bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nature Conservation: the role of networks - conference report
Authors: A. Saunders D. , L. Craig J.
Published: May 2016

Over 200 conservation biologists, ecologists, managers, landowners and private citizens from 14 countries met to explore the themes that networks of people are our conservation force and networks of other organisms are our conservation resource. Ninety-four oral and 25 poster papers were presented at the conference. The major conclusions were that there was a need for greater trust between professional and government agencies, scientists, community groups, landowners and individuals and a greater involvement of indigenous peoples in tackling nature conservation problems.
Ecological functioning in arid Australia and research to assist conservation of biodiversity
Authors: D. James Craig , Landsberg Jill , R. Morton Stephen
Published: May 2016

This discussion paper outlines what we perceive to be current conservation problems in arid Australia. We call for better land-use planning for conservation, for the integration of conservation and other types of land use, and for an agenda for research that is required to assist this planning and integration. We identify four key themes on which we believe research is imperative to assist the conservation of biodiversity. The research themes are: (1) identification of spatial and temporal patterns of distribution of native biota; (2) quantification of the impact of pastoralism on native biota; (3) identification of, and control of, potential non-native pest species; and (4) development of methods and technologies to allow regional conservation planning. For each of these themes we examine current knowledge and on-going research and provide a framework in which these research areas could be addressed. We offer this discussion to help refine and target research expenditure.
Conservation implications of internesting habitat use by Loggerhead Turtles Caretta caretta in Woongarra Marine Park, Queensland, Australia
Authors: D. Tucker A. , N. Fitzsimmons N. , J. Limpus C.
Published: May 2016

We studied internesting habitat use by Loggerhead Turtles Caretta caretta with radio telemetry and by visual sightings of paint-marked turtles in Woongarra Marine Park, adjacent to the major mainland nesting rookery in Queensland. A high concentration of females occurs within the Park during the early phase of the internesting period as ovulation and shelling of eggs occur. From 36?72 hr following oviposition, activity ranges and swimming rates were greatly reduced. About day 9 after oviposition, turtles resumed higher swimming rates and wider activity ranges and were as likely to be outside protected management zones as within. Movements were generally within 10 km north or south of the rookery, limited to 1?2 km of the coast rather than offshore oriented and were independent of currents. A different pattern was exhibited after the final nest of the season: females departed the region quickly, with little of the localized movement characteristic of the internesting period. Over 89% of the nesting females were susceptible to trawling at some time during their internesting period as they swam outside the Protected Management Area. The likelihood of turtle-trawler interactions along the Woongarra coast and the potential of turtle excluder devices (TEDs) as a conservation measure are discussed. TED use provides a broadly applicable management option that can be combined with spatially or temporally restricted trawling zones.
Predation at nests of two New Zealand endemic passerines; implications for bird community restoration
Authors: P. Brown Kerry
Published: May 2016

Predation at North Island Robin Petroica australis longipes and North Island Tomtit Petroica macrocephala toitoi nests was studied in New Zealand over the 1993/94 breeding season to determine impacts of predators. Infra-red, time-lapse video photography and sign left after predation were used to identify predators at nests. Accurate estimates of predation rates depended on early detection of nests. Previous studies of predation may have greatly under-estimated predation rates and therefore predation impacts. Predation was patchy and intense, resulting in failure to produce young in some territories despite up to ten nesting attempts. A maximum of 82% of nests were preyed on (n = 65; 95% confidence interval 72.4%?90%) and Ship Rats Rattus rattus were probably responsible for at least 72% (95% confidence interval 57.4%?84.4%) of predations. Nine of 24 territories lost breeding females, mainly to Ship Rats, which significantly impacted on population productivity. Ship Rat predation was equally intense at exposed and concealed nests (at the site and patch levels). Predation attributed to avian predators was strongly correlated with exposed nests (at the patch level). Restoration of New Zealand's threatened forest bird communities is dependent on a commitment to further research into the significance of different predators and predation impacts on bird populations.
Losing Ground: An Environmental History of the Hawkesbury-Nepean Catchment
Authors: French R.
Published: May 2016

Once upon a time I went to a university which compelled its engineering students to do a few arts subjects to round out their otherwise myopic studies. Being a sensitive-no-attitude-guy, I really wanted to be lovable, and I had remembered the history lecturer told us not simply to quote facts, but interpret them. Five per cent of us tried to do more than simply transcribe the history books, but, for our pains, we got whacked with conceded passes. Anyway, how much history could 19-year-old students learn from a 28-year-old lecturer called Patrick O'Farrell?
Carabid Beetle and vegetation associations in the Tasmanian Eastern Tiers: implications for conservation
Authors: Michaels Karyl , Mendel Louise
Published: May 2016

