bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taking Self-help Books Seriously: The Informal Aesthetic Education of Writers
Authors: Peary Alexandria
Published: February 2016

Aesthetic education with a writing focus has occurred in the United States through two vehicles: textbooks in classroom-based instruction or self-help books in extracurricular instruction. Self-help books on writing, or texts that address a readership interested in learning about composing independent of a teacher or university, played a significant role in guiding countless individuals during the twentieth century and continues to do so today. The evolution of these self-help books paralleled the development of college and university writing courses that arose early in the twentieth century: indeed, a powerful informal aesthetic education has been occurring through self-help books. In this article, I perform a textual analysis of five twentieth-century self-help books, all attracting substantial readership: Dorothea Brande’s Becoming a Writer (1934); Brenda Ueland’s If You Want to Write (1938); Peter Elbow’s Writing Without Teachers (1973); Natalie Goldberg’s Writing Down the Bones (1986); and Anne Lamott’s Bird by Bird (1995). An examination of these popular twentieth-century self-help books reveals four areas of overlapping content. Collectively, self-help books on writing address the role of the unconscious in composing, issues of control, the holistic nature of composing, and failures in traditional teaching; and they all formulate a broader argument about the universal ability of humans to be creative.
On the Quest for Better Communication through Tactile Images
Authors: Strickfaden Megan , Vildieu Aymeric
Published: February 2016

Art in Western civilization has become a commodity that is fixed to walls and viewed through the eyes. In fact, most museums and galleries post "Do not touch" signs dissuading audiences from partaking in anything but the visual aspects of art. Yet art production is something that is inherently tactile; it involves engaging with art media such as paint and brush or clay that is molded by the human hand. Compounded by the "Do not touch" attitude is the taboo in society that draws people away from sensuality, especially touch. Yet touch is a natural way of exploring the world and, according to many researchers, a natural and important way of exploring art as well. There are many historical examples of art that have tactile components, for example, relief on Egyptian stone tablets and brush-stroked textures on a Mondrian painting. Even so, these are typically intended for visual-centric audiences and are not necessarily designed or intended to be touched. Yet, another story exists, which is the development of tactile representations of maps, artwork, and other materials for people who are visually impaired.3
Citações de fontes externas nas melhores redações da FUVEST (1999-2013)
Authors: Aragão Rodrigo Moura Lima de , Barzotto Valdir Heitor
Published: February 2016

 

Este artigo apresenta resultados da análise de 722 redações consideradas como melhores pela Fundação Universitária para o Vestibular da Universidade de São Paulo nos vestibulares dos anos 1999 a 2013 quanto ao uso de citações de fontes não pertencentes às propostas de redação dos processos seletivos. Foram objetivos do exame realizado: descrever a incidência de textos com citações de fontes externas, identificar os autores externos mais citados, retratar o percurso do número de autores externos citados nas redações. Como resultado da análise, observaram-se citações de fontes externas em textos de todos os vestibulares ponderados e constatou-se um aumento no uso desse recurso: no vestibular de 1999, 13,7% dos textos continham citações de fontes externas; no de 2013, esse número saltou para 92,6%. Verificou-se, além disso, que a trajetória de autores citados ao longo dos vestibulares e o conjunto do corpus mostram a preferência dos candidatos por pensadores estrangeiros como Aristóteles. Ademais, observaram-se em todos os vestibulares tanto textos sem a presença de autores externos como textos com grandes números desses autores citados, constatou-se um aumento na média de autores externos citados por redação e verificou-se uma mudança na moda de 0 para 1 autor externo citado por redação.

 
Mensuração de níveis de alfabetismo no nordeste da Bahia (1857-1878)
Authors: Carneiro Zenaide De Oliveira Novais
Published: February 2016

Neste artigo, analisam-se, em caráter exploratório, os Registros Eclesiásticos ou Paroquiais de Terras e Livros de Notas de Municípiosdetrês localidades da região Nordeste da Bahia: Bom Conselho(1857–1859), Tucano (1865–1869) e Itapicuru (1875–1878), opondo a assinatura do tipo alfabética versus delegação de assinaturas com as variáveis origem geográfica e sexo dos envolvidos na documentação, com o fim de mensurar os níveis de alfabetismo nessa região da Bahia oitocentista de forma a contribuir com o processo da difusão e das práticas de escrita na sociedade rural baiana no limiar do período não censitário, através da aplicação crítica do chamado método do cômputo de assinaturas a fontes documentais produzidas pela chamada “Lei de Terras”de 1850. Essas fontes alcançam parte da população rural, em específico, os proprietários de terras e oferecem um quadro censitário aproximativo da capacidade para assinar no contexto da regulamentação da terra. Os resultados mostram que a capacidade desse tipo de proprietários que aparecem na documentação é relativamente alta nas localidades analisadas, destacando-se Itapicuru com 86,36%, seguindo de Tucano 50,80% e Bom Conselho com 45,91%, diferindo do restante da população mostrada no Censo de 1872, o que parece indicar se tratar de um grupo específico, com posses, representando uma especialização da escrita e, também, uma escrita majoritariamente escrita por homens (64,08%).O objetivo principal é contribuir com a história da língua portuguesa nos sertões baianos, através de uma das vias propostas por Houaiss (1985), a penetração da línguaescrita no Brasil.
Mathematically Rich, Investigative Tasks for Teaching Algebra
Authors: Day Lorraine
Published: February 2016

