bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constituent Power and the Law
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel
Published: May 2020

This book examines the place of the concept of constituent power in constitutional history, focusing on the legal and institutional implications that theorists, politicians, and judges have derived from it. It shows that constituent power, even though having historically been associated with extra-legality and violations of the constitutional order, has played important functions in the making of determinations of legal validity. Constitutional courts have employed it to justify their jurisdiction to invalidate constitutional amendments that alter the fundamental structure of the constitution and thus amount to a constitution-making exercise. Some governments have recurred to it to defend the legality of the transformation of the constitutional order through procedures not contemplated in the constitution’s amendment rule but considered participatory enough to be seen as equivalent to ‘the people in action’, and these attempts have sometimes been sanctioned by courts. Commentators and citizens have relied on the theory of constituent power to defend the idea that electors have the right to instruct representatives, and that the creation of new constitutions must take place through extra-legislative entities, such as primary assemblies open to all citizens. Several Latin American constitutions explicitly incorporate the theory of constituent power and allow citizens, acting through popular initiative, to trigger constitution-making episodes that may result in the replacement of the entire constitutional order. Building on these findings, the book ultimately develops a distinction between sovereignty and constituent power and argues that even a constitution-making body can be made legally subject to the conditions arising from a constituent referendum.
Back to Rousseau
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides an overview of what should be understood as one of the most sophisticated analyses of the distinction between constituent and constituted authority, that of Rousseau. It engages in a close reading of Rousseau’s work and considers the ways in which it anticipated and served as the basis for Sieyès’ famous theory. Rousseau has not generally been seen as a theorist of constituent power. This is probably a result of his apparent support of direct democracy: in a direct democracy, there is no separation between the government and the governed and, therefore, no separation between the constituted powers and the constituent subject. But Rousseau, the chapter shows, clearly rejected direct democracy as a form of government: he only insisted in the direct intervention of the citizenry for the ratification of the ‘laws’. The problem with most contemporary interpretations of Rousseau is that they attribute to his use of the term ‘law’ the same meaning that that term has today: an ordinary statute adopted by a representative body. But Rousseau used the term ‘law’ to refer to the fundamental norms of the legal system, norms that only an assembly of the entire people or a multiplicity of primary assemblies, the constituent subject, could legitimately adopt. The chapter also considers the practical implications of Rousseau’s approach, such as primary assemblies with the authority to issue legally binding instructions.
Sieyès via Rousseau
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel
Published: May 2020

This chapter traces the gradual emergence of the distinction between the constituted and the constituent power in the work of Sieyès, using Rousseau as the main source of comparison. It examines how Sieyès constructed constituent power as an extra-legal force and identifies the key juridical implications of his views. Part I briefly considers some uses of the term ‘constituent power’ before Sieyès and outside the context of the French Revolution. Part II examines Sieyès’ early pamphlets, where he puts forward his initial understanding of the power to be exercised by the nation’s representatives in the Estates-General. This approach, it will be seen in Part III, led him to propose the creation of a supreme constitution that ensured that the (representative) law-making power acted consistently with the general will. Part IV of the chapter focuses on Sieyès’ main published work, What is the Third Estate?, which contains a more developed formulation of the distinction between constituent and constituted power, as well as about the nature of representation. In that work, one can also see a transformation of Sieyès’ conception of the legislative power, one that brought him further than ever away from Rousseau. Finally, the chapter considers the role of extra-ordinary representatives in Sieyès’ conception of constitution-making and constitutional reform.
Between Law and Revolution
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel
Published: May 2020

