bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Planktonic Foraminifera in the Recent Subtropical	Water Mass and their Comparison to the Surface Sediment: Implications for	Palaeoenvironmental Reconstruction
Authors: Mohiuddin Mia Mohammad
Published: November 2024

A comparison between planktonic foraminifera assemblage in the sediment trap and those at core-tops located close to mooring in the subtropical Pacific was analyzed to assess the relationship between preserved faunal assemblages and the recent fluxes. At Station WCT-1, the total foraminiferal fluxes showed a seasonal variation, characterized by high flux value during summer and low in winter. The seasonal patterns for the two trap depths also showed a close similarity in both the number and magnitude of the peaks. Variation in the foraminiferal fluxes could be representing seasonality in the production of different foraminiferal species and reflect change in hydrographic conditions in the upper water column. Dissolution susceptible species, G. ruber, G. glutinata, G. quadrilobatus and G. sacculifer are abundant in surface water and dominated in the flux material. On the other hand, dissolution resistant species, G. inflata, N. pachyderma and G. crassaformis, increased their relative abundance in the surface sediment. The foraminiferal species differ between the trap and core-top assemblages and indicate that the sediments have been significantly altered since deposition. The comparisons between foraminiferal core-top assemblages from this region can therefore be directly related to modern sea-surface conditions, providing an analogue for interpreting past environmental change from fossil assemblages.
Arsenic Removal from Water: A Review
Authors: Meenakshi  , Maheshwari R.C.
Published: November 2024

Arsenic contamination of underground water has been reported from many parts of the world. In most of the affected areas, substitution of drinking water source by a safe and easily available one may not be possible. Arsenic removal from these water sources is a more appropriate option. This article gives a brief overview over the possible arsenic removal options for safe drinking water supply in the arsenic affected areas. All these options were tested in the laboratory and effect of various parameters such as pH, initial arsenic concentration, arsenic speciation, dose of chemical used, interference by coions etc. was studied. Adsorption of arsenic on iron salts such as Granular Ferric Hydroxide (GFH) and silica ferric complex adsorbent (Sfca) was found to be most effective option for arsenic removal.
Well and Formation Losses in Boreholes Constructed in a Weathered	Crystalline Basement Aquifer in Nigeria
Authors: Izinyon O.C. , Anyata B.U.
Published: November 2024

In this paper, we present the results of a study on well and formation losses in three new public water supply boreholes drilled in a weathered granitic aquifer in Nigeria using data obtained from step drawdown tests conducted to assess the potential yields of the wells.

Our results show a mean yield of 2.93 l/s for the three wells and this compares with values reported for similar formations in other regions of the world. Well losses increased with pumping rates for individual wells and contribute between 5.2% and 70.54% of the total drawdown of the wells studied. Recommendations for minimizing well losses and hence total pumping costs are made.
Investigation of Heavy Metal Removal in Different Units of Water	Treatment Plant
Authors: Maleki Afshin , Izanloo Hassan , Zazoli Mohammad Ali , Roshani Babak
Published: November 2024

In this study, removal efficiency of heavy metals such as iron, manganese, copper and nickel were surveyed in various units of water treatment plant. Samples were taken from influent, before and after sedimentation and after filtration under standard condition. Concentration of heavy metals in each sample was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that removal efficiency of iron, manganese, copper and nickel were 71, 60, 79 and 40 percent, respectively. Experimental results currently showed low efficiency for the suitable removal of aluminium. So, the aluminium concentration in all the samples from the influent (2.03 mg l $^{-1}$ ) and effluent (2 mg l $^{-1}$ ) of the water treatment plant exceeded the EPA drinking water standard (50 μg l $^{-1}$ ). It is concluded that using conventional treatment technology can reduce metal concentrations except aluminium below internationally approved guidelines.
Influence of Some Selected Water Quality Parameters in Removing	Trivalent and Pentavalent Arsenic from Groundwater by Activated Alumina
Authors: Hoque M.A. , Jalil M.A. , Chowdhury M.A.I. , Ahmed F.
Published: November 2024

An estimated 35 million people in Bangladesh are now at risk of arsenic toxicity and treatment of arsenic contaminated water is essential. Among the methods available for removing arsenic from water, adsorption on activated alumina is a promising one for implementing on a small-scale rural community or household levels. In this research work, the effects of a selected number of water quality parameters such as arsenic concentration, oxidation state of arsenic and pH in removing arsenic by activated alumina were evaluated. Bed Volume (BV), quantity of adsorbed arsenic and removal efficiency up to 50μg/L arsenic level in the effluent were calculated to evaluate the effectiveness of activated alumina in removing arsenic. The results of the study show that pentavalent arsenic is removed efficiently than trivalent arsenic. The BV of treated water decreases with the increase of arsenic concentration for both of the As(V) and As(III). The study reveals that the removal efficiency of As(V) is better within the pH range of 5.0 to 6.0, whereas As(III) removal increases at higher pH values.
Presentation of a Hydrological Approach for the Assessment of	Surface Runoff through Remote Sensing
Authors: Mansouri Rachid , Yahia Hammar , Tröger Uwe
Published: November 2024

