bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ВІТЧИЗНЯНОГО КЕТОКОНАЗОЛУ ДЛЯ ДОПОЛОГОВОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ ВАГІТНИХ ІЗ ГЕНІТАЛЬНИМ КАНДИДОЗОМ
Authors: Marchenko N. E. , Yaremchuk T. P.
Published: March 2020

Мета дослідження – поліпшення перинатальних наслідків вагітності та зменшення кількості акушерських ускладнень у вагітних із хворобами піхви на основі застосування вітчизняного кетоконазолу (лівагін-М, Україна) в допологовій підготовці вагітних із генітальним кандидозом та вивчення його впливу на піхвовий мікробіом.

Матеріали та методи. Матеріалом дослідження були показники результатів бактеріологічного дослідження піхвового секрету 32 вагітних із генітальним кандидозом та 15 здорових вагітних у 36–38 тижнів вагітності. Методи дослідження: клінічні, біохімічні, УЗД, бактеріологічні та медико-статистичні.

Результати дослідження та їх обговорення. У хворих на вагінальний кандидоз вагітних було виявлено високі титри грибів роду Candida – 1×105 КУО/мл у 28,12 % вагітних, 1×106 КУО/мл – у 53,13 % жінок, понад 1×107 КУО/мл – у 18,75 % обстежених при різкому зниженні рівня лактобацил – менше 1×106 КУО/мл у всіх пацієнток. Після 10-денного курсу лікування у 93,75 % вагітних спостерігали клінічне та бактеріологічне одужання. Відмічали достовірне збільшення кількості лактобацил у концентраціях понад 1×106 КУО/мл.

Висновки. Вітчизняний кетоконазол лівагін-М є високоефективним засобом лікування генітального кандидозу у вагітних жінок та профілактики внутрішньоутробного інтранатального інфікування плода.
СИНДРОМ ПОЛІКІСТОЗНИХ ЯЄЧНИКІВ: РОЛЬ УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВОЇ ДІАГНОСТИКИ
Authors: Markin L. B. , Matvienko O. O.
Published: March 2020

На сьогодні синдром полікістозних яєчників є найпоширенішою ендокринною патологією в жінок репродуктивного віку (близько 6 %). Одним з основних методів діагностики цієї патології є ультрасонографія. Головними критеріями зараз залишаються вимірювання об’єму яєчників та визначення кількості антральних фолікулів. Оптимальним при проведенні ультрасонографії є застосування трансвагінального датчика, оскільки він дозволяє добре візуалізувати яєчники та їх внутрішню структуру. У жінок з ожирінням та регулярним менструальним циклом УЗД треба проводити в ранню фолікулярну фазу. У пацієнток з оліго- чи аменореєю обстеження повинно проводитися в період між 3-м і 5-м днем, після того як менструація була викликана прогестероном. Калькуляцію проводять на основі простої формули. Об’єм яєчника 10 см3 вважають межовим порогом для полікістозних яєчників. Яєчник об’ємом понад 10 см3 слід трактувати як полікістозно змінений. При підрахунку фолікулів у яєчниках ключовим технічним моментом оцінки їх кількості є наявність антральних фолікулів навколо строми яєчника, яка має підвищену ехогенність. 12 і більше антральних фолікулів діаметром 2–9 мм в одному яєчнику є ультразвуковим критерієм полікістозних яєчників. Всім жінкам із підозрою на синдром полікістозних яєчників, а також з овуляторною дисфункцією та гіперандрогенією, необхідно проводити трансвагінальну сонографію у фолікулярній фазі менструального циклу і визначати два основні критерії – об’єм яєчників та кількість антральних фолікулів у них.
ПЕРЕБІГ ВАГІТНОСТІ, ПОЛОГІВ ТА ПЕРИНАТАЛЬНІ НАСЛІДКИ РОЗРОДЖЕННЯ ЖІНОК ІЗ ЗАГРОЗОЮ ПЕРЕРИВАННЯ ВАГІТНОСТІ ТА СТАТУСОМ ВНУТРІШНЬО ПЕРЕМІЩЕНИХ ОСІБ, ЯКІ ПРОЖИВАЮТЬ У ЛУГАНСЬКІЙ ОБЛАСТІ
Authors: Romanenko I. Yu.
Published: March 2020

Мета дослідження – оцінити перебіг вагітності, пологів та перинатальні наслідки розродження жінок із загрозою переривання вагітності (ЗПВ) та статусом внутрішньо переміщених осіб (ВПО), які проживають у Луганській області, для вдосконалення лікувально-профілактичних заходів та профілактики акушерських і перинатальних ускладнень у таких жінок.

Матеріали та методи. Проведено проспективний клініко-статистичний аналіз перебігу вагітності та пологів 42 вагітних, які в I і II триместрах вагітності перебували на стаціонарному лікуванні з приводу ЗПВ у лікарнях Луганської області та мали статус ВПО (група I). Контрольну групу склали 64 вагітні жінки з необтяженим анамнезом із фізіологічним перебігом вагітності аналогічного гестаційного терміну та місця проживання (група II).

