bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Initial Development of an Electronic Testis Rigidity Tester
Authors: Mirilas Petros , Tsakiridis Odysseus
Published: August 2011

We aimed to develop our previously presented mechanical device, the Testis Rigidity Tester (TRT), into an electronic system (Electronic Testis Rigidity Tester, ETRT) by applying tactile imaging, which has been used successfully with other solid organs. A measuring device, located at the front end of the ETRT incorporates a tactile sensor comprising an array of microsensors. By application of a predetermined deformation of 2 mm, increased pressure alters linearly the resistance of each microsensor, producing changes of voltage. These signals were amplified, filtered, and digitized, and then processed by an electronic collector system, which presented them as a color-filled contour plot of the area of the testis coming into contact with the sensor. Testis models of different rigidity served for initial evaluation of ETRT; their evacuated central spaces contained different, increasing glue masses. An independent method of rigidity measurement, using an electric weight scale and a micrometer, showed that the more the glue injected, the greater the force needed for a 2-mm deformation. In a preliminary test, a single sensor connected to a multimeter showed similar force measurement for the same deformation in these phantoms. For each of the testis models compressed in the same manner, the ETRT system offered a map of pressures, represented by a color scale within the contour plot of the contact area with the sensor. ETRT found certain differences in rigidity between models that had escaped detection by a blind observer. ETRT is easy to use and provides a color-coded “insight“ of the testis internal structure. After experimental testing, it could be valuable in intraoperative evaluation of testes, so that the surgeon can decide about orchectomy or orcheopexy.
Sensory Gating Scales and Premonitory Urges in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Sutherland Owens Ashley N. , Miguel Euripedes C. , Swerdlow Neal R.
Published: August 2011

Sensory and sensorimotor gating deficits characterize both Tourette syndrome (TS) and schizophrenia. Premonitory urges (PU) in TS can be assessed with the University of Sao Paulo Sensory Phenomena Scale (USP-SPS) and the Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS). In 40 subjects (TS: n = 18; healthy comparison subjects [HCS]: n = 22), we examined the relationship between PU scores and measures of sensory gating using the USP-SPS, PUTS, Sensory Gating Inventory (SGI), and Structured Interview for Assessing Perceptual Anomalies (SIAPA), as well symptom severity scales. SGI, but not SIAPA, scores were elevated in TS subjects (p < 0.0003). In TS subjects, USP-SPS and PUTS scores correlated significantly with each other, but not with the SGI or SIAPA; neither PU nor sensory gating scales correlated significantly with symptom severity. TS subjects endorse difficulties in sensory gating and the SGI may be valuable for studying these clinical phenomena.
Plasmablastic Lymphoma: A Systematic Review
Authors: Castillo Jorge J. , Reagan John L.
Published: August 2011

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a very aggressive variant of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma initially described in the oral cavity of HIV-infected individuals. PBL represents a diagnostic challenge given its characteristic morphology and lack of CD20 expression, and also a therapeutic challenge, with early responses to therapy, but with high relapse rates and poor prognosis. In recent years, our understanding and clinical experience with PBL has increased in both HIV-positive and -negative settings. However, given its rarity, most of the data available rely on case reports and case series. The main goal of this article is to systematically review the most recent advances in epidemiology; pathophysiology; clinical, pathologic, and molecular characteristics; therapy; and prognosis in patients with PBL. Specific covered topics include new pathological markers for diagnosis, its association with Epstein-Barr virus, and the need of more intensive therapies.
Advances in Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis: Pathogenesis, Early Diagnosis/Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Tang Yong-Min , Xu Xiao-Jun
Published: August 2011

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a histiocytic disorder characterized by a highly stimulated, but ineffective, immune response to antigens, which results in life-threatening cytokine storm and inflammatory reaction. Considerable progress has been made during the past 2 decades. Detection of molecular genetic abnormalities in genes involved in immune response pathways, such as PRF1, STX11, UNC13D, STXBP2, RAB27A, LYST, AP3B1, SH2D1A, and BIRC4, is confirmatory for the diagnosis. Clinical diagnosis is largely made according to HLH-2004 criteria. However, a new finding of the Th1/Th2 cytokine pattern (significant increase of IFN-γ and IL-10 with slightly increased or normal level of IL-6) is a useful biomarker for the early diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and the monitoring of the disease. Intensive immunosuppressive therapy is generally accepted as treatment for the relief of clinical symptoms/signs, while allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is currently the only potentially curative therapy option for severe familial forms of HLH.
A Sign to Heaven: aVR Lead Elevation and Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Nia Amir M. , Gassanov Natig , Reuter Hannes , Er Fikret
Published: August 2011

Isolated ST-segment elevation only in the aVR lead, reflecting an acute myocardial infarction due to a left main coronary artery occlusion, was ignored as part of physicians' training in emergency medicine for a long time. The recognition of aVR lead elevation is becoming more accepted as a mandatory diagnostic tool, in particular for physicians working at emergency departments. We report a typical myocardial infarction with total occlusion of the proximal part of the left anterior coronary artery, presenting with ST-segment elevation in the aVR lead, which was misinterpreted as diffuse ischemia. The lacking mandatory awareness of this entity endangered prompt and correct treatment.
Recent Insights into the Pathogenesis of Type AA Amyloidosis
Authors: van der Hilst J. C. H.
Published: August 2011

