bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant-induced modification of INrf2 cysteine 151 and PKC-δ-mediated phosphorylation of Nrf2 serine 40 are both required for stabilization and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and increased drug resistance
Authors: Niture Suryakant K. , Jain Abhinav K. , Jaiswal Anil K.
Published: November 2009

Antioxidants cause dissociation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) from inhibitor of Nrf2 (INrf2) and so Nrf2:INrf2 can serve as a sensor of oxidative stress. Nrf2 translocates to the nucleus, binds to antioxidant response element (ARE) and activates defensive gene expression, which protects cells. Controversies exist regarding the role of antioxidant-induced modification of INrf2 cysteine 151 or protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated phosphorylation of Nrf2 serine 40 in the release of Nrf2 from INrf2. In addition, the PKC isoform that phosphorylates Nrf2S40 remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that antioxidant-induced PKC-δ-mediated phosphorylation of Nrf2S40 leads to release of Nrf2 from INrf2. This was evident from specific chemical inhibitors of PKC isoenzymes in reporter assays, in vitro kinase assays with purified Nrf2 and PKC isoenzymes, in vivo analysis with dominant-negative mutants and siRNA against PKC isoforms, use of PKC-δ+/+ and PKC-δ–/– cells, and use of Nrf2S40 phospho-specific antibody. The studies also showed that antioxidant-induced INrf2C151 modification was insufficient for the dissociation of Nrf2 from INrf2. PKC-δ-mediated Nrf2S40 phosphorylation was also required. Nrf2 and mutant Nrf2S40A both bind to INrf2. However, antioxidant treatment led to release of Nrf2 but not Nrf2S40A from INrf2. In addition, Nrf2 and mutant Nrf2S40A both failed to dissociate from mutant INrf2C151A. Furthermore, antioxidant-induced ubiquitylation of INrf2 in PKC-δ+/+ and PKC-δ–/– cells occurred, but Nrf2 failed to be released in PKC-δ–/– cells. The antioxidant activation of Nrf2 reduced etoposide-mediated DNA fragmentation and promoted cell survival in PKC-δ+/+ but not in PKC-δ–/– cells. These data together demonstrate that both modification of INrf2C151 and PKC-δ-mediated phosphorylation of Nrf2S40 play crucial roles in Nrf2 release from INrf2, antioxidant induction of defensive gene expression, promoting cell survival, and increasing drug resistance.
Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue on magnetically separable FePc/Fe3O4 nanocomposite under visible irradiation
Authors: Wang Kun , Yu Lixia , Yin Sheng , Li Henan , Li Huaming
Published: November 2009

A novel magnetically separable photocatalyst iron phthalocyanine/Fe3O4 (FePc/Fe3O4) nanocomposite was easily prepared by an organic–inorganic complexation technique, and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR). This functional nanocomposite has been found to exhibit high catalytic activity in the presence of added hydrogen peroxide, for oxidative degradation of methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation. Under these conditions, MB (10 mg/l) underwent about 78 % oxidation in 2 h, and the catalyst still retained high activity after five catalytic cycles. Intervening recovery was easily achieved by changing the external magnetic field.
The role of anti-core antibody response in the detection of occult hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Urbani Simona , Fagnoni Francesco , Missale Gabriele , Franchini Massimo
Published: November 2009

Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is characterized by the presence of HBV DNA in serum and/or in the liver of patients negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Occult infection may impact in several different clinical contexts including the risk of HBV transmission with transfusion or transplantation, and endogenous viral reactivation. The gold standard test for detection of occult infection is the amplification of HBV DNA. However, the serological assay for the long-lasting antibody response to the highly immunogenic HBV core antigen (anti-HBc) represents a qualified candidate as a surrogate for DNA amplification, or for increasing overall sensitivity when assessing the risk of occult hepatitis in peripheral blood. The risk of occult hepatitis associated with anti-HBc seropositivity has been demonstrated extensively, and the presence of antibody response to HBc can be considered a sentinel marker of occult HBV infection.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2010;48:23–9.
Emiliano Zapata and the Old Regime: Myth, Memory, and Method
Authors: Schell William
Published: November 2009

Four decades after its publication, John Womack's masterpiece Zapata and the Mexican Revolution remains the definitive account of the man and his movement and the basis of the generally agreed upon facts. It is also perhaps the most cited work of Anglophone Latin American history. This is not hyperbole. The index of Alan Knight's highly regarded Porfirians, Liberals and Peasants lists thirty-seven pages under “Zapata, Emiliano.”Womack is cited fifty-six times on twenty-three of them. Not infrequently, when Knight cites other accounts of Zapata's rebellion, Womack is the underlying source. And underlying Womack's account is that of John Steinbeck and Elia Kazan's film ¡Viva Zapata! The cinematic influence of their true invention is most evident in Womack's account of Zapata's Porfirian period, with which this piece is largely concerned.

