bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thin Polymer Layers with Superparamagnetic Properties
Authors: Trommer Kristin , Petzold Carina , Morgenstern Bernd
Published: September 2015

Superparamagnetic particles were widely used in medical applications as well as for magnetic sensors and actuators. Generally, the size of the particles is in the range of 10–20 nm. To use such particles in large-scale applications, a simple processing as well as the use of commercially available particles is required. Therefore superparamagnetic nanoparticles available on the market were incorporated in flexible polymer films and the magnetic properties of the films were investigated. At ambient temperature no significant hysteresis was observed, indicating the superparamagnetic properties. Films containing up to 25% nanoparticles were prepared. The films show a saturation magnetization of 13.8 Am2/kg and a coercivity of 7 Oe at ambient temperature.
Human Papilloma Virus Associated Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Ajila Vidya , Shetty Harish , Babu Subhas , Shetty Veena , Hegde Shruthi
Published: September 2015

Oral cancer is one of the commonest causes for mortality and morbidity with squamous cell carcinoma being the sixth most frequent malignant tumour worldwide. In addition to tobacco and alcohol, human papilloma virus (HPV) is associated with a proportion of head and neck cancers. As in cervical cancers, HPV types 16 and 18 are the cause of malignant transformation. HPV-positive cancers of head and neck have unique characteristics such as occurrence in a younger age group, distinct clinical and molecular features, and better prognosis as compared to HPV-negative carcinomas. They also possess the potential for prevention by using vaccination. The present review describes in detail the salient features of HPV associated oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), its differences from HPV-negative OSCC, diagnostic features, and recent strategies in prevention and management.
Traditional Korean Herbal Formula Samsoeum Attenuates Adipogenesis by Regulating the Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in 3T3-L1 Cells
Authors: Jeong Soo-Jin , Yoo Sae-Rom , Seo Chang-Seob , Shin Hyeun-Kyoo
Published: September 2015

Adipogenesis is the cell differentiation process from preadipocytes into adipocytes and the critical action in the development of obesity. In the present study, we conductedin vitroanalyses to investigate the inhibitory effects of Samsoeum (SSE), a traditional herbal decoction. SSE had no significant cytotoxic effect against either the undifferentiated or differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Oil Red O staining results showed that SSE significantly inhibited fat accumulation in adipocytes. SSE treatment consistently reduced the intracellular triglyceride content in the cells. SSE significantly inactivated glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), a major link between carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, and markedly inhibited the production of leptin, an important adipokine, in differentiated cells. SSE markedly suppressed the mRNA expression of the adipogenesis-related genes peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-alpha (C/EBP-α), fatty acid synthase (FAS), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4). Importantly, SSE increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, but not p38 MAPK and JNK, in adipose cells. Overall, our results indicate that SSE exerts antiadipogenic activity and modulates expressions of adipogenesis-related genes and ERK1/2 activation in adipocytes.
High Prevalence of Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Autoantibodies in Infants with Food Protein-Induced Proctitis/Proctocolitis: Autoimmunity Involvement?
Authors: Sekerkova Alena , Fuchs Martin , Cecrdlova Eva , Svachova Veronika , Kralova Lesna Ivana , Striz Ilja , Tlaskalova-Hogenova Helena
Published: September 2015

Background.Food protein-induced proctitis/proctocolitis (FPIP) is the most common noninfectious colitis in children in the first year of life. Along with the overall clinical symptoms, diarrhoea and rectal bleeding are the main manifestations of the disease. There is no routine noninvasive test that would be specific for this type of colitis. The aim of our study was to find a noninvasive laboratory test or tests that may be helpful in differential diagnosis of food protein-induced proctitis/proctocolitis.Methods.ANA, ANCA, ASCA, a-EMA, a-tTg, specific IgE, total IgE, IgG, IgA, IgM, and concentration of serum calprotectin were measured in a group of 25 patients with colitis and 18 children with other diagnoses.Results.Atypical-pANCA antibodies of IgG isotype were detected in the sera of 24 patients by the method of indirect immunofluorescence, and 5 patients showed also the positivity of IgA isotype. In control samples these autoantibodies were not detected. Other autoantibodies were not demonstrated in either patient or control group.Conclusions.Of the parameters tested in noninfectious colitis, atypical-pANCA on ethanol-fixed granulocytes appears to be a suitable serological marker of food protein-induced proctitis/proctocolitis and suggests a possible involvement of an autoimmune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of this disease.
HDAC Inhibition for the Treatment of Epithelioid Sarcoma: Novel Cross Talk Between Epigenetic Components
Authors: Lopez Gonzalo , Song Yechun , Lam Ryan , Ruder Dennis , Creighton Chad J. , Bid Hemant Kumar , Bill Kate Lynn , Bolshakov Svetlana , Zhang Xiaoli , Lev Dina , Pollock Raphael E.
Published: September 2015

