bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A CASE OF PARTIAL PROXIMAL AVULSION OF THE RECTUS FEMORIS MANAGED CONSERVATIVELY WITH GOOD FUNCTIONAL OUTCOME
Authors: Hegde Atmananda S. , Rajasekharan Pranav , Mane Prajwal Prabhudev , Shetty Chethan B.
Published: September 2024

Proximal rectus femoris avulsion is an uncommon injury that is usually seen in athletes, particularly in the Western population. While the existing literature largely focuses on surgical treatment as the main approach, growing evidence suggests that conservative management for these injuries can also be effective. Such injuries are rarely associated with non-sport activities and have not been documented in the Indian population to date. In this report, we present a case of partial proximal avulsion of the rectus femoris that was managed conservatively with a structured rehabilitation programme, leading to good functional outcome.
An extension of Krishnan’s central limit theorem to the Brown–Thompson groups
Authors: Aiello Valeriano
Published: September 2024

In this paper, we extend a Central Limit Theorem, recently established for the Thompson group [Formula: see text] by Krishnan, to the Brown–Thompson groups [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is any integer greater than or equal to [Formula: see text]. The non-commutative probability space considered is the group algebra [Formula: see text], equipped with the canonical trace. The random variables in question are [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] represents the standard family of infinite generators. Analogously to the case of [Formula: see text], it is established that the limit distribution of [Formula: see text] converges to the standard normal distribution. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that for a state corresponding to Jones’s oriented subgroup is denoted by [Formula: see text], such a Central Limit Theorem does not hold.
Investment and Financing Decisions for Fuel Consumption Reduction in a Vehicle Supply Chain
Authors: Yi Yongxi , Chen Jiawei , Zhang Meng , Li Yuqiong
Published: September 2024

This paper models the financing and fuel reduction investment decisions of a supply chain under chain and chain competition to analyze firms’ pricing, product, and investment and financing strategies. In two competing supply chains, one of them is willing to invest in fuel consumption reduction to meet its carbon social responsibility and pursue a competitive. It can choose between two financing models, manufacturer financing and retailer financing, to address the lack of investment capital. Consumers are inclined to purchase low-fuel consumption vehicles due to the cost of use and carbon concerns. Results show that under the model of manufacturer financing, the utility of both the manufacturer and the retailer improves. However, in this model, the fuel consumption reduction is lower than that under the model of retailer financing. If it takes the model of retailer financing, the manufacturer can achieve higher utility than under the model of manufacturer financing, but the retailer’s profits fall rather than increase. So the retailer would not take it unless the manufacturer and government compensate it.
A Simplified Strategy to Simulate the Nonlinear Behavior of Clay for Seismic SSI Analysis
Authors: Zalakizadeh Babak , Rahgozar Mohammad Ali , Talaeitaba Sayed Behzad , Nadi Bahram
Published: September 2024

Proper modeling of the dynamic behavior of the soil significantly affects the accuracy of the soil–structure interaction analysis results. Using nonlinear constitutive models has the highest accuracy in modeling soil behavior under earthquake loading. However, it is not functional for practical engineering purposes because of the high cost and complexity. The equivalent linear method also has many limitations, such as filtering out the high-frequency components of the input excitation, underestimating surface ground motion over long periods, and considerable error in high soil strain levels. The current study aims to present an accurate, simple, and low-cost method to model the nonlinear behavior of clays. This method does not meet the limitations of the traditional methods and fully considers the effect of the influential parameters. The novel central composite design technique was adopted to evaluate the effect of influential variables on the nonlinear behavior of clay and formulate the proposed method. The introduced method is applicable to various building structures, power planets, etc. Numerical analyses performed on the proposed method and nonlinear modeling confirm the accuracy, efficiency, and generality of the proposed method.
Power-Law Modeling for Swift Viscoelastic Assessment in Biological Soft Tissues
Authors: Kang Wei , Li Qiao , Wang Lizhen , Li Yanfei , Fan Yubo
Published: September 2024

In addressing the viscoelastic behavior of biological soft tissues, the precise and expeditious measurement methodologies hold paramount significance, given the intrinsic softness and heightened aqueous content of such substrates. We have introduced an expeditious modality for the characterization of viscoelasticity in biological soft tissues, hinged upon a power-law model. This method has been rigorously validated through ramp–hold tests conducted on mechanically stable hydrogels. Notably, during the Ramp phase, the viscoelastic parameters of the material can be readily extracted. Furthermore, we applied unconfined compression stress-relaxation/creep tests with three different ramp–strain rates, namely [Formula: see text], on both white and gray matter to enable rapid quantification. The results indicate that the predicted curves during the Hold phase exhibit notable consistency with experimental data. Moreover, under quasi-static loading conditions, an increase in strain rate significantly enhances the predictive adaptability. Nonetheless, it is crucial to be mindful of the sensitivity to initial stress conditions. This study offers a promising avenue for the expeditious characterization of soft tissue viscoelasticity. It underscores the feasibility of mechanical characterization metrics from a phenomenological model for the assessment of physiological variations and pathological mechanisms in tissue states.
Dynamic Response of Inflated Dielectric Elastomer Actuators Considering Material Viscoelasticity
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Raut Santosh Kumar , Kashyap Kartik , Joglekar M. M.
Published: September 2024

