bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field Dependence in Alcoholics
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: September 2011

Different aspects of the influence of cognitive style, field-dependence/independence, on various measures of personality have been reviewed. Field independence may relate closely to sense of reality, state of mental health, strong self-esteem, differentiated identity, and articulated body concept. Witkin with his coworkers considered field dependence a predisposing factor to alcoholism and not a result of alcoholism. Field dependence of alcoholics seems to be related to identity problems and disturbed body image, as well as to adopted helplessness and external locus of control. Disturbances in separation-individuation process may provide a basis for a narcissistic prealcoholic personality which results in poor perception of body image and weak self-esteem.
The Status of Rattus: Rats as Subjects in Articles Published in Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology from 1969 through 1981
Authors: Grossett Deborah , Poling Alan
Published: September 2011

From 1969 to 1977 there was a generally downward trend in the proportion of studies in which rats were subjects, but this did not continue for the Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology.
Humphreys' “Acquisition and Extinction of Verbal Expectations” Revisited: Evidence for a Partial Reinforcement Hump Effect
Authors: Williams Carl D. , Hartley Raymond E.
Published: September 2011

The present study employed the sequential prediction task to determine whether the partial reinforcement hump effect—a rise in the dependent variable curve following partial reinforcement—is a reliable phenomenon. 210 college students received one of seven sequences in which two events occurred equally often for 100 trials and in which the maximum run length was 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8, followed by 30 trials during which one event was always correct. A hump appeared in the post-acquisition curves of all seven groups. The location of the hump was a function of the maximum run length during Trials 1–100. These results provide strong support for an expectancy interpretation of the partial reinforcement extinction effect.
Autonomy-Control Variation in Child-Rearing and Self-Image Disparity in Young Adults
Authors: De Man Anton F.
Published: September 2011

33 males and 27 females took part in a study of three hypotheses, derived respectively from the viewpoints of Rogers, cognitive-developmental theory, and Byrne, about the relationship between autonomy-control variation in child-rearing and self-image disparity in young adults. 20 subjects came from families encouraging autonomy, 20 from intermediate ones, and 20 from controlling backgrounds. Each of the 3 groups included 11 males and 9 females. Differences in self-image disparity were found between the groups of females but not between the male ones; autonomous and control women reported higher levels of self-image discrepancy than the intermediate group did. The findings are discussed in relation to the three positions which generated the hypotheses.
MMPI Indicators of Treatment Response to Spinal Epidural Stimulation in Patients with Chronic Pain and Patients with Movement Disorders
Authors: Brandwin Marvin A. , Kewman Donald G.
Published: September 2011

The usefulness of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) for predicting treatment response to electrical spinal epidural stimulation was examined in 11 patients with chronic pain and 11 patients with movement disorders. The movement-disordered group had generally lower MMPI scores than the group with chronic pain and higher subjective ratings of improvement. However, physicians' ratings for the group as a whole showed that scores on Hs and Hy, while elevated, tended to be relatively lower for patients who were treatment resistant than for those rated as successes. Higher elevations on D were associated with treatment failure. The “conversion V” profile as an indicator of treatment resistance did not hold for this sample. The psychological implications of these findings are discussed. The results suggest that the MMPI has predictive value but the need for refinement of outcome measures and further clarification of psychological variables is evident.
Comparison of the Quick Test and the Stanford-Binet, Form L-M for Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: Lambirth Thomas T. , Panek Paul E.
Published: September 2011

For 61 adult institutionalized mentally retarded individuals correlations among forms of the Quick Test and between the Quick Test and Stanford-Binet, Form L-M were significant. As expected, Quick Test forms resulted in significantly higher IQs than the Stanford-Binet. Implications of results were discussed.
Personality Correlates of College Students Reporting Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Miller Grant D. , McLoughlin Caven S. , Murphy Norman C.
Published: September 2011

Using Cattell's personality factor test (16 PF) and a questionnaire on sexual function, the relationship between personality factors and sexual dysfunction was examined in college students. Fifteen males having indices of high dysfunction exhibited lack of control, high tension, and anxiety. 21 females having indices of high dysfunction displayed ego weakness, shyness, and high tension. Discriminant function analyses of personality test scores were at or over the 86% level in the assignment of subjects to groups of low and high dysfunction.
Effect of Peer Pressure on Imitation of Humor Response in College Students
Authors: Brown Gary E. , Dixon Paul A. , Hudson J. Danny
Published: September 2011

The effects of increasing the number of laughing or nonlaughing peer models were examined in college students. The students who observed laughing models laughed more than the students who observed nonlaughing models when reading magazine cartoons alone. The number of models had no effect on the amount of laughter or ratings of humor.
Use and Misuse of the MMPI in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Marsh Gayle G. , Hirsch Susan H. , Leung Gina
Published: September 2011

