bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Measurement of Air Flow in Fan Inlet and Discharge Ducts
Authors: Marks Lionel S.
Published: February 2023

This paper is devoted to a proposed method for determining the volume of air handled by any fan which is provided with either inlet or discharge ducts. The proposal is to use pitot tubes for capacities near the wide-open condition and square-edged inlet or discharge orifices for lower capacities down to the no-flow condition. To make the pitot-tube measurements accurate, a standard form of pitot tube is suggested, based on the investigations of Ower and the unpublished researches of Merriam and Spaulding at Worcester Polytechnic Institute. The coefficients of Ebaugh and Whitfield are suggested for use with inlet orifices, while those of Stach are suggested for discharge orifices used with flange pressure taps on the approach side. The alternative procedure of using an impact tube with the discharge orifice is discussed, but coefficients are not as yet available.
The Definition of the Quantity-Head Characteristic of Fans
Authors: Stuart M. C. , Somers W. E.
Published: February 2023

The purpose of a fan characteristic is to delineate useful information regarding the performance of a fan in its installation. Specifically, the quantity-head characteristic shows the quantity of air delivered against a certain resistance in the intended installation. The authors discuss the set up of four basic arrangements of fan types and installations, and describe three currently used fan-head definitions. The definitions of fan head are evaluated, the fan head being defined as the discharge static head minus the inlet total head. A primary arrangement of each type of fan is described and a single primary quantity-head characteristic for each type of fan is defined. If a fan is installed in any arrangement other than its primary one, the primary characteristic cannot be assumed to apply, but a separate test must be conducted to determine its characteristic in its intended arrangement. Results of complete tests of a fan installed in its four possible arrangements are given to illustrate the principles which are set forth.
Drying Problems of the Ceramic Industry
Authors: Carruthers John L.
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this paper is to outline and discuss the various problems encountered in designing and operating ceramic-drying systems, and to indicate the several methods that may be used in attacking the more difficult problems that arise.

The process of drying clay wares may be a relatively simple one or it may be quite complex. This is due to (1) wide variations in production requirements in different industries, (2) extreme differences in the physical characteristics of clay bodies used, and (3) various sizes and shapes of different products. In many cases, the methods and equipment used may appear to be very slow and inefficient when considered in the light of modern drying practice. Their use is generally justified, however, when all factors are taken into consideration. However, this does not imply that all present systems are best suited for their particular task.

The problems discussed in the paper center around the development, maintenance, and determination of safe, rapid, and economical drying rates and the reduction or prevention of ware losses in order to increase drying and manufacturing efficiencies.
Cavitation Testing of Model Hydraulic Turbines and Its Bearing on Design and Operation
Authors: Davis L. M.
Published: February 2023

The author discusses cavitation tests made with model turbines at the Holtwood hydraulic laboratory of the Pennsylvania Water and Power Company and points out benefits which have been realized therefrom. In addition to presenting the results of these tests the author compares them with results obtained by other investigators in this field. The author presents his views regarding the further application of the equipment in the Holtwood laboratory for the purpose of investigating various elements in the design of turbines which may have some bearing on their cavitation characteristics. He points out the need of coordinating the results of cavitation investigations now being conducted in various laboratories so that the industry as a whole may be benefited thereby.
An Experimental Investigation of Heat Absorption in Boiler Furnaces
Authors: Wohlenberg W. J. , Mullikin H. F. , Armacost W. H. , Gordon C. W.
Published: February 2023

This paper is a report of the A.S.M.E. Committee on Absorption of Radiant Heat in Boiler Furnaces and includes test data obtained on ten boilers in different power plants in the United States. It involves stoker-fired, pulverized-fuel, and oil- and gas-fired units with various combinations of refractory and water-cooled furnaces. The data include furnace-exit gas temperatures as measured by means of the high-velocity thermocouple. These temperatures are used to determine the fraction of heat input to the furnace that was absorbed in its walls.
Engineering Problems in Aircraft Operation at High Altitudes
Authors: Johnson R. E. , Gagg R. F.
Published: February 2023

The authors review the capabilities of the typical modern airplane for high-altitude operation and present the restrictions of the power plant of the modern airplane which prevent it from delivering its normal output at high altitudes. The paper also discusses the improvements in the aerodynamic characteristics of the airplane as well as changes in the power-plant design and the progress achieved in cruising operation at high altitudes within the limitations imposed by passenger comfort and safety. The authors evaluate further possible gains which may result from an extension of this trend, and examine the engineering problems involved in both the airplane and the engine.
Distribution of Air to Underfeed Stokers
Authors: Griswold A. S. , Macomber H. E.
Published: February 2023

The development of the underfeed stoker in coal-burning capacity has with few exceptions kept pace with the growth of large boiler units. The ability to continue further the increase in the amount of coal which can be successfully burned will depend greatly upon the solution of the problem of air distribution.

