bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POR UMA ABORDAGEM UNIVERSALISTA EM FILOSOFIA DA RELIGIÃO
Authors: Koslowski Adilson
Published: January 2021

A filosofia da religião tradicional tem sido marcada pelo estudo das crenças do teísmo (judaísmo, cristianismo e o islã), mas de modo mais restritivo tem se focado nas crenças cristãs. Criticando essa abordagem, vamos contrapô-la a uma perspectiva universalista como sustentada pelo filósofo neozelandês Gregory W. Dawes fundamentalmente em seu livro Religion, Philosophy and Knowledge (2017). Nosso objetivo é apresentar esse programa de pesquisa filosófico como uma opção ao tradicional. A estratégia de Dawes é não focar no estudo das crenças, mas nas fontes do conhecimento religioso que ao mesmo tempo não são tantas, porém abarcam a todas as religiões.  Concluímos que essa nova abordagem tem várias vantagens em relação à anterior, pois vivemos em um mundo globalizado onde reina o pluralismo religioso.
A BUSCA DE SENTIDO COMO EXPRESSÃO DO SER-PARA-A-MORTE
Authors: Silva Bruna Coutinho
Published: January 2021

O objetivo desta comunicação é promover uma aproximação conceitual entre a busca de sentido em Viktor Frankl, precursor da logoterapia, e o ser-para-a-morte em Martin Heidegger. A logoterapia proposta por Frankl toma a condição humana de vir-a-ser, colocada por Heidegger, como pressuposto para o desenvolvimento de um processo psicoterápico que permita ao sujeito desenvolver-se como ser de possibilidades, responsável e livre por sua condição existencial. Reconhecemos que Frankl toma a analítica existencial heideggeriana como fundamento para estruturar uma psicoterapia, mais especificamente, a condição finita do ser-aí e a construção de sentido para sua existência. Nessa busca, estão em questão, sobretudo, a angústia e a responsabilidade do ser-aí por sua própria existência. Esta comunicação foi apresentada no II Seminário Filosófico da Pós-Graduação em Filosofia da PUC Minas.
RECONFIGURAÇÕES DIDÁTICO-PEDAGÓGICAS NA EDUCAÇÃO DE JOVENS E ADULTOS TRABALHADORES: REFLEXÕES A PARTIR DAS RELAÇÕES RACIAIS E DO ENSINO DE GEOGRAFIA
Authors: Dionisio Tiago
Published: January 2021

O racismo é um problema estrutural e seu combate passa, obrigatoriamente, e também, pela intervenção educativa. Daí a importância de refletirmos como o tema é tratado no sistema escolar, uma vez que acreditamos que este seja capaz de contribuir para a transformação do imaginário, dos valores, das culturas e das condutas. Neste sentido, este artigo apresenta uma análise do material didático de Geografia do Programa “Nova EJA” com recorte para as relações raciais, mais especificamente como se dá a representatividade da população negra no referido material, uma vez que o segmento negro da sociedade brasileira é a maioria nos bancos escolares na EJA. A partir das análises sobre as imagens e conteúdosdos cadernos dos estudantes, chegamos aos seguintes resultados: o material ofertado pelo Programa “Nova EJA”, que se propõe inovador com vista a combater a defasagem entre idade/série e evasão escolar, precisa trazer em seu cerne uma nova concepção educacional em que a população negra se veja representada positivamente e, assim, incluída no sistema escolar, visto que a representação da população negra está negligenciada, estigmatiza e estereotipada, reforçando, assim, o racismo institucional no espaço escolar e colaborando para práticas pedagógicas racistas.
HISTÓRIA, LITERATURA E ENSINO DE HISTÓRIA: A ESCRAVIDÃO EM MARIA FIRMINA DOS REIS
Authors: Oliveira Cleidiane , Rebelatto Martha
Published: January 2021

As obras e a trajetória de Maria Firmina dos Reis, autora negra maranhense nascida em 1822, ganharam destaque que vem se acentuando desde 1975 em eventos de literatura, publicações e no meio acadêmico. Neste artigo, interessa-nos discutir sobre os usos da literatura, especificamente o romance Úrsula, de Maria Firmina dos Reis, nas aulas de História para pensar sobre a temática da escravidão.  O debate busca refletir sobre como o uso da literatura nas aulas de História pode contribuir com o processo de construção de alunos capazes de se apropriar do saber como ferramenta para interpretar o mundo e construir significados na contemporaneidade para os temas estudados. Para isso, analisaremos como a literatura, enquanto fonte para a história, dialoga com a sociedade na qual é produzida, apropriando-se e interferindo no seu tempo histórico, bem como, no caso específico da autora analisada, as condições da contemporaneidade para a releitura de Maria Firmina dos Reis. Pretendemos estabelecer alguns caminhos para trabalhar com a literatura em sala de aula, discutindo problemáticas próprias da História. Por fim, buscamos também problematizar e levar para a sala de aula o fazer do professor-pesquisador e do historiador, com o objetivo de abordar como é construído o saber histórico.
SALÁRIO-EDUCAÇÃO: UM MECANISMO DE FINANCIAMENTO
Authors: Cury Carlos Roberto Jamil , Bordignon Genuíno
Published: January 2021