The distribution and abundance of the carabid beetle fauna of selected grassy ecosystems, wet and dry sclerophyll forests, and wet heaths in the Eastern Tiers, Tasmania was examined using pitfall traps. The conservation values of the sites were assessed by applying evaluation criteria typically used for vegetation (i.e., representativeness, typicalness, diversity and rarity) to both the carabid fauna data and the vegetation data. Sites of high conservation value for carabids and vegetation were identified and compared. Sites that ranked highest in terms of the carabid fauna on all conservation criteria were not the sites that ranked highest based on the vegetation. Classification of sites produced different results depending on whether plant or carabid data were used. Conservation based solely on vegetation attributes will therefore not necessarily conserve a rich and/or representative carabid fauna. If the objective to conserve a representative range of all biota is to be met, the use of additional taxa such as carabids in conservation assessments is desirable.
Twenty-eight years of monitoring a breeding population of Carnaby's Cockatoo
Authors: A. Saunders Denis , A. Ingram John
Published: May 2016

The breeding population of Carnaby's Cockatoo at Coomallo Creek in the northern kwongan (sandheath) of southwestern Australia was monitored from 1969 to 1996. The cockatoos breed in hollows in trees in a belt of woodland through the centre of the study area and feed in adjacent kwongan. During the period, the study area was progressively and rapidly cleared for broad-scale cereal and sheep farming. The area of native vegetation cover was reduced from 90% in 1959 to 25% in 1996. The number of breeding attempts fell over the period of the study from around 80 attempts in the early part of the study to less than 40 by 1996. The initial decline was due to a combination of loss of habitat and increased mortality of the birds due to the use of wing tags to mark them individually. The subsequent decline was most likely due to loss of habitat. The importance of the northern kwongan and associated woodland patches to the conservation of animals like Carnaby's Cockatoo that breed in tree hollows is discussed. Unless areas of woodland on private land and adjacent kwongan are afforded more protection, the future for hollow nesting species that feed on native vegetation like Carnaby's Cockatoo is bleak.
The Sacred Balance: Rediscovering Our Place in Nature
Authors: Wood Nick
Published: May 2016

The majority of David Suzuki's books have been a response to the processes causing environmental degradation. In The Sacred Balance, he addresses the apathy behind these processes. If people are apathetic or indifferent to the degradation of their environment, it is almost impossible to bring about the change which can lead to environmental restoration and biological conservation. Poor environmental attitudes dominate in western society. Re-establishing the link of humankind to nature is the key to changing attitudes and Suzuki explains the physical, social and spiritual needs that must be satisfied to achieve this.
Conservation status of mammals and birds in southwestern Australian forests. I. Is there evidence of direct links between forestry practices and species decline and extinction?
Authors: C. Calver M. , Dell J.
Published: May 2016

Sixteen mammal species and 22 bird species whose distributions extended into southwestern Australian forests before European settlement have been listed as threatened at some time in Commonwealth legislation, State legislation, or action plans of Environment Australia or its predecessors. Confident assessment of the causes of conservation status is hampered by poor base-line data, few studies of putative impacts and a preponderance of circumstantial or anecdotal rather than experimental evidence. However, introduced foxes were Implicated In the current conservation status of 62% of the mammal species recognized, while 44% of them were negatively impacted by feral cats, 44% by agricultural clearing and 44% by changed fire regimes. Forestry practices were impllcated in the conservation status of only one mammal species. For the bird species recognized, changed fire regimes had the greatest negative impact (45% affected), agricultural clearing affected 41%, draining of wetlands affected 32% and grazing by livestock affected 22%. Forestry practices were not directly implicated in the conservation status of any bird species. While these results suggest that forestry has had minimal direct impact on the mammals and birds of the forests, the conclusion should be treated cautiously because of the poor data. While awaiting a rigorous evaluation, we argue for a strong precautionary approach to forestry in the region. With proper forest management and sound sylvicultural [sic] treatment there is no reason why there should not be built up on the wreckage of the once splendid forests of Western Australia tended forests which will yield for all time 100 cubic feet of timber per acre per year. Lane-Poole (1920). There are many reasons why Australian environmentalists would like to end logging in native forests. The preservation of wilderness, aesthetics, an almost religious identification with old growth forests and the conservation of forest wildlife figure importantly in environmental efforts to restrict logging. Wilderness and a personal identification with trees and undisturbed forests are fundamentally incompatible with logging. Recher (1996).
Challenging the wisdom of the Universe, Parliament and the People: the perils of saving species
Authors: F. Recher H.
Published: May 2016

No one ever pretended that the conservation of biodiversity would be easy. Not only do conservation biologists and those responsible for implementing conservation programmes need to cope with the vagaries of a rapidly degrading global environment and the often poorly understood and unique requirements of a largely undescribed biota, they must also cope with human social systems and its plethora of minority interests. In an earlier issue of Pacific Conservation Biology, Leong Lim expressed his concerns about the operation and legitimacy of New South Wales' threatened species legislation. Partly he was concerned about the constitutional validity of the legislation and partly about difficulties for land owners, consultants, and government authorities in addressing the requirements of the legislation when information on individual threatened and listed species was incomplete. In this issue, the Scientific Committee set up under the legislation to determine listings of threatened species responds to Lim's criticisms. The Committee argues that they operate within the bounds of the legislation and are constrained by the requirements of the Act. The issue of "accountability" raised by Lim is important.
Status and management of the Palila, an endangered Hawaiian honeycreeper, 1987-1996
Authors: K. Pratt Thane , C. Banko Paul , G. Fancy Steven , D. Lindsey Gerald , D. Jacobi James
Published: May 2016

