bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the spatio‐temporal distribution of the roughneck shrimp Rimapenaeus constrictus (Stimpson, 1874) (Crustacea, Penaeoidea) from monthly samples collected 20 years apart: Effects of a marine protected area in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Bernardes Veronica P. , Sousa Aline N. , Bernardo Camila H. , Teixeira Gustavo M. , Costa Rogério C. , Mantelatto Fernando L. , Fransozo Adilson
Published: August 2020

This study was motivated by the data about a Rimapenaeus constrictus population from Ubatuba Bay, obtained in the 1990s, and by the establishment of a marine protected area (MPA) in the same region in 2008. We obtained comparable data about the distribution and abundance of this species collected 20 years apart, to evaluate the effectiveness of the MPA, for its preservation and possible changes in the populational profile. Biotic and abiotic data were obtained monthly, in September 1995–August 1996 (period 1 = 1ºP), and in September 2016–August 2017 (period 2 = 2ºP), from five transects within Ubatuba Bay. In total, 710 and 2,362 individuals were caught in the 1oP and 2oP, respectively. Despite this increase in abundance, aspects of the spatial distribution did not change substantially. The high abundance recorded at 5 m of depth was probably due to the creation of the MPA and to the accumulation of detritus at this depth. The high abundance seen in the transect sheltered from waves may be related to sediment heterogeneity, which was higher in this transect, and to the fact that this area is naturally protected from fisheries. In the 1ºP, the highest abundances were recorded in spring and summer, whereas in the 2ºP, they occurred in autumn and winter. This change may be explained by the entrance of the South Atlantic Central Water (SACW), which drives shrimps towards shallower areas. During the 2ºP, a fishing ban occurred in autumn (March 1st until May 31st), which is also when the SACW retreats and water temperature and salinity increase. These two factors combined may have been responsible for the increased shrimp abundance. In conclusion, both conservation practices (MPA and fishing ban) along with the existence of an area naturally protected from fisheries seem to have positively affected the population of R. constrictus, leading to an increase in abundance over the 20‐year interval.
Micro‐relational interdependencies are the essence of teaching and learning in the OR
Authors: Sutkin Gary , Littleton Eliza B. , Arnold Louise , Kanter Steven L.
Published: August 2020

Context

In the high‐stakes, time‐critical environment of the operating room (OR), attendings and residents strive to complete safe, effective surgeries and ensure that learning occurs. Yet meaningful resident participation often receives less attention, and that impedes residents’ ability to learn and achieve autonomous operative practice. We need a new conceptual framework for understanding progression to autonomous practice that can guide both faculty and residents. Thus, we sought a new conceptualisation of intraoperative teaching and learning (IOT&L) through the lens of Eraut's notion of informal workplace learning and Billett's theory of relational interdependence between social and individual agency.

Methods

We viewed authentic examples of IOT&L in video and transcripts of live OR cases and interviews with participating attendings and residents. By systematically applying Eraut and Billet's theories to the transcripts and interviews, we developed concrete descriptions about how IOT&L occurs, categorised them into theory‐based principles and derived a conceptualisation and related research ideas about IOT&L.

Results

Established workplace learning theories frame IOT&L as socially negotiated processes transpiring in distinct interdependent interactions between residents’ individual cognitive experiences and their OR social experiences that direct their learning. As the surgery unfolds, spontaneous events and the rules of surgery create opportunities for unplanned and informal learning. These authentic interrelated cognitive and social experiences are stimulated when residents reveal a learning need or attendings recognise a learning gap, and efforts ensue to bridge that gap. Through these minute distinct exchanges, labelled here as ‘atomic’ IOT&L, residents gain crucial knowledge and skill.

Conclusion

Framing authentic OR interactions between attendings and residents in terms of micro‐relational interdependencies shows how granular teaching/learning exchanges yield high‐value informal learning. To improve IOT&L, we must examine and change it at this fundamental level by using and testing this new theoretical conceptualisation. These insights produced ideas about IOT&L to test and research.
Theta resonance and synaptic modulation scale activity patterns in the medial entorhinal cortex stellate cells
Authors: Katyare Nupur , Sikdar Sujit Kumar
Published: August 2020

Stellate cells (SCs) of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) are rich in hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide–gated (HCN) channels, which are known to effectively shape their activity patterns. The explanatory mechanisms, however, have remained elusive. One important but previously unassessed possibility is that HCN channels control the gain of synaptic inputs to these cells. Here, we test this possibility in rat brain slices, while subjecting SCs to a stochastic synaptic bombardment using the dynamic clamp. We show that in the presence of synaptic noise, HCN channels mainly exert their influence by increasing the relative signal gain in the theta frequency through the theta modulation of stochastic synaptic inputs. This subthreshold synaptic modulation then translates into a spiking resonance, which steepens with excitation in the presence of HCN channels. We present here a systematic assessment of synaptic theta modulation and trace its implications to the suprathreshold control of firing rate motifs. Such analysis was yet lacking in the SC literature. Furthermore, we assess the impact of noise statistics on this gain modulation and indicate possible mechanisms for the emergence of membrane theta oscillations and synaptic ramps, as observed in vivo. We support the data with a computational model that further unveils a competing role of inhibition, suggesting important implications for MEC computations.
Aspects of the assessment and management of pharyngoesophageal dysphagia
Authors: Allen Jacqueline , Dewan Karuna , Herbert Hayley , Randall Derrick R. , Starmer Heather , Stein Ellen
Published: August 2020

