bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The importance of the syntagmatic dimension in the multilingual lexical database
Authors: Petrauskaitė Rūta
Published: March 2014

This paper describes the idea behind a multilingual database (Muldi) designed to incorporate five constituent parts: monolingual and multilingual corpora, monolingual lexicons, lists of translation equivalents, and terminological records. The emphasis in Muldi is on the presentation, analysis, and description of syntagmatic information contained in lexical items. Types of translation equivalents as well as the problem of relationship between dictionary and corpus translation equivalents is also considered.
Data-derived multilingual lexicons
Authors: Sinclair John McH.
Published: March 2014

This paper first appeared in Arcaini (ed.) 2000: La Traduzione (IV). Quaderni di Libre e Riviste d'Italia, 43; Roma: Ministerio per i bene e le attività culturali. For this publication it has been lightly revised, and the bibliography updated.
Analysing the fluency of translators
Authors: Uzar Rafal , Waliński Jacek Tadeusz
Published: March 2014

The paper discusses problems involved in analysing the quality of student translation and the type of errors made by students in translation. The authors have developed a TEI-lite conformant corpus of student translations which also includes error category mark-up. This project has allowed the authors to objectively analyse student translation work and has also allowed the students themselves to gain valuable insights into translation problems.
Doctor–patient consultations in dyadic and triadic exchanges
Authors: Valero Garcés Carmen
Published: March 2014

This article presents the results of a study on doctor–patient interaction in dyadic and triadic exchanges. The analysis is based on transcripts of recordings done at healthcare centres in northern Madrid, Spain, and Minneapolis, USA. The methodological approach is that of institutional discourse analysis as developed by Drew and Heritage (Drew & Heritage 1992; Heritage 1995, 1997; Drew & Sorjonen 1997). Three different types of doctor–patient interaction are examined: (1) doctor/foreign-language patient; (2) doctor/ foreign-language patient/ad hoc interpreter; (3) doctor/ foreign-language patient/trained interpreter. Topics such as the assignment of participant roles, changes in the general structure, turn-taking, and asymmetrical relationships will be explored. The study is mainly descriptive and qualitative, but also includes some comparative quantitative analyses.
Dialogue interpreting as a specific case of reported speech
Authors: Bot Hanneke
Published: March 2014

This paper reports on what is often referred to as “translating in the first person” or retaining the perspective of person as an aspect of consecutive interpreting that generates attention whenever the quality of interpreting is being considered. The study draws on six videotaped interpreter-mediated psychotherapy sessions and constitutes part of a PhD research project (described in Bot forthcoming) on the communication processes in interpreter-mediated psychotherapeutic dialogue. The study shows it is possible to distinguish between two types of changes in the perspective of person: the addition of a reporting verb (e.g. “he says”), generally at the beginning of a rendition, and a change in personal pronoun (usually from “I” into “he” or “she”) in what follows. All three of the interpreters in the data sample introduce these two types of changes, at different frequencies and for various reasons. The findings show that the addition of a reporting verb not only serves to indicate who is speaking, but also plays a role in the organization of turn-transfer. They also suggest that changes in the perspective of person are less of a problem than generally assumed. Although such shifts do serve to indicate the specific position of the interpreter as intermediary between therapist and patient, this does not seem to alienate therapist and patient, but merely recognizes the interactive reality of this type of talk.
An author-centred scientometric analysis of Daniel Gile's œuvre
Authors: Grbić Nadja , Pöllabauer Sonja
Published: March 2014

The article begins with a quantitative scientometric study of Daniel Gile’s published writings. The study focuses on the diachronic development of Gile’s writings and several other aspects of his scientific oeuvre such as types of publications; languages of publication; media of publication; topics; and co-authorships. The co-authorship data are then displayed by means of a coauthorship network and discussed within the framework of network analysis. In addition, a brief keyword analysis of the titles of the publications provides a first glimpse into the range of topics which are tackled in Daniel Gile’s publications. The paper then goes on to deepen the insights gleaned from the scientometric study in an analysis of citations of Gile’s writings by other authors. The citation analysis represents a first attempt to investigate Gile’s “impact” on the scientific community, even though it is inherent to the nature of citation analysis that the data obtained by such an approach can never be complete. We think that all three approaches can provide interesting insights into Gile’s oeuvre. Owing to his pioneering publications on scientometrics and citation analysis, Daniel Gile strikes us as a perfect “candidate” for such an author-centred scientometric approach.
The turns of Interpreting Studies
Authors: Pöchhacker Franz
Published: March 2014