A single, relictual population of Palila Loxioides bailleui, a Hawaiian honeycreeper, survives on the slopes of Mauna Kea volcano on the island of Hawai'i, where it feeds principally on flowers and green seeds of the mamane tree Sophora chrysophylla. The Palila was listed as an endangered species by state and federal governments because of continuing damage to its habitat by browsing Feral and Mouflon Sheep Ovis aries and O. musimon and Goats Capra hircus and because of the bird's restricted range and low numbers. Ecology of the Palila was studied from 1987 to 1996. Annual population estimates fluctuated between 1 600 and 5 700 and averaged 3 400 birds. Estimates varied with availability of mamane seeds, which are less abundant in drought years. In drought years, most birds did not attempt to breed, and survival rates were lower because of a shortage of food. Availability of mamane seeds also showed large seasonal variability. While some nests were preyed upon by Owls Asio flammeus, Cats Felis catus and Rats Rattus rattus, losses were high at the end of the season from unexplained death of eggs and chicks. Genetic studies did not implicate inbreeding depression. Neither avian malaria nor avian pox appeared at this site, where the mosquito vector was absent. However, weather and food shortage worsened towards the end of the nesting season. Availability of food and habitat remain the principal factors limiting increase in the Palila population. Recovery efforts now focus on reducing numbers of feral ungulates, fire management, removing mammalian predators, and developing techniques for captive propagation and introduction to currently unoccupied sites within the bird's former range. Reforestation adjacent to the Mauna Kea Forest Reserve would allow the Palila population to expand and grow.
An ecological history of Koala habitat in Port Stephens Shire and the Lower Hunter on the Central Coast of New South Wales, 1801-1998
Authors: Knott Tiffany , Lunney Daniel , Coburn Dionne , Callaghan John
Published: May 2016

This paper describes the vegetation of Port Stephens Shire and environs at the time of European settlement, defines the sequence of vegetation clearance since that time, and estimates the extent to which the pre-European vegetation represented Koala habitat. A study of historical records, newspapers, documents and reports was undertaken in conjunction with interviews with long-standing Port Stephens residents. The historical records show that Koalas were widespread and common during early settlement. Reconstruction of the original vegetation was based on descriptions by early explorers and settlers from the early 1800s, when settlement commenced. Most of the land on either side of the Hunter River was vegetated by Shrubby Tall Open Forest intermingling with either Open Swamp Forest, or VineFern Closed Forest, or cedar brush. The first area to be settled was the alluvial land on the banks of the rivers where the soil was fertile and well watered. Settlement proceeded rapidly in the western part of the Shire from the early 1800s, concentrating on the Lower Hunter and Williams Rivers, but not progressing to the east until much later (mid to late 1800s). The historical record was sufficiently detailed to allow reconstruction of Koala habitat distribution at the time of settlement. Ecological history is now emerging as a discipline that has far more than curiosity value. It can provide the essential framework for conserving and restoring those landscapes exploited in the first century of European settlement.
The protection of forested coastal wetlands in Southern Sumatra: a regional strategy for integrating conservation and development
Authors: Davie Jim , Sumardja Effendy
Published: May 2016

The coastal wetland ecosystems of South-east Asia are seriously threatened by increasing population pressure and by conversion to a range of uses from urban to forestry, agriculture and aquaculture. These ecosystems include mangroves, but also encompass coastal peatswamp forest and freshwater swamp forest. Solutions to the conservation problems require strategies which put individual areas into a regional and biogeographic context and address not only pressure within each area, but also attempt to solve the causes of these pressures. The coastal wetlands on the east coast of southern Sumatra provide an example of the types of problems that are widespread in the region. They are also of considerable ecological significance for their biodiversity and in regulating the ecological conditions of the productive inshore waters of the Java Sea. The Berbak National Park is perhaps the best representation of original peatswamp forest remaining in SE Asia, while the mangrove communities of Sembilang and associated rivers immediately to the south are of paramount value not only because they represent substantially intact natural communities, but also because they contain intact ecological gradients inland to palmswamp and peatswamp communities above the saltwater/freshwater interface. The three locations considered in this paper are of international importance as waterbird and wader habitat and Berbak is a Ramsar site. Nevertheless, human pressure is rapidly increasing. Intense pressure on the northern coastline of Jambi Province is driving a growing population along the coastal fringe adjacent to the Berbak National Park, while commercial forestry and a transmigration settlement to the south-west of Sembilang is also a source of increasing human activity. Extensive forest fires during the long dry season of 1994 resulted in widespread destruction of peatswamp forest on the borders of Sembilang and Berbak and allowed further encroachrnent to occur there. In this paper a set of proposals for conservation of the coastal wetland communities of southern Sumatra are presented. These proposals emphasize a range of land use approaches which contemporary conservation planning have available. They provide examples of local area multiple use and resource substitution techniques, zoning approaches, and potentially significant ecotourism opportunities. Taken together it is argued that these approaches are not only appropriate for site management, but will also relieve pressure associated with a continuing process of ad hoc and planned settlement and conversion which has characterized the region since the 1960s.
Applying the Precautionary Principle
Authors: Cox Brad
Published: May 2016

