bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sociometry and Familial Status-Role Relations
Authors: Sedrakyan Sedrak
Published: March 2017

One of the contemporary social psychology di­rections, sociometry, has played a vital role in small groups investigation. That direction was formed, de­veloped and widely applied in the first decades of 20th century by Moreno who was first of all con­cerned with primary, i. e. intimate, emotional rela­tions of people in small groups, emergence of fee­lings among group members such as sympathy and dislike, love and hatred, respect and contempt, the desire to be in mutual communication or isolation from each other, etc. With the help of sociometric method created and currently applied by Moreno the latter tries revealing such inter-group relations that are nearly not perceptible for  “naked eyes“ (to observe superficially), however they often have serious, sometimes also critical influence on people’s behavior and state of mind. And though there has been put forth the viewpoint that sociometry is not as efficient in family investigation as when studying other small and medium groups, nevertheless, family sociometric research is compulsory  and useful for investigating family psychology.
On Moral Aspect of Sustainable Development Theory and Practice
Authors: KOSYAN Sirine , POGHOSYAN Tatevik , DANIELYAN Karine
Published: March 2017

The paper deals with the modern processes of large-scale destabilization of the geosphere and the role of the scientific prediction of global environmental crisis. We also present an analysis of the reorientation process of civilization to sustainable development and ethical foundations of the relationship of humanity and nature.
From Ancient Greek Logos to European Rationality
Authors: APOSTOLOPOULOU Georgia
Published: March 2017

Because of history, culture, and politics, European identity has its archetypical elements in ancient Greek culture. Ancient Greek philosophy brought Logos to fore and defined it as the crucial problem and the postulate of the human. We translate the Greek term Logos in English as reason or rationality. These terms, however, do not cover the semantic field of Logos since this includes, among other things, order of being, ground, language, argument etc. The juxtaposition of Logos (reason) to myth makes up the matrix of rationalism. Ancient Greek culture, however, was a culture of Logos (reason) as well as of myth and had enough room for forms, gods, and heroes, for science, poetry, and religious festivities. While ancient Greek culture seems to follow the logic of forms, modern European culture follows the logic of things.

Plato criticizes myth and, at the same time, he sets out a philosophy of myth. He follows the principle of ‘giving reason’ (logon didonai) about things, as his master Socrates did. He establishes dialogue and defines dialectics as the science of principles and ideas and their relations to the things of this world. Aristotle did not accept Plato’s interpretation of Logos. He considered dialectics only as a theory of argumentation and defined his ‘first philosophy’ or ‘theology’ as the science of highest Being. His program of rationalism is based on ontology and accepts the primordial relation of Logos, life, and order of things.

European modernity begins in philosophy with Descartes’ turn to the subject. Descartes defines the main elements of European rationality and their problems. He brings to fore the human subject as the ‘I’ that is free to doubt about everything it can know except itself. Knowledge has to consolidate the power and the mastery of humans over things and nature. Besides, the distinction between soul and body in terms of thinking thing and extended thing does not allow a unique conception of the human. Especially Kant and Hegel attempted to eliminate the impasses of Descartes’ and of Cartesians. While Kant defined freedom as the transcendental idea of reason, Hegel highlighted the reconciliation of spirit and nature.

Nowadays there is a confusion regarding rationality. The power of humans over nature and over other humans as nature is increasing. We have lost the measure of our limits. Perhaps we need the ancient Greek grammar of Logos in order to define the measure and the limits of modern European rationality.
The Main Theses of the Armenian Translation of the Definitions by Hermes Trismegistus
Authors: DOLUKHANYAN Aelita
Published: March 2017

Academician Sen Arevshatyan, a great connoisseur of medieval philosophy, enumerates a series of philosophical and theological works, translated in the middle of the 5th century and the beginning of the 6th century, the texts of which have been preserved only in Armenian. Among them one shall cite seven works by Philo of Alexandria and the Definitions by Hermes Trismegistus.

The text of the Hermes’ work, which has an international value, was prepared to publication by academician Hacob Manandyan and it was printed in the journal “Banber Matenadarani” (“The Messenger of the Matenadaran”). To prepare the critical text of the work under study H. Manand­yan has utilized six manuscripts kept in the Mashtots Matenadaran of Yerevan, the most ancient of which was written in the 13th century, before 1282.

The Definitions by Hermes Trismegistus were translated into Old Armenian at the second half of the 5th century. Translations made in that period from Greek and Hellenic works have deeply influenced Armenian authors of the Golden Age.

The careful study of this philosophical treaty shows numerous relations between this work and those of the Armenian authors of the 5th century and the following period.