Because of the physical movement and progress of the fuel on an underfeed stoker, and the changes which take place during combustion, the fuel bed presents a progressively varying resistance to air flow, and the quantitative proportioning of air as regulated by fuel-bed resistance alone may be other than that desirable for the most efficient combustion.

As the result of many experiments, metered-air-control systems, which supplement the action of the fuel bed and control the air supplied to a large number of fuel-bed subdivisions on a quantitative basis, have been developed. They are successful both from the standpoint of an operating mechanism and from the results attained.

The installations described provide an appreciable improvement in combustion efficiency under test conditions and a small but measurable improvement in daily operation. Smoking is almost entirely eliminated. Stoker-maintenance expense is reduced and availability is increased. The most important feature is the ability to maintain higher coal-burning rates, which, in some instances, may lead to important reduction in boiler-plant investment.
Power Requirements and Mechanical Features of Textile-Printing Machines
Authors: Hope R. DeVere
Published: February 2023

The author presents in this paper the essential mechanical features and power requirements of textile-printing machines. Among the mechanical features the author discusses and compares the design and assembly of the principal parts of new- and old-type machines and gives the relation between printing speeds and types of fabrics being printed. Regarding power requirements, the paper includes (a) reasons for the application of electric-motor drives, (b) an analysis of a-c and d-c motor drives, and (c) the effect of both types of drive and their control apparatus on the product of the machines and on the operating cost of the plant. Operating test data obtained on textile-printing machines in normal operation are presented in the appendix.
The Torque and Thrust of Small Drills Operating in Various Metals
Authors: Boston O. W. , Gilbert W. W.
Published: February 2023

This paper presents the results of a detailed study in which torque and thrust were recorded when drilling with small drills ranging from 1/8 in. to 1/2 in. in diameter. The influence of cutting speed on the value of torque and thrust when cutting a low-carbon steel with a 1-to-16 emulsion is shown to be appreciable at the lower speeds but negligible in the higher ranges of speeds. The torque and thrust values are shown to be reduced slightly for increased values of helix when drilling low-carbon steel with drills of 5/32 in. diameter having helix angles ranging from 21 to 40 deg. It is shown that the greatest factor of safety, as represented by breaking strength over operating torque, is obtained when the helix angle is about 36 deg.

Another series of tests reported in this paper shows that the torque and thrust are increased as the web thickness of 23-deg helix drills of 5/32 in. diameter is increased from 0.029 to 0.043 in. The factor of safety is reduced as the web thickness is increased.

Extensive data for torque and thrust for drill sizes ranging from 1/8 in. to 1/2 in. are given when drilling nine ferrous and nonferrous metals. These data are then correlated with corresponding torque and thrust values for the same metals previously reported (1, 2, 3,) for larger diameter drills.
The Direct Firing of Pulverized Anthracite Silt
Authors: Frisch Martin
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this paper is to describe a recent development in the art of burning pulverized fuels. It is now commercially practicable for the first time to substitute for the bin-and-feeder, or storage, system a simpler and less costly direct-firing, or unit, system for burning pulverized anthracite culms and silts heretofore considered unsuitable and unmarketable as fuels.
Boundary-Layer Flow Over Flat and Concave Surfaces
Authors: Blaisdell Allen H.
Published: February 2023

Boundary-layer characteristics are of interest not only because of their effect on airplane wing drag and lift, but also because of their intimate relation to the “interference drag” which so far has received relatively little attention from the standpoint of boundary flow. For this reason the author encouraged Charles B. Lyman, a postgraduate student at the Carnegie Institute of Technology, to initiate experimental work which might lead to this objective. Accordingly, the contents of this paper are based on the results of this thesis investigation which was carried out under the general supervision of the author during the college year 1934–1935. Due to lack of space and time many of the test data cannot be presented, but an attempt will be made to cover the more important and interesting results of the investigation.
Failure of Metals Due to Cavitation Under Experimental Conditions
Authors: Boetcher H. N.
Published: February 2023

The author is discussing cavitation experiments conducted at the Holtwood laboratory of the Safe Harbor Water Power Corporation and shows that metallurgical examination supports the results of hydraulic research in so far as the mechanical character of cavitation is concerned. This support is given by indicative Rockwell hardness tests which show, with many metals, appreciable hardening of the surface affected by cavitation, by strain lines in copper alloys and austenitic steels, and by the type of failure. The author points out that the small area affected by the individual blows and the characteristics of the blows result in particular conditions which would justify the use of a special term for this type of attack, such as “cavitation fatigue.” He concludes that in order to have high resistance against cavitation fatigue, the metal should have high corrosive resistance in the water in which it is used, and physical and metallurgical properties which result in high fatigue resistance.
Plunger Lift for Pumping Deep Wells
Authors: Fletcher H. W.
Published: February 2023

