bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
« Ceci est de l’art ». Analyse peircienne de l’image de l’art
Authors: Chateau Dominique
Published: June 2016

Je prends la phrase “Ceci est de l’art” comme une proposition singulière visant explicitement un objet précis – par exemple une toile de Manet ou l’urinoir de Duchamp. En m’appuyant sur la théorie peircienne de l’icône, et plus particulièrement du diagramme, je réfléchis sur “l’image de l’art” qui habite l’esprit de quelqu’un qui prononce cette phrase à l’endroit d’une chose déterminé, une oeuvre d’art ou ce qui en tient lieu. C’est aussi l’occasion de réfléchir sur cette idée d’une certaine image qui, habitant l’esprit de quelqu’un, actualise une relation sémiotique à visée symbolique.
« Un meilleur exemple est une photographie » (CP 2.320). De la valeur de la photographie comme exemple dans les écrits de C. S. Peirce sur le signe.1
Authors: Brunet François
Published: June 2016

Cet article prolonge une discussion antérieure sur la place de la photographie dans la réflexion sémiotique de Charles S. Peirce, pour préciser dans ce cadre la fonction de l’image photographique comme exemple pour la théorie sémiotique, plutôt que comme objet théorique à part entière. En se basant sur plusieurs textes des années 1890, on montre que Peirce se sert de l’exemple photographique pour illustrer des points théoriques – comme la distinction entre icône et index – plutôt qu’il ne formule une théorie de l’image photographique – comme index, en particulier. Cette pratique de l’exemple photographique est ensuite interrogée dans sa double relation à un contexte historique – celui de la popularisation de la photographie vers 1890-1900 – et à la notion fréquemment invoquée dans la sémiotique peircienne de “savoir collatéral”, connaissance présupposée pour le fonctionnement correct des signes. La dernière partie de l’article propose de réinterroger la valeur d’exemplarité et la notion de connaissance collatérale dans le contexte de la photographie numérique, où certains commentateurs ont vu une mutation radicale de la sémiotique de l’image photographique. Est introduite ici à titre d’hypothèse la notion symétrique de “doute collatéral”, pour tenter de rendre compte d’un certain obscurcissement de la compréhension commune du fonctionnement technique de l’image photographique. Une courte postface indique que cette hypothèse reste à l’état de conjecture et fait état de quelques développements récents dans la discussion sur la vision peircienne de la photographie.
Targeted, homology-driven gene insertion in stem cells by ZFN-loaded ‘all-in-one’ lentiviral vectors
Authors: Cai Yujia , Laustsen Anders , Zhou Yan , Sun Chenglong , Anderson Mads Valdemar , Li Shengting , Uldbjerg Niels , Luo Yonglun , Jakobsen Martin R , Mikkelsen Jacob Giehm
Published: June 2016

Biased integration remains a key challenge for gene therapy based on lentiviral vector technologies. Engineering of next-generation lentiviral vectors targeting safe genomic harbors for insertion is therefore of high relevance. In a previous paper (Cai et al., 2014a), we showed the use of integrase-defective lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) as carriers of complete gene repair kits consisting of zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) proteins and repair sequences, allowing gene correction by homologous recombination (HR). Here, we follow this strategy to engineer ZFN-loaded IDLVs that insert transgenes by a homology-driven mechanism into safe loci. This insertion mechanism is driven by time-restricted exposure of treated cells to ZFNs. We show targeted gene integration in human stem cells, including CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Notably, targeted insertions are identified in 89% of transduced iPSCs. Our findings demonstrate the applicability of nuclease-loaded ‘all-in-one’ IDLVs for site-directed gene insertion in stem cell-based gene therapies.
Evidence of human infection by a new mammarenavirus endemic to Southeastern Asia
Authors: Blasdell Kim R , Duong Veasna , Eloit Marc , Chretien Fabrice , Ly Sowath , Hul Vibol , Deubel Vincent , Morand Serge , Buchy Philippe
Published: June 2016

Southeastern Asia is a recognised hotspot for emerging infectious diseases, many of which have an animal origin. Mammarenavirus infections contribute significantly to the human disease burden in both Africa and the Americas, but little data exists for Asia. To date only two mammarenaviruses, the widely spread lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and the recently described Wēnzhōu virus have been identified in this region, but the zoonotic impact in Asia remains unknown. Here we report the presence of a novel mammarenavirus and of a genetic variant of the Wēnzhōu virus and provide evidence of mammarenavirus-associated human infection in Asia. The association of these viruses with widely distributed mammals of diverse species, commonly found in human dwellings and in peridomestic habitats, illustrates the potential for widespread zoonotic transmission and adds to the known aetiologies of infectious diseases for this region.
Evidence-Based Medicine, Part 1. An Introduction to Creating an Answerable Question and Searching the Evidence
Authors: Virgilio Richard F. , Chiapa Ana Luz , Palmarozzi Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2016