The Armenian translation of Hermes Trismegistus’ work proves how much the scientific thought was developed in Armenia still in the 5th century. The fact of the translation of the Definitions by Hermes Trismegistus shows that in the 5th century Neo-Platonism was among the fundamental directions of Armenian philosophy and it is not fortuitous that David the Invincible became the greatest figure of this philosophical direction in Armenia
Civil Society as an Area of a Personality Self-Realization
Authors: TANAJYAN Kristine
Published: March 2017

In this article we will discuss the mechanisms of self-realization, and civil duties. The author considers the civic society as a socio-cultrural field for effective self-realization. From this point of view, self-realization can be considered as a skill of creative discovery of truth and social justice. Through self-realization a person can gain self-determination – socially, culturally and historically. This paper overviews several mechanisms for realization in Civic society. Civic society supposes protection and acceptance of human rights and freedoms. It creates conditions for manifestation of a person and self-realization, providing the person’s active and responsible participation in social processes. Self-realization is a reproductive and identity specification mechanism of a person.
The Concept of Time in the Works of Modernists
Authors: KHACHIBABYAN Mane
Published: March 2017

Time is an important matter of study in science, religion, philosophy, art and literature. The issues that interest scholars and theorists are reflected in the art and literature as well, since those are the embodiments of society, its mind, life and issues. Historical traditions, economic, social and political features have huge impact on the perceptions of concepts and theories. This article aims to identify the relationship between the concept of time and art/literature. Through analysis of the works of modernist artists and authors the article will showcase the representations of the concept of time in the works of Charles Baudelaire, Salvador Dali, Walter Benjamin and Henri Bergson.
L’attention chez Descartes : aspect mental et aspect physiologique
Authors: Hatfield Gary , Dubouclez Olivier
Published: March 2017

Bien qu’il n’ait pas donné une analyse approfondie du concept d’attention, Descartes invoque fréquemment l’attention. Il a observé et décrit une diversité de phénomènes attentionnels et les a replacés dans un cadre explicatif qui prend en compte aussi bien leurs aspects mentaux que physiologiques. Il a mis en relation la focalisation de l’attention et les actes de la volonté. Dans le cas de l’attention aux perceptions sensibles ou aux actes de l’imagination, il a décrit en détails les processus physiologiques qui captent l’attention, la maintiennent ou la détournent. Ces processus physiologiques montrent bien que la personne cartésienne constitue une unité fonctionnelle formée d’une âme et d’un corps.
Attention et simultanéité intellectuelle chez Descartes , Clauberg et Spinoza
Authors: Dubouclez Olivier
Published: March 2017

Cet article examine le traitement donné par Descartes et certains de ses successeurs d’une question classique, quoique peu étudiée, celle de savoir si l’on peut penser plusieurs choses à la fois. Le thème d’une saisie simultanée est central dans la théorie cartésienne de la connaissance, en particulier dans les Regulæ , où il s’appuie sur le recours à une attention divisée. Restreignant ce pouvoir à la seule imagination, Clauberg voit dans le corps vivant le paradigme de la simultanéité. Spinoza offre quant à lui un point de vue synthétique : la simultanéité dans le corps et l’esprit sont des expressions de la puissance individuelle et de son progrès. L’attention n’est plus comme chez Descartes une condition de la simultanéité intellectuelle, mais un obstacle qu’il s’agit de surmonter pour comprendre plus et mieux.
La capture de l’esprit : attention et admiration chez Descartes et Spinoza
Authors: Barrier Thibault
Published: March 2017

Cet article examine la question de l’attention dans son rapport à l’admiration, dont le traitement fait apparaître de profondes divergences entre les Passions de l’âme et l’ Éthique . Dans Les Passions de l’âme , Descartes propose une genèse passionnelle de l’attention, dont la destination gnoséologique est assurée par un acte de la volonté qui transcende les perceptions de l’âme. À l’inverse, dans l’ Éthique , la connaissance ne dépend pas de l’exercice d’une faculté autonome, elle est immanente à l’ordre des idées, ce à quoi l’admiration fait irréductiblement obstacle. La critique spinoziste de l’admiration s’accompagne alors d’une refonte du statut de l’attention et repose sur la critique de la partition cartésienne des facultés de l’âme. Nous montrerons néanmoins que l’attention a une fonction positive sous la forme d’une présence à soi de l’esprit qui veille à l’enchaînement en lui des idées vraies.
Attention et aperception selon Leibniz : aspects cognitifs et éthiques
Authors: Pelletier Arnaud
Published: March 2017

Leibniz n’a traité nulle part systématiquement de l’attention. Pourtant, en suivant le fil conducteur de l’attention comprise comme réflexion à soi et à ses propres actes, cet article montre qu’elle soulève différents problèmes liés à la constitution progressive du lexique de l’aperception. Le problème éthique d’un défaut d’attention amène Leibniz à reconnaître un mode non réfléchi de celle-ci, à en trouver le ressort naturel dans la constitution du corps percevant, et à la distinguer de l’aperception comprise comme réflexion à ce qui est en soi : non pas réflexion morale sur ses propres actes, mais saisie des idées innées et de leur liaison, qui fondent la personnalité morale. Il faut alors refuser l’interprétation récente qui propose d’étendre l’aperception aux âmes animales sous prétexte qu’elles auraient de la sensation : dans la langue philosophique de Leibniz, le chien s’aperçoit de sa douleur et peut y prêter attention ; il n’en a pas d’aperception.
Improving Learning Outcomes of Ecological Concept Using Scaffolding Strategy on Scientific Approach
Authors: Wakhidah Nur
Published: March 2017

