bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competitive aggressiveness, community banking and performance
Authors: Stambaugh Jeff , Lumpkin G. T. , Mitchell Ronald K. , Brigham Keith , Cogliser Claudia
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop and empirically test a conceptualization of competitive aggressiveness (CA), a dimension of entrepreneurial orientation.

Design/methodology/approach

Structural equation modeling and hierarchical regression are employed on responses from 182 banks in the southwestern US Performance data on the banks are drawn from the US Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's (FDIC's) Call reports.

Findings

The results indicate awareness, motivation and capability are antecedents of CA, which itself is positively related to increased market share and, in more dense markets, profitability.

Practical implications

Aggressive firms exhibit certain routines that can lead to competitive actions, which assists performance in some contexts. Managers who wish to increase (or decrease) their firms' overall competitive posture can encourage (or discourage) employees from performing competitive routines such as monitoring their rivals or talking about their rivals' strategies.

Originality/value

By developing CA' conceptualization, the study advances the understanding of the antecedents of competitive behavior and makes it easier to study competition in smaller firms.
What we give, we get back
Authors: Saide Saide , Astuti Endang Siti , Indrajit Richardus Eko , Trialih Rahmat , Diniaty Amirah , Dewi Fitriyana , Herzavina Herzavina
Published: March 2020

Purpose

As prior study offered further general context of knowledge management approach while misplaced more personal behavior development in the context of knowledge sharing practices, this study examined whether and why personal factors predict knowledge sharing practices. This study aims to integrate and analyze indicators such as altruism, grant, interaction ability and knowledge sharing participation to develop a comprehensive behavioral model.

Design/methodology/approach

Structural equation modeling was used to check the research hypotheses framework with 268 samples of eight profit companies in Indonesia, divided into broadcasting, banking and services company.

Findings

The results showed that altruism and interaction ability factors are significantly correlated with knowledge sharing participation. The findings may help companies and workers to initiate knowledge sharing implementation and encourage knowledge sharing in the internal company.

Research limitations/implications

The research focused on profit company in a single province in Indonesia. Further research may extend the study with a focus on non-profit organizations (e.g. academic institutions) and different geographical areas.

Practical implications

Managerial ideally creates standardization or regulation that to encourage participation of workers for transfer their knowledge. In this aspect, the company needs to organize, such as formal/informal training and meeting to make their workers more confident to communicate with each other.

Originality/value

Prior studies explored knowledge sharing behavior in a general sense; this paper examined the phenomenon specifically within the context of broadcasting, banking and services company in Indonesia, then analyzed the potential for a company to enhance their knowledge sharing strategy.
Big data analytics and sustainable textile manufacturing
Authors: Hack-Polay Dieu , Rahman Mahfuzur , Billah Md Morsaline , Al-Sabbahy Hesham Z.
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to discuss issues associated with the application big data analytics for decision-making about the introduction of new technologies in the textile industry in the developing world.

Design/methodology/approach

The leader–member exchange theoretical framework to consider the nature of the relationships between owners and followers to identify the potential issues that affect decision-making was used. However, decisions to adopt such environmentally friendly biotechnologies are hampered by the lack of awareness amongst owners, intergenerational conflict and cultural impediments.

Findings

The article found that the limited use of this valuable technological resource is linked to several factors, mainly cultural, generational and educational factors. The article exposes two key new technologies that could help the industry reduce its carbon footprint.

Originality/value

The study suggests more awareness raising amongst plant owners and greater empowerment of new generations in decision-making in the industry. This study, therefore, bears significant implications for environmental sustainability in the developing world where the textile industry is one of the major polluting industries affecting water quality and human health.
Effectiveness of perylene pigment on the reduction of energy demand of a building
Authors: Mazhar Majid , Abdouss Majid , Zarifi Farhad , Zargaran Mojdeh
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of eight perylene diimide pigments as a hypothetical building facades using EnergyPlus.

Design/methodology/approach

A hypothetical building located in Tehran is modeled using EnergyPlus, and the effectiveness of the pigments was examined. Furthermore, the performance of the pigments was compared with those of common commercial black (carbon black) and red (iron oxide) pigments.

Findings

The results show that the studied black pigments reduce the cooling energy demand up to 37 per cent in comparison with carbon black paint and the red ones, which reduce the value by as much as 32 per cent in comparison to iron oxide.

Originality/value

This study demonstrates that the application of cool paints rather than common paints will significantly reduce the cooling energy demand and subsequent costs.
Exercise and perceived quality of life among frail older adults
Authors: Atad Ofer Israel , Caspi Dafna
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the association between level of physical activity (PA) and perception of quality of life (QOL) and physical health in frail and non-frail older adults.

Design/methodology/approach

Volunteer participants in this quantitative cross-sectional study were a convenience sample of 236 independent residents (120 frail, 116 non-frail) in an assisted living facility in Israel. Frailty was measured by Fried et al.’s phenotype; QOL and physical health were measured using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Instruments (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire. PA level was ascertained from attendance lists completed by exercise class instructors in each class during the eight-week study.

