bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Incidence of mesothelioma and asbestosis by occupation in a diverse workforce
Authors: DeBono Nathan L. , Warden Hunter , Logar‐Henderson Chloë , Shakik Sharara , Dakouo Mamadou , MacLeod Jill , Demers Paul A.
Published: April 2021

Objective

We sought to characterize detailed patterns of mesothelioma and asbestosis incidence in the workforce as part of an occupational disease surveillance program in Ontario, Canada.

Methods

The Occupational Disease Surveillance System (ODSS) cohort was established using workers' compensation claims data and includes 2.18 million workers employed from 1983 to 2014. Workers were followed for mesothelioma and asbestosis diagnoses in Ontario Cancer Registry, physician, hospital, and ambulatory care records through 2016. Trends in incidence rates were estimated over the study period. Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

A total of 854 mesothelioma and 737 asbestosis cases were diagnosed during follow‐up. Compared with all other workers in the ODSS, those employed in construction trades occupations had the greatest adjusted incidence rate of both mesothelioma (223 cases; HR, 2.38; 95% CI: 2.03–2.78) and asbestosis (261 cases; HR, 3.64; 95% CI: 3.11–4.25). Rates were particularly elevated for insulators, pipefitters and plumbers, and carpenters. Workers in welding and flame cutting, boiler making, and mechanic and machinery repair occupations, as well as those in industrial chemical and primary metal manufacturing industries, had strongly elevated rates of both diseases. Rates were greater than anticipated for workers in electrical utility occupations and education and related services.

Conclusions

Results substantiate the risk of mesothelioma and asbestosis in occupation and industry groups in the Ontario workforce with known or suspected asbestos exposure. Sustained efforts to prevent the occurrence of additional cases of disease in high‐risk groups are warranted.
Functional decline in the aphasic variant of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Moeller Stacey , Sridhar Jaiashre , Martersteck Adam , Coventry Christina , Kuang Alan , Zhang Hui , Weintraub Sandra , Mesulam M.‐Marsel , Rogalski Emily
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a clinical dementia syndrome associated with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) or Alzheimer's disease (AD). Impairment in activities of daily living is essential for dementia diagnosis, yet less is known about the neuropathologic impact on functional decline in PPA, especially over time.

Methods

Activities of Daily Living Questionnaire (ADLQ) ratings were compared by suspected underlying pathology between 17 PPAAβ+ and 11 PPAAβ– participants at 6‐month intervals for 2 years using a linear mixed‐effects model. A general linear model examined associations between functional decline and cortical thickness at baseline.

Results

Groups did not differ in demographics or aphasia severity at baseline, yet overall and subdomain scores of the ADLQ were significantly worse for PPAAβ+ compared to PPAAβ‐ (P = .015) at each interval across 18 months.

Discussion

Functional decline appears more pronounced and disrupts more aspects of life activities for individuals with non‐semantic PPA with suspected AD versus non‐AD neuropathology.
AgI‐Catalyzed Reaction of Enol Diazoacetates and Imino Ethers: Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Pyrroles
Authors: Dong Kuiyong , Humeidi Ahmad , Griffith Wendell , Arman Hadi , Xu Xinfang , Doyle Michael P.
Published: April 2021

An unprecedented AgI‐catalyzed efficient method for the coupling of imino ethers and enol diazoacetates through a [3+2]‐cycloaddition/C−O bond cleavage/[1,5]‐proton transfer cascade process is reported. The general class of imino ethers that includes oxazolines, benzoxazoles and benzimidates are applicable substrates for these reactions that provide direct access to fully substituted pyrroles with uniformly high chemo‐ and regioselectivity. High variability in substitution at the pyrrole 2‐, 5‐ and N‐positions characterizes this methodology that also presents an entry point for further pyrrole diversification via facile modification of resulting N‐functional pyrroles.
Red Light‐Triggered Intracellular Carbon Monoxide Release Enables Selective Eradication of MRSA Infection
Authors: Cheng Jian , Gan Guihai , Shen Zhiqiang , Gao Lei , Zhang Guoying , Hu Jinming
Published: April 2021

Carbon monoxide (CO) is an important gaseous signaling molecule. The use of CO‐releasing molecules such as metal carbonyls enables the elucidation of the pleiotropic functions of CO. Although metal carbonyls show a broad‐spectrum antimicrobial activity, it remains unclear whether the bactericidal property originates from the transition metals or the released CO. Here, we develop nonmetallic CO‐releasing micelles via a photooxygenation mechanism of 3‐hydroxyflavone derivatives, enabling CO release under red light irradiation (e.g., 650 nm). Unlike metal carbonyls that non‐specifically internalize into both Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria, the nonmetallic micelles are selectively taken up by S. aureus instead of E. coli cells, exerting a selective bactericidal effect. Further, we demonstrate that the CO‐releasing micelles can cure methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA)‐infected wounds, simultaneously eradicating MRSA pathogens and accelerating wound healing.
Influence of crystallinity and chain interactions on the electrical properties of polyamides/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites
Authors: Hamester Michele Regina Rosa , Pietezak Daniel Felipe , Dalmolin Carla , Becker Daniela
Published: April 2021

