All-Colored Vaudeville Show (1935).
How Do I Assess Our Cyber Risk?
Authors: Falco Gregory , Rosenbach Eric
Published: November 2021

The question “How do I assess our cyber risk?” addresses how to identify and characterize cyber risk unique to an organization’s critical systems, networks, and data. The chapter begins with a case study about a cyberattack on Ukraine’s electric grid. It details risk assessment for three types of critical systems: mission-critical systems, business-critical systems, and safety-critical systems. It explains the three types of networks critical to many organizations: business and administrative networks, operational and service delivery networks, and communication networks. In outlining the “CIA triad,” it shows how cyber risk can be characterized as a confidentiality, integrity, or availability issue relating to digital assets. Further, it describes how to assess the importance of different digital assets and how to prioritize them using a business impact analysis (BIA). The chapter concludes with real-world Embedded Endurance strategy lessons Rosenbach gained in Saudi Arabia in the wake of one of the world’s most destructive cyberattacks.
What Is the New Testament?
Authors: Senior Donald
Published: November 2021

This chapter reviews the origin of the term “New Testament” and then surveys the contexts, various literary forms, and contents of its twenty-seven “books.” It also sketches the historical context in which the New Testament writings developed, beginning with the historical, political, and social context of the life and mission of Jesus of Nazareth, and the extension of early Christianity from its original Jewish milieu out into the Gentile world. While the New Testament exhibits great diversity in its literary components and in the variety of the theological perspectives found in its individual writings, the New Testament also finds a unifying factor in its focus on the identity and mission of Jesus and his normative significance for Christian life. This unifying factor is a major reason for considering the New Testament writings “sacred.”
The Formation of the Canon and the Creation of the “New Testament”
Authors: Senior Donald
Published: November 2021

A key factor in considering the various writings of the New Testament as sacred and normative was their eventual inclusion into the “canon.” This chapter traces the evolution of the canon, the process by which it was formed, and the apparent norms for judging which books should be included. The entire process is a subject of much debate and hypothesis. An assumption on the part of early Christianity, similar to a parallel process occurring in Judaism, was that certain books were divinely inspired and ultimately originated in divine authority. Key factors in judging which books should be “canonical” were such criteria as connection with figures of the early apostolic church, harmony with the fundamental convictions of Christian faith, and the “reception” or widespread use of certain books by early Christian communities. While the core books of the canon were accepted early, such as the Letters of Paul and the Gospels, other writings were subject to some dispute before being accepted.
Introduction
Authors: Faraone Christopher Athanasious
Published: November 2021

Introduces the main idea that hexametrical genres used in ritual contexts, for example, hymn, oracle, incantation and lament, can be more fully appreciated and reconstructed by noting how the Homeric and to a lesser degree Hesiodic poets embed them in their extant poems and how Hellenistic poets imitate them closely in some of their hexametric compositions. It also surveys other evidence from archaic and classical authors and inscriptions and it closes with a discussion of how dactylic hexameters were performed.
Voices of Vietnam
Authors: Ó Briain Lonán
Published: November 2021

On September 2, 1945, Ho Chi Minh read the Declaration of Independence over a makeshift wired loudspeaker system to thousands of listeners in Hanoi. Five days later, Ho’s Viet Minh forces set up a clandestine radio station using equipment brought to Southeast Asia by colonial traders. The revolutionaries garnered support for their coalition on air by interspersing political narratives with red music (nhạc đỏ). Voice of Vietnam Radio (VOV) grew from these communist and colonial foundations to become one of the largest producers of music in contemporary Vietnam. In the first comprehensive English-language study on the history of radio music in mainland Southeast Asia, Lonán Ó Briain examines the broadcast voices that reconfigured Vietnam’s cultural, social, and political landscape over a century. Ó Briain draws on a year of ethnographic fieldwork at the VOV studios (2016–17), interviews with radio employees and listeners, historical recordings and broadcasts, and archival research in Vietnam, France, and the United States. From the Indochinese radio clubs of the 1920s to the 75th anniversary celebrations of the VOV in 2020, Voices of Vietnam offers a fresh perspective on this turbulent period by demonstrating how music production and sound reproduction are integral to the unyielding process of state formation.
Battle for the Airwaves during the First Indochina War
Authors: Ó Briain Lonán
Published: November 2021