Epithelioid sarcoma is a rare neoplasm uniquely comprised of cells exhibiting both mesenchymal and epithelial features. Having propensity for local and distant recurrence, it poses a diagnostic dilemma secondary to pathologic complexity. Patients have dismal prognosis due to lack of effective therapy. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) exhibit marked antitumor effects in various malignancies. The studies here demonstrate that pan-HDAC inhibitors constitute novel therapeutics versus epithelioid sarcoma. Human ES cells (VAESBJ, HS-ES, Epi-544) were studied in preclinical models to evaluate HDACi effects. Immunoblot and RT-PCR were used to evaluate expression of acetylated tubulin, histones H3/H4, EZH2 upon HDACi. MTS and clonogenic assays were used to assess the impact of HDACi on cell growth. Cell culture assays were used to evaluate the impact of HDACi and EZH2-specific siRNA inhibition on cell-cycle progression and survival. Unbiased gene array analysis was used to identify the impact of HDACi on epithelioid sarcoma gene expression. Xenografts were used to evaluate epithelioid sarcoma tumor growth in response to HDACi. HDAC inhibition increased target protein acetylation and abrogated cell growth and colony formation in epithelioid sarcoma cells. HDACi induced G2 cell-cycle arrest and marked apoptosis, and reduced tumor growth in xenograft models. HDACi induced widespread gene expression changes, and EZH2 was significantly downregulated. EZH2 knockdown resulted in abrogated cell growth in vitro.

Implications: The current study suggests a clinical role for HDACi in human epithelioid sarcoma, which, when combined with EZH2 inhibitors, could serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for epithelioid sarcoma patients. Future investigations targeting specific HDAC isoforms along with EZH2 may potentially maximizing treatment efficacy. Mol Cancer Res; 14(1); 35–43. ©2015 AACR.
Anti-CCL21 Antibody Attenuates Infarct Size and Improves Cardiac Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Jiang Yi , Bai Jianwen , Tang Lunxian , Zhang Pei , Pu Jun
Published: September 2015

Background/Aims: Over-activation of cellular inflammatory effectors adversely affects myocardial function after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The CC-chemokine CCL21 is, via its receptor CCR7, one of the key regulators of inflammation and immune cell recruitment, participates in various inflammatory disorders, including cardiovascular ones. This study explored the therapeutic effect of an anti-CCL21 antibody in cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction. Methods and Results: An animal model of AMI generated by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation in C57BL/6 mice resulted in higher levels of circulating CCL21 and cardiac CCR7. Neutralization of CCL21 by intravenous injection of anti-CCL21 monoclonal antibody reduced infarct size after AMI, decreased serum levels of neutrophil and monocyte chemo attractants post AMI, diminished neutrophil and macrophage recruitment in infarcted myocardium, and suppressed MMP-9 and total collagen content in myocardium. Anti-CCL21 treatment also limited cardiac enlargement and improved left ventricular function. Conclusions: Our study indicated that CCL21 was involved in cardiac remodeling post infarction and anti-CCL21 strategies might be useful in the treatment of AMI.
The Effect and Mechanism of Celecoxib in Hypoxia-Induced Survivin Up-Regulation in HUVECs
Authors: Liu Ning-ning , Zhao Ning , Cai Na
Published: September 2015

Background/Aims: To investigate the roles of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) and its product, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), in the mechanisms underlying hypoxia-induced survivin expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and to examine the effect of celecoxib, a selective Cox-2 inhibitor, on survivin expression. Methods: HUVECs were exposed to a normal (95% O2) or hypoxic (3% O2) environment for 24 hrs. We observed the localized expression of survivin, Cox-2 and HIF-1α in HUVECs using immunocytochemistry and detected the inhibitory effects of celecoxib on the growth of HUVECs using an MTT assay. mRNA and protein levels of Cox-2, HIF-1α and survivin were determined by real-time PCR and Western blot analysis under hypoxic conditions for 0, 6, 12, or 24 hrs. The time course changes of HIF-1α and survivin protein expression induced by cobalt chloride (CoCl2) were studied using Western blot analysis. We then treated HUVECs under hypoxia for 24 hrs with celecoxib (a Cox-2 selective inhibitor), genistein (a HIF-1α inhibitor) or exogenous PGE2 to further investigate the changes in hypoxia-induced survivin expression. Results: Following 24 hrs of hypoxic treatment, cells exhibited strongly positive survivin, HIF-1α and Cox-2 cytoplasmic staining. Celecoxib (65 μM) effectively inhibited cell proliferation under hypoxic conditions. The protein and mRNA levels of Cox-2, HIF-1α and survivin were increased under hypoxia. The patterns of HIF-1α and survivin expression induced by CoCl2 were similar to those induced by exposure to hypoxia. Genistein partially blocked survivin expression. Celecoxib reversed the hypoxia-induced survivin expression, whereas the addition of PGE2 partially restored this effect. Conclusions: Hypoxia-induced survivin expression in HUVECs may be mediated by dual interdependent mechanisms directly involving HIF-1α and indirectly involving the Cox-2/PGE2 pathways. Celecoxib may offset hypoxia-induced survivin expression.
Association Between Functional PSMD10 Rs111638916 Variant Regulated by MiR-505 and Gastric Cancer Risk in a Chinese Population
Authors: Liu Yong , Xu Jianzhong , Jiang Min , Ni Lingna , Chen Yun , Ling Yang
Published: September 2015

