bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Internal vs External Control and Magnitude of Aggression toward Self and Others
Authors: Davis George H. , Mettee David R.
Published: September 2011

Ss measuring high or low on the Rotter (1966) I-E Scale were given or denied information about outcome and then asked to aggress against themselves or another unknown S. It was reasoned that the Self for internals and Others for externals (i.e., the perceived locus of control) would be regarded as appropriate aggression targets. Results indicated that internals treated themselves much as externals treated Others (appropriate targets). When the target was inappropriate, internals and externals again reacted similarly but in a very different manner from their reactions to appropriate targets. If success or failure information was provided, aggression against appropriate targets was low and apparently inhibited since these Ss reported high levels of anger following the opportunity to aggress. In the absence of outcome information, appropriate targets received high levels of aggression which apparently drained off some hostility since these Ss reported low levels of anger following aggression. In the case of inappropriate targets, both manifest aggression and reported anger fell between the above extremes irrespective of the information provided Ss.
Locus of Control in Negro and White Children at Four Age Levels
Authors: Milgram Norman A.
Published: September 2011

Age-related progressions, but not sex or ethnic differences (Negro-White), were obtained in children 6 to 16 on Bialer's Scale of locus of control. Test-retest correlations of locus of control for Grades 1 and 7 were not significant, despite the minimal shift in score by individual, because of the narrow range of scores at these grade levels. The absence of significant relationships between locus of control and measures of scholastic achievement, nonverbal intelligence, and occupational aspiration was discussed.
Acquisition and Extinction as a Function of Incentive Shift
Authors: Marx Melvin H.
Published: September 2011

A statistically reliable contrast effect was found from an incentive shift between magazine and bar-press training and was most clearly evident in rats trained under high drive. The frustration-suppression effect (FSE) was not found in extinction, suggesting that the present use of a single day of bar-press training is not sufficient for this purpose.
Effects of Chronic Trifluoperazine Administration in Multiple Dosages on Rat Offspring Behavior
Authors: Gauron Eugene F. , Rowley Vinton N.
Published: September 2011

A learning deficit was demonstrated on 48 albino rat offspring of females chronically drugged in infancy with Trifluoperazine. Duration of administration to the parent animal was not a critical factor in the offsprings' learning. The hypothesis that offspring of highest dosage level females would display a more significant deficit was not confirmed.
Reliability and Learning Factors Associated with Cognitive Tests
Authors: Fleishman Joseph J. , Dusek E. Ralph
Published: September 2011

Reliability, practice effects, and factor loadings were investigated for 21 paper-and-pencil tests selected from the French, et al. Kit of Reference Tests for Cognitive Factors. Criteria of brevity and ease of administration were employed for selecting tests to be studied. The results are helpful in selecting those tests of cognitive abilities which may be most useful in studies of the effects of climatic and environmental variables on behavior. Such studies frequently require repeated measurements on a small group of Ss over several days, thus making it extremely important that practice and environmental effects not be confounded. Test-retest reliabilities of the tests were generally quite good; 16 of the tests had a Pearson r of .8 or greater. Eight of the tests showed enough stability in mean performances over six trials to suggest that they may be used repetitively under environmental extremes without serious confounding by practice. The authors caution that factor definitions may not be the same under extreme conditions and under normal environmental conditions.
A Technique for the Codification of Common-Sense Predictions
Authors: Lachenmeyer Charles W.
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire is described that attempts to codify S's responses into a series of conditional statements with appropriate quantifiers. The antecedents and consequents are S's behaviors or the behaviors of specific others.
Relationship between Ego-Involvement Instructions and Various Motivation and Performance Measures
Authors: Ferguson Eva D.
Published: September 2011

The effects of ego-involvement instructions (EIS) were investigated in two studies. In Exp. I, EIS had no significant effect on a response measure of ego-involvement (EIn) nor on RT and paired-associate verbal learning. Anxiety, as measured by the MAS, and n achievement, as measured by the EPPS, did not significantly correlate with any of the measures, but a significant effect was found for EIR when anxiety and EIS were analyzed in a 2 × 2 design. When more extreme EIS were used in Exp. II, EIS had a significant effect on EIR and verbal learning: higher EIR ratings were obtained for high than low EIS and, for Ss receiving a low response-competition list, fewer errors were made under high than low EIS.
Procedure for Sectioning the Brains of Small Animals in Situ
Authors: Tucker A. Marie , Shapiro Sandra
Published: September 2011

A method for sectioning the delicate brains of small animals without removing them from the skull is described. A nitric acid-phloroglucin solution is used first to decalcify the bones of the head after which a very gradual dehydration procedure is employed to minimize separation of the soft and hard tissues which are being processed simultaneously. This method ensures excellent preservation and correct spatial localization of structures of the skull, central nervous system, and of the peripheral receptors, including their connections with the central nervous system. Photomicrographs of slides prepared using this method are presented and possible research applications are discussed.
Comments on Heap, Boblitt, Moore, and Hord's “Behavior-Milieu Therapy with Chronic Neuropsychiatric Patients”
Authors: Hersen Michel , Eisler Richard M.
Published: September 2011