Результати дослідження та їх обговорення. У жінок групи I була достовірно вищою питома вага захворювань серцево-судинної системи, сечовивідних шляхів, ЛОР-органів, запальних захворювань жіночих статевих органів в анамнезі, мав місце ускладнений перебіг вагітності та пологів. Кількість випадків гострої респіраторно-вірусної інфекції, істміко-цервікальної недостатності, неспецифічного вагініту достовірно перевищувала показники групи II, безсимптомна бактеріурія, рецидивна ЗПВ, гестаційний пієлонефрит та уреаплазмова інфекція зустрічалися тільки у жінок групи I, кількість випадків анемії не мала достовірної різниці. Передчасні пологи в терміні 33–37 тижнів гестації відбулися у 7 (16,67 %) жінок групи I та у 3 (4,69 %) – групи II (р=0,048), оперативне розродження зареєстровано в 13 (30,95 %) та 8 (12,50 %) випадках відповідно (р=0,02). У жінок групи I передчасний розрив плодових оболонок зустрічався в 1,9, слабкість пологової діяльності – в 3,4, передчасне відшарування нормально розташованої плаценти – в 6, дистрес плода – в 1,5 раза частіше, центральне передлежання плаценти відмічено тільки в групі I.

Висновки. Наявність в анамнезі хронічних запальних захворювань придатків матки, інфекцій, що передаються статевим шляхом, гострої респіраторно-вірусної інфекції під час наявної вагітності, ЗПВ в I і II триместрах дозволяють виділити вагітних у групу високого ризику щодо розвитку гестаційних ускладнень з метою своєчасного проведення лікувально-профілактичних заходів. Ускладнений перебіг I і II триместрів вагітності впливає на зростання частоти передчасного переривання вагітності, оперативного розродження у жінок групи I порівняно з жінками групи II.
Balance Between Rapid Delayed Rectifier K
+
Current and Late Na
+
Current on Ventricular Repolarization
Authors: Hegyi Bence , Chen-Izu Ye , Izu Leighton T. , Rajamani Sridharan , Belardinelli Luiz , Bers Donald M. , Bányász Tamás
Published: March 2020

Background:

Rapid delayed rectifier K
+
current (I
Kr
) and late Na
+
current (I
NaL
) significantly shape the cardiac action potential (AP). Changes in their magnitudes can cause either long or short QT syndromes associated with malignant ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

Methods:

Physiological self AP-clamp was used to measure I
NaL
and I
Kr
during the AP in rabbit and porcine ventricular cardiomyocytes to test our hypothesis that the balance between I
Kr
and I
NaL
affects repolarization stability in health and disease conditions.

Results:

We found comparable amount of net charge carried by I
Kr
and I
NaL
during the physiological AP, suggesting that outward K
+
current via I
Kr
and inward Na
+
current via I
NaL
are in balance during physiological repolarization. Remarkably, I
Kr
and I
NaL
integrals in each control myocyte were highly correlated in both healthy rabbit and pig myocytes, despite high overall cell-to-cell variability. This close correlation was lost in heart failure myocytes from both species. Pretreatment with E-4031 to block I
Kr
(mimicking long QT syndrome 2) or with sea anemone toxin II to impair Na
+
channel inactivation (mimicking long QT syndrome 3) prolonged AP duration (APD); however, using GS-967 to inhibit I
NaL
sufficiently restored APD to control in both cases. Importantly, I
NaL
inhibition significantly reduced the beat-to-beat and short-term variabilities of APD. Moreover, I
NaL
inhibition also restored APD and repolarization stability in heart failure. Conversely, pretreatment with GS-967 shortened APD (mimicking short QT syndrome), and E-4031 reverted APD shortening. Furthermore, the amplitude of AP alternans occurring at high pacing frequency was decreased by I
NaL
inhibition, increased by I
Kr
inhibition, and restored by combined I
NaL
and I
Kr
inhibitions.

Conclusions:

Our data demonstrate that I
Kr
and I
NaL
are counterbalancing currents during the physiological ventricular AP and their integrals covary in individual myocytes. Targeting these ionic currents to normalize their balance may have significant therapeutic potential in heart diseases with repolarization abnormalities.

Visual Overview:

A
visual overview
is available for this article.
Branched-Chain Amino Acid Catabolism Promotes Thrombosis Risk by Enhancing Tropomodulin-3 Propionylation in Platelets
Authors: Xu Yanyan , Jiang Haojie , Li Li , Chen Fengwu , Liu Yunxia , Zhou Meiyi , Wang Ji , Jiang Jingjing , Li Xiaoying , Fan Xuemei , Zhang Lin , Zhang Junfeng , Qiu Junqiang , Wu Yi , Fang Chao , Sun Haipeng , Liu Junling
Published: March 2020

Background:

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), essential nutrients including leucine, isoleucine, and valine, serve as a resource for energy production and the regulator of important nutrient and metabolic signals. Recent studies have suggested that dysfunction of BCAA catabolism is associated with the risk of cardiovascular disease. Platelets play an important role in cardiovascular disease, but the functions of BCAA catabolism in platelets remain unknown.

Methods:

The activity of human platelets from healthy subjects before and after ingestion of BCAAs was measured. Protein phosphatase 2Cm specifically dephosphorylates branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase and thereby activates BCAA catabolism. Protein phosphatase 2Cm–deficient mice were used to elucidate the impacts of BCAA catabolism on platelet activation and thrombus formation.

