bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contributions of a Retreat Weekend to the Healing and Coping of Cancer Patients’ Relatives
Authors: Arnaert Antonia , Gabos Theresa , Ballenas Vincent , Rutledge Robert D. H.
Published: November 2009

Relatives play a key role in the daily support and care of cancer patients. This role, however, can negatively affect relatives physically, psychologically, emotionally, and spiritually, challenging their health and well-being. Consequently, this could inhibit relatives’ abilities to continue in their roles as caregivers. Although various studies have examined different interventions for the relatives of cancer patients, no formal research has been published on the role that retreat weekends play in their cancer journeys. In this qualitative study we used semistructured interviews to explore the experiences of 8 relatives who attended a “Skills for Healing Retreat Weekend” in Ontario, Canada. The findings indicate that the retreat, in bringing people together to partake in discussions and activities, fostered a sense of community among the participants. The retreat also had enduring effects, contributing to relatives’ ongoing processes of healing as well as providing them with strategies for coping in their roles as caregivers.
The Concept of Language as a Visual-Spatial Phenomenon
Authors: Barsch Ray H.
Published: November 2009

The development of language is a result of the spatial and visualization factors at major stages in the individual's growth and life span.
The Phonics Bound Child
Authors: Heckelman R.G.
Published: November 2009

Can too much review in phonics prove detrimental to some children wi th a reading disability?
Remedial Reading Procedures in a Primary Classroom
Authors: Bacon Helen
Published: November 2009

The teacher of a first grade class has many means at her disposal for detecting and assisting children with potential and actual language problems.
Specific Suggestions
Authors: Riley Stephanie C.
Published: November 2009

Ideas which other teachers have found useful and helpful are given here. Send your suggestions to the Editor of this column to share with other teachers.
Implications of Psychologic Testing for the Detection and Education of Neurologically Handicapped Children
Authors: Spraings Violet
Published: November 2009

The subtle signs of neurological impairment yielded by psychometric evaluation are discussed in this article.
The Early Years
Authors: DiLeo Joseph H.
Published: November 2009

The study of human behavior begins with the child..
Questions & Answers
Authors: DeWitt Frances B.
Published: November 2009

Questions concerning reading and reading disability are answered in each issue by Frances B. DeWitt. Send your question to her, care of Academic Therapy Quarterly.
Remedial Reading in the Middle Grades: Some Pragmatic Notes
Authors: Lemley William D.
Published: November 2009

The teacher of a middle grade class must plan carefully for a remedial group within the class.
The Inaccurate Reader
Authors: Stapleton Roger L.
Published: November 2009

There are several causes for reading errors. Four methods of remediation are suggested.
Rhythm as an Aid To Learning in Neurologically Disturbed Children
Authors: Goldsmith Carolyn
Published: November 2009

Rhythmic and movement activities which help children to develop directionality, body image and laterality are described.
Dyslexia - Two Points of View
Authors: Carner Richard L.
Published: November 2009

A specific case history magnifying the urgent need for symptomatic treatment
Questions & Answers
Authors: DeWitt Frances
Published: November 2009

Questions concerning reading and reading disability are answered in each issue by Frances B. DeWitt. Send your question to her, care of Academic Therapy Quarterly.
Suggestions for the Language Arts
Authors: Randisi Evelyn C.
Published: November 2009

Techniques for developing self-evaluative and thinking skills in the middle grades
Some Factors of the Neurological Examination Indicating a Deficit and Interference Towards Learning Processes Such as Reading and Writing
Authors: Shev Edward E.
Published: November 2009

A description for the classroom teacher of the child's neurological examination
Enriching Vocabulary Concepts in the Classroom
Authors: Lieberman Janet E.
Published: November 2009

This article indicates approaches which can be used to teach conceptualization in the classroom. Lesson plans for two different groups are described. Emphasis is placed on providing experience to develop vocabulary concepts.
Prognosis in Dyslexia
Authors: Rawson Margaret B.
Published: November 2009

This study of fifty-six boys points out the value of early identification and planned remediation in SLD cases.
Creeping, Laterality, and Reading
Authors: Robbins Melvyn P.
Published: November 2009

This article reports two research studies which did not confirm the central concept of the theory of neurological organization advanced by Carl Delacato
Anxiety - And the Learning-To-Read Process
Authors: Simula Vernon L.
Published: November 2009

A discussion of the role of anxiety as a causal factor of depressed achievement in children with socially acceptable behavior
A Developmental View on Children's Learning
Authors: Coon Floria
Published: November 2009

Adequate sensory-motor apparatus, benevolent environment, motility and manipulation (the "M & M's" of growth) are the essentials for learning. Visual development and reading disabilities are discussed. Some suggestions applicable to the classroom are given.
The Joplin Plan: The Teachers' Viewpoints
Authors: Cushenbery Donald C.
Published: November 2009