Two rich tasks—extending the pattern of a mountain range and counting the painted faces of a cube—help students manipulate symbolism and rules in the mysterious world of algebra.
Tracking Rates and History along the Transcontinental Railroad
Authors: Perham Arnold E. , Perham Faustine L.
Published: February 2016

A cross-disciplinary unit asks students to analyze data in historical information.
Eficacia de los mapas conceptuales en el desarrollo de las competencias en información electrónica
Authors: Maldonado Rivera Ivette , Romero Liz
Published: February 2016

Para  determinar la eficacia de los mapas conceptuales en el desarrollo de las competencias de búsqueda y evaluación de información  se seleccionaron, mediante la técnica de muestreo no probabilístico, 30 estudiantes matriculados en un curso de Gerencia durante el lapso académico 2012-2013.  Se utilizó un enfoque de investigación cuantitativo y un diseño cuasi-experimental.   Los estudiantes participaron en una unidad instruccional sobre búsqueda y evaluación de información electrónica, basada en mapas conceptuales. Para determinar el aprendizaje de los estudiantes se administró un examen que también fue utilizado como preprueba. Para conocer la opinión de los estudiantes sobre la estrategia implementada se administró un cuestionario de opinión.  Debido a que  hubo un aumento significativo en las medias aritméticas de la posprueba cuando se comparó con las medias de la preprueba se concluyó que  los mapas conceptuales representan una estrategia efectiva para el aprendizaje de competencias de búsqueda y evaluación de información.
La ratification sociale du deuil en milieu de travail
Authors: Beaudry Catherine , Gagnon Mélanie
Published: February 2016

Certains parents devront faire face au décès de leur enfant à naître ou de leur nourrisson. Lorsqu’ils reviennent au travail à la suite de cette perte, leur peine est souvent encore vive. Le soutien qu’ils reçoivent de leur supérieur hiérarchique ou de leurs collègues peut cependant faciliter la reprise de leur activité professionnelle. Cette recherche empirique de type exploratoire a pour objectif principal d’examiner le soutien social qu’ont reçu les parents endeuillés de la part des membres de leur organisation lors de leur retour au travail. Des groupes de discussion ont été menés avec des femmes ayant vécu un deuil périnatal. L’analyse de contenu a permis de conclure que le soutien en provenance des membres de l’organisation est fondamental lors du retour au travail mais trop souvent lacunaire.
Stratégie organisationnelle visant la promotion de la santé des infirmières oeuvrant en contexte de décès périnatal
Authors: Gonzalez Claudia , Alderson Marie , Héon Marjolaine
Published: February 2016

Le décès d’un enfant, en cours de grossesse ou peu de temps après sa naissance, est un événement qui affecte le personnel infirmier. Confrontées aux émotions intenses des parents, les infirmières du milieu périnatal doivent continuer de prodiguer des soins, et ce, tout en gérant leurs propres émotions. Cet article a pour but de documenter les facteurs psychosociaux de l’environnement de travail en contexte de décès périnatal et leurs effets sur la santé des infirmières, afin de proposer une stratégie organisationnelle susceptible de contribuer à l’atténuation de ces facteurs stressants. Le modèle exigences-contrôle-soutien de Karasek et Theorell (1990) a guidé l’analyse des écrits à l’aide de ses concepts : la demande psychologique, la latitude décisionnelle et le soutien social. Des réflexions exposées, il ressort qu’il serait bénéfique d’améliorer le soutien organisationnel au sein des unités de périnatalité et de mieux outiller les infirmières face aux défis que pose le décès périnatal.
Approche par compétences et évaluation à large échelle : deux logiques incompatibles ?
Authors: Dierendonck Christophe , Fagnant Annick
Published: February 2016

Depuis les années 1990, un changement de paradigme s’opère dans la plupart des systèmes d’éducation : le pilotage centré sur les ressources investies (inputs) se transforme progressivement en un pilotage centré sur les résultats (outputs). C’est dans ce contexte que se sont développés les dispositifs d’évaluation externe à large échelle des acquis scolaires des élèves, tant au niveau international (comme PIRLS et PISA) qu’au niveau national ou même au niveau local. En parallèle, l’approche par compétences a été instaurée progressivement dans les référentiels scolaires et les classes. Basée sur un travail au départ de tâches complexes, l’approche par compétences n’est cependant pas sans poser certains problèmes sur le plan de l’évaluation. Certains auteurs affirment même que les évaluations externes à large échelle et l’approche par compétences présentent des logiques contradictoires et que, dès lors, les deux éléments sont inconciliables. L’objectif de cet article est de nuancer ce genre d’affirmations en rendant compte d’un dispositif d’évaluation exploratoire à large échelle combinant une évaluation « classique » (constitué d’un nombre important d’items à corriger de façon standardisée) et une évaluation de compétences à visée diagnostique (tâches complexes, tâches complexes décomposées et tâches élémentaires associées).
Perception de la qualité d’une formation universitaire par les étudiants : étude comparative selon le mode d’orientation et l’ancienneté dans le cursus
Authors: Weisser Marc , Gangloff-Ziegler Christine , Hermann Hélène
Published: February 2016

