bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technology clusters: Using multidimensional scaling to evaluate and structure technology clusters
Authors: Vishwanath Arun , Chen Hao
Published: July 2006

Empirical evidence suggests that the ownership of related products that form a technology cluster is significantly better than the attributes of an innovation at predicting adoption. The treatment of technology clusters, however, has been ad hoc and study specific: Researchers often make a priori assumptions about the relationships between technologies and measure ownership using lists of functionally related technology, without any systematic reasoning. Hence, the authors set out to examine empirically the composition of technology clusters and the differences, if any, in clusters of technologies formed by adopters and nonadopters. Using the Galileo system of multidimensional scaling and the associational diffusion framework, the dissimilarities between 30 technology concepts were scored by adopters and nonadopters. Results indicate clear differences in conceptualization of clusters: Adopters tend to relate technologies based on their functional similarity; here, innovations are perceived to be complementary, and hence, adoption of one technology spurs the adoption of related technologies. On the other hand, nonadopters tend to relate technologies using a stricter ascendancy of association where the adoption of an innovation makes subsequent innovations redundant. The results question the measurement approaches and present an alternative methodology.
Author Cocitation Analysis is to intellectual structure as Web Colink Analysis is to …?
Authors: Zuccala Alesia
Published: July 2006

Author Cocitation Analysis (ACA) and Web Colink Analysis (WCA) are examined as sister techniques in the related fields of bibliometrics and webometrics. Comparisons are made between the two techniques based on their data retrieval, mapping, and interpretation procedures, using mathematics as the subject in focus. An ACA is carried out and interpreted for a group of participants (authors) involved in an Isaac Newton Institute (2000) workshop—Singularity Theory and Its Applications to Wave Propagation Theory and Dynamical Systems—and compared/contrasted with a WCA for a list of international mathematics research institute home pages on the Web. Although the practice of ACA may be used to inform a WCA, the two techniques do not share many elements in common. The most important departure between ACA and WCA exists at the interpretive stage when ACA maps become meaningful in light of citation theory, and WCA maps require interpretation based on hyperlink theory. Much of the research concerning link theory and motivations for linking is still new; therefore further studies based on colinking are needed, mainly map‐based studies, to understand what makes a Web colink structure meaningful.
Determination of molecular size and shape of hyperbranched polysaccharide in solution
Authors: Tao Yongzhen , Zhang Lina
Published: July 2006

The chemical structure of a water‐soluble polysaccharide, coded as TM3b, extracted from sclerotia of Pleurotus tuber‐rigium was analyzed to be a hyperbranched β‐D‐glucan with β‐(1→6), β‐(1→4), and β‐(1→3)–linked residues, with degree of branching (DB) of 57.6%. The results from size‐exclusion chromatography combined with laser light scattering (SEC–LLS) revealed that the hyperbranched polysaccharide easily aggregated in 0.15 M aqueous NaCl, whereas it dispersed as individual chains in DMSO. The weight‐average molecular weight (Mw), radius of gyration, intrinsic viscosity, and chain density of TM3b in DMSO and in 0.15 M aqueous NaCl were measured with SEC–LLS, LLS, and viscometry. The results indicated that single chains and aggregates with aggregation number of 12 coexisted in the aqueous solution, whereas individual molecules of TM3b occurred in DMSO. In view of the molecular parameters, the aggregates in aqueous solution exhibited more compact chain structure than the individual molecules in DMSO. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed that all of the aggregates and individual molecules exhibited spherical particles in the solutions. This work provided the valuable information of chain conformation and molecular morphology of the hyperbranched polysaccharide in different solvents. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 83:414–423, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Ten years later: where is our common future now?
Authors: Ketola Tarja
Published: July 2006

In 1996 a paper entitled ‘Where is our common future?’ in Sustainable Development maintained that the world's largest oil companies, the Seven Sisters, were two giant steps away from sustainable development in their 1993 environmental values, visions and policies. These factors matched the level of their business environment; hence, the Sisters had positioned themselves to meet the needs of their business environment, but not the needs of the ecological environment. This is a 10‐year follow‐up study of these findings.

The analysis of the 2003 environmental values, visions, business environment, general strategic management and environmental policies of the current Four Sisters – BP(Amoco), ChevronTexaco, ExxonMobil and Shell – indicates that these companies have moved one step towards sustainable development. However, their business environment has moved two steps, firmly rooting itself in ecocentric sustainable development – and now runs ahead of the Sisters in principle but not yet in practice.

In the long run, the Four Sisters need to exchange their technocentric values, traditional visions and conventional policies for ecocentric values, progressive visions and entrepreneurial policies to be able to participate in Our Common Future. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Influence of personality on ecological consumer behaviour
Authors: Fraj Elena , Martinez Eva
Published: July 2006

We have recently seen the appearance of many studies which attempt to discover the behaviour patterns of ecological consumers. For that reason, it seems necessary to analyse the variables that shape this consumer profile. In this study, we have focused on psychographic variables and, in particular, on personality features. Following a survey with a random sample of 573 individuals, we designed a theoretical model which included the Big‐Five Factor Structure scale and the environmental attitude dimension referred to as “actual commitment” to measure personality and ecological behaviour, respectively. We carried out several principal factor analyses in order to validate these scales and afterwards, we performed a structural equation analysis and a logit analysis. Findings support our hypotheses since they reveal that personality is a multifaceted concept, which is positively related to ecological behaviour. Firms should focus on those people who are characterised by personality features such as extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness in order to persuade them to demand their products.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consumer stress‐handling strategies: theory and research findings
Authors: Mathur Anil , Moschis George P , Lee Euehun
Published: July 2006