Although the origins of the theory of constituent power are generally placed in the French Revolution, the different legal and institutional implications associated with it in late 18th-century France are seldom explored. This chapter engages in such an exploration by focusing on two institutions that were rejected by Sieyès: the imperative mandate and (decision-making) primary assemblies. Part I focuses on Sieyès’ proposals about constitution-making and constitutional reform after 1789. Part II of the chapter examines the role of citizen instructions in late 18th-century France. Sieyès saw citizen instructions as radically inconsistent with the very idea of representation; they were abolished very early in the Revolution. In so doing, it will be shown, French revolutionaries altered in fundamental ways not only the relationship between electors and representatives, but the very nature of what counts as an exercise of constituent power. Part III focuses on the role of primary assemblies during the more radical stages of the French Revolution (namely, 1792–1793). The approach to primary assemblies found in both in the Constitution of 1793, as well as in the Girondin Draft Constitution, reflected in important ways Rousseau’s conception of those entities as a key mechanism of democratic constitutional change. This approach to constitutional change will be contrasted with that of Sieyès, who saw primary assemblies as the site for the exercise of the much more modest ‘commissioning power’, the power to elect those seen as capable of identifying the nation’s constituent will.
The Identity and Limits of the Constituent Subject
Authors: Colón-Ríos Joel
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers the legal and institutional implications that different 19th-century authors derived from the theory on constituent power and that, in many cases, were reflected in actual constitutional practice. Part I briefly examines the general historical context in which the works discussed in the chapter were written. Part II considers the constitutional theories of a group of authors who focused on the exclusive character of the nation’s constituent power. Theirs were theories that largely rejected the English tradition of parliamentary sovereignty, that is, of a parliament able to engage in both constituted and constituent activity. Importantly, these conceptions were developed at a time when it was not uncommon for written constitutions to lack amendment rules. Part III considers the work of a group of authors who, while largely operating under the Sieyèsian ‘constituent power of the nation’ approach, attempted to provide a more concrete form to ‘the nation’ without fully embracing Rousseau’s system of popular sovereignty. Finally, Part IV examines the work of authors who approach the theory of constituent power from a natural law perspective.
A Brief History of Gravity
Authors: deGuzman Margaret M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter describes the evolution of gravity in the development of international criminal law’s legal and moral norms. It shows that the regime’s strong reliance on gravity is more a matter of historical circumstance than of moral necessity. Gravity’s centrality in international criminal law was not inevitable. International criminal law could have developed to address crimes like drug trafficking that cross borders, or crimes like piracy that are committed outside any state’s territory. Instead, due to the historical context in which it evolved, international criminal law came to rely for its legitimacy on the idea that it addresses particularly serious crimes.
Renormalization Group
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe
Published: May 2020

Chapter 8 introduces the key ideas of the renormalization group, including how they provide a theoretical scheme and a proper language to face critical phenomena. It covers the scaling transformations of a system and their implementations in the space of the coupling constants and reducing the degrees of freedom. From this analysis, the reader is led to the important notion of relevant, irrelevant and marginal operators and then to the universality of the critical phenomena. Furthermore, the chapter also covers (as regards the RG) transformation laws, effective Hamiltonians, the Gaussian model, the Ising model, operators of quantum field theory, universal ratios, critical exponents and β-functions.
Fermionic Formulation of the Ising Model
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe
Published: May 2020

A crucial aspect of the Ising model is its fermionic nature and this chapter is devoted to this property of the model. In the continuum limit, a Dirac equation for neutral Majorana fermions emerges. The details of the derivation are much less important than understanding why it is possible. The chapter emphasizes the simplicity and the exactness of the result, and covers the so-called Wigner-Jordan transformation, which brings the original Hamiltonian to a quadratic form in the creation and annihilation operators of the fermions. It covers the role played by the Bogoliubov transformation and the importance of the order and disorder operators.
Exact S-Matrices
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe
Published: May 2020

The Ising model in a magnetic field is one of the most beautiful examples of an integrable model. This chapter presents its exact S-matrix and the exact spectrum of its excitations, which consist of eight particles of different masses. Similarly, it discusses the exact scattering theory behind the thermal deformation of the tricritical Ising model and the unusual features of the exact S-matrix of the non-unitary Yang–Lee model. Other examples are provided by O(n) invariant models, including the important Sine–Gordon model. It also discusses multiple poles, magnetic deformation, the E8 Toda theory, bootstrap fusion rules, non-relativistic limits and quantum group symmetry of the Sine–Gordon model.
Boundary Field Theory
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe
Published: May 2020

Quantum field theory with boundaries is a very rich subject both from purely theoretical point of view or applicative aims. Chapter 21 presents the basis results relative to critical systems and massive integrable field theories. It covers stress-energy tensor in boundary conformal field theories and integrable deformations of these theories (including the single Virasoro algebra), reflection amplitudes, conformal boundary operators and states (including the Hilbert space and Ishibashi state), non-renormalizable states of the Hilbert space, operator product expansion involving a boundary operator, massive integrable boundary field theory, the massive boundary Ising model, boundary magnetic fields and correlation functions.
Particle Spectrum by Semi-classical Methods
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe
Published: May 2020

Chapter 23 discusses the setting of a semi-classical method—based on the Lagrangian density of the model, irrespective of whether or not it describes an integrable system—to address the computation of the particle spectrum of bound states in quantum field theory with a set of degenerate vacua connected by kink excitations. It begins by investigating kinks and anti-kinks and a semi-classical formula for the kink matrix elements, as well as asymptotic behavior. It then goes on to cover such topics as universal mass formula, symmetric wells, asymmetric wells and the double Sine–Gordon model, a benchmark of the semi-classical method.
Truncated Hilbert Space Approach
Authors: Mussardo Giuseppe
Published: May 2020