Background/Aims: Gankyrin is an oncoprotein involved in regulating the cell cycle through protein-protein interactions with cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and p53. However, its association with gastric cancer (GC) risk has not yet been determined. In this study, we investigated micro RNA (miRNA)-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) of the gankyrin gene PSMD10 to clarify the relationship between these SNPs and miRNAs in Chinese patients with GC. Methods: We performed a case-control study including 857 GC patients and 748 cancer-free controls. PSMD10 expression was investigated using genotyping, real-time polymerase chain reaction, cell transfection, and dual luciferase reporter assays. Results: Patients with histories of smoking, alcohol consumption, and cancer were more susceptible to GC than controls. The SNP rs111638916 in the PSMD10 3′-UTR was identified as a risk factor for GC and acted as a tumor promoting factor. SNP rs111638916 was also regulated by miR-505, resulting in up-regulation of gankyrin expression in patients with GA and AA genotypes. Carriers of the GA and AA genotypes also presented with larger tumors and had a higher risk of metastasis. Conclusion: The PSMD10 rs111638916 SNP is highly associated with an increased risk of GC in Chinese patients, and could serve as a novel biomarker for this disease.
Sound Localization Strategies in Three Predators
Authors: Carr Catherine E. , Christensen-Dalsgaard Jakob
Published: September 2015

In this paper, we compare some of the neural strategies for sound localization and encoding interaural time differences (ITDs) in three predatory species of Reptilia, alligators, barn owls and geckos. Birds and crocodilians are sister groups among the extant archosaurs, while geckos are lepidosaurs. Despite the similar organization of their auditory systems, archosaurs and lizards use different strategies for encoding the ITDs that underlie localization of sound in azimuth. Barn owls encode ITD information using a place map, which is composed of neurons serving as labeled lines tuned for preferred spatial locations, while geckos may use a meter strategy or population code composed of broadly sensitive neurons that represent ITD via changes in the firing rate.
Initial Standardized Uptake Value of Positron Emission Tomography Influences the Prognosis of Patients with Localized Gastric Adenocarcinoma Treated Preoperatively
Authors: Charalampakis Nikolaos , Xiao Lianchun , Elimova Elena , Wadhwa Roopma , Shiozaki Hironori , Shimodaira Yusuke , Blum Mariela A. , Planjery Venkatram , Rogers Jane E. , Matamoros Jr. Aurelio , Sagebiel Tara , Das Prajnan , Lee Jeffrey H. , Bhutani Manoop S. , Weston Brian , Estrella Jeannelyn S. , Badgwell Brian D. , Ajani Jaffer A.
Published: September 2015

Background: In patients with localized gastric adenocarcinoma (LGAC) who receive preoperative therapy, tools to predict response or prognosticate outcome before therapy are lacking. We used initial standardized uptake value (iSUV) of positron emission tomography (PET) to evaluate its association with overall survival (OS). Methods: We identified 60 patients with confirmed LGAC who were treated with preoperative chemoradiation and had a baseline PET in addition to other routine staging. Fisher's exact test and Wilcoxon's rank sum test were used to determine the association between iSUV and other variables, and the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model were used for survival analysis. Results: The median iSUV was 6 (range, 0-28). The presence of signet ring cells in pretreatment biopsies correlated highly with low iSUV (≤6; p = 0.0017). Patients with a high iSUV (>6) had a longer OS compared to those with a low iSUV (≤6; p = 0.0344). iSUV was not an independent predictor (p = 0.12); however, the risk of death was reduced for patients with an iSUV >6 (hazard ratio = 0.26). Conclusion: Our novel findings show that among LGAC patients treated with preoperative chemoradiation and surgery, those with a high iSUV have longer OS than patients with a low iSUV. iSUV appears to have a predictive role in patients with LGAC when treated with preoperative chemoradiation.
Trans-Arterial Radioembolization for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Sacco Rodolfo , Giorgi Luigi , Fornaro Lorenzo , Bargellini Irene
Published: September 2015

This article offers an overview of a new therapeutic option in hepatocellular carcinoma using trans-arterial radioembolization. In particular, it covers practical aspects of the technique and the currently available preliminary data in terms of disease control. We explore the potentials of radioembolization both in early and advanced stages of the disease, as single treatment and as companion to targeted agents such as sorafenib.
Advances in Assessment and Planning for Surgical Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Kawaguchi Yoshikuni , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Tanaka Nobutaka , Ishizawa Takeaki , Kaneko Junichi , Sakamoto Yosihiro , Aoki Taku , Sugawara Yasuhiko , Kokudo Norihiro
Published: September 2015

This chapter covers recent important topics relevant to ensuring safe liver resection. In particular, preoperative and intraoperative techniques, such as 3-dimensional CT, intraoperative ultrasonography with contrast agent and fluorescence imaging using indocyanine green are reportedly useful and have been applied to liver resection and liver transplantation. We, herein, describe the performance of liver resection under the guidance of these techniques and present tips for more accurate intraoperative tumor detection and safer surgical procedures.
Effectiveness of a Web-Based Cognitive Behavioural Intervention for Subthreshold Depression: Pragmatic Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Buntrock Claudia , Ebert David , Lehr Dirk , Riper Heleen , Smit Filip , Cuijpers Pim , Berking Matthias
Published: September 2015

Background: Research on the effectiveness of treatments for subthreshold depression (sD) is still scarce. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of a web-based guided self-help intervention (GET.ON Mood Enhancer) in the treatment of sD. Methods: Participants with sD (n = 406) recruited from the general population via a large health insurance company were randomly allocated to a web-based cognitive behavioural intervention or to enhanced care-as-usual. The primary outcome was the reduction in depressive symptom severity as measured with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale at post-treatment and at 6-month follow-up. Results: Participants in the intervention group showed a significantly greater pre-post reduction in depressive symptom severity (d = 1.06; 95% CI: 0.86-1.27) compared to the control condition (d = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.10-0.49). The corresponding between-group effect size was d = 0.69 (95% CI: 0.49-0.89). At 6-month follow-up the effect was reduced to d = 0.28 (95% CI: 0.09-0.48) but was still statistically significant (F1, 403 = 9.240, p = 0.003). Conclusions: This study lends support to the idea that problem solving coupled with behavioural activation is an effective treatment for sD. In addition, the delivery of this intervention over the Internet might be a promising strategy for the dissemination of psychological interventions for sD on a large scale.
The Essence of Aging
Authors: Vijg Jan , Kennedy Brian K.
Published: September 2015

