bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Utilization of Imaging Features in the Management of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms
Authors: Palmucci Stefano , Trombatore Claudia , Foti Pietro Valerio , Mauro Letizia Antonella , Milone Pietro , Milazzotto Roberto , Latino Rosalia , Bonanno Giacomo , Petrillo Giuseppe , Di Cataldo Antonio
Published: August 2014

Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) represent a group of cystic pancreatic neoplasms with large range of clinical behaviours, ranging from low-grade dysplasia or borderline lesions to invasive carcinomas. They can be grouped into lesions originating from the main pancreatic duct, main duct IPMNs (MD-IPMNs), and lesions which arise from secondary branches of parenchyma, denominated branch-duct IPMNs (BD-IPMNs). Management of these cystic lesions is essentially based on clinical and radiological features. The latter have been very well described in the last fifteen years, with many studies published in literature showing the main radiological features of IPMNs. Currently, the goal of imaging modalities is to identify “high-risk stigmata” or “worrisome feature” in the evaluation of pancreatic cysts. Marked dilatation of the main duct (>1 cm), large size (3–5 cm), and intramural nodules have been associated with increased risk of degeneration. BD-IPMNs could be observed as microcystic or macrocystic in appearance, with or without communication with main duct. Their imaging features are frequently overlapped with cystic neoplasms. The risk of progression for secondary IPMNs is lower, and subsequently an imaging based follow-up is very often proposed for these lesions.
Mapping the Articular Contact Area of the Long Head of the Biceps Tendon on the Humeral Head
Authors: Morris Brent J. , Byram Ian R. , Lathrop Ray A. , Dunn Warren R. , Kuhn John E.
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this investigation was to calculate the contact surface area of the long head of the biceps (LHB) in neutral position and abduction. We sought to determine whether the LHB articulates with the humeral head in a consistent pattern comparing articular contact area in neutral position and abduction. Eleven fresh frozen matched cadaveric shoulders were analyzed. The path of the biceps tendon on the articular surface of the humeral head and the total articular surface were digitized using a MicronTracker 2 H3-60 three-dimensional optical tracker. Contact surface area was significantly less in abduction than in neutral position (P=0.002) with a median ratio of 41% (36%, 47.5%). Ratios of contact area in neutral position to full articular surface area were consistent between left and right shoulders (rho=1, P=0.017) as were ratios of abduction area to full articular surface area (rho= 0.97, P=0.005). The articular contact surface area is significantly greater in neutral position than abduction. The ratios of articular contact surface areas to total humeral articular surface areas have a narrow range and are consistent between left and right shoulders of the same cadaver.
Inhibition of Hydrogen Sulfide Production by Gene Silencing Attenuates Inflammatory Activity by Downregulation of NF-κB and MAP Kinase Activity in LPS-Activated RAW 264.7 Cells
Authors: Badiei Alireza , Muniraj Nethaji , Chambers Stephen , Bhatia Madhav
Published: August 2014

Hydrogen sulfide is an endogenous inflammatory mediator produced by the activity of cystathionineγ-lyase (CSE) in macrophages. The objective of this study was to explore the mechanism by which hydrogen sulfide acts as an inflammatory mediator in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced macrophages. In this study, we used small interfering RNA (siRNA) to inhibit CSE expression in macrophages. We found that CSE silencing siRNA could reduce the LPS-induced activation of transcription factor nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) significantly. Phosphorylation and activation of extra cellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) increased in LPS-induced macrophages. We showed that phosphorylation of ERK in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells reached a peak 30 min after activation. Our findings show that silencing CSE gene by siRNA reduces phosphorylation and activation of ERK1/2 in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. These findings suggest that siRNA reduces the inflammatory effects of hydrogen sulfide through the ERK-NF-κB signalling pathway and hydrogen sulfide plays its inflammatory role through ERK-NF-κB pathway in these cells.
A Computational Study of an Implicit Local Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Time-Fractional Diffusion Equations
Authors: Wei Leilei , Zhang Xindong
Published: August 2014

We propose, analyze, and test a fully discrete local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) finite element method for a time-fractional diffusion equation. The proposed method is based on a finite difference scheme in time and local discontinuous Galerkin methods in space. By choosing the numerical fluxes carefully, we prove that our scheme is unconditionally stable and convergent. Finally, numerical examples are performed to illustrate the effectiveness and the accuracy of the method.
A Strategic Planning Methodology for the Multimodal Transportation Systems: A Case Study from Turkey
Authors: Tuzkaya Umut R. , Onut Semih , Tuzkaya Gulfem
Published: August 2014