Chapter 25 covers the Truncated Hilbert Space Approach provides a very efficient numerical algorithm to study many properties of a perturbed conformal field theory defined on a finite geometry, typically an infinite cylinder of radius R. These include the masses of the various excitations, their number below threshold, the presence of false vacua and resonances, on-shell three-particle coupling, etc. The implementation of this approach does not depend on the integrability of the off-critical model and therefore it is a very useful tool to extend study to the entire scaling region around the critical point. This chapter discusses the basis of such an algorithm and provides some interesting applications thereof.
Introduction to the Symbolic Management Perspective
Authors: Westphal James , Park Sun Hyun
Published: May 2020

This chapter introduces the symbolic management perspective as a comprehensive and integrative alternative to conventional economic theories of governance. It describes key tenets of the theory, including the proposition that there is a pervasive pattern of decoupling, or a symbolic separation between appearances and reality, at each level of the governance system, from micro-level interactions between leaders inside firms to the corporate governance system as a whole. It introduces the major forms of symbolic management, including symbolic organizational policies and structures, symbolic social and organizational processes, and collective forms of symbolic management that cross organizational boundaries. Also, it describes the social and psychological processes that facilitate symbolic management, including social influence processes, social network processes, group- and community-level biases, and the social psychological dynamics of firm leadership.
The Multi-Stage Social Influence Process in CEO–Board Relationships
Authors: Westphal James , Park Sun Hyun
Published: May 2020

The CEO’s social influence over the board of directors is a primary determinant of symbolic action. In this chapter we explain how CEOs acquire social influence over the board through a multi-stage, multi-level process in which appearances are decoupled from actual behavior at each stage. The influence process begins with director selection, and is reinforced through socialization, ongoing interpersonal influence tactics such as ingratiation, social control of counter-normative behavior, and recommendations for board appointments. We describe a pervasive pattern of decoupling between directors’ rhetoric about CEO–board relationships and the reality of actual board behavior, and explain how this decoupling is reinforced by the socially constructed beliefs of directors themselves, and by self-serving biases that protect directors’ personal and social identities.
Group-Level Social and Psychological Processes that Support Symbolic Management
Authors: Westphal James , Park Sun Hyun
Published: May 2020

In this chapter we examine group-level social and psychological processes that support symbolic management. We describe how social distancing, a kind of social influence in which groups isolate individuals who deviate from group norms, operates at multiple levels of the governance system: within boards, in relations between leaders and information intermediaries, and within larger professional communities. We then describe how pluralistic ignorance occurs at multiple levels of governance. Pluralistic ignorance is a systematic tendency for group members to underestimate the extent to which their concerns about a policy or practice are shared by other members. We explain how this bias occurs in small groups within the firm, including top management teams and boards, and among professional communities outside the firm, including security analysts. We go on to explain how these processes contribute to suboptimal firm strategies, policies, and practices, including various forms of symbolic decoupling.
Conclusions, Future Research Directions, and Policy Implications
Authors: Westphal James , Park Sun Hyun
Published: May 2020

In this chapter we summarize and synthesize key tenets of the symbolic management perspective on corporate governance and strategy. We discuss opportunities for future research on the forms and processes of symbolic management. We call for research on different audiences of symbolic management (e.g., lower-level managers and employees), different subjects of symbolic management (e.g., corporate transparency, executive succession, and various aspects of the decision-making process, such as the use of performance feedback), and different forms of symbolic management (e.g., cooperative and competitive forms). We then propose symbolic management theory as a powerful and comprehensive approach to the study of organizational behaviour more broadly, and conclude by describing managerial and public policy implications of our theory.
Subsistence Negating Claims
Authors: Karapapa Stavroula
Published: May 2020

One of the main defences against allegations of copyright infringement is that no infringement took place because copyright does not subsist in the subject matter at issue. This could be because the subject matter is not a ‘work’ in the copyright sense, or is not protected by copyright because it is not original or fixed in a tangible form. Digital technologies exacerbate this controversy. For instance, does a copy of a public domain image qualify for a new copyright by virtue of its digital processing (using, for instance, a raster graphics editor such as Photoshop)? Does a short sentence such as a tweet attract copyright and can strings of characters such as hashtags and hyperlinks be ‘copyright works’ in their own right? What about works created through artificial intelligence such as a search engine’s automatic translations? Or cases where more than one author contributes facts or pieces of information to a work that is subject to constant modification such as Wikipedia entries? The rationale for excluding subject matter from protection rests on the principle that mere ideas, facts, or commonplace elements should remain free to use, ensuring a robust public domain. In this regard, requesting the negation of copyright subsistence can serve as a defence against allegations for infringement and, in a broader sense, it can also help innovation and creativity through the re-use of subject matter that does not attract copyright protection. This chapter examines the way in which a negation of copyright subsistence can form a defence against allegations of infringement by making specific references to new technological uses. Significant reference is made to the doctrinal interpretation of the concepts ‘work’ and ‘originality’ as developed by the Court of Justice of the European Union and the national courts of EU Member States, and the way in which these doctrines impact on the scope of permissible use.
Scope Limitations
Authors: Karapapa Stavroula
Published: May 2020

