bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC STUDIES WITH ETHYLHYDROCUPREINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCUS PLEURITIS
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Sands Joseph R.
Published: June 2004

1. Solutions of ethylhydrocupreine (optochin) hydrochloride show a pronounced bactericidal activity for pneumococci in pleural pus.

2. The highest tolerated dose of ethylhydrocupreine hydrochloride for guinea pigs by intrapleural injection is about 0.2 to 0.3 cc. of a 1:100 solution per 100 gm. of weight, corresponding to 2 to 3 cc. of solution or 0.02 to 0.03 gm. of the drug per kilo of weight.

3. The injection of 1 cc. of a 1:500 solution of ethylhydrocupreine hydrochloride into each pleural cavity of a guinea pig weighing from 350 to 500 gm. produces no evidences of toxicity or irritation of the pleura.

4. The injection of 1 cc. of a 24 hour dextrose blood broth culture of virulent Type I pneumococci into the right pleural cavity of guinea pigs produces acute suppurative pleuritis on both sides associated with suppurative pericarditis, which generally terminates fatally within 72 hours with pneumococcus bacteremia.

5. The injection of 1 cc. of 1:500 solutions of ethlylhydrocupreine hydrochloride into each pleural cavity of guinea pigs at varying intervals up to 24 hours after pleural infection has usually shown a marked curative influence. Similar results were observed with dogs.

6. The intrapleural injection of mixtures of ethylhydrocupreine, sodium oleate, and boric acid (Lamar) has also shown a decided curative effect in acute suppurative pneumococcus pleuritis of guinea pigs.

7. These and similar experiments on pneumococcus meningitis suggest that in chemotherapeutic investigations certain drugs may be injected into serous cavities in amounts exerting distinct bactericidal activity in vivo without producing local irritation or general toxic effects.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CAUSES FOR THE VARIED CHARACTER OF STASIS BILE
Authors: Rous Peyton , McMaster Philip D.
Published: June 2004

The gall bladder and ducts exert opposite influences upon the bile. The ducts fail to concentrate and thicken it with mucus as the bladder does, but dilute it slightly with a thin secretion of their own that is colorless and devoid of cholates even when the organism is heavily jaundiced. The fluid may readily be collected into a rubber bag connected with an isolated duct segment. It continues to be formed against a considerable pressure, and, in the dog, is slightly alkaline to litmus, clear, almost watery, practically devoid of cholesterol, and of low specific gravity to judge from the one specimen tested. In obstructed ducts separated from the gall bladder, or connecting with one so changed pathologically that the concentrating faculty has been lost, such fluid gradually replaces the small amount of bile originally pent up. It is the so called "white bile" of surgeons.

When obstructed ducts connect with an approximately normal gall bladder the stasis fluid is entirely different, owing to the bladder activity. At first there accumulates in quantity a true bile much inspissated by loss of fluid through the bladder wall, darkened by a change in the pigment, and progressively thickened with bladder mucus. As time passes duct secretion mingles with the tarry accumulation and very gradually replaces it. The inspissation of the bile, as indicated by the pigment content, is at its greatest after only a day or two of stasis.

The differing influences of the ducts and bladder upon the bile must obviously have much to do with the site of origin of calculi and their clinical consequences. The concentrating activity of the bladder cannot but be a potent element in the formation of stones. We have discussed these matters at some length. Intermittent biliary stasis is admittedly the principal predisposing cause of cholelithiasis; and the stasis is to be thought of as effective, in many instances at least, through the excessive biliary inspissation for which it gives opportunity. In this way a normal gall bladder can become, merely through functional activity, a menace to the organism. In patients with the tendency to stones frequent feedings may lessen the danger of their formation.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL NUTRITION
Authors: Thjötta Theodor , Avery O. T.
Published: June 2004

The hemophilic bacteria of which Bacillus influenzæ serves as a type require for their growth two distinct and separable substances, both of which are present in blood and neither of which alone suffices. These substances are (a) a vitamine-like substance which can be extracted from red blood corpuscles, from yeast, and from vegetable cells, which is relatively heat-labile and absorbed from solution by certain agents; (b) a so called X substance which is present in red blood cells, is heat-stable, and acts in minute amounts.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL NUTRITION
Authors: Thjötta Theodor , Avery O. T.
Published: June 2004

1. Growth of Bacillus infiuenzœ depends on two distinct and separable substances.

2. These growth accessory substances are present in blood.

3. They occur in plant as well as in animal tissue.

4. Sterile, raw potato will serve as a substitute for blood in the cultivation of Bacillus influenzœ.
THE BIOLOGICAL AND THE SEROLOGICAL REACTIONS OF INFLUENZA BACILLI PRODUCING MENINGITIS
Authors: Rivers T. M. , Kohn Lawrence A.
Published: June 2004

1. An attempt has been made to standardize the cultural and the serological work on influenza bacilli. As technique and knowledge improve cultural and serological characteristics may be shown to be different from those reported here. The results are constant enough for comparison as they were obtained under as nearly similar conditions as possible.

2. Of thirteen meningitic strains of Bacillus influenzæ isolated by different workers during a period of 7 years, eleven are alike culturally and fall into two groups by absorption of agglutinin tests; seven are in Group 1, three in Group 2, with one intermediate strain. Two strains stand alone culturally and serologically.

