bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Normal and Abnormal Temporomandibular Joints as Demonstrated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Kreipke D. L. , Conces D. J. , Sondhi A. , Lappas J. C. , Augustyn G. T.
Published: June 2015

Magnetic resonance imaging of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) was performed on two normal volunteer subjects and two symptomatic subjects using a 0.15 T resistive magnet. A spin echo pulse sequence with a TE of 38 ms and a TR of 500 ms was employed. The TMJ meniscus is a low signal structure, and the bilaminar zone behind it is a relatively high signal structure. In normal closed mouths, the demarcation between meniscus and bilaminar zone is located at the vertex position above the mandibular condyle. When the condyle translates, the posterior portion of the meniscus bulges into the joint space. Dislocated meniscus can be identified by a gray mass anterior to the condylar head. The joint space is filled with the higher signal of the bilaminar zone. In non-reducible dislocations, the meniscus remains anterior to the condylar head with opening of the mouth. Reduced dislocations appear similar to normal joints in the open mouth.

References
Amount of Bone and Bone Remodelling in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure
Authors: Andresen J. , Nielsen H. E.
Published: June 2015

Quantitative radiologic measurements of the second left metacarpal bone were performed on 63 normal men and 71 normal women, 105 patients with non-dialyzed chronic renal failure and on 32 chronic hemodialyzed men and women. For prospective analysis 42 non-dialyzed patients and 31 patients on chronic hemodialysis were available. Measurements of the total width, medullary cavity and combined cortical thickness at the midshaft of the metacarpal bone were made on postero-anterior hand radiographs with a readout of 0.1 mm using a direct reading needle-tipped calliper. Hereafter the cortical area and metacarpal bone mass were calculated. Mean values of the various parameters in the patient groups were compared with mean values of age-matched normal controls. For the prospective analysis the calculated, yearly change of the various parameters during the observation period were compared with the yearly change in normal persons, being estimated by regression analysis between age and radiologic values. Measurements of the amount of bone in normals and in patients with chronic renal failure were reliable, the intraobserver variation coefficient varying from 0.7 to 2.5 per cent and the interobserver variation coefficient from 1.0 to 5.8 per cent. Changes in thickness of the soft tissue of the hand only slightly affected the values, a change of 10 mm resulted in a change of one per cent of the measured and calculated values. Metacarpal bone mass was significantly reduced in normal men and women older than 50 years of age compared with younger persons. In older women, a significant yearly increase in the width of the bone marrow cavity occurred compared with younger women, reflecting a significant loss of cortical thickness, cortical area and metacarpal bone mass. In patients with chronic renal failure, a marked and, compared with normal control persons, significant bone loss with time occurred. In non-dialyzed men and hemodialyzed women this was probably due to a higher endosteal bone resorption than bone formation and in hemodialyzed men and non-dialyzed women, due to a higher resorption than formation both at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces.

References
Advances in Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Pelvis at 0.15 Tesla
Authors: Hamlin D. J. , Pettersson H. , Johnson J. O. , Fitzsimmons J. R.
Published: June 2015

The recent development of improved commercial radiofrequency coils and multiecho, multislice software for low field strength magnetic resonance systems has markedly increased the clinical utility of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pelvis at low field strengths. An evaluation of 70 patients with a variety of pelvic lesions and 14 normal volunteers who were studied using 0.15 T resistive magnet scanner revealed that anatomic structures and a variety of mass lesions could be clearly depicted in transaxial, sagittal and coronal planes using this updated system. Accurate characterization of lesions was possible in many instances using T2 weighted multiecho scans with echo time (TE) ranging from 30 ms to 120 ms (45 ms–180 ms using a reduced bandwidth technique). T1 weighted multislice scans demonstrated anatomic structures to best adantage and calculation of T1 and T2 relaxation times frequently facilitated more accurate differential diagnosis, particularly in the case of ovarian lesions.
Structure Enhancement by Subtraction in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Hemmingsson A. , Bergström K. , Ericsson A. , Jung B. , Sperber G. , Thuomas K. Å.
Published: June 2015

Two patients with tumours in the pituitary gland and the liver, respectively, were studied with MRI. Regions of different transverse relaxation times were found in the tumours. Subtraction of images recorded with different echo times demonstrated the tumour regions better than the original images although these were recorded with 2 repetition times and double and multiple echo sequences. Subtraction techniques may thus aid diagnosis in MRI.
Computed Tomography of Retinoblastoma
Authors: Lindahl S.
Published: June 2015

Retinoblastoma is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumor in children. The clinical features are leucocoria and/or strabismus. The ophthalmic diagnosis is straight forward in clear eye media with a white gray mass in the fundus. With opaque ocular media, other diagnostic procedures such as CT and ultrasonography are important. In the present study the results of CT examinations of 23 patients with histologically proven retinoblastomas are presented. The mean age of the patients was two years. The characteristic CT finding is a partly calcified intravitreous mass lesion mostly confined within the eyeball. Two cases showed retrobulbar extension and two intracranial tumor extension. No metastasis was found in the brain, liver, spleen, long bones, chest or skull. The radiologic screening procedures for retinoblastoma metastasis are discussed. In patients suspected to have a retinoblastoma, it is recommended to perform CT of the orbits and brain in order to detect the tumor and its possible retrobulbar and intracranial extension.
Coronary Angiography and Pathogenesis of Coronary Artery Disease in Young Male Survivors of Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Szamosi A. , Hamsten A. , Walldius G. , De Faire U.
Published: June 2015

