bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microeconomics for MBAs
Authors: McKenzie Richard B. , Lee Dwight R.
Published: August 2010

The textbook that develops the economic way of thinking through problems that MBA students will find relevant to their career goals. Theory and math is kept as simple as possible and illustrated with real-life scenarios. This textbook package includes online video tutorials on key concepts and complex arguments, and topics likely to be assessed in exams. The distinguished author team has developed this textbook over 20 years of teaching microeconomics to MBA students. Chapters are clearly structured to support learning: Part I of each chapter develops key economic principles. Part II draws on those principles to discuss organizational and incentive issues in management and focuses on solving the 'principal-agent' problem to maximize the profitability of the firm – lessons that can be applied to problems MBAs will face in the future. Economics and management are treated equally; this unique textbook presents economics as part of the everyday thinking of business people.
The Philistines and Aegean Migration at the End of the Late Bronze Age
Authors: Yasur-Landau Assaf
Published: August 2010

In this study, Assaf Yasur-Landau examines the early history of the biblical Philistines who were among the 'Sea Peoples' who migrated from the Aegean area to the Levant during the early twelfth century BC. Creating an archaeological narrative of the migration of the Philistines, he combines an innovative theoretical framework on the archaeology of migration with new data from excavations in Greece, Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, and Israel and thereby reconstructs the social history of the Aegean migration to the southern Levant. The author follows the story of the migrants from the conditions that caused the Philistines to leave their Aegean homes, to their movement eastward along the sea and land routes, to their formation of a migrant society in Philistia and their interaction with local populations in the Levant. Based on the most up-to-date evidence, this book offers a new and fresh understanding of the arrival of the Philistines in the Levant.
Legal Publishing in Antebellum America
Authors: Hoeflich M. H.
Published: August 2010

Legal Publishing in Antebellum America presents a history of the law book publishing and distribution industry in the United States. Part business history, part legal history, part history of information diffusion, M. H. Hoeflich shows how various developments in printing and bookbinding, the introduction of railroads, and the expansion of mail service contributed to the growth of the industry from an essentially local industry to a national industry. Furthermore, the book ties the spread of a particular approach to law, that is, the 'scientific approach', championed by Northeastern American jurists to the growth of law publishing and law book selling and shows that the two were critically intertwined.
The MiFID Revolution
Authors: Casey Jean-Pierre , Lannoo Karel
Published: August 2010

The Market in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) is nothing short of a revolution. Introduced on 1 November 2007, it will have a profound, long-term impact on Europe's securities markets. It will see banks operating as exchanges for certain activities, offering alternative execution services that more closely resemble the structure of over-the-counter markets, and will lead to the decentralisation of order execution in an array of venues previously governed by concentration rules. Crucially, MiFID will also have a profound impact on the organisation and business strategies of investment firms, exchanges, asset managers and other financial markets intermediaries. Until now, analysis has focused on the directive's short term implementation issues. This book focuses on the long term strategic implications associated with MiFID, and will be essential reading for anybody who recognises that their firm will need to make constant dynamic readjustments in order to remain competitive in this challenging new environment.
Kierkegaard on Faith and Love
Authors: Krishek Sharon
Published: August 2010

Kierkegaard's writings are interspersed with remarkable stories of love, commonly understood as a literary device that illustrates the problematic nature of aesthetic and ethical forms of life, and the contrasting desirability of the life of faith. Sharon Krishek argues that for Kierkegaard the connection between love and faith is far from being merely illustrative. Rather, love and faith have a common structure, and are involved with one another in a way that makes it impossible to love well without faith. Remarkably, this applies to romantic love no less than to neighbourly love. Krishek's original and compelling interpretation of the Works of Love in the light of Kierkegaard's famous analysis of the paradoxicality of faith in Fear and Trembling shows that preferential love, and in particular romantic love, plays a much more important and positive role in his thinking than has usually been assumed.
The Protection of Biodiversity and Traditional Knowledge in International Law of Intellectual Property
Authors: Curci Jonathan
Published: August 2010

The relationships between international intellectual property treaties, the United Nations international environmental treaties (first and foremost the Convention on Biological Diversity), the relevant customary norms and soft law form a complex network of obligations that sometimes conflict with each other. The first set of treaties creates private rights while the latter affirms the sovereignty rights of States over genetic resources and related knowledge and creates international regimes of exploitation of the same. Jonathan Curci proposes solutions to the conflicts between treaties through the concept of 'mutual supportiveness', including the construction of a national-access and benefit-sharing regime, mandatory contractual provisions in relevant international contracts, a defensive protection when genetic resource-related traditional knowledge is unjustly patented through the analysis of the concepts of 'ordre public and morality', 'certificate of origin' in the patent application and 'novelty-destroying prior art' and positive protection through existing and sui generis intellectual property rights and misappropriation regimes.
The Death of Nietzsche's Zarathustra
Authors: Loeb Paul S.
Published: August 2010

