bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The intelligent invertebrate
Other Minds The Octopus, the Sea, and the Deep Origins of Consciousness
Peter Godfrey-Smith
Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2016. 272 pp.
Authors: Deroy Ophelia
Published: December 2016

A philosopher explores the underwater origins and evolution of cognition
Improved Accuracy of Cefepime Susceptibility Testing for Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae with an On-Demand Digital Dispensing Method
Authors: Smith Kenneth P. , Brennan-Krohn Thea , Weir Susan , Kirby James E.
Published: December 2016

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
generally cannot be treated with penicillins and cephalosporins. However, some later-generation cephalosporins, including cefepime, are poorly hydrolyzed by specific ESBL enzymes, and certain strains demonstrate
in vitro
susceptibility to these agents, potentially affording additional treatment opportunities. Moreover, the ability to adjust both the dose and dosing interval of beta-lactam agents allows the treatment of strains with elevated MICs that were formerly classified in the intermediate range. The ability to treat strains with elevated cefepime MICs is codified in new susceptible dose-dependent (SDD) breakpoints promulgated by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. In the interest of validating and implementing new cefepime SDD criteria, we evaluated the performances of Vitek 2, disk diffusion, and a MicroScan panel compared to that of reference broth microdilution (BMD) during the testing of 64 strains enriched for presumptive ESBL phenotype (based on nonsusceptibility to ceftriaxone). Surprisingly, categorical agreement with BMD was only 47.6%, 57.1%, and 44.6% for the three methods, respectively. Given these findings, we tested the performance of the HP D300 inkjet-assisted broth microdilution digital dispensing method (DDM), which was previously described by our group as an at-will testing alternative. In contrast to commercial methods, DDM results correlated well with the reference method, with 86% categorical agreement, 91.1% evaluable essential agreement, and no major or very major errors. The reproducibility and accuracy of MIC determinations were statistically equivalent to BMD. Our results provide support for the use of the DDM as a BMD equivalent methodology that will enable hospital-based clinical laboratories to support cefepime MIC-based dosing strategies.
Genetic Variability of Myxoma Virus Genomes
Authors: Braun Christoph , Thürmer Andrea , Daniel Rolf , Schultz Anne-Kathrin , Bulla Ingo , Schirrmeier Horst , Mayer Dietmar , Neubert Andreas , Czerny Claus-Peter
Published: December 2016

Myxomatosis is a recurrent problem on rabbit farms throughout Europe despite the success of vaccines. To identify gene variations of field and vaccine strains that may be responsible for changes in virulence, immunomodulation, and immunoprotection, the genomes of 6 myxoma virus (MYXV) strains were sequenced: German field isolates Munich-1, FLI-H, 2604, and 3207; vaccine strain MAV; and challenge strain ZA. The analyzed genomes ranged from 147.6 kb (strain MAV) to 161.8 kb (strain 3207). All sequences were affected by several mutations, covering 24 to 93 open reading frames (ORFs) and resulted in amino acid substitutions, insertions, or deletions. Only strains Munich-1 and MAV revealed the deletion of 10 ORFs (M007LtoM015L) and 11 ORFs (M007LtoM008.1LandM149RtoM008.1R), respectively. Major differences were observed in the 27 immunomodulatory proteins encoded by MYXV. Compared to the reference strain Lausanne, strains FLI-H, 2604, 3207, and ZA showed the highest amino acid identity (>98.4%). In strains Munich-1 and MAV, deletion of 5 and 10 ORFs, respectively, was observed, encoding immunomodulatory proteins with ankyrin repeats or members of the family of serine protease inhibitors. Furthermore, putative immunodominant surface proteins with homology to vaccinia virus (VACV) were investigated in the sequenced strains. Only strain MAV revealed above-average frequencies of amino acid substitutions and frameshift mutations. Finally, we performed recombination analysis and found signs of recombination in vaccine strain MAV. Phylogenetic analysis showed a close relationship of strain MAV and the MSW strain of Californian MYXV. However, in a challenge model, strain MAV provided full protection against lethal challenges with strain ZA.

IMPORTANCEMyxoma virus (MYXV) is pathogenic for European rabbits and two North American species. Due to sophisticated strategies in immune evasion and oncolysis, MYXV is an important model virus for immunological and pathological research. In its natural hosts, MYXV causes a benign infection, whereas in European rabbits, it causes the lethal disease myxomatosis. Since the introduction of MYXV into Australia and Europe for the biological control of European rabbits in the 1950s, a coevolution of host and pathogen has started, selecting for attenuated virus strains and increased resistance in rabbits. Evolution of viruses is a continuous process and influences the protective potential of vaccines. In our analyses, we sequenced 6 MYXV field, challenge, and vaccine strains. We focused on genes encoding proteins involved in virulence, host range, immunomodulation, and envelope composition. Genes affected most by mutations play a role in immunomodulation. However, attenuation cannot be linked to individual mutations or gene disruptions.
Accumulation of Pol Mutations Selected by HLA-B*52:01-C*12:02 Protective Haplotype-Restricted Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Causes Low Plasma Viral Load Due to Low Viral Fitness of Mutant Viruses
Authors: Murakoshi Hayato , Koyanagi Madoka , Chikata Takayuki , Rahman Mohammad Arif , Kuse Nozomi , Sakai Keiko , Gatanaga Hiroyuki , Oka Shinichi , Takiguchi Masafumi
Published: December 2016

