bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Familial risks for childhood acute lymphocytic leukaemia in Sweden and Finland: far exceeding the effects of known germline variants
Authors: Kharazmi Elham , da Silva Filho Miguel I. , Pukkala Eero , Sundquist Kristina , Thomsen Hauke , Hemminki Kari
Published: October 2012

Despite recent successes in the identification of genetic susceptibility loci, no familial risk has been demonstrated for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). We identified 3994 childhood ALL cases from two cancer registries; family members were obtained from population registers. The standardized incidence ratio for familial risk in singleton siblings and twins was 3·2 (95% confidence interval 1·5–5·9) and 162·6 (70·2–320·4), respectively. The present data constitute the first demonstration of familial risk for singleton siblings; the high risk for twins is believed to result from shared prenatal blood circulation. The data suggest that currently unidentified genetic loci underlie these observed familial effects.
Customer interest in and experience with various types of pharmacy counselling – a qualitative study
Authors: Kaae Susanne , Traulsen Janine M , Nørgaard Lotte S
Published: October 2012

Background

Despite pharmacists' extensive knowledge in the optimization of patients' medical treatments, community pharmacies are still fighting to earn patients' trust with respect to medicinal counselling at the counter.

Objective

The aim was to investigate how patients perceive pharmacy counselling at the present time, in order to develop the patient–pharmacy relationship for the benefit of both patients and pharmacies.

Design

Short semi‐structured interviews were carried out with pharmacy customers by pharmacy internship students.

Setting and participants

One hundred and eight customers in 35 independent pharmacies across Denmark were interviewed during the spring of 2011.

Main variables studied

Customers were interviewed about their expectations of pharmacies in general and their experiences with medical counselling in particular.

Results

Customers perceive community pharmacies very differently in terms of both expectations of and positive experiences with counselling. They appear to be in favour of pharmacy counselling with respect to over‐the‐counter medicine and first‐time prescription medicine in contrast to refills. Customers find it difficult to express the health‐care role of pharmacies even when experiencing and appreciating it.

Discussion

Lack of appreciation of pharmacy counselling for refill prescription medicine and the difficulty in defining the role of pharmacies might stem from the difficulties that customers have in understanding medicine and thus the role of counselling services with respect to medicine. The pharmacy staff does not seem to realize these barriers.

Conclusions

For pharmacies to encourage customer interest in pharmacy counselling, the staff should start taking the identified barriers into account when planning communication strategies.
Race and the Feminized Popular in Nietzsche and Beyond
Authors: James Robin
Published: October 2012

I distinguish between the nineteenth‐ to twentieth‐century (modernist) tendency to rehabilitate (white) femininity from the abject popular, and the twentieth‐ to twenty‐first‐century (postmodernist) tendency to rehabilitate the popular from abject white femininity. Careful attention to the role of nineteenth‐century racial politics in Nietzsche's Gay Science shows that his work uses racial nonwhiteness to counter the supposedly deleterious effects of (white) femininity (passivity, conformity, and so on). This move—using racial nonwhiteness to rescue pop culture from white femininity—is a common twentieth‐ and twenty‐first‐century practice. I use Nietzsche to track shifts from classical to neo‐liberal methods of appropriating “difference.” Hipness is one form of this neoliberal approach to difference, and it is exemplified by the approach to race, gender, and pop culture in Vincente Minnelli's film The Band Wagon. I expand upon Robert Gooding‐Williams's reading of this film, and argue that mid‐century white hipness dissociates the popular from femininity and whiteness, and values the popular when performed by white men “acting black.” Hipness instrumentalizes femininity and racial nonwhiteness so that any benefits that might come from them accrue only to white men, and not to the female and male artists of color whose works are appropriated.
Surrogate Tourism and Reproductive Rights
Authors: Panitch Vida
Published: October 2012

Commercial surrogacy arrangements now cross borders; this paper aims to reevaluate the traditional moral concerns regarding the practice against the added ethical dimension of global injustice. I begin by considering the claim that global surrogacy serves to satisfy the positive reproductive rights of infertile first‐world women. I then go on to consider three powerful challenges to this claim. The first holds that commercial surrogacy involves the commodification of a good that should not be valued in market terms, the second that it involves the exploitation of the labor of disadvantaged women, and the third that it depends on the illegitimate privileging of positive rights over negative rights. I reject the first of these challenges and argue that global surrogacy arrangements are indeed exploitative on the dual basis of what I call intracontractual injustice and intercontractual coercion. The latter, I contend, depends on a preexisting negative rights violation, which cannot be permitted for the sake of satisfying another's positive reproductive entitlement. I conclude not in favor of a global ban but with suggestions on how developing nations that permit commercial surrogacy might better protect the negative reproductive rights of their female citizens, thereby making them less vulnerable to exploitation.
The utility of a long‐term acoustic recording system for detecting white seabass Atractoscion nobilis spawning sounds
Authors: Aalbers S. A. , Sepulveda C. A.
Published: October 2012