Learning about the environment for prospective teachers in public primary schools with thelecture method does not equip students how the direct impact of pollution on aquaticorganisms and provide little opportunity for undergraduate students learn design ofexperiments. This study aims to assess the use of scaffolding strategies IMWR(inspiring-modeling-writing-reporting) on the scientific approach to improving the mastery ofconcepts. The study was conducted in the department of elementary education from the StateIslamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya Indonesia. Students are given a pretest before thenext lesson scaffolding strategy applied on the scientific approach and given a post-test afterthe lesson. The data recorded is the improvement of learning outcomes, implementationstrategies IMWR in the learning process with a scientific approach, and the response fromstudents about learning. Data analysis was performed to determine learning outcomes bycalculating the gain n (gain normalized). The results showed that the use of scaffoldingstrategies IMWR on the scientific approach can improve environmental concept with n gainof 0.68 (medium category), implementation of the strategy IMWR goes well, and the positiveresponse from the students after learning.
Family Harmony and Psychological Adjustment among Gifted and Ordinary Student
Authors: Alnajjar Nabil Juma
Published: March 2017

This study aimed to identify the relationship between the psychological and familyadjustment among ordinary and gifted students.The sample of the study comprised (100) students deliberately chosen to achieve the purposesof this study, two scales were developed which are (the psychological adjustment and theparental adjustment), the result of the study revealed:- The degree of parental and psychological adjustment in the gifted and ordinary student isconsidered high.- A statistically significant difference at (α≤0.05) between the parental and psychologicaladjustment in the ordinary and gifted students in favour of the gifted students.- There isa correlation with statistically significance at the level of (α≤0.05) between theparental and psychological adjustment in the ordinary students, and a strong correlationrelation with statistically significance in the gifted students.- There is no difference in the degree of parental adjustment at (α=0.05) in the gifted studentswith the change in their economical level, father’s educational level, number of familymembers, and class.- There is a difference in the degree of psychological adjustment of (α=0.05) in the giftedstudents with the change in their economical level, favouring the higher level.- There is no difference in the degree of psychological adjustment of (α=0.05) of the giftedstudents with the change in their father’s educational level, number of family members andclass.
Impacts of Reforms in Chinese Educational System
Authors: Oyeniran Rassidy , Uwamahoro Emile
Published: March 2017

This paper focuses on the impacts of the reforms in Chinese educational system. Education ispart of China’s overall development and it is known that the last recent decades the wholeChinese educational system has been the subject of unprecedented reforms. The increasedimpact of educational reforms has provided significant human resources and innovation,which facilitated progress in the economic, political, cultural, and social development. Thedevelopment of China's education system has been a major factor in its economic and socialgrowth. This article aims to examine some of the effects that the reforms have generated onthe entire Chinese education system and provide guidelines for minimizing limitations andweaknesses of the education system in its reforms. Using a qualitative approach to collect thedata drawn from articles and materials, this paper aims to discuss educational reforms andhow they affect the Chinese education system by exploiting the readings related to the subject.Some progress has been achieved in the extent to which transformations are perceptible.Gains have been made through educational policies supported by good economic health foryears. Despite the progress, education seems to be the field of some contradictions and thereis a need to overcome certain shortcomings and weaknesses of educative practices that theChinese educational system is still facing. Possible solutions are proposed in conclusion andrecommendation.
Elementary School Teachers' Attitude towards Including Students with Special Educational Needs into Regular Public Schools in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abed Mohaned Ghazi , Alrawajfh Shahir
Published: March 2017

The inclusion of students with special educational needs (SEN) into the regular educational system is a major concern. Hence, in the present study, the reactions of 100 qualified reqular elementary school teachers were evaluated to explore their opinions on the inclusion of students with SEN in the mainstream schools within Saudi Arabia. Moreover, these opinions were scrutinized based on certain criteria of the teachers including gender, educational level, teaching experience, knowledge and awareness about SEN, in addition to the type, character, and severity of students’ SEN. The outcomes of the study showed that the level of strategies used by the male/female teachers for teaching the children with special educational needs was on an average level. The study has also shown that there are no statistically significant differences for variables such as "years of experience", "educational level", and "teachers' knowledge of teaching students with special needs. As for the variable of "gender", the study has shown statistically significant differences in favor of the female teachers. The study has also shown that mild mental disability followed by mild visual and health disabilities are the most amenable categories. However, the least amenable categories for inclusion are severe mental disability preceded directly by the behavioral disorder.
Connotations of the Word ‘fruit’ in the Holy Quran: An Analytical Study
Authors: AlBzour Salahaldeen Mohammad
Published: March 2017

