bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revitalizing International Protection: The UNHCR's Global Consultations
Authors: Kumin Judith
Published: June 2020

This article explains why the un High Commissioner for Refugees is convening Global Consultations on “revitalizing the international protection regime.” These consultations, which will take place throughout 2001 and probably beyond, will involve state parties to the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 protocol, as well as non-signatory states, non-governmental groups, academics, and practitioners of refugee law. The consultations are intended to result in a reaffirmation of the 1951 convention, and in consensus on some of the more complex interpretative aspects of that instrument. They should show the way on thorny problems faced by states in dealing with refugee and migration challenges today.
Defining Due Process Down:
Expedited Removal in the United States
Authors: Knight Stephen M.
Published: June 2020

Canadians debating the merits of restricting access to the national territory by asylum seekers and others should consider the experience of the United States with its new expedited removal process. Three years after its enactment, U.S. immigration authorities have come to rely on expedited removal. Yet many troubling questions have been raised about the treatment by immigration officers of individuals in expedited removal and about the impact of the mandatory detention of asylum seekers. A particular concern arises from the elimination of the fundamental safeguard of judicial review.
German Expellee Organizations between “Homeland” and “At Home”: A Case Study of the Politics of Belonging
Authors: Wolff Stefan
Published: June 2020

Since the expulsion of more than ten million ethnic Germans from Central and Eastern Europe after the end of the Second World War, the political and cultural organizations of the expellees have advocated the interests of this segment of the Federal Republic’s population. The article examines the various ways in which activists in the expellee organizations have used the ambiguity of homeland and belonging in the political process in Germany and increasingly in Europe to further a political agenda that, while it has undergone major changes, remains deeply problematic in some of its objectives and many of its implications.
The Rights of Internally Displaced Children: Selected Field Practices from UNICEF’s Experience
Authors: Mahalingam Subajini , Narayan Geeta , Van der Velde Esther
Published: June 2020

Displacement is a critical humanitarian issue—forty million people are displaced as a result of conflict and other humanitarian crises. Approximately half of the world’s displaced persons are children. Children in flight are at greater risk of malnutrition and disease, physical danger, and psychological trauma. Many do not survive. When they do, their ability to lead normal lives is greatly impaired—many have no access to education and health care. This paper examines selected examples from UNICEF’s work in the field with internally displaced persons. UNICEF’s work with internally displaced children and families focuses on four areas: (1) advocacy, (2) assessment, (3) care, and (4) protection. Conclusions and recommendations are presented drawing from the field practices.
The “Brown Paper Syndrome”: Unaccompanied Minors and Questions of Status
Authors: Montgomery Catherine
Published: June 2020

In principle, the Charter of Rights and Freedoms grants equal rights to all persons residing in Canadian territory. In practice, it is clear that some populations are more “equal” than others. Difficulties relating to the immigration process, access to services, and discrimination are but some of the forms of exclusion often confronted by minority and immigrant communities. For unaccompanied minors, their combined status as refugee claimants and as minors creates an added factor of vulnerability, referred to by one minor as the “brown paper syndrome.” Drawing on a case study of unaccompanied minors in Quebec, the present article examines the relationship between status and barriers to integration, looking more specifically at the difficulties faced by these youth in the refugee determination process and in accessing resources in the public, private, and community sectors.
Living up to America’s Values: Reforming the U.S. Detention System for Asylum Seekers
Authors: Acer Eleanor
Published: June 2020

The U.S. detention system for asylum seekers is fundamentally flawed. These flaws reflect an underlying lack of fairness that is inconsistent with international law and with U.S. traditions of fairness. For instance, the initial determination to detain an asylum seeker is not the result of an individualized determination, but is instead mandatory. Subsequent parole decisions are entrusted to the INS, which is the detaining authority, rather than to an independent authority. In short, the system lacks the kinds of safeguards necessary to promote due process and to guard against unfair and arbitrary detention. Reform is possible. The detention system for asylum seekers can be improved so that it is consistent with the values of fairness that the United States strives to meet.
Detention of Asylum Seekers in Mexico
Authors: Kuhner Gretchen
Published: June 2020

Mexico ratified the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol in April 2000. While Regulations establishing a mechanism for eligibility determination were issued at the same time, the Mexican government began a transitional process to take over eligibility in March 2002. Prior to that time, the UNHCR had been recognizing refugees under its mandate. As of this writing no national policy regarding the detention of asylum seekers has been established, nor have refugee advocates begun to pressure the government to comply with Article 31 of the Convention. Rather, whether an asylum seeker is detained during the eligibility process depends in part on the place and timing of the request as well as on the knowledge and goodwill of the migration authority.
RESPECT for All: The Political Self-Organization of Female Migrant Domestic Workers in the European Union
Authors: Schwenken Helen
Published: June 2020

This contribution focuses on the empowering political practices of RESPECT, the European network for migrant domestic workers. The paper contrasts RESPECT’s empowering approach with that of other actors in which migrant domestic workers are presented as victims and in which the struggle is situated within the discourse of combatting illegal immigration and trafficking in women. The central hypothesis of this paper is that this distinction between female migrant domestic workers constructed as victims of trafficking or as migrant women with subjectivity, voice, and agency is crucial in determining the type of advocacy strategy and (self-)representation of the women.
The Spaces In Between: American and Australian Interdiction Policies and Their Implications for the Refugee Protection Regime
Authors: Morris Jessica C.
Published: June 2020

