bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metal Complexation Studies of 1‐(4‐Carboxy‐3‐hydroxy‐N‐methyl phenyl‐ amino methyl) 2‐methyl perimidine
Authors: Patel Umang N. , Singh Arun
Published: March 2012

Aminomethylation of 2‐methyl perimidine was carried out by treating 2‐methyl perimidine with formaldehyde and 4‐aminosalicylic acid. The resultant compound was designed as 1‐(4‐caroxy‐3‐hydroxy‐N‐methyl phenylamino methyl)2‐methyl perimidine. The transition metal complexes of Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+ have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, spectral studies, magnetic moment determination, molar conductivity measurement and antimicrobial activity.
Comparative Study on the Stability of Mn(III) Ion Prepared by Different Methods in H2SO4 and H3PO4 Media
Authors: Ankamwar Balaprasad , Yemul Omprakash , Deshmukh Shashikant
Published: March 2012

The time‐periods required for the % of Mn(III) to disappear from the solution and the half‐life of Mn(III) was studied in 7 mol dm-3 H2SO4 and 7 mol dm-3 H3PO4 media at ambient conditions at three different Mn(III) concentrations viz. 4.98, 1.94 and 1.04 mmol dm-3 using spectrophotometric method. Half‐life periods in the presence of 7 mol dm-3 H2SO4 are more than those in presence of 7 mol dm-3 H3PO4. The time‐periods required for the 1% of Mn(III) to disappear that for H2SO4 medium from 1.94 mmol dm-3, Mn(III) solutions prepared from solid form is about 20 days, 10 days for electro‐generated Mn(III) and 6 days for chemical oxidation method.
Photosensitization Studies in Selected Dyestuffs
Authors: Kumar Vikesh , Tripathi M. R. , Kumar Manish , Shukla Gopal
Published: March 2012

There are various dyestuffs species to produce reactive oxygen such as singlet oxygen O2 and super oxide radicals. Irradiation with sun light in vitro, the dyestuff like benzanthrone, metanil yellow and p‐aminodiphenylamine were found to produce reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen (1O2) and/or superoxide radicals (O2-). However benzanthrone produces detectable amount of 1O2 Although metanil yellow and p‐aminodiphenylamine (p‐ADPA) did not produce detectable amounts of 1O2 under similar conditions. The above dyestuffs are routinely used in textiles, cosmetics, detergents, leather industries as well as food additives. In view of the fact that workers exposed to some of these chemicals during manufacture, pulverization and storage develop edema and even skin cancers in the exposed areas of skin. We believe that activated oxygen species may play a major role in the development of these symptoms.
Multicomponent One‐Pot Synthesis of Substituted Hantzsch Thiazole Derivatives Under Solvent Free Conditions
Authors: Dawane Bhaskar S. , Konda Shankaraiah G. , Kamble Vinod T. , Chavan Sanjay A. , Bhosale Raghunath B. , M. Shaikh Baseer
Published: March 2012

Thiazole derivatives were prepared by one‐pot procedure by the reaction of α‐haloketones, thiourea and substituted o‐hydroxybenzaldehyde under environmentally solvent free conditions.
Determination of HCl and VOC Emission from Thermal Degradation of PVC in the Absence and Presence of Copper, Copper(II) Oxide and Copper(II) Chloride
Authors: Jafari Ahamad J. , Donaldson John D.
Published: March 2012

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) has played a key role in the development of the plastic industry over the past 40 years. Thermal degradation of PVC leads to formation of many toxic pollutants such as HCl, aromatic and volatile organic carbon vapors. Thermal degradation of PVC and PVC in the present of copper, cupric oxide and copper(II) chloride were investigated in this study using a laboratory scale electrical furnace. HCl and Cl- ion were analyzed by a Dionex ion chromatograph and VOCs compounds were analyzed using GC or GC‐MS. The results showed that HCl plus Cl- ion and benzene formed about 99% and 80% respectively in the first step of thermal degradation under air atmosphere. The presence of cupric oxide increases the percentage of short chain hydrocarbons more than 184% and decreases the amount of the major aromatic hydrocarbon and HCl plus Cl- ion to 90% and 65% respectively. The total aromatic hydrocarbon emitted less than when atmosphere was air and difference was statistically significant (Pvalue<0.000)
Synthesis, Characterization and Chelating Properties of Benzimidazole‐Salicylic Acid Combined Molecule
Authors: Patel Kamlesh V. , Singh Arun
Published: March 2012

Aminomethylation (i.e. Mannich reaction) of benzimidazole was carried out by treating benzimidalzole with formaldehyde and 4‐aminosalicylic acid. The resultant compound was designated as 1‐(4‐carboxy‐3‐hydroxyphenyl aminomethyl) benzimidazole (BI‐SA). The transition metal complexes of Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, Zn2+ and Fe3+ of BI‐SA have been prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, spectral studies, magnetic moment determination, molar conductivity measurement and microbicidal activity.
Adsorption of Crystal Violet Dye from Aqueous Solution Using Ricinus Communis Pericarp Carbon as an Adsorbent
Authors: Madhavakrishnan S. , Manickavasagam K. , Vasanthakumar R. , Rasappan K. , Mohanraj R. , Pattabhi S.
Published: March 2012

Carbon prepared from Ricinus Communis Pericarp (RCP) was used to remove a crystal violet dye from aqueous solution by an adsorption technique under varying conditions of agitation time, dye concentration, adsorbent dose and pH. Adsorption is influenced by pH, dye concentration, carbon concentration and contact time. Equilibrium was attained with in 60 min. Adsorption followed both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The adsorption capacity was found to be 48.0 mg/g at an initial pH of 6.8±0.2 for the particle size of 125–250 μm.
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity of Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ Complexes of Benzoic Acid Ligand
Authors: Arunachalam T. , Bhakyaraj R. , Sasi A. K.
Published: March 2012