The Joplin, Missouri plan of grouping intermediate grade children into reading level classes is generally approved by Joplin teachers, since pupils are placed at a level where they can succeed. Teachers anticipating the use of the plan should investigate both the advantages and limitations of it.
Using the Neurological Impress Remedial Reading Technique
Authors: Heckelman R.G.
Published: November 2009

An explanation for reading therapists and classroom teachers on the use of the Neurological Impress Method
Diagnostic and Remedial Procedures at the Teachers College Reading Center
Authors: Sleisenger Lenore
Published: November 2009

A description of procedures found useful for helping children with reading disability.
Reading Via Tape for the Inhibited Reader
Authors: Hite Rebecca
Published: November 2009

An audio-tool is applied to the audio-dependent skill and art of Reading. Tape Lessons are described for the constructive utilization of the pupil's independent working time and the effective reinforcement of his basic reading vocabulary, two problematic issues in the teaching of Reading to inhibited learners
Diagnostic Value of Test Score Differentials Found Between Measures of Visual and Auditory Memory in Severely Disabled Readers
Authors: Wilhelm Rowena
Published: November 2009

A report on a study involving differences between auditory and visual memory as a reliable index of muscular tension
The Winter Haven Program
Authors: McQuarrie Charles W.
Published: November 2009

A review of a basic, Lion-sponsored first grade perceptual and training program that is known in education as "The Winter Haven Program"
Developmental Evaluation and the Institution of Remedial Programs for Children With Learning Difficulties
Authors: Frostig Marianne , Hart Wilma
Published: November 2009

A description of a remedial program in which methods and techniques are geared to a precise symptomatic diagnosis
Three Approaches to Diagnosis and Educational Planning for Children with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Bateman Barbara
Published: November 2009

Three approaches to educational diagnosis - etiological, diagnostic-remedial, and task-analysis - are examined, showing the unique emphases of each.
Visual Perception and Reading
Authors: Shapiro Irving L.
Published: November 2009

This study describes how vision skills and body controls can be improved by classroom as well as clinical means. The significant effects this training has on a student's ability to cope with the demands for scholastic achievement is also described.
The Beaumont Remedial Clinic: a Residence School for Learning-Disabled Children
Authors: Nall Angie
Published: November 2009

A description of procedural and remedial techniques developed at a center for learning-disabled children
Early Predictors of Behavior Problems
Authors: Mitchell Darcy B. , Hauser-Cram Penny
Published: November 2009

Positive outcomes for children with developmental disabilities (DD) can be affected by children’s behavior problems. This study examined the family environment of 125 children with DD at age 3, and the extent to which that environment, as well as children’s cognitive and adaptive functioning, predicted the problematic behaviors that children with DD exhibited at age 5. The family environment included marital status, poverty status, stressful life events, and family climate, consisting of the extent of cohesiveness, expressiveness, and conflict in the family. Analyses indicated that children’s behavior problems at 5 were predicted by the numbers of stressful events experienced by their families when the children were 3 years old. Consistent with developmental systems models, family climate added significant unique variance in predicting both externalizing and internalizing behavior problems. The findings support the need for practices in early intervention programs that promote the positive climate of families of children with DD.
Perceptions of Early Childhood Special Education: Surveys of Superintendents and Parents in Washington State
Authors: Gallaher Jill , Maddox Mary , Espinosa Linda
Published: November 2009

Future directions for early childhood special education have been hard to predict. Attitudes among local influential groups are an important variable in that prediction, because the local level is where conflicting opinions about early childhood education must ultimately be resolved. The researchers examined the attitudes of two very influential local groups—school superintendents and parents of handicapped children—regarding early childhood education. School officials were asked about their existing early childhood programs and how they viewed these services and a possible mandate for service to 3- and 4-year olds. Parents were asked about services received and their satisfaction and future needs. Superintendents expressed generally strong support for a preschool mandate, despite declining revenues. Parents overwhelmingly found present services adequate or better and advocated continued early childhood programs for handicapped children.
Revision and Restandardization of a Preschool Screening Test: DIAL Becomes DIAL-R
Authors: Mardell-Czudnowski Carol , Goldenberg Dorothea
Published: November 2009

A widely used preschool screening test, DIAL (Developmental Indicators for the Assessment of Learning) was revised and restandardized on a national sample of 2,447 children. The age range was extended to include four chronological years (2-0 to 6-0) and the format was modified by combining gross motor and fine motor skills into one Motor area, The rationale for the test construction and test standardization are discussed and the establishment of norms in the form of cut-off points are described. This new test, DIAL-R, appears to accurately identify a full range of performance, potential giftedness as well as potential problems. However, it is considered by the authors as merely a definitive first step in identifying young children at either end of the continuum of readiness skills who may be in need of additional services.
Parent Involvement Programs: Local Level Status and Influences
Authors: DeBerry Jo Anne K. , Ristau Susan J. , Galland Helen C.
Published: November 2009

