bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gulf War illness: an overview of events, most prevalent health outcomes, exposures, and clues as to pathogenesis
Authors: Kerr Kathleen J.
Published: November 2015

Introduction:

During or very soon after the 1990–1991 Persian Gulf War, veterans of the conflict began to report symptoms of illness. Common complaints included combinations of cognitive difficulties, fatigue, myalgia, rashes, dyspnea, insomnia, gastrointestinal symptoms and sensitivity to odors. Gradually in the USA, and later in the UK, France, Canada, Denmark and Australia, governments implemented medical assessment programs and epidemiologic studies to determine the scope of what was popularly referred to as “the Gulf War syndrome”. Attention was drawn to numerous potentially toxic deployment-related exposures that appeared to vary by country of deployment, by location within the theater, by unit, and by personal job types. Identifying a single toxicant cause was considered unlikely and it was recognized that outcomes were influenced by genetic variability in xenobiotic metabolism.

Methods:

Derived from primary papers and key reports by the Research Advisory Committee on Gulf War Veterans’ Illnesses and the Institute of Medicine, a brief overview is presented of war related events, symptoms and diagnostic criteria for Gulf War illness (GWV), some international differences, the various war-related exposures and key epidemiologic studies. Possible exposure interactions and pathophysiologic mechanisms are discussed.

Results:

Exposures to pyridostigmine bromide, pesticides, sarin and mustard gas or combinations thereof were most associated with GWI, especially in some genotype subgroups. The resultant oxidant stress and background exposome must be assumed to have played a role.

Conclusion:

Gulf War (GW) exposures and their potential toxic effects should be considered in the context of the human genome, the human exposome and resultant oxidant stress to better characterize this unique environmentally-linked illness and, ultimately, provide a rationale for more effective interventions and future prevention efforts.
From the Complex NP Constraint to everything: On deep extractions across categories
Authors: Bošković Željko
Published: November 2015

The article establishes a new generalization concerning domains from which extraction is possible. Taking as the starting point the well-known difference between NPs and VPs regarding extraction, where extraction from Complex NPs is not possible while extraction from Complex VPs is possible, the article argues that the former represents a pervasive pattern found in many contexts, the latter being highly exceptional. More precisely, extraction is impossible not only from clausal but all complements of nouns. Furthermore, it is impossible from complements of prepositions and adjectives as well as ergative verbs. A deduction of the impossibility of extraction from the complements of lexical heads (other than non-ergative verbs) is proposed based on a new approach to phases (i.e. to what counts as a phase) and the Phase-Impenetrability Condition, as well as a particular implementation of
The clitic binding restriction revisited: Evidence for antilogophoricity
Authors: Charnavel Isabelle , Mateu Victoria
Published: November 2015

In some Romance languages, including French and Spanish, there is an interesting asymmetry concerning the behavior of isolated clitics and clitic clusters with respect to coreference. In the French example
Animating the narrow syntax
Authors: Wiltschko Martina , Ritter Elizabeth
Published: November 2015

In this paper we demonstrate that there are two related, but distinct types of animacy in the Plains Algonquian language, Blackfoot – morphological animacy (m-animacy) and high animacy (H-animacy). We argue that the two types of animacy are constructed in different ways: M-animacy is a head feature that determines noun class and plays a role in syntactic agreement operations, whereas H-animacy is a selectable feature of arguments. The two kinds of animacy also have different distributions: Only languages that have animacy-based form classes have m-animate nominals, but H-animate nominals are universal because all languages have predicates that select for high animates. We discuss empirical differences between m-animate and H-animate nominals that are intended to serve as diagnostics for the exploration of animacy in other languages.
Longer Interset Rest Periods Enhance Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy in Resistance-Trained Men
Authors: Schoenfeld Brad J. , Pope Zachary K. , Benik Franklin M. , Hester Garrett M. , Sellers John , Nooner Josh L. , Schnaiter Jessica A. , Bond-Williams Katherine E. , Carter Adrian S. , Ross Corbin L. , Just Brandon L. , Henselmans Menno , Krieger James W.
Published: November 2015

Schoenfeld, BJ, Pope, ZK, Benik, FM, Hester, GM, Sellers, J, Nooner, JL, Schnaiter, JA, Bond-Williams, KE, Carter, AS, Ross, CL, Just, BL, Henselmans, M, and Krieger, JW. Longer interset rest periods enhance muscle strength and hypertrophy in resistance-trained men. J Strength Cond Res 30(7): 1805–1812, 2016—The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of short rest intervals normally associated with hypertrophy-type training versus long rest intervals traditionally used in strength-type training on muscular adaptations in a cohort of young, experienced lifters. Twenty-one young resistance-trained men were randomly assigned to either a group that performed a resistance training (RT) program with 1-minute rest intervals (SHORT) or a group that employed 3-minute rest intervals (LONG). All other RT variables were held constant. The study period lasted 8 weeks with subjects performing 3 total body workouts a week comprised 3 sets of 8–12 repetition maximum (RM) of 7 different exercises per session. Testing was performed prestudy and poststudy for muscle strength (1RM bench press and back squat), muscle endurance (50% 1RM bench press to failure), and muscle thickness of the elbow flexors, triceps brachii, and quadriceps femoris by ultrasound imaging. Maximal strength was significantly greater for both 1RM squat and bench press for LONG compared to SHORT. Muscle thickness was significantly greater for LONG compared to SHORT in the anterior thigh, and a trend for greater increases was noted in the triceps brachii (p = 0.06) as well. Both groups saw significant increases in local upper body muscle endurance with no significant differences noted between groups. This study provides evidence that longer rest periods promote greater increases in muscle strength and hypertrophy in young resistance-trained men.
Comparison of V̇o 2peak Performance on a Motorized vs. a Nonmotorized Treadmill
Authors: Morgan Amy L. , Laurent C. Matthew , Fullenkamp Adam M.
Published: November 2015

