bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Antibody Panel for Immunohistochemical Analysis of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Hematopoietic Neoplasms of Mice: Analysis of Mouse Specific and Human Antibodies Cross-Reactive with Murine Tissue
Authors: Kunder Sandra , Calzada-Wack Julia , Hölzlwimmer Gabriele , Müller Jacqueline , Kloss Claudia , Howat Will , Schmidt Jörg , Höfler Heinz , Warren Madhuri , Quintanilla-Martinez Leticia
Published: March 2007

Immunohistochemistry is an indispensable tool in human pathology enabling immunophenotypic characterization of tumor cells. Immunohisto-chemical analyses of mouse models of human hematopoietic neoplasias have become an important aspect for comparison of murine entities with their human counterparts. The aim of this study was to establish a diagnostic antibody panel for analysis of murine lymphomas/leukemias, useful in formalin-fixed/paraffin-embedded tissue. Overall, 48 antibodies (4 rabbit monoclonal, 12 rabbit polyclonal, 2 goat polyclonal, 11 rat, and 19 mouse monoclonal), which were either mouse-specific (14) or cross-reactive with murine tissue (34) were tested for staining quality and diagnostic value in 468 murine hematopoietic neoplasms. Specific staining was achieved with 29 antibodies, of which 18 were human antibodies cross-reactive with murine tissue. Only 23 (B220, BCL-2, BCL-6, CD117, CD138 (2×), CD3 (2×), CD43, CD45, CD5, CD79αcy, cyclin D1, Ki-67 (2×), Mac-3, Mac-2, lysozyme, mast cell tryptase, MPO, Pax-5, TdT, and TER-119) were regarded as valuable for diagnostic evaluation. Immunohistochemistry was also established in an automated immunostainer for high throughput analysis. The antibody panel developed is useful for the classification of murine lymphomas and leukemias analyzed, and a valuable tool for human and veterinary pathologists involved in the diagnostic interpretation of murine models of hematopoietic neoplasias.
Occult Cardiotoxicity: Subtoxic Dosage of Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane Impairs Cardiac Response to Simulated Ischemic Injury
Authors: Golomb Eliahu , Schneider Aviva , Houminer Esther , Dunnick June , Kissling Grace , Borman Joseph B. , Nyska Abraham , Schwalb Herzl
Published: March 2007

The effect of Bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane (CEM) on myocardial response to ischemia was tested in rats. CEM was dermally applied for 3 days to F344/N male rats, at 0, 100, 400, or 600 mg/kg/d. Subsequently, left ventricular sections were prepared from each rat heart. Part of the sections from each heart were exposed to 90 minutes of simulated ischemia, followed by 90 minutes of reoxygenation. The rest of the sections were continuously oxygenated. Mitochondrial activity was assessed in the sections by the MTT colorimetric assay, reflecting dehydrogenases redox activity. Myocardial toxicity occurred in response to 400 and 600 mg/kg, characterized by myofiber vacuoles, necrosis, and mononuclear infiltrates. The latter dose was lethal. In sections from rats treated with 400 mg/kg CEM, redox activity was decreased by 21% ( p < 0.01) in oxygenated conditions and by 45% ( p < 0.01) in ischemia-reoxygenation, compared to controls. Hearts of rats treated with 100 mg/kg/d CEM showed normal histology. Their mitochondrial activity did not differ from that of untreated rat hearts in oxygenated conditions. However, in ischemia-reoxygenation, their redox activity was significantly lower (by 46%, p < 0.01) than that of untreated rat hearts. These results demonstrate that subtoxic dosage of a cardiotoxic agent may cause occult cardiotoxicity, reflected by impaired response to ischemia.
Spermatogenesis in the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis): A Practical Guide for Routine Morphological Staging
Authors: Dreef Henriette C. , van Esch Eric , De Rijk Eveline P. C. T.
Published: March 2007

The cynomolgus monkey ( Macaca fascicularis) is widely used in regulatory toxicity studies. Especially in studies on male contraception, the male reproductive tract can be an important target system. The aim of the present paper is to describe a practical approach for morphological staging of spermatogenesis in routinely prepared paraffin sections. Results obtained using this approach could help to determine possible drug-related effects on spermatogenesis. As a guide to the investigators, photomicrographs of Bouin-fixed, paraffin-embedded and H&E or PAS stained sections from testis tissue are presented to illustrate the twelve successive morphological stages (cell associations) of normal spermatogenesis. Sexually immature or peripubertal monkeys sometimes are included in toxicity studies. Since the morphological features of the testes of such monkeys can be mistaken for treatment-related abnormalities, the morphologic characteristics of these testes are described and discussed briefly.
Opportunities for Air Pollutant and Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction through Local Transport Plannin
Authors: Wood F. Ruth , Burgan Melissa , Dorling Steve , Warren Rachel
Published: March 2007