3. Four blood culture strains from children with pneumonia differ from each other culturally and serologically. When these strains show a relation culturally to members of the meningitic group this is not confirmed by serological reactions. When more respiratory strains are studied there may be found among them some similar culturally and serologically to the meningitic group.

4. Evidence has been set forth in favor of the possibility that a certain group of influenza bacilli may have risen to a level of pathogenicity to produce a disease picture known as influenzal meningitis. If this be true an attempt should be made to obtain a potent serum for treatment.
AN OUTBREAK OF PNEUMONIA IN DAIRY COWS ATTRIBUTED TO BACILLUS BOVISEPTICUS
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

All outbreak of pneumonia in dairy cows attributed to Bacillus bovisepticus is described. About twenty cows and two calves were affected. The first cases were noted in cows purchased in Michigan. The disease next appeared in another lot of cows from Pennsylvania and subsequently attacked native stock. Of the ten cases which came under our observation, five apparently recovered, two died, and two severely affected cows were killed. The other case developed multiple abscesses of the lung and was finally killed.

The more characteristic symptoms observed were high temperature, rapid respiration, dyspnea, cough, dullness on percussion, bronchial breathing, and albuminuria.

The pneumonia was diffuse but first affected the cephalic and more dependent lobes. The process varied from hyperemia and hemorrhage to exudation of fibrin and leucocytes within the air spaces. The plugging of the interlobular lymph channels and blood vessels with fibrin was frequent.

Bacillus bovisepticus was isolated in pure cultures from all involved portions of lung at autopsy. It was not found in blood cultures during the height of the disease, nor could it be obtained from the spleen and kidney after death.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

The experiments described furnish additional evidence of the pathogenic character and the virtual identity of the various strains of the active agent derived from the nasopharyngeal secretions of influenzal patients with which the transmission experiments in rabbits have been carried out.

The active material has been shown to be of antigenic nature, so that rabbits are protected from the effects of a second inoculation. The experiments indicate also the antigenic identity of the various strains of the active agent with each other and with Bacterium pneumosintes.

Finally, the experiments show that the protection may persist for 14 months which is the longest period yet tested.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Olitsky Peter K.
Published: June 2004

The results of the foregoing experiments show that the typhus virus, found in the blood of guinea pigs during the height of typical experimental typhus fever, does not survive at 37°C. in anaerobic media for as long a period as in the same media under aerobic conditions. In media from which oxygen is excluded, the viability period is 24 to 48 hours; in the same media having no barrier to atmospheric oxygen, the period is usually 5 days, in one instance, 3 days.

The dead virus fails to induce not only the typical experimental disease but also an immunity to further injections of typhus virus.

That the death of the virus is due to exclusion of oxygen from the medium, rather than to a change in the hydrogen ion concentration therein is inferred from the fact that media with varying hydrogen ion concentrations, such as broth (pH 7.4), horse serum (pH 7.8), and human ascitic fluid (pH 8.0) have the same comparative effect on the virus, when under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. That is, in all, the anaerobic state causes a shortening of the viability period of the typhus virus.

In the Smith-Noguchi tissue, ascitic fluid, sealed medium in which bacteria resembling Plotz' bacilli grow luxuriantly and remain viable for several weeks, the typhus virus does not increase in virulence, and even dies after 24 hours. This evidence supports the conclusion previously presented that the Bacillus typhi exanthematici of Plotz is not identical with the active agent of typhus virus.
THE ERYTHROPOIETIC ACTION OF GERMANIUM DIOXIDE
Authors: Hammett Frederick S. , Nowrey Joseph E. , Müller John H.
Published: June 2004

Injections were made of a sterile 0.4 per cent solution of germanium dioxide into four lots of mature male and female albino rats. Exact conditions of control were maintained. To two lots there was administered in four doses at intervals of 4 days a total of 6.6 mg. of the oxide per kilo of body weight. To two lots there was given in three doses at like intervals a total of 45 mg. of the compound per kilo of body weight. In each lot there was one rat which served as a control and which did not receive any germanium. A preliminary period of observation was maintained as a further control during which two determinations of the erythrocyte and leucocyte counts of the blood were made 7 days apart on all the rats. Weekly counts were made on all the rats during the progress of the investigation which lasted for 4 weeks, during 3 of which the treated animals were under the influence of germanium. In the first group 11 days elapsed between the last injection and the last count. In the second group the interval was 14 days.

It was found that without exception all of the test rats responded to the germanium dioxide by a marked and sustained rise in the number of erythrocytes in the blood which ranged from 1 to nearly 5 millions.

These results are statistically valid.

There was an apparent tendency for the degree of effect to be related to the initial erythrocyte number, in that with a lower initial count there seemed to take place a greater rise, and vice versa.

There was no indication that the larger doses of germanium dioxide exerted a greater stimulating effect on the production of the resultant erythrocythemia than the smaller doses.

There is evidence that the effect is quick in making its appearance. The rise in the red cell count was found to occur within a week, and after but two injections of the oxide.

Indications were obtained that germanium dioxide tends to increase the coagulability of the blood.