The amyloidoses are a group of life-threatening diseases in which fibrils made of misfolded proteins are deposited in organs and tissues. The fibrils are stable, insoluble aggregates of precursor proteins that have adopted an antiparallel β-sheet structure. In type AA, or reactive, amyloidosis, the precursor protein of the fibrils is serum amyloid A (SAA). SAA is a 104-amino-acid protein that is produced in the liver in response to proinflammatory cytokines. Although the protein that is produced by the liver contains 104 amino acids, only the N-terminal 66–76 amino acids are found in amyloid fibrils. Furthermore, SAA has been shown to have an α-helical structure primarily. Thus, for SAA to be incorporated into an amyloid fibril, two processes have to occur: C-terminal cleavage and conversion into a β-sheet. Only a minority of patients with elevated SAA levels develop amyloidosis. Factors that contribute to the risk of amyloidosis include the duration and degree of SAA elevation, polymorphisms in SAA, and the type of autoinflammatory syndrome. In the Hyper-IgD syndrome, amyloidosis is less prevalent than in the other autoinflammatory diseases.In vitrowork has shown that the isoprenoid pathway influences amyloidogenesis by farnesylated proteins. Although many proteins contain domains that have a potential for self-aggregation, amyloidosis is only a very rare event. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are chaperones that assist other proteins to attain, maintain, and regain a functional conformation. In this review, recent insights into the pathogenesis of amyloidosis are discussed, in addition to a new hypothesis for a role of HSPs in the pathogenesis of type AA.
Revisional Surgery for Hallux Valgus with Serial Osteotomies at Two Levels
Authors: Lim Jason B. T. , Huntley James S.
Published: August 2011

The aetiology and form of hallux valgus (HV) is varied with many corrective procedures described. We report a 39-year-old woman, previously treated with a Chevron osteotomy, who presented with recurrent right HV, metatarsus primus varus, and associated bunion. Osteotomies were performed at two levels as a revisional procedure. This report highlights (1) limitations of the Chevron osteotomy and (2) the revisional procedure of the two level osteotomies: (i) proximal opening-wedge basal osteotomy and (ii) distal short Scarf with medial closing wedges. If a Chevron osteotomy is used inappropriately, for example, in an attempt to correct too large a deformity, it may angulate laterally causing a malunion with an increased distal metatarsal articular angle. Secondly, it is feasible to correct this combined deformity using a combination of proximal opening-wedge and distal short Scarf osteotomies.
Evaluation of Hemostatic Aids in Laparoscopic Nephron-Sparing Surgery
Authors: Binsaleh Saleh
Published: August 2011

Partial nephrectomy is considered the standard of care for the management of small renal masses, and laparoscopic techniques are becoming popular for multiple reasons, one of which is minimal invasiveness. On the other hand, kidneys are extremely vascular organs, and renal hemorrhage is a major cause of morbidity after laparoscopic partial nephrectomies. Control of bleeding and management of calyceal injuries can be difficult and make the procedure technically challenging. This review looks at the various energy sources and hemostatic agents that are available to reduce bleeding during laparoscopic partial nephrectomies.
Genomic Signatures in Microbes—Properties and Applications
Authors: Bohlin Jon
Published: August 2011

The ratio of genomic oligonucleotide frequencies relative to the mean genomic AT/GC content has been shown to be similar for closely related species and, therefore, said to reflect a “genomic signature”. The genomic signature has been found to be more similar within genomes than between closely related genomes. Furthermore, genomic signatures of closely related organisms are, in turn, more similar than more distantly related organisms. Since the genomic signature is remarkably stable within a genome, it can be extracted from only a fraction of the genomic DNA sequence. Genomic signatures, therefore, have many applications. The most notable examples include recognition of pathogenicity islands in microbial genomes and identification of hosts from arbitrary DNA sequences, the latter being of great importance in metagenomics. What shapes the genomic signature in microbial DNA has been readily discussed, but difficult to pinpoint exactly. Most attempts so far have mainly focused on correlations fromin silicodata. This mini-review seeks to summarize possible influences shaping the genomic signature and to survey a set of applications.
Antioxidant Activity ofArtocarpus heterophyllusLam. (Jack Fruit) Leaf Extracts: Remarkable Attenuations of Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia in Streptozotocin-Diabetic Rats
Authors: Omar Haidy S. , El-Beshbishy Hesham A. , Moussa Ziad , Taha Kamilia F. , Singab Abdel Nasser B.
Published: August 2011