Transportation costs have an important effect on companies’ competition capability in various sectors. To realize a positive effect, transportation industry should provide some specific performance criteria related with the economical efficiency and service quality. Also an increase in this performance degree depends on the obtaining optimum results of using the logistical resources in a convenient manner by the specialized logistics service providers. In this study, considering the effects of transportation modes on constituting a methodology that is interested in a strategic subject like constructing a transportation network is emphasized. In the process of selecting the most convenient transportation modes, all the required criteria are determined considering the related literature and the opinions of the experts. Then the analytical network process methodology is used to solve this selection problem. The close relationship between the transportation modes that will be used among the points in the network and the points that will be used for short storages and transshipment activities is considered. And the analytical network process is again used to select the most convenient ones among the alternative port locations. After decision making on these two important points, optimizing the freight flow among the supply chain by choosing the right transportation modes at each stage is aimed. To realize that optimization, the aims of decision makers from different levels or from different functional areas are satisfied by using the multilevel programming technique. Finally, the proposed methodology is applied on a transportation project of a logistic service provider, which gives service in a multimodal, multicommodity, multilevel and multiechelon transportation network.
AXL Mediates Resistance to Cetuximab Therapy
Authors: Brand Toni M. , Iida Mari , Stein Andrew P. , Corrigan Kelsey L. , Braverman Cara M. , Luthar Neha , Toulany Mahmoud , Gill Parkash S. , Salgia Ravi , Kimple Randall J. , Wheeler Deric L.
Published: August 2014

The EGFR antibody cetuximab is used to treat numerous cancers, but intrinsic and acquired resistance to this agent is a common clinical outcome. In this study, we show that overexpression of the oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase AXL is sufficient to mediate acquired resistance to cetuximab in models of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), where AXL was overexpressed, activated, and tightly associated with EGFR expression in cells resistant to cetuximab (CtxR cells). Using RNAi methods and novel AXL-targeting agents, we found that AXL activation stimulated cell proliferation, EGFR activation, and MAPK signaling in CtxR cells. Notably, EGFR directly regulated the expression of AXL mRNA through MAPK signaling and the transcription factor c-Jun in CtxR cells, creating a positive feedback loop that maintained EGFR activation by AXL. Cetuximab-sensitive parental cells were rendered resistant to cetuximab by stable overexpression of AXL or stimulation with EGFR ligands, the latter of which increased AXL activity and association with the EGFR. In tumor xenograft models, the development of resistance following prolonged treatment with cetuximab was associated with AXL hyperactivation and EGFR association. Furthermore, in an examination of patient-derived xenografts established from surgically resected HNSCCs, AXL was overexpressed and activated in tumors that displayed intrinsic resistance to cetuximab. Collectively, our results identify AXL as a key mediator of cetuximab resistance, providing a rationale for clinical evaluation of AXL-targeting drugs to treat cetuximab-resistant cancers. Cancer Res; 74(18); 5152–64. ©2014 AACR.
Smoking at Diagnosis Is an Independent Prognostic Factor for Cancer-Specific Survival in Head and Neck Cancer: Findings from a Large, Population-Based Study
Authors: Sharp Linda , McDevitt Joseph , Carsin Anne-Elie , Brown Christopher , Comber Harry
Published: August 2014

Background: Some studies suggest smoking may result in poorer clinical outcomes in head and neck cancer, but the evidence is heterogeneous and some of it is poor quality. In a large, population-based, study we investigated: (i) whether smoking at diagnosis is an independent prognostic factor for cancer-specific survival in head and neck cancer; and (ii) whether the association varies by site and treatment.

Methods: Head and neck cancers (ICD10 C01-C14, and C30–32) diagnosed from 1994 to 2009 were abstracted from the National Cancer Registry Ireland, and classified by smoking status at diagnosis. Follow-up was for 5 years or until December 31, 2010. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare cancer-specific death rates in current, ex-, and never smokers. Subgroup analyses by site and treatment were conducted.

Results: In total, 5,652 head and neck cancers were included. At diagnosis, 24% were never smokers, 20% ex-smokers, and 56% current smokers. Compared with never smokers, current smokers had a significantly raised death rate from cancer [multivariate HR, 1.36; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.21–1.53]. The association was similar after restriction to squamous cell tumors. A significantly increased cancer-related death rate was seen for current smokers with oral cavity, pharyngeal, and laryngeal cancers. The association was stronger in surgically treated patients [HR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.25–1.79; P(interaction) = 0.01]. Neither radiotherapy nor chemotherapy modified the effect of smoking.

Conclusions: Patients with head and neck cancer who smoke at diagnosis have a significantly increased cancer death rate.

Impact: Greater efforts are needed to encourage and support smoking cessation in those at risk of, and diagnosed with, head and neck cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 23(11); 2579–90. ©2014 AACR.
p38 MAPK in Pancreatic Cancer: Finding a Protective Needle in the Haystack
Authors: Korc Murray
Published: August 2014

Activated p38 MAPK alpha (pp38α) is a good prognostic marker in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma that could be used to personalize therapy. pp38α suppresses JNK-mediated proliferation, both in vitro and in vivo. These findings support the testing of combination therapies that include JNK targeting and/or suppressing negative regulators of pp38α. Clin Cancer Res; 20(23); 5866–8. ©2014 AACR.
Quantitative Effect of Natural Killer–Cell Licensing on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence after Curative Hepatectomy
Authors: Tanimine Naoki , Tanaka Yuka , Kobayashi Tsuyoshi , Tashiro Hirotaka , Miki Daiki , Imamura Michio , Aikata Hiroshi , Tanaka Junko , Chayama Kazuaki , Ohdan Hideki
Published: August 2014