This work evaluates the effects of the crystallinity degree and π–π interactions between nanoparticles and a polymeric matrix on the electrical properties of polyamides and carbon nanotubes (CNT) nanocomposites. Two polymeric matrices were chosen; polyamide (PA) 6.6, a semi‐crystalline polymer, and PA 6I‐6T (here called aPA), a semi‐aromatic and amorphous polyamide. The PA 6.6 crystallinity degree did not significantly change. Both lamellar thicknesses, amorphous (La) and crystalline (Lc), were estimated through Small‐angle X‐ray scattering. La increased significantly when CNTs were added. Both nanocomposites presented almost the same percolation threshold. In aPA nanocomposites, the π–π interaction between aromatic groups of CNTs and aPA is not only responsible for a homogeneous CNT dispersion, but also creates a direct path, parallel to the electrodes, for electron conduction after the percolation limit. In the PA 6.6 nanocomposites, the CNTs preferably disperse in the amorphous regions, forming a conductive network.
Multi‐functional polyurethane composites with self‐healing and shape memory properties enhanced by graphene oxide
Authors: Luo Xin , Wu Yuanpeng , Guo Meiling , Yang Xi , Xie Lingyun , Lai Jingjuan , Li Zhenyu , Zhou Hongwei
Published: April 2021

Development of shape memory polymer materials with integrated self‐healing ability, shape memory property, and outstanding mechanical properties is a challenge. Herein, isophorone diisocyanate, polytetramethylene ether glycol, dimethylglyoxime, and glycerol have been used to preparation polyurethane by reacting at 80°C for 6 h. Then, graphene oxide (GO) was added and the reaction keep at 80°C for 4 h to obtain polyurethane/GO composite with self‐healing and shape memory properties. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the GO sheets were dispersed uniformly in the polyurethane matrix. The thermal stability was characterized by thermogravimetric analyses. The tensile test shows that the Young's modulus of the composites increases from 38.57 ± 4.35 MPa for pure polyurethane to 95.36 ± 10.35 MPa for the polyurethane composite with a GO content of 0.5 wt%, and the tensile strength increases from 6.28 ± 0.67 to 15.65 ± 1.54 MPa. The oxime carbamate bond and hydrogen bond endow the composite good self‐healing property. The healing efficiency can reach 98.84%. In addition, the composite has excellent shape memory property, with a shape recovery ratio of 88.6% and a shape fixation ratio of 55.2%. This work provides a promising way to fabricate stimulus‐responsive composite with versatile functions.
Improving appearance quality of injection molded microcellular parts through mold coating of PTFE and zirconia
Authors: Chen Junxiang , Chi Wenkai , Dang Kaifang , Xie Pengcheng , Yang Weimin
Published: April 2021

The application of microcellular parts in the field of high appearance quality is limited due to its appearance defects. In order to improve the appearance quality of microcellular parts, low heat transfer coefficient mold coating with PTFE and zirconia was employed in this study. The appearance quality of microcellular was evaluated by the surface roughness of microcellular parts. The numerical and experimental results show that delayed heat transfer between the melt and the mold can be achieved through both mold coatings, which improve the melt fluidity and reduce the shear force of the mold on the melt effectively. It is demonstrated that the PTFE has a better effect of delay heat transfer under thinner coating. The polished zirconia coating shows more conducive to the melt wall slip due to its stable molecular structure and smooth surface, resulting in microcellular parts with better appearance quality.
Optimal dose‐finding for efficacy–safety models
Authors: Tsirpitzi Renata Eirini , Miller Frank
Published: April 2021

Dose‐finding is an important part of the clinical development of a new drug. The purpose of dose‐finding studies is to determine a suitable dose for future development based on both efficacy and safety. Optimal experimental designs have already been used to determine the design of this kind of studies, however, often that design is focused on efficacy only. We consider an efficacy–safety model, which is a simplified version of the bivariate Emax model. We use here the clinical utility index concept, which provides the desirable balance between efficacy and safety. By maximizing the utility of the patients, we get the estimated dose. This desire leads us to locally‐optimal designs. An algebraic solution for‐optimal designs is determined for arbitraryvectors using a multivariate version of Elfving's method. The solution shows that the expected therapeutic index of the drug is a key quantity determining both the number of doses, the doses itself, and their weights in the optimal design. A sequential design is proposed to solve the complication of parameter dependency, and it is illustrated in a simulation study.
Optically transparent electrodes to study living cells: A mini review
Authors: Kuzovlev Artem N. , Evseev Anatoly K. , Goroncharovskaya Irina V. , Shabanov Aslan K. , Petrikov Sergey S.
Published: April 2021

The use of electrochemical methods to study living systems, including cells, has been of interest to researchers for a long time. Thus, controlling the polarization of the electrode contacting living cells, one can influence, for example, their proliferation or the synthesis of specific proteins. Moreover, the electrochemical approach formed the basis of the biocompatibility improvement of the materials contacting with body tissues that use in carbon hemosorbents and implants development. It became possible to reach a fundamentally new level in the study of cell activity with the introduction of optically transparent electrodes in this area. The advantage of the using of optically transparent electrodes is the possibility of simultaneous analysis of living cells by electrochemical and microscopic methods. The use of such materials allowed approaching to the study of the influence of the electrode potential on adhesion activity and morphology of the different cell types (HeLa cells, endothelial cell, etc.) more detailed. There are a negligible number of publications in this area despite the advantages of the usage of optically transparent electrodes to study living cells. This mini‐review is devoted to some aspects of the interaction of living cells with conductive materials and current advances in the use of optically transparent electrodes for the study of living cells, as well as the prospects for their use in cellular technologies.
A 5‐Year Retrospective Analysis of Biologic and Prosthetic Complications Associated With Single‐Tooth Endosseous Dental Implants: Practical Applications
Authors: Kaur Maninder , Abou‐Arraj Ramzi V. , Lin Chee Paul , Geisinger Maria L. , Geurs Nicolaas C.
Published: April 2021

Focused Clinical Question

What are the key considerations of the incidence and timing for single‐tooth implant complications, including early failure, biological complications, and prosthetic complications?