Dielectric Elastomers (DEs) belong to a class of electrostatically driven ElectroActive Polymers (EAPs) employed effectively in electromechanical transduction technology. Inflated Dielectric Elastomer Actuators (DEAs) represent a special class of electromechanical transducers that exploit electro-elastic instability phenomena to generate out-of-plane axial symmetric deformations of circular membranes made up of non-conductive rubbery materials. Practically, DE membrane-based Inflated DEAs execute the transient motion which is significantly affected by the viscoelastic behavior of the DE membrane. In this paper, we present a nonlinear theoretical electromechanical framework to interrogate the effect of membrane viscoelasticity and strain stiffening effect on the dynamic behavior of the Inflated DEAs. The developed dynamic model investigates the DC and AC response, effects of membrane viscoelasticity on the stability transition, and natural frequencies of the Inflated DEAs. Further, a qualitative corroboration with experimental observations is articulated, highlighting the practical feasibility of the developed model. The results revealed in this study can find its potential use in the efficient design and development of inflated DEAs subjected to a time-dependent motion.
Fuzzy Topological Spaces Generated by Fuzzy Digraphs
Authors: Gholap P. S. , Nikumbh V. E. , Andhare P. G.
Published: September 2024

In this paper, we defined various fuzzy topological spaces on fuzzy digraph and study interrelation between them. Using adjacency relation on fuzzy vertices and fuzzy edges of fuzzy digraph we defined, namely two types of fuzzy topologies, left(right) fuzzy vertex topology and left(right) fuzzy edge topology on fuzzy digraph, respectively. We have obtained results related to fuzzy topology on fuzzy subdigraph [Formula: see text] of fuzzy digraph [Formula: see text]. Separation axioms [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for these fuzzy topological spaces are studied. Some characterization results for fuzzy topological spaces related to isomorphic fuzzy digraphs are given. Further, we have shown that two fuzzy digraphs are isomorphic if and only if their corresponding fuzzy topologies are homeomorphic, this relation on set of fuzzy digraphs forms an equivalence relation. We have also defined and studied fuzzy bitopological spaces on fuzzy digraphs.
IMPACTS OF ECONOMIC GROWTH WITH FOREST PRESERVATION IN THE AMAZON AND CERRADO BIOMES IN BRAZIL
Authors: SOUZA GÉSSICA C. P. , DOMINGUES EDSON PAULO , MAGALHÃES ALINE
Published: September 2024

Brazil is a major agricultural producer and exporter, with agribusiness accounting for 26.6% of the country’s gross domestic product (GDP). The growth of agriculture is the result of increased agricultural productivity and expansion over native vegetation. Deforestation causes direct and indirect changes in land use and increases in gross greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Brazil has ambitious GHG mitigation and deforestation reduction goals, facing a possible tradeoff between environmental conservation and economic growth. The main objective of this research was to analyze the economic and environmental impacts of “Green Growth” scenarios in the main Brazilian biomes. The model built and used for this analysis, the Brazilian Biomes, Land Use and Emissions Economic Model (BLUME), brings important methodological advances for integrated economic modeling with environmental aspects in Brazil. The results indicate that simulated policies would be able to avoid part of national emissions at a relatively small cost compared to national GDP.
Uncovering Core–Periphery Dynamics: Pakistan’s Global Stance and Scope of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor
Authors: Khan Zahid , Guoqing Shi
Published: September 2024

This research delves into core–periphery dynamics in Pakistan’s relations with the United States and China, with a focus on the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). It investigates how these dynamics shape interactions and Pakistan’s global stance. The study analyzes the Pakistan-U.S. relationship, where the U.S. core dominance influences Pakistan’s socioeconomic trajectory. Shifting to the Pakistan-China partnership, China’s dual core–semi-periphery roles define its involvement in CPEC, merging developmental investments with strategic interests. This study employs a comparative analysis to dissect the core–periphery dynamics within Pakistan’s interactions with the United States and China, specifically in the case of CPEC. Correspondingly, the core–periphery framework exposes structural imbalances and the interplay of power, economics, and geopolitics. The research highlights the framework’s insights — revealing traditional core–periphery dynamics in Pakistan-U.S. ties and intricate complexity in Pakistan-China relations. China’s multifaceted role as a developmental supporter and strategic actor adds layers to the narrative. In essence, the core–periphery framework unveils the interwoven narratives of power, economic reliance, and strategic motivations that underpin the evolving global order.
Taliban-Ruled Afghanistan: A New Stimulus for Iran’s Outreaching India
Authors: Bhat Mukhtar Ahmad , Efegil Ertan
Published: September 2024