Although stress research has received increased attention in the behavioral and social sciences, it has been virtually ignored by marketing and consumer researchers. This paper attempts to advance the concept of stress as a viable construct in consumer studies. A conceptual model is developed based on theory and research, and cross‐sectional and longitudinal data are used to test specific hypotheses, producing results consistent with the general stress model.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does the introduction of the Euro have an effect on subjective hypotheses about the price‐quality relationship?
Authors: Molz Günter , Gielnik Michael
Published: July 2006

Product prices are often considered to be an indicator for quality. In our experiment we focussed on the question if consumers' hypotheses can be biased by exchanging the digits on price displays due to currency changes. We found that high numbers in a price expressed in terms of a currency with a relatively low value (German Mark) lead to a higher perceived quality level than an equivalent price expressed in terms of relatively high listed currency (Euro). Contrary to our expectations we could not prove that this effect is stronger for premium than for low‐budget products.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring and Expanding the Structural Diversity of Self‐Assembling Dendrons through Combinations of AB, Constitutional Isomeric AB2, and AB3 Biphenyl‐4‐Methyl Ether Building Blocks
Authors: Percec Virgil , Holerca Marian N. , Nummelin Sami , Morrison John J. , Glodde Martin , Smidrkal Jan , Peterca Mihai , Rosen Brad M. , Uchida Satoshi , Balagurusamy Venkatachalapathy S. K. , Sienkowska Monika J. , Heiney Paul A.
Published: July 2006

General, efficient and inexpensive methods for the synthesis of dendritic building blocks methyl 3′,4′‐dihydroxybiphenyl‐4‐carboxylate, 3′,5′‐dihydroxybiphenyl‐4‐carboxylate, and methyl 3′,4′,5′‐trihydroxybiphenyl‐4‐carboxylate were elaborated. In all syntheses the major step involved an inexpensive NiII‐catalyzed Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction. These three building blocks were employed together with methyl 4′‐hydroxybiphenyl‐4‐carboxylate in a convergent iterative strategy to synthesize seven libraries containing up to three generations of 3′,4′‐, 3′,5′‐, and 3′,4′,5′‐substituted biphenyl‐4‐methyl ether based amphiphilic dendrons. These dendrons self‐assemble into supramolecular dendrimers that self‐organize into periodic assemblies. Structural and retrostructural analysis of their assemblies demonstrated that these dendrons self‐assemble into hollow and non‐hollow supramolecular dendrimers exhibiting dimensions of up to twice those reported for architecturally related dendrons based on benzyl ether repeat units. These new dendrons expand the structural diversity and demonstrate the generality of the concept of self‐assembling dendrons based on amphiphilic arylmethyl ethers.
Pericyclic Reactions Involving Catalytic Metal–Vinylidene Complexes
Authors: Varela Jesús A. , Saá Carlos
Published: July 2006

The formation of complex polycyclic systems from terminal alkynes based on the concept of pericyclic reactions of catalytic metal–vinylidenes is presented. Metal–vinylidenes, easily formed from terminal alkynes with catalytic amounts of several metal complexes, can be used in electrocyclizations, cycloadditions or sigmatropic rearrangements to afford valuable compounds.
Separation and aquatic toxicity of enantiomers of the organophosphorus insecticide trichloronate
Authors: Liu Weiping , Lin Kunde , Gan Jianying
Published: July 2006

Many of the organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) currently used are chiral and therefore consist of mixture of enantiomers. Despite the fact that the biological processes of chiral pesticides are enantioselective, the acute aquatic toxicity of chiral OPs with respect to enantioselectivity has so far received limited research. In this study, the enantiomeric separation and acute aquatic toxicity of trichloronate were investigated. Baseline enantioseparation of trichloronate was successfully achieved using high‐performance liquid chromatography on a Chiralcel OJ column, with a mobile phase of n‐hexane/n‐heptane/ethanol (90/5/5, v/v/v) at the flow rate of 1.0 ml min−1 and room temperature. The resolved enantiomers were characterized for their optical rotation and by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Significant differences were found between the enantiomers in acute aquatic toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna. The (−)‐trichloronate was 8–11 times more toxic to the test organisms than its (+)‐form, while the racemate showed intermediate toxicity. These results suggest that assessment of the environmental safety of chiral OPs should take stereospecificity into consideration. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bladder cancer risk as modified by family history and smoking
Authors: Lin Jie , Spitz Margaret R. , Dinney Colin P. , Etzel Carol J. , Grossman H. Barton , Wu Xifeng
Published: July 2006

BACKGROUND.

The familial risk of bladder cancer (BC) is not well understood and, to date, little attention has been paid to the joint effect of smoking and family history in modifying the risk of BC. The authors investigated the role of family history in association with the risk of BC.

METHODS.

Case and control probands were identified as part of an on‐going BC case–control study. The relative risk associated with a family history of BC was estimated.

RESULTS.