Results:

We found that ingestion of BCAAs significantly promoted human platelet activity (n=5;
P
<0.001) and arterial thrombosis formation in mice (n=9;
P
<0.05). We also found that the valine catabolite α-ketoisovaleric acid and the ultimate oxidation product propionyl-coenzyme A showed the strongest promotion effects on platelet activation, suggesting that the valine/α-ketoisovaleric acid catabolic pathway plays a major role in BCAA-facilitated platelet activation. Protein phosphatase 2Cm deficiency significantly suppresses the activity of platelets in response to agonists (n=5;
P
<0.05). Our results also suggested that BCAA metabolic pathways may be involved in the integrin αIIbβ3–mediated bidirectional signaling pathway that regulates platelet activation. Mass spectrometry identification and immunoblotting revealed that BCAAs enhanced propionylation of tropomodulin-3 at K255 in platelets or Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing integrin αIIbβ3. The tropomodulin-3 K255A mutation abolished propionylation and attenuated the promotion effects of BCAAs on integrin-mediated cell spreading, suggesting that K255 propionylation of tropomodulin-3 is an important mechanism underlying integrin αIIbβ3–mediated BCAA-facilitated platelet activation and thrombosis formation. In addition, the increased levels of BCAAs and the expression of positive regulators of BCAA catabolism in platelets from patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are significantly correlated with platelet hyperreactivity. Lowering dietary BCAA intake significantly reduced platelet activity in
ob/ob
mice (n=4;
P
<0.05).

Conclusions:

BCAA catabolism is an important regulator of platelet activation and is associated with arterial thrombosis risk. Targeting the BCAA catabolism pathway or lowering dietary BCAA intake may serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for metabolic syndrome–associated thrombophilia.
Prognostic Importance of On-Treatment Clinic and Ambulatory Blood Pressures in Resistant Hypertension
Authors: Cardoso Claudia R.L. , Salles Guilherme C. , Salles Gil F.
Published: March 2020

The prognostic importances of on-treatment clinic and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) levels have never been investigated in individuals with resistant hypertension. We aimed to evaluate them for the occurrence of incident cardiovascular and mortality outcomes in a prospective cohort of 1726 patients with resistant hypertension. Clinic and ambulatory BPs were measured at baseline and serially during follow-up (analyzed as time-varying and as mean cumulative BPs) and also categorized as controlled/uncontrolled as defined by the traditional and new 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association criteria. Multivariate Cox analyses examined the associations between BP parameters and the occurrence of total cardiovascular events, major adverse cardiovascular events, and cardiovascular and all-cause mortalities. C statistics and the integrated discrimination improvement indexes evaluated the improvement in risk discrimination. Over a median follow-up of 8.3 years, 417 total cardiovascular events occurred (358 major adverse cardiovascular events) and 391 individuals died (233 cardiovascular deaths). All single systolic BP (SBP) parameters significantly predicted all outcomes, but the associations were stronger for ambulatory SBPs than for clinic SBPs and for on-treatment SBPs (particularly for mean cumulative) than for baseline SBPs, and both improved risk discrimination (with increases in C statistic of up to 0.021 and integrated discrimination improvements of up to 19.7%). These findings were consistent for diastolic BPs. Uncontrolled ambulatory BPs were associated with higher risks for all outcomes, whereas uncontrolled clinic BPs were not. In conclusion, mean cumulative ambulatory BPs during follow-up were the best prognostic markers of adverse cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in patients with resistant hypertension. Serial ambulatory BP monitoring shall be more widely used in resistant hypertension management.
Megalin
Authors: Sun Yuan , Goes Martini Alexandre , Janssen Manoe J. , Garrelds Ingrid M. , Masereeuw Rosalinde , Lu Xifeng , Danser A.H. Jan
Published: March 2020

Megalin is an endocytic receptor contributing to protein reabsorption. Impaired expression or trafficking of megalin increases urinary renin and allowed the detection of prorenin, which normally is absent in urine. Here, we investigated (pro)renin uptake by megalin, using both conditionally immortalized proximal tubule epithelial cells and Brown Norway Rat yolk sac cells (BN16). To distinguish binding and internalization, cells were incubated with recombinant human (pro)renin at 4°C and 37°C, respectively. (Pro)renin levels were assessed by immunoradiometric assay. At 4°C, BN16 cells bound 3× more prorenin than renin, suggestive for a higher affinity of prorenin. Similarly, at 37°C, prorenin accumulated at 3- to 4-fold higher levels than renin in BN16 cells. Consequently, depletion of medium prorenin (but not renin) content occurred after 24 hours. No such differences were observed in conditionally immortalized proximal tubule epithelial cells, and M6P (mannose-6-phosphate) greatly reduced conditionally immortalized proximal tubule epithelial cells (pro)renin uptake, suggesting that these cells accumulate (pro)renin largely via M6P receptors. M6P did not affect (pro)renin uptake in BN16 cells. Yet, inhibiting megalin expression with siRNA greatly reduced (pro)renin binding and internalization by BN16 cells. Furthermore, treating BN16 cells with albumin, an endogenous ligand of megalin, also decreased binding and internalization of (pro)renin, while deleting the (pro)renin receptor affected the latter only. Exposing prorenin’s prosegment with the renin inhibitor aliskiren dramatically increased prorenin binding, while after prosegment cleavage with trypsin prorenin binding was identical to that of renin. In conclusion, megalin might function as an endocytic receptor for (pro)renin and displays a preference for prorenin. Megalin-mediated endocytosis requires the (pro)renin receptor.
Neuropathology of Congenital Heart Disease in an Inpatient Autopsy Cohort 2000–2017
Authors: Rettenmaier Leigh A. , Kirby Patricia A. , Reinking Benjamin E. , Viaene Angela N. , Hefti Marco M.
Published: March 2020