Decision makers have struggled to come to terms with the uncertainty surrounding environmental issues. For example, how should the problem of global warming be approached when there is so much uncertainty surrounding its causes and potential outcomes? The precautionary principle is a response to this issue. The principle is defined in the 1992 Rio Declaration on the environment; "Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation." The principle implies that people have a duty to take anticipatory action to prevent environmental harm, to examine the full range of alternatives and to allow safe margins of error. It means that the onus is no longer on the conservationist to prove that harm will occur, but on the developer to prove that no harm will occur.
Development and application of procedures to identify and conserve threatened ecological communities in the South-west Botanical Province of Western Australia
Authors: English V. , Blyth J.
Published: May 2016

A two year project was conducted to: (i) produce definitions, criteria and procedures for identifying threatened ecological communities (TECs) and assigning them to categories that define conservation status; (ii) develop a minimum data set for allocating TECs to one of these categories; (iii) establish a database and enter on it TECs, and associated data, of the South-west Botanical Province of Western Australia; and (iv) assess each community and make recommendations for actions to conserve them. The procedures described allow assessment of whether a particular biological assemblage can be described as an ecological community, and whether it meets the definitions and criteria for a TEC. ''Threatened'' (with destruction) includes ''totally destroyed", "critically endangered (CRl", "endangered (EN)" and ''vulnerable (VU)". Ecological communities that do not meet the criteria as ''threatened'' may be classified "data deficient" if there is insufficient information to assign a category, or "lower risk" if the community is not under significant threat. Other assemblages are termed "not evaluated". The terminology, categories and criteria are adapted from those recommended for threatened species by the World Conservation Union (IUCN). Thirty-eight ecological communities, including those based on assemblages of terrestrial and aquatic plants, cave and mound-spring invertebrates, and structure-forming microbes were entered on the database. Of these, 16 were assessed as CR, seven as EN, ten as VU and five as data deficient. The project established methods that are applicable to data on a broad range of community types at a broad range of scales. It also initiated many recovery actions including preparation of interim recovery plans, land acquisition, fencing, weed control and public liaison. Such actions are intended to cause allocation of communities to a lower category of threat when reevaluated against the criteria.
A test of the variable circular-plot method where exact density of a bird population was known
Authors: T. Nelson Jay , G. Fancy Steven
Published: May 2016

Variable circular-plot (VCP) counts are statistically more sound than point counts because they are adjusted for the probability of detecting birds at different distances and under different conditions. However, many ornithologists use point counts rather than VCP counts because they believe that assumptions of the VCP method are almost always violated, leading to poor results, and because earlier field tests using ad hoc analysis methods gave variable and relatively poor results. We conducted the first field test of the VCP method where the exact density of a forest bird was known as part of re-establishing the 'Oma'o Myadestes obscurus in former range. All 'Oma'o in the new population were intensively monitored by radio telemetry so that the number present during four VCP censuses was known. Excluding the first census, when three of the four detections were of the same individual, differences in VCP density estimates ranged from ?34% to +24% (mean 0%) even though =18 'Oma'o were detected per survey. We review critical assumptions of the VCP method and make recommendations for data analysis based on our experience with the method on Pacific islands.
Recovery of shrubland communities on abandoned farmland in southwestern Australia: soils, plants, birds and arthropods
Authors: W. Arnold G. , Abensperg-Traun M. , J. Hobbs R. , E. Steven D. , Atkins L. , J. Viveen J. , M. Gutter D.
Published: May 2016

Passive recovery of land formerly used for agricultural production may be an inexpensive and rapid method of ecosystem recovery, and may provide an alternative method to active revegetation. Passive recovery may also contribute to sustainable agriculture (soil salinity). For undisturbed and disturbed areas of the central wheatbelt of Western Australia, this paper reports the effects of farming history (clearing only, cultivation, duration of farming, and time since farming ceased) on the soil nutrient content, plant floristics (richness and composition) and structure, and the abundance, species richness and species composition of birds and arthropods. Only one site was cultivated for >6 years. We summarize as follows: (1) Previous clearing and cultivation has left no residual effects on the nitrogen or phosphorus content in the sandy soils. (2) There were no significant differences in terms of plant species richness but some differences in cover of woody plants, grass cover and plant species composition for farming history or time since farming ceased. (3) There were no significant differences in bird species richness but differences in species composition for time since farming ceased. (4) Arthropods showed few (and low) significant differences in their abundance, richness or species composition across different farming histories and time periods since farming ceased. Farming of these shrublands has left only minor changes in the composition and structure of the vegetation, and in the abundance, species richness and species composition of the passerine bird and arthropod assemblages. Abandoned parcels of land on the sandy soils which support shrubland may yield useful conservation benefits with relatively little input.
Marsupial Nutrition
Authors: J. Foley William
Published: May 2016