Autopsy findings showed color changes in the liver and bone marrow.

We believe that germanium dioxide is an erythrocytogenic agent and we hope that fruitful results will come from its therapeutic application.
THE USE OF PHENOL RED AND BROM-CRESOL PURPLE AS INDICATORS IN THE BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF STOOLS
Authors: Chesney Alan M.
Published: June 2004

1. Either phenol red or brom-cresol purple may be used as indicators in the preparation of lactose agar plates for the isolation of members of the typhoid-dysentery group of bacteria from stools. Of the two, brom-cresol purple gives sharper differentiation and is to be preferred.

2. These indicators exercise no restraining influence upon the growth of cultures of the typhoid bacillus or paratyphoid bacillus freshly isolated from the human body, or of laboratory cultures of Bacillus dysenteria.

3. Both indicators may be successfully employed with brilliant green in the isolation of the typhoid-paratyphoid group from stools without sacrificing the restraining activity of the brilliant green upon other bacteria.
THE TREATMENT OF ANOXEMIA IN PNEUMONIA IN AN OXYGEN CHAMBER
Authors: Stadie William C.
Published: June 2004

1. The use of an oxygen chamber in the treatment of pneumonia patients makes it possible to administer this gas for long periods of time under exactly known conditions. The medical and nursing care of the patient is greatly facilitated.

2. Prolonged inhalation of oxygen varying from 40 to 60 per cent appears to be without harm.

3. Oxygen administered to intensely anoxemic patients almost immediately clears up this anoxemia. Cyanosis disappears with the anoxemia.

4. The removal of patients from the high oxygen while they are still sick and while examination shows that there are still extensive edema and infiltration of the lung results in a return of the intense anoxemia.

5. It is sometimes impossible to clear up the anoxemia, even when as high as 60 per cent of oxygen is given, especially when there are considerable edema and infiltration of the lungs.

6. Five cases in which the prognosis was grave recovered. Three cases, one of tuberculosis, one with a Pneumococcus Type III infection, and a third with a pneumonia superimposed on a chronic pulmonary condition, died.

7. In all cases there appeared to be an improvement in the patient's condition. In one case, particularly, with an intense degree of anoxemia, the patient became moribund and pulseless. Following the administration of 60 per cent of oxygen there was a lowering of the heart rate from 160 to 120, the return of the pulse to the radial artery, the color became bright pink, and there was a remarkable change in the clinical condition.

8. The anoxemia of pneumonia is due, in large measure, to an impairment of the respiratory surface of the lungs. The greater the lung involvement the greater the anoxemia. Especially is this so when the pneumonic process extends throughout the lungs so that there are many patches of bronchopneumonia, with accompanying bronchitis and edema, as evidenced by the presence of râles throughout the lungs.

9. Rapid and shallow breathing of the degree observed in pneumonia is, as far as present evidence shows, of less importance in the production of anoxemia.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Murphy James B. , Liu J. Heng , Sturm Ernest
Published: June 2004

Lymphoid cells, prepared from the thymus and lymph glands of rats, when suspended in the serum of x-rayed rats and incubated for 2 hours, increase in number from 15 to 30 per cent, and mitotic figures are found among these cells in fairly large numbers. A like suspension of cells in normal serum undergoes rapid disintegration and in only one instance among a large number of films examined was a mitotic figure found.

The stimulative effect of the serum from x-rayed rats endures from 1 to 2 hours after the exposure but is not detectable in the serum taken 17 hours or later after the treatment. Serum x-rayed in vitro is devoid of stimulative action.

The lymphoid cells of rabbits and guinea pigs are so fragile as to make impossible the obtaining of counts accurate enough for experimental purposes. The serum of one species caused such rapid disintegration of the cells of another that it was impossible to determine the specificity of the reaction.
VENEREAL SPIROCHETOSIS IN AMERICAN RABBITS
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

Of 50 rabbits, otherwise regarded as normal, three adult females and two adult males (10 per cent) have been found to have in their genitoperineal region certain papulosquamous, often ulcerating, lesions. A recently purchased group of twenty rabbits contained six females (30 per cent) with similar lesions. This condition runs a chronic course and is characterized by the presence of a spiral organism closely resembling Treponema pallidum.

The rabbit spirochete has the same morphological features as Treponema pallidum; it is possibly a trifle thicker and longer than the average pallidum. Long specimens measuring 30 µ are frequently encountered, and they show a tendency to form loosely entangled knots. A stellate arrangement of several organisms in a mass is frequently observed.

In the lesion of one rabbit there were two types of spirochete, one of the variety just described, the other a somewhat coarser organism, closely resembling Treponema calligyrum found in a human condyloma, but a trifle thinner and longer. This organism is perhaps merely a variant type of the rabbit spirochete.

The histological reactions are similar to, but considerably less cellular, than those occurring in typical primary syphilitic lesions. There is a marked hyperkeratosis and interpapillary infiltration not observed in scrotal chancre.

The disease is transmissible to normal rabbits, in which the usual papular lesions can be readily reproduced in the genitoperineal region. In the first passages the incubation period varied from 20 to 88 days; subsequently one of the strains produced a lesion in 20 days on the second, and in 5 days on the third passage. No typical orchitis or keratitis was produced in the rabbits of the present series, although in one of the original rabbits (No. 4) scaly, papular lesions have developed on the nose, lips, eyelid, and paws. Monkeys (Macacus rhesus) failed to show any lesions within a period of 4 months after inoculation.

