bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of nitric oxide in the cardiovascular response to chronic and acute hypoxia in White Leghorn chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Iversen N. K. , Wang T. , Baatrup E. , Crossley D. A.
Published: March 2014

Aim

Prenatal hypoxia due to placental insufficiency results in deleterious phenotypes and compensatory mechanisms including increased sympathetic tone. Utilizing the embryonic chicken model, we investigated (i) changes in nitric oxide (NO)‐mediated tone in response to chronic hypoxic development and (ii) the in vivo role of NO‐mediated tone during acute hypoxic exposure, which has not been previously studied. We hypothesized that NO tone on the cardiovascular system would be unaffected by chronic hypoxic incubation in White Leghorn chicken (Gallus domesticus) embryos.

Methods

We measured arterial pressure, heart rate and femoral blood flow (via a Doppler flow probe) in response to acute hypoxia (10% O2) and pharmacological manipulations in normoxic‐ and hypoxic (15% O2)‐incubated embryos. This was performed at 70 and 90% of total incubation time (21 days). At 70% of incubation (day 15), blood volume and chorioallantoic membrane development are maximal; 90% of incubation (day 19) is 1 day prior to lung ventilation.

Results

Acute hypoxic exposure decreased femoral flow in both 90% groups, but increased femoral artery resistance in the hypoxic group. NO tone increased during development, but was not affected by hypoxic incubation. Inhibition of NO production by L‐NAME (100 mg kg−1) revealed that NO plays a significant role in the flow response to hypoxia.

Conclusion

Chronic hypoxic incubation has no effect on cardiovascular NO tone during White Leghorn chicken development. In the intact animal, NO function during acute hypoxic stress is suppressed by hypoxic incubation, indicating that chronic hypoxic stress dampens the NO contribution.
The traditional food market and place: new insights into fresh food provisioning in England
Authors: Smith Julie , Maye Damian , Ilbery Brian
Published: March 2014

This article adds to on‐going debates about food provisioning in England and the relative positioning of supermarkets vis‐à‐vis other sources of fresh food. Arguing that traditional food markets have been neglected in the agri‐food literature, the paper investigates the suggestion that they are at ‘a critical juncture’, with many in decline and others being (re‐)gentrified for a wealthier type of customer. Theoretically, the article argues that the ‘internal’ and ‘external’ spaces and places of traditional food markets are tightly interwoven. It draws on database analysis and detailed findings from interviews with market managers, traders and shoppers conducted on markets in contrasting regions of England in the cities of Newcastle and Cambridge. The findings provide new insights by examining the connective spaces and places that link market actors and consumers as fresh food moves across the geographical regions and through the marketplace. Taking a relational view, the paper challenges the suggestion that traditional food markets are at ‘a critical juncture’, arguing that there are unique points of difference on how the traditional food market adapts to rapid retail change, according to its geography, history and the spatial and temporal tensions between traditional and modernised fresh food provisioning systems, and suggests the need for further in‐depth research.
Life after the volcano: the embodiment of small island memories and efforts to keep Montserratian culture alive in Preston, UK
Authors: Hill Lisa
Published: March 2014

In recent years cultural geographers have turned their attention to issues of mobility, migration and diaspora. Yet the lives of those displaced by natural disaster remain under‐researched. In July 1995, the Soufriere Hills Volcano began a devastating and drawn‐out volcanic crisis on the tiny Caribbean island of Montserrat. The volcano was eventually to kill 19 people and see approximately two‐thirds of the population leave the island, scattered throughout the Caribbean, the USA and UK. This article focuses on those now living their lives in Preston, in the north west of England. Drawing on an evening spent ‘under the coconut tree’ with members of the Preston Montserratian community, I seek to explore the embodiment of small island memories and efforts to keep Montserratian culture alive in the UK. As such, this article makes a contribution to literature on cultural geographies of migration, diaspora and ‘home’, and geographies of being and belonging.
In vitro fermentation of feed ingredients by fresh or frozen pig fecal inocula
Authors: Pastorelli Grazia , Faustini Massimo , Attard Everaldo
Published: March 2014

In vitro techniques can offer a rapid, repeatable and cost‐effective alternative to in vivo experiments. We investigated the gas production (GP) of nine different feeds commonly used in Italian and Maltese pig farms in order to assess the use of the Ankom system in this species and to compare the in vitro microbial activity fresh or frozen inocula derived from piglet feces. Proximate and polyphenolic analyses were determined for all substrates. Fermentation profiles were measured according to the cumulative GP technique. Analysis of GP values revealed significant differences in the fermentation patterns mainly due to substrate and inoculum effects. Fermentation parameters varied significantly according to the substrate ingredients. The frozen inoculum generally led to more total GP than for fresh, with the exception of hard wheat bran pellets (HWBP), pelleted pulp and mature carob. Conversely the fresh fecal inoculum had an earlier maximum time to reach maximum GP than the frozen, showing a higher maximum rate of GP in all substrates excepting for HWBP. A significant difference in frozen and fresh inocula was found for the complete formulation. Further studies are required to confirm the variation between fresh and frozen fecal inocula to a wider range of feed, including those that could have negative biological effects.
Effect of the UK's revised paracetamol poisoning management guidelines on admissions, adverse reactions and costs of treatment
Authors: Bateman D. Nicholas , Carroll Robert , Pettie Janice , Yamamoto Takahiro , Elamin Muhammad E. M. O. , Peart Lucy , Dow Margaret , Coyle Judy , Cranfield Kristina R. , Hook Christopher , Sandilands Euan A. , Veiraiah Aravindan , Webb David , Gray Alasdair , Dargan Paul I. , Wood David M. , Thomas Simon H. L. , Dear James W. , Eddleston Michael
Published: March 2014