Morgan, AL, Laurent, CM, and Fullenkamp, AM. Comparison of V̇o
2peak performance on a motorized vs. a nonmotorized treadmill. J Strength Cond Res 30(7): 1898–1905, 2016—Despite growing popularity of nonmotorized treadmills (NMTs), little data exist regarding responses during exercise testing using this equipment, which is important when providing an appropriate exercise prescription. The purpose of this study was to evaluate physiological and perceptual responses during peak graded exercise tests (GXTs) on a motorized treadmill (MT) vs. NMT. Volunteers (12 men and 12 women aged 18–35 years) performed 2 peak GXT sessions (1 MT and 1 NMT). Respiratory gases and heart rate (HR) were collected each minute; perceptual response was estimated (Borg's 6–20 rating of perceived exertion [RPE] scale) during the final 10 seconds of each stage. Peak values (i.e., V̇o
2, HR, speed) were determined during the final 10 seconds of each test; ventilatory threshold (VT) was assessed using the V-slope method. Paired t-tests matching variables measured at each stage of the GXT identified significantly higher values on the NMT for V̇o
2 83% of the time, HR 67% of the time, and RPE 25% of the time. Interestingly though, neither peak V̇o
2 (48.6 ± 9.2 ml·kg·min−1 vs. 47.8 ± 8.9 ml·kg·min−1), peak HR (185 ± 9 b·min−1 vs. 188 ± 10 b·min−1; p = 0.90), nor VT (72.7 ± 5.7% vs. 73.8 ± 5.4%) were significantly different on the NMT vs. the MT. However, significant differences were identified between NMT and MT tests for time to exhaustion (9:55 ± 1:49 vs. 12:05 ± 2:48; p < 0.01) and peak speed (8.0 ± 0.9 mph vs. 9.2 ± 1.4 mph; p < 0.01). Thus, although peak values obtained were similar between testing sessions on the NMT and MT, the majority of submaximal data were significantly different between trials. These differences are important when designing exercise prescriptions using submaximal values from NMT testing that may be inappropriately high or low at corresponding intensities during training.
La variación Antepresente / Pretérito en dos áreas del español peninsular
Authors: Azpiazu Torres Susana
Published: November 2015

El trabajo se ocupa del modo en que se manifiesta la evolución del pretérito perfecto compuesto (o antepresente) hacia usos propios del pretérito perfecto simple (o pretérito) en dos variedades del español peninsular: el habla de Salamanca y la de San Sebastián. A partir de los modelos que postulan un proceso lineal de gramaticalización del antepresente, que se consolida en la Península en los contextos hodiernales (eventos del mismo día de habla) y se extiende progresivamente hacia los prehodiernales (eventos anteriores al día de habla), presentamos un cuadro de variación más complejo, según el cual San Sebastián cumple con el modelo, pero Salamanca, no. En Salamanca se detectan casos de una “deriva aorística” del antepresente en contextos prehodiernales antes de que se haya consolidado en los hodiernales. Ello nos obliga a plantear una propuesta alternativa al modelo más aceptado de gramaticalización en español peninsular.DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.15304/verba.42.1371
Oraciones completivas de sustantivo: un análisis contrastivo entre portugués y español
Authors: Granvik Anton
Published: November 2015

El objetivo de este estudio es investigar la relación entre tres diferentes variantes de lo que se denomina la construcción encapsuladora (CxE) (Schmid 2000; Rodríguez Espiñeira 2010), es decir, las secuencias N de que-oración completiva, N que-oración completiva y N de + infinitivo. Se contrastan las tres variantes de la construcción en español y portugués con el fin de averiguar si existen diferencias significativas entre ambas lenguas, algo que cabe asumir teniendo en cuenta dos hechos diferenciadores: a) la ausencia del dequeísmo como tal en portugués y, b) la existencia del infinitivo flexionado en portugués. El análisis se basa en dos grandes corpus electrónicos, el Corpus del español (Davies 2002-) y el Corpus do portugués (Davies & Ferreira 2006-) y tiene como marco teórico la Gramática de construcciones (CxG). Así, el punto de partida son las secuencias N de que, N que y N de infinitivo, cuyos usos en las dos lenguas se investigan mediante el análisis colostruccional (Collostructional analysis (Stefanowitsch & Gries 2003)). El análisis se concentra específicamente en los diferentes sustantivos que aparecen en la posición de núcleo de la CxE. Las diferencias en la combinatoria léxica de las tres variantes de la CxE se interpretan como indicios de divergencias y semejanzas entre ellas.DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.15304/verba.42.1856
As findas do debate entre Meen Rodriguiz Tenoiro e Juião Bolseiro (B403bis-V14)
Authors: González Martínez Déborah
Published: November 2015

