bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solution of tetrahedron equation and cluster algebras
Authors: Gavrylenko P. , Semenyakin M. , Zenkevich Y.
Published: May 2021

Abstract

We notice a remarkable connection between the Bazhanov-Sergeev solution of Zamolodchikov tetrahedron equation and certain well-known cluster algebra expression. The tetrahedron transformation is then identified with a sequence of four mutations. As an application of the new formalism, we show how to construct an integrable system with the spectral curve with arbitrary symmetric Newton polygon. Finally, we embed this integrable system into the double Bruhat cell of a Poisson-Lie group, show how triangular decomposition can be used to extend our approach to the general non-symmetric Newton polygons, and prove the Lemma which classifies conjugacy classes in double affine Weyl groups of A-type by decorated Newton polygons.
Charms of strongly interacting conformal gauge mediation
Authors: Choi Gong jun , Yanagida Tsutomu T. , Yokozaki Norimi
Published: May 2021

Abstract

By extending a previously proposed conformal gauge mediation model, we construct a gauge-mediated SUSY breaking (GMSB) model where a SUSY-breaking scale, a messenger mass, the μ-parameter and the gravitino mass in a minimal supersymmetric (SUSY) Standard Model (MSSM) are all explained by a single mass scale, a R-symmetry breaking scale. We focus on a low scale SUSY-breaking scenario with the gravitino mass m3/2 = $$ \mathcal{O}(1)\mathrm{eV} $$
O

1

eV
, which is free from the cosmological gravitino problem and relaxes the fine-tuning of the cosmological constant. Both the messenger and SUSY-breaking sectors are subject to a hidden strong dynamics with the conformality above the messenger mass threshold (and hence the name of the model “strongly interacting conformal gauge mediation”). In our model, the Higgs B-term is suppressed and a large tan β is predicted, resulting in the relatively light second CP-even Higgs and the CP-odd Higgs with a sizable production cross section. These Higgs bosons can be tested at future LHC experiments.
Large charge sector of 3d parity-violating CFTs
Authors: Cuomo Gabriel , Delacrétaz Luca V. , Mehta Umang
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Certain CFTs with a global U(1) symmetry become superfluids when coupled to a chemical potential. When this happens, a Goldstone effective field theory controls the spectrum and correlators of the lightest large charge operators. We show that in 3d, this EFT contains a single parity-violating 1-derivative term with quantized coefficient. This term forces the superfluid ground state to have vortices on the sphere, leading to a spectrum of large charge operators that is remarkably richer than in parity-invariant CFTs. We test our predictions in a weakly coupled Chern-Simons matter theory.
Increased occurrence of ACL injuries for football players in teams changing coach and for players going to a higher division
Authors: Sandon Alexander , Krutsch Werner , Alt Volker , Forssblad Magnus
Published: May 2021

Purpose

To identify football-specific factors associated with ACL injuries that can be targeted for sport-specific injury prevention.

Methods

A study-specific questionnaire was developed to study the characteristics of ACL injuries in football including intrinsic, extrinsic, and injury specific factors. The questionnaire was available at the Swedish national knee ligament registry’s website for the football players to voluntarily fill out. Data are presented on group level for all football players in total and for females and males separate to examine gender-specific differences. The results are based on answers collected over a 3-year period from 2875 football players, 1762 (61%) males and 1113 (39%) females.

Results

ACL were more frequently sustained during games 66% than during practices 25%. The injury mechanism was non-contact in 59% and contact in 41%. For the contact injuries during games, no action was taken by the referee in 63% of the situation and a red card was shown in 0.5%. The risk of ACL injury was highest early in the football game with 47% sustained during the first 30 min and 24% in the first 15 min. Players changing to a higher level of play 15% had a higher rate of ACL injuries than players changing to a lower level 8%. This difference was especially seen in female football players with 20% of ACL injuries being sustained by players going to a higher division compared to 7% for those going to a lower division. 15% of the male and 21% of the female ACL injuries occurred in teams with a coach change during the season. Knee control exercises to warm up was used by 31% of the female players and 16% of the males. 40% of the players reported that they did not plan on returning to football.

Conclusion

Neuromuscular training programs have proven to reduce ACL injuries, but greater adherence to these remains a challenge as only 1 in 5 of the ACL-injured football players report using them. Teams changing coach and players going to a higher division appear to have an increased risk of ACL injury warranting attention and further investigations.

Level of evidence

IV.
Infratentorial pathology in frontotemporal dementia: cerebellar grey and white matter alterations in FTD phenotypes
Authors: McKenna Mary Clare , Chipika Rangariroyashe H. , Li Hi Shing Stacey , Christidi Foteini , Lope Jasmin , Doherty Mark A. , Hengeveld Jennifer C. , Vajda Alice , McLaughlin Russell L. , Hardiman Orla , Hutchinson Siobhan , Bede Peter
Published: May 2021