The VOV proudly proclaims September 7, 1945 as the foundational date for Vietnamese public radio, when the Declaration of Independence was read out on wireless for the first time. Vietnamese technicians who had been trained by the French set up a station in Hanoi to support the Viet Minh’s independence coalition. In December 1946, the French seized control of Hanoi again and established a new station, Radio Hanoi, at Rue Richaud (now Quán Sứ street). In contrast to the exclusive European radio clubs of the 1920s and 1930s, Radio Hanoi hired a troupe of Vietnamese musicians and actors who performed live on air and at popular venues in the capital between 1948 and the early 1950s. Their programming of entertainment and news in several languages appealed to Vietnamese and non-Vietnamese alike. Meanwhile the Viet Minh resumed their broadcasts of anti-colonial rhetoric from a discrete mountain location, but they struggled to sustain the attention of their listeners. To reengage with the public and draw listeners away from Radio Hanoi, they began to program communist-themed entertainment (music, poetry, stories, and short plays) alongside political news and information. Chapter 2 draws on oral histories, archival records, and historical broadcasts to reconstruct the sonic ambience of this creative conflict. The research investigates how composers, musicians, singers, and voice actors at both stations battled to nurture a resilient and attentive radio listenership with attractive artistic outputs that were often imbued with implicit (Radio Hanoi) and explicit (Viet Minh Radio) political ideologies.
Studio Production in Contemporary Vietnam
Authors: Ó Briain Lonán
Published: November 2021

Chapter 5 examines how and why the VOV music ensembles are keeping their red music relevant in contemporary Vietnam. In the reform era, the ensembles were separated into two groups: the national or ethnic music ensemble (nhóm nhạc dân tộc), comprised of traditional instrumentalists and folk singers, and the new music ensemble (nhóm nhạc mới), which performs Vietnamese songs and instrumental music composed for choir and chamber orchestra. Drawing on fieldwork at the radio studios in Hanoi, this research provides an ethnographic account of contemporary music production processes at the station. The first case study examines how recordings by the traditional music ensemble, a versatile group of instrumentalists and folk singers, represent and reify the three major cultural regions of Vietnam. The second explores how productions by the new music ensemble, which reference the musical styles of DRV revolutionary opera, memorialize government achievements, valorize heroes of the past, and are made relevant to the contemporary political context through references to current issues such as territorial claims in the South China Sea. Rather than dismiss these musicians as political puppets, the chapter investigates their creative, pragmatic approaches to the constraints and contradictions of life in a (post)socialist state. Meanwhile, culture brokers working at these national broadcasters are leading the politicization of this intangible cultural heritage, a process they justify with the language of cultural sustainability.
An Unhealthy World
Authors: Galea Sandro
Published: November 2021

This chapter explains how the world that faced COVID-19 was not a world free of existential threats, merely from the widespread knowledge of them. The pandemic revealed just how vulnerable we have always been, and how vulnerable we will remain unless we learn its lessons. The first step to doing so is understanding the ways in which the world is still unhealthy and the forces which enable this poor health. This means looking at health disparities, which emerge from the misalignment of the structures that underlie health—the social, economic, political, and geographic factors which unfold across time and distance to shape our world. Creating a healthy world means engaging with health on this level—and we cannot prevent the next pandemic without creating a healthy world. The chapter discusses how we can do so, by first looking at the ways we have fallen short. The challenges of widespread disease, the proliferation of unsafe behaviors like smoking, and other forms of preventable mortality all speak of a world that is still unhealthy. The chapter then looks at how these challenges intersected with COVID-19. Finally, it considers the role global cooperation and international institutions played in addressing COVID-19, and their importance for creating a better future for health.
Understanding What Matters Most
Authors: Galea Sandro
Published: November 2021