Borrowing from the title as well as relevant contents of Mary Snell-Hornby’s latest book on Translation Studies, this paper reviews the development of Interpreting Studies as an academic (sub)discipline and examines it for shifts and milestones that might qualify as “turns” while probing the conceptual content of this popular label. In analogy to Snell-Hornby’s attribution of the roles of precursor, pioneer, master and disciple to those creating and working within a particular “tradition”, this metascientific scheme is applied to the development of interpreting research since the 1950s, with Daniel Gile portrayed as the tradition’s master. Engaging with his groundbreaking historiography, the well-known four-period classification is extended, with particular emphasis on developments since the mid-1990s and newly influential memes and methods as well as disciplinary sources. The notion of “paradigm” is then taken up to discuss various research traditions in the discipline, viewing shifts from one paradigm to another as the “turns” at issue in this paper. Under this heading, the “social turn” and the “qualitative turn” in Interpreting Studies are discussed in terms of their theoretical, methodological and epistemological implications.
Getting started: Writing communicative abstracts
Authors: Gerzymisch-Arbogast Heidrun
Published: March 2014

The article relates to a PhD School which Daniel Gile and I jointly taught within the framework of a European Marie Curie PhD training program on critical reading and writing of research papers on 29th April 2007 in Vienna. It presents an overview of formulae for writing abstracts as a basic research skill for young researchers when “getting started” in research, as they are offered by standardization institutes, universities and conference conveners. Reflecting Daniel Gile’s comments on the topic, it is suggested that writing abstracts for conferences needs to take into account more than just the factual dimension. On the basis of Schulz von Thun’s communication model (1981) several interrelated dimensions of writing abstracts for conferences are discussed and exemplified.
How do experts interpret? Implications from research in Interpreting Studies and cognitive science
Authors: Liu Minhua
Published: March 2014

In this article, expertise in simultaneous interpreting is defined as the result of well-practiced strategies in each of the comprehension, translation, and production processes, and the interaction among these processes, which are specific to the needs of the task of simultaneous interpreting. What allows the interaction among the comprehension, translation, and production processes to act in sync is interpreters’ ability to manage their mental resources in an efficient manner, particularly in the way attention is managed. Expert-novice difference is examined by comparing skills and sub-skills, by analyzing the cognitive abilities underlying the act of simultaneous interpreting, and by providing evidence and counter-evidence from Interpreting Studies and cognitive science.
The impact of non-native English on students' interpreting performance
Authors: Kurz Ingrid
Published: March 2014

English has become the world’s lingua franca and dominant conference language. Consequently, interpreters are increasingly confronted with nonnative speakers whose pronunciation differs from Standard English. Non-native source texts which deviate from familiar acoustic-phonetic patterns make perception more difficult for the interpreter, who, according to Gile’s Effort Models, is forced to devote a considerable part of his processing to the Listening and Analysis Effort. For students and novices in the interpreting profession such situations are particularly difficult to cope with. The paper describes some of the major findings of a study carried out by Dominika Kodrnja (2001) as a diploma thesis under the author’s supervision to demonstrate the detrimental effect of a strong non-native accent on students’ interpreting performance.
Linguistic interference in simultaneous interpreting with text: A case study
Authors: Lamberger-Felber Heike , Schneider Julia
Published: March 2014

Linguistic interference in simultaneous interpreting is among those phenomena that many authors have written about, while few have actually investigated it. Following Daniel Gile’s request for more empirical data, the authors have tried to analyse frequency and types of interference in a corpus of 36 interpretations by twelve professional conference interpreters. Results indicate the high incidence of interference (INT) in professional interpreters’ output as well as the high variability in both frequency and type of INT among the subjects. The lack of correlations between INT and other investigated parameters seems to indicate a certain independence of INT from other output parameters (e.g. semantic deviations).
Francisco de Miranda, intercultural forerunner
Authors: Bastin Georges L.
Published: March 2014

Latin America as a whole is a translation continent, a continent with a transcultural history in which translation has a place of honour. It is not surprising therefore that there have been so many important figures who have translated, encouraged translations and publications of translated books, or reflected on the ways of translating and its impact on the construction of a genuine culture and identity.

This paper highlights the trajectory of the major player and agent of translation during the so-called emancipation period, that is, from the end of the 18th century to the first decades of the 19th century, namely Francisco de Miranda (1750–1816).

The hypothesis of this study is that the real role played by translation in the Hispano-American subcontinent, described and interpreted by a detailed examination of translation content and the acts of translation performed by the ‘agent’ studied here, is that of having contributed to the emancipation movement, to the creation of a national and continental identity, and to the construction of a new culture in the region. The study goes through Miranda’s biographical data and intellectual life and examines Miranda’s translation of Viscardo’sLettre aux Espagnols-américains. It then looks into Miranda’s influence on Latin American intellectuals and revolutionary leaders from his home in London and especially into his role as an agent of propaganda through sponsoring newspapers and books.
Translation within the margin: The "Libraries" of Henry Bohn
Authors: O'Sullivan Carol
Published: March 2014