Copyright is not infringed in instances where the defendant’s activity falls outside the scope of exclusive rights. This is likely to be the case when the factual background of an alleged infringement does not meet the statutory prerequisites of a restricted act, for instance, when taking from an original work has not been such to amount to an act reserved by copyright, and hence falls beyond the scope of exclusive rights. As the Court of Justice of the European Union has affirmed in numerous cases, copyright protection is not absolute and exclusive rights are subject to a variety of internal limits that can serve as the basis of defensive claims in a practical sense. For instance, the court has indicated that exclusive rights are subject to internal scope limitations, some of which are relevant in the context of new technological uses. Hyperlinks, for example, do not infringe copyright when they are not addressed to a ‘new’ public, namely an audience that the rightsholders did not have in mind while making the work available online. Another example is the exhaustion principle, according to which the first authorized sale of content exhausts the authorial entitlement to further distributions. This principle is available in the online context only in relation to the resale of software, and this hinders innovative activity through the creation of electronic marketplaces for digital goods. Subject to examination in this chapter are the statutory and doctrinal limitations that inherently limit the scope of rights and remain outside the spectrum of proprietary entitlements.
Individuals
Authors: Sider Theodore
Published: May 2020

Various structuralists about individuals, such as ontic structural realists and ante rem mathematical structuralists, say that individuals are "just positions in structures". This chapter is a long study of what that might mean. Individuals are central to the foundations of mathematics and physics, so it is hard to see how the fundamental facts could be stated without reference to individuals. But if these fundamental facts do mention individuals, then it is hard to see how individuals are "just positions in structures". The main approaches considered are: antihaecceitism, eliminative structural realism, featureless particulars (moderate structural realism), weak discernibility, indeterminate identity, monism, generalism. Especially close attention is paid to Shamik Dasgupta's development of the final position.
Quantities
Authors: Sider Theodore
Published: May 2020

Quantitative properties are those that come in degrees, which we represent with numbers. A metaphysical account of quantity - in my view an account of the fundamental quantitative features - must explain the possibility of numerical representation; and such an account will have implications for the laws of nature in which quantitative properties figure. One such account is comparativism, the view that the fundamental quantitative features are comparative relations. Comparativism passes a minimum test (which certain other accounts fail): enabling strong laws of nature. But questions arise about the kinds of laws it enables. Hartry Field's insistence on "intrinsic" laws is examined, as well as David John Baker's argument that comparativism undermines determinism. In the end a pessimistic conclusion emerges: any account of the fundamental quantitative features, whether comparativist or no, seems to require unattractively arbitrary choices.
From World-Soul to Universal Organism
Authors: Franks Paul
Published: May 2020

What is the world-soul referred to in Schelling’s 1797 treatise? Is he committed to the untenable view that the cosmos is alive? First, I argue that Schelling deploys a strategy pioneered by Maimon: the retrieval, within a post-critical framework, of Platonic and kabbalistic traditions consolidated in the Renaissance. In his essay on the world-soul as hypothesis, however, Maimon’s argument, though motivated by Kant’s interest in Blumenbach, remains pre-critical. Then I offer an interpretation of Schelling’s world-soul as an organizing principle intended to unify organic and non-organic matter, a principle that organizes forces by means of feedback and equilibration, and that is intended to provide the non-teleological basis for evolution into non-living bodies, living bodies, and ultimately conscious agents. According to Schelling’s understanding of Kant’s critical turn, the world-soul is a physicalized version of a Platonic-kabbalistic concept that plays a role within a post-critical, dynamic and evolutionary account of nature.
The Facticity of Time
Authors: Bruno G. Anthony
Published: May 2020