Le processus de Bologne enjoint aux universités de mesurer la qualité de leurs formations. En France, les étudiants y sont associés dans leur établissement. Le dispositif repose sur un questionnaire composé à partir de leurs propres critères de qualité. Cette étude identifie des différences de jugement selon deux caractéristiques : les participants appartiennent-ils à une filière sélective ? Sont-ils en début/en fin de formation ? Les étudiants orientés après sélection se sentent plus reconnus dans leurs formations et manifestent une confiance supérieure dans leur reconnaissance sociale. En revanche, l’acquisition d’ancienneté ne modifie pas le degré de satisfaction.
PCH1 integrates circadian and light-signaling pathways to control photoperiod-responsive growth in Arabidopsis
Authors: Huang He , Yoo Chan Yul , Bindbeutel Rebecca , Goldsworthy Jessica , Tielking Allison , Alvarez Sophie , Naldrett Michael J , Evans Bradley S , Chen Meng , Nusinow Dmitri A
Published: February 2016

Plants react to seasonal change in day length through altering physiology and development. Factors that function to harmonize growth with photoperiod are poorly understood. Here we characterize a new protein that associates with both circadian clock and photoreceptor components, named PHOTOPERIODIC CONTROL OF HYPOCOTYL1 (PCH1). pch1 seedlings have overly elongated hypocotyls specifically under short days while constitutive expression of PCH1 shortens hypocotyls independent of day length. PCH1 peaks at dusk, binds phytochrome B (phyB) in a red light-dependent manner, and co-localizes with phyB into photobodies. PCH1 is necessary and sufficient to promote the biogenesis of large photobodies to maintain an active phyB pool after light exposure, potentiating red-light signaling and prolonging memory of prior illumination. Manipulating PCH1 alters PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR 4 levels and regulates light-responsive gene expression. Thus, PCH1 is a new factor that regulates photoperiod-responsive growth by integrating the clock with light perception pathways through modulating daily phyB-signaling.
Can we set a global threshold age to define mature forests?
Authors: Martin Philip , Jung Martin , Brearley Francis Q. , Ribbons Relena R. , Lines Emily R. , Jacob Aerin L.
Published: February 2016

Globally, mature forests appear to be increasing in biomass density (BD). There is disagreement whether these increases are the result of increases in atmospheric CO2concentrations or a legacy effect of previous land-use. Recently, it was suggested that a threshold of 450 years should be used to define mature forests and that many forests increasing in BD may be younger than this. However, the study making these suggestions failed to account for the interactions between forest age and climate. Here we revisit the issue to identify: (1) how climate and forest age control global forest BD and (2) whether we can set a threshold age for mature forests. Using data from previously published studies we modelled the impacts of forest age and climate on BD using linear mixed effects models. We examined the potential biases in the dataset by comparing how representative it was of global mature forests in terms of its distribution, the climate space it occupied, and the ages of the forests used. BD increased with forest age, mean annual temperature and annual precipitation. Importantly, the effect of forest age increased with increasing temperature, but the effect of precipitation decreased with increasing temperatures. The dataset was biased towards northern hemisphere forests in relatively dry, cold climates. The dataset was also clearly biased towards forests <250 years of age. Our analysis suggests that there is not a single threshold age for forest maturity. Since climate interacts with forest age to determine BD, a threshold age at which they reach equilibrium can only be determined locally. We caution against using BD as the only determinant of forest maturity since this ignores forest biodiversity and tree size structure which may take longer to recover. Future research should address the utility and cost-effectiveness of different methods for determining whether forests should be classified as mature.
A comparison of rumen microbial profiles in dairy cows as retrieved by 454 Roche and Ion Torrent (PGM) sequencing platforms
Authors: Indugu Nagaraju , Bittinger Kyle , Kumar Sanjay , Vecchiarelli Bonnie , Pitta Dipti
Published: February 2016

Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology is a widely accepted tool used by microbial ecologists to explore complex microbial communities in different ecosystems. As new NGS platforms continue to become available, it becomes imperative to compare data obtained from different platforms and analyze their effect on microbial community structure. In the present study, we compared sequencing data from both the 454 and Ion Torrent (PGM) platforms on the same DNA samples obtained from the rumen of dairy cows during their transition period. Despite the substantial difference in the number of reads, error rate and length of reads among both platforms, we identified similar community composition between the two data sets. Procrustes analysis revealed similar correlations (M2= 0.319;P= 0.001) in the microbial community composition between the two platforms. Both platforms revealed the abundance of the same bacterial phyla which were Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes; however, PGM recovered an additional four phyla. Comparisons made at the genus level by each platforms revealed differences in only a few genera such asPrevotella,Ruminococcus,SucciniclasticumandTreponema(p< 0.05; chi square test). Collectively, we conclude that the output generated from PGM and 454 yielded concurrent results, provided stringent bioinformatics pipelines are employed.
Examining the role of red background in magnocellular contribution to face perception
Authors: Awasthi Bhuvanesh , Williams Mark A. , Friedman Jason
Published: February 2016