Cuatro décadas después de su publicación, la obra maestra de John Womack, Zapata and the Mexican Revolution, sigue siendo el recuento definitivo del hombre y de su movimiento y la base de lo que generalmente se cree son los hechos reales. También es, quizás, el trabajo más citado de habla inglesa de la historia de América Latina. Esto no es una hipérbole. El índice del tan admirado libro de Alan Knight, Porfirians, Liberals and Peasants cita treinta y siete páginas en “Zapata, Emiliano.” Womack es citado cincuenta y seis veces en veinte y tres de ellas. No es infrecuente que cuando Knight cita otras referencias de la rebelión de Zapata, Womack es la fuente ulterior. Sin embargo, en la historia de Womack se puede discernir a la vez la influencia de John Steinbeck y la película de Elia Kazan, ¡Viva Zapata! Este documento explora esta influencia como un llamado a reconocer y ejercer las poderosas fuentes no verbales (pictóricas, cinematográficas y musicales) que dan forma a nuestra percepción del pasado.
Local effect of the conceptus on uterine vascular perfusion during early pregnancy in heifers
Authors: Silva L A , Ginther O J
Published: November 2009

Colour-Doppler ultrasonography was used to study the spatial relationship between vascular perfusion in the middle of each uterine horn and the reported location of the embryo proper and expanding conceptus using endometrial vascularity scores 1–4 (nil–maximal). Vascularity increased in both uterine horns between days 14 and 18 (day 0=ovulation) in nonpregnant heifers (n=6) but not in pregnant heifers (n=11). The increase was temporally associated with decreasing plasma progesterone and increasing oestradiol. In pregnant heifers, a transient increase in endometrial vascularity in the ipsilateral horn (horn with embryo) was not detected before day 18, despite a reported transient increase in blood flow in the ipsilateral uterine artery between days 13 and 17. Endometrial vascularity in the ipsilateral horn first increased (P<0.05) between days 18 and 20. Day 20 is the reported day of adhesiveness between chorion and uterus. An increase (P<0.05) in the contralateral horn between days 18 and 22 was slight, but a greater increase occurred after day 32. Day 32 is the reported day of entry of the allantochorion into the contralateral horn. By day 42, scores were similar between the two horns, and the allantochorion reportedly fills both horns. On days 42–60, at a time when placentomes apparently are limited to the ipsilateral horn, vascularity remained elevated in the ipsilateral horn but decreased in the contralateral horn. Results support the hypothesis that vascular perfusion in each uterine horn during early pregnancy is mediated by direct contact between conceptus and uterus.
A UNIFIED APPROACH FOR REGULARIZING DISCRETIZED LINEAR ILL‐POSED PROBLEMS
Authors: Hein Torsten
Published: November 2009

In this paper we deal with regularization approaches for discretized linear ill‐posed problems in Hilbert spaces. As opposite to other contributions concerning this topic the smoothness of the unknown solution is measured with so‐called approximative source conditions. This idea allows us to generalize known convergence rates results to arbitrary classes of smoothness conditions including logarithmic and general source conditions. The considerations include an a‐posteriori parameter choice strategy for the regularization parameter and the discretization level. Results of one numerical example are presented.
Trauma Spectrum Disorders: Clinical Imperatives
Authors: Kreidler Maryhelen , Kurzawa Colleen
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this article is to explore the literature relating to the physiological impact of early childhood trauma on adult survivors. Neurological consequences as a result of childhood trauma have an impact on treatment choices and patient and family educational sessions; therefore, nurses need to recognize the diagnostic and therapeutic implications related to brain functioning in adults in the aftermath of childhood trauma.
Central Corneal Thickness in Children With Diabetes
Authors: Akinci Arsen , Bulus Derya , Aycan Zehra , Oner Ozgur
Published: November 2009

Purpose:

To evaluate the central corneal thickness in children with diabetes and to determine the association between diabetes mellitus–related variables and central corneal thickness.

Methods:

Fifty-nine patients (mean age: 13.2 years) with diabetes mellitus and 38 controls (mean age: 10.3 years) were compared in terms of central corneal thickness assessed by ultrasound pachymetry. The effects of age, gender, the duration of diabetes mellitus, the mean and current hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) level, and fasting blood sugar level on central corneal thickness were investigated. Analysis of covariance and multivariate regression analysis were used for statistical analysis.

Results:

The analysis of covariance with age as the covariant indicated that the diabetes mellitus group had significantly increased central corneal thickness (mean: 576.9±41.8 µm) compared with the control group (mean: 521±16.6 µm) (
P
<.0001). A multivariate regression model evaluating the effects of age, gender, duration of diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose, and the mean and current HbA1C levels on central corneal thickness was statistically significant (F(4,54)=3.33,
P
=.016). The results indicated that the current HbA1c value was the only significant predictor for central corneal thickness (B=0.29, t=2.13,
P
=.038) (B=9.7
µ
m per 1% HbA1C and B=13.3
µ
m per 1% HbA1C for right and left eyes, respectively).