A corrected profile for multiple-sclerosis-related symptoms was developed for the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). 64 multiple sclerosis (definite) patients' original and multiple sclerosis-corrected MMPI profiles were compared. Scale 1 (Hypochondriasis), Scale 3 (Hysteria), and Scale 8 (Schizophrenia) were significantly lowered when items relating to multiple-sclerosis symptomatology were deleted. The multiple sclerosis-corrected profile improved Shaw-Matthew's Pseudoneurological Scale's effectiveness in differentiating multiple sclerosis patients from pseudoneurotic patients. The need for symptom-correction scores for other neurological disorders is emphasized.
Cross-Cultural Application of the Revised-Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale: Normative and Reliability Data for Nigerian Primary School Children
Authors: Pela O. A. , Reynolds Cecil R.
Published: September 2011

The revised children's scale was administered to 291 Nigerian school children to develop reference group data for use of the scale in Nigeria and to provide data on the comparability of norms separately by sex. Alpha reliability estimates were .81 for boys and .84 for girls. Test-retest reliability coefficients were also determined and were all in the .90s.
Impact of Risk-Taking Attitudes on Performance Appraisal
Authors: Grigsby David W. , Leap Terry L.
Published: September 2011

This simulation-based study was done to determine whether the attitudes of raters and ratees toward risk affect appraisals of performance. Results indicate that raters employ a congruency model whereby ratees having attitudes toward risk similar to the raters' own attitudes are assigned higher ratings than those having dissimilar attitudes toward risk.
Admissions Criteria and Later Performance: Graduate Record Exam, Miller's Analogies, and GPA as Predictors of Professional Competency
Authors: De Cato Clifford M.
Published: September 2011

The Graduate Record Exam, Miller's Analogies, and GPA have long been used as composite parts of admissions requirements to graduate schools in psychology. Questions have been raised about the predictive validity of these standardized scores for performance in professional schools. 58 graduate students in the Hahnemann Psy. D. program were followed, comparing their three scores submitted on admission to their scores achieved in a course in Rorschach scoring. The relationship between performance in the course and these standardized measures was not significant. The three scores did not predict achievement of Rorschach scoring skills. Limitations of the present study are discussed with reference to the need for more research relating entrance requirements to specific competencies.
A Psychometric Investigation of the Standard and Short Form Beck Depression Inventory
Authors: Gould Jonathan
Published: September 2011

The reliability, validity, and factor structure of the standard 21-item and short 13-item forms of the Beck Depression Inventory were investigated for 42 male and 143 female college students. The internal consistency reliability was .82 for the standard form and .78 for the short form. The correlation between the standard and short form was .94. Both forms also correlated significantly with scores on the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale, the UCLA Loneliness Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale. The results support the use of the short form as a reliable and valid brief screening measure of depression.
Sex, Attributions, and Leadership: A Brief Review
Authors: Powell Gary N. , Butterfield D. Anthony
Published: September 2011

Review of attributional research on female and male leaders leads to the following conclusions: (1) Causal attributions for successful performance and evaluations of performance often differ for female and male leaders. (2) Female leaders are not evaluated or perceived differently from male leaders when engaging in the same behavior. (3) When group performance is high, both female and male leaders are evaluated more highly and seen to engage in more behavior than when group performance is low. (4) Female raters may tend to give higher evaluations to leaders and see more behavior of leaders than male raters.
Life Stress and Onset of Physical Illness
Authors: Frank Robert G. , Van Valin Paul H. , Weinstein Charles L.
Published: September 2011

The Life Experiences Survey has been presented as an improvement on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale which has been shown to have a small correlation with the onset of physical illness. The ability of the Life Expetiences Survey to identify persons experiencing high stress prior to the onset of physical illness has not been demonstrated. The survey and a modified form of the rating scale were administered to 185 persons from six groups: hospitalized inpatients, hospitalized spinal cord-injured inpatients and outpatients, local residents, graduate and undergraduate students. No differences in positive, negative, and total scores on the survey were found. Graduate students were more stressed than medical inpatients or outpatients with spinal-cord injuries on the rating scale.
Disorganized Recall, Suggested Amnesia, and Compliance
Authors: Wagstaff Graham F.
Published: September 2011

Spanos, Radtke-Bodorik, and Stam (1980) proposed that the phenomenon of disorganized recall in suggested amnesia cannot be accounted for in terms of behavioural compliance with task demands, as subjects simulating partial amnesia fail to show disorganization in recall. However, Spanos, et al. used a procedure which required simulators to recall specific numbers of items, and this may have required subjects to organize material to reach their targets. In the present study a control condition was used in which subjects were asked to ‘pretend’ to be partially amnesic but with no specification of the number of items to be recalled. Under these conditions subjects showed the disorganization, and thus it cannot be concluded that the disorganization of recall in suggested amnesia is free from the influence of behavioural compliance.
Potentially Creative Adolescents View Their School Experiences
Authors: Walker William J.
Published: September 2011