Interdiction policies by countries such as the U.S. and Australia are embedded in these states’ perception of their obligations to asylum seekers as strictly territorially bound. With the aim of limiting asylum seekers access to protection mechanisms, these policies are carried out in an arena firmly within the reach of executive-driven actions yet beyond the purview of constitutional or judicial safeguards. In the case of the U.S., the long-standing Haitian interdiction policy illustrates the manipulation of this protection gap, and, in Australia, the administration’s reaction to the Tampa incident in 2001 and the subsequent policy developments provide further illustration. The autonomy with which states carry out such policies poses a significant threat to the refugee protection regime, especially the international norm of non-refoulement.
UNHCR and Current Challenges in International Refugee Protection
Authors: Kelley Ninette , Durieux Jean-Francois
Published: June 2020

The international refugee protection regime has had both a successful and a troubled history. It has succeeded in providing international protection to millions of refugees when their own States have been unable or unwilling to do so. Despite this considerable achievement, the regime has at times failed to solve serious refugee protection problems and has not been able to effect durable solutions for many of the world’s refugees. This essay examines the current challenges to the regime from the perspectives of those most affected by them, recognizing that many of these challenges are not new. It examines how UNHCR’s mandate and activities have expanded to meet the larger number and diverse needs of those under its care. As well, it reviews the recent initiatives launched by UNHCR to strengthen international protection for refugees and expand the availability of durable solutions through enhanced multilateral cooperation.
Palestinian Refugees of Egypt: What Exit Options Are Left for Them?
Authors: El-Abed Oroub
Published: June 2020

This paper, based on personal interviews, analysis of Egyptian administrative regulations, and observation of practice of international and regional agreements on refugees, considers the effects of displacement on the Palestinians’ legal status and hence on the way they have conducted their livelihoods in Egypt. While Arab countries have offered to provide temporary protection to Palestinian refugees, as a result of political developments, including relations between the PLO and the host states, the rights afforded to Palestinians in Arab host states have varied greatly over time. Palestinians in Egypt, since 1978, do not receive assistance from the government of Egypt and do not have access to any of its public services. Palestinians also do not receive any assistance or protection from UN bodies in charge of refugee issues. Both regional and international pledges and agreements have not been respected. The ambiguous legal status of Palestinians has affected their livelihoods inmany ways. It has rendered their residence insecure and in many cases illegal. This has affected employment and education opportunities, as well as freedomofmovement and association. The deprivation of rights and the unstable legal and economic conditions of Palestinians in Egypt has placed them in a state of “limbo.”
Hush-hushing the whole matter: The UNHCR, Australia, and West Papuan Refugees
Authors: Neumann Klaus
Published: June 2020

Between 1962 and 1973, thousands of refugees crossed from the Indonesian-controlled western half of the island of New Guinea into the Australian-controlled eastern half. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) refrained from becoming involved in the issue, and from publicly criticizing the Australian government over its response to West Papuan asylum seekers. In return, the Australian government committed itself to keeping the High Commissioner informed about developments in New Guinea on the understanding that it would provide information on a strictly confidential basis. The article explores the High Commissioner’s possible motives for effectively condoning Australia’s refugee policies in Papua and New Guinea. It demonstrates the relevance of this historical case study for our understanding of current Australian policies and for evaluating the relationship between the UNHCR and governments.
Global Transactions: Sudanese Refugees Sending Money Home
Authors: Shandy Dianna J.
Published: June 2020

This paper draws on ethnographic research in America and Ethiopia to explore the phenomenon of Sudanese (Nuer) refugee remittance from those in the diaspora to those who remain behind in Africa. Specifically it locates the unidirectional flow of cash within transnational flows of people, goods, and information. This multi-sited study explores the impacts of these transfers on both sides of the equation. It documents the importance of remittances as a vital component of survival and investment in the future for Nuer refugees in Ethiopia. Similarly it raises questions about the siphoning off of resources on the social, cultural, and economic integration of Sudanese in the United States. Finally, it situates remitting behaviour within a broader socio-historical context to explain its centrality in maintaining a Nuer community across national borders.
The Impact of Policy on Somali Refugee Women in Canada
Authors: Spitzer Denise L.
Published: June 2020

This paper explores the ways in which government policy and public discourse have operated to enhance and maintain the liminal status of Somali women refugees in Canada, and the ways in which Somali Canadian women have resisted these efforts in order to create meaning and a place for themselves and their families in North America. The policies and practices that obliged many Somali women to wait three to five years to apply for permanent residency status, Eurocentric definitions of the family that constrain family unification strategies, and economic marginalization due to lack of recognition of foreign credentials have had cumulative adverse effects on the health and well-being of Somali women in Canada.
Transnational Somali Families in Cairo
Authors: Al-Sharmani Mulki
Published: June 2020

In this article, I examine how diasporic Somalis in Cairo experience being part of transnational families. I analyze two practices through which transnational family relations are maintained, experienced, and negotiated: (1) living arrangements of relatives and management of family affairs and (2) the use of the Internet and videotapes. I argue that transnational families make collective decisions about which family members live together, where, and what their family obligations should be. However, although maintaining interdependent transnational families is crucial for the survival of family members, it has its tensions and challenges because of the competing interests and dreams of individual members. I examine these tensions and how they are negotiated by family members who live together in Cairo but share resources and family obligations with relatives living elsewhere. In short, this way of being and living in which individuals and families partake as they are physically separated in different nation- states has its uneven consequences and challenges for different Somalis depending on their legal statuses, education, gender, and identity claims.
De la campagne à la ville à la recherche de protection : Le cas colombien du déplacement forcé
Authors: Osorio Pérez Flora Edilma
Published: June 2020