In the 1830s, Schelling attributes to Hegel the pretense of constructing a logical system with total justification, as if it were obvious why there is a system or, indeed, anything rational or meaningful at all. The questions of why there is reason or meaning are permutations of the question ‘why is there something rather than nothing’. This question is emblematic of Schelling’s Hegel-critique and the source of his claim that reason is not self-justifying, but bounded by something other. What sort of claim is this? I argue that it is the conclusion to a transcendental argument in the Ages of the World, which holds that the past and future are conditions of the possibility of reason. This argument represents the past as the decision to construct a system and the future as the purpose guiding this construction. Schelling’s claim against Hegel that reason is bounded by something other thus results from discovering reason’s inescapable presuppositions.
On the Status of Quantum State Realism
Authors: Myrvold Wayne C.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 12 argues that there is good reason for being realist about quantum states. Though a research programme of attempting to construct a plausible theory that accounts for quantum phenomena without ontic quantum states is well motivated, that research programme is confronted by considerable obstacles. Two theorems are considered that place restrictions on a theory of that sort: a theorem due to Barrett, Cavalcanti, Lal, and Maroney, and an extension, by the author, of the Pusey-BarrettRudolph theorem, that employs an assumption weaker than their Cartesian Product Assumption. These theorems have assumptions, of course. If there were powerful evidence against the conclusion that quantum states correspond to something in physical reality, it might be reasonable to reject these assumptions. But the current situation is the opposite: there is no evidence at all supporting irrealism about quantum states.
Towards a Realist View of Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Fraser James D.
Published: May 2020

Quantum field theories (QFTs) pose their own distinctive challenges for the scientific realist. This chapter develops a strategy for articulating a realist view of QFT based on the renormalization group. It closes by considering some objections to this programme raised by Laura Ruetsche.
“Swastika arms of passage leading to nothing”
Authors: Maher Ashley
Published: May 2020

Though the cross-medium modern style advocated by Herbert Read and Stephen Spender aimed to bring good design to political as well as aesthetic structures, the Ministry of Information mobilized modernist rhetoric for propaganda during World War II. British authors such as Graham Greene and Dylan Thomas scripted films promoting the “new Britain” to be achieved through architecture-led revolution, yet the politicization of style and wartime fears of double agents meant that Elizabeth Bowen, George Orwell, and Christopher Isherwood turned the intense focus on style to their own work. Bowen used the “swastika arms of passage leading to nothing” of the mock-Tudor Holme Dene to scrutinize her memory-laden, late modernist writing, while Orwell and Isherwood directed their attention to streamlined glass and steel structures to contemplate the potential duplicity of their seemingly candid vernacular style.
Introducing Martin Burgess, Clockmaker
Authors: Andrewes William
Published: May 2020

In 1775, two years after receiving the second half of the Longitude Prize, John Harrison (1693–1776) published a book, which, among other things, described a pendulum clock that could keep time to one second in 100 days. His claim of such unprecedented accuracy for a clock with a pendulum swinging in free air (i.e. not in a vacuum) was met with ridicule both at the time of its publication and for the next two centuries. This chapter describes the early life of Martin Burgess, the clockmaker who proved that Harrison’s claim was indeed true. Like Harrison, Martin was a self-taught clockmaker. From his training in the arts and crafts, he saw the mechanics of clockwork as sculpture in its own right, each element contributing to the overall design. Martin’s upbringing, his education, and his unusual lifestyle and approach were all crucial to his quest to prove that John Harrison was right.
Rescuing Martin Burgess’s Clock B
Authors: Saff Donald
Published: May 2020

Intrigued by a forlorn and dilapidated yet compellingly unusual clock in a repair shop above an antique furniture dealer’s nineteenth-century mid-town New York building, Saff’s journey began. This clock was originally commissioned by rock music impresario, Simon Napier-Bell, who requested that it be suitably mesmerising that it might preoccupy clients with whom he was negotiating. A small presentation plate on the clock led the author to Burgess’s work on Harrison’s approach to horology, which defied the commonly accepted view that precision timekeeping is only achievable by high-Q pendulum systems. The chapter identifies a parallel between Harrison’s late regulator and Burgess’s Clock B—both of which were never finally adjusted to their makers’ satisfaction—and outlines the author’s quest to prevent further ‘scandalous neglect’.
Analysis of the Mechanisms for Compensation in Clock B
Authors: Harrison David
Published: May 2020

This chapter assesses the design requirements of the grasshopper escapement, the pendulum and suspension spring to provide compensation for changing density and viscosity of the air surrounding the pendulum and changing escapement torque. It assesses the key components of the Harrison system: a pendulum bob of modest mass; a pendulum operating at a large running arc; and the grasshopper escapement’s increased torque delivery, ability to run without lubrication, its composers that allow fine adjustment to the torques delivered before and after the escaping arcs are reached and the importance of the thickness of the suspension spring that runs within circular cheeks. It also compares the system to the traditional pendulum clock design that traditionally employs a pendulum with a large mass and high-quality factor—high Q. Furthermore, it discusses Harrison’s stipulation that the pendulum needed to slightly reduce its length when warm.
Disease outbreaks can threaten marine biodiversity
Authors: Harvell C. Drew , Lamb Joleah B.
Published: May 2020