This paper has three main objectives: firstly, to provide quantitative information on the potential greenhouse gas and air pollutant emissions reductions resulting from a number of future road transport scenarios; secondly, to illustrate the emission reduction measures available to local transport planners; and thirdly, to highlight the potential for these measures to be integrated into strategies that deliver other transport priorities. The results are drawn from a case study of Norfolk in the UK. We conclude that while technology can play a large part in reducing emissions of air pollutants, demand management is crucial to the delivery of long term greenhouse gas emission reduction and ultimately of air pollutant emissions too.
An Exploratory Review of the Role of Ecological Modernisation in Supporting Local Economies' Green Drive
Authors: Morad Munir
Published: March 2007

This paper will explore how the principles of Ecological Modernisation (EM) can help reconcile local economies with rising environmental costs and threats, especially for small and medium size enterprises (SMEs). The author will also identify the contexts of current business concerns, vis-a` -vis environmental costs, and the prospects of adapting to climate change; and will highlight the EM principles and policies that are aimed at mitigating the ecological footprints of local economic activities.
Mainstreaming Sustainable Development - A Case Study: Ashton Hayes is going Carbon Neutral
Authors: Alexander Roy , Hope Max , Degg Martin
Published: March 2007

The Parish Council of Ashton Hayes in Cheshire voted in November 2005 to try to become England's first carbon neutral village. This grass roots project has grown rapidly in its first year and has engaged a large proportion of village residents. The project has produced a number of impacts on the community and the wider region and these are being evaluated in terms of their environmental, economic and social dimensions. This paper describes the process of project development and implementation and draws some general conclusions from this experience before going on to consider some of the findings of the initial evaluation of the project. We conclude by suggesting that Ashton Hayes provides an interesting case study of a community-led attempt to bring sustainable development into the mainstream and that the challenge remains, as with many community-led initiatives, of how to translate the considerable early momentum of the project into sustainable forms of participation and behaviour.
Lipoleiomyoma of the peritoneum
Authors: Vasconcelos C. , Cunha T. M. , Félix A.
Published: March 2007

Lipoleiomyomas are rare, mixed mesenchymal tumors composed of adipose and smooth muscle cells. They usually arise from the uterus, with extrauterine tumors being extremely rare. The imaging and gross appearance is similar to other tumors with these constituents. Recognition of this rare and benign tumor is of great importance, in order to avoid erroneous diagnosis. We present a case of an extrauterine lipoleiomyoma with minimal amounts of fat, only identified by MRI. The extrauterine location was highlighted by multiplanar MRI, and the presence of a capsule suggested a benign tumor.
Characteristics of timed barium esophagogram in newly diagnosed idiopathic achalasia: clinical and manometric correlates
Authors: Andersson M. , Kostic S. , Ruth M. , Lönroth H. , Kjellin A. , Hellström M. , Lundell L.
Published: March 2007

Purpose: To describe timed barium esophagogram (TBE) characteristics in patients with newly diagnosed idiopathic achalasia, and to correlate these with clinical and manometric variables.

Material and Methods: Forty-six consecutive patients with newly diagnosed achalasia were examined with TBE. Esophageal emptying was assessed using the height, area, and volume of the barium column. Subjective evaluation was performed according to a standardized protocol in all patients. Objective diagnostic evaluation included manometry.

Results: At the 1-min time point after contrast ingestion, the static parameters median height, maximum, and mean width of the barium column were 16.0, 4.4, and 3.3 cm, respectively. Emptying, expressed as volume of barium, showed significant inverse correlation with the resting and the maximal relaxing pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) ( R = −0.34 and R = −0.54, respectively). There was also an inverse correlation between emptied volume at TBE and the duration of symptoms ( R = −0.36), and between barium column width and postprandial chest pain ( R = −0.44).

Conclusion: All patients with newly diagnosed achalasia presented with delayed emptying of barium the esophagus at TBE. The estimated emptied volume of barium (related to the ingested volume) correlated inversely with the basal tone and the relaxation pressure of the LES. Including estimation of the volume of emptied barium at TBE resulted in closer correlation with manometric values of LES tone than using the parameters traditionally recorded.
Internal carotid artery stenosis with ipsilateral persistent hypoglossal artery presenting as a multiterritorial embolic infarction: a case report
Authors: Pyun H. W. , Lee D. H. , Kwon S. U. , Lee J. H. , Choi C. G. , Kim S. J. , Suh D. C.
Published: March 2007

Persistent hypoglossal artery (PHA) is a relatively rare vascular anomaly of persistent carotid-basilar anastomosis. We have treated a patient with stenosis of the internal carotid artery which was combined with PHA and who presented with multiple small embolic infarcts in multiple vascular territories. It is important to know that a persistent carotid-basilar anastomosis could be one of the causes bringing about acute infarction in both the anterior and posterior vascular territories, mimicking cardioembolism.
Imaging of four-corner fusion (SLAC arthrodesis) of the wrist with 64-slice computed tomography
Authors: Ekelund L. , Hagberg L. , Hörberg L. , Jörgsholm P. , Gunnarsson M.
Published: March 2007

Purpose: To find out whether it is possible to evaluate the healing of wrist arthrodesis, carried out with a metallic spider plate, by means of 64-slice computed tomography (CT).

Material and Methods: 18 CT examinations were performed in 12 patients 2 weeks to 37 months following scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC) arthrodesis fixed with a metallic plate. Ten patients also had plain films of the wrist. Radiation doses were estimated.