The idea that aging is a purposeful, programmed series of events is intuitively appealing based on its many conserved aspects and the demonstrated feasibility of modifying life span by manipulating single genes or pathways. Yet, the case for a nonadaptive basis of aging is strong and now all but generally accepted in the field. Here, we briefly review why the case for programmed aging is weak, with a focus on the lack of possible evolutionary beneficial effects.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Fundus Autofluorescence Imaging Using Wide-Field Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy
Authors: Duisdieker Viola , Fleckenstein Monika , Zilkens Katharina M. , Steinberg Julia S. , Holz Frank G. , Schmitz-Valckenberg Steffen
Published: September 2015

Aim: To evaluate the variation of peripheral alterations in different retinal diseases over a period of >3 years by using wide-field fundus autofluorescence (FAF) scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO). Methods: A total of 26 eyes from 13 patients (median age 66 years, range 19-80) with age-related macular degeneration and other retinal degenerations were examined. In 2009, the Optos P200CAF prototype and from 2012 onwards, the Optos 200Tx (Optos plc, Scotland) were used for wide-field FAF SLO (excitation 532 nm). Results: The area involvement in outer retinal pathological alterations, such as atrophy and mottling of the retinal pigment epithelium far beyond the vascular arcades, was readily and better visualized within one image frame using wide-field FAF as compared to pseudocolor SLO of the same device. Over time, progression of existing and the development of de novo peripheral lesions were recorded with a concomitant enlargement of central lesions. In two cases (unilateral paravenous pigmented choroidal atrophy and suspected phenocopy of retinal dystrophy), no longitudinal changes of the topographic distribution of peripheral FAF intensities were noted. Conclusions: Wide-field FAF SLO allows the mapping of dynamic changes at the outer retina far beyond the vascular arcades. While its ability to detect and monitor these changes appears to be better than that of pseudocolor imaging, wide-field FAF SLO may not only be helpful to assess more widespread retinal dysfunction, but may also be useful for longitudinal assessments in natural history studies and interventional clinical trials.
Baclofen-Associated Onset of Central Sleep Apnea in Alcohol Use Disorder: A Case Report
Authors: Perogamvros Lampros , Pépin Jean Louis , Thorens Gabriel , Mégevand Pierre , Claudel Elisabeth , Espa Fabrice , Besson Marie , Cervena Katerina , Janssens Jean-Paul , Lador Frédéric
Published: September 2015

A 61-year-old patient with alcohol use disorder (AUD) was referred for suspicion of sleep apnea syndrome (SAS). He had incurred three road accidents attributed to sleepiness over the previous year, shortly after initiation of high-dose (100 mg b.i.d.) treatment with baclofen, a molecule increasingly used in the management of AUD. Polysomnography revealed a severe central SAS (CSAS) with an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) of 81.6/h. Baclofen was suggested as a possible cause of the CSAS, and after its withdrawal, a second polysomnography was done, showing the disappearance of the central apneas and a shift to severe obstructive SAS (AHI 43.9/h), for which a positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment was initiated. A third polysomnography was performed under CPAP after reintroduction of baclofen (50 mg b.i.d.) by the patient, showing reappearance of the CSAS (AHI 42.1/h). This case report illustrates the deleterious effect of baclofen on breathing physiology during sleep. Since it is typically prescribed off label at high doses to a population of patients potentially using other substances that inhibit the ventilatory drive, this possible adverse effect is a major concern. When considering the use of baclofen in patients with AUD, the potential for sleep-disordered breathing should be weighed and carefully monitored.
Sirtuin1 Expression and Correlation with Histopathological Features in Retinoblastoma
Authors: Batra Atul , Kashyap Seema , Singh Lata , Bakhshi Sameer
Published: September 2015

Background: Sirtuin1 (Sirt1) is a member of highly conserved proteins and has been implicated as a tumor promoter as well as a tumor suppressor. One of the mechanisms involves deacetylation of retinoblastoma protein, thereby inhibiting the tumor suppressor function. No study has been reported on the expression of Sirt1 in retinoblastoma. Methods: We assessed the expression of Sirt1 in sections of archived tissue blocks of enucleated and exenterated specimens of retinoblastoma patients by immunohistochemistry. The histopathological features were reviewed and correlated with the expression of Sirt1. The effect of Sirt1 expression on survival was also assessed. Results: Retrospective data of 94 patients revealed that the median age at presentation was 36 months, with a male:female ratio of 1.9:1. Fifty-one percent of the patients had International Retinoblastoma Staging System (IRSS) stage 1 disease. Of the 94 sections, 89 (95%) expressed Sirt1. Forty-eight percent of the specimens showed grade 3 staining (>75% of the cells), and the intensity was 3+ in 53%. No association between Sirt1 expression and any histopathological feature was noted. Further, Sirt1 expression did not affect the overall and progression-free survival. Conclusions: Sirt1 was expressed in most of the retinoblastoma samples. However, the degree of Sirt1 expression was not associated with any high-risk histopathological feature or survival.
Identidade na América Latina Pós-Moderna, Uma Reflexão a partir de Asco – Thomas Bernhard em San Salvador
Authors: Luiz Carolina Borges da Silva
Published: September 2015