Natural killer (NK) cells have a potential role in immune surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Self-recognition of human leukocyte antigens (HLA) through killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) confers competence to NK cells—a process termed “licensing.” We investigated the effect of NK-cell licensing on the susceptibility of patients to HCC recurrence. A total of 170 Japanese patients with HCC who underwent primary curative hepatectomy between 1996 and 2010 were enrolled in this study. The median follow-up period was 5.4 years. We analyzed their KIR-HLA genotypes with sequence-specific polymorphism-based typing and estimated their susceptibility to HCC recurrence by performing propensity score–matching analyses. The presence of KIR2DL1-C2, KIR2DL2-C1, KIR3DL1-BW4, or KIR3DL2-A3/11, functional compound genotypes that intrinsically license NK cells, did not markedly affect HCC recurrence. However, the multiplicity of those compound KIR-HLA genotypes was significantly associated with the HCC recurrence rate, i.e., the cumulative risk of recurrence in patients with at least three compound genotypes was significantly lower than that in patients with one or two compound genotypes, suggesting that the effect of NK-cell licensing on HCC recurrence is quantitative. Patients at high risk of HCC recurrence after curative hepatectomy could be identified by KIR-HLA genotyping. Cancer Immunol Res; 2(12); 1142–7. ©2014 AACR.
Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Block Tumor Growth Both by Lytic Activity and IFNγ-Dependent Cell-Cycle Arrest
Authors: Matsushita Hirokazu , Hosoi Akihiro , Ueha Satoshi , Abe Jun , Fujieda Nao , Tomura Michio , Maekawa Ryuji , Matsushima Kouji , Ohara Osamu , Kakimi Kazuhiro
Published: August 2014

To understand global effector mechanisms of CTL therapy, we performed microarray gene expression analysis in a murine model using pmel-1 T-cell receptor (TCR) transgenic T cells as effectors and B16 melanoma cells as targets. In addition to upregulation of genes related to antigen presentation and the MHC class I pathway, and cytotoxic effector molecules, cell-cycle–promoting genes were downregulated in the tumor on days 3 and 5 after CTL transfer. To investigate the impact of CTL therapy on the cell cycle of tumor cells in situ, we generated B16 cells expressing a fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell-cycle indicator (B16-fucci) and performed CTL therapy in mice bearing B16-fucci tumors. Three days after CTL transfer, we observed diffuse infiltration of CTLs into the tumor with a large number of tumor cells arrested at the G1 phase of the cell cycle, and the presence of spotty apoptotic or necrotic areas. Thus, tumor growth suppression was largely dependent on G1 cell-cycle arrest rather than killing by CTLs. Neutralizing antibody to IFNγ prevented both tumor growth inhibition and G1 arrest. The mechanism of G1 arrest involved the downregulation of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) and the accumulation of its target cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 in the B16-fucci tumor cells. Because tumor-infiltrating CTLs are far fewer in number than the tumor cells, we propose that CTLs predominantly regulate tumor growth via IFNγ-mediated profound cytostatic effects rather than via cytotoxicity. This dominance of G1 arrest over other mechanisms may be widespread but not universal because IFNγ sensitivity varied among tumors. Cancer Immunol Res; 3(1); 26–36. ©2014 AACR.

See related commentary by Riddell, p. 23
The Charlson Comorbidity Index Predicts Survival after Disease Recurrence in Patients following Radical Cystectomy for Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder
Authors: Mayr Roman , May Matthias , Burger Maximilian , Martini Thomas , Pycha Armin , Dechet Christopher , Lodde Michele , Comploj Evi , Wieland Wolf F. , Denzinger Stefan , Otto Wolfgang , Aziz Atiqullah , Fritsche Hans-Martin , Gierth Michael
Published: August 2014

Objective: To identify prognostic clinical and histopathological parameters, including comorbidity indices at the time of radical cystectomy (RC), for overall survival (OS) after recurrence following RC for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB). Materials and Methods: A retrospective multicenter study was carried out in 555 unselected consecutive patients who underwent RC with pelvic lymph node dissection for UCB from 2000 to 2010. A total of 227 patients with recurrence comprised our study group. Cox proportional hazards regression models were calculated with established variables to assess their independent influence on OS after recurrence. Results: The median time from RC to recurrence and the median OS after recurrence was 10.9 and 5.4 months, respectively. Neither the time to recurrence nor the type of recurrence (systematic vs. local) was predictive of the OS. In contrast, age (hazard ratio (HR) 1.53, p = 0.011), lymph node metastasis (HR 1.56, p = 0.007), and positive surgical margins (HR 1.53, p = 0.046) significantly affected the OS after disease recurrence. In addition, the dichotomized Charlson comorbidity index (CCI; dichotomized into >2 vs. 0-2) was the only comorbidity score with an independent prediction of OS (HR 1.41, p = 0.033). We observed a significant gain in the base model's predictive accuracy, i.e. from 68.4 to 70.3% (p < 0.001), after inclusion of the dichotomized CCI. Conclusions: We present the first outcome study of comorbidity indices used as predictors of OS after disease recurrence in patients undergoing RC for UCB. The CCI at the time of RC had no significant influence on the time to recurrence but represented an independent predictor of OS after disease recurrence.
Effects of Advanced Glycation End Products on Calcium Handling in Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Yan Dewen , Luo Xinping , Li Yali , Liu Wenjuan , Deng Jianxin , Zheng Na , Gao Kaiping , Huang Qiaobing , Liu Jie
Published: August 2014