This study examines the role of the magnocellular system in the early stages of face perception, in particular sex categorization. Utilizing the specific property of magnocellular suppression in red light, we investigated visually guided reaching to low and high spatial frequency hybrid faces against red and grey backgrounds. The arm movement curvature measure shows that reduced response of the magnocellular pathway interferes with the low spatial frequency component of face perception. This finding provides behavioral evidence for magnocellular contribution to non-emotional aspect of face perception.
A model for HIV disclosure of a parent’s and/or a child’s illness
Authors: Gachanja Grace , Burkholder Gary J.
Published: February 2016

HIV prevalence in Kenya remains steady at 5.6% for adults 15 years and older, and 0.9% among children aged below 14 years. Parents and children are known to practice unprotected sex, which has implications for continued HIV spread within the country. Additionally, due to increased accessibility of antiretroviral therapy, more HIV-positive persons are living longer. Therefore, the need for HIV disclosure of a parent’s and/or a child’s HIV status within the country will continue for years to come. We conducted a qualitative phenomenological study to understand the entire process of disclosure from the time of initial HIV diagnosis of an index person within an HIV-affected family, to the time of full disclosure of a parent’s and/or a child’s HIV status to one or more HIV-positive, negative, or untested children within these households. Participants were purposively selected and included 16 HIV-positive parents, seven HIV-positive children, six healthcare professionals (physician, clinical officer, psychologist, registered nurse, social worker, and a peer educator), and five HIV-negative children. All participants underwent an in-depth individualized semistructured interview that was digitally recorded. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed in NVivo 8 using the modified Van Kaam method. Six themes emerged from the data indicating that factors such as HIV testing, living with HIV, evolution of disclosure, questions, emotions, benefits, and consequences of disclosure interact with each other and either impede or facilitate the HIV disclosure process. Kenya currently does not have guidelines for HIV disclosure of a parent’s and/or a child’s HIV status. HIV disclosure is a process that may result in poor outcomes in both parents and children. Therefore, understanding how these factors affect the disclosure process is key to achieving optimal disclosure outcomes in both parents and children. To this end, we propose an HIV disclosure model incorporating these six themes that is geared at helping healthcare professionals provide routine, clinic-based, targeted, disclosure-related counseling/advice and services to HIV-positive parents and their HIV-positive, HIV-negative, and untested children during the HIV disclosure process. The model should help improve HIV disclosure levels within HIV-affected households. Future researchers should test the utility and viability of our HIV disclosure model in different settings and cultures.
Projected intensification of subseasonal temperature variability and heat waves in the Great Plains
Authors: Teng Haiyan , Branstator Grant , Meehl Gerald A. , Washington Warren M.
Published: February 2016

Compared to changes in the climatological mean temperature, we have less confidence in how much and by what mechanisms temperature variability may be affected by anthropogenic climate change. Here based on a 30‐member climate change projection from an earth system model, we find that summertime subseasonal temperature variability in the U.S. Great Plains is enhanced by approximately 20% in 2070–2100 relative to 1980–2010. In particular, daily temperature departures from the new climatologies during future heat waves are on average 0.6°C warmer than are the corresponding departures under present‐day conditions. Although in both periods heat waves in the Great Plains tend to be associated with planetary wave events, the amplification of future heat waves does not appear to be induced by changes in planetary wave variability in the midlatitudes. Instead, in this experiment the strengthening appears to be primarily caused by enhanced local land‐atmosphere feedbacks resulting from a warmer/drier future climate.
Inside the Black Box: Magnetic Reconnection and the Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission
Authors: Cassak P. A.
Published: February 2016

The motivation for the recently launched Magnetospheric Multiscale mission is learning about the process of magnetic reconnection, especially the physics of what is called the diffusion region. The diffusion region is often treated as a black box but is the home of very important physics, which is of great significance to understanding space weather. This article is a brief review of what is known—and not known—about the diffusion region in magnetic reconnection, written for the broad space weather community and its stakeholders (with an appendix for readers interested in more technical matters). The focus is on the physics of magnetic reconnection and the diffusion region, why it has been challenging to study, how MMS will contribute, and how the community will benefit from its measurements.
Data assimilation of low‐altitude magnetic perturbations into a global magnetosphere model
Authors: Merkin V. G. , Kondrashov D. , Ghil M. , Anderson B. J.
Published: February 2016