Este ensaio baseia-se no livro de Horacio Castellanos Moya, Asco – Thomas Bernhard em San Salvador, cuja representação de El Salvador provoca um questionamento sobre as possibilidades e conformações das identidades nacionais na América Latina, no fim do século XX. A análise se constrói a partir de múltiplas analogias e tal estratégia pretende inserir o pensamento de Moya na tradição do pensamento latino-americano. A ideia de que projetos violentamente derrotados deixam suas marcas no povo não é nova, mas o romance a leva ao limite, através de uma vertiginosa e irônica perspectiva pós-moderna. 
A descrição do espaço estrangeiro segundo os relatos de viagem de Ruy González de Clavijo (Século XV)
Authors: Araújo Waslan Saboia
Published: September 2015

O presente artigo tem como proposta fazer uma breve análise sobre a descrição do espaço conforme o relato de viagem de Ruy González de Clavijo, nobre da corte do rei castelhano Enrique III, que liderou uma missão diplomática até a corte do líder mongol Tarmolã, em Sarmacanda, entre os anos de 1403 e 1406. Tendo em vista que os relatos de viagens foram úteis para agregar conhecimento sobre as outras terras e que o relato de González de Clavijo foi um dos primeiros escritos em terras castelhanas, buscaremos, nesse artigo, analisar como o viajante descreveu o espaço além das fronteiras conhecidas e cristãs. Dito de outro modo, esse artigo tem a meta de compreender a montagem da imagem do distante, segundo as indicações do viajante. 
Imaging Macrophage and Hematopoietic Progenitor Proliferation in Atherosclerosis
Authors: Ye Yu-Xiang , Calcagno Claudia , Binderup Tina , Courties Gabriel , Keliher Edmund J. , Wojtkiewicz Gregory R. , Iwamoto Yoshiko , Tang Jun , Pérez-Medina Carlos , Mani Venkatesh , Ishino Seigo , Johnbeck Camilla Bardram , Knigge Ulrich , Fayad Zahi A. , Libby Peter , Weissleder Ralph , Tawakol Ahmed , Dubey Shipra , Belanger Anthony P. , Di Carli Marcelo F. , Swirski Filip K. , Kjaer Andreas , Mulder Willem J.M. , Nahrendorf Matthias
Published: September 2015

Rationale:

Local plaque macrophage proliferation and monocyte production in hematopoietic organs promote progression of atherosclerosis. Therefore, noninvasive imaging of proliferation could serve as a biomarker and monitor therapeutic intervention.

Objective:

To explore
18
F-FLT positron emission tomography–computed tomography imaging of cell proliferation in atherosclerosis.

Methods and Results:

18
F-FLT positron emission tomography–computed tomography was performed in mice, rabbits, and humans with atherosclerosis. In apolipoprotein E knock out mice, increased
18
F-FLT signal was observed in atherosclerotic lesions, spleen, and bone marrow (standardized uptake values wild-type versus apolipoprotein E knock out mice, 0.05±0.01 versus 0.17±0.01,
P
<0.05 in aorta; 0.13±0.01 versus 0.28±0.02,
P
<0.05 in bone marrow; 0.06±0.01 versus 0.22±0.01,
P
<0.05 in spleen), corroborated by ex vivo scintillation counting and autoradiography. Flow cytometry confirmed significantly higher proliferation of macrophages in aortic lesions and hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the spleen and bone marrow in these mice. In addition,
18
F-FLT plaque signal correlated with the duration of high cholesterol diet (r
2
=0.33,
P
<0.05). Aortic
18
F-FLT uptake was reduced when cell proliferation was suppressed with fluorouracil in apolipoprotein E knock out mice (
P
<0.05). In rabbits, inflamed atherosclerotic vasculature with the highest
18
F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake enriched
18
F-FLT. In patients with atherosclerosis,
18
F-FLT signal significantly increased in the inflamed carotid artery and in the aorta.

Conclusions:

18
F-FLT positron emission tomography imaging may serve as an imaging biomarker for cell proliferation in plaque and hematopoietic activity in individuals with atherosclerosis.
Changes in Cardiovascular Health in the United States, 2003–2011
Authors: Pilkerton Courtney S. , Singh Sarah S. , Bias Thomas K. , Frisbee Stephanie J.
Published: September 2015

Background

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, making improving cardiovascular health a key population health goal. As part of efforts to achieve this, the American Heart Association has developed the first comprehensive cardiovascular health index (
CVHI
). Our objective was to investigate the changes in
CVHI
in
US
states from 2003 to 2011.

Methods and Results

CVHI
was examined using Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data between 2003 and 2011 (odd‐numbered years). Total
CVHI
decreased from 3.73±0.01 in 2003 to 3.65±0.01 in 2009. The majority of states (88%) experienced a decline in
CVHI
and an increase in the prevalence of “poor”
CVHI
between 2003 and 2009. Among
CVHI
components, the highest prevalence of “ideal” was observed for blood glucose followed by smoking, whereas the lowest prevalence of “ideal” was observed for physical activity and diet. Between 2003 and 2009, prevalence of “ideal” smoking and diet status increased, while “ideal” prevalence of blood pressure, cholesterol, blood glucose, body mass index, and physical activity status decreased. We observed statistically significant differences between 2009 and 2011, outside the scope of the 2003–2009 trend, which we hypothesize are partially attributable to differences in sample demographic characteristics related to changes in Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System methodology.

