bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neoliberalism and the transnational capitalist class
Authors: Carroll William K. , Sapinski Jean Philippe
Published: July 2018

Although a literature on the transnational capitalist class (TCC) began to form in the 1970s, along withthe first stirrings of neoliberal public policy, these intersecting phenomena have deeper lineages in elitecapitalist networks, transnationalizing investment, and the interaction between the two. This chapterexplores those lineages and interactions.
Relative Education and the Advantage of a College Degree
Authors: Horowitz Jonathan
Published: July 2018

What is the worth of a college degree when higher education expands? The relative education hypothesis posits that when college degrees are rare, individuals with more education have less competition to enter highly skilled occupations. When college degrees are more common, there may not be enough highly skilled jobs to go around; some college-educated workers lose out to others and are pushed into less skilled jobs. Using new measurements of occupation-level verbal, quantitative, analytic skills, this study tests the changing effect of education on skill utilization across 70 years of birth cohorts from 1971-2010, net of all other age, period, and cohort trends. Higher education expansion erodes the value of a college degree, and college-educated workers are at greater risk for underemployment in less cognitively demanding occupations. This raises questions about the sources of rising income inequality, skill utilization across the working life course, occupational sex segregation, and how the returns to education have changed across different life domains.
The Orphans, The Market, and the Copyright Dogma: A Modest Solution to a Grand Problem
Authors: Katz Ariel
Published: July 2018

This article proposes a modest common law solution to the orphan works problem: works that are still under copyright but whose owners cannot be easily located. Most discussions on the orphan works problem focus on the demand side: on users’ inability to locate owners. However, looking also at the supply side reveals that the problem of orphan works arises not only because users find it prohibitively costly to locate owners, but also because under a strict permission-first rule, copyright owners, who do not internalize the full social cost of forgone uses, face suboptimal incentives to maintain themselves locatable. However, in many cases copyright owners are usually the least-cost avoiders of the orphan works problem, and like in many other areas of law, should be encouraged to take steps to reduce the extent of the problem. Building on this insight, the article shows how considering the locatability of the owner of an infringed work at the remedy stage and tweaking the appropriate remedy will encourage owners to remain locatable, and why this solution is preferable to other proposed solutions. The article also discusses the tendency to treat the requirement to seek permission before using as a dogma, and why this dogmatic view of copyright impedes simple and efficient solutions and leads to adoption of grand solutions that are ineffective at best and harmful at worst.
Spotty scope and our relation to fictions
Authors: Button Tim
Published: July 2018

Whatever the attractions of Tolkein’s world, irrealists about fictions do not believe literally that Bilbo Baggins is a hobbit. Instead, irrealists believe that, according to The Lord of the Rings {Bilbo is a hobbit}. But when irrealists want to say something like ‘I am taller than Bilbo’, there is nowhere good for them to insert the operator ‘according to The Lord of the Rings’. This is an instance of the operator problem. In this paper, I outline and criticise Sainsbury’s (2006) spotty scope approach to the operator problem. Sainsbury treats the problem as syntactic, but the problem is ultimately metaphysical.Published in Noûs 46.2: 243–58.
Exit, cohesion, and consensus: social psychological moderators of consensus among adolescent peer groups
Authors: Fisher Jacob C.
Published: July 2018

Virtually all social diffusion work relies on a common formal basis, whichpredicts that consensus will develop among a connected population as theresult of diffusion. In spite of the popularity of social diffusion modelsthat predict consensus, few empirical studies examine consensus, or aclustering of attitudes, directly. Those that do either focus on thecoordinating role of strict hierarchies, or on the results of onlineexperiments, and do not consider how consensus occurs among groups in situ.This study uses longitudinal data on adolescent social networks to show howmeso-level social structures, such as informal peer groups, moderate theprocess of consensus formation. Using a novel method for controlling forselection into a group, I find that centralized peer groups, meaning groupswith clear leaders, have very low levels of consensus, while cohesive peergroups, meaning groups where more ties hold the members of the grouptogether, have very high levels of consensus. This finding is robust to twodifferent measures of cohesion and consensus. This suggests that consensusoccurs either through central leaders’ enforcement or through diffusion ofattitudes, but that central leaders have limited ability to enforce whenpeople can leave the group easily.
Healthy Aging, Political Participation and Ageism within Cities of Kurdish Inhabited Region of Iran (a proposed protocol)
Authors: Asadollahi Abdolrahim , Zarei Eghbal
Published: July 2018

