bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sur l’origine d’Ebola : discours biomédical versus interprétations populaires à Macenta en Guinée
Authors: Thys Séverine , Boelaert Marleen
Published: October 2017

En décembre 2013, un enfant de deux ans meurt d’une fièvre hémorragique virale dans le village de Méliandou, dans le sud-est de la Guinée. C’est le cas index probable d’une épidémie de grande ampleur. Lorsque le virus Ebola fut formellement identifié, des épidémiologistes ont commencé à enquêter sur les chaînes de transmission, tandis que les populations locales ont essayé de donner un sens à ces décès. Les mesures de lutte mises en place par les organismes de santé nationaux et internationaux ont très vite rencontré de fortes réticences et une attitude parfois agressive des communautés touchées. Des enquêtes ethnographiques ont été réalisées à Macenta (région forestière) au cours d’une mission conduite d’octobre à novembre 2014 pour le Réseau mondial d’alerte et d’action en cas d’épidémie (GOARN) de l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS). Observation participante, conversations informelles et entrevues approfondies ont été effectuées pour identifier les rumeurs et leurs sources, pour comprendre la perception de la population ainsi que ses connaissances sur l’histoire et l’origine de l’épidémie d’Ebola en Guinée. Les épidémiologistes impliqués dans la riposte ont attribué, les premiers morts d’Ebola dans la Région Forestière, à la transmission d’un virus par contact avec les fluides des patients. Mais certains citoyens guinéens ont cru que ces décès avaient été causés suite à la transgression d’un tabou. Évoluant principalement en parallèle, parfois se chevauchant, les explications épidémiologiques et populaires sont animées par différents modèles explicatifs, biomédicaux et traditionnels-religieux. La riposte doit être flexible et doit systématiquement documenter les discours populaires, rumeurs, codes, pratiques, connaissances et opinions relatifs à l’épidémie. La riposte doit alors utiliser cette information pour dessiner et adapter ses interventions de lutte.
L’hépatite C et la prison : une opportunité de soins ?
Authors: Hagège Meoïn
Published: October 2017

La population carcérale est une population vulnérable, où les individus désaffiliés, précaires, en marge du système de santé sont surreprésentés et les prévalences de maladies infectieuses supérieures aux prévalences nationales. La mauvaise santé des personnes détenues et sortant de prison est un problème de santé publique peu étudié. Les parcours de santé de détenus vivant avec une hépatite C offre une étude de cas intéressante pour discuter les interventions de santé publique auprès de la population carcérale. Elle s’appuie sur une enquête socio-anthropologique auprès de détenus et de professionnels de santé carcérale. Ces parcours éclairent les expériences de la prise en charge et leurs contraintes économiques et sociales, matérielles, institutionnelles. Ils sont inscrits dans le contexte du débat public sur la santé carcérale. Deux types de positions y sont saillantes : celle de la « prison pathogène » et celle de la « prison soignante ». Ces positions permettent de mieux comprendre les enjeux des initiatives de santé publique qui visent à améliorer le soin d’une population vulnérable particulière, des personnes détenues et sortant de prison.
Moteurs et freins à la reconnaissance en maladie professionnelle des patients atteints de cancers bronchiques : une étude psychosociale
Authors: Britel Manon , Pérol Olivia , Blois Da Conceiçao Stéphanie , Ficty Manon , Brunet Houria , Avrillon Virginie , Charbotel Barbara , Fervers Béatrice
Published: October 2017

Objectifs : Bien que 10 à 20 % des cancers bronchopulmonaires seraient liés au travail, 60 % d’entre eux ne seraient pas indemnisés en maladie professionnelle. La démarche de reconnaissance est souvent méconnue des patients, néanmoins d’autres facteurs peuvent expliquer cette sous-déclaration. L’objectif de cette étude était d’identifier les facteurs psychosociaux pouvant influencer le souhait des patients d’entreprendre une démarche de demande de reconnaissance. Méthodes  : Une étude de cas réalisée à partir d’entretiens semi-directifs, analysés thématiquement, a été menée auprès de huit patients atteints d’un cancer bronchique, inclus dans une cohorte visant à repérer systématiquement les expositions professionnelles et à proposer le cas échéant une démarche de reconnaissance. Résultats  : Sept patients interrogés connaissaient les cancers professionnels, néanmoins la plupart d’entre eux ne font pas de lien entre des expositions passées et leur maladie actuelle. Les patients ont évoqué une démarche longue, complexe, pour un enjeu souvent abstrait. Un attachement fort à l’entreprise a été mentionné par plusieurs d’entre eux. Conclusion  : La démarche de reconnaissance est souvent perçue comme une procédure contre l’employeur pour les patients qui ne les jugent pas responsables de leur état. Le contexte du cancer bronchique est également un frein à la démarche, tant sur le plan des traitements lourds et des effets secondaires, du pronostic sombre à moyen terme, que le poids du tabagisme dans l’origine de cette pathologie. Face aux freins identifiés, la motivation financière et le rôle d’accompagnement des professionnels de santé sont des éléments pouvant favoriser la déclaration en maladie professionnelle.
Occuper les institutions
Authors: Lamant Ludovic
Published: October 2017