The present study examines the antioxidative, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic activities ofArtocarpus heterophyllus(jack fruit) leaf extracts (JFEs). The 70% ethanol (JFEE), n-butanol (JFBE), water (JFWE), chloroform (JFCE), and ethyl acetate (JFEAE) extracts were obtained. Both JFEE and JFBE markedly scavenge diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical and chelate Fe+2in vitro. A compound was isolated from JFBE and identified using 1D and 2D1H- and13C-NMR. The administration of JFEE or JFBE to streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats significantly reduced fasting blood glucose (FBG) from 200 to 56 and 79 mg%, respectively; elevated insulin from 10.8 to 19.5 and 15.1 μU/ml, respectively; decreased lipid peroxides from 7.3 to 5.4 and 5.91 nmol/ml, respectively; decreased %glycosylated hemoglobin A1C (%HbA1C) from 6.8 to 4.5 and 5.0%, respectively; and increased total protein content from 2.5 to 6.3 and 5.7 mg%, respectively. Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), VLDL-C, and LDL/HDL ratio significantly declined by -37, -19, -23, -37, and -39%, respectively, in the case of JFEE; and by -31, -14, -17, -31, and -25%, respectively, in the case of JFBE; as compared to diabetic rats. HDL-C increased by +37% (JFEE) and by +11% (JFBE). Both JFEE and JFBE have shown appreciable results in decreasing FBG, lipid peroxides, %HbA1C, TC, LDL-C, and TG levels, and increasing insulin, HDL-C, and protein content. The spectrometric analysis confirmed that the flavonoid isolated from JFBE was isoquercitrin. We can conclude from this study that JFEE and JFBE exert hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects in STZ-diabetic rats through an antioxidative pathway that might be referred to their flavonoid contents.
What Is Artificial about Life?
Authors: Giuliani Alessandro , Licata Ignazio , Modonesi Carlo M. , Crosignani Paolo
Published: August 2011

The announcement of “Artificial Life” by the Craig Venter group, and the media stir that arose from the news, provoked thoughts about the current technologies in contemporary science and the cultural tension of such projections on the media. The increasingly blurred boundaries between specialist and generalist media, while promising a wider appreciation of scientific discovery, potentially allow unrealistic, ideological claims to dictate scientific research. This is particularly evident in biology, where the pervading paradigm is still dominated by a physically naïve reductionism in which the only relevant causative layer is the molecular one. The reductionist hypothesis is that everything one observes is the result of an underlying molecular mechanism almost independent of the context in which it operates. Molecular mechanisms are often necessarily studied in isolation and therefore operate in unnatural conditions. The mechanistic view of biological regulation implies that we think of genes as intelligent agents. Here we try to critically analyze the motivations behind the spread of such unrealistic simplifications.
Proximal Hypospadias
Authors: Kraft Kate H. , Shukla Aseem R. , Canning Douglas A.
Published: August 2011

Hypospadias results from abnormal development of the penis that leaves the urethral meatus proximal to its normal glanular position. Meatal position may be located anywhere along the penile shaft, but more severe forms of hypospadias may have a urethral meatus located at the scrotum or perineum. The spectrum of abnormalities may also include ventral curvature of the penis, a dorsally redundant prepuce, and atrophic corpus spongiosum. Due to the severity of these abnormalities, proximal hypospadias often requires more extensive reconstruction in order to achieve an anatomically and functionally successful result. We review the spectrum of proximal hypospadias etiology, presentation, correction, and possible associated complications.
Honey for Wound Healing, Ulcers, and Burns; Data Supporting Its Use in Clinical Practice
Authors: Al-Waili Noori , Salom Khelod , Al-Ghamdi Ahmad A.
Published: August 2011

The widespread existence of unhealed wounds, ulcers, and burns has a great impact on public health and economy. Many interventions, including new medications and technologies, are being used to help achieve significant wound healing and to eliminate infections. Therefore, to find an intervention that has both therapeutic effect on the healing process and the ability to kill microbes is of great value. Honey is a natural product that has been recently introduced in modern medical practice. Honey's antibacterial properties and its effects on wound healing have been thoroughly investigated. Laboratory studies and clinical trials have shown that honey is an effective broad-spectrum antibacterial agent. This paper reviews data that support the effectiveness of natural honey in wound healing and its ability to sterilize infected wounds. Studies on the therapeutic effects of honey collected in different geographical areas on skin wounds, skin and gastric ulcers, and burns are reviewed and mechanisms of action are discussed. (Ulcers and burns are included as an example of challenging wounds.) The data show that the wound healing properties of honey include stimulation of tissue growth, enhanced epithelialization, and minimized scar formation. These effects are ascribed to honey's acidity, hydrogen peroxide content, osmotic effect, nutritional and antioxidant contents, stimulation of immunity, and to unidentified compounds. Prostaglandins and nitric oxide play a major role in inflammation, microbial killing, and the healing process. Honey was found to lower prostaglandin levels and elevate nitric oxide end products. These properties might help to explain some biological and therapeutic properties of honey, particularly as an antibacterial agent or wound healer. The data presented here demonstrate that honeys from different geographical areas have considerable therapeutic effects on chronic wounds, ulcers, and burns. The results encourage the use of honey in clinical practice as a natural and safe wound healer.
The Involvement of Glycosaminoglycans in Airway Disease Associated with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Reeves Emer P. , Bergin David A. , Murray Michelle A. , McElvaney Noel G.
Published: August 2011

Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) present with severe airway destruction and extensive bronchiectasis. It has been assumed that these structural airway changes have occurred secondary to infection and inflammation, but recent studies suggest that glycosaminoglycan (GAG) remodelling may be an important independent parallel process. Evidence is accumulating that not only the concentration, but also sulphation of GAGs is markedly increased in CF bronchial cells and tissues. Increased expression of GAGs and, in particular, heparan sulphate, has been linked to a sustained inflammatory response and neutrophil recruitment to the CF airways. This present review discusses the biological role of GAGs in the lung, as well as their involvement in CF respiratory disease, and their potential as therapeutic targets.
Epithelial Tight Junctional Changes in Colorectal Cancer Tissues
Authors: Wang Xuexuan , Tully Owen , Ngo Benjamin , Zitin Marc , Mullin James M.
Published: August 2011

