bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ways to improve the anticorrosive properties of motor oils used in vehicles
Authors: Alimova Zebo , Akhmatjanov Ravshanjon , Kholikova Nargiza , Karimova Kamola
Published: June 2021

In recent years, increased requirements for protective properties have been imposed on petroleum oils for various purposes. One of the functions of the oil is to protect the surface of parts from corrosion. Corrosion becomes especially intense when the engine is operated in hot, humid climates. In this case, oil plays a double role: on the one hand, it protects the surfaces of parts from the aggressive influence of the external environment; on the other hand, the oil itself is corrosive due to the presence of corrosive substances in it.

Corrosion is especially intensified after the engine is stopped. When it cools, moisture condenses on the parts, the lubricating oil, flowing down from the lubricated surface, cannot protect the metal from corrosion. The reason for the corrosive properties of oils is that they contain organic and inorganic acid peroxides and other oxidation products and sulfur compounds, alkalis, and water.

The purpose of this work is to study and improve the anti-corrosion properties of lubricants. With an increase in temperature, the combined action of oxygen in the air and water present in the lubricating oil causes rusting of the crankshaft, liner walls, cylinders of the internal combustion engine.

We have studied anticorrosive additives as an additive to improve the anti-corrosion properties of oils. Dialkylphenyl orthophosphoric acid additive was used as such additives. The anticorrosive activity of these substances is related to their ability to orient themselves on the oil-water surface so that hydrophilic groups are firmly bound to water while the hydrocarbon radical remains in the oil.
Composite elastomeric materials filled with modified mineral fillers
Authors: Ibadullayev Ahmadjon , Teshabayeva Elmira , Kakharov Bakhadir , Nigmatova Dilnoza
Published: June 2021

In the paper, the influence of modified Angren kaolin on the properties of composite elastomeric materials based on butadiene-styrene rubber has been established that the addition of modified Angren kaolin into rubber mixtures instead of gas pedals, activators and mineral fillers causes intensive connection of sulfur with macromolecules. Adsorbed sulfur on the surface of particles of modified Angren kaolin and its uniform distribution in the composition and formation of the structure with equal force were determined. This effect shows that the modified Angren kaolin in the curing processes accelerates and activates and affects the formation of the curing grid with equal strength and helps distribution throughout the composite. It has been established that introduction of MAK into the composition of elastomers more than 50 wt. % per 100 wt. % of rubber changes technological and technical properties of composite elastomeric materials. The application of modified Angren kaolin instead of the gas pedal, activator of vulcanization and mineral filler in composite elastomeric materials allows making rubber goods of various purposes.
Optimum technological modes of ion implantation and subsequent annealing for formation of thin nanosized silicide films
Authors: Bekpulatov Ilkhom , Turapov Ilkhom , Abraeva Sevara , Normuminov Jakhongir
Published: June 2021

Using the methods of electron spectroscopy and slow electron diffraction, we studied the processes of the formation of nanosized metal silicide films in the near-surface region of Si (111) and Si (100) during low-energy implantation of Ba ions and alkaline elements. The optimal technological modes of ion implantation and subsequent annealing for the formation of thin nanoscale films of silicides were determined. The type of surface superstructures of thin silicide films has been established.
Qualitative and temporal characteristics of electronic document management processes in cargo and commercial operations
Authors: Kamaletdinov Shokhrukh , Tokhirov Nosir
Published: June 2021

The article presents a methodology for determining quantitative indicators of the quality of documents of station commercial reporting SCR. The attributes of the document quality components are described. The relations between the documents are determined, while the direct and indirect relations for subsequent documents are revealed. To quantify the quality of the documents SCR proposed methodology consists of the following stages: determination of quality characteristics of documents SCR; determine the methods and procedures for measuring and evaluating the selected quality characteristics; quantitative assessment of quality characteristics using the proposed methods. To substantiate the adequacy of the research results based on the theory of a dynamic probabilistic loaded graph, a model of a dynamic probabilistic technological process is developed.
Understanding the interactions betweenEimeriainfection and gut microbiota, towards the control of chicken coccidiosis: a review
Authors: Madlala Thabile , Okpeku Moses , Adeleke Matthew Adekunle
Published: June 2021

The gastrointestinal tract in poultry harbours a diverse microbial community that serves a crucial role in digestion and protection. Disruption of the gut environment due toEimeriaspp. parasite infection causes an imbalance in intestinal homeostasis, driving the increment of pathogens such asClostridiumspecies. Coccidiosis infection affects the composition and integrity of gut microbiota, resulting in elevated susceptibility to diseases that pose a serious threat to the overall health and productivity of chickens. Anticoccidial drugs have proven effective in curbing coccidiosis but with concerning drawbacks like drug resistance and drug residues in meat. The exploration of natural alternative strategies such as probiotics and phytochemicals is significant in controlling coccidiosis through modification and restoration of gut microbiota, without inducing drug resistance. Understanding the interaction betweenEimeriaparasites and gut microbiota is crucial for the control and prevention of coccidiosis, and the development of novel alternative treatments.
On optimality and duality in interval-valued variational problem withB-(p,r)-invexity
Authors: Debnath Indira P. , Pokharna Nisha
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we consider a class of interval-valued variational optimization problem. We extend the definition ofB-(p,r)-invexity which was originally defined for scalar optimization problem to the interval-valued variational problem. The necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for the problem have been established underB-(p,r)-invexity assumptions. An application, showing utility of the sufficiency theorem in real-world problem, has also been provided. In addition to this, for the interval-optimization problem Mond–Weir and Wolfe type duals are presented and related duality theorems have been proved. Non-trivial examples verifying the results have also been presented throughout the paper.
Interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit in der Psychosebehandlung
Authors: Jäger Matthias
Published: June 2021