The expectation was that 62 potentially creative adolescents would exhibit attitudes that were more positive toward their school experiences in open school environments as compared with more traditional school settings. Attitudes were assessed by rating students' essays in which the adolescents described their educational experiences. The results suggested that potentially creative adolescents generally have positive attitudes toward their school experiences whether in open or traditional settings. Attitudes do not appear to be more positive in open school environments.
Prediction of Justice-Related Behavior by Fairness-Reasoning and Human Values
Authors: Steibe Susan , Carrey Michael Mc
Published: September 2011

This study was done to determine the amount of justice-related behavioral variance which could be attributed to fairness-reasoning and three predictor human values, wisdom, equality, and a world at peace. 171 graduate students were invited to attend three justice-related events as part of their institutional program. One month later they provided Rokeach Survey of Values and Rest's Defining Issues Test data under an unrelated context. Analysis indicated level of fairness-reasoning was a significant predictor of justice-related behavior as was one of the expected values, wisdom. Level of fairness-reasoning and a post hoc predictor value together accounted for 20% of the behavioral variance while fairness-reasoning alone accounted for 5%. An expectancy-valence model of motivated behavior offered greater potential for prediction of behavioral variance from moral-judgment reasoning and content of values.
Clients' Reasons for Dropping Out of Rehabilitation Centers
Authors: Buhrmaster Doris , Hartman Julia , Menefee Patricia , Shores E. M. , Rogers Ronald W.
Published: September 2011

A high proportion of clients unilaterally drop out of rehabilitation and psychological treatment programs. The purpose of the present study, conducted at a comprehensive rehabilitation center, was (a) to devise an intake interview that would differentiate those clients who would drop out from those who would remain in the program and (b) to interview the dropouts after termination to understand their reasons for leaving their treatment program. Dropouts' responses on these interviews were compared to those of a control group of successful clients who had been matched on demographic variables. The results of the initial interview indicated four factors that successfully identified potential dropouts: (a) unrealistically high expectations, (b) low levels of family support for the client's going to work, (c) parents not working outside the home, and (d) a history of few work responsibilities at home. The final interview suggested four major ways a center should try to reduce the dropout rate; (a) prepare the client for the center by establishing realistic expectations, (b) develop a sense of personal efficacy, (c) obtain family support, and (d) improve social interactions among clients at the center.
Coping with Stress and Irrational Beliefs
Authors: Schill Thomas , Adams A. E. , Ramanaiah Nerella
Published: September 2011

The present study tested whether people who endorsed fewer beliefs which Ellis designates as irrational coped more efficiently with stressful life events. Results indicated that this was the case. They reinforce the opinion that stress-management programs should focus on cognitive factors.
Paternal and Peer Characteristics: Interactions and Association with Male College Students' Marijuana Use
Authors: Brook Judith S. , Whiteman Martin , Brook David W. , Gordon Ann Scovell
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationships and interactions of fathers' personality/behavioral attributes, their childrearing practices, and adolescent peer influences and their associations with the adolescent sons' use of marijuana. Male college students ( N = 246) and their fathers were administered written questionnaires. Analysis indicated that paternal personality/behavioral and childrearing variables were associated with peer factors, which in turn were related to the sons' marijuana use. Certain paternal drug models were associated with the adolescents' having friends who used drugs. In addition, the sons' lack of conscious identification with their fathers was associated with a peer rather than a parental orientation. The results on father-peer interactions suggested that the peer group impact on the adolescents' marijuana use may be affected by paternal factors.
Psychological Androgyny and Assertiveness in Females
Authors: Gayton William F. , Havu Gertrude , Baird John G. , Ozman Kenneth
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between psychological androgyny and assertiveness in females. 178 female undergraduates were administered the Bem Sex-role Inventory and a 40-item, self-report, assertiveness inventory. On the basis of their Bem scores subjects were assigned to one of four sex-role categories; sex-typed, sex-reversed, androgynous, or indeterminate. Androgynous subjects, in contrast to sex-typed subjects, reported significantly less discomfort in situations demanding assertiveness, a significantly higher probability of engaging in assertive behavior, and fewer situations they would like to be able to handle more assertively. These findings suggest that androgynous females deny or suppress behaviors traditionally seen as inappropriate for women on fewer occasions than do sex-typed females.
Sex-Role Orientation, Stress, and Subsequent Health Status Demonstrated by Two Scoring Procedures for Bem's Scale
Authors: Wech Barbara A.
Published: September 2011