In the early 1980s advances in marsupial biology could no longer be encapsulated in a single volume such as Hugh Tyndale-Biscoe's "Life of Marsupials" and Cambridge University Press commissioned a series of monographs covering a range of different topics in marsupial biology. As it was, only three of that series were realized and among them was the ptedecessor to this book "Digestive Physiology and Nutrition of Marsupials" published in 1982. "Marsupial Nutrition" is a considerably expanded and comprehensive review of studies of nutrition and digestive physiology of Australasian and South American marsupials. In Australia, many ecologists view the limited nutrient status of our soils and vegetation as a fundamental limit to animal populations. This book explains firstly how Australian marsupials have responded to those limitations and secondly asks whether these responses are common amongst marsupials living in New Guinea and South America.
On the relationship between aerosol model uncertainty and radiative forcing uncertainty
Authors: Lee Lindsay A. , Reddington Carly L. , Carslaw Kenneth S.
Published: May 2016

The largest uncertainty in the historical radiative forcing of climate is caused by the interaction of aerosols with clouds. Historical forcing is not a directly measurable quantity, so reliable assessments depend on the development of global models of aerosols and clouds that are well constrained by observations. However, there has been no systematic assessment of how reduction in the uncertainty of global aerosol models will feed through to the uncertainty in the predicted forcing. We use a global model perturbed parameter ensemble to show that tight observational constraint of aerosol concentrations in the model has a relatively small effect on the aerosol-related uncertainty in the calculated forcing between preindustrial and present-day periods. One factor is the low sensitivity of present-day aerosol to natural emissions that determine the preindustrial aerosol state. However, the major cause of the weak constraint is that the full uncertainty space of the model generates a large number of model variants that are equally acceptable compared to present-day aerosol observations. The narrow range of aerosol concentrations in the observationally constrained model gives the impression of low aerosol model uncertainty. However, these multiple “equifinal” models predict a wide range of forcings. To make progress, we need to develop a much deeper understanding of model uncertainty and ways to use observations to constrain it. Equifinality in the aerosol model means that tuning of a small number of model processes to achieve model−observation agreement could give a misleading impression of model robustness.
CYP450-derived oxylipins mediate inflammatory resolution
Authors: Gilroy Derek W. , Edin Matthew L. , De Maeyer Roel P. H. , Bystrom Jonas , Newson Justine , Lih Fred B. , Stables Melanie , Zeldin Darryl C. , Bishop-Bailey David
Published: May 2016

Significance

A number of lipid mediators are known to contribute to inflammatory resolution. Fatty acid metabolites of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are found in abundance; however, their roles in inflammatory resolution are not known. Targeted lipidomics revealed that CYP450-epoxy-oxylipins were present during acute inflammation and inflammatory resolution. Using mice lacking soluble epoxide hydrolase, the major metabolizing pathway for CYP450-derived fatty acid mediators, and CYP450 epoxygenase inhibition specifically during resolution, we show that CYP450-derived lipids dramatically limit the accumulation of inflammatory monocytes during resolution. Moreover, all cells of the monocyte lineage examined showed a dramatic alteration in their proresolution phenotype following epoxygenase inhibition. These findings demonstrate that the CYP450-epoxy-oxylipins pathway has a critical role in monocyte lineage recruitment and resolution activity during inflammatory resolution.
Coxiella burnetii
effector CvpB modulates phosphoinositide metabolism for optimal vacuole development
Authors: Martinez Eric , Allombert Julie , Cantet Franck , Lakhani Anissa , Yandrapalli Naresh , Neyret Aymeric , Norville Isobel H. , Favard Cyril , Muriaux Delphine , Bonazzi Matteo
Published: May 2016

Significance

The biogenesis of a replicative vacuole is an essential step of
Coxiella burnetii
infections and involves the hijack of several host membrane trafficking pathways. Here we describe
Coxiella
vacuolar protein B (CvpB) as a
Coxiella
effector that interacts with phosphoinositides on host cell membranes and manipulates phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PI(3)P] metabolism for optimal
Coxiella
-containing vacuole (CCV) development. This is achieved by perturbing the activity of the phosphatidylinositol 5-kinase PIKfyve, leading to an enrichment of PI(3)P on CCV membranes, which is required for the autophagy machinery to mediate CCV homotypic fusion. The importance of this process is highlighted by a homotypic fusion defect between CCVs in cells infected with CvpB
Coxiella
mutants, which translates into an attenuated virulence in the insect model
Galleria mellonella
.
Medication-Assisted Treatment for Substance use Disorders within a National Community Health Center Research Network
Authors: Rieckmann Traci , Muench John , McBurnie Mary Ann , Leo Michael C. , Crawford Phillip , Ford Daren , Stubbs Jennifer , O'Cleirigh Conall , Mayer Kenneth H. , Fiscella Kevin , Wright Nicole , Doe-Simkins Maya , Cuddeback Matthew , Salisbury-Afshar Elizabeth , Nelson Christine
Published: May 2016