Conclusions:

Diabetic patients have a significantly increased (∼55 µm) central corneal thickness compared with healthy controls. Current HbA1C value, which is the marker of metabolic control of the disease, is the only disease-related variable that predicts a higher central corneal thickness.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:1041–1044.]
Integrated ICT System for Teaching Physical Sciences in a Robotic Laboratory
Authors: Kopsidas Spyros , Tsavli Matina , Fragakis John , Zisiadis Dimitris , Vavougios Dionisis (Dennis)
Published: November 2009

The Information and Communication Technologies provide economically feasible and effective means to assist individuals with kinetic disabilities in numerous activities concerning educational purposes. As the technology is increasingly used in everyday environments, an early response of the existing methods to teach the Physical Sciences to individuals with kinetic disabilities is our innovative system. The work presented in this article is part of the â??Smart and Adaptable Information System for Supporting Physics Experiments in a Robotic Laboratory
Above and below-ground competition between Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum) and meadow bromegrass (Bromus biebersteinii): A greenhouse study
Authors: Walker J. A. , King J. R.
Published: November 2009

Kura clover (Trifolium ambiguum) is a perennial legume that shows potential for use in pasture mixtures in western Canada. Previous studies have shown that early growth of kura clover is reduced when grown in mixtures with grass species. A greenhouse study examined the relative importance of above- and below-ground competition on growth and development of kura clover when grown with a grass species. Kura clover plants were grown in pots with meadow bromegrass (Bromus biebersteinii) and barriers were put in place to remove all competition, shoot competition, root competition, or to allow full competition. After 12 wk, plants were harvested. Height, leaf area, leaf number, leaf dry weight, and root/crown dry weight were measured. Kura clover leaf number and leaf area were greatest when roots did not interact with meadow bromegrass roots. Vegetative biomass of kura clover doubled when there was no root competition. Shoot competition did not alter leaf number, leaf area, or leaf biomass. Successful establishment of kura clover is dependent on the reduction of root competition during the seedling phase. Measures taken to minimize the below-ground interaction should positively affect the yield potential of both species. Key words: Kura clover, meadow bromegrass, shoot competition, root competition
Synthesis of Selectively Mono‐N‐Arylated Aliphatic Diamines via Iridium‐Catalyzed Amine Alkylation
Authors: Blank Benoît , Michlik Stefan , Kempe Rhett
Published: November 2009

A highly selective phosphorus/nitrogen (P,N) ligand‐based iridium catalyst system efficiently catalyzes the reaction of arylamines with unprotected amino alcohols, yielding N‐arylated aliphatic diamines in yields of up to 93%. The reaction can be performed with a wide variety of branched and linear amino alcohols in combination with various aminopyridines or substituted anilines.
Facile Synthesis of Enantiopure 4‐Substituted 2‐Hydroxy‐4‐ butyrolactones using a Robust Fusarium Lactonase
Authors: Chen Bing , Yin Hai‐Feng , Wang Zhen‐Sheng , Xu Jian‐He , Fan Li‐Qiang , Zhao Jian
Published: November 2009

A facile chemo‐enzymatic process has been developed for producing stereoisomers of 4‐substituted 2‐hydroxy‐4‐butyrolactones with good to excellent enantioselectivity. This process involves an easy separation of the diastereoisomers by column chromatography and efficient enzymatic resolution by whole cells of Escherichia coli JM109 expressing Fusarium proliferatum lactonase gene. This biocatalyst shows strong tolerance towards different substrate structures and at least three out four possible isomers could be obtained in excellent enantiomeric purity. Different substrate concentrations (10 mM–200 mM) were examined, giving a substrate to catalyst ratio of up to 26:1. This general and efficient enzymatic process provides access to stereoisomers of 4‐substituted 2‐hydroxy‐4‐butyrolactones readily and cost‐effectively. The stereochemical assignments were conducted systematically based on NMR, X‐ray diffraction and circular dichroism, leading to further understanding of the enzyme’s stereoselectivity.
Results of the first phase 1 clinical trial of the HER‐2/neu peptide (GP2) vaccine in disease‐free breast cancer patients
Authors: Carmichael Mark G. , Benavides Linda C. , Holmes Jarrod P. , Gates Jeremy D. , Mittendorf Elizabeth A. , Ponniah Sathibalan , Peoples George E.
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND:

HER‐2/neu, overexpressed in breast cancer, is a source of immunogenic peptides that include GP2 and E75. Phase 2 testing of E75 as an adjuvant vaccine has suggested a clinical benefit. GP2, derived from the transmembrane portion of HER‐2/neu, has differing binding characteristics and may be more immunogenic than E75. Results of the first phase 1 trial of GP2 peptide vaccine are presented.

METHODS:

Disease‐free, lymph node‐negative, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐A2+ breast cancer patients were enrolled. This dose escalation trial included 4 groups to determine safety and optimal GP2 peptide/granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) dose. Toxicities were monitored. Immunologic response was assessed ex vivo via the HLA‐A2:immunoglobulin dimer assay to detect GP2‐specific CD8+ T cells (and E75‐specific CD8+ T cells to assess epitope spreading) and in vivo via delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction (medians/ranges).