Results: Plain films were difficult to evaluate due to overprojection of the spider plate. With 64-slice CT, however, it was possible to evaluate the healing process in all patients in spite of metallic artifacts. Radiation doses were low.

Conclusion: The healing of SLAC arthrodesis of the wrist is difficult to evaluate with conventional radiography due to the metallic plate. By means of 64-slice CT, however, it was possible to “see under” the plate in all 12 patients.
Forty-slice spiral computed tomography of the coronary arteries: assessment of image quality and diagnostic accuracy in a non-selected patient population
Authors: Grosse C. , Globits S. , Hergan K.
Published: March 2007

Purpose: To investigate prospectively the image quality and diagnostic accuracy of 40-slice computed tomography (CT) for the detection of hemodynamically significant coronary artery disease (CAD) in a non-selected, consecutive patient cohort.

Material and Methods: Forty consecutive patients (28 men, 12 women) underwent both 40-slice CT and conventional invasive coronary angiography (ICA) within 10±7 days. The results of both methods were compared on a per-segment and per-patient basis, using ICA as the standard of reference.

Results: According to ICA, significant CAD was present in 30/40 patients (75%). Of a total of 545 segments, 43 segments (7.9%) could not be sufficiently evaluated by CT due to motion artifacts in 15 segments (34.9%), small vessel size and suboptimal contrast enhancement in 14 segments (32.6%), severe calcification in 10 segments (23.3%), and opacified adjacent structures such as cardiac veins in four segments (9.3%). Segment-based analysis for detection of significant stenosis >50% yielded an overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 87%, 99%, 98%, and 95%, respectively. Restricting the assessment to clinically relevant proximal coronary segments led to an increase in sensitivity to 96%, specificity to 99%, and negative predictive value to 99%. Patient-based analysis demonstrated a high negative predictive value (91%) of CT for excluding significant CAD, even when all segments were included in the analysis.

Conclusion: In a non-selected patient population with a high prevalence of CAD, 40-slice CT demonstrates high diagnostic accuracy in the assessment of significant CAD per patient and per segment.
Evaluation of the triangular fibrocartilage in cadaveric wrists by means of arthrography, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and MR arthrography
Authors: Berná-Serna J. D. , MartÍnez F. , Reus M. , Alonso J. , Doménech G. , Campos M.
Published: March 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of arthrography, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and MR arthrography in the detection and localization of defects of the triangular fibrocartilage (TFC) in cadaveric wrists, using arthroscopy as a reference standard.

Material and Methods: Twenty-four specimen wrists were evaluated. The different imaging modalities were blinded to reviewers and were interpreted independently. A classification of TFC defects was used for the evaluation of images in the different imaging modalities, thus permitting a more uniform correlation. Two cases were excluded from the MR imaging study because of poor image quality. Contingency tables with the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test were used for statistical analysis.

Results: Defects of the TFC were identified in 17 of the 24 specimen wrists by means of arthroscopy, and 16 defects were observed when arthrography was carried out. With MR imaging 14 defects of the TFC were detected in the 22 specimen wrists evaluated, and with MR arthrography 16 defects were observed. Most defects were central or combined (two or more defects). In comparison to arthroscopy, the accepted diagnostic gold standard, the following results were found for arthrography in the detection of TFC defects: sensitivity 95%, specificity 100%, and accuracy 95% ( P<0.0005); for MR imaging: sensitivity 86%, specificity 85%, and accuracy 70% ( P<0.002); and for MR arthrography: sensitivity 100%, specificity 85%, and accuracy 95% ( P<0.0005).

Conclusion: The results of the study seem to indicate that both arthrography and MR arthrography have high accuracy, and either would be useful for evaluation of the TFC. The combined approach using both techniques would have a very high accuracy equivalent to that resulting from arthroscopy.
Multidetector computed tomography in acute knee injuries: assessment of cruciate ligaments with magnetic resonance imaging correlation
Authors: Mustonen A. O. T. , Koivikko M. P. , Haapamaki V. V. , Kiuru M. J. , Lamminen A. E. , Koskinen S. K.
Published: March 2007

Purpose: To evaluate whether non-contrast multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) for suspected acute knee fractures can also be used to evaluate cruciate ligament pathology.

Material and Methods: A total of 42 patients (17–65 years) underwent four-section MDCT. The images were independently evaluated at clinical workstations by four radiologists. They assessed the integrity (normal or torn) and the best slice direction (axial, sagittal, or coronal) for visualization of the cruciate ligaments. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), performed within 4 weeks (mean 6 days) in relation to MDCT, was considered the gold standard.

Results: Ligament integrity at MDCT: the mean interobserver proportion of agreement for a normal anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) was 0.73, for a torn ACL 0.41, for a normal posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) 0.96, and for a torn PCL 0.54. Interobserver variation for ACL was significant ( P = 0.0136–0.0260), but insignificant for PCL ( P = 0.3389–0.7212). Intra-observer variation was insignificant. Visualization was best in the axial and sagittal direction for ACL and PCL, respectively. At MRI, 29 normal, one partially, and 12 completely torn ACLs, and 37 normal, four partially and one completely torn PCL were found.