Historically, Afghanistan has remained an active and one of the determining factors in shaping regional power structure. The U.S. withdrawal from the country is regarded as a turning point in the ongoing regional realignment process. Once the allies in the United States’ “War on Terror” campaign like Russia, Iran, Qatar, and Central Asian Republics have changed their side and are working very actively with the Taliban regime. These countries even consider the regime as the only option that has the capacity to address their national security threats arising from the country. Considering the situation and India’s strained relations with the Taliban, Pakistan, and China, will Iran emerge as a crucial ally for India in safeguarding its national interests and maintaining its strategic influence in Afghanistan and the wider region? This paper aims to analyze how a Taliban-led Afghanistan could impact India’s relationship with Iran. The research adds a new dimension to the analysis of India and Iran relations and highlights the significance of Iran for India in changing regional and global power structures. The research method was based on the review of research articles, reports both governmental and non-governmental, and surveys published in newspapers. The qualitative analysis clarifies and deepens the understanding of the issue.
Estimation of CO
2
saturation maps from synthetic seismic data using a deep-learning method with a multi-scale approach
Authors: Pantaleo Giovanni , Molossi Attilio , Pipan Michele
Published: September 2024

In the context of Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS), monitoring the behaviour of CO
2
within subsurface reservoirs is pivotal for efficient and safe storage operations. This study proposes a new approach to enhance the accuracy of predicting CO
2
saturation maps directly from shot gathers, using a combination of deep learning (DL) and feature extraction methods. We employ a U-Net model, specifically tailored to solve regression tasks, and two-dimensional continuous wavelet transform (2D-CWT) to analyse shot gathers at different scales. We introduce a novel approach using multi-channel input data for the DL model, combining shot gathers and CWT images. The DL model was trained and tested using both single channel and multichannel input. The single channel datasets included shot gathers and CWT images at the first scale, while the multi-channel datasets integrated shot gathers with either two or four scales of CWT. We conducted a sensitivity analysis on the number of training epochs to compare the performance of the model with multichannel and single channel input. Additionally, a Transfer Learning approach was implemented to improve performance in noisy conditions by leveraging knowledge from a pre-trained model on noise-free images. Monte Carlo dropout was used to predict pixel-scale variability and provided a prediction variability with a standard deviation ranging from 0.019 to 0.194, enhancing the robustness of CO
2
saturation estimates. Our results suggest that combining feature extraction using 2D-CWT with the U-Net architecture improves the prediction performance of CO
2
saturation in a synthetic CCS model. Additionally, using multi-channel input instead of single channel is more efficient as it requires less training and prediction time to achieve comparable results. This confirms the effectiveness of 2D-CWT as a pre-processing technique, contributing valuable insights and advances in the field of data-driven geophysical inversion problems.
Palmatolepis gracilis expansa
Zone and
Bispathodus aculeatus aculeatus
Zone conodonts from the Three Lick Bed at the type locality, Ohio Shale, Upper Devonian, eastern Kentucky
Authors: Over D. Jeffrey , Mason Charles E.
Published: September 2024

The pentapartite Three Lick Bed separates the Huron Shale Member of the Ohio Shale from the overlying Cleveland Shale Member, which are part of the Upper Devonian fine-grained marine siliciclastic strata in the Appalachian Basin. Numerous palmatolepid, polygnathid and bispathodid conodonts, as well as a pyritized micro-molluscan dominated benthic fauna, indicate that the Three Lick beds were deposited as a dysoxic to anoxic substrate in an offshore deep shelf to basinal setting. The lower light grey bed of the Three Lick Bed contains a diverse conodont fauna that includes
Palmatolepis gracilis expansa
Sandberg and Ziegler, 1979
, indicative of the
Palmatolepis gracilis expansa
Zone, and the occurrence of
Bisptahodus aculeatus anteposicornis
(
Scott, 1961
) in the middle light grey bed of the Three Lick Bed indicates the start of the
Bispathodus aculeatus aculeatus
Zone.
The Golden Zone temperature distribution of petroleum: part 2
Authors: Nadeau Paul H. , Ehrenberg Stephen N.
Published: September 2024

Our previous study published in 2023 examined the estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) of conventionally recoverable oil, gas and condensate in 1175 of the Earth's largest reservoirs in relation to reservoir temperature and showed that 74% occurs within the ‘Golden Zone’ (GZ) temperature range of 60–120 ± 2°C, with only 6% at higher temperatures. This present article examines the temperature distribution of EUR in 18 geographical regions not covered earlier, including six with EUR distributions skewed towards low temperatures and three with distributions skewed towards high temperatures. A fuller explanation is provided here as to why diagenetic processes are thought to be the main causes of overpressure in deeply buried reservoirs, and a new model is proposed for how the opening of the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans led to the uplift of Arctic continental margins, with possible negative consequences for Arctic exploration potential. Particular attention is given to examples of large reservoirs at temperatures outside the GZ in order to examine the possible factors favouring these occurrences. Most low-temperature cases can be ascribed to tectonic uplift and cooling subsequent to petroleum accumulation, whereas most of the high-temperature reservoirs have low–moderate fluid pressure consistent with preservation of hydrocarbon columns due to open lateral drainage. It is clear that reservoir temperature is a useful parameter for exploration risk analysis but one that should be calibrated using available analogues relevant for each area of interest.
Boki: Towards Data Consistency and Fault Tolerance with Shared Logs in Stateful Serverless Computing
Authors: Jia Zhipeng , Witchel Emmett
Published: September 2024