Background: Healthy aging, physical activity, and participation leads to the development and proper health policy makers and governance of any nation. It helps in solving problems of the entire nation with reference to the needs of the citizens. It is crucial to understand political participation of the aged citizens in the sociological context, within the more political sociological framework, and look at the internal operation of a political system to determine the extent to which participation of older adults occurs. Aims: The study proposes a research protocol in order to understand the participation of elderly Iranian Kurdish in the political process. The study will make an attempt to understand the fundamental political rights, healthy aging, ageism, independent associations and role of political parties, student struggle, freedom of expression, whether free elections exists. These will reflect participation of Kurdish older people in political activities in the entire cities of Kurdish inhabited region of Iran. Methods: According to the census conducted in 2017, the population of Kurdistan of Iran was 7500 million dwellers and the aged people were estimated to be 1125 million citizens which are 15% of population. The Study will focus at the aged in the age group between 60 years of age and above, staying in the region. Data will be collected from 525 samples which chosen randomly and data analysis will be done according to analysis of variance (ANOVA), GLM, multiple regression, and path analysis using SPSS® v. 25 and LISREL® v. 8.8. Conclusion: the protocol could suggest a research guideline and the results may help health system to improve daily life of older adults.
Conversational coherence in small group chat
Authors: Markman Kris M
Published: July 2018

This chapter shows how the character and context of chat interactions can play a role in conversational coherence, using data drawn from a series of computer-mediated team meetings. Overall, participants were primarily oriented to discourse topics as a means for designing and structuring turns in computer-mediated small group meetings.
Gendering Gender: Introducing Gender Image as a Way to Assess Variation in Gender Expression in Survey Research
Authors: Geist Claudia , Dockendorff Kari J.
Published: July 2018

This paper explores the measurement of "gender image" as a way to capture the way others perceive our gender. This can serve as an alternative to conventional gender categories (gender and sexual identity categories) in gender inequality research.
Pynamical: Model and visualize discrete nonlinear dynamical systems, chaos, and fractals
Authors: Boeing Geoff
Published: July 2018

Pynamical is an educational Python package for introducing the modeling, simulation, and visualization of discrete nonlinear dynamical systems and chaos, focusing on one-dimensional maps (such as the logistic map and the cubic map). Pynamical facilitates defining discrete one-dimensional nonlinear models as Python functions with just-in-time compilation for fast simulation. It comes packaged with the logistic map, the Singer map, and the cubic map predefined. The models may be run with a range of parameter values over a set of time steps, and the resulting numerical output is returned as a pandas DataFrame. Pynamical can then visualize this output in various ways, including with bifurcation diagrams, two-dimensional phase diagrams, three-dimensional phase diagrams, and cobweb plots. These visualizations enable simple qualitative assessments of system behavior including phase transitions, bifurcation points, attractors and limit cycles, basins of attraction, and fractals.
Old Version - Annotated Work Instructions
Authors: Reed David S.
Published: July 2018

This is an open-source project about creating documented work processes in organizations whose officials are unwilling to promulgate implementable procedures.This is a project of Center for Public Administrators, www.PubAdmin.org
Assessing Reproducibility (In The Practice of Reproducible Research Case Studies and Lessons from the Data-Intensive Sciences Justin Kitzes, Daniel Turek, Fatma Deniz (Eds.))
Authors: Marwick Ben , Rokem Ariel , Staneva Valentina
Published: July 2018

While understanding the full complement of factors that contribute to reproducibility is important, it can also be hard to break down these factors into steps that can immediately be adopted into an existing research program and immediately improve its reproducibility. One of the first steps to take is to assess the current state of affairs, and to track improvement as steps are taken to increase reproducibility even more. This chapter provides a few key points for this assessment.
El “Nunca Más” uruguayo. Política ritual hacia el pasado reciente en el gobierno del Frente Amplio
Authors: Izquierdas Revista
Published: July 2018

Este artículo se interesa por el vínculo entre las artes de la dramaturgia y la política contemporánea. Plantea una deconstrucción desde la antropología política de un ritual de Estado promovido desde el primer gobierno nacional del Frente Amplio respecto al denominado pasado reciente. Específicamente aborda un ritual conmemorativo llamado “Día del Nunca Más” impulsado por el presidente Tabaré Vázquez en el que procuró reconvertir la conmemoración patriótica del nacimiento del prócer nacional José Artigas en un ritual de renacimiento y reconciliación de la nación para poner fin a las heridas aún abiertas del pasado reciente representado como pecado fratricida. Se analizan los mitos subyacentes y las secuencias performáticas básicas que estructuran este ritual conmemorativo en el montaje de sus cuatro ediciones efectuadas entre 2007 al 2011.
Copyright's Digital Deputies: DMCA-Plus Enforcement by Internet Intermediaries
Authors: Bridy Annemarie
Published: July 2018