The rhetorical language is one of the miraculous matters in the Holy Quran and the term ‘fruit’ iseloquently used in the Holy Quran. In this research, the analytical method has been followed that attempts to make use of statistical analysis of the word ‘fruit’ as mentioned in the Holy Quran. This research aims to draw special attention to the significances of the word ‘fruit’ in the Holy Quran and to clarify what the place of revelation of surahs, the context of verses and the addressee could add to the connotations  of the word 'fruit'. Accordingly, two responses have been adopted according to the meanings of the word ‘fruit’ to achieve the aims, first, connotations of the word ‘fruit’ as the sweet and juicy part of a plant, second, connotations of the word ‘fruit’ as useful crops and others. Anyway, the results show that the word ‘fruit’ is foremost used to indicate the reward of the people of Paradise and to indicate Allah’s ability in creating, then respectively comes the others. In addition to, with reference to the place of revelation and the addressee, the results bring to light that these things add extra information to the connotations and make the word ‘fruit’ more meaningful. Finally, the results display that the connotations of the word ‘fruit’ can sometimes be understood within the same context where the word is mentioned in and it is necessary to refer to previous contexts to grasp the connotations at other times.
What Graduate Students from Diverse Disciplines Learn about Teaching from Working with Middle School Teachers and Students
Authors: Roemmele Christopher Marc , Harbor Jon , Moore Daniel Nelson
Published: March 2017

We investigated how a program (GK-12) that engages diverse graduate students with middle school teachers and children impacts the participants’ teaching knowledge over a period of one day a week over ten-weeks. The experience includes graduate students developing and delivering a standards-based, hands-on and inquiry-infused lesson centered around their research interests. Qualitative analysis of reflective journals of the participants show that this intensive engagement with teachers and students increased their understanding and experience with pedagogical techniques and strategies to promote and improve student learning and understanding, developing and enhancing personality traits that encourage a positive culture for learning, and acquiring strategies and the fortitude needed to meet and deal with multiple priorities in a complex teaching environment. These results suggest that GK-12 type programs provide graduate students with skills and experiences that can be valuable when seeking employment in industry, the public or nonprofit sector, or as faculty at post-secondary institutions. Continued research of the program is necessary to determine how past participants have utilized these skills as a competitive advantage in their careers.
Increasing Exposure to Programming: A Comparison of Demographic Characteristics of Students Enrolled in Introductory Computer Science Programming Courses vs. a Multidisciplinary Data Analysis Course
Authors: Cooper Jennifer , Dierker Lisa
Published: March 2017

Upward trends in programming careers and increases in programming in less traditionally computer-oriented occupations threaten to further increase the current underrepresentation of both females and individuals from racial minority groups in these disciplines. Using administrative data (2009 – 2014), the present study compares demographic characteristics of students enrolled in a course that introduced programming: a multidisciplinary data analysis course, an introductory programming course, or an introductory computer science (CS) gateway course. The multidisciplinary data analysis course enrolled significantly more female students and students with lower Math SAT scores. Females were overrepresented in the data analysis course and underrepresented in the introductory programming and CS gateway courses relative to the larger campus community, with similar findings for underrepresented minority students. Less emphasis on traditional approaches to introductory programming and increased interdisciplinary opportunities to tackle real world questions may be one way to improve access to programming experiences for students from a wider range of educational, social and economic backgrounds.
Psychological Analysis of Humboldt’s Gift from the Perspective of Lacan’s Theory
Authors: Xiang Fang
Published: March 2017

Two protagonists Humboldt and Citrine in Humboldt’s gift are characterized as restless even lunatic, for they are constantly or madly seeking something such as honor, power or intimate relationship something or other. This thesis intends to analyze Humboldt and Citrine’s psychological troubles from the perspective of Lacan’s theory and reveal that Humboldt and Citrine’s psychological problem are rooted in the sense of fragmentation and lack caused by the separation from mother, and their struggle to seek safety and satisfaction is further destroyed by the industrialism and materialism prevalent in this novel.
Selected aspects of the selection of employees for vacancies in integration and welfare institutions
Authors: Smolarek Małgorzata , Dzieńdziora Joanna
Published: March 2017

In the modern world the process of recruiting employees is very important for an organisation to function properly. A properly conducted process of recruitment and selection will lead to the employment of the right person at the right post, and the benefits achieved as a result of professional selection of employees will exceed the costs incurred. The process of selecting employees should directly impact the effectiveness of its activity. The aim of the paper is to analyse the process of staff recruitment in integration and welfare institutions. The character of the paper is theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part identifies the process of recruiting and selecting employees. The empirical part presents analysis of a survey results, including with regard to integration and welfare institutions.
The potential for business development among social enterprises on the example of Częstochowa region
Authors: Kozak Marcin
Published: March 2017