The contribution of cerebellar pathology to cognitive and behavioural manifestations is increasingly recognised, but the cerebellar profiles of FTD phenotypes are relatively poorly characterised. A prospective, single-centre imaging study has been undertaken with a high-resolution structural and diffusion tensor protocol to systematically evaluate cerebellar grey and white matter alterations in behavioural-variant FTD(bvFTD), non-fluent variant primary progressive aphasia(nfvPPA), semantic-variant primary progressive aphasia(svPPA), C9orf72-positive ALS-FTD(C9 + ALSFTD) and C9orf72-negative ALS-FTD(C9-ALSFTD). Cerebellar cortical thickness and complementary morphometric analyses were carried out to appraise atrophy patterns controlling for demographic variables. White matter integrity was assessed in a study-specific white matter skeleton, evaluating three diffusivity metrics: fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD). Significant cortical thickness reductions were identified in: lobule VII and crus I in bvFTD; lobule VI VII, crus I and II in nfvPPA; and lobule VII, crus I and II in svPPA; lobule IV, VI, VII and Crus I and II in C9 + ALSFTD. Morphometry revealed volume reductions in lobule V in all groups; in addition to lobule VIII in C9 + ALSFTD; lobule VI, VIII and vermis in C9-ALSFTD; lobule V, VII and vermis in bvFTD; and lobule V, VI, VIII and vermis in nfvPPA. Widespread white matter alterations were demonstrated by significant fractional anisotropy, axial diffusivity and radial diffusivity changes in each FTD phenotype that were more focal in those with C9 + ALSFTD and svPPA. Our findings indicate that FTD subtypes are associated with phenotype-specific cerebellar signatures with the selective involvement of specific lobules instead of global cerebellar atrophy.
A deep learning approach using graph convolutional networks for slope deformation prediction based on time-series displacement data
Authors: Ma Zhengjing , Mei Gang , Prezioso Edoardo , Zhang Zhongjian , Xu Nengxiong
Published: May 2021

Slope deformation prediction is crucial for early warning of slope failure, which can prevent property damage and save human life. Existing predictive models focus on predicting the displacement of a single monitoring point based on time series data, without considering spatial correlations among monitoring points, which makes it difficult to reveal the displacement changes in the entire monitoring system and ignores the potential threats from nonselected points. To address the above problem, this paper presents a novel deep learning method for predicting the slope deformation, by considering the spatial correlations between all points in the entire displacement monitoring system. The essential idea behind the proposed method is to predict the slope deformation based on the global information (i.e., the correlated displacements of all points in the entire monitoring system), rather than based on the local information (i.e., the displacements of a specified single point in the monitoring system). In the proposed method, (1) a weighted adjacency matrix is built to interpret the spatial correlations between all points, (2) a feature matrix is assembled to store the time-series displacements of all points, and (3) one of the state-of-the-art deep learning models, i.e., T-GCN, is developed to process the above graph-structured data consisting of two matrices. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by performing predictions based on a real dataset. The proposed method can be applied to predict time-dependency information in other similar geohazard scenarios, based on time-series data collected from multiple monitoring points.
Contrasting effects of local environment and grazing pressure on the genetic diversity and structure of Artemisia frigida
Authors: Oyundelger Khurelpurev , Herklotz Veit , Harpke Dörte , Oyuntsetseg Batlai , Wesche Karsten , Ritz Christiane M.
Published: May 2021

Drylands count among the most globally extensive biomes, and while many desert and dry rangeland ecosystems are under threat, genetic structures of dryland species are still rarely studied. Artemisia frigida is one of the most widely distributed plant species in the temperate rangelands of Eurasia and North America, and it also dominates in many habitats of Mongolia due to its tolerance to low temperatures, drought and disturbance. Local environmental conditions and grazing pressure can influence species performance and affect spatial patterns of genetic diversity in contrasting ways, and our study set out to evaluate such effects on the genetic diversity and structure of A. frigida. We first developed new species-specific Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) markers using whole genome sequencing. We then analysed 11 populations of A. frigida that had been sampled along a large climatic gradient in Mongolia, which were sub-structured according to three levels of grazing intensity. Estimates of genetic diversity at the population level were high (HO = 0.56, HE = 0.73) and tended to increase with higher precipitation and soil nutrient availability. Grazing had no effect on genetic diversity, however, a high number of grazing-specific indicator alleles was found at grazed sites. Genetic differentiation among populations was extremely low (global GST = 0.034). Analysis of Molecular Variance revealed 5% variance between populations along the climatic gradient, with 3% of the variance being partitioned among different grazing intensity levels. We found no relationship between geographic and genetic distances, and thus no isolation by distance in this widely distributed species. The relatively low genetic structuring suggests that considerable gene flow exists among A. frigida populations across the rangelands of Mongolia, in spite of the pervasive grazing in the region.
A Dilemma for Benatar’s Asymmetry Argument
Authors: Yoshizawa Fumitake
Published: May 2021

In this paper, I show that David Benatar’s asymmetry argument for anti-natalism leads to a dilemma. In Chapter 2 of his bookBetter Never to Have Been, Benatar claims that there is an axiological asymmetry between harms and benefits that explains four prevalent asymmetries. Based on the axiological asymmetry, he defends the anti-natalist conclusion that we should not have children. The four prevalent asymmetries to be explained are moral duties, reasons, attitudes, or feelings concerning life as a whole. However, Benatar explains them by applying the axiological asymmetry to parts of life, such as pains and pleasures. I find a serious gap here. While two ways are available to bridge this gap, a dilemma arises from Benatar’s asymmetry argument. The axiological asymmetry is not supported because it cannot explain the four prevalent asymmetries, or else it cannot lead to the anti-natalist conclusion. A number of philosophers have already criticized Benatar’s asymmetry argument, mainly questioning its assumptions. In this paper, I contend that there is no good reason to agree with his argument even if all its explicit assumptions are accepted.
Longitudinal zonation of larval Hydropsyche (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae): abiotic environmental factors and biotic interactions behind the downstream sequence of Central European species
Authors: Ficsór Márk , Csabai Zoltán
Published: May 2021