Background: The Affordable Care Act increases access to treatment services for people who suffer from substance use disorders (SUDs), including alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and opioid use disorders (OUDs). This increased access to treatment has broad implications for delivering health services and creates a dramatic need for transformation in clinical care, service lines, and collaborative care models. Medication-assisted treatments (MAT) are effective for helping SUD patients reach better outcomes. This article uses electronic health record (EHR) data to examine the prevalence of EHR-documented SUDs, patient characteristics, and patterns of MAT prescribing and screening for patients within the Community Health Applied Research Network (CHARN), a national network of 17 community health centers that facilitates patient-centered outcomes research among underserved populations. Methods: Hierarchical generalized linear models examined patient characteristics, SUD occurrence rates, MAT prescription, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis virus C screening for patients with AUDs or OUDs.  Results: Among 572,582 CHARN adult patients, 16,947 (3.0%) had a documented AUD diagnosis and 6,080 (1.1%) an OUD diagnosis. Alcohol MAT prescriptions were documented for 547 AUD patients (3.2%) and opioid MAT for 1,764 OUD patients (29.0%). Among OUD patients, opioid MAT was significantly associated with HIV screening (odds ratio [OR] = 1.31, P < .001) in OUD patients, as was alcohol MAT among AUD patients (OR = 1.30, P = .013). Conclusions: These findings suggest that effective opioid and alcohol MAT may be substantially underprescribed among safety-net patients identified as having OUDs or AUDs.
A framework for forcing constructions at successors of singular cardinals
Authors: Cummings James , Džamonja Mirna , Magidor Menachem , Morgan Charles , Shelah Saharon
Published: May 2016

We describe a framework for proving consistency results about singular cardinals of arbitrary cofinality and their successors. This framework allows the construction of models in which the Singular Cardinals Hypothesis fails at a singular cardinalκ\kappaof uncountable cofinality, whileκ+\kappa ^+enjoys various combinatorial properties.

As a sample application, we prove the consistency (relative to that of ZFC plus a supercompact cardinal) of there being a strong limit singular cardinalκ\kappaof uncountable cofinality where SCH fails and such that there is a collection of size less than2κ+2^{\kappa ^+}of graphs onκ+\kappa ^+such that any graph onκ+\kappa ^+embeds into one of the graphs in the collection.
Specific requirements of nonbilayer phospholipids in mitochondrial respiratory chain function and formation
Authors: Baker Charli D. , Basu Ball Writoban , Pryce Erin N. , Gohil Vishal M.
Published: May 2016

Mitochondrial membrane phospholipid composition affects mitochondrial function by influencing the assembly of the mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complexes into supercomplexes. For example, the loss of cardiolipin (CL), a signature non–bilayer-forming phospholipid of mitochondria, results in disruption of MRC supercomplexes. However, the functions of the most abundant mitochondrial phospholipids, bilayer-forming phosphatidylcholine (PC) and non–bilayer-forming phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), are not clearly defined. Using yeast mutants of PE and PC biosynthetic pathways, we show a specific requirement for mitochondrial PE in MRC complex III and IV activities but not for their formation, whereas loss of PC does not affect MRC function or formation. Unlike CL, mitochondrial PE or PC is not required for MRC supercomplex formation, emphasizing the specific requirement of CL in supercomplex assembly. Of interest, PE biosynthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can functionally substitute for the lack of mitochondrial PE biosynthesis, suggesting the existence of PE transport pathway from ER to mitochondria. To understand the mechanism of PE transport, we disrupted ER–mitochondrial contact sites formed by the ERMES complex and found that, although not essential for PE transport, ERMES facilitates the efficient rescue of mitochondrial PE deficiency. Our work highlights specific roles of non–bilayer-forming phospholipids in MRC function and formation.
Polo kinase Cdc5 associates with centromeres to facilitate the removal of centromeric cohesin during mitosis
Authors: Mishra Prashant K. , Ciftci-Yilmaz Sultan , Reynolds David , Au Wei-Chun , Boeckmann Lars , Dittman Lauren E. , Jowhar Ziad , Pachpor Tejaswini , Yeh Elaine , Baker Richard E. , Hoyt M. Andrew , D’Amours Damien , Bloom Kerry , Basrai Munira A.
Published: May 2016