In this study a physically based hydrological model coupled with the SCS curve number method is presented to assess the runoff changes due to land-use changes. In order to approach a reasonable result in hydrologic modelling, satellite-based remote technologies are used to extract land surface parameters. For known rainfall event, future changes in land use can also be incorporated in the model once digital database is available and the change in runoff hydrographs can be estimated. The study clearly demonstrates that the integration of spatial data and the application of a physically based model in a remote sensing environment provide a powerful tool for the assessment of an effect due to land-use change.
Transition Metals in Decomposing Macrophytes in a Wetland	System
Authors: Azeez P.A. , Prusty B. Anjan Kumar
Published: November 2024

The present work provides the baseline information on concentrations of select transition metals (iron, manganese, copper, zinc, nickel, lead and chromium) in seven macrophytes and their changes in the course of their decomposition in the wetlands of Keoladeo National Park, Bharatpur, India. Litterbag experiments were carried out in nylon litterbags of two different mesh sizes (0.14 and 0.375 mm) in the field and in the laboratory water tanks. The macrophytes selected for the study were Paspalum distichum, Paspalidium punctatum, Cyperus alopecuroides, Pseudoraphis spinescens, Ipomoea aquatica, Neptunia olearhiza and Hydrilla verticillata, which dominate the aquatic vegetation of the wetland system. On the whole there was no notable influence of mesh size on the release of metals from the decomposing plant matter. In field condition the level of Cr, Ni and Pb in plant matter at the end increased while their levels decreased in water indicating the uptake and accumulation of metals in plants from the surrounding water column during decomposition.
Field Laboratory Studies on Short-term Paddy Crop in Semi-arid	Region
Authors: Venkatesan G. , Kumar N. Venkat , Selvam M. Tamil , Swaminathan G. , Krishnamoorthi S.
Published: November 2024

Almost every plant process is affected directly and indirectly by the water supply. At present we are undergoing water scarcity condition due to increase in water demand for irrigation, domestic, industrial and other sectors. Availability of water remains almost constant making water deficit to go on increasing. In order to reduce water deficit between the water demand and water supply we have to think of water management techniques. The experiment was conducted in the demonstration-cum-research farm located in the eastern side of the campus of National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India during July 2002 to December 2002. Staggered sowing/planting dates were tried in short-term variety ADT-36. Eight plots for each variety were used. Two phases of staggering were tried with an interval of one week between them. For normal cropping four plots were allotted. For Staggered-I cropping and Staggered-II cropping two plots apiece were allotted. Crop water requirement for different phases of planting was compiled and crop water requirement at aggregate level was found. In ADT-36, the monthly peak water demand for Staggered-I cropping and Staggered-II cropping were estimated. The peak water demand gets reduced in staggered cropping; however these were still less than peak water demand of normal cropping.
Use of Back-propagation Artificial Neural Networks for Groundwater	Level Simulation
Authors: Affandi Azhar K. , Watanabe Kunio , Tirtomihardjo Haryadi
Published: November 2024

This article presents simulation of groundwater level fluctuation based on an artificial neural network modelling. The prediction used multi-layer back-propagation neural networks (BPANN). The case of study area was Jakarta, Indonesia, that has high population density and several purposes of groundwater resource usage. Input variables were using delay five-daily groundwater level fluctuation (GLF) of observation well interest to predict current GLF. The applicability of BPANN for GLF prediction was verified in three sets of input variables. The result showed that application of BPANN to simulate GLF gives satisfied prediction results.
Self Sufficiency of Water in Mainstream Housing – An	Australian Experience
Authors: Luxmoore D.A. , Jayasinghe M.T.R. , Mahendran M.
Published: November 2024

It is ideal to have a goal of reaching self sufficiency in water for the promotion of sustainable housing principles. Although there are many small projects of rainwater harvesting, it is yet to be used in mainstream large planned housing developments, which is essential for its successful implementation. There are many associated issues including social acceptance, reliability, cost effectiveness and the feasibility of combining it with the town water supply in an efficient manner. Many of these issues were addressed by implementing a rainwater harvesting system in three Green Smart display homes constructed in a large housing scheme planned for 20,000 houses in Australia. This paper describes the planning, implementation, special features and cost aspects relating to the rainwater harvesting system used in the Green Smart homes and provides a useful example for future larger scale initiatives.
Environmental Problems Associated with the Paint Sector in	Pakistan and their Assessment
Authors: Abid Muhammad , Chattha J.A.
Published: November 2024

This paper addresses the environmental problems associated with the paint manufacturing sector in Pakistan, based on the findings of the environmental audits of paint industry. Factors effecting environment, health and quality of life such as air emissions, waste water, solid waste and high level of noise are highlighted. Possible solutions and estimated required investments are recommended to mitigate these problems in order to comply with the present and future environmental legislation in Pakistan.
Determination of Persistent Pesticide Residues in Ground Water of	Agra Region Using Solid Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography
Authors: Sharma Niti , Prakash Alka
Published: November 2024