This chapter considers the Victorian publisher Henry G. Bohn as a pioneer in the publishing of translated classics for a general market. Through his ‘Standard Library’, established in 1846, and the equally successful ‘Classical Library’ (1848), Bohn made literature in translation available to a mass readership at the then low prices of three shillings and sixpence or five shillings. Targeted at the Victorian reader eager for self-improvement, most of the volumes in Bohn’s Libraries were highly improving in nature, with an emphasis on history, biography and philosophy, much of it by Continental authors. Bohn’s catalogue also included, however, some of the more notorious classics of European literature, including the Decameron (published 1855), Marguerite de Navarre’s Heptameron (1855), the Satyricon of Petronius (1854), the poems of Catullus (1854), Apuleius’s Golden Ass (1853) and the epigrams of Martial (1860). While ‘unexpurgated’ translations of some of these works would be published for private circulation in the Victorian period, the norms of the period required that they be censored to fit them for a general market.
A cultural agent against the forces of culture: Hasan-Âli Yücel
Authors: Tahir Gürçağlar Şehnaz
Published: March 2014

Hasan-Âli Yücel (1897–1961) was one of the most prominent politicians of the Republican era in Turkey. He served as a member of the Turkish Grand National Assembly for fifteen years (1935–1950), eight of which he spent as the Minister of Education. Yücel’s term of office as Minister of Education (1938–1946) was one of the most revolutionary periods in the early republican era otherwise marked by a series of radical reforms covering the alphabet, dress, unification of education, and women’s voting rights in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Yücel embarked on a number of projects across various fields of culture, including the setting up of the Translation Bureau which would produce 1,247 translations from mainly Western and Eastern classics until 1966 and the launching of the influential translation journal Tercüme. He set up the revolutionary and controversial Village Institutes, which were primary and secondary schools set up in the rural areas with a unique curriculum. He oversaw the establishment of various institutions of higher education. He organized various artistic and cultural exhibitions. He took the initiative to publish several encyclopedias and dictionaries. Hasan-Âli Yücel was also a writer of both literary and scholarly works, so he was not only interested in providing patronage and guidance to cultural affairs but was also active in literary and cultural production.
Limits of freedom: Agency, choice and constraints in the work of the translator
Authors: Paloposki Outi
Published: March 2014

Translators’ agency has been under increasing attention lately, from several different viewpoints and using different kinds of data. The present paper is an attempt at outlining concrete day-to-day routines and decision-making of two translators in Finland, one in the late 19th century and the other in the mid-20th century, on the basis of their correspondence and other documents. The study of their lives can shed light on issues such as the selection (or rejection) of books to be translated, translation strategies, the use of source texts and versions, typographical and layout design, and fees. I will outline the interaction between the translators and their publishers and readers and explore the issues which determine the balance between individual agency and collective norms.
The role of Haroldo and Augusto de Campos in bringing translation to the fore of literary activity in Brazil
Authors: Nóbrega Thelma Médici , Milton John
Published: March 2014

This article is a review of the implications of the Campos brothers’ practical and theoretical activity as translators on the translation field in Brazil, focusing on Haroldo de Campos’ role as translator, translation theorist and literary critic.
The theatre translator as a cultural agent: A case study
Authors: Zurbach Christine
Published: March 2014

This case study describes the activities between 1975 and the end of the 1980s by a group of theatre translators associated with the cultural project of a collective agent, the Centro Cultural de Évora (CCE), a professional theatre group, set up in 1975 by the Ministry of Culture. Established in the interior of Portugal, in Évora, the CCE aimed at making theatre at both a regional and national level more dynamic. The company used a repertoire of plays most of which were by classic and contemporary foreign authors. The list of authors shows us that a large number of them are French, demonstrating the traditional presence of French culture in Portugal. Other authors are German, revealing the influence of the theatre of Brecht after 1974 in Portugal. Certain authors, both contemporary and older authors, were translated into Portuguese for the first time. Others, generally classics like Molière and Shakespeare, are retranslated in contemporary versions. The intervention of the CCE corresponds to what Even-Zohar calls cultural planning as the aesthetic choices of the programmes of this company correspond to the importation of the theatrical and cultural model which had already been experienced in France from 1950 to 1970, that of the decentralization of the theatre, where the reading of the classics and the promotion of certain contemporary authors are vital. Translation played a central role in the choices of this cultural agent, showing the dramatic and artistic choices in the theatrical innovation following the 25 April 1974 revolution, after the end of censorship, when Portugal was open again to other languages and ideas. The translations have generally been linked to a type of theatre which had considerable influence during the period of the development of new projects after 1975, especially with young or new companies performing the same translated texts and which has benefited from the support of the CCE, which founded this decentralization movement.
Embassy networks: Translating post-war Bosnian poetry into English
Authors: Jones Francis
Published: March 2014

This article is based on a web survey of on-line and print translations into English of poetry by writers from Bosnia since the 1992–1995 war. Combining insights from Actor Network Theory, Activity Theory and Goffman’s Social Game Theory, it examines the relationships between human and textual agents in the production of poetry translations. It maps these relationships onto agents’ geographic ‘positionality’. Among the findings are:

(1) Poetry translation is produced by networks of agents working across a ‘distributed’ space. This implies that it is simplistic to conceptualise literary translation in terms of one agent’s loyalty to one cultural space.

