bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Truck management systems review
Authors: Srajer V
Published: September 2017

The Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology (CANMET), Calgary Coal Research Laboratory and the Canadian coal mining industry are preparing a jointly funded demonstration and evaluation of an integrated truck management system. This system will be
installed and tested on two rear-dump off-highway mining trucks presently operating in a producing surface coal or oil sands mine. In the paper an overview of existing truck monitoring systems, presently available on the North American market is presented. All systems are evaluated based on their
functions, diagnostics and integrated system control. The non-operator dependent on-board truck management system (OBDAS) is explained and recommended for field testing. The reasoning behind the selection of the OBDAS system is provided, as well as a discussion of the field testing
proposal.
Developments in coal mine fire control
Authors: Chakravorty R N , Kolada R J
Published: September 2017

Coal mine fires present a very serious hazard to both the safety and the economic health of mining operations. Although the mining industry has considerable knowledge and experience in combating mine fires major losses and damage still frequently occur.
Consequently the mining industry is striving to develop and improve their fire fighting capabilities and this endeavour presents a major challenge to mining research organizations. This paper reviews current methods of coal mine fire control and discusses recent developments. Particular emphasis is
given to the prevention and detection of spontaneous combustion and to the relatively new techniques of using inert gases to extinguish fires.
Alternative face cutting systems for longwall mining
Authors: Singhal R K , Zahary G , Stewart D B , Bacharach J P L
Published: September 2017

In an underground coal mining environment, a frictional ignition may be defined as the ignition of an explosive air/methane/coal dust mixture by mining machinery. As the use of power loading equipment has become more widespread, frictional ignition incidents have
increased. There have been many fatalities and injuries from this cause including the death of eleven miners in Sydney coalfield of Nova Scotia, Canada in 1979. This paper reports on the findings of a preliminary study carried out under the auspices of the Coal Research Laboratories, Department of
Energy, Mines and Resources Canada. The objective of this study has been to identify a Longwell face cutting system that is inherently safer than the conventional shearer loaders used in Nova Scotia.
Fourier deconvolution of photoacoustic FTIR spectra
Authors: Friesen W I , Michaelian K H
Published: September 2017

Fourier self-deconvolution is a fairly routine numerical method for increasing the apparent resolution of spectra in which the intrinsic band widths are much greater than the instrumental resolution. The present work demonstrates that a photoacoustic
interferogram obtained with a Fourier transform spectrometer can be used directly in this calculation, without the usual intermediate computation of a spectrum. Phase errors in the interferogram must be eliminated as a first step in this procedure. The technique has been applied to photoacoustic
infrared interferograms acquired for an Alberta coal and for kaolinite, a common layer silicate. Several new bands were identified in the coal spectrum and assigned utilizing previously published results for coal. Results for kaolinite illustrate behaviour characteristic of deconvolution of single
bands; in addition, an OH stretching band usually not detectable in infrared spectra of kaolinite was observed and verified by comparison with Raman data.
Nova Scotia Coal resources evaluation project: progress and status of coal chemistry file January 1, 1985 to December 31, 1985
Authors: Bonnell G W
Published: September 2017

En vertu de l'entente sur l'exploitation minérale ratifiée le 17 février 1975 entre le Canada et la Nouvelle-Écosse, le Canada, par l'intermédiaire du Ministère de l'Expansion économique régionale (MEER), a contribué
à l'exploration et l'évaluation des minéraux en Nouvelle-Écosse. La seconde entente, qui a été ratifiée le l er décembre 1981 entre le Canada et la Nouvelle-Écosse, prévoit la continuité de cet effort. Les deux ententes renferment des
dispositions couvrant partiellement l'inventaire et l'évaluation des ressources de charbon de la Nouvelle-Écosse. Ces mesures sont mentionnées dans le rapport sous le titre "Le programme". Le programme comporte une évaluation des filons houillers par le biais d'analyses
effectuées par carottage et forage par les laboratoires du CANMET, ministère de l'Énergie, des Mines et des Ressources. Dans ce rapport, l'auteur présente les analyses d'échantillons de charbon effectuées dans le cadre du programme d'inventaire à Sydney,
(Nouvelle-Ecosse), à partir de sites de forage à terre, par le laboratoire du CANMET pour la période allant du l er janvier 1985 au 31 décembre 1985. Le présent rapport comprend également dés analyses de gravité spécifique d'un certain nombre
d'échantillons d'huile de shiste. (La majeure partie du travail portant sur ces échantillons est consacrée à la préparation des échantillons pour diverses analyses devant être effectuées par d'autres laboratoires.)
Application of scanning electron microscopy to tar sands emulsions
Authors: Mikula R J
Published: September 2017

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Computer analysis of the effects of mine subsidence on pipelines
Authors: Hucka V J , Tu H J , Das B
Published: September 2017