Findings

Frail older adults who engaged in regular PA (at least 2.5 h/week) reported the same physical health as non-frail older individuals performing a similar level.

Research limitations

Unsupervised PA performed independently was not taken into consideration; exercise class attendance may be a less reliable criterion of PA than collection of objective data, i.e. calories burned; participants were selected from an economically homogeneous population of a specific assisted living facility with easy access to a variety of PA.

Practical implications

The level of PA performed by frail older adults impacts their perceived QOL and physical health. The logs were an incentive to attend PA classes.

Originality/value

A minimum of 2.5 h a week of regular PA can be a protective factor that improves perceived QOL and physical health in frail older adults.
Government Cloud Computing and National Security
Authors: Abd Al Ghaffar Hedaia-t-Allah Nabil
Published: March 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to try to reach the main factors that could put national security at risk as a result of government cloud computing programs.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper adopts the analytical approach to first lay foundations of the relation between national security, cybersecurity and cloud computing, then it moves to analyze the main vulnerabilities that could affect national security in cases of government cloud computing usage.

Findings

The paper reached several findings such as the relation between cybersecurity and national security as well as a group of factors that may affect national security when governments shift to cloud computing mainly pertaining to storing data over the internet, the involvement of a third party, the lack of clear regulatory frameworks inside and between countries.

Practical implications

Governments are continuously working on developing their digital capacities to meet citizens’ demands. One of the most trending technologies adopted by governments is “cloud computing”, because of the tremendous advantages that the technology provides; such as huge cost-cutting, huge storage and computing capabilities. However, shifting to cloud computing raises a lot of security concerns.

Originality/value

The value of the paper resides in the novelty of the topic, which is a new contribution to the theoretical literature on relations between new technologies and national security. It is empirically important as well to help governments stay safe while enjoying the advantages of cloud computing.
Determinants of EVs adoption: a study on green behavior of consumers
Authors: Dash Ajitabh
Published: March 2020

Purpose

This study has a principal objective of exploring and analyzing the factors affecting adoption or acceptance of eco-friendly electric vehicles in India.

Design/methodology/approach

Primary data were gathered through a predesigned questionnaire from 355 vehicle owners of Delhi using simple random sampling method. Statistical softwares like SPSS and AMOS were used to analyze the primary data collected for the study. Statistical techniques like exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were usesd to infer a meaningful conclusion from the investigation.

Findings

Through this study, a statistically significant relationship between environmental concern, knowledge of EV, subjective norm and attitude toward electric vehicle were investigated. Similarly attitude is responsible for a significant variation in adoption decision.

Practical implications

The findings of the present study underscore the requirement for marketers to build up a systematic strategy for easier adoption of electric vehicles in India. On account of this, this study developed a model of potential determinants of adoption decision toward EVs in India, based on statistically significant evidences.

Originality/value

This study adds to the body of literature by exploring and testing the factors affecting the adoption of eco-friendly products like electric vehicle that were not emphasized earlier in Indian context and second by growing theoretically consistent operationalization for the marketing of electric vehicles. These upgrades brought about a last model with an unrivaled illustrative power.
Building a “culture of care”: reflections for action
Authors: Haskins Mark E.
Published: March 2020

Purpose

This paper posits 32 concrete ways that organizational leaders can contribute to building a culture of care, noting that HR professionals can encourage, model and inform leaders of those ways most needed and/or appropriate.

Design/methodology/approach

The personal reflections presented are based on 45 years of observing scores of organizational leaders in action.

Findings

The means presented pertaining to the actions that leaders can take toward building a “culture of care” are briefly detailed and are clustered in six categories: helping others to become known; inquiring of life outside of work; celebration; providing assistance; taking the “high road”; and encouraging learning.

Practical implications

The actions and ideas described for building a “culture of care” are easily envisioned and immediately doable.

Originality/value

This paper presents a robust array of specific, real-world-based actions that contribute to the building of an organizational “culture of care.” As such, they are offered to HR professionals as ideas for their own groups as well as an inventory of ideas that HR professionals can offer to other leaders throughout their organizations
Canine‐assisted occupational therapy for children on the autism spectrum: Parents’ perspectives
Authors: Hill Jessica Rachel , Ziviani Jenny , Driscoll Carlie
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Canine‐assisted therapy is thought to facilitate the engagement of children on the autism spectrum within therapy sessions. There is limited research, however, about how canine‐assisted occupational therapy with children on the autism spectrum enhances their engagement in therapy and therapy outcomes. The aim of this study was to gain the perspectives of parents who observed and participated in occupational therapy sessions, with canine assistance, with their children on the autism spectrum.

Method

This study was guided by a qualitative interpretive description design. A total of 10 parents participated in one semi‐structured interview to describe their experience of canine‐assisted occupational therapy with their child. Inductive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.