This study reports the use of a long‐term acoustic recording system (LARS) to remotely monitor white seabass Atractoscion nobilis spawning sounds at three sites along the southern California coastline, adjacent to Camp Pendleton. On the basis of previous studies of A. nobilis sound production relative to periods of known spawning activity, LARS were set to continuously record ambient sounds for a 2 h period around sunset from April to June 2009. Acoustic analyses identified A. nobilis courtship sounds on 89, 28 and 45% of the days at the three locations, respectively. From 474 h of acoustic data, spawning‐related sounds (chants) were detected on 19 occasions in 2009 with an additional 11 spawning chants recorded during a 2007 validation period. Most spawning chants occurred within 30 min of sunset during the months of May and June at a mean ±s.d. surface temperature of 18·2 ± 1·2° C. Consecutive daily spawning activity was not apparent at any sites in 2009. Atractoscion nobilis spawning chants were recorded at all three sites, suggesting that shallow rocky reefs which support kelp forests provide suitable A. nobilis spawning habitat. Results confirm the utility of passive acoustic recorders for identifying A. nobilis spawning periods and locations.
Nuclear and mitochondrial phylogenetic analysis of big‐scale sand smelt Atherina boyeri complex in Greece
Authors: Kraitsek S. , Klossa‐Kilia E. , Kilias G.
Published: October 2012

Genetic differentiation and phylogenetic relationships of big‐scale sand smelt Atherina boyeri specimens from 23 sampling sites in Greece and one from a lake in Turkey were investigated. A total of 2180 base pairs (bp) corresponding to the partial sequence of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I (coI), cytochrome b (cytb) and control region, as well as of the nuclear protein‐coding gene rhodopsin (rh), were determined for the 143 specimens studied. Phylogenetic analysis of each gene segment separately and of the combined dataset revealed the existence of three different and well divergent lineages in Greece. The first corresponds to the lagoon form, in which a clear distinction between the Aegean and Ionian Sea was observed. The other two correspond to the punctuated and non‐punctuated marine forms that have been previously reported. The fact that in the present study a population without black spots on the flanks is clustered with the punctuated form and vice versa, however, suggests that differences in colour pattern do not seem to be a sufficient marker to discriminate the two marine forms. In contrast, the presence of a different length insertion between transfer RNA (tRNA) glutamic acid (tRNAglu) and cytb genes in the lagoon and in one of the two forms of marine populations, and its absence from the rest marine‐form specimens confirms that this character is conserved and capable to be used for distinguishing the different forms. Even though the divergence values among the different forms were high, their phylogenetic relationships were not able to be resolved.
Estuarine survival and migratory behaviour of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts
Authors: Halfyard E. A. , Gibson A. J. F. , Ruzzante D. E. , Stokesbury M. J. W. , Whoriskey F. G.
Published: October 2012

To estimate mortality rates, assess the spatio‐temporal dynamics of natural mortality and examine migratory behaviour during the fresh to saltwater transition, 185 wild Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts were implanted with coded acoustic transmitters. Seaward migration of tagged S. salar from four river systems in an area of Nova Scotia, Canada known as the Southern Upland was monitored using fixed receivers and active telemetry over 3 years. Cumulative survival through the river, inner estuary, outer estuary and bay habitats averaged 59·6% (range = 39·4–73·5%). When standardized to distance travelled, survival rates followed two patterns: (1) constant rates of survival independent of habitat or (2) low survival most frequently associated with inner estuary habitats. In rivers where survival was independent of habitat, residency periods were also independent of habitat, post‐smolts exhibited few upstream movements, took a more direct route to the ocean and reached the ocean rapidly. Alternatively, in rivers where survival was habitat specific, residency was also habitat specific with overall increased residency, more frequent upstream movements and delayed arrival to the open ocean. The sudden disappearance of most (75–100%) smolts and post‐smolts assumed dead during the course of this study warrants further examination into the role of avian predators as a mortality vector.
Population structure in Chilean hake Merluccius gayi as revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequences
Authors: Vidal R. R. , Carson E. W. , Gold J. R.
Published: October 2012

Genetic variation and divergence among samples of Chilean hake Merluccius gayi, from three localities off the coast of Chile and one locality off the coast of northern Peru, were assessed using sequences from the control region of mitochondrial DNA. Homogeneity tests revealed occurrence of at least three distinct genetic stocks of M. gayi within the region sampled. Factors potentially contributing to genetic divergence among M. gayi probably include hydrodynamics and behaviour.
Mitochondrial analysis sheds light on the origin of hair sheep
Authors: Álvarez I. , Capote J. , Traoré A. , Fonseca N. , Pérez K. , Cuervo M. , Fernández I. , Goyache F.
Published: October 2012