Die Behandlung von Menschen mit psychotischen Störungen erfordert ein eng abgestimmtes Vorgehen von Fachpersonen verschiedener Professionen, um die vielfältigen medizinischen, psychologischen und sozialen Dimensionen zu berücksichtigen, die durch die Erkrankung betroffen sein können. Interprofessionelle Zusammenarbeit (IPZ) geht deutlich über das weit verbreitete multiprofessionelle Nebeneinander der verschiedenen Professionen hinaus. Die IPZ strebt eine multiperspektivische gemeinsame Behandlungsplanung unter Einbezug der Kernkompetenzen der einzelnen Professionen an. Die Fachpersonen im interprofessionellen Team agieren in einem komplexen und dynamischen Handlungsfeld und können so in Ergänzung zu ihren fachspezifischen auch kooperative Kompetenzen (u. a. Kommunikation, Teamarbeit, Organisation, Arbeitsteilung, Gruppendynamik, Konfliktfähigkeit, Wertschätzung, Macht, gemeinsames Lernen und Führen) erlernen und weiterentwickeln. Diese Kompetenzen sind für die IPZ essenziell, in den Aus- und Weiterbildungscurricula jedoch unterrepräsentiert.
Spielen, lernen, verstehen – Frühkindliches Spielverhalten
Authors: Bonhoeffer Templeton Jessica , Jenni Oskar
Published: June 2021

Jedes gesunde Kind verbringt die meiste wache Zeit spielend. Dabei ist weniger das erreichte Ziel oder Produkt wichtig, sondern vor allem die Erfahrung im Moment des Erlebens. Damit hat das Spiel eine außerordentlich wichtige Bedeutung für das kindliche Leben.
Tagesklinische Versorgungsstruktur zur Komplextherapie der Adipositas III°
Authors: Seoudy Anna Katharina , Beckmann Alexia , Wietzke-Braun Perdita , Settgast Ute , Ziegenbruch Ursula , Türk Kathrin , Hartmann Katharina , Brandes Juliane , Schulte Dominik Maria , Wehkamp Kai , Trettow Marc , Schreiber Stefan , Laudes Matthias
Published: June 2021

Hintergrund Die konservativen Behandlungsmöglichkeiten der Adipositas III° (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) sind limitiert, da flächendeckend eine adäquate Versorgungsstruktur nicht vorgehalten wird. Am Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, wurde 2018 eine Tagesklinik zur Komplextherapie der Adipositas III° eingerichtet mit Sicherung der Finanzierung durch die Kostenträger über Tagessätze gemäß Krankenhausentgeltgesetz.

Methode Von 201 Adipositaspatienten, die sich von Juni 2018 bis Mai 2020 vorstellten, wurde die Tagesklinikbehandlung analysiert und zusätzlich wurde das Körpergewicht ein Jahr später ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse Die Komplextherapie fand in wöchentlichen Behandlungseinheiten über 26 Wochen statt. 170 von 201 Patienten haben die Behandlung komplettiert, entsprechend einer Adhärenzquote von 84,6 %. Das mediane Alter betrug 46 Jahre. Die Mehrheit der Patienten war weiblichen Geschlechts (64,7 %). In der Gruppe der Responder (≥ 10 % Gewichtsreduktion) betrug die absolute Gewichtsabnahme 27,1 kg entsprechend etwa 20 %. Auch die Non-Responder (< 10 %) konnten ihr Körpergewicht um 8,8 kg reduzieren; in dieser Gruppe fand sich ein signifikant höherer Frauenanteil (81,3 % vs. 60,9 %, p = 0,039). Responder und Non-Responder unterschieden sich hinsichtlich des Bauch- und Hüftumfangs sowie der Fettmasse (p-Wert jeweils < 0,001). Am Therapieende wiesen die Responder niedrigere Triglyzerid- (p = 0,019) und HbA1c-Konzentrationen (p = 0,030) auf. Ein Jahr nach Beginn der Komplextherapie imponierte eine stabile Gewichtsreduktion in beiden Gruppen.

Schlussfolgerung Die teilstationäre Adipositas-Komplextherapie in einer internistischen Tagesklinik stellt eine effektive Methode zur anhaltenden Gewichtsreduktion von Patienten mit Adipositas III° dar.
Artrodesis de cuatro esquinas: Análisis comparativo de técnica abierta versus técnica percutánea con asistencia artroscópica
Authors: Cifras José Luis , Azócar Camila , Bernal Nazira , Sanhueza Miguel , Liendo Rodrigo
Published: June 2021

Introducción La artrodesis de cuatro esquinas es una técnica de salvataje para los pacientes con artrosis avanzada del carpo. Los objetivos quirúrgicos son disminuir el dolor y mantener cierto movimiento de la muñeca. En el último tiempo, se han descrito técnicas percutáneas con asistencia artroscópica que han logrado resultados favorables, a pesar de que la técnica abierta sigue siendo el gold estándar para realizar esa técnica quirúrgica.