Background

As a result of medical and surgical advancements in the management of congenital heart disease (
CHD
), survival rates have improved substantially, which has allowed the focus of
CHD
management to shift toward neurodevelopmental outcomes. Previous studies of the neuropathology occurring in
CHD
focused on cases preceding 1995 and reported high rates of white matter injury and intracranial hemorrhage, but do not reflect improvements in management of
CHD
in the past 2 decades. The purpose of this study is therefore to characterize the neuropathological lesions identified in subjects dying from
CHD
in a more‐recent cohort from 2 institutions.

Methods and Results

We searched the autopsy archives at 2 major children's hospitals for patients with cyanotic congenital cardiac malformations who underwent autopsy. We identified 50 cases ranging in age from 20 gestational weeks to 46 years. Acquired neuropathological lesions were identified in 60% (30 of 50) of subjects upon postmortem examination. The most common lesions were intracranial hemorrhage, most commonly subarachnoid (12 of 50; 24%) or germinal matrix (10 of 50; 20%), hippocampal injuries (10 of 50; 20%), and diffuse white matter gliosis (8 of 50; 16%). Periventricular leukomalacia was rare (3 of 50). Twenty‐six subjects underwent repair or palliation of their lesions. Of the 50 subjects, 60% (30 of 50) had isolated
CHD
, whereas 24% (12 of 50) were diagnosed with chromosomal abnormalities (trisomy 13, 18, chromosomal deletions, and duplications) and 16% (8/50) had multiple congenital anomalies.

Conclusions

In the modern era of pediatric cardiology and cardiac surgery, intracranial hemorrhage and microscopic gray matter hypoxic‐ischemic lesions are the dominant neuropathological lesions identified in patients coming to autopsy. Rates of more severe focal lesions, particularly periventricular leukomalacia, have decreased compared with historical controls.
Barriers, Opportunities, and Challenges in Addressing Disparities in Diet‐Related Cardiovascular Disease in the United States
Authors: Kris‐Etherton Penny M. , Petersen Kristina S. , Velarde Gladys , Barnard Neal D. , Miller Michael , Ros Emilio , O'Keefe James H. , Williams Kim , Horn Linda Van , Na Muzi , Shay Christina , Douglass Paul , Katz David L. , Freeman Andrew M.
Published: March 2020

In the United States, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death and disability. Suboptimal diet quality is responsible for a greater percentage of CVD‐related morbidity and mortality than any other modifiable risk factor. Further troubling are the stark racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in diet quality. This represents a major public health concern that urgently requires a coordinated effort to better characterize the barriers to healthy dietary practices in population groups disproportionally affected by CVD and poor diet quality to inform multifaceted approaches at the government (policy), community environment, sociocultural, and individual levels. This paper reviews the barriers, opportunities, and challenges involved in shifting population behaviors, especially in underserved populations, toward healthy dietary practices. It is imperative that public health policies address the social determinants of nutrition more intensively than previously in order to significantly decrease CVD on a population‐wide basis.
Bioenergetics Consequences of Mitochondrial Transplantation in Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Ali Pour Paria , Kenney M. Cristina , Kheradvar Arash
Published: March 2020

Background

Mitochondrial transplantation has been recently explored for treatment of very ill cardiac patients. However, little is known about the intracellular consequences of mitochondrial transplantation. This study aims to assess the bioenergetics consequences of mitochondrial transplantation into normal cardiomyocytes in the short and long term.

Methods and Results

We first established the feasibility of autologous, non‐autologous, and interspecies mitochondrial transplantation. Then we quantitated the bioenergetics consequences of non‐autologous mitochondrial transplantation into cardiomyocytes up to 28 days using a Seahorse Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Compared with the control, we observed a statistically significant improvement in basal respiration and
ATP
production 2‐day post‐transplantation, accompanied by an increase in maximal respiration and spare respiratory capacity, although not statistically significantly. However, these initial improvements were short‐lived and the bioenergetics advantages return to the baseline level in subsequent time points.

Conclusions

This study, for the first time, shows that transplantation of non‐autologous mitochondria from healthy skeletal muscle cells into normal cardiomyocytes leads to short‐term improvement of bioenergetics indicating “supercharged” state. However, over time these improved effects disappear, which suggests transplantation of mitochondria may have a potential application in settings where there is an acute stress.
Multilingual and Interlingual Semantic Representations for Natural Language Processing: A Brief Introduction
Authors: Costa-jussà Marta R. , España-Bonet Cristina , Fung Pascale , Smith Noah A.
Published: March 2020

We introduce the Computational Linguistics special issue on Multilingual and Interlingual Semantic Representations for Natural Language Processing. We situate the special issue’s five articles in the context of our fast-changing field, explaining our motivation for this project. We offer a brief summary of the work in the issue, which includes developments on lexical and sentential semantic representations, from symbolic and neural perspectives.
Species Delimitation In Rhabdosciadium (Apiaceae): Morphological and Molecular

Authors: MEHRI SHAHRAM , KOLBADI IMAN , SHIRAFKAN-AJIRLOU HASSAN
Published: March 2020