Single‐tooth dental implants have been shown to have a high overall survival rate, but implant complications affect patient satisfaction and may lead to costly and/or time‐consuming repair and revision. Assessing the incidence and types of biologic and prosthetic complications and the timing of such complications is helpful so that the underlying causes can be addressed during the treatment planning process. Furthermore, identification of patient demographics, patient‐, implant‐, and site‐specific factors associated with such complications may allow for more comprehensive risk assessment during treatment planning.

Conclusions

Overall, dental implants have a high survival rate. Identification of the incidence of both biologic and prosthetic complications and minimizing their impact in patients with dental implants is critical to overall implant success. Utilization of careful treatment planning and dental implant fixtures, surgical protocols, and prosthetic designs that reduce complication rates can improve patient acceptance and outcomes. Further research is necessary to fully assess complication rates and risk factors.
Multicenter and all‐comers validation of a score to select patients for manual thrombectomy, the DDTA score
Authors: Cordero Alberto , Cid‐Alvarez Belén , Alegría Eduardo , Fernández‐Cisnal Agustín , Escribano David , Bautista Jenniffer , Juskova Maria , Trillo Ramiro , Bertomeu‐Gonzalez Vicente , Ferreiro José Luis
Published: April 2021

Background

Routine manual thrombectomy (MT) is not recommended in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (P‐PCI) but it is performed in many procedures. The objective of our study was validating the DDTA score, designed for selecting patients who benefit most from MT.

Methods

Observational and multicenter study of all consecutive patients undergoing P‐PCI in five institutions. Results were compared with the design cohort and the performance of the DDTA was analyzed in all patients. Primary end‐point of the analyses was TIMI 3 after MT; secondary endpoints were final TIMI 3, no‐reflow incidence, in‐hospital mortality and in‐hospital major cardiovascular events (MACE). In‐hospital prognosis was assessed by the Zwolle risk score.

Results

Three hundred forty patients were included in the validation cohort and no differences were observed as compared to the design cohort (618 patients) except for lower use of MT and higher IIb/IIIa inhibitors or drug‐eluting stents. The probability of TIMI 3 after MT decreased as delay to P‐PCI was higher. If DDTA score, MT was associated to TIMI 3 after MT (OR: 4.11) and final TIMI 3 (OR: 2.44). There was a linear and continuous relationship between DDTA score and all endpoints. DDTA score ≥ 4 was independently associated to lower no‐reflow, in‐hospital MACE or mortality. The lowest incidence of in‐hospital mortality or MACE was in patients who had DDTA score ≥ 4 and Zwolle risk score 0–3.

Conclusions

MT is associated to higher rate of final TIMI3 in patients with the DDTA score ≥ 4. Patients with DDTA score ≥ 4 had lower no‐reflow and in‐hospital complications.
An [FeFe]‐Hydrogenase Mimic Immobilized through Simple Physiadsorption and Active for Aqueous H2 Production
Authors: Ahmed Md Estak , Saha Dibyajyoti , Wang Lianke , Gennari Marcello , Ghosh Dey Somdatta , Artero Vincent , Dey Abhishek , Duboc Carole
Published: April 2021

Mimicking hydrogenases with synthetic complexes is a promising strategy for the design of Earth‐abundant electrocatalysts for H2 evolution as alternative to platinum. Here, we describe a bio‐inspired FeFe electrocatalyst, with a semi‐bridging μ‐CO ligand, active and stable for H2 evolution in acidic aqueous solutions after its physiadsorption onto carbon‐based electrodes.
Strong Electronic Communication in Linearly Elongated Rylenes Featuring Tunable Bridges
Authors: Dobeneck Michaela , Kaur Ramandeep , Platzer Benedikt , Guldi Dirk M. , Hirsch Andreas
Published: April 2021

A modified synthetic pathway towards perylene‐perylene dimers and a facile purification method to obtain the regioisomerically pure syn‐ and anti‐isomers are reported. In addition, a novel perylene‐naphthalene heterodimer with 30 conjugated π‐electron pairs was designed and synthesized on the basis of a previously described precursor and the resulting regioisomers were separated from each other. Thereby, the opto‐electronic properties of the linearly elongated chromophores could be investigated regarding the differences in length of their aromatic system and the configuration of the isomers. Further tuning of their energy gaps was realized via protonation and methylation of the dibenzimidazole‐bridging unit. Extraordinary red‐shifts of the absorption maxima of 62 nm for the methylated and 92 nm for the protonated perylene‐perylene anti‐isomer could be achieved. Moreover, the maxima for the syn‐isomer could be shifted bathochromically by 87 and 113 nm, respectively.
Simple Amides and Amines for the Synergistic Recovery of Rhodium from Hydrochloric Acid by Solvent Extraction
Authors: Carrick Andrew I. , Doidge Euan D. , Bouch Alexander , Nichol Gary S. , Patrick Jane , Schofield Emma R. , Morrison Carole A. , Love Jason B.
Published: April 2021