The aim of this review is to summarize the literature knowledge about how abiotic environmental factors and biotic interactions affect the sequentially overlapping longitudinal distribution of Central European species of the net-spinning freshwater caddisfly larvae of the genus Hydropsyche (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). In this relation, several physical and chemical parameters of water are discussed, as well as different species-specific traits, behavioural aspects and the interaction of coexisting species. Longitudinal gradients of river networks, especially annual temperature range, flow velocity and the particle size of suspended food material play a crucial role in forming the downstream succession of characteristic species, while increased levels of organic pollution, nutrients, salinity and heavy metals facilitates the presence of more tolerant ones. Several species-specific traits, such as respiration range, net-building frequency, head capsule size or optimal net-building velocity correlate with the position of a given species in the sequence. Coexistence of species with similar ecological demands in the overlapping zones of distribution is facilitated by differences in feeding and net-building habits, microhabitat preferences and staggering life cycles, but complicated at the same time by means of inter- and intraspecific territorial behaviour, such as fighting for the ownership of larval retreats or the practice of stridulation.
Mechanical transfer of electrochemically grown molybdenum sulfide layers to silicon wafer
Authors: Nisar Talha , Balster Torsten , Wagner Veit
Published: May 2021

Large area MoS2 ultra-thin film deposition is one of the big challenges in the recent years. Electrodeposition provides an opportunity to grow such ultra-thin films on large scale. However, the transfer of the electrochemically grown film is challenging. Standard transfer of those thin films is done by wet etching in which the underlying substrate is etched. In this work, the polymer coated electrodeposited MoS2 films on Au are separated mechanically from the underlying substrate by using ultra-sonication. Collapse of micron-sized bubbles produced by ultra-sonication at the interface of Au and silicon substrate provides enough energy for separation due to their weak adhesion. The Au layer is then removed by standard Au-etchant (K/KI) and the polymer coated film is transferred to a desired substrate. Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (ATTM) has been used as precursor material for the electrodeposition of the films. Initial electrochemically grown films consist of MoS3 which is reduced to MoS2 by a post-annealing step at 450–900 °C. Obtained films are investigated by AFM, Raman, UV–Vis and XPS. Crystal quality improves by increasing the post-annealing temperature. The thickness of the thinnest film was found to be equivalent to 2 monolayers of MoS2, which is desirable for future electronics.

Graphic abstract
Geophysical surveys integrated with rainfall data analysis for the study of soil piping phenomena occurred in a densely urbanized area in eastern Sicily
Authors: Patti Graziano , Grassi Sabrina , Morreale Gabriele , Corrao Mauro , Imposa Sebastiano
Published: May 2021

The occurrence of strong and abrupt rainfall, together with a wrong land use planning and an uncontrolled urban development, can constitute a risk for infrastructure and population. The water flow in the subsoil, under certain conditions, may cause underground cavities formation. This phenomena known as soil piping can evolve and generate the surface collapse. It is clear that such phenomena in densely urbanized areas represent an unpredictable and consistent risk factor, which can interfere with social activities. In this study a multidisciplinary approach aimed to obtain useful information for the mitigation of the risks associated with the occurrence of soil piping phenomena in urban areas has been developed. This approach is aimed at defining the causes of sudden soil subsidence events, as well as the definition of the extension and possible evolution of these instability areas. The information obtained from rainfall data analysis, together with a study of the morphological, geological and hydrogeological characteristics, have allowed us to evaluate the causes that have led to the formation of soil pipes. Furthermore, performance of 3D electrical resistivity surveys in the area affected by the instability have allowed us to estimate their extension in the subsoil and identifying the presence of further areas susceptible to instability.
Design and validation of an MPC controller for CMG-based testbed
Authors: Facchino Matteo , Totsuka Atsushi , Capello Elisa , Satoh Satoshi , Guglieri Giorgio , Yamada Katsuhiko
Published: May 2021

In the last years, Control Moment Gyros (CMGs) are widely used for high-speed attitude control, since they are able to generate larger torque compared to “classical” actuation systems, such as Reaction Wheels . This paper describes the attitude control problem of a spacecraft, using a Model Predictive Control method. The features of the considered linear MPC are: (i) a virtual reference, to guarantee input constraints satisfaction, and (ii) an integrator state as a servo compensator, to reduce the steady-state error. Moreover, the real-time implementability is investigated using an experimental testbed with four CMGs in pyramidal configuration, where the capability of attitude control and the optimization solver for embedded systems are focused on. The effectiveness and the performance of the control system are shown in both simulations and experiments.
Reintroducing “the” Scientific Method to Introduce Scientific Inquiry in Schools?
Authors: Emden Markus
Published: May 2021