Le présent article traite de quelques dynamiques du déplacement forcé interne, présent de façon importante en Colombie pendant la dernière décennie à cause de la guerre interne que connaît ce pays. Suivant le flux ruralurbain, les paysans fuient leur domicile pour aller vers la ville. L’imaginaire de sécurité des villes, comme par exemple Bogotá où sont présents le gouvernement et toutes les institutions publiques, est en train de produire une urbanisation accélérée face à une déruralisation qui transforme l’ensemble du pays. La rencontre avec d’autres déplacés dans les mêmes circonstances que soi permet de tisser de nouvelles sociabilités improvisées, fragmentées et ambiguës et rend possible de trouver quelques réponses à leur situation. Malgré une précarité quotidienne, les desplazados (déplacés) soutiennent l’attente d’un futur meilleur, à défaut d’autres horizons et au sein d’une lassitude provoquée par l’instabilité et l’incertitude.
The Resettlement Challenge: Integration of Refugees from Protracted Refugee Situations
Authors: Pressé Debra , Thomson Jessie
Published: June 2020

This paper explores Canada’s response, through our Refugee and Humanitarian Resettlement Program, to developments in international refugee policy and will ask how Canada’s resettlement program could be used more strategically in the future so as to meaningfully contribute to resolving protracted refugee situations globally while ensuring the successful integration of refugees from these situations.
Addressing the Psychosocial Needs of Pregnant Women Affected by War: Program Approaches and Program Gaps
Authors: Akesson Bree
Published: June 2020

Today’s female refugee and internally displaced population faces the increasing risk of adverse birth outcomes associated with stress related to conflict, flight, and displacement. Programs addressing the specific psychosocial needs of pregnant women in situations of war are scarce, and there is little consensus regarding best practices. Initiatives have recently emerged, including psychosocial groups, safe motherhood training, and social support systems, all which aim to alleviate the psychosocial stress experienced by this cohort. However, there remain existing program gaps, such as the absence of specific quality research, the use of a deficits-based vernacular concentrated on vulnerabilities, no focus on postpartum care, and little development of gender-based violence prevention initiatives addressing pregnancies resulting from rape. It is clear that more needs to be done to provide and support comprehensive quality psychosocial services for this population.
The Mouse That Roared
Authors: Adelman Howard
Published: June 2020

A government study shows that new legislation which has been opposed so strongly
and for so long by the refugee' support community and has been pushed just as stubbornly
and uncompromisingly by the government,will, in fact, have little impact on
reducing the number of refugee daims. The return to a safe third country will affect,
at the most optimistic estimate, 10 percent of daimants and, likely, far fewer. Further,
the numbers of claimants would probably have been reduced by twice as much if legislative
measures had been introduced which had the support of most refugee support
groups.
Issues in Quantitative Modelling in the
Early Warning of Refugee Migration
Authors: Schmeidl Susanne , Jenkins J. Craig
Published: June 2020

This article discusses the problems associated
with indicator analysis for the
purpose of early warning. While the
authors endorse the idea of quantitative
EWM, they are sceptical of the understanding
that many have of what EW
analysis entails. In this article, they
identify the limits of quantitative EW
analysis and address many of the major
problems that confront those who are
committed to quantitative EW analysis.
In particular, the authors discuss
the following issues that need to be addressed
when engaging in quantitative
early warning analysis: the problem of
"late warning;" problems of contextual
sensitivity; problems of temporal development;
data availability and measurement;
and problems with the definition
of the appropriate unit of analysis.
Hong Kong and the Indo-Chinese Refugees: Ref1ections on the
International Refugee Environment
Authors: Cunliffe Alex
Published: June 2020

The plight of the Vietnamese Boat People
in Hong Kong in recent decades has
brought into sharp relief the changing
character of the international refugee
political environment. Over the last
twenty years asylum seekers from Vietnam
arriving in the former colony have
experienced a dramatic change in their
reception, treatment and fortunes. For
many academic observers, this has highlighted
the problems facing the major
actors, including the United Nations
High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR), within the international
refugee regime. This short article highlights
this metamorphosis and illustrates
that the refugee issue remains
unresolved in Hong Kong despite the
recent handover to Beijing.
Cultural Interpretation for Refugee Children:
The Multicultural Liaison Program, Ottawa, Canada
Authors: Vargas Claudia Maria
Published: June 2020

Cultural differences may pose as many
challenges as linguistic difficulties for
refugee children and their families in the
school setting. This article explores the
contributions of the Multicultural Liaison
Program (MLD) created by the
Ottawa Board of Education and the
Ottawa-Carleton Immigration Services
Organization (OCISO). Through cultural
mediation, the MLO Program
builds partnerships that support the
efforts of schools and the refugee
communities they serve. Anchored in a
systemic approach that considers the
child, parents, the ethnocultural
community, teachers, and school officials,
the MLOs - or cultural-interpreters -
facilitate the learning and teaching
processes.
Towards Reliable and Responsible Atrocities-Policing
Authors: Penz Peter
Published: June 2020