Water samples collected from ground water of Agra region were analyzed for the presence of pesticide residues using solid phase extraction and gas chromatographic techniques. Both organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides viz., malathion, chloropyriphos, γ-HCH, α-HCH, endosulfan (α and β isomers) and isomers of DDT (p'-DDE and p'-DDT) were detected in concentrations much above the prescribed limits. Seasonal variations were observed in the level of pesticide residues.
Isotherm Studies for Heavy Metal Adsorption on Rice Husk
Authors: Mohan S. , Gandhimathi R. , Sreelakshmi G.
Published: November 2024

A number of methods for heavy metal removal from waste water have been used, but most have several disadvantages, such as continuous input of chemicals, high cost, toxic sludge generation or incomplete metal removal. The use of rice husk not only provides a less costly sorbent to activated carbon or synthetic ion-exchanger as it is cheap, but also available in abundant quantity. Various modifications on rice husk have been reported in order to enhance sorption capacities for metal ions and other pollutants. The study reported in this paper deals with the adsorption of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) on the low cost adsorbents such as Rice Husk (RH) and Phosphate treated Rice Husk (PRH) from the synthetic solutions. Batch studies were conducted to find out the optimum dose of adsorbent, optimal pH and contact time for individual metal solution, both with RH and PRH. It was found that the equilibrium was attained after 30 min for Pb, 40 min for Cu and 50 min both for Zn and Mn and the maximum removal efficiency was attained at a pH of 6 for Pb, pH of 7 for Zn, Cu and Mn for the single metal solutions. The adsorption data could be fitted with Freundlich, Langmuir isotherm equation to find the characteristic parameters. It was found that linear form of Freundlich isotherm seems to produce a better model than linear form of Langmuir equation.
Water Conservation for Livelihoods and Labour Constraints: A Case	Study from Nepal
Authors: Brown S. , Merz J. , Shrestha B. , von Westarp S.
Published: November 2024

Cash crop production, increased demand for water and high workloads are raising concerns about the sustainability of intensive farming systems in Nepal. Water conservation technologies are seen as a potential option for producing off-season cash crops, and reducing water demand and labour for water collection. Their appropriateness was evaluated from biophysical and social perspectives by combining hydrometric monitoring, gender and water use surveys and field trials of drip irrigation systems. Results demonstrated domestic and irrigation water shortages prevalent from March to June, and an increased demand for water as farmers move towards market-based production. Women's workloads were high, 13.5 hours per day, necessitating labour reduction as a condition for small-scale water projects. Low cost drip irrigation trials quantified high water use efficiency under a deficit water regime, and capital costs could be paid off in the first crop. Labour was a significant component of variable costs making efficient technologies attractive as demonstrated by the 100+ systems adopted in the watershed since the trials in 2001.
An Assessment of Groundwater Chemistry of Barind Tract in	Bangladesh with Special Reference to Carbonate Weathering
Authors: Saha S.K. , Kumar Uthpal , Rahman Masudur
Published: November 2024

This study was conducted on geochemical characterization of ground water in Chapai-Nawabgonj Municipality area which is situated in the northwestern part of Bangladesh and southwestern part of Chapai-Nawabgonj District with an area of 24.6 sq. km. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the major sources of water chemistry and its suitability for potable and domestic needs. To complete this research work, 20 samples were collected from 15 different wards located in the Chapai-Nawabgonj Municipality area and analyzed to characterize the water geochemically. The analysis reveals that the major chemical composition of ground water is controlled by the rock-water interaction in the aquifer. The chemical constituent of water is mostly Ca $^{2+}$ -Mg $^{2+}$ -HCO $_3$ $^-$ type and shows temporary hardness of water in Municipality boundary. The major parameters concentrations suggest that water quality of shallow aquifer in Chapai-Nawabgonj is quite satisfactory and meets the standard guideline value of drinking water of DoE, Bangladesh and WHO.
Direct and Residual Effect of Fly Ash, Organic Materials and	Mineral Fertilisers on Performance of Rice-based Cropping System under Acid	Lateritic Soil Conditions
Authors: Rautaray S.K. , Swain D.K. , Ghosh B.C.
Published: November 2024