Rhabdosciadium is a distinct and small Apiaceae genus represented by only 8 species worldwide, 5 of which are distributed in Turkey and 3 occur in Iran. They all are narrow endemic, rare mountain species. The genus is characterized by single-fruited umbellules, linear-cylindrical fruits, parennial, glabrous, and junciform habit, reduced cauline leaves, and fibrous collar at the base of the stem. Till present time, there has been no detailed information available on molecular phylogeny and genetic structure of these species in the country. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim to investigate species delimitation by both morphological and molecular data and to reveal genetic diversity and population structure in these three Rhabdosciadium species. For this study, 98 randomly collected plants from 15 geographical populations in Rhabdosciadium species were used. We encountered extensive within species genetic and morphological diversity. ISSR molecular markers could delimit the studied species. STRUCTURE analysis revealed the occurrence gene flow between these species. The Mantel test showed correlation between genetic distance and geographical distance of the populations studied. Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on ITS data set which separated out-groups from the studied species. Genetic affinity of the studied species have been discussed.
Leucaenicola osmanthi sp. nov. (Bambusicolaceae, Pleosporales), causing leaf spot of Osmanthus fragrans in Taiwan

Authors: ARIYAWANSA HIRAN A. , TSAI ICHEN , HOZZEIN WAEL N. , THAMBUGALA KASUN M.
Published: March 2020

Osmanthus fragrans naturally occurs in Taiwan, and is now widely cultivated as an ornamental plant. Signs of leaf spots caused by unknown species has been detected on O. fragrans saplings in Nangang District, Taipei City, Taiwan. This investigation aimed to illustrate the fungal species by engaging morphological features, pathogenicity tests, and DNA sequence comparisons for the ITS, LSU, SSU, rpb2 and tef1 gene sequences. A new species is proposed and identified here as Leucaenicola osmanthi. Leucaenicola osmanthi can be differentiated from the phylogenetically close taxa, L. aseptata and L. phraeana, by much larger conidiomata, conidiogenous cells and conidia. Moreover, this is the first report of a species belonging to Leucaenicola on Osmanthus fragrans in Taiwan.
Dependence of MJO Predictability on Convective Parameterizations
Authors: Zhu Jieshun , Kumar Arun , Wang Wanqiu
Published: March 2020

This study revisits MJO predictability based on the “perfect model” approach with a contemporary model. Experiments are performed to address the reasons for substantial uncertainties in current estimates of MJO predictability, with a focus on the influence of atmospheric convection parameterization. Specifically, two atmospheric convection schemes are applied for experiments with the NOAA Climate Forecast System, version 2 (CFSv2). MJO potential predictability and prediction skill are assessed, with MJO indices taken as the first two principal components of the combined fields of near-equatorially averaged 200-hPa zonal wind, 850-hPa zonal wind, and outgoing longwave radiation at the top of the atmosphere. Analyses indicate that the convection scheme alone can have substantial influence on the estimate of MJO predictability, with estimates differing by as much as 15 days. Further diagnostics suggest that the shorter predictability with one convection scheme is mainly caused by too weak of an MJO signal. The choice of atmospheric convection scheme also exerts effects on the phase dependency of MJO predictability, and the “Maritime Continent prediction barrier” is identified to be more evident with one convection scheme than with the other.
How Fake News Differs From Personal Lies
Authors: Chiu Ming Ming , Oh Yu Won
Published: March 2020

Personal lies (girl on date lying to dad) and fake news ( Obama Bans Pledge of Allegiance) both deceive but in different ways, so they require different detection methods. People in long-term relationships try to tell undetectable lies to encourage, often, audience inaction. In contrast, unattached fake news welcome attention and try to ignite audience action. Thus, they differ in six ways: (a) speaker–audience relationship, (b) goal, (c) emotion, (d) information, (e) number of participants, and (f) citation of sources. To detect personal lies, a person can use their intimate relationship to heighten emotions, raise the stakes, and ask for more information, participants, or sources. In contrast, a person evaluates the legitimacy of potential fake news by examining the websites of its author, the people in the news article, and/or reputable media sources. Large social media companies have suitable expertise, data, and resources to reduce fake news. Search tools, rival news media links to one another’s articles, encrypted signature links, and improved school curricula might also help users detect fake news.
Governance reform in context: Welfare sector professionals’ working and employment conditions
Authors: Parding Karolina , McGrath-Champ Susan , Stacey Meghan
Published: March 2020

This article addresses the relationship between profession, organisation and spatial (geographical) setting, more specifically the relationship between welfare sector professionals’ conditions for work amidst governance change. In previous research, the conditions for welfare sector professionals’ work have largely been studied without taking the employing organisations or the local and regional situation into consideration. In this article, the authors question and seek to counteract this de-contextualised approach. They do so by showing that the circumstances of the specific workplace context are essential in understanding welfare sector professionals’ working conditions, especially so in current governance contexts characterised to varying degrees by marketisation, via processes and structures which facilitate choice, competition, privatisation and devolution. This line of argument is illustrated in relation to how upper secondary teachers in Sweden experience their conditions for work and employment in eight schools across three different ‘market types’. The authors contend that whilst different conditions in different workplaces can to some extent always be expected, current governance agendas in the welfare sector seem to exacerbate these differences. The article’s theoretical contribution, therefore, is in the privileging of local contextual dynamics. The authors suggest a stronger emphasis on spatially-informed frames of reference in future studies of conditions for welfare sector professionals.
Theory-Based Practice
Authors: Marshak Robert J.
Published: March 2020