In total, 713 cases and 658 controls were included. In a case–control analysis, compared with individuals who never smoked and who had no family history of BC, probands who had smoked and who also had a positive family history were at 5.31‐fold increased risk of BC (P for interaction = .04). The 713 case probands and the 658 controls reported 5160 and 4816 first‐degree relatives, respectively. Compared with never‐smoking relatives who had probands diagnosed with BC at an older age (age >65 years), ever‐smoking relatives who had probands diagnosed at a younger age (ages 40–65 years) showed a 6.89‐fold (95% confidence interval, from 2.25‐fold to 21.12‐fold) increased risk. Similar results were obtained for the joint effects of family history of BC and smoking.

CONCLUSIONS.

The current results indicated that a positive family history of BC may have interacted with smoking habits to increase the risk of BC in the study population. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Connecting EIA to environmental management systems: lessons from industrial estate developments in England
Authors: Slinn Paul , Handley John , Jay Stephen A.
Published: July 2006

This paper concerns the relationship between environmental assessment and environmental management systems in the context of recent industrial estate developments. Drawing on environmental statements and interviews with developers, an examination was carried out of the level of good practice in estate design and operation, and the way in which this was influenced by environmental impact assessment and environmental management systems. The study concludes that the environmental impact assessment system worked well within the context of land use planning, but that it failed to facilitate the planning of effective environmental management in practice, with the consequence that the projects examined failed to meet many of the good practice criteria against which they were tested. Finally, several recommendations are made to strengthen continuity between the two. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Chromosomal losses of regions on 5q and lack of high‐level amplifications at 8q24 are associated with favorable prognosis for ovarian serous carcinoma
Authors: Staebler Annette , Karberg Bianca , Behm Juliane , Kuhlmann Petra , Neubert Ulrike , Schmidt Hartmut , Korsching Eberhard , Bürger Horst , Lelle Ralph , Kiesel Ludwig , Böcker Werner , Shih Ie‐Ming , Buchweitz Olaf
Published: July 2006

In this study, we describe characteristic chromosomal alterations in a consecutive series of 96 serous ovarian tumors by comparative genomic hybridization. We analyze their association with different pathways of progression, histological grade, and clinical outcome. The most striking difference between low‐grade and high‐grade serous carcinomas was seen in a higher incidence of chromosomal gains at 3q and 20q and losses of 13q in the high‐grade carcinomas. In addition, high‐level amplifications were significantly more frequent in high‐grade carcinomas, specifically involving regions on 3q and 8q. Chromosomal amplifications of 19p and 19q and losses of 4q and 5q were among the most frequent changes found in both low‐grade and high‐grade carcinomas, distinguishing them from borderline tumors, which had very few recurrent alterations. The most significant impact on survival of patients with invasive carcinomas Stage II–IV was observed for high‐level amplifications of regions on 8q (mean overall survival (OS) 69 versus 27 months, P = 0.0006). Interestingly, low‐level gains on 8q do not show any impact compared to cases with no alteration. Surprisingly, chromosomal losses on 5q had a protective impact (mean OS 36 versus 76 months, P = 0.0007). Combination of both parameters resulted in two risk groups. Low risk: loss on 5q, no amplification on 8q (mean OS 84 months); high risk: no loss on 5q, amplification on 8q (mean OS 26 months). This difference is even more pronounced, if only cases with residual tumor of less than 2 cm are included, resulting in a 5‐year survival of 100% and 0% (P = 0.0005). © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combination of a rapamycin analog (CCI‐779) and interferon‐γ is more effective than single agents in treating a mouse model of tuberous sclerosis complex
Authors: Lee Laifong , Sudentas Paul , Dabora Sandra L.
Published: July 2006

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a familial tumor syndrome characterized by the development of hamartomas in the brain, heart, kidney, and skin. Disease‐causing mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 gene result in constitutive activation of the highly conserved mTOR signal transduction pathway, which regulates cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism. The mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin (sirolimus), reduces disease severity in rodent models of TSC, and is currently in phase II clinical trials. The cytokine interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) is another potential therapeutic agent for TSC. A high‐expressing IFN‐γ allele is associated with a lower frequency of kidney tumors in TSC patients, and treatment with exogenous IFN‐γ reduces the severity of TSC‐related disease in mouse models. Here, we examine the effects of treating tumor‐bearing nude mice with a combination of a rapamycin analog (CCI‐779) and IFN‐γ. We observed that combination therapy was more effective than single agent therapy in reducing tumor growth and improving survival in this mouse model of TSC. Immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses showed that tumors treated with CCI‐779 plus IFN‐γ had decreased cell proliferation and increased cell death in comparison with untreated tumors or tumors treated with either agent alone. We also observed that CCI‐779 resistance could develop with prolonged treatment. Taken together, our results show that targeting multiple cellular pathways is an effective strategy for treating TSC‐related tumors, and underscore the importance of investigating combination therapy in future clinical trials for patients with TSC. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High incidence of familial breast cancer segregates with constitutional t(11;22)(q23;q11)
Authors: Wieland Ilse , Muschke Petra , Volleth Marianne , Röpke Albrecht , Pelz Antje‐Friederike , Stumm Markus , Wieacker Peter
Published: July 2006

In a family with a high incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer and a case of glioblastoma, the constitutional translocation t(11;22)(q23;q11.2) was shown to segregate with the malignancies. The breakpoints in this family coincided with the common breakpoints in t(11;22) as shown by a translocation‐specific PCR assay. Loss of heterozygosity analysis of breast tumor tissue revealed deletion of the normal chromosome 22, but retention of der(22) in the tumor cells, suggesting a predisposing effect of the der(22) for breast and brain tumor development in this family. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) regulates astrocyte motility in connection with the actin cytoskeleton and integrins
Authors: Ogier Crystel , Bernard Anne , Chollet Anne‐Marie , LE Diguardher Thierry , Hanessian Stephen , Charton Gérard , Khrestchatisky Michel , Rivera Santiago
Published: July 2006

Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a role in migration of many cell types outside the central nervous system (CNS). Among neural cells, astrocytes are one of the main sources of MMPs in physiological and postlesional conditions. However, no data are available on the possible role of MMPs in astrocyte motility. Using an in vitro model of 2D migration and broad spectrum and selective MMP inhibitors, the authors demonstrated that MMP‐2, but not MMP‐9, is a key enzyme for astrocyte migration. In support of these data, the authors found constitutive expression of MMP‐2 in astrocytes, while MMP‐9 was nearly undetectable by gel zymography and immunocytochemical methods. The inhibition of migration by MMP inhibitors correlated with changes in cell morphology and in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. In parallel, the characteristic focalized distribution of MMP‐2 at the migration front observed in control cells became more diffuse and internalized by treatments that inhibited migration. The disruption of actin by cytochalasin D caused the partial recruitment of MMP‐2 and gelatinolytic activity into actin aggregates, indicating a connection between the proteinase and the actin cytoskeleton. Finally, the authors found a co‐localization of β1‐integrin with MMP‐2 at the leading edge of migrating astrocytes. Altogether, these data provide the first evidence for the implication of MMP‐2 in astrocyte motility, probably through the interaction of the proteinase with β1‐integrin that could act as a linker between pericellular proteolysis and the actin cytoskeleton. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epileptogenic roles of astroglial death and regeneration in the dentate gyrus of experimental temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Kang Tae‐Cheon , Kim Duk‐Soo , Kwak Sung‐Eun , Kim Ji‐Eun , Won Moo Ho , Kim Dae‐Won , Choi Soo‐Young , Kwon Oh‐Shin
Published: July 2006

Recent studies have demonstrated that blockade of neuronal death in the hippocampus cannot prevent epileptogenesis in various epileptic models. These reports indicate that neurodegeneration alone is insufficient to cause epilepsy, and that the role of astrocytes in epileptogenesis should be reconsidered. Therefore, the present study was designed to elucidate whether altered morphological organization or the functionalities of astrocytes induced by status epilepticus (SE) is responsible for epileptogenesis. Glial responses (reactive microgliosis followed by astroglial death) in the dentate gyrus induced by pilocarpine‐induced SE were found to precede neuronal damage and these alterations were closely related to abnormal neurotransmission related to altered vesicular glutamate and GABA transporter expressions, and mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate gyrus. In addition, newly generated astrocytes showed down‐regulated expressions of glutamine synthase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and glial GABA transporter. Taken together, our findings suggest that glial responses after SE may contribute to epileptogenesis and the acquisition of the properties of the epileptic hippocampus. Thus, we believe that it is worth considering new therapeutic approaches to epileptogenesis involving targeting the inactivation of microglia and protecting against astroglial loss. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insolvency, tax and liquidation distributions: dividends, capital gains and the dead hand of the past
Authors: Duns John , Glover John
Published: July 2006

Shareholders are normally entitled to the surplus, if any, which remains after a liquidator has paid off the company's creditors and discharged all of its outstanding liabilities. Surplus distribution to shareholders is an anticipated event in the liquidation of a solvent company. Shareholders in insolvent companies, by contrast, are likely to be pleasantly surprised to receive surpluses prior to the cancellation of failed investments. Taxation liabilities are likely to arise for the shareholders in both events—under independent and, to a degree, inconsistent regimes provided by the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Cwth) (‘ITAA36’) and the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (Cwth) (‘ITAA97’). This paper analyses Australian taxation of liquidation surpluses, noting historical factors and the approaches taken in four comparable tax jurisdictions. Company law applicable to liquidation surplus distributions is surveyed by way of introduction. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of the relative skin sensitization potency of siloranes and bis‐GMA using the local lymph node assay and QSAR predicted potency
Authors: Kostoryz E.L. , Zhu Q. , Zhao H. , Miller M. , Eick J.D.
Published: July 2006

Siloranes are silicon and oxirane (epoxy) containing monomers used for new dental composite development. The siloranes 3,4‐epoxycyclohexylethyl‐cyclopolymethylsiloxane (Tet‐Sil) and bis‐3,4‐epoxycyclohexylethyl‐phenyl‐methylsilane (Ph‐Sil) have in common cycloaliphatic epoxy moieties. The epoxy group is of concern in their biocompatibility since most epoxy compounds are known skin sensitizers. The objective of this study was to determine the in vivo skin sensitization potency of the siloranes in the local lymph node assay. A comparison was made with well‐known chemical allergens, bis‐GMA and DNCB. Female mice (CBA/CaJ) were exposed topically (dorsum of both ears) to several doses of acetone:olive oil in the ratio of 4:1 v/v. Doses were defined by a predictive structure‐activity model (QSAR) for contact sensitization. Lymph node cell (LNC) proliferation was measured on the sixth day by incorporation of radioactive thymidine into DNA of lymph node cells. The effective concentration (EC3) that produced a 3‐fold stimulation in LNC proliferation relative to controls was extrapolated from dose‐response curves. DNCB was a strong sensitizer (EC3 = 0.06%). The EC3 values of Ph‐Sil and bis‐GMA were 19% and 45%, respectively, making these weak contact sensitizers. Tet‐Sil did not increase lymph node proliferation when compared with controls. In contrast to Tet‐Sil, the unpolymerized monomers Ph‐Sil and bis‐GMA have the capacity to induce LNC proliferation, characteristic of a T‐cell mediated skin contact sensitization. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Biomaterial‐based notch signaling for the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into T cells
Authors: Taqvi Sabia , Dixit Lena , Roy Krishnendu
Published: July 2006