Direct effect of integrated fertilisation with fly ash, organic materials and mineral fertilisers to soil improved or sustained rice grain yield compared with the mineral fertilisers alone. Yields of potato, groundnut and mustard were increased under the residual effect of the integrated fertilisation sources vis-à-vis mineral fertilizers. The combined direct and residual effect of fertilisation sources on cropping sequences revealed that equivalent rice grain yield was higher under the integrated sources as compared to the mineral fertilisers alone. This difference was up to 10% for rice-groundnut sequence while 15% for rice-potato, 19% for rice-mustard, and 27% for rice-sweet potato sequence. Besides crop yield, beneficial residual soil properties in terms of pH, bulk density, organic carbon and available nutrients were noted. An increase in nutrient use efficiency and a save in mineral fertilisers were also feasible under the integrated sources. Residual fertility alone could not produce enough yields. Direct fertilisation in addition to residual fertility increased yields of groundnut pod and mustard seed. Accumulation of heavy metals and radioactive elements in soil and plant remained within safe limits even after application of fly ash at 10 t ha-1 for all the four seasons.
Performance of A Venturi Scrubbers in Intermediate Drop Reynolds	Number Regime for Small Particles at Different Throat Length and Throat Gas	Velocity
Authors: Kumar, Anoop , Varun  , Kumar Prashant , Singal S.K.
Published: November 2024

Venturi scrubbers are devices where particle-laden gas (air) is cleaned of particles by capture on water drops. A high relative velocity at throat between drops and particles moving with gas enhances capture of particles. The present model estimates penetration (fraction of un-collected particles) of small particles (less than 3 mm) in intermediate drop Reynolds number (1 < ReD < 1000). In this model of venturi scrubber where intermediate drop Reynolds number effects are accounted for show reasonably good agreement with available experimental data. Venturi scrubber is found to be effective in capture of such small particles at high throat gas velocities (80 m/s and higher).
Evaluation of Water Quality along the Bank of River Hoogly	(Kolkata Metropolitan Area) Using the Physico-Chemical Parameter and Water	Quality Index
Authors: Datta Diptendu , Banerjee Prasanta Kumar , Datta Siddhartha
Published: November 2024

The Hoogly River in the Gangetic delta plays a fundamental role in local society, as a source of irrigation and drinking water and as a sink for urban waste water. In order to analyze spatial and temporal variability of the overall water quality of the watershed Water Quality Index (WQI) by aggregative and multiplicative methods were calculated from eight physico-chemical parameter taking water samples from six different locations in and around Kolkata throughout a year during both high tide and low tide conditions. Seasonally, it was found that water quality decreases from winter to summer but it improves during monsoon. Depending on the location, different parameters like BOD, COD, DO, Conductivity etc. were responsible for the episodic fluctuation of water quality. The study reveals that the tributaries like Damodar, Roopnaryan and urban waste water discharge jointly contribute to the appreciable content of toxic metal in the bottom sediment of Hoogly River.
Consequences of Natural Disaster
Authors: Ahmed Shaik Iftikhar
Published: November 2024

The phenomena of flood, a normal part of river's life cycle, is always considered to be an extreme event because its after-effects are misery, deaths, damages and destruction. The intensity of any disaster is weighed in terms of the quantum of damages done to the society. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the consequences of flood disaster in Patiala district. The intensity and magnitude of flood damages has also been explained. The present study is based on the secondary data culled from the publications of Government of Punjab in the post-independence era. Both the socio-economic and ecological consequences of the natural disaster are conferred. During this period Patiala district experienced the most severe flood in its history in the year 1993. A case study of the impacts of 1993 flood has also been discussed to highlight the severity of the disaster. It is evident from the study of floods in Patiala district that floods are causing mass scale destructions to the property and infrastructure of the district. The frequently occurring disaster is also threatening human lives apart from damaging the ecological web of the district. The social and economic benefits of inhabiting flood plains are outweighed by the severe consequences of the floods.
Removal of Lead Ions by Various Types of Steel Slags
Authors: Nilforoushan M.R.
Published: November 2024

Steel slags are the by-products of steel industries, which are formed during reduction process of iron melting. The chemical composition of it changes depending to the melting procedure. Its mineralogical composition also varies based on the cooling procedure. Two different types of steel slag were used as absorbing bed for various concentrations of Pb $^{2+}$ ions in the form of lead chloride, and the concentrations of lead ions were measured in the effluent by atomic absorption spectroscopy.

When Electric Arc Furnace Slag (EAFS) which is a basic crystalline slag was used in the presence of various concentrations of Pb $^{2+}$ , ranging from 2 mg/l up to 10 mg/l, the Pb $^{2+}$ ions were leached out into the solution and its concentration increased at the beginning of reaction but decreased dramatically up to 48 hours that the reaction was continuing but with slower rate. Almost the same thing happened when granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), which is also a basic slag but in the amorphous mineralogical form, was used as the absorbing bed. The extent of ion release was much lower compared to EAFS but the absorption of lead ions took place with the higher rates. Based on this research, if EAF slag was used as absorbing bed for reduction of lead ions in the industrial waters, it takes 24 hours to absorb 10 mg/l of lead ions, while if blast furnace slag was used, maximum amounts of lead was absorbed in the first thirty minutes of reaction.
Assessment on Water Retention Function of Grassland Ecosystems in	the Upper Yangtze River Basin
Authors: Yulin Deng , Yukuan Wang
Published: November 2024