(2) Translators often carry less power in a production network than an anthology/journal editor or a living source poet.

(3) Networks involving players from source-language regions working in a target-language country are particularly effective in publication terms.
Using corpora and retrieval software as a source of materials for the translation classroom
Authors: Marco Josep , van Lawick Heike
Published: March 2014

This article starts from a twofold distinction: that between corpora as documentation tools and corpora as a source of materials for the translation classroom, and that between corpus-based and corpus-driven approaches. Then a pedagogic framework for translator training is outlined in which the notion of objective is central and a task-based methodology is used. Within such a framework, four kinds of corpus-related tasks are presented and illustrated: cloze tests based on a bilingual corpus, multiple choice exercises based on a learner corpus, translation of short passages yielded by the concordancer and concordance analysis. The first three are corpus-based, whereas the last one is more corpus-driven and can be used to promote autonomous learning and discovery strategies.
Developing documentation skills to build do-it-yourself corpora in the specialised translation course
Authors: Sánchez-Gijón Pilar
Published: March 2014

This chapter presents the case for systematic use of do-it-yourself corpora in specialised translation courses, focusing in particular on the use of corpora as a documentation resource. An overview is given of the importance of documentation in professional translation, its place in different translation competence models and the advantages and disadvantages of how it is taught in different translator training centres. Having reached the conclusion that documentation skills for translation are best acquired in a translation course as a tool to solve specific translation problems, the author suggests a protocol to help students create their own DIY corpus in specialised translation courses. The proposal is illustrated by examples of problems related to the translation of an instruction manual for an air conditioning system.
Evaluating the process and not just the product when using corpora in translator education
Authors: Rodríguez Inés Patricia
Published: March 2014

Electronic corpora and corpus analysis tools are resources that can improve the way students acquire translation competence. If, as translator trainers, we wish to develop our students’ competence to solve translation problems, then we need to provide them with strategies to use existing resources and tools, to create new ones and to reap the maximum benefit possible from them. We advocate a type of training that facilitates the development of students’ strategies, and attempts to evaluate the acquisition of these strategies.

Our methodological approach is based on translation tasks organised around learning objectives and includes evaluation of the translation process and product. This methodology is student-centred, since it allows the student to be the focus of the learning process, and comprehensive, in that it takes into account the objectives and all aspects of the learning context in order to develop appropriate materials and evaluation.

We suggest that if one of the learning objectives within a translation course is to grasp how to use corpora, evaluation of this objective should include the process and not be limited to the overall quality of the product – the translation. Examples are given of how the use of corpora and corpus-related software can be evaluated other than by simply examining the final translation. The results of some of the students’ own evaluations of the methodology are included.
Beyond textual acts of translation
Authors: Raja Masood Ashraf
Published: March 2014

Analysing the reception of Muhammad Ibn Abdul-Wahab’s eighteenth-century Arabic text in its Urdu translation, this paper highlights the importance of the cultural context of the original text and the impact of its translation within the discursive framework of Indian Islam. In the process of its production and consumption, this translation took on a mythic value that transformed the text from a monograph to a signifier of a specific Wahabi political subjectivity that has had direct consequences for Indian Islam, both in its colonial and postcolonial phases.
A. K. Ramanujan
Authors: Simon Sherry
Published: March 2014

This essay explores some of the paradoxes of the vocabulary used by the poet and linguist Ramanujan to describe his practice as a translator. The image of the library is used to highlight the complexity of Ramanujan’s understandings of his position and mandate as cultural mediator. As a modernist poet, professor of South Asian language and literature, and migrant to the United States in the early 1960s, Ramanujan’s background sets him apart from the generation of postcolonial critics who wish to accentuate the differences of translation. The fact that Ramanujan placed himself, the poet, at the centre of the process of mediation makes for a combination of erudition and intimacy that perhaps most appropriately positions him in the lineage of translator-poets.
2. Forensic interpreting
Authors: Roberts-Smith Len
Published: March 2014

This chapter reviews a number of key cases from different English speaking countries where poor interpretation created legal problems. The author attributes these problems to three major reasons: (1) The complete absence of an interpreter; (2) the provision of unqualified bilinguals or interpreters in the wrong language; and (3) the services of “professional accredited” but untrained interpreters who do not possess the required high level skills to perform as legal interpreters. The author argues that monocultural or Anglophone lawyers and judges often lack an understanding of the interpreting process and the work of interpreters, which may lead to forensic error. The chapter ends with recommendations for the way forward.
3. The tension between adequacy and acceptability in legal interpreting and translation
Authors: Ng Eva N.S.
Published: March 2014