Swallowing complaints are common and may have significant consequences for nutrition and pulmonary health. Etiology varies and different aspects of the deglutitive system may be affected. A thorough assessment from the oral cavity to the stomach will provide physiologic information that enables specific targeted management plans to be devised. Although the swallow trajectory bridges anatomic areas, there has previously been a tendency to compartmentalize assessment and treatment by arbitrary anatomic boundaries. It is now clear that this approach fails to appreciate the complexity of swallow mechanics and that systems (oral, pharyngeal, esophageal, and pulmonary) are intertwined and codependent. Swallowing specialists from different backgrounds and with complementary skill sets form a multidisciplinary team that can provide insight and address multiple areas of management. With the advent of new tools for instrumental evaluation, such as manometry, targeted rehabilitative strategies can be informed by physiology, increased in precision and breadth, and assessed quantitatively. Surgical approaches have evolved toward endoscopic techniques, and food technology is expanding options in dietary management. The multidisciplinary team is core to managing this varied and often neglected patient population. This review is for clinicians treating swallowing disorders and will explore the selected aspects of the assessment and management of pharyngoesophageal swallowing disorders.
Assessment of angle closure spectrum disease as a continuum of change using gonioscopy and anterior segment optical coherence tomography
Authors: Phu Jack , Wong Brian , Lim Thalia , Kalloniatis Michael
Published: August 2020

Purpose

Studies examining the anterior chamber angle and angle closure disease often compare quantitative angle information obtained using anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT) with one of several ordinal scales derived using gonioscopy. We test the assumption that the ordinal gonioscopic angle grades have equal step sizes and can be analysed using metric statistics.

Methods

The medical records of 214 consecutive patients who were referred for assessment of the anterior chamber angle were prospectively examined using gonioscopy and ASOCT (Spectralis Optical Coherence Tomography, OCT, www.heidelbergengineering.com). Anterior chamber angle parameters (angle opening distance, AOD, and trabecular‐iris space area, TISA at 500 and 750 microns) were extracted from ASOCT images using a semi‐automated segmentation algorithm written on MATLAB (www.mathworks.com). We first matched the quantitative values for each gonioscopic grade (0–4, from no structures visible to ciliary body visible) and described the frequency distributions to determine separability. We then applied a grade‐agnostic clustering algorithm to determine the concordance between algorithm‐clustered groups (using solely quantitative data) and those obtained using gonioscopy.

Results

The frequency distributions of the quantitative ASOCT parameters for each angle grade were mostly non‐parametric and displayed unique distribution characteristics, with a floor effect seen for grade 0 and the lack of a ceiling effect seen for grades 3 and 4. Although we found significant differences in quantitative values across the five angle grades using the frequency distributions, some pairwise comparisons were indistinguishable (such as grades 0 and 1, and grades 3 and 4) due to the overlaps in distributions. On average, differences in quantitative values were consistent between gonioscopic grade steps, but there remained substantial variability that confounds prediction of change between ordinal steps. The clustering algorithm showed approximately 10% of cases with the same group assignment as that of the gonioscopic grade, improving slightly to 30% when the top 5% of quantitative data were excluded from analysis.

Conclusions

Our results do not necessarily support the assumption that the ordinal scales used in gonioscopy can be interpreted using an interval scale. We highlight the need for better methods of describing the course and risk of angle closure spectrum disease to identify disease progression and conversion, where gonioscopy remains the gold standard.
Uncovering a unique path: Antidromic AVRT utilizing a left anteroseptal Mahaim‐like accessory pathway
Authors: Sandhu Amneet , Tzou Wendy S. , Borne Ryan T. , Zipse Matthew M. , Nguyen Duy T. , Sauer William H.
Published: August 2020

A 40‐year‐old man presented to our emergency department 2 hours after onset of shortness of breath, palpitations, and presyncope secondary to an adenosine‐responsive wide complex tachycardia. Electrophysiology study was diagnostic for antidromic atrioventricular (AV) reentrant tachycardia utilizing a muscular connection from the anterior interventricular vein to the left ventricle with Mahaim‐like properties, successfully treated with ablation in the distal coronary sinus (CS) system. This case highlights accessory pathways (a) with unique features (i.e., Mahaim‐like characteristics) and (b) involving musculature from the distal CS system, thereby limiting the value of endocardial ablation for durable treatment. Importantly, the coronary venous system is an accessible vascular network for evaluation and catheter ablation of such arrhythmias.
Soybean (Glycine max) Haplotype Map (GmHapMap): a universal resource for soybean translational and functional genomics
Authors: Torkamaneh Davoud , Laroche Jérôme , Valliyodan Babu , O’Donoughue Louise , Cober Elroy , Rajcan Istvan , Vilela Abdelnoor Ricardo , Sreedasyam Avinash , Schmutz Jeremy , Nguyen Henry T. , Belzile François
Published: August 2020