The upper Yangtze River basin, as an ecological protection screen for the whole Yangtze River, is a key ecological region in China. It is a substantial basis to assess the water conservation function of grassland ecosystem for sake of nature conservation, flood control and ecological regionalization. Through an integrated analysis on vegetation classification system and land-use changes, this study conducted a merger of various grasslands into eight assessment units. Interception (depth) under a single rain was formulated as the key indicator to evaluate water retention capacity of various grassland types. The results showed that the water-retention depth of grassland ecosystems within a single rainfall in the study area ranges from 17.25 mm to 40.65 mm, averaging 24.58 mm, among which the temperate-grass and forb meadow steppe had the highest capacity of water retention whereas the grass and Kobresia forb swamp meadow had the lowest capacity. A total amount of conserved water in the grassland ecosystems amounted to 45.67 × 10 $^8$ m $^3$ , pricing as $3.657×10 $^8$ . On spatial variances, the water-source area, which locates at eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, comes out to be the most important region whereas areas of Hengduan mountain region, northeastern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau and eastern mountain ranges around Sichuan Basin co-form a generally important region.
Study on the Removal of Methylene Blue Dye Using Chemically	Treated Rice Husk
Authors: Saha Papita
Published: November 2024

To remove methylene blue dye from wastewater, chemically modified rice husk has been used in the laboratory scale that comprises batch study leading to adsorption kinetics rate constants and maximum adsorption capacities. It has been observed that almost 95–99% of dye can be removed from the solution using treated rice husk. Langmuir adsorption isotherm, Freundlich isotherm model and Temkin model have been used to describe the distribution of dye between the liquid and solid phases in batch studies and it has been found that Langmuir isotherm represents the phenomenon better than other isotherm models. Due to low cost of rice husk this may be an effective material in the treatment of waste water containing dye and this material is biodegradable and eco-friendly.
Selection of Suitable Ecosystem Indicators as Tools to Assess the	Ecosystem Health of Coastal Lagoons and Their Implications in Management
Authors: Santhanam Harini , Raj S. Amal , Thanasekaran K.
Published: November 2024

In recent years, coastal lagoons have been recognized for their significance as productive ecosystems as well as for their important roles in maintaining ecological balance. However, for understanding the structure and functioning of coastal lagoons for preserving their natural quality one has to take into account the rapid degradation of these unique ecosystems. Hence, tools for indicating rapid changes in lagoon ecosystems in order to assess and maintain their health are the needs of the hour. Ecological indicators available to ecosystem managers for this purpose are numerous and often inappropriately selected within the context of lagoon management. Thus it is important to select suitable ecosystem indicators to accurately determine the status of the lagoon ecosystems. This article provides a comprehensive review of the existing ecosystem indicators used in the monitoring of lakes and lagoons. Further, it explores the functionalities of these indicators and correlates them with their applicability in conservation and management of a coastal lagoon. The purpose of this work is to provide a chart of reference for managers of coastal lagoons for easy and suitable selection of ecosystem indicators as tools for use in a cogent environmental monitoring programme.
Limiting Effect of Some Toxic Heavy Metals on Zooplankton	Diversity in Freshwater Lake Ecosystem at Sahebbundh, Purulia, West Bengal
Authors: Dutta Subhayan , Mukhopadhyay Aniruddha , Saha Tapan
Published: November 2024

Environmental monitoring of inland water bodies is needed for proper introspection of the structural and functional responses of freshwater ecosystem vis-à-vis status of biological components. Above endeavour have been initiated by periodic monitoring of both biological and physico-chemical parameters of a freshwater lake at Sahebbundh, Purulia, West Bengal, which is located at 23°29′42″ N latitude and 86°21′37″ E longitude. Water of this 63-acre lake is widely used for drinking purposes during summer months. But the water body has become a target of several anthropogenic interferences like garage activities, biomedical wastes, disposed sewage, etc., which can potentially hamper the health of the freshwater lake ecosystem. In all 28 species of zooplanktons are recorded from the lake, including some which are reported to be indicator of thermal pollution. Among the heavy metals the study concentrates upon Pb $^{2+}$ , Cr $^{3+}$ and Cd $^{2+}$ . A remarkable change of community dynamics of the zooplankton reflected by diversity fluctuations is observed particularly in those areas with anthropogenic activities including introduction of biomedical wastes, garage activities etc. Interestingly the toxic heavy metal is very high in those spots with direct human interferences. The level of Pb $^{2+}$ is much higher in those sites in comparison to the other two heavy metals, i.e. Cr $^{3+}$ and Cd $^{2+}$ . The Pb2+ is obviously a direct contribution from anthropogenic garage activities, which is established from our findings.
Emerging Helminths Infection in Snails and Cyprinoid Fish in	Sewage Treatment Wetlands Waters in Cambodia
Authors: Ngoen-klan Ratchadawan , Piangjai Somsak , Somwang, Puckavadee , Moophayak Kittikhun , Sukontason Kom , Sukontason Kabkeaw L. , Sampson Mickey , Irvine Kim
Published: November 2024