Bokiis a new serverless runtime that exports a shared log API to serverless functions. Boki shared logs enable stateful serverless applications to manage their state with durability, consistency, and fault tolerance. Boki shared logs achieve high throughput and low latency. The key enabler is the
metalog
, a novel mechanism that allows Boki to address ordering, consistency and fault tolerance independently. The metalog orders shared log records with high throughput and it provides read consistency while allowing service providers to optimize the write and read path of the shared log in different ways. To demonstrate the value of shared logs for stateful serverless applications, we build Boki support libraries that implement fault-tolerant workflows, durable object storage, and message queues. Our evaluation shows that shared logs can speed up important serverless workloads by up to 4.2×.
Overheard: Audio-based Integral Event Inference
Authors: Xu Honghui , Cai Zhipeng , Ma Liran , Li Yingshu , Seo Daehee , Li Wei
Published: September 2024

There is no doubt that the popularity of smart devices and the development of deep learning models bring individuals too much convenience. However, some rancorous attackers can also implement unexpected privacy inferences on sensed data from smart devices via advanced deep-learning tools. Nonetheless, up to now, no work has investigated the possibility of riskier overheard, referring to inferring an integral event about humans by analyzing polyphonic audios. To this end, we propose an Audio-based integraL evenT infERence (ALTER) model and two upgraded models (ALTER-p and ALTER-pp) to achieve the integral event inference. Specifically, ALTER applies a link-like multi-label inference scheme to consider the short-term co-occurrence dependency among multiple labels for the event inference. Moreover, ALTER-p uses a newly designed attention mechanism, which fully exploits audio information and the importance of all data points, to mitigate information loss in audio data feature learning for the event inference performance improvement. Furthermore, ALTER-pp takes into account the long-term co-occurrence dependency among labels to infer an event with more diverse elements, where another devised attention mechanism is utilized to conduct a graph-like multi-label inference. Finally, extensive real-data experiments demonstrate that our models are effective in integral event inference and also outperform the state-of-the-art models.
State of the Art and Potentialities of Graph-level Learning
Authors: Yang Zhenyu , Zhang Ge , Wu Jia , Yang Jian , Sheng Quan Z. , Xue Shan , Zhou Chuan , Aggarwal Charu , Peng Hao , Hu Wenbin , Hancock Edwin , Liò Pietro
Published: September 2024

Graphs have a superior ability to represent relational data, such as chemical compounds, proteins, and social networks. Hence, graph-level learning, which takes a set of graphs as input, has been applied to many tasks, including comparison, regression, classification, and more. Traditional approaches to learning a set of graphs heavily rely on hand-crafted features, such as substructures. While these methods benefit from good interpretability, they often suffer from computational bottlenecks, as they cannot skirt the graph isomorphism problem. Conversely, deep learning has helped graph-level learning adapt to the growing scale of graphs by extracting features automatically and encoding graphs into low-dimensional representations. As a result, these deep graph learning methods have been responsible for many successes. Yet, no comprehensive survey reviews graph-level learning starting with traditional learning and moving through to the deep learning approaches. This article fills this gap and frames the representative algorithms into a systematic taxonomy covering traditional learning, graph-level deep neural networks, graph-level graph neural networks, and graph pooling. In addition, the evolution and interaction between methods from these four branches within their developments are examined to provide an in-depth analysis. This is followed by a brief review of the benchmark datasets, evaluation metrics, and common downstream applications. Finally, the survey concludes with an in-depth discussion of 12 current and future directions in this booming field.
Stackelberg Game-Based Task Offloading for Joint Service Caching and Resource Allocation Optimization in UAV-Assisted VEC
Authors: Li Chunlin , Yu Long , Zeng Sihan , Zhang Yong , Jiang Kun , Wan Shaohua
Published: September 2024

The development of novel applications causes increased demands on the computational capabilities of Vehicular Edge Computing (VEC). Current works have introduced Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) into VEC to solve the resource-constrained problem. However, given the limited storage of UAVs, the key question is to design the offloading strategy and determine which service programs should be cached. In this article, we propose a three-stage game model that aims at providing a precise analysis of the interaction among the Base Station (BS), the UAV, and the User Vehicle (UV). In stage I, the BS is responsible for determining the cache strategy of the UAV and communicating the price strategy to the UVs. In stage II, the UAV communicates the price strategy to the UVs. In stage III, each UV determines its offloading decision based on the price strategy, to minimize the task execution delay and cost. Compared with current approaches, we cache the frequently requested services in the UAV to satisfy the real-time requirements and use game theory to solve the decision-making, which achieves the effect of reducing the delay and cost. The experiment results are performed to assess the convergence and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Integer programs with bounded subdeterminants and two nonzeros per row
Authors: Fiorini Samuel , Joret Gwenaël , Weltge Stefan , Yuditsky Yelena
Published: September 2024

We give a strongly polynomial-time algorithm for integer linear programs defined by integer coefficient matrices whose subdeterminants are bounded by a constant and that contain at most two nonzero entries in each row. The core of our approach is the first polynomial-time algorithm for the weighted stable set problem on graphs that do not contain more than
k
vertex-disjoint odd cycles, where
k
is any constant. Previously, polynomial-time algorithms were only known for
k
=0 (bipartite graphs) and for
k
=1.