Here, we describe a worldwide haplotype map for soybean (GmHapMap) constructed using whole‐genome sequence data for 1007 Glycine max accessions and yielding 14.9 million variants as well as 4.3 M tag single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). When sampling random subsets of these accessions, the number of variants and tag SNPs plateaued beyond approximately 800 and 600 accessions, respectively. This suggests extensive coverage of diversity within the cultivated soybean. GmHapMap variants were imputed onto 21 618 previously genotyped accessions with up to 96% success for common alleles. A local association analysis was performed with the imputed data using markers located in a 1‐Mb region known to contribute to seed oil content and enabled us to identify a candidate causal SNP residing in the NPC1 gene. We determined gene‐centric haplotypes (407 867 GCHs) for the 55 589 genes and showed that such haplotypes can help to identify alleles that differ in the resulting phenotype. Finally, we predicted 18 031 putative loss‐of‐function (LOF) mutations in 10 662 genes and illustrated how such a resource can be used to explore gene function. The GmHapMap provides a unique worldwide resource for applied soybean genomics and breeding.
Experience of the first 6 years of pediatric kidney transplantation in Indonesia: A multicenter retrospective study
Authors: Ambarsari Cahyani Gita , Hidayati Eka Laksmi , Trihono Partini Pudjiastuti , Saraswati Meilania , Rodjani Arry , Wahyudi Irfan , Situmorang Gerhard Reinaldi , Kim Jon Jin , Mellyana Omega , Kadaristiana Agustina
Published: August 2020

Background

Pediatric kidney transplantation was only introduced in Indonesia in 2013. We therefore aimed to assess the characteristics and outcomes of transplants performed from its inception to January 2019.

Method

The study had a dual‐center retrospective design. We examined the records of kidney transplant recipients and then calculated patient and graft survival rates by Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

Results

In total, 12 kidney transplantations were performed in eleven children during the study period; among these, ten were boys, and nine had renal failure caused by congenital anomaly of the kidney or urinary tract. All donors were living, and all recipients were on dialysis at the time of transplantation, when their median age was 14.5 years (range, 8‐19 years). Three patients died of infection in the first year of follow‐up and two lost their allograft by the time of their last follow‐up (median, 13 months; range, 4‐69 months). The 1‐year patient survival rate was therefore 68.18% (95% CI, 29.72%‐88.61%), which remained unchanged at 3 and 5 years. However, the non‐death‐censored graft survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 68.18% (95% CI, 29.72%‐88.61%), 51.14% (95% CI, 14.5%‐79.46%), and 25.57% (95% CI, 1.38%‐64.78%), respectively.

Conclusion

Patient and graft survival rates after pediatric kidney transplantation in Indonesia are lower than those reported in other countries. Closer patient follow‐up and stricter adherence to guidelines could improve transplant outcomes, but we must seek to improve the balance between infection and rejection.
A Japanese case of COVID‐19: An autopsy report
Authors: Okudela Koji , Hayashi Hiroyuki , Yoshimura Yukihiro , Sasaki Hiroaki , Horiuchi Hiroshi , Miyata Nobuyuki , Tachikawa Natsuo , Tsuchiya Yuki , Mitsui Hideaki , Ohashi Kenichi
Published: August 2020

A 93‐year‐old woman was admitted with a 10‐day history of cough and prostration. Thoracic computed tomography revealed extensive ground‐glass opacities in both the lungs. The polymerase chain reaction test of sputum for severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) was positive. She was treated with antiviral agents and steroid pulse therapy. However, her oxygen saturation gradually declined, and she died 10 days after hospitalization. The most important autopsy finding was fuzzily segmented diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) that expanded from the subpleural to the medial area. No remarkable changes were observed in organs other than the lungs. Therefore, pneumocytes were suggested as the primary target for SARS‐CoV‐2, which might explain why coronavirus infectious disease‐19 is a serious condition. Thus, early treatment is essential to prevent viral replication from reaching a level that triggers DAD.
Inflation‐Output Trade‐Off in South Africa: Is the Phillips Curve Symmetric?
Authors: Ngalawa Harold , Komba Coretha
Published: August 2020

This study sets out to investigate whether the inflation‐output trade‐off in South Africa is symmetric or asymmetric; and if asymmetric, whether it is convex or concave. A New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model calibrated on South African data reveals that a negative demand shock reduces inflation and output while a positive demand shock of the same magnitude leads to a smaller increase in inflation and a larger increase in output, indicating that the inflation–output relationship in the country is concave asymmetric. These findings corroborate estimation results of the inflation‐expectations augmented Phillips curve conducted using difference GMM on quarterly data.
Proteinase 3 Autoreactivity in Anti‐Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–associated vasculitis—Immunological versus clinical features
Authors: Sharma Ravi K. , Lövström Björn , Gunnarsson Iva , Malmström Vivianne
Published: August 2020

ANCA‐associated vasculitis (AAV) is a group of chronic inflammatory diseases of small‐ and medium‐sized vessels, which are broadly subdivided based on organ manifestations and disease‐specific autoantibodies. The so called anti‐neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) mostly target one of the enzymes, proteinase 3 (PR3) or myeloperoxidase (MPO). Accumulating genetic data demonstrates that these two autoantibodies discriminate two distinct disease entities, more so than the clinical subdivision which is mainly criteria‐based. Treatment of AAV includes heavy immunosuppression and is guided by organs that are involved. Generally, patients with PR3‐ANCA display higher risk for disease relapse than patients with MPO‐ANCA. In this review, we will focus on the autoimmune features of PR3+ AAV and our current understanding of its triggers and the potential translation into clinical practice.
Genomic full‐length sequence of HLA‐A*02:01:119 allele was identified by full‐length group‐specific sequencing
Authors: Feng Zhihui , Jiao Shuxian , Hu Bin , Pang Shutao
Published: August 2020

