bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experience of general anesthesia in a patient with menstrual‐associated coronary spasm
Authors: Kawachi Aya , Sudo Saho , Ishida Yusuke , Nakazawa Koichi
Published: July 2023

Coronary angina due to low estrogen is relatively common around menopause, with almost no reports associated with the menstrual cycle or anesthetic management at younger ages. The patient was a 22‐year‐old woman who had developed ventricular fibrillation due to coronary spasm, resulting in cardiopulmonary arrest. She was resuscitated, and underwent ICD implantation. As her symptoms appeared at specific times during her menstrual cycle, she was diagnosed as having menstrual‐associated coronary spasm, and started taking estrogen/progesterone medication. An endometrial ablation was scheduled for endometrial hyperplasia that was caused by the medicine. The surgery was scheduled in consideration of the patient's menstrual cycle, and general anesthesia was selected as the method of anesthesia. The surgery and perioperative management were uneventful, and her postoperative course was favorable. Our case is the first to our knowledge of general anesthesia performed on a patient with menstrual‐associated coronary spasm.
Bardet–Biedl syndrome: Delayed diagnosis in a 14‐year‐old child with end‐stage renal disease
Authors: Rasel Mohammad , Istiak Ashif , Saiara Afra , Al‐Jubair Abdullah , Matin Shariful , Roy Gobinda Chandra
Published: July 2023

Key Clinical Message

Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a rare autosomal recessive ciliopathic disorder. Because of its low prevalence and wide spectrum of clinical features, many patients remain undiagnosed. We report a case of a 14‐year‐old boy with a typical phenotype of BBS who remains undiagnosed until the development of end‐stage renal disease.
Umbilical cord hemangioma and pseudocyst with favorable fetal outcome
Authors: Wanyonyi Sikolia , Nyagaka Felix , Okiro Patricia , Ogutu Lilian , Nyaichowa Alice , Oindi Felix , Sequeira Evan
Published: July 2023

Key Clinical Message

There is a high association between umbilical cord hemangiomas or cysts with fetal mortality. However, favorable outcome is possible with proper prenatal monitoring and care

Umbilical cord hemangiomas are rare neoplasms of vascular origin, commonly found in the free section of the umbilical cord proximal to placental insertion. They are associated with an increased risk of fetal mortality. We present a rare co‐occurrence of an umbilical cord hemangioma and a pseudocyst managed conservatively, with favorable fetal outcome despite the interval increase in size, decreased caliber of the umbilical arteries, and fetal chest compression.
A rare case report of lead encephalopathy due to high blood lead level
Authors: Masbough Farnoosh , Shadnia Shahin , Rahimi Mitra , Roshanzamiri Soheil , Evini Peyman Erfantalab , Mostafazadeh Babak
Published: July 2023

Here we report a case of lead poisoning having a serum lead level of 412 mcg dL−1 who presented with decreasing level of consciousness and recurrent seizures. He responded well to treatment with chelation therapy.
Identification of In‐Droplet Multicellular Communities by Light‐Induced Combinatorial DNA Barcoding
Authors: Kawasaki Fumiko , Mori Yuka , Mimori Takahiro , Sato. Issei , Ota Sadao
Published: July 2023

A microdroplet co‐culture system is useful for the parallel assessment of numerous possible cell–cell interactions by generating isolated subcommunities from a pool of heterogeneous cells. However, the integration of single‐cell sequencing into such analysis has been limited due to the lack of effective molecular identifiers for each in‐droplet subcommunity. Herein, we present a strategy for generating in‐droplet subcommunity identifiers using DNA‐functionalized microparticles encapsulated within microdroplets. These microparticles serve as initial information carriers, where their combinations act as distinct identifiers for in‐droplet subcommunity. Upon optical trigger, DNA barcoding molecules encoding the microparticle information are once released in the microdroplets and then tag cell membranes. The tagged DNA molecules then serve as a second information carrier readable by single‐cell sequencing to reconstitute the community in silico in the single‐cell RNA sequencing data space.
Temperature Directs the Majority‐Rules Principle in Supramolecular Copolymers Driven by Triazine–Benzene Interactions
Authors: Jansen Stef A. H. , Su Hao , Schnitzer Tobias , Vantomme Ghislaine , Meijer E. W.
Published: July 2023

Supramolecular copolymers have typically been studied in the extreme cases, such as self‐sorting or highly mixed copolymer systems, while the intermediate systems have been less understood. We have reported the temperature‐dependent microstructure in copolymers of triazine‐ and benzene‐derivatives based on charge‐transfer interactions with a highly alternating microstructure at low temperatures. Here, we investigate the temperature‐dependent copolymerization further and increase the complexity by combining triazine‐ and benzene‐derivatives with opposite preferred helicities. In this case, intercalation of the benzene‐derivative into the triazine‐derivative assemblies causes a helical inversion. The inversion of the net helicity was rationalized by comparing the mismatch penalties of the individual monomers, which indicated that the benzene‐derivative dictates the helical screw‐sense of the supramolecular copolymers. Surprisingly, this was not reflected in further investigations of slightly modified triazine‐ and benzene‐derivatives, thus highlighting that the outcome is a subtle balance between structural features, where small differences can be amplified due to the competitive nature of the interactions. Overall, these findings suggest that the temperature‐dependent microstructure of triazine‐ and benzene‐based supramolecular copolymers determines the copolymer helicity of the presented system in a similar way as the mixed majority‐rules phenomenon.
Direct Synthesis of Unprotected Indolines Through Intramolecular sp3 C−H Amination Using Nitroarenes as Aryl Nitrene Precursors
Authors: Sirvinskaite Giedre , Nardo Celine S. , Müller Patrick , Gasser Aurelio C. , Morandi Bill
Published: July 2023

