Long-term gas observations track the early unrest phases of open-vent basaltic volcanoes&#160;
Authors: Delle Donne Dario , Aiuppa Alessandro , Bitetto Marcello , La Monica Francesco Paolo , Tamburello Giancarlo , Coppola Diego , Lacanna Giorgio , Laiolo Marco , Coltelli Mauro , Pecora Emilio , Ripepe Maurizio 
Published: March 2021

&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;At open-vent basaltic volcanoes, resolving the activity escalation that heralds larger, potentially harmful eruptions is challenged by the persistent mild ordinary activity, which often masks the precursory unrest signals related to heightened magma transport from depth. Gas (SO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt; and CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;) fluxes at surface are controlled by rate of magma transport and degassing within the magma plumbing system, and thus constitute key parameters to infer deep magma budget and dynamics. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Here, we use several year-long (2014-present) gas observations at Etna and Stromboli volcanoes, in Sicily, to provide new evidence for the utility of long-term instrumental gas monitoring in real-time detecting the early phase of unrest prior eruption, and for characterizing syn-eruptive dynamics. To this aim, we use information from a gas monitoring network &lt;/span&gt;of&lt;span&gt; permanent ultraviolet (UV) cameras and automatic Multi-Gas instruments that, combined with geophysical observations, allow characterizing changes in degassing and eruptive dynamics at high temporal/spatial resolution. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;Our results show that the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;paroxysmal (lava fountaining) explosions that periodically&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span&gt;interrupted &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt;persistent&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span&gt; open-vent activity on Etna (during 2014-2020) were accompanied by systematic, repetitive SO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt; emission patterns prior, during, and after eruptions. These allow us identifying the characteristic pre- syn- and post- eruptive degassing regimes, and to establish thresholds in the SO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt; flux record that mark phases of unrest. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p align=&quot;justify&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;On Stromboli, the much improved temporal/spatial resolution of UV cameras allows resolving the escalation of regular strombolian activity, and its concentration toward its North-east crater, that heralds onset of effusive eruptions. During effusive eruption, although magma level drops in the conduit and explosive summit activity ceases, UV camera observations can still detect explosive gas bursts deep in the conduit while no infrasonic activity is detected. &lt;/span&gt;Combining the&lt;span&gt; UV camera-derived SO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt; fluxes with CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;/SO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt; ratio records measured by the Multi-Gas, the CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt; flux can be inferred. We find that such CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;span&gt; flux time-series can allow tracking degassing of deeply stored mafic magma months before Stromboli&amp;#8217;s eruptions. We finally show that remotely sensed gas emission and thermal activity can be combined together to characterize the dynamics of shallow magmatic system prior to and during unrest, ultimately helping to define timing of magma re-charging events driving the eruptions. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;