As Rwanda and Yugoslavia indicate,
atrocities policing ("humanitarian intervention")
is, in our currentglobal polity,
unreliable and carried out crudely. This
becomes apparent when it is compared
with domestic policing. It is the result of
the system of sovereign states, into which
atrocities policing does not readily fit.
Even innovation to accommodate it leads
to the haphazard interventions we have
seen in this decade. But the sovereign state system,
which developed in Europe
in the context of a particular historical
contingency and was then endowed to the
rest of the world through decolonization,
is not the only possible way of organizing
the global polity. Thus, the author offers
as an alternative the concept of a democratic
global federation in which atrocities
policing - including preventative
policing - can be conducted in a much
more reliable and responsible manner.
While such a global political organization
may seem utopian, in the long term
it is not, given how radical change has
been in the past century and can he expected
to he in the next one. Moreover, it
provides direction to current institutional
reform and adds to current decisions about atrocities policing the issue of
the longer-term consequences for global
practices and institutions.
Supporting Refugee and Immigrant Children:
Building Bridges Programme of the International Children's
Institute in Canada and Overseas
Authors: Cole Ester
Published: June 2020

This article highlights factors concerning
refugee school-aged children and their
caregivers both in Canada and overseas.
This article documents the impact of the
International Children's Institute's
Building Bridges programme, which has
received validation from both qualitative
and quantitative studies. It concludes
with implications for authentic programmes
which combine education,
health and NGO (non-governmental organization)
sector partnerships.
Advocate or Expert:
In Search of an Alternative to "We versus They" Mentality
Authors: Katoh Maki
Published: June 2020

In this article, the author interrogates
the "we-versus-they mentality" which
divides refugee advocates from hosting
governments and their representatives.
The author demonstrates how this bifurcation
operates in the context of the
NGO Doctors of the World. Physicians
and mental health professionals provide
volunteer services, assessing and
documenting evidence of torture and
maltreatment. The author argues that
there is a misconception amongst government
representatives that the documentation
is not objective, and that the
NGO advocates on behalf of its clients
irrespective of whether the applicant is
a genuine torture survivor. This misperception
assumes that experts cannot
also be advocates, and denies what is in
fact a shared goal between refugee advocates
and government representatives,
that is, that those who have a
well-founded fear of persecution receive
adequate protection. Only recognizing
this shared goal will break down the
"we-versus-they" mentality.
The New Role of 'Host Countries' Played by Traditional
Countries of Emigration: The Experience of Italy
Authors: Scoppio Grazia
Published: June 2020

The objective of this article is to argue
that in order to successfully address the
issue of integration of migrants, both
voluntary and involuntary, countries
need to abandon concepts of nation-state
and nationalism and embrace policies
of multiculturalism and active
citizenship. The article specifically
deals with new immigrant-receiving
countries and provides the example of
Italy where new policies have been
adopted to deal with the integration of
newcomers. Despite these efforts, hurdles
are still present in the Italian immigration
system. Nonetheless, it must be
acknowledged that the approach espoused
by Italy towards immigration is
positive in that it favours integration
without total assimilation. The Italian
approach reflects the multiculturalism
policy framework adopted by Canada,
which in the opinion of this author is
still the most successful policy model in
addressing issues of integration and
diversity.
An Evaluation of South Africa's Application of the OAU Refugee Definition
Authors: Schreier Tal Hanna
Published: June 2020

This paper undertakes an analysis of South Africa’s application of the OAU Convention’s expanded refugee definition. It finds that in the first stage of South Africa’s refugee status determination process, government officials tasked with individually determining refugee status seemingly make use of the OAU Convention’s refugee definition and basic country of origin information in a unique form of primafacie refugee determination. In this regard, improved training of officials is essential in order to ensure that the appropriate level of protection to all asylum seekers is aff orded in terms of the definition. At the South African Refugee Appeal Board level, however, due to the in-depth nature of the decisions rendered, the OAU refugee definition is more correctly, yet cautiously, utilized to provide protection to persons fleeing indiscriminate widespread disruption of public order or generalized violence. This research is the first of its kind to analyze select decisions of the South African Refugee Appeal Board.
Deportation vs. Sanctuary: The Rationalities, Technologies, and Subjects of Finnish Sanctuary Practices
Authors: Pyykkonen Miikka
Published: June 2020

Evangelical Lutheran parishes and their representatives have provided sanctuaries for asylum seekers for forty years in Finland.Yet this activity became widely publicly recognized only after the Finnish Ecumenical Council released the “Church as Sanctuary” document in 2007.The parishes are assisted by many civic organizations (e.g.women’s organizations, Free Movement Network, Amnesty International, and Finnish Refugee Council) in providing sanctuary.They share the same opponent: the state’s strict asylum policy.The various parties involved in Finnish sanctuary incidents can be divided into two groups using the terminology of the Foucaldian analytics of pastoral power: a state pastorate and the civic/church pastorate.The former tries to secure the vitality of its “flock,” the Finnish population, through strict control over asylum seekers.The latter pastorate challenges the state’s sovereignty to define its accepted members by offering alternative ways for asylum seekers to stay in the country and an alternative understanding of who this “flock” should include.In this article I analyze how these parties construct their subjec­tivities and the asylum-seeker’s subjectivity in the sanctu­ary incidents.Despite seeming opposition between the two pastorates, there are similarities in the ways by which they seek to clarify the inner soul-life of the asylum seekers and make them knowable and governable.
Siting Sudaneseness: Territory, Practice, and Identity in Aragi
Authors: Curley Bjorn
Published: June 2020