A recent study by Heap, Boblitt, Moore, and Hord (1970), comparing the combined effects of token economy, milieu, and attitude therapies with a no-treatment chronic ward control group, is criticized because of several methodological deficiencies: confounding of several treatment modalities, incomparable living arrangements for experimentals and controls, and the absence of an “attention-placebo” control group. An alternative experimental design is offered and suggestions for further research employing token economic methods are outlined.
Therapeutic Community for Drug Addicts, Long-Term Measurement of Emotional Changes
Authors: De Leon George , Rosenthal Mitchell , Brodney Kenneth
Published: September 2011

Emotional ratings were obtained each month on 40 male and 10 female addicts who remained in a therapeutic community program and 45 who dropped out. For both groups, “emotionality” significantly dropped over time in the program. Also, a relationship is suggested between length of stay in the program and the magnitude of the initial emotional ratings.
Age Differences in Children's Conceptual Behavior
Authors: Penk Walter E.
Published: September 2011

Age differences in children's conceptual behavior were investigated within the framework of McGaughran's “conceptual area” analysis of object sortings. Two commonly observed, but unclearly defined and inadequately measured, aspects of cognitive growth were demonstrated clearly. First, a progressive increase in enculturative effects was found. Second, shifts appeared in levels of abstraction as a function of age differences: global (Open-private) concepts predominating among youngest children; highly differentiated (Closed-public) concepts notably increasing at age eight; and hierarchically integrated (Open-public) responses prevailing among the older children. Conceptual area analysis and its additional refinements, as multivariable analyses of conceptualization, provided the basis for an empirically based descriptive language for two aspects of conceptual development lacking precise definition.
Food Deprivation, Estrogen Levels and Self-Stimulation in the Female Rat: Individual Effects
Authors: Lenzer Irmingard I.
Published: September 2011

Food deprivation was found to augment self-stimulation rates in forebrain and hippocampal areas. Estrogen had mixed effects, i.e., both positive and negative, in hypothalamic, as well as forebrain and hippocampal areas. Interactions between the effects of food deprivation and estrogen were also noted.
Adrenocortical Function and Sex Differences in Acquisition and Extinction of Active Avoidance Behavior in the Rat
Authors: Scouten Charles W. , Beatty William W.
Published: September 2011

Dexamethasone was injected into male and female rats in an attempt to determine whether sex differences in the acquisition and extinction of active avoidance behavior were related to differences in ACTH or glucocorticoids. The results suggest that neither ACTH nor the glucocorticoids are involved in sex-typical acquisition or extinction performance, but interpretation of the drug effects on avoidance behavior is complicated by the marked weight loss produced by dexamethasone treatment. This weight loss is apparent within 4 hr. after injection and cannot be prevented satisfactorily by force-feeding.
Intrusive and Repetitive Thought after Stress: A Replication Study
Authors: Horowitz Mardi J. , Becker Stephanie S. , Moskowitz Maurice L.
Published: September 2011

A hypothesis of increased intrusive and repetitive thought after stress was based on clinical observations of post-traumatic syndromes. 21 Navy enlisted men were divided into independent groups: half saw a stressful film, half a neutral film after a shared baseline period. The stress group had significantly higher levels of intrusive thought in the post-film period as measured by both content analysis and self-rating techniques, and significantly higher levels of stimulus-repetitive and task-irrelevant thought as measured by content analysis of introspective reports.
Open-Field Behavior in Isolate and Trio Chicks of Two Age Groups
Authors: Harless Marion D. , Collins Thomas B.
Published: September 2011

New Hampshire Red chicks age 8 or 9 days and 22 or 23 days were tested once in an open field situation as trios or isolates. Locomotor activity and indices of emotion were recorded for a 5-min. observation period. Many birds remained inactive; of those who were active the older trios tended to make fewer emotional responses and to walk over more area.
Species Variability and Rodent Aversions for Three Sugars
Authors: Wagner Mahlon W.
Published: September 2011

The lactose and xylose preferences of deermice ( Peromyscus) were examined. In addition, the xylose and ribose preferences of male Holtzman rats were examined. The mice were given 24-hr. choices of water, 8 and 16% lactose and later water, 16 and 32% xylose. The rats were given similar 24-hr. tests for xylose and ribose. In 2 mice species, originating in similar natural habitats, water or 8% lactose was preferred. Only in the desert-dwelling species was a 16% lactose preference found. Xylose was avoided more than lactose. Laboratory rats uniformly avoided xylose and ribose. These aversions are compared to preferences and aversions for other substances reportedly judged as “sweet” by humans.
Hippocampal Lesions and the Partial Reinforcement Effect
Authors: Bloom J. M. , McFarlain Robert A.
Published: September 2011