In the years since passage of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act ("DMCA"), the copyright industries have demanded that online intermediaries - both those covered by the DMCA and those falling outside the statute's ambit - do more than the law requires to protect their intellectual property rights. In particular, they have sought new ways to reach and shutter "pirate sites" beyond the reach of United States law. Their demands have been answered through an expanding regime of nominally voluntary "DMCA-plus" enforcement.This chapter surveys the current landscape of DMCA-plus enforcement by dividing such enforcement into two categories: Type 1 and Type 2. Type 1 DMCA-plus enforcement is cooperation by DMCA-covered intermediaries over and above what is required for safe harbor. Type 2 DMCA-plus enforcement is cooperation by intermediaries whose activities fall outside the scope of the DMCA's safe harbors and who are not liable for their customers' copyright infringements under secondary liability rules.As the gap widens between what the law requires and what intermediaries are agreeing to do on a voluntary basis, there is reason to be concerned about the expressive and due process rights of users and website operators, who have no seat at the table when intermediaries and copyright owners negotiate "best practices" for mitigating online infringement, including which sanctions to impose, which content to remove, and which websites to block without judicial intervention.Annemarie BridyProfessor|University of Idaho College of Law|PO Box 83720-0051|Boise, ID 83720|Ph. 208.364.4583Affiliate Scholar|Stanford Center for Internet and SocietyAffiliate Fellow|Yale Information Society ProjectSSRN|HeinOnline|LinkedIn|Twitter
The Effect of ECRIF Strategy on EFL Seventh Graders’ Vocabulary Learning and Retention
Authors: Journal Arab World English , AlSaleem Basma Issa Ahmad
Published: July 2018

This paper aims at highlighting the effectiveness of Encounter, Clarify ,Remember, Internalize, Fluent Use (ECRIF) strategy in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Seventh Graders’ vocabulary learning and retention. It tries to answer the following question : Are there statistically important differences at (α ≤ 0.05) in the whole mean scores in vocabulary accomplishment among the students who learn English vocabulary through using ECRIF strategy (experimental group) and those who learn English vocabulary over the traditional technique (control group) in the post test? To accomplish the purpose of the study, the researcher shown the experimental group with a sample involved (125) students for ECRIF strategy. While the traditional technique was used with the control group which involved (100) students in the first term of the school year 2017-2018.The researcher used (pre -post & delayed) vocabulary test and an analysis card to collect data. The study's results suggested that there were statistically important differences at (α ≤ 0.05) in the whole mean grade in vocabulary accomplishment between experimental and the control groups in the post & delayed test in favor of ECRIF strategy. In addition, the researcher recognized these differences to using ECRIF strategy in teaching English language vocabulary. In light of these outcomes, the study suggested the necessity of applying ECRIF in teaching English language to get better results in students’ vocabulary learning and retention in English as a foreign language. Similarly, the ECRIF Strategy would be used with other English skills and sub-skills.
IP and Other Regulations
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Intellectual property (IP) is a form of regulation. Once we understand IPlaws as government social policies that seek to alter market outcomes, wecan start to think of those laws as part of a broader tapestry ofgovernment rules that affect innovation in a complex variety of ways.Sometimes governments encourage innovation by rewarding it. Sometimes theyencourage innovation by restricting market entry, giving incumbentssupracompetitive returns by insulating them from competition. IP does bothof these at various points.Market-entry regulation is a troubling way to encourage innovation, becausein many cases it is competition, not monopoly, that drives technicalprogress. But a third type of regulation can actually open rather thanclose markets, and offers the prospect of encouraging innovation not byimpeding competition but by encouraging it. Antitrust and net neutralitymay fit within this last category.
Omnipresent Consciousness and Free Will
Authors: Janew Claus
Published: July 2018

This article is not an attempt to explain consciousness in terms basically of quantum physics or neuro-biology. Instead I should like to place the term "Consciousness" on a broader footing. I shall therefore proceed from everyday reality, precisely where we experience ourselves as conscious beings. I shall use the term in such a general way as to resolve the question whether only a human being enjoys consciousness, or even a thermostat. Whilst the difference is considerable, it is not fundamental. Every effect exists in the perception of a consciousness. I elaborate on its freedom of choice (leading to free will), in my view the most important source of creativity, in a similarly general way. The problems associated with a really conscious decision do not disappear by mixing determination with a touch of coincidence. Both must enter into a higher unity. In so doing it will emerge that a certain degree of freedom of choice (or free will) is just as omnipresent as consciousness - an inherent part of reality itself.
The Effectiveness of Using Films in the EFL Classroom: A Case Study Conducted at an International University in Thailand
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Kalra Rusma
Published: July 2018