RESULTS:

Eighteen patients were enrolled. All toxicities were grade ≤2. Eight (88.9%) of 9 patients in the first 3 dose groups required GM‐CSF dose reductions for local reactions ≥100 mm or grade ≥2 systemic toxicity. GM‐CSF dose was reduced to 125 μg for the final dose group. All patients responded immunologically ex vivo (GP2‐specific CD8+ T cells from prevaccination to maximum, 0.4% [0.0%‐2.0%] to 1.1% [0.4%‐3.6%], P < .001) and in vivo (GP2 pre‐ to postvaccination DTH, 0 mm [0.0‐19.5 mm] to 27.5 mm [0.0‐114.5 mm, P < .001). E75‐specific CD8+ T cells also increased in response to GP2 from prevaccination to maximum (0.8% [0.0%‐2.41%] to 1.6% [0.86%‐3.72%], P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS:

The GP2 peptide vaccine appears safe and well tolerated with minimal local/systemic toxicity. GP2 elicited HER‐2/neu–specific immune responses, including epitope spreading, in high‐risk, lymph node‐negative breast cancer patients. These findings support further investigation of the GP2 vaccine for the prevention of breast cancer recurrence. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Euro money market interest rate dynamics and volatility: how they respond to recent changes in the operational framework
Authors: Jardet Caroline , Le Fol Gaëlle
Published: November 2009

At the beginning of 2004, the Eurosystem implemented several modifications of its operational framework and liquidity management aiming at enhancing market efficiency. The purpose of this article is to study the effects of theses changes in the spread between the Eonia and the minimum bid rate. Our results reflect that both the operational changes as well as the new liquidity management are responsible for a significant decrease in the interest rate volatility. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteinase inhibitory activity of sarcoplasmic proteins from threadfin bream (Nemipterus spp.)
Authors: Piyadhammaviboon Penprapha , Yongsawatdigul Jirawat
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND:Thailand is the second largest surimi producer in the world and 50% of surimi is produced from threadfin bream. During surimi processing, sarcoplasmic proteins are removed through water washing and discarded in the waste stream. This study was aimed at investigating the proteinase inhibitory activity of sarcoplasmic proteins.

RESULTS:Sarcoplasmic proteins from threadfin bream (TBSP) exhibited inhibitory activity toward trypsin but did not inhibit papain and chymotrypsin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under non‐reducing condition stained by trypsin inhibitory activity revealed three protein bands of molecular mass of 95, 41 and 37 kDa. Inhibitory activity of TBSP reached a maximum when subjected to 45 °C and completely disappeared at 60 °C. The breaking force and deformation of lizardfish surimi gel with added TBSP and pre‐incubated at 37° for 20 min increased with additional levels of TBSP (P< 0.05). Trichloroacetic acid–oligopeptide content of lizardfish surimi gel with added TBSP decreased with the addition of 4 g kg−1TBSP (P< 0.05). Retention of myosin heavy chain (MHC) increased when TBSP concentration was increased. TBSP effectively protected MHC from proteolysis at 37 °C to a similar extent as egg white powder, but efficacy of TBSP was not observed at 65 °C.

CONCLUSION:TBSP could be applied to reduce proteolytic degradation of lizardfish surimi or other surimi associated with trypsin‐like proteinase, rendering an improvement in surimi gelation set at 37–40 °C. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Some applications of propositional logic to cellular automata
Authors: Cavagnetto Stefano
Published: November 2009

In this paper we give a new proof of Richardson's theorem [31]: a global function G𝔸 of a cellular automaton 𝔸 is injective if and only if the inverse of G𝔸 is a global function of a cellular automaton. Moreover, we show a way how to construct the inverse cellular automaton using the method of feasible interpolation from [20]. We also solve two problems regarding complexity of cellular automata formulated by Durand [12] (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Remarks on nonmeasurable unions of big point families
Authors: Rałowski Robert
Published: November 2009

We show that under some conditions on a family A ⊂ I there exists a subfamily A0 ⊂ A such that ∪ A0 is nonmeasurable with respect to a fixed ideal I with Borel base of a fixed uncountable Polish space. Our result applies to the classical ideal of null subsets of the real line and to the ideal of first category subsets of the real line (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Controlling the Photoluminescence from a Laser Dye through the Oxidation Level of Polypyrrole
Authors: Santos Marcos J. L. , Girotto Emerson M. , Brolo Alexandre G.
Published: November 2009

In situ spectroelectrochemistry was used to study the emission of the laser dye oxazine 720 (oxa720) embedded into a polypyrrole (ppy) matrix. The photoluminescence (PL) of the dye was found to be controlled by the oxidation level of ppy. It is suggested that a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism is involved in the potential‐controlled PL. FRET calculations were used to determine the dependence of the apparent distance between the dye molecules and the polymer chain with the oxidation level of ppy. In the reduced state, at −0.9 V, an efficient FRET process quenches the PL from the dye due to the short distance between the dye molecules and the polymer chains. In the oxidized state, at +0.9 V, the FRET efficiency is only 24% leading to higher PL intensity, due to the larger distance between the donor (oxa720) and the acceptor (ppy).

magnified image
Metal‐Containing Polymers: Building Blocks for Functional (Nano)Materials
Authors: Wang Xiaosong , McHale Ronan
Published: November 2009