Disease outbreaks have driven declines in some threatened species on land, including amphibians, bats, and birds. In the oceans, infectious diseases can also drive declines and are a potential agent of community change and threat to marine biodiversity. Recent disease-driven mass mortalities have affected a range of marine biota. This chapter outlines four case histories of disease outbreaks that affect marine communities and, in multiple cases, contribute to endangerment or listing as endangered species. The case histories include disease impacts to foundation species of corals and seagrasses, herbivores like abalone, and keystone predators like sea stars. Multi-host diseases in all these cases have contributed to extreme population declines. Infectious diseases pose the greatest threat to marine communities when they reduce foundation species like corals and seagrasses. In turn, disruption of marine communities may impact the services they provide to humans and other organisms through pathogen biofiltration. The authors suggest that marine disease impacts may be slowed by protecting the natural services provided by intact ecosystems.
Disease ecology in marine conservation and management
Authors: Raymundo Laurie J. , Burge Colleen A. , Lamb Joleah B.
Published: May 2020

While disease is a part of all natural systems, emerging marine diseases are on the rise and many are exacerbated by anthropogenic stressors. Marine and terrestrial environments are fundamentally different, requiring a suite of new approaches to understanding and managing the host–pathogen–environment relationship. Promising strategies include establishing marine protected areas, developing forecasting tools, and using natural ecosystem filters to control pathogens. Aquaculture is one measurable avenue by which natural systems come into direct contact with managed systems, often with negative consequences. This chapter presents examples where pathogens, invasive species, and degraded water quality are associated with impacts on adjacent natural systems. While effective regulatory procedures exist, international transport presents a challenge to implementation and needs special attention. Ecological restoration, a growing management science, would benefit from consideration of disease processes, such as genotyping to determine differences in natural resistance that could be used to guide selective breeding efforts.
Freedom and Enslavement
Authors: Coope Ursula
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses how various notions of freedom (eleutheria) arose out of an original contrast between freedom and slavery. Section 1 mainly focuses on Plato. This section distinguishes between four different notions of freedom: freedom as independence, freedom as being able to do what one wishes, freedom as reason-guidedness, and freedom as acting as befits a free person. Section 2 discusses the Stoic view that only the sage is free. The Stoics argued that only the sage is capable of always living as he wishes. Section 3 discusses later uses of the term ‘self-determined’ (‘autexousion’). This term is often used in contexts where ‘free’ would also have been appropriate, but it has a slightly different connotation from ‘free’, since it does not invoke an implicit contrast with slavery.
Responsibility, Voluntariness, and What Depends on Us
Authors: Coope Ursula
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses ancient accounts of responsibility. Section 1 looks at Plato’s views on punishment, the transmigration of souls, and voluntariness. It asks about the implications of these views for questions about blameworthiness. Section 2 discusses Aristotle’s account of voluntariness. It looks at the ways Aristotle is responding to Plato in this account (for instance, in his remarks on the relation between voluntariness and ignorance). Section 3 turns to various later philosophers (especially the Stoics and Alexander of Aphrodisias). It first discusses their accounts of the relation between responsibility and rationality, and then looks their differing views on the question of whether we could be responsible for our actions if they were fated.
Classifying Dependencies
Authors: Wilson Alastair
Published: May 2020

Do causes always precede their effects? Is causation across a temporal gap possible? Is simultaneous causation possible? The comparative neglect of such questions means that we still lack a clear view of the underlying nature of causation. Metaphysicians typically distinguish sharply between grounding and causation, and philosophers of science typically distinguish sharply between causal and non-causal explanation, but there has been surprisingly little discussion of how exactly to draw these distinctions. This chapter argues that six of the most obvious criteria fail to capture the intended distinction between causation and grounding. The chapter proposes and defends an alternative criterion in terms of the principles mediating the dependency, and explores some of the implications of this criterion for the possibility of simultaneous causation in physics.
In Defense of the Metaphysics of Entanglement
Authors: Glick David , Darby George
Published: May 2020

Quantum entanglement has long been thought to have deep metaphysical consequences. For example, it has been claimed to show that Humeansupervenience is false or to involve a novel form of ontological holism. One way to avoid confronting the metaphysical consequences is to adopt some form of antirealism. This chapter discusses two prominent strands in recent literature—wavefunction realism and “Super-Humeanism”—which appear quite different but, as the authors see it, are instances of a more general strategy. In effect, what these attempt to do is to diffuse the puzzle of entanglement by eliminating it. These interpretative movements are advertised as equally realist, but, the chapter claims, fail to take an appropriately realist attitude towards entanglement. What the chapter advocates instead is a genuine metaphysics of entanglement: instead of eliminating entanglement, develop a metaphysics that accounts for and explains it.
On the Independent Emergence of Space-time
Authors: Healey Richard
Published: May 2020