A stratified random sample of 34 Minnesota early intervention programs for handicapped children, ages birth to 5 years, was surveyed in order to examine local level programming for parents. It was found that home visits are extensively utilized for parent programming while the child is under age 3, but that alternative options for involvement education, and support are offered by much smaller proportions of the programs. Seventy-five percent of those programs that do offer alternative parent programming do so less than monthly and only 11% report participation rates of 50% or more. Factors influencing parent participation were examined. These and other aspects of local level parent programming differ from reports of model programs and demonstration projects. Because parent involvement has been shown to influence critical gains made and maintained by handicapped young children, it is important that local level programming also involve parents. This was not happening with consistency.
An Analysis of Special Education Early Childhood Projects Approved by the Joint Dissemination Review Panel
Authors: White Karl R. , Mastropieri Margo , Casto Glendon
Published: November 2009

Twenty-one early intervention projects, which have been approved by the Joint Dissemination Review Panel for national dissemination, were analyzed to determine their characteristics and the strengths and weaknesses of their research designs, as well as to draw conclusions about the efficacy of early intervention. It was found that early intervention projects approved by the Joint Dissemination Review Panel are consistent with prevailing notions that intervention programs should involve parents, should start as early as possible, and should utilize structured intervention programs. It was also concluded that these intervention programs had made substantial contributions to the field in terms of demonstrating the feasibility of early intervention, developing and disseminating curriculum materials and assessment instruments, and providing methods of intervention. Due to the frequency of serious methodological weaknesses, however, one can conclude little about the efficacy of early intervention from these project reports. Suggestions are made for improving future early intervention efficacy research.
Alternatives to Impact Evaluations: Suggestions for Program Evaluation in Early Intervention
Authors: Wolery Mark , Bailey Donald B.
Published: November 2009

Recognizing the difficulties in conducting empirically valid impact or efficacy evaluations in local early intervention programs, this article also recognizes the need for such programs to be actively involved in evaluation efforts. Seven evaluation questions are presented about the quality of services provided by early intervention programs. For each question, various strategies for developing answers are discussed.
Critical Issues Underlying Research and Intervention with Families of Young Handicapped Children
Authors: Bailey Donald B. , Simeonsson Rune J.
Published: November 2009

Although family involvement is a fundamental premise of early intervention, effective implementation has been hampered by a number of critical needs: (1) the need for a defensible rationale for family involvement, consistent with both research and practice, (2) the need for caution in defining desired family outcomes, (3) the need to view families from a developmental perspective, (4) the need to view families within ecological contexts, (5) the need to account for variability in family composition or structure, and (6) the need for an adequate system for assessing family needs. In this article each need is elucidated, research pertinent to each is reviewed, and the implications of each for researchers and practitioners are discussed.
Parent Involvement in Infant and Preschool Programs
Authors: Casto Glendon , Lewis Arleen C.
Published: November 2009

An analysis of parent involvement in early intervention programs was conducted as part of a review of literature on the efficacy of early intervention with disadvantaged, at-risk, and handicapped preschoolers. The evidence to date suggests that there is little support for the position that involvement of parents leads to more effective intervention programs. The meta-analysis also demonstrated that there is little research which addresses the issue of parental involvement with handicapped children. Suggestions for future research are included.
Real-Time Cost Analysis: Application in Early Intervention
Authors: Macy Daniel J. , Schafer D. Sue
Published: November 2009

Real-time cost analysis, a four-step approach which develops cost figures "from the ground up," yields actual-cost figures for each program service component in sufficient detail to permit comparisons among alternative early intervention approaches and to provide a basis for developing fee structures, Results from the real-time analysis of the Child Success Through Parent Training project are reported for three service components: telephone screening, home screening, and initial developmental assessment. Advantages of the method are discussed, as are implications for management decisions.
Normally Developing Preschoolers as Intervention Agents for Autistic-Like Children: Effects on Class Deportment and Social Interaction 1
Authors: Strain Phillip S. , Hoyson Marilyn , Jamieson Bonnie
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this treatment evaluation study was to assess classroom deportment and social outcomes for normally developing children and social outcomes for autistic-like participants in the LEAP intervention program, Ten non-handicapped and six autistic-like children's behavior was assessed either prior to intervention and at the end of their treatment experience or, in the case of autistic-like children's social behavior, on a daily basis. Outcomes for non-handicapped participants in LEAP were compared with a group of 40 normally developing classroom "Stars" in developmentally-segregated settings. The results of this mainstreaming evaluation study indicated that: (a) when compared to a group of nominated "Stars" in developmentally-segregated classes, the LEAP normally developing children engaged in less disruptive behavior and equal amounts of on-task, appropriate language, and positive peer interaction; and, (b) using single subject methodology, treatment gains for autistic-like participants' positive peer interactions were found to be equivalent to the level exhibited by non-handicapped classmates.
Parents as Teachers of Their Children and Other Parents
Authors: Bruder Mary Beth , Bricker Diane
Published: November 2009