The genesis of this study was to document the presence of infected freshwater snails and cyprinoid fish species that may serve as a source of trematode infection and to assess the prevalence of trematode infection in both snails and cyprinoid fish in the sewage treatment wetlands of Phnom Penh, Cambodia. The field component was conducted two times a year (dry and rainy season) from March 2007 to May 2008. Snails and cyprinoid fish samples were obtained from four sites within the Boeng Cheung Ek wetland. Lymnaea (Radix) auricularia rubiginosa snail was found to be infected with the trematode cercariae of Gymnocephalus cercariae (intestinal and liver parasites in herbivorous mammals). Among 15 species of infected fish, the metacercariae of the liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, was found in this study. Puntius orphoides contained the highest number of metacercariae of O. viverrini (374.31/kg) followed by Hampala dispar (120.33/kg), and Henicorhynchus sp. (92.66/kg). The infection rate in both snails and fish exhibited a higher prevalence in the dry season than the rainy season. This investigation can help to characterize potential human health risks in the Boeng Cheung Ek wetlands of Phnom Penh.
Heavy Metal Removal from Municipal Raw Sewage by Activated Sludge	Treatment Process and Effects of Sewage on the Metal Contents of Buckingham	Canal Water across Different Seasons at Kalpakkam (India)
Authors: Kumar A. Yudhistra , Reddy M. Vikram
Published: November 2024

Removal of heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni and Cr) from municipal raw sewage by extended aeration activated sludge treatment process and the effects of the treated effluent in relation to the raw sewage on the heavy metal contents of water of the receiving water body, Buckingham canal at Kalpakkam was monitored seasonally during pre-monsoon, monsoon, winter and summer. It was found that the concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni and Cr were 0.12, 0.063, 0.57, 0.63 and 0.019 ppm, respectively in the raw sewage, which were reduced considerably at each phase of the treatment, at aeration tank with a removal efficiency (RE) of 17, 13, 14, 33 and 31%, respectively, and in secondary clarifier with RE of 67, 73, 72, 87 and 47%, respectively. The concentrations of these heavy metals have increased in the downstream compared to that of its upstream of the canal in both treated as well as untreated sewage outfall zones, and were higher in the later zone. The concentrations of these heavy metals were higher during pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons followed by that of summer and winter in the canal water.
Diatom Species Composition and Seasonal Abundance in a Polluted	and Non-polluted Environment from Coast of Pakistan
Authors: Naz Tahira , Burhan Zaib-un-nisa , Munir Sonia , Siddiqui Peerzada Jamal Ahmed
Published: November 2024

Diatoms species composition and their seasonal abundance was analyzed at two stations (St. A, 24°49.77'N 66°57.85'E and St. B, 24°47.93'N 66°58.87'E) of Manora Channel, coastal waters of Karachi, northern Arabian Sea bordering Pakistan. Samples were collected bimonthly from May 2002 to July 2003 and examined using inverted microscope. There was no significant variation observed between species composition at both A and B stations. Distribution pattern and seasonal variations in cell abundance of dominant, abundant, frequent and rare species were observed in which seven dominant species were recorded from station B and six dominant species from station A. Among both centric and pennate diatoms, the genera Chaetocerose affine, Pleurosigma sp 1, Thalassiosira sp, Navicula directa and Nitzschia longissima, Rhizosolenia setigera, Thalassionema nitzschiodes remain dominated all year although seasonal variations in their cell abundance were observed for these species. Statistical analysis showed that most of the dominant species were positively correlated with the salinity and temperature at both stations A and B. It suggests that temperature and salinity are the most significant factors that give shape to the diatom community and control the community changes. Dominance of pennate species over centric types with high abundance of these pennate species showed that they have better tolerance against pollution and other environmental variables.
Applying Industrial Ecology Tools to Increase Understanding of	Demand-side Water Management in Bangalore, India
Authors: Eckelman Matthew J. , Shenoy Megha , Ramaswamy Ramesh , Chertow Marian R.
Published: November 2024

Water balancing is a useful and increasingly popular tool for assessing stresses and opportunities in urban water systems. A streamlined water balance was constructed for the city of Bangalore, south India, using material flow analysis (MFA) drawn from industrial ecology. An extensive survey of end-users was employed to characterize residential use of water by socioeconomic groups, using housing as a proxy. This was combined with demand and supply-side data for the commercial, industrial, and institutional sectors to create a water balance for the city that is affordable and replicable for other cities that have incomplete datasets. The relationship between water supply and energy is highlighted for Bangalore which sits at a considerable height (500 m) above its main surface water source. The municipal water utility services require approximately 5% of the entire municipal electricity demand for pumping, treating, and distributing water. Bangalore.s municipal water service aims to reduce unaccounted-for water, which includes water leakage through the system as well as siphoned off water, from its current level of 26% to 15% by 2025. Such loss reductions would have a large impact both for water and energy demand for a highly populated and expanding urban landscape.
Predictability of Severe Thunderstorms with Fractal Dimension	Approach
Authors: Chaudhuri Sutapa
Published: November 2024