Coronary angiography was performed 3 to 6 months after myocardial infarction in 107 males below the age of 45 (mean age 39.7±3.9, range 23–44 years). The coronary angiograms were allocated to various groups according to the presence or absence of obvious atheromatous changes. Metabolic evaluation included determination of cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the major serum lipoproteins. Marked elevation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentration was found in patients with angiographic evidence of atheromatosis, in contrast to patients with normal coronary angiograms or with single occlusion and no other abnormalities. Thus, there was a correlation between angiographic appearance of the coronary arteries and disturbances of LDL metabolism. It is proposed that coronary angiography may distinguish between atheromatous and non-atheromatous pathogenesis of myocardial infarction at young age.
Ultrasonic Guidance for Percutaneous Puncture and Drainage in Acute Cholecystitis
Authors: Lohela P. , Soiva M. , Suramo I. , Taavitsainen M. , Holopainen O.
Published: June 2015

Thirteen patients presenting with acute cholecystitis and considered high surgical risks were treated with a percutaneous needling procedure under ultrasonic guidance. The gallbladder was drained following simple needle puncture in six cases while a drainage catheter was inserted in seven. A premedication of 0.5 mg of atropine and 50 mg of pethidine was given. The gallbladder became decompressed in all cases, and pain was instantly relieved. Impacted stones were freed from the cystic duct in two cases and from the papilla of Vater in another two cases. The patients' condition improved and elective cholecystectomy was performed in four cases, while a further three patients await surgery. In five cases the acute stage of the disease subsided; surgical treatment was refrained from because of gallbladder carcinoma with metastases in one patient and other diseases in the remainder. One patient died of gastric carcinoma. One patient with ischemic heart disease had systemic hypotension for six hours after the drainage and one had slight haemorrhage for four hours. No other complications were noted. In addition, the procedure was also carried out as a diagnostic study in one patient in whom the site of bile leakage was determined by filling the biliary tree with contrast medium from the gallbladder. Guided aspiration and percutaneous drainage of the gallbladder is helpful in patients with severe acute cholecystitis attended with a high surgical risk.
Studies on Pulmonary Ventilation Using Digital Subtraction Radiography
Authors: Björk L.
Published: June 2015

Digital subtraction radiography was used in 84 patients with suspected pulmonary embolism to obtain information about localized changes in ventilation of the lungs. Preliminary experiences in patients with carcinoma of the lung, emphysema and acute inflammatory diseases have also been obtained. Digital subtraction radiography is a simple, rapid and inexpensive method to obtain information about ventilation in the lungs. It is completely non-invasive and requires only minimal cooperation of the patient. The sensitivity appears to be as good as that of 133Xe radionuclide ventilation studies.
Computed Tomography in Early Diagnosis of Local Recurrence of Rectal Carcinoma
Authors: Adalsteinsson B. , Påhlman L. , Hemmingsson A. , Glimelius B. , Graffman S.
Published: June 2015

Local recurrence is a common problem among patients treated surgically for adenocarcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid. When a local recurrence has become clinically manifest, curative therapy is virtually impossible. Asymptomatic local recurrences are difficult to find clinically, especially in patients treated with an abdominoperineal resection. In 177 patients who had undergone locally curative surgery and had had an uneventful recovery, a postoperative follow-up program, including computed tomography (CT), was carried out. In 77 per cent (137/177) a mass was observed in the pelvis at the first postoperative CT. This mass partly represents fibrosis due to radiation therapy. The risk of developing local recurrence cannot be foreseen from a CT image. CT should not be performed by routine but only in patients with symptoms in whom local recurrence cannot be verified by clinical examination, and always with CT-guided needle biopsy of the detected mass.
Effect of Repeated Normothermic Ischaemia on Normal Liver Parenchyma
Authors: Stridbeck H. , Holmin T. , Hägerstrand I.
Published: June 2015

Hepatic ischaemia was induced in 8 mesenterico-cavally shunted pigs. The hepatic artery was occluded with biodegradable starch microspheres and the portal vein with a balloon catheter. The liver was kept ischaemic for 90 minutes at the beginning, and 90 minutes at the end, of a 24-hour period. At histopathologic examination 6 of the livers had multiple, small areas of necrosis. The total volume of these necroses accounted for no more than 10 to 15 per cent of each liver. No necrosis was evident in 2 livers. Thus normothermic Ischaemia for 2 periods of 90 minutes each within a 24-hour period caused minimal damage to the liver. An alternative treatment in patients with liver tumours could therefore be simultaneous occlusion of the hepatic artery and the portal vein.
Mediastinal Involvement in Adults with Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
Authors: Schwartz E. E. , Conroy J. F. , Bonner H.
Published: June 2015