The present investigation was designed to yield data on the effectiveness of using parents as interventionists for their children and other parents. A multiple baseline design was employed to measure the effects of four intervention techniques on the teaching skills of nine parents of at-risk toddler-aged children. Each of the techniques was presented as a separate training module. A first cohort of three parents was trained by a professional interventionist on the use of the techniques. The parents from cohort one then trained a second cohort of three parents who then trained a third cohort of three parents. A fidelity of implementation measure indicated that the parents implemented the training procedures appropriately when training another parent. Measures to assess the effectiveness of the intervention techniques included an observational code which assessed parent and child behavior during teaching sessions and multiple choice tests taken by the subjects before and after each of the training modules. Results suggested that training had a functional effect on the parents' use of the selected intervention techniques, The intervention also had a functional effect on five of the nine children's percentage of correct responses during the teaching session. Scores on the multiple choice pre/post tests improved for 92 percent of the tests administered. The findings from this study suggest the four intervention techniques were effective in improving the related skills of parents, In addition, the effectiveness of using parents to teach the four techniques to other parents was also demonstrated, as was the cost-effectiveness of such a strategy.
Facilitating School Success Among Mildly and Moderately Handicapped Children by Enhancing Task Persistence
Authors: Karnes Merle B. , Johnson Lawrence J. , Cohen Tsivia , Shwedel Alan
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this research project was to identify patterns of task persistence among average to moderately handicapped preschoolers and the concomitant teacher behaviors that facilitate success in school, The behaviors of 101 students and 13 adults (teachers and aides) from two early childhood special education programs were observed on a daily basis. Teacher and student behaviors were coded into a series of predetermined categories. Students were also given a battery of standardized tests to measure IQ, achievement, and social maturity. These data were analyzed to identify: (a) teacher behaviors associated with a child's level of task persistence; (b) the relationship between a child's level of task persistence and his/her score on the standardized tests; and (c) possible differences in the task persistence of handicapped versus non-handicapped children.
Facilitating the Interpersonal Development of Young Handicapped Children
Authors: Vaughn Sharon R.
Published: November 2009

Although social development is a commonly cited educational goal, little systematic programming occurs for the development of social skills among the preschool handicapped, especially for the development of interpersonal skills. Insight into the reasons for this neglect leads to suggestions for correcting it.
Intervention Programs for Young Handicapped Children in Europe: An Overview
Authors: Dene McCleary Iva
Published: November 2009

Early childhood and special education programs in the United States have roots in Western Europe and Great Britain. Many parallels now exist, and a period of cross-fertilization may be at hand. Socio-cultural forces, professional interests, and evolving practice have reached a stage at which Europe offers a great deal in the variety and quality of its programs and services. Five countries are represented in this topical issue of JDEC—Germany, England, France, Italy, and Swiizerland-each by a leading authority currently involved in both the policy and the practice of early childhood intervention. Dr. McCleary has worked closely with them in their countries and in the preparation of the articles that follow. In her overview she establishes a perspective on education in Europe generally and on specific conditions and practices at the growing-point.
Early Intervention and Preschool Education for Handicapped Children in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Schindele Rudolf A.
Published: November 2009

Background on the historical development of Early Education for the Handicapped in the Federal Republic of Germany and on the legislative and financial basis of programs and activities leads to an overview of current practice in early intervention and preschool education; clientele, child-finding and assessment procedures, major alms, areas of content, types and basic approaches of corresponding programs, and agencies and staff responsible for services. The state of professional training and research is indicated, as are the major issues reflected in recent literature.
Special Education in Switzerland: Historical Reflections and Current Applications
Authors: Pahud Deborah , Besson François
Published: November 2009

Special education in Switzerland offers a rich variety of handicapped and early childhood programs, as well as the teacher preparation programs to serve them. This article reviews the historical and socio-cultural background of current services, considers the contributions of three noted individuals, and surveys current early childhood along with qualifications for teacher training. Principles of education of the handicapped in Switzerland are presented, as are the personal reflections of the authors.
Early Childhood Program for the Handicapped in France
Authors: Zucman Elisabeth
Published: November 2009