Two hypotheses of hippocampal function predict that nonreinforcement effects should be attenuated in hippocampal-lesioned rats. As a test of these hypotheses, hippocampal-lesioned and normal rats were trained in the straight runway on continuous or partial reinforcement schedules and then extinguished. In acquisition, lesioned rats ran slower over-all than normals and slower on trials following reward than normals, but there was no difference on trials following nonreward. In extinction, although lesioned Ss with continuous reinforcement were more resistant to extinction than normals, there was little difference between lesioned and normal groups having partial reinforcement and no significant attenuation of the partial reinforcement effect. The results were interpreted as implicating the hippocampus in the mediation of reinforcement rather than nonreinforcement effects.
An MMPI Index of Disturbed Marital Interaction
Authors: Osborne David
Published: September 2011

This preliminary study indicates that couples in whom the husband scores 20 or more T-score points higher than his wife on the Mf scale of the MMPI come into group psychotherapy with significantly more distress than do couples with a low Mf index. The high-index couples also appear to benefit more from psychotherapy than do couples with a low Mf index.
Means-End Thinking of Schizophrenics
Authors: Jerome Edward A. , Young Marguerite L.
Published: September 2011

The performances of 15 schizophrenics were compared with those of 15 controls of similar mental test status and educational background on a series of problem-solving tasks monitored by an automatic problem-programming machine. In methods of solution used and in terms of an index that reflects the ability to conduct the required inquiry efficiently, the groups did not differ significantly. The results of the studies thus far reported on the system-analyzing ability of schizophrenics and the results from research on their logical competence indicate that schizophrenics are only slightly inferior in the execution of those mental functions required for normal performance on these problem-solving tasks.
A Dynamic Programming Analogy for Maze Learning by Rats
Authors: Capehart Barney L.
Published: September 2011

It has been observed that in maze learning, a blind alley near a goal tends to be eliminated more rapidly than one more remote from the goal. The modeling of this behavior assumes that an event occurring near the goal is reinforced more strongly than one farther away from the goal, and additionally that the preference for one path over another is a function of the ratio of the path lengths. The purpose of this paper is to show that this maze-learning behavior is analogous to optimization of a path-length problem using a technique from Operations Research called Dynamic Programming An example of Dynamic Programming is shown to illustrate the analogy.
Method of Generated Responses and Schizophrenic Deficit
Authors: Bercik Anne Marie , Mueller John H.
Published: September 2011

Schizophrenic and control Ss were compared on the method of generated responses (MGR) and conventional paired-associates (PA), using lists of stimuli which elicited either primarily one response or several responses. The low-dominance list was more difficult, and schizophrenics were generally slower in learning. The MGR, with Ss producing their own responses, was easier than conventional PA (yoked controls). While the MGR reduced the difference between the low- and high-dominance lists, it did not do so differentially for the two populations. The results were discussed in terms of Broen and Storms' theory of “collapsed” response hierarchies in schizophrenia.
Rebound from D-Amphetamine
Authors: Hurst Paul M. , Bagley Sallyann K. , Chubb Nicholas C. , Ross Sherman
Published: September 2011

This experiment involves measurement of direct and delayed effects on mood and performance of single doses of d-amphetamine sulfate. The purpose was to determine whether or not the drug's initial positive effect on some aspects of behavior is followed by a reversal or “rebound” below the placebo baseline even when sleep deprivation is controlled. 43 university students, recruited as paid volunteers, were given 10 mg/77 kg, 15 mg/77 kg, and a placebo (lactose) on three separate occasions in counterbalanced order under double-blind conditions. Behavioral measures and mood self-ratings were obtained on the day of drug ingestion and at intervals on the following day. Measures were selected from those previously established as sensitive to the initial, direct effects of amphetamine. Although strong initial effects were obtained on some of the measures used, subsequent rebound was either slight or nonexistent. Implications and limitations are discussed.
Effects of Self-Instruction on Rule-Breaking Behavior
Authors: Monahan John , O'Leary K. Daniel
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were conducted to analyze factors related to the control of motor behavior by self-instruction and to replicate O'Leary's (1968) finding on the effectiveness of self-instruction in reducing rule-breaking behavior. The length of the temporal interval between the self-instruction and the opportunity to break the rules, and the amount of prior training in self-instruction were the variables under study. The effectiveness of self-instruction in reducing rule-breaking behavior was demonstrated in Exp. I, but no differences were found between groups which instructed either 1 or 9 sec. before the opportunity to respond motorically. As assessed by group differences in Exp. II, there was no evidence for the effectiveness of self-instruction or for the amount of prior training in self-instruction. However, in Exp. II, as in Exp. I, there were strong and significant correlations between the frequency of self-instruction and the absence of rule-breaking behavior. In addition, a serendipitous finding in Exp. II suggests that the effects of self-instruction may generalize to forms of rule-breaking behavior other than those explicitly proscribed.
Machiavellianism and Locus of Control: Two Conceptions of Interpersonal Power
Authors: Solar Diana , Bruehl Dieter
Published: September 2011