Films have always been seen as an entertainment and its power since birth has had strong impact on people’s lives. Today, films are no longer thought of as simple entertainment media but rather educational tools as well. Globalization has contributed greatly to the availability of English-language films and that enriches the source of English learning material dramatically. This research paper explores the effect of using English films in English as foreign language (EFL) classroom. It reveals the effect on developing students’ motivation, comprehension as well as communication skills. The study was carried out on a sample of two groups: an experimental group using films alongside their course book and a control group taught in a conventional way. The participants were classified as pre-intermediate level. The findings of this study have shown that those in the experimental group significantly outperformed their control group counterpart in terms of motivation and language production. Also, this study offers pedagogical implications for EFL teachers to use films in their classrooms to enhance students’ listening and speaking skills which as a result improved students’ learning.
Teaching Writing to Second Language Learners: Bench-marking Strategies for Classroom
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Hussain Syed Sarwar
Published: July 2018

This study assesses teaching writing skills to the second language learners by utilizing bench-marking strategies of classroom. The study has used mixed approach of qualitative and quantitative analysis to evaluate learning and writing skills of second language among 400 students from different primary and secondary schools in Riyadh. The teachers were instructed to fill an assessment form to evaluate skills of students in learning second language through Bench-marking techniques of brainstorming, fable writing, speed writing, loop writing, and mini saga. The data was analyzed using a statistical software (SPSS) 20.0 version. Cross tabulation technique has been applied on the data collected through questionnaires to observe the appropriate responses of the teachers. The results revealed that 75% of the students were interested in learning writing in second language. Brainstorming technique (56.3%) was found to be most popular among the students and teachers. The majority of the teachers (84.4%) believe that acquiring writing skills is the toughest task for the second language learners. Moreover, brainstorming (p=0.000), narrating fables (p=0.002), and loop writing (0.000) were significant among students for learning second language. It has been concluded that the technique of brainstorming was effective among the students to learn writing skills in second language.
Tradition, Rationalization, and Worth: Conflict over the value of artistic practice
Authors: Gerber Alison
Published: July 2018

Situated in the juncture between professions literature and social scientific studies of worth and value, this article extends Zelizer’s work on social processes of valuation and Boltanski and Thevenot’s research on diverse orders of worth. Using interview, ethnographic, and archival data on visual artists, the author considers diverse accounts of the value of artistic practice and develops a model of social processes of disagreement about valuation in working life, processes of individual and collective revaluation of objects and practices about which there exists significant social agreement regarding value. The process consists of three stages: as traditional practices undergo an occupational turn, tensions between old and new orders of worth come to be expressed in conflicts over valuation; diverse accounts of value proliferate; and finally, some accounts – those that draw on contemporary visions of traditional practice – achieve widespread resonance and become widely shared meanings.
“I Don’t Know Everything, But Ethan Would Know”: Language, Expertise, and the Cultural Mismatch for Women Scientists
Authors: Hirshfield Laura Ellen
Published: July 2018

Preprint; Final version accepted at NASPA Journal about Women in Higher Education
Survivor: Spectators and Gladiators in the US Environmental Movement, 2000-2010
Authors: Park Soon Seok , Raridon Andrew
Published: July 2018

What motivates people to participate in which forms of environmental activism? To address this question, we revise empirical models examining environmental activism by disaggregating the outcome variable of movement participation and dichotomizing two key motivational factors. Using repeated cross-sectional data from the US General Social Survey of 2000 and 2010, this study conducts logistic regression of four forms of participation on perceived severity and sense of efficacy, while accounting for biographical availability and political engagement. Results from regression analysis show that vocabularies of motive have substantial impacts on an individual’s likelihood of: 1) signing a petition; 2) giving money; 3) joining a group; and 4) joining a protest or demonstration. Their effects are large enough to override the noticeable impacts of liberalism and education. This study also finds that the level of participation in the movement across all forms has decreased between 2000 and 2010. These findings direct our attention to the limited capacity of the public sphere to accommodate the environmental movement during the last decade, as well as to potential changes in environmental activism in the coming decades that may mobilize those previously less likely to participate.
¿Nuevas culturas del aprendizaje? (Una conversación con Linda Castañeda)
Authors: Selwyn Neil
Published: July 2018

Boletín de la Institución Libre de Enseñanza, No.104, pp.51-77El texto que presentamos a continuación es una transcripción editada por Linda Castañeda de la conferenciade Neil Selwyn en la Institución Libre de Enseñanza el pasado mes de octubre de 2016, que transcurriócomo una sesión en la que el conferenciante desarrolló su planteamiento en tres partes, cada unade las cuales fue seguida de un debate conducido por la editora.
The Effect of Conservative Politics on Sex Education and Teen Birth: A State-by-State Analysis of Abstinence and Contraception-focused Approaches
Authors: Alley Isabelle
Published: July 2018