In this study of Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Paul S. Loeb proposes a fresh account of the relation between the book's literary and philosophical aspects and argues that the book's narrative is designed to embody and exhibit the truth of eternal recurrence. Loeb shows how Nietzsche constructed a unified and complete plot in which the protagonist dies, experiences a deathbed revelation of his endlessly repeating life, and then returns to his identical life so as to recollect this revelation and gain a power over time that advances him beyond the human. Through close textual analysis and careful attention to Nietzsche's use of Platonic, biblical, and Wagnerian themes, Loeb explains how this novel design is the key to solving the many riddles of Thus Spoke Zarathustra - including its controversial fourth part, its obscure concept of the Übermensch, and its relation to Nietzsche's Genealogy of Morals.
Meaning, Discourse and Society
Authors: Teubert Wolfgang
Published: August 2010

Meaning, Discourse and Society investigates the construction of reality within discourse. When people talk about things such as language, the mind, globalisation or weeds, they are less discussing the outside world than objects they have created collaboratively by talking about them. Wolfgang Teubert shows that meaning cannot be found in mental concepts or neural activity, as implied by the cognitive sciences. He argues instead that meaning is negotiated and knowledge is created by symbolic interaction, thus taking language as a social, rather than a mental, phenomenon. Discourses, Teubert contends, can be viewed as collective minds, enabling the members of discourse communities to make sense of themselves and of the world around them. By taking an active stance in constructing the reality they share, people thus can take part in moulding the world in accordance with their perceived needs.
Rousseau, Law and the Sovereignty of the People
Authors: Putterman Ethan
Published: August 2010

Together with Plato's Republic, Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Social Contract is regarded as one of the most original examples of utopian political engineering in the history of ideas. Similar to the Republic, Rousseau's masterwork is better known today for its author's idiosyncratic view of political justice than its lessons on lawmaking or governance in any concrete sense. Challenging this common view, Rousseau, Law and the Sovereignty of the People examines the Genevan's contributions as a legislator and builder of institutions, relating his major ideas to issues and debates in twenty-first century political science. Ethan Putterman explores how Rousseau's just state would actually operate, investigating how laws would be drafted, ratified and executed, arguing that the theory of the Social Contract is more pragmatic and populist than many scholars assume today.
The Brain and Behavior
Authors: Clark David L. , Boutros Nash N. , Mendez Mario F.
Published: August 2010

Now in its third edition, The Brain and Behavior continues on its mission to present a simplified and accessible introduction to behavioral neuroanatomy. Human behavior is a direct reflection of the anatomy of the central nervous system, and it is the goal of the behavioral neuroscientist to uncover its neuroanatomical basis. Much of the new content in this edition reflects advances in functional magnetic resonance imaging. The text is presented in a highly structured and organized format to help the reader distinguish between issues of anatomical, behavioral and physiological relevance. Simplified and clear diagrams are provided throughout the chapters to illustrate key points. Case examples are explored to set the neuroanatomy in the context of clinical experience. This will be essential reading for behavioral clinicians including psychiatrists, neuropsychiatrists, neurologists, psychologists and clinical neuroscientists.
Tort Law and Social Morality
Authors: Gerhart Peter M.
Published: August 2010

This book develops a theory of tort law that integrates deontic and consequential approaches by applying justificational analysis to identify the factors, circumstances, and values that shape tort law. Drawing on Kantian and Rawlsian philosophy, and on the insights of game theorist Ken Binmore, this book refocuses tort law on a single theory of responsibility that explains and justifies the broad range of tort doctrine and concepts. Under this theory, tort law asks people to appropriately incorporate the well-being of others into the decisions they make, explains when that duty applies, and explains the scope and limits of that duty. The theory also incorporates a theory of the evolutionary development of social values that people use, and ought to use, in meeting that duty and explains how decision-making from behind the veil of ignorance allows us to evaluate the is in light of the ought.
Watch This Space
Authors: Deitz Milissa
Published: August 2010

With traditional print media sinking under shrinking readerships, redundancies and declining advertising revenue, the imminent death of 'quality' journalism is being prophesied by academics, publishers and journalists. Are we losing a vital public sphere for interrogating those in power and creating local and national communities? Or is a moribund media status quo getting a long overdue shake up? Milissa Deitz argues that far from being the grave digger, the internet is in fact reinventing and reinvigorating 'citizen journalism'. More democratic through interactivity and participation, more immediately responsive to rapidly changing events and issues, we increasingly go online for our news. Far from undermining traditional journalism, a changing mediascape composed of dedicated online journals, blogs, social networking, twitter and mobile telephony, is returning journalism to its radical and democratic roots, recreating the feisty, informed public domain extinguished over the twentieth century by the concentration of media ownership in Australia.
Systems Biology
Authors: Palsson Bernhard Ø.
Published: August 2010