Aims

In September 2012 the UK's Commission on Human Medicines (CHM) recommended changes in the management of paracetamol poisoning: use of a single ‘100 mg l−1’ nomogram treatment line, ceasing risk assessment, treating all staggered/uncertain ingestions and increasing the duration of the initial acetylcysteine (NAC) infusion from 15 to 60 min. We evaluated the effect of this on presentation, admission, treatment, adverse reactions and costs of paracetamol poisoning.

Methods

Data were prospectively collected from adult patients presenting to three large UK hospitals from 3 September 2011 to 3 September 2013 (year before and after change). Infusion duration effect on vomiting and anaphylactoid reactions was examined in one centre. A cost analysis from an NHS perspective was performed for 90 000 patients/annum with paracetamol overdose.

Results

There were increases in the numbers presenting to hospital (before 1703, after 1854; increase 8.9% [95% CI 1.9, 16.2], P = 0.011); admitted (1060/1703 [62.2%] vs. 1285/1854 [69.3%]; increase 7.1% [4.0, 10.2], P < 0.001) and proportion treated (626/1703 [36.8%] vs. 926/1854 [50.0%]; increase: 13.2% [95% CI 10.0, 16.4], P < 0.001). Increasing initial NAC infusion did not change the proportion of treated patients developing adverse reactions (15 min 87/323 [26.9%], 60 min 145/514 [28.2%]; increase: 1.3% [95% CI –4.9, 7.5], P = 0.682). Across the UK the estimated cost impact is £8.3 million (6.4 million–10.2 million) annually, with a cost‐per‐life saved of £17.4 million (13.4 million–21.5 million).

Conclusions

The changes introduced by the CHM in September 2012 have increased the numbers of patients admitted to hospital and treated with acetylcysteine without reducing adverse reactions. A safety and cost‐benefit review of the CHM guidance is warranted, including novel treatment protocols and biomarkers in the assessment of poisoning.
Genetic polymorphisms modify bladder cancer recurrence and survival in a USA population‐based prognostic study
Authors: Andrew Angeline S. , Gui Jiang , Hu Ting , Wyszynski Asaf , Marsit Carmen J. , Kelsey Karl T. , Schned Alan R. , Tanyos Sam A. , Pendleton Eben M. , Ekstrom Rebecca M. , Li Zhongze , Zens Michael S. , Borsuk Mark , Moore Jason H. , Karagas Margaret R.
Published: March 2014

Objective

To identify genetic variants that modify bladder cancer prognosis focusing on genes involved in major biological carcinogenesis processes (apoptosis, proliferation, DNA repair, hormone regulation, immune surveillance, and cellular metabolism), as nearly half of patients with bladder cancer experience recurrences reliable predictors of this recurrent phenotype are needed to guide surveillance and treatment.

Patients and methods

We analysed variant genotypes hypothesised to modify these processes in 563 patients with urothelial‐cell carcinoma enrolled in a population‐based study of incident bladder cancer conducted in New Hampshire, USA. After diagnosis, patients were followed over time to ascertain recurrence and survival status, making this one of the first population‐based studies with detailed prognosis data. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and prognosis endpoints.

Results

Patients with aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) variants had a shorter time to first recurrence (adjusted non‐invasive hazard ratio [HR] 1.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.29–2.78). There was longer survival among patients with non‐invasive tumours associated with DNA repair X‐ray repair cross‐complementing protein 4 (XRCC4) heterozygous genotype compared with wild‐type (adjusted HR 0.53, 95% CI 0.38–0.74). Time to recurrence was shorter for patients who had a variant allele in vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM1) and were treated with immunotherapy (P interaction < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our analysis suggests candidate prognostic SNPs that could guide personalised bladder cancer surveillance and treatment.
When satisfaction is not directly related to the support services received: understanding parents' varied experiences with specialised services for children with developmental disabilities
Authors: Robert Marie , Leblanc Line , Boyer Thierry
Published: March 2014

Accessible summary

Parents of children with developmental disabilities need formal support services to help them.

Their well‐being and satisfaction depend on how the support services respond to their needs.

Some parents want to be more involved in decisions about support services and intervention for the best of their child's interests.

Other parents believe that the child's best interest are addressed adequately by the professionals who deliver the services.