O debate entre Meen Rodriguiz Tenoiro e Juião Bolseiro, transmitido no Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional (cod. 10991) e no Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Vaticana (Vat. Lat. 4803), conclui com duas findas notavelmente deterioradas pelos erros de cópia. Por este motivo, a passagem é uma das de mais difícil edição dos cancioneiros galego-portugueses. O presente trabalho consiste na análise do trecho em questão, com o objectivo de oferecer uma nova leitura do texto mais plausível.DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.15304/verba.42.1924
Residual Tricuspid Regurgitation following Tricuspid Valve Repair during Concomitant Valve Surgery Worsens Late Survival
Authors: Sorabella Robert A. , Mamuyac Erin , Yerebakan Halit , Najjar Marc , Choi Vivian , Takayama Hiroo , Naka Yoshifumi , Argenziano Michael , Smith Craig R. , George Isaac
Published: November 2015

Background: Concomitant tricuspid valve repair (TVr) for functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR) at the time of left-sided valve surgery has become increasingly more common over the past decade. The impact of residual post-repair TR on late outcomes remains unclear.
Methods: All patients undergoing TVr during concomitant left-sided valve surgery at our institution from 2005-2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were stratified into 2 groups according to the degree of post-cardiopulmonary bypass TR observed on intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography; 0-1+ TR (No TR, n = 246) and ≥2+ TR (Residual TR, n = 26). Primary outcomes of interest were 30-day survival, 4-year survival, and follow-up TR grade. A propensity-matched subgroup analysis was performed in addition to the overall cohort analysis.
Results: Mean age for all patients was 70.3 ± 13.0 years and 107 (39%) patients were male. There was no difference in 30-day survival between groups (92% No TR versus 96% Residual TR, P = .70). Kaplan-Meier analysis of overall 4-year survival showed a trend toward worsened survival in the Residual TR group (log rank P = .17) and propensity-matched subgroup analysis showed significantly worse 4-year survival for Residual TR (log rank P = .02). At mean echocardiographic follow up of 11.9 ± 22.5 months, TR grade was significantly worse in the Residual TR group compared to No TR (1.5 ± 0.8 Residual TR versus 0.9 ± 0.9 No TR,
P = .005), although TR severity was significantly improved from immediately post-bypass.
Conclusions: Patients left with residual TR following TVr during concomitant left-sided valve surgery have significantly decreased late survival compared to patients left with no post-repair TR.
FDA Safety Reviews on Drugs, Biologics, and Vaccines: 2007–2013
Authors: Cope Judith U. , Rosenthal Geoffrey L. , Weinel Pamela , Odegaard Amy , Murphy Dianne M.
Published: November 2015

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:

In 2002, Congress mandated that the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) monitor postmarketing pediatric adverse events and present safety reports to the FDA’s Pediatric Advisory Committee (PAC). These safety reviews play a critical role in the postmarketing surveillance and identification of pediatric safety issues. This article follows a previous review ending in 2007 and summarizes 6 years of recent pediatric safety reporting, recommendations by the PAC, and actions by the FDA, including labeling changes.

METHODS:

An analysis of the FDA’s PAC safety reviews performed from November 2007 through September 2013 was conducted. PAC recommendations for subsequent labeling changes, future studies, or other safety issues were reviewed.

RESULTS:

There were 6930 serious adverse event reports in 181 reviews. These findings resulted in 33 (18%) recommended labeling changes, and 21 (64%) of these changes were adopted. For 10 products, information was added to the Warning and Precautions section of the label. The PAC also discussed or recommended additional studies for certain products.

CONCLUSIONS:

This article highlights the importance of the FDA’s ongoing pediatric postmarketing safety reviews of regulated products, advice from the PAC, and FDA actions in the best interest of pediatric patients. This mandated process facilitates detection of safety concerns that may not be identified in prelicensure clinical trials. It continues to identify critical safety concerns, including unlabeled adverse events, frequent off-label use, product misuse, and secondary exposures in children.
Model for Service Delivery for Developmental Disorders in Low-Income Countries
Authors: Hamdani Syed Usman , Minhas Fareed Aslam , Iqbal Zafar , Rahman Atif
Published: November 2015

As in many low-income countries, the treatment gap for developmental disorders in rural Pakistan is near 100%. We integrated social, technological, and business innovations to develop and pilot a potentially sustainable service for children with developmental disorders in 1 rural area. Families with developmental disorders were identified through a mobile phone–based interactive voice response system, and organized into “Family Networks.” “Champion” family volunteers were trained in evidence-based interventions. An Avatar-assisted Cascade Training and information system was developed to assist with training, implementation, monitoring, and supervision. In a population of ∼30 000, we successfully established 1 self-sustaining Family Network consisting of 10 trained champion family volunteers working under supervision of specialists, providing intervention to 70 families of children with developmental disorders. Each champion was responsible for training and providing ongoing support to 5 to 7 families from his or her village, and the families supported each other in management of their children. A pre-post evaluation of the program indicated that there was significant improvement in disability and socioemotional difficulties in the child, reduction in stigmatizing experiences, and greater family empowerment to seek services and community resources for the child. There was no change in caregivers’ well-being. To replicate this service more widely, a social franchise model has been developed whereby the integrated intervention will be “boxed” up and passed on to others to replicate with appropriate support. Such integrated social, technological, and business innovations have the potential to be applied to other areas of health in low-income countries.
Periventricular/Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Mukerji Amit , Shah Vibhuti , Shah Prakesh S.
Published: November 2015

CONTEXT:

Periventricular/intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) is a common short-term morbidity in preterm infants, but its long-term neurodevelopmental impact, particularly with mild PIVH, remains unclear.