Genomic full‐length sequence of HLA‐A*02:01:119 was identified by a group‐specific sequencing approach in a Chinese individual.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐DRB1*11:260 allele by next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Genebrier Steve , Elsermans Vincent , Texeraud Emeric , Bertrand Gerald , Renac Virginie
Published: August 2020

DRB1*11:260 differs from DRB1*11:03:01 by one nucleotide substitution at position 484 in exon 3.
Antibody‐enhanced hepatitis E virus nanofiltration during the manufacture of human immunoglobulin
Authors: Kapsch Anna‐Maria , Farcet Maria R. , Wieser Andreas , Ahmad Monazza Q. , Miyabayashi Tomoyuki , Baylis Sally A. , Blümel Johannes , Kreil Thomas R.
Published: August 2020

Background

Circulation of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in areas where plasma is sourced for the manufacture of plasma‐derived medicinal products (PDMPs) has prompted verification of HEV clearance. HEV exists as quasi lipid‐enveloped (LE) and non–lipid‐enveloped (NLE) forms, which might be of relevance for HEV clearance from manufacturing processes of antibody‐containing PDMPs with solvent/detergent (S/D) treatment upstream of further clearance steps.

Study Design and Methods

Presence of different HEV particles in stocks used in clearance studies was investigated, with nanofilters graded around the assumed HEV particle sizes and by gradient centrifugation. HEV removal by 35‐nm nanofiltration was investigated in the presence or absence of HEV antibodies, in buffer as well as in immunoglobulin (IG) manufacturing process intermediates.

Results

HEV particles consistent with LE, NLE, and an “intermediate” (IM) phenotype, obtained after S/D treatment, were seen in different HEV stocks. In the absence of HEV antibodies, log reduction factors (LRFs) of 4.0 and 2.5 were obtained by 35‐nm nanofiltration of LE and IM HEV, consistent with the larger and smaller sizes of these phenotypes. Addition of HEV antibodies enhanced IM HEV removal around 1000‐fold (LRF, 5.6). Effective (LRF, >4.8 and >4.0) HEV removal was obtained for the nanofiltration processing step for IG intermediates with varying HEV antibody content.

Conclusion

HEV spikes used in clearance studies should be carefully selected, as differences in physicochemical properties might affect HEV clearance. Antibody‐mediated enhancement of HEV nanofiltration was demonstrated in IG process intermediates even at low HEV antibody concentration, illustrating the robustness of this manufacturing step.
Internal Versus External Cracking—Their Impact on the Fatigue Life of Modern Smoothbore Autofrettaged Tank Gun Barrels
Authors: Perl M. , Saley T.
Published: August 2020

An extensive analysis of the fatigue life of a typical modern autofrettaged smoothbore tank barrel, cracked either internally or externally, in terms of the initial crack depth and shape, type and level of autofrettage, was conducted. Five overstraining cases were considered: no-autofrettage, 70% and 100% hydraulic autofrettage, and 70% and 100% swage autofrettage. KINmax, the maximum combined stress intensity factor (SIF) KINmax = (KIP + KIA) max, due to both internal pressure and autofrettage, as a function of crack depth for a large number of internal and external crack configurations was determined by the finite element method (FEM). A novel realistic experimentally based autofrettage model, incorporating the Bauschinger effect, was integrated into the finite element model, replicating both the hydraulic and swage autofrettage residual stress fields (RSFs) accurately. Fatigue lives were evaluated by integrating Paris' Law using the above values of KINmax. The following conclusions can be drawn from the results: hydraulic and swage autofrettage have a dramatic beneficial effect in extending the fatigue life of an overstrained barrel 4–11 times as compared to an identical nonautofrettaged tube. The fatigue life of overstrained barrels is controlled by internal cracking, for barrels overstrained by up to ε = 100% hydraulic autofrettage, by up to ε = 70% in the case of swage autofrettage, and by external cracking for ε = 100% swage autofrettaged. Eliminating or carefully designing stress concentrators on the tube's external face and keeping away from corrosive agents thus, extending the fatigue-crack initiation life of an external crack, enables the increase of the level of swage autofrettage to up to ε = 100%. Swage autofrettage is much more superior to hydraulic autofrettage. The fatigue life of a 70% swaged autofrettaged barrel is 1.5 times higher than that of a 100% hydraulically autofrettaged tube. If full swage autofrettage is permissible, the fatigue life of such a barrel is twofold that of a fully hydraulically autofrettaged tube. Unlike the commonly accepted concept, the level of hydraulic autofrettage should not be limited to 70%, and full hydraulic autofrettage should be used. Similarly, in the case of swage autofrettage, if the detrimental effect of external cracking is removed by proper design and maintenance of the tube's outer surface, the level of autofrettage can be increased to up to ε = 100%, thus, gaining an increase of 33% in the fatigue life as compared to overstraining the barrel to only ε = 70%. Initial crack depth and shape are major factors affecting the fatigue life of the barrel. The deeper the initial crack depth, a0, and the slenderer its shape, a/c→ 0, the shorter the fatigue life of the barrel.
The Effects of Energy Dissipation of the Closure Bolted Joints Under Vibration Behavior
Authors: Cheng Qiang , Xu Wenxiang , Liu Zhifeng , Yang Congbin , Li Ying
Published: August 2020