We observe that integer linear programs defined by coefficient matrices with bounded subdeterminants and two nonzeros per column can be also solved in strongly polynomial-time, using a reduction to
b
-matching.
Non-Flaky and Nearly Optimal Time-Based Treatment of Asynchronous Wait Web Tests
Authors: Pei Yu , Sohn Jeongju , Habchi Sarra , Papadakis Mike
Published: September 2024

Asynchronous waits are a common root cause of flaky tests and a major time-influential factor of Web application testing. We build a dataset of 49 reproducible asynchronous wait flaky tests and their fixes from 26 open source projects to study their characteristics in Web testing. Our study reveals that developers adjusted wait time to address asynchronous wait flakiness in about 63% of cases (31 out of 49), even when the underlying causes lie elsewhere. From this, we introduce
TRaf
, an automated time-based repair for asynchronous wait flakiness in Web applications.
TRaf
determines appropriate wait times for asynchronous calls in Web applications by analyzing code similarity and past change history. Its key insight is that efficient wait times can be inferred from the current or past codebase since developers tend to repeat similar mistakes. Our analysis shows that
TRaf
can statically suggest a shorter wait time to alleviate async wait flakiness immediately upon the detection, reducing test execution time by 11.1% compared to the timeout values initially chosen by developers. With optional dynamic tuning,
TRaf
can reduce the execution time by 16.8% in its initial refinement compared to developer-written patches and by 6.2% compared to the post-refinements of these original patches. Overall, we sent 16 pull requests from our dataset, each fixing one test, to the developers. So far, three have been accepted by the developers.
Deep API Sequence Generation via Golden Solution Samples and API Seeds
Authors: Huang Yuekai , Wang Junjie , Wang Song , Wei Moshi , Shi Lin , Liu Zhe , Wang Qing
Published: September 2024

Automatic API recommendation can accelerate developers’ programming and has been studied for years. There are two orthogonal lines of approaches for this task, i.e., information retrieval-based (IR-based) approaches and sequence to sequence (seq2seq) model-based approaches. Although these approaches were reported to have remarkable performance, our observation finds two major drawbacks, i.e., IR-based approaches lack the consideration of relations among the recommended APIs, and seq2seq models do not model the API’s semantic meaning. To alleviate the above two problems, we propose APIGens, which is a retrieval-enhanced large language model (LLM)-based API recommendation approach to recommend an API sequence for a natural language query. The approach first retrieves similar programming questions in history based on the input natural language query, and then scores the results based on API documents via a scorer model. Finally, these results are used as samples for few-shot learning of LLM. To reduce the risk of encountering local optima, we also extract API seeds from the retrieved results to increase the search scope during the LLM generation process. The results show that our approach can achieve 48.41% ROUGE@10 on API sequence recommendation and the 82.61% MAP on API set recommendation, largely outperforming the state-of-the-art baselines.
Automated ATT&CK Technique Chaining
Authors: Skjøtskift Geir , Eian Martin , Bromander Siri
Published: September 2024

Incident response teams need to determine what happened before and after an observation of adversary behavior in order to effectively respond to incidents. The MITRE ATT&CK knowledge base provides useful information about adversary behaviors but provides no guidance on what most likely happened before and after an observed behavior. We have developed methods and open source tools to help incident responders answer the questions “What did most likely happen prior to this observation?” and “What are the adversary’s most likely next steps given this observation?” To be able to answer these questions, we combine semantic modeling of subject matter expert knowledge with data-driven methods trained on data from computer security incidents.
Human Rights and Science: Biographical Notes
Authors: Lebowitz Joel L.
Published: September 2024

I describe some of my activities, academic and personal, since coming to the United States in 1946 at the age of 16. It has been a long journey with many ups and downs. I selectively and briefly describe my experiences in a rabbinical school with an attached (parochial) high school, at Brooklyn College, in graduate school at Syracuse University, during a postdoc with Lars Onsager at Yale University, and in my academic positions at Stevens Institute of Technology, Yeshiva University and Rutgers University. I write at greater length about some experiences traveling to the Soviet Union (now Russia) during the period of 1978–1990, where I went to meet with refusenik and dissident scientists. There, I met Andrei Sakharov, whose fight for human rights has been an inspiration to me. I conclude with a talk I recently gave (via film) at the March 2024, meeting of the American Physical Society.
The Psychology of Misinformation Across the Lifespan
Authors: Edelson Sarah M. , Reyna Valerie F. , Singh Aadya , Roue Jordan E.
Published: September 2024