Two conceptions of interpersonal power, Rotter's concept of internal-external control and Christie and Geis' concept of Machiavellianism were compared. The I-E scale and the Mach IV scale were given to 3 independent groups. In all 3 samples, external control Ss were significantly higher Machiavellian than internal control Ss. Results were discussed in terms of conflicting values reflected in the scale content of the two measures.
Behavioral Effects of Prolonged Partial Social Isolation in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Suomi Stephen J. , Harlow Harry F. , Kimball S. David
Published: September 2011

48 rhesus monkeys, reared from birth in partial social isolation and ranging in age from 2 mo. to 13½ yr., and 12 feral-born monkeys, comparable in age to the 12 oldest partial isolates, were each scored for home-cage behavior. The survey showed that most partial isolates' behavioral levels declined with increasing age, males exhibiting more disturbance activity, more threats, and less grooming than females. The oldest partial isolates showed less locomotion and exploration but considerably more disturbance activity than their feral-born counterparts. The deficits produced by prolonged partial social isolation are discussed.
Relation between Parental Interpersonal Styles and Their Children's Psychological Distance
Authors: Tolor Alexander , Warren Mark , Weinick Howard M.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between parental past-life styles of varying degrees of closeness or distance to others and children's interpersonal distance patterns was investigated by means of the History of Interpersonal Distance (Mottola, 1968) scale and two measures based on Kuethe's (1962) social schemata technique. Two groups of children, a clinic population of 33 Ss and a normal group of 203 Ss, and at least the mothers (sometimes also the fathers) of each child participated. Comparisons between the two groups were based on matched samples of 33 children in each group. Normal children exhibited on some measures a pattern of psychological distance opposite from that of their parents of the same sex. The disturbed children tended to have a psychological distance that differed from that of the composite of both of their parents. There was no evidence of a greater correlation between child and same-sex parent for disturbed children than for normals. However, there was some indication of a greater degree of social closeness in the history of parents of normal children compared with the parents of the disturbed group. Normal and disturbed children did not produce different distance patterns.
Conservation of Quantity Attained by Iranian Elementary School Children
Authors: Bat-Haee Mohammad Ali , Hosseini A. A.
Published: September 2011

808 Iranian elementary school children (aged 6.00 to 12.11 yr.) were tested for development of quantity conservation by boys and girls. Outcomes corroborated the Piaget description of the sequential development of the conservation of mass, weight, and volume. Boys obtained higher scores than girls.
Training Music Majors in College to Think Creatively with Sounds and Words
Authors: Khatena Joe , Barbour Richard L.
Published: September 2011

72 college music majors were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups of equal numbers. Some were exposed to 3 creative thinking strategies and encouraged to brainstorm in their groups for a period of 400 min. Positive transfer of training supports the use of the procedures to encourage music students to think creatively with sounds and words.
Behavior Modification by Trained and Untrained Brain Homogenate Injections
Authors: Krivanek Jara , Buttner Nancy
Published: September 2011

Injections of brain homogenate from trained and untrained donors produced differential effects on the maze activity of white rats. The acquisition of a simple position discrimination was not significantly affected.
Cross-Validation of the Success-Failure Inventory
Authors: Page Ronald D. , Ollendick Thomas H.
Published: September 2011

Significant differences among schizophrenics, alcoholics, and psychiatric attendants were obtained on the inventory. Avoidance of failure was greatest for schizophrenics, then alcoholics, and least for the attendants.
Acquisition and Generalization of Conditioned Reward Value
Authors: Faw Terry T. , Parker Ronald K.
Published: September 2011

Adult Ss performed a simple spinwheel task to examine 3 questions about effects of associating neutral stimuli with positive or negative events. Data support earlier studies by demonstrating that such associations result in changes in the verbal evaluation of the previously neutral stimulus, as well as changes in Ss' use of those stimuli as cues for solving other problems. More important, however, the effects are not transient and generalize to various kinds of situations. Finally, a discussion concerns the observation that the mere anticipation of an associated positive or negative event is as effective in developing conditioned reward value as is the actual experience of that association.
Normative Ratings of National Attributes
Authors: Rotton James , Blake Brian , Heslin Richard
Published: September 2011

301 college students rated 39 country names and 345 characteristics of foreign nations as to attractiveness, believability, importance, and clarity. A number of the normative values of the national attributes were tabulated. Varied groups of studenrs perceived the statements in a highly reliable manner; attractiveness, clarity, and importance ratings proved very stable over time, while believability ratings were less so. The relevance of the national attributes to information integration, impression formation, and artitude change studies was discussed.
Otis Self-Administering Tests of Mental Ability, Intermediate Form, in Iran
Authors: Hosseini A. A. , Razavieh A.
Published: September 2011