OBJECTIVE:

To systematically review and meta-analyze the neurodevelopmental outcomes of preterm infants ≤34 weeks’ gestation with mild and severe PIVH, compared with no PIVH.

DATA SOURCES:

Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and PsychINFO databases from January 2000 through June 2014.

STUDY SELECTION:

Studies reporting long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes based on severity of PIVH were included.

DATA EXTRACTION:

Study characteristics, inclusion/exclusion criteria, exposures, and outcome assessment data extracted independently by 2 coauthors.

RESULTS:

The pooled unadjusted odds ratios of the primary outcome of death or moderate-severe neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) were higher with both mild (1.48, 95% CI 1.26–1.73; 2 studies) and severe PIVH (4.72, 4.21–5.31; 3 studies); no studies reported adjusted odds ratios. Among survivors, odds of moderate-severe NDI were higher with mild and severe PIVH in both unadjusted (1.75, 1.40–2.20; 3 studies; 3.36, 3.06–3.68; 5 studies) and adjusted (1.39, 1.09–1.77; 3 studies; 2.44, 1.73–3.42; 2 studies) pooled analyses. Adjusted odds of cerebral palsy and cognitive delay were higher with severe but not mild PIVH.

LIMITATIONS:

Only observational studies were included. Fifteen of 21 included studies had a moderate-high risk of bias.

CONCLUSIONS:

Mild and severe PIVH are associated with progressively higher odds of death or moderate-severe NDI compared with no PIVH, but no studies adjusted for confounders. Among survivors, mild PIVH was associated with higher odds of moderate-severe NDI compared with no PIVH.
Stimulant Medications and Sleep for Youth With ADHD: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Kidwell Katherine M. , Van Dyk Tori R. , Lundahl Alyssa , Nelson Timothy D.
Published: November 2015

CONTEXT:

Mixed findings exist on whether stimulant medications alter youth sleep.

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the effect of stimulant medications on sleep.

DATA STUDIES:

Studies published through March 2015 were collected via CINAHL, PsycINFO, and PubMed. References of retrieved articles were reviewed.

STUDY SELECTION:

Eligibility criteria included studies with children/adolescents who had attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), random assignment to stimulants, and objective sleep measurement. Studies that did not include information about key variables were excluded.

DATA EXTRACTION:

Study-level, child-level, and sleep data were extracted by 2 independent coders. Effect sizes were calculated by using random effects models. Potential moderators were examined by using mixed effect models.

RESULTS:

A total of 9 articles (N = 246) were included. For sleep latency, the adjusted effect size (0.54) was significant, indicating that stimulants produce longer sleep latencies. Frequency of dose per day was a significant moderator. For sleep efficiency, the adjusted effect size (−0.32) was significant. Significant moderators included length of time on medication, number of nights of sleep assessed, polysomnography/actigraphy, and gender. Specifically, the effect of medication was less evident when youth were taking medication longer. For total sleep time, the effect size (−0.59) was significant, such that stimulants led to shorter sleep duration.

LIMITATIONS:

Limitations include few studies, limited methodologic variability, and lack of unpublished studies.

CONCLUSIONS:

Stimulant medication led to longer sleep latency, worse sleep efficiency, and shorter sleep duration. Overall, youth had worse sleep on stimulant medications. It is recommended that pediatricians carefully monitor sleep problems and adjust treatment to promote optimal sleep.
Conjugative IncF and IncI1 plasmids with tet(A) and class 1 integron conferring multidrug resistance in F18+ porcine enterotoxigenic E. coli
Authors: Szmolka Ama , Lestár Barbara , Pászti Judit , Fekete Péter Z. , Nagy Béla
Published: November 2015

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) bacteria frequently cause watery diarrhoea in newborn and weaned pigs. Plasmids carrying genes of different enterotoxins and fimbrial adhesins, as well as plasmids conferring antimicrobial resistance are of prime importance in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of ETEC. Recent studies have revealed the significance of the porcine ETEC plasmid pTC, carrying tetracycline resistance gene tet(B) with enterotoxin genes. In contrast, the role of tet(A) plasmids in transferring resistance of porcine ETEC is less understood. The objective of the present study was to provide a comparative analysis of antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene profiles of porcine post-weaning ETEC strains representing pork-producing areas in Central Europe and in the USA, with special attention to plasmids carrying the tet(A) gene. Antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes of 87 porcine ETEC strains isolated from cases of post-weaning diarrhoea in Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary and the Midwest USA was determined by disk diffusion and by PCR. Central European strains carrying tet(A) or tet(B) were further subjected to molecular characterisation of their tet plasmids. Results indicated that > 90% of the ETEC strains shared a common multidrug resistant (MDR) pattern of sulphamethoxazole (91%), tetracycline (84%) and streptomycin (80%) resistance. Tetracycline resistance was most frequently determined by the tet(B) gene (38%), while tet(A) was identified in 26% of all isolates with wide ranges for both tet gene types between some countries and with class 1 integrons and resistance genes co-transferred by conjugation. The virulence gene profiles included enterotoxin genes (lt, sta and/or stb), as well as adhesin genes (k88/f4, f18). Characterisation of two representative tet(A) plasmids of porcine F18+ ETEC from Central Europe revealed that the IncF plasmid (pES11732) of the Czech strain (~120 kb) carried tet(A) in association with catA1 for chloramphenicol resistance. The IncI1 plasmid (pES2172) of the Hungarian strain (~138 kb) carried tet(A) gene and a class 1 integron with an unusual variable region of 2,735 bp composed by two gene cassettes: estX-aadA1 encoding for streptothricin-spectinomycin/streptomycin resistance exemplifying simultaneous recruitment, assembly and transfer of multidrug resistance genes by the tet(A) plasmid of porcine ETEC. By this we provide the first description of IncF and IncI1 type plasmids of F18+ porcine enterotoxigenic E. coli responsible for cotransfer of the tet(A) gene with multidrug resistance. Additionally, the unusual determinant estX, encoding for streptothricin resistance, is first reported here in porcine enterotoxigenic E. coli.
Quality of life and pain in dogs with early-stage mammary tumours
Authors: Faustino Larissa C. , Lallo Maria Anete
Published: November 2015