Objetivo Comparar resultados funcionales y radiológicos en pacientes con muñecas con colapso avanzado escafolunar (scapholunate advanced collapse, SLAC) o colapso avanzado en la pseudoartrosis del escafoides (scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse, SNAC) operados con técnica quirúrgica abierta versus técnica percutánea con asistencia artroscópica.

Materiales y Métodos Estudio retrospectivo tipo caso-control, de fichas clínicas e imagenología de pacientes con artrosis avanzada del carpo operados con técnica percutánea y asistencia artroscópica y cirugía abierta. Se estudian variables demográficas, dolor mediante la Escala Visual Analógica (EVA), función en rangos de movilidad, tiempo de consolidación, y corrección del ángulo capitolunar. Se describe la técnica quirúrgica de la cirugía abierta y la cirugía percutánea con asistencia artroscópica.

Resultados Se estudiaron 22 pacientes del sexo masculino con edad promedio de 32,5 años. Había 13 pacientes en el grupo de casos (técnica percutánea con asistencia artroscópica) y 9 pacientes en el grupo de controles (técnica abierta). El dolor en la EVA al momento del egreso hospitalario fue de 3 para los casos y de 5 para los controles (p = 0,008), y a los 30 días del postoperatorio, fue de 0 y 3 respectivamente (p = 0,00). Los rangos de extensión y flexión fueron de 52,6° y 38,7° para los casos y de 35,7° y 32,4° para los controles (p = 0,1119 y 0,0016, respectivamente). El ángulo capitolunar fue de 10° para los controles y de 5° para los casos (p = 0,0008). El tiempo de consolidación fue de 8,8 semanas para los casos y de 12,5 semanas para los controles (p = 0,039).

Discusión Tanto la técnica percutánea con asistencia artroscópica cuanto la cirugía abierta para realizar una artrodesis de cuatro esquinas son técnicas reproducibles y efectivas en lograr consolidación, disminución del dolor, y mantenimiento de rangos de movimiento en la muñeca.

Conclusión En el presente trabajo se demuestran mejores promedios de los parámetros evaluados con la técnica percutánea que con la cirugía abierta; sin embargo, es necesario realizar estudios prospectivos para realizar una recomendación con respecto a la técnica quirúrgica de elección.
Corrección de La Altura Patelar En Inestabilidad Rotuliana
Authors: Díaz Pedro , Colmenares Oscar , Figueroa David
Published: June 2021

El manejo de la inestabilidad patelofemoral se basa en una adecuada evaluación de alteraciones anatómicas predisponentes. Patela alta es una de las causas más importantes de inestabilidad objetiva. La alteración biomecánica que ésta produce puede conducir a luxación patelar recurrente, dolor y cambios degenerativos focales. El examen físico es fundamental en la toma de decisiones. La evaluación imagenológica ha evolucionado desde métodos basados en radiografía hacia mediciones en resonancia magnética, que permiten una orientación más acabada de la relación existente entre la rótula y la tróclea femoral. El tratamiento se fundamenta en la corrección selectiva de los factores causales, donde la osteotomía de descenso de la tuberosidad anterior de la tibia y la reconstrucción del ligamento patelofemoral medial son herramientas que deben considerarse racionalmente. Este artículo realiza una revisión de la literatura, otorgando los fundamentos quirúrgicos que explican la importancia del tratamiento específico de patela alta en inestabilidad rotuliana.
Retrograde Approach for Intra-arterial Chemotherapy Delivery in Retinoblastoma
Authors: Saal-Zapata Giancarlo , Durand Walter , Ramos Alfredo , Cordero Raúl , Rodríguez Rodolfo
Published: June 2021

Intra-arterial chemotherapy (IAC) is currently, the first-line treatment for retinoblastomas with successful cure rates. In difficult access or unsuccessful catheterization of the ophthalmic artery (OA), the middle meningeal artery is a second alternative followed by the Japanese technique using balloon. Nevertheless, when a well-developed posterior communicating artery is present, a retrograde approach to the OA through this vessel can be performed to deliver the chemotherapeutic drugs.

We present a case of an unsuccessful catheterization of the OA through the internal carotid artery due to a challenging configuration of the OA/carotid siphon angle and describe an alternative form of navigation and catheterization through the posterior circulation.

To our knowledge, this is the third report of a successful retrograde catheterization of the OA for IAC and constitutes an alternative route to deliver chemotherapy.
Resurgence of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: Case Series and Global Epidemiological Trends
Authors: Srivastava Kavita , Agarwal Ekta , Rajadhyaksha Surekha
Published: June 2021

Resurgence of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)—case series and global epidemiological trends. We noted a recent increase in cases of SSPE admitted in our institute, even though they had received measles vaccination. We did a detailed study of our cases and compared with global epidemiological trends of SSPE in preimmunization and era of developed immunity. Out of total 23 cases of SSPE, 12 presented in the year 2017 alone, reflecting a steep rise in incidence. Sixteen patients had received measles vaccine and never had prior measles infection. Mean age of onset was 8.2 years and average time of progression to advanced stage of disease was 65 days. Global data showed similar trends, that is, earlier age of onset with a faster rate of progression in the postvaccination era as compared with prevaccine era. Possible mechanisms to account for this trend include an early wild measles infection in the critical age of 6 to 9 months, before vaccination. There is a changing epidemiological trend of SSPE in terms of lower age of onset and faster rate of progression, also reflected in global data. There is a need for multicenter studies to verify the findings and explore possible measures like lowering the age of measles vaccination to halt this alarming trend.
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis Following Campylobacter jejuni Infection in a 12-Year-Old Girl
Authors: Camelo Ingrid Yolanda , Rana Mandeep , Cooper Ellen Rae
Published: June 2021