For over a century, English was the only language in which law was practiced in Hong Kong, yet the handover of Hong Kong to China in 1997 has made legal bilingualism inevitable. In translating existing laws into Chinese, the Law Drafting Division emphasises the need to establish a semantic mapping between the Chinese statutes and their English counterparts, and to strive for both adequacy and acceptability when selecting a Chinese term or expression to represent a common-law concept. This paper examines how legal translators and interpreters resolve the tension between adequacy and acceptability, and concludes that the effort to achieve adequacy at the expense of acceptability may not always pay off.
5. Is healthcare interpreter policy left in the seventies?
Authors: Garrett Pamela W
Published: March 2014

This chapter explores healthcare interpreter policy in the wider context of broader healthcare agendas and changing multicultural policies. It questions whether the interpreter policy objective of universal access for limited English speakers is viable in the context of the rapidly changing modern healthcare environment. This chapter reviews some interesting new material derived from my research on modes of language facilitation in a pilot hospital and the experiences of patients with limited English proficiency. The chapter makes a series of challenging suggestions for future healthcare interpreter service policy.
7. A shared responsibility in the administration of justice
Authors: Napier Jemina , Spencer David , Sabolcec Joe
Published: March 2014

To date, no research has been conducted on interpreting for deaf jurors, as people are not typically eligible to serve as jurors if they cannot understand the language of the court. This chapter reports one aspect of a pioneering pilot study in Australia, which sought to investigate the capacity for deaf people to serve as jurors in criminal court by accessing courtroom discourse via signed language interpreters. Results of an experimental comprehension test administered to six deaf and six hearing mock “jurors” revealed that levels of comprehension between deaf and hearing participants were similar. Thus it appears that the deaf participants were not disadvantaged by accessing information indirectly via interpreting, and could legitimately serve as jurors, although this needs to be further investigated.
8. Interpreting for the record
Authors: Pöchhacker Franz , Kolb Waltraud
Published: March 2014

This paper addresses a specific aspect of interpreting in Austrian asylum review hearings, i.e., the interpreter’s role as a co-producer of the written record. The interpreter-mediated encounter is viewed as a joint, co-constructed activity, with responsibility for its content, progression and outcome shared by all the interacting parties. This includes the production of the written record of the interview, which is typed by a recording clerk under the supervision of the adjudicator. The discourse-based analysis of fourteen hearings with English-speaking asylum seekers from African countries shows that most interpreters tend to adjust to a striking degree to the needs of record production. This perceived need to interpret “for the record” not only entails an increased cognitive task load but also a significant degree of shared responsibility on the interpreter’s part for the legally relevant manifestation of the interview.
2. Asymmetries for locating events with Cora spatial language
Authors: Casad Eugene H.
Published: March 2014

In this paper I discuss several salient asymmetries and explore their roles in motivating usages of Cora spatial language to locate events, situations, conditions, relations, people and things. The first of these asymmetries is that of the speaker’s role as observer: in framing his conceptualizations for linguistic expression, he selects a particular viewing arrangement with a specific focus. The second asymmetry is that of locating entities within some field of spatial extension: specific entities are located spatially with respect to some locative reference point. Many Cora spatial expressions are conceptually and morphemically complex and invoke multiple locative reference points which the speaker accesses simultaneously in order to locate the entity that he has in mind. The most high level asymmetry,. the Subject of Perception vs. the Object of Perception contrast relates to these other asymmetries in subtle ways. Certain grammatical correlates emerge from this study that explain the consistency for the adverbial sets of spatials to construe the Subject of Perception in a highly subjective manner. Several grammatical correlates suggest why the locative verbal prefixes construe the Object of Perception in a highly objective way.
4. What does coordination look like in a head-final language?
Authors: Kwon Nayoung , Polinsky Maria
Published: March 2014

Theories of clause linking treat coordination and subordination as mutually exclusive. In this paper, we examine a case where the surface distinction between coordination and subordination is obscured. Concentrating on the-ko construction in Korean, we show that a clause chain can be structurally ambiguous – it can either have all the properties of a coordinate structure or all the properties of a subordinate structure. The choice between the two types is determined by the construal of the events in question as parallel (coordination) vs. causal/sequential (subordination). We present diagnostics for determining subordination vs. coordination and show a correlation between syntactic and semantic properties involved in such structures.
10. Transparency vs. Economy: How does Adioukrou resolve the conflict?
Authors: Horie Kaoru , Pardeshi Prashant , Kaul Guy
Published: March 2014