Correlations among sex-role orientation, stress, and health were examined. Masculine sex-typed subjects reported significantly fewer health problems than feminine subjects. Discussed are two scoring methods for Bem's scale, the original method and the difference/median split.
Degree of Shyness and Self-Reported Physiological, Behavioral, and Cognitive Reactions
Authors: Fatis Michael
Published: September 2011

Cognitive, behavioral and physiological reactions were reported by 152 adolescent males self-identified as shy, occasionally shy, or not shy. Statistically significant differences were observed between the shy and not shy in the number of self-reported adverse reactions in each response mode. The findings support the conceptualization of shyness as a continuum which ranges from not shy to shy.
Relation of State and Trait Anxiety to Essential Hypertension
Authors: Foster Gary D. , Bell Susan T.
Published: September 2011

This study used an objective measure of state and trait anxiety to clarify the relationship between level of anxiety and essential hypertension. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was administered to 30 hypertensives and their normotensive spouses. No significant differences were found between the hypertensives and normotensives on either measure of anxiety (state or trait). A significant correlation was noted, however, between the trait-anxiety scores of hypertensives and those of their spouses. The need to examine the role of anxiety in the development versus the maintenance of essential hypertension is discussed.
Marital Satisfaction and Jealousy among Men
Authors: Hansen Gary L.
Published: September 2011

In a study of the relationship between marital satisfaction and reactions to hypothetical, jealousy-producing events in marriage, questionnaires were administered to 49 married males at a health club. Data indicate that marital satisfaction and jealousy are positively related.
Job Satisfaction among Quasi-Military Employees
Authors: Harris Philip , Greenberg Murray
Published: September 2011

The Job Descriptive Index was administered to 99 public employees and their 8 supervisors, all of whom were unionized and worked in a quasi-military, turbulent labor-management setting. Supervisors expressed higher satisfaction than their subordinates in every category measured.
Perceptions of Credibility of Treatment and Placebo by Treated and Quasi-Control Subjects
Authors: Lent Robert W.
Published: September 2011

This study compared two methods for obtaining ratings on treatment credibility/expectancy-for-improvement. 100 students either received actual intervention for speech anxiety (“treated” subjects) or simply read procedural descriptions and rationales of two treatment methods and a placebo strategy (“written exposure” subjects). Although there were no differences in ratings of credibility initially, treated subjects' ratings were significantly higher than those given written exposure by the end of the treatment. The findings suggest that researchers assess credibility within the context of actual intervention rather than rely exclusively on “quasi-control” data. The former method may provide a stronger basis for determining whether differences in outcome between groups are attributable to active therapeutic ingredients or to clients' differential expectancies for change.
Effect of Response Format and Product Involvement on Questionnaire Reliability
Authors: Evans Richard H.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the effect of response format and product involvement on reliability. According to the results, reliability varied over the four response formats and product-involvement levels. An inverse pattern existed between product involvement and reliability.
Young Adolescents' Meaning in Life
Authors: De Vogler Karen L. , Ebersole Peter
Published: September 2011

Past research on peoples' self-reports of their meaning in life has not included those below college age. In contrast, the present study focused on such reports by 116 young adolescents. We found that the percentage seeming to understand what meaning in life was and able coherently to discuss their own was just as high as that found in older groups. Second, the types of meaning reported differed sufficiently from those of college students and other older subjects to require three new categories. A summary of results in relation to the maturity of the adolescents' meaning compared to that of the older samples yielded no solid conclusion.
Order of Subtests of the New Jersey College Basic Skills Placement Test
Authors: Popovics Alexander J.
Published: September 2011

The New Jersey College Basic Skills Placement Test was administered to two groups ( Ns = 76) of incoming freshmen students. One group was administered the test in the standardized sequence: Essay, Reading Comprehension, Sentence Sense, Computation, Elementary Algebra, and the other in the following order: Essay, Computation, Elementary Algebra, Reading Comprehension, Sentence Sense. Those given Elementary Algebra earlier in the sequence had significantly higher raw scores and significantly fewer unanswered items, but there were no significant differences on either measure between groups on any other subtest. It was concluded that the reordering had no detrimental effects on the subscores but a significantly positive effect on scores in Elementary Algebra.
A Revised Table for Computing Conceptual Quotient Equivalents for the Shipley Institute of Living Scale
Authors: Lehnert Jack S.
Published: September 2011

Errors were noted in the table of conceptual quotients provided in the manual for the Shipley Institute of Living Scale. In this paper, corrected values for these conceptual quotients are provided.
Relationships among Cognitive Complexity Variables
Authors: Hageseth Jon A.
Published: September 2011