The separation and isolation of many of the platinum group metals (PGMs) is currently achieved commercially using solvent extraction processes. The extraction of rhodium is problematic however, as a variety of complexes of the form [RhCln(H2O)6‐n](n−3)− are found in hydrochloric acid, making it difficult to design a reagent that can extract all the rhodium. In this work, the synergistic combination of a primary amine (2‐ethylhexylamine, LA) with a primary amide (3,5,5‐trimethylhexanamide, L1) is shown to extract over 85 % of rhodium from 4 M hydrochloric acid. Two rhodium complexes are shown to reside in the organic phase, the ion‐pair [HLA]3[RhCl6] and the amide complex [HLA]2[RhCl5(L1)]; in the latter complex, the amide is tautomerized to its enol form and coordinated to the rhodium centre through the nitrogen atom. This insight highlights the need for ligands that target specific metal complexes in the aqueous phase and provides an efficient synergistic solution for the solvent extraction of rhodium.
Mushroom bodies and reniform bodies coexisting in crabs cannot both be homologs of the insect mushroom body
Authors: Strausfeld Nicholas J.
Published: April 2021

In one species of shore crab (Brachyura, Varunidae), a center that supports long‐term visual habituation and that matches the reniform body's morphology has been claimed as a homolog of the insect mushroom body despite lacking traits that define it as such. The discovery in a related species of shore crab of a mushroom body possessing those defining traits renders that interpretation unsound. Two phenotypically distinct, coexisting centers cannot both be homologs of the insect mushroom body. The present commentary outlines the history of research leading to misidentification of the reniform body as a mushroom body. One conclusion is that if both centers support learning and memory, this would be viewed as a novel and fascinating attribute of the pancrustacean brain.
The Permeation Mechanism of Cisplatin Through a Dioleoylphosphocholine Bilayer**
Authors: Ruano Lorena , Cárdenas Gustavo , Nogueira Juan J.
Published: April 2021

The investigation of the intermolecular interactions between platinum‐based anticancer drugs and lipid bilayers is of special relevance to unveil the mechanisms involved in different steps of the anticancer mode of action of these drugs. We have simulated the permeation of cisplatin through a model membrane composed of 1,2‐dioleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine lipids by means of umbrella sampling classical molecular dynamics simulations. The initial physisorption of cisplatin into the polar region of the lipid membrane is controlled by long‐range electrostatic interactions with the choline groups in a first step and, in a second step, by long‐range electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions with the phosphate groups. The second half of the permeation pathway, in which cisplatin diffuses through the nonpolar region of the bilayer, is characterized by the drop of the interactions with the polar heads and the rise of attractive interactions with the non‐polar tails, which are dominated by van der Waals contributions. The permeation free‐energy profile is explained by a complex balance between the drug/lipid interactions and the energy and entropy contributions associated with the dehydration of the drug along the permeation pathway and with the decrease and increase of the membrane ordering along the first and second half of the mechanism, respectively.
Methanol Oxidation at Platinum in Alkaline Media: A Study of the Effects of Hydroxide Concentration and of Mass Transport
Authors: Rus Eric D. , Wakabayashi Ryo H. , Wang Hongsen , Abruña Héctor D.
Published: April 2021

The hydroxide ion concentration dependence of the methanol oxidation reaction at Pt was studied using microelectrode voltammetry and rotating disk electrode voltammetry. Both methods suggest that the rate of methanol oxidation is limited by hydroxide mass transport at low hydroxide concentrations, while it is inhibited by hydroxide adsorption at high concentrations. It was possible to shift from the transport‐limited regime to the inhibitory regime by varying the bulk concentration of hydroxide or by varying mass transport to the electrode. Rotating ring‐disk electrode voltammetry was employed to qualitatively assess changes in the diffusion layer pH. The results indicated a decrease in the surface pH during methanol oxidation, as expected, but also that the pH reached a steady state during hydroxide transport limited methanol oxidation.
Efficient Direct Reverse Intersystem Crossing between Charge Transfer‐Type Singlet and Triplet States in a Purely Organic Molecule
Authors: Wada Yoshimasa , Wakisaka Yasuaki , Kaji Hironori
Published: April 2021

The front cover artwork is provided by the group of Prof. Hironori Kaji, Dr. Yoshimasa Wada, and Mr. Yasuaki Wakisaka (Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University). The image shows our designed emitter molecule, MA‐TA, possessing charge‐transfer (CT) character in both triplet and singlet states. The dynamic flexibility of molecules allows effective reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) and MA‐TA show excellent performances in any kinds of hosts. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/cphc.202001013.
Mediator approach and mediator behavior: A secondary data analysis of day of trial and child access mediation in Maryland
Authors: Harmon‐Darrow Caroline , Charkoudian Lorig
Published: April 2021

Does a mediator's stated approach (Facilitative, Inclusive, Transformative) predict their behavior at the mediation table? This question is explored through analysis of 149 cases from District Court day of trial mediation in four Maryland jurisdictions and 156 Circuit Court Family Division court‐referred custody and visitation mediation cases in three Maryland jurisdictions. Through factor analysis and multiple regression analysis, this research found a mediator's stated approach does not fully predict their behavior at the mediation table, and that some self‐reported approaches are more predictive of certain actual mediator behaviors (e.g., reflecting, eliciting, offering opinions) than others.
Phosphate‐Templated Encapsulation of a {CoII4O4} Cubane in Germanotungstates as Carbon‐Free Homogeneous Water Oxidation Photocatalysts
Authors: Al‐Sayed Emir , Nandan Sreejith P. , Tanuhadi Elias , Giester Gerald , Arrigoni Marco , Madsen Georg K. H. , Cherevan Alexey , Eder Dominik , Rompel Annette
Published: April 2021