The ionosphere is the only region of the terrestrial magnetosphere‐ionosphere system where in situ observations with high temporal resolution and approaching global spatial scale are possible. Ionospheric measurements of magnetic fields with such spatiotemporal coverage have become available from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment, combining data from the Iridium® satellites. Motivated by the emergence of this data set, we report here on the first results of assimilation of low‐altitude ionospheric magnetic perturbations into the Lyon‐Fedder‐Mobarry (LFM) global magnetospheric model coupled with the Rice Convection Model (RCM). Our assimilation approach relies on the assumption of a quasi‐steady, linear approximate relation between equatorial magnetospheric pressure and ionospheric Region 2 field‐aligned currents. This approximation is implemented numerically by perturbing large‐scale modes from the Fourier decomposition of equatorial magnetospheric pressures and computing responses of the corresponding modes in the ionospheric magnetic field. This methodology was validated by using model‐based assimilation tests of the so‐called “fraternal twins” type. In this approach, the LFM‐RCM model with one set of parameters is used to generate synthetic observations, while a model version with different parameters is used to assimilate the ionospheric observations and calculate the magnetospheric pressure corrections which are then applied to reproduce the synthetic observations. The model with assimilated synthetic data responded correctly by modifying ionospheric currents and magnetic perturbations in the expected way. We thus found the approach proposed herein to be promising for future assimilation of real data.
ssDNA‐Functionalized Nanoceria: A Redox‐Active Aptaswitch for Biomolecular Recognition
Authors: Bülbül Gonca , Hayat Akhtar , Andreescu Silvana
Published: February 2016

Quantification of biomolecular binding events is a critical step for the development of biorecognition assays for diagnostics and therapeutic applications. This paper reports the design of redox‐active switches based on aptamer conjugated nanoceria for detection and quantification of biomolecular recognition. It is shown that the conformational transition state of the aptamer on nanoceria, combined with the redox properties of these particles can be used to create surface based structure switchable aptasensing platforms. Changes in the redox properties at the nanoceria surface upon binding of the ssDNA and its target analyte enables rapid and highly sensitive measurement of biomolecular interactions. This concept is demonstrated as a general applicable method to the colorimetric detection of DNA binding events. An example of a nanoceria aptaswitch for the colorimetric sensing of Ochratoxin A (OTA) and applicability to other targets is provided. The system can sensitively and selectivity detect as low as 0.15 × 10−9m OTA. This novel assay is simple in design and does not involve oligonucleotide labeling or elaborate nanoparticle modification steps. The proposed mechanism discovered here opens up a new way of designing optical sensing methods based on aptamer recognition. This approach can be broadly applicable to many bimolecular recognition processes and related applications.
The Anode Challenge for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: A Mechanochemically Synthesized Sn–Fe–C Composite Anode Surpasses Graphitic Carbon
Authors: Dong Zhixin , Zhang Ruibo , Ji Dongsheng , Chernova Natasha A. , Karki Khim , Sallis Shawn , Piper Louis , Whittingham M. Stanley
Published: February 2016

Carbon‐based anodes are the key limiting factor in increasing the volumetric capacity of lithium‐ion batteries. Tin‐based composites are one alternative approach. Nanosized Sn–Fe–C anode materials are mechanochemically synthesized by reducing SnO with Ti in the presence of carbon. The optimum synthesis conditions are found to be 1:0.25:10 for initial ratio of SnO, Ti, and graphite with a total grinding time of 8 h. This optimized composite shows excellent extended cycling at the C/10 rate, delivering a first charge capacity as high as 740 mAh g−1 and 60% of which still remained after 170 cycles. The calculated volumetric capacity significantly exceeds that of carbon. It also exhibits excellent rate capability, delivering volumetric capacity higher than 1.6 Ah cc−1 over 140 cycles at the 1 C rate.
Time‐ and Temperature‐Independent Local Carrier Mobility and Effects of Regioregularity in Polymer‐Fullerene Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Sher Meng‐Ju , Bartelt Jonathan A. , Burke Timothy M. , Salleo Alberto , McGehee Michael D. , Lindenberg Aaron M.
Published: February 2016

Organic semiconducting polymers exhibit complex microstructure and disorder over a wide range of length scales, which impact the electronic transport properties relevant for the development of photovoltaic devices. Typical transport measurements blur together intermolecular and intramolecular conduction processes, making it difficult to develop an understanding of how disorder on different length scales impacts device performance. This work uses time‐resolved terahertz (THz) spectroscopy to selectively study intramolecular carrier transport in poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT). At 2 THz, P3HT polymers with different side chain regularity have fast THz carrier mobility ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 cm2 V−1 s−1, and the mobility dependence on the side chain regularity is much smaller than studied by other macroscopic mobility measurements. The fast local carrier mobility allows us to understand how the efficiency of charge‐transfer state splitting is high in these polymers and shows that local disorder does not strongly impact intramolecular transport processes. Moreover, the local mobility does not exhibit changes with temperature or time within the 1 ns duration probed, indicating that local carrier transport is always fast. To fully understand the differences in time and temperature dependence on carrier transport at different length scales, a transport model that separates local transport from intermolecular carrier hopping is required.
Direct numerical simulations of dynamic gas‐solid suspensions
Authors: Tang Yali , Peters E. A. J. F. , Kuipers J. A. M.
Published: February 2016

Direct numerical simulation results for gas flow through dynamic suspensions of spherical particles is reported. The simulations are performed using an immersed boundary method, with careful correction for the grid resolution effect. The flow systems we have studied vary with mean flow Reynolds number, solids volume fraction, as well as particle/gas density ratio. On the basis of the simulation results, the effect of particle mobility on the gas‐solid drag force is analyzed and introduced into the existing drag correlation that was derived from simulations of stationary particles. This mobility effect is characterized by the granular temperature, which is a result of the particle velocity fluctuation. The modified drag correlation is considered so‐far the most accurate expression for the interphase momentum exchange in computational fluid dynamics models, in which the gas‐solid interactions are not directly resolved. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 1958–1969, 2016
Bosma arhinia microphthalmia syndrome: Clinical report and review of the literature
Authors: Brasseur Benjamin , Martin Cindy M. , Cayci Zuzan , Burmeister Lynn , Schimmenti Lisa A.
Published: February 2016