HLA-B*52:01-C*12:02, which is the most abundant haplotype in Japan, has a protective effect on disease progression in HIV-1-infected Japanese individuals, whereas HLA-B*57 and -B*27 protective alleles are very rare in Japan. A previous study on HLA-associated polymorphisms demonstrated that the number of HLA-B*52:01-associated mutations at four Pol positions was inversely correlated with plasma viral load (pVL) in HLA-B*52:01-negative individuals, suggesting that the transmission of HIV-1 with these mutations could modulate the pVL in the population. However, it remains unknown whether these mutations were selected by HLA-B*52:01-restricted CTLs and also reduced viral fitness. In this study, we identified two HLA-B*52:01-restricted and one HLA-C*12:02-restricted novel cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes in Pol. Analysis using CTLs specific for these three epitopes demonstrated that these CTLs failed to recognize mutant epitopes or more weakly recognized cells infected with mutant viruses than wild-type virus, supporting the idea that these mutations were selected by the HLA-B*52:01- or HLA-C*12:02-restricted T cells. We further showed that these mutations reduced viral fitness, although the effect of each mutation was weak. The present study demonstrated that the accumulation of these Pol mutations selected by HLA-B*52:01- or HLA-C*12:02-restricted CTLs impaired viral replication capacity and thus reduced the pVL. The fitness cost imposed by the mutations partially accounted for the effect of the HLA-B*52:01-C*12:02 haplotype on clinical outcome, together with the effect of HLA-B*52:01-restricted CTLs on viral replication, which had been previously demonstrated.

IMPORTANCE
Numerous population-based studies identified HLA-associated HIV-1 mutations to predict HIV-1 escape mutations from cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). However, the majority of these HLA-associated mutations have not been identified as CTL escape mutations. Our previous population-based study showed that five HLA-B*52:01-associated mutations at four Pol positions were inversely correlated with the plasma viral load in HLA-B*52:01-negative Japanese individuals. In the present study, we demonstrated that these mutations were indeed selected by CTLs specific for novel B*52:01- and C*12:02-restricted epitopes and that the accumulation of these mutations reduced the viral fitness
in vitro
. This study elucidated the mechanism by which the accumulation of these CTL escape mutations contributed to the protective effect of the HLA-B*52:01-HLA-C*12:02 haplotype on disease progression in HIV-1-infected Japanese individuals.
Impact of hot and cold exposure on human skeletal muscle gene expression
Authors: Zak Roksana B. , Shute Robert J. , Heesch Matthew W.S. , La Salle D. Taylor , Bubak Matthew P. , Dinan Nicholas E. , Laursen Terence L. , Slivka Dustin R.
Published: December 2016

Many human diseases lead to a loss of skeletal muscle metabolic function and mass. Local and environmental temperature can modulate the exercise-stimulated response of several genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and skeletal muscle function in a human model. However, the impact of environmental temperature, independent of exercise, has not been addressed in a human model. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of exposure to hot, cold, and room temperature conditions on skeletal muscle gene expression related to mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle mass. Recreationally trained male subjects (n = 12) had muscle biopsies taken from the vastus lateralis before and after 3 h of exposure to hot (33 °C), cold (7 °C), or room temperature (20 °C) conditions. Temperature had no effect on most of the genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis, myogenesis, or proteolysis (p > 0.05). Core temperature was significantly higher in hot and cold environments compared with room temperature (37.2 ± 0.1 °C, p = 0.001; 37.1 ± 0.1 °C, p = 0.013; 36.9 ± 0.1 °C, respectively). Whole-body oxygen consumption was also significantly higher in hot and cold compared with room temperature (0.38 ± 0.01 L·min−1, p < 0.001; 0.52 ± 0.03 L·min−1, p < 0.001; 0.35 ± 0.01 L·min−1, respectively). In conclusion, these data show that acute temperature exposure alone does not elicit significant changes in skeletal muscle gene expression. When considered in conjunction with previous research, exercise appears to be a necessary component to observe gene expression alterations between different environmental temperatures in humans.
Band structures in a two-dimensional phononic crystal with rotational multiple scatterers
Authors: Song Ailing , Wang Xiaopeng , Chen Tianning , Wan Lele
Published: December 2016

In this paper, the acoustic wave propagation in a two-dimensional phononic crystal composed of rotational multiple scatterers is investigated. The dispersion relationships, the transmission spectra and the acoustic modes are calculated by using finite element method. In contrast to the system composed of square tubes, there exist a low-frequency resonant bandgap and two wide Bragg bandgaps in the proposed structure, and the transmission spectra coincide with band structures. Specially, the first bandgap is based on locally resonant mechanism, and the simulation results agree well with the results of electrical circuit analogy. Additionally, increasing the rotation angle can remarkably influence the band structures due to the transfer of sound pressure between the internal and external cavities in low-order modes, and the redistribution of sound pressure in high-order modes. Wider bandgaps are obtained in arrays composed of finite unit cells with different rotation angles. The analysis results provide a good reference for tuning and obtaining wide bandgaps, and hence exploring the potential applications of the proposed phononic crystal in low-frequency noise insulation.
The Belief Noisy-OR Model Applied to Network Reliability Analysis
Authors: Zhou Kuang , Martin Arnaud , Pan Quan
Published: December 2016