The tripartite distinction of subordinate clauses, i.e. relative, complement, and adverbial clause, is arguably motivated by the differing type of conceptual asymmetry between matrix clause and subordinate clause events encoded by each clause type. The three types of subordinate clauses are also known to manifest cross-constructional continuity in constructional space (Croft 2001). From cognitive-typological viewpoint, this paper will explore the polyfunctionality of a ‘versatile’ subordinator èké (‘which/that/if ’) in Adioukrou, a Kwa language within the Niger-Congo language family spoken in Côte d’Ivoire. Èké encodes three major subtypes of subordinate clauses, i.e. relative clause, complement clause, and conditional adverbial clause, and thus apparently neutralizes the tripartite distinction. This paper will also address the issue of how Adioukrou responds to a possible tension between two cognitivefunctional principles governing form-meaning correspondence in a language, i.e. transparency (isomorphism) and economy.
12. The Portugese inflected infinitive and its conceptual basis
Authors: Soares da Silva Augusto
Published: March 2014

This paper offers a conceptual analysis of the Portuguese inflected (or personal) infinitive. The analysis makes use of a few concepts of Cognitive Grammar. The inflected infinitive is described as an objective construal of the main participant of a process type. This conceptual import is consistent with the grammatical behavior of the inflected infinitive. After giving an overview of the structural properties of the inflected infinitive in modern Portuguese, the paper will describe the continuum of event asymmetry in which the inflected infinitival clause holds an intermediate position between the subordinate finite clause and the infinitival clause. The meaning of the inflected infinitive is therefore characterized by imagery dimensions that are specific to subordinate constructions, namely independence, specificity, grounding, prominence and objectivity/subjectivity. Finally, some aspects relating to the distribution of inflected infinitival (complement, adverbial and subject) clauses will be analyzed in terms of semantic compatibility.
Taking a Closer Look at Romance VN Compounds
Authors: Bok-Bennema Reineke , Kampers-Manhe Brigitte
Published: March 2014

Romance compounds of the type essuie-glace (“windshield wiper”) have been analyzed in the past as nominalizations of VPs (DiSciullo&Williams,1987, Lieber,1992 a.o.). We take this analysis as our point of departure. Given the actual insights into the architecture of VP it is natural to wonder whether the nominalization involves the whole VP, i.e. vP, or only its internal shell (VP). We present a number of arguments in favor of the former option. We also show that the vP hypothesis allows for a fine-grained analysis that does justice to the complete semantics of the compounds. Within this analysis the element responsible for the nominalization fulfils a role very similar to the complementizer of relatives in the Vergnaud/Kayne approach to the latter. One further issue we address concerns the relation between Romance VN-compounds and English forms such as screensaver. At the end of our paper we evaluate the insights the proposed analysis offers into the relationship between morphology and syntax.
Null Directional Prepositions in Romanian and Spanish
Authors: MacDonald Jonathan E.
Published: March 2014

This paper is concerned with non-reflexive non-argumental clitic pronouns of Spanish and reflexive non-argumental clitic pronouns of Romanian. These two clitics pattern together when contrasted with reflexive non-argumental clitic pronouns of Spanish with respect to the following properties: 1. the ability to elicit a telic interpretation of the predicate; 2. the ability to express an on/with entailment; 3. the ability to express temporary relations; 4. the ability to prevent idiomatic interpretation; and 5. the ability to be modified by adjectival secondary predicates. Considering these properties, it is shown that Spanish reflexives pattern with goal PPs (e.g. to) and that Spanish non-reflexives and Romanian reflexives pattern with directional PPs (e.g. toward). Based on these patterns, it is argued that each of these clitics is introduced as the complement of a null preposition that merges as a complement of the verb; the low merger of the null PP accounts for properties 4. and 5. Variation comes from the presence or absence of the properties in 1.-3 on the null prepositions themselves.
Agreement Paradigms Across Moods and Tenses
Authors: Pirvulescu Mihaela
Published: March 2014

This article investigates the verbal agreement paradigms of the subjunctive and the imperative across Romance languages. The starting observation is that these paradigms seem to be always identical to an indicative agreement paradigm. The proposed generalization is the following: the morphological realization of agreement in subjunctive and imperative verbs is a consequence of the syntactic status of Tense in these two moods. This is illustrated with a morphological analysis of Romanian verbal agreement affixes. Syntactically, Tense is unspecified in subjunctives and absent in imperatives. This analysis makes specific prediction for the subjunctive and imperative morphology across languages. Subjunctive agreement paradigms a) will never show specific Tense-conditioned morphological operations and b) will not have a specific Tense affix. For imperatives, it is expected that a) morphological operations will never make appeal to a Tense feature in this mood; b) no Tense morpheme should appear in imperatives.
Mapping the Patterns of Maintenance versus Merger in Bilingual Phonology
Authors: Bullock Barbara E. , Dalola Amanda , Gerfen Chip
Published: March 2014