Résumé En Espagne, six ans après le mouvement du 15-M, les « mairies du changement » ne renoncent pas l’ancrage local, qu’elles cultivent par culture politique ou fidélité à leurs idéaux « indignés ». Elles mêlent les échelles et donnent de la voix là où on ne les attend pas.
La végétalisation des villes et la tragi-comédie des communs
Authors: Maurel Lionel
Published: October 2017

Résumé Jardins partagés
Qu’est-ce que la démocratie (participative) ?
Authors: Lalande Aude , Vermeersch Laure
Published: October 2017

Résumé Travaux pratiques
Bagnolet, Quartier des Coutures
Authors: Vermeersch Laure
Published: October 2017

Résumé Qu’est-ce que la démocratie (participative) ?
Transimpressions d’Évian
Authors: Rabau Sophie
Published: October 2017

Résumé Fin de l’histoire
Corruption and the Challenges of Good Governance in the Nigerian Public Sector
Authors: Fatile Jacob Olufemi
Published: October 2017

The role of the public service in achieving good governance cannot be underestimated. This can be gleaned from the central role it plays in the formulation and implementation of policies designed for the development of the society. In Nigeria, the role of public service has come under severe criticisms within the context of the gap that exists between its anticipated role and its actual output in guiding the society along the course leading to the desired goal as a result of corruption. This article observes that the fact that Nigeria is still grappling with the problems of bad governance goes to show the level of non-accountability and ever present manifestation of crude corruption that is open, naked, undisguised and yet legally untameable because of the system. The article also reveals that many of the anti-corruption efforts are part of the liberal reforms that are based on the assumption that corruption is an individual act or personal misuse of public office for private gain. It points out that as laudable as the intentions of government in putting in place institutions and laws meant to curb corruption, the enforcement of these laws has left much to be desired. In fact, the various reform efforts of the Nigerian government are of limited value because they fail to take into account much of the dynamics that support corruption in the country. Thus, people now regard the law as paper tigers, meant only to the enforced when breached by low-level public officers. While successive administrations have taken partially successful steps to control corruption, these efforts have not fundamentally undermined the supporting environmentfor corruption in the country. The article therefore recommends the need for greater transparency in the management of public funds by the public office holders as well as the need for political will and commitment from governments at Federal, State and Local, including bureaucracies at various levels of governance in the country. The article concludes that there is a need to transform social values as well as state institutions that work as enabling environments for corruption.  The also has enormous responsibility in controlling corruption and restoring the hope to the citizenry goodgovernance. Unless good governance is in place with accountability carefully observed, sustainable development cannot be realized.
The State of Local Government and Service Delivery in Nigeria: Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Majekodunmi Aderonke
Published: October 2017

Local government creates an appropriate and conduciveenvironment for the people at the local level through efficient and effective service delivery. The value of localgovernment in a country is inestimable because it is an indispensable arm of government. As a result, the link between the qualities of service that citizens enjoy is very significant. The article examines local government and effective service delivery with special reference to Nigerianlocal governments. It notes that Local government is the closest government
to the people at the grassroots level,so it is expected to play significant  roles in providing the social services for the people in order to improve their standard of living. But in Nigeria, the impact of local government is so far limited, especially with regard to improving service delivery. The article observes that  despite the strategic importance of local government to the development process through effective service delivery, there has not been much development in most local governments in Nigeria. The article recommends that  local governments in Nigeria need adequate autonomy that can facilitate their operations and development of the localities through effective service delivery.
Assessing the Implementation Process of Consulting Citizen Participation in Policy and Housing Delivery in South Africa
Authors: Ssekibuule Henry J.
Published: October 2017

This article aims to assess the implementation process of consulting citizen participation and conflicts involved in housing delivery against the environment of the South Africanhousing need and housing policy. In this way the study wants to clarify the relationship between housing policy and housing practice. The article is based on the legislations and policies designed to foster and promote public participation in South Africa. These include legislation at both the national and local government levels and a survey of planning departments measuring the types of public participation strategies used by local governments. The article’s findings indicate that South African Municipalities need adopt a broader range of public participation techniques related to: voluntarism and public engagement, neighbourhood and strategic planning, and e-government. In contrast, the article’s findings indicate that South African Municipalities are more likely to crumple if they do not promote public participation through mechanisms such as annual community meetings and referendums on public issues. The conclusion of the article offers recommendations for expanding the scope of public participation and developing strategies that maximize citizen input in community development activities in both the Provincial and local spheres of government. The survey was conducted to identify the scope of public participation techniques used by local governments and the Department of Housing in Tyutyu housing project located in the Buffalo city metropolitan municipality. It is an initiative which was started in the year  2000 with the aim of alleviating housing shortage in the area. Formerly, the area was made up of mud houses that were constructed by the former Ciskei government. Later on, shacks were added in  the area. Originally,
these structures were meant to form agricultural rural village settlements. One limitation of this methodology is that it does not gauge the effectiveness of the participation techniques used by local governments and the department of housing or the intensity of public engagement. However, the results from this study provide future researchers with a mechanism for focusing future analysis. The findings can assist in identifying new directions for enhancing public participation in South Africa and globally.
Contextualising the Guidelines of Contracting Organisational Development Consultants in South African Municipalities
Authors: Mofolo Malefetsane
Published: October 2017

