bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medication knowledge and willingness to nurse‐initiate medications in an emergency department: a mixed‐methods study
Authors: Cabilan C. J. , Eley Robert , Hughes James A. , Sinnott Michael
Published: November 2015

Aims

To assess the medication knowledge of emergency department nurses and determine the factors affecting their nurse‐initiated medication practices.

Background

Nurse‐initiated medications is a vital practice for all nurses in emergency departments which improves pain assessment, provides safe pain management and reduces time‐to‐analgesia and other meaningful treatments.

Design

Mixed methods. Between September 2014–January 2015, data were collected by questionnaire assessing medication knowledge and face‐to‐face interviews determining factors affecting practice.

Results

Nurse‐initiated medications frequency of the Registered Nurses ranged from 0‐36 times per week dependent on employed hours and emergency department area worked. Medication knowledge was consistent among nurses, but there was an overall deficit in nurses' knowledge of mechanism of action. Four major themes were identified from the 24 interviews: patient‐centred care, caution and safety as principles of practice; continuing support and education; improvement of practice over time. All nurses regard the practice positively and to be extremely beneficial to patients. Although apprehensive at the start of their nurse‐initiated medications practice, confidence improved with exposure and experience. Nurses sought additional information from colleagues and the available evidence‐based resources.

Conclusion

Medication knowledge is not the sole determinant of nurse‐initiated medications practice. The practice is motivated by multiple factors such as patients' needs, safety and nurses' confidence.
Pulmonary Vein Isolation With Incomplete Antral Ablation Lines: Is More Ablation Necessary? Results of a Randomized Trial
Authors: GULA LORNE J. , LEONG‐SIT PETER , MANLUCU JAIMIE , HILLOCK LINDSAY , YEE RAYMOND , TANG ANTHONY S.L. , KLEIN GEORGE J. , SKANES ALLAN C.
Published: November 2015

Segmental Ablation for Pulmonary Vein Isolation

Background

A full circumferential set of antral lesions is not always required for bidirectional pulmonary vein conduction block. It is unknown whether a partial lesion set that isolates the veins will have clinical success rates similar to a full circumferential lesion set, and if procedural times or procedural risk will be affected.

Methods

We performed a prospective, randomized clinical trial to test the hypothesis that a partial lesion set that isolates the pulmonary veins has comparable clinical success rate and shorter procedure times compared to a strategy of completing the circumferential lesion set once the veins are isolated.

Results

A total of 119 patients were enrolled, 59 randomized to circumferential ablation, and 60 to segmental. Mean age was 58.3 ± 10.1, 77% male. Mean procedure time was 221.0 ± 46.9 minutes in circumferential and 224.7 ± 51.3 in segmental (P = 0.68). Twelve‐month freedom from AF recurrence was 61.3% overall, 64.4% in circumferential, and 58.3% in segmental (P = 0.50). Among 25 segmental patients with AF recurrence, 23 underwent second ablation. Among 33 areas of conduction recovery, 23 (70%) occurred in segments ablated at first procedure and 10 (30%) in segments not previously ablated, suggesting reversible conduction block from edema.

Conclusion

No difference in AF recurrence or procedure time is detectable in a sample of 119 patients randomized to segmental or circumferential antral ablation to achieve pulmonary vein isolation. Second ablation procedures confirmed that some antral sites do not require ablation. A segmental approach results in unacceptably high rates of untargeted or recovered antral sites to make this approach feasible.
Reaching out: junctions between cardiac telocytes and cardiac stem cells in culture
Authors: Popescu Laurențiu M. , Fertig Emanuel T. , Gherghiceanu Mihaela
Published: November 2015

Telocytes (TCs) were previously shown by our group to form a tandem with stem/progenitor cells in cardiac stem cell (CSC) niches, fulfilling various roles in cardiac renewal. Among these, the ability to ‘nurse’ CSCs in situ, both through direct physical contact (junctions) as well as at a distance, by paracrine signalling or through extracellular vesicles containing mRNA. We employed electron microscopy to identify junctions (such as gap or adherens junctions) in a co‐culture of cardiac TCs and CSCs. Gap junctions were observed between TCs, which formed networks, however, not between TCs and CSCs. Instead, we show that TCs and CSCs interact in culture forming heterocellular adherens junctions, as well as non‐classical junctions such as puncta adherentia and stromal synapses. The stromal synapse formed between TCs and CSCs (both stromal cells) was frequently associated with the presence of electron‐dense nanostructures (on average about 15 nm in length) connecting the two opposing membranes. The average width of the synaptic cleft was 30 nm, whereas the average length of the intercellular contact was 5 μm. Recent studies have shown that stem cells fail to adequately engraft and survive in the hostile environment of the injured myocardium, possibly as a result of the absence of the pro‐regenerative components of the secretome (paracrine factors) and/or of neighbouring support cells. Herein, we emphasize the similarities between the junctions described in co‐culture and the junctions identified between TCs and CSCs in situ. Reproducing a CSC niche in culture may represent a viable alternative to mono‐cellular therapies.
Effect of decontamination on micro‐shear bond strength of silorane‐based composite increments
Authors: Sheikh‐Al‐Eslamian Seyedeh Mahsa , Panahandeh Narges , Najafi‐Abrandabadi Ahmad , Hasani Elham , Torabzadeh Hassan , Ghassemi Amir
Published: November 2015

Aim

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the micro‐shear bond strength of silorane‐based composites after saliva/blood decontamination.