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in the western world. Early screening and detection could be highly preventative and therefore reduce mortality. Tight junctions (TJ) are well known for their function in controlling paracellular traffic of ions and molecules. It has become increasingly evident that TJs play a crucial role in maintaining cell-cell integrity, and the loss of cell junctional sealing could involve itself in the processes of carcinoma and cancer metastasis. If correlations between altered TJ proteins and CRC presence or invasiveness could be established, they may serve as important markers and guidelines for prophylactic and prognostic purposes, along with other screening methods. This review will present recent data from clinical and animal studies showing how altered TJ protein expression is a feature of certain CRCs. The up-regulation of claudin-1 in many CRCs is especially noteworthy. The focus of this article is simply on the association – however imperfect – between CRC and the major TJ transmembrane barrier proteins, namely claudins and occludin. Any causal relationship between TJ protein change and neoplasia remains conclusively unproven at present.
Adenosine Inhibits the Release of Arachidonic Acid in Activated Human Peripheral Mononuclear Cells. A Proposed Model for Physiologic and Pathologic Regulation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Sipka Sándor
Published: August 2011

In the current work, the pathways are presented and reviewed showing how adenosine acts on the production and release of arachidonic acid (AA) in activated human monocytes by the involvement of various phospholipase A2(PLA2) and protein kinase C (PKC) enzymes in physiological (normal) conditions and in a pathologic state in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Two molecules of activated monocytes mainly determine the actual amounts of AA released: (1) interleukin-1β (IL-1β) increasing and (2) adenosine (Ado) suppressing this process. The AA production of monocytes mainly depends on two (IV and VI) types of PLA2enzymes. PKCα phosphorylates the cytosolic, Ca2+-dependent and steroid-sensitive PLA2(type IV), whereas PKCδ phosphorylates the Ca2+-independent PLA2(type VI). By the suppression of IL-1β production in the activated human monocytes, adenosine can decrease the release of AA causing a diminished phosphorylation of both PKC isoenzymes. In SLE monocytes, the disease-specific decreased release of AA that we found earlier could be related to the decreased expression of PKCδ. These pathways are summarized in a proposed model.
Ossification Vesicles with Calcium Phosphate in the Eyes of the InsectCopium teucrii(Hemiptera: Tingidae)
Authors: Garcia-Guinea Javier , Jorge Alberto , Tormo Laura , Furio Marta , Crespo-Feo Elena , Correcher Virgilio , Prado-Herrero Pedro , Soria Ana C. , Sanz Jesus , Nieves-Aldrey Jose L.
Published: August 2011

Arthropod eyes are built of repeating units named ommatidia. Each single ommatidium unit contains a cluster of photoreceptor cells surrounded by support cells and pigment cells. The insectCopiumeye ommatidia include additional calcium-phosphate deposits, not described in insects to date, which can be examined today using a combined set of modern microscopy and spectroscopy techniques.Teucrium gnaphalodesL'Her plants, growing in central Spain, develop galls induced byCopiuminsects. A survey ofC. teucriiadult specimens resulted in surprising environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) images, showing that their bright red eyes contain a calcium-phosphate mineralization. A complete survey ofCopiumeye specimens was performed by ESEM using energy-dispersive spectroscopy, backscattered electron detector and cathodoluminescence (CL) probes, field emission scanning electron microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy in order to learn ommatidia features, such as chemical composition, molecular structure, cell membrane, and internal ommatidium eye fluids and calcium-phosphate distribution deposits. The CL panchromatic images distinguish between the calcium-phosphate ommatidium and calcium-phosphate setae, which are more apatite rich. They show Raman bands attributable to bone tissue apatite biomaterials, such as bone, collagen, lipids, and blood, i.e., peptides, amide-S, amide-II, amide-III, and cytochrome P-450scc. The chemical composition of both galls and leaves ofT. gnaphalodeswas determined by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of their extracts. The spectrometric and microscopic images reveal that the calcium-phosphate mineralization is formed and constrained toCopiumommatidia, which are both matrix vesicles generating mixtures of apatite collagen and operational compound eyes of the insect.
Local Thrombolysis for Successful Treatment of Acute Stroke in an Adolescent with Cardiac Myxoma
Authors: Gassanov Natig , Nia Amir M. , Dahlem Kristina M. , Ederer Stefan , Wedemeyer Inga , Caglayan Evren , Erdmann Erland , Er Fikret
Published: August 2011

Intracardiac myxomas are the most common benign cardiac tumors in adults. They are a rare source of cardiogenic embolisms and sudden death, especially in young patients. This report describes the case of a male adolescent who presented with right-sided paresis and aphasia. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed an ischemic stroke without evidence of acute bleeding. Intra-arterial local thrombolysis was immediately started. An echocardiographic screening after successful thrombolysis with a remarkable recovery of symptoms detected a thrombotic-like mass in the left atrium. The mass was excised surgically, confirmed as a benign atrial myxoma, and the patient was discharged with restitution ad integrum. Thus, contrary to some critical reports, thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic strokes due to atrial myxomas may be safe and highly effective.
Right Diaphragm Spontaneous Rupture: A Surgical Approach
Authors: Divisi Duilio , Imbriglio Giovanna , De Vico Andrea , Crisci Roberto
Published: August 2011