Physics might show that space-time is an emergent structure without describing its ontological basis. Space and time are fundamental to metaphysics and physics. Their union remained fundamental after special relativity doomed each separately to fade away as a mere shadow of the space-time that Einstein later took to exist only as a structural quality of the gravitational field of general relativity. But problems meshing general relativity with quantum theory appear to show that space-time structure is not fundamental but emerges within a quantum theory of gravity. In a pragmatist view, quantum theory is typically applied not to represent target systems but to guide rational credence about events involving other systems. Applied to a gravitational field, quantum theory may guide credence about events in an emergent space-time without itself representing that field. If so, a fundamental physical theory would not describe any ultimate ground of space-time and its contents.
Francophone Literary Culture on the Move
Authors: Gilbert Jane , Gaunt Simon , Burgwinkle William
Published: May 2020

This chapter connects northern Italy with networked vectors of transmission encompassing the Low Countries, Britain, France, and the eastern Mediterranean: Arthurian prose romance is a vehicle for, and an instrument of, a pan-European chivalric vision of the past, present, and future. This Christianizing interest in figures like Tristan and Guiron le Courtois connects Italy with the Low Countries and the eastern Mediterranean in particular. A key feature of the transmission of this material, and one that grows in importance by the fourteenth century, is compilation. The famous Arthurian compilation (c. 1270) of Rusticiaus de Pise gathers episodes from different romance traditions. Guiron le Courtois circulates in ever-expanding compilations between the Low Countries and Northern Italy.
History, Time, and Empire
Authors: Gilbert Jane , Gaunt Simon , Burgwinkle William
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on the manuscripts of the Histoire ancienne made in Acre between roughly 1260 and Acre’s fall in 1291. The four Acre manuscripts are not just highly sophisticated, visually exquisite artefacts: they are also cultural productions of a specific place and time, and we situate them in the beleaguered frontier-land that is the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. That this text written in French had currency in the Latin Kingdom is significant in that French was the common vernacular in the crusader states; and the French they used was particularly mobile and translatable, thus adapted to further diffusion to audiences in Europe. Language and texts—and the vision of past, present, and future they purveyed—were one of the main instruments of the network on which the Latin Kingdom depended for its fragile survival.
The Movement of Books
Authors: Gilbert Jane , Gaunt Simon , Burgwinkle William
Published: May 2020

This chapter consists of two manuscript case studies concerning Aberystwyth, National Library of Wales, MS 5667 and British Library Royal 20 D 1. The former is manuscript of the Tristan en prose that is confected from two parts, one made in France and one in Italy. The second is the earliest manuscript of the second redaction of the Histoire ancienne jusqu’à César, made in Naples but then moving from Italy to Spain and from Spain to France. Both artefacts, though in different ways, are the result of textual bricolage. We trace this bricolage in each instance and the movement of books that produce cultural networks.
Conclusion
Authors: Gilbert Jane , Gaunt Simon , Burgwinkle William
Published: May 2020

The conclusion reviews the findings of the book to ask what kind of communities medieval texts in French instantiate, using the work of Giorgio Agamben and Jean-Luc Nancy. It is argued that French language texts seek above all to establish a supralocal history, genealogy and pedigree, and that French as a national language emerges in part as an attempt to claim this pedigree.
Social Dictatorships
Authors: Eibl Ferdinand
Published: May 2020

Why have social spending levels and social policy trajectories diverged so drastically across labour-abundant MENA regimes? And how can we explain the persistence of social spending after divergence? This books sets out to answer both questions. Itdevelops a theory about the emergence of authoritarian welfare states, arguing that autocratic leaders need both the incentives and the abilities to distribute welfare for authoritarian welfare states to emerge. The former are shaped by coalition-building dynamics at the onset of regime formation while the latter are conditioned by the external environment. At the level of incentives, broad coalitions emerge in the presence of intra-elite conflict and the absence of salient communal cleavages and, if present jointly, provide a strong incentive for welfare provision. Conversely, a cohesive elite or salient communal divisions entail small coalitions with few incentives to distribute welfare broadly. At the level of abilities, a strong external threat to regime survival is expected to undermine the ability to provide social welfare in broad coalitions. Facing a ‘butter or guns’ trade-off, elites shiflpriority to security expenditures; only fiscal surpluses from an abundant resource endowment can provide the necessary resources to avert this trade-off. To explain the persistence of social policy trajectories, the author relies on two important mechanisms in the welfare state literature: ‘constituency politics’ where beneficiaries of social policies avert deviations from the spending path in the form of systemic reforms or large-scale spending cuts; and spill-over effects to unintended beneficiaries who can become important gatekeepers against path divergence.
Social Pacts over Time
Authors: Eibl Ferdinand
Published: May 2020