In one instance transmission was accomplished through the mating of an infected female with a normal male.

The Wassermann reaction was uniformly negative in the five rabbits with spontaneous lesions and in eighteen rabbits experimentally infected.

Salvarsan had the same therapeutic effect on the lesions produced by the rabbit spirochete as on the experimental pallidum lesion of the rabbit.

The organism belongs to the genus Treponema, and may be designated Treponema cuniculi.
EXPERIMENTAL RICKETS IN RATS
Authors: Pappenheimer A. M. , McCann G. F. , Zucker T. F. ,   With the Collaboration of S. M. Seidlin, J. V. Lichtenstein, and M. Stanley-Brown.
Published: June 2004

1. Casein phosphorus does not completely prevent the development of rickets when substituted in Diet 84 in amount equivalent to a protective dose of basic potassium phosphate.

2. The protection given by lecithin is equivalent to its phosphorus content.

3. The protection given by yeast is at least proportional to its phosphorus content. An amount carrying sufficient vitamine B to promote growth, but insufficient to provide adequate phosphorus, does not prevent rickets.

4. Vitamine A, in the form of butter or butter fat to the amount of 10 per cent of the diet, neither prevents nor cures rickets.

5. The substitution of 10 per cent of egg albumin in Diet 84 improves the nutrition, but does not prevent rickets.

6. The addition of meat to Diet 84, thereby supplying an abundance of phosphorus, promotes normal growth and normal bone formation. A diet consisting solely of meat and flour is inadequate for proper growth, and leads to changes in the bones comparable with those observed on a diet low in calcium, but rich in phosphorus.

7. A diet has been found which contains the necessary food elements for approximately normal growth, and in which the only known deficiency is phosphorus. This leads regularly to the production of rickets.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Nakahara Waro , Murphy James B.
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the biological effect of a small dose of soft x-rays given off by a special water-cooled tube with a window of thin glass, operated at ½ inch spark-gap and 11 milliamperes. Mice exposed for 1 minute show 2 days later in the blood an increase in the number of lymphocytes and in the lymphoid organs an increased number of mitotic figures. There occurs also a marked dilatation of the vessels of the suprarenals, particularly between the cortex and medulla. The latter condition did not appear until after 24 hours and was still present 14 days after the treatment. No change was detected in other organs.

Mice treated in this way showed a high degree of resistance to cancer transplants. The amount of resistance varied with the time of the inoculation after the treatment. The resistance was not increased before 3 days after and was at its highest point 10 days after the treatment.
STUDIES ON LYMPHOID ACTIVITY
Authors: Nakahara Waro
Published: June 2004

The experiments reported in this paper show that it is possible to render mice resistant to transplanted cancer by injections of a suitable quantity of olive oil. In the course of the development of the resistance a definite period of latency is detectable following the oil injection, and the maximum degree of resistance appears at about the 10th day. This state of resistance, as has been determined by histological studies, is preceded by a proliferation of the cells of the lymphoid germ centers and, after the cancer inoculation, is associated with a lymphoid infiltration about the grafts, as well as by a second stimulation of the lymphoid germ centers and an increase in the number of the circulating lymphocytes.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM
Authors: du Noüy P. Lecomte
Published: June 2004

The application of the ring method to the measurement of solutions of serum and of certain organic compounds has brought forth new facts, mainly the decrease of the surface tension of such solutions in function of time.

1. In serum diluted at such a low concentration as 1:1,000,000 in NaCl, physiological solution, the surface tension of the liquid is lowered by 3 or 4 dynes in 2 hours; at 1:100,000, by about 11 dynes (mean value) in 2 hours, and by 20 dynes in 24 hours; at 1:10,000 by about 13 to 16 dynes in 2 hours.

2. The drop in surface tension is much more rapid in the first 30 minutes and follows generally the law of adsorption in the surface layer in function of the time.

3. Stirring or shaking after the drop causes the surface tension to rise, but generally below its initial value.

4. The same phenomena occur when using sodium oleate, glycocholate, or saponin instead of serum.

5. For every serum, as well as for the substances mentioned above a maximum drop occurs in certain conditions at a given optimum concentration.

6. Not only are the substances which lower the surface tension adsorbed in the surface layer, in the case in which they are present with crystalloids, but also the crystalloids themselves, in contradiction to Gibbs' statement. This is plainly shown by the evaporation of such solutions in watch-glasses which, instead of a small group of sharp, large, well defined crystals at the bottom, leaves a white disc almost as large as the initial free surface itself, due to the liberation of the salt by the surface layer as it crawls down the concave surface of the glass.