Radiologic, clinical, and pathologic findings are described in 6 young adults with lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL), an aggressive tumor which has recently become recognized as a serious threat to adults as well as to children. Each patient presented with a mediastinal mass, three of them developing cardiac tamponade and one a superior vena cava syndrome. CT scanning and echocardiography were particularly helpful in defining the lesions. The rapid dissemination of LBL, and its early progression to a leukemic phase call for promt diagnosis and treatment.
Computed Tomography following Endoscopic Sclerotherapy of Esophageal Varices
Authors: Ikezoe J. , Morimoto S. , Akira M. , Arisawa J. , Takashima S. , Tomoda K. , Nakanishi K. , Kadowaki K. , Kozuka T. , Shiozaki H. , Ogawa Y.
Published: June 2015

Computed tomography of the chest following endoscopic injection sclerotherapy for esophageal varices was performed in 17 procedures in 13 patients. CT scans were obtained before and within 48 hours after the procedure. CT findings included: esophageal wall thickening; a low-attenuating lesion within the wall of the esophagus with varying appearances, either laminated, localized, or inhomogeneous; a mediastinal lesion; pleural effusion; and various types of pulmonary changes such as atelectasis, pleural-based lesions, dilatation of peripheral pulmonary vessels, and nodular lesions. However, on follow-up CT they had regressed or disappeared. The changes in the mediastinum and pleural space might be caused by direct extension of inflammation from the esophagus, but those in the lungs, especially dilatation of peripheral vessels, may be caused by the sclerosing agent passing to the pulmonary vessels.
Spleen/Liver Ratio in Res-Scintigraphy
Authors: Friman L. , Söderborg B.
Published: June 2015

The relative uptake of the spleen compared with the liver in RES-scintigraphy is of diagnostic significance. The spleen/liver (S/L) ratio from a posterior registration is most often used. The high S/L ratios found in earlier reports could well be explained by splenomegaly. Posterior registration as well as emission computed tomography was performed in 29 patients. In cases with splenomegaly the S/L ratio derived from the posterior registration was about the same as from emission computed tomography. In cases without splenomegaly the S/L ratios found by emission computed tomography were significantly higher and more correct than the values recorded from a posterior registration.
Correlation between Radiologic and Clinical Findings in Charnley Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Wejkner B. , Wiege M.
Published: June 2015

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the radiologic findings in clinically successful Charnley total hip replacements (THR) at an average of five years postoperatively (‘5-year follow-up’) and the clinical result 10 to 14 years after operation (‘10-year follow-up’). The study included 150 arthroplasties graded as clinically successful at the 5-year follow-up despite radiologic loosening of the femoral component in 41 per cent and of the acetabular component in 7 per cent. The incidence of clinical failure between the two follow-ups was 7 per cent (10 hips). Only 2 per cent (3/125) of THRs with intact components or a loose stem with migration not exceeding 4 mm became failures. Clinical failures resulted in 28 per cent (7/25) of THRs with more extensive loosening of the stem or with a loose socket. At the 10-year follow-up 47 per cent of the femoral and 13 per cent of the acetabular components were loose. Progression of loosening of the femoral stem occurred in 63 per cent and of the socket in 73 per cent between the two follow-ups. The incidence of loosening of the stem showed a significant correlation both with the extent of cementation distal to the tip and with the orientation of the prosthesis in the sagittal plane.
Conventional Spinal Radiography as a Supplement to the Neurologic Assessment in Myelomeningocele
Authors: Samuelsson L. , Eklöf O.
Published: June 2015

In patients born with a myelomeningocele early assessment of the severity of the anomaly is mandatory for planning of therapy. Conventional spinal radiography, although a routine examination, in many hospitals has been regarded as less rewarding. However, in this retrospective investigation of 92 patients, a reasonable conformity was found between conventional radiograms and neurologic deficit at follow-up. There was no significant difference between the results of radiologic examinations carried out during the first 1 to 10 weeks after birth and the later neurologic findings. Hence, the simple radiologic assessment has proved a valuable baseline examination in these patients. In cases with discrepancy between the conventional radiologic and the neurologic findings, and in cases with a course diverging from the anticipated, more sophisticated methods of imaging are recommended.
Treatment of Direct Carotid-Cavernous Fistulas with Detachable Balloons
Authors: Berthelsen B. , Svendsen P.
Published: June 2015

Experience with transarterial treatment of 14 direct carotid-cavernous fistulas using the Debrun technique with detachable balloons manually tied to the catheter is reported. Ten of the fistulas were occluded by balloons with concomitant occlusion of the internal carotid in one case. Another fistula closed spontaneously in connection with the embolization procedure. Three fistulas were treated with surgical trapping after recurrence. The transvenous approach was attempted in three cases but failed. Four complications occurred, two with clinical consequences as the patients developed neurologic deficits. Except in four cases with persistent or slowly regressing orbital palsies all signs and symptoms of the fistula disappeared after successful occlusion. The use of detachable balloons for selective occlusion is in experienced hands a rather safe and simple method with good results. Large fistulas offer most problems, and to avoid progression in fistula size the treatment should be undertaken as soon as possible after diagnosis.
Ultrasonography in Carcinoma of the Gallbladder
Authors: Hederström E. , Forsberg L.
Published: June 2015