There are some crucial critiques on scientific inquiry and “the” Scientific Method in current science education. Recent research literature is replete with arguments against inquiry’s legitimacy to be included in science classes, and it has even been abandoned from the Next Generation Science Standards. Critics of scientific inquiry in schools blame it to be a caricature of authentic inquiry suffering from five shortcomings: (1) knowledge becomes desocialized from its generative contexts, (2) scientific inquiry in schools suggests methodological monism favoring (3) a primacy of experimentation, (4) which portrays scientific inquiry as a knowledge automaton (5) raising an illusion of determination with regard to the generation of knowledge. This article argues for a reorientation of scientific inquiry in schools tentatively embracing “the” Scientific Method anew since critics appear not to sufficiently consider that scientific inquiry operates differently in schools from science. It will be shown that most critiques can be defused when untangling such an illegitimate mix-up of science proper with school science. It will be argued that current (and recent) descriptions of how science generates knowledge lack authoritative validity and should be fundamentally revisited. “The” Scientific Method will be shown to be a valid idealization that can serve as a frame of reference for introductory science classes. Still, it is understood that science education needs to extend beyond “the” Scientific Method if it is to prepare for science-related careers.
Race, Ethnicity, and Immigration Status in a Medical Licensing Educational Resource: a Systematic, Mixed-Methods Analysis
Authors: Cerdeña Jessica P. , Jaswaney Rohit , Plaisime Marie V.
Published: May 2021

Background

Medical students preparing for the United States Medical Licensing Exam (USMLE) Step 2 Clinical Knowledge (CK) Exam frequently use the UWorld Step 2 CK Question Bank (QBank). Over 90% of medical students use UWorld QBanks to prepare for at least one USMLE. Although several questions in the QBank mention race, ethnicity, or immigration status, their contributions to the QBank remain underexamined.

Objective

We conducted a systematic, mixed-methods content analysis to assess whether and how disease conditions might be racialized throughout this popular medical education resource.

Design

We screened 3537 questions in the QBank between May 28 and August 11, 2020, for mentions of race, ethnicity, or immigration status. We performed multinomial logistic regression to assess the likelihood of each racial/ethnic category occurring in either the question stem, answer explanation, or both. We used an inductive technique for codebook development and determined code frequencies.

Main Measures

We reviewed the frequency and distribution of race or ethnicity in question stems, answer choices, and answer explanations; assessed associations between disease conditions and racial and ethnic categories; and identified whether and how these associations correspond to race-, ethnicity-, or migration-based care.

Results

References to Black race occurred most frequently, followed by Asian, White, and Latinx groups. Mentions of race/ethnicity varied significantly by location in the question: Asian race had 6.40 times greater odds of occurring in the answer explanation only (95% CI 1.19–34.49; p < 0.031) and White race had 9.88 times greater odds of occurring only in the question stem (95% CI 2.56–38.08; p < 0.001). Qualitative analyses suggest frequent associations between disease conditions and racial, ethnic, and immigration categories, which often carry implicit or explicit biological and genetic explanations.

Conclusions

Our analysis reveals patterns of race-based disease associations that have potential for systematic harm, including promoting incorrect race-based associations and upholding cultural conventions of White bodies as normative.
Using tool wear to increase process stability when milling Al7075 and AISI 4140+QT
Authors: Denkena Berend , Krödel Alexander , Relard Andreas
Published: May 2021

One of the main limits of productivity during cutting processes is the occurrence of regenerative chatter. Due to these self-excited vibrations, the load capacity of the machine components, the tool as well as the machine performance cannot be fully utilized. There are several methods to stabilize the milling process. One is the use of increased process damping, which results from the contact of the tool’s flank face and the workpiece. The flank wear land naturally increases the contact between tool and workpiece. However, this effect has not been used to increase productivity in milling processes. This paper investigates with experiments and numerical simulations how tool wear affects process stability in milling of aluminum and steel. Therefore slot milling and side milling tests were carried out with tools of various states of flank wear. It could be shown that increasing flank wear allows to raise the depth of cut ap up to 300% in machining aluminum and perform the machining process with a higher productivity.
Changing attitudes towards annual influenza vaccination amongst staff in a Tertiary Care Irish University Hospital
Authors: Kearns Emma C. , Callanan Ian , O’Reilly Ann , Purcell Aisling , Tuohy Niamh , Bulfin Siobhan , Smyth Angela , Bairead Emer , Fitzgerald Susan , Feeney Eoin , Waqas Sarmad
Published: May 2021

Background

Healthcare workers are encouraged annually to get vaccinated against influenza. This year in view of COVID-19 pandemic, attitudes of HCWs towards vaccination are particularly important. A cross-sectional study was completed to understand how to best encourage and facilitate the vaccination of HCWs based on the previous years’ findings.

Methods

An online survey was disseminated to all hospital staff via electronic channels. The clinical audit sphinx software was used for data collection and analysis.