Metal complex of Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) with benzoic acid have been prepared and characterized by physiochemical methods. On the basis of electronic spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurement in conjunction with infrared spectra, six coordinated octahedral structure have been proposed to all the complexes. The benzoic acid and their complexes have been tested for their antibacterial activity against the bacteria E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Further, the non electrolytic nature of all the synthesized complexes was identified from conductivity measurements.
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of Lactic Acid and Mandelic Acid by Pyridinium Chlorochromate in Aqueous Acidic Medium
Authors: Jain Sapana , Hiran B. L. , Bhatt C. V.
Published: March 2012

Pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) act as two electron oxidant in kinetic studies of the oxidation of lactic and mandelic acid in acidic medium. The influence of several factors such as acidity, salts, solvent composition and temperature on the reaction rate has been studied. The reaction shows first order dependence with respect to [PCC] and [H+]. The various thermodynamic parameters have been evaluated. Products as oxoacids and absence of free radical were confirmed. Suitable reaction mechanism has been proposed.
Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Properties of Schiff Bases Derived from Condensation of 8‐Formyl‐7‐hydroxy‐4‐methylcoumarin and Substituted Triazole Derivatives
Authors: Sanjeev S. Lamani Kumar , Kotresh Oblennavar , A. Phaniband Mohammed Shafi , C. Kadakol Jagannath
Published: March 2012

Two biologically active classes of compounds coumarins and triazoles were employed to form the Schiff bases. The synthesized Schiff base viz., 3‐aryl‐[(1‐isocyano‐4‐methyl‐7‐hydroxycoumarin)]‐5‐methyl‐1,3,4‐triazoline‐2‐one and its substituents were obtained by the condensation of amino group of mono and disubstituted derivatives of 3‐methyl‐5‐oxo‐1,2, 4‐triazoles with 8‐formyl‐7‐hydroxy‐4‐methylcoumarin in alcohol. The characterization were studied by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR and mass spectra. The biological activities of the compounds were assayed against two bacterial via, B. subtilis, E.coli and two fungal strains A. niger, C.albican. The results indicate that the present compounds may serve as better fungicides when compared to bactericides. The synthesized compounds have turned to be wonder compounds possessing antimicrobial properties.
Bioinorganic Relevance of Some Cobalt(II) Complexes with Thiophene‐2‐glyoxal Derived Schiff Bases
Authors: Singh Prashant , Das Shanu , Dhakarey Rajesh
Published: March 2012

Complexes of Co(II) with two new Schiff bases TEAB [2‐hydroxy‐4‐{[2‐oxo‐2‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)ethylidene]amino}benzoic acid] and TEPC [N‐[2‐oxo‐2‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)ethylidene]pyridine‐3‐carboxamide] have been synthesized and characterized with the help of elemental analysis, magnetic, mass, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, IR and electronic spectral data. IR spectra manifest the coordination of the ligand to the metal ion through the carbonyl oxygen, azomethine nitrogen and thienyl sulphur atoms. With the help of electronic spectral data various ligand field parameters were also calculated. All these studies reveal the distorted octahedral Co(II) complexes. Synthesized compounds have also been screened against some micro organisms viz, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus with the help of ‘filter paper disc’ technique. It has been observed that the antimicrobial activities of metal complexes are higher than that of the free ligand.
Progressive Corrosion Study of Metals like Mild Steel, Zinc and Aluminium in an Urban Atmosphere
Authors: Kadiya H. K. , Vashi R. T.
Published: March 2012

Corrosion rate (Progressive) of mild steel (MS), zinc and aluminum have been determined under outdoor conditions of exposure at Valsad (South Gujarat) representing an urban atmosphere. Mild steel (MS), zinc and aluminium plates exposed during November 2005 indicates corrosion rate of 88, 33 and 1.4 mg/sq.dm for one month exposure period and 3668, 968 and 26.1 mg/sq.dm for mild steel, zinc and aluminium respectively for twelve months exposure period. Mild steel panels exposed vertically suffer less corrosion than those exposed at an angle of 45°. The resistivity towards the atmosphere was in the increasing order: mild steel < zinc < aluminium. Corrosion rate of these three metals found more in rainy seasons than the rate of winter and summer season
Antimony Selenide Crystals Encapsulated within Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes‐A DFT Study
Authors: Kuganathan Navaratnarajah
Published: March 2012

The structure and binding energies of antimony selenide crystals encapsulated within single‐walled carbon nanotubes are studied using density functional theory. Calculations were performed on the simulated Sb2Se3 structure encapsulated within single walled nanotube to investigate the perturbations on the Sb2Se3 crystal and tube structure and electronic structure and to estimate the binding energy. The calculated structures are in good agreement with the experimental high resolution transmission electron microscopy images of the Sb2Se3@SWNT. The calculated binding energy shows that larger diameter tube could accommodate the Sb2Se3 crystals exothermically. Minimal charge transfer is observed between nanotube and the Sb2Se3 crystals.
UV Spectrophotometric Method for Determination of Cinitapride in Pure and its Solid Dosage Form
Authors: Thangabalan B. , Prabahar A. Elphine , Kalaichelvi R. , Kumar P. Vijayaraj
Published: March 2012

A new, rapid, precise, accurate and sensitive analytical method was developed for the UV spectrophotometric assay of cinitapride (CTP). The drug obeyed the Beer′s law and showed good correlation. It showed absorption maxima at 260 nm in methanol. The linearity was observed between 5‐40 µg mL-1. The results of analysis were validated by recovery studies. The recovery was more than 99%. The proposed method is the only method available for spectrophotometric determination of the drug. It is simple, precise, sensitive and reproducible and can be used for the routine quality control testing of the marketed formulations.
Corrosion Inhibition by Sodium Gluconate‐Zn2+‐DTPMP System
Authors: Manjula P.
Published: March 2012