A total of 180 mtDNA sequences from hair Caribbean (93), West African (73) and Canarian‐wooled (14) sheep were analysed to shed light on the origin of hair sheep. A comparison of 360 Iberian sheep sequences retrieved from GenBank was performed to assess a possible European origin of the Caribbean hair sheep. These 180 sequences gave 48 different haplotypes (16 in Caribbean sheep). All Caribbean and Canarian‐wooled sequences and 91.8% of the West African samples belonged to haplogroup B. The sheep analysed showed wide haplotypic identity. Caribbean sheep shared roughly two‐thirds of their samples with Canarian‐wooled and West African samples, respectively. Principal component analysis showed that the Caribbean and the Canarian‐wooled sheep clustered together. Additional analyses showed that hair and Iberian sheep had wide genetic identity. It was not possible to ascertain a single Canarian, African or European origin of the Caribbean hair sheep using mtDNA markers only. European, African and Caribbean hair sheep maternal genetic backgrounds likely result from related domestication events.
Managing ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation in agricultural landscapes: are the solutions the same?
Authors: Macfadyen Sarina , Cunningham Saul A. , Costamagna Alejandro C. , Schellhorn Nancy A.
Published: October 2012

1. Biodiversity conservation and agricultural production have traditionally been viewed as substantially in conflict and recent declines in biodiversity have been linked to intensive agricultural production. An increased use of ecosystem services to benefit agricultural production has been proposed as one strategy to enhance conservation of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes and attenuate this conflict.

2. We use examples from the literature to examine the relationship between management of agricultural landscapes for the provision of ecosystem services and management for biodiversity conservation.

3. We argue that although there is a relationship between biodiversity conservation and management for ecosystem services, it does not follow that focusing solely on one or the other will provide reciprocal benefits of the kind we should be seeking in land‐use decision‐making.

4. We identify a number of asymmetries in the relationship between management for maximizing ecosystem services and biodiversity conservation. Actions that increase or protect biodiversity in an agricultural landscape will often indirectly help preserve ecosystem services, but actions that focus on enhancing ecosystem services will not necessarily provide good outcomes for biodiversity.

5. Synthesis and applications. Synergies between agricultural productivity and biodiversity conservation can only be achieved if an understanding of ecosystem services leads to a change in management practice that supports greater biodiversity.
Contrasting taxonomic and functional responses of a tropical tree community to selective logging
Authors: Baraloto Christopher , Hérault Bruno , Paine C. E. Timothy , Massot Hélène , Blanc Lilian , Bonal Damien , Molino Jean‐François , Nicolini Eric A. , Sabatier Daniel
Published: October 2012

1. Considerable debate surrounds the extent to which tropical forests can be managed for resource extraction while conserving biodiversity and ecosystem properties, which depend on functional composition. Here we evaluate the compatibility of these aims by examining the effects of logging on taxonomic and functional diversity and composition in a tropical forest.

2. Twenty years after selective logging, we inventoried 4140 stems regenerating in logging gaps and adjacent undisturbed areas, and we integrated a database of 13 functional traits describing leaf and wood economics of tropical trees.

3. We found no differences in taxonomic and functional richness among habitats, but logging gaps had significantly higher taxonomic and functional evenness.

4. Logging also effected striking, long‐term changes in both species and functional composition. In particular, the xylem density of recruits in logging gaps was 6% less than in unlogged forests, leaves were 11% less tough and had 6–13% greater mineral nutrient concentrations.

5. Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that managers of tropical forests should limit overall surface area converted to logging gaps by creating fewer, larger gaps during selective logging, to reduce impacts on the taxonomic and functional composition of the regenerating stand.
Urbanization interferes with the use of amphibians as indicators of ecological integrity of wetlands
Authors: Guzy Jacquelyn C. , McCoy Earl D. , Deyle Anna C. , Gonzalez Shannon M. , Halstead Neal , Mushinsky Henry R.
Published: October 2012

1. Wetlands are ecologically and economically important ecosystems but are threatened globally by many forms of human disturbance. Understanding the responses of wetland species to human disturbance is essential for effective wetland management and conservation.

2. We undertook a study to determine (i) whether anurans can be used effectively to assess the ecological integrity of wetlands affected by groundwater withdrawal and, if so, (ii) what effect increasing urbanization might have on the utility of anurans as wetland indicators. We monitored the intensity of anuran calls at 42 wetlands in south‐western Florida throughout 2001–2002 and 2005–2009.

3. We first validated the use of anurans to assess wetland integrity using a small group of wetlands by comparing anuran calling and subsequent tadpole development with an established index employing vegetation composition and structure. We then verified that the results could be expanded to a variety of sites throughout the region. Finally, we focused on urbanized wetlands to determine whether urbanization could interfere with the use of anurans to assess wetland integrity.

4. We used PRESENCE to estimate occupancy and detection probabilities and to examine the relationship between occupancy and five covariates expected to influence individual species occurrence. We used FRAGSTATS to calculate the mean proximity index for urbanized wetlands, which assesses the size and distribution of land use types within a specified area.

5. Our results showed that the group of species including oak toad Anaxyrus quercicus, southern cricket frog Acris gryllus, pinewoods treefrog Hyla femoralis, barking treefrog Hyla gratiosa, and little grass frog Pseudacris ocularis is a reliable indicator of wetland integrity. However, this same group of species, which is sensitive to wetland health, is selectively excluded from urbanized wetlands.