Conclusions

Overall,
CVHI
decreased, most likely due to decreases in “ideal” blood pressure, body mass index, and cholesterol status, which may stem from low prevalence of “ideal” physical activity and diet status. These findings can be used to inform state‐specific strategies and targets to improve cardiovascular health.
Molecular Signature of Nitroso–Redox Balance in Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathies
Authors: Menazza Sara , Aponte Angel , Sun Junhui , Gucek Marjan , Steenbergen Charles , Murphy Elizabeth
Published: September 2015

Background

Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is one of the most common types of cardiomyopathy. It has been proposed that an increase in oxidative stress in heart failure leads to a decrease in nitric oxide signaling, leading to impaired nitroso–redox signaling. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the occurrence of protein S‐nitrosylation (
SNO
) and oxidation in biopsies from explanted dilated cardiomyopathy and nonfailing donor male and female human hearts.

Methods and Results

Redox‐based resin‐assisted capture for oxidation and
SNO
proteomic analysis was used to measure protein oxidation and
SNO
, respectively. In addition, 2‐dimensional difference gel electrophoresis using maleimide sulfhydryl‐reactive fluors was used to identify the
SNO
proteins. Protein oxidation increased in dilated cardiomyopathy biopsies in comparison with those from healthy donors. Interestingly, we did not find a consistent decrease in
SNO
in failing hearts; we found that some proteins showed an increase in
SNO
and others showed a decrease, and there were sex‐specific differences in the response. We found 10 proteins with a significant decrease in
SNO
and 4 proteins with an increase in
SNO
in failing female hearts. Comparing nonfailing and failing male hearts, we found 9 proteins with a significant decrease and 12 proteins with a significant increase. We also found an increase in S‐glutathionylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in failing female versus male hearts, suggesting an increase in uncoupled nitric oxide synthase in female hearts.

Conclusion

These findings highlight the importance of nitroso–redox signaling in both physiological and pathological conditions, suggesting a potential target to treat heart failure.
Endovascular Thrombectomy for Anterior Circulation Stroke
Authors: Yarbrough Chester K. , Ong Charlene J. , Beyer Alexander B. , Lipsey Kim , Derdeyn Colin P.
Published: September 2015

Background and Purpose—

Stroke affects ≈700 000 patients annually. Recent randomized controlled trials comparing endovascular thrombectomy (ET) with medical therapy, including intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) with tissue-type plasminogen activator, have shown effectiveness of ET for some stroke patients. The study objective is to evaluate the effect of ET on good outcome in stroke patients.

Methods—

We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, SCOPUS, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Cochrane databases to identify original research publications between 1996 and 2015 that (1) reported clinical outcomes in patients for stroke at 90 days with the modified Rankin Scale; (2) included at least 10 patients per group; (3) compared outcome with a control arm, and (4) included anterior circulation strokes in each arm. Two authors reviewed articles for inclusion independently.

Results—

Nine of 23 809 studies met inclusion criteria. In primary analysis, ET was associated with increased odds for good outcome (odds ratio [OR], 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20–2.54). In secondary analysis, younger patients (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.50–2.28), older patients (OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 1.10–3.37), patients receiving intravenous thrombolysis (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.46–2.31), patients with worse strokes (OR, 2.23; 95% CI, 1.56–3.18), and patients with more moderate strokes (OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.36–2.18) had increased odds for good outcome. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and mortality were similar between ET and control patients. No evidence of publication bias was seen.

Conclusions—

ET improves good outcomes after anterior circulation stroke. ET should be strongly considered for all patients presenting within 6 hours of onset with a stroke affecting a proximal, anterior circulation vessel without a contraindication to ET.
Dementia, Music and Biometric Gaming: Rising to the Dementia Challenge
Authors: Mitchell Helen R.
Published: September 2015

In 2012, the U.K. government launched its Dementia Challenge, authorizing additional funding for dementia research and health care. The search for curative medicines is ongoing, but scientific research reveals evidence that music can play a positive role in general health, and in dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in particular. This article considers whether some of the challenges that dementia presents could be addressed through music therapy and proposes that biometric gaming might offer one means of channeling such associated health benefits to sufferers of dementia, even in the final stages of the disease.
Considering the Politics of Sound Art in China in the 21st Century
Authors: Wang Jing
Published: September 2015

In 21st-century China, “being political” can mean many things, particularly as discourses on the global economy, environmental pollution, consumerism, sensual perceptions and gender politics become increasingly concrete at local levels. Contemporary Chinese sound artists go beyond the mere use of the language of propaganda and instead make works that play different sociopolitical roles—heroic, observant or participatory—to address sociocultural, sensual and spiritual issues. The author shows that the political statement made by a sound work in China depends to a great degree on the sociopolitical contexts in which the work is exhibited and performed, as well as the sociopolitical identity of its creator.
Black Field Plates: Emergent Ecologies in Sonic Art
Authors: Thompson Nathan
Published: September 2015