Quality of life (QOL) was evaluated in bitches with mammary tumours (MTs) by applying a scale to assess QOL in dogs with pain secondary to cancer. Two groups were constituted: Group 1 with 80 bitches with MT, oncologically classified as stage I (mean age ± SD = 9.9 ± 3.8 years), and Group 2 consisting of 80 healthy bitches without MT (mean age: 7.7 ± 1.8 years). The results were based on responses from owners using a standardised, internationally accepted pain-scale questionnaire. This prospective and descriptive study showed that 63% of the dogs in Group 1 had a change in QOL due to the presence of MT. The risk of QOL impairment was 2.1 times higher in Group 1 animals than in bitches without MT. Mammary tumour increased the presence of pain 8.3 times and defecation difficulties 10 times. It can be concluded that even small MTs can elicit pain in dogs, which interferes with their quality of life.
Occurrence of mitral valve insufficiency in clinically healthy Beagle dogs
Authors: Vörös Károly , Szilvási Viktória , Manczur Ferenc , Máthé Ákos , Reiczigel Jenő , Nolte Ingo , Hungerbühler Stephan
Published: November 2015

Chronic degenerative valve disease (CDVD) is the most common cardiac disease in dogs, usually resulting in mitral valve insufficiency (MVI). The goal of this study was to investigate the occurrence of MVI in clinically healthy Beagle populations. A total of 79 adult healthy Beagles (41 females and 38 males; age: 5.6 ± 2.7 years, range 1.4 to 11.7 years) were examined. The diagnosis of MVI was based on the detection of a systolic murmur heard above the mitral valve, and was confirmed by colour flow Doppler (CFD) echocardiography. Systolic mitral valve murmurs were detected in 20/79 dogs (25.3%), of them 11 males and 9 females with no statistically significant gender difference (P = 0.6059). The strength of the murmur on the semi-quantitative 0/6 scale yielded intensity grade 1/6 in 10 dogs, grade 2/6 in 4 dogs, and grade 3/6 in 6 dogs. Mild to moderate MVI was detected by CFD in all these 20 dogs with systolic murmurs. Of them, 17 dogs had mild and 3 demonstrated moderate MVI, showing 10–30% and 30–50% regurgitant jets compared to the size of the left atrium, respectively. The age of dogs with MVI was 7.1 ± 2.3 years, which was significantly different from that of dogs without MVI (5.1 ± 2.7 years, P = 0.0029). No significant differences in body weight (P = 0.1724) were found between dogs with MVI (13.8 ± 2.8 kg) and those without MVI (12.8 ± 3.0 kg). Mitral valve disease causing MVI is relatively common in Beagle dogs, just like in other small breed dogs reported in the literature.
Random sampling of the Central European bat fauna reveals the existence of numerous hitherto unknown adenoviruses
Authors: Vidovszky Márton Z. , Kohl Claudia , Boldogh Sándor , Görföl Tamás , Wibbelt Gudrun , Kurth Andreas , Harrach Balázs
Published: November 2015

From over 1250 extant species of the order Chiroptera, 25 and 28 are known to occur in Germany and Hungary, respectively. Close to 350 samples originating from 28 bat species (17 from Germany, 27 from Hungary) were screened for the presence of adenoviruses (AdVs) using a nested PCR that targets the DNA polymerase gene of AdVs. An additional PCR was designed and applied to amplify a fragment from the gene encoding the IVa2 protein of mastadenoviruses. All German samples originated from organs of bats found moribund or dead. The Hungarian samples were excrements collected from colonies of known bat species, throat or rectal swab samples, taken from live individuals that had been captured for faunistic surveys and migration studies, as well as internal organs of dead specimens. Overall, 51 samples (14.73%) were found positive. We detected 28 seemingly novel and six previously described bat AdVs by sequencing the PCR products. The positivity rate was the highest among the guano samples of bat colonies. In phylogeny reconstructions, the AdVs detected in bats clustered roughly, but not perfectly, according to the hosts’ families (Vespertilionidae, Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae, Phyllostomidae and Pteropodidae). In a few cases, identical sequences were derived from animals of closely related species. On the other hand, some bat species proved to harbour more than one type of AdV. The high prevalence of infection and the large number of chiropteran species worldwide make us hypothesise that hundreds of different yet unknown AdV types might circulate in bats.
List of Odonates from Mata do Baú, Barroso, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Souza Marcos Magalhães de , Souza Brígida , Pereira Matheus Carvalho Soares de Aguiar , Machado Angelo Barbosa Monteiro
Published: November 2015