Conditions in the operation of deep wells are unfavorable in general to the economical performance of displacement pumps. The plunger-lift method of raising oil from deep wells avoids high operating pressures and close-fitting moving parts, and therefore reduces maintenance, the chief expense item in the handling of pumping properties. This equipment, operating on relatively low gas pressures, is well adapted to supplement gas-lift installations and in general utilize the initial investment in such auxiliary equipment as compressors, separators, and piping to produce the property down to the point of abandonment. The plunger lift is so designed that high working stresses are eliminated, thus avoiding rapid deterioration and resulting in nearly 100 per cent salvage value. Field tests indicate that a material reduction in lifting costs can be obtained by the use of this pumping method.
Development of the Air-Float Method of Gravity Separation
Authors: Slaymaker R. R.
Published: February 2023

The author gives the historical background and reviews the development of the air-float or pneumatic type of gravity separator used by the producers of such commodities as seed, beans, peas, peanuts, rice, wheat, coffee, cork, and coal. The principle of this type of separator is based on the fact that when particles of approximately the same size but of varying densities are fed over a porous table through which air is being blown at a velocity such that the lightest particles are held at the point of suspension, there is a tendency to stratify the mass with the heaviest particles nearest the table and the lightest particles farthest above the table. When in addition, the table is given a motion similar to that of a grasshopper conveyor, the heavy stock will climb the conveyor faster than the light stock, thus grading the particles from light to heavy all along the table.

The first machine described by the author is an electrostatic separator which was designed to concentrate dry placer consisting chiefly of silica, iron oxide, and free gold. This first design was discarded because of low capacity, and a pneumatic jig was designed with an inclined conveyor belt of porous material across which wooden cleats were fastened. A chance inspection of the Wilfley table, a wet-process concentrator, led inventors Sutton, Steele and Steele to use a flat reciprocating conveyor instead of the belt conveyor in their pneumatic jig. A demand for increased capacity of the latter design, which has constantly been improved, has led to the steadily enlarging field for the application of the air-float gravity separator.
Arc Welding of Structural Alloy Steels
Authors: Warner W. L.
Published: February 2023

The author discusses the effect of welding heat on different structural alloy steels. This heat effect, expressed in terms of Vickers Brinell hardness, is affected by the physical and chemical properties of both the parent metal and the electrode used. The author presents graphs showing the extent of the effect of these properties on the welded structure and on the weldability of the material.
The Welding of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Hoglund G. O.
Published: February 2023

The author discusses the use of gas, metallic-arc, and electric-resistance welding of aluminum but points out that although other forms of welding are applicable to the fabrication of aluminum products, none as yet are of commercial significance. The author includes references to the types and gages of aluminum alloys suitable for welding, the difficulties encountered in welding the alloys, the types of equipment used in the welding processes, and methods in use for the fabrication of aluminum products. He also mentions some of the industrial applications where welded-aluminum products can be used profitably.
Hydraulic-Laboratory Projects of the Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army
Authors: Falkner F. H.
Published: February 2023

Probably no other single engineering unit has had the privilege in recent years of undertaking a program of experimental hydraulics as broad in scope and as extensive in application as that carried on by the Engineer Department of the U. S. Army. The breadth of the program, involving 303 separate experiments conducted by 41 division and district offices scattered over the entire country, makes it impossible to deal with specific cases in this paper.

Hence, the purpose of this paper will be to present, in broad general outlines, the hydraulic-laboratory work of the Corps of Engineers. Specifically, it will touch upon the types of field problems subjected to experimental analysis, the facilities maintained for this work, and the accomplishments of the program. No effort will be made to explain the laboratory methods employed, since they conform generally with the methods and technique described by L. J. Hooper. It is hoped that this paper will serve the engineering profession as an index of the facilities and sources of experimental data available in the Engineer Department of the U. S. Army.
History and Present Status of Research and Specifications of Diesel Fuel Oil
Authors: Becker A. E. , Reed M. J.
Published: February 2023

The authors refer to the need for specifications and a classification of Diesel fuel oils, and discuss what has been accomplished in this respect by the various organizations interested in the subject. The following properties of fuel oils are discussed to clarify the meaning of each in the specifications of fuel oils: Ignition quality, viscosity and pour point, carbon residue and ash, water and sediment, sulphur, and flash point. A review of objectives of fuel-oil research concludes the paper.
Square-Edged Inlet and Discharge Orifices for Measuring Air Volumes in the Testing of Fans and Blowers
Authors: Marks Lionel S.
Published: February 2023