Thymocyte development takes place in a complex milieu of supportive cells and ECM that are responsible for the proliferation, adhesion, migration, and selection processes these cells undergo before reaching maturity. In recent years, the role of notch signaling in lymphocyte development, specifically T‐cell development, has been extensively characterized. Although notch ligand mediated signals have been shown to be a necessary component of T‐cell generation from stem cells, high‐throughput, synthetic biomaterial‐based systems for notch‐directed stem‐cell differentiation into lymphocytes are yet to be reported. Here, we present a microbead‐based, artificial notch signaling system to study stem‐cell differentiation into the T‐cell lineage. Magnetic microbeads were functionalized with the notch ligand DLL4 using streptavidin‐biotin binding and antibody–antigen coupling. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry analysis indicated ∼65% conjugation efficiency. Efficient notch signaling through these functionalized microbeads was demonstrated through a myotube inhibition assay in C2C12 myoblasts. Thy1.2+ early T cells were successfully generated from mouse bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (BMHSCs) using DLL4 functionalized beads using both insert‐based and mixed stromal cell (OP9) coculture conditions, indicating that stem cell–stromal cell physical contact is not necessary for DLL4 directed T‐cell differentiation. Coculture studies with bead‐to‐cell ratios of 1:1 generated higher T‐cell differentiation efficiencies, compared to bead‐to‐cell ratios of 5:1. These data demonstrate the promising potential of this biomaterial‐based notch signaling system to generate T cells from stem cells and to elucidate the molecular interactions in T‐cell development. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Naked Sendai virus vector lacking all of the envelope‐related genes: reduced cytopathogenicity and immunogenicity
Authors: Yoshizaki Mariko , Hironaka Takashi , Iwasaki Hitoshi , Ban Hiroshi , Tokusumi Yumiko , Iida Akihiro , Nagai Yoshiyuki , Hasegawa Mamoru , Inoue Makoto
Published: July 2006

Background

Sendai virus (SeV) is a new class of cytoplasmic RNA vector that is free from genotoxicity that infects and multiplies in most mammalian cells, and directs high‐level transgene expression. We improved the vector by deleting all of the envelope‐related genes from the SeV genome and thus reducing its immunogenicity.

Methods

The matrix (M), fusion (F) and hemagglutinin‐neuraminidase (HN) genes‐deleted SeV vector (SeV/ΔMΔFΔHN) was recovered in a newly established packaging cell line. Then, the generated SeV/ΔMΔFΔHN vector was characterised by comparing with single gene‐deleted type SeV vectors.

Results

This SeV/ΔMΔFΔHN vector carrying the green fluorescent protein gene in place of the envelope‐related genes could be propagated to a titer of more than 108 cell infectious units/ml. This vector showed an efficient transduction capability in vitro and in vivo, and the cytopathic effect and induction of neutralizing antibody in vivo were greatly reduced compared with those of single gene‐deleted type SeV vectors. No activity of neutralizing antibody or anti‐HN antibody was seen when SeV/ΔMΔFΔHN was transduced ex vivo. Additional introduction of amino acid mutations that had been identified from SeV strains causing persistent infections was also effective for the reduction of cytopathic effects.

Conclusions

The deletion of genes from the SeV genome and the additional mutation are very effective for reducing both the immunogenic and cytopathic reactions to the SeV vector. These modifications are expected to improve the safety and broaden the range of clinical applications of this new class of cytoplasmic RNA vector. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Degree of Branching of Highly Branched Polyurethanes Synthesized via the Oligomeric A2 Plus B3 Methodology
Authors: Fornof Ann R. , Glass Thomas E. , Long Timothy E.
Published: July 2006

Summary: The oligomeric A2 plus monomeric B3 synthetic methodology provided highly branched, poly(ether urethane)s based on TMP (B3) and isocyanate endcapped polyethers. 13C NMR spectroscopic assignments for the branched polyurethanes were verified using model urethane‐containing compounds based on TMP and a monofunctional isocyanate (either cyclohexyl or phenyl isocyanate (PI)). Derivatization of hydroxyl endgroups with trifluoroacetic anhydride enhanced the 13C NMR resolution in spectra for branched polyurethanes. The 13C NMR resonance for the linear unit exhibited a broad shoulder due to quaternary carbons that were attributed to cyclic species in the highly branched polyurethanes. The classical DB calculation revealed the efficiency of the B3 monomer for branching; however, an equation that incorporated the linear contribution of the A2 oligomer provided a more accurate DB for highly branched polyurethanes.