A survey of odonatofauna was carried out in Mata do Baú, a predominantly forested area in Barroso, Minas Gerais, regarded as a priority area for conservation and scientific investigation, as published by Biodiversitas, a Brazilian nongovernmental institution. Sample collection was conducted over twenty-six days from November 2009 to February 2011. Fifty-seven species of Odonata were collected and grouped into 30 genera and nine families. The dominant families were Libellulidae (46.5%), Coenagrionidae (20.6%), and Megapodagrionidae (10.3%). A specimen of Heteragrion obsoletum (Selys, 1886) was collected, which to-date is known by a single specimen collected in 1880 and red-listed as endangered. Special attention was given to the presence of five species of the genus Heteragrion, strictly limited to lotic forest streams, with two new species’. This genus is especially sensitive to environmental deterioration, indicating that the forest stream’s environmental conditions are beneficial to the area and create a baseline for future monitoring of similar environments.
Baseline inventory of Amphibians and reptiles in the vicinity of Kurupukari, Guyana
Authors: MacCulloch Ross D. , Reynolds Robert P.
Published: November 2015

The habitat in the vicinity of Kurupukari, on the Essequibo River in central Guyana, is tall evergreen lowland forest. The area has suffered some human disturbance from agriculture, road construction and ferry activity. The area was sampled for 10 days in 1990 and 12 days in 1997; seven days in rainy season and 15 in dry season. During this sampling 23 anuran and 17 reptile species were collected. Some differences exist between species collected on either side of the river. Comparisons are made with collections from other locations in Guyana.
Ichthyofauna of two reservoirs in the middle Acaraú river basin, Ceará, Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Gurgel-Lourenço Ronaldo César , Sousa Wallace Alves de , Sánchez-Botero Jorge Iván , Garcez Danielle Sequeira
Published: November 2015

Few studies have been published on the taxonomy, biology and ecology of the fish fauna of the rivers and reservoirs from the Brazilian Caatinga. Considering the importance of fish surveys as subsidies for future studies and fishing resources management, the purpose of the present study was to assess the fish assemblage of the two largest reservoirs in the middle Acaraú river basin, the Paulo Sarasate and the Edson Queiroz reservoirs, state of Ceará, Northeastern Brazil. Eight nycthemeral samplings were performed with gillnets (mesh size ranging from 3 to 12 cm between opposite knots) during rainy and dry season between 2010 and 2012. We captured 1,626 specimens belonging to three orders, nine families and 17 species, six of which are endemic to the Caatinga. Approximately 30% of the species observed were non-native and had been introduced for stocking purposes.
Checklist of insects associated with Salvinia minima Baker in Louisiana, USA
Authors: Parys Katherine A. , Gimmel Matthew L. , Johnson Seth J.
Published: November 2015

This study presents a list of adult insects (excluding Diptera and Lepidoptera) collected from an infestation of an invasive aquatic weed, common salvinia (Salvinia minima Baker), in southern Louisiana, USA. Insects were sampled from May – November of 2009 and 2010 using floating pitfall traps. A total of 7,933 specimens were collected, representing seven orders, 70 families, and 235 species. Species of note include three currently undescribed species of Coleoptera, one previously undescribed braconid wasp, two new state records of Curculionidae, a new state generic record for the family Limnichidae, and a new record for the United States.
First record of Cercosaura argulus (Peters, 1863) (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae) for the state of Maranhão, Brazil
Authors: Freitas Marco Antonio de , Oliveira e Sousa Samantha , Vieira Ruhan Saldanha , Farias Tayse , Moura Geraldo Jorge Barbosa de
Published: November 2015

Cercosaura argulus (Peters, 1863) is widely spread throughout much of the Brazilian Amazon and its neighboring countries. This paper presents the first record of this species in the state of Maranhão, extending its known geographical distribution by 320 kilometers south from Apeú in Pará, and the first record for the northeast region of Brazil.
Second record of Leporinus tigrinus Borodin, 1929 (Characiformes: Anostomidae) in the Upper Paraná River
basin, Brazil
Authors: Santos Claudimar Jean dos , Tencatt Luiz Fernando Caserta , Ota Renata Rúbia , Graça Weferson Júnio da
Published: November 2015

Herein we report the second record for Leporinus tigrinus in the Upper Paraná River basin, based on two specimens collected during field studies at Sucuriú River, Mato Grosso do Sul State and two specimens from Claro River, Goiás State. These records extend the species’ distribution in approximately 500 km southwards from the first record in Corumbá dam area, Goiás State. Moreover, we discuss whether the species is native in the Upper Paraná River basin.
New records of Crossodactylus schmidti Gallardo, 1961 (Anura: Hylodidae) for the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with data on morphometry and an updated geographic distribution map
Authors: Caldart Vinícius Matheus , Iop Samanta , Sá Fábio Perin de , Rocha Marcelo Carvalho da , Arruda Jeferson Luis Steindorff de , Santos Tiago Gomes dos , Cechin Sonia Zanini
Published: November 2015