Este artigo pretende historiar a chegada do salário-educação ao ordenamento jurídico nacional e sua evolução posterior, com suas mudanças.  Como mecanismo de financiamento da educação escolar brasileira, ele se acopla a outros mecanismos, sobretudo, os constitucionais de financiamento da educação. Como tal, esse mecanismo tornou-se importante para o direito à educação, já que se impõe como uma forma de colaboração da sociedade no financiamento da educação e, no caso das empresas privadas, na função social da propriedade. Esse artigo se apoia em documentos históricos, oficiais e em uma bibliografia de apoio.
SER NEGRO NO MARAJÓ: NOTAS SOBRE IDENTIDADE E RACISMO NA AMAZÔNIA PARAENSE
Authors: Guimarães Jacqueline Tatiane da Silva
Published: January 2021

Abordamos sobre ser negro e o racismo no Marajó, a fim de refletir sobre as suas particularidades na região. Primeiramente, tratamos sobre a história do negro na Amazônia, problematizando a sua presença na cultura da Amazônia paraense. Posteriormente, discorremos sobre o processo de lutas e resistências que consolidaram as políticas afirmativas e os impactos do colorismo nos processos da autodeclaração e por consequência na identidade racial. Por fim, apresentamos os resultados da pesquisa, que teve como lócus o município de Breves (Marajó/PA). Esta pesquisa é exploratória, pautada em levantamento bibliográfico e entrevista estruturada realizada com 34 sujeitos, sendo 32 discentes e dois técnicos de instituições de ensino superior. A pesquisa foi realizada nos meses de agosto e setembro de 2017. Verificamos que os debates sobre raça, etnia, racismo, negro e negritude ainda se constituem em verdadeiros pontos de interrogação para os discentes dos cursos de nível superior, quadro que indica as fragilidades na educação básica destes sujeitos e sendo uma problemática que acaba por não ser superada pelos projetos pedagógicos dos cursos que ainda não conseguiram consolidar uma educação antirracista.
The role of Instagram influencers as a source of fashion information
Authors: Tomovska Elena
Published: January 2021

Social media has become a powerful communicating tool for the fashion industry, providing an instant, democratic, user-generated dissemination of fashion trends, particularly with the younger generations. Image-centred social media, such as Instagram are particularly well adopted for fashion communication. This research aims to investigate the role of Instagram on the dissemination of fashion trends amongst Generation Z. The research used an electronic questionnaire distributed to 120 participants, aged 16 to 23 years. A commercially available tool for measuring the reach of global and local fashion influencers was used to comprise a list of influencers used in the research. Cluster analysis was used to identify Instagram influencers impacting fashion and the use of Instagram as a fashion information channel.
Theses for new strategies of development of textile and clothing industry: Part 1
Authors: Dimitrijević Dragan
Published: January 2021

Modern and profitable industry today is inconceivable without timely and rapid implementation of quality and efficient process tools, as well as complementary and adequate work and development strategies, with a strong reliance on information technologies. However, due to the faster approach to the global market and their participation in it, developing countries completely uncritically adopt the so-called "universal" laws and rules of work and business, which are incompatible with many technical-technological, economic, social, cultural, national and other features of the countries that adopt them, and therefore not effective. Generating new work and development strategies implies their consistency with the mission, vision and goals, but also compliance with opportunities. This ultimately implies providing a quality product and long-term competitive advantage and survival of the company, where the key prerequisite for their adoption and effective implementation are activist approach, unconditional state support and general national consensus. The paper presents some of the most important elements and parameters, but also the problems of work and development of textile and clothing industry of developing countries (Serbia), as theses, necessary in generating quality, efficient and sustainable concepts and strategies of work and development.
The Curriculum—Present Tendencies, Future Possibilities
Authors: Smith Eugene R. , Babb Maurice J. , Rorer J. T.
Published: January 2021

There is probably no better evidence of the increased interest in popular education than the present tendency to carefully scrutinize all parts of our educational machinery to note the defects and their remedy, to suggest improvements, and how to introduce them. The attitude of mind that conforms to the injunction, “Prove all things,” is most healthful and should bring about better results. As teachers of mathematics we have nothing to fear from this critical spirit. We have proved all things from ancient times and our triumphal Q.E.D. has appeared over and over again. Shall we then not expect our own attitude of demanding proof to be a natural and reasonable one for others?
What Results are We Getting from Graphic Algebra?
Authors: Smith Arthur Whipple
Published: January 2021

I feel that I should explain to you that my acquaintance with the work of the secondary schools is entirely second hand and it may be that my ideas on the subject of graphics in secondary work are colored by what I may wish were possible instead of being entirely true to the facts. In my own experience as an instructor of freshmen I have found but little evidence indicating previous instruction in graphics and frequently the subject is thrust suddenly upon a freshman by the immediate needs of his college work. In many cases it is looked upon as only another novelty introduced to make college mathematics a thing to be dreaded and avoided if possible. I assume that it is proper for an instructor in first-year college work to expect a greater or less degree of familiarity with graphics on the part of incoming students and from this standpoint consider the question as to what may be gained by the study of graphics in connection with all branches of elementary mathematics. The subject should appeal to teachers of mathematics for at least three reasons, first, it is the simplest of our many symbolisms for magnitudes and in the order of nature precedes all the others: second, it often appeals to certain pupils who would otherwise be uninterested: third it affords connecting links among all branches of mathematics.
Some Suggestions on Decreasing the Mortality in our Geometry Classes
Authors: Lasher William R.
Published: January 2021