Ubiquitous misinformation on social media threatens the health and well-being of young people. We review research on susceptibility to misinformation, why it spreads, and how these mechanisms might operate developmentally. Although we identify many research gaps, results suggest that cognitive ability, thinking styles, and metacognitive scrutiny of misinformation are protective, but early adverse experiences can bias information processing and sow seeds of mistrust. We find that content knowledge is not sufficient to protect against misinformation, but that it, along with life experiences, provides a foundation for gist plausibility (true in principle, rather than true at the level of verbatim details) that likely determines whether misinformation is accepted and shared. Thus, we present a theoretical framework based on fuzzy-trace theory that integrates the following: knowledge that distinguishes verbatim facts from gist (knowledge that is amplified by cognitive faculties and derived from trusted sources); personality as an information-processing filter colored by experiences; emotion as a product of interpreting the gist of information; and ideology that changes prior probabilities and gist interpretations of what is plausible. The young and the old may be at greatest risk because of their prioritization of social goals, a need that social media algorithms are designed to meet but at the cost of widespread exposure to misinformation.
An Analysis of Infiltration in Furrow Irrigation Channels With Root Water Uptake
Authors: Inna Suma , Manaqib Muhammad , Samudra Vika Dwi , Erhandi Ruly
Published: September 2024

This study discusses infiltration in six irrigation channel types with root water uptake in four types of roots. The mathematical model for the infiltration problem is the Richards equation. This equation is then transformed into a modified Helmholtz equation using the Kirchhoff transformation, dimensionless variables. Subsequently, a numerical solution of the modified Helmholtz equation is obtained using the Dual Reciprocity Boundary Element Method (DRBEM) with a predictor–corrector scheme to result in the numerical values of suction potential, water content, and root water uptake function. In addition, the amount of water absorbed by each root and the water distribution pattern in the channel can be obtained and compared. The results indicate that the minimum water content values occur in both impermeable rectangular and trapezoidal channels, and the highest water uptake values are also observed in the impermeable channels. This is consistent with the physical conditions; as in impermeable channels, water loss downward is limited, and water tends to flow toward the plants.
Potentially Toxic Elements’ Accumulation and Health Risk of Consuming Vegetables Cultivated along the Accra‐Tema Motorway
Authors: Boahen Ebenezer , Fosu-Mensah Benedicta Yayra , Koranteng Samuel S. , Darko Daniel A. , Obuobi Gerald , Mensah Michael
Published: September 2024

Vegetables cultivated close to highways have the potential to accumulate potentially toxic elements (PTEs), either through uptake from contaminated soil or via atmospheric deposition from vehicular emissions, and pose health risks when ingested by humans. The study investigated the concentrations of chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in lettuce (Lactuca sativa), African eggplant (Solanum melongena), and jute leaves (Corchorus olitorius) at distances 0–10, 50, and 200 m and the health risk of consuming these vegetables. Vegetable samples were digested using an automated digester, Behrotest model K8, and levels of potentially toxic elements were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) PinAAcle 900T. The mean element concentrations investigated in the three vegetables exceeded the WHO/FAO recommended limits except for Cu and Mn concentrations. The estimated mean concentrations of potentially toxic elements in the vegetables decreased with increasing distance from the edge of the road except for cadmium concentrations in African eggplant and chromium concentrations in jute leaves at 50 and 200 m distances. The estimated hazard index (HI) of potentially toxic elements in the vegetables in both children and adults was greater than 10 (HI > 10) and hence poses a possible health risk if ingested. The HI values for the various elements decreased with increasing distance from the edge of the road in lettuce and jute leaves, except for African eggplant, where the HI values increased with increasing distance from the edge of the road. Of the seven PTEs investigated, Cd, Cr, and Ni contributed the most to the overall HI in all the vegetables. It was further observed that the carcinogenic risk (CR) and total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for chromium and cadmium in the vegetables exceeded the threshold level of CR > 10−6 and TCR > 10−4 except for the cadmium value found in African eggplant at 200 m from the road. It is therefore recommended that the cultivation of vegetables along the highway should be halted as these vegetables pose potential health risks when consumed.
Lung Cancer Screening Uptake under the Revised United States Preventive Services Task Force Guideline: Assessing Disparities
Authors: Gudina Abdi T. , Kamen Charles S. , Hirko Kelly A. , Adler David H. , Ossip Deborah J. , Williams Edith M. , Cheruvu Vinay K. , Cupertino Ana-Paula
Published: September 2024

Background:

Scanning with low-dose computed tomography reduces lung cancer mortality by 20% among high-risk individuals. Despite its efficacy, the uptake of lung cancer screening (LCS) remains low. Our study aimed to estimate state-level and nationwide LCS rates among eligible individuals and to assess disparities in LCS uptake.

Methods:

Data for this study were obtained from the 2022 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to model the associations between predictors and outcome variables and to examine LCS variability across states.

Results:

Of the 28,071 participants eligible for LCS, 17.24% underwent LCS. Participants ages 65 to 79 years were [OR, 1.75; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.54–1.99] more likely to undergo LCS than their younger counterparts. Those who were female (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.73–0.94); divorced, separated, or widowed (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.74–0.98); without health insurance (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.22–0.53); without a primary care provider (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.19–0.44); and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or those who did not disclose their chronic obstructive pulmonary disease status (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.31–0.40 and OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.19–0.73, respectively) were less likely to undergo LCS than their respective counterparts. LCS uptake also varied significantly across U.S. states.

Conclusions:

We observed a low uptake of LCS overall and significant variability in LCS uptake by sociodemographic and health-related factors, as well as by state of residence.