Gallbladder carcinoma (GBCA) is difficult to diagnose in its early stage by ultrasound (US) due to the non-specificity of various characteristics. In an investigation of 25 female patients (mean age 68.2 years) all with a histologic diagnosis of primary GBCA (adenocarcinoma) and a US examination prior to that, the correct diagnosis was only established in 11. The sensitivity was thus low (44%). The inability to differentiate GBCA from chronic cholecystitis (contracted gallbladder with stones) makes this US finding hazardous, and implicates a considerable risk of overlooking malignancy. A cholecystectomy without delay in these patients may lead to the discovery of further cases of GBCA in early stages.
Aspiration Biopsy of the Spleen in Patients with Sarcoidosis
Authors: Taavitsainen M. , Koivuniemi A. , Helminen J. , Bondestam S. , Kivisaari L. , Pamilo M. , Tierala E. , Tiitinen H.
Published: June 2015

Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the spleen was performed on 101 patients with suggested sarcoidosis; it was the final diagnosis in 79. Adequate specimens were obtained in all cases with a 0.8×80 mm or 0.7×40 mm disposable needle. Fine-needle biopsy specimens of the spleen showed a granulomatous reaction in 19 out of the 79 cases with sarcoidosis (24%). There were three minor biopsy complications that required no treatment.
Mesenteric Panniculitis
Authors: Gudinchet F. , Schnyder P.
Published: June 2015

Mesenteric panniculitis is an inflammatory condition of mesenteric fat which may result in peritoneal space occupying lesions. Only two previously reported cases in the English literature have been evaluated by computed tomography (CT). We present 2 additional cases and emphasize that CT patterns are not specific, but suggest the diagnosis in the presence of a well-defined fibrous wall circumscribing a fatty mass containing regions with attenuation near that of water. Lymphoma and mesenteric metastases should be considered the most frequent radiologic, clinical and surgical differential diagnosis.
Chest Radiography and Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Mediastinal Adenopathy in Lymphoma
Authors: Salonen O. , Kivisaari L. , Standertskjöld-Nordenstam C.-G. , Oksanen K. , Lappalainen K.
Published: June 2015

Thoracic computed tomography (CT) in 232 patients with either primary staging of new or suggested relapsing lymphoma was compared with conventional chest radiography and both were correlated with clinical staging. Particular attention was given to the possibility of reducing routine thoracic CT, which is the current method used in this hospital in all patients with suggested lymphoma. Mediastinal lymphoma was detected by CT in 95 per cent of patients with clinically active mediastinal lymphoma, and by conventional chest radiography in 56 per cent. CT was found to be less reliable in evaluation of the hilar region than in that of other mediastinal areas. No areas of particular difficulty were found with chest radiography. CT also provided additional information concerning extra-mediastinal lymph adenopathy and involvement of the thoracic wall and pericardium. Routine thoracic CT examination was considered justifiable in all patients with suggested lymphoma.
Disc Degeneration in the Thoracolumbar Junctional Region
Authors: Malmivaara A.
Published: June 2015

Disc dimensions and lengths of spondylophytes in the thoracolumbar junctional region (T10-L1) of 37 male cadaveric spines were measured from conventional radiographs. The disc degeneration was assessed by discography. The surface areas of the spondylophytes at vertebral body margins were recorded directly from the bones of 24 of the spines. Disc degeneration and the largest spondylophytes at corresponding levels measured from radiographs were related at T10-11 and at T11-12 (r=0.41 and r=0.43; p<0.01), but not at T 12-L1 (r=−0.14). In the individual discs, however, only large spondylophytes in radiographs (actual length over 4 mm) were related to signs of disc degeneration. In addition, ‘traction spurs’ and Scheuermann's changes were more often associated with severe disc degeneration than ‘claw-type’ spondylophytes. The intervertebral disc space height correlated poorly with disc degeneration except, to some extent, at T11-12. Thus, the assessment of disc degeneration from conventional radiographs seems unreliable at this region of the spine.
Demonstration of the Thoracic Duct by 123I Heptadecanoic Acid
Authors: Hvid-Jacobsen K. , Nielsen S. L. , Jensen V. J. , Thomsen H. S.
Published: June 2015

The thoracic duct was visualized following ingestion of 123I heptadecanoic acid in a healthy volunteer and in a patient with a growing chyle cyst. The visualization indicated that operative removal of the cyst would not interfere with the lymphatic drainage from the intestines.
Renal Parenchymal Volume in Children
Authors: Troell S. , Berg U. , Johansson B. , Wikstad I.
Published: June 2015

Forty-three children with normal urograms and with kidneys of normal size regarding length, area and parenchymal thickness were examined using a water-delay computerized ultrasonographic equipment. Renal parenchymal volumes were calculated and related to body weight. The correlation coefficient was 0.92. The renal parenchymal volume of the left kidney was significantly larger than that of the right kidney (p<0.001). For practical purposes they should, however, be assumed to be of equal size, 2.0±0.3 cm3/kg body weight.
Intravenous Injection of Ioxilan, Iohexol and Diatrizoate
Authors: Thomsen H. S. , Dorph S. , Mygind T. , Sovak M. , Nielsen H. , Rygaard H. , Larsen S. , Skaarup P. , Hemmingsen L. , Holm J.
Published: June 2015