We present a case of spontaneous rupture of the diaphragm, characterized by nonspecific symptoms. The rapid diagnosis and appropriate surgical approach led to a positive resolution of the pathology.
Toll-Like Receptors in Angiogenesis
Authors: Grote Karsten , Schütt Harald , Schieffer Bernhard
Published: August 2011

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are known as pattern-recognition receptors related to the Toll protein ofDrosophila. After recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns of microbial origin, the TLRs alert the immune system, and initiate innate and adaptive immune responses. The TLR system, though, is not confined solely to the leukocyte-mediated immune defense against exogenous pathogens. Besides myeloid cells, TLR expression has been reported in multiple tissues and cell types, including epithelial and endothelial cells. Moreover, despite the microbial patterns that are commonly accepted as TLR ligands, there is increasing evidence that TLRs also recognize host-derived molecules. In this regard, recent studies point to an involvement of TLRs in various chronic inflammatory disorders and cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and even cancer. A common feature of these disorders is an enhanced so-called inflammation-induced angiogenesis. However, inflammation-induced angiogenesis is not solely a key component of pathogen defense during acute infection or chronic inflammatory disorders, but also plays a critical role in repair mechanisms, e.g., wound healing and subsequent tissue regeneration. Interestingly, the latest research could coincidentally demonstrate that TLR activation promotes angiogenesis in various inflammatory settings in response to both exogenous and endogenous ligands, although the precise mode of action of TLRs in this context still remains ambiguous. The objective of this review is to present evidence for the implication of TLRs in angiogenesis during physiological and pathophysiological processes, and the potential clinical relevance for new treatment regimes involving TLR modulation.
Nephrotic Syndrome and Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy Associated with Autosomal-Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease
Authors: Peces Ramón , Martínez-Ara Jorge , Peces Carlos , Picazo Mariluz , Cuesta-López Emilio , Vega Cristina , Azorín Sebastián , Selgas Rafael
Published: August 2011

We report the case of a 38-year-old male with autosomal-dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and concomitant nephrotic syndrome secondary to membranous nephropathy (MN). A 3-month course of prednisone 60 mg daily and losartan 100 mg daily resulted in resistance. Treatment with chlorambucil 0.2 mg/kg daily, low-dose prednisone, plus an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and an angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) for 6 weeks resulted in partial remission of his nephrotic syndrome for a duration of 10 months. After relapse of the nephrotic syndrome, a 13-month course of mycophenolate mofetil (MFM) 2 g daily and low-dose prednisone produced complete remission for 44 months. After a new relapse, a second 24-month course of MFM and low-dose prednisone produced partial to complete remission of proteinuria with preservation of renal function. Thirty-six months after MFM withdrawal, complete remission of nephrotic-range proteinuria was maintained and renal function was preserved. This case supports the idea that renal biopsy is needed for ADPKD patients with nephrotic-range proteinuria in order to exclude coexisting glomerular disease and for appropriate treatment/prevention of renal function deterioration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of nephrotic syndrome due to MN in a patient with ADPKD treated with MFM, with remission of proteinuria and preservation of renal function after more than 10 years. Findings in this patient also suggest that MFM might reduce cystic cell proliferation and fibrosis, preventing progressive renal scarring with preservation of renal function.
Prediction on the Seasonal Behavior of Hydrogen Sulfide Using a Neural Network Model
Authors: Kim Byungwhan , Lee Joogong , Jang Jungyoung , Han Dongil , Kim Ki-Hyun
Published: August 2011

Models to predict seasonal hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentrations were constructed using neural networks. To this end, two types of generalized regression neural networks and radial basis function networks are considered and optimized. The input data for H2S were collected from August 2005 to Fall 2006 from a huge industrial complex located in Ansan City, Korea. Three types of seasonal groupings were prepared and one optimized model is built for each dataset. These optimized models were then used for the analysis of the sensitivity and main effect of the parameters. H2S was noted to be very sensitive to rainfall during the spring and summer. In the autumn, its sensitivity showed a strong dependency on wind speed and pressure. Pressure was identified as the most influential parameter during the spring and summer. In the autumn, relative humidity overwhelmingly affected H2S. It was noted that H2S maintained an inverse relationship with a number of parameters (e.g., radiation, wind speed, or dew-point temperature). In contrast, it exhibited a declining trend with a decrease in pressure. An increase in radiation was likely to decrease during spring and summer, but the opposite trend was predicted for the autumn. The overall results of this study thus suggest that the behavior of H2S can be accounted for by a diverse combination of meteorological parameters across seasons.
Effect of Lipoxin A4on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Endothelial Hyperpermeability
Authors: Pang Huayan , Yi Pan , Wu Ping , Liu Zhuoya , Liu Zhongjie , Gong Jianming , Hao Hua , Cai Lei , Ye Duyun , Huang Yinping
Published: August 2011