Subsidence can cause serious damages to surface installations such as railroads, highways, pipelines, buildings and other facilities over a period of many years. Although total elimination of the effects of subsidence is difficult, the damage can be minimized
through a systematic analysis. An example of such a study for reducing the effects of subsidence on pipelines is presented here. Subsidence-induced strains on a pipeline over some coal mining properties in Utah has been analyzed using a computer with graphics capabilities. The results are useful in
predicting the extent of damage due to mining subsidence. In view of the gradual replacement of room and pillar mining with partial extraction by longwall with caving this sort of analysis will become more and more useful. In the next phase of this study the predicted results will be compared with
the permissible strains levels on pipelines over the subsided areas in an actual case.
Less conventional methods for mining underground coal
Authors: Muirhead I R , Kolada R J
Published: September 2017

This paper reports on a CANMET funded examination of less conventional underground coal mining methods. These methods are documented and those that show the most promise for application to western Canadian conditions are discussed in detail. This paper also
includes and assessment of western Canadian coal deposits that may be suitable for underground mining. Knowledge gaps are identified and conclusions presented.
Surface mining equipment selection developments in loading and hauling
Authors: Singhal R K
Published: September 2017

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Pull strength testing of resin rebar rock bolts in the harbour seam drivage of Donkin Mine
Authors: Gallant W D
Published: September 2017

Pull strength tests were performed on six resin rebar rock bolts in the coal sample drivage of the Donkin mine. This report presents the results of the testing, indicating that all six bolts resisted a load of 19.6 tonnes without failure.
Optimizing loading and hauling productivity in surface mining
Authors: Singhal R K , Fytas K
Published: September 2017

L'optimisation du système de chargement-transport dans une mine à ciel ouvert comprend deux procédés. Le premier consiste dans la selection judicieuse d'un équipement minier répondant aux spécifications relatives aux travaux sur
le site et le second consiste dans l'utilisation efficace de ce même équipement. Le présent document comprend des lignes directrices ayant trait à la sélection de l'équipement utilisé pour le chargement et le transport et porte sur les bennes râcleuses, les
pelles à câbles, les pelles hydrauliques, les tracto-chargeurs, les camions tous terrains et les convoyeurs à bande. Le concept " d'assortiment" est étudié et son importance par rapport à l'utilisation de l'équipement est souligné.
A real-time tracer gas analyzer - an investigational tool for mine ventilation studies
Authors: Stokes A W , Hardcastle S G , Kennedy D J
Published: September 2017

The usefulness of sulphur hexafluoride as a tracer gas in mining would be greatly improved if it could be measured in situ on a real-time basis. This paper describes the field trials of a prototype instrument designed to fulfill that role. The trials also-
investigated the validity of theoretical relationships regarding stope residence times in an uranium mine providing data for further radiation control studies. Details of two tracer gas techniques used and an assessment of the rapid sequential analyzer's performance are given. Derived results
include: air quantity flows, average residence times, single air exchange times and the airpath volume. Where appropriate these are compared with values obtained using standard anemometry instrumentation.
Evaluation of polymers and filtration performance of Brazilian bleaching clay
Authors: Frenette R
Published: September 2017

An evaluation of suitable potable grade flocculants for filtration separation of an edible oil-clay suspension has been performed using flocculation, filtration rate, which was determined by filtrate volume/unit time, and clarity of filtrate measured using a
conventional wedge apparatus. Of all the polymers tested, Praestol 2515TR, a potable grade flocculant, gave the best results for both 'Aporofo N' and 'Aporofo F' clay samples. This reagent gave filtration rates that were five and nine times higher than the unflocculated suspensions of 'Aporofo N'
and 'Aporofo F', respectively. Clarity of filtrate produced by Praestol 2515TR was twice that of the unflocculated suspensions for both clays.
Notes on stripping machinery mass estimates
Authors: Srajer V , Heximer M , Veldhuis W
Published: September 2017

This report concludes part of a project dealing with definitions of movement of loading and stripping systems at western Canadian coal mines. In general, the study concentrated on searching for procedures to appraise deeper stripping problems. It was found, that
a rapid method is desirable to make a preliminary evaluations of potential strip mining operations. The trends in the relationship of the weight of the machine to its ability to do stripping work is investigated. A program was written to provide a simple overcasting
analysis.
Design methods for open pit coal mine footwalls
Authors: Cavers D S , Baldwin G H , Hannah T , Singhal R K
Published: September 2017

Special design methods are required for footwalls due to the inability to detect problem geometries (rolls, cross faults, pinchout) prior to mining. Application of new analytical methods to different failure modes is discussed together with aspects of monitoring,
geometry detection and mitigation.
Numerical modelling of material diggability
Authors: Krzanowsky R M , Singhal R K , Wade N H
Published: September 2017