The author’s experiences as a theory-based practitioner are described and the roles of user, adapter, and developer of theory/research explained. A few suggestive questions to stimulate thinking about what others might contribute in the future to the Practitioner Corner are listed.
Cell-Based Regenerative Endodontics for Treatment of Periapical Lesions: A Randomized, Controlled Phase I/II Clinical Trial
Authors: Brizuela C. , Meza G. , Urrejola D. , Quezada M.A. , Concha G. , Ramírez V. , Angelopoulos I. , Cadiz M.I. , Tapia-Limonchi R. , Khoury M.
Published: March 2020

A randomized controlled phase I/II clinical trial was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of encapsulated human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in a plasma-derived biomaterial for regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) in mature permanent teeth with apical lesions. The trial included 36 patients with mature incisors, canines, or mandibular premolars showing pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis. Patients were randomly and equally allocated between experimental (REP) or conventional root canal treatment (ENDO) groups. On the first visit, cavity access and mechanical preparation of the root canal were performed. Calcium hydroxide medication was used, and the cavity was sealed. Three weeks later, patients were treated following their assigned protocol of ENDO or REP. Clinical follow-up examinations were performed at 6 and 12 mo. Categorical variables were evaluated by Fisher’s exact test. Quantitative variables were compared using the Mann-Whitney test. The evolution over time of the percentage of perfusion units and the dimensions of lesion and cortical compromise were explored. After the 12-mo follow-up, no adverse events were reported, and the patients showed 100% clinical efficacy in both groups. Interestingly, in the REP group, the perfusion unit percentage measured by laser Doppler flowmetry revealed an increase from 60.6% to 78.1% between baseline and 12-mo follow-up. Sensitivity tests revealed an increase of the positive pulp response in the REP group at 12-mo follow-up (from 6% to 56% on the cold test, from 0% to 28% on the hot test, and from 17% to 50% on the electrical test). We present the first clinical safety and efficacy evidence of the endodontic use of allogenic umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells encapsulated in a plasma-derived biomaterial. The innovative approach, based on biological principles that promote dentin-pulp regeneration, presents a promising alternative for the treatment of periapical pathology (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03102879).
Toward a Typology of Normative Drug Users Based on Levels of Functioning, Justifications and Types of Use
Authors: Chassid-Segin Moran , Gueta Keren , Ronel Natti
Published: March 2020

The study explores 29 individuals who described themselves as functioning normatively while using drugs on a regular basis. They defined their use as intensive, constant, and playing a significant part in their normative lives. The content analysis revealed a typology consisting of four different types of normative users: the socially connected users, the better coping users, the ambivalent users, and the recovering users. This typology was created on the basis of three axes: level of functioning, justification of use, style of use. Our typology highlights the differences between normative users with varying patterns of drug usage and levels of functioning, ranging from users who claim that drug use causes them no harm to those who acknowledge that drug use has significantly damaged their functioning. This typology places particular emphasis on normative users who are experiencing a range of difficulties and need specific forms of therapy to preserve their normative lives.
Using the Virtual–Representational–Abstract With Overlearning Instructional Sequence to Students With Disabilities in Mathematics
Authors: Park Jiyoon , Bouck Emily C. , Fisher Marisa H.
Published: March 2020

While mathematics education is key to the post-school outcomes of students with disabilities, it has received less attention in research and practice compared with other aspects of educating this population. Skill maintenance is particularly crucial in mathematics because students build upon prior knowledge across grade levels. They also need to be able to apply mathematical skills in everyday life. Hence, this study utilized a multiple probe across-participants single-case experimental design to evaluate the effectiveness of the virtual–representational–abstract (VRA) with overlearning instructional sequence in teaching multiplication and supporting its maintenance among three students with disabilities. For each student, a functional relation existed between the VRA with overlearning instructional sequence and accuracy of solving multiplication problems. Students also maintained the skill up to 8 weeks after the intervention.
Gloomy at the Top: How the Wealthiest 0.1% Feel about the Rest
Authors: Kantola Anu
Published: March 2020

Growing inequalities have prompted research on the wealthiest groups and their cohesive practices and ideologies. This article suggests that emotional expression – how the members of the wealthy upper class feel about themselves and the rest of society – provides a way to examine their position in society. Drawing from interviews with business executives who belong to the richest 0.1% in Finland and to their society’s power elites, I argue that just as low-income groups feel resentful towards more affluent groups, the wealthy also harbour resentment towards more disadvantaged groups. The wealthy executives create an emotionally laden self-justification – a deep story – in which they feel positively about themselves but assign negative feelings to other classes. In this narrative, the optimistic business elites thus become gloomy societal elites, who build empathy walls against the less advantaged groups even in Finland, one of the world’s most equal countries.
New Insights into the Role of Personal Income on International Tourism
Authors: Waqas-Awan Aon , Rosselló-Nadal Jaume , Santana-Gallego Maria
Published: March 2020