One difficulty faced in knowledge engineering for Bayesian Network (BN) is the quantification step where the Conditional Probability Tables (CPTs) are determined. The number of parameters included in CPTs increases exponentially with the number of parent variables. The most common solution is the application of the so-called canonical gates. The Noisy-OR (NOR) gate, which takes advantage of the independence of causal interactions, provides a logarithmic reduction of the number of parameters required to specify a CPT. In this paper, an extension of NOR model based on the theory of belief functions, named Belief Noisy-OR (BNOR), is proposed. BNOR is capable of dealing with both aleatory and epistemic uncertainty of the network. Compared with NOR, more rich information which is of great value for making decisions can be got when the available knowledge is uncertain. Specially, when there is no epistemic uncertainty, BNOR degrades into NOR. Additionally, different structures of BNOR are presented in this paper in order to meet various needs of engineers. The application of BNOR model on the reliability evaluation problem of networked systems demonstrates its effectiveness.
Early and Late Level Fusion of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Concept Recognition
Authors: Ergun Hilal , Akyuz Yusuf Caglar , Sert Mustafa , Liu Jianquan
Published: December 2016

Visual concept recognition is an active research field in the last decade. Related to this attention, deep learning architectures are showing great promise in various computer vision domains including image classification, object detection, event detection and action recognition in videos. In this study, we investigate various aspects of convolutional neural networks for visual concept recognition. We analyze recent studies and different network architectures both in terms of running time and accuracy. In our proposed visual concept recognition system, we first discuss various important properties of popular convolutional network architecture under consideration. Then we describe our method for feature extraction at different levels of abstraction. We present extensive empirical information along with best practices for big data practitioners. Using these best practices we propose efficient fusion mechanisms both for single and multiple network models. We present state-of-the-art results on benchmark datasets while keeping computational costs at low level. Our results show that these state-of-the-art results can be reached without using extensive data augmentation techniques.
Assessing abstraction skills
Authors: Hazzan Orit , Kramer Jeff
Published: December 2016

What makes a good question?
Non-Volatile Processor Based on MRAM for Ultra-Low-Power IoT Devices
Authors: Senni Sophiane , Torres Lionel , Sassatelli Gilles , Gamatie Abdoulaye
Published: December 2016

Over the past few years, a new era of smart connected devices has emerged in the market to enable the future world of the Internet of Things (IoT). A key requirement for IoT applications is the power consumption to allow very high autonomy in the case of battery-powered systems. Depending on the application, such devices will be most of the time in a low-power mode (sleep mode) and will wake up only when there is a task to accomplish (active mode). Emerging non-volatile memory technologies are seen as a very attractive solution to design ultra-low-power systems. Among these technologies, magnetic random access memory is a promising candidate, as it combines non-volatility, high density, reasonable latency, and low leakage. Integration of non-volatility as a new feature of memories has the great potential to allow full data retention after a complete shutdown with a fast wake-up time. This article explores the benefits of having a non-volatile processor to enable ultra-low-power IoT devices.
Cracking the code on biology
Authors: Greengard Samuel
Published: December 2016

Genetic engineering promises to revolutionize everything from agriculture and biofuels to medicine and food safety.
Software-defined batteries
Authors: Badam Anirudh , Chandra Ranveer , Dutra Jon , Ferrese Anthony , Hodges Steve , Hu Pan , Meinershagen Julia , Moscibroda Thomas , Priyantha Bodhi , Skiani Evangelia
Published: December 2016

Different battery chemistries perform better on different axes, such as energy density, cost, peak power, recharge time, longevity, and efficiency. Mobile system designers are constrained by existing technology, and are forced to select a single chemistry that best meets their diverse needs, thereby compromising other desirable features. In this paper, we present a new hardware--software system, called Software Defined Battery (SDB), which allows system designers to integrate batteries of different chemistries. SDB exposes application programming interfaces (APIs) to the operating system, which controls the amount of charge flowing in and out of each battery, enabling it to dynamically trade one battery property for another depending on application and/or user needs. Using micro-benchmarks from our prototype SDB implementation, and through detailed simulations, we demonstrate that it is possible to combine batteries which individually excel along different axes to deliver an enhanced collective performance when compared to traditional battery packs.
Mentoring female assistant professors enhances their success
Authors: Chen Yan
Published: December 2016

A randomized controlled trial validates many of the practices used to retain women in academia.
Energy Conversion and Transmission Characteristics Analysis of Ice Storage Air Conditioning System Driven by Distributed Photovoltaic Energy System
Authors: Xu Yongfeng , Li Ming , Hassanien Reda Hassanien Emam
Published: December 2016