As part of the developmental process, municipalities are required to implement certain mechanisms to improve performance, and are legally bound to implement mechanisms “situated” within the programme of organisational development (OD). Unfortunately, due to the lack of capacity, municipalities apparently make use of professional OD consultants from outside. Therefore, thisarticle explores the manner in which relationship can be enhanced between municipalities and consultants. Furthermore, the article also highlights core aspects that municipalities should take into consideration during contract negotiations and drafting, and suggests some conditions required to promote skills transfer.
Poverty Reduction Programme in Nigeria: An Assessment of its Implementation in Enugu State
Authors: Omemma Dilichukwu A. , Okafor Chukwuemeka
Published: October 2017

The study has as its main thrust the evaluation of the implementation of the national poverty reduction programme in Enugu State of Nigeria. Using cross-sectional and exploratory methods of data collection and analysis, the study discovered that, compared to most states in other parts of the country, Enugu State has a low poverty profile owing to the relative positive impact of the implementation of poverty alleviation programme. Nevertheless, policy inconsistency and mismanagement deny the programme from becoming a total success; hence the existence of a larger number of citizens that are in absolute poverty. It is therefore suggested that the way out of the ineffective poverty reduction programme in Enugu State is the effective monitoring mechanism and the creation of an enabling environment for wealth creation and employment generation.
Exploring Challenges of Municipal Service Delivery in South Africa (1994 - 2013)
Authors: Kanyane Modimowabarwa
Published: October 2017

This article aims to explore municipal service delivery challenges in South Africa between 1994 and 2013 in order to stimulate debate in addressing problems and challenges confronting municipalities. A fundamental question to be asked stems from the challenges of municipal service delivery. Why, in spite of the existence of regulatory and institutional frameworks, are municipalities still struggling to satisfy basic community needs such as water and electricity amongst others? All of government’s official documents and contemporary literature reviewed, including the summative record of historical facts and narrative data, are evidence of the qualitative research design employed in this study. It is clearly articulated in this article that the existence of a local municipality with poor service delivery is, amongst others, a direct consequence or manifestation of municipal capacity constraints, financial viability problems, service delivery protests, convoluted political process, corruption and poor planning as well as monitoring and evaluation challenges. In the main, the article accounts for why service delivery has failed to meet the expectations of the communities and thereby provide some possible propositions for consideration to attempt to bring a resolve to critical issues raised.
Curbing Kidnapping in Nigeria: An Exploration of Strategic Peace Building Tools
Authors: Ani Kelechi Johnmary , Nweke Eugene Ndubuisi
Published: October 2017

The increasing growth of kidnapping inNigeria has become a strong threat tonational peace and security. It has affected the national image of the state and has eaten deep into every region and segmentof the nation. This work unveils howidentity fanaticism and political violence led to emergence of economy of violence referred as "kidnapping” in Nigeria. Upon this circumstance, the paper argues that peace building is a potent strategic tool that can eliminates kidnapping and other terror related crime from Nigeria by ensuring that violent actors and their sponsors embrace peace while exploring other non-violent mechanisms for resolving such differences that trigger kidnapping in the Nigerian state. It adds that adequate public information process, a behavioural change messages and actions that return the mindsets of of kidnapping into the life of rule of law and peaceful coexistence, eliminates the network of organized crime used by kidnappers to carry out its nefarious activities. Essentially eradication of kidnapping restores security climate for establishment of democratic culture, promotion of national development, and foreign direct investment.
Mass Media and Re-Branding Nigeria Project: A Historical Evaluation of a Failed Government Policy
Authors: Ani Kelechi Johnmary
Published: October 2017

Mass media exercise extra-ordinary influence on the state and citizenry of every country and the ability of media to facilitate man’s behavioural change through its agenda- setting role makes them central in the re-branding process. The implication became that those politicians who champion the re-branding process tried to win the citizenry’s legitimacy through the media. This paper shows that the major challenges of the re-branding project include the inability of the Nigerian political leadership to re-brand themselves, corruption in every sphere of our national life, national insecurity, advance fee fraud, collapse of the education sector, poverty. It revealed that peace is a multi-dimensional term, which creates new environment for progressive nation building process. The rebranding project finally failed when the protagonist minister went to contest for senatorial election and his successor refused to step into her re-branding project shoes. This work called for the rise of a new government and media that would engage in ethical politics through sound leaders, priming, peace building, ethical education, etc as the roadmap to sustainable peace, security and national re-branding. The paper concluded by showing that it is only a national re-branding that is championed by the masses which can lead the citizenry to the desired goals of being a real Giant of Africa.
Effect of Incorporation of Disinfectants on Surface Hardness and Dimensional Accuracy of Die Stone: An in vitro Study
Authors: Bakshi Anubhuti , Dang Rajat
Published: October 2017

Aim

To evaluate surface hardness and dimensional accuracy of type IV dental stone after incorporation of disinfectants.

