bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of tritium‐ and deuterium‐labeled budesonide
Authors: Latli Bachir , Krishnamurthy Dhileep , Senanayake Chris
Published: January 2008

Tritium‐labeled budesonide was prepared by the selective reduction of a double bond in the butenylenedioxy side chain using carrier‐free tritium and palladium on carbon as a catalyst in absolute ethanol. Although the reduction gave a mixture of the desired product and the expected byproducts resulting from over reduction of the other double bonds in ring A, the desired tritium‐labeled budesonide was easily isolated by reverse phase HPLC and with specific activity of 54 Ci/mmol. [D8]‐budesonide was prepared from 16α‐hydroxyprednisolone and D8‐butyraldehyde in 1,4‐dioxane in the presence of perchloric acid. The isotopic enrichment was found to be more than 99 atom% D. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐Raman spectroscopy characterization of glass/refractory interfaces: A tool to improve the quality of the industrial glass production
Authors: Galinetto Pietro , Falcone Roberto , Negri Elisabetta , Verità Marco
Published: January 2008

We report on micro‐Raman spectroscopy as a tool to improve the quality of the industrial glass production. Crystalline inclusions, commonly called stones, are very dangereous defects present in industrial glass products. To minimize this technological problem, the detailed knowledge of the formation and transformation processes of these defects is required, and a complete identification of the different phases requires a multianalytical approach. Micro‐Raman measurements were performed on a series of laboratory samples with different chemical compositions. Performing linear scanning and mapping of Raman features, we obtained a well‐defined characterization of the evolution and nature of stones. In addition, information on the crystallization degree of the reaction layers was obtained by correlating the shape and intensity of the photoluminescence of Cr3+ impurities. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of multi‐phosphopeptides by μHPLC–ESI‐MS/MS with alkaline phosphatase treatment
Authors: Wang Hui , Duan Jicheng , Zhang Lihua , Liang Zhen , Zhang Weibing , Zhang Yukui
Published: January 2008

The detection of phosphopeptides, especially multi‐phosphopeptides, by tandem electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) is a great challenge due to their low abundance and the poor ionization efficiency of samples. In our recent study, a strategy was proposed for the analysis of trace multi‐phosphopeptides which combined selective enrichment of phosphorylated peptides by TiO2 and dephosphorylation by alkaline phosphatase (AP). After separation by μHPLC, the profiles of enriched peptides before and after AP treatment were compared, and the additional peaks appearing in the latter case hinted at the existence of multi‐phosphopeptides. Subsequently, an incomplete dephosphorylation reaction was performed to partially remove the phosphate groups so that the phosphorylation sites of the multi‐phosphopeptides might be estimated. Through analysis of the digests of β‐casein and extracted proteins of bovine milk, more information on the multi‐phosphopeptides was obtained by μHPLC–ESI‐MS/MS than that obtained without AP treatment, which demonstrated that such a strategy might supply some potential information about trace multi‐phosphopeptides lost in shotgun analysis.
Preparation and Properties of Salicylic Acid‐Imprinted Polymers from Emulsions
Authors: Li Qiu , Zhang Wei‐ying , Li Xiao
Published: January 2008

Summary: Molecularly imprinted polymers with specific recognition to salicylic acid (SA‐MIPs) were prepared by oil‐in‐water emulsion polymerization using salicylic acid as template, acrylamide as functional monomer, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker. The morphology and size distribution of the SA‐MIPs were detected by SEM and photon cross correlation spectrometry. Equilibrium binding experiments and Scatchard analyses were carried out to investigate the selectivity of the SA‐MIPs. The results show that the SA‐MIPs exhibit a higher affinity and selectivity to salicylic acid than to m‐hydroxybenzoic acid and sulfosalicylic acid. Two classes of binding sites were produced in the SA‐MIPs and the equilibrium dissociation constants were estimated to be 2.03 and 9.97 mmol/L, respectively.
Reverse Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of MMA in the Presence of CaCO3/SiO2 Two‐Component Composite Particles
Authors: Jiang Long , Pan Kai , Zhang Juan , Dan Yi
Published: January 2008

Summary: We previously discovered that structurally well‐defined polymer/inorganic composite particles, i.e., poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/CaCO3/SiO2 three‐component composite particles, can be achieved via reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), using 2,2′‐azo‐bis‐isobutyronitrile as initiator and CuII bromide as catalyst. In the present study, the influence of the mass ratio of CaCO3/SiO2 two‐component composite particles to methyl methacrylate (MMA) on the rate and behavior of the polymerization was studied in detail. The results illustrate that increasing the mass ratio of CaCO3/SiO2 two‐component composite particles will decrease the overall rate of polymerization of MMA under standard reverse ATRP conditions. Thermal properties of the obtained well‐defined particles were characterized and determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results indicate that well‐defined PMMA chains grafted on the surface of CaCO3/SiO2 particles were only degraded by random chain scission of CC linkages within the PMMA chain, which is different from the degradation of PMMA chains prepared via traditional radical polymerization. This difference is reasonably ascribed to the difference between the end groups of PMMA prepared via reverse ATRP and that via traditional radical polymerization, which has been confirmed by end group analysis measured by 1H–NMR spectroscopy.
Preparation and Pyroelectric Properties of Poly(pentafluorostyrene)‐r‐Poly(4‐vinylaniline) Copolymer Films
Authors: Xu Zuxun , Wang Shimin , Wang Lihua , Fang Zhangjian , Wang Xianbao
Published: January 2008