Background and Aims: Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulate in diabetes and the engagement of receptor for AGE (RAGE) by AGEs contributes to the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy. This study aims to investigate the effects of AGE/RAGE on ryanodine receptor (RyR) activity and Ca2+ handling in cardiomyocytes to elucidate the possible mechanism underlying cardiac dysfunction in diabetic cardiomypathy. Methods and Results: Confocal imaging Ca2+ spark, the elementary Ca2+ release event reflecting RyR activity in intact cell, as well as SR Ca2+ content and systolic Ca2+ transient were performed in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. The results show that 50 mg/ml AGE increased the frequency of Ca2+ sparks by 160%, while 150 mg/ml AGE increased it by 53%. AGE decreased the amplitude, width and duration of Ca2+ sparks. Blocking RAGE with anti-RAGE IgG completely abolished the alteration of Ca2+ sparks. The SR Ca2+ content indicated by the amplitude (ΔF/F0) of 20 mM caffeine-elicited Ca2+ transient was significantly decreased by 150 mg/ml AGE. In parallel, the amplitude of systolic Ca2+ transient evoked by 1 Hz-field stimulation was remarkably decreased by 150 mg/ml AGE. The anti-RAGE antibody completely restored the impaired SR load and systolic Ca2+ transient. Conclusion: AGE/RAGE signal enhanced Ca2+ spark-mediated SR Ca2+ leak, causing partial depletion of SR Ca2+ content and consequently decreasing systolic Ca2+ transient, which may contribute to contractile dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Survival Trends among Patients with Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma in the United States
Authors: Shah Binay Kumar , Ghimire Krishna Bilas
Published: August 2014

Introduction: Since the approval of sorafenib in December 2005, several targeted therapeutic agents have been approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This study was conducted to find out whether the improvements in survival of advanced RCC patients with targeted agents have translated into a survival benefit in a population-based cohort. Methods: We analyzed the SEER 18 (Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results) registry database to calculate the relative survival rates for advanced RCC patients during 2001-2009, 2001-2005, 2006-2007 and 2008-2009. We also evaluated the survival rates by age (<65 and ≥65 years) and sex. Results: The total number of advanced RCC patients during 2001-2009, 2001-2005, 2006-2007 and 2008-2009 were 7,047, 4,059, 1,548 and 1,440, respectively. During 2001-2009, the 1- and 3-year relative survival rates were 26.7 ± 0.6 and 10.0 ± 0.4%, respectively. There was no significant difference in 1-year relative survival rates for patients diagnosed during 2006-2007 and 2008-2009 compared to those diagnosed during 2001-2005. Similarly, the 3-year survival rates for patients diagnosed during 2006-2007 were similar to those diagnosed during 2001-2005. Conclusions: This population-based study showed that there was no significant improvement in relative survival rates among advanced RCC patients in the era of targeted agents.
Correlates and Prognosis of Early Recurrence After Catheter Ablation for Ventricular Tachycardia due to Structural Heart Disease
Authors: Nagashima Koichi , Choi Eue-Keun , Tedrow Usha B. , Koplan Bruce A. , Michaud Gregory F. , John Roy M. , Epstein Laurence M. , Tokuda Michifumi , Inada Keiichi , Kumar Saurabh , Lin Kaity Y. , Barbhaiya Chirag R. , Chinitz Jason S. , Enriquez Alan D. , Helmbold Alan F. , Stevenson William G.
Published: August 2014

Background—

Catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia (VT) from structural heart disease has a significant risk of recurrence, but the optimal duration for in-hospital monitoring is not defined. This study assesses the timing, correlates, and prognostic significance of early VT recurrence after ablation.

Methods and Results—

Of 370 patients (313 men; aged 63.0±13.2 years) who underwent a first radiofrequency ablation for sustained monomorphic VT associated with structural heart disease from 2008 to 2012, sustained VT recurred in 81 patients (22%) within 7 days. In multivariable analysis, early recurrence was associated with New York Heart Association classification ≥III (odds ratio [OR] 1.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–3.48;
P
=0.04), dilated cardiomyopathy (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.03–3.57;
P
=0.04), prevalence of VT storm before the procedure (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.48–4.65;
P
=0.001), a greater number of induced VTs (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.07–1.45;
P
=0.006), and acute failure or no final induction test (OR 1.88, 95% CI 1.03–3.40;
P
=0.04). During a median of 2.5 (1.2, 4.0) years of follow-up, early VT recurrence was an independent correlates of mortality (hazard ratio 2.59, 95% CI 1.52–4.34;
P
=0.0005).

Conclusions—

Patients who have early recurrences of VT after ablation are a high risk group who may be identifiable from their clinical profile. Further study is warranted to define the optimal treatment strategies for this patient group.
Trends in Hospitalizations and Outcomes for Acute Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke, 1999–2011
Authors: Krumholz Harlan M. , Normand Sharon-Lise T. , Wang Yun
Published: August 2014

Background—

During the past decade, efforts focused intensely on improving the quality of care for people with, or at risk for, cardiovascular disease and stroke. We sought to quantify the changes in hospitalization rates and outcomes during this period.