Genome sequences are now available that enable us to determine the biological components that make up a cell or an organism. The discipline of systems biology examines how these components interact and form networks, and how the networks generate whole cell functions corresponding to observable phenotypes. This 2006 textbook devoted to systems biology describes how to model networks, how to determine their properties, and how to relate these to phenotypic functions. The prerequisites are some knowledge of linear algebra and biochemistry. Though the links between the mathematical ideas and biological processes are made clear, the book reflects the irreversible trend of increasing mathematical content in biology education. Therefore to assist both teacher and student, in an associated web site Palsson provides problem sets, projects and Powerpoint slides, and keeps the presentation in the book concrete with illustrative material and experimental results.
Wealth into Power
Authors: Dickson Bruce J.
Published: August 2010

In Wealth into Power, Bruce Dickson challenges the notion that economic development is leading to political change in China, or that China's private entrepreneurs are helping to promote democratization. Instead, they have become partners with the ruling Chinese Communist Party to promote economic growth while maintaining the political status quo. Dickson's research illuminates the Communist Party's strategy for incorporating China's capitalists into the political system and how the shared interests, personal ties, and common views of the party and the private sector are creating a form of 'crony communism'. Rather than being potential agents of change, China's entrepreneurs may prove to be a key source of support for the party's agenda. Based on years of research and original survey data, this book will be of interest to all those interested in China's political future and in the relationship between economic wealth and political power.
Comparing Media Systems
Authors: Hallin Daniel C. , Mancini Paolo
Published: August 2010

Building on a survey of media institutions in eighteen West European and North American democracies, Hallin and Mancini identify the principal dimensions of variation in media systems and the political variables which have shaped their evolution. They go on to identify three major models of media system development (the Polarized Pluralist, Democratic Corporatist and Liberal models) to explain why the media have played a different role in politics in each of these systems, and to explore the forces of change that are currently transforming them. It provides a key theoretical statement about the relation between media and political systems, a key statement about the methodology of comparative analysis in political communication and a clear overview of the variety of media institutions that have developed in the West, understood within their political and historical context.
Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models
Authors: Gelman Andrew , Hill Jennifer
Published: August 2010

Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models, first published in 2007, is a comprehensive manual for the applied researcher who wants to perform data analysis using linear and nonlinear regression and multilevel models. The book introduces a wide variety of models, whilst at the same time instructing the reader in how to fit these models using available software packages. The book illustrates the concepts by working through scores of real data examples that have arisen from the authors' own applied research, with programming codes provided for each one. Topics covered include causal inference, including regression, poststratification, matching, regression discontinuity, and instrumental variables, as well as multilevel logistic regression and missing-data imputation. Practical tips regarding building, fitting, and understanding are provided throughout.
Tides of Consent
Authors: Stimson James A.
Published: August 2010

Politics is a trial in which those in government - and those who aspire to be - make proposals, debate alternatives, and pass laws. Then the jury of public opinion decides. It likes the proposals or actions or it does not. It trusts the actors or it doesn't. It moves, always at the margin, and then those who benefit from the movement are declared winners. This book is about that public opinion response. Its most basic premise is that although pubic opinion rarely matters in a democracy, public opinion change is the exception. Public opinion rarely matters, because the public rarely cares enough to act on its concerns or preferences. Change happens only when the threshold of normal public inattention is crossed. When public opinion changes, governments rise or fall, elections are won or lost, old realities give way to new demands.
Sequence Organization in Interaction
Authors: Schegloff Emanuel A.
Published: August 2010

Much of our daily lives are spent talking to one another, in both ordinary conversation and more specialized settings such as meetings, interviews, classrooms, and courtrooms. It is largely through conversation that the major institutions of our society - economy, religion, politics, family and law - are implemented. This book Emanuel Schegloff, the first in a series and first published in 2007, introduces the findings and theories of conversation analysis. Together, the volumes in the series constitute a complete and authoritative 'primer' in the subject. The topic of this first volume is 'sequence organization' - the ways in which turns-at-talk are ordered and combined to make actions take place in conversation, such as requests, offers, complaints, and announcements. Containing many examples from real-life conversations, it will be invaluable to anyone interested in human interaction and the workings of conversation.
Modern Coding Theory
Authors: Richardson Tom , Urbanke Rüdiger
Published: August 2010

Having trouble deciding which coding scheme to employ, how to design a new scheme, or how to improve an existing system? This summary of the state-of-the-art in iterative coding makes this decision more straightforward. With emphasis on the underlying theory, techniques to analyse and design practical iterative coding systems are presented. Using Gallager's original ensemble of LDPC codes, the basic concepts are extended for several general codes, including the practically important class of turbo codes. The simplicity of the binary erasure channel is exploited to develop analytical techniques and intuition, which are then applied to general channel models. A chapter on factor graphs helps to unify the important topics of information theory, coding and communication theory. Covering the most recent advances, this text is ideal for graduate students in electrical engineering and computer science, and practitioners. Additional resources, including instructor's solutions and figures, available online: www.cambridge.org/9780521852296.
Dynamical Processes on Complex Networks
Authors: Barrat Alain , Barthélemy Marc , Vespignani Alessandro
Published: August 2010