Abstract: In this study poly(pentafluorostyrene)‐ran‐poly(4‐vinylaniline) (PPFS‐r‐PVA) was synthesized by solution polymerization with AIBN utilized as an initiator. The dilute THF solution of the resultant copolymer was spin‐coated onto clean Ag/Si(100) substrates, and then the copolymer film was electrically poled at 85 °C for 30 min using a plane poling method with a poling voltage of 7.0 kV. The pyroelectric coefficient was determined by a digital integral method and carried out with a charge integral instrument. It was observed that the average pyroelectric coefficient of the resultant PPFS‐r‐PVA was 20.4 µC/cm2K in the range of 20–45 °C, and the average dielectric loss is about 0.2298 between 3.2 × 104–1.0 × 106 Hz.
The concept of spirituality: its role within health promotion practice in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Fleming Sean , Evans David S.
Published: January 2008

Spirituality is increasingly recognized as a key determinant of health, and it has been adopted by the World Health Organization as part of its seven principles of health promotion. However, little is known about the extent to which it is incorporated into health promotion practice. This paper reports on a survey on spirituality and its perceived role in health and well‐being among Health Promotion Officers within Health Promotion Services in the Republic of Ireland. Although the importance of spiritual health promotion was recognized, it was discussed within health promotion practice relatively infrequently. The need for training in spiritual health promotion, a working definition of spirituality, and a set of guidelines for engagement with client groups were highlighted. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hierarchical mobility management for fast handoff and load distribution in IPv6 networks
Authors: Seo Jae‐Kwon , Lee Kyung‐Geun
Published: January 2008

Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) has been proposed by the Internet engineering task force (IETF) to compensate for such problems as handover latency and signalling overhead when employing Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6). HMIPv6 supports micro‐mobility within a domain and introduces a new entity, namely mobility anchor point (MAP) as a local home agent (HA). However, HMIPv6 has caused load concentration at a particular MAP and longer handover latency when an inter‐domain handover occurs. In order to solve such problems, this paper establishes a virtual domain (VD) of a higher layer MAP and proposes a MAP changing scheme. The MAP changing scheme enables complete handover by using binding‐update of the on‐link care of address (LCoA) only when inter‐domain handover occurs. In addition, the concentrated load of a particular MAP is distributed as well. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthese und Kristallstrukturen der Bismutchalkogenolate Bi(SC6H5)3, Bi(SeC6H5)3 und Bi(S‐4‐CH3C6H4)3
Authors: Sommer Heino , Eichhöfer Andreas , Fenske Dieter
Published: January 2008

Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Bismuth Chalcogenolato Compounds Bi(SC6H5)3, Bi(SeC6H5)3, and Bi(S‐4‐CH3C6H4)3

Bismuth(III) acetate reacts with thiophenol in ethyl alcohol at 80 °C to yield Bi(SC6H5)3 (1). Slow cool down of the deep yellow mixture lead to the formation of orange crystals of 1. The homotype phenylselenolato compound of bismuth Bi(SeC6H5)3 (2) has been prepared by the reaction of BiX3 (X = Cl, Br) with Se(C6H5)SiMe3 in diethyl ether. In the same way as Bi(SC6H5)3 (1) the reaction between bismuth(III) acetate and 4‐tolulenethiole results in red crystals of Bi(S‐4‐CH3C6H4)3 (3). In consideration of three longer Bi–E distances (intermolecular interactions, E = S; Se) the Bi(EPh)3 molecules form via face‐linked octahedra 1‐dimensional chains in the crystal lattice, while for 3 the 1‐dimensional chain is formed by face‐linked trigonal prisma. We reported herein the synthesis and structures of Bi(SC6H5)3 (1), Bi(SeC6H5)3 (2), and Bi(S‐4‐CH3C6H4)3 (3).
Second Hepatic Resection for Recurrent Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C
Authors: Kubo Shoji , Takemura Shigekazu , Uenishi Takahiro , Yamamoto Takatsugu , Ohba Kazuki , Ogawa Masao , Hai Seikan , Ichikawa Tsuyoshi , Kodai Shintaro , Shinkawa Hiroji , Tanaka Hiromu
Published: January 2008

Background

Although a second hepatic resection (SHR) for recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is widely accepted, the indications for SHR have not been established. The risk factors for HCC recurrence after SHR were evaluated to investigate the indications for SHR.

Methods

Subjects included 51 patients who underwent a second hepatic resection for recurrence of HCV‐related HCC. Sixteen patients received interferon therapy before or after the first operation. Six patients attained a sustained viral response (SVR) that was defined as return of the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity to within the reference range and no detectable serum HCV RNA for at least 1 year after interferon therapy. A biochemical response (BR), defined as a normalized ALT activity for at least 1 year after interferon therapy with or without the transient disappearance of serum HCV RNA, was attained in three patients. The other seven patients were defined as the nonresponse (NR) group.

Results

By univariate analysis, NR and lack of interferon therapy, high indocyanine green retention rate at 15 min (ICGR15), high aspartate aminotransferase activity, high ALT activity, large tumor, and multiple tumors were risk factors for HCC recurrence after SHR. By multivariate analysis, NR and lack of interferon therapy, high ICGR15, large tumor, and multiple tumors were independent risk factors.