A Persian form of the Otis Self-administering Tests of Mental Ability, Intermediate Form, was administered to a representative sample of Iranian secondary school pupils (944 boys and 554 girls). Iranian Ss as a group scored strikingly lower than their American counterparts. Boys scored significantly higher than girls both in different grades and across grades. Scores correlated significantly with a past academic performance criterion. Test-retest reliability coefficients over a 2-wk. interval were low relative to those given in the test manual.
Family Structure Variables and Need Approval: Some Additional Data
Authors: Boor Myron
Published: September 2011

Previous studies have reported various relationships between need for approval, as measured by the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (M-C SDS), and birth order, sex, and family size. In the present study (with 55 men and 61 women in introductory psychology) a tendency was found for firstborn Ss to obtain higher M-C SDS scores than later borns, a trend which is in general agreement with some earlier studies. However, none of the other previously obtained relationships was replicated. Some possible explanations are given for these inconsistent results.
Self-Rating and Eysenck Personality Inventory Estimates of Neuroticism and Extraversion
Authors: Gray John E.
Published: September 2011

Eysenck Personality Inventory extraversion scores correlated .48 with self-rated extraversion and EPI neuroticism correlated .21 with self-rated neuroticism. Self-ratings were made on single-item 7-point scales. Although statistically significant these correlations were too low to substitute self-ratings from single item scales for personality inventory scores, as some have claimed is possible.
Investigation of a Written Form of the Mini-Mult
Authors: Gayton William F. , Ozmon Kenneth L. , Wilson Winston T.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between an oral and written form of the Mini-Mult. When 47 undergraduate college students were administered these two forms along with the standard MMPI, significant correlations were obtained between each of the forms and the full MMPI on all of the scales. When the data were analyzed from the standpoint of relative accuracy in predicting profile elevation there was agreement between the 2 forms in 43 of 47 instances. Correlations between the oral and written forms of the Mini-Mult and the full MMPI were not significantly different from each other with the exception of scale K.
Evaluation of Experimenter-Supplied and Subject-Originated First-Letter Mnemonics in a Free-Recall Task
Authors: Kibler John L. , Blick Kenneth A.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether supplying Ss with a mnemonic device produced a differential retention effect as opposed to letting Ss originate their own device when using a first-letter mnemonic technique in a free-recall situation. No difference in the recall of a list of 19 nouns existed at the immediate retention test, but Ss with an E-supplied scheme showed significantly better recall than those with S-originated schemes at 1-day, 1-wk., and 4-wk. retention intervals. It was concluded that the E-supplied first-letter mnemonic excelled S-originated ones as an effective aid to free recall.
Transformational Power as a Possible Index of Creativity
Authors: Feldman David H. , Marrinan Burnae M. , Hartfeldt Shawn D.
Published: September 2011

Based on a conceptual framework developed by Jackson and Messick (1965), a technique was developed for assessing transformational power in responses to creativity test items. Aesthetic reactions of judges were used to evaluate 87 Torrance test protocols for transformational responses. Of 846 “high creative strength” responses, 93 were judged transformational (80% agreement between judges). The six most powerful transformations (100% agreement) were not necessarily produced by those who scored highest on Torrance's test. Limitations of the present study and implications of the results for future research are discussed.
Prediction of School Achievement from Motivation, Personality, and Ability Measures
Authors: Cattell R. B. , Barton K. , Dielman T. E.
Published: September 2011

Personality (16 PF), Motivation (MAT) and Ability (CFIQ) tests were given to 169 6th grade and 142 7th grade children. Approximately 3 mo. later the same children were given standardized achievement tests (ETS) in the areas of mathematics, science, social studies, and reading and their performance on these subjects was predicted from the personality, motivation and ability measures. It was concluded that personality, motivation and ability variables each contributed independently and significantly to the prediction of school achievement but that the pattern of relevant predictors varied with the achievement area.
Salient Differences between Internal and External Standards for Hospitalizing Opiate Addicts
Authors: English George E. , Jones Robert E.
Published: September 2011

Drug addicts evaluated by the treatment staff prior to treatment were compared on several self-concept scales with those screened elsewhere by contract agencies. Persons committed directly to treatment demonstrated a greater degree of psychopathology and less middle-class identification than those found suitable after local pretreatment evaluation. Those evaluated elsewhere showed a significantly higher rate of failure to complete successfully the inpatient phase. The study has implications for any program where prescreening is done prior to coming to the institution and suggests the need for a final pretreatment evaluation a: the institution if successful completion of the program is to be maximized.
Validation of the Seeking of Noetic Goals Test with Schizophrenic and Normal Ss
Authors: Yarnell Thomas
Published: September 2011