6. Synthesis and applications. Although anurans are effective indicators of wetland health and complement vegetation surveys, the usefulness of this group for monitoring the ecological integrity of wetlands can be substantially reduced, or eliminated, as a consequence of urbanization. We urge for careful consideration of confounding factors in any studies examining the utility of indicator species.
More bang for the land manager's buck: disturbance autocorrelation can be used to achieve management objectives at no additional cost
Authors: Garrison Andrew , Miller Adam , Roxburgh Stephen H. , Shea Katriona
Published: October 2012

Ecologists have long studied the effects of disturbance on species diversity. More recently, researchers have become interested in understanding how the various aspects of disturbance interact to influence community diversity. While the effects of temporal autocorrelation have also received some attention, the potential for manipulating disturbance autocorrelation to achieve management goals has not been theoretically explored.

We consider the interactions between temporal autocorrelation of disturbance occurrence and disturbance intensity at varying disturbance frequencies. Using an annual plant model, we show that when intensity and frequency are kept constant, changing the temporal autocorrelation of disturbance occurrence can also affect competitive outcomes. Additionally, we show that when species coexist, the degree of autocorrelation can affect which species reaches higher densities.

We describe several examples (including prescribed burning, grazing and mowing) that outline how manipulation of temporal autocorrelation may be used to achieve conservation and eradication goals at no additional cost.

Synthesis and applications. Our results provide important insights into, and have potential application to, land management and conservation. While changing the intensity and frequency of human‐induced disturbances can be costly, adjusting the temporal autocorrelation of disturbance occurrence may be considered a ‘no‐cost manipulation’. In instances where a land manager lacks the funds or resources to manipulate other aspects of disturbance, such as intensity and frequency, changing the temporal autocorrelation may provide an effective, economical alternative.
Refining the conditions for sympatric ecological speciation
Authors: Débarre F.
Published: October 2012

Can speciation occur in a single population when different types of resources are available, in the absence of any geographical isolation, or any spatial or temporal variation in selection? The controversial topics of sympatric speciation and ecological speciation have already stimulated many theoretical studies, most of them agreeing on the fact that mechanisms generating disruptive selection, some level of assortment, and enough heterogeneity in the available resources, are critical for sympatric speciation to occur. Few studies, however, have combined the three factors and investigated their interactions. In this article, I analytically derive conditions for sympatric speciation in a general model where the distribution of resources can be uni‐ or bimodal, and where a parameter controls the range of resources that an individual can exploit. This approach bridges the gap between models of a unimodal continuum of resources and Levene‐type models with discrete resources. I then test these conditions against simulation results from a recently published article (Thibert‐Plante & Hendry, 2011, J. Evol. Biol. 24: 2186–2196) and confirm that sympatric ecological speciation is favoured when (i) selection is disruptive (i.e. individuals with an intermediate trait are at a local fitness minimum), (ii) resources are differentiated enough and (iii) mating is assortative. I also discuss the role of mating preference functions and the need (or lack thereof) for bimodality in resource distributions for diversification.
Prognostic prediction following radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer using conventional as well as molecular biological approaches
Authors: Miyake Hideaki , Fujisawa Masato
Published: October 2012

Although radical prostatectomy has been the mainstay of treatment for men with clinically organ‐confined prostate cancer, a certain proportion of men undergoing radical prostatectomy fail to achieve a complete cure of this disease; that is, postoperative biochemical recurrence develops in approximately 30% of men, some of whom will ultimately die of disease progression. A number of studies, therefore, have been carried out to identify factors reflecting prognostic outcomes following radical prostatectomy, which would be potentially helpful for properly counseling individual patients undergoing this surgery. Furthermore, various types of model systems using multiple clinicopathological parameters, such as the nomogram, look‐up table and artificial neural network, have been shown to have better performance in postoperative prognostic prediction than the opinions of expert clinicians. However, there have not been any standard models uniformly applied to postoperative prognostic prediction, which could be explained, at least in part, by the use of conventional clinicopathological parameters alone, suggesting the need for the additional evaluation of molecular markers simultaneously considering the unique biological features of prostate cancer. In this review, a search of the literature was carried out focusing on the significance of prognostic models following radical prostatectomy, and it is suggested that these models could be promising tools to provide accurate information on the postoperative clinical course of prostate cancer patients. To widely introduce such models into clinical practice, it is necessary to further improve currently available models and develop more reliable, flexible, simple and easily accessible tools by incorporating conventional clinicopathological factors as well as molecular biomarkers.
Positioning mental health nursing practice within a positive health paradigm
Authors: Wand Timothy
Published: October 2012