We reported a case of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in a 12-year-old girl shortly after developing fever and vomiting, and ultimately found to have Campylobacter jejuni by antigen detection and conventional stool culture. Campylobacter jejuni has been associated with peripheral demyelinating diseases including Guillain–Barre's syndrome, but it has not been previously implicated in central demyelination in children. The clinical description and review of the literature are included here.
Women with Hemophilia: Case Series of Reproductive Choices and Review of Literature
Authors: Lalezari Shadan , Barg Assaf A. , Dardik Rima , Luboshitz Jacob , Bashari Dalia , Avishai Einat , Kenet Gili
Published: June 2021

Aim Very little is known regarding reproductive choices, pregnancy, and delivery of women with moderate to severe hemophilia. Our aim was to describe our experience with three hemophiliac women and their journey to achieve motherhood.

Methods Medical charts of women with moderate to severe hemophilia A treated at our center were evaluated. Data regarding choices of conception, pregnancy course, mode of delivery, and pregnancy outcomes were obtained.

Results Three women are presented. Whereas patient 1 chose to adopt her first child and later had twins through egg donations and a surrogate mother, patient 2 underwent spontaneous pregnancy and delivered via cesarean section. Patient 3 preferred in vitro fertilization and preimplantation genetic diagnosis to avoid hemophilia and hemophilia carriership in her offspring.

Conclusion The appropriate means to achieve parenthood for women with moderate to severe hemophilia should be individualized and requires support of a comprehensive multidisciplinary team.
Pulmonary Artery Pseudoaneurysm with Recurrent Massive Haemoptysis: Endovascular Management by a Covered Stent
Authors: Choh Naseer A. , Amreen Saika , Hamid Mudasir , Nazir Imran
Published: June 2021

Pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm (PAPA) is a potentially fatal, albeit rare cause of hemoptysis. With a varied etiology and debatable management, time is the essence in its treatment. We present a case of a post lobectomy PAPA with recurrence of malignancy, managed via endovascular approach in a low resource setting where an ideal hardware was not available.
Assessing the leeway of state-led strategic communication abroad: a comparison of news coverage on Austria, Germany, and Switzerland in Arabic
Authors: Häuptli Andrea , Vogler Daniel
Published: June 2021

Public diplomacy programmes with the goal to enhance a country’s reputation and image abroad have become wide-spread practice, also among small states with little geopolitical relevance. News media offer one of the most important platforms of their implementation. But do small states have the leeway to successfully implement their communication strategies on a global scale? Are media-based public diplomacy strategies even an option for those cases? This study assesses these questions based on international media resonance of states. Relating to the theoretical approach of country news value literature, a comparative research design is implemented. It analyses news coverage on the three German-speaking countries Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, performing a multi-level automated text analysis of 11,513 news media articles in Arabic. In accordance with existing empirical and theoretical contributions, it is shown that high-status states have more resonance-based leeway. Nevertheless, media resonance-based leeway of smaller states with lower status is caused differently, i.e. by their political, rather than their economic or military power.
Factor investing: alpha concentration versus diversification
Authors: Heinrich Lars , Shivarova Antoniya , Zurek Martin
Published: June 2021

Despite extensive research support, the role of diversification in current factor investing strategies remains neglected. This paper investigates whether well-designed multifactor portfolios should not only be based on firm characteristics, but should also include portfolio diversification effects. While the alpha concentration approach mainly considers factor-specific firm characteristics, the diversified approach utilizes covariance estimators in addition to firm characteristics to account for portfolio diversification. The corresponding out-of-sample results show that including an efficient covariance estimator improves the performance of long-only multifactor portfolios compared to the pure alpha concentration approach. A particular advantage of diversified factor investing strategies can be identified in the significant increase in exposure to the low-volatility factor represented by firm characteristics with high informational content. No significant performance differences are observed for long-short portfolios where the factor exposures of the alpha concentration and diversification approaches are similar with respect to the low-volatility factor.
Reduction of dimerization tendency due to the decrease in hybridization index by inclusion of 4s and 4p semicore states as valence states in Mon (n = 2 − 18) clusters: A first-principles study
Authors: Gong Zhao-ye , Sun Zhi-qiang , Ding Yan-wen , Zhang Shuai , Lv Zhen-long , Wang Xiao-fei , Li Li-ben , Li Hai-sheng
Published: June 2021

Owing to the unique structural, electronic, and physico-chemical properties, molybdenum clusters are expected to play an important role in future nanotechnologies. However, their ground states are still under debate. In this study, the crystal structure analysis by particle swarm optimization (CALYPSO) approach is used for the global minimum search, which is followed by first-principles calculations, to detect an obvious dimerization tendency in Mon (n = 2−18) clusters when the 4s and 4p semicore states are not regarded as the valence states. Further, the clusters with even number of atoms are usually magic clusters with high stability. However, after including the 4s and 4p electrons as valence electrons, the dimerization tendency exhibits a drastic reduction because the average hybridization indices Hsp, Hsd, and Hpd are reduced significantly. Overall, this work reports new ground states of Mon (n=11, 14, 15) clusters and proves that semicore states are essential for Mon clusters.
Dimension-controllable and photo-responsive supramolecular organic framworks through cucurbit[8]uril-based self-assembly
Authors: Wang Jie , Li You , Hai Zi-juan , Yan Yang-yang , Hua Zan , Wang Zhong-kai , Yang Guang
Published: June 2021

Dimension-controllable supramolecular organic frameworks (SOFs) with aggregation-enhanced fluorescence are hierarchically fabricated through the host-guest interactions of cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]) and coumarin-modified tetraphenylethylene derivatives (TPEC). The three-dimensional layered SOFs could be constructed from the further stacking of two-dimensional mono-layered structures via simply regulating the self-assembly conditions including the culturing time and concentration. Upon light irradiation under the wavelength of 365 nm, the photodimerization of coumarin moieties occurred, which resulted in the transformation of the resultant TPECn/CB[8]4n two-dimensional SOFs into robust covalently-connected 2D polymers with molecular thickness. Interestingly, the supramolecular system of TPECn/CB[8]4n exhibited intriguing multicolor fluorescence emission from yellow to blue in the time range of 0−24 h at 365 nm irradiation, possessing potential applicability for photochromic fluorescence ink.
Structural effect on electron impact decomposition of 1,3- and 1,4-cyclohexane dinitrites
Authors: Qin Tai , Xue Jun-fei , Zu Lily
Published: June 2021

Alkyl dinitrites have attracted attention as an important type of nitrosating agent and a pollution source in atmosphere. The reactivity and chemistry of alkyl dinitrites induced by the two ONO functional groups are relatively unknown. In this work, decompositions of 1,3- cyclohexane dinitrite and 1,4-cyclohexane dinitrite are studied by electron impact ionization mass spectroscopy (EI-MS). Apart from NO+ (m/z=30), fragment ions m/z=43 and 71 are the most abundant for the 1,3-isomer. On the other hand, fragments m/z=29, 57, 85, and 97 stand out in the EI-MS spectrum of 1,4-isomer. Possible dissociation mechanisms of the two dinitrites are proposed by theoretical calculations. The results reveal that the ring-opening of 1,3-cyclohexane dinitrite mainly starts from the intermediate ion (M-NO)+ by cleavage of two αC-βC bonds. For 1,4-cyclohexane dinitrite, in addition to the decomposition via intermediate (M-NO)+, cleavage of βC-βC bonds can occur directly from the parent cation M+. The results will help to understand the structural related chemistry of alkyl dinitrites in atmosphere and in NO transfer process.
Kinetics study on reaction of atenolol with singlet oxygen by directly monitoring the 1O2 phosphorescence
Authors: Wang Chen , Xiong Ming-chen , Zhao Xuan , Liu Kun-hui
Published: June 2021

The pharmaceutically active compound atenolol, a kind of β-blockers, may result in adverse effects both for human health and ecosystems if it is excreted to the surface water resources. To effectively remove atenolol in the environment, both direct and indirect photodegradation, driven by sunlight play an important role. Among indirect photodegradation, singlet oxygen (1O2), as a pivotal reactive species, is likely to determine the fates of atenolol. Nevertheless, the kinetic information on the reaction of atenolol with singlet oxygen has not been well investigated and the reaction rate constant is still ambiguous. Herein, the reaction rate constant of atenolol with singlet oxygen is investigated directly through observing the decay of the 1O2 phosphorescence at 1270 nm. It is determined that the reaction rate constant between atenolol and 1O2 is 7.0×105 (mol/L)−1·s−1 in D2O, 8.0×106 (mol/L)−1·s−1 in acetonitrile, and 8.4×105 (mol/L)−1·s−1 in EtOH, respectively. Furthermore, the solvent effects on the title reaction were also investigated. It is revealed that the solvents with strong polarity and weak hydrogen donating ability are suitable to achieve high rate constant values. These kinetics information on the reaction of atenolol with singlet oxygen may provide fundamental knowledge to the indirect photodegradation of β-blockers.
Enhanced photovoltage for inverted perovskite solar cells using delafossite CuCrO2 hole transport material
Authors: Shan Xue-yan , Tong Bin , Wang Shi-mao , Zhao Xiao , Dong Wei-wei , Meng Gang , Deng Zan-hong , Shao Jing-zhen , Tao Ru-hua , Fang Xiao-dong
Published: June 2021

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) has been widely adopted as hole transport material (HTM) in inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs), due to high optical transparency, good mechanical flexibility, and high thermal stability; however, its acidity and hygroscopicity inevitably hamper the long-term stability of the PSCs and its energy level does not match well with perovskite materials with a relatively low open-circuit voltage. In this work, p-type delafossite CuCrO2 nanoparticles synthesized through hydrothermal method was employed as an alternative HTM for triple cation perovskite [(FAPbI3)0.87(MAPbBr3)0.13]0.92(CsPbI3)0.08 (possessing better photovoltaic performance and stability than conventional CH3NH3PbI3) based inverted PSCs. The average open-circuit voltage of PSCs increases from 908 mV of the devices with PEDOT:PSS HTM to 1020 mV of the devices with CuCrO2 HTM. Ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy demonstrates the energy band alignment between CuCrO2 and perovskite is better than that between PEDOT:PSS and perovskite, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicates CuCrO2-based PSCs exhibit larger recombination resistance and longer charge carrier lifetime than PEDOT:PSS-based PSCs, which contributes to the high VOC of CuCrO2 HTM-based PSCs.
Complementarity vs coordinate transformations: Mapping between pseudo-Hermiticity and weak pseudo-Hermiticity
Authors: Saidani Samira , Yahiaoui Sid-Ahmed
Published: June 2021

We investigate in this paper the concept of complementarity, introduced by Bagchi and Quesne [Phys. Lett. A 301, 173 (2002)], between pseudo-Hermiticity and weak pseudo-Hermiticity in a rigorous mathematical viewpoint of coordinate transformations when a system has a position-dependent mass. We first determine, under the modified-momentum, the generating functions identifying the complexified potentials V±(x) under both concepts of pseudo-Hermiticity η̃+ (respectively, weak pseudo-Hermiticity η̃−). We show that the concept of complementarity can be understood and interpreted as a coordinate transformation through their respective generating functions. As a consequence, a similarity transformation that implements coordinate transformations is obtained. We show that the similarity transformation is set up as a fundamental relationship connecting both η̃+ and η̃−. A special factorization η+=η−†η− is discussed in the constant mass case, and some Bäcklund transformations are derived.
Neuromorphic encoding of image pixel data into rate-coded optical spike trains with a photonic VCSEL-neuron
Authors: Hejda Matěj , Robertson Joshua , Bueno Julián , Alanis Juan Arturo , Hurtado Antonio
Published: June 2021

Driven by the increasing significance of artificial intelligence, the field of neuromorphic (brain-inspired) photonics is attracting increasing interest, promising new, high-speed, and energy-efficient computing hardware for key applications in information processing and computer vision. Widely available photonic devices, such as vertical-cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs), offer highly desirable properties for photonic implementations of neuromorphic systems, such as high-speed and low energy operation, neuron-like dynamical responses, and ease of integration into chip-scale systems. Here, we experimentally demonstrate encoding of digital image data into continuous, rate-coded, up to GHz-speed optical spike trains with a VCSEL-based photonic spiking neuron. Moreover, our solution makes use of off-the-shelf fiber-optic components with operation at telecom wavelengths, therefore making the system compatible with current optical network and data center technologies. This VCSEL-based spiking encoder paves the way toward optical spike-based data processing and ultrafast neuromorphic vision systems.
Phase-field crack analysis using estimated transition zone of crack by molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Satake K. , Okada K. , Muramatsu M.
Published: June 2021

We calculate the parameter that governs the width of the transition zone by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and use it in a phase-field crack (PFC) simulation with the mechanical properties of iron. First, a quantitative evaluation of intactness is conducted by examining the change in atomic conformation induced by crack propagation, whose numerical data are taken from the result of the MD simulation. The spatial distribution of the intactness is fitted to the same function as the damage parameter in the PFC model, namely, an exponential function, by the least-squares method. From this distribution, the transition zone parameter is estimated. The result of the PFC simulation using this newly determined transition zone parameter is discussed in terms of the crack path by comparison with the result of crack propagation analysis based on the MD simulation.
Conducting Educational Research
Authors: Grimes Alisa , Schrode Nicole , Stober Rebecca , Wachowski Shannon
Published: June 2021

This chapter is designed to introduce my journey into research, walk you through the process I have found successful in conducting educational research in the classroom, and give examples of what facets of this process look like in our classrooms. A step-by-step process of ideating and designing an educational research study is detailed, along with methods for collecting and analyzing data and sharing findings. Through educational research, periphery professional development and a real sense of professionalism within the teaching field can be achieved.
Empowering Students
Authors: Grimes Alisa , Schrode Nicole , Stober Rebecca , Wachowski Shannon
Published: June 2021

This chapter discusses the importance of student empowerment and provides instructions for how to create a learning environment in which empowerment can grow, including establishing a classroom culture in which discussion, metacognition and reflection, student input, and active learning are valued and cultivated. Discussion questions are also provided at the end of the chapter to guide your thinking, whether individually or with colleagues.
Becoming an Agent of Change
Authors: Grimes Alisa , Schrode Nicole , Stober Rebecca , Wachowski Shannon
Published: June 2021

This chapter explores what it means to be a teacher change agent. The difference between a teacher leader and a teacher change agent is discussed. Not only are change agents leaders in their classrooms and schools, but they also play a part in initiating and enacting educational change. Characteristics of teacher change agents are presented along with resources, such as the Teacher Change Agent Scale. Educators can use these tools to evaluate their initial capacity to be a teacher change agent as well as start contemplating and taking steps toward becoming a teacher change agent. Discussion questions are provided for use in individual learning or with a professional learning community.
Tumors overcome the action of the wasting factor ImpL2 by locally elevating Wnt/Wingless
Authors: Lee Jiae , Ng Katelyn G.-L. , Dombek Kenneth M. , Eom Dae Seok , Kwon Young V.
Published: June 2021

Significance

The cancer-derived cachectic factors induce wasting in the patient’s tissues, including muscle and adipose tissue. If cancers were to be equally affected by the cachectic factors, they must be wasted away. Nevertheless, cancers appear to grow during cachexia, suggesting a mechanism for protecting themselves from the cachectic factors. We employDrosophilatumor models to demonstrate that a signaling protein Wingless works locally to protect tumors from the action of the secreted wasting factor ImpL2. Furthermore, we show that Wingless augmentation specifically in muscle could be exploited to attenuate systemic tissue wasting induced by localized tumors. Altogether, our study provides insights into the mechanism by which tumors evade the adverse effects induced by the wasting factors to avoid self-wasting.
High-throughput developability assays enable library-scale identification of producible protein scaffold variants
Authors: Golinski Alexander W. , Mischler Katelynn M. , Laxminarayan Sidharth , Neurock Nicole L. , Fossing Matthew , Pichman Hannah , Martiniani Stefano , Hackel Benjamin J.
Published: June 2021

Significance

Poor protein developability is a critical hindrance to biologic discovery and engineering. Experimental capacity limits variant analysis. We demonstrate the ability of an on-yeast protease assay, a split green fluorescent protein assay, and a split β-lactamase assay to predict recombinant protein production yields in bacteria. The assays presented increase the ability to measure protein developability by more than 100-fold over traditional approaches. Compared to models trained using sequence information alone, the assays are 35% more accurate and require 80% less data to achieve the same prediction accuracy. The assays were evaluated via randomized protein variants within a protein scaffold topology and offer a method to remove the limitation of variant developability quantification.
Turbulence explains the accelerations of an eagle in natural flight
Authors: Laurent Kasey M. , Fogg Bob , Ginsburg Tobias , Halverson Casey , Lanzone Michael J. , Miller Tricia A. , Winkler David W. , Bewley Gregory P.
Published: June 2021

Significance

Although soaring birds spend a significant portion of their lives navigating turbulent environments, the role turbulence plays in their lives is unclear. This holds especially when turbulent air currents fluctuate on similar timescales as avian flight behaviors. Against a backdrop of complicated behavior and aerodynamics, we find that a simple linear model almost fully explains the interactions between an eagle and turbulence, and that this interaction, in turn, almost fully explains the accelerations of the eagle’s body throughout its airborne life. The turbulent nature of the atmosphere is not merely a subtle nuance to which the eagle adjusts but rather a fundamental characteristic that leaves its imprint on all modes of flight.
Candidatus phytoplasma phoenicium.
Authors: Quaglino Fabio
Published: June 2021

Phytoplasmas are wall-less parasitic bacteria living exclusively in plant phloem as consequence of transmission by sap-sucking insect vectors (Lee et al., 2000); they have been associated with several hundred plant diseases. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium' (CaPphoe), subgroup 16SrIX-B, is the aetiological agent of almond witches'-broom (AlmWB), a severe disease affecting almond, peach and nectarine trees in Lebanon and Iran. The first epidemics of AlmWB occurred in almond trees in Lebanon in the early 1990s and in Iran in 1995. In Lebanon, the disease rapidly spread from coastal to high mountainous areas, killing almost 150,000 trees over a period of 15 years. CaPphoe was first added to the EPPO Alert List in 2001 and removed from the list in 2006. The more recent rapid spread of CaPphoe in peach and nectarine orchards and in other plant hosts, along with the identification of efficient insect vectors, increased the alarm about the risk it poses for stone fruit production in the Middle East and in all the countries of the Mediterranean basin. Thus it was re-inserted in the EPPO Alert List in 2015.
Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot nematode).
Authors: Eisenback Jonathan D.
Published: June 2021

The root knot nematode species, M. incognita, is the most widespread and probably the most serious plant parasitic nematode pest of tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world (Sasser, 1979). It occurs as a pest on a very wide range of crops. Most estimates of yield loss come from the use of nematicides and it should be noted that these can possibly cause other beneficial growth effects.
Heart rate variability kinetics during different intensity domains of cycling exercise in healthy subjects
Authors: Nascimento Eduardo Marcel Fernandes , do Nascimento Salvador Paulo Cesar , Antunes Diego , Possamai Leonardo Trevisol , Ventura Thiago , Guglielmo Luiz Guilherme Antonacci , Denadai Benedito Sérgio , de Lucas Ricardo Dantas
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to verify the heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate (HR) kinetics during the fundamental phase in different intensity domains of cycling exercise. Fourteen males performed five exercise sessions: (1) maximal incremental cycling test; (2) two rest‐to‐exercise transitions for each intensity domain, that is, heavy (Δ30) and severe (Δ60) domains. HRV markers (SD1 and SD2) and HR kinetics in the fundamental phase were analyzed by first‐order exponential fitting. There were no significant differences in amplitude values between SD1Δ30 (8.98 ± 3.52 ms) and SD1Δ60 (9.44 ± 3.24 ms) and SD2Δ30 (24.93 ± 9.16 ms) and SD2Δ60 (25.98 ± 7.29 ms). Significant difference was observed between HRΔ30 (52 ± 7 bpm) and HRΔ60 (63 ± 8 bpm). The time constant (τ) values were significantly different between SD1Δ30 (17.61 ± 6.26 s) and SD1Δ60 (13.86 ± 5.90 s), but not between SD2Δ30 (20.06 ± 3.73 s) and SD2Δ60 (19.47 ± 6.03 s) or HRΔ30 (56.75 ± 18.22 s) and HRΔ60 (58.49 ± 15.61 s). However, the τ values for HRΔ30 were higher and significantly different in relation to SD1Δ30 and SD2Δ30, as well as for HRΔ60 in relation to SD1Δ60 and SD2Δ60. The kinetics of the autonomic variable (SD1 marker) was accelerated by the increased intensity. Moreover, significant differences were found for the τ values, with faster HRV markers than HR, in both intensities of Δ30 and Δ60, which suggests that these variables indicate distinct and specific cardiac autonomic response times during different intensity domains in cycling.

HIGHLIGHTS

The application of HRV to optimize exercise prescription at different effort intensities is extremely important to obtain assertive and effective results.

Analysis of the kinetic responses of HRV is a useful tool for the evaluation of exercise performance and health status.