Excessive oxidative stress, decreased antioxidant capacity, and enhanced cellular calcium levels are initial factors that cause endothelial cell (EC) hyperpermeability, which represents a crucial event in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) strongly attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hyperpermeability through maintaining the normal expression of VE-cadherin and β-catenin. This effect was mainly mediated by a specific LXA4receptor. LXA4could also obviously inhibit LPS-induced elevation of the cellular calcium level and up-regulation of the transient receptor potential protein family C 1, an important calcium channel in ECs. At the same time, LXA4strongly blocked LPS-triggered reactive oxidative species production, while it promoted the expression of the NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein. Our findings demonstrate that LXA4could prevent the EC hyperpermeability induced by LPS in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), under which the possible mechanism is through Nrf2 as well as Ca2+-sensitive pathways.
Validation and fine mapping of a QTL for ovulation rate on swine chromosome 3
Authors: Mousel M. R. , Leymaster K. A. , Christenson R. K. , Nonneman D. J. , Rohrer G.A.
Published: August 2011

Ovulation rate (OR) is an important component of litter size, but mutation(s) in gene(s) underlying OR QTL have yet to be identified in pigs. Markers within an OR QTL on SSC3 were genotyped in three white composite lines selected for ten generations for increased OR or uterine capacity (UC), with one line being an unselected control. Numbers of corpora lutea (CL) and UC (number of fully formed fetuses) were collected at approximately 105 days of gestation, as well as ovary weight (OW), uterine length (UL) and uterine weight (UW) measurements at 160 d of age in generation 12 and 13 females from all three lines. Six microsatellites and ten single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; 0–42 cM) were genotyped in pigs from all lines of generations 11 through 13. The allele frequencies of 24269.1, SW2429, 7907.2 and 7637.2 were different (P < 0.01) in the OR line compared to the control line. A significant (P < 0.05) association of CL with 24269.1 (additive effect 0.65 ± 0.32) was detected, and additive genotypic effects approached significance for markers at 28 through 35 cM (16963.2, 27514.1 and SWR1637). Haplotyping of 7637.2 and 16963.2 (31 through 32 cM) identified a significant additive association of haplotype 1 with CL (−0.62 ± 0.30). These markers were also associated with OW (24296.1 and SWR1637), UL (16963.2, 27514.1 and haplotypes of 7637.2/16963.2) and UW (haplotypes of 7637.2/16963.2). This study verifies an OR QTL on SSC3. However, based on the data, it was concluded that there may be two genes, at 13 through 18 cM and 28 through 35 cM, controlling OR on SSC3p.
Fine needle aspiration cytology of basal cell adenoma of the salivary gland: a cytohistological correlation study of 35 cases
Authors: Vicandi B. , Jiménez‐Heffernan J. A. , López‐Ferrer P. , González‐Peramato P. , Patrón M. , Viguer J. M.
Published: August 2011

B. Vicandi, J.A. Jiménez‐Heffernan, P. López‐Ferrer, P. González‐Peramato, M. Patrón and J.M. Viguer  Fine needle aspiration cytology of basal cell adenoma of the salivary gland: a cytohistological correlation study of 35 cases

Objective:  In order to evaluate the possibility of a specific cytological recognition of basal cell adenoma (BCA) we reviewed our experience with 35 histologically proven cases. Few series describing cytological features of BCA are available and diagnostic cytological criteria are not well established.

Methods:  This study was based on 41 cytology samples from 35 patients with BCA. Thirty‐five aspiration procedures were performed pre‐operatively and six on tumour recurrence. Nineteen of the 35 patients were men and 16 women. The mean age at diagnosis was 55 years old (range 24–92). The series includes one non‐representative case. Except for one tumour located in the upper lip, all of them involved the parotid gland.

Results:  Aspirates were cellular, showing groups with dense, homogeneous metachromatic stroma and single cells. Relevant features were the trident‐like configuration of groups, intimate relationship between neoplastic cells and stroma and cellular polymorphism. In approximately half of the cases a precise diagnosis was given. Most of the remaining tumours were diagnosed as benign but they were difficult to differentiate from pleomorphic adenoma. Regarding malignancy, there were two misdiagnoses of acinic cell carcinoma, due to high epithelial cellularity along with scarcity of stroma, and one case was considered to be suspicious of malignancy.

Conclusion:  BCA shows characteristic cytological features that allow a precise diagnosis. The main differential diagnosis is epithelial‐rich pleomorphic adenoma, while acinic cell carcinoma is a potential false positive.
Vibrio anguillarum as a fish pathogen: virulence factors, diagnosis and prevention
Authors: Frans I , Michiels C W , Bossier P , Willems K A , Lievens B , Rediers H
Published: August 2011

Vibrio anguillarum, also known as Listonella anguillarum, is the causative agent of vibriosis, a deadly haemorrhagic septicaemic disease affecting various marine and fresh/brackish water fish, bivalves and crustaceans. In both aquaculture and larviculture, this disease is responsible for severe economic losses worldwide. Because of its high morbidity and mortality rates, substantial research has been carried out to elucidate the virulence mechanisms of this pathogen and to develop rapid detection techniques and effective disease‐prevention strategies. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge pertaining to V. anguillarum, focusing on pathogenesis, known virulence factors, diagnosis, prevention and treatment.
Quantitative PCR demonstrates a positive correlation between a Rickettsia‐like organism and severity of strawberry disease lesions in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)
Authors: Lloyd S J , LaPatra S E , Snekvik K R , Cain K D , Call D R
Published: August 2011