Mental health service provision has traditionally been dominated by biomedical models of illness and disorder, a problem‐based orientation, and the assessment and management of risk. While psychotherapeutic approaches are numerous and have been widely utilized, psychotropic medications, either as monotherapy or in conjunction with psychological therapies, remain the mainstay for the ‘treatment’ of mental health problems. This is despite growing uncertainty over the effectiveness of psychotropic medications (particularly antidepressants), as well as their potential for enduring and debilitating side‐effects. This discussion paper outlines the emerging field of positive health, which eschews a psychiatric disorder and illness focus, and is instead oriented towards the identification of strengths, abilities, hopes, and the individual's preferred future. The shift in positive health, from illness towards wellness, aims to build health literacy and the capacity of individuals to make decisions conducive to health, and thereby make more effective the use of health‐care services. A positioning of mental health nursing practice within a positive health paradigm is promoted. By illustration, a number of solution‐focused mental health assessment questions are tabled to contrast the current format for mental health assessment, which rather than being ‘comprehensive’, is predominantly concerned only with problem and risk identification, and the search for pathology in the individual.
Retrieval and Visualization of Human Motion Data via Stick Figures
Authors: Choi M. G. , Yang K. , Igarashi T. , Mitani J. , Lee J.
Published: October 2012

We propose 2D stick figures as a unified medium for visualizing and searching for human motion data. The stick figures can express a wide range or human motion, and they are easy to be drawn by people without any professional training. In our interface, the user can browse overall motion by viewing the stick figure images generated from the database and retrieve them directly by using sketched stick figures as an input query. We started with a preliminary survey to observe how people draw stick figures. Based on the rules observed from the user study, we developed an algorithm converting motion data to a sequence of stick figures. The feature‐based comparison method between the stick figures provides an interactive and progressive search for the users. They assist the user's sketching by showing the current retrieval result at each stroke. We demonstrate the utility of the system with a user study, in which the participants retrieved example motion segments from the database with 102 motion files by using our interface.
Improving the Parameterization of Approximate Subdivision Surfaces
Authors: He Lei , Loop Charles , Schaefer Scott
Published: October 2012

We provide a method for improving the parameterization of patching schemes that approximate Catmull‐Clark subdivision surfaces, such that the new parameterization conforms better to that of the original subdivision surface. We create this reparameterization in real‐time using a method that only depends on the topology of the surface and is independent of the surface's geometry. Our method can handle patches with more than one extraordinary vertex and avoids the combinatorial increase in both complexity and storage associated with multiple extraordinary vertices. Moreover, the reparameterization function is easy to implement and fast.
New Methods for Forecasting Inflation, Applied to the US*
Authors: Aron Janine , Muellbauer John
Published: October 2012

Models for the 12‐month‐ahead US rate of inflation, measured by the chain‐weighted consumer expenditure deflator, are estimated for 1974–98 and subsequent pseudo out‐of‐sample forecasting performance is examined. Alternative forecasting approaches for different information sets are compared with benchmark univariate autoregressive models, and substantial out‐performance is demonstrated including against Stock and Watson's unobserved components‐stochastic volatility model. Three key ingredients to the out‐performance are: including equilibrium correction component terms in relative prices; introducing nonlinearities to proxy state‐dependence in the inflation process and replacing the information criterion, commonly used in VARs to select lag length, with a ‘parsimonious longer lags’ parameterization. Forecast pooling or averaging also improves forecast performance.
Asset Returns, the Business Cycle and the Labor Market
Authors: Heer Burkhard , Maußner Alfred
Published: October 2012

We review the labor market implications of recent real-business cycle and New Keynesian models that successfully replicate the empirical equity premium. We document the fact that all models reviewed in this article that do not feature either sticky wages or immobile labor between two production sectors as in Boldrin et al. (2001) imply a negative correlation of working hours and output that is not observed empirically. Within the class of Neo-Keynesian models, sticky prices alone are demonstrated to be less successful than rigid nominal wages with respect to the modeling of the labor market stylized facts. In addition, monetary shocks in these models are required to be much more volatile than productivity shocks to match statistics from both the asset and labor market.
Ethnicity, body mass index and risk of pre‐eclampsia in a multiethnic New Zealand population
Authors: Anderson Ngaire H. , Sadler Lynn C. , Stewart Alistair W. , Fyfe Elaine M. , McCowan Lesley M.E.
Published: October 2012

Background

Pre‐eclampsia rates are reported to vary by ethnicity; however, few studies include body mass index (BMI). Increasing BMI has a dose‐dependent relationship with pre‐eclampsia, and rates of overweight and obesity as well as ratios of body fat to muscle mass differ between ethnicities. We hypothesised that after adjusting for confounders, including ethnic‐specific BMI, ethnicity would not be an independent risk factor for pre‐eclampsia.

Aim

To assess independent pre‐eclampsia risk factors in a multiethnic New Zealand population.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of prospectively recorded maternity data from 2006 to 2009 at National Women's Health, Auckland, New Zealand. After exclusion of infants with congenital anomalies and missing data, our final study population was 26 254 singleton pregnancies. Multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for ethnicity, BMI, maternal age, parity, smoking, social deprivation, diabetes, chronic hypertension and relevant pre‐existing medical conditions was performed.