This chapter explores how science can shape the understanding of what matters most for health. Throughout the pandemic, it is science that helped in understanding the link between health and the foundational forces discussed in the previous chapters, so that when it came time to make important choices, such as who first gets the vaccine, we were able to do so guided by a sense of what matters most. Ultimately, promoting a science for better health is core to creating a healthier world, post-COVID-19. The spectacular success of vaccine development during the pandemic will raise the understandable temptation of redoubling focus on doctors and medicines, orienting even more of the scientific energies towards treatments. We should take care that this does not distract focus from robust exploration of the socioeconomic forces that shape public health.
Pious Puppets and the Limits of Symbolism
Authors: Walker Jennifer
Published: November 2021

Following the immensely successful premiere of Maurice Bouchor and Paul Vidal’s Noël, ou le Mystère de la Nativité at Paris’s Petit-Théâtre de la Marionnette in 1890, numerous critics observed an increasing fondness for religiously themed theatrical productions on the city’s popular stages. Though these works have received scant musicological attention, scholars often credit the success of these works to the rise of Symbolism during the 1880s, citing the Symbolists’ fondness for the realm of the metaphysical as a step toward a universally spiritual world that could be revealed only through non-representational signs. Contemporaneous reception of these works, however, suggests that audiences understood them not as exemplars of a burgeoning aesthetic movement, replete with idealistic suggestion, but rather as a nostalgic return to the Catholicism of their youth, regardless of—and likely despite—their skepticism of the Church as an institution. This chapter provides new readings of Maurice Bouchor and Casimir Baille’s Tobie and Bouchor and Paul Vidal’s Noël, ou le Mystère de la Nativité that reveals how Symbolism, as an interpretive framework, falls short of the musical and political complexities within these works. Through analyses of poetic texts, musical scores, and critical responses, this chapter examines the roles that such puppet productions played in the enfolding of Catholicism into the “secular” Republican mindset.
Harnessing Community Resources to Enhance Student Learning and Development
Authors: Busack Jason , Payton Cara , Hudson Cherie
Published: November 2021

One of the most important ways in which school social workers can support students, families, and staff is by acquiring, developing, and distributing community resources. This chapter will discuss identifying needs, assembling resources, empowering students and families to access resources, and building staff and program capacity to meet community needs. Discussion will focus on needs assessments during the overlapping pandemics of COVID-19 and racial inequities. Strategies for conducting needs assessments, mapping assets, and investigating potential community partners are offered. Finally, the chapter covers the importance of collecting and reporting data to evaluate the success of the programs that the school social worker develops.
Special Education Evaluation Process
Authors: Smith Kari , Williams Sharron
Published: November 2021

The school special education evaluation process can be a time of uncertainty for many families. Some families are apprehensive and unaware of the services that can be offered to them and their children. Many are not prepared to contribute ideas or have limited knowledge of possible resources. The chapter lays out how social workers can capitalize on their understanding of systems, mental health, child development, strengths-based perspective, social justice, and equity to best serve these families and their children during this process. The chapter presents an overview of the special education process; fundamental federal, state, and local policies and procedures; eligibility requirements; functional behavioral assessments; behavior intervention plans; and measurable individualized educational program goals. It reviews the essential steps that school social workers must take to ensure a comprehensive process while collaborating within a multidisciplinary team.
The Politics of Identity in Greek Sicily and Southern Italy
Authors: Thatcher Mark R.
Published: November 2021