Parents of children with developmental disabilities (autism or intellectual disabilities) are more susceptible to stress and have a greater burden of adversity than other parents. Their well‐being and satisfaction greatly depend on the system's response of finding them formal support and the help they need. This study proposes an interpretive approach, based on the (fifteen) parents' experiences, to find and understand the strengths and weaknesses of specialised support services. Furthermore, our research aims to obtain data on parents' experiences in order to identify the conditions and the perceptions on which feeling satisfaction or dissatisfaction is based. The situations that were considered positive are all directly related to the professional concrete support parents say they received (e.g. ‘working with’ their child to improve communication with him or her, understanding his or her issues, and managing difficult behaviours). However, the overall experience of each parent has either a dominant positive or a dominant negative connotation. The parents' satisfaction or dissatisfaction appears to be constructed from two criteria: (i) whether parents see themselves as experts or nonexperts on the situation of their child and (ii) parents' opinions on the purpose or goal of the intervention or of the services they received.
In vivo opioid receptor heteromerization: where do we stand?
Authors: Massotte D
Published: March 2014

Opioid receptors are highly homologous GPCRs that modulate brain function at all levels of neural integration, including autonomous, sensory, emotional and cognitive processing. Opioid receptors functionally interact in vivo, but the underlying mechanisms involving direct receptor–receptor interactions, affecting signalling pathways or engaging different neuronal circuits, remain unsolved. Heteromer formation through direct physical interaction between two opioid receptors or between an opioid receptor and a non‐opioid one has been postulated and can be characterized by specific ligand binding, receptor signalling and trafficking properties. However, despite numerous studies in heterologous systems, evidence for physical proximity in vivo is only available for a limited number of opioid heteromers, and their physiopathological implication remains largely unknown mostly due to the lack of appropriate tools. Nonetheless, data collected so far using endogenous receptors point to a crucial role for opioid heteromers as a molecular entity that could underlie human pathologies such as alcoholism, acute or chronic pain as well as psychiatric disorders. Opioid heteromers therefore stand as new therapeutic targets for the drug discovery field.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2
Change in functional selectivity of morphine with the development of antinociceptive tolerance
Authors: Macey T A , Bobeck E N , Suchland K L , Morgan M M , Ingram S L
Published: March 2014

Background and Purpose

Opioids, such as morphine, are the most effective treatment for pain but their efficacy is diminished with the development of tolerance following repeated administration. Recently, we found that morphine activated ERK in opioid‐tolerant but not in naïve rats, suggesting that morphine activation of μ‐opioid receptors is altered following repeated morphine administration. Here, we have tested the hypothesis that μ‐opioid receptor activation of ERK in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) is dependent on dynamin, a protein implicated in receptor endocytosis.

Experimental Approach

Rats were made tolerant to repeated microinjections of morphine into the vlPAG. The effects of dynamin on ERK activation and antinociception were assessed by microinjecting myristoylated dominant‐negative dynamin peptide (Dyn‐DN) or a scrambled control peptide into the vlPAG. Microinjection of a fluorescent dermorphin analogue (DERM‐A594) into the vlPAG was used to monitor μ‐opioid receptor internalization.

Key Results

Morphine did not activate ERK and Dyn‐DN administration had no effect on morphine‐induced antinociception in saline‐pretreated rats. In contrast, morphine‐induced ERK activation in morphine‐pretreated rats that was blocked by Dyn‐DN administration. Dyn‐DN also inhibited morphine antinociception. Finally, morphine reduced DERM‐A594 internalization only in morphine‐tolerant rats indicating that μ‐opioid receptors were internalized and unavailable to bind DERM‐A594.

Conclusions and Implications

Repeated morphine administration increased μ‐opioid receptor activation of ERK signalling via a dynamin‐dependent mechanism. These results demonstrate that the balance of agonist signalling to G‐protein and dynamin‐dependent pathways is altered, effectively changing the functional selectivity of the agonist‐receptor complex.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2
Mannosylated N‐Aryl Substituted 3‐Hydroxypyridine‐4‐Ones: Synthesis, Hemagglutination Inhibitory Properties, and Molecular Modeling
Authors: Car Željka , Hrenar Tomica , Petrović Peroković Vesna , Ribić Rosana , Seničar Mateja , Tomić Srđanka
Published: March 2014

Structural alterations of the aglycon portions of α‐mannosides influence their inhibitory potency toward type 1‐fimbriated Escherichia coli. The aim of our work was to prepare and explore inhibitory properties of novel mannosylated N‐aryl‐substituted 3‐hydroxypyridine‐4‐ones because they possess needed structural characteristics as possible FimH antagonists. Hemagglutination inhibitory tests showed that the examined 3‐hydroxypyridine‐4‐one α‐mannosides exhibited better inhibitory activity than methyl α‐d‐mannopyranoside used as a reference compound. Molecular modeling studies revealed the specific interactions responsible for the observed binding activities toward the mannose‐specific FimH lectin. The activity depends on the substituent in p‐position on the aglycon aromatic ring.
Linking Past, Present, and Future: Children's Ability to Connect Mental States and Emotions Across Time
Authors: Lagattuta Kristin Hansen
Published: March 2014

Remembering the past can shape current emotions and behaviors as well as bias anticipations of the future. This awareness that mental states and emotions cohere across time—sometimes called mental time travel—is a fundamental component of social cognition critical for assessing risk, making decisions, and understanding others. In this article, I highlight early competencies and development in young children's reasoning about connections among life history, mind, and emotion. I focus primarily on children's knowledge about emotions and decisions caused by being reminded about the past and thinking about the future. Findings reveal surprising insights in children as young as 3–4 years of age, age‐related changes through middle childhood into adulthood, and individual differences that have implications for mental health.
Longitudinal evaluation of fluoride levels in nails of 18–30‐month‐old children that were using toothpastes with 500 and 1100 μg F/g
Authors: Amaral Jackeline G. , Freire Isabelle R. , Valle‐Neto Eduardo F. R. , Cunha Robson F. , Martinhon Cleide C. R. , Delbem Alberto C. B.
Published: March 2014

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the fluoride concentration in the fingernails and toenails of children aged 18–30 months during use of fluoride‐containing toothpastes supplemented with calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP) or sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP).