This is the third paper presented by the author to the A.S.M.E. on the flow of air in fan ducts. In the first paper, it was established that the normal flow in such ducts is vortical in character and that the use of straighteners is necessary in order to obtain a reliable air-volume measurement. The second paper contained proposals for (1) the adoption of a specified design of pitot tube as a standard in fan testing and (2) the use of square-edged inlet or discharge orifices for measuring air volumes except at or near maximum fan capacities. In the present paper, the results of an extended series of investigations on a simplified form of square-edged orifice are presented. The discharge coefficients obtained in these investigations are identical with those found in extensive German tests and adopted in the standard rules of the V.D.I. and by the International Standards Association. This agreement justifies the use of the coefficients for the large-sized ducts and the varieties of velocity distribution found in fan discharge ducts. The substitution of inlet and discharge orifice measurements for pitot-tube traverses and the adoption of these coefficients in a fan-testing code would, the author believes, greatly shorten and simplify the process of testing a fan and would make it more accurate.
Undercooling in Steam Nozzles
Authors: Rettaliata J. T.
Published: February 2023

This paper deals primarily with the effect of wall roughness on the flow of steam in nozzles; and secondarily with drop growth and the occurrence of initial condensation. It was found that roughness of the nozzle walls caused a retardation of steam flow and resulted in the Wilson line’s occurring at the 3.2 per cent moisture line on the Mollier diagram instead of at the 3.7 per cent moisture line as was found for a nozzle with smooth walls. In a specially designed nozzle drop growth was accomplished as evidenced by the complete visible spectrum which resulted from the scattering of light by the expanding steam in this nozzle. Photographs of the condensation region show that condensation is not occurring at any point previous to where the eye sees it. These researches indicate that the location of the Wilson line on the Mollier diagram depends entirely upon the rate of change of velocity of the steam, and, therefore, cannot be fixed for all conditions. In accordance with this fact it is suggested that the term “Wilson line” is a misnomer and should be replaced by the more appropriate one of “Wilson zone.”
Turbine Supervisory Instruments and Records
Authors: Roberts J. L. , Greentree C. D.
Published: February 2023

This paper includes a description of a set of instruments for the electrical measurement and detection of such mechanical quantities as shaft eccentricity, bearing vibration, shell expansion, and interference or rubbing of rotating parts. It also contains an analysis of typical, as well as special, starting- and loading-sequence records taken on a 160,000-kw steam and a 20,000-kw mercury-vapor turbine generator, and conclusions which pertain to the adaptability of the instruments to turbine operation.
A Study of Cutting Fluids Applied to the Turning of Monel Metal
Authors: Boston O. W. , Gilbert W. W.
Published: February 2023

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the application of cutting fluids to the turning of monel metal. The manner in which high-speed-steel tools wear and fail is discussed. By competitive tests the tool life of the large-radius tool is compared with that of a straight-edged small-radius tool. The practical advantages of each are discussed. Cutting-speed tool-life curves are obtained and equations developed for the latter tool when turning monel metal with deep thin cuts and shallow thick cuts for each of several types of cutting fluids. The influence of feed and depth of cut on tool life at various cutting speeds is determined when turning monel metal with a sulphurized mineral oil. Finally the three components of the cutting force are determined for various combinations of feed and depth of cut when turning monel metal with an emulsion.
Comparative Torque and Horsepower Requirements of Standard Four-Flute and Spiral-Flute Taps
Authors: Daasch Harry L.
Published: February 2023

This paper reports certain tapping tests performed as a part of a research project of the Iowa Engineering Experiment Station at Iowa State College.

Data are presented on the torque and horsepower requirements for the use of ½-in., 13-thread, standard-flute, and spiral-tip flute taps during the tapping of S.A.E. 1020 steel. The torque values are shown to vary with speed when a constant percentage of thread is produced. The torque increased with speed when lard oil was used as a cutting fluid; the tendency was toward decreased torque with increased speed when sulphurized oil was used. Spiral-tip taps required less torque than straight-flute taps at similar cutting conditions. Horsepower requirements were found to be less with sulphurized oil than with lard oil at high percentages of thread depths for both kinds of taps. Spiral-tip taps could be operated at lower horsepower inputs than could the straight-flute style when similar cutting conditions exist.