In order to reduce the investment and operation cost of distributed PV energy system, ice storage technology was introduced to substitute batteries for solar energy storage. Firstly, the ice storage air conditioning system (ISACS) driven by distributed photovoltaic energy system (DPES) was proposed and the feasibility studies have been investigated in this paper. And then, the theoretical model has been established and experimental work has been done to analyze the energy coupling and transferring characteristics in light-electricity-cold conversion process. In addition, the structure optimization analysis was investigated. Results revealed that energy losses were high in ice making process of ice slide maker with only 17.38% energy utilization efficiency and the energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of ISACS driven by DPES were 5.44% and 67.30%, respectively. So the immersed evaporator and cointegrated exchanger were adopted for higher energy utilization efficiency and better financial rewards in structure optimization. The COP and exergy efficiency of ice maker can be increased to 1.48 and 81.24%, respectively, after optimization and the energy utilization efficiency of ISACS driven by DPES could be improved 2.88 times. Moreover, ISACS has the out-of-the-box function of ordinary air conditioning system. In conclusion, ISACS driven by DPES will have good application prospects in tropical regions without power grid.
Cancer Detection in Human Tissue Samples Using a Fiber-Tip pH Probe
Authors: Schartner Erik P. , Henderson Matthew R. , Purdey Malcolm , Dhatrak Deepak , Monro Tanya M. , Gill P. Grantley , Callen David F.
Published: December 2016

Intraoperative detection of tumorous tissue is an important unresolved issue for cancer surgery. Difficulty in differentiating between tissue types commonly results in the requirement for additional surgeries to excise unremoved cancer tissue or alternatively in the removal of excess amounts of healthy tissue. Although pathologic methods exist to determine tissue type during surgery, these methods can compromise postoperative pathology, have a lag of minutes to hours before the surgeon receives the results of the tissue analysis, and are restricted to excised tissue. In this work, we report the development of an optical fiber probe that could potentially find use as an aid for margin detection during surgery. A fluorophore-doped polymer coating is deposited on the tip of an optical fiber, which can then be used to record the pH by monitoring the emission spectra from this dye. By measuring the tissue pH and comparing with the values from regular tissue, the tissue type can be determined quickly and accurately. The use of a novel lift-and-measure technique allows for these measurements to be performed without influence from the inherent autofluorescence that commonly affects fluorescence-based measurements on biological samples. The probe developed here shows strong potential for use during surgery, as the probe design can be readily adapted to a low-cost portable configuration, which could find use in the operating theater. Use of this probe in surgery either on excised or in vivo tissue has the potential to improve success rates for complete removal of cancers. Cancer Res; 76(23); 6795–801. ©2016 AACR.
hERG Channels: From Antitargets to Novel Targets for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Arcangeli Annarosa , Becchetti Andrea
Published: December 2016

In this issue of Clinical Cancer Research, evidence is provided on how to avoid cardiotoxicity when targeting hERG K+ channel for cancer therapy. hERG regulates different aspects of neoplastic progression. Although its blockade has effective anticancer effects in experimental models, it may lead to fatal arrhythmias in humans. Clin Cancer Res; 23(1); 3–5. ©2016 AACR.

See related article by Pointer et al., p. 73
Screening Younger Individuals in a Primary Care Setting Flags Putative Dementia Cases and Correlates Gastrointestinal Diseases with Poor Cognitive Performance
Authors: Rosa Ilka M. , Henriques Ana Gabriela , Carvalho Liliana , Oliveira Joana , da Cruz e Silva Odete A.B.
Published: December 2016

Background/Aims: Diagnosing dementia is challenging in many primary care settings, given the limited human resources and the lack of current diagnostic tools. With this in mind, a primary care-based cohort was established in the Aveiro district of Portugal. Methods: A total of 568 participants were evaluated using cognitive tests and APOE genotyping. Results: The findings revealed a dementia prevalence of 12%. A strong correlation between increasing Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scores and education was clearly evident. Other highly relevant risk factors were activities of daily living (ADL), instrumental ADL, aging, depression, gender, the APOE ε4 allele, and comorbidities (depression as well as gastrointestinal, osteoarticular, and neurodegenerative diseases). A hitherto unreported, significant correlation between gastrointestinal disease and high CDR score was clearly observable. Conclusions: This study shows the merit of carrying out a dementia screening on younger subjects. Significantly, 71 subjects in the age group of 50-65 years were flagged for follow-up studies; furthermore, these cases with a potentially early onset of dementia were identified in a primary care setting.
Simple Cysts in Donor Kidney Contribute to Reduced Allograft Function
Authors: Qiu Wenxian , Jiang Yan , Wu Jianyong , Huang Hongfeng , Xie Wenqing , Xie Xishao , Chen Jianghua , Peng Wenhan
Published: December 2016