SEC chromatograms for increasing addition of A2.

magnified image

SEC chromatograms for increasing addition of A2.
Poly(aspartic acid) Super‐Absorbent Resin Produced by Chemical Crosslinking and Physical Freeze/Thawing
Authors: Zhao Ying , Tan Tianwei
Published: July 2006

Summary: Novel crosslinked poly(aspartic acid) super‐absorbent resins have been prepared using a chemical crosslinking agent and a freeze/thawing technique. This resin shows improved swelling behaviors as a result of the crystallization that serves as the physical crosslink. For further identification of microstructures and properties, SEM, DSC, X‐ray diffraction, and FT‐IR analyses have been used. To a certain extent, final structures and properties can be controlled by regulating the freeze/thawing conditions, including not only the number of freeze/thawing cycles, but also the temperature and time of both freezing and subsequent thawing. Its swelling behavior is significantly influenced by environmental conditions, such as ionic strength. Furthermore, the swelling ratio is also investigated in various physiological solutions.

Swelling ratios of the novel PAsp super‐absorbers obtained with increasing number of freeze/thawing cycles.

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Swelling ratios of the novel PAsp super‐absorbers obtained with increasing number of freeze/thawing cycles.
Glass Transition Temperature and Chain Flexibility of Ethylene‐Norbornene Copolymers from Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Carbone Paola , Rapallo Arnaldo , Ragazzi Massimo , Tritto Incoronata , Ferro Dino R.
Published: July 2006

Summary: Model chains of ethylene‐norbornene copolymers were built up using the results of 13C NMR spectral analysis of copolymer samples synthesized with metallocene‐based catalysts. Our models statistically reproduce the microstructure, composition, and tacticity of the copolymer chains of experimental samples. They were used to test if MD simulations are suitable to investigate the relationships between microstructure and macroscopic properties. In particular, MD simulations were applied to calculate the glass transition temperature and to study the chain flexibility by the analysis of ACF of specific virtual bonds. Plots of specific volume versus temperature computed for models of four copolymer samples having different microstructures and norbornene contents yield Tg values in good agreement with experiments. Moreover, comparison of the ACFs provides some qualitative indications about the relationship between chain stereochemistry and Tg.

ACF functions of the virtual bonds with microstructures NENE (bottom) and ENNE (top).