This article, the first in a series of six articles, introduces the concept of evidence-based medicine and describes the first two steps of practicing it: formulating an answerable clinical question and searching the available evidence. The types of clinical questions practitioners can ask are examined and a hierarchy of how to search for the best and most authoritative evidence is provided. The skills learned from creating an answerable question and searching the evidence, as outlined in this article, provide a solid basis for life-long learning and improved patient care.
Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment in Pregnant Women
Authors: Lavelle John M.
Published: June 2016

Pregnant women experience extensive physiologic and structural changes during pregnancy that affect their daily functioning. The addition of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) to the standard care of pregnant women has been hypothesized to enhance homeostasis and improve quality of life as the body adapts to these changes. Specifically, it has been postulated that OMT can ease pain in pregnant women by eliminating somatic dysfunction and maintaining proper structure. Also, through the viscerosomatic connection, the hemodynamic changes of the maternal body can be controlled, the duration of labor reduced, and the complications of labor avoided. The author reviews the available literature on the use and effectiveness of OMT during pregnancy.
Temporal changes in the structure of a plant-frugivore network are influenced by bird migration and fruit availability
Authors: Ramos-Robles Michelle , Andresen Ellen , Díaz-Castelazo Cecilia
Published: June 2016

Background.Ecological communities are dynamic collections whose composition and structure change over time, making up complex interspecific interaction networks. Mutualistic plant–animal networks can be approached through complex network analysis; these networks are characterized by a nested structure consisting of a core of generalist species, which endows the network with stability and robustness against disturbance. Those mutualistic network structures can vary as a consequence of seasonal fluctuations and food availability, as well as the arrival of new species into the system that might disorder the mutualistic network structure (e.g., a decrease in nested pattern). However, there is no assessment on how the arrival of migratory species into seasonal tropical systems can modify such patterns. Emergent and fine structural temporal patterns are adressed here for the first time for plant-frugivorous bird networks in a highly seasonal tropical environment.

Methods.In a plant-frugivorous bird community, we analyzed the temporal turnover of bird species comprising the network core and periphery of ten temporal interaction networks resulting from different bird migration periods. Additionally, we evaluated how fruit abundance and richness, as well as the arrival of migratory birds into the system, explained the temporal changes in network parameters such as network size, connectance, nestedness, specialization, interaction strength asymmetry and niche overlap. The analysis included data from 10 quantitative plant-frugivorous bird networks registered from November 2013 to November 2014.

Results.We registered a total of 319 interactions between 42 plant species and 44 frugivorous bird species; only ten bird species were part of the network core. We witnessed a noteworthy turnover of the species comprising the network periphery during migration periods, as opposed to the network core, which did not show significant temporal changes in species composition. Our results revealed that migration and fruit richness explain the temporal variations in network size, connectance, nestedness and interaction strength asymmetry. On the other hand, fruit abundance only explained connectance and nestedness.

Discussion.By means of a fine-resolution temporal analysis, we evidenced for the first time how temporal changes in the interaction network structure respond to the arrival of migratory species into the system and to fruit availability. Additionally, few migratory bird species are important links for structuring networks, while most of them were peripheral species. We showed the relevance of studying bird–plant interactions at fine temporal scales, considering changing scenarios of species composition with a quantitative network approach.
A Survey of Ultrasound Milestone Incorporation Into Emergency Medicine Training Programs
Authors: Smalley Courtney M. , Dorey Alyrene , Thiessen Molly , Kendall John L.
Published: June 2016

Objectives

With the introduction of the Emergency Medicine Milestone Project in 2013, residencies now assess emergency ultrasound (US) skills at regular intervals. However, it is unclear how programs are implementing the emergency US milestones and assessing competency. With the use of the milestone tool, a survey was distributed to emergency US educators to determine when programs are providing emergency US education, when residents are expected to attain competency, and whether the milestones reflect their expectations of trainees.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cross‐sectional survey study distributed electronically to designated emergency US experts at 169 programs. Participants were queried on education and competency evaluation within the context of the milestones by designating a postgraduate year when the 5 milestone levels were taught and competency was expected. Survey findings were reported as percentages of total respondents from descriptive statistics.

Results

Responses were received from 53% of programs, and 99% were familiar with the milestones. Most programs provide level 1 (88%) and 2 (85%) instruction during postgraduate year 1. Most programs expect level 1 competency before residency (61%) and expect mastery of level 2 by the end of postgraduate year 1 (60%). Sixty‐two percent believe the milestones do not accurately reflect their expectations, citing insufficient minimum scan numbers, lack of specificity, and unattainable level 5 requirements.

Conclusions

There is substantial variability in the frequency and methods of competency evaluation using the emergency US milestones. However, most responders agree that residents should obtain level 2 competency by postgraduate year 1. Variation exists regarding what year and what skills define level 3 or greater competency.
Health Warnings on Instagram Advertisements for Synthetic Nicotine E-Cigarettes and Engagement
Authors: Wu Jiaxi , Trifiro Briana M. , Ranker Lynsie R. , Origgi Juan Manuel , Benjamin Emelia J. , Robertson Rose Marie , Bhatnagar Aruni , Stokes Andrew C. , Xuan Ziming , Wijaya Derry , Plummer Bryan , Cornacchione Ross Jennifer , Fetterman Jessica L. , Hong Traci
Published: September 2024

Importance

Synthetic nicotine is increasingly used in e-cigarette liquids along with flavors to appeal to youths. Regulatory loopholes have allowed tobacco manufacturers to use social media to target youths.

Objective

To analyze the extent to which synthetic nicotine e-cigarette brands have implemented US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) health warning requirements and to evaluate the association between health warnings and user engagement on Instagram.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this cross-sectional study, posts from 25 brands were analyzed across a 14-month period (August 2021 to October 2022). A content analysis was paired with Warning Label Multi-Layer Image Identification, a computer vision algorithm designed to detect the presence of health warnings and whether the detected health warning complied with FDA guidelines by (1) appearing on the upper portion of the advertisement and (2) occupying at least 20% of the advertisement’s area. Data analysis was performed from March to June 2024.

Exposure

Synthetic nicotine e-cigarette advertisement on Instagram.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The outcome variables were user engagement (number of likes and comments). Negative binomial regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between the presence and characteristics of health warnings and user engagement.

Results

Of a total of 2071 posts, only 263 (13%) complied with both FDA health warning requirements. Among 924 posts with health warnings, 732 (79%) displayed warnings in the upper image portion, and 270 (29%) had a warning covering at least 20% of the pixel area. Posts with warnings received fewer comments than posts without warnings (mean [SD], 1.8 [2.5] vs 5.4 [11.7] comments; adjusted incident rate ratio [aIRR], 0.70; 95% CI, 0.57-0.86; P < .001). For posts containing warnings, a larger percentage of the warning label’s pixel area was associated with fewer comments (aIRR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93-0.99; P = .003). Flavored posts with health warnings placed in the upper image portion received more likes than posts with warnings in the lower portion (mean [SD], 34.6 [35.2] vs 19.9 [19.2] likes; aIRR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.07-2.06; P = .02).

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cross-sectional study of synthetic nicotine brand Instagram accounts, 87% of sampled posts did not adhere to FDA health warning requirements in tobacco promotions. Enforcement of FDA compliant health warnings on social media may reduce youth engagement with tobacco marketing.
Upregulation of HCN2 in ventral tegmental area is involved in morphine‐induced conditioned place preference in rats
Authors: Yin Jie , Li Yang , Li Dan , Chang Chenxu , Weng Xiechuan
Published: September 2024

Morphine is an opioid commonly used to treat pain in clinic, but it also has the potential to be highly addictive, which can lead to abuse. Despite these known risks, the cellular and molecular mechanism of morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) is still unclear. In this study, using a rat model of chronic morphine administration, we found that compared with the control group, the mRNA and protein expression of HCN2 channel in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) were upregulated. Further immunofluorescence analysis showed that the fluorescence intensity of HCN2 channel of VTA dopaminergic neurons in morphine group was significantly enhanced, while the patch clamp recording of brain slices showed that both the magnitude and the density of Ih (HCN channel current) of VTA neurons were significantly increased. Moreover, intra‐VTA infusion of ZD7288, a selective inhibitor of HCN channel, into rats of the morphine group decreased morphine CPP. Taken together, our results show that chronic morphine administration induces an upregulation of HCN2 in VTA dopamine neurons, while HCN inhibition reduces morphine CPP, suggesting that HCN channel may be a potential target for the treatment of morphine addiction.
Bidirectional Vectorial Holography Using Bi‐Layer Metasurfaces and Its Application to Optical Encryption
Authors: Kim Hyeonhee , Jung Joonkyo , Shin Jonghwa
Published: September 2024

The field of optical systems with asymmetric responses has grown significantly due to their various potential applications. Janus metasurfaces are noteworthy for their ability to control light asymmetrically at the pixel level within thin films. However, previous demonstrations are restricted to the partial control of asymmetric transmission for a limited set of input polarizations, focusing primarily on scalar functionalities. Here, optical bi‐layer metasurfaces that achieve a fully generalized form of asymmetric transmission for any input polarization are presented. The designs owe much to the theoretical model of asymmetric transmission in reciprocal systems, which elucidates the relationship between front‐ and back‐side Jones matrices in general cases. This model reveals a fundamental correlation between the polarization‐direction channels of opposing sides. To circumvent this constraint, partitioning the transmission space is utilized to realize four distinct vector functionalities within the target volume. As a proof of concept, polarization‐direction‐multiplexed Janus vectorial holograms generating four vectorial holographic images are experimentally demonstrated. When integrated with computational vector polarizer arrays, this approach enables optical encryption with a high level of obscurity. The proposed mathematical framework and novel material systems for generalized asymmetric transmission may pave the way for applications such as optical computation, sensing, and imaging.
Electro‐Thermo‐Optical Simulations of Phase‐Change GST‐SiC Plasmonic Optical Modulator for Telecom Applications
Authors: Abbaspour Mobina , Nikoufard Mahmoud , Mohammad Alireza Malek
Published: September 2024

This study proposes a novel plasmonic optical modulator integrating the phase‐change material germanium‐antimony‐tellurium (GST) with a silicon carbide (SiC) waveguide for telecom applications. The design utilizes a 10 nm GST cladding layer and a 290 nm thick, 100 nm wide SiC ridge waveguide, with gold electrodes enabling electrothermal switching of GST between amorphous and crystalline states. Comprehensive simulations spanning optical, electrical‐thermal, and opto‐thermal domains investigated the modulator's performance. Optical simulations examine the effects of wavelength, ridge width, and GST thickness on effective refractive index, confinement factor, and effective area. Electrical‐thermal simulations determines voltage pulse parameters for phase transitions and analyzed temperature distributions. Opto‐thermal simulations explored temperature's influence on the effective refractive index during phase transitions. Results demonstrate the modulator's potential, achieving 160 Mb s−1 at 1.55 µm. The SiC‐GST integration offers high thermal conductivity, low thermo‐optic coefficient, and significant refractive index contrast between GST phases, enabling efficient light modulation for high‐performance, compact, energy‐efficient optical modulators advancing integrated photonics.
Associations of Facial Shape With Physical Strength and 2D:4D in a Turkish Male and Female Sample
Authors: Aydık Fatih , Ertuğrul Berna , Windhager Sonja , Özener Barış
Published: September 2024

Objective

Human sexual dimorphism in physical strength manifests itself in men having a greater muscle mass than women, reflecting ancestral roles in competition, protection, and provisioning. Prenatal testosterone exposure, approximated via the second‐to‐fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), is linked to increased muscular strength in both sexes, indicating a developmental influence. Previous research has shown that both physical strength and 2D:4D have facial shape correlates, especially in men, but most studies have focused on Western populations and one trait. We therefore hypothesized a broader relationship between facial shape and both physical strength and 2D:4D.

Materials and Methods

In this study, we quantified the association between facial shape, handgrip strength (HGS), and 2D:4D in a non‐Western Turkish sample (72 men, 55 women; Md = 22 y, SIR = 1.8 y) using two dimensional geometric morphometrics. Thirty‐eight somatometric and 32 semi‐landmarks were digitized on facial photographs taken in frontal view. Physical strength was assessed via handgrip strength (HGS), and the second digit length was divided by the fourth digit length to calculate 2D:4D.

Results

Both HGS and 2D:4D were significantly associated with shape in both sexes, but only in men did they explain a significant amount of facial variation. Thin‐plates spline deformation grids and geometric morphometric morphs visualized the facial shape changes related to variations in handgrip strength, 2D:4D, and sexual dimorphism, enabling trait comparisons.

Conclusion

This study contributes a comparative sample from the Middle East, which is indispensable to discern universalities from Western peculiarities. It provides evidence to better understand the biological basis of facial traits, which can potentially serve as increasingly relevant social cues in today's online and digital environments.
X‐Linked Bilateral Polymicrogyria With Epilepsy and Intellectual Disability Associated With a Novel KIF4A Variant
Authors: Laflamme Naomi , Triassi Valérie , Martineau Laurence , Toffa Dènahin Hinnoutondji , Létourneau‐Guillon Laurent , Laplante Annie , Cossette Patrick , Samarut Éric , Tétreault Martine , Nguyen Dang Khoa
Published: September 2024

We studied three brothers and a maternal half‐brother featuring global developmental delay, mild to moderate intellectual disability, epilepsy, microcephaly, and strabismus. All had bilateral perisylvian and perirolandic polymicrogyria, while some also had malformations of the hippocampus (malrotation and dysplasia), cerebellum (heterotopias and asymmetric aplasia), corpus callosum dysgenesis, and brainstem asymmetric dysplasia. Exome sequencing showed that all four patients had a novel variant (c.1597C>T:p.Leu533Phe) on the KIF4A gene on chromosome X. We discuss how this variant is possibly pathogenic and could explain the reported phenotype.
In vitro assessment of skin permeation properties of enzymatically derived oil‐based fatty acid esters of vitamin C
Authors: Ćorović Marija , Veljković Milica , Milivojević Ana , Ivanković Anja P. , Blagojević Stevan , Pjanović Rada , Bezbradica Dejan
Published: September 2024

Current topical formulations containing vitamin C face limitations in therapeutic effectiveness due to the skin's selective properties that impede drug deposition. Consequently, the widespread use of toxic and irritating chemical permeation enhancers is common. Hereby, we investigated enzymatically derived fatty acid ascorbyl esters (FAAEs) obtained using natural oils for their skin permeation properties using the Strat‐M® skin model in a Franz cell diffusion study. By evaluating various cosmetic formulations without added enhancers, we found that emulgel is most suitable for enhancing the cutaneous and transdermal delivery of FAAEs. Furthermore, medium‐chain coconut oil‐derived FAAEs exhibited faster diffusion rates compared to sunflower oil‐based FAAEs with long‐side acyl residues, including the commonly applied ascorbyl palmitate. Experimental data were successfully fitted using the Peppas and Sahlin model, which accounted for a lag phase and the combined effect of Fickian diffusion and polymer relaxation. In the case of long‐chain esters, the lag phase was prolonged, and the calculated effective diffusion coefficients (Deff) were lower compared to medium‐chain FAAEs. Accordingly, the highest Deff value was observed for ascorbyl caprylate, being even 60 times higher than for ascorbyl palmitate. These results suggest the emerging potential of emulgel with incorporated coconut oil‐derived FAAEs for efficiently delivering vitamin C into the skin.
Flachglasanwendungen um die Jahrhundertwende
Authors: Rehde Franziska , Schmölder Alexandra , Heinrich Maria , Bellendorf Paul , Engelmann Michael
Published: September 2024

Die Zeit der Hochmoderne (ca. 1880–1970) geht einher mit technischen Entwicklungen der industriellen Revolution. Für die Herstellung von Flachglas bedeutete dies einen höchst bedeutsamen Wechsel von der handwerklichen Fertigung hin zur industriellen Massenproduktion. Die Weiterentwicklung der Herstellungsverfahren sowie die Dimensionen und Qualitäten der nun verfügbaren Glasscheiben hatten einen erheblichen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der Glaskonstruktionen und Profile. Dieser Beitrag vollzieht an ausgewählten Beispielen die Entwicklung der Flachglasanwendungen von 1880 bis 1920 nach, um Veränderungen der konstruktiven Glaskonstruktionen aufzuzeigen.
Breaking Barriers in Photothermal Tumor Therapy: A Cascade of Strain‐Engineered Nanozyme in Action
Authors: V. G. Srinidhi , Mangalsana Huidrom , Vernekar Amit
Published: September 2024

Cancer, a deadly and constantly evolving disease, has always been difficult to treat due to the complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer nanomedicines are proving to be a much better alternative for treatment due to their stability and ability to provide an efficient targeted therapy. An amorphous alloy bimetallene with an introduction of 2 % tensile strain with photothermal multiple enzyme‐like catalytic activity is being presented here that functions as a TME‐responsive nanozyme. Labeled as RhRu, this bimetallene, under acidic conditions, functions as oxidase (OXD) – like, peroxidase (POD) – like and catalase (CAT) – like enzymes, by producing radicals and disrupting the tumor cells. This effect is enhanced especially upon irradiation of laser and introduction of tensile strain in its heterophase boundaries. This current highlight discusses the strain engineering tactic of la‐RhRu bimetallene and its potency as an anti‐tumor therapeutic.
Amino Acid Adsorption Onto Magnetic Nanoparticles Reveals Correlations With Physicochemical Parameters
Authors: Sapp Alexander D. , Díaz‐Cano Carlos E. , Lengyel Jozef , Abarca‐Cabrera Lucía , Fraga‐García Paula
Published: September 2024

We analyze the adsorption of the proteinogenic amino acids (AAs) glutamine, glutamic acid, lysine, tyrosine, proline, and valine onto bare iron oxide nanoparticles (approx. 10 nm). Aiming to identify the governing principles of low molecular weight coronae, which remain underinvestigated, our study covers broad concentration ranges up to the solubility limit of the AAs. Isothermal experiments reveal that the highly soluble AAs valine, proline, and lysine form extensive multilayers on the nanoparticle surface, and infrared measurements indicate intermolecular interactions, particularly with valine and lysine, for higher AA contents. Conversely, the low solubility of tyrosine and glutamic acid restricts their adsorption capacity, despite their higher partitioning on the solid surface. Parameters derived from fitting a classic saturation model seem to align with well‐documented physicochemical properties such as the hydrophobicity and the complexity indices – a promising first step towards formulating design principles. Scaling these parameters by the AA solubility reveals a clear correlation with the adsorption behavior. In adsorption experiments with AA model mixtures, sequential incubation increases the adsorption capacity for valine and proline, whereas simultaneous incubation with these AAs reduces tyrosine's capacity. Future studies should seek to elucidate adsorption patterns to advance our understanding of corona growth and evolution mechanisms.
A Phase 1, Single‐Dose Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Bepirovirsen in Adults with Hepatic Impairment and Healthy Participants (B‐Assured)
Authors: Noormohamed Nadia , Lukic Tamara , Marbury Thomas C. , Lawitz Eric J. , Prescott Holly , Magee Mindy , Nader Ahmed , Han Kelong
Published: September 2024

Bepirovirsen is a developmental antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) for treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. No pharmacokinetic (PK) studies comparing participants with hepatic impairment (HI) and healthy participants (HPs) have been conducted with ASOs. Given the target patient population, characterization of bepirovirsen PK in HI was imperative. This phase 1, nonrandomized, open‐label study (NCT04971928) evaluated the PKs of a single 300‐mg dose of bepirovirsen in participants with HI and matched HPs, enrolled in 2 parts (Part 1: moderate HI; Part 2: mild HI). If no predefined difference in the area under the concentration‐time curve from time 0 (predose) to infinite time (AUC0‐∞) and maximum observed concentration (Cmax; geometric mean ratio [GMR] 0.5‐1.5) was identified in Part 1, findings were applied to mild HI, eliminating Part 2. Participants were monitored for 50 days post‐treatment and noncompartmental analysis estimated PK parameters. Twenty‐four participants (moderate HI, n = 12; HP, n = 12) received bepirovirsen and completed Part 1. AUC0‐∞ and Cmax were lower in participants with moderate HI (GMR 0.69 and 0.67, respectively) than in HPs, while apparent clearance (CL/F) and apparent terminal phase volume of distribution (Vz/F) were higher (GMR 1.44 and 1.64, respectively), but fell within the predefined thresholds of difference for this study. Part 2 was omitted. Adverse events were mild. Moderate HI did not have a clinically relevant impact on bepirovirsen PK or safety.
Colloidal Bimetallic RuNi Particles and their Behaviour in Catalytic Quinoline Hydrogenation
Authors: Cardona‐Farreny Miquel , Ishikawa Hiroya , Odufejo Ogoe Abolanle Olatilewa , Mallet‐Ladeira Sonia , Coppel Yannick , Lecante Pierre , Esvan Jerome , Philippot Karine , Axet M. Rosa
Published: September 2024

Colloidal metal nanoparticles exhibit interesting catalytic properties for the hydrogenation of (hetero)arenes. Catalysts based on precious metals, such as Ru and Rh, promote this reaction efficiently under mild reaction conditions. In contrast, heterogeneous catalysts based on earth‐abundant metals can selectively hydrogenate (hetero)arenes but require harsher reaction conditions. Bimetallic catalysts that combine precious and earth‐abundant metals are interesting materials to mitigate the drawbacks of each component. To this end, RuNi nanoparticles bearing a phosphine ligand were prepared through the decomposition of [Ru(η4‐C8H12)(η6‐C8H10)] and [Ni(η4‐C8H12)2] by H2 at 85 °C. Wide angle X‐ray scattering confirmed a bimetallic segregated structure, with Ni predominantly on the surface. Spectroscopic analyses revealed that the phosphine ligand coordinated to the surface of both metals, suggesting, as well, a partial Ni shell covering the Ru core. The RuNi‐based nanomaterials were used as catalysts in the hydrogenation of quinoline to assess the impact of the metallic composition and of the stabilizing agent on their catalytic performance.
Historical multi‐environmental trials reveal trends in hybrid grain sorghum performance from 1970 to 2021 in Texas
Authors: Leon Fabian , Harvey Lorin , Rooney William L.
Published: September 2024

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L. Moench]) is among the most important cereal crops worldwide and is widely grown across Texas’ diverse geographies. While sorghum breeding programs strive to improve both profitability and adaptation of the crop, increases in grain yield are the ultimate measure of progress. Using five decades of data compiled by Texas A&M AgriLife Research, trends in grain sorghum were retrospectively assessed. Performance data from over 4094 hybrids were collected between 1970 and 2021 in a total of 514 county‐year environments. Hybrids in these trials were either commercially available or in the final stages of testing for release. A linear mixed model approach produced the best linear unbiased predictions of genotypic and environmental effects for grain yield and relevant agronomic traits. These measures, as well as the raw data, were used to inform and visualize trait dependencies, yield gains, and geographic regions with similar effects on hybrid performance. Over these decades, grain yield increased at an average rate of 0.03 t ha−1 per year. A strong positive relationship between hybrid yield and plant height, as well as several other correlations, were detected through separate periods of yield increases which occurred in the early 1980s and 1990s; since that time, a sinusoidal pattern of yield performance has prevailed. Principal component analysis clustered production regions primarily based on moisture availability. The results herein indicate that modest increases in height can increase grain yield and that available moisture is the preeminent delineator of grain sorghum production environments in Texas.
Understand participation rights of student‐athletes with disabilities
Authors: O’Brien Timothy
Published: September 2024

Several years have passed since the Office for Civil Rights issued a “Dear Colleague Letter” discussing the participation rights of student‐athletes with disabilities at the interscholastic level and the corresponding obligations of schools. Although a similar letter hasn’t been issued at the intercollegiate level, that DCL, a federal regulation that addresses intercollegiate athletics, and a number of court cases collectively provide a helpful framework and important reminders for how to address these issues in the college sports arena.
Comparative Effects of Diabetes Self‐Management Programs on Type 2 Diabetes Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Network Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Romadlon Debby Syahru , Tu Yu‐Kang , Chen Yang‐Ching , Hasan Faizul , Kurniawan Rudy , Chiu Hsiao‐Yean
Published: September 2024

Aims

This systematic review and network meta‐analysis compared the effects of various diabetes self‐management programs: Diabetes Self‐Management Education (DSME), Diabetes Self‐Management Support (DSMS), and Diabetes Self‐Management Education and Support (DSMES).

Methods

We searched four electronic databases for eligible articles up to March 1, 2023. Only randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of DSME, DSMS, or DSMES on glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level, fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in adults with type 2 diabetes were included. Cochrane Risk of Bias 2.0 tool was used to assess each study quality, and Confidence in Network Meta‐Analysis was applied to evaluate the certainty of the evidence. Data were pooled with a random‐effects model under a frequentist framework.

Results

A total of 108 studies encompassing 17,735 participants (mean age 57.4 years) were analysed. DSMES, compared with usual care, significantly reduced HbA1c level (mean difference = −0.61%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.74 to −0.49; certainty of evidence = moderate), FBG (−23.33 mg/dL; −31.33 to −15.34; high), TC (−5.62 mg/dL; −8.69 to −2.55; high), SBP (−3.05 mmHg; −5.20 to −0.91; high), and DBP (−2.15 mmHg; −3.36 to −0.95; high). Compared with DSME, DSMES showed significantly greater improvements in HbA1c levels (−0.23%; −0.40 to −0.07; high) and DBP (−1.82 mmHg; −3.47 to −0.17; high). DSMES was ranked as the top treatment for improving diabetes clinical outcomes (0.82–0.97) in people with type 2 diabetes.

Conclusions

DSMES, in people with type 2 diabetes, yields the greatest improvement in the key clinical outcomes of HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, and blood pressure levels. Healthcare providers should incorporate the DSMES approach into their daily care routines. Approximately 30% of the studies reviewed raised some concerns about their quality, underscoring the need for high‐quality studies in this area.
Range‐wide population genomic structure of the Karner blue butterfly, Plebejus (Lycaeides) samuelis
Authors: Zhang Jing , Aunins Aaron W. , King Timothy L. , Cong Qian , Shen Jinhui , Song Leina , Schuurman Gregor W. , Knutson Randy L. , Grundel Ralph , Hellmann Jessica , Grishin Nick V.
Published: September 2024

The Karner blue butterfly, Plebejus (Lycaeides) samuelis, is an endangered North American climate change‐vulnerable species that has undergone substantial historical habitat loss and population decline. To better understand the species' genetic status and support Karner blue conservation, we sampled 116 individuals from 22 localities across the species' geographical range in Wisconsin (WI), Michigan (MI), Indiana (IN), and New York (NY). Using genomic analysis, we found that these samples were divided into three major geographic groups, NY, WI, and MI‐IN, with populations in WI and MI‐IN each further divided into three subgroups. A high level of inbreeding was revealed by inbreeding coefficients above 10% in almost all populations in our study. However, strong correlation between FST and geographical distance suggested that genetic divergence between populations increases with distance, such that introducing individuals from more distant populations may be a useful strategy for increasing population‐level diversity and preserving the species. We also found that Karner blue populations had lower genetic diversity than closely related species and had more alleles that were present only at low frequencies (<5%) in other species. Some of these alleles may negatively impact individual fitness and may have become prevalent in Karner blue populations due to inbreeding. Finally, analysis of these possibly deleterious alleles in the context of predicted three‐dimensional structures of proteins revealed potential molecular mechanisms behind population declines, providing insights for conservation. This rich new range‐wide understanding of the species' population genomic structure can contextualize past extirpations and help conserve and even enhance Karner blue genetic diversity.
Current species protection does not serve its porpoise—Knowledge gaps on the impact of pressures on the Critically Endangered Baltic Proper harbour porpoise population, and future recommendations for its protection
Authors: Koschinski Sven , Owen Kylie , Lehnert Kristina , Kamińska Katarzyna
Published: September 2024

Successful management requires information on pressures that threaten a species and areas where conservation actions are needed. The Baltic Proper harbour porpoise population was first listed as Critically Endangered by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature in 2008. Now, 16 years later, there is no change in conservation status despite ample conservation policy calling for its protection and an urgent need for management action to protect this population. Here, we provide an overview of the current status of the population, highlight knowledge gaps on the impact of pressures, and make recommendations for management of anthropogenic activities. Based on an exceeded limit for anthropogenic mortality, the high concentrations of contaminants in the Baltic Sea, combined with reductions in prey availability and increases in underwater noise, it is inferred that this population is likely still decreasing in size and conservation action becomes more urgent. As bycatch and unprotected underwater explosions result in direct mortality, they must be reduced to zero. Inputs of contaminants, waste, and existing and emerging noise sources should be minimised and regulated. Additionally, ecosystem‐based sustainable management of fisheries is paramount in order to ensure prey availability, and maintain a healthy Baltic Sea. Stranding networks to routinely assess individuals for genetic population assignment and health need to be expanded, to identify rare samples from this population. Knowledge is still scarce on the population‐level impact of each threat, along with the cumulative impact of multiple pressures on the population. However, the current knowledge and management instruments are sufficient to apply effective protection for the population now. While bycatch is the main pressure impacting this population, urgent conservation action is needed across all anthropogenic activities. Extinction of the Baltic Proper harbour porpoise population is a choice: decision‐makers have the fate of this genetically and biologically distinct marine mammal population in their hands.
Adaptive radiation of the Callicarpa genus in the Bonin Islands revealed through double‐digest restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing analysis
Authors: Setsuko Suzuki , Narita Satoshi , Tamaki Ichiro , Sugai Kyoko , Nagano Atsushi J. , Ujino‐Ihara Tokuko , Kato Hidetoshi , Isagi Yuji
Published: September 2024

The Bonin Islands, comprised of the Mukojima, Chichijima, and Hahajima Islands, are known for their isolated and distinctive habitats, hosting a diverse array of endemic flora and fauna. In these islands, adaptive radiation has played a remarkable role in speciation, particularly evident in the Callicarpa genus that is represented by three species: Callicarpa parvifolia and C. glabra exclusive to the Chichijima Islands, and Callicarpa subpubescens, distributed across the entire Bonin Islands. Notably, C. subpubescens exhibits multiple ecotypes, differing in leaf hair density, flowering time, and tree size. In this study, we aimed to investigate species and ecotype diversification patterns, estimate divergence times, and explore cryptic species within Callicarpa in the Bonin Islands using phenotypic and genetic data (double‐digest restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing). Genetic analysis revealed that C. parvifolia and C. glabra both formed single, distinct genetic groups. Conversely, C. subpubescens consisted of six genetic groups corresponding to different ecotypes and regions, and a hybrid group resulting from the hybridization between two of these genetic groups. Population demography analysis focusing on six Chichijima and Hahajima Islands‐based species/ecotypes indicated that all species and ecotypes except one ecotype diverged simultaneously around 73–77 kya. The star‐shaped neighbor‐net tree also suggests the simultaneous divergence of species and ecotypes. The species and ecotypes that simultaneously diverged adapted to dry environments and understory forests, suggesting that aridification may have contributed to this process of adaptive radiation. Moreover, leaf morphology, flowering time, and genetic analyses suggested the presence of two cryptic species and one hybrid species within C. subpubescens.
Population re‐establishment and spatial dynamics of crowberry (Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum), a foundation species in restored alpine ecosystems
Authors: Sulavik Jan , Auestad Inger , Boudreau Stéphane , Halvorsen Rune , Rydgren Knut
Published: September 2024

Many ecosystems are defined and shaped by one or a few common, foundation species. Even though such species hold a key role in the restoration of these ecosystems, the demographic processes involved in their re‐establishment have rarely been studied. Foundation species' population dynamics, re‐establishment history, and the abiotic and biotic factors that affect individual establishment at restored sites can be studied by addressing population spatial patterns and age structure. Such an approach to studying population dynamics is particularly relevant for long‐lived species with low mortality, such as shrubs in alpine areas. We studied a population of the foundation species Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum at an alpine spoil heap site and found evidence of population re‐establishment starting within a decade after construction. High Empetrum densities close to the spoil heap edges indicated that short distances to seed sources in the surroundings had a strong positive effect on establishment of individuals. Empetrum individuals were significantly clustered, which indicated intraspecific facilitation. As revealed by spatial analyses of recruits and older, established individuals, clustering developed gradually over time, which indicated a shift from no interaction to increased facilitation. We conclude that intraspecific facilitation promotes Empetrum reestablishment at the studied alpine spoil heap. Synthesis: We show that population spatial patterns and age structure can be successfully used to unveil the re‐establishment history of a foundation species in a restoration context. Efficient seed dispersal and intraspecific facilitation seem to be important factors behind Empetrum's successful re‐establishment at alpine spoil heaps. Identification of abiotic and biotic factors determining foundation species' establishment success at restored sites can support planning and improve success of restoration.
Closely related species differ in their traits, but competition induces high intra‐specific variability
Authors: Janíková Eva , Konečná Marie , Lisner Aleš , Applová Markéta , Blažek Petr , E‐Vojtkó Anna , Götzenberger Lars , Lepš Jan
Published: September 2024

Theories explaining community assembly assume that biotic and abiotic filters sort species into communities based on the values of their traits and are thus based on between‐species trait variability (BTV). Nevertheless, these filters act on individuals rather than on species. Consequently, the selection is also influenced by intraspecific trait variability (ITV) and its drivers. These drivers may be abiotic (e.g., water availability) or biotic (e.g., competition). Although closely related species should have similar traits, many of them coexist. We investigated the relative magnitudes of BTV and ITV in coexisting closely related species and how their individual traits differ under different drivers of ITV. We manipulated conditions in a greenhouse pot experiment with four common Carex species, where individuals of each species originated from four source localities. Individuals were grown in factorial combinations of two moisture levels, with and without a competitor (grass species Holcus lanatus, a frequent competitor). We analyzed the variability of six morphological traits on individuals in the greenhouse and three morphological traits in the source localities. Species identity was the main determinant of differences in most traits. Competition exerted a greater effect than water availability. For leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and vegetative height, competition's effect even exceeded the variability among species. On the contrary, for specific leaf area (SLA) and clonal spread, the interspecific differences exceeded ITV induced by experimental treatments. SLA measured in the greenhouse closely correlated with values measured in field populations, while LDMC did not. The variability caused by source locality of ramets in the greenhouse was small, although sometimes significant. Closely related species differ in their traits, but for some traits, ITV can exceed BTV. We can expect that ITV can modify the processes of community assembly, particularly among coexisting closely related species.