The ever‐growing interest in sustainable energy sources leads to a search for an efficient, stable, and inexpensive homogeneous water oxidation catalyst (WOC). Herein, the PO43− templated synthesis of three abundant‐metal‐based germanotungstate (GT) clusters Na15[Ge4PCo4(H2O)2W24O94] ⋅ 38H2O (Co4), Na2.5K17.5[Ge3PCo9(OH)5(H2O)4W30O115] ⋅ 45H2O (Co9), Na6K16[Ge4P4Co20(OH)14(H2O)18W36O150] ⋅ 61H2O (Co20) with non‐, quasi‐, or full cubane motifs structurally strongly reminiscent of the naturally occurring {Mn4Ca} oxygen evolving complex (OEC) in photosystem II was achieved. Under the conditions tested, all three GT‐scaffolds were active molecular WOCs, with Co9 and Co20 outperforming the well‐known Na10[Co4(H2O)2(PW9O34)2] {Co4P2W18} by a factor of 2 as shown by a direct comparison of their turnover numbers (TONs). With TONs up to 159.9 and a turnover frequency of 0.608 s−1 Co9 currently represents the fastest Co‐GT‐based WOC, and photoluminescence emission spectroscopy provided insights into its photocatalytic WOC mechanism. Cyclic voltammetry, dynamic light scattering, UV/Vis and IR spectroscopy showed recyclability and integrity of the catalysts under the applied conditions. The experimental results were supported by computational studies, which highlighted that the facilitated oxidation of Co9 was due to the higher energy of its highest occupied molecular orbital electrons as compared to Co4.
Comparative assessment of Fgf's diverse roles in inner ear development: A zebrafish perspective
Authors: Riley Bruce B.
Published: April 2021

Progress in understanding mechanisms of inner ear development has been remarkably rapid in recent years. The research community has benefited from the availability of several diverse model organisms, including zebrafish, chick, and mouse. The complexity of the inner ear has proven to be a challenge, and the complexity of the mammalian cochlea in particular has been the subject of intense scrutiny. Zebrafish lack a cochlea and exhibit a number of other differences from amniote species, hence they are sometimes seen as less relevant for inner ear studies. However, accumulating evidence shows that underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are often highly conserved. As a case in point, consideration of the diverse functions of Fgf and its downstream effectors reveals many similarities between vertebrate species, allowing meaningful comparisons the can benefit the entire research community. In this review, I will discuss mechanisms by which Fgf controls key events in early otic development in zebrafish and provide direct comparisons with chick and mouse.
Toxicological Response of Chironomus dilutus in Single-Chemical and Binary Mixture Exposure Experiments with 6 Perfluoralkyl Substances
Authors: McCarthy Christopher J. , Roark Shaun A. , Wright Demitria , O'Neal Kelly , Muckey Brett , Stanaway Mike , Rewerts Justin N. , Field Jennifer A. , Anderson Todd A. , Salice Christopher J.
Published: April 2021

Few studies have determined the toxicity of perfluoralkyl substances (PFAS) to aquatic invertebrates. We exposed Chironomus dilutus to 6 different PFAS to assess single-chemical toxicity and relative or proportional toxicity among substances. A 10-d range-finding test was conducted to inform 20-d assays for the following PFAS: perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorobutanesulfonic acid (PFBS), perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA). A 20-d binary mixture study of PFOS+PFHxS followed the single-chemical tests. Measurement endpoints for 20-d tests included larval survival and biomass. Log-logistic concentration response models were used to estimate 10, 20, and 50% effect concentrations (EC20, EC50) for PFOS, PFHxS, and PFOA. Survival EC50s for PFOS, PFHxS, and PFOA were 2.49, 3860, and 192 000 µg/L, respectively, whereas survival EC20s were 1.70, 913, and 119 000 µg/L for PFOS, PFHxS, and PFOA, respectively. Biomass as a combined survival and growth endpoint resulted in EC20s of 1.89, 896, and 137 000 µg/L for PFOS, PFHxS, and PFOA, respectively. Maximum concentrations tested (no-observed-effect concentrations) for PFNA, PFBS, and PFHpA were 2 to 3 orders of magnitude greater than the PFOS EC50s and showed no toxicity to C. dilutus, even at exposure concentrations well above what would be considered environmentally relevant. The binary mixture of 2.5 µg/L PFOS+1000 µg/L PFHxS showed reduced survival compared to controls and some indication of potential additive or synergistic interaction between PFOS and PFHxS. Overall, the present study supports previous studies showing PFOS to be the most toxic PFAS to aquatic life and suggests that PFOS could be more toxic to the freshwater midge than previously reported. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2319–2333. © 2021 SETAC

Abstract

Toxicity bioassays for survival, growth, and biomass of Chironomus dilutus were conducted with 6 individual perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS; PFOS, PFHxS, PFOA, PFBS, PFNA, PFHpA) and with a binary mixture of PFOS and PFHxS. Effect concentrations were estimated where possible; NOECs and LOECs were also determined and are reported as applicable. NOEC = no-observed-effect concentration; LOEC = lowest-observed-effect concentration; ECx = x% effect concentration; PFOS = perfluorooctane sulfonate; PFHxS = perfluorohexanesulfonic acid; PFOA = perfluorooctanoic acid; PFBS = perfluorobutanesulfonic acid; PFNA = perfluorononanoic acid; PFHpA = perfluoroheptanoic acid.
Wildfires in the Chornobyl exclusion zone—Risks and consequences
Authors: Beresford Nicholas A. , Barnett Catherine L. , Gashchak Sergii , Kashparov Valery , Kirieiev Serhii I. , Levchuk Sviatoslav , Morozova Valeriia , Smith James T. , Wood Michael D.
Published: April 2021