While the validity of MacNeil's model was not tested here, the continuing indeterminate use of this construct suggests that investigating the validity of models, like MacNeil's, is important. Careful attention must be given to the apparent differences between the face validity of the instruments and the underlying construct validity.
Use of Self-Delivered Reinforcement and Group Contingency Management to Increase Productivity of Severely Retarded Workers
Authors: McNally Richard J. , Norusis P. L. , Gentz Susan A. , McConathy Leroy C.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted to determine whether a group contingency could enhance the effectiveness of self-delivered reinforcement in boosting the productivity of 10 severely retarded clients in a work activity center. An ABAC reversal design showed that self-delivered reinforcement significantly increased productivity above baseline levels. Moreover, the addition of a group contingency seemed to render self-delivered reinforcement more effective.
A Factor Analytic Study Based on The Atlas of Men
Authors: Burdick J. Alan , Tess D.
Published: September 2011

159 photographs of individuals presented in The Atlas of Men were measured and these data were factor analyzed. Also three stepwise regression analyses of Sheldon's somatotypes and the first three major factors, linearity, fat, and muscularity, were calculated. Similarities and differences among various methods of “body typing” were discussed, and plans for research presented.
Case Method of Teaching Business Finance
Authors: Sachdeva Darshan
Published: September 2011

Students' reaction to the case method of instruction in the teaching of a second-level course in finance was assessed. Responses indicate chat most of the 163 students highly favored the case method of instruction in this course. They also thought that students majoring in finance should take at least one finance course using the case method of teaching.
The Further Away, the Less Serious: Effect of Temporal Distance on Perceived Value and Probability of a Future Event
Authors: Kok Gerjo
Published: September 2011

In this study two groups were compared with respect to their perceptions of value and probability of an ecological calamity. The first group expected the calamity to occur within 6 mo, the second after at least 6 mo. Temporal distance had an effect on perceived value—the first group rated the calamity more serious—but had no effect on perceived probability. It is suggested that in public education about ecology and health, the value of long-term consequences should be made more salient.
Stability of the Drug Misuse Scale of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
Authors: Flynn Patrick M. , McMahon Robert C.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the stability of the Drug Misuse scale of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory in a clinical sample. The inventory was administered to clients in various drug-treatment programs at intake and again several times during the course of treatment. Stability coefficients computed for scale scores at intake and 1 mo. (.45 and .55) and intake and 3 mo. (.56) into treatment were lower than expected. The obtained coefficient of .74 for the 1- and 3-mo. administrations is more satisfactory and may reflect the greater psychological stability of subjects after a period of drug withdrawal and initiation into treatment.
Diagnosis of Organic and Functional Pain Patients with the MMPI
Authors: Stone Robert K. , Pepitone-Arreola-Rockwell Fran
Published: September 2011

There are contradictory findings regarding the use of the MMPI to discriminate between patients with organic and functional pain. The MMPI was administered to patients, 43 with organic and 39 with functional pain, at a university hospital pain clinic. Multivariate analyses were nonsignificant, strongly suggesting that the clinical usefulness of this scale to differentiate between patients with organic and functional pain is highly questionable.
Are Religious Children Bigger Liars?
Authors: Francis Leslie J. , Pearson Paul R. , Kay William K.
Published: September 2011

1,088 fourth and fifth year English Secondary School pupils completed a scale of attitude towards religion, Form ASC4B, and the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory. A positive relationship was found between Lie scale scores and religiosity scores. The results are discussed in relation to the various interpretations of the Lie scale.
Personality Comparisons of Responders and Nonresponders to a Mailed Personality Inventory
Authors: Gershen Jay A. , McCreary Charles P.
Published: September 2011

Response and nonresponse bias is a concern of researchers who employ mail survey questionnaires. This study compared personality characteristics of responders and nonresponders to a mailed personality inventory. The Comrey Personality Scales were initially administered to two first-year dental school classes. In a readministration after graduation, the inventory was mailed to all initial participants. Differences between responders and nonresponders were examined for 10 scales. Responders tended to score higher than nonresponders on the Trust versus Defensiveness and Social Conformity versus Rebelliousness scales. This study lends only weak support for the notion that responders to mail surveys have different personality profiles than nonresponders.
Applicability of Bender-Gestalt Emotional Indicators for Emotionally Disturbed and Nonreferred Students
Authors: Breen Michael J. , Butler Linda
Published: September 2011

30 emotionally disturbed and 29 nonreferred elementary school-aged students were administered the Bender-Gestalt. Protocols were analyzed for developmental age and 12 emotional indicators. Present groups did not differ significantly in total number of indicators even when chronological age and Bender age were covaried, confirming Koppitz's analysis. Small but significant correlations were noted between total number of indicators and age.
Moral Judgments in Parochial and Public School Second-Graders
Authors: Moran James D. , Jennings Marge S.
Published: September 2011