Another series of tests pertains to the dry tapping of cast iron with ⅜-in., 16-thread taps. There was little difference in the torque requirements when the two types of taps were used. Slightly lower horsepower input is shown for the spiral-tip tap.
Coal Washing and the Baum Jig
Authors: Arms George L.
Published: February 2023

The author discusses the problems encountered during the preparation of coal by jigs and relates the advances made in this type of apparatus to meet growing demands for increased capacity and greater efficiency. He describes the development of the Baum jig since its introduction in the United States and discusses the operating principles and construction details of the latest design.
Coal Preparation by the Air-Sand Process
Authors: Fraser Thomas
Published: February 2023

The author presents in this paper the features of an air-sand process for the preparation of coal by specific-gravity separation. In this process, the float-and-sink separation is made in an artificial dry liquid medium of sand and air which can be adjusted within certain limits to the specific gravity needed to give a satisfactory coal product. This dry float medium of sand and air is produced by passing a continuous flow of air bubbles upward through a bed of dry sand in a separator box. The author discusses the construction, operation, and effectiveness of the equipment used in the process.
The Use of Alloy Steels for Side Frames and Bolsters of Freight-Car Trucks
Authors: Barrows Donald S.
Published: February 2023

The author reviews briefly the use of different types of side frames for railway freight-car trucks, including arch-bar side frames, cast-steel side frames with separate journal boxes, and side frames with the journal boxes cast integral with the truss members. He discusses the present-day trend toward the use of high-tensile-strength cast alloy steel for truck side frames and bolsters, and gives results of static and dynamic tests made on truck members cast from alloy steel and A.A.R. grade-B steel.
The Interpretation of Creep Tests for Machine Design
Authors: Soderberg C. Richard
Published: February 2023

The author presents a method of interpreting creep-test data and applies the method to several problems of machine design. The method involves a rational theory of plastic flow in polycrystalline materials to which empirical results from actual tests can be applied. The basic premise of the theory proposed is that the facts already established for plastic flow at “normal temperature” remain valid for higher temperatures as well.
The Creep Curve and Stability of Steels at Constant Stress and Temperature
Authors: Weaver S. H.
Published: February 2023

The creep rate for steels at constant stress and elevated temperature is composed of (1) the strain hardening with a rate which varies inversely with time, and (2) an asymptotic constant creep rate. The sum gives the creep rate at any time, and the formula for the total creep-extension curve.

For steels with a physical or structural change during creep, a third quantity must be added to the creep-extension formula, the test value of the quantity indicating the degree of instability of the test metal.

To illustrate four of the principal types of instability, the author presents four sets of long-time creep tests extending from 5500 hr to 5 yr. They represent changes due to (1) carbide spheroidization, (2) ferritic banding, (3) dendrites, and (4) alloy segregations.
Design and Operating Problems With Gas- and Oil-Fired Boilers for Stand-By Steam-Electric Stations
Authors: Estcourt V. F.
Published: February 2023

The problem of stand-by operation, although not new on the Pacific coast, is a comparatively new experience for large units operating at pressures above 400 lb and temperatures above 700 F. With combination gas and fuel-oil installations, there are more difficulties to overcome with fuel oil than with gas. The paper describes problems in the control of flame angle when burning fuel oil and developments in high-speed automatic combustion control which make possible the acceptance of emergency loads from 5 to 90 per cent of turbogenerator capacity as fast as the turbine governors can open the control valves. Various operating procedures which have been developed as a necessary routine to meet stand-by conditions are also described. The essential requirements for stand-by and base-load operation are compared. Descriptions are given of actual load-pickup tests on a 1400-lb, 750-F reheat plant and a 425-lb, 750-F plant, and the actual events which take place in the first few seconds of an emergency load pickup are analyzed from the standpoint of what should be provided for in the design of boiler storage capacity, and speed of combustion control. Statistics relating to these features are given for four plants on the Pacific Coast.
Rotary Drilling Rigs Operated by Internal-Combustion Engines
Authors: MacCargar D. M. , Haas O. A.
Published: February 2023

The authors discuss the use of internal-combustion engines as prime movers for rotary drilling rigs. They show diagrammatically the advances made in the application of internal-combustion engines to rotary drilling, and the different methods of connecting the engines through mechanical and electrical means to the drilling equipment.
Determination of the Effect of Certain Installation Conditions on the Coefficients of Sharp-Edged Orifices
Authors: Beitler S. R. , Overbeck J. E.
Published: February 2023

This paper presents the results of a study made to determine the effects of certain installations on the coefficients of discharge of sharp-edged orifices. The coefficient determinations were made with the orifice plates clamped between flanges made up on the end of pipe so that no appreciable gap existed between the end of the pipe and the orifice plate. Some of the orifice flanges were constructed with a core or recess which left a gap of an inch or more between the end of the pipe and the orifice plate, this being done to simulate meters of this type now used to a greater or less extent. The authors present results obtained from the tests of such orifices set in 2-, 4-, and 8-in. pipes, as well as results from tests of standard-reference orifices. All results are presented graphically.
Analysis and Tests on Hydraulic Circuits of Surface Condensers
Authors: Van Hengel G. H.
Published: February 2023