The paper presents the capability of social economy entities to perform economic activities. These organizations are located in northern part of Silesian region in Poland. Theory of their classification has been introduced, including the definition of social enterprise. The main assumptions of market activity of the above organizations were depicted in the paper. Consequently, the author presents the results of the research carried out in a regional dimension as a part of a project titled „Jurassic Center of Social Economy Assistance”. The above research project embraced diagnosis of social economy entities regarding their capabilities to develop market activities.
Open innovations and projects of business modelling
Authors: Janulek Piotr
Published: March 2017

The new era of enterprises existing in the Internet environment requires a deep understanding of the innovation processes. This article explains the results of a research about the influence of the innovations outside the scope of the business modelling role. When configuring a business model, we need to consider the aspect of an innovation and policy of the use of network-outer-open innovations. Inspirations taken outside of the stiff structure, i.e. open innovations which were introduced in 2013 by H. Chesbrough, can be an important source of technological, organisational and marketing innovations. Will they also revolutionise the business model and will they make a contribution to the necessary configuration?
Influence of the visual merchandising on purchase decisions of customers
Authors: Gajewska Paulina , Piskrzyńska Katarzyna
Published: March 2017

The actions of visual merchandising significantly affect the buyers network of clothing stores, affecting their perceptions and willingness to buy. This is done through a shop window for effective arrangements, which encourages customer input, skillful layout of the space sales, eye-catching exhibition of goods and sensory stimuli such as properly selected music and smell. Unaware buyer, being under their influence, is willing to make more purchases.
Development of insurance market in Slovak Republic and Czech Republic
Authors: Masárová Jana , Ivanová Eva
Published: March 2017

National insurance market, which is part of the financial market is influenced by number of factors of national economy and the global economic environment. Czech Republic and Slovakia were until 1993 part of one state, after the split, both insurance markets of independent republics under the influence of various economic and social factors started to develop differently. The aim of this article is to identify commonalities and differences in the development of insurance markets in Slovakia and Czech Republic through a comparison of selected indicators. The analysis focuses on the following indicators of the insurance market: the number of commercial insurance companies, the share of life insurance premiums written on the insurance market and the concentration calculated according to the Herfindahl – Hirschman Index. Selected indicators are observed for the period during 2004 – 2014.
Optimal use of resources, as a constituent of ecologically-economic enterprise development
Authors: Burceva Tetyana , Donets Oksana , Pepchuk Sergei
Published: March 2017

The influence of used resources is investigated on the ecologically-economic state of enterprise in the article. Basic principles of efficiency of the resources use of ecologicallyeconomic development of enterprise are analysed and described the directions of optimization of used resources in conditions of their limitations.
Liver fibrosis regression and progression during controlled hepatitis B virus infection among HIV–HBV patients treated with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in France: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Boyd Anders , Bottero Julie , Miailhes Patrick , Lascoux‐Combe Caroline , Rougier Hayette , Girard Pierre‐Marie , Serfaty Lawrence , Lacombe Karine
Published: March 2017

Introduction: Long‐term tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) use has been associated with significant regression of liver fibrosis during hepatitis B virus (HBV) mono‐infection, yet little is known during HIV–HBV coinfection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the evolution of liver fibrosis and its determinants in TDF‐treated coinfected patients.

Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 167 HIV–HBV‐infected patients initiating TDF‐containing antiretroviral therapy were included. Fibrosis was assessed using the FibroTest® at baseline and every six to twelve months. Risk factors for fibrosis progression (F0–F1–F2 to F3–F4) and regression (F3–F4 to F0–F1–F2) were evaluated.

Results: At baseline, 134 (80.2%) patients had detectable HBV‐DNA (median = 4.93 log10 IU/mL, IQR = 2.94–7.15) and 104 (62.3%) had hepatitis B “e” antigen‐positive serology. Median follow‐up was sixty months (IQR = 36–93). In the 47 (28.1%) patients with F3–F4 baseline fibrosis, 7/47 (14.9%) regressed to F0–F1–F2 at last follow‐up visit. Fibrosis regression was significantly associated with higher CD4+ cell counts (P = 0.009) and lower fasting triglyceride levels (P = 0.007) at TDF‐initiation. In the 120 (71.9%) patients with F0–F1–F2‐baseline fibrosis, 20/120 (16.7%) progressed to F3–F4 at last follow‐up visit. Fibrosis progression was associated with male gender (P = 0.01), older age (P = 0.001), from low/moderate HBV‐endemic country (P = 0.007), lower nadir CD4+ cell count (P = 0.03), higher fasting glycaemia (P = 0.03) and anaemia (P = 0.004) at TDF‐initiation. Control of HBV replication at end of follow‐up was extensive (88.1%), while no HBV‐related factors emerged as predictors of progression/regression. Incidence of severe liver‐related events was low (n = 4, rate = 0.5/100 person‐years).