Materials and methods

A total of 100 specimens, 50 (40 mm⨯ 10 mm) disk shaped and 50 frustum cone shaped, were fab- ricated from type IV dental stone after incorporation of various disinfectants, namely glutaraldehyde (2%), iodophor (1.76%), chlorhexidine (2%), and sodium hypochlorite (1%), for evaluation of surface hardness and dimensional accuracy. Surface hardness was tested after 1- and 24-hour time interval using Rockwell hard- ness testing machine. Dimensional accuracy was measured using traveling microscope. Data obtained were compiled and analyzed statistically by using analysis of variance and post hoc test.

Results

Results showed significant decrease in surface hard- ness of samples incorporated with disinfectants at 1 hour as compared with control (distilled water). Surface hardness of all the samples increased with time and was almost equal to control group at 24-hour interval, with iodophor showing the maximum value in comparison with the other disinfectants used. When dimensional accuracy of all the groups was compared, iodophor and sodium hypochlorite were found to cause negative alterations.

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it was concluded that incorporation of disinfectants in die stone during mixing did not affect the hardness value at 24-hour interval. Dimensional accuracy was altered by iodophor and sodium hypochlorite, but remained unaffected by chlorhexidine and glutaraldehyde.

How to cite this article

Bakshi A, Dang R. Effect of Incorpo- ration of Disinfectants on Surface Hardness and Dimensional Accuracy of Die Stone An in vitro Study. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2017;7(3):86-91.
Clinical Considerations while increasing Occlusal Vertical Dimension
Authors: Kulkarni Rahul S , Pawar Ravindra S , Pimpale Sandeep K
Published: October 2017

A decrease in occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) may result from tooth structure loss and extraction of posterior teeth, and it affects the esthetics, function, comfort, and lower facial height (LFH). Rehabilitation of patients with worn dentitions may require increase in OVD and interarch distance to create space for restorative materials, improve esthetics, and develop physiologic occlusion. It is usually advisable to assess esthetics, function, LFH, and response of the stomatognathic system to increased OVD by means of removable or fixed provisional appliances before definitive treatment. The following case report presents the multitude of factors considered in planning amount of OVD increase keeping in view its impact on LFH and facial esthetics, during rehabilitation of a patient with severely attrided dentition.

How to cite this article

Pawar RS, Kulkarni RS, Pimpale SK. Clinical Considerations while increasing Occlusal Vertical Dimension. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2017;7(3):103-107.
Occurrence of Dental Abnormalities in Hemophilic Patients in the City of Davangere, Karnataka, India
Authors: Yadav Sneha , Bharath KP , Mathew Mebin George , Shruthi AS
Published: October 2017

Aim

This study was carried out to determine the level of awareness about the importance of oral health in hemophilic children and their caretakers as well as to examine the oral condition in children with hemophilia and compare them to general population.

Materials and methods

A descriptive cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the city of Davangere. The study consists of total 100 children which were divided into group I —children having hemophilia (n = 50) and group II—normal healthy children (n = 50) of age 3 to 18 years. The oral cavity of both the groups was examined to assess to detect presence of any hard and soft tissue anomalies. By interviewing the parents of hemophilic patients, their demographic data, family history, and knowledge and understanding of value of oral health were assessed. Data were analyzed by chi-square and student’s unpaired t-test.

Results

No significant difference in the presence of oral anomalies in both the groups was observed.

Conclusion

The study concluded that there is no major difference in the prevalence of dental abnormalities in hemophilic and healthy children. Also, educating the mass about oral health and maintenance is as important as treating the hemophilic patient for oral diseases.

How to cite this article

Nagaveni NB, Yadav S, Poornima P, Bharath KP, Mathew MG, Shruthi AS. Occurrence of Dental Abnormalities in Hemophilic Patients in the City of Davangere, Karnataka, India. CODS J Dent 2016;8(1):1-5.
Comparing the Sealing Ability of Contemporary Restorative Materials
Authors: Navya Repala R , Shivamurthy GB
Published: October 2017

Aim

The success of the root canal treatment mainly depends upon the three-dimensional obturation of the root canal system. The purpose of this study is to compare the sealing ability of biodentine, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and glass ionomer cement (GIC).

Materials and methods

Teeth were obturated with gutta-percha using AH PLUS sealer in all groups. The intracanal sealing material used in group I was GIC, group II was MTA, and group III was biodentine. The specimens were longitudinally sectioned. Coronal microleakage was determined under a stereomicroscope using 15× magnification. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance followed by post hoc multiple comparisons (Bonferroni).

Results

Biodentine group leaked significantly less than the GIC group (p < 0.05). The sealing ability of biodentine was better than that of MTA, but the difference was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Biodentine or MTA may be preferred over GIC as an intracanal barrier.