Methods

A transparent mold (1 × 2 × 1 cm) was used to make 11 flat, silorane‐based composite blocks. One block served as the control. After contamination, the blocks were treated as follows: group 1: 10‐s air spray; group 2: 10‐s water spray + 10‐s air spray; group 3: 10‐s water spray + 10‐s air spray + 10‐s etching with phosphoric acid; group 4: 10‐s air spray + 10‐s etching + bonding; group 5: 10‐s water spray + 10‐s air spray + 10‐s etching + bonding; and groups 6–10: treated the same as groups 1–5, the only difference being that blood was used instead of saliva. Ten tubes (0.7 mm × 1 mm) containing silorane‐based composites were attached to each decontaminated block and light cured for 40 s. After 24‐h storage in distilled water, specimens were tested under micro‐shear loading at a cross‐head speed of 0.5 mm/min. Data were analyzed using one‐way anova and Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD) test (P < 0.05).

Results

One‐way anova showed significant differences in the micro‐shear bond strength among the experimental groups (P < 0.001). Tukey's HSD test revealed that the bond strengths in groups 5, 9, and 10 were similar to the control group (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Decontamination by water and air spray, etching, and bonding was effective in restoring the bond strength of silorane‐based composite increments.
Individual and Institutional Investors’ Response to Earnings Reported by Conservative and Non‐Conservative Firms: Evidence from Chinese Financial Markets
Authors: Jaggi Bikki , Li Wei , Wang Steven Shuye
Published: November 2015

In this study, we document that there are significant differences in individual and institutional investors’ perception and interpretation of information based on accounting conservatism, as reflected by their trading behavior in the Chinese financial market. Our findings show that institutional investors, who are more sophisticated and have better skills, engage in higher purchases of equities of firms that use high accounting conservatism compared to the firms that use low/no accounting conservatism. Institutional investors’ equity purchases are even higher if these firms are associated with higher growth opportunities. On the other hand, individual investors are attracted more by the attention‐grabbing events and are motivated to purchase equities of firms that either do not use accounting conservatism or use low accounting conservatism, and their purchases are even higher when the firms report positive earnings surprises. Additionally, we find that abnormal returns are higher for the firms using high accounting conservatism and have experienced higher purchases by institutional investors.
Studying the Motivated Agent Through Time: Personal Goal Development During the Adult Life Span
Authors: Dunlop William L. , Bannon Brittany L. , McAdams Dan P.
Published: November 2015

This research examined the rank‐order and mean‐level consistency of personal goals at two periods in the adult life span. Personal goal continuity was considered among a group of young adults (N = 145) who reported their goals three times over a 3‐year period and among a group of midlife adults (N = 163) who specified their goals annually over a 4‐year period. Goals were coded for a series of motive‐based (viz., achievement, affiliation, intimacy, power) and domain‐based (viz., finance, generativity, health, travel) categories. In both samples, we noted a moderate degree of rank‐order consistency across assessment periods. In addition, the majority of goal categories exhibited a high degree of mean‐level consistency. The results of this research suggest that (a) the content of goals exhibits a modest degree of rank‐order consistency and a substantial degree of mean‐level consistency over time, and (b) considering personality continuity and development as manifest via goals represents a viable strategy for personality psychologists.
Patterns of blood component use in cirrhosis: a nationwide study
Authors: Desborough Michael J. R. , Hockley Brian , Sekhar Mallika , Burroughs Andrew K. , Stanworth Simon J. , Jairath Vipul ,   the National Audit Collaborative
Published: November 2015

Background & Aims

Cirrhosis is a complex acquired disorder of coagulation and frequent indication for transfusion of blood components. We characterised blood component use in patients with cirrhosis and compared this to transfusion guidelines.

Methods

All National Health Service trusts with representation on the British Society of Gastroenterology membership list were invited to take part. Data were collected prospectively on consecutive, unselected, hospitalised admissions with cirrhosis over 28 days. Detailed information was recorded for patients receiving blood components including indication (for bleeding or prophylaxis), type of component, laboratory indices triggering transfusion, complications, thromboembolic events and clinical outcome to day 28.

Results

Data on 1313 consecutive patients with cirrhosis were collected from 85 hospitals. A total of 391/1313 (30%) were transfused a blood component; in 238/391 (61%), this was for treatment of bleeding and in 153/391 (39%) for prophylaxis of bleeding. In 48/185 (26%) cases with bleeding, the haemoglobin threshold was >80 g/L prior to red blood cell transfusion. In the prophylaxis group, 238/391 (61%) received transfusion in response to an abnormal haematological value in the absence of any planned procedure. In patients transfused for procedural prophylaxis, 10/34 (29%) received fresh frozen plasma at an International Normalised Ratio lower than the threshold where a benefit would be anticipated. An in‐patient thromboembolic event was recorded in 3% (35/1313) and 10% (138/1313) died by day 28.