Results

The total number of responses wasn = 728, almost double the rate from 2018 (N = 393). A total of 78% (N = 551) of participants were vaccinated last year. A total of 94% (N = 677) of participants reported their intention to be vaccinated this year. The main barriers listed were being unable to find time (32%,N = 36), side effects (30%,N = 33) and thinking that it does not work (21%,N = 23). The most popular suggestions for how to increase uptake were more mobile immunisation clinics (72%,N = 517) and more information on the vaccine (50%,N = 360). A total of 82% of participants (N = 590) agreed that healthcare workers should be vaccinated, with 56% (N = 405) agreeing that it should be mandatory. Of the participants who were not vaccinated last year (N = 159), 40% (N = 63) agreed that COVID-19 had changed their opinion on influenza immunisation with a further 11% (N = 18) strongly agreeing.

Discussion

In light of the increasing number of survey participants, more staff were interested in flu vaccination this year than ever before. The COVID-19 pandemic has had some influence on staff’s likelihood to be vaccinated. Feasibility of immunisation and education posed the largest barriers to HCW vaccination.
A Structured Approach to Recover Valuable Compounds from Agri-food Side Streams
Authors: Moreno-González Mónica , Ottens Marcel
Published: May 2021

Food side streams contain useful compounds such as proteins, sugars, polyphenols, and amino acids that might get discarded during processing. The concentration of these components may be low (e.g., fruit side streams are mainly composed by water, around 90%, while polyphenol content in rapeseed meal is less than 3% dry weight) and therefore effective separation techniques should be evaluated. The aim of this review is to identify the different process steps (like pretreatment, volume reduction, phase change, solid removal, purification, and formulation) required to recover high-value products from agri-food residues. It reviews different plant-based byproducts as sources (cereal bran, fruit pomace, oilseed meals, fruit wastewater) of valuable compounds and discusses the relevant technologies required for processing (such as extraction, adsorption, crystallization, drying, among others). A structured approach to design recovery processes presented focused on high purity products. This work demonstrates that multiple high-value products can be recovered from a single agri-food side stream depending on the processing steps and the origin source (strong and soft structures and wastewater).
Optimizing transportation in the precast concrete plants
Authors: Nicał Aleksander
Published: May 2021

In addition to aggregates, cement, water and reinforcement, transportation is one of the key aspects in operating a precast concrete manufacturing plant. The cost of transportation in precast concrete manufacturing plants is closely related to electricity prices. Despite intensive efforts to implement renewable energy sources, still, 2/3 are non-renewable sources, such as coal, natural gas and oil. Taking into account the negative impact on the environment associated with the exploration of non-renewable resources and the observed increase in electricity prices, it is necessary to find alternative solutions that minimize environmental and financial costs. The paper presents a model for the selection of optimal transportation system inside the precast concrete manufacturing plant. It ensures the fullest possible use of equipment resources, in this case, rail trolleys capacity, and minimization of their journey number. The paper describes three internal transportation systems that are shuttle, radial and circular. Moreover, the paper contains a case study, concerning the determination of the optimal transportation program between workstations. As a result of the analyses carried out, a model was developed, including the strategy of journey planning with the assumption of minimum costs and maximum use of the capacity of rail trolleys.
Delineation of the Causative Fault of Recent Earthquakes (April-May 2020) in Delhi from Seismological and Morphometric Analysis
Authors: Bansal Brijesh K. , Mohan Kapil , Haq Ahsan Ul , Verma Mithila , Prajapati S. K. , Bhat G. M.
Published: May 2021

Recently, amid the pandemic of COVID-2019, the north-east Delhi region experienced two small earthquakes in a short span of 1 month; the first occurred on 12th April 2020 (Mw 3.5) and the other on 10th May 2020 (Mw 3.4). These events were followed by 4 aftershocks of magnitude Mw ≤ 3.0. We carried out morphotectonic (high stream length-gradient index) and static Coulomb stress failure analyses to delineate the hidden causative fault(s) in the region. In the study, ASTER DEM data of 30 m resolution and Survey of India (SoI) toposheets on 1:50,000 scales were used for morphotectonic analysis. The analysis depicted a very high stream length-gradient (SL) and fall in elevation in the epicentral area, suggesting the area to be tectonically active with a NE-SW trending fault line. In addition, the nature of static Coulomb failure stress contours for both the main events, Mw 3.5 and Mw 3.4, suggests an NNE-SSW trending high Coulomb stress regime. Such a high coulomb stress regime is obvious at the location where a high SL index and fall in elevation were marked, which clearly indicates the presence of NNE-SSW trending a causative fault, named ‘Khanpur-Japti fault’.
Volcano Sedimentary Origin of Archaean Banded Iron Formation of Nellore Schist Belt from Chundi-Malakonda-Ayyavaripalle Area, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh and its Petro-chemical Characterization
Authors: Kar Eirin , Mishra Shibani , Ghosh Prasun
Published: May 2021

Banded iron formations (BIFs) are the most significant source of iron in the world. The present study addresses the petrographic and geochemical characterization of the BIF from Chundi-Malakonda-Ayyavaripalle area in the Nellore schist belt of Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, their genesis and iron enrichment processes. Six bands of banded magnetite quartzite (BMQ) of Archaean age occur in the area. Field investigations and petrography revealed that the studied BIF samples are hard, compact, weathered and composed of alternate layers of magnetite/martite and subordinate quartz, biotite and muscovite. The BIFs occur in three associations: volcanic (Band 1,3,4,5), sedimentary (Band 6) and volcano-sedimentary (Band 2).