Strawberry disease (SD) is an inflammatory skin disorder in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum). The aetiology of SD is unknown although the 16S rDNA sequence of a Rickettsia‐like organism (RLO) has been associated with SD lesions using a nested PCR assay. In this study, we developed a Taqman quantitative PCR assay (qPCR) that targeted the RLO 16S rDNA sequence to examine the distribution of RLO relative to lesion status. We compared 18 lesion samples from 13 fish representing high or low lesion severity as judged by gross examination. QPCR results showed that there was a higher number of RLO sequences in high severity lesions (mean of 12 068 copies) compared with fewer copies of RLO sequence in low severity lesions (mean of 3287 copies, P = 0.012). Grossly normal skin samples (n = 13) from SD‐affected fish were all negative by qPCR except two samples (121 and 139 copies). The qPCR assay described herein is a useful tool to investigate the role of RLO in SD in the absence of a culture system for RLO. Our results demonstrate a positive correlation between copy number and lesion severity consistent with the hypothesis that the RLO is the aetiologic agent of SD.
Critical action research applied in clinical placement development in aged care facilities
Authors: Xiao Lily D , Kelton Moira , Paterson Jan
Published: August 2011

XIAO LD, KELTON M and PATERSON J. Nursing Inquiry 2012; 19: 322–333  Critical action research applied in clinical placement development in aged care facilities

The aim of this study was to develop quality clinical placements in residential aged care facilities for undergraduate nursing students undertaking their nursing practicum topics. The proportion of people aged over 65 years is expected to increase steadily from 13% in 2006 to 26% of the total population in Australia in 2051. However, when demand is increasing for a nursing workforce competent in the care of older people, studies have shown that nursing students generally lack interest in working with older people. The lack of exposure of nursing students to quality clinical placements is one of the key factors contributing to this situation. Critical action research built on a partnership between an Australian university and five aged care organisations was utilised. A theoretical framework informed by Habermas’ communicative action theory was utilised to guide the action research. Multiple research activities were used to support collaborative critical reflection and inform actions throughout the action research. Clinical placements in eight residential aged care facilities were developed to support 179 nursing students across three year‐levels to complete their practicum topics. Findings were presented in three categories described as structures developed to govern clinical placement, learning and teaching in residential aged care facilities.
Initiation of insulin glargine in patients with Type 2 diabetes in suboptimal glycaemic control positively impacts health‐related quality of life. A prospective cohort study in primary care
Authors: Hajos T. R. S. , Pouwer F. , de Grooth R. , Holleman F. , Twisk J. W. R. , Diamant M. , Snoek F. J.
Published: August 2011

Diabet. Med. 28, 1096–1102 (2011)

Aims  To study prospectively the impact of initiating insulin glargine in suboptimally controlled insulin‐naïve patients with Type 2 diabetes on health‐related quality of life in relation to glycaemic control.

Methods  Insulin‐naïve Dutch patients with Type 2 diabetes in suboptimal glycaemic control (HbA1c > 53 mmol/mol; 7%) on maximum dose of oral glucose‐lowering medications were included from 363 primary care practices (n = 911). Patients started insulin glargine and were followed up for 6 months. At baseline (start insulin therapy), 3 and 6 months, HbA1c was measured and patients completed self‐report health‐related quality of life measures, including emotional well‐being (World Health Organization‐5 well‐being index), fear of hypoglycaemia (Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey) and diabetes symptom distress (Diabetes Symptom Checklist—revised). Data were analysed using generalized estimating equations analysis.

Results  HbA1c (mmol/mol; %) decreased from 69 ± 16; 8.5 ± 1.7 to 60 ± 11; 7.6±1.0 and 57 ± 11; 7.3 ± 1.0 at 3 and 6 months, respectively (P < 0.001). Pre‐insulin BMI (kg/m2) was 30 ± 5.7, which remained stable at 3 months (30 ± 5.8) and increased to 31 ± 5.9 at 6 months (P = 0.004); no significant changes in self‐reported symptomatic and severe hypoglycaemia were observed, while nocturnal hypoglycaemia slightly decreased. The Hypoglycaemia Fear Survey score decreased from 14.6 ± 16.2 to 12.1 ± 15.2 and 10.8 ± 14.4 at 3 and 6 months, respectively (P < 0.001). The Diabetes Symptom Checklist—revised score decreased from 15 ± 14 to 10 ± 12 and 10 ± 13 (P < 0.001), with most pronounced reductions in hyperglycaemic symptoms and fatigue. The World Health Organization‐5 score increased from 57 ± 25.3 to 65 ± 21.6 at 3‐month follow‐up and 67 ± 21.8 at 6‐month follow‐up (P < 0.001).

Conclusions  Results of this observational study demonstrate combined glycaemic and health‐related quality of life benefits of initiating insulin glargine in patients with Type 2 diabetes in routine primary care.
Obstetric and perinatal outcomes in pregnancies complicated by Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes: influences of glycaemic control, obesity and social disadvantage
Authors: Murphy H. R. , Steel S. A. , Roland J. M. , Morris D. , Ball V. , Campbell P. J. , Temple R. C. ,   on behalf of East Anglia Study Group for Improving Pregnancy Outcomes in Women with Diabetes (EASIPOD)
Published: August 2011

Diabet. Med. 28, 1060–1067 (2011)

Aims  To compare obstetric and perinatal outcomes in women with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes and relate these to maternal risk factors.

Methods  Prospective cohort study of 682 consecutive diabetic pregnancies in East Anglia during 2006–2009. Relationships between congenital malformation, perinatal mortality and perinatal morbidity (large for gestational age, preterm delivery, neonatal care) with maternal age, parity, ethnicity, glycaemic control, obesity and social disadvantage were examined using bivariable and multivariate models.

Results  There were 408 (59.8%) Type 1 and 274 (40.2%) Type 2 diabetes pregnancies. Women with Type 2 diabetes were older (P < 0.001), heavier (P < 0.0001), more frequently multiparous (P < 0.001), more ethnically diverse (p < 0.0001) and more socially disadvantaged (P = 0.0004). Although women with Type 2 diabetes had shorter duration of diabetes (P < 0.0001) and better pre‐conception glycaemic control [HbA1c 52 mmol/mol (6.9%) Type 2 diabetes vs. 63 mmol/l (7.9%) Type 1 diabetes; p < 0.0001), rates of congenital malformation and perinatal mortality were comparable. Women with Type 2 diabetes had fewer large‐for‐gestational‐age infants (37.6 vs. 52.9%, P < 0.0008), fewer preterm deliveries (17.5 vs. 37.1%, P < 0.0001) and their offspring had fewer neonatal care admissions (29.8 vs. 43.2%, P = 0.001). Third trimester HbA1c (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.09–1.67, P = 0.006) and social disadvantage (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.67–0.98; P = 0.03) were risk factors for large for gestational age.

Conclusions  Despite increased age, parity, obesity and social disadvantage, women with Type 2 diabetes had better glycaemic control, fewer large‐for‐gestational‐age infants, fewer preterm deliveries and fewer neonatal care admissions. Better tools are needed to improve glycaemic control and reduce the rates of large for gestational age, particularly in Type 1 diabetes.
The determinants of short selling: evidence from the Hong Kong equity market
Authors: McKenzie Michael , Henry Ólan T.
Published: August 2011

While most financial regulators agree that short sellers have an important role to play in ensuring an efficiently functioning market, it is interesting to note that many did not hesitate to ban short selling during the recent financial crisis. This apparent contradiction most likely stems from a lack of understanding about what motivates short trading. In this paper, we focus on the determinants of short selling during ‘normal’ trading in the Hong Kong stock market. We find that dividend payments, company fundamentals, risk, option trading, the interest rate spread and past returns and short selling are all significant determinants of short selling.
A Comparison of Creative Behaviours in Online Communities across Cultures
Authors: Jawecki Gregor , Füller Johann , Gebauer Johannes
Published: August 2011

In this study we shed light on the impact of cultural differences on creative processes and innovation creation in online communities. Analysing English‐ and Chinese‐speaking online basketball communities, we investigate how innovations develop in virtual consumer groups and what motives drive members to engage in joint innovation creation. Similarly to findings from creativity research in offline contexts, we find that culture does have an influence on creative processes and expressions. While English‐ and Chinese‐speaking online communities are similar in their high quality and quantity of creative outputs, they differ with regard to innovation patterns and the kinds of emerging innovations. From a practical perspective the findings suggest that companies that aim to collaborate with communities across cultures have to align the interaction with the members' different expectations and routines. Further, what communities consider as creative and innovative may depend on culture.
AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES IN EUROPEAN REGIONS: PERSPECTIVES FOR OBJECTIVE 1 REGIONS
Authors: DOGARU TEODORA , VAN OORT FRANK , THISSEN MARK
Published: August 2011

Economic growth is one of the main European policy objectives of structural funds targeted at objective 1 regions. In an empirical analysis on growth differentials over 219 European regions between 2000 and 2010, we find that – controlled for other determinants – objective 1 regions grow in productivity due to higher degrees of specialisation, while other regions grow faster in employment, being embedded in a diverse economic environment. We argue that the type of agglomeration economies in combination with the structure of the economy is crucial for future long‐term development prospects of regions – and that especially the larger objective 1 regions should diversify their economy more to reap long‐term convergence prospects. This outcome favours a focus on place‐based development, as advocated recently by the European Union.
Validation of a comprehensive executive learning and development measure
Authors: Akrofi Solomon , Clarke Nicholas , Vernon Guy
Published: August 2011

Evaluating the returns on intangible assets in general and executive human capital in particular is still a challenging endeavour. One possible means of addressing this challenge involves developing a broad measure of executive learning and development (L&D), encapsulating both the formal and informal activities that closely reflect the dynamic job profile of modern business executives. Yet an extensive review of the literature fails to confirm the existence of such a broad measure. The present study seeks to fill this gap. It puts forward an executive L&D measure defined by four main dimensions: strategy, self‐direction, experience and participation. This measure has been validated through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. All four factors within the construct exhibited good unidimensionality, validity and reliability characteristics and are underpinned by high Cronbach's alphas. We conclude that organizations can increase executive human capital capacity by focusing on strategically‐aligned informal learning interventions supported by carefully selected structured activities. In terms of originality, this research offers a broad and internationally validated executive L&D measure which we believe is suitable for evaluating and monitoring executive L&D interventions within organizations.