Bosma arhinia microphthalmia syndrome (Bosma syndrome)(OMIM 603457) is a congenital condition characterized by microphthalmia with coloboma, arhinia and endocrine findings in the setting of normal intelligence and brain structure. This condition is quite rare with fewer than 50 case reports and series. Although pathogenesis is presumed to be genetic, the cause remains unknown. We report an individual with Bosma syndrome who had bilateral colobomatous microphthalmia, arhinia, high arched palate, mild ear malformations, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism requiring growth hormone treatment in childhood, and normal intelligence. Clinical evaluation was significant for a geometrically abnormal aorta with effacement of the sinotubular ridge, a finding not previously reported in this condition. An MRI revealed absent olfactory bulbs. Suggested criteria for diagnosis of Bosma should include arhinia, hypoplastic maxilla, normal cognition, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in males. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fluoreszierende Rhodamine und fluorogene Carbopyronine für die STED‐Mikroskopie lebender Zellen
Authors: Butkevich Alexey N. , Mitronova Gyuzel Yu. , Sidenstein Sven C. , Klocke Jessica L. , Kamin Dirk , Meineke Dirk N. H. , D'Este Elisa , Kraemer Philip‐Tobias , Danzl Johann G. , Belov Vladimir N. , Hell Stefan W.
Published: February 2016

Helle und photostabile Rhodamine und Carbopyronine mit Absorptionsmaxima im Bereich von λ=500–630 nm wurden entwickelt, die nach Anwendung von HaloTag‐Technologie, gefolgt von einer Färbung mit 1 μm Lösungen der Farbstoff‐Ligand‐Konjugate, die spezifische Markierung von Zellskelettfilamenten ermöglichen. Die Synthese, die photophysikalischen Eigenschaften und die Fluorogenität sowie die Struktur‐Eigenschafts‐Beziehungen der neuen Farbstoffe werden diskutiert. STED‐Fluoreszenzmikroskopie lieferte Ein‐ und Zweifarbenbilder von lebenden Zellen mit einer optischen Auflösung von 40–60 nm.
Fluorescent Rhodamines and Fluorogenic Carbopyronines for Super‐Resolution STED Microscopy in Living Cells
Authors: Butkevich Alexey N. , Mitronova Gyuzel Yu. , Sidenstein Sven C. , Klocke Jessica L. , Kamin Dirk , Meineke Dirk N. H. , D'Este Elisa , Kraemer Philip‐Tobias , Danzl Johann G. , Belov Vladimir N. , Hell Stefan W.
Published: February 2016

A range of bright and photostable rhodamines and carbopyronines with absorption maxima in the range of λ=500–630 nm were prepared, and enabled the specific labeling of cytoskeletal filaments using HaloTag technology followed by staining with 1 μm solutions of the dye–ligand conjugates. The synthesis, photophysical parameters, fluorogenic behavior, and structure–property relationships of the new dyes are discussed. Light microscopy with stimulated emission depletion (STED) provided one‐ and two‐color images of living cells with an optical resolution of 40–60 nm.
Biguanidine‐functionalized chitosan to immobilize palladium nanoparticles as a novel, efficient and recyclable heterogeneous nanocatalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions
Authors: Veisi Hojat , Ghadermazi Mohammad , Naderi Akram
Published: February 2016

Biguanidine‐functionalized chitosan was synthesized and combined with palladium nanoparticles to yield a recyclable, environmentally benign, heterogeneous catalytic system for the Suzuki–Miyaura C–C coupling reaction. The catalyst was characterized using various techniques. The catalyst was used in Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions of various aryl halides, including less reactive chlorobenzenes, with phenylboronic acid to give biaryls without any additive or ligand. A reusability test demonstrated that the catalyst was highly efficient even after six runs. Solid‐phase poisoning and leaching tests indicated that the catalyst has a heterogeneous nature. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct Synthesis of Cyclic Imides from Carboxylic Anhydrides and Amines by Nb2O5 as a Water‐Tolerant Lewis Acid Catalyst
Authors: Ali Md. A. , Moromi Sondomoyee K. , Touchy Abeda S. , Shimizu Ken‐ichi
Published: February 2016

In the 20 types of heterogeneous and homogenous catalysts screened, Nb2O5 showed the highest activity for the synthesis of N‐phenylsuccinimide by dehydrative condensation of succinic anhydride and aniline. Nb2O5 was used in the direct imidation of a wide range of carboxylic anhydrides with NH3 or amines with various functional groups and could be reused. Kinetic studies showed that the Lewis acid Nb2O5 catalyst was more water tolerant than both the Lewis acidic oxide TiO2 and the homogeneous Lewis acid ZrCl4, which resulted in higher yields of imides through the use of Nb2O5.
Synthesis of Natural and Unnatural Cyclooligomeric Depsipeptides Enabled by Flow Chemistry
Authors: Lücke Daniel , Dalton Toryn , Ley Steven V. , Wilson Zoe E.
Published: February 2016