Given the prevalence of molecules containing nitro groups in organic synthesis, innovative methods to expand the reactivity of this functional group are of interest in both industrial and academic settings. In this report, a metal‐free intramolecular benzylic sp3 C−H amination is disclosed using aryl nitro compounds as aryl nitrene precursors. Organosilicon reagent N,N’‐bis(trimethylsilyl)‐4,4’‐bipyridinylidene (Si‐DHBP) served as an efficient reductant in the transformation, enabling the in situ generation of aryl nitrene species for the direct, metal‐free synthesis of unprotected 2‐arylindolines from the corresponding nitroarene compounds.
Towards a Structured Framework for Techno‐Economic Analyses of Chemical Recycling Technologies
Authors: Voss Raoul , Lee Roh Pin , Keller Florian
Published: July 2023

The role of chemical recycling (CR) as a valuable complementary strategy to mechanical recycling in closing the carbon cycle for carbon‐containing waste is currently being discussed in political, economic, and social spheres. However, CR deployment is hindered by uncertainties regarding its environmental impacts and costs compared to conventional waste treatment and chemical production routes. While methods for assessing CR's environmental impacts are the focus of socio‐political debates and investigations, techno‐economic analyses (TEA) to evaluate costs of CR remain scarce. To contribute to a standardized framework for assessing the economic viability of CR technologies, this article draws on life cycle assessment and TEA literature to develop a six‐stage TEA process for CR. A checklist is also presented to support transparent and comprehensive analyses.
Lifestyle and occupational risks assessment of bladder cancer using machine learning‐based prediction models
Authors: Shakhssalim Naser , Talebi Atefeh , Pahlevan‐Fallahy Mohammad‐Taha , Sotoodeh Kasra , Alavimajd Hamid , Borumandnia Nasrin , Taheri Maryam
Published: July 2023

Background

Bladder cancer, one of the most prevalent cancers globally, can be regarded as considerable morbidity and mortality for patients. The bladder is an organ that comes in constant exposure to the environment and other risk factors such as inflammation.

Aims

In the current study, we used machine learning (ML) methods and developed risk prediction models for bladder cancer.

Methods

This population‐based case–control study is focused on 692 cases of bladder cancer and 692 healthy people. The ML, including Neural Network (NN), Random Forest (RF), Decision Tree (DT), Naive Bayes (NB), Gradient Boosting (GB), and Logistic Regression (LR), were applied, and the model performance was evaluated.

Results

The RF (AUC = .86, precision = 79%) had the best performance, and the RT (AUC = .78, precision = 73%) was in the next rank. Based on variable importance analysis in RF, recurrent infection, bladder stone history, neurogenic bladder, smoking and opium use, chronic renal failure, spinal cord paralysis, analgesic, family history of bladder cancer, diabetic mellitus, low dietary intake of fruit and vegetable, high dietary intake of ham, sausage, can and pickles were respectively the most important factors, which effect on the probability of bladder cancer.

Conclusion

Machine learning approaches can predict the probability of bladder cancer according to medical history, occupational risk factors, and dietary and demographical characteristics.
Runx2 activates hepatic stellate cells to promote liver fibrosis via transcriptionally regulating Itgav expression
Authors: Zhong Li , Zhao Jinqiu , Huang Lu , Liu Yi , Pang Xiaoxiao , Zhan Ke , Li Shan , Xue Qian , Pan Xiaoli , Deng Liang
Published: July 2023

Backgrounds and aims

As a central event during liver fibrosis, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) have been thought to be a potential therapeutic target for liver fibrosis. Previous studies have shown that runt‐related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) is associated with the development of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, while its specific role in HSC activation and hepatic fibrosis remains elusive.

Approach and results

In this study, we found that Runx2 expression was significantly upregulated in human liver fibrosis with different aetiologies. Runx2 expression was also gradually elevated in mouse liver during fibrosis, and Runx2 was mainly expressed in the activated HSC. Knockdown of Runx2 in HSC markedly alleviated CCl4‐induced, 3,5‐diethoxycarbonyl‐1,4‐dihydrocollidine‐induced or methionine‐choline deficient (MCD)‐induced liver fibrosis, while hepatic overexpression of Runx2 via HBAAV‐Runx2 or VA‐Lip‐Runx2 injection exacerbated CCl4‐induced liver fibrosis. In vitro analysis demonstrated that Runx2 promoted HSC activation and proliferation, whereas Runx2 knockdown in HSC suppressed these effects. RNA‐seq and Runx2 ChIP‐seq analysis demonstrated that Runx2 could promote integrin alpha‐V (Itgav) expression by binding to its promoter. Blockade of Itgav attenuated Runx2‐induced HSC activation and liver fibrosis. Additionally, we found that cytokines (TGF‐β1, PDGF, EGF) promote the expression and nuclear translocation of Runx2 through protein kinase A (PKA) in HSC.