Effects of intravenous ioxilan, a new third generation non-ionic contrast medium, diatrizoate, iohexol and saline on urine profiles were compared. Albumin, glucose, sodium, phosphate, and the enzymes NAG, LDH and GGT were followed in 24 normal rats over 7 days. Diatrizoate significantly affected all profile components during the first two hours. Albuminuria was significantly greater after diatrizoate than after iohexol or ioxilan, and excretion of glucose, LDH and GGT was significantly higher than after ioxilan. Both iohexol and ioxilan increased the excretion of albumin, LDH and GGT, while iohexol also significantly increased excretion of glucose and sodium. There was a greater excretion of glucose and GGT after iohexol than after ioxilan. Saline did not induce any changes. At day 7, serum sodium, urea, creatinine, and albumin were normal for all test substances, and kidney histology revealed no difference between the groups of animals. It is thus concluded that both high osmolar ionic and low osmolar non-ionic contrast media may cause temporary glomerular and tubular dysfunction in rats. In this model, the kidney is affected most by diatrizoate, less by iohexol, and least by ioxilan.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging with Maximum Contrast between Two Selected Tissues Composed of Recordings with Three Repetition Times
Authors: Jung B. , Ericsson A. , Hemmingsson A. , Sperber G. O. , Thuomas K.-Å.
Published: June 2015

A method is presented which in a composed image maximizes the image intensity difference between two selected tissues. The composition is made from several magnetic resonance (MR) images from the same slice but with different MR imaging parameters. The method is illustrated with a patient with liver metastases for whom the technique was used to emphasize metastases above normal liver parenchyma.
Non-Invasive Measurement of Stroke Volume and Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
Authors: Kelbæk H. , Svendsen J. H. , Aldershvile J. , Folke K. , Nielsen S. L.
Published: June 2015

The stroke volume (SV) was determined by first passage radionuclide cardiography and the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by multigated radionuclide cardiography in 20 patients with ischemic heart disease. The results were evaluated against those obtained by the invasive dye dilution or thermodilution and left ventricular cardioangiographic techniques. In a paired comparison the mean difference between the invasive and radionuclide SV was −1 ml (SED 3.1) with a correlation coefficient of 0.83 (p<0.01). Radionuclide LVEF values also correlated well with cardioangiographic measurements, r=0.93 (p<0.001). LVEF determined by multigated radionuclide cardiography was, however, significantly lower than when measured by cardioangiography, the mean difference being 6 per cent (p<0.001). These findings suggest that radionuclide determinations of SV and LVEF are reliable. The discrepancy between the non-invasive and invasive LVEF values raises the question, whether LVEF is overestimated by cardioangiography or underestimated by radionuclide cardiography.
Juxta-Articular Erosions in Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy
Authors: Griffiths H. J. , Virtama P.
Published: June 2015

Thirty-one patients with documented reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome (RSDS) were reviewed for their radiographic changes. Juxta-articular and metaphyseal bone loss was found in the majority of the patients. Juxta-articular bone loss closely resembling erosions seen in rheumatoid arthritis was found in all the patients. The significance of these findings is discussed.
Ultrasonically Guided Fine Needle Aspiration of Suggested Enlarged Parathyroid Glands
Authors: Karstrup S. , Glenthøj A. , Torp-Pedersen S. , Hegedüs L. , Holm H. H.
Published: June 2015

Ultrasonically guided fine needle aspiration from 22 ultrasonically suspect enlarged parathyroid glands was performed in 21 consecutive patients with biochemically confirmed hyperparathyroidism. Histologic examination revealed parathyroid tissue in 20 and thyroid tissue in 2 of the 22 ultrasonically suspect parathyroid glands. The aspirated material (21 patients) was analysed for PTH content and compared with the PTH content in aspirates from corresponding thyroid tissue. In all but one, a higher PTH content was found in aspirates from parathyroid glands. Further, the aspirated material (16 patients) was cytologically examined for parathyroid cells. In 10 of 14 histologically confirmed parathyroid glands cells of parathyroid origin were found, but in 4 cases only cells of endocrine origin were seen. The results and the use of fine needle aspiration in relation to the ultrasonic findings are discussed.
Digital Radiography of the Spine, Large Bones and Joints Using Stimulable Phosphor
Authors: Pettersson H. , Aspelin P. , Boijsen E. , Herrlin K. , Egund N.
Published: June 2015

The value of digital radiography in musculoskeletal disorders was investigated by assessing its ability to depict anatomic structures and common radiologic features as compared with the conventional film-screen combination. The digital image that was frequency modified was superior to conventional films in delineating soft tissue structures and for areas with large attenuation differences. The conventional film-screen system was superior in depicting small anatomic structures and in identifying the zone close to prostheses. This was explained by the high spatial resolution of the conventional film system and the disturbing halo effect around the prosthesis seen with digital images. The halo effect is an overshoot caused by the unsharp masking operator, which was in this series not changed for individual examinations. The exposure (radiation dose) could be reduced to 50 per cent using the digital system, without any loss of information.
Contrast Media Induced Ventricular Fibrillation during Coronary Angiography in Dogs
Authors: Hayakawa K. , Yamashita K. , Ishii Y.
Published: June 2015