Illustrated by actual test results, this paper deals with an analysis of hydraulic circuits of surface condensers. The losses in the tubes, condenser water boxes, and piping are treated in detail. The importance of the weir losses in the outlet box is demonstrated. Tests on condensers with and without a weir show the actual gain in hydraulic efficiency obtained without a weir. An exact method is given for the calculation of the liberated air in determining the hydraulic-circuit losses. Since the amount of air liberated governs the rate of corrosion of the tubes, this calculation is of considerable importance, especially for salt-water conditions.
Oil-Film Thickness at Transition From Semifluid to Viscous Lubrication
Authors: Karelitz G. B. , Kenyon J. N.
Published: February 2023

This paper describes tests in which flat-faced pieces of several bearing metals were mounted to ride on a small journal which was lubricated by means of an oil bath. The initial lines of contact gradually developed into grooves until viscous oil films formed between the rubbing surfaces and arrested further wear. The minimum thickness of these wedge-shaped oil films were computed from observations made with tin-base, lead-base, bearing-bronze, and leaded-copper bearing metals, each being tested under loads of 20, 40, and 60 lb per sq in., respectively. It is shown that the film thickness is substantially independent of the load for any one individual material, ranging from 0.00003 in. to 0.00006 in. Photomicrographs of the surface structures of the bronze and tin-base babbitt are shown, which permit measurement of the height of excrescences. These measurements compare favorably with the computed values of minimum oil-film thickness. The observations are correlated with those given by McKee (6) obtained on the running in of small bearings. The effect of different oils on the running in of babbitt is also indicated.
Pitting Resistance of Metals Under Cavitation Conditions
Authors: Mousson J. M.
Published: February 2023

The paper describes the experimental apparatus and testing procedures used to determine the pitting resistance of metallic materials under accelerated cavitation conditions. The results of this research, sponsored by the Safe Harbor Water Power Corporation, are compiled in a series of tables and the classification of metals is discussed in the light of the metallurgical data made available for the materials and the metallographic analysis carried out in connection with the research program. The conclusion is reached that a more rational approach has been provided for selecting materials subject to attack by cavitation.
Long-Time Creep Tests of 18 Cr 8 Ni Steel K19 and 0.35 C Steel K20
Authors: Cross Howard C. , Lowther J. G.
Published: February 2023

This paper, submitted under the sponsorship of the Joint A.S.T.M.-A.S.M.E. Research Committee on Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Metals, is a report on long-time creep tests now in progress on water-quenched 18 per cent Cr, 9.5 per cent Ni, 0.067 per cent C steel K19 at 1200 F and on an annealed 0.35 per cent C steel K20 at 850 F.

One test on the K19 steel loaded to 8345 lb per sq in. at 1200 F was discontinued at 11,467 hours and a second test has now progressed to 15,185 hours.

Of the K20-steel tests at 850 F, one test at 8000 lb per sq in. was discontinued at 10,955 hours, and a second test at 7500 lb per sq in. has now progressed to 12,214 hours.
Operating Experiences in the Steam and Power Department of the South’s First Alkali Plant
Authors: Avery G. R.
Published: February 2023

In this paper is given a simplified diagrammatic outline showing the water and steam flows in the powerhouse of the Southern Alkali Corporation. The greater part of the boiler feedwater is raw river water carefully treated by the hot-process lime-and-soda-ash method followed by a phosphate treatment directly into the boiler drum. Excellent results have been obtained with this type of treatment as is shown by the present maximum length of run allowed before the boiler is taken out of service for inspection as a matter of safety procedure. Costs due to boiler outage, maintenance of boiler and furnace, labor and material have been considerably reduced by this close attention to feedwater treatment and control.

Electric power generation is obtained as the by-product of steam used in process requirements. Turbine blading has shown signs of corrosion due to moisture and probably will be replaced with stainless steel or its equivalent when necessary. The protection of generators and motors when not in use is a serious problem along a moist and humid coast. They are protected in this instance by covers and electric heaters. Pump and air-compressor valve troubles have been mainly a question of materials and seem to be fairly satisfactorily settled now.

Automatic control of boiler and water pressures is used extensively with good results. Automatic alarms guard against the contamination of condensates being returned from process departments. Excellent cooperation in the design, maintenance, and operation of the plant have resulted in a smooth load curve with high load and use factors.
A New Low-Alloy Pearlitic Steel for High-Temperature Service
Authors: Clark C. L. , Brown Roger Stuart
Published: February 2023

This paper describes the high-temperature characteristics of a carbon-molybdenum steel which differs from those now in general use in that it contains 1.5 per cent rather than from 0.5 to 1 per cent molybdenum. On the basis of standard creep tests and comparative constant-loading tests, it is shown that the increase in molybdenum content has greatly improved the load-carrying ability of the steel, especially at the higher temperatures.