Conclusions

Runx2 is critical for HSC activation via transcriptionally regulating Itgav expression during liver fibrosis, and may be a promising therapeutic target for liver fibrosis.
DBALM: A novel method for identifying ornamental flowering plants based on DNA barcodes–leaf morphology
Authors: Shen Fengjiao , Bai Xiaoxia , Li Lin , Fan Xiaoxuan , Song Yifan , Yu Miao , Cui Mengwei , Jiang Shulei , Li Zhibin , Zhao Jiancheng , Shi Shuo
Published: July 2023

Whereas the presence of flowers on ornamental flowering plants is essential for their identification via traditional methods, ornamental flowering plants cannot be reliably identified in non‐flowering stages likewise. Here, DBALM (DNA Barcodes–Leaf Morphology), a new approach that combines DNA barcoding data with micromorphological features of the leaf epidermis and that is not limited by the flowering stage, was used to identify 16 evergreen rhododendron cultivars. First, the sequences of DNA barcodes, ITS, matK, psbA‐trnH, and rbcL, were obtained from the DNA of leaves. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted to clarify the groupings among all the samples based on the four markers. Then, microscopic features of the leaf epidermis were used to further distinguish individuals from the same clade. DNA barcoding permitted the 16 cultivars to be divided into eight groups. The microscopic features of the leaf epidermis permitted cultivars within the same clade to be distinguished. The matK + psbA‐trnH combination was the most effective barcode combination in this study. In addition, the new primer matK‐Rh_R was designed, and it increased the amplification rate of evergreen rhododendron cultivars to 100%. In sum, DBALM was capable of accurately identifying the 16 evergreen rhododendron cultivars using data collected from a single leaf in the vegetative growth stage. This method can greatly facilitate the identification and breeding of ornamental flowering plants.
Similarities and distinctions between acetazolamide and sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in patients with acute heart failure: Key insights into ADVOR and EMPULSE
Authors: Packer Milton , Butler Javed
Published: July 2023

Both acetazolamide and sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors block sodium reabsorption in the proximal renal tubule primarily through inhibition of sodium–hydrogen exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3), but neither SGLT2 inhibitors nor acetazolamide produce a sustained natriuresis due to compensatory upregulation of sodium reabsorption at distal nephron sites. Nevertheless, acetazolamide and SGLT2 inhibitors have been used as adjunctive therapy to loop diuretics in states where NHE3 is upregulated, e.g. acute heart failure. Two randomized controlled trials have been carried out with acetazolamide in acute heart failure (DIURESIS‐CHF and ADVOR). In ADVOR, acetazolamide improved physical signs of fluid retention, but this finding could not be explained by the modest observed diuretic effect. Acetazolamide did not produce a natriuresis in the DIURESIS‐CHF trial, and in ADVOR, immediate effects on symptoms and body weight were not reported, and the drug had no effect on morbidity or mortality after 90 days. Three randomized controlled trials have been carried out with empagliflozin (EMPAG‐HF, EMPA‐RESPONSE‐AHF and EMPULSE) in acute heart failure. The EMPULSE trial did not report effects on diuresis or in changes in physical signs of congestion during the first week of treatment, but in EMPAG‐HF and EMPA‐RESPONSE‐AHF, empagliflozin had no effect of dyspnoea, urinary sodium excretion or body weight during the first 4 days. In the EMPULSE trial, empagliflozin improved health status at 15 days and reduced the risk of worsening heart failure events at 90 days, but these effects are similar in magnitude and time course to the early statistical significance on the risk of heart failure hospitalizations achieved within 14–30 days in the major trials of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with chronic heart failure. Neurohormonal inhibitors produce this early effect in the absence of a diuresis. Additionally, in numerous randomized controlled trials, in‐hospital diuretic intensification has not reduced the risk of major heart failure events, even when treatment is sustained. These findings, taken collectively, suggest that any immediate diuretic effects of acetazolamide and SGLT2 inhibitors in acute heart failure are not likely to influence the short‐ or long‐term clinical course of patients.
Four‐way purification of automobile exhaust over woody La0.8Ce0.2Fe0.3Co0.7O3 perovskite‐type catalysts enhanced by NTP
Authors: Wang Yinghui , Guo Xiurong , Zhang Haonan , Du Danfeng , Qi Zhanfeng
Published: July 2023

In order to enhance the four‐way purification performance of PM, NOx, CO and HC emitted by automobile exhausts over woody La0.8Ce0.2Fe0.3Co0.7O3 perovskite‐type catalysts. First, the woody La0.8Ce0.2Fe0.3Co0.7O3 perovskite‐type catalysts were modified by nonthermal plasma (NTP). The physicochemical properties of the catalyst surface were characterized utilizing x‐ray diffractometer, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, x‐ray photoelectronic spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller to analyze the effect of NTP on surface character of the catalyst samples. Second, NTP was combined with woody La0.8Ce0.2Fe0.3Co0.7O3 perovskite‐type catalysts to form in‐plasma catalysis purification (IPCP) systems. Finally, the four‐way purification performance of perovskite‐type catalysts were evaluated in the presence and absence of the plasma by simulation test bench. The results showed that NTP can enhance the four‐way purification performance for PM, NOx, CO and HC emitted by automobile exhausts over woody La0.8Ce0.2Fe0.3Co0.7O3 perovskite‐type catalysts. NTP can increase the specific surface area and porosity. When the input voltage, frequency and filling rate of IPCP systems are 15 kV, 15 Hz and 0.3, respectively, the maximum purification efficiency for PM, NOx, CO and HC are about 96%, 95%, 95%, and 84%. Moreover, four‐way purification mechanism of IPCP was deduced according to the experimental results.
Individuals with restrictive eating disorders' experience of the introduction of calories on menus in England: An interpretative phenomenological analysis study
Authors: Duffy Fiona , Peebles Imogen , Maloney Ellen , Robertson Mackenzie D. A. , Sharpe Helen
Published: July 2023