This paper is based on a comprehensive study carried out to define the diggability of overburden materials encountered in surface mines. It deals with the formulation of a numerical model of the multivariate and spatial features of the digging properties of
overburdens. The proposed numerical model offers an entirely new approach to the analysis of the digging properties of overburden, an approach not possible with traditional diggability assessment techniques. By using the proposed numerical model of diggability (NMD) geotechnical properties of the
modelled area pertinent to diggability can be easily manipulated, updated, stored or displayed as 2-D isopack maps or 3-D diagrams.
Lignite Mining in Ptomlemais, Greece
Authors: Srajer V
Published: September 2017

The Ptolemais basin mines were visited on Monday, November 17, 1986. In this report, an overview of the surface mining lignite operation is presented. The annual production from the Ptolemais basin in 1984 was around 27 Mt. The lignite is mainly used for power
generating stations located near the mines, and for domestic and industrial use (nitrogen fertilizer plant).
Overhead program software
Authors: Srajer V , Stuart N J , Heximer M , Veldhuis W
Published: September 2017

In this report the program "OVERHEAD", created to assist in the creation of overheads for the Laboratory, is described. The program is executable on a VT-240 or a VT-100 terminal. A graphic display of the overhead is drawn when a VT-240 is
used.
Geoscience tools for supporting environmental risk assessment of metal mining
Authors: Galloway J
Published: September 2017

The goal of this activity is to test the hypothesis that climate variability controls metal(loid) cycling in the environment. We initiated research in 2015-16 to provide missing baseline geochemical data and model the cumulative impacts of geogenic and
anthropogenic processes, with a focus on climate variability, on the transport and fate of metal(loids) in the vicinity of the City of Yellowknife, Northwest Territories. Due to the complex geology of the Slave Geological Province and in particular, mineralized greenstone belts and hydrothermal
alteration zones, geochemical background can be highly variable even on small spatial scales. In addition, the Yellowknife region has experienced ~75 years of gold ore mining and processing that resulted in release of substantial quantities of arsenic to the surrounding environment. The larger
POLAR Knowledge Canada S&T funded activity will also focus on the Courageous Lake area that is thought to have been impacted by free-milling gold mining and processing at Tundra, Salmita, and Bulldog mines in the 1960s and 1980s, and the yet to be developed Hope Bay area (TMAC Resources
Ltd.) in the central and northern Slave Geological Province, respectively.
Manuel du formateur - Guide sur l'exploration et l'exploitation minières pour les communautés autochtones
Authors:   Minerals and Metals Sector
Published: September 2017

This Trainer's Manual is a guide to help a trainer deliver information sessions about the Exploration and Mining Guide for Aboriginal Communities. The need for such a manual was identified by many who wanted an additional resource for more effective delivery of
information to Aboriginal peoples on the mineral development cycle and related economic opportunities.
Discriminatory validity of the Aspects of Wheelchair Mobility Test as demonstrated by a comparison of four wheelchair types designed for use in low-resource areas
Authors: Rispin Karen L. , Hamm Elisa , Wee Joy
Published: September 2017

Background: Comparative effectiveness research on wheelchairs available in low-resource areas is needed to enable effective use of limited funds. Mobility on commonly encountered rolling environments is a key aspect of function. High variation in capacity among wheelchair users can mask changes in mobility because of wheelchair design. A repeated measures protocol in which the participants use one type of wheelchair and then another minimises the impact of individual variation.Objectives: The Aspects of Wheelchair Mobility Test (AWMT) was designed to be used in repeated measures studies in low-resource areas. It measures the impact of different wheelchair types on physical performance in commonly encountered rolling environments and provides an opportunity for qualitative and quantitative participant response. This study sought to confirm the ability of the AWMT to discern differences in mobility because of wheelchair design.Method: Participants were wheelchair users at a boarding school for students with disabilities in a low-resource area. Each participant completed timed tests on measured tracks on rough and smooth surfaces, in tight spaces and over curbs. Four types of wheelchairs designed for use in low-resource areas were included.Results: The protocol demonstrated the ability to discriminate changes in mobility of individuals because of wheelchair type.Conclusion: Comparative effectiveness studies with this protocol can enable beneficial change. This is illustrated by design alterations by wheelchair manufacturers in response to results.
Die waarde van voorafopleiding deur die ouer vir pedo-oudiometrie by drie- en vierjarige kleuters
Authors: Lodewyckx Merisa
Published: September 2017

Die verkryging van akkurate, betroubare inligting aangaande die gehoorvermoë van jong kinders is van besondere belang vir die oudioloog, maar word dikwels bemoeilik aangesien die kleuter nie goeie samewerking bied in die vreemde pedo-oudiometriese situasie nie. Die oplossing hiervoor is grootliks geleë in die opleiding van die kind voor formele  gehoortoetsing en meer spesifiek  opleiding tuis deur die ouer. Die doel van hierdie studie was om 'n voorbereidende program op te stel wat die ouer tuis met die kind kan uitvoer, voordat formele  toetsing plaasvind. Die waarde en effek van hierdie program in die pedo-oudiometriese situasie is geevalueer by 'n groep drie- en vierjarige kleuters. Resultate dui daarop dat laer en meer akkurate drempels, 'n korter toetstydperk, verminderde angs en beter samewerking verkry is by die kleuters wat vooraf  opleiding ontvang het. Die opleidingsprogram kan dus in die kliniese praktyk benut word as voorafopleiding  vir pedo-oudiometrie.
Finite Element Simulation of Punch Shear during Hole Piercing in Auto Chain Components
Authors: Sekar K.S. , Sudhagar K. , Murugesan S.N.
Published: September 2017