Clinical significance

Biodentine or MTA can be used in areas where an impervious seal has to be obtained. They can also be used to seal the perforations in the coronal middle and apical thirds of the root canal. These materials have an ability to form a barrier during apexification procedures.

How to cite this article

Navya RR, Shivamurthy GB. Comparing the Sealing Ability of Contemporary Restorative Materials. CODS J Dent 2016;8(1):12-15.
Marginal Fit of Polymethyl Methacrylate Provisional Restorative Material after Polymerization at Different Water Temperatures and after relining: A Comparative Study
Authors: Khandelwal Priti Vasant , Roopa KT , Vijayalakshmi CR
Published: October 2017

Background and objectives

Good fit at the margins of provisional crowns is essential to maintain gingival health and to protect teeth from physical, chemical, bacterial, and thermal injuries. Use of water at the time of curing of provisional crown and relining are advised to get best the marginal fit.

The purpose of this study is to compare marginal fit after complete polymerization at room temperature followed by relining and after polymerization at different temperatures of water of provisional restorative material [polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)].

Materials and methods

Eight provisional crowns of PMMA for groups A, A1, A2, and A3 were made using a precisely machined brass metal die simulating unprepared tooth and prepared tooth. The marginal fit of provisional crowns measured using stereomicroscope (0.5×10× magnification) at four different points to have 32 measurements in each group in micrometers (μm).

Results and conclusion

Intragroup comparison showed a statistically significant difference in marginal gap of all PMMA at 5 minutes of curing time and 10 minutes of storage time. Order of marginal gap was A3<A1<A2<A. The relining of provisional crowns showed the best marginal fit of all groups.

How to cite this article

Khandelwal PV, Roopa KT, Vijayalakshmi CR. Marginal Fit of Polymethyl Methacrylate Provisional Restorative Material after Polymerization at Different Water Temperatures and after relining: A Comparative Study. CODS J Dent 2016;8(1):33-38.
Ambulatory Potential in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Laisram Nonica , Saha Sucheta
Published: October 2017

Ambulation is a major concern in cerebral palsy (CP) rehabilitation. The present study was carried out in 175 CP cases, belonging to the age group of 2 years and above. The aim of the article was to identify the independent ambulators in different types of CP, to study the age of achieving independent ambulation, and to determine some parameters that affect ambulatory outcome.

Among 175 cases, 69 (39.4%) cases were found to be able to walk independently. Of this, the maximum number of cases were children with spastic hemiplegia, 37 of 39 (94.9%), followed by children with spastic paraplegia, 7 of 18 (41.1%) and diplegia, 15 of 45 (33.1%). Majority of these children were found to have either normal intelligence or mild degree of mental retardation (MR). Degree of spasticity was mild in these cases. Majority of the children who were able to walk had achieved independent sitting by 2 years of age, i.e., in 54 of 69 (78.3%) cases.

The present study highlights that CP children with spastic hemiplegia had the highest potential for independent walking. Spasticity of mild degree in association with a normal intelligence or mild degree of MR and achievement of independent sitting by 2 years of age appear to be favorable for ambulation.

How to cite this article

Laisram N, Saha S. Ambulatory Potential in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Indian J Phy Med Rehab 2017;28(2):49-52.
An Attempt to rehabilitate a Case of Rubinstein–Taybi Syndrome: A Rare Disorder
Authors: Sengupta Madhusree , Equebal Ameed , Biswas Abhishek , Ballav Ambar
Published: October 2017

Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome (RSTS) is a genetically heterogeneous, rare, neurodevelopmental condition with the usual stigmata of facial dysmorphism, broad thumb and hallux, multisystem involvement, and developmental delay, which are themselves clinically diagnostic in the absence of standard criteria. Amidst all these physical features, the sensory, cognitive, behavioral, intellectual, and sometimes autistic features of the condition often escape attention. This case illustrates that the management of all these different aspects remains an integral part of rehabilitation.

How to cite this article

Sengupta M, Equebal A, Biswas A, Ballav A. An Attempt to rehabilitate a Case of Rubinstein– Taybi Syndrome: A Rare Disorder. Indian J Phy Med Rehab 2017;28(2):74-76.
Classification of Arctic, midlatitude and tropical clouds in the mixed-phase temperature regime
Authors: Costa Anja , Meyer Jessica , Afchine Armin , Luebke Anna , Günther Gebhard , Dorsey James R. , Gallagher Martin W. , Ehrlich Andre , Wendisch Manfred , Baumgardner Darrel , Wex Heike , Krämer Martina
Published: October 2017