Results

Independent associations with pre‐eclampsia were observed in Chinese (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.56, [95% CI 0.41–0.76]) and Māori (aOR 1.51, [1.16–1.96]) compared with European women. Other independent risk factors for pre‐eclampsia were overweight and obesity, nulliparity, type 1 diabetes, chronic hypertension and pre‐existing medical conditions.

Conclusions

Contrary to our hypothesis, we report an independent reduced risk of pre‐eclampsia in Chinese and increased risk of pre‐eclampsia in Māori women. Prospective studies are required to further explore these relationships. Other independent risk factors are consistent with international literature. Our findings may assist clinicians to stratify risk of pre‐eclampsia in clinical practice.
A Lost Link between a Flightless Parrot and a Parasitic Plant and the Potential Role of Coprolites in Conservation Paleobiology
Authors: Wood Jamie R. , Wilmshurst Janet M. , Worthy Trevor H. , Holzapfel Avi S. , Cooper Alan
Published: October 2012

Late Quaternary extinctions and population fragmentations have severely disrupted animal‐plant interactions globally. Detection of disrupted interactions often relies on anachronistic plant characteristics, such as spines in the absence of large herbivores or large fruit without dispersers. However, obvious anachronisms are relatively uncommon, and it can be difficult to prove a direct link between the anachronism and a particular faunal taxon. Analysis of coprolites (fossil feces) provides a novel way of exposing lost interactions between animals (depositors) and consumed organisms. We analyzed ancient DNA to show that a coprolite from the South Island of New Zealand was deposited by the rare and threatened kakapo (Strigops habroptilus), a large, nocturnal, flightless parrot. When we analyzed the pollen and spore content of the coprolite, we found pollen from the cryptic root‐parasite Dactylanthus taylorii. The relatively high abundance (8.9% of total pollen and spores) of this zoophilous pollen type in the coprolite supports the hypothesis of a former direct feeding interaction between kakapo and D. taylorii. The ranges of both species have contracted substantially since human settlement, and their present distributions no longer overlap. Currently, the lesser short‐tailed bat (Mystacina tuberculata) is the only known native pollinator of D. taylorii, but our finding raises the possibility that birds, and other small fauna, could have once fed on and pollinated the plant. If confirmed, through experimental work and observations, this finding may inform conservation of the plant. For example, it may be possible to translocate D. taylorii to predator‐free offshore islands that lack bats but have thriving populations of endemic nectar‐feeding birds. The study of coprolites of rare or extinct taxonomic groups provides a unique way forward to expand existing knowledge of lost plant and animal interactions and to identify pollination and dispersal syndromes. This approach of linking paleobiology with neoecology offers significant untapped potential to help inform conservation and restoration plans.

Un Eslabón Perdido entre un Loro No Volador y una Planta Parásita y el Papel Potencial de Coprolitos en Paleobiología de la Conservación
Insufflation of Hydrogen Gas Restrains the Inflammatory Response of Cardiopulmonary Bypass in a Rat Model
Authors: Fujii Yutaka , Shirai Mikiyasu , Inamori Shuji , Shimouchi Akito , Sonobe Takashi , Tsuchimochi Hirotsugu , Pearson James T. , Takewa Yoshiaki , Tatsumi Eisuke , Taenaka Yoshiyuki
Published: October 2012

Systemic inflammatory responses in patients receiving cardiac surgery with the use of the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) significantly contribute to CPB‐associated morbidity and mortality. We hypothesized that insufflated hydrogen gas (H2) would provide systemic anti‐inflammatory and anti‐apoptotic effects during CPB, therefore reducing proinflammatory cytokine levels. In this study, we examined the protective effect of H2 on a rat CPB model. Rats were divided into three groups: the sham operation (SHAM) group, received sternotomy only; the CPB group, which was initiated and maintained for 60 min; and the CPB + H2 group in which H2 was given via an oxygenator during CPB for 60 min. We collected blood samples before, 20 min, and 60 min after the initiation of CPB. We measured the serum cytokine levels of (tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐6, and interleukin‐10) and biochemical markers (lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase). We also measured the wet‐to‐dry weight (W/D) ratio of the left lung 60 min after the initiation of CPB. In the CPB group, the cytokine and biochemical marker levels significantly increased 20 min after the CPB initiation and further increased 60 min after the CPB initiation as compared with the SHAM group. In the CPB + H2 group, however, such increases were significantly suppressed at 60 min after the CPB initiation. Although the W/D ratio in the CPB group significantly increased as compared with that in the SHAM group, such an increase was also suppressed significantly in the CPB + H2 group. We suggest that H2 insufflation is a possible new potential therapy for counteracting CPB‐induced systemic inflammation.
Weighing worth against uncertain work: the interplay of exhaustion, ambiguity, hope and disappointment in mothers breastfeeding late preterm infants
Authors: Demirci Jill Radtke , Happ Mary Beth , Bogen Debra L. , Albrecht Susan A. , Cohen Susan M.
Published: October 2012