Methods and Results—

We used national Medicare data to identify all Fee-for-Service patients ≥65 years of age who were hospitalized with unstable angina, myocardial infarction, heart failure, ischemic stroke, and all other conditions from 1999 through 2011 (2010 for 1-year mortality). For each condition, we examined trends in adjusted rates of hospitalization per patient-year and, for each hospitalization, rates of 30-day mortality, 30-day readmission, and 1-year mortality overall and by demographic subgroups and regions. Rates of adjusted hospitalization declined for cardiovascular conditions (38.0% for 2011 compared with 1999 [95% confidence interval (CI), 37.2–38.8] for myocardial infarction, 83.8% [95% CI, 83.3–84.4] for unstable angina, 30.5% [95% CI, 29.3–31.6] for heart failure, and 33.6% [95% CI, 32.9–34.4] for ischemic stroke compared with 10.2% [95% CI, 10.1–10.2] for all other conditions). Adjusted 30-day mortality rates declined 29.4% (95% CI, 28.1–30.6) for myocardial infarction, 13.1% (95% CI, 1.1–23.7) for unstable angina, 16.4% (95% CI, 15.1–17.7) for heart failure, and 4.7% (95% CI, 3.0–6.4) for ischemic stroke. There were also reductions in rates of 1-year mortality and 30-day readmission and consistency in declines among the demographic subgroups.

Conclusions—

Hospitalizations for acute cardiovascular disease and stroke from 1999 through 2011 declined more rapidly than for other conditions. For these conditions, mortality and readmission outcomes improved.
A new species of Trisecodes from the Afrotropics (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae)
Authors: GUMOVSKY ALEX
Published: August 2014

The first Afrotropical species of Trisecodes Delvare & LaSalle, 2000, T. africanum Gumovsky, sp. n., is described from localities in Uganda, Guinea and Cameroon. The new species differs from the type species of the genus, T. agromyzae, which was described from the Neotropical region in Belize, mostly by having longitudinally strigate sculpture on the mesosoma dorsally and by the fore wing being somewhat darkened in its basal three-fifths. A possible Gondwanan origin of the genus is postulated.
Assessment of SCaMPR and NEXRAD Q2 Precipitation Estimates Using Oklahoma Mesonet Observations
Authors: Stenz Ronald , Dong Xiquan , Xi Baike , Kuligowski Robert J.
Published: August 2014

Although satellite precipitation estimates provide valuable information for weather and flood forecasts, infrared (IR) brightness temperature (BT)-based algorithms often produce large errors for precipitation detection and estimation during deep convective systems (DCSs). As DCSs produce greatly varying precipitation rates below similar IR BT retrievals, using IR BTs alone to estimate precipitation in DCSs is problematic. Classifying a DCS into convective-core (CC), stratiform (SR), and anvil cloud (AC) regions allows an evaluation of estimated precipitation distributions among DCS components to supplement typical quantitative precipitation estimate (QPE) evaluations and to diagnose these IR-based algorithm biases. This paper assesses the performance of the National Mosaic and Multi-Sensor Next Generation Quantitative Precipitation Estimation System (NMQ Q2), and a simplified version of the Self-Calibrating Multivariate Precipitation Retrieval (SCaMPR) algorithm, over the state of Oklahoma using Oklahoma Mesonet observations. While average annual Q2 precipitation estimates were about 35% higher than Mesonet observations, strong correlations exist between these two datasets for multiple temporal and spatial scales. Additionally, the Q2-estimated precipitation distribution among DCS components strongly resembled the Mesonet-observed distribution, indicating Q2 can accurately capture the precipitation characteristics of DCSs despite its wet bias. SCaMPR retrievals were typically 3–4 times higher than Mesonet observations, with relatively weak correlations during 2012. Overestimates from SCaMPR retrievals were primarily caused by precipitation retrievals from the anvil regions of DCSs when collocated Mesonet stations recorded no precipitation. A modified SCaMPR retrieval algorithm, employing both cloud optical depth and IR temperature, has the potential to make significant improvements to reduce the wet bias of SCaMPR retrievals over anvil regions of a DCS.
Ion chromatography for the precise analysis of chloride and sodium in sweat for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis
Authors: Doorn J , Storteboom TTR , Mulder AM , de Jong WHA , Rottier BL , Kema IP
Published: August 2014

Background

Measurement of chloride in sweat is an essential part of the diagnostic algorithm for cystic fibrosis. The lack in sensitivity and reproducibility of current methods led us to develop an ion chromatography/high-performance liquid chromatography (IC/HPLC) method, suitable for the analysis of both chloride and sodium in small volumes of sweat.

Methods

Precision, linearity and limit of detection of an in-house developed IC/HPLC method were established. Method comparison between the newly developed IC/HPLC method and the traditional Chlorocounter was performed, and trueness was determined using Passing Bablok method comparison with external quality assurance material (Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia).

Results

Precision and linearity fulfill criteria as established by UK guidelines are comparable with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry methods. Passing Bablok analysis demonstrated excellent correlation between IC/HPLC measurements and external quality assessment target values, for both chloride and sodium. With a limit of quantitation of 0.95 mmol/L, our method is suitable for the analysis of small amounts of sweat and can thus be used in combination with the Macroduct collection system.