Results

Four themes emerged which described parents’ experiences of canine‐assisted occupational therapy with their children on the autism spectrum, these were: therapist qualities, goal‐directed (canine‐assisted) therapy, emotional safety, and therapy engagement. Parents described that the inclusion of the therapy dog appeared to provide emotional safety within the sessions facilitating rapport building between their child and the therapist. However, parents indicated that the inclusion of the therapy dog alone was not sufficient to facilitate therapy engagement for their children. The skills and qualities of the therapist as well as the provision of goal‐directed therapy were considered essential for children's engagement.

Conclusion

The findings from this study contribute to our understanding of the impact of canine‐assisted occupational therapy for children on the autism spectrum. This sparsely researched area requires more evaluation to ensure best practice canine‐assisted occupational therapy for children on the autism spectrum.
Roadwork: expertise at work building roads in the Maldives
Authors: Heslop Luke , Jeffery Laura
Published: March 2020

This article engages critically with concepts of ‘skill’, ‘expertise’, and ‘capacity’ as they operate as markers of distinction and domination and shape migratory labour relations among road construction workers from across South Asia in the Maldives archipelago. The article examines roadwork at three levels: the professional biographies leading to ‘flexible specialization’ rather than technical expertise amongst Maldivian managers; the technical expertise and social incorporation of ‘skilled’ Sri Lankan supervisors; and the key material expertise of ‘non‐skilled’ Bangladeshi labourers in precarious employment. Whilst discussions of South Asian labour migration have been dominated by caste and class, this article argues that it is important to consider how the cultural production and understanding of concepts such as ‘expertise’, ‘capacity’, and ‘exposure’ at worksites can (also) become distinguishing factors in (hierarchical) migratory labour relations.
Spectres of Seppo: the afterlives of Finland's nuclear waste experts
Authors: Ialenti Vincent
Published: March 2020

This article examines how Finland's nuclear waste repository safety assessment experts summoned memories of Seppo: a deceased colleague whose ‘spectre’ was said to still ‘haunt’ their workplace. First, it tracks how Seppo appeared in predecessor parables: cautionary tales told about his death, which conveyed value judgements about how experts ought to act, engage, and aspire. Second, it explores how Seppo's long‐time ‘right‐hand man’ Gustav still felt haunted by his colleague's affective intensities, scientific vision, and sharp tongue. This led Gustav to prod his workmates to reconsider how they modelled Finland's ecosystems many millennia into the future. Studying this ethnographically revealed how traces of Seppo's past life infused living experts with emotions, opened them to alternative futures, and spurred them to rethink their professional values. This article concludes by introducingexpert afterlivesas a temporal, epistemic, and affective nexus that can shape how technocratic projects are organized and how expert knowledge is made.
The Second Convict Age: Explaining the Return of Mass Imprisonment in Australia
Authors: Leigh Andrew
Published: March 2020

Constructing a new series of incarceration rates from 1860 to 2018, I find that Australia now incarcerates a greater share of the adult population than at any point since the late nineteenth century. Much of this increase has occurred since the mid‐1980s. Since 1985, the Australian incarceration rate has risen by 130 per cent, and now stands at 0.22 per cent of adults (221 prisoners per 100,000 adults). Recalculating Indigenous incarceration rates so that they are comparable over a long time‐span, I find that incarceration rates for Indigenous Australians have risen dramatically. Fully 2.5 per cent of Indigenous adults are incarcerated (2,481 prisoners per 100,000 adults), a higher share than among African‐Americans. The recent increase in the Australian prison population does not seem to be due to crime rates, which have mostly declined over the past generation. Instead, higher reporting rates, stricter policing practices, tougher sentencing laws, and more stringent bail laws appear to be the main drivers of Australia's growing prison population.
Can chaoborid larvae control their zooplanktonic prey populations in a neotropical lake?
Authors: Marchetti Maroneze Daniel , Guimarães Florencio Pujoni Diego , Arcifa Marlene Sofia , Maia‐Barbosa Paulina Maria
Published: March 2020

Although it is well known that predatory Chaoborus Lichtenstein 1800 larvae have a strong negative impact on zooplankton populations in many Holarctic lakes, this top‐down control is still not entirely clear in the Neotropics. In Lake Carioca, a Brazilian monomictic lake, chaoborids became one of the main zooplankton predators after the depletion of planktivorous fish by non‐native piscivorous fish. The aim of this research was to test the hypothesis that Chaoborus spp. larvae control the density of their prey populations. Enclosures simulated conditions with higher (Pr+) and lower (Pr−) predatory Chaoborus spp. larva densities over 30 days in two periods (stratification and mixing). Our results indicated that the dominant copepod species was affected only in the stratification period when its population was smaller. In this circumstance, predated individuals were probably not replaced in the same proportion by reproductive output of the smaller population. Rotifers were not sensitive to changes in chaoborids densities in both periods. The lack of a strong top‐down effect recorded by our mesocosm experiments emphasises the importance of continuing to investigate the ecological roles played by this invertebrate predator in aquatic food webs and if its ability to regulate the zooplankton in most Holarctic lakes can (or cannot) be widely generalised to Neotropical communities. Such a result also suggests that alternative research approaches, besides in‐situ experiments, may be necessary to better clarify this topic. Specifically for cladocerans, parallel paleolimnological analyses in Lake Carioca have supported the idea of a possible negative impact of Chaoborus larvae on bosminids after the introduction of non‐native piscivorous fishes.

Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.
Anatomy, Morphometry and Radiography in the thoracic limb bones of the Patagonian Huemul Deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus)
Authors: Salinas Paulo , Núñez‐Cook Samuel , Arenas‐Caro Abigail , Moreno Luis , Curihuentro Escarlet , Vidal Fernando
Published: March 2020

The aim of this study was to provide morphometric, anatomic and radiographic data of the thoracic limb bones of the Patagonian Huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) including a functional interpretation of this, as a reference for clinical use, biomedical research and teaching purposes. Currently, the Patagonian huemul deer is in danger of becoming extinct due to multiple causes. Research carried out for its conservation has focused mainly on its ecology and pathology, leaving gaps in biological knowledge, which is basic and important for its comprehension. This study was conducted to reveal the gross osteology and radiology features of the thoracic limb bones of the Patagonian huemul deer. The osteological findings suggest the presence of powerful flexor muscles in the scapulohumeral and elbow joints, useful to cushion the jumps. Also, the principal nutrient foramen of Patagonian huemul differs in position with respect to domestic ungulates, which may be important to consider during surgical procedures. Finally, the radiographic data can provide new information about the tissue loading conditions in Patagonian huemul, so that this new knowledge can be of great importance for a better understanding of mechanically induced or adaptive changes in bone produced by habitat or other ecological phenomena.
Reflectance confocal microscopy as a new diagnostic tool in transformed mycosis fungoides
Authors: Melhoranse Gouveia Bruna , Wells Jillian , Kim Jennifer , Ardigó Marco , Consuegra Germana , Suárez Magdalena Olaya , Fernández‐Penas Pablo
Published: March 2020

Patients with mycosis fungoides typically experience an indolent disease. In some cases, the disease undergoes a process of large cell transformation which often heralds a more aggressive course with shortened overall survival. In order to rule out large cell transformation, biopsy specimens are often collected from patients with established disease who develop new papules, plaques or tumours. In some cases, multiple biopsies are needed and scar, infection and sampling error can occur. Our aim was to evaluate lesions suggestive of large cell transformation using in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy and to correlate confocal features with histopathologic findings in three patients with biopsy‐proven mycosis fungoides who developed new lesions during follow‐up. A total of six lesions, two lesions per patient, were examined. Reflectance confocal microscopy demonstrated large bright roundish pleomorphic cells in the epidermis, dermoepidermal junction, dermis and hair follicle in 5 of 6 lesions. The same 5 lesions were confirmed as large cell transformation by histopathology. Dermoepidermal junction obscuration, Pautrier microabscesses, epidermal disarray, spongiosis and dendritic cells were also detected by reflectance confocal microscopy and correlated to histopathology. In conclusion, reflectance confocal microscopy is useful in identifying large cell transformation within mycosis fungoides lesions. Reflectance confocal microscopy can therefore be of value in targeting the biopsy site, thereby reducing the chance of a false‐negative histopathological finding.
Oral symptoms and pathologies in Danish patients with chronic kidney disease‐ a pilot study
Authors: Kesmez Özlem , Frøjk Metha Juhl , Eidemak Inge , Jensen Siri Beier , Kragelund Camilla
Published: March 2020

The aim was to investigate oral health in randomly selected patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Data obtained by structured interview (self‐reported lifestyle, oral symptoms and regularity of dental visits) and oral examination of patients with CKD from the Copenhagen University Hospital. Fourteen patients with CKD were screened. Only half of the patients reported regular dental visits and poor dental status was registered in half of the patients. Oral mucosal changes were registered in thirteen patients (93%). Eleven patients (79%) had gingival inflammatory disease. Twelve patients (86%) were carriers of Candida, and three (21%) had oral candidosis. Six patients (43%) had low whole saliva flow rate. Twelve patients (86%) reported at least one oral symptom. Overall, there was no differences in oral symptoms or findings related to kidney transplanted or not transplanted patients. The small sample size most likely influences the results. However, the vast majority of patients with CKD reported oral symptoms and only half consulted a dentist regularly. Poor dental status, oral mucosal changes and gingival disease were prevalent findings. Patients with CKD need focus on daily oral healthcare and regular dental visits. Interdisciplinary cooperation could encourage patients with CKD to focus on oral health.
Comparative efficacy and safety of vedolizumab and infliximab in ulcerative colitis after failure of a first subcutaneous anti‐TNF agent: a multicentre cohort study
Authors: Hupé Marianne , Rivière Pauline , Nancey Stephane , Roblin Xavier , Altwegg Romain , Filippi Jerome , Fumery Mathurin , Bouguen Guillaume , Peyrin‐Biroulet Laurent , Bourreille Arnaud , Caillo Ludovic , Simon Mireille , Goutorbe Felix , Laharie David
Published: March 2020

Background

Few data exist to help select a second biologic agent in patients with refractory ulcerative colitis (UC).