The incorporation of metallic units into polymer chains has emerged as a promising route towards functional metal‐containing (nano)materials. The resulting polymers possess rich functions derived from their metallic elements, such as redox, optical, catalytic and magnetic properties. In addition, the directional and dynamic nature of metal coordination interactions provides further variables for the exploration of novel materials with designed nanostructures. These types of polymers can be synthesized through direct metal‐ligand coordination or chain polymerization of metal containing monomers. Depending on the polymerization techniques and starting components, the resulting polymers, akin to their organic counterparts, can be produced in the form of insoluble networks, processible chain structures, gels or colloids. Research into this rising multidisciplinary subject has benefited from recent progress in several related areas such as supramolecular chemistry, colloidal chemistry etc., with the combination of the relative merits of each ensuring further developments in each individual discipline. For example, as a result of studies into organometallic block copolymers self‐assembly behavior, living supramolecular polymerization has been unprecedentedly realized for the architectural design of micelles (see image on the right). Nevertheless, the field is still in a developmental stage and offers ample opportunities for fundamental research, as well as material exploration. In this Feature Article, we intend to overview the field with a brief survey of recent literature.

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Iron‐Mediated ICAR ATRP of Styrene and Methyl Methacrylate in the Absence of Thermal Radical Initiator
Authors: Zhang Lifen , Miao Jie , Cheng Zhenping , Zhu Xiulin
Published: November 2009

Initiators for continuous activator regeneration in atom transfer radical polymerization (ICAR ATRP) is a new technique for conducting ATRP. ICAR ATRP has many strong advantages over normal ATRP, such as forming the reductive transition metal species in situ using oxidatively stable transition metal species and a lower amount of metal catalyst in comparison with the normal ATRP system. In this work, the iron‐mediated ICAR ATRP of styrene and methyl methacrylate are reported for the first time using oxidatively stable FeCl3 · 6H2O as the catalyst in the absence of any thermal radical initiator. The kinetics of the polymerizations and effect of different polymerization conditions are studied. It is found that the polymerization of styrene can be conducted well even if the amount of iron(III) is as low as 50 ppm.

magnified image
Field efficacy of imidacloprid and Steinernema carpocapsae in a chitosan formulation against the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Phoenix canariensis
Authors: Dembilio Óscar , Llácer Elena , Martínez de Altube María del Mar , Jacas Josep A
Published: November 2009

BACKGROUND: The invasive red palm weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier), has become the major pest of palms in the Mediterranean Basin. Chemical control against this species is difficult because of its cryptic habits and is mainly based on the repeated application of large quantities of synthetic insecticides. The aim of this work has been to evaluate in the field the efficacy of imidacloprid (Confidor® 240 OD) and Steinernema carpocapsae Weiser with chitosan (Biorend R® Palmeras) as soil and stipe treatments respectively, alone or in combination, against this pest.

RESULTS: All treatments significantly reduced the mean number of immature stages of R. ferrugineus per palm. However, there were no significant differences among the different treatments considered. Efficacies ranged from 83.8 to 99.7% for the mean number of immature stages found in the palms and resulted in a significant increase in palm survival compared with the untreated control (75.0–90.0% versus 16.5% respectively).

CONCLUSION: Both imidacloprid and S. carpocapsae in a chitosan formulation proved highly effective against R. ferrugineus in the field, and their efficacies did not significantly change when used in combination. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
On the use of N‐dicyclopropylmethyl aspartyl‐glycine synthone for backbone amide protection
Authors: Röder René , Henklein Petra , Weißhoff Hardy , Mügge Clemens , Pätzel Michael , Schubert Ulrich , Carpino Louis A. , Henklein Peter
Published: November 2009

To prevent aspartimide formation and related side products in Asp‐Xaa, particularly Asp‐Gly‐containing peptides, usually the 2‐hydroxy‐4‐methoxybenzyl (Hmb) backbone amide protection is applied for peptide synthesis according to the Fmoc‐protocols. In the present study, the usefulness of the recently proposed acid‐labile dicyclopropylmethyl (Dcpm) protectant was analyzed. Despite the significant steric hindrance of this bulky group, N‐terminal H‐(Dcpm)Gly‐peptides are quantitatively acylated by potent acylating agents, and alternatively the dipeptide Fmoc‐Asp(OtBu)‐(Dcpm)Gly‐OH derivative can be used as a building block. In contrast to the Hmb group, Dcpm is inert toward acylations, but is readily removed in the acid deprotection and resin‐cleavage step. Copyright © 2009 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Percolation effects in semimetallic Bi‐Sb solid solutions
Authors: Rogacheva E. I. , Drozdova A. A. , Nashchekina O. N.
Published: November 2009

The dependences of the microhardness, electrical conductivity, the Hall coefficient, charge carrier mobility, magnetoresistance, and the Seebeck coefficient on Sb concentration (0–2 at.%) for Bi‐Sb solid solutions were obtained in the temperature range 77–300 K. It was established that the concentration dependences of the properties exhibit a non‐monotonic behavior. The existence of the peculiarities in the concentration curves is attributed to critical phenomena accompanying the transition of percolation type from an impurity discontinuum to an impurity continuum in Bi–Sb solid solutions. It was shown that the behavior of the curves is similar for cast and pressed samples and is independent of the annealing time. The results obtained in this work represent another evidence for our proposition about the universal character of critical phenomena that occur in solid solutions under the transition to an impurity continuum.
Identification of polymeric procyanidins from pine bark by mass spectrometry
Authors: Jerez Maria , Sineiro Jorge , Guitián Esteban , Núñez Maria J.
Published: November 2009