Sister chromatid cohesion is essential for tension-sensing mechanisms that monitor bipolar attachment of replicated chromatids in metaphase. Cohesion is mediated by the association of cohesins along the length of sister chromatid arms. In contrast, centromeric cohesin generates intrastrand cohesion and sister centromeres, while highly cohesin enriched, are separated by >800 nm at metaphase in yeast. Removal of cohesin is necessary for sister chromatid separation during anaphase, and this is regulated by evolutionarily conserved polo-like kinase (Cdc5 in yeast, Plk1 in humans). Here we address how high levels of cohesins at centromeric chromatin are removed. Cdc5 associates with centromeric chromatin and cohesin-associated regions. Maximum enrichment of Cdc5 in centromeric chromatin occurs during the metaphase-to-anaphase transition and coincides with the removal of chromosome-associated cohesin. Cdc5 interacts with cohesin in vivo, and cohesin is required for association of Cdc5 at centromeric chromatin. Cohesin removal from centromeric chromatin requires Cdc5 but removal at distal chromosomal arm sites does not. Our results define a novel role for Cdc5 in regulating removal of centromeric cohesins and faithful chromosome segregation.
Gibbon on Islam
Authors: Fowden Garth
Published: May 2016

A strand in current scholarship examines early Islam and the Caliphate against a late antique backdrop of Sasanid–Roman tension, dogmatic strife in the Church, and the maturation of rabbinic Judaism. Gibbon long ago insisted that there had been more than one road out of Antiquity, leading not just to the formation of Latin Christendom— the Papacy, German Empire and Italian Renaissance—but also to Greek Christendom and the rise of Islam. Yet this aspect of Decline and Fall remains unappreciated, especially in John Pocock’s monumental Barbarism and Religion . The present article traces the origins of Gibbon’s eastward turn in his reading of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Arabists, historians and travellers, and in his decision to follow East Roman history down to 1453. Not only Voltaire but also the Universal History (London, 1736–66) encouraged Gibbon to look beyond Europe and its Christian narrative, while attitudes to Islam had softened in the decades around 1700 as a consequence of greater familiarity with its literature and the weakening of theological prejudice. Gibbon achieved a powerful, empathetic portrait of Muḥammad as a political leader as well as a prophet. His account of the Muslim empires from their Medinan origins to the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople offers revealing comparisons with ancient Iran and Rome. Although his Classical Greek and Roman criterion of cultural and historical value forced him to conclude that Islam too was, in the end, tyranny and imposture, nevertheless the weight that Gibbon accorded to the Muslim world anticipates the more inclusive methods of global historians in our day.
Cerebral Hemorrhage and High INR
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E.
Published: May 2016

Anticoagulation-associated cerebral hemorrhage often results in expansion and worsening of the clinical condition. Early reversal of an anticoagulant is key to reduce the hemorrhage volume. Traditionally, it involves administration of fresh frozen plasma and vitamin K, but this chapter discusses more current pharmacological approaches. One is use of prothrombin complex concentrates, which are the most effective way to reverse warfarin. Another is use of protamine, which reverses unfractionated heparin. Correction of other types of acquired coagulopathies is also mentioned in the chapter.
Traumatic Brain Injury arriving in the Emergency Department
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E.
Published: May 2016

New traumatic brain contusions may rapidly result in increased intracranial pressure (ICP). This chapter discusses how to recognize early increased intracranial pressure. The first line of ICP control is provided in this chapter. Placement of an ICP monitor, maintaining safe levels of ICP and cerebral perfusion pressure, and use of hypertonic saline are discussed, as is the importance of treating infections without delay. The effects and side effects of different osmotic diuretics are also discussed. Last-resort measures for refractory ICP are induced hypothermia or decompressive craniectomy. The chapter summarizes the major priorities of care in the first hours after traumatic brain injury.
Meningitis Not Improving After IV Antibiotics
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E.
Published: May 2016

Outcome in acute bacterial meningitis is dependent on early initiation of antibiotic treatment; it needs to be treated aggressively with corticosteroids and broad-spectrum antibiotics as early as possible. This chapter discusses the pros and cons of corticosteroids and choice of antibiotics. It also discusses how to rapidly assess the severity of the illness using neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid examination and how to find the source. Patients may not improve due to cerebral infarcts or severe meningeal inflammation causing hydrocephalus. Patients may need time to recover after a severe bout and early transition to palliative care only may be inappropriate, except for patients with refractory sepsis and multiorgan failure.
Acute Paraplegia After Aortic Surgery
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E.
Published: May 2016

Spinal cord ischemia usually results in substantial neurological morbidity. It is usually encountered after complex aortic surgery and when the procedure has been acute, such as in an aortic dissection. Most patients with spinal cord ischemia present with acute flaccid weakness, sensory level, and sphincter dysfunction. Treatment options using lumbar drainage to reduce cerebrospinal fluid pressure are discussed in this chapter. Spinal cord infarction is often disabling, but some patients can still achieve a favorable functional outcome despite initial severe deficits.
Rapid-Onset Coma and Chest X-Ray Whiteout After a Fracture
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E.
Published: May 2016