Since the oxidation and corrosion resistance of this steel is no better than that of plain carbon steels, advantage cannot be taken of its improved load-carrying ability unless its surface is protected from attack. Accordingly, this analysis is considered only in a calorized condition. The present-day calorizing process is briefly described and certain proposed applications for this calorized steel are discussed.
Power and Forces in Milling S.A.E. 3150 Steel With Helical Mills
Authors: Boston O. W. , Gilbert W. W. , Kaiser K. B.
Published: February 2023

This paper outlines a series of tests conducted on a milling machine using slab mills of similar construction except for variation in rake angle, when milling an S.A.E. 3150 steel. The cutters had rake angles of 20, 15, 10, and 5 deg as variables, but otherwise were 3 in. in diameter, and had 12 teeth on a 25-deg left-hand helix. Gross and net power, as determined on a wattmeter, and the three components of the cutting force, as determined on a specially constructed dynamometer, were obtained for a wide variety of combinations of depths of cut and feed. The speed was constant, and a single cutting fluid was used in all tests.

From the data presented graphically, formulas for net power input, the horsepower per cubic inch per minute, and for the tangential and axial components of the cutting force have been determined for each cutter as a function of feed and depth of cut. For any size of cut the tangential and normal components are shown to decrease as the rake angle is increased. The axial component shows comparatively little change in value up to a 10-deg rake angle, after which it decreases rapidly for an increase up to 20 deg. The horsepower per cubic inch per minute decreases rapidly with an increase in rake angle.

For each cutter the tangential and axial components increase as the feed or depth of cut is increased. The normal component compresses the work for small values of feed and depth of cut but tends to lift the work for large values. Gross and net values of horsepower for the 15-deg rake angle cutter are plotted for each of a number of values of depth of cut over feed as a variable. From these curves, values may be selected for any combination of depth of cut and feed.

Similar data are included, also, for a cutter having eight teeth, 45-deg helix angle, and 15-deg rake angle.
Industrial Instruments, Their Theory and Application
Authors: Smith Ed S. , Fairchild C. Owen
Published: February 2023

This paper is complemental to the paper: “Automatic Regulators, Their Theory and Application”, published previously in the A.S.M.E. Transactions (1). The treatment of the material in this present paper parallels that given in the previous paper (1) for the reason that instruments and regulators have so much in common, there being both self-operated and servo-operated types in both cases. The principal difference between them is that the regulator reacts upon the variable while the instrument in general does not do so in such a way as to cause the possibility of hunting. Most of the material in this present paper is perforce old; however, the invasion of the industrial-instrument field by devices operated from a separate source of power has been so gradual that this modern situation should be emphasized at this time. This paper is a contribution toward that end.
Hydraulic Phenomena in Fuel-Injection Systems for Diesel Engines
Authors: DeJuhasz Kalman J.
Published: February 2023

The author compares the problems of water-hammer phenomena with those of fuel-injection surges. He also presents a graphical method for analyzing the pressure and velocity conditions and shows how it is applied to representative examples of injection systems with a timed valve, and those with a timed pump. In the latter group the action of “open” and “closed” nozzles is explained. Singular cases of injection conditions are analyzed. The effect of enclosed volume and of included rigid masses is examined. Various methods of terminating the injection are discussed.
Comparisons Between Calculated and Test Results on Water Hammer in Pumping Plants
Authors: Schnyder O.
Published: February 2023

The author discusses surge conditions in pump-discharge lines caused by the sudden failure of the power supply to the pump driving units in both low-head and high-head plants, particularly the latter. He gives a detailed discussion of surge phenomena in pump discharge lines for (a) the period immediately following the failure of the power supply when the speed of the pump and discharge both decrease, (b) the period during which the reversal of flow continues until maximum discharge is reached in the reverse direction, and (c) the period between the maximum backward flow in the pipe line and the complete stoppage of the backward flow. He shows by graphical representation the conditions occurring during period (b) when the line is equipped with a flap valve and when it is equipped with a surge suppressor. He concludes the paper with a discussion of surge conditions in the discharge lines of large pumping installations as established by test, and compares such conditions with calculated results, pointing out that the design engineer can predetermine such surge conditions and also calculate accurately the effect of various devices employed to limit water hammer in pumping plants.
Mechanical Processing of Vegetable Oils
Authors: Moss W. Wade
Published: February 2023

The author discusses the function of unit-operation engineering as applied to the mechanical processing of vegetable oil, and although he does not attempt to make a comprehensive study of oil processing, he shows the importance of certain basic factors required for the efficient refining of edible oils. He elaborates on recent work at the University of Tennessee on the use of pressure cooking at higher temperatures than normally used, and compares the advantages and disadvantages of varying cooking pressure, temperature, and time.

The paper includes a discussion of different means of processing oils by hydraulic expeller expression and extraction by solvent methods. A detailed description is given of a hydraulic press of the newer pot type which combines filter action, press action, and automatic ejection.