Conclusions

Patients in whom active hepatitis has been controlled by interferon therapy are the best candidates for SHR. Interferon therapy should be recommended in patients undergoing resection of an HCV‐related HCC because SHR can prolong life in SVR and BR patients.
Effects of fish oil and conjugated linoleic acids on expression of target genes of PPARα and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins in the liver of laying hens
Authors: König Bettina , Spielmann Julia , Haase Kati , Brandsch Corinna , Kluge Holger , Stangl Gabriele I. , Eder Klaus
Published: January 2008

In mammals, (n-3) PUFA and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) act as activators of PPARα and alter nuclear concentrations of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP) in the liver, and thereby influence hepatic lipid catabolism and synthesis. In this study, we investigated the hypothesis that (n-3) PUFA and CLA exert similar effects in the liver of laying hens. Thirty hens (64 weeks old) were fed diets containing 30 g/kg of sunflower oil (control), fish oil (salmon oil) or CLA in TAG form (containing predominantlycis-9,trans-11 CLA andtrans-10,cis-12 CLA) for 5 weeks. Hens fed fish oil had a higher expression of some PPARα target genes and a lower nuclear concentration of SREBP-2 in the liver and lower concentrations of cholesterol and TAG in plasma than control hens. Nuclear concentration of SREBP-1 and its target genes involved in lipogenesis were not altered in hens fed fish oil. Hens fed CLA had increased concentrations of TAG and cholesterol in the liver. However, their mRNA levels of PPARα target genes and nuclear concentrations of SREBP-1 and SREBP-2 as well as mRNA levels of their target genes in the liver were largely unchanged compared to control hens. The results of this study suggest that (n-3) PUFA cause a moderate activation of PPARα and lower cholesterol synthesis but do not impair fatty acid synthesis in the liver of laying hens. CLA lead to an accumulation of TAG and cholesterol in the liver of hens by mechanisms to be elucidated in further studies.
Midichloria mitochondriiis widespread in hard ticks (Ixodidae) and resides in the mitochondria of phylogenetically diverse species
Authors: EPIS S. , SASSERA D. , BENINATI T. , LO N. , BEATI L. , PIESMAN J. , RINALDI L. , McCOY K. D. , TORINA A. , SACCHI L. , CLEMENTI E. , GENCHI M. , MAGNINO S. , BANDI C.
Published: January 2008

The hard tickIxodes ricinus(Ixodidae) is the sole animal thus far shown to harbour an intra-mitochondrial bacterium, which has recently been namedMidichloria mitochondrii. The objectives of this work were (i) to screen ixodid ticks forMidichloria-related bacteria and (ii) to determine whether these bacteria exploit the intra-mitochondrial niche in other tick species. Our main goal was to discover further models of this peculiar form of symbiosis. We have thus performed a PCR screening forMidichloria-related bacteria in samples of ixodid ticks collected in Italy, North America and Iceland. A total of 7 newly examined species from 5 genera were found positive for bacteria closely related toM. mitochondrii. Samples of the tick speciesRhipicephalus bursa, found positive in the PCR screening, were analysed with transmission electron microscopy, which revealed the presence of bacteria both in the cytoplasm and in the mitochondria of the oocytes. There is thus evidence that bacteria invade mitochondria in at least 2 tick species. Phylogenetic analysis on the bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences generated from positive specimens revealed that the bacteria form a monophyletic group within the order Rickettsiales. The phylogeny ofMidichloriasymbionts and related bacteria does not appear completely congruent with the phylogeny of the hosts.
Schizotypy and psychosis-like experiences from recreational cannabis in a non-clinical sample
Authors: Barkus E. , Lewis S.
Published: January 2008

Background

The relationship between cannabis use and psychosis is still a matter for debate. Accounting for the individual differences in subjective experiences to recreational cannabis use in the general population may hold some clues to the aetiological relationship between cannabis and psychotic symptoms. We hypothesized that schizotypy would account for the individual differences in subjective experiences after cannabis use but not in patterns of use.

Method

In a sample of 532 young people who had used cannabis at least once, we examined the relationship between the Cannabis Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ) and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). Additionally, we examined the psychometric properties of the CEQ.

Results

We replicated our previously reported findings that schizotypy was associated with increased psychosis-like experiences and after-effects, but also found that high-scoring schizotypes reported more pleasurable experiences when smoking cannabis. Using new subscales derived from principal components analysis (PCA), we found that the psychosis-like items were most related to varying rates of schizotypy both during the immediate use of cannabis and in the after-effects of cannabis use. High-scoring schizotypes who used cannabis experienced more psychosis-like symptoms during and after use.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that cannabis use may reveal an underlying vulnerability to psychosis in those with high schizotypal traits.
Klinik und Sonographie der Speicheldrüsenkrankheiten - Teil 2
Authors: Studer R.
Published: January 2008

Die Speicheldrüsen können mittels Sonographie – eine rasch verfügbare und kostengünstige Untersuchung – bestens abgeklärt werden.Nur in seltenen Fällen braucht es ein anderes bildgebendes Verfahren. Anamnese und Befunde deuten auf bestimmte Krankheiten hin, die Sonographie grenzt die Differentialdiagnose weiter ein oder bestätigt eine Diagnose. Raumforderungen müssen mittels Feinnadelpunktion weiter abgeklärt werden. Diese ersetzt jedoch nicht die histologische Klärung.
19-Jährige mit Nebennierenrindeninsuffizienz - nur die Spitze des Eisbergs
Authors: Lipowsky C. , Brändle M. , Schorl-Schweikardt B.A. , Kehl Oth.
Published: January 2008