Researchers and policy makers have looked at many factors that result in high teen birth rates, most notably sex education in public schools. Most often sex education policies fall to the state government, resulting in vast differences in policy across the US. In this study I look at two different approaches to sex education: programs in which abstinence is stressed and programs that include information on contraception. Using the Guttmacher Institute’s evaluation of state sex education laws (2015) and The National Campaign to End Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy’s teen birthrates (2015), I have compiled a data set that allows a state-by-state analysis of sex education policies and teen birthrate outcomes. I have also considered the influence of the state’s political leaning on the variables by coding states that voted for Donald Trump in the 2016 election as conservative. The findings suggest that controlling for sex education, conservative states have higher teen birthrates. While there appears to be a relationship between the type of sex education and teen birthrate, when conservative is controlled for the relationship disappears. Conservative states have higher teen birthrates than liberal states across all racial categories. Additionally, conservative states were more likely to stress abstinence in their sex education than include information on contraception. Finally, stressing abstinence in sex education has no effect on teen birthrates, while including information on contraception only has an effect on reducing the birthrate for Black teens. It appears that conservative politics may be a better indicator of teen birthrates than sex education requirements.
Planarity and Street Network Representation in Urban Form Analysis
Authors: Boeing Geoff
Published: July 2018

Models of street networks underlie research in urban travel behavior, accessibility, design patterns, and morphology. These models are commonly defined as planar, meaning they can be represented in two dimensions without any underpasses or overpasses. However, real-world urban street networks exist in three-dimensional space and frequently feature grade separation such as bridges and tunnels: planar simplifications can be useful but they also impact the results of real-world street network analysis. This study measures the nonplanarity of drivable and walkable street networks in the centers of 50 cities worldwide, then examines the variation of nonplanarity across a single city. It develops two new indicators - the Spatial Planarity Ratio and the Edge Length Ratio - to measure planarity and describe infrastructure and urbanization. While some street networks are approximately planar, we empirically quantify how planar models can inconsistently but drastically misrepresent intersection density, street lengths, routing, and connectivity.
Foreign Language Learning Anxiety: The Case of Trilinguals
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Bensalem Elias
Published: July 2018

The current study is motivated by the dearth of research regarding trilingualism and its relationship with foreign language anxiety (FLA) especially in a bilingual and diglossic context. The present study reports on the FLA level in an underexplored context of seventy-three male and female Arabic-and French-speaking university trilingual students learning English as a foreign language (EFL) in Tunisia. It also examines the main sources of the participants’ anxiety. Using data from the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) (Horwitz, Horwitz, & Cope, 1986), analyses revealed that the English learners experienced low to average amounts of FLA. Worry about failing English class, apprehension about speaking in English, and anxiety related to the classroom were identified as major sources of FLA. No association was found between gender and FLA. This study found a significant negative relationship between students’ level of FLA and their exam scores. Implications for language teaching are offered.
Notice and Takedown: Online Service Provider and Rightsholder Accounts of Everyday Practice
Authors: Urban Jennifer , Karaganis Joe , Schofield Brianna L.
Published: July 2018

Section 512 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act established both "safe harbors" from liability for online service providers and the well-known "notice and takedown" process for removing online infringements of copyrighted material. In the ensuing two decades, the notice and takedown process has become a primary tool for raising and resolving copyright disputes in the United States.But despite its influence, there is little empirical research describing § 512's operation or its effectiveness. This article digests findings from a qualitative study, reported fully in the three-study report, Notice and Takedown in Everyday Practice (available at https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2755628) and peer-reviewed here, that helps fill this gap. Through detailed surveys and interviews with nearly three dozen respondents, we provide the first detailed account of how § 512 is implemented and experienced by online service providers and large rightsholders. All respondents agreed that the § 512 safe harbors and the ability to take down infringing material remain fundamental. But the online copyright enforcement ecosystem is also highly diverse, and all participants face challenges. The findings suggest that the notice and takedown system is important, under strain, and that there is no "one size fits all" approach to improving it. Based on the findings, we suggest a variety of best practices and limited legal reforms.
Gay-Straight Alliances in High Schools: Social Predictors of Early Adoption
Authors: Fetner Tina , Kush Kristen
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we examine the patterns of emergence of Gay-StraightAlliances in public high schools in the United States. Theseextracurricular student groups offer safe spaces, social support, andopportunities for activism to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queerand straight students. Combining data on various characteristics of publicschools and state anti-discrimination laws with organizational records onthe formation of Gay-Straight Alliance groups, we consider the conditionsunder which these groups are likely to form, as well as the social barriersto their formation. Using logistic regression and linear regressionanalysis, we isolate a number of characteristics common among those schoolsthat founded the first wave of Gay-Straight Alliances. We find that thelocation of schools, the number of students, region of the country, andsupport groups outside high schools are among those social forces thatpromoted the early adoption of Gay-Straight Alliances in public schools.
"Songs of Innocence and of Experience": Amateur Users and Digital Texts
Authors: Visconti Amanda
Published: July 2018