Following the 1986 Chornobyl accident, an area approaching 5000 km2 surrounding the nuclear plant was abandoned, creating the Chornobyl exclusion zone (CEZ). Although this area likely contains the most radioactive terrestrial ecosystem on earth, the absence of humans and associated activities for nearly 35 years since the accident has resulted in increases in wildlife numbers. Both the Belarussian and Ukrainian components of the CEZ are now designated as nature reserves; together they form one of Europe's largest protected areas and have been described as an iconic example of rewilding. Forests and former agricultural land (now scrub) dominate the CEZ and wildfires are an annual event. In April 2020, the CEZ suffered its most widespread fires to date when greater than 800 km2 of the 2600 km2 Ukrainian portion of the CEZ was burnt. Large-scale fires in the CEZ have implications for wildlife, as they do elsewhere, but they also pose additional radioecological and radiological protection questions. We discuss the implications of wildfires in the CEZ, considering effects on wildlife and changes in radionuclide mobility. We also demonstrate that the risk to firefighters and the wider public from the inhalation of radionuclides in smoke resulting from fires in the CEZ is likely to be low. However, further experimental and modeling work to evaluate potential doses to firefighters from inhaled radioactive particles would be valuable, not least for reassurance purposes. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:1141–1150 © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

KEY POINTS

The approximately 5000 km2 Chernobyl Exclusion Zone contains what is likely the most radioactive terrestrial ecosystem on earth. Wildfires are an annual event in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone. We discuss the implications of wildfires in the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, considering effects on wildlife and changes in radionuclide mobility. We demonstrate that the risk to firefighters and the wider public from the inhalation of radionuclides in smoke resulting from fires in the CEZ is likely to be low.
Stone weir scour modelling in curved canals using a weighted regularized extreme learning machine*
Authors: Shahbazbeygi Ebrahim , Yosefvand Fariborz , Yaghoubi Behrouz , Shabanlou Saeid , Rajabi Ahmad
Published: April 2021

In this paper, a novel weighted regularized extreme learning machine (WRELM) was used for the first time to simulate the scour depth around J‐, I‐ and W‐shaped stone weirs in curved canals. In the first step, dimensionless parameters affecting the scour depth around stone weirs were detected. Then, six WRELM models were developed using these parameters. It is worth mentioning that three different experimental models were utilized for verifying the WRELM models. Moreover, 70% of the experimental data were used to train the models and the remaining 30% to test them. After that, the number of neurons existing within the hidden layer was chosen to be 13. Then the best activation function of the WRELM model was selected. The optimal regularization parameter was also found for this activation function. Conducting a comprehensive sensitivity analysis in the next step detected the best WRELM model, as well as the most influencing input variables. The results of the superior model were compared with the regularized extreme learning machine (RELM) and extreme learning machine (ELM) models to prove the noticeable superiority of the WRELM. Furthermore, a formula was proposed to compute the scour gap around stone weirs with different shapes situated in curved canals. Finally, the sensitivity of the input variables on scour values was examined.
Epigenetic transcripts of LINC01311 and hsa‐miR‐146a‐5p regulate neural development in a cellular model of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Fan Yan , Zhang Jingjing , Zhuang Xianbo , Geng Fengyang , Jiang Guisheng , Yang Xiafeng
Published: April 2021

Emerging evidence has shown that Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) are aberrantly expressed and functionally involved in the development of neurodegenerative disorders. In this work, we investigated the regulatory effects of lncRNA of LINC01311 and its competing endogenous RNA target of hsa‐miR‐146a‐5p in a cellular model of Alzheimer's disease (AD). SH‐SY5Y cells were treated with synthetic Βeta‐Amyloid Peptide (1‐42) (AB1‐42) in vitro to induce AD‐like neural injuries. Expressions of LINC01311 and hsa‐miR‐146a‐5p were monitored by qRT‐PCR. LINC01311 was upregulated and hsa‐miR‐146a‐5p downregulated to examine their functional regulations on AB1‐42‐induced apoptosis, proliferation slowdown, autophagy, and amyloid precursor protein (APP) accumulations. Hsa‐miR‐146a‐5p was also overexpressed in LINC01311‐upregulated SH‐SY5Y cells to examine their correlated regulations on AB1‐42‐induced neural injuries. LINC01311 was downregulated whereas hsa‐miR‐146a‐5p upregulated in AB1‐42 treated SH‐SY5Y cells. LINC01311 upregulation and hsa‐miR‐146a‐5p downregulation protected AB1‐42‐induced apoptosis, proliferation slowdown, autophagy, and APP accumulations in SH‐SY5Y cells. Hsa‐miR‐146a‐5p overexpression reversed the protection of LINC01311 on AB1‐42‐induced neural injuries. Our work demonstrated that the epigenetic axis of LINC01311/hsa‐miR‐146a‐5p was involved in the functional regulation of human‐lineage neurons in a cellular model of AD, thus suggesting a clinical potential of exploring epigenetic network for treating AD patients.
Targeting cyclin‐dependent kinase 6 by vanillin inhibits proliferation of breast and lung cancer cells: Combined computational and biochemical studies
Authors: Yousuf Mohd , Shamsi Anas , Queen Aarfa , Shahbaaz Mohd , Khan Parvez , Hussain Afzal , Alajmi Mohamed F. , Rizwanul Haque Qazi M. , Imtaiyaz Hassan Md.
Published: April 2021