First of all it is necessary for us teachers to get down to the level of our pupils or as near to that level as is possible. To do this we must recognize in the beginning that they have had very little that can be called preparation for the subject of logical geometry. They are largely rule-and-fact taught. They have learned one example and then worked the rest like it.
What in High School Mathematics is of Most Importance as a Preparation for Analytic Geometry and the Calculus in College
Authors: Gale Arthur Sullivan
Published: January 2021

One of the educational problems of the day, demanding solution with increasing insistence, is the question of the inter-relations of diverse college entrance examinations and the complex curriculum of the modern high school. This general problem is immediately suggested when a college instructor proposes to indicate the portions of the mathematical subjects commonly taught in the high school which are of most importance for the study of analytic geometry and the calculus. For such an indication implies that the colleges would like to have these portions of the elementary branches emphasized in the high school, and I can almost hear some high school instructor, on looking over the program, say to himself, “An attempt of the college to impose further unreasonable demands on the high school.” Far be it from me to consider the topic proposed in any such spirit. Rather, let the discussion be conducted on the lines, fostered by this and other similar associations, along which progressive high school and college instructors are working harmoniously to secure in the high school a curriculum adapted to the needs of the large body of students who do not go to college and to the adequate preparation of the comparatively few who do.
Educational Values in Mathematical Teaching
Authors: Smith Eugene R. , Babb Maurice J. , Hawkes H. E.
Published: January 2021

means to an end. It is the lever with which the windows of the mind are pried open, and we teachers must be content to see it discarded when this all-important work is done.
Notes and News
Authors: Smith Eugene R.
Published: January 2021

On February 3 eleven teachers met in Pittsburgh and reorganized the Pittsburgh Section. There were in all twenty-one enrolled, of which eighteen were new members and with this enthusiastic start we predict a vigorous and prosperous section. Mr. W. F. Long, of the Central High School, was elected chairman, and Mr. Arthur C. Baird, of the Fifth Ave. High School, was elected secretary.
Should Formal Geometry be Taught in the Elementary Schools? If so, to What Extent?
Authors: Kelly D. J.
Published: January 2021

In appearing before this assembly I feel somewhat like an impostor, for I am not a mathematics teacher nor have I ever been one. Neither do I make any claim as a mathematician but am merely a plain superintendent of schools, somewhat young in experience and a trifle old-fashioned in ideas. As such I speak this afternoon and should you disagree with anything that is said you are at liberty to do so for “my hat is not in the ring” nor have I any fears of “recall.”
The One World of Mathematics
Authors: Kinsella John , Bradley A. Day
Published: January 2021

One doctrine proposed by the agressors in World War II was that of racial superiority. These agressors became the losers. A proposition of the victors who earnestly desire a permanent world peace is that the nations of our planet must adopt cooperation rather than “survival of the fittest” to guide their relationships. Only in this way, they say, can we become winners of the peace. On the other hand, the bickering and quarreling among the great powers about atomic bombs, boundaries, and the other terms of peace for the Hitlerian group seem in direct violation of the proposed peace recipe.
Enrichment of Mathematics Instruction
Authors: Trump Paul L.
Published: January 2021

In contemplating the message to bring you on the subject as assigned, I must admit a degree of indecision. No speaker could be accorded the honor of greater freedom than the subject appears to allow. As a check on my thinking I referred to that ever useful refuge, the dictionary. There I found among the various definitions of enrich, two which suggested the importance of a basic distinction. One definition implied to me the artificial type of fads and frills by which we are sometimes intrigued away from fundamental emphases in mathematics. The other impressed me as providing a much more substantial basis for accomplishing the end results we really seek. The first of the two definitions of enrich was “To supply with ornament, to adorn.” The second was “To add to the endowments of, to increase the knowledge or capacities of, to impart a richer quality to.”
“Factoring Method” vs. Division
Authors: Ransom William R.
Published: January 2021

It is well known (by teachers and the better pupils) that if a product is zero, at least one of the factors is zero.
A Study in the Growth of Arithmetic Power
Authors: Lee William
Published: January 2021

The extent to which high school courses such as algebra and geometry contribute to the pupil's arithmetic power is frequently questioned by those who are not themselves teachers of mathematics. Even experienced mathematics teachers often are prone to list retention of arithmetic, rather than increased power in arithmetic, as one of the desirable outcomes of such courses.
The Integration of Trigonometry with Physical Science
Authors: Kramer Edna E.
Published: January 2021

A current tendency in education is the fusion of allied subjects into single courses of study. Because mathematics is so specialized in nature it will, in all probability, never be completely combined with other fields. To meet the present challenge, however, we must introduce more and more material of applied or related nature. This article is devoted to the details of one unit of such subject matter which we are using with success in our trigonometry classes at Thomas Jefferson High School.
Introduction to the “Reeve Number” of The Mathematics Teacher
Authors: Clark John R.
Published: January 2021