Methods

According to the toothpaste used, children (n = 56) were randomly assigned into three groups: 500 μg F/g with 1% TMP, 500 μg F/g with 0.25% CaGP, and 1100 μg F/g. Fingernails and toenails were collected monthly over a period of 330 days, from the beginning of toothpaste use. Fluoride concentration in the water consumed by the volunteers and fluoride intake from diet and toothpaste were also determined. Fluoride analyses were performed with the electrode after hexamethyldisiloxane‐facilitated diffusion or by the direct method, according to the samples. Data passed normality and homoscedasticity tests and were analyzed by 2‐way analysis of variance (anova) and 1‐way anova followed by Student‐Newman‐Keuls test (P < 0.05).

Results

Fluoride levels in the fingernails and toenails as well as fluoride intake from toothpaste were similar for the groups treated with 500 μg F/g with 1% TMP and 500 μg F/g with 0.25% CaGP toothpastes, but significantly lower than the 1100 μg F/g group (P < 0.05). No significant differences were noted among the groups regarding fluoride intake from diet and that by water consumed by the volunteers (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

The results of the longitudinal study suggest that the level of fluoride present in nails was lower with the use of toothpastes with a low fluoride concentration.
CXC chemokines and antimicrobial peptides in rhinovirus‐induced experimental asthma exacerbations
Authors: Rohde G. , Message S. D. , Haas J. J. , Kebadze T. , Parker H. , Laza‐Stanca V. , Khaitov M. R. , Kon O. M. , Stanciu L. A. , Mallia P. , Edwards M. R. , Johnston S. L.
Published: March 2014

Rationale

Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the major triggers of asthma exacerbations. We have shown previously that lower respiratory tract symptoms, airflow obstruction, and neutrophilic airway inflammation were increased in experimental RV‐induced asthma exacerbations.

Objectives

We hypothesized that neutrophil‐related CXC chemokines and antimicrobial peptides are increased and related to clinical, virologic, and pathologic outcomes in RV‐induced exacerbations of asthma.

Methods

Protein levels of antimicrobial peptides (SLPI, HNP 1–3, elafin, and LL‐37) and neutrophil chemokines (CXCL1/GRO‐α, CXCL2/GRO‐β, CXCL5/ENA‐78, CXCL6/GCP‐2, CXCL7/NAP‐2, and CXCL8/IL‐8) were determined in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of 10 asthmatics and 15 normal controls taken before, at day four during and 6 weeks post‐experimental infection.

Results

BAL HNP 1–3 and Elafin were higher, CXCL7/NAP‐2 was lower in asthmatics compared with controls at day 4 (P = 0.035, P = 0.048, and P = 0.025, respectively). BAL HNP 1–3 and CXCL8/IL‐8 were increased during infection (P = 0.003 and P = 0.011, respectively). There was a trend to increased BAL neutrophils at day 4 compared with baseline (P = 0.076). BAL HNP 1–3 was positively correlated with BAL neutrophil numbers at day 4. There were no correlations between clinical parameters and HNP1–3 or IL‐8 levels.

Conclusions

We propose that RV infection in asthma leads to increased release of CXCL8/IL‐8, attracting neutrophils into the airways where they release HNP 1–3, which further enhances airway neutrophilia. Strategies to inhibit CXCL8/IL‐8 may be useful in treatment of virus‐induced asthma exacerbations.
Review of the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Indigenous Australians
Authors: Kaidonis Georgia , Mills Richard A , Landers John , Lake Stewart R , Burdon Kathryn P , Craig Jamie E
Published: March 2014

The purpose of this review is to compare the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) between Indigenous and non‐Indigenous Australians with Diabetes Mellitus (DM). Australian DR prevalence data from 6 Indigenous studies (n = 2865) and 5 non‐Indigenous studies (n = 9801) conducted between 1985 and 2013 were included for analysis. Estimated prevalence of any DR among Indigenous Australians with DM was 23.4% compared with 28.9% for non‐Indigenous Australians (χ2 = 26.9, P < 0.001). In studies performed after 1990, a significantly higher rate of diabetic macular edema was found in Indigenous compared with non‐Indigenous Australians with DM (7.6% versus 4.9%, χ2 = 6.67, P = 0.01). Although there are limitations in comparing these studies, one explanation for the observed data could be a model in which Indigenous Australians are relatively resistant to early stage DR, but with a subset progressing to sight threatening DR due to individual genetic and environmental susceptibility factors coupled with poor glycemic control.
Two‐piece zirconia implants supporting all‐ceramic crowns: A prospective clinical study
Authors: Cionca Norbert , Müller Nada , Mombelli Andrea
Published: March 2014

Objectives

The aim of this prospective clinical study is to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a new all‐ceramic implant system to replace missing teeth in partially edentulous patients.