The author points out that the moisture in the press cake varies according to the nature of the oil, and that by maintaining the proper percentage of moisture the cakes can be prevented from pasting, thereby permitting easy removal from the press cloths. He gives data relative to bleaching admixtures of char and fuller’s earth and makes recommendations as to the proper bleaching compounds to use in order to obtain the best result when processing the oils.

The author also discusses the advantage and disadvantages of impeller and piston-type vacuum pumps, and thermocompressors, and recommends the use of thermocompressors which are able to maintain a vacuum of 29.5 in. Hg in the vapor kettles while deodorizing the oils.
Running-In Characteristics of Some White-Metal Journal Bearings
Authors: McKee S. A. , McKee T. R.
Published: February 2023

This paper describes an extension of the investigation of the running-in characteristics of journal bearings which was a part of the program of research on lubrication conducted at the National Bureau of Standards in cooperation with the Special Research Committee on Lubrication of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. The results of tests on three kinds of white-metal bearings are given.

A four-bearing friction machine was used to determine the effect of progressive amounts of running in, upon the frictional characteristics of the bearings. The results are compared with those of previous investigations and all are in agreement in providing an indication that the major effect of running in is to reduce the friction losses at low values of ZN/P and to increase the permissible operating range. The results also give a comparison of the frictional and running-in characteristics of the various metals.
Investigation of the Oxidation of Metals by High-Temperature Steam
Authors: Potter A. A. , Solberg H. L. , Hawkins G. A.
Published: February 2023

Inasmuch as steam temperatures in modern central stations are approaching those used for the commercial production of hydrogen by reaction between steam and iron, an investigation was undertaken at Purdue University of the oxidation by steam of the various steels that are available for high-temperature steam service. Apparatus was constructed and techniques developed for measuring the amount of oxidation due to temperatures up to 1200 F and pressures up to at least 1600 lb gage. Data are presented showing the effect of temperature from 800 to 1200 F on the oxidation of low-carbon steel in contact with steam at 1200 lb gage. The rate of oxidation of low-carbon steel at 1100 F is apparently the same at 400 and 1200 lb steam pressure. Apparatus was developed for operating seven tubes simultaneously under identical conditions and data are presented to show the comparative oxidation of six steels of different analyses. The investigation is being continued.
Chain- or Traveling-Grate Stokers
Authors: Anbro Gosta
Published: February 2023

The paper describes the principal difference in construction of these two forms of grate and points out that, contrary to an opinion which was prevalent for many years, this difference has no bearing upon their fields of application. As the traveling-grate stoker was developed primarily for burning small-size anthracite, forced draft was a necessity and its application to both types has given industry the only satisfactory stoker for this fuel. Stoker development was accompanied by startling changes in furnace design which are commented upon, the long reararch construction now used reducing the solid carbon lost with the flue gases. Both types will burn almost any solid fuel of suitable size, but low ash content is objectionable and coal should be reasonably uniform in size and free from dust, the latter giving considerable trouble in plants that experience difficulties from tube slagging.
Small Underfeed Single-Retort Stokers
Authors: Guthrie B. M.
Published: February 2023

Although concerned with the mechanical development of small underfeed single-retort stokers having an hourly capacity of 1200 lb and less, the paper specializes on their development and application for residential heating. A discussion of the various methods of feeding coal is first presented and is followed by a résumé of the classification of stokers on the basis of hourly coal-feeding rates, which was recently made by the United States Department of Commerce in cooperation with the Stoker Manufacturers’ Association. Design and mechanical details of these stokers for house heating are commented upon at some length, variation in combustion rates with size of stoker and grade of coal is touched upon, importance of proper furnace volume and height are stressed, and the influence on furnace design of the type of load to be carried and the essentials of good furnace design are mentioned. Several tabulations of data supplement the paper, which thus far has been concerned with burning of bituminous coal. Brief sections relating to the use of stokers with anthracite coal and the heat-control devices for both anthracite- and bituminous-coal stokers complete the paper.
Selection of Coal for Pulverized Firing
Authors: Tate B. E.
Published: February 2023

While sulphur, phosphorus, and hydrogen may, in a consideration of the entire boiler unit with its heat-recovery apparatus, render an otherwise satisfactory coal unsuitable for that particular installation, certain other characteristics are of primary importance in selecting fuel for a powdered-coal-fired furnace. These characteristics are (a) use value, (b) heat content, (c) grindability, (d) volatile content, (e) moisture content, (f) ash-fusion temperature, (g) ash content, (h) size of coal, (i) foreign material, and (j) fly-ash characteristics. All of these are concisely but comprehensively discussed in the paper and are supplemented in some instances by experiences of the author, tabulations, and illustrations.