Wir berichten über eine 19-jährige Frau, die sich mit einer Nebennierenrindeninsuffizienz und Hypothyreose im Rahmen eines autoimmunen polyendokrinen Syndroms (APS) Typ II präsentierte. Die weitere Familienabklärung ergab bei der Mutter neben der bereits bekannten Zöliakie aufgrund der immunologischen Untersuchungen die Diagnose einer chronischen Autoimmunthyreoiditis. Beim Bruder besteht bereits seit 17 Jahren ein Diabetes mellitus Typ 1. Bei Häufung autoimmunologischer Prozesse bei einem Patienten oder in einer Familie muss an das Vorliegen eines polyendokrinen Autoimmunsyndroms gedacht werden. Deshalb sollte konsequent nach klinischen Symptomen von möglichen Erkrankungen eines APS beim Patienten und in der Familie gesucht werden. Ein regelmässiges Labor-Screening nach weiteren Endokrinopathien (Morgen- Kortisol, TSH, Nüchtern-Plasmaglukose) und die Suche nach einer Sprue ist bei Betroffenen und Verwandten 1.Grades sinnvoll. Die Therapie basiert derzeit auf der Hormonsubstitution der insuffizienten endokrinen Organe. Bei APS-Typ-II-Patienten mit einer Hypothyreose muss an das gleichzeitige Vorhandensein einer Nebennierenrindeninsuffizienz gedacht werden, da eine Schilddrüsenhormonsubstitution den hepatischen Kortikosteroid- Metabolismus wieder steigert und somit eine Addison-Krise auslösen kann. Im Zweifelsfall soll primär eine Substitution mit Kortisonazetat/ Hydrokortison erfolgen und erst anschliessend die Hypothyreose substituiert werden.
CB2 cannabinoid receptors: new vistas
Authors: Mackie K , Ross R A
Published: January 2008

Over the years CB2 cannabinoid receptors have received much less attention than CB1 receptors, the latter mediating most of the psychoactive effects of cannabis. Primarily this was due to difficulties in assigning a physiological function to CB2 receptors. In recent years this situation has changed, and CB2 receptors have been implicated in processes as diverse as analgesia, hepatic fibrosis, bone growth, and atherosclerosis. This special issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology addresses these and other topics in CB2 receptor research by compiling a series of reviews and primary research papers stemming from a meeting ‘CB22 cannabinoid receptors: New vistas’ that was held in Banff, Canada, from May 31 to June 3, 2007.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 177–178; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707617
Palmatine, a protoberberine alkaloid, inhibits both Ca2+‐ and cAMP‐activated Cl−secretion in isolated rat distal colon
Authors: Wu D Z , Yuan J Y , Shi H L , Hu Z B
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:

The protoberberine alkaloid berberine has been reported to inhibit colonic Cl−secretion. However, it is not known if other protoberberine alkaloids share these effects. We have therefore selected another protoberberine alkaloid, palmatine, to assess its effects on active ion transport across rat colonic epithelium.

Experimental approach:

Rat colonic mucosa was mounted in Ussing chambers and short circuit current (ISC), apical Cl−current and basolateral K+current were recorded. Intracellular cAMP content was determined by an enzyme immunoassay. Intracellular Ca2+concentration was measured with Fura‐2 AM.

Key results:

Palmatine inhibited carbachol‐induced Ca2+‐activated Cl−secretion and the carbachol‐induced increase of intracellular Ca2+concentration. Palmatine also inhibited cAMP‐activated Cl−secretion induced by prostaglandin E2(PGE2) or forskolin. Palmatine prevented the elevation of intracellular cAMP by forskolin. Determination of apical Cl−currents showed that palmatine suppressed the forskolin‐stimulated, apical cAMP‐activated Cl−current but not the carbachol‐stimulated apical Ca2+‐activated Cl−current. Following permeabilization of apical membranes with nystatin, we found that palmatine inhibited a carbachol‐stimulated basolateral K+current that was sensitive to charybdotoxin and resistant to chromanol 293B. However, the forskolin‐stimulated basolateral K+current inhibited by palmatine was specifically blocked by chromanol 293B and not by charybdotoxin.

Conclusions and implications:

Palmatine attenuated Ca2+‐activated Cl−secretion through inhibiting basolateral charybdotoxin‐sensitive, SK4 K+channels, whereas it inhibited cAMP‐activated Cl−secretion by inhibiting apical CFTR Cl−channels and basolateral chromanol 293B‐sensitive, KvLQT1 K+channels.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 1203–1213; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707684; published online 21 January 2008
Effects of St John's wort andCYP2C9genotype on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of gliclazide
Authors: Xu H , Williams K M , Liauw W S , Murray M , Day R O , McLachlan A J
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:

Patients commonly take complementary medicines in conjunction with conventional drugs without clear evidence of safety or the risk of herb–drug interactions. The aim of this study was to assess potential pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) interactions between St John's wort and gliclazide in healthy subjects with different cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) genotypes.

Experimental approach:

A crossover controlled study was conducted in 21 healthy subjects. Each received gliclazide (80 mg) either alone or during 15 days treatment with St John's wort. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0−∞), apparent clearance (CL/F) and elimination half‐life (t1/2) of gliclazide and incremental changes in glucose and insulin AUC0−4were compared.CYP2C9*2andCYP2C9*3alleles were identified using PCR followed by restriction enzyme digestion analysis.