Material and methods

Thirty‐two partially edentulous, systemically healthy patients were treated with 49 two‐piece zirconia implants (ZERAMEX® T Implant System). Zirconia abutments were connected with adhesive resin cement. Single‐unit full‐ceramic crowns were cemented. The cases have been followed for 588±174 days after loading (range 369–889 days). All patients have been re‐evaluated 1 year after loading.

Results

The cumulative survival rate 1 year after loading was 87% implants. All failures were the result of aseptic loosening, and no implants were lost after the first year. The results of the other cases were good, and the patients were very satisfied. The cumulative soft tissue complication rate was 0%, the cumulative technical complication rate was 4% implants, the cumulative complication rate for bone loss >2 mm was 0%, and the cumulative esthetic complication rate was 0%. Including the data from 20 patients treated with an earlier version of the system, an over‐all 2‐year cumulative survival rate of 86% was calculated for a total of 76 two‐piece zirconia implants supporting all‐ceramic crowns in 52 patients.

Conclusions

Replacement of single teeth in the posterior area was possible with this new full‐ceramic implant system. Failures were due to aseptic loosening.
A prospective study of changes in oral health‐related quality of life during immediate function implant procedures for edentulous individuals
Authors: Misumi Saori , Nakamoto Tetsuji , Kondo Yusuke , Mukaibo Taro , Masaki Chihiro , Hosokawa Ryuji
Published: March 2014

Objective

The aim of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate longitudinal changes in oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) attributable to fixed dental prostheses during All‐on‐4® treatment in one or both jaws.

Materials and methods

Ten patients underwent placement of four or six endosteal dental implants on the basis of the All‐on‐4® treatment concept in the edentulous maxilla or both jaws and immediate loading with acrylic interim prostheses. The prostheses were replaced after 3–6 months, and definitive prostheses with titanium framework and reinforced resin facing were fixed after another 5 months or more. The subjects completed the shortened Japanese version of the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐J14) before the surgery (T0), 1 week after the initial (T1) and secondary (T2) interim prostheses were placed, and 3 months after definitive prosthesis placement (T3). Complete data of nine subjects were analyzed with the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test.

Results

The total OHIP‐J14 score significantly reduced only at T3 (P < 0.05). “Functional limitation,” “physical pain,” “physical disability,” and “psychological disability” scores significantly decreased at T3, and “psychological discomfort” scores also significantly dropped at T2. “Social disability” and “handicap” scores remained unchanged throughout.

Conclusion

Fixed definitive prostheses with metal framework are more effective than fixed all‐acrylic prostheses in improving OHRQoL during All‐on‐4® treatment.
The virtual patient in dental medicine
Authors: Joda Tim , Gallucci German O.
Published: March 2014

Objectives

The aim of this Short Communication was to present a workflow for the superimposition of intraoral scan (IOS), cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT), and extraoral face scan (EOS) creating a 3D virtual dental patient.

Material and Methods

As a proof‐of‐principle, full arch IOS, preoperative CBCT, and mimic EOS were taken and superimposed to a unique 3D data pool. The connecting link between the different files was to detect existing teeth as constant landmarks in all three data sets.

Results

This novel application technique successfully demonstrated the feasibility of building a craniofacial virtual model by image fusion of IOS, CBCT, and EOS under 3D static conditions.

Conclusions

The presented application is the first approach that realized the fusion of intraoral and facial surfaces combined with skeletal anatomy imaging. This novel 3D superimposition technique allowed the simulation of treatment planning, the exploration of the patients′ expectations, and the implementation as an effective communication tool. The next step will be the development of a real‐time 4D virtual patient in motion.
Retracted: Influence of the implant design on osseointegration and crestal bone resorption of immediate implants: a histomorphometric study in dogs
Authors: Boquete‐Castro Ana , Gómez‐Moreno Gerardo , Aguilar‐Salvatierra Antonio , Delgado‐Ruiz Rafael A. , Romanos Georgios E. , Calvo‐Guirado José Luis
Published: March 2014

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate bone‐to‐implant contact after immediate implant placement at different levels in relation to crestal bone in American foxhound dogs.

Materials and methods

The mandibular second, third, and fourth premolars of six American foxhound dogs were extracted bilaterally. Randomly, three immediate implants were placed in the hemimandible of each dog at the bone crest (control group) or 2 mm subcrestally (test group). Three dogs were allowed an 8‐week healing period; the other three were left a 12‐week healing period. After healing periods, histomorphometric analyses of the specimens were carried out to measure BIC values and bone remodeling.

Results

All implants healed uneventfully and were available for histological analysis. The total BIC mean values were 44.52% (±8.67) and 39.50% (±9.25) at 8 and 12 weeks, respectively, for the control group, and 47.33% (±5.23) and 53.85% (±4.21) at 8 and 12 weeks after healing for the test group, respectively. There was observed less bone resorption in the group of implants placed subcrestally.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest that less resorption may be expected when implants are inserted 2 mm subcrestally. Moreover, higher BIC values in the group of subcrestal implants were found.
Differences in the age‐drug use curve among students and non‐students in the UK
Authors: Bennett Trevor H.
Published: March 2014

Introduction and Aims

The aim of this study is to assess whether the delayed peak in the age‐drug use prevalence curve among college students compared with non‐college students observed in studies in the USA would be replicated in the UK.