The geochemical composition of the whole rock reveals that iron and silica represent 78.48% to 91.74% of the average composition. The total iron (TFe) contents range from 16.25 to 61.80 wt % (average of 38.47 wt %) and is consistent with low-grade siliceous BIF by global standards. All BIFs have high SiO2/Al2O3, Fe/Ti, and low Al/(Al+Fe+Mn), which suggest a mixed hydrogenous and hydrothermal origins. Geochemical results for the BIFs lead to the conclusion that all the BIFs are of Algoma-type with Precambrian affinity and formed in small sloped or terraced silled basins in the back-arc areas with MORB affinity, surrounding an immature island arc. Depending on the degree of replacement and shape of the magnetite crystals, two textural types of magnetite (Magnetite-I and Magnetite-II) are observed. Ore formation occurs in three stages: Magnetite (protore), Martites and Martite-goethites.
Signatures of Heavy Metal concentration over Laterites identified through Regional Stream Sediment Geochemical Survey in parts of Katni, Panna and Satna Districts of Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Bagchi Joyesh , Dubey Jyoti , Shimyaphy R.V.S. , Singh Nisha
Published: May 2021

As a part of National Geochemical Mapping (NGCM) programme of GSI, regional geochemical mapping was carried out for an area of 705 sq km in parts of Katni, Panna and Satna districts of Madhya Pradesh covering toposheet number 64A/05 bounded by latitudes N23°45′00″ to N24°00′00″ and longitudes E80°15′00″ to E80°30′00″. Chemical analyses of 182 composite stream/slope sediments samples were carried out and baseline geochemical maps of oxides and elements were prepared. Data analyses has led to significant conclusions on environment hazard due to metal contamination and possible mineral potential due to REE enrichment. Study of the spatial distribution of individual variables showed Cr and Co have values higher than the permissible level in dry soils in some parts of the area which requires investigation by concerned agencies. Some samples over the laterites show higher than threshold values of REEs which are much higher than their crustal abundance. Factor analyses on the geochemical data with 46 oxides and elements has led to the identification of five factors accounting for 84% of the total variance of the data set and describing five physico-chemical processes controlling the spatial geochemical variation. The analyses points to the enrichment of the REEs in the lateritisation process. The laterites covering 171 sq km of the area need to be considered for investigation of REE potential.
Engineering Geological and Geotechnical Assessment of the Foundation of Yaragol Gravity Dam – A Case Study form India
Authors: Jain Prasnna , Naithani A. K. , Singh L. G. , Rawat D. S. , Subrahmanyam D. S.
Published: May 2021

Engineering geological and geotechnical assessment of the dam foundation are essential for the design of the dam to ensure safety. At the southeastern part of Karnataka, Yaragol gravity dam is being constructed, which is designed based on site geomorphological and geological conditions and economic reasons. This paper discusses the results of the engineering geological and geotechnical investigations that have been carried out at the foundation levels of the dam. The dam foundation is composed of foliated gneiss and granite gneiss belonging to Archean to Paleoproterozoic age with intrusive dykes. This study is based on field and laboratory investigations, surface discontinuity mapping, drilled borehole data and in-situ shear testing. In-situ shear parameters of rock-rock interfaces and concrete-rock interfaces were conducted for the evaluation of dam stability against sliding. The classification and rock mass quality of the dam site is assigned using the rock mass rating (RMR) for all the 19 blocks and allowable bearing pressure (qallow) is assessed based on rock types and RMR. At all the blocks foundation, geological defects were mapped and analyzed and treated with suitable engineering measures. Based on structural features mapped, curtain grouting and consolidation grouting is recommended.
Low Dose, High Frequency Movement Based Dilator Therapy for Dyspareunia: Retrospective Analysis of 26 Cases
Authors: Miles Katherine , Miles Shana
Published: May 2021

Introduction

While two-thirds of women will experience dyspareunia and vaginal dilators are often used to treat dyspareunia, outside of a single case report, no study has investigated the potential of low-dose, high frequency movement-based dilator therapy for dyspareunia in premenopausal female patients.

Aim

To determine the utility of low-dose, high frequency movement-based dilator use for dyspareunia in premenopausal female patients.

Methods

Retrospective study of women presenting to outpatient hospital-based pelvic floor physical therapy office in a tertiary care center. All adult premenopausal female patients who were referred to pelvic floor physical therapy for dyspareunia and completed movement-based dilator therapy (MBDT) and met study criteria (n = 26) were included for analysis.

Main Outcome Measure

Patient change in pain level status using Numeric Pain Rating Scale with intercourse was compared between initial evaluation and time of discharge from pelvic floor physical therapy.

Results

Among the 26 women who met criteria for this study, the average pain score decreased from 8.3 (SD 2.2) before treatment to 1.3 (SD 2.0) after treatment and was statistically significant (P< .001). Complete resolution of dyspareunia was reported in 58% of patients. Patients completed between 2 and 6 total pelvic floor physical therapy visits (average 3.7, SD1.5), over 0–44 weeks (mean 9.6 weeks, SD 8.3).