Conclusion: MDCT can detect an intact ACL and PCL with good specificity, accuracy, and negative predictive value. The assessment of torn ligaments is unreliable.
Iodixanol in multidetector-row computed tomography angiography (MDCTA): diagnostic accuracy for abdominal aorta and abdominal aortic major-branch diseases using four-, eight- and 16-detector-row CT scanners
Authors: Nonent M. , Thouveny F. , Simons P. , Cappeliez O. , Reiser M. F. , Duddalwar V. , Bonomo L. , Liessi G.
Published: March 2007

Purpose: To compare iodixanol-enhanced multidetector-row computed tomography angiography (MDCTA) with digital subtraction angiography (DSA), perioperative angiography, or surgical findings in the evaluation of the abdominal aorta and its main branches.

Material and Methods: 173 patients with known or suspected aortic aneurysms or stenosis/occlusion of the abdominal aorta or its major branches were enrolled. The iso-osmolar contrast medium iodixanol (320 mg Ι/ml) was used, and data were acquired using four-, eight-, or 16-active-detector-row scanners. Reference diagnoses were provided by surgical findings, interventional findings, or DSA. Diagnostic accuracy was estimated with reference to surgery or interventional arteriography or DSA. Image quality was assessed as excellent, good, sufficient, or insufficient, and correlations were made with attenuation values in the aortic lumen. Tolerability of iodixanol was monitored during the injection for discomfort and other adverse events, and for 72 hours after contrast injection.

Results: In 132 of 136 evaluable cases, MDCTA diagnosis matched the reference diagnosis, yielding an agreement rate of 97.1% (95% CI 92.6–99.2%). The quality of most MDCTA scans (147/173) was rated as excellent. Overall mean attenuation was 305.7 HU. MDCTA appeared more accurate than DSA for identification of lesion calcification, thrombus, irregularity, and ulceration. Tolerability of iodixanol was good, and no serious adverse events were reported.

Conclusion: MDCTA using iodixanol is a promising, noninvasive alternative for evaluating patients with abdominal aortic disease.
Quantitative magnetic resonance techniques in the evaluation of intracranial tuberculomas
Authors: Vasudev M. K. , Jayakumar P. N. , Srikanth S. G. , Nagarajan K. , Mohanty A.
Published: March 2007

Purpose: To evaluate intracranial tuberculomas using quantitative magnetic resonance (MR) techniques such as T2 relaxometry, magnetization transfer (MT), and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI).

Material and Methods: Thirty-three patients with intracranial tuberculomas (histologically confirmed in 22) were evaluated using proton density/T2-weighted, T1-weighted (with and without MT), and echo-planar diffusion-weighted imaging sequences. T2 relaxation times, MT ratios (MTR), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were calculated from the center of the lesion, the periphery, perilesional edema, and contralateral normal white matter. The mean and standard deviation values of each variable were calculated and correlated using Pearson's test ( P = 0.05).

Results: The measured mean values of T2 relaxation time, MTR, and ADC in the center of lesions were 155.5 ms, 14.1, and 1.27×10−3 mm2/s, respectively, compared to 117 ms, 23.72, and 0.74×10−3 mm2/s in normal white matter, and a T2 relaxation time of 187.45 ms in normal gray matter. Significant inverse correlations were noted between T2 relaxation values and MTR ( P<0.001) and between MTR and ADC ( P = 0.046). Significant positive correlation was seen between T2 relaxation and ADC values ( P = 0.03).

Conclusion: Intracranial tuberculomas are characterized by relatively short T2 relaxation times (compared to normal gray matter), decreased MTR, and mostly no restriction of diffusion. A combination of these quantitative parameters could be of help in the noninvasive diagnosis of tuberculomas.
Transrectal ultrasound performed immediately after prostate biopsy: imaging features and ultrasound-guided compression to bleeding biopsy tract
Authors: Park B. K. , Kim S. H.
Published: March 2007

Purpose: To evaluate the imaging features of transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) performed immediately after prostate biopsy, and to determine whether TRUS-guided compression can stop active bleeding.

Material and Methods: Systematic 12-core biopsy was performed in 57 consecutive patients, 24 of whom underwent additional target biopsy. The imaging features of grayscale and power Doppler TRUS performed immediately after biopsy were prospectively analyzed, and the complication rate following TRUS-guided bleeding compression was registered.

Results: Hyperechoic, hypoechoic biopsy needle tracts, or both were seen in 88% (50/57), 72% (41/57), or 61% (35/57), respectively. Power Doppler TRUS performed immediately after biopsy showed 76 bleeding needle tracts in 43 of the 57 (75%) patients, of which 17 were on the right part of the gland and 59 were on the left ( P<0.01). TRUS-guided compression times ranged from 1 to 8 min (mean 2.9 min). Hematuria was seen in 38 of 57 patients (67%), with a mean duration of 2.6 days. Hematochezia was seen in 19 of 57 patients (33%), with a mean duration of 0.6 days. Hematuria lasting longer than 3 days occurred in 16 of 57 patients (28%). Hematospermia occurred in 13 of 40 cases (33%).