This study aims to investigate the role of personal income in the income elasticity of tourism demand and, more specifically, the hypothesis that the richest and poorest individuals both tend to react less to changes in income than middle-class individuals, who tend to be more sensitive. To that end, this study applies different strategies within the context of a gravity model, using yearly data from 1995 to 2016 and bilateral tourism flows between 192 countries. Results show that income elasticity is determined to a significant extent by per capita income in the origin country and they confirm the inverted-U relationship between income elasticity and personal income. The study indicates that middle-income countries are more elastic than low- and high-income ones, while high-income countries display an inelastic or nonsignificant relationship.
Slicing and Dicing Work in the Australian Horticulture Industry: Labour Market Segmentation within the Temporary Migrant Workforce
Authors: Howe Joanna , Reilly Alex , Clibborn Stephen , van den Broek Diane , Wright Chris F
Published: March 2020

This article exposes how disparity in the immigration rules of different visas combines with poor enforcement of labour standards to produce a segmented labour market in the Australian horticulture industry. We argue that the precarious work norms of the horticulture industry result in a ‘demand’ on the part of employers for harvest workers to perform precarious jobs. Such demand has been met by the workers supplied through different segments of temporary migrant labour who may be a particularly attractive form of precarious labour because of the conditionalities they experience as a result of their visa class. Our analysis demonstrates that not only do growers make preferences between local and temporary migrant workers, but they also make preferences between different types of temporary migrant workers. In identifying segmentation between temporary migrant workers on different visa categories, the article makes a significant contribution to the labour market segmentation literature, which hitherto has focused on segmentation between migrant workers and non-migrant workers.
John Eliot’s pastoral theology of poverty and an “obscure low condition”—including that of being “a worm”—in his Harmony of the Gospels (1678) published two years after Metacom’s War
Authors: Myers Travis L.
Published: March 2020

Roughly two years after Metacom’s War, John Eliot published a Lord’s Supper preparativo titled, The Harmony of the Gospels, in the Holy History of the Humiliation and Sufferings of Jesus Christ from his Incarnation to his Death and Burial (1678). The book’s 130 pages provide a copious survey of various sufferings undergone by Jesus which Eliot parsed out of his reading of Scripture. Eliot posed several parallels between the experiences of Jesus, on one hand, and those of genuine Christians on the other. One of these parallels is the experience of poverty and what Eliot repeatedly called an “obscure low condition” that obtains from poverty. Considering Eliot’s long experience in cross-cultural ministry in a tenuous colonial context, this is one of the most striking features of the book. I believe it resonates with the Native Christian experience more than the white colonial Christian experience. Time and again Eliot makes an authorial movement from Gospel narrative and biblical commentary to contemporary application for Christian readers. I suggest that Eliot intended to voice comfort at times in The Harmony specifically to Native Christians by assuring them their experience of marginalization and suffering did not negate their status as a part of God’s people. What Eliot wrote about the low condition of being “a worm” reflects convictions likely forged in the fires of cross-cultural ministry in colonial context. Eliot’s multifaceted and expectant vision for the praying towns was a casualty of Metcom’s War. He seems to have changed his interpretation of 1 Corinthians 1:26–29. The theological motif of Zechariah’s temple rebuilding mission was replaced by the suffering Messiah’s rejection as the prominent biblical type informing Eliot’s expectations for the development of Native Christianity. In this carefully nuanced pastoral theology of poverty is also a prophetic critique of injustice toward the poor and marginalized.
Persistence and Change in Morality Policy: The Role of the Catholic Church in the Politics of Abortion in Ireland and Poland
Authors: Calkin Sydney , Kaminska Monika Ewa
Published: March 2020

On the issue of abortion, Ireland and Poland have been among the most conservative countries in Europe. Their legal and cultural approaches to this issue have been deeply influenced by the institution of the Catholic Church and its purported role as a defender of an authentic national identity. However, their political climates for abortion reform are increasingly divergent: Ireland has liberalised its abortion law substantially since 2018, while Poland is moving towards further criminalisation with the repeated introduction of restrictive laws in parliament. Both have seen active pro-choice movements who mobilise for reform and widespread non-compliance with their restrictive abortion laws, but the policy impact of these trends varies significantly. What accounts for this difference? This article draws on comparative analysis of Ireland and Poland to assess their divergent trajectories on abortion reform, arguing that the most significant driver of change between the two is the disparity in influence of the Catholic Church on politics and policymaking.
‘A Hope Raised and then Defeated’? the Continuing Harms of Irish Abortion Law
Authors: de Londras Fiona
Published: March 2020

Irish legislative engagement with abortion law reform has never been framed by recognition of the rights of pregnant women, girls and other people. Rather, where it has taken place at all, it has always been foetocentric and punitive, exceptionalising abortion and conceptualising law as a means of discouraging it. In important ways, the post-repeal landscape has failed to break decisively with this orientation. While in 2018 there was certainly more discussion of women’s entitlement not to be exiled from the country in order to make decisions about reproduction, the framing that dominated legislative and government discourses of abortion law reform was one in which the ‘problem’ being addressed was such that unsafe medication, exclusion from formal medical systems, and the undeserved punishment of people who had received diagnoses of fatal foetal conditions in the course of their ‘much wanted pregnancies’ were the focus. There was little or no engagement in legislative politics with the right to choose, reproductive agency, reproductive justice or the moral standing of pregnant people as ethical decision makers when it came to their pregnancies. As a result, post-repeal abortion law reform was more about managing risk than maximising agency. I will argue that this underpins and partly explains the shortcomings of the new law: the Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018 (‘HRTPA 2018’). Within that new legal regime, I argue, pregnant people continue to lack decisional security when it comes to their reproductive lives and are exposed to significant constitutional and dignitary harms as a result.
Optimal enforcement of liveness for decentralized systems of flexible manufacturing systems using Petri nets
Authors: Bashir Muhammad
Published: March 2020