Objective

In April 2022 the Calorie Labelling (Out of Home) Regulations came into effect in England where cafés, restaurants, and takeaways with over 250 employees were required to provide calorie labelling on menus. Concerns have been raised regarding the potential negative impact this could have on individuals with eating disorders (EDs), yet this has not been explored using qualitative methodology.

Method

Eleven participants with a current or previously diagnosed restrictive ED were interviewed in September 2022. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to explore their experience of the introduction of calories on menus.

Results

Using IPA we established six themes and seven subordinate themes. These included the introduction of calories on menus as an ‘attack’ on individuals with EDs; the prominent visual display of calories as an attentional pull; normalising of calories counting; the impact on behaviour; and associated strategies for managing.

Conclusion

This contributes to research surrounding the implications for public health policies on individuals with EDs, especially their ability to reinforce and amplify disordered thoughts and behaviours, and the need for greater consideration of how to minimise impact and potential harm of large public health campaigns.
Quenched‐and‐tempered high‐strength steels at elevated temperatures: Mechanical properties and effects of plate thickness
Authors: Xiong Ming‐Xiang , Xiang Hui , Yang Minfeng , Xu Shenchun
Published: July 2023

High‐strength steels can be used in civil structures that demand high strength/weight ratios, but their advantages may be weakened by fire. For this reason, this study has been concerned with the mechanical properties of a type of quenched‐and‐tempered high‐strength steel at elevated temperatures up to 800°C, the steel grade is S690. A standard axial tensile test was conducted on plate specimens with a reduced section. The test results demonstrated that the stress–strain curves of S690 steel at elevated temperatures had no distinctive yield plateau but post‐yield hardening, the effective yield strengths and elastic modulus deteriorated dramatically with the increasing temperature due to microstructure changes. Besides, this study also investigated the effects of steel plate thickness on said temperature‐dependent mechanical properties. The plate thicknesses are 8 and 12 mm nominally. The comparisons showed that, different from the trend at room temperature where the thinner steel plates usually have higher strength than their thicker counterparts, the thinner plates exhibited lower strengths at elevated temperatures, this implies that with the same cross‐sectional area, a steel member formed by thinner plates would have a lower cross‐sectional load‐carrying capacity under fire.
The rights and wrongs of private schooling
Authors: White John
Published: July 2023

This is a discussion, from a largely global but partly British perspective, about whether private schools should be freely permitted, discouraged or abolished. This, it is claimed, depends on the kind of private school one has in mind. The paper moves on to three arguments against British private schools, especially prestigious so‐called ‘public schools’: that they promote social exclusiveness, have created a ruling élite, and are unjust. This latter claim, which also has global relevance, is explored in some detail. The meritocratic conception of society which it presupposes is then also discussed and criticised. The final section of the paper is about future perspectives on private schooling across the world. It looks at proposed and actual measures to abolish or curtail them; educational proposals to limit the power of meritocracy, including reforms to the school examination system. It also discusses how likely it is that suggested reforms of any of these kinds will actually take place.
The effects of unsaturated fatty acids on psoriasis: A two‐sample Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Lei Hao , Chen Xin , Cheng Baochen , Song Liumei , Luo Ruiting , Wang Shengbang , Kang Tong , Wang Qian , Zheng Yan
Published: July 2023

Unsaturated fatty acids have been reported to be associated with the risk of psoriasis. However, the causal relationship between them remains unclear This study aimed to explore the causal relationship between unsaturated FAs and psoriasis. Firstly, we obtained genome‐wide association study (GWAS) data for psoriasis from the FINNGEN database (number of cases = 4510, number of controls = 212,242) and different FA levels (number of samples = 114,999) from the IEU OpenGWAS Project. Secondly, the genetic correlation coefficient was calculated using linkage disequilibrium fractional regression. Thirdly, a two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed using independent instrumental variables (p < 5 × 10−8) to determine the direction of randomization. Finally, expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL)‐related analyses of common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were carried out to explore the potential molecular mechanisms of unsaturated FAs affecting psoriasis. We found that an increase in the ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) to total fatty acids could increase the risk of psoriasis (inverse‐variance weighted [IVW], adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 1.175; adjusted 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.045–1.321; adjusted p = .007). However, an increase in the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAa) to total fatty acids could decrease the risk of psoriasis (IVW, adjusted OR = 0.754; adjusted 95% CI = 0.631–0.901; adjusted p = .002). Moreover, an increase in the ratio of PUFAs to MUFAs could decrease the risk of psoriasis (IVW, adjusted OR = 0.823; adjusted 95% CI = 0.715–0.948; adjusted p = .007). The heterogeneity of data was eliminated, and pleiotropy was not detected. There was no statistical difference in the MR analysis of other fatty acids indices with psoriasis. Further, no statistically significant evidence was found to verify a causal relationship between psoriasis and fatty acid levels in reverse MR. Functional enrichment analysis showed that these eQTL related to common SNPs were mainly involved in organic ion transport, choline metabolism, and the expression of key metabolic factors mediated by PKA, ChREBP, and PP2A. Our study indicated that the ratio of MUFAs to total fatty acids had a positive causal effect on psoriasis, while the ratio of PUFAs to total fatty acids and the ratio of PUFAs to MUFAs had a negative causal effect on psoriasis. Moreover, PKA‐, PP2A‐, and ChREBP‐mediated activation of metabolic factors may play an important role in this process.
Change Management Delivering AMI Clean Energy Benefits
Authors: Chung Eric , Killen‐Sweeney Ariel , Lang John
Published: July 2023