Conclusions

Although a chromatographic application results in a somewhat more expensive test compared to a Chlorocounter test, more accurate measurements are achieved. In addition, simultaneous measurements of sodium concentrations will result in better detection of false positives, less test repeating and thus faster and more accurate and effective diagnosis. The described IC/HPLC method, therefore, provides a precise, relatively cheap and easy-to-handle application for the analysis of both chloride and sodium in sweat.
Denouncing Historical “Misfortunes”
Authors: Mihai Mihaela
Published: August 2014

This essay’s starting point is Judith Shklar’ diagnosis of a pathology marring democratic societies: complex injustices passing as “misfortunes” that nobody feels responsible for. I propose that denunciations can reveal the political nature of the suffering that everyone conveniently ignores, thus advancing democratic accountability. While denunciations can target various invisible injustices and take many forms, this essay deals with the case of societies with an unmastered past of violence. In order to avoid taking responsibility for the plight of victims, the past is often redescribed in the language of “catastrophe” or “necessity.” Building on Hannah Arendt’s views on spectatorship and storytelling, this essay analyses theatrical denunciations addressing the wider community. Theatre—professional or amateur—can repoliticise neutralised areas of social interaction and transform passive onlookers into reflective spectators. The Argentinean performance of escraches and Thomas Bernhard’s play Heldenplatz are discussed as examples of successful political denunciations communicated in dramaturgical form.
Arginine Supplementation Induces Arginase Activity and Inhibits TNF‐α Synthesis in Mice Spleen Macrophages After Intestinal Obstruction
Authors: Quirino Iara Eliza Pacífico , Carneiro Matheus Batista Heitor , Cardoso Valbert Nascimento , das Graças Carvalho dos Santos Rosana , Vieira Leda Quercia , Fiuza Jacqueline Araújo , Alvarez‐Leite Jacqueline Isaura , de Vasconcelos Generoso Simone , Correia Maria Isabel
Published: August 2014

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of arginine supplementation on arginase activity, tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) synthesis in cultured splenic macrophages from a murine model of intestinal obstruction (IO). The effects of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibition were also studied using iNOS knockout animals. Material and Methods: Male C57BL6/J wild‐type (WT) and iNOS knockout (iNOS–/–) mice were randomized into 6 groups: Sham and Sham–/– (standard chow), IO and IO–/– (standard chow + IO), and Arg and Arg–/– (standard chow supplemented with arginine + IO). After 7 days of treatment with standard or supplemented chow, IO was induced. Arginase activity as well as TNF‐α and IL‐10 levels were analyzed in splenic macrophage cultures. Results: Arginine supplementation and the absence of iNOS increased arginase activity in splenic macrophages (Arg, IO–/–, and Arg–/– groups vs the Sham group; P < .05). Arginine was also related to a decrease in TNF‐α levels (Arg vs IO group, P < .05) and maintenance of IL‐10 levels (Arg vs other groups, P > .05). The inhibition of iNOS did not result in effects on the concentration of cytokines (Sham–/–, IO–/–, and Arg–/– vs other, P < .05). Conclusions: Arginine supplementation and iNOS inhibition led to increased arginase activity. Arginine availability decreased plasma TNF‐α levels, which may be directly related to nitric oxide derived from arginine.
The management of secondary lower limb lymphoedema in cancer patients: A systematic review
Authors: Leung Elaine YL , Tirlapur Seema A , Meads Catherine
Published: August 2014

Background:

Lower limb lymphoedema is a recognised complication of cancer commonly encountered in palliative care, associated with reduced mobility and poor quality of life.

Aim:

To evaluate the available evidence for the treatment of secondary lower limb lymphoedema in patients with malignancies.

Design:

A systematic review of the literature.

Data sources:

The MEDLINE, Embase, LILACS, Science Citation Index, Cochrane Databases and conference proceedings for published data from date of inception to July 2014 were searched. Relevant unpublished studies via relevant databases, Internet searches and hand-searches of the bibliographies of relevant papers were performed.

Results:

From 1617 citations, 32 papers were selected for full-text assessment. Two randomised trials and five observational studies were identified. The two randomised controlled trials evaluated graded compression stockings and Coumarin capsules, respectively. The five observational studies evaluated lymphovenous microsurgical shunts, pneumatic compression devices, compression bandages alone, manual lymphatic drainage with compression and a herbal remedy combining Coumarin, Ginkgo and Melitoto (with or without manual lymphatic drainage), respectively. The extracted studies showed substantial heterogeneity. Hence, a meta-analysis was inappropriate and not performed.

Conclusion:

Few studies have evaluated the clinical effectiveness and potential side effects of treatments for lower limb lymphoedema. Moreover, symptoms and quality-of-life assessments were inconsistently reported. All included studies report lower limb volume reduction after treatment, which includes complex decongestion therapy, graded compression stockings and lymphovenous microsurgical shunts. Adequately powered randomised controlled trials of these interventions are recommended. Effort should be made to establish standardised outcomes, to minimise bias and to improve reporting quality in future trials of treatment for lower limb lymphoedema.
Making sense of austerity: The rationality in an irrational system
Authors: Dunn Bill
Published: August 2014