Background: Simple renal cysts may be an early marker of renal disease. We investigated whether simple cysts in donor kidney are associated with the decline of allograft function in living donor kidney transplantation. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed records of donors and recipients from 716 living donor kidney transplants performed between April 2007 and April 2015 in our hospital. Ninety-one donors with renal cysts and 64 recipients with cysts in donor kidney were noted. We compared these 64 cases to 128 no cyst-bearing controls matched for the donor gender, recipient gender, donor baseline serum creatinine (sCr), donor/recipient body surface area ratio, donor age, recipient age and the date of kidney transplantation in turn. Results: The presence of cysts was interrelated with age, gender and renal function independently in donors. Pathological findings of time-zero biopsy revealed that donor kidney harboring cysts existed more glomerular sclerosis compared with no cyst-bearing controls (p = 0.040). The estimating glomerular filtration rate levels of recipients were 80.82 ± 26.61 vs. 88.21 ± 23.12, 66.95 ± 17.42 vs. 72.15 ± 16.42 and 60.92 ± 22.17 vs. 68.72 ± 14.43 ml/min· 1.73 m2 in cyst-bearing and no cyst-bearing group on day 7, month 6 and year 5, respectively, after surgery (p < 0.05). The mean sCr were 112.14 ± 48.32 vs. 98.75 ± 29.71 and 126.28 ± 42.32 vs. 115.05 ± 26.35 μmol/l on the 7th day and a half year after transplant, respectively (p < 0.05). The 2 groups did not significantly differ in terms of the other characteristics. Conclusion: Simple cysts in donor kidney can influence the early and long-term allograft function. In living donor transplantation, kidney presenting cysts should be considered carefully at the time of donor selection.
From Long-Distance Trade to the Global Lives of Things: Writing the History of Early Modern Trade and Material Culture
Authors: Gerritsen Anne
Published: December 2016

Until quite recently, the field of early modern history largely focused on Europe. The overarching narrative of the early modern world began with the European “discoveries,” proceeded to European expansion overseas, and ended with an exploration of the factors that led to the “triumph of Europe.” When the Journal of Early Modern History was established in 1997, the centrality of Europe in the emergence of early modern forms of capitalism continued to be a widely held assumption. Much has changed in the last twenty years, including the recognition of the significance of consumption in different parts of the early modern world, the spatial turn, the emergence of global history, and the shift from the study of trade to the commodities themselves.
Book Culture, Royal Libraries, and Persianate Painting in Bijapur, Circa 1580­‒1630
Authors: Overton Keelan
Published: December 2016

Among the hallmarks of Deccani art are portraits of Ibrahim ʿAdil Shah II (r. 1580-1627), the region’s so-called greatest patron of the arts and author of its iconic book of songs (Kitāb-i Nawras). In order to move beyond the narrative of Ibrahim as an isolated Deccani “genius” patron, this article explores the ruler and his court in light of Indo-Persian processes of taste, intellectualism, and migration. Bijapur is first positioned as a critical stop in cultural peregrination between Safavid Iran and Mughal India, and Ibrahim is explored as a collector of coveted books, a hitherto uncharted aspect of his identity that confirms his participation, via the mediation of Iranian elites, in widespread patterns of Perso-Islamic sovereignty. Attention subsequently focuses on the itinerant painter Farrukh Husayn, whose most compelling works reconcile Bijapuri and Persianate paradigms while stimulating new questions about artistic agency, peripatetic experience, and knowledge transmission between Iran and the subcontinent.
The Relevance of EU Law for Arbitral Tribunals: (Not) Managing the Lingering Tension
Authors: Koutrakos Panos
Published: December 2016

The tensions between European Union (EU) law and intra-EU bilateral investment treaties (BITs) have become increasingly visible: they involve national and transnational courts, arbitral tribunals and courts in third states, and arise in a variety of procedural settings and with increasing intensity. Written at a time when questions about the very foundations of the interactions between EU and intra-EU BITs have been raised before the Court of Justice of the European Union, this article highlights the legal and policy factors that may explain the intensity of the current dilemmas. It reflects on the maximalist and polemical approach that a number of actors have adopted over the years, and points out the pitfalls of ignoring the usefulness of pragmatism and comity.
The Day After: Alternatives to Intra-EU BITs
Authors: Andersen Teis Tonsgaard , Hindelang Steffen
Published: December 2016

Intra-EU bilateral investment treaties (BITs) are the dinosaurs in the multi-level legal system of the European Union (EU). They sit uneasily with EU law, yet they provide an important tool for foreign investors to manage political risk in some EU Member States. This paper suggests, that alternatives to intra-EU BITs should best be developed from existing functional equivalents in EU law, ie substantive standards of protection in EU law should be made more transparent by the way of a ‘restatement’ of the pertinent legal practice. On principle, foreign investors should make use of functioning domestic courts. Where such institutions lack quality, the EU and the EU Member States should work towards their improvement. Meanwhile, a ‘safety net’ should be provided for foreign investors in case domestic courts fail to dispense justice. This ‘safety net’ may take the form of a PCA-administered arbitral forum or that of a ‘Unified Investment Court’.
The Mozi and Just War Theory in Pre-Han Thought
Authors: Fraser Chris
Published: December 2016