Thunderstorm is meso-scale weather with space scale varying from a few kilometres to a couple of 100 kilometres and time scale varying from less than an hour to several hours. Severe thunderstorms, however, produce strong surface wind squalls, lightning, heavy rain showers, occasional hail, down-bursts and tornadoes leading to loss of life and property on the ground and aviation hazard aloft. Prediction of severe thunderstorm is a challenging task for the atmospheric scientists around the globe. The rationale of the present study is, thus, to view the relative significance of two important convective energies, convective available potential energy (CAPE) and convective inhibition energy (CIN) in the genesis of severe thunderstorms during the pre-monsoon season (April – May) over Kolkata (22°32'N, 88°20'E). The concept of fractal dimension is applied in this study to observe the degree of selfsimilarity between CAPE and CIN for the prevalence of severe thunderstorms during the pre-monsoon season. Fractal dimension of CAPE and CIN is measured with the help of the level of free convection (LFC). The fractal dimension is considered in this study as the measure of randomness. The result reveals that CIN has more selfsimilarity than CAPE for the genesis of severe thunderstorms over Kolkata.
Willingness to Pay for Water Quality Improvement: A Study of Powai	Lake in India
Authors: Gupta Vijaya , Mythili G.
Published: November 2024

The Powai Lake in Mumbai, India, spreading over 2.10 square kilometres, is in the heart of the most crowded India's premier metropolis. It consists of rich ecosystem of considerable value and interest, supporting wide variety of flora and fauna and a habitat for wild variety of aquatic animals. Now, it is increasingly being impacted by human activities, resulting in choking off the shoreline, and deteriorating water quality. In this context it is important to understand how to effectively protect the present status and to improve the water quality of the lake. Benefits of improvement as perceived by the users serves as a critical input for devising policy instrument based on economic principles. This paper attempts valuing improvement in water quality through 'Contingent Valuation Method' (CVM). Then the paper analyses the factors determining the WTP by the users for improvement in water quality using regression tool. A survey was conducted of about 300 samples, living in approximately five kilometres radius of the lake. The survey was done in two rounds, one in 2005 and another in 2007 to determine the changes that occur over time in terms of quality as well as perception of the users regarding the benefits of the lake. The results indicate that the average WTP have increased from 2005 to 2007 after adjusting for general price increase. Income, occupation and uses of the lake are the important attributes explaining WTP. On an average, salaried class is willing to pay 30% more according to 2007 survey. The respondents attach more values to the aesthetic benefits. The results are useful in designing policies based on market-based instruments such as charges or taxes for the purpose of improving the lake quality.
Urbanization and Changing Air Quality in Delhi–A	Comparative Analysis and Strategy for Its Better Management
Authors: Firdaus Ghuncha
Published: November 2024

Air pollution, a demon created by mankind, can lead to consequences lasting from hours to decades. It has become a serious and growing problem in rapidly expanding cities of India where unprecedented and unplanned urbanization accompanied by rapid vehicular growth are among the major factors that exacerbate air quality. Delhi, the capital city of India, is facing an uphill task to provide clean air to its citizens. The present study analyzes the data of particulate pollutants (i.e. SPM, RSPM or PM10) concentration over the 17 years to assess the changing ambient air quality of the study area. The relationship between outdoor and indoor pollution levels was evaluated based on primary data collected from 1583 households of respective areas. On the bases of both primary and secondary sources of data, it can be summarized that the air quality in the study area has been deteriorating day by day and despite the implementation of different clean fuel policies, the pollutants were well above the standard limit set by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Use of indigenous plants as pollutants absorber was suggested to mitigate and manage this problem in the sustainable urban development perspectives. It is also recommended that more efforts should be made to understand the dynamics of urban environmental problems.
Seasonal and Spatial Occurrence and Distribution of Respirable	Particulate-bound Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Hisar City	(India) and Their Potential Health-risks
Authors: Haritash A.K. , Kaushik C.P.
Published: November 2024

A group of nine PAHs was detected using HPLC in commercial, industrial and residential areas of Hisar city and their health effects were discussed. PAHs have detrimental biological effects, including acute and chronic toxicity, mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. An average of total PAHs in commercial, industrial and residential areas was found to be 1798.52, 2196.81 and 2474.13 μg/g, respectively. For seasonal changes, maximum variations were observed in monsoon followed by post-monsoon season, summer, autumn, and least in winter. Among the nine PAHs analysed, benzo(k)fluoranthene exhibited maximum concentration throughout the period of study. Significantly high variation was observed for benzo[b]fluoranthene followed by benzo(k)fluoranthene, pyrene and benzo(e)pyrene. Benzo[ghi]perylene > anthracene > fluoranthene > phenanthrene > naphthalene represented significantly low variations. Large PAHs were predominantly present and they represented large variations of concentration during the study. The presence of other air pollutants can affect the residence time of PAHs in air and the atmospheric chemical lifetimes of particle-bound PAH with respect to thermal reactions tend to be longer than those of gas-phase PAH.
GIS Mapping of Correlation between Arsenic and Iron Concentration	of Ground Water of Bangladesh
Authors: Tonmoy Fahim Nawroz , Rahman Md. Mafizur , Kitawaki Hidetoshi
Published: November 2024