Pine bark is an important source of polyphenolic compounds, mainly procyanidins, with reported protective effects against disease. In previous works, barks of two varieties of pine (P. pinaster and P. radiata) were extracted with ethanol, and partially purified to obtain the aqueous fractions (FA), that contained mainly polymeric procyanidins. The mean degree of polymerization was 7.9 for radiata (rFA) and 10.6 for pinaster (pFA). FAs were chromatographed on Sephadex LH‐20 by using a gradient of methanol, water and acetone, to render a series of sub‐fractions. In this work, the procyanidin compositions of these sub‐fractions were analyzed using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS). The mass spectra of sub‐fractions from FA of P. pinaster showed signals of procyanidin polymers up to tridecamers, whereas for those from P. radiata the maximum degree of polymerization was 15. For this latter case, the MALDI‐TOF mass spectra detected the presence of prodelphinidins in a small amount. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Saved by Danger/Destroyed by Success. The Argument of Tocqueville’s Souvenirs
Authors: Holmes Stephen
Published: November 2009

Into the ironic narrative of his Souvenirs, Tocqueville weaves a schematic saved-by-danger vs. destroyed-by-success scheme to illuminate the conditions under which revolutionary movements are crushed or prevail. Emergencies focus distracted minds on a single aim-in-view and moderate competitive emotions, encouraging talented members of a privileged group to pool their resources cooperatively. Contrariwise, less salient dangers creep up on privileged groups, taking them unawares, especially if they have become inured to danger by a seemingly unchallenging environment.
The Helminth Parasites of the Goat in Britain, including an account ofSkrjabinema ovis(Skrjabin, 1915), Werestchagin, 1926
Authors: Morgan D. O.
Published: November 2009

Owing to the comparatively little use made of the flesh of the goat in this country, the helminthic parasites of this host have been far less studied than those found in other domestic animals. In other countries, where the goat plays a far greater economic rôle, a large number of parasitic worms have been recorded.
On the occurrence of Gapeworms in Nestling Starlings and adult Fowls
Authors: Morgan D. O.
Published: November 2009

Taylor (1928), in an attempt to infect starlings with the gapeworm, was able to infect six starlings out of fifteen which had been dosed, nine of which died before any observations could be made. The value of this experiment is, however, somewhat doubtful owing to the possibility of previous infection in the starlings experimented with, and the author concludes that in one bird, such was the case, owing to the size of the worms found.
On Two New Species ofEnterobiusfrom the MonkeyLagothrix humboldtii
Authors: Buckley J. J. C.
Published: November 2009

The material here described was obtained from the large intestine of a Humboldt's Woolly Monkey (Lagothrix humboldtii) which died at the Zoological Gardens, London, about a month after it had been received there. In addition to theEnterobiusinfection there was a severe infection withAscaris lumbricoides, involving both liver and small intestine. A single specimen ofNecatorwas present, and along with theEnterobiuswere two immature female worms of doubtful identity, which are also described in this paper.
On the Survival of Heterodera marioni Infection Out-of-doors in England
Authors: Franklin Mary T.
Published: November 2009

Potato tubers infected with Heterodera marioni having been received at this Institute, it was decided to attempt to infect a small field plot with this eelworm for experimental purposes. The tubers were planted in the plot but the infection never became established. This was thought to be due to the heavy nature of the soil, since H. marioni has been recorded as a field parasite in Britain (Triffitt, 1931), and it is therefore unlikely that climatic conditions were the cause of its failure to become established in this instance. In order to verify this, and to find out how long this parasite can survive in soil in the absence of a host, the following experiment was carried out.
On the Presence of a Buccal Stylet in Adult Trichinella, and the Mode of Feeding of the Adults
Authors: van Someren Vernon D.
Published: November 2009

A functional buccal stylet is described in adult male and female Trichinella spiralis, and the mode of feeding of the adults is described from living specimens examined immediately on removal from the intestine. The stylet is rapidly protruded and retracted, probably for lacerating host tissue and releasing tissue fluids, and active peristaltic sucking movements of the pseudo-bulb of the oesophagus take place about once a second. The rectum shows peristaltic defaecatory movements once every two or three seconds. Intra-vitam staining with 0·01% neutral red shows an acid reaction of the stichocytes of the stichosome, which are of a granular or non-granular nature, with small tubules and alveoli in the cytoplasm.
The Treatment of Seed Potatoes for the Destruction of adherent Heterodera schachtii Cysts
Authors: Franklin Mary T.
Published: November 2009

The importance of arresting the spread of the potato-strain of Heterodera schachtii, which is largely responsible for the serious disease known as “potato sickness,” has frequently been emphasised. The cysts of this nematode, as is well known, can withstand long periods of drought, and can therefore be carried about in a viable condition on any object to which small lumps of soil may become attached. In this way the eelworms may be spread, not only from one field to the next by means of farm implements, but also from one locality to another many miles away in soil adhering to seed potato tubers. Seed potatoes grown on eelworm-infected land, however free from disease in other respects, are therefore highly undesirable for planting on clean land, unless some treatment can be carried out which will kill adhering cysts. It was with the object of discovering some practical means of treating seed potatoes so that, without injury to the tubers, adhering eelworm cysts would be killed, that the experiments recorded here were undertaken.
Three New Intermediary Vectors for Syngamus trachea
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: November 2009