This study is designed to determine which is more critical for contrast media induced ventricular fibrillation (VF), hyperosmolality or lack of sodium ions. The right coronary artery in the canine model was infused continuously with contrast media (CM) for 25 seconds or until ventricular fibrillation occurred. The test solutions included isotonic saline, 305 mg I/ml of meglumine diatrizoate, 370 mg I/ml of meglumine/Na diatrizoate and 370 mg I/ml of metrizamide. The incidence of VF with meglumine/Na diatrizoate was significantly higher than with metrizamide (p<0.05). These observations suggest that the hyperosmolality is more critical than the lack of sodium ions in CM when metrizamide is compared with conventional ionic CM. On the other hand, the results showing that contact time until VF was shorter with meglumine diatrizoate than with meglumine/Na diatrizoate may reflect the importance of sodium ions in CM with similar osmolality.
Triple-Photon Energy Absorptiometry in the Measurement of Bone Mineral
Authors: Jonson R. , Roos B. , Hansson T.
Published: June 2015

The feasibility of determination of bone mineral content using a triple-photon absorptiometric technique is presented. Using three different photon energies it is possible to correct the measured ‘bone mineral’ value for fat and lean soft tissue. The theoretical basis of the method, as well as the experimental determination of mass attenuation coefficients, is described. It is shown that the results are reproducible within 5 per cent, which means that the method could be of value in the management of metabolic bone diseases.
Survey of Dental Radiographic Equipment and Radiation Doses in Finland
Authors: Havukainen R.
Published: June 2015

The radiation dose exposure, and the faults in about 1700 dental units inspected at dental surgeries by the Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety in 1981–1985, were analysed. The mean value of skin doses in the bite-wing projection was about 6.2 mGy, the range 0.5 to 151 mGy. The mean energy imparted per bite-wing examination was estimated as 0.68 mJ and that per panoramic examination as 1.2 mJ. That gives a total imparted energy of about 600 J per year for conventional dental examinations and about 420 J per year for panoramic examinations. This gives a total of 0.13 mJ from conventional and 0.089 mJ from panoramic examinations per inhabitant per year. The collective effective dose equivalent was calculated as about 9 manSv for conventional dental examinations and about 6 manSv for panoramic examinations. Twenty per cent of units had some fault which was capable of decreasing radiation safety. Forty per cent of units were served reparation orders or other remarks were made in inspection documents. Large doses were usually accounted for by incorrect film processing and malfunction of the exposure timer.
Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis in Children
Authors: Mortensson W. , Edeburn G. , Fries M. , Nilsson R.
Published: June 2015

Thirty cases of chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis have been reported in the literature. A radiologic evaluation of thirty-one additional cases, 25 of whom also underwent bone scintigraphy, is presented. Bone biopsy specimens were obtained in 16 patients. Most lesions were located in the metaphyses of the long bones adjacent to the physis and had a characteristic, probably pathognomonic appearance. Extension into the epiphyses was rare. Lesions in the vertebral bodies, clavicle and pelvis had possibly a less specific radiographic appearance. Lesions in short tubular bones were non-specific. Bone scintigraphy had a pratical value in evaluating the global distribution of lesions including asymptomatic lesions and lesions in the spine or pelvis, the latter being somewhat hard to detect with conventional radiography. All biopsies showed acute, subacute or chronic unspecific osteomyelitis, sometimes mixed in the same lesion. Staining for bacteria and fungi was negative.
Superparamagnetic Particles as an Mri Contrast Agent for the Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Lönnemark M. , Hemmingsson A. , Carlsten J. , Ericsson A. , Holtz E. , Klaveness J.
Published: June 2015

Non-biodegradable superparamagnetic particles containing magnetite were evaluated as a potential contrast agent for the gastrointestinal tract. The particles were administered to pigs perorally either suspended in water or mixed with food. The gastrointestinal tract structures were excellently depicted through a lowered signal intensity of their content in both T1 and T2 weighted images. Relatively large volumes with low particle concentration seemed to give a good contrast agent distribution, especially when the administration was extended over a period of time. Problems with artefacts and blurring in the images caused by a too high local concentration of the contrast agent should also be minimized by using low particle concentrations.
Intra-Operative Digital Angiography as a Control of the in Situ Saphenous Vein By-Pass Grafts
Authors: Kehler M. , Albrechtsson U. , Alwmark A. , Lárusdottír H. , Ribbe E. , Svahn G. , Thörne J.
Published: June 2015

Forty-two patients undergoing in situ saphenous vein by-pass grafting procedures, in two patients bilaterally, were examined intra-operatively with digital subtraction angiography. In 19 (43%) of the examinations the graft and the anastomoses appeared adequate. In 8 cases (18%) significant abnormalities were found, including stenoses (11 %), deficient anastomoses (5%) and graft kinking (2%). Remaining arteriovenous fistulas were found in 17 patients (39%). In most cases immediate correction was possible avoiding later re-operation. At follow up 11 of the 44 grafts were occluded, 10 of these during the first five months and of these five during the first week.
Diagnostic Value of Stress Radiography in Lesions of the Lateral Ligaments of the Ankle
Authors: Ahovuo J. , Kaartinen E. , Slätis P.
Published: June 2015