The word “aragi” refers to a type of crude, distilled alcoholic drink brewed by Sudanese people throughout Sudan and bordering countries as well as in smaller Sudanese communities around the world. To the people of Sudan residing in neighbouring Egypt, however, aragi is more than a simple beverage; it is a cultural artifact whose value lies in its material and empirical embeddedness in social practice. This paper investigates the symbolic role that aragi plays in the production of identity among displaced Sudanese living in Cairo, Egypt. For Sudanese migrants in Egypt, aragi acts as a signifier, both linguistic and cultural, of their identity. This migrant identity is inhabited and generated through various practices involving aragi, within the social, spatial, and material spheres. In Egypt, Sudanese identity and aragi (as a cultural object) are ethnographically observed to be contextually and semiotically bound through their mutual signification in the word “aragi.” Herein, I will explore how the word “aragi” reflects and articulates social domains of inclusion and exclusion within an identity construed as distinctly Sudanese.
The Politics of Formal Schooling in Refugee Contexts: Education, Class, and Decision Making among Congolese in Uganda
Authors: Clark-Kazak Christina
Published: June 2020

Based on ethnographic research with over four hundred Congolese refugees in Kampala and Kyaka II refugee settlement, Uganda, this article interrogates the politics of education—both historically in the Democratic Republic of Congo and currently in migration contexts in Uganda. Formal education was an aspiration for all young people in the study, irrespective of current educational level. Moreover, it is a priority for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and many other organizations working with refugees. Drawing on the experiences and views of Congolese young people, this article analyzes the socio-political importance they accord to formal schooling. It then analyzes the degree to which these political aspects of education are manifested in daily decision-making processes in families, households, communities, and high-level politics. The author concludes with some reflections on how researchers and practitioners working in migration contexts can recognize and take into account the politicized nature of education.
Paths to a Future for Youth in Protracted Refugee Situations: A View from the Thai-Burmese Border
Authors: Purkey Mary
Published: June 2020

As youth in protracted refugee situations reach adulthood, the challenges of providing education to them have increased. Along the Thai-Burmese border, some creative approaches are being taken in order to respond to their needs. This article describes four programs, each with a different character. Although available to relatively few, they demonstrate some roles that civil society, and in particular educators and educational institutions, can play in delivering or in ensuring access to higher education for refugee youth living in protracted situations. Most critical are creativity, flexibility, and respectful collaboration betwee neducators and both refugee and host communities.
Bordering on Conventional: The Politics of Iraqi Resettlement to the US and Europe, 2003–2011
Authors: Berman Chantal E.
Published: June 2020

Of some 2.5 million Iraqi citizens internationally displaced in the wake of Operation Iraqi Freedom, less than 100,000 have achieved permanent international resettlement. This paper compares US and EU policies regulating the selection and admission of Iraqi refugees since 2003, focusing on the divergent political priorities and structural considerations underpinning variations in resettlement levels during this time. I argue that US resettlement of Iraqi refugees is primarily an element of foreign policy, defined by strategic objectives in Iraq and the surrounding region, whereas admissions to the EU reflect ongoing intra-European debates surrounding the construction and modification of the Common European Asylum System (CEAS). Whereas resettlement to the US increased drastically following a “strategic” reframing of the Iraqi refugee crisis in 2007, failures in the implementation of CEAS’s “standardization” agenda, compounded by enhanced European restrictions on refugee movement, have limited Iraqi admissions to Europe during this time.
Ancient Laws and New Canadian Refugee Legislation: Evaluating Bill C-31 in Light of the Book of Deuteronomy
Authors: Glanville Mark
Published: June 2020

Some important innovations within Bill C-31, Protecting Canada’s Immigration System Act, run contrary to the biblical ethics espoused in the book of Deuteronomy, from the Judeo-Christian scriptures. Components of Bill C-31—such as mandatory detention, no right of appeal, and a five-year delay for application for permanent residence (all these apply to only certain groups of claimants)—are challenged by the ethics, system of justice, and polity of Deuteronomy. In Deuteronomy, the Hebrew word “ger” (“stranger”) occurs twenty-one times, indicating the importance of ethics concerning the stranger for this book. Townships and families in Israel have the responsibility to include the stranger in their agricultural, ritual, and cultural lives. Deuteronomy’s ethic towards the stranger is embedded in Israel’s own history of being a “stranger” or “refugee.”
Temporary Measures: Canadian Refugee Policy and Environmental Migration
Authors: Omeziri Eric , Gore Christopher
Published: June 2020

In 2010, 42 million people worldwide were displaced from their homes as the result of environmental factors. These “environmental migrants” lack international recognition and have no recourse to the protections of the international refugee regime. Given Canada’s history of international refugee resettlement, this paper examines Canada’s past and potential response to environmental migrants. Evidence reveals that the Canadian government relies on ad hoc, temporary measures, and that clear, long-term policy measures for issues surrounding forced migration due to environmental events are unlikely. The implications of this outcome are discussed, providing observations and lessons for researchers and advocates of migration rights.
A Study of the Experiences of Integration and Settlement of Afghan Government-Assisted Refugees in Halifax, Canada
Authors: Nourpanah Shiva
Published: June 2020