The inhibition efficiency of a phosphonic acid, Diethylene Triamine Pentamethylene Phosphonic acid (DTPMP) in controlling corrosion of carbon steel immersed in an aqueous solution containing 60 ppm of Cl- has been evaluated by weight loss method in the absence and presence of Zn2+. The formulation consisting of DTPMP and Zn2+ has excellent inhibition efficiency (IE). A synergistic effect is noticed between Zn2+ and DTPMP. Addition of sodium gluconate (SG) enhances the IE of Zn2+ and DTPMP system. The DTPMP‐Zn2+‐SG system function as a mixed inhibitor as revealed by polarization study. AC impedance spectrum, optical and atomic force micrographs reveal the formation of a protective film on the metal surface. FTIR spectra reveal that the protective film consists of Fe2+‐DTPMP complex, Fe2+‐SG complex and Zn(OH)2.
An Efficient and Convenient Approach to Synthesis of Tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran Derivatives Using Tetrabutylammonium Bromide as Catalyst
Authors: Gurumurthi S. , Sundari V. , Valliappan R.
Published: March 2012

An efficient and convenient approach to the synthesis of 2‐amino‐3‐cyano‐4‐aryl‐7,7‐dimethyl‐5‐oxo‐4H‐5, 6, 7, 8‐ tetrahydro benzo[b]pyran derivatives using tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr) as the catalyst is described. This method provides several advantages such as neutral conditions, high yields and simple work procedure.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Derivatives of 5‐Substituted Indole Dihydropyrimidines
Authors: C. Heda L. C. , Sharma Rashmi , Pareek C. , Chaudhari P. B.
Published: March 2012

P. Biginelli reported the synthesis of functionalized 3, 4 dihydropyrimidine‐2 (1H)‐ones via three component condensation of an aromatic aldehyde, urea and ethylacetoacetate. This multicomponent reaction is of much importance due to excellent pharmacological properties of dihydropyrimidines. In this account, we synthesized some halo substituted indole dihydropyrimidines and evaluated their antimicrobial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by micro dilution technique in Mueller‐Hinton broth. The MICs were recorded after 24 hours of incubation at 37 °C. These results are promising, showing these compounds are biologically active.
Hydro‐chemical Survey of Groundwater of Delhi, India
Authors: Alam Masood , Rais Sumbul , Aslam Mohd
Published: March 2012

The physicochemical parameters and trace metal contents of water samples from Delhi were assessed. A total of 20 water samples were collected from boring, tube well and hand pump and analyzed for the various physicochemical parameters like pH, conductivity, total dissolved solid, total alkalinity, Ca2+ and Mg2+ hardness, chloride ion, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, sulphate and heavy metal contents like Cu, Cr, Cd, Co, Zn and Ni. The results were compared with BIS standards for drinking water. The quality of water samples under study were within the maximum permissible limits. Therefore, the groundwater samples are fit for human consumption without prior treatment.
Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid by 2‐Benzoylpyridine and Pyridoxolhydrochloride
Authors: James A. O. , Oforka N. C. , Abiola O. K. , Ita B. I.
Published: March 2012

The inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid solutions by 2‐benzoylpyridine (2BP) and pyridoxolhydrochloride (PXO) at 303K, 313K and 323K has been investigated using weight loss and hydrogen evolution techniques. 2BP exhibited higher maximum inhibition efficiency (78.99%) than PXO (71.93%). Generally inhibition was found to increase with increasing inhibitor concentration and decreasing temperature. A first order type of mechanism has been deduced from the kinetic treatment of the results and the process of inhibition was attributed to physisorption. The difference in the inhibition behaviour of the two compounds has been explained on the basis of structure dependent electron donor properties of the inhibitors
Removal of Cr(VI) from Aqueous Solution Using Modified Pomegranate Peel : Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies
Authors: Najim Tariq S. , Yassin Suhad A.
Published: March 2012

The present investigation deals with the utilization of modified pomegrenate peel (MPGP) and formaldehyde modified pomegrenate peel (FMPGP) as adsorbents for the removal of chromium Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. A series of experiments were conducted in a batch system to evaluate the effect of system variables. The effect of pH, initial Cr(VI) concentration, contact time, adsorbent dosage and temperature were considered. The optimal pH values of Cr(VI) removal by MPGP and FMPGP were 2.0 and 3.0 respectively. The time required for equilibrium was found to be about 100 minutes. The initial Cr(VI) concentration and adsorbent dosage was found to have large effect on the adsorption of Cr(VI). The maximum uptake capacities were 13.01 and 22.28 mg of Cr(VI) per gram of MPGP and FMPGP respectively. Adsorption kinetic data were tested using pseudo‐first order, pseudo‐second order, Elovich and intra‐particle diffusion models. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption followed a pseudo second order reaction due to the high correlation coefficient and the agreement between the experimental and calculated values of qe.The adsorption may follow intraparticle diffusion as well, due to the highest values of rate constants for the surface adsorption and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models, the higher values of rate constants are related to an improved bonding between Cr(VI) ions and adsorbent particle.The Dubinin‐radushkevich, Freundlich and Tempkin models were the closest fit for the equilibrium data of MPGP and FMPGP.
Studies on Insecticidal Activity of Some Hydroxytriazene Derivatives
Authors: Kumar S. , Garg Meenakshi , Jodha J. S. , Singh R. P. , Pareek Neelam , Chauhan R. S. , Goswami A. K.
Published: March 2012