This study compared the moral judgments of 22 parochial school second-graders and 20 public school children of similar age and intelligence. The children were read 12 moral judgment stories of either positive consequence and negative intention or negative intention and positive consequence. Story content included either damage to personal property, damage to the property of others, or damage to persons. Analysis of variance conducted on ratings of story characters showed that public and parochial school children differed in their judgments as a function of story content. In general, parochial students made more intention-based judgments than did public school children. This tendency was especially evident in stories involving damage to persons with negative outcomes and with negative intent and positive consequence stories involving personal property damage and damage to the property of others. The data indicate that both environmental influences and the situational story context influence moral judgments. It is suggested that the group cohesiveness of the parochial school may account for the greater use of intention by these children.
Self-Administered Consequences: An Examination of the Relationship between Perceived Value of Consequation and Levels of Task Performance
Authors: Molloy Geoffrey N. , Jackson Henry J.
Published: September 2011

Relationships between differences in perceived value of consequation and levels of task performance were examined utilizing an independent-groups design ( n = 84 postgraduate students). Essentially, the present results replicated the data of an earlier pilot study which used a Latin square design.
Discriminability and Procedure: Effects of Cocaine and Amphetamine
Authors: Järbe Torbjörn U. C. , Kroon-Jäbe Esta R.
Published: September 2011

Rats were required to discriminate between central nervous system (CNS) stimulant drugs (cocaine and amphetamine) and saline. Experiments with cocaine involved two types of T-mazes. In one maze the incentive was escape from shock, in the other procedure the incentive was food. Cocaine discrimination occurred slowly or not at all in the shock-escape maze but fairly rapidly in the maze motivated by food and avoidance of shock. D-amphetamine was slowly discriminated in the T-maze, shock-escape procedure. These data raise the question of whether a single training procedure can be used to compare the discriminability of different classes of drugs.
Personality Correlates of Health Locus of Control with Medical Inpatients
Authors: Donham Greg W. , Ludenia Krista , Sands Melissa M. , Holzer Peter D.
Published: September 2011

Correlations between the Health Locus of Control scale and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Self-rating Depression Scale, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory were examined for 114 male, medical and surgical inpatients. Health Locus of Control scores were partitioned into health internal scorers and health external scorers. Significant differences were obtained on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory neurotic triad, with health external scorers exhibiting more serious personality profiles. Considerable variance of scores on health internality could be accounted for by similar variance in responses to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory and Self-rating Depression Scale. Implications for clinical treatment and differential health care intervention were discussed.
Test of the Dissipation Hypothesis of Hypnotic Amnesia
Authors: Bertrand Lorne D. , Spanos Nicholas P. , Parkinson Bruce
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis that hypnotic amnesia dissipates spontaneously with time was investigated by systematically increasing the time period between two amnesia-challenge trials. Retest subjects received two amnesia-challenge trials without an intervening pause. Short-delay subjects received a 1-min. pause between the two challenges, while Long-delay subjects received a 2-min. pause between challenges. All subjects recalled significantly more target material on the second trial than on the first. However, this increment in recall was unrelated to the length of time between challenges. These results are inconsistent with the dissipation hypothesis of hypnotic amnesia.
College Students as Subjects in Phobia Treatment Studies: Treatment Interest and Approach Contingencies
Authors: Pendleton Mark G. , Thompson Laetitia L. , Higgins Raymond L.
Published: September 2011

Selection of subjects for research on treatment of phobias has been frequently criticized, often on the basis that the typically studied fears of small animals may differ qualitatively from clinically-relevant fears. The present study was designed to determine whether fears of small animals differ from non-animal fears in terms of fearful subjects' desire to overcome the fear. Subjects ( N = 1172) rated both level of fear and interest in overcoming this fear for nine potentially phobic stimuli. Subjects fearful of taking examinations, making speeches, heights, or enclosed spaces but not of dental work or flying, reported greater interest than did subjects fearful of spiders, snakes, or rats.
Reported Intimacy and Dominance Gestures by Women in a Corporate Setting
Authors: Der-Karabetian Aghop , Rico Eric
Published: September 2011

The study tested the relationship of reported intimacy and dominance gestures by women in a corporate setting. The effect of age and marital status was also examined. The reported frequencies of the two types of gestures were uncorrelated ( r = .28). However, dominance was reported more frequently ( M = 9.85, SD = 1.8) than sexual intimacy ( M = 5.76, SD = 3.1). The 34 younger women reported more dominance and less sexual intimacy than the 48 older women. Single persons reported being targets of more dominance gestures than the married, but the younger women reported less sexual intimacy. Possible explanations for the findings are discussed.
Internal-External Control and Motivations for Alcohol Use among College Students
Authors: Peterson James S. , Allen Harry A.
Published: September 2011

A group of vocational education students' ( N = 144) responses showed I-E scores did not influence self-reported drinking. The group behaved much like the national patterns: males drank more than females and had more problems related to their drinking. The developmental model of Schilling and Carmen was not supported.
Relationship among IQ, Time Needed for Learning, and Retention in Children Referred for Behavior Problems
Authors: Gettinger Maribeth
Published: September 2011