Key results:

St John's wort significantly altered gliclazide pharmacokinetics in all except for four healthy subjects. The mean ratio and 90% confidence interval (CI) of gliclazide AUC0−∞and CL/F were 0.67 (0.55–0.81) and 1.50 (1.24–1.81), respectively, after St John's wort treatment. St John's wort decreased gliclazidet1/2, with mean ratio and 90% CI of 0.85 (0.74–0.93). There were no significant changes in glucose or insulin AUC0−4after St John's wort treatment and no significant differences according toCYP2C9genotype.

Conclusions and implications:

Treatment with St John's wort significantly increases the apparent clearance of gliclazide which is independent ofCYP2C9genotype. People with diabetes receiving this combination should be closely monitored to evaluate possible signs of reduced efficacy.

British Journal of Pharmacology(2008)153, 1579–1586; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707685; published online 21 January 2008
Neurotrophins 3 and 4 differentially regulate NCAM, L1 and N‐cadherin expression during peripheral nerve regeneration
Authors: Thornton Martin R. , Shawcross Susan G. , Mantovani Cristina , Kingham Paul J. , Birchall Martin A. , Terenghi Giorgio
Published: January 2008

The addition of NT‐3 (neurotrophin 3) or NT‐4 to injured nerves improves their regeneration potential and may aid axon guidance. It is not well defined whether NTs (neurotrophins) influence other elements, such as the cell‐adhesion molecules, which promote nerve guidance and regeneration. Using poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate conduits, we applied either NT‐3 or NT‐4 to axotomized rat sciatic nerves and monitored nerve regeneration and cell‐adhesion molecule expression. Regenerating nerves were stained with antibodies against NCAM (neural cell‐adhesion molecule) and N‐cadherin 2 weeks after injury and staining intensity was quantified. NCAM, N‐cadherin and L1 (L1 cell‐adhesion molecule) transcription was measured in the proximal and distal stumps and ipsilateral DRG (dorsal root ganglia) (fourth and fifth DRG) using RT (reverse transcriptase)–PCR. Both NT‐3 and NT‐4 increased NCAM and L1 transcript levels in the DRG of axotomized nerves. This is reflected in the increased NCAM expression at the proximal stump and regeneration front. Increased levels of NCAM were also observed in the distal stump. NT‐4 administration increased N‐cadherin levels proximal to the injury, but not distally. Following NT‐3 administration, N‐cadherin expression decreased in proximal and distal stumps compared with the control. In conclusion, NTs differentially alter adhesion molecule expression in regenerating nerves and transcription in the corresponding DRG, although these changes in expression do not alter NT‐enhanced regeneration. Thus we propose that retrograde transport of the NTs to the DRG affects adhesion molecule transcription, reflected by protein expression in peripheral nerve axons.
A proposed feeding strategy for the overproduction of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli
Authors: Babaeipour Valiollah , Shojaosadati Seyed Abbas , Khalilzadeh Rasoul , Maghsoudi Nader , Tabandeh Fatemeh
Published: January 2008

Different feeding strategies for the production of human interferon‐γ using an isopropyl β‐d‐thiogalactoside‐inducible expression system in recombinant Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) (plasmid pET3a‐ifnγ) were studied. Four fed‐batch modes were designed to compare the effect of μ (specific growth rate) on recombinant‐protein production, substrate consumption, by‐product formation and plasmid stability during pre‐ and post‐chemical induction in high‐cell‐density cultures of E. coli. It was found that Yp/s, the product/substrate yield of interferon‐γ was significantly affected by μ throughout the process, but product/biomass yield (Yp/x) was influenced by μ at the pre‐induction stage. By applying an efficient feeding strategy, in which the μ was maintained at the maximum attainable level, recombinant protein was accumulated up to a level of 60% of the total cell protein and its productivity was increased significantly. In this case, the overall productivities of biomass and recombinant protein were 6.36 and 2.1 respectively, in comparison with 1.91 and 0.16 g·h−1·litre−1 during exponential feeding, in which μ was kept constant throughout the entire process.
Non‐coding RNAs regulating the transcriptional machinery
Authors: Barrandon Charlotte , Spiluttini Béatrice , Bensaude Olivier
Published: January 2008

During the past decade, numerous ncRNAs (non‐coding RNAs) have been identified as regulators of transcription. This review focuses on a few examples of ncRNAs that directly interact with and regulate components of the transcription machinery. Artificial RNA aptamers have been selected against components of the transcriptional machinery. The bacterial 6S RNA and the eukaryotic B2 RNA directly target RNA polymerases. The 7SK RNA, U1 snRNA (small nuclear RNA) and SRA (steroid receptor RNA activator) RNA bind to and regulate the activity of transcription factors. Xist (X‐inactive‐specific transcript) and roX (RNA on the X) RNAs are involved in epigenetic regulation of transcription through the recruitment of histone‐modifying enzymes.
Regeneration characteristics of birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) in low latitude environments in eastern Australia
Authors: Ayres J. F. , Kelman W. M. , Lane L. A. , McCorkell B. E.
Published: January 2008

Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) is a perennial pasture legume with adaptive characteristics and agronomic potential for permanent pastures in the high rainfall temperate zone in eastern Australia. Most birdsfoot trefoil cultivars have been developed for high latitude (>40° north or south) locations, and have long photoperiod (>16 h) requirements for flowering. However, at low latitude (28–32°S) in northern New South Wales (NSW), daylength (~14 h on the summer solstice) provides insufficient photoperiod to stimulate flowering and the level of seed-set needed for effective seedling recruitment. As a precursor to breeding, a study was undertaken to characterise a collection of birdsfoot trefoil populations from low latitude origins. Eight cultivars, two breeding lines and 38 accessions were assessed for flowering prolificacy, seed-set, morphological characteristics and seasonal herbage growth at two sites in northern NSW (Glen Innes 29°42′S, Armidale 30°31′S). None of the cultivars expressed reproductive processes with sufficient intensity to provide the level of seed-set necessary for regeneration. However, three accessions consistently flowered strongly at both sites and expressed desirable agronomic characteristics, and a further 10 accessions and the Australian germplasm BLVR5 flowered strongly at least at one of two sites. These populations provide a genetic base for future cultivar development, so that birdsfoot trefoil might become a perennial legume option for northern NSW and other low latitude regions.
“You belly-guilty bag”
Authors: Chapman Don
Published: January 2008

This article examines the epithets used as insults in Old English, building on Jucker and Taavitsainen (2000). Such epithets were found by examining all uses of the second person pronouns þu and þin in the Dictionary of Old English corpus. Epithets that accompany these pronouns occur in four main contexts, namely saints’ lives, complaints between body and soul, addresses to devils, and addresses to sinners. Nearly all insulting epithets in Old English are highly conventional, both in their use of well-established words from the Old English lexicon and in their reuse of typical epithets, from context to context. Such conventional epithets are typical of insults in other languages and are well motivated by the purpose of insults to demean the target. Yet there remain a handful of epithets that show much originality and creativity. These are mainly used in addresses to devils and complaints between the body and soul, most likely as a means of lampooning and ridiculing the devils and the body before a Christian audience.
Simin Behbahani: Iran's National Poet
Authors: Milani Farzaneh
Published: January 2008

Though Simin Behbahani's poems differ in their command of language, versatility of themes, and originality of images, they are unified from beginning to end by common traits. This poet has consistently been an advocate of individual rights, regardless of gender, class, religion, political affiliation, or ethnicity. She has transformed a conventional and mainly masculine poetic form—the ghazal. With her skillful mastery of poetic devices and techniques, she has integrated a classical genre with a modern vision, blending the old and the new, the masculine and the feminine. She has brought together the discourses of modernity and tradition, which, rather than competing in her work, complement, restructure and reconstruct each other. Hers is high art with popular appeal. This is all the more remarkable because Behbahani's adherence to the prosodic rules of the classical ghazal, her multifaceted outlook, her repeated allusions to prophets, philosophers, writers, literary characters, make great demands on her readers.
‘I Will Rebuild You, Oh My Homeland’: Simin Behbahani's Work and Sociopolitical Discourse
Authors: Talattof Kamran
Published: January 2008

This article analyzes Behbahani's narrative and poetic works as they reflect different sociopolitical discourses over decades and discusses her contribution to the rise of new literary discourses in different periods. These discourses reflect the pre-Revolutionary committed and post-Revolutionary feminist literary movements and, in recent years, an emerging trend toward expression of the cultural exigencies of modernity. This new development results from efforts for renewed literary modernity, in which feminist, reformist, and civil society movements find common ground for concern. Behbahani's poem, “I Will Rebuild You, Oh My Homeland,” is analyzed to show that recent re-readings and public performances of this older piece may signify a literary shift regarding issues of modernity.
Sudanese futures: one country or many?
Authors: El-Affendi Abdelwahab
Published: January 2008

Conflict-prone Sudan is at a decisive cross-roads in its history as the multiple crises gripping the country force on the actors some stark choices. As the world focuses on the spiralling Darfur crisis and offers the wrong prescriptions for its resolution, the optimistically named Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) which ended the war in the south threatens to unravel under the weight of the diverging agendas of the main peace partners. Unless some radical steps are taken to restructure the Sudanese state and address the real causes of conflict in Darfur and elsewhere, the country could fragment and disintegrate, with disastrous consequences for regional peace and security.
Standardizing catch rates: is logbook information by itself enough?
Authors: Bishop J. , Venables W. N. , Dichmont C. M. , Sterling D. J.
Published: January 2008

Bishop, J., Venables, W. N., Dichmont, C. M., and Sterling, D. J. 2008. Standardizing catch rates: is logbook information by itself enough? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 255–266. The goal of the work was to maximize the accuracy of standardized catch per unit effort as an index of relative abundance. Linear regression models were fitted to daily logbook data from a multispecies penaeid trawl fishery in which within-vessel changes in efficiency are common. Two model-fitting strategies were compared. The predictive strategy focused on maximizing the explained variance, and the estimation strategy on finding realistic coefficients for important components of changing catchability. Realistic values could not always be obtained, because the regression factors were not orthogonal, and data on the presence of technology were sometimes unreliable or systematically incomplete. It was not possible to separate fishing power from abundance by analysing logbook data alone; it was necessary to incorporate external information within the standardization model. Therefore, the resultant estimation models incorporated external information and expert knowledge by offsets. There was no single best estimation model. Instead, a series of models provided an envelope of possible changes in relative fishing power and prawn abundance since 1970. Compared with the prediction models, the estimation models revealed different trends in relative fishing power and relative abundance.
CONGENITAL ATRESIA OF THE ILEUM
Authors: Corkill T. F. , Corkill Harold K.
Published: January 2008

1. A case of congenital atresia of the ileum with recovery after ileo‐sigmoidostomy and enterostomy at the age of two days is reported.

2. Various theories of etiology are noted.

3. Surgical treatment is discussed, and a table of published successful cases is presented.
SURGICAL TREATMENT OF LUNG ABSCESS AND OF BRONCHIECTASIS.1
Authors: Bennett L. A.
Published: January 2008

1. The physiology of the pleural cavity, medical treatment, pathological changes and localization of cavities in the lung are considered very briefly,*in so far as they influence surgical treatment of intrapulmonary suppuration.

2. The indications for surgical measures in abscess of the lung and bronchiectasis are discussed.

3. The operative procedures in general use are considered, with details of surgical technique of the operations of external drainage of abscess of the lung, partial cautery lobectomy and phrenic avulsion.
The Treatment of Cardiospasm.
Authors: Brown. Arthur E.
Published: January 2008

Professor H. Starck (Karlsruhe): “Die Behandlung des sogenannten Kardio spasmus (Kardiotonische Speiseröhrenerweiterung)”, Der Chirurg
THE INTRODUCTION OF THE INTERCOSTAL TUBE: AN IMPROVED METHOD
Authors: HOWARD RUSSELL N.
Published: January 2008

The disadvantages of the common methods of introduction of the intercostal tube are pointed out.

An improved technique is described and its advantages are delineated.
Acute Small Bowel Obstruction
Authors: Thomas David
Published: January 2008

The causes of acute small bowel obstruction and the results of its present‐day treatment are reviewed in the light of the case histories of 360 patients who presented with 385 episodes of this condition during the seven‐year period 1959–1965. Support is given for the practice of early operation in the management, and the question of bowel deflation during operation is discussed.
Suture‐Line Neoplastic Recurrence following Large‐Bowel Resection
Authors: Hardy K. J. , Cuthbertson A. M. , Hughes E. S. R.
Published: January 2008

Nineteen patients who had a suture‐line recurrence of a bowel neoplasm are reviewed. This sequela to colonic or rectal resection and anastomosis is most common distally, and following segmental or anterior resections. It was absent after small‐to‐large bowel anastomosis, and following pull‐through resection. Three types of suture‐line recurrence were observed at exploration, and the times of development fell into early and late groups. Prognosis was best where there was mucosal recurrence only and when this developed late.
Gastrocystoplasty in Dogs
Authors: Leong C. H. , Ong G. B.
Published: January 2008

While performing a colocystoplasty for cancer of the urinary bladder, we found that the stomach was low‐lying and that the pylorus could reach the pelvis with ease. It then occurred to us that the pyloric portion of the stomach could be used to replace the urinary bladder, after which the duodenum could be anastomosed to the divided urethra. As we were not certain whether this operation would he feasible, we studied it in dogs. Technically it was difficult, but after losing some dogs we managed to succeed in performing the operation and grafted a pyloric portion of the stomach to the urethra of the dogs. A study was made on both the function of this new bladder and the gastric secretion. After two years we were quite satisfied that the gastric pouch would serve as a urinary bladder and that there was no hyperchlorcæmic acidosis in these dogs.
Acute Primary Inversion of the Caecum
Authors: Salleh Hussein bin Dato
Published: January 2008

A case of acute primary inversion of the caecum is presented. The importance of early operation is stressed. The importance of the condition in the differential diagnosis of appendicitis is mentioned.
Spontaneous Urinary Extravasation: The Problems of Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Ellis David J.
Published: January 2008

Spontaneous extravasation of urine is becoming more frequently recognised. When associated with rupture of the renal pelvis it is more likely to present to a general surgeon as an “acute abdomen” than to a urological surgeon, and unless suspected early will not be diagnosed until after laparotomy has been performed. The case presented demonstrates many of the problems in the diagnosis of this condition, and the management is discussed.
An Unwelcome Cystic Artery
Authors: Nye Daryl , Hardy Kenneth J.
Published: January 2008

This article describes an anatomical variation of the cystic artery which is believed not to have been previously reported. The abnormality consisted of 12 or more sizable branches arising from its posterior division and supplying the posterior inferior segment of the right lobe of the liver. The surgical implications of this abnormality are discussed.
Crohn's Colitis: A Diagnostic Dilemma
Authors: Hoffmann D. C.
Published: January 2008

Considerable confusion surrounds the condition of Crohn's disease of the colon, and delay in diagnosis is frequent. In this paper the classification of colitis is considered, and the reasons for this delay and the frequency of misdiagnosis are discussed.
The Place of Gastrostomy in Abdominal Surgery
Authors: Muir David
Published: January 2008

Gastro‐intestinal decompression with a nasogastric tube is commonly used in abdominal surgery. It has many advantages, but its prolonged use can be associated with certain problems which should be recognized and have been discussed. The use of a Foley catheter gastrostomy as an alternative is described, and the indications for the use of this procedure are discussed. Three illustrative cases from the writer's personal series of 35 are described.
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting: A Review of their Incidence, Causes and Effects
Authors: Mckie B. D.
Published: January 2008

This paper reviews reports on the incidence and importance of postoperative nausea and vomiting, and concludes that the main predisposing factors are the agent and technique used, premedicant drugs, the operation site, the age and sex of the patient and the duratioia of the operation.
Trichobezoar: An Unusual Case of Perforated Gastric Ulcer
Authors: SEWELL I. R. , SPENCER R. R.
Published: January 2008