7. In these conditions, solutions of serum are characterized by a very peculiar periodic and concentric distribution of the crystals, at a concentration of 1:100 only. The same ring-like aspect is observed with sodium oleate, glycocholate, and saponin, but not at the same concentration, as was to be expected, since serum is a solution in itself.
IMMUNOLOGICAL DISTINCTIONS OF TWO STRAINS OF THE MOUSE TYPHOID GROUP ISOLATED DURING TWO SPONTANEOUS OUTBREAKS AMONG THE SAME STOCK
Authors: Amoss Harold L. , Haselbauer Peter P.
Published: June 2004

Two strains of the paratyphoid B-enteritidis group causing separate epidemics of mouse typhoid among 2,500 to 4,000 cancer breeding mice are found to be antigenically different. Mouse Typhoid I, isolated from the first outbreak, is related but not identical with two strains of enteritidis, while Mouse Typhoid II is related to but not identical with the human paratyphoid B strains.

In a separate paper in this series, Webster has identified Mouse Typhoid II strain with Bacillus pestis caviæ Smith and has suggested its close relation to the Bacillus aertrycke (mutton) group of Schütze.
INFECTIOUS MOTOR PARALYSIS IN YOUNG RABBITS
Authors: Wright J. Homer , Craighead Eugene M.
Published: June 2004

1. The attempt to infect young rabbits and guinea pigs with material containing in all probability the virus of human infantile paralysis failed.

2. Failure to infect the primary animals almost of necessity brought failure with the secondary flea-bitten animals. It is, however barely conceivable that a non-infectious form of an organism might circulate in the blood of the primary animal and that this form, through development in an intermediate host, the flea, might become virulent for the secondary flea-bitten animal.

3. Incidentally, and presumably accidentally, a paralytic disease was observed in young rabbits associated with the presence of an organism showing certain definite characters. So far as we know this paralysis and the associated organism have not been previously described.

4. This organism is found widely distributed in the organs of the affected animals and can be demonstrated in the urine. The active destruction by the organism of the nerve cells of the spinal cord is particularly striking, and gives complete explanation for the paralysis observed clinically.

5. With the organism present in the urine the spread of the disease by contact can be easily understood.

6. The transfer of the infection from animal to animal by fleabites is possible but not probable.

7. The nature of the observed organisms is in doubt. They represent probably an intermediate stage in the life history of some protozoan parasite.
THE TETANUS BACILLUS AS AN INTESTINAL SAPROPHYTE IN MAN
Authors: Tenbroeck Carl , Bauer Johannes H.
Published: June 2004

1. The only reliable method that can be used for the detection of tetanus bacilli is the culturing of the suspected material, the isolation of tetanus-like organisms and the demonstration that the pure cultures form a spasm-producing toxin that is neutralized by tetanus antitoxin.

2. Using this method we have demonstrated tetanus bacilli in 34.7 per cent of stools from 78 individuals in Peking.

3. The tetanus bacillus is growing in the digestive tract, for it is present in individuals who have been on a practically sterile diet for a month or more, and one individual may eliminate several million spores of tetanus bacilli in a single stool.
BLOOD DESTRUCTION DURING EXERCISE
Authors: Broun G. O.
Published: June 2004

The following changes have been demonstrated to take place in the blood of dogs during exercise.

1. An increase in the per cent of cells and hemoglobin in the blood of the jugular vein occurs early in the course of exercise. It probably results from a redistribution of red corpuscles, with an increase in their proportion in the peripheral blood.

2. As exercise is continued, there is a definite increase in plasma volume.

3. A coincident decrease both in the total cell volume and the pigment volume during prolonged exercise suggests that blood destruction then occurs.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM
Authors: du Noüy P. Lecomte
Published: June 2004

1. The surface tension of pure serum, heated at 55°C., decreases progressively and regularly until the serum coagulates. A drop of 8.2 dynes was observed in 168 hours. The mean drop was 5.7 dynes in 120 hours and 4 dynes in 96 hours.

2. The initial surface tension of solutions of serum at the concentrations 10–1 up to 10–6 is practically not affected by heat, but the time-drop in 2 hours is modified.

3. Each serum seems to react in its own particular way as far as the time-drop is concerned. However, there is a general tendency for the solution to show an increase of time-drop at the concentrations 10–1, 10–2, 10–3 and 10–5, and a decrease at 10–4, when heated at 55°C. a decrease of the time-drop at the concentrations 10–1, 10–2 and 10–3, and an increase at 10–4 when heated at 100°C.

4. Nevertheless, only the changes observed below 10–3 are constant in sign, within 75 or 80 per cent of the cases. The concentration 10–4 seems to correspond to a state of greater instability. This confirms the hypothesis of the existence of a monomolecular layer at that concentration, which was assumed on the basis of the existence of a maximum drop at 10–4. Should this be true, and provided the principle of Gibbs could be transformed so as to be applicable to mixed solutions of colloids and crystalloids, an idea of the size, or at least of one of the dimensions of the molecules or group molecules composing the serum could probably be obtained.

5. 1 drop of the solutions at 1:10 evaporated on glass and examined under the microscope shows the marked differences brought about by heating at different temperatures.
INSUSCEPTIBILITY TO SENSITIZATION AND ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
Authors: Longcope Warfield T.
Published: June 2004

1. Attempts to produce anaphylactic shock in white rats by second intravenous or subdural injections of horse serum have failed.

2. It was impossible to demonstrate either by skin reactions or by the uterine reaction that white rats can be sensitized to horse serum.

3. It was not possible to sensitize guinea pigs passively with the serum of white rats presumably immunized to horse serum.