Cyclin‐dependent kinase 6 (CDK6) is a member of serine/threonine kinase family, and its overexpression is associated with cancer development. Thus, it is considered as a potential drug target for anticancer therapies. This study showed the CDK6 inhibitory potential of vanillin using combined experimental and computational methods. Structure‐based docking and 200 ns molecular dynamics simulation studies revealed that the binding of vanillin stabilizes the CDK6 structure and provides mechanistic insights into the binding mechanism. Enzyme inhibition and fluorescence‐binding studies showed that vanillin inhibits CDK6 with an half maximal inhibitory concentration = 4.99 μM and a binding constant (K) 4.1 × 107 M−1. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements further complemented our observations. Studies on human cancer cell lines (MCF‐7 and A549) showed that vanillin decreases cell viability and colonization properties. The protein expression studies have further revealed that vanillin reduces the CDK6 expression and induces apoptosis in the cancer cells. In conclusion, our study presents the CDK6‐mediated therapeutic implications of vanillin for anticancer therapies.
Feasibility of a cognitive behavioral online intervention for women with Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
Authors: Stephenson Kyle R. , Zippan Natasha , Brotto Lori A.
Published: April 2021

Objectives

Difficulties with sexual desire and arousal are common in women, but most lack access to effective treatment such as cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT). eSense is a recently created online CBT intervention for sexual difficulties with promising evidence of usability. The current study assessed the feasibility of women completing the full eSense CBT program without guidance.

Methods

Eleven women with Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder completed eSense and provided feedback via semi‐structured interviews.

Results

Participants reported high satisfaction with eSense's functionality, improved knowledge about sexuality, greater awareness of their thought patterns, and better perspective around their sexual difficulties. Despite some difficulty completing homework, participants exhibited statistically significant pre‐post improvements in sexual desire (d = 1.04), sexual arousal (d = 1.83), sexual satisfaction (d = 1.35), and sexual distress (d = 1.79).

Conclusion

The findings add to the growing evidence that self‐guided online interventions are feasible and potentially efficacious in treating female sexual dysfunction.
A novel laser‐cut fully covered metal stent with anti‐reflux valve in patients with malignant distal biliary obstruction refractory to conventional covered metal stent
Authors: Yamada Yuto , Sasaki Takashi , Takeda Tsuyoshi , Mie Takafumi , Furukawa Takaaki , Kasuga Akiyoshi , Matsuyama Masato , Ozaka Masato , Igarashi Yoshinori , Sasahira Naoki
Published: April 2021

Background

Stenting against recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO) after placement of covered metal stent (CMS) for distal malignant biliary obstruction (MBO) is still challenging. This study investigated the feasibility of a novel laser‐cut fully CMS with anti‐reflux valve in patients with distal MBO refractory to conventional CMS.

Methods

Patients who underwent Duckbill‐type metal stent (DMS) placement between June 2019 and May 2020 were included. Early complications, causes of RBO including non‐occlusion cholangitis, and time to RBO (TRBO) were evaluated. TRBO of DMS was also compared with that of previous CMS.

Results

Thirty patients were included: pancreatic cancer/metastatic lymph nodes in 29 patients/one patient; duodenal stenosis in 13 patients. Technical and functional success were achieved in all patients. Mild cholangitis and mild pancreatitis developed in each one. Median follow‐up period was 167 days (range, 23‐527 days). RBO occurred in nine patients (30%): sludge formation in four patients, hemobilia in one patient, symptomatic distal stent migration in three patients, and non‐occlusion cholangitis in one patient. TRBO of DMS was significantly longer than that of previous CMS (median 224 days vs median 120 days, P = .0025). DMS was successfully removed in all of six patients when re‐intervention was needed.

Conclusions

Duckbill‐type metal stent might be safe and effective in patients with distal MBO refractory to conventional CMS.
Epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in children in Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
Authors: Snoeck Chantal J. , Evdokimov Konstantin , Xaydalasouk Kinnaly , Mongkhoune Sodaly , Sausy Aurélie , Vilivong Keoudomphone , Pauly Maude , Hübschen Judith M. , Billamay Somxay , Muller Claude P. , Black Antony P.
Published: April 2021

Respiratory infections are one of the most frequent reasons for medical consultations in children. In low resource settings such as in Lao People's Democratic Republic, knowledge gaps and the dearth of laboratory capacity to support differential diagnosis may contribute to antibiotic overuse. We studied the etiology, temporal trends, and genetic diversity of viral respiratory infections in children to provide evidence for prevention and treatment guidelines. From September 2014 to October 2015, throat swabs and nasopharyngeal aspirates from 445 children under 10 years old with symptoms of acute respiratory infection were collected at the Children Hospital in Vientiane. Rapid antigen tests were performed for influenza A and B and respiratory syncytial virus. Real‐time reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT‐PCRs) were performed to detect 16 viruses. Influenza infections were detected with a higher sensitivity using PCR than with the rapid antigen test. By RT‐PCR screening, at least one pathogen could be identified for 71.7% of cases. Human rhinoviruses were most frequently detected (29.9%), followed by influenza A and B viruses combined (15.9%). We identify and discuss the seasonality of some of the infections. Altogether these data provide a detailed characterization of respiratory pathogens in Lao children and we provide recommendations for vaccination and further studies.
Ten‐year experience in optimizing neoadjuvant therapy for localized pancreatic cancer—Medical college of Wisconsin perspective
Authors: Ward Erin P. , Evans Douglas B. , Tsai Susan
Published: April 2021