Aim

To compare the efficacy of infliximab (IFX) and vedolizumab (VDZ) in UC patients who failed a first subcutaneous anti‐tumor necrosing factor (TNF) agent.

Methods

Consecutive UC patients from 12 French centres starting IFX or VDZ after at least one injection of adalimumab or golimumab have been included in a retrospective study. Outcomes were clinical remission at week 14, survival without treatment discontinuation and survival without UC‐related event.

Results

Among the 225 patients included, clinical remission at week 14 was achieved in 40/154 (26%) patients treated with IFX and in 35/71 (49%) treated with VDZ (P = 0.001). After a propensity score matching analysis, this difference remained significant (odds ratio: 1.67; 95% confidence interval: 1.08‐2.56; P = 0.02). With a median follow‐up of 117 weeks, survival rates without treatment discontinuation at years 1 and 3 were 50% and 29% with IFX, and 80% and 55% with VDZ, respectively (P < 0.001). Regarding survival without UC‐related event, they were 49% and 27% with IFX, and 74% and 52% with VDZ (P < 0.01).

Conclusion

After failure of a first subcutaneous anti‐TNF agent, UC patients were more likely to achieve clinical remission with VDZ than those treated with IFX. Although due to prescription habits patients in the IFX group had a significantly more severe disease, these differences remained after adjustments and subgroup analyses. Such results have to be confirmed prospectively and warrant dedicated head‐to‐head trials.
Product type and the risk of inhibitor development in nonsevere haemophilia A patients: a case‒control study
Authors: van Velzen Alice S. , Eckhardt Corien L. , Peters Marjolein , Oldenburg Johannes , Cnossen Marjon , Liesner Ri , Morfini Massimo , Castaman Giancarlo , McRae Simon , van der Bom Johanna G. , Fijnvandraat Karin ,   the INSIGHT consortium
Published: March 2020

Inhibitor development is a major complication of treatment with factor VIII concentrates in nonsevere haemophilia A. It has been suggested that plasma‐derived factor VIII (FVIII) concentrates elicit fewer inhibitors than recombinant FVIII concentrates, but studies in severe haemophilia A patients have shown conflicting results. We designed a case‒control study to investigate the clinical and genetic risk factors for inhibitor development in nonsevere haemophilia A patients. We investigated whether the type of FVIII concentrate was associated with inhibitor development in nonsevere haemophilia A patients. This nested case‒control study includes 75 inhibitor patients and 223 controls, from a source population of the INSIGHT study, including all nonsevere haemophilia A patients (FVIII:C 2–40%) that were treated with FVIII concentrates in 33 European and one Australian centre. Cases and controls were matched for date of birth and cumulative number of exposure days (CED) to FVIII concentrate. A conditional logistic regression model was used to calculate unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios. No increased risk for inhibitor development was found for any type of FVIII concentrate; either when comparing recombinant FVIII concentrates to plasma‐derived FVIII concentrates (adjusted odds ratio 0·96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·36–2·52) or for specific types of FVIII concentrates.
The application of ‘omics’ to pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Harbaum Lars , Rhodes Christopher J. , Otero‐Núñez Pablo , Wharton John , Wilkins Martin R.
Published: March 2020

Recent genome‐wide analyses of rare and common sequence variations have brought greater clarity to the genetic architecture of pulmonary arterial hypertension and implicated novel genes in disease development. Transcriptional signatures have been reported in whole lung tissue, pulmonary vascular cells and peripheral circulating cells. High‐throughput platforms for plasma proteomics and metabolomics have identified novel biomarkers associated with clinical outcomes and provided molecular instruments for risk assessment. There are methodological challenges to integrating these datasets, coupled to statistical power limitations inherent to the study of a rare disease, but the expectation is that this approach will reveal novel druggable targets and biomarkers that will open the way to personalized medicine. Here, we review the current state‐of‐the‐art and future promise of ‘omics’ in the field of translational medicine in pulmonary arterial hypertension.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed issue on Risk factors, comorbidities, and comedications in cardioprotection. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.1/issuetoc
A cross‐cultural qualitative study of the ethical aspects in the transition from child mental health services to adult mental health services
Authors: O'Hara Lesley , Holme Ingrid , Tah Priya , Franic Tomislav , Vrljičak Davidović Nikolina , Paul Moli , Singh Swaran Preet , Street Cathy , Tuomainen Helena , Schulze Ulrike , McNicholas Fiona ,   The MILESTONE Consortium
Published: March 2020

Background

Transitioning from Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) to Adult Mental Health Services (AMHS) raises novel ethical aspects for healthcare professionals, as well as for young people, their parents and carers.

Method

Focus groups were conducted in Croatia, Ireland and the United Kingdom with youth mental health groups and youth representatives with no mental health (MH) remit. One hundred and eleven participants, aged from 16 to 60 years, contributed to discussions.