The capabilities of presses are sometimes limited due to larger cutting force requirement for some sheet metal operations. Reducing the tonnage requirements for such operations will sometimes make the presses capable of doing such operations. FEM simulation can be a reliable tool in predicting the amount of tonnage required for the metal stamping operation. An attempt is taken in this study to analyse the behaviour of the hole piercing operation in an automobile chain part using DEFORM 3D software. The main focus is on the prediction of tonnage requirement with different shear methods on the piercing. Simulations were conducted with flat, single sheared, double sheared, reverse double sheared, convex sheared and concave sheared punches and analyzed for variations in the press load. The phenomena of piercing are also observed through the simulation based on AISI 1060 steel component used for automobile chain as inner plate. Simulation results showed that the shear angles provided on piercing punches will reduce the punch load significantly.
‘Racisme is geen ver-van-mijn-bed-show meer’: een gesprek over de lessen uit Gloria Wekkers White Innocence (2016)
Authors: van den Berg Marguerite , Berkvens Eileen , Chivers Claire , Heertje Benjamin , Smit Maurice
Published: September 2017

‘Racisme is geen ver-van-mijn-bed-show meer’: een gesprek over de lessen uit Gloria Wekkers White Innocence (2016)
Houd rekening met de realiteit van migranten: pleidooi voor een coherent en complementair integratie- en ontwikkelingsbeleid
Authors: Bilgili Özge
Published: September 2017

Mijn doel in dit essay is om de migratie- en ontwikkelingsnexus kritisch te evalueren en te heroverwegen, en om de manieren te bespreken waarop op onderzoek gebaseerd bewijs aanknopingspunten kan bieden voor meer coherent en complementair beleid met betrekking tot de integratie van immigranten en ontwikkelingsbeleid. Ik stel dat het rekening houden met de ervaringen van migranten in zowel het bestemmingsland als het herkomstland kan helpen om meer mogelijkheden te realiseren voor het versterken van de positieve effecten van migratie.
A Practical Indoor Mobility Course to Assess the Functional Effect of Tunnel Vision
Authors: Alshaghthrah Ali M. , Dickinson Chris M.
Published: September 2017

Purpose To design and validate an indoor mobility course that is sensitive and easy to assemble in a variety of settings. Method Seventy participants were asked to walk twice along a 14 metre indoor corridor containing 16 obstacles, once in each direction. Twenty participants suffered from varying degrees of tunnel vision (TV) due to retinitis pigmentosa (TVPs) and the TV was simulated in the remaining fifty normally-sighted participants (SIPs).The VA, CS and VF were measured. The binocular field of view (FoV) of the TVPs varied from 4° to 21o. The FoV of the SIPs was constricted using goggles and ranged from 4° to 22°. The SIPs repeated the test at a second visit. In each case the time taken to complete the test was expressed as the percentage preferred walking speed (PPWS) and the number of collisions was recorded. Results For the SIPs, the PPWS and the collision scores both showed a significant relationship to FoV on both visits; for PPWS: r = 0.58; r = 0.56; p <0.0001, respectively; for collisions:        r = -0.50, r = -0.55, p < 0.0001, respectively. Generally, no significant difference was found between the mobility scores between visits. The FoV of the TVPs was significantly related to their PPWS scores, r = 0.40, p = 0.04. No relationship was found between the TVPs FoV and collision scores. A significant relationship was found between the TVPs’ VA and collisions (r = 0.40, p = 0.03). There was also a moderate but not significant relationship between the TVPs’ CS and collisions. Conclusion This mobility course is relatively short and does not require dedicated space, so could be easily replicated in other studies. The results indicate that this design is valid and that the course is a useful tool for assessing functional performance in tunnel vision patients.
Quality of Work Life Dimensions in Universities: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ngcamu Bethuel Sibongiseni
Published: September 2017

Quality of Work Life (QoWL) is topical in universities in this epoch of managerialism which has directly influenced workplace environments. However, most of the extant research has focussed on the developing relationship between QoWL and job satisfaction of academic (teaching) staff members. To date, few attempts have been made at reviewing the literature pertaining to QoWL as a concept, its dimensions and impact on the diverse aspect of employees. This study adopts an interpretive framework as a philosophical perspective and follows a hermeneutic framework as the literature obtained from databases will be classified, mapped, critically assessed and arguments developed. The current study is a unique attempt to review the literature on QoWL concepts, dimensions and gaps commencing from its inception in the 1970s. There is a dearth of literature-based review studies on the impacts of QoWL in universities which this study attempts to fill.
Does the Monitoring Mechanisms Considered as Dilemma against the Practices of Earnings Management
Authors: Alsraheen Dea'a Al-Deen Omar , Saleh Isam Hamad
Published: September 2017