TheMozipresents one of history’s earliest discussions of the justification for war.Moziand his followers held that although unprovoked aggression is always unjustified, defensive war and punitive aggression may sometimes be warranted. However, their criteria of just war are so stringent as to permit only defensive war, rendering offensive, punitive war nearly impossible to justify. The article reviews discussions of just war in theMoziand other pre-Han texts and discusses howThe Annals of Lü Buweipresents a conception of “righteous arms” as an alternative to the Mohist privileging of defensive over offensive war. I argue that, with minor refinements, the Mohist view answers theAnnals’ criticisms while underscoring problems concerning the justification of aggression that theAnnalsoverlooks. The article highlights how features of early Chinese justifications for war—most importantly, the analogy between just war and criminal punishment—raise deep problems for the justification of aggression.
Multifunctional structural lithium-ion battery for electric vehicles
Authors: Zhang Yancheng , Ma Jun , Singh Abhendra K , Cao Lei , Seo Jiho , Rahn Christopher D , Bakis Charles E , Hickner Michael A
Published: December 2016

An innovative concept for a multifunctional structural battery using lithium-ion battery materials as load bearing elements in a sandwich panel construction has been demonstrated. The structural battery prototype has exhibited an initial capacity of 17.85 Ah, an energy density of 248 Wh L−1, a specific energy of 102 Wh kg−1, and a capacity retention of 85.8% after 190 charge–discharge cycles at ~ C/3 rate and eight mechanical loading cycles (upto 1060 N). The mechanical stiffness in three-point bend tests follows expectations based on sandwich beam theory, proving that the battery materials are sharing in the load-carrying function of the sandwich panel. While areas for improvement of the fabrication and performance of the prototype still exist, the results of the current investigation demonstrate the promising potential of the proposed structural battery concept for the efficient use of space and mass in an electric vehicle.
Telemedicine in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Ambrosino Nicolino , Vagheggini Guido , Mazzoleni Stefano , Vitacca Michele
Published: December 2016

Telemedicine is a medical application of advanced technology to disease management. This modality may provide benefits also to patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Different devices and systems are used. The legal problems associated with telemedicine are still controversial. Economic advantages for healthcare systems, though potentially high, are still poorly investigated. A European Respiratory Society Task Force has defined indications, follow-up, equipment, facilities, legal and economic issues of tele-monitoring of COPD patients including those undergoing home mechanical ventilation.

Key points

The costs of care assistance in chronic disease patients are dramatically increasing.

Telemedicine may be a very useful application of information and communication technologies in high-quality healthcare services.

Many remote health monitoring systems are available, ensuring safety, feasibility, effectiveness, sustainability and flexibility to face different patients’ needs.

The legal problems associated with telemedicine are still controversial.

National and European Union governments should develop guidelines and ethical, legal, regulatory, technical, administrative standards for remote medicine.

The economic advantages, if any, of this new approach must be compared to a “gold standard” of homecare that is very variable among different European countries and within each European country.

The efficacy of respiratory disease telemedicine projects is promising (i.e.to tailor therapeutic intervention; to avoid useless hospital and emergency department admissions, and reduce general practitioner and specialist visits; and to involve the patients and their families).

Different programmes based on specific and local situations, and on specific diseases and levels of severity with a high level of flexibility should be utilised.

A European Respiratory Society Task Force produced a statement on commonly accepted clinical criteria for indications, follow-up, equipment, facilities, legal and economic issues also of telemonitoring of ventilator-dependent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.

Much more research is needed before considering telemonitoring a real improvement in the management of these patients.

Educational aims

To clarify definitions of aspects of telemedicine

To describe different tools of telemedicine

To provide information on the main clinical results

To define recommendations and limitations
Earth-model building from shallow to deep with full-waveform inversion
Authors: Vigh Denes , Jiao Kun , Cheng Xin , Sun Dong , Lewis Winston
Published: December 2016

Full-waveform inversion (FWI) is a high-resolution model-building technique that uses the entire recorded seismic data content to build the earth model. Conventional FWI usually utilizes diving and refracted waves to update the low-wavenumber/background components of the model; however, the update is often depth limited due to the limited offset range acquired. To extend conventional FWI beyond the limits of the transmitted energy, we must use reflection data. Synthetic and field data examples demonstrate that, even in a complex subsalt Gulf of Mexico setting, the background velocity model can be updated from shallow to deep water using conventional FWI followed by reflection-based FWI. A future refinement of the technique shows that, after updating the sediment model, the salt boundaries can be further updated by level-set technology.
Rapid 4D FWI using a local wave solver
Authors: Malcolm Alison , Willemsen Bram
Published: December 2016

Much of the computational cost involved in full-waveform inversion comes from the solution of the wave equation in a large domain. These computations must be done for the entire domain through which we expect waves to pass for a particular survey, despite the fact that our region of interest is often significantly smaller. In addition to the wasted time spent propagating waves through less important parts of the model, computing updates on the entire domain may result in slower convergence of the inversion algorithm due to the larger model space. This can be especially important in 4D seismic monitoring, where we often see the majority of changes within a small subregion of the total domain, such as the reservoir. We present a local wave solver that accurately computes the solution of the wave equation within only a subdomain of the region covered by the survey, representing a significant cost saving in the computation of full-waveform inversion. We also show how this solver can improve the resulting velocity estimates in full-waveform inversion for time-lapse applications and observe that the local solver requires fewer iterations to converge than does the full-domain solver.
AGU-SEG successfully conclude “Upper crust physics of rock” joint workshop
Authors: Adam Ludmila , Schmitt Douglas R.
Published: December 2016