Peabody, Slosson, and WISC-R IQs were compared for 156 fourth- and fifth-grade boys, who were assigned to one of four groups based on behavior problems consistently exhibited in the classroom. On the average, Peabody and Slosson scores overestimated WISC-R Full Scale IQs by 10 points. Test performance was also correlated with a measure of time to learn, i.e., the number of trials needed to learn a unit of school-related material to 100% accuracy, and a measure of retention of the learned material. WISC-R IQs were generally more strongly related to time to learn than either Peabody or Slosson scores. The intercorrelations among these measures did not vary appreciably as a function of the children's primary behavioral characteristic.
Relationship of the Ammons' Quick Test of Intelligence to Verbal and Nonverbal Tests of Creativity
Authors: Katz Albert N.
Published: September 2011

100 participants were administered three forms of the Quick Test, both the Verbal and Figural Torrance Tests of creativity, the Remote Associates Test of creativity, and the Revised Art Scale. In addition two non-creative tests were administered, the Hidden Words Test, a test of closure and the Deciphering Language Test, a test of logical reasoning. The Quick Test correlated significantly and low to moderately with all scales of Torrance's Verbal test, the elaboration subscale of Torrance's Figural test, the Remote Associates Test, and the Deciphering Language Test. These results indicate that the most commonly employed verbal tests of creativity have a substantial component of verbal intelligence.
Psychological Assessment Practices in Juvenile Forensic Settings
Authors: Haynes Jack P. , Peltier Judith
Published: September 2011

The psychological staff of 35 juvenile forensic psychological clinics were surveyed about psychological testing procedures used in assessing male juvenile delinquents. The Rorschach and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised were widely used as were projective figure drawings, Bender-Gestalt, Thematic Apperception Test, and Wide Range Achievement Test. The results were similar to prior research in relation to non-juvenile, non-forensic populations. No correlation was found between test selection and length of experience in a juvenile forensic setting or degree status of the examiner. The results highlight the need for new tests of greater psychometric purity focused on the needs of specific populations.
State Measures and Sleep Stages
Authors: Berry David T. R. , Webb Wilse B.
Published: September 2011

The present study examines the relationship between sleep and mood variables in an aging (50- to 60-yr.-old) sample of 36 males and 39 females. Data from two nights of sleep recordings were correlated with 5 mood scales from the Lorr Mood test administered 1/2 hr. prior to bedtime on the second night. 18 sleep variables were analyzed. Correlations from the first night of sleep and mood variables were compared with those obtained from the same mood variables and second night's sleep. Male and female subjects were analyzed separately. Analyses indicated many more significant correlations (28) than would be expected by chance (4).
Developmental and Population Commonalities in Affective Expression: A Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach
Authors: Webb Thomas E. , Van Devere Chris A.
Published: September 2011

Simultaneous factor analysis of interview data from 1,641 respondents confirms a structural model for the expression of affectivity which appears to generalize across ages of both children and adolescents and across normal and psychopathological populations. The four-dimensional solution obtained here suggests that factors associated with deviations in feeling, relating, thinking, and impetuosity may represent stable attributes measurable from the Structured Pediatric Psychosocial Interview.
Referral Sources of Psychologists in Private Practice
Authors: Inman David J. , Bascue Loy O.
Published: September 2011

The relative importance of selected referral sources for psychologists in private practice was studied.
Follow-up Analysis of Use of Forewarning and Deception in Psychological Experiments
Authors: Allen David F.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined students' reactions to a psychological experiment involving deception and forewarning. A 2 × 2 factorial design consisted of two levels of deception (deception present versus deception absent) and two levels of forewarning (presence of deception suggested versus presence of deception absent). 48 subjects participated in a two-person Prisoner's Dilemma cooperation game, 12 in each experimental condition. The present study showed (a) deceived subjects performed more competitively than did nondeceived subjects, (b) forewarned subjects recalled the forewarning, and (c) only deceived subjects rated the experiment as worthless, were annoyed with the experiment, and would not recommend the experiment to a friend. It was concluded that it is possible to inform subjects that deceptions are sometimes used in experiments without necessarily eliminating the possibility that the subjects can subsequently be deceived.
Characteristics of Responses to the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale by a Sample of 84 Married Mothers
Authors: Nichols C. W. , Schumm Walter R. , Schectman K. L. , Grigsby C. C.
Published: September 2011

Responses to 3 items on marital satisfaction, 6 on Edmond's Marital Conventionalization Scale, 6 from the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale from 84 married mothers, aged 34.7 yr., indicated reasonable reliability and usual problems with skew and kurtosis. Significant marital social desirability was noted. The scale seems useful.
Social Perspective-Taking and Event Sequences: A Developmental Study
Authors: Oppenheimer Louis , Van Der Lee Huub
Published: September 2011