This paper mainly aims to explore the role of monitoring mechanisms in limiting the earnings management practices among service firms in Jordan. The data used in this study were from the financial annual reports of 59 ASE listed service firms in 2015. The results of multiple regression analysis demonstrate the fairly varied influence of board of directors’ variables. This paper presented three hypotheses covering board independency, CEO duality and audit committee. According to the results, internal monitoring mechanisms significantly impact the level of the practices of earnings management and the reduction of the agency conflict. Additionally, the regulatory bodies in Jordan should focus more on the role of internal monitoring mechanisms in Jordanian companies in terms of effectiveness in order to improve the quality of financial reports can be improved via the assurance of high quality of earnings. Finally, this study becomes a catalyst for more research on quality of financial reports and earnings quality in Jordan and other countries where there is still lack of studies in this domain.
Application of Poisson Hidden Markov Model to Predict Number of PM2.5 Exceedance Days in Tehran During 2016-2017
Authors: Sarvi Fatemeh , Nadali Azam , Khodadost Mahmoud , Kharghani  Moghaddam Melika , Sadeghifar Majid
Published: September 2017

PM2.5 is an important indicator of air pollution. This pollutant can result in lung and respiratory problems in people. The aim of the present study was to predict number of PM2.5 exceedance days using Hidden Markov Model considering Poisson distribution as an indicator for people susceptible to that particular level of air quality. In this study, evaluations were made for number of PM2.5 exceedance days in Tehran, Iran, from Oct. 2010 to Dec. 2015. The Poisson hidden Markov model was applied considering various hidden states to make a two-year forecast for number of PM2.5 exceedance days.We estimated the Poisson Hidden Markov’s parameters (transition matrix, probability, and lambda) by using maximum likelihood method. By applying the Akaike Information Criteria, the hidden Markov model with three states was used to make the prediction. The results of forecasting mean, median, mode, and interval for the three states of Poisson hidden Markov model are reported. The results showed that the number of exceedance days in a month for the next two years using the third state of the model would be 5 to 16 days. The predicted mode and mean for the third months afterward at the third state were 11 and 11. These predictions showed that number of exceedance days (predicted mean of 6.87 to 11.39 days) is relatively high for sensitive individuals according to the PM2.5 Air Quality Index. Thus, it is essential to monitor levels of suspended particulate air pollution in Tehran.
News from the Field
Authors: Free David
Published: September 2017

The ACRL Framework Advisory Board announced the launch of the ACRL Framework for Information Literacy Toolkit in conjunction with the 2017 ALA Annual Conference. The ACRL Framework for Information Literacy Toolkit is intended as a freely available professional development resource that can be used and adapted by both individuals and groups in order to foster understanding and use of the ACRL Framework for Information Literacy for Higher Education.
Never be bored at a meeting again! Using Liberating Structures in academic libraries for increased productivity, employee engagement, and inclusion
Authors: Bieraugel Mark
Published: September 2017

How would you like to never be bored in a meeting or presentation? To be fully engaged, to know why you are there, and to have your ideas heard? There is a way for that to happen, a powerful and simple way to fully engage everyone present at a meeting, to unleash their creativity in solving problems, and to make all attendees feel their contributions are heard. The answer is “Liberating Structures,” a set of 33 activities designed by Henri Lipmanowicz and Keith McCandless.1 Each of these activities, which range from taking fifteen minutes to three days, are designed to replace traditional meetings.
For the duration: Creating a collection maintenance unit in technical services
Authors: Gregory Gwen M.
Published: September 2017

The University of Illinois-Chicago is an ARL member library with a collection of 2.3 million volumes. While we have access to many electronic resources, we still have a substantial collection of physical items to manage in several buildings. Many of those volumes are held at the Richard J. Daley Library on our east campus, where nonhealth-related academic programs are located. Late in 2015, the head of the Daley Circulation Department announced his retirement after more than 30 years in that position. The department was a typical academic library circulation unit, including circulation desk, shelving, reserves, and interlibrary loan. Most of the two dozen staff members had been with the department for many years.
Is there genetic variation in mycorrhization ofMedicago truncatula?
Authors: Dreher Dorothée , Yadav Heena , Zander Sindy , Hause Bettina
Published: September 2017