This article understands contemporary austerity through historical comparisons informed by Marxist insights into the nature of the state. It argues that austerity policies make sense from the perspective of capital–labour, inter-capitalist and international competition. Differences among states over time, in terms of their size and international situation and contested domestic relations, produce varied imperatives towards austerity and prospects of effective resistance.
The Euro: A currency in search of a state
Authors: Lucarelli Bill
Published: August 2014

To understand the structural dynamics of the current eurozone crisis, it is necessary to examine the longstanding internal contradictions that the system has inherited from its inception under the Maastricht Treaty and the neoliberal strategy which has governed its evolution from the first experiments in economic and monetary union in the 1970s. A brief narrative of the evolution of the European Monetary Union yields some insights into its peculiar institutional design. More specifically, the article examines the dangerously self-reinforcing logic between speculative bond markets and cascading, deflationary policies of austerity imposed on those countries encountering severe debt crises. This examination reveals the fragile foundations upon which the eurozone was constructed.
Impact of antigenic diversity on laboratory diagnosis of Avian bornavirus infections in birds
Authors: Zimmermann Vanessa , Rinder Monika , Kaspers Bernd , Staeheli Peter , Rubbenstroth Dennis
Published: August 2014

Avian bornaviruses (ABVs) are a group of genetically diverse viruses within the Bornaviridae family that can infect numerous avian species and represent the causative agents of proventricular dilatation disease, an often fatal disease that is widely distributed in captive populations of parrots and related species. The current study was designed to assess the antigenic variability of the family Bornaviridae and to determine its impact on ABV diagnosis by employing fluorescent antibody assays. It was shown that polyclonal rabbit sera directed against recombinant bornavirus nucleoprotein, X protein, phosphoprotein, and matrix protein provided sufficient cross-reactivity for the detection of viral antigen from a broad range of bornavirus genotypes grown in cell culture. In contrast, a rabbit anti-glycoprotein serum and 2 monoclonal antibodies directed against nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein proteins reacted more specifically. Antibodies were readily detected in sera from avian patients infected with known ABV genotypes if cells persistently infected with a variety of different bornavirus genotypes were used for analysis. For all sera, calculated antibody titers were highest when the homologous or a closely related target virus was used for the assay. Cross-reactivity with more distantly related genotypes of other phylogenetic groups was usually reduced, resulting in titer reduction of up to 3 log units. The presented results contribute to a better understanding of the antigenic diversity of family Bornaviridae and further emphasize the importance of choosing appropriate diagnostic tools for sensitive detection of ABV infections.
Evaluation as a Collaborative Activity to Learn Content Knowledge in a Graduate Course
Authors: Hughes Bob , Arbogast Janet , Kafer Lindsey , Chen Julianna
Published: August 2014

Teaching graduate students to conduct evaluations is typically relegated to evaluation methods courses. This approach misses an opportunity for students to collaboratively use evaluation skills to explore content. This article examines a graduate course, Issues in Adult Basic Education, in which students learned evaluation methods concurrently with the course’s core content. Students and the professor collaboratively conducted an evaluation of professional development among adult basic education (ABE) providers exploring the following question: How is professional development conducted for ABE faculty, and how might it differ between community-based organizations and community and technical colleges? Based on the findings, students generated a report, which they shared with evaluation participants at local community and technical colleges and community-based organizations. The experiences described in this article suggest the applicability of this approach—infusing evaluation work into a content course—to graduate courses in other disciplines.
Correlation Between Subchondral Bone Plate Thickness and Cartilage Degeneration in Osteoarthritis of the Ankle
Authors: Nakasa Tomoyuki , Adachi Nobuo , Kato Tomohiro , Ochi Mitsuo
Published: August 2014

Background:

Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized not only by cartilage degeneration, but also subchondral bone changes. The subchondral bone plate (SBP) plays an important role in cartilage metabolism, and elucidation of the relationship between the SBP and cartilage degeneration would be helpful to determine the most appropriate treatment strategy for ankle OA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the SBP and to compare it with cartilage degeneration with arthroscopic findings.

Methods:

Computed tomography (CT) was used to compare the thickness of the SBP of 11 ankle OA patients with that of 11 non–ankle OA patients in 9 areas of the talar dome. The French Society of Arthroscopy (SFA) grading system was used to analyze the relationship between findings on the thickness of SBP and on articular cartilage degeneration in ankle OA.

Results:

The SBP in ankle OA was significantly thicker than that of the non-OA ankle. The more severe the articular cartilage degeneration, the thicker the SBP became. The SBP on the sclerotic trabecular bone was significantly thicker than that on decreased trabecular bone. The SFA grade for sclerotic subchondral bone was significantly higher than that for decreased trabecular bone.