The Seeking of Noetic Goals Test (SONG) along with the Shipley Vocabulary Scale, Rotter's I-E Locus of Control Scale, the Purpose-in-Life Test, MMPI, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Kuder Preference Record (Personal Form) were administered to 40 normal male and 40 schizophrenic male Ss. The data indicate that the SONG is positively related to anxiety and depression, and negatively correlated with ego strength and purpose in life.
Differential Effects of Reward and Punishment on Group Performance by Normal and Psychotic Males
Authors: Fraas Louis A.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the differential effects of promise of reward and threat of punishment on the performance of 86 normal and 60 psychotic males. 2 types of groups were used, those without a leader and those for whom a leader was selected on the basis of his superior performance on the group task. The task was a variation of the game “Twenty Questions.” Group performance measures were number of trials (questions asked) and amount of time to solve each word puzzle. Results suggest that leaderless groups perform more effectively than do the leader-selected groups and that punishment is a more significant motivator in these groups' performance than reward, though it does not differentiate the performance of psychotics from that of normals.
Schema Learning in Retarded Children
Authors: Jones Elvis C. , Myers Donald G. , Cleveland Donald L.
Published: September 2011

2 experiments with mildly retarded children are reported. In Exp. 1, 30 Ss reproduced checkerboard patterns containing 16, 20, 25, 30, and 36 cells. With increases in pattern complexity there was a decrease in the percent but not the amount of information retained (correcting for guessing). Ss performed significantly above chance even on the 36-cell patterns. In Exp. 2, 20 Ss abstracted a schema from 36-cell patterns without exposure to the prototype and without knowledge of results. These Ss retained 262% more cells than 20 control Ss who were trained with nonschematic patterns. Thus, training retarded children to abstract and use schemata should allow them to process more information despite having limited channel capacity.
Reexamination of Effect of a Subliminal Verbal Food Stimulus on Subjective Hunger Ratings
Authors: George Stephen G. , Jennings Luther B.
Published: September 2011

The word “cheese” was flashed 30 times for two sets of experimental and control groups. One set received the stimulus below, the other slightly above, a forced-choice detection threshold. As no significant increase in hunger ratings was found, nor even a trend, the results conflict with Spence (1964) who did not use a valid forced-choice method or control group.
An Empirical Evaluation of Student-Led Discussions
Authors: Malott Richard W. , Rollofson Robert L.
Published: September 2011

The discussion portion of the introductory psychology course at Western Michigan University was designed to develop creative, critical analysis of articles in terms of the attitudes of science. This program utilized discussion guidelines which became less and less structured and articles with violations of the attitudes of science which became more and more subtle. Different classroom procedures were utilized in an empirical analysis of the discussion methodology. Final examination scores did not reflect advantages of the discussion procedures, which were then eliminated from the course. An evaluation of the effectiveness of the text indicated that the same level of mastery could be achieved in 1 wk. as in the 7 wk. normally spent on this material. The study greatly reduced the number of student and staff man-hours and the over-all cost of the course.
Reinforcement Survey Schedule: Evaluation and Current Applications
Authors: Cautela Joseph R.
Published: September 2011

Since the publication of the Reinforcement Survey Schedule (Cautela & Kastenbaum, 1967), it has been widely used by many therapists and researchers in a variety of settings. This paper discusses the evaluation and extensions of the schedule since its original publication. Studies indicate that the schedule is reliable and valid under the conditions of assessment. Clinical applications of the schedule during the interview, for covert conditioning, for reinforcer sampling, and use in institutions are discussed. Suggestions for the use of the schedule as a research tool are also presented.
Behaviorism versus Phenomenology: A Needless Conceptual Muddle
Authors: Greaves George
Published: September 2011

The perennial debate which has ensued over whether behavioral or phenomenological approaches to psychology are the more “scientific” and fruitful rests on fundamental confusions in the way the language and concepts of these approaches are employed. This issue is analyzed in depth, sources of confusion are analyzed, and how the two approaches may be related is suggested.
Race of Experimenter in Racial Attitude Measurement
Authors: Sedlacek William E. , Brooks Glenwood C.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of race of examiner who administers the Situational Attitude Scale (SAS). One group of white Ss ( N = 115) was administered the SAS by blacks and a comparable group by white administrators ( N = 204). Questionnaires were completed anonymously. Results of two-way analyses of variance (fixed model, p = .05) indicated that there were no measurable effects attributable to the race of the person administering the SAS, and whites generally responded negatively to blacks in personal or social situations.
An Empirical Comparison of Three Indices of Factorial Similarity
Authors: Derogatis Leonard R. , Serio John C. , Cleary Patricia A.
Published: September 2011