Nine hydroxytriazenes have been synthesized and screened for their insecticidal activity against one day old Drosophila melanogaster Meig (Fruit fly). Out of all the nine compounds screened, 3‐hydroxy‐3‐n‐propyl‐1‐m‐chlorophenyltriazene is the most active having LC50 values 0.9847 ppm. The least active compound is 3‐hydroxy ‐3‐n‐propyl‐1‐p‐methylphenyltriazene, whose values are 16.52 ppm. In general, the LC50 values range from 3.92 to 5.52 ppm.
Simple UV Spectrophotometric Determination of Rosuvastatin Calcium in Pure Form and in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Gupta Alka , Mishra P. , Shah K.
Published: March 2012

A new, simple and sensitive spectrophotometric method in ultraviolet region has been developed for the determination of rosuvastatin calcium in bulk and in pharmaceutical formulations. Rosuvastatin exhibits absorption maxima at 244 nm with apparent molar absorptivity of 7.2345 ×104 L/mol.cm in methanol. Beer’s law was found to be obeyed in the concentration range of 2‐18 µg/mL. The method is accurate, precise and economical. This method is extended to pharmaceutical preparations. In this method, there is no interference from any common pharmaceutical additives and diluents. Results of the analysis were validated statistically and by recovery studies
Metal Complexation Studies of 1‐(4‐Carboxy‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐phenyl amino methyl) benzotriazole
Authors: Patel P. K. , Dpatel P. D.
Published: March 2012

Aminomethylation of benzotriazole was carried out by treating benzotrialzole with formaldehyde and 4‐aminosalicylic acid. The resultant compound was designed as 1‐(4‐carboxy‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐phenyl amino methyl) benzotriazole. The transition metal complex of Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+, and Zn2+, of 1‐(4‐carboxy‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐phenyl amino methyl) benzotriazole have been prepared. Elemental analysis, spectral studies, magnetic moment determination, molar conductivity measurement and microbial activity of 1‐(4‐carboxy‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐phenyl amino methyl) benzotriazole and its metal complexes were carried out.
Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of Metal Chelates of 5‐(4‐N, N‐Diethylamino sulfonyl phenyl azo)‐8‐hydorxy quinoline
Authors: Patel A. U.
Published: March 2012

4‐N,N‐Diethylamino sulfonyl phenyl amine was synthesized by diazotization and coupled with 8‐hydroxyquinoline. The resultant 5‐(4‐N,N‐diethylamino sulfonyl phenyl azo)‐8‐hydorxy quinoline (DSAQ) was characterized by elemental analysis and spectral studies. The transition metal chelates viz. Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+of DSAQ were prepared and characterized by metal‐ligand (M:L) ratio. IR and reflectance spectroscopy and magnetic properties. The anti fungal activity of DSAQ and its metal chelates was screened against various fungi. The results show that all these samples are good antifungal agents.
Water Quality Assessment of Groundwater Resources in Nagpur Region (India) Based on WQI
Authors: Rajankar P. N. , Gulhane S. R. , Tambekar D. H. , Ramteke D. S. , Wate S. R.
Published: March 2012

Water quality index (WQI) has been calculated for different groundwater sources i.e. dug wells, bore wells and tube wells at Khaperkheda region, Maharashtra (India). Twenty two different sites were selected in post monsoon, winter and summer season. And water quality index was calculated using water quality index calculator given by National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) information system. The calculated WQI showed fair water quality rating in post monsoon season which then changed to medium in summer and winter seasons for dug wells, but the bore wells and hand pumps showed medium water quality rating in all seasons where the quality was slightly differs in summer and winter season than post monsoon season, so the reasons to import water quality change and measures to be taken up in terms of groundwater quality management are required.
Preparation of Biodiesel through Transesterification of Animal Oil and AlcoholUnder the Catalysis of SO42- / TiO2
Authors: Pang Xiu-Yan , You Ting-Ting
Published: March 2012

Biodiesel was obtained through transesterification of animal oil and ethanol under the catalysis of SO42- / TiO2 We have inspected the activation of SO42- / TiO2prepared under different dipping vitriol concentration，baking activation temperature. The optimum conditions to prepare SO42- / TiO2are; dipping vitriol concentration of TiCl4 hydrolysis product is 1.5 mol / L, baking activation temperature for this catalyst takes 500°C. It can guarantee the catalyst has a smaller size and a higher load of vitriol. With animal oil as raw materials, ethanol as transesterifying agent and SO42- / TiO2as catalyst, the influence of reaction time, mass ratio of ethanol to oil and the dosage of catalyst were investigated. Optimum condition to obtain biodiesel was studied through orthogonal experiment, and it is listed as follow: mass ratio of ethanol to oil is 1.5:1.0, dosage of catalyst is 30 g SO42- / TiO2versus per 100 g animal oil, and reaction time is 8.0 h when reaction temperature is controlled as 80°C. The yield of biodiesel is 0.796 g/g under the above condition. SO42- / TiO2can be used as an effective catalyst during transesterification of animal oil and ethanol, and it can be reused
Spectrophotometric Determination of Ceftibuten in Bulk and in Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Vijayalakshmi R. , Bhargavi P. , Kumari P. Srujana , Sruthi P. , Dhanaraju M. D.
Published: March 2012

A simple and cost effective spectrophotometric method is described for the determination of ceftibuten in pure form and in pharmaceutical formulations. The method is based on the formation of blue colored chromogen, when the drug reacts with Folin‐Ciocalteu (F‐C) reagent in alkaline medium. The colored species has an absorption maximum at 798 nm and obeys Beer’s law in the concentration range 10‐50 mcg/mL. The apparent molar absorptivity and sandell’s sensitivity were 0.4583x104 and 0.3x104 respectively. The slope and intercept of the equation of the regression line are 4.5x10-3 and 1.3x10-5 respectively. The optimum experimental parameters for the reaction have been studied and the validity of the described procedure was assessed. Statistical analysis of the results has been carried out revealing high accuracy and good precision. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of ceftibuten in pharmaceutical formulations.
Assessment of Fluoride Content in Ground and Surface Water and its Environmental Impacts at Basavan‐Bagewadi and Muddebihal Taluka of Bijapur District, Karnataka, India
Authors: S. Yadawe M. , D. M. Hiremath SMT , A. Patil S.
Published: March 2012

An investigation was undertaken in 10 villages (28 samples) of Basavan‐Bagewadi taluka and 11 villages (38 samples) of Muddebihal taluka of Bijapur district to assess fluoride and other physicochemical parameters. And also to assess the clinical symptoms like dental and skeletal fluorosis, joint pains and gastrointestinal diseases and to find out the severity of the disease. A check list developed with the help of available literature and in consolation with nutritionists was used to record clinical symptoms. A sample survey was made after examination for both sexes between the age of 8‐50 years at Basavan‐Bagewadi and Muddebihal taluka. Fluoride content varies from 0.40‐6.40 mg/L and 1.10‐7.10 mg/L. However 12 samples were within the range, while 16 samples were above the permissible limits at Basavan‐Bagewadi Taluka where as in Muddebihal taluka all the values are above the permissible limits of WHO respectively. The results show that, out of the 2992 examined 824 (25.89%) people have dental and skeletal fluorosis, 274 (9.15%) people have joint pains, 167 (5.58%) have gastrointestinal discomfort and excessive thirst at different stages in Basavan‐Bagewadi taluka. Among 2696 examined, 812(29.49%) people had dental and skeletal fluorosis, 432 (16.18%) people had joint pains, 415 (15.54%) people had gastrointestinal discomfort and excessive thirst at Muddebihal taluka of Bijapur district.
Ultrasonic Studies of Molecular Interactions in Organic Binary Liquid Mixtures
Authors: Thirumaran S. , Alli T. , Priya D. , Selvi A.
Published: March 2012

The ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity have been measured for the mixtures of 1‐alkanols such as 1‐propanol and 1‐butanol with N-N dimethylformamide (DMF) at 303 K. The experimental data have been used to calculate the acoustical parameters namely adiabatic compressibility (β), free length (Lf), free volume (Vf) and internal pressure (πi). The excess values of the above parameters are also evaluated and discussed in the light of molecular interaction existing in the mixtures. It is obvious that there is a formation of hydrogen bonding between DMF and 1‐alkanols. Further, the addition of DMF causes dissociation of hydrogen bonded structure of 1‐alkanols. The evaluated excess values confirm that the molecular association is more pronounced in system‐II comparing to the system‐I.
A Validated RP‐HPLC Method for theDetermination of Impurities in Montelukast Sodium
Authors: Rashmitha N. , Raj T. Joseph Sunder , Srinivas Ch. , Srinivas N. , Ray U. K. , Sharma Hemant Kumar , Mukkanti K.
Published: March 2012

The present paper describes the development of a reverse phase chromatographic (RPLC) method for montelukast sodium in the presence of its impurities and degradation products generated from forced degradation studies. The drug substance was subjected to stress conditions of hydrolysis, oxidation, photolysis and thermal degradation. The degradation of montelukast sodium was observed under acid and oxidative environment. The drug was found to be stable in other stress conditions studied. Successful separation of the drug from the process impurities and degradation products formed under stress conditions were achieved on an Atlantis dC18 (250 x 4.6 mm) 5 μm column. The gradient LC method employs solution A and solution B as mobile phase. The solution A contains aqueous 0.1% OPA and solution B contains a mixture of water, acetonitrile (5:95 v/v). The HPLC method was developed and validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity and ruggedness.
Emblica Officinalis (Indian Gooseberry) Leaves Extract as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 1N HCl Medium
Authors: Saratha R. , Vasudha V. G.
Published: March 2012

Corrosion inhibition efficiency of acid extract of dry Emblica officinalis leaves for mild steel in 1N HCl medium is investigated in the present study. Experimental methods include weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and impedance studies. The results indicate Emblica officinalis leaves to be a good corrosion inhibitor of a mixed type and having efficiency of 87.9% at 2% v/v inhibitor concentration. Corrosion inhibition may be due to the spontaneous physical adsorption of the plant constituents on the mild steel surface. Experimental data fitted the Langmuir, Temkin, Freundlich and Flory‐Huggins adsorption isotherms.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel Schiff Bases Containing 1,2,4‐Triazole‐3‐thione
Authors: Çalişir M. M. , Koçyığıt-kaymakçioglu B. , Özbek B. , ÖtÜk G.
Published: March 2012

A series of Schiff bases (4a-j) were prepared by reacting 4‐amino‐5‐(1‐phenylethyl)‐2,4‐dihydro‐3H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐thione and substituted aromatic aldehydes. The chemical structures were confirmed by means of UV, 1H NMR, IR, MS(API‐ES) spectral data and elemental analysis. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity. Among the tested compounds, Schiff bases with 4‐OH and 4‐NO2 substituent exhibited remarkable antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganism.
UPLC Method for Simultaneous Separation and Estimation of Secnidazole, Fluconazole and Azithromycin in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
Authors: Yanamandra Ramesh , Chaudhary Avinash , Bandaru Srinivasa Rao , Patro Balaram , Murthy Y. L. N. , Ramaiah Parimi Atchuta , Sastry C. S. P.
Published: March 2012

A novel approach was carried out to develop and validate a rapid, specific, accurate and precise reverse phase ultra performance liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method for the simultaneous separation and quantification of secnidazole, fluconazole and azithromycin in pharmaceutical dosage forms. The developed analytical method is superior in technology to conventional HPLC with respect to time, resolution, solvent consumption and cost of analysis. Elution time for the separation was 10 min and ultra violet detection was carried out at 210 nm. Efficient separation was achieved on BEH C18 sub‐2‐μm UPLC column using 0.002 M Na2HPO4 and acetonitrile as organic solvent in a gradient program. Benzophenone was used as internal standard. Resolutions between secnidazole, fluconazole and azithromycin were found to be more than 4.8. The calibration graphs were linear for secnidazole, fluconazole, benzophenone and azithromycin. The method showed excellent recoveries for all dosage forms. The test solution was found to be stable in diluent for 72 h when stored in the refrigerator between 2 to 8 °C. The proposed UPLC method was validated with respect to linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity and robustness and can be used for the simultaneous estimation of secnidazole, fluconazole and azithromycin in tablet dosage forms available as a combi kit.
[Retracted] DFT Based QSAR Study of Enzyme Ribonucleoside Diphosphate Reductase
Authors: Ansari Mohiuddin , Raza Khan Ahmad Khalid , Ahmad Khan Suhail
Published: March 2012

Quantum chemical descriptors such as heat of formation, energy of HOMO, total energy, absolute hardness and chemical potential in different combinations have been used to develop QSAR models of inhibitors of enzyme ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, RDR. The inhibitors are mainly derivatives of 1‐formylisoquinoline thiosemicarbazone and 2‐formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone. The values of various descriptors have been evaluated with the help of Win MOPAC 7.21 software using DFT method. Multiple linear regression analysis has been made with the help of above mentioned descriptors using the same software. Regression equations have been found to be successful models as indicated by the regression coefficient r2 having the value as high as 0.96 and cross validation coefficient rCV2 having the value approaching 0.95. The value of these two coefficients is indicative of high order of reliability for the proposed prediction. The results obtained are also validated on account of the closeness of observed and predicted inhibitory activities. The best combination of descriptors is heat of formation, total energy and energy of HOMO. Thus the prediction of suitability of inhibitors of the enzyme RDR can be made with the help of the best regression equation.
RP‐HPLC Method for the Determination of Cinitapride in the Presence of its Degradation Products in Bulk Drug
Authors: Roy S. M. N. , Mangaonkar Kiran V. , Desai A. Y. , Yetal Santosh M.
Published: March 2012

A reverse phase HPLC method is described for the determination of cinitapride hydrogen tartrate in the presence of its degradation products in bulk drug. A drug was subjected to all stress conditions such as reduction, oxidation acidic and alkaline medium. Chromatography was recorded on an Intersil ODS‐3 column using mixture of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer, pH adjusted to 6.7 in the ratio (70:30 v/v) as the mobile phase at the rate of 1.0 mL/min with detection at 260 nm. Glimepride was used as internal standard. The retention time of drug cinitapride was 3.8 min and glimepride an internal standard was 2.5 minute. The drug was found to degrade extensively in reduction conditions and mild degradation in the presence of in alkaline, acidic and oxidative but the drug was stable in thermal stress. The method was validated by determining its specificity, linearity, precision and accuracy. The developed method with good separation of all degradation products from drug could be successfully applied for the determination of cinitapride in the presence of its degradation products in the bulk drug. The proposed method is simple, fast, accurate and precise and hence applied for routine quality control of cinitapride in bulk drug. It can be used for analysis of samples during stability testing.
A New Validated RP‐ HPLC Method for the Determination of Nevirapine in Human Plasma
Authors: Kumar C. H. Venkata , Kumar D. Ananth , Rao J. V. L. N. Seshagiri
Published: March 2012

A rapid, selective and sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic method for the estimation of nevirapine in human plasma has been developed. Chromatography was carried out on a Hypersil BDS C18 column using a mixture of ammonium acetate buffer (pH 4.0 ± 0.05) and acetonitrile (85:15 v/v) as the mobile phase. The eluents were monitored for the drug by UV detection at 254 nm. Oxcarbazepine was used as an internal standard for this study. The retention times for nevirapine and oxcarbazepine were found to be 7.2 and 14.7 min respectively. The method was found to be linear in the concentration range of 50 ng/mL to 5003.7 ng/mL. The method was validated as per FDA guidelines and was found to be suitable for bioequivalence and pharmacokinetic studies.
Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Activity of 5‐Arylidene‐3‐(6,7‐dicloro‐1,3‐benzothiazol‐2‐yl)‐phenyl‐3,5‐dihydro‐4H‐imidazol‐4‐ones
Authors: Baldaniya B. B.
Published: March 2012

Some novel 5‐arylidene‐3‐(6,7‐dichloro‐1,3‐benzothiazol‐2‐yl)‐2‐phenyl‐3,5‐dihydro‐4H‐imidazol‐4‐ones (6a-q)have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, NMR, and mass spectra. The products have been evaluated for antibacterial and antifungal activities against different strains of bacteria and fungi.
Quantum Chemical Study on Molecular and Electronic Structures of Methyl and Methoxyl Substituted Cu(II) and Ni(II) Benzoic Acid Hydrazides Ions
Authors: Adeoye I. O. , Odunola O. A. , Oladipo M. A. , Semire B.
Published: March 2012

The electronic structures of model methyl and methoxyl substituted benzoic acid hydrazides of Ni(II) and Cu(II) complexes have been studied both at semi empirical level (PM3). The ortho‐methoxyl is relatively stable which may be due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between methoxyl oxygen and hydrogen on hydrazide (CH30‐‐‐HNNH; 1.817Å for Cu(II) and 1.806∼1.839∼ for Ni(II)). The change in torsion in the complexes affect π‐electrons delocalization (complexes containing π‐electrons system) and consequently affect the band gap which is a measure of electronic properties that control the reactivity of the complexes. The curves for ortho and para methoxyl substituted Cu(II) complexes intercept at 50° and 135°‐144°, this could suggest that both complex ions can co‐exist and react in very similar ways in solution under certain conditions.
Quantum Chemical Studies on the Inhibiting Effect of Bipyrazoles on Steel Corrosion in HCl
Authors: Laarej K. , Bouachrine M. , Radi S. , Kertit S. , Hammouti B.
Published: March 2012

Correlation of the efficacy of some bipyrazoles, N,N-bis(3,5‐dimethyl‐pyrazol‐1‐ylmethyl)‐cyclohexylamine (Bip 1), N,N-bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐ylmethyl)‐ethanolamine (Bip 2), N,N-bis(3,5‐dimethylpyrazol‐1‐ylmethyl) allylamine (Bip 3) and N,N-bis(3‐carboethoxy‐5‐methylpyrazol‐1‐ylmethyl)‐cyclohexylamine (Bip 4), against the corrosion of mild steel in HCl is discussed using density functional approach B3LYP/6‐31G(d) calculations. The bipyrazole inhibitors exhibited the highest inhibition efficiency. The quantum chemical parameters calculated are, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO), the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), the gap energy (ΔE), the dipole moment (μ), the softness (σ) and the total energy (TE).
Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol Blends‐A Rheological Study
Authors: El-Hefian Esam A. , Nasef Mohamed Mahmoud , Yahaya Abdul Hamid
Published: March 2012

Blends of chitosan (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) of different proportions (considering chitosan as the main component) were prepared. The rheological properties of the obtained blend solutions such as the shearing viscosity and the shear stress were investigated as a function of shear rate under various temperatures, shearing times and solution storage times using a digital viscometer. The CS/PVA solutions showed a Newtonian behavior at temperatures in the range of 40‐55 °C regardless of the blend composition. This was accompanied by a general decrease in the viscosity with increasing PVA content in the blend. The heat‐dependant viscosity changes of the blend solutions were found to follow Arrhenius equation. The shearing time was found to have no significant effect on the shearing viscosity of all blended solutions. However, the variation of solution storage period was found to have a mixed effect when time was extended to 3 weeks.
Synthesis and Characterization of Some Ni(II) and Cu(II) Complexes with 2‐[(4‐Aminophenyl)imino]‐1, 2‐diphenyl‐1‐ethanone
Authors: Khalifa K. M. , Hamil A. M. , Gasem A. , Abdulsalam A.
Published: March 2012

The present work deals with synthesis and characterization of the ligand 2‐[(4‐aminophnyl)imino]‐1,2‐diphenyl‐1‐ethanone and their complexes with Ni(II) and Cu(II) ions. The synthesized ligand and its complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, infrared, electronic, nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectra. The metal ligand ratio was found to be 1:1. Square planer geometry for both complexes was suggested.
Inhibition of Aluminium Corrosion in Hydrochloric Acid Using Nizoral and the Effect of Iodide Ion Addition
Authors: Obot I. B. , Obi-Egbedi N. O.
Published: March 2012

The effect of nizoral (NZR) on the corrosion inhibition of aluminium alloy AA 1060 in 2 M HCl solution was investigated using the mylius thermometric technique. Results of the study revealed that nizoral acts as corrosion inhibitor for aluminium in the acidic medium. In general, at constant acid concentration, the inhibition efficiency increases with increase in the inhibitor concentration. The addition of KI to the inhibitor enhanced the inhibition efficiency to a considerable extent. The adsorption of nizoral onto the aluminium surface was found to obey the Fruendlich adsorption isotherm. The value of the free energy for the adsorption process shows that the process is spontaneous.
Synthesis and Characterization of (Z)‐Furan‐2‐carbaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone at Low Temperature
Authors: Abbasi Alireza , Geranmayeh Shokoofeh , Taheri Ali Naghi , Shahroosvand Hashem , Shabani Mohsen
Published: March 2012

The compound, C6H7N3OS, has been prepared and characterized by condensation between thiosemicarbazide and furan‐2‐carbaldehyde and its structure was elucidated by x‐ray analysis (at 150 K), NMR and IR spectroscopy methods (at ambient temperature). It crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c (No. 14), a = 13.5099(3) Å, b = 5.67430(10) Å, c = 23.4755(6) Å, β= 117.367(2)°, V = 1598.20(7) Å3 and Z = 8. The crystal structure was solved and refined to R = 0.0290 with 2942 unique reflections. No significant π‐π interactions are found in the crystal structure. There are C‐H…π interactions and also different weak hydrogen bonds, stabilizing the three dimensional crystal structure.
Biodegradation of Eugenol by Bacillus Cereus Strain PN24
Authors: Kadakol Jagannath C. , Kamanavalli Chandrappa M.
Published: March 2012

Bacillus cereus PN24 was isolated from soil by a conventional enrichment culture method using eugenol as a sole source of carbon and energy. The organism also utilized eugenol, 4‐vinyl guaiacol, vanillin, vanillic acid and protocatechuic acid as growth substrates. The organism degraded eugenol to protocatechuic acid, which was further metabolized by a β‐ketoadipate pathway. On the other hand, the intermediate of the eugenol‐degrading pathway, such as ferulic acid was not detected in the culture medium as an intermediate, as evidenced by isolation and identification of metabolites and enzyme activities in the cell‐free extract. Such a bacterial strain could be used for phenolic environmental clean‐up given optimal nutrient conditions.
Preparation and Characterization of Cyano Complexes of Oxotungsten(IV) with Mannich Base Ligands
Authors: Sharma Mohita , Saleem Mohd , Singh Balgar , Sheikh H. N. , Kalsotra B. L.
Published: March 2012

Oxocyanotungsten(IV) complexes, (Ph3P)2 NH2 [WO(CN)3 L–L]. 3H2O and Cs[WO(CN)3L–L].H2O (where L–L = morpholinobenzyl benzamide (MBB), piperidinobenzyl benzamide (PBB), piperidinobenzyl urea (PBU), piperidinobenzyl thiourea (PBTU), morpholinobenzyl urea (MBU) and morpholinobenzyl thiourea (MBTU)) were synthesized. The complexes have been prepared by the reaction of K3Na [WO2(CN)4].6H2O with morpholinobenzyl urea and related ligands in aqueous solution around pH of 7‐8. These have been isolated as bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium or cesium salts. The complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, UV‐Vis spectra, magnetic susceptibility, conductivity measurements and TGA/DTA studies.
Optimization on Epoxidation of Palm Olein by Using Performic Acid
Authors: Derawi Darfizzi , Salimon Jumat
Published: March 2012

The epoxidation process of palm olein (POo) was carried out by using in situ generated performic acid (HCOOOH) to produce epoxidized palm olein (EPO). HCOOOH was produced by mixing of formic acid (HCOOH) as oxygen carrier and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as oxygen donor in various ratio of POo: HCOOH: H2O2. The effect of HCOOH and H2O2 concentration, temperature, stirring effect and reaction time were studied. The presence of oxirane ring of EPO was characterised by fourier transformation infra‐red (FTIR), proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR and (13C‐NMR) spectra. The results showed that an optimum oxirane oxygen content (OOC) value was obtained by using mol ratio of 1: 5: 2 at 150 minutes.
Water Quality Characterization of Varsity Lake, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Authors: Ashraf M. Aqeel , Maah M. Jamil , Yusoff Ismail
Published: March 2012

Lakes and reservoirs are important sources of water supply, generate electricity and to irrigate fields. Since, lakes act as catchment basins for close to 40% of the landscape so serve as recreational, sporting and fishing activities. Varsity Lake University of Malaya (UM) is beautiful landscape at the front of the UM main entrance. It is used mainly for recreational and sporting (canoeing) activities. Study has been carried out in order to analyze water quality, nutrients and metals load starting from water inlets into the lake basin. It was found that there is high concentration of oil and grease particles in water due to water flow from cafeteria of college 2, engineering and built environment faculties which cause BOD and TSS value to be higher then normal in the lake. It was one of the main factors that caused the death of fish in the lake in recent months. Mercury and nitrate concentration is also high in the lake. A body contact is involved due to sporting and recreational activities so parameters are compared with Malaysian Interim water quality standards and it was concluded that lake water quality is not fulfilling the recreational spot criteria and is hazardous to human and fish life in the lake. Recommendations are proposed for immediate action. Best management practices is also discussed for prevention of oil and grease particles from entry into lake water to protect this valuable water resource from being polluted.
Evaluation of Some Tree Species to Absorb Air Pollutants in Three Industrial Locations of South Bengaluru, India
Authors: Begum Abida , Harikrishna S.
Published: March 2012

With the fast growing and excessive increase in industrial projects in Bengaluru, the level of pollution is also increasing. Metal‐accumulating woody species have been considered for phytoextraction of metal‐contaminated sites. The study examined the air pollution tolerance indices (APTI) of plant species around three industrial areas of south Bengaluru. The physiological and biochemical parameters, which are relative to leaf′s water content (RWC), ascorbic acid content (AA), total leaf chlorophyll (TCh) and leaf extract pH were used to compute the APTI values and three heavy metals were selected (cadmium, lead and zinc) for analysis. The result shows that the most tolerant tree species with respect to ATPI and heavy metal concentration were Ficus religiosa, Azadirachta indica and Pongamia pinnata (L.). These plants can be considered as tolerant species in the industrial areas. The APTI values for remaining species are reported lower and are considered as sensitive species. Further studies on air pollution tolerance index with respect to three industrial areas of south Bengaluru indicated that the air pollution was maximum in Jigani industrial area and minimum in Electronic city.
Synthesis and Biological Activity of Some 3, 5‐Diarylisoxazoline Derivatives: Reaction of Substituted Chalcones with Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride
Authors: Sharma Vandana , Sharma K. V.
Published: March 2012

A series of 3‐aryl‐5‐styrylisoxazoline/ 3,5‐diarylisoxazoline derivatives were synthesized by the reaction of appropriately substituted chalcones and hydroxylamine hydrochloride in presence of alkali in ethanol. The synthesized heterocycles have been characterized on the basis of their chemical properties and spectroscopic data. These compounds were tested for biological activity against a variety of test organisms
Water Quality Assessment of Porsuk River, Turkey
Authors: Yerel Suheyla
Published: March 2012

The surface water quality of Porsuk River in Turkey was evaluated by using the multivariate statistical techniques including principal component analysis, factor analysis and cluster analysis. When principal component analysis and factor analysis as applied to the surface water quality data obtain from the eleven different observation stations, three factors were determined, which were responsible from the 66.88% of total variance of the surface water quality in Porsuk River. Cluster analysis grouped eleven observation stations into two clusters under the similarity of surface water quality parameters. Based on the locations of the observation stations and variable concentrations at these stations, it was concluded that urban, industrial and agricultural discharge strongly affected east part of the region. Finally, this study shows that the usefulness of multivariate statistical techniques for analysis and interpretation of datasets and determination pollution factors for river water quality management.