Differences in the plant’s response among ecotypes or accessions are often used to identify molecular markers for the respective process. In order to analyze genetic diversity ofMedicago truncatulain respect to interaction with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungusRhizophagus irregularis, mycorrhizal colonization was evaluated in 32 lines of the nested core collection representing the genetic diversity of the SARDI collection. All studied lines and the reference line Jemalong A17 were inoculated withR. irregularisand the mycorrhization rate was determined at three time points after inoculation. There were, however, no reliable and consistent differences in mycorrhization rates among all lines. To circumvent possible overlay of potential differences by use of the highly effective inoculum, native sandy soil was used in an independent experiment. Here, significant differences in mycorrhization rates among few of the lines were detectable, but the overall high variability in the mycorrhization rate hindered clear conclusions. To narrow down the number of lines to be tested in more detail, root system architecture (RSA) ofin vitro-grown seedlings of all lines under two different phosphate (Pi) supply condition was determined in terms of primary root length and number of lateral roots. Under high Pi supply (100 µM), only minor differences were observed, whereas in response to Pi-limitation (3 µM) several lines exhibited a drastically changed number of lateral roots. Five lines showing the highest alterations or deviations in RSA were selected and inoculated withR. irregularisusing two different Pi-fertilization regimes with either 13 mM or 3 mM Pi. Mycorrhization rate of these lines was checked in detail by molecular markers, such as transcript levels ofRiTubulinandMtPT4. Under high phosphate supply, the ecotypes L000368 and L000555 exhibited slightly increased fungal colonization and more functional arbuscules, respectively. To address the question, whether capability for mycorrhizal colonization might be correlated to general invasion by microorganisms, selected lines were checked for infection by the root rot causing pathogen,Aphanoymces euteiches. The mycorrhizal colonization phenotype, however, did not correlate with the resistance phenotype upon infection with two strains ofA. euteichesas L000368 showed partial resistance and L000555 exhibited high susceptibility as determined by quantification ofA. euteichesrRNA within infected roots. Although there is genetic diversity in respect to pathogen infection, genetic diversity in mycorrhizal colonization ofM. truncatulais rather low and it will be rather difficult to use it as a trait to access genetic markers.
Heat stress increase under climate change twice as large in cities as in rural areas: A study for a densely populated midlatitude maritime region
Authors: Wouters Hendrik , De Ridder Koen , Poelmans Lien , Willems Patrick , Brouwers Johan , Hosseinzadehtalaei Parisa , Tabari Hossein , Vanden Broucke Sam , van Lipzig Nicole P. M. , Demuzere Matthias
Published: September 2017

Urban areas are usually warmer than their surrounding natural areas, an effect known as the urban heat island effect. As such, they are particularly vulnerable to global warming and associated increases in extreme temperatures. Yet ensemble climate‐model projections are generally performed on a scale that is too coarse to represent the evolution of temperatures in cities. Here, for the first time, we combine unprecedented long‐term (35 years) urban climate model integrations at the convection‐permitting scale (2.8 km resolution) with information from an ensemble of general circulation models to assess temperature‐based heat stress for Belgium, a densely populated midlatitude maritime region. We discover that the heat stress increase toward the mid‐21st century is twice as large in cities compared to their surrounding rural areas. The exacerbation is driven by the urban heat island itself, its concurrence with heat waves, and urban expansion. Cities experience a heat stress multiplication by a factor 1.4 and 15 depending on the scenario. Remarkably, the future heat stress surpasses everywhere the urban hot spots of today. Our results demonstrate the need to combine information from climate models, acting on different scales, for climate change risk assessment in heterogeneous regions. Moreover, these results highlight the necessity for adaptation to increasing heat stress, especially in urban areas.
Why Flash Type Matters: A Statistical Analysis
Authors: Mecikalski Retha M. , Bitzer Phillip M. , Carey Lawrence D.
Published: September 2017

While the majority of research only differentiates between intracloud (IC) and cloud‐to‐ground (CG) flashes, there exists a third flash type, known as hybrid flashes. These flashes have extensive IC components as well as return strokes to ground but are misclassified as CG flashes in current flash type analyses due to the presence of a return stroke. In an effort to show that IC, CG, and hybrid flashes should be separately classified, the two‐sample Kolmogorov‐Smirnov (KS) test was applied to the flash sizes, flash initiation, and flash propagation altitudes for each of the three flash types. The KS test statistically showed that IC, CG, and hybrid flashes do not have the same parent distributions and thus should be separately classified. Separate classification of hybrid flashes will lead to improved lightning‐related research, because unambiguously classified hybrid flashes occur on the same order of magnitude as CG flashes for multicellular storms.
Progress Towards Achieving the Challenge of Indian Summer Monsoon Climate Simulation in a Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Model
Authors: Hazra Anupam , Chaudhari Hemantkumar S. , Saha Subodh Kumar , Pokhrel Samir , Goswami B. N.
Published: September 2017