Design and Methods

The analysis was based on data collected as part of the Crime Survey for England and Wales 2010–2011, a national general household survey of young people and adults. A random sample of approximately 26 000 respondents was asked questions covering use of 19 drugs.

Results

The study provides evidence of a delayed age‐drug use peak among students compared with non‐students of similar age. During the period of age 20–22, drug use prevalence among students was similar to, or higher than, that of non‐students. The relationship of student status and elevated drug use only occurred during the narrow age range associated with emerging adulthood (ages 20–22). University attendance before or after this period was not associated with higher prevalence rates among students compared with non‐students.

Discussion and Conclusion

Explanations of the age‐drug use peak among students would need to take into account that university attendance alone might not result in higher drug use prevalence rates. This would mean that explanations that focus on the interaction between university life and emerging adulthood might provide the most promising lines of enquiry. [Bennett T.H. Differences in the age‐drug use curve among students and non‐students in the UK. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33: 280–286]
Needs of Aboriginal Australian women with comorbid mental and alcohol and other drug use disorders
Authors: Lee KS Kylie , Harrison Kaylie , Mills Katherine , Conigrave Katherine M.
Published: March 2014

Introduction and Aims

Aboriginal Australian women have an important role in raising strong families. Yet there are many challenges for women with mental health disorders, sometimes following past traumas. This study examines experiences of Aboriginal women engaging with treatment services for co‐occurring mental health and substance use disorders (SUD), and the experiences of their family, and of health staff seeking to support them.

Design and Methods

The study was implemented by four Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Services in urban and regional New South Wales to inform improvements to local health service delivery. All Aboriginal female clients with a diagnosed comorbid mental health and SUD were offered study participation by staff of that Aboriginal Medical Service. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted by an independent Aboriginal interviewer: 21 with clients, 12 with adult family members of these clients and 11 with Aboriginal health workers from these services.

Results

Clients (aged 21–60) experienced a range of mental health and SUD, attributed by them to negative events early in life. Clients and family members reported that the disorders have severe impacts on the women and their families, including children. Considerable barriers to accessing relevant services were described. Suggested service improvements included more local inpatient treatment options, more friendly and flexible services, better service promotion and improved staff professional development opportunities.

Discussion and Conclusion

Barriers to accessing mental health and SUD treatment (Aboriginal and mainstream) need addressing. Research is needed to optimise treatment to meet the complex needs of Aboriginal Australians with co‐occurring mental health and SUD. [Lee KSK, Harrison K, Mills K, Conigrave KM. Needs of Aboriginal Australian women with comorbid mental and alcohol and other drug use disorders. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:473–481]
Determination of interventions for upper extremity tactile impairment in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review
Authors: Auld Megan L , Russo Remo , Moseley G Lorimer , Johnston Leanne M
Published: March 2014

Aim

This study reviewed interventions suitable for treating tactile dysfunction in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Method

A systematic review was conducted of six databases, searched for population: (‘brain injury’ OR ‘cerebral palsy’ OR ‘stroke’ OR ‘cerebrovascular accident’) and intervention: (‘tactile’ OR ‘sensation’). Inclusion criteria were: (1) published after 1950 in English; (2) participants older than 4 years with brain injury; (3) upper limb intervention; and (4) examined tactile registration or perception.

Results

Of 2938 studies identified, 30 met the inclusion criteria. Results from included studies indicated that tactile function improved in adults with stroke after transfer enhanced training (t[47]=2.75, p=0.004), stimulus specific training (p<0.001), ice therapy (F=5.71, p=0.028), mirror therapy (F=7.7, p=0.009), and functional deafferentation using an anaesthetic cream (t=3.76; p<0.01). No intervention reported improvement in tactile dysfunction for children with CP.

Interpretation

Research is required to develop tactile interventions for children with CP that integrate methodology from effective approaches for adults after stroke. Stimulus specific training, transfer enhanced training, and mirror therapy are promising. Other approaches are less suitable for children because of invasiveness (electrical stimulation), safety (ice therapy), or limitation of bimanual function (eutectic mixture of local anaesthetics, pneumatic cuff).
The Ipswich Touch Test: a simple and novel method to screen patients with diabetes at home for increased risk of foot ulceration
Authors: Sharma S. , Kerry C. , Atkins H. , Rayman G.
Published: March 2014

Aims

The Ipswich Touch Test is a novel method to detect subjects with diabetes with loss of foot sensation and is simple, safe, quick, and easy to perform and teach. This study determines whether it can be used by relatives and/or carers to detect reduced foot sensation in the setting of the patient's home.

Methods

The test involves lightly and briefly (1–2 s) touching the tips of the first, third and fifth toes of both feet with the index finger. Reduced foot sensation was defined as ≥ 2 insensate areas. Patients due to attend clinic over a 4‐week period were invited by post. The invitation contained detailed instructions and a sheet for recording the results. The findings were compared with those obtained in clinic using the 10‐g monofilament at the same six sites.