Crossodactylus schmidti Gallardo, 1961 is a diurnal frog inhabiting rocky streams in forested areas, recently considered as a threatened species in the Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. Herein we present four new population records of C. schmidti for the northwestern region of Rio Grande do Sul state and discuss the major impacts that may be threatening the species in the state. Additionally, we present an updated map of the current known species distribution and compare morphometric data among populations from Rio Grande do Sul state and Paraná state, in Brazil, and from the province of Misiones, Argentina, based on the examination of voucher specimens available from herpetological collections.
First record of Micrurus diana Roze, 1983 (Serpentes: Elapidae) for Brazil and extension of its distribution in Bolivia, with notes on morphological variation
Authors: Pires Matheus Godoy , Feitosa Darlan Tavares , Prudente Ana Lúcia da Costa , Da Silva Jr. Nelson Jorge
Published: November 2015

Micrurus diana is a rare coral snake species poorly represented in museum collections. Based on two recently identified specimens, we report its occurrence for the first time in Brazil and for the Bolivian Yungas, substantially extending its known range. In addition, we also extend the limits of its known morphological variation, based on examination of 11 specimens. Our findings revealed the need of a better characterization for M. diana, and the need of preservation efforts for this species and its habitat in Brazil.
Range extension of Mirinaba cadeadensis (Morretes, 1952) (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Strophocheilidae) along the coast of Paraná, southern Brazil
Authors: Birckolz Carlos João , Gernet Marcos De Vasconcellos , Serbena Antonio Luis
Published: November 2015

Mirinaba cadeadensis (Morretes, 1952), a strophocheilid land snail, is known from Morro Cadeado, Estrada da Graciosa and Pico Marumbi, all located in the Atlantic Rainforest biome along the coast of Paraná state, Brazil. Based on material from the collection of the Museu de História Natural Capão da Imbuia (Curitiba, Brazil) and newly collected specimens, we report the occurrence of this species in 11 new localities in this region.
Range extension of Tympanoctomys barrerae (Lawrence, 1941) (Rodentia: Octodontidae) in Patagonia and southernmost record
Authors: Bernardis Adela M. , Formoso Anahí E. , Pardiñas Ulyses F.J.
Published: November 2015

We report the southernmost record for the octodontid rodent T. barrerae, which is also the second recording locality for this species in Patagonia. The new locality is placed in S Neuquén province, extending the known range of the species about 150 km SW from the nearest previous record. Although T. barrerae is considered a highly specialized rodent of salar flats in Monte desert, the record reported here came from an arbustive rocky environment belonging to the Monte- Patagonia ecotone.
Noteworthy records of the birds Neomorphus radiolosus Sclater and Salvin, 1878 (Cuculiformes: Cuculidae), Geotrygon frenata (Tschudi, 1843) (Columbiformes: Columbidae) and Odontophorus hyperythrus Gould, 1858 (Galliformes: Odontophoridae) in the Western Cordillera of the Colombian Andes
Authors: Martínez-Gómez Jesús , Rojas-Díaz Vladimir , Saavedra-Rodríguez Carlos A. , Franco Padu
Published: November 2015

We recorded the Banded Ground-cuckoo (Neomorphus radiolosus), White-throated Quail-Dove (Geotrygon frenata) and Chestnut Wood-Quail (Odontophorus hyperythrus) in the Pacific Slope of the Western Andes of Colombia. Records of N. radiolosus extend its geographic distribution 130 km north of its known range. The species had probably not been recorded yet because of its rarity and the absence of studies. Records of G. frenata and O. hyperythrus extend their lower altitudinal limit into 430 m and 1140 m, respectively. Camera trapping appears as promising tool for recording data of the distribution of bird species.
The Application of Silver Oxide Thin Films to Plasmon Photonic Devices
Authors: Tominaga Junji , Büchel Dorothea , Mihalcea Christophe , Shima Takayuki , Fukaya Toshio
Published: November 2015

RF-magnetron sputtered thin films of silver oxide (AgOx) were recently applied to ultra-high density optical data storage. It has been elucidated that the AgOx film sandwiched by protection layers shows very attractive characteristics in strong light-scattering, local plasmon generation and super-resolution by focussing a laser beam on it. Especially, the combination with an active recording film (optical phase change or magneto-optical) used in the currently recordable optical disks improves the storage density and overcomes the diffraction limit. In this paper, we describe the basic characteristics of nano-scale light scattering centers generated in the AgOx films and the interaction with ultra-high density recorded mark patterns in a near-field region. In addition, we provide the structural transition of the AgOx film by thermal and laser annealing treatment.
An Awkward Quarrel
Authors: LeMahieu D.
Published: November 2015

In the 1970s, student radicals, left-wing academic theorists and second-wave feminists challenged the relevance and social neutrality of humanistic study. Yet for all its tentativeness and studied modesty, humanism proved more powerful and aggressive than its critics realized. In their willingness to critique both their own limitations and those of their adversaries, humanists sometimes contributed to the deterioration of institutions and values that they most sought to protect. The reputation of universities as impartial and even hallowed places of learning suffered as education became politicized. The Left undermined its own authenticity when sectarianism eroded its political solidarity and disconnected socialism from its aspirational future.
Morality Without God
Authors: Mandelberg Alan
Published: November 2015