France has a long-standing policy of free education for all citizens. In the past, however, the model for delivery of service to the handicapped was specialized institutional programs. Rapid changes have taken place in the last two decades in health and medical care, social programs, and education. Early intervention now begins with the compulsory screening of all infants at birth, nine months, and at two years. Problems remain, especially in the availability of adequate support and of services for the handicapped child. The approach to these is the organization and training of interdisciplinary teams which operate from "early medico-social activity centers" and whose aim is to provide a variety of treatments, educational programs, and support to the family by working within the home and the natural environment. Current emphases include augmented research, as well as modified training for all specialists involved.
Preschool Handicapped in Italy: A Research-Based Developmental Model
Authors: Cecchini Marco , Dene McCleary Iva
Published: November 2009

In Italy preschool attendance is not compulsory. By 1983, however, 83.8% of the 3- to 6-year-olds were attending some form of early childhood program. National legislation passed in 1971 mandates education of all handicapped children, including severely handicapped, from ages 6 to 14. Since 1971 the great majority of handicapped children have been integrated, and the number of special schools has sharply declined. Integration at the preschool level, together with the service model for therapeutic and social assistance in Arezzo, Italy, is the topic of this article. Case studies of three severely handicapped children integrated at the preschool illustrate how the model functions and how its assumptions are tested. Theory and research supporting the model are noted, as is continuing research through case studies and empirical investigations.
Conceptual Translation: A Metatheoretical Program for the Construction, Critique, and Integration of Theory
Authors: Albert Stuart , Anderson Marc H.
Published: November 2009

Conceptual translation (CT) is a metatheoretical approach for translating one theory into another. It works by creating and applying a dictionary of translation equivalents between a source and target domain. The authors develop the process of CT and discuss how it addresses three core problems of organizational science: (1) the need to generate new theory (insights, relationships, propositions), (2) the need to critique existing theory, and (3) the need to overcome the increasing fragmentation of knowledge that characterizes social science. The article illustrates the potential contribution of CT by presenting three specific examples drawn from a translation of Michael Porter’s (1980) Competitive Strategy, in which statements about competitive strategy become, in translation, statements about organizational change. Due to the convergence of two historical trends, the authors believe that CT represents a program of research that is particularly timely and represents a significant new direction in how theories will be constructed in the 21st century.
The Norwegian Ombudsman
Authors: Means Ingunn N.
Published: November 2009

All over the world the growth of positive government has surged upward during the past quarter century or more, with a consequent multiplication of dangers from improper use of governmental power.1
Assessing Victim Empathy in Sexual Offenders Using the Victim Letter Task
Authors: Webster Stephen D.
Published: November 2009

In attempting to enhance victim empathy, it is common to have sexual offenders write an apology letter to their victim. This task is thought to reveal the level of empathy that the sexual offender has for his victim. However, until now there has been no reliable method for judging the quality of empathy revealed in the victim letter. This paper reports the development and evaluation of 2 templates to score letters written to child victims and adult victims, respectively. An acceptable level of interrater reliability was obtained for the templates. Deficits revealed by the templates did not correlate with scores on a generic empathy measure but did correlate with scales measuring minimization and denial. The measures were also sensitive to change following empathy training.
Issues Concerning the Reliability and Validity of the Diagnosis of Sexual Sadism Applied in Prison Settings
Authors: Marshall W.L. , Kennedy Pam , Yates Pamela
Published: November 2009

This study examined limited aspects of the diagnoses of sexual sadism among incarcerated sexual offenders. The diagnoses examined in this study were made by experienced forensic psychiatrists following DSM-III-R or DSM-IV criteria. Archival data was extracted on 51 sexual offenders for whom a psychiatric evaluation had been requested. Analyses of offense history and features, offender self-reports, and phallometric data, indicated few differences between those offenders diagnosed as sadists and those not so diagnosed. In fact, where there were differences, the data indicated that the nonsadists were the most deviant. The results are discussed in terms of their meaning for both forensic practice in prisons and the value of the diagnosis of sexual sadism.
Prediction of Recidivism in Exhibitionists: Psychological, Phallometric, and Offense Factors
Authors: Rabinowitz Greenberg Sharon R. , Firestone Philip , Bradford John M. , Greenberg David M.
Published: November 2009