Treatment of localized pancreatic cancer has also evolved to prioritize preoperative (neoadjuvant) multimodality therapy over a surgery‐first approach. Given the complexities of pancreatic cancer staging and the challenge of delivering multiple treatment modalities (chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery), an experienced and highly integrated multidisciplinary team is necessary to achieve the best outcomes. In this review, we will discuss our institutional experience with neoadjuvant therapy, guiding principles for treatment, and outline the landscape for future investigations.
A NSQIP‐based randomized clinical trial evaluating choice of prophylactic antibiotics for pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Brajcich Brian C. , Ko Clifford Y. , Liu Jason B. , Ellis Ryan J. , D′Angelica Michael I.
Published: April 2021

Surgical site infection after pancreaticoduodenectomy is often caused by pathogens resistant to standard prophylactic antibiotics, suggesting that broad‐spectrum antibiotics may be more effective prophylactic agents. This article describes the rationale and methodology underlying a multicenter randomized trial evaluating piperacillin–tazobactam compared with cefoxitin for surgical site infection prevention following pancreaticoduodenectomy. As the first US randomized surgical trial to utilize a clinical registry for data collection, this study serves as proof of concept for registry‐based clinical trials.
Nerve transfers to restore femoral nerve function following oncologic nerve resection
Authors: O'Brien Andrew L. , West Julie M. , Zewdu Abbie , Grignol Valerie P. , Scharschmidt Thomas J. , Moore Amy M.
Published: April 2021

Introduction

Advances in the care of soft‐tissue tumors, including imaging capabilities and adjuvant radiation therapy, have broadened the indications and opportunities to pursue surgical limb salvage. However, peripheral nerve involvement and femoral nerve resection can still result in devastating functional outcomes. Nerve transfers offer a versatile solution to restore nerve function following tumor resection.

Methods

Two cases were identified by retrospective review. Patient and disease characteristics were gathered. Preoperative and postoperative motor function were assessed using the Medical Research Council Muscle Scale. Patient‐reported pain levels were assessed using the numeric rating scale.

Results

Nerve transfers from the obturator and sciatic nerve were employed to restore knee extension. Follow up for Case 1 was 24 months, 8 months for Case 2. In both patients, knee extension and stabilization of gait without bracing was restored. Patient also demonstrated 0/10 pain (an average improvement of 5 points) with decreased neuromodulator and pain medication use.

Conclusion

Nerve transfers can restore function and provide pain control benefits and ideally are performed at the time of tumor extirpation. This collaboration between oncologic and nerve surgeons will ultimately result in improved functional recovery and patient outcomes.
Components identification and isomers differentiation in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) leaves by LC‐MS
Authors: Guo Zili , Zhu Peixi , He Xiaoai , Yan Tianhe , Liang Xianrui
Published: April 2021

A valid and reliable method based on ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry using electrospray ionization was established to identify chemical constituents in the ethanol extract of pigeon pea leaves. A total of 58 compounds were detected both in positive and negative modes. Among them, 42 compounds, including 16 flavones, 1 flavonol, 5 flavanones, 9 isoflavones, 1 coumarin, 1 lactone, 6 stilbenes, 2 chalcones, and 1 other compound, were unambiguously identified or tentatively assigned in view of the retention time, the molecular formula, as well as the fragmentation patterns. Moreover, eight sets of isomers were differentiated by the ion trap mass spectrometry based on the fragment ion differences or the abundance differences of the same fragment ions. The energy‐resolved mass spectrometry in light of the relative abundance of characteristic fragment ions was adopted in the study.
Evaluation of Connectivity Among American Black Bear Populations in Georgia
Authors: HOOKER MICHAEL J. , CLARK JOSEPH D. , BOND BOBBY T. , CHAMBERLAIN MICHAEL J.
Published: April 2021

Habitat fragmentation and loss contribute to isolation of wildlife populations and increased extinction risks for various species, including many large carnivores. We studied a small and isolated population of American black bears (Ursus americanus) that is of conservation concern in central Georgia, USA (i.e., central Georgia bear population [CGBP]). Our goal was to evaluate the potential for demographic and genetic interchange from neighboring bear populations to the CGBP. To evaluate resource selection and movement potential, we used 35,487 global positioning system locations collected every 20 minutes from 2012 to 2014 from 33 male bears in the CGBP. We then developed a step selection function model based on conditional logistic regression. Male bears chose steps that avoided crops, roads, and human developments and were closer to forests and woody wetlands than expected based on availability. We used a geographic information system to simulate 300 bear movement paths from nearby bear populations in northern Florida, northern Georgia, and southern Georgia to estimate the potential for immigration to the CGBP. Only 4 simulated movement paths from the nearby populations intersected the CGBP. The creation of a hypothetical 1‐km‐wide corridor between the southern Georgia population and the CGBP produced only minor improvements in interchange. Our findings suggest that demographic connectivity between the CGBP and surrounding bear populations may be limited, and coupled with previous works showing genetic isolation in the CGBP, that creation of corridors may have only marginal effects on restoring gene flow, at least in the near term. Management actions such as translocation and the establishment of stepping stone populations may be needed to increase the genetic diversity and demographic stability of bears in the CGBP. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.