Abstract. The degree of glaciation of mixed-phase clouds constitutes one of the largest uncertainties in climate prediction. In order to better understand cloud glaciation, cloud spectrometer observations are presented in this paper, which were made in the mixed-phase temperature regime between 0 and −38 °C (273 to 235 K), where cloud particles can either be frozen or liquid. The extensive data set covers four airborne field campaigns providing a total of 139 000 1 Hz data points (38.6 h within clouds) over Arctic, midlatitude and tropical regions. We develop algorithms, combining the information on number concentration, size and asphericity of the observed cloud particles to classify four cloud types: liquid clouds, clouds in which liquid droplets and ice crystals coexist, fully glaciated clouds after the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process and clouds where secondary ice formation occurred. We quantify the occurrence of these cloud groups depending on the geographical region and temperature and find that liquid clouds dominate our measurements during the Arctic spring, while clouds dominated by the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process are most common in midlatitude spring. The coexistence of liquid water and ice crystals is found over the whole mixed-phase temperature range in tropical convective towers in the dry season. Secondary ice is found at midlatitudes at −5 to −10 °C (268 to 263 K) and at higher altitudes, i.e. lower temperatures in the tropics. The distribution of the cloud types with decreasing temperature is shown to be consistent with the theory of evolution of mixed-phase clouds. With this study, we aim to contribute to a large statistical database on cloud types in the mixed-phase temperature regime.
Radical Résistance in France: François Hollande’s German Crisis
Authors: Glitz Henry
Published: October 2017

Friendship between France and Germany, which was one of the primary factors behind the European recovery after World War II, has begun, ever so slightly, to change in the face of a stagnant and far less impressive economic recovery from the most recent global financial crisis. The new strain on Franco- German relations, and the new threat to European economic stability, is becoming particularly apparent under the presidency of François Hollande, France’s current Socialist executive. As a result of German interests in implementing Europe-wide austerity policies, and the weak and seemingly ineffective centrist leadership under Hollande, significant changes seem almost inevitable.
Millennial’s Political Activism
Authors: Talman Sam
Published: October 2017

Political activity is a telling behavior about a generation, influencing how policy makers in the U.S. do their jobs and how budgets are set. A generation without any political activity risks missing out on benefits from activity, while an active generation may help shape the institutions and traditions in a political culture. There are significant challenges to measuring individual political activity, and the question isn’t simply “how politically active are you?” A tool traditionally used to address this challenge is a seven- point scale based on the correlation between an individual’s party identification and political activism. This measurement allows polltakers to label themselves as strong or weak for either major party, independent leaning Republican/Democrat or truly independent. For a deeper look, scholars can gauge political activism by examining a number of sub-levels of activism, rather than relying simply on a seven-point scale. Social identity has become an important way to measure levels of partisanship and interest amongst the citizenry.
Is Free Education Really Free?
Authors: Johnson Andrew
Published: October 2017

The cost of college is remarkable. Shelling out thousands of dollars for some knowledge and a receipt claiming you paid is, in a few words, the modern American college system. Perhaps unsurprisingly, policies have been proposed to reduce the cost of college, even making it free in some instances. On Jan. 9, 2015 President Obama unveiled a plan to make “two years of community college free for responsible students across America.” Given the Republican control of Congress, the idea stands little chance of being passed, but it is still interesting to consider. Under the President’s plan, all Americans, regardless of income, would have access to two years of free community college education provided the student maintains a 2.5 GPA and part-time status. Though the benefits would be numerous, so would the costs.
The Unfair Contract Term Provisions: What's Transparency Got to do with it?
Authors: Sise Peter
Published: October 2017

Provisions in the Australian Consumer Law allow a court to declare an ‘unfair’ term in a ‘consumer contract’ or a ‘small business contract’ void. When determining whether a term is unfair, a court must consider the extent to which it is transparent. Transparency is important since it is one of only two factors that a court must consider when making this determination. This article will examine whether transparency is logically relevant to the legislative test for whether a term is unfair. It will argue that it is of limited relevance and hence should not be a mandatory consideration for determining unfairness. It will then consider several alternatives to making transparency a mandatory consideration.
Should Pension Savings Be a Protected Property at Bankruptcy?
Authors: Keeper Trish
Published: October 2017

In 2015, the New Zealand Court of Appeal held, in Trustee Executors Ltd v The Official Assignee,[1] a test case brought by the Official Assignee (OA), that the OA could not access the KiwiSaver balances of a bankrupt. In response, the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment released a Discussion Document in July 2016, proposing a law change to make some, or all, of a bankrupt’s pension savings available to the OA for the benefit of a bankrupt’s creditors. This article outlines the Court of Appeal decision and its implications within the context of both the New Zealand Insolvency Act 2006 and the KiwiSaver Act 2006. It then critically discusses the law change proposed in the Discussion Document and suggests that, given the significant difficulties with this proposal, more limited reforms be implemented to prevent bankrupts unfairly using the inalienability of pension savings to defeat the interests of creditors.