The availability of large data sets has allowed researchers to uncover complex properties such as large-scale fluctuations and heterogeneities in many networks, leading to the breakdown of standard theoretical frameworks and models. Until recently these systems were considered as haphazard sets of points and connections. Recent advances have generated a vigorous research effort in understanding the effect of complex connectivity patterns on dynamical phenomena. This book presents a comprehensive account of these effects. A vast number of systems, from the brain to ecosystems, power grids and the Internet, can be represented as large complex networks. This book will interest graduate students and researchers in many disciplines, from physics and statistical mechanics to mathematical biology and information science. Its modular approach allows readers to readily access the sections of most interest to them, and complicated maths is avoided so the text can be easily followed by non-experts in the subject.
The hybrid Euler–Lagrange procedure using an extension of Moffatt's method
Authors: SOWARD A. M. , ROBERTS P. H.
Published: August 2010

The hybrid Euler–Lagrange (HEL) description of fluid mechanics, pioneered largely by Andrews & McIntyre (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 89, 1978, pp. 609–646), has had to face the fact, in common with all Lagrangian descriptions of fluid motion, that the variables used do not describe conditions at the coordinate x, upon which they depend, but conditions elsewhere at some displaced position xL(x, t) = x + ξ(x, t), generally dependent on time t. To address this issue, we employ ‘Lie dragging’ techniques of general tensor calculus to extend a method introduced by Moffatt (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 166, 1986, pp. 359–378) in the fluid dynamic context, whereby the point x is dragged to xL(x, t) by a ‘fictitious steady flow’ η*(x, t) in a unit of ‘fictitious time’. Whereas ξ(x, t) is a Lagrangian concept intimately linked to the location xL(x, t), the ‘dragging velocity’ η*(x, t) has an essentially Eulerian character, because it describes the fictitious velocity at x itself. For the case of constant-density fluids, we show, using solenoidal η*(x, t) instead of solenoidal ξ(x, t), how the HEL theory can be cast into Eulerian form. A useful aspect of this Eulerian development is that the mean flow itself remains solenoidal, a feature that traditional HEL theories lack. Our method realizes the objective sought by Holm (Physica D, vol. 170, 2002, pp. 253–286) in his derivation of the Navier–Stokes–α equation, which is the basis of one of the methods currently employed to represent the sub-grid scales in large-eddy simulations. His derivation, based on expansion to second order in ξ, contained an error which, when corrected, implied a violation of Kelvin's theorem on the constancy of circulation in inviscid incompressible fluid. We show that this is rectified when the expansion is in η* rather than ξ, Kelvin's theorem then being satisfied to all orders for which the expansion converges. We discuss the implications of our approach using η* for the Navier–Stokes–α theory.
Towards the development of a multiscale, multiphysics method for the simulation of rarefied gas flows
Authors: KESSLER DAVID A. , ORAN ELAINE S. , KAPLAN CAROLYN R.
Published: August 2010

We introduce a coupled multiscale, multiphysics method (CM3) for solving for the behaviour of rarefied gas flows. The approach is to solve the kinetic equation for rarefied gases (the Boltzmann equation) over a very short interval of time in order to obtain accurate estimates of the components of the stress tensor and heat-flux vector. These estimates are used to close the conservation laws for mass, momentum and energy, which are subsequently used to advance continuum-level flow variables forward in time. After a finite time interval, the Boltzmann equation is solved again for the new continuum field, and the cycle is repeated. The target applications for this type of method are transition-regime gas flows for which standard continuum models (e.g. Navier–Stokes equations) cannot be used, but solution of Boltzmann's equation is prohibitively expensive. The use of molecular-level data to close the conservation laws significantly extends the range of applicability of the continuum conservation laws. In this study, theCM3is used to perform two proof-of-principle calculations: a low-speed Rayleigh flow and a thermal Fourier flow. Velocity, temperature, shear-stress and heat-flux profiles compare well with direct-simulation Monte Carlo solutions for various Knudsen numbers ranging from the near-continuum regime to the transition regime. We discuss algorithmic problems and the solutions necessary to implement the CM3, building upon the conceptual framework of the heterogeneous multiscale methods.
Relative dispersion of a scalar plume in a turbulent boundary layer
Authors: LIAO Q. , COWEN E. A.
Published: August 2010