The need for an adequate methodological resolution to the factor-matching (invariance) problem—long recognized as critical by theoretically oriented factor analysts—is also being strongly felt by applied behavioral scientists today. As factor analysis has become more generally utilized in the behavioral sciences, the demand for a valid, general index of factorial similarity has grown proportionally. Recent research has resulted in a number of analytic indices which are purported to represent validly the degree of similarity among factors; the present paper concerns an empirical comparison of three such measures as to how well they perform this task. The congruency coefficient, coefficient of invariance, and Cattell's s-index were chosen for comparison. The 3 coefficients were assessed on a number of distinct data sets which reflected dissimilarities arising from different sources. All 3 techniques were observed to possess validity but also to have limiting conditions. Conclusions suggest that the adequacy of the methods cannot be judged in absolute terms but rather must be assessed in terms of the particular requirements of the data.
Effects of P-Chlorophenylalanine on the Male and Female Sexual Behavior of Female Rats
Authors: Singer Jay J.
Published: September 2011

The male and female sexual behavior of 8 testosterone-injected female rats was observed following 4 daily injections of 100mg/kg p-chlorophenylalanine. Male sexual behavior was increased while no changes were observed in female sexual behavior.
KDS-1 Scale for Symptom Discrimination
Authors: Kupfer David J. , Detre Thomas P. , Amdur Millard J.
Published: September 2011

After being utilized in both inpatient and outpatient settings, the Kupfer-Detre Self-rating Scale (KDS™-1) was used to discriminate psychiatric patients and non-patients (“normals”) by the application of cluster scores derived from the symptom scale. Of the 5, 4 clusters (depression, neurosis, psychosis, and organicity) distinguished the 2 groups significantly. Cluster cut-off scores further refined this technique for discriminating the psychiatric patients.
Note on Measures of Association
Authors: Magoon A. J. , Martuza V. R.
Published: September 2011

Glass and Hakstian (1969) recently presented a very convincing argument against the indiscriminate use of several proposed “measures of association.” The emphasis in this note is on where and when these indices would be appropriate, an issue not clearly delineated by the earlier critics. An example is included, and an extension made to multivariate applications.
Personalities of Alcoholics who Leave and Seek Treatment
Authors: Nelson Paul C. , Hoffmann Helmut
Published: September 2011

Alcoholic patients were administered the Differential Personality Inventory on their second day of hospitalization, during which time they were undergoing detoxification. Patients who were still at the hospital 12 days later ( N = 48) were compared with those who had left against medical advice or were absent without leave ( N = 24). Those who left the hospital before the 12th day reported significantly more Repression and Defensiveness and significantly less Insomnia, Broodiness, Familial Discord, Hostility, Ideas of Persecution, Irritability, and Somatic Complaints.
General and Specific Perceived Locus of Control in Alcoholics
Authors: Oziel L. Jerome , Obitz Frederick W. , Keyson Mae
Published: September 2011

50 alcoholics were administered the I-E scale and a specially constructed scale to determine the perceived locus of control for their drinking behavior. It was hypothesized and found that alcoholics perceive themselves in control of their behavior in general and of their drinking behavior in particular. Theoretical implications of these findings were discussed.
Long-Term Studies of Feeding Behavior of Obese, Diabetic, and Viable Yellow Mutant Mice under Ad Lib. and Operant Conditions
Authors: Sprott Richard L.
Published: September 2011

The feeding behavior of obese ( ob/ob), diabetic ( db2s/ db2s), and viable yellow ( Avv/a) mice was assessed in 2 separate experiments. When given access to solid food and sweet liquid food simultaneously, fat mutant mice ingest large quantities of sweet liquid food and gain weight more rapidly than controls. The behavior of diabetic and obese mice in this situation is quite similar. When given access to sweet liquid food reinforcement in an operant conditioning situation the behavior of the three mutant genotypes differs. The response rate of obese mice does not appear to be schedule dependent, while that of viable yellow mice clearly is schedule dependent. The response rates of viable yellow mice are consistently higher than the rates of their controls. The behavior of a diabetic mouse does not appear different from that of a control mouse in this situation. The use of mutant genotypes as “natural preparations” comparable to experimentally induced lesions is discussed.
Investigation of the “Blue Seven Phenomenon” in Elementary and Junior High School Children
Authors: Simon William E. , Primavera Louis H.
Published: September 2011

533 elementary and junior high school children were requested to write down a number between 0 and 9 and the name of a color. The number 7 and the color blue were by far the most frequently written ( p < .001 in both cases). These results were consistent with those obtained in an earlier study (Simon, 1971) with college students.
Incidence and Distribution of Ear-Order Responding in Free Recall of Dichotic Stimuli
Authors: Surwillo Walter W. , Gelbart Howard , Arenberg David , Gold Philip
Published: September 2011

In experiments using 5 separate groups involving a total of 103 Ss, performance data were obtained on free recall of dichotically presented digits. The purpose was to investigate the incidence and distribution of the “Broadbent effect,” the phenomenon in which lists of dichotic digits are recalled in ear order so that the half-spans presented to each ear remain intact. Although the Broadbent effect occurred more frequently than would be expected by chance in all groups tested, over-all incidence was not high and there were marked differences from one S to another. The fact that incidence proved to be high in some persons but zero in many others suggested that there are 2 different populations of Ss as far as the phenomenon under investigation is concerned. In cases where errors occurred during recall of a list, the half-span reported first was less likely to contain an error than the half-span reported second. An 18-db difference in playback level between the 2 ears appeared to attenuate rather than enhance the Broadbent effect.
Relationships between Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Scores and Job Performance Measures of Fire Fighters
Authors: Arvey Richard D. , Mussio Stephen J. , Payne Greig
Published: September 2011