This acoustic investigation focuses on the preservation of the two low French vowels /a/ vs. /ɑ/ within a vowel system that otherwise manifests striking convergent properties with English. Our acoustic data demonstrate that this inherited contrast is preserved, with a distribution largely reflective of conservative French, despite various pressures on our speakers that might cause them to alter their phonetic categories in a language contact situation (in the sense of Flege 1987). The larger picture that emerges is that in contact situations we observe a complex pattern of transfer versus maintenance that cannot be accounted for via any of the current models of bilingual phonology – models driven by language internal pressures such as level differences between phonology and phonetics, sound similarity, functional load, or universal statements of markedness.
Output-to-output Correspondence and the Emergence of the Unmarked in Spanish Plural Formation
Authors: Colina Sonia
Published: March 2014

This paper argues for an epenthesis analysis of pluralization in Spanish in which the plural form is in an output-to-output (OO) relation to the singular. That plural formation involves an output-to-output correspondence relation can be justified because Spanish plural suffixes attach to the morphological word, after all derivational and inflectional morphemes, including terminal elements. The proposed analysis overcomes the difficulties faced by previous accounts and provides a direct explanation of the pluralization facts, based on the distinction between input and output faithfulness proposed by optimality-theoretic Correspondence Theory (Benua 1995, McCarthy 1995). More specifically, epenthesis of [e] in the plural reflects the emergence of the unmarked (McCarthy and Prince 1994) with respect to the constraint against coda consonants (*CODA). *CODA is usually violated in the singular because of the domination of DEP-IO (input-to-output faithfulness) over *CODA (markedness); in the plural, however, since the relevant faithfulness constraint (DEP-OO) is dominated by markedness (*CODA), *CODA effects become visible, demanding open syllables
Phonological Variability in the Laboratory
Authors: Gerfen Chip , Rizzo Wendy
Published: March 2014

This study employs a controlled experimental word-naming paradigm to probe variable bidialectal speech production. We focus on bidialectal Andalusian/Standard Peninsular Spanish speakers and focus on the variable production of three distinctive Andalusian processes not found in the standard variety: coda obstruent aspiration, final liquid deletion, and final /n/-velarization. Statistical analyses reveal that the three processes pattern distinctly, with aspiration exhibiting the most variability, /n/-velarization most frequently produced, and final liquid deletion least likely to be produced. Additionally, regression analyses reveal a non-significant trend in which forms produced with Andalusian phonology exhibit faster reaction times. Methodologically, our study shows that traditional psycholinguistic methods can be extended to the exploration of the mental representation of speakers of multiple dialects and that controlled laboratory conditions can serve as a window on variability in speech production, complementing traditional naturalistic data collection.
Constraint Re-ranking in Three Grammars
Authors: González Carolina
Published: March 2014

In NorthCentral Peninsular Spanish there are at least three different realizations of coda /b d ɡ/: voiceless fricatives (Northern dialect), voiced fricatives (Central dialect I), and voiced stops (Central dialect II). This paper proposes an analysis of the three patterns within the framework of Optimality Theory and explores whether constraint re-ranking is sufficient to distinguish among the three. It is shown that reranking alone fails to account for Central dialect II, and that constraint conjunction also needs to be invoked to capture the data while the connection to the other two dialects is maintained. This suggests that spirantization and coda devoicing might coexist in the grammars of closely related dialects but they do not have to interact in the same way. In addition, the analysis is based on acoustic data and shows the importance of phonetic data for phonological investigation.
The Nominal Stress System of Romanian (re)revisited
Authors: Iscrulescu Cristian
Published: March 2014

Cast in the framework of Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993/2004), this paper re-examines the system of nominal stress in Romanian. I show that nominal stress is best analyzed as weight-insensitive footing (syllabic trochees), contra claims that the system is weight-sensitive (moraic trochees, Steriade 1984). Forms with superficial final vowels are shown to conform to the syllabic trochee pattern (modulo certain items with lexical specification). The necessity of final vowel extrametricality, claimed in previous analyses of Romance stress, is obviated. Stress on the final syllable in words ending in consonants is claimed to represent an instance of phonological opacity for which an account in Sympathy Theory (McCarthy 1999) is proposed.
Proto-Romance Stress Shift Revisited
Authors: Jacobs Haike
Published: March 2014