[1] [2015] NZCA 118.
Towards an International Paradigm of Personal Insolvency Law? A Critical View
Authors: Ramsay Iain
Published: October 2017

This article analyses three issues related to the global spread of personal insolvency laws. First, it outlines the emergence of an international paradigm on personal insolvency law and its central feature of a policy preference for partial repayment alternatives as the norm with residual immediate relief reserved for the deserving poor debtor. Second, it examines critically this paradigm in the light of existing empirical studies of the extent to which personal insolvency law achieves economic and social objectives associated with the fresh start such as financial inclusion. The mixed empirical findings on the success of personal insolvency law in achieving these objectives, particularly for individuals subject to instability of employment or poverty raises further questions about the role of personal insolvency law as a modestly progressive safety net for overindebtedness. The final section of the article considers therefore recent radical theories of consumer credit in contemporary capitalism which conceptualise credit as exploitative and personal insolvency law as a disciplinary and legitimating institution which individualises default and may neutralise collective responses to debt and its wider causes such as limited public support or provision. The article concludes by outlining how these radical insights might contribute to future socio-legal research on personal insolvency law.
Guest Editorial: Personal Insolvency – A Fresh Start
Authors: Mason Rosalind , Kilborn Jason , Ben-Ishai Stephanie , Spooner Joseph
Published: October 2017

The international personal insolvency conference, A Fresh Look at Fresh Start: The Human Dimension to Bankruptcy was hosted by Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia in September 2016. The conference attracted delegates from a wide-range of disciplines including academics, accountants, economists, financial counsellors, lawyers, regulators, policy makers and non-profit organisations. They came from around the globe bringing perspectives from North America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania.

While the current focus in much insolvency scholarship or commentary is upon salvaging economic value for large businesses facing financial collapse, the harsh reality is that many more people experience financial stress as over-indebted consumers or ‘owners’ of micro/small/medium sized enterprises. This conference provided a forum for scholars, practitioners and policy-makers to discuss and present on the human experience of bankruptcy.
Distrés emocional y problemas asociados en población oncológica adulta
Authors: Martínez López Paula , Andreu Vaillo Yolanda , Galdón Garrido María José , Romero Retes Rocío , García-Conde Benet Ana , Llombart Fuertes Pilar
Published: October 2017

Objetivo: en este estudio se estima la prevalencia de distrés, se identifican los problemas asociados y se analiza el conocimiento y uso que hacen los pacientes sobre los recursos psicosociales disponibles en el centro hospitalario. Método: se lleva a cabo un estudio transversal en el que participan 203 pacientes oncológicos que están recibiendo tratamiento quimioterápico. En la evaluación se emplean el Inventario de Síntomas Breve-18 (BSI-18), el Listado de Problemas de NCCN y una encuesta sobre el conocimiento y uso de los recursos asistenciales del centro hospitalario. Resultados: la prevalencia de distrés en la muestra total es del 26%. Los problemas físicos son la principal fuente de distrés: fatiga, dolor, sequedad o picor en la piel y problemas de sueño, entre los más prevalentes. El BSI-18 y la Lista de Problemas muestran correlaciones estadísticamente significativas (r = 0,74; Rango: r = 0,69 y r = 0,18). Sólo el 21% de los casos clínicos de distrés utiliza los servicios psicosociales disponibles. El 79% restante indica no hacer uso de los mismos por considerar no necesitarlos o por desconocer su existencia. Conclusiones: aunque la mayor parte de los participantes muestran un buen ajuste a la enfermedad, un porcentaje significativo presenta niveles clínicos de distrés. Es crucial llevar a cabo cribados rutinarios de la respuesta de distrés para su manejo/control temprano, e informar a la población sobre los recursos psicosociales disponibles, concienciándolos de la importancia de su uso en momentos de vulnerabilidad.
Reconstrucción mamaria y calidad de vida
Authors: Masià Jaume , Rodríguez Bauzà Elena
Published: October 2017

Introducción: la calidad de vida es un concepto fuertemente condicionado por la integridad física e imagen corporal de un individuo. La reconstrucción mamaria se ha convertido en una opción idónea para las mujeres diagnosticadas de cáncer de mama. Es un paso esencial en la recuperación de las secuelas físicas y psíquicas que produce el tratamiento del cáncer de mama en la mujer, y debe ser analizada de forma individual. Procedimientos reconstructivos: existen diversas técnicas reconstructivas, que deben satisfacer el objetivo estético de recuperar el contorno de la mama, así como una mejoría funcional para la mujer con el fin de mejorar su calidad de vida. La reconstrucción puede realizarse mediante implantes, mediante tejido del propio cuerpo o reconstrucción mediante técnicas mixtas. Por sus características, el colgajo DIEP se ha convertido en la técnica quirúrgica más fisiológica y de elección para la reconstrucción mamaria. Discusión: las pacientes tienen derecho a una valoración exhaustiva y rigurosa, por parte de su cirujano plástico, de la técnica más indicada para su intervención de reconstrucción mamaria. El hecho de que sólo el hecho de que sólo el 30% de las mujeres que se someten a una mastectomía lleven a cabo la reconstrucción, se debe principalmente a una falta de información, afectando claramente a la calidad de vida de las pacientes. Conclusión: la reconstrucción mamaria no debería considerarse un paso posterior, si no una parte imprescindible para un tratamiento integral.
El proyecto formativo de Schiller en las Briefe über “Don Carlos”
Authors: Juan Napoli Santiago
Published: October 2017