Conclusion: TRUS performed immediately after biopsy depicted various imaging features and may control postbiopsy bleeding.
Exceptional localization of extramedullary hematopoiesis: presacral and periureteral masses
Authors: Sauer B. , Buy X. , Gangi A. , Roy C.
Published: March 2007

We report an exceptional case of periureteral and presacral localizations of extramedullary hematopoiesis. To our knowledge, the association of presacral or periureteral masses has not been described before. Diagnosis was suggested by the association of computed tomography (CT) imaging findings and knowledge of the clinical context. Guided CT biopsy is a safe and efficient means to obtain final diagnosis of atypical extramedullary hematopoiesis localizations.
Geographic Proximity, Trade, and International Conflict/Cooperation
Authors: Robst John , Polachek Solomon , Chang Yuan-Ching
Published: March 2007

This article examines the interactive effect of distance and trade on international conflict and cooperation. The effect of geographic distance depends on trade, while the effect of trade varies with geographic distance. Trade reduces conflict to a greater extent when dyads are geographically close, but has a greater effect on cooperation when countries are more distant. Geographic proximity increases conflict and cooperation more among nontrading dyads.
Should We Really “Force Them to be Free?” An Empirical Examination of Peceny's Liberalizing Intervention Thesis
Authors: Walker Scott , Pearson Frederic S.
Published: March 2007

In his article, entitled “Forcing Them to be Free,” Peceny (1999) presents and empirically tests an argument that while most U.S. military interventions are not successful in bringing about democracy, those cases of intervention in which the U.S. also pushes for “free and fair elections” are likely to produce long-term democratic outcomes in target countries. Our research challenges Peceny's work in two ways. First, we replicate his analysis, finding that military interventions with democratizing intent are not necessarily as successful as his work suggests. Second, we investigate whether these interventions are likely to lead to a broader concept of democracy and good governance using a series of alternative measures of democratic performance and alternate statistical analyses. Again, we generally find that interventions that attempt to “force” free and fair elections do not have a particularly beneficial effect on long-term democratic outcomes. Our results suggest that more work needs to be done before a “forcing them to be free” hypothesis can be considered to be an advancement in the literature on democratization.
Data, Models, Coefficients: The Case of United States Military Expenditure
Authors: Brauer Jurgen
Published: March 2007

This article is an exercise in economic methodology. It replicates two published models of the effect of military expenditure on the United States economy but, in order to study variations in the relevant estimated parameters, applies two different military expenditure data sets to the models (budget vs . National Income and Product Accounts [NIPA] data). In an extension, the article examines coefficient stability when the economically preferred NIPA data are applied across varying time-periods. Two major findings are that economic models should avoid the use of budget data and that even when the preferred NIPA data are used, estimated parameters are highly unstable across time.
e‐Research Infrastructures and Open Science: Towards a New System of Knowledge Production?
1
Authors: Schroeder Ralph
Published: March 2007

Major efforts are currently under way to develop e‐infrastructures for research. At the same time, there have been a number of calls for research in the digital realm to foster ‘openness’, for example in ‘open access’ policies. This paper explores the relation between e‐infrastructures and open science, and argues that there are a number of factors apart from research policy that will shape e‐research. These include not only the legal and economic environment, but also the ethos of science, ‘open’ initiatives outside of research, the momentum of large technological systems, and the activism of experts and wider social movements. The paper assesses the strengths and weaknesses of these factors, as well as the tensions and confluences between openness and e‐infrastructures.
Therapeutics for alcoholism: what's the future?
Authors: LAWRENCE ANDREW J.
Published: March 2007

As with other addictions, human alcoholism is characterised as a chronically relapsing condition. Consequently, the therapeutic goal is the development of clinically effective, safe drugs that promote high adherence rates and prevent relapse. These products can then be used in conjunction with psychosocial approaches. In this review, preclinical studies are highlighted that indicate the mechanism of action of currently used anti‐craving medications or demonstrate the potential of novel pharmacological agents for the treatment of alcohol use disorders. While current pharmacological strategies are far from ideal, there are a number of candidate molecules that may ultimately be developed into therapeutic agents. In addition, prescribing clinicians should also consider strategies such as combinations of various drugs to aid in the regulation of aberrant alcohol consumption.
Problem drinking in relation to treatment outcome among opiate addicts in methadone maintenance treatment
Authors: STENBACKA M. , BECK O. , LEIFMAN A. , ROMELSJÖ A. , HELANDER A.
Published: March 2007