The decentralized supervisory structure has drawn much attention in recent years. Many studies are reported in the paradigm of automata while few can be found in the Petri net model. This paper proposes a new method for decentralized supervisory control using the Petri net paradigm. Two efficient Algorithms are developed in the proposed method. Algorithm 1 is used to compute decentralized working zones from the given LS3PR Petri net model for flexible manufacturing systems. Algorithm 2 is used to compute the decentralized controllers that enforced liveness to the decentralized working zones. The sequential assembling is used to reconnect and controlled the working zones via decentralized controllers. The decentralized controller is added to the decentralized working zones that have common elements, that is, common transitions. The proposed method has the following advantages: (i) it can be applied to a complex Petri net model for flexible manufacturing systems, (ii) the proposed methods has less computational complexity when compared with the previous methods, (iii) the proposed method can obtain a minimal number of decentralized controllers that enforce liveness of the uncontrolled Petri net model. Experimental examples are presented to explore the applicability of the proposed methods.
Robust fault tolerant control based on adaptive observer for Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systems with sensor and actuator faults: Application to single-link manipulator
Authors: Makni Salama , Bouattour Maha , El Hajjaji Ahmed , Chaabane Mohamed
Published: March 2020

In this work, we investigate the problem of control for nonlinear systems represented by Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy models affected by both sensor and actuator faults subject to an unknown bounded disturbances (UBD). For this, we design an adaptive observer to estimate state, sensor and actuator fault vectors simultaneously despite the presence of external disturbances. Based on this observer, we develop a fault tolerant control (FTC) law not only to stabilize closed loop system, but also to compensate the fault effects. For the observer-based controller design, we propose less conservative conditions formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Moreover, both observer and controller gains are calculated via solving a set of LMIs only in single step. Finally, comparative results and an application to single-link flexible joint robot are afforded to prove the efficiency of the proposed design.
Examining physical education experiences at integrated and residential schools for students with visual impairments
Authors: Coffey Rebecca , Haegele Justin A , Zhu Xihe , Bobzien Jonna
Published: March 2020

This study examined how individuals who experienced physical education in both integrated and residential school settings viewed their physical education experiences. A retrospective interpretative phenomenological approach (IPA) was used, and five adults with visual impairments (aged 20–35 years; three males, two females) were enrolled in this study. Data collection included semi-structured telephone interviews and reflective interview notes, which were analyzed thematically using a three-step process. Two interrelated themes emerged from the data. In the first theme – feelings about being included and excluded – participants described that across school settings, inclusivity and exclusivity were central to how they understood their physical education experiences. The second theme – support needs met at residential schools – described how perceived teacher support and feelings of relatedness with peers were identified as important factors related to their willingness to explore the environment and engage in physical education curricula.
Placement testing: One test, two tests, three tests? How many tests are sufficient?
Authors: Hille Kathryn , Cho Yeonsuk
Published: March 2020

Accurate placement within levels of an ESL program is crucial for optimal teaching and learning. Commercially available tests are commonly used for placement, but their effectiveness has been found to vary. This study uses data from the Ohio Program of Intensive English (OPIE) at Ohio University to examine the value of two commercially available tests (the TOEFL ITP and the Michigan EPT) and a locally developed writing test for accurate placement decisions. Placement accuracy was measured in terms of the relationship between test scores and (1) appropriate placement levels for individual students according to their teachers, and (2) student performance in the classes. Findings support the continued use of multiple measures for more accurate placement decisions in the study context. However, the relationship between test scores and student performance, measured by students’ grades in the actual course levels and their success in advancing to a higher course level as additional indicators of the extent to which placement tests provide an accurate indication, was weak when analyzed through multiple regression and cross-tabulation, suggesting that factors other than initial proficiency are primarily determinative of student success when students have been accurately placed.
Visual cues during interaction: Are recasts different from noncorrective repetition?
Authors: McDonough Kim , Trofimovich Pavel , Lu Libing , Abashidze Dato
Published: March 2020

Visual cues may help second language (L2) speakers perceive interactional feedback and reformulate their nontarget forms, particularly when paired with recasts, as recasts can be difficult to perceive as corrective. This study explores whether recasts have a visual signature and whether raters can perceive a recast’s corrective function. Transcripts of conversations between a bilingual French–English interlocutor and L2 English university students ( n = 24) were analysed for recasts and noncorrective repetitions with rising and declarative intonation. Videos of those excerpts ( k = 96) were then analysed for the interlocutor’s provision of visual cues during the recast and repetition turns, including eye gaze duration, nods, blinks, and other facial expressions (frowns, eyebrow raises). The videos were rated by 96 undergraduate university students who were randomly assigned to three viewing conditions: clear voice/clear face, clear voice/blurred face, or distorted voice/clear face. Using a 100-millimeter scale with two anchor points (0% = he’s making a comment, and 100% = he’s correcting an error), they rated the corrective function of the interlocutors’ responses while their eye gaze was tracked. Raters reliably distinguished recasts from repetitions through their ratings (although they were generally low), but not through their eye gaze behaviors.