This book offers the first sustained analysis of the politics of collective identity in Greek Sicily and southern Italy during the period c. 600–200 BCE. It advances two main arguments. First, the western Greeks constructed multiple identities, including a separate polis identity for each city-state, sub-Hellenic ethnicities such as Dorian and Ionian, regional identities, and an overarching sense of Greekness. The book untangles the many overlapping strands of these plural identities and analyzes how they relate to one another. Second, the book presents a compelling new account of the role of identity in Greek politics. Identity was often created through conflict and was reshaped as political conditions changed, it created legitimacy for kings and tyrants, and it contributed to the decision-making processes of poleis. A series of detailed case studies explores these points by drawing on a wide variety of source material, including historiography, epinician poetry, coinage, inscriptions, religious practices, and material culture. The wide-ranging analysis covers both Sicily and southern Italy, encompassing cities such as Syracuse, Camarina, Croton, and Metapontion; ethnic groups such as the Dorians and Achaeans; and tyrants and politicians from the Deinomenids to Hermocrates to Pyrrhus and Hieron II. Spanning the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods, this study is an essential contribution to the history, societies, cultures, and identities of the Greek West.
Becoming Achaean in Italy
Authors: Thatcher Mark R.
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines the Achaeans of southern Italy through case studies of two communities, Croton and Metapontion. It first examines the creation of Achaean ethnicity, which occurred not through a single shared process but rather through a series of conflicts between different Greek communities in Italy. Croton articulated its ethnic and polis identities in intertwining ways, through a series of foundation myths, coins, and a prominent cult of Hera, which worked together to claim ethnic origins both in the northern Peloponnese and from the Homeric Achaean heroes and, at the same time, to define a distinctively Crotoniate polis identity. Metapontion followed a similar process but with different materials and shaped by different circumstances, since its identity was defined partly by outsiders using it for their own purposes. The two cities did not form a single unified ethnic group but rather used Achaean ethnicity to articulate their identities separately.
Ruling Grain-Rich Sicily
Authors: Thatcher Mark R.
Published: November 2021

This chapter examines the articulation and political valences of Sicilian regional identity. Although Sicily as a region was defined according to geographical criteria, namely, the boundaries of the island, a subjective sense of Sicilian-ness developed that relied in part on two goddesses, Demeter and Kore (or Persephone). Myths described them as patrons of the whole island, making Sicily the location of key events in their biographies, and their cults were widespread there, including among non-Greeks. Sicilian leaders and tyrants from the Deinomenids onward used the two goddesses to create legitimacy for themselves. Moreover, a second criterion also contributed to Sicilian identity: a sense of contrast with Greeks of the mainland, especially Athens, beginning around the time of the Persian Wars and culminating with Athens’s Sicilian Expeditions. By excluding mainland Greeks and possibly including non-Greeks on the island, Sicilian identity cut across familiar ethnic categories.
Marginalized in the Middle
Authors: Chaturvedi Neilan S.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 2 lays out the theory for why moderates so often fail to take on the mantle of being the pivotal voter. Theoretically, as the Senate loses moderates and becomes more polarized, the remaining moderates should gain power and become pivotal to every vote. This chapter argues that in the polarized era, moderates are cross-pressured as they are elected from states in which the opposition is the majority party or from swing states that have a roughly equal number of partisans from both sides. As a result, moderates must balance a volatile coalition of voters by avoiding traceability on most issues. Chapter 2 argues that in the onstage legislative game, when senators can shape and defend legislation, they should remain inactive and invisible. In the behind-the-scenes legislative game, where senators negotiate and push their influence behind closed doors, they should seek consensus but avoid driving legislation too strongly.
Legislative Decision-Making
Authors: Chaturvedi Neilan S.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 4 examines the logic used by moderates in determining how to vote on legislation. Using interview data from six retired senators, Chapter 4 examines the pressures they face, both within the chamber with party leadership and outside the chamber with constituents and interest groups. While conventional wisdom would dictate that moderates vote only for legislation that they find palatable, and vote against all else, using data collected by Project Vote Smart capturing the issue positions of many senators, we see that all too often this is not the case—centrists get “railroaded” by leaders and vote with the majority, even when the legislation goes against their stated position. Using voting decisions on key votes and publicly stated positions by senators, the chapter then creates a logic model that illustrates how moderates decide how to vote on legislation.
Antecedents of Marriage Equality in the 1970s
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 3 tells the story of the Stonewall riots of 1969 and the small marches that grew up starting in 1970 to memorialize Stonewall. The marches became the Pride parades we know today, which have grown by a factor of more than 1,000 and spread across the world. Chapter 3 explains the antimarriage ideology of the Gay Liberation Front and tells the story of the American Psychiatric Association’s reclassification of homosexuality as a healthy manifestation of human sexuality in 1973. Early marriage plaintiffs Jack Baker and Michael McConnell faced a hostile legal climate and were unable to have their marriage recognized. The Christian Right rose in prominence in the 1970s on an anti-gay-rights message. There was a campaign of anti-gay-rights referenda that reached its pinnacle with the Briggs Initiative in California in 1978. The Briggs Initiative was defeated by Harvey Milk and other gay rights activists.
The Courts Begin to Appreciate Gay Rights: Romer and Baehr, 1996
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 6 describes two important breakthroughs in the courts for gay rights. In 1996 the U.S. Supreme Court decided Romer v. Evans in favor of gay plaintiffs from Colorado who had had their rights reduced by a voter referendum. The Supreme Court upheld state court rulings which had overturned the referendum. The Romer decision, written by Anthony Kennedy, was the first Supreme Court decision to affirmatively defend the rights of gay people. In the fall of 1996 in Hawaii a same-sex marriage trial, Baehr v. Miike, showed for the first time that the opponents of marriage equality had no scientific or empirical basis for preventing same-sex marriages from being recognized. The marriage plaintiffs won in court, but the voters of Hawaii reinstated the same-sex marriage ban. Hawaii did not become a marriage equality state until 2013.
The DeBoer v. Snyder Trial, 2014
Authors: Rosenfeld Michael J.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 13 tells the story of the DeBoer v. Snyder trial, the expert testimony on both sides, and how the witnesses called to defend Michigan’s same-sex marriage ban were found to be entirely lacking in credibility. Defense witness Douglas Allen presented graphs that he admitted were not even intended to be accurate. Defense witness Mark Regnerus’ testimony was disavowed by his department chair and criticized by his professional organization. The plaintiffs’ expert witnesses described the scholarly consensus about the health of children raised by same-sex couples. This scholarly consensus was accepted by Judge Friedman. The DeBoer trial resulted in a victory for plaintiffs DeBoer and Rowse and their children, but the Sixth Circuit reversed the decision on constitutional grounds, necessitating a showdown in the U.S. Supreme Court.
Data Sources and Issues in Measurement
Authors: Lucas Robert E.B.
Published: November 2021