Impact:

The findings from this study have important implications for community health workers and healthcare clinicians and indicate the need to design effective interventions to increase LCS uptake, targeting specific subgroups of populations and particular U.S. states.

See related In the Spotlight, p. 9
Supplementary Figures 1 from Platinum-Based Chemotherapy Induces Opposing Effects on Immunotherapy Response-Related Spatial and Stromal Biomarkers in the Bladder Cancer Microenvironment
Authors: Chelushkin Maksim A. , van Dorp Jeroen , van Wilpe Sandra , Seignette Iris M. , Mellema Jan-Jaap J. , Alkemade Maartje , Gil-Jimenez Alberto , Peters Dennis , Brugman Wim , Stockem Chantal F. , Hooijberg Erik , Broeks Annegien , van Rhijn Bas W.G. , Mertens Laura S. , van der Heijden Antoine G. , Mehra Niven , van Montfoort Maurits L. , Wessels Lodewyk F.A. , Vis Daniel J. , van der Heijden Michiel S.
Published: September 2024

All supplementary figures
Supplementary Figure S5 from Spatial Heterogeneity of Immune Regulators Drives Dynamic Changes in Local Immune Responses, Affecting Disease Outcomes in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Karamitopoulou Eva , Wenning Anna S. , Acharjee Animesh , Aeschbacher Pauline , Marinoni Ilaria , Zlobec Inti , Gloor Beat , Perren Aurel
Published: September 2024

Suppl. Figure S5: Unbiased hierarchical clustering of the transcriptomic data of the immune and stromal cell compartment (Pancytokeratin-CD45+ and PanCK-CD45-) led to identification of three clusters: “immune excluded”, “immune neutral” and “immune activated”) representing different activation levels of the 72 immune pathway genes across the 220 PDACs.
Supplementary Video S1 from Interim Phase II Results Using Panitumumab-IRDye800CW during Transoral Robotic Surgery in Patients with Oropharyngeal Cancer
Authors: Stone Logan D. , Kasten Benjamin B. , Rao Shilpa , Gonzalez Manuel. L. , Stevens Todd M. , Lin Diana , Carroll William , Greene Benjamin , Moore Lindsay S. , Fuson Andrew , James Sherin , Hartman Yolanda E. , McCammon Susan , Panuganti Bharat , Nabell Lisle M. , Li Yufeng , Li Mei , Bailey Luke , Rosenthal Eben L. , Jeyarajan Harishanker , Thomas Carissa M. , Warram Jason M.
Published: September 2024

Supplementary Video S1: Late-resection intraoperative brightfield and robot fluorescence views of representative OPSCC cases.
Figure S3 from Overcoming Osimertinib Resistance with AKT Inhibition in EGFRm-Driven Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer with PIK3CA/PTEN Alterations
Authors: Grazini Ursula , Markovets Aleksandra , Ireland Lucy , O’Neill Daniel , Phillips Benjamin , Xu Man , Pfeifer Matthias , Vaclova Tereza , Martin Matthew J. , Bigot Ludovic , Friboulet Luc , Hartmaier Ryan , Cuomo Maria E. , Barry Simon T. , Smith Paul D. , Floc’h Nicolas
Published: September 2024

Figure S3: PC9 PIK3CAm or HCC827 PTENKO cells display diminished osimertinib-mediated apoptotic response that cannot be enhanced by co-treatment with capivasertib.
Data from Low-Dose Ionizing γ-Radiation Elicits the Extrusion of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
Authors: Teijeira Alvaro , Garasa Saray , Ochoa Maria C. , Sanchez-Gregorio Sandra , Gomis Gabriel , Luri-Rey Carlos , Martinez-Monge Rafael , Pinci Beatrice , Valencia Karmele , Palencia Belen , Barbés Benigno , Bolaños Elixabet , Azpilikueta Arantza , García-Cardosa Marina , Burguete Javier , Eguren-Santamaría Iñaki , Garate-Soraluze Eneko , Berraondo Pedro , Perez-Gracia Jose L. , de Andrea Carlos E. , Rodriguez-Ruiz Maria E. , Melero Ignacio
Published: September 2024

AbstractPurpose:
Patients with cancer frequently undergo radiotherapy in their clinical management with unintended irradiation of blood vessels and copiously irrigated organs in which polymorphonuclear leukocytes circulate. Following the observation that such low doses of ionizing radiation are able to induce neutrophils to extrude neutrophil extracellular traps (NET), we have investigated the mechanisms, consequences, and occurrence of such phenomena in patients undergoing radiotherapy.
Experimental Design:
NETosis was analyzed in cultures of neutrophils isolated from healthy donors, patients with cancer, and cancer-bearing mice under confocal microscopy. Cocultures of radiation-induced NETs, immune effector lymphocytes, and tumor cells were used to study the effects of irradiation-induced NETs on immune cytotoxicity. Radiation-induced NETs were intravenously injected to mice for assessing their effects on metastasis. Circulating NETs in irradiated patients with cancer were measured using ELISA methods for detecting MPO–DNA complexes and citrullinated histone 3.
Results:
Irradiation of neutrophils with very low γ-radiation doses (0.5–1 Gy) elicits NET formation in a manner dependent on oxidative stress, NADPH oxidase activity, and autocrine IL8. Radiation-induced NETs interfere with NK cell and T-cell cytotoxicity. As a consequence, preinjection of irradiation-induced NETs increases the number of successful metastases in mouse tumor models. Increases in circulating NETs were readily detected in two prospective series of patients following the first fraction of their radiotherapy courses.
Conclusions:
NETosis is induced by low-dose ionizing irradiation in a neutrophil-intrinsic fashion, and radiation-induced NETs are able to interfere with immune-mediated cytotoxicity. Radiation-induced NETs foster metastasis in mouse models and can be detected in the circulation of patients undergoing conventional radiotherapy treatments.