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ACF functions of the virtual bonds with microstructures NENE (bottom) and ENNE (top).
Baltic amber harvestman types (Arachnida: Opiliones: Eupnoi and Dyspnoi)
Authors: Dunlop J. A.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Baltic amber eupnoid and dyspnoid types (Arachnida: Opiliones) in the Berendt collection are redescribed from their repository in the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin. Type specimens of Caddo dentipalpis (Koch & Berendt, 1854), Dicranopalpus ramiger (Koch & Berendt, 1854), Nemastoma (?) incertum Koch & Berendt, 1854, Mitostoma (?) denticulatum (Koch & Berendt, 1854) and Histricostoma (?) tuberculatum (Koch & Berendt, 1854) are all redescribed and the first photographs and camera lucida drawings of this material are presented. N.  (?) incertum is removed from synonymy with M.  (?) denticulatum. The status of the other Baltic amber harvestman types and their affinities are discussed. The type of Sabacon bachofeni Roewer, 1939 (= S. claviger (Menge, 1854)) held in the Bavarian State collection, Munich is also redescribed here, but the repository of three other Roewer harvestman types and all of Menge’s types remains uncertain. The problematic Cheiromachus coriaceus Menge, 1854 is considered a nomen dubium, as is Phalangium succineum Presl, 1822, which may not even be a harvestman. Typenmaterial der Weberknecht-Gruppen Eupnoi und Dyspnoi (Arachnida: Opiliones) vom Baltischen Bernstein aus der Berendt-Sammlung des Museums für Naturkunde Berlin wurde bearbeitet. Dabei wurde das Typusmaterial von Caddo dentipalpis (Koch & Berendt, 1854), Dicranopalpus ramiger (Koch & Berendt, 1854), Nemastoma (?) incertum Koch & Berendt, 1854, Mitostoma (?) denticulatum (Koch & Berendt, 1854) und Histricostoma (?) tuberculatum (Koch & Berendt, 1854) revidiert und die ersten Fotografien und camera lucida-Zeichnungen dieses Materials hergestellt. N.  (?) incertum wurde aus der Synonymie von M.  (?) denticulatum herausgenommen. Der Status der anderen Weberknecht Typen aus dem Baltischen Bernstein und ihre Stellung werden diskutiert. Sabacon bachofeni Roewer, 1939 (= S. claviger (Menge, 1854)) wird anhand des Holotypus aus der Bayerischen Staatssammlung München wiederbeschrieben. Der Aufbewahrungsort dreier weiterer Weberknecht-Typen von Roewer und sämtlicher Typen von Menge bleibt weiterhin unklar. Der problematische Cheiromachus coriaceus Menge, 1854 wird als nomen dubium interpretiert; gleiches gilt fürPhalangium succineum Presl, 1822, welcher vielleicht gar kein Weberknecht ist. doi:10.1002/mmng.200600006
The ammonoids from the Three Forks Shale (Late Devonian) of Montana
Authors: Korn D. , Titus A.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The ammonoid fauna from the Late Devonian Three Forks Shale of Montana is revised. Six taxa were recognised, which belong to the genera Tornoceras, Pernoceras, Raymondiceras, Platyclymenia, Pleuroclymenia, and Carinoclymenia. The ammonoid assemblage suggests a stratigraphic position within the middle Famennian, most probably the Platyclymenia annulata Zone. The ammonoids display extreme septal crowding in intermediate as well as adult growth stages, which can be regarded as evidence for instable palaeoecological conditions during lifetime of the animals. Die Ammonoideenfauna aus dem oberdevonischen Three Forks Shale von Montana wird revidiert. Sechs Taxa werden unterschieden; sie gehören zu den Gattungen Tornoceras, Pernoceras, Raymondiceras, Platyclymenia, Pleuroclymenia und Carinoclymenia. Die Ammonoideen-Vergesellschaftung spricht für eine stratigraphische Position im mittleren Famennium, wahrscheinlich in der Platyclymenia annulata Zone. Die Ammonoideen zeigen auffällige Drängung der Septen in intermediären und adulten Wachstumsstadien, die als Hinweis auf instabile Lebensbedingungen für die Tiere gewertet werden kann. doi:10.1002/mmng.200600008
Gymnosperms from the Early Cretaceous Crato Formation (Brazil). II. Cheirolepidiaceae
Authors: Kunzmann L. , Mohr B. A. R. , Bernardes-de-Oliveira M. E. C. , Wilde V.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Conifers are common in the Early Cretaceous Crato flora. Sterile foliage shoots of several morphotypes occur. Good preservation of several of these specimens allows detailed morphological and anatomical studies. Based on these characters, two taxa of Cheirolepidiaceae, Tomaxellia biforme and Frenelopsis sp., are identified. The palaeogeographic distribution of the genus Tomaxellia currently extends from southern South America northwards to the palaeoequatorial region. The morphological and anatomical characters of both taxa might be interpreted as adaptations to a warm and temporarily dry palaeoclimate, however their habitat can not be reconstructed yet, due to scarcity of the remains. Koniferen stellen eine wesentliche Komponente der unterkretazischen Crato-Flora dar. Es kommen sterile beblätterte Zweige verschiedener Morphotypen vor. Die gute Erhaltung einiger dieser Fossilreste lässt detaillierte morphologisch-anatomische Untersuchungen zu. Auf der Basis solcher Merkmale wurden zwei Taxa der Cheirolepidiaceae, Tomaxellia biforme und Frenelopsis sp., identifiziert. Das Areal der Gattung Tomaxellia wird damit vom südlichen Südamerika nordwärts, in die paläoäquatoriale Region erweitert. Morphologische und anatomische Merkmale beider Taxa können als Anpassungserscheinungen an ein warmes und periodisch trockenes Paläoklima interpretiert werden. Auf Grund des seltenen Vorkommens solcher Fossilreste können noch keine Angaben zu ihrem ehemaligen Habitat gemacht werden. doi:10.1002/mmng.200600009
A brachiosaurid sauropod from the Late Jurassic Cañadón Calcáreo Formation of Chubut, Argentina
Authors: Rauhut O. W. M.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Fragmentary sauropod remains from the Late Jurassic (Tithonian) Cañadón Calcáreo Formation of Chubut, Argentinean Patagonia, are derived from a taxon of large size, but with very slender forelimbs. The characters of the caudal vertebrae, such as anteriorly placed neural arches, slender forelimbs, and large deltopectoral crest of the humerus indicate that this material represents the first brachiosaurid sauropod reported from South America. This occurrence confirms an almost global distribution of brachiosaurids in the Late Jurassic and thus indicates a rapid diversification and dispersal of this group after its origin, presumable in the late Middle Jurassic. Fragmentarische Sauropoden-Reste aus der oberjurassischen Cañadón Calcáreo Formation (Tithon) in Chubut, argentinisches Patagonien, repräsentieren ein großes Taxon mit sehr schlanken Extremitäten. Die Charakteristika der Schwanzwirbel, wie etwa die vorne auf den Centra sitzenden Neuralbögen, schlanke Vorderextremitäten und der sehr gut entwickelte Deltopectoral-Kamm auf dem Humerus deuten darauf hin, dass es sich um den ersten Nachweis eines Brachiosauriden aus Südamerika handelt. Dieser Nachweis betont die offenbar fast globale Verbreitung dieser Gruppe im oberen Jura und deutet auf ein rasche Verbreitung und Diversifikation dieser Gruppe nach ihrer Entstehung, vermutlich im späten Mitteljura hin. doi:10.1002/mmng.200600010
Freshwater actinopterygians of the Los Rastros Formation (Triassic), Bermejo Basin, Argentina
Authors: López-Arbarello A. , Rogers R. , Puerta P.
Published: July 2006