Black Field Plates (2014) is a series of sound installations. The series is an investigation into the politics of emergent sound composition. By imitating the ways in which natural systems organize matter, these sound installations self-organize sound and compose music.
Si tantum pater est non tantum pater est:An English Sophisma from the Late Thirteenth Century
Authors: Ebbesen Sten
Published: September 2015

Edition and commentary on a 13th-century sophisma Si tantum pater est, non tantum pater est found in partly overlapping versions in three manuscripts. The sophisma was not just one of several designed to investigate how exclusive operators work; it was also a tool for investigating the logical behaviour of relative terms.
Interactions between social behaviour and the acute phase immune response in house finches
Authors: Moyers Sahnzi C. , Kosarski Kara B. , Adelman James S. , Hawley Dana M.
Published: September 2015

In social organisms, immune-mediated behavioural changes (sickness behaviours) can both influence and respond to social dynamics. We tested whether social status in house finches (Haemorhous mexicanus) modulates the acute phase response or aggressive interactions with flockmates. We treated subordinate or dominant finches within captive flocks with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to stimulate an acute phase response (APR), and quantified mass loss, activity, foraging behaviours, and agonistic interactions. Subordinate finches lost more mass than dominants in response to LPS, but social status did not influence the expression of sickness behaviours (activity and foraging) upon LPS injection. LPS-injected subordinate birds experienced reduced aggression from mid-ranking but not dominant flockmates, indicating status-mediated effects of sickness behaviour on agonistic interactions. Our results suggest that social status in house finches influences one component of the APR (mass loss) and can interact with the APR to modulate intraspecific agonistic interactions in ways likely relevant for disease transmission.
Sexual segregation in human conversations
Authors: Dunbar R.I.M.
Published: September 2015

Human conversation groups have a characteristic size limit at around four individuals. Although mixed-sex social groups can be significantly larger than this, census data on casual social groups suggest that there is a fractal pattern of fission in conversations when social group size is a multiple of this value. This study suggests that, as social group size increases beyond four, there is a tendency for sexual segregation to occur resulting in an increasing frequency of single-sex conversational subgroups. It is not clear why conversations fragment in this way, but a likely explanation is that sex differences in conversational style result in women (in particular) preferring to join all-female conversations when a social group is large enough to allow this.
The use of wood in cultural objects in 19th Century Southern Brazil
Authors: de Melo Júnior João Carlos Ferreira , Boeger Maria Regina Torres
Published: September 2015

Wood has been widely employed to manufacture cultural objects in the state of Santa Catarina, in 19th century Brazil. The present study examined historical buildings and machinery, mills, wagons, carriages, furniture, farming implements and everyday objects that are part of the collection of the Museu Nacional de Imigração e Colonização (National Museum of Immigration and Colonization) of Joinville and represent the material culture of the Colônia Dona Francisca. Nine different timber species, usually of high density, were identified microscopically. Most species are native in the local Atlantic Forest, but others were imported from more distant sources. We believe that wood anatomy is an important tool to unveil lifestyle aspects of the different ethnic groups that colonized the Brazilian territory and their relation to forest resources in terms of knowledge and exploitation.
Achnanthes citronella, A. trachyderma comb. nov. (Bacillariophyta) and allied taxa pertaining to the same morphological group
Authors: Riaux-gobin Catherine , Compère Pierre , Hinz Friedel , Ector Luc
Published: September 2015

Several diatoms in the family Achnanthaceae (Bacillariophyta), mainly from marine environments, have species with strongly apiculate, lemon-shaped valves. Some of them originally described under the genus Cocconeis (i.e., C. trachyderma or C. citronella), while others were first described as Stauroneis species [i.e. Stauroneis apiculata or S.(?) obesa]. Afterwards, Cocconeis citronella has been recombined within Achnanthes by Hustedt. The type material of C. citronella from Albert Mann’s collection, housed in the Smithsonian Institution (US), has been examined with light microscope; some ambiguities are pointed out and new details added to the original description. The intricate history of the latter taxon is redrawn and comparison with allied taxa are tentatively addressed. Cocconeis trachyderma is lectotypified and recombined as Achnanthes trachyderma comb. nov. Stauroneis apiculata and S.(?) obesa are recombined as Achnanthes apiculata comb. nov. and Achnanthes obesa comb. nov. respectively. The examination with light and scanning electron microscope of several marine samples from the Society Archipelago details the unique morphology of Achnanthes trachyderma which, until recently, has been often misidentified as Achnanthes citronella due to certain similarities between both taxa.
The diatom genus Oricymba in Vietnam and Laos with description of one new species, and a consideration of its systematic placement
Authors: Kulikovskiy Maxim Sergeevich , Glushchenko Anton , Kociolek John Patrick
Published: September 2015

Species from the genus Oricymba are studied from freshwater ecosystems of Vietnam and Laos. Three species were found in Vietnam, namely O. japonica, O. subovalis and O. perjaponica comb. nov. The two last species are new taxa for the diatom flora of Vietnam. A new species is described from Laos, O. voronkinae sp. nov., and its morphology is documented with light and scanning electron microscopy. Oricymba voronkinae sp. nov. represents the first documented occurrence of the genus Oricymba in Laos. Our findings provide new information about the morphology and species distribution of the genus Oricymba in Indochina. We discuss the systematic position of Oricymba within the Cymbellales.
Two new species of the genus Lepidophthalmus (Decapoda, Axiidea, Callianassidae) from coastal Pacific waters of Central America
Authors: FELDER DARRYL L. , ROBLES RAFAEL
Published: September 2015