Information master's thesis exploring non-expert use of digital humanities scholarly websites, and the small design changes such sites might make to serve a broader audience.
Protecting Open Innovation: The Defensive Patent License as a New Approach to Patent Threats, Transaction Costs, and Tactical Disarmament
Authors: Urban Jennifer
Published: July 2018

*Abstract: *Historically, Open Innovation Communities (OICs), such as those who make free and open source software (FOSS), have opted out of the patent system for three main reasons: Patents are expensive to acquire and enforce; they are philosophically, culturally, and politically anathema to many OIC members; and even when they appear to be acquired for “defensive” or other altruistic purposes, there has been no guarantee against someone later “weaponizing” them for use in an offensive attack.In this article, we first analyze how and why various OICs have approached strategic concerns about intellectual property and then make a case for why OICs should – and indeed must – opt back into the patent system if they wish to protect themselves from the growing threats that patents pose, including threats from the increasingly complex “thicket” of patents on software, standards, and ecosystems that have become the battlegrounds over technologies such as smartphones, online video, and social media. We support our argument with a proposal for a new OIC patent license – the Defensive Patent License. Built on legal and normative approaches similar to the GNU General Public License and Creative Commons licensing, the DPL directly addresses the three reasons for OIC opt-out and provides several positive reasons for opting in, including increasing access and interoperability between OIC technologies, improving the prior art, imposing legally-binding restrictions that require DPL patents to remain “defensive,” and preventing patent trolls, “bullies,” or others from ever asserting DPL patents against those who use the license. We end with a comparison of the DPL to other OIC patent strategies to situate it within the current set of options OICs face in dealing with patent threats.Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2040945
Who Cares About Local Candidates? Finding Voters That Use Candidate Localness As A Cue For Their Vote Choices
Authors: Delmar Sofia Collignon , Sajuria Javier
Published: July 2018

The literature on candidate selection has found that voters favour local candidates, as they are thought to be more apt to represent their constituents. An important caveat is that it requires for a voter to have knowledge of the candidates’ characteristics, and to value localism. Previous research concentrates on candidate characteristics, leaving unanswered the question of who considers localism to be important when making their vote choices. This research fills the gap by showing that not all voters care in the same degree and magnitude about localism. We test this argument analysing data from the British Election Survey 2015 using multilevel models. Results show that voters who feel stronger about their distinctive regional identities care significantly more about localism. Additionally, this effect is different when the party system includes a party that explicitly channels these feelings, suggesting that the advantage of local candidates is dependent on the context of party competition.
Pride and Prejudice: Employment Discrimination against Openly Gay Men in the United States
Authors: Tilcsik András
Published: July 2018

This article presents the first large-scale audit study of discrimination against openly gay men inthe United States. Pairs of fictitious résumés were sent in response to 1,769 job postings in sevenstates. One résumé in each pair was randomly assigned experience in a gay campus organization,and the other résumé was assigned a control organization. Two main findings have emerged.First, in some but not all states, there was significant discrimination against the fictitiousapplicants who appeared to be gay. This geographic variation in the level of discriminationappears to reflect regional differences in attitudes and anti-discrimination laws. Second,employers who emphasized the importance of stereotypically male heterosexual traits wereparticularly likely to discriminate against openly gay men. Beyond these particular findings, thisstudy advances the audit literature more generally by covering multiple regions and byhighlighting how audit techniques may be used to identify stereotypes that affect employmentdecisions in real labor markets.
Focusing economic research on the issues of sustainability and environmental protection
Authors: ARTENE Alin
Published: July 2018

Trying to find solutions for trivalent durability (economic / financial, social and environmental issues) is becoming more and more a preoccupied concerns of many specialists. In this paper we make some references to the Romanian researchers focus on the issue of sustainable development, especially with Professor Ionel Bostan, which operates at the universities of Iasi and Suceava (RO). His work, published in several scientific journals indexed in international databases, addresses issues related to promoting natural capital, the right of future generations to a healthy environment, eco-investments, green tourism, green energy, environmental audit, economy and public health financing and then, because "People are at the forefront of sustainable development”, issues related to the human factor.
The Effects of Learning and Communication Strategies Instruction on Economics Undergraduates’ Oral Communication Ability in Thailand
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Puripunyavanich Mintra , Soontornwipast Kittitouch
Published: July 2018