The diagnostic accuracy of inversion and anterior stress radiography in rupture of the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint was assessed in 56 patients undergoing surgery. In inversion stress radiography, 58 per cent of the patients with confirmed rupture of the lateral ligaments of the ankle had a talar tilt of 10 degrees or more, allowing a predictive value of a positive test of 94 per cent. In anterior stress radiography, 53 per cent of the patients had a posterior tibiotalar distance of 9 mm or more, allowing a predictive value of a positive test of 81 per cent. In measurements of talar tilt and anterior displacement of the talus values higher than normal in the injured ankle may be a sign of a rupture of the lateral ligament.
Effects on Urine Profiles of Diatrizoate in Hydrated and Dehydrated Rats
Authors: Thomsen H. S. , Hemmingsen L. , Dorph S. , Skaarup P.
Published: June 2015

Effects of intravenous diatrizoate on urine profiles in hydrated and dehydrated rats were compared. In 12 normal rats albumin, glucose, sodium, and the enzymes LDH and GGT were followed twice over 3 hours. The 6 rats being dehydrated at the first examination were hydrated 28 days later and vice versa. At both examinations diatrizoate affected all profile components significantly during the first two hours and caused a 3 per cent weight loss in both groups. Only one significant difference between the hydrated and dehydrated rats was found: The excretion of the brush border enzyme GGT was 1.5 times higher in the dehydrated than in the hydrated rats in both series. Thus, the effect of diatrizoate on the tubular brush border seems to depend on the state of hydration in normal rats.
Esophageal Motor Function Evaluated by Scintigraphy, Video-Radiography and Manometry in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Sundkvist G. , Hillarp B. , Lilja B. , Ekberg O.
Published: June 2015

Prolonged esophageal scintigraphic transit time is frequent in diabetic patients and is related to autonomic neuropathy. In this study, esophageal scintigraphic transit time was correlated to esophageal motor function as evaluated by video-radiography and manometry in 13 diabetic patients. An abnormal scintigraphic transit time (>15 s) occurred in 6 patients. All patients with abnormal transit time showed abnormal results at video-radiography (n=4) and/or manometry (n=5), which were observed in only 2 of 7 patients with normal transit time (both with abnormal video-radiography and manometry). A prolonged scintigraphic transit appears reliable as an indicator of disturbed esophageal smooth muscle function since it is well correlated with abnormalities shown by a combination of video-radiography and manometry.
Mucinous Cystadenocarcinoma of the Pancreas
Authors: Bastid C. , Sahel J. , Sastre B. , Schurgers P. , Sarles H.
Published: June 2015

The ultrasonographic findings in 5 patients (4 males, 1 female, mean age 70 years) presenting with mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas are described. The lesion was located in the head and body of the pancreas in 2 cases, in the head alone in 2 others, and in the tail in one. The size ranged from 40 to 85 mm (mean 64 mm). Internal septa were seen in 5 patients, endocystic proliferation in 2, parietal calcifications in 1 and mixed cystic-solid areas in 3. The estimation of CEA in the fluid collected by sonographic guided puncture may be useful in diagnosis. Guided microbiopsy and fine needle cytology performed in 3 cases confirmed the diagnosis. Moreover, ultrasonography clearly showed the modifications of the vessels (splenic and portal veins, inferior vena cava) secondary to the tumor. It is concluded that ultrasonography with guided puncture is a simple, inexpensive and effective method for the diagnosis of mucinous cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas.
Reproducibility of the Pettersson Scoring System
Authors: Erlemann R. , Rosenthal H. , Walthers E. M. , Almeida P. , Calleja R.
Published: June 2015

By means of the Pettersson scoring system, the degree of severity of haemophilic arthropathy in 128 knee, elbow and ankle joints was estimated by 5 radiologists. Their scores varied on average by approximately 3 points. Minimal and maximal joint involvement were scored consistently; exclusion of haemophilic arthropathy was possible with the highest degree of certainty. With regard to changes of a moderate degree agreement was seldom reached. With precisely defined characteristics, a high degree of consistency between observers was evident. Interobserver variation in the scoring was more marked in the ankle joint than in the other joints. Scoring was more consistent with the more experienced observers.
Diagnosis of Deep Venous Thrombosis of the Leg Using Immunoscintigraphy with111In-Labelled Monoclonal Antifibrin Antibody Fragments
Authors: Aronen H.
Published: June 2015

Fourteen unselected consecutive patients with clinically suggested deep venous thrombosis were studied using111In-labelled monoclonal antibody Fab-fragments (59D8) in order to evaluate the accuracy of antifibrin imaging. Scintigrams of the legs were obtained at 1 to 4 h and 20 to 28 h in all patients and in seven dynamic studies were also performed. Contrast medium phlebography used as diagnostic standard revealed thrombosis in six patients who also had increased uptake of the tracer at immunoscintigraphy. Three patients had a positive finding at immunoscintigraphy without thrombosis. Because of the high sensitivity of this method, normal antifibrin images may be used to exclude thrombosis. Phlebography may then be restricted to positive cases to confirm the presence of thrombosis.
Problems in Radiographic Detection and Diagnosis of Lung Cancer
Authors: Hayabuchi N. , Russell W.J. , Murakami J.
Published: June 2015