In recognition of their appreciation of the long and continuing contribution of Professor Reeve to the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, the Directors of the Council at their April meeting requested me to prepare this special number of The Mathematics Teacher, to be dedicated to Professor Reeve.
Aids to Teaching
Authors: Syer Henry W. , Johnson Donovan A.
Published: January 2021

This article completes a year's series on materials of instruction available for mathematics teachers. We hope to continue the series. The interest evidenced by the comments and suggestions that many of you have made has been appreciated. We have tried to give accurate descriptions and appraisals of many types of teaching aids. However, we would appreciate your participation in the critical evaluation of materials. We want you to share your experiences with teaching materials with other mathematics teachers. Send us information, experiences, ideas and suggestions about teaching aids to be published in this department under your name, so that this series can serve as a clearing house through which mathematics teachers can exchange information about teaching materials.
Applications of Mathematics in Pre-Engineering Mathematics
Authors: Cell John W.
Published: January 2021

The use of applications for mathematics like the use of slides and models can be a motivating influence for the learning process. But any use of these tools must necessarily be kept subordinate to the real objective—that of actual instruction in mathematics. This point cannot be made too forceful and what l shall have to say about the use of applications must be understood in this perspective. The teacher of high school or college mathematics makes a serious mistake whenever he tries to use an application problem that requires an hour or more of instruction in some phase of science or technology—just as he makes a mistake when he allows a full class period to be subordinated to the construction of some model.
The Art of Teaching: Rectangular Coordinates and Signed Numbers in Seventh Grade Mathematics
Authors: Sobel Max A.
Published: January 2021

In discussing modern trends in mathematics, Professor Reeve of Columbia University, has often mentioned the gradual “leveling down” in this field. That is, instead of introducing various phases of the subject at an earlier stage of the teaching process, it is deferred until later. Thus we are now able to find college algebra texts that should provide no challenge to a good high-school group.
Arithmetic: A New Section of The Mathematics Teacher
Authors: Sueltz Ben A.
Published: January 2021

The National Council has long been interested in the field of arithmetic both in the elementary schools and in the secondary schools. The national and regional meetings of the Council featured discussions of arithmetic and these programs have been very well attended. The Tenth and Sixteenth Yearbooks were devoted to arithmetic and these proved to be among the most popular of the yearbooks.
Arithmetic Section
Authors: Sueltz Ben A.
Published: January 2021

Three new courses of study in arithmetic are reviewed. These represent California, New York, and Pennsylvania. They indicate that real progress is being made in the teaching of arithmetic. This is particularly true on the curriculum level. However, the most important task is that of bringing our best thinking into the classrooms. How can this be done? It is interesting to note that each of the courses of study was prepared by a comparatively few people but in each case this was done after wide consultation with teachers and supervisors. Many curriculum workers believe that the wider the participation in the preparation of syllabi and courses of study the more real value to the teachers and to the boys and girls. Do we need many special workshops and institutes in order that our teachers in service might gain the benefit of our best thinking about aims, methods, procedures, materials, and modes of evaluation in arithmetic?
The Apple Theory
Authors: Ransom William R.
Published: January 2021

The sum of 2a and 3a is certainly 5a, but consider the reason usually given for it to beginning algebra classes. A fertile source of difficulties in later mathematics is the fact that so much is taught to the beginners about what algebraic work looks like, rather tahn what it actually means. One hears that a term is transposed and changes its sign, instead of that its negative is added to both sides of an equation. One hears of a fraction being inverted, parentheses being removed, and a factor being taken out from under a radical sign. And it is commonly said that 2a + 3a = 5a because two apples plus three apples makes five apples.
Group Affiliation with the National Council
Authors: Charlesworth H. W.
Published: January 2021

The school year is about over. We have had another very successful year for the National Council. Much progress has been made. We have been blessed with capable and untiring leadership. Conventions have been better than ever, more numerous and more scattered. Our memberships have been steadily increasing. New activities have been started, among these being the Delegate Assembly which had its initial meeting in Chicago in April. Looking back over these recent accomplishments gives us encouragement to go on and makes us anxious to be a part of future developments.
Planning a Mathematics Tournament
Authors: Feltges Edna M.
Published: January 2021

“Three friends ate lunch together. One spent eighty cents for a glass of milk, two hamburgers, and a doughnut. The second bought two glasses of milk, one hamburger, and two doughnuts for seventy cents. If the third bought one glass of milk, one hamburger, and one doughnut, how much did he pay?”
Recreational Mathematics
Authors: Bakst Aaron
Published: January 2021

This is the beginning of a new department in The Mathematics Teacher. This department has a purpose. Its aim is to assist the classroom teacher in putting color and life in everyday teaching. There are many ways and means how this might be achieved. Generally, recreations are supposed to introduce elements of interest and motivation. On the other hand, recreations, as they have been known in the mathematical literature for centuries, have been centered around the puzzling and the play with mathematical operations. This may be interesting, but only for a while. Soon the interest in such things may wear off. This acts as a warning that we should not become too enthusiastic over such types of recreations. If we teach mathematics from such recreational points of view only, we may obscure the more important aims of the mathematical instruction.
Imaginaries
Authors: Gruenberger Fred
Published: January 2021