This study investigates the effects of learning and communication strategies (LACS) instruction on economics students’ oral communication ability in Thailand and explores their perceptions toward the instruction. The study involved 23 third-year economics undergraduates at a public university in Thailand who were explicitly taught 13 learning and communication strategies in class. The impacts of the LACS instruction on oral communication ability were assessed by the participants’ pre- and post- oral presentation tests, and the perceptions of the participants as well as their strategy use were obtained from students’ reflective journals (SRJ), semi-structured focus group interviews, and the teacher’s observation notes. The findings reveal that all students’ oral presentation test scores significantly improved and confirm that teaching a combination of different LACS could enhance oral communication ability. The qualitative results indicate that all 23 students had positive perceptions of the strategies instruction. Furthermore, it is revealed that strong students used a combination of all three types (cognitive, metacognitive, and affective) of learning strategies (LS) and a communication strategy (CS) of self-repair, while moderate and weak students employed a combination of two types (cognitive and affective) of LS and self-repair. Nonetheless, this study would argue that strong, moderate, and weak students did apply metacognitive strategies, as evidenced by their reflections on their strategy use in the journals and the self-assessment form, but some students were not aware of it. Consequently, future studies should emphasize raising students’ awareness of their metacognitive strategy use.
Voices from the far right: a text analysis of Swedish parliamentary debates
Authors: Magnusson Måns , Öhrvall Richard , Barrling Katarina , Mimno David
Published: July 2018

In this paper we study the effects of a radical right party entering a national parliament, on the parliament discourse. We follow the classification developed by Meguid (2008) and use a probabilistic topic model approach to analyze the 300,000 speeches delivered in the Swedish parliament between 1994 and 2017. Our results indicate that immigration became a more prevalent topic in party leader debates when the Sweden Democrats entered the parliament in 2010. The other parties started to address immigration more, but still not to the extent that the Sweden Democrats did. In 2015, as Sweden faced a migration crisis, immigration became a more salient issue in the parliamentary debates. This could be seen as an external shock that forced the mainstream parties to put more emphasis on the topic of immigration. We conclude that the mainstream parties used a partly dismissive, partly adversarial strategy in their speeches when the SD entered the parliament. The migration crises in 2015 made them focus more on immigration and they thereby adopted a more adversarial strategy.
Preprint for the Humanities - Fiction or a real possibility?
Authors: Laporte Steven
Published: July 2018

Even though the use of open preprint databases for scholarly publications is commonplace in several disciplines, their possibilities remain largely unexplored in the humanities. This article examines the emergence and the dynamics of academic preprint and evaluates the possibilities for introducing preprint for the humanities.
Scaling-up local foods: commodity practice in community supported agriculture (CSA)
Authors: Nost Eric
Published: July 2018

Full-text, in-print version here: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S074301671400014XCitation: Nost, E. 2014. Scaling-up local foods: commodity practice in community supported agriculture (CSA). Journal of Rural Studies 34, 152-160.Non-profit, consumer, and government advocates are working to expand access to locally-produced foods as a way of addressing major social and ecological issues. Some activists, however, suggest that farms “scaling-up” production and distribution may lose sight of the movement's aims by circumventing a direct exchange between growing and consumer and by delivering “local” shares long distances. I argue that in order to answer whether scaling-up is misguided, we first have to understand how farms come to scale differently. I describe the varied practices that three community supported agriculture (CSA) farms in the Midwest perform in order to give their products market value as embedded in a specific socio-ecological context. I focus on three key moments of CSA that advocates are concerned about in scaling-up: 1) the employment of different kinds of labor; 2) operating within the seasons; 3) the management of sharer expectations about produce quantity and quality. As what I call commodity practice, farm decisions about these factors produce differently scaled local food commodities. These different practices are not necessarily incongruent with the aims of the movement. My main point in this approach is to advance an awareness of hybridity in local food institutions. As CSAs and other institutions like food hubs grow and evolve, a look at commodity practices can shed light on and confound some of the apparent contradictions in scaling-up.
LEED-ND and Livability Revisited
Authors: Boeing Geoff
Published: July 2018

This study examines LEED-ND’s criteria for Neighborhood Pattern and Design (NPD). LEED-ND was developed as a system for rating new neighborhoods on the sustainability of their planning. However, it has increasingly been adopted by cities as a de facto measure of “livable” neighborhood design and used to accelerate development processes. We hypothesize that these criteria do not accurately capture livability as defined by residents. Our study area is Temescal, a gentrifying neighborhood in Oakland, CA. Temescal could not achieve LEED-ND certification due to technical disqualifications yet residents of the neighborhood rated its livability very highly. Furthermore, residents consistently rated and ranked NPD characteristics quite differently than did LEED-ND, calling into question its validity as a universally codifiable rating system. We propose that a single set of weighted, prescriptive design guidelines may not be able to reflect the diverse values and desired amenities of different communities.
How Were Encounters Initiated That Resulted in the Fatal Shooting of Civilians by Police?
Authors: Frankham Emma
Published: July 2018