Solving the global climate dilemma requires significant changes in today's electric grid to become the clean energy grid of the future. Utilities are making substantial grid modernization investments on behalf of customers to support additional load expectations for electrification, the connection of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), the implementation of Time‐of‐Use (TOU) rates, and other significant programs. One of the foundational investments utilities must make to enable these programs and realize their benefits is Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI).
Clustering of child deaths among families in low and middle‐income countries: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Dwivedi Laxmi Kant , Ranjan Mukesh , Mishra Rahul , Ahmed Waquar , Bhatia Mrigesh
Published: July 2023

Background and Aims

Several studies have examined the phenomenon of “death clustering,” in which two or more children born to the same mother or from the same family die at an early age. Therefore, a scientific examination of the results is essential to understand how the survival status of the older siblings affects the survival of the younger siblings. By using meta‐analysis, this study aims to provide a quantitative synthesis of the results of studies on “child death clustering” in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs).

Methods

This study followed the PRISMA‐P 2015 guidelines. We used four electronic databases—PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar with search and citation analysis capabilities. Initially, 140 studies were identified, but only 27 met the eligibility criteria eventually. These were studies that had used the death of a previous child as a covariate to determine the survival status of the index child. The heterogeneity and the publication bias of the studies were examined using the Cochran test, I2 statistic, and Egger's meta‐regression test.

Results

The pooled estimate of 114 study estimates for LMICs contains some bias. India's 37 study estimates were distributed more or less equally along the middle line, indicating no publication bias, while there was a slight bias in the estimates for Africa, Latin America, and Bangladesh. The odds of experiencing the death of the index child in the selected LMICs were 2.3 times higher for mothers who had lost any prior child as compared to those mothers who had not had any prior child loss. For African mothers, the odds were five times higher, whereas for Indian mothers, the odds were 1.66 times higher. Mothers' characteristics, such as education, occupation, health‐seeking behavior, and maternal competence, significantly affect the child's survival status.

Conclusion

Achieving the sustainable development goals would not be possible if mothers in countries experiencing high levels of under‐five mortality are not provided with better health and nutrition facilities. Mothers who have lost multiple children should be targeted for assistance.
The effects of virtual reality‐based bronchoscopy simulator on learning outcomes of medical trainees: A systematic review
Authors: Bejani Mahmud , Taghizadieh Ali , Samad‐Soltani Taha , Asadzadeh Afsoon , Rezaei‐Hachesu Peyman
Published: July 2023

Background and Aims

Conventional medical training routes of bronchoscopy may decrease patients' comfort and increase procedure‐related morbidity. Virtual reality (VR)‐based bronchoscopy is a beneficial and safe solution for teaching trainees. The aim of this systematic review was to study the effectiveness of VR‐based bronchoscopy simulators on the learning outcomes of medical trainees.

Methods

Well‐known sources (i.e., Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Medline via PubMed) were systematically searched using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines on December, 2021. Peer‐reviewed English papers that used VR‐based simulation for bronchoscopy training were included. The articles that were studying other technologies, or those that were unrelated to the topic, were excluded. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists for quasi‐experimental studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Results

Out of 343 studies, 8 of them met our inclusion criteria. An appropriate control group and statistical analysis were the most common and unavoidable sources of bias in included non‐RCTs, and lack of blinding in participants was the most common source of bias in RCTs. The included studies evaluated learning outcomes regarding dexterity (N = 5), speed (N = 3), the accuracy of procedures (N = 1), and the need for verbal assistance (N = 1). Based on the results, 100% (5/5) and 66% (2/3) of studies showed that the use of VR‐based simulation on the learning outcomes of medical trainees led to improvement in manual ability (i.e., dexterity) and swiftness of execution (i.e., speed in performance), respectively. Additionally, improving the accuracy of subjects' performance, and reducing the need for verbal guidance and physical assistance was reported in studies that evaluated these variables.