A brief review of the medical literature on trichobezoar is presented, followed by a case report of the successful surgical management of a case of trichobezoar of the stomach presenting as a perforated gastric ulcer.
Neurilemmoma of the Vagus Nerve in the Neck
Authors: HOLLAND G. W.
Published: January 2008

A case of neurilemmoma of the vagus nerve in the neck is described, in which excision with preservation of the nerve was possible. Attention is drawn to the typical clinical picture presented by these tumours. Recognition of this should make it possible to suspect the diagnosis preperatively and so greatly reduce the risks of operative damage to the vagus nerve
The Desmoid Tumour, A Diagnostic Problem in the Gynæcological Patient: A Report of Four Patients
Authors: KHOO S. K.
Published: January 2008

The case reports of four patients who presented to the gynœcological ward with desmoid tumours are described. Two patients had an abdominal wall tumour, which in one was mistaken for an ovarian mass and in the other for an incisional hernia; the other two patients presented during pregnancy with a pelvic mass, and an initial diagnosis of pelvic hæmatoma was made in both. Because of its rarity, there is frequently a lack of diagnostic awareness of this tumour, particularly in the gynœcological patient. Opinion is divided on the malignant nature of the tumour; the current view is that it is a locally invasive neoplasm which does not metastasize. Management by radical excision without the sacrifice of major nerves or vessels has been recommended.
The Surgical Treatment of Cervical Œsophageal and Laryngopharyngeal Dysphagia
Authors: MILLAR HUGH
Published: January 2008

An account is given of the atiology and treatment of common conditions which cause dysphagia in the laryngopharynx and the cervical œsophagus. Management of cancer is discussed in some detail. Discussion of foreign body and benign strictures due to corrosives and acid regurgitation has been excluded.
Atherosclerotic Ulceration of the Brachiocephalic Artery1
Authors: Lord Reginald S. A. , Berry Neil A.
Published: January 2008

Post‐mortem examination of 130 subjects demonstrated a relatively high incidence of ulcerated atherosclerotic lesions of the aortic arch and proximal great vessels. The most commonly affected location was the origin of the brachiocephalic artery. Two patients are described in whom retinal embolism probably originated from this source. Ulceration of the brachio cephalic artery and other proximal great vessels may be an important source of ocular and neurological disability, as well as constituting a hazard for arteriographic catheters negotiating these arteries, such as occurs during arch aortography and selective catheterization of the brachiocephalic artery.
Flap Repair of a Cervical Œsophageal Stricture
Authors: Brown G. E. , Gray B. N. , Maclaurin C. H. , Williams J. H.
Published: January 2008

A case is described of single caustic stricture of the cervical œsophagus and its correction with a delto‐pectoral flap to provide an insert of skin to overcome the narrowing.
Adenocarcinoma of the Appendix Vermiformis
Authors: Moss Donald I.
Published: January 2008

Adenocarcinoma of the appendix commonly presents as oppendicitis and in many instances is not rccognized macroscopically by either the surgeon or the pathologist Improved prognosis has been shown to follow right hemicolectomy in preference to simple appendicectomy. Histological section of all appendices removed from patients in the susceptible age‐qroup is therefore mandatory.
A Carcinoid Saga
Authors: Battersby Cameron , Egerton William S.
Published: January 2008

The case is reported of a patient who developed the carcinoid syndrome when metastases appeared in the liver after resection of the primary ileal tumour. A right hepatic lobectomy was followed by complete remission of symptoms for 15 months, even though local removal of further liver metastases became necessary because of biochemical evidence of recurrence. Finally, systemic spread of the tumour became apparent. Two years after the original resection the patient appeared to be in the terminal phase of the disease. The protean manifestations of the carcinoid syndrome are reviewed, and the conclusion is reached that surgical removal of liver metastases can produce worth‐while palliation even in the presence of advanced disease. The importance of proper operative management, including anaesthesia, is stressed. More long‐term study and the publication of complete case reports seem necessary to delineate the prognosis of the carcinoid syndrome when this is treated surgically.
The Sequelæ of Inferior Vena Caval Interruption
Authors: Coupland G. A. E. , Reeve T. S.
Published: January 2008

Recurrent pulmonary emboli occurred in 26 of 85 patients (31%) after inferior vena caval interruption to prevent pulmonary emboli. Sequela following this procedure included early problems associated with bleeding, venous thrombosis, the sequestration syndrome, and death. Late sequela were recurrent episodes of venous thrombosis, the post‐phlebitic syndrome and recurrent emboli. Inferior vena caval interruption is associated with significant continuing disability, and it fails to solve the problem it was designed to prevent.
Malignant Parotid Cyst
Authors: Minocha V. R. , Verma K. , Kapur B. M. L.
Published: January 2008

A case of primary malignant cyst of the parotid gland is described, and the possible origins of such cysts are discussed
Upper Limb Emboli: A Reappraisal
Authors: Hodgkinson D. J. , Tracy G. D.
Published: January 2008

Upper limb embolus cannot be regarded as a benign condition, with invariable recovery due to copious collateral circulation. Gangrene of the upper limb may occur, as shown in the series of cases in this report. The overall mortality rate remains considerable, because of associated cardiac disease, recurrent embolism, or both. Emboli proximal to the origin of the profunda brachii artery represent a group associated with higher risk, for which prompt cmbolectomy is often indicated. In embolism due to subclavian aneurysm and with thrombosis, arterial reconstruction should be undertaken, for multiple recurrence is likely. Long‐term anticoagulant therapy is usually required to try to prevent recurrence of embolism if the primary source of the embolus remains