Conclusions: Liver fibrosis levels are stable for most coinfected patients undergoing TDF, despite control of HBV replication. Nevertheless, a concerning amount of liver fibrosis progression did occur, which could be partly explained by metabolic abnormalities and past severe immunosuppression and requires further evaluation.
Applying the Retarded Solutions of Electromagnetic Fields to Transmission Line RLGC Modeling
Authors: Ye P. , Gore B. , Huray P.
Published: March 2017

The RLGC model, and its variations, is one of the most common techniques to simulate Transmission Lines. The RLGC model uses circuit network elements consisting of Resistance R, Inductance L, Conductance G and Capacitance C (per unit length) to represent a small segment of the Transmission Line, and then cascades multiple segments to simulate the Transmission Line of arbitrary length. Typically the parameters in RLGC model are extracted from the propagation constant and characteristic impedance of the transmission line, which are found using numerical simulation methods. These resulting RLGC parameters for multi-GHz signaling are usually frequency-dependent. This paper introduces an analytical approach to extract RLGC parameters to simulate transmission line, which results in a different model, the RLGC(p) model.
Strain and Curvature Stability Enhanced SMF Introduction
Authors: Makouei S.
Published: March 2017

In this paper, the strain insensitive single mode optical fiber with low nonlinear effects and ultra low bending loss (BL), appropriate for small curvature radius installation, is presented. The suggested design method is based on the reverse engineering which evaluates the refractive index profile considering proper mode field diameter (MFD) value. Then, so as to attain the desired bending loss and strain response for the optical fiber, the optimization tool of the evolutionary genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to determine the optical and geometrical parameters of the structure. In the first designed fiber, the calculations for BL, MFD, effective area (Aeff), and effective refractive index (neff) sensitivity to strain in the well-known wavelength of 1.55 µm are 0.0018 dB per each turn of 5 mm curvature radius, 8.53 µm, 58 µm2, and 4.5 × 10-8 µɛ-1, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of placing raised outer cladding in the fiber structure is investigated which exhibits the MFD of 8.63 µm, 0.0093 dB BL for single turn of 5 mm radius, and 87 µm2 Aeff at 1.55 µm. In this case the strain sensitivity of 6.7 × 10-8 µɛ-1 is calculated for the neff. The mentioned effective area is magnificently large in the domain of bend insensitive fibers. In the meantime, the designed structures are insensitive to strain which is a crucial feature in applications with small curvature radius.
Simultaneous event‐specific estimates of transport, loss, and source rates for relativistic outer radiation belt electrons
Authors: Schiller Q. , Tu W. , Ali A. F. , Li X. , Godinez H. C. , Turner D. L. , Morley S. K. , Henderson M. G.
Published: March 2017

The most significant unknown regarding relativistic electrons in Earth's outer Van Allen radiation belt is the relative contribution of loss, transport, and acceleration processes within the inner magnetosphere. Detangling each individual process is critical to improve the understanding of radiation belt dynamics, but determining a single component is challenging due to sparse measurements in diverse spatial and temporal regimes. However, there are currently an unprecedented number of spacecraft taking measurements that sample different regions of the inner magnetosphere. With the increasing number of varied observational platforms, system dynamics can begin to be unraveled. In this work, we employ in situ measurements during the 13–14 January 2013 enhancement event to isolate transport, loss, and source dynamics in a one‐dimensional radial diffusion model. We then validate the results by comparing them to Van Allen Probes and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms observations, indicating that the three terms have been accurately and individually quantified for the event. Finally, a direct comparison is performed between the model containing event‐specific terms and various models containing terms parameterized by geomagnetic index. Models using a simple 3/Kp loss time scale show deviation from the event‐specific model of nearly 2 orders of magnitude within 72 h of the enhancement event. However, models using alternative loss time scales closely resemble the event‐specific model.
Coherency and ellipticity of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves: Satellite observations and simulations
Authors: Remya B. , Lee K. H. , Lee L. C. , Tsurutani B. T.
Published: March 2017

Coherency (C) and ellipticity (ε) of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves are studied using Cassini data in the Earth's dayside low‐latitude magnetosphere from L = 7 to 10. The results are compared with linear kinetic theory, 1‐D and 2‐D simulations. The EMIC waves are observed to occur in packets with multiple wave cycles. The wave cycles within a wave packet are observed to have the same general propagation angle
and polarization. In observations and 2‐D simulations, EMIC waves have a mixture of circular and elliptical polarization for
°. This scattered ellipticity values are due to the superposition of multiple wave modes. For wave propagation angles 30°
°, the waves are highly elliptical (0.2<|ε|<0.7), where ε is the ratio of minor to major axis of the polarization ellipse. For
°, the waves are nearly linearly polarized (|ε|≤0.1). This general trend is in good agreement with linear kinetic theory and 1‐D simulations. Observations indicate right‐hand (RH) wave packets to be interspersed with the left‐hand (LH) wave packets. We show for the first time from linear theory that ion temperature anisotropies can generate RH waves at large propagation angles and for plasma beta βi>0.05. The observed mixture of RH and LH waves in the magnetosphere could be due to this direct generation of RH waves. Observations and simulations show that EMIC waves are coherent with 0.5 < C < 1.0 for
°. Here C is measured as the maximum value of cross‐correlation coefficient between the transverse magnetic field components of the wave.
Identifying intervals of temporally invariant field‐aligned currents from Swarm: Assessing the validity of single‐spacecraft methods
Authors: Forsyth C. , Rae I. J. , Mann I. R. , Pakhotin I. P.
Published: March 2017