Results

Of 331 patients (174 males), 25.1% (n = 83) had ≥ 2 insensate areas to 10‐g monofilament testing. Compared with this, the Ipswich Touch Test at home had a sensitivity of 78.3% and a specificity of 93.9%. The predictive values of detecting ‘at‐risk’ feet were positive at 81.2% and negative at 92.8%. The likelihood ratios were positive at 12.9 and negative at 0.23.

Conclusions

With clearly written instructions, this simple test can be used by non‐professionals to accurately assess for loss of protective sensation. We believe that the Ipswich Touch Test may also be a useful educational adjunct to improve awareness of diabetes foot disease in patients and relatives alike and empower them to seek appropriate care if sensation was found to be abnormal.
The glucagon‐like peptide‐1‐based therapeutics exenatide and saxagliptin did not cause detrimental effects on the pancreas in mice, rats, dogs and monkeys
Authors: Roy D. , Chadwick K. D. , Tatarkiewicz K. , LaCerte C. , Bergholm A.‐M. , Brodie T. , Mangipudy R. S. , Parkes D. , Graziano M. J. , Reilly T. P.
Published: March 2014

Aims

Recent reports in the literature have suggested that glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1)‐based therapies may lead to increased risk of pancreatic pathology leading to chronic pancreatic injury and pancreatic neoplasia. Extensive non‐clinical and clinical safety testing was conducted to support the global development of exenatide twice daily, exenatide once weekly and saxagliptin. Our aim was to integrate these non‐clinical data obtained with both mechanisms of GLP‐1‐based drugs to provide complementary data regarding the potential for drug‐induced pancreatic safety signals.

Methods

More than 70 regulated non‐clinical toxicology studies in rodents and non‐rodents were conducted in accordance with International Conference on Harmonisation and US Food and Drug Administration guidance documents, current industry standards, animal welfare regulations and in compliance with Good Laboratory Practice regulations. Treatment duration was up to 2 years in rodents and up to 12 months in non‐rodents using high doses representing large multiples of human exposures (up to 130× for exenatide and 2200× for saxagliptin). Comprehensive pancreas assessments involved more than 2400 pancreata from animals exposed to exenatide and over 1700 pancreata from animals exposed to saxagliptin.

Results

Neither exenatide nor saxagliptin treatment resulted in drug‐related microscopic changes indicative of acute or chronic adverse effects (including neoplasia) in the endocrine or exocrine pancreas, at doses far exceeding the maximum human systemic exposures.

Conclusions

These data substantially add to the weight of evidence supporting the lack of non‐clinical drug‐induced pancreatic safety signals in animals exposed to GLP‐1‐based therapies.
Does Gestational Diabetes History Increase Epicardial Fat and Carotid Intima Media Thickness?
Authors: Caliskan Mustafa , Caklili Ozge Telci , Caliskan Zuhal , Duran Cevdet , Çiftçi Faika C. , Avci Enver , Güllü Hakan , Kulaksizoglu Mustafa , Koca Harun , Muderrisoglu Haldun
Published: March 2014

Background

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as glucose intolerance that has begun during pregnancy. Recent studies have proven that development of atherosclerosis may be established in this population even without presence of type 2 diabetes. For assessment of atherosclerosis, epicardial fat thickness (EFT) is recently being used as a surrogate marker. In this study, we aimed to prove that women with GDM history are more inclined to have higher EFT levels than women without GDM history.

Methods

Sixty‐two patients with previous GDM and 33 age‐ and sex‐matched controls were allocated. Epicardial fat thicknesses of the subjects were measured with transthorasic echocardiography and carotid intima media thickness (c‐IMT) was measured with ultrasound. Insulin resistance (IR) of each subject was assessed with Homeostasis model of assessment—insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR).

Results

Carotid IMT and EFT were significantly higher in previous GDM group than controls. Serum gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT), uric acid, and high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) levels were also found significantly higher in the patients with previous GDM as compared to the controls. We observed that carotid IMT (β = 310, P = 0.003), total cholesterol (β = 315, P = 0.002), BMI (β = 308, P = 0.002), HbA1c (β = 227, P = 0.018), and HOMA‐IR (β = 184, P = 0.049) were independently correlated with EFT.

Conclusions

Although the number of patients included in this study is limited, high EFT results may indicate presence of atherosclerosis in women with previous GDM.
Growth and Election Outcomes in a Developing Country
Authors: Gupta Poonam , Panagariya Arvind
Published: March 2014

We offer the first test of the hypothesis that rapid growth helps incumbents win elections for a developing country, India. We generalize the Fair (1978) model to allow for multiple candidates and test it using cross‐state data on 422 candidates in the 2009 parliamentary elections. We find quantitatively large and statistically robust effect of growth on the prospects of the candidates of the state incumbent parties to win elections.
Species distribution, host affinity and genetic variability of Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato in the Czech Republic
Authors: Sedlák P. , Tomšovský M.
Published: March 2014