Two new species of intertidal ghost shrimp are described from coastal Central American habitats of the eastern Pacific Ocean, bringing the total known membership of the genus to 18 species. Lepidophthalmus natesi sp. nov. from Colombia and Nicaragua shares with Lepidophthalmus panamensis sp. nov. from Colombia and Panama the lack of extensive ventral pleomere armor, especially in lacking a median ventral sclerite on the second pleomere. The absence of this plate is also a character of the eastern Pacific species L. rafai Felder & Manning, 1998, but the two new species differ from it in telson shape. Ventral armor including this plate is present in Lepidophthalmus bocourti (A. Milne-Edwards, 1870) and L. eiseni Holmes, 1904 which occur sympatrically with L. natesi sp. nov. in eastern Pacific tropical estuaries. As also known for at least L. bocourti, L. natesi sp. nov. invades and densely colonizes penaeid shrimp aquaculture ponds in regional estuarine settings. Individuals of L. panamensis sp. nov. are of smaller body size but also may be densely concentrated, especially in clayey substrates including those adjacent to intertidal rocks. Despite their similarities in the pleon and shape of the telson, the species can be readily separated by dentition of the cheliped fingers, relative length of the minor chela fingers, the second pleopod appendix of mature males, and egg size. The large eggs of L. panamensis sp. nov. suggest extremely abbreviated development. Characteristic coloration is described for both new species.
Initial Transient Response of an Intensifying Baroclinic Wave to Increases in Cloud Droplet Number Concentration
Authors: Lu Yi , Deng Yi
Published: September 2015

Ensemble simulations of an idealized baroclinic wave were conducted with the WRF Model to investigate the effects of increased cloud droplet number concentration (DNC) on the development of the wave. Statistically significant differences between experiments where the DNC was doubled and the control experiments were identified for an initial transient period before the cyclone enters the stage of rapid intensification. Doubling of the DNC increases total cloud water in the model, lowers the cloud level, and enhances latent heating to the east of the surface low, which strengthens the midtropospheric ridge. Subsequent changes in dry dynamical processes [e.g., advection of potential vorticity (PV)] as a result of the ridge strengthening lead to the deepening of the trough and ultimately produce a mild yet statistically significant strengthening of the baroclinic wave as a result of the DNC doubling. Piecewise PV inversion further confirms the critical role that latent heating change plays in strengthening the midtropospheric ridge. Also discussed are the distinctions between aerosol–tropical cyclone interaction and aerosol–extratropical cyclone interaction.
Simulations of Internal Solitary Wave Interactions with Mesoscale Eddies in the Northeastern South China Sea
Authors: Xie Jieshuo , He Yinghui , Chen Zhiwu , Xu Jiexin , Cai Shuqun
Published: September 2015

With the combined analysis of synthetic aperture radar image and satellite altimeter data collected in the northeastern South China Sea (SCS), this study found one type of distorted phenomenon of internal solitary wave (ISW) with the long front caused by the oceanic mesoscale eddy. Motivated by these satellite observations, the authors carried out numerical experiments using the fully nonhydrostatic and nonlinear MITgcm to investigate the perturbation of ISWs by an isolated cyclonic or anticyclonic eddy. The results show that the ISW front is distorted by these oceanic eddies due to the retardation and acceleration effects at their two sides. The ISW energy along the front is focused onto (scattered from) the wave fragment where a concave (convex) pattern is formed, and the previously accumulated energy in the focusing region is gradually released after the ISW propagates away from the eddies. The ISW amplitude is modulated greatly by the eddies due to the energy redistribution along the front. Sensitivity results indicate that the magnitude of the modulated ISW amplitude in the focusing region can reach twice the incident ISW amplitude, while in the scattering region it can be reduced by more than a half. These results therefore suggest that models with eddies included, especially the energetic eddies, could further improve the amplitude predictions in the northeastern SCS. Additionally, the internal gravity wave formed behind the energy-focusing region by the anticyclonic eddies can steepen and break with the consequent formation of a secondary trailing ISW packet. Finally, this study shows that the model results of the distorted front and trailing packet are in qualitative agreement with that of the satellite observations in the northeastern SCS.
Adjustment of the Meridional Overturning Circulation and Its Dependence on Depth of Mixing
Authors: Vreugdenhil Catherine A. , Hogg Andrew McC. , Griffiths Ross W. , Hughes Graham O.
Published: September 2015

The relative roles of advective processes and mixing on the temporal adjustment of the meridional overturning circulation are examined, in particular the effects of mixing in either the abyssal or upper ocean. Laboratory experiments with convectively driven overturning and imposed stirring rates show that the circulation adjusts toward an equilibrium state on time scales governed by mixing in the upper boundary layer region but independent of the mixing rate in the bulk of the interior. The equilibrium state of the stratification is dependent only on the rate of mixing in the boundary layer. An idealized high-resolution ocean model shows adjustment (of a two-cell circulation) dominated primarily by the advective ventilation time scale, consistent with a view of the circulation determined by water mass transformation occurring primarily near the surface. Both the experiments and the model results indicate that adjustments of the circulation are controlled by surface buoyancy uptake (or rejection) and that the nonequilibrium circulation is dominated by advective processes, especially if the average abyssal ocean diffusivity is less than 3 × 10−5 m2 s−1.