4. In spite of the fact that the white rat could not be made anaphylactic to horse serum, the tissues of the animal reacted with the horse serum to form precipitins in fair concentration and the antigen disappeared from the circulation soon after the precipitins reached their greatest concentration in the blood.

5. These experiments would indicate that in the white rat anaphylaxis and precipitin formation are independent and represent different types of immunological processes.
THE SUPRAVITAL STAINING OF VACCINE BODIES
Authors: Cowdry Edmund V.
Published: June 2004

Vaccine bodies in living corneal cells may be specifically stained by the addition of a small quantity of brilliant cresyl blue 2 B to the physiological salt solution in which they are being observed. Their appearance by this method (Figs. 3 to 17) corresponds with that seen in fixed preparations (Figs. 22 to 42). Both lines of study reveal the existence of traces of similar material in unvaccinated corneal cells. As this increases in amount during the reaction, it behaves like an integral, cytoplasmic constituent of fluid consistency and shows no evidence of being endowed with any measure of independent vitality. The low grade of structural differentiation which it does exhibit, in living cells as well as in fixed tissues, is not suggestive of the presence within it of independent microorganisms. The material differs radically in its morphology and microchemical reactions from the granules observed by MacCallum and Oppenheimer in vaccine lymph.
THE INTESTINAL FLORA IN MOUSE TYPHOID INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

The normal flora of laboratory mice at The Rockefeller Institute, fed on a bread and milk diet, was determined. Bacillus acidophilus and Bacillus bifidus outnumber the Bacillus coli, Bacillus acidi lactici, and Bacillus coli communior group about twenty-five to one. White and yellow cocci which may or may not liquefy gelatin are occasionally noted; spirochetal and vibrio forms and yeasts are usually seen in stained preparations. This flora does not change when mice are artificially infected per os with a strain of mouse typhoid bacilli (Bacillus pestis cavice) and is the same in the animals which resist the infection as in those which succumb.

Mice fed on a meat diet and showing a colon, Bacillus diffluens, and Bacillus welchii flora do not differ in susceptibility to mouse typhoid from the normal mice fed on bread and milk and showing the above acidophilus flora.
OX BILE SENSITIZATION IN MOUSE TYPHOID INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

Sterile ox bile, administered per os in maximum doses to laboratory mice, tends to increase their susceptibility to mouse typhoid infection.
THE MECHANISM OF THE VOMITING INDUCED BY ANTIMONY AND POTASSIUM TARTRATE (TARTAR EMETIC)
Authors: Weiss Soma , Hatcher Robert A.
Published: June 2004

1. It has been shown that tartar emetic acts on the stomach to induce emesis after its oral administration, that only traces are present in the vomitus following its intravenous injection (Kleimann and Simonowitsch), and that it does not induce emesis when it is applied directly to the vomiting center (Thumas).

2. In the present study, which was made with cats except when otherwise specifically stated, the intravenous injection of tartar emetic caused emesis (typical vomiting movements) after the removal of the entire gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to the anus.

3. Cutting the vagi inhibits emesis after the intravenous injection of any dose of tartar emetic, though nausea may be induced.

4. Cutting the vagi and simultaneously extirpating the stellate ganglia inhibits both nausea and vomiting after the intravenous injection of tartar emetic.

5. Extirpation of the celiac ganglion and simultaneous cutting of the vagi just below the level of the diaphragm does not prevent emesis following the intravenous injection of tartar emetic.

6. Cutting the vagi prevents vomiting after the introduction of large doses of tartar emetic into the stomach, but massive doses may still cause emesis. Vagotomy probably has less influence on the emetic action of a moderately large dose of tartar emetic introduced into a loop of the duodenum.

7. Atropine has very nearly the same effect on the emetic action of tartar emetic as cutting the vagi, but much larger doses are necessary to abolish the effect of the introduction of tartar emetic into the stomach in moderate amounts than that of equal amounts injected intravenously.

8. The facts just stated point to the heart as the seat of reflex vomiting following the intravenous injection of tartar emetic.

9. The intravenous injection of tartar emetic induces afferent emetic impulses which pass from the heart to the vomiting center mainly by way of the vagus, to a much less extent by way of the sympathetic nerve and the stellate ganglia.

10. The introduction of tartar emetic into the stomach induces afferent emetic impulses which pass upward mainly by way of the vagus, to a much less extent by way of the sympathetic nerve.

11. The introduction of tartar emetic into the duodenum induces afferent emetic impulses which pass upward partly by way of the sympathetic nerve, partly by way of the vagus.

12. It seems probable that the path taken by afferent emetic impulses induced in the gastrointestinal tract by tartar emetic depends on the innervation of the organ concerned, and not on any selective action of the poison on the afferent nerve.
INFLUENZA-LIKE BACILLI ISOLATED FROM CATS
Authors: Rivers T. M. , Bayne-Jones Stanhope
Published: June 2004

Six strains of Gram-negative non-motile bacilli from cats have been described. They do not grow on ordinary media. They do grow, however, on a medium to which an autoclave-labile substance alone has been added as an accessory growth factor. These bacilli are similar to Bacillus parainfluenzaæisolated from man. One strain of a Gram-negative non-motile bacillus more exacting than Bacillus influenzæ in its food requirements was found and for convenience has been placed for the present in the parainfluenza group.
BLOOD DESTRUCTION DURING EXERCISE
Authors: Broun G. O.
Published: June 2004

A definite increase in the percentage of reticulocytes occurs after exercise in animals previously kept to a sedentary life. Concomitant changes in the hemoglobin percentage, plasma-cell ratio, and red count offer evidence in addition to that already reported by the author of the occurrence of an increase in blood destruction under such circumstances.