The Society of Exploration Geophysicists (SEG) and the American Geophysical Union (AGU), through the AGU-SEG Collaboration Committee, organize and support joint meetings to bridge the geophysical knowledge among these societies. The workshop, “Upper crust physics of rock,” held 11–14 July 2016 in Hilo, Hawaii, is the latest of these collaborations. The meeting focused on highlighting the latest rock-physics knowledge from a tectonic, volcanology, petroleum, and CO2 sequestration perspective to advance our understanding and calibration of remotely sensed field geophysical observations.
Linear inversion
Authors: Hall Matt
Published: December 2016

As a student geologist, I was never inducted into the world of linear algebra. Later, as a professional, I remained happily ignorant of Hessian matrices and Hermitian adjoints. But ever since reading Brian Russell's Don't neglect your math essay (Russell, 2012), I've wanted to put things right. In particular, I have wanted to understand the well-known geophysical equation at the heart of every inversion: d = Gm. It's only an equation — how hard can it be?
State of the Net
Authors: Farley Isaac
Published: December 2016

After nearly a year of planning, in early October, SEG introduced the Geofacets-SEG Millennium Edition, a valuable geospatial tool built by Elsevier. The SEG Knowledge Management team decided to provide the SEG community an extended preview of the tool so you could see it in action and determine if it was a member benefit that you would like to take advantage of for 2017. That free trial period expires at the end of December 2016; if you have not yet explored the SEG Millennium Edition, I encourage you to point your browser toward seg.org/geofacets to learn more.
Kaleidoscope
Authors: Tracy Derek K. , Joyce Dan W. , Shergill Sukhwinder S.
Published: December 2016

The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) is the most comprehensive global
epidemiological study, and the analyses of the 2015 data have recently
been published (thelancet.com/gbd). This is a rich data-set
including observation on the general increase in global life expectancy,
with the gains due to significant improvement in HIV outcomes balanced
against the significant war-related decreases in male life expectancy in
Syria. Interestingly, the age-standardised mortality rate for mental and
substance use disorders dropped by over 12% between 2005 and 2015, though
with considerable variations between conditions and countries, and the
authors further note the difficulty in accurately attributing and coding
excess deaths – for example, the years of life known to be indirectly lost
to schizophrenia. Total deaths due to self-harm and interpersonal violence
did not change much during this period.
No such thing as mental illness? Critical reflections on the major ideas and legacy of Thomas Szasz
Authors: Benning Tony B.
Published: December 2016

Enfant terrible of psychiatry and widely known as one of its most indefatigable as well as iconoclastic critics, Thomas Szasz (1961–2012) had a prolific writing career that extended some 51 years beyond the publication of his first book,The Myth of Mental Illness, in 1961. This editorial identifies and critically discusses three major themes in Szasz's writings: his contention that there is no such thing as mental illness, his contention that individual responsibility is never compromised in those suffering from what is generally considered as mental illness, and his perennial interest in calling attention to the political nature of psychiatric diagnosis.
Gendered Ideologies of Violence, Authority, and Racial Difference in New York State Penitentiaries, 1796–1844
Authors: Manion Jen
Published: December 2016

This essay examines the roots and legacy of violence against women in prison at the hands of guards and matrons during the first fifty years of the penitentiary in New York State. While immigrant and black women were disproportionately victims of institutional violence, US-born white men and women dominated the staff. News of violent encounters involving women generated sensational headlines that outpaced coverage of the more pervasive violence against men. Two major incidents—one in 1826 and one in 1839—threatened to bring the system to its knees but instead had the reverse effect. Investigators privileged guard discretion over policy and authorized the expansion of the system. The public debates over these scandals helped establish broad support for state-sanctioned violence against prisoners.
“Anarchist Beauties” in Late Meiji Japan
Authors: Seto Tomoko
Published: December 2016

This article examines narrative manipulation of police violence involving journalists, the police, and activists in late Meiji Japan to explore the political potential of popular media. I scrutinize the so-called Red Flag Incident of 1908, in which fourteen socialists were arrested for fighting with policemen in the streets of Tokyo over red flags with anarchist slogans. Scholars have studied this incident as a prologue to the nationwide crackdown on socialists, which in turn led to the 1910 High Treason Incident that resulted in the execution of twelve socialists for allegedly plotting to assassinate the emperor. Immediately after the Red Flag Incident, however, newspapers highlighted the four female socialists taken into custody, embroidering their stories with a variety of theatrical metaphors. Simultaneously, the gendered narratives allowed the radical political message to circulate in the form of entertainment, eventually inspiring both intensified state persecution of radicals and women's diverse engagement in politics.
Looking beyond the Frame
Authors: Kindig Jessie
Published: December 2016