Conclusion

Low-dose, high frequency, movement-based dilator therapy significantly reduced or resolved the experience of pain with penetrative vaginal intercourse with dyspareunia. Future prospective studies with larger samples and the inclusion of sexual functional status should be considered to explore the full potential of this modality in treatment of premenopausal patients with dyspareunia.
Constrained Willmore Surfaces
Authors: Quintino Áurea Casinhas
Published: May 2021

From Bäcklund to Darboux, this monograph presents a comprehensive journey through the transformation theory of constrained Willmore surfaces, a topic of great importance in modern differential geometry and, in particular, in the field of integrable systems in Riemannian geometry. The first book on this topic, it discusses in detail a spectral deformation, Bäcklund transformations and Darboux transformations, and proves that all these transformations preserve the existence of a conserved quantity, defining, in particular, transformations within the class of constant mean curvature surfaces in 3-dimensional space-forms, with, furthermore, preservation of both the space-form and the mean curvature, and bridging the gap between different approaches to the subject, classical and modern. Clearly written with extensive references, chapter introductions and self-contained accounts of the core topics, it is suitable for newcomers to the theory of constrained Wilmore surfaces. Many detailed computations and new results unavailable elsewhere in the literature make it also an appealing reference for experts.
The Invention of the Maghreb
Authors: Hannoum Abdelmajid
Published: May 2021

Under French colonial rule, the region of the Maghreb emerged as distinct from two other geographical entities that, too, are colonial inventions: the Middle East and Africa. In this book, Abdelmajid Hannoum demonstrates how the invention of the Maghreb started long before the conquest of Algiers and lasted until the time of independence, and beyond, to our present. Through an interdisciplinary study of French colonial modernity, Hannoum examines how colonialism made extensive use of translations of Greek, Roman, and Arabic texts and harnessed high technologies of power to reconfigure the region and invent it. In the process, he analyzes a variety of forms of colonial knowledge including historiography, anthropology, cartography, literary work, archaeology, linguistics, and racial theories. He shows how local engagement with colonial politics and its modes of knowledge were instrumental in the modern making of the region, including in its postcolonial era, as a single unit divorced from Africa and from the Middle East.
DO WEAK OR STRONG ACIDS REMOVE CARBONATE CONTAMINATION FROM ANCIENT TOOTH ENAMEL MORE EFFECTIVELY? THE EFFECT OF ACID PRETREATMENT ON RADIOCARBON AND δ13C ANALYSES
Authors: Wood Rachel , Fleury Andre Barros Curado , Fallon Stewart , Nguyen Thi Mai Huong , Nguyen Anh Tuan
Published: May 2021

In hot environments, collagen, which is normally targeted when radiocarbon (14C) dating bone, rapidly degrades. With little other skeletal material suitable for 14C dating, it can be impossible to obtain dates directly on skeletal materials. A small amount of carbonate occurs in hydroxyapatite, the mineral phase of bone and tooth enamel, and has been used as an alternative to collagen. Unfortunately, the mineral phase is often heavily contaminated with exogenous carbonate causing 14C dates to underestimate the true age of a sample. Although tooth enamel, with its larger, more stable crystals and lower porosity, is likely to be more robust to diagenesis than bone, little work has been undertaken to investigate how exogenous carbonate can be effectively removed prior to 14C dating. Typically, acid is used to dissolve calcite and etch the surface of the enamel, but it is unclear which acid is most effective. This study repeats and extends earlier work using a wider range of samples and acids and chelating agents (hydrochloric, lactic, acetic and propionic acids, and EDTA). We find that weaker acids remove carbonate contaminants more effectively than stronger acids, and acetic acid is the most effective. However, accurate dates cannot always be obtained.
Bedaquiline, an FDA-approved drug, inhibits mitochondrial ATP production and metastasis in vivo, by targeting the gamma subunit (ATP5F1C) of the ATP synthase
Authors: Fiorillo Marco , Scatena Cristian , Naccarato Antonio Giuseppe , Sotgia Federica , Lisanti Michael P.
Published: May 2021

Here, we provide evidence that high ATP production by the mitochondrial ATP-synthase is a new therapeutic target for anticancer therapy, especially for preventing tumor progression. More specifically, we isolated a subpopulation of ATP-high cancer cells which are phenotypically aggressive and demonstrate increases in proliferation, stemness, anchorage-independence, cell migration, invasion and multi-drug resistance, as well as high antioxidant capacity. Clinically, these findings have important implications for understanding treatment failure and cancer cell dormancy. Using bioinformatic analysis of patient samples, we defined a mitochondrial-related gene signature for metastasis, which features the gamma-subunit of the mitochondrial ATP-synthase (ATP5F1C). The relationship between ATP5F1C protein expression and metastasis was indeed confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Next, we used MDA-MB-231 cells as a model system to functionally validate these findings. Importantly, ATP-high MDA-MB-231 cells showed a nearly fivefold increase in metastatic capacity in vivo. Consistent with these observations, ATP-high cells overexpressed (i) components of mitochondrial complexes I–V, including ATP5F1C, and (ii) markers associated with circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and metastasis, such as EpCAM and VCAM1. Knockdown of ATP5F1C expression significantly reduced ATP-production, anchorage-independent growth, and cell migration, as predicted. Similarly, therapeutic administration of the FDA-approved drug, Bedaquiline, downregulated ATP5F1C expression in vitro and prevented spontaneous metastasis in vivo. In contrast, Bedaquiline had no effect on the growth of non-tumorigenic mammary epithelial cells (MCF10A) or primary tumors in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that mitochondrial ATP depletion is a new therapeutic strategy for metastasis prophylaxis, to avoid treatment failure. In summary, we conclude that mitochondrial ATP5F1C is a promising new biomarker and molecular target for future drug development, for the prevention of metastatic disease progression.
Kartogenin prevents cartilage degradation and alleviates osteoarthritis progression in mice via the miR-146a/NRF2 axis
Authors: Hou Mingzhuang , Zhang Yijian , Zhou Xinfeng , Liu Tao , Yang Huilin , Chen Xi , He Fan , Zhu Xuesong
Published: May 2021