This study analyzed indicators of alcohol‐related problems in opiate addicts before, during, and after leaving methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), in relation to illicit drug use and retention in treatment. The study was based on 204 patients, admitted to MMT for the first time between 1 January 1995 and 31 July 2000, and followed until 31 December 2000. Three measures were used to indicate alcohol use and alcohol‐related problems; records of hospital care with an alcohol‐related diagnosis, any treatment with alcohol‐sensitizing drugs (disulfiram or calcium carbimide) during MMT, and results of the 5‐hydroxytryptophol to 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid ratio (5HTOL/5HIAA) in urine, a sensitive biomarker for recent drinking. Use of illicit drugs was determined by routine urine drug testing. About one third of the patients (n = 69) had a lifetime prevalence of hospital treatment for an alcohol‐related diagnosis, 45 of whom had been hospitalized (mean 4.2 stays) prior to the start of MMT. There was a significant association (p<0.05) between the number of alcohol‐related diagnoses prior to treatment and a positive 5HTOL/5HIAA test during MMT. The alcohol indicators first became positive on average 1.6 years after admission to treatment, compared with after about 4 months for illicit drugs. Use of cannabis or benzodiazepines was significantly associated with alcohol use. Female methadone patients with indications of alcohol‐related problems relapsed more often into illicit drug use than did women without such indications (3.9 vs. 2.5 relapse periods/year; p<0.005), whereas no significant association was found for men. The results of the present study indicate that drinking problems among patients undergoing MMT is associated with an increased risk of relapse into illicit drug use and with discharge from treatment. Concurrent treatment of alcohol‐related problems, including systematic monitoring of alcohol use, therefore should be recommended to reduce the risk for relapse into illicit drug use and improve overall treatment outcome in MMT.
Parent attitudes on the supply of alcohol to minors
Authors: KYPRI KYPROS , DEAN JOHANNA I. , STOJANOVSKI ELIZABETH
Published: March 2007

Inappropriate supply of alcohol by parents is often cited as a cause of teenage hazardous drinking. We investigated parental attitudes regarding supply of alcohol to minors, in a country which recently increased alcohol availability and where drinking per se is not prohibited at any age. A postal survey of 748 parents of 13‐17 year‐olds (80% response) in three New Zealand communities was undertaken. Parents indicated agreement/disagreement with statements concerning teenage drinking and sources of alcohol, and described factors they considered in deciding whether to supply alcohol. Four in five parents disagreed with permissive statements such as ‘It's okay for parents to give their teenager one or two drinks to take to an unsupervised party’, and 59% agreed that ‘No one should supply alcohol to someone who is underage’. Recent suppliers commonly said they would only supply if there was suitable adult supervision at the drinking location. Many said they would only supply at home with a meal and reported restrictions on quantity and strength, e.g. ‘no spirits or mixed drinks’, ‘small quantity only’. Parents generally opposed supply to minors or they specified responsible conditions of supply. They favoured legal restrictions on availability and promotion, and greater enforcement of liquor laws. The findings should be interpreted in light of social desirability bias and limitations of generalisability outside the participating communities.
Detection of and intervention for excessive alcohol and tobacco use among adult hospital in‐patients
Authors: SHOURIE SWATI , CONIGRAVE KATHERINE M. , PROUDE ELIZABETH M. , HABER PAUL S.
Published: March 2007

Early detection and intervention for alcohol problems have been shown to reduce subsequent health consequences. However, the extent to which these practices have been implemented is unclear. The study assessed among hospital in‐patients (1) the prevalence of at‐risk drinking and smoking, (2) current practice in detection and intervention for at‐risk drinking and smoking and (3) self‐reported effect of any intervention. A brief self‐administered questionnaire was administered to adult in‐patients addressing alcohol use [Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) questionnaire], smoking and self‐reported effect of any recent intervention for drinking or smoking. The participant's smoking status and alcohol use as recorded by medical and nursing staff was compared to self‐reports. Of 448 in‐patients, 50% (226) participated in the study; 38% (170) were ineligible and 12% (52) refused. Participants were aged 61.3 (±18.9) years. A higher number of problem drinkers (11.9% vs. 3.5%, p < 0.0001) and current smokers (17.3% vs. 9.3%, p < 0.0001) were identified by the questionnaire compared to the medical records. Hospital staff quantified smoking more consistently than alcohol (54% vs. 42%, p = 0.02). Of those who recalled an intervention, 19% of drinkers and 27% of smokers said they had stopped drinking or smoking for a period since that intervention. Further improvement is required in the rates of detection and interventions for alcohol use disorders and smoking in the hospital setting.
Changes in the use of medical services and prescription drugs among heroin users over two years
Authors: DARKE SHANE , HAVARD ALYS , ROSS JOANNE , WILLIAMSON ANNA , MILLS KATHERINE L. , TEESSON MAREE
Published: March 2007

The study aimed to determine patterns of use of medical services and prescriptions for pharmaceuticals among 438 heroin users interviewed for the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS) at baseline, 12 and 24 months. Drug use declined markedly, and there were significant improvements in health. There were declines in the proportion of participants who had attended a general practitioner (GP) (baseline: 60%, 12 months: 53%, 24 months: 52%), who had an ambulance attendance (11%, 7%, 5%), and who were treated in an accident and emergency department (11%, 6%, 5%). While there was no decrease in the proportion who obtained a prescription (47%, 45%, 46%), there was a decrease in the mean number of reported prescriptions obtained (2.3, 1.0, 0.9). There were also differences across follow‐up in the reported types of medications obtained, with a significant decrease in the proportion obtaining psychotropic medications (38%, 21%, 19%). In particular, there were large declines in the proportion who reported benzodiazepines (30%, 12%, 10%) or narcotic analgesics (8%, 3%, 4%) on prescription. While ATOS participants continued to be frequent users of health services, the cohort reported reduced levels of drug‐seeking and risk commensurate with their reductions in drug use.
The influence of structured education and clinical experience on the attitudes of medical students towards substance misusers
Authors: SILINS EDMUND , CONIGRAVE KATHERINE M. , RAKVIN CHRISTINE , DOBBINS TIMOTHY , CURRY KENNETH
Published: March 2007