Replacement by transfusion of blood destroyed during exercise prevents the reticulated cell reaction. Animals rendered plethoric and then exercised show no increase in reticulated cells while the plethora persists.

The fact is emphasized that exercise must be an important factor in the maintenance of an efficient hematopoietic tissue.
BLOOD DESTRUCTION DURING EXERCISE
Authors: Broun G. O.
Published: June 2004

Animals recently caged do not show as large a decrease in cell volume after exercise as those which have been confined several months.

When a dog kept for a long time under sedentary conditions is exercised continuously for several weeks, a decrease in cell volume occurs in the 1st or 2nd week of exercise, but usually by the end of the 3rd week the loss has been made up. Apparently by this time the hematopoietic tissues have adapted themselves to the increased demands made upon them by the hastened rate of destruction. There is, furthermore, some anatomical evidence that such is the case.
MICROBIC VIRULENCE AND HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY IN MOUSE TYPHOID INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

Mice bred at The Rockefeller Institute vary in their susceptibility to mouse typhoid infection caused by a certain strain of Bacillus pestis caviæ.

This graded variation may be roughly analyzed as follows: in any series infected per os with a fixed dose, 20 to 30 per cent show no sign of infection, no positive blood cultures, and no agglutinins; 5 or 10 per cent present symptoms of disease, positive blood cultures, and then recover with or without homologous agglutinins; 70 or 80 per cent develop positive blood cultures and succumb in a more or less constant ratio relative to time.

The strain of Bacillus pestis caviæ employed throughout a 10 month series of experiments has shown no permanent change in virulence. Blood cultures taken from infected mice early in disease, shortly after death, and 6 days after death, chronic stool carrier cultures, and chronic septicemia cultures, all show approximately the same degree of virulence.
THE CULTIVATION OF ANAEROBIC TREPONEMATA ON THE SURFACE OF BLOOD AGAR PLATES
Authors: Gates Frederick L.
Published: June 2004

By a method of cultivation that proved successful with Bacterium pneumosintes, characteristic surface colonies of old saprophytic strains of Treponema pallidum and Treponema calligyrum have been obtained. The presence of two types of colony in the pallidum cultures requires explanation, but the fact of colony formation may point the way to new methods of isolation and identification and to the utilization of suspensions of treponemata, free from foreign proteins, for serological and immunological purposes.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF VIBRIO FETUS
Authors: Smith Theobald
Published: June 2004

The general outcome of these six experimental cases and those already reported is that both motile and non-motile types produce disease of the fetal membranes eventually leading to abortion. The more precise serological relations between the two are now under investigation.
THE INCREASED ABSORPTION OF X-RAYS BY VITALLY STAINED WHITE RATS
Authors: Baldwin Wesley M.
Published: June 2004

The object of this investigation was to test out the sensitizing effect of various vital stains upon rat tissues in the presence of x-ray energy. For the purposes of the experiment, it had been found that a dosage of

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at 50 kilovolts induced death in white rats within 110 to 120 hours. This amount of energy was selected as a tentative standard for the experiments. The preliminary injection of small amounts of such stains as trypan blue in 0.5 per cent aqueous solution sensitized the rat tissues to such an extent that the period of viability of these rats after administration of the standard dosage of x-ray energy, was shortened to from 60 to 70 hours. The cause of death in the stained rats has not been ascertained despite careful histologic study. Considerable variation in the susceptibility of rats to the combined procedure was noted.
THE DETERMINATION OF LUNG VOLUME WITHOUT FORCED BREATHING
Authors: Van Slyke Donald D. , Binger Carl A. L.
Published: June 2004

1. A method is described for the determination of lung volumes without forced breathing.

2. The method determined total capacity and its subdivisions coincidently.

3. The values obtained were independent of the length of time during which the subject rebreathed after gas mixture was once established.

4. The maximum error of the method is estimated at ± 3 per cent of the lung volume determined. Considerably greater variation from the mean may be encountered, however, because of inconstancy in the lung positions assumed by the subject.
STUDIES ON THE RELATION OF TETANUS BACILLI IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT TO TETANUS ANTITOXIN IN THE BLOOD
Authors: Tenbroeck Carl , Bauer Johannes H.
Published: June 2004

1. The sera of twenty-six individuals who carried tetanus bacilli in their digestive tracts all contained appreciable amounts of antitoxin.

2. The sera of thirty individuals in whose stools no tetanus-like organisms were found were, with two exceptions, free from tetanus antitoxin.

3. Although we have been unable to measure accurately the antitoxin content of these human carriers of tetanus bacilli, 0.1 cc. of serum neutralizes 10 or more M.L.D. of toxin and it is evident that they have acquired an active immunity due to the bacilli in the intestinal tract.

4. These results definitely prove that tetanus bacilli grow in the intestinal tract of man.

5. Many of the individuals who have no tetanus bacilli in their intestinal tracts and whose serum is free from antitoxin show agglutinins to tetanus bacilli. It is probable that they have been carriers of the bacilli in the past and that the agglutinins have persisted longer than the antitoxins. It seems likely, therefore, that these individuals are potentially immune to tetanus.

6. If tetanus bacilli can be established in the digestive tract of man we have a means of immunization which might be useful in armies or in regions where tetanus infections are common, though we do not recommend this method of immunization at present.
THE RELATION OF ANTIBODY TO THE RATE OF DISAPPEARANCE OF CIRCULATING ANTIGEN
Authors: Mackenzie George M. ,   With the Assistance of Emily Frühbauer.
Published: June 2004

1. In rabbits previously immunized to horse serum the rate of disappearance of horse serum after reinjection is somewhat more rapid than in control animals not previously immunized. But when the average duration of the persistence of antigen in ten previously immunized rabbits is compared with the average duration of persistence in ten normal controls, the difference is not impressive. This holds true for animals previously immunized by repeated injections but having no free circulating antibody, as well as for animals having a high titer of antibody at the time of reinjection. The same animal may dispose of circulating antigen as rapidly at a time when the blood contains no precipitin as when there is a high titer of circulating precipitin.

2. The intravenous injection of large amounts of potent antihorse rabbit serum immediately after an injection of horse serum does not materially accelerate the rate of disappearance of the horse serum from the circulation. While the number of days that circulating antigen was demonstrable in two experiments of this type was less than the average of controls the duration of persistence was within the limits of variation of normal controls.

3. Under the condition of the experiments intravascular union of antigen and antibody is an unimportant factor in the mechanism for disposal of antigen. By exclusion it therefore seems probable that the rate of disappearance of antigen is largely dependent upon cell avidity for the antigen.

4. Rabbits show a wide range of individual variation in the rapidity with which foreign serum is appropriated by the tissue cells, and in their ability to form precipitins. There does not appear to be any close relation between the amount of precipitin set free in the circulation and the rate of disappearance of precipitinogen.

5. The type of interrelation between precipitin and precipitinogen—demonstrable not infrequently in patients with serum disease—in which the precipitinogen diminishes rapidly when the precipitin rises to the crest of its curve is sometimes reproduced in rabbits. The type of curve which has been observed in patients with little or no serum disease in which the precipitinogen persists steadily in the circulation for many weeks and little or no antibody is formed, has not been observed in the present series of rabbits.
THE MECHANISM OF BACTERIOSTASIS
Authors: Churchman John W.
Published: June 2004

1. Between Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms gentian violet exhibits the same type of selective activity whether the dye be added to the media on which the bacteria are planted unstained (extrinsic bacteriostasis), or the organisms be stained with it before being planted on plain agar (intrinsic bacteriostasis). In both instances the Gram-positives are inhibited and the Gram-negatives unaffected.

2. Between Gram-positive spore-bearing aerobes and the commoner Gram-negative bacteria, acid fuchsin, related sulfonic substances, and the flavines exhibit one type of selective activity when the dye is added to the media (extrinsic bacteriostasis) and the opposite type when it is added directly to the bacteria (intrinsic bacteriostasis). In the former case, the Gram-positive spore bearers are inhibited and the Gram-negatives unaffected; in the latter case the Gram-negatives are inhibited and the Gram-positive spore bearers unaffected.

3. Selective bacteriostasis is not necessarily conditioned by selective penetrability. Stained organism may grow, and dyes which do not stain well may inhibit reproduction.

4. There is evidence that the phenomena of bacteriostasis may be due to changes effected by the dye at the surface of the organisms.
INFLUENCE OF SODIUM SALICYLATE UPON THE ARTHRITIS OF RABBITS INOCULATED WITH NON-HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Swift Homer F. , Boots Ralph H.
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits inoculated intravenously with non-hemolytic streptococci, while under the influence of full therapeutic doses of sodium salicylate, developed almost as many inflamed joints as the untreated controls similarly inoculated.

2. The salicylated rabbits, on the other hand, had a much higher proportion of mildly inflamed Joints than did the controls.

3. This anti-inflammatory action was most evident in the animals inoculated with streptococci of the lowest virulence, and could not be demonstrated in animals inoculated with hemolytic streptococci.
STABLE SUSPENSIONS OF AUTOAGGLUTINABLE BACTERIA
Authors: De Kruif Paul H. , Northrop John H.
Published: June 2004

Autoagglutinating cultures of Type G, bacillus of rabbit septicemia, can be rendered stable by suspension in glycocoll-acetate-phosphate buffer mixtures pH 7.5 and 7.1. Distilled water suspensions can also be employed if the normal and immune serum under test is diluted with buffers of this pH instead of with 0.85 per cent NaCl.

Five intensely autoagglutinable strains of Streptococcus hæmolyticus have been stabilized by washing and by suspending in 0.001 N NaOH. Specific agglutination of these stable suspensions by rabbit antistreptococcus serum could be demonstrated by diluting the serum with M/320 NaCl.