The chapter uses statistical methods to test observable implications of the book’s arguroent that are visible in spending patterns over time. Establishing an important crowding-out effect between military and social spending in the Middle East, the chapter empirically corroborates a key mechanism of the theory: that is, a trade-off between ‘butter and guns: Itfurther demonstrates that the authoritarian coalitions which emerged from regime formation have had important effects on the way in which (i) regimes cut back social spending in times of economic decline and (ii) distributed resource windfalls, such as oil rents. In so doing, the chapter sheds light on the variation in social spending over time within each welfare regime type.
Thick Big Data
Authors: Jemielniak Dariusz
Published: May 2020

The social sciences are becoming datafied. The questions that have been considered the domain of sociologists, now are answered by data scientists, operating on large datasets, and breaking with the methodological tradition for better or worse. The traditional social sciences, such as sociology or anthropology, are thus under the double threat of becoming marginalized or even irrelevant; both because of the new methods of research, which require more computational skills, and because of the increasing competition from the corporate world, which gains an additional advantage based on data access. However, sociologists and anthropologists still have some important assets, too. Unlike data scientists, they have a long history of doing qualitative research. The more quantified datasets we have, the more difficult it is to interpret them without adding layers of qualitative interpretation. Big Data needs Thick Data. This book presents the available arsenal of new tools for studying the society quantitatively, but also show the new methods of analysis from the qualitative side and encourages their combination. In shows that Big Data can and should be supplemented and interpreted through thick data, as well as cultural analysis, in a novel approach of Thick Big Data.The book is critically important for students and researchers in the social sciences to understand the possibilities of digital analysis, both in the quantitative and qualitative area, and successfully build mixed-methods approaches.
West African Economic and Monetary Union
Authors: Illy Ousseni , Ouedraogo Seydou
Published: May 2020

The West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) moved to adopt Basel II and III standards in 2016 after implementing Basel I for many years. Given the weak development of the financial sector in the Union and its poor connectedness to the international financial system, this reform was unexpected. The adoption of Basel standards has been championed by the Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO), under the influence of the IMF, which has strongly encouraged implementation. National governments and domestically oriented banks have not played an active role, complicating the implementation and enforcement of the new regulations. The central bank is embedded in regulatory peer networks, has close links with the IMF, and is insulated from domestic political pressure because of its supranational position.
Tanzania
Authors: Gray Hazel
Published: May 2020

Tanzania has been a slow and cautious adopter of Basel standards, although a faster pace of adoption emerged after 2009. From 1991 to 2008 Tanzania liberalized its financial sector, but a gap emerged between the commitment to adopting Basel standards and the actual pattern of implementation and enforcement. It was only from 2009 onwards that Basel implementation was prioritized as Tanzania moved to regulator- and market-driven convergence. Regulator preferences reflected the appointment of a new governor at the Bank of Tanzania and the influence of regional commitments to regulatory harmonization. Over the same period, politicians’ commitment to deep liberalization faltered and demands for policy-based lending returned. This led to a selective implementation of Basel II and III and higher levels of enforcement. Domestic and foreign banks initially showed little interest in implementation but their preferences have shifted because of pressures from parent banks and anti-money laundering concerns. The central bank adopted a selective approach to Basel and introduced tailored regulation for development banks.
Bolivia
Authors: Knaack Peter
Published: May 2020

Bolivia had ambitious plans to implement Basel standards, but these only partly came to fruition. A novel financial services law promulgated by the regulator in 2013 established the legal framework for a wholesale adoption of Basel II, including internal ratings-based components, and elements of Basel III. It is puzzling to see such a wholehearted embrace of Basel standards by a domestically oriented left-wing government that follows a heterodox approach to economic policymaking. Basel adoption has been driven by a regulatory agency embedded in transnational technocratic regulators networks and seeks to implement international standards. Bolivian regulators wrote a range of Basel rules into the draft legislation. But Bolivian politicians, prioritizing the goals of financial stability and inclusive growth, grafted onto this legislation significant interventionist policies. Thus, Bolivia’s Basel adoption is pulling in two directions: adherence to Basel Committee-style best practices and, concurrently, financial interventionism to stimulate economic growth and financial inclusion.