Bolted joints are widely used in mechanical construction due to their ease of disassembly. When the bolting member is subjected to the alternating load, the pretightening force is gradually reduced, which may cause the interface contact performance to decrease, and the surface may be microslipped. Preload relaxation of threaded fasteners is the main factor that influences the joint failure under normal cyclic loading, but it is difficult to monitor the energy dissipation between the interface of the bolted joint. This paper presents an energy dissipation model for the bolted joint based on two-degree-of-freedom vibration differential mathematical model. The parameters of the model is calculated by using the fractal theory and differential operator method. The efficiency of the proposed model is verified by experiments. The results show that the experimental modal shape agrees well with the theoretical modal shape. According to the change of cyclic load and vibration frequency, the vibration response and the law of energy dissipation under different factors can be obtained. The results show that the vibration frequency and cyclic load are the main factors affecting the energy dissipation between interfaces. The energy dissipation of the contact surface of the bolted joints account for the main part of the energy dissipation of the bolted structure. The results provide a theoretical basis for reducing the looseness of the bolt connection and ensuring the reliability of the equipment.
Feasibility of Wearable Haptic Biofeedback Training for Reducing the Knee Abduction Moment During Overground Walking
Authors: Lindsey Bryndan W. , Xu Junkai , Chiasson David , Shull Peter , Cortes Nelson
Published: August 2020

Gait modifications are effective in reducing the first peak knee abduction moment (PKAM), a surrogate for knee loading. Reliance on 3D motion capture currently restricts these modifications to the laboratory. Therefore, our purpose was to test the feasibility of a novel wearable biofeedback system to train (1) toe-in and trunk lean modifications and (2) combined toe-in and trunk lean modifications to reduce PKAM during overground walking outside of the laboratory. Twelve healthy participants practiced modifications in a university hallway directly after performing five normal walking trials. The wearable feedback system provided real-time haptic biofeedback during training trials to inform participants if they were within the prescribed modification range (7–12 deg greater than baseline). Participants were instructed to move to the next modification only once they felt comfortable and could perform it with minimal errors. Following training, five trials of each modification were immediately performed in the gait laboratory without feedback. All participants successfully modified their foot progression and trunk angle using the wearable system. At post-test, PKAM decreased from baseline by 62%, 55%, and 28% during combined, trunk leanand toe-in gait, respectively. The wearable feedback system was effective to modify participants' foot and trunk angle by the prescribed amount, resulting in reduced PKAM during all modifications at post-test. Participants were also able to perform a combined modification, although it took longer to report feeling comfortable doing so. This study demonstrates that a wearable feedback system is feasible to modify kinematic parameters and train gait modifications outside the laboratory.
Influence of Material Model and Aortic Root Motion in Finite Element Analysis of Two Exemplary Cases of Proximal Aortic Dissection
Authors: Subramaniam Dhananjay Radhakrishnan , Gutmark Ephraim , Andersen Niels , Nielsen Dorte , Mortensen Kristian , Gravholt Claus , Backeljauw Philippe , Gutmark-Little Iris
Published: August 2020

The risk of type-A dissection is increased in subjects with connective tissue disorders and dilatation of the proximal aorta. The location and extents of vessel wall tears in these patients could be potentially missed during prospective imaging studies. The objective of this study is to estimate the distribution of systolic wall stress in two exemplary cases of proximal dissection using finite element analysis (FEA) and evaluate the sensitivity of the distribution to the choice of anisotropic material model and root motion. FEA was performed for predissection aortas, without prior knowledge of the origin and extents of vessel wall tear. The stress distribution was evaluated along the wall tear in the postdissection aortas. The stress distribution was compared for the Fung and Holzapfel models with and without root motion. For the subject with spiral dissection, peak stress coincided with the origin of the tear in the sinotubular junction. For the case with root dissection, maximum stress was obtained at the distal end of the tear. The FEA predicted tear pressure was 20% higher for the subject with root dissection as compared to the case with spiral dissection. The predicted tear pressure was higher (9–11%) for root motions up to 10 mm. The Holzapfel model predicted a tear pressure that was lower (8–15%) than the Fung model. The FEA results showed that both material response and root motion could potentially influence the predicted dissection pressure of the proximal aorta at least for conditions tested in this study.
Wettability Effects on Falling Film Flow and Heat Transfer Over Horizontal Tubes in Jet Flow Mode
Authors: Karmakar Avijit , Acharya Sumanta
Published: August 2020