High iron concentration in the groundwater of Bangladesh was observed long ago. Existence of high arsenic concentration was observed in early 1990s. Determining iron concentration is cheaper and some indigenous methods are applied locally for such a purpose. Determining concentration of arsenic is more expensive and a relatively new issue even though the measurement is very important from monitoring point. The correlation between these two will ensure the possibility of simple and cheaper option for monitoring arsenic concentration from that of the iron concentration. This made the correlation analysis between arsenic and iron concentration of ground water more rational. In this study, data of 4367 wells were categorized for analysis as per geographic location in 61 administrative districts of Bangladesh. Results were compared with the results of analysis performed without categorizing data as per geographic locations. It is evident from the study that correlation between arsenic and iron concentration of ground water is not constant nationwide, rather it is a zonal phenomenon. Geographic Information Sustem (GIS) maps were produced with the correlation analysis data which represents the correlation status of each individual district of Bangladesh. Outcome of this study reveals that a zone or belt of a region can be observed within a band of similar correlation coefficient. From the analysis and produced GIS (Geographic Information System) maps it was observed that 50.4% districts of Bangladesh showed correlation coefficient in excess of 0.4 and 37% districts show correlation coefficient in excess of 0.5. In the eastern part of Bangladesh a belt of very low correlation was observed. The produced GIS maps and the study results enable to predict tentatively or statistically the arsenic concentration of a well by only knowing the iron concentration of the same well. This will help in reducing the need and thus cost for frequent measurement of arsenic in many areas where high correlation of the two is observed and reported.
Distribution of Fluoride in Groundwater and Its Correlation with	Physicochemical Parameters
Authors: Shashi A , Bhardwaj M.
Published: November 2024

An epidemiological survey was conducted to evaluate the quality of groundwater in 17 villages of Moga district of Punjab, India. Drinking water samples were taken from hand pump, tap and tube wells situated in different localities of the district, for physicochemical analysis. The water quality parameters such as pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium, chloride, iron electric conductance, and fluoride were measured by using standard methods. The fluoride concentration level in the drinking water of these villages ranged from 0.09 to 10.5 mg/l. The concentration of calcium, magnesium and chloride varied from 8 to 80 mg/l, 9 to 75 mg/l and 22 to 198 mg/l. The values of total hardness and alkalinity ranged from 60 to 290 and 390 to 786 mg/l. Fluoride concentration exhibited significant (p<0.05) positive correlation to pH and total alkalinity and negative correlation to total hardness, calcium and magnesium. Statistical analysis of data revealed significant impact of fluoride on the physicochemical parameters of drinking water samples studied under present investigation.
Oil-Water Separation from Waste Oily Mixture by Physical Treatment
Authors: Srivastava V.K. , Pathak Chintan
Published: November 2024

A large amount of water is being used in the upstream, downstream and automobile industrial processes. Its huge fraction comes out as waste after getting contaminated by oil and other toxic substances. Solid wastes, especially oily mixture still remain a major environmental hazard, demanding safer disposal practices. Physical, chemical and biological treatment technologies are available in the environmental field. The need, is to cost effectively optimize these treatment technologies. In our study, we have adopted heat treatment as a physical treatment for oilwater separation. The aim is to reduce the disposal cost of waste oily mixture generated from an automobile industry. Heat treatment can be effectively used to this type of waste oily scum, as it gives much reduction in disposal cost, in short time, without creating much environmental as well as human health hazards. The study focuses on the optimization of time and temperature, to increase separation of oil-water mixture and to reduce the disposal cost.
Water Quality Status of Kabini River in and around Nanjudeswara	Temple in Nanjangud, Mysore
Authors: Mahadev J. , Ahmed Syed Akheel , Srikantaswamy  , Satish S
Published: November 2024

The physico-chemical, bacteriological and algal analysis was carried out to assess the water quality of Kabini river in and around Nanjudeswara temple in Nanjangud (Mysore) and the results are presented in this paper. Water quality of this holy place was found impaired with mass bathing and offerings made in this river, which cause organic pollution. Different physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters were measured by standard method. From the obtained data, it is found that parameters like colour, turbidity, acidity, DO, BOD, COD, total bacterial count, coliform and E. coli exceeds the permissible value for organized out door bathing use of water in this river, whereas other parameters were found within limits or below limits. Metal concentration in river water and algal were found higher in summer followed by winter and rainy seasons. In the present observation, there was significant metallic level in river water at effluent mixing zone, which directly correlates with metal concentration in algal species which may significantly reduce the biotic community and trophic level in river in ecosystem. Based on this study, this paper provides the scientific information to the concerned for the implementation of river restoration plan and conservation of water body.