This essay defends the basis of morality as held by non-believers by arguing that we just like believers learn our morality by learning our language – which necessarily involves learning about the world, the “forms of life”. First other attempts by Niose, Epstein and Harris to argue for humanist morality are considered and rejected, the latter rejection based on G.E. Moore’s “open question” argument against naturalism. Contrary to Hume’s contention that it is impossible to jump the logical chasm from “is” to “ought”, it is contended in this essay that to understand morally relevant concepts, one has to already understand that they are either good or bad because to learn one’s native language is to learn what sorts of actions are right or wrong. This allows critical judgment about what is right or wrong. Humanism is based on such critical judgment. That is what makes it most moral. Deciding which acts are right or wrong is a matter of deciding what relevant facts apply to the situation. Some corollaries of the fact that humanism is moral because it relies first and foremost on critical judgment are considered.
Utilization of an Educational Information System for Medical Education
Authors: Lee Dong Yub
Published: November 2015

The teaching and learning environment in medical schools is significantly different from that of other academic fields. An educational information system specifically designed for medical education could be an important solution for the unique context of medical education. In this study, the concept of the educational information system has been reviewed, and how such a system can be utilized effectively for medical education has also been explored. This paper also addresses how learning management systems for online learning could be made more effective through educational information systems. The application of flipped learning, which has been developing rapidly to improve teaching and learning, for medical education was also investigated. In conclusion, it was found that educational information systems could be a solution to various teaching and learning issues in medical schools. In particular, given that high performing students tend to enter medical schools, using educational information systems to improve the teaching and learning environment in medical school should be investigated further.
Theoretical Review on Burnout Symptoms in Education
Authors: Lee Sang Min , An Sunghee
Published: November 2015

Burnout research has mostly been performed in human service fields. However, it has recently been expanded to cover diverse settings and even non-occupational samples, such as students. In this study, we defined the construct of academic burnout, which is the burnout experienced by students. Next, we described the concept of academic burnout by introducing measurements for assessing academic burnout. On the basis of the demand-control model (DCM) and effort-reward imbalance model (ERIM), which are the most predominant theoretical burnout models, we described the causal factors and the pathway to experiencing academic burnout symptoms. The ERIM was a more influential model than the DCM when explaining the academic burnout of Korean students. Based on the results of previous longitudinal studies on academic burnout, we recognized emotional exhaustion and academic inefficacy as the initial symptoms of academic burnout. Finally, we discussed the prevention and intervention programs with specific components that should be included in those programs.
The Future Roles of Korean Doctors: Cultivating Well‐Rounded Doctors
Authors: Ahn Ducksun
Published: November 2015

Much of the behavior of doctors reflects the influences from the social, cultural, historical, and economic environment of the time. Therefore, it is very important for future doctors to understand the practice environment in an ever changing world. Traditionally, doctors’ competence has been based on the doctor-patient relationship. However, the social practice of medicine in the contemporary era asks future doctors to have social competencies, which often are defined as non-clinical competencies. As a global project, the World Federation for Medical Education has urged every country to define the future role of doctors to encompass global roles based on the duty toward and value of clinical as well as non-clinical competencies. In the past four years, Korean medical professional societies have coordinated to set forth the global role of Korean doctors. Five domains of clinical competence, professionalism, social accountability, communication and collaboration, and education and research have been chosen. The current version of the “global role of Korean doctors” can be used not only for the common objectives of medical education, but also for translating into the competencies of doctors that can be achieved through life-long learning. If we all want to improve medical education in order to produce more qualified and competent doctors as the public desires, then it may be the most urgent task to produce doctors who are equipped with social competencies to persuade, negotiate, and engage in constructive dialogues with society for better health care for a better society.
Study of seasonal variations in the incidence of postoperative laryngospasm
Authors: A Muralidhar , M Radha Ramana
Published: November 2015

Laryngospasm causes about 40% of post-extubation airway obstruction. The incidence of laryngospasm in paediatric population ranges from 0.04 to 14%. Despite advances in monitoring and in the standard of care in the practice of anaesthesia, it remains as one of the main causes of respiratory complications, especially in children. In this study we have evaluated the seasonal variations in the incidence of laryngospasm. Aims and objectives: To study the variation in incidence of laryngospasm with seasonal changes. Methods: A prospective study is conducted from “2009 to 2013” at Niloufer hospital, 1000 patients in the age group of 1 to 5 years, ASA grade 1, posted for elective surgeries lasting 30 to 60 minutes were selected, pre medicated with glycopyrollate, ondansetron, and fentanyl. Induction and intubation were with propofol & vecuronium, maintained with: N2O:O2 (3:3), sevo 1%. Results: Laryngospasm was observed in 12.96 % (35 cases out of 270) during the period of November, December, January and February, 3.16% (12 cases out of 380) in July to October, 1.43% (5 cases out of 350) in March to June. Incidence of laryngospasm was significantly varied with seasonal changes (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Increased incidence of laryngospasm in winter season may be due to subclinical upper respiratory tract infections (Ice berg phenomenon), and anaesthesiologist should be aware & be ready to treat laryngospasm. Keywords: Laryngospasm; seasonal variations; subclinical infections