Conclusion

VR bronchoscopy simulator as a training method for teaching medical trainees, especially for novices has the potential to improve medical trainees' performance and reduce complications. Further studies are needed to evaluate the positive effects of VR‐based simulation on the learning outcomes of medical trainees.
Temperament and behaviour problems in children: A multilevel analysis of cross‐cultural differences
Authors: Campagna Allegra X. , Desmarais Eric D. , French Brian , Underwood Joshua J. , Majdandžić Mirjana , Beijers Roseriet , de Weerth Carolina , Lee Eun Gyoung , Huitron Blanca , Ahmetoglu Emine , Benga Oana , Raikkonen Katri , Heinonen Kati , Gonzalez‐Salinas Carmen , Slobodskaya Helena , Kozlova Elena , Linhares Maria Beatriz Martins , Lecannelier Felipe , Casalin Sara , Acar Ibrahim , Tuovinen Soile , Wang Zhengyan , Montirosso Rosario , Giusti Lorenzo , Park Seong‐Yeon , Han Sae‐Young , Putnam Samuel , Gartstein Maria A.
Published: July 2023

Early temperament attributes have been linked to emerging behaviour problems and significant long‐term consequences; however, these relations are rarely examined cross‐culturally. The present study addresses this gap, employing multilevel modelling to explain within‐ and between‐culture variances with respect to temperament predicting a spectrum of behaviour problems across 14 nations from the Joint Effort Toddler Temperament Consortium (JETTC). A total of 865 children between 17 and 40 months, with approximately equal age distribution across this developmental period and about equivalent representation of genders, were recruited from 14 nations. Greater negative emotionality was associated with more internalizing problems, whereas higher surgency and effortful control predicted fewer internalizing difficulties. Controlling for age and gender, temperament explained significant within‐ and between‐culture variances in internalizing and externalizing problems (at the broad‐band and fine‐grained levels), as well as sleep problems. For internalizing difficulties, temperament accounted for more between‐culture variance. In contrast, for externalizing difficulties, temperament accounted more for how individuals within the same culture differed from their same‐culture counterparts. The within‐culture findings suggest universal patterns of temperament‐problem relations, informing cultural adaptation of interventions; between‐culture findings enhance understanding of the implications of the cultural niche for normative behaviour and adjustment.
Household air pollution and risk of incident lung cancer in urban China: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Ji Chen , Lv Jun , Zhang Jing , Zhu Meng , Yu Canqing , Ma Hongxia , Jin Guangfu , Guo Yu , Pei Pei , Yang Ling , Chen Yiping , Du Huaidong , Chen Zhengming , Hu Zhibin , Li Liming , Shen Hongbing ,   the China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group
Published: July 2023

Household air pollution (HAP) is associated with the development of lung cancer, yet few studies investigated the exposure patterns and joint associations with tobacco smoking. In our study, we included 224 189 urban participants from China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB), 3288 of which diagnosed with lung cancer during the follow‐up. Exposure to four HAP sources (solid fuels for cooking/heating/stove and environmental tobacco smoke exposure) was assessed at baseline. Distinct HAP patterns and their associations with lung cancer were examined through latent class analysis (LCA) and multivariable Cox regression. A total of 76.1% of the participants reported regular cooking and 52.2% reported winter heating, of which 9% and 24.7% used solid fuels, respectively. Solid fuel heating increased lung cancer risk (Hazards ratio [HR]: 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08‐1.46). LCA identified three HAP patterns; the “clean fuel cooking and solid fuel heating” pattern significantly increased lung cancer risk (HR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.10‐1.41), compared to low HAP pattern. An additive interaction was observed between heavy smoking and “clean fuel cooking and solid fuel heating” (relative excess risk [RERI]: 1.32, 95% CI: 0.29‐2.47, attributable proportion [AP]: 0.23, 95% CI: 0.06‐0.36). Cases resulting from solid fuel account for ~4% of total cases (population attribute fraction [PAF]overall: 4.31%, 95% CI: 2.16%‐6.47%, PAFever smokers: 4.38%, 95% CI: 1.54%‐7.23%). Our results suggest that in urban China, solid fuel heating increased the risk of lung cancer, particularly among heavy smokers. The whole population could benefit from cleaner indoor air quality by reducing using solid fuels, especially smokers.
Association between travel distance and overall survival among patients with adrenocortical carcinoma
Authors: Logan Charles D. , Nunnally Sara E. A. , Valukas Catherine , Warwar Samantha , Swinarska Joanna T. , Lee Frances T. , Bentrem David J. , Odell David D. , Elaraj Dina M. , Sturgeon Cord
Published: July 2023

Background and Objectives

Regionalization of care is associated with improved perioperative outcomes after adrenalectomy. However, the relationship between travel distance and treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is unknown. We investigated the association between travel distance, treatment, and overall survival (OS) among patients with ACC.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with ACC between 2004 and 2017 were identified with the National Cancer Database. Long distance was defined as the highest quintile of travel (≥42.2 miles). The likelihood of surgical management and adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) were determined. The association between travel distance, treatment, and OS was evaluated.

Results

Of 3492 patients with ACC included, 2337 (66.9%) received surgery. Rural residents were more likely to travel long distances for surgery than metropolitan residents (65.8% vs. 15.5%, p < 0.001), and surgery was associated with improved OS (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.34–0.54). Overall, 807 (23.1%) patients received AC with rates decreasing approximately 1% per 4‐mile travel distance increase. Also, long distance travel was associated with worse OS among surgically treated patients (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.05–1.40).

Conclusions

Surgery was associated with improved overall survival for patients with ACC. However, increased travel distance was associated with lower likelihood to receive adjuvant chemotherapy and decreased overall survival.
Recommendations for intervertebral disc notochordal cell investigation: From isolation to characterization
Authors: Williams Rebecca J. , Laagland Lisanne T. , Bach Frances C. , Ward Lizzy , Chan Wilson , Tam Vivian , Medzikovic Adel , Basatvat Shaghayegh , Paillat Lily , Vedrenne Nicolas , Snuggs Joseph W. , Poramba‐Liyanage Deepani W. , Hoyland Judith A. , Chan Danny , Camus Anne , Richardson Stephen M. , Tryfonidou Marianna A. , Le Maitre Christine L.
Published: July 2023

Background

Lineage‐tracing experiments have established that the central region of the mature intervertebral disc, the nucleus pulposus (NP), develops from the embryonic structure called “the notochord”. However, changes in the cells derived from the notochord which form the NP (i.e., notochordal cells [NCs]), in terms of their phenotype and functional identity from early developmental stages to skeletal maturation are less understood. These key issues require further investigation to better comprehend the role of NCs in homeostasis and degeneration as well as their potential for regeneration. Progress in utilizing NCs is currently hampered due to poor consistency and lack of consensus methodology for in vitro NC extraction, manipulation, and characterization.

Methods

Here, an international group has come together to provide key recommendations and methodologies for NC isolation within key species, numeration, in vitro manipulation and culture, and characterization.

Results

Recommeded protocols are provided for isolation and culture of NCs. Experimental testing provided recommended methodology for numeration of NCs. The issues of cryopreservation are demonstrated, and a pannel of immunohistochemical markers are provided to inform NC characterization.

Conclusions

Together we hope this article provides a road map for in vitro studies of NCs to support advances in research into NC physiology and their potential in regenerative therapies.
Finite elements based on Jacobi shape functions for the analysis of beams, plates and shells
Authors: Pagani Alfonso , Carrera Erasmo , Scano Daniele , Augello Riccardo
Published: July 2023

This paper proposes the use of Jacobi polynomials to approximate higher‐order theories of beam, plate, and shell structures. The Carrera unified formulation is used in this context to express displacement kinematics in a hierarchical form. In this manner, classical to complex higher‐order theories can be implemented with ease. Particular attention is focused on the attenuation and the correction of the shear locking. Therefore, reduced integration as well as mixed interpolation of tensorial components methods are investigated against the new finite elements. Several case studies are taken into account to highlight the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed approach. Also, several benchmarks are provided for future assessments.
Robust estimates of solute diffusivity in polymers for predicting patient exposure to medical device leachables
Authors: Elder Robert M. , Saylor David M.
Published: July 2023

Medical devices often include polymeric components, which contain additives or contaminants that may leach into patients and pose a health risk. Previously, we proposed a mass transport model that conservatively estimates the leaching kinetics and only requires the solute's diffusion coefficient in the polymer, , to be specified. Because determining experimentally is time‐consuming, we also parameterized empirical models to estimate worst‐case values using only the solute molecular weight, . These models were based on a modest database and were limited to 19 polymers and larger solutes ( g/mol). Here, we assemble a much larger database, which enables us to construct more accurate models using a robust statistical approach, expanding the coverage to 50 device‐relevant polymers and smaller solutes ( g/mol). Then, we demonstrate several applications of these bounds, including modeling the release kinetics. Finally, we observe an interesting phenomenon, a discontinuous drop in of up to 25,000× for solutes with g/mol in glassy polymers. Using molecular simulations and cheminformatics tools, we propose a novel definition of the effective diameter of free volume channels in polymers, and we show that solutes larger than this channel size diffuse much more slowly.
Electronic structure and magnetic properties of noble metal (Rh, Ru, Pd, Ag) adsorbed vacancy‐defective arsenene: A first‐principles study
Authors: He Jianlin , Liu Guili , Zhang Chunwei , Zhang Guoying
Published: July 2023

The effects of vacancy defects and noble metals (NM = Rh, Ru, Pd, Ag) on the structural stability, electronic structure, and magnetic properties of arsenene were investigated using a first‐principles study. Vacancy defects have a great influence on both the magnetic properties and the band gap of arsenene. With the decrease in defect concentration, the magnetic moment of the vacancy defect system can be increased, and the bandgap transition from metal‐direct–indirect can be realized. After NM adsorption of vacancy defect arsenene, we considered three defect concentrations. It was indicated that there was a large adsorption energy between NM and vacancy‐defective arsenene, indicating that the adsorption system was relatively stable while the change in defect concentration did not have a significant effect on charge transfer. Except for the Ag adsorption system, the defect concentration can effectively modulate the band gap of the adsorption system and make it exhibit various electronic structures, such as semiconductors and metals. In terms of magnetic properties, not all NM atoms can induce arsenene to appear magnetic. Except for the Ag adsorption system, the defect concentration can make the adsorption system exhibit a variety of magnetic properties. It can induce the magnetic state of vacancy‐defective arsenenes or lead to the disappearance of magnetism. The spin polarization of the adsorption system mainly originates from the NM atoms or As atoms around the vacancies.
Improved Resource‐Tunable Near‐Term Quantum Algorithms for Transition Probabilities, with Applications in Physics and Variational Quantum Linear Algebra
Authors: Sawaya Nicolas PD , Huh Joonsuk
Published: July 2023

Transition amplitudes and transition probabilities are relevant to many areas of physics simulation, including the calculation of response properties and correlation functions. These quantities can also be related to solving linear systems of equations. This study presents three related algorithms for calculating transition probabilities. First, a previously published short‐depth algorithm is extended, allowing for the two input states to be non‐orthogonal. Building on this first procedure, a higher‐depth algorithm based on Trotterization and Richardson extrapolation is derived that requires fewer circuit evaluations. Third, a tunable algorithm that allows for trading off circuit depth and measurement complexity is introduced, yielding an algorithm that can be tailored to specific hardware characteristics. Finally, proof‐of‐principle numerics are presented for models in physics and chemistry and for a subroutine in variational quantum linear solving (VQLS). The primary benefits of these approaches are that a) arbitrary non‐orthogonal states may now be used with small increases in quantum resources, b) they (like another recently proposed method) entirely avoid subroutines such as the Hadamard test that may require three‐qubit gates to be decomposed, and c) in some cases fewer quantum circuit evaluations are required as compared to the previous state‐of‐the‐art in NISQ algorithms for transition probabilities.
An attitude cooperative control for multi‐spacecraft systems with arbitrary input delay time‐variation rate: A dynamic event‐triggered approach
Authors: Hu Hongsheng , Xu Hao , Meng Yunhe
Published: July 2023

A problem of the attitude cooperative control of multi‐spacecraft systems with input time‐varying delay under an undirected graph is addressed in this paper, where the delay does not require any assumption on the continuity of the delay and its time‐variation rate. Considering the communication bandwidth constraint and Zeno behavior, a dynamic event‐triggered scheme is presented, which is more general than some existing event‐triggered schemes with a fixed threshold. By Lyapunov function technology, sufficient conditions of bilinear matrix inequality (BMI) for the existence of controller gain are proposed firstly such that the closed‐loop system is attitude cooperative with a new disturbance attenuation performance. It is also proved that there is a lower bound between two adjacent triggers via the mathematical analytical method, that is, the Zeno phenomenon can be avoided. Finally, the efficacy of the proposed methods is verified via simulations.
Fabrication of Polyaniline‐Supported MnO2 Nanocomposite for Removal of Water Pollutant: Kinetic and Isotherm Studies
Authors: Meena Parmeshwar Lal , Saini Jitendra Kumar , Surela Ajay Kumar , Mordhiya Bhanupriya , Chhachhia Lata Kumari , Meena Kamod Singh
Published: July 2023

In the present work, we have successfully developed polyaniline supported manganese dioxide (PANI/MnO2) nanocomposite using a facile and inexpensive approach under mild and green conditions by the PANI nanofiber sacrificial oxidation induced reductive conversion of KMnO4 as MnO2. The developed PANI/MnO2 adsorbent material was efficiently utilized for the removal of an organic dye Toluidine Blue (TB) from the aqueous samples.The fabricated adsorbent material was composed of the microstructures that possess grainy and fibrous morphology, and highly uneven surface textures. The FTIR, EDS, and XPS results show the presence of Mn, O, C, and N elements in the nanocomposite. Additionally, from XPS data the survival of the Mn+4 valance state of manganese was recognized. The nano‐thread deposited nano‐fibrous mesoporous nanocomposite holds a high BET surface area (168.096 m2 g−1), and pore volume (0.4428 cm3 g−1).The batch adsorption equilibrium studies showed that 97.51 % of the TB dye was eliminated in 70 min of sorption equilibrium at neutral pH with 92 mg/g of adsorption capacity. The kinetics of the adsorption process is finely portrayed by the pseudo‐second‐order (PSO) kinetic model and the adsorption mechanism is found to be concurrently controlled by intraparticle (IP) and film diffusion (FD) processes. The adsorption isotherm analysis studies revealed that the adsorption of TB dye over the developed PANI/MnO2 adsorbent material occurred with coverage of energetically equivalent binding sites by monolayer formation as substantiated by Langmuir isotherm.
Ball Milling Nanoarchitectonics of Nitrogen‐Doped Cr2O3 on Thermally Exfoliated. A. morphous Nanosheets for a High‐Performance Supercapacitor
Authors: Joseph Anit , Ramachandran Sindhu , Thomas Tiju
Published: July 2023

There is a growing interest in energy storage technologies that are “green”. In this context, supercapacitors are expected to play a vital role in addition to next‐generation batteries. The material chosen in this work is based on Cr2O3. This is because amorphous CrO3 is considered one of the best materials for high‐performance supercapacitors. This is due to its high specific capacity and specific surface area. In this work, we report a stable and efficient nitrogen‐doped Cr2O3 (N : Cr2O3) based electrode material. Undoped Cr2O3 in amorphous form is first synthesized via thermal exfoliation. It becomes crystalline when it is doped with nitrogen through ball milling. The phase obtained is N : Cr2O3. N : Cr2O3 is shown as a promising suitable material for electrochemical applications. This electrode material gives a specific capacitance of 1200 F/g at 1 A/g, 85 % cycle stability over 1000 cycles. The improved electrochemical performance of the N : Cr2O3 is due to the incorporation of nitrogen into its crystal structure.