“Imaginary” numbers are usually presented in algebra classes merely as a necessary (and awkward) evil arising from the solution of quadratic equations. Indeed, one may go quite far in mathematics before discovering some of the ingenious practical uses of complex numbers.
Historically Speaking,—: The quadrature of the parabola: an ancient theorem in modern form
Authors: Jones Phillip S. , Boyer Carl
Published: January 2021

The quadrature of the parabola by Archimedes is one of the best-known of the classics of the history of mathematics.
What is Going On in Your School?: The status of mathematics in my school
Authors: Brown John A. , Karnes Houston T. , Hollowell John M.
Published: January 2021

Every student in the four-year senior high school at Jacksonville, Illinois, is enrolled in a minimum of one year of mathematics. At any given time, about ten out of seventeen students are enrolled in some class section in mathematics. About 500 of the 840 student body take a mathematics course in any one year. This is about 60%.
Devices for a Mathematics Classroom: An individual laboratory kit for the mathematics student
Authors: Allard Nona Mary
Published: January 2021

The thrill of discovery is a powerful incentive to students of physics and chemistry. Mathematics students, too, can be motivated by discovery experiences. However, the collection, care, and distribution of the materials needed to employ the discovery method can be a prohibitively time-consuming chore for the teacher.
Points and Viewpoints: The NCTM and the NEA
Authors: Mayor John R.
Published: January 2021

Since June, 1950, The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics has been a Department of the National Education Association, with our national office and executive secretary in the NEA Building in Washington, D.C.
Which way mathematics?: Elementary and secondary school training in mathematics
Authors: Cairns S. S.
Published: January 2021

This article is reprinted here with the permission of the editor of the “Monthly.” Dr. Cairns sets forth some shortcomings of the present progam in mathematics and suggests remedial measures.
What is Going On in Your School?: Desert for seventh-graders
Authors: Diggins Julia E.
Published: January 2021

Here is presented an account of how one teacher provides “that little extra” for her seventh grade. Also presented are some ideas from a classroom teacher on high-school mathematics clubs.
Affiliated Groups: Goals in algebra
Authors: Adkins Jackson B.
Published: January 2021

One of the never-ending functions of groups of mathematics teachers is to teach and talk about the general education values of their subject. Affiliated groups occupy key positions for the propagation of such discussions.
Fifteenth Christmas Meeting
Authors: Rogers Mary C.
Published: January 2021

The Fifteenth Christmas Meeting of The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics will be held at St. Louis, Missouri, on December 28 and 29, 1954.
Grammar School Mathematics
Authors: Webb Harrison E.
Published: January 2021

The opinion is freely expressed nowadays that the present is a transition period in American education. People who hold this view are not agreed as to just what is the nature of the transition. Their judgments on this point are as varied as are their educational creeds. One prominent educator, finding. that his favorite psychological hobby will not bear him up the steep and rugged path of mathematics, declares that mathematics ought to be abolished, as far as 1he schools are concerned. This, to paraphrase Mr. Chesterton, is like trying to get out of having to skin a cat by denying the cat. A world without mathematics is, to say the least, a difficult thing to imagine.
Radicals for the Freshman
Authors: Liden Miss Anna R.
Published: January 2021

The course in radicals, here outlined, does not pretend to offer anything new or startling. It merely suggests one way in which the freshman may be led to walk with some degree of confidence through a subject which is apt to seem to him a blind and useless maze of algebraic trickery. The work required of him is limited to what may be necessary in solving and testing equations of the quadratic form, in solving simple radical equations, and in evaluating formulæ.
Inscribing Regular Pentagons and Decagons
Authors: Bowden Joseph
Published: January 2021

The chief object of the following paper is to prove exact a construction for the regular pentagon that is found in books on mechanical drawing* and is on that account thought by some to be inexact.
Maximizing Area and Perimeter Problems
Authors: L. Eskelson Samuel , E. Townsend Brian , K. Hughes Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

Use this context and technological tool to assist students in embracing the mathematical and pragmatic nuances of “real-world” problems so they become fertile opportunities to explore mathematical concepts, express reasoning, and engage in mathematical modeling.
Responsive and Relevant to Whom?
Authors: Yeh Cathery
Published: January 2021

Ear to the Ground features voices from various corners of the mathematics education world.
Improving Understanding of Mathematical Equivalence
Authors: Hornburg Caroline Byrd , Brletic-Shipley Heather , Matthews Julia M. , McNeil Nicole M.
Published: January 2021

Modify arithmetic problem formats to make the relational equation structure more transparent. We describe this practice and three additional evidence-based practices: (1) introducing the equal sign outside of arithmetic, (2) concreteness fading activities, and (3) comparing and explaining different problem formats and problem-solving strategies.
Data Mining Approach for Cyber Security
Authors: Desai Varsha P. , Oza Dr.K.S. , Naik Dr.P.G.
Published: January 2021

Use of internet and communication technologies plays significant role in our day to day life. Data mining capability is leveraged by cybercriminals as well as security experts. Data mining applications can be used to detect future cyber-attacks by analysis, program behavior, browsing habits and so on. Number of internet users are gradually increasing so there is huge challenges of security while working in the cyber world. Malware, Denial of Service, Sniffing, Spoofing, cyber stalking these are the major cyber threats. Data mining techniques are provides intelligent approach for threat detections by monitoring abnormal system activities, behavioral and signatures patterns. This paper highlights data mining applications for threat analysis and detection with special approach for malware and denial of service attack detection with high precision and less time.
Jason of Pherai (Pherae)
Authors: Sprawski Sławomir
Published: January 2021