The performance of a falling-film heat exchanger is strongly linked to the surface characteristics and the heat transfer processes that take place over the tubes. The primary aim of this numerical study is to characterize the influence of surface wettability on the film flow behavior and its associated surface heat transfer in the jet-flow mode. Volume of fluid (VOF) based simulations are carried out for horizontal tubes with different surface wettabilities. The wettability of the tube surfaces is represented using the Kistler's dynamic contact angle model. Surface wettability effects ranging from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic are studied by varying the equilibrium contact angle from 2 deg to 175 deg. Two different liquid mass flow rates of 0.06 and 0.18 kg/m-s corresponding to the inline and staggered jet flow modes are studied. Results are presented in terms of the liquid film thickness, the contact areas between the different phases (solid–liquid and liquid–air), and the heat transfer coefficient or Nusselt number. The resistance imposed by the increasing contact angles inhibits the extent of the liquid spreading over the tube surface, and this, in turn, influences the liquid film thickness, and the wetted area of the tube surface. A significant decrement in the heat transfer rate from the tube surfaces was observed as the equilibrium contact angle increased from 2 deg to 175 deg. The local distributions of the Nusselt number over the tube surface are strongly influenced by the flow recirculation in the liquid bulk.
Instantaneous Optical Measurement of the Temperature at the Interface Between a Wall and a Thin Liquid Film
Authors: Fehring Brian E. , Morse Roman W. , Chan Jason , Dressler Kristofer M. , Hurlburt Evan T. , Nellis Gregory F. , Berson Arganthaël
Published: August 2020

Instantaneous temperature measurements at the interface between a solid wall and a thin, unsteady liquid film are performed using thermoreflectance, a nonintrusive optical technique with high temporal resolution. A laser beam is directed at a wall–liquid interface, and the intensity of the light reflected at that interface is measured by a photodiode. The intensity of the reflected light varies with the index of refraction of the liquid at the wall. The index of refraction is a function of temperature, which enables the instantaneous measurement of the wall temperature. In the presence of thin liquid films, reflections from the liquid–vapor interface at the free surface of the film generate noise in the measurements. We demonstrate that orienting the laser beam at a large incident angle, close to total internal reflection, minimizes noise from the liquid–vapor interface while increasing the sensitivity of the measurement. The thermoreflectance technique is validated in an unsteady two-phase annular flow. Measurements of temperature fluctuations less than 1 K in amplitude are achieved, with an uncertainty of 0.1 K.
Experimental Flow-Induced Vibration Analysis of the Crossflow Past a Single Cylinder and Pairs of Cylinders in Tandem and Side-by-Side
Authors: Neumeister Roberta Fátima , Petry Adriane Prisco , Möller Sergio Viçosa
Published: August 2020

Flow-induced vibration of a single cylinder and two cylinders in tandem and side-by-side configurations is experimentally investigated in this paper in the subcritical regime. The natural frequency of the system varied from 8.8 Hz to 46.2 Hz. The mass ratio, m*, ranged between 158 and 643 while the damping ratio, ζ, between 0.0005 and 0.009. The pairs of cylinders present a spacing ratio of 1.26 (P/D and L/D). In all cases, one and both cylinders (BV) were free to vibrate. Experiments were performed in an aerodynamic channel with a constant height and a variable width, for the evaluation of the influence of the blockage ratio (BR), using accelerometers and hot wire anemometry. The reference velocity, measured at the entrance of the test section was used to calculate the reduced velocity, Vr = U/fnD, with values from 4 to 132 and the Reynolds number between 3 × 103 and 8 × 104. The root-mean-square-values of the displacement amplitudes, Y/D, were obtained through the integration of the acceleration signals. Fourier and continuous wavelets were employed in the analysis. For a single cylinder free to vibrate, the higher amplitudes occur at two distinct reduced velocities, associated with the vibration modes of the cylinder. The vibration amplitude of a single cylinder increased as the blockage ratio increased, decreasing for the highest blockage ratio investigated. For the case of cylinders in tandem, the presence of the fixed cylinder in the wake of the cylinder free to vibrate amplifies the vibration response at high reduced velocities. When the blockage ratio is increased, a sudden increase in the vibration amplitude is observed. When both cylinders are free to vibrate, the relation between the natural frequencies of both cylinders influences the response amplitudes. In the case with two cylinders side-by-side, the vibration amplitude remains similar to a single cylinder, but when both cylinders are free to vibrate, the presence and the influence of flow bistability is observed.
Vorticity Shedding and Acoustic Resonance Excitation of Two Tandem Spirally Finned Cylinders in Cross-Flow
Authors: Alziadeh Mohammed , Mohany Atef
Published: August 2020

The aeroacoustic response of two tandem spirally finned cylinders is experimentally investigated. Three different pairs of finned cylinders are studied with fin pitch-to-root diameter ratios (p/Dr) ranging between 0.37≤p/Dr≤0.74. The spiral fins are crimped similar to those used in industrial heat exchangers. The results of the finned cylinders are compared with bare, circular cylinders with a modified equivalent diameter (Deq). The spacing ratio (L/Deq) between the cylinders are kept constant at L/Deq=2.00. The Strouhal number (StDeq) of the tandem finned cylinders is found to be higher compared to the tandem bare cylinders, resulting in an earlier onset of coincidence resonance. Moreover, unlike the tandem bare cylinders, the Strouhal number of the finned cylinders did not depend on the Reynolds number, suggesting that the flow characteristics around the finned cylinders are unaffected by Reynolds number. Only the tandem finned cylinders with the lowest fin pitch-to-root diameter ratio (p/Dr=0.37) were capable of exciting precoincidence acoustic resonance. The precoincidence resonance mechanism is similar to that observed in in-line tube bundles.
Application of Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics to Reactor Pressure Vessel Using PASCAL4 Code
Authors: Lu Kai , Katsuyama Jinya , Li Yinsheng , Yoshimura Shinobu
Published: August 2020

Probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) is considered to be a promising methodology in structural integrity assessments of pressure-boundary components in nuclear power plants since it can rationally represent the inherent probabilistic distributions for influence parameters without over-conservativeness. To strengthen the applicability of PFM methodology in Japan, Japan Atomic Energy Agency has developed a PFM analysis code PASCAL4 which enables the failure frequency evaluation of reactor pressure vessels (RPVs) considering neutron irradiation embrittlement and thermal transients. PASCAL4 is expected to make a significant contribution to the probabilistic integrity assessment of Japanese RPVs. In this study, PFM analysis for a Japanese model RPV in a pressurized water reactor (PWR) was conducted using PASCAL4, and the effects of nondestructive examination (NDE) and neutron flux reduction on failure frequencies of the RPV were quantitatively evaluated. From the analysis results, it is concluded that PASCAL4 is useful for probabilistic integrity assessments of embrittled RPVs and can enhance the applicability of PFM methodology.
Structured speaker variability in Japanese stops: Relationships within versus across cues to stop voicing
Authors: Tanner James , Sonderegger Morgan , Stuart-Smith Jane
Published: August 2020

A number of recent studies have observed that phonetic variability is constrained across speakers, where speakers exhibit limited variation in the signalling of phonological contrasts in spite of overall differences between speakers. This previous work focused predominantly on controlled laboratory speech and on contrasts in English and German, leaving unclear how such speaker variability is structured in spontaneous speech and in phonological contrasts that make substantial use of more than one acoustic cue. This study attempts to both address these empirical gaps and expand the empirical scope of research investigating structured variability by examining how speakers vary in the use of positive voice onset time and voicing during closure in marking the stop voicing contrast in Japanese spontaneous speech. Strong covarying relationships within each cue across speakers are observed, while between-cue relationships across speakers are much weaker, suggesting that structured variability is constrained by the language-specific phonetic implementation of linguistic contrasts.
A constitutive model for sheared dense suspensions of rough particles
Authors: More R. V. , Ardekani A. M.
Published: August 2020

In a concentrated suspension, particles come into contact due to the presence of asperities on their surfaces. As a result, the contact forces and interparticle friction become one of the important factors governing the rheology of rigid particle suspensions at high concentrations. We show that a load-dependent friction model can be used to reproduce the experimentally observed shear thickening [ST—continuous and discontinuous (DST)] behavior with an increase in the asperity size. Increasing the particle surface roughness size leads to a decrease in the critical shear rate above which shear-thickening takes place, a reduction in the critical volume fraction for DST and an increase in the viscosity jump across non-shear-thickened to shear-thickened regime. In this paper, we propose a constitutive model to quantify the effect of increasing the roughness size on the rheology of dense ST suspensions as well as on the critical shear rate for ST and the critical volume fraction for DST. We fit this model to our simulation data for stress controlled shear flow of dense rough particle suspensions. Once the fitting is complete, these equations are used to predict exact volume fractions and shear stress values for transitions between three regimes on the shear stress-shear rate flow state diagram for different roughness values. The results of this study can be used to tune the particle surface roughness for manipulating the dense suspension rheology according to different applications.
Movement Coordination During Humeral Elevation in Individuals With Newly Acquired Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Finley Margaret A. , Euiler Elizabeth , Hiremath Shivayogi V. , Sarver Joseph
Published: August 2020

Humeral elevation is a critical motion for individuals who use a manual wheelchair given that, in a typical day, wheelchair users reach overhead 5 times more often than able-bodied controls. Kinematic analyses in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) have focused on weight-bearing tasks rather than overhead reaching. This technical report presents shoulder movement coordination during overhead reaching in individuals with newly acquired SCI. Eight volunteers with acute SCI and 8 matched, uninjured controls participated. Three-dimensional kinematics were collected during seated, humeral elevation. Scapular and thoracic rotations during humeral elevation were averaged across repetitions. The linear relationship of scapular upward rotation to humeral elevation provided movement coordination analysis. Maximal elevation was reduced in SCI with increased thoracic kyphosis. Medium to large effect sizes were found at each elevation angle, with reduced scapular external rotation, posterior tilt, and increased thoracic kyphosis for those with SCI. The linear relationship occurred later and within a significantly (P = .02) smaller range of humeral elevation in SCI. Altered movement coordination, including a diminished linear association of scapular upward rotation and humeral elevation (scapulohumeral rhythm), is found with reduced maximal elevation and increased thoracic kyphosis during overhead reaching tasks in those with acute SCI.
Physical Activity Clusters and Income Inequality in Brazilian Adults
Authors: Manta Sofia Wolker , da Silva Kelly Samara , Del Duca Giovani Firpo , Malheiros Luís Eduardo A. , Knebel Margarethe Thaisi Garro , da Silva Andressa Ferreira , Matias Thiago Sousa
Published: August 2020