A faster kinetics was found for HRV markers in comparison to HR, for both intensities analysed, which suggests that these variables indicate distinct and specific cardiac autonomic response times during different intensity domains in cycling.
A half marathon shifts the mediolateral force distribution at the tibiofemoral joint
Authors: Chen Tony Lin‐Wei , Lam Wing‐Kai , Wong Duo Wai‐Chi , Zhang Ming
Published: June 2021

Runners’ gait patterns vary during a half marathon and influence the knee joint mechanics. Joint contact force is a better estimate of the net joint loadings than external joint moments and closely correlates to injury risks. This study explored the changes of lower limb joint kinematics, muscle activities, and knee joint loading in runners across the running mileages of a half marathon. Fourteen runners completed a half marathon on an instrumented treadmill where motion capture was conducted every 2 km (from 2 to 20 km). A musculoskeletal model incorporating medial/lateral tibiofemoral compartments was used to process the movement data and report outcome variables at the selected distance checkpoints. Statistics showed no changes in joint angles, muscle co‐contraction index, ground reaction force variables, and medial tibiofemoral contact force (p > 0.05). Knee adduction moment at 18 km was significantly lower than those at 2 km (p = 0.002, γ = 0.813) and 6 km (p = 0.001, γ = 0.663). Compared to that at 2 km, lateral tibiofemoral contact force was reduced at 18 km (p = 0.030, Hedges’ g = 0.690), 16 km (p < 0.001, Hedges’ g = 0.782), 14 km (p = 0.045, Hedges’ g = 0.859), and 10 km (p < 0.001, Hedges’ g = 0.771) respectively. Mechanical realignment of the lower limb may be the cause of the altered knee loadings and possibly led to reduced running economy in response to a prolonged run. The injury potential of the redistributed tibiofemoral forces warranted further studies.
The self-organizing impact of averaged payoffs on the evolution of cooperation
Authors: Szolnoki Attila , Perc Matjaž
Published: June 2021

According to the fundamental principle of evolutionary game theory, the more successful strategy in a population should spread. Hence, during a strategy imitation process a player compares its payoff value to the payoff value held by a competing strategy. But this information is not always accurate. To avoid ambiguity a learner may therefore decide to collect a more reliable statistics by averaging the payoff values of its opponents in the neighborhood, and makes a decision afterwards. This simple alteration of the standard microscopic protocol significantly improves the cooperation level in a population. Furthermore, the positive impact can be strengthened by increasing the role of the environment and the size of the evaluation circle. The mechanism that explains this improvement is based on a self-organizing process which reveals the detrimental consequence of defector aggregation that remains partly hidden during face-to-face comparisons. Notably, the reported phenomenon is not limited to lattice populations but remains valid also for systems described by irregular interaction networks.
Track reconstruction of particle interactions in long crystals with large bending
Authors: Rossi R. , Esposito L.S. , Garattini M. , James T.O. , Pesaresi M. , Hall G. , Scandale W.
Published: June 2021

The possibility to deflect hadron beams precisely through angles of multi-mrad is important for several future applications, and magnets are not suitable for this purpose. Crystal channeling provides a means to do this, but is not well studied for such deflections. Measurements of the interactions of charged particles with several cm long crystals with large bending have been obtained by the UA9 collaboration. These crystals have a bending 100 times larger and a length along the beam direction up to 40 times longer than the ones presently used by UA9 in the CERN accelerators. To assess their properties and quality, the crystals have been investigated in the CERN North Area with a Super Proton Synchrotron beam of mixed hadrons at 180 GeV. The UA9 tracking telescope has been adapted to collect data with these particular crystals. A new track reconstruction method is described which was required to obtain the results reported, and has been used in the present study to validate the methodology, so that detailed assessments of future systems can be made.
A global meta-analysis of the effects of plant diversity on biomass partitioning in grasslands
Authors: Wang Chao , Zhang Weiwei , Li Xiaona , Hou Yanhui , Wu Juying
Published: June 2021

The partitioning of belowground biomass (BGB) to aboveground biomass (AGB) is commonly described as the root-to-shoot ratio (R/S). Although a number of studies have shown that biodiversity can influence AGB and BGB in grasslands at the local and global scale, the global-scale patterns reflecting how plant diversity affects R/S and the factors controlling such effects remain unclear. In this study, we explored the global patterns and associated drivers of biomass partitioning responding to plant diversity by conducting a meta-analysis of 333 observations from 30 studies in grasslands worldwide. Overall, plant diversity significantly increased AGB, BGB, and total biomass, whereas significantly decreased R/S. The effects of plant diversity on biomass partitioning varied with experimental types. The effect size for AGB and BGB in the field was larger than in greenhouse experiments, but the effect size for R/S did not significantly differ between field and greenhouse experiments. Moreover, there was no significant relationship between R/S and species richness and experimental duration in greenhouse experiments. However, the effect size for AGB, BGB, and R/S increased logarithmically with species richness and experimental duration in the field experiments. Specifically, the effect size for R/S in the field experiments switched from negative to neutral as the species richness and experimental duration increased. Furthermore, the effect size for R/S was positively correlated with complementary effects of BGB, and it increased logarithmically with mean annual temperature (MAT) and precipitation. Structural equation models showed that species richness, experimental duration, and MAT impact R/S indirectly by changing the BGB. Overall, our findings suggest that plant mixtures invest less in BGB than monocultures, and highlight that low investment in BGB will disappear gradually over time as species richness increases.