All chest radiographs of 107 proven lung cancer patients who received consecutive biennial chest radiography were reviewed to elucidate problems detecting their cancers, and diagnosing them when initially radiographically detected. Subjects, members of a fixed population sample, originally numbered 20000 persons, 17000 of whom consistently received consecutive biennial chest radiography during examinations for late effects of atomic-bomb radiation. Among the 107 subjects, 64 had radiographic manifestations of cancer; 47 were initially correctly diagnosed; 17 were not. Eleven of the 17 were initially equivocal, diagnosable only after subsequent radiography and retrospective review of serial radiographs. Diagnostic problems consisted of 1) six detection errors with cancer images superimposed on musculoskeletal and cardiovascular structures, reducible by stereoscopic p.a. instead of single p.a. radiography; immediate tentative interpretations; and by comparing earlier with current radiographs. 2) Eight decision errors, wherein cancers mimicked other diseases, were reducible by greater index of suspicion and scrutiny during interpretations.
Peristalsis in Pharyngeal Constrictor Musculature in Relation to Positioning and Gravity
Authors: Borgström P. S. , Ekberg O.
Published: June 2015

The motor activity of the pharyngeal constrictors in terms of peristalsis and protrusion depths was studied cineradiographically in 15 non-dysphagic volunteers in three positions: sitting, right decubitus horizontal, and head-down 30°, during swallowing of a 10 ml bolus of thin liquid barium. Using a frame rate of 50/s the speed of peristalsis was calculated by frame counting. The speed of peristalsis and the depth of protrusion of the constrictor wall did not depend on the direction of gravity force in relation to the long axis of the pharynx. Neither the position of the hyoid bone nor its movement during pharyngeal swallowing changed in relation to position and gravity. Pharyngeal activity during swallowing in normal individuals is fairly stable and does not change in relation to gravity.
Chest Sonography
Authors: Acunas B. , Celik L. , Acunas A.
Published: June 2015

Ultrasonography was used to evaluate 53 patients with equivocal juxta-diaphragmatic and/or lateral densities in chest radiographs. An air bronchogram, fluid bronchogram, and scattered echogenic foci due to residual air in the consolidated lung parenchyma were used as US criteria of pulmonary parenchymal consolidation. One or more of these signs were observed in 39 patients with a clinical or bacteriologic diagnosis of pneumonia. The US air bronchogram was seen in 32 of the 39 patients (82 %), the fluid bronchogram in 37 patients (94%) and the scattered echogenic foci in 30 (77%). In 14 patients, pleural effusion was diagnosed sonographically and verified by aspiration of fluid. The final diagnoses in these cases were pulmonary tuberculosis in 11 patients, staphylococcal empyema in 2, and tuberculous empyema in one patient. It is concluded that US criteria provide a useful differentiation of pulmonary parenchymal consolidation from pleural effusion.
Effects of Contrast Media on Renal Graft Function and Survival after Cerebral Angiography of Cadaveric Donors
Authors: Hietala S.-O. , Segerstedt B. , Wirell S. , Sunnegårdh O. , Östberg P. , Östh L.
Published: June 2015

The effects of intravascularly administered ionic contrast media on renal graft function and survival were retrospectively evaluated in 211 recipients of cadaveric renal transplants. The renal grafts were explanted from the donors within 24 hours (mean 16 hours) after cerebral angiography. There were no differences in renal function or graft survival between those exposed and those not exposed to contrast media before nephrectomy.
Ultra Low Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Lumbar Disc Disease
Authors: Fagerlund M. K. J. , Ekelund L.
Published: June 2015

Magnetic resonance (MR) examination of the lumbar spine was performed in 51 patients using a resistive magnet with a field strength of 0.02 T. The results at 105 intervertebral levels were compared with those of computed tomography (CT). Due to the extremely low field strength, an unfavourable signal-to-noise ratio degraded the image quality. Some improvement was achieved with the development of a dedicated surface coil. The diagnostic information was not comparable with that obtained with CT, nor was the image quality comparable to that obtained at higher field strengths. Compared with CT there was no false information. Therefore, it is suggested that extremely low field units may permit exclusion of pathology on the basis of a normal examination and in this way help in the selection of those patients who need further investigation and treatment.
Lumbar Spinal Canal Size of Sciatica Patients
Authors: Hurme M. , Alaranta H. , Aalto T. , Knuts L.-R. , Vanharanta H. , Troup J. D. G.
Published: June 2015

Seven measures at the three lowest lumbar interspaces were recorded from conventional radiographs of the lumbar spines of 160 consecutive patients with low back pain and sciatica admitted for myelography and possible surgery. Eighty-eight patients were operated upon for disc herniation, and of the conservatively-treated 72 patients, 18 had a pathologic and 54 a normal myelogram. The results were evaluated after one year using the occupational handicap scales of WHO. Correlations of radiographic measures to stature were moderate and to age small. After adjusting for stature and age, only the male interpedicular distances and the antero-posterior diameter of intervertebral foramen at L3 were greater than those of females. The males with a pathologic myelogram had smaller posterior disc height at L3 and a smaller interarticular distance at L3 and L4 than those with normal myelogram, likewise the midsagittal diameter at L3 and L4 in females. In all patients other measures besides posterior disc height were smaller than those for low back pain patients (p<0.001) or for cadavers (p<0.001). The only correlation between measures and clinical manifestations was between pedicular length at L3 and limited straight leg raising. Where the disc material had been extruded into the spinal canal, the interpedicular distance was significantly wider. Only anterior disc height at L3 revealed differences between good and poor outcome one year after surgery, as did the interarticular distance at S1 in patients with normal myelogram after conservative treatment.