Poor breastfeeding outcomes among late preterm infants (LPIs) have been attributed to inadequate breast milk transfer stemming from physiological immaturities. However, breastfeeding is more than a biological phenomenon, and it is unclear how mothers ofLPIs manage other factors that may also impact the breastfeeding course. Using grounded theory methods and incorporating serial post‐partum interviews with several novel data collection techniques, we examined breastfeeding establishment over a 6–8‐week‐period among 10 late preterm mother‐infant dyads recruited from a maternity hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,USA. We found that breastfeeding in theLPIpopulation was a fluctuating, cascade‐like progression of trial and error, influenced by a host of contextual factors and events and culminating with breastfeeding continuation (with or without future caveats for duration or exclusivity of breastfeeding) or cessation. The trajectory was explained by the basic psychosocial processWeighingWorth againstUncertainWork, which encompassed the tension among breastfeeding motivation, the intensity of breastfeeding work and the ambiguity surrounding infant behaviour and feeding cues. Several sub‐processes were also identified:Playing theGame,LettingHim be theJudge vs.AccommodatingBoth ofUsandQuestioningWorth vs.Holding outHope. If valid, our theoretical model indicates a need for earlier, more extensive and more qualified breastfeeding support for mothers ofLPIs that emphasizes the connection between prematurity and observed feeding behaviours.
Embolised mesothelial cells in a tracheobronchial lymph node associated with idiopathic chylopericardium in a dog
Authors: Goupil A. , Bolliger C. , Lapointe C. , Morency A. , Girard C.
Published: October 2012

A 5·5‐year‐old male castrated Bernese mountain dog presented with respiratory difficulties and was diagnosed with haemorrhagic pericardial effusion which transformed into chylopericardium. Thoracic duct ligation and subtotal pericardiectomy in combination with biopsy of an enlarged tracheobronchial lymph node were performed. Multiple clusters of mesothelial cell emboli were observed in the subcapsular sinus of the lymph node. No causative agent for the pericardial effusion could be identified, suggesting that this is a case of mesothelial cell embolisation associated with idiopathic ‐chylopericardium in a dog.
Congenital mesoblastic nephroma in a young basset hound dog
Authors: Soldati S. , Radaelli E. , Mazzuti A. , Scanziani E.
Published: October 2012

An 18‐month‐old male basset hound was presented with vomiting, diarrhoea and depression. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a mass in the left kidney. An ultrasound‐guided core‐biopsy indicated aggregates of spindle cells, but did not allow a definitive diagnosis. Nephrectomy was performed after a period of six months, when ultrasound examination revealed a slight increase in mass dimensions. Histologically the mass was composed of neoplastic spindle cells forming interlacing fascicles, bundles and whorls, within a loose myxoid to dense collagenous stroma. Immunohistochemically neoplastic cells were positive for vimentin and smooth muscle actin. Based on these findings the tumour was diagnosed as a congenital mesoblastic nephroma, classical variant. After a two‐and‐a‐half‐year follow‐up the dog was clinically healthy, indicating a benign behaviour. To the authors’ knowledge, this report describes the first case of canine congenital mesoblastic nephroma successfully treated surgically, with a reasonable postsurgical follow‐up.
Hyperascorbaemia in dogs admitted to a teaching hospital intensive care unit
Authors: Groth E. , Honaker A. , Osterbur K. , Deitschel S. J. , Odunayo A. O. , Chang C.‐H. , DeClue A.
Published: October 2012

Objective

To determine whether or not dogs develop a deficiency of ascorbic acid during hospitalisation in an intensive care unit.

Methods

Blood samples were collected daily for up to three days from dogs hospitalised in an intensive care unit for 36 to 72 hours (n = 16) or ê72 hours (n = 20) and from healthy dogs (n = 13). Plasma total ascorbic acid concentrations were measured using a colorimetric method involving a reaction between ascorbic acid, 2,6 dichlorophenol‐indophenol, thiourea and dinitrophenyl hydrazine. Additionally, clinical data were recorded for each patient.

Results

Dogs hospitalised for ê72 hours had significantly greater plasma ascorbic acid concentrations on day 3 compared to days 1 and 2. There was no difference in plasma ascorbic acid concentrations between days 1 and 2 for dogs hospitalised for 36 to 72 hours. Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations were significantly greater for each day of sampling for the hospitalised dogs compared to the control dogs.

Clinical Significance

Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations appear to increase during hospitalisation, and supplementation may not be indicated in dogs hospitalised in an intensive care unit.
Achievement Goals in Educational Contexts: A Social Psychology Perspective
Authors: Darnon Celine , Dompnier Benoit , Marijn Poortvliet P.
Published: October 2012

Research on achievement goals usually defines mastery goals as the desire to acquire knowledge, and performance goals as the desire to outperform (or not to underperform) others. Educational contexts are most of the time social contexts, involving various persons and groups, of various hierarchical positions, and various cultural and ideological contexts. Surprisingly, most research in the achievement goal field has been conducted at an individual level of analysis. In the present paper, we will review the social consequences and antecedents of goal endorsement. This research indicates that goals strongly affect the way one behaves with co‐learners. Moreover, it suggests that more than merely individual dispositions, goals reflect the social relation students have with other persons, institutions, and with the society to which they belong. We conclude this paper by setting an agenda for future achievement goal research.
The Rebirth of Flemish Nationalism: Assessing the Impact of N‐VA Chairman Bart De Wever's Charisma
Authors: Rochtus Dirk
Published: October 2012