Conclusions

One‐third of hospitalised patients with cirrhosis were transfused. Strategies for Patient Blood Management should include ensuring transfusion practice is consistent with guidelines and greater emphasis on alternatives to transfusion.
Polymer amide in the Allende and Murchison meteorites
Authors: McGeoch Julie E. M. , McGeoch Malcolm W.
Published: November 2015

It has been proposed that exothermic gas phase polymerization of amino acids can occur in the conditions of a warm dense molecular cloud to form hydrophobic polymer amide (HPA) (McGeoch and McGeoch 2014). In a search for evidence of this presolar chemistry Allende and Murchison meteorites and a volcano control were diamond burr‐etched and Folch extracted for potential HPA yielding 85 unique peaks in the meteorite samples via matrix‐assisted laser desorption time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF/MS). The amino acids after acid hydrolysis in Allende were below the level of detection but many of the Allende peaks via the more sensitive MALDI/TOF analysis could be fitted to a polymer combination of glycine, alanine, and alpha‐hydroxyglycine with high statistical significance. A similar significant fit using these three amino acids could not be applied to the Murchison data indicating more complex polymer chemistry.
Financialization, Distribution and Accumulation: A Circuit of Capital Model with A Managerial Class
Authors: Vasudevan Ramaa
Published: November 2015

This paper explores some implications of financialization and rising consumer debt on the interplay of inequality and growth in a circuit of capital model, which includes a managerial class. Two possible ‘closures’ are presented in the paper. With the Classical‐Marxian closure, credit (specifically consumer credit) endogenously adjusts to the pace of accumulation. With the alternative Keynesian closure, exogenous consumer credit determines the rate of steady‐state growth. Two regimes of accumulation are identified on the basis of these two closures. Accumulation is constrained by profitability in the first regime and increasing inequality in the second regime. The paper also investigates the impact of rising managerial income on demand and accumulation. The managerial class plays a dual role in the capitalist economy increasing productivity on one hand and diverting a share of surplus from investment to consumption on the other.
CO‐CBS‐H2S Axis: From Vascular Mediator to Cancer Regulator
Authors: Suematsu Makoto , Nakamura Takashi , Tokumoto Yasuhito , Yamamoto Takehiro , Kajimura Mayumi , Kabe Yasuaki
Published: November 2015

CO is a gaseous mediator generated by HO. Our previous studies revealed that CO generated from inducible HO‐1 or from constitutive HO‐2 modulates function of different heme proteins or enzymes through binding to their prosthetic ferrous heme to alter their structures, regulating biological function of cells and organs. Such CO‐directed target macromolecules include sGC and CBS. In the liver, CO serves as a sinusoidal dilator through its action on sGC in hepatic stellate cells, while the same gas accounts for vasoconstrictor that inhibits H2S generated by CO‐sensitive CBS in astrocytes. Since molecular O2 is a substrate for HO, the latter mechanism contributes to hypoxic vasodilation in neurovascular units. We have recently uncovered that stress‐inducible CO in and around cancer cells suppresses CBS to result in decreased methylation of PFKFB3, the enzyme regulating PFK‐1, leading to a shift of glucose biotransformation from glycolysis toward pentose phosphate pathway; such a metabolic remodeling causes chemoresistance through increasing NADPH and reduced glutathione under stress conditions for cancer cells. This article reviews the intriguing networks of CO‐sensitive metabolic regulatory mechanisms in microcirculation and cancer.
Comparison of health risk behavior, awareness, and health benefit beliefs of health science and non‐health science students: An international study
Authors: Peltzer Karl , Pengpid Supa , Yung Tony K. C. , Aounallah‐Skhiri Hajer , Rehman Rehana
Published: November 2015

This study determines the differences in health risk behavior, knowledge, and health benefit beliefs between health science and non‐health science university students in 17 low and middle income countries. Anonymous questionnaire data were collected in a cross‐sectional survey of 13,042 undergraduate university students (4,981 health science and 8,061 non‐health science students) from 17 universities in 17 countries across Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Results indicate that overall, health science students had the same mean number of health risk behaviors as non‐health science university students. Regarding addictive risk behavior, fewer health science students used tobacco, were binge drinkers, or gambled once a week or more. Health science students also had a greater awareness of health behavior risks (5.5) than non‐health science students (4.6). Linear regression analysis found a strong association with poor or weak health benefit beliefs and the health risk behavior index. There was no association between risk awareness and health risk behavior among health science students and an inverse association among non‐health science students.
Introducing an algal carbon‐concentrating mechanism into higher plants: location and incorporation of key components
Authors: Atkinson Nicky , Feike Doreen , Mackinder Luke C. M. , Meyer Moritz T. , Griffiths Howard , Jonikas Martin C. , Smith Alison M. , McCormick Alistair J.
Published: November 2015