See related commentary by Mowery and Luke, p. 3965
Data from Tumor-Localized Interleukin-2 and Interleukin-12 Combine with Radiation Therapy to Safely Potentiate Regression of Advanced Malignant Melanoma in Pet Dogs
Authors: Stinson Jordan A. , Barbosa Matheus Moreno P. , Sheen Allison , Momin Noor , Fink Elizabeth , Hampel Jordan , Selting Kim A. , Kamerer Rebecca L. , Bailey Keith L. , Wittrup Karl D. , Fan Timothy M.
Published: September 2024

AbstractPurpose:
Cytokines IL2 and IL12 exhibit potent anticancer activity but suffer a narrow therapeutic window due to off-tumor immune cell activation. Engineering cytokines with the ability to bind and associate with tumor collagen after intratumoral injection potentiated response without toxicity in mice and was previously safe in pet dogs with sarcoma. Here, we sought to test the efficacy of this approach in dogs with advanced melanoma.
Patients and Methods:
This study examined 15 client-owned dogs with histologically or cytologically confirmed malignant melanoma that received a single 9-Gy fraction of radiotherapy, followed by six cycles of combined collagen-anchored IL2 and IL12 therapy every 2 weeks. Cytokine dosing followed a 3 + 3 dose escalation design, with the initial cytokine dose chosen from prior evaluation in canine sarcomas. No exclusion criteria for tumor stage or metastatic burden, age, weight, or neuter status were applied for this trial.
Results:
Median survival regardless of the tumor stage or dose level was 256 days, and 10/13 (76.9%) dogs that completed treatment had CT-measured tumor regression at the treated lesion. In dogs with metastatic disease, 8/13 (61.5%) had partial responses across their combined lesions, which is evidence of locoregional response. Profiling by NanoString of treatment-resistant dogs revealed that B2m loss was predictive of poor response to this therapy.
Conclusions:
Collectively, these results confirm the ability of locally administered tumor-anchored cytokines to potentiate responses at regional disease sites when combined with radiation. This evidence supports the clinical translation of this approach and highlights the utility of comparative investigation in canine cancers.
Data from CSF1R Inhibition in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors or Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor: A Phase I Study of Vimseltinib
Authors: Gelderblom Hans , Razak Albiruni A. , Taylor Matthew H. , Bauer Todd M. , Wilky Breelyn , Martin-Broto Javier , Gonzalez Alejandro F. , Rutkowski Piotr , Szostakowski Bartlomiej , Alcindor Thierry , Saleh Ramy , Genta Sofia , Stacchiotti Silvia , van de Sande Michiel , Wagner Andrew J. , Bernthal Nicholas , Davis Lara E. , Vuky Jacqueline , Tait Christopher , Matin Bahar , Narasimhan Supraja , Sharma Maitreyi G. , Ruiz-Soto Rodrigo , Sherman Matthew L. , Tap William D.
Published: September 2024

AbstractPurpose:
Tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT) is a locally aggressive neoplasm caused by dysregulation of the colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) gene and overexpression of the CSF1 ligand. Surgery is the standard of care for most patients, but there are limited treatment options for patients with TGCT not amenable to surgery. This study evaluates vimseltinib, an investigational, oral, switch-control tyrosine kinase inhibitor designed to selectively and potently inhibit the CSF1 receptor.
Patients and Methods:
This first-in-human, multicenter, open-label phase I/II study of vimseltinib in patients with malignant solid tumors (N = 37) or TGCT not amenable to surgery (N = 32) followed a pharmacologically guided 3 + 3 study design (NCT03069469). The primary objectives were to assess safety and tolerability, determine the recommended phase II dose, and characterize the pharmacokinetics; exploratory objectives included pharmacodynamics and efficacy.
Results:
Vimseltinib was well tolerated; the majority of non-laboratory treatment-emergent adverse events were of grade 1/2 severity. There was no evidence of cholestatic hepatotoxicity or drug-induced liver injury. The recommended phase II dose was determined to be 30 mg twice weekly (no loading dose), and vimseltinib plasma exposure increased with the dose. In patients with TGCT, the median treatment duration was 25.1 months (range, 0.7–46.9), and the objective response rate as assessed by independent radiological review using RECIST version 1.1 was 72%.
Conclusions:
Vimseltinib demonstrated long-term tolerability, manageable safety, dose-dependent exposure, and robust antitumor activity in patients with TGCT not amenable to surgery.