Flemish nationalism is back on the scene. The Nieuw‐Vlaamse Alliantie (N‐VA), the political voice of democratic Flemish nationalism, emerged as the big winner of Belgium's 7 June 2009 regional elections. To a significant extent, the N‐VA owes its success to the charismatic leadership of its chairman, Bart De Wever. This article investigates the nature of De Wever's charismatic authority, as well as its tenability. As the N‐VA becomes a more prominent participant in the Flemish government, will the effect of De Wever's charisma wane? If the success of the N‐VA is not structural but tied to the charisma of its chairman, will the party lose its prominence if De Wever fades?
Oral Histories in Meteoritics and Planetary Science – XX: Dale Cruikshank
Authors: SEARS Derek W. G.
Published: October 2012

Abstract– In this interview, Dale Cruikshank (Fig. 1) explains how as an undergraduate at Iowa State University he was a summer student at Yerkes Observatory where he assisted Gerard Kuiper in work on his Photographic Lunar Atlas. Upon completing his degree, Dale went to graduate school at the University of Arizona with Kuiper where he worked on the IR spectroscopy of the lunar surface. After an eventful 1968 trip to Moscow via Prague, during which the Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia, Dale assumed a postdoc position with Vasili Moroz at the Sternberg Astronomical Institute and more observational IR astronomy. Upon returning to the United States and after a year at Arizona, Dale assumed a position at the University of Hawai’i that he held for 17 years. During this period Dale worked with others on thermal infrared determinations of the albedos of small bodies beyond the asteroid Main Belt, leading to the recognition that low‐albedo material is prevalent in the outer solar system that made the first report of complex organic solids on a planetary body (Saturn’s satellite Iapetus). After moving to Ames Research Center, where he works currently, he continued this work and became involved in many outer solar system missions. Dale has served the community through his involvement in developing national policies for science‐driven planetary exploration, being chair of the DPS 1990–1991 and secretary/treasurer for 1982–1985. He served as president of Commission 16 (Physics of Planets) of the IAU (2001–2003). He received the Kuiper prize in 2006.

 Dale P. Cruikshank.

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Relationships Between the Process Standards: Process Elicited Through Letter Writing Between Preservice Teachers and High School Mathematics Students
Authors: Kosko Karl Wesley , Norton Anderson
Published: October 2012

The current body of literature suggests an interactive relationship between several of the process standards advocated by National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Verbal and written mathematical communication has often been described as an alternative to typical mathematical representations (e.g., charts and graphs). Therefore, the relationship between these two processes has been characterized as interchangeable. The current study examined mathematics preservice teachers’ elicitation of the process standards from high school students during a letter‐writing project. Correlational analysis illustrated two sets of relationships: one between communication, problem solving, and reasoning and proof; and a weaker, parallel relationship between representation, problem solving, and reasoning and proof. Additionally, it was found that written communication and representation were elicited in isolation of each other significantly more often than in conjunction, supporting claims of the literature. Implications of these findings and suggestions of future research are described.
Renal Denervation in a Hypertensive Patient With End‐Stage Renal Disease and Small Arteries: A Direction for Future Research
Authors: Ott Christian , Schmid Axel , Ditting Tilmann , Sobotka Paul A. , Veelken Roland , Uder Michael , Schmieder Roland E.
Published: October 2012

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:799–801. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Sympathetic overactivity plays a crucial pathogenetic role in the maintenance and aggravation of arterial hypertension in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Renal denervation has been shown to be effective and safe in reducing blood pressure (BP) in patients with treatment‐resistant hypertension; however, there are only case reports in hypertensive patients with ESRD and data are lacking about possibility of renal denervation in small renal arteries. A woman with uncontrolled treatment‐resistant hypertension on chronic hemodialysis underwent bilateral native kidney, catheter‐based renal denervation. Both native renal arteries were <4 mm. After 6 months without any change of antihypertensive medication or hemodialysis parameters, the authors observed a remarkable BP reduction of 38/30 mm Hg (from baseline 172/100 mm Hg to 134/70 mm Hg) as evaluated by 24‐hour ambulatory BP monitoring. The authors report that renal denervation seems to be effective in controlling hypertension in patients with ESRD, even in cases of small renal arteries.
Indirect Estimation of Semiparametric Binary Choice Models*
Authors: Westerlund Joakim , Hjertstrand Per
Published: October 2012

One of the most cited studies within the field of binary choice models is that of Klein and Spady (1993), in which the authors propose a semiparametric estimator for use when the distribution of the error term is unknown. However, although theoretically appealing, the estimator has been found to be difficult to implement, and therefore not very attractive from an applied point of view. The current study offers an indirect inference‐based solution to this problem. The new estimator is not only simple with good small‐sample properties, but also consistent and asymptotically normal.