Negative attitudes to patients with substance misuse disorders form a well‐recognised barrier to the implementation of best practice. The influence of structured education and clinical experience on the attitudes of medical students towards substance misusers was investigated at an Australian university. First‐year students were surveyed before and after 3 weeks of drug and alcohol education and in the same year, fourth‐year students were surveyed before and after a 9‐week block. Males, older students and those with prior clinical experience tended to have more negative attitudes. Attitudes improved significantly after exposure to interactive learning modules which included contact with patients with substance dependence, including individuals in remission. The level of dislike of problem drinkers significantly decreased after teaching. After fourth‐year education, students reported a greater sense of responsibility towards providing intervention and less anticipation of discomfort working with these patients. In particular, confidence and attitudes towards heroin users improved near the end of training after contact with illicit drug users in the small group or individual interview setting. By the end of drug and alcohol education, less than half (42%) of students reported they could not imagine working with substance misusers as a career. Findings support the provision of structured drug and alcohol education and supported clinical experience for every medical student if appropriate evidence‐based treatment is to be provided.
The TAIPAN thermal triple-axis spectrometer at the OPAL reactor
Authors: Danilkin S.A. , Horton G. , Moore R. , Braoudakis G. , Hagen M.
Published: March 2007

Inelastic neutron scattering is a widely used technique to study phonon and magnon excitations in condensed matter and the triple axis spectrometer (TAS) is one of the main instruments used for such inelastic neutron scattering studies. As a consequence the TAIPAN TAS will be the first inelastic instrument at the new Australian research reactor OPAL. It will be located on a thermal neutron beam tube at the reactor shielding face and can be operated either in a high flux mode, with a double focusing monochromator and analyser, or in a traditional mode of operation with Soller collimators providing high resolution. A polarisation analysis capability will be realised on TAIPAN using supermirror benders.
Determination of molecular conformation in the solid state without diffraction data
Authors: Verdal Nina , Hudson Bruce S.
Published: March 2007

A simple method for the determination of molecular conformations for molecules in molecular crystals based on inelastic neutron scattering (INS) vibrational spectra is described. This method is based on the dependence of low frequency vibrations on molecular conformation and the reliability of INS intensity calculations. Diffraction data is not required. The objective of the method is determination of the molecular structure for the solid state. It uses isolated molecule calculations to establish which conformation of the isolated molecule is the best approximation to the conformation present in the crystal. This is done by comparing the INS spectra computed for the isolated molecule model with the experimental spectrum. The direct relationship between the computed normal modes and INS intensity, in addition to the full coverage of the low frequency part of the spectrum, make INS the vibrational spectroscopy of choice for this method.
Development of π and π/2 flippers for a neutron spin echo spectrometer
Authors: Takeda Takayoshi , Yamada Norifumi L. , Katou Katsuya , Nagao Michihiro , Seto Hideki , Kawabata Youhei , Takeda Masayasu , Torikai Naoya
Published: March 2007

For a time-of-flight neutron spin echo (TOF-NSE) spectrometer at a pulsed spallation neutron source, we previously designed new-type π and π/2 flippers which operate with steady current for a white neutron beam. The new-type spin flippers consist of a modified current sheet and Helmholtz coils. Performance tests of the new-type flippers with the modified current sheet made newly were carried out using ISSP-NSE at C2–2 port of JRR-3M in JAERI (Tokai). We replaced all of the Mezei-type π and π/2 flippers with the new-type ones and observed the NSE signal of neutrons scattered elastically from a stacked graphite sheet (grafoil). As the π flipper of iNSE (relocated ISSP–NSE), the new-type π flipper is installed and runs well. We also carried out performance tests of a tiny TOF-NSE machine with the new-type π and π/2 flippers using a pulsed white neutron beam at polarized neutron reflectometer of Neutron Science Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization and we observed the TOF-NSE signal pattern, which gave direct evidence that the flippers worked for a pulsed white neutron beam. The new-type π and π/2 flipper operated well without tuning independently of the neutron wavelength. The operation is very easy, that is, one has to tune only the correction field from Helmholtz coils for a given precession field.
Implementation of a First Presentation Psychosis Clinical Pathway in an Area Mental Health Service: The Trials of a Continuing Quality Improvement Process
Authors: Reilly John , Newton Richard , Dowling Rosemary
Published: March 2007

Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe the process of improving early psychosis services in a generic Victorian adult area mental health service from 1998 to 2004 and to give consideration to whether to implement a first presentation psychosis clinical pathway and how that should be done.

Method: A description will be given of the quality improvement process and practical difficulties in the sequential implementation of guidelines then pathways for early psychosis.

Results: We experienced many of the commonly reported difficulties in quality improvement and implementation of evidence-based practice in real clinical settings.