Our knowledge of the range of intermediate hosts of which Syngamus trachea can take advantage is increasing. Recent observations have shown that the centipede, Scolopendra sp., the leatherjacket, Tipula sp., and the spring tail, Sminthurus viridis may all act as vectors. In each case the larvae had migrated from the gut into the surrounding tissues where they had settled down. All these Arthropods have been found naturally infected on a plot of land known to be carrying a heavy burden of gapes.
Further Studies on Coenurus glomeratus
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: November 2009

The structure of the normal coenurus of M. glomeratus is described and some observations have been made on its powers of budding and vegetative growth and reproduction. It is suggested that only a small area of the cyst has the power of growth and development and that budding and daughter cyst formation is an action which attempts to stave off old age and sterility. It has been found possible to cause new growths and infections by the transplantation of certain elements to new hosts. Some remarks are made on the occurrence of abnormalities in a coenurus cyst.
The Incidence ofTrichinella spiralisat Necropsies in England
Authors: Young May R.
Published: November 2009

Although outbreaks of trichinosis in Great Britain have been sporadic, the present investigation shows the incidence ofTrichinella spiralisin man in Southern England to lie between 7.9% and 13.7%, the average incidence being 10.8%. The condition of the larvae, either free or in thin- or thick-walled cysts recovered by the “digest” technique, indicated that the infections were of varying ages, from recent to those of many years standing. In six cases there was definite evidence of the presence of both recent and old infections.
A note on the presence of phasmids on the male tails of Anguillulina multicincta, A. erythrinae and A. robusta
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: November 2009

In an earlier paper Goodey (1940) gave a detailed description of the morphology of three species of Anguillulina viz.: A. multicincta (Cobb) Goodey, A. erythrinae (Zimmermann) Goodey and A. robusta (de Man) Goodey. All three species are associated with plant roots: A. multicincta is a parasite of banana roots, A. erythrinae is parasitic on the roots of certain common grasses and cereals such as Agrostis stolonifera, Lolium perenne and oats (the writer has also found it on hop roots), A. robusta though associated with grass roots has not, to the writer's knowledge, been found within plant tissues. In the case of all three species phasmids were easily recognized on the female tails and were described and figured but they were not seen on the male tails and it was assumed that they were probably absent.
The Vertical Migration of Infective Larvae of Strongyloid Nematodes
Authors: Crofton H. D.
Published: November 2009

Using a technique to reduce the possibility of establishing gradients of temperature, illumination, etc., it has been shown that infective larvae of T. retortaeformis, sheep trichostrongyles and horse trichonemes move in random directions when on a vertical plane at temperatures of 16°–17°C. and at 27°C.

In a horizontal plane the same randomness was shown.

Larvae moving in channels of different widths moved different distances along the channels in the same time. In narrow channels the distance moved was approximately proportional to the time (T) of movement. In wide channels the distance was approximately proportional to ✓T.

The effect of a drying water film on the movements of larvae of T. retortaeformis are described.

It is concluded that vertical migration of the larvae may be described in terms of normal larval movements without reference to geotropism or undescribed special receptors in the larvae.
On Two New Species of the Genus Serticeps (Nematoda: Schistorophidae) from the Gizzard of Birds
Authors: Yeh L. S.
Published: November 2009

In this study two new species are added to the only known species in the genus Serticeps.

Serticeps buckleyi sp. nov. was found under the horny layer of the gizzard of the Eastern Beautiful Sunbird, Neclarinia pulchella incidipectus from Uganda. Serticeps osmanhilli sp. nov. was also found under the horny layer, from a Yellow-winged Sugar Bird, Cyanerpes cyaneus from Brazil.

The genus Serticeps is amended.
A New Trematode, Reesella doviensis gen. et sp. nov., from the Oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus occidentalis, in Wales
Authors: Mettrick D. F.
Published: November 2009

1. A new trematode Reesella doviensis n.g., n.sp., from the Oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus occidentalis, is described.

2.The validity of including P. progeneticum, P. marilae and P. varium in the genus Psilostomum is questioned and it is suggested that P. marilae be removed to the genus Psilotrema Odhner, 1913.

3.The placing of the genus Ribeiroia in the family Cathaemasiidae is also questioned, and it is suggested that it has closer affinities with the genera in the family Psilostomatidae.
A New Technique for the Recovery of Infective Strongyle Larvae from Soil and Pasture
Authors: Durie P. H.
Published: November 2009

A new technique for the recovery of Trichostrongyle larvae from soil and pasture samples is described.

The technique is based on the difference in density of larvae and debris under the influence of a stream of water flowing upwards at a gradually decreasing flow rate.