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common articular degenerative disease characterized by loss of cartilage matrix and subchondral bone sclerosis. Kartogenin (KGN) has been reported to improve chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. However, the therapeutic effect of KGN on OA-induced cartilage degeneration was still unclear. This study aimed to explore the protective effects and underlying mechanisms of KGN on articular cartilage degradation using mice with post-traumatic OA. To mimic the in vivo arthritic environment, in vitro cultured chondrocytes were exposed to interleukin-1β (IL-1β). We found that KGN barely affected the cell proliferation of chondrocytes; however, KGN significantly enhanced the synthesis of cartilage matrix components such as type II collagen and aggrecan in a dose-dependent manner. Meanwhile, KGN markedly suppressed the expression of matrix degradation enzymes such as MMP13 and ADAMTS5. In vivo experiments showed that intra-articular administration of KGN ameliorated cartilage degeneration and inhibited subchondral bone sclerosis in an experimental OA mouse model. Molecular biology experiments revealed that KGN modulated intracellular reactive oxygen species in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes by up-regulating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), while barely affecting its mRNA expression. Microarray analysis further revealed that IL-1β significantly up-regulated miR-146a that played a critical role in regulating the protein levels of NRF2. KGN treatment showed a strong inhibitory effect on the expression of miR-146a in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes. Over-expression of miR-146a abolished the anti-arthritic effects of KGN not only by down-regulating the protein levels of NRF2 but also by up-regulating the expression of matrix degradation enzymes. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that KGN exerts anti-arthritic effects via activation of the miR-146a-NRF2 axis and KGN is a promising heterocyclic molecule to prevent OA-induced cartilage degeneration.
Stepwise ABC system for classification of any type of genetic variant
Authors: Houge Gunnar , Laner Andreas , Cirak Sebahattin , de Leeuw Nicole , Scheffer Hans , den Dunnen Johan T.
Published: May 2021

The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomicsand the Association for Molecular Pathology (ACMG-AMP) system for variant classification is score based with five classes: benign, likely benign, variant of unknown significance (VUS), likely pathogenic, and pathogenic. Here, we present a variant classification model that can be an add-on or alternative to ACMG classification: A stepwise system that can classify any type of genetic variant (e.g., hypomorphic alleles, imprinted alleles, copy number variants, runs of homozygosity, enhancer variants, and variants related to traits). We call it the ABC system because classification is first functional (A), then clinical (B), and optionally a standard comment that fits the clinical question is selected (C). Both steps A and B have 1–5 grading when knowledge is sufficient, if not, class “zero” is assigned. Functional grading (A) only concerns biological consequences with the stages normal function (1), likely normal function (2), hypothetical functional effect (3), likely functional effect (4), and proven functional effect (5). Clinical grading (B) is genotype–phenotype focused with the stages “right type of gene” (1), risk factor (2), and pathogenic (3–5, depending on penetrance). Both grades are listed for each variant and combined to generate a joint class ranging from A to F. Importantly, the A–F classes are linked to standard comments, reflecting laboratory or national policy. In step A, the VUS class is split into class 0 (true unknown) and class 3 (hypothetical functional effect based on molecular predictions or de novo occurrence), providing a rationale for variant-of-interest reporting when the clinical picture could fit the finding. The system gives clinicians a better guide to variant significance.
Oxygen vacancy-induced topological nanodomains in ultrathin ferroelectric films
Authors: Peng Wei , Mun Junsik , Xie Qidong , Chen Jingsheng , Wang Lingfei , Kim Miyoung , Noh Tae Won
Published: May 2021

Oxygen vacancy in oxide ferroelectrics can be strongly coupled to the polar order via local strain and electric fields, thus holding the capability of producing and stabilizing exotic polarization patterns. However, despite intense theoretical studies, an explicit microscopic picture to correlate the polarization pattern and the distribution of oxygen vacancies remains absent in experiments. Here we show that in a high-quality, uniaxial ferroelectric system, i.e., compressively strained BaTiO3 ultrathin films (below 10 nm), nanoscale polarization structures can be created by intentionally introducing oxygen vacancies in the film while maintaining structure integrity (namely no extended lattice defects). Using scanning transmission electron microscopy, we reveal that the nanodomain is composed of swirling electric dipoles in the vicinity of clustered oxygen vacancies. This finding opens a new path toward the creation and understanding of the long-sought topological polar objects such as vortices and skyrmions.