Jason of Pherai (?–370bce) was a Thessalian tyrant and military commander highly valued by Xenophon. He managed to gain control of all of Thessaly (ca. 375/4) and secured his election astagosof the Thessalian League. After the battle of Leuktra in 371 he negotiated a truce between the Thebans and the Spartans. Subsequently he secured his influence in the Thermopylai area. There were rumors about his plans to plunder Delphi, take over hegemony in Greece, and invade Persia. Jason was assassinated during preparation to supervise the Delphic festival of Pythia.
Mani/Manichaeism
Authors: Gardner Iain
Published: January 2021

Mani or Manichaios (ca. 216–76ce) was an Aramaic‐speaking visionary in Persian Mesopotamia, renowned as the founder of a major world religion.
Banks
Authors: Andreau Jean
Published: January 2021

In Greek and Roman antiquity, one must not confuse moneylending with deposit banking. Deposit bankers, who appeared in Athens in the fifth centurybce(trapezitai) and in Rome at the end of the fourth centurybce(argentarii), were professional people. Their job was to accept and to hold deposits both for indefinite periods or for fixed terms, to exchange money, and, in the western part of the Roman world, to take part in auctions in order to lend money to those who bought at auction. A bank was characterized by the bond between the banker and his client. The link was manifest in a series of operations conducted by the banker and in the record of these operations that was entered in a register.
Isocrates (Isokrates)
Authors: Walter Uwe
Published: January 2021

Isocrates (436–338
bce
) was an Athenian speech writer and teacher of rhetoric.
Agrippina the Younger
Authors: Barrett Anthony A.
Published: January 2021

Agrippina the Younger (14–59
ce
) was the granddaughter of Augustus, the sister of Caligula, the wife of Claudius, and the mother of Nero. A woman of remarkable energy and ambition, she exercised considerable influence in the imperial court, but her attempts to interfere in political matters soon alienated her son, Nero, and led eventually to her murder.
Ituraea and Ituraeans
Authors: Kropp Andreas J. M.
Published: January 2021

The Ituraeans, a semi‐nomadic people that occupied the Beqa‘ Valley (Lebanon) and adjoining areas, are attested in Classical sources as mountain brigands posing a threat to civilian life. Under the leadership of their tetrarchs in the first century
bce
, they expanded their dominion from the Phoenician coast to the Syrian steppe, but were then curtailed by successive Roman emperors.
Megillat Ta
ʿ
anit (The Scroll of Fasting)
Authors: Noam Vered
Published: January 2021

Megillat Taʿanit
or
The Scroll of Fasting
is a list of about thirty‐five dates drawn up in Aramaic and arranged in calendar order.
Codex Hermopolis
Authors: Lippert Sandra L.
Published: January 2021

Designation of a Demotic manuscript (third century
bce
) written on the recto of a papyrus found in 1938 at Tuna el‐Gebel, on the western side of Hermopolis Magna (Ashmunein) in Upper Egypt, and now in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo (
P.Cairo
JE 89127–89130
+
89137–89143); on the verso is a mathematical text.
Law, civil
Authors: du Plessis Paul J.
Published: January 2021

Civil law (and the associated concept “civilian tradition”), derived from the Latin
ius civile
, is the term used in contemporary legal scholarship to refer to the reception of Roman law into the legal systems of western Europe. This use of the term is different from its original meaning as that body of Roman law only available to Roman citizens, which was used in Roman legal sources as an antithesis to the
ius gentium
, that body of law which was common to all men.
Locatio conductio
Authors: du Plessis Paul J.
Published: January 2021

A survey of the main contours of the scholarly debate on the topic and the most recent literature.
Londinium (London)
Authors: Rogers Adam
Published: January 2021

Londinium was the largest city in Britannia and the presumed provincial capital.
Palladion, Palladium
Authors: Hartmann Andreas
Published: January 2021

A small statue of Athena standing and brandishing a spear, a type that is attested from the seventh century
bce
onwards. The Palladion was believed to have been brought from Troy to Rome and was regarded as a pledge for world domination (
pignus imperii
) from the Late Republic onwards.
Atomism
Authors: Campbell Gordon Lindsay
Published: January 2021

Atomism is the theory, first developed in the fifth century
bce
by Leucippus and Democritus, that the universe is composed of microscopic particles and void.
Philo of Byzantium
Authors: Rance Philip
Published: January 2021

Philo of Byzantium (ca. 200bce), or Philo Mechanicus, was the author of a multivolume technological compendium on civil and military engineering.
Nabu
Authors: Oshima Takayoshi
Published: January 2021

Nabu was the patron deity of scribes. His main temple was Ezida (the True House) in the city of Borsippa, located near Babylon.
Surface/Interface Chemistry Engineering of Correlated‐Electron Materials: From Conducting Solids, Phase Transitions to External‐Field Response
Authors: Li Zejun , Wu Qiran , Wu Changzheng
Published: January 2021