The results from trials with known numbers of larvae gave an average recovery of 74% from pasture, and of 78% from soil.
On the Comparative Susceptibility ofLymnaea natalensis(Kraus) andL. rufescens(Gray) to Infection withFasciola gigantica(West African strain) and the Tissue Responses in the Snails
Authors: Rao M. P. Chandra
Published: November 2009

Observations on infection and the development ofF. gigantica(W. African strain) in the susceptibleL. natalensisand in the less susceptible matureL. rufescens(from Pakistan) and the histological study of the two species of snails at various stages of development of the contained parasite, revealed that,

The miracidia appeared to take a longer time to start penetrating the less susceptible host.

There was no significant tissue reaction even inL. rufescensto the development of the sporocysts. The development of the sporocysts which were embedded in denser tissues of the snails was apparently retarded in both the species of snail.
Nematospiroides dubius in the jird, Meriones unguiculatus: factors affecting the course of a primary infection
Authors: Hannah John , Behnke Jerzy M.
Published: November 2009

This project investigated the influence of the age and sex of the host and the level of infection with Nematospiroides dubius on the establishment and duration of a primary infection in the jird. It was found that 30 to 35% fewer worms matured in jirds than in mice and that this proportion was unaffected by the level of infection or by the sex of the host. In contrast the age of the jird was found to be critically important in determining the number of adult worms recovered 14 days after infection. Thus, maximum susceptibility to infection was observed when jirds were 18 to 22 days old. In older jirds susceptibility declined until 30 days after birth and thereafter, when approximately 70% of the infective larvae matured (relative to the number of worms maturing in mice).

The duration of a primary infection in jirds was similar in both sexes but was influenced by the level of infection and by the age of the host at infection. Heavier infections (500 larvae) lasted about 10 days longer than low level infections, and expulsion of the parasite occurred even when the host was infected with only five larvae. The duration of a primary infection was markedly prolonged in neonatal jirds, faecal egg counts remaining positive for 54 to 56 days after infection of 12-day-old jirds.

These results supply some further baseline data for future work on the biology of N. dubius in the jird and they provide support for the involvement of immunological processes in the termination of primary infections of this parasite in mature jirds.
Attempts to establish infections with Strongyloides stercoralis in mice and other laboratory animals
Authors: Dawkins H. J. S. , Grove D. I.
Published: November 2009

Infection of a dog with Strongyloides stercoralis filariform larvae resulted in a persistent infection. Patent infections were not seen in rabbits, guinea-pigs, rats and 11 inbred strains and one outbred strain of mice. Manipulation of factors known to influence S. ratti infections in mice, such as age and sex of the host and the route of larval presentation, did not facilitate the appearance of rhabditiform larvae in the stools. Administration of immunosuppressive doses of corticosterioids to rabbits, guinea-pigs and C57B1/6 mice did not permit complete development. Similarly, the course of infection was not altered in T cell-deficient hypothymic (nu/nu) mice. The fate of filariform larvae applied to the skin of mice was ascertained; filariform larvae were observed to migrate from the skin via the lungs to the muscles within several days of infection. Although S. stercoralis does not develop to maturity in the small intestine of mice, this system does allow in vivo studies of the actions of anthelmintics against filariform larvae as well as a number of aspects of the immune response to this parasite.
Understanding influenza virus-specific epidemiological properties by analysis of experimental human infections
Authors: LIAO C.-M. , YANG S.-C. , CHIO C.-P. , CHEN S.-C.
Published: November 2009

This study aimed to estimate the natural history and transmission parameters based on experimental viral shedding and symptom dynamics in order to understand the key epidemiological factors that characterize influenza (sub)type epidemics. A simple statistical algorithm was developed by combining a well-defined mathematical scheme of epidemiological determinants and experimental human influenza infection. Here we showed that (i) the observed viral shedding dynamics mapped successfully the estimated time-profile of infectiousness and (ii) the profile of asymptomatic probability was obtained based on observed temporal variation of symptom scores. Our derived estimates permitted evaluation of relationships between various model-derived and data-based estimations, allowing evaluation of trends proposed previously but not tested fully. As well as providing insights into the dynamics of viral shedding and symptom scores, a more profound understanding of influenza epidemiological parameters and determinants could enhance the viral kinetic studies of influenza during infection in the respiratory tracts of experimentally infected individuals.
Quasi-Messianism and the Disenchantment of Politics
Authors: van Kersbergen Kees
Published: November 2009

The study of political religion has focused on how religious structure and substance came to permeate grand political ideologies such as fascism and communism. The relevance of various relatively veiled forms of religion in modern day-to-day democratic politics has been undervalued and we therefore fail to appreciate to what extent, and how religious structure and substance have also penetrated conventional democratic politics. As a result, we do not comprehend that it is the progressive abolition of “quasi-messianism” in politics that is currently causing the existential problem of democracy, namely massive political disaffection. Quasi-messianism concerned the visionary anticipation of a better world that is attainable, here and in the distant, yet foreseeable future. This promise accorded politics an enchanting quality. Quite down-to-earth political ventures got charged with an inspiring and imaginative sense of purpose, direction, and meaning, but equally with this-worldly catalysts, which, in contrast to the political-religious grand utopias, were operational and practical. In this quality, some mass political projects or elite missions developed a capacity to enchant the political elite and the public alike. Hence the thesis that it is the disenchantment of politics, which lies at the heart of the contemporary phenomenon of waning political allegiance.