Results

Perpetuation of stigma, autonomy and decision‐making were central themes as both enablers and deterrents of successful transition. The tension between professional (and at times parental) paternalism and young persons' growing autonomy was well captured in the themes; (a) desired practice, (b) who should decide, (c) the process of decision‐making and (d) potential harm(s).

Conclusions

This study provides insight into the ethical values, particularly autonomy and collaboratively working, which people expect to underpin the transition between CAMHS and AMHS.

Key Practitioner Message

Engaging young people early in making decisions about their future care can enhance trust between practitioner and the young person.

In addition to diagnosis, a number of factors (such as moving home; waiting lists and stigma) may need to be taken into account when considering the direction of future health care.

When possible, alternatives to AMHS should be considered if considered by the young person to be a less‐stigmatising treatment option.
The elephant in the room: Madagascar's rosewood stocks and stockpiles
Authors: Wilmé Lucienne , Innes John L. , Schuurman Derek , Ramamonjisoa Bruno , Langrand Marion , Barber Charles V. , Butler Rhett A. , Wittemyer George , Waeber Patrick O.
Published: March 2020

To prevent the illegal trade in wild species, stock management is critical given stocks function as a buffer to supply chains during lean periods or as a mechanism for market speculation. The Madagascar government with backing by the World Bank recently promoted the sale of confiscated rosewood to reach a zero‐stocks situation. To better assess options, we contrast the risks and rewards of four stock management options. Stock destruction broadcasts a potent conservation message, but provides little economic benefit. National trade can be beneficial to local socioeconomic development goals, but can lead to laundering of illegal products. International trade is fraught with risks related to illegal trade and is perceived to achieve the least related to forest and socioeconomic indicators. Lastly, banking stocks act to postpone decisions. No management option ensures a sustainable solution, but critical analyses allow better insight to the strengths and weaknesses of the available approaches.
Detecting illicit opioid content on Twitter
Authors: Tofighi Babak , Aphinyanaphongs Yindalon , Marini Christina , Ghassemlou Shouron , Nayebvali Peyman , Metzger Isabel , Raghunath Ananditha , Thomas Shailin
Published: March 2020

Introduction and Aims

This article examines the feasibility of leveraging Twitter to detect posts authored by people who use opioids (PWUO) or content related to opioid use disorder (OUD), and manually develop a multidimensional taxonomy of relevant tweets.

Design and Methods

Twitter messages were collected between June and October 2017 (n = 23 827) and evaluated using an inductive coding approach. Content was then manually classified into two axes (n = 17 420): (i) user experience regarding accessing, using, or recovery from illicit opioids; and (ii) content categories (e.g. policies, medical information, jokes/sarcasm).

Results

The most prevalent categories consisted of jokes or sarcastic comments pertaining to OUD, PWUOs or hypothetically using illicit opioids (63%), informational content about treatments for OUD, overdose prevention or accessing self‐help groups (20%), and commentary about government opioid policy or news related to opioids (17%). Posts by PWUOs centered on identifying illicit sources for procuring opioids (i.e. online, drug dealers; 49%), symptoms and/or strategies to quell opioid withdrawal symptoms (21%), and combining illicit opioid use with other substances, such as cocaine or benzodiazepines (17%). State and public health experts infrequently posted content pertaining to OUD (1%).

Discussion and Conclusions

Twitter offers a feasible approach to identify PWUO. Further research is needed to evaluate the efficacy of Twitter to disseminate evidence‐based content and facilitate linkage to treatment and harm reduction services.
Detecting glacial refugia in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Lau Sally C. Y. , Wilson Nerida G. , Silva Catarina N. S. , Strugnell Jan M.
Published: March 2020

Throughout the Quaternary, the continental‐based Antarctic ice sheets expanded and contracted repeatedly. Evidence suggests that during glacial maxima, grounded ice eliminated most benthic (bottom‐dwelling) fauna across the Antarctic continental shelf. However, paleontological and molecular evidence indicates most extant Antarctica benthic taxa have persisted in situ throughout the Quaternary. Where and how the Antarctic benthic fauna survived throughout repeated glacial maxima remain mostly hypothesised. If understood, this would provide valuable insights into the ecology and evolution of Southern Ocean biota over geological timescales. Here we synthesised and appraised recent studies and presented an approach to demonstrate how genetic data can be effective in identifying where and how Antarctic benthic fauna survived glacial periods. We first examined the geological and ecological evidence for how glacial periods influenced past species demography in order to provide testable frameworks for future studies. We outlined past ice‐free areas from Antarctic ice sheet reconstructions that could serve as glacial refugia and discussed how benthic fauna with pelagic or non‐pelagic dispersal strategies moved into and out of glacial refugia. We also reviewed current molecular studies and collated proposed locations of Southern Ocean glacial refugia on the continental shelf around Antarctica, in the deep sea, and around sub‐Antarctic islands. Interestingly, the proposed glacial refugia based on molecular data generally do not correspond to the ice‐free areas identified by Antarctic ice sheet reconstructions. The potential biases in sampling and in the choice of molecular markers in current literature are discussed, along with the future directions for employing testable frameworks and genomic methods in Southern Ocean molecular studies. Continued data syntheses will elucidate greater understanding of where and how Southern Ocean benthic fauna persisted throughout glacial periods and provide insights into their resilience against climate changes in the future.
Cardiac effects of repeated focal seizures in rats induced by intrahippocampal tetanus toxin: Bradyarrhythmias, tachycardias, and prolonged interictal QT interval
Authors: Jefferys John G. R. , Ashby‐Lumsden Alexander , Lovick Thelma A.
Published: March 2020

Objective

To determine electrical changes in the heart in a chronic, nonstatus model of epilepsy.

Methods

Electrocorticography (ECoG) and electrocardiography (ECG) of nine animals (five made epileptic by intrahippocampal injection of tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT) and four controls), are monitored continuously by radiotelemetry for up to 7 weeks.

Results

Epileptic animals develop a median of 168 seizures, with postictal tachycardias reaching a mean of 487 beats/min and lasting a mean of 661 seconds. Ictal changes in heart rate include tachycardia and in the case of convulsive seizures, bradyarrhythmias resembling Mobitz type 1 second‐degree atrioventricular block; notably the P‐R interval increased before block. Postictally, the amplitude of T wave increases. Interictally, QT dependence on RR is modest and conventional QT corrections prove ineffective. Interictal QT intervals, measured at a heart rate of 400 bpm, increased from 65 to 75 ms, an increase dependent on seizure incidence over the preceding 10‐14 days.

Significance

Repeated seizures induce a sustained tachycardia and increase in QT interval of the ECG and evoke arrhythmias including periods of atrioventricular block during Racine type 4 and 5 seizures. These changes in cardiac function may predispose to development in fatal arrhythmias and sudden death in humans with epilepsy.
Upregulation of lactate dehydrogenase A in a chronic model of temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Sada Nagisa , Suto Shogo , Suzuki Mana , Usui Shoichiro , Inoue Tsuyoshi
Published: March 2020

The ketogenic diet treatment is effective for drug‐resistant epilepsy. Because its antiepileptic effect is associated with lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), drug development is possible by targeting LDH enzymes. Seizures in rodent models are suppressed by inhibiting LDH; however, it remains unclear whether LDH in the brain is changed by seizures. In the present study, we examined the expression of LDH subunits (LDHA and LDHB) in a chronic model of temporal lobe epilepsy, in which seizures were induced by the microinjection of kainate into the mouse hippocampus. Using Western blot analyses, we found that LDHA expression was increased in the hippocampus of the chronic seizure model, whereas LDHB expression was not. Lactate levels in the hippocampus were also increased in this seizure model, suggesting elevated LDH enzymatic activities. Furthermore, the inhibition of LDHA suppressed spontaneous paroxysmal discharges in vivo in the chronic seizure model. In conclusion, our results show that chronic seizures increase LDHA, and conversely, the inhibition of LDHA suppresses seizures, which supports LDHA as a molecular target for the development of new antiepileptic drugs.
Land remediation, event spaces and the pursuit of Olympic legacy
Authors: Gold John R. , Gold Margaret M.
Published: March 2020

This paper explores the links between remediating land for Olympic event spaces and the pursuit of legacy. In particular, it considers ways in which redevelopment of the sizeable spaces prepared for staging the event take their place in broader strategies intended to bring long‐term benefits to the host city and society in order to compensate for the costs and inconvenience originally incurred in hosting the Games. There are six main sections. The first analyses the diverse nature of brownfield land and highlights salient characteristics of its remediation for use in urban regeneration. The second supplies background to Olympic legacy and indicates the importance of the changing climate of ideas in understanding the formulation of legacy over the past two decades. The third section documents the role of remediation as an option employed recently by Games' organisers when needing to find spaces of suitable size to stage the Olympics, noting how choosing remediation ab initio involves commitment to legacy. The fourth and fifth parts analyse approaches to implementing remediation, with respect to the key event spaces for 2 of 21 century's Summer Games: Homebush Bay, which housed the Olympic Park for Sydney 2000; and the Lower Lea Valley, which served the same function for London 2012. The final section provides commentary on the wider narratives of transformation associated with deployment of remediated sites for Olympic event spaces and indicates the significance of the values that have underpinned those narratives.
Cultural festivals and the city
Authors: Finkel Rebecca , Platt Louise
Published: March 2020

Cities have always been hubs for celebration and festivity, bringing people together to escape temporarily from the mundane nature of everyday routines. Festivals have often been bridges between people and places, linking personal geography with collective experiences and therefore increasingly of interest to cultural geographers. However, festivals also have social, economic and political aspects that are constructed by societal influences of the time and place. This article presents some of the key debates ongoing in academic literature across disciplines to demonstrate the contested role that cultural festivals play in urban settings and suggests that urban geography is critical to developing these debates. It is simply no longer possible to say that festivity is a simple rupture in the mundanity of everyday life of urban citizens; rather, contemporary cultural festivals now often exhibit complex and uneasy tensions between the socio‐economic strategies of commercialized neoliberal cities and the cultural needs of diverse communities to gather and celebrate. By reviewing the development of festivals as part of the urban cultural economy utilising a geographic lens, this article sets out how cultural festivals are now more often employed by cities for marketing, tourism and other socio‐economic benefits. We demonstrate that cultural festivals and cities have an ongoing relationship, which is now mainly commercialized and politicized, and this has diverse impacts on communities, urban spaces and cultural identities.
High‐Precision Sr‐Nd‐Hf‐Pb Isotopic Composition of Chinese Geological Standard Glass Reference Materials CGSG‐1, CGSG‐2, CGSG‐4 and CGSG‐5 by MC‐ICP‐MS and TIMS
Authors: Yang Yue‐Heng , Yang Ming , Jochum Klaus Peter , Wu Shi‐Tou , Zhao Han , Xie Lie‐Wen , Huang Chao , Zhan Xiu‐Chun , Yang Jin‐Hui , Wu Fu‐Yuan
Published: March 2020

To assess the homogeneity of and provide the first Sr‐Nd‐Hf‐Pb isotopic reference values for the Chinese Geological Standard Glasses CGSG‐1, CGSG‐2, CGSG‐4 and CGSG‐5, we measured these isotopes in several measurement sessions over the course of nearly 3 years. The results were obtained by high‐precision MC‐ICP‐MS and TIMS. Our investigation indicates that these CGSG glass reference materials are homogenous with regard to Sr‐Nd‐Hf‐Pb isotopic distribution and are therefore suitable geochemical materials for Sr‐Nd‐Hf‐Pb isotope measurements. Clear differences in Sr‐Nd‐Hf‐Pb isotopic composition were observed between the glasses and the original powdered rock reference materials (CGSG‐2 and GSR‐7, and especially CGSG‐5 and GSR‐2) because of flux addition during preparation of the glasses. The new Sr‐Nd‐Hf‐Pb isotope data provided here might be useful to the geochemical community for in situ and bulk analysis.
PLATFORM COMPETITION WITH ENDOGENOUS HOMING
Authors: Jeitschko Thomas D. , Tremblay Mark J.
Published: March 2020

We consider two‐sided markets in which consumers and firms endogenously determine whether they single‐home, multi‐home, or exit the market. We find that the competitive bottleneck allocation in which consumers single‐home and firms multi‐home is always an equilibrium. In addition, we find equilibria with multi‐homing and single‐homing on each side of the market. However, unlike the standard pricing result where the side that multi‐homes faces higher prices, we find that lower prices coincide with multi‐homing: agents find multi‐homing more attractive when faced with lower prices. We also show that endogenous homing can induce straddle pricing which deters price undercutting between platforms.
Unravelling the relationship between a seasonal environment and the dynamics of forage growth in grazed swards
Authors: Sbrissia André Fischer , Schmitt Daniel , Duchini Paulo Gonçalves , Da Silva Sila Carneiro
Published: March 2020

It is well reported in the scientific literature that pastures can have similar net forage accumulation when managed with contrasting structures. However, we hypothesized that the dynamics of forage accumulation in grazed swards is linked to seasonal‐environmental conditions. Marandu palisadegrass (Brachiaria brizantha [Hochst. ex A. Rich.] was used as the forage species model. The experimental treatments were four grazing heights (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm) allocated to experimental units according to a randomized complete block design with four replicates and evaluated throughout four contrasting environmental seasons (summer, autumn, winter–early spring and late spring). Under rainy and warm periods, greater net forage accumulation was observed in pastures maintained taller; on the contrary, during the mild and dry periods, net forage accumulation rate reduced as grazing height increased. Such patterns of responses were related to compensations between tiller population density and tissues flows during summer and late spring and the reduced capacity of taller canopies to compensate lower population with greater growth rates during autumn and winter–early spring. Grazed swards changed their patterns of forage growth as they transitioned from favourable to more abiotic stressful conditions, suggesting that seasonal adjustments in grazing intensities are necessary in order to maximize forage production.
Economics and Ethics: The Case of Salomon Brothers
Authors: Smith Clifford
Published: March 2020

The author draws two main lessons from the Treasury bond bidding scandal at Salomon Brothers that took place in the early 1990s, which led to a sharp curtailment of both the firm's franchise value and its future as an independent company:

(1) private market forces provide strong deterrents to unethical conduct, thereby reinforcing ethical standards and in some cases limiting the need for regulation; and

(2) badly designed laws and regulations—those that effectively provide people with incentives to cheat customers and otherwise game the system—are almost certain to produce the bad corporate culture and ethical lapses that many observers are all too ready to attribute to capitalism and the pursuit of profit.

The second of these two lessons appears to have gotten through to the U.S. Treasury, which in 1998 replaced the multiple‐bid procedure that many identified as inviting manipulation with a single‐bid auction that Milton Friedman, among others, recommended as early as the 1970s. And the Treasury auction process has since proved scandal‐free.