El artículo intenta analizar un texto teórico de Friedrich Schiller, las Briefe über “Don Carlos” (Cartas sobre “Don Carlosˮ). El objetivo principal que se propone es dar cuenta de una de las problemáticas centrales que atraviesan la obra: la educación del estadista. Para ello ha sido necesario el abordaje de dicha fuente desde el punto de vista de su autonomía respecto de la pieza teatral a la que hace referencia, Don Carlos, Infant von Spanien, representada y publicada el año anterior. Las Briefe über “Don Carlos”, más que una defensa contra los críticos dramáticos, constituyen un ensayo de gran complejidad filosófica, marcado por la intención de mostrar la formación de un gobernante promisorio. Asimismo, la obra exhibe un proyecto de ciudadano delineado por Schiller para su propia época.
Low rate of clinically important avascular necrosis of the femoral head after Ludloff’s procedure
Authors: Holbeck-Brendel Jesper , Møller-Madsen Bjarne , Hvid Ivan , Hellfritzsch Michel B , Pedersen Line K , Dalsgaard Peter , Rahbek Ole
Published: October 2017

Introduction:

Ludloff’s procedure for open reduction of congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH) is recommended for its minimal tissue damage, but is criticised for the risk of late avascular necrosis (AVN) of the femoral head. The aim of present study was primarily to assess the risk of late AVN of the femoral head and secondly the range of motion (ROM) of the hip and the quality of life in children following Ludloff’s procedure.

Methods and materials:

13 hips in 11 children after Ludloff’s procedure due to CDH were included retrospectively from 1997 to 2005 at Aarhus University Hospital. Radiographs were evaluated for the presence of AVN of the femoral head and classified according to the Bucholz and Ogden classification, with type 2-4 having clinical relevance. A clinical examination included range of motion (ROM) and leg length discrepancy (LLD) measurements. The HAGOS hip questionnaire evaluated activity, participation and quality of life.

Results:

No severe type 3-4 AVN was observed. 2 type 2 and 5 type 1 were observed. AVN was observed in 7 of the 13 operated hips (54%). An 8.6° difference in flexion for unilaterally treated hips was observed (p<0.02). 8 of 11 patients had minor LLD (range 0.5-2 cm).

Conclusions:

Only minor AVN of clinical importance was seen after Ludloff’s procedure.
Excellent inter-observer agreement between radiologist and nurse: tracheal carina-based identification of peripherally inserted central catheter tip position
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxia , Jia Dan , Ke Nengwen , Liu Chang , Fu Lan , Hu Xiuying
Published: October 2017

Introduction:

Accurate identification of position of a central venous catheter tip is important to reduce catheter-related complications. Nevertheless, inter-observer bias limits the accuracy of traditional method for determining tip position on chest x-ray (CXR) images. The aim of this study was to explore a simple and objective method for assessing position of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) tip on CXR image.

Methods:

Tracheal carina was used as the landmark to identify positions of catheter tips. The central vein (CV) was located between 3 cm above and 4 cm below tracheal carina. The vertical distance from catheter tips to tracheal carina was measured independently by a nurse and re-assessed by a radiologist. Inter-observer agreement was expressed as percentage in agreement and kappa coefficient.

Results:

Six hundred and twelve CXR images of catheters taken from 612 patients were included. The inter-observer agreement between nurse and radiologist was 97.88% (kappa = 0.934) for all catheter tips evaluated, and 98.40% (kappa = 0.923) for catheter tips with regard to CV, innominate vein, and right atrium. Most discrepancies (9/13) between observers occurred when catheter tips were positioned in a border region between different anatomical parts.

Conclusions:

Inter-observer agreement between nurse and radiologist is excellent. Our results demonstrate that the measurement of distance between catheter tip and tracheal carina performed by a nurse provide a convenient and reliable way to determine position of PICC tip. Our study also suggests that nurses can be trained to handle PICCs, especially when properly located catheters are applied in critically ill patients during emergency setting.
Unique Representations of Moses in the Works of Harriet Martineau, Charlotte Brontë, and George Eliot
Authors: Amano Miyuki
Published: October 2017

This article uses two methods to examine George Eliot's poem “The Death of Moses,” which has not yet been fully analyzed. One is the comparative analysis of Moses represented by Eliot's contemporary writers, Harriet Martineau and Charlotte Brontë. The other provides a consideration of how this poem relates to some other works in Eliot's corpus, for example, “Agatha,” “Self and Life,” and “Mordecai's Hebrew Verses.” These methods clarify the uniqueness of each writer's representation and give us a better understanding of Eliot's ideas and intentions in “The Death of Moses.” Eliot creates a pathetic image of Moses, which symbolizes the weakness in the great prophet as well as the conflicting emotions caused by the inevitable experience of the human encounter with death. This poem is not only interesting as Eliot's version of midrash in the context of reworking of the bible, but it also deals with the concept of immortality, a theme that would be inherited by the later novelist Virginia Woolf. Furthermore, this poem invites us to be more sensitive to the interconnectedness of poems across authors and literary periods.