The relative dispersion of a scalar plume is examined experimentally. A passive fluorescent tracer is continuously released from a flush-bed mounted source into the turbulent boundary layer of a laboratory-generated open channel flow. A two-dimensional particle image velocimetry–laser-induced florescence (PIV–LIF) technique is applied to measure the instantaneous horizontal velocity and concentration fields. Measured results are used to investigate the relationship between the boundary-layer turbulence and the evolution of the distance-neighbour function, namely the probability density distribution of the separation distance between two marked fluid particles within a cloud of particles. Special attention is paid to the hypothesis that a diffusion equation can describe the evolution of the distance-neighbour function. The diffusion coefficient in such an equation, termed the ‘relative diffusivity’, is directly calculated based on the concentration distribution. The results indicate that the relative diffusivity statistically depends on particle separation lengths instead of the overall size of the plume. Measurements at all stages of the dispersing plume collapse onto a single curve and follow a 4/3 power law in the inertial subrange. The Richardson–Obukhov constant is estimated from the presented dataset. The relationship between the one-dimensional (1D) representation of the distance-neighbour function and its three-dimensional (3D) representation is discussed. An extended model for relative diffusivity beyond the inertial subrange is proposed based on the structure of the turbulent velocity field, and it agrees well with measurements. The experimental evidence implies that, while the diffusion of the distance-neighbour function is completely determined by the underlying turbulence, the overall growth rate of the plume is affected by both the turbulent flow and its actual concentration distribution.
Crossflow past a prolate spheroid at Reynolds number of 10000
Authors: EL KHOURY GEORGE K. , ANDERSSON HELGE I. , PETTERSEN BJØRNAR
Published: August 2010

The flow field around a 6:1 prolate spheroid has been investigated by means of direct numerical simulations. Contrary to earlier studies the major axis of the spheroid was oriented perpendicular to the oncoming flow. At the subcritical Reynolds number 10 000 the laminar boundary layer separated from the frontal side of the spheroid and formed an elliptical vortex sheet. The detached shear layer was unstable from its very inception and even the near-wake turned out to be turbulent. The Strouhal number associated with the large-scale shedding was 0.156, significantly below that of the wake of a sphere. A higher-frequency mode was associated with Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities in the detached shear layer. The shape of the near-wake mirrored the shape of the spheroid. Some 10 minor diameters downstream, the major axis of the wake became aligned with the minor axis of the spheroid.
The wild dog—Africa's vanishing carnivore
Authors: Fanshawe John H. , Frame Lory H. , Ginsberg Joshua R.
Published: August 2010

This paper presents a synopsis of the current status and distribution of the African wild dog Lycaon pictus, outlines reasons for its decline and discusses recommendations to halt or reverse this decline. A recent review of the status of the species provides evidence that it has disappeared or is in decline throughout its range (sub-Saharan Africa). Relict populations with little or no chance of long-term survival are found in several countries including Algeria and Senegal. Countries believed to contain potentially viable populations are, from north to south, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, and South Africa (only the Kruger National Park).
“A difficult, tedious and unwanted task”: Representing the Central African Federation in the United Nations, 1960–1963
Authors: Cohen Andrew
Published: August 2010

On Tuesday 22 January, 1963, the First Secretary of State and Minister in charge of the Central Africa Office, R.A. Butler, met with the Southern Rhodesia Cabinet in Salisbury. Butler notified the Cabinet that he was visiting the Central African Federation in order to “gauge for himself” the situation. Southern Rhodesia, he remarked, was “an issue unjustifiably pursued at the United Nations” and countering this negative international opinion “was providing the British Government with a difficult, tedious and unwanted task”.
Le statut des concessives enavoir beaudu français: considérations synchroniques et diachroniques
Authors: CONTI VIRGINIE , BÉGUELIN MARIE-JOSÉ
Published: August 2010

Cet article traite d'un tour spécifique au français: la structure concessive avecavoir beau+ infinitif (Il aura beau sonner, je ne lui ouvrirai pas(Riegelet alii1996: 520), à comprendre comme:Il pourra bien sonner/Il pourra sonner autant qu'il veut, je ne lui ouvrirai pas). Nous nous y interrogeons sur la nature du lien syntaxique qui s'instaure, en français moderne, entre les deux membres de cette structure « en diptyque ». Nous commençons par un aperçu critique des descriptions dont la séquence a fait l'objet dans les grammaires du français contemporain; nous tirons ensuite quelques enseignements de l'évolution des emplois entre moyen français et français contemporain. Pour conclure cette étude à caractère préliminaire, nous formulons quelques hypothèses relatives au scénario diachronique de coalescence dans lequel notre structure semble engagée.
Selective review of cognitive aging
Authors: SALTHOUSE TIMOTHY A.
Published: August 2010

Research concerned with relations between adult age and cognitive functioning is briefly reviewed. The coverage is necessarily selective, and is organized in terms of five major questions. These are what abilities are related to age, how many distinct influences are contributing to the relations between age and cognitive functioning, do the differences between people increase with advancing age, what is responsible for the discrepancies between cross-sectional and longitudinal age comparisons of cognitive functioning, and what methods can be used to identify causes of age-related influences on cognition. Although definitive answers are not yet possible, quite a bit of information relevant to the questions is now available. Moreover, the existing information has implications for the design, analysis, and interpretation of cognitive and neuropsychological research concerned with aging. (JINS, 2010, 16, 754–760.)
Extent of the microbial biosphere in the oceanic crust
Authors: Heberling Cara , Lowell Robert P. , Liu Lei , Fisk Martin R.
Published: August 2010

We estimate the depth of the 120°C isotherm by constructing crustal thermal gradients based on theoretical and observed conductive heat flux as a function of lithospheric age. We chose the 120°C isotherm because it is close to the upper limit for prokaryotic life, and therefore, the isotherm approximates the maximum depth at which life can persist in the ocean crust. The depth of the potential microbial biosphere increases with lithospheric age from approximately 0.5 to 1 km for 1 Ma lithosphere to as much as 5 km at a subduction age of 180 Ma. We use global models of oceanic plate creation to estimate the volume of crust occupied by the biosphere today and throughout geologic time. Presently, the volume of the ocean crust that is capable of containing life is similar to the volume of the oceans (∼1018 m3). Depending on the model used for the growth of continental crust, the volume of rock available to house the subsurface biosphere may have remained constant or doubled since the Archean. Although the thermal models presented here provide estimates for the potential depth and volume of rock in which microbes may live, the biomass in this volume is not well constrained. Using a previously published model, the prokaryotic biomass in the igneous ocean crust is estimated to exceed that in all aquatic and soil environments and is similar to that in the continental subsurface and in marine sediment. Most of the crustal biomass beneath the sediments is likely contained within the extrusive layer, and this has probably been the case since microbes first colonized the oceanic crust in the Archean.
Sources of the traveling ionospheric disturbances observed by the ionospheric TIDDBIT sounder near Wallops Island on 30 October 2007
Authors: Vadas Sharon L. , Crowley Geoff
Published: August 2010

We model the gravity waves (GWs) excited by Tropical Storm (TS) Noel at 0432 UT on 30 October 2007. Using forward ray tracing, we calculate the body forces which result from the saturation and dissipation of these GWs. We then analyze the 59 traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) observed by the TIDDBIT ionospheric sounder at 0400‐1000 UT near Wallops Island. These TIDs were located at the bottomside of the F layer at z = 230–290 km, had periods of τr = 15 to 90 min, horizontal wavelengths of λH = 100 to 3000 km, and horizontal phase speeds of cH = 140 to 650 m/s. 33 (∼60%) of the TIDs were propagating northwest(NW) and north(N)ward, from the direction of TS Noel 1700–2000 km away. We show that these TIDs were likely GWs. 40% of these GWs had phase speeds larger than 280m/s. This precluded a tropospheric source and suggested mesospheric and thermospheric sources instead. Using reverse ray tracing, we compare the GW locations with the regions of convective overshoot, mesospheric body forces, and thermospheric body forces. We identify 27 of the northwest/northward propagating GWs as likely being secondary GWs excited by thermospheric body forces. Three may have originated from mesospheric body forces, although this is much less likely. None are identified as primary GWs excited directly by TS Noel. 11 of these GWs with cH < 205 m/s likely reflected near the tropopause prior to detection. This secondary GW spectrum peaks at λH ∼ 100–300 km and cH ∼ 100–300 m/s. To our knowledge, this is the first identification and quantification of secondary GWs from thermospheric body forces.
Kīholo Bay, Hawai‘i, earthquake sequence of 2006: Relationship of the main shock slip with locations and source parameters of aftershocks
Authors: Yamada Takuji , Okubo Paul G. , Wolfe Cecily J.
Published: August 2010

We study the source process of the Kīholo Bay earthquake (MW 6.7), which occurred beneath the northwest part of the Island of Hawai‘i on 15 October 2006, and static stress drops of small earthquakes that occurred in 2006 and 2007 around the main shock including aftershocks. We relocate the aftershocks to determine the fault plane from the two nodal planes. The relocated aftershocks define an E‐W trending plane that dips to the south, in good agreement with one of the nodal planes given by the Global Centroid Moment Tensor solution. Waveform inversion is performed with multiple time windows to investigate the rupture speed and the slip distribution of the main shock. Waveforms of an aftershock with MW 5.2 are used to calculate empirical Green's functions. Our results indicate that the rupture propagated unilaterally to the west with a rupture speed greater than 3.0 km/s (63% of the shear wave velocity). This westward rupture is consistent with the fact that aftershocks are distributed predominantly to the west of the main shock epicenter. Most aftershocks are located on the edge of patches with a large slip, or asperities and some also occur inside the patches. We also estimate static stress drops of 39 earthquakes (2.5 < ML < 3.5) that occurred in 2006 and 2007 near the source region of the Kīholo Bay earthquake. Static stress drops range from 0.12 to 8.6 MPa and aftershocks around large slip patches of the main shock likely to have larger stress drops.
Dynamic source modeling of the 1978 and 2005 Miyagi‐oki earthquakes: Interpretation of fracture energy
Authors: Kimura Takeshi , Koketsu Kazuki , Miyake Hiroe , Wu Changjiang , Miyatake Takashi
Published: August 2010

We constructed spontaneous dynamic rupture models of the 1978 and 2005 Miyagi‐oki, Japan, earthquakes, which occurred on the same plate boundary repeatedly with different magnitudes, to reproduce the slip and the rupture velocity predicted by kinematic source models. Comparison of the dynamic source parameters of these events enables us to consider the behavior of rupture dynamics during different source processes on the same fault. In particular, we compared the stress drop and the fracture energy, which can be evaluated stably, between two events. The maximum and average values of the stress drop over the whole fault plane and on an asperity that ruptured during both events are almost identical in the two models. On the other hand, the 1978 event, whose magnitude was larger than the 2005 event, has a fracture energy value larger than that of the 2005 event not only over the whole fault but also on the asperity that ruptured repeatedly. These results are consistent with previous studies of the scaling of fracture energy with the seismic moment. We also compared the fracture energy values with those of other inland events estimated for previous studies; our values for the Miyagi‐oki earthquakes are smaller. Differences in tectonic setting between shallow inland events and deep subduction‐zone events might cause this discrepancy.
Coherence of Mach fronts during heterogeneous supershear earthquake rupture propagation: Simulations and comparison with observations
Authors: Bizzarri A. , Dunham Eric M. , Spudich P.
Published: August 2010

We study how heterogeneous rupture propagation affects the coherence of shear and Rayleigh Mach wavefronts radiated by supershear earthquakes. We address this question using numerical simulations of ruptures on a planar, vertical strike‐slip fault embedded in a three‐dimensional, homogeneous, linear elastic half‐space. Ruptures propagate spontaneously in accordance with a linear slip‐weakening friction law through both homogeneous and heterogeneous initial shear stress fields. In the 3‐D homogeneous case, rupture fronts are curved owing to interactions with the free surface and the finite fault width; however, this curvature does not greatly diminish the coherence of Mach fronts relative to cases in which the rupture front is constrained to be straight, as studied by Dunham and Bhat (2008a). Introducing heterogeneity in the initial shear stress distribution causes ruptures to propagate at speeds that locally fluctuate above and below the shear wave speed. Calculations of the Fourier amplitude spectra (FAS) of ground velocity time histories corroborate the kinematic results of Bizzarri and Spudich (2008a): (1) The ground motion of a supershear rupture is richer in high frequency with respect to a subshear one. (2) When a Mach pulse is present, its high frequency content overwhelms that arising from stress heterogeneity. Present numerical experiments indicate that a Mach pulse causes approximately anω−1.7high frequency falloff in the FAS of ground displacement. Moreover, within the context of the employed representation of heterogeneities and over the range of parameter space that is accessible with current computational resources, our simulations suggest that while heterogeneities reduce peak ground velocity and diminish the coherence of the Mach fronts, ground motion at stations experiencing Mach pulses should be richer in high frequencies compared to stations without Mach pulses. In contrast to the foregoing theoretical results, we find no average elevation of 5%‐damped absolute response spectral accelerations (SA) in the period band 0.05–0.4 s observed at stations that presumably experienced Mach pulses during the 1979 Imperial Valley, 1999 Kocaeli, and 2002 Denali Fault earthquakes compared to SA observed at non‐Mach pulse stations in the same earthquakes. A 20% amplification of short period SA is seen only at a few of the Imperial Valley stations closest to the fault. This lack of elevated SA suggests that either Mach pulses in real earthquakes are even more incoherent that in our simulations or that Mach pulses are vulnerable to attenuation through nonlinear soil response. In any case, this result might imply that current engineering models of high frequency earthquake ground motions do not need to be modified by more than 20% close to the fault to account for Mach pulses, provided that the existing data are adequately representative of ground motions from supershear earthquakes.
Coseismic velocity variations caused by static stress changes associated with the 2001 Mw = 4.3 Agios Ioanis earthquake in the Gulf of Corinth, Greece
Authors: Cociani L. , Bean C. J. , Lyon‐Caen H. , Pacchiani F. , Deschamps A.
Published: August 2010

The analysis of temporal variations in the seismic velocity across faults can be used to estimate in situ stress changes. Seismic velocity of propagation depends on the fault stiffness, which is a function of stress. The coda wave interferometry technique is applied to seven families of repeating earthquakes (multiplets) recorded on the southern shore of the Gulf of Corinth, Greece, to estimate high precision velocity changes in the Earth's crust associated with the Mw = 4.3 Agios Ioanis earthquake. Results show that the Agios Ioanis event causes a perturbation in elastic properties at seismogenic depth, resulting in a reduction of 0.2% in the seismic velocity. The results are not consistent with either damage induced by dynamic stresses nor a fluid transient origin. In contrast, both the spatial distribution and magnitude of the velocity perturbation correlate well with modeled static stress variations. This suggests that the measured changes in the mechanical properties of the seismogenic crust can be attributed to a change in static stress field associated with the Mw = 4.3 Agios Ioanis earthquake. The velocity changes indicate an unclamping of the Pyrgaki fault at depth, which has local hazard implications.
Constraints on compaction rate and equilibrium in the pressure solution creep of quartz aggregates and fractures: Controls of aqueous concentration
Authors: Taron Joshua , Elsworth Derek
Published: August 2010