Flow chemistry has been successfully integrated into the synthesis of a series of cyclooligomeric depsipeptides of three different ring sizes including the natural products beauvericin (1 a), bassianolide (2 b) and enniatin C (1 b). A reliable flow chemistry protocol was established for the coupling and macrocyclisation to form challenging N‐methylated amides. This flexible approach has allowed the rapid synthesis of both natural and unnatural depsipeptides in high yields, enabling further exploration of their promising biological activity.
Total Synthesis of the 7,10‐Epimer of the Proposed Structure of Amphidinolide N, Part II: Synthesis of C17–C29 Subunit and Completion of the Synthesis
Authors: Ochiai Koji , Kuppusamy Sankar , Yasui Yusuke , Harada Kenji , Gupta Nishant R. , Takahashi Yohei , Kubota Takaaki , Kobayashi Jun'ichi , Hayashi Yujiro
Published: February 2016

The total synthesis of 7,10‐epimer of the proposed structure of amphidinolide N was accomplished. The requisite chiral C17–C29 subunit was assembled stereoselectively via Keck allylation, Shi epoxidation, diastereoselective 1,3‐reduction, and a later oxidative synthesis of the THF framework. The C1–C13 and C17–C29 subunits were successfully coupled using a Enders RAMP “linchpin” as the C14–C16 three carbon unit, thereby controlling the chirality at C14 and C16. The labile allyl epoxy moiety was successfully constructed by Grieco–Nishizawa olefination at a final stage of the synthesis.
A New Derivative of Core–Shell Magnetic Chitosan Biopolymer: Synthesis, Characterization and Application for Adsorption of Lead and Copper Ions
Authors: Hossein Beyki Mostafa , Miri Simin , Shemirani Farzaneh , Bayat Mehrnoosh , Rashidi Ranjbar Parviz
Published: February 2016

In this research, a new derivative of core–shell magnetic chitosan biopolymer was prepared. The core magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple and fast sonochemistry route within 10 min. Fe3+ ions and sodium thiosulfate were used as the iron source and reducing agent, respectively. Then shell chitosan grafted with 5‐acrylamido‐1,10‐phenanthroline was cross‐linked to the magnetic core with glutaraldehyde. The new material was characterized with transmission and scanning electron microscopy, infared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and vibrating sample magnetometer technique. The characterization analysis revealed that grafted chitosan had been assembled on the surface of magnetic nanoparticles at a high density and showed enough magnetic response for magnetic separation. The prepared composite was used for the removal of Pb and Cu ions from environmental samples. The adsorption capacity within 10 min interaction time was 111.0 and 33.3 mg g−1 for Pb(II) and Cu(II), respectively.
Dependence of and field patterns of surface coils on the electrical properties of the sample and the MR operating frequency
Authors: Vaidya Manushka V. , Collins Christopher M. , Sodickson Daniel K. , Brown Ryan , Wiggins Graham C. , Lattanzi Riccardo
Published: February 2016

In high field MRI, the spatial distribution of the radiofrequency magnetic (
) field is usually affected by the presence of the sample. For hardware design and to aid interpretation of experimental results, it is important both to anticipate and to accurately simulate the behavior of these fields. Fields generated by a radiofrequency surface coil were simulated using dyadic Green's functions, or experimentally measured over a range of frequencies inside an object whose electrical properties were varied to illustrate a variety of transmit (
) and receive (
) field patterns. In this work, we examine how changes in polarization of the field and interference of propagating waves in an object can affect the
spatial distribution. Results are explained conceptually using Maxwell's equations and intuitive illustrations. We demonstrate that the electrical conductivity alters the spatial distribution of distinct polarized components of the field, causing “twisted” transmit and receive field patterns, and asymmetries between
and
. Additionally, interference patterns due to wavelength effects are observed at high field in samples with high relative permittivity and near‐zero conductivity, but are not present in lossy samples due to the attenuation of propagating EM fields. This work provides a conceptual framework for understanding
spatial distributions for surface coils and can provide guidance for RF engineers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 46B: 25–40, 2016
Notochord morphogenesis in mice: Current understanding & open questions
Authors: Balmer Sophie , Nowotschin Sonja , Hadjantonakis Anna‐Katerina
Published: February 2016

The notochord is a structure common to all chordates, and the feature that the phylum Chordata has been named after. It is a rod‐like mesodermal structure that runs the anterior–posterior length of the embryo, adjacent to the ventral neural tube. The notochord plays a critical role in embryonic tissue patterning, for example the dorsal–ventral patterning of the neural tube. The cells that will come to form the notochord are specified at gastrulation. Axial mesodermal cells arising at the anterior primitive streak migrate anteriorly as the precursors of the notochord and populate the notochordal plate. Yet, even though a lot of interest has centered on investigating the functional and structural roles of the notochord, we still have a very rudimentary understanding of notochord morphogenesis. The events driving the formation of the notochord are rapid, taking place over the period of approximately a day in mice. In this commentary, we provide an overview of our current understanding of mouse notochord morphogenesis, from the initial specification of axial mesendodermal cells at the primitive streak, the emergence of these cells at the midline on the surface of the embryo, to their submergence and organization of the stereotypically positioned notochord. We will also discuss some key open questions. Developmental Dynamics 245:547–557, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Skin tumor immunity: Site does matter for antigen presentation by DCs
Authors: Waithman Jason , Gebhardt Thomas , Bedoui Sammy
Published: February 2016