Conclusion:

This study shows that the thickness of SBP and the findings of subchondral bone such as decreased trabecular bone and sclerosis in CT are related to the cartilage degeneration of ankle OA, although a small number of patients were analyzed.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, comparative series.
What a Difference Place Makes
Authors: Booth Kate Isabel
Published: August 2014

Place is a recurrent yet contested theme in the social sciences, and an emerging theme within qualitative inquiry. How one understands place has significant bearing upon the difference that place makes to methodology. Accounts that rely on fixed, bordered, and exclusionist notions of place-based authenticity are problematic. A conceptualization of place as dynamic, open, and more-than-human offers other methodological possibilities regarding the representation of the self in relation to place. It also offers a rationale for research that engages with the more intangible elements that constitute sense of place such as emotions, dreams, and imaginings, and research that engages with how people construct meaning in relation to place-based phenomena.
The S curve: A novel morphological finding in the internal carotid artery in patients with fibromuscular dysplasia
Authors: Sethi Sanjum S , Lau Joe F , Godbold James , Gustavson Susan , Olin Jeffrey W
Published: August 2014

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a non-atherosclerotic vascular disease commonly affecting the renal and internal carotid arteries (ICAs). A previously unrecognized finding is a redundancy of the mid-distal ICA in FMD patients causing an ‘S’-shaped curve. Carotid artery duplex ultrasounds were reviewed in 116 FMD patients to determine S-curve prevalence. FMD patients with an S curve were matched to four control patients divided equally into two groups: (1) age and sex-matched and (2) age ≥70 and sex-matched. S curves were present in 37 (32%) FMD patients. Of these, nine (24%) had angiographic evidence of FMD in their ICA only, 13 (35%) had renal artery FMD only, and 15 (41%) had both ICA and renal FMD. Two patients in the age and sex-matched group had S curves (odds ratio 16.86, 95% CI 3.92–72.48; p<0.0001) while 12 (16.2%) patients in the age ≥70 and sex-matched group had S curves (odds ratio 2.42, 95% CI 1.16–5.03; p=0.016). In conclusion, the S curve is a novel morphological pattern of the mid-distal ICA. While the S curve may not be specific, its presence in individuals <70 years old should alert the clinician to the possibility that FMD is present.
Community engagement and knowledge translation: Progress and challenge in autism research
Authors: Elsabbagh Mayada , Yusuf Afiqah , Prasanna Shreya , Shikako-Thomas Keiko , Ruff Crystal A , Fehlings Michael G
Published: August 2014

The last decade has seen significant growth in scientific understanding and public awareness of autism. There is still a long road ahead before this awareness can be matched with parallel improvements in evidence-based practice. The process of translating evidence into community care has been hampered by the seeming disconnect between the mainstream scientific research agenda and the immediate priorities of many communities. The need for community engagement in the process of translating knowledge into impact has been recognized. However, there remains little consensus or empirical data regarding the process of such engagement and how to measure its impact. We shed light on a number of engagement models and tools, previously advocated in health research, as they apply to autism research. Furthermore, we illustrate the utility of such tools in supporting identification of knowledge gaps and priorities, using two community-based case studies. The case studies illustrate that information generated from research is indeed relevant and critical for knowledge users in the community. Simple and systematic methods can support the translation and uptake of knowledge in diverse communities, therefore enhancing engagement with research and bridging research findings with immediate community needs.
Stress analysis of steel/carbon composite double lap shear joints under tensile loading
Authors: Yahya NA , Hashim Safa
Published: August 2014

The study is related to adhesive-bonded long overlap double lap shear joints with thick adherends. The outer adherend is based on crossply carbon fibre/epoxy composite laminate and the inner adherend is mild steel. The paper aims to predict and assess the structural failure of the joint, including delamination of the composite and to determine the effects of the design parameters of adherend thickness, overlap length and fabric orientation on the joint’s failure. Both experimental and numerical methods were used for the analysis. The experimental programme includes fabrication, mechanical testing and failure examinations of various joints. The numerical methods are based on 2-D models using strength-limit and cohesive zone modelling methods, taking into consideration the composite properties of the plies and the resin layers separating them. The study showed a good agreement between the numerical and experimental results. Key conclusions in relation to the failure and design parameters of the joints are made.
Immunization with malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) reduces atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice challenged with Porphyromonas gingivalis
Authors: Turunen S Pauliina , Kummu Outi , Wang Chunguang , Harila Kirsi , Mattila Riikka , Sahlman Marjo , Pussinen Pirkko J , Hörkkö Sohvi
Published: August 2014

Periodontal infections increase the risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease via partly unresolved mechanisms. Of the natural IgM Abs that recognize molecular mimicry on bacterial epitopes and modified lipid and protein structures, IgM directed against oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is associated with atheroprotective properties. Here, the effect of natural immune responses to malondialdehyde-modified LDL (MDA-LDL) in conferring protection against atherosclerosis, which was accelerated by the major periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, was investigated. LDL receptor-deficient (LDLR–/–) mice were immunized with mouse MDA-LDL without adjuvant before topical application challenge with live P. gingivalis. Atherosclerosis was analyzed after a high-fat diet, and plasma IgG and IgM Ab levels were measured throughout the study, and the secretion of IL-5, IL-10 and IFN-γ in splenocytes stimulated with MDA-LDL was determined. LDLR–/– mice immunized with MDA-LDL had elevated IgM and IgG levels to MDA-LDL compared with saline-treated controls. MDA-LDL immunization diminished aortic lipid depositions after challenge with P. gingivalis compared with mice receiving only P. gingivalis challenge. Immunization of LDLR–/– mice with homologous MDA-LDL stimulated the production of IL-5, implicating general activation of B-1 cells. Immune responses to MDA-LDL protected from the P. gingivalis-accelerated atherosclerosis. Thus, the linkage between bacterial infectious burden and atherogenesis is suggested to be modulated via natural IgM directed against cross-reactive epitopes on bacteria and modified LDL.