Field‐aligned currents (FACs) are a fundamental component of coupled solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere. By assuming that FACs can be approximated by stationary infinite current sheets that do not change on the spacecraft crossing time, single‐spacecraft magnetic field measurements can be used to estimate the currents flowing in space. By combining data from multiple spacecraft on similar orbits, these stationarity assumptions can be tested. In this technical report, we present a new technique that combines cross correlation and linear fitting of multiple spacecraft measurements to determine the reliability of the FAC estimates. We show that this technique can identify those intervals in which the currents estimated from single‐spacecraft techniques are both well correlated and have similar amplitudes, thus meeting the spatial and temporal stationarity requirements. Using data from European Space Agency's Swarm mission from 2014 to 2015, we show that larger‐scale currents (>450 km) are well correlated and have a one‐to‐one fit up to 50% of the time, whereas small‐scale (<50 km) currents show similar amplitudes only ~1% of the time despite there being a good correlation 18% of the time. It is thus imperative to examine both the correlation and amplitude of the calculated FACs in order to assess both the validity of the underlying assumptions and hence ultimately the reliability of such single‐spacecraft FAC estimates.
Multi‐instrument observation of simultaneous polar cap auroras on open and closed magnetic field lines
Authors: Reidy J. A. , Fear R. C. , Whiter D. K. , Lanchester B. S. , Kavanagh A. J. , Paxton L. J. , Zhang Y. , Lester M.
Published: March 2017

This paper presents observations of polar cap auroral features on 19 January 2008, evaluated using multiple instruments with near‐simultaneous observations in both hemispheres. Analysis of the features indicates that there are at least two formation mechanisms/types of polar cap aurora occurring simultaneously on different magnetic field topologies (one on open and the other on closed magnetospheric field lines). Two high‐latitude structures were observed on opposing sides of the northern hemisphere polar cap in the same time interval. The structure on the duskside was formed on closed field lines that protruded into the polar cap and was generated by the precipitation of electrons with energies varying between 2 and 11 keV consistent with an identified mechanism for the formation of transpolar arcs. However, the structure did not extend fully across to the dayside of the auroral oval but rather stayed at ∼80° magnetic latitude for a minimum duration of 40 min. Thus, this structure is an example of a “failed” transpolar arc. The structure on the dawnside of the polar cap was associated with low‐energy electron precipitation (less than 1 keV) and no associated ion signatures, which is consistent with it being a common low‐intensity arc formed by accelerated polar rain on open field lines. The two separate types of polar cap auroras formed during the same interval, demonstrating the complexity of the solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling during the interval.
Interhemispheric study of polar cap patch occurrence based on Swarm in situ data
Authors: Spicher A. , Clausen L. B. N. , Miloch W. J. , Lofstad V. , Jin Y. , Moen J. I.
Published: March 2017

The Swarm satellites offer an unprecedented opportunity for improving our knowledge about polar cap patches, which are regarded as the main space weather issue in the polar caps. We present a new robust algorithm that automatically detects polar cap patches using in situ plasma density data from Swarm. For both hemispheres, we compute the spatial and seasonal distributions of the patches identified separately by Swarm A and Swarm B between December 2013 and August 2016. We show a clear seasonal dependency of patch occurrence. In the Northern Hemisphere (NH), patches are essentially a winter phenomenon, as their occurrence rate is enhanced during local winter and very low during local summer. Although not as pronounced as in the NH, the same pattern is seen for the Southern Hemisphere (SH). Furthermore, the rate of polar cap patch detection is generally higher in the SH than in the NH, especially on the dayside at about 77° magnetic latitude. Additionally, we show that in the NH the number of patches is higher in the postnoon and prenoon sectors for interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By<0 and IMF By>0, respectively, and that this trend is mirrored in the SH, consistent with the ionospheric flow convection. Overall, our results confirm previous studies in the NH, shed more light regarding the SH, and provide further insight into polar cap patch climatology. Along with this algorithm, we provide a large data set of patches automatically detected with in situ measurements, which opens new horizons in studies of polar cap phenomena.
A micromechanical model of rate and state friction: 1. Static and dynamic sliding
Authors: Perfettini Hugo , Molinari Alain
Published: March 2017

Rate and state friction has been extensively used to explain many features of the seismic cycle but the scaling of the experimentally derived parameters a, b and dc for real faults is problematic. The purpose of this paper is to present a micromechanical model for rate and state friction in which the contact between the two surfaces occur via plastic and elastic contacts. Shear deformation is accommodated in the bulk of cylindrical contacts rather than at the surface of the contact, as done classically. Assuming that the viscoplastic response is governed by the J2 plastic flow theory, we retrieve the rate and state framework. Unlike previous works, we identify the state variable as representing the changes of plastic contact area. In our model, all macroscopic frictional parameters of the rate and state framework are related to the parameters of the elementary contacts. We provide a derivation of the aging evolution law for the state variable and propose a new evolution law that reconciles the aging, Linker‐Dieterich and Nagata evolution laws. We discuss the scaling of the frictional parameters for active faults and landslides. The a and b parameters should have comparable value at fault scale since friction is mostly controlled by plastic contacts at large normal stress (typically hundreds of MPa). Our model predicts that the critical slip distance dc should be scale independent and controlled solely by the plastic contacts.
Size limits for rounding of volcanic ash particles heated by lightning
Authors: Wadsworth Fabian B. , Vasseur Jérémie , Llewellin Edward W. , Genareau Kimberly , Cimarelli Corrado , Dingwell Donald B.
Published: March 2017

Volcanic ash particles can be remelted by the high temperatures induced in volcanic lightning discharges. The molten particles can round under surface tension then quench to produce glass spheres. Melting and rounding timescales for volcanic materials are strongly dependent on heating duration and peak temperature and are shorter for small particles than for large particles. Therefore, the size distribution of glass spheres recovered from ash deposits potentially record the short duration, high‐temperature conditions of volcanic lightning discharges, which are hard to measure directly. We use a 1‐D numerical solution to the heat equation to determine the timescales of heating and cooling of volcanic particles during and after rapid heating and compare these with the capillary timescale for rounding an angular particle. We define dimensionless parameters—capillary, Fourier, Stark, Biot, and Peclet numbers—to characterize the competition between heat transfer within the particle, heat transfer at the particle rim, and capillary motion, for particles of different sizes. We apply this framework to the lightning case and constrain a maximum size for ash particles susceptible to surface tension‐driven rounding, as a function of lightning temperature and duration, and ash properties. The size limit agrees well with maximum sizes of glass spheres found in volcanic ash that has been subjected to lightning or experimental discharges, demonstrating that the approach that we develop can be used to obtain a first‐order estimate of lightning conditions in volcanic plumes.
Composition and variability of the Denmark Strait Overflow Water in a high‐resolution numerical model hindcast simulation
Authors: Behrens Erik , Våge Kjetil , Harden Benjamin , Biastoch Arne , Böning Claus W.
Published: March 2017

The upstream sources and pathways of the Denmark Strait Overflow Water and their variability have been investigated using a high‐resolution model hindcast. This global simulation covers the period from 1948 to 2009 and uses a fine model mesh (1/20°) to resolve mesoscale features and the complex current structure north of Iceland explicitly. The three sources of the Denmark Strait Overflow, the shelfbreak East Greenland Current (EGC), the separated EGC, and the North Icelandic Jet, have been analyzed using Eulerian and Lagrangian diagnostics. The shelfbreak EGC contributes the largest fraction in terms of volume and freshwater transport to the Denmark Strait Overflow and is the main driver of the overflow variability. The North Icelandic Jet contributes the densest water to the Denmark Strait Overflow and shows only small temporal transport variations. During summer, the net volume and freshwater transports to the south are reduced. On interannual time scales, these transports are highly correlated with the large‐scale wind stress curl around Iceland and, to some extent, influenced by the North Atlantic Oscillation, with enhanced southward transports during positive phases. The Lagrangian trajectories support the existence of a hypothesized overturning loop along the shelfbreak north of Iceland, where water carried by the North Icelandic Irminger Current is transformed and feeds the North Icelandic Jet. Monitoring these two currents and the region north of the Iceland shelfbreak could provide the potential to track long‐term changes in the Denmark Strait Overflow and thus also the AMOC.
Detailed spatiotemporal impacts of El Niño on phytoplankton biomass in the South China Sea
Authors: Siswanto Eko , Ye Haijun , Yamazaki Dai , Tang DanLing
Published: March 2017

The lagging and leading correlations among satellite observations, reanalyzed biogeophysical data, and the Nino3.4 El Niño index were investigated to reveal the impacts of El Niño on the phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a [Chl a]) in the South China Sea (SCS), in an attempt to identify the probable responsible factors in greater spatiotemporal detail. A basin‐scale high Chl a concentration during the developing phase of El Niño changed to basin‐scale low Chl a during the weakening phase. Cyclonic wind circulation in the northern basin, increased wind speed in the southern basin, and strengthened upwelling off the Vietnamese coast likely caused a basin‐scale nutrient increase during the developing phase of an El Niño event; the opposite conditions led to low nutrient levels during the weakening phase. Decreases in Chl a east of the Vietnamese coast and northwest of Borneo Island were due to decreases in nutrients supplied by rivers. These spatiotemporal changes are considered biogeophysical responses to a variety of types of El Niño. Regardless of the El Niño type, reanalyzing biogeophysical data sets during central Pacific warming separately from those during eastern Pacific warming is recommended for a more robust understanding of the detailed spatiotemporal impacts of different El Niño types on the biogeophysical environment of the SCS.