11 dimensions of fire-fighter performance and an over-all rating of job performance were correlated with Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory scores for 73 fire fighters who had completed this inventory when applying for work. Some significant relationships were observed, but the low magnitude of the correlations did not suggest great usefulness of this test instrument in predicting fire-fighter performance.
Birth Order and Personality Adjustment as Evaluated by the California Test of Personality and the IPAT Children's Personality Questionnaire
Authors: Lessing Elise E. , Oberlander Mark
Published: September 2011

The 3 adjustment scores of the California Test of Personality and the Anxiety and Neuroticism scores of the IPAT Children's Personality Questionnaire served as dependent variables in statistical analyses of data from 144 elementary school children in one sample and 238 in another. No main effects of birth order or family size were obtained and interactions involving these variables were few. It was concluded that though the effects of family constellation factors are limited and variable, a continuing research focus on them is justified because of the low ratio of costs to benefits when they do yield valid predictions.
Paired-Associate Recall as a Function of Mnemonic Instructions, Trials, and Intention to Learn
Authors: Aiken Edwin G.
Published: September 2011

A comparison was made between a mnemonic instruction intended to generate intraverbal processes with one intended to generate imaginal processes as aids to the recall of noun-noun paired-associates. Trial number and duration, and intent to learn were varied factorially with mnemonic instruction. Results indicate superior recall for Ss given imaginal instructions, for Ss intending to learn, and for Ss receiving more but shorter trials over those receiving fewer but longer trials. An interaction between mnemonic instruction and intent to learn reached the borderline of significance. The data are interpreted as inferential support for a dual, pictorial-intraverbal memory storage model.
Minimal Brain Dysfunction in Children: Failure to Find Evidence for a Behavioral Syndrome
Authors: Routh Donald K. , Roberts Robert D.
Published: September 2011

In order to examine covariation among some of the behavioral deviations included in Clements' (1966) monograph on “minimal brain dysfunction syndrome,” 16 measures and ratings were obtained for a sample of 89 children attending a child development clinic. The measures included most of the variables mentioned among the 10 most frequently hypothesized symptoms of the disorder. Few instances of significant relationships were found, especially when age and IQ were statistically controlled. The findings were discussed in relation to criteria needed to establish a syndrome, and suggestions for future research were made.
Clients Lexical Organization and Psychotherapist's Empathy Level
Authors: Budman Simon H.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effect of a speaker's language organization upon the empathic response of an interviewer. Naive undergraduate students interviewed confederates who had been trained to manipulate the organization of their language. Language organization was found to have no effect upon the interviewers' empathic response. Implications are discussed.
Status Behaviors in Mother-Child Dyads in Normal and Clinic Samples
Authors: Wimberger Herbert C. , Kogan Kate L.
Published: September 2011

20 mother-child pairs divided between a child psychiatry clinic population and a non-disturbed control group with all children in the age range from 4 to 6 yr. showed 3 significant results when the frequency of mother's high status (dominant) behaviors was correlated with the frequency of the child's high and low status (submissive) behaviors. In the control sample the boys' high-status behaviors and the girls' low-status behaviors were correlated with the mothers' high status. In the clinic group the boys showed low-status behaviors. Some hypotheses are offered in regard to the findings.
Locus of Control, Interpersonal Trust and Academic Achievement
Authors: Massari David J. , Rosenblum Dianne C.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the relationship of locus of control, interpersonal trust and academic performance of 133 college students. Internality and trust were significantly negatively related to achievement for 43 women but unrelated for 90 men. In addition, internality was significantly positively related to trust and unrelated to intelligence for both sexes.
Epigenetic Factors in Information Processing
Authors: Aaron P. G.
Published: September 2011

A perceptual coding test was administered to 106 boys and girls. The performance scores were analyzed in an attempt to identify factors which are believed to be antecedent elements that facilitate information processing. Four such factors were identified and interpreted in terms of the available psychological and neurological knowledge.
Effectiveness of Retrieval Cues and the Issue of Independent vs Dependent Storage
Authors: Weist Richard M. , Crawford Charlotte
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to show that an understanding of retrieval cue effectiveness is basic to the controversy on dependent versus independent storage. Ss were tested in one of 4 conditions. The stimulus lists contained sets of asscciatively related words or unrelated words, and recall was either free or cued. The resulting interaction of list types and recall conditions indicated that, when experimental conditions result in effective retrieval cues, the hypothesis of dependent storage is supported, otherwise the hypothesis of independent storage is supported.