The immune system has the ability to specifically identify and eliminate tumors, but the underlying mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon are not fully understood. A study published in this issue of the European Journal of Immunology now provides new insights into this important problem. Joncker et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2016. 46: 609‐618] show that the timely mobilization of tumor antigen‐bearing dendritic cells (DCs) from the periphery to the lymph nodes is critical for effective antitumor T‐cell immunity, and that DCs present tumor antigens much more efficiently when encountered in the skin rather than in the subcutaneous tissues.
Effect of outer boundary condition, reservoir size, and CO2 effective permeability on pressure and CO2 saturation predictions under carbon sequestration conditions
Authors: Zhang Liwei , Dilmore Robert M. , Bromhal Grant S.
Published: February 2016

A TOUGH2 simulation was conducted to investigate how the change of key model parameters affects pressure and CO2 saturation response to CO2 injection into a deep CO2 storage reservoir. Given a domain of 100 × 100 km and a formation permeability of 10−13 m2, outer boundary condition does not have a significant impact on pressure increase and CO2 saturation results. In a simulation period of 30 years of CO2 injection + 100 years of post CO2 injection, with a total CO2 injection volume of 6.3×107 m3 at T = 47°C and P = 10.5 MPa (equivalent mass of 30 million tonnes of CO2), there is no pressure difference between the no flow boundary case and the open boundary case given a domain size of 100 x 100 km (a total storage formation pore volume of 1011 m3 at T = 47°C and P = 10.5 MPa), and the maximum CO2 plume radius difference is 0.5%. However, given a domain size of 10 × 10 km, outer boundary condition significantly affects pressure simulation results. At t = 130 years, the pressure increase in the no flow boundary case is 56.5 times of the pressure increase in the open boundary case at the cell 50 m away from the injection well. For the 10 × 10 km case, the impact of outer boundary condition on CO2 saturation results is relatively small. The change in formation permeability significantly affects pressure increase results, while the change in CO2 relative permeability model only affects pressure increase results at cells close to the CO2 injector. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Studies on the binding sites of IgG2 monoclonal antibodies recognized by terpyridine‐based affinity ligands
Authors: Lin Chih‐Pei , Boysen Reinhard I. , Campi Eva M. , Saito Kei , Hearn Milton T. W.
Published: February 2016

This investigation has examined the origin of the molecular recognition associated with the interaction of monoclonal IgG2's with terpyridine‐based ligands immobilized onto agarose‐derived chromatographic adsorbents. Isothermal titration calorimetric (ITC) methods have been employed to acquire thermodynamic data associated with the IgG2‐ligand binding. These ITC investigations have documented that different enthalpic and entropic processes are involved depending on the nature of the chemical substituents in the core structure of the terpyridinyl moiety. In addition, molecular docking studies have been carried out with IgG2 structures with the objective to identify possible ligand binding sites and key interacting amino acid residues. These molecular docking experiments with the different terpyridine‐based ligands have shown that all of the examined ligands can potentially undergo favorable interactions with a site located within the Fab region of the IgG2. However, another favorable binding site was also identified from the docking poses to exist within the Fc region of the IgG2 for some, but not all, of the ligands studied. These investigations have provided a basis to elucidate the unique binding properties and chromatographic behaviors shown by several substituted terpyridine ligands in their interaction with IgGs of different isotype. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Timing and associated climate change of a 2 °C global warming
Authors: Jiang Dabang , Sui Yue , Lang Xianmei
Published: February 2016

Towards a better insight into the timing and climate change associated with a 2 °C global warming above pre‐industrial levels in the 21st century, here we perform an analysis of all pertinent experiments within the framework of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Considering equally all available CMIP5 models, the probability of crossing the 2 °C target before the year 2100 is 26, 86, and 100% for the Representative Concentration Pathways 2.6 (RCP2.6), 4.5 (RCP4.5), and 8.5 (RCP8.5) scenarios, respectively, with the median years of 2054 for RCP4.5 and 2042 for RCP8.5. A 2 °C global warming would not be felt equally round the globe: stronger warming occurs over land than over the ocean, and the strongest warming occurs in the Arctic. Almost all temperature changes are larger than natural internal variability. Global average signal‐to‐noise ratios (S/N) of annual and seasonal temperature changes are in the range 3.2–5.0, and the largest values occur at low latitudes due to the lower background variability. Precipitation tends to increase at high latitudes but decrease in the subtropics, while all changes are smaller than natural internal variability except in parts of the high northern latitudes. The S/N of annual (seasonal) precipitation changes averages only 0.2 (no more than 0.1) for the globe.