This paper argues that the notoriously problematic Late Latin stress shift in words with a light penultimate syllable before consonant-liquid clusters cannot be adequately explained by double prosody (an additional mora, projected to the syllable, but not realized by the vowel) which allows a light syllable to count as heavy before consonant-liquid clusters (Bullock 2001). Double prosody leads to questioning the very nature of syncope, is not obvious in the cases of desyllabification where it leads to a far more elaborate account, is not helpful in dealing with the stress shift from prefix to stem, and, does not prevent syncope from rendering the stress system opaque. Sharing Bullocks (2001) intuition of a relation between syncope and stress shift, an OT account is proposed which expresses that relation in a more direct and less abstract way and obviates the need for double prosody in accounting for the stress shifts.
Final -m in Yucatan Spanish
Authors: Michnowicz Jim
Published: March 2014

Previous studies report that final nasals often labialize to [m] in Yucatan Spanish. The present study details a rapid and anonymous survey undertaken to explore the change [n] > [m] in this dialect. The researcher walked along Avenida Coln in Merida, Mexico, and asked passers-by the name of the street. He then asked them to repeat the name, indicating that he did not understand. The first instance was taken to represent normal speech, the second, careful speech. Results showed a strong preference for final [m], which accounted for 74% of the tokens of Coln. This frequency is much higher than that found previously, suggesting that [m] may be partially lexicalized. In Coln, [m] appeared more often in normal speech, and was produced more frequently by men, contra other studies. Reasons for the gender discrepancy with earlier studies, along with further conclusions, including the role of contact with Mayan, are discussed.
Stressed Enclitics?
Authors: Ordóñez Francisco , Repetti Lori
Published: March 2014

In this paper we have identified six Romance patterns in which the presence of enclitic pronouns affects the stress assignment of the verb. We show that previous phonological analyses of these patterns that make reference to different incorporation sites within the prosodic hierarchy or post-lexical re-assignment of stress are incomplete and do not take into account the importance of the morphological make-up of the pronoun. Furthermore, we show that the order in which the clitics appear affects whether stress is shifted to the penultimate or final clitic in a cluster. We propose that these pronouns that trigger stress shift are morphologically distinct from clitics: they are weak pronouns in the sense of Cardinaletti & Starke 1999. As weak pronouns they can be stressed, they are morphologically more complex than clitics. Syntactically, they are lower than clitics and they land in a Spec position. All these properties explain the special stress patterns they trigger and in many cases the special ordering restrictions they have.
How To Do Things Without Junk
Authors: Smith John Charles
Published: March 2014

This paper examines the evolution of the accusative and dative forms of the Latin first- and second-person singular pronouns in the light of Lass’s claim that an opposition which has lost its original value and become vacuous ‘junk’ may assume a new linguistic function. In some Romance languages, the original opposition of case is lost, but the morphological opposition is refunctionalized to encode a distinction between a conjunctive and a disjunctive form. However, this phenomenon seems crucially not to involve ‘junk’, since it is always the original accusative which yields the conjunctive pronoun and the original dative which yields the disjunctive form. Instead, we are arguably dealing with ‘skeuomorphy’ – the state in which an opposition has been evacuated of its exponence, but retains some abstract identity which is not yet ‘junk’. If the opposition is refunctionalized, its refunctionalization will be guided by this residual dichotomy.
“I woke up from the sofa”
Authors: Huumo Tuomas
Published: March 2014

Tuomas Huumo’s paper is a study on fictive motion as manifested by the uses of the Finnish directional (‘to’ vs. ‘from’) local cases in expressions that involve a cognitive change. The cognitive change takes place in the relationship between an experiencer and a stimulus, in such a way that the stimulus either enters or exits the cognitive dominion of the experiencer (i.e., its consciousness, awareness, or field of perception). Verbs that indicate such relations include verbs of perception (e.g., ‘see’, ‘hear’ ‘smell’) and verbs of more abstract cognitive contact (e.g., ‘find’, ‘lose’, ‘forget’). The general observation is that even though such situations do not involve actual spatial motion, Finnish uses the directional local cases to indicate the static spatial position of the stimulus that changes its relationship with the cognitive dominion. It is argued that such uses of the directional cases show that the conceptualization of such cognitive changes reflected by the structure of Finnish involves fictive motion between different dominions and a deep and direct interaction between cognitive dominions and space.
Metonymy in locatives of state
Authors: Onikki-Rantajääskö Tiina
Published: March 2014

In “Metonymy in locatives of state,” Tiina Onikki-Rantajääskö analyzes abstract uses of locative case expressions. She focuses on expression of postures and facial expressions and other ‘locatives of state’ — expressions denoting psycho-physical and other states in Finnish. Special attention is given to the bridging role of metonymy in the abstract uses of locative case expressions. Onikki-Rantajääskö shows that metonymic and metaphorical tendencies are based on cultural models. Another organizing principle lying behind expressions of posture are image-schematic dimensions. The paper shows how metonymic-metaphorical extensions make use of these dimensions. Together they form the motivation for and organizing principle behind the abstraction tendencies observed in locatives. In such a way Onikki-Rantajääskö explores the experiential and bodily basis of metaphor and metonymy.