Simulation of the spatial and temporal structure of the monsoon intraseasonal oscillations (MISOs), which have effects on the seasonal mean and annual cycle of Indian summer monsoon (ISM) rainfall, remains a grand challenge for the state‐of‐the‐art global coupled models. Biases in simulation of the amplitude and northward propagation of MISOs and related dry rainfall bias over ISM region in climate models are limiting the current skill of monsoon prediction. Recent observations indicate that the convective microphysics of clouds may be critical in simulating the observed MISOs. The hypothesis is strongly supported by high fidelity in simulation of the amplitude and space‐time spectra of MISO by a coupled climate model, when our physically based modified cloud microphysics scheme is implemented in conjunction with a modified new Simple Arakawa Schubert (nSAS) convective parameterization scheme. Improved simulation of MISOs appears to have been aided by much improved simulation of the observed high cloud fraction and convective to stratiform rain fractions and resulted into a much improved simulation of the ISM rainfall, monsoon onset, and the annual cycle.
Vertical Velocity in the Gray Zone
Authors: Jeevanjee Nadir
Published: September 2017

We describe how convective vertical velocities
vary in the “gray zone” of horizontal resolution, using both hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic versions of GFDL's FV3 dynamical core, as well as analytical solutions to the equations of motion. We derive a simple criterion (based on parcel geometries) for a model to resolve convection, and find that
resolution can be required for convergence of
. We also find, both numerically and analytically, that hydrostatic systems overestimate
, by a factor of 2–3 in the convection‐resolving regime. This overestimation is simply understood in terms of the “effective buoyancy pressure” of Jeevanjee and Romps (2015, 2016).
Novel semi‐interpenetrating network structural phase change composites with high phase change enthalpy
Authors: Zhang Yuang , Xiu Jinghai , Tang Bingtao , Lu Rongwen , Zhang Shufen
Published: September 2017

High phase change enthalpy, controllable temperature, and stable shape can expand the application of phase change materials (PCMs) in energy storage. In this study, a series of novel form‐stable PCMs with high phase change enthalpy (169–195 J/g) and controllable temperature (45.3–61.4°C) were prepared. The PCMs exhibited a semi‐interpenetrating polymer network (semi‐IPN) structure resulting from the combination of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and a three‐dimensional (3‐D) network gel. The gel itself featured an inherent phase change characteristic and a 3‐D network structure. Thus, it improved the phase transition enthalpy of the materials and facilitated the formation of a semi‐IPN that endowed the materials with excellent form‐stable properties. In addition, the latent heat of the composites (169–195 J/g) is much higher than most of the previously reported composites using PEG as phase change component (68–132 J/g). © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 688–696, 2018
Modular methanol manufacturing from shale gas: Techno‐economic and environmental analyses of conventional large‐scale production versus small‐scale distributed, modular processing
Authors: Yang Minbo , You Fengqi
Published: September 2017

This article presents comparative techno‐economic and environmental analyses of four representative shale gas monetization options, namely, conventional shale gas processing, large‐scale methanol manufacturing, modular methanol manufacturing with shale gas supplied by pipelines, and modular methanol manufacturing with consideration of plant relocation. We first present shale gas supply models for the four gas monetization options. Next, the process designs for shale gas processing and methanol manufacturing from shale gas are described. We develop detailed process simulation models for shale gas processing and methanol manufacturing with different scales using raw shale gas extracted from the Marcellus, Eagle Ford, and Bakken shale plays. On this basis, techno‐economic analyses and environmental impact analyses are conducted for the four shale gas monetization options to systematically compare their economic and environmental performances based on the same conditions. The results show that modular methanol manufacturing is more economically competitive than conventional shale gas processing, although it leads to higher environmental impacts. Besides, modular methanol manufacturing is better than large‐scale methanol manufacturing for raw shale gas produced from distributed, remote wells from both economic and environmental perspectives. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 495–510, 2018
Optimization of reactive extraction of C1–C4 aliphatic monocarboxylic acids from aqueous solutions: modeling solvation effect with extended‐LSER, A‐UNIFAC and SPR
Authors: Senol Aynur , Çehreli Süheyla , Özparlak Nur , Andreatta Alfonsina E.
Published: September 2017

This paper studies reactive extraction of formic (FA), acetic (AA), propionic (PA) and butyric (BA) acids from aqueous solutions by tri‐n‐butyl amine/diluent, with particular focus on proper optimization and modeling of extraction equilibria. The uptake capacities of amine/diluent and diluent alone approximate the following order: oleyl alcohol > octyl acetate > diisobutyl ketone and BA > PA > AA ≈ FA. An intrinsic optimization structure has been applied to the description of optimum extraction field of relevant systems, based on analyzing the variation profiles of separation ratio R and synergistic enhancement SE factors through the derivative variation method. We present new solvation molecular models extended‐linear solvation energy relation (e‐LSER), SPR1 and SPR2 (solvation probability relation), and an extension to group‐contribution approach A‐UNIFAC (Association‐UNIFAC). A‐UNIFAC predicts phase equilibria using new group interaction parameters regressed from vapor‐liquid equilibrium data. The e‐LSER model involves eight descriptors used for expressing solvent effects. By performing SPR1 and SPR2, we are able to scale up the probability range and activation energy of solvation effect. The strength of acid‐amine association is calculated with chemodel. e‐LSER, A‐UNIFAC, SPR and chemodel simulate accurately the observed performance with average deviations inferior to 4.8%, 24.1%, 0.8% and 16.2%, respectively. © 2017 Curtin University and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interface of polyimide–silica grafted with different silane coupling agents: Molecular dynamic simulation
Authors: Zhao Yuanliang , Qi Xiaowen , Ma Jian , Song Laizhou , Yang Yulin , Yang Qingxiang
Published: September 2017