A relationship is developed to examine dissolution precipitation creep in crustal rocks with implicit coupling of the dissolution‐diffusion‐precipitation system and without requiring the iterative solution of a linear equation system. Implicit control is maintained over aqueous silica concentrations within hydrated solid contacts and in open pore space. For arbitrary conditions of temperature, pressure, and mechanical stress, the simple equation system conforms to a polynomial solution for aqueous concentrations set within a small iterative compaction scheme. Equilibrium (long‐term) pressure solution compaction, previously ill constrained, is explored with two alternate methods: (1) a modified form of critical stress and (2) rate‐controlled growth of diffusion limiting cement at the periphery of solid contacts. Predictions are compared to previous experimental results that allow compaction equilibrium to be achieved. Only the modified critical stress is capable of reproducing these results. In this case the agreement is strong across a range of conditions (400°C–500°C, 20–150 MPa, and 3–120 μm mean particle diameter). Compaction rates are overestimated in very early times in a manner suggesting the importance of plastic flow during this period. Predictions are also compared to concentration independent simplifications at general conditions of 350°C and 50 MPa. Compared to the implicit coupling, these methods represent the mean behavior, slightly underestimating rates in dissolution control and slightly overestimating in diffusion control. Aqueous concentration is influential in either regime. The solution is applicable to open and closed systems, is extended to systems with boundary influx, and may be applied to granular media or fractures, differing only in the method defining evolving contact geometry.
Microphysical and radiative properties of tropical clouds investigated in TC4 and NAMMA
Authors: Lawson R. Paul , Jensen Eric , Mitchell David L. , Baker Brad , Mo Qixu , Pilson Bryan
Published: August 2010

The size, shape and concentration of ice particles in tropical anvil cirrus and in situ cirrus clouds have a significant impact on cloud radiative forcing, and hence on global climate change. Data collected in tropical anvil and cirrus clouds with a 2D‐S probe, an optical imaging probe with improved response characteristics and the ability to remove shattered artifacts, are analyzed and discussed. The data were collected with NASA DC‐8 and WB‐57F research aircraft near Costa Rica during the 2007 Tropical Composition, Cloud and Climate Coupling (TC4) field project, and with the DC‐8 near Cape Verde during the 2006 NASA African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (NAMMA) campaign. Data were collected in convective turrets, anvils still attached to convection, aged anvils detached from convection and cirrus formed in situ. Unusually strong maritime convection was encountered, with peak updrafts of 20 m s−1, ice water contents exceeding 2 g m−3 and total particle concentrations exceeding 10 cm−3 at 12.2 km. Ice water contents in the anvils declined outward from the center of convection, decreasing to <0.1 g m−3 in aged anvil cirrus. The data show that microphysical and radiative properties of both tropical anvils and cirrus are most strongly influenced by ice particles in the size range from about 100 to 400 μm. This is contrary to several previous investigations that have suggested that ice particles less than about 50 μm control radiative properties in anvils and cirrus. The 2D‐S particle area and mass size distributions, plus information on particle shape, are input into an optical properties routine that computes cloud extinction, asymmetry parameter and single scattering albedo. These optical properties are then input into two‐stream radiative code to compute radiative heating profiles within the various cloud types. The results produce short‐ and long‐wave heating/cooling vertical profiles in these tropical clouds. A simple parameterization based on 2D‐S measurements is derived from the particle mass size distribution that yields an area size distribution. The parameterized area size distribution can then be used in large‐scale numerical simulations that include radiative transfer packages.
Influence of the 2006 Indonesian biomass burning aerosols on tropical dynamics studied with the GEOS‐5 AGCM
Authors: Ott Lesley , Duncan Bryan , Pawson Steven , Colarco Peter , Chin Mian , Randles Cynthia , Diehl Thomas , Nielsen Eric
Published: August 2010

The direct and semidirect effects of aerosols produced by Indonesian biomass burning (BB) during August–November 2006 on tropical dynamics have been examined using NASA's Goddard Earth Observing System, version 5, (GEOS‐5) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). Simulations were driven by two sets of aerosol forcing fields calculated offline by a separate aerosol transport model, one that included Indonesian BB aerosol emissions and one that did not. In order to separate the influence of the aerosols from internal model variability, the means of two ten‐member ensembles were compared. Diabatic heating from BB aerosols increased temperatures over Indonesia between 150 and 400 hPa. The higher temperatures resulted in strong increases in upward grid‐scale vertical motion, which increased water vapor and CO over Indonesia. In October, the largest increases in water vapor were found in the midtroposphere (∼25%) while the largest increases in CO occurred just below the tropopause (80 ppbv or ∼50%). Diabatic heating from the Indonesian BB aerosols caused CO to increase by 9% throughout the tropical tropopause layer in November and 5% in the lower stratosphere in December. The results demonstrate that aerosol heating plays an important role in the transport of BB pollution and troposphere‐to‐stratosphere transport. Changes in vertical motion and cloudiness induced by aerosol heating can also alter the transport and phase of water vapor in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere.