bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detailed investigation of the diagnostic value in tumour histopathology of ICR.2, a new monoclonal antibody to epithelial membrane antigen
Authors: IMRIE S.F. , SLOANE J.P. , ORMEROD M.G. , STYLES J. , DEAN C.J.
Published: April 2007

The production and detailed immunostaining properties of a new rat monoclonal antibody (ICR.2) to epithelial membrane antigen are reported. The antibody was selected for its ability to compete with the polyclonal antiserum (M7), used in the original immunohistological studies, in order that it might serve as a direct replacement in diagnosing epithelial tumours. Most of the staining reactions on normal tissues were identical to those previously reported with M7 but there were some important differences. They included: positivity of renal and adrenal capsular fibroblasts, perineurium, some myoepithelial and smooth muscle cells, occasional osteoblasts and squamous and thyroid follicular epithelum in the normal state. The intercellular canaliculi of sweat glands and secretory canaliculi of gastric oxyntic cells were clearly demonstrated. These staining reactions could be obtained with M7 when a sensitive detection system was used although the results were usually weak and inconsistent. Nearly all adeno‐, squamous and transitional carcinomas were positive. The remaining tumours fell into three major groups: (1) those which were consistently or nearly consistently negative–melanoma, seminoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma, adrenal cortical carcinoma, granulocytic sarcoma, paraganglioma, non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease and embryonal carcinoma; (2) those which were either negative or positive with distinctive patterns of staining–basal cell carcinoma, embryonal tumours: and (3) non‐epithelial tumours that were consistently positive–epithelioid sarcoma, synovial sarcoma, osteosarcoma, chordoma and myeloma–or positive in a significant minority of cases–leiomyosarcoma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, clear cell sarcoma of tendon sheath, various neuroectodermal tumours. It is concluded that ICR.2 is a useful reagent for distinguishing carcinoma from tumours in the first two groups, particularly if used in combination with other antibodies, but has no or limited use in excluding tumours belonging to group 3.
Massive congenital mesenchymal malformation of the lung: another cause of non‐immune hydrops
Authors: KHONG T.Y. , KEELING J.W.
Published: April 2007

A case of a hamartomatous malformation, termed ‘massive congenital mesenchymal malformation of the lung’, presenting with polyhydramnios and fetal hydrops, is discussed. ramnios. We report the third case of this unusual malformation which presented with polyhydran and fetal hydrops.
Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma‐like lesion in multinodular goitre
Authors: CHAN J.K.C. , TSE C.C.H. , CHIU H.S.
Published: April 2007

Hyalinizing trabecular adenoma, a recently characterized variant of thyroid adenoma, is often confused with a variety of lesions because of its unusual histological features (Carney, Ryan & Goellner 1987). We report a case of multinodular goitre in which there were several small nodules showing features of hyalinizing trabecular adenoma and peculiar nuclear rods.
Immunolocalization of urokinase‐type plasminogen activator in adenomas and carcinomas of the colorectum
Authors: SIER C.F.M. , FELLBAUM C. , VERSPAGET H.W. , SCHMITT M. , GRIFFIOEN G. , GRAEFF H. , HÖFLER H. , LAMERS C.B.H.W.
Published: April 2007

Carcinogenesis in the human colon is associated with a marked increase in the tissue content of the urokinase‐type plasmmogen activator (u‐PA). This study was performed to determine the type of cells responsible for the u‐PA increase in carcinomas of the colon and in their precursor lesions, the adenomas, by immunohistological evaluation applying monoclonal antibody 3689 directed to the β‐chain of u‐PA.

Normal intestinal mucosa (n= 17) showed hardly any staining of u‐PA, but some lamina propria cells were faintly positive. Carcinomas (n= 17) and adenomas (n= 16) showed a considerable and comparable staining intensity of u‐PA in neoplastic columnar epithelial cells, and this staining was found to be diffuse and cytoplasmic. In a majority of the neoplastic tissues the u‐PA staining was found to be patchy and not related to known risk markers of malignancy such as dysplasia in the adenomas, or to prognostic determinants such as Dukes' classification or differentiation in the carcinomas. The observation of strong u‐PA positive lamina propria cells in adenomas but infrequently observed in normal mucosa and carcinomas was noteworthy. u‐PA staining intensity of the tissue sections was found to correlate well with the u‐PA antigen level in the tissue extracts determined by ELISA (r= 0.52, P= 0.0001) but poorly with the u‐PA activity determined enzymatically (r= 0.28, P= 0.05).

In conclusion, the u‐PA increase in neoplasia of the human colon can be attributed to an increased diffuse cytoplasmic content of u‐PA in neoplastic columnar epithelial cells.
The L1 antigen and squamous metaplasia in the bladder
Authors: TUNGEKAR M.F. , HERYET A. , GATTER K.C.
Published: April 2007

The L1 antigen was investigated as a marker of squamous differentiation in urothelium using a monoclonal antibody Mac387, and the results were compared with the expression of high molecular weight cytokeratins. L1 antigen was consistently demonstrated in all instances of partial and complete squamous metaplasia and in squamous carcinomas. In contrast, pure transitional cell carcinomas (except one with minor focal staining), adenocarcinomas and normal and hyperplastic urothelium did not label. In a few squamous carcinomas in situ, the pattern of labelling obtained with Mac387 was different from that seen in invasive squamous carcinomas and metaplasias. Compared with high molecular weight cytokeratins, the expression of L1 was more intense in areas of squamous differentiation. L1 expression, as identified by antibody Mac387, may therefore serve as a useful marker of squamous differentiation in urothelial lesions.
A comparative study of proliferation indices and ploidy in dysplastic naevi and malignant melanomas using flow cytometry
Authors: SLATER S.D. , COOK M.G. , FISHER C. , WRIGHT N.A.W. , FOSTER C.S.
Published: April 2007

Cell proliferation indices and DNA content have been determined in 18 intradermal naevi, 40 dysplastic naevi and 16 superficial malignant melanomas (<0.76 mm depth of invasion) using flow cytometry. In this study, proliferation indices of intradermal naevi and dysplastic naevi were not significantly different from eachother. Abnormalities of DNA ploidy were not identified in the intradermal naevi or dysplastic naevi; whereas three of the malignant melanomas were aneuploid. In addition, cellular proliferation was increased within the group of malignant melanomas, in comparison with the naevi.

This study has found no evidence to indicate that sporadic dysplastic naevi were more likely than intradermal naevi to transform to malignant melanoma, when objective criteria were employed. However, dysplastic naevi could be distinguished from some early malignant melanomas by absence of aneuploidy and by low cell proliferation indices.
The predictive value of histological classification into degrees of differentiation of squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and hypopharynx compared with the survival of patients
Authors: WIERNIK G. , MILLARD P.R. , HAYBITTLE J.L.
Published: April 2007

In the course of running two clinical trials between 1966 and 1985, data became available for 1315 patients, 713 in the first trial and 602 patients in the second trial, which has allowed comparison between histological findings in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinoma, the observed survival and the tumour‐free rates for these patients who were followed for up to 10 years. Extensive histopathology reviews have revealed over 98% agreement on tumour cell type between the initial report and that of the reviewer. Highly significant differences have been found for squamous cell carcinoma between the observed survival and the tumour‐free rates for patients with well‐differentiated and with anaplastic lesions. There was a statistically significant greater proportion of patients with well‐differentiated tumours at larynx sites and in stage 1 when compared with patients with anaplastic tumours, but even when this was taken into account, multivariate analyses showed that tumour grading still made an independent significant contribution to the prediction of prognosis. For squamous cell carcinoma only very simple and rapidly assessed histopathological features need to be identified to classify tumours into the two grades employed in this study. The analyses have confirmed the prognostic significance of tumour grading in squamous cell carcinoma in the larynx and hypopharynx.
Phenotyping of T‐cell lymphomas in paraffin sections–which antibodies?
Authors: CABEÇADAS J.M. , ISAACSON P.G.
Published: April 2007

Five antibodies, MT1 (CD43), UCHL1 (CD45RO), OPD4, poly‐CD3 and βF1, were assessed for their reactivity with 50 archival cases of T‐cell lymphoma in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue. All cases had been previously characterized as T‐cell lymphomas, and the histological types included 14 cases of small cerebriform lymphoma, six cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy‐like T‐cell lymphoma, four cases of T‐zone lymphoma, five cases of pleemorphic small cell lymphoma, 12 cases of pleomorphic medium and large cell lymphoma, four cases of anaplastic large cell lymphoma, two cases of T‐lymphoblastic lymphoma and three cases of enteropathy‐associated T‐cell lymphoma.

UCHL1 and MT1 showed reactivity with the highest percentage of cases (94 and 86% respectively) but lack absolute specificity for T‐cells, especially in high‐grade lymphomas. Poly‐CD3 is highly specific for T‐cells, and stained neoplastic cells in almost 80% of the cases. βF1 stained the lowest percentage of cases (40%). UCHL1 and poly‐CD3 together identified 98% of cases, and this combination is recommended for the diagnosis of T‐cell lymphomas in paraffin sections.
Subungual malignant melanoma: clinicopathological features of 100 cases
Authors: BLESSING K. , KERNOHAN N.M. , PARK K.G.M.
Published: April 2007

From the files of the Scottish Melanoma Group, we have identified 100 cases of subungual malignant melanoma (melanoma arising in the nailbed), and this represents 2.8% of the total melanomas registered during the period 1979–1989. Almost equal numbers arose on the foot as on the hand, with the thumb and big toe as the commonest digit affected. More than 80% were greater than 1.5 mm, with the mean Breslow depth 4.7 mm, and 70% were Clark level IV or V. Approximately half of the cases were of acral lentiginous type. At 5‐year follow‐up (54 cases), 26 have died of melanoma, six have died of an unrelated disease, four are alive with recurrence and 18 are alive and well. Features related to clinical outcome at 3 years were Breslow depth, mitotic count and the presence of vascular invasion.
Granulomatous prostatitis: a clinicopathological study
Authors: BRYAN R.L. , NEWMAN J. , CAMPBELL A. , FITZGERALD G. , KADOW C. , O'BRIEN J.M.
Published: April 2007

In a clinicopathological study of granulomatous prostatitis, we have found two distinct histological patterns. Approximately one third of cases consisted of localized, often elongated or stellate lesions, resembling rheumatoid nodules. Where clinical details were available, most of these cases had a history of previous transurethral resection. The remaining cases showed more diffuse involvement of the prostate, with lesions centred on ducts and glands, and were not associated with previous prostatic surgery or systemic illness. Immunohistochemical studies of the associated inflammatory infiltrate showed an apparently random distribution of T‐ and B‐lymphocytes in the former group, while in the latter group there was a concentration of T‐cells in and around damaged ducts and glands, suggesting a possible immune‐mediated destruction of these structures.
The carotid bodies in bronchial asthma
Authors: BENCINI C. , PULERA N.
Published: April 2007

A histological study was made of right‐sided carotid bodies resected therapeutically from 50 patients with bronchial asthma. Also studied as controls were 10 right‐sided carotid bodies from subjects coming to necropsy. Hypoxaemia was considered a contra‐indication to glomectomy and only patients with a resting arterial oxygen tension exceeding 65 mm Hg were submitted to operation. It was found that in patients with a short history of bronchial asthma the carotid bodies were not enlarged, but there was hyperplasia of sustentacular cells. In cases with asthma for 5 years or more the sustentacular cell hyperplasia was more pronounced and was associated with many nerve fibrils and slight enlargement of the carotid bodies. The functional significance of the proliferation of sustentacular cells and the abundance of nerve axons is obscure. In the asthma cases there was prominence of the dark variant of chief cells, thought to be related to episodes of hypoxaemia.
Plexiform spindle cell naevus: a distinctive variant of plexiform melanocytic naevus
Authors: BARNHILL R.L. , MIHM M.C. , MAGRO C.M.
Published: April 2007

Twelve cases of a unique plexiform melanocytic naevus that we have termed plexiform spindle cell naevus are reported. The lesions affected young individuals (mean age 22.5 years) of both sexes and were most frequently located on the shoulders and back. The lesions clinically were slightly raised and blue or darkly pigmented, suggesting blue naevus. Histologically these tumours had a symmetrical wedge‐shaped configuration, as seen in typical Spitz naevus, with the apex directed toward the deep reticular dermis or subcutis. The pigmented spindle cells were disposed in fascicles in association with neurovascular bundles and adnexal structures, imparting a plexiform architecture to the lesion. The predominant cell type consisted of spindle cells containing granular melanin and elongated nuclei. Low‐grade cellular atypia was commonly noted. Varying numbers of epithelioid cells were observed in most of the cases. In two cases studied, the naevus cells showed S‐100 protein and HMB‐45 immunoreactivity. The differential diagnosis of plexiform spindle cell naevus includes malignant melanoma, and spindle and epithelioid cell (Spitz) naevus, blue naevus and combined naevus. Plexiform spindle cell naevus is a distinctive type of pigmented spindle naevus distinguished from the above entities by its striking plexiform architecture, predominance of melanin‐containing spindle cells and lack of significant cellular atypia.
Inflammatory pseudotumour of the urinary bladder
Authors: COYNE J.D. , WILSON G. , SANDHU D. , YOUNG R.H.
Published: April 2007

An inflammatory pseudotumour that arose in the urinary bladder of a 33‐year‐old woman is reported. This is the twelfth reported example of this unusual non‐neoplastic lesion that may be mistaken for a sarcoma. The lesion was composed predominantly of spindle cells that by routine light microscopical, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical examination had features consistent with myofibroblasts. Awareness of this unusual lesion is important to prevent its misinterpretation.
Micronodular hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes‐a new lung lesion associated with tuberous sclerosis
Authors: POPPER H.H. , JUETTNER‐SMOLLE F.M. , PONGRATZ M.G.
Published: April 2007

Open lung biopsy in a 3 8‐year‐old female with Pringle‐Bourneville syndrome and recurrent pneumothorax revealed a micronodular pneumocyte II hyperplasia, a new entity probably associated with the tuberous sclerosis syndrome. The lesion caused an obstruction of the alveolar lymphatic vessels and alveolar ducts, resulting in an emphysema‐like picture. This cystic dilation of alveoli and draining lymphatics followed by rupture caused the recurrent pneumothorax. The epithelial pneumocytic nature of the lesion was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and electronmicroscopy.
Eosinophilia associated with a composite lymphoma
Authors: MERLIO J. P. , MASCAREL A. DE , ASTIER‐GIN T. , MICHENET P. , BEYLOT C. , BEYLOT J.
Published: April 2007

We report a case of composite lymphoma heralded by a hyper‐eosinophilia syndrome. Combination of immuno‐phenotyping and gene rearrangement analysis allowed us to confirm malignancy and to detect a minor oligoclone B within a malignant T‐cell predominant population. No evidence of retroviral infection was found using western blot and gene amplification techniques.
Non‐systemic diffuse lymphangiomatosis of spleen and liver
Authors: SCHMID C. , BEHAM A. , URANÜS S. , MELZER G. , AUBÖCK L. , SEEWANN H.L. , KLIMPFINGER M.
Published: April 2007

We present a 27‐year‐old woman with non‐systemic diffuse lymphangiomatosis of spleen and liver. The tumour consisted of capillary and cavernous lymphatic vessels located in abundant fibrous tissue. The vascular endothelium showed immunoreactivity for factor VIII‐related antigen. A basal lamina could be demonstrated immunohistochemically and by electronmicroscopy.
Lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease (nodular paragranuloma)–a bcl‐2 negative germinal centre lymphoma
Authors: GARA P.A. , MARTINEZ P. , SANCHEZ L. , VILLUENDAS R. , ORRADRE J.L. , OLIVA H. , PIRIS M.A.
Published: April 2007

Hodin's disease, lymphocyte predominance type (nodular paragranuloma), is of germinal centre origin and the tumours cells have a B‐cell phenotype. As the t(14;18) translocation, and the subsequent expression of bcl‐2 protein by germinal centre cells, is the most characteristic finding of centroblastic‐centrocytic lymphoma, we have tested a series of 11 cases of lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease, using Southern blot analysis for the major breakpoint region and the minor breakpoint cluster region, polymerase chain reaction with primers for the major and minor breakpoint cluster region, and immunohistological studies with a monoclonal antibody specific for the bcl‐2 protein. All three techniques gave negative results in the cases of Hodgkin's disease, establishing a clear differentiation from centroblastic‐centrocytic lymphoma. These findings are useful in the differential diagnosis between the two entities and raise the question of the non‐clonal nature of lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease.
Counts of S‐100 positive epidermal dendritic cells in Kveim test skin biopsies
Authors: SHAW P.A.V. , FLETCHER A.
Published: April 2007

S‐100 positive epidermal dendritic cells were counted in skin biopsies from 48 Kveim tests and four known foreign‐body reactions. Counts in histologically positive Kveim biopsies (mean 11.3 per 200 basal cells) were significantly higher than in either negative biopsies (5.1; P < 0.001) or foreign‐body reactions (4.7; P < 0.05). A similar difference was found, irrespective of the histological appearances, between biopsies from patients diagnosed clinically as having sarcoidosis (10.5) and those in which another diagnosis had been made (4.1; P < 0.001). In biopsies from patients with sarcoidosis 70% had a positive Kveim test, 70% had a raised epidermal dendritic cell count and one or the other was positive in 90%. All cases in which both the Kveim test was positive and the dendritic cell count was raised had a final clinical diagnosis of sarcoidosis. Counts of S‐100 positive epidermal dendritic cells are useful in differentiating positive reactions to Kveim suspension from non‐specific reactions to foreign material and increase the diagnostic confidence of the Kveim test.
Immunophenotyping of Nigerian cases of non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas on paraffin sections
Authors: THOMAS J.O. , RAFINDADI A. , HERYET A. , JONES M. , GATTER K.C. , MASON D.Y.
Published: April 2007

One hundred cases of routinely fixed and processed non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma from Nigeria were immunostained with a small panel of monoclonal antibodies against B‐, T‐ and macrophage antigens. The aims of the study were to assess the suitability of stored material from a country like Nigeria for immunohistochemical examination and the ability of the antibody panel to evaluate the distribution of B‐ and T‐cell neoplasms. Eighty‐seven of the 100 cases gave interpretable immunostaining, with 75 being B‐cell and 12 T‐cell neoplasms. There were no tumours of macrophage lineage. Four cases gave satisfactory staining of reactive lymphoid cells but no reactivity with malignant cells and thus were not phenotyped. The remaining nine cases gave no staining of neoplastic or reactive cells, suggesting that they were unsuitable for immunohistochemical study, presumably because of inappropriate fixation and handling. We concluded that a panel of three monoclonal antibodies is suitable for routine immunostaining of conventionally fixed and processed blocks in Third World countries and will give diagnostically useful information in approximately 95% of cases.
Stereological estimates of nuclear volume in the prognostic evaluation of primary flat carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder
Authors: SØRENSEN F.B. , JACOBSEN F.
Published: April 2007

Primary, flat carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder is rare and its behaviour is unpredictable. The aim of this retrospective study was to obtain base‐line data and investigate the prognostic value of unbiased, stereological estimates of the volume‐weighted mean nuclear volume, nuclear Vv, in 78 bladder biopsies from 22 patients with primary flat carcinoma in situ (Bergkvist grades III‐IV). On average, nuclear Vv was 77 μm3 in nine biopsies with morphologically normal urothelium, 292 μm3 in 56 isolated primary lesions and 266 μm3 in lesions of luminal urothelium in 13 biopsies with co‐existing invasive carcinoma. No recognizable developmental pattern of nuclear Vv in relation to the time course of disease was found. Nuclear volume in the first biopsy was of the same magnitude in lesions with and without co‐existing invasive carcinoma (2P=0.55), and in lesions with short and long duration of invasion‐free period (2P < 0.20). Nuclear Vv in the first biopsy did not differ between patients who survived and those who died from their primary flat carcinoma in situ (2P=0.07). Dividing the patients on the basis of the group median of the first biopsy showing flat carcinoma in situ (nuclear Vv= 261 μm3), the survival was the same in patients with nuclear Vv above and below the cut‐off point (2P=0.16). However, the survival curves showed a tendency to differ in the first 2‐8 years of observation. Stereological estimates of nuclear Vv provide objective, quantitative information, but their prognostic value in patients with primary flat carcinoma in situ of the bladder needs further clarification in larger data bases.
Germ cell expression of placental alkaline phosphatase in male pseudohermaphroditism
Authors: ARMSTRONG G.R. , BUCKLEY C.H. , KELSEY A.M.
Published: April 2007

We have reviewed testes removed from 14 individuals with male pseudohermaphroditism (13 with androgen insensitivity and one with 17 α‐hydroxylase deficiency) and have studied staining for placental alkaline phosphatase in germ cells. Placental alkaline phosphatase positivity was identified in fetal and premature neonatal controls but not in cryptorchid males or normal autopsy control material from boys older than 6 months. It was present in autopsy testes younger than 6 months and cases of androgen insensitivity in boys younger than 8 months, suggesting immaturity. It was also expressed in two patients with male pseudohermaphroditism aged 5 years and 14 years, both of whom had intra‐tubular germ cell neoplasia by morphological criteria. Our study confirms the use of placental alkaline phospatase as a marker of germ cell neoplasia in this specific group who are at high risk of malignancy.
Metastatic melanoma mimicking primary bronchial melanoma
Authors: LITTMAN C.D.
Published: April 2007

Primary malignant melanoma of the bronchus is an extremely rare neoplasm. The criteria required to establish a bronchial origin include junctional change and invasion of intact bronchial mucosa by melanoma cells. A case of metastatic melanoma demonstrating such changes is described, so casting doubt on the validity of these criteria.
Expression of ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1 and ELAM‐1 in angiofollicular lymph node hyperplasia (Castleman's disease): evidence for dysplasia of follicular dendritic reticulum cells
Authors: RUCO L.P. , GEARING A.J.H. , PIGOTT R. , POMPONI D. , BURGIO V.L. , CAFOLLA A. , BAIOCCHINI A. , BARONI C.D.
Published: April 2007

The inducible adhesion molecules mediate important functions in the lymphoid tissues. We have investigated the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM‐1), endothelial leucocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM‐1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM‐1), and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM/CD31), using immunocytochemistry on cryostat sections of five lymph nodes from patients with Castleman's disease of the hyaline‐ vascular type. All five cases were characterized by marked hyperplasia of follicular dendritic reticulum cells, which were extensively present even in the mantle zone. Hyperplastic follicular dendritic reticulum cells showed marked expression of VCAM‐1, and weak expression of ICAM‐1. In two cases, several dysplastic giant cells with aberrant, polyploid nuclei showed aberrant expression of ELAM‐1, an endothelium‐restricted molecule. Dysplastic giant cells were positive with DRC‐1 (an antibody to dendritic reticulum cells). VCAM‐1 and occasionally ICAM‐1, were negative for the endothelial cell markers factor VIII‐related antigen and CD31 and were non‐proliferating (Ki‐67‐). Cells positive for ICAM‐1 or VCAM‐1 were rare in the interfollicular areas. In all cases vascular hyperplasia was prominent, but endothelial cells were poorly activated in terms of expression of inducible adhesion molecules and of HLA‐DR antigens. The possibility that dysplastic follicular dendritic reticulum cells have a pathogenetic role in Castleman's disease is discussed.
Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition disease: morphological and microanalytical features
Authors: KEEN C.E. , CROCKER P.R. , BRADY K. , HASAN N. , LEVISON D.A.
Published: April 2007

The light microscopic and polarization appearances of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystal deposits in tissues are reviewed. In routine sections haematoxylinophilic crystalline deposits with a feathery or brush‐like pattern are typical of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate. Short rhomboidal crystals showing positive birefringence are seen on polarizaition; X‐ray microanalytical and infrared spectroscopic data support the specificity of these appearances. The appcai ances of the crystal deposits in decalcified specimens are also described. We include six cases of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate deposition within periarticular bone; to the best of our knowledge this has not previously been described.
Mucosal capillary thrombi in rectal biopsies
Authors: DHILLON A.P. , ANTHONY A. , SIM R. , WAKEFIELD A.J. , SANKEY E.A. , HUDSON M. , ALLISON M.C. , POUNDER R.E.
Published: April 2007

We studied the initial rectal biopsy from 46 patients in whom subsequent follow‐up established the diagnosis of either self‐limited colitis or inflammatory bowel disease. An additional 12 non‐inflamed rectal biopsies were also studied. There was between 2 and 8 years of follow‐up in each of these cases. Staining for fibrin (MSB, fibrinogen), platelets (factor XIIIA, Y2/51), and capillary basement membrane (reticulin, collagen 4) was performed to identify thrombotic material within capillaries. Mucosal capillary thrombi were best identified by staining for factor XIIIA; thrombi were observed in 8/13 cases of ulcerative colitis, 4/10 cases of Crohn's disease, 1/3 cases of unspecified inflammatory bowel disease and 5/20 cases of self‐limited colitis. The presence of capillary thrombi was not related to the severity of inflammation, but none of the control biopsies showed capillary thrombi. Their presence seems of little diagnostic value in distinguishing inflammatory bowel disease from self‐limited colitis. The pathogenetic significance of these mucosal capillary thrombi is uncertain.
Pathogenesis of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung
Authors: MOERMAN P. , FRYNS J.‐P. , VANDENBERGHE K. , DEVLIEGER H. , LAUWERYNS J.M.
Published: April 2007

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation is a rare developmental abnormality of the lung. In most earlier reported cases, the anatomy of the bronchial tree was poorly documented. We describe four cases studied following autopsy. Post‐mortem bronchography or serial microscopical examination showed segmental bronchial absence or atresia in each of them. Our observations provide further evidence pointing to bronchial atresia as being the primary defect leading to the development of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation. The morphology of the lesion, i.e. the type of malformation, is determined by the extent of dysplastic lung growth beyond the atretic segment. The aetiology of the bronchial atresia is probably heterogeneous and may either represent a primary malformation, or be the result of vascular disruption.
The predictive value of human papilloma virus (HPV) typing in the prognosis of bronchial squamous cell papillomas
Authors: POPPER H.H. , WIRNSBERGER G. , JÜTTNER‐SMOLLE F.M. , PONGRATZ M.G. , SOMMERSGUTTER M.
Published: April 2007

Five solitary squamous papillomas of bronchus with variable degrees of dysplasia, one combined with a laryngeal papilloma and with a neuroendocrine carcinoma in the contralateral lung, and five papillomas combined with invasive squamous cell carcinomas were investigated for their expression of human papilloma virus DNA by in situ hybridization. Benign squamous cell papillomas showed an association with papilloma virus type 11 and rarely type 6, whereas types 16 or 18, sometimes in combination with types 31/33/35 were found in papillomas associated with carcinomas. In one patient a benign papilloma containing human papilloma virus type 18 and 31/33/35‐positive preceded a recurrence combined with carcinoma by 2 years; this recurrent papilloma and the carcinoma were also positive for human papilloma virus 18 DNA. We suggest that human papilloma virus typing should be performed in every squamous cell papilloma of bronchus. Patients with papillomas exhibiting human papilloma virus 16 or 18 positivity are at high risk for the development of squamous cell carcinoma. Furthermore, virus typing may be of prognostic importance in relation to the development of squamous carcinoma.
Lymph node findings in generalized mastocytosis
Authors: HORNY H.‐P. , KAISERLING E. , PARWARESCH M.R. , LENNERT K.
Published: April 2007

Lymph nodes from 21 cases of generalized mastocytosis were studied histologically to confirm or exclude mast cell infiltration, and to investigate their micro‐architecture. Mast cell infiltrates were detected in 17 (80%) of the lymph nodes and were found mainly in the medullary cords and sinuses. Diffuse infiltration was seen in 14 cases and focal infiltration in three cases. The following pathological findings were frequently observed: germinal centre hyperplasia (n= 14), which is probably a nonspecific finding; and hyperplasia of small blood vessels, which sometimes resembled high endothelial venules (14), eosinophilia (8), plasmacytosis (7) and collagen fibrosis (6), all of which may well be related to the effects of mediators released by mast cells. Infiltrates of acute or chronic myeloid leukaemia were seen in six lymph nodes. Division of the cases into two prognostically different groups, i.e. systemic mastocytosis, in which the skin lesions of urticaria pigmentosa are present and the prognosis is favourable, and malignant mastocytosis, in which there is no cutaneous involvement and the prognosis is poor, revealed that all six lymph nodes exhibiting leukaemic infiltrates came from the malignant mastocytosis group; eosinophilia, plasmacytosis and fibrosis were seen significantly more often in malignant than in systemic mastocytosis, but blood vessel hyperplasia and germinal centre hyperplasia were encountered with the same high frequency in both groups; and mast cell atypia tended to be more pronounced in malignant mastocytosis; this diagnosis could therefore easily be missed without naphthol AS‐D chloroacetate esterase staining. In four lymph nodes no mast cell infiltrates could be detected, although two of these exhibited eosinophilia, plasmacytosis and fibrosis. As only one example of the lymphadenopathic variant of generalized mastocytosis was found amongst 181 archive and published cases reviewed, this would appear to be very rare.
Malignant change in trichilemmal cysts: a study of cell proliferation and DNA content
Authors: RUTTY G.N. , RICHMAN P.I. , LAING J.H.E.
Published: April 2007

We have examined proliferative activity in a series of pilar and trichilemmal cysts using an antibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen. In benign lesions proliferative activity was confined to the basal layers of the squamous epithelium. Lesions showing malignant change showed increased proliferative activity and were not confined to the basal layer. These findings were correlated with studies on DNA content using flow cytometry.
Vasculitis in ileocaecal tuberculosis: similarities to Crohn's disease
Authors: MAPSTONE N.P. , DIXON M.F.
Published: April 2007

Granulomatous vasculitis has recently been described in cases of Crohn's disease and a pathogenetic role for this lesion has been postulated. A case of ileocaecal tuberculosis with granulomatous vasculitis is presented. The presence of this feature in both diseases supports the possibility of a similar aetiology.
Papillary carcinoma of thyroid with exuberant nodular fasciitis‐like stroma
Authors: MICHAL M. , CHLUMSKA A. , FAKAN F.
Published: April 2007

We describe two cases of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid containing prominent nodular, fasciitis‐like stroma. In one of the cases infiltration into the adjacent parathyroid gland and metastases to two cervical lymph nodes occurred. In the lymph nodes and the parathyroid gland the carcinoma grew without any fasciitis‐like stroma. This unusual change in tumour stroma seems to be reactive in nature and confined only to the thyroid and adjacent soft tissues.
Adenomatoid tumours: a mucin histochemical and immunohistochemical study
Authors: GODDARD M.J. , GRANT J.W.
Published: April 2007

We have examined 16 cases of adenomatoid tumour using a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies and also stained them for the presence of hyaluronidase‐sensitive alcianophilic material. Fourteen cases expressed cytokeratins and a proportion of these also expressed S‐100 protein, neuron‐specific enolase, vimentin, and human milk fat globule protein 2. The same 14 cases also showed hyaluronidase‐sensitive staining with alcian blue. No expression of factor VIII‐related antigen was seen in these cases. We conclude that this provides further evidence of a mesothelial origin of these tumours. The remaining two cases did not express cytokeratins and no hyaluronidase‐sensitive staining with alcian blue was seen. They did however express factor VIII‐related antigen. Although they were morphologically indistinguishable from the other 14 cases, we suggest that they should be more properly regarded as angiomas.
Renal botryomycosis
Authors: RICHMOND I. , MENE A.
Published: April 2007

A case of visceral botryomycosis which arose in the left kidney of a 60‐year‐old woman is reported. This is the fifth reported case of renal botryomycosis which, in this patient, was mistaken clinically for a renal carcinoma. The lesion was composed of confluent abscesses containing ‘sulphur granule‐like’ lesions in which irregularly lobed aggregates of Gram‐negative organisms surrounded by an eosinophilic capsule were noted. Awareness of this unusual lesion is important because of its histopathological similarity to actinomycosis.
The nature of breast dense core granules: chromogranin reactivity
Authors: BATTERSBY S. , DELY C.J. , HOPKINSON H.E. , ANDERSON T.J.
Published: April 2007

Ultrastructural immunoreactivity for chromogranin with the LK2H10 antibody was examined in nine cases of breast carcinoma and one example of normal resting breast. These tissues were selected for study on the basis of argyrophilia or LK2H10 immunostaining by light microscopy. In two cases, positive reactivity with the chromogranin antibody was seen in breast neuroendocrine‐like dense core granules. In a further six cases chromogranin reactivity was not seen in similar granules that showed the neuroendocrine properties of ultrastructural argyrophilia and uranaffinity. Inability to exhibit the full complement of neuroendocrine characteristics in breast carcinomas contrasts with the facility to demonstrate them in tissues of usual neuroendocrine differentiation. Furthermore, in two mucoid carcinomas and one example of normal resting breast ultrastructural cytoplasmic LK2H10 reactivity was evident, which was not localized to dense core granules, although these were present in two of the cases. Our findings demonstrate the heterogeneity of breast dense core granules and discourage acceptance of such characteristics as evidence of histogenesis of these carcinomas from a neuroendocrine cell type in breast tissue.
Benign vaginal polyp: a histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical study of 20 polyps with comparison to normal vaginal subepithelial layer
Authors: AL‐NAFUSSI A.I. , REBELLO G. , HUGHES D. , BLESSING K.
Published: April 2007

Twenty benign vaginal polyps from 18 patients, together with sections from normal vaginal epithelium, were studied histologically, histochemically using elastic van Gieson stain and immunohistochemically using monoclonal antibodies against vimentin, desmin and actin. The striking finding was the similarity, both histologically and immunohistochemically, of the stroma of vaginal polyps to that of the loose subepithelial layer found in normal vagina. The important difference was the marked degeneration of the elastic tissue, increased number of stellate and giant fibroblasts and subepithelial condensation of fibroblasts in the polyps. These findings support the hypothesis that vaginal polyps may represent a reactive hyperplasia of the loose subepithelial zone of the vaginal wall.
Malignant rhabdoid tumour of the liver. A case report
Authors: FOSCHINI M.P. , EYKEN P.VAN , BROCK P.R. , DAELE M. CASTEELS‐VAN , VOS R. DE , CIN P. DAL , BERGHE H. VAN DEN , DESMET V.J.
Published: April 2007

A case of primary malignant rhabdoid tumour of the liver occurring in a 5‐month‐old girl is reported. Histologically the neoplasm presented the ‘typical’ features as described in malignant rhabdoid tumour arising in the kidney. In addition, some areas of the tumour showed a ‘pseudoglandular’ growth pattern. Immunohistochemistry revealed the neoplastic cells to be intensively positive for vimentin and for cytokeratin 19. Variable immunoreactivity for cytokeratin polypeptides 7, 8 and 19 was also detected. On electronmicroscopy the neoplastic cells contained bundles of intermediate filaments, tonofilaments and intercellular junctions. These findings are suggestive of a primitive epithelial differentiation.
Myxoid variant of primary cutaneous malignant melanoma
Authors: SARODE V.R. , JOSHI K. , RAVICHANDRAN P. , DAS R.
Published: April 2007

We report a rare case of primary cutaneous myxoid melanoma. Histologically, the tumour was composed of spindle and stellate‐shaped cells, embedded in a myxoid stroma. Positivity for S‐100 protein and the presence of melanosomes were demonstrated in the tumour. Primary cutaneous myxoid melanoma is rare. This is the second report of such a case.
Piriform sinus fistula and the ultimobranchial body
Authors: MIYAUCHI A. , MATSUZUKA F. , KUMA K. , KATAYAMA S.
Published: April 2007

Piriform sinus fistulae are an underlying abnormality common in patients with acute suppurative thyroiditis. The fistulae arise from the hypopharynx, and end in or adjacent to the thyroid lobe. These congenital fistulae seem to be remnants of one of the pharyngeal pouches in embryonic development, but their exact origin is still controversial. Resected specimens of the thyroid glands and fistulae from 15 patients were examined immunohistochemically with rabbit antisera to human calcitonin and thyroglobulin. The fistulae were lined by squamous, columnar or ciliated epithelium, and sometimes formed branches in the thyroid lobe. Near the branches solid cell nests existed. Mucous glands, follicular structures and thymic tissue were found in the fistula. The follicular structures stained for thyroglobulin. Immunostaining for calcitonin revealed aggregates of many C cells in the thyroid near the fistula. A few calcitonin‐positive cells were also found in the fistula. These findings, along with the anatomical relation of the fistulae to major structures of the neck, strongly suggest that the fistulae are remnants related to the ultimobranchial body, and that the fistulae trace the migration route of the ultimobranchial body to the thyroid gland.
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression in formalin‐fixed tissue of non‐small cell lung carcinoma
Authors: THEUNISSEN P.H.M.H. , G.LEERS M.P. , BOLLEN E.C.M.
Published: April 2007

An immunohistochemical study of non‐small cell lung carcinoma using PC10, a monoclonal antibody against PCNA, was performed on tissues routinely processed with formalin fixation and paraffin embedding. The PCNA labelling index and mitotic index were determined from sections of these tissues. Tumours showed a high mean PCNA labelling index of 53.3%. The mean mitotic index was 10.3/1000 cells. Inter‐examiner agreement of mitotic counting was good. A linear correlation between the PCNA labelling index and mitotic index was demonstrated (r= 0.71, P<0.00001). It is concluded that immunohistochemical nuclear labelling with anti‐PCNA on routinely processed tissue is a simple technique for the assessment of proliferation in non‐small cell lung carcinoma.
Post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders: a morphologic, phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of disease
Authors: SWERDLOW S.H.
Published: April 2007

The post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorders represent a spectrum of life‐threatening, generally Epstein‐Barr virus‐associated lymphoid proliferations which occur in the setting of exogenous immunosuppression following organ transplantation. Histopathological, phenotypic, genotypic and Epstein‐Barr virus studies have revealed a broad range of abnormalities. At one end of the spectrum, they are polymorphic polyclonal proliferations with many features of a florid viral infection and, at the other end, they are monomorphic and monoclonal which would fulfill the criteria for a conventional non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, usually of B‐cell type. Some patients have both polyclonal and monoclonal lesions and some have two or more monoclonal populations. Finally, because of the varied appearances, different classification schemes have been developed with reported prognostic implications.
Intra‐ and inter‐observer variation in the interpretation of histological features suggesting chromosomal abnormality in early abortion specimens
Authors: LIJNSCHOTEN G. VAN , ARENDS J.W. , FUENTE A.A.DE LA , SCHOUTEN H.J.A. , GERAEDTS J.P.M.
Published: April 2007

Early spontaneous abortion is a common phenomenon, with more than 50% of early cases showing chromosomal abnormalities. We have undertaken a study to evaluate intra‐ and inter‐observer reproducibility of histological diagnoses of features associated with chromosomal abnormalities, such as chorionic villus size, shape, vascularity, trophoblastic proliferation and trophoblastic pseudo‐inclusions. The intra‐observer variation for most histological features was small. However, the agreement beyond chance between two or more observers in judging histomorphological features of early abortion placentae only reached clinically relevant values for size and shape of the chorionic villi and for the number of trophoblastic pseudo‐inclusions.
Nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio correlates strongly with survival in non‐disseminated neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung
Authors: BATTLEHNER C.N. , SALDIVA P.H.N. , CARVALHO C.R.R. , TAKAGAKI T.Y. , MONTES G.S. , YOUNES R.N. , CAPELOZZI V.L.
Published: April 2007

In order to verify whether quantitative morphological indices of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung may help to predict survival, 47 biopsies (from 37 males and 10 females; 16–82 years of age) were studied by light microscopy. Areal fractions of nuclei, cytoplasm, stroma, and blood vessels were determined using a standard point counting method. The counts were made in six non‐coincident microscopic fields in each case, and the areal fractions of nuclei, of the entire tumour cell, stroma, blood vessels and the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio were computed. In a multivariate linear regression analysis, survival in months after biopsy was considered the dependent variable of age and of all morphometric parameters listed above. The significance level was set at 5%. For all patients (disregarding staging) survival was negatively correlated (P< 0.001, multiple r=0.5435) with age and nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. When only patients with disease confined to the thorax (stages I. II and III) were taken into account, the accuracy of the Function predicting survival increased considerably (P=0.004, multiple r=0.7957). The use of simple stereological methods therefore, proved to be of value in predicting survival in patients with neuroendocrine carcinomas of the lung.
Primary liver lymphoma associated with primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: GOLDIN R. , SAYER J. , WILKINS M. , PRICE† P. , THOMAS H.
Published: April 2007

We describe a case of a primary polymorphic centroblastic–centrocytic B‐cell lymphoma of the liver developing in a patient with primary biliary cirrhosis—an association which has not previously been reported.

We would like to thank Dr C.Fisher, Department of Histopathology, The Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London. UK, for his expert help with this case.
Placental malaria. I. Pathological classification
Authors: BULMER J.N. , RASHEED F.N. , FRANCIS N. , MORRISON L. , GREENWOOD B.M.
Published: April 2007

Pregnant women are more likely to contract malaria than their non‐pregnant counterparts. The aim of this study was to develop a simple classification system for the histopathological diagnosis of placental malaria infection applicable to placentas collected in field conditions. The placentas were classified into four groups depending on the presence and disribution of parasites and malaria pigment: active infection, active‐chronic infection, past‐chronic infection, not infected. The frequency of parasitized placentas (26.4%) was in keeping with the prevalence of placental parasitaemia documented in epidemiological studies. An additional 29.8% placentas showed pigment in fibrin only, indicating pastchronic infection. Chronic placental malaria infection was most common in primigravidae, possibly reflecting ineffective clearance of parasites from the placenta. Seasonal fluctuations between infection categories support progression of placental infection with delayed clearance of pigment from fibrin. The proposed classification system has allowed diagnosis of different categories of placental malaria infection by two independent observers. A stadardized method of diagnosis may enhance understanding of placental pathology and reduced birth weight in malaria infection during pregnancy.