Exhibitionists have traditionally been regarded as nuisance offenders. However, empirical studies show that some offenders can be highly recidivistic and can escalate to incidents of Hands-on sexual assault. The objective of this study was to investigate predictors of recidivism in exhibitionists and clarify the differences between Hands-on and Hands-off sexual recidivists. Two hundred and twenty-one exhibitionists were assessed at a university teaching hospital between 1983 and 1996. Archival data came from medical files and police files. The Psychopathy Checklist - Revised (PCL-R) was assessed retrospectively. Results indicated that over a meanfollow-up period of 6.84 years, 11.7, 16.8, and 32.7% of exhibitionists were charged with or convicted of sexual, violent, or criminal offenses, respectively. Sexual reoffending recidivists were less educated, and had more prior sexual and criminal offenses. Violent, recidivists were also less educated, had lower Derogatis Sexual Functioning Inventory (DSFI) scores, higher PCL-R Totals, and more prior sexual, violent, and criminal offenses. Criminal recidivists were younger, less educated, had lower DSFI scores, higher PCL-R scores, higher Pedophile Indices, and more prior sexual, violent, and criminal offenses. Hands-on sexual recidivists demonstrated higher PCL-R ratings, higher Pedophile and Rape indices, and more prior sexual, violent, and criminal offenses than did Hands-off counterparts.
Disclosure and Informed-Consent: Does it Matter How We Tell it?
Authors: Faden Ruth R.
Published: November 2009

Traditionally, informed consent has been handled by the physician in a one-to-one interchange with the patient. As standards for adequate disclosure become more rigid and demands on physician time increase, however, the physician-patient model may cease to be practical. This study evaluated four alternative disclosure models: a formal discussion, a videotape, a pamphlet, and an informal discussion, each designed and executed by a team of health educators. Study results suggest that the informed consent process is little affected by disclosure medium and that it may be possible to strive for cost-efficiency in disclosure without compromising the quality of the consent obtained. Based on these results, a two-part disclosure process is proposed which allocates certain aspects of the disclosure to the treating physician, others to health education.
Scales for Measuring Health Belief Model Dimensions: A Test of Predictive Value, Internal Consistency, and Relationships among Beliefs
Authors: Maiman Lois A. , Becker Marshall H. , Kirscht John P. , Haefner Don P. , Drachman Robert H.
Published: November 2009

Critiques of research on the Health Belief Model have been directed at the need for: (1) applying the Model to behavior related to chronic illness; (2) multivariate testing of the major dimensions of the Model; (3) developing reliable scales; and (4) explicating the relationships among the beliefs. In an attempt to respond to these concerns, data are presented from a prospective study of mothers' adherence to a diet regimen prescribed for their obese children. The Model components were found, both singly and in combination, to be correlated with the study's measure of dietary compliance. Multiple regression analysis utilizing five belief indices accounted for a substantial portion of the variance in children's weight change. Questionnaire items employed in creating indices for each Model dimension are presented, together with discussion of the internal consistency of each index. Belief intercorrelations appear to demonstrate that distinct Model dimensions exist.
The Health Belief Model as a Conceptual Framework for Explaining Contraceptive Compliance
Authors: Katatsky Marilynn E.
Published: November 2009

The problem of compliance in family planning is discussed in relation to the lack of theoretical and conceptual clarity in research, which has produced contradictory, and often inconsistent findings. Current research has contributed little to explaining the phenomenon of compliance and to directing further research. The Health Belief Model, which has been demonstrated to have application in the areas of preventive health behavior and compliance with medical regimens, is offered as a potentially useful conceptual framework for family planning research. The generalization of the Health Belief Model to family planning behavior is seen as an out-growth of the theoretical strength of the Model and the similarities between family planning and other health behavior.
Cancer Information by Telephone: A Two-Year Evaluation
Authors: Wilkinson Gregg S. , Mirand Edwin A. , Saxon Graham
Published: November 2009

A two year evaluation of a cancer information system accessible to the general public by telephone found a reported positive impact on behavior directly related to physical health for about 40 percent of a systematic sample of callers interviewed several weeks after their initial contact with the system. Another 20 percent of the same sample reported takng some positive action not directly related to health, or reported some other positive impact such as relief of anxiety as a result of hearing one of the system's 36 pre-recorded cancer lectures. Callers showed greater cancer knowledge, when interviewed, than a sample of non-callers, but no clear conclusion could be drawn because pre-call knowledge levels of callers were not ascertained. Data also were collected from callers at the time of their initial contact; caller characteristics, patterns of calling, topics selected, and source of information about the system are reported. Results of experiments to increase public response are summarized.
The use of Cable Television as a Tool in Health Education of the Elderly: Screening
Authors: Salzer Joan E. , Marshall Carter L. , Glazer Emily R.
Published: November 2009

A cable television channel was used to inform residents in a housing project for the elderly about a series of preventive health services. Screening and referral services for common health problems were offered to this group. The televised communications included a series of brief, informal advertising-style and direct teaching-style messages developed for each of five screening areas. An evaluation found that the televised messages had both direct and indirect effects on participation in the screening programs; overall attendance was about 8% of the estimated potential attendance. Knowledge and health attitude effects of the messages were also assessed.
Do Differences in Heterogeneity and Intergovernmental Competition Help Explain Variation in the Private School Share? Evidence From Early California Statehood
Authors: Downes Thomas A.
Published: November 2009

This essay documents the persistent tnterstate and mtrastate differences in private Abstract school enrollment shares in the United States and argues that heterogeneity of the population and the extent of intergovernmental competition could be important factors in explaining these differences. To further explore this argument, this article considers determmants of the public and private school shares in the early days of California statehood. Measures of the heterogeneity of school distncts, of the resultant ability of districts to provide publccly the optimal amount of education for the majority of their residents, and of the extent of intergovernmental competition are shown to explain a sIgnificant portion of the variation across California counties in the public and private shares. Furthermore, simulation results indicate that these determinants of private school demand played an important role in the evolution of the equilibrium public and pnvate shares in the early years of California statehood.
Myopia and Social Security Financing
Authors: Hu Sheng-Cheng
Published: November 2009

This article compares the welfare effects offinancing Social Security with consump- Abstract tion and payroll taxes in an economy in which a segment of the population is myopic. The article shows that so long as there are myopic agents who fail to allocate consumption according to the first-order optintality condinons, social welfare can be improved by a switch from the payroll tax to the consumption tax in financing Social Security. The gains from the tax substitution are larger the higher the rate of return on capital and, up to a point, the larger the myopic population. Furthermore, means testing is more likely to improve social welfare if moral hazard is less serious or if Social Security is financed by the consumption tax instead of the payroll tax.
A Note On the Effect of Changes in Ad Valorem Tax Rates On Net Revenue of Firms: an Application To the Hotel Room Tax
Authors: Im Eric Iksoon , Sakai Marcia
Published: November 2009

This article employs comparative static analysis to derive a general expresscon for Abstract the effect of an increase in the ad valorem tax rate on a good on the net revenue of firms. The magnitude of this effect is expressed as a function of the initial levels of the tax rate and net revenue of taxed firms as well as the elasticities of supply and demand for the good. The authors' results applied to the hotel industry suggest caution in relying heavily on revenues derived from hotel room taxes. Increases in hotel room tax rates may have large negative effects on the financial viability of the industry.
Paid Tax Preparer Determinants Extended and Reexamined
Authors: Ashley Terry , Segal Mark A.
Published: November 2009

This study uses 1988 Individual Public Use Panel data to extend and reexamine the Abstract determinants of paid tax preparer use through inclusion of a variable capturing the importance of income-related dollars associated with schedules. Results of logit estimation of the reduced-form model for paid tax preparer use establish that income-related dollars per schedule, as measured by the absolute positive income, are significant and positively correlated to the likelihood of using a paid tax preparer when filing schedules B or E. Estimates reveal that the likelihood of using profes sional tax assistance increases by 4.0% and 1.6% per $10,000 of income-related dollars, respectively, when using Schedule B and Schedule E. Support was found for examining variables measuring dollars in logarithmic form and for controlling for type of 1040 form filed. Results contrary to those of earlier studies were observed for the significance of total positive income, marginal tax rate, measure of depen dents, and Schedule A.
Buying Green: Government Procurement as an Instrument of Environmental Policy
Authors: Marron Donald B.
Published: November 2009

Governments often favor environmentally superior products in procurement, even if Abstract they cost more than alternatives. This article analyzes the effects of such green procurement policies. If marginal production costs are increasing, private market responses counteract changes in government purchasing (crowding out), thus reduc ing policy effectiveness. If significant scale economies exist, however, then private responses may reinforce changes in procurement. Procurement policies change both the market shares of brown and green products and total production. Whereas the changes in market share usually reduce environmental costs, the changes in total production can go either way. As a result, there are circumstances in which green procurement policies increase environmental costs.
Marginal Effective Tax Rates On Canadian Rental Housing Investments: an Asset Pricing Model Approach
Authors: MacNevin Alex S.
Published: November 2009

In this article, the author develops an asset price model framework to calculate Abstract marginal effective tax rates for personal rental housing investments. The model overcomes a number of limitations that arise with the use of traditional marginal effective tax rate (METR) calculations in this context. In particular, the asset pricing model (APM) framework can be used in simulations to derive precise estimates of key endogenous tax parameters that are typically treated as exogenous in standard METR analyses. These include the value of capital cost claims and accrual-equivalent effective tax rates on capital gains. The model developed is simulated under Canadian tax rules. METR and tax wedge calculations are derived under a variety of economic and tax environments as well as for various holding periods. Compari sons of estimates from the two approaches show that the traditional approach can entail significant biases, which tend to vary positively with the inflation rate, the capital cost allowance (CCA) rate, the debt ratio, and the capital gains inclusion rate, and negatively with real interest rates and the property holding period.
Intangible Capital, Hedonic Pricing, and International Transfer Prices
Authors: Raboy David G. , Wiggins Steven N.
Published: November 2009