Background: Income is an important determinant of physical activity (PA) when analyzed in its different domains. Sociodemographic characteristics such as sex, age, education, and marital status reveal distinct population profiles when PA domains are analyzed in isolation. This study aimed to describe clusters of PA in domains within income inequalities and to investigate the associated sociodemographic characteristics of Brazilian adults. Methods: A secondary analysis of the National Health Survey was performed (N = 50,176). PA, sociodemographic characteristics, and family income were investigated. Low- (n = 9504) and high-income adults (n = 6330) were analyzed. Two-step cluster and Rao–Scott chi-square tests were employed. Results: High-income adults accumulated 1.06 times more PA in leisure time compared with low-income adults. Of the 3 clusters observed, the inactive cluster was more prevalent (low-income group: 65.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 64.1–67.5; high-income group: 84.5%; 95% CI, 82.9–86.0). Work/leisure activities (21.2%; 95% CI, 19.8–22.8) and commuting/household activities (12.9%; 95% CI, 11.8–14.1) characterized low-income adults. Work/household activities (10.9%; 95% CI, 9.6–12.3) and commuting/leisure activities (4.6%, 95% CI, 3.9–5.4) characterized high-income adults. Sex (P < .001), age (P < .001), and marital status (P = .0023) were associated with low-income clusters. Conclusion: PA clustering differs within income inequalities. PA in leisure differentiates the opportunities in low- and high-income groups, but it is representative of a very small portion of the wealth.
Large Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction induced by chemisorbed oxygen on a ferromagnet surface
Authors: Chen Gong , Mascaraque Arantzazu , Jia Hongying , Zimmermann Bernd , Robertson MacCallum , Conte Roberto Lo , Hoffmann Markus , González Barrio Miguel Angel , Ding Haifeng , Wiesendanger Roland , Michel Enrique G. , Blügel Stefan , Schmid Andreas K. , Liu Kai
Published: August 2020

Observation of large Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and switching of skyrmion’s winding number induced by chemisorbed oxygen.
Quantifying ecospace utilization and ecosystem engineering during the early Phanerozoic—The role of bioturbation and bioerosion
Authors: Buatois Luis A. , Mángano M. Gabriela , Minter Nicholas J. , Zhou Kai , Wisshak Max , Wilson Mark A. , Olea Ricardo A.
Published: August 2020

Biogenic reworking played a major role in early Paleozoic oceans, and its study helps to constrain paleo-oxygenation models.
Connecting a broad spectrum of transient slip on the San Andreas fault
Authors: Tan Yen Joe , Marsan David
Published: August 2020

Low-frequency and regular earthquakes have similar clustering properties; SSEs and earthquakes follow similar scaling relations.
HVEM signaling promotes protective antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) vaccine responses to herpes simplex viruses
Authors: Burn Aschner Clare , Loh Lip Nam , Galen Benjamin , Delwel Isabel , Jangra Rohit K. , Garforth Scott J. , Chandran Kartik , Almo Steven , Jacobs William R. , Ware Carl F. , Herold Betsy C.
Published: August 2020

Herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D allows viral evasion of protective host ADCC responses by interfering with LIGHT-HVEM signaling.
The XPO6 Exportin Mediates Herpes Simplex Virus 1 gM Nuclear Release Late in Infection
Authors: Boruchowicz Hugo , Hawkins Josiane , Cruz-Palomar Kendra , Lippé Roger
Published: August 2020

The mechanisms that enable integral proteins to be targeted to the inner nuclear membrane are poorly understood. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein M (gM) is an interesting candidate, as it is dynamically relocalized from nuclear envelopes to the
trans
-Golgi network (TGN) in a virus- and time-dependent fashion. However, it was, until now, unclear how gM was directed to the nucleus or evaded that compartment later on. Through a proteomic study relying on a proximity-ligation assay, we identified several novel gM interacting partners, many of which are involved in vesicular transport. Analysis of select proteins revealed that XPO6 is required for gM to leave the nuclear membranes late in the infection. This was unexpected, as XPO6 is an exportin specifically associated with actin/profilin nuclear export. This raises some very interesting questions about the interaction of HSV-1 with the exportin machinery and the cargo specificity of XPO6.
Anatomy of a crustal-scale accretionary complex: Insights from deep seismic sounding of the onshore western Makran subduction zone, Iran
Authors: Haberland Christian , Mokhtari Mohammad , Babaei Hassan Ali , Ryberg Trond , Masoodi Mehdi , Partabian Abdolreza , Lauterjung Jörn
Published: August 2020

The Makran subduction zone has produced M 8+ earthquakes and subsequent tsunamis in historic times, hence indicating high risk for the coastal regions of southern Iran, Pakistan, and neighboring countries. Besides this, the Makran subduction zone is an end-member subduction zone featuring extreme properties, with one of the largest sediment inputs and the widest accretionary wedge on Earth. While surface geology and shallow structure of the offshore wedge have been relatively well studied, primary information on the deeper structure of the onshore part is largely absent. We present three crustal-scale, trench-perpendicular, deep seismic sounding profiles crossing the subaerial part of the accretionary wedge of the western Makran subduction zone in Iran. P-wave travel-time tomography based on a Monte Carlo Markov chain algorithm as well as the migration of automatic line drawings of wide-angle reflections reveal the crustal structure of the wedge and geometry of the subducting oceanic plate at high resolution. The images shed light on the accretionary processes, in particular the generation of continental crust by basal accretion, and provide vital basic information for hazard assessment and tsunami modeling.