This article presents a qualitative study of the experiences of a sample of Afghan refugees who have settled in Canada. Using Anthony Giddens’s concepts of structure and agency, the author analyzes interview data to explore how the respondents express their agency within the structural constraints of refugee life. In light of the research findings, it is argued that Afghan refugees form a diverse and heterogeneous population, in stark contrast to the essentialized and homogenous portrayals of silent, suffering victims of circumstance as found in popular media and policy discourse.
(En)Gendering Vulnerability: Immigrant Service Providers’ Perceptions of Needs, Policies, and Practices Related to Gender and Women Refugee Claimants in Atlantic Canada
Authors: Tastsoglou Evangelia , Abidi Catherine Baillie , Brigham Susan M. , Lange Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2020

As part of a multi-phased study exploring the experiences of refugee claimants in Atlantic Canada, this article focuses on the experiences and perceptions of immigrant service providers in relation to gender and women refugee claimants. Given the paucity of research on refugees in Atlantic Canada and on the particular perspectives of service providers, we have located this part of our research in the intersection of state policies and civil society practices, in particular service providers’ and NGO practices vis-à-vis refugees and refugee claimants. To contextualize our study we briefly trace global and national trends in migration and refugee issues, specifically increasing refugee deterrence policies that restrict claimants’ access to protection and settlement services. Findings highlight the recognition of gender-specific needs but also the lack of a gendered analysis of women refugee claimants, uneven accessibility to support services across the Atlantic region, challenges in navigating services, low cultural competence of institutional social and health service providers, and the rise of a punitive deterrence culture.
The Vietnamese Refugee Crisis of the 1970s and 1980s: A Retrospective View from NGO Resettlement Workers
Authors: Vu Anna N. , Satzewich Vic
Published: June 2020

This article examines the role of NGO resettlement workers in refugee camps in Southeast Asia during the late 1970s and 1980s. The workers offered psychological support to refugees whose lives were in turmoil, but they also helped them present themselves in ways that would be most attractive to Western host countries. This process involves both commission and omission. NGO resettlement workers sometimes actively guided refugees by giving them specific advice and training. At other times, they facilitated this endeavour by observing how refugees fit themselves into the selection categories of various states, but chose to remain silent in order to avoid jeopardizing the refugees’ chances for resettlement.
Human Rights and Refugee Protest against Immigration Detention: Refugees’ Struggles for Recognition as Human
Authors: Fiske Lucy
Published: June 2020

When detainees go on hunger strike or riot or occupy the roofs of detention centres, their actions are usually narrated by governments keen to discredit them and their actions as criminal and manipulative and evidence of their barbarity and difference. A secondary, counter-narration is provided by detainee supporters who explain the actions as evidence of detainees’ distress and deteriorating mental health. The voices of the actors themselves, people held in detention and taking protest action, are rarely heard in depth. Drawing on in-depth interviews with refugees formerly held in Australian immigration detention centres, and the works of Hannah Arendt, this article argues that  the experience of immigration detention is fundamentally dehumanizing and that while detainee protest was aimed at attaining certain material outcomes, it also served important existential functions. The fact of protest was a rejection of a powerless state, a way for detained refugees to experience their own agency and, with it, restoration of some of the “essential characteristics of human life” and a means to use their reduction to “bare humanity” as a basis for insisting upon a place in the polis.
US Leadership and the International Refugee Regime
Authors: Martin Susan F. , Ferris Elizabeth
Published: June 2020

This article examines the role of the United States in the international refugee regime. It argues that the United States generally leads in assistance and protection of refugees and displaced persons when three conditions are present: a strong link to US foreign policy; clear and highly visible humanitarian needs and important domestic constituencies in support of action; and strong congressional support. The United States manifests its leadership through its financial contributions, as the largest donor to the array of international organizations with responsibilities in this area; resettlement of the refugees; and the use of the convening power of the US government. Nevertheless, there are reasons to be cautious about US leadership. While it is unlikely that the United States will soon lose its status as principal donor and principal strategist on tackling displacement, its ability to generate new resettlement offers is less clear, as is its ability to increase its own resettlement levels. The asylum system still has significant gaps, making it difficult for the United States to lead by example.
RESPONSES OF HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS IN VIETNAM DURING THE TIME OF COVID-19
Authors: Trang Nguyễn Thị Thùy
Published: June 2020

Coronavirus (Covid-19) has spread to almost every country worldwide. As of April 28th, 2020 Vietnam has recorded 270 coronavirus cases and no Covid-19-caused death; however, education in Vietnam has been significantly affected. As no anti-Covid19 vaccine has been developed and the coronavirus difficulty time continues, it will be up to higher educational institutions to continually review and improve their unusual difficult situation management strategies and initiatives. This study seeks to answer the following questions: (i) What are the impacts of Covid-19 on higher educational institutions in Vietnam? (ii) What are the progress made with regards to unusual difficult situation management in higher educational institutions in Vietnam during the time of Covid-19?The results of this study reveal the current state of unusual difficult situation management in the higher educational institutions in Vietnam and the key areas that should be addressed as part of institution’s unusual difficult situation management plan during and after the difficulty time of Covid-19.
Stress breeding of neglected tetraploid primitive wheat (Triticum dicoccum, Triticum carthlicum and Triticum polonicum)
Authors: Saleh Maysoun M.
Published: June 2020

Ancient wheats are progressively more considered as valuable resources for genes of interest especially in organic and health food markets which could be introduced into cultivated varieties. Better evaluation of primitive wheats that symbolize a valuable genetic resource may provide breeders with important sources for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. Emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. dicoccum) is one of the most ancient of cultivated cereals, makes good bread, higher in fiber than common wheat, emmer is used is for making pasta and bread, with no need at all to use pesticides during growing season, grow in severe environments and minor lands, resistance to Septroria leaf blotch and resistance to Russian wheat aphid and Green bug. Persian wheat (Triticum turgidum ssp. carthlicum) described with many favorable characters, like being a good resistant species to stem rust and powdery mildew, plants have more tillers with good productivity, low temperature tolerant and pre-harvest budding and fairly resistant to fungus diseases. Polish wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. polonicum) were used for bread making as many forms having grains with high protein content (27%), and it is a great source for high yielding wheat varieties characterized by plump grain, and could be used in genetic bio-fortification of durum wheat and common wheat. Lack of scientific researches and facilities to produce and marketing, in addition to concentrating on new varieties are considered as limitation factors of expanding these species. For better adaptation to climate change and for future food security, it is highly recommended to improve utilization and sustainable use of targeted species and cooperation between scientists and researcher on the national and international levels. This review is an attempt to highlight the value of targeted species with general information about classification, origin and distribution, importance domestication, characterization and conservation, traditional breeding and role of each of molecular biology, tissue culture and mutation in exploiting genetic variation in targeted species.
Anterior temporal approach for clipping of ruptured basilar tip aneurysms: Surgical techniques and treatment outcomes
Authors: Wongsuriyanan Somkiat , Sriamornrattanakul Kitiporn
Published: June 2020

Background:

Basilar tip (BT) aneurysms are challenging to treat with microsurgical clipping, especially in subarachnoid hemorrhage cases. The anterior temporal approach is one of the surgical approaches for the treatment of aneurysms in this area. The majority of the previous reports on this approach have described unruptured cases. For the ruptured cases assessed in our study, the authors describe the surgical technique, patient characteristics, and surgical outcomes following the use of this technique.

Methods:

Fourteen patients with ruptured BT aneurysms who received aneurysm clipping with an anterior temporal approach between December 2015 and August 2019 were retrospectively evaluated. The surgical techniques are described, an illustrative case is shown.

Results:

The average patient age was 62.2 years (range: 46–78) for ten women and four men. Nine patients (64.3%) were classified as having a poor grade (World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies Grades 4 and 5) at the first presentation. All of the cases demonstrated complete aneurysm obliteration. Good outcomes (mRS 0 to 2) at 6 months were achieved in 58.3% of the patients and in 77.8% of the patients who had a good Glasgow Coma Score after resuscitation before surgery. Postoperative transient oculomotor nerve palsy and thalamic infarctions were detected in six patients (42.9%) and two patients (14.3%), respectively.

Conclusion:

With appropriate case selection, the anterior temporal approach was effective and safe for the clipping of ruptured BT aneurysms.
信息素养与语文学业成绩的关系——项基于中国学生的实证研究
Authors: 刘 茂苗 , 李 先锋
Published: June 2020

近年来，随着新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的蔓延，中国各级各类学校都纷纷延迟开学，采取在线教学的形式，积极落实教育部所提出的“停课不停学”的口号。在此背景下，中小学生的信息素养也引起了各界更为广泛地关注。为了解现阶段中小学生的信息素养水平，初步探究其与语文学业成绩的关系，论文根据中国中小学生信息素养评估的基本框架，对中国成都市内中小学生进行了抽样问卷调查。调查研究发现中小学生在意识与认知、道德与法律层面表现相对较好，而应用与评估、知识与能力层面还有待加强，学生的信息素养水平与其语文学业成绩显著相关。根据调查结果，论文也提出相应的建议：注重中小学生信息素养的全面提升，深化家校共育模式，探索信息化背景下教与学方式的转变。
语文学科核心素养下郭沫若诗作 文本解读与教学应用
Authors: 刘 永霞 , 李 先锋
Published: June 2020

语文学科核心素养作为中国学生发展核心素养的重要途径，越来越受人们重视。因此，对于语文教科书中的核心素养进行开发尤为重要。《立在地球边上放号》是郭沫若诗作的代表作之一，也是中国国家统编本高中语文教科书的范文之一，目前暂未有文献对其语文学科核心素养进行开发。基于此，本文拟采用文献研究法、归纳总结法、探索性研究法，从语文学科核心素养四维度对其进行文本解读，并通过教材分析、高考考情分析得出其中文教学应用。
中学生彝语对英语语音学习的负迁移分析——以石林县彝语支系（撒尼）语为例
Authors: 毕 英
Published: June 2020

语言是一种社交工具，语音是语言的外在表征，具有社会性质。相关研究表明，彝语对英语学习有词汇、语法和语音等方面的负迁移影响，这一现象已成为外语教师和研究者探讨的重要趋势。基于语音迁移和负迁移理论，就中国石林县彝语的一个支系——撒尼语和英语语音进行对比分析，结果表明产生负迁移是因为两种语言之间存在差异，有些音素无相互对应。据此，论文提出相关的教学建议。
幼儿游戏学习课程建构的实践与思考
Authors: 邓 明
Published: June 2020

幼儿游戏学习课程关注幼儿的主动学习和自主发展，教育与游戏活动的有效融合，可以实现幼儿个性与能力的和谐发展。论文结合幼儿园教育实践，阐述了对幼儿园游戏课程的科学认识，幼儿游戏学习课程建构的基本思路、主要内容与特色以及实践探索过程中的思考。
初中数学教学中如何渗透数学思想方法
Authors: 尤 海正
Published: June 2020

初中数学里面有不少数学思想，学生需要了解相关的数学思想就能够解开不同的数学问题。所以，初中数学老师需要在教学时向学生介绍相关的数学思想方法，不但能够切实提升学生的学习成绩，而且学生也会有自己的数学思维模式，给后续数学知识的学习打下坚实的基础。因此，论文先阐述了数学思想渗透于初中数学教学的重要性及一些具体的应用措施，希望给相关领域带来一定的借鉴意义。
基于学科竞赛的“双创”教育模式研究
Authors: 许 笛 , 袁 英
Published: June 2020

为了使得学生的创新思维能够得到充分的激发，并为国家的创造型人才培养之路打下良好的基础，近些年来中国教育部门以及各地高校纷纷通过开展学科竞赛的形式，来推行“双创”教育模式。特别是对于许多应用性较强的学科来说，其是否能够在教学过程当中致力于通过学科竞赛的方式来帮助学生提高理论知识的应用水平，并拓展他们的综合素质，将会在很大程度上决定中国“双创”人才的培养水平。而论文正是以此为背景，尝试探究学科竞赛在中国各大高校当中的应用情况及其应用价值，并提出相应的学科竞赛“双创”教育模式推行策略，希望能够为广大的高校教育者们提供一定的借鉴。
新建地方本科院校通识教育选修课现状及对策研究
Authors: 王 静 , 范 广
Published: June 2020

在中国教育领域改革不断深化的背景下，中国教育对高等院校教育提出了“通识教育”的要求。在通识教育课程体系中，选修课的质量具有较大的影响力，关系着通识教育理念的贯彻与目标的达成。论文简要阐述了通识教育与选修课，分析了新建地方本科院校通识教育选修课现状，对新建地方本科院校通识教育选修课课程体系构建对策进行深入探究，希望以此优化选修课课程体系，提高新建地方本科院校的通识教育构建水平，促进院校健康发展。
元认知策略对英语自主学习的影响
Authors: 王 丹骅
Published: June 2020

随着中国经济的快速发展，中国越来越重视元认知策略这种高层次的学习策略。为了进一步提升学生语言学习的主动性和积极性，根据目标制定相对应的学习计划，针对性地进行意识监控和学习评价，增强学生的策略应用意识，论文主要针对现阶段的元认知策略对英语自主学习的影响进行简要分析，并提出合理化建议。
实习生撰写综述论文在眼科临床教学改革中的重要意
Authors: 程 世明 , 陈 明洪 , 邓 慧华 , 欧 立 , 程 子昂
Published: June 2020

在学生实习阶段，其教学改革的重点应放在提高学生的学习自觉性和培养学生的实际工作能力上。因此，我们通过要求和指导实习生撰写医学综述论文，使学生在提高学习兴趣和诊疗水平、开阔眼界、学用结合及培养科研能力等方面收到良好效果，为学生毕业后的临床工作和社会实践打下了坚实的基础。
试论职业指导在促进高校毕业生就业困难群体就业工作中的作用和重要性
Authors: 李 哲
Published: June 2020

就业是民生之本，高校毕业生的就业情况关系到经济健康发展和社会稳定，更是保障和改善民生的头等大事。而高校毕业生就业困难群体就业则是高校毕业生就业工作的重中之重，职业指导在高校毕业生就业工作中发挥着重要的作用，促进高校毕业生就业困难群体就业是职业指导的重要任务，也是难点所在。
浅析九年级语文课堂上教师应该如何设计所提出的问题
Authors: 王 雪
Published: June 2020

新课标指出，“教师和学生是课程的创造者和主体，教学不只是忠实地实施教学计划的过程，更是一个适合于学生个性主体发展的创新过程”。因此，作为课堂教学至关重要的一个手段——课堂提问就显得尤为重要。优秀的问题设计不仅可以充分调动学生学习的积极性，使课堂更加富有生命力，还可以帮助教师更好地了解学生的知识掌握情况，便于教师随时调整教学方案。换句话说，精心设计的课堂提问可以直接或间接地帮助学生省时省力地提高学业成绩。
浅谈社会热点问题中高校辅导员思想政治教育工作的切入点
Authors: 王 梅
Published: June 2020

高校辅导员在社会热点问题中做好大学生思想政治教育工作是非常有必要且具有重要意义。高校辅导员可以通过历史经验的角度对国际与中国进行比较，学习青年榜样，关心社会热点问题，牢记使命担当青年责任。引导青年学生自觉增强“四个意识”，坚定“四个自信”，自觉做到“两个维护”，努力成长为爱祖国、有理想、有本领、有担当的新时代青年。
教育经济学中几个理论问题的思考
Authors: 李 楠娟
Published: June 2020

随着社会经济的飞速发展，教育经济学在教育系统中所扮演的角色也越来越重要。教育经济学作为独立学科，对社会经济发展的研究有着至关重要的作用。从当前教育经济学系教学活动实际开展情况来看，仍然存在一些理论问题方面的矛盾和冲突。论文主要针对教育经济学中的几个常见的问题进行探究和思考，希望能为教育经济学教学活动的开展提供一定的参考。