Many eukaryotic green algae possess biophysical carbon‐concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) that enhance photosynthetic efficiency and thus permit high growth rates at low CO2 concentrations. They are thus an attractive option for improving productivity in higher plants. In this study, the intracellular locations of ten CCM components in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were confirmed. When expressed in tobacco, all of these components except chloroplastic carbonic anhydrases CAH3 and CAH6 had the same intracellular locations as in Chlamydomonas. CAH6 could be directed to the chloroplast by fusion to an Arabidopsis chloroplast transit peptide. Similarly, the putative inorganic carbon (Ci) transporter LCI1 was directed to the chloroplast from its native location on the plasma membrane. CCP1 and CCP2 proteins, putative Ci transporters previously reported to be in the chloroplast envelope, localized to mitochondria in both Chlamydomonas and tobacco, suggesting that the algal CCM model requires expansion to include a role for mitochondria. For the Ci transporters LCIA and HLA3, membrane location and Ci transport capacity were confirmed by heterologous expression and H14CO3‐ uptake assays in Xenopus oocytes. Both were expressed in Arabidopsis resulting in growth comparable with that of wild‐type plants. We conclude that CCM components from Chlamydomonas can be expressed both transiently (in tobacco) and stably (in Arabidopsis) and retargeted to appropriate locations in higher plant cells. As expression of individual Ci transporters did not enhance Arabidopsis growth, stacking of further CCM components will probably be required to achieve a significant increase in photosynthetic efficiency in this species.
Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma: Clincopathological study of 25 cases from Japan with a reappraisal of tissue associated macrophages
Authors: Eladl Ahmed E. , Satou Akira , Elsayed Ahmed Ali , Suzuki Yuka , Shimizu‐Kohno Kei , Kato Seiichi , Tomita Akihiro , Kinoshita Tomohiro , Nakamura Shigeo , Asano Naoko
Published: November 2015

Clinicopathological features of 25 nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) patients in Japan were analysed. To investigate the clinicopathological significance of tissue associated macrophages (TAM) in NLPHL, CD68 and CD163 expression were investigated. The median age at onset was 56 years (range: 6–82 years) with male predominance (64%). All patients presented with lymph node enlargement with predilection for cervical LNs. Seven cases (28%) had mediastinal lesion and four (16%) had extranodal involvement. Most cases (76%) presented with early clinical stages. After median follow up of 44 months, both of overall and progression free survival rates were 95%. The presence of >5% CD68+ TAM in NLPHL was significantly associated with older age at diagnosis (median, 71 vs 52.5 years; P = 0.048), lower hemoglobin level (33.3% vs 0%; P = 0.037) and lower CR rate after initial treatment (42.9% vs 91.7%; P = 0.038). The presence of >5% CD163+ TAM was significantly correlated with presence of B symptoms (40% vs 0%; P = 0.036). In conclusion, NLPHL is rare among Japanese and appears to present at an older age than among Western patients. In our series, the presence of >5% CD68+ TAM in NLPHL was associated with lower CR rate, but with no impact on patients' survival.
Big Business in a Thin Market: Understanding the Privatization of Residential Care for Children and Youth in Sweden
Authors: Meagher Gabrielle , Lundström Tommy , Sallnäs Marie , Wiklund Stefan
Published: November 2015

This article analyzes the transformation of Swedish residential care for children from a regionally coordinated, public social service system into a thin, but highly profitable, national spot market in which large corporations have a growing presence. Marketization and privatization are theorized as complex processes, through which the institutional structure and logics of this small, but significant, social policy field changed profoundly. Using official documents, register data, media reports and existing research, three consecutive phases in the development of the children's home market are identified since the early 1980s. Change was driven on one hand by policies inspired by New Public Management, which shifted public authority horizontally to the private sector, and vertically to local authorities (funding) and to the state (regulation). On the other hand were the responses of local authorities and private actors to the changing incentives that policy shifts entailed. During the first two phases, both the proportion and size of for‐profit providers increased, and the model of family‐like care was replaced by a professional model. Cutting across the trend of privatization in the third phase was establishment of a parallel system of homes for unaccompanied refugee children – mostly in public ownership. Similarities with privatization in the English system of children's care homes are noted. By showing how the Swedish market for residential care has been created by policy and by actors’ responses to those reforms, the article provides a foundation for thinking through how the predictable, significant and well‐documented problems of such care markets might be addressed.
Public Attitudes towards Income Redistribution: Evidence from Hong Kong
Authors: Wu Alfred M. , Chou Kee‐Lee
Published: November 2015

The drivers of public support for redistributive policy have stimulated academic debate around the world. The majority of studies use cross‐country surveys conducted in the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development countries to contribute to the debate on whether self‐interest or social values have more influence on public attitudes towards redistribution. Drawing on a phone survey conducted in 2013, this study advances the discussion by investigating public attitudes towards redistribution and social policy changes against the backdrop of buoyant government revenues in Hong Kong. The Hong Kong welfare model, best seen as a parallel to the liberal welfare state, is selective and residual. Contrary to the usual assumption, the social values hypothesis, viewing poverty as societal problems instead of individual reasons, has been supported in the Hong Kong context. It lends support to greater redistribution in a residual welfare state. The policy implications of the findings are also discussed.
Mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Vásquez‐Trincado César , García‐Carvajal Ivonne , Pennanen Christian , Parra Valentina , Hill Joseph A. , Rothermel Beverly A. , Lavandero Sergio
Published: November 2015

Cardiac hypertrophy is often initiated as an adaptive response to haemodynamic stress or myocardial injury, and allows the heart to meet an increased demand for oxygen. Although initially beneficial, hypertrophy can ultimately contribute to the progression of cardiac disease, leading to an increase in interstitial fibrosis and a decrease in ventricular function. Metabolic changes have emerged as key mechanisms involved in the development and progression of pathological remodelling. As the myocardium is a highly oxidative tissue, mitochondria play a central role in maintaining optimal performance of the heart. ‘Mitochondrial dynamics’, the processes of mitochondrial fusion, fission, biogenesis and mitophagy that determine mitochondrial morphology, quality and abundance have recently been implicated in cardiovascular disease. Studies link mitochondrial dynamics to the balance between energy demand and nutrient supply, suggesting that changes in mitochondrial morphology may act as a mechanism for bioenergetic adaptation during cardiac pathological remodelling. Another critical function of mitochondrial dynamics is the removal of damaged and dysfunctional mitochondria through mitophagy, which is dependent on the fission/fusion cycle. In this article, we discuss the latest findings regarding the impact of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy on the development and progression of cardiovascular pathologies, including diabetic cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, damage from ischaemia–reperfusion, cardiac hypertrophy and decompensated heart failure. We will address the ability of mitochondrial fusion and fission to impact all cell types within the myocardium, including cardiac myocytes, cardiac fibroblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells. Finally, we will discuss how these findings can be applied to improve the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular diseases.

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Synapse‐specific expression of calcium‐permeable AMPA receptors in neocortical layer 5
Authors: Lalanne Txomin , Oyrer Julia , Mancino Adamo , Gregor Erica , Chung Andrew , Huynh Louis , Burwell Sasha , Maheux Jérôme , Farrant Mark , Sjöström P. Jesper
Published: November 2015

Key points

In the hippocampus, calcium‐permeable AMPA receptors have been found in a restricted subset of neuronal types that inhibit other neurons, although their localization in the neocortex is less well understood.

In the present study, we looked for calcium‐permeable AMPA receptors in two distinct populations of neocortical inhibitory neurons: basket cells and Martinotti cells. We found them in the former but not in the latter. Furthermore, in basket cells, these receptors were associated with particularly fast responses.

Computer modelling predicted (and experiments verified) that fast calcium‐permeable AMPA receptors enable basket cells to respond rapidly, such that they promptly inhibit neighbouring cells and shut down activity.

The results obtained in the present study help our understanding of pathologies such as stroke and epilepsy that have been associated with disordered regulation of calcium‐permeable AMPA receptors.

AMPA‐type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) lacking an edited GluA2 subunit are calcium‐permeable (CP) and contribute to synaptic plasticity in several hippocampal interneuron types, although their precise role in the neocortex is not well described. We explored the presence of CP‐AMPARs at pyramidal cell (PC) inputs to Martinotti cells (MCs) and basket cells (BCs) in layer 5 of the developing mouse visual cortex (postnatal days 12–21). GluA2 immunolabelling was stronger in MCs than in BCs. A differential presence of CP‐AMPARs at PC‐BC and PC‐MC synapses was confirmed electrophysiologically, based on measures of spermine‐dependent rectification and CP‐AMPAR blockade by 1‐naphtyl acetyl spermine using recordings from synaptically connected cell pairs, NPEC‐AMPA uncaging and miniature current recordings. In addition, CP‐AMPAR expression in BCs was correlated with rapidly decaying synaptic currents. Computer modelling predicted that this reduces spike latencies and sharpens suprathreshold responses in BCs, which we verified experimentally using the dynamic clamp technique. Thus, the synapse‐specific expression of CP‐AMPARs may critically influence both plasticity and information processing in neocortical microcircuits.
Purinergic signalling mediates bidirectional crosstalk between chemoreceptor type I and glial‐like type II cells of the rat carotid body
Authors: Murali Sindhubarathi , Nurse Colin A.
Published: November 2015

Key points

Carotid body chemoreceptors are organized in clusters containing receptor type I and contiguous glial‐like type II cells.

While type I cells depolarize and release ATP during chemostimulation, the role of type II cells which express purinergic P2Y2 receptors (P2Y2Rs) and ATP‐permeable pannexin‐1 (Panx‐1) channels, is unclear.

Here, we show that in isolated rat chemoreceptor clusters, type I cell depolarization induced by hypoxia, hypercapnia, or high K+ caused delayed intracellular Ca2+ elevations (Δ[Ca2+]i) in nearby type II cells that were inhibited by the P2Y2R blocker suramin, or by the nucleoside hydrolase apyrase.

Likewise, stimulation of P2Y2Rs on type II cells caused a delayed, secondary Δ[Ca2+]i in nearby type I cells that was inhibited by blockers of Panx‐1 channels, adenosine A2A receptors and 5′‐ectonucleotidase.

We propose that reciprocal crosstalk between type I and type II cells contributes to sensory processing in the carotid body via purinergic signalling pathways.

The mammalian carotid body (CB) is excited by blood‐borne stimuli including hypoxia and acid hypercapnia, leading to respiratory and cardiovascular reflex responses. This chemosensory organ consists of innervated clusters of receptor type I cells, ensheathed by processes of adjacent glial‐like type II cells. ATP is a major excitatory neurotransmitter released from type I cells and type II cells express purinergic P2Y2 receptors (P2Y2Rs), the activation of which leads to the opening of ATP‐permeable, pannexin‐1 (Panx‐1) channels. While these properties support crosstalk between type I and type II cells during chemotransduction, direct evidence is lacking. To address this, we first exposed isolated rat chemoreceptor clusters to acute hypoxia, isohydric hypercapnia, or the depolarizing stimulus high K+, and monitored intracellular [Ca2+] using Fura‐2. As expected, these stimuli induced intracellular [Ca2+] elevations (Δ[Ca2+]i) in type I cells. Interestingly, however, there was often a delayed, secondary Δ[Ca2+]i in nearby type II cells that was reversibly inhibited by the P2Y2R antagonist suramin, or by the nucleoside hydrolase apyrase. By contrast, type II cell stimulation with the P2Y2R agonist uridine‐5′‐triphosphate (100 μm) often led to a delayed, secondary Δ[Ca2+]i response in nearby type I cells that was reversibly inhibited by the Panx‐1 blocker carbenoxolone (5 μm). This Δ[Ca2+]i response was also strongly inhibited by blockers of either the adenosine A2A receptor (SCH 58261) or of the 5′‐ectonucleotidase (AOPCP), suggesting it was due to adenosine arising from breakdown of ATP released through Panx‐1 channels. Collectively, these data strongly suggest that purinergic signalling mechanisms mediate crosstalk between CB chemoreceptor and glial cells during chemotransduction.
Effect of Liquid Properties on Phase-Change Heat Transfer in Porous Wick Structures
Authors: Cai Steve Q. , Bhunia Avijit
Published: November 2015

In a heat pipe, operating fluid saturates wick structures system and establishes a capillary-driven circulation loop for heat transfer. Thus, the thermophysical properties of the operating fluid inevitably impact the transitions of phase-change mode and the capability of heat transfer, which determine both the design and development of the associated heat pipe systems. This article investigates the effect of liquid properties on phase-change heat transfer. Two different copper wick structures, cubic and cylindrical in cross section, 340 μm in height and 150 μm in diameter or width, are fabricated using an electroplating technique. The phase-change phenomena inside these wick structures are observed at various heat fluxes. The corresponding heat transfer characteristics are measured for three different working liquids: water, ethanol, and Novec 7200. Three distinct modes of the phase-change process are identified: (1) evaporation on liquid–vapor interface, (2) nucleate boiling with interfacial evaporation, and (3) boiling enhanced interface evaporation. Transitions between the three modes depend on heat flux and liquid properties. In addition to the mode transition, liquid properties also dictate the maximum heat flux and the heat transfer coefficient. A quantitative characterization shows that the maximum heat flux scales with Merit number, a dimensionless number connecting liquid density, surface tension, latent heat of vaporization, and viscosity. The heat transfer coefficient, on the other hand, is dictated by the thermal conductivity of the liquid. A complex interaction between the mode transition and liquid properties is reflected in Novec 7200. In spite of having the lowest thermal conductivity among the three liquids, an early transition to the mode of the boiling enhanced interface evaporation leads to a higher heat transfer coefficient at low heat flux.
Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer in Mixed Electroosmotic Pressure-Driven Flow in Straight Microchannels
Authors: Shamloo Amir , Merdasi Arshia , Vatankhah Parham
Published: November 2015

This paper investigates two-dimensional, time-independent elecroosmotic pressure-driven flow generated by a direct current electric potential with asymmetrical and symmetrical zeta potential distributions along the microchannel walls. Fluid flow through the horizontal microchannel is simulated using a numerical method. Two different cases are proposed to study the effect of electric potential on the flow field. First, negative electric potential is applied on the microchannel walls. In this case, large segments with negative electric potential are initially placed on the first half of the microchannel walls with two different arrangements. Afterward, smaller segments with negative electric potential are placed on the microchannel walls. Next, negative electric potential is replaced by positive electric potential on the microchannel walls in the similar manner. It is shown that applying positive potential on the walls contributes to the localized circular flows within the microchannel. The size of these vortices is also proved to considerably vary with the applied zeta potential magnitude. Finally, the effect of wall zeta potential on heat transfer was studied for all the four types of microchannels by imposing a constant uniform heat flux on the walls. The Nusselt number plots indicate how heat transfer varies along the microchannel walls. The Nusselt number fluctuation can be observed where the positive and negative electric potentials are located.
Active Control of the Corner Separation on a Highly Loaded Compressor Cascade With Periodic Nonsteady Boundary Conditions by Means of Fluidic Actuators
Authors: Staats Marcel , Nitsche Wolfgang
Published: November 2015

This paper discusses the impact of a nonsteady outflow condition on the compressor stator flow that is forced through a mimic in the wake of a linear low-speed cascade to simulate the conditions that would be expected in a pulsed detonation engine. 2D/3C-PIV measurements were made to describe the flow field in the passage. Detailed wake measurements provide information about static pressure rise as well as total pressure loss. The stator profile used for the investigations is highly loaded and operates with three-dimensional flow separations under design conditions and without active flow control. It is shown that sidewall actuation helps stabilize the flow field at every phase angle and extends the operating range of the compressor stator. Furthermore, the static pressure gain can be increased by 6% with a 4% loss reduction in time-averaged data.
Reduced Boundary Sensitivity and Improved Contrast of the Regularized Inverse Problem Solution in Elasticity
Authors: Mei Yue , Kuznetsov Sergey , Goenezen Sevan
Published: November 2015

We observe that posing the inverse problem as a constrained minimization problem under regularization leads to boundary dependent solutions. In this paper, we propose a modified objective function and show with 2D examples that our method works well to reduce boundary sensitive solutions. The examples consist of two stiff inclusions embedded in a softer unit square. These inclusions could be representative of tumors, which are in general stiffer than their background tissues, thus could potentially be detected based on their stiffness contrast. We modify the objective function for the displacement correlation term by weighting it with a function that depends on the strain field. In a simplified 1D coupled model, we derive an analytical expression and observe the same trends in the reconstructions as for the 2D model. The analysis in this paper is confined to inclusions of similar size and may not overlap when projected on the horizontal axis. They may, however, vary in position along the vertical axis. Furthermore, our analysis holds for an arbitrary number of inclusions having distinct stiffness values. Finally, to increase the overall contrast of the tumors and simultaneously improve the smoothness, we solve the regularized inverse problem in a posterior step, utilizing a spatially varying regularization factor.
Mechanical Behavior of Steel Pipe Bends: An Overview
Authors: Karamanos Spyros A.
Published: November 2015

An overview of the mechanical behavior of steel pipe (elbows) is offered, based on previously reported analytical solutions, numerical results, and experimental data. The behavior of pipe bends is characterized by significant deformations and stresses, quite higher than the ones developed in straight pipes with the same cross section. Under bending loading (in-plane and out-of-plane), the main feature of the response is cross-sectional ovalization, which influences bending capacity and is affected by the level of internal pressure. Bends subjected to cyclic in-plane bending exhibit fatigue damage, leading to base metal cracking at the elbow flank. Using advanced finite-element tools, the response of pipe elbows in buried pipelines subjected to ground-induced actions is also addressed, with emphasis on soil–pipeline interaction. Finally, the efficiency of special-purpose finite elements for modeling pipes and elbows is briefly discussed.
Data check: How a $30 billion hike becomes $3 billion
Authors: Mervis Jeffrey
Published: November 2015

The new 2-year U.S. budget deal is frontloaded, with most of the spending increase coming in 2016.
Using evolution to better identify cell types
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: November 2015

Gene expression patterns show that apparently related cells can have very different evolutionary histories.
Crystal structure of the anion exchanger domain of human erythrocyte band 3
Authors: Arakawa Takatoshi , Kobayashi-Yurugi Takami , Alguel Yilmaz , Iwanari Hiroko , Hatae Hinako , Iwata Momi , Abe Yoshito , Hino Tomoya , Ikeda-Suno Chiyo , Kuma Hiroyuki , Kang Dongchon , Murata Takeshi , Hamakubo Takao , Cameron Alexander D. , Kobayashi Takuya , Hamasaki Naotaka , Iwata So
Published: November 2015

Getting rid of carbon dioxide

In mammals, red blood cells deliver oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide. Key to this essential process is a membrane protein called anion exchanger 1 (AE1) which transports bicarbonate (formed from carbon dioxide) out of red blood cells in exchange for chloride. This decreases the pH inside the blood cells, so that oxygen is released from hemoglobin and can diffuse into tissues. Arakawa
et al.
report the crystal structure of the transmembrane anion exchanger domain of AE1, which includes 14 transmembrane helices. The structure provides a basis for understanding the effects of mutations that lead to red blood cell diseases and also gives insight into the mechanism of ion transport.

Science
, this issue p.
680
Evidence for a gapped spin-liquid ground state in a kagome Heisenberg antiferromagnet
Authors: Fu Mingxuan , Imai Takashi , Han Tian-Heng , Lee Young S.
Published: November 2015

Peeking into an exotic magnetic structure

Cooling materials that contain magnetic interactions generally leads to an ordered magnetic state. In materials known as quantum spin liquids (QSLs), the geometry of the crystal lattice may prevent this ordered state from forming, even at absolute zero. The material herbertsmithite is thought to be a strong candidate for a QSL, but the nature of its ground state is still a mystery. Fu
et al.
measured shifts in the nuclear magnetic resonance signals of herbertsmithite to conclude that its ground state has a zero spin and is separated from the first excited state by an energy gap (see the Perspective by Furukawa). The results suggest that herbertsmithite is indeed a QSL.

Science
, this issue p.
655
; see also p.
631
Creation of a low-entropy quantum gas of polar molecules in an optical lattice
Authors: Moses Steven A. , Covey Jacob P. , Miecnikowski Matthew T. , Yan Bo , Gadway Bryce , Ye Jun , Jin Deborah S.
Published: November 2015

Filling a molecular lattice of light

Cold atoms in optical lattices normally interact only when two of them occupy the same lattice site. More-complex interactions would expand the potential of the system for quantum simulation. A promising approach is to use polar molecules instead of atoms, which interact at much longer length scales. However, “packing” the lattice with molecules is tricky. Moses
et al.
introduced bosonic
87
Rb atoms and fermionic
40
K atoms into an optical lattice, combined them into molecules, and brought the molecules into their ground state, achieving a considerable lattice filling of 25%.

Science
, this issue p.
659
Love at second sight for CO
2
and H
2
in organic synthesis
Authors: Klankermayer Jürgen , Leitner Walter
Published: November 2015

Catalysts can combine H
2
and CO
2
to create building blocks for high-value products
Pharmacological chaperone for α-crystallin partially restores transparency in cataract models
Authors: Makley Leah N. , McMenimen Kathryn A. , DeVree Brian T. , Goldman Joshua W. , McGlasson Brittney N. , Rajagopal Ponni , Dunyak Bryan M. , McQuade Thomas J. , Thompson Andrea D. , Sunahara Roger , Klevit Rachel E. , Andley Usha P. , Gestwicki Jason E.
Published: November 2015

A visionary approach to transparency

Cataracts are the most common cause of vision loss, especially in our ever-increasing elderly population. Cataracts arise when crystallin, a major protein component of the eye lens, begins to aggregate, which causes the lens to become cloudy. Makley
et al.
explored whether small molecules that reverse this aggregation might have therapeutic potential for treating cataracts, which normally require surgery (see the Perspective by Quinlan). They used a screening method that monitors the effect of ligands on temperature-dependent protein unfolding and identified several compounds that bind and stabilize the soluble form of crystallin. In proof-of-concept studies, one of these compounds improved lens transparency in mice.

Science
, this issue p.
674
; see also p.
636
Microbiomes in light of traits: A phylogenetic perspective
Authors: Martiny Jennifer B. H. , Jones Stuart E. , Lennon Jay T. , Martiny Adam C.
Published: November 2015

Function in the tree of life

How does the composition of microbial communities integrate functionally with the wider environment? Martiny
et al.
review how patterns of microbial species abundances in different environments and disease states can have strong evolutionary signals. Some environmental changes select the survival of organisms with conserved metabolisms requiring complex configurations of proteins and cofactors that have long evolutionary histories, such as methane producers. In contrast, surviving antibiotic exposure may only require a single gene that can be traded promiscuously among many unrelated organisms. So, depending on the key ingredient (whether it is temperature, light, nutrient, or a dose of antibiotic) and the evolutionary history of its complementary metabolism, shifting environmental conditions will have predictable effects at different levels within the microbial tree of life.

Science
, this issue p.
10.1126/science.aac9323
Plant pathogenic anaerobic bacteria use aromatic polyketides to access aerobic territory
Authors: Shabuer Gulimila , Ishida Keishi , Pidot Sacha J. , Roth Martin , Dahse Hans-Martin , Hertweck Christian
Published: November 2015

Protecting against too much of a good thing

The slimy pink rot of potatoes is caused by the bacterium
Clostridium puniceum
, which cannot grow in the presence of oxygen. These bacteria produce a polyphenolic metabolite known as clostrubin that functions as an antibiotic. Shabuer
et al.
now show that the bacteria also use clostrubin to protect themselves from the aerobic environment of the potato tuber.

Science
, this issue p.
670
The
Symbiodinium kawagutii
genome illuminates dinoflagellate gene expression and coral symbiosis
Authors: Lin Senjie , Cheng Shifeng , Song Bo , Zhong Xiao , Lin Xin , Li Wujiao , Li Ling , Zhang Yaqun , Zhang Huan , Ji Zhiliang , Cai Meichun , Zhuang Yunyun , Shi Xinguo , Lin Lingxiao , Wang Lu , Wang Zhaobao , Liu Xin , Yu Sheng , Zeng Peng , Hao Han , Zou Quan , Chen Chengxuan , Li Yanjun , Wang Ying , Xu Chunyan , Meng Shanshan , Xu Xun , Wang Jun , Yang Huanming , Campbell David A. , Sturm Nancy R. , Dagenais-Bellefeuille Steve , Morse David
Published: November 2015

Symbionts are adapted to work with corals

Many corals have formed mutualistic associations with dinoflagellate symbionts, which are thought to provide nutrients and other benefits. To examine the underlying genetics of this association, S. Lin
et al.
sequenced the genome of the endosymbiont dinoflagellate
Symbiodinium kawagutii.
The genome includes gene number expansions and encodes microRNAs that show complementarity to genes within the coral genome. Such microRNAs may be involved in regulating coral genes. Furthermore, coral and
S. kawagutii
appear to share homologs of genes encoding specific nutrient transporters. The findings shed light on how symbiosis is established and maintained between dinoflagellates and corals.

Science
, this issue p.
691
The
Papaver rhoeas S
determinants confer self-incompatibility to
Arabidopsis thaliana
in planta
Authors: Lin Zongcheng , Eaves Deborah J. , Sanchez-Moran Eugenio , Franklin F. Christopher H. , Franklin-Tong Vernonica E.
Published: November 2015

Distant relatives can share gene function

The plants
Arabidopsis thaliana
and
Papaver rhoeas
(poppy) shared a common ancestor approximately 140 million years ago. Because of this evolutionary distance, although many of their genes share function, the mechanisms that allow these genes to function are expected to have diverged. However, Z. Lin
et al.
found that a pair of genes that prevent self-fertilization in poppy can confer the same trait when expressed in
Arabidopsis.
This incompatibility was much more like that of poppy than that of incompatible close relatives of
Arabidopsis.
Thus, similar long-distance transfer of incompatibility, a trait of interest for plant breeding, may be useful between other distantly related species.

Science
, this issue p.
684
Access for all
Holding Fast to Dreams: Empowering Youth from the Civil Rights Crusade to STEM Achievement
Freeman A. Hrabowski III
Beacon Press, 2015. 208 pp.
Authors: Warner Isiah M. , Thomas Gloria
Published: November 2015

A moving memoir offers lessons for increasing diversity in STEM fields
The epigenome—a family affair
Authors: McCarrey John R.
Published: November 2015

Epigenome disruptions can be transmitted as altered histone modification patterns in sperm

[Also see Research Article by

Siklenka
et al.

]