Abstract. The present paper includes detailed descriptions of all fossil fishes known from the Los Rastros Formation (Ladinian; Bermejo Basin, Argentina). Four taxa are identified: Gualolepis carinaesquamosa  n. gen. n. sp., Rastrolepis  n. gen. with two species R . riojaensis n. sp. and R. latipinnata n. sp., and Challaiaelongata n. comb. Gualolepis  n. gen. and Rastrolepis n. gen. are incertae sedis actinopterygians. The opercular bones of Gualolepis resemble those in peipiaosteid acipenseriforms and the fish might be related with the Chondrostei. The most distinctive features of Rastrolepis are the narrow opercular region and the presence of a very large plate-like branchiostegal bone resembling the condition in the Redfieldiiformes. Challaiaelongata, originally described in the Australian genus Myriolepis, is here refered to the genus Challaia, previously known from the nearby Cuyo Basin and representing the first fish taxon common to both continental sequences. Furthermore, Challaia is shown to be a member of the Acrolepidae and represents the youngest record of the family in Gondwana. Alle fossilen Fische, die bisher von der Los Rastros Formation (Ladin; Bermejo-Becken, Argentinien) bekannt sind, werden im Detail beschrieben. Vier Taxa können identifiziert werden: Gualolepis carinaesquamosa  n. gen. n. sp., Rastrolepis  n. gen., mit zwei Arten, R . riojaensis  n. sp. und R . latipinnata  n. sp., und Challaiaelongata comb. nov. Gualolepis  n. gen. und Rastrolepis  n. gen. Actynopterygier unsicherer systematischer Stellung. Die Operkular-Knochen von Gualolepis ähneln jenen der peipiaosteiden Acipenseriformen und das Taxon mag mit den Chondrostei verwandt sein. Die auffälligsten Merkmale von Rastrolepis sind die sehr schmale Operkularregion und das Vorhandensein eines sehr großen, plattigen Branchiostegale, das dem Zustand in Redfieldiiformen ähnelt. Challaiaelongata, ursprünglich zu der australischen Gattung Myriolepis gestellt, wird hier der Gattung Challaia zugeordnet, die bisher nur aus dem nahegelegenen Cuyo-Becken bekannt war und repräsentiert somit das erste Fisch-Taxon, das in beiden Sequenzen vorkommt. Zudem kann gezeigt werden, dass Challaia zu den Acrolepidae gehört und somit den jüngsten Nachweis dieser Gruppe in Gondwana darstellt. doi:10.1002/mmng.200600011
Capacity allocation with traditional and Internet channels
Authors: Dai Yue , Chao Xiuli , Fang Shu‐Cherng , Nuttle Henry L.W.
Published: July 2006

In this paper we study a capacity allocation problem for two firms, each of which has a local store and an online store. Customers may shift among the stores upon encountering a stockout. One question facing each firm is how to allocate its finite capacity (i.e., inventory) between its local and online stores. One firm's allocation affects the decision of the rival, thereby creating a strategic interaction. We consider two scenarios of a single‐product single‐period model and derive corresponding existence and stability conditions for a Nash equilibrium. We then conduct sensitivity analysis of the equilibrium solution with respect to price and cost parameters. We also prove the existence of a Nash equilibrium for a generalized model in which each firm has multiple local stores and a single online store. Finally, we extend the results to a multi‐period model in which each firm decides its total capacity and allocates this capacity between its local and online stores. A myopic solution is derived and shown to be a Nash equilibrium solution of a corresponding “sequential game.” © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006
A logistic regression/Markov chain model for NCAA basketball
Authors: Kvam Paul , Sokol Joel S.
Published: July 2006

Each year, more than $3 billion is wagered on the NCAA Division 1 men's basketball tournament. Most of that money is wagered in pools where the object is to correctly predict winners of each game, with emphasis on the last four teams remaining (the Final Four). In this paper, we present a combined logistic regression/Markov chain model for predicting the outcome of NCAA tournament games given only basic input data. Over the past 6 years, our model has been significantly more successful than the other common methods such as tournament seedings, the AP and ESPN/USA Today polls, the RPI, and the Sagarin and Massey ratings. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006.
Optimal maintenance policies for serial, multi‐machine systems with non‐instantaneous repairs
Authors: Maillart Lisa M. , Fang Xiang
Published: July 2006

We study optimal age‐replacement policies for machines in series with non‐instantaneous repair times by formulating two nonlinear programs: one that minimizes total cost‐rate subject to a steady‐state throughput requirement and another that maximizes steady‐state throughput subject to a cost‐rate budget constraint. Under reasonable assumptions, the single‐machine cost‐optimal and throughput‐optimal solutions are unique and orderable, and the multi‐machine optimal solutions have appealing structure. Furthermore, we establish equivalence between the two formulations and provide an illustrative numerical example. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006
Effects of cueing in cooperative search
Authors: Jeffcoat David E. , Krokhmal Pavlo A. , Zhupanska Olesya I.
Published: July 2006

We consider the effects of cueing in a cooperative search mission that involves several autonomous agents. Two scenarios are discussed: one in which the search is conducted by a number of identical search‐and‐engage vehicles and one where these vehicles are assisted by a search‐only (reconnaissance) asset. The cooperation between the autonomous agents is facilitated via cueing, i.e., the information transmitted to the agents by a searcher that has just detected a target. The effect of cueing on the target detection probability is derived from first principles using a Markov chain analysis. In particular, it is demonstrated that the benefit of cueing on the system's effectiveness is bounded. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2006
Inventory control and periodic price discounting campaigns
Authors: Chaouch Ben A.
Published: July 2006

This paper develops an inventory model that determines replenishment strategies for buyers facing situations in which sellers offer price‐discounting campaigns at random times as a way to drive sales or clear excess inventory. Specifically, the model deals with the inventory of a single item that is maintained to meet a constant demand over time. The item can be purchased at two different prices denoted high and low. We assume that the low price goes into effect at random points in time following an exponential distribution and lasts for a random length of time following another exponential distribution. We highlight a replenishment strategy that will lead to the lowest inventory holding and ordering costs possible. This strategy is to replenish inventory only when current levels are below a certain threshold when the low price is offered and the replenishment is to a higher order‐up‐to level than the one currently in use when inventory depletes to zero and the price is high. Our analysis provides new insight into the behavior of the optimal replenishment strategy in response to changes in the ratio of purchase prices together with changes in the ratio of the duration of a low‐price period to that of a high‐price period. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007.