Correlated electronic materials (CEMs) with strong electron−electron interactions are often associated with exotic properties, such as metal‐insulator transition (MIT), charge density wave (CDW), superconductivity, and magnetoresistance (MR), which are fundamental to next generation condensed matter research and electronic devices. When the dimension of CEMs decreases, exposing extremely high specific surface area and enhancing electronic correlation, the surface states are equally important to the bulk phase. Therefore, surface/interface chemical interactions provide an alternative route to regulate the intrinsic properties of low‐dimensional CEMs. Here, recent achievements in surface/interface chemistry engineering of low‐dimensional CEMs are reviewed, using surface modification, molecule−solid interaction, and interface electronic coupling, toward modulation of conducting solids, phase transitions including MIT, CDW, superconductivity, and magnetism transition, as well as external‐field response. Surface/interface chemistry engineering provides a promising strategy for exploring novel properties and functional applications in low‐dimensional CEMs. Finally, the current challenge and outlook of the surface/interface engineering are also pointed out for future research development.
Calibrating AquaCrop model using genetic algorithm with multi‐objective functions applying different weight factors
Authors: Guo Daxin , Olesen Jørgen Eivind , Pullens Johannes W. M. , Guo Changjiang , Ma Xiaoyi
Published: January 2021

Fast and efficient calibration is essential for the effective application of crop models. However, many formulas, parameters, and nonlinear responses in crop models make calibration difficult and time consuming. Using an intelligent optimization algorithm to calibrate the model has advantages in global search ability, optimization speed, and automatic calibration compared to the manual trial and error method, although performance may depend strongly on the objective function used. This study evaluated the use of an improved genetic algorithm, namely elite genetic algorithm (EGA), for calibration of a water‐driven crop model (AquaCrop) using three different objective functions separately, which comprise observed variables from harvest and in‐season data and differ in calculating the weight factors of these variables. Observations of maize (Zea mays L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under different irrigation treatments were used for model calibration and validation. The results showed satisfactory calibration performances for the EGA applying the three objective functions, that is, the coefficient of determination and index of agreement were all >0.97 for canopy cover (CC) and biomass of both maize and wheat, and also showed good agreement between simulated and observed soil water storage. The three objective functions differed in calibration speed and performance, since they differ in error source and calculation, moreover, they performed similar or better than manual calibration. The validation results showed that the AquaCrop model calibrated by the EGA can predict CC, biomass, yield, and soil water storage of maize and wheat. In general, calibration of the AquaCrop model using EGA greatly improves the model application efficiency for irrigation management.
A stable metal–organic framework with well‐matched pore cavity for efficient acetylene separation
Authors: Chen Yang , Du Yadan , Wang Yong , Krishna Rajamani , Li Libo , Yang Jiangfeng , Li Jinping , Mu Bin
Published: January 2021

Acetylene, an important petrochemical feedstock, is the starting chemical to produce many polymer products. Separating C2H2 from its by‐product mixtures is still an energy‐consuming process and remains challenging. Here, we present a metal–organic framework[Zn2(bpy)(btec)], with a desirable pore geometry and stable framework, which demonstrated a high separation performance of C2H2 from simulated mixtures. With the desirable pore dimension and hydrogen bonding sites, Zn2(bpy)(btec) shows by far the both highest C2H2/C2H4 and C2H2/CO2 uptake ratios, very high adsorption selectivities and moderately C2H2 uptake of 93.5 cm3/cm3 under 298 K and 1 atm. Not only straightforwardly produced high purity of C2H4, but also recovered high purity of C2H2 (>98%) in the regeneration process (>92% recovery). More notably, Zn2(bpy)(btec) can be straightforwardly synthesized at a large scale under environmentally friendly conditions, and its good water/chemical stability, thermostability, and cyclic stability highlight the promise of this molecular sieving material for industrial C2H2 separation.
Regioselektive und redox‐neutrale Cp*IrIII‐katalysierte allylische C‐H‐Alkinylierung
Authors: Mondal Shobhan , Pinkert Tobias , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Glorius Frank
Published: January 2021

Hierin berichten wir über ein Cp*IrIII‐katalysiertes, hochregioselektives und redoxneutrales Protokoll für den Aufbau von 1,4‐Eninen aus unaktivierten Olefinen und Bromalkinen über intermolekulare allylische C‐H‐Alkinylierung. Die entwickelten milden Reaktionsbedingungen tolerieren ein breites Spektrum gängiger funktioneller Gruppen und ermöglichen sogar die selektive Alkinylierung allylischer C‐H‐Bindungen in Gegenwart anderer prominenter dirigierender Gruppen. Mechanistische Experimente, einschließlich der Isolation einer katalytisch aktiven IrIII‐Allylspezies, deuten auf eine intermolekulare allylische C‐H‐Aktivierung, gefolgt von einer elektrophilen Alkinylierung hin.
Effect of the co‐digestion of agricultural lignocellulosic residues with manure from South American camelids
Authors: Meneses‐Quelal Orlando , Velázquez‐Martí Borja , Gaibor‐Chávez Juan , Niño‐Ruiz Zulay
Published: January 2021