In this article, the effects of different silane coupling agents: 3‐glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GOTMS), 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), and 3‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTS), on the interface between polyimide (PI) and silica (SiO2), were investigated using molecular dynamic simulation. The results indicate that binding energy between PI molecules and SiO2 surface mainly comes from van der Waals interaction. Proper silane coupling agents generate a thin membrane on the surface of SiO2, which improves the thickness of the transition layer between PI molecules and SiO2 surface. And density of the transition layer was enhanced by APTES significantly. In addition, amino group (NH2) improves the electrostatic interaction between PI molecules and SiO2 surface rather than epoxy group (CHCH2O) and methacrylic oxide group (OCOC(CH3)CH2). As a result, APTES enhances the binding energy effectively. However, excessive silane coupling agent increases the distance between PI matrices and SiO2, which deteriorates performance of the interface. In addition, GOTMS and MPTS generate a thick and dense membrane on SiO2 surface, which induces the loose transition layer and poor binding energy. Overlap parameter between PI molecules and SiO2 surface grafted with silane coupling agent can be employed to evaluate the transition layer successfully. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45725.
An introduction to ‘other effective area‐based conservation measures’ under Aichi Target 11 of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Origin, interpretation and emerging ocean issues
Authors: Laffoley Dan , Dudley Nigel , Jonas Harry , MacKinnon David , MacKinnon Kathy , Hockings Marc , Woodley Stephen
Published: September 2017

The new term ‘other effective area‐based conservation measures’, or OECMs, was introduced into Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 of the Convention on Biological Diversity's (CBD) Strategic Plan by signatory Parties in 2010.

In the intervening period much action has been taken on creating protected areas as the key route to delivering area‐based conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Rather less attention has been paid to OECMs due in part to a lack of guidance on what areas should or should not be included under this label.

An IUCN World Conservation Congress Resolution in 2012 called on IUCN's World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) to assist the CBD by providing technical guidance on interpretation of the wording in Aichi Biodiversity Target 11. IUCN WCPA established a Task Force in 2015 to provide guidance on OECMs, in terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats. This Task Force has already met several times and has a global membership of more than 100 experts. The official call made by the CBD in 2016 for guidance explicitly recognizes the role of the IUCN Task Force in fulfilling this guidance need.

This paper provides the background to OECMs and an initial analysis on the type and nature of measures that may qualify as OECMs under Aichi Target 11. Successful implementation will be dependent on clear principles and guidance, but also on a far better awareness among conservationists and other sectors on the purpose and scope of all 20 Aichi Targets. The paper will also be of value to discussions and implementation of Sustainable Development Goal 14 on the ocean.

Some generic examples of areas likely to qualify as OECMs in the ocean are identified, along with an analysis of how OECMs complement and supplement fisheries and other management measures to promote more sustainable use. Greater recognition and reporting is needed on fisheries measures under Aichi Target 6. All fishery management and exclusion zones will not qualify as OECMs, but they can form essential measures towards achieving delivery of greater sustainability within such extractive industries.
Innovative financing for the High Seas
Authors: Thiele Torsten , Gerber Leah R.
Published: September 2017

Innovative financing, that is the development of new funding sources and mechanisms including from the private sector, can be used to deliver promising ocean conservation opportunities. Capital markets are increasingly accessible for sustainable development and climate finance, and are gaining traction for biodiversity conservation. Such financing concepts could also be applied in the High Seas. Drawing on natural capital economics as a way to ascribe economic value, specific marine investment opportunities can be identified and made accessible to new financiers and funding processes.

International waters cover nearly half of the planet's surface, yet governance deficiencies have meant that marine habitats and ecosystems are rapidly deteriorating. Improved governance through the proposed Marine Biodiversity Implementing Agreement discussed under the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and delivery of the Sustainable Development Goals, in particular ocean goal 14, will require additional financial support for High Seas solutions, including for the effective management of marine reserves.

For projects to be attractive to funders they need to be clearly structured and deliver quantifiable benefits. A comprehensive ocean data infrastructure could be put in place to support large‐scale marine conservation monitoring cost‐effectively. This infrastructure could serve also other ocean users, thereby defraying the cost and could be delivered through public–private partnerships. Development finance and climate finance provide examples for relevant pathways for such integrated approaches.

Existing efforts to find additional funding for ocean solutions can be enhanced through the range of specific innovative ocean finance mechanisms that are identified. These offer the prospect of long‐term support.

This review draws on progress made at the IUCN World Conservation Congress in Honolulu, Hawai'i in September 2016 and builds on the momentum created by the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals.