bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De como e quando se pode ler um enjambement
Authors: Manzoni Filipe
Published: October 2019

Nosso trabalho se propõe a um mapeamento das dificuldades que decorrem de uma leitura da produção poética de Caio Meira a partir de uma instância de oposição entre verso e prosa. Num primeiro momento, nos voltaremos para os problemas que decorrem de uma teoria do verso pautada por uma supervalorização do enjambement, a partir da qual a produção de Caio Meira se coloca como eminentemente problemática. Em seguida, nos voltaremos para a leitura de um segundo cenário de análise a partir de um poema específico de Caio que parece deixar rastros de uma teoria própria do verso, mas que se torna igualmente problemática conforme propomos uma dinamização do seu contexto de leitura. Finalmente, nossa investigação nos conduzirá, em seus dois principais impasses, a uma prevalência de um gesto de leitura sempre sujeito ao contingente e acidental.
Death of the Artist
Authors: McCartney Nicola
Published: October 2019

There exists a series of contemporary artists who continually defy the traditional role of the artist/author, including Art & Language, Guerrilla Girls, Bob and Roberta Smith, Marvin Gaye Chetwynd and Lucky PDF. In Death of the Artist, Nicola McCartney explores their work and uses previously unpublished interviews to provoke a vital and nuanced discussion about contemporary artistic authorship. How do emerging artists navigate intellectual property or work collectively and share the recognition? How might a pseudonym aid ‘artivism’? Most strikingly, she demonstrates how an alternative identity can challenge the art market and is symptomatic of greater cultural and political rebellion. As such, this book exposes the art world's financially incentivised infrastructures, but also examines how they might be reshaped from within. In an age of cuts to arts funding and forced self-promotion, this offers an important analysis of the pressing need for the artistic community to construct new ways to reinvent itself and incite fresh responses to its work.
Diurnal cycle of iodine, bromine, and mercury concentrations in Svalbard surface snow
Authors: Spolaor Andrea , Barbaro Elena , Cappelletti David , Turetta Clara , Mazzola Mauro , Giardi Fabio , Björkman Mats P. , Lucchetta Federico , Dallo Federico , Pfaffhuber Katrine Aspmo , Angot Hélène , Dommergue Aurelien , Maturilli Marion , Saiz-Lopez Alfonso , Barbante Carlo , Cairns Warren R. L.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Sunlit snow is highly photochemically active and plays a key role in the
exchange of gas phase species between the cryosphere and the atmosphere.
Here, we investigate the behaviour of two selected species in surface snow:
mercury (Hg) and iodine (I). Hg can deposit year-round and accumulate in the
snowpack. However, photo-induced re-emission of gas phase Hg from the
surface has been widely reported. Iodine is active in atmospheric new
particle formation, especially in the marine boundary layer, and in the
destruction of atmospheric ozone. It can also undergo photochemical
re-emission. Although previous studies indicate possible post-depositional
processes, little is known about the diurnal behaviour of these two species
and their interaction in surface snow. The mechanisms are still poorly
constrained, and no field experiments have been performed in different
seasons to investigate the magnitude of re-emission processes Three sampling
campaigns conducted at an hourly resolution for 3 d each were carried out
near Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard) to study the behaviour of mercury and iodine
in surface snow under different sunlight and environmental conditions
(24 h darkness, 24 h sunlight and day–night cycles). Our results indicate a
different behaviour of mercury and iodine in surface snow during the
different campaigns. The day–night experiments demonstrate the existence of a
diurnal cycle in surface snow for Hg and iodine, indicating that these
species are indeed influenced by the daily solar radiation cycle.
Differently, bromine did not show any diurnal cycle. The diurnal cycle also
disappeared for Hg and iodine during the 24 h sunlight period and during
24 h darkness experiments supporting the idea of the occurrence (absence) of
a continuous recycling or exchange at the snow–air interface. These results
demonstrate that this surface snow recycling is seasonally dependent,
through sunlight. They also highlight the non-negligible role that snowpack
emissions have on ambient air concentrations and potentially on
iodine-induced atmospheric nucleation processes.
Dramatic increase of reactive VOC emission from ships at berth after implementing the fuel switch policy in the Pearl River Delta Emission Control Area
Authors: Wu Zhenfeng , Zhang Yanli , He Junjie , Chen Hongzhan , Huang Xueliang , Wang Yujun , Yu Xu , Yang Weiqiang , Zhang Runqi , Zhu Ming , Li Sheng , Fang Hua , Zhang Zhou , Wang Xinming
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Limiting the fuel sulfur content (FSC) is a widely adopted approach to reduce ship emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matters (PM) particularly in emission control areas (ECA), but its impact on the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is still not well understood. In this study, emissions from ships at berth in Guangzhou, south China, were characterized before and after implementing the fuel switch policy with a FSC limit of 0.5 % in the Pearl River Delta ECA in south China. After implementing the fuel switch policy, the emission factors (EFs) of SO2 and PM2.5 for coastal vessels dropped by 78 % and 56 % on average, respectively; the EFs of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs), however, reached 1807 ± 1746 mg/kg, about 15 times that of 118 ± 56.1 mg/kg before implementing the new policy. This dramatic increase in the emission of NMHCs might be largely due to the replacement of high-sulfur residual fuel oil with low-sulfur diesel or heavy oils, which are typically more rich in short-chain hydrocarbons. Moreover, reactive alkenes overtook alkanes to become the dominant group among NMHCs and low carbon number NMHCs, such as ethylene, propene and isobutane, became the dominant species after the new policy. As a result of the largely elevated EFs of reactive alkenes and aromatics after the new policy, for per kilogram of fuel burned, emitted NMHCs had nearly 29 times larger ozone formation potentials (OFPs) and about 2 times higher secondary organic aerosol formation potentials (SOAFPs). Unlike coastal vessels, river vessels in the region used diesel fuels all along and were not affected by the fuel switch policy, but their EFs of NMHCs were even 90 % larger than that of coastal vessels after implementing the new policy, with about 120 % larger fuel-based OFPs and 70–140 % larger SOAFPs. The results from this study suggest that while the fuel switch policy could effectively reduce SO2 and PM emissions and thus help combat PM2.5 pollution, it would also lead to greater emissions of reactive VOCs, that may threatens ozone pollution control in the harbor cities. This change for coastal or ocean-going vessels, along with the large amounts of reactive VOCs from river vessels, raises regulatory concerns for ship emissions of reactive VOCs.
Correcting high-frequency losses of reactive nitrogen flux measurements
Authors: Wintjen Pascal , Ammann Christof , Schrader Frederik , Brümmer Christian
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The eddy-covariance (EC) technique is nowadays widely used in experimental field studies to measure land surface-atmosphere exchange of a variety of trace gases. In recent years applying the EC technique to reactive nitrogen compounds has become more important since atmospheric nitrogen deposition influences the productivity and biodiversity of (semi-)natural ecosystems and its carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange. Fluxes which are calculated by EC have to be corrected for setup-specific effects like attenuation in the high-frequency range. However, common methods for correcting such flux losses are mainly optimized for inert greenhouse gases like CO2 and methane or water vapor. In this study, we applied a selection of correction methods to measurements of total reactive nitrogen (ΣNr) conducted in different ecosystems using the Total Reactive Atmospheric Nitrogen Converter (TRANC) coupled to a chemiluminescence dectector (CLD). Average flux losses calculated by methods using measured cospectra and ogives were about 26–38 % for a semi-natural peatland and about 16–22 % for a mixed forest. The investigation of the different methods showed that damping factors calculated with measured heat and gas flux cospectra using an empirical spectral transfer function were most reliable. Flux losses of ΣNr with this method were on the upper end of the median damping range, i.e. 38 % for the peatland site and 22 % for the forest site. Using modified Kaimal cospectra for damping estimation worked well for the forest site, but underestimates damping for the peatland site by about 12 %. Correction factors of methods based on power spectra or on site-specific and instrumental parameters were mostly less than 10 %. Power spectra of ΣNr were heavily affected likely by white noise and deviated substantially at lower frequencies from the temperature (power) spectrum. Our study suggests using an empirical method for estimating flux losses of ΣNr or any reactive nitrogen compound and locally measured cospectra.
Coccolithophore productivity at the western Iberian Margin during the middle Pleistocene (310–455 ka) – evidence from coccolith Sr/Ca data
Authors: Cavaleiro Catarina , Voelker Antje H. L. , Stoll Heather , Baumann Karl-Heinz , Kucera Michal
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Coccolithophores contribute significantly to the marine primary productivity and play a unique role in ocean biogeochemistry by using carbon for photosynthesis (biological pump) and also for calcification (carbonate pump). Despite the importance of including coccolithophores in global climate models to allow better predictions of the climate system's responses to planetary change, highly uncertain coccolithophore paleoproductivity past reconstructions mostly relied on proxies dependent on accumulation and sedimentation rates, and preservation conditions. In this study we used an independent proxy, based on the coccolith fraction (CF) Sr/Ca ratio, to reconstruct coccolithophore productivity. We used the marine sediment core MD03-2699 from the western Iberian margin (IbM), spanning the glacial/interglacial cycles of Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 12 to MIS 9. We found that IbM coccolithophore productivity was controlled by changes in the oceanographic conditions, such as in SST, the competition for nutrients with other phytoplankton groups and insolation. Long-term coccolithophore productivity was primarily affected by variations in the dominant water mass. Polar and subpolar surface waters during glacial substages were associated with decreased coccolithophore productivity, with strongest productivity minima being concomitant with Heinrich-type events (HtE). Subtropical, nutrient-poorer waters during interglacial substages, i.e. MIS 11c, might have lead to intensified competition for nutrients with diatoms resulting in intermediate levels of coccolithophore productivity. The transition from interglacial to glacial substages was likely associated with increasing presence of nutrient-richer waters, possibly with lower silica content than riverine discharges and mostly fed by either upwelling or surface waters of northern origin. This minimized the competition with diatoms and coccolithophores reached their productivity maxima. Climatic conditions during colder periods forced coccolithophores to change their phenology contributing to the dissonance between the CF Sr/Ca derived coccolithophore productivity and nannofossil accumulation rate and total alkenone flux, which is interpreted as a consequence of the narrowing yearly time-window for coccolithophore productivity.
Exposure data for global physical risk assessment
Authors: Eberenz Samuel , Stocker Dario , Röösli Thomas , Bresch David N.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. One of the challenges in the globally consistent assessment of physical climate risks is that exposure data are either unavailable or restricted to single countries or regions. Here, we introduce lit population (LitPop), a globally consistent methodology to estimate spatially explicit exposure data proportional to a combination of nightlight intensity and geographical population data. By multiplying nightlight and population data, unwanted artefacts such as blooming, saturation, and lack of resolution are mitigated. Thus, the combination of both data types improves the spatial distribution of macroeconomic indicators. To evaluate the predictive skill of the downscaling approach, GDP distributed proportional to LitPop to subnational administrative regions is compared to reference values. The results for 14 countries show that the predictive skill of LitPop is higher than using nightlights or population data alone. The advantages of this approach are: high predictive skill, global consistency, scalability, openness, replicability, and low entry threshold. The flexibility of the open-source LitPop exposure data and methodology offers value for manifold use cases for economic disaster risk assessments and climate change adaptation studies. Code is published on GitHub as part of the open-source software CLIMADA (CLIMate ADAptation) and archived in the ETH Data Archive with link: http://doi.org/10.5905/ethz-1007-226 (Bresch et al., 2019b). The resulting exposure dataset for 227 countries is archived in the ETH Research Repository with link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000331316 (Eberenz et al., 2019).
An adaptive method for speeding up the numerical integration of chemical mechanisms in atmospheric chemistry models: application to GEOS-Chem version 12.0.0
Authors: Shen Lu , Jacob Daniel J. , Santillana Mauricio , Wang Xuan , Chen Wei
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The major computational bottleneck in atmospheric chemistry models is the numerical integration of the stiff coupled system of kinetic equations describing the chemical evolution of the system as defined by the model chemical mechanism (typically over 100 coupled species). We present an adaptive method to greatly reduce the computational cost of that numerical integration in global 3-D models while maintaining high accuracy. Most of the atmosphere does not in fact require solving for the full chemical complexity of the mechanism, so considerable simplification is possible if one can recognize the dynamic continuum of chemical complexity required across the atmospheric domain. We do this by constructing a limited set of reduced chemical mechanisms (chemical regimes) to cover the range of atmospheric conditions, and then pick locally and on the fly which mechanism to use for a given gridbox and time step on the basis of computed production and loss rates for individual species. Application to the GEOS-Chem global 3-D model for oxidant-aerosol chemistry in the troposphere and stratosphere (full mechanism of 228 species) is presented. We show that 20 chemical regimes can largely encompass the range of conditions encountered in the model. Results from a 2-year GEOS-Chem simulation shows that our method can reduce the computational cost of chemical integration by 30–40 % while maintaining accuracy better than 1 % and with no error growth. Our method retains the full complexity of the original chemical mechanism where it is needed, provides the same model output diagnostics (species production and loss rates, reaction rates) as the full mechanism, and can accommodate changes in the chemical mechanism or in model resolution without having to reconstruct the chemical regimes.
Spatial indicators for desertification in southeast Vietnam
Authors: Hien Le Thi Thu , Gobin Anne , Huong Pham Thi Thanh
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Desertification is influenced by different factors that relate to climate, soil, topography, geology, vegetation, human pressure, and land and water management. The quantification of these factors into spatially explicit indicators and subsequent evaluation provides for a framework that allows us to identify areas currently at risk of desertification and to evaluate important contributing biophysical and socio-economic factors. Based on local knowledge of environmental contributing factors to the risk of desertification in the Binh Thuan Province of southeast Vietnam, a baseline 2010 map showed that 14.4 % of the area, mainly along the coast and in the northeast, is desertified with another 35.4 % at severe risk of desertification. The Vietnamese
Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment has defined the area with a ratio of rainfall to evapotranspiration smaller or equal to 0.65, which equals 1233 km2 or 15 % of the province, as desertified area, which corresponds well with the baseline 2010 map. The developed framework incorporates the important contributing factors and therefore allows for decision support in a “what if” structure and for the projection of potentially vulnerable areas under future scenarios. With projected climate change and population growth, the desertified area is expected to increase by 122 % (or 137 850 ha) towards 2050. The developed methodology can be extended to neighbouring provinces that experience similar sensitivities to desertification.
Improving an AI-Based Algorithm to Automatically Generate Concept Maps
Authors: Alomari Sara , Abdullah Salha
Published: October 2019

Concept maps have been used to assist learners as an effective learning method in identifying relationships between information, especially when teaching materials have many topics or concepts. However, making a manual concept map is a long and tedious task. It is time-consuming and demands an intensive effort in reading the full content and reasoning the relationships among concepts. Due to this inefficiency, many studies are carried out to develop intelligent algorithms using several data mining techniques. In this research, the authors aim at improving Text Analysis-Association Rules Mining (TA-ARM) algorithm using the weighted K-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm instead of the traditional KNN. The weighted KNN is expected to optimize the classification accuracy, which will, eventually, enhance the quality of the generated concept map.
Modeling the Influence of Temperature-dependent Thermal Properties on the Freezing Front
Authors: Chavarria Victor M.
Published: October 2019

Although numerical methods enable comprehensive analyses of food freezing, a thorough quantification is lacking the effects on the process introduced by uncertainties in variable thermal properties. Analytical models are, however, more suitable tools to perform such calculations. We aim to quantify these effects by developing a solution to the freezing front (FF) problem subject to temperature-dependent thermal properties and one-dimensional convective cooling. The heat integral balance method, Kirchhoff's transformation, and Plank's cooled-surface temperature equation (as a seed function) enabled us to obtain an approximate solution to the FF penetration time. To optimize model accuracy, two adjustable parameters were correlated with the inputs via nonlinear regression referenced to numerical simulation FF data. The mapped sensitivities, generated by perturbations in the temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and effective heat capacity, undergo rapid nonlinear changes for Biot numbers below 6. Above this level, these sensitivities stabilize depending on the cooling medium temperature and a thermal conductivity parameter. The median thermal conductivity-driven sensitivity is 0.348 and its interquartile range (IQR) is 0.220 to 0.425, whereas the median latent heat-driven sensitivity is 0.967 (IQR: 0.877 to 0.985). Statistical error measures and a ten-split K-fold validation support the model accuracy and reliability of the parameter estimates. Together, the model allows for gaining insights into the nonlinear behavior and magnitude of the influence of variable properties on the FF for a wide range of conditions. Nonlinear methods and prior information enable practical modeling of transport phenomena in foods.
In vitro Antioxidant Activities of Natural Polysaccharides: An overview
Authors: Nemzer Boris V. , Kalita Diganta , Yashin Alexander Ya , Nifantiev Nikolay E. , Yashin Yakov I.
Published: October 2019

Polysaccharides are naturally occurring biomacromolecules composed of carbohydrate molecules linked by glycosidic bonds. A number of polysaccharides are known to possess beneficial therapeutic effects against inflammation, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Indeed, polysaccharides are reportedly effective free radical scavengers and antioxidants, thereby playing a critical role in the prevention of damage to living organisms under oxidative stress. In this review we provide an overview of the sources, extraction, and antioxidant activities of some natural polysaccharides.
Evaluation of Phenolic Content and Free Radical Scavenging Activity of Indonesia Wild Honey Collected from Seven Different Regions
Authors: Riswahyuli Y. , Rohman Abdul , Setyabudi Francis M. C. S. , Raharjo Sri
Published: October 2019

Several wild honey samples collected from seven different regions in Indonesia were investigated to determine their total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and free radical scavenging activity by analyzing the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DDPH) radical and phenolic profile. Rutin, (+)-catechin, ferulic acid, and galangin were found to be the major phenolic compounds of Indonesia wild honey. The total phenolic content significantly correlated with the total flavonoid content (p=0.000) and the percentage of DPPH radical scavenging activity (p=0.000). Results indicated that there are different polyphenol profiles among the different regions.
Le pourvoi en cassation en matière civile
Authors: Charruault Christian
Published: October 2019

The author analyzed the structure of cassation proceedings in France. He remarked that the French Cassation Court does not examine the dispute, but the judgment which was issued as a result of the proceedings in a specific case. He claims that the function of the cassation proceedings, as well as the role of a cassation judge is special for several reasons. Most importantly, cassation consists in overruling a judgment. The legal interpretation and the justification of the grounds of such a ruling bear more similarity to doctrinal considerations rather than a purely judicial verdict. The text also presents the organisation of the French Cour de cassation by describing the composition of each chamber, their scope of competence, the tasks of the president of the court as well as the overall day-to-day functioning. The author asserts that the organisation of the court reflects its main endeavour, namely to assure the uniformity of the jurisprudence. Additionally, he puts an emphasis on the relation between the selection mechanism of cassation cases and the Cassation Court’s ability to efficiently fulfill its role. The author argues that such mechanisms do not infringe on Article 6 (1) ECHR. Next, the author proceeds to describe an outline of the court session at the Cour de cassation, including the role of judges, parties to the proceedings, as well as the scope of examination of a cassation and the possible outcomes that come into play. The author concludes his considerations by analysing the extent to which the French cassation court may control the constitutionality of legal provisions and juxtaposing it with solutions adopted in some other European countries.
Supreme Courts in the 21st Century: should organisation follow the function?
Authors: Uzelac Alan
Published: October 2019

The text discusses different aspects connected with organisation of supreme courts. It argues that the focus should be shifted to the “how” question. If the supreme courts aspire to fulfil certain special functions, a necessary precondition towards fulfilling this goal entails appropriate organisational structures, means and personnel. The organisation, framework and methods of work of a supreme court should reflect the functions that it is supposed to serve. Although most supreme courts have staff, departments and offices that are entrusted with legal research and analysis, the rise in importance of international jurisprudence is putting on the agenda the need for restructuring and reinforcing the existing departments. The author claims that supreme courts are becoming less and less self-centred in their adjudication, which requires legal research of international and comparative law. The text also deals with other aspects of supreme courts’ organisation. For instance, it shifts focus towards the relation between the number of judges in a supreme court and its impact on the uniformity of jurisprudence. It also emphasises the need to further examine the relation between the number of judges per capita and the efficiency of the court’s work.
Mandatory Representation by an Attorney or Legal Counsel and Access to the Courts in Civil Cases
Authors: Flaga-Gieruszyńska Kinga
Published: October 2019

The text discusses the problem of mandatory representation by a lawyer as one of the legal solutions that are crucial for access to courts. The starting point for the author’s deliberations is the analysis of the institution of legal aid of a professional representative in litigation, which – along with other constructions – constitutes a guarantee of effective implementation of the right to court in civil matters. Against the background of these considerations, the author presents the construction of mandatory representation by a lawyer in the Polish legal system, with particular emphasis on its subjective and objective scope. These considerations are complemented by de lege ferenda conclusions, relating, among other things, to projects considered in the Polish doctrine concerning the extension of the scope of application of mandatory representation to proceedings before the court of second instance.
The Supreme People’s Court of China in the Process of Judicial Reform
Authors: Zhang Baosheng , Li Yin
Published: October 2019

The text presents judicial reforms of the Supreme People’s Court of China (SPC). The author argues that during a twenty-year period, the role of the SPC has underwent two major transitions. Firstly, its role of a dispute solver evolved into a designer and a leading voice of the judicial system in China. Secondly, it shifted its position from a passive implementer of laws and policies into an active public policy maker. The text also offers an insight into the SPC’s enhancement of human rights protection, efforts to establish the evidence rule system, as well as its role in promoting judicial transparency.
Lithostratigraphy and petrology of Lachman Crags and Cape Lachman lava-fed deltas, Ulu Peninsula, James Ross Island, north-eastern Antarctic Peninsula: Preliminary results
Authors: Altunkaynak Şafak , Aldanmaz Ercan , Güraslan Işıl Nur , Çalışkanoğlu Ayşe Zeynep , Ünal Alp , Nývlt Daniel
Published: October 2019

This paper presents the preliminary results regarding the lithostratigraphy, petrography and petrology of James Ross Island Volcanic Group dominating the Lachman Crags and Cape Lachman lava-fed deltas in the Ulu Peninsula, James Ross Island north-eastern Antarctic Peninsula. Studied lava-fed deltas were produced via Late Miocene to Pleistocene sub-marine and sub-glacial volcanism and made up four main lithofacies: a- bottomset pillow lavas, peperites and associated volcanoclastic/siliciclastic deposits; b- foreset-bedded hyaloclastite breccias; c- intrusions (feeder dykes, sills, and plugs) and d- topset subaerial lavas. Collectively these lithofacies record the transition from an effusive subaqueous to an effusive subaerial eruption environment. All lava samples and dykes from bottomset, foreset and topset lava-fed delta associations are olivine-phyric alkali basalts and are mineralogically and geochemically homogeneous. These eruptive products display significant enrichments in alkali contents and have ocean island basalt (OIB)-type, intra-plate geochemical signatures characterized by enrichments in all highly to moderately incompatible trace elements relative to basaltic rocks from ocean ridge settings. Volcanic products from a number of different eruptive periods display limited variations in major and trace element relative abundances, indicating derivation from a relatively homogeneous mantle source. The results of quantitative modelling of geochemical data is consistent with the view that the primary melts from which these mafic alkaline rocks were originated are the products of relatively small degrees (~3-7%) of partial melting of a volatile-bearing, metasomatized mantle source. The magmatism is likely the result of extension-driven mantle upwelling.
Trace elements in soils of oases of Enderby Land (on an example of Vecherny oasis)
Authors: Kukharchyk Tamara , Kakareka Sergey , Giginyak Yury
Published: October 2019

The content of trace elements in the soils of the Vecherny Oasis (Enderby Land, East Antarctica), where the construction of the Belarusian Antarctic Station started in December 2015, is considered. The results of the research are based on data collected during four Belarusian Antarctic expeditions in the period from 2011 to 2017, and analytical testing of soil samples taken from impacted and non-impacted sites. A total of 22 soil samples were analyzed for the content of trace elements; to compare the levels of accumulation and possible migration pathways, 7 samples of bottom sediments were also analyzed. Determination of trace elements was carried out using the AAS method (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, Fe, Mn) and emission spectral analysis (about 40 elements). The average values and range of concentrations of trace elements in soils and bottom sediments of the oasis are presented. The possible dependence of the trace elements content on the location positions in the landscape and on the sources of impact is discussed. It is shown, that the variability of metals content in soil profile for background site is low. In comparison with other oases of Antarctica no hotspots have been revealed and no significant areas of soil contamination have been identified yet, which is largely due to the fragmentation of the soil cover and lack of significant sources of pollution.
Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters during desiccation and osmotic stress of Hassallia antarctica culture
Authors: Alonso Marta Campos
Published: October 2019

Hassallia antarctica is a terrestrial cyanobacterium colonizing various habitats in Antarctica such as soil surface, microbiological mats and seepages. H. antarctica represents one of the cyanobacterial species forming biodiversity of terrestrial autotrophs of James Ross Island, Antarctica. It is a filamentous cyanobacterium composing blackish fasciculated clusters thanks to false branching. In our study, sensitivity of the species to dehydration and salt stress was studied. We used H. antarctica culture (CCALA 956) grown on Z liquid medium. Clusters of H. antarctica were placed on wet filter paper and dried naturally at 5°C. During gradual dehydration, relative water content (RWC) was evaluated gravimetrically simultaneously with chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. Slow Kautsky kinetics and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (FV/FM, ФPSII) were used to assess dehydration-related decrease in primary photosynthetic processes. It was found that H. antarctica, contrastingly to other terrestrial cyanobacteria from polar habitats, was not able to maintain photosynthetic processes at RWCs as low as 20%. Even during initial phase of dehydration (RWC of 95%) rapid decline in FV/FM occured. Resistance of H. antarctica to osmotic stress was studied by time courses of the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter in response to 3.0, 0.3, and 0.03 M NaCl solution. Both shape of slow Kautsky kinetics and numeric values of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were affected by osmotic stress. While full inhibitory effect was apparent in 3.0 M NaCl treatment immediately, the salt stress-induced decline in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters was observed at 0.03 M NaCl even after 8 hours of exposition. It was, therefore, concluded that H. antarctica exhibited high resistance to osmotic stress which may help the species to cope with repetitive dehydration events that happen in the field during austral summer season in Antarctica, James Ross Island in particular.
Toxicological state and chemical properties of soils in urbanized ecosystems of Murmansk
Authors: Polyakov Vyacheslav , Petrova Alina , Kozlov Alexander , Abakumov Evgeny
Published: October 2019

Nowadays, active urbanization directly affects to the transformation of natural ecosystems in all natural zones of Russian Federation. First of all, soils of the cities are exposed to undergoing to intensive transformation. With this transformation, natural soils change to urban and “urbo-natural soils”. Arctic ecosystems are most susceptible to anthropogenic influence because they have a low regeneration and restoration ability. Urban soils demonstrate numerous and various processes of transformation and migration of substances, which are the most important links in the biogeochemical cycles, linking the various structural components of ecosystems and the biosphere as a whole. In this context the processes of soils transformation under the influence of the urbanization has been considered. Soils of residential, recreational (park), industrial and non-developed urban zones were studied on example of Murmansk city as one on the northernmost city in European part of Russia. Microbiological activities, toxicological state (heavy metals, Zc), and content of carbon in soils were revealed.
Spectral reflectance indices sense desiccation induced changes in the thalli of Antarctic lichen Dermatocarpon polyphyllizum
Authors: Barták Miloš , Mishra Kumud Bandhu , Marečková Michaela
Published: October 2019

Lichens, in polar and alpine regions, pass through repetitive dehydration and rehydration events over the years. The harsh environmental conditions affect the plasticity of lichen’s functional and structural features for their survival, in a species-specific way, and, thus, their optical and spectral characteristics. For an understanding on how dehydration affects lichens spectral reflectance, we measured visible (VIS) and near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectra of Dermatocarpon polyphyllizum, a foliose lichen species, from James Ross Island (Antarctica), during gradual dehydration from fully wet (relative water content (RWC) = 100%) to dry state (RWC = 0%), under laboratory conditions, and compared several derived reflectance indices (RIs) to RWC. We found a curvilinear relationship between RWC and range of RIs: water index (WI), photochemical reflectance index (PRI), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), modified chlorophyll absorption in reflectance indices (MCARI and MCARI1), simple ratio pigment index (SRPI), normalized pigment chlorophyll index (NPCI), and a new NIR shoulder region spectral ratio index (NSRI). The index NDVI was initially increased with maxima around 70% RWC and it steadily declined with further desiccation, whereas PRI in-creased with desiccation and steeply falls when RWC was below 10%. The curvilinear relationship, for RIs versus RWC, was best fitted by polynomial regressions of second or third degree, and it was found that RWC showed very high correlation with WI (R2 = 0.94) that is followed by MCARI (R2 = 0.87), NDVI (R2 = 0.83), and MCARI (R2 = 0.81). The index NSRI, proposed for accessing structural deterioration, was almost invariable during dehydration with the least value of the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.28). This may mean that lichen, Dermatocarpon polyphyllizum, activates protection mechanisms initially in response to the progression of dehydration; however, severe dehydration causes deactivation of photosynthesis and associated pigments without much affecting its structure.
Landscape-dynamic aspects of soil formation in the Lena River Delta
Authors: Polyakov Vyacheslav , Orlova Ksenia , Abakumov Evgeny
Published: October 2019

This article provides data on the study of pedodiversity and pecularities of soils and their spatial distribution in the territory of the Lena River Delta (Siberia, Russia). Special reference to geogenic factors of soil formation in the pedoenvironment are made. The main patterns of soil distribution in different geomorphic positions for Samoilovsky, Arga-Belir-Aryta, Kurungnakh and Hardang islands are discussed. The soil catenas of the 4 investigated islands are given as a reliable representation of the formation of soils and the development of soil-forming processes in various types of relief and geomorphological features. Soils are represented mainly by the following groups: Fluvisols, Umbrisols, Podzols, Cryosols, Histosols, Gleysols, which are closely related to the geomorphic terraces of the delta.
Comparative research of photosynthetic processes in selected poikilohydric organisms from Mediterranean and Central-European alpine habitats
Authors: Giudici Gabriella Nora Maria , Hájek Josef , Barták Miloš , Kubešová Svatava
Published: October 2019

Dehydration-induced decrease in photosynthetic activity was investigated in five poikilohydric autotrophs using chlorophyll fluorescence parameters recorded during controlled desiccation. For the study, two representatives of mosses from alpine zone (Rhizomnium punctatum, Rhytidiadelphus squarrosus) of the Jeseníky Mts. (Czech Republic) were used. Other two experimental species were mediterranean habitats liverwort (Pellia endiviifolia) and moss (Palustriella commutata), collected from under Woodwardia radicans canopy in the Nature Reserve Valle delle Ferriere (Italy). The last species was a liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha) collected from lowland site (Brno, Moravia, Czech Republic). We investigated the relationship between relative water content (RWC) and several chlorophyll fluorescence parameters evaluating primary photochemical processes of photosynthesis, such as effective quantum yield of photosynthetic processes in photosystem II (ΦPSII), and non-photochemical quenching (qN). With desiccation from fully wet (RWC = 100%) to dry state (RWC = 0%), ΦPSII exhibited a rapid (R. punctatum) and slow decline of ΦPSII (R. squarrosus, P. endiviifolia, M. polymorpha, and P. commutata). Shapes of dehydration-response curves were species-specific. RWC0.5, i.e. the RWC at which the sample showed half of maximum ΦPSII, reflected the species-specificity. It reached 65% in desiccation sensitive (R. punctatum), 53% and 43% in semi-tolerant (P. commutata and R. squarrosus), 24% and 18% in desiccation-tolerant species (P. endiviifolia and M. polymorpha). In all experimental species, non-photochemical quenching (qN) of absorbed light energy showed high values at RWC = 100% and a slight increase with desiccation. Steady state chlorophyll fluorescence (FS) remained high during desiccation and was not correlated with ΦPSII.
Permafrost and active layer research on James Ross Island: An overview
Authors: Hrbáček Filip , Nývlt Daniel , Láska Kamil , Kňažková Michaela , Kampová Barbora , Engel Zbyněk , Oliva Marc , Mueller Carsten W.
Published: October 2019

This study summarizes the current state of the active layer and permafrost research on James Ross Island. The analysis of climate parameters covers the reference period 2011–2017. The mean annual air temperature at the AWS-JGM site was -6.9°C (ranged from -3.9°C to -8.2°C). The mean annual ground temperature at the depth of 5 cm was -5.5°C (ranged from -3.3°C to -6.7°C) and it also reached -5.6°C (ranged from -4.0 to -6.8°C) at the depth of 50 cm. The mean daily ground temperature at the depth of 5 cm correlated moderately up to strongly with the air temperature depending on the season of the year. Analysis of the snow effect on the ground thermal regime confirmed a low insulating effect of snow cover when snow thickness reached up to 50 cm. A thicker snow accumulation, reaching at least 70 cm, can develop around the hyaloclastite breccia boulders where a well pronounced insulation effect on the near-surface ground thermal regime was observed. The effect of lithology on the ground physical properties and the active layer thickness was also investigated. Laboratory analysis of ground thermal properties showed variation in thermal conductivity (0.3 to 0.9 W m-1 K-1). The thickest active layer (89 cm) was observed on the Berry Hill slopes site, where the lowest thawing degree days index (321 to 382°C·day) and the highest value of thermal conductivity (0.9 W m-1 K-1) was observed. The clearest influence of lithological conditions on active layer thickness was observed on the CALM-S grid. The site comprises a sandy Holocene marine terrace and muddy sand of the Whisky Bay Formation. Surveying using a manual probe, ground penetrating radar, and an electromagnetic conductivity meter clearly showed the effect of the lithological boundary on local variability of the active layer thickness.
Flipping the Logic Classroom
Authors: Pearlman Savannah ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2019

Despite increasing evidence that the traditional lecture is inefficient for student learning, such methods remain the central paradigm for teaching logic. In this paper, I identify the deficits of the lecture model and outline the many benefits of flipping the logic classroom—namely that students can absorb information at their own pace, freeing classroom time for active learning activities, and allowing the students to come prepared to actively engage in deeper levels of learning. I provide advice for curricular change from the traditional model, and guidance for flipped classroom implementation. I also offer suggestions for the best use of newly available class time, and advice for keeping students accountable for learning the information prior to class. Last, I consider common challenges with the flipped classroom model. I acknowledge possible obstacles to flipping the undergraduate logic course and address these challenges with potential solutions.
Challenging Conceptions of Diversity and the Good Life in Plato’s Republic
Authors: Talbert Bonnie ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2019

Challenging students’ intuitions and unexamined beliefs, and drawing out the logical consequences of those beliefs has long been the teaching methodology of philosophers. These same educational goals are crucial to Plato’s philosophy of education, which is illustrated through Socrates’ metaphor of the midwife—the teacher helps the students create something novel out of that which they already have in them: in other words, it challenges them to rethink their assumptions. This paper will consider some of the ways in which Plato presents the reader with opportunities to see the examined life as a series of rethinkings about what it means to live a good life with other people who are different from one’s self. The rethinkings that Plato’s dialogues prompt speak to some of the most prevalent assumptions that students typically and unquestioningly believe about diversity and the good life.
Autoimmune Gastritis
Authors: Hall Sara N. , Appelman Henry D.
Published: October 2019

Context.—

Autoimmune gastritis (AG) is a corpus-restricted chronic atrophic gastritis associated with intrinsic factor deficiency, either with or without pernicious anemia. Autoimmune gastritis is a microscopic disease because patients present with no or vague symptoms, and clinicians rarely find endoscopic changes. Autoimmune gastritis only becomes a clinical disease when pathologists diagnose it in gastric biopsies performed for a variety of clinical indications. Unfamiliarity with this disease can result in misdiagnosis of patients, and thus inadequate patient management.

Objective.—

To review the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnoses, sequelae, and surveillance recommendations for AG.

Data Sources.—

The sources of the study include a review of the pertinent literature for AG.

Conclusions.—

Autoimmune gastritis is an important disease characterized by a loss of oxyntic mucosa and presence of metaplastic epithelium and enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia. Awareness and proper diagnosis are critical to prevent mismanagement of patients.
El Teatro-Foro como herramienta didáctica para el cambio educativo
Authors: García Gómez Teresa , De Vicente Hernando César
Published: October 2019

Este trabajo presenta una experiencia de innovación docente en el marco de la formación inicial de maestros y maestras. Dicha innovación consiste en la incorporación de una técnica del Teatro del Oprimido, concretamente el Teatro-Foro, como estrategia didáctica en la enseñanza universitaria con el objetivo de que el alumnado conozca desde una perspectiva crítica la realidad educativa, analice las relaciones de poder y estructuras de dominación en los centros de enseñanza y actúe para su transformación con el fin de construir y desarrollar una educación justa y democrática. Dicha experiencia se viene realizando durante cuatro cursos académicos con alumnado de primero del Grado en Educación Primaria en la Universidad de Almería. Para dar cuenta de esta experiencia, en primer lugar, abordamos los orígenes, el desarrollo y la metodología del Teatro-Foro. Posteriormente, situamos dicha experiencia de formación inicial en el marco de la pedagogía crítica, acorde con las finalidades de esta, y más específicamente en el marco de la educación problematizadora de Paulo Freire, abordando qué posibilidades nos ofrece el Teatro-Foro para el desarrollo de esta educación. A continuación, contextualizamos esta experiencia de innovación, especificando los objetivos de la misma, su desarrollo y los temas y conflictos abordados. Por último, en el apartado de conclusiones, señalamos que las dualidades (teoría-práctica, investigación-docencia, enseñanza-aprendizaje, aprendizaje individual-aprendizaje colectivo, etc.) deben integrarse en un nuevo modelo para la formación inicial docente que el Teatro-Foro, como herramienta metodológica, facilita.
¿Forma en sostenibilidad el sistema universitario español? Visión del alumnado de cuatro universidades
Authors: Valderrama-Hernández Rocío , Alcántara Rubio Lucía , Sánchez Carracedo Fermín , Caballero Franco David , Serrate González Sara , Gil-Doménech Dolors , Vidal-Raméntol Salvador , Miñano Rafael
Published: October 2019

Desde hace más de una década, existen diversas iniciativas internacionales y nacionales para que las universidades asuman un rol de liderazgo para promover una educación para el desarrollo sostenible y dar respuestas a los retos globales de la sociedad actual. Es preciso analizar la efectividad de esas iniciativas y preguntarnos si las universidades están formando a sus estudiantes para afrontar con responsabilidad dichos retos.Éste es uno de los objetivos del proyecto EDINSOST, dentro de cuyo marco hemos llevado a cabo una investigación de tipo cualitativa, desarrollando grupos de discusión con estudiantes de últimos cursos de distintas universidades y perfiles académicos. Esto nos ha permitido integrar en nuestros análisis la perspectiva del alumnado universitario.En este artículo se presentan las aportaciones más relevantes en relación a la visión de los estudiantes sobre la sostenibilidad, su experiencia formativa en la universidad y su opinión sobre cómo podría mejorarse. Los resultados muestran que la formación en sostenibilidad que aporta la universidad es insuficiente, y que los estudiantes no se sienten preparados para integrar la sostenibilidad en su actividad profesional. Sin embargo, consideran fundamental que la universidad incluya la sostenibilidad en sus currículos académicos, y enfatizan la importancia de emplear metodologías activas que conecten al alumnado con la realidad y fomenten la reflexión.La investigación muestra que queda mucho trabajo por hacer para integrar la sostenibilidad en la formación universitaria. Las propuestas del alumnado están alineadas con las de los expertos en educación para la sostenibilidad, y para llevarlas a cabo se requiere tanto la formación y compromiso del profesorado como la implicación institucional.