An abbreviated version of this paper has been published in Contexts: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1536504218776970..........................................................................................................This paper examines police-public encounters that resulted in the fatal shooting of civilians during 2015 and 2016. Data published by The Washington Post is merged with data collected by the author regarding how encounters were initiated. Descriptive analysis and basic statistical analysis is performed and the results indicate that how police contact was initiated varies by race/ethnicity, age, sex, mental health status, and whether (or how) the individual killed by police was armed with a weapon. The implications of the results for understanding police use of force are discussed. This paper recommends that databases on civilian fatalities include information on how contact was initiated. Without this crucial information, understandings of police use of force are incomplete.
Next Generation Crowdsourcing for Collective Intelligence
Authors: Prpić John
Published: July 2018

New techniques leveraging IT-mediated crowds such as Crowdsensing, Situated Crowdsourcing, Spatial Crowdsourcing, and Wearables Crowdsourcing have now materially emerged. These techniques, here termed next generation Crowdsourcing, serve to extend Crowdsourcing efforts beyond the heretofore dominant desktop computing paradigm. Employing new configurations of hardware, software, and people, these techniques represent new forms of organization for IT-mediated crowds (Prpić et al 2015; 2015b, 2015c, 2015d, Prpić & Shukla 2013; 2014; 2016). However, it is not known how these new techniques change the processes and outcomes of IT-mediated crowds for Collective Intelligence purposes? The aim of this exploratory work is to begin to answer this question. The work ensues by outlining the relevant findings of the first generation Crowdsourcing paradigm, before reviewing the emerging literature pertaining to the new generation of Crowdsourcing techniques. Premised on this review, a collectively exhaustive and mutually exclusive typology is formed, organizing the next generation Crowdsourcing techniques along two salient dimensions common to all first generation Crowdsourcing techniques. As a result, this work situates the next generation Crowdsourcing techniques within the extant Crowdsourcing literature, and identifies new research avenues stemming directly from the analysis.Prpić, J. (2016). Next Generation Crowdsourcing for Collective Intelligence. Collective Intelligence Conference, 2016. Stern School of Business, NYU.
Intellectual capital and research trajectories of the teachers of the Sociology Faculty of the Santo Tomas University (Bogota, Colombia)
Authors: Urra Miguel
Published: July 2018

This article, through a simple exercise in bibliometrics, analyzes the intellectual capital and draws the research trajectories of the 21 teachers who were part of the Sociology Department of the Santo Tomas University (Bogota, Colombia) in the first half of the year 2018. The conclusions show us a team of young researchers, which deals with 124 fields of study and in which the qualitative methodology prevails.
Religious Mobility in the United States: The Effects of Income and Economic Mobility on Religious Conversion
Authors: Thompson Ruby
Published: July 2018

Why do people switch religions? Under the theoretical framework of interactionism theory of conversion, which posits that the interplay between active, negotiated, and socially constructed aspects of human behavior and different aspects of social context lead to religious conversion, I propose that economic mobility and income affect whether or not one chooses to switch religions from the one in which they were raised. I rely on the 2016 General Social Survey (GSS) that was administered to 2,867 randomly selected adults living in households in the United States in 2016. I analyze data from a subset of 1,068 married respondents to examine the effects of economic mobility, income, exogamy, geographic mobility, education, race, age, and sex on religious mobility and apostasy. There are no significant correlations between economic mobility and income with religious mobility or apostasy. The only significant predictor of religious mobility and apostasy is exogamy. Respondents who have married outside of the religion in which they were raised are more likely to be religiously mobile or abandon religion altogether than those who are endogamous. Additionally, older respondents are less likely to abandon religion than younger respondents. My hypothesis is not supported. However, the results support interactionism theory of conversion as exogamy is a significant predictor of religious mobility. These results confirm that the institution of marriage plays a significant role in whether or not someone converts religions; furthermore, the bonds of marriage outweigh one’s bond to the religion in which they were raised.
Restorative Justice
Authors: Suzuki Masahiro , Wood William R
Published: July 2018

With a focus on the emergence, development, and use of restorative justice (RJ) in Australia and New Zealand, this chapter provides an overview of the types of RJ practices used, their history and implementation in youth and criminal justice systems, and their role in contemporary justice practices. Consideration is also given to major research conducted on the use of RJ in Australia and New Zealand related to RJ goals of victim redress, offender accountability and reintegration, and community involvement in RJ processes. Future directions for research and practice are also provided.
Specific Skills of Social Workers in Human Talent Management
Authors: Urra Miguel
Published: July 2018

As a result of the research entitled Labor skills of social workers in human talent management, this article aims to identify the specific skills of social workers in the area of human talent management. These skills are addressed and analyzed from a qualitative approach, using structured interviews to 48 social workers as methodology