Conclusions: Developing and implementing an evidence-based first presentation psychosis clinical pathway was a difficult but rewarding learning experience.
Predicting Treatment Response During the Acute Phase of Hospitalization
Authors: Peterson Mary , Michael William
Published: March 2007

Objective: This study sought to determine if an initial assessment for an acute inpatient population was able to predict treatment response as measured by progress through clinical pathways. In addition, we sought to analyze the impact of comorbidity on treatment response.

Method: A total of 170 adults (18–75 years) admitted for an acute inpatient hospitalization, received a full assessment including the Brief Symptom Inventory. Based on assessment results, patients were placed on one of five clinical pathways. Treatment response was measured by the number of days spent on each level of the clinical pathway.

Results: Results revealed an unexpected, significant negative correlation between symptom severity on admission and movement through the clinical pathway; that is, patients with more severe symptomatic presentations at assessment made more rapid progress through the clinical pathways. However, comorbidity showed the strongest relationship with treatment response. Taken together, these variables explained 52% of the variance in treatment response.

Conclusions: Responsiveness to antipsychotic medications, as well as high levels of subjective distress and the consequent motivation to achieve relief, may help explain the unexpected relationship between symptom severity and treatment response. Findings also demonstrated the utility of an initial assessment in predicting treatment response.
The Green Card Clinic: Overview of a Brief Patient-Centred Intervention Following Deliberate Self-Harm
Authors: Wilhelm Kay , Finch Adam , Kotze Beth , Arnold Karen , McDonald Geoff , Sternhell Peter , Hudson Beaver
Published: March 2007

Objectives: The aim of this study was to present an overview of the Green Card Clinic, a novel brief intervention service for patients presenting to the emergency department following deliberate self-harm (DSH) or with suicidal ideation, to examine its effectiveness in terms of service utilization, and patient and clinician feedback, and to explore the correlates of repeated DSH.

Method: The aims and structure of the Green Card Clinic are described. We highlight our patient-centred approach involving self-identification of difficulties from a list of problem areas, coupled with tailored intervention strategies. Relevant data are presented and characteristics of repeat DSH patients are compared to the first-episode group.

Results: Between 1998 and 2005, 456 DSH patients were referred to the clinic. Of these, 75% (n = 344) attended the first session, 43% (n = 197) the second session, 26% (n = 117) the third session, and 16% (n = 73) completed a 3–15 month follow-up. Clinic attenders (mean age 31.6 years, 57% female) reported a diverse range of self-identified problems and repeat DSH patients reported worse depression, poorer health-related behaviours, and a greater number of problems than those presenting after first-episode DSH.

Conclusions: The clinic achieved high rates of first session attendance. This may have been attributable to the use of a few specific strategies aimed at increasing compliance, such as the green card, next-day appointments and assertive follow-up of non-attenders. For repeat self-harmers, we advocate an approach aimed at ‘lifestyle change’ rather than based on current psychological stressors. The Green Card Clinic service, involving a range of interventions tailored to meet the multitude of presenting needs, appears to be an acceptable and flexible approach to brief intervention for DSH.
Hallucinations in Adolescents With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Psychotic Disorder
Authors: Scott James Graham , Nurcombe Barry , Sheridan Judith , McFarland Margaret
Published: March 2007

Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the phenomenology of hallucinations in hospitalized adolescents diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychotic disorder.

Methods: Diagnoses were ascertained in 66 adolescents consecutively admitted to an acute adolescent unit in Australia. Hallucinations were examined to compare their phenomenology in PTSD with psychotic disorder.

Results: On most measures, hallucinations did not differ significantly in form or content between those adolescents with PTSD and those with psychotic disorder. In a minority of patients with PTSD, the hallucinations reflected a previous traumatic experience.

Conclusions: Hallucinations were found to be unreliable in distinguishing adolescent inpatients with PTSD from those with psychotic disorder.
A Possible Behavioural and Cognitive Phenotype for the 47,XYY Karyotype in a Pre-Pubertal Child
Authors: Davey Chris , Vance Alasdair
Published: March 2007

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the case of a 9-year-old boy with 47,XYY genotype and possible behavioural phenotype involving ‘internalizing’ and ‘externalizing’ symptoms and cognitive phenotype of deficient spatial memory.

Conclusions: Longitudinal study of 47,XYY cases recognized prenatally are needed to confirm the preliminary findings described in this report.
Bipolar Disorder: From Psychoeducational to Existential Group Therapy
Authors: Goldner-Vukov Mila , Moore Laurie-Jo , Cupina Denise
Published: March 2007

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the importance of addressing psychoeducational and existential issues in group therapy for patients with bipolar disorder.

Method: The group consisted of 10 bipolar patients. Group sessions were held for 2 hours weekly for 3 months and then monthly up to 2 years. Group topics focused on psychoeducation, cognition and existential issues.

Results: Over 2 years, two members had a minor relapse that did not require hospitalization. Adherence with pharmacotherapy and follow up was 100%. All members reported significant improvements in family and social function and nine members remained employed in full-time jobs. There was a high level of satisfaction with the group process.

Conclusion: Addressing existential and psychosocial issues in bipolar disorder group therapy may improve outcome. This approach deserves further thorough investigation.