The purposes of this study were to examine the relationships between abilities to reconstruct sequences of social events, competences in social perspective-taking, and conservation skill as an index of the reversibility operation. It was expected that conservation (i.e., the reversibility operation) would developmentally precede competence in both forward and backward temporal reconstruction and would be conditional to the latter; that forward temporal reconstruction would develop prior to backward temporal reconstruction; and that both reconstruction abilities would be prerequisites to competences in social perspective-taking. Three groups of 16 children each, whose mean ages were 5.5, 6.8, and 8.7 yr., were presented tasks assessing the above abilities. Analysis indicated that reconstruction of social-event sequences precedes solutions in social and non-social reasoning.
Aggression in Battered and Non-Battered Women as Reflected in the Hand Test
Authors: Dalton Debra A. , Kantner James E.
Published: September 2011

The Hand Test, a projective test which can be used to assess an individual's potential anger, aggression, and acting out, was administered to 26 battered and 26 non-battered women. 9 women in the control group were battered, and constituted a third group, community battered. Analysis indicated that battered women displayed more acting out and aggression than the non-battered women and showed lessened capacity to manipulate the environment constructively. Results support previous ones indicating the prevalence of domestic violence in the community. Use of the Hand Test to assess states of aggression and other personality variables in abused women was discussed, and implications of the study presented.
Cooperative-Competitive Preferences and Behavioral Correlates as a Function of Sex and Age of School-Age Children
Authors: Stockdale Dahlia F. , Galejs Irma , Wolins Leroy
Published: September 2011

The objectives of the study were to: (1) develop a two-factor self-report preference measure of cooperation and competition; (2) explore the relationships between cooperative and competitive preferences, locus of control, social competence (parent rating), and school behaviors (teacher rating); (3) investigate sex and grade differences on the dependent measures. Factor analysis was employed on an 85-item inventory, administered to 120 children, resulting in the two expected factors plus two other factors. Another sample of 246 fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-grade children, their parents, and teachers was obtained. Correlational analysis indicated that children's cooperative-competitive preferences were not related to behaviors rated by teachers or parents; however, children's externality was related to competitive preferences and maladaptive behaviors at school. Analyses of variance showed girls indicated significantly more cooperative preferences than boys and girls remained uniformly cooperative over the three grade levels while males declined in cooperative preferences. Findings supported traditional sex differences as in the literature.
Perception of Women's Religious Status by Senegalese Adolescents
Authors: Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

The Senegalese society is one in which early Islamization has profoundly shaped the mentality of people. The role of women—essential in the traditional society—has also been altered in the process. This paper describes an assessment of the status of Senegalese women in contemporary Senegal as perceived by adolescents, who are equally at a cultural-cross roads of non-islamic traditions, early and intensive islamization, and Western education. Despite a timid rejection of women's inferiority (mostly by women) Islam remains a man's religion.
Replication of the Second-Order Factor Structure of Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire
Authors: Allen L. C. , Schuerger J. M.
Published: September 2011

Using a large sample of 1339 adults ( M age 30 yr.), the primary factor scores on Cattell's 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire were subjected to factor analysis and confirm strong replication of Cattell's originally published second-stratum factors.
Use of Play for Assessing Children's Death Concepts: A Reexamination
Authors: Wass Hannelore , Dinklage Rosemarie , Gordon Sharon L. , Russo Gina , Sparks Christopher W. , Tatum Jackie
Published: September 2011

O. Weininger reported large discrepancies between the proportions of young children's accurate concepts of death expressed in play and those expressed in interviews. He suggested that play is more effective than verbal expression for understanding young children's concepts of death and that verbally and play-expressed concepts are discrepant until ages 8 or 9. The present research was carried out to test Weininger's conclusions with a different and larger sample. Koocher's four questions were used to interview 141 children ages 3 to 7 yr. and Weininger's 2 play situations were presented to a subsample of 84 children. Most differences between the proportions of accurate responses to the questions and those to the play situations were non-significant, so superiority of play over interview for assessing young children's concepts of death was not demonstrated. Similarly, young children's verbal and play expressions were not discrepant.
Selection of Landmarks as a Correlate of Cognitive Map Organization
Authors: Hardwick Douglas A. , Woolridge Scott C. , Rinalducci Edward J.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between the organization of cognitive maps and the ability to evaluate environmental features as landmarks was assessed for 59 college students. Analysis showed that lower levels of cognitive map organization were related to a tendency to select spatially ambiguous landmarks as representative of an unfamiliar route. The results are interpreted as indicating that variability in basic cognitive mapping skills contributes to variability in the rate at which adults' cognitive maps undergo changes in organization.