This study aims to evaluate the effects of the co‐digestion of agricultural residues with manure from camelids from the Andean zone. Different combinations of llama manure (LM) and vicuñas (VM) were made with amaranth (AS), quinoa (QS), and wheat (WS) residues. They were fermented using sewage sludge as inoculum. The co‐digestion was evaluated under mesophilic conditions for 40 days. The ratios of volatile substances of substrate / co‐substrate evaluated were 0:100; 25:75; 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0. Two substrate / inoculum ratios (SIR 1:1 and SIR1:2) were also evaluated. The results indicate that the maximum methane accumulation rate is obtained in SIR 1:1 for a VM‐AS ratio (25:75) with 540 mL/g volatile solid (VS). In general, the results did not increase with the increase in inoculum; rather, the tendency to improve methane yield is associated with an increase in the amount of agricultural residues, mainly AS. Regarding the kinetic modeling, the transfer model is the one that best adjusted the predicted values to those observed with an r2 between 0.991 and 0.999, and an RMSE value between 2.06 and 13.62 mL/g (volatile solid) VS. Finally, all the trials presented synergistic effects in their co‐digestion except the digesters formed by LM‐AS, LM‐QS and LM‐WS of SIR 1:2. These presented antagonistic effects in which the addition of the co‐substrate generated competition with the substrates, reducing methane production. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
A high‐throughput and machine learning resistance monitoring system to determine the point of resistance for Escherichia coli with tetracycline: Combining UV‐visible spectrophotometry with principal component analysis
Authors: Chapman James , Orrell‐Trigg Rebecca , Kwoon Ki Y. , Truong Vi K. , Cozzolino Daniel
Published: January 2021

UV‐visible spectroscopy (UV‐Vis) is routinely used in microbiology as a tool to check the optical density (OD) pertaining to the growth stages of microbial cultures at the single wavelength of 600 nm, better known as the OD600. Typically, modern UV‐Vis spectrophotometers can scan in the region of approximately 200–1000 nm in the electromagnetic spectrum, where users do not extend the use of the instrument's full capability in a laboratory. In this study, the full potential of UV‐Vis spectrophotometry (multiwavelength collection) was used to examine bacterial growth phases when treated with antibiotics showcasing the ability to understand the point of resistance when an antibiotic is introduced into the media and therefore understand the biochemical changes of the infectious pathogens. A multiplate reader demonstrated a high throughput experiment (96 samples) to understand the growth of Escherichia coli when varied concentrations of the antibiotic tetracycline was added into the well plates. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis were then used as the data mining techniques to interpret the UV‐Vis spectral data and generate machine learning “proof of principle” for the UV‐Vis spectrophotometer plate reader. Results from this study showed that the PCA analysis provides an accurate yet simple visual classification and the recognition of E. coli samples belonging to each treatment. These data show significant advantages when compared to the traditional OD600 method where we can now understand biochemical changes in the system rather than a mere optical density measurement. Due to the unique experimental setup and procedure that involves indirect use of antibiotics, the same test could be used for obtaining practical information on the type, resistance, and dose of antibiotic necessary to establish the optimum diagnosis, treatment, and decontamination strategies for pathogenic and antibiotic resistant species.
Traders as sustainability governance actors in global food supply chains: A research agenda
Authors: Grabs Janina , Carodenuto Sophia Louise
Published: January 2021

Corporate actors are rapidly gaining ground as nontraditional forms of authority that shape sustainability governance efforts in global food supply chains. This paper highlights the critical, but underresearched role of traders—companies whose core business lies in the movement and exchange of agricultural commodities between producers and manufacturers—in linking corporate sustainability ambitions to on‐the‐ground impacts. Drawing on a systematic analysis of the major transnational corporations trading cocoa, coffee, and palm oil, we present advantages and potential pitfalls of relying on traders as implementers of sustainability governance and outline a future research agenda that focuses on producer‐level impacts, changes in supply chain organization and power dynamics, and traders' interactions with state and other nonstate actors. At the intersection of supply chain management, political economy, geography, and global governance, research on traders as key sustainability governance actors also provides novel opportunities for interdisciplinary work and stakeholder engagement.
A Highly Selective and Stable Ruthenium‐Nickel Supported on Ceria Catalyst for Carbon Dioxide Methanation
Authors: Elia Nathalie , Estephane Jane , Poupin Christophe , El Khoury Bilal , Pirault‐Roy Laurence , Aouad Samer , Aad Edmond Abi
Published: January 2021

The performance of nickel, ruthenium, and nickel‐ruthenium impregnated on cerium oxide catalysts was tested in the methanation of carbon dioxide reaction. The nickel and ruthenium contents were 4 and 0.4 wt%, respectively. The properties of the catalysts were studied using elementary analysis, Brunauer‐Emmet‐Teller specific surface area measurements, X‐ray diffraction, temperature programmed reduction, temperature programmed desorption, H2 chemisorption and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the addition of ruthenium improves the catalytic performance by promoting the dispersion of nickel species over the surface of the cerium oxide support. The ruthenium‐nickel combination produced a stable catalyst that did not show any deactivation even after 75 hours on‐stream. At high feed gas total pressures (5 and 10 bar), the catalytic conversions of CO2 were close to the thermodynamic equilibrium values with a 100 % selectivity towards CH4 formation.