This chapter details the data sources deployed and the approaches to deriving measures from them. National definitions of urban settlements vary but are demonstrated to match satellite imagery surprisingly well. Most selected sources ask if the place of origin was rural or urban, though in several censuses this is imputed on the nature of the location of origin, rejecting instances where locations prove too diverse; significant contrasts are not found between the two approaches. Those sources that ask place of birth show significantly lower lifetime migration from urban to rural areas than those reporting only location during childhood; their rural-urban migration propensities do not differ. Measures of migrant flow rates, return migration, and other temporary moves require interim location information. Sources reporting the previous location and duration of residence prove more useful than those asking location five years before. A contention of symmetry between rural-urban and urban-rural migration propensities is rejected.
Transnational Perspectives on Latin America
Authors: Roniger Luis
Published: November 2021

Latin America is a multistate and polyglot region with diverse races, ethnicities, and cultures, yet it shares historical legacies, institutional frameworks, and political and socioeconomic challenges. Crystallized as the “farthest West” in the global expansion that started with Iberian transatlantic colonialism and forced intercivilizational encounters, shared development, and inner diversity, it is an ideal laboratory for comparative institutional analysis. This perspective has enabled enlightening processes that encompass multiple countries and affect their political, social, and cultural experiences. At various historical junctures, political figures, intellectuals, and social movements led strategies of mutual recognition and reconnection among sister nations and states. This book claims that in addition to approaching the region with a comparative lens, one should also address it from a transnational perspective that accounts for the twin processes of nation-state building and multistate linkages. The chapters follow the connections among countries and those that unfold in the transnational arena in ways that show the significance of a regional perspective, without obliterating the consciousness of distinct political development. Chapters address issues of key historical and contemporary relevance, including the belated construction of state boundaries; the interplay between state claims and transnational dynamics; political exile; international wars and conspiracy theories; regional counterinsurgency and its transnational impact on policies of transitional justice; the tension between regional principles protecting democracy and those predicating nonintervention; the emergence of social movements with a transnational vision; and processes of transnational legitimization and delegitimization of Jewish and Muslim minorities. The concluding chapter discusses transnational challenges and twenty-first-century dilemmas.