Reconsidering the US military presence in East Asia in the post-World War II period as a “violent embrace,” this article argues that soldiers' expectations of East Asia as an erotic paradise combined with US military policies to legitimate and normalize sexual access to Asian women, creating an unequal climate of gendered power relations that comprised dating, sex work, and frequent rape. This article considers how the violent embrace shaped historical narratives of US power in East Asia, obscuring both imperial power and systemic sexual violence in military archives and later historians' accounts. Through a close reading of soldiers' snapshot photographs from the Korean War, this essay illustrates how the violent embrace came to frame wartime as a kind of pleasure, fun, or benevolence, only hinting at the scale of coercion and violence that lay outside the photograph's borders.
“A Greater Enterprise Than the Panama Canal”: Migrant Labor and Military Recruitment in the World War I–era Circum-Caribbean
Authors: Goldthree Reena N.
Published: December 2016

Tens of thousands of Barbadians, Jamaicans, and other British West Indians journeyed to Panama during the first two decades of the twentieth century, seeking work in the Canal Zone, on the plantations of the United Fruit Company, and in port cities on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Following the outbreak of World War I and the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, migrant workingmen pursued a new employment opportunity—wartime military service in the British armed forces—as the job market on the isthmus contracted sharply and wages stagnated. This article examines the enlistment of British islanders in Panama as soldiers in the British West Indies Regiment during World War I. It responds to recent calls to “bridge the gap between military history and labor history” by exposing the dynamic interplay between interimperial labor migration and military recruitment in the circum-Caribbean.
MetaGenSense: A web-application for analysis and exploration of high throughput sequencing metagenomic data
Authors: Correia Damien , Doppelt-Azeroual Olivia , Denis Jean-Baptiste , Vandenbogaert Mathias , Caro Valérie
Published: December 2016

The detection and characterization of emerging infectious agents has been a continuing public health concern. High Throughput Sequencing (HTS) or Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies have proven to be promising approaches for efficient and unbiased detection of pathogens in complex biological samples, providing access to comprehensive analyses. As NGS approaches typically yield millions of putatively representative reads per sample, efficient data management and visualization resources have become mandatory. Most usually, those resources are implemented through a dedicated Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS), solely to provide perspective regarding the available information.

We developed an easily deployable web-interface, facilitating management and bioinformatics analysis of metagenomics data-samples. It was engineered to run associated and dedicated Galaxy workflows for the detection and eventually classification of pathogens.

The web application allows easy interaction with existing Galaxy metagenomic workflows, facilitates the organization, exploration and aggregation of the most relevant sample-specific sequences among millions of genomic sequences, allowing them to determine their relative abundance, and associate them to the most closely related organism or pathogen.

The user-friendly Django-Based interface, associates the users’ input data and its metadata through a bio-IT provided set of resources (a Galaxy instance, and both sufficient storage and grid computing power). Galaxy is used to handle and analyze the user’s input data from loading, indexing, mapping, assembly and DB-searches. Interaction between our application and Galaxy is ensured by the BioBlend library, which gives API-based access to Galaxy’s main features. Metadata about samples, runs, as well as the workflow results are stored in the LIMS. For metagenomic classification and exploration purposes, we show, as a proof of concept, that integration of intuitive exploratory tools, like Krona for representation of taxonomic classification, can be achieved very easily. In the trend of Galaxy, the interface enables the sharing of scientific results to fellow team members.
Evaluation of Nutritional Status Using Anthropometry and Biochemical Indices of Community Dwelling Older Persons in Nigeria
Authors: Nzeagwu Ogechi
Published: December 2016

The number of older persons is on the increase and nutrition and health risks tend to increase with age.The study evaluated the nutritional status of community dwelling older persons using anthropometric and biochemical indices.The study was a cross sectional one carried out in semi-urban and rural communities comprising 600 older community dwellers aged ≥ 65years selected using multi-stage random sampling. Anthropometric status was assessed by body mass index (BMI), mid upper arm circumference (MUAC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC) and calf circumference (CC). Biochemical indices of serum haemoglobin (Hb), albumin, ferritin, total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein (LDL), C - reactive protein (CRP) were assessed for 25% of the subjects using standard procedure/methods and compared with recommended cut-off. Most (62.7%) had normal BMI, while 21.33% were overweight. Majority (74%) were at risk of heart disease with WHR. About 75.6% had normal MUAC and 24.33% were malnourished. Some (69.5%) had normal WC and 30.5% had increased risk of abdominal fat adiposity. About 56.2% had normal CC, 43.8% were at risk of malnutrition. There was high prevalence of anaemia as 78% had low Hb. Majority (81%) had serum ferritin levels below normal range. About 43.3% had normal albumin level, 56.7% were within abnormal range of either < 35 or > 50g/l. Most (82.7%) were in lower risk category (< 1mg/l) of CRP. Majority (82%) had desirable total cholesterol, 53.3% had optimal LDL levels. Significant relationship (p<0.01) existed between Hb and ferritin for males (r = 0.794) and females (r = 0.839). Negative relationship was noted for Hb and CRP. There was positive association (p< 0.01) between BMI and CC, MUAC, WC; as well as between TC and LDL. Most of the subjects had normal BMI; many were at risk of heart disease with WHR and there was high prevalence of anaemia.