The distribution and host affinity of Heterobasidon annosum (Fr.) Bref. sensu lato (Basidiomycota, Bondarzewiaceae) in the Czech Republic was investigated. Sampling was undertaken in natural forests, in stands with former presence of fir and spruce and in forests on formerly agricultural lands. The identification and phylogenetic relationship of the species complex was studied by comparing DNA sequences of three gene regions: glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (G3P), translation elongation factor 1‐alfa (EFA) and transcription factor (TF). The species relationships were demonstrated by haplotype network and Bayesian phylogram construction for the combined data set. The distribution of each species was demonstrated. Heterobasidion annosum s.s., which had the greatest host range, was found on thirteen genera (Pinus, Picea, Fraxinus, Betula, Corylus, Alnus, Abies, Acer, Salix, Ligustrum, Quercus, Larix and Prunus). Heterobasidion parviporum was found on spruce (Picea abies), fir (Abies alba), apple tree (Malus sylvestris), Vitis vinifera and Fagus sylvatica, and Heterobasidion abietinum was observed on fir (Abies), spruce (Picea), pine (Pinus) and maize (Zea mays). Sequences from different genes yielded conflicting results for six specimens, which were interpreted as belonging to interspecific hybrids. These were collected from A. alba, P. abies and Chamaecyparis lawsoniana. The occurrence of Heterobasidion annosum s.l. is strongly associated with the natural distribution of its hosts and the occurrence of H. abietinum appears to be related to the historical occurrence of A. alba in stands now reforested with P. abies. No statistically significant differences in the vertical distributions within the species complex were detected.
Comparison of the potential spread of pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) inFinland andIberia simulated with a cellular automaton model
Authors: Pukkala T. , Möykkynen T. , Robinet C.
Published: March 2014

Pinewood nematode (PWN) is one of the most threatening invasive pests in the pine forests ofEurope, and it has recently spread to theIberianPeninsula via import of timber and wooden packaging material fromEastAsia. A cellular automaton (CA) model was developed to simulate and compare the potential spread ofPWNby transportation and its vectors,Monochamusbeetles in the pine forests of Finland and Iberian Peninsula. The model assumes that all pines are equally sensitive toPWN. TheCAis a spatio‐temporal grid‐based model, which can easily be applied on different geographical scales. The effects of climate warming and number of entries from ports on the spread ofPWNwere studied. A sensitivity analysis was conducted on the most uncertain model parameters. Twenty years after hypothetical entries, the predicted area of symptomaticPWNinfection (pine wilt disease,PWD) was very low inFinland compared toIberia. This was because of the low probability of warmJuly inFinland. The increase in the meanJuly temperature increased the area ofPWD‐infected pine forest relatively more inFinland than inIberia. An increase in the number of entries also increased the area ofPWD‐infected pine forest relatively more in Finland than in Iberia. The probability ofPWDinfection was the highest in pine forests that were close to entry points and in areas with low elevation and high human population density.
A spatiotemporal study of gliosis in relation to depth electrode tracks in drug‐resistant epilepsy
Authors: Goc Joanna , Liu Joan Y. W. , Sisodiya Sanjay M. , Thom Maria
Published: March 2014

Key questions remain regarding the processes governing gliogenesis following central nervous system injury that are critical to understanding both beneficial brain repair mechanisms and any long‐term detrimental effects, including increased risk of seizures. We have used cortical injury produced by intracranial electrodes (ICEs) to study the time‐course and localization of gliosis and gliogenesis in surgically resected human brain tissue. Seventeen cases with ICE injuries of 4–301 days age were selected. Double‐labelled immunolabelling using a proliferative cell marker (MCM2), markers of fate‐specific transcriptional factors (PAX6, SOX2), a microglial marker (IBA1) and glial markers (nestin, GFAP) was quantified in three regions: zone 1 (immediate vicinity: 0–350 μm), zone 2 (350–700 μm) and zone 3 (remote ≥2000 μm) in relation to the ICE injury site. Microglial/macrophage cell densities peaked at 28–30 days post‐injury (dpi) with a significant decline in proliferating microglia with dpi in all zones. Nestin‐expressing cells (NECs) were concentrated in zones 1 and 2, showed the highest regenerative capacity (MCM2 and PAX6 co‐expression) and were intimately associated with capillaries within the organizing injury cavity. There was a significant decline in nestin/MCM2 co‐expressing cells with dpi in zones 1 and 2. Nestin‐positive fibres remained in the chronic scar, and NECs with neuronal morphology were noted in older injuries. GFAP‐expressing glia were more evenly distributed between zones, with no significant decline in density or proliferative capacity with dpi. Colocalization between nestin and GFAP in zone 1 glial cells decreased with increasing dpi. In conclusion, NECs at acute injury sites are a proliferative, transient cell population with capacity for maturation into astrocytes with possible neuronal differentiation observed in older injuries.
How Often Is the Misfit of Item Response Theory Models Practically Significant?
Authors: Sinharay Sandip , Haberman Shelby J.
Published: March 2014

Standard 3.9 of the Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing () demands evidence of model fit when item response theory (IRT) models are employed to data from tests. Hambleton and Han () and Sinharay () recommended the assessment of practical significance of misfit of IRT models, but few examples of such assessment can be found in the literature concerning IRT model fit. In this article, practical significance of misfit of IRT models was assessed using data from several tests that employ IRT models to report scores. The IRT model did not fit any data set considered in this article. However, the extent of practical significance of misfit varied over the data sets.