Diffuse pulmonary infiltrates on chest X-ray and oxygen desaturation may indicate several acute conditions. How to differentiate neurogenic and cardiogenic pulmonary edema from aspiration and how to best treat these conditions initially is discussed in this chapter. Aspiration is more common, particularly after a seizure, vomiting, and difficult intubation. Clinical suspicion of acute pulmonary emboli is based on sudden oxygen desaturation with increased A-a gradient, but normal chest X-ray. Fat emboli should be considered in a patient with a recent major long bone fracture who develops sudden respiratory failure and neurological decline. Treatment may include broad-spectrum antibiotics (suspected aspiration), high positive end expiratory pressure (flash pulmonary edema), and repeated bronchoscopy.
Increasing Serum Sodium After Surgery for Tumor in the Pituitary Region
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E.
Published: May 2016

Postoperative polyuria after surgery for a suprasellar tumor should promptly raise suspicion of diabetes insipidus. Diagnosis of diabetes insipidus is based on the presence of polyuria associated with hypernatremia, serum hyperosmolality, and urine hypoosmolality. Diabetes insipidus is a difficult management problem after surgery for resection of a centrally located brain tumor. In a catastrophically injured patient, diabetes insipidus may be one of the first signs of brain death. Fluid management, administration of vasopressin, and monitoring of effect of treatment are discussed in this chapter. Management of central diabetes insipidus consists of aggressive rehydration and intravenous administration of desmopressin.
What Neurologists Know About Outcome in Traumatic Brain Injury and What Other Physicians Want to Know
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F. M. , Rabinstein Alejandro A. , Hocker Sara E. , Fugate Jennifer E.
Published: May 2016

Statistical prognostic models have been developed in traumatic brain injury and future disability can be predicted with some certainty. For example, half of comatose patients with severe traumatic brain injury will improve significantly over 6 months. How does this all work in practice, and do clinicians use this information in discussions with family members? The pitfalls, uncertainties, and major reservations in prognostication are discussed in this chapter. Heterogeneity of traumatic brain injury limits prognostication, and prognostication is particularly challenging in young patients. Impact of intracranial pressure monitoring on the outcome of traumatic brain injury is uncertain. Cognitive impairment, depression, and agitation are major causes of decreased functional independence after severe traumatic brain injury.
Noninferior Antibiotics: When Is “Not Bad” “Good Enough”?
Authors: DiNubile Mark J.
Published: May 2016

Novel treatment options are urgently needed for patients with serious multidrug-resistant infections seen increasingly in routine everyday clinical practice, both in the hospital and nursing home as well as in the clinic and office setting. Unfortunately, the problem is no longer confined to chronically ill, repeatedly hospitalized patients. This essay explores the role of noninferiorly studies in addressing the pressing need for new antimicrobial agents to combat the emerging “superbugs”, calling attention to the nuances of interpreting their sometimes less-than-straightforward results. The overriding aim is not to find better antibiotics for routinely treatable infections but to identify safe and efficacious treatment options where none presently exist.
The Subaru FMOS galaxy redshift survey (FastSound). IV. New constraint on gravity theory from redshift space distortions atz∼ 1.4
Authors: Okumura Teppei , Hikage Chiaki , Totani Tomonori , Tonegawa Motonari , Okada Hiroyuki , Glazebrook Karl , Blake Chris , Ferreira Pedro G. , More Surhud , Taruya Atsushi , Tsujikawa Shinji , Akiyama Masayuki , Dalton Gavin , Goto Tomotsugu , Ishikawa Takashi , Iwamuro Fumihide , Matsubara Takahiko , Nishimichi Takahiro , Ohta Kouji , Shimizu Ikkoh , Takahashi Ryuichi , Takato Naruhisa , Tamura Naoyuki , Yabe Kiyoto , Yoshida Naoki
Published: May 2016

We measure the redshift-space correlation function from a spectroscopic sample of 2783 emission line galaxies from the FastSound survey. The survey, which uses the Subaru Telescope and covers a redshift range of 1.19 < z < 1.55, is the first cosmological study at such high redshifts. We detect clear anisotropy due to redshift-space distortions (RSD) both in the correlation function as a function of separations parallel and perpendicular to the line of sight and its quadrupole moment. RSD has been extensively used to test general relativity on cosmological scales at z < 1. Adopting a ΛCDM cosmology with the fixed expansion history and no velocity dispersion (σv = 0), and using the RSD measurements on scales above 8 h−1 Mpc, we obtain the first constraint on the growth rate at the redshift, f (z)σ8(z) = 0.482 ± 0.116 at z ∼ 1.4 after marginalizing over the galaxy bias parameter b(z)σ8(z). This corresponds to 4.2 σ detection of RSD. Our constraint is consistent with the prediction of general relativity fσ8 ∼ 0.392 within the 1 σ confidence level. When we allow σv to vary and marginalize over it, the growth rate constraint becomes $f\sigma _8=0.494^{+0.126}_{-0.120}$. We also demonstrate that by combining with the low-z constraints on fσ8, high-z galaxy surveys like the FastSound can be useful to distinguish modified gravity models without relying on CMB anisotropy experiments.