The intemational transfer pricing norm is the "arm's length" standard where prices are set as tf related parttes were transacting as unrelated parties. The modern theory of the firm, however, argues that the types of transactions that take place within firms differ significantly from market transactions. This article provides an econometric technique that permits an accurate allocation of income for certain transactions involving vertically mtegrated firms employing intangible capttal. The proposed technique, illustrated with reference to the premium North American banana trade, is to isolate revenue streams assoctated with specific product characteristics. When dimensions of quahty can be measured, hedontc prictng models can be used to isolate umque quality-characteristic contribution margins, relate them to tntangible capital, and assign arm's length returns to such assets in a transfer pricing calculation.
School Finance Reform: an Empirical Test of the Economics of Public Opinion Formation
Authors: Wassmer Robert W.
Published: November 2009

Printary and secondary public school finance reforms that began in the 1970s have failed to correct large intrastate spending inequities in the United States. The threat of judicial activity and concern over the stagnating effect of property taxes have caused states to again look at ways in which to bring about reform. This article uses survey data to deternune characteristics significant to individual opinion formation on school finance reform. In addition to traits that proxy for self-interest, measures of fiscal knowledge, political party identification, and opinions on the role of government are all found to be important. Results can be used by policy makers to determine characteristics that are consequential to an individual's decision to support school finance reform.
Changes in the Relative Provision of Public-Sector Pensions
Authors: Belman Dale , Heywood John S.
Published: November 2009

A decline in pension coverage during the 1980s for males in the private sector is confirmed and is contrasted with the federal, state, and local sectors in which no such decline is found. As a consequence, the governmental advantage in the probability of coverage grew over the 1980s. This remains true even in the most appropriate testing methodology m which worker earnings are endogenous and in which otherwise constant characteristics are moved between years and sectors. Government wage differentials are estimated as a byproduct of this methodology and show a tendency toward comparability over the 1980s.
A Note on the Impact of Structural Federal Budget Deficits on Commercial Bank Interest Rates, 1963-1994
Authors: Cebula Richard J.
Published: November 2009

For the period 1963-1994, this study (a) empiracally investigates the impact of structural federal budget deficits on the commercial bank cost of deposits and prime rate of interest and (b) provides currentlupdated information through 1994 on this important policy issue of the interest rate impact of budget deficits. The instrumental variables estimates in this study, which are based in a loanable funds framework, find the cost of deposits at commercial banks to be an increasing function of the structural deficit but the prime rate at banks to be unaffected by the deficit. The former result has potential implications for crowding out.
The Implications of Expanded School Choice
Authors: Murray Matthew N. , Wallace Sally
Published: November 2009

The determinants of school choice have significant implications for a variety of public policies including the impact of school vouchers. This article presents a conceptual and empirical model of individual-level school choice over public in-district and transfer schooling, religious private and nonreligious private school ing, and home schooling. Using a unique survey data set for the state of Tennessee, the authors estimate the impact of own- and cross-price elasticities on the actual schooling choice measured by school district within the state. They find that these elasticities are important determinants of school choice. Using the empirical results, simulations suggest that a hypothetical $500 school voucher would reduce public school enrollment in city school districts by 8%.
The Elasticity of Demand for Lotto Tickets and the Corresponding Welfare Effects
Authors: Mason Paul M. , Steagall Jeffrey W. , Fabritius Michael M.
Published: November 2009

The results of an analysis of lotto demand for the state of Florida during the first 254 weeks of its lotto suggest that the price elasticity of demand is near unity when employing a measure of lotto ticket price that is superior (at least for the state of Florida) to that used by others. The results imply that, relative to other states, Florida's lotto has room for increases in the odds to increase the price elasticity of demand to the revenue-maximizing level. However, revenue maximization is not the goal that the state should seek. Rather, the data indicate that Florida could poten tially improve social welfare through increasing the odds, thereby expanding the consumer surplus of ticket buyers and reducing the excess burden associated with the lottery tax.
Political Campaigns as Rent-Seeking Games: Take the Money and Run
Authors: Burnett John , Paul Chris , Wilhite Allen
Published: November 2009

In the 1980s, the practice of converting campaign contributions into personal income on retirement was curtailed by the Federal Elections Commission (FEC), but an exemption allowed some representatives to continue this practice. Conse quently, a natural experiment was created in which congressional candidates faced different sets of rules. By identifying candidates who could keep excess campaign funds, the authors were able to empirically measure the relevance of wealth maximization in political campaign decisions. The evidence of the 1980s suggests that candidates are concerned with more than simply winning elections. Specifically, candidates who qualified for the FEC's exemption raised more money and